cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Little islands recording global events: Late Quaternary sea level history and paleozoogeography of Santa Barbara and Anacapa Islands, Channel Islands National Park, California

Marine terraces are common on the Pacific Coast of North America and record interglacial high-sea stands superimposed on either stable or tectonically rising crustal blocks. Despite many years of study of these landforms in southern California, little work on terraces has been conducted on the two smallest of the California Channel Islands, Santa Barbara Island (SBI) and Anacapa Island (ANA). Presented here are new field and laboratory data on the ages, paleontology, and sea level history of marine terraces of these two islands. On both islands, the lowest marine terraces have shoreline angle elevations of ∼11 m above sea level. Amino acid geochronology shows that terrace deposits on both islands host fossils of two ages, one group dating to the ∼120-ka high-sea stand and the other group likely dating to the ∼100-ka high-sea stand. A mix of fossil ages is consistent with the paleontology as well, with SBI in particular showing a faunal assemblage that includes both extralimital southern and southward-ranging species (inferred to be from the ∼120-ka high-sea stand) and extralimital northern and northward-ranging species (inferred to be from the ∼100-ka high-sea stand). Fossil mixing from these two high-sea stands supports the hypothesis that glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) processes have left a strong imprint on the geologic record of sea level history in southern California. Nevertheless, the elevations of these terraces and that of a low terrace on Santa Cruz Island indicate that modeled GIA estimates of paleo-sea level for the peak of the last interglacial period at ∼120 ka could be too high. Future development of models of GIA effects on the Pacific Coast of North America will need to consider geologic records, such as those from SBI and ANA, in refining reconstructions of sea level history.
Numerical study of the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite

In this study, graphene was prepared using electrochemical exfoliation method. Numerical study of the exfoliation process of graphite was carried out using COMSEL Multiphysics 5. The homemade graphene was characterized using various microscopy, spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The prepared graphene oxide consists of few layers of graphene. The numerical study showed that the concentration of sulfate anions was transported through graphite rod in the range (9.77 × 10−7– 4.58 × 10−5) mol/m3 and stresses distribution which resulted from sulfate anions interaction along the graphite rod in the range (3.43 × 10−8– 5.77 × 10−7) N/m2.
The uniqueness of entrepreneurship in the sharing accommodation sector: Developing a scale of entrepreneurial capital

Abstract Hosts on sharing lodging platforms are viewed as an emerging form of entrepreneurs. This study aims to define entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial capitals and generate a multidimensional scale of entrepreneurial capitals for sharing accommodations (ECSA). A rigid procedure with three steps was followed to develop and validate this scale. An initial pool of items was provided through content analysis of 59 written surveys and literature review in Step 1. In Step 2 exploratory factor analysis (n = 150) was applied to further purify and refine this preliminary item pool. The 17-item ECSA scale was validated using confirmatory factor analysis (n = 328) in Step 3. Results support ECSA which covers four perspectives (i.e., financial, social, intellectual, and human capitals). The ECSA scale enriches the research body of entrepreneurship by examining an emerging business phenomenon. And it prepares practitioners for becoming micro-entrepreneurs on sharing lodging platforms.
Cell-to-cell variability in AMPK activation reveals autonomous cycles in cellular energy balance

Abstract Cellular metabolism can be reconfigured to balance nutrient processing (catabolism) and cellular demands (anabolism). However, the kinetics of reconfiguration within individual mammalian cells, and heterogeneity between cells, have remained unexplored. Using live-cell imaging, we investigate the kinetics of bioenergetic adaptation in individual cells. In response to acute inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, AMPK substrates are phosphorylated bimodally, identifying cells in different underlying states of anabolism and catabolism. Manipulation of glycolysis, insulin/Akt signaling, or protein synthesis shifts the distribution of these states. Long-term lineage analysis confirms that this cellular energy balance cycles over time within individual cells, independently of the cell division cycle. We further demonstrate that AMPK inhibits the ERK and mTOR cell growth signaling pathways specifically when anabolism is in excess. Our results reveal dynamic fluctuations of energetic balance, establish distinct time scales of cellular energetic control, and open opportunities for more precise prediction and control of cellular metabolic functions.
The Dilemma of Dirty Money

Money is generally seen as good, but what about when it is morally tainted? Does this affect whether people want money or how they would spend it? In this article, we review a nascent literature on...
Murine maternal dietary restriction affects neural Humanin expression and cellular profile.

To understand the cellular basis for the neurodevelopmental effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), we examined the global and regional expression of various cell types within murine (Mus musculus) fetal brain. Our model employed maternal calorie restriction to 50% daily food intake from gestation day 10-19, producing IUGR offspring. Offspring had smaller head sizes with larger head:body ratios indicating a head sparing IUGR effect. IUGR fetuses at embryonic day 19 (E19) had reduced nestin (progenitors), β-III tubulin (immature neurons), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes), and O4 (oligodendrocytes) cell lineages via immunofluorescence quantification and a 30% reduction in cortical thickness. No difference was found in Bcl-2 or Bax (apoptosis) between controls and IUGR, though qualitatively, immunoreactivity of doublecortin (migration) and Ki67 (proliferation) was decreased. In the interest of examining a potential therapeutic peptide, we next investigated a novel pro-survival peptide, mouse Humanin (mHN). Ontogeny examination revealed highest mHN expression at E19, diminishing by postnatal day 15 (P15), and nearly absent in adult (3 months). Subanalysis by sex at E19 yielded higher mHN expression among males during fetal life, without significant difference between sexes postnatally. Furthermore, female IUGR mice at E19 had a greater increase in cortical mHN versus the male fetus over their respective controls. We conclude that maternal dietary restriction-associated IUGR interferes with neural progenitors differentiating into the various cellular components populating the cerebral cortex, and reduces cerebral cortical size. mHN expression is developmental stage and sex specific, with IUGR, particularly in the females, adaptively increasing its expression toward mediating a pro-survival approach against nutritional adversity.
Access and empowerment in digital language learning, maintenance, and revival: a critical literature review

Technology has paved the way for new modalities in language learning; however, indigenous populations often lack access to these tools. This critical literature review examines how researchers have...
Investigation of novel cyclic structure in glycoconjugate using a simple model system

Bacterial capsular polysaccharide protein conjugates are a major class of vaccines for preventing severe bacterial infections. The conjugation of a polysaccharide to a carrier protein is critical for inducing adaptive immune response in healthy humans. Due to the high molecular mass and extensive structural heterogeneity of the glycoconjugate, the underlying sugar linkages and polypeptide site selectivity of the conjugation reaction are not well characterized and understood. Here, we report a model conjugation study using a monosaccharide and a synthetic peptide to investigate the fundamental reductive amination chemistry, which is one of the most commonly utilized conjugation strategies for glycoconjugate vaccines. We identified a cyclic tertiary amine linkage as the primary conjugation linkage for monosaccharides containing dialdehydes. Such linkage is previously not well-recognized by the glycoconjugate vaccine field. Our study has provided insights into this commonly used, yet complex conjugation chemistry and will benefit the design of future protein-polysaccharide-based vaccines.
Proverbs 31 Women

Reviewing dozens of books, articles, presentations, and other media about romance, purity, and femininity aimed at Christian young women reveals three common archetypes: the Proverbs 31 woman, the stay-at-home daughter, and the mission-minded girl. Each of these figures is framed as an alternative to what authors understand as a secular-feminist, mainstream kind of path in which young women are expected to pursue careers and delay marriage and motherhood. Expectations for young men reflect fears that feminism and a kind of crisis in masculinity are delaying milestones such as marriage and urge Christian young men to “just grow up.” American young adults across the religious-political spectrum are finding their transitions to adulthood marked by the forces of neoliberalism and austerity culture. Courtship authors, ministers, and others endorse models of masculinity and femininity that they hope will encourage Christian young adults to buck generational trends and become heads of household, helpmeets, and parents at a young age.
Trends in the Prevalence of Self-reported Heart Failure by Race/Ethnicity and Age From 2001 to 2016.

Importance Despite recent advances in therapies for heart failure (HF), deaths from HF are increasing, with persistent disparities between Black and White adults. Recent national trends in the prevalence of HF need to be clarified to appropriately allocate resources and develop effective preventive interventions. Objectives To examine the prevalence of ambulatory HF overall and by race/ethnicity and age and the temporal changes in HF prevalence between 2001 and 2016. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of nationally representative data collected biennially through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2016, assessed nonpregnant adults 35 years and older who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, or Mexican American. Data analysis was performed from November 16, 2019, to April 12, 2020. Exposures Survey period, race/ethnicity, and age group. Main Outcomes and Measures Age-standardized prevalence was calculated within 4-year survey periods (2001-2004, 2005-2008, 2009-2012, and 2013-2016) based on self-report of ambulatory HF overall and by race/ethnicity and age group (35-64 and ≥65 years). Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to examine trends in ambulatory HF prevalence over time by race/ethnicity and age group. Results A total of 26 097 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.9 [10.7] years; 13 192 [52%] female; 6519 [12%] non-Hispanic Black; and 4906 [7%] Mexican American) were studied. Overall age-standardized prevalence (per 100 000 population) of ambulatory HF was 3184 (95% CI, 2641-3728) from 2001 to 2005 and 3045 (95% CI, 2651-3438) from 2013 to 2016. The prevalence of ambulatory HF was highest among non-Hispanic Black adults: from 2013 to 2016, HF prevalence (per 100 000 population) was 5017 (95% CI, 3755-6279) among non-Hispanic Black adults, 2746 (95% CI, 2313-3179) among non-Hispanic White adults, and 2508 (95% CI, 1154-3862) among Mexican American adults. Differences between White and Black adults in HF prevalence were also present in younger and middle-aged adults (eg, 35-64 years of age in 2013-2016: 3864 [95% CI, 2369-5359] for non-Hispanic Black adults vs 1297 [95% CI, 878-1716] for non-Hispanic White adults). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that a high burden of ambulatory HF persisted between 2001 and 2016 in the US. Disparities were most prominent by age group. Alongside prevention and aggressive management of risk factors, targeted efforts aimed at mitigating racial disparities are needed.
Toward confident regional seismic risk assessment of spatially distributed structural portfolios via entropy-based intensity measure selection

Intensity measure (IM) selection is a crucial step in regional seismic risk assessment (RSRA) of spatially distributed structural portfolios. In order to facilitate more confident regional seismic risk estimates, this study proposes an entropy-based IM selection methodology, offering the first systematic and quantitative regional-level IM selection approach. By conceptualizing the spatially distributed structural portfolio as an integrated multi-response structural system, the joint entropy of the system’s unconditional seismic demands is leveraged as an IM evaluation criterion. Owing to the adaptation of a newly developed advanced IM co-simulation method and multivariate surrogate demand modeling techniques, this entropy-based IM selection approach is able to holistically incorporate uncertainties rising from the spatial IM random field, structural parameters, and surrogate demand models, during the course of uncertainty propagation in RSRA. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated along with practical heuristics for alleviating the computational burden, based on a hypothetical highway bridge portfolio. Different application cases in the context of RSRA are considered, including pre-event RSRA considering a single scenario-earthquake as well as a stochastic earthquake catalog, and post-event RSRA considering record updating. The results consistently highlight the significance of the proposed IM selection method in facilitating more confident regional seismic risk estimates. Moreover, this study also provides valuable insights into record updating in reducing the level of uncertainty of the spatial IM random field, and its implication on IM selection in post-event RSRA.
Moment Spaces and Resonance Theorems

A central idea of analysis, which can be used to connect vast fields of study that at first glance may seem quite unrelated, can be expressed in the following simple form: “An element of a linear space S can often be characterized most readily and revealingly in terms of its interaction with a suitably chosen set of elements in a dual space S′.”
How do minimally verbal children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder use communicative gestures to complement their spoken language abilities

Background and aimsPrior work has examined how children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder who are minimally verbal use their spoken language abilities during interactions with others. H...
Diagnosing Data Analytic Problems in the Classroom

Teaching data analysis by providing students with real-world problems and datasets allows students to integrate a variety of skills in a situation that mirrors how data analysis actually works. How...
Use of Epoprostenol in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is defined as a disorder in which the mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (mPAP) is greater than 20 mmHg at rest. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is considered when mPAP is > 20 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is ⩾ 3 WU. PAH is a chronic progressive disease resulting in right heart failure and premature death. It is postulated to be due to an inactivating mutation of a gene named bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2), whose predominant function is halting vascular proliferation. It has a lamentable prognosis if not rapidly diagnosed and adequately treated. Treatment of PAH has evolved in the past few decades since many related pathways and potential therapeutic targets have been explored. Parenteral prostanoids are the most effective therapeutic options for PAH. Epoprostenol is a synthetic analog of prostacyclin and a potent vasodilator that was Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved in December 1995 for intravenous use to treat PAH. It has also been used to treat different PAH subtypes, including connective tissue-related PAH like lupus and systemic sclerosis, congenital heart disease, and drug-induced PAH. It is effective in reducing mortality rates and improving survival rates. Although the use of Epoprostenol for PAH is challenging, it has been one of the most successful therapies used. In this manuscript, we review the pathophysiology of PAH and the risk stratification tool. We also discuss the mechanism of action of PAH-targeted therapies while focusing on the role of epoprostenol that has been investigated in many clinical trials. Finally, we discuss two ongoing clinical trials which highlight some potential therapeutic options.
Influence of Prediabetes on Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden Assessed by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA).

Abstract Introduction According to CDC there are 88.0 million Americans aged 18 years or older with prediabetes. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. The relationship between prediabetes and coronary atherosclerosis is not well established. We evaluated the association between prediabetes and coronary atherosclerosis and compared it to non-diabetic population. Methods In this retrospective study all patients who underwent CCTA and coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing at our outpatient imaging center for the past 5 years were screened. 253 patients had recorded HbA1c values and were included in the study. 256 slice multi detector CT (GE Revolution, Milwaukee WI) scanner was used for imaging. CAC was scored using non-contrast CT. Total plaque score (TPS) and total stenosis score (TSS) were quantified using coronary CTA. Each of the scores were compared between prediabetic (125) and non-diabetic groups (128). Results Mean age of the study cohort was 53.2 ± 17.1 years, 66% were males, 114 had hyperlipidemia (45%), 108 had hypertension (43%), 96 were present smokers (38%) and the mean HbA1c was 5.6 ±0.4. In multivariate adjusted regression models, the odds of TPS (OR:2.93; CI: 1.54,5.57) P Conclusion Our findings suggest that prediabetics have higher atherosclerotic plaque burden compared to non-diabetics. In prediabetes, increased plaque burden most likely contributes to cardiovascular events. The application of these findings may guide early screening and pharmacological prevention strategies for atherosclerosis in patients with prediabetes.
The Generic Features and Basic Argument-Structure of Hume’s Philosophy of the Human Understanding

In the preceding chapter, I attempted to show, among other things, that Hume maintains the same (albeit implied) general conception of imagination in both Treatise I and Enquiry I, the two major statements of his philosophy of the human understanding. In the present chapter, I shall attempt to show that the generic features of both these works are likewise identical. By “generic features” I mean the primary aims or goals and the basic, governing principles employed in attempting to achieve these aims: I do not include in this notion the basic structure of the argument, i.e., the over-all manner in which the main lines of argument develop or unfold. For while it seems to me that the primary aims and basic principles of Treatise I and Enquiry I are the same, I must admit that it is certainly not the case that the two works share the same basic argument-pattern. Nevertheless, I do believe that the pattern of argument Hume follows in Section XII of Enquiry I provides a definite clue to the over-all pattern of argument he adopts in Treatise I as a whole.
AIDS coverage: Ethical and legal issues facing the media today

As the media wrestle with ethical and legal problems in coverage of AIDS stories, such as privacy, terminology, and disclosure, a question is raised about the educational role the media will assume in the face of this health threat. Despite health department hopes for candor in dealing with the threat, blunt‐language ads and commercials have been rejected by most New York City media and legislation may restrict the extent to which media deal with the question. Though the media alone cannot bear the burden of AIDS education, they must provide point‐man services.
Reasonable access for mobility-disabled persons is more than widening the door

Abstract The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) introduced enforced accommodations implemented by retail businesses for disabled shoppers. Despite such legislation, disability advocates and disabled shoppers report that access remains incomplete. In this article I investigate an apparent dilemma facing retailers: that architectural interpretations of the ADA do not create the reasonable access that mobility-disabled shoppers actually desire. Despite this law, I propose that reasonable access depends heavily on a commitment by individual retailers to interpret the ADA in terms of consumer experience. Critical ethnography is used to uncover the multiple sides of this issue through the voices of retail students simulating disabilities, retail student teams accompanying disabled students, and retail managers discussing disabilities access. Analysis of these data exposes numerous contradictions between structural compliance and desired consumer access. Based on those contradictions, a Reasonable Access Framework is proposed that potentially could assist retailers in developing a code of reasonable access based on their own professional standards. Public policy implications are also presented.
Tracer transport during the Arctic stratospheric final warming based on a 33‐year (1979‐2011) tracer equivalent latitude simulation

[1] During the 2011 stratospheric final warming (SFW), a large anticyclone rapidly encompassed the pole, displacing the polar vortex and establishing strong summer easterlies. Tracer Equivalent Latitude (TrEL) maps indicate low latitude air was transported by the anticyclone into the summer polar vortex. MLS nitrous oxide was anomalously high throughout the following summer, confirming the TrEL results. A 33-year (1979–2011) TrEL simulation at 850 K potential temperature reveals a number of similar low-TrEL events, which are often, but not always, associated with Frozen-In Anticyclone (FrIAC) formation. The summertime TrEL values are highly correlated with zonal wind speed in the polar stratosphere following the SFW, suggesting that strong post-SFW circulation favors polar trapping of low-TrEL air. The 2011 event, classified as a large-scale FrIAC, was unusual in having the lowest TrEL values and the strongest easterly vortex within the past three decades.
Effect of Weld Structure on Fatigue Life of Friction Stir Spot Welding in Magnesium AZ31 Alloy

In this paper the fatigue behavior in friction stir spot welded coupons of magnesium AZ31 alloy manufactured under different welding conditions are investigated. Two sets of lap-shear coupons were welded based on varying the plunge depth and tool geometry. Metallographic analysis of the untested lap-welds revealed differences in microstructural and geometrical features. Results from the load controlled cyclic tests showed that one set of welds exhibited better fatigue performance compared to the other set. Optical fractography of the failed fatigue coupons revealed that fatigue cracks initiated at the weld interface in both sets of coupons. However, the fracture mode showed variability between the two sets of coupons. As such, the main conclusion of this study is that the effective top sheet thickness, which is largely determined by the shoulder plunge depth, plays a significant role in the fatigue behavior of the friction stir spot welds in magnesium alloys.
Birth Order and Intelligence

After nearly a century of debate, a large study shows that birth order influences intelligence, but the reasons remain to be resolved.
Thermally stable polymers for application in integrated optics

The bandwidth per unit power of an electro-optic material is inversely proportional to its dielectric constant. In order for a transition to occur, applications requirements for bandwidth will have to become more extreme than they are now, and organic electro-optic materials will have to meet some daunting thermal stability criteria. Here we describe the criteria that we have already met, and how we intend to meet the rest. An electro-optic polymer consists of a dye (chromophore) with a large value of the molecular hyperpolarizability P dispersed in a polymer host and aligned (poled) by an external electric field at a temperature above the host's glass transition temperature (Tp).
A Developmental Perspective on Executive Function

This review article examines theoretical and methodological issues in the construction of a developmental perspective on executive function (EF) in childhood and adolescence. Unlike most reviews of EF, which focus on preschoolers, this review focuses on studies that include large age ranges. It outlines the development of the foundational components of EF—inhibition, working memory, and shifting. Cognitive and neurophysiological assessments show that although EF emerges during the first few years of life, it continues to strengthen significantly throughout childhood and adolescence. The components vary somewhat in their developmental trajectories. The article relates the findings to long-standing issues of development (e.g., developmental sequences, trajectories, and processes) and suggests research needed for constructing a developmental framework encompassing early childhood through adolescence.
A review of the evidence on technology-based interventions for the treatment of tobacco dependence in college health.

Background The college years are a critical time in the development of smoking behavior and tobacco use. Smoking is linked to 30% of cancer deaths, 80% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and early cardiovascular disease and death. Effective cessation interventions at this time provide an opportunity to drastically reduce premature morbidity and mortality. Aims To review available evidence on Internet interventions with young adults, including methodology, theoretical frameworks and outcome measures for tobacco treatment to guide the development of a program in college health. Methods A comprehensive literature search for studies published from January 1999 to February 2011, in multiple databases was conducted, along with hand-searching of reference lists. Inclusion criteria were: participants aged 18–30 years, intervention involved the Internet through either Web sites or e-mail or texting, and outcome measurement of tobacco cessation/abstinence. Studies were evaluated utilizing a tool synthesized from guidelines presented by the Cochrane Collaboration. Findings Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (four randomized controlled trials, four cohort studies). Theoretical frameworks utilized were the Transtheoretical Model of Change, Health Belief Model, Theory of Social Support, and social cognitive theory. Interventions varied and included computer-generated advice letters, Web-based cessation guides, computer-generated text messages, and peer e-mail support. With smoking abstinence as the primary outcome measure, there was a statistically significant improvement in quit rates. Because of the use of multiple components, differences in interventions and the number of contacts, it is not clear what types of computer-based applications are most effective. Small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and inconsistency in outcome measures limit the ability to provide conclusive evidence to support these interventions—but support the feasibility to use in the design of future programs. Conclusions Use of technology-based interventions, such as the Internet, may be an effective tool for tobacco treatment interventions, especially with college students. There is great potential to reach large numbers of students, many who may not identify themselves as smokers or seek traditional methods for treatment. Additional research is needed to determine which technology-based interventions are most effective and to provide more conclusive evidence.
A software engineering-oriented concepts of programming languages course

Summary form only given. At Texas Tech University, C S 3461 (Concepts of Programming Languages) is a study of programming language theory and design, with Ada 95 as the primary language used. This course is also part of an eight-course software engineering-related sequence in the Texas Tech undergraduate curriculum. A class in programming language theory and design is of course not primarily concerned with software engineering; however, as the need for languages which support the software engineering methodology has increased, therefore, there has become a need to discuss related issues in the programming languages course, such as object-oriented design, program validation, and proofs of correctness. In addition, as the software engineering content of the introductory programming sequence (which is a prerequisite to this course) has increased, the degree of design and testing required for the programming assignments in this course has also occurred. In 1995, the Department of Computer Science received a grant from the Defense Information Systems Agency' to revise this course so that it primarily revolved around Ada 95 as the language by which design issues are discussed. Besides the class lectures, this four-semester hour course contains a laboratory component which covers Ada 95, Smalltalk, and Prolog. The students learn the languages through the use of laboratory tutorials, and are required to implement programming languages using this knowledge. In this manner, a mixture of theory and practice is provided to the student.
Household Consumption Response to Food Price Shocks and the Vulnerability of the Poor in Mexico

Using Mexican household level data, this paper examines the consumption response to the world food price shocks of 2006–2008 and 2010–2012 and assesses the vulnerability of poor rural and urban households. The analysis allows for substitution among food and non-food consumption groups, rather than substitution only within food consumption groups as most of the current literature has done it. Evidence shows that poor households made adjustments in their budget shares beyond the theoretically predicted as they tried to mitigate the negative welfare impacts of the food price shocks. Findings also show that most urban and rural poor households are net food buyers and thus vulnerable to food price hikes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of: “Unleashing Change: A Study of Organizational Renewal in Government By Steven Kelman”

Unleashing Change: A Study of Organizational Renewal in Government Steven Kelman. Brookings Institution Press. 2005. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8157-4899-X. Do recipients of organizational change automatica...
Analysis of ultrafine and organic particles by aerosol mass spectrometry

Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) is a real-time technique capable of simultaneously sizing and speciating single particles. The future of AMS depends upon its capacity to analyze ultrafine particles and particle-bound organic molecules. Presently, aerodynamic particle focusing and laser-based vaporization and ionization hold the greatest promise to achieve these goals.
Polarized Naphthalimide CH Donors Enhance Cl– Binding within an Aryl-Triazole Receptor

The dipolar character of 1,8-naphthalimide together with polarization of the C4–H and C5–H donors has been utilized in receptor 1 to effectively bind chloride alongside triazole and phenylene units...
Section III: Morphology, intraoperative imaging, and image processing.

Currently, the most prevalent cartilage magnetic resonance imaging techniques are still two-dimensional fast-spin-echo and spoiled gradient-recalled sequencing. Two-dimensional fast-spin-echo imaging techniques have been made available as standards, and they provide reasonable contrast. More complex three-dimensional fast-spin-echo imaging techniques as well as three-dimensional steady-state free precession (3D-SSFP) are now available that can dramatically improve spatial resolution. Hardware parameters to improve the spatial resolution and reducibility include more powerful magnets at 3.0 and 7.0 Tesla, …
The Steinitz Class of the Mordell–Weil Group of Some CM Elliptic Curves

Abstract Explicit complex multiplications for some elliptic curves with CM by[formula]are given and used to determine the O -module structure of the Mordell-Weil groups of the curves over[formula]. The Steinitz class of these modules is determined and in particular shown not to be an isogeny invariant.
Rodlet cell distribution in the gall bladder epithelium of Fundulus heteroclitus

Rodlet cells within the epithelial mucosa of the gall bladder of the estuarine killifish Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) obtained from a highly contaminated creek adjacent to a landfill, were arranged within the constraints of the epithelium. Furthermore, the rodlet cells established a close intimate association with electron dense epithelioid cells. A comparison with fish from a non impacted estuary revealed a significantly greater number of rodlet cells in the ‘contaminated’ group. The abundance of rodlet cells within the gall bladder of the fish exposed to contaminants further strengthens the hypothesis that these cells participate in the fish's immune system.
Plasma-sheet structure and the onset of magnetospheric substorms

Abstract A model is presented in which the plasma sheet is not confined by a closed magneticfield configuration. Instead, the plasma-sheet particles continually leak down the tail along open field lines; the loss rate is controlled by particle scattering with magnetic-field irregularities and waves, and the length of the plasma sheet is determined by loss of plasma-sheet particles to the neutral sheet. The escaping particles are replaced by continuous injection of magnetosheath plasma entering the magnetosphere through the demarcation lines on the dayside magnetopause. According to the model, plasma-sheet particle fluxes at the lunar distance in the tail should normally be less than fluxes observed at the Vela orbital distance by a factor of two or more. The substorm onset in this model is the result of a depletion of the near-Earth plasma sheet owing to enhanced downstream escape. Thus the plasma-sheet ‘drop-out’ observed at the Vela distance should be accompanied by a temporary enhancement of plasma-sheet flux at the lunar distance. Rapid magnetic merging then proceeds in the near-Earth neutral sheet by a simple ‘vacuum merging’ process until the merging is slowed by the reappearance of the plasma sheet near the peak of the substorm.
What are close calls? A proposed taxonomy to inform risk communication research

Technology designers and researchers view close calls as an actionable source of information that can be leveraged to increase safety. Organizational representatives responsible for safety examine close call trends to understand their impact on human cognition and to improve risk communication. The relatively few published theoretical investigations of close calls have lacked focus. Attempts to relate close calls to Signal Detection Theory have often neglected the human judgment of event feedback. Furthermore, close call effects can be considered from a variety of perspectives, illustrating the enormity of the problem space. An important first step is to develop a taxonomy and framework that reflects close call impacts, severity, and potential for risk communication. The current article distinguishes close calls from false alarms, specifies a proposed framework for their definition, and demonstrates differences in severity within task domains. The article concludes with a proposed research agenda.
Electron microscopy of horseradish peroxidase uptake by papillary cells of the mouse incisor enamel organ.

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the tail veins of adult mice. Enamel organs were excised from mice killed at predetermined intervals, fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, incubated in diaminobenzidine medium, post-fixed in OsO4, and processed for electron microscopy. Within 5 min of peroxidase administration, the reaction product was seen extracellularly between papillary cells and between reduced ameloblasts, but not beyond the apical terminal bar apparatus. Only papillary cells took up the peroxidase intracellularly via bristle-coated vesicles. Within the papillary cells, peroxidase was also seen in tubular structures, and at 30–60 min intervals in numerous multivesicular bodies. The results demonstrate that (1) the basal terminal bar apparatus of reduced ameloblasts is permeable to peroxidase, whereas the apical is not, (2) papillary cells function in the absorption of protein from the capillaries, and (3) bristle-coated vesicles and tubular structures serve to transport absorbed protein to multivesicular bodies within papillary cells.
Donor Insemination: Eugenic and Feminist Implications

One concern regarding developments in genetics is that, when techniques such as genetic engineering become safe and affordable, people will use them for positive eugenics: to "improve" their offspring by enpowering them with exceptional qualities. Another is whether new reproductive technologies are being used to improve the condition of women or as the tools of a patriarchal system that appropriates female functions to itself and exploits women to further its own ends. Donor insemination is relevant to both of these issues. The degree to which people have used donor insemination in the past for positive eugenic purposes may give some insight into the likelihood of developing technologies being so used in the future. Donor insemination provides women with the opportunity to reproduce with only the most remote involvement of a man. To what degree do women take advantage of this to liberate themselves from male dominance? Through questionnaires and interviews, women who have used donor insemination disclosed their criteria for selecting sperm donors. The results are analyzed for the prevalence of positive eugenic criteria in the selection process and women's attitudes toward minimizing the male role in reproduction.
Multilevel Lumbar Laminotomies: An Alternative to Laminectomy in the Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis

The traditional treatment for lumbar stenosis is a wide laminectomy. This procedure has a high success rate and a low, but not insignificant, incidence of complications. Recently, however, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of spondylotic lumbar stenosis has led several authors to propose a more limited decompression directed specifically toward the offending area of compression. Over the past 5 years, we have treated 32 patients with lumbar stenosis using decompressive laminotomies. Our patients all had focal lateral recess stenosis that was diagnosed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. We performed decompressive laminotomies and foraminotomies at appropriate levels. This procedure is less disruptive than a full laminectomy and, in experienced hands, requires less operating time. At last follow-up, 90% of the patients so treated reported an excellent outcome--namely, total relief of symptoms and/or return to normal daily activities. There was no significant postoperative morbidity or mortality. We conclude that in a selected subgroup of patients with lumbar stenosis, multilevel laminotomies may be an acceptable alternative to laminectomy.
Getting realistic about megaproject planning: The case of the new Denver International Airport

Megaprojects continue to play a prominent role in promoting economic development, and have proliferated rapidly worldwide. But, as they have grown larger in number, size, and complexity, their planning, implementation and ultimate success become increasingly problematic. Most encounter unexpected difficulties and seldom achieve their original objectives. This article addresses the reasons for this state of affairs by focusing upon the relevance of the Rational model of decision making to the case of the new Denver International Airport. It traces its evolution and considers the extent to which the Rational model explains the major events. It concludes that this model has only limited explanatory power because it does not incorporate political elements which play a major role in megaprojects. The Rational model can be successfully applied to an entire project only where the political system permits a powerful agency to design and implement the project. This condition is rarely met in democratic societies, especially in the U.S. Furthermore, its applicability is limited by the new environment in which planning takes place, an environment that is marked by the emergence of new actors and increasing turbulence and uncertainty. Accordingly, recognition of the role of power suggests that the utility of the Rational model is limited and that alternative planning approaches that emphasize consensus building and flexibility need to be developed for megaproject planning.
Interventional cardiology and intracoronary stents—a changing practice: Approved vs. nonapproved indications

Our objective was to document change in stent usage in a single practice over time and to study "off-label" compared to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications. Although only two intracoronary stents have been approved by the FDA, the relatively limited approved indications do not account for the dramatic increase in stent implantation. This increase has important implications for patient health care delivery. This study of stent usage in a single center over a 36-mo period included all patients treated with coronary stents at the Mayo Clinic from January 1993-December 1995, and evaluated the relative difference in frequency between "off-label" and FDA-approved indications for implantation. During the 36-mo period of study, 3,614 interventional procedures were done and one or more stents were placed in 25.4% of patients. The proportion of patients receiving stents increased throughout this time: during the first 6-mo period, stents were placed in 6.2% of procedures; during the last 6-mo period, stents were placed in 46.3% of procedures, an eightfold increase. During the final 6 mo, an unapproved device or an unapproved indication for an approved device constituted 59.4% of all stent procedures. In addition, use of the non-FDA-approved adjunctive treatment regimen without warfarin increased from 2.9% in the first 6-mo period of observation to 82.7% in the last 6 mo. The use of stents increased strikingly over a 36-mo period, from 6% to 46% of all procedures. The majority of implantations were performed either for an "off-label" unapproved indication or with an unapproved device.
A photoelectron spectroscopy study of tunable charge injection barrier between metal/organic interface

Photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to investigate a tunable charge injection barrier at the metal/organic interface. Results in this study show that the morphology of the Al electrode in the indium tin oxide (ITO)∕LiF∕Al/pentacene structure plays a critical role. When the sample is biased across ITO and Al electrodes, shifts in the binding energies of certain core-level electrons are observed on the surface of the discontinuous thin Al electrode. In contrast, no such shifts are observed on the thick Al electrode. Further studies indicate that applying a voltage bias changes the energy alignment between the discontinuous thin Al electrode and the pentacene layer deposited on it.
Acute splenic sequestration crisis in an adult with sickle β-thalassemia

Acute splenic sequestration crisis (ASSC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell disease. Reports of ASSC in adults with sickle beta-thalassemia (S-beta(thal)) are rare and consist of isolated case reports comprising a total of seven patients, three of whom died during the crisis. We report a 22-year-old man with S-beta(thal) who developed ASSC 1 day after suffering multiple blunt trauma. Systemic inflammatory response to severe blunt trauma may have precipitated ASSC in our patient. ASSC in adults with S-beta(thal) is a potentially life-threatening complication with a high risk of recurrence. Splenectomy is recommended after the first attack of ASSC in adults with S-beta(thal).
Psychology of computer use: XXIII. Validating a measure of computer-related stress.

Prediction of the final grade in a computer course using the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, a measure of computer-related stress, was investigated. A sample of 154 university students enrolled in computer courses completed questionnaires covering demographic data, information on computer use, the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, and somatic complaint items of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Pearson correlations indicated scores on the Computer Technology Hassles Scale were significantly associated .27 with somatic complaints, -.24 with computer-course grades, and -.18 with self-rated computer knowledge. Regression analysis indicated that self-rated computer knowledge and scores on the Computer Technology Hassles Scale significantly predicted computer-course grade.
Dietary source of stearidonic acid promotes higher muscle DHA concentrations than linolenic acid in hybrid striped bass.

Rapid expansion of aquacultural production is placing increasing demand on fish oil supplies and intensified the search for alternative lipid sources. Many of the potential alternative sources contain low concentrations of long chain n-3 fatty acids and the conversion of dietary linolenic acid to longer chain highly unsaturated fatty acids is a relatively inefficient process in some species. A 6-week study was conducted to compare tissue fatty acid (FA) concentrations in hybrid striped bass fed either 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid; ALA) or 18:4n-3 (stearidonic acid; SDA). Hybrid striped bass were fed either a control diet containing fish oil, or diets containing ALA or SDA at three different levels (0.5, 1 and 2% of the diet). There were no significant differences in whole animal responses between fish fed ALA or SDA. Liver and muscle concentrations of ALA and SDA were responsive to dosages fed. However, only 22:6n-3 concentrations in muscle were significantly affected by dietary source of 18 carbon precursors. Muscle 22:6n-3 concentrations were significantly higher in fish fed SDA compared to fish fed ALA. Based on these data, it appears that feeding SDA can increase long chain n-3 fatty acid concentrations in fish muscle.
Sumatra tsunami: lessons from modeling

The need for the combination of seismic data with real-time wave height information for an effective prediction of tsunami impact is emphasized in the paper. A preliminary, but comprehensive study of arrival times, wave heights and run-up values at a number of locations and tide gage stations throughout the Indian Ocean seaboard is presented. Open ocean wave height data from satellite observations are analyzed and used in the reconstruction of a tsunami source mechanism for the December 26, 2004 event. The reconstructed source is then used to numerically estimate tsunami impact along the Indian Ocean seaboard, including wave height, and arrival times at 12 tide gage stations, and inundation at 3 locations on the coast of India. The December 2004, as well as the March 28, 2005 tsunamis are investigated and their differences in terms of tsunami generation are analyzed and presented as a clear example of the need for both, seismic and real-time tsunami data for a reliable tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean.