cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student perceptions of the one minute preceptor and traditional preceptor models

Background: The one-minute preceptor (OMP) model was developed to effectively and efficiently teach learners while simultaneously addressing patient needs. This study was conducted to determine if third- and fourth-year medical students prefer the OMP model over the traditional precepting model and what teaching points they needed from the clinical encounters.Methods: Third- and fourth-year students (N = 164) at two medical schools completed a questionnaire and prompts on teaching points in response to viewing two videotaped precepting encounters. Differences between OMP and traditional precepting scores were computed using a factorial repeated measures analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). Teaching points were coded and counted.Results: Students preferred the OMP precepting model to the traditional teaching model (p = 0.001). While the desired teaching points changed as the case presentation/discussion progressed, students were most interested in learning about the clinical presentation or natural progressio...
Distributed optimization in sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are capable of collecting an enormous amount of data over space and time. Often, the ultimate objective is to derive an estimate of a parameter or function from these data. This paper investigates a general class of distributed algorithms for "in-network" data processing, eliminating the need to transmit raw data to a central point. This can provide significant reductions in the amount of communication and energy required to obtain an accurate estimate. The estimation problems we consider are expressed as the optimization of a cost function involving data from all sensor nodes. The distributed algorithms are based on an incremental optimization process. A parameter estimate is circulated through the network, and along the way each node makes a small adjustment to the estimate based on its local data. Applying results from the theory of incremental subgradient optimization, we show that for a broad class of estimation problems the distributed algorithms converge to within an /spl epsi/-ball around the globally optimal value. Furthermore, bounds on the number incremental steps required for a particular level of accuracy provide insight into the trade-off between estimation performance and communication overhead. In many realistic scenarios, the distributed algorithms are much more efficient, in terms of energy and communications, than centralized estimation schemes. The theory is verified through simulated applications in robust estimation, source localization, cluster analysis and density estimation.
The Architecture of an Electronic Book

The architecture of a very large scale integration (VLSI) based system capable of storing, processing, and displaying information normally contained in book form is presented in this paper. The operational characteristics of the system, including complex string search capabilities, are discussed. Portability aspects of the system are considered. The implications of VLSI-based electronic books in industry and in the scientific, legal, and medical professions are outlined. Educational possibilities for such systems are investigated. Technology requirements are defined.
Higher moment coherent risk measures

The paper considers modelling of risk-averse preferences in stochastic programming problems using risk measures. We utilize the axiomatic foundation of coherent risk measures and deviation measures in order to develop simple representations that express risk measures via specially constructed stochastic programming problems. Using the developed representations, we introduce a new family of higher-moment coherent risk measures (HMCR), which includes, as a special case, the Conditional Value-at-Risk measure. It is demonstrated that the HMCR measures are compatible with the second order stochastic dominance and utility theory, can be efficiently implemented in stochastic optimization models, and perform well in portfolio optimization case studies.
Teaching NeuroImages: T2 hyperintensities in neurofibromatosis type 1

A 4-year-old boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an asymptomatic optic glioma, and a right basal ganglia T2-hyperintense lesion (figure, A and B) developed a left hemiparesis with hyperreflexia over the course of a year. Neuroimaging revealed a cyst-like mass in the region of his previously identified T2 hyperintensity (figure, C and D). While it is often difficult to distinguish T2 hyperintensities from low-grade glioma without tissue diagnosis,1 even with advanced imaging methods,2 T2 hyperintensities typically disappear with age and do not become cystic with associated mass effect. Coupled with the development of new neurologic signs, these MRI features are worrisome for neoplasm in a patient with NF1.
CD8 down-regulation and functional impairment of SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lymphoid and mucosal tissues during SIV infection.

Functional impairment of virus-specific T cells is a hallmark of HIV/SIV infection, but the underlying mechanisms of this dysfunction are not well understood. To address this, we simultaneously analyzed the expression and intensity of CD8 and inhibitory PD-1 on CTL in blood and lymphoid tissues in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. The intensity (mean channel fluorescence) of CD8 expression was transiently down-regulated in early SIV infection (10‐14 dpi), despite an increase in CD8 T cell proliferation. In chronic infection, CD8 expression was maintained at low levels on CD8 T cells
Isolation and Characterization of a Two-Subunit Cytochrome b−c1 Subcomplex from Rhodobacter capsulatus and Reconstitution of Its Ubihydroquinone Oxidation (Qo) Site with Purified Fe-S Protein Subunit†

The presence of a two-subunit cytochrome (cyt) b−c1 subcomplex in chromatophore membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus mutants lacking the Rieske iron−sulfur (Fe-S) protein has been described previously [Davidson, E., Ohnishi, T., Tokito, M., and Daldal, F. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 3351−3358]. Here, this subcomplex was purified to homogeneity in large quantities, and its properties were characterized. As expected, it contained stoichiometric amounts of cyt b and cyt c1 subunits forming a stable entity devoid of the Fe-S protein subunit. The spectral and thermodynamic properties of its heme groups were largely similar to those of a wild-type bc1 complex, except that those of its cyt bL heme were modified as revealed by EPR spectroscopy. Dark potentiometric titrations indicated that the redox midpoint potential (Em7) values of cytochromes bH, bL, and c1 were very similar to those of a wild-type bc1 complex. The purified b−c1 subcomplex had a nonfunctional ubihydroquinone (UQH2) oxidation (Qo) site, but it conta...
Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) abolishes gestational and ovarian sex steroid-induced antinociception and induces hyperalgesia

Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) is a newly discovered endogenous heptadecapeptide substrate for the opioid-receptor-like 1 receptor, a G protein coupled receptor that bears striking amino acid sequence homology to opiate receptors. In rats, intrathecal (i.t.) administration of nociceptin is without effect on basal thresholds for responsiveness to electric food shock. However, during either late gestation or its hormonal simulation, when nociceptive thresholds are elevated by approximately 70%, i.t. nociceptin substantially attenuates jump thresholds in a dose-dependent fashion. This hypoalgesic effect of nociceptin is not limited to attenuating the gestational or sex steroid-induced increment in pain thresholds. Following highest i.t. dose of nociceptin employed (20 nmol), the gestational or sex steroid-induced increment in jump thresholds is not only abolished but a significant hyperalgesia is observed. These results underscore the importance of the hormonal milieu to nociceptin hypoalgesic sensitivity. The potential contribution of spinal nociceptive pathways that utilize nociceptin to the etiology of extraordinary painful pregnancy and labor should not be ignored.
Advances in revascularization for acute ischemic stroke treatment: an update

Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the established treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients presenting within 4.5 h of stroke onset based on the results of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Study Group trial and European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III. In a significant number of patients, however, intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA remains ineffective, with lower rates of recanalization, especially for proximal occlusions and a large thrombus burden. Newer thrombolytic agents, such as reteplase, tenecteplase or desmoteplase, offer pharmacokinetic and hemodynamic advantages over rt-PA and have been, or are currently being, tested for safety and efficacy in clinical trials. Agents such as direct fibrinolytics that do not depend on the availability of plasminogen are also being studied in ongoing trials. Endovascular revascularization is an evolving treatment option enabling mechanical clot disruption or extraction in combination with local directed pharmacological thrombolysis. Several new endovascular devices have been successfully tested for safety in acute ischemic stroke patients and are now being tested for efficacy in larger clinical trials. Continued innovation and refinement of endovascular technology and techniques, including combination therapy such as bridging therapy and the use of stent-like devices, is expected to increase technical success and improve overall efficacy and time to recanalization with minimal procedure-related morbidity in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Hydrogen gas treatment prolongs replicative lifespan of bone marrow multipotential stromal cells in vitro while preserving differentiation and paracrine potentials

Cell therapy with bone marrow multipotential stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. Low frequency of MSCs in adult bone marrow necessitates ex vivo expansion of MSCs after harvest; however, such a manipulation causes cellular senescence with loss of differentiation, proliferative, and therapeutic potentials of MSCs. Hydrogen molecules have been shown to exert organ protective effects through selective reduction of hydroxyl radicals. As oxidative stress is one of the key insults promoting cell senescence in vivo as well as in vitro, we hypothesized that hydrogen molecules prevent senescent process during MSC expansion. Addition of 3% hydrogen gas enhanced preservation of colony forming early progenitor cells within MSC preparation and prolonged the in vitro replicative lifespan of MSCs without losing differentiation potentials and paracrine capabilities. Interestingly, 3% hydrogen gas treatment did not decrease hydroxyl radical, protein carbonyl, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, suggesting that scavenging hydroxyl radical might not be responsible for these effects of hydrogen gas in this study.
Smokeless tobacco use among operating engineers.

Workers in blue collar occupations have been shown to have higher rates of smokeless tobacco (ST) use compared to other occupational groups. Guided by the Health Promotion Model, the purpose of this study was to understand various factors that predict ST use in Operating Engineers. A cross-sectional design was used to determine variables related to ST use among Operating Engineers. Engineers (N = 498) were recruited during their 3-day apprentice certification course to participate in the study. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations between personal, psychological and behavioral characteristics associated with ST use. Past month ST use was reported among 13% of operating engineers surveyed. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age and lower rates of past month cigarette use were significantly associated with ST use, while higher rates of problem drinking were marginally associated with ST use. Operating Engineers are at high risk for using ST products with rates in this sample well o...
Comprehensive in vivo RNA-binding site analyses reveal a role of Prp8 in spliceosomal assembly

Prp8 stands out among hundreds of splicing factors as a protein that is intimately involved in spliceosomal activation and the catalytic reaction. Here, we present the first comprehensive in vivo RNA footprints for Prp8 in budding yeast obtained using CLIP (cross-linking and immunoprecipitation)/CRAC (cross-linking and analyses of cDNAs) and next-generation DNA sequencing. These footprints encompass known direct Prp8-binding sites on U5, U6 snRNA and intron-containing pre-mRNAs identified using site-directed cross-linking with in vitro assembled small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) or spliceosome. Furthermore, our results revealed novel Prp8-binding sites on U1 and U2 snRNAs. We demonstrate that Prp8 directly cross-links with U2, U5 and U6 snRNAs and pre-mRNA in purified activated spliceosomes, placing Prp8 in position to bring the components of the active site together. In addition, disruption of the Prp8 and U1 snRNA interaction reduces tri-snRNP level in the spliceosome, suggesting a previously unknown role of Prp8 in spliceosomal assembly through its interaction with U1 snRNA.
Native Great Lakes wolves were not restored

Wolves from the Great Lakes area were historically decimated due to habitat loss and predator control programmes. Under the protection of the US Endangered Species Act, the population has rebounded to approximately 3000 individuals. We show that the pre-recovery population was dominated by mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from an endemic American wolf referred to here as the Great Lakes wolf. In contrast, the recent population is admixed, and probably derives also from the grey wolf (Canis lupus) of Old World origin and the coyote (Canis latrans). Consequently, the pre-recovery population has not been restored, casting doubt on delisting actions.
What Makes an IT Project Successful

The apt management of IT human resources is a decisive factor for IT project success. Our paper first reviews the interplay of the technical qualifications of a project team’s individual members before adopting the concepts of domain knowledge and technology knowledge to study how task assignment and IT workforce training contribute to a project’s optimum realization. We use both internal and customer satisfaction evaluations to gauge project success. Our pilot study establishes that when interpersonal diversity in individuals’ technical knowledge increases, the team is less likely to achieve good results; it also demonstrates that project manager/team member cohesiveness in domain knowledge improves project performance. We also examine the impact of individuals’ qualifications on project life cycles before analyzing training programs that would increase the likelihood of project success. We hope this research provides actionable insights for better project management and execution and more efficient allocation of limited IT human resources.
Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow

In adult mammals, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their abilities to self-renew and to differentiate to form all blood cell lineages. These rare multipotent cells occupy specific locations in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The specific microenvironment regulating HSCs, commonly referred to as the niche, comprises multiple cell types whose exact contributions are under active investigation. Understanding cellular cross talk involving HSCs in the BM microenvironment is of fundamental importance for harnessing therapies against benign and malignant blood diseases. In this review, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in our understanding of niche heterogeneity and its influence on HSC function.
Components of a Pharmaceutical Care Certificate Program

Objective: To develop a Pharmaceutical Care Certificate Program (PCCP) model for training community pharmacists in the provision of pharmaceutical care. Setting: Chain, independent, and HMO pharmacy practice environments. Practice Description: A two-year pilot program was used to create a nine-month training program that focuses on four areas: (1) practice re-engineering; (2) using the components of pharmaceutical care to correct drug-related problems; (3) drug therapy management of disease states; and (4) documenting the processes used and the care provided. Practice Innovation: The intent of the PCCP model is to enhance the ability of the participants to make the transition to pharmaceutical care by incorporating the components of the PCCP into their practice. Main Outcome Measures: Patient case exercises, reports on overcoming barriers, and practice application assignments on correcting drug-related problems. These materials are evaluated by the program director for content and approach, with particular emphasis on intervention and follow-up. Results: Based on observations from site visits by the program director and his evaluation of participants' portfolios, PCCP pharmacists have become proficient at using the components of pharmaceutical care and the principles of drug therapy management to correct drug-related problems. They also have been able to make adjustments in workflow and physical layout to improve patient care. However, time to provide these services on a consistent basis remains a formidable barrier. Conclusion: Partnering with schools of pharmacy for PharmD clerkship training is an excellent way to advance practice toward pharmaceutical care. Schools of pharmacy need pharmacists who will model pharmaceutical care practice behaviors for students; pharmacists need students who can spend the time needed to assess patient problems and generate care plans, and do the developmental work for pharmaceutical care services.
Emotional Language and Political Aggression

We examined how leaders’ expressions of emotion and emotion-related appraisals in their speeches were associated with subsequent political aggression by their groups. We obtained records of speeche...
A First Look At Aerogravity From GRAV-D And the Outlook For an Improved Vertical Datum

Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum, or GRAV-D (Smith 2007) was introduced at he last annual meeting as a project of the National Geodetic Survey. This nascent project has now successfully collected along the Gulf Coast shoreline from the Florida panhandle to the Mexican border. Profiles were collected at 35,000 ft spaced at 10 km. Profiles originated about 100 km onshore and ended about 400 km offshore. The resulting gravity observations were then compared to available surface gravity data upward continued to flight elevations. The older surface data have an extensive and somewhat suspect history. Through comparison with the aerogravity, regions containing systematic errors can be located. This process will serve to “clean” the gravity data and provide a seamless gravity field from the shortest wavelengths to the longest, controlled by an Earth Gravity Model based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity mission (Tapley et al. 2005). The resulting differences between the surface and airborne gravity are processed to demonstrate existing multi-decimeter level errors existent in the current geoid height models. By eliminating or mitigating these systematic errors, derived models are made more accurate with an overall goal of achieving cmlevel accuracy by about 2018.
Design of High-performance Data Processing Software for Reservoir Dispatching Automation System

The increasing data of large reservoir dispatching automation system(RDAS) result in degradation of its data processing software performance.For this problem,the purpose and function of data processing software are analyzed from the view of historical data application.A detailed study of high performance,high availability,and service-oriented application of RDAS are illustrated.The design ideas and methods of data processing software of RDAS are introduced.The calculation performance of data processing software is improved from various aspects.
Study on the situation of seat belt wearing among urban and rural drivers of vehicles in Liaoning Province

Objective To find out the situation of seat belt wearing among urban and rural drivers in Liaoning Province.Methods Use the 2009 surveillance data on chronic disease risk factors in Liaoning Province.Results The prevalence rates of seat belt wearing frequently in urban(53.5%) is more than rural(31.4%).The prevalence rates of seat belt not wearing were higher among the rural,remarry,divorced,widowed,smoking and driking drivers.The 62.83% of the rural drivers were"haven't seat belt".Conclusion The rural area of Liaoning province for the next safety belt use intervention in key areas,we should increase rural residents use of motor vehicle safety belt configuration and safety investigation work,and strengthen law enforcement and to carry out publicity and education to increase safety belt use rate.
Measurement of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Using the Citrulline Assay

The free-radical gas nitric oxide (NO) recently has been identified as an important biological messenger molecule in both the central and peripheral nervous system. NO is generated by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) by the oxidation of the amino acid L: -arginine. As a dissolved gas, NO is an unusual neurotransmitter. It is not packaged in synaptic vesicles and released by exocytosis upon membrane depolarization, but rather diffuses from its site of production to surrounding neurons where it acts directly on specific intracellular targets. The activity of NO terminates when it chemically reacts with a target substrate. Although all of the targets of NO are not yet known, NO can bind to the iron associated with heme groups or result in nitrosylation of proteins, leading to conformational changes. One of the best-described targets of NO in the central nervous system is the heme-containing protein guanylyl cyclase. NO is a relatively long-lived free radical and does not react readily with most cellular components. This allows it to diffuse to several surrounding neurons and integrate neuronal activity on a local scale. NO is involved in a number of physiological processes including morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity. However, under conditions in which NOS is overstimulated, excessive formation of NO may mediate cell injury in a variety of disorders of the nervous system that result in neurodegeneration (1).
Thomas Jefferson and the Science of Republican Government: A Political Biography of Notes on the State of Virginia

This biography of Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia, his only published book, challenges conventional wisdom by demonstrating its core political thought as well as the political aspirations behind its composition, publication and initial dissemination. Building upon a close reading of the book's contents, Jefferson's correspondence and the first comprehensive examination of both its composition and publication history, the authors argue that Jefferson intended his Notes to be read by a wide audience, especially in America, in order to help shape constitutional debates in the critical period of the 1780s. Jefferson, through his determined publication and distribution of his Notes even while serving as American ambassador in Paris, thus brought his own constitutional and political thought into the public sphere - and at times into conflict with the writings of John Adams and James Madison, stimulating a debate over the proper form of Republican constitutionalism that still reverberates in American political thought.
The Determinants of Voluntary Disclosures in R&D Alliances

We examine R&D alliance signaling through the lens of voluntary disclosures. Voluntary disclosure occurs when a firm reveals more information than that which is legally mandated and provides extern...
A Unique Second-Generation Recombinant Form of HIV-1 Identified Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Population in Beijing, China

Abstract In China, CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC are the most circulating strains of HIV-1, more and more second-generation recombinant forms have been isolated around the two strains. The same situation happened in Beijing in recent years. In our study, we have isolated a new second-generation recombinant form of HIV-1 from a male patient who was infected by homosexual behavior. Polygenetic analysis revealed that the sequence includes five CRF01_AE fragments and four CRF07_BC fragments. CRF01_AE is the skeleton of the recombinant which was inserted with four CRF07_BC fragments. The emergency of such second-generation recombinant forms manifests the diversity of the HIV-1 epidemic. Consequently, further investigation of molecular epidemiology is needed to track the genetic evolution of HIV-1.
Authorization Contracts

Software components have a wide variety of access control requirements. A one-size-fits-all access control framework will not meet the needs of all of these components.We propose an expressive framework for implementing access control monitors for components. The basis of the framework is a novel concept: the authority environment. An authority environment associates rights with an execution context. The building blocks of access control monitors in our framework are authorization contracts: software contracts that manage authority environments.We've used the framework to implement diverse access control mechanisms (including discretionary access control, stack inspection, history-based access control, and object capabilities), and to write custom access control monitors for three case studies.
Clinical outcomes of hepatitis C treatment before and after kidney transplantation and its impact on time to transplant: A multicenter study.

Waitlist time for kidney transplantation is long but may be shortened with the utilization of hepatitis C positive allografts. We retrospectively reviewed the course of 36 hepatitis C positive patients awaiting kidney transplantation at 2 large centers within the same health system, with near-identical care delivery models with the exception of timing of hepatitis C treatment, to determine the impact of timing of hepatitis C treatment on access to transplant, waitlist time, and treatment efficacy and tolerability. The majority of patients had hepatitis C genotype 1a or 1b, and all received direct acting antiviral therapy with 100% treatment response. One patient underwent transplantation in the pretransplant treatment group. The 1-year transplantation rate was 12.5% vs 67.9% (P = .0013) in those treated posttransplantation. The median waitlist time in the posttransplant group was 122 (interquartile range [IQR] 21.5, 531.0) days, which was significantly shorter than the center's regional and national wait time. Pathologic review revealed no difference in allograft quality. Overall treatment related adverse events were not different between the 2 groups. A strategy of posttransplant hepatitis C treatment increased access to transplant and reduced waitlist time. Delaying treatment until after transplant did not appear to adversely affect recipients' kidney allograft or overall survival.
Classical-Quantum Correspondence in Non-Linear Systems

Quantum mechanical autocorrelation functions are surprisingly accurate using classical dynamics with quantum initial conditions, for parameters appropriate to molecular vibration. The accuracy generally decreases with increasing time; thus the classically determined Fourier transform power spectra (molecular absorption spectrum) are most accurate at low and intermediate spectral resolution, by the time-frequency uncertainty relation. Spectral band widths and other absorption features are given a simple classical interpretation and easily calculated by running a modest number of classical trajectories.
The Mechanisms of Inhibition of Cellular and Viral Multiplication by Aranucleosides and Aranucleotides

In recent years I have returned to an old interest, the applicability of comparative biochemistry to the development of chemotherapy for infectious disease (Cohen, 1977, 1979). At this time, comparative biochemistry has identified two major types of specificity potentially useful in the design of chemotherapeutic agents and it is my belief that the conditions have been created for the practical development and exploitation of such approaches and agents. Unfortunately for the purposes of this conference these lines of reasoning have led me to the view that we should be concentrating on proteins rather than on nucleic acids, but to be convincing that it is desirable to shift one’s direction of work it should be shown that the old direction, which has so emphasized the development of nucleic acid derivatives, is not very satisfactory. I shall exemplify the latter argument with a discussion of araA, a promising antiviral agent, with which I have worked for 18 years.
A Synopsis of Twenty Five Years of RESOLVE PhD Research Efforts

In 1994, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (SEN), courtesy of Will Tracz, SEN Editor at the time, published a 48- page special feature on RESOLVE: a combined specification and programming language with a design discipline to facilitate construction of formally verified component-based software. In the quarter-century since, several PhD dissertations from members of the RESOLVE/Reusable Software Research Group (RSRG) have explored a variety of topics in this area. They range across fundamental software engineering and formal methods research, practical adaptations, software engineering education, and tool development. This article summarizes key contributions of these dissertations in a way that is accessible to researchers and practitioners in software engineering. The dissertations are summarized in chronological order. Some of the paragraphs below are paraphrased or taken nearly verbatim from abstracts of the works themselves, with a few terminological updates and added connections to current research.
The small-world topology of Clovis lithic networks

North America was first settled in the late Pleistocene by Paleoindian peoples, Clovis is the best documented archeological complex associated with this settlement. Undoubtedly, Clovis groups faced adaptive challenges in the novel environments of a sparsely populated New World. In this paper, we ask whether Clovis had small-world networks to help them create and maintain connections across the vast landscape of western North America. Small worlds are properties of many real networks and are characterized by high clustering and short path lengths. To investigate this, we examined the topology of Clovis lithic networks in western North America. We employed two commonly used measures of network topology in our analyses of regional Clovis lithic networks and show that stone raw material was transported and exchanged with the characteristics of a small world. We also show that caching and the long-distance movement of stone was an important part of creating small worlds. Clovis small-world lithic networks may have mapped onto Clovis social networks or may have been independent of other networks, but either way, lithic exchange networks were far from random and served an important role in connecting local populations.
Commentary: Aortitis Prognosis: Pathologic Diagnosis Independently Adversely Affects Long-Term Survival.

Commentary Summary Aortitis is a rare histopathological diagnosis. Clinically isolated aortitis represents the most frequent phenotype. Its diagnosis and optimal management remain elusive. A high rate of new vascular lesions needing reintervention after initial surgery and declining long-term survival in these patients warrant a rigorous and lifelong clinical and radiological surveillance.
The utility of iPhone oximetry apps: A comparison with standard pulse oximetry measurement in the emergency department.

Abstract Objectives To determine if a correlation exists between 3 iphone pulse ox applications' measurements and the standard pulse oximetry (SpO2) and whether these applications can accurately determine hypoxia. Methods Three applications reportedly measuring SpO2 were downloaded onto an iPhone 5s. Two of these applications used the onboard light and camera lens “Pulse Oximeter” (Pox) and “Heart Rate and Pulse Oximeter” (Ox) and one used an external device that plugged into the iphone (iOx). Patients in the ED were enrolled with chief complaints of cardiac/pulmonary origin or a SpO2 ≤ 94%. All measurements were compared to controls. Concordance correlation coefficients, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results A total of 191 patients were enrolled. The concordance correlation of iOx with control was 0.55 (CI 0.46, 0.63), POx was 0.01 (CI −0.09, 0.11), and Ox was 0.07 (CI −0.02, 0.15). 68/191 patients (35%) were found to have hypoxemia. Sensitivities for detecting hypoxia were 69%, 0%, and 7% for iOx, POx, and Ox, respectively. Specificities were 89%, 100%, and 89%. Even iOx (the most accurate) 21 (11%) were incorrectly classified nonhypoxic, and 22 (12%) were incorrectly classified hypoxic. Conclusions While iOx has modest concordance with control, Ox and POx showed almost none. The iOx device was best in correctly identifying hypoxia patients, but almost 1/4 of patients were incorrectly classified. The three apps provided inaccurate SpO2 measurements and had limited to no ability to accurately detect hypoxia. These apps should not be relied upon to provide accurate SpO2 measurements in emergent, even austere conditions.
High-throughput prediction of finite-temperature properties using the quasi-harmonic approximation

Abstract In order to calculate thermal properties in automatic fashion, the Quasi-Harmonic Approximation (QHA) has been combined with the Automatic Phonon Library (APL) and implemented within the AFLOW framework for high-throughput computational materials science. As a benchmark test to address the accuracy of the method and implementation, the specific heat capacities, thermal expansion coefficients, Gruneisen parameters and bulk moduli have been calculated for 130 compounds. It is found that QHA-APL can reliably predict such values for several different classes of solids with root mean square relative deviation smaller than 28% with respect to experimental values. The automation, robustness, accuracy and precision of QHA-APL enable the computation of large material data sets, the implementation of repositories containing thermal properties, and finally can serve the community for data mining and machine learning studies.
Lumbar microdecompression in elderly versus general adult patients: Comparable outcomes and costs despite group differences.

Abstract This study investigated differences between patients Differences between age groups were investigated with univariate analyses. A linear mixed effects model was fit to the study outcomes. 144 patients were studied. There was no difference in two-year outcomes between the age groups. Outcome measures showed improvement compared to baseline at one- and two-years (p Patients ≥65 years of age may experience greater relief in back pain following microdecompression. Nonetheless, significant improvement is observed in both age groups at two-years.
Computational Analysis of Proton-Coupled ElectronTransfer in Hydrotris(triazolyl)borate Mid–Late 3d and 4d TransitionMetal Complexes

Design of electrocatalysts for the evolution of H2 and reduction of O2, N2, and CO2, as well as water splitting is essential for the development of alternative energy sources. Typically, the cataly...
Food Supply Chains

In this chapter, we construct a food supply chain network model under oligopolistic competition and perishability, with a focus on fresh produce. The model handles food spoilage through arc multipliers, with the inclusion of the discarding costs associated with disposal. We allow for product differentiation due to such relevant issues as product freshness and food safety and include alternative technologies associated with various supply chain activities. A case study, in which we analyze different scenarios prior to, during, and post a foodborne disease outbreak, based on the cantaloupe market, illustrates the modeling and computational framework.
Pediatric myeloid sarcoma: a single institution clinicopathologic and molecular analysis

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a neoplastic condition composed of immature myeloid cells involving an extramedullary site. We investigated underlying chromosomal and molecular alterations to assess potent...
Refining Trauma‐Informed Perinatal Care for Urban Prenatal Care Patients with Multiple Lifetime Traumatic Exposures: A Qualitative Study

Introduction Because lifetime trauma exposure has been linked to multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes, there is a need for all perinatal care providers to be versed in trauma-informed care practices. However, there are few data to guide trauma-informed practice during the perinatal period. The objective of this study was to refine ongoing development of a trauma-informed care framework for perinatal care by conducting a qualitative study of all trauma experiences and preferred screening practices of pregnant patients at an urban prenatal clinic. Methods In this qualitative study, we conducted semistructured interviews with 30 women receiving prenatal care at an urban clinic. Participants also completed a trauma history questionnaire. Inductive coding was used to generate themes and subthemes. Results Participants described multiple lifetime traumatic exposures as well as background exposure to community violence. Not all participants desired routine trauma screening; factors limiting disclosure included fear of retraumatization and belief that prior trauma is unrelated to the current pregnancy. Strong therapeutic relationships were identified as critical to any trauma history discussion. Discussion This study supports a trauma-informed care approach to caring for pregnant women with prior traumatic exposures, including trauma screening without retraumatization and trusting patient-provider relationships.
Perception of barriers to research among internal medicine physician hospitalists by career stage.

Physician hospitalists may participate in research and generate knowledge for evidence-based hospital practice. Despite this, physician hospitalists are primarily involved in patient care, and ther...
Influence of supplemental copper, manganese, and zinc source on reproduction, mineral status, and performance in a grazing beef cow-calf herd over a 2-year period

ABSTRACT Objective This experiment evaluated the effects of Cu, Mn, and Zn source on mineral status, reproduction, and performance of grazing beef cattle in eastern Colorado. Materials and Methods Crossbred (Angus and Angus × Hereford; n = 261) 3-yr-old beef cows were stratified by expected calving date, BW, BCS, and liver Cu status and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 replicates. Replicates were then assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (n = 40–45 cows per replicate), resulting in 3 replicates per treatment for the 2-yr experiment. Treatments consisted of (1) inorganic–organic trace mineral combination (IOC; 75% of Cu, Mn, and Zn from sulfate forms and the remaining 25% from organic AA complexes) and (2) hydroxy trace minerals (HTM; 100% from hydroxychloride forms). Replicates were rotated among pastures approximately every 28 d to minimize pasture effects. Free-choice mineral feeders were used to provide NASEM (2000) recommended concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn continuously for 2 yr. Blood samples and liver biopsies were obtained from every cow before the initiation of the experiment and then from a subgroup of animals (20 random animals per replicate) at the end of yr 1 (d 335 of the experiment) and 2 (d 638 of the experiment). Results and Discussion Over the 2-yr experiment, mineral intake, cow BW, BCS, pregnancy rate to AI, and overall pregnancy rate did not differ across treatments. Calf weaning weights were also not affected by trace mineral source. At the end of yr 1 and yr 2, liver Cu concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in HTM- compared with IOC-supplemented cows. Liver Zn concentrations were greater (P 0.05) by trace mineral source. Implications and Applications Overall productivity of grazing beef cows and their calves over a 2-yr period were similar in cattle supplemented with hydroxy or a combination of sulfate and organic trace minerals. Liver Cu and Zn concentrations were greater in cows fed HTM.
Waste Polypropylene Plastic Recycling toward Climate Change Mitigation and Circular Economy: Energy, Environmental, and Technoeconomic Perspectives

Chemical recycling has the potential to reduce the environmental impacts from waste plastics, mitigate climate change, and contribute to circular economy. This study compares the environmental and ...
Thio-assisted reductive electrolytic cleavage of lignin β-O-4 models and authentic lignin

Avoiding the use of expensive catalysts and harsh conditions such as elevated temperatures and high pressures is a critical goal in lignin depolymerization and valorization. In this study, we present a thio-assisted electrocatalytic reductive approach using inexpensive reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) as the working cathode to cleave the β-O-4-type linkages in keto aryl ethers. In the presence of a pre-electrolyzed disulfide (2,2′-dithiodiethanol) and a radical inhibitor (BHT) at room temperature at a current density of 2.5 mA cm−2, cathodic reduction of nonphenolic β-O-4 dimers afforded over 90% of the corresponding monomeric C–O cleavage products in only 1.5 h. Extended to DDQ-oxidized poplar lignin, this combination of electric current and disulfide, applied over 6 h, released 36 wt% of ethyl acetate soluble fragments and 26 wt% of aqueous soluble fragments, leaving only 38 wt% of insoluble residue. These findings represent a significant improvement over the current alone values (24 wt% ethyl acetate soluble; 22 wt% aqueous soluble; 54 wt% insoluble residue) and represent an important next step in our efforts to develop a mild electrochemical method for reductive lignin deconstruction.
The Business of Plastic Surgery: Employment Contracts.

SUMMARY Plastic surgeons are increasingly choosing to practice as employed physicians: either in an academic position, a single-specialty or multispecialty group, or within a franchise-type business. Employment offers advantages with regard to immediate income, minimal investment in practice start-up costs, and easier access to prospective patients. Surgeons considering such employment must perform due diligence to determine whether the position offered is a good fit. Once the decision is made to offer the plastic surgeon a position, an employment contract is negotiated. It is imperative that all parties understand the provisions of the contract, so that there are no misunderstandings between the employer and employee for the duration of the term. This article introduces physician recruitment offers and employment contracting. The key components of a contract are described, and compensation options are explained. Negotiation of the contract is critical so that all aspects are understood and agreed on, and the responsibilities of all parties are delineated.
Analysis of female demographics in the United States: life expectancy, education, employment, family building decisions, and fertility service utilization.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss changes in female demographic parameters in the US and associated increase in utilization of fertility services. RECENT FINDINGS Fractions of women earning bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees increased from 1970 to 2018 (32.6 vs 64.8; 7.9 vs 27.3; 0.54 vs 5.7 per 10,000 women; P < .001; respectively). This was associated with decrease in percentage of married women (61.9% vs 50.8%) and increase in median age at first marriage (20.8 vs 27.8). In parallel, mean age of mothers at first birth increased (21.4 vs 26.8), and pregnancy rates of women aged 35-39 and 40-44 years doubled between 1980 and 2010 (0.036 vs 0.077; 0.009 vs 0.019 per 1,000 women). With later pregnancy attempts, female fertility rates decreased from 1970 to 2017 (87.9% vs 60.3%; P < .001). Women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) treatment with a DOR diagnosis increased (12% vs 31%), and ART cycles using donor eggs increased (16,161 vs 24,300), between 2005 and 2016. SUMMARY Participation of women in education is paralleled by increased female employment, later occurrence of marriage, increased age of childbearing, decreased fertility rates, and increased DOR diagnosis.
Knowledge spillovers, peer effects, and telecommuting: Evidence from the U.S. Patent Office

Abstract We find strong evidence of peer influence in granting behaviors among patent examiners. In the face of a one standard-deviation increase in the inherent grant rate of her peers, an examiner in her first two years at the Patent Office will experience a 0.15 standard-deviation increase in her own grant rate. Moreover, we document a number of markers suggesting that such influences arise, in part, through knowledge spillovers, as distinct from peer-pressure mechanisms. Finally, drawing on variations in peer proximity due to the onset of telecommuting—both with respect to peer and focal examiner telecommuting experiences—we document evidence that examiner peer influences and knowledge flows are stronger when examiners work at the Patent Office, as opposed to working from home.
Hackathons and ‘i’dentities: Museum Visitor Identities in Other Informal Learning Environments

Hackathons provide an informal, structured learning environment where groups of participants develop and present a project over a specified period of time. During their work, participants often tak...
The International Law and Economics of Buy American (Domestic Content) Requirements

Among its many initiatives in the area of trade policy, the Trump administration has suggested that maximal use be made of existing “Buy America” authority under U.S. law. The economic literature refers to such measures as “domestic content requirements.” This essay lays out the legal basis for domestic content requirements under Federal and state law. It considers their applicability to both the private and the public sectors, analyzes their economic consequences, and assesses their legality under international trade law.
Holter ECG and the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias

Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography is a continuously evolving science with regards to both its technology and clinical applications. Ambulatory electrocardiography is most useful when the information obtained is interpreted for the specific population examined, the type of technical examination employed, and the duration of the examination. Thus, to obtain the full clinical value of ambulatory electrocardiography demands that clinicians be aware of these various aspects which affect interpretation of the data. This chapter reviews ambulatory electrocardiography Holter technology, and its clinical application in the diagnostic value of evaluating patient symptoms, the prognostic value of assessing risk, and the evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Challenges to the Realization of a Global Right to Democracy

The halcyon days of democratization have ended. The Third Wave of democracy that started on the Iberian Peninsula in 1974, swept the globe as the Cold War collapsed, and produced the much discussed euphoria of the “end of history” slowed and even suffered setbacks in the first decade of the new millennium. For two decades, with the optimism bred of assured inevitability, western governments and international organizations (IGOs) mobilized resources for democratic nation-building in failed states, countries in transition, and in what former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali called “states-at-risk.” Unfortunately, experience has not matched the earlier vision and unexpected obstacles threaten to reverse the march toward a universal democratic order. The universalism of the idealist project ran up against quite practical obstacles, leaving open the question of whether democracy could become the common template of national government in an era of globalization, even whether all people have a “right” to a democratic political system.