cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cameras in Classrooms: Photography’s Pedagogical Potential

This chapter looks at the unique qualities of photography that makes it an ideal tool to use in classrooms for teaching all different subject matter as well as an important device to teach about. Having years of experience as a photojournalist and as an educator, the author explores theoretical underpinnings of photography as well as practical applications for teaching. Today, the camera has become a powerful pedagogical tool because of its ubiquity in society, low price, ease of use, and democratic potential. What had for years been too expensive or difficult to utilize in the classroom, is now an invaluable teaching aid that educators should integrate throughout their curricula and encourage students to analyze and use. Photographs have become so common these days that neither adults nor children are accustomed to questioning the construction or bias of the pictures that surround them. When using a critical media literacy framework, teachers and students can support democratic pedagogy by using photography to co-construct knowledge and create alternative representations of their world.
The challenge of international value-added network services: Agreements in the Asia-Pacific area

Abstract International trade in value-added network services (IVANS) is a $200 billion per year global telecommunications marketplace. This marketplace includes such diverse services as videoconferencing, electronic messaging, EDI, online databases, telemetry, remote data processing and network management services. IVANS is also a commingled series of trade and regulatory issues which are successfully challenging conservative national telecommunications monopolies through innovative negotiated competition agreements, especially in the Asia-Pacific area.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

This article discusses the difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It also reviews disease progression, population variation, and roles for modeling. Keywords: pharmacokinetics; PK; pharmacodynamics; PD; PhRMAM; biodistribution
R and D priorities and challenges for optical networking

Summary form only given. Today, the telecommunication industry is experiencing "a nuclear winter". It is a challenging proposition right now to debate research and development (R and D) priorities for optical networking. However, even though the telecommunication market is unsettled today, we need to be ready with appropriate technological solutions to meet the growing bandwidth needs of our information society. Optical networking - using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) - is the technology for meeting these demands. While there is a glut of dark fiber and WDM transmission capacity today, we believe that there will be a tremendous need for optical switching equipment for managing high-capacity optical signals. This talk first makes the case for the important role software plays in bringing cost-effective and intelligent optical networking to the marketplace. After providing an overview of telecommunication networks, we discuss promising R and D challenges for optical networking in access and metropolitan areas. Then, we examine the near-term R and D challenges for backbone optical networks: namely, dynamic provisioning of high-capacity connections of different bandwidths, fault management, and topology engineering. Finally, we state R and D priorities over a longer-term horizon.
Use of nitrogen-15 to assess terrestrial nitrogen cycling processes

In a recent paper, Hauck (1982) estimated that over 3,000 articles have been written describing the use of 15N in the agriculturally related sciences. In an earlier review, Hauck and Bystrom (1970) cited 1,000 articles dealing with 15N in the agricultural sciences. This explosive increase in utilization of 15N is mainly attributable to the greater availability of mass spectrometers and to the lower cost of 15N-labeled materials. A recent development that should further increase utilization of 15N is the development of commercial laboratories (e.g. Isotope Services Inc., Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.) that are capable of accurately analyzing labeled samples at moderate costs ($5 to $17 [U.S.A.] per sample).
Transdermal Prodrug Delivery for Radionuclide Decorporation: Nonaqueous Gel Formulation Development and In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment

Preclinical Research The penta-ethyl ester of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), a DTPA prodrug designated as C2E5 intended for transdermal delivery for radionuclide decorporation, was first screened with a prototype cream formulation and a hydrocarbon base ointment with C2E5 concentration ranging from 1% to 20%. C2E5 experienced rapid degradation in the cream matrix and C2E5 ointment formulation underwent phase separation due to components incompatibility. Nonaqueous gel matrix comprised of ethyl cellulose/Miglyol 840® was utilized to formulate C2E5 at different ethyl cellulose and C2E5 content levels. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging were applied for analysis of the prepared C2E5 gel formulation. C2E5 was stabilized in the nonaqueous gel matrix and ethyl cellulose solubilization by dispersion media was confirmed by DSC and SEM results. Selected C2E5 nonaqueous gel formulations were evaluated in a rodent 241Am wound contamination model at a dose level of 200 mg C2E5/kg. The enhanced decorporation over no treatment control on total decorporation, decorporation by urine, and decorporation by feces was 142%, 181%, and 86%, respectively. The nonaqueous gel matrix composed of ethyl cellulose/Miglyol 840 was successfully employed to stabilize the hydrolysis prone C2E5. C2E5 was delivered transdermally and achieved enhanced decorporation for the proof of hypothesis.
Culture and Divorce

Abstract The term “divorce culture” has been popularized in recent years by scholars studying American family demographics. It suggests that the high rates of divorce relative to earlier decades are in part due to changes of values in American society at large, though little direct empirical evidence exists for this claim. Does the concept of the divorce culture apply to a religious population, which might be expected to hold more traditional values? The present study examines the relationship between measures of values and attitudes toward divorce and marriage in a Protestant sample. Demographic and religious variables are included in the analysis as controls. The results indicate that values make a moderate but statistically significant contribution to divorce attitude.
Multi-sensor data-driven: synchronization using wearable sensors

This paper presents a method to synchronize the data streams from multiple sensors, including wearables and sensors in the environment. Our approach exploits common events observed by the sensors as they interact. We detect physical and cyber couplings between the sensor data streams and determine which couplings will minimize the overall clock drift. We present a graph model to represent the event couplings between sensors and the drift in the sensor timing and propose a solution that employs a shortest path algorithm to minimize the overall clock drift in the system based on the graph model. Experimental results over two trials show an improvement of 21.5% and 43.7% for total drift and 59.4% and 60.7% for average drift.
The Resonance Peak in Cuprate Superconductors

We pursue the consequences of a theory in which the resonance peak observed in inelastic neutron scattering experiments on underdoped and optimally doped YBa{sub 2}Cu {sub 3}O{sub 6+x} compounds arises from a spin-wave excitation. We find that it is heavily damped in the normal state and only becomes visible in the superconducting state due to the drastic decrease in spin damping. We show that a spin-fermion model correctly describes the doping dependence of the peak position and of the integrated intensity. Finally, we make several predictions concerning resonance peaks in other cuprate superconductors. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Response of two-phase droplets to intense electromagnetic radiation.

The response of two-phase droplets to intense radiant heating is studied to determine the incident power that is required for causing explosive boiling in the liquid phase. The droplets studied consist of strongly absorbing coal particles dispersed in a weakly absorbing water medium. Experiments are performed by confining droplets (radii of 37, 55, and 80 microns) electrodynamically and irradiating them from two sides with pulsed laser beams. Emphasis is placed on the transition region from accelerated droplet vaporization to droplet superheating and explosive boiling. The time scale observed for explosive boiling is more than 2 orders of magnitude longer than published values for pure liquids. The delayed response is the result of energy transfer limitations between the absorbing solid phase and the surrounding liquid.
Time-Resolved Electronic Spectroscopy To Examine Shock-Wave-Induced Changes in Anthracene Single Crystals

Shock-wave-induced electronic structure changes in anthracene single crystals were examined using time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Crystals were subjected to stepwise loading normal to the (001) crystallographic plane to peak stresses between 2.5 and 6.0 GPa. Absorption experiments revealed (i) a monotonic shift of the absorption edge of the singlet state toward lower energies (red shift) and (ii) formation of a new band on the lower energy side of the red-shifted absorption edge. Furthermore, laser excitation to the new absorption band produced fluorescence with excimer-like characteristics. The combined absorption and fluorescence results indicate the formation of new electronic states as a consequence of shock-wave compression and the resulting plastic deformation. The new states are attributed to dimer-type defects formed in shocked anthracene crystals.
A neural degeneration mutation that spares primary neurons in the zebrafish

We describe an embryonic lethal mutation in the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio that specifically affects the viability of most cells in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). The mutation ned-1 (b39rl) was induced with gamma-irradiation and segregates as a single recessive allele closely linked to its centromere. It produces massive cell death in the CNS but a small set of specific neurons, including Rohon-Beard sensory neurons, large hindbrain interneurons, and primary motoneurons, survive embryogenesis and are functional. Synaptic connections between embryonic motoneurons and muscle cells appear physiologically normal, and the normally observed spontaneous flexions are present. Correlated with the presence of sensory neurons and interneurons, mutant embryos display reflexive movements in response to mechanical stimulation. Together, the surviving neurons, called primary neurons, form a class of cells that are prominent in size and arise early during development. Thus, this mutation may define a function that is differentially required by developmentally distinguishable sets of cells in the embryonic CNS.
Bit-level systolic arrays for modular multiplication

This paper presents bit-level cellular arrays implementing Blakley's algorithm for multiplication of twon-bit integers modulo anothern-bit integer. The semi-systolic version uses 3n(n+3) single-bit carry save adders and 2n copies of 3-bit carry look-ahead logic, and computes a pair of binary numbers (C, S) in 3n clock cycles such thatC+S?[0, 2N). The carry look-ahead logic is used to estimate the sign of the partial product, which is needed during the reduction process. The final result in the correct range [0,N) can easily be obtained by computingC+S andC+S?N, and selecting the latter if it is positive; otherwise, the former is selected. We construct a localized process dependence graph of this algorithm, and introduce a systolic array containing 3nw simple adder cells. The latency of the systolic array is 6n+w?2, wherew=?n/2?. The systolic version does not require broadcast and can be used to efficiently compute several modular multiplications in a pipelined fashion, producing a result in every clock cycle.
A comparative study on the weak Galerkin, discontinuous Galerkin, and mixed finite element methods

This paper presents a comparative study on the newly introduced weak Galerkin finite element methods (WGFEMs) with the widely accepted discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods (DGFEMs) and the classical mixed finite element methods (MFEMs) for solving second-order elliptic boundary value problems. We examine the differences, similarities, and connection among these methods in scheme formulations, implementation strategies, accuracy, and computational cost. The comparison and numerical experiments demonstrate that WGFEMs are viable alternatives to MFEMs and hold some advantages over DGFEMs, due to their properties of local conservation, normal flux continuity, no need for penalty factor, and definiteness of discrete linear systems.
Is Extraordinary Growth Profitable? A Study of Inc. 500 High–Growth Companies*:

This research note tests whether extraordinary high growth (e.g., sales growth rates of 500 percent to 31,000 percent over five years) is correlated to firm profitability. Using longitudinal data from three separate cohorts of Inc. 500 firms (from 1992 to 1996; 1993 to 1997; and 1994 to 1998), firm growth was operationalized in terms of sales and number of employees. Controlling for industry sector and ranking on the Inc. 500 lists, analyses found that extraordinary high growth—in terms of sales and number of employees—was not related to firm profitability. Firm age, however, was significantly, and inversely, related to profitability; younger firms experience slightly higher profitability rates. Implications for management and future study of extraordinary high-growth firms are discussed.
Identification of amino acid residues in protein SRP72 required for binding to a kinked 5e motif of the human signal recognition particle RNA

Background: Human cells depend critically on the signal recognition particle (SRP) for the sorting and delivery of their proteins. The SRP is a ribonucleoprotein complex which binds to signal sequences of secretory polypeptides as they emerge from the ribosome. Among the six proteins of the eukaryotic SRP, the largest protein, SRP72, is essential for protein targeting and possesses a poorly characterized RNA binding domain. Results: We delineated the minimal region of SRP72 capable of forming a stable complex with an SRP RNA fragment. The region encompassed residues 545 to 585 of the full-length human SRP72 and contained a lysine-rich cluster (KKKKKKKKGK) at postions 552 to 561 as well as a conserved Pfam motif with the sequence PDPXRWLPXXER at positions 572 to 583. We demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis that both regions participated in the formation of a complex with the RNA. In agreement with biochemical data and results from chymotryptic digestion experiments, molecular modeling of SRP72 implied that the invariant W577 was located inside the predicted structure of an RNA binding domain. The 11-nucleotide 5e motif contained within the SRP RNA fragment was shown by comparative electrophoresis on native polyacrylamide gels to conform to an RNA kinkturn. The model of the complex suggested that the conserved A240 of the K-turn, previously identified as being essential for the binding to SRP72, could protrude into a groove of the SRP72 RNA binding domain, similar but not identical to how other K-turn recognizing proteins interact with RNA. Conclusions: The results from the presented experiments provided insights into the molecular details of a functionally important and structurally interesting RNA-protein interaction. A model for how a ligand binding pocket of SRP72 can accommodate a new RNA K-turn in the 5e region of the eukaryotic SRP RNA is proposed.
Modification of lipid phase behavior with membrane-bound cryoprotectants.

Abstract Several derivatives of cholesterol containing oxyethylene headgroups with and without a terminal galactose have been synthesized in order to examine the effects of immobilizing a cryoprotectant at a membrane surface. In this work, we have studied the ability of the triethoxycholesterol (TEC) and triethoxycholesterol galactose (TEC-Gal) derivatives to modulate the phase behavior of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine membranes. Methods of fluorescence polarization, 31P-NMR and freeze-fracture electron microscopy were employed to monitor these changes in lipid phase behavior. Fluorescence polarization data demonstrated the ability of the derivatives to fluidize gel state and rigidify liquid-crystalline state phosphatidylcholines in a manner similar to that observed for cholesterol. Unlike cholesterol, however, the T m of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner with each of the derivatives. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy and 31P-NMR of DOPE dispersions indicate an increase in the lamellar to hexagonal phase-transition temperature on the order of 10–20 C° above room temperature for mixtures with 20 mol% of the derivatives. These results are discussed in terms of the properties exhibited by compounds such as carbohydrates, which are known to serve as cryoprotectants for synthetic and biological membranes.
Impact of preparation and handling on the hydrogen storage properties of Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)3 (MOF-5).

The prototypical metal-organic framework Zn4O(BDC)3 (MOF-5, BDC2- = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) decomposes gradually in humid air to form a nonporous solid. Recognizing this, improved procedures for its synthesis and handling were developed, leading to significant increases in N2 and H2 gas adsorption capacities. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured at 77 K reveal an enhanced maximum N2 uptake of 44.5 mmol/g and a BET surface area of 3800 m2/g, compared to the 35.8 mmol/g and 3100 m2/g obtained for a sample prepared using previous methods. High-pressure H2 adsorption isotherms show improvements from 5.0 to 7.1 excess wt % at 77 K and 40 bar. The total H2 uptake was further observed to climb to 11.5 wt % at 170 bar, corresponding to a volumetric storage density of 77 g/L. Thus, the air-free compound exhibits the highest gravimetric and volumetric H2 uptake capacities yet demonstrated for a cryogenic hydrogen storage material. Moreover, no loss of capacity was apparent during 24 complete adsorption−desorpti...
Silicon-on-sapphire films with negative and positive interfacial charges

Abstract Silicon films grown on sapphire at fast (3 μ m min -1 ) and slow (0.3 μ m min -1 ) rates were investigated by extended range MIS capacitance-voltage, transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements. Results show that the epitaxial silicon film grown at the fast rate has positive interfacial charges and good crystallinity with twins and stacking faults localized mostly in the region near the SiAl 2 O 3 interface. In contrast, the film grown at the slow rate has (1) negative interfacial charges, (2) an appreciable amount of out-doped aluminum and (3) poor crystallinity with twins extending to the top surface.
Arc syndrome without arthrogryposis, with hip dislocation and renal glomerulocystic appearance: a case report

Arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder first described in 1979 and recently ascribed to mutation in VPS33B whose product acts in intracellular trafficking. It exhibits wide clinical variability. Arthrogryposis, spillage of various substances in the urine, and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia define an ARC core phenotype, in some patients associated with ichthyosis, central nervous system malformation, deafness, and platelet abnormalities. Many patients with different associations of cholestasis, renal tubular acidosis, and dysmorphic morphology may be underdiagnosed. We report the third patient of ARC syndrome from Turkey with an incomplete form with renal tubular dysfunction and cholestasis in the absence of arthrogryposis but exhibiting other rare features. Our case highlights that the variability of involvement of different systems in ARC syndrome is well described; however, the renal glomerulocystic appearance has not been reported previously. Knowledge of this rare condition can benefit the practitioner as well as the patient.
Using Carl Rogers’ communication theories in the composition classroom

(1982). Using Carl Rogers’ communication theories in the composition classroom. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 50-55.
Mechanisms for the NAO Responses to the North Atlantic SST Tripole

Abstract The response of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) to the North Atlantic SST tripole exhibits both symmetric and asymmetric components with respect to the sign of the SST anomaly. The symmetric part of the response is characterized by a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)–like dipole with an equivalent barotropic structure over the Atlantic. The asymmetry is manifested in a weaker and smaller-scale dipole response to the positive SST tripole in contrast to a stronger and more zonally elongated dipole response to the negative tripole. Mechanisms for developing and maintaining these GCM responses are elucidated through diagnostic experiments using a linear baroclinic model and a statistical storm track model based on GCM intrinsic variability. The NAO-like symmetric response is primarily maintained by a dipolar anomalous eddy forcing that results from interactions between the heating-forced anomalous flow and the Atlantic storm track, as expected from an eddy-feedback mechanism. To account...
Differences in lipid composition between intact and membrane-stripped spinach chloroplasts

Abstract Intact spinach chloroplasts, which fixed CO 2 in light at a rate of 75–100 μmoles CO 2 · mg chlorophyll −1 · h −1 , had a ratio of μg of total lipid/μg of chlorophyll equal to 4.30. These chloroplasts, after stripping the chloroplast envelope membranes by osmotic shock, lost 17.0% of their total lipid and 90% of their CO 2 fixation. The lipids of chloroplast envelope membranes were not qualitatively different from those remaining in the lamellae of the stripped chloroplasts.
Complement and natural antibody are required in the long-term memory response to influenza virus.

Abstract Complement, complement receptors and natural antibody (IgM) are important factors in the immune response against pathogens. Previous studies have indicated a role for C3, the complement receptors CD35/CD21 (CR1/CR2), and IgM in the immune response to influenza virus. Nevertheless, their contribution to the long-term memory response to this pathogen remains unknown. To elucidate this role, we characterized the secondary response on mice deficient of CR1/CR2 (Cr2−/−), C3 (C3−/−), secreted IgM (μs−/−) and the double knockout C3−/−μs−/−. Overall, our results suggest that C3, IgM and CR1/CR2 play crucial roles in the maintenance of long-term memory to influenza virus, possibly through the development of memory B cells and long-term antibody secretion.
Age differences in hypermnesia: word gain versus word loss.

Abstract A hypermnesic task was administered to 82 younger adults (ages 27–39), 63 middle-aged adults (ages 40–59), and 119 older adults (ages 60–87). Previous research suggests that relational encoding prevents loss of items and item-specific encoding promotes item gains in a hypermnesic task (Klein et al., 1989) and that there are age differences in relational but not item-specific encoding (Luszcz et al., 1990). This information provided the basis for three predictions: (a) There are age differences in hypermnesia, (b) there are age differences in word losses in a hypermnesic task, and (c) there are no age differences in word gains in a hypermnesic task. In order to manipulate type of encoding, a list of words with high association strength (to evoke relational encoding) and words with low association strength (to evoke item-specific encoding) was constructed. The results of this investigation provide support for the encoding manipulation and for all three predictions. In addition, the nature of the ag...
Acoustic neuroma radiosurgery with marginal tumor doses of 12 to 13 gy

Abstract Purpose To define tumor control and clinical outcomes of radiosurgery to marginal tumor doses of 12–13 Gy for unilateral acoustic neuroma patients. Methods and materials Three hundred thirteen patients with previously untreated unilateral acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas) underwent gamma knife radiosurgery between February 1991 and February 2001 with marginal tumor doses of 12–13 Gy (median, 13 Gy). Median follow-up was 24 months (maximum, 115 months; 36 patients with ≥60 months). Maximum doses were 20–26 Gy (median, 26 Gy), and treatment volumes were 0.04–21.4 mL (median, 1.1 mL). Results The actuarial 6-year clinical tumor control rate (no requirement for surgical intervention) for the entire series was 98.6 ± 1.1%. Two patients required tumor resection; one had a complete resection for solid tumor growth and one required partial resection for an enlarging adjacent subarachnoid cyst. Six-year actuarial rates for preservation of facial nerve function, normal trigeminal nerve function, unchanged hearing level, and useful hearing were 100%, 95.6 ± 1.8%, 70.3 ± 5.8%, and 78.6 ± 5.1%, respectively. The risk of developing trigeminal neuropathy correlated with increasing tumor volume ( p = 0.038). Conclusions Acoustic neuroma radiosurgery with doses of 12–13 Gy provides high rates of tumor control and cranial nerve preservation.
Closed chain assessment of quadriceps activation using the superimposed burst technique

Abstract The superimposed burst technique is used to estimate quadriceps central activation ratio during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction, which is calculated from force data during an open-chain knee extension task. Assessing quadriceps activation in a closed-chain position would more closely simulate the action of the quadriceps during activity. Our aim was to determine the test–retest reliability of the quadriceps central activation ratio in the closed chain. Methods Twenty-two healthy, active volunteers (13M/12F; age=23.8±3; height=72.7±14.5cm; mass=175.3±9.6kg) were recruited to participate. Knee extension MVIC torque and the peak torque during a superimposed electrical stimulus delivered to the quadriceps during an MVIC were measured to estimate quadriceps CAR. Interclass correlation coefficients were used to assess test–retest reliability between sessions, and Bland–Altman plots to graphically assess agreement between sessions. Results Test–retest reliability was fair for CAR (ICC 2,k =0.68; P =0.005), with a mean difference of −2.8±10.3%, and limits of agreement ranging −23.1–18.1%. Conclusions CAR calculated using the superimposed burst technique is moderately reliable in a closed-chain position using technique-based instruction. Although acceptable reliability was demonstrated, wide limits of agreement suggest high variability between sessions.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, but not cyclooxygenase-1, reduces prostaglandin E2 secretion from diabetic rat retinas

Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 occurs in retinal cells during the early onset of diabetic retinopathy. Under these conditions, prostaglandin production is elevated, which in turn leads to an increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)--a growth factor implicated in vascular leakage and neovascularization. In this ex vivo study, we tested whether cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2 is responsible for diabetes-induced secretion of prostaglandin E2 from isolated rat retinas. Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, significantly inhibited prostaglandin E2 secretion, whereas SC560 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole], a selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, had no inhibitory effect. These results suggests that the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-2, but not cyclooxygenase-1, results in prostaglandin E2 secretion under diabetic conditions.
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIRECTIONAL HEARING

Determining the nature of objects in our world is a basic necessity of life. Hear ing allows us to de te rmine objects in our world based on the sounds that they produce . There are several propert ies of a sound that might contr ibute to this process (see Yost, 1992, for a review). For instance, sounds from objects at different locations in space present different acoustic pat terns to the ears of a listener. Listeners can use these differences in sound pat tern to locate a source, and one 's ability to locate the source aids in de te rmining its identity. Tha t is, the auditory system can use the acoustic information that arrives at our ears to de termine the location of that source. This article will review some of the fundamental facts concerning sound localization. There are several recent publications that provide more detailed reviews of directional hear ing than we will be able to provide in this article (Blauert, 1983; Gilkey & Anderson, 1997; Wightman & Kistler, 1993; Yost & Gourevitch, 1987). Objects are located in three spatial dimensions and can be located in these three dimensions based on the sounds they produce. Figure 1 describes the spatial dimensions as they will be used in this chapter. Space is described relative to a listener sitting at the center of a sphere. Depth (range) is defined by the radius of the sphere (the distance from the listener to the sphere's boundary) . Azimuth (horizontal angle) is defined by dividing the circle a round the listener into 360°, such that 0°is straight ahead, +90° is directly out from the right ear of the listener, 180° is directly behind the listener, and —90° (or 270°) is directly out from the left ear. A vertical angle (elevation) is defined by an arc that rises from below the listener to above the listener, such that 0° is again in front, +90° is overhead, and —90° (or 270°) is below. Thus, the position of any object in space can be specified by three numbers: range distance, azimuthal angle, and vertical angle.
Alkyl nitrate nitration of active methylene compounds. Nitration of 1-methyl4-piperidone, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 1,3-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinone†

The reaction of 1-methyl-4-piperidone (1) with amyl nitrate in the potassium tert-butoxidetetrahydrofuran system gave dipotassium 5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-piperidinedinitronate (4) in 78% yield. Similar treatment of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (2) afforded potassium 3-methyl-2-oxopyrrolidinenitronate (7) in 85% yield. In contrast, the nitration of 1,3-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (3) led to opening of the lactam ring with the formation of amyl 2-aza-2-methyl-5-nitrohexanoate (10) in 40% yield. Acidification of disalt 4 did not cause ring opening but gave the dipolar ion of 1-methyl-3-nitro 4-hydroxy-5-aci-nitro-Δ3-tetrahydropyridinium (6).
Hierarchical representations of market structures and choice processes through preference trees

Abstract Two ways of representing market structures in hierarchical forms are discussed and compared. The better-known method, hierarchical clustering of similarity measures derived from aggregate brand-switching probabilities, has three drawbacks. First, the aggregate-level switching probabilities may not be representative of the majority of the individuals; therefore, inferences made about individual or segmental behavior can be misleading. Second, regardless of the level of aggregation, it is not possible to infer the choice process from typical purchase data. Finally, in this example, this method produces a tree that is driven largely by the brands with small market shares. The other method, preference-tree analysis, models brand-choice behavior as a hierarchical elimination process. The parameters of the model are estimated from the way that relative brand-choice probabilities change as the choice set is varied. Preference-tree analysis, which requires paired-comparison preference data, is shown to eliminate the drawbacks observed with hierarchical clustering.
The Instability of a Compressible Fluid heated below

The vertical gradient of temperature needed to produce convection currents in a layer of incompressible liquid has already been investigated in several instances. For a compressible fluid instability cannot arise until the gradient exceeds the adiabatic one; it has been assumed usually that what matters is the excess of the actual gradient over the adiabatic. Thus the excess needed in a compressible fluid is to be found by the same formula as gives the gradient needed for instability in an incompressible fluid. It is desirable, however, to investigate the validity of this assumption.
Determination of Be in alumina by ICP-OES after Carius tube digestion

Standard Reference Material (SRM®) 699 Alumina (Reduction Grade) was digested in HCl at 240 °C inside Carius tubes. Beryllium was measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry at the 313.107 nm line and quantified to be 2.90 ± 0.24 μg g−1 by the method of standard addition. The uncertainty of the measurement was evaluated by taking into account the often-neglected contribution from the correlation between the intercept and the slope of the regression curve.
Conformality in the Kirkwood–Buff solution theory of statistical mechanics

The Kirkwood–Buff solution theory of statistical mechanics is examined in the light of the conformal solution approximation of the mixture radial distribution functions. By joining the mixture compressibility equation of the Kirkwood–Buff solution theory with the mixture energy and virial equations of statistical mechanics, a set of density and temperature dependent mixing rules has been developed which are used here to calculate properties of molecular fluids with varying size and interaction energy differences. It is demonstrated that the conformality approximation in the compressibility equation produces mixture results with a deviation, from the exact mixture data, on the opposite side of the predictions of the van der Waals theory of mixtures. The Kirkwood–Buff relation for the composition derivative of the chemical potential is also integrated by combining it with the conformal solution approximation and compared with the simulation data.
Brans-Dicke theory and the duration of the early universe

Though it is widely accepted that the duration of the early universe is about 500,000 years, it is pointed out that in Brans-Dicke theory, with some similar hypotheses to those usually accepted in general relativity models, this duration can be only 6 years.
Changes in measured biodegradation kinetics during the long-term operation of completely mixed activated sludge (CMAS) bioreactors

Two completely mixed activated sludge (CMAS) bioreactors, one with an aerobic selector and one without, were operated for approximately twelve and sixteen months, respectively. Extant biodegradation kinetics for several compounds were periodically tested using a batch respirometric procedure. Kinetic parameters from the CMAS unit without a selector showed considerable variability (standard deviation of ± 50%) even though it was operated at steady state (i.e. constant HRT, SRT, organic loading, etc.) for the duration of the study. At first, there was a large discrepancy between the kinetic parameters of the two bioreactors. Phenol and 4-chlorophenol were biodegraded according to Monod kinetics in the selector system and Andrews (inhibitory) kinetics in the non-selector system, and the μ^ and KS values were significantly greater in the selector system. The kinetic parameter values of the two systems converged, however, when the xenobiotic compounds were no longer fed to the selector in that system but were fed to the main bioreactor. After this switch, phenol and 4-chlorophenol followed inhibitory kinetics in both systems. The lack of inhibition when phenol and 4-chlorophenol were fed to the selector suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, bioreactors which have a concentration gradient (e.g. plug flow, sequencing batch, and tanks in series bioreactors) may be more resistant to inhibition.
A role for systemic lidocaine challenge in the classification of neuropathic pains

Considerable evidence from both laboratory investigations and clin ical experience supports the thesis of the focus article by Tanelian and Victory. Sodium channel blockade is the com ­ monal ity that links several agents that can effect ively reduce neuropathic pains. They have also accurately represented our limited understanding of the effects that these drugs have on neuropathic pain states. The cur­ rent dilemma is that we do not understand the mecha­ nism of neuropathic pain, and thus it is difficult to target agents that might interfere with biochemically or physio­ logically vulnerable steps in the process. Rather, we have borrowed drugs used for the management of other cond itions , that is, epilepsy, depression, arrhythmias, and applied them, with limited success, to the problem of neuropathic pain. As with many discoveries in medicine, the solution of the puzzle of neuropathic pain may likely proceed from the serend ipitous observation of a clinical response to a new class of drugs, rather than an analytical process of drug development that der ives from a fundamental understanding of the mech­ anism of the disorder. Trigeminal neuralgia is a neuropathic pain disorder that is sometimes cited as a model of a response to a sod ium channel blocker, although the analogy to more typ ical pains that occur after nervous system injury may not be appropriate.' Patients with trigeminal neuralgia typically respond dramatically and completely to ade­ quate doses of carbamazepine, and this treatment is the standard against which all others, including surgery, are compared. Not so with more typical intractable neuro
Adoption of social networking sites: an exploratory adaptive structuration perspective for global organizations

This research assesses the strategic adoption of social media by large global organizations. To contribute to a better understanding of the topic, this exploratory study analyzed social networking sites used by 72 large global companies, and conducted a survey and follow-up interviews with high-level managers from these companies. Our analysis of social networking sites identifies and characterizes the types of social media used, as well as the various organizational purposes for the use of social media. Our exploratory survey and interviews yielded a deeper level of understanding of the adoption of social networking sites by organizations. We employed management fashion theory and adaptive structuration theory to characterize the ways in which advanced information technology can bring about organizational change. Our findings indicate that there is an increased use of social media and social networking sites by organizations that results in the form of passive or active, proactive or reactive, and tactical or strategic uses.
Implementation of a particle filter on a GPU for nonlinear estimation in a manufacturing remelting process

This paper discusses the use of modern methods for estimation in Vacuum Arc Remelting, a manufacturing process used in the production of specialty metals for aerospace applications. Accurate estimation in this process is challenging because the system is nonlinear and all available measurements are corrupted with noise. Particle filters are nonlinear estimators that sample a set of points, called particles, in the state space to construct discrete approximations of probability density functions. Real-time issues arise when using these methods in systems with low signal-to-noise ratios because of the large number of particles required to reach acceptable accuracy. In these cases, the throughput of the particle filter becomes critical, and parallelization becomes a necessity. This paper presents the implementation of a particle filter using a GPU with NVIDIA's CUDA technology, whose large number of processor cores allows massive parallelization.
Crossing the Line: A Quantitative Analysis of Inmate Boundary Violators in a Southern Prison System

The majority of current research on inappropriate relationships between correctional staff and inmates involves a qualitative approach. This study sought to provide a quantitative analysis of these boundary violators by self-report data, which was provided by male inmates in a southern prison system. Building upon research by Allen and Bosta (Games criminals play. Susanville, CA: Rae John Publishers, 1981) and Marquart et al. (Justice Quarterly 18:877–910, 2001) the inmates were divided into two distinct categories: Inmates who indicated “No relationship”, and those inmates who were “boundary violators”. This study examined the differences between these two categories utilizing demographic characteristics, custody level, and attitudes and prison behavior. Significant differences were found in boundary violator attitudes about female correctional officers and the behavior they exhibit in the presence of females.
I. Marlborough in Exile, 1712–1714

John and Sarah Churchill, first duke and duchess of Marlborough, carefully destroyed most of the correspondence they received during the two years of their self-imposed continental exile. Historians, forced to rely mainly upon the Hanoverian and Jacobite papers published by Macpherson in 1775, have reached radically different conclusions on the central question of Marlborough's loyalty to the Hanoverian succession between 1712 and 1714. Klopp, Trevelyan, and J. H. and Margaret Sherman maintained that Marlborough was ‘the greatest of all trimmers’.2 On the other hand, Sir Winston Churchill, emphasizing ‘the frauds and injuries which Marlborough perpetrated upon the House of Stuart’, contended that the exiled general ‘never swerved from his fidelity to the Protestant Succession.’ A search of Hanoverian, French, and British archives has yielded new material which illuminates Marlborough's political activities during his exile.
An Epidemiological Perspective on Race/Ethnicity and Stroke

Stroke disparities among self-defined ethnic and racial groups exist in the USA and in other countries. While ethnicity carries an inherent cultural connotation, race is less well defined. Emerging evidence suggest that race is more a social construct than a biologically plausible category of humans. Nonetheless, disparities exist in multiple measures of cerebrovascular health across ethnic and racial groups. For example, the risk of stroke among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics in the USA is two-to-three times higher than non-Hispanic white population. Although examples of genetic segregation may be invoked to explain these disparities, the evidence reviewed here suggests that important difference exist in environmental and clinical factors that may contribute more importantly to the observed stroke disparities. Despite the caveats of using race and ethnicity as homogenous categories, there is value in using these constructs to target preventive measures in populations at a high risk of cerebrovascular disease.
Determination of cardioportal circulation time by external scintillation counting.

1. A simple technic for studying the hepatic circulation has been described in which the heart to liver circulation time is estimated.
Identifying Gifted Students Using Teacher Rating Scales: A Review of Existing Instruments:

The federal definition of giftedness conceptualizes giftedness as extraordinary intellectual and academic ability and high performance capability in creativity, the arts, and leadership. The practi...
Enhancement-Mode Pseudomorphic $\hbox{In}_{0.22} \hbox{Ga}_{0.78}\hbox{As}$ -Channel MOSFETs With Ultrathin InAlP Native Oxide Gate Dielectric and a Cutoff Frequency of 60 GHz

Enhancement-mode pseudomorphic In0.22Ga0.78As-channel MOSFETs with an ultrathin native InAlP oxide gate dielectric are demonstrated. The gate dielectric, a 3.5-nm-thick oxide grown by wet thermal oxidation from epitaxial InAlP, reduces the gate leakage below that of HFETs based on the same epitaxial structure by more than 105 times. The devices operate in enhancement mode, with 0.25-μm gate length devices exhibiting a measured threshold voltage of 0.25 V, a peak intrinsic transconductance of 245 mS/mm, and a saturation drain current density of 165 mA/mm. A record-high current gain cutoff frequency fT of 60 GHz has also been achieved. These results indicate the applicability of InAlP oxide-based InGaAs-channel MOSFETs for use in single power supply RF applications.
Theological Horizons for a Pedagogy of Accompaniment

Abstract One perceived concern in the process of educating in faith in the context of our Western societies is the temptation of approaching this experience primarily in terms of observable and measurable criteria (e.g., church growth, reception of sacraments, acquisition of factual knowledge, study of trends). Although Religious Education requires attention to such criteria, it cannot be limited to them. This article proposes a series of theological principles grounding what is presented here as a pedagogy of accompaniment that defines Religious Education as a journey leading to a transforming encounter with God. The proposal invites religious educators to appropriate biblical, theological, and spiritual categories within the Christian tradition and to remain open to the emergence of new categories as they reflect on the uniqueness of their own contexts.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 and ethanol coexposure in rat organotypic brain slice cultures: Curtailment of gp120-induced neurotoxicity and neurotoxic mediators by moderate but not high ethanol concentrations.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein gp120, implicated with other retroviral proteins in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related dementia, causes neuronal degeneration by inciting cascades of neurotoxic mediators from glia. It also may facilitate neuronal glutamate (N-methyl-d-aspartate, NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity by interacting at the glycine coagonist site. The authors reported that preconditioning rat organotypic hippocampal-cortical slice cultures subchronically with ethanol at concentrations occurring during moderate drinking (20 to 30 mM) prevented gp120’s induction of neurotoxic mediators and intracellular calcium, as well as neuronal death. The authors now find that the acute copresence of ethanol in moderate as opposed to high concentrations similarly blocks the retroviral protein’s neurotoxic effects in brain slice cultures, assessed with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and propidium iodide (PI) labeling. As with ethanol preconditioning, neuroprotection against gp120 by moderate ethanol coexposure appears secondary to abrogation of the retroviral protein’s early induction of arachidonic acid (AA), glutamate, and superoxide (but not nitric oxide) elevations/release. Additionally, experiments indicate that 30 mM ethanol is sufficient to inhibit the NMDA receptor, particularly in the presence of added glycine, thus hindering potential direct neuronal stimulation by gp120. However, in contrast to moderate ethanol, 100 mM ethanol, a concentration tolerated only in chronic alcoholics, potentiates gp120-dependent neurotoxicity (PI labeling) in the hippocampal CA1 region, augments LDH release, and fails to curtail gp120’s actions on AA, glutamate, and superoxide—but does suppress nitric oxide induction. The results indicate dominant roles for AA, superoxide, and glutamate-mediated oxidative stress in gp120’s neurotoxic mechanism, but perhaps a less important role for NMDA receptor stimulation, which would be constrained at both ethanol concentrations employed. We suggest that ethanol’s concentration-dependent, two-edged sword behavior could alter the development of dementia in HIV-1-infected individuals during social consumption or abuse. Further studies are needed to elucidate the differing apparently glial effects of the two concentrations of ethanol.