cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF GLUCAGON ON ASPIRIN-INDUCED GASTRIC MUCOSAL DAMAGE IN MAN

Abstract The effect of glucagon on aspirin-induced damage to human gastric mucosa and its effect on gastric mucosal potential difference were studied in 29 healthy volunteers. Intragastric instillation of 600 mg of aspirin suspended in 100 ml of isotonic saline caused significant damage to 21 ± 3% of surface epithelial cells and a marked reduction in gastric potential difference within 15 min of aspirin instillation. Glucagon, 2 mg given intravenously, caused hyperglucagonemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased blood glucose levels and gastric p H, as well as significant prolonged elevation of gastric potential difference. Glucagon injection given 15 min before aspirin instillation effectively prevented surface epithelial cell damage, decreasing percentage of damaged cells to 3.5%. Glucagon did not prevent the drop in gastric potential difference evoked by aspirin, but did, however, prevent potential difference from falling below base line values after aspirin. This study showed in man that glucagon protects gastric mucosa against aspirin damage and suggests possible therapeutic value in clinical situations requiring prevention of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage.
Boundaries for martensitic transition of 7 Li under pressure

Physical properties of lithium under extreme pressures continuously reveal unexpected features. These include a sequence of structural transitions to lower symmetry phases, metal-insulator-metal transition, superconductivity with one of the highest elemental transition temperatures, and a maximum followed by a minimum in its melting line. The instability of the bcc structure of lithium is well established by the presence of a temperature-driven martensitic phase transition. The boundaries of this phase, however, have not been previously explored above 3 GPa. All higher pressure phase boundaries are either extrapolations or inferred based on indirect evidence. Here we explore the pressure dependence of the martensitic transition of lithium up to 7 GPa using a combination of neutron and X-ray scattering. We find a rather unexpected deviation from the extrapolated boundaries of the hR3 phase of lithium. Furthermore, there is evidence that, above ∼3 GPa, once in fcc phase, lithium does not undergo a martensitic transition.
Anthony: Absolute Actuarial Tables

Anthony v. United States is the most recent circuit court ruling on the section 7520 mandate to use the actuarial tables to value annuities in the decedent's estate. The article discusses Anthony as well as the lottery cases (Shackleford, Gribauskas, and Cook).
Measuring Order in Contact-Poled Organic Electrooptic Materials with Variable-Angle Polarization-Referenced Absorption Spectroscopy (VAPRAS)

Organic nonlinear electrooptical (ONLO) chromophores must be acentrically ordered for the ONLO material to have electrooptic (EO) activity. The magnitude of the order is characterized by the acentric order parameter, ⟨cos3 β⟩, where β is the major Euler angle between the main axis of the chromophore and the poling field which imposes the acentric order. The acentric order parameter, which is difficult to measure directly, is related to the centrosymmetric order parameter, defined as ⟨P2⟩ = 1/2(3⟨cos2 β⟩ − 1), through the underlying statistical distribution. We have developed a method to determine centrosymmetric order of the ONLO chromophores when the order is low (i.e., ⟨P2⟩ < 0.1). We have extended the method (begun by Graf et al. J. Appl. Phys. 1994, 75, 3335.) based on the absorption of light to determine the centrosymmetric order parameter induced by a poling field on a thin film sample of ONLO material. We find that the order parameters, analyzed by two different methods, are similar and also consis...
The right space at the right time: The relationship between children’s physical activity and land use/land cover

Abstract Research increasingly suggests that moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is essential to children's health. However, little is known about the extent to which and when different urban environments influence the extent to which children engage in MVPA. To this end, this study explores the relationship between children's MVPA and urban land use and land cover (LULC) for several temporal subdivisions of children's weekly routines (before school, after school and weekends). In particular, the location and corresponding level of physical activity of 4th grade students (n = 134) was recorded using paired global positioning system (GPS) receivers and accelerometers over 33 days for each student. GPS locations were temporally related to accelerometry records and then geographically related to 13 categories of LULC. Mixed linear models were fitted to evaluate the extent to which duration spent in each LULC category can explain individuals' time in MVPA before school, after school, and during the weekends. Geographic cluster analysis was also applied to assess whether any significant spatial relationships between observations of MVPA may exist. Duration of exposure to vegetated parks/open spaces, built residential, and built institutional LULC was found to significantly increase children's time spent in MVPA. Further, most observations of MVPA were found to exhibit significant geographic clustering and were predominately associated with built residential areas (particularly those near schools), indicating the importance of neighborhoods and areas in close proximity to children's households on their level of physical activity.
Investigation and analysis on the growth of preterm infants with low birth weight aged from 0 to 6 in Shanghai

Objective To investigate and analyse the growth and development of preterm infants with low birth weight aged from born to six in Shanghai. Methods General survey was implemented,the height and weight of preterm infants born from September 1st 2007 to September 30 rd 2011were collected.The average height and weight were compared with normal children. Results A total of 2 255 preterm infants with low birth weight were investigated.The average gestational age of all cases was 34.6weeks and the average birth weight was 1 810 g.Compared with normal children,the preterm infants with low birth weight had a lower average height and weight at most of the age point. Conclusion Height and weight catch-up growth existed in preterm infants groups with low birth weight from 0to 6years old,however the physical growth and developmental of preterm infants are still poorer than normal children.
Discussion on the VB Programming Teaching of Agricultural Colleges and Universities Based on the CDIO Mode

In the view of the current agricultural colleges and universities' VB programming course teaching,in order to improve the teaching quality,by using the CDIO education mode,it was proposed to train the students' synthesis quality with the support of project,by using case teaching,with emphasis on the learning by doing and innovation.The ideal teaching effect was reached.
2-D Adaptive Simulation of Dopant Implantation and Diffusion

This paper describes the techniques for adaptive grid generation for dopant implantation and diffusion in process simulation.
Making Good Decisions

The surest way to succeed is to string together a series of good decisions. Yet what constitutes a good decision is speculative and often takes years to assess its true effect. Our approach to this question is to observe good decision-makers and their characteristics and poor decision-makers and their problems. Our attempt at this produced four observations: First, personality and politics are part of a good decision but not the whole issue. Two, having an urge to act is important but so is tempo—so strategies for avoiding being too fast or slow are presented. Three, good decision-makers have the institution’s interests at heart. And, four, good decision-makers get better over time because they learn from mistakes and successes. We share lessons from our own experience as well: screen out background noise; respond to the issue; don’t respond to someone’s emotion; don’t try to always be the first; and don’t win the battle but lose the war. In addition, the special circumstance of your first decision is considered, as well as when it is necessary to take a public stand on issues.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in the Reduction of Carbonyls by Samarium Diiodide-Water Complexes.

Reduction of carbonyls by SmI2 is significantly impacted by the presence of water, but the fundamental step(s) of initial transfer of a formal hydrogen atom from the SmI2–water reagent system to produce an intermediate radical is not fully understood. In this work, we provide evidence consistent with the reduction of carbonyls by SmI2–water proceeding through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Combined rate and computational studies show that a model aldehyde and ketone are likely reduced through an asynchronous PCET, whereas reduction of a representative lactone occurs through a concerted PCET. In the latter case, concerted PCET is likely a consequence of significantly endergonic initial electron transfer.
Acting out the search for infinity

Infinities is an exciting new addition to the recent wave of plays that address "hard" science. Written by the Cambridge cosmologist John Barrow, directed by Luca Ronconi and developed in conjunction with Milan's Teatro Piccolo and the Sigma Tau Foundation, Infinities is remarkable in its seamless merging of form and content. It gives new meaning to the concept of "science plays" through its highly visual exploration of various mathematical and philosophical postulations about infinity.
Designing a beautifully poor public: postgrowth community in Italy and Japan

Abstract This paper examines images of desirable postgrowth communities pursued by activist architects in Bologna and Tokyo. Their visions are differently shaped by the distinct architectural and cultural environments in their respective cities. Nonetheless, they share an anti-growth, "beautifully poor" aesthetic that seems to challenge the dominant political values of liberal nations in the post-World War II era, redefining the democratic public in terms of spontaneity and conviviality. Conceptions of successful communities in rich countries have been shaped around the presumption that they must sustain citizens' material wellbeing by sustaining economic growth. But given the global environmental and social justice problems that have resulted from a single-minded focus on growth, we need new imaginaries of communities that can thrive without economic growth, especially in the global north. Decades of low to zero growth and demographic decline in Italy and Japan are forcing community stakeholders from elected officials to urban planners to confront the question of how to maintain good communities even where material affluence is irrevocably diminished. Keywords: degrowth, public space, urban planning, architecture, political ecology
Stress Introduction Rate Alters the Benefit of AcrAB-TolC Efflux Pumps

ABSTRACT Stress tolerance studies are typically conducted in an all-or-none fashion. However, in realistic settings—such as in clinical or metabolic engineering applications—cells may encounter stresses at different rates. Therefore, how cells tolerate stress may depend on its rate of appearance. To address this, we studied how the rate of stress introduction affects bacterial stress tolerance by focusing on a key stress response mechanism. Efflux pumps, such as AcrAB-TolC of Escherichia coli, are membrane transporters well known for the ability to export a wide variety of substrates, including antibiotics, signaling molecules, and biofuels. Although efflux pumps improve stress tolerance, pump overexpression can result in a substantial fitness cost to the cells. We hypothesized that the ideal pump expression level would involve a rate-dependent trade-off between the benefit of pumps and the cost of their expression. To test this, we evaluated the benefit of the AcrAB-TolC pump under different rates of stress introduction, including a step, a fast ramp, and a gradual ramp. Using two chemically diverse stresses, the antibiotic chloramphenicol and the jet biofuel precursor pinene, we assessed the benefit provided by the pumps. A mathematical model describing these effects predicted the benefit as a function of the rate of stress introduction. Our findings demonstrate that as the rate of introduction is lowered, stress response mechanisms provide a disproportionate benefit to pump-containing strains, allowing cells to survive beyond the original inhibitory concentrations. IMPORTANCE Efflux pumps are ubiquitous in nature and provide stress tolerance in the cells of species ranging from bacteria to mammals. Understanding how pumps provide tolerance has far-reaching implications for diverse fields, from medicine to biotechnology. Here, we investigated how the rate of stressor appearance impacts tolerance. We focused on two distinct substrates of AcrAB-TolC efflux pumps, the antibiotic chloramphenicol and the biofuel precursor pinene. Interestingly, tolerance is highly dependent on the rate of stress introduction. Therefore, it is important to consider not only the total quantity of a stressor but also the rate at which it is applied. The implications of this work are significant because environments are rarely static; antibiotic concentrations change during dosing, and metabolic engineering processes change with time.
Dutch practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide: a glimpse at the edges of the practice

Euthanasia and assisted suicide (EAS) was openly permitted but not technically legal in the Netherlands for decades. In 2002, it was formally legalised through the Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide Review Procedures Act, subject to two main criteria: (1) the patient had to be capable of making voluntary decisions and (2) the patient had to experience unbearable suffering without prospect of improvement. Within the Netherlands, EAS has wide acceptance, and the public in general seems to favour a liberal interpretation of both of these requirements. Physicians are expected to use ‘their own moral compass’ to decide about personal participation, and it is generally possible and permissible to find a substitute physician if the patient meets the legally required criteria but the physician is not comfortable assisting. Over the years, multiple quantitative and qualitative studies have explored the Dutch practice of EAS,1–3 but relatively little is known about the edges of what counts as meeting these criteria and how acceptable the practice is for physicians who participate. The study by Snijdewind et al gives a glimpse of these boundaries and suggests that at least sometimes the criteria are being stretched and adapted to meet the perceived needs of patients, and some participating physicians are relatively uncomfortable with some of the requests with which they are faced.4 Just how rare or common these ‘edgy’ cases are within the larger practice of EAS in the Netherlands cannot be answered by …
Balance and Coordination Proficiency of Age-Matched Male and Female Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities.

Male youth (8–18 years) with intellectual disability (ID) demonstrate motor proficiency below age-related competence capacities for typically developing youth. Whether below-criteria motor proficiency also exists for females with ID is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine if sex-specific differences exist in motor proficiency for youth with ID. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was used to measure motor proficiency: six items for upper limb coordination, seven items for balance, and six items for bilateral coordination. One hundred and seventy-two (172) males and 85 females with ID but without Down syndrome were divided into five age groups for comparative purposes: 8–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16, and 17–21 years. Males scored sufficiently higher than females to suggest that sex data should not be combined to established Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency standards for upper limb coordination, balance, and bilateral coordination subtests.
Dynamics-based community analysis and perturbation response scanning of allosteric interaction networks in the TRAP1 chaperone structures dissect molecular linkage between conformational asymmetry and sequential ATP hydrolysis.

Abstract Allosteric interactions of the Hsp90 chaperones with cochaperones and diverse protein clients can often exhibit distinct asymmetric features that determine regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions in many signaling networks. The recent crystal structures of the mitochondrial Hsp90 isoform TRAP1 in complexes with ATP analogs have provided first evidence of significant asymmetry in the closed dimerized state that triggers independent activity of the chaperone protomers, whereby preferential hydrolysis of the buckled protomer is followed by conformational flipping between protomers and hydrolysis of the second protomer. Despite significant insights in structural characterizations of the TRAP1 chaperone, the atomistic details and mechanics of allosteric interactions that couple sequential ATP hydrolysis with asymmetric conformational switching in the TRAP1 protomers remain largely unknown. In this work, we explored atomistic and coarse-grained simulations of the TRAP1 dimer structures in combination with the ensemble-based network modeling and perturbation response scanning of residue interaction networks to probe salient features underlying allosteric signaling mechanism. This study has revealed that key effector sites that orchestrate allosteric interactions occupy the ATP binding region and N-terminal interface of the buckled protomer, whereas the main sensors of allosteric signals that drive functional conformational changes during ATPase cycle are consolidated near the client binding region of the straight protomer, channeling the energy of ATP hydrolysis for client remodeling. The community decomposition analysis of the interaction networks and reconstruction of allosteric communication pathways in the TRAP1 structures have quantified mechanism of allosteric regulation, revealing control points and interactions that coordinate asymmetric switching during ATP hydrolysis.
Digital gangrene and pneumatosis intestinalis associated with calciphylaxis.

Abstract Reports of calciphylaxis or calcific uremic arteriolopathy associated with acral and gastrointestinal involvement are rare. We describe a 36-year-old white woman with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis after failed kidney and pancreas transplantation who developed dry gangrene of bilateral digits, osteomyelitis, and small bowel ischemia within several months of each presentation. She had multiple debridements of a septic right ankle. Computed tomography angiography showed severe vascular calcification and pneumatosis intestinalis. She underwent intestinal resection for gangrenous small bowel. A multidisciplinary approach with aggressive medical and surgical management may improve survival. Our case and the literature confirm the high morbidity of patients with calciphylaxis and vascular complications. Careful follow-up remains necessary for diagnosis and management to prevent complication, infection, and death.
Robust non-Abelian spin liquid and a possible intermediate phase in the antiferromagnetic Kitaev model with magnetic field

We investigate the non-Abelian topological chiral spin-liquid phase in the two-dimensional Kitaev honeycomb model subject to a magnetic field. By combining density matrix renormalization group and exact diagonalization we study the energy spectra, entanglement, topological degeneracy, and expectation values of Wilson loop operators, allowing for a robust characterization. While the ferromagnetic Kitaev spin liquid is already destroyed by a weak magnetic field with Zeeman energy ${H}_{*}^{\text{FM}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.02$, the antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin liquid remains robust up to a magnetic field that is an order of magnitude larger, ${H}_{*}^{\text{AFM}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.2$. Interestingly, for larger fields ${H}_{*}^{\text{AFM}}lHl{H}_{**}^{\text{AFM}}$, an intermediate gapless phase is observed, before a second transition to the high-field partially polarized paramagnet. We attribute this rich phase diagram, and the remarkable stability of the chiral topological phase in the AFM Kitaev model, to the interplay of strong spin-orbit coupling and frustration enhanced by the magnetic field. Our findings suggest relevance to recent experiments on ${\mathrm{RuCl}}_{3}$ under magnetic fields.
An Introduction to the Dark Side of Leadership and Management

(2006). An Introduction to the Dark Side of Leadership and Management. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 139-141.
Origins and Distribution of Language

Implicit in the title of this chapter is the promise that we will try to relate the evolutionary history of language to the current distribution of language function in the brain. Unfortunately, this is a promise we are unable to fulfill. At present there are simply too few points of contact between these two areas of limited knowledge for one to inform the other.
Anti-Parasitic Agents

First line agent; not available commercially in the US; available over the counter in the UK; can be obtained from compounding pharmacies; active against trophozoites.
The Synthesis Structures and Electronic Properties of Fe-Mo-S Polynuclear Aggregates. Molecules of Elementary Structural Compliance with the Fe-Mo-S Aggregate of Nitrogenase

The synthesis and study of complexes containing iron, molybdenum and sulfur recently have been subjects of considerable interest to Inorganic chemists (Coucouvanis, 1981; Holm, 1981). This interest derives from recent advances in the chemistry of the nitrogenase enzymes (Eady, Smith, 1979) and the recognition that molybdenum is present in these enzymes in an extractable cofactor that contains iron, molybdenum and sulfur (Shah, Brill, 1977). The iron, molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) from various nitrogen-fixing organisms seems to contain the same basic unit and extracts of the Fe-Mo component protein from inactive mutant strains of different micro-organisms are activated by the FeMoco. The apparently critical importance of the FeMoco in the function of nitrogenase has stimulated intensive research efforts toward an understanding of its structure and properties. The design and synthesis of Fe-Mo-S clusters as models for the FeMoco must be directed by and confined within the constraints imposed by the analytical, spectroscopic and structural data available for the FeMoco and the Fe-Mo protein component of nitrogenase. These data which in certain instances are subject to considerable uncertainty, when integrated, define a rather diffuse focal point toward which the synthetic studies on model complexes must be aimed.
The InTeGrate Materials Development Rubric: A Framework and Process for Developing Curricular Materials that Meet Ambitious Goals

We designed and tested a curriculum development and auditing methodology for the Interdisciplinary Teaching about Earth for a Sustainable Future (InTeGrate) project. That process was driven and facilitated by a written rubric for curriculum development. Materials developers participated in workshops to prepare them to write and revise their materials in accordance with the rubric and were guided by an assessment consultant. Other assessment team members independently audited (reviewed) the materials before they could be tested with students. Curriculum developers encountered the most difficulty meeting criteria related to metacognition, grading rubrics, writing learning outcomes and objectives, and linking and aligning materials across the curriculum. Changes to the professional development program improved teams’ abilities to meet those standards. We found the development rubric and process to be an effective methodology for developing materials addressing grand challenges facing society.
Spectrum Loading—A Useful Tool to Screen Effects of Microstructure on Fatigue Crack-Growth Resistance

The purpose of this paper is to promote consideration of variable amplitude or spectrum fatigue loading as a useful tool for screening effects of alloy microstructure on fatigue crack-propagation resistance. Increased sensitivity to microstructure, practical interpretation, and economy of testing are offered as rationale for advantageous use of this type of test.
A Movement without Marches: African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia (Lisa Levenstein, 2009)

Tracing the multiple contexts through which African American women endured and subverted racialized poverty in postwar Philadelphia, Lisa Levenstein examines their efforts to create more responsive social welfare policies throughout the city’s public institutions. She dismisses the “underclass” thesis, which diminishes African Americans’ complex socioeconomic responses to the changing postwar urban paradigm, by framing working-class African American women as proactive agents, who pursued government assistance to support themselves and their families amid structural (namely deindustrialization and racial discrimination) and personal impediments consuming their lives. Levenstein chronicles African American women’s daily struggles and their evolving relationships with various welfare and government agencies, initially focusing on their contentious encounters with state-administered welfare and judicial programs and then shifting her attention to their campaigns for greater access to better housing, healthcare, and educational facilities.
Management Strategies for Locally Recurrent Breast Cancer: Redo-Lumpectomy, Redo-Sentinel Node Biopsy, Redo-Radiation

A multidisciplinary approach to the management of locally recurrent breast cancer is essential. The complexities of the management of patients in this setting include discussions regarding the optimal surgical approach (breast, chest wall, and axillary surgery) and adjuvant treatment considerations (radiation/re-irradiation therapy and systemic therapy). Treatment has evolved to include the option of repeat breast conservation surgery, axillary staging, and radiation therapy through partial breast radiation techniques in selected patients.
Laser Ultrasonic Sensing of Oxidation-Induced Microstructural Changes in Nuclear Graphites

Serving both as a structural and as a functional material, nuclear graphites have a range of useful mechanical, chemical and radiation-related behaviors that are important for nuclear applications. The raw materials used as feedstock along with the manufacturing processes used for production of these materials results in a complicated microstructure composed of graphite filler, graphitized pitch binder, and voids/defects that include porosity and microcracks. These heavily influence the overall elastic moduli of nuclear graphites and must be taken into account when interpreting ultrasonic measurements. Indeed, the measured elastic moduli are generally close to the Reuss limits – the theoretical, lower bounds for the moduli – but no attempts have been made to explain these results within the broader context of elasticity in porous materials containing microcracks. In this work, we report ultrasonic measurements of elastic moduli for nuclear graphites as a function of the bulk porosity and interpret them using relatively simple, physics-based models that describe the effects of porosity and microcracking on modulus. Modifications to these models are explored to account for microstructure-related effects on modulus such as those that are associated with oxidation-induced porosity. These models can be used to interpret a broad range of ultrasonic measurements reported previously for nuclear graphites, and the insight gained into the elastic responses of these materials can be used to guide the use of ultrasonic methods to assess the structural integrity of nuclear graphites.
Comparing the effectiveness of online versus live lecture demonstrations

Introductory physics students may learn more from online demonstrations than from live demonstrations.
The Reverse Palatal Pedicle Graft for Maxillary Molar Palatal Recessions: Two Case Reports.

Introduction Historically, the treatment of palatal recession was thought to be extremely challenging if not impossible due to the anatomy of the palate. A novel technique is presented for treating gingival recession on maxillary molars utilizing a rotated subepithelial connective tissue pedicle graft. The technique is designed to maximize perfusion to the graft as compared to a free graft CASE PRESENTATIONS: The authors present two cases in which the technique was utilized to achieve attachment gain and root coverage. The cases were followed for at least 2 months. Conclusions More than 5 mm of attachment was gained and 55% to 60% root coverage achieved over recession defects on maxillary first molars. The following case reports demonstrate that the Reverse Palatal Pedicle Graft (RPPG) technique was successful in improving root coverage over maxillary palatal recession defects.
Effect of Text Message Alerts on Miners Evacuation Decisions

Abstract This work evaluates the effect of increasing level of detail in emergency alerts on underground miners’ emergency evacuation decisions. An offline survey was administered to underground miners, which provided miners simulated alerts with ever-increasing levels of information about fire, cave in, and explosion emergency scenarios. The simulated evacuation exercise evaluated differences in evacuation decisions due to the channel of communication (text message or through a co-worker). The results indicate that the content of the alert messages has a significant effect on miners’ decisions with more miners choosing to evacuate when more detail is provided about the urgency of the situation. The results also indicate that the evacuation decisions of the participants are related to their mining experience, marital status, age, income, and use of technology. Depending on the scenario, 51–70% of the miners chose not to shelter in place or go to the refuge chamber as instructed in the simulation. This tendency to ignore guidance is possibly due to a lack of clarity in the message sent to them or the poorly crafted messages that do not account for how the miners will account for risk under uncertainty. It appears that the miners are acting in a loss-averse manner given the uncertainty, as per prospect theory. This study also concludes that, overall, the channel of communication does not significantly affect the miners’ evacuation decisions. This may bode well for using text message alerts in mine emergency management. This work presents a foundation for developing effective text messages for guiding miners in emergencies by building off existing research on short-form emergency warnings and applying the principles to the mining context to provide evidence for new emergency alert technologies mandated new underground coal mine safety regulations. Future research should evaluate miners’ decision-making using prospect theory to account for miners’ perception of risk under uncertainty, so that persuasive text messages can be designed to elicit safe evacuation decisions.
THE MOTHERHOOD PENALTY AND THE FATHERHOOD PREMIUM IN EMPLOYMENT DURING COVID-19: EVIDENCE FROM THE UNITED STATES

In this paper, we present evidence from the Current Population Survey examining the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on parental status and gender inequalities in employment in the United States. We show that the drop in the employment rate in post-outbreak months was largely driven by mass layoffs and not by workers quitting their jobs. Results from fixed-effects regression models show a strong fatherhood premium in the likelihood of being laid off for post-outbreak months compared to mothers, men without children, and women without children. We also found that the "fatherhood premium" was higher among lower-educated and mid-educated workers. These findings show that gaps in layoff rates exacerbated pre-existing forms of parental status and gender inequality in employment. Possible mechanisms are discussed, but more work is needed to explain why employers were less likely to lay off fathers following the outbreak, and the short- and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in reinforcing parental status and gender inequality in employment in the United States.
Evaluation of 1,1-cyclopropylidene as a thioether isostere in the 4-thio-thienopyrimidine (TTP) series of antimalarials.

Abstract The 4-(heteroarylthio)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine (TTP) series of antimalarials, represented by 1 and 17, potently inhibit proliferation of the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (EC50 70–100 nM), but suffer from oxidative metabolism. The 1,1-cyclopropylidene isosteres 6 and 16 were designed to obviate this drawback. They were prepared by a short route that features a combined Peterson methylenation / cyclopropanation transformation of, e. g., ketone 7. Isosteres 6 and 16 possess significantly attenuated antimalarial potency relative to parents 1 and 17. This outcome can be rationalized based on the increased out-of-plane steric demands of the latter two. In support of this hypothesis, the relatively flat ketone 7 retains some of the potency of 1, even though it appears to be a comparatively inferior mimic with respect to electronics and bond lengths and angles. We also demonstrate crystallographically and computationally an apparent increase in the strength of the intramolecular sulfur hole interaction of 1 upon protonation.
Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders

In this chapter, we review the topic of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders among older adults.
MePLER: A 20.6-pJ Side-Channel-Aware In-Memory CDT Sampler

This work presents a MePLER, an in-Memory cumulative distribution table (CDT) sampler, featuring custom cell derived from NAND-Type CAM for range-matching, pipelined and segmented array for reduced energy, and suppressed timing and power side-channel leakage. The precision and sample range are configurable for different sampling requirements. A 65nm prototype achieves constant 85.9-MSps, 1-sample/cycle throughput, 20.6-pJ/sample efficiency, and 0.03-mm2 footprint.
Arabidopsis seed production limited by CO2 in simulated space experiments.

Several generations of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown axenically from seed to seed on nutrient agar medium. The Arabidopsis plants produce seeds within 30 days after seeding, when grown either in containers open to the ambient atmosphere or in large sealed jars, but not in sealed test tubes. Moreover, the plant height was directly proportional to the size of the sealed container. Periodic analyses of the CO2 levels in the sealed containers has shown a decrease during the first week, but a tenfold increase in the following weeks. It is speculated that, by the end of the second week, the cotyledons entering the senescence stage would release ethylene into the culture atmosphere with a concomitant release of CO2, which in turn would induce further release of ethylene, hastening the senescence process in other tissues. Thus, in a controlled ecological life-support system of a space station, various components of the plant atmosphere may have to be maintained within the prescribed limits.
Immunopathology of the nervous system.

The assignment for this presentation is construed as providing a framework of fact and concept from which the current excitement and directions of research in modern neuroimmunopathology can be perceived. The presentation will be that of a general review with great selectivity exercised in the choice of topics, bearing in mind that comprehensiveness, although desirable, leads to generalizations which may not take into account the tremendous subspecialization which has occurred in all branches of clinical and experimental pathology. Just as the failure of the instructive theory of immunity came about from the analysis of immunity at the molecular level without simultaneously considering cell-cell interactions, so immunopathology of the nervous system is now moving toward the elaboration of molecular concepts, having begun and continuing with the investigation of difficult systemic and intracellular interactions. Immunopathology of the nervous system includes not only the intracranial contents and those of the spinal canal but also the autonomic and peripheral nervous systems and the neuromuscular apparatus.
A study of delayed time and real time text-based computer-mediated communication systems on group decision making performance

This study was a preliminary investigation into the effects of computer-mediated communication mode on several measures: decision quality, gain-loss scores and utilization resources, time to solution, text sequencing, and text readability. The problem related to identifying mode of transmission (delayed time and real time) as a variable that can directly impact computer-mediated discourse. This study investigated group communication under both modes. Thirty-two (N = 32) three-person member groups completed a priority setting problem online in a Unix environment that supports computer-mediated communication in delayed and real time modes. Ninety-six participants were randomly assigned to one of two CMC modes (delayed time or real time). All participants completed the task from their home locations, communicating via modem connection to Nova University's host computer. Participants were physically, and potentially geographically and time-zone dispersed from others with whom they participated with in the experiment. There was no face-to-face interaction among group members. It was hypothesized that: (1) there would be a difference between CMC mode and group decision making performance; (2) delayed time groups would take longer to reach closure on the task than real time groups; (3) delayed time groups would prepare and share more text than real time groups; and (4) delayed time groups would produce higher text readability grade levels than real time CMC groups. Results indicated that while patterns of group process to reach closure were unique according to respective CMC modes, there were no significant differences between groups in regard to decision making quality (score on task). Group decision making is achievable through CMC despite time delays and absence of face-to-face or voice communication. Delayed time groups took longer to reach closure on the task than real time groups. Real time groups exchanged more messages than delayed time groups. There were no significant differences between CMC groups in regard to the number of sentences and words exchanged. Delayed time groups produced text that was of higher readability quality. However, it was discovered that short text exchanges by groups from both CMC modes influenced the readability analysis, thus misleading true text readability grade levels under CMC modes.
Mechanism by which gamma irradiation increases the sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 to heat

Effects of irradiation and heating on survival of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 were examined by measuring DNA damage and the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. S. typhimurium cells fell into two distinct groups following heating: (i) heat-sensitive cells, which were rapidly inactivated at 65 degrees C and (ii) heat-resistant cells, which were only slowly inactivated at 65 degrees C. Radiation sensitivity of S. typhimurium was greater in the presence of air than in the presence of N2 gas (radiation doses required to inactivate 90% of the cells, 0.394 +/- 0.029 in air and 0.561 +/- 0.035 in N2). Recovery of the covalently closed circular form of plasmid pBR322 from S. typhimurium transformants (Ampr Tetr) was decreased by irradiation but not by heating. Heating prior to irradiation significantly decreased the recovery of plasmid DNA without affecting survival of S. typhimurium. Transformability of the recovered plasmid pBR322 was affected by neither irradiation nor heating, and mutation of antibiotic resistance genes was not detected in S. typhimurium. Heating, but not irradiation, caused destabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane, allowing penetration of hydrophobic dye. These results suggest that lethality of heating followed by irradiation for S. typhimurium was additive, reflecting irradiation-induced DNA damage and heat-induced membrane destabilization. When irradiation preceded heating in the absence of air, more cells were inactivated than was expected, because of heat-inactivating radiation-damaged DNA.
Value of preemptive CYP2C19 genotyping in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients considered for pentamidine administration

Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis is standard in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), sometimes with pentamidine at a low dose inhaled monthly. Human metabolism of pentamidine depends on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19). The frequency of mutant CYP2C19 forms with decreased function (from 2% of Caucasians to 30% of Asians and 79% of certain Polynesians), together with common use of CYP2C19 inhibitors in the alloSCT process, creates risk for impaired pentamidine clearance resulting in toxicity ordinarily expected only with high doses given for active infection. We examined the charts of 32 consecutive pentamidine-prophylaxed alloSCT patients at our center. We assessed hospital charges for the management of toxicities unexplained at the time but likely attributable, in retrospect, to pentamidine. Twenty-eight percent experienced significant toxicities (incurring added charges of at least US$5000). Thirteen percent suffered major toxicity (incurring added charges of at least US$25, 000; median added charge $351, 701) and shorter survival (326 vs. 622 d for all pentamidine recipients), including 6% who died of pentamidine toxicities [one proven postmortem to have a (non-functional) homozygous CYP2C19*2 mutation]. Charges for care attributable to pentamidine toxicity exceeded what preemptive genotyping would have cost by 73-fold. These findings encourage routine use of preemptive CYP2C19 genotyping in alloSCT patients considered for pentamidine.
The use of IDDQ testing in low stuck-at coverage situations

An unresolved issue in IC testing is what mix of coverages of different types of test is required in order to achieve a given quality goal. This paper investigates the interaction between IDDQ and stuck-at coverage and examines the use of IDDQ to increase effective stuck-at coverage, particularly in situations where the graded coverage is lower than the desired goal. Empirical data is presented which examines the extent to which a varying number of IDDQ tests can detect parts which would fail stuck-at tests. This leads to development of a composite metric, based on stuck-at coverage, which allows a tradeoff to be made between adding further logic tests and adding IDDQ tests.
A molecular approach to the foundations of the theory of solute transport in porous media: I. Conservative solutes in homogeneous isotropic saturated media

Abstract A molecular model is developed for the transport of a conservative solute at low concentrations in a homogeneous isotropic water-saturated porous medium. In this model, a solute molecule undergoes contact collisions with the solid grains in the medium at successive random times; in between these collisions, the velocity of the molecule is governed by the Langevin equation; the effect of the collisions with the solid grains is to scatter a molecule in a random direction. This molecular model is employed to derive rigorously a parabolic differential equation for the solute concentration at the macroscopic level. In the absence of solute convection, the coefficient of molecular diffusion in a porous medium is proved to be less than the coefficient of molecular diffusion in bulk solution, a finding which is in agreement with experimental observations. For non-zero convection, the assumption of isotropicity of the medium is employed to prove that the solute dispersion tensor is diagonal. For small magnitudes of the liquid velocity, the isotropicity assumption also implies that the coefficients of longitudinal and transverse dispersion are approximately parabolic functions of the liquid velocity. The expressions derived for the dispersion coefficients, when compared with their experimentally observed values, suggest that their dependence on the liquid velocity comes primarily through solute—liquid molecular collisions instead of through collisions of the solute molecules with the grains of the solid phase. The solute convective velocity is shown to be less than or equal to the liquid velocity. Precisely when the difference between the two velocities will be significant remains to be established.
Managing the wickedness of socially responsible marketing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the wicked problems inherent in socially responsible marketing and to provide practical insights into their management. Design/methodology/approach – This paper applies learning from three related conceptual areas (the Cynefin framework, complexity science and wicked problems) to think about sustainable marketing in new ways. Findings – Sustainability challenges the effectiveness of traditional marketing thought and action. New and emerging approaches and tools in sense-making, complexity science and problem recognition are needed to help ensure the successful development and implementation of sustainable marketing. Originality/value – Growing concern for so-called “wicked problems” appears in the literature of a number of disciplines in both the hard and soft sciences. Although the concept has appeared in the management and strategy literature, it is relatively unknown in marketing.
Partial Differential Equations Preconditioner Resilient to Soft and Hard Faults

We present a domain-decomposition-based pre-conditioner for the solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) that is resilient to both soft and hard faults. The algorithm is based on the following steps: first, the computational domain is split into overlapping subdomains, second, the target PDE is solved on each subdomain for sampled values of the local current boundary conditions, third, the subdomain solution samples are collected and fed into a regression step to build maps between the subdomains' boundary conditions, finally, the intersection of these maps yields the updated state at the subdomain boundaries. This reformulation allows us to recast the problem as a set of independent tasks. The implementation relies on an asynchronous server-client framework, where one or more reliable servers hold the data, while the clients ask for tasks and execute them. This framework provides resiliency to hard faults such that if a client crashes, it stops asking for work, and the servers simply distribute the work among all the other clients alive. Erroneous subdomain solves (e.g. due to soft faults) appear as corrupted data, which is either rejected if that causes a task to fail, or is seamlessly filtered out during the regression stage through a suitable noise model. Three different types of faults are modeled: hard faults modeling nodes (or clients) crashing, soft faults occurring during the communication of the tasks between server and clients, and soft faults occurring during task execution. We demonstrate the resiliency of the approach for a 2D elliptic PDE, and explore the effect of the faults at various failure rates.
Evaluating the effectiveness of reliability-assurance techniques

Abstract In the software-development life cycle, various reliability assurance techniques are routinely performed in an attempt to reduce the number of errors in a software product. These reliability-assurance techniques commonly consist of a variety of technical reviews and several levels of testing. Although the utilization of these techniques is growing, there is a lack of quantitative data on their effectiveness. This paper describes two metrics, error-detection efficiency and cost effectiveness, which were used to evaluate the reliability-assurance techniques employed in a large software project. The results of the study are also presented.