cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malignant cerebellar edema in three-year-old girl following accidental opioid ingestion and fentanyl administration

A three-year-old girl was found altered with an unknown timeline. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was positive for hydromorphone, dihydrocodeine, and hydrocodone. Initial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a malignant cerebellar edema not confined to a vascular distribution. She received fentanyl boluses on hospital days 0 and 1 before receiving a continuous infusion on day 1. On day 3, she had an episode of acute hypertension and bradycardia. Emergent computed tomography showed an evolving hydrocephalus and similar diffuse edema throughout both cerebellar hemispheres. External ventricular drain was placed to relieve the increased intracranial pressure. Following drain placement and fentanyl discontinuation, the patient recovered, though not without fine- and gross-motor deficits at the four-month follow-up. Our case adds to a handful of case reports of opioid toxicity in pediatric patients that present as toxic leukoencephalopathy. Though the mechanism is poorly understood, it has been suggested to be a consequence of the neurotoxic effects of the drug, which has particular affinity for µ opioid receptors-the primary opioid receptor found in the cerebellum. Clinicians would do well to recognize that this syndrome is primarily caused by direct toxicity rather than ischemia. This case adds insight by suggesting that lipophilic opioid analgesics may worsen this neurotoxicity. When intervening with mechanical ventilation, clinicians should consider avoiding lipophilic opioid drugs for analgesia until the pathogenesis of cerebellar edema is better understood.
A Pilot Trial Evaluating Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy to Induce Hyperemia in Combination With Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Purpose Despite the survival benefit of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a majority of tumors recur, attributed to hypovascularity and treatment resistance. Preclinical studies show that moderate radiation doses induce changes in tumor permeability and perfusion, suggesting an opportunity for TACE sensitization by radiation. In this prospective phase 1 trial, we evaluated the feasibility, safety, tolerability, response, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes associated with single-fraction stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) followed by TACE within 24 hours. Methods and Materials Patients with HCC, 1 to 3 lesions, Childs-Pugh A/B liver function, and no major vascular invasion were enrolled. The primary objective was to establish the feasibility of single-dose SBRT (7.5 or 10 Gy) followed by TACE within 24 hours. Secondary endpoints included safety, tolerability, perfusional changes via functional MRI, overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), freedom from local progression, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Results Sixteen patients were enrolled, and 13 received SBRT and TACE. Median follow-up was 15.3 months. Best overall ORR and CBR were 76.9% and 92.3%, respectively. The 1- and 3-month ORR was 76.9% and 69.2%, respectively, and 1- and 3-month CBR was 92.3% and 69.2%, respectively. Median overall survival, progression-free survival, and freedom from local progression were 14.0, 5.2, and 5.9 months, respectively. Crude rates of grade 1+ and grade 2+ toxicity were 85% and 38%, respectively. No grade 3 to 4 toxicities were recorded. One grade 5 toxicity occurred due to hemorrhage 4 days after TACE. On dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, the transfer rate constant from blood plasma to extracellular extravascular space (kpe) increased within 6 hours post-SBRT but decreased by 24 hours. Conclusions We hypothesized a strategy of SBRT preceding TACE for the purpose of enhancing TACE delivery and efficacy and tested this strategy in a small pilot study. We found that single-dose SBRT followed by TACE within 24 hours is feasible and tolerable. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI revealed acute changes in tumor permeability/perfusion after SBRT. Additional studies are needed to establish the safety and efficacy of this combination and the effects of SBRT on the HCC microenvironment.
Understanding Change: From Description to Explanation in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Research

Child and adolescent psychotherapy research has advanced remarkably. Well over 1,000 controlled outcome studies can be identified (e.g., Kazdin, 2000). Meta-analytic reviews have consistently concluded that treatments are effective and, in fact, produce rather strong effects (large effect sizes) (e.g., Weisz, Weiss, Han, Granger, & Morton, 1995). Outcome studies continue to emerge and their methodological quality continues to improve (Durlak, Wells, Cotten, & Johnson, 1995). Empirically supported treatments have been identified for several problem domains including anxiety, depression, and conduct disorder, to mention a few (see Kazdin & Weisz, 1998; Lonigan & Elbert, 1998). Guidelines for clinical practice have emerged to take into account mounting empirical evidence (e.g., American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1998). Clearly, enormous strides have been made. Absent from the research is attention to theory, mechanisms, and processes that explain how therapy works. Hughes [this issue] nicely articulates the problem and conveys how research that neglects efforts to understand therapeutic change is shortsighted. The present comments build on key themes Hughes has raised. Specifically, these comments elaborate why there is need for theory in child and adolescent therapy research, the different foci of theory, and the progression of description to explanation in research.
Relationships within the Fraud Diamond: The Decision Processes That Influence Fraudulent Intentions in Online Consumer Fraud

Online consumer fraud is a problem with significant consequences. While a substantial body of research examines the strategies used to defraud consumers in online environments, little is known abou...
Quantifying the Metabolic Signature of Multiple Sclerosis by in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Current Challenges and Future Outlook in the Translation From Proton Signal to Diagnostic Biomarker

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) offers a growing variety of methods for querying potential diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis in living central nervous system tissue. For the past three decades, 1H-MRS has enabled the acquisition of a rich dataset suggestive of numerous metabolic alterations in lesions, normal-appearing white matter, gray matter, and spinal cord of individuals with multiple sclerosis, but this body of information is not free of seeming internal contradiction. The use of 1H-MRS signals as diagnostic biomarkers depends on reproducible and generalizable sensitivity and specificity to disease state that can be confounded by a multitude of influences, including experiment group classification and demographics; acquisition sequence; spectral quality and quantifiability; the contribution of macromolecules and lipids to the spectroscopic baseline; spectral quantification pipeline; voxel tissue and lesion composition; T 1 and T 2 relaxation; B1 field characteristics; and other features of study design, spectral acquisition and processing, and metabolite quantification about which the experimenter may possess imperfect or incomplete information. The direct comparison of 1H-MRS data from individuals with and without multiple sclerosis poses a special challenge in this regard, as several lines of evidence suggest that experimental cohorts may differ significantly in some of these parameters. We review the existing findings of in vivo 1H-MRS on central nervous system metabolic abnormalities in multiple sclerosis and its subtypes within the context of study design, spectral acquisition and processing, and metabolite quantification and offer an outlook on technical considerations, including the growing use of machine learning, by future investigations into diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis measurable by 1H-MRS.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective Ascertain the benefit of prophylactic antibiotics for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM), given that clinical trials evaluating this have had conflicting results. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with MM and its impact on infection risk and mortality. Results Across three included studies, a total of 664 patients received antibiotics and 650 patients received no antibiotics. The overall incidence of infection within 3 months was lower for antibiotic group compared to placebo (18.4% vs 23.4%, RR: 0.79, 95% CI 0.62-1.00, P = .05, I2 = 6.5%). There was no difference in mortality in the first 3 months (1.5% vs 3.5%, RR: 0.47, 95% CI 0.17-1.27, P = .60, I2 = 28.1%). Conclusion Antibiotic prophylaxis for a finite duration can decrease the overall incidence of infection within the first 3 months following diagnosis. This does not lead to a decrease in mortality. Further data on antibiotic resistance patterns, toxicity, healthcare expenditures, and the impact of antibiotics on subsequent therapies can assist providers in helping make decisions on prophylactic antibiotics with their patients.
Mobility, Orientation, and Navigation: Conceptual and Theoretical Considerations:

Analyzes mobility, orientation, and navigation and describes the complex activities and detailed knowledge required by each. Mobility involves movement of an embodied person; orientation involves k...
Cognitive Barriers to Successful Weight Management: 7 Stymie Beasts

Abstract This paper focuses on one of the most significant barriers, especially for teenagers and their families, to the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for weight management: high rates of attrition. Cognitive barriers contribute to attrition and to decreasing commitment to full engagement in the process (deliberate practice). Excuses capture the essence of one type of those cognitive barriers. Excuses are defined as shifts in attribution from self-focused causes of struggles to achieve goals to more externally-focused causes—resulting in decreasing full engagement. Those excuses (shifts in attribution) do not just happen. People make decisions to implement those shifts away from personal responsibility. Ten cognitive biases lie at the heart of such problematic delusional decision making. This paper identifies seven excuses created by that biased decision making as anthropomorphisms called Stymie Beasts. Such unique simply worded visually distinctive creatures may help improve recall and focus on these powerful antagonists to successful weight control. Then, the use of two CBT techniques, Therapeutic Understanding of Science (TUS) and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), illustrated with examples for all seven Stymie Beasts, shows how CBT may prevent and dismantle those Beasts (excuses). Ideas for future research using randomized controlled trials to test these notions are also presented.
Accessibility of federally funded family planning services in South Carolina and Alabama.

Abstract This study operationalized the five dimensions of health care access in the context of contraceptive service provision and used this framework to examine access to contraceptive care at health department (HD) (Title X funded) and federally qualified health center (FQHC) (primarily non-Title X funded) clinics in South Carolina and Alabama. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017/18 that assessed clinic-level characteristics, policies, and practices related to contraceptive provision. Provision of different contraceptive methods was examined between clinic types. Survey items were mapped to the dimensions of access and internal consistency for each scale was tested with Cronbach’s alpha. Scores of access were developed and differences by clinic type were evaluated with an independent t-test. The overall response rate was 68.3% and the sample included 235 clinics. HDs (96.9%) were significantly more likely to provide IUDs and/or Impants on-site than FQHCs (37.4%) (P
Relationship with early and late adolescent's educational aspiration in secondary school in Kalkudah zone, Batticaloa in Sri Lanka

Understanding the relationship with early (junior grades) and late adolescents’ (senior grades)educational aspiration (EA) is important in determining effective and valid performance in these grades of secondary schools in Sri Lanka. The students ‘educational aspiration is the determination factor of their future performance in life. The Objective of this study is to find out any relationship with early (junior grades) and late (senior grades) adolescents’ educational aspiration in secondary school in urban and Semi-urban area in Kalkudah zone, Sri Lanka. Determining the correlation between these two variables is important for all academics to understand, so that all students can achieve to their academic potential. In this study was a design survey method was used and directed at the population of senior secondary students in Kalkudah zone, Batticaloa district of Eastern Province in Sri Lanka. Ten school of 1AB, 1C, grades were selected from this research area. These schools were stratified random into urban (3) and semi-urban (7) schools among 1AB and 1C. 160 students who studied in grade 9, and 160 students who studied in grade 13 science and arts stream were selected at systematic random. 32 samples were selected from each school among grade 9 and 13. The average age of the students is 13.4 (early adolescent - grade 9) and 17.5 (late adolescent - grade 13). The research instruments, questionnaire format titled Student's Questionnaire; it's to measure the students ‘aspiration with teacher responses about the students’ attitude to the subject. Reliability was checked by test - retest after three weeks for the EA. The very high correlations obtained reveal the reliability of the instruments of measurement. Its split-half reliability coefficient of correlation yields are 0.81, 0.84, and 0.89 for Academic Motivation (AM), Self Concept (SC) and Students Attitude towards Education (SAE) respectively. Null hypotheses was postulated from objectives and tested at 0.05 level of significant to determine how the relationship of junior grade's (early adolescent) educational aspiration correlates on senior grade's (late adolescent). The data was collected through questionnaire related to the variable. Qualitative and quantitative method (mixed method) was used to analysis. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) which includes t - test and Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient was used in analyses. The result revealed that, there are strong evidences to prove that there are no relationships between the EA of early adolescence (grade 9) and late adolescence (grade 13). Hence the null hypothesis is completely accepted. That is, there is no significant relationship between the EA of Grade 9 and EA of grade 13. This research findings have been explored the educational aspiration of junior and senior grades in secondary school and current nature of the research areas also gives different levels of variables of EA in the secondary school students.
Machine Learning-Guided Equations for Super-Fast Prediction of Methane Storage Capacities of COFs

Covalent organic framework (COF) is a prominent class of nanoporous materials under consideration for vehicular methane storage. However, evaluating a COF for its methane capacity involves multiple experimental or computational steps, which is expensive and time consuming. Consequently, the discovery of high-capacity COFs for methane storage is very slow. Here we developed equations for super-fast prediction of deliverable methane capacities of COFs from a small number (3 to 7) of physically meaningful and measurable crystallographic features. We provided a set of equations with different fidelities for on-demand predictions based on the accessibility of crystallographic features. We found that an equation with only three crystallographic primary features, as variables, can predict deliverable capacities of 84,800 COFs with root-mean-square error (RMSE) 10 cm3 (standard temperature and pressure, STP) cm-3 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) 5%. However, the highest fidelity equation developed here contains seven crystallographic primary features of COFs with RMSE and MAPE 8.1 cm3 (STP) cm-3 and 4.2%, respectively. With that, we predicted methane storage capacities of in total 468,343 previously unexplored COFs using the highest fidelity equation and identified several hundred promising candidates with record-setting performance. CUBE_PBB_BA2, a hypothetical COF not yet synthesized, sets the new record of balancing gravimetric (0.396 g g-1) and volumetric (221 cm3 (STP) -3) deliverable methane storage capacities under the pressure swing between 65 and 5.8 bar at 298K. Also, 3D-HNU5, a previously synthesized COF, has shown the potential to achieve the gravimetric and volumetric methane storage U.S. Department of Energy target (0.5 g g-1 and 315 cm3 (STP) cm-3) simultaneously with uptakes of 0.755 g g-1 and 334 cm3 (STP) cm-3 at 100 bar/270 K.
Predicting dysphagia onset in patients with ALS: the ALS dysphagia risk score

Purpose: For patients diagnosed with ALS, dysphagia can result in aspiration, malnutrition, and mortality. The purpose of this study was to develop a clinical prediction model capable of identifying patients with ALS at imminent risk for developing swallowing complications. Methods: A retrospective cohort study using the Pooled Resource Open-Access ALS Clinical Trials Database (PRO-ACT) was conducted. After dividing the PRO-ACT database into development and validation cohorts with dysphagia defined from the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS), a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model estimated the probability of dysphagia at 3, 6, and 12-months with subsequent evaluation of model discrimination and calibration. Results: With 2057 participants in the development cohort and 1891 in the validation cohort, the Cox model included 7 clinical variables: spinal-onset; bulbar, fine and gross motor ALSFRS subscale scores; respiratory impairment; functional progression rate; and time from diagnosis. The cumulative incidence of dysphagia was 18% at 3-months, 29% at 6-months, and 45% at 12-months. The mean predicted probability of dysphagia development ranged from 4.5% in the bottommost risk decile to 40% in the topmost decile at 3 months, 10%-72% at 6 months, and 25%-93% at 12 months. In the validation cohort, the model had good discrimination and calibration with an optimism corrected c-statistic of 0.70 and calibration slope of 0.96. Conclusions: The ALS dysphagia risk score can be used to identify patients with ALS at high risk for self-reported dysphagia development who would benefit from a comprehensive swallowing assessment and proactive dysphagia management strategies.
Droplet-Based Microfluidic Tool to Quantify Viscosity of Concentrating Protein Solutions

Measurement of the viscosity of concentrated protein solutions is vital for the manufacture and delivery of protein therapeutics. Conventional methods for viscosity measurements require large solution volumes, creating a severe limitation during the early stage of protein development. The goal of this work is to develop a robust technique that requires minimal sample. In this work, a droplet-based microfluidic device is developed to quantify the viscosity of protein solutions while concentrating in micrometer-scale droplets. The technique requires only microliters of sample. The corresponding viscosity is characterized by multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). We show that the viscosities quantified in the microfluidic device are consistent with macroscopic results measured by a conventional rheometer for poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) solutions. The technique was further applied to quantify viscosities of well-studied lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. Comparison to both macroscopic measurements and models (Krieger-Dougherty model) demonstrate the validity of the approach. The droplet-based microfluidic device provides accurate quantitative values of viscosity over a range of concentrations for protein solutions with small sample volumes (~ μL) and high compositional resolution. This device will be extended to study the effect of different excipients and other additives on the viscosity of protein solutions.
Quantifying the Safety Benefits of Transit Signal Priority Using Full Bayes Before–After Study

AbstractTransit signal priority (TSP) is a strategy that prioritizes the movement of transit vehicles through a signalized intersection to minimize transit delay and improve travel time reliability...
Regulation of Expression of Late Genes of Bacteriophage T5

Amber mutants of bacteriophage T5 defective in gene C2 have been characterized. The product of this gene is required for the normal turn-on of synthesis of late RNA9s and proteins, and, apparently, for the normal continued synthesis of early RNA9s and proteins during late stages of infection. The inability of nonpermissive cells to synthesize any proteins, either late or early, during the late period after infection with a C2-mutant is not due to premature lysis of the infected cells, to a depletion of the cellular energy supply, or to degradation of phage DNA at late times. A possible role for the product of gene C2 in early and late transcription of the viral genome is suggested. Images
Comparison of fesoterodine and tolterodine extended release for the treatment of overactive bladder: a head-to-head placebo-controlled trial

Study Type – Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence 1b OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and tolerability of fesoterodine 8 mg with tolterodine extended-release (ER) 4 mg and placebo in a randomized clinical trial of patients with an overactive bladder (OAB). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this 12-week double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, eligible patients reported OAB symptoms for ≥3 months and recorded ≥8 voids and ≥1 urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) episode per 24 h in 3-day bladder diaries at baseline. Patients were randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to fesoterodine (4 mg for 1 week then 8 mg for 11 weeks); tolterodine ER 4 mg; or placebo (with sham dose escalation for tolterodine ER and placebo). Endpoints were changes from baseline to week 12 in UUI episodes (primary endpoint), total and nocturnal voids, urgency episodes, severe urgency episodes, and frequency-urgency sum per 24 h; mean voided volume per void (MVV); and the OAB questionnaire (OAB-q), Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC), and Urgency Perception Scale (UPS). Safety and tolerability were assessed and summarized over the 12-week study period. RESULTS Fesoterodine (636 patients) significantly improved UUI episodes at week 12 (primary endpoint) compared with tolterodine ER (641 patients; P = 0.017) and placebo (313 patients; P < 0.001). Fesoterodine also produced significantly greater improvements than tolterodine ER in MVV (P = 0.005). Fesoterodine significantly improved all diary endpoints compared with placebo (P < 0.001), except for nocturnal voids (P = 0.327). Tolterodine ER significantly improved all diary endpoints vs placebo (P < 0.001), except for nocturnal voids (P = 0.506) and MVV (P = 0.103). Diary dry rates (the proportion of patients reporting no UUI episodes at endpoint among those with one or more UUI episodes at baseline) were significantly higher with fesoterodine (64%) than with tolterodine ER (57%; P = 0.015) and placebo (45%; P < 0.001). Improvements in PPBC, UPS and OAB-q scale and domain scores at week 12 were all significantly better with fesoterodine than placebo (all P < 0.001) and tolterodine ER (all P < 0.05) except for the OAB-q Sleep domain vs tolterodine ER (P = 0.081). Dry mouth and constipation rates were 28% and 5% in the fesoterodine group, 16% and 4% in the tolterodine ER group, and 6% and 3% with placebo, respectively. Discontinuations due to treatment-emergent adverse events were 6%, 4% and 2% in the fesoterodine, tolterodine ER, and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSION In patients with OAB, fesoterodine 8 mg showed superior efficacy over tolterodine ER 4 mg and placebo in reducing UUI episodes (primary endpoint) and in improving most patient-reported outcome measures. Both active treatments were well tolerated.
Sub-Critical Crack Growth Behavior of a Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic

The strength of sintered low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) disks was measured under dry (<2% relative humidity [RH]) and wet (98% RH) conditions, using ring-on-ring, biaxial-flexure testing in the stressing rate range of 0.002–2 MPa/s. The empirical sub-critical crack growth parameters, n and A, were calculated. The values of the parameters in the wet environment were higher than in the dry environment. It is argued that the high RH n value is more representative of material behavior. Results of fractographic examination are reported and expected lifetime and safe design stresses for LTCC are calculated.
Why optimisation of a system of systems is both unattainable and unnecessary

The operational and managerial independence, geographic distribution, emergent behaviour, and evolutionary development that characterise a system of systems (SoS) also ensure that it is impossible to truly optimise it. However, using the concept of satisficing, we can declare that a 'good enough' solution is in fact, sufficient. Why are we all right with this potentially unsettling notion in the context of a system of systems? In part, due to the principle of finite causality introduced in this paper, stating no system outcome can have infinitely bad (or good) implications; thus, the outcome of any action or series of actions is finite in nature. This realisation further bolsters the acceptability of an inherently sub-optimal SoS. This paper explores the notions of why optimisation of a SoS is both: 1) unattainable based on its inherent characteristics and associated systems principles; and 2) unnecessary in practice.
Predictive Validity of the Teacher Rating of Academic Achievement Motivation (TRAAM) with Hispanic Students

Academic motivation is an important construct that has been shown to be related to children's achievement outcomes. It may be an especially important factor to consider when one is examining the achievement patterns of Hispanic children. These children have not fared as well in the educational milieu as majority group children, and academic motivation may account for some of that difficulty. The Teacher Rating of Academic Achievement Motivation (TRAAM) has been shown to be an instrument that is valid with majority students, but its characteristics with minority children need to be examined. This study investigated the TRAAM's ability to predict group achievement test scores (Stanford Achievement Test [SAT]) and teacher-assigned grades, in relation to the Achievement Motivation Scale (AMS) and the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT), for 67 third-through fifth-grade middle-class Hispanic (Mexican-American) students. Correlations for the TRAAM Total Score with SAT scores and grades ranged from .25 to .7...
Improving the accuracy of snoop filtering using stream registers

Multi-core processors have become mainstream; they provide parallelism with relatively low complexity. As true on-chip SMPs evolve, coherence traffic between cores is becoming problematic, both in terms of performance and power. The negative effects of coherence (snoop) traffic can be significantly mitigated through snoop filtering. Shielding each cache with a device that can squash snoop requests for addresses known not to be in cache improves performance significantly for caches that cannot perform normal load and snoop lookups simultaneously. In addition, reducing snoop lookups yields power savings.This paper introduces Stream Register snoop filtering, which captures the spatial locality of multiple memory reference streams in a few registers. We propose a snoop filter that combines Stream Registers with "snoop caching", a mechanism that captures the temporal locality of frequently accessed addresses. Simulations of Splash- 2 benchmarks on a 4-core multiprocessor illustrate tradeoffs and strengths of these two techniques. Their combination is most effective, eliminating 94-99% of all snoop requests using very few stream registers and snoop cache lines.
A new method and apparatus for measuring foam stability

Abstract The decay of foam with time, whether caused solely by gas diffusion through foam lamellae without rupture, or by a combination of that effect and occasional concomitant rupture, is given, most fundamentally, by the rate of decrease of the total area of extended liquid surface. This property can be measured directly, by photographing sections of the foam at measured intervals of time, but the technique and subsequent reduction of the observations to numerical values require so much effort that the direct method is seldom used. The equation of state of foam (Ross, S., Ind. Eng. Chem. 61 , (10), 48 (1969)), however, relates the total area of liquid surface within a foam to the pressure of its contained gas, and so makes it possible to quantify foam decay in fundamental terms, by determining the rate of the build-up of gas pressure at constant volume and temperature in the head space above the foam. An apparatus is described that uses this principle. Pressure differences of the order of a few torricelli are measured by means of a differential pressure transducer, connected to a strip-chart recorder. The total area of extended liquid surface determined with this apparatus is in excellent agreement with results obtained simultaneously by direct photography of the foam during its decay, thus confirming the validity of the Ross derivation. The method of differential pressures was also used to confirm the effect, already well known, that the stability of foam made from an aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate is enhanced by the presence of small amounts of lauryl alcohol in the solution.
Phase diagrams of the spin-1 Ising Blume-Emery-Griffiths model: Monte Carlo simulations.

The Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to study the phase diagrams of a two-dimensional spin-1 Ising model with bilinear and biquadratic nearest-neighbor pair interactions and a single-ion potential. A staggered quadrupolar phase appears at low temperatures with the competing bilinear and biquadratic interactions. The phase boundary line of the staggered quadrupolar phase and that of the ferromagnetic phase are extremely close to each other at low temperatures. An argument is used to distinguish the most probable phase diagram from the several possible ones based on the Monte Carlo data.
Clinical outcome of arthrotomy after failed arthroscopy

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this article was to retrospectively examine patients who had undergone an arthrotomy after a previous arthroscopy had failed to relieve their symptoms. Study design: Nine patients who fulfilled these requirements and who were at least 6 months after their second surgery were retrospectively examined using a 16-item questionnaire and a craniomandibular index examination. They were asked to describe their perception of the frequency and intensity of temporomandibular joint, jaw, neck, and ear pain using visual analogy scales. Results: Five of the nine patients felt they were improved after the second surgery. The craniomandibular index examination did not prove to be a useful instrument in separating this group of patients. Visual analog scales showed clear differences between the two groups. Conclusion: Although a number of patients were helped by the second operation, these data suggest caution in offering this option to patients.
Varying the message source in computer-tailored nutrition education

The effect of message source on message recall and perceived credibility was examined in a randomized study comparing two different computer-tailored bulletins promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among rural African American church members. An expert oriented (EXP) bulletin was compared with a spiritual and pastor-oriented (SPIR) bulletin and a control group. Both bulletins had the same format and used an identical set of dietary and psychosocial variables for tailoring. At follow-up, the majority of both intervention groups recalled receiving the bulletin, however message trust was higher in the SPIR group (P < 0.05). The EXP group reported higher trust of health and nutrition information coming from scientific research (P < 0.01), and the SPIR group reported higher trust of information coming from the pastor (P < 0.05). Both bulletin groups increased fruit and vegetable consumption significantly compared to the control group; however, this difference could not be solely attributed to the tailored intervention which was part of a multi-component program.
Mating system shifts on the trailing edge

Background The trailing edges of species ranges are becoming a subject of increasing interest as the environment changes due to global warming. Trailing edge populations are likely to face extinction because of a decline in numbers and an inability to evolve new adaptations with sufficient speed. Discussions of character change in the trailing edge have focused on physiological, exomorphic and phenological traits. The mating pattern within populations has not been part of the discourse, in spite of the fact that the mating pattern may affect the ability of populations to respond to environmental change and to maintain their sizes. In this paper, the case is made that a substantial increase in self-fertilization rates may occur via plastic responses to stress. Scope and conclusions Small populations on the trailing edge are especially vulnerable to environmental change because of inadequate levels of cross-fertilization. Evidence is presented that a deficiency of cross-seed production is due to inadequate pollinator services and a paucity of self-incompatibility alleles within populations. Evidence also is presented that if plants are self-compatible, self-fertilization may compensate in part for this deficiency through a stress-induced increase in levels of self-compatibility and stress-induced alterations in floral morphology that elevate self-pollination. Whereas increased self-fertility may afford populations the time to adapt to their changing environments, it can be concluded that increased selfing is not a panacea for the ills of environmental change, because it will lead to substantial reductions in genetic diversity, which may render adaptation unlikely.
SDS gel analysis of muscle proteins in embryonic cells.

Abstract Myogenic and premyogenic (epithelial) somites, primitive streak, lateral plate, area rhomboidalis, and premyogenic wing buds from chick embryos contain polypeptides which comigrate with standard muscle actin and myosin on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The relative percentages of actin and myosin present in these tissues is similar. Ultrastructural examination revealed thin (50 A) filaments in all these tissues, but thick (130 A) filaments and myofibrils differentiated only in myotome. Because of their widespread occurrence, we conclude that actin and myosin can no longer be considered “luxury molecules” that identify differentiating muscle.
Medium-term outcomes of Kawashima and completion Fontan palliation in single-ventricle heart disease with heterotaxy and interrupted inferior vena cava.

Background We investigated medium-term outcomes in single-ventricle heart disease palliated with a Kawashima procedure (KP) compared with matched patients who had a standard Fontan procedure (FP). Methods Clinical characteristics, oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (Spo 2 ) trends, and survival in 18 KP cases were compared with 36 matched controls who underwent a standard FP. Records of surgical procedures, catheterizations, noninvasive imaging, and clinical follow-up were reviewed. Results The median duration of follow-up after KP was 6.7 years. The mean Spo 2 (%) in the KP group over the follow-up period before completion Fontan was 85.1 ± 6, and differed significantly from the control FP group (90.7 ± 5.1, p 2 after completion Fontan following KP was 88.7 ± 7.6%. The Spo 2 in Fontan after KP was not as high as after control FP. Low Spo 2 with upward trend was noted throughout the postoperative follow-up. The overall survival in the KP group after Fontan estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method was 87% at 5 years and at 7 years. Conclusions The KP and subsequent Fontan completion results in acceptable medium-term survival, and remains the approach of choice for single-ventricle heart disease with interrupted inferior vena cava. The KP has to be undertaken with expectation for somewhat lower early Spo 2 relative to standard Fontan patients, but in anticipation that Spo 2 is likely to rise gradually with time.
A Gender Discrepancy Analysis of Heterosexual Sexual Behaviors in Two University Samples

The current study aimed to (1) offer a large-scale enumeration of college students' lifetime sexual behaviors and sexual behaviors at last event, and (2) apply a gender discrepancy lens to college students' sexual behaviors in order to examine potential gender differences in heterosexual college students' experiences. Nine-hundred and seventy college students between the ages of 18 and 27 from two large universities in the United States participated in the current study. Participants filled out a paper-pencil questionnaire during the last 30 min of class. Measures of lifetime sexual behaviors and engagement in behaviors at last sexual event were replicated from the National Survey of Sexual Health Behavior. Most college students engaged in some form of sexual behavior (manual, oral, vaginal-penile, anal). Men more frequently reported engaging in receptive sexual behaviors (e.g., receiving oral sex) where as women were more likely to engage in performative sexual behaviors (e.g., performing oral sex). At most recent sexual event, men were more likely than women to report being the sexual initiator. Findings highlight gender differences in sexual behavior and provide a foundation for social norms interventions. Holistic sexual health promotion for young adults includes acknowledging and discouraging sites of disparity in equity and pleasure. Therefore, college-level sexual health educators should pay attention to the potential pleasure gap between men and women in heterosexual encounters, and to see pleasure as an important part of sexual health that should be included in social norms campaigns.
Tissue interactions in the development of ptilopody and brachydactyly in the chick embryo

One of the characteristics of the Brahma breed of chickens is that the scales along the fourth tarsometatarsus and digit IV are replaced by one or more rows of feathers. This triat known as ptilopody is associated with another trait, brachydactyly, a reduction in length of digit IV. The interactions between mesoderm and ectoderm in the development of the two traits were analyzed by recombining mesodermal and ectodermal components of 3-day-old Brahma and White Leghorn embryos. Based on the phenotypes of the composite limbs observed at a total age of 17 days, it is concluded that brachydactyly results from an effect of the Brahma genotype on the mesoderm only, while the ptilopody phenotype results from an action of this genotype on both the mesoderm and ectoderm of the limb. With respect to ptilopody, the results are interpreted to mean that the Brahma genotype acts by lowering in the ectoderm the threshold of response to mesodermal feather induction and also by reinforcing the feather inductive capacity of the mesoderm.
Immediate Corticocancellous Bone Autografting in Segmental Bone Defects of the Hand

We performed a retrospective analysis of 12 type III open hand fractures in seven patients with segmental bone loss and associated soft tissue injuries to determine the effectiveness of immediate autologous corticocancellous bone grafting. Radical debridement and fracture fixation were performed prior to bone grafting. Results were interpreted according to clinical and radiologic time of bony healing, rate of infection, time to return to regular work duty, grip strength, rate of complications and range of motion. The final union rate was 92%, with a mean time to bony union of 18 weeks. The infection rate was 0%. The mean time to return to regular work duty, including recovery time after secondary surgeries, was 5 months and 21 days. All patients returned to their pre-injury employment. The mean total active motion of the combined metacarpophalangeal proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints in bone-grafted digits was 178±53° at final follow-up.
Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism

Introduction I. European and Colonial Origins 1. Liberty and the Anglo-Saxons 2. Aryans Follow the Sun 3. Science and Inequality 4. Racial Anglo-Saxonism in England II. American Destiny 5. Providential Nation 6. The Other Americans 7. Superior and Inferior Races 8. The Dissemination of Scientific Racialism 9. Romantic Racial Nationalism III. An Anglo-Saxon Political Ideology 10. Racial Destiny and the Indians 11. Anglo-Saxons and Mexicans 12. Race, Expansion, and the Mexican War 13. A Confused Minority 14. Expansion and World Mission Conclusion Notes Index
All-atom homology model of the Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunit

Understanding the structural basis of ribosomal function requires close comparison between biochemical and structural data. Although a large amount of biochemical data are available for the Escherichia coli ribosome, the structure has not been solved to atomic resolution. Using a new RNA homology procedure, we have modeled the all-atom structure of the E. coli 30S ribosomal subunit. We find that the tertiary structure of the ribosome core, including the A-, P- and E-sites, is highly conserved. The hypervariable regions in our structure, which differ from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit from Thermus thermophilus, are consistent with the cryo-EM map of the E. coli ribosome.
How the Bible Became Holy, by Michael L. Satlow, New Haven: Yale University, 2014, 350 pp. ISBN 978-0-300-17191-4, US$35.00 (cloth)

Michael Satlow's How the Bible Became Holy is a study of the development of textual authority in antiquity, an attempt to complicate the seamless narrative of a text's origin by situating the Bible...
Holography Experiments in a Dense High-Speed Impinging Jet Spray

In this article an experimental study of the fluid dynamics of a spray created by two high-speed impinging jets is presented. Utilizing a novel two-reference-beam double-pulse holographic technique, the effects of the impingement angle, liquid jet velocity, orifice diameter, and liquid properties on the atomization process were investigated. Visualization of the overall spray pattern and measurements of the size and velocity of the droplets were performed. The overall spray pattern clearly revealed the inherent wave nature in the disintegration process for this type of atomization. Smaller droplets were generated more rapidly, in a shorter distance from the impingement point, with larger impingement angles, higher jet velocities, and smaller orifice diameters. Surface tension played an important role in the droplet size without any noticeable effect on the spray pattern, whereas viscosity affected the structure without any significant effect on the droplet size. The droplet velocities were not affected markedly by the liquid properties. The superiority of the universal root-normal distribution to the Rosin-Rammler distribution was proved in the great majority of cases tested.
Permanent interstitial brachytherapy in younger patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate biochemical progression-free survival in hormone-naive men 62 years of age or younger with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer who underwent brachytherapy with or without supplemental external beam radiotherapy. Methods From April 1995 through December 2000, 119 hormone-naive patients 62 years of age or younger underwent permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinical T1b-T2cNxM0 (2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer) prostate cancer. No patient underwent seminal vesicle biopsy or pathologic lymph node staging. The median follow-up was 5.4 years. Biochemical progression-free survival was defined by either a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 0.4 ng/mL or less after a nadir or by the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology consensus definition. No patient was lost to follow-up. The clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters evaluated for biochemical progression-free survival included age, clinical T stage, Gleason score, pretreatment PSA level, risk group, percentage of positive biopsies, isotope, supplemental external beam radiotherapy, prostate volume, brachytherapy planning volume, percentage of the target volume receiving 100%, 150%, and 200% of the prescribed dose, minimal percentage of the prescribed dose covering 90% of the target volume, and tobacco status. Results For the entire group, the actuarial 7-year biochemical progression-free survival rate was 96.1% and 98.3% for a PSA cutpoint of 0.4 ng/mL or less and for the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology consensus definition, respectively. Using a PSA biochemical control definition of 0.4 ng/mL or less, 93.1%, 100%, and 95.2% of the low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk hormone-naive patients were free of biochemical progression. The median post-treatment PSA level for the biochemically disease-free group was less than 0.1 ng/mL. In multivariate analysis, only the pretreatment PSA level predicted the biochemical outcome. Conclusions Hormone-naive patients 62 years of age or younger have a high probability of 7-year biochemical progression-free survival after permanent interstitial brachytherapy with or without supplemental external beam radiotherapy.
Two-particle calculation of excitonic effects in semiconductor nanocrystals

Abstract We present a novel method for calculating the excitonic properties of nanometer-sized semiconductor structures. The method uses a time-dependent checkerboard propagation technique within the light-binding approximation, and includes the electron-hole Coulomb interaction in the zeroth order Hamiltonian. We illustrate the method with two-particle calculations of exciton energies in CdSe and Si nanocrystals. The results of the two-particle calculations are compared with calculations which treat the Coulomb interaction perturbatively, and with measured absorption energies.