cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rebooting Behavioral Science to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

There is no question that climate change threatens the very existence of the human species. Indeed, there is mounting evidence that the sixth mass extinction event is well and truly underway. Mitigating the threats imposed by a warming climate requires a dynamic and coordinated approach, including a strong international coalition embodied by the Paris Agreement, significant investment in technological innovations to redesign the way resource-intensive commodities are produced, and a renewed emphasis on shifting climate-relevant behavior toward more sustainable alternatives. The latter has been largely neglected by the international community and funding agencies. This article serves to identify the international context in which efforts to reduce emissions using behavioral science are embedded. We highlight some of the work of behavioral scientists to enhance pro-environmental behavior that will prove vital to large-scale efforts to reduce emissions. We propose a model for designing experimental evaluations of multisector community interventions to reduce emissions on large scales. Finally, we issue a call to action for behavioral scientists and community organizers to collaborate in a new age of behavioral science research to curb the climate crisis.
Understanding Esports: An Introduction to the Global Phenomenon: edited by Ryan Rogers, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2019, $100 (hardcover), $39.99 (paperback, pre-order), ISBN: 978-1-4985-8980-2

Esports has become a global phenomenon with millions of consumers, significant revenue-generating promise, and growing importance. Yet, questions persist regarding what defines esports, and whether...
Quantification of Peptide 124I-p5+14 (AT-01) Uptake in Patients with Systemic Amyloidosis.

1579 Objectives: The amyloid imaging agent, peptide p5+14 (AT-01), has been developed for the detection of systemic amyloid deposits by PET/CT imaging. At present, 42 patients with amyloidosis of varied types have completed a first-in-human imaging study at the University of Tennessee Medical Center (NCT03678259). Evaluating the uptake of the radiotracer in major abdominothoracic organs is a key goal of the trial. Accurate quantification of radioactivity, and by extension amyloid load in the major organs, will permit longitudinal monitoring of the pathology and assessment of progression or regression of amyloid burden in response to therapy. Methods: The first 26 patients, administered 11 MBq (n=1), 37 MBq (n=4), or 74 MBq (n=21) of iodine-124 and ~1.4 mg peptide were evaluated. PET/CT images were acquired using a Biograph 16 TruePoint with a low dose CT (120 kVp, 50 effective mAs). Whole body images were acquired 5 h post injection. PET data were reconstructed using a 3DOSEM algorithm with attenuation weighting and prompt gamma correction yielding an image matrix of 168 x 168 and an image resolution of ~8 mm full width half maximum. Images were initially analyzed by a single reviewer (Rev1) within 3 wk of acquisition (from November 2018 - June 2020). To assess the accuracy of these measurements the images were reevaluated by Rev1 and by a second reviewer (Rev2) in October 2020 and the data compared using correlation analyses. Images were analyzed using Inveon Research Workplace (IRW) software (Ed. 4.2 [4.2.0.15]) and Graphpad Prism ver. 8.3.0. Results: Pearson correlation analyses between original Rev1 data and new Rev1 and Rev2 analyses for the heart, kidney, liver, spleen, left ventricular wall and lumen of the thoracic aorta yielded r > 0.95 for all (two-tailed p 0.9 and a slope of ≥ 0.9, indicating a significantly high inter-rater (Rev1 and Rev2) and intra-rater reliability (Rev1).Conclusion: A facile region of interest analysis can be used to quantify the uptake of 124I-p5+14 in abdominothoracic organs and provide the basis for a routine method for quantifying amyloid load in patients with systemic amyloidosis.Acknowledgements: Support for this work comes from the Amyloidosis and Cancer Theranostics Program gift fund. We appreciate the support of the Cancer Institute and Department of Nuclear Medicine at the University of Tennessee Medical Center. Attralus Inc. owns intellectual property associated with 124I-p5+14 (AT-01).
Public and private enforcement of the securities laws: Have things changed since enron?

The U.S. securities laws seek to fulfill a variety of social objectives. The most obtuse of them is allocational efficiency. Mandatory disclosure requirements for public offerings facilitates the allocation of scarce capital directly among competing investment opportunities and periodic disclosure does so indirectly through its impact on investors’ decisions with respect to the array of risk-return relationships that compete for their savings. Mandatory disclosure also reduces the frequency and magnitude of fraud thus reducing the risk and losses to investors. Furthermore, the greater transparency provided by SEC disclosure requirements is believed to reduce agency costs on the part of managers. Greater transparency not only protects investor-owners but also contributes positively to efficient deployment of firm resources.
The Effect of GM1 on Cerebral Metabolism, Microcirculation and Histology in Focal Ischemia

GM1 is one of the major gangliosides in the mammalian brain, and when it is exogenously administered is known to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (Orlando et al., 1979) and to be actively incorporated into the neuronal membrane (Toffano et al., 1980). In fact, the interaction of the gangliosides with brain membranes is reportedly accompanied by various metabolic effects including increased adenylate cyclase activity (Partington and Daly, 1979), increased phosphodiesterase activity (Davis and Daly, 1980), enhanced dopamine release (Cumar et al., 1978) and modification of (Na+, K +) ATPase activity (Leon et al., 1981).
Environment and Development of the Nervous System

A relatively small number of species have evolved specialized brain systems that incorporate information from the environment during development to refine and better adapt the individual's brain structure. Remodeling of neural circuitry in response to experience has evolved in diverse animal species, from the honeybee to mammals, and adaptive systems can be found in numerous parts of the brain. The capacity to use experience to shape brain structure extends in mammals from the prenatal period through old age. This chapter briefly discusses the genetic contributions to the developing brain, some parts of which become specialized for learning and memory. These are not “blank slates” but rather dynamic and interactive neural structures that organize and guide plasticity. The developing nervous system helps provide and organize experience by stabilizing the visuomotor platform, rough and tumble play, exploration, and other behaviors. Affiliative behaviors between parent and child also optimize experience so that it is safe and its affective tone is stimulating but comfortable. There is thus a complex ongoing transaction during development among: brain structure, the young organism's own often playful or curious contributions to its own experience, and parental contributions. The chapter discusses two basic categories of neural plasticity: experience-expectant development involving the readiness of the brain to receive specific types of information from the environment, and experience-dependent development involving the brain's adaptation to information that is unique to an individual. The former category has a species-typical developmental period of sensitivity, as shown, for example, in studies of visual deprivation. Such processes typically overproduce synaptic connections followed by their dramatic pruning back, with synapse overproduction and pruning in prefrontal cortex seeming to occur relatively late in humans. Some information necessary for survival is unique to the individual, idiosyncratic in its timing, such that that information storage depends on the nature of the experience. A neural signal equivalent to fear or reward potentiates storage, which is not developmentally programmed but follows a lifelong pattern. Studies involving the manipulation of acrobatic training, environmental complexity, and higher education illustrate experience-dependent processes. Clinical implications for when the neural substrate is defective or experience is inadequate or incoherent, as well as strategies for helping the injured organism get back on a normative developmental trajectory, are discussed. Keywords: brain evolution; critical period; experience-dependent; human development; neural plasticity; synaptic pruning; synaptogenesis
DSM-III Content in Social Work Curricula: Results of a National Survey

Abstract A national survey of MSW social work programs was conducted to ascertain the extent to which curricula include content on DSM-III and the perceived advantages and disadvantages of this practice nosology. The findings suggest strong, pragmatically based support for the inclusion of DSM-III content, although philosophical and ethical concerns related to labeling clients continue to be heard.
Antitrust Laws in the European Economic Community: A Sequel

It was reported in the previous discussion" that the issuance of Regulation No. 17 of the Council of Ministers3 constituted the commencement of a new phase in the emerging supranational antitrust law of the European Economic Community. That event was soon followed by the enactment of a special regulation of the Council of Ministers "governing the application of certain rules of competition to the production of and commerce in agricultural products"4 and of a regulation of the Commission for the application of Regulation No. 17.5 Regulation No. 17, as pointed out before,6 subjects restrictive agreements, decisions, and concerted practices prohibited by article 85(1) of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community,' with the exception of certain enumerated categories,8 to the onus of timely notification in order to benefit from the immunity accorded by article 85(3) of the treaty or of certain purging possibilities introduced by the regulation itself;9 even the exempted classes had to be notified to the Commission prior to a later date in order to invoke the purging provi-
Organizational form, share transferability, and firm performance

Abstract The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) established thirteen diffusely held profit-seeking corporations that were saddled with unusual organization restrictions, the most important of which is that stock cannot be traded. We find that these firms are characterized by poor financial performance, a high incidence of control contests, and high turnover among directors and managers. These and other findings about ANCSA firms are consistent, overall, with the theory of the firm. The results illustrate the importance of organizational form in accomplishing productive activities, and particularly the importance of freely transferrable shares for organizational efficiency in diffusely held corporations.
Microvascular effects of lead in the neonatal rat. II. An ultrastructural study.

Abstract The developmental stages of lead encephalopathy in the suckling rat were examined ultrastructurally using a model in which microvascular alterations induced by lead are not accompanied by neurological symptoms. The primary effect of lead was found to be upon capillary basement membrane and the intercellular junctions of the endothelium. Structural alterations in the basement membrane and intercellular junctions of capillaries in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum were accompanied by increased capillary permeability as evidenced by perivascular edema, extravasation of red blood cells and leakage of exogenously administered horseradish peroxidase through zonulae occludentes, intercellular junctions and capillary basement membranes into the adjacent parenchyma. Collagen was found to be a major constituent of basement membranes and intercellular junctions of capillaries in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Normal development of capillary basement membrane in the cerebellum during the early post-natal period is significantly later than in the cerebral cortex which appeared to render cerebellar capillaries more susceptible to the toxic effects of lead.
Calibration of Intermediate-Band Photometric Parameters and V Sin i Effects

Calibration of four-color and H#x03B2; photometry, in terms of intrinsic color and absolute magnitude, for the B-, A- and F-type stars is about finished, though still subject to small changes. The data for the bright stars in the northern and southern hemispheres and for a number of the brighter open clusters were used in obtaining these calibrations. Some of the data have been published; much more of it will be going to press shortly. The calibration is interesting not only for itself and its applications, but because deviations from it may be due in part to rotational velocity effects.
Halogen and non-halogen leaving groups enhance the potency of β-lactone proteasome inhibitors: further investigation into the role of the halogen of NPI-0052 (salinosporamide A)

3256 NPI-0052 (Salinosporamide A) is a potent 20S proteasome inhibitor in Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Two classes of analogs with unique profiles have emerged: NPI-0052 and analogs bearing a halogen leaving group (LG), and less potent, non-leaving group (NLG) analogs. We previously demonstrated that halogen LG analogs are ~1 log unit more potent inhibitors of isolated 20S proteasomes than their NLG congeners, and ~3 log units more potent in whole cell assays. In this study, we investigated mechanisms whereby the LG may provide enhanced potency to proteasome inhibitors of this class. First, we synthesized non-halogen LG analogs to supplement halogen LG and NLG analogs, as well as 3 H-NPI-0052 and deschloro NLG analog 3 H-NPI-0047. Analogs were evaluated for inhibition of chymotrypsin-like (CT-L), trypsin-like (T-L) and caspase-like (C-L) activities of isolated rabbit 20S proteasomes. All LG analogs (halogen and non-halogen) showed a similar range of potencies, being up to 10-fold more potent as inhibitors of CT-L activity than NLG analogs. Analogs were then evaluated for cytotoxicity and inhibition of CT-L activity in human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI-8226. LG analogs were ~2-3 log units more potent (cytotoxic) than NLG analogs. Moreover, treatment with LG analogs (10-50 nM) resulted in > 90% inhibition of CT-L activity, whereas concentrations of ≥ 10µM were required for the NLG analogs to achieve a similar degree of inhibition. The results suggest that it is the LG property , as opposed to identity , that enhances potency. Next, we evaluated reversibility of proteasome inhibition by measuring CT-L activity before and after attempted removal of the ligand by dialysis for up to 24 h. LG analogs inhibited CT-L activity with no recovery after 24 h. In the case of NLG analogs, CT-L activity partially recovered after 5 h and was completely restored after 24 h. Uptake studies in PC-3 cells with 3 H-NPI-0052 and 3 H-NPI-0047 revealed that both compounds rapidly enter cells by a combination of diffusion and carrier-mediated transport. The carrier-mediated transport appears to be a saturable process that is linear over ~ 30 sec. The collective contributions of proteasome inhibition, reversibility of proteasome inhibition, and cell uptake to the potency of this unique class of proteasome inhibitor will be presented.
Avenues for the development of therapeutics that target trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an inordinately large role in human health. They are the targets of many clinically relevant medications and are also candidate therapeutic targets under current investigation for a wide spectrum of diseases. Drugs targeting GPCRs are used as antihypertensives, anti-allergenic/asthmatics, antipsychotics, and to treat numerous other disorders across a broad spectrum of diseases. One recent study focusing on the DrugBank database found that 19% of all human drug targets are GPCRs and ~36% of all drugs currently approved for market target GPCRs.1 Accordingly, GPCRs are by far the single largest protein family for drug targets; currently, 63 of 200 drugs with the highest sales volume in the United States target GPCRs. Further, this overrepresentation of GPCRs has been steady since the early 1980s and continues to this day.1,2
Myriad of correlated electron effects found in the RT2Zn20 family

Abstract The dilute, rare earth bearing family of RT 2 Zn 20 (R = rare earth, T = transition metal) intermetallic compounds can be tuned to a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid that is closer to the Stoner limit than Pd (for R = Y, Lu and T = Fe). The submersion of moment bearing rare earths (Gd–Tm) into this highly polarizable matrix gives rise to exceptionally high temperature ferromagnetism (e.g. T C = 86 K for GdFe 2 Zn 20 ) for a compound with only one moment bearing ion out of 23 in the formula unit. In addition to this d-shell correlated electron behavior, 4f hybridization gives rise to six, new, Yb-based heavy fermion compounds: YbT 2 Zn 20 (T = Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir). These half dozen compounds manifest a range of Yb ion degeneracy values ( N ) for T ∼ T K , ranging from N = 4 – 8 . Not only do these compounds offer a clear testing ground for the effects of low temperature degeneracy on the correlated electron state, they also present an exceptionally clear experimental confirmation of the generalized Kadowaki–Woods formalism.
Some Dynamic Graphics for Spatial Data (with Multiple Attributes) in a GIS

This paper discusses some multivariate exploratory spatial data analysis tools for detecting spatial dependence. The ideas explored are related to canonical correlation analysis and the graphical tools are related to the dynamic method called the grand tour. The work is implemented with a link between a Geographic Information System, ARC/INFOTM, and software for exploring multivariate data, XGobi.
Communications: a key issue in advanced manufacturing systems

The increasing global competition and the rapid advancement in information technology have led to the adoption of advanced manufacturing systems (AMS) by several manufacturing organizations. The rise in popularity of AMS is attributed to its numerous benefits that can improve the competitive position of manufacturing firms. Although the benefits of AMS are numerous and have been found to have direct links with the firm's characteristics, only a handful of companies have been able to realize the full benefits of AMS. The literature is replete with the argument that some critical success factors are required for a successful AMS implementation. One of these factors is effective communications prior to, during and after AMS implementation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which communications affects the benefits of AMS. 400 validated questionnaires were mailed out to US manufacturing firms and 92 (23 percent) usable responses were received and used in this study. The findings are interesting and have some practical implications. The results show that communications have a positive significant association with all the AMS benefits considered in this study.
Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) generated by lentivirus vector-mediated delivery of the CCR5Δ32 gene despite detectable expression of the HIV-1 co-receptors

It has previously been demonstrated that there are two distinct mechanisms for genetic resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) conferred by the CCR5Delta32 gene: the loss of wild-type CCR5 surface expression and the generation of CCR5Delta32 protein, which interacts with CXCR4. To analyse the protective effects of long-term expression of the CCR5Delta32 protein, recombinant lentiviral vectors were used to deliver the CCR5Delta32 gene into human cell lines and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells that had been immortalized by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Blasticidin S-resistant cell lines expressing the lentivirus-encoded CCR5Delta32 showed a significant reduction in HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion assays. It was shown that CD4(+) T lymphocytes expressing the lentivirus-encoded CCR5Delta32 gene were highly resistant to infection by a primary but not by a laboratory-adapted X4 strain, suggesting different infectivity requirements. In contrast to previous studies that analysed the CCR5Delta32 protective effects in a transient expression system, this study showed that long-term expression of CCR5Delta32 conferred resistance to HIV-1 despite cell-surface expression of the HIV co-receptors. The results suggest an additional unknown mechanism for generating the CCR5Delta32 resistance phenotype and support the hypothesis that the CCR5Delta32 protein acts as an HIV-suppressive factor by altering the stoichiometry of the molecules involved in HIV-1 entry. The lentiviral-CCR5Delta32 vectors offer a method of generating HIV-resistant cells by delivery of the CCR5Delta32 gene that may be useful for stem cell- or T-cell-based gene therapy for HIV-1 infection.
Heart Rate Variability and the Outcome of Head-Up Tilt in Syncopal Children

Neurocardiogenic syncope may be caused by enhanced sympathetic activity evoking a vasodepressor-cardioinhibitory reflex. Heart rate variability (HRV) methods can be used to assess the modulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. To determine whether HRV measurements are related to the outcome of head-up tilt testing (HUT), we studied 29 syncopal patients aged 7-19 y. After 30 min supine, patients were tilted to 80 degrees for 30 min or until syncope occurred. Sequential beats free from ectopy were analyzed. Time domain indices included SD (SDNN), root mean square successive differences (RMSSD), percent exceeding 50 ms (pNN50). An autoregressive model was used to calculate power spectra. Low frequency power (LFP, 0.05-0.15 Hz), high frequency power (HFP, 0.15-0.40 Hz), and total power (TP, 0.01-0.40 Hz) were compared before and after tilt. Data were obtained supine before tilt (baseline), within 5 min after HUT (early), 5-10 min after HUT (mid), and 15 min after HUT or presyncope (late). Seventeen patients fainted (HUT+), and 12 patients did not (HUT-). Variability indices were different for HUT- and HUT+ at baseline: SDNN was 123 +/- 17 versus 78 +/- 6, RMSSD was 127 +/- 23 versus 64 +/- 6 ms, pNN50 was 51 +/- 6 versus 31 +/- 4, respectively. Spectral data demonstrated decreased HFP and TP in HUT+ (834 +/- 133 and 2855 +/- 420 ms2) versus HUT- (3433 +/- 840 and 7062 +/- 1500). With tilt, SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50 decreased proportionately in HUT- and HUT+. However, sympathovagal balance, measured by the ratio LFP/HFP and by normalized LFP, was markedly increased in HUT+ (2.2 +/- 0.7 and 0.43 +/- 0.03) compared with HUT- (0.8 +/- 0.2 and 0.31 +/- 0.02) at baseline and differences increased with tilt. With syncope, sympathetic activity decreased, and parasympathetic activity increased. Decreased RR variability with decreased parasympathetic activity and increased indices of sympathovagal balance before HUT predict a positive tilt test in children referred for evaluation of neurocardiogenic syncope.
Predictions derived from the theories of kin selection and reciprocation assessed by anthropological data

Abstract A review of the anthropological exchange literature indicates that predictions following from the evolutionary biological theories of kin selection and reciprocation are nearly always supported. For example, studies suggest that kin are more likely than nonkin to be the recipients of assistance for which no reciprocation is expected. While most of the data on differences in helping and reciprocity with closeness of kinship are qualitative rather than quantitative, the frequency of quantitative studies appears to be increasing. Hence, the behavioral observations and systematic subject questioning by anthropologists may be of increasing usefulness to human ethologists and evolutionary biologists.
Bio-inspired accommodating fluidic intraocular lens

The invention of intraocular lens (IOL), a substitute for crystalline lens, represents a major advancement in cataract surgery. After about sixty years of IOL development, one key remaining problem is its limited accommodation range compared with natural eyes. To overcome this performance limit, we explore bio-inspired fluidic IOL. By mimicking the working principle of natural eyes, a fluidic intraocular lens can achieve an exceedingly large accommodation range. An experiment on fluidic IOL demonstrated a very high tuning range of 12 D. This accommodation range was achieved with a modest amount of force (0.06 N) and equatorial radius change (0.286 mm), in conditions matching well with the characteristics of aged eyes.
Comment on "Length and curvature in the geometry of thermodynamics"

The main conclusion in a recent paper by R.?lmore on thermodynamic length and curvature is shown to be in error.
Extraversion-introversion and the effects of favorability and set size on impression formation

In an impression formation task extraverts (n = 20) and introverts (n = 20) were asked to rate the likability of target persons described by varying numbers of favorable or unfavorable traits. The extraverts rated target persons described by favorable traits as more likable (p <.05) and target persons described by unfavorable traits as less likable (p <.05) than did the introverts. These findings support the hypothesis that the differences in social responsiveness between the extravert and the introvert are a product of two processes. First, the extravert, because of his stronger need for stimulation, is more likely than the introvert to interact with other persons. Second, as a result of this interaction the extravert learns to be more responsive to both the positive and negative reinforcement potential of other persons.
Emerging challenge: security and safety in cyberspace

With more and more of the activities of individuals, organizations and nations being conducted in cyberspace, the security of those activities is an emerging challenge for society. The medium has thus created new potentials for criminal or hostile actions, "bad actors" in cyberspace carrying out these hostile actions, and threats to societal interests as a result of these hostile actions.
LANL experience with coregistration of MTI imagery

The fifteen-channel Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) provides accurately calibrated satellite imagery for a variety of scientific and programmatic purposes. To be useful, the calibrated pixels from the individual detectors on the focal plane of this pushbroom sensor must be resampled to a regular grid corresponding to the observed scene on the ground. In the LEVEL1B_R_COREG product, it is required that the pixels from different spectral bands and from different sensor chip assemblies all be coregistered to the same grid. For the LEVEL1B_R_GEO product, it is further required that this grid be georeferenced to the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system. It is important that an accurate registration is achieved, because most of the higher level products (e.g. ground reflectance) are derived from these LEVEL1B_R products. Initially, a single direct georeferencing approach was pursued for performing the coregistration task. Although this continues to be the primary algorithm for our automated pipeline registration, we found it advantageous to pursue alternative approaches as well. This paper surveys these approaches, and offers lessons learned during the three years we have been addressing the coregistration requirements for MTI imagery at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).
Welfare Work Requirements and Child Well-Being: Evidence from the Effects on Breast-Feeding

A central theme of welfare reform is that recipients are required to engage in work activities. In many states, these work requirements apply to mothers whose children are a few months old, which may increase the costs and decrease the prevalence of breast-feeding. Given the substantial benefits of breast-feeding, any reduction represents an important negative consequence of these requirements. Our results suggest that in the absence of welfare reform, the national breast-feeding rate six months after birth would have been 5.5% higher in 2000. Such negative consequences of these policies must be weighed against potential benefits as states refine their welfare programs.
Amphibian skin may select for rare environmental microbes

Host-microbe symbioses rely on the successful transmission or acquisition of symbionts in each new generation. Amphibians host a diverse cutaneous microbiota, and many of these symbionts appear to be mutualistic and may limit infection by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which has caused global amphibian population declines and extinctions in recent decades. Using bar-coded 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we addressed the question of symbiont transmission by examining variation in amphibian skin microbiota across species and sites and in direct relation to environmental microbes. Although acquisition of environmental microbes occurs in some host-symbiont systems, this has not been extensively examined in free-living vertebrate-microbe symbioses. Juvenile bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), adult red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), pond water and pond substrate were sampled at a single pond to examine host-specificity and potential environmental transmission of microbiota. To assess population level variation in skin microbiota, adult newts from two additional sites were also sampled. Cohabiting bullfrogs and newts had distinct microbial communities, as did newts across the three sites. The microbial communities of amphibians and the environment were distinct; there was very little overlap in the amphibians' core microbes and the most abundant environmental microbes, and the relative abundances of OTUs that were shared by amphibians and the environment were inversely related. These results suggest that, in a host species-specific manner, amphibian skin may select for microbes that are generally in low abundance in the environment.
Research on the Establishing Model Method of Engine Eternal Characteristic Curve Based on F Distribution

The external characteristic curve of engine is the basis of choosing engine, matching and optimizing dynamic performance correctly. At present, most models of the external characteristic curve of engine are carried out by using polynomial regression equation for fitting the external characteristic curve of engine. In this paper, an establishing model method of the external characteristic curve of engine based on F distribution testing is proposed. F test with variance analysis is implemented for obtaining the difference of square sum of return difference between the former equation and the latter equation. If the test doesn’t go through, it can rise one level automatically, until the difference about square sum of return difference of the before-after fitting equation is no significant can it stop. This method provides a theoretical criterion for establishing model of the external characteristic curve of engine. When it is applied to the engineering case, the model will have a higher fitting precision.
Ultrastructural characteristics of sinus histiocytic reaction in lymph nodes draining various stages of breast cancer

An ultrastructural study of sinus histiocytosis (SH) in axillary lymph nodes was undertaken in 20 patients with primary cancer of the breast. The lymph node responses were first classified by means of light microscopy, according to previously established criteria. The ultrastructural findings established three major patterns of SH response in cancer-draining lymph nodes: developing SH, positive SH, and degenerative SH. These patterns followed closely the classification obtained by light microscopy. An important finding of electron microscopy was the presence of early activation of histiocytes (developing SH) in cases with Stage I cancer; the latter is not readily recognized by conventional microscopy (negative SH). The striking ultrastructural resemblance of histiocytes in positive SH to epithelioid cells seen in delayed hypersensitivity reactions (TB) again points to the fact that the positive SH pattern respresents a tumor-host reaction of the delayed hypersensitivity type. Finally, although the presence of virus has been shown to play a role in spontaneous BALB/c murine breast tumor, no virions could be found in human cancer-draining lymph nodes.
The effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy on the prognostic value of lymph nodes after rectal cancer surgery.

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant therapy may affect the prognostic impact of total lymph node harvests and lymph node positivity after surgery for rectal cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 390 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed rectal cancer. Postoperative follow-up evaluation and survival were confirmed via medical record review. The impacts of lymph node positivity and total lymph node harvest on survival and recurrence are reflected as proportional hazard ratios (HRs). Results A total of 221 patients underwent neoadjuvant therapy, of whom 75 had positive nodes. Node-positive patients showed a significantly shorter survival time (HR, 2.89; P = .002) and time to local recurrence (HR, 6.36; P = .031) compared with patients without positive nodes. Survival and recurrence were not significantly different between patients with a total harvest of fewer than 12 nodes and patients with a higher lymph node harvest. Conclusions After neoadjuvant treatment and total mesorectal excision, lymph node positivity is associated with significantly shorter survival and time to local recurrence in rectal cancer patients, whereas absolute total lymph node harvests likely have little impact on prognosis.
Substance P and the novel mammalian tachykinins: a diversity of receptors and cellular actions

Abstract The isolation and characterization of substance P by Leeman and colleagues in the early 1970s has been responsible for much of the interest in the potential role of peptides as synaptic transmitters in the nervous system. The presence of substance P in the cell bodies and nerve terminals of small-diameter primary sensory neurons 2 has focused attention on the actions of peptides on peripheral and central sensory targets. The physiological actions of substance P released from sensory neurons have been examined in most detail in the autonomic nervous system. Substance P is present in, and released from the terminals of primary sensory neurons that innervate sympathetic ganglion neurons 3,4 and the physiological studies of Otsuka's group 4 and others have now provided compelling evidence that substance P can act as a transmitter mediating slow excitatory synaptic potential in this system. Substance P is also released from the central terminals of primary sensory neurons and produces slow depolarizing actions on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, suggesting that it may also be a transmitter of slow excitatory potentials that can be recorded in spinal cord neurons following dorsal root stimulation 5,6 . It is likely, however, that some of the physiological roles that are now attributed to substance P may, in fact, be mediated by other peptides.
Sex guilt, trait anxiety, and females' subjective sexual arousal to erotica

Subjective sexual arousal and affective reactions of 80 college women to explicit sex films were studied in a 2 (sex guilt) × 2 (trait anxiety) × 2 (films) design. There was a decline in sexual arousal to a film of oral-genital sex and a decline in sex guilt in the present sample in comparison to a similar sample from this laboratory 8 years ago. High-sex-guilt women reported fewer genital sensations and rated themselves lower on sexual arousal during and after the films than did their counterparts less disposed to guilt over sex. High-sex-guilt women reported more affective guilt, disgust, and anxiety-fear as a consequence of viewing an explicit sex film than women below the median on sex guilt. High-trait-anxiety women reported more intense genital sensations and rated their sexual arousal as higher following the films than low-trait-anxiety women. Women above the median on trait anxiety reported more subsequent anxiety-fear and depression-distress following the films than low-scoring women. These results were discussed from the perspective of Izard's differential emotions theory, which regards anxiety as a variable pattern of fundamental emotions rather than as a functional unity.
Basic Income, Liberal Neutrality, Socialism, and Work

Abstract Liberal critics often object to basic income (BI) on the grounds that it violates reciprocity and is biased toward those who choose voluntarily to opt out of work and thus violate the principle of liberal neutrality toward conceptions of the good life. In the first part of this paper I argue that liberal neutrality favors BI. Marxist critics of BI are less likely to accept liberal neutrality, but I argue in the second part that the argument for BI in the first part applies with equal force to Marxist objections that BI is unfairly exploitative of workers. Marxists are also less likely to accept current labor market trends, seeing socialism as affording more opportunity for guaranteeing everyone a right to decent work, and suspecting BI of making the unfair inequalities of capitalism a little more palatable while diverting attention from a more equitable socialist alternative. I argue that BI is not incompatible with socialism or Marxism, and should not be opposed to but rather combined with strat...
Consumer-Defined Sustainably-Oriented Firms and Factors Influencing Adoption

Abstract Guided by stakeholder theory, a pair of exploratory studies identifies factors that influence firms to adopt an environmentally-friendly approach to conducting business, while providing insight into consumers' perceptions of such firms. An analysis of twenty in-depth interviews and a qualitative survey yields a conceptual model, indicating that such firms are motivated by governmental intervention, organizational values, and the potential benefits that can accrue as a result of implementation. Moreover, consumers view sustainably-oriented firms as maintaining procedures, developing products, and portraying themselves accordingly. These findings are relevant to academicians as they describe the underlying rationale for such behaviors and outline a novel conceptualization of the construct, thus invigorating future research. The results are also useful for firms as they shed light on sustainability efforts that are salient to the consumer and provide support for implementation, thereby encouraging the joint maximization of social and economic objectives.
Altered recognition of surface-adsorbed compared to antigen-bound antibodies in the ELISA.

We found in preliminary studies using 125I-labelled antibodies that an antibody bound to a solid-phase antigen was recognized more efficiently than an antibody adsorbed directly to the solid phase. The present study was designed therefore to quantitate the differential recognition of an antibody adsorbed directly to the solid phase and an antibody bound to antigen on the solid phase using the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (a-ELISA), and to compare results with the amounts of specific antibody determined by quantitative immunoprecipitation. The degree of differential recognition was quantitated for rabbit IgG and SIgA anti-ovalbumin (anti-OA) and anti-fluorescein, and was found to be dependent upon the isotype of the antibody and not its specificity. The ratio describing the differential recognition of SIgA antibodies (1.8) was much less than for IgG antibodies (> 30) and remained constant over the titration range analyzed while the ratios obtained for IgG varied substantially (25–60) over the same range. These ratios of differential recognition were used to estimate rabbit IgG antibody levels to OA, bovine serum albumin, ferritin and α-lactalbumin. The estimates obtained were consistently much less than total antibody levels measured by quantitative precipitation. The use of glutaraldehyde-aggregated OA in the ELISA, however, increased the amount of IgG anti-OA and SIgA anti-OA capable of recognizing OA adsorbed on plastic from 12 to 50 and from 30 to 80%, respectively.
Wideband planar skirt antenna and its application for the detection of terahertz radiation

A new type of traveling wave antenna is presented. Key features of the antenna are planar, low mass and wide bandwidth of operation. One such antenna was designed for terahertz radiation detection and realized in standard IBM CMOS-SOI process with subsequent MEMS post processing. Measurements performed at 655GHz showed very good agreement with the theoretical predictions based on full wave simulations. The present article describes the antenna physics, design, fabrication and measurement results.
Isolation and partial characterization of antigen-binding molecules produced by in vitro 'educated' T cells.

Biosynthetic incorporation of 3H-leucine or lactoperoxidase-catalysed radioiodination of cell surface proteins was used to radiolabel antigen-specific molecules produced by murine splenic T cells cultured in vitro with heterologous erythrocytcs. Antigen-binding proteins present in detergent lysates of labelled cells or in culture media in which labelled cells were incubated were isolated by specific absorption to and elution from erythrocytes. The eluted proteins were characterized by gel electrophoresis and column chromatography and were found to be primarily 68,000–72,000 d ‡ polypeptides, although lower molecular species (35,000d, 30,000d) believed to be proteolytic fragments of the larger polypeptides were sometimes detected. Lyl +,2−, Lyl −,2+, and (by inference) Lyl +,2+ cells produced antigen-binding proteins. However, the majority of cell-associated polypeptides were derived from Ly2 + cells, while antigen-binding proteins secreted by the cells were derived primarily from Lyl + cells. Moreover, the production of detectable levels of antigen-binding proteins by Ly2 + cells required interaction with Lyl + cells.
Field Methods for Characterizing Weak Rock for Engineering

Many classification and testing methods for shale, slaking rock, weak rock, and weathered rock have been developed. However, few of these methods are suitable for field use or are applicable to a wide range of material types. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of recent research and analysis evaluating classification and testing methods. This summary will assist the practitioner in properly identifying problem shale and weak rock units, in adequately describing their characteristics in the field, and in selecting and performing field tests to quantify their behavior. For identification of shale and weak rock units, three increasingly site-specific tools are presented. First is a map showing occurrences of weak rock units in the United States. Second is a detailed list of suspect rock types that may appear on regional or local geologic maps. Third is a summary of engineering properties that describe weak rock units, based on a review of technical literature. Some of these properties are compressive strengths between 1 and 20 MPa, slake durability less than 90 percent, clay content greater than 15 percent, poor induration, a significant amount (50 to 75 percent) of matrix between hard blocks, or high moisture content. Methods of field description were chosen based on a review of existing methods to assess their ease of application, breadth of application, and the usefulness of the engineering properties indicated by each system. Two modified methods are presented to indicate proportion and nature of corestones and matrix, strength, influence of discontinuities, and reactivity to water. Finally, field-testing methods that estimate strength, permeability, durability, and reaction to water are identified. These include point load index, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Rock Mass Classification, jar slake, and hammer rebound classification. Predictive equations to estimate unconfined compressive strength, slake durability, and slake index are given.
Characterization of DNA-like RNA in the Ilyanassa embryo.

Abstract RNA was extracted and fractionated by MAK chromatography from the Ilyanassa embryo during early cleavage and after 5 days of embryogenesis. Both stages contained approximately the same percentage of 4S (14%), 5S (1.2%) and rRNA (83.8%). Tritiated RNA produced by the five-day embryo was separated by MAK chromatography, and high molecular weight RNAs were further characterized by RNA-DNA hybridization. Three fractions of the high molecular weight RNA were shown to contain dRNA. These dRNAs differed from each other in rapidity of labeling with 3 H-uridine, and their relative efficiency of hybridization. One of these fractions of dRNA appears to be relatively free of rRNA. Its molecular size is probably greater than the ribosomal precursor RNA. The nascent ribosomal precursor RNA was separated; a dRNA coeluted with the precursor RNA. A substantial portion of the 3 H-uridine incorporated by the embryo was found to be tenaciously bound to the MAK. This component probably represents, in part, a fourth fraction of dRNA.
Charge reversal of the enolate ions of acetaldehyde and acetone

Collisionally activated charge reversal of HCOCH2− and CH3COCH2− produces positive ions whose fragments differ from those of other [C2H3O]+ ions formed by fragmentation of positive molecular ions, including the [C2H3O]+ ions from 2,2-dichlorethanol, considered formerly to have the HCOCH2+ structure. The fragmentations of the charge reversed ions are concordant with the RCOCH2+ structures. Least-squares correlations of the collisional activation spectra [C2H3O]+ are probed as a useful guide to claiming similarity or dissimilarity of ionic structure.
B Star Rotational Velocities in h and χ Persei: A Probe of Initial Conditions during the Star Formation Epoch?

Projected rotational velocities (v sin i) have been measured for 216 B0–B9 stars in the rich, dense h and χ Persei double cluster and compared with the distribution of rotational velocities for a sample of field stars having comparable ages (t ~ 12–15 Myr) and masses (M ~ 4–15 M⊙). For stars that are relatively little evolved from their initial locations on the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) (those with masses M ~ 4–5 M⊙), the mean v sin i measured for the h and χ Per sample is slightly more than 2 times larger than the mean determined for field stars of comparable mass, and the cluster and field v sin i distributions differ with a high degree of significance. For somewhat more evolved stars with masses in the range 5–9 M⊙, the mean v sin i in h and χ Per is 1.5 times that of the field; the v sin i distributions differ as well, but with a lower degree of statistical significance. For stars that have evolved significantly from the ZAMS and are approaching the hydrogen exhaustion phase (those with masses in the range 9–15 M⊙), the cluster and field star means and distributions are only slightly different. We argue that both the higher rotation rates and the pattern of rotation speeds as a function of mass that differentiate main-sequence B stars in h and χ Per from their field analogs were likely imprinted during the star formation process rather than a result of angular momentum evolution over the 12–15 Myr cluster lifetime. We speculate that these differences may reflect the effects of the higher accretion rates that theory suggests are characteristic of regions that give birth to dense clusters, namely, (1) higher initial rotation speeds; (2) higher initial radii along the stellar birth line, resulting in greater spin-up between the birth line and the ZAMS; and (3) a more pronounced maximum in the birth line radius-mass relationship that results in differentially greater spin-up for stars that become mid- to late-B stars on the ZAMS.