cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Velocity and stretch characteristics at the leading edge of an aerodynamically stabilized flame

Abstract High swirl flows with vortex breakdown are frequently used to create recirculating flow regions for flame stabilization. This paper experimentally characterizes flame stabilization in such flows, motivated by the fact that conditions under which they enable (or do not enable) aerodynamically stabilized flames are not well understood. Such flames are substantially more difficult to experimentally characterize than shear layer stabilized flames, as the flame leading edge moves around significantly and may or may not coincide with a diagnostic laser sheet, in contrast to the near-fixed leading edge of shear layer stabilized flames. This paper characterizes the leading edge conditions, based upon simultaneous stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (sPIV), OH Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and OH* chemiluminescence data. Frames are conditionally analyzed when the flame's most upstream point was captured in the laser sheet. These conditioned frames were used to determine the coordinates, local flow velocity and full, three-dimensional, hydrodynamic strain component of flame stretch at the dynamically evolving flame leading edge. Results are taken at two conditions, 70 m/s and 45 m/s axial velocity, referred to as case 1 and 2, respectively. These data show that the leading edge of the flame precesses off-axis, with additional uncorrelated radial and axial motions. The conditioned mean flame stretch rate is positive in both cases, due to the bulk flow deceleration from the high velocity nozzle flow into the larger diameter combustor. Mean strain or velocity values conditioned on the leading flame edge are substantially different from mean values calculated at the same location. For example, the case 1 mean conditioned axial velocity at the flame leading edge is 9 m/s, while the mean axial velocity at the same location is 4 times higher, 36 m/s. In addition, the case 1 mean hydrodynamic strain rate is 3.6 times higher than the corresponding laminar flame extinction stretch rate, κext, calculated from detailed kinetics for the high velocity case, while less than half of κext in case 2. The mean strain rate predicted from bulk velocity scaling changes by a factor of 70/45 between the two cases, a value confirmed by measurements. However, the conditioned mean stretch values differ by a factor of 14. This result illustrates that additional work is needed to understand stretch scalings in such flames. Furthermore, they show that current correlations for flame stability do not capture much of the intermittency that is present in swirl flows with precessing flow features, and illustrates the need for continued work in very basic physics of how and when flames are stabilized aerodynamically.
Atypical presentation of diffuse lamellar keratitis after small-incision lenticule extraction: Sterile multifocal inflammatory keratitis.

We describe a case of atypical diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). The patient presented with multiple focal white infiltrates 1 day after routine small-incision lenticule extraction surgery. An interface washout was performed, and the patient was managed with intensive topical steroids. Potential infectious keratitis was also investigated (by culture and Gram stain) and treated aggressively with steroids and antibiotics. The cultures were all negative with no growth, and the focal infiltrates gradually resolved, with no relapses at the 15-month postoperative follow-up and a faint 0.7 mm superior scar in the right eye. This case highlights the importance of using intensive topical steroids as well as performing an interface washout in such cases because of the higher risk for corneal melting associated with focal infiltrates.
Cognitive Differences Between High and Low Responders of a Tier II Reading Intervention

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES iii viii ix CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Learning Disabilities 2 Response to Intervention (RTI) 3 Integrating Cognitive Assessment 6 Theoretical Framework behind Cognitive Assessment 9 Rationale 2 Purpose of the Study ...... 3 Research Questions 3 Limitations of Previous Research 4 CHAPTER 2—LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Introduction 5 Factors Underlying Reading Deficits 6 Cognitive Characteristics of Non-Responsive Students 8 The Role of Assessment .. 1 Linking Cognitive Processes to Reading Achievement 2 Early Reading Interventions 9 Addressing Gaps in the Literature 0 Educational Implications of an Assessment to Intervention Model 4
Stochastic Waves on Complex Network

The investigation of the stochastic waves in the previous chapter, has involved an analysis of a spatially extended model in which space was represented as a regular lattice.
The Importance of Reporting Biases in Patient Care: Can We Trust the Evidence From Either Individual Studies or Systematic Reviews?

Dechartres and colleagues' examination of the association between publication characteristics and treatment effect estimates suggests that reporting biases are threatening our understanding of the ...
Pilot analysis exploring the potential value of an integrated electronic patient reported outcome (PRO) application specifically designed for use in oncology practice.

e18246Background: PROs may soon be used as indicators of the quality of care provided and to support comparative effectiveness research (CER). Many oncology practices are developing tools to deploy...
Innovative Model for Settlement Calculations in Organic Soils

The settlement of organic soils is dependent on the relative proportions of organic and mineral fractions and the degree of organic solids decomposition. The characteristics of the organic and mineral fractions significantly impact organic soils behavior. Experimental compression data for peat moss and mixtures of organic fibers with kaolinite or fine sand show a linear relationship between the organic fraction (by weight) and void ratio for constant stress levels. Over the range of possible organic content, this relationship is nonlinear for mixtures of organic fibers with montmorillonite. Decomposition in fibre-clay soils reduces volume of organic solids and produces changes in compressibility parameters. Use of the ignition test for measurement of the organic fraction permitted changes in the degree of decomposition to be monitored concurrently with changes in compressibility and vane shear strength. Void ratio parameters, based on experimental data, permitted calculation of equilibrium void ratios in terms of the organic fraction and pressure. An innovative model is proposed which permits calculation of equilibrium void ratios directly for any combinations of stress level and organic content. The proposed model eliminates the need for using compression index in settlement calculations associated with organic soils. Decomposition of organic solids at a constant over-burden pressure contributes additional volume change. Volume change caused by the loss of organic solids for soils mixtures involving organic fibers with sand, kaolinite, or montmorillonite can be readily predicted. New compression parameters for several soil mixtures revealed that organic soil behavior is complex and is dependent on organic fraction and type of mineral present.
An algorithmic framework for reconstruction of time-delayed and incomplete binary signals from an energy-lean structural health monitoring system

Abstract Recent advances in energy harvesting technologies have led to the development of self-powered structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques that are power-efficient. Energy-aware data transmission protocols, on the other hand, have evolved due to the emergence of self-powered sensing. The pulse switching architecture is among such protocols employing ultrasonic pulses for event reporting through the substrate material. However, the noted protocol raises the necessity for new types of signal/data interpretation methods for SHM purposes. This is because a system using such technology demands dealing with power budgets for sensing and communication of binary signals that leads to unique time delay constraints. This study presents a novel computational approach to reconstruct delayed and incomplete binary signals provided by a through-substrate ultrasonic self-powered sensor network for SHM of plate-like structures. An algorithmic framework incorporating low-rank matrix completion, a data fusion model, and a statistical approach is proposed for damage identification. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed method for the case of dynamically loaded plates was evaluated using finite element simulations and experimental vibration tests. Results demonstrate that the energy-lean damage identification methodology employing the proposed algorithmic framework enables dependable detection of damage using reconstructed time-delayed binary signals.
Folk Filmmaking: A Participatory Method for Engaging Indigenous Ethics and Improving Understanding

On an assignment to produce videos promoting Cross River gorilla conservation to indigenous communities in Nigeria and Cameroon, I invited community members to join me. I followed decolonising and feminist methodologies to develop a form of participatory video production, 'Folk Filmmaking', in which participants present their own accounts of wildlife, conservation, and environmental values by performing stories. Through the films, participants shared their knowledge as morality tales, providing contextual nuance to moral challenges, clarity on local concerns, and opportunities for better understanding of local conflicts with conservation. Most films use gorillas as a plot device but orient the moral issues not to the ape's plight but to communal struggles with challenges such as marginalisation, modernity, and corruption. The films do not say how best to conserve the last 300 Cross River gorillas but they help articulate indigenous values and show the challenges conservation must overcome. This paper shares an account of lessons learned during the project through continual, critical reflection on my process. It describes my methodology and the films produced then offers an analysis and evaluation of the project. It concludes with notes on the potential and pitfalls of participatory video in contexts of cross-cultural conflict over conservation.
Nonreciprocal optical links based on time-modulated nanoantenna arrays: Full-duplex communication

Interference of transmitted and received signals hinders the simultaneous functionality of a conventional optical antenna as a transmitter and receiver which is required for full-duplex communication. The full-duplex communication schemes enabled by dense wavelength division multiplexed optical networks require distinct transmitter/receiver components operating at different wavelengths which increase the cost, complexity, and footprint of the physical layer. In this work, we demonstrate that an array of nanoantennas with leaky-wave architecture based on spatiotemporal modulation establishes nonreciprocal optical links which can reject the interference of transmitted and received signals by isolating the frequency of transmission and reception modes. For this purpose, we integrate indium-tin oxide into plasmonic nanodipoles which allows for realization of time-modulated nanoantennas in near-infrared frequency regime through electrical modulation of charge carrier density with radio-frequency signals. The radiation characteristics of individual nanoantennas and modal properties of nanoantenna arrays are rigorously studied through linking of charge transport and electromagnetic models. To this end, we extend the formulation of discrete dipole approximation as the standard modeling tool for electromagnetic scattering from nanoantenna arrays to treat realistic time-modulated structures with drastically different timescales between optical and modulation frequencies. The operation of spatiotemporally modulated array antennas in transmission and reception modes is investigated. Moreover, electrical beam-scanning functionality and dependence of antenna characteristics to modulation parameters and wavelength are demonstrated. It is rigorously established that such array antennas can operate as full transceivers by separating the transmitted and received signals propagating along the same direction through down conversion and up conversion of the frequency. Our results provide a route toward realization of optical antenna systems capable of full-duplex communication and real-time beam scanning which can increase the capacity and decrease the complexity of optical networks.
A new characterizing method for warpage measurement of injection-molded thermoplastics

Abstract Injection molded plastics are widely used for mass production in auto industry. However, it is challenge to produce parts that do not warp. It is helpful to have an accurate way to measure the warpage when investigating and solving warpage issues. In this paper, a new technology is introduced to measure the part warpage quickly and accurately with the help of digital image correlation (DIC) method. The polypropylene plaque were fabricated by injection molding based on An L9 (3ˆ4) Taguchi design of experiments. The warpage of plaque are characterized for all the conditions and at different time after being ejected. Different kinds of warpage results are obtained by DIC method, such as maximum deflection, deflection distribution along desired path, warpage contour on the surface. The plaque warpage increases with the time. The maximum difference can reach as high as 64.9%. The cooling time has the largest influence on the warpage, while the packing pressure has the minor effect. Nevertheless, the warpage difference due to time varying depends on melt temperature, mold temperature, cooling time and packing pressure, in which mold temperature has the highest effects.
Retrospective Analysis of Oxcarbazepine in Pregnant Women With Substance Use Disorders: Focus on Safety

Background:Published safety data in pregnant epileptic women suggests that oxcarbazepine (OXC) may be a treatment option in nonepileptic pregnant women with substance use disorders (SUDs) and psych...
A DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM ACCURATELY DETECTS PERICARDIAL EFFUSION ON ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Computer vision and deep learning algorithms have been successfully used to aid interpretation of echocardiograms, automate view classification and estimate standard cardiac measurements. We developed a deep learning model to detect pericardial effusions, which can be readily used for point-of-care
Corporate and Environmental Influences on Personnel Outcomes in Organizational Labor Markets: A Cross-National Comparison of US and German Branch Offices of a Multinational Bank

Many firms competing in the current global economy are multinational corporations (MNCs) that operate across national boundaries. Multinational corporations have the dual imperatives of maintaining internal consistency among their subsidiaries while simultaneously adapting to different local environments. Comparing personnel outcomes between subsidiaries of the same multinational corporation located in different countries would provide a specific context within which we can examine the relative importance of these two imperatives. Using personnel data from a multinational bank, we compare personnel outcomes such as turnover and hiring rates, tenure distributions, proportion of part-time workers, and gender composition of its subsidiary retail banking operations in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the United States. We further analyze differences in outcomes between comparable job levels in each country, recognizing that different levels in the hierarchical structures of MNCs may face varying pressures for internal consistency and local adaptation. Our results show that the local environment has a strong effect on personnel outcomes, although differences between countries decrease at higher job levels. The possible sources and implications of increasing similarity at higher job levels is discussed.
High-throughput multiplex assays with mouse macrophages on pillar plate platforms.

Abstract It is challenging to rapidly identify immune responses that reflect the state and capability of immune cells due to complex heterogeneity of immune cells and their plasticity to pathogens and modulating molecules. Thus, high-throughput and easy-to-use cell culture and analysis platforms are highly desired for characterizing complex immune responses and elucidating their underlying mechanisms as well. In response to this need, we have developed a micropillar chip and a 384-pillar plate, printed mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7 cell line in alginate on the pillar plate platforms, and established multiplex cell-based assays to rapidly measure cell viability, expression of cell surface markers, and secretion of cytokines upon stimulation with model compound, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as synthetic N-glycan polymers that mimic native glycoconjugates and could bind to lectin receptors on RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, changes in RAW 264.7 cell viability, expression levels of cell surface makers, and release of cytokines measured from the pillar plate platforms in the presence and absence of LPS were well correlated with those obtained from their counterpart, the 96-well plate with 2D-cultured macrophages. With this approach, we identified that α2,3-linked N-sialyllactose polymer has significant macrophage modulation activity among the N-glycan polymers tested. Therefore, we successfully demonstrated that our pillar plate platforms with 3D-cultured macrophages can streamline immune cell imaging and analysis in high throughput in response to compound stimulation. We envision that the pillar plate platforms could potentially be used for rapid characterization of immune cell responses and for screening immune cell-modulating molecules.
Trends and Geographic Variation in Acute Respiratory Failure and ARDS Mortality in the United States.

Background Despite numerous advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology, progression, and management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and ARDS, limited contemporary data are available on the mortality burden of ARF and ARDS in the United States. Research Question What are the contemporary trends and geographic variation in ARF and ARDS-related mortality in the United States? Study Design and Methods A retrospective analysis of the National Center for Health Statistics’ nationwide mortality data was conducted to assess the ARF and ARDS-related mortality trends from 2014 through 2018 and the geographic distribution of ARF and ARDS-related deaths in 2018 for all American residents. Piecewise linear regression was used to evaluate the trends in age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) in the overall population and various demographic subgroups of age, sex, race, urbanization, and region. Results Among 1,434,349 ARF-related deaths and 52,958 ARDS-related deaths during the study period, the AAMR was highest in older individuals (≥ 65 years), non-Hispanic Black people, and those living in the nonmetropolitan region. The AAMR for ARF-related deaths (per 100,000 people) increased from 74.9 (95% CI, 74.6-75.2) in 2014 to 85.6 (95% CI, 85.3-85.9) in 2018 (annual percentage change [APC], 3.4 [95% CI, 2.2-4.6]; Ptrend = .003). The AAMR (per 100,000 people) for ARDS-related deaths was 3.2 (95% CI, 3.2-3.3) in 2014 and 3.0 (95% CI, 3.0-3.1 in 2018; APC, −0.9 [95% CI, −5.4 to 3.8]; Ptrend = .56). The observed increase in rates for ARF mortality was consistent across the subgroups of age, sex, race or ethnicity, urbanization status, and geographical region (Ptrend Interpretation The ARF-related mortality increased at approximately 3.4% annually, and ARDS-related mortality showed a lack of decline in the last 5 years. These data contextualize important health information to guide priorities for research, clinical care, and policy, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the United States.
Structures and mechanism of human glycosyltransferase β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2), an important player in immune homeostasis

β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (B3GNTs) are Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine chains. They catalyze the addition of the N-acetylglucosamine to the N-acetyl-lactosamine repeat as a key step of the chain elongation process. Poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine is involved in the immune system in many ways. Particularly, its long chain has been demonstrated to suppress excessive immune responses. Among the characterized B3GNTs, B3GNT2 is the major poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine synthase, and deletion of its coding gene dramatically reduced the cell surface poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine and led to hypersensitive and hyperresponsive immunocytes. Despite the extensive functional studies, no structural information is available to understand the molecular mechanism of B3GNT2, as well as other B3GNTs. Here we present the structural and kinetic studies of the human B3GNT2. Five crystal structures of B3GNT2 have been determined in the unliganded, donor substrate-bound, acceptor substrate-bound, and product(s)-bound states at resolutions ranging from 1.85 to 2.35 A. Kinetic study shows that the transglycosylation reaction follows a sequential mechanism. Critical residues involved in recognition of both donor and acceptor substrates as well as catalysis are identified. Mutations of these invariant residues impair B3GNT2 activity in cell assays. Structural comparison with other glycosyltransferases such as mouse Fringe reveals a novel N-terminal helical domain of B3GNTs that may stabilize the catalytic domain and distinguish among different acceptor substrates.
Diagnostic value of real-time shear wave elastography in children with chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic value of real-time shear wave elastography (SWE) in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Children with CKD diagnosed by the ultrasound-guided biopsy between January 2018 and May 2019 were enrolled as the case group. Age- and sex- matched healthy children were selected as the control group. The Young's Modulus (YM) of the renal cortex was measured by SWE after the traditional ultrasound examination. Variance analysis was performed to compare the values of YM between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to compare the values of YM, and explore the cut-offs of the YM. RESULTS In the case group (n = 60, 45% male, mean age of 9.2 years), the kidney YM modulus on the left side (16.8±4.8 kPa vs. 8.3±2.1 kPa) and the right side (16.0±4.7 kPa vs. 8.3±2.4 kPa) were both higher than the control group (all P values < 0.001). With the progress of CKD, the YM value of the left and right kidneys gradually increased. ROC analysis showed that when the left and right kidney YM value was 11.7 kPa and 11.0 kPa, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were the highest (left: respectively 93.3% and 95.0%; right: respectively 93.3 % and 91.7%). CONCLUSION The increase of YM in CKD is related to the progression of renal dysfunction which may provide a new method for early diagnosis of CKD, dynamic monitoring of disease progression, and evaluation of curative effect and prognosis.
Weighted partition rank and crank moments. III. A list of Andrews–Beck type congruences modulo 5, 7, 11 and 13

Let [Formula: see text] count the total number of parts among partitions of [Formula: see text] with rank congruent to [Formula: see text] modulo [Formula: see text] and let [Formula: see text] count the total appearances of ones among partitions of [Formula: see text] with crank congruent to [Formula: see text] modulo [Formula: see text]. We provide a list of over 70 congruences modulo 5, 7, 11 and 13 involving [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which are known as congruences of Andrews–Beck type. Some recent conjectures of Chan, Mao and Osburn are also included in this list.
On the rate capability of supercapacitors characterized by a constant-phase element

Abstract The capacitances of electrochemical systems determined from cyclic voltammetry (CV) are difficult to compare due to the unavoidable constant-phase element (CPE) behavior of such systems. These difficulties can be illustrated by simulated voltammograms of simplified circuits composed of a resistor in series with a CPE (R-CPE circuits). The capacitance extracted from CV of R-CPE circuits follows a power law relationship with sweep rate. By comparing the CV-obtained capacitance with that obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data, a critical sweep rate can be defined as the rate where these capacitances intersect. This critical rate can be used to formulate an effective time constant for R-CPE circuits. Sweep rates at least two orders of magnitude below the critical rate should be used in CV to mitigate the influence of the system's time constant on the measured capacitance. To allow for more accurate comparisons of supercapacitors, the CPE parameters R, Q, and α should be reported, rather than the capacitance vs. sweep rate data from CV measurements.
Diagnosis of edema and inflammation in human intestines using ultrawideband radar

Human intestines are vital organs, which are often subjected to chronic issues. In particular, Crohn's disease is a bowel aliment resulting in inflammation along the lining of one's digestive tract. Moreover, such an inflammatory condition causes changes in the thickness of the intestines; and we posit induce changes in the dielectric properties detectable by radar. This detection hinges on the increase in fluid content in the afflicted area, which is described by effective medium approximations (EMA). In this paper, we consider one of the constitutive parameters (i.e. relative permittivity) of different human tissues and introduce a simple numerical, electromagnetic multilayer model. We observe how the increase in water content in one layer can be approximated to predict the effective permittivity of that layer. Moreover, we note trends in how such an accumulation can influence the total effective reflection coefficient of the multiple layers.
Characterization of Cells Emerging at the Time of Graft Failure After Bone Marrow Transplantation From an Unrelated Marrow Donor

To help elucidate the mechanism responsible for graft failure (GF) following a T-cell depleted bone marrow transplant (BMT) from an unrelated donor, five patients (2 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 1 acute undifferentiated leukemia, 2 myelodysplastic syndrome) who experienced this complication were studied. All patients were HLA class I identical with their donors as determined by serology and one-dimensional isoelectric focusing (IEF); two were serologically matched with their donors for HLA class II antigens, whereas three donor-recipient pairs were serologically mismatched for one HLA-DR antigen. All patients received total body irradiation (fractionated, 1,500 rads), VP-16 (750 mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) pre-BMT and antithymocyte globulin (15 mg/kg every other day) and methylprednisolone (2 mg/kg) post-BMT. Three patients experienced primary nonengraftment and two experienced secondary GF. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from the patients at the time of GF were studied to examine their functional and phenotypic characteristics. Emerging cells were of host origin and were found to be specifically cytotoxic to donor target cells and suppressive to the in vitro growth of donor BM, especially in the cases of primary nonengraftment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients were expanded to form T-cell lines (TcLs). The cytotoxic activities of TcLs were tested in the presence of blocking MoAbs directed against various HLA determinants in an attempt to determine if HLA antigens expressed on donor cells were the target for cytotoxicity. The observed cytotoxic activity was blocked by antibodies to HLA-B, -C (1 patient), HLA-DR (1 patient), and HLA-DQ (1 patient). In two cases, antidonor cytotoxicity could not be blocked by MoAb directed against HLA-A, -B, -C, or -DR. Phenotypic characterization of four successfully maintained TcLs showed 100% CD3+ cells with 100% CD4+ (3 patients) or 50% CD4+/50% CD8+ (1 patient). In two of the three patients with 100% CD4+ cells, antidonor cytotoxicity was blocked by an anti-HLA class II MoAb. In contrast to our previous findings in cases of GF following T-cell-depleted HLA nonidentical family member BMT in which host T cells were CD8+ and cytotoxicity was directed against HLA class I antigens, our present study indicates host T cells emerging at the time of GF following BMT from an HLA class I IEF-identical unrelated donor can be of the CD4+ subset and seem to be capable of recognizing antigenic disparities in the HLA class II region.
Generation of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes to a Self-Peptide/Class I Complex: A Model for Peptide-mediated Tumor Rejection

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) typically recognize foreign peptides bound to class I products of the major histocompatibility complex. A function of CTL is to identify and eliminate tumor cells that bear inappropriately expressed peptide/class I complexes ( i.e. , mutated self-peptides or self-peptides that are expressed at abnormally high levels). The processes that result in tolerance to self-antigens can undermine the effectiveness of this system by deleting or inactivating T-cells that might potentially be reactive with tumor-associated antigens. To up-regulate the response to tumor antigens it will be useful to develop methods whereby CTL responses to specific self-peptides can be elicited without damage to normal tissue. In this report a CTL response was generated in BALB/c mice against the ubiquitous self-peptide p2Ca (LSPFPFDL), which binds to Ld and is derived from the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. CTL derived in vitro recognize specifically the p2Ca/Ld complex and use V β 8 regions predominantly. The cultured cells lysed target cells with lower levels of p2Ca than the levels used for induction. This result suggests that it may be possible to use peptides at high concentrations to elicit CTL that react with endogenous levels of a peptide/class I complex. The in vivo potential of the response was demonstrated by the observation that BALB/c mice, coinjected with a syngeneic BALB/c myeloma and exogenous p2Ca, are able to reject the tumor. The p2Ca/Ld system may thus provide a model for evaluating the parameters for effective immunotherapy with tumor-associated peptides.
N-terminal phosphorylation of cardiac troponin-I reduces length-dependent calcium sensitivity of contraction in cardiac muscle

Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of myofibrillar proteins constitutes an important pathway for β-adrenergic modulation of cardiac contractility. In myofilaments PKA targets troponin I (cTnI), myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) and titin. We studied how this affects the sarcomere length (SL) dependence of force-pCa relations in demembranated cardiac muscle. To distinguish cTnI from cMyBP-C/titin phosphorylation effects on the force-pCa relationship, endogenous troponin (Tn) was exchanged in rat ventricular trabeculae with either wild-type (WT) Tn, non-phosphorylatable cTnI (S23/24A) Tn or phosphomimetic cTnI (S23/24D) Tn. PKA cannot phosphorylate either cTnI S23/24 variant, leaving cMyBP-C/titin as PKA targets. Force was measured at 2.3 and 2.0 μm SL. Decreasing SL reduced maximal force (F(max)) and Ca(2+) sensitivity of force (pCa(50)) similarly with WT and S23/24A trabeculae. PKA treatment of WT and S23/24A trabeculae reduced pCa(50) at 2.3 but not at 2.0 μm SL, thus eliminating the SL dependence of pCa(50). In contrast, S23/24D trabeculae reduced pCa(50) at both SL values, primarily at 2.3 μm, also eliminating SL dependence of pCa(50). Subsequent PKA treatment moderately reduced pCa(50) at both SLs. At each SL, F(max) was unaffected by either Tn exchange and/or PKA treatment. Low-angle X-ray diffraction was performed to determine whether pCa(50) shifts were associated with changes in myofilament spacing (d(1,0)) or thick-thin filament interaction. PKA increased d(1,0) slightly under all conditions. The ratios of the integrated intensities of the equatorial X-ray reflections (I(1,1)/I(1,0)) indicate that PKA treatment increased crossbridge proximity to thin filaments under all conditions. The results suggest that phosphorylation by PKA of either cTnI or cMyBP-C/titin independently reduces the pCa(50) preferentially at long SL, possibly through reduced availability of thin filament binding sites (cTnI) or altered crossbridge recruitment (cMyBP-C/titin). Preferential reduction of pCa(50) at long SL may not reduce cardiac output during periods of high metabolic demand because of increased intracellular Ca(2+) during β-adrenergic stimulation.
Effect of computer-aided instruction versus traditional modes on student pt's learning musculoskeletal special tests

Title. Effect of computer-aided instruction versus traditional modes on student PT's learning musculoskeletal special tests. Problem. Lack of quantitative evidence to support the use of computer-aided instruction (CAI) in PT education for both the cognitive and psychomotor domains and lack of qualitative support as to an understanding why CAI may or may not be effective. Design. 3 group single-blind pre-test, immediate post-test, final post-test repeated measures with qualitative survey for the CAI group. Methods. Subjects were randomly assigned to CAI, live demonstration or textbook learning groups. Three novel special tests were instructed. Analysis of performance on written and practical examinations was conducted across the 3 repeated measures. A qualitative survey was completed by the CAI group post intervention. Results. CAI is equally as effective as live demonstration and textbook learning of musculoskeletal special tests in the cognitive domain, however, CAI was superior to live demonstration and textbook instruction at final post-testing. Significance. The significance of this research is that a gap in the literature of PT education needs to be bridged as it pertains to the effect of CAI on learning in both the cognitive and psychomotor domains as well as attempt to understand why CAI results in certain student performance. The methods of this study allowed for a wide range of generalizability to any and all PT programs across the country.
Ultra wide band cylindrical array and 360-degree beam scan system

An ultra wideband cylindrical array consisting of 48 radial columns of end-fired elements is described. A 5-column mini-sector test array was built and tested. Test results for 100 to 900 MHz were recorded. Interleaved with the cylindrical array at the outer rim is a 96-element wideband (500-2000 MHz) ring array for IFF operation.
The harmonic-map structure of the axially symmetric stationary Einstein equations

We systematically review the solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations for the axially symmetric stationary case which are harmonic maps. In particular, we show that the interesting part of the Kerr solution is a composition of a harmonic map intoH12 with a totally geodesic map fromH12 into SS(1,1). We also point out, relying on Sanchez' results, that there is an analogous structure for the Lorentz-domain cases involving cylindrical gravitational waves and colliding plane waves.
Organic Synthesis Based on Ruthenium Carbene Catalyzed Metathesis Reactions and Pyridinium Salt Photochemistry

ABSTRACT. In this account, three synthetic methodologies that serve as the basis for new strategies for the preparation of selected natural products are briefly introduced. One process, involving ruthenium carbene catalyzed ring rearrangement meta-thesis developed by Grubbs and his coworkers, transforms alkene-tethered cycloalkenes to thermodynamically more favored alkene-tethered cycloalkenes. Another ruthenium carbene promoted reaction, referred to as dienyne metathesis, was uncovered i nearly studies by Grubbs and his collaborators. This process converts dienynes to fused bicyclic conjugated dienes. Finally, a n ovelphoto-electrocyclization reaction of pyridinium salts, which leads to the formation of 4-aminocyclopenten-3,5-diol derivatives,is discussed. Examples are provided to show the utility of th ese methodologies in natural product synthesis. Emphasis is given tostudies in which pyridinium salt photochemistry is coupled with ring rearrangement and dienyne metathesis in routes for the synthesis of polyhydroxyalted indolizidine alkaloids and the construction of the tricyclic core of the lepadiformine and cylind-ricine alkaloids.
MORE HELP FOR THOSE WHO TRY HARDER

Summary.-To test the generalization chat the amount of altruistic helping behavior is an increasing function of the effort which the donor believes is being expended by the recipient in pursuit of a goal, college students were given the opportunity anonymously to help a peer (acrually a confederate of E) whom they perceived to be unsuccessfully attempting to perform an act. As predicted, S's rate of helping responses increased, the greater the recipient's rate of unsuccessful attempts. In the last 5 yr. the study of altruistic behavior has burgeoned into a major area of inquiry by social psychologists (Krebs, 1970). Typical meanings assigned by contemporary researchers to the term "altruistic behavior" are indicated by the following definitions: individuals going "out of their way to help other people who need their assistance even when they do not anticipate return benefits" (Berkowitz & Friedman, 1967), charitableness in which an individual is "willing to give up more than he gains" (Rosenhan & White, 1967), and "acts wherein individuals share or sacrifice a presumed positive reinforcer for no apparent social or material gain" (Bryan & Test, 1967). The occurrence of genuinely-anonymous gift giving provides evidence that individuals may indeed be motivated to help others even when there is no expectation that the aid will be reciprocated by the recipient or by others who know of the donor's act. In thinking about the major variables that lead to altruistic acts in everyday life, it seemed to us that people are prone altruistically to help others who appear to be working very hard at a task but need additional help to succeed. Stating this relation more generally, the amount of altruistic helping behavior is an increasing function of the effort which the donor believes is being expended by the recipient in pursuit of a goal. While commonly employed explanations of almistic behavior such as the "social-responsibility norm" (Berkowitz & Friedman, 1967) or "distributive justice" (Adams, 1965; Homans, 1961) might be used to provide an ad hoc explanation for the proposed empirical relation, these positions are actually stated too vaguely to derive easily, in advance, any relationship between the magnitude of the recipient's striving and the amount of the donor's help. Perhaps elucidation of the major empirical variables controlling altruistic behavior will lead to more adequate attempts at theorizing.
Periodate technique for the identification of sugar phosphates.

THE mechanism of action of periodate on sugar phosphates has not been fully established and there is some controversy regarding the origin of the products of periodate action1,2,3. The convenient identification by chemical techniques of sugars esterified to phosphates at their terminal carbon atom depends on their oxidation by periodate to yield glycolaldehyde phosphate which may be identified by colorimetric procedures4. The extended periods required for theoretical periodate consumption coupled with the marked interference of both periodate and iodate in the conventional colorimetric method for glycolaldehyde determination (Fig. 1) have rendered this technique either equivocal or impractical. Treatment of aldose or ketose phosphates with sodium borohydride yields the corresponding polyol phosphates which are readily cleaved by periodate with theoretical consumption of oxidant generally occurring within 30 minutes.
Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young-Adult Nutrition Issues in IDDM

Although insulin is life sustaining for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), the meal plan is of critical importance for avoiding hyperglycemia, preventing hypoglycemia, and maintaining metabolic balance. Consistency, timing, composition, and caloric content of food intake and physical activity, age, sex, growth, and pubertal status alter meal-plan needs. Self-monitoring of blood glucose should be used to individualize the meal plan. The general American Diabetes Association recommendations suggest that 50–65% of total calories be from carbohydrates from foods with a lower glycemic index and/or high fiber content. Protein should contribute 12–20% of total calories and fat 1 ) lack of minerals or vitamins in a youngster who is a picky eater; 2 ) eating disorders (i.e., obesity, bulimia, anorexia nervosa); 3 ) specific gastrointestinal diseases (i.e., Crohn9s disease, celiac disease, giardiasis, or IgA deficiency); 4 ) low iron stores because of associated achlorhydria and positive gastroparietal antibodies; 5 ) alternative sweeteners, especially in pregnant women and very young children; 6 ) mineral balance changes that may occur with increased soluble fiber intake and episodes of hyperglycemia with or without ketosis/ketoacidosis; 7 ) changes in physical activity that require nutritional counterbalancing; and 8 ) intensified insulin therapy (including multidose insulin and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) associated with more frequent hypoglycemia and increased risk of obesity—both conditions potentially amenable to appropriate nutrition counseling.
Treatment of Prostate Cancer in the 21st Century—Future Directions

Abstract The traditional treatment paradigm for prostate cancer focuses on targeting the tumor cells using hormonal ablation. However, in recent years, not only have novel chemotherapy regimens shown promise in men with prostate cancer, but new therapeutic targets have also been identified as our understanding of disease progression has deepened. The gold standard treatment for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer is now docetaxel every 3 wk plus low-dose prednisone. In addition, ongoing clinical investigations are evaluating docetaxel-based chemotherapy in combination with newer agents, such as bevacizumab, oblimersen, calcitriol, and thalidomide. A large number of agents are also being investigated in clinical trials that employ novel mechanisms of action, such as targeting bone metastases, the androgen receptor, or components of the tumor intracellular-signalling pathways. Furthermore, the encouraging results in the metastatic disease settings, have prompted the exploration of these treatment strategies in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings, where currently available treatment options fail to offer a cure to high-risk patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. The traditional treatment paradigm for prostate cancer, therefore, is being replaced by a multidisciplinary approach. To provide patients with prostate cancer with the best chance of survival and quality of life, urologists and oncologists must maintain close working relationships to determine the most appropriate treatment strategy for an individual patient.
Parallel discrete event simulation: a case study

Although evaluating a detailed discrete event simulation model of a large scale system can be computationally taxing, parallel simulation provides hope of reducing computation time to tractable levels. We present three performance studies based on a prototype implementation of one parallel simulation algorithm. The first examines the implementation's efficiency, the kind and amount of overhead for simulated events. The second study presents the results of an attempted vectorization of the prototype on a commercial vector processor. The final study reports the feasibility of implementing the Chandy-Misra algorithm on a multiprocessor.
Entry-level physical therapist education in the United States of America

Schools for physical therapist education in the US began in the latter part of the 19th century. The American Physical Therapy Association was formed in 1921 and has assumed a leadership role in fostering the quality and consistency of physical therapist education and practice. Growth in the number and complexity of physical therapist educational programmes during the first half of the 20th century was driven, in large part, by the need for rehabilitation of injured military personnel and by the polio epidemics. Physical therapist education in the US is now firmly embedded in an academic model of higher education and is rapidly converting to the doctoral entry-level degree, similar to other US educational tracks that produce autonomous healthcare practitioners. The future trends in US physical therapist education are seen in the establishment of organised residencies and fellowships. This, in turn, fosters autonomous practice and clinical specialisation.
Size effect of cylindrical specimens with fatigue cracks

Abstract The rate at which energy is accumulated within a unit volume of material in fatigue is assumed to depend not only on load-time history but also on the specimen size and geometry in addition to material type. A threshold level for the hysteresis strain energy density function accumulated in the material is used for predicting macrocrack growth. This is accomplished by application of the incremental theory of plasticity for each increment of crack growth. The accumulated hysteresis strain energy density factor ΔS to crack growth increment Δa ratio is found to be constant for fixed specimen size and loading, i.e., ΔS Δa = const . Results are obtained for the cylindrical bar specimens with a penny-shaped defect at the center subjected to a constant amplitude and frequency loading. The resistance curves in the ΔS versus Δa plot are parallel lines as specimen size is altered. This information provides a rational means for predicting the influence of specimen size on fatigue lifetime. The results are also compared with those found for geometrically similar plate specimens with line cracks. Cylinder bar specimens of the same material are found to sustain more load cycles prior to catastrophic failure.
Fast-Acting Valve

In areas of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) accelerator where high energy proton beams or other nuclear particles are extracted from the interior of the synchrotron into experimental areas, thin mylar or aluminum windows are used to minimize energy losses. Rupture of these windows (as large as nine inches in diameter) could cause considerable damage. A 9-inch, fast-closing valve has been designed and a prototype has been built and tested. The valve can operate in vacuum or at atmosphere. Closure of the valve requires no circuits, signals, or mechanical actuators, but rather is activated by the energy of the inrushing gas itself. An electrically triggered clutch arrangement can be incorporated for mechanical closing, if so desired, with no interference when the fast mode of closure is necessary. The results of the fast mode of closure indicate closing times of 17 to 30 ms. "Blowby," before closure of the valve is completed, is approximately 2. 5 ft3 of air (at one atmosphere). With such a valve, the entire ring vacuum system will not reach pressures greater than 300 microns (0. 3 mm Hg), should a 9-inch diameter window rupture.