cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ribosomal protein L11 mutation in zebrafish leads to haematopoietic and metabolic defects

Mutations in ribosomal proteins are associated with a congenital syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA), manifested by red blood cell aplasia, developmental abnormalities and increased risk of malignancy. Recent studies suggest the involvement of p53 activation in DBA. However, which pathways are involved and how they contribute to the DBA phenotype remains unknown. Here we show that a zebrafish mutant for the rpl11 gene had defects both in the development of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and maintenance of erythroid cells. The molecular signature of the mutant included upregulation of p53 target genes and global changes in metabolism. The changes in several pathways may affect haematopoiesis including upregulation of pro-apoptotic and cell cycle arrest genes, suppression of glycolysis, downregulation of biosynthesis and dysregulation of cytoskeleton. Each of these pathways has been individually implicated in haematological diseases. Inhibition of p53 partially rescued haematopoiesis in the mutant. Altogether, we propose that the unique phenotype of DBA is a sum of several abnormally regulated molecular pathways, mediated by the p53 protein family and p53-independent, which have synergistic impact on haematological and other cellular pathways affected in DBA. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of DBA and point to the potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Rehabilitation outcomes after combined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome in a child: a case report.

A 5-year old female presented with acute tetraparesis and areflexia. Initial imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were suggestive of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Minimal clinical response with intravenous steroids prompted further work up. Limited nerve conduction studies suggested possible acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, a rare variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Repeat imaging was compatible with polyradiculopathy indicating concomitance of ADEM and GBS. The patient suffered severe motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Slow but significant functional recovery was noted after intensive inpatient rehabilitation followed by continued rehabilitation via home health services.
A Chebyshev spectral method for boundary-layer models

Boundary-layers in the atmosphere and ocean often take on the structure of mixed layers bounded by narrow, highly stable regions. Simulation of the movement of such stable regions is a challenging task for the numerical modeler. Here we explore the use of Chebyshev spectral methods. We compare the results of spectral and finite difference methods for a simple one-dimensional test problem with known analytic solution. The results indicate the usefulness of the spectral method in obtaining accurate solutions to boundary-layer problems.
Supreme Court Justices Really Do Follow the Election Returns

More than a century has passed since the fictional Mr. Dooley declared in his rich Irish brogue that “The Soopreme Court follows the illiction returns,” but until now no hard evidence has existed of just how fixated the Court is on presidential elections [but see Flemming and Wood 1997; Mishler and Sheehan 1993]. Fortunately, now we have proof positive, which we serendipitously unearthed from its resting place in the Library of Congress, where it was entombed deep in the personal papers of Justice Harry Blackmun.
Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy Before Radical Prostatectomy in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Does Not Increase Surgical Morbidity: Contemporary Results Using the Clavien System

Abstract Background Multimodality therapies for men with high- and very high-risk prostate cancer, including neoadjuvant systemic therapy followed by subsequent radical prostatectomy (RP) are being increasingly explored despite the lack of adequate morbidity data. Materials and Methods We analyzed the data from 215 consecutive patients with high- and very high-risk prostate cancer who were previously untreated or had received neoadjuvant systemic therapy. All patients underwent RP with extended pelvic lymph node dissection from 2006 to 2010 at a single tertiary care academic center. All complications within 90 days of surgery were defined and categorized by a 5-grade and 10-domain modification of the Clavien system. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify preoperative predictors for complications. Results Of the 215 patients, 29% experienced a complication of any grade ≤ 90 days after surgery; 6% experienced grade ≥ 3, with no significant difference between either cohort (P = .50). On multivariate analysis, open RP (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-3.90; P = .02) and preoperative hemoglobin (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.05-3.72; P = .03) were independent predictors of the occurrence of any grade complication. For major complications (Clavien ≥ 3), a Charlson comorbidity index of 6 to 7 versus 3 to 5 (OR, 5.45; 95% CI, 1.57-18.98; P = .008) and the most recent year of surgery (OR, 4.73; 95% CI, 1.36-16.39; P = .01) were significant predictors on multivariable analysis. Conclusion The use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy did not appear to increase the risk of perioperative complications. These findings support current clinical trials, which might elucidate the oncologic benefit of this multimodality approach.
Pregnancy and coma.

Publisher Summary The conditions that may put a pregnant woman in coma include trauma, seizure, organ failure, or toxic or metabolic dysfunction. This chapter reviews the vascular and hematological (including eclampsia), seizures, metabolic disorders, endocrine abnormalities, infections, organ-specific failures, hydrocephalus, drugs, and trauma. The diagnostic evaluation of stroke in pregnancy is similar to that of the nonpregnant woman. Pre-eclampsia is the pregnancy-associated hypertension and proteinuria, often with arm or facial edema. Seizures and status epilepticus may occur with a number of inciting etiologies. Acute respiratory failure and head and abdominal traumatic injuries in pregnancy are significant causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles causing their dilation. With acute hydrocephalus, consciousness improves in the absence of cerebral infarction. Although general anesthesia permits complete ventilatory control, there are dangers of neonatal depression, hypertension, and gastric aspiration. Labor-induced hypocapnia and hyperventilation may be prevented by epidural anesthesia, allowing vaginal delivery. Because of the unique problems posed by the coexistence of two distinct organisms so mutually dependent, maternal brain death poses ethical, medical, and legal issues regarding attempts to preserve fetal viability.
The Direct Cortical Response: Associated Events in Pyramid and Muscle During Development of Movement and After-Discharge*

Publisher Summary The changes in direct cortical response (DCR) components as they relate to the initiation of muscle contraction and cortical afterdischarge are presented in this chapter. Simultaneous examination of pyramid activity helps significantly in interpreting the changes observed in the cortical record. Medullary pyramid and muscle activity are studied in conjunction with the recording of the DCR in the monkey. In the cat, the suprasylvian cortex is probed with a recording electrode during afterdischarge. Similar observations are made upon the precentral motor cortex of the monkey. Upon the slow time line, a very weak stimulus evokes a 20 ms negative deflection known as the “primary potential,” which is followed by a lower amplitude and longer lasting positive known as the “after-positivity.” As the stimulus strength is increased, the primary potential grows in amplitude, while the after-positivity at first decreases and is then replaced by a slow, long-lasting, negative potential called the “slow negativity.” A single cortical stimulus is capable of evoking a muscle twitch, but the stimulus intensity required is considerably above that necessary to elicit a response in the medullary pyramid.
First Order Probabilities For Galton-Watson Trees

In the regime of Galton–Watson trees, first order logic statements are roughly equivalent to examining the presence of specific finite subtrees. We consider the space of all trees with Poisson offspring distribution and show that such finite subtrees will be almost surely present when the tree is infinite. Introducing the notion of universal trees, we show that all first order sentences of quantifier depth k depend only on local neighbourhoods of the root of sufficiently large radius depending on k. We compute the probabilities of these neighbourhoods conditioned on the tree being infinite. We give an almost sure theory for infinite trees.
Recent Trends in Dental Caries in U.S. Children and the Effect of Water Fluoridation

The decline in dental caries in U.S. schoolchildren, first observed nationwide in 1979-1980, was confirmed further by a second national epidemiological survey completed in 1987. Mean DMFS scores in persons aged 5-17 years had decreased about 36% during the interval, and, in 1987, approximately 50% of children were caries-free in the permanent dentition. Children who had always been exposed to community water fluoridation had mean DMFS scores about 18% lower than those who had never lived in fluoridated communities. When some of the "background" effect of topical fluoride was controlled, this difference increased to 25%. The results suggest that water fluoridation has played a dominant role in the decline in caries and must continue to be a major prevention methodology.
Critical Tail Autotomy for Reduction of Maximal Swimming Performance in a Plethodontid Salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus)

Although tail autotomy often has an immediate survival benefit, tail loss may subsequently hinder locomotion and the ability to escape from predators. Maximal locomotor performance can be reduced after tail autotomy in the plethodontid salamander Desmognathus quadramaculatus. The loss of a large proportion of the tail length (>60%) is costly for this semiaquatic species in terms of a reduction in maximal swimming performance (i.e., burst speed is about 50% less after such autotomy). However, the minimal amount of tail loss that causes a significant reduction in swimming performance (i.e., the ''critical tail autotomy'' for locomotion) is unknown. I examined the effect of partial tail loss (either 15% or 30% of tail length) on burst swimming performance. After the loss of about 15% of tail length in one experimental group (N = 15), burst speeds for individuals were not significantly different from preautotomy burst speeds. After the loss of about 30% of tail length in a second experimental group (N = 15), burst speeds for individuals were significantly less than preautotomy burst speeds. These results indicate that the critical tail autotomy for reduction of maximal swimming performance is between 15% and 30% of tail length. About 50% of individuals in the field (N = 69) experienced tail autotomy and most (80%) of these individuals lost more than 30% of their tails. This study shows that tail autotomy often results in a reduction in maximal swimming performance and thus a locomotor cost for individuals of this species.
YouTube videos as a source of medical information during the Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic

The content and quality of medical information available on video sharing websites such as YouTube is not known. We analyzed the source and quality of medical information about Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) disseminated on YouTube and the video characteristics that influence viewer behavior. An inquiry for the search term ‘Ebola’ was made on YouTube. The first 100 results were arranged in decreasing order of “relevance” using the default YouTube algorithm. Videos 1–50 and 51–100 were allocated to a high relevance (HR), and a low relevance (LR) video group, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the predictors of a video being included in the HR vs. LR groups. Fourteen videos were excluded because they were parodies, songs or stand-up comedies (n = 11), not in English (n = 2) or a remaining part of a previous video (n = 1). Two scales, the video information and quality and index and the medical information and content index (MICI) assessed the overall quality, and the medical content of the videos, respectively. There were no videos from hospitals or academic medical centers. Videos in the HR group had a higher median number of views (186,705 vs. 43,796, p < 0.001), more ‘likes’ (1119 vs. 224, p < 0.001), channel subscriptions (208 vs. 32, p < 0.001), and ‘shares’ (519 vs. 98, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression showed that only the ‘clinical symptoms’ component of the MICI scale was associated with a higher likelihood of a video being included in the HR vs. LR group.(OR 1.86, 95 % CI 1.06–3.28, p = 0.03). YouTube videos presenting clinical symptoms of infectious diseases during epidemics are more likely to be included in the HR group and influence viewers behavior.
Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend routine screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk patients, but the strength of evidence supporting these recommendations is unclear. PURPOSE To review the benefits and harms of HCC screening in patients with chronic liver disease. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to April 2014; Cochrane databases to June 2013; reference lists; and technical advisors. STUDY SELECTION English-language trials and observational studies comparing screening versus no screening, studies of harms, and trials comparing different screening intervals. DATA EXTRACTION Mortality and adverse events were the outcomes of interest. Individual-study quality and the overall strength of evidence were dual-reviewed using published criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS Of 13,801 citations, 22 studies met inclusion criteria. The overall strength of evidence on the effects of screening was very low. One large trial of patients with hepatitis B found decreased HCC mortality with periodic ultrasonographic screening (rate ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.41 to 0.98]), but the study was limited by methodological flaws. Another trial in patients with hepatitis B found no survival benefit with periodic α-fetoprotein screening. In 18 observational studies, screened patients had earlier-stage HCC than clinically diagnosed patients, but lead- and length-time biases confounded the effects on mortality. Two trials found no survival differences between shorter (3- to 4-month) and longer (6- to 12-month) screening intervals. Harms of screening were not well-studied. LIMITATIONS Only English-language studies were included. The evidence base is limited by methodological issues and a paucity of trials. CONCLUSION There is very-low-strength evidence about the effects of HCC screening on mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Screening tests can identify early-stage HCC, but whether systematic screening leads to a survival advantage over clinical diagnosis is uncertain. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative.
Absence of monoclonal antibody detectable Kaposi sarcoma-specific antigens on lesion-derived cultured cells.

To define the histogenesis and cell origin of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), we cultured KS cells without retrovirally conditioned media from three HIV seropositive AIDS patients and then attempted to raise mouse hybrid monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specific to these AIDS-KS cells. After both in vivo and in vitro immunization trials, all putative Mabs reacted positively to KS cells but also non-specifically with other human (CH5 and OM) and non-human (RSE-1) control endothelial cell lines. To overcome this crossreactivity, we further “absorbed” previously cloned hybrids and pre-hybrid splenocytes by incubating them with the control endothelial cell lines to eliminate splenocytes and/or hybridomas reactive to normal endothelium. Whereas absorption successfully eliminated immunoreactivity to control endothelium, it also excluded reactivity to KS cells. These findings (lack of specific antigenicity and immunoresponsiveness of KS similar to non-KS control endothelium) suggest that AIDS-KS cells are neither antigenically transformed nor neoplastic, but instead represent dedifferentiated or transdifferentiated endothelium which retains immunogenicity of its original endothelial cell prototype.
The Class Action as an Antitrust Enforcement Device: The Chicago Study Revisited

In 1976 the author published the results of a study of antitrust class actions in the Northern District of Illinois. At the time the data for that study were collected a substantial portion of the cases included in the study were pending. In the present article the author reassesses the findings of his earlier study on the basis of newly collected data on the cases that were then pending. Among the issues discussed are the comparative burdensomeness of class and nonclass cases, the alleged in terrorem effect of the class action on antitrust defendants, and the results achieved through the use of the class action.
Oxidation of ammonium to nitrite under iron-reducing conditions in wetland soils: Laboratory, field demonstrations, and push-pull rate determination

AbstractNitrite (NO2−) in soils has been observed under a variety of field conditions. The formation of NO2− in soils is possible during nitrification or denitrification depending on the soil conditions. This study presents a series of experiments performed at different scales that demonstrate the p
Reliability shortcomings for micronanotechnology-based systems

Micro Nano Technology-Based Systems (MNT-Based Systems) are expected to provide unprecedented capabilities for aerospace applications. However we have not sufficiently addressed the reliability of such systems for a number of reasons. For example, our foundational understanding of such systems is incomplete at the basic physics level and our understanding of how individual subsystems interact is much less than we originally assumed. In addition the manner in which we operate during the product realization cycle has large implications for the ultimate reliability we can expect to achieve. Currently it is quite difficult to determine the reliability of MNT-Based Systems and is in fact borne out by a number of estimates we have seen that are unsatisfactory. We shall discuss a number of issues that at present have slowed our progress in developing NMT-Based Systems and have deterred us from effectively ascertaining the true "reliability" of such systems.
Selection and performance comparison of jet fuel surrogates for autothermal reforming

Abstract Three fuel mixtures were investigated as possible surrogates for low-sulfur JP-8. The selected fuel mixtures were chosen based on a desire to match hydrocarbon chemical composition classes found in real jet fuels. The surrogate fuels selected consisted of single, binary and tertiary-component mixtures of n -dodecane, decalin and toluene in liquid volume ratios of 10:0:0, 9:1:0 and 7:1:2. The hydrocarbon components selected represented the largest chemical classes within JP-8 of normal paraffin, cyclo-paraffin and aromatic. The surrogate fuels and individual surrogate fuel components were reacted in an atmospheric pressure autothermal reformer with noble metal catalysts under conditions of steam-to-carbon ratio of 2.0, fuel equivalency energy flow of 3.3 kW thermal, space velocities of 21,000–28,000 h −1 and variable oxygen-to-carbon ratios of 0.8–1.2. For all fuels investigated fuel conversion of greater than 96% could be achieved. The single component n -dodecane proved to be the least reactive resulting in lower hydrogen yields, lower reforming efficiency and increased olefin products in the reformate. The binary mixture of n -dodecane and decalin resulted in a closer match with JP-8, but did not correlate well in terms of fuel conversion and hydrogen yield. Aliphatic mixtures also exhibited greater olefin production. The three-component mixture of n -dodecane/decalin/toluene provided the best correlation to JP-8 and appears to be a good three-component surrogate fuel, particularly over the operating range of oxygen to carbon ratio of 0.95–1.10.
MATURATION OF THE CHEMICAL FORCE DRIVING K SECRETION IN THE CORTICAL COLLECTING TUBULE (CCT)

The serum K+ concentration in the newborn is higher than in the adult, possibly resulting from a diminished K+ secretory rate in the immature nephron. Since K+ secretion is driven, in part, by the cell-to-lumen concentration gradient, a diminished intracellular K+ concentration (Ki) may limit K+ secretion in the newborn. We therefore measured Ki in rabbit CCTs at three developmental stages. We dissected CCTs in an isotonic choline chloride solution, measured length and outer diameter, and placed them in 0.1 M trichloroacetic acid for 24 hours. K+ and Na+ concentrations of the tubular extract were measured with a helium glow photometer. In order to calculate Ki, the volume of water in 1 mm of CCT was assumed to be 80% of tubular volume. Ki in the CCT is, if anything, higher in the newborn than in the adult. In addition, the cellular Na+/K+ ratio does not change during development (newborn=0.11 ± .04 vs. adult=0.16 ± .05, p=0.3). Assuming that K+ activity bears a constant relationship to Ki during development, we suggest that changes in the tubular flow rate, transepithelial voltage, and/or membrane K+ permeability, rather than in Ki, mediate the maturation of K+ secretion by the CCT.
Is sleep apnea a potential link between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease

Depression Cytokines Nitric oxide Nitric oxide synthase Asymmetrical dimethyl arginine Endothelial dysfunction Endothelial progenitor cells Platelet aggregability Autonomic imbalance Continuous positive airway pressure Cardiovascular disease Hypertension
“TOTAL EVIDENCE” AND THE EVOLUTION OF HIGHLY SOCIAL BEES

Abstract Abstract —Recent cladistic analyses of the relationships of the tribes of apine bees have produced conflicting results. The question of single or multiple origins of advanced eusociality in the group is thus unresolved. However, the previous studies have each treated only a limited part of the character data available. A "total evidence" analysis is essayed here, combining the published morphological characters with sequence data from rRNA and mtDNA. The resulting cladogram is: Euglossini + (Bombini + (Meliponini + Apini). This supports a single origin of advanced eusociality, from a stage of primitive eusociality.
Capacity region of a class of strong MIMO IC

The capacity region of a class of 2-user multi-input multi-output (MIMO) strong interference channels (IC) is characterized. As a stepping stone we prove a new upper bound to the difference of two mutual information. This class of channels called strong in partial order channels, generalizes the notion of strong channels introduced earlier in the literature in the context of SISO and SIMO Gaussian interference channels. The class of strong in partial order channels, although have an overlap with the class of aligned-strong ICs introduced by Shang et. al., also contain channels which are not aligned-strong. Further, it is proved that using independent and random Gaussian codes at the transmitters and decoding both users messages at the receivers are sufficient to achieve the capacity region on this class of channels. This result enlarges the set of channels for which exact capacity of the 2-user MIMO Gaussian IC can be characterized.
Natural gas—International: China to supply huge natural gas growth

As the projected fastest-growing fossil fuel through 2030, natural gas is viewed as the “bridge” source to a more sustainable energy future. Combusted gas emits 30 percent less carbon dioxide (CO2) than oil and 45 percent less than coal and has lower levels of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
Radiation Biology Pertinent to Dentistry

In addition to radioisotopic studies of anatomical distribution of various ele­ m ents in teeth and jaws, labeled cells have been used in studies of growth and development. Current findings appear to deny the concept of a permanent attach­ m ent between epithelium and teeth. In the numerous reports concerned with treating oral malignancies with ionizing radiation, nearly all workers recommend that teeth that lie in the field of radia­ tion be removed— osteonecrosis is more prevalent when teeth remain in the jaws. Recent findings on the pathologic effects of irradiation in the oral region generally agree with earlier evidence.
Sibling recognition in the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus: Association or phenotype matching?

Abstract This study was an attempt to determine whether sibling recognition in P. leucopus is mediated by phenotype matching or by association. A measure of social preference in a two-way choice apparatus was used to infer sibling recognition. Experiment 1 demonstrated that, when given a choice in the preference apparatus, adult mice spent significantly more time on the side with a familiar sibling (a sibling that had been reared together with the test animal) than on the side with an unfamiliar non-sibling (a non-sibling that had been reared apart from the test animal). In experiment 2, pups were cross-fostered within the first 3 days of birth such that four combinations of sibship and association were formed: siblings reared together, siblings reared apart, non-siblings reared together, non-siblings reared apart. Mice showed a significant preference for siblings reared together versus siblings reared apart, and for non-siblings reared together as compared to siblings reared apart. There were no significant differences in time spent near siblings reared together versus non-siblings reared together, nor between siblings reared apart versus non-siblings reared apart. These results demonstrate that association during early life, and not genetic relatedness per se, is the most important factor mediating sibling recognition and preference in this species. It is suggested that the major difference between phenotype matching and recognition by association is that, in the former case, animals learn family-specific identification cues, while in the latter, they learn individually-distinctive cues that cannot be generalized to unfamiliar relatives.
Geostatistical analysis of soil hydrologic properties in a field plot

Abstract A 91-m transect was set up in an irrigated field near Las Cruces, New Mexico to obtain soil water tension and water content data to investigate their spatial variability. A total of 455 sampling points were monitored along a grid consisting of 91 stations placed 1 m apart by 5 depths per station (at 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m below the surface). Post-irrigation tension and wetness measurements were recorded over 45 days at 11 time periods. Soil water tension was measured with tensiometers using a hand-held pressure transducer. A neutron probe was used to obtain volumetric water content. Using the observed wetness and tension data, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values were derived (using a cubic spline function to estimate the gradient), and an exponential model was used to fit the calculated conductivity-tension curves to obtain hydraulic conductivity parameter values. The spatial and temporal variability of wetness, tension, saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore-size distribution parameters, and texture at the 0.3-m depth were examined using geostatistical techniques. The exponential model was found to inadequately describe the hydraulic conductivity/tension relationship for the full range of tension, particularly in the tension range near saturation. The derived values of the saturated hydraulic conductivity parameter were much greater than expected and do not correspond to reasonable saturated hydraulic conductivity values. All of the soil parameters studied exhibited large spatial variability horizontally and vertically in the field. Ranges of dependence determined from semivariogram analysis over the 44-day drainage period are 3–32 m for wetness, 6–34 m for soil water tension, 5–35 m for natural log of saturated hydraulic conductivity parameters, 5–11 m for pore-size distribution parameter, and 8–24 m for percent sand, silt and clay at the 0.3 m depth. An alternate hole-effect model is suggested to describe the texture semivariograms. It was determined that the variance of volumetric water content generally increased at each depth over the measured time periods, which is consistent with certain past field studies and a stochastic analysis of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous soils. Future research is recommended relating soil texture to soil hydrologic parameters with the goal of predicting soil behavior with less extensive sampling schemes.
Gender Comparability of Forms 81 of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test

Forms 81 of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test were found to be closely comparable for men and women. Data taken from 92 men and 175 women show the median item validity (correlation of item rating with item-sun rating) is slightly higher for men (.53) than for women (.45). However, the difference is completely accounted for by difference in the variance of the subsamples. These results suggest that the method employed in constructing Forms 81 (viz., taking equal number of items originally devised for women and modifying them for men, and vice versa) was fully justified and is not associated with bias in favor of either gender.
THE MALIAN NATIONAL ARCHIVES AT KULUBA: ACCESS AND APPLICABILITY

While for the post-independence period only materials from the Republic of Mali are included, for the colonial period the collection includes documents from what was then called the French Sudan, of which Bamako was the capital. At various times the French Sudan comprised, besides all of modem Mali, portions of Mauritania, all of Burkina Faso, and for brief periods portions of Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Benin. In addition, documents from the military department of Niger (now Republic of Niger) also came into Kuluba.1 Among the documents one might not expect to find at Kuluba is a collection from the southeastern portions of Mauritania, including territory that at one time formed parts of the cercles of Kayes, Nioro, and Timbuktu, as well as the entire cercle of Nema. These districts, comprising the modern Mauritanian centers of Walata, Timbedra, and Aiun el-Arrus, an area of nearly 300,000 square kilometers, were removed from the Sudan and appended to
Some PhCNO-containing molecules; mass spectral similarity and molecular diversity

Some diverse compounds possessing a PhCNO unit cleave the NO link upon electron impact to give [PhCN]+˙. Different and especially significant modes of NO scission occur in metastable processes when the oxygen atom of the PhCNO group is exocyclic to a heterocyclic nitrogen atom. Upon electron impact, rupture of the NO bond in PhCNO-containing molecules generally dominates over 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion, which generates the radical cation of benzonitrile oxide. Stable PhCNO-containing molecules survive competing fragmentations in the ion source to produce [M+H]+ ions of moderate relative intensity. Other ions, which are larger than [M]+ are implicated where M is PhCHNOR. Several values of m/z for metastable ions are common to compounds which have a PhCNO moiety. These m/z values generally derive both from a parent ion with m/z⩽105 and from a PhCNO moiety.
The Objective Measurement of Children's Intrafamilial Attitude and Sentiment Structure and the Investment-Subsidiation Model

(1971). The Objective Measurement of Children's Intrafamilial Attitude and Sentiment Structure and the Investment-Subsidiation Model. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 118, No. 1, pp. 87-113.
Extending Modula-2 for object-oriented programming

Abstract The paper presents an extension of MODULA-2 for objectoriented programming. After presenting a set of criteria for object-oriented languages, it discusses several possible strategies for extending MODULA-2. One of these strategies is then further developed and formalized in a new programming notation, MODULA-90.
Cosine Interaction in CsF and RbF

A series of measurements of the line shape of the fluorine resonance versus magnetic field have been made using a molecular-beam apparatus. Good theoretical agreement has been found for RbF. The CsF behavior is complicated by the overlapping Cs spectrum. The equivalent field at the fluorine nucleus per unit molecular rotation, ${H}_{r}$, is found to be 2.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 gauss and 3.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 gauss for RbF and CsF respectively. These results are less than those previously measured.
Lithographic nanofabrication of optical cavities

Lithographic control over nanostructures has recently evolved to an accuracy that permits the sub-wavelength manipulation of light within high refractive index semiconductors. We have used this lithographic control to fabricate two-dimensional photonic crystal cavities and micro-ring resonators. Here we will show the fabrication techniques utilized for the construction of High-Q nanocavities and, in particular, focus on the influence of present-day lithographic and etching procedures on the performance of the cavities. Applications of these optical cavities range from communications to chemical sensing and we will describe the effects of geometry on the different applications. We show the use of optical cavities for the miniaturization of optical spectroscopy systems with ultra-high spatial and spectral resolution.
IN QUEST OF A MUSEAL AURA: TURN OF THE CENTURY NARRATIVES ABOUT MUSEUM-DISPLAYED OBJECTS

“M USEUMS ,” VERNON LEE WRITES in her 1881 Belcaro: Being Essays on Sundry Aesthetical Questions , are “evil necessities where art is arranged and ticketed and made dingy and lifeless even as are plants in a botanic collection” (18). Lee's career as a writer and aesthetician coincided almost exactly with what Paul Greenhalgh has called the “golden age” of the exhibition – 1871 to 1914 (26) – and she devoted much of it to making sense of the strange interactions with art offered by museum-going. She was not alone in this effort; during the period I will examine, from the 1880s to 1914, countless stories and articles in the popular press depicted museum settings. These accounts, I will argue, were part of a larger cultural effort to make sense of museums in terms the middle classes could understand, and to clarify what there was about museum-displayed objects that made them worth looking at. Ultimately, I will suggest, these accounts charge museum-displayed objects with a specifically museal aura: a transcendent essence linked to their presentation as decommodified, decontextualized objects under the care of an expert and under the gaze of a properly detached and analytical museum-goer.
Rank Order Entropy: why one metric is not enough

The use of Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship models to address problems in drug discovery has a mixed history, generally resulting from the misapplication of QSAR models that were either poorly constructed or used outside of their domains of applicability. This situation has motivated the development of a variety of model performance metrics (r2, PRESS r2, F-tests, etc.) designed to increase user confidence in the validity of QSAR predictions. In a typical workflow scenario, QSAR models are created and validated on training sets of molecules using metrics such as Leave-One-Out or many-fold cross-validation methods that attempt to assess their internal consistency. However, few current validation methods are designed to directly address the stability of QSAR predictions in response to changes in the information content of the training set. Since the main purpose of QSAR is to quickly and accurately estimate a property of interest for an untested set of molecules, it makes sense to have a means a...
A Study of the Diffusion of Dyes in Polymer Films by a Micro densitometric Technique

The concentration distributions of dye which are established inside polymer films during dyeing have been determined for the following systems: a disperse dye in cellulose acetate and in nylon, a direct dye in cellulose, and an acid dye in nylon. The results have been analysed to give the variation of diffusion coefficient with dye concentration: this information has been correlated with the practical behaviour of these systems and with their thermodynamic properties.
Slip in Entangled Polymer Melts. 2. Effect of Surface Treatment

The influences of various physical and chemical characteristics of solid substrates on apparent slip violations in entangled polybutadienes are investigated in plane-Couette shear flow. Slip measurements are reported for a range of substrates: (i) clean silica glass, (ii) uncleaned silica glass, (iii) fluorocarbon-coated silica, (iv) clean roughened silica, and (v) polybutadiene-grafted silica. Though the magnitude and details of the measured slip velocities vary dramatically from substrate to substrate, our findings all appear consistent with a shear-induced polymer disentanglement explanation for apparent slip violations in entangled polymers. On uncleaned silica, at shear stresses beyond the critical shear stress σ* for macroscopic slip, we find extensive void and/or shear fracture formation near the polymer−silica interface. We show that these observations result from nonuniform slip velocities on the heterogeneous, unclean substrate. On clean roughened silica glass surfaces, no evidence is found of ...
Object-oriented simulation: where do we go from here?

Object-oriented simulation provides a rich and lucid paradigm for building computerized models of real-world phenomena. Its strength lies in its ability to represent objects and their behaviors and interactions in a cogent form that can be designed, evolved and comprehended by domain experts as well as system analysts. It allows encapsulating objects (to hide irrelevant details of their implementation) and viewing the behavior of a model at a meaningful level. It represents special relations among objects (class-subclass hierarchies) and provides “inheritance” of attributes and behaviors along with limited taxonomic inference over these relations. It represents interactions among objects by “messages” sent between them, which provides a natural way of modeling many interactions. Despite these achievements, however, there remain several largely unexplored areas of need, requiring advances in the power and flexibility of modeling, in the representation of knowledge, in the integration of different modeling paradigms, and in the comprehensibility, scalability and reusability of models.The Knowledge-Based Simulation project at Rand is working in several of these areas. In this paper, we will elaborate the existing limitations of object-oriented simulation and discuss some of the ways we believe the paradigm can be extended to surmount these limitations.
Assessing xeriscaping as a sustainable heat island mitigation approach for a desert city

Abstract Metropolitan Phoenix has been amongst the most rapidly urbanizing cities in the USA, and is also subject to an urban heat island (UHI) of significant intensity and extent. There is a need to mitigate its detrimental effects through sustainable methods, such as through the application of low-water demand, xerophytic trees with broad canopies within residential yards (i.e. xeriscaping). Urban xeriscaping has the potential to reduce urban water use, urban temperatures and outdoor thermal discomfort, but evaluating its effectiveness has not been widely researched. In this study, we used a micro-scale urban climate model (ENVI-met) to generate xeriscaping scenarios in two residential areas with different existing surface vegetation cover (mesic vs. xeric). We subsequently examined the resulting impacts of xeriscaping on near-surface temperatures and outdoor thermal comfort over different spatial scales and temporal periods. Compared to existing conditions, xerophytic shade trees have strong UHI mitigation potential in existing xeric residential areas in Phoenix, with greater cooling occurring at (i.) microscales (∼2.5 °C) vs. local-scales (∼1.1 °C), and during (ii.) nocturnal (0500 h) vs. daytime periods (1700 h) under high xeriscaping scenarios. Conversely, increased xeriscaping resulted in net warming and increased thermal discomfort over mesic residential neighborhoods over all spatial scales and temporal periods. These varying results over different residential land cover in Phoenix therefore must be considered by stakeholders when considering xeriscaping as a UHI mitigation method.
Supergravity duals of gauge theories from F(4) gauged supergravity in six dimensions

We construct supergravity solutions dual to twisted field theories that are the worldvolume theories of D4-branes wrapped on 2, 3-cycles, and NS-fivebranes on 2-cycles. We first obtain the solutions for the Romans' six-dimensional gauged supergravity theories and then up-lift them to ten dimensions. In particular, we find solutions for field configurations with either non-abelian fields or B-fields being excited. One of these solutions, in the massless case, is up-lifted to the massless type IIA string theory. This is the first example of such a kind. The cases studied provide new examples of the AdS/CFT duality involving twisted field theories.
Mutagenesis of nitro-dibenzo-p-dioxins

Two dioxins, 2-nitro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (I) and 2,3 dichloro-7-nitro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (II), were prepared by condensing 3,4 dichloro nitrobenzene with the dipotassium salts of catechol and 4,5-dichloro-catechol, respectively. Both compounds were very mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA1538, but only weakly mutagenic for TA1537. Compound II, but not compound I, also induced a few (approximately 100 revertants at near toxic doses) point mutations in strain TA1535.
Cardiomyopathy Caused by Antineoplastic Therapies.

The goals of care for patients at risk for cardiomyopathy induced by cancer treatment should include prevention, early diagnosis, treatment of subclinical cardiac dysfunction, prevention of disease progression, and prolongation of patient survival. Any strategy aimed to minimize the cardiotoxic effects of cancer treatment should maintain the treatment’s antineoplastic efficacy. Successful therapy achieves the highest health-related quality of life that is defined by the balance between maximizing the efficacy of oncologic therapy and minimizing the toxicity of this therapy. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity can be reduced by limiting the overall cumulative dose. There is no specific treatment for cancer therapy-related cardiomyopathy, and symptomatic patients should receive standard treatments for congestive heart failure such as afterload reduction, beta-blockers, diuresis, and digoxin. Afterload reduction with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors such as enalapril and captopril may be indicated in patients with elevated afterload and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction diagnosed by echocardiography. Beta-blockers may improve myocardial systolic dysfunction and may be useful in the treatment of cancer treatment-induced cardiomyopathy. Cardiac transplantation remains a viable option in patients with cancer treatment-induced end-stage heart disease.
Expanding the study of organizational behaviour in family business: Adapting team theory to explore family firms

The manuscript “The study of organizational behavior in family business” (this issue), contends “FBs have been largely overlooked in the organizational behavior literature,” yet family businesses are argued to be unique because of the behavioural influence of one particular group—the family. Indeed the authors argue that the very nature of family relationships is at the essence of what makes family firms unique from other organizational forms. This research paradox of the very need for behavioural understanding, contrasted with the lack of organizational behaviour (OB) research in family firms, is both interesting and puzzling. The authors provide excellent guidance on how the field of OB can be used to explore these behavioural influences from the perspective of four relevant topics: values and goals, leadership and power, trust and justice, and conflict. To extend and further the discussion of OB, this commentary introduces the concepts and theories related to teams, to further explore the unique contex...
Particle Beam Production Via Dissociative Electron Attachment To Molecules

Formation of beams of negative ions by the process of dissociative electron attachment to a molecule AB (e- + AB → A + B-) is investigated. It is demonstrated that the initial rovibrational excitation of the molecule AB plays a significant role in enhancing the rate of production of negative ions. A simple physical picture, involving the formation of a transient resonant state of the molecular anion, is used to explain this enhancement.
An mRNA-rRNA base-pairing mechanism for translation initiation in eukaryotes

Base-pairing of messenger RNA to ribosomal RNA is a mechanism of translation initiation in prokaryotes. Although analogous base-pairing has been suggested to affect the translation of various eukaryotic mRNAs, direct evidence has been lacking. To test such base-pairing, we developed a yeast system that uses ribosomes containing a mouse-yeast hybrid 18S rRNA. Using this system, we demonstrate that a 9-nucleotide element found in the mouse Gtx homeodomain mRNA facilitates translation initiation by base-pairing to 18S rRNA. Various point mutations in the Gtx element and in either the hybrid or wild-type yeast 18S rRNAs confirmed the requirement for an intact complementary match. The presence of the Gtx element in various mRNAs suggests that this element affects the translation of groups of mRNAs. We discuss the possibility that other mRNA elements affect translation by base-pairing to different sites in the 18S rRNA.
Inhaled NO accelerates restoration of liver function in adults following orthotopic liver transplantation

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in transplanted livers contributes to organ dysfunction and failure and is characterized in part by loss of NO bioavailability. Inhalation of NO is nontoxic and at high concentrations (80 ppm) inhibits IR injury in extrapulmonary tissues. In this prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the hypothesis that administration of inhaled NO (iNO; 80 ppm) to patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation inhibits hepatic IR injury, resulting in improved liver function. Patients were randomized to receive either placebo or iNO (n = 10 per group) during the operative period only. When results were adjusted for cold ischemia time and sex, iNO significantly decreased hospital length of stay, and evaluation of serum transaminases (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase) and coagulation times (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time) indicated that iNO improved the rate at which liver function was restored after transplantation. iNO did not significantly affect changes in inflammatory markers in liver tissue 1 hour after reperfusion but significantly lowered hepatocyte apoptosis. Evaluation of circulating NO metabolites indicated that the most likely candidate transducer of extrapulmonary effects of iNO was nitrite. In summary, this study supports the clinical use of iNO as an extrapulmonary therapeutic to improve organ function following transplantation.
A budget model accounting for the positional availability of phosphorus in lakes

Abstract The mass balance relationships of Piontelli & Tonnolli (Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. 17, 247–266, 1964) and Vollenweider (Archs Hydrobiol. 66, 1–36, 1969) are combined in a phosphorus budget model. This model accounts for both the rapid settling of allochthonous particles and the slow settling of autochthonous particles that remove phosphorus from the water column. The effect of resuspension of bottom sediments is modeled by making the apparent settling velocity a function of lake depth. The resuspension effect is important for lakes less than 10 m deep.