cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoporous-Gold-Based Electrode Morphology Libraries for Investigating Structure–Property Relationships in Nucleic Acid Based Electrochemical Biosensors

Nanoporous gold (np-Au) electrode coatings significantly enhance the performance of electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors because of their three-dimensional nanoscale network, high electrical conductivity, facile surface functionalization, and biocompatibility. Contrary to planar electrodes, the np-Au electrodes also exhibit sensitive detection in the presence of common biofouling media due to their porous structure. However, the pore size of the nanomatrix plays a critical role in dictating the extent of biomolecular capture and transport. Small pores perform better in the case of target detection in complex samples by filtering out the large nonspecific proteins. On the other hand, larger pores increase the accessibility of target nucleic acids in the nanoporous structure, enhancing the detection limits of the sensor at the expense of more interference from biofouling molecules. Here, we report a microfabricated np-Au multiple electrode array that displays a range of electrode morphologies on the same...
Abstract 162: A Novel Nanotechnology Approach for Cholesterol Loading and Reverse Cholesterol Transport Assessment

Objective: Functional significance and efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathways of cholesterol efflux is of major pathogenetic and therapeutic relevance. The assays used to test RCT however continue to remain fairly labor and time intensive with the “gold standard” approach in vitro employing acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL)-mediated loading of cells with radioactively labeled cholesterol followed by exposure to a cholesterol acceptor (e.g. high-density lipoprotein, HDL). We tested the feasibility and efficacy of a synthetic CHolesterol Efflux Assay Probe (CHEAP) capable of Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) as an alternate strategy to quantify RCT that could theoretically replace more labor intensive methods via its advantages of high throughput screening, faster and economical synthesis, bulk fabrication, and real time cholesterol release monitoring. Methods and results: CHEAP synthesis was accomplished through self-assembly methodologies from polystyrene core nanoparticles, lipids, and H3- or BODIPY- labeled cholesterol. Screening of 25 potential formulations for multiple physicochemicalproperties including stability, polydispersity, zeta potential and FRET efficiency upon cholesterol release resulted in identification of an optimized particle with mean size similar to LDL (32.3 nm). Fluorescence profiles of BODIPY-cholesterol loaded and cholesterol free CHEAP were characterized to allow real time determination of cholesterol release kinetics ex vivo and in vitro through changes in Forster Resonance Energy Transfer upon cholesterol release. Internalization was studied via confocal microscopy and the results showed that particles localized to early endosomal and lysosomal intracellular compartments. Assay efficacy of CHEAP was investigated in RCT with varying doses of human HDL as cholesterol acceptors. Figure 1 demonstrates that cholesterol loading with CHEAP resulted in dose-dependent cholesterol efflux (r2 = 0.83, p=0.011) as compared with acLDL loading (r2 = 0.67, p=0.048). Conclusions: CHEAP has several advantages over lipoprotein cholesterol delivery probes and has reliable results in RCT assays.
A Man of Vision: Conrad Hilton's Perspective on Progressing toward Civic and Social Responsibility

(1996). A Man of Vision: Conrad Hilton's Perspective on Progressing toward Civic and Social Responsibility. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 8, No. 2-3, pp. 116-117.
Cardiovascular and Diabetic Medications That Cause Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema

Medication-induced angioedema is a bradykinin-mediated process that results from increased production or decreased degradation of bradykinin. These reactions are documented for several cardiac medications including blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Other cardiovascular and diabetes medications further increase the risk of medication-induced angioedema, particularly with concomitant use of RAAS inhibitors. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors are a class of oral diabetic agents that affect bradykinin and substance P degradation and therefore can lead to angioedema. Neprilysin inhibitors are a separate class of cardiac medications, which includes sacubitril, and can lead to drug-induced angioedema especially when used in combination with RAAS inhibitors. This article discusses the proposed mechanisms by which these medications cause angioedema and how medication-induced angioedema differs from mast cell-mediated angioedema. It also details how to recognize medication-induced angioedema and the treatment options available.
Breast Implant Illness: Symptoms, Patient Concerns, and the Power of Social Media.

Sir:Despite having been temporarily removed from the U.S. market in the late 1990s, breast implants are approved for use in augmentation and reconstruction. Although it is accepted that there is an association between implants and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, breast implants have not been shown t
Upper Limb Prosthesis Control for High-Level Amputees via Myoelectric Recognition of Leg Gestures

Recognition of motion intent via surface electromyography (EMG) has become increasingly practical for prosthesis control, but lacking residual muscle sites remains a major obstacle to its use by high-level amputees. Currently, there are few approaches to upper limb prosthesis control for individuals with amputations proximal to the elbow, all of which suffer from one or more of three primary problems: invasiveness, the need for intensive training, and lacking functionality. Using surface EMG sensors placed on the lower leg and a natural mapping between degrees of freedom of the leg and the arm, we tested a noninvasive control approach by which high-level amputees could control prosthetic elbow, wrist, and hand movements with minimal training. In this paper, we used able-bodied subjects to facilitate a direct comparison between control using intact arm and leg muscles. First, we found that foot gestures could be classified offline using time domain features and linear discriminant analysis with accuracy comparable to an equivalent system for recognizing arm movements. Second, we used the target achievement control test to evaluate real-time control performance in three and four degrees of freedom. After approximately 20 min of training, subjects tended to perform the task as well with the leg as with intact arm muscles, and performance overall was comparable to other control methods.
ASIC3 fine-tunes bladder sensory signaling

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are trimeric proton-activated, cation-selective neuronal channels that are considered to play important roles in mechanosensation and nociception. Here we investig...
Learning Representative Exemplars of Concepts: An Initial Case Study

Abstract The goal of our research is to understand the power and appropriateness of exemplar-based representations and their associated acquisition methods. As part of our initial study, we present three methods for forming exemplar representations. The methods are applied to a natural data base of patient diagnoses. These methods are evaluated by the quality and size of their resulting representations as well as the computational cost for forming their representations. In particular we show that small numbers of stored examples yield accuracy rates of about 80%.
The Use of Lymphoid Cells Expanded in IL-2 for the Adoptive Immunotherapy of Murine and Human Tumors

The adoptive immunotherapy of cancer refers to the transfer, to the tumor-bearing host, of immunologically competent cells capable of mediating responses against tumor. Specific adoptive immunotherapy is a theoretically attractive approach to the treatment of tumors although few examples exist of the effective treatment of established syngeneic solid tumors using this modality. Early reports from Delorme and Alexander (1964) claimed that thoracic duct lymphocytes from immunized rats as well as lymphocytes from immunized xenogeneic animals (Alexander et al., 1966) could mediate the regression of solid methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. Borberg et al. (1972) treated mice bearing the Meth-A sarcoma with up to 4 × 109 immunized syngeneic lymphocytes and succeeded in causing the regression of established tumors. Using the Meth-A tumor, but an alternative method of immunization, Berendt and North (1980) have demonstrated that the intravenous infusion of sensitized T cells from immune donors could cause complete regression of established tumors growing in a T-deficient host. They also showed that infusion of splenocytes from tumor-bearing donors could inhibit this regression, suggesting that suppressor T cells existed in the tumor-bearing host. Fernandez-Cruz et al. (1980) showed that intravenous infusion of immune lymphocytes was capable of curing rats bearing a subcutaneous tumor, and Smith et al. (1977) showed that immunized peritoneal exudate cells from syngeneic guinea pigs were capable of curing guinea pigs with established line 10 hepatoma.
Presidential Human Rights Talk

In response to Professor Harold Hongju Koh's March 2017 keynote at Washburn University, "The Trump Administration and International Law," this essay examines the diplomatic and political rhetoric deployed by past presidents in support of human rights to argue that such "presidential human rights talk" represented an important element of U.S. human rights policy and promoted the transnational transmission of human rights norms. President Trump's complete abandonment of presidential human rights talk signals an end to what remains of American "human rights exceptionalism." Combined with Trump's "America First" approach to foreign policy, which rejects the value of the international institutions the U.S. helped build and sustain over the past 70 years, the end of presidential human rights talk may also mark the end of U.S. human rights diplomacy.
Behavioral effects of psychostimulants in mutant mice with cell-type specific deletion of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in dopamine neurons.

Abstract Activation of the endocannabinoid system modulate dopaminergic pathways that are involved in the effects of psychostimulants including amphetamine , cocaine, nicotine and other drugs of abuse. Genetic deletion or pharmacological activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptor is involved in the modulation of the effects of psychostimulants and their rewarding properties. Here we report on the behavioral effects of psychostimulants in DAT- Cnr2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice with selective deletion of type 2 cannabinoid receptors in dopamine neurons. There was enhanced psychostimulant induced hyperactivity in DAT- Cnr2 cKO mice, but the psychostimulant-induced sensitization was absent in DAT-Cnr2 cKO compared to the WT mice. Intriguingly, lower doses of amphetamine reduced locomotor activity of the DAT-Cnr 2 cKO mice. While cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine produced robust conditioned place preference (CPP) in both DAT- Cnr2 cKO and WT mice, nicotine at the dose used induced CPP only in the WT but not in the DAT-Cn2 cKO mice. However, pre-treatment with the CB2R selective agonist JWH133, blocked cocaine and nicotine induced CPP in the WT mice. The deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons modified the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase , and reduced the expression of dopamine transporter gene expression in DAT- Cnr2 cKO midbrain region. Taken together, our data suggest that CB2Rs play a role in the modulation of dopamine-related effects of psychostimulants and could be exploited as therapeutic target in psychostimulant addiction and other psychiatric disorders associated with dopamine dysregulation.
On the Number of Catalytic Sites in the F1-ATPase that Catalyze Steady State ATP Hydrolysis

The bovine heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase (MF1), which is composed of five different polypeptide chains in a subunit stoichiometry of α 3 β 3 γδe, has a total of six adenine nucleotide binding sites (Esch and Allison, 1979; Cross and Nalin, 1982). Kinetic evidence presented by Lardy’s laboratory (Lardy et al, 1975; Schuster et al., 1975) suggested the presence of regulatory sites that specifically bind adenine nucleotides and catalytic sites which are less specific and hydrolyze ATP, ITP, GTP and other nucleoside triphosphates. Gautheron and her colleagues (DiPietro et al, 1980; Baubichon et al., 1981; Fellous et al., 1984) have provided evidence for a regulatory site on the β subunit of MF1 which responds to ADP but not to GDP and GDP analogues.
Full tilt: universal constructors for general shapes with uniform external forces

We investigate the problem of assembling general shapes and patterns in a model in which particles move based on uniform external forces until they encounter an obstacle. In this model, corresponding particles may bond when adjacent with one another. Succinctly, this model considers a 2D grid of "open" and "blocked" spaces, along with a set of slidable polyominoes placed at open locations on the board. The board may be tilted in any of the 4 cardinal directions, causing all slidable polyominoes to move maximally in the specified direction until blocked. By successively applying a sequence of such tilts, along with allowing different polyominoes to stick when adjacent, tilt sequences provide a method to reconfigure an initial board configuration so as to assemble a collection of previous separate polyominoes into a larger shape.While previous work within this model of assembly has focused on designing a specific board configuration for the assembly of a specific given shape, we propose the problem of designing universal configurations that are capable of constructing a large class of shapes and patterns. For these constructions, we present the notions of weak and strong universality which indicate the presence of "excess" polyominoes after the shape is constructed. In particular, for given integers h, w, we show that there exists a weakly universal configuration with O(hw) 1 × 1 slidable particles that can be reconfigured to build any h × w patterned rectangle. We then expand this result to show that there exists a weakly universal configuration that can build any h × w-bounded size connected shape. Following these results, which require an admittedly relaxed assembly definition, we go on to show the existence of a strongly universal configuration (no excess particles) which can assemble any shape within a previously studied "drop" class, while using quadratically less space than previous results.Finally, we include a study of the complexity of deciding if a particle within a configuration may be relocated to another position, and deciding if a given configuration may be transformed into a second given configuration. We show both problems to be PSPACE-complete even when no particles stick to one another and movable particles are restricted to 1 × 1 tiles and a single 2 × 2 polyomino.
Fatigue in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Etiologies and Management

Fatigue is a burdensome, multidimensional, and multifactorial symptom that is associated with a wide array of chronic illnesses, specifically occurring in nearly 50% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although common, given its subjective nature, physicians often under-recognize and undertreat this debilitating symptom. There are multiple etiologies that can contribute to fatigue in patients with IBD, including disease activity, anemia, medications, psychosomatic symptoms, and alterations to the gut–brain axis. The management of fatigue in IBD can be challenging, as it is often times multifaceted. In this review, we summarize the available tools for the diagnosis and measurement of fatigue, discuss etiologies, and make recommendations for their management. We identify knowledge gaps for the workup and treatment of fatigue and propose an algorithm to aid physicians in the evaluation and management of fatigue in this unique population. However, future research is needed to address several areas of knowledge deficits and improve the management of fatigue in IBD.
An allosteric pocket for inhibition of bacterial Enzyme I identified by NMR-based fragment screening

Abstract Enzyme I (EI), which is the key enzyme to activate the bacterial phosphotransferase system, plays an important role in the regulation of several metabolic pathways and controls the biology of bacterial cells at multiple levels. The conservation and ubiquity of EI among different types of bacteria makes the enzyme a potential target for antimicrobial research. Here, we use NMR-based fragment screening to identify novel inhibitors of EI. We identify three molecular fragments that allosterically inhibit the phosphoryl transfer reaction catalyzed by EI by interacting with the enzyme at a surface pocket located more than 10 A away from the substrate binding site. Interestingly, although the three molecules share the same binding pocket, we observe that two of the discovered EI ligands act as competitive inhibitors while the third ligand acts as a mixed inhibitor. Characterization of the EI-inhibitor complexes by NMR and Molecular Dynamics simulations reveals key interactions that perturb the fold of the active site and provides structural foundation for the different inhibitory activity of the identified molecular fragments. In particular, we show that contacts between the inhibitor and the side-chain of V292 are crucial to destabilize binding of the substrate to EI. In contrast, mixed inhibition is caused by additional contacts between the inhibitor and ⍺-helix 2 that perturb the active site structure and turnover in an allosteric manner. We expect our results to provide the basis for the development of second generation allosteric inhibitors of increased potency and to suggest novel molecular strategies to combat drug-resistant infections.
Distributions of textbook problems predict student learning: Data from decimal arithmetic.

This study investigated relations between the distribution of practice problems in textbooks and students’ learning of decimal arithmetic. In Study 1, we analyzed the distributions of decimal arithmetic practice problems that appeared in 3 leading math textbook series in the United States. Similar imbalances in the relative frequencies of decimal arithmetic problems were present across the 3 series: Addition and subtraction more often involved 2 decimals than a whole number and a decimal, but the opposite was true for multiplication and division. We expected children’s learning of decimal arithmetic to reflect these distributional biases. In Studies 2, 3, and 4, we tested the prediction that children would have more difficulty solving types of problems that appeared less frequently in textbooks, regardless of the intrinsic complexity of solving the problems. We analyzed students’ performance on decimal arithmetic from an experiment conducted in a different lab 35 years ago (Study 2), from a contemporary large-scale web-based learning platform (Study 3), and from a recent controlled experiment conducted in our own lab (Study 4). Despite many differences among the 3 studies, performance in all 3 was in accord with the predictions. These findings suggest that the distributions of practice problems in math textbooks may influence what children do and do not learn. Usefulness of analyzing textbook problem distributions as well as educational implications of the current findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Peer navigation for individuals with serious mental illness leaving jail: a pilot randomized trial study protocol

Serious mental illness (SMI) is a prevalent public health problem affecting 25% of individuals in jail. Re-entry to the community following incarceration is a vulnerable time for justice-involved individuals with SMI. SMI requires prompt and ongoing access to mental health and other healthcare services. The study will (1) develop a Mentoring And Peer Support (MAPS) intervention for post-release mental health and other service connection among jailed individuals with SMI and (2) pilot test the MAPS intervention to determine its feasibility and acceptability. The primary outcomes will be to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the proposed recruitment methods and research design, of the intervention training methods, and of delivering the enhanced peer-navigator and control interventions. Study samples include focus groups (n=36), open trial (n=15), and a randomized pilot trial in a sample of 40 individuals with SMI re-entering the community after jail release. Secondary outcomes will include post-release enrollment in mental health, medical care, and substance use services. We will also evaluate reduction in psychiatric symptoms, improvements in functioning, adherence to psychiatric medications, fewer substance using days, fewer hospitalizations and suicide attempts, nights unstably housed, and time until rearrest. This pilot study will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a peer navigation intervention for individuals with serious mental illness leaving jails. The study will serve as a formative work for a larger randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of peer navigator intervention for (include the primary outcome) in this population.
Application of a General Methodology to Analyze Strain Data Obtained from Accelerated Pavement Testing

This study demonstrates the application of a general methodology that was developed by Francois et al. (2019) to analyze strain data collected during accelerated pavement testing on flexible or composite pavements sections. Five instrumented, full-scale test sections were evaluated in this study. The sections had similar supporting layers however, each section contained different asphalt overlay mixtures as their surface course. Section 1 contained a 76.2 mm, stone matrix asphalt overlay while section 2 contained a 50.2 mm, New Jersey high performance thin overlay. Sections 3, 4 and 5 contained a 50.2 mm, Superpave mixture, stone matrix asphalt mixture, and New Jersey High performance thin overlay respectively, placed on top of a 25.4 mm, binder rich intermediate course. The sections were loaded using a 60 kN, heavy vehicle simulator wheel load. Loading was applied uni-directionally at 8 km/h for 200,000 loading passes. Two parameters obtained from the general methodology; the stiffness index and damage index parameters, were computed using recorded strain measurements from all five sections. The relative reflection cracking susceptibility of all the sections were then evaluated and ranked based on these parameters. The APT strain data analysis procedure was successfully used to distinguish the fatigue resistance of asphalt overlays. The NJHPTO & BRIC overlay was found to be the most crack susceptible mixture to while the SMA overlay was found to be the least vulnerable to cracking.
Flexible Bronchoscopy and Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease

ChILD (children’s interstitial lung disease) is a term that includes a broad range of pathologies and many rare lung conditions. The pathogenesis and natural history remain poorly understood. ChILD can present as a single isolated disease in a patient or can be part of a systemic process or syndrome, such as is seen in certain rheumatologic diseases. ChILD management is complicated by difficulties in making the accurate diagnosis and limitations in evidence-based treatment. Currently, with the exception of genetic testing for surfactant metabolism diseases, open lung biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis in interstitial lung disease in children. Flexible bronchoscopy represents a potentially useful tool in the evaluation and diagnosis of child of unknown etiology. Careful and dedicated evaluation of the airways with flexible bronchoscopy allows for anatomic evaluation, aspiration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for cellular and microbiological analysis, as well as the potential for obtaining tissue biopsy samples via the transbronchial approach. Bronchoscopy should be considered in the evaluation of children with suspected or unexplained interstitial lung disease.
We Are...Community

The concept of "community" has become increasingly important in law schools, relating both to our professionalism and the education of our students. During the recent celebration of our school's 185th anniversary of its founding, I addressed one of the school's core values, that of "community". This article explores that value and its meaning both within our law schools and the greater society, serving to advance the public interest and the interests of our law students, the legal academy and practicing attorneys everywhere. The message conveyed is universal and contemporary, going well beyond our anniversary celebration. Ultimately, it can help serve to guide the academy, the profession and students of all law schools to understand what "community" can mean to them.
Molecular structure of an open human KATP channel.

KATP channels are metabolic sensors that translate intracellular ATP/ADP balance into membrane excitability. The molecular composition of KATP includes an inward-rectifier potassium channel (Kir) and an ABC transporter-like sulfonylurea receptor (SUR). Although structures of KATP have been determined in many conformations, in all cases, the pore in Kir is closed. Here, we describe human pancreatic KATP (hKATP) structures with an open pore at 3.1- to 4.0-A resolution using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Pore opening is associated with coordinated structural changes within the ATP-binding site and the channel gate in Kir. Conformational changes in SUR are also observed, resulting in an area reduction of contact surfaces between SUR and Kir. We also observe that pancreatic hKATP exhibits the unique (among inward-rectifier channels) property of PIP2-independent opening, which appears to be correlated with a docked cytoplasmic domain in the absence of PIP2.
Unified Analytical Model for Broadcast in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

In this chapter, we present the proposed algorithm for calculating the successful broadcast ratio of a broadcast protocol in multi-hop CR ad hoc networks. We first introduce a unique challenge of calculating the successful broadcast ratio. Then, the details of the proposed algorithm are presented. In addition, an example is given to show the process of the proposed algorithm. For simplicity, we assume that the wireless channels are error-free (i.e., the white noise of the channels is ignored). However, the probability that a broadcast fails due to the channel noise can be easily added in our analysis, if necessary. In the rest of the book, we use the term “sender” to indicate a SU who has just received a broadcast message and will rebroadcast the message. In addition, we use the term “receiver” to indicate a SU who has not received the broadcast message yet.
Conceiving the Earth Itself as Our Garden

In this chapter, Scott Cameron contends that the North American and European perspectives on nature both capture essential but partial truths. The North American focus on wilderness occludes two very different perspectives under which the world was ‘always already’ humanized: the ancient, biblical view of the first humans as co-creators of the world (Adam and Eve as the namers, analogues of which are still common in many aboriginal wisdom traditions), and Nietzsche’s post-modern variant celebrating our recreating the world by re-naming and re-valuing it. On both these views, the Earth is originally ours, both as home and in trust as our garden. Yet there is, nonetheless, an important warning in the romantic aspiration to commune with nature unsullied. Cameron’s goal is to highlight an inescapable but productive tension between understanding the world as already humanized and desiring to respect its inherent value. He stresses that we can achieve the latter only by recognizing the former; and he proposes the ancient metaphor of the earth as a garden to help keep both perspectives in view.
Cinemental Journeys: An Uncommon Guide to Classic Movie Theaters: Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa

Review of: "Cinemental Journeys: An Uncommon Guide to Classic Movie Theaters: Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa," by Mike and Vicki Walker.
Beef-heartmalic dehydrogenases. II. Preparation and properties of crystalline supernatant malic dehydrogenase.

Differential extraction of beef-heart muscle revealed the presence of two malic dehydrogenases. One, apparently derived from the supernatant fraction, is easily extractable and exhibits no inhibition of oxidation of DPNH by elevated concentrations of oxaloacetate. The other, presumably mitochondrial in origin, requires more drastic means of extraction and under similar defined conditions of assay is inhibited by elevated concentrations of oxaloacetate. A method of purifying the supernatant malic dehydrogenase is described. By a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat inactivation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, starch-block electrophoresis, and finally dialysis against ammonium sulfate solutions, a crystalline malic dehydrogenase has been prepared. Electrophoretic studies over a wide range of pH values revealed that the preparation was essentially homogeneous. The enzyme was also homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, and had an s20,w0 of 5.1·10−13 sec and a D20,w0 of 9.1·10−7 cm2/sec. From these data, assuming a partial specific volume of 0.74 ml/g, a molecular weight of 52 000 was calculated. Some kinetic constants of the enzyme have been determined and its specificity examined.
Percutaneous antegrade flexible ureteroscopy

A flexible endoscope has been used for antegrade percutaneous ureteroscopy after percutaneous lithotripsy. The instrument, the ACMI Flexiscope, is 2.5 mm in diameter and has fiberoptic bundles for illumination and visualization but no channel for irrigation. Techniques for introduction and irrigation are considered. The use of this instrument demonstrates the need for deflectability in a ureteroscope.
God at the Grassroots: A Political Analysis of State-Level Christian Right and Pro-Family Organizations in American Public Schooling

This research article analyzes the aspirations and likely outcomes of the Christian right in terms of educational policy in America. The main source of data for this analysis draws from 13 source-protected interviews with directors of state-level Christian right organizations. A semi-structured, elite interviewing approach was utilized. The qualitative data demonstrates that the American Christian right is divided, organizationally, between those who identify with Republican party politics versus those who approach the political process more independently. The author shows that for the Christian right, education is a peripheral issue rather than a central one. Consequently, the Christian right will likely be unable to turn its political objectives into actual policy gains in terms of public education.
Superoxide dismutase attenuates hyperoxia-induced interleukin-8 induction via AP-1.

Abstract Exposure of lung epithelial cells to hyperoxia results in the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell damage, and production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8; IL-8). Although activation of the NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein (AP)-1 transcription pathways occurs in hyperoxia, it is unclear whether activation of the AP-1 pathway has a direct impact on IL-8 production and whether overexpression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) can mitigate these proinflammatory processes. A549 cells were exposed to 95% O 2 , and ROS production, AP-1 activation, and IL-8 levels were determined. Experimental groups included cells transduced with a recombinant adenovirus encoding CuZnSOD or MnSOD (two- to threefold increased activity) or transfected with a JNK1 small interfering RNA (RNAi). Hyperoxia resulted in significant increases in ROS generation, AP-1 activation, and IL-8 production, which were significantly attenuated by overexpression of either MnSOD or CuZnSOD. JNK1 RNAi also moderated IL-8 induction. The data indicate that activation of JNK1/AP-1 and subsequent IL-8 induction in hyperoxia are mediated by intracellular ROS, with SOD having significant protective effects.
Intramolecular Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: Using Competition Studies to Probe the Mechanism of Oxidative Cyclization Reactions

A competition experiment was designed so that the relative rates of anodic cyclization reactions under various electrolysis conditions can be determined. Reactions with ketene dithioacetal and enol ether-based substrates that use lithium methoxide as a base were shown to proceed through radical cation intermediates that were trapped by a sulfonamide anion. Results for the oxidative coupling of a vinyl sulfide with a sulfonamide anion using the same conditions were consistent with the reaction proceeding through a nitrogen-radical.
Maternal Depression: A Global Threat to Children’s Health, Development, and Behavior and to Human Rights

Depressive disorders are a common source of disability among women. In addition to the economic and human costs of maternal depression, children of depressed mothers are at risk for health, developmental, and behavioral problems. Although most of the research examining the evidence and inter-generational aspects of maternal depression has been conducted in high-income countries, recent evidence suggests that rates of maternal depression may be higher in low- and middle-income countries, where nearly 90% of the world's children live. This review examines the evidence from low- and middle-income countries that links maternal depression with children's health, development, and behavior. We present recommendations for future policies and intervention programs related to maternal depression and examine how maternal depression affects the rights of millions of children living in these countries.
Democracy in Action: Naming the Bridge for Walt Whitman

Describes the amusing 1950s controversy surrounding the naming of the Walt Whitman Bridge connecting Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Influence of l Forbiddenness on the 82-kev Transition in Cs 133

The gamma-gamma directional correlation of the 356-82-kev cascade in ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$ was measured. The directional correlation coefficients were $\frac{{A}_{2}}{{A}_{0}}=0.031\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ and $\frac{{A}_{4}}{{A}_{0}}=\ensuremath{-}0.006\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$. This is consistent with a spin assignment $\frac{1}{2}(Q)\frac{5}{2}(D+Q)\frac{7}{2}$. The ratio of the $E2$ to $M1$ matrix elements for the 82-kev transition is $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{-}0.139\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$. The $M1$ transition is retarded by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim}700 and the $E2$ transition is enhanced by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim}20, compared to single particle transitions. The retardation of the $M1$ transition is consistent with the assignment $d\frac{5}{2}$ for the 82-kev state and $g\frac{7}{2}$ for the ground state which would make the $M1$ transition $l$ forbidden. The enhancement of the $E2$ transition indicates there is a cooperative phenomenon present.
Carnival Desire and the Sideshow of Fantasy: Dream, Duplicity and Representational Instability in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

(1991). Carnival Desire and the Sideshow of Fantasy: Dream, Duplicity and Representational Instability in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 66, German Film, pp. 48-56.
The Importance of Interpersonal Similarities in the Teacher Mentor/Protégé Relationship

The present study assessed the effect of interpersonal similarities between mentors and proteges in a large formal teacher mentoring program. The dependent variables included proteges’ satisfaction with the services provided by the program and perception of the program as influencing the decision to continue as a New York City Public School teacher. Two years of responses to surveys indicated that mentor-proteges similarities, most notably in the relatively intangible areas of outside interests, teaching styles, or personality types, fostered stronger relationships between mentors and proteges.
Simulations of antihydrogen formation

The results of simulations of antihydrogen formation in a Penning trap are reported. The antihydrogen atoms are formed by three-body capture. We find that the arrested nature of the three-body capture in the trap greatly reduces the expected binding energy of the antihydrogen. Typically, the formed antihydrogen has larger velocity along the magnetic field than across the field and a binding energy below ${k}_{B}T$.
Metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on low-temperature-grown semiconductors

High-speed electronics was introduced into the subpicosecond regime by the applicaiton of short-pulse lasers to semiconductor systems. Photoconductive sampling, electrooptic sampling, as well as other ultrafast phenomena, have provided tools for the investigation of the behavior of solid-state materials on the ultrafast time-scale. Low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT GaAs) holds unique advantages for high-speed optoelectronics when employed with metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector (MSM) technology. To properly utilize this material we must consider its properties and the nature of the circuits and devices in which it will be used. The use of the MSM on LT GaAs as a small-signal detector and as a high-speed sampling gate has been demonstrated. Work is under way to develop materials with picosecond response and high resistivity, but with longer-wavelength sensitivity.
Design and Fabrication of Electrostatically Actuated Synthetic Microjets

The purpose of this paper is to design and fabricate efficient electrostatically actuated synthetic microjets. For this, special attention is given to the coupling between the electrostatic actuation, the solid deformation of the membrane, and the generated fluid flow. In particular, the motion of the membrane, which is critical in generating the jet flow, is studied using the energy method applied to the large displacement of plates, which, in turn, leads to a relation between the required voltage and the membrane deformation. The flow is then deduced. Finally, we present an efficient method to microfabricate such devices.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
SIMILARITY BETWEEN NEUTRON AND PROTON SINGLE PARTICLE STATES AT THE SAME MASS NUMBER.

Abstract It is shown that in most cases, the relative positions of neutron and proton single particle states are very similar at the same number, much more similar than is either at different A. An exception occurs at A = 49.
Deconfinement and chiral symmetry restoration at finite temperatures in SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories

At zero temperature SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories confine quarks and spontaneously break chiral symmetry. At some non-zero temperatures T/sub c/(T/sub F/) these gauge theories lose confinement (chiral-symmetry breaking). We have studied the order of these phase transitions and the relation between T/sub c/ and T/sub F/ using simulation methods which neglect internal fermion loops. For SU(2) both transitions are second order and 1 less than or equal to T/sub F//T/sub c/ < 1.30. For SU(3) the transitions are first order and we find 1 less than or equal to T/sub F//T/sub c/ less than or equal to 1.05, with T/sub c/ approx. = 200 MeV.
Anatomical variations of the scalene triangle: dissection of 10 cadavers.

Study Design Cadaver dissection to study the anatomy of the scaleni muscles and surrounding structures. Objectives To analyze in depth the anatomy of the scaleni muscles and surrounding structures, and to further document anatomical variations which have been reported in the literature. Background The literature reported variations in the attachments of the scaleni muscles, as well as the presence of a scalenus minimus muscle. The importance of these muscles in the respiratory and musculoskeletal systems led us to study these muscles with dissection. Methods and Measures We performed anatomical dissection on 10 cadavers. The findings from the cadavers were analyzed and reported. Results The attachments of the 3 primary scaleni muscles (anterior, medius, and posterior) were variable. The actual width of the scaleni muscles (anterior, medius, and posterior) at the C6 tubercle and at the first rib also varied. A scalenus minimus was present in one cadaver and presumably present in 2 others. The scalenus ante...
Pseudomoments for generalized domains of attraction

In this paper we resolve a conjecture of Weiner (1987) concerning the existence of the so-called pseudomoments for a random vector which belongs to the generalized domain of attraction of an operator-stable law. The proof is a direct consequence of the spectral decomposition theorem for generalized domains of attraction in Meerschaert (1991)
Isolation and characterization of a subsurface bacterium that degrades aniline and methylanilines

An aerobic bacterium was isolated from a subsurface sediment in a medium containing 2-methylaniline as sole C and N source. The isolate, Pseudomonas strain AK20, grew on aniline and all isomers of methylaniline. Aromatic amine metabolism was inducible, and cell extracts contained catechol-2,3-oxygenase which was also active against methylcatechols. Growth on aniline was rapid (μ = 0.41 h−1), and aniline and acetate were simultaneously utilized in mixed substrate cultures. Growth on 2-methylaniline was slower (μ = 0.1−0.17 h−1) and 2-methylaniline was not used simultaneously with other organic substrates unless it served as sole N source.
Gene expression and atrial natriuretic factor processing and secretion in cultured AT-1 cardiac myocytes.

BACKGROUNDStudies were carried out to characterize several biochemical features of cultured AT-1 cells.METHODS AND RESULTSThese cells were obtained from a transplantable atrial cardiomyocyte tumor lineage. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based analyses demonstrated that the pattern of gene expression of cultured AT-1 cells was similar to that of adult atrial myocytes. AT-1 cells expressed atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain, alpha-cardiac actin, and connexin43. Radioimmunoassays verified that the cells synthesized, stored, and secreted ANF. Through size-exclusion, reversed-phase, and carboxymethyl-ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, it was shown that cultured AT-1 cells stored ANF as pro-ANF (ANF-[1-126]), which was cosecretionally processed quantitatively to ANF-(1-98) and the bioactive 28-amino-acid ANF-(99-126). In addition, cultured AT-1 cells secreted ANF at almost a sixfold greater rate in response to endothelin-1, a potent secretagogue ...
Effects of Woodchuck Activity on Woody Plants near Burrows

The relationship between woodchuck ( Marmota monax ) activity and characteristics of woody plants was examined at two woodlands in Connecticut. Areas within 3 m of main burrow entrances were characterized by a lower number of live stems and greater mortality of stems than were areas of the same size located 13 m from burrows. These and other differences were not related to either plant age or edaphic or light characteristics. We attribute the observed vegetation changes to behaviors associated with burrowing and scent marking by woodchucks, and conclude that woodchucks in wooded areas can promote localized, long-term changes in the abundance, and possibly the distribution, of woody plants.
Change in Higher Education: Understanding and Responding to Individual and Organizational Resistance

In many fields, the ability of educators and practitioners to cope with rapid change is essential to sustained success. In veterinary medical education, as in other scientific disciplines, meaningful change is challenging to achieve and subject to resistance from many individual and organizational norms. Individual concerns often relate to fears of instability or uncertainty, loss of current status, or effects on individual time and workload. Sources of organizational resistance may include a conservative culture, fierce protection of current practices, and prevalence of disciplinary or territorial viewpoints. In academia, especially in scientific or medical fields, individuals appear to be strongly independent and conservative in nature, and generally skeptical of educational change. In this environment, a highly participatory process, with regular communication strategies and demonstrations or evidence that supports proposed changes, can be useful in facilitating change. An understanding of the nature of complex change, as well as of the reasons underlying resistance to change, and some methods to overcome these barriers are highly valuable tools for educational leaders.
Near‐IR spectra of polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinylethyl ether

Abstract : The near-IR spectrum of polyethylene, polyethylene glycol and polyvinylethyl ether have been measured. The CH and OH stretch and bend absorptions have been assigned using local mode theory. The CH stretch anharmonicities are about 57/cm, typical of CH anharmonicities in molecular samples. The CH bend anharmonicities are 7, 10 and 11 /cm, respectively, for polyethylene, polyethylene glycol and polyvinylethyl ether. The CH bend absorption intensities decrease by about a factor of 4 allowing these bending transitions to be observed up to the fourth overtone transition. jg p.1
Raynaud's phenomenon in hypothyroidism

Two patients with Raynaud's phenomenon were found to be hypothyroid and their symptoms disappeared with thyroid replacement therapy. Vascular reactivity studies in one patient demonstrated decreased vasomotor tone after therapy. Raynaud's phenomenon may be an expression of altered autonomic function in hypothyroidism.
How to Assemble a Capsid

Retroviral capsids are composed of hexagonal arrays of the viral CA protein. In this issue of Cell, Ganser-Pornillos et al. (2007) provide a molecular model of the hexagonal HIV-1 CA lattice obtained from a new electron cryomicroscopic reconstruction. This study reveals the three principal stabilizing interfaces in the capsid lattice and explains how two different classes of inhibitors can block capsid assembly.
“Resistance to Extinction” in the Process of Conditioning

Resume Il se montre deux changements pendant la formation d'un reflexe conditionnel: un accroissement de la force immediatement observee du reflexe, et un accroissement de la resistance qu'il fait a l'extinction. Dans plusieurs cas la derniere est une mesure preferable de la presence ou de l'absence d'un effet. Le renforcement d'une seule reponse peut ětre suivi d'une courbe signifiante d'extinction. La courbe sert comme mesure de la quantite de conditionnement qui a lieu. On decrit et discute un changement de complication quelquefois observe dans la vitesse de l'apparence de la reponse avant un renforcement specifique. L'effet d'un seul renforcement peut toujours ětre observe facilement. Dans l'explication du changement, on decrit une notation de l'extinction secondaire (le conditionnement et l'extinction en měme temps).
Huntingtin's critical cleavage.

The early pathogenic events leading to neurodegeneration in Huntington disease are not clear. A recent paper shows that mutating a caspase-6 cleavage site in the huntingtin protein is sufficient to prevent pathogenesis.