cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of light-phase restricted feeding reveals metabolic dyssynchrony in mice

Considerable evidence suggests that the time of day at which calories are consumed markedly impacts body weight gain and adiposity. However, a precise quantification of energy balance parameters during controlled animal studies enforcing time-of-day-restricted feeding is currently lacking in the absence of direct human interaction. The purpose of the present study was therefore to quantify the effects of restricted feeding during the light (sleep)-phase in a fully-automated, computer-controlled comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS) designed to modulate food access in a time-of-day-dependent manner. Energy balance, gene expression (within metabolically relevant tissues), humoral factors and body weight were assessed. We report that relative to mice fed only during the dark (active)-phase, light (sleep)-phase fed mice: (1) consume a large meal upon initiation of food availability; (2) consume greater total calories per day; (3) exhibit a higher respiratory exchange ratio (indicative of decreased reliance on lipid/fatty acid oxidation); (4) exhibit tissue-specific alterations in the phases and amplitudes of circadian clock and metabolic genes in metabolically active tissues (greatest phase differences observed in the liver and diminution of amplitudes in epididymal fat, gastrocnemius muscle and heart); (5) exhibit diminished amplitude in humoral factor diurnal variations (for example, corticosterone); and (6) exhibit greater weight gain within 9 days of restricted feeding. Collectively, these data suggest that weight gain following light (sleep)-phase restricted feeding is associated with significant alterations in energy balance, as well as dyssynchrony between metabolically active organs.
Learning Disabilities in the United States Advocacy, Science, and the Future of the Field

This overview offers a perspective on the distinguishing characteristics, past and present, of the LD field in the United States. The discussion focuses on the complex relationships that exist among the social and political forces that have molded the field, advocacy, and research and teaching practices. It emphasizes the compelling need to establish clinical and scientific validation of LD, to preserve the hard-won achievements of advocacy.
The Blue Eagle at Work: Reclaiming Democratic Rights in the American Workplace (Book Review)

With private sector union density at an eighty-year low -- somewhere below 8 percent -- reviving union power throught effective organizing strategies is unquestionably "the issue." This crisis is rightly driving the heated debate among feuding factions in the U.S. labor leadership. but the debate -- focused on how the American labor movement should structure itself at the top and how much of its financial resources should be devoted to the penultimate task of reversing the national decline in union membership -- in some way misses the boat. Both factions of the now-divided American labor movement must come to terms with the fact that even where significant resources are devoted to union organizing campaigns, victory is routinely stymied by obdurate employers prone to zealous "union avoidance campaigns" and a labor law regime that is undeniably hostile to accepted labor organizing processes.
Phagocytosis of Individual CD4+ T Cells by HIV-Induced T Cell Syncytia

Transmission electron microscopic analysis of HIV-induced syncytia of the CD4+ SupT1 cell line has revealed profiles of whole T cells in the syncytium cytoplasm. Serial sections demonstrate that these T cells are completely enveloped by a second membrane in the syncytium cytoplasm and represent phagosomes. Pycnosis of engulfed T cell nuclei, vacuolation of the cytoplasm of engulfed T cells, and the association of engulfed T cells with dense vesicular clusters in the syncytium cytoplasm support the conclusion that they represent phagosomes. In addition, transmission electron micrographs of the syncytium surface reveal giant pseudopodial extensions wrapping around T cells, in a fashion similar to bacterial and yeast phagocytosis by professional phagocytes. These results suggest that phagocytosis is a characteristic acquired during HIV-induced syncytium formation, and that it may represent an avenue of T cell death in addition to fusion in HIV-infected SupT1 cell cultures.
Alveolar gas compression in smokers and asthmatics.

To correlate the degree of alveolar gas compression with the severity of airway obstruction, we plotted separately exhaled and Plethysmographic maximal-expiratory-flow-volume (MEFV) curves in each ...
Three Experts on Big Data Engineering

Clemens Szyperski (Microsoft), Martin Petitclerc (IBM), and Roger Barga (Amazon Web Services) answer three questions: What major challenges do you face when building scalable, big data systems? How do you address these challenges? Where should the research community focus its efforts to create tools and approaches for building highly reliable, scalable, big data systems? This article is part of a special issue on Software Engineering for Big Data Systems.
Occupational fatalities among young workers in the United States: 2001–2012

BACKGROUND: While adolescent workers in the United States (US) are protected by child labor laws, they continue to suffer fatal occupational injuries. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive profile of occupational fatalities among this sub-population of US workers. METHODS: Using Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries data between 2001 and 2012, we calculated descriptive statistics and rates to examine the magnitude and nature of fatalities among workers under age 18. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 406 fatalities among young workers which translated into 24,790 years of potential life lost; 12,241 of which were in agriculture alone. Rates declined since 2001 yet Hispanics, foreign-born workers, males, and those working in agriculture continued to suffer a disproportionate fatality burden. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to reduce young worker fatalities should focus on male Hispanics, particularly those who are foreign-born, as well as agricultural workers as these groups have the greatest fatality risks. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Full Rank Factorization of Matrices

(1999). Full Rank Factorization of Matrices. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 193-201.
Martin Luther King, Jr.: Charisma and Leadership

The historical importance of Martin Luther King, Jr., goes beyond his work in the civil rights movement, as important as that was. To begin with, King represents a kind of black leadership generally unknown at earlier periods in United States history. In the past, black leaders, for the most part, whether they were reform minded or accommodationists, had very little tie to a power base. (By and large, black leaders could be characterized as spokesmen and brokers between white power and blacks.), King, however, rested his leadership on a religious establishment that extended beyond his particular church, on a constituency (both white and black) that followed him for reasons of ideology and strategy. He also differed from conventional black leaders by his seeming independence from party machinery, from institutional constraints.2 He was free to address himself to issues broader than race and racial justice. Despite objections from conventional leaders in the movement, King spoke out on poverty and economic injustice. He was most daring and independent in his outspoken criticism of the war in Vietnam despite angry opposition from the president and the leadership of the Democratic party. Many liberal leaders, especially blacks in conventional organizations, did not hide their displeasure and their fear that King might help accelerate a shift of national interest from civil rights to peace. Furthermore, the traditional arena for black protest was racial justice and domestic issues akin to race relations. King, however, took his leadership off conventional turf. The authors of all the papers express some discomfort in singling out Martin Luther King to honor. He was only one man in a movement, although a very promi-
Double Heterozygosity for Hemoglobin G (α68Lys2βA2) and Hemoglobin D (αA2β121Gln2)

An electrophoretic pattern which revealed three major hemoglobin components was found in five members of an Afro-American family. The composition of the hemoglobin resulted from heterozygosity both at the α locus for hemoglobin GPhiladelphia, in which lysine replaces the normal asparagine at the 68th residue and at the β locus for hemoglobin DPunjab in which glutamine replaces normal glutamic acid at residue 121. The simultaneous presence of these α and β chain variants did not lead to any well defined clinical abnormalities. The pattern of inheritance of hemoglobin variants in this family provided further evidence for independent segregation of the loci responsible for α and β chain synthesis.
Underreporting of Delirium in Statewide Claims Data: Implications for Clinical Care and Predictive Modeling

Background Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that portends poor prognosis and represents a significant burden to the health care system. Although detection allows for efficacious treatment, the diagnosis is frequently overlooked. This underdiagnosis makes delirium an appealing target for translational predictive algorithmic modeling; however, such approaches require accurate identification in clinical training datasets. Methods Using the Massachusetts All-Payers Claims Database, encompassing health claims for Massachusetts residents for 2012, we calculated the rate of delirium diagnosis in index hospitalizations by reported ICD-9 diagnosis code. We performed a review of published studies formally assessing delirium to establish an expected rate of delirium when formally assessed. Secondarily, we reported a sociodemographic comparison of cases and noncases. Results Rates of delirium reported in the literature vary widely, from 3.6-73% with a mean of 23.6%. The statewide claims data (Massachusetts All-Payers Claims Database) identified the rate of delirium among index hospitalizations to be only 2.1%. For Massachusetts All-Payers Claims Database hospitalizations, delirium was coded in 2.8% of patients >65 years old and for 1.2% of patients ≤65. Conclusion The lower incidence of delirium in claims data may reflect a failure to diagnose, a failure to code, or a lower rate in community hospitals. The relative absence of the phenotype from large databases may limit the utility of data-driven predictive modeling to the problem of delirium recognition.
Treatment of silent myocardial ischemia.

Long-term studies regarding the effect of treatment on prognosis are lacking, but the adverse implications suggested for silent ischemia support aggressive management. Treatment of silent ischemic episodes is possible utilizing a large variety of agents.Optimal detection and quantitation methods are still being developed, but guidelines for treatment should be similar to those for treatment of symptomatic ischemia.
We Want No More Bastard Drama

Late in 1905, Edward Garnett wrote to Galsworthy to say that the Vedrenne-Barker management at the Court Theatre was looking for contemporary plays and suggested that Galsworthy write and submit one. At that time, Harley Granville Barker (1877–1946), the talented actor, director and writer, and John E. Vedrenne (1867–1930), the actor and manager, with the financial backing of J. H. Leigh, a rich amateur actor, had the lease of the Court Theatre, later called the Royal Court, in Sloane Square and were attempting to stage new plays without regard to possible commercial success. They were interested in plays that expressed contemporary life and conveyed ideas, plays that, in English terms, might duplicate the challenging theatre of Ibsen and Hauptmann on the continent. In April 1904, Granville Barker and Vedrenne had begun with Shaw’s Candida, written seven or eight years earlier but having received only a very short provincial production. Characteristically, they would put on a play for only six or eight performances, often matinees, hoping that it would receive sufficient attention to warrant evening production or the interest of one of the larger West End theatre managers, who would buy the rights to and transfer the play. Consequently, Vedrenne and Barker needed a fairly large supply of new plays.
Inhomogeneous and Complex Interfacial Electron-Transfer Dynamics: A Single-Molecule Perspective

Interfacial electron transfer (ET) plays a critical role in surface chemistry, catalysis, and solar energy conversion, such as solar photovoltaic and solar fuel science and technology. Molecular-level information on the energy and electron flow between molecules and substrate surfaces as a function of surface site geometry and molecular structure is imperative for understanding the interfacial ET mechanism and dynamics. The intrinsic complexity of the interfacial ET dynamics often presents a major challenge for conventional ensemble-averaged measurements because of the fact that the molecule–substrate interactions are inhomogeneous, involving heterogeneous local environments, especially at an individual molecule level. Beyond the conventional ensemble-averaged studies, real-time single-molecule approaches have been demonstrated to be powerful in dissecting the complex, fluctuating, and often intermittent interfacial ET dynamics. In this Review, we will focus our discussion on the importance of single-mole...
Observing Climate Change With Both Shortwave and Longwave Hyperspectral Satellite Instrumentation

Climate change results from a less than 1% imbalance between incoming solar energy and energy reflected or re-radiated back into space. Measurements of spectra spanning both shortwave and longwave radiation at the top-of-atmosphere can provide insight into the processes that are changing at the Earth’s surface and within its atmosphere as a result of climate change, so we have used climate model outputs to simulate these spectra on monthly time-scales for centennial-length integrations. The Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) framework for performing these simulations shows the spectral features that become statistically-significant with business-as-usual emissions, with such signals emerging from data records of only a few years’ in length. These results help guide the development of new-class of space-based absolutely-calibrated hyperspectral measurements, including the CLimate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) for monitoring the Earth’s climate system.
Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound and Elastography Imaging of the Neonatal Brain: A Review

Neonates presenting with neurologic symptoms require rapid, noninvasive imaging with high spatial resolution and tissue contrast. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently the most sensitive and specific imaging modality for evaluation of neurological pathology. This modality does come with several challenges in the neonatal population, namely, the need to transport a possibly critically sick neonate to the MRI suite and the necessity of the neonate to remain still for a significant length of time, occasionally requiring sedation. Cranial ultrasound has provided radiologists and clinicians with an invaluable imaging modality that allows of rapid, bedside point of care evaluation without ionizing radiation. The major drawback of cranial ultrasound is its lower sensitivity and specificity for subtle/early lesions. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and elastography have the potential to improve sensitivity and specificity for a variety of neuropathology but also expand the indications for cranial ultrasound. Goal of this paper is to present and discuss CEUS and elastography for neonatal brain imaging.
Emerging Therapies for Thyroid Cancer

thyroid cancer therapy has long been rationally based on the specific characteristics of thyroid cancer cells; in particular, the retained expression and function of thyroid-specific proteins, such as the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and the Na, I symporter (NIS), that have created targets for therapies. Indeed, the use of TSH suppressive doses of levothyroxine (L-T4) and radioiodine, in combination with surgery, has resulted in long-term survival rates for patients with localized thyroid cancers that approach 98% at 20 years [1–4]. However, some thyroid cancers lose expression and/or function of these two critical proteins, a feature that leads to poor responses to traditional therapies and a high incidence of cancer-related death. Alternative therapies, including cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, have yielded disappointing results with high morbidities. There has therefore been an effort to devise targeted therapies for aggressive thyroid cancers in a manner analogous to iodine-131 and TSH suppression therapy for typical thyroid cancers. Targeting therapy for these tumors requires identification of the pathways of tumor progression, and the mechanisms responsible for the loss of TSHR and NIS expression [5]. In this chapter, the emerging therapies based on defined molecular targets in progressive thyroid cancers will be discussed. Table 33.1 lists the main targets of thyroid cancer therapies. Cell Signaling Inhibition
Stat5 and Stat3 Differentially Regulate Early and Late Stages of Primary Embryonic Erythroid Cell Maturation

Erythropoietin is the critical regulator of adult (definitive) red cell production, acting through its cognate receptor (EpoR) and downstream Janus kinase (Jak)2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5 signaling. Mutant JAK2 activation causes hyperproliferation of erythroid precursors in polycythemia vera, highlighting the importance of Jak2-STAT signaling in pathologic states in addition to normal development. EpoR-null mouse embryos die at midgestation of profound anemia and we have recently determined that EpoR signaling is also specifically required for the survival and terminal maturation of primitive erythroblasts. Unlike definitive erythropoiesis, Stat3 is significantly expressed in primitive erythroblasts but its function in erythropoiesis remains poorly understood. We find that Stat3, in addition to Stat5, is phosphorylated downstream of EpoR in primitive erythroblasts. Interestingly, phospho-Stat5 intensity decreases during primitive erythroblast maturation while phospho-Stat3 levels remain constant, resulting in an increase in relative phospho-Stat3 in late-stage primitive erythroblasts. Knockdown of Jak2 and Stat5 each results in accelerated maturation, decreased cell size, and increased apoptosis of primary primitive erythroblasts. In contrast, Stat3 knockdown results in delayed maturation and increased cell size of late-stage primary primitive erythroblasts, consistent with an increased role of phospho-Stat3 once phospho-Stat5 signal intensity has diminished. Stat3 knockdown, both in vitro and in vivo, also increased apoptosis of late-stage primitive erythroblasts. While Stat3 and Stat5 bind many apoptosis-related genes in common, Stat3 specifically binds several caspase genes and their regulators. We find that activated caspase3 levels increase in late-stage primitive erythroblasts, and that knockdown of Stat3 results in decreased levels of caspases and their regulators. In addition, caspase inhibition, like Stat3 knockdown, results in delayed maturation of late-stage primitive erythroblasts. Taken together, our data support a model where Stat3 and Stat5 differentially regulate erythroid maturation and Stat3 preferentially regulates terminal stages of primitive erythropoiesis through its activation and regulation of apoptotic machinery. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Leader Language and Political Survival Strategies

ABSTRACTAuthoritarian leaders’ language provides clues to their survival strategies for remaining in office. This line of inquiry fits within an emerging literature that refocuses attention from state-level features to the dynamic role that individual heads of state and government play in international relations, especially in authoritarian regimes. The burgeoning text-as-data field can be used to deepen our understanding of the nuances of leader survival and political choices; for example, language can serve as a leading indicator of leader approval, which itself is a good predictor of leader survival. In this paper, we apply computational linguistics tools to an authoritarian leader corpus consisting of 102 speeches from nine leaders of countries across the Middle East and North Africa between 2009 and 2012. We find systematic differences in the language of these leaders, which help advance a more broadly applicable theory of authoritarian leader language and tenure.
A framework for an adaptive human-robot collaboration approach through perception-based real-time adjustments of robot behavior in industry

In this paper, a framework for a system that will supervise the robot's action and behavior in the human-robot shared workspace is proposed. The function of the robot supervision system is to adaptively control the robot motion based on the human actions in order to optimize the productivity of a task while ensuring human safety. The real-time perception of the human action and environment will be done using a motion capture setup. The inspiration for the framework based on a human behavior model is explained. The aspect of human-robot interaction in an industrial setup is also discussed. An evaluation criteria of the proposed system in terms of safety, performance and productivity is also presented.
Social Media under the Skin: Facebook Use after Acute Stress Impairs Cortisol Recovery.

Social media’s influence on stress remains largely unknown. Conflicting research suggests that Facebook use may both enhance and undermine psychosocial constructs related to well-being. Using novel experimental methods, this study examined the impact of social media use on stress recovery. Facebook users (n =92, 49 males, mean age 19.55 SD = 1.63) were randomly assigned to use their own Facebook profile or quietly read after experiencing an acute social stressor. All participants showed significant changes in subjective and physiological stress markers during recovery. Participants who used Facebook experienced greater sustained cortisol concentration (p < .05) when controlling for gender and emotional investment in the website compared to controls. Results suggest that social media use may delay or impair recovery after experiencing an acute social stressor. This novel study incorporated objective physiological markers with subjective psychosocial measures to show that Facebook use may negatively impact well-being.
Pharmacology of Opioids

Opioids are the most prevalently used analgesic perioperatively and in patients with chronic pain syndromes.. The analgesic effects of opioids are influenced by their route of administration, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, receptor downstream signaling, and non-opioid signal modifying mechanisms. Although opioids are effective analgesic drugs, their use is also associated with adverse events.
Exploiting Structure in Representation of Named Entities using Active Learning.

Fundamental to several knowledge-centric applications is the need to identify named entities from their textual mentions. However, entities lack a unique representation and their mentions can differ greatly. These variations arise in complex ways that cannot be captured using textual similarity metrics. However, entities have underlying structures, typically shared by entities of the same entity type, that can help reason over their name variations. Discovering, learning and manipulating these structures typically requires high manual effort in the form of large amounts of labeled training data and handwritten transformation programs. In this work, we propose an active-learning based framework that drastically reduces the labeled data required to learn the structures of entities. We show that programs for mapping entity mentions to their structures can be automatically generated using human-comprehensible labels. Our experiments show that our framework consistently outperforms both handwritten programs and supervised learning models. We also demonstrate the utility of our framework in relation extraction and entity resolution tasks.
Public Perceptions of Fairness in NBIC Technologies

In this chapter Ravtosh Bal explores the National Citizens Technology Forum (NCTF), a month long U.S.-wide public engagement focused on applications of nanotechnology for human enhancement (see also Wolbring). Through the process of deliberation, the NCTF participants expressed concerns about a wide array of equity issues. They worried that access to therapeutic applications might be limited by income, gender, and race and argued that systems of governance need to be set up to ensure that society as a whole benefits from these technologies, not just specific individuals or groups. Bal’s work first demonstrates that equity is not simply an issue that academics are debating; the public is quite concerned as well.
Reduced-form models for power market risk analysis

Abstract The experience of the last fifteen years has illustrated dramatically the emergence of new risks facing power market investors. The volatility of commodity prices, the strategic behavior of competing firms, and regulatory uncertainty all contribute to a challenging investment and operating environment. Traditionally, utilities and power-market investors have used large-scale optimizing production-cost models to analyze the cash flows of power generators. The complexity of these models, particularly when applied on a regional or national scale, is such that computational costs often prohibit extensive analysis of commodity, regulatory, and structural risks. This article demonstrates how a reduced-form modeling approach utilizing neural networks can be used to increase greatly the ability of modelers to use modern simulation-based risk analysis techniques. In particular, several applications relevant to evaluating the cash flow risks of generators, with applications to hedging, are presented. Central to the contributions of this paper is our reduction of complex optimizing models to spreadsheet form, reducing not only their computational complexity, but also their practical user complexity.
Modeling and performance analysis of a reconfigurable plasmonic nano-antenna array architecture for terahertz communications

Terahertz-band (0.1 to 10 THz) communication is envisioned as a key wireless technology to satisfy the need for much higher wireless data rates. Recently, the use of nanomaterials such as graphene is enabling the development of novel plasmonic devices, which intrinsically operate in the THz band. In this paper, a new antenna array architecture that leverages the properties of graphene-based plasmonic devices is proposed. In this array architecture, each element consists of a plasmonic front-end integrated by a THz plasmonic signal source, a THz plasmonic direct signal modulator, and a THz plasmonic nano-antenna. The possibility to directly modulate the signal without using frequency up-converters or sub-harmonic mixers leads to very compact front-ends, which can be much more densely packed than with traditional THz technologies. After presenting the THz plasmonic nano-antenna and THz plasmonic modulator models, the performance of an integrated front-end is numerically investigated. In addition, the beamforming and beamsteering capabilities of a 2x2 array are numerically investigated and discussed.
Life Takes Place: Phenomenology, Lifeworlds, and Place Making

Life Takes Place argues that, even in our mobile, hypermodern world, human life is impossible without place. Seamon asks the question: why does life take place? He draws on examples of specific places and place experiences to understand place more broadly. Advocating for a holistic way of understanding that he calls "synergistic relationality," Seamon defines places as spatial fields that gather, activate, sustain, identify, and interconnect things, human beings, experiences, meanings, and events. Throughout his phenomenological explication, Seamon recognizes that places are multivalent in their constitution and sophisticated in their dynamics. Drawing on British philosopher J. G. Bennett’s method of progressive approximation, he considers place and place experience in terms of their holistic, dialectical, and processual dimensions. Recognizing that places always change over time, Seamon examines their processual dimension by identifying six generative processes that he labels interaction, identity, release, realization, intensification, and creation. Drawing on practical examples from architecture, planning, and urban design, he argues that an understanding of these six place processes might contribute to a more rigorous place making that produces robust places and propels vibrant environmental experiences. This book is a significant contribution to the growing research literature in "place and place making studies."
Mutual Help and Peer Support Models for Opioid Use Disorder Recovery

The onset and offset of opioid use disorders involve the dynamic interplay of biological, psychological, and social processes. Most people are first exposed to substances via social mechanisms, and within this social context, opioid use is either supported and reinforced or sanctioned and prohibited. Of note, while the social factors play a powerful role in modeling and reinforcing initial opioid use, they can also play a powerful role in attracting and engaging individuals with opioid use disorder into circles of recovery that can support and sustain long-term remission. Freely standing community mutual-help organizations, such as Narcotics Anonymous and SMART Recovery, as well as more professionally formalized peer models of “Recovery Coaching” have grown and flourished in the United States in recent decades to address the increasing burden of disease, disability, and premature mortality relating to opioid use disorder, but the science on their effectiveness has lagged behind that in other clinical areas. This chapter describes the origin and growth of peer support models for opioid use disorder and reviews the research in these areas. The policy implications of these findings are discussed regarding the clinical and public health utility of peer support models in addressing opioid use disorders.
Modeling of an Intelligent Electronic Medical Records System

The integration of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) into the busy health care workflow is a challenge.
On symplectic periods and restriction to SL(2n)

We study representations of the general and the special linear groups over a non-archimedean local field that admit a non-zero invariant linear form with respect to the symplectic group (henceforth distinguished representations). For the class of ladder representations that are distinguished we show that applying the highest derivative operation twice results in a distinguished (ladder) representation. Furthermore, we characterize the unique distinguished component of the associated L-packet of representations of the special linear group in terms of the associated maximal unipotent orbit. We also obtain a sufficient condition for distinction of standard modules.
The effect of the twin block compared with trigger point injections in patients with masticatory myofascial pain: a pilot study

Objective The twin block, a novel nerve block that blocks the deep temporal and masseteric branches of the trigeminal nerve, has been shown to be effective in the short-term management of masticatory myofascial pain. However, little is known about its effectiveness in long-term management. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the twin block in comparison with trigger point injections for the treatment of masticatory myofascial pain. Study Design Forty-eight patients age 18 to 89 years were randomly assigned to the twin block group (n = 23) or the trigger point injection group (n = 25). The final analysis was based on a total number of 40 patients. Results Mean numerical pain intensity at baseline was 6.54 ± 1.90 for the trigger point injection group and 6.47 ± 2.23 for the twin block group. At the 6th month visit, it was 1.85 ± 1.85 for the trigger point injection group and 1.85 ± 1.94 for the twin block group. There were no statistically significant differences in pain intensity between the 2 groups at baseline (P = .64) and at the 6th month follow-up (P = .45). Conclusions The twin block is effective in the long-term management of masticatory myofascial pain compared with trigger point injections. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03870191
Invertebrate communities of Prairie-Pothole wetlands in the age of the aquatic Homogenocene

Simplification of communities is a common consequence of anthropogenic modification. However, the prevalence and mechanisms of biotic homogenization among wetland systems require further examination. Biota of wetlands in the North American Prairie Pothole Region are adapted to high spatial and temporal variability in ponded-water duration and salinity. Recent climate change, however, has resulted in decreased hydrologic variability. Land-use changes have exacerbated this loss of variability. We used aquatic-macroinvertebrate data from 16 prairie-pothole wetlands sampled between 1992 and 2015 to explore homogenization of wetland communities. Macroinvertebrate communities of small wetlands that continued to cycle between wet and dry phases experienced greater turnover and supported unique taxa compared to larger wetlands that shifted towards less dynamic permanently ponded, lake-like regimes. Temporal turnover in beta-diversity was lowest in these permanently ponded wetlands. Additionally, wetlands that shifted to permanently ponded regimes also experienced a shift from palustrine to lacustrine communities. While increased pond permanence can increase species and overall beta-diversity in local areas previously lacking lake communities, homogenization of wetland communities at a larger, landscape scale can result in an overall loss of biodiversity as the diverse communities of many wetland systems become increasingly similar to those of lakes.
Zinc Modulates Olfactory Bulb Kainate Receptors.

Abstract Kainate receptors (KARs) are glutamate receptors with ionotropic and metabotropic activity composed of the GluK1–GluK5 subunits. We previously reported that KARs modulate excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the olfactory bulb (OB). Zinc, which is highly concentrated in the OB, also appears to modulate OB synaptic transmission via actions at other ionotropic glutamate receptors (i.e., AMPA, NMDA). However, few reports of effects of zinc on recombinant and/or native KARs exist and none have involved the OB. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exogenously applied zinc on OB KARs expressed by mitral/tufted (M/T) cells. We found that 100 µM zinc inhibits currents evoked by various combinations of KAR agonists (kainate or SYM 2081) and the AMPA receptor antagonist SYM 2206. The greatest degree of zinc-mediated inhibition was observed with coapplication of zinc with the GluK1- and GluK2-preferring agonist SYM 2081 plus SYM 2206. This finding is consistent with prior reports of zinc’s inhibitory effects on some recombinant (homomeric GluK1 and GluK2 and heteromeric GluK2/GluK4 and GluK2/GluK5) KARs, although potentiation of other (GluK3, GluK2/3) KARs has also been described. It is also of potential importance given our previously reported molecular data suggesting that OB neurons express relatively high levels of GluK1 and GluK2. Our present findings suggest that a physiologically relevant concentration of zinc modulates KARs expressed by M/T cells. As M/T cells are targets of zinc-containing olfactory sensory neurons, synaptically released zinc may influence odor information-encoding synaptic circuits in the OB via actions at KARs.
Chemistry Education in Times of Disruption and the Times That Lie Beyond

Education and the role of educators in schools, colleges, and universities have helped shape how humankind has successfully met past challenges. Reflections from past Journal editors offer ideas an...
Measuring intrarater association between correlated ordinal ratings

Variability between raters' ordinal scores is commonly observed in imaging tests, leading to uncertainty in the diagnostic process. In breast cancer screening, a radiologist visually interprets mammograms and MRIs, while skin diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric conditions are graded based on clinical judgment. Consequently, studies are often conducted in clinical settings to investigate whether a new training tool can improve the interpretive performance of raters. In such studies, a large group of experts each classify a set of patients' test results on two separate occasions, before and after some form of training with the goal of assessing the impact of training on experts' paired ratings. However, due to the correlated nature of the ordinal ratings, few statistical approaches are available to measure association between raters' paired scores. Existing measures are restricted to assessing association at just one time point for a single screening test. We propose here a novel paired kappa to provide a summary measure of association between many raters' paired ordinal assessments of patients' test results before versus after rater training. Intrarater association also provides valuable insight into the consistency of ratings when raters view a patient's test results on two occasions with no intervention undertaken between viewings. In contrast to existing correlated measures, the proposed kappa is a measure that provides an overall evaluation of the association among multiple raters' scores from two time points and is robust to the underlying disease prevalence. We implement our proposed approach in two recent breast-imaging studies and conduct extensive simulation studies to evaluate properties and performance of our summary measure of association.
“Nothing that is So is So”: Fiction and Detachment in Philippe Lançon’s Le Lambeau

In tracking his slow recovery from the facial injuries that he sustained in the Charlie Hebdo attacks, Philippe Lancon develops two distinct and conflicting senses of the word “fiction:” on the one...
High Case Volume Predicts Greater Odds of Autograft Use and Meniscal Repair for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Purpose To evaluate how both annual surgeon and facility volume affect the cost and outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. We also aimed to identify trends in how surgeon caseload predicts graft selection. Methods The 2014 State Ambulatory and Surgical Database from Florida was used. Every case with Current Procedural Terminology code 29888 (“Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction”) was selected. Surgeon and facility identifiers were used to separate high- and low-volume groups, defined as >25 cases for surgeons and >125 cases for facilities. Univariate analysis was performed for patient demographics and surgical characteristics. Multivariate analysis was performed on significant factors to determine how these variables impact cost and odds of allograft usage, postoperative admission, and meniscal repair. Results There were 7905 cases performed between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014 after excluding same-year revisions. High-volume surgeons had $6155 lower total charges, were 1.949 times more likely to use an autograft, and had 54.5% lower odds of postoperative admission (all P Conclusions We found that high-volume surgeons were more likely to perform a meniscal repair and less likely to have their patients admitted postoperatively, which was the second largest cost driver of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They were also significantly less likely to use an allograft, especially in patients younger than the age of 18 years. High-volume surgeons had lower costs despite greater rates of concomitant procedures. Level of Evidence III, retrospective cohort study.
Learning and Physical Environment the Necessity for Research and Research Design

The growing concern about planning and providing effective physical facilities for special education programs is presented. Particular emphasis is focused on the inadequacy of decisions made by spe...
Comparative evaluation of six nucleic acid amplification kits for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection.

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged coronavirus, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in December, 2019. As drugs and vaccines of COVID-19 remain in development, accurate virus detection plays a crucial role in the current public health crisis. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) kits have been reliably used for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, whereas isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based point-of-care automated kits have also been considered as a simpler and rapid alternative. However, as these kits have only been developed and applied clinically within a short timeframe, their clinical performance has not been adequately evaluated to date. We describe a comparative study between a newly developed cross-priming isothermal amplification (CPA) kit (Kit A) and five RT-qPCR kits (Kits B–F) to evaluate their sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy. Fifty-two clinical samples were used including throat swabs (n = 30), nasal swabs (n = 7), nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 7) and sputum specimens (n = 8), comprising confirmed (n = 26) and negative cases (n = 26). SARS-CoV-2 detection was simultaneously performed on each sample using six nucleic acid amplification kits. The sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) and the accuracy for each kit were assessed using clinical manifestation and molecular diagnoses as the reference standard. Reproducibility for RT-qPCR kits was evaluated in triplicate by three different operators using a SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive sample. On the basis of the six kits’ evaluation results, CPA kit (Kit A) and two RT-qPCR Kits (Kit B and F) were applied to the SARS-CoV-2 detection in close-contacts of COVID-19 patients. For Kit A, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV/NPV and accuracy were 100%. Among the five RT-qPCR kits, Kits B, C and F had good agreement with the clinical diagnostic reports (Kappa ≥ 0.75); Kits D and E were less congruent (0.4 ≤ Kappa < 0.75). Differences between all kits were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The reproducibility of RT-qPCR kits was determined using a coefficients of variation (CV) between 0.95% and 2.57%, indicating good reproducibility. This is the first comparative study to evaluate CPA and RT-qPCR kits’ specificity and sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, and could serve as a reference for clinical laboratories, thus informing testing protocols amid the rapidly progressing COVID-19 pandemic.
Modeling Focused-Ultrasound Response for Non-Invasive Treatment Using Machine Learning

The interactions between body tissues and a focused ultrasound beam can be evaluated using various numerical models. Among these, the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld and angular spectrum methods are considered to be the most effective in terms of accuracy. However, they are computationally expensive, which is one of the underlying issues of most computational models. Typically, evaluations using these models require a significant amount of time (hours to days) if realistic scenarios such as tissue inhomogeneity or non-linearity are considered. This study aims to address this issue by developing a rapid estimation model for ultrasound therapy using a machine learning algorithm. Several machine learning models were trained on a very-large dataset (19,227 simulations), and the performance of these models were evaluated with metrics such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), R-squared (R2), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The resulted random forest provides superior accuracy with an R2 value of 0.997, an RMSE of 0.0123, an AIC of −82.56, and a BIC of −81.65 on an external test dataset. The results indicate the efficacy of the random forest-based model for the focused ultrasound response, and practical adoption of this approach will improve the therapeutic planning process by minimizing simulation time.
Bartleson, C. James 1929–1987

C. James Bartleson was an American color scientist who made very important contributions to colorimetry and visual science.
Early Stress and Adult Emotional Reactivity in Rhesus Monkeys

This chapter examines the relationship between early social experiences and behavioural and emotional reactivity in adolescence and adulthood that has been established through extensive research with rhesus monkeys. Classic studies carried out in the 1960s first demonstrated that rearing under conditions of social isolation resulted in severe behavioural abnormalities that carried over into adulthood. In the 1970s techniques for reversing such isolation-induced deficits were developed. More recent studies have examined the long-term consequences of more subtle variation in early rearing environments. Monkeys reared from birth without mothers but with extensive peer contact develop relatively normal social behavioural repertoires and function well in familiar and stable social settings. However, peer-reared monkeys display extreme behavioural and physiological reactions to environmental challenges, such as brief social separation, later in life. In contrast, monkeys reared by unusually nurturant foster mothers appear to develop effective strategies for coping with subsequent environmental challenges. Some general principles that have emerged from these studies with rhesus monkeys will be outlined and their implications regarding possible relationships between early social experiences and responses to challenge later in life in humans will be discussed.
Dynamics of Polar Plumes Observed at the 1998 February 26 Eclipse

This paper presents first observations of dynamics of the white-light solar corona detected during the few minutes of totality of a solar eclipse. Perturbations of a polar plume associated with an embedded ‘jet’ structure observed simultaneously at 195 A with the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) aboard the SOHO spacecraft lead to estimates of the electron density fluctuations accompanying the jet: ±15%. The morphological behavior of the jet, its apparent upward propagation speed of ≈ 200 km s−1, and the inferred density perturbations suggest that the jet is led by a weak, outward-propagating shock resulting from the injection of material at high velocity at the base of the corona. Smaller perturbations of the white-light corona are apparent at many other locations, sustaining hope that propagating Alfven waves may be measurable in the solar corona. Density perturbations associated with the jet follow from empirical electron density models of the polar inter-plume and plume regions, as derived from the ground-based eclipse measurements of coronal polarization brightness. These models indicate polar plume densities 4–6 times that of the interplume low corona.