cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Critical Turn in Education: From Marxist Critique to Poststructuralist Feminism to Critical Theories of Race

The Critical Turn in Education traces the historical emergence and development of critical theories in the field of education, from the introduction of Marxist and other radical social theories in the 1960s to the contemporary critical landscape. The book begins by tracing the first waves of critical scholarship in the field through a close, contextual study of the intellectual and political projects of several core figures including, Paulo Freire, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Michael Apple, and Henry Giroux. Later chapters offer a discussion of feminist critiques, the influx of postmodernist and poststructuralist ideas in education, and critical theories of race. While grounded in U.S. scholarship, The Critical Turn in Education contextualizes the development of critical ideas and political projects within a larger international history, and charts the ongoing theoretical debates that seek to explain the relationship between school and society. Today, much of the language of this critical turn has now become commonplace—words such as "hegemony," "ideology," and the term "critical" itself—but by providing a historical analysis, The Critical Turn in Education illuminates the complexity and nuance of these theoretical tools, which offer ways of understanding the intersections between individual identities and structural forces in an attempt to engage and overturn social injustice.
Review of targeted treatments in fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, and is the leading single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorders. It is due to a loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein, which leads to molecular, behavioral, and cognitive deficits in these patients. Improvements in our understanding of its pathophysiology have led to the development of numerous targeted treatments in FXS as highlighted by metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and gamma-Aminobutyric acid receptor modulators. This review will summarize relevant pre-clinical data and results from clinical trials in human subjects with FXS. It will also highlight upcoming studies and future directions for clinical trials as well.
Coastal latrine sites as social information hubs and drivers of river otter fission–fusion dynamics

Fission–fusion dynamics, consisting of regular shifts in the size and composition of social groups, are prevalent in animal societies and have implications for foraging success, disease and information transfer, and the fitness of individuals. Thus, the individual and environmental factors that drive social dynamics have become a focus of recent investigations. River otters, Lontra canadensis, in coastal Alaska have a plastic social system, influenced by forage fish availability. These carnivores also regularly frequent terrestrial latrine sites, where they associate and communicate through deposition of odorous substances. To investigate fission–fusion dynamics in this system we (1) deployed camera traps to record social behaviours at latrine sites and (2) attached proximity tags to quantify encounter rates among individuals. Camera detections demonstrated that most latrine visits were of single otters and small groups (2–8 individuals). Fusion events into large groups (up to 18 individuals) were infrequent. Larger groups were recorded at crossover latrines, where trails connected bodies of water, whereas social behaviour was more frequent at spatially central latrines. Visiting otters performed signalling behaviours more frequently than social behaviours, especially at crossover sites. Proximity tag data revealed that the timing of fission and fusion events coincided with latrine visits and that spatial overlap was a good predictor of social interaction. Thus, the structural and spatial features of latrines influence their function as centres of information exchange, social activity hubs and meeting places among small social units, with implications for river otter group dynamics. We conclude that shifting social and environmental conditions may lead to high communication complexity. This unique social system provides novel evidence of the role of olfactory communication in mediating social decisions.
Analytical minimization of synchronicity errors in stochastic identification

Abstract An approach to minimize error due to synchronicity faults in stochastic system identification is presented. The scheme is based on shifting the time domain signals so the phases of the fundamental eigenvector estimated from the spectral density are zero. A threshold on the mean of the amplitude-weighted absolute value of these phases, above which signal shifting is deemed justified, is derived and found to be proportional to the first mode damping ratio. It is shown that synchronicity faults do not map precisely to phasor multiplications in subspace identification and that the accuracy of spectral density estimated eigenvectors, for inputs with arbitrary spectral density, decrease with increasing mode number. Selection of a corrective strategy based on signal alignment, instead of eigenvector adjustment using phasors, is shown to be the product of the foregoing observations. Simulations that include noise and non-classical damping suggest that the scheme can provide sufficient accuracy to be of practical value.
Measuring water use, conservation, and differences by gender using an inexpensive, high frequency metering system

Abstract We present an inexpensive, open source, water metering system for measuring water use quantity and behavior at high temporal frequency. We demonstrate this technology in two high-traffic, public restrooms at Utah State University before and after installing high efficiency, automatic faucets and toilet flush valves. We also integrated an inexpensive sensor to count user traffic. Sensing restroom visits and water use events allowed us to identify fixture malfunctions, average water use per person, variability in use by fixtures (faucets versus urinals and toilets), variability in use by fixtures compared to manufacturer specifications, gender differences in use, and the difference in use after retrofit of the restrooms with high efficiency fixtures. The inexpensive metering system can help institutions remotely measure and record water use trends and behavior, identify leaks and fixture malfunctions, and schedule fixture maintenance or upgrades, all of which can ultimately help them meet goals for sustainable water use.
An FDA oncology analysis of CD3 bispecific constructs and first-in-human dose selection

We retrospectively examined the nonclinical studies conducted with 17 CD3 bispecific constructs in support of first-in-human (FIH) trials in oncology. We also collected information on the design of dose-finding clinical trials. Sponsors have used different MABEL approaches for FIH dose selection. To better assess acceptable approaches, FIH doses were computed from nonclinical studies and compared to the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) in patients, to the highest human doses (HHDs) when an MTD was not identified, or to the recommended human dose (RHD) for blinatumomab. We concluded that approaches based on receptor occupancy, highest non-severely toxic dose, or no-observed adverse effect level are not acceptable for selecting the FIH dose as they resulted in doses close to or above the MTDs, HHDs, or the RHD. A FIH dose corresponding to 10%-30% pharmacologic activity (PA) was an acceptable approach. A FIH dose corresponding to 50% PA was acceptable for all except one construct, potentially due to its biological or structural properties. The most common toxicities in animals and patients were those related to cytokine release. Doses were better tolerated when intra-animal or intra-patient dose escalation was used. Exposing naive patients to an MTD achieved with intra-patient dose escalation design may be unsafe.
Motor Organization in the Frog’s Spinal Cord

We activated the spinal cord by microstimulation and recorded the forces elicited at the ankle. By moving the leg throughout the workspace and repeating this measurement we obtained an estimate of a time-varying force field resulting from the stimulation. In lateral neuropil regions, stimulation elicited force fields that consistently converged to single equilibria. Stimulation of lateral neuropil also consistently elicited a balanced activation of muscles. Equilibria were found inflexion or extension of the leg depending on the site in the lateral area of the lumbar cord that was stimulated. In contrast, force fields elicited from stimulation of motor nuclei were often divergent or parallel. While afference seems to play a role in the structuring of the force fields, most such fields could be accounted for largely by coactivation of muscles. We found partial deafferentation did not abolish the convergence of the force fields. Using a simple model, we explored the hypothesis that motoneuron spatial frequency in the cord is alone sufficient to explain the results of microstimulation. We concluded that other mechanisms must also be invoked to explain the experimental results.
Comparison of Automated and Manual Methods for Urinalysis

The authors compared results for accuracy and precision obtained by a semiautomated prototype International Remote Imaging Systems, Inc. (IRIS™) urinalysis workstation (IUW) with those from quantitative manual urinalysis (QMU). Three technologists skilled in urinalysis each performed 172 urinalyses with both the IUW and QMU methods. The results show that the IUW method is likely to yield comparable counts for particulate analytes compared with the QMU, except for casts. The QMU reported significantly ( P < 0.001) more casts than the IUW method. This difference is related to at least a ninefold greater volume of untreated urine examined by the QMU method than the IUW method. The IUW method may provide a more accurate result than the QMU method at very low and high concentrations of particulate analytes. The result from 24 blind duplicate urines also analyzed by each of the three technologists with both methods showed comparable precision for particulate analytes between the two methods except for red blood cells; the QMU method had significantly ( P < 0.001) better precision for this analyte.
Designing Interactive Computing for Happy Healthy Life

The future of design computing is in the making of intelligent and interactive technologies for a smart living environment. This chapter explores the concepts of technology as magic and provides examples of creative design computing projects to illustrate the opportunities and challenges for making smart objects, interactive furniture and responsive environments.
Direct versus Indirect Photodissociation of Isoxazole from Product Branching: A Chirped-Pulse Fourier Transform mm-Wave Spectroscopy/Pulsed Uniform Flow Investigation.

The UV photodissociation of isoxazole (c-C3H3NO) is studied in this work by chirped-pulse Fourier transform mm-wave spectroscopy in a pulsed uniform Laval flow. This approach offers a number of advantages over traditional spectroscopic detection methods due to its broadband, sub-MHz resolution, and fast-acquisition capabilities. In coupling this technique with a quasi-uniform Laval flow, we are able to obtain product branching fractions in the 193 nm photodissociation of isoxazole. Five dissociation channels are explored through direct detection of seven different photoproducts. These species and their respective branching fractions (%) include the following: HCN (53.8 ± 1.7), CH3CN (23.4 ± 6.8), HCO (9.5 ± 2.3), CH2CN (7.8 ± 2.9), CH2CO (3.8 ± 0.9), HCCCN (0.9 ± 0.2), and HNC (0.8 ± 0.2). Guided by previous electronic structure and dynamics simulations, we are able to elucidate the dissociation dynamics that govern the final product branching fractions observed in this work, which differ significantly fr...
Birth and Death of LTR-Retrotransposons in Aegilops tauschii .

Long terminal repeat-retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) are a major component of all flowering plant genomes. To analyze the time dynamics of LTR-RTs, we modeled the insertion rates of the 35 most abundant LTR-RT families in the genome of Aegilops tauschii, one of the progenitors of wheat. Our model of insertion rate (birth) takes into account random variation in LTR divergence and the deletion rate (death) of LTR-RTs. Modeling the death rate is crucial because ignoring it would underestimate insertion rates in the distant past. We rejected the hypothesis of constancy of insertion rates for all 35 families and showed by simulations that our hypothesis test controlled the false-positive rate. LTR-RT insertions peaked from 0.064 to 2.39 MYA across the 35 families. Among other effects, the average age of elements within a family was negatively associated with recombination rate along a chromosome, with proximity to the closest gene, and weakly associated with the proximity to its 5' end. Elements within a family that were near genes colinear with genes in the genome of tetraploid emmer wheat tended to be younger than those near noncolinear genes. We discuss these associations in the context of genome evolution and stability of genome sizes in the tribe Triticeae. We demonstrate the general utility of our models by analyzing the two most abundant LTR-RT families in Arabidopsis lyrata, and show that these families differed in their insertion dynamics. Our estimation methods are available in the R package TE on CRAN.
Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Around Total Hip Arthroplasty with a Loose Component

Periprosthetic hip fractures following total hip arthroplasty pose a challenge to both arthroplasty and trauma surgeons alike. One critical component in the evaluation of a patient with a periprosthetic hip fracture is determination of stem stability. Failure to examine the stem may result in an incorrect treatment algorithm and early catastrophic failure of the implant construct. In 2017, this is becoming a larger issue as demand for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) increases. Several factors contribute to the type of implant used for fixation of these fractures and depends on age, activity level, comorbidities, and available bone stock. Stem stability, that is, whether a stem is stable or loose, also helps dictate implant requirements. The purpose of this chapter is to review the evaluation and management of periprosthetic hip fractures around a loose stem and offer intraoperative tips and tricks for success.
Evidence Matters: Spring 2016

This edition of Evidence Matters considers challenges and strategies related to housing finance and homeownership. It discusses barriers to buying a home, such as tightened access to mortgage credit, as well as the growing number of older homeowners with mortgage debt. This edition also considers the importance of high-quality, independent homeownership education and counseling. These issues are critical as HUD works to promote and expand sustainable homeownership.
Metal-metal interactions in binuclear cyclopentadienylmetal carbonyls: Extending insight from experimental work through computational studies

Abstract Binuclear cyclopentadienylmetal carbonyls of the type Cp2M2(CO)n (Cp = η5-C5H5) provide examples of stable compounds containing formal metal-metal double and triple bonds. In order to probe the extent of this rich area of organometallic chemistry, systematic theoretical studies on such binuclear derivatives of all of the first row transition metals, selected second and third row transition metals (Nb, Mo, Re, Os), lanthanides (La, Lu), and actinides (Th, U) have been undertaken in recent years using well-established density functional methods. In order to focus on the trends in the preferred Cp2M2(CO)n structures, the lowest energy such structures found in these studies are examined in this review. In most cases, except for titanium and the f-block metals, the favored structures have 18-electron configurations for both metal atoms. Structures having metal-metal triple bonds are favored over structures having metal-metal double bonds and metal-metal quadruple bonds. In many cases the doubly bonded structures are energetically disfavored with respect to disproportionation into singly and triply bonded structures as exemplified by the experimentally observed disproportionation of Cp2Cr2(CO)5 into Cp2Cr2(CO)6 + Cp2Cr2(CO)4. Quadruply bonded singlet Cp2M2(CO)n structures having 18-electron metal configurations lie at higher energies than isomeric triply bonded structures having 17-electron metal configurations for the first row transition metals ranging from vanadium to iron. This can relate to the weakness of the orbital overlap in the δ component of the quadruple bond. Four-electron donor bridging η2-μ-CO groups bonded to a central M2 unit through both their carbon and oxygen atoms are found in low-energy Cp2M2(CO)n structures of the oxophilic early transition metals titanium, vanadium, and niobium. Such bridging η2-μ-CO groups dominate in the predicted low-energy structures for the experimentally still unknown Cp2M2(CO)n (n = 4, 3, 2) derivatives of the f-block metals. However, for the lanthanides, as exemplified by lanthanum and lutetium, such η2-μ-CO groups couple through C C bond formation in the lowest energy structures to form bridging C2O2 and C3O3 units. This can be related to the reductive coupling of carbon monoxide to CnOn2 − (n = 2, 3, 4) dianions in cyclopentadienyl-cyclooctatetraene uranium(III) systems observed experimentally by Cloke and coworkers.
Infrastructure and the Shaping of American Urban Geography

Abstract During the second half of the twentieth century, the construction of freeways and major thoroughfares crisscrossed every major metropolitan area in the United States. These roadways increased national mobility and became major economic veins, transporting American goods and people. The federal and state governments’ investment in these Public Works era projects left an indelible imprint on American cities, shaping their social, economic, and political geographies. Using recent data for the metropolitan region that includes Seattle and Tacoma, we illustrate the degree to which the regional economy is related to the location of the national highway system. Using this information, we further explore the degree to which infrastructure financing can be re-envisioned from an equity perspective.
Pleiotropy in eye disease and related traits

Abstract Pleiotropy plays an important role in furthering our understanding of human biology and disease. Results from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) indicate that pleiotropy is widespread in the human genome. The characterization of these pleiotropic mechanisms not only helps explain the shared genetic architecture among different diseases and traits, but also contributes to novel insights in ophthalmic genetics. In this chapter, we focus on GWAS results to illustrate the interesting phenomenon of pleiotropy, provide examples in eye-related diseases and traits, and explain their implications for genomic medicine. A greater understanding of pleiotropy inevitably contributes to advances in precision medicine.
A new technique for demonstrating velic opening: application to Sundanese

Abstract: A technique is described for demonstrating velic opening in the presence of airflow. The technique depends upon the fact that, apart from a transitory and small burst of nasal airflow that immediately precedes the onset of speech, there is no outgoing nasal airflow in the absence of velic opening and of pulmonic airflow in normal speech. Inconvenience to the experimental subject is minimal, and the apparatus does not interfere with normal speech production. Equipment required for analysis is limited to that commonly found in a phonetics laboratory. The technique was developed specifically to solve one problem in the phonetic description of Sundanese /h/, but there appear to be other applications.
Ideas, Interests, and the Transition to a Floating Exchange System

Milton Friedman’s idea of flexible exchange rates was heresy for Americans until the mid-1960s. However, by the late 1970s the idea became embedded in academic thought, policymaking, and business practices. This article analyzes how floating currencies, once eschewed, became embraced as legitimate in the US through the late 1960s and early 1970s. It demonstrates how business leaders’ economic interests and laissez-faire economists’ framework for causes of and solutions to business hardships contributed to society’s acceptance of currency flexibility. Increasing societal support of flexible currencies strengthened the power of float-advocates within the US government, facilitating the transition of the international monetary system from fixed exchange rates to floating. This study highlights how material interests and policy discourses contributed to America’s new policy orientation. It also addresses the origins of the neoliberal international financial order by documenting how American elites reconstituted the state-market balance in global finance while navigating monetary crises.
Treating Wounds With an Avascular Component With a Dermal Regenerative Template.

Introduction Partially avascular wounds pose a challenge to wound care surgeons. Objective The authors reviewed the literature and institutional results on the use of a dermal regenerative template (DRT) over partially avascular wounds to quantify the ability of the DRT to vascularize over these wounds. Materials and methods A review of the literature was performed using Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. Patient demographics, comorbidities, wound types, surface area of avascular tissues, and skin graft take were analyzed. A retrospective review of institutional cases was conducted. Results A total of 32 articles met inclusion criteria. The retrospective review included 26 patients with partially avascular wounds reconstructed with the DRT. Seventeen patients experienced 100% graft take, 6 experienced partial take, and 3 suffered complete loss. The percent and absolute size of avascular surface area in the wound was significantly lower in cases of complete graft take compared with partial take and complete loss (1.9% and 2.7 cm2; 9.3% and 10.0 cm2; 18.0% and 9.3 cm2, respectively, P ⟨ .001). Chronic wound status (P ⟨ .001) was significantly associated with less graft take. Conclusions This literature review and retrospective study confirm the DRT is a viable option to provide vascularized coverage over wounds with avascular components. This study suggests the DRT is more reliable in wounds with less than 1.9% avascular tissues and less successful in chronic wounds.
Revictimisation of sexually abused children

Abstract This chapter takes a developmental approach to understanding the relationship between child sexual abuse (CSA) and later sexual assault in adulthood by a different perpetrator, known as revictimisation (RV). A developmental framework will enhance our understanding of these mechanisms, and has the potential to inform system responses—including forensic approaches—to both CSA and RV across the victims’ lifespans. We will present a review of the developmental psychology framework and its relevance to understanding responses to psychologically traumatic experiences. Next, we will consider existing theories and explanatory models of revictimisation. Drawing upon tenets from developmental psychology and existing theories of CSA-RV mechanisms, we will present a new model that accounts for the dynamic interactions between the effects of CSA and an individual's ecological context, and their potential contributions to risk for RV across the course of development. Using this model, empirical research about correlates of CSA and RV will be assessed from the developmental perspective. Finally, we will identify the implications of a developmental understanding of CSA and RV for future research and intervention within the forensic, therapeutic, and prevention contexts.
Do Countries Learn from Experience in Infrastructure PPP? PPP Practice and Contract Cancellation

Learning from experience to improve future infrastructure public-private partnerships is a focal issue for policy makers, financiers, implementers, and private sector stakeholders. An extensive body of case studies and "lessons learned" aims to improve the likelihood of success and attempts to avoid future contract failures across sectors and geographies. This paper examines whether countries do, indeed, learn from experience to improve the probability of success of public-private partnerships at the national level. The purview of the paper is not to diagnose learning across all aspects of public-private partnerships globally, but rather to focus on whether experience has an effect on the most extreme cases of public-private partnership contract failure, premature contract cancellation. The analysis utilizes mixed-effects probit regression combined with spline models to test empirically whether general public-private partnership experience has an impact on reducing the chances of contract cancellation for future projects. The results confirm what the market intuitively knows, that is, that public-private partnership experience reduces the likelihood of contract cancellation. But the results also provide a perhaps less intuitive finding: the benefits of learning are typically concentrated in the first few public-private partnership deals. Moreover, the results show that the probability of cancellation varies across sectors and suggests the relative complexity of water public-private partnerships compared with energy and transport projects. An estimated $1.5 billion per year could have been saved with interventions and support to reduce cancellations in less experienced countries (those with fewer than 23 prior public-private partnerships).
Simplifying Multi-Actor Patent Infringement Cases Through Proper Application of Common Law Doctrine

Congress created the Federal Circuit as a specialized appellate court with the goals of fostering uniformity in outcomes, coherent evolution of patent law doctrine and policy, and the development of judicial expertise and competency. However, the creation of this specialized appellate court has had a downside. Because the Federal Circuit has narrow jurisdiction and hears a relatively restricted range of cases, it is much less likely to look at traditional common law doctrines across numerous dimensions, as would the regional courts of appeal with broader jurisdiction. As a result, its decisions can misconstrue those traditional principles in applying them to the unique and complex patent law issues before the court. This article examines this phenomenon in the context of multi-actor patent infringement, which encompasses the sub-categories of joint and divided patent infringement. The Federal Circuit has used imprecise vocabulary to articulate increasingly narrow bases of liability for multi-actor infringement. Returning explicitly and openly to the foundations of the tort and agency law doctrines that traditionally underlie multi-actor infringement doctrine would enable the Federal Circuit to articulate liability rules that are more principled, more grounded in traditional legal doctrine, and more consistent with the overall patent law scheme. Although such an approach will not resolve all multi-actor patent infringement cases, it will help isolate the subset of cases not susceptible to easy resolution under current precedent and doctrine, thus highlighting the areas in need of congressional intervention.
Robotic excision of a calcified urachal cyst: A video case report

Abstract Background Urachal cysts are an uncommon congenital abnormality that result from the incomplete obliteration of the urachus [1] . Typical presentation is in childhood, and previous pediatric autopsy studies have shown an incidence to be 1 in 5000 cases [2] . These urachal cysts are frequently asymptomatic, however, some patients can present with symptoms of lower abdominal pain, features of urinary tract infection, a painful abdominal lump, and/ or hematuria [3] . Differential diagnosis for an uninfected urachal cyst includes a bladder diverticulum, vitelline cyst, mesenteric cyst, Meckel diverticulum, and an umbilical hernia. Bladder adenocarcinoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for an infected urachal cyst. Objective To share the surgical case of a robot-assisted excision of a calcified urachal cyst. Methods/materials We present the case of a 50-year-old previously healthy female who presented with intermittent gross hematuria for 1 year. CT Urogram demonstrated a urachal sinus cystic and calcified mass. Cystoscopy performed in clinic showed no obvious connection from the bladder to the urachus. The decision was made to proceed with a robot-assisted excision of the calcified urachal cyst. Results Intra-operatively, there was an obvious urachal cyst identified several centimeters superior to the decompressed bladder. The cyst was excised with a circumferential margin, and the resulting bladder defect was closed in two layers using 3–0 V-lock. The bladder was filled to demonstrate there was no leak. The urachal cyst was removed without complication. Conclusion Urachal cysts are a rare anomaly with a heterogenous clinical presentation. Robot-assisted surgery provides a minimally invasive technique for excision of a urachal cyst when indicated.
Teorías feministas en la Revista 'Wenyi Lilun' de la década de los 90

In the People’s Republic of China, one of the front lines to embrace Western feminist theories was a group of scholars who were trained in foreign languages and literature, and interested in gender studies. These Chinese scholars’ translation of feminist thoughts into Mandarin Chinese and their analyses and revisions of Western feminist theories were important vehicles that helped to bring feminist thoughts from the West into China. This front line was a key factor in terms of how Western feminist theories were transferred into China. After Chinese women had the opportunity to hear and learn about feminist theories, the way in which Western feminism was received in China began to merit further investigation. In order to analyse the details of Chinese feminist literary research in an accurate way, I surveyed all the articles related to purely Western feminist literary theories in Wenyi Lilun (Literary and Artistic Theories) during the 1990s. According to my survey, this journal preferred French feminist theories in the decade immediately following the Tiananmen incident. I aim to examine how and why this phenomenon might be the result both of Communist China’s «open door policy» to welcome the West, and Chinese society’s fear of social movements.
Implementing materialized views in an open source database engine

Materialized views, a relatively new feature for a modern relational database system, reduce query processing time for frequently accessed database views. In essence, materialized views provide a database system-managed cache thus improving data integrity and performance. Materialized views have been found useful in a wide variety of modern applications such as data warehousing, replication servers, chronicle or data recording systems, data visualization, and mobile systems.
Cell Lineage Markers in Premalignant and Malignant Colonic Mucosa

Normal colonic epithelial cells consist of several cell types or lineages that are thought to arise from a common stem cell precursor. Neoplastic transformation may occur at different stages in the differentiation of a colonic stem cell to produce tumors that may retain characteristic cell lineage phenotypes. In this study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify cell lineage-related markers in fetal, normal, hyperplastic, adenomatous, and cancerous colonic tissue. These markers consisted of secretory component (columnar cells), a purified mucin antigen (mucous or goblet cells), chromogranin A (enteroendocrine cells), lysozyme (Paneth cells), and carcinoembryonic antigen (panepithelial cell marker). Colonic neoplasms, like normal mucosa, predominantly expressed the markers of columnar and goblet cell lineages. Chromogranin A was expressed in a small population of cells in most normal and fetal colonic crypts. Chromogranin A reactive cells were found in 55% of hyperplastic polyps, 31% of adenomatous polyps, and 33% of carcinomas. Lysozyme reactivity was rare in fetal, normal, and hyperplastic specimens, but was present in 86% of adenomas and 40% of carcinomas. Of 42 primary carcinomas, 9% were "pluripotent" and expressed markers of all four cell lineages. In addition to columnar and goblet cell markers, 7% expressed both enteroendocrine and Paneth cell markers, 17% expressed enteroendocrine cell markers, and 24% expressed Paneth cell markers. Two cases (5%) lacked expression of any of the cell lineage markers. The remainder expressed only columnar and goblet cell markers. The markers used in this study appear to identify the major cell lineages of fetal and normal colonic epithelium and can be used to delineate the altered cell lineage phenotypes in premalignant and malignant colonic mucosa.
Hydroxyurea therapy for children with sickle cell disease: describing how caregivers make this decision.

Hydroxyurea (HU) is underutilized in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) because caregivers frequently decline HU when it is offered. This study explores what impacts this decision. Caregivers of children with clinically severe SCD whose children were offered HU previously were interviewed. We used a qualitative analytical approach to analyze their telephone interview transcripts. Caregivers who chose HU (n = 9) reported their children had severe SCD, sought detailed information about HU, and accepted HU as a preventative therapy. In contrast, caregivers who did not choose HU (n = 10) did not perceive their children as having severe SCD and did not question their child’s provider about HU. This study identifies specific areas that providers should address to when they discuss HU with families so that they can make informed decisions. Our study also uncovered factors that are important to consider when designing future interventions to improve hydroxyurea acceptance and when developing decision-aid tools to assist caregivers of children with SCD who are considering disease modifying therapies.
Impact of the functional status of saeRS on in vivo phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus sarA mutants

We investigated the in vivo relevance of the impact of sarA and saeRS on protease production using derivatives of the USA300 strain LAC. The results confirmed that mutation of saeRS or sarA reduces virulence in a bacteremia model to a comparable degree. However, while eliminating protease production restored virulence in the sarA mutant, it had little impact in the saeRS mutant. Additionally, constitutive activation of saeRS (saeRS(C)) enhanced the virulence of LAC and largely restored virulence in the isogenic sarA mutant. Based on these results, together with our analysis of the representative virulence factors alpha toxin, protein A (Spa), and extracellular nucleases, we propose a model in which the attenuation of saeRS mutants is defined primarily by decreased production of such factors, while constitutive activation of saeRS increases virulence, and reverses the attenuation of sarA mutants, because it results in both increased production and decreased protease-mediated degradation of these same factors. This regulatory balance was also apparent in a murine model of catheter-associated infection, with the results suggesting that the impact of saeRS on nuclease production plays an important role during the early stages of these infections that is partially offset by increased protease production in sarA mutants.
B cells at the molecular level

Abstract The biology of the B cell at the molecular level is being dissected at increasingly high definition. A recent international meeting included contributions that concentrated on, among other aspects, in-vitro B-cell differentiation, genetic recombination prior to immunoglobulin expression, V region gene usage and transcriptional control of V region gene expression, and control of immunoglobulin class switching.
The Halley dust model

The properties of dust ejecta from Comet Halley are studied on the basis of (a) evidence from the comet's past apparitions and (b) analogy with recent, physically similar comets. Specifically discussed are the light curve and spectrum, discrete phenomena in the head, the physical properties of the nucleus (size, albedo, rotation, surface temperature, and morphology), and an interaction between the nucleus and dust atmosphere. Also reviewed are constraints on the size and mass distributions of dust particles, information on submicron-size and submillimeter-size grains from the comet's dust tail and antitail, and the apparent existence of more than one particle type. Similarities between the jet patterns of Halley and the parent comet of the Perseid meteor stream are depicted, and effects of the surface heterogeneity (discrete active regions) on the dust flow are assessed. Current dust models for Halley are summarized and the existence of short-term variations in the dust content in the comet's atmosphere is suggested.
Recent advances in antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome is a broad category of coronary heart disease that ranges from unstable angina to ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Its initial evaluation relies heavily on rapid triage according to the electrocardiogram and cardiac biomarkers. The cornerstone of treatment for ST
Evolution of Catch Share Management: Lessons from Catch Share Management in the North Pacific

Abstract Fishery managers, economists, industry advocates, and some environmental public interest groups are currently promoting catch shares (or the allocation of exclusive portions of the total allowable catch) as a means to address both environmental and economic fishery management problems. At the same time, a vocal opposition to catch share management has developed among some industry stakeholders, academics, and other public interest groups. Over the course of the last 20 years, while the debate has percolated, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council (known henceforth as the Council) has incrementally developed and overseen the implementation of five major catch share management programs for the fisheries it governs. This article draws on the experiences in the North Pacific fisheries to shed light on several facets of the debate over the efficacy of catch share management and suggests that catch share management is most effective and beneficial to stakeholders, when used in a measured manner, ...
A new non-crystallographic image-processing technique reveals the architecture of ribosomes

Abstract Due to a recent breakthrough in three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, macromolecules or macromolecular assemblies occurs in non-crystalline form as ‘single particles' can now be reconstructed with high statistical deformation from low-dose electron micrographs. The new technique has been used thus far to determine the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit and the 70S ribosome from Escherichia coli as well as the 40S subunit and the 80S ribosome from rabbit reticulocytes. The technique will also enable the mapping of surface ligands through direct three-dimensional visualization, and can thus be expected to make a major contribution to an understanding of the function of ribosomes, and potentially many other important macromolecules assemblies.
Deoxycholateinduces the preferential hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides by human platelet and rat corneal phospholipase C

Abstract Deoxycholate promotes phospholipase C degradation of endogenous phosphatidyl[ 3 H]inositol (PI), phosphatidyl[ 3 H]inositol monophosphate (PIP) and phosphatidyl[ 3 H]inositol bisphosphate (PIP2) in rat cornea and human platelets. Hydrolysis of phosphatidyl[ 3 H]inositol significantly lags polyphospho[ 3 H]inositide degradation. Concomitantly, formation of [ 3 H]inositol monophosphate (IP1) lags behind [ 3 H]inositol bisphosphate (IP2) and [ 3 H]inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production. These results demonstrate that rat cornea and human platelet phospholipase C cause a preferential hydrolysis of the endogenous polyphosphoinositides rather than phosphatidylinositol.
Staged repair of tetralogy of Fallot and diminutive pulmonary arteries with a fenestrated ventricular septal defect patch.

Abstract Objectives Patients with tetralogy of Fallot and diminutive pulmonary arteries are at risk for suprasystemic right ventricular pressure and right ventricular failure after complete repair. We report the short-term outcome and medium-term follow-up after using a fenestrated ventricular septal defect patch as a component of staged repair in selected patients. Methods We reviewed 47 patients with tetralogy of Fallot and diminutive pulmonary arteries whose ventricular septal defect patch was fenestrated, either electively or as a rescue technique, at a single institution between 1984 and 2001. Results Early mortality was 10.6% and occurred only in patients who underwent rescue fenestration. Review of medium-term follow-up (median, 39 months) revealed 4 late deaths; an additional 4 patients experienced right ventricular failure despite fenestration. Most (7/8) of these late events occurred in patients who underwent planned fenestration. Excessive left-to-right shunt through the fenestration developed in only 2 patients. Conclusions Fenestrated patch closure of the ventricular septal defect in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and diminutive pulmonary arteries resulted in 10.6% early mortality. Used preemptively in selected patients, this technique is associated with no surgical mortality and a low incidence of excessive left-to-right shunt (4%). Early survivors remain at risk for late death and right ventricular failure despite fenestration.
Experimental haemarthrosis in rhesus monkeys: Morphometric, biochemical and metabolic analyses

Summary The effects of a single episode of massive haemarthrosis in rhesus monkeys were studied. Autologous whole blood was injected into a femorotibial joint of 16 anaesthetized monkeys, equally divided into four groups and killed 7 days, 2, 3 and 6 months post-injection (PI). Synovial membrane and femoral articular cartilage were analysed morphometrically and articular cartilage was further analysed biochemically and metabolically. At 7 days PI, morphometric evaluation revealed a significant increase (P n = 16) significant increase (P Biochemical analyses of femoral articular cartilage revealed a significant decrease in hexosamine concentration (P Morphometric evaluation of articular tissues following massive haemarthrosis has quantified a temporary hyperplastic reaction. A significant decrease in cartilage hexosamine concentration in haemarthrotic joints suggests this is a crucial biochemical event in the pathogenesis of blood-induced cartilage destruction.
Gender discrimination in the public and private sectors: A sample selectivity approach

Abstract A model correcting for selectivity bias from labor force participation and sectoral choice is estimated for both whites and African-Americans in the public and private sectors. White males earn significantly more than white females in both sectors, although the gender gap is smaller in the public sector. For African-Americans, the gender wage gap is positive in the private sector but insignificant in the public sector. Sample selectivity is significant and alters the magnitude of the measured wage gaps. Results indicate that a decline in public sector employment may result in an increase in gender earnings inequality.
Fixing all moduli for M-theory on K3 × K3

We analyze M-theory compactified on K3 x K3 with fluxes preserving half the supersymmetry and its F-theory limit, which is dual to an orientifold of the type IIB string on K3 x (T{sup 2}/Z{sub 2}). The geometry of attractive K3 surfaces plays a significant role in the analysis. We prove that the number of choices for the K3 surfaces is finite and we show how they can be completely classified. We list the possibilities in one case. We then study the instanton effects and see that they will generically fix all of the moduli. We also discuss situations where the instanton effects might not fix all the moduli.
Beaver dams, hydrological thresholds, and controlled floods as a management tool in a desert riverine ecosystem, Bill Williams River, Arizona

Beaver convert lotic stream habitat to lentic through dam construction, and the process is reversed when a flood or other event causes dam failure. We investigated both processes on a regulated Sonoran Desert stream, using the criterion that average current velocity is <0·2 m S-1 in a lentic reach. We estimated temporal change in the lotic: lentic stream length ratio by relating beaver pond length (detennined by the upstream lentic-Iotic boundary position) to dam size, and coupling that to the dam-size frequency distribution and repeated censuses of dams along the 58-km river. The ratio fell from 19: I when no beaver dams were present to <3 : I after 7 years of flows favourable for beaver. We investigated the dam failure-flood intensity relationship in three independent trials (experimental floods) featuring peak discharge ranging from 37 to 65 m 3 S-I. Major damage (breach 2:3-m wide) occurred at 2:20% of monitored dams (n = 7-86) and a similar or higher proportion was moderately damaged. We detected neither a relationship between dam size and damage level nor a flood discharge threshold for initiating major damage. Dam constituent materials appeared to control the probability of major damage at low (attenuated) flood magnitude. We conclude that environmental flows prescribed to sustain desert riparian forest will also reduce beaver-created lentic habitat in a non-linear manner detennined by both beaver dam and flood attributes. Consideration of both desirable and undesirable consequences of ecological engineering by beaver is important when optimizing environmental flows to meet ecological and socioeconomic goals. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.