cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Cannabis

Cannabis, particularly as smoked as marijuana cigarettes (“joint,” “reefer,” “herb”), is the most frequently abused illicit substance in the United States. Not surprisingly, psychologists and other mental professionals are asked to evaluate large numbers of often youthful people with psychiatric and behavioral problems who also use cannabis. In some individuals, the cannabis use clearly leads to the psychological and psychiatric consequences observed by the clinician. In others, the psychopathology noted antedates the cannabis use or dependence and is a determinate of drug use. Both the drug use and the psychopathology may also occur concurrently and be relatively independent of each other. Further complicating the picture, other illicit drugs and alcohol are often used in association with cannabis. The intermittent or occasional use of cannabis may not be associated with any psychological or psychiatric consequences.
Region-specific myelin differences define behavioral consequences of chronic social defeat stress in mice.

High levels of stress do not have the same effect on everybody: some individuals can show resilience and recover quickly, while other struggle to cope. Scientists have started to investigate how these differences may find their origin in biological processes, mainly by focusing on the role of neurons. However, neurons represent only one type of brain cells, and there is increasing evidence that interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells play an important role in the response to stress. Oligodendrocytes are a common type of non-neuronal cells which shield and feed nerve cells. In particular, their membrane constitutes the myelin sheath, a protective coating that insulates neurons and allows them to better communicate with each other using electric signals. Bonnefil et al. explored whether differences in oligodendrocytes could affect how mice responded to social stress. The rodents were exposed to repeated attacks from an aggressive mouse five minutes a day for ten days. After this period, ‘susceptible’ mice then avoided future contact with any other mice, while resilient animals remained interested in socializing. Comparing the brain areas of resilient and susceptible mice revealed differences in the oligodendrocytes of the medial prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain that controls emotions and thinking. Susceptible animals had fewer mature oligodendrocytes and their neurons were covered in thinner and shorter segments of myelin sheaths. There was also evidence that, in these animals, the genes that regulate the maturation of oligodendrocytes were more likely to be switched off. Taken together, these results may suggest that, in certain animals, social stress disrupts the genetic program that controls how oligodendrocytes develop, potentially leading to neurons communicating less well. To explore whether reduced amounts of myelin could be linked to decreased social behavior, Bonnefil et al. then damaged the myelin in the medial prefrontal cortex in another group of rodents. The mice were then less willing to interact with other animals until new sheaths had formed. The results by Bonnefil et al. undercover how changes in non-neuronal cells can at least in part explain differences in the way individuals respond to stress. Ultimately, this knowledge may be useful to design new strategies to foster resilience.
Robust RBM3 and β-klotho expression in developing neurons in the human brain.

RNA binding motif 3 (RBM3) is a powerful neuroprotectant that inhibits neurodegenerative cell death in vivo and is a promising therapeutic target in brain ischemia. RBM3 is increased by the hormone...
Structurally vulnerable neighbourhood environments and racial/ethnic COVID-19 inequities

Preliminary evidence indicates that the experience of the novel coronavirus is not shared equally across geographic areas. Findings in the United States suggest that the burden of COVID-19 morbidit...
Predicting Body-Esteem Based on Type of Sexual Victimization Experience:

Almost no research exists examining the relationship between body-esteem and sexual victimization experience in adulthood. The current study contributes to the literature by examining body-esteem b...
Lessons in Leadership for Person-Centered Elder Care: by Nancy Fox, Baltimore, MD, Health Professions Press, 2017, 280 pp., $39.99 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-938870-60-6

Lessons in Leadership for Person-Centered Elder Care is written by long-term care culture change leader Nancy Fox. In a sequel to her first text, The Journey of a Lifetime, Leadership Pathways to C...
The long-term efficacy of cannabidiol in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to reduce seizures among patients with refractory epilepsies of various etiologies in recent clinical trials and an expanded access program (EAP). Most studies report efficacy over short time periods (<1 year), with little published on longer term efficacy. Here, we investigate the efficacy of CBD for a treatment period of up to 60 months (median = 45.5 months). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of patient-reported seizure logs and medical records for 54 subjects with refractory epilepsy who enrolled in the Massachusetts General Hospital's open-label EAP for CBD as a new treatment for epilepsy. We analyzed the effect of CBD on seizure frequencies and concomitant antiepileptic drug (AED) use at 1 year after starting treatment and the most recent study visit. RESULTS Our results indicate that CBD maintains its efficacy for controlling seizures from Year 1 to the most recent study visit. The percentage of seizure responders remained similar at these time points (41.7%-42.6%), and the seizure response rate was also maintained (p = .12). Efficacy was also seen over a broad dose range, and up to 50 mg/kg/day. CBD was particularly effective for controlling seizures in the setting of tuberous sclerosis complex and for reducing epileptic spasms and absence seizures. Although CBD use did not lead to an overall decrease in concomitant AEDs, most subjects reduced the dose of at least one concomitant AED compared to baseline. CBD was generally well tolerated, with drowsiness and diarrhea as the primary adverse reactions. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates CBD does not lose its efficacy in controlling seizures over a treatment period of up to 60 months. Taken alongside other results on the efficacy and tolerability of CBD in the treatment of refractory epilepsies, our results provide evidence that CBD is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated AED for long-term use.
Funding Social Security: A Strategic Alternative

A serious consideration of the debate on social security reform that is taking place in many countries around the world. Professor Seidman advocates the concept of 'funded social security' as a middle position between pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) social security and privatized social security, and constitutes a politically strategic alternative. His analysis covers two distinct components, fund accumulation and portfolio diversification. The concept of funded social security uses a mix of payroll taxes and portfolio investment income to finance benefits. With funded social security, the government contracts with private investment firms to manage the portfolio of the social security trust fund. It is entirely a defined-benefit plan without any individual defined-contribution accounts; each retiree's benefit is linked by a legislated formula to the retiree's own wage history. The benefit is an annuity - an annual benefit that continues as long as the retiree (or spouse) lives - and is automatically adjusted annually for inflation.
United States Space Carrier Vehicle Program

It is certainly most pleasant and very fitting indeed that we are privileged to meet here in the peaceful land of Sweden to discuss today the peaceful exploration of outer space.
Learning from Observation: Conceptual Clustering

An important form of learning from observation is constructing a classification of given objects or situations. Traditional techniques for this purpose, developed in cluster analysis and numerical taxonomy, are often inadequate because they arrange objects into classes solely on the basis of a numerical measure of object similarity. Such a measure is a function only of compared objects and does not take into consideration any global properties or concepts characterizing object classes. Consequently, the obtained classes may have no simple conceptual description and may be difficult to interpret.
I Was Scared Every Day

Abstract This qualitative study explores the personal challenges and the adjustments to the TANF requirements experienced by a sample of 21 ethnically diverse women who were TANF recipients in an urban western metropolitan area. As other research has found, personal challenges for those on TANF, such as domestic violence, mental health and health problems and learning disabilities are prevalent and create barriers to employment. This study identifies the complexity of the relationship between personal challenges and the work first TANF policy environment. Five policy recommendations that can be implemented at the state and local level are proposed.
Magnetospheric access of solar particles and the configuration of the distant geomagnetic field, volume 1

The access of 1.2 to 40 MeV protons and 0.4 to 1.0 MeV electrons from interplanetary space to the polar cap regions was investigated with an experiment on board a low altitude, polar-orbiting satellite (0G0 4). A total of 333 quiet time observations of the electron polar cap boundary give a mapping of the boundary between open and closed geomagnetic field lines. Observations of events associated with co-rotating regions of enhanced proton flux in interplanetary space were used to establish the characteristics of the 1.2 to 40 MeV proton access windows. The results were compared to particle access predictions of the distant geomagnetic tail configurations. The role played by interplanetary anisotropies in the observation of persistent polar cap features is discussed. Special emphasis is given to the problem of nonadiabatic particle entry through regions where the magnetic field is changing direction.
An optimization framework for control of non-square smart lighting systems with saturation constraints

Smart lighting systems are illumination systems that use feedback measurements from a network of color sensors to drive a set of spectrally tunable light sources to achieve a desired light field in an illuminated space. This paper proposes a general feedback control design framework for non-square smart lighting systems with saturation bounds, i.e., systems with a larger number of source channels (with limited maximum light output) than sensor channels. Since the number of inputs is larger than the number of measurements, a one-to-one setpoint based feedback control design is not possible because of the inherent redundancies. The feedback control design for such lighting systems is therefore posed as a constrained optimization problem with a cost function penalizing quality of light output and power consumed; and solved through a closed loop feedback approach. Two solutions to this problem are proposed: one based on Newton-Raphson method with projection and the second based on the interior point algorithm. We demonstrate the stability of the feedback loop for the projected Newton-Raphson method. The two proposed smart lighting algorithms are experimentally validated by implementation in a full-scale in-use smart conference room and a comparison of their performance is presented.
Multimodal biometrics: An overview

Unimodal biometric systems have to contend with a variety of problems such as noisy data, intra-class variations, restricted degrees of freedom, non-universality, spoof attacks, and unacceptable error rates. Some of these limitations can be addressed by deploying multimodal biometric systems that integrate the evidence presented by multiple sources of information. This paper discusses the various scenarios that are possible in multimodal biometric systems, the levels of fusion that are plausible and the integration strategies that can be adopted to consolidate information. We also present several examples of multimodal systems that have been described in the literature.
How the development of handedness could contribute to the development of language

We propose a developmental process which may link the development of handedness with the development of hemispheric specialization for speech processing. Using Arbib's proposed sequence of sensorimotor development of manual skills and gestures (that he considers to be the basis of speech gestures and proto-language), we show how the development of hand-use preferences in proto-reaching skills concatenate into object acquisition skills and eventually into role-differentiated bimanual manipulation skills (that reflect interhemispheric communication and coordination). These latter sensorimotor skills might facilitate the development of speech processing via their influence on the development of tool-using and object management abilities.
Historia general de la medicina en México. Tomo I. México Antiguo. Alfredo López Austin and Carlos Viesca Treviño

Historia general de la medicina en Mexico. Tomo II. Medicina novohispana, Siglo XVI. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran and Roberto Moreno de los Arcos
Healing of grafted adipose tissue: Current clinical applications of adipose‐derived stem cells for breast and face reconstruction

Since their isolation and characterization nearly a decade ago, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have become one of the most popular adult stem cell populations for soft tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Compared with other stem cell sources, ASCs offer several advantages including abundant autologous source, minor invasive harvesting (liposuction), significant proliferative capacity in culture, and multilineage potential. In this mini review, we focus on some of the more salient published clinical and preclinical data to date regarding ASC treatment for breast and facial soft tissue reconstruction.
A scheme for a high-power, low-cost transmitter for deep space applications

[1] Applications such as planetary radars and spacecraft communications require transmitters with extremely high effective isotropic radiated power. Until now, this has been done by combining a high-power microwave source with a large reflective antenna. However, this arrangement has a number of disadvantages. It is costly, since the steerable reflector alone is quite expensive, and for spacecraft communications, the need to transmit hurts the receive performance. For planetary radars, the utilization is very low since the antenna must be shared with other applications such as radio astronomy or spacecraft communications. This paper describes a potential new way of building such transmitters with lower cost, greater versatility, higher reliability, and potentially higher power. The basic idea is a phased array with a very large number of low-power elements, built with mass production techniques that have been optimized for consumer markets. The antennas are built en mass on printed circuit boards and are driven by chips, built with consumer complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, that adjust the phase of each element. Assembly and maintenance should be comparatively inexpensive since the boards need only be attached to large, flat, unmoving, ground-level infrastructure. Applications to planetary radar and spacecraft communications are examined. Although we would be unlikely to use such a facility in this way, an implication for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is that high-power beacons are easier to build than had been thought.
Acquiring resource descriptions using social annotations

In distributed information retrieval, resource descriptions play a principal role for facilitating the task of other processes, especially the source selection process and the merging process. The previous approach for acquiring resource descriptions was based in different techniques to improve the retrieval process, but they have many limitations. In this paper, we describe a new approach for acquiring precise resource descriptions, based in social annotations available in the bookmarking service.
Reaching New Heights: The Effect of an Environmentally Enhanced Outdoor Enclosure on Gibbons in a Zoo Setting

Gibbons have adapted to live in the canopy layer of the rainforest. Gibbons in the wild predominantly spend their time high in the trees resting, traveling, and foraging for food. Comparatively, gibbons in the zoo often rest and search for their food terrestrially. The purpose of this study was to provide these arboreal smaller apes with more opportunities to utilize more vertical space. Six gibbons (4 Nomascus leucogenys and 2 Symphalangus syndactylus) were observed in 2 phases of an observational study. The 1st phase measured space utilization and behaviors of the zoo-housed gibbons in their original outdoor enclosures using instantaneous sampling. The 2nd phase measured the same space usage and behaviors after several modifications were made to the environmental structures in the same outdoor enclosures. A 2-way mixed-model analysis of variance tested the height utilization of the 6 gibbons. The gibbons chose to spend significantly more time outside and at higher heights when the new structures were added. This study shows that given the opportunity, gibbons will exhibit more species-appropriate behaviors.
Chronic post‐traumatic headaches classified and compared with natural headaches

This study sought to determine whether chronic post-traumatic headaches are different from or identical to the naturally occurring headaches. The chronic post-traumatic headaches of 48 patients were classified, as if they were natural headaches, by the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society. Thirty-six patients’ headaches (75%) were chronic tension-type headache, 10 (21%) were migraine without aura, and 2 (4%) were unclassifiable. The characteristics and accompaniments of the headaches within each diagnostic group were then compared to those in a control group with natural headaches of the same type. No notable differences between the post-traumatic and control groups were found. Hence, chronic post-traumatic headaches have no special features, but are symptomatically identical to either chronic tension-type headache or migraine without aura (in this series of patients). This identity suggests that post-traumatic headaches are generated by the same processes causing the natural headaches, not by intracranial derangement from head blows or jolts.
Integrating system and software engineering processes using the views and viewpoints of a new discipline

This paper presents the case that a new specialized system engineering discipline is needed on complex software intensive projects, in addition to the overall systems engineer, to bridge the fields of systems engineering and the computer-related downstream disciplines. Engineers in the new discipline are specialists in computing aspects of a system including software, computer, and communications engineering and work closely with engineers who specialize in each of these disciplines. The position presented in this paper is based on the author's project experience and on discussions with members of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee (TC) on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems. The author was the founder and served in many positions, including Chair of this TC.
Dynamic non-continuous single slot advance reservation over wavelength routed networks

We investigate the problem of provisioning light-paths for dynamic advance reservation (AR) requests in all-optical wavelength division multiplexed networks. We propose a two-phase novel routing, slot, and wavelength assignment (RWSA) technique called Non-Continuous Single-Slot Advance Reservation (NC-SSAR). We propose two NC-SSAR heuristics, one with only lightpath segmentation (SEG-NC-SSAR) and the other with lightpath segmentation and lightpath switching (LPS-NC-SSAR). We briefly discuss three baseline RWSA heuristics and compare them with the proposed heuristics. Through extensive simulations, we show that the proposed NC-SSAR heuristics can solve the RWSA problem more effectively and efficiently by providing significantly lower blocking and reducing the overall signaling in the network by minimizing the number of lightpath switches, compared to the baseline RWSA heuristics.1
LITHIUM RX OF CHILDHOOD MANIC-DEPRESSIVE DISEASE ANP ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR DISORDERS

Eight children (ages 5-15) with serious behavior disorders responded to lithium carbonate (Li) Rx with dramatic improvement. Aggressive hostile antisocial behavior, and hyperactivity and distractibility, were common to all. All had various Rx over years, including stimulants, tranquilizers, psychotherapy and environmental modification without satisfactory improvement. All were in stable homes (3 adoptive). One group (6 pts.) had cyclic behavior; 5 had family hx. consistent with manic-depressive disease (M-D); 4 met criteria for both mania and depression in childhood (Weinberg & Brumback, Am.J.Dis.Ch. 130:380, 1976). Five had disturbances of vegetative or homeostatic functions (hyperphagia, hyperdipsia, excess sweating, salt craving, sleep disorder, etc.) which improved during Li Rx. Work-up for other causes was negative. The second group (2 pts.) had no cyclic changes, no manic behavior, no vegetative disturbances, and no clear family history of affective disorder. In these, Li was synergistic with stimulants. Li serum levels were maintained in accepted range (0.4-1.0 mEq/L.); no toxicity was seen. Improvement, assessed from function in daily environment, has been maintained 7-25 months (ave. 15 mos.). In 6, Li was discontinued with reversion to previous behavior, which improved after restarting Li. Li Rx produces marked and sustained normalization of behavior in some children with severe disorders of mood and affect. It may help elucidate the relationships between childhood behavior disorders & familial psychiatric disease, esp. M-D and affective disorders.
Some Multi-Conclusion Modal Paralogics

I give a systematic presentation of a fairly large family of multiple-conclusion modal logics that are paraconsistent and/or paracomplete. After providing motivation for studying such systems, I present semantics and tableau-style proof theories for them. The proof theories are shown to be sound and complete with respect to the semantics. I then show how the “standard” systems of classical, single-conclusion modal logics fit into the framework constructed.
Characterization of dihydropyrimidinase from Pseudomonas stutzeri

Dihydropyrimidinase from Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 was purified 100-fold and characterized. It was found that dihydrouracil, dihydrothymine and hydantoin could serve as substrates for the partially purified enzyme. The K m values for dihydrouracil, dihydrothymine and hydantoin were determined to be 19.6 μM, 21.3 μM and 36.4 μM, respectively, while their respective V max values were 0.836 μmol/min, 0.666 μmol/min and 2.21 μmol/min. Between pH 7.5 and 9.0, enzyme activity was shown to be maximal. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 45 °C. Using gel filtration, the molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be approximately 115000 Da. Metal ions were found to influence the level of enzyme activity. Dihydropyrimidinase activity was stimulated by magnesium ions and inhibited by either zinc or copper ions.
Background noise can enhance cortical auditory evoked potentials under certain conditions.

Abstract Objective To use cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) to understand neural encoding in background noise and the conditions under which noise enhances CAEP responses. Methods CAEPs from 16 normal-hearing listeners were recorded using the speech syllable/ba/presented in quiet and speech-shaped noise at signal-to-noise ratios of 10 and 30 dB. The syllable was presented binaurally and monaurally at two presentation rates. Results The amplitudes of N1 and N2 peaks were often significantly enhanced in the presence of low-level background noise relative to quiet conditions, while P1 and P2 amplitudes were consistently reduced in noise. P1 and P2 amplitudes were significantly larger during binaural compared to monaural presentations, while N1 and N2 peaks were similar between binaural and monaural conditions. Conclusions Methodological choices impact CAEP peaks in very different ways. Negative peaks can be enhanced by background noise in certain conditions, while positive peaks are generally enhanced by binaural presentations. Significance Methodological choices significantly impact CAEPs acquired in quiet and in noise. If CAEPs are to be used as a tool to explore signal encoding in noise, scientists must be cognizant of how differences in acquisition and processing protocols selectively shape CAEP responses.
Odd-multipole correlations in the light actinides

Abstract The role of a 2 5 -pole particle-hole interaction in the light actinides is studied with many-body wave functions capable of accommodating many single-particle levels. The wave functions are described. Properties of ground and excited states in several light actinides are discussed.
Glioblastoma: Molecular Pathways, Stem Cells and Therapeutic Targets

Glioblastoma (GBM), a WHO-defined Grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and aggressive CNS malignancy. Despite current treatment modalities, the survival time remains dismal. The main cause of mortality in patients with this disease is reoccurrence of the malignancy, which is attributed to treatment-resistant cancer stem cells within and surrounding the primary tumor. Inclusion of novel therapies, such as immuno- and DNA-based therapy, may provide better means of treating GBM. Furthermore, manipulation of recently discovered non-coding microRNAs, some of which regulate tumor growth through the development and maintenance of GBM stem cells, could provide new prospective therapies. Studies conducted by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) also demonstrate the role of molecular pathways, specifically the activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, in GBM tumorigenesis. Inhibition of the aforementioned pathway may provide a more direct and targeted method to GBM treatment. The combination of these treatment modalities may provide an innovative therapeutic approach for the management of GBM.
Effects of surfactant concentration and sorbent properties on the sorption and transport of ethoxylated nonionic surfactant mixtures

Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are widely used for industrial applications and have been considered for environmental remediation applications. As a result, an understanding of the sorption and transport of nonionic surfactants is important, both for their efficient use during remediation applications and for understanding their potential fate in the environment. Because ethoxylated nonionic surfactants are typically broadly-distributed mixtures containing a substantial number of components, an understanding of the influence of the surfactant component distribution on the overall mixture behavior is also required. In this paper, the sorption behaviors of linear alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates are examined in the presence of three different sorbents, a crushed natural silica, an organic-coated crushed natural silica, and a river sediment. Similar sorption behavior is observed for all surfactants on all three sorbents, although the magnitudes of sorption trends vary with sorbent and surfactant properties. In general, sorbed surfactant is enriched in high-EO surfactant components at low concentrations, and is enriched in low-EO surfactant components at intermediate concentrations. At high concentrations, sorbed and solution surfactant compositions approach the initial surfactant composition. This behavior is attributed to mixed aggregate formation on the solid surface and in solution. The varying magnitudes of observed behavior are attributed to differences in surface site energies and to surface site heterogeneity. Column transport data are presented for a nonionic surfactant mixture, and the results are discussed in terms of mixed sorption behavior. Implications of transport results for the fate and transport of surfactants in the environment are also discussed.
A computer system for real-time data acquisition and analysis of biopotentials and quantal content at the neuromuscular junction

Abstract A computerized data acquisition system for on-line analysis of the parameters of neuromuscular transmission is described. Both hardware usage and software methodologies are discussed with regard to sampling in real-time and analyzing miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs), end-plate potentials (EPPs) and quantal content of the evoked transmitter release. Significant features of the program include: (1) automatic threshold determination for MEPP detection; (2) the use of a circular buffer to give pre-trigger information; (3) real-time noise spike rejection; (4) an automatic procedure for EPP failure detection; (5) rapid quantal content determinations by several methods as well as complete MEPP and EPP waveform analysis. The system has proven both accurate and reliable during more than two years of use. Advantages of the system over conventional methods include: (1) increased accuracy and efficiency in data analysis; (2) immediate availability of results; (3) convenient data storage; (4) flexibility to meet changing requirements.
The New Experimentalism

Allan Franklin has written an important book that should be required reading for philosophers of science. Franklin, an experimental high-energy physicist who is now concentrating on the history and philosophy of science, offers precisely what might be expected from an experimental physicist; a layout of data concerning experimental sequences in physics. Four important experimental sequences are considered in detail; the discovery of parity nonconservation, the discovery of the failure of CP invariance, Millikan's discovery of the unit charge of the electron, and the nondiscovery of parity nonconservation. The last of these, marked by the failure to observe something important, is especially interesting, since it avoids projecting experimental sequences worth recovering as only those that culminate in success. The data gathered from the experimental sequences is deployed to question existing pronouncements by philosophers of science on experiment, but Franklin does not develop an articulated general philosophy of science that incorporates his new experimentalism. This book is a provocation for any current philosopher of science who would develop an account of science, that could take the details of actual experimental practice into account. If philosophers will have to draw some of their own conclusions from Franklin's study, the significance of his focus on experimentation is worth some discussion. The philosophy of science that developed out of 20th century positivism placed a heavy foundational emphasis on observational fact as the means of controlling theoretical growth, but although theoretical statements were logically articulated against observational statements in increasingly sophisticated ways as positivism developed, positivism paid little attention to the way in which statements of observational fact were produced in experimental practice. One simply began to philosophize on the assumption that science was capable of delivering a data base of settled observational statements. In the vengeful dismantling of positivism undertaken after Kuhn's work, the old connotations of fact were replaced by assertions that theoretical expectations somehow determined the observations of science, and later by suggestions that observations are constructed by groups of scientists engaged in a social process of negotiation. Neither of these positions is really compatible with the intuition that experimental observation and theoretical conjecture
Exact and Approximate Solutions for Multiple Scattering by Cloudy and Hazy Planetary Atmospheres

Abstract Solutions are obtained for the problem of multiple scattering by a plane parallel atmosphere with anisotropic phase functions typical of cloud and haze particles. The resulting albedos, angular distributions of intensities, and planetary magnitudes are compared to solutions obtained with approximate analytic phase functions and, in the case of the cloud phase function, to the solution obtained with the forward diffraction peak omitted from the phase function. It is shown that the cloud phase function with the truncated peak yields results practically identical to those obtained with the complete cloud phase function, not only for albedos and magnitudes, but also for the angular distribution; the approximation introduces errors of several per cent in the angular distribution for direct backscattering (the region of the glory), for emergent angles near grazing regardless of the incident angle, and, of course, a larger error occurs for total scattering angles near 0°. However, the errors are unimpor...
A second specific endonuclease from Haemophilus aegyptius

Abstract A second restriction-like endonuclease has been partially purified from Haemophilus aegyptius. This enzyme cleaves bacteriophage λ DNA and adenovirus 2 DNA at many sites, but cleaves simian virus 40 DNA at only one site.
Ultrastructure of cell division in Agardhiella subulata (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

The fine structure of cell division in Agardhiella subulata is consistent with the basic pattern observed for most multicellular red algae. Unusual features include complete microtubule-filled tunnels through the nucleus (prophase), a nucleus-associated organelle penetrated by the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope (prophase) and a metaphase-anaphase polar region that appears in thin section as two large gaps separated by a central intact fragment of nuclear envelope. The only other red alga in which the latter two features have been detected is Lomentaria baileyana (Rhodymeniales). This study is the first complete ultrastructural description of cell division in a member of the Gigartinales. In addition, it provides information on features that may be useful as taxonomic indicators for members of the Gigartinales and the Rhodymeniales.
Vehicle effects on ocular drug bioavailability III: Shear-facilitated pilocarpine release from ointments

Pilocarpine release from water-in-oil emulsion ointments was studied in vitro and in vivo, using albino rabbits. Pilocarpine release from the vehicle to the ocular fluids was dependent on shear, i.e.,blinking, and the dosing system emulsifying efficiency. A mechanical shearing component was vital for correlating corneal drug penetration and the in vitro pilocarpine release pattern. Simple diffusion studies with the vehicles did not predict drug in vivo release, but the ointment systems were all superior to an aqueous pilocarpine solution. Incorporation of a mechanical shearing component to mimic blinking gave good correlation of in vitro and in vivo results. Also, increasing the vehicle emulsifying efficiency by surfactant addition decreased shear-facilitated drug release and in vivo performance. Finally, increasing the internal aqueous phase volume fraction decreased in vivo performance and was linked to the influence of effective drug concentration in the vehicle.
The Views of Four Elementary Teachers on the Importance of Modeling Responsible Citizenship Action.

Modeling continues to be commonly acknowledged as an effective teaching strategy for citizenship behaviors. Yet, it is absent from the recent science education literature. This is surprising given the rise in science education of STS with its emphasis on citizenship action. The views held by four upper elementary teachers involved in STS instruction on global warming about teachers serving as models of responsible citizenship action were examined. Understanding the extent to which the four teachers considered global warming a threat and the degree to which they took actions in support of their position on global warming, was considered essential to understanding their views on teachers serving as models of responsible citizenship action. Relevant responsive journal entries and interview responses from a two-year period during which the teachers were developing and field testing an STS unit on global warming were the data sources. The teachers appeared to operate under the belief that teachers must “practice what they preach” where responsible citizenship action is concerned, and if teachers show active interest and involvement in taking citizenship action, then students are more likely to do the same.
Workplace isolation: Exploring the construct and its measurement

Virtual offices are a growing trend in today's work environment and are expected to influence marketing roles dramatically, especially selling. These conditions may lead to perceptions of isolation, both socially and organizationally. Workplace isolation is a twodimensional construct that represents individuals' perceptions of isolation from others at work and includes perceived isolation from both colleagues and from the company's support network. This article reports the results of a four-sample study to develop and validate a selfreport scale for measuring the two facets of workplace isolation. The scale's usefulness for future research and management applications are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laminar optical tomography of rat cortical activation: resolving depth-dependent hemodynamics from 0 to 2mm

A Laminar Optical Tomography system for rat cortex imaging is presented, combining Diffuse Optical Tomography reconstruction with microscopy-based instrumentation, yielding 100-200µm resolution over depths of 0 to 2.5mm. Forepaw stimulation reveals depth-dependent time-courses of activation.
Population Attributes of Lake Trout in Tennessee Reservoirs

Abstract We sampled stocked Salvelinus namaycush (Lake Trout) in Watauga Lake and South Holston Lake, TN using experimental gill nets in 2009–2010 to describe their growth, longevity, and condition. Annuli in sagittal otoliths formed once a year in early spring in both reservoirs. South Holston Lake (n = 99 Lake Trout) has been stocked since 2006, and the oldest fish was age 4. Watauga Lake has been stocked since the mid-1980s, and we collected 158 Lake Trout up to age 20. Annual mortality for age-3 and older fish in Watauga Lake was 24%. When compared to Lake Trout in northern lakes, Tennessee Lake Trout exhibited average to above-average growth and longevity. Condition of Lake Trout in both reservoirs varied seasonally and tended to be lowest in fall, but rebounded in winter and spring. Lake Trout in both reservoirs appeared to be spatially segregated from pelagic prey fishes during summer stratification, but growth rates and body condition were high enough to suggest that neither system was being overs...
Diabetic autonomic dysfunction, blood pressure, and sleep

We measured serially the blood pressure of 7 normal controls and 11 Type I insulin-dependent and 6 Type II non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients during sleep. All subjects underwent 2 or 3 nights of monitoring during which blood pressure was measured with an arteriosonde, a Doppler-type system with a cuff that automatically inflates every 15 minutes. All 7 normal controls, 3 of 11 Type I, and all 6 Type II diabetic patients had normal results from bedside tests of autonomic function. The Type I patients had abnormal systolic blood pressure measurements throughout the night. Unlike normal controls and Type II diabetics, their blood pressure did not rise progressively in the early morning hours. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, their blood pressure measurements were significantly higher and lower than values measured during non-REM sleep, in sharp contrast to those in the other two groups, whose REM sleep-related blood pressure values were slightly above the preceding non-REM sleep measurements.
A space-time formulation for multiscale phenomena

Abstract We develop subgrid scale models for a class of nonsymmetric, linear evolution operators by applying the variational multiscale method in space-time. The results generalize those of Hughes [14] which were confined to the steady case. The subgrid scale models are shown to be a paradigm for “bubble” function finite element methods and provide a theoretical and practical framework for the development of so-called stabilized methods.
Moments of Distributions and Their Interrelation

In the field of textile research and processing, variability, both of raw material and of measurements, is unavoidable. It is explicitly implied, therefore, that analysis of data should involve an accounting of the variability and should include considerable information concerning the forms of the distribution encountered.In such a presentation, a knowledge of distribution relationships and interrelation ships is of paramount importance. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the relationships between the first few moments of several of the more common types of distributions and to point out a few applications in the analysis of data.Specific problems are in two general categories. First, related distributions, par ticularly those related by a power of the variable, as with number vs. length-biased distributions, will be considered. Second, several problems regarding the sampling of mixed distributions are included. The latter deal with samples from the strata which will comprise the blend or from the ...
The Politics of Off-the-Shelf School Finance Reform

This article summarizes and evaluates two Off-the-Shelf school finance reforms that gained then waned in popularity over the past several years. The 65 percent solution claims that requiring all pu...
DNA deletion associated with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes episodes of focal demyelinating neuropathy following minor trauma to peripheral nerves. We assign the HNPP locus to chromosome 17p11.2 and demonstrate the presence of a large interstitial deletion associated with this disorder in three unrelated pedigrees. De novo deletion is documented in one pedigree. The deleted region appears uniform in all pedigrees and includes the gene for peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP-22), suggesting that underexpression of PMP-22 may cause HNPP. The deletion in HNPP spans approximately 1.5 Mb and includes all markers that are known to map within the Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1A (CMT1A) duplication. Furthermore, the breakpoints in HNPP and CMT1A map to the same intervals in 17p11.2, suggesting that these genetic disorders may be the result of reciprocal products of unequal crossover.
Abstract A109: A prospective study of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, interaction with vitamin D status, and colorectal cancer risk in men

A109 Growing evidence suggests an elevated risk of colorectal cancer among individuals with low levels of vitamin D, the biological actions of which is mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We examined the prospective associations between three VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (BsmI (bb, bB/BB), FokI (FF, Ff/ff), and Cdx2 (G>A)) and colorectal cancer risk and their interactions with plasma vitamin D status in a nested case-control study among men in the Physicians’ Health Study. A total of 249 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified through 2000 among men who provided blood specimens in 1982-1984 and individually matched to controls by age and smoking. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). We found that men with the VDR Cdx2 variant A allele tended to have a lower risk of developing colorectal cancer compared to men with the homozygous GG genotype (RR=0.71; 95% CI = 0.50-1.02; P = 0.06). Moreover, the lower risk of colorectal cancer associated with the VDR Cdx2 A genotype was mainly confined to men with low vitamin D status (plasma 25(OH)D below median level; RR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.24-0.84; P = 0.03) but not among men with vitamin D levels above the median (P for interaction = 0.04). We found no statistically significant associations for the other two VDR SNPs, FokI or BsmI, or statistically significant interactions between plasma 25(OH)D levels and these two SNPs. Our prospective data suggest the hypothesis that the functional polymorphic Cdx2 A allele variation in the VDR gene, which is linked to a higher transcriptional activity of the VDR, may be protective against colorectal cancer development when vitamin D status is low. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A109.
Multivalent interactions with gp120 are required for the anti‐HIV activity of Cyanovirin

Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a cyanobacterial lectin that binds to specific oligomannoses on the surface of gp120, resulting in nanomolar antiviral activity against HIV. In its monomeric form, CV-N contains two functional carbohydrate-binding domains, A and B. When refolded at high concentration, the protein can form a domain-swapped dimer. To clarify the role of multiple-binding sites in CV-N, we previously designed a monomeric mutant, P51G-m4-CVN, in which the binding site on domain A was rendered ineffective by four mutations (m4); in addition, a hinge region mutation (P51G) hinders the formation of a domain swapped dimer. The protein bound gp120 with diminished affinity and was completely inactive against HIV. Here, we present two mutants, ΔQ50-m4-CVN and S52P-m4-CVN, which fold exclusively as domain-swapped dimers while containing the four mutations that abolish domain A. The dimers contain two intact B domains, thus restoring multivalency. ΔQ50-m4-CVN and S52P-m4-CVN bind gp120 at low-nanomolar concentrations and recover in part the antiviral activity of wt CV-N. These results indicate that the number of carbohydrate binding domains, rather than their identity, is crucial to CV-N functionality. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 194–200, 2009. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Compound Bayes Predictors for Sequences with Apparent Markov Structure

Sequential predictors for binary sequences with no assumptions upon the existence of an underlying process are discussed. The rule offered here induces an expected proportion of errors which differs by 0(n-?) from the Bayes envelope with respect to the observed kth order Markov structure. This extends the compound sequential Bayes work of Robbins, Hannan and Blackwell from sequences with perceived 0th order structure to sequences with perceived kth order structure. The proof follows immediately from applying the 0th order theory to 2k separate subsequences. These results show the essential robustness of procedures which play Bayes with respect to (a perhaps randomized) version of an estimate of the distribution of the past. Such procedures still have asymptotically good properties even when the underlying assumptions for which they were originally developed no longer hold.
Teleconferencing eye contract using a virtual camera

To preserve eye contact in teleconferencing both the camera and the monitor need to be positioned on the same optical axis which, in practice, is usually not possible. We propose a method to construct the view from a virtual coaxial centered camera given two cameras mounted on either side of the monitor. Stereoscopic analysis of the two camera views provides a partial three-dimensional description of the scene. With this information it is possible to “rotate” one of the views to obtain a centered coaxial view that preserves eye contact.
An Averaged Lagrangian Method for Dissipative Wavetrains

We modify the averaged Lagrangian method for analysing slowly varying nonlinear wavetrains to include cases with small dissipation. To do this, we use a pseudo-variational principle introduced by Prigogine in which the Lagrangian depends on a function to be varied and the solution of the problem; this can be used to describe irreversible processes. Examples of applications to both ordinary and partial differential equations are presented.