cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiating Among Singular and Comorbid Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Social Phobia Symptomology

Social phobia is a frequent co-occurring diagnosis with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); however, co-occurring OCD in those with social phobia is less common. Genetic, environmental, and cognitive traits are common risk factors for anxiety disorders broadly. It is plausible that shared variables related to OCD and/or social phobia could provide insight into the co-occurrence of these two disorders. The current study explored differences in fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and perfectionism among four groups: those with (1) elevated social phobia symptoms, (2) elevated OCD symptoms, (3) elevated symptoms of OCD and social phobia, and those who were (4) asymptomatic as a control group. A non-clinical sample of 196 participants completed several online questionnaires about social phobia and OCD symptomology. Results identified three cognitive variables (i.e., FNE, total perfectionism, and concern over mistakes) as differential variables in comorbid symptom presentation of OCD and social phobia. A fourth variable (i.e., doubts about actions) was identified as a potential dual risk factor, and four subsequent variables (i.e., parental criticism, personal standards, parental expectations, and organization) were not implicated in differential symptom presentation. Given the different rates of OCD and social phobia co-occurrence, identification of differentiating variables could aid in better understanding of potential risk factors, which may enhance preventative and therapeutic techniques. Study implications, limitations, and future recommendations are discussed.
Factors associated with the transition from abuse to dependence among substance abusers: Implications for a measure of addictive liability

This study was conducted to test the validity of a measure that has potential to bridge research on the addictive liability of drugs and on individuals' liability to addiction, which to date have evolved in largely parallel arenas. The length of time between onset of abuse and dependence (LOTAD) has evolved from recent findings on transitions through levels of addiction; it was hypothesized that shorter LOTAD is indicative of greater addictive liability. Hypotheses were based on animal studies and human studies. Retrospective data from the DSM-IV Substance Use Disorders Work Group were reanalyzed using configural frequency analysis, survival curves, bivariate Kendall's tau associations, and linear regression. The sample consisted of participants recruited from community and clinical settings. The measure was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). The shortest LOTADs were observed for disorders related to use of cocaine and opiates, followed by cannabis and then alcohol regardless of the subsample that was analyzed. As hypothesized, females and early initiators of drug use had shorter LOTADs compared to men and other initiators of drug use; no consistent differences in LOTAD were observed between African-Americans and Caucasians. None of the LOTAD variance associated with differences between drugs could be accounted for by gender, early use of the drug, or ethnicity. Specific areas of research where LOTAD might be useful as well as how LOTAD might be improved are discussed.
Chemically functionalized clay vinyl ester nanocomposites: Effect of processing parameters

The primary objective of this study was to improve montmorillonite clay-platelet separation in vinyl ester resin matrix by organically modifying the nanoclay platelet with a partially reactive onium salt. The reactive onium salt (ω-undecylenyl amine hydrochloride) was synthesized from commercial ω-undecylenyl alcohol through a series of synthetic conversions. Nonreactive onium salt (undecyl amine hydrochloride) was made from commercial undecyl amine. These salts were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The relative amounts of exfoliated, intercalated, and as-treated clay and the size of the clay particle aggregates depended significantly on the composition of clay and the processing conditions. When the clay was ion-exchanged with a mixture of reactive and nonreactive onium salts, a partially exfoliated vinyl ester resin polymer nanocomposite was formulated. The addition of a comonomer styrene and high-intensity ultrasonic mixing produced vinyl ester nanocomposite with the highest degree of clay-platelet exfoliation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1310–1321, 2004
Growth variation of newly settled winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in New Jersey estuaries as determined by otolith microstructure

Abstract In an effort to determine differential patterns of growth for juvenile winter flounder, otolith increments were examined from individuals collected from 4 sites spanning the coastline of New Jersey, U.S.A. (approximately 200 km) in late May 1990. Increment widths in 3 sections of the left sagitta were measured with an image analysis system, and the number of post-metamorphic increments counted. A linear regression equation based on the correspondence between otolith growth and somatic growth was used to calculate daily growth rates from the mean increment width in each otolith section. Fishes collected from the most northern site (Sandy Hook) and a mid-coast site (Great Bay) were significantly smaller in total length than the other 2 sites (Barnegat Bay and Wildwood). Based on increment counts and widths, fishes at Sandy Hook were smaller because they were younger in post-metamorphic age; mean increment counts at the other 3 sites did not differ from each other but were all significantly greater than foe Sandy Hook. In contrast, fishes at Great Bay were smaller because they had a slower growth rate; the other 3 sites had similar growth rates that were all significantly greater than the Great Bay site. Thus, age and growth information recorded in the otolith increments allowed distinction of 2 underlying reasons for different size-frequency distributions.
Prehension synergies during nonvertical grasping, I: experimental observations

The mechanical complexities of rotating an object through the gravity field present a formidable challenge to the human central nervous system (CNS). The current study documents the finger force patterns selected by the CNS when performing one-, two-, and four-finger grasping while holding an object statically at various orientations with respect to vertical. Numerous mechanically ‘‘unnecessary’’ behaviors were observed. These included: nonzero tangential forces for horizontal handle orientations, large internal forces (i.e., those in excess of equilibrium requirements) for all orientations, and safety margins between 50 and 90%. Additionally, none of the investigated measures were constant across orientations or could be represented as a simple trigonometric function of orientation. Nonetheless, all measures varied in systematic (and sometimes symmetric) ways with orientation. The results suggest that the CNS selects force patterns that are based on mechanical principles but also that are not simply related to object orientation. This study is complemented by a second paper that provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanics of nonvertical grasping and accounts for many of the observed results with numerical optimization (see Part II – current issue). Together, the papers demonstrate that the CNS is likely to utilize optimization processes when controlling prehensile actions.
Synthesizer Performance and Real-time Techniques

The synthesizer as instrument MIDI Synthesis, sampling and software Synthesizer technique Playing a single line Polyphonic performance and extended techniques Performance configurations and practicalities Sound and instrument imitation Synthesizer ensembles and repertoire Non-keyboard controllers Intelligent and interactive performance systems Bibliography Appendices
Metastatic Balloon Cell Melanoma in a Dog

Background: Balloon cell melanoma is a rare variant of amelanotic melanoma that is difficult to differentiate from sebaceous cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, and other clear cell neoplasms without immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural evidence of melanin or melanosomes. Objective: The purpose of this report was to describe the clinical, cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in a dog with metastatic balloon cell melanoma. Methods: A 6-year-old female Golden Retriever was evaluated for a white, flocculent infiltrate in the anterior chamber of the left eye and an enlarged left prescapular lymph node. Cytologic evaluation of the eye and lymph node were performed following aqueocentesis and fine-needle aspiration, respectively. The affected lymph node was examined histologically and stained for cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100, and Melan A. Following euthanasia a necropsy was performed and samples of the affected lymph node were examined by electron microscopy. Results: Cytologic examination of the lymph node and aqueocentesis sample revealed round neoplastic cells that had abundant clear vacuolated cytoplasm. A tentative diagnosis of metastatic sebaceous cell carcinoma or clear cell neoplasm was made. Histologically, the affected lymph node had similar polygonal clear cells arranged in sheets and packets divided by delicate fibrovascular stroma. Immunohistochemical staining of the cells was negative for cytokeratin but positive for vimentin, weakly positive for S-100, and strongly positive for Melan A. At necropsy, metastatic lesions were identified in the diaphragm, heart, lung, kidneys, left eye, prescapular and sublumbar lymph nodes, and multiple skin sites. Ultrastructural examination of neoplastic lymph nodes revealed many membrane-bound vacuoles, myelinlike figures, and rare melanosomes. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical staining and ultrastructural features of the neoplastic cells supported a diagnosis of metastatic balloon cell melanoma.
On Mechanical Modeling of Dynamic Changes in the Structure and Properties of Adherent Cells

Over the past two decades, significant information has become available that reveals the fundamental role of mechanical factors in controlling the complex structure and function of many cell types....
Schistosoma mansoni: pH dependence of cercarial eicosanoid production, penetration, and transformation

Abstract The pH dependence of Schistosoma mansoni cercarial penetration and transformation was determined using a gelatin:agar matrix, containing 3m M linoleate, as a penetration substrate. Penetration was largely unaffected by pH, approaching 100% over the pH range of 5.4 to 8.2, while transformation had an optimum pH range between 6.2 and 7.4. Within this pH range, between 74 and 89% of cercariae lost their tails. Outside this range, transformation decreased to 0% above pH 7.8 and dropped to 57% at pH 5.4. Esculetin, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, also incorporated into the agangelatin plates at a concentration of 1 m M , had little effect on cercarial penetration, except between pH 6.5 and 6.65, where penetration rates fell to 50% at pH 6.63. Transformation, however, was inhibited by esculetin, except between pH 6.5 and 6.8, where transformation was statistically equivalent to controls ( P = 0.064, two-tailed Student's t test). Cercarial eicosanoid production measured at pH 6.55 and 7.2 in the presence and absence of 1 m M esculetin has led to the tentative identification of a 5-lipoxygenase product associated with cercarial penetration: LTB 4 or 6-trans LTB 4 , a breakdown product of LTB 4 . We discuss the importance of pH control in cercarial experiments as well as the possible modulatory role skin pH (surface, epidermal, and dermal) may have in regulating cercarial eicosanoid production.
Stray Radiation Analysis Programs (GUERAP III-APART/PADE): A User's Viewpoint

A comparative study of the computer programs GUERAP III and APART/PADE has been made based on the stray radiation analysis of a typical heat-seeking missile. The programs are compared in terms of general approaches, execution, and results. Specific areas of comparison are input requirements, information provided by each program, intrinsic uncertainties, unique program capabilities, and cost.
DrugTargetSeqR: a genomics- and CRISPR-Cas9–based method to analyze drug targets

To identify physiological targets of drugs and bioactive small molecules, we developed an approach, named DrugTargetSeqR, which combines high-throughput sequencing, computational mutation discovery and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-based genome editing. We applied this approach to ispinesib and YM155, drugs that have undergone clinical trials as anticancer agents, and uncovered mechanisms of action and identified genetic and epigenetic mechanisms likely to cause drug resistance in human cancer cells.
Polyubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of the p185c-erbB-2 Receptor Protein-tyrosine Kinase Induced by Geldanamycin

Treatment of SKBr3 human breast carcinoma cells with the benzoquinoid ansamycin, geldanamycin, rapidly depletes p185c-erbB-2 protein-tyrosine kinase. Loss of p185c-erbB-2 is initiated by disruption of a heteromeric complex between p185c-erbB-2 and the 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein, GRP94, to which geldanamycin binds avidly. Here we report that within minutes of exposure to geldanamycin, mature p185c-erbB-2 becomes polyubiquitinated. Treatment of cells with the specific proteasome proteolytic inhibitor, lactacystin, blocked geldanamycin-induced degradation of p185c-erbB-2 and enhanced the accumulation of polyubiquitinated p185c-erbB-2. Following geldanamycin and lactacystin treatment, a higher molecular weight form of p185c-erbB-2, which likely represents ubiquitin-p185c-erbB-2 conjugates, was detected by anti-p185c-erbB-2 immunoblotting. Nascent p185c-erbB-2 synthesized in the presence of geldanamycin is incompletely glycosylated and remains sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum. While this immature form of the protein is not ubiquitinated in the presence of geldanamycin, its marked, drug-induced instability is nonetheless antagonized by lactacystin. Thus, the rapid depletion of mature p185c-erbB-2 caused by geldanamycin and the marked, drug-stimulated decrease in half-life of the newly synthesized protein are both mediated by the proteasome, although only the former phenomenon involves polyubiquitination.
A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR EVALUATING FEYNMAN PATH INTEGRALS

A method for numerically evaluating Feynman path integrals based on the density of actions is presented. The method is illustrated by calculating the propagator for the free particle and the simple harmonic oscillator.
Glyceric acid kinase isolated from a Polish variety of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.).

Glyceric acid kinase from Polish variety rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) was purified approximately 30-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and adsorption on alumina Cγ gel. The enzyme has a p...
Oxygen dissociation curves of fetal and adult baboons

Abstract Whole blood oxygen affinity is reduced in adult and fetal baboons as compared to the oxygen dissociation properties of human blood. The oxygen tension required for half saturation of blood at pH 7.4 is 30.6 mm Hg for the adult and 24.7 mm Hg for the fetus. Oxygen saturations were determined by a modified mixing technique (Edwards and Martin, 1966) and these values are compared to those obtained by gas chromatography.
A MULTISCALE METHOD FOR HIGHLY OSCILLATORY ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH RESONANCE

A multiscale method for computing the effective behavior of a class of stiff and highly oscillatory ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is presented. The oscillations may be in resonance with on ...
LWS cone effects on rod threshold and saturation in achromats with residual cone function.

Abstract Rod saturation on flashed and steady red backgrounds was investigated in normals and three achromats, two of whom were found to have some residual cone function. LWS cones selectively reduce the background level at which rod saturation occurs and elevate rod thresholds at flashed background levels well below saturation. Both of these LWS cone actions are also present in eyes with greatly reduced LWS cone function. In normal eyes LWS cones also elevate rod thresholds on steady backgrounds. Yet, the achromat's reduced cone system is unable to elevate rod thresholds on steady backgrounds. We thus conclude that LWS cones influence rods through different mechanisms under transient (flashed) and steady-state background stimulation and that the increase in rod visual sensitivity observed during prolonged presentation of a background is due to a time-dependent reduction of LWS cone influence on rods. Finally, the finding that rod-cone interactions of the same magnitude found in normals can be seen in individuals where the cones' ability to mediate vision is severely reduced suggests the rod saturation paradigm as a sensitive technique for revealing residual LWS cone function.
Structural dynamics of viral nanomachines

Rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) are formed immediately following entry of virions into a host cell. To study the structural dynamics of actively transcribing rotavirus DLPs, we implemented high resolution imaging procedures along with automated computing routines to visualize mRNA synthesis at the nanoscale. Our combined technologies demonstrate a new approach to monitor dynamic structural processes, such as capsid rearrangements, that may be applied to the study of other viruses.
Managing uncertainty in climate‐driven ecological models to inform adaptation to climate change

The impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems are likely to require changes in forest planning and natural resource management. Changes in tree growth, disturbance extent and intensity, and eventually species distributions are expected. In natural resource management and planning, ecosystem models are typically used to provide a “best estimate” about how forests might work in the future and thus guide decision-making. Ecosystem models can be used to develop forest management strategies that anticipate these changes, but limited experience with models and model output is a challenge for managers in thinking about how to address potential effects of climate change. What do decision makers need to know about climate models, ecological models used for impacts assessments, and the uncertainty in model projections in order to use model output in strategies for adaptation to climate change? We present approaches for understanding and reducing the uncertainty associated with modeling the effects of climate change on ecosystems, focusing on multi-model approaches to clarify the strengths and limits of projections and minimize vulnerability to undesirable consequences of climate change. Scientific uncertainties about changes in climate or projections of their impacts on resources do not present fundamental barriers to management and adaptation to climate change. Instead, many of these uncertainties can be controlled by characterizing their effects on models and future projections from those models. There is uncertainty in decision making that does not derive just from the complex interaction of climate and ecosystem models, but in how modeling is integrated with other aspects of the decision environment such as choice of objectives, monitoring, and approach to assessment. Adaptive management provides a hedge against uncertainty, such that climate and ecosystem models can inform decision making.
The Thermal Discrete Dipole Approximation (T-DDA) for near-field radiative heat transfer simulations in three-dimensional arbitrary geometries

Abstract A novel numerical method called the Thermal Discrete Dipole Approximation (T-DDA) is proposed for modeling near-field radiative heat transfer in three-dimensional arbitrary geometries. The T-DDA is conceptually similar to the Discrete Dipole Approximation, except that the incident field originates from thermal oscillations of dipoles. The T-DDA is described in details in the paper, and the method is tested against exact results of radiative conductance between two spheres separated by a sub-wavelength vacuum gap. For all cases considered, the results calculated from the T-DDA are in good agreement with those from the analytical solution. When considering frequency-independent dielectric functions, it is observed that the number of sub-volumes required for convergence increases as the sphere permittivity increases. Additionally, simulations performed for two silica spheres of 0.5 μm-diameter show that the resonant modes are predicted accurately via the T-DDA. For separation gaps of 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm, the relative differences between the T-DDA and the exact results are 0.35% and 6.4%, respectively, when 552 sub-volumes are used to discretize a sphere. Finally, simulations are performed for two cubes of silica separated by a sub-wavelength gap. The results revealed that faster convergence is obtained when considering cubical objects rather than curved geometries. This work suggests that the T-DDA is a robust numerical approach that can be employed for solving a wide variety of near-field thermal radiation problems in three-dimensional geometries.
Topical Cidofovir Is More Effective than Is Parenteral Therapy for Treatment of Progressive Vaccinia in Immunocompromised Mice

Background. Severe complications may arise as a result of virus dissemination after smallpox (live vaccinia virus) vaccination, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. We developed a new mouse model for studying the effects of antiviral agents on progressive vaccinia virus infections. Methods. Hairless mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg/day) every 4 days starting 1 day before vaccinia virus exposure to wounded skin. Primary lesions progressed in severity, satellite lesions developed, and the infection eventually killed the mice. Results. Topical treatment with 1%-cidofovir cream (twice daily for 7 days) was much more effective in reducing the severity of primary lesions and the number of satellite lesions than was parenteral cidofovir treatment (100 mg/kg/day, given every 3 days). Both forms of treatment delayed death. Topical drug treatment markedly reduced virus titers in the skin and snout, whereas parenteral treatment did not, suggesting that the latter treatment resulted in lower drug exposure to skin. Topical treatment starting 9 days after infection delayed death by 10 days, compared with treatment with placebo. Combining topical and parenteral cidofovir treatments provided the greatest reduction in lesion severity and prolongation of life. Conclusions. Topical cidofovir treatment was superior to parenteral treatment. This new animal model may be useful in evaluation of the efficacy of treatment regimens against complications from smallpox vaccination.
The hatching response of Meloidogyne species to the emanations from the roots of germinating tomatoes.

Mit keimenden Tomatensamen der Sorte "Rutgers" ergab sich gegenuber Kontrollversuchen in Wasser eine deutliche Steigerung der aus Eimassen von Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita acrita und M. javanica schlupfenden Larven. Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch Wurzelausscheidungen von Tomatensamlingen mehr Larven zum Schlupfen gebracht werden als ohne sie.
Methodology to assay CYP2E1 mixed function oxidase catalytic activity and its induction

The cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase enzymes are the major catalysts involved in drug metabolism. There are many forms of P450. CYP2E1 metabolizes many toxicologically important compounds including ethanol and is active in generating reactive oxygen species. Since several of the contributions in the common theme series “Role of CYP2E1 and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in the Hepatotoxic Actions of Alcohol” discuss CYP2E1, this methodology review describes assays on how CYP2E1 catalytic activity and its induction by ethanol and other inducers can be measured using substrate probes such as the oxidation of para-nitrophenol to para-nitrocatechol and the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Approaches to validate that a particular reaction e.g. oxidation of a drug or toxin is catalyzed by CYP2E1 or that induction of that reaction is due to induction of CYP2E1 are important and specific examples using inhibitors of CYP2E1, anti-CYP2E1 IgG or CYP2E1 knockout and knockin mice will be discussed.
A comprehensive study of autonomous PV system with battery storage providing power for a general AC load

In this paper, an autonomous photovoltaic (PV) power generation/storage system connected to an AC nonlinear load is investigated. Depending on the load demand, the PV output power and the battery condition, five modes of operation are feasible with the changing load power. The steady-state analysis of the system for the entire operating modes is presented. Based on the concept of controllability sensitivity, the influence of the input variables on the state variables is obtained. How the estimated states for feedback control contribute in the measured variables is also explored using the observability sensitivity concept. In view of these findings, an input-output nonlinear PID controller scheme is designed to control the overall system. A computer simulation of the controlled power system using the MATLAB/Simulink software demonstrates the effectiveness of the control method.
Protein movement across the blood-brain barrier in hypervolemia

The blood-brain barrier, attributed to the presence of tight junctions linking endothelial cells of cerebral vessels 9, provides only a partial obstacle to the entry of serum proteins from blood to brain. Experiments in mice have demonstrated that intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) moves by vesicular transport across normal cerebral arterioles 1~ and accumulates in random extracellular foci throughout the brain 1. In these studies, HRP was injected in a volume of 0.4 ml and 0.5 ml respectively; the mouse blood volume is only 1.3 ml 5. Injection of such relatively large volumes enhances HRP movement across capillary enaotheliurn in the mouse lung 1°. We decided to investigate, therefore, whether hypervolemia induced by saline or water injection significantly increases the permeability of the mouse blood-brain barrier to HRP. Experiments were conducted on 50 mice: C57BL/6J, male, 2-3 months old, weighing 24-26 g. Two mice were injected with 1.0 ml saline only as controls for endogenous peroxidase activity; the remaining 48 mice were each given 20 mg HRP. These 48 mice were divided into 12 groups of 4 mice. Nine groups were injected with HRP dissolved in varying volumes of 0.9 ~o saline: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 ml, and killed after varying circulation times: 5, 30, 60 min. Three groups were given HRP in i .0 ml distilled water for 5, 30, and 60 min. Injections were made smoothly at about 0.2 ml/sec via the tail vein using a 30-gauge needle mounted on a 1.0 ml syringe; for the 0.1 ml injections a 250 #1 syringe was used. After anesthesia with 6 mg sodium pentobarbital i.p., the right atrium was opened and half-strength Karnovsky's fixative perfused via the left ventricle for 10 min under 50 mm Hg. The brain was stored overnight in fixative at 4 °C and serial 100 #m coronal sections (Vibratome) were collected in Tris.HCI buffer, pH 7.6 .HRP activity was visualized using diaminobenzidine according to the method of Graham and Karnovsky 4. Thirty sections from each brain, representing all levels, were selected without regard to grossly visible HRP staining and evaluated in the light microscope. Cerebral cortex and caudate-putamen from 3 mice given HRP in 1.0 ml saline and 3 mice given HRP in 1.0 ml water were examined in the electron microscope.
A NOTE ON STABILITY IN CENTRAL FLORIDA LAKES, WITH DISCUSSION OF THE EFFECT OF HURRICANES1

Limnological data arc presented that indicate that central Florida lakes in summer normally do not overturn at night even though night tempcraturcs are lower than that of the bottom water during the day. This is attributed to the usual lack of wind at night. Wind and rain effects on these shallow lakes are shown before and after tropical storm “Brenda” and hurricane “Donna.” It is concluded that the relatively mild Brenda was as effective in initiating overturn as was the much stronger Donna,
Characterization of NAD-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase from celery as affected by ions, chelators, reducing agents and metabolites

Abstract NAD-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) from celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.) provides the initial step by which mannitol is committed to central metabolism and plays a critical role in regulating mannitol concentration in the plant. The pH optimum for mannitol oxidation occurs at pH 9.5 whereas the optimum for mannose reduction occurs at pH 6.5. Michaelis–Menten kinetics were exhibited for mannitol and NAD with Km values of 64 and 0.14 mM, respectively at pH 9.5. The Km for mannose and NADH were 745 mM and 1.27 μM, respectively at pH 6.5. The high Km for mannose is consistent with a reaction in situ favoring mannitol oxidation rather than mannose reduction. The observed down-regulation of MTD in salt stressed celery is not due to a direct inhibition by NaCl or macronutrients. Inhibition by the chelator 1,10-phenanthroline suggests that zinc is required for MTD activity. Reducing agents DTT, DTE and β-mercaptoethanol inactivated MTD reversibly. At pH 7.0, ADP and to a lesser extend AMP and ATP were competitive inhibitors, with respect to NAD, having apparent Ki’s of 0.24, 0.64 and 1.10 mM, respectively.
Multiplier Comparisons of the IMPLAN and REMI Models across Versions: Illuminating Black Boxes

Despite the widespread use and several published evaluations of the IMPLAN and REMI models, the issue of how the multipliers in these models compare is unresolved. In particular, little is known about the stability of the IMPLAN and REMI multipliers across the different versions of the models. The difficulty in comparing the multipliers derives from problems in benchmarking or standardizing the models, and this problem has been compounded by the release of new versions in recent years. Therefore, in this paper the current and previous versions of the IMPLAN and REMI models are compared. It is found that apparent changes in the multipliers in each model result from undocumented or poorly documented changes in the vendor default values of the available options for calculating the multipliers, not from structural changes in the models. The use of benchmarked versions of each model in the comparison, then, provides evidence on the stability of the multipliers of the models, and forms the basis for clarifying ...
Serum Factor Responsible for Thymidine Uptake by Lymphocytes Is Independent of Somatomedin-C

ABSTRACT Lymphocytes have specific receptors for somatomedin-C (Sm-C) and GH. To test whether these cells are sensitive to the growth-promoting properties of these growth factors, we studied serum (with low or normal Sm-C and GH levels) from children having various statural disorders by means of the lymphocyte proliferation assay. Peripheral lymphocytes from each subject were cultured in media containing either autologous serum (AS) or normal pooled human serum (HS). The mitogenic response (MR) was assessed by determining the amount of tritiated thymidine incorporated into cellular DNA. The MR was studied both in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and in unstimulated lymphocytes. MR was expressed as thymidine uptake (CPM) in the presence of AS divided by CPM in the presence of HS. The MR in serum from (1) 27 control subjects was 1.01 ± 0.03 (SEM); (2) 14 children with short stature and normal serum GH-RIA and Sm-C levels was 0.98 ± 0.04; and (3) 12 children with GH deficiency showed two widely different responses. In four patients (subgroup 1), the MR was 0.05 ± 0.02 and in eight (subgroup 2) the MR was 1.11 ± 0.06. Eleven patients were studied after GH therapy (three from subgroup 1), and the MR was 1.12 ± 0.03. Neither Sm-C levels nor linear growth rate correlated well with the growth-promoting property of the serum when tested on lymphocytes. In seven additional patients with GHD, the MR when studied at varying concentrations of serum (0.1–5.0%), showed results identical to subgroup 2. Addition of purified Sm-C to cultures did not enhance the MR of serum from GHD patients prior to GH therapy. GH-dependent factors other than Sm-C may have a role in in vitro lymphocyte proliferation; in its current form, however, this bioassay is not sensitive enough to be useful in the diagnosis of children with GH deficiency.
In vitro digestion and textural strength of rind and pith of normal and brown midrib stems

Abstract Intact sections of pith and rind from normal (N) and near-isogenic brown midrib (bmr) mutants of TxB623 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), GA 337 sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) were analyzed for loss of soluble components, in vitro dry matter digestion after incubation (24 h for pith and 72–120 h for rind) with rumen microorganisms, and textural strength using an Instron universal measuring instrument before and after in vitro digestion. Piths from all sudangrass and sorghum plants from the vegetative harvest were extensively degraded (about 900 g kg−1), with only vascular bundles remaining. In contrast to those of pearl millet, N and counterpart bmr piths from either sudangrass or sorghum were not different (P > 0.05) in digestibility at 24 h. Pith digestibilities is sudangrass ranged from about 940 g kg−1 for vegetative stems to about 600 g kg−1 for mature, upper stems. Similarly, sorghum piths decreased from 840 g kg−1 in vegetative plants to about 690 g kg−1 in mature, upper stems. In all plants, bmr rinds were greater (P ≤ 0.05) or tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.10) in digestibility than N rinds. For example, sudangrass digestibilities for N and bmr rinds, respectively, were 736 g kg−1 and 901 g kg−1 for vegetative plants and 606 g kg−1 and 808 g kg−1 for mature, upper plants. Shear stress (newtons per area) of piths were about 10-fold less than that of rinds when all plants were considered. Differences were small and inconsistent for undegraded piths and rinds within N/bmr comparisons for sudangrass and sorghum. Extended disruption by rumen microorganisms of pith and rind sections of sudangrass and sorghum prevented testing for shear stress of most digested samples. In pearl millet, rinds in either bmr mutant were about 40% weaker than those in N plants. In study, shear stresses of pith and rind were not consistently different within N/bmr comparisons, and overall results on textural strength did not relate well to variations observed in digestibility for N and counterpart bmr stems.
Mitigation of nitrofurantoin-induced toxicity in the perfused rat lung:

1 Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent which pro duces hepatotoxicity caused by the redox cycling of the nitro group and its radical anion. This futile cycling triggers a complex series of events known collectively as oxidative stress.2 Our goal was to determine treatment strategies which could mitigate nitrofurantoin-induced toxicity in the isolated perfused rat liver. We co-infused various agents which blocked early or late events in the progression to toxicity. Tissue levels of glutathione and protein thiols were measured as indicators of the progression to toxicity and lactate dehydrogenase leakage into the perfusate was used as a marker of irreversible cell death.3 Five treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased LDH leakage (reported as thousands of units accumulated in perfusate at 300 min, mean ± standard error, n=3- 4) when compared to nitrofurantoin alone (274 ±37). These treatments were adenosine-2'-monophosphate (120 ± 53), penicillamine (90 ± 29), N-(2-mercaptopro pionyl)-glycine (120 ±...
Effect of Various Additives on the Binding Properties of Chicken Meat

Abstract INTRODUCTION TEXTURAL properties are important in poultry meat products and ways of influencing these characteristics through the use of a binder may be beneficial. If binders are to be effective, they must be able to absorb moisture, impart a desirable color and not contribute any undesirable flavors. Binders such as cereals, gelatin, and milk products have been used in red meat products to improve textural attributes (American Meat Institute Foundation, 1960). Polyphosphates also have been studied in red meat products and Swift and Ellis (1957) reported that three phosphate combinations markedly increased the relative binding characteristics of sausage products as indicated by increased tensile strength or cohesion of meat. Swift and Ellis also noted improved color from added polyphosphates. Froning (1965) reported improved binding properties of chicken rolls prepared from carcasses soaked in 6 percent polyphosphate solutions. Mountney (1962) tested binding properties of a deviled egg preparation and found improved …
Combining evidence and trials1

Summary Statistical procedures are given for combining data for continuous and discrete variables from multiple independent trials. Also discussed are the philosophy of meta-analysis and the details of specific techniques for combining estimates of parameters and multiple test evidence when original data from past trials are not available, or heterogeneity of trials precludes combined analysis of the raw data. Procedures are illustrated with results from multiple trials with poultry and cattle. Zusammenfassung Kombination von Ergebnissen und Versuchen Es werden statistische Verfahren zur Kombination von Ergebnissen fur kontinuierliche und diskrete Variable mehrerer unabhangiger Versuche dargestellt. Ebenfalls diskutiert werden Grunde und Berechtigung fur Meta-Analyse und spezifische Methoden zur Kombination von Parametern sowie Resultaten aus multiplen Versuchen bei Nichtverfugbarkeit von Originaldaten aus fruheren Versuchen, oder wenn Heterogenitat der Versuche die kombinierte Analyse der Rohdaten ausschliest. Die Methoden werden mit Ergebnissen multipler Geflugel- und Rinderversuche illustriert.
SPONTANEOUS BENDING OF THIN (111) CRYSTALS OF III-V COMPOUNDS,

Abstract Thin {111} wafers of GaAs, InAs, GaSb and InSb, 5 to 25 microns thick, were found to bend spontaneously, the A surface being convex. Such bending is consistent with the elastic strain energy associated with the distortion of the bonding configuration on the A surfaces of the III–V compounds. Exposure of the thin wafers to NH 3 resulted in an increase in the radius of curvature whereas exposure to H 2 S resulted in a decrease in the radius of curvature. These effects are believed to result from preferential adsorption.
Mechanism of TiC formation in Al/TiC in situ metal-matrix composites

In recent years, metal-matrix composite (MMC) processing techniques have evolved, whereby the reinforcing particulates are formed in situ in a molten alloy, and the melt containing the dispersions is cast into an ingot for subsequent fabrication into wrought products. One such approach involves the formation of TiC particulates in aluminum alloy matrices via a gas-molten metal reaction. In this approach, a carbon-bearing gas is introduced into a molten Al-Ti alloy, allowing Ti in the melt to react with the carbon released from the injected gas to form TiC. The volume fraction and the size of TiC particles are important parameters which influence the mechanical properties of these composites. Although it is reasonably clear that the volume fraction of the TiC particles is basically determined by the initial content of the Ti content of the melt, given a continuous supply of carbon during processing, the mechanisms responsible for controlling the TiC particle size are unclear. This communication is intended to present some recent results which provide some insight into the formation mechanisms.
LTE resource scheduling for vehicular safety applications

The support of LTE for vehicular safety applications has been studied in recent years. One problem is the bandwidth capability of LTE to support regularly transmitted cooperative awareness messages. In this paper, we discussed the effect of different scheduling methods on cooperative message transmissions. The capacity of dedicated connection has been analyzed and compared with different configurations. We also proposed a semi-adaptive beaconing approach for semi-persistent scheduling and analyzed its ability to support vehicular applications.
Investigation of a Two-Stage Injection Process to Reduce the Effects of In-Plane Resin Flow

This paper is a discussion of a manufacturing technique that reduces dependency on in-plane resin flow, allowing greatly reduced injection times, increased injected resin volume per port (reducing the number of ports required), and allows relatively higher fiber volume content. This method uses a two-stage injection process. The first stage injects resin into a vacuum evacuated “pool” outside of the plane of the fabric. Pressure is then applied outside of a flexible film, forcing resin into the fabric in the thickness direction. Since resin is not required to flow in the plane of the fabric, relatively high volumetric flow rates are possible during the injection stage. The hydrostatic pressure on the flexible film results in part-to-part and spatially consistent high volume content. This process has also shown to be less sensitive to fabric and manufacturing inconsistencies than traditional two-sided mold RTM, and has been used to successfully manufacture parts using difficult-to-RTM materials such as bonded fabrics. Drawbacks of this process include increased mold and process complexities, poor surface finish on one side of the part, and increased complexity of process tuning.Copyright © 2002 by The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. and ASME
Operating system benchmarking in the wake of lmbench: a case study of the performance of NetBSD on the Intel x86 architecture

The lmbench suite of operating system microbenchmarks provides a set of portable programs for use in cross-platform comparisons. We have augmented the lmbench suite to increase its flexibility and precision, and to improve its methodological and statistical operation. This enables the detailed study of interactions between the operating system and the hardware architecture. We describe modifications to lmbench, and then use our new benchmark suite, hbench:OS, to examine how the performance of operating system primitives under NetBSD has scaled with the processor evolution of the Intel x86 architecture. Our analysis shows that off-chip memory system design continues to influence operating system performance in a significant way and that key design decisions (such as suboptimal choices of DRAM and cache technology, and memory-bus and cache coherency protocols) can essentially nullify the performance benefits of the aggressive execution core and sophisticated on-chip memory system of a modern processor such as the Intel Pentium Pro.
CTH13-2: Relay Channel with Private Messages

We introduce a relay channel with private messages, where three concurrent communication tasks take place: in addition to the traditional communication from source to destination (assisted by relay), the source has a private message for the relay, and the relay has a private message for the destination. We develop coding strategies for this channel based on decode-and- forward and compress-and-forward schemes. Achievable rate regions are obtained for the discrete memoryless and Gaussian versions of this channel. Our work generalizes some of the results obtained in the original relay channel introduced by Cover and El-Gamal and in the recent works on relay broadcast channels.
Drug-Eluting Stent for Delivery of Signal Pathway-Specific 1,3-Dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl Xanthine

Dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl xanthine (DPCPX) is a highly selective antagonist of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). The A1R mediates mitogenic effects of adenosine in coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC). DPCPX plays a role as an antimitogen and reduces CASMC proliferation by the blockage of A1R. A drug-eluting stent (DES) loaded with DPCPX was prepared. The water solubility of DPCPX is 1.6 µg/mL at pH 3-9, and 38.1 ( 2.3 µg/mL at pH 11. A series of DPCPX-eluting stents were formulated in polyurethane (PU) films with different dose densities and film thicknesses. The release of DPCPX from the PU-coated stents was nearly linear. The release rate and duration were effectively controlled by adjusting the film thickness with the same drug concentration. The eluted DPCPX from the PU films was effective in preventing CASMC proliferation, regardless of stimulation by 2-chloro-N-6-cyclopentylad- enosine (CCPA), a highly selective A1R agonist. A1R specific antagonist DPCPX was effective in preventing CASMC proliferation and holds great promise for intracoronary delivery from DESs to test the role of the A1R signaling pathway for prevention of in-stent restenosis.
Normal copper metabolism in quaking mice.

Abstract Copper levels and the activities of two copper dependent enzymes, ceruloplasmin and cytochrome c oxidase, were determined in tissues from quaking mice (qk/qk) and their littermate controls (+/?). Quaking mice were identified visually by their intermittent tremors and biochemically by a three-fold decrease in brain 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP) activity. When compared to their littermates adult quaking mice have normal tissue copper concentrations. Brain cytochrome oxidase activity is not reduced. Perinatal copper metabolism was equivalent in brains of 10, 15, 18 and 22 day old quaking mice and their littermates. Mothers (+/qk), supplemented throughout gestation and lactation with copper sulfate (208 ppm Cu), still produced tremorous mice. These offspring have elevated brain and liver Cu levels but not ceruloplasmin or CNP activities when compared to quaking mice from dams supplemented with sodium sulfate. It is suggested that quaking mice have normal copper metabolism.
Isolation and characterization of cyclic AMP-resistant variants from a functional adrenal cortical cell line.

We have isolated a number of cyclic AMP-resistant cell lines and characterized two of them, 3B4 and 10F2s, from a functional adrenal cortical cell line, Y-1. At seeding densities above 100 cells10 cm diameter plates, the variant cells are resistant in their morphological change, plating efficiency and growth to the normal effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP). At lower seeding densities, 3B4 and 10F2 have retained a slight sensitivity to db-cAMP in their plating efficiency and in their morphology. Studies with various nucleotides and cAMP analogues show that the inhibitory effects of db-cAMP on the growth and morphology of Y-1 cells are not due to degradation products of db-cAMP. There is loss of response to ACTH in the variant cell lines such that there are no effects of ACTH on plating efficiency, growth, morphology, steroidogenesis and cAMP excretion. In addition, the variant cell lines show lowered activities of the cAMP binding receptor and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Preliminary studies indicate that in Y-1, cAMP markedly reduces protein phosphorylation, and it inhibits phosphate uptake. In the variants, the protein phosphorylation and phosphate uptake are maintained even in the presence of db-cAMP. The maintenance of phosphorylation in the presence of db-cAMP may play an important role in the ability of the cells to survive in high concentrations of db-cAMP. The variant cell lines can be stimulated by db-cAMP to increase steroidogenesis, although the stimulated levels of steroidogenesis in 3B4 and 10F2 are less than those in Y-1. The variant phenotype is stable in vitro and in vivo.