cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer's disease beyond amyloid: Can the repetitive failures of amyloid-targeted therapeutics inform future approaches to dementia drug discovery?

Abstract Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) therapeutics based on the amyloid hypothesis have repeatedly failed in clinical trials. Together with numerous reports that amyloid is present in brains from aged individuals without cognitive dysfunction, this suggests that the association of amyloid with AD is collateral rather than causal. However, the preeminence of the amyloid hypothesis has resulted in the ‘systematic …thwart[ing of] alternative approaches’ to AD/dementia driven by a ‘cabal’ of amyloid acolytes who have effectively controlled the ideas funded and published, which startups received venture investment and which programs were advanced in biopharmaceutical companies where they consulted. As a result, dementia research is estimated to be 15–30 years behind where it could be with conflicting data ignored in favor of the amyloid dogma and clinical trial failures being ascribed to faulty design or inadequacies in the compound selection process including flawed animal models. Major concerns regarding the precise diagnosis of AD/dementia and conflicting views on the validated status of fluid biomarker assays have resulted in trials that included patients with unknown amyloid pathologies. With the failure of the amyloid approach, emerging data on the role(s) of vascular, mitochondrial and synaptic network dysfunction, infection, diabetes, sleep, hearing loss, the gut microbiome and neuroinflammation/ innate immune function as dementia targets are driving research in new directions bolstered by recent findings on the genetic, omics and systems biology associated with AD/dementia. In moving forward, lessons learnt from the amyloid debacle should be used to enhance the objective identification of AD/dementia therapeutics as a multifactorial disease syndrome.
Gender Equality in International Business Education.

The United Nations established gender equality as a top priority in its international agenda, and many stakeholders around the world have joined the effort to build a fair playing field for all. Bu...
School Psychology Unified Anti-Racism Statement and Call to Action

As school psychologists, we have an ethical responsibility to engage in social justice and anti-racist action. School psychology organizations and graduate education programs play an important role...
Fast Optimal Joint Tracking–Registration for Multisensor Systems

Sensor fusion of multiple sources plays an important role in vehicular systems to achieve refined target position and velocity estimates. In this paper, we address the general registration problem, which is a key module for a fusion system to accurately correct systematic errors of sensors. A fast maximum a posteriori (FMAP) algorithm for joint registration-tracking is presented. The algorithm uses a recursive two-step optimization that involves orthogonal factorization to ensure numerically stability. Statistical efficiency analysis based on Cramer-Rao lower bound theory is presented to show asymptotical optimality of FMAP. In addition, Givens rotation is used to derive a fast implementation with complexity O(n), with n being the number of tracked targets. Simulations and experiments are presented to demonstrate the promise and effectiveness of FMAP.
Abortion in Sweden and in Henning Mankell’s Before the Frost

This article investigates abortion in Sweden and the depiction of abortion attitudes in the bestselling crime novel Before the Frost (2002) by the internationally acclaimed Swedish writer Henning M...
Global Educators’ Personal Attribution of a Global Perspective

This case study investigated to what self-identifying global educators attributed the development of their global perspective and how it influenced curricular decision-making. Analysis resulted in 7 themes identified by the participants as being attributed to the development of a global perspective: (a) family, (b) exposure to diversity, (c) minority status, (d) global education courses, (e) international travel, (f) having a mentor, and (g) professional service. Additionally, the themes were perceived to influence curricular decision-making by providing strategies and resources. The participants’ perspectives have implications on social studies teacher education programs and future research. These implications include the types of instructional methods, themes, and global dimensions that should be addressed in teacher education programs. Future research should focus on issues underlying the nature of global education courses being taught in social studies teacher education programs, the teaching methods being used by graduates of those programs, and further analysis on emerging themes perceived to be critical in developing a global perspective.
Interfacial interactions affecting polyimide reliability

An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of the interfacial chemistry of the polyimide PMDA-ODA on exposure to air, water, and NaCl solution for extended periods of time is discussed. A spin-coated polyimide layer is oxygen deficient and possibly contains peaks due to the solvent. In the present work one carbonyl moiety per repeat unit was found to be deficient and could not be regenerated by water immersion. On immersing spin-coated PMDS-ODA in water, the solvent peaks were eliminated. For PMDA-ODA in NaCl, although no ions were detected on the backside of the polyimide, substantial reaction of the polyimide was observed that was different from the interaction of polyimide with water, in spite of the near neutrality in pH of both aqueous solutions, indicating the influence of ions on the reaction. >
Anthropomorphic Telemanipulation System in Terminus Control Mode

The paper describes a prototype anthropomorphic kinesthetic telepresence system that is being developed at JPL. It utilizes dexterous terminus devices in form of an exoskeleton force-sensing master glove worn by the operator and a replica four finger anthropomorphic slave hand. The newly developed master glove is integrated with our previously developed non-anthropomorphic six degree-of-freedom (DOF) universal force-reflecting hand controller (FRHC). The mechanical hand and forearm are mounted to an industrial robot (PUMA 560), replacing its standard forearm. The notion of “terminus control mode” refers to the fact that only the terminus devices (glove and robot hand) are of anthropomorphic nature, and the master and slave arms are non-anthropomorphic. The system is controlled by a high performance distributed controller. Control electronics and computing architecture were custom developed for this telemanipulaton system. The system is currently being evaluated, focusing on tool handling and astronaut equivalent task executions. The evaluation revealed the system’s potential for tool handling but it also became evident that hand tool manipulations and space operations require a dual arm robot.
How a Minimum Wage Can Improve Efficiency Even in Competitive Labor Markets: The Webbs and the Social Costs of Labor

Neoclassical economists, using a competitive demand/supply model of labor markets, typically conclude a legislated minimum wage is harmful to economic efficiency and social welfare. The major theoretical counter-attack by proponents of a minimum wage is to argue that low-wage labor markets are better modeled as monopsonistic. This paper develops and formalizes a second theoretical defense for a legal minimum wage law. This defense rests on the concept of the social cost of labor, as originally popularized by Sidney and Beatrice Webb and then further developed by American institutional economists. This analysis is unique in that it continues to use the competitive demand/supply model but nonetheless demonstrates that a legislated minimum wage often simultaneously increases both economic efficiency and fairness, unlike the neoclassical prediction.
Education Faculty as Change Agents

AbstractThis paper explores change agent strategies for integrating computer-based technology into teacher education programs. Drawn from research on successful computer implementation in K-12 schools, the paper presents a model for change in which university faculty function in various change agent roles. The key strategies discussed are organized into four clusters: (1) collaborative problem solving, (2) resource adding, (3) training and follow-up support, and (4) organizing and preparing. The paper examines initial efforts to implement these strategies at one university and concludes that further dialog as well as systematic study of these issues is needed to inform integration efforts in the coming years.
Correlation of conformational heterogeneity of the tryptophyl side chain and time-resolved fluorescence intensity decay kinetics

The time-resolved fluorescence properties of a tryptophan residue should be useful for probing protein structure, function, and dynamics. To date, however, the non-single exponential fluorescence intensity decay kinetics for numerous peptides and proteins having a single tryptophan residue have not been adequately explained. Many possibilities have been considered and include: (1) contributions from the 1La and 1Lb states of indole; (2) excited-state hydrogen exchange; and (3) environmental heterogeneity from (chi) 1 and (chi) 2 rotamers. In addition, it has been suggested that generally many factors contribute to the decay and a distribution of probabilities may be more appropriate. Two recent results support multiple species due to conformational heterogeneity as the major contributor to complex kinetics. First, a rotationally constrained tryptophan analogue has fluorescence intensity decay kinetics that can be described by the sum of two exponentials with amplitudes comparable to the relative populations of the two rotational isomers. Second, the multiple exponentials observed for tyrosine-containing model compounds and peptides correlate with the (chi) 1 rotamer populations independently determined by 1H NMR. We now report similar correlations between rotamer populations and fluorescence intensity decay kinetics for a tryptophan analogue of oxytocin. It appears for this compound that either (chi) 2 rotations do not appreciably alter the indole environment, (chi) 2 rotations are rapid enough to average the observed dependence, or only one of two possible (chi) 2 populations is associated with each (chi) 1 rotamer.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The immobilization of glucose oxidase via activation of its carbohydrate residues.

Abstract The immobilization of glucose oxidase, a glycoenzyme from Aspergillus niger consisting of 16% carbohydrate, has been achieved by oxidizing its carbohydrate residues with periodic acid followed by coupling the activated enzyme to water-insoluble p -aminostyrene. At pH 5.6 and 25°, approximately 60% of the carbohydrate residues are oxidized, but the enzyme retains full activity. No oxidation of any amino acid residue is evident. The enzyme-polymer conjugate derived from this activated enzyme retains full activity and even shows a slightly enhanced thermal stability at 60° compared with the soluble native and oxidized glucose oxidases.
Effect of variable light intensity on composite shrinkage.

Abstract Statement of problem. Polymerization shrinkage is a critical limitation of dental composites and may contribute to postoperative pain, tooth fracture, microleakage, and secondary caries. Polymerization with high-intensity light sources has been related to increased depth of cure and improved mechanical properties. However, high-intensity light initiation has also been associated with greater polymerization shrinkage. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sequentially increasing light intensity on the polymerization shrinkage of 2 composites, a hybrid and a microfil. A Knoop hardness test was used to evaluate effectiveness of the cure with each intensity increase. Material and methods. Four groups of 12 samples were measured for polymerization shrinkage by using a linometer. Light intensity curing sequences were as follows: full-intensity control (100% intensity for 40 seconds), low-intensity control (25% intensity for 40 seconds), test group 1 (25% intensity for 20 seconds, 50% for 10 seconds, 100% for 10 seconds), and test group 2 (25% intensity for 10 seconds, 50% for 10 seconds, 100% for 20 seconds). Statistical comparisons were made using a 1-factor ANOVA and a Tukey multiple comparisons test within each material. Results. Results showed a significant difference ( P Conclusion. Curing composites for 10 seconds at 25% intensity, 10 seconds at 50%, and 20 seconds at 100% significantly reduced polymerization shrinkage while not compromising depth of cure. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:499-505.)
Failure to segregate emotional processing from cognitive and sensorimotor processing in major depression

Most functional neuroimaging studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) employ univariate methods of statistical analysis to localize abnormalities of neural activity. Less has been done to investigate functional relations between these regions, or with regions not usually implicated in depression. Examination of intraneuronal and interneural network relations is important for the advancement of emerging network models for MDD. Principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical method, was used to examine differences in functional connectivity between 10 unmedicated patients with MDD and 12 healthy subjects engaged in a positive word viewing task. In healthy subjects, principal component (PC) 1 (33% variance) revealed functional connectivity of task-specific sensory, linguistic, and motor regions, along with functional anticorrelations in the default mode network; PC2 (10% variance) displayed functional connectivity of areas involved in emotional processing. This segregation of functions did not occur in the depressed group, where regions involved in emotional functions appeared in PC1 (34% variance) co-varying with those involved in linguistic, motor, and default mode network processing. The lack of segregation of emotional processing from cognitive and sensorimotor functions may represent a systems level neural substrate for a core phenomenon of depression: the interconnection of affective disturbance with experience, cognition, and behavior.
Integrating Mindfulness with Parent Training: Effects of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program.

There is growing support for the efficacy of mindfulness training with parents as an intervention technique to improve parenting skills and reduce risk for youth problem behaviors. The evidence, however, has been limited to small scale studies, many with methodological shortcomings. This study sought to integrate mindfulness training with parents into the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 (SFP 10-14), an empirically-validated family-based preventive intervention. It used a randomized-controlled comparative effectiveness study design (N = 432 families, 31% racial/ethnic minority) to test the efficacy of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program (MSFP), compared to standard SFP 10-14 and a minimal-treatment home study control condition. Results indicated that, in general, MSFP was as effective as SFP 10-14 in improving multiple dimensions of parenting, including interpersonal mindfulness in parenting, parent-youth relationship quality, youth behavior management, and parent well-being, according to both parent and youth reports at both postintervention and 1-year follow-up. This study also found that in some areas MSFP boosted and better sustained the effects of SFP 10-14, especially for fathers. Although the pattern of effects was not as uniform as hypothesized, this study provides intriguing evidence for the unique contribution of mindfulness activities to standard parent training.
Gun Behind the Door? Ballot Initiatives, State Policies and Public Opinion

One of the most important claims about the ballot initiative process is that it makes government more responsive to public demands than would be the case under a purely representative system. This argument has not been subject to systematic empirical analysis. In this article we test the claim about enhanced responsiveness, drawing on public opinion data, measures of policy outcomes, and information about the use of initiatives in the American states. We find no evidence that initiatives make for more responsive policy. We also offer a number of possible explanations for this conclusion.
Simulating realistic set covering problems with known optimal solutions

This paper outlines a methodology to generate random Set Covering Problem (SCP) instances with known optimal solutions and correlated coefficients. Positive correlation between the objective function coefficients and the column sums of the SCP constraint matrix is known to affect the performance of SCP solution methods. Generating large SCP instances with known optimal solutions and realistic coefficient correlation provides a plethora of test problems with controllable problem characteristics, including correlation, and an ample opportunity to test the performance of SCP heuristics and algorithms without having to solve the problems to optimality. We describe the procedure for generating SCP instances and present the results of a computational demonstration conducted on SCP instances generated by our procedure. This computational demonstration shows that the heuristics' relative errors increase as the correlation increases, that the likelihood of finding a non-optimal solution also increases with the level of correlation, and that the quality of the solutions found is affected by the number of constraints.
Sequencing mRNA from Cryo-Sliced Drosophila Embryos to Determine Genome-Wide Spatial Patterns of Gene Expression

Complex spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression underlie embryo differentiation, yet methods do not yet exist for the efficient genome-wide determination of spatial expression patterns during development. In situ imaging of transcripts and proteins is the gold-standard, but it is difficult and time consuming to apply to an entire genome, even when highly automated. Sequencing, in contrast, is fast and genome-wide, but is generally applied to homogenized tissues, thereby discarding spatial information. To take advantage of the efficiency and comprehensiveness of sequencing while retaining spatial information, we cryosectioned individual blastoderm stage Drosophila melanogaster embryos along the anterior-posterior axis and developed methods to reliably sequence the mRNA isolated from each 25 µm slice. The spatial patterns of gene expression we infer closely match patterns previously determined by in situ hybridization and microscopy. We applied this method to generate a genome-wide timecourse of spatial gene expression from shortly after fertilization through gastrulation. We identified numerous genes with spatial patterns that have not yet been described in the several ongoing systematic in situ based projects. This simple experiment demonstrates the potential for combining careful anatomical dissection with high-throughput sequencing to obtain spatially resolved gene expression on a genome-wide scale.
[3H]substance P binding in the intermediolateral cell column and striatum of the rat

Abstract [3H]substance P binding was studied in the intermediolateral cell column and striatum in the rat using slide-mounted sections. The intermediolateral cell column had a single high affinity binding component with a dissociation constant,Kd = 1.45 nM and the number of sites,Bmax= 18.1fmol per mg protein. The striatum had aKd = 0.77nM and aBmax= 23.5fmol per mg protein. The relative potency of various substance P-like tachykinins in displacing [3H]substance P suggested that both these areas may contain a substance P-P (for physalaemin) receptor subtype. ( d -Pro4, d -Trp7,9)substance P(4–11), a substance P antagonist, has a relatively low affinity (micromolar range) in both these areas.
Analysis of the Solubilization of Steroids by Bile Salt Micelles

Bile salt mixed micelles play an important role in the emulsification, solubilization, and absorption of cholesterol, fats, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Studies have also revealed the importance of wetting and solubilization of drugs by the bile salts; however, the capacity and specificity of bile salt simple and mixed micelles for solubilization are still undefined. Thus, in this study the aqueous solubility and the extent of solubilization in bile salt micellar solutions of a series of steroids were determined. The melting point and enthalpy of fusion were measured to determine the ideal mole fraction solubility of each steroid. From the ideal mole fraction solubility and the observed solubility of each steroid, the activity coefficient of each steroid in solution was calculated with respect to the supercooled pure liquid as the standard state. In aqueous solution, the activity coefficients decreased with increasing number of hydroxyl groups on the steroids. This trend also occurred in the bile salt solutions, although the values of the activity coefficients were smaller by about three orders of magnitude. The stereochemical position of the hydroxyl groups influenced the rank order of the activity coefficients in the aqueous and micellar solutions. Incorporation of a fluoro or methyl group resulted in an increase in the activity coefficient, whereas aromatization of the A ring of the steroid frame markedly decreased the activity coefficient. The results for the aqueous solubility are consistent with the expected interaction of the functional groups with the polar environment. The relatively small activity coefficients observed with the micellar solutions result from the nonpolar environment of the aggregates. However, the similarity of the relationship between the activity coefficient and the number of hydroxyl groups in the aqueous and micellar solutions indicates the importance of polar interactions for solubilization. These results may provide new insight into the solubilization of steroids by bile salt micellar solutions and may provide a basis for predicting solubilization of other compounds by bile salt aggregates.
New insights into the organization of the shark brain.

Abstract 1. 1. Accurate tracing of distant neuronal connections in sharks have been made possible with techniques for the selective silver impregnation of degenerating axons. 2. 2. These studies indicate that gross misconceptions have existed about shark brain organization. 3. 3. This paper reviews studies on olfactory, retinal, tectal, telencephalic, thalamic, cerebellar and spinal projections in the nurse shark.
Cognitive behavioral group treatment for physically abused children

The purpose of this case study was twofold: to assess the feasibility of implementing a multiple-module, 16-week cognitive behavioral group treatment program for physically abused children; and to evaluate preliminary data from this group treatment program designed to address the multiple sequelae common to school-aged physically abused children (i.e., aggression and other behavioral problems, social skills deficits, and trauma-related symptoms). Results indicate that the multiple components of this group treatment program were implemented successfully and allowed for flexibility across children, even within a group format. Preliminary data show decreases on self-report measures of trauma-related emotional symptoms targeted by the group treatment. Increases were evident in parent ratings of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Interpretations of these findings and future research recommendations are discussed.
Three-body effects in the PSR 1257+12 planetary system

A detailed theoretical analysis of the three-body effects in the putative planetary system of PSR 1257+12 is presented. Ways in which these effects are manifested in the pattern of pulse arrival times are discussed; the dominant perturbation is described as a modulation of the phases of the near-sinusoidal signals of the two planetary companions. Explicit formulas for the time dependence of the oscillating orbital elements that are needed for an improved timing model for this system are provided. If a timing model with fixed, independent Keplerian orbits continues to be used for the timing analysis, and if two planets are indeed orbiting this pulsar, then the three-body effects should become detectable by means of a growth in the postfit residuals as more observations are accumulated. If the typical error in the pulse arrival time measurements is about 10 microsec, the amplitude of the postfit residuals will increase beyond this level with three to five years of timing observations.
Using MOMA Broadband Array ScS‐S data to image smaller‐scale structures at the base of the mantle

ScS-S residuals obtained at stations of the Missouri-to-Massachusetts (MOMA) temporary broadband seismic array are used to delineate variations in seismic velocity structure above the core-mantle boundary (CMB) at scales smaller than observable with tomographic models. South American earthquakes recorded at MOMA reveal a slow-velocity anomaly that is at least as small as the limit of the resolution of ScS waves, about 300 km across. This is modeled as being within a region of fast velocities in whole-mantle models. The slow ScS-S residuals correlate well with a peak in ScS/S relative amplitudes. The small region of slow shear velocity at the CMB could be a pocket of lower mantle rock trapped beneath the descending Farallon slab, or evidence of chemical boundary layer variations.
The thermodynamics of long-lived organic pollutants

Abstract A thermodynamic model is presented for determining the distribution of pollutants in the various compartments of the global environment. The data needed to use this model are the vapor pressure, infinite dilution activity coefficient, Henry's law coefficient and/or solubility in water, and the octanol-water partition coefficient. It is only this latter quantity, which involves liquid-liquid equilibrium, that traditionally has not been measured by thermodynamicists. We also report infinite dilution and Henry's law coefficient measurements for some U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Priority Water Pollutants.
Milrinone enhances cytosolic calcium transient and contraction in rat cardiac myocytes during beta-adrenergic stimulation

Abstract We have investigated the mechanism that underlies the absence of a positive inotropic effect of milrinone on rat myocardium. The twitch characteristics of enzymatically dissociated left ventricular myocytes from the adult rat and guinea pig were assessed by edge tracking during field stimulation. In some rat myocytes loaded with the ester derivative of the Ca 2+ probe Indo-1 we simultaneously measured changes in cell length and in the associated cytosolic Ca 2+ (Ca 1 ) transient. Our results show that in guinea pig myocytes bathed in 0.5 mM [Ca 2+ ] and field stimulated at 1 Hz, milrinone (10 μM) had a positive inotropic effect. In contrast milrinone had no effect on the contractile properties of rat myocytes studied under similar conditions and field stimulated at 0.2 Hz. In rat myocytes bathed in 0.5 mM [Ca 2+ ] and stimulated at 0.2 Hz isoproterenol (1 nM) increased the amplitude and shortened the duration of the contraction and of the associated Ca i transient; these effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation were further enhanced by the addition of milrinone (10 μM) in the presence of isoproterenol. Under conditions of higher cell Ca 2+ loading achieved by raising bathing [Ca 2+ ] to 1 mM and isoproterenol to 3 nM the positive inotropic effect of milrinone (10 μM) in rat myocytes saturated when spontaneous oscillatory Ca 2+ release appeared in the diastolic intervals between electrically stimulated twitches. Our results suggest that an enhancement in the baseline beta-adrenergic stimulation is required for milrinone to exercise a positive inotropic action on rat myocardial tissue.
A tale of two projects: A pattern based comparison of communication strategies in student software development

Preparing students for the communication realities of software development is as difficult as it is important. Training in specific genres of oral and written communication is vital, but successful software developers must also design their communication, choosing appropriate genres and styles to fit the audience and context. We introduce a pattern language for classifying and describing communication strategies. Communication Patterns serve both as an approach for rigorous qualitative analysis and as a library of established practices that students can draw from. The approach has clear links to software design patterns and highlights the fact that communication, like software, is a designed artifact. We focus on two software projects from our case study repository, using Communication Patterns. The two case studies have a great deal of overlap in objectives, stakeholders, responsibilities and timescales, but the outcomes are drastically different. Through patterns, we assess communication at strategic and tactical levels, and we find major differences in communication choices. We also discuss our attempts to expose students to Communication Patterns in the classroom. We conclude with a look at future efforts to deepen our pattern library and diversify our approaches to building and using them.
ENERGY TRANSFER IN Br +-Kr COLLISIONS

Abstract In the collision of Br + with Kr there is considerable transfer of translational to electronic energy and vice versa. This energy transfer is modelled as a Landau-Zener process at the points where the potential energy curves of the various electronic states of the halogen positive ion complex (KrBr + ) cross. Experimental transitions among the spin-orbit states of Br + (viz. 1 D 2 ⇌ 3 P 0,1 ) are observed but all attempts to produce 1 D 2 ⇌ 3 P 2 have failed. Relativistic Cl calculations of lowlying states of KrBr + have been carried out to explain the above experimental observations.
Shallow Incorporation of Nitrogen in HPSI 4H-SiC through the Laser Enhanced Diffusion Process

This paper investigates n-type doping of point-defect compensated high purity semi-insulating (HPSI) 4H-SiC using a pulsed laser (10 ns FWHM @ 260 nm) for the introduction of nitrogen to shallow depths. A thermal model is presented using COMSOL Multiphysics featuring nonlinear temperature dependent material properties and a volumetric heat source term that takes into account the laser absorption depth for common ultraviolet irradiating wavelengths. The temperature distribution in the material and the amount of time that the surface and near-surface regions are at high temperature determines how many laser pulses are required to dope to the desired depth, and simulation results are presented and fit to measured data. The simulations and measured data show that for shallow doping a short wavelength ultraviolet laser should be used to localize the heat at the surface so the dopant can’t diffuse deep into the material. The laser enhanced diffusion process has been used to incorporate nitrogen into HPSI 4H-SiC with a measured surface concentration greater than 1020 cm-3 and a nonlinear thermal model was built.
Multi-person identification and localization using RFID and passive sensor technology

Continuous location tracking in an assistive environment is considered to be the fundamental step for most of the monitoring applications, as it provides a very good indication about different ongoing activities. But, tracking in a multi-person environment, such as hospitals, requires simultaneous identification and localization mechanisms, which makes the system extremely complex. In this paper, we describe a system that uses RFID and other passive sensors deployed at various locations of the environment to continuously track and identify a person in a multi-person assistive environment. Given, sensor activations at different time points, the proposed system considers location uncertainties of each person and applies the nearest neighbor algorithm to update the location of a person.
Renaturation and ordering by electron microscopy of the cyanogen bromide peptides from the α2 chain of chick skin collagen

Abstract The three larger CNBr peptides from the α2 chain of chick skin collagen, α2-CB3, α2-CB4, α2-CB5 and a peptide with a molecular weight of about 60,000 containing an uncleaved methionyl residue, α2-CB(3–5), were separately renatured and aggregated into SLS crystallites for electron microscopy. Comparison of the resultant cross-striation patterns with those of the renatured α2 chains plus previously determined positions of two of the three smaller peptides by chemical means indicates the order of the CNBr peptides to be α2-CB(1-0-4-2-3-5). This coincides with that determined by chemical and isotope labelling techniques described in an accompanying paper.
Precise Magnetic Torque Measurements on Single Crystals of Iron

A rugged balance of sufficiently high sensitivity and a rotating magnet capable of producing a field of over 3000 oersteds are used to make magnetic torque curves. The equations for the torque curve of a single crystal disk of any orientation whatsoever are derived on the assumption that the magnetic anisotropy is adequately described by a single constant. Furthermore, a method is developed for predicting the orientation from a knowledge of the angles of zero torque alone, and both the experimental and theoretical limitations of this method are discussed. It is shown experimentally that the use of cylindrical disks introduces errors that may be avoided by using ellipsoids. An experimental torque curve for a single crystal ellipsoid of 2.8 percent Si iron gave excellent agreement with the curve calculated on the basis of just the first anisotropy constant, ${a}_{F}=1.70\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ ergs/cc. Corrections for magnetization not being parallel to applied field are briefly discussed, and it is shown that in practical cases, the magnetization cannot deviate appreciably from the plane of the specimen. The possibility is mentioned of computing a fictitious value of the second anisotropy constant because of error in interpreting experimental data. It is proposed that the anisotropy constants be obtained directly from accurate torque measurements, in order to furnish data for the computation of magnetization curves to be checked against experiment.
The Effect of Ruthenium on the Binding of CO, H2, and H2O on Pt(110)

Ruthenium is known to improve the CO tolerance of platinum based fuel cell catalysts, but the mechanism is unclear. Some investigators believe that the main role of ruthenium is to dissociate water, and thereby provide a faster route for the oxidation of CO. Other investigators believe that ruthenium changes the electronic structure of platinum, in a way that lowers the binding energy of the CO and thereby promotes easy reaction. In this study, we have used TPD to measure the magnitude of the two effects in UHV. When we deposit 0.25 monolayers of ruthenium on Pt(110), we find that the adsorption properties of the surface change substantially. The surface only adsorbs about half as much CO and H2. The sticking probability of water is also reduced. The β2 hydrogen peak disappears, whereas the α1 CO peak is attenuated by a factor of 2. The binding energy of the α1 CO decreases from 31 to 29 kcal/mol when ruthenium is added to the surface, whereas the binding energy of the α2 CO decreases from 25 to 23 kcal/m...
Care and Justice Moral Orientation Among African American College Students

The current study assessed the moral orientation of African American college students. In addition, we examined whether or not they exhibit the gender difference in moral orientation hypothesized by Gilligan. One hundred sixty-six African American undergraduates at an historically Black university completed the Moral Orientation Scale, which measures care versus justice moral orientation. The students selected an average of 4.39 care-oriented responses (out of 12). In contrast to predictions that African American culture would lead to the development of a care focus, most participants had a justice focus. In fact, these students were significantly more justice oriented than male law students, who were the most justice oriented of the groups studied by N. Yacker and S. L. Weinberg (1990). There was no evidence of a gender difference in moral orientation. If future research replicates this finding, then Gilligan's theory may need to be modified with regard to African Americans.
Editorial: Traumatic Loss and the Reconstruction of Meaning

ON THE MORNING OF September 11, 2001, people the world over were riveted by breaking news of seemingly impossible events: simultaneous terrorist attacks, using three hijacked commercial airliners, on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. As America awoke to the devastating reports on television and radio, the drama continued to unfold, until a fourth jetliner filled with passengers crashed into the earth in rural Pennsylvania, apparently falling short of its intended political target. In the subsequent hours, days, and weeks, the terrible cost of the terrorist acts continued to mount, with a death toll exceeding 3,000 people, who only hours before the attacks had begun their day’s work or travel unaware that it would be their last. Some of the losses touched Americans with particular poignancy, such as the tragic deaths of hundreds of New York City firefighters and police officers struggling in and around the damaged towers to evacuate survivors, who themselves were buried in the rubble of the collapsing structures. As the grim day ended, a nation and world community mourned the terrible loss of life. Immediate images and subsequent reports of the attacks symbolized both the personal and universal dimensions of catastrophe: scenes of individuals falling from windows 100 stories above the earth, contributing to mortality statistics tallying the deaths of citizens of more than 80 nations literally spanning the globe. And these deaths were only the most evident and anguishing of an unforeseeable range of losses—of health, livelihood, security, and much else—that would ripple through families, businesses, communities, and whole cultures in the months and years to come. The traumatic losses entailed by this attack draw attention to the frailty of human life, as well as the obvious and less than obvious impact of loss of life on survivors. This issue of Innovations focuses on the immediate and long-term effects of bereavement. Although untimely and violent deaths pose special challenges for the bereaved, even the anticipated death of a loved one can shake our emotional world, and produce surprising aftershocks. The emotional impact of such losses can be compounded by the misunderstanding, blame, or simple inattention of other people in institutional care settings, the family, workplace or community, adding a burden of private anguish, secrecy, or shame for those whose mourning is “hurried up,” disallowed, trivialized, or unrecognized by those around them.
Modeling and simulation of chemomechanics at the cell-matrix interface.

Chemomechanical characteristics of the extracellular materials with which cells interact can have a profound impact on cell adhesion and migration. To understand and modulate such complex multiscale processes, a detailed understanding of the feedback between a cell and the adjacent microenvironment is crucial. Here, we use computational modeling and simulation to examine the cell-matrix interaction at both the molecular and continuum lengthscales. Using steered molecular dynamics, we consider how extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and extracellular pH influence the interaction between cell surface adhesion receptors and extracellular matrix ligands, and we predict potential consequences for focal adhesion formation and dissolution. Using continuum-level finite element simulations and analytical methods to model cell-induced ECM deformation as a function of ECM stiffness and thickness, we consider the implications toward design of synthetic substrata for cell biology experiments that intend to decouple c...
Locked in Place: State Building and Late Industrialization in India

Locked in Place: State Building and Late Industrialization in India. By Vivek Chibber. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. 334p. 22.95 paper. Despite the newfound optimism about the turnaround in the Indian economy, this book's arguments about the failure of the postcolonial state to build a developmental state in the 1950s and 1960s are original, important, and relevant. Vivek Chibber's Locked in Place sets out to dispel important misconceptions about India's early state-building effort. His arguments are both theoretically innovative and empirically novel. Theoretically, he aims to bring back class in our understanding of comparative political economy and to insert India into conversations about the developmental state that have focused only on East Asia. He also aims to give us some sense of the “mechanisms that generate contrasting reactions” (p. 226) in the two cases that he studies: India and South Korea. This is a welcome modification to the state-centric debates about India's past failure where the state is the only target of attack or of pious hope. Empirically, the author uncovers some new archival material to argue that Indian business “defeated” the state's efforts to build a developmental state in the 1940s. The new evidence shows powerfully that Indian business had much greater power to shape economic policy in the 1940s and 1950s than we knew.
THE MESH WITH BINARY TREE NETWORKS: AN ENHANCED MESH WITH LOW BUS-LOADING

The literature abounds with enhanced mesh models and numerous results for them. These models employ buses connecting a large (usually a polynomial) number of processors resulting in high bus loading and a very low bus data rate. In this paper we propose an enhanced mesh model called the mesh with binary-tree (multiple bus) network (MBTN) with low bus loading. We measure the cost of the model in terms of its loading, degree (connections per processor), number of buses and layout area. We also devise an algorithm to perform prefix computations on the MBTN. The MBTN's parameters can be selected to provide a wide range of tradeoffs between its cost and performance. Most importantly, for every major existing enhanced mesh model, there is a choice of parameters that makes the MBTN superior to the existing model. Key to the MBTN is a novel implementation of a binary-tree algorithm on a multiple bus network (MBN). We propose two constant loading MBNs that can run binary tree algorithms optimally. We also show that any network (such as the MBTN) that is capable of running binary tree algorithms efficiently can also solve linear recurrences efficiently. These results may be of independent interest.
Solubility of vic-dioximes in urea solutions

Abstract The solubilities of 2,3-butanedione dioxime, 1,2-diaminoethanedione dioxime, 1,2-cyclohexanedione dioxime, 3,4-hexanedione dioxime, 3-methyl- and 4-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione dioximc, 1,2-cycloheptanedione dioxime, 4-isopropyl-and 4-tert.-amyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione dioxime and α-furil dioxime were determined as functions of the urea concentration in aqueous solutions at 25°. With two exceptions, all of the above vic-dioximes exhibited increased solubility with increasing urea concentration. In the presence of urea, α-furil dioxime undergoes catalytic dehydration to form 3,4-bis-(2-furyl)- 1, 2, 5-oxadiazole 1, 2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime forms a sparingly soluble compound with urea which has been characterized as a monohydrated two to one urea to 1,2-cyclohexanedione dioxime complex and has been found to have interesting analytical applications
Acoustically-engineered multi-port AlN-on-silicon resonators for accurate temperature sensing

This paper reports on a novel silicon microresonator that is acoustically engineered to facilitate simultaneous yet independent piezoelectric transduction of multiple resonance modes with large difference in their temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and integer frequency ratios. A three-port aluminum-nitride-on-silicon (AlN-on-Si) microresonator prototype implemented based on this technique has two energy-trapped modes at 109 MHz and 218 MHz, with a TCF difference of ~7 ppm/°C, which are separately transduced through two isolated electrical ports. A small beat frequency extracted from an integer combination of these modes has a linear TCF of ~8300 ppm/°C, suitable for sensing the resonator temperature with high accuracy and resolution.
An extension of a congruence by Andrews for generalized Frobenius partitions

Abstract In a recent paper George E. Andrews introduced the idea of generalized Frobenius partitions. In his paper Andrews showed that cφm(n), the number of generalized Frobenius partitions of n with m colors, satisfies the congruence cφ p (n)= 0 ( mod p 2 if p∤n cφ 1 ( n p ) ( mod p 2 ) if p|n where p is a prime, using a purely combinatorial argument. In this paper we will show how this congruence when viewed in a slightly different form can be extended to cφm(n) for all positive values of m.
In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of the adenovirus type 5 single-strand-specific DNA-binding protein

Abstract The type 5 adenovirus single-strand-specific DNA-binding protein can be labeled with 32 PO 4 added as inorganic phosphate to the medium of infected monkey or human cells. The DNA binding protein in the infected cell can be isolated as a phosphoprotein at early and late times after infection. Most or all of the [ 32 P]phosphate can be removed from the DNA-binding protein by alkaline phosphatase or hydrolysis at alkaline pH. The dephosphorylated protein retains the ability to bind specifically to single-stranded DNA. H5 ts 125 is a mutation in the structural gene of the 72,000 MW single-strand-specific DNA-binding protein. When cells infected with this viral mutant at the permissive temperature are shifted to the nonpermissive temperature, the phosphorylation of the 72,000 MW protein decreased rapidly (within 30 min) even though approximately normal (wild type) levels of this protein (labeled with 35 S]methionine for 30 min) were detected in H5 ts 125-infected cells shifted to the nonpermissive temperature. An in vitro protein kinase assay utilizing nuclei from infected or uninfected cells has been developed. This in vitro assay can detect the phosphorylation of at least three adenovirus-induced phosphoproteins (100,000 MW; 72,000 MW; 36,000 MW) that are also observed when adenovirus-infected cells are labeled with inorganic [ 32 P] phosphate in vivo . The protein kinase activity detected in this in vitro assay is not dependent upon or stimulated by the addition of exogenous cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. The 72,000 M W protein phosphorylated in vitro by this phosphokinase activity has been shown to be the adenovirus single-strand-specific DNA-binding protein by a specific immunoprecipitation test.
Optical observations of unidirectional solidification and related fluid parameters in microgravity

This paper updates a previous paper in this journal on shadowgraph and schlieren studies of gravity related fluid flow during solidification. The research has now been extended to include interferometric data by the use of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer on a NASA KC-135 aircraft flying a parabolic trajectory. It has thus been possible to obtain quantitative temperature and concentration profiles in an ammonium chloride metal-model material being solidified in microgravity. The results indicate that the growth interface is more stable under low-gravity conditions than in a terrestrial environment.