cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chlorpromazine on Mechanical Properties of the Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membrane

An optical tweezers system was used to characterize the effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the mechanical properties of the mammalian outer hair cell (OHC) through the formation of plasma membrane tethers. Such tethers exhibited force relaxation when held at a constant length for several minutes. We used a second-order generalized Kelvin body to model tether-force behavior from which several mechanical parameters were then calculated including stiffness, viscosity-associated measures, and force relaxation time constants. The results of the analysis portray a two-part relaxation process characterized by significantly different rates of force decay, which we propose is due to the local reorganization of lipids within the tether and the flow of external lipid into the tether. We found that CPZ's effect was limited to the latter phenomenon since only the second phase of relaxation was significantly affected by the drug. This finding coupled with an observed large reduction in overall tether forces implies a common basis for the drug's effects, the plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interaction. The CPZ-induced changes in tether viscoelastic behavior suggest that alterations in the mechanical properties of the OHC lateral wall could play a role in the modulation of OHC electromotility by CPZ.
Optical properties of Zircaloy and Zircaloy oxide by ellipsometry.

The optical constants of Zircaloy 2 and 4, which are alloys of zirconium and their thermal oxides, are determined by ellipsometry over a 0.3131–3.39-μm wavelength range. Both the refractive index and extinction coefficient of both types of Zircaloy are similar to those of zirconium. Both components of the complex index increase with wavelength from nominal values of 1.135–i1.523 at 0.3131 μm to 4.846–i7.345 at 3.39 μm. The refractive indices of the oxide of Zircaloy 2 and 4 heated in air are similar to that of zirconium oxide and decrease in value as a function of wavelength from ~2.3 at 0.3131 μm to ~2.0 at 3.39 μm. The extinction coefficient is both thickness and temperature dependent and varies between ~0.1 and 0.3.
Detecting insider threats in a real corporate database of computer usage activity

This paper reports on methods and results of an applied research project by a team consisting of SAIC and four universities to develop, integrate, and evaluate new approaches to detect the weak signals characteristic of insider threats on organizations' information systems. Our system combines structural and semantic information from a real corporate database of monitored activity on their users' computers to detect independently developed red team inserts of malicious insider activities. We have developed and applied multiple algorithms for anomaly detection based on suspected scenarios of malicious insider behavior, indicators of unusual activities, high-dimensional statistical patterns, temporal sequences, and normal graph evolution. Algorithms and representations for dynamic graph processing provide the ability to scale as needed for enterprise-level deployments on real-time data streams. We have also developed a visual language for specifying combinations of features, baselines, peer groups, time periods, and algorithms to detect anomalies suggestive of instances of insider threat behavior. We defined over 100 data features in seven categories based on approximately 5.5 million actions per day from approximately 5,500 users. We have achieved area under the ROC curve values of up to 0.979 and lift values of 65 on the top 50 user-days identified on two months of real data.
Optimal adaptive estimation: Structure and parameter adaptation-Part I: Linear models and continuous data

A Bayesian approach to optimal adaptive estimation with continuous data is presented. Both structure and parameter adaptation are considered and specific recursive adaptation algorithms are derived for gaussian process models and linear dynamics. Specifically, for the class of adaptive estimation problems with linear dynamic models and gaussian excitations, a form of the "partition" theorem will be given that is applicable both for structure and parameter adaptation. The "partition" or "decomposition" theorem effects the partition of the essentially nonlinear estimation problem into two parts, a linear non-adaptive part consisting of ordinary Kalman estimators and a nonlinear part that incorporates the adaptive or learning nature of the adaptive estimator. In addition, a simple performance measure is introduced for the on-line performance evaluation of the adaptive estimator. The on-line performance measure utilizes quantities available from the adaptive estimator and hence a minimum of additional computational effort is required for evaluation.
Opening the Protein Translocon

The protein translocon (SecY in prokaryotes/Sec61 in eukaryotes) is essential for the biosynthesis of many proteins in all organisms. Opening of the translocon is thought to involve displacement of the plug helix that helps seal the translocon in its closed state; incorporation of transmembrane helices into the lipid membrane apparently involves opening of the lateral gate formed by transmembrane (TM) helices TM2 and TM7.Our investigation of the molecular dynamics (MD) of the M. janaaschii SecYEG translocon indicated that the closed state of the translocon is stabilized by an exquisite network of inter-helical hydrogen bonds; this network also ensures that perturbations are rapidly relayed throughout the translocon, and cause displacement of the plug (1). Bioinformatics analyses and MD computations suggest an important functional role of the central cluster of hydrogen bonds that interconnect the gate helices and TM3.Targeting of secreted proteins to the translocon is generally encoded in the signal peptide, a ∼20 amino acids extension of the N-terminus of the nascent protein. MD simulations of translocons with bound proOmpA signal peptide reveal that inside the translocon the signal peptide interacts both with protein amino acid residues and water molecules. Hydrogen bonding between conserved SecY amino acids and the backbone of the signal peptide stabilizes the location of the signal peptide inside the translocon, and may explain the observation from our computations that mutating the translocon affects the structure and dynamics of the signal peptide.Research supported in part by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-74637 and GM-86685 to S.H.W) and the National Science Foundation.(CHE-0750175 to D.J.T.), and an allocation of computer time from the National Science Foundation through the TeraGrid resources at TACC (Ranger).(1) Bondar A.-N., del Val C., Freites J.A., Tobias D.J., White S.H. Structure 18: 847-857, 2010.
Influence of Aerosol Acidity on the Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Biogenic Precursor Hydrocarbons

Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in steady-state aerosol were measured in a series of alpha-pinene/NOx and one series of beta-caryophyllene/NOx irradiation experiments. The acidity of the inorganic seed aerosol was varied while the hydrocarbon and NOx concentrations were held constant in each series of experiments. Measurements were made for acidity levels and SOC concentrations much closer to ambient levels than had been previously achieved for alpha-pinene, while there are no previous measurements for SOC increases due to acidity for beta-caryophyllene. The observed enhancement in SOC concentration linearly increases with the measured hydrogen ion concentration in air for each system. For the conditions of these studies, SOC increased by 0.04% per nmol H+ m(-3) for alpha-pinene under two conditions where the organic carbon concentration differed by a factor of 5. For alpha-pinene, this level of response to acidic aerosol was a factor of 8 lower than was reported by Surratt et al. for similar series of experiments for SOC from the photooxidation of isoprene/NOx mixtures. By contrast, SOC from beta-caryophyllene showed an increase of 0.22% per nmol H+ m(-3), roughly two-thirds of the response in the isoprene system. Mass fractions for SOC particle-phase tracers for alpha-pinene decreased slightly with increasing aerosol acidity, although remaining within previously stated uncertainties. Below 200 nmol H+ m(-3), the mass fraction of beta-caryophyllenic acid, the only identified tracer for beta-caryophyllene SOC, was constant although beta-caryophyllenic acid showed a substantial decrease for acidities greater than 400 nmol H+ m(-3).
Joint ergodicity for group actions

Let T 1 ,…, T n be continuous representations of a σ-compact separable locally compact amenable group G as measure-preserving transformations of a non-atomic separable probability space ( X , β, m ). Let ( K n ) be a right Folner sequence of compact sets in G . If T 1 ,…, T n are pairwise commuting in the sense that T i ( g ) T j ( h ) = T j ( h ) T i ( g ) for i ≠ j and g, h ∈ G , then necessary and sufficient conditions can be given, in terms of the ergodicity of certain tensor products, for the following to hold: for all F 1 ,…, F n ∈ L ∞ , the sequence A N ( x ) where converges in L 2 ( X ) to . The necessary and sufficient conditions are that each of the following representations are ergodic: T n , T n −1 ⊗ T n −1 T n ,…, T 2 ⊗ T 2 T 3 ⊗…⊗ T 2 … T n , T 1 ⊗ T 1 T 2 ⊗…⊗ T 1 … T n . In order to prove this theorem, specific properties of the decomposition of L 2 ( X ) into its weakly mixing and compact subspaces with respect to a representation T i are needed. These properties are also used to prove some generalizations of wellknown facts from ergodic theory in the case where G is the integer group Z .
Colonial Citizens of a Modern Empire: War, Illiteracy, and Physical Education in Puerto Rico, 1917-1930

Abstract The year 1917 marked a critical moment in the relationship between the United States and its Puerto Rican colony. It was the year the U.S. Congress approved the Jones Act, which further consolidated the island’s colonial relationship to the empire. Through the Jones Act, U.S. Congressmen granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. In turn, Puerto Rican men were asked to fulfill the obligations of their new colonial citizenship and join the U.S. military. The Porto Rican Regiment provided 18,000 colonial military recruits to guard the Panama Canal during the war. How did historical actors make sense of this new colonial citizenship? How did they interpret, debate, and adapt to the newly consolidated colonial status? This essay examines how local teachers and educators defined colonial citizenship. Puerto Rican teachers struggled to promote a citizenship-building project that cultivated student commitment to the patria (the island), while acknowledging the colonial relationship to the United States. In the late 1910s and throughout the 1920s, teachers debated military participation in World War I and the rights and obligations of U.S. citizenship. At the core, these debates were informed by anxieties over broader changes in constructions of gender. In the 1920s, Puerto Rico women aggressively and persistently challenged traditional gender norms. Working-class women joined the labor force in ever larger numbers and led labor strikes. Bourgeois women became teachers, nurses, and social workers. Both groups were committed suffragists. The historiography on citizenship and gender in the 1920s has focused on women’s emerging role in public spaces and their demands for just labor rights and the franchise. In this article, I propose we look at teachers, as intermediate actors in the colonial hierarchy, and examine their anxieties over changing gender norms. They debated men’s capacity to serve in the U.S. military and promoted modern physical education for the regeneration of boys and girls in the service of their patria. Debates among teachers in the 1920s sought to define the new category of colonial citizenship. As they did so, they helped liberalize some gender norms, while ultimately reinforcing patriarchy.
Eisenhower and the planning of American grand strategy

(1991). Eisenhower and the planning of American grand strategy. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 49-71.
Science technology, and human values: A curricular approach

(1991). Science technology, and human values: A curricular approach. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 30, Science-Technology-Society/Challenges, pp. 267-272.
Activation of cardiac vagal afferents in ischemia and reperfusion. Prostaglandins versus oxygen-derived free radicals.

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion can evoke excitation of cardiac vagal nerve endings and activation of a cardiogenic depressor reflex (Bezold-Jarisch effect). We postulate that oxygen-derived free radicals, which are known to be produced during prolonged ischemia and reperfusion, contribute to this afferent excitation. We recorded activity from 47 chemosensitive vagal afferent fibers in 31 rats; the endings of these fibers were located in the left ventricle. Chemosensitive endings were identified with topical applications of capsaicin (10 micrograms) to the surface of the heart. Reactivity of the endings to oxygen-derived free radicals was assessed by topical application of H2O2 (3 to 9 mumol). Activity of the vagal fibers was recorded during 30 minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and 10 minutes of subsequent reperfusion. The activity of chemosensitive endings within the ischemic zone increased in the first 2 minutes of LAD occlusion from 2.2 +/- 0.4 to 4.3 +/- 0.9 impulses per second (107 +/- 30% increase, P < .05). This increased activity waned after 3 to 5 minutes of occlusion. Endings outside the ischemic zone did not increase, their activity at the beginning of ischemia. Reperfusion caused a rapid elevation of activity only in chemosensitive fibers whose endings were found to respond to topical H2O2. The reperfusion-sensitive endings were located both within and outside the ischemic zone of the left ventricle. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v., 20 minutes before occlusion) effectively prevented activation of chemosensitive afferent endings at the beginning of LAD occlusion regardless of their sensitivity to H2O2 but had no effect on the activation at reperfusion.
A Population-Based Job Exposure Matrix for Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields

A population-based job exposure matrix (JEM) was developed to assess personal exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields (MF) for epidemiologic studies. The JEM compiled 2317 MF measurements taken on or near workers by 10 studies in the United States, Sweden, New Zealand, Finland, and Italy. A database was assembled from the original data for six studies plus summary statistics grouped by occupation from four other published studies. The job descriptions were coded into the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification system (SOC) and then translated to the 1980 job categories of the U.S. Bureau of the Census (BOC). For each job category, the JEM database calculated the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, geometric mean, and geometric standard deviation of the workday-average MF magnitude from the combined data. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the combining of MF data from the different sources was justified, and that the homogeneity of MF exposures in the SOC occupations was comparable to JEMs for...
A dynamic game model of strategic capacity investment in the cruise line industry

Abstract In this paper, the cruise line industry is characterized as an oligopoly where a finite number of cruise lines compete to maximize their profits over a fixed planning horizon. The oligopolistic competition is modeled as a N-person nonzero-sum noncooperative dynamic game. The noncooperative Nash equilibrium capacity investment strategies of cruise lines are theoretically analyzed under the open-loop information structure. The necessary conditions for an open-loop Nash equilibrium solution are derived using a Pontryagin-type maximum principle and the sufficient conditions are also established. The economic interpretation of the optimality conditions is given so as to demonstrate the difference between the static and dynamic oligopoly problems. The dynamic oligopolistic competition of three cruise lines in a hypothetical setting is also numerically analyzed by using the iterative algorithm. Numerical results provide a number of important managerial guidelines for cruise capacity investment decisions. The paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions.
Satisficing coalition formation among agents

In a multiagent system where each agent has only an incomplete view of the world, optimal coalition formation is difficult. Coupling that with real-time and resource constraints often makes the rationalization process infeasible or costly. We propose a coalition formation approach that identifies and builds sub-optimal yet satisficing coalitions among agents to solve a problem detected in the environment. All agents are peers and autonomous. Each is motivated to conserve its own resources while cooperating with other agents to achieve a global task or resource allocation goal. The (initiating) agent-that detects a problem-hastily forms an initial coalition by selecting neighboring agents that it considers to have high potential utilities, based on the capability of each neighbor and its respective inter-agent relationships. The initiating agent next finalizes the coalition via multiple concurrent 1-to-1 negotiations with only neighbors of high potential utility, during which constraints and commitments are exchanged in an argumentation setting.
Successive Bifurcations Leading to Stochastic Behavior

A model of interacting normal modes in a nonlinear, dissipative system is constructed in order to analyze speculations by Ruelle and Takens. The first bifurcation leads to a periodic state. The second bifurcation leads to phaselocking, if the first mode is sufficiently energetic. A third bifurcation leads to stochastic behavior. Possible relevance of these phenomena for physical systems is discussed.
Potassium and magnesium uptake by wheat and soybean roots as influenced by fertilizer rate

Abstract Greenhouse‐pot experiments were conducted to compare wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in terms of their potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) uptake. Previously, a field study indicated that various rates of K and Mg fertilization did not produce a significant wheat‐yield response. However, a yield increase with residual K and Mg was measured for the subsequent soybean crop. The 0 to 15 cm layer of Norfolk loamy fine sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult) from two different sites was used for the pot experiments. Soil from both sites had a pH of 5.1. Potassium as potassium sulfate (K2SO4) was mixed into the soil from the K‐deficient site and Mg as magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was mixed into the soil from the Mg‐deficient site. ‘Florida 301’ wheat and ‘Cobb’ soybean were grown in winter and summer, respectively. Soybean and wheat were similar in K uptake/g of roots on the first and second sampling dates. However, by the third sampling date, K uptake/g of ...
2-Mercapto-1-t-butylimidazolyl as a bridging ligand: Synthesis and structural characterization of nickel and palladium paddlewheel complexes

Abstract Nickel and palladium paddlewheel complexes that feature 2-mercapto-1-t-butylimidazolyl ( mim Bu t ) bridging ligands, namely Ni2[ mim Bu t ]4 and Pd2[ mim Bu t ]4, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Since the mim Bu t ligand bridges in an asymmetric manner via a sulfur and nitrogen donor, paddlewheel compounds of the type M2[ mim Bu t ]4 may exist as isomers that are distinguished by the relative orientations of the ligands. In this regard, the (4,0)-Ni2[ mim Bu t ]4 and trans-(2,2)-Ni2[ mim Bu t ]4 isomers have been isolated for the nickel system, while the (4,0)-Pd2[ mim Bu t ]4 and (3,1)-Pd2[ mim Bu t ]4 isomers have been isolated for the palladium system.
Uncompacted Inner Myelin Lamellae in Inherited Tendency to Pressure Palsy

Nerves in patients with inherited tendency to pressure palsy (ITPP) are susceptible to degrees of traction or compression which in nonaffected persons do not induce neuropathic symptoms or deficits, conduction block of fibers, or electromyographic changes characteristic of the disorder. Two observations suggest a widespread asymptomatic abnormality of nerves: 1) low conduction velocity of clinically unaffected nerves, and 2) focal thickenings (tomacula) on teased myelinated fibers of clinically unaffected sural nerves. Sural nerves from five patients and five healthy subjects were assessed for morphologic abnormality in ITPP that might account for the susceptibility of nerves to compression. Teased nerve fibers showed a higher frequency of segmental demyelination or remyelination, or both (p less than 0.003). The mean frequency of fibers showing focal myelin thickenings was 57 +/- 10% in ITPP and 0% in controls. In electron micrographs, regions of uncompacted myelin lamellae, usually affecting the innermost lamellae and extending for a variable distance averaging 9 +/- 4 microns were seen in 11 +/- 4% of fibers in ITPP. None were found in the control nerves. The finding of uncompacted myelin lamellae may suggest an abnormality of myelin composition or of interaction of Schwann cells and axons accounting for the increased susceptibility to pressure palsy, tomaculous formation, or demyelination. From electron microscopic evaluation of serial skip sections we infer that myelin of tomaculae is in continuity with internodal myelin and is reduplicated (full-thickness or cleaved layers are longitudinally or circumferentially folded-back on themselves).
Short, thin asbestos fibers contribute to the development of human malignant mesothelioma: pathological evidence.

Abstract Based on animal studies, long and thin asbestos fibers (⩾8 μm in length and ⩽0.25 μm in width) have been postulated to be strongly carcinogenic inducing pleural malignant mesothelioma, while shorter, thicker fibers have been postulated to pose a lesser risk (Stanton hypothesis). The objective of this study is to test the validity of the Stanton hypothesis through direct pathologic analysis of human mesothelioma tissue. Digested bulk tissue samples, or ashed 25 μm thick sections, or both, were prepared from lung and mesothelial tissues taken from 168 cases of human malignant mesothelioma. In these tissues, 10,575 asbestos fibers (4820 in the lung and 5755 in mesothelial tissues (1259 in fibrotic serosa and 4496 in mesotheliomatous tissue)) were identified by high-resolution analytical electron microscopy. Dimensions of these asbestos fibers were measured in printed electron micrographs. Results were as follows: (1) long, thin asbestos fibers c onsistent with the Stanton hypothesis comprised only 2.3% of total fibers (247/10,575) in these tissues; (2) the majority (89.4%) of the fibers in the tissues examined were shorter than or equal to 5 μm in length (9454 of 10,575), and generally (92.7%) smaller than or equal to 0.25 μm in width (9808 of 10,575). (3) Among asbestos types detected in the lung and mesothelial tissues, chrysotile was the most common asbestos type to be categorized as short, thin asbestos fibers. (4) Compared with digestion technique of the bulk tissue, ashing technique of the tissue section was more effective to detect short, thin fibers. We conclude that contrary to the Stanton hypothesis, short, thin, asbestos fibers appear to contribute to the causation of human malignant mesothelioma. Such fibers were the predominant fiber type detected in lung and mesothelial tissues from human mesothelioma patients. These findings suggest that it is not prudent to take the position that short asbestos fibers convey little risk of disease.
The Black middle class and the mulatto motion picture

The growth of the early film industry in the US coincided with the institutionalisation of racial segregation at all levels of society. At the same time, an increasingly self-assertive Black middle class had begun to organise itself culturally, socially, politically and economically in ways that contradicted the virulent cultural racism underpinning ‘Jim Crow’. The importance of the new medium is often stressed for its role in cohering America’s new immigrant communities. However, it is its political function in the service of white supremacy and big business - a cultural instrument to cement racism and foreclose any potential alliance between Black and immigrant labour - that is explored for the first time here.
Measurement variability in DNA flow cytometry of replicate samples

A Bladder Cancer Flow Cytometry Network study has been carried out aimed at identification of the sources of inter- and intralaboratory variability. Replicate "cocktail" samples containing a mixture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and an aneuploid cell line and samples of peripheral blood lymphocytes serving as a DNA reference standard were distributed to five network laboratories. The samples were stained for DNA using propidium iodide, with each laboratory using its own staining protocol. Sets of these samples were analyzed by flow cytometry to obtain cellular DNA distributions. DNA index and hyperdiploid fraction were calculated for each histogram using an automated technique. Results were evaluated by analysis of variance to identify sources of variability. Three important sources of variation were found that affect flow cytometry in general and- the transportability of flow cytometry results to routine clinical use in particular. The significant variation among laboratories that is constant across time most probably represents stable differences in instrumentation, instrument set-up, and laboratory techniques. This variation can be compensated for, if it is known and stable, to develop transportable classification criteria. The second type of variation, termed the interaction component, represents differences among laboratories that are not constant across time. Sources of this variation include inconsistency in sample preparation, staining, and analysis. The elimination of this type of variation is required for meaningful comparison of data within and among laboratories and the creation of interlaboratory data-bases. The third type of variation represents pure measurement variability and affects the sensitivity of the technique.
Teaching (Political) Economic Geography: Some Personal Reflections.

Teaching economic geography is not a matter of replicating textbook models. It requires engagement with the ever-changing global economy, which often puts the lie to existing theory. It demands that the teacher break down the economy into its major parts, in a way that students can grasp. This does not mean abandoning theory; on the contrary, it means getting beyond static exchange models to grasp the dynamics of commodity systems, divisions of labour, technology and capital flows. To this, add how geography matters to the way economies work. And always maintain a critical stance toward the world and toward received wisdom.
New model for Mode Partition Noise and relative intensity noise in VCSEL-based optical links

A new Mode Partition Noise model for VCSEL-based optical links capturing RIN and MPN via a covariance matrix is proposed and experimental parameter extraction is performed. The model removes Ogawa-Agrawal model assumptions inappropriate for VCSELs.
Molecular Signature of CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion during Chronic Viral Infection

Chronic viral infections often result in T cell exhaustion. To determine the molecular signature of exhaustion, we compared the gene-expression profiles of dysfunctional lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific CD8 + T cells from chronic infection to functional LCMV-specific effector and memory CD8 + T cells generated after acute infection. These data showed that exhausted CD8 + T cells: (1) overexpressed several inhibitory receptors, including PD-1, (2) had major changes in T cell receptor and cytokine signaling pathways, (3) displayed altered expression of genes involved in chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration, (4) expressed a distinct set of transcription factors, and (5) had profound metabolic and bioenergetic deficiencies. T cell exhaustion was progressive, and gene-expression profiling indicated that T cell exhaustion and anergy were distinct processes. Thus, functional exhaustion is probably due to both active suppression and passive defects in signaling and metabolism. These results provide a framework for designing rational immunotherapies during chronic infections.
Resilient single mothers in risky neighborhoods: Negative psychological sense of community

Qualitative interviews with 10 African American single mothers raising children in risky communities and identified as resilient were analyzed to explore psychological sense of community (PSOC). Results suggest that a lack of PSOC, rather than a null finding, can be meaningful and associated with positive outcomes. Thus, PSOC which has heretofore, been operationalized as unipolar, can actually be either positive or negative. Negative PSOC can be adaptive and lead to positive outcomes for individuals who perceive their community to be a burden rather than a resource. Transcript excerpts, which illustrate both positive and negative PSOC, are presented and the advantages of this expansion in the conceptualization of PSOC are discussed, as well as implications for community interventions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Macro‐contexts for learning: Initial findings and issues

The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of video-based technologies to create macro-contexts that can facilitate comprehension and learning. A theoretical rationale for the use of macro-contexts is considered, and the results of three experiments are described. The experiments involve very simple uses of technology yet show positive results. The results suggest that more sophisticated uses of technology, especially computer-controlled interactive videodiscs, should have even greater benefits on comprehension and learning. The findings provide a rationale for conducting more extensive investigations that utilize sophisticated technologies.
Paying for the Crimes of Their Children: Public Support of Parental Responsibility

Parental responsibility laws, varying greatly within and among the states, appeared as one answer to the questions surrounding juvenile crime. Although these laws would seem to garner great public support under the new punitive attitude toward juveniles, no recent empirical studies were conducted on this topic. The current research examined public support of parental responsibility for crimes children commit. Contrary to expectations, public support was found to be relatively low. The public did place some responsibility on the parents when a juvenile crime occurred; however, agreement with blaming and punishing the parents was low. Political ideology and educational status served as possible predictors of support. Overall, however, demographic variables proved not predictive in determining who would support these measures.
Highly Stable Vanadium Oxide Cathodes Prepared by Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Vanadium oxide films have been prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition for rechargeable lithium-battery applications. Vanadium oxytrichloride (VOCl{sub 3}) was employed as the vanadium precursor. Various parameters, such as the partial pressures of carrier gas and reactant gases, substrate temperature, and radio-frequency power, have been optimized to improve the electrochemical properties of the films. The film deposition rate was {approximately}11 {angstrom}/s. The best films obtained in this work displayed an oxygen-to-vanadium atomic ratio close to that of V{sub 6}O{sub 13}. These films exhibited a high discharge capacity and were very stable during electrochemical cycling. The discharge capacity of these films exceeded 408 mAh/g (or 1,265 mAh/cm{sup 3}) when tested between 4.0 and 1.5 V, and the energy density of these films ({approximately}5,000 {angstrom} thick) was 960.3 Wh/kg. The films exhibited negligible capacity fade from the second cycle to more than 5800 cycles when cycled between 4.0 and 1.8 V with a current density of 114 {micro}A/cm{sup 2}. The combination of high capacity, extended cycling stability, and rapid deposition rate make both this material and its deposition technology very attractive choices for the manufacturers of rechargeable lithium batteries.
Monoclonal anti-Fc IgG receptor antibodies trigger B lymphocyte function

Despite intensive investigation, it remains unclear which receptor(s) on the B lymphocyte receives the signal(s) which leads to differentiation and antibody secretion. Binding of ligand (that is, specific antibodies) to the antigen receptors IgM or IgD, in the absence of T lymphocytes or their soluble products, leads to proliferation of normal B cells but not to antibody secretion1,2. Based on the observation that IgG Fc receptors (FcγR) have specific and unique interactions with other B-lymphocyte surface membrane molecules including I-region antigens3, IgM4 and IgD5, it was suggested that FcγR assist in regulation of B-lymphocyte responses5. Here we demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies specific for FcγR trigger normal B cells both to proliferate and to secrete antibody in the absence of T lymphocytes. These data suggest that the functional activation of B lymphocytes during normal immune responses may be mediated by FcγR.
Detection and Classification of Hyperfine-Shifted 1H, 2H, and 15N Resonances of the Rieske Ferredoxin Component of Toluene 4-Monooxygenase†

T4MOC is a 12.3 kDa soluble Rieske ferredoxin that is obligately required for electron transfer between the oxidoreductase and diiron hydroxylase components of toluene 4-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. Our preliminary 1H NMR studies of oxidized and reduced T4MOC [Markley, J. L., Xia, B., Chae, Y. K., Cheng, H., Westler, W. M., Pikus, J. D., and Fox, B. G. (1996) in Protein Structure Function Relationships (Zaidi, Z., and Smith, D., Eds.) pp 135−146, Plenum Press, London] revealed the presence of hyperfine-shifted 1H resonances whose short relaxation times made it impractical to use nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements for assignment purposes. We report here the use of selective isotopic labeling to analyze the hyperfine-shifted 1H, 2H, and 15N signals from T4MOC. Selective deuteration led to identification of signals from the four Hβ atoms of cluster ligands C45 and C64 in the oxidized and reduced forms of T4MOC. In the reduced state, the Curie temperature dependence of the Hβ proton...
Spring-Clipping Response in Snake River and Thickspike Wheatgrasses

Grazing at the boot stage can severely damage stands of bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love]. Snake River wheatgrass [proposed name Elymus lanceolatus ssp. wawawaiensis (Scribner & Gould) J.R. Carlson & D.R. Dewey] has recently been recognized as a taxon distinct from bluebunch wheatgrass, based on cytological data, and placed in the same species as thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould]. Grazing tolerance of Snake River wheatgrass is unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of clipping at the boot stage on vigor of Secar' Snake River wheatgrass, Elbee' and T-21076 thickspike wheatgrass, and hybrid populations D30 (50% Snake River wheatgrass/50% thickspike wheatgrass) and D38 (75% Snake River wheatgrass/25% thickspike wheatgrass) []
A novel fixed displacement Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid (EH2) drivetrain for city vehicles

This paper proposes a novel Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid (EH2) drivetrain for Electric vehicles (EVs) and Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In the proposed energy storage system, a hydraulic accumulator is employed to utilize its high power density. It can accept high frequencies of charging and discharging, making it more promising for industrial and automotive use in regenerative braking. Therefore, this technology is highly suitable for passenger cars, sport-racing vehicles, express cars and trucks in cities. Simulation results of regenerative braking process and power assistance process show that the parallel electric-hydraulic configuration is a promising solution towards energy storage and power assistance for electric vehicles.
Facial nerve paralysis secondary to occult malignant neoplasms.

Abstract Objective This study reviewed patients with unilateral facial paralysis and normal clinical and imaging findings who underwent diagnostic facial nerve exploration. Study design and setting Fifteen patients with facial paralysis and normal findings were seen in the Mayo Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Results Eleven patients were misdiagnosed as having Bell palsy or idiopathic paralysis. Progressive facial paralysis with sequential involvement of adjacent facial nerve branches occurred in all 15 patients. Seven patients had a history of regional skin squamous cell carcinoma, 13 patients had surgical exploration to rule out a neoplastic process, and 2 patients had negative exploration. At last follow-up, 5 patients were alive. Conclusions Patients with facial paralysis and normal clinical and imaging findings should be considered for facial nerve exploration when the patient has a history of pain or regional skin cancer, involvement of other cranial nerves, and prolonged facial paralysis. Significance Occult malignancy of the facial nerve may cause unilateral facial paralysis in patients with normal clinical and imaging findings.
INDUSTRIAL SEGREGATION AND THE GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF FRINGE BENEFITS

Fringe benefits have been neglected as a source of job-induced gender inequality. Among full-time, private sector workers in the United States in 1979, women's health insurance coverage rate was 12 percentage points lower than men's. This article considers three models to explain such gender differences in the receipt of fringe benefits: the direct discrimination model, the occupational segregation model, and the industrial segregation model. Using data from the May 1979 Current Population Survey Supplement, we found the magnitude of the gender gap in health insurance coverage in the United States to be related to industrial differences. We argue that industrial segregation of women workers may be more important than occupational segregation in determining gender differences in work rewards.
Centralized versus decentralized computing: organizational considerations and management options

Author(s): King, John Leslie | Abstract: The long-standing debate over whether to centralize or decentralize computing is examined in terms of the fundamental organizational and economic factors at stake. The traditional debate is examined and found to focus predominantly on issues of efficiency vs. effectiveness, with solutions based on a rationalistic strategy of optimizing in this tradeoff. A more behavioralistic assessment suggests that the driving issues in the debate are the politics of organization and resources, centering on the issue of control. The economics of computing deployment decisions is presented as an important issue, but one that often serves as a field of argument that is based on more political concerns. The current situation facing managers of computing, given the advent of small and comparatively inexpensive computers, is examined in detail, and a set of management options for dealing with this persistent issue is presented.
Brain Lesions in an Infant Rhesus Monkey Treated with Monosodium Glutamate

In an infant rhesus monkey brain damage resulted from subcutaneously administered monosodium glutamate. Although a relatively high dose of monosodium glutamate was used, the infant was asymptomatic for a 3-hour observation period during which time hypothalamic neurons were undergoing a process of acute cell death. With the electron microscope it was observed that dendrites and cell bodies of neurons are the tissue components primarily affected in brain damage induced by monosodium glutamate.
The Role of Depression, Shame-Proneness, and Guilt-Proneness in Predicting Criticism of Relatives Towards People With Bipolar Disorder

Expressed emotion (EE) has been associated with poor patient outcomes in many different psychiatric disorders. Given its robust association with relapse, EE has become a major target of family psychoeducational interventions. Most psychoeducational interventions to date have failed to change EE levels among families of those with bipolar disorder. Better intervention strategies, then, may depend on an increased understanding of the predictors of EE. Although EE has traditionally included many facets, criticism appears to be the most robust predictor of outcome within bipolar disorder. The present study tested three primary predictors of criticism among family members of people with bipolar disorder: shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and depression. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with EE. Discussion focuses on limitations and implications of the study and suggestions for future research.
Studies in vilsmeier chemistry, V. Vilsmeier reactions of 2‐alkyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐ones: A novel route to dihydrobenzaldehydes, the formation of allyl alcohols as by‐products, and the X‐ray crystallographic structure of 3‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐ol

A series of 2-alkyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ones on reaction with 4-formylmorpholine in the presence of POCl3 gave the corresponding 3-alkyl-2-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzaldehydes, usually accompanied by significant amounts of allylic alcohols as by-products. The structure of the allylic alcohol 12a from 2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The allylic alcohols are probably formed by addition of oxyanions to Vilsmeier intermediates. Vilsmeier-Reaktionen, V. — Vilsmeier-Reaktionen von 2-Alkyl-2-cyclohexen-1-onen: Ein neuer Zugang zu Dihydrobenzaldhyden, Bildung von Allyalkoholen als Nebenprodukte sowie Rontgenstrukturanalyse von 3-Chlor-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol Die Umsetzung einer Reihe von 2-Alkyl-2-cyclohexen-1-onen mit 4-Formylmorpholin in Gegenwart von POCl3 lieferte die entsprechenden 3-Alkyl-2-chlor-5,6-dihydrobenzaldehyde, meistens begleitet von erheblichen Mengen an Allylalkoholen als Nebenprodukte. Die Struktur des Allylalkohols 12a aus 2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-on wurde durch Rontgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt. Die Allylalkohole entstehen vermutlich durch Addition von Oxyanionen an Vilsmeier-Zwischenprodukte.
Public expectations about access fees and road closures on public lands

Abstract It is sometimes suggested that land managers could better communicate with the general public by relying on people who are active in community affairs to frame the message. By comparing responses from the ‘attentive’ and general public on the Colorado Plateau in the USA, this study investigated the expected effects of using recreation access fees or road closures to manage recreation on public lands. Although neither the attentive nor general public strongly anticipated benefits from the two management options, the attentive public was more likely than the general public to report positive expectations. Those more likely to expect fewer benefits from the management options do so because of factors that are outside the influence of managers (e.g., socio-demographics and value orientation). The results point out challenges for building public support through mobilizing the attentive public to develop a positive management atmosphere with fees and road closures.
Theses in documents

Abstract Appearing in issue numbers 1, 3, 4, and 5, this column provides bibliographic control of research papers, theses, and dissertations completed and in progress in the field of government publications and information on any level of government since 1970. The present column continues the retrospective compilation of theses completed since 1930 and continues to cite international theses.
Erratum on “Two-scale mechanism-based theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity” [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 60(2) (2012) 199–226]

This document explains the errata for the referenced publication. It is organized in ascending page number in the text, and all changes are in red. The errors involve the equations or their explanations which, when rectified, should greatly improve understanding and reproducibility of the research. The authors stress that these errors do not affect the results or conclusions of the publication. Implementation of the material model, due to an extensive numerical verification process deemed adequate by the authors’ experience, is correct. The transfer of implementation to textual equations was inconsistent in some areas or suffered from notational discrepancies, which we have corrected here. Direct any follow-up questions to the corresponding author.
Synthesizing constraint expressions

A constraint network representation is presented for a combinatorial search problem: finding values for a set of variables subject to a set of constraints. A theory of consistency levels in such networks is formulated, which is related to problems of backtrack tree search efficiency. An algorithm is developed that can achieve any level of consistency desired, in order to preprocess the problem for subsequent backtrack search, or to function as an alternative to backtrack search by explicitly determining all solutions.
Oil droplet transport in the Gulf of Mexico

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released 5 million barrels of oil deep in the Gulf of Mexico. The high pressures and turbulent flow at the wellhead resulted in shearing forces that created oil droplets of generally microscopic size. Although initially buoyed upward due to initial velocity and natural gas bubbles entrained in the flow, these oil droplets were eventually transported according to Stokes' Law and ocean currents.
Functional assessment and partial characterization of [3H](+)-pentazocine binding sites on cells of the immune system.

Abstract The existence of sigma receptors on lymphocytes and thymocytes was characterized using [ 3 H](+)-pentazocine. [ 3 H](+)-Pentazocine specifically labels high affinity sigma-type binding sites on T- and B-enriched lymphocyte membranes. The binding is saturable with T lymphocyte sites having a K D value of 401 ± 85 nM and B lymphocyte sites having a K D value of 302 ± 46 nM. Likewise, saturable high ( K D1 277 ± 92 nM) and low ( K D2 2.5 ± 1.2 μ M) affinity sites for [ 3 H](+)-pentazocine are found on thymocytes as well. In competition studies with lymphocytes, the rank order of potency for competing ligands is (+)-pentazocine = N -[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]- N -methyl-2-(1-pyrolidinyl)ethylamine (BD1008) > 1 R ,2 S -(+)- cis - N -(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexylamine (LR132 ≥ (−)-pentazocine ≥ phenazocine > (±)- trans -3,4-dichloro- N -methyl- N -[2-(1-pyrrolinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide methanesulphonate (if(U-50,488H) = phencylidine ≥ haloperidol = 1,3-di-( o )-tolylguanidine. In competition studies with thymocytes, the rank order of potency for competing ligands is (+)-pentazocine = BD1008 ≥ phenazocine > haloperidol > 1,3-di-( o )-tolylguanidine > phencyclidine > (−)-pentazocine. These compounds were also investigated as potential regulatory molecules in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation assays. Of the compounds tested, phencyclidine, 1,3-di-( o )-tolylguanidine, haloperidol, and (+)-pentazocine suppress concanavalin A-induced proliferation at high (10 −5 M) concentrations while (−)-pentazocine is inactive. When pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide are used, these compounds enhance or suppress lymphocyte proliferation depending on the mitogen and concentration of ligand. These results indicate a stereoselective receptor for (+)-pentazocine which is coupled to biological processes of lymphocytes.
Semantic indexing: a case study

Semantic indexing is a way of coding digital texts and images to represent their associated abstract meanings in database form. Databases encoded in this way enable users to answer complex questions and provide multiple, organized, summary views of their contents. In this article, the author discusses the techniques used in creating a semantically indexed database and provides examples of the utility thereby gained. The author examines the differences between traditional indexing and semantic indexing, and provides insight into the methodology of semantic indexing, using examples.