cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRON SPECTROMICROSCOPY

Abstract Three closely related techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, have become widely accepted as important tools for the study of the chemical composition and electronic properties of surfaces, overlayers, and interfaces. There is now a major effort to push these spectroscopic techniques into a new realm of applications with very high spatial resolution, at and below 1 μm. This results in a new set of probes which can create images of chemical composition with great subtlety. The field is growing rapidly as high brightness sources of X-rays become available. The goals and methods used in electron spectromicroscopy and related X-ray microscopies are discussed, and recent applications of instruments developed in the last few years are used to illustrate the strengths of these new microscopes.
Closed-form expressions for level-averaged electron spin relaxation times outside the Zeeman limit: application to paramagnetic NMR relaxation.

Abstract Paramagnetic enhancement of NMR relaxation (NMR-PRE) depends on thermal relaxation of the electron spin system. Most previous analyses of experimental NMR-PRE data have relied on Bloembergen–Morgan (B–M) theory to describe the magnetic field dependence of electron spin relaxation in liquid samples. However, B–M theory assumes a Zeeman-limit situation and is not physically appropriate to the common case of S ≥1 transition metal ions which possess a permanent zero-field splitting (zfs) that is comparable to or larger than the Zeeman splitting. Theory has been needed which (1) includes the effects of the zfs interaction, thus providing a realistic description of the magnetic field dependence of the NMR-PRE outside the Zeeman limit, and (2) describes electron spin relaxation phenomena at a comparable level of complexity to that of B–M theory, i.e., with two magnetic field-dependent electron spin relaxation times, τ S 1 and τ S 2 , defined in the laboratory coordinate frame. Theory of this kind is developed. Expressions derived in a previous study (R. R. Sharp and L. L. Lohr, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5005 (2001).) for level-specific relaxation rates have been averaged over spin eigenstates to give level-averaged quantities, τ S 1,2 . This kind of averaging leads to a great simplification in the mathematical form of the results. Simple zfs-limit molecular-frame and laboratory-frame expressions are given for electron spin S =1, 3/2, 2, and 5/2. General expressions, valid for S ≥1 and for arbitrary magnitudes of the Zeeman and zfs energies, are derived for level-averaged electron spin relaxation times defined in both the laboratory- and the molecule-fixed coordinate frames. The new theory coincides with B–M theory in the Zeeman limit.
Bullous pemphigoid controlled by tetracycline

Two men with nonscarring, persistent, localized bullous pemphigoid, whose eruption is completely controlled with daily doses of oral tetracycline, are described. A review of the literature on persistent, localized bullous pemphigoid is presented. The effects of tetracycline on leukocytes that may play a role in the response of these patients are discussed.
Incorporating data mining and computer graphics for modeling of neural networks

Provides a background on the concepts and development of data mining and data warehousing that need to be known by students and educators. Then discusses the applications of data mining for the construction of graphical mappings of the sensory space as a two‐dimensional neural network grid as well as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and simulated annealing. Data mining is also used as a tool for the construction of computer graphics as solutions to the TSP and also for the activation of an output neuron for a three‐layer feed‐forward network that is trained using a Boolean function. Conclusions and future directions of the research are also discussed.
Forming holes in brittle materials: An antique technique and its report by Charles Babbage, 1792–1871

Abstract In his biography, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher , Charles Babbage, an outstanding pioneer in computer technology, described a method of forming holes in brittle materials. This he had from one of his many “practical” friends, the originator of the method not being known. The technique is of great importance to-day in relation to the working of ceramics. Close similarities are often described in present-day papers and thus it is fitting that historical knowledge of the method be known.
Linear instability of far-wake flow

Measurements of the mean wake flow behind circular cylinders at Mach 6, described in Ref. 1, showed that in a certain Reynolds number range (Re_d ≃ 300-4000) the inner wake stemming from the body boundary layers is laminar and loses its identity within 60 diam, and the outer wake, stemming from the bow shock, is also laminar within a certain downstream distance, and may be calculated from a laminar linear theory, but does not become similar (Gaussian) within 2400 diam. Experimental study of the stability of these wakes is presented in Ref. 2.
ForEx Trade on Internet

Kristaps Licis continues his review of Web information of value of alternative investments. Given the recent issues regarding the movement in the euro and other inetrnational currencies, this issue9s Web summary concentrates on major cites with currency trading and currency informatio sources.
Analysis of indentation-derived effective elastic modulus of metal-ceramic multilayers

A numerical study was undertaken to study the elastic property of metal-ceramic multilayered composites derived from indentation testing. The model system features alternating thin films of aluminum (Al) and silicon carbide (SiC), free from any effect due to the underlying substrate. The anisotropic composite elastic response was obtained by simulating overall loading of the multilayer structure. Finite element modeling of instrumented indentation was then employed to calculate the indentation-derived modulus using the unloading portion of the load–displacement curve. The results from indenting the homogenized composite (with the built-in multilayer property) and from indenting the real multilayers (with Al and SiC layers explicitly accounted for) were compared. It was found that an indentation depth beyond approximately 8–10 initial layer thicknesses is sufficient to yield a valid composite elastic response. The effective modulus thus obtained is representative of the out-of-plane modulus of the multilayer composite.
Job satisfaction of extension workers in Edo State Agricultural Development Programme (EDADP), Nigeria

Agricultural extension can be said to be germane for any meaningful development in the agricultural sector. Extension personnel that are saddled with this responsibility need to be satisfied with their job in order to perform their duties effectively. Therefore this study examined the factors affecting job performance and level of job satisfaction of extension workers in the Edo state ADP. Edo south zone was randomly selected from the state, while 35 extension personnel where randomly chosen from the zone. Data were analysed using frequency count, percentages, means, chi-square and ANOVA. Findings reveal that 34.3% of the respondents are between the ages of 40 to 44 years with 85.7% being OND holders. Extension training (mean = 4.37) was considered as an important factor affecting extension workers job performance and the extension personnel were more satisfied with the working relationship with their colleagues (mean = 4.48) but unsatisfied with the working conditions (mean = 1.82) and salaries being paid (mean = 2.11). Also, there were no significant relationships between the personal characteristics of the extension agents (gender, age, marital status and level of education) and the level of job satisfaction. There was however a significant difference in the level of job satisfaction between workers with high and low years of experience. There is a need for regular training of extension agents so as to be abreast of new developments, improve their knowledge and skills in new extension methodologies. With this, extension agents will be motivated and be satisfied with their jobs. Keywords : job satisfaction, extension workers International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 6 2005: 202-207
Activity of volatile compounds in glandular trichomes ofLycopersicon species against two insect herbivores.

Several major chemicals in the glandular heads of type VI trichomes ofLycopersicon species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two normal odd-chained ketones, 2-undecanone (47 ng) and 2-tridecanone (146 ng), and one unknown sesquiterpene (5 ng), comprised approximately 95% of the contents of a gland ofL.hirsutum f.glabratum Mull. In a closely related plant,L.hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. (LA 361), two unknown insecticidal sesquiterpenes accounted for 6% of the gland contents. Additionally, small amounts of one unknown monoterpene and another unknown sesquiterpene were found in type VI glands of a commercial tomato variety,L.esculentum Mill. Bioassays comparing the gland exudate (by direct contact) and isooctane extracts of glands to neonate larvae ofKeiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) andSpodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) indicated that: (1) 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone were the major insecticidal compounds inL.hirsutum f.glabratum, (2) the two unknown sesquiterpenes inL.hirsutum were acutely toxic to both species, and (3) gland contents in the commercial tomato variety provided only a physical barrier toK.lycopersicella, and were not detrimental toS.exigua. In topical bioassay trials, synthetic mixtures of 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone (3 ∶1) demonstrated potentiation. Concentrations of these chemicals decreased as trichomes aged. Quantities of insecticidal chemicals and density of type VI trichomes varied with plant age and location within plants.
On the Efficiency of Register File versus Broadcast Interconnect for Collective Communications in Data-Parallel Hardware Accelerators

Reducing power consumption and increasing efficiency is a key concern for many applications. How to design highly efficient computing elements while maintaining enough flexibility within a domain of applications is a fundamental question. In this paper, we present how broadcast buses can eliminate the use of power hungry multi-ported register files in the context of data-parallel hardware accelerators for linear algebra operations. We demonstrate an algorithm/architecture co-design for the mapping of different collective communication operations, which are crucial for achieving performance and efficiency in most linear algebra routines, such as GEMM, SYRK and matrix transposition. We compare a broadcast bus based architecture with conventional SIMD, 2D-SIMD and flat register file for these operations in terms of area and energy efficiency. Results show that fast broadcast data movement abilities in a prototypical linear algebra core can achieve up to 75x better power and up to 10x better area efficiency compared to traditional SIMD architectures.
The Permanence of Provenance: The “Two Traditions” and the American Archival Profession

This article examines the claims that the American archival profession owes its existence to the unique combination of a “historical manuscripts tradition” and a “public archives tradition” over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also evaluates the differences and similarities between the traditions’ theories of practice and ideologies in early twentieth century American writings on archives and the Society of American Archivists’ “basic manuals” that defined much professional theory and practice in the late twentieth century. These findings have contemporary implications, as those seeking to define modern archival theory often erroneously use the origins of the American archival profession to support their arguments.
Software Repossession: Electronic Self-Help

Abstract The computer software industry has many customers who refuse to pay for the product they use. The cus-tomer may justify this refusal by claiming that the software is not performing as prom-ised. At other times, the customer may sim-ply choose not to pay or is financially unable to do so. When the customer is a major corporation (with a large, highly paid legal department) and the software devel-oper is a start-up company with limited financial resources, legal action may prove financially impossible. Even if the lawsuit eventually proves successful, the small developer may not be financially able to wait several years to collect.
Genetic Impact on Nutrition Practice: Genotype-Phenotype Considerations in Establishing Clinical Nutrition Protocols

Abstract The importance of nutrition in health maintenance, disease prevention and treatment is well documented. The Human Genome Project and additional genetic research have confirmed that considerable genetic variability exists between individuals with the same disease. Even individuals with the same genotypes demonstrate clinical heterogeneity, because both environmental and genetic factors determine the clinical presentation, prognosis and course. Individualization of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is the recommended approach. An inborn error of metabolism model will demonstrate how genetic information may impact on dietetic practice. Data will be presented describing variability in biochemical tolerance of patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase-deficient galactosemia. Correlations between molecular genotypes and phenotypes with biochemical tolerance will be presented. This model is used to elucidate implications for future clinical practice. Multi-factorial diseases such as diabetes, hyperlipidemias, osteoporosis, etc. which affect large populations may eventually require review of an individual's molecular studies prior to the provision of MNT. Future provision of MNT will require a greater understanding of basic genetic principles including molecular and biochemical concepts. Enhanced knowledge of genetics, will enable nutrition professionals to have an optimal impact on the health of patients, families and sub-populations they serve.
On the dynamics of high-speed cam profiles

Abstract An exact expression for the maximum output acceleration of a two-mass-and-spring cam system is developed for zero damping and dwell-rise-dwell profiles. A family of high-speed cam profiles having minimum components in the higher harmonics and similar in shape to Neklutin's “modified trapezoids” is suggested. One simple formula applies to the whole profile. General considerations on optimization of cam profiles (for minimum force on follower) and limitations on ultimate performance are presented.
Animal models for penile erection studies

To study the various aspects of penile erection, we created two animal models: (1) a monkey model, by implanting electrodes around the cavernous nerves, and (2) a dog model, by implanting electrodes around the cavernous and pudendal nerves. The cavernous nerves, which are branches of the pelvic plexus, travel along the posterolateral aspect of the prostate to innervate the erectile tisue of the penis. Electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves in 15 dogs and three monkeys induced prolonged erection. Because the anatomy of the penis in these animals is very close to that in man they offer an excellent model for the study of penile erection.
Should the Clinical Supervisor Be the Administrative Supervisor

Abstract This article presents the clinical supervisor as administrative supervisor dual role as both an ethical issue and a current practice in counselor supervision. The author examines the two supervisor roles as well as the pros and cons of supervisors assuming the dual role with a supervisee. Finally, the author proposes how both administrative and clinical supervision can be ethically and effectively delivered in various counseling settings given their financial struggles and managed care climate.
Effect of Low Zinc Intake and Oral Contraceptive Agents on Nitrogen Utilization and Clinical Findings in Young Women

10 volunteers 5 taking oral contraceptives (+OCA) and 5 noncontraceptors (-OCA) were fed a low zinc diet for 35 days in order to determine the effect of oral contraceptives on nitrogen utilization and to determine whether depletion of accessible body zinc and/or physiologic adjustment to conserve body zinc stores had occurred. Patients received less than .2 mg/day of zinc. Urine feces whole-body sweat and menstrual fluid were collected. Transferrin ceruloplasmin ferritin and alkalin phosphatase were evaluated on Days 8 and 36 of the study. Low zinc intake and oral contraceptive use was insufficient to alter nitrogen balance or body weight. +OCA showed the effects of zinc depletion. Serum transferrin and cholesterol declined significantly in the -OCA group while alkaline phosphatase and gamma-globulin fell significantly in the +OCA group. Both groups showed significant differences in levels of alpha-2- and beta-globulins. Clinical symptoms appeared frequently and severely in +OCA including sore throat dermatologic changes and diarrhea. There were also some reports of taste-related complaints. The results suggest that zinc deficiency through depletion of accessible body zinc stores developed during the 35-day study.
Psychological and physiological variables associated with large magnitude voluntary heart rate changes.

Forty subjects, given binary and proportional auditory and visual feedback and asked to raise and lower their heart rate on signal, were able to produce increases of up to 46 bpm and decreases of up to 14 bpm, with a mean increase over 5 experimental days of 11 bpm and a decrease of 5 bpm. Increases in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure and increases in skin potential level and number of skin potential responses accompanied voluntary increases in heart rate but not decreases. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate variability and skin potential level were best able to raise their heart rate. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate and highest resting heart rate variability were best able to decrease the heart rate. Subjects with high Ego Strength scores (or low Welsh's Factor A scores) on the MMPI were best able to control their heart rate. The Ego Strength score, resting heart rate, and resting heart rate variability were all significantly intercorrelated. Subjects showed marked individual differences in ability to control heart rate, although there was a significant correlation between ability to raise and ability to lower heart rate.
MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF NODES OF RANVIER ALONG SINGLE FIBERS IN THE NEUROGENIC ELECTRIC ORGAN OF THE KNIFE FISH STERNARCHUS

Electric organs in Sternarchidae are of neural origin, in contrast to electric organs in other fish, which are derived from muscle. The electric organ in Sternarchus is composed of modified axons of spinal neurons. Fibers comprising the electric organ were studied by dissection and by light- and electron microscopy of sectioned material. The spinal electrocytes descend to the electric organ where they run anteriorly for several segments, turn sharply, and run posteriorly to end blindly at approximately the level where they enter the organ. At the level of entry into the organ, and where they turn around, the axons are about 20 µ in diameter; the nodes of Ranvier have a typical appearance with a gap of approximately 1 µ in the myelin. Anteriorly and posteriorly running parts of the fibers dilate to a diameter of approximately 100 µ, and then taper again. In proximal and central regions of anteriorly and posteriorly running parts, nodal gaps measure approximately 1 µ along the axon. In distal regions of anteriorly and posteriorly running parts are three to five large nodes with gaps measuring more than 50 µ along the fiber axis. Nodes with narrow and with wide gaps are distinguishable ultrastructurally; the first type has a typical structure, whereas the second type represents a new nodal morphology. At the typical nodes a dense cytoplasmic material is associated with the axon membrane. At large nodes, the unmyelinated axon membrane is elaborated to form a closely packed layer of irregular polypoid processes without a dense cytoplasmic undercoating. Electrophysiological data indicate that typical nodes in proximal regions of anteriorly and posteriorly running segments actively generate spikes, whereas large distal nodes are inactive and act as a series capacity. Increased membrane surface area provides a morphological correlate for this capacity. This electric organ comprises a unique neural system in which axons have evolved so as to generate external signals, an adaptation involving a functionally significant structural differentiation of nodes of Ranvier along single nerve fibers.
Decision making in a schizophrenic population

Over the past decade, competence to make decisions has become a prominent topic in forensic psychology. We employed a gambling paradigm to measure ability to weigh risks, benefits, and probabilities in an internally consistent manner. Decision-making behavior of chronic, involuntarily committed schizophrenic inpatients was compared to outpatient schizophrenics and first-degree relatives of the patients. We found significant differences between inpatients and non-mentally-ill relatives, and between inpatient and outpatient schizophrenics. When WAIS-R Vocabulary subtest score was statistically controlled,no significant differences between any of the groups remained. Vocabulary x group interactions revealed that Vocabulary subtest predicted decision-making behavior for outpatients and controls, but not inpatients. Severity of psychiatric symptoms and number of prior hospitalizations predicted decision-making behavior for inpatient schizophrenics. Results suggest that competence assessments that rely primarily on verbal abilities may be inadequate to assess competence in acutely ill psychiatric patients.
The Physics of Tunable Disorder in Semiconductor Alloys

A review of the key changes in electronic properties that result from spontaneous ordering in III–V semiconductor alloy is presented. The intrinsic as well as extrinsic effects of the phenomenon are reviewed. The band structure changes and resulting optical anisotropy, the order parameter and the effects of controllable alloy statistical fluctuations on optical properties, orientational domain boundaries and the formation of orientational superlattices, the band-offsets between ordered GaInP and GaAs, and the effects of microstructural features such as anti-phase boundary defects on optical spectra are discussed. Wherever applicable, both the experimental and theoretical aspects of the phenomenon are examined to illustrate the current status of the field.
Continuing food-avoidance diets after negative food challenges

Negative food challenges for follow-up in patients previously diagnosed with food allergy should logically be followed by a normal diet. However, all patients do not reintroduce the food. The aims of the study were to define the proportion of negative food challenge not followed by a normal diet, and to identify possible reasons for not reintroducing the food. Patients with a negative food challenge were sent a questionnaire by mail. Items in the questionnaire included the symptoms at diagnosis, the duration of the diet, the fear of an accidental reaction during the avoidance diet and how it influenced the social life. Patients were also asked if the food was reintroduced after the negative food challenge, and if not, for which reasons. In 25.4% of the questionnaires (18/71) respondents reported that the food was not reintroduced. Patients with a previous diagnosis of peanut allergy tended to reintroduce the food less frequently than patients allergic to other foods. Girls were found to significantly less frequently reintroduce the food than boys. However, neither the severity of the initial reaction, the anxiety of an accidental reaction during the avoidance diet, nor a prolonged avoidance diet did influence the decision to reintroduce the food. Among other reasons listed, fears of persistence of allergies, with recurrent pruritus or non-specific skin rashes after eating the food, were reported in 12.7% of the total number of questionnaires. Patients who reintroduced the food reported that their social life generally improved. One quarter of previously allergic patients continue a food avoidance diet despite a negative challenge. We suggest reassessing food consumption in all patients after a negative food challenge, and in those still avoiding the specific food to consider a repeated challenge test.
A class of codes for a T active users out of N multiple-access communication system

A code construction for a T active users out of N multiple-access system (TANMAS) is discussed. The multiple-access channel (MAC) that is used in the TANMAS is a discrete-time noiseless real adder channel used without feedback with N real or binary inputs. Each input may be affected by an unknown, slowly varying channel gain and by an unknown, slowly varying channel offset. A set of N codes is constructed such that the sum of codewords of any known set of T or less active users is uniquely decodable. The sum rate of the codes approaches one from above if the input alphabet of the MAC is binary, and it approaches one from below if the input symbols are real numbers. For the case when the set of active users is unknown. For the case when the set of active users is unknown, it is shown that this set can be identified uniquely (in addition to unique decodability) provided that at most T/2 users are active simultaneously. The sum rate is then reduced to 1/2, which is approached from above and from below, respectively, for binary and for real channel inputs. A simple decoding algorithm which operates over the reals is given for the case when the set of active users is known. It is pointed out that one of the applications of the given codes is in hybrid multiple-access systems that use both multiple-access coding and collision resolution. >
Efficient online detection of dynamic control dependence

Capturing dynamic control dependence is critical for many dynamic program analysis such as dynamic slicing, dynamic information flow, and data lineage computation. Existing algorithms are mostly a simple runtime translation of the static definition, which fails to capture certain dynamic properties by its nature, leading to inefficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel online detection technique for dynamic control dependence. The technique is based upon a new definition, which is equivalent to the existing one in the intraprocedural case but it enables an efficient detection algorithm. The new algorithm naturally and efficiently handles interprocedural dynamic control dependence even in presence of irregular control flow. Our evaluation shows that the detection algorithm slows down program execution by a factor of 2.57, which is 2.54 times faster than the existing algorithm that was used in prior work.
Development of SDM-COFDM prototype employing a hierarchical ICI canceller for MIMO-based broadband wireless access systems

This paper describes an SDM-COFDM (space division multiplexed-coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) prototype employing a hierarchical ICI (inter-channel interference) canceller for MIMO (multi-input multi-output)-based broadband wireless access systems. The prototype has two types of ICI cancellers: multiplicative and subtractive. The multiplicative canceller multiplies the received signals by the estimated inverse propagation coefficient matrix. In addition, the subtractive one generates ICI replicas, subtracts the replicas from the received symbols, weights the subtracted signals by the estimated propagation coefficients, and combines them to obtain diversity gain. Experimental results show that the newly developed prototype with 2/spl times/2 antennas obtains a 1.4 dB improvement in required CNR at the PER of 0.1 compared to that achieved with only the multiplicative canceller. It achieves more than 100 Mbit/s per 18 MHz bandwidth by using 64QAM with the coding rate of 3/4 in frequency selective fading environments.
LQG/LTR controller design using a reduced order model

A specific robust controller design procedure, linear quadratic Gaussian with loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR), is studied. LQG/LTR design using a reduced-order model is performed. The error due to the use of the reduced model is accounted for by computing multiplicative error. All closed right half plane modes of the given system are included in the reduced-order model. The reduced-order LQG/LTR controller design procedure is applied to the problem of lateral attitude control of a drone aircraft. The case study demonstrates the reduction/design steps for a practical problem. >
Are the teleconnections of Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific El Niño distinct in boreal wintertime

A meteorological reanalysis dataset and experiments of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model, Version 2 (GEOS V2 CCM) are used to study the boreal winter season teleconnections in the Pacific-North America region and in the stratosphere generated by Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific El Nino. In the reanalysis data, the sign of the North Pacific and stratospheric response to Central Pacific El Nino is sensitive to the composite size, the specific Central Pacific El Nino index used, and the month or seasonal average that is examined, highlighting the limitations of the short observational record. Long model integrations suggest that the response to the two types of El Nino are similar in both the extratropical troposphere and stratosphere. Namely, both Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific El Nino lead to a deepened North Pacific low and a weakened polar vortex, and the effects are stronger in late winter than in early winter. However, the long experiments do indicate some differences between the two types of El Nino events regarding the latitude of the North Pacific trough, the early winter polar stratospheric response, surface temperature and precipitation over North America, and globally averaged surface temperature. These differences are generally consistent with, though smaller than, those noted in previous studies.
The Lakota Ritual of the Sweat Lodge: History and Contemporary Practice

The Lakota Ritual of the Sweat Lodge: History and Contemporary Practice. Raymond Bucko. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. vi. 336 pp., notes, references, index.
Predicting Effectiveness of Automatic Testing Tools

Automatic white-box test generation is a challenging problem. Many existing tools rely on complex code analyses and heuristics. As a result, structural features of an input program may impact tool effectiveness in ways that tool users and designers may not expect or understand. We develop a technique that uses structural program metrics to predict the test coverage achieved by three automatic test generation tools. We use coverage and structural metrics extracted from 11 software projects to train several decision tree classifiers. Our experiments show that these classifiers can predict high or low coverage with success rates of 82% to 94%.
Conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by immobilized cells of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293.

Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells capable of converting L-sorbose to L-sorbosone were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The preferred polymer composition for high activity and stability was determined to contain a total monomer concentration of 7.2% and 16.6% crosslinking agent. No significant differences in optimal conditions for conversion, e.g., pH and temperature, were found in comparison with free cell suspensions. However, in the absence of L-sorbose, the thermal stability of immobilized cells was lower. After the initial loss, the conversion activity of immobilized cells increased, possibly due to lysis, and this increase was related to the polymerization conditions and the incubation temperature for the L-sorbose conversion. The enzymatic activity and stability of the immobilized cells also depended on the physical form of the gel and the aeration levels. Addition of electron acceptors or addition of L-sorbosone to the medium reduced, while addition of neomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline increased the stability of the enzymatic activity.
Self and observer reports of interpersonal problems in couples.

This study investigated self-partner agreement on a measure of interpersonal problems as well as the relationship between discrepancy in self-partner ratings and self-reported symptomatology. Both partners of 49 young adult couples rated themselves and their partners on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP; Horowitz , Rosenberg, Baer, Ureno, & Villasenor, 1988). The results demonstrated that couples generally evidenced significant agreement in characterizing the interpersonal problems of each target person, suggesting that the substantial self-partner agreement previously reported for personality traits generalizes to the domain of interpersonal problems. Results also indicated that the relationship between self-partner discrepancy and symptomatology depended on the target person's gender. Finally, the data provide preliminary evidence of the psychometric properties of an observer form of the IIP, including its circular structure. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 27–37, 1999.
The effect of perceived intruder proximity and resident body size on the aggressive responses of male green frogs, Rana clamitans (Anura: Ranidae)

We examined variation in aggressive responses within and among individuals in the green frog, Rana clamitans. We tested the hypothesis that resident males respond in a graded fashion to changes in perceived intruder proximity (stimulus intensity). We also investigated how response level varied with responder body size. We found that green frogs differentially alter aggressive responses (increasing movement and calling rates while decreasing the duration and dominant frequency of their calls) with an increase in stimulus intensity. Body size did not appear to be a significant influence on most response levels. We suggest that aggressive responses are graded, and advertisement and aggressive calls represent opposite ends of a continuum. Green frogs do not exhibit clearly defined thresholds for responses like those reported for some other frogs. By using graded responses rather than discrete “all-or-nothing” responses, males may reduce the potential costs of aggressive encounters.
SCATTERING OF SH WAVES IN MULTILAYERED MEDIA WITH IRREGULAR INTERFACES

An indirect boundary integral equation method is used to investigate the scattering of elastic SH waves in a multilayered media with irregular interfaces. An extensive parametric error analysis is performed in order to assess the convergence of the proposed method. Subsequently, the numerical results for both steady-state and transient surface response are given for one- and two-layer models.
A morphological analysis of the first cleavage mitotic cytoskeleton isolated from sea urchin embryos (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis).

Morphological changes in the mitotic cytoskeleton (MC) that occurred through the course of the first cleavage of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, cultured at 8°C or at 0°C, temperatures within the natural range for this species, have been investigated. Electron microscopy of MCs isolated from zygotes has revealed that they consisted largely of microtubules (mts). Thus, the morphology of these MCs is derived from the arrangement of the mts which form them. During anaphase, astral rays elongated while kinetochore fibers shortened. Asters enlarged during anaphase as a result of two events: astral ray lengthening and centrosphere enlargement. At the end of anaphase, asters of 8°C MCs filled the entire cell volume. The pattern of changes that occurred in 8°C mitotic apparatuses (MAs) also occurred in 0°C MCs. The observation of asters in 0°C MCs is contradictory to that of Stephens ('72b), who reported that 0°C MCs in this species were anastral. However, in 0°C metaphase MCs, the astral rays and spindle fibers were not as long as those in 8°C MCs. Also in 0°C MCs, the centrosphere was largely filled with dense material, whereas the centrosphere in 8°C MCs was larger and contained little dense material. Asters of 0°C MCs did not attain a large enough size to fill the egg volume completely, as did asters of 8°C MCs.
Health promotion and disease prevention among minorities

Lifestyle and behavior are central to the acquisition and development of major chronic diseases. To influence lifestyle and behavior, health promoters must take into account the values, attitudes, culture, and life circumstances of the individual. If we are to achieve salutary changes in the health status of minority populations, health professionals and designers of health programs must cope with the extraordinary diversity of America’s populations. There are four generally recognized minority groups in the United States: Asian/ Pacific Islanders, African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. While about one out of five Americans belongs to one of these four groups, their population growth…
Transience, Labor, and Nature: Itinerant Workers in the American West

This article focuses on the tens of thousands of itinerant workers, also known as tramps or hoboes, who provided the primary labor force for the natural resource extraction industries of the American West in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Itinerant workers' visceral encounters with nature differed from the experiences of most urban residents in this era of city growth and related anxiety about Americans' loss of contact with the natural world. This article argues that some hoboes embraced time spent in “wild” nature as an escape from work, and they consciously asserted their ability to appreciate nature in the face of claims that such appreciation was class-specific. As workers and as travelers, itinerant laborers experienced and knew nature in ways that reflected both their distinct circumstances as mobile industrial wage workers and the cultural context of a national obsession with nonhuman nature.
Social Anxiety, Motivation, Self-Disclosure, and Computer-Mediated Friendship: A Path Analysis of the Social Interaction in the Blogosphere

This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of individuals’ social interaction with new and existing friends in the blogosphere. It examines not only the direct association between social anxiety and online friendships but also the mediating effects of motivation and self-disclosure on the relation through path analysis. A total of 385 bloggers recruited online responded to the survey questionnaire. The results showed that compared with low socially anxious individuals, those with high social anxiety tended to make fewer new friends, communicated with fewer existing friends via blogs, and had lower relationship quality with those existing friends, but had higher relationship quality with new friends made through blogs. With regard to mediation, the higher the bloggers’ social anxiety, the more motivated they were to make new friends via blogs and the more intimate information they disclosed on their blogs, both of which were, in turn, associated with more new friends and higher quality of new friendship...
Effect of Cortisone on Mouse Resistance to Intravenous Toxicity of Influenza Virus.

Summary1. Treatment of mice with cortisone significantly reduced their resistance to the intravenous toxicity of PR8 influenza A. Lee influenza B, and Newcastle disease viruses. 2. Deaths of cortisone treated mice were prevented by mixing specific immune serum with the viral inoculum or by passive immunization of mice prior to challenge. Immune serum injected intravenously 15 minutes after challenge gave some protection but was without effect when injected 3 hours after challenge. 3. For full effect, closes of 2.5 mg of cortisone had to be used when treatment was begun 24 hours before challenge. Smaller doses were effective if begun earlier. Doses as large as 5.0 mg had no significant effect if given only 3 hours before challenge.
Optical-Model Analysis of Alpha-Particle Scattering from Mg 24

Optical-model analysis of elastic-scattering data taken at 40 MeV produces the familiar potential ambiguities, but at 80 MeV a single set is obtained. The parameters $V$, $W$, ${\mathcal{r}}_{0}$, and $a$ are found to be highly correlated and hence cannot be uniquely determined. The functions which are determined most uniquely are the rms radius of the real and imaginary potential and the products $V{{\mathcal{r}}_{0R}}^{4}$ and $W{{\mathcal{r}}_{0I}}^{4}$.
Lessons from the arts: what the performing arts literature can teach us about creating expressive character movement

The performing arts literature offers arguably the most comprehensive analysis of expressive character movement available. While it is not always straightforward to apply material written for human performers to virtual characters, this material provides excellent guidance on the movement repertoire we need to imbue synthetic characters with in order to give them rich personalities and strong emotional expression. This chapter reviews material from actor training, animation and movement theory in order to provide a broad grounding in the movement principles distilled in the arts. It also discusses some of the challenges in using this material and shows examples of how it can be successfully applied for procedural animation. The chapter aims to provide a clear understanding of the kinds of movement characters in virtual worlds will likely require in order to convey rich personalities and emotional nuance.
Ontology-Based Visualization of Healthcare Data Mined from Online Healthcare Forums

With the widespread growth of social networking there are several online forums that are dedicated to discussing health and well-being. These forums are great resources for collecting patient and health related information, as people tend to freely share and discuss their health conditions and treatments with others having similar experiences. There are several methods available for extracting data from such online forums, however, there isn't a structured way for storing such information. With vast amount of data being collected from several different sources it is not only important to have structure, but also some semantic information associated with the data so that it can be processed autonomously without human intervention. An ontology can help in addressing this need. In this paper we present a Healthcare Forum Mining Ontology which defines health and patient related terms that can be extracted from the messages posted in online healthcare forums, along with the relationships between those terms. The availability of this information would be of immense help to clinical research which often lacks full access to patient data due to its privacy-sensitive nature. We demonstrate the usefulness of this ontology using a visualization tool which can be used to: (i) analyze the profiles of patients undergoing treatment for a given disease/health condition and (ii) visualize the associations between the healthcare data stored as a part of the ontology's knowledge base.
Links of Autophagy Dysfunction to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Onset

Introduction: Autophagy is a cellular stress response that plays key roles in physiological processes, such as adaptation to starvation, degradation of aberrant p
Research Overview on Pendulum Wave Power Generation Technology

Research on wave power generation has advanced significantly over the past few decades. Much of this work has been undertaken by scientists of many countries. This paper briefly introduces the present situation of utilizing wave energy and the research progress on pendulum wave power generation technology,describes the work of Muroran University and State Oceanic Administration and summarizes the achievements on pendulum wave power generation technology.
Hysterectomy and race.

Objective To investigate black-white differences in factors related to hysterectomy. Methods Discharge summary data were analyzed for 53,159 hysterectomies that occurred in Maryland from 1986-1991. Results The average annual age-adjusted hysterectomy rate was higher for black women (49.5 per 10,000) than for white women (41.2 per 10,000). For 65.4% of the hysterectomies in black women, the principal diagnosis was uterine fibroids, compared to 28.5% for white women. Logistic regression was used to measure the effect of race on complications, length of stay, and mortality after adjustment for a variety of factors including age, comorbidities, diagnosis, route (abdominal, vaginal, or subtotal), hospital characteristics, and source of payment. In comparison to white women, black women having hysterectomy were found to have an increased risk of one or more complications of surgical or medical care (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-1.5), a length of stay of more than 10 days (odds ratio 2.7, 95% CI 2.5-3.1), and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 2.0-4.8). Conclusions In a study of more than 53,000 hysterectomies, black women were more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of uterine fibroids as white women, were more likely to have complications, had a longer hospitalization, and had more than three times the in-hospital mortality rate.
Selective expression of two homeobox genes in CD34-positive cells from human bone marrow.

Proteins coded by homeobox-containing genes are sequence-specific DNA- binding proteins that have been implicated in the control of gene expression both in developing as well as in adult tissues. Two recently characterized human homeobox genes, HB24 and HB9, were found to be highly expressed in bone marrow cells enriched for CD34-positive cells, present at low levels in unfractionated bone marrow cells, and essentially undetectable in bone marrow cells depleted of CD34 cells. Treatment of CD34-enriched cells with recombinant interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor for 24 hours increased expression of HB24 threefold and HB9 fourfold. Based on studies with actinomycin D, the HB24 and HB9 transcripts in human CD34- positive cells have short half-lives, estimated to be 30 to 45 minutes. Downregulation of HB24 and HB9 expression was found following the treatment of in vitro cultures of CD34-positive cells with IL-3. Thus, the differentiation of CD34-positive cells along a specific cell lineage likely requires downregulation of both HB24 and HB9.
Possible groundwater dominance in the subglacial hydrology of ice sheet interiors: example at Dome C, East Antarctica

Abstract. We hypothesize that groundwater systems may be the main water transport mechanism over (distributed, inefficient) water sheets at large scales in the interiors of ice sheets where melt rates are very low. We compare melt rate magnitudes to potential groundwater volume fluxes and also calculate the theoretical transmissivity ranges of subglacial water sheet and groundwater flow systems. Theoretical groundwater systems are on par with or are more transmissive than water sheets for the upper half of the permeability spectrum. In addition, we develop a 2D cross-sectional subglacial flow path model that connects subglacial lakes near Dome C, East Antarctica. This model integrates subglacial water sheet flux and hypothetical groundwater flow forcing, better bridging two historically disparate modeling frameworks – subglacial hydrology and ice sheet hydrogeology. Our model results suggest that the water sheet thickness can be highly dependent on groundwater flux and that the water sheet transmissivity is within the total range of the modeled groundwater system transmissivity. We infer from these results that subglacial lake stability and basal radar reflections underneath the interior of East Antarctica may possibly be affected by groundwater flow.