cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A low- and mid-frequency bistatic scattering model for the ocean surface

Accurate bistatic active sonar performance predictions require accurate predictions of reverberation which in turn rely on accurate estimates of surface scattering strength. This paper describes a new semi-empirical model that estimates the surface scattering strength due to both the rough air-sea interface and subsurface bubble clouds, given the acoustic frequency (up to 10 kHz), incident and scattered grazing angles, bistatic angle, wind speed, and sound speed in the water. For the interface, small slope theory is used that accounts for surface-wave roughness spectra with low wavenumber cutoffs. For the bubbles, a stochastic volume scattering theory is used for frequencies up to 5 kHz and a transition function to handle 5-10 kHz. For both components, model parameters are determined from fits to significant sets of low- and mid-frequency open-ocean data. The broadband model is then used to highlight the relative influence of the two scattering mechanisms as a function of frequency, wind speed, and scattering angle
Do Business Leaders Have Role-Model Obligations to Be Good Political Actors?

This article raises an issue about corporate political activity that is different from those typically addressed by business ethicists. It examines the role-model status and obligations of the business leaders who direct such activity. This approach has two potential benefits. First, since ethicists often appeal to role-model obligations and many are concerned about corporate political activity, business ethics literature would benefit from expanding the examination of role-model status and obligations to encompass the business leaders who direct political activity. Second, it will help ethicists determine what we should demand from business leaders who direct such activity. This is important given the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizens United decision in 2010 that guarantees corporations the free-speech right to make political expenditures in support of political causes. I seek to demonstrate that we should hold business leaders morally accountable for how they direct political activity because of their role-model status that arises from their greater fame, authority, or power than ordinary persons possess.
A Primary Role for the Tsix lncRNA in Maintaining Random X-Chromosome Inactivation

Summary Differentiating pluripotent epiblast cells in eutherians undergo random X-inactivation, which equalizes X-linked gene expression between the sexes by silencing one of the two X-chromosomes in females. Tsix RNA is believed to orchestrate the initiation of X-inactivation, influencing the choice of which X remains active by preventing expression of the antisense Xist RNA, which is required to silence the inactive-X. Here we profile X-chromosome activity in Tsix-mutant ( X ΔTsix ) mouse embryonic epiblasts, epiblast stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. Unexpectedly, we find that Xist is stably repressed on the X ΔTsix in both sexes in undifferentiated epiblast cells in vivo and in vitro, resulting in stochastic X-inactivation in females despite Tsix-heterozygosity. Tsix is instead required to silence Xist on the active-X as epiblast cells differentiate in both males and females. Thus, Tsix is not required at the onset of random X-inactivation; instead, it protects the active-X from ectopic silencing once X-inactivation has commenced.
A Review of: “Pazmiño, Robert W. (2008). Foundational Issues in Christian Education: An Introduction in Evangelical Perspective”

Foundational Issues in Christian Education: An Introduction in Evangelical Perspective was written by Robert W. Pazmino who received his Doctor of Education from Columbia University in 1981. Since ...
U.S. Court finds that an athletics association's rules restricting payments to student-athletes violate antitrust laws (O'Bannon v. NCAA)

On August 8, 2014, in O'Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Judge Claudia Wilken of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California found that the NCAA…
ACCURATE MASS SPECTROMETRY OF TRAPPED IONS

The Penning trap Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) method we use to weigh atomic masses is reviewed, and our plans for future measurements, new methods, and apparatus improvements are discussed. Our ultimate goal is to develop a new technique for measuring atomic masses with an accuracy of a few parts in 1012. We will do this by comparing the cyclotron frequencies of two simultaneously trapped ions. In order to successfully implement this new method we are developing a quieter, more sensitive DC SQUID-based detector and a new more harmonic trap, and we plan to use our classical squeezing techniques to reduce the effects of thermal noise. With our improved apparatus we will weigh Cs and Rb to help determine the fine structure constant α, weigh 29Si and 30Si as part of the current effort to replace the artifact kilogram standard with a Si crystal containing a known number of atoms, and measure the 3H-3He mass difference to help set a limit on the mass of the electron neutrino. Our higher accuracy will also enable us to ``weigh'' the neutron capture gamma rays of 28Si, 32S, and 48Ti to help determine the molar Planck constant NAh and the fine structure constant α. Finally, with a mass measurement accuracy \sim 10-12 we will be able to ``weigh'' chemical bonds.
On Carleson embeddings of star-invariant supspaces

Embeddings of star-invariant subspaces K p θ of H p determined by an inner function θ are studied. Using a method of Aleksandrov, it is shown that the embedding into L p (μ) is compact whenever μ satisfies a certain vanishing condition with respect to the singular set of θ. Conversely, if the embedding is compact, and θ is a so-called one-component inner function, the measure is shown to satisfy a different vanishing condition.
Qualitative differences in chromatins of adult tissues demonstrated by action of DNase.

Abstract Treatment of chromatin from rat or mouse tissues with DNase rendered it tissue-specific in subsequent hybridization with H 3 -labeled RNA's. It hybridized least with RNA from the same organ and most efficiently with RNA's from completely different organs. DNase-residual DNA's of forebrain were sufficiently specific to distinguish in this way between RNA's from different parts of the brain.
Odor Aversion or Multiple Chemical Sensitivities: Recommendation for a Name Change and Description of Successful Behavioral Medicine Treatment

Abstract Patients with odor-triggered symptoms, meeting the case definition of multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), continue to be seen in our institution and other health science centers [Amundsen, Mayo Clinic Dept. Intern. Med. Newslett. 9(1) (1986)]. The term MCS, unfortunately, feeds the thesis that symptoms are allergic–immune system in origin, a theory that has not withstood scientific scrutiny [American College of Physicians, Ann. Intern. Med. 111, 168–178 (1989); Terr, Ann. Intern. Med. 119, 163–164 (1993)]. It has been proposed that some of these cases may be examples of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning: many MCS patients meet diagnostic criteria for psychiatric illnesses, especially mood, anxiety, and somatoform disorders. Attention is turning to the complex relationship between olfactory stimulation, memory, and mood (psyche) in an attempt to understand why some individuals develop odor aversion symptoms and how to best manage these, frequently, severely disabled patients. Two subjects with typical odor-triggered symptoms have been treated, using behavioral medicine techniques, with marked improvement in both cases. The term “odor aversion” is proposed rather than MCS to describe patients with these symptoms.
Effects of a novel neurotensin peptide analog given extracranially on CNS behaviors mediated by apomorphine and haloperidol.

Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It has been implicated in the therapeutic and in the adverse effects of neuroleptics. Activity of NT in brain can only be shown by direct injection of the peptide into that organ. However, we have developed a novel analog of NT(8–13), NT69L, which is active upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Like atypical neuroleptics, NT69L blocked the climbing behavior in rats, but not the licking and sniffing behaviors of a high dose (600 μg/kg) of the non-selective dopamine agonist apomorphine. Its blockade of climbing was very potent with an ED50 (effective dose at 50% of maximum) of 16 μg/kg. Both apomorphine and NT69L caused a long-lasting hypothermia, which was greater with the peptide but not synergistic in combination with apomorphine. The ED50 of NT69L for hypothermia was 390 μg/kg. NT69L (up to 5 mg/kg i.p.) did not produce catalepsy. However, when given before haloperidol, NT69L, but not clozapine, completely prevented catalepsy. When given after haloperidol, NT69L, but not clozapine, reversed haloperidol's cataleptic effects with an ED50 of 260 μg/kg. There was no significant difference between the ED50s for hypothermia and anticataleptic effects of NT69L. However, the ED50 for blocking the effects of apomorphine was significantly lower than the other two. These data suggest that NT69L may have neuroleptic properties in humans and may be useful in the treatment of extrapyramidal side effects caused by typical neuroleptics such as haloperidol.
CoBase: a scalable and extensible cooperative information system

A new generation of information systems that integrates knowledge base technology with database systems is presented for providing cooperative (approximate, conceptual, and associative) query answering. Based on the database schema and application characteristics, data are organized into Type Abstraction Hierarchies (TAHs). The higher levels of the hierarchy provide a more abstract data representation than the lower levels. Generalization (moving up in the hierarchy), specialization (moving down the hierarchy), and association (moving between hierarchies) are the three key operations in deriving cooperative query answers for the user. Based on the context, the TAHs can be constructed automatically from databases. An intelligent dictionary/directory in the system lists the location and characteristics (e.g., context and user type) of the TAHs. CoBase also has a relaxation manager to provide control for query relaxations. In addition, an explanation system is included to describe the relaxation and association processes and to provide the quality of the relaxed answers. CoBase uses a mediator architecture to provide scalability and extensibility. Each cooperative module, such as relaxation, association, explanation, and TAH management, is implemented as a mediator. Further, an intelligent directory mediator is provided to direct mediator requests to the appropriate service mediators. Mediators communicate with each other via KQML. The GUI includes a map server which allows users to specify queries graphically and incrementally on the map, greatly improving querying capabilities. CoBase has been demonstrated to answer imprecise queries for transportation and logistic planning applications. Currently, we are applying the CoBase methodology to match medical image (X-ray, MRI) features and approximate matching of emitter signals in electronic warfare applications.
Thermal Chemistry of 1,6-Diiodohexane on Ni(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces: Mimicking Cyclization Reactions

The thermal chemistry of 1,6-diiodohexane, 6-bromo-1-hexene, 1,5-hexadiene, methyl cyclopentane, methylene cyclopentane, and 1-methyl-1-cyclopentene on Ni(100) surfaces has been studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The thermal activation of the diiodo alkane leads to the initial scission of the C−I bonds around 160 K, the same as with other iodoalkanes, and presumably results in the formation of a surface metallacyclic intermediate. Further heating of that system induces the desorption of hexene, hexane, iodohexane, methylene cyclopentane, benzene, and cyclohexene. The formation of the latter two cyclic products through 5-hexen-1-yl, methyl cyclopentane, methylene cyclopentane, or 1-methyl-1-cyclopentene intermediates was ruled out in this case because direct activation of those compounds does not lead to the desorption of any C6-cyclic molecules at all. TPD experiments with 1,5-hexadiene, on the other hand, did sh...
Influence of Parenting Factors on Childhood Social Anxiety: Direct Observation of Parental Warmth and Control

The purpose of the present study is to determine the association of parenting behaviors and social anxiety in children. Three parental factors—including parental socialization, control, and warmth—were investigated in a sample of 31 two-parent families. Rather than solely relying upon retrospective questionnaires, this study incorporated direct observation and a Daily Activity Log to assess the qualities of social interaction. Moderate associations between parental control and child anxiety symptoms were found, with no support for the association between parental warmth and child anxiety. More specifically, maternal overprotection and observed negative commands related to child social anxiety, and paternal overprotection related to child general anxiety. Several gender differences were found regarding the impact of parent behaviors on child anxiety. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Urinary tract infection must be excluded in febrile infants less than 3 months of age with positive respiratory syncytial virus antigen test

Study objectives: The prevalence of significant bacterial infections in young infants who have respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is unknown in the era after the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccinations. The evaluation of these infants remains controversial. We hypothesize that infants with fever and RSV are at low risk for secondary bacterial infection and may not require extensive and invasive laboratory evaluations. Methods: This was a prospective evaluation; all infants younger than 3 months from October 1998 to December 2003 who had a sepsis evaluation for fever and an RSV antigen test performed were eligible. Infants excluded were those with previous antibiotic use and immunosuppression. Results: There were 128 infants in the study; 50 (39%) were RSV positive, and 78 (61%) infants were RSV negative. Median age in the RSV-positive group was 44.3±19.4 days and in the RSV-negative group, 43.6±19.2 days. In the RSV-positive group, there were 30 (60%) boys, 11 (22%) whites, 29 (58%) blacks, and 10 (20%) Hispanics. In the RSV-negative group, there were 42 (53.8%) boys, 12 (15.3%) whites, 54 (69.2%) blacks, and 10 (12.8%) Hispanics. In the RSV-positive group, median temperature was 38.6±0.6°C, whereas in the RSV-negative group it was 38.5±0.5°C. In the RSV-positive group, mean pulse rate was 170.7±18.5 beats/min, with a pulse rate greater than 160 beats/min in 27 (54%) patients. In the RSV-negative group, mean pulse rate was 165.9±21.1 beats/min, with a pulse rate greater than 160 beats/min in 37 (47.4%) patients. In the RSV-positive group, mean respiratory rate was 48.2±18 breaths/min, with a respiratory rate greater than 60 breaths/min in 10 (20%) patients. In the RSV-negative group, mean respiratory rate was 44.2±15.9 breaths/min, with a respiratory rate greater than 60 breaths/min in 8 (10.2%) infants. There was no significant difference in vital signs between groups. There were more upper respiratory infection symptoms and coughing in the RSV-positive group ( P P Conclusion: The risk of serious bacterial infection is low in the RSV-positive group, especially if one excludes pneumonias. There were no cases of bacteremia or meningitis; however, UTIs still are significant. Therefore, it may be prudent to exclude a UTI in febrile infants with a positive RSV antigen test. Further studies with greater numbers are needed to validate these results.
The Effect of Atomic-Scale Open-Volume on Flow and Fracture Processes in a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be Bulk Metallic Glass

Effects of atomic-scale open-volume regions in metallic glass structure on the flow and fracture behavior of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk metallic glass were examined. Studies of relaxation time scales showed that atomic arrangement processes for viscous flow were significantly retarded with annealing. Plane strain fracture toughness was significantly decreased and fatigue crack crack-growth rates were dramatically increased, indicating degradation of resistance to crack extension as a result of annealing. Fracture morphology completely changed from vein patterns to cleavage-like features with little evidence of plasticity with annealing. The positron lifetime and Doppler broadening experiments revealed decreased open-volume regions as a result of annealing. The loss of stress relief ability by retarded crack tip viscous flow as a result of the anneal-out of open-volume regions is believed to contribute to observed annealing embrittlement.
Hyperalgesia Mediated By Spinal Prostaglandin E2 And Signalling Through The P38 Pathway In Diabetic Rats

Diabetic rats exhibit hyperalgesia following paw formalin injection, despite reduced spinal release of the excitatory neurotransmitters substance P and glutamate. In normal rats, spinal sensitization to sensory input involves local release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We used microdialysis to measure spinal PGE2 release following paw formalin injection in conscious control and STZ-diabetic rats. In control rats, there was an increase in spinal PGE2 levels to 260 ± 14% of basal (p < 0.01) in the first 5 minutes after paw formalin injection and thereafter levels were not different from basal. Diabetic rats showed a similar increase (254 ± 25%) but also exhibited a second period of release (266 ± 20%; p < 0.01 vs. basal) 15-20 minutes after the stimulus. Systemic delivery of the NSAID indomethacin (10 mg/kg IP) or intrathecal delivery of an EP1 receptor antagonist (30 μg) prior to paw formalin injection both significantly reduced the number of paw flinches in diabetic rats 10-40 minutes after injection (17 ± 9 and 20 ± 8, respectively) compared to vehicle treated diabetics (42 ± 8). Formalin-evoked flinching was also significantly reduced by spinal delivery of the p38 stress-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 (1–30 μg IT) in both control and diabetic rats, with higher concentrations required for efficacy in diabetic rats. Hyperalgesia following paw formalin injection in diabetic rats is accompanied by increased spinal PGE2 release and activation of the EP1 receptor while signaling through the p38 pathway also participates in maintaining formalin-evoked flinching.
Decomposition of a Key Intermediate in Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis Reactions

Dinuclear ruthenium complex, with a bridging carbide and a hydride ligand, and methyltricyclohexylphosphonium chloride result from thermal decomposition of olefin metathesis catalyst, (ImesH_2)(PCy)_3)(Cl)_2Ru CH_2. Involvement of dissociated phosphine in the decomposition is proposed. The dinuclear complex has catalytic olefin isomerization activity, which can be responsible for competing isomerization processes in certain olefin metathesis reactions.
End-to-end study of the transfer of energy from magnetosheath ion precipitation to the cusp

This paper describes a study of the effects of unstable magnetosheath distributions on the cusp ionosphere. A semi-kinetic model followed by a 2.5D particle-in-cell (PIC) model served as an end-to-end numerical system to study the evolved distributions from precipitation due to reconnection and, then secondly, the energy transfer into the high-latitude ionosphere based on these solar wind/magnetosheath inputs. Using inputs of several representative examples of magnetosheath injections, waves were generated at the lower hybrid frequency and energy transferred to the ionospheric electrons and ions. The resulting wave spectra and ion and electron particle heating was analyzed.
The effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of lutetium

Abstract The mechanical properties of lutetium containing 0.48, 7.1, 12.8 and 18.4 at.% H were investigated from 78 to 473 K. Hydrogen caused significant strengthening below 295 K and possibly softening above this temperature. Anomalous behavior was observed at or below 295 K in the strain-hardening exponent, the strain-rate sensitivity and the activation volume. Sharp ductile-to-brittle transitions were observed in the material containing 12.8 and 18.4 at.% H. A probable cause for these effects, based on existing models, is discussed.
The effect of SMS 201-995 on meal and CCK-stimulated peptide YY release.

Abstract Somatostatin is known to inhibit the postprandial release of most gastrointestinal hormones. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an analog of somatostatin, SMS 201-995 (120 ng/kg/hr), on both meal-induced and choleeystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 500 ng/kg/hr)-induced peptide YY (PYY) release. Six mongrel dogs with distal ileal Thiry-Vella loops were used in this study. PYY was measured in both plasma and ileal luminal effluent. SMS 201-995 did not affect interdigestive plasma or ileal luminal PYY concentrations. CCK-8 and a fat meal both stimulated PYY release into the circulation. SMS 201-995 completely inhibited the CCK-8 and fat-stimulated circulatory release of PYY. Both CCK-8 and a mixed meal increased ileal luminal PYY recovery. SMS 201-995 inhibited CCK-8-induced, but not meal-induced, ileal luminal PYY recovery. These findings support previous studies that describe independent circulatory and ileal luminal PYY release. We conclude that both somatostatin and CCK may have a regulatory role in postprandial circulatory release of PYY.
An Alternate Approach to Transitive Coupling in ISM

Transitive coupling is a problem encountered in structuring complex systems using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) process. It involves the interconnection of two systems defined on the same contextual relation that is transitive. A new approach to transitive coupling, which does not require the development of the implication matrix, is presented. The main drawback in using the implication matrix is the considerably large amount of computer storage required by this matrix. Since the computer is used interactively in the ISM process, the amount of storage available for use is usually limited. The new method surmounts this difficulty by using only square matrices of size equal to the total number of elements involved in transitive coupling. The new approach leads to an alternative procedure for transitive bordering as well.
Development of a side-grooved crack gage for fleet tracking of fatigue damage

Abstract This paper describes research directed toward developing the “crack growth gage” technique for tracking fatigue damage in a fleet of similar structures. The long-term goal is to provide a simple field level technique for assessing the severity of service loads with respect to their potential for causing fatigue crack growth. The current work was directed at designing a thin crack gage coupon which simulates plane strain behavior in the thin coupons. A series of experiments was conducted with the side-grooved crack gage geometry, and employed a variety of constant amplitude, single peak overload and variable amplitude load histories. The experimental behavior is predicted quite well by a load independent model developed previously.
Extension of the local maximum principle to abnormal optimal control problems

In this paper, an optimal control problem with terminal data is considered in the so-called abnormal case, i.e., when the classical Pontryagin-type maximum principle has a degenerate form which does not depend on the functional being minimized. An extension of the Dubovitskii-Milyutin method to the nonregular case, obtained by applying Avakov's generalization of the Lusternik theorem, is presented. By using this extension, a local maximum principle which has a nondegenerate form also in the abnormal case is proved. An example which supports the theory is given.
The Effects of Interactive Images and Goal-Seeking Behavior on Telepresence and Site Ease of Use

ABSTRACT An effective website is usable and engaging. In this article we investigate how navigation bar images and text may increase perceptions of website ease of use and interactivity. In an experiment we found that clickable images that accurately communicated the content they were linked to contributed to higher perceived levels of telepresence and stronger feelings that the website was easy to use. We also found that users responded strongest when images were coupled with text. We discuss the managerial and research implications of these findings.
Rationale Argument Mapping Software

This software review focuses on using Rationale Argument Mapping Software to teach critical thinking skills in social work. Overall, the program is a great tool for helping students to think critically and precisely about their arguments.
Enhanced FGFR signalling predisposes pancreatic cancer to the effect of a potent FGFR inhibitor in preclinical models

Enhanced FGFR signalling predisposes pancreatic cancer to the effect of a potent FGFR inhibitor in preclinical models
On the role of sign order and morphological structure in memory for American sign language sentences

Sentence processing in a visual—gestural language was investigated by testing signers recognition for American Sign Language (ASL) sentences. Using a continuous recognition paradigm, sign order and structural changes that altered the meaning of a sentence were noticed at both immediate and delayed (45 seconds) test intervals. Sign order and structural changes that resulted in a paraphrase of an earlier-occurring sentence were noticed only with immediate testing. These results indicate that signers decompose a complex sign into its lexical and inflectional components during sentence comprehension and remember the meaning expressed by these components rather than remembering the exact sign structure.
The Role of Macrophage Polarization in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

Macrophages, found in circulating blood as well as integrated into several tissues and organs throughout the body, represent an important first line of defense against disease and a necessary component of healthy tissue homeostasis. Additionally, macrophages that arise from the differentiation of monocytes recruited from the blood to inflamed tissues play a central role in regulating local inflammation. Studies of macrophage activation in the last decade or so have revealed that these cells adopt a staggering range of phenotypes that are finely tuned responses to a variety of different stimuli, and that the resulting subsets of activated macrophages play critical roles in both progression and resolution of disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of the contributions of differentially polarized macrophages to various infectious and inflammatory diseases and the ongoing effort to develop novel therapies that target this key aspect of macrophage biology.
Consolidated Characteristics and Excess Pore Water Pressures of Mississippi Fan Sediments

Examination of the geotechnical properties of the Quaternary sediments from the middle and lower portions of the Mississippi Fan shows that the sediments are normally consolidated to overconsolidated to a depth of 40 to 50 below the seafloor. Beyond that depth, the sediments become highly underconsolidated and exhibit high excess pore water pressures. The state of underconsolidation is attributed to the rapid rates of accumulation and the low permeability of smectite clays.
Phylogenetic distribution of compatible solute synthesis genes support a freshwater origin for cyanobacteria

Previous work using ancestral state reconstruction of habitat salinity preference proposed that the early cyanobacteria likely lived in a freshwater environment. The aim of this study was to test that hypothesis by performing phylogenetic analyses of the genes underlying salinity preferences in the cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of compatible solute genes shows that sucrose synthesis genes were likely ancestral in the cyanobacteria, and were also likely inherited during the cyanobacterial endosymbiosis and into the photosynthetic algae and land plants. In addition, the genes for the synthesis of compatible solutes that are necessary for survival in marine and hypersaline environments (such as glucosylglycerol, glucosylglycerate, and glycine betaine) were likely acquired independently high up (i.e., more recently) in the cyanobacterial tree. Because sucrose synthesis is strongly associated with growth in a low salinity environment, this independently supports a freshwater origin for the cyanobacteria. It is also consistent with geologic evidence showing that the early oceans were much warmer and saltier than modern oceans-sucrose synthesis alone would have been insufficient for early cyanobacteria to have colonized early Precambrian oceans that had a higher ionic strength. Indeed, the acquisition of an expanded set of new compatible solute genes may have enabled the historical colonization of marine and hypersaline environments by cyanobacteria, midway through their evolutionary history.
Interpreting the Continued Decline in the Average Age at Menarche: Results from Two Nationally Representative Surveys of U.S. Girls Studied 10 Years Apart

Objectives To determine whether average age at menarche declined in the United States during the past decade, and whether associations between menarcheal timing, weight status, and race/ethnicity changed. Study design Relative weight, race/ethnicity, and menarcheal status of girls (n = 1577) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) were compared with those of girls (n = 1720) in NHANES 1999-2002. Probit analysis estimated average age at menarche overall and also by race/ethnicity. Logistic regression assessed associations of relative weight and race/ethnicity with menarcheal status. Results In the United States, average age at menarche declined from 12.53 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.43 to 12.63 years) in 1988–1994 to 12.34 years (95% CI = 12.24 to 12.45 years) in 1999–2002. By race/ethnicity, average age at menarche estimates were as follows: non-Hispanic whites, 12.57 years (95% CI = 12.45 to 12.69 years) and 12.52 years (95% CI = 12.38 to 12.67 years); non-Hispanic blacks, 12.09 years (95% CI = 11.82 to 12.36 years) and 12.06 years (95% CI = 11.81 to 12.32 years); and Mexican Americans, 12.24 years (95% CI = 11.88 to 12.59 years) and 12.09 years (95% CI = 11.81 to 12.37 years). Higher relative weight was consistently associated with increased likelihood of having reached menarche. Conclusions Average age at menarche in the United States declined by 2.3 months between 1988–1994 and 1999–2002; by race/ethnicity, declines were considerably smaller. Changes in the population distribution of race/ethnicity and relative weight should be considered when interpreting trends in age at menarche.
A second generation solid phase approach to Freidinger lactams: Application of Fukuyama's amine synthesis and cyclative release via ring closing metathesis

Abstract A high-speed solid phase synthesis of Freidinger lactams was accomplished using a novel variant of Fukuyama's amine synthesis and ring closing metathesis-promoted cyclative cleavage as key steps.
Real space transfer rates for polar optical phonon scattering from asymmetric quantum wells

Abstract We calculate the rate at which electrons bound in asymmetric semiconductor quantum wells are scattered out of the well by absorption or emission of polar optical phonons. The 2-D to 3-D nature of the scattering is included. The final states after scattering are states which carry current either to the right or left. We find that rates for scattering out of the well can be significantly smaller than bulk scattering rates. We also show that asymmetries in the well shape result in a directional dependence for the final state current. That is, electrons scatter out preferentially to the left or to the right depending on the details of the well potential.
Treatment of myoclonus with l‐5‐hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa: Clinical, electrophusiological, and biochemical observations

Six patients with myoclonus of varying cause were treated with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) and carbidopa. While spontaneous myoclonus decreased in three of the patients and action myoclonus in four, only two patients had marked functional improvement. Side effects included gastrointestinal and affective disturbances. L-5-HTP therapy caused a diminished frequency of paroxysmal discharges in the electroencephalograms of three patients which did not always correlate with clinical improvement. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration after probenecid was decreased in all patients prior to therapy, but this reduction did not predict treatment response. Urinary excretion patterns for 5-HTP, serotonin, and 5-HIAA during treatment were similar in responders and nonresponders. It is concluded that while some patients with myoclonus do benefit from L-5-HTP therapy, biochemical and electrophysiological tests are not useful predictors of treatment response, and the high incidence of side effects limits the usefulness of this therapy.
Preparation, characterization and evaluation of DMPE as a myocardial imaging agent.

A method for the preparation of 99mTc labeled bis(1,2-dimethylphosphino)ethane, ([99mTc]DMPE) is described. More than one positively charged compound produced were separated. Two of the compounds were evaluated as agents for myocardial imaging. Only one was taken up by myocardium. In three normal dogs, the total cardiac uptake measured 2.7 ± 0.5% of the administered dose. The administration of 74–111 MBq (2–3 mCi) of the compound allowed scintigraphic detection of normal myocardium in a characteristic doughnut shape. The distribution of the compound in healthy as well as infarcted myocardium had an excellent correlation to the regional myocardial blood flow as measured with 85Sr microspheres (r = 0.85), and201Tl (r = 0.8). The agent is worthy of further investigation.
Effects of hypoxia on animal burrow construction and consequent effects on sediment redox profiles

Abstract We conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of mild hypoxia on the burrowing behavior of three marine species (the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria , the polychaete worm Neanthes virens , and the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus ) and consequent effects on sediment redox profiles. Animals were introduced into defaunated sediment and allowed to burrow for four months at mildly hypoxic (2 mg l − 1 ) and normoxic (7 mg l − 1 ) dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Sediment redox profiles were measured 10 times during the course of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the sediment was imaged using computer-aided tomography to quantify burrow volume and location. For the three species, burrow volume remained constant over DO treatments, but amphipod and clam burrows were shallower in hypoxic treatments compared with normoxic treatments. Redox profile discontinuity (RPD) depth was shallower in hypoxic treatments compared with normoxic treatments for experiments without animals, indicating that water column oxygen concentration alone influences diffusion of oxygen into the sediment. Worms, but neither clams nor amphipods, increased the RPD depth relative to no-animal controls in both hypoxic and normoxic treatments, but the effect was greater in normoxic conditions. These results suggest that although hypoxia can reduce burrowing depth, infauna can still increase the depth to which oxygen penetrates the sediment, but not to the same degree as they would under normoxic conditions.
Description of a proposed space-based high-resolution ozone imaging instrument (HIROIG)

In order to measure the effect of rocket exhaust on stratospheric ozone and aerosol profiles, it is necessary to deploy a space-based mid-UV spectrograph capable of making measurements at high spatial resolution (1 - 2 km) of the intensity and state of polarization of solar light backscattered by the atmosphere. This paper describes the design of an instrument called HIROIG (high resolution ozone imager) which is expected to be deployed in a sun synchronous orbit sometime after 1995. The instrument consists of three identical spectrographs, each one sensitive to light polarized in one direction. Each spectrograph uses a frame-transfer CCD which images the entire 270 - 370 nm spectrum at approximately equals 1 nm spectral resolution. Images re exposed, in the push broom mode, for 140 msec, providing an effective spatial resolution of better than 2 km for typical orbital velocities. The HIROIG field of view is 1000 km cross-track. A ground-based prototype consisting of a single spectrograph has been constructed and the characterization of this instrument is discussed.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH SPONTANEOUS PULMONARY THROMBOSIS OR EMBOLISM

Thoracic radiographs of 21 dogs with necropsy-confirmed pulmonary thrombosis or embolism (PTE) were reviewed. Two major lung patterns were seen: (1) regional oligemia, giving the impression of a hyperlucent zone; (2) alveolar pulmonary infiltrate, indicating hemorrhage or infarction. Hemorrhage and infarction could not be differentiated radiographically. Other common findings were attenuation or loss of visualization of a lobar artery or lobar vein and pleural effusion, particularly with infarction and cardiac disease. PTE was often associated with renal disease (glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis), septic processes, pancreatitis, systemic venous or right heart thrombosis, cardiac insufficiency, and hypercorticism.
Listening Between the Notes: Aesthetic Chills in Everyday Music Listening

Who gets chills—a pleasurable feeling of goose bumps—in response to music, and why? The current study used experience sampling to examine within-person variability in aesthetic chills. For one week, 106 undergraduate participants responded to 10 daily surveys, delivered via their cell phones, about their momentary activities, emotions, and environment, with an emphasis on whether they were listening to music and were experiencing chills. At the within-person level, music listening context and emotional states during music listening influenced whether or not people got chills. Chills were more likely when people listened to music that they chose and that they were listening to closely. Chills were also more likely when people were listening to music while happy or while sad, but not while worried. Overall, the study illustrates how music listening context and other within-person differences contribute to aesthetic chills in people’s everyday environments.
Genetic Structure of Natural Populations of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Coweeta, North Carolina

Natural population of black locust maintains very high levels of genetic diversity within populations without any noticeable geographic patterns. In order to assess the species' potential for manipulation through breeding programs, more detailed spatial pattern analyses of fine-scale population structure was attempted in the two study sites (watershed 2 and 21) in the Coweeta River Basin of southern Appalachian mountains using allozyme markers. Of the 200 and 420 plants examined in watershed 21 and 2 respectively, 13 and 15 major genotypes of clone were distinguished. Within watersheds 2 and 21, 60% of the pairwise clone combinations had three or four loci differences out of the 8 loci investigated. No correlation between distance between clones and the number of allele difference was found. The similarity values (16 highest and 0 lowest value) among clones for watershed 2 and 21 were 12.82 and 10.19 respectively. Typical distances between clones on both watershed 2 and 21 were from 90 and 190 m, but the range varied from several meters up to 300 m. An average distance among clones were 140.9±66.0 m and 239.4±108.6 m in watershed 2 and 21 respectively, whereas an average distance within clone was 38.7±36.2 m and 145.0±123.6 m in watershed 2 and 21. Genotype diversity indices (DG) for watershed 2 and 21 were 0.89 and 0.86 respectively. The largest clones on both watersheds covered more than 100 m×100 m. On the other hand, some clones on watershed 2, which had a few fallen trees with many young sprouts (up to 200 individuals), were 45 m×30 m in size under the open habitat. Although clonal substructure and limited seed dispersal may cause near neighbor mating interaction, significant genetic patchiness among clones of black locust was not evident. Although the first establishment of a black locust population would have relied on an off-site seed source, it is more likely that asexual reproduction has occurred for many generations in these black locust populations because of the presence of many different sizes of trees (or ages) in one clone despite widespread opportunities for sexual reproduction. Presence of three or four different sizes of trees within a clone implies that the trees has developed from a clone at each different time. The current study suggested that the amount of sexual reproduction and dispersal rate (especially seed dispersal) should be determined. It would be useful to examine whether or not clonal strategies and patterns of clonal growth of black locust are influenced by density dependent regulation of ramet recruitment and death.
Computer Programming in a Spatial Analysis Course

Abstract We find that students taking spatial analysis courses have a fair knowledge of the use of computer software packages, but usually lack basic computer programming skills. This article sets out a sequence of four exercises of increasing difficulty which students can program using languages such as BASIC or dBASE. We also describe several spatial analysis course projects in which students developed their own computer code. Incorporating computer programming exercises in a spatial analysis course helps students to 1) come to terms with the complexity of the material, 2) clarify concepts, 3) understand the rationale behind calculations, 4) use their creative energies, and 5) gain confidence in their computer and mathematical skills.
A useful spectroscopic tool: The (7Li, 6He) reaction☆

Angular distribution measurements for the reactions 24Mg(7Li, 6He)25 Al and 52Cr(7Li, 6He)53 Mn atE(7Li) = 34 MeV show that for angles less than 15°, the shapes of the measured angular distributions allow d52 or d32, and f72 or f52 final-state configurations to be distinguished when compared with finite-range DWBA calculations.
Fingerprint of oxygen vacancies in Gd superconductors

Abstract The arrangement of the oxygen atoms in high temperature superconductors is known to be critical to their properties. High resolution electron microscope imaging (HREM) accompanied by computer simulations has been anticipated to reveal the oxygen vacancies in the basal plane. Although images of sufficient resolution have been reported by many authors, the [100] and [010] projections have not been differentiated experimentally. We confirm here that they are clearly different using a specimen which contains a coherent grain boundary with (100), (001) in one grain parallel to (001), (010) in the second. Unfortunately we find that it is not possible to clearly answer the more important question of the oxygen content at the grain boundary.
Compositional dependence of positron annihilation in HgTl alloys

Abstract Ratios of coincidence counting rates of annihilation gammas at 0 and 10 milliradians for 13 atomic concentrations from 0 to 50% of thallium in liquid mercury were measured. A sharp discontinuity at about 5% of thallium indicates an abrupt change of cluster size and concentration, which may be related to the peaking of electric thermopower of the alloy.
FEM Analysis on Failure of Buried Pipelines Conveying Fluid Crossing Fault

This paper analyzes the interface problems of underground pipelines including pipe-soil contact interface and fluid-solid coupled interaction using finite element analysis software ADINA. In this analyzing work, the influence of site, fault and characteristics of pipelines are comprehensively considered. Then some key parameters greatly affect the failure of pipelines are present and some suggested countermeasures are put forward.
Modeling soil pile bioremediation

Abstract A model is presented for the analysis of bioremediation applied to an ex situ soil pile. The approach is based on the remediation of a pile containing the contaminated soil, which has been excavated from its original location, placed atop a bottom liner system and encapsulated with an impermeable cover. The liner system contains and isolates the contaminated soil and provides process control ports for injecting or withdrawing liquids or gases. The model is designed to accommodate aerobic and/or anaerobic metabolism of two classes of organic contaminants for which metabolic rates are significantly different. The model is also designed to accommodate nutrient stimulation and/or toxic inhibition of aerobic or anaerobic metabolism of either class of organics. The model presented here, together with a domain flow model which provides the convective transport velocity vector field, is a self-contained package of analyzing soil pile bioremediation. However, the model is also one component of an ongoing effort to analyze sequential ex situ treatment processes. Ultimately, this will be used in conjunction with models analyzing soil vapor extraction, bioventing, soil leaching, etc. to determine an optimum sequence configuration and operating strategy for remediating complex soil contamination problems.
The Equivalence of Certain Computations

Both iterative and recursive programs for computing generalizations of functions which obtain the factorial of an integer, which reverse the order of symbols on a list and which obtain the approximate integral of a function are given as recursive definitions using conditional expressions. The equivalence of the iterative and recursive definitions are proved and a general theorem on equivalence, from which some of the results may be deduced, is stated and proved.!
Proximate composition and energy content of mesopelagic fishes from the eastern Gulf of Mexico

The proximate composition of 33 species of mesopelagic fishes collected from the eastern Gulf of Mexico during May–June 1984, July–November 1985 and January 1986 was determined. Water level increased and ash-free dry weight (% dry weight) and protein level (% wet weight) decreased with increasing species' minimum depth of occurrence (that depth below which 90% of a species' population lives). Lipid level (% wet weight or % ash-free dry weight), did not change with species' minimum depth of occurrence. Skeletal ash level (% wet weight) generally decreased with minimum depth of occurrence, whereas carbohydrate level did not change with depth. The variable water level, low lipid level, and high protein level in eastern Gulf of Mexico fishes resulted in a low energy content. These results are generally characteristic of fishes from warm, stable regions of low productivity, such as the eastern North Pacific Gyre. The constant food supply provided by a stable environment may obviate the need for large lipid reserves, in contrast to colder waters at higher latitudes where food availability is seasonal. In addition, the large energy requirements for diel excursions into high-temperature surface waters by the many vertically migrating fishes of this region may influence lipid deposition. The relatively high protein level found in migrators compared to that in non-migrators or weak migrators indicates that locomotory demands influence the percentage of protein found in Gulf fishes. The lack of a positive correlation between protein level and the food availability of a zoogeographic region, suggested in previous studies, is supported here.