cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immobilized lipase-catalyzed production of structured lipids with eicosapentaenoic acid at specific positions

Structured lipids (SL) were synthesized by the interesterification reaction between medium-chain triacylglycerols and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester. The products were partially purified, and the fatty acid at thesn-2 position was determined after pancreatic lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis. The effect of additives (water and glycerol) on the rate of reaction was also investigated. Mol% EPA incorporated into the triacylglycerols was increased by adding water when trilaurin and tricaprylin were the substrates and IM 60 was the biocatalyst. With SP 435, EPA incorporation was always less with additional water than without water. The addition of glycerol (0.005 g or 0.01 g) improved interesterification catalyzed by IM 60 to some degree, but an excess amount (0.02 g) inhibited the reaction. The reaction with glycerol showed no significant difference with SP 435. After scale-up and fractionation by column chromatography, we could recover approximately 0.3–0.4 g of product/g of reaction products. After hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase, we can conclude that IM 60 has a high specificity forsn-1,3 positions. With SP 435 lipase, 34.8–39.3 mol% of EPA was found at thesn-2 position of the recovered SL.
Tales of the Second Spring: Menopause in Turkey Through the Narratives of Menopausal Women and Gynecologists

Medicalization of menopause is a relatively recent phenomenon, originating from and shaped in the Northern American and Western European cultural context. This article, which is based on data from ethnographic research done in Istanbul between June 2006 and March 2007, explores how menopause is perceived and constructed in Turkey. Since the 1920s, Western science and technology has been accepted as the “guide” for the Turkish modernization project. Starting with the 1980s, neoliberalism and globalization brought structural changes, new notions, and practices in the health care sector as well as furthering and changing the modernization ideals. In this article I illustrate the interactions between modernization, globalization, femininity, and health by juxtaposing narratives of menopause as told by women and physicians. I argue that the ideals of modernity, especially the concept of “consciousness” (bilinc), provide a discursive basis for the adoption of the global medical discourse around menopause in the...
Unusual membrane bound intranuclear inclusions in human fibroblasts infected with herpes simplex.

Summary Examination of brain tissue taken at autopsy from a 55-year old male showed the presence of herpes simplex viral antigen by immunofluorescence techniques. A suspension of this tissue was inoculated into cultures of human diploid fibroblasts. After 72 h, viral particles at different stages of development were seen inside the nuclei. Envelopment of the viral particles seemed to occur in association with the nuclear membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vacuoles and plasma membranes. Severely altered nuclear membranes, with as many as 4 to 8 layers of nuclear envelope, emphasized the common occurrence of membrane reduplication associated with herpes simplex infection. Unusual membrane-bound, dense, rounded inclusions, 100 to 500 nm in diameter, were present in the nucleus. These inclusions apparently were formed between the inner and outer lamellae of the nuclear membrane.
Scattering Length and Diffusion

An expression for an asymptotic property of the Green's function for the diffusion of a particle is obtained. It is shown that this provides (as a special case) a very simple derivation of a previous result of Kac and Luttinger relating the scattering length to a certain Wiener integral.
Effects of Divalent Metals on Nanoscopic Fiber Formation and Small Molecule Recognition of Helical Proteins

Metal dependent protein-based assemblies derived from the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (C) coiled-coil domain (His6-C) and two variants with mutation at position 40 (His6-T40A) and 44 (His6-L44A) are explored. All proteins have an N-terminal hexahistidine tag (His6) that interacts with divalent metal ions Zn(II) and Ni(II). Binding to Zn(II) confers enhanced helical structure and stability, while Ni(II) promotes aggregation. Surprisingly, His6-L44A undergoes a conformational switch from unstructured to α-helix in the presence of Zn(II). Both His6-C and His6-T40A further assemble into discrete nanofibers that appear to be stabilized by Zn(II) in which the fiber formation is dictated by the α-helical content. Because Ni(II) promotes aggregation, the proteins visibly cluster, forming large fiber mats in the case of His6-C and His6-T40A or aggregated structures as observed for His6-L44A. Due to the unique pentameric assembly of the proteins, recognition of a small molecule within the pore is assessed using curcumin as the guest molecule. In the presence of Zn(II), there is enhanced binding to curcumin, while the addition of Ni(II) causes a loss in binding. It is shown that metal binding serves as a trigger to control the conformation of the proteins, affecting the nanoscopic fibrous assemblies and small molecule recognition abilities.
Progress in C13 and H1 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for paramagnetic systems under very fast magic angle spinning

High-resolution solid-state NMR (SSNMR) of paramagnetic systems has been largely unexplored because of various technical difficulties due to large hyperfine shifts, which have limited the success of previous studies through depressed sensitivity/resolution and lack of suitable assignment methods. Our group recently introduced an approach using "very fast" magic angle spinning (VFMAS) for SSNMR of paramagnetic systems, which opened an avenue toward routine analyses of small paramagnetic systems by (13)C and (1)H SSNMR [Y. Ishii et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 3438 (2003); N. P. Wickramasinghe et al., ibid. 127, 5796 (2005)]. In this review, we discuss our recent progress in establishing this approach, which offers solutions to a series of problems associated with large hyperfine shifts. First, we demonstrate that MAS at a spinning speed of 20 kHz or higher greatly improves sensitivity and resolution in both (1)H and (13)C SSNMR for paramagnetic systems such as Cu(II)(DL-alanine)(2)H(2)O (Cu(DL-Ala)(2)) and Mn(acac)(3), for which the spectral dispersions due to (1)H hyperfine shifts reach 200 and 700 ppm, respectively. Then, we introduce polarization transfer methods from (1)H spins to (13)C spins with high-power cross polarization and dipolar insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer (INEPT) in order to attain further sensitivity enhancement and to correlate (1)H and (13)C spins in two-dimensional (2D) SSNMR for the paramagnetic systems. Comparison of (13)C VFMAS SSNMR spectra with (13)C solution NMR spectra revealed superior sensitivity in SSNMR for Cu(DL-Ala)(2), Cu(Gly)(2), and V(acac)(3). We discuss signal assignment methods using one-dimensional (1D) (13)C SSNMR (13)C-(1)H rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) and dipolar INEPT methods and 2D (13)C(1)H correlation SSNMR under VFMAS, which yield reliable assignments of (1)H and (13)C resonances for Cu(Ala-Thr). Based on the excellent sensitivity/resolution and signal assignments attained in the VFMAS approach, we discuss methods of elucidating multiple distance constraints in unlabeled paramagnetic systems by combing simple measurements of (13)C T(1) values and anisotropic hyperfine shifts. Comparison of experimental (13)C hyperfine shifts and ab initio calculated shifts for alpha- and beta-forms of Cu(8-quinolinol)(2) demonstrates that (13)C hyperfine shifts are parameters exceptionally sensitive to small structural difference between the two polymorphs. Finally, we discuss sensitivity enhancement with paramagnetic ion doping in (13)C SSNMR of nonparamagnetic proteins in microcrystals. Fast recycling with exceptionally short recycle delays matched to short (1)H T(1) of approximately 60 ms in the presence of Cu(II) doping accelerated 1D (13)C SSNMR for ubiquitin and lysozyme by a factor of 7.3-8.4 under fast MAS at a spinning speed of 40 kHz. It is likely that the VFMAS approach and use of paramagnetic interactions are applicable to a variety of paramagnetic systems and nonparamagnetic biomolecules.
Virtual prototyping of a 5 MW conventional magnetron

Researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Directed Energy Directorate have begun work on designing a conventional magnetron to produce 5 MW of peak power at 3GHz. This magnetron will be capable of delivering long pulse average power with a duty cycle of >10%. The Improved Concurrent Electromagnetic Particle in Cell (ICEPIC) code is used to perform numerical simulations of this source. ICEPIC is a massively parallel finite-difference time-domain electromagnetic solver capable of performing simulations with the high resolution and particle counts required for virtual prototyping. The baseline design will be a 900 MHz 1.5 MW magnetron previously developed by AFRL that will require extensive scaling and geometrical modifications to meet the new power and frequency requirements. Design challenges include the operational magnetic field and keeping electric fields within the smallest gaps of the magnetron below breakdown levels.
Developing hexanal as an odor reference standard for sensory analysis of drinking water

There are many analytical and sensory methods to analyze drinking water for flavor and off-flavors before it reaches consumers. Flavor profile analysis (FPA) is one of the most comprehensive methods. A well-trained panel is essential for FPA and although taste standards are well established, FPA training lacks an odor reference standard. In search of an odor reference standard, four different panel groups were trained and tested for n-hexanal at various concentrations (1-1000 microg/L) over 14 months. The Weber-Fechner plots for n-hexanal showed a linear and overlapping relationship for all panels. Analytical measurements demonstrated that the headspace concentration of n-hexanal was constant after 5 sniffs at 45 degrees C and it remained constant during FPA sessions for up to 4 h. The panelists liked the grassy odor of n-hexanal, which did not result in fatigue, and testing demonstrated that approximately 95% of the population can detect n-hexanal's odor. n-Hexanal is proposed as an odor reference standard for FPA training to define odor intensities because it is chemically stable, follows Weber-Fechner law, mimics grassy odors found in drinking water, and was acceptable to the human panelists.
The Great Chain of Orientalism: Jewish Identity, Stigma Management, and Ethnic Exclusion in Israel

This paper explores the role that orientalism has played in shaping ethnic inequality among Jews in Israel. Earlier works usually explain ethnic exclusion as a function of Jewish life on Israeli territory. Here, however, exclusion is located within an earlier history of a Jewish encounter with orientalism and Western European colonialism. It is argued that prior to their immigration to Israel, Jews the world-over had been stigmatized as Oriental. Through a complex process, they accepted this stigma, and they arrived in Israel deeply invested in developing the new country as “western” and uncomfortable with anything identified as “eastern .” It is the imperatives of this westernization “identity project” that account for the initial impetus to exclude Middle Eastern Jews, as well as non-Jewish Arabs, from emerging Israeli society. Viewing history from this perspective, ethnic cleavages in the Jewish world appear to have a historical stability and consistency that is at odds with the current focus on contingency and historical indeterminacy.
Rectal-Axillary Temperature Difference In Febrile and Afebrile Infants and Children

The rectal-axillary temperature difference (R-A) was measured in the morning, at midday, and in the afternoon on 1,519 occasions in 1,149 children from birth to 5 years old. Of these, 302 children were febrile (rectal temperature > or = 38 degrees C) and 847 were afebrile. A wide range in R-A was found for each individual in both groups. The magnitude of this difference was not associated with sex or age. In febrile children, the R-A was significantly greater (P < .0001) at the apparent onset of fever (1.04 +/- 0.25 degrees C) than later, when fever had been present for at least two hours (0.53 +/- 0.22 degrees C). These findings indicate that it is impossible to find a standard number by which to convert axillary to rectal temperature or vice versa. Furthermore axillary temperature may be relatively low or even "normal" despite an elevated rectal temperature at the onset of fever.
Inhibition of Neuronal p38α, but not p38β MAPK, Provides Neuroprotection Against Three Different Neurotoxic Insults

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a key role in pathological glial activation and neuroinflammatory responses. Our previous studies demonstrated that microglial p38α and not the p38β isoform is an important contributor to stressor-induced proinflammatory cytokine upregulation and glia-dependent neurotoxicity. However, the contribution of neuronal p38α and p38β isoforms in responses to neurotoxic agents is less well understood. In the current study, we used cortical neurons from wild-type or p38β knockout mice, and wild-type neurons treated with two highly selective inhibitors of p38α MAPK. Neurons were treated with one of three neurotoxic insults (L-glutamate, sodium nitroprusside, and oxygen-glucose deprivation), and neurotoxicity was assessed. All three stimuli led to neuronal death and neurite degeneration, and the degree of neurotoxicity induced in wild-type and p38β knockout neurons was not significantly different. In contrast, selective inhibition of neuronal p38α was neuroprotective. Our results show that neuronal p38β is not required for neurotoxicity induced by multiple toxic insults, but that p38α in the neuron contributes quantitatively to the neuronal dysfunction responses. These data are consistent with our previous findings of the critical importance of microglia p38α compared to p38β, and continue to support selective targeting of the p38α isoform as a potential therapeutic strategy.
Micromorphological Variations of Camptotheca Decaisne

The micromorphology of the leaves, pollen, and fruits of different taxa of Camptotheca was studied under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The key diagnostic characters can be used for the identification of taxa within Camptotheca include leaf shape, venation type, vein number, stoma size and frequency, shape of outer stomatal rim, subsidiary cell number, and glandular trichome size; cotyledon shape, venation type, and vein number; and fruit sur- face texture, disc, length, and color. Other characters could not dependably be used for species level discrimination.
An Improved Policy Iteration Algorithm for Partially Observable MDPs

A new policy iteration algorithm for partially observable Markov decision processes is presented that is simpler and more efficient than an earlier policy iteration algorithm of Sondik (1971, 1978). The key simplification is representation of a policy as a finite-state controller. This representation makes policy evaluation straightforward. The paper's contribution is to show that the dynamic-programming update used in the policy improvement step can be interpreted as the transformation of a finite-state controller into an improved finite-state controller. The new algorithm consistently outperforms value iteration as an approach to solving infinite-horizon problems.
Calorimetric study of activated kinetics of the nematic and smectic phase transitions in an aligned nano-colloidal liquid crystal+aerosil gel

This study explores the calorimetric analysis of an aligned nano-colloidal aerosil dispersed octyl-cyanobiphenyl gel. This system was prepared by solvent dispersion method (SDM). Heating scans were performed at different heating rates from 20 to 1 K min−1 using DSC. Aligned samples follow Arrhenius behavior and showed a temperature shift in SmA-N and N-I transitions towards lower temperature. These samples show a decreased activated kinetics and an interesting relationship with their enthalpy. This behavior can be explained in terms of surface and molecular interaction between aerosil nano-particles and 8CB molecules and produced strain in the system.
Does a CIO Matter? Investigating the Impact of IT Security Breaches on Firm Performance Using Tobin's q

We empirically investigate the impact of a chief information officer (CIO) on firm performance in the event of IT security breaches. Using Resource Based View (RBV) as a theoretical base and linking it with the role of CIOs, we determine through twin generalized linear squares (GLS) regression models that a CIO indeed does have a significant impact at the macro- and micro- levels on firm performance. In this study, Tobin's q is used as an indicator of firm performance in the context of IT security breach for the first time in IS. Our results have implications for both the practitioner and the academic, such as positive influences of CIOs, and an alternate strategy for computing firm performance respectively. We also set the stage for future research in this area.
Polio in Nigeria

Poliomyelitis, or polio as it is commonly known, is a disease caused by an enterovirus found throughout the world. Although it is often associated with paralysis of one or more limbs, it is more common for children to experience asymptomatic cases of the disease, which convey lifelong immunity. While lameness associated with polio has long been known in Nigeria, during the colonial period immunization efforts focused mainly on expatriates. Later, with the implementation of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation during the 1980s, polio vaccination was included as part of primary health care. However, it was only after the 1988 World Health Assembly vote to eradicate polio worldwide that intensive efforts to vaccinate all children under five for polio began. Initial efforts, which focused only on polio vaccination, may be characterized as an ‘‘override approach.’’ In 2006, Nigeria had the greatest number of confirmed cases of polio worldwide. However, with the implementation of a more ‘‘collaborative approach,’’ incorporating other vaccines and health incentives such as bed nets, the number of polio cases declined. By the end of 2010, case numbers had declined dramatically and these numbers remain low, reflecting government, NGO, and community efforts to work together to end polio transmission in Nigeria.
Investigating novel therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms to treat botulinum neurotoxin A intoxication

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has recently catapulted into the public consciousness in two seemingly disparate roles: potential use as a biological weapon and treatment of neuromuscular disorders. This bacterially produced protein is the most potent toxin known to humans, with a lethal dose estimated at approximately 1 ng/kg of body weight. BoNT intoxication occurs via a multistep process that includes recognition of peripheral neuronal cell membrane receptors, endocytosis and translocation of the light chain metalloprotease into the cytosol, and catalytic cleavage of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins critical for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Each of these distinct steps has been studied at the molecular level and is a valid target for the development of pharmacological interventions to prevent the considerable mortality associated with botulism. Alternatively, clinical uses of BoNT continue to expand at an ever-increasing rate; however, f...
Simulating from a gamma distribution with small shape parameter

The gamma distribution with small shape parameter can be difficult to characterize. For this reason, standard algorithms for sampling from such a distribution are often unsatisfactory. In this paper, we first obtain a limiting distribution for a suitably normalized gamma distribution when the shape parameter tends to zero. Then this limiting distribution provides insight to the construction of a new, simple, and highly efficient acceptance–rejection algorithm. Pseudo-code, and an R implementation, for this new sampling algorithm are provided.
Autonomous Discovery of Abstractions through Interaction with an Environment

The ability to create and use abstractions in complex environments, that is, to systematically ignore irrelevant details, is a key reason that humans are effective problem solvers. My research focuses on using machine learning techniques to enable greater autonomy in agents. I am particularly interested in autonomous methods for identifying and creating multiple types of abstractions from an agent’s accumulated experience in interacting with its environment. Specific areas of interest include: Knowledge representation. How can we efficiently represent the knowledge learned in one task and reuse it for other tasks? This knowledge can take the form of a control policy learned to solve one task or a representation of structure in an environment. Autonomous discovery of structure. My dissertation [1] focuses on autonomously identifying and creating useful temporal abstractions from an agent’s interaction with its environment. Interaction of reinforcement learning and supervised learning methods. I am particularly interested in the combined use of these techniques to create more robust and autonomous learning systems. Application of these techniques to robots, with a particular focus on robots assisting a human presence in space.
The Role of Cell Cycle Progression in Radiosensitization by 2′,2′-Difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine

Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine; dFdCyd) has been shown to be a potent radiosensitizer in tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated the ability of dFdCyd to enhance the radiosensitivity of two human glioblastoma cell lines. The results demonstrated that U251 cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxicity of dFdCyd, and that dFdCyd was able to radiosensitize these cells. In contrast, D54 cells were more resistant to the cytotoxic effect of dFdCyd, and no radiosensitization occurred at any concentration of dFdCyd tested. Because radiosensitization by dFdCyd has been correlated with its ability to deplete dATP pools through inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dFdCyd diphosphate, we evaluated the metabolism of dFdCyd in both cell lines. At equitoxic concentrations of dFdCyd, both cell lines accumulated similar levels of the cytotoxic metabolite, dFdCyd triphosphate, as well as similar levels of dFdCyd monophosphate in DNA. In U251 cells, radiosensitizing concentrations of dFdCyd (10 or 25 nM; IC10 or IC50) depleted dATP by approximately 80% within 4 h. In contrast, 80 nM (IC50) was unable to deplete dATP by >30% within 4 h in D54 cells. Higher concentrations of dFdCyd or hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that depleted dATP >90%, also did not produce radiosensitization in D54 cells. D54 cells were not resistant to radiosensitization because bromodeoxyuridine was able to induce radiosensitization. Because D54 cells express wild-type p53, whereas U251 cells express a mutant p53, the effect of dFdCyd and ionizing radiation on cell cycle progression was evaluated. Radiation alone produced a G1 block in D54 cells and a transient G2-M block in U251 cells. After a 24 h incubation with dFdCyd alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, U251 cells readily accumulated in S-phase, which remained elevated for at least 72 h, consistent with previous results in other mutant p53 cell lines. In addition, radiation enhanced the ability of dFdCyd to induce S-phase-specific cell death in U251 cells. In contrast, D54 cells showed a G1 block after dFdCyd and radiation exposure, with fewer cells in S-phase for at least 48 h after drug washout/irradiation. Furthermore, treatment with dFdCyd and/or radiation did not increase the amount of S-phase-specific cell death in D54 cells compared with control cells. These results suggest that the G1 block in D54 cells resulting from wild-type p53 induction prevented radiosensitization by dFdCyd.
Monte Carlo studies of adsorption in molecular sieves

Adsorption isotherms, heats of adsorption and radial distribution functions for hard sphere and Lennard-Jones molecules in MS-13X have been generated by a Monte Carlo simulation of the grand canonical ensemble. A model which takes into consideration both dispersion and electrostatic energies in zeolite cavities was used for the gas-solid potential energy. Heterogeneity of the zeolite cavity and intermolecular forces between adsorbate molecules were found to be equally important in determining the adsorptive properties. A reference system to test models for adsorption in molecular sieves has been developed.
The Implications of Developing a Profession-Wide Code of Ethics

Current efforts by two professional health education associations to draft a code of ethics could lead to the establishment of a profession-wide code serving as the basis for awareness, inspiration, training, and professional conduct. Such a code would also serve the social functions of professional protection and control. A coordinated attempt to formulate a profession-wide code could more closely unite all existing national health education organizations through a process of cooperative effort and value clarification, with implications for centralization, enforcement, and licensure. Members of the Society for Public Health Education, Inc. (SOPHE) and the Association for the Advancement of Health Education (AAHE) are currently engaged in an attempt to formulate a health education code of ethics. This article explores the history and purposes of such codes. In addition, it compares current health education professional concerns with those of the American Medical Association during the last century. Finally, it discusses the implications of a profession-wide code for centralization, enforcement, and licensure.
A gas balance control system for use with a portable hyperbaric chamber

The authors describe a system of gas-balance control to be used with the Gamow Bag, a portable hyperbaric chamber. A face mask and latex bladder are utilized along with a small amount of tubing to create the proper environment within the chamber. The system is lightweight and efficient, and it requires little effort on the part of those operating the chamber from the outside. Once the chamber is connected and in operation, use of a foot pump to empty the bladder is the only maintenance necessary. A patient can thus be treated for an indefinite time with little effort on the part of his or her companions. >
Rapidly Tunable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer in Ti:LiNbO 3 Utilizing Non-polarizing Beam Splitters

A polarization-independent four-port electro-optic tunable filter in the 1530 nm wavelength regime utilizing non-polarizing relaxed beam splitters and strain-induced polarization converters on LiNbO3 with 16nm tuning range and 46 ns tuning speed is reported.
A Diglyme Adduct of Tin(IV) Chloride Formed on Drying Aromatic Solvents by the Benzophenone Ketyl/Potassium Metal Method

Abstract Use of diglyme (diethyleneglycoldimethylether) for solubilization in the benzophenone ketyl/potassium metal method for drying and deoxygenating aromatic solvents can result in contamination of the distilled solvent with subsequent formation of adducts with Lewis acids. The diglyme adduct of tin(IV) chloride is isolated, and the magnitude of its tin-119m Mossbauer Quadrupole Splitting interpreted in terms of its structure.
Endemic and Epidemic Aspergillosis Associated with In-Hospital Replication of Aspergillus Organisms

When a new hospital opened in 1983, environmental culturing for Aspergillus organisms and surveillance for nosocomial aspergillosis cases were begun to characterize the relationship between environmental contamination and infection. Monthly air sampling demonstrated increasing concentrations of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus to mean levels greater than 1 cfu/m3 during 1986-1987, accompanied by a progressive increase in incidence of aspergillosis to 1.2% in immunocompromised patients. This prompted an inspection that revealed heavy growth of Aspergillus organisms on air filters. Subsequent inspections of hospital wards showed small foci of A. flavus growth on other materials. Removal of the contaminated filters and improved environmental maintenance were associated with reduction in A. flavus and A. fumigatus to 0.01 cfu/m3 and a fourfold decline in aspergillosis incidence during the next 2 years. These findings, together with laboratory studies that showed aspergilli could proliferate on common hospital materials when moistened, indicate a need for careful environmental maintenance.
Fraternity Membership, Rape Myths, and Sexual Aggression on a College Campus:

A rich theoretical and ethnographic literature exists suggesting that fraternity men are particularly prone to be sexual victimizers of women on college campuses. Yet, there is thin empirical evidence for this contention. Here, in a sample from a large midwestern university, there was strong evidence uncovered that male peer support for victimization of women exists, and that it is related to extensive alcohol use. However, there is no evidence that fraternity men are different on these factors from other men. A conclusion is that anti-rape efforts must be broader than only targeting fraternities, and that alcohol education must be a high priority.
A Methodology for the Design of Ada Transformation Tools in a DIANA Environment

Implementing and testing transformations incrementally makes DIANA-based Ada software tools easier to debug and more efficient.
The Comparative Use of Ancient Near Eastern Texts in the Study of the Hebrew Bible

This present research is intended as a synthesis of the current state of research in the comparative study of ancient Near Eastern texts and the Hebrew Bible. This will involve a discussion of new texts that have been discovered, as well as the many reevaluations of texts found in previous decades. Beginning with a brief study of the nature of comparative research, this study will then survey textual material from each of the traditional ancient Near Eastern regions: Syria-Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and Syria-Canaan, emphasizing documents that come from the sixth century bce or earlier. One can conclude that new ancient Near Eastern discoveries continue to supply important material for furthering our historical understanding of the Hebrew Bible.
Does Higher Hospital Cost Imply Higher Quality of Care

This study investigates whether higher input use per stay in the hospital (treatment intensity) and longer length of stay improve outcomes of care. We allow for endogeneity of intensity and length of stay by estimating a quasi-maximum-likelihood discrete factor model, where the distribution of the unmeasured variable is modeled using a discrete distribution. Data on elderly persons come from several waves of the National Long-Term Care Survey merged with Medicare claims data for 1984-1995 and the National Death Index. We find that higher intensity improves patient survival and some dimensions of functional status among those who survive.
Optimal Genetic Improvement for the High Producing Cow

Many 40,000-lb (18,144 kg) cows exist in today’s dairy population, but herds capable of 40,000-lb averages for all cows remain to be developed. Traditional genetic improvement practices, based on consistent use of current highranking AI bulls selected to improve economically important traits, will remain important tools to develop high producing cows. Future breeding strategies will likely include attention to how high production is achieved and may include direct selection for increased appetite or some measure of energy balance to support high production, reproduction, and immune function. Direct selection for improved fertility, perhaps involving traits not presently used in herd management, may prove to be necessary as yields increase. Roles for evolving technologies such as marker-assisted selection, manipulation of the bovine genome, and cloning remain unclear, but will likely be incorporated into traditional progeny testing schemes. Equipment to routinely monitor physiological functions may encourage the establishment of large progeny test herds with expanded data recording capability. The expense could lead to proprietary genetic lines and private genetic evaluation systems such as exist in poultry and swine. Pedigree information will become more important in commercial herds to manage inbreeding. The dairy industry can expect to benefit from current research efforts in human genetics. However, current funding of dairy breeding research in the United States will limit the number of individuals trained in methods to implement those results in dairy cattle.
Thermal Diffusivity Of Diamond Films

A laser pulse technique to measure the thermal diffusivity of diamond films deposited on a silicon substrate is developed. The effective thermal diffusivity of diamond film on silicon was measured by observing the phase and amplitude of the cyclic thermal waves generated by the laser pulses. An analytical model is developed to calculate the effective in-plane (face-parallel) diffusivity of a two layer system. The model is used to reduce the effective thermal diffusivity of the diamond/silicon sample to a value for the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the diamond film. Phase and amplitude measurements give similar results. The thermal conductivity of the films is found to be better than that of type 1a natural diamond.
3D Reconstruction of Dynamic Textures in Crowd Sourced Data

We propose a framework to automatically build 3D models for scenes containing structures not amenable for photo-consistency based reconstruction due to having dynamic appearance. We analyze the dynamic appearance elements of a given scene by leveraging the imagery contained in Internet image photo-collections and online video sharing websites. Our approach combines large scale crowd sourced SfM techniques with image content segmentation and shape from silhouette techniques to build an iterative framework for 3D shape estimation. The developed system not only enables more complete and robust 3D modeling, but it also enables more realistic visualizations through the identification of dynamic scene elements amenable to dynamic texture mapping. Experiments on crowd sourced image and video datasets illustrate the effectiveness of our automated data-driven approach.
Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of visual attention: A combined fMRI and DTI study

We combined measures from event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and cognitive performance (visual search response time) to test the hypotheses that differences between younger and older adults in top-down (goal-directed) attention would be related to cortical activation, and that white matter integrity as measured by DTI (fractional anisotropy, FA) would be a mediator of this age-related effect. Activation in frontal and parietal cortical regions was overall greater for older adults than for younger adults. The relation between activation and search performance supported the hypothesis of age differences in top-down attention. When the task involved top-down control (increased target predictability), performance was associated with frontoparietal activation for older adults, but with occipital (fusiform) activation for younger adults. White matter integrity (FA) exhibited an age-related decline that was more pronounced for anterior brain regions than for posterior regions, but white matter integrity did not specifically mediate the age-related increase in activation of the frontoparietal attentional network.
All-Male Asexuality: Origin and Maintenance of Androgenesis in the Asian Clam Corbicula

Androgenesis is a rare form of asexual male reproduction found in disparate taxa across the Tree of Life. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genes suggest that androgenesis has arisen repeatedly in the Asian clam genus Corbicula. Two of these androgenetic species have been introduced to North America. Multiple lines of genetic evidence suggest that although nuclear recombination between these two species is rare, mitochondrial genome capture is a frequent consequence of androgenetic parasitism of heterospecific eggs. Egg parasitism may also rarely result in partial nuclear genome capture between closely related species of Corbicula, which provides a mechanism for the otherwise clonal species to avoid the deleterious effects of asexuality. Egg parasitism among congeners may explain why androgenesis has been maintained in Corbicula after fixation and has not yet led to population extinction. This mechanism also provides an explanation for the apparent multiple origins of androgenesis in Corbicula as seen on the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. We suggest that a single androgenetic lineage may have repeatedly captured mitochondrial genomes (as well as portions of nuclear genomes) from various sexual species, resulting in several distinct androgenetic species with distantly related mtDNA genomes and divergent morphologies.
Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia

A system should be formed, which shall preserve as much as possible can be done, their institutions and laws to the natives of Hindoostan, and attemper them with the mild spirit of British government.—John BruceJurisprudence is the nexus where authoritative texts, cultural assumptions, and political expediency come together during a crisis. It is therefore not so much a thing or a system as it is an experience, an interpretative experience. Yet the practice of jurisprudence is very different from other types of interpretation because it is also an exertion of power. A legal interpretation is a decision which mobilizes coercive forces to immediately solidify the interpretation into a social reality. The administrative structure of courts and the legal rhetoric that flows through them disguise jurisprudence as ‘a system’ rather than revealing its nature as an interpretative experience; this disguise serves to heighten the authority of these exercises of power and to limit the ability to contest them to specialists.
School-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programming: Current Perspectives

In 1994, the Fetzer Institute hosted a conference to address concerns about the various, disjointed school-based efforts that had surfaced over the years. In attendance were a range of researchers, educators, and advocates with diverse interests related to meeting the developmental, psychological, educational, and general health needs of children. These issues were discussed, and the term social and emotional learning (SEL) was introduced. SEL described a framework for providing opportunities for young people to acquire the skills necessary for attaining and maintaining personal well-being and positive relationships across the lifespan. Out of this 1994 meeting, the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) was formed with the goal of “establishing high-quality, evidence-based SEL as an essential part of preschool through high school education” (Elias et al., 1997; Greenberg et al., 2003; Kress & Elias, 2006).
Introduction. Weighing the Evidence: Weight Management Insights for Treating Major Mental Illness

4 J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68 (suppl 12) econd-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), or “atypical” antipsychotics, have become the dominant treatand practical advice regarding weight gain associated with SGAs. The first article, “Treatment Decisions in Major Mental Illness: Weighing the Outcomes,” examines morbidity and mortality issues in people with serious mental illness and emphasizes a holistic treatment approach. A novel weight control program called “Healthy Living” is discussed in detail. The second article, “The Effectiveness Criterion: Balancing Efficacy Against the Risks of Weight Gain,” provides some additional background material regarding obesity and then uses the lens of “number needed to treat” to examine the results of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) for schizophrenia. Predictors of weight gain and recommendations for increased monitoring of patients are also discussed. The supplement concludes with the article “Weight Gain With Atypical Antipsychotics: Evidence and Insights,” which examines energy balance, effects of SGAs and combination treatments on weight, interventions designed to reduce weight gain, and the relationship between SGAs and insulin resistance. Together these 3 articles provide valuable information that clinicians will find useful for the care of their individual patients.
Reconstruction of 7T-Like Images From 3T MRI

In the recent MRI scanning, ultra-high-field (7T) MR imaging provides higher resolution and better tissue contrast compared to routine 3T MRI, which may help in more accurate and early brain diseases diagnosis. However, currently, 7T MRI scanners are more expensive and less available at clinical and research centers. These motivate us to propose a method for the reconstruction of images close to the quality of 7T MRI, called 7T-like images, from 3T MRI, to improve the quality in terms of resolution and contrast. By doing so, the post-processing tasks, such as tissue segmentation, can be done more accurately and brain tissues details can be seen with higher resolution and contrast. To do this, we have acquired a unique dataset which includes paired 3T and 7T images scanned from same subjects, and then propose a hierarchical reconstruction based on group sparsity in a novel multi-level Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) space, to improve the quality of 3T MR image to be 7T-like MRI. First, overlapping patches are extracted from the input 3T MR image. Then, by extracting the most similar patches from all the aligned 3T and 7T images in the training set, the paired 3T and 7T dictionaries are constructed for each patch. It is worth noting that, for the training, we use pairs of 3T and 7T MR images from each training subject. Then, we propose multi-level CCA to map the paired 3T and 7T patch sets to a common space to increase their correlations. In such space, each input 3T MRI patch is sparsely represented by the 3T dictionary and then the obtained sparse coefficients are used together with the corresponding 7T dictionary to reconstruct the 7T-like patch. Also, to have the structural consistency between adjacent patches, the group sparsity is employed. This reconstruction is performed with changing patch sizes in a hierarchical framework. Experiments have been done using 13 subjects with both 3T and 7T MR images. The results show that our method outperforms previous methods and is able to recover better structural details. Also, to place our proposed method in a medical application context, we evaluated the influence of post-processing methods such as brain tissue segmentation on the reconstructed 7T-like MR images. Results show that our 7T-like images lead to higher accuracy in segmentation of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and skull, compared to segmentation of 3T MR images.
Suspension and Debarment on the Rise: A Popular Enforcement Tool in the United States

A well-functioning suspension and debarment system can be an effective tool for governments to promote integrity in public procurements, reduce performance risk, and mitigate the likelihood of fraud and corruption. The latest annual report from the US Interagency Suspension and Debarment Committee (ISDC) reveals that the number of suspensions and debarments in the United States has increased steadily over the last six years. As discussed below, the recent efforts by United States agencies to improve their suspension and debarment systems reveal a growing recognition of the importance of these mechanisms.
Factors influencing susceptibility of laboratory rodents to infection with mouse adenovirus strains K87 and FL

Weanling outbred mice were more than 500 times less susceptible to orally administered mouse adenovirus (MAdV) strain K87 than to MAdV-FL. Mouse susceptibility to MAdV-K87 was age-dependent but not obviously host genotype-dependent. Infant F344 rats were not susceptible to infection with either MAdV strain.
An Examination Of Underreporting Of Time And Premature Signoffs By Internal Auditors

The passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) heightened the importance of internal controls and accordingly, a key control - the internal audit function. Consequently, management and external auditors have both increased their reliance on internal auditors’ work. While there has been considerable research regarding the impact of the underreporting of time and premature sign-offs on the external audit, there has only been one study that has examined the impact of these two items on the internal auditors’ work. Such research is dated (1994) and prior to the passage of SOX. We surveyed members of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) in the Midwest to examine their behavior and perceptions regarding these two items. The respondents in our study believe the underreporting of time is unethical and is supported by their reporting of all time worked, even if such time exceeded the budget. Our findings also show that the respondents feel premature sign-offs are unethical and result primarily from lack of professional skepticism and inadequate training. Increasing training in audit areas and improving communications within the audit team are possible solutions to reduce premature sign-offs. Premature sign-offs are more likely to occur in operational audits and to a lesser degree in financial audits and compliance audits.
An Interim Analysis of the Use of Virtual Reality to Enhance Upper Limb Prosthetic Training and Rehabilitation

An effective prosthetic training and rehabilitation regime would be advantageous in returning the patient to the highest level of independence and functioning possible. There is a need for advanced rehabilitative interventions to optimize prosthetic training for amputees. Here we will describe a virtual reality environment system to facilitate an effective and enhanced training and rehabilitation process for upper extremity amputees. It has been noted that training with virtual reality is particularly valuable for upper-limb prosthetic users. Using the Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) system (Motek Medical, Amsterdam, Netherlands), patients can be immersed into real life situations while provided real time visual feedback of their motion. In addition to viewing real time movement, patients will be able to visualize an individualized optimal goal motion. It is hypothesized that integrating optimal model visualization and real time feedback with the CAREN system capabilities, upper extremity prosthetic training and rehabilitation will be enhanced through improved movement symmetry, task performance and functional advances. The interim results suggest that the use of virtual reality enhances upper limb prosthetic training and rehabilitation. To further assess the effectiveness of the use of virtual reality, further work will involve the testing of more subjects, analyzing return to duty and activities of daily living tasks, and the implementation of an optimal goal motion into the virtual reality system.