cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some health-risk benefits of behavioral weight-loss treatments.

This study reports assessment of some beneficial effects of behavioral weight-control treatments on measures of cardiovascular health. 31 women participated for each experiment. In Exp. 1, a 12-wk. dietary program resulted in mean reductions of 5.3 kg of weight, including 4.2 kg of fat, 24% in HDL-cholesterol and 11.95 mg/dl in Total Cholesterol, but no changes in cardiopulmonary fitness. Exp. 2 compared two 16-wk. treatments which added exercise self-management with and without additional structured-group exercise to the dietary component. No differences or interactions between treatments were significant. Combined data showed a mean weight loss of 8.3 kg, including 8.8 kg of fat, a 22% decrease in serum triglycerides, and a 22% increase in duration of exercise combined with a 5% reduction in maximal heart rate. These beneficial effects of including exercise in behavioral weight-loss treatments with women should be experimentally verified.
Comprehending software correctness implies comprehending an intelligence-related limitation

This article applies mathematical logic to obtain a rigorous foundation for previous inherently nonrigorous results and also extends those previous results. Roughly speaking, our main theorem states: any agent A that comprehends the correctness-related properties of software S also comprehends an intelligence-related limitation of S. The theorem treats the output of S, if any, as an attempt at solving a halting problem. Previous nonrigorous attempts to obtain similar theorems depend on infallibility assumptions on both the agent and the software. The hypothesis that intelligent agents and intelligent software must be infallible has been widely questioned. In addition, recent work by others has determined that well-known previous attempts use a fallacious form of reasoning; that is, the same form of reasoning can yield paradoxical results. Our main theorem avoids infallibility assumptions on both the agent and the software. In addition, our proof is rigorous, in the sense that in principle one can carry it out in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. The software correctness framework considered in the main theorem is that of Hoare logic.
Path planning for information collection tasks using bond-energy algorithm

Autonomous vehicles are often employed to explore an area and collect information from objects of interest. In this paper, we consider path planning for an autonomous vehicle in a generalized information collection infrastructure. A novel information collection model that accounts for the vehicle visibility range is proposed which enables the modeling of non-isotropic targets, i.e., targets with unequal information emission rate with respect to the relative position of the vehicle. Finding a feasible solution for such a path planning problem can be challenging since the problem can be easily over-constrained. Moreover, existing methods, such as the many heuristics for Traveling-Salesman Problem (TSP), may not provide a feasible solution since they do not necessarily account for information-collection objective. The bond energy algorithm, an optimization heuristic that is robust to initial conditions in information collection tasks, is provided. Using these models and techniques, a path planning algorithm is proposed for an arbitrarily defined information collection mission. Several sample scenarios are demonstrated, one with objects with isotropic information emission, and the other with non-isotropic emission.
New Zealand mudsnails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in Boulder Creek, Colorado: environmental factors associated with fecundity of a parthenogenic invader.

New Zealand mudsnails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1853)) are non-native snails that are increasingly spreading in freshwater systems in North America. Most invasive populations are parthenogenic and threaten native freshwater diversity. We observed variability of P. antipodarum fecundity each month for 16 months at a recently invaded site in Boulder Creek, Colorado. We collected 100 snails each month and dissected them to count embryos in the brood sac. We used a general linear model analysis to examine water-quality variables as predictors of the monthly variability in P. antipodarum fecundity. After dissecting 1600 snails, we observed four male individuals (<1%), brood sizes ranging from 0 to 70 embryos per snail, reproductively mature females at 3.2 mm in length or greater, and a significant relationship between snail length and embryo counts (r2 = 0.38, p < 0.001). The model with the highest level of support for predicting variability in snail fecundity included water temperature, snail shell length, water hardness (calcium carbonate), and nutrient levels (total phosphate) (adjusted r2 = 0.53, p < 0.01). These variables may be important for snail growth and promote increased rates of reproduction in this parthenogenic, invasive snail. These results can further inform efforts tomodel geographic areas at high risk of P. antipodarum establishment and rapid demographic growth.
PANCREATIC DIABETES IN THE MONKEY

ALTHOUGH THE MONKEY has been used for many studies relative to the physiology of man, no systematic report exists in the literature with reference to pancreatic diabetes in this species. In 1937, Collip, Selye and Neufeld (1) reported that the monkey can survive pancreatectomy formany months without insulin treatment; that the ketonuria which may be observed during the first few days following the operation disappears later irrespective of whether the animal was trated; that the depancreatied monkey shows a marked sensitivity to insulin and rapidly develops hypoglycemia on fasting, and finally that such animals lose weight rapidly. Similar observations were made byChapman and Fulton (2) who concluded that, unlike depancreatized carnivora, depancreatized monkeysdo not die in typical diabetic acidosis. Both groups of investigators express the opinion that thedepancreatised monkey exhibited many of the metabolic characteristics of the depancreatized-hypophysectomized dog.
Hypophysiotropic regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

The hypophysiotropic coding of ACTH secretion resulting from insulin-induced hypoglycemia was investigated in urethane-anesthetized fasted rats. The participation of corticotropin- releasing factor (CRF), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and catecholamines in the ACTH response was first investigated by systemic administration of CRF antiserum, an AVP pressor antagonist, or a ganglionic blocking agent. These treatments were without effect on the hypoglycemic response, which was characterized by a 67% fall in systemic glucose levels within 30 min of insulin administration. ACTH secretion in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was differentially affected by these pharmacological treatments. Administration of antiserum to CRF abolished the ACTH response, whereas ganglionic blockade was without significant effect. However, administration of a vasopressinergic pressor antagonist significantly attenuated ACTH secretion after insulin treatment. These observations suggested the participation of both CRF and AVP in...
Lessons From Las Vegas: Housing Markets, Neighborhoods, and Distressed Single-Family Property Investors

The collapse of the housing bubble and the ensuing wave of foreclosures have led to a dramatic increase in investor activity in distressed single-family markets, particularly in high-foreclosure areas such as Las Vegas, Nevada. Using a case study of investors in the Las Vegas market as the starting point, supplemented by research in the Detroit, Michigan, area and elsewhere, this article analyzes the strategies being followed by investors and the relationship between investor behavior and market conditions, presenting a market-based typology of single-family property investors and assessing the effects of investors on markets and neighborhood conditions.
The Standard Form of an E0-Semigroup☆

Abstract We show that the conjugacy classes of continuous semigroups of *-endomorphisms of B ( H ) that possess a pure, normal, absorbing state (i.e., standard E 0 -semigroups) are indexed by the orbits of the natural action of the group of local cocycles on the set of intertwining semigoups of isometries. We use this to show that, in passing from an arbitrary E 0 -semigroup α to a cocycle perturbation in standard form, the boundary representation is compressed to a hereditary subalgebra of the domain D ( δ α ) of α .
Validating fuzzy partitions obtained through c-shells clustering

Validation of fuzzy partitions induced through c-shells clustering is considered. The classical validity measures based on fuzzy partition alone are shown to be inadequate in capturing the shell sub-structure imposed by the shell clustering algorithm. Therefore, performance measures specifically designed for c-shells clustering are considered. Through examples, the new set of indices are shown to be capable of validating the structure characterized by the shell clustering algorithms. The issues related to classical cluster validity versus individual cluster validity are also discussed.
Self-Esteem Mediates the Relationship Between Volunteering and Depression for African American Caregivers

Research on the influence of volunteering on mental health outcomes has not placed enough focus on African American female caregivers who are at risk for adverse outcomes such as depression. This study addresses this gap by examining the mechanism through which volunteering might influence depressive symptoms using data collected from 521 African American female caregivers of older adults. Regression results indicate that although volunteering is inversely associated with depressive symptoms, self-esteem mediates this relationship. Findings suggest inclusion in volunteering for African American female caregivers may be relevant to promotion of their mental well-being.
Effect of ileal bypass on serum lipoproteins in essential hypercholesterolemia

Summary The effects of ileal bypass on lipoprotein concentration and composition were studied in a 55-year-old man and a 61-year-old woman with essential hypercholesterolemia. A third patient died 8 days after operation. In the man, apparently permanent reductions of 40 % to 50 % in S f 0–12 and cholesterol concentrations followed ileal bypass, but postprandial diarrhea and weight loss continued for 5 months after operation. Lipoprotein composition changes in the second patient closely paralleled those in the first, but there was progressive weight loss and severe diarrhea until day 381, which coincided with the maximum reduction in S f 0–12 concentration. Thereafter, the number of stools decreased to 4–6/day, weight remained stable, and S f 0–12 levels rose until more than half of the surgically induced reduction had been regained by day 500.
US government subsidies to private military R&D investment: The defense department's independent R&D policy

A relatively obscure US defense procurement policy establishes a large subsidy to private research and development. On the surface, it appears that the marginal subsidy to such investment is zero, but this is true only in the short run. Due to DOD's policy of allowable‐cost determination, the (long‐run) steady‐state subsidy is substantial. It is much larger, in fact, than the subsidy provided by the R&D Tax Credit enacted in 1981. I calculate the subsidy by estimating an econometric model using contractor‐level data from the Defense Contract Audit Agency. This subsidy may have an important influence on the amount and character of privately financed innovation in the US.
Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of 2-formylpyridine 3-piperidinyl-, 3-hexamethyleneiminyl- and 3-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonylthiosemicarbazones

Copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes of 2-formylpyridine 3-piperidinyl-, 3-hexamethyleneiminyl- and 3-azabicyclo-[3.2.2]nonylthiosemicarbazones were prepared and characterized spectroscopically. 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra of the thiosemicarbazones and a diamagnetic nickel(II) complex are reported, together with i.r., electronic and e.s.r. spectra of the metal complexes. The thiosemicarbazones and their copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes exhibit considerable growth inhibitory activity against Paecilomyces variotii, but show minimal activity against Aspergillus niger.
Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Responses to Naloxone in Subjects With High and Low Neuroticism

Background Neuroticism is a highly heritable personality trait that is a risk factor for certain affective and anxiety disorders. Studies link neuroticism with alterations in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) stress response. We interrogated HPA axis dynamics as a function of neuroticism, employing the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. Methods Subjects were assigned to either high or low neuroticism groups on the basis of Revised Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) scores and received naloxone hydrochloride (0, 125 μg/kg, and 375 ug/kg). Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels were monitored. Results Significant, dose-dependent differences in cortisol response were observed between neuroticism groups, whereas no differences were observed in ACTH. The low neuroticism group demonstrated a dose-dependent cortisol response with a plateau at the 125 μg/kg dose of naloxone. In contrast, the high neuroticism group demonstrated a graded cortisol response to all doses of naloxone. Conclusions These findings show that neuroticism is associated with altered cortisol responses to opioid receptor blockade, suggesting that alterations in HPA axis function already exist in persons at increased risk for certain depressive and anxiety disorders.
A Comparative Study of the Reducing Substance (So-Called Glutathione) of the Blood in Normal, Malignant and Non-Malignant Conditions

Of the sulphur compounds contained in the blood, glutathione has attracted the attention of most investigators. Our interest became focused on this compound and its relation to malignancy because of the many conflicting results reported in this field and, furthermore, because of the probable chemical importance of glutathione in cellular metabolism. In 1888 de Rey Pailhade (20, 21) described a sulphur compound, philothion, which undoubtedly was identical with glutathione, and in 1908 Heffter pointed out its important reversible oxidation-reduction properties. Hopkins (11, 12) thought it to be a dipeptide of cysteine and glutamic acid, but since that time much work has been done to clarify both its chemical structure and physiologic properties. It has finally been shown that it is a tripeptide containing glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine (2). The active structural unit of glutathione is a sulphydryl group, and because of its occurrence in a reduced (GSH) and oxidized or disulphide (GSSG) form, the biologic importance of this reversible catalytic oxidation-reduction complex is evident. The distribution of glutathione in nature is widespread and it has been recovered from all animal tissues. In human tissue, the highest concentrations have been observed in liver (250 mg. per cent) and spleen (300 mg. per cent). Variable concentrations have been found in malignant tissue; many investigators have reported abnormally high figures. Pickard and Marsden recovered large amounts in cases of carcinoma of the breast and embryonal carcinoma of the testis. Woodward, working with animals, was unable to find increased glutathione in carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues, but recovered another reducing substance, an ascorbic acid-like compound in concentrations four to six times greater than glutathione. Interestingly, this substance was most evident in growing parts of the tumor, being practically absent in the necrotic portions. This same investigator found that irradiation of tumors resulted in a definite diminution in the glutathione content, but only when it was effective in retarding the growth of the lesion. Boyland made an important contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of glutathione in demonstrating that in the extraction of tumor tissues iodine is reduced also by ascorbic acid, thus giving erroneously high glutathione determinations. L. J. Harris subsequently showed that a large part of the reducing substance that interferes in iodometric determinations is actually not ascorbic acid, but an unknown compound.
Indecent programming on cable television: Legal and social dimensions

Local, state, and federal attempts to regulate indecent cable programming have thus far been unsuccessful. However, the continuing absence of statutory constraints on indecency should not necessarily encourage the cable industry to adopt a pure marketplace approach to programming. To protect the interests of unconsenting adults and children, the industry should consider voluntary restraints regarding the time and manner in which indecent programming is distributed.
The dark side of Ras: regulation of apoptosis

Mutational activation of Ras promotes oncogenesis by disrupting a multitude of normal cellular processes. Perhaps, best characterized and understood are the mechanisms by which oncogenic Ras promotes deregulated cell cycle progression and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. However, it is now clear that oncogenic Ras can also deregulate processes that control apoptosis. In light of the diversity of downstream effector targets known to facilitate Ras function, it is perhaps not surprising that Ras regulation of cell survival is complex, involving the balance and interplay of multiple signaling networks. While our understanding of these events is still far from complete, and is complicated by cell type and signaling context differences, several important mechanisms have begun to emerge. We review the role and mechanism of specific effectors in regulating the antiapoptotic (Raf, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Tiam1) and apoptotic (Nore1 and RASSF1) actions of oncogenic Ras, and discuss the possibility that the effector actions of p120RasGAP make a significant contribution to Ras regulation of apoptotic events.
Identified auditory neurons in the cricket Gryllus rubens: temporal processing in calling song sensitive units.

Abstract This study characterizes aspects of the anatomy and physiology of auditory receptors and certain interneurons in the cricket Gryllus rubens. We identified an `L'-shaped ascending interneuron tuned to frequencies >15 kHz (57 dB SPL threshold at 20 kHz). Also identified were two intrasegmental `omega'-shaped interneurons that were broadly tuned to 3–65 kHz, with best sensitivity to frequencies of the male calling song (5 kHz, 52 dB SPL). The temporal sensitivity of units excited by calling song frequencies were measured using sinusoidally amplitude modulated stimuli that varied in both modulation rate and depth, parameters that vary with song propagation distance and the number of singing males. Omega cells responded like low-pass filters with a time constant of 42 ms. In contrast, receptors significantly coded modulation rates up to the maximum rate presented (85 Hz). Whereas omegas required ∼65% modulation depth at 45 Hz (calling song AM) to elicit significant synchrony coding, receptors tolerated a ∼50% reduction in modulation depth up to 85 Hz. These results suggest that omega cells in G. rubens might not play a role in detecting song modulation per se at increased distances from a singing male.
Fluoride tissue distribution: intracellular fluoride concentrations.

AbstractThe distribution of fluoride and chloride in muscle, liver, and tendon was studied in groups of 6-15 rats sacrificed at 80-240 min after intraperitoneal injections containing radiofluoride (18F) and radiochloride (36Cl). Liver exhibited a constant 18F(tissue water):18F(plasma water) ratio over 120-220 min and this ratio was constant in muscle over 80-120 min. The 18Ftw/18Fpw ratios for muscle were lower than those of liver. The ratios of 18F distribution for both liver and muscle declined significantly at the longest time periods probably as a result of reductions of intracellular pH and/or increases of extracellular pH. Chloride space volumes were determined from chloride analyses of the tissues and plasma and confirmed by the 36Cl(tissue water):36Cl(plasma water) ratios. The fluid space volumes and the 18F(tissue water):18F(plasma water) ratios were used to indicate that the average intracellular ionic fluoride concentrations of liver and muscle are, respectively, 79 and 38% that of plasma water...
Design of a reversible polarity linear transformer driver for positive and negative polarity e-beam diodes

Linear transformer driver (LTD)1 accelerator designs have been proposed and constructed for a number of pulsed power experiments. The accelerators are typically optimized for one type of load with a specific load impedance profile. A design will be presented of an LTD accelerator capable of generating -3.5-MV pulses for Self-Magnetic Pinch (SMP) diode experiments, and +2.5-MV pulses for Rod-pinch diode experiments. In negative polarity, the electric field stress on the central cathode stalk exceeds the electron emission threshold. Emitted electrons are magnetically insulated and flow toward the load. In positive polarity, the field stress on the outer cathode conductor is below the electron emission threshold and the output transmission line is a vacuum insulated line without electron flow. Conversion from positive to negative polarity requires a simple change of power supply polarity and charge voltage. Results of circuit and electric field simulations will be presented.
Interpretation and reporting multiparametric prostate MRI: a primer for residents and novices

Multiparametric MRI has developed as a tool for prostate cancer lesion detection, characterization, staging, surveillance, and imaging of local recurrence. Given the disease frequency and the growing importance of imaging, as reliance on PSA declines, radiologists involved in prostate MRI imaging must become proficient with the fundamentals of multiparametric prostate MRI (T2WI, DWI, DCE-MRI, and MR spectroscopy). Interpretation and reporting must yield accuracy, consistency, and add value to clinical care. This review provides a primer to novices and trainees learning about multiparametric prostate MRI. MRI technique is presented along with the use of particular MRI sequences. Relevant prostate anatomy is outlined and imaging features of prostate cancer with staging are discussed. Finally structured reporting is introduced, and some limitations of prostate MRI are discussed.
Detection and tracking of go-fast boats using high-frequency surface wave radar

This paper summarises the results of a 6 month deployment of a HF Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) to demonstrate the detection and tracking of Go-Fast Boats (GFBs). Measured Doppler and Track data is compared to theoretical predictions. It is shown that HFSWR is a viable sensor for tracking GFBs in a target rich environment. Data is presented that demonstrates that detection ranges of 80 km can be achieved, providing vastly extended coverage far in excess of the line-of-sight limitations of conventional microwave radar.
It Takes a Village Public Willingness to Help Wayward Youths

Starting in the 1970s, the traditional rehabilitative philosophy of the juvenile court has come under attack,and there has been a sustained effort to subject delinquent youths to more punitive penalties. Despite such "get tough" policies, a competing body of research has developed suggesting that citizens continue to support "saving" wayward children. This study surveyed a random sample of Tennessee residents to determine whether they believed that rehabilitation should be an integral part of juvenile corrections and whether they would become personally involved in this child-saving effort. The results reveal continued support for juvenile rehabilitation and for early intervention programs. In addition, a sizeable minority of respondents was willing to volunteer to help troubled youths. These results suggest that the public recognizes a collective responsibility to intervene in the lives of delinquent and at-risk youths, thereby supporting Hillary Rodham Clinton's belief that "it takes a village" to raise a child.
Noise Reduction in Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometry of Hot Gases

In recent years the high resolution of tunable diode laser spectrometers has enabled Doppler-limited spectra to be measured without distortion. Several investigators have also accurately measured the intensity and width of collision-broadened lines with this type of instrument. In our laboratory, we are attempting to determine the temperature dependence of the line parameters of the 9.4 and 10.4 μm
Novel mechanical switch devices for reconfigurable IC applications

In this paper, the novel mechanical switch device: suspended-gate FET is applied to FPGA development. This device offers almost an ideal subthreshold swing and a hysteretic resistance switching, opening opportunities for low-power applications. The proposed device can be used as the building block of programmable elements and memory of an FPGA. Based on this device, the proposed FPGA architecture, SG-FPGA, can maintain the baseline FPGA architecture and significantly reduce the size and power consumption of the memory and routing elements. The simulation results demonstrate that the application of SG-FET to FPGA chips can provide at least 3X-5X performance gains in terms of density and power.
Demonstration of Spectrum Sensing with Blindly Learned Features

Spectrum sensing is essential in cognitive radio. By defining leading eigenvector as feature, we introduce a blind feature learning algorithm (FLA) and a feature template matching (FTM) algorithm using learned feature for spectrum sensing. We implement both algorithms on Lyrtech software defined radio platform. Hardware experiment is performed to verify that feature can be learned blindly. We compare FTM with a blind detector in hardware and the results show that the detection performance for FTM is about 3 dB better.
Inclusion criteria for pharmacodynamic and clinical trials in chronic idiopathic constipation: pitfalls in using Rome III for functional constipation.

Selection of the appropriate patients to take part in any pharmacodynamic or clinical trial is essential for the context and relevance of the trial and to realistically assess the efficacy and safety of an experimental treatment for the condition of interest. There is continued interest in the development of medications for chronic idiopathic constipation or constipation resulting from use of opiates.
Contemporary Research Methodologies in Technical Communication

At the time of publication B. McNely was at The University of Kentucky, C. Spinuzzi was at The University of Texas at Austin, and C. Teston was at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.
Comparison of the auxiliary vector function and adjoint methods in solving anisotropic media electromagnetic problems

Although weighted residual techniques are extremely general and may be applied to both very arbitrary linear media of highly complex anisotropic character as well as nonlinear media, there are some places where one could cite the desire to maintain a variational approach. It is for these cases that we here address the properties of the auxiliary method for treating differing degrees of anisotropy, including but not limited to gyroelectric, gyromagnetic chiral, gyroelectromagnetic, gyroelectrochiral, gyromagnetochiral, and gyroelectromagnetochiral. What the adjoint method is capable of doing and its limitations will be discussed in view of the auxiliary method. Issues such as inner product boundary conditions, adjoint media, adjoint fields, non-self-adjointness, nonhermiticity, auxiliary vector f function, to name a few, will be considered. These matters have particular significance for problems being solved today using intensive numerical techniques such as finite difference and finite element methods being simulated on PC, MAC, workstation, and mainframe platforms. >
The influence of maturation upon sensory reinforced behavior of chicks

The sensory reinforced behavior of 160 chicks was investigated as a function of maturation development. The effect of the sensory reinforcer was inversely proportional to the age level. The results were further described in terms of an activation or arousal hypothesis.
Development of a compositional terminology model for nursing orders.

Abstract Aim: Develop a compositional terminology model for nursing orders that would conform to the existing standard health level seven (HL7) messaging standard for clinical orders. Develop and evaluate the set of attributes needed for a pre-coordinated concept for a single nursing order, using a replicable three-step modeling process. Results: A terminology model for nursing orders was developed using empirical data. The model was validated against nursing research and standards literature, and evaluated using 609 nursing orders that were successfully mapped to the structure. The representative services came from 20 Intermountain Health Care (IHC) hospitals, demonstrating the generalizability of the model and its attributes across many care settings.
Investigation of Processing Parameters on Stability of (SOG) Files on Patterned Si Wafers

Polymeric sols of SiO 2 or siloxane polymers in n-propanol were investigated for use as dielectric and planarization layers on patterned silicon wafers for device application. Spin coating of the sol (SOG) resulted in rapid gelation through solvent evaporation but cracking often occurred on heating. This study examined the influence of SOG composition, deposition process and heating rate on film planarization and cracking. Planarization was found to be enhanced by layer thickness, but cracking stability was reduced. Sequential drying of the applied SOG layers and use of trlethano-lamine as a complexing base was found to significantly reduce cracking tendency in the films.
The trapdoor procedure using autogenous cortical and cancellous bone grafts for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

We have reviewed the results of 30 operations performed on 23 patients with Ficat stage-III or stage-IV osteonecrosis of the femoral head in which autogenous cortical and cancellous bone grafting had been performed through a so-called trapdoor made in the femoral head. At a mean of 56 months (30 to 60) after operation 20 of 24 stage-III hips (83%) had a good or excellent result as determined by the Harris hip-scoring system. Two of six stage-IV hips (33%) had good or excellent results. Eighteen of 21 hips (86%) with a combined necrotic angle of 200 degrees had good or excellent clinical results compared with only four of nine hips (44%) with a combined necrotic angle of more than 200 degrees. Six of the eight hips which had fair or poor results were in patients who had received corticosteroids; five of these six hips had lesions with a combined necrotic angle of greater than 200 degrees or were in a late stage (stage IV). There were no perioperative complications. Our results suggest that the trapdoor procedure with autogenous cancellous and cortical bone grafting can be successful in Ficat and Arlet stage-III osteonecrosis of the hip in patients with small- to medium-sized lesions.
The significance of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease

The role of the cardiologist is expanding and involves the management of patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive arterial disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease. The purpose of this review is to educate the clinician on the significance of lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive arterial disease. Pathophysiology and anatomy are briefly reviewed. The definition of PAD is based upon both anatomic and functional considerations. Risk factors for PAD include traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. There is a considerable overlap between coronary and cerebrovascular diseases and PAD. Diagnosis is made mainly by history and physical examination. Noninvasive and invasive tests help diagnosis and localize disease. Expanded therapies to improve outcomes include lifestyle changes, medical treatment, interventional cardiovascular procedures, or surgical intervention.
Ethnicity, obesity and the metabolic syndrome: implications on assessing risk and targeting intervention

Pediatric obesity threatens the future health of a growing number of children worldwide. An added challenge in identifying the patients at greatest need for intervention due to their elevated risk for future disease is that pediatric obesity and the associated metabolic syndrome manifest differently among different ethnic groups. African–Americans and Hispanics are more likely to exhibit obesity and insulin resistance and are at a higher risk for developing Type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, using current criteria, African–American adolescents are much less likely to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, largely owing to lower rates of dyslipidemia. Further development is needed in ethnicity-inclusive means of risk identification among adolescents to accurately target treatment toward children at highest risk for future disease and to motivate adolescent patients and their families towards lifestyle improvement. Effective targeting and intensive treatment efforts may help in avoiding future sequelae of obesit...
Maintaining consistency in project planning reuse

In this paper we describe an application of JTMS technology for maintaining consistency of pieces of a project plan obtained by case reuse. In our approach project plans are constructed interactively with the support of a CBR module. The user can either make edits to a project plan, or call a case reuse module for completing parts of it. As the user is making modifications on the project plan, conditions about applicability of the cases may change. We present an implementation of JTMS technology on a commercial tool for project planning to detect possible inconsistencies in reusing cases as a result of these changes.
Extremum seeking with very slow or drifting sensors

Slow sensors arise in many applications, including sensing of concentrations of chemicals in tracking of contaminant plumes. Slow sensors are often the cause of poor performance and a potential cause of instability. In this paper we design a modified extremum seeking scheme to account for and even to exploit slow sensor dynamics. We also consider the worst case, which is sensor dynamics governed by a pure integrator. We provide stability results for several distinct variations on our ES scheme. We use metal-oxide microhotplate gas sensors as a real world example of slow sensor dynamics, model the sensor based on experimental data, and provide extremum seeking simulation results employing the identified sensor model.
Why Biphoton But Not Two Photons

What is the difference between two-photon phenomena and phenomena involving two photons? We address this question by reporting two two-photon interference experiments. In the first experiment we show that two-photon interference does not require the “indistinguishability” of two photons, and hence is not interference of two photons.
Tupni: automatic reverse engineering of input formats

Recent work has established the importance of automatic reverse engineering of protocol or file format specifications. However, the formats reverse engineered by previous tools have missed important information that is critical for security applications. In this paper, we present Tupni, a tool that can reverse engineer an input format with a rich set of information, including record sequences, record types, and input constraints. Tupni can generalize the format specification over multiple inputs. We have implemented a prototype of Tupni and evaluated it on ten different formats: five file formats (WMF, BMP, JPG, PNG and TIF) and five network protocols (DNS, RPC, TFTP, HTTP and FTP). Tupni identified all record sequences in the test inputs. We also show that, by aggregating over multiple WMF files, Tupni can derive a more complete format specification for WMF. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of Tupni by using the rich information it provides for zero-day vulnerability signature generation, which was not possible with previous reverse engineering tools.
Riluzole increases the amount of latent HSF1 for an amplified heat shock response and cytoprotection.

Background: Induction of the heat shock response (HSR) and increased expression of the heat shock proteins (HSPs) provide mechanisms to ensure proper protein folding, trafficking, and disposition. The importance of HSPs is underscored by the understanding that protein mis-folding and aggregation contribute centrally to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used a cell-based hsp70-luciferease reporter gene assay system to identify agents that modulate the HSR and show here that clinically relevant concentrations of the FDA-approved ALS drug riluzole significantly increased the heat shock induction of hsp70-luciferse reporter gene. Immuno-Western and -cytochemical analysis of HSF1 show that riluzole increased the amount of cytosolic HSF1 to afford a greater activation of HSF1 upon heat shock. The increased HSF1 contributed centrally to the cytoprotective activity of riluzole as hsf1 gene knockout negated the synergistic activity of riluzole and conditioning heat shock to confer cell survival under oxidative stress. Evidence of a posttranscriptional mechanism for the increase in HSF1 include: quantitation of mRNA hsf1 by RT-PCR showed no effect of either heat shock or riluzole treatment; riluzole also increased the expression of HSF1 from a CMV-promoter; analysis of the turnover of HSF1 by pulse chase and immunoprecipitation show that riluzole slowed the decay of [ 35 S]labeled-HSF1. The effect of riluzole on HSF1 was qualitatively different from that of MG132 and chloroquine, inhibitors of the proteasome and lysosome, respectively, and appeared to involve the chaperone-mediated autophagy pathway as RNAi-mediated knockdown of CMA negated its effect. Conclusion/Significance: We show that riluzole increased the amount of HSF1 to amplify the HSR for cytoprotection. Our study provides novel insight into the mechanism that regulates HSF1 turnover, and identifies the degradation of HSF1 as a target for therapeutics intervention.
Visualizing implicit queries for information management and retrieval

In this paper, we describe the use of similarity metrics in a novel visual environment for storing and retrieving favorite web pages. The similarity metrics, called Implicit Queries, are used to automatically highlight stored web pages that are related to the currently selected web page. Two experiments explored how users manage their personal web information space with and without the Implicit Query highlighting and later retrieve their stored web pages. When storing and organizing web pages, users with Implicit Query highlighting generated slightly more categories. Implicit Queries also led to faster web page retrieval time, although the results were not statistically significant.
Regulatory RNAs derived from transfer RNA

Four recent studies suggest that cleavages of transfer RNAs generate products with microRNA-like features, with some evidence of function. If their regulatory functions were to be confirmed, these newly revealed RNAs would add to the expanding repertoire of small noncoding RNAs and would also provide new perspectives on the coevolution of transfer RNA and messenger RNA.
Gradient destruction in flow through a rigid matrix

On etudie l'ecoulement d'un fluide a travers une matrice solide en introduisant un modele phenomenologique bidimensionnel a travers une cellule unitaire
Language identification for singing

In spoken language processing, considerable research has been accomplished on language identification. Singing language identification is an important yet challenging area that has attracted only a few researchers in music processing. As one information source that can be extracted from music, the language of vocal music is useful for song classification, recognition, and retrieval based on the singing language, specially in unlabeled or mislabeled music collections. In addition, consideration of singing as a speaking style introduces new challenges to existing language identification systems. Our objective in this paper, as one of the first attempts for singing language identification, is to evaluate successful LID systems, specifically PPRLM with singing speech. Furthermore, we propose a prosodic approach based on pitch contour approximation and compare the results to PPRLM system. Language identification performance for singing and read speech are compared in both systems. Finally, we combine the PPRLM and prosodic systems which achieves an average performance improvement of 4.7% for singing, and 8.7% for read speech compared to the baseline PPRLM system. Our evaluations are based on a multilingual singing corpus that we have collected for this study.
Accuracy of Two Electromagnetic Soil Water Content Sensors in Saline Soils

Information on the accuracy of commercially available electromagnetic (EM) soil water content sensors in a variety of soil types and over a range of volumetric water content (VWC) and salinity levels is still limited. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the Acclima Digital Time Domain Transmissometry (TDT) and the Toro Turf Guard Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) sensors in a loamy sand and a loam soil at soil salinity levels from 2 to 18 dS m⁻¹. Overall linear association between gravimetric and sensor-determined VWC across all salinity levels revealed coefficients of determination between 0.86 and 0.97. In addition to a good linear model fit, a significant quadratic association was also detectable for the TDT sensor in loamy sand at 12 dS m⁻¹ and in loam at 12 and 18 dS m⁻¹. Overall, both sensors reliably measured VWC in both soil types at all salinity levels, however data suggests that different soil types require separate calibration. Moreover, accuracy of the sensor readings can be further improved if differential calibration is applied for different salinity levels. Regression analysis indicated that with increasing salinity, the Turf Guard sensors showed an upward bias (intercept for higher salinities greater than for 3 dS m⁻¹), whereas the TDT sensor exhibited a downward bias (intercept smaller than for low salinitiy levels).
The Alcator C-Mod Program

To introduce this special issue, this paper gives a brief overview of the key themes in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak research program. These include energy, particle and momentum transport, wave-plasm...
Predictive computer simulations of tumor drug response demonstrate that 3-D hypoxic gradients significantly increase drug resistance

2071 Background: We created a three-dimensional physiologically based computer (in-silico) model of cancer based on a description of biological events at the cellular scale with input variables det...
Numerical Simulation of Freestream Waves Receptivity and Breakdown over Mach 6 Flared Cone

This paper presented direct numerical simulations of hypersonic boundary layer transition over cones in Mach 6 flow with zero angle of attack induced by fresstream waves. A disturbance pulse model that embraces a wide range of frequencies is introduced in the freestream to capture the receptivity response at different frequencies. Approach that breaks the direct numerical simulation into three parts: meanflow computation, linear receptivity simulation and nonlinear breakdown simulation is utilized. One test case has been completed using the three-step approach. The simulation is carried up to the early stage of breakdown. The preliminary result shows strong evidence of fundamental resonance mechanism during the early stage into breakdown.
Brand Name Effects on Interproduct Similarity Judgments

Data are presented demonstrating that similarity judgments between pairs of product categories can be asymmetrical and that brand name associations can reverse the direction of asymmetry. Brand name associations can, but do not necessarily, increase perceived similarity between product categories. The results support the view that similarity judgments between product categories are highly relative and context dependent. Because similarity plays a key role in models of affect transfer between branded products, similarity asymmetry has direct implications for brand extension strategy. Companies may be able to minimize the risk of brand extension to core products by accentuating the variant status of the extensions.
Gender Identity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Phenomenology

Summary Gender differences emerge regularly in autobiographical memory research. We suggest that gender differences in phenomenological self-report measures of autobiographical memory are rooted in gender identity rather than categorical gender. Reminiscing about the past is perceived as a female-typical activity, and therefore, gender-typical individuals will conform to these stereotypes. In this study, 196 participants, age 18–40, each rated the phenomenology of four event memories. Ratings of feminine gender identity, also completed by participants, consistently correlated with MEQ scores, indicating that greater endorsement of feminine gender norms predicted higher memory quality and valence. Masculine gender identity also correlated with MEQ scores, but these correlations were less consistent. Findings suggest that a focus on gender identity can both explain the source of some gender differences in autobiographical memory and potentially explain some inconsistencies in the current literature.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of the Change of Frozen Soil in Source Regions of the Yellow River under Climate Warming

In the recent 40 years,ground temperature has been increasing in the source region of the Yellow River,as a result,permafrost table drops down.After the degradation of permafrost,soil moisture decreases which leads to the change of the frozen zones' runoff.So the study on the frozen soil will provide the important foundation to estimate the water resources in frozen zones.By using the equation regularity of moisture movement and soil thermal conductive and adopting central scheme,the mathematical model for solving the problem of coupled moisture and heat transfer during soil freezing is established with some assumption,and the soil freeze-thaw depth in the source region of the Yellow River is simulated.The measured data agree well with the theoretical prediction based on the proposed model and solved by finite difference method.In this paper,by using heat and water coupled equations,the annual variations of soil freezing and thawing in the station of frozen soil are simulated.The law of annual variations of frozen depth is analyzed.Additionally,the temperature factor affecting frozen depth is also analyzed.
Stretch and hold: The dynamics of a filament governed by a viscoelastic constitutive model with thixotropic yield stress behavior

The transient behavior of filament stretching is studied for a viscoelastic constitutive model that combines a partially extending strand convection model with a Newtonian solvent. The vertical filament is fixed at the bottom and the top is pulled up and held. Gravity and surface tension are also included in the model though they are not the primary mechanisms in this study. An axisymmetric circular slender jet approximation is applied. An asymptotic analysis for the initial stages of evolution is performed for large relaxation time, so that an interplay of fast and slow time scales emerges, and gives a criterion for whether the fluid yields immediately or whether slow dynamics ensues, depending on elastic stresses, gravity, and capillary stress. The analysis guides the choice of parameters to exemplify thixotropy and yield stress behavior through numerical simulations of the full governing equations from start to finish of the filament evolution. Elastic effects promote a spring back of the filament toward its initial shape, while pulling at the top stretches the filament locally to promote yielding, with the lower portion of the filament remaining unyielded. In addition, a parameter regime that models extensional experiments in the literature for yield stress fluids sheds light on the differences in filament shapes.