cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Adaptation of Dynamic Visual Acuity to Telescopic Spectacles by Low Vision Patients

Telescopic spectacles (TS) magnify images of objects on the retina. Magnification improves visual acuity, provided the magnified images are sufficiently stable on the retina. Image motion across the retina with velocity greater than 2-3°/s causes a loss of visual acuity (Westheimer and McKee, 1975; Demer and Amjadi, 1993). When vision is not magnified, retinal image motion is minimized for a wide range of head movements by the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) augmented by visually induced tracking. Magnification places an extraordinary burden on these mechanisms when viewing is attempted through high-power headborne magnifiers such as TS (Demer et al., 1991b). The result is that even small, involuntary head oscillations accompanying static postures (Demer et al., 1991a; Goldberg, 1992) induce retinal image motion of sufficient velocity to reduce visual acuity achieved with TS (Porter et al., 1989). Head oscillations of moderate velocities, similar to those observed during walking (Grossman et al., 1988; Demer et al., 1991a) induce acuity losses that can exceed any gains due to image magnification (Demer et al., 1988).
Risky Business: What Happens to Gender Equality and Women's Rights in Post-Conflict Societies? Insights from NGO's in El Salvador

Using the case of El Salvador, this paper explores how women's organizational skills developed in civil war translate into work in NGOs in the post-conflict struggle for rights. The paper briefly describes the gender stratification methodology used in the analysis and then presents the situation in El Salvador before, during, and after the war. After discussing how Salvadoran women, despite quite limited economic power, became a well-organized force that was strategically indispensable to the rebels during the war, the paper examines factors that contributed to the success of Las Madres Demandantes (LMD), an NGO focused on the single issue of getting child support payments to women. The experience of other NGOs in El Salvador is reviewed with respect to the factors that contributed to the success of LMD. In conclusion, a few lessons from the issues faced by the post-conflict women's NGOs in El Salvador are presented.
The Influence of Diffusion Weighted Imaging Lesions on Outcomes in Patients with Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) lesions have been well described in patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). However, there are limited data on the influence of these lesions on sICH functional outcomes. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study with blinded imaging and outcomes assessment to determine the influence of DWI lesions on long-term outcomes in patients with acute sICH. We hypothesized that DWI lesions are associated with worse modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months after hospital discharge. Consecutive sICH patients meeting study criteria were consented for an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and evaluated for remote DWI lesions by neuroradiologists blinded to the patients’ hospital course. Blinded mRS outcomes were obtained at 3 months. Logistic regression was used to determine significant factors (p < 0.05) associated with worse functional outcomes defined as an mRS of 4–6. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach was used to investigate the effect of DWI lesions on dichotomized mRS (0–3 vs 4–6) longitudinally. DWI lesions were found in 60 of 121 patients (49.6%). The presence of a DWI lesion was associated with increased odds for an mRS of 4–6 at 3 months (OR 5.987, 95% CI 1.409–25.435, p = 0.015) in logistic regression. Using the GEE model, patients with a DWI lesion were less likely to recover over time between 14 days/discharge and 3 months (p = 0.005). DWI lesions are common in primary sICH, occurring in almost half of our cohort. Our data suggest that DWI lesions are associated with worse mRS at 3 months in good grade sICH and are predictive of impaired recovery after hospital discharge. Further research into the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying DWI lesions may lead to novel treatment options that may improve outcomes associated with this devastating disease.
Exactly as You Are: The Life and Faith of Mister Rogers: By Shea Tuttle. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2019. 197 pp., $23.00 (hardcover).

Thanks to everything from books to biopics, people of all ages have recently (re)discovered Fred Rogers. More widely known as Mister Rogers, the television legend with his distinctive sweaters and ...
Benefits of Metformin in Attenuating the Hallmarks of Aging

Biological aging involves an interplay of conserved and targetable molecular mechanisms, summarized as the hallmarks of aging. Metformin, a biguanide that combats age-related disorders and improves health span, is the first drug to be tested for its age-targeting effects in the large clinical trial-TAME (targeting aging by metformin). This review focuses on metformin's mechanisms in attenuating hallmarks of aging and their interconnectivity, by improving nutrient sensing, enhancing autophagy and intercellular communication, protecting against macromolecular damage, delaying stem cell aging, modulating mitochondrial function, regulating transcription, and lowering telomere attrition and senescence. These characteristics make metformin an attractive gerotherapeutic to translate to human trials.
Can Machine Learning Facilitate Remote Pair Programming? Challenges, Insights & Implications

Remote pair programming encapsulates the benefits of well-researched (co-located) pair programming. However, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges including pair incompatibility, imbalanced roles, and inclinations to work alone. Recent research has explored pedagogical methods to alleviate these challenges, but none have considered the integration of machine learning agents to facilitate remote pair programming. Therefore, we investigated the capabilities of popular text classification algorithms on identifying three facets of pair programming: dialogue acts, creativity stages, and pair programming roles. We collected a dataset of 3,436 utterances from a lab study of 18 pair programmers in a simulated remote environment. We found that pair programming dialogue poses a challenge as it is often unpremeditated and inadequately structured. Despite this, the accuracy of our machine learning classifier was improved by the choice of contextual dialogue features. Our results have implications for facilitating pair programming in global software development and online computer science education.
Population-wide shifts in herbivore resistance strategies over succession.

As a strategic cost-saving alternative to constitutive resistance, induction of resistance against herbivores in plants can be especially beneficial when enemies are scarce or variable in abundance. Although probably describing the two ends of a continuum, constitutive and induced resistance strategies have long been observed to trade off within species. Examining these traits among populations along a successional gradient can help explain how temporally variable environments can maintain genetic variation and how ecosystem processes are affected by shifting plant resistance trait expression over time. Here we leverage large experimental plots that represent a chronosequence of succession up to 15 yr in combination with common garden experiments to examine changes in the selective environment and genetic differences in tall goldenrod's (Solidago altissima) constitutive and induced resistance. We show that resistance against a specialist herbivore Trirhabda virgata was inducible in the plants originating from midsuccession, which coincides with the largest loads of herbivores. The flavonoid compound content of the leaves varied with successional stage of the population of origin, which is indicative of constitutive differences in secondary metabolite production. Finally, there was a clear trade-off between constitutive and induced resistance. Our study indicates that selection for resistance traits within a population can be highly variable over time and likely result in genetically determined shifts of resistance strategies over relatively short time periods via genotype sorting.
Loss of CBX2 induces genome instability and senescence-associated chromosomal rearrangements

The polycomb group protein CBX2 is an important epigenetic reader involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. While CBX2 overexpression occurs in a wide range of human tumors, targeted deletion results in homeotic transformation, proliferative defects, and premature senescence. However, its cellular function(s) and whether it plays a role in maintenance of genome stability remain to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that loss of CBX2 in mouse fibroblasts induces abnormal large-scale chromatin structure and chromosome instability. Integrative transcriptome analysis and ATAC-seq revealed a significant dysregulation of transcripts involved in DNA repair, chromocenter formation, and tumorigenesis in addition to changes in chromatin accessibility of genes involved in lateral sclerosis, basal transcription factors, and folate metabolism. Notably, Cbx2-/- cells exhibit prominent decondensation of satellite DNA sequences at metaphase and increased sister chromatid recombination events leading to rampant chromosome instability. The presence of extensive centromere and telomere defects suggests a prominent role for CBX2 in heterochromatin homeostasis and the regulation of nuclear architecture.
Poster abstract: Minimizing flow completion times using adaptive routing over inter-datacenter wide area networks

Inter-datacenter networks connect dozens of geographically dispersed datacenters and carry traffic flows with highly variable sizes and different classes. Adaptive flow routing can improve efficiency and performance by assigning paths to new flows according to network status and flow properties. A popular approach widely used for traffic engineering is based on current bandwidth utilization of links. We propose an alternative that reduces bandwidth usage by up to at least 50% and flow completion times by up to at least 40% across various scheduling policies and flow size distributions.
Effects of Raloxifene and tibial loading on bone mass and mechanics in male and female mice.

Purpose: Raloxifene (RAL) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has previously been shown to cause acellular benefits to bone tissue. Due to these improvements, RAL was combined wi...
Abstract P795: Activating Transcription Factor 3 Improves Stroke Recovery Through Reduction of Neuronal Damage and Neuroinflammation

Background and Purpose: Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/CREB family, is upregulated in the early phase of various stresses including ischemic stroke. The role of ATF3 ...
Learning Algorithms for Automatic Data Structure Design

We present practical learning-based search algorithms that make it possible to automatically design key-value data structures. Our work allows searching within a space of 10100 possible designs for the optimal data structure. The input is a workload specification and the output is an abstract syntax tree which can be absorbed by modern code-generation techniques. Given the vast design space our solution is based on learning and we show that it can find the close to optimal data structure design in a matter of a few seconds.
Assessing Shared Decision-Making in Cystic Fibrosis Care Using collaboRATE: A Cross-Sectional Study of 159 Programs.

There are numerous opportunities for shared decision-making (SDM) in cystic fibrosis (CF) care, yet little is known about patients’ SDM experiences. This study evaluated SDM across 159 CF care prog...
Targeting of the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor in Transfected PC12 Cells

Synaptic vesicles are among the best characterized membranous organelles. A rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12, makes vesicles of the same size, density and membrane composition as authentic synaptic vesicles, isolated from rat brain (Clift-O’Grady et al., 1990). These organelles have been termed “synaptic vesicle-like vesicles” (SVLVs). In recent years PC12 cells have been used by several investigators as a model system for studying synaptic vesicle biogenesis and the targeting of synaptic vesicle-specific proteins. Evidence has accumulated from these studies that synaptic vesicles can be derived by endocytosis and that the precursor organelle in the nerve terminal is either the plasma membrane or an early endosomal compartment (Johnston et al., 1989; Clift-O’Grady et al., 1990; Regnier-Vigouroux et al., 1991).
Low-power g/sub m/-boosted LNA and VCO circuits in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS

A 5.8GHz fully integrated common-gate LNA uses a g/sub m/-boosting technique and draws 1.9mA from a 1.8V supply with 9.4dB gain 7.6dBm IIP3, and 2.5dB NF. A Colpitts differential VCO (QVCO) employs a similar method and draws 3.6mA (4.3mA) from a 2V supply. Phase noise at 50kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies are -97dBc/Hz (-104Bc/Hz) and -128 dBc/Hz (-127dBc/Hz), respectively.
Multicategory Classification by Support Vector Machines

We examine the problem of how to discriminate between objects of three or more classes. Specifically, we investigate how two-class discrimination methods can be extended to the multiclass case. We show how the linear programming (LP) approaches based on the work of Mangasarian and quadratic programming (QP) approaches based on Vapnik‘s Support Vector Machine (SVM) can be combined to yield two new approaches to the multiclass problem. In LP multiclass discrimination, a single linear program is used to construct a piecewise-linear classification function. In our proposed multiclass SVM method, a single quadratic program is used to construct a piecewise-nonlinear classification function. Each piece of this function can take the form of a polynomial, a radial basis function, or even a neural network. For the k > 2-class problems, the SVM method as originally proposed required the construction of a two-class SVM to separate each class from the remaining classes. Similarily, k two-class linear programs can be used for the multiclass problem. We performed an empirical study of the original LP method, the proposed k LP method, the proposed single QP method and the original k QP methods. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Implementing Algorithms and Data Structures: An Educational and Research Perspective

Anecdotal evidence shows that developing correct and efficient implementations of fundamental data structures and algorithms is a challenging task. We discuss educational and research issues in algorithm engineering. Topics include algorithmic patterns, the development of a library of data structures and algorithms in Java, and the use of design patters in teaching introductory data structures courses.
Nitrate removal in deep sediments of a nitrogen‐rich river network: A test of a conceptual model

[1] Many estimates of nitrogen removal in streams and watersheds do not include or account for nitrate removal in deep sediments, particularly in gaining streams. We developed and tested a conceptual model for nitrate removal in deep sediments in a nitrogen-rich river network. The model predicts that oxic, nitrate-rich groundwater will become depleted in nitrate as groundwater upwelling through sediments encounters a zone that contains buried particulate organic carbon, which promotes redox conditions favorable for nitrate removal. We tested the model at eight sites in upwelling reaches of lotic ecosystems in the Waupaca River Watershed that varied by three orders of magnitude in groundwater nitrate concentration. We measured denitrification potential in sediment core sections to 30 cm and developed vertical nitrate profiles to a depth of about 1 m with peepers and piezometer nests. Denitrification potential was higher on average in shallower core sections. However, core sections deeper than 5 cm accounted for 70% on average of the depth-integrated denitrification potential. Denitrification potential increased linearly with groundwater nitrate concentration up to 2 mg NO3-N/L, but the relationship broke down at higher concentrations (>5 mg NO3-N/L), a pattern that suggests nitrate saturation. At most sites groundwater nitrate declined from high concentrations at depth to much lower concentrations prior to discharge into the surface water. The profiles suggested that nitrate removal occurred at sediment depths between 20 and 40 cm. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were much higher in deep sediments than in pore water at 5 cm sediment depth at most locations. The substantial denitrification potential in deep sediments coupled with the declines in nitrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations in upwelling groundwater suggest that our conceptual model for nitrate removal in deep sediments is applicable to this river network. Our results suggest that nitrate removal rates can be high in deep sediments of upwelling stream reaches, which may have implications for efforts to understand and quantify nitrogen transport and removal at larger scales.
Self-starting modelocked Cr:forsterite laser with semiconductor saturable Bragg reflactor

The importance of the Cr:Forsterite (Cr:Mg2 SiO4) laser arises from its tunability range and the generation of ultrashort pulses around 1200–1300 nm.
Abstract 2967: Metformin selectively targets tumor initiating cells in erbb-2 overexpressing breast cancer models

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Metformin is an oral biguanide used for type II diabetes. Epidemiologic studies suggest a link between metformin use and reduced risk of breast and other types of cancers. erbB-2 expressing breast cancer is a subgroup of tumors with poor prognosis. Previous studies demonstrated that metformin is a potent inhibitor of erbB-2 overexpressing breast cancer cells; metformin treatment extends the life span and impedes mammary tumor development in ErbB-2 transgenic mice in vivo. However, the mechanisms of metformin associated anti-tumor activity, especially in prevention models, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of metformin associated prevention/inhibition of ErbB-2 mediated breast cancer development by focusing on the potential effect of metformin on tumor initiating cells (TICs)/cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the MMTV-erbB-2 transgenic mouse model and its context with existing in vitro models. We report here for the first time that systemic administration of metformin (250 mg/kg/day, ip, between 8- and 18-week of age) selectively inhibits CD61high/CD49fhigh subpopulation, a group of TICs of MMTV-ErbB-2 mammary tumors, in preneoplastic mammary glands. Metformin also inhibited CD61high/CD49fhigh subpopulation in MMTV-erbB-2 tumor-derived cells, which was correlated with their compromised tumor initiation/development in a syngeneic tumor graft model. Molecular analysis indicated that metformin induced downregulation of erbB-2 and EGFR expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of erbB family members, IGF1R, Akt, mTOR and Stat3 in vivo. In vitro data indicate that low doses (1 mM) of metformin inhibited the self-renewal/proliferation of CSCs/TICs in ErbB-2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. We further demonstrated that the expression and activation of ErbB-2 were preferentially increased in CSC/TIC-enriched tumorsphere cells, which promoted their self-renewal/proliferation and rendered them more sensitive to metformin. Our results, especially the in vivo data, provide fundamental support for developing metformin-mediated preventive strategies targeting erbB-2-associated carcinogenesis. Citation Format: Pei Zhu, Meghan Davis, Amanda Blackwelder, Nora Bachman, Bolin Liu, Susan Edgerton, Leonard L. Williams, Ann D. Thor, Xiaohe Yang. Metformin selectively targets tumor initiating cells in erbb-2 overexpressing breast cancer models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2967. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2967
OBSERVATIONS OF YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS

After a brief description of the main properties of embedded protostellar sources, I investigate in some detail the hypothesis that CO bipolar flows are pushed by winds emanating from the infrared central sources associated with the molecular outflows. I reach the conclusions that radiation-pressure driven winds from high-luminosity embedded sources (with L bol ≥ 103 L⊙) can drive their associated CO flows, and that the molecular flow is more likely to be driven by the thermal pressure of the wind than by its momentum. The ionized winds of these high-luminosity objects are massive enough to drive the CO flows.
The History of Sedation

The history of induced altered states as a means of tolerating the intolerable is as old as man, and for eons has been alternately welcomed, worshipped, and vilified. As in ancient times, these three attitudes still often coexist, and our professional duty is to care for and educate our patients and public and to control the end effects to enhance safety. The history of sedation and the history of anesthesia were, and often continue to be, inseparable, particularly for children. This chapter will focus on the various modalities and practices over time, emphasizing the differences but remaining in awe of the similarities through the ages.
Multivariate Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment In China

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. China has become an increasingly important hosting economy for FDI and this trend is expected to continue with the country’s entry to the World Trade organization. In this paper, we will review the current literature related to FDI, and use secondary data to employ regression to estimate the trend line of FDI in China. This is followed by factor analysis to examine the variables and factors influencing the FDI in China. We will then perform clustering analysis to look at the regional distribution of FDI in China and finally draw conclusions.
RECREATIONAL BOATING ACTIVITY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RECRUITMENT AND SURVIVAL OF THE OYSTER CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA ON INTERTIDAL REEFS IN MOSQUITO LAGOON, FLORIDA

Abstract Along the east coast of central Florida in the Indian River Lagoon system, intense recreational boating activity occurs year-round, and intertidal reefs of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) with dead margins (mounds of disarticulated shells) on their seaward edges are commonly found adjacent to major boating channels. These dead margins are caused, at least in part, by boat wakes and extend significantly higher above the high water line than reefs lacking dead margins (pristine reefs). To determine if these “impacted” oyster reefs alter recruitment and subsequent survival of C. virginica, three 8-wk field trials were run between May 2001 and April 2002 in Mosquito Lagoon. During each trial, data were also collected on total sediment loads, silt/clay fractions and relative water motion. Although recruitment did not differ between impacted and pristine reefs, juvenile survival was significantly reduced on impacted reefs. Additionally, larval recruitment and subsequent mortality were...
God’s Relation to Evil: Maritain and Balthasar on Divine Impassibility:

Comparing Jacques Maritain and Hans Urs von Balthasar on God’s relation to evil from the perspective of divine impassibility, I argue that Maritain’s usage of metaphorical analogy is more coherent than Balthasar’s theory of trinitarian ur-kenosis precisely because of his understanding of divine permission, according to which God merely ‘suffers’ the creature’s free initiative of moral evil. It is therefore unclear why one must affirm an original analogue of creaturely suffering that is constitutive of God’s immanent identity rather than, simply, the free kenotic tendency of the divine Son to incarnate the affectivity common to the three divine persons.
Supply and Demand: Barriers to a New Energy Future

Like many fields, energy law has had its ups and downs. A period of remarkable activity in the 1970s and early 1980s focused on the efficiencies arising from deregulation of energy markets, but the field attracted much less attention during the 1990s. In the last decade, a new burst of activity has occurred, driven largely by the implications of energy production and use for climate change. In effect, this new scholarship is asking what efficiency means in a carbon-constrained world. Accounting for carbon has induced scholars to challenge the implicit assumption of the early scholarship that the price of energy reflects all important externalities, and that efficiency therefore can be assumed to mean the generation of the most energy at the lowest cost. Accounting for carbon also has contributed to the growing nexus between energy and environmental law, and has called on practitioners, regulators, and scholars to develop new regulatory solutions that integrate these previously distinct areas. This brief essay introduces the papers published in the Vanderbilt Law Review symposium issue, "Supply and Demand: Barriers to a New Energy Future" (2012).
Agent-specific Shadoo Responses in Transmissible Encephalopathies

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are neurodegenerative diseases caused by an infectious agent with viral properties. Host prion protein (PrP), a marker of late stage TSE pathology, is linked to a similar protein called Shadoo (Sho). Sho is reduced in mice infected with the RML scrapie agent, but has not been investigated in other TSEs. Although PrP is required for infection by TSE agents, it is not known if Sho is similarly required. Presumably Sho protects cells from toxic effects of misfolded PrP. We compared Sho and PrP changes after infection by very distinct TSE agents including sporadic CJD, Asiatic CJD, New Guinea kuru, vCJD (the UK epidemic bovine agent) and 22L sheep scrapie, all passaged in standard mice. We found that Sho reductions were agent-specific. Variable Sho reductions in standard mice could be partly explained by agent-specific differences in regional neuropathology. However, Sho did not follow PrP misfolding in any quantitative or consistent way. Tga20 mice with high murine PrP levels revealed additional agent-specific differences. Sho was unaffected by Asiatic CJD yet was markedly reduced by the kuru agent in Tga20 mice; in standard mice both agents induced the same Sho reductions. Analyses of neural GT1 cells demonstrated that Sho was not essential for TSE infections. Furthermore, because all infected GT1 cells appeared as healthy as uninfected controls, Sho was not needed to protect infected cells from their “toxic” burden of abundant abnormal PrP and intracellular amyloid.
Overview of recent KDP damage experiments and implications for NIF tripler performance

Considerable attention has been paid over the years to the problem of growing high purity KDP and KD*P to meet damage threshold requirements of ICF lasers at LLNL. The maximum fluence requirement for KD*P triplers on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is 14.3 J/cm 2 at 351 nm in a 3 ns pulse. Currently KD*P (conventional or rapid grown) cannot meet this requirement without laser (pre)conditioning. In this overview, recent experiments to understand laser conditioning and damage phenomena in KDP and KD*P will be discussed. These experiments have lead to a fundamental revision of damage test methods and test result interpretation. In particular, the concept of a damage threshold has given way to measuring performance by damage distributions using millimeter sixed beams. Automated R/l (conditioned) damage tests have shown that the best rapidly grown KDP crystals exhibit the same damage distributions at the best conventionally grown KD*P. Continuous filtration of the growth solution and post growth thermal sealing are shown to increase the damage performance as well. In addition, centimeter size beams from multijoule lasers have been used to study stepwise laser conditioning in KDP. These tests have shown that an increase in the damage threshold of ~1.5X is attainable with 8-12 shots of increasing fluence. The experiments show that the damage density (pinpoints/mm 3 ) evolves exponentially and once formed, the micron sized bulk pinpoints remain stable against increases in local fluence. The information obtained from damage distributions and conditioning studies has been used with model NIF spatial profiles to determine the probability of damage and the local pinpoint density generated in a tripler. Calculations based on test data have shown that .for well conditioned, high quality rapid growth KDP or conventional growth KD*P the damage probability is less than 3%. Furthermore, the fluence profiles expected on NIF lead to only small numbers of generated pinpoints which are not expected to adversely affect NIF operations. To check the validity of the results, the 37 cm KD*P tripler from the Beamlet laser was mapped for damage. The inspection revealed pinpoint densities of the order of predicted by the damage evolution calculations
Understanding and Interpreting Multivalued Astronomical Data

This article discusses how data visualization can help us understand the kinematics of ionized gas in the nuclear regions of Seyfert galaxies, the most common active galactic nuclei (AGN). The goal is to compare spectroscopic analysis results with the expectations from various gas flow models to determine the dominant acceleration mechanism. We focus here on galaxy NGC 1068 because we need further study to solidify theories obtained from previous analysis of this galaxy. However, we can use our visualization system to analyze many different galaxies' nuclear regions.
Androgen and estrogen concentrating neurons in chemosensory pathways of the male Syrian hamster brain

The medial preoptic area (MPOA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me) are essential for male sexual behavior in the Syrian hamster. These nuclei received chemosensory stimuli and gonadal steroid signals, both of which are required for mating behavior. The objective of this study was to compare the distribution of androgen- and estrogen-concentrating neurons in MPOA, BNST, and Me in the adult male hamster using steroid autoradiograpbs for estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Adult males (n = 4 per group) received two i.p. injections of tritiated steroid 4-7 days after castration. Six-/~m frozen sections through the brain were mounted onto emulsion-coated slides, and exposed for 11-16 months. In MPOA, BNST, and Me, neurons were more abundant and heavily labelled after ['~H]E2 treatment than after either ['~H]T or [-~H]DHT. Tritiated estrad' -!- and DHT-iabelcd cells were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of Me, with a high concentration in posterodorsal Me. Tritiated testosterone treatment labelled cells largely within posterodorsal Me. In MPOA, the majority of E2-, T-, and DHT-labeUed neurons were in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) and the preoptic continuation of the posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTpm). Few T-labelled cells were present outside these subdivisions. In the BNST, E2- and DHT-labelled neurons were present in all subdivisions, whereas T labelling was confined to the antero- and posteromedial subdivisions of BNST. These results suggest that the distribution of androgen- and estrogen receptor-containing neurons overlap considerably in nuclei which transmit chemosensory signals in the control of mating behavior.
Ageing: from stem to stern.

Immortality is the stuff of myth and legend, but lifespan extension is the subject of serious scientific inquiry. Exploring the causes and effects of ageing in stem cells should aid this quest.
Location matters: Eliciting responses to direct probes

In this work, we propose techniques to attain visibility into an arbitrary Internet subnetwork that is responsive to indirect probes but not to direct probes. By probing the network from a small number of selected vantage points, we are able to collect information about network-layer topology which would otherwise be hidden from measurement due to rate limiting practices, security mechanisms, and routing dynamics. We investigate the reasons for differing visibility, and the required number and placement strategies of vantage points needed to collect topology information at a low cost. We demonstrate substantial improvement in global visibility as probed by the TraceNET path measurement tool when leveraging only five vantage points selected according to route similarity.
Thermal aware Graphene based Through Silicon Via design for 3D IC

Heat transfer and consistent power delivery are the two most critical issues in 3D stacked IC technology. In order to ensure consistent and reliable power delivery to all the components of the 3D stacked IC while suppressing the power supply noise to a minimum level, a highly efficient power distribution network is essential. But complex thermal and power networks weaken signal integrity in 3D IC. Through Silicon Via (TSV) is an important limiting factor for 3D integrated circuit (IC) performance. TSVs are used mainly for power distribution, signal delivery, clock distribution and heat conduction. In this paper, a new design of multi-layer Graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) based TSV for 3D IC has been proposed. Power distribution and thermal management of the TSV has been investigated. Graphene has unique electrical properties and superior heat conduction capability. These exceptional characteristics make the MLGNR bundle a perfect candidate for TSV design in 3D IC. The results and analysis indicate that MLGNR would perform better than copper (Cu) and carbon naotube (CNT) based TSVs.
Rudolf Virchow, not just a pathologist: a re-examination of the report on the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia.

Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is mainly remembered as the "father" of cellular pathology; however, he was not just a pathologist. His contributions to anthropology, archeology, ethnography, and history, as well as his involvement in epidemiology, public health, and politics, portray a man with multiple interests, deeply engaged in the controversies of his time. In his Report on the Typhus Epidemics of Upper Silesia of 1848, the young Virchow reveals himself to be a self-assured pathologist, although his postmortem examinations failed to shed much light on typhus. Despite of his shortcomings and biases, Virchow's genius is revealed in his deep appreciation of the importance of the total physical, socio-cultural, economic, and political background of epidemic diseases. One can discern in the Report the making of Virchow, the politician and statesman who will contribute to the modernization of Germany's public health, and of the physician-scholar and physician-citizen who, despite of his shortcomings and militancy, continues to inspire and challenge us today.
Thermal Dilution Curves in the Intact Animal

The acceptance of thermal dilution curves for the estimation of cardiac output has been discouraged by unconvincing comparisons with the Fick method and by the possibility of the loss of "indicator" to the tissues of the central circulation. The present studies were undertaken to examine the technical and physiologic factors affecting thermal curves, with particular reference to tissue heat exchanges, and to provide adequate data for estimating the usefulness of the thermal curves for simultaneous measurements of right and left ventricular outputs.
Velocity-dependent spontaneous emission

Abstract We show that atoms moving inside cavities experience a velocity-dependent spontaneous emission rate caused by the Doppler shifting of the atomic transition frequency on or off the cavity resonance. This is in contrast to the free space situation, where galilean invariance guarantees that this rate is independent of velocity for atoms in uniform motion.
A parallel simplex search method for use with an automated chemistry workstation

The Simplex method, an inherently serial means of optimization, can be used to search for improved conditions for chemical reactions. We have developed an automated chemistry workstation equipped for parallel adaptive experimentation. To exploit the capabilities of the workstation and thereby optimize reaction conditions in a more expedient manner, we have developed an experiment-planning module for performing Simplex searches in parallel. The parallel Simplex search (PSS) module enables multiple composite modified Simplex (CMS) searches to be performed in a concurrent manner. Features have been incorporated for two applications. (1) Multiple concurrent simplex searches in one search space, enabling optimization of conditions for one reaction. The use of Simplex searches starting from several points in a search space reduces the possibility of falsely concluding that a local maximum is the global maximum. (2) Concurrent investigation of multiple search spaces with one Simplex search per space, enabling optimization of conditions for each member of a set of catalysts or set of reactants for a given reaction. This latter feature is useful for combinatorial chemistry applications. All individual Simplex searches in a PSS study must employ the same experimental template. The PSS module includes options to define conditions for simplex moves as well as specifying initial points in the search space. Provisions are included for stop criteria, termination of an individual Simplex search, and global termination of multiple Simplex searches. The PSS method provides a parallel yet adaptive means for identifying improved conditions for chemical reactions.
TH‐B‐I‐618‐01: Fluoroscopy Acceptance Testing: Technical Considerations for Image Quality and Dose

Modern fluoroscopyimaging equipment, especially that which is intended for vascular and cardiacimaging, are “Systems” operating under microprocessor control. They are designed to simultaneously monitor the beam attenuation, the detector exposure rate, and the contrast‐to‐noise ratio and automatically make adjustments to many parameters controlling x‐ray production, beam filtration, video electronics, digital image processing, and image presentation. In the days of invariant beam filtration, anti‐isowatt fluoroscopic power curves, fixed optical apertures, single pre‐set image intensifier input exposure rate, and pre‐defined image display parameters it was relatively straight‐forward to use simple attenuating materials and test patterns to simulate patient attenuation or to evaluate image quality. Today it is not that simple and a system can perform quite differently (in terms of both image quality and dose) when evaluated using inanimate test objects as compared to when the system is imaging patient anatomy. When attempting to evaluate the performance of a modern fluoroscopic imaging system, the first challenge is to gain an understanding of how the system is designed, to determine which system variables are dynamically controlled, and to identify the trigger points for these variables. The second and greater challenge is to determine an objective test methodology that would accurately and reproducibly create machine settings that are the same as those produced during patient procedures. This presentation will systematically describe the functions of the major system components including automatic exposure rate control, variable pulse‐rate fluoroscopy and associated kV‐mA power curves, spectral beam filtration, spatial beam shaping, and other factors that affect the ability of the imaging system to deliver optimum diagnostic images at moderate patient dose. It will also show how the design of a fluoroscopic imaging system impacts the functional performance, the image quality, and the patient dose. Specific acceptance testing methodology will be covered in another presentation. Educational Objectives: 1. Provide an understanding of modern fluoroscopic imaging system component design and functionality 2. Show how limitations in the design and functionality of the operator interface can have an adverse impact on functional performance, image quality and patient dose
On the nonlinear response of stretched premixed flames

The nonlinear response of stretched premixed flames was studied analytically and computationally, with emphasis on the turning point behavior associated with flame extinction. Extending our previous study of the weakly stretched flames exhibiting linear responses, expressions for the nonlinear flame response were derived by using an integral method. For adiabatic flames, the extinction stretch rates were determined by using the global flame parameters extracted from the linear flame response. The predicted flame responses were then compared with computed results for counterflow and inwardly propagating spherical flames, and reasonably good agreements were obtained. The agreement was further improved by taking into account the increase of the effective activation energy with decreasing flame temperature as the flame approaches the extinction state. For nonadiabatic flames, the effect of volumetric heat loss was investigated via the one-dimensional planar flame subject to radiation loss, while the effect of conductive loss was studied via the counterflow flame against an isothermal wall. The formulation holds potential utility in predicting quantitatively accurate flame responses and in its implementation in the modeling of turbulent combustion.
Differences in Depressive Symptoms between Traditional Workers and Shiftworkers

Shiftwork causes a number of physical and psychological problems. As a result, we predicted depression to be worse for shiftworkers than for workers with more traditional schedules. In addition, we predicted that women would report more depressive symptoms than men as is the case in the general population. Questionnaire packets which included the Beck Depression Inventory were mailed to 153 workers in a small community. Analysis showed that, contrary to expectation, shiftworkers as a group suffered no more depressive symptoms than traditional workers. However, while both sexes had similar mean scores on depression among the shiftworkers, women were significantly more depressed than men among traditional workers.
Les kératines : un autre regard sur la biologie de la peau

La resistance aux frictions mecaniques repetees que subit la peau est en partie assuree par un reseau proteique filamenteux supracellulaire compose de keratines. Le role structural de ces proteines, indispensable a la cohesion et a l’integrite des tissus epitheliaux, a ete confirme ces dernieres annees par la caracterisation d’un nombre croissant de maladies dues a des mutations localisees au niveau de leurs genes. Recemment, des travaux portant sur la cicatrisation et le developpement embryonnaire de la peau ont permis d’apporter un eclairage nouveau sur la fonction de ces proteines. Loin de jouer uniquement un role cyto-architectural, elles pourraient avoir une fonction beaucoup plus subtile en participant a la differenciation des epitheliums. Ainsi, l’etude des keratines, et en particulier des keratines K6, K16 et K17, est en passe de changer significativement notre regard sur la biologie de la peau.
Further Studies on the Life Cycle of the Avian Tubercle Bacillus

SummaryDissociation of the tubercle bacillus into a heterogeneous non-acid-fast progeny and its occasional reversion to the original is a very old observation. The S and R variability reversions are more recent, while demonstration of a filtrable phase (granules of Much and their congeners) for pure cultures is quite recent. The sum total of these observations constitutes a collection of “variability fragments”, so to speak; but it requires orderly allocation by experiment to dispel the chaos that they have represented to monomorphic theory.These studies represent, I believe, the first experimental integration of these several “variability fragments” in accordance with a single unifying conception, namely, the biologic sequences of a true life cycle. Single-celled cultures only have been employed. The variability of the non-acid-fast progeny is of such a character as to suggest strongly its implication with the genetic mechanism of the cell, which accounts in part for the following paper.
An Investigation of the Propagation of Pressure Perturbations in Bubbly Air/Water Flows

Mesure de la dispersion et de l'attenuation des ondes stationnaires dans un guide d'onde rempli d'un melange bulles d'air-eau. Mesure de la vitesse de propagation des impulsions de pression
Magnesium transport in prokaryotes.

Possessing the largest hydrated radius, the smallest ionic radius, and the highest charge density among the biologically relevant cations, Mg2+ provides an interesting problem for transport into living cells. Transport systems for Mg2+ have been characterized primarily in Salmonella typhimurium because the well-developed genetics of Gram-negative bacteria make cloning and studying the transporters a viable proposition. The CorA transport system is expressed constitutively and is the major Mg2+ transporter in Eubacteria and Archaea. It has three transmembrane domains, a uniquely large periplasmic domain, and no sequence homology to other proteins. The MgtE Mg2+ transporter also lacks sequence homology to other proteins, and it is unclear if Mg2+ transport is its primary function. The MgtA and MgtB Mg2+ transporters have sequence homology to P-type ATPases. They are more closely related to the mammalian Ca2+–ATPases than to the prokaryotic P-type ATPases. MgtA and MgtB mediate Mg2+ influx with, rather than against, the Mg2+ electrochemical gradient. Unlike corA and mgtE, the mgtA and mgtC/mgtB loci are regulated, being induced by the two-component regulatory system PhoP/PhoQ. PhoQ is a Mg2+ membrane sensor kinase that phosphorylates the transcription factor PhoP under Mg2+–limiting conditions. This factor then induces transcription of mgtA and mgtCB. MgtC, which is encoded by the first gene in the mgtCB operon, has no sequence homology to any known protein and is essential for S.typhimurium virulence in mice and macrophages, but does appear to be a Mg2+ transporter. The physiological roles of these Mg2+ transporters and their mechanisms are not yet completely clear, but initial data indicate that Mg2+ transporters are unique transport systems with unusual mechanisms for mediating Mg2+ movement through the membrane.
A short and convergent enantioselective synthesis of (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene

Abstract A very useful synthesis of (3S)-2,3-oxidosqualene from geraniol, farnesol and E-1-bromo-4-chloro-3-methyl-2-butene is described which makes use of enantioselective and catalytic dihydroxylation of geranyl acetate and two E-stereospecific allylic coupling reactions mediated by E-prenylbarium reagents.
Modeling a fracture set in a layered brittle material

Abstract A new fracture experimental technique using a brittle coating on PMMA substrates for mode I fractures in layered brittle materials is introduced in this paper. Different strain histories can be applied to the coating including constant strain (relaxation), strain cycling, strain magnitude, and strain rate. Fracture parameters, number of cracks, length of crack, spacing, spatial density, and propagation velocity describe the state of a fracture set.