cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSABILITY VERSUS MEAN DIFFERENCES OF SAGE SPARROW SUBSPECIES

Abstract A subspecies is a collection of populations within a biological species that are diagnosably distinct from other such collections of populations. That infraspecific designation has motivated a litany of spirited debates over the past half-century, from impassioned pleas for its retention to heated outcries for its abolition. We believe that the vast majority of attacks on the subspecies concept have resulted from displeasure with its improper application, not from serious flaws in the concept itself. The recognition of diagnosable subspecies allows one to address many questions not easily answered otherwise, ranging from dispersal and migration to local selection and adaptation and biogeographic affinities, yet that goal was lost for many years. Many taxonomists in the late nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century named subspecies on the basis of average differences between populations under study, a procedure at odds with identification of diagnosable populations. To resolve th...
Differential expression of LacdiNAC, fucosylated LacdiNAc, and Lewis x glycan antigens in intramolluscan stages of Schistosoma mansoni

We report the expression of 3 well-characterized adult Schistosoma mansoni glycan antigens among molluscan stages of the parasite. These antigens are LacdiNAc (LDN; GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc-R), fucosylated LacdiNAc (LDNF; GalNAc[Fucα1-3]β1-4GlcNAc-R), and Lewis x (Lex; Gal[Fucα1-3]β1-4GlcNAc-R). The presence of the glycans was determined by both immunoblot and immunohistological methods using monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize each glycan epitope. Immunoblot analyses reveal that LDN and LDNF epitopes are expressed on many different glycoproteins, including eggs, mother sporocysts, daughter sporocysts, and cercariae, although LDN expression among daughter sporocysts is greatly reduced. LDN and LDNF epitopes are localized on the tegument and in the intrasporocyst cell masses of both in vitro–derived and in vivo–derived mother sporocysts and in the daughter sporocysts derived on day 16 after infection. Unexpectedly, high levels of LDN and LDNF glycans were detected in the infected, but not in the unin...
Optimal dosing of epinephrine in acute asthma

The safety and efficacy of 0.1-, 0.3- and 0.5-mg doses of epinephrine hydrochloride in the initial treatment of an acute asthma attack were compared in a double-blind study. Epinephrine hydrochloride 1:1000 was injected subcutaneously in 45 emergency room patients suffering from an acute asthma attack. The patients randomly received 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5 mg of the drug. Arterial blood gases, pulmonary function, blood pressure and heart rate were measured before, and at 10 and 20 minutes after dosing. Bronchodilation, as measured by peak expiratory flow rate, occurred at all doses but was significantly greater (p 0.05). The study suggests that a 0.5-mg subcantaneous dose represents optimal epinephrine dosing for the initial therapy of acute asthma.
The Freedom to Own Property: Reforming Texas' Local Property Taxes

In the short-term, Texas should reform burdensome local property taxes by improving the appraisal process and strengthening the rollback provision. Ultimately, Texas should eliminate property taxes and transition to a reformed sales tax. This paper investigates these issues and more.
Letter by Hayward Regarding Article, "Hyperlipidemia in Early Adulthood Increases Long-Term Risk of Coronary Heart Disease".

The report by Navar-Boggan and colleagues1 that cumulative exposure to elevated non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) risk is a highly important finding, one that, if confirmed, provides strong evidence in support of previous genetic studies.2 However, the suggestion that their results call into question a cardiovascular risk–based approach such as that proposed in the new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines is in error. Their study simply suggests that we can better estimate our patient’s cardiovascular risk if we can accurately assess their cumulative …
The latest in pancreatic cancer research: Lustgarten Foundation awardees present their findings.

On June 13 and 14, 2001, the Lustgarten Foundationheld its third annual Pancreatic Cancer ScientificConference in Baltimore, Maryland. Thisconference was entitled "Pancreatic Cancer: FromGenes to Treatment" and was held in conjunctionwith The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.As it had for the previous two years, the conferenceenabled pancreatic cancer scientists fromaround the world to meet and discuss new conceptsin pancreatic cancer research. The conference alsoincluded a lecture series and poster presentations oncurrent topics in pancreatic cancer research and treatment.These presentations gave researchers andhealth care professionals the opportunity to sharetheir ideas, with the ultimate goal of finding a curefor pancreatic cancer.
Reviewing State Legislative Agendas Regarding Sexual Assault in Higher Education: Proliferation of Best Practices and Points of Caution

Given the seriousness of campus gender-based violence, and the limitations regarding existing federal legislation, many states are considering new legislation to strengthen their college and university’s policies regarding such violence. Using content analysis, the present research examined the proposed legislation from the 2014-2015 legislative cycle (N = 70) and identified themes regarding legislative aims. The range of merits and potential challenges pertaining to the bills proposed by state legislatures as well as those that were recently signed into law are then discussed. Recommendations for the proliferation of some regulations and caution regarding the extension of other legal mandates are provided. Language: en
Geological effects of the Dixie Valley-Fairview Peak, Nevada, earthquakes of December 16, 1954

The earthquakes of December 16, 1954, were accompanied by offsets along many faults in four main zones of a north-trending belt 60 miles long by 20 miles wide. Minor geologic effects included changed flow of springs and wells, formation of water fountains and craters, landslips, landslides, mudflows, and rockfalls, and secondary fracturing of unconsolidated sediments. The fault displacements were mainly along normal faults of the Basin-Range type in the following zones: (1) west of Dixie Valley, (2) southeast of Dixie Valley, (3) east of Fairview Peak, and (4) east of Stingaree Valley. The maximum strike-slip component was 12 feet (right-lateral) at Fairview Peak, and the maximum vertical-slip component was about 12 feet at Bell Flat. Most of the faults are at or near the alluvium-bedrock contact. A tectonic origin is proposed for these faults, however, since most of the faults have segments which cross bedrock or follow prehistoric scarps in alluvium. Dip-slip displacements were prevalent in the northern part of the area, and diagonal-slip or even strike-slip displacements characterized the southern part. The four main types of fault structure are herein defined as simple, subsidence, gravity-graben, and longitudinal step-fault types. The origin and nature of each type is discussed. Measurement of dip-slip components of displacement is complicated by the nature of these structures and earthfalls. In general, the scarp height is greater than the dip-slip component or throw. Comparison of geodetic data with field geologic data shows that the field geologist can, with care, measure fault displacements accurately, even across complex fault structures.
Analysis on epidemic trend of sexually transmitted diseases in Xiqing district of Tianjin 2005-2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics and epidemic law of sexually transmitted diseases(STD) in Xiqing district of Tianjin during 2005-2010,provide the basis for further STD prevention and control in Xiqing district.[Methods]The STD data in Xiqing district during 2005-2010 were analyzed statistically.[Results]During 2005-2010,a total of 1 027 STD cases were reported in Xiqing district,which included 633 male cases(64.6%) and 394 female cases(38.4%),and the male-to-female ratio was 1.61∶1.66.99% of cases were people aged 20-39 years old.The occupation distribution showed that 22.59% were others,20.35% were housework and job-waiting,and 16.26% were workers.The annual average incidence rate was 35.44/lakh.The incidence rate from high to low in sequence was syphilis(117.034/lakh),gonorrhea(35.834 9/lakh),genial tract chlamydi trachomatis(27.769 5/lakh),condyloma acuminatum(23.211/lakh),HIV infection(4.55/lakh),genital herpes(1.968 2/lakh) and AIDS(0.617 8/lakh).[Conclusion]The total incidence rate of STD decreased slowly during 2005-2010 in Xiqing district,especially for gonorrhea,but the incidence rate of HIV infection and syphilis has increased obviously.It is suggested to develop the prevention and control measures according to the epidemic trend of STD.
Research on SBS modified asphalt low temperature stiffness modulus

The low temperature stiffness modulus of asphalt is closely connected to its low temperature performance.The identification of low temperature evaluation index of SBS PMA is the basis and prerequisite of its mixture anti-cracking capability.This paper chose 5 kinds of SBS modified asphalt and adopted the theoretical model to study their 5 degree C ductility and stiffness modulus at different temperature.Moreover,in order to identify which index is more effective,on the basis of the same mixture gradation,five low temperature bending tests which utilized the selected SBS asphalt binder were done.Through the analysis of relationships between the low temperature stiffness modulus and bending strain energy density of mixture and the stiffness modulus -10℃ of the asphalt,it is found that they have obvious relationship,therefore,the low temperature stiffness modulus -10℃ of the SBS modified asphalt can be served as its low temperature evaluation index.
A Study of Ultrafast Laser-Based X-Ray Sources for In-Line Phase-Contrast Biomedical Imaging

Ever since the Coolidge tube was created in 1913, the same design has been used for X-ray imaging devices. As modern medicine advances, the Coolidge tube is reaching its limited full potential. For this reason, this research analyzes two of the modern alternatives for X-ray imaging: laser-based X-ray sources and phase-contrast imaging. According to this study, lasers are able to provide significantly better focal spot sizes, much better temporal resolution, and a high repetition rate. As for integrating phase-contrast imaging, this research depicts how phase-contrast imaging is overwhelmingly more sensitive to elements found in soft tissue and refraction is far more likely to occur than absorption, which has the potential to decrease exposure time. Although these technologies have been found to be more advantageous than the current technologies, there are still essential improvements and research that need to be accomplished before clinical use.
Empathy and intergroup relations.

Empathy has received increasing empirical attention in the study of intergroup relations. Much of this research has focused on the potential of interventions that generate empathy for improving intergroup attitudes and reducing intergroup bias. Specifically, this work typically explores how empathy mediates the effects of various manipulations, such as direct instructions to imagine how an outgroup member feels on participants' attitudes toward the outgroup as a whole. In this chapter, we offer complementary perspectives on the role of empathy in intergroup relations. In addition, we examine other potential roles of empathy in intergroup relations, considering the direct impact of intergroup empathy on behavior and how intergroup attitudes can moderate the arousal of empathy and its subsequent intergroup impact. We consider three perspectives on the relations among empathy, intergroup attitudes, and group membership. Our goal is not to test these as corn-
Da vinci coding? Using renaissance artists' depictions of the brain to engage student interest in neuroanatomy.

This report describes a pair of brief, interactive classroom exercises utilizing Renaissance artists’ depictions of the brain to help increase student interest in learning basic neuroanatomy. Undergraduate students provided anonymous quantitative evaluations of both exercises. The feedback data suggest that students found both exercises engaging. The data also suggest that the first exercise increased student interest in learning more about neuroanatomy in general, while the second provided useful practice in identifying major neuroanatomical structures. Overall, the data suggest that these exercises may be a useful addition to courses that introduce or review neuroanatomical concepts.
Biomechanical evaluation of the craniovertebral junction after unilateral joint-sparing condylectomy: Implications for the far lateral approach revisited

OBJECTIVEThe far lateral transcondylar approach to the ventral foramen magnum requires partial resection of the occipital condyle. Early biomechanical studies suggest that occipitocervical (OC) fusion should be considered if 50% of the condyle is resected. In clinical practice, however, a joint-sparing condylectomy has often been employed without the need for OC fusion. The biomechanics of the joint-sparing technique have not been reported. Authors of the present study hypothesized that the clinically relevant joint-sparing condylectomy would result in added stability of the craniovertebral junction as compared with earlier reports.METHODSMultidirectional in vitro flexibility tests were performed using a robotic spine-testing system on 7 fresh cadaveric spines to assess the effect of sequential unilateral joint-sparing condylectomy (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) in comparison with the intact state by using cardinal direction and coupled moments combined with a simulated head weight “follower load.”RESULTSThe perce...
Developmental regulation of RNA processing by Rbfox proteins

The Rbfox genes encode an ancient family of sequence-specific RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that are critical developmental regulators in multiple tissues including skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain. The hallmark of Rbfox proteins is a single high-affinity RRM domain, highly conserved from insects to humans, that binds preferentially to UGCAUG motifs at diverse regulatory sites in pre-mRNA introns, mRNA 3'UTRs, and pre-miRNAs hairpin structures. Versatile regulatory circuits operate on Rbfox pre-mRNA and mRNA to ensure proper expression of Rbfox1 protein isoforms, which then act on the broader transcriptome to regulate alternative splicing networks, mRNA stability and translation, and microRNA processing. Complex Rbfox expression is encoded in large genes encompassing multiple promoters and alternative splicing options that govern spatiotemporal expression of structurally distinct and tissue-specific protein isoforms with different classes of RNA targets. Nuclear Rbfox1 is a candidate master regulator that binds intronic UGCAUG elements to impact splicing efficiency of target alternative exons, many in transcripts for other splicing regulators. Tissue-specificity of Rbfox-mediated alternative splicing is executed by combinatorial regulation through the integrated activity of Rbfox proteins and synergistic or antagonistic splicing factors. Studies in animal models show that Rbfox1-related genes are critical for diverse developmental processes including germ cell differentiation and memory in Drosophila, neuronal migration and function in mouse brain, myoblast fusion and skeletal muscle function, and normal heart function. Finally, genetic and biochemical evidence suggest that aberrations in Rbfox-regulated circuitry are risk factors for multiple human disorders, especially neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy and autism, and cardiac hypertrophy. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1398. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1398 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Myocardial mechanics of infarcted and hypertrophied non-infarcted myocardium following experimental coronary artery occlusion

The physiology of the intact heart with myocardial infarction is complex, in part, because it is comprised of a heterogenous population of infarcted, fibrotic and noninfarcted tissue. To further define the mechanical performance of these differing elements, we have examined isolated muscle mechanics of infarcted and noninfarcted myocardium from the same heart.
Intradural lumbosacral malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor: a case report

Rhabdoid tumors are highly malignant tumors predominantly affecting the pediatric population. When these tumors occur outside of the kidneys, they are referred to as malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumors (MERT), a rare highly aggressive subtype. Less commonly, these tumors involve the neuro-axis. Here we present a case of a 15-year-old girl with intradural MERT of the lumbosacral spine who presented with back pain, sudden worsening of lower extremity strength, and complete loss of bowel and bladder control. The patient’s tumor showed loss of INI-1 and negative staining for cytokeratin AE1AE3, CD99, and SOX10. To our knowledge, there are no previous case reports of MERT with intradural lumbosacral spinal involvement.
Denoising radio interferometric images by subspace clustering

Radio interferometry usually compensates for high levels of noise in sensor/antenna electronics by throwing data and energy at the problem: observe longer, then store and process it all. Furthermore, only the end image is cleaned, reducing flexibility substantially. We propose instead a method to remove the noise explicitly before imaging. To this end, we developed an algorithm that first decomposes the sensor signals into components using Singular Spectrum Analysis and then cluster these components using graph Laplacian matrix. We show through simulation the potential for radio astronomy, in particular, illustrating the benefit for LOFAR, the low frequency array in Netherlands. From telescopic data to least-squares image estimates, far higher accuracy with low computation cost results without the need for long observation time.
Serratia liquefaciens from IMO: Antibacterial and Chitinolytic Potentials

Indigenous microorganisms (IMOs) and effective microorganisms (EMs) have long been used in natural farming as substitutes for conventional fertilizers and pesticides. While the microbial composition of EMs is well-documented, the identity of microbes in IMOs are obscure and may vary depending on the source. In this study, bacteria in IMOs collected from a local community in Bukidnon were identified and screened for antimicrobial and chitinolytic potential. Serratia liquefaciens exhibited antimicrobial potential against the tomato bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith). Serratia liquefaciens-impregnated discs inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum with an average annular zone of inhibition radii 5.3 mm, indicating considerable antimicrobial activity. S. liquefaciens was also evaluated for chitinolytic potential using shrimp exoskeletons. Results showed that the chitin mass exposed to S. liquefaciens was significantly reduced compared to the control (n=30, T= -3.04, p-value=0.0043). The results of this study infer that the presence of S. liquefaciens in IMOs may contribute to the inherent potentials of indigenous microorganisms to inhibit microbial pathogens and possible biodegradation activity.
Locoregional administration of replication-competent retrovirus vector achieves multifocal tumor-restricted propagation and transduction in an immunocompetent model of metastatic colorectal cancer

2985 Colorectal cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, and the liver is the most common site of distant metastasis. Many patients present with unresectable multifocal metastases, and adjuvant chemotherapy has had limited success. We are currently developing murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based replication-competent retrovirus (RCR) vectors, which have been demonstrated to achieve efficient and progressive gene transfer in vivo in immunodeficient xenograft models of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and glioma. Compared to other replicating oncolytic viruses, RCR vectors have the unique property of propagating only in actively dividing cells and establishing stable integration in the infected tumor cell genome, which may allow more persistent expression of therapeutic genes such as immunostimulatory cytokines, anti-angiogenic factors, tumor suppressors, and suicide genes. In the present study, the transduction efficiency and replication kinetics of an amphotropic RCR vector (ACE-GFP) carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene was first quantitated in human (WiDr) and murine (CT26) colon cancer cell lines in vitro, by flow cytometric monitoring of GFP transmission. In both cell lines, after ACE-GFP inoculation at low multiplicity of infection (MOI=0.1), the percentage of GFP-positive cells increased rapidly from approximately 10% to >90% within 9 to 11 days. Next, we established a hepatic metastasis model of colorectal cancer by intrasplenic injection of CT26 cells in syngeneic Balb/c mice. After tumor establishment, a total dose of 1 x 10e4 transducing units (TU) of ACE-GFP virus was administered by locoregional infusion via the splenic vein, and the GFP expression was examined by fluorescence imaging. By 4 weeks post-vector infusion, significant increases in the intensity and area of GFP expression were observed in multiple tumor sites. Infected tumors were also digested with collagenase and immediately examined by flow cytometry for more precise quantitation. The level of transduction in the CT26 tumors increased significantly from an average of 9% at 2 weeks to over 53% by 4 weeks post-vector infusion. However, no detectable GFP expression was observed in adjacent normal liver by fluorescence imaging or immunohistochemistry, nor could the vector be detected by genomic PCR in any other normal tissues, including bone marrow, intestine, lung, and kidney. Our results thus demonstrate that RCR vectors can efficiently replicate and achieve significant levels of multifocal tumor transduction even in immunocompetent hosts, and may represent a highly suitable vehicle for delivering therapeutic genes selectively to metastatic tumor cells in the liver by locoregional administration, while sparing normal hepatocytes and other normal tissues.
Securitization Reform After the Crisis: Regulation by Rulemaking or Regulation by Settlement?

This article examines the regulatory framework for securitization that has been developed in response to the financial crisis which took place one decade ago. Its thesis is that, for practical purposes, little of that reform has been imposed by the statutory rulemaking process established under the Dodd-Frank Act. Instead, the bulk of actual policymaking has occurred much more informally, through enforcement actions against large financial institutions that have resulted in a series of multi-billion dollar settlements. By pursuing a strategy of “regulation by settlement,” regulators have implicitly promulgated a novel legal prohibition on misconduct in securitization markets, roughly equivalent to a negligence standard. The revisionist account presented in this article raises three further questions: Why did the Dodd-Frank regulations prove so ineffectual? Can regulation by settlement be justified as an adequate substitute for shortcomings in the conventional rulemaking process? And, what lies ahead for the future of securitization regulation? The suggested answers are as follows. First, that the Dodd-Frank Act missed the mark because it was premised on a flawed theory of the role that securitization played the crisis, which emphasized traditional notions of fraud rather than poor risk-management. Second, despite the heavy criticism that has been levied against federal enforcement practices following the crisis, it will be argued that when the entire set of agency-bank settlements are considered as a whole, they can been seen as imposing a Pigouvian tax on the specific market externality associated with securitization, and therefore come surprisingly close to a first-best policy intervention. Third, the rollback of Dodd-Frank that is currently being contemplated within Congress and the Trump administration will further marginalize the post-crisis rulemakings and reinforce the centrality of regulation by settlement in the securitization area. The broader picture of securitization which emerges from this article’s analysis is that of a policy space which remains poorly understood and is still in flux.
Turning Points in Christian Education: Some Initial Perspectives:

Preliminary results of a recent interview project with veteran professors of Christian education regarding key transitions in the field over the last several decades. Four main areas of change are ...
Developing a Common Evaluation Tool for Camps

Evaluation has become a standard for youth programming, to provide both evidence for improvement recommendations and an assessment of program outcomes. Having a common evaluation tool across programs (in this case, camps) is beneficial in aggregating measurements and understanding similarities and differences between programs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of working with the California 4-H Camping Advisory Committee to develop a common evaluation tool for all California 4-H camps, and to share initial findings from the instrument. We present results from two years of data collection, and the multiple uses of the findings.
Racial Scaffolding: Conceptual Overview

This chapter provides an overview of the focus of the book—the scaffolding that supports systemic institutional racism. It provides a brief explanation of the paradox presented by the coexistence of a declaration that “all men are created equal” and the persistent inequality between whites and people of color in the United States. The chapter gives a contemporary example of racial oppression, describes types of racism, and provides the authors’ definition of racism. It also introduces concepts used throughout the book to explain institutional racism: social construction, oppression, racial scaffolding, and institutional web, and notes the active and complex nature of these concepts within the American societal infrastructure. In addition, social construction is discussed as it relates to perceptual differences between racial groups and as the basis for racial oppression within the infrastructure of American society. This chapter culminates by presenting concept that constructs racial scaffolding (poles and rungs). The concept of scaffolding is used throughout the book to provide an understanding of the various components of the society that contribute to and promote the continuation of racism in American society.
Stability and reproducibility of proteomic profiles measured with an aptamer-based platform

The feasibility of SOMAscan, a multiplex, high sensitivity proteomics platform, for use in studies using archived plasma samples has not yet been assessed. We quantified 1,305 proteins from plasma samples donated by 16 Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) participants, 40 NHSII participants, and 12 local volunteers. We assessed assay reproducibility using coefficients of variation (CV) from duplicate samples and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman correlation coefficients (r) of samples processed (i.e., centrifuged and aliquoted into separate components) immediately, 24, and 48 hours after collection, as well as those of samples collected from the same individuals 1 year apart. CVs were <20% for 99% of proteins overall and <10% for 92% of proteins in heparin samples compared to 66% for EDTA samples. We observed ICC or Spearman r (comparing immediate vs. 24-hour delayed processing) ≥0.75 for 61% of proteins, with some variation by anticoagulant (56% for heparin and 70% for EDTA) and protein class (ranging from 49% among kinases to 83% among hormones). Within-person stability over 1 year was good (ICC or Spearman r ≥ 0.4) for 91% of proteins. These results demonstrate the feasibility of SOMAscan for analyses of archived plasma samples.
Photochemistry of Aryl and Aroyl Azides: Application to Photolabeling of Biological Systems

The major objective of this work is to provide the knowledge necessary for the sound application and interpretation of photolabeling experiments. A major goal in the study of living systems is to associate function with chemical structure. Several experimental approaches have been developed to facilitate this goal. Among the most useful of these are photolabeling procedures. In this approach, an activatable reagent is positioned adjacent to a target structure. The latent reactivity of the reagent is revealed by irradiation with light and the intermediate so formed binds irreversible to some functional group at the site. Later, the biological structure is degraded and the labeled site identified. The aim of the work described herein is the definition and characterization of the chemical and physical properties of the high-reactivity intermediate. We detect these intermediates by time-resolved laser spectroscopy. The main focus of our effort has been aroyl and axyl nitrenes. Their properties are described herein and recommendations for their use in photolabeling experiments are made.
State regulations and child care choice

While government regulations are designed to safeguard the health and well-being of children, they may also alter the cost and availability of child care, thus affecting parental use of such services. This paper investigates the total effects of regulation on parental choice of child care and the indirect effects of regulation through the price, quality, and availability of care. In our analysis of data from the National Child Care Survey 1990 we find strong evidence that state regulations requiring center-based providers to be trained are associated with a lower probability that parents choose a center, while state inspections are associated with more parental choice of center and home care. We end by discussing the policy implications of our findings.
A New Nearctic Species of Hadroneura Lundström Fungus Gnat1

The fungus gnat genus Hadroneura Lundstrom was previously known from seven species. Five occur in the far western United States and Canada including Alaska, British Columbia, and coastal California. This is the first Hadroneura species recorded in the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains. One adult male Hadroneura huron Taber n. sp. was collected in a Malaise trap in white pine (Pinus stroba L.) forest on the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. Females and juvenile stages are unknown.
Das erste Auftreten des Lebens auf der Erde

Nach der Entdeckung der Extremophilen haben wir unsere Vorstellung, wo Leben im Universum existieren kann, radikal geandert. Wir mussten das Konzept der bewohnbaren Zonen uberdenken. Ganz anders als vor 1980 ist den Wissenschaftlern heute klar, dass es auserhalb der Erde durchaus Lebensraume fur mikrobielles Leben in unserem Sonnensystem und generell im Universum geben kann. Auf der anderen Seite zeigen die gleichen Studien, dass es viel weniger Lebensraume fur komplexes Leben (hohere Tiere und Pflanzen) gibt als fruher angenommen. Nur weil Leben in einem extraterrestrischen Lebensraum existieren konnte, muss es dort jedoch nicht unbedingt vorhanden sein. Nur wenn der Entstehungsprozess einfach ist, kann Leben im Universum weit verbreitet sein. In diesem Kapitel wollen wir das gegenwartige Wissen und auch die Hypothesen uber die Entstehung des Lebens auf der Erde und uber die dafur im Einzelnen erforderlichen Umweltbedingungen zusammenfassen.
A Taxonomy of Spatial Econometric Models for Simultaneous Equations Systems

The spatial econometric literature has developed a large number of approaches that can handle spatial dependence and heterogeneity, yet almost all of these approaches are single equation techniques. For many regional economic problems there are both multiple endogenous variables and data on observations that interact across space. To date, researchers have often been in the undesirable position of having to choose between modeling spatial interactions in a single equation framework, or using multiple equations but losing the advantages of a spatial econometric approach. This chapter establishes a framework for applying spatial econometrics within the context of multi-equation systems. Specifically, we discuss the need for multi-equation spatial econometric models and we develop a general model that can subsume many interesting special cases. We also examine the small sample properties of common estimators for specific cases of the general model.
Simulation of pH-Regulated Electrokinetic Ion Transport in Nanopores with Polyelectrolyte Brushes

Nanopores with polyelectrolyte brushes in a pHregulated ion channel have been simulated. Electrokinetic ion transport was studied taking account of the effects of pH, presence of multiple ionic species and bulk ionic concentration. A continuum-based model that composed of coupled Poisson-Nernst- Planck equations for the ionic mass transport with electric potential, and Navier-Stokes and Brinkman equations for the fluid flow, were employed. Our results demonstrate that the bulk ionic concentration and pH together can greatly influence the charge of the polyelectrolyte brushes, the distribution of electric potential in the nanopore and also the fluid flow is sensitive to the pH variations.
Role of Religion and Spirituality in the Patient Pain Experience

Spirituality (beliefs or practices that provide meaning in life) and religion (organized system of beliefs or practices) have been empirically shown to affect the experience of chronic and acute pain. Biomedical treatments are expensive, have limiting side effects, and are not completely effective. Further, 60–80% of chronic pain patients adjunctively use religious or spiritual approaches to pain management. Therefore, understanding the positive and negative impact of spirituality and religion has on pain and functional ability is crucial. Spiritual assessment, identifying pain-related “red-flags,” and supporting a patient’s adaptive use of spiritual and religious resources can positively impact a patient’s pain experience.
Impact of International Service Learning on Macro-Ethics::

To address complex problems in a globalized workplace, future engineers must understand the ethical implications of their work in the global context. International service learning is a possible approach for future engineers to gain an understanding of ethical implications in a global context. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential benefits that international service learning may add to engineering ethics education. The quantitative study measured senior engineering students’ understanding of ethics from a national sample of students enrolled in capstone design courses (n=2095) in three types of international service learning experiences: capstone, volunteer/work, or co-curricular. Students who participated in international service learning through capstone and volunteer/work experience scored significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) higher to questions that measured their understanding of ethics. Males compared to female engineering students showed the largest difference in their understanding of ethics. The integration of international service learning into engineering education should be more seriously considered to aid in more effectively teaching ethics. Male engineering students, who make up nearly 80% of engineering programs, can benefit the most in their ethics education from international service learning.
Effect of maternal nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle mass and associated molecular pathways in SGA and Non-SGA sheep fetuses

Abstract Maternal nutrient restriction causes small for gestational age (SGA) offspring, which exhibit a higher risk for metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Fetal skeletal muscle is particularly sensitive to maternal nutrient restriction, which impairs muscle mass and metabolism. Using a 50% nutrient restriction treatment from gestational day (GD) 35 to GD 135 in sheep, we routinely observe a spectral phenotype of fetal weights within the nutrient-restricted (NR) group. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effect of maternal NR on muscle mass, myofiber hypertrophy, myonuclear dotation, and molecular markers for protein synthesis and degradation, while accounting for the observed fetal weight variation. Within the NR group, we classified upper-quartile fetuses into NR(Non-SGA) (n = 11) and lower-quartile fetuses into NR(SGA) (n = 11). A control group (n = 12) received 100% of nutrient requirements throughout pregnancy. At GD 135, fetal plasma and organs were collected, and gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were sampled for investigation. Results showed decreased (P 0.05). Indicators of protein synthesis (total and phosphorylated MTOR, EI4EBP1, and RPS6KB1) did not differ among groups in either muscle (P > 0.05). Collectively, results highlight that maternal NR unequally affects muscle mass in NR(SGA) and NR(Non-SGA) fetuses, and alterations in myofiber cross-sectional area and myonuclei number partially explain those differences.
Phase field modeling of hydrogen embrittlement

Abstract A numerical framework is developed in this paper to study hydrogen embrittlement. A hydrogen diffusion equation is derived, and a trapping density function is proposed in the framework of the phase field model. Effect of hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen enhanced decohesion (HEDE) are modeled by reducing the yield stress and decreasing the critical energy release rate respectively. Simulation results of a compact tension specimen and a double notched tension specimen show that hydrogen accumulates at the crack/notch tip region driven by positive hydrostatic stress as well as more traps produced by plastic deformation in this area. Both HELP and HEDE reduce the load carrying capacity of the specimen, and their effects depend on the model parameters. The proposed model provides a numerical tool that can be used to comprehensively simulate hydrogen embrittlement and predict the ductile to brittle transition of the material due to the presence of hydrogen.
The Construction of Cultural Consensus Models to Characterize Ethnogeological Knowledge

Limited research interest has been focused on the understanding of culturally framed geology knowledge in comparison with more mature ethnosciences such as ethnobotany or ethnogeography. Ethnogeology is the scientific study of human relationships with and knowledge of the Earth system, generally investigated within the context of a specific culture, through the implementation of field geologic and field ethnographic methods. The purpose of this paper is to present the use of cultural consensus analysis for the exploration of culturally framed knowledge of geological processes. We used rapid assessment methods from the discipline of field ethnography with local cultural consultants, to construct a cultural consensus questionnaire about karst processes and riverine geomorphology in Puerto Rico (PR) and the Dominican Republic (DR). We employed the results from structured interviews and identified common themes that we organized as a cultural consensus model (CCM). Our results indicate a CCM for the knowledge domain of karst processes and riverine geomorphology that is shared by inhabitants of karst regions in DR and PR, which constitutes a reliable system of local ethnogeologic knowledge. Conceptual key elements of the model include use of metaphors and analogies to describe geomorphic processes and speleothem. We discuss the use of rapid assessment and cultural consensus analysis as a method for ethnogeological research, and the implications for place-based geoscience education, participatory research, and geoheritage.
Tuberculosis clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in pregnancy: a prospective cohort study.

There is limited research to guide TB treatment specifically in pregnant women and few studies have described the presentation of TB in pregnant women. We aimed to understand TB presentation and treatment outcomes in pregnant women in a low HIV burden setting. We describe a cohort of women of childbearing age treated for TB disease in Lima, Peru, and compare clinical presentation and treatment outcomes among pregnant and non-pregnant women between 2009 and 2012, including 36 pregnant women. This is a prospective cohort study. Subjects were recruited from across 106 public health centers in Lima, Peru. Baseline demographic, medical history, and drug-susceptibility test results were collected. We used descriptive statistics to describe demographic and clinical characteristics of the women using Pearson chi-squared, Fisher’s exact tests, or Kruskal-Wallis. Among 4500 individuals with pulmonary TB disease, 1334 women were included in analysis with 36 (2.69%) pregnant women. Pregnant women had similar demographics, past medical histories, and clinical presentation to non-pregnant women, except being more likely to be married (p = 0.01) and have cardiac disease (p = 0.04) and less likely to have weight loss (p = 0.05). Twenty (71.4%) pregnant women had pan-susceptible TB compared with 616 (63.1%) non-pregnant women; four (14.3%) pregnant women had mono-resistant TB compared with 154 (15.8%) non-pregnant women; and four (14.3%) pregnant women had multi-drug-resistant TB compared with 140 (14.3%) of non-pregnant women (p = 0.53). Twenty-eight (96.6%) pregnant women had a successful outcome (cure, completed treatment, treatment ended early by clinical team) while one (3.4%) had an unsuccessful outcome (treatment failed) and 1074 (97.3%) non-pregnant women had a successful outcome while 30 (2.7%) had an unsuccessful outcome (p = 0.56). In this cohort with low HIV co-infection, we found high TB treatment success rates in both pregnant and non-pregnant women, irrespective of drug-susceptibility profiles. If treated appropriately, pregnant women with TB disease can have successful outcomes.
Development of a Facilitated Cross‐Agency Mentoring Strategy to Support Scale‐up and Spread of a Pediatric Behavioral Health Integration Model

Research Objective Communities of Practice and Learning Collaboratives have gained momentum as approaches to practice improvement and implementation utilizing shared learning to facilitate change across organizations. These models promote knowledge transfer through data sharing, in‐person activities, and affinity groups; however, efforts can often only be classified as “helping it happen” in the spread of innovations. Facilitated cross‐agency mentoring is a promising approach to advancing shared learning within collaborative improvement networks and furthering spread of innovations. The current objective focuses on the development of a cross‐agency mentorship approach to support scale‐up of TEAM UP for Children, a pediatric behavioral health integration (BHI) model, within a learning community (LC).
Re-operative aortic arch surgery in a contemporary series.

Re-operative aortic arch operations (REDO) following previous cardiac surgery are challenging procedures associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We investigated post-operative outcomes for patients undergoing REDO and identified risk-factors for mortality in a contemporary series. From 1/2005-6/2018, 365 consecutive patients at an academic center underwent REDO: 257 HEMIARCH and 108 COMPLETE arch (45 stage I elephant trunk, 63 total arch) replacements. Outcomes included mortality and major adverse events. Long-term survival was determined with Kaplan-Meier analysis, and risk-factors for mortality were assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression. Operative mortality for the entire cohort was 6.8%, and rates of stroke, cardiac arrest, and renal failure were 6.0%, 7.4%, and 10.4%. Compared to HEMIARCH, COMPLETE patients had an increased incidence of renal failure requiring dialysis (15.7% vs 8.2%, p = 0.031) and re-exploration for bleeding or delayed chest closure (19.4% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.051). Although operative mortality was similar in both cohorts, long-term follow-up mortality (38.0% vs 26.8%, p = 0.047) was higher among COMPLETE vs. HEMIARCH. Predictors of overall mortality among all-comers undergoing REDO included older age, low body surface area, endocarditis, ejection fraction
Public Sentiment on Chinese Social Media during the Emergence of COVID19

When COVID-19 first emerged in China, there was speculation that the outbreak would trigger public anger and weaken the Chinese regime. By analyzing millions of social media posts from Sina Weibo made between December 2019 and February 2020, we describe the contours of public, online discussions pertaining to COVID-19 in China. We find that discussions of COVID-19 became widespread on January 20, 2020, consisting primarily of personal reflections, opinions, updates, and appeals. We find that the largest bursts of discussion, which contain simultaneous spikes of criticism and support targeting the Chinese government, coincide with the January 23 lockdown of Wuhan and the February 7 death of Dr. Li Wenliang. Criticisms are directed at the government for perceived lack of action, incompetence, and wrongdoing—in particular, censoring information relevant to public welfare. Support is directed at the government for aggressive action and positive outcomes. As the crisis unfolds, the same events are interpreted differently by different people, with those who criticize focusing on the government’s shortcomings and those who praise focusing on the government’s actions.
Interpreting Unrest: How Violence changes Public Opinions about Social Movements

Social movement scholars have long been interested in how violence impacts movements. A primary route to that impact is through public opinion. We examine changes in public opinion – in aggregate a...
Structure of Tau filaments in Prion protein amyloidoses

In human neurodegenerative diseases associated with the intracellular aggregation of Tau protein, the ordered cores of Tau filaments adopt distinct folds. Here, we analyze Tau filaments isolated from the brain of individuals affected by Prion-Protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy (PrP-CAA) with a nonsense mutation in the PRNP gene that leads to early termination of translation of PrP (Q160Ter or Q160X), and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease, with a missense mutation in the PRNP gene that leads to an amino acid substitution at residue 198 (F198S) of PrP. The clinical and neuropathologic phenotypes associated with these two mutations in PRNP are different; however, the neuropathologic analyses of these two genetic variants have consistently shown the presence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made of filamentous Tau aggregates in neurons. We report that Tau filaments in PrP-CAA (Q160X) and GSS (F198S) are composed of 3-repeat and 4-repeat Tau isoforms, having a striking similarity to NFTs in Alzheimer disease (AD). In PrP-CAA (Q160X), Tau filaments are made of both paired helical filaments (PHFs) and straight filaments (SFs), while in GSS (F198S), only PHFs were found. Mass spectrometry analyses of Tau filaments extracted from PrP-CAA (Q160X) and GSS (F198S) brains show the presence of post-translational modifications that are comparable to those seen in Tau aggregates from AD. Cryo-EM analysis reveals that the atomic models of the Tau filaments obtained from PrP-CAA (Q160X) and GSS (F198S) are identical to those of the Tau filaments from AD, and are therefore distinct from those of Pick disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and corticobasal degeneration. Our data support the hypothesis that in the presence of extracellular amyloid deposits and regardless of the primary amino acid sequence of the amyloid protein, similar molecular mechanisms are at play in the formation of identical Tau filaments.