cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ambiguity of Leadership

Problems with the concept of leadership are addressed: (a) the ambiguity of its definition and measurement, (b) the issue of whether leadership affects organizational performance, and (c) the process of selecting leaders, which frequently emphasizes organizationally-irrelevant criteria. Leadership is a process of attributing causation to individual social actors. Study of leaders as symbols and of the process of attributing leadership might be productive.
The reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with OH

The OH radical adds to naphthalene and naphthalene cation without a barrier. For the neutrals, the most favorable path for this intermediate is the loss of the OH, and the next most favorable option is the loss of an H atom to form the alcohol. For the cation, the most favorable path appears to be a hydrogen migration followed by the loss of a hydrogen to form the alcohol. The OH at carbon atom 1 is energetically most favorable for both the initial complex and final product. This is true for both the neutrals and cations.
Local Asymptotics for Regression Splines and Confidence Regions

In this paper, we study the local behavior of regression splines. In particular, explicit expressions for the asymptotic pointwise bias and variance of regression splines are obtained. In addition, asymptotic normality for regression splines is established, leading to the construction of approximate confidence intervals and confidence bands for the regression function.
Selective inhibition of the spinach thylakoid LHC II protein kinase

Abstract Treatment of spinach thylakoids with the adenosine affinity inhibitor 5′- p -fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine (FSBA) resulted in at least 95% inhibition of phosphorylation of the light-harvesting protein complex of Photosystem II (LHC II), while the M r 10 000 polypeptide showed a 35% decrease in phosphorylation. This residual kinase activity after FSBA treatment appears to have the same properties as the control, since phosphorylation of the M r 10 000 polypeptide subsequent to FSBA treatment could be achieved with either light or reducing conditions in the dark. [ 14 C]FSBA labelled several polypeptides, but only the M r 50 000 band was protected against the label by prior addition of ADP or adenosine, making it a possible candidate for the LHC II kinase. FSBA had no effect on electron transport, and [ 14 C]FSBA did not label LHC II or the M r 10 000 polypeptide, indicating that the FSBA was not interfering with activation of the kinase or modifying the substrates, but rather acting at the level of the LHC II protein kinase. Inhibition of LHC II phosphorylation by FSBA resulted in the elimination of the slow ATP-induced decrease in variable fluorescence, a parameter believed to be associated with phosphorylation of the LHC II. The half-times and time-course for inhibition of LHC II phosphorylation and inhibition of the ATP-induced decrease of fluorescence yield were identical, consistent with the concept that LHC II phosphorylation plays a major role in this fluorescence change.
Discussion of “Reduction of wind Data”

Wind, being the only vectorial quantity directly observed in meteorology, poses more computational problems than any other element. While a monograph on the reduction and representation of wind data is sorely needed by modern climatology, Ives' comments are generally too incomplete and in some cases too much in error to fill the gap, even partially. Specifically, mistakes appear in the explanations of “dynamic” and “resultant” winds, and exception is taken to the completeness or propriety of the mention of “sampling error,” “ambient winds,” “constancy,” and “wind roses.” Because there is, unfortunately, so little information available on wind computation, it is felt advisable to correct these misstatements.
Beyond Law and Justice: Revenge in Jean Améry

How can we conceive of justice after Auschwitz? This question informs all of Jean Amery's writings. While Amery is famous for his defense of ressentiments and for problematizing the demand of forgiveness put on survivors after the war, I argue that a consideration of his reflections on revenge are indispensible for reaching a fuller understanding of his complex engagement with individual and collective notions of justice after Auschwitz. In his essay collection Jenseits von Schuld und Suhne (1966), Amery is quick to dismiss the idea of revenge. However, the protagonist of Lefeu oder der Abbruch (1974), a Holocaust survivor, indulges in a fantasy of vengeance, followed by the fantasy of being brought to trial for his quest for justice. Relegating both revenge and the court to the realm of the imaginary, Amery depicts them in their failure to bring about justice and foregrounds the survivor's struggle to be heard by his or her community. I demonstrate that Amery—in dialogue with Hannah Arendt, Theodor W. Ad...
Nonuniform shear strains in torsional Kolsky bar tests on soft specimens

Abstract : We investigate inertial effects in torsional Kolsky bar tests on nearly incompressible, soft materials. The results are relevant for materials with instantaneous elastic shear modulus on the order of 1 1000 kPa and density on the order of water. Examples include brain tissue and many other soft tissues and tissue surrogates. We have conducted one- and three-dimensional analyses and simulations to understand the stress and strain states that exist in these materials in a torsional Kolsky bar test. We demonstrate that the short loading pulses typically used for high strain-rate (e.g., 700 = s) tests do not allow the softer specimens to ring-up to uniform stress and strain states and that consequently the shear stress versus shear strain data reported in the literature are erroneous. We also show that normal stress components, which are present even in quasistatic torsion of nonlinear elastic materials, can be amplified in dynamic torsion tests on soft materials. Kolsky bar tests are widely used to study strain-rate effects in inelastic solids [Gray 2000; Chen and Song 2011]. In a compression Kolsky bar test, a relatively thin specimen is sandwiched between two bars. Impact at one end of the incident bar generates a compressive wave that travels along the bar, through the specimen, and into a transmission bar. The goal of this test is to subject the specimen to uniform uniaxial stress and uniform (biaxial) strain at a prescribed axial strain-rate. These uniform conditions can often be achieved after an initial ring-up period involving multiple wave reflections from the specimentransmission bar and specimen-incident bar interfaces. Once uniform conditions have been achieved in the specimen, the axial stress, axial strain, and axial strain-rate histories in the specimen can be deduced from strain gage measurements on the elastic bars: the axial stress is proportional to the strain in the transmission bar, and the axial strain-rate is proportional to the strain in t
Studies of post drawing relaxation phenomena in poly(ethylene terephthalate) by infrared spectroscopy

In this paper, we study the relaxation behavior of initially amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films drawn, at 80°C using a draw rate of 2 cm/min, to a draw ratio (A) from 1 to 5 and then quenched to room temperature. These films were then heated at different temperatures from 68 to 80°C for different times and their orientation determined. The orientation measurements were performed by transmission infrared spectroscopy and the bands used for the determination of orientation were those at 1340 and 970 cm -1 for the trans conformers, normalized using the 1410 cm -1 benzene ring vibration. The crystallinity was determined by thermal analysis. It is shown that when PET is drawn to λ values up to 2-2.5 (before stress-induced crystallization), the orientation relaxes rapidly at temperatures close to the glass transition temperature of PET. For A values of 3 or higher, the orientational relaxation of the amorphous regions is hindered. This effect is ascribed to the development of strain-induced crystallites, which are believed to act as pseudo-crosslinks.
Determination of exchange constants of 2-D magnets from ESR in the paramagnetic state

Abstract Values of the exchange constant, J, of 2-dimensional magnets are obtained semi-quantitatively from measurements of the anisotropy of ESR line widths in the paramagnetic phase. The theory was reformulated to facilitate comparison with experiment. For cases in which J is known from the susceptibility, the agreement with our ESR derived values is within 30%. For the monolayer magnet, manganese stearate, a value of J/k = 0.5 K is found. Comparison of J to ordering (Neel) temperatures is made.
Simulation-Based Joint Estimation of Body Deformation and Elasticity Parameters for Medical Image Analysis

Estimation of tissue stiffness is an important means of noninvasive cancer detection. Existing elasticity reconstruction methods usually depend on a dense displacement field (inferred from ultrasound or MR images) and known external forces. Many imaging modalities, however, cannot provide details within an organ and therefore cannot provide such a displacement field. Furthermore, force exertion and measurement can be difficult for some internal organs, making boundary forces another missing parameter. We propose a general method for estimating elasticity and boundary forces automatically using an iterative optimization framework, given the desired (target) output surface. During the optimization, the input model is deformed by the simulator, and an objective function based on the distance between the deformed surface and the target surface is minimized numerically. The optimization framework does not depend on a particular simulation method and is therefore suitable for different physical models. We show a positive correlation between clinical prostate cancer stage (a clinical measure of severity) and the recovered elasticity of the organ. Since the surface correspondence is established, our method also provides a nonrigid image registration, where the quality of the deformation fields is guaranteed, as they are computed using a physics-based simulation.
Developing a women's mental health research agenda.

Representatives from the various mental health disciplines met October 16–17, 1986, to develop a women's mental health research agenda for the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). It was to include (a) priority research areas for women's mental health, (b) guidelines to reduce gender bias in all NIMH-supported research and (c) a process for implementing the proposed research agenda. The final research agenda emphasized understanding the experience of older women and the effects of poverty, violence and abuse, and multiple roles in mental health. Study of gender-based biologic and pharmacologic differences was also urged, including diagnosis and treatment issues. It was recommended that NIMH adopt guidelines to avoid gender bias in research, require proposals to address efforts to avoid gender bias, provide technical assistance to those interested in women's mental health, make research training available to women, involve women scientists on peer review groups, convene a state-of-the-science conference to analyze appropriate methods and models for research in this area, establish an oversight committee and require periodic updates on women's mental health research from each NIMH division. The following paper, one of five position papers generated, helped to shape the final recommendations. In the interest of showing the various ways in which public policy is affected by nurses, IMAGE is pleased to publish this work by permission. The conference summary is available from Anita Eichler, Special Assistant to the Associate Director for Special Populations, NIMH, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.
Merit functions for semi-definite complementarity problems

Merit functions such as the gap function, the regularized gap function, the implicit Lagrangian, and the norm squared of the Fischer-Burmeister function have played an important role in the solution of complementarity problems defined over the cone of nonnegative real vectors. We study the extension of these merit functions to complementarity problems defined over the cone of block-diagonal symmetric positive semi-definite real matrices. The extension suggests new solution methods for the latter problems.
Ganglioside treatments reduce locomotor hyperactivity after bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex.

Abstract The present study evaluated the effects of exogenous gangliosides (membrane glycolipids) on open-field locomotor activity after bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex. Saline-treated rats showed a dramatic increase in activity followed by a time-dependent recovery (i.e. return toward control levels). Ganglioside-treated (50 mg/kg total gangliosides; i.m.) rats exhibited a similar pattern of changes in activity, except that their level of hyperactivity at 2–6 days postlesion was reduced. Thus, exogenous gangliosides lessened the severity of the lesion-induced hyperactivity, but did not enhance the total net recovery.
Toward the development of a general chiral auxiliary. Part 6: Structural effects on diastereoselection using camphor derived lactams: evaluation of (1R,4S)-1,7,7-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one as a chiral controller

Abstract A new camphor-derived chiral lactam was designed, prepared and evaluated as a chiral controller in asymmetric Diels–Alder and aldol reactions. The new lactam, bearing a C(5)C(6) double bond, was anticipated to afford higher diastereofacial selection resulting from the removal of additional steric hindrance to reagent approach distal to the geminal dimethyl bridge by comparison with the previously studied saturated analogue (the favored mode approach in the saturated analogue). Surprisingly, a deterioration in the extent of diastereofacial selectivity was observed for both reaction types. These results are interpreted in terms of the geometric changes imposed upon the ring system as a whole by introduction of the unsaturation.
An Animal Model for Cystic Fibrosis Made by Gene Targeting

Cystic fibrosis results from defects in the gene encoding a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent chloride ion channel known as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). To create an animal model for cystic fibrosis, mice were generated from embryonic stem cells in which the CFTR gene was disrupted by gene targeting. Mice homozygous for the disrupted gene display many features common to young human cystic fibrosis patients, including failure to thrive, meconium ileus, alteration of mucous and serous glands, and obstruction of glandlike structures with inspissated eosinophilic material. Death resulting from intestinal obstruction usually occurs before 40 days of age.
Diagnostic fault detection & intelligent reconfiguration of fuel delivery systems

The reliable operation of an engines fuel delivery system is fundamental. A failure in the fuel system that impacts the ability to deliver fuel to the engine will have an immediate effect on system performance and safety. There are very few diagnostic systems that monitor the health of the fuel system and even fewer that can accommodate for detected faults. Current diagnostic techniques call for careful maintenance of fuel system components. These techniques tend to be backward thinking in that they are based on previous experience which is not always a good indicator for future systems. This paper describes a technique developed at the Penn State Applied Research Laboratories Condition Based Maintenance Department for fault detection and reconfiguration for fuel delivery system components. This technique has been applied to a diesel engine test rig. The test rig is fully instrumented with sensors including those for fuel pressure. Even though this technique is being applied on a diesel engine, the approach is fully compatible to any fuel delivery system
Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Environments, Focusing on Small Establishments and Establishments with a History of Failed Inspections

Despite growing concerns about cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods with Listeria monocytogenes, our knowledge about the ecology and transmission of L. monocytogenes in retail establishments has remained limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study to characterize the prevalence, distribution, and subtype diversity of L. monocytogenes in 120 New York State retail deli establishments that were hypothesized to present an increased risk for environmental L. monocytogenes contamination (i.e., small establishments and establishments with a history of failed New York State Agriculture and Markets inspections). Analysis of these data along with previously reported data for 121 predominantly larger retail establishments in New York State identified establishment size, geographic location, and inspection history as significant predictors of L. monocytogenes presence and prevalence. The odds of an establishment being L. monocytogenes positive were approximately twice as high for large establishments, establishments located in New York City, or establishments with poor inspection history (as compared with establishments without these attributes), even though correlation between location and inspection history complicated interpretation of results. Within an establishment, L. monocytogenes was significantly more prevalent on nonfood contact surfaces than on food contact surfaces; prevalence was particularly high for floors and in floor drains, sinks, the dairy case, and milk crates. L. monocytogenes subtype diversity differed between sites, with lineage I isolates significantly associated with nonfood contact surfaces and lineage II isolates significantly associated with food contact surfaces. Isolates belonging to the same ribotype were often found dispersed across multiple sites within an operation.
Synthesis and characterization of melt-polymerizable aminophthalocyanine monomers

The strategy, synthesis, and characterization of a soluble amine-functionalized phthalocyanine monomer and two examples of its polymerization into optically transparent glasses are reported. A simple, fast, and versatile method for incorporating metal ions into the metal-free phthalocyanine is demonstrated. Measurements of the nonlinear optical properties associated with a lead-substituted phthalocyanine/urethane copolymer are also reported. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11
The Nature of Authority

Assesses the nature of authority and its implication to personnel management. Discussion on industrial relations and the concept of leadership; Details of corporate decision-making; Elements of pow...
Use of psychoactive substances in three medical specialties: anaesthesia, medicine and surgery

In order to determine the prevalence of psychoactive substance use in three specialty groupings, 1,624 questionnaires were sent to physicians in medicine, surgery and anaesthesia; all had trained at the same academic institution. A response rate of 57.8% was achieved. Comparison of prevalence of impairment rates showed no differences between Surgery (14.4%), Medicine (19.9%) and Anaesthesia (16.8%). Substance abuse was clearly associated with a family history of abuse; 32.1% of the abusers had a family history of such abuse compared with 11.7% of the non-abusers. Increased stress at various career stages did not appear to increase substance abuse; problem areas during medical life times were similar for each specialty. Substances most frequently used were marijuana (54.7%), amphetamines (32.9%); and benzodiazepines (25.1%). Seventy-three used psychoactive drugs which were non-prescribed. Drug counselling programmes were judged inadequate by most. Use of alcohol and drugs by faculty members was reported by a number of respondents.
Electronic Factors Affecting Metal−Metal Interactions in Early/Late Heterobimetallics: Substituent Effects in Zirconium/Platinum Bis(phosphinoamide) Complexes†

The bidentate metalloligand (NMe2)2Zr(iPrNPPh2)2 (1) has been synthesized and treated with (COD)PtMe2 to generate the heterobimetallic Zr/Pt species (NMe2)2Zr(iPrNPPh2)2PtMe2 (2). Complex 2 can be treated with TMSCl to generate the dichloride species Cl2Zr(iPrNPPh2)2PtMe2 (3), a useful precursor for generating a range of Zr/Pt complexes featuring different Zr substituents. Upon treatment with lithio or Grignard reagents, Cl(Me3SiCH2)Zr(iPrNPPh2)2PtMe2 (4), (Me3SiCH2)2Zr(iPrNPPh2)2PtMe2 (5), and Me2Zr(iPrNPPh2)2PtMe2 (6) have been synthesized. Complexes 1−6 have been characterized using X-ray crystallography, revealing an unmistakable trend in Pt−Zr distance as a function of the electron-releasing ability of the Zr-bound X-type ligands. In addition, the solid-state structure of 6 reveals isomerization of the chelating metalloligand from a cis to a trans configuration about Pt and an unusual anagostic interaction between one of the Pt-bound Me groups and the electron-deficient Zr center. This isomerization ...
Origins of selectivity in a colorimetric charge-transfer sensor for diols.

Bispyridyl hydrogen bonding receptor 1 forms colored charge transfer (CT) complexes with complementary phenols and naphthols. Despite its low association constants of ∼101 M−1, receptor 1 was highly selective forming CT complexes of varying color and intensity with different diol guests. The selectivity of 1 was correlated with the ability of its CT band to simultaneously yield information about the association constant and the electronic structure of the phenols and naphthols.
Kinetics of the Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene for Planning and Process Intensification of an Industrial Plant

Isobutylene is polymerized in a p-dicumylchloride (p-DCC)/titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4)/2-methylpyridine (α-picoline) initiating system and kinetic data for planning and process intensification of an industrial plant is acquired through the measurement of temperature and simple trial-and-error calculation. As a result, the propagation rate decreases with increasing temperature in appearance, and its mechanism should be significantly governed by the dissociation equilibrium of the end of the polymer chain. In addition, the effects of the mixing ratio of solvent, TiCl4 concentration and α-picoline concentration are investigated and discussed.
The calculation of heavy atom ionization potentials by the relativistic transition state approximation

Abstract The relativistic statistical exchange (Xα) model has been applied to the calculation of the ionization potentials of uranium and thorium. The results are comparable in accuracy to those of the relativistic Hartree-Fock method, if the transition state approximation is used, rather than interpreting the eigenvalues by Koopmans' theorem.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: US assessment with maximum flow velocity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of Doppler ultrasonography (US) to depict the patency of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients were followed up after creation of TIPS with US, angiography, and endoscopy performed at regular intervals. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was performed in four patients. US was performed first, and the results were correlated with those at angiography. Measurements of maximum flow velocity (Vmax) were taken from the proximal part of the shunt. RESULTS: In normal shunts, mean Vmax was 95 cm/sec. Shunt obstruction was seen in 12 cases: occlusion in four and stenosis in eight. All cases of occlusion were detected with US and appeared as absent flow within the shunt. There was one false-positive diagnosis of occlusion. All cases of stenosis resulted in reduced Vmax (mean, 32 cm/sec; P < .001). After successful revision in seven patients, Vmax rose to a mean of 122 cm/sec. Artifact from the metal stent prevented flow...
Molecular beam epitaxy growth method for vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser resonators based on substrate thermal emission

A molecular beam epitaxy growth monitoring method is developed for distributed Bragg reflectors and vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL) resonators. The wavelength of the substrate thermal emission that corresponds to the optical cavity resonant wavelength is selected by a monochromator and monitored during growth. This method allows VCSEL cavities of arbitrary design wavelength to be grown with a single control program. This letter also presents a theoretical model for the technique which is based on transmission matrices and simple thermal emission properties. Demonstrated reproducibility of the method is well within 0.1%.
Identification and design of novel polymer-based mechanical transducers: A nano-structural model for thin film indentation

Mechanical characterization is important for understanding small-scale systems and developing devices, particularly at the interface of biology, medicine, and nanotechnology. Yet, monitoring sub-surface forces is challenging with current technologies like atomic force microscopes (AFMs) or optical tweezers due to their probe sizes and sophisticated feedback mechanisms. An alternative transducer design relying on the indentation mechanics of a compressible thin polymer would be an ideal system for more compact and versatile probes, facilitating measurements in situ or in vivo. However, application-specific tuning of a polymer's mechanical properties can be burdensome via experimental optimization. Therefore, efficient transducer design requires a fundamental understanding of how synthetic parameters such as the molecular weight and grafting density influence the bulk material properties that determine the force response. In this work, we apply molecular-level polymer scaling laws to a first order elastic foundation model, relating the conformational state of individual polymer chains to the macroscopic compression of thin film systems. A parameter sweep analysis was conducted to observe predicted model trends under various system conditions and to understand how nano-structural elements influence the material stiffness. We validate the model by comparing predicted force profiles to experimental AFM curves for a real polymer system and show that it has reasonable predictive power for initial estimates of the force response, displaying excellent agreement with experimental force curves. We also present an analysis of the force sensitivity of an example transducer system to demonstrate identification of synthetic protocols based on desired mechanical properties. These results highlight the usefulness of this simple model as an aid for the design of a new class of compact and tunable nanomechanical force transducers.
The glutathione conjugate of prostaglandin a, is a better substrate than prostaglandin E for partially purified avian prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase

Abstract The reduction of the glutathione conjugate of prostaglandin A1 by avian prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase occurs at a faster rate than reduction of its presumed natural substrates, prostaglandin E1 or E2.
An interpretation of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam based on neuroanatomy.

THE BRILLIANT Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti painted magnificent frescoes on the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel, laboring from 1508 to 1512. Commissioned by Pope Julius II, Michelangelo performed this work himself without assistance. Scholars debate whether he had any guidance from the Church in the selection of the scenes, and what meaning the scenes were to convey. In the fresco traditionally called the Creation of Adam , but which might be more aptly titled the Endowment of Adam , I believe that Michelangelo encoded a special message. It is a message consistent with thoughts he expressed in his sonnets. Supreme in sculpture and painting, he understood that his skill was in his brain and not in his hands. He believed that the "divine part" we "receive" from God is the "intellect." In the following sonnet, Michelangelo explains how he creates sculpture and painting and how, I believe, God himself gave man the gift of intellect 1 :
Scale-up Feasibility in High-Shear Mixers: Determination Through Statistical Procedures

The wet granulation scale-up of a formulation exhibiting plastic deformation behavior under compression was examined. Through experimental factorial design, the effect of solution level, mixing time, and mixer speed on granulation properties was investigated. Measurements of mean particle size, tapped density, bulk density, Carr's index, coarse-to-fine ratio, cumulative percentage, and flow rate were taken and compared among granulations. In addition, comparisons were done on the hardness of tablets made from the formulations. It was shown that the characteristics of the granulations made under different conditions were highly reproducible. The excipient system of microcrystalline cellulose and pregel starch was shown to be a very robust formulation that is resistant to changes in the scaling-up process in high-shear mixers.
Precision determination of the hyperfine-structure interval in the ground state of positronium. V

We report a new, more precise determination of the ground-state hyperfine-structure interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ in positronium, which is based on extensive new data at low ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-gas densities combined with previous data from our group at Yale University. Our experimental value $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=203.38910(74)$ GHz (3.6 ppm) agrees with the current theoretical value $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=203.400$ GHz, for which the estimated uncertainty is about 50 ppm.
Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings

Nutrient competition between interplanted species is investigated using mechanistic modelling. Though tree and crop plant roots may occupy the same soil volume, nutrient competition is seen to be dependent on soil supply mechanisms. Model simulations illustrate the effects of nutrient diffusion rate, mobility/soil interaction, root diameter, soil moisture content, and rooting density on nutrient concentration gradients governing uptake adjacent to plant roots. These factors, unique for each nutrient and soil, combine to determine the potential for competition in agroforestry plantings. Nutrient competition is most likely for the more mobile nutrients and mechanistic modelling can be used to select tree and crop species with superior rooting and physiological characteristics for interplantings to better manage below-ground competition.
Cooperative NH⋯O and CH⋯O interactions for sulfate encapsulation in a thiophene-based macrocycle

Abstract A thiophene-based macrocycle containing four secondary and two tertiary amines has been synthesized and its binding affinity has been investigated toward sulfate anion in solution and solid states. Structural analysis of the sulfate salt suggests that the ligand in its hexaprotonated form is capable of encapsulating one sulfate within the cavity through cooperative NH⋯O and CH⋯O interactions. As investigated by 1H NMR titrations, the ligand forms a 1:1 complex with sulfate in water at pH 2.1, showing a binding constant (K) of 3200 M−1. The formation of the complex has been further confirmed by ESI-MS, indicating that the complex can exist in solution with considerable stability.
Survival estimation and testing via multiple imputation

Multiple imputation is a technique for handling data sets with missing values. The method 0lls in each missing value several times, creating many augmented data sets. Each augmented data set is analyzed separately and the results combined to give a 0nal result consisting of an estimate and a measure of uncertainty. In this paper we consider nonparametric multiple-imputation methods to handle missing event times for censored observations in the context of nonparametric survival estimation and testing. Two nonparametric imputation schemes are considered. In risk set imputation the censored time is replaced by a random draw of the observed times amongst those at risk after the censoring time. In Kaplan–Meier (KM) imputation the imputed time is a draw from the estimated distribution of event times amongst those at risk after the censoring time. We show that with a large number of imputes the estimates from both methods reproduce the KM estimator. In a simulation study we show that the inclusion of a bootstrap stage in the multiple imputation algorithm gives coverage rates of con0dence intervals that are comparable to that from Greenwood’s formula. Connections to the redistribute to the right algorithm are discussed. c � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
VARIATION OF INTER-ITEM ASSOCIATIVE STRENGTH AND SOME MEASURES OF FREE RECALL

Summary.-Three groups of 20 Ss each were asked for the free recall of three different lists of 28 meaningful English words. Each list contained the associative responses evcked by a different Kent-Rosanoff stimulus word, and differed in the amount of its inter-item associative strength (IIAS). T he words in a given list also differed in terms of the number of other words (Nc) in that list producing or cueing that word as an associate. Results showed that the number of items appearing in free recall was a non-monotonic function of IIAS. For two of the three word sets, Nc was positively correlated with the frequency of recall of individual itcms; while for the third set Nc value and frequency of recall were negatively ctrrrelated. The relationship between Nc and order of recall was non-linear, and some tendency toward alternating the recall of high and low Nc words appeared in the data. Thus, IIAS produced both facilitation and interference effects on free recall, the latter being the result of a facror similar to verbal satiation.
Results of irradiated cladding tests and clad plate experiments

Abstract Two aspects critical to the fracture behavior of three-wire stainless steel cladding were investigated by the Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program: (1) radiation effects on cladding strength and toughness; and (2) the response of mechanically loaded, flawed structures in the presence of cladding (clad plate experiments). Postirradiation testing results show that, in the test temperature range from −125 to 288°C, the yield strength increased, and ductility insignificantly increased, while there was almost no change in ultimate tensile strength. All cladding exhibited ductile-to-brittle transition behavior during Charpy impact testing. Radiation damage decreased the Charpy upper-shelf energy by 15 to 20% and resulted in up to 28°C shifts of the Charpy impact transition temperature. Results of irradiated 12.5 mm-thick compact specimens (0.5TCS) show consistent decreases in the ductile fracture toughness, J Ic , and the tearing modulus. Results from clad plate tests have shown that: (1) a tough surface layer composed of cladding and/or heat-affected zone has arrested running flaws under conditions where unclad plates have ruptured; and (2) the residual load-bearing capacity of clad plates with large subclad flaws significantly exceeded that of an unclad plate.
An anaesthetic scavenging system for paediatric and adult use.

Summary A scavenging dish is described which removes large volumes of contaminated air. It can be placed close to the open-tailed bag of the paediatric T piece to provide a safe, convenient and efficient scavenger without any modification of the patient circuit. Measurements before and after installation have shown it to be capable of reducing nitrous oxide levels in the operating theatre to between 40 and 0 parts per million. The dish has been incorporated into a scavenging system which can also be used with a standard antipollution valve or ventilator exhaust port.
Applying the NISO Metasearch Initiative Scheme to Enhance E-Resources Management at Rutgers University Library

This article discusses problems in the management of library e-resources and attempts to identify potential solutions to the problems. By describing an e-resources enhancement project taken by Rutgers University Libraries, this article points to the importance of providing contextually rich metadata and reorganizing the accessibility of e-resources on a library's website. It introduces how this Rutgers project adopted the National Information Standards Organization Metasearch Initiative to support the identification of appropriate e-collections for metasearching. The outcomes of the project have facilitated a dynamic display of relevant e-resources to library users as an effective way of automatic access to library e-collections.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AN HOURGLASS TIMER TO THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSE IN THE PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITO, WYEOMYIA SMITHII

Photoperiodism, the ability to assess the length of day or night, enables a diverse array of plants, birds, mammals, and arthropods to organize their development and reproduction in concert with the changing seasons in temperate climatic zones. For more than 60 years, the mechanism controlling photoperiodic response has been debated. Photoperiodism may be a simple interval timer, that is, an hourglasslike mechanism that literally measures the length of day or night or, alternatively, may be an overt expression of an underlying circadian oscillator. Herein, we test experimentally whether the rhythmic response in Wyeomyia smithii indicates a causal, necessary relationship between circadian rhythmicity and the evolutionary modification of photoperiodic response over the climatic gradient of North America, or may be explained by a simple interval timer. We show that a day-interval timer is sufficient to predict the photoperiodic response of W. smithii over this broad geographic range and conclude that rhythmic responses observed in classical circadian-based experiments alone cannot be used to infer a causal role for circadian rhythmicity in the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement. More importantly, we argue that the pursuit of circadian rhythmicity as the central mechanism that measures the duration of night or day has distracted researchers from consideration of the interval-timing processes that may actually be the target of natural selection linking internal photoperiodic time measurement to the external seasonal environment.
Characterization of Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Using High-Sensitivity Optical-Frequency-Domain Reflectometry

Optical-frequency-domain reflectometry is used to measure the group-index difference and the refractive-index difference (i.e., beat length) between the fast and slow modes in polarization-maintaining optical fiber. The Rayleigh scatter normally present in the fiber is measured in reflection. This measurement, in turn, enables a distributed measurement of the fiber's birefringence that is rapid and completely nondestructive
Averaged Modeling and Switching Instability Prediction for Peak Current Control

This paper attempts to resolve some fundamental issues related to averaged modeling of peak-current controlled PWM converters. One issue to be addressed is the ability of averaged models to predict switching instability (also referred to as subharmonic oscillation) under peak-current control. It will be shown that, contrary to the widely held belief, such instability can be predicted by properly defined averaged models, and that incorporation of an additional second-order transfer function representing the so-called sample-and-hold effect is not necessary for this purpose. The averaged models capable of predicting such instability are developed by combining standard state-space averaged models with a properly defined duty-ratio constraint. A circuit approach based on general topological properties of PWM converters and a mathematical approach based on KBM ripple estimation algorithm to the derivation of the duty ratio constraint are reviewed and are shown to yield identical results. Implementation of the averaged models in circuit simulation programs using iterative method is also presented
Familial aggregation of fainting in a case-control study of neurally mediated hypotension patients who present with unexplained chronic fatigue.

Aims We hypothesized that family history of fainting is a risk factor for adult-onset neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) in patients who present with chronic fatigue rather than fainting. Methods and results A nested case–control study of Gulf War veterans gathered fainting histories directly from 197 first-degree relatives of 16 fatigued NMH cases, 26 fatigued controls, and 17 healthy controls. NMH status was determined by tilt testing. Female relatives of fatigued controls reported more fainting than female relatives of cases ( P <0.01); there were no significant differences in the frequency of fainting in male relatives by case or control status, or in either gender by age at first faint or by familial relationship to the proband. The odds of NMH patients giving any family history of fainting were 0.56 (95% CI 0.15, 2.07). Recurrence risks calculated using lifetime prevalences of fainting in male military personnel of similar age to our participants were low (1.5–1.7) and did not differ by case or control status. Conclusion Family history of fainting is not a risk factor for adult-onset NMH in fatigued veterans. Our findings may differ from other studies of familial aggregation in NMH because of study methods or because NMH-fatiguers may differ from NMH-fainters.
Imipenem Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy in the Management of Mixed Bacterial Infection: A Critical Appraisal

There has been a great deal of interest in the use of imipenem monotherapy rather than combinations of antimicrobials for mixed bacterial infections. A review of the published comparative studies of imipenem versus combinations in serious mixed bacterial infections indicated that, overall, imipenem is at least as effective as, and maybe less expensive than, the combinations tested. Several studies suggest that clinical response to imipenem is more rapid than to the comparison regimens; however, other factors may have influenced these values, and the numbers of patients in these reports were small. Imipenem is devoid of the adverse effects associated with aminoglycosides. Other adverse effects, including superinfection and central nervous system toxicity, were similar for imipenem and the comparison regimens. Meta-analysis of the published reports and abstracts revealed that imipenem is as effective as combination regimens for the treatment of serious mixed bacterial infection.
Endogenous salicylic acid protects rice plants from oxidative damage caused by aging as well as biotic and abiotic stress

Salicylic acid (SA) is a key endogenous signal that mediates defense gene expression and disease resistance in many dicotyledonous species. In contrast to tobacco and Arabidopsis, which contain low basal levels of SA, rice has two orders of magnitude higher levels of SA and appears to be insensitive to exogenous SA treatment. To determine the role of SA in rice plants, we have generated SA-deficient transgenic rice by expressing the bacterial salicylate hydroxylase that degrades SA. Depletion of high levels of endogenous SA in transgenic rice does not measurably affect defense gene expression, but reduces the plant's capacity to detoxify reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). SA-deficient transgenic rice contains elevated levels of superoxide and H2O2, and exhibits spontaneous lesion formation in an age- and light-dependent manner. Exogenous application of SA analog benzothiadiazole complements SA deficiency and suppresses ROI levels and lesion formation. Although an increase of conjugated catechol was detected in SA-deficient rice, catechol does not appear to significantly affect ROI levels based on the endogenous catechol data and exogenous catechol treatment. When infected with the blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea), SA-deficient rice exhibits increased susceptibility to oxidative bursts elicited by avirulent isolates. Furthermore, SA-deficient rice is hyperresponsive to oxidative damage caused by paraquat treatment. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that SA plays an important role to modulate redox balance and protect rice plants from oxidative stress.
Sensitivity analysis of a FMS by a Petri net-based perturbation method

A Petri net-based perturbation analysis method with respect to discrete parameters is presented. This perturbation of a discrete parameter will modify the underlying reachability graph. One approach is to reevaluate the entire model. Using the Petri net's structural properties, it is possible to find the perturbed reachability graph without another analysis as well as the relationship between the nominal and new transition rate matrices. The net result is that less memory space and less computational time is needed to obtain the state probability sensitivities and the performance sensitivities. >
Regulation of cell signaling and function via changes in growth factor presentation

The ability to control cell migration has significance in virtually all areas of wound repair and regeneration, and the creation of biomaterials that actively control the migration rate and direction of cells has implications for both the clinic and basic science. In this work, we describe the covalent modification of materials with immobilized growth factor in order to: 1) explore how growth factor presentation impacts cellular response to materials, and 2) pursue the development of bioactive, growth factor-modified materials for dermal wound healing. Specifically, we have cultured human keratinocytes in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a soluble form, tethered in a homogeneous pattern, or tethered in a gradient pattern, followed by analysis of cellular signaling, proliferation, and migration in response to these EGF cues. Keratinocyte migration was strongly dependent upon EGF presentation, with soluble EGF eliciting a strong proliferative response and tethered EGF eliciting a strong migratory response. The greatest acceleration of keratinocyte migration was achieved using gradients of immobilized EGF. Such acceleration of cell migration may have a significant impact on the development of treatments to enable faster, more cost-effective wound repair in many different types of tissues. Moreover, better understanding the interaction of cells with soluble vs. immobilized growth factors can help us to elucidate native healing events and achieve greater control over cell function.
High frequency transcutaneous transmission using stents configured as a dipole radiator for cardiovascular implantable devices

In this work we explore the use of stents as radiating structures to support transcutaneous wireless telemetry. Stents are well established Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved structures with a matured surgical delivery technique. Incorporating stents with a miniature implantable sensory device allows for internal monitoring of nearly any location within the cardiovascular system. We assembled an implantable stent-based transmitter by integrating a 2.4 GHz wireless transmitter, battery, and two stents configured as a dipole radiator. The radiative properties of the dipole stents was quantified through free space, ex vivo experiments on excised tissue, and in vivo studies on porcine subjects. The in vivo results from various receive distances (10 cm to 1 m) showed a 33–35 dB power reduction while implanted at a 3.5 cm depth within the chest. This validates the ability of using stents to wirelessly transmit data from deep within a living body.