cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peak Shear Strength and Dilatancy of a Pleistocene Age Sand

AbstractThis paper summarizes results of laboratory investigations performed to quantify the influence of diagenesis (or aging processes) on the peak shear strength and dilatancy of an uncemented Pleistocene age sand sampled near Charleston, South Carolina. Drained triaxial compression tests were performed on high-quality intact specimens retrieved using the in situ freezing and sampling method, and on remolded specimens prepared with matching densities. The stress-strain behavior of intact specimens is accompanied by dilation and a peak shear value, whereas remolded specimens generally contracted throughout shearing. An age-dilatancy term is added to a dilatancy index equation to account for the difference between intact and remolded peak friction angles. The resulting equation suggests that dilatancies due to age and density are suppressed with increasing confining pressure. A profile of peak friction angle with depth is established from the results and compared with estimates from empirical relationships.
Language Learning in Infancy

Publisher Summary Language is a complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently. For these reasons, some cognitive scientists have described language as a psychological faculty, a mental organ, a neural system, and a computational module. A recent development has challenged this traditional assumption about language acquisition that language is a behavior like any other animal behavior that could only be learned through gradual shaping and external reinforcement. The common observation that children begin to talk correctly in the absence of explicit positive or negative feedback is clearly at odds with the idea that language learning is achieved through a process of conditioning. However the principles of learning could not possibly explain how children master language is based on the behaviorist learning theory of the day, which is much too simplistic to account for the complexities of children's linguistic ability.
Alternative Synchronous FSM Architectures and System-Level Design

This chapter discusses useful controller and system-level designs. The treatment will be limited to a few select topics that are representative of some of the more popular and constructive approaches to state machine and system-level design. The creativity aspect of the design task is highly valued and should be exercised by the skilled designer whenever it is profitable to do so. To a reasonable extent, this creativity ethic will be used in this chapter, but only if it serves to edify the reader's experience in design without unnecessary effort. Cute or novel designs that add little or nothing to an understanding of design fundamentals will be left to the reader's imagination. The choice of components is considered in this chapter. It also lists the various devices that should be considered for use in a given design architecture.
Arsenic and Old Chemistry: Images of Mad Alchemists, Experts Attacking Experts, and the Crisis in Forensic Science

Drawing on research into the use of experts in early 19th-century criminal trials, the image of mad alchemists in popular culture representations of science, and the distinction between empirical and contingent "interpretive repertoires" in the discourse of scientific controversies, this article explores the controversy over arsenic-detection technologies prior to the Marsh test. In addition to noting the predictable criticism of incompetent expertise in the service of law, this article highlights implied accusations of hubris and amorality on the part of over-confident experts, both in the early 19th-century and in today's crisis of forensic science.
Introduction to Human-Environment Interactions Research

Contemporary theories about the reciprocal interactions of human beings with the environment are only fully intelligible in the light of the historical roots of such theories. In this introduction we provide an overview of the major Western intellectual currents up to those that are commonly used today. Three main themes help organize this broad array of theories and approaches: environmental determinism, cultural determinism, and human-environment interaction concerned with the processual relationships between people and environment as grounded in historical, social, and ecological contexts. This chapter also provides an overview of the four parts of the book and discusses the coverage, diversity, and parallels in themes and approaches across all chapters.
Introduction: What is a Thing

As the modern world has seemed an increasingly material one, and so increasingly thingly, the very reality of things has often--and from many different perspectives--seemed to elude us. Questions about what things are, and how they mean, questions about how things are to be circumscribed (for example) in epistemological, ethical, aesthetic, and political terms, have arguably become--across the course of modernity (and beyond)--both increasingly pressing and increasingly vexed. -- In this extremely broad context, the contributions to the current Special Issue examine specific approaches to things from the later nineteenth century to today within the literary, philosophical, and psychoanalytic discourses. The foci range from the descriptive representationalism of nineteenth century German poetic realism to the monumentalization of everyday objects in postcolonial fiction; from the poetics of the Dinggedicht in Rilkean modernism to the Anglo-American imagist doctrine of "no ideas but in things" and the disruptions of this doctrine in contemporary German and American poetry; from Husserl's call "to the things themselves" to the Derridian displacements of the Heideggerian "thing" and on to the most recent developments in "object-oriented metaphysics"; from the Freudian notion of the unconscious as comprising "representations-of-things" to the Lacanian rereading of the lost object as das Ding.
Simulation of magnetostrictive properties of Galfenol under thermomechanical deformation

Abstract A recently discovered alloy, Galfenol, has been shown to exhibit magnetostrictive strains up to 400 micro-mm in single crystal form (more than 10 times that of Alpha Fe). However, it has proved difficult to retain the property in the polycrystalline form, for example, cold rolled specimens often lose their magnetostriction. We have developed a microstructure evolution model that is used to study the interplay of microstructure, crystallographic texture development and residual stresses in the evolution of magnetostrictive properties. Finite strain homogenization within a crystal plasticity model is used to investigate microstructural response of processed specimens under coupled magnetic and stress fields.
Near optimal control for microgrid energy systems considering battery lifetime characteristics

Integration of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, etc.) in microgrid presents a great challenge to ensure power network stability and reliability due to their intermittent nature. Grid-level battery energy storage system (BESS) has been recognized as one of the promising solutions to meet this challenge as well as to participate in power system economic operation. In this paper, near optimal operation/allocation of BESS has been investigated with the consideration of lifetime characteristics. The problem is formulated as a single objective optimization to maximize the total system revenue by considering the lifetime characteristics of lead-acid batteries. Adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) is investigated to solve optimal control policy for time-dependent and finite-horizon BESS problems. A classical dynamic programming approach has also been studied to validate the proposed approach. Simulation results discuss the impact of battery lifetime characteristics on the total system revenue. The results show that the ADP can optimize the system operation under different scenarios to maximize the total system revenue.
Songs for the Soul: A Program to Address a Nurse's Grief .

When caring for patients with cancer, a number of situations arise that cause nurses to grieve. Nurses need time and space to grieve to prevent the untoward effects of cumulative grief. While providing a safe space for nurses to be vulnerable in grief, Songs for the Soul combines the healing effects of expressive writing, storytelling, and music to help nurses address the grief and suffering they experience in their work. The use of storytelling through music portrays an expression of their grief that matches the intensity of their caregiving experience.
Highly Seasonal and Perennial Fluvial Facies: Implications For Climatic Control On the Douglas Creek and Parachute Creek Members, Green River Formation, Southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A.

Abstract: The early to middle Eocene Green River Formation consists of continental strata deposited in Laramide ponded basins in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. This study (1) documents fluvial and lacustrine strata from the Douglas Creek and Parachute Creek members of the middle Green River Formation, southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah, and (2) uses new interpretations of the link between climate and fluvial sedimentary expression to interpret the terrestrial evolution of early Eocene climate. The stratigraphy was analyzed via outcrops along a 10 km transect in Main Canyon on the Tavaputs Plateau, and is divided into three distinct, stratigraphically separated depositional settings: (1) the lowermost Interval 1 is dominated by amalgamated sandstone channels that contain 70–100% upper-flow-regime sedimentary structures. The channels are interpreted to represent fluvial deposits controlled by a highly seasonal climate, where most deposition was limited to seasonal flooding events. (2) Interval 2 is dominated by alternating siliciclastic and carbonate lacustrine deposits, interpreted as local pulsed fluvial siliciclastic input into shallow Lake Uinta, and periods of fluvial quiescence represented by littoral carbonate deposition. (3) The uppermost Interval 3 is dominated by erosionally-based, trough cross bedded sandstone channels interbedded with littoral lacustrine and deltaic deposits. The Interval 3 sandstone channels are interpreted as perennial fluvial deposits with relatively little variation in annual discharge, akin to modern humid-temperate fluvial systems. The stratigraphic transition from seasonally controlled (Interval 1) to perennial (Interval 3) fluvial deposits is interpreted to represent a fundamental shift in Eocene climate, from the peak hyperthermal regime of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) to a more stable post-EECO climate.
Index to Volume xxxii, 1925

(1925). Index to Volume xxxii, 1925. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 528-538.
A case study of spontaneous diversification: evidence from a small Thai family firm

Among the wealth of research in family firm diversification, whether family firm diversification can be spontaneous continues to be an under-analysed topic. We fill this gap by conducting a single-case study illustrating how spontaneous diversification occurs and its consequences using Chug Yont Engineering Co., Ltd., a small-sized Thai family firm. Our findings suggest four important implications. First, Buddhism has a strong implication on the mindset of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Second, through CSR engagement, family firms can develop new and unsought internal capabilities allowing them to diversify products and/or services spontaneously. Third, spontaneous diversification triggered by CSR engagement may allow family firms to exercise greater discretion in projects that they undertake and, consequently, the firms become conscientious of available resources with little regard for competition. Finally, using CSR-driven spontaneous diversification, family firms may rely little on formal marketing campaigns because spontaneous diversification helps establish social connections crucial to new ventures.
Does Providing Minority Scholarships Constitute an Act Discreditable to the Profession? A Philosophical Look at a Practical Ethical Question

The AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct Rule 501 prohibits acts discreditable to the profession. Discrimination on the basis of race is one such act. Providing scholarships that are open only to members of a minority group, or that favor minorities would therefore seemingly constitute an act discreditable to the profession, even though it is a charitable act. This article discusses this question as well as the broader issue of what acts should constitute acts that are discreditable to the profession.
Cell Lines Produce Factors That Induce Fetal Hemoglobin in Human BFUe-Derived Colonies

Established cell lines were screened for secretion of activities than can stimulate fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in adult burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFUe) cultures. Conditioned media from four cell lines, a human teratocarcinoma, an osteosarcoma, a bladder cell carcinoma, and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) A-infected feline fibroblasts (FEF-A cells), consistently increased the relative production of fetal globin in BFUe-derived colonies. In vitro translation of RNA from these cells in Xenopus oocytes yielded products that increased the gamma to gamma+beta ratio in adult erythroid colonies. These results demonstrate that a variety of cell lines produce factors that stimulate the production of HbF in vitro. The genes of such factors could be isolated by expression cloning of cDNA from cell lines using the Xenopus oocyte system.
Dynamic optical control of near-field radiative transfer

Dynamic control of radiative heat transfer is of fundamental interest as well as for applications in thermal management and energy conversion. However, realizing high contrast control of heat flow without moving parts and with high temporal frequencies remains a challenge. Here, we propose a thermal modulation scheme based on optical pumping of semiconductors in near-field radiative contact. External photo-excitation of the semiconductor emitters leads to increases in the free carrier concentration that in turn alters the plasma frequency, resulting in modulation of near-field thermal radiation. The temporal frequency of the modulation can reach hundreds of kHz limited only by the recombination lifetime, greatly exceeding the bandwidth of methods based on temperature modulcation. Calculations based on fluctuational electrodynamics show that the heat transfer coefficient between two silicon films can be tuned from near zero to 600 Wm−2K−1 with a gap distance of 100 nm at room temperature.
Restriction and gene maps of plastid DNA from Capsicum annuum

Chloroplasts and chromoplasts were isolated from green and red fruits, respectively, of the bell pepper, Capsicum annuum var. Emerald giant. A comparison of the restriction patterns of DNAs isolated from these plastids was made using single and double digests by SacI, PvuII, PstI, and SalI and found to be indistinguishable. It is inferred therefore that the conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in Capsicum annuum does not involve any large rearrangements of the plastid chromosome. A restriction map of Capsicum annuum plastid DNA was constructed using the same restriction enzymes in single digests and in all possible pair combinations. Overlapping restriction fragments were identified by digesting each product of a single digest with each of the other three enzymes. The resulting restriction map is similar to that of chloroplast DNA from other members of the Solanaceae with respect to most restriction sites. The genome size corresponds to 143 kbp. The locations of 24 genes, coding for ribosomal RNAs and for proteins of Photosystem I (PSI), Photosystem II (PSII), ATP synthase, cytochromes, the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (E.C. 4.1.1.29) (RuBPC), and ribosomal proteins were determined by probing Southern blots of Capsicum chloroplast DNA with probes of genes from spinach and tobacco. The gene locations are completely conserved with respect to those of other members of the Solanaceae and the majority of higher land plants.
Weighted Group Decision Making Using Multi-identity Physical Unclonable Functions

To enable next-generation distributed and connected computing systems, we must address the context-aware chip authentication challenge. An important remaining gap in the design of these systems is the enabling of multi-personality authentication to support applications or schemes requiring a single device to own manifold legitimate identities. In this work, we propose a Multi-identity Physical Unclonable Function (Mi-PUF) assisted weighted group decision making scheme. The Mi-PUF approach enables individual devices to be authenticated and associated with multiple identities in order to hold different number of ballots. Hence, devices with higher impact in a decision making network will have more weight than the less influential ones. Besides the introduction of the scheme, the design and FPGA implementation details of the Mi-PUF are explored and presented.
Characterization of natural killer (NK) cell activating receptor NKG2D ligands on pediatric solid and hematologic malignancies

4257 NK cells play a significant role in tumor cell recognition and cytotoxicity (Trinchieri et al, Adv Immunol, 1990). Few NK-cell activating ligands have been identified with the exception of those found to interact with the C-type lectin-like receptor NKG2D. Among these ligands are surface glycoproteins, MICA and MICB, which are expressed on many epithelial cell tumors (Bauer et al, Science, 1999). Recently, the UL16-binding proteins (ULBPs) have been identified as NKG2D ligands and have been found on numerous tumor cell lines (Pende et al, Cancer Res, 2002). Enhanced cytotoxicity of allogeneic NK cells against solid tumor cells has been demonstrated in the MHC-C mismatched setting (Igarashi et al, Blood, 2004). In this study, we compared the expression of NKG2D ligands MICA, MICB and ULBPs-1, 2 and 3 in neuroblastoma (NB: NBL, NGP, SH-SY5Y), Burkitt’s lymphoma (Daudi), DLBCL (Pfeiffer), CML (K562), and ALL (REH, RS4:11, SUPB-15). Genomic expression was determined by mRNA isolation, reverse transcription generated cDNA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified all ligand sequences. Primers included the following: MICA: 5’-GTGCCCCAGTCCTCCAGAGCTCAG3’ and 5’GTGGCATCCCTGTGGTCACTCGTC3’; MICB: 5’GGCGTCAGGATGGGGTATCTTTGA3’ and 5’GGCAGGAGCAGTCGTGAGTTTGCC3’; ULBP1: 5’CTGCAGGCCAG-GATGTCTTGTGAG3’ and 5’TGAGGGTGGTGGCCATGGCCTTGG3’; ULBP2: 5’CTGCAGGCAAGGATGTCTTGTGAG3’ and 5’TGAGGGTGGTGGCTGTGGCCCTGA3’; ULBP3: 5’CTGCAGGTCAGGATGTCTTGTGAG3’ and 5’TGAGGGTGGTGGCTATGGCTTTGG3’; GADPH was used as control. Cell surface expression of the NKG2D ligands was determined by flow cytometry. Increased expression of MIC+/ULBP+ by PCR was seen in all ALL, CML, and B-NHL cell lines, however, MIC-/ULBP+ was expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines (Table). Surface expression of MIC and ULBP ligand receptors was significantly increased in Daudi and K562 vs Pfeiffer and all ALL and NB cell lines (p
Efficacy of Ethylvanillin in the Prevention of Mammary Tumors Induced by Methylnitrosourea (MNU) in the Rats

Ethylvanillin is a synthetic flavoring agent that has been shown to have an inhibitory effect against mutagenic agents such as 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide [Ohta, et al. Fd Chem Toxic 24:51 (1986)]. Ethylvanillin was evaluated in the present study in the MNU-induced mammary cancer model to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of this agent. Prior to this study, a six-week dose selection study confirmed that a dose of 20 grams of ethylvanillin/kg of diet (Teklad) was not toxic. Two dose levels (20 and 10 g/kg of diet) of ethylvanillin were administered in the chemoprevention study to female Sprague-Dawley rats beginning at 43 days of age and continuing until the end of the study. Carcinogen treated rats received one injection of MNU (50 mg/kg BW) via the jugular vein at 50 days of age. Rats were palpated for mammary tumors two times per week and checked daily for signs of toxicity. Diets were analyzed twice during the study to ensure accurate preparation and compound stability. At termination of the study (100 days after MNU), all grossly observed mammary tumors were weighed.
Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a minimally invasive treatment modality that delivers a large, single dose of radiation to a specific intracranial target while sparing surrounding tissue. Unlike conventional fractionated radiotherapy, SRS does not maximally exploit the higher radiosensitivity of brain lesions relative to normal brain (therapeutic ratio). Its selective destruction is dependent mainly on sharply focused, high-dose radiation and a steep dose gradient away from the defined target. The biological effect is irreparable cellular damage (probably via DNA strand breaks) and delayed vascular occlusion within the high-dose target volume. Because a therapeutic ratio is not required, traditionally radioresistant lesions can be treated. Because destructive doses are used, however, any normal structure included in the target volume is subject to damage.
Minimizing to maximize: an initial attempt at teaching introductory programming using Alice

Although learning to program can be a daunting task for many students, it doesn't have to be. This paper discusses the possibility of teaching programming concepts in a learning environment that is less threatening. Learning abstract programming concepts and programming in an environment where users are prone to make mistakes can cause students to become frustrated, lose confidence, and refrain from taking another programming course. The purpose of this paper is to compare two online introductory programming courses: one using Alice as a precursor to Java programming and one using pure Java programming.
Targeted and Systematic Biopsy for Diagnosis and Management of Prostate Cancer

The value of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of clinically-significant prostate cancer is increasingly well-established, and has been adopted in current diagnostic pathways and clinical guidelines. Concurrently, the role of conventional ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy is increasingly questioned. In this brief review, we evaluate the continued value of systematic biopsy including a review of prospective studies on targeted and systemic biopsies in the same patients. We also address current limitations of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate.
Refractory Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Secondary to COVID-19 Successfully Extubated to Average Volume-assured Pressure Support Non-invasive Ventilator

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness caused by the highly infectious novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spread by droplet transmission Consequently, the use of respiratory devices that may potentially promote aerosolization like non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) for diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), advanced chronic obstructive lung disease, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and neuromuscular respiratory disease has been called into question We present a case of a patient with history of OSA and PH convalescing from refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 who was successfully extubated to average volume-assured pressure support (AVAPS) A 74-year-old male with medical history notable for OSA on NIPPV, PH, and hypertension presented with respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 confirmed on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test His respiratory status worsened leading to ARDS requiring intubation He was initially extubated to high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) due to hospital policy to avoid NIPPV due to concerns of viral dissemination He did not tolerate HFNC and required re-intubation for prolonged period He was then medically optimized for a second attempt and extubated two days later to AVAPS with an anti-viral filter and negative pressure room with a goal of optimizing his critical illness myopathy and pre-existing OSA and PH He tolerated extubation well, and over the next five days was weaned from alternating AVAPS/HFNC to eventually requiring two liters nasal cannula in the day and AVAPS mode at night This case highlights a potential therapeutic option for patients with severe respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 This patient's pre-existing comorbidities of OSA and PH markedly increased his risk for extubation failure on HFNC The use of AVAPS after his second extubation attempt helped ensure ventilation and oxygenation non-invasively COVID-19 can lead to prolonged dependence on mechanical ventilation This pandemic has the potential to create medical resource scarcities, especially in rural areas where ventilators and trained personnel are already in short supply By using AVAPS mode, this patient was able to rehabilitate his myopathy and participate in intermittent weaning of HFNC to ultimately simple nasal cannula AVAPS is useful tool to facilitate extubation, as it allows non-invasive support of respiratory dynamics, particularly in those with co-morbidities such as OSA and PH Further, larger scale studies are needed to determine its exact role during the COVID-19 pandemic
Expectancies about the Effects of Cannabis Use on Eating Disorder Symptoms

Background: Substance use, specifically cannabis use, is common among individuals with eating disorder (ED) symptoms; however, few studies have specifically explored the relation between EDs and ca...
Machine Learning (ML) for Tracking Fashion Trends: Documenting the Frequency of the Baseball Cap on Social Media and the Runway:

With the proliferation of digital photographs and the increasing digitization of historical imagery, fashion studies scholars must consider new methods for interpreting large data sets. Computation...
Effect of Woody Breast Condition on Instrumental Texture Characteristics of Poultry Deli Loaves

The use of broiler breast fillets affected by the woody breast (WB) condition in processed poultry products couldbe a feasible solution to this meat quality problem. This study assessed the impact of utilizing broiler breast fillets at differ-ent degrees of WB severity and percentages on instrumental texture characteristics of deli loaves. Breast fillets (n = 270) were collected from broiler carcasses and sorted based on palpation assessment in 3 WB categories (normal [NOR], mild [MIL], and severe [SEV]). Nine treatments of deli loaves were prepared from cubed portions in each of 3 replications: 100% NOR (T1), 67% NOR + 33% MIL (T2), 67% NOR + 33% SEV (T3), 33% NOR + 67% MIL (T4), 33% NOR + 67% SEV (T5), 100% MIL (T6), 67% MIL + 33% SEV (T7), 33% MIL + 67% SEV (T8), and 100% SEV (T9). Cooked deli loaves were subjected to texture profile analysis, cook loss, instrumental color, and dimensional modifications. Hardness of deli loaves increased (P 13%), coupled with reductions in diameter (>8%) and length (>5%), comparedto NOR samples (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the negative effects of WB on quality and yield characteristics are not minimized by the preparation of this formed product when using high proportions of WB meat. Thus, broiler breast fillets affected by the WB condition may be used at relatively low percentages combined with NOR fillets as an option in commercial chicken deli loaf formulations.
Coding at a crossroads

While millions of students worldwide have enjoyed coding experiences over the last decade, the next challenge is spreading educational values and approaches.
Pathology Examination of Breast Reduction Specimens: Dispelling the Myth.

More than 100,000 reduction mammaplasties are performed in the United States each year. There is large variance in reported incidence of cancerous/high-risk lesions, ranging from 0.06% to 4.6%. There has been debate whether histological review of breast reduction specimen is necessary. This study aimed to determine the incidence of cancerous/high-risk lesions and to evaluate risk factors for their occurrence. Methods A retrospective review was conducted for all patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty in 2018 by the senior author. Variables collected included demographics, comorbidities, history of breast surgery, family/personal history of breast cancer, weight of specimen, and pathologic findings. All specimens underwent pathologic evaluation and categorized as benign, proliferative, or malignant. Results A total of 155 patients underwent 310 reduction mammaplasties. Pathologic evaluations found that 11 patients (7.1%) had positive findings, 9 (5.8%) had proliferative lesions, and 2 (1.29%) had cancerous lesions. Patients with pathology were older (P = 0.038), had a family history of breast cancer (P = 0.026), and had a greater weight of resected tissue (P = 0.005). Multivariable analysis showed family history of breast cancer (P = 0.001), prior breast surgery (P = 0.026), and greater weight of resected breast tissue (P = 0.008) had a higher likelihood of positive pathology. Conclusions These findings demonstrate an incidence of positive pathology higher than that reported and illustrate the importance of histologic review of breast reduction specimens. Family history of breast cancer, prior breast surgery, and a greater weight of resected tissue increase risk for proliferative/cancerous lesions.
Body Motion Analysis for Golf Swing Evaluation

A golf swing requires full-body coordination and much practice to perform the complex motion precisely and consistently. The force from the golfer’s full-body movement on the club and the trajectory of the swing are the main determinants of swing quality. In this research, we introduce a unique motion analysis method to evaluate the quality of golf swing. The primary goal is to evaluate how close the user’s swing is to a reference ideal swing. We use 17 skeleton points to evaluate the resemblance and report a score ranging from 0 to 10. This evaluation result can be used as real-time feedback to improve player performance. Using this real-time feedback system repeatedly, the player will be able to train their muscle memory to improve their swing consistency. We created our dataset from a professional golf instructor including good and bad swings. Our result demonstrates that such a machine learning-based approach is feasible and has great potential to be adopted as a low-cost but efficient tool to improve swing quality and consistency.
Submarines in Software? Continuations in US Software Patenting in the 1980s and 1990s

This article examines the role of 'continuations' (procedural revisions of patent applications) in software patents and overall patenting in the United States during 1987-1999. The research represents the first effort of which we are aware to analyze data on continuations in software or any other patent class, providing information on the effects of 1995 changes in the US patent law intended to curb 'submarine patenting'. The analysis of all US patents shows that the use of continuations grew steadily during 1987-1995, with particularly rapid growth in software patenting. Sharp reversals in these growth rates after 1995 suggest that changes in the US patent law were effective. Prior to the 1995 changes in the patent law, continuation applications were used more intensively by large packaged-software firms than by other patentees, and both software and non-software patents subject to continuation tend to experience longer examination delays and to be more valuable.
Prospects of shallow geothermal systems for sustainable heating and cooling of buildings

Net-zero-energy buildings have the potential to mitigate climate change through reduced energy use. Shallow geothermal systems use the thermal inertia of the Earth to provide a temperature gradient...
Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters via Michael Initiated Ring Closure Reaction

All-carbon quaternary centers are widely present in many natural products, bioactive molecules and drugs. Despite their potential to be incorporated in natural product syntheses and preparation of therapeutics, developing catalytic methods to construct this interesting scaffold, have been a difficult goal to attain. Furthermore, not only is it challenging to synthesize all-carbon quaternary centers, but doing so in an enantioselective fashion is even more elusive. This is due to the strong steric repulsion between the carbon substituents; and for this reason, not many enantioselective synthetic methods have been developed to this day. This structural motif is especially difficult to install in acyclic systems where there is great conformational flexibility. In this study, the construction of enantioselective all-carbon quaternary stereocenters is reported through a Michael Initiated Ring Closure reaction. This reaction enables the formation of substituted cyclopropyl ring, with the possibility to establish quaternary and tertiary chiral centers, with both cyclic and acyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. The current study involves the addition of sulfur ylides to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls using chiral Lewis acid catalysis leading to substituted cyclopropanes. Nickel(II) salts including Ni(BF4)2·6H2O and Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O were utilized as Lewis acids with chiral indane-derived bisoxazoline ligand, resulting in excellent enantiomeric excess as high as 93%. It is hoped that through the results of this study, a contribution can be made to the existing methodologies on the formation of enantioselective C-C bonds and specifically, to the formation of enantioselective quaternary centers.
Overview and Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Osteoradionecrosis.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible is a rare but devastating complication which occurs following radiation therapy for head and neck malignancies. Left untreated, ORN often results in pathologic fracture of the mandible leading to pain, trismus, difficulty eating, and overall poor quality of life. Historically, early intervention relied on hyperbaric oxygen and local debridement. Patients whose disease progressed despite therapy required segmental resection of the mandible with osseous free flap reconstruction, a highly invasive operation. Patients that presented with a moderate disease without pathologic fracture were often doomed to fail non-operative management, ultimately leading to disease progression and fracture. The traditional dichotomous treatment paradigm left a void of options for patients with moderate disease. The ideal intervention for this category of patients would provide renewed vascularity to the diseased tissue bed allowing for the osteogenesis and reestablishment of strong, load-bearing bone. The innovative technique termed the vascularized fascia lata “rescue flap” has proven to be an effective treatment for moderate ORN and will likely transform dated treatment algorithms.
Chapter 7 Discovering Emergent Properties of Images

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a basic model of creativity and discovery, discusses previous research and the anecdotes in terms of the model, and describes two experiments on emergent property recognition within images to elucidate the discovery aspect of the model. Anecdotal evidence of the use of imagery in creativity and discovery is presented in the chapter. The necessary conditions are discussed for imagery's use in creativity and discovery and two experiments investigating the connection between imagery and discovery are described in the chapter.. The chapter concludes by evaluating the existing research in terms of imagery's use in creativity and discovery, and by suggesting future research avenues. The study of individual differences in creativity and discovery demands attention. Sternberg et al. have approached creativity by attempting to identify variables in the environment and the individuals that are associated with creative individuals.
Applying Learning Theory and Instructional Film Principles to Films for Learning Observation Skills.

Three operations basic to nursing-observing, inferring, and acting-served as the framework for the instructional problem. The term observation has been frequently applied both to the perception of facts (objective data, or cues) and to the inferences or judgments and conclusions based upon them. The important instructional goal for this research concerned discrimination between these two tasks (Gagn6, 1962, p. 55). This seems a prerequisite to achievement of keener observation skills for supplying data basic to forming judgments or inferences as a direction for action. The desirable performance objective is: The nurse will record behavioral cues as observations, and will not record inferences of patient behavior as direct observation.
Urbanization and Its Effect On Runoff in the Whiteoak Bayou Watershed, Texas1

The capacity of a watershed to urbanize without changing its hydrologic response and the relation- ship between that response and the spatial configuration of the developed areas was studied. The study was con- ducted in the Whiteoak Bayou watershed (223 km 2 ), located northwest of Houston, Texas, over an analysis period from 1949 to 2000. Annual development data were derived from parcel data collected by the Harris County Appraisal District. Using these data, measures of the spatial configuration of the watershed urban areas were calculated for each year. Based on regression models, it was determined that the annual runoff depths and annual peak flows depended on the annual precipitation depth, the developed area and the maximum 12-h pre- cipitation depth on the day and day before the peak flow took place. It was found that, since the early 1970s, when the watershed reached a 10% impervious area, annual runoff depths and peak flows have increased by 146% and 159%, respectively. However, urbanization is responsible for only 77% and 32% of the increase, respectively, while precipitation changes are responsible for the remaining 39% and 96%, respectively. Likewise, an analysis of the development data showed that, starting in the early 1970s, urbanization in the watershed consisted more of connecting already developed areas than of creating new ones, which increases the water- shed's conveyance capacity and explains the change in its response. Before generalizing conclusions, though, fur- ther research on other urban watersheds with different urbanization models appears to be necessary.
Well-to-Wheels Results of Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions of Selected Vehicle/Fuel Systems

A fuel-cycle model—called the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model—has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory to evaluate well-to-wheels (WTW) energy and emission impacts of motor vehicle technologies fueled with various transportation fuels. The new GREET version has up-to-date information regarding energy use and emissions for fuel production activities and vehicle operations. In this study, a complete WTW evaluation targeting energy use, greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O), and typical criteria air pollutants (VOC, NOX and PM10) includes the following fuel options – gasoline, diesel and hydrogen; and the following vehicle technologies – spark-ignition engines with or without hybrid configurations, compression-ignition engines with hybrid configurations, and hydrogen fuel cells with hybrid configurations. Based on the detailed up-to-date data, probability-based distribution functions for key input parameters regarding WTP activities and vehicle operations were built into GREET to address the uncertainties of energy use and emissions. The WTW analysis shows that advanced vehicle/fuel systems achieve reductions in energy use, GHG emissions and criteria pollutant emissions compared to baseline gasoline vehicles by 1) improved vehicle fuel economy, 2) declined tailpipe/evaporative vehicle emissions, and/or 3) differences in fuel production pathways.
Defining In Vivo Targets of Nuclear Proteins by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Microarray Analysis

This unit describes the combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with microarray hybridization to determine the genome-wide occupancy profile of a DNA-associated protein. After conventional ChIP, the immunoprecipitated material is amplified by a two-step process involving primer extension followed by PCR in the presence of a modified nucleotide. The amplified DNA is fluorescently labeled in a reaction that couples dye to the modified nucleotide, and the labeled sample is hybridized to a microarray representing a complete genome. This method allows the study of a protein's pattern of DNA association across an entire genome with no need for prior knowledge of potential DNA targets. Keywords: Chromatin immunoprecipitation; ChIP; microarray; amplification; PCR; dye coupling; protein-DNA interactions; ChIP-chip; ChIP-on-chip; genome-wide location; hybridization; whole-genome analysis
Viscosity of a neutron gas

Abstract The viscosity of nucleonic matter and in particular a neutron gas is studied both classically and in a quantum mechanical description. The collisions between particles are modeled as hard sphere scattering as a baseline for comparison and as scattering from an attractive square well potential. Properties associated with the unitary limit are developed which are shown to be approximately realized for a system of neutrons. The issue of near perfect fluid behavior of neutron matter is remarked on. Using some results from hard sphere molecular dynamics studies near perfect fluid behavior is discussed further.
Opioid δ-receptor involvement in supraspinal and spinal antinociception in mice

The possibility that the opioid r morphine) and b ([D-Pen2,D-PenS]enkephalin, DPDPE)-agonists in the absence, and in the presence of the/~ non-surmountable antagonist, fl-funaltrexamine (fl-FNA) or the b-antagonist ICI 174,864 (N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-LeuOH, where Aib is a-amino-isobutyric acid), Agonists and 1CI 174,864 were given alone or in the same intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.th.) injection to mice 20 min prior to testing in the warm-water (55 °C) tail-withdrawal test (+10 min for i.th. DPDPE); fl-FNA was given as a single i.c.v, or i.th. pretreatment dose (20 and 0.01 nM, respectively) 4 h prior to testing. I.c.v. pretreatment with fl-FNA resulted in a rightward displacement of the DAGO and morphine antinociceptive dose-response lines, but failed to displace the i.c.v. DPDPE curve. Similarly, i.th. pretreatment with/3-FNA displaced the i.th. morphine dose-response curve to the right without affecting the i.th. DPDPE antinociceptive dose-response line. ICI 174,864 (1 and 3 #g) produced a dose-related antagonism of i.c.v, or i.th. DPDPE, but did not alter the antinociceptive effects of DAGO or morphine given by the same routes. Co-administration of ICI 174,864 (3/~g) with i.c.v, morphine in fl-FNA pretreated (but not control) mice resulted in a further rightward displacement of the morphine dose-response line. The effective antagonism of DPDPE but not morphine or DAGO antinociception by ICI 174,864, together with the effectiveness of fl-FNA against morphine and DAGO but not DPDPE antinociception, provide strong and direct evidence for the involvement of cerebral and spinal b-receptors in the mediation of antinociception in tests where heat is employed as the noxious stimulus. Additionally, the effectiveness of ICI 174,864 against morphine in/3-FNA pretreated (but not control) mice demonstrates a b-effect of morphine, in vivo.
Moderation of Negative Mesons in Hydrogen I: Moderation from High Energies to Capture by an H 2 Molecule

The moderation of negative $\ensuremath{\mu}$- and $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons, as well as of hypothetical negative particles of mass 1000 m and 1837 m is described for a hydrogen moderator and a meson energy range: 10 Mev\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 ev (capture by an ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule). In this energy range, there are three principal modes of energy loss by the mesons: 1. High energy ionization loss, describable by the ordinary stopping power theory. 2. Energy loss due to nuclear collisions. 3. Low energy ionization loss caused by non-adiabatic processes special to hydrogen. From estimates of the probability of these three processes, the moderation times of a meson in liquid hydrogen from 10 Mev to capture by an ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule are calculated:
Spatio-temporal spawning and larval dynamics of a zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) population in a North Texas Reservoir: implications for invasions in the southern United States

long-term monitoring program were analyzed to determine if spatio-temporal zebra mussel spawning and larval dynamics were related to physicochemical water properties in Lake Texoma. Reproductive output of the local population was significantly related to water temperature and lake elevation. Estimated mean date of first spawn in Lake Texoma was approximately 1.5 months earlier and peak veliger densities were observed two months earlier than in Lake Erie. Annual maximum veliger density declined significantly during the study period (p < 0.0001). A population crash occurred as a result of thermal stress and variability of lake elevation. In summer 2011, water temperatures peaked at 34.3°C and lake elevation declined to the lowest level recorded during the previous 18 years, which resulted in desiccation of substantial numbers of settled mussels in littoral zones. Veliger spatial distributions were associated with physicochemical stratification characteristics. Veligers were observed in the deepest oxygenated water after lake stratification, which occurred in late spring. Results of this study indicate environmental conditions can influence variability of population sizes and spatial distributions of zebra mussels along the current southern frontier of their geographic range. Although the future population size trajectory and geographic range are uncertain, increased temperatures and intermittent, extreme droughts likely will affect spatio-temporal dynamics of established populations if zebra mussels spread farther into the southern and southwestern United States.
Use of deep intravenous sedation with propofol and the laryngeal mask airway during transesophageal echocardiography.

Abstract Objective: To describe the use of either deep intravenous sedation with propofol or light sedation with midazolam and topical anesthesia during transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and to report the incidence of respiratory complications and their management. Design: Retrospective study from March 2000 through August 2002. Setting: Single institution, specialized cancer center. Participants: All patients undergoing TEE examination in the specified time period (n = 42). Main Results: Eight patients received light sedation and 34 patients received deep intravenous sedation with propofol. An airway event occurred in one patient in the light sedation group and in six patients in the deep sedation group. The patient in the light sedation group was managed with the use of a face-mask and a manual resuscitation bag. All airway events in the deep sedation group were managed successfully using the laryngeal mask airway (LMA™). Conclusion: Deep sedation with intravenous propofol can provide both excellent patient comfort and optimal conditions for TEE examination, particularly in patients who may require more lengthy procedures or in whom other techniques have failed. Although the incidence of respiratory depression was higher in patients receiving deep sedation with propofol than in patients who were lightly sedated (17.6% versus 12.5%, respectively), all six patients who had respiratory depression while under deep sedation with propofol were successfully ventilated using the LMA™, without the need to remove the TEE probe and without terminating the examination prematurely. In contrast, in the one patient in the light sedation group who had respiratory depression, the TEE probe had to be removed to ventilate the patient via a face mask, and the procedure was cancelled.