cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law in Action: Introduction

This is a book of readings about law, legal systems, and legal institutions. But it is a book with a particular slant. The readings primarily approach that system from an outside rather than an inside perspective. The inside perspective focuses on legal rules and procedures the way that lawyers and judges usually see them—from within the legal system, so to speak—and it usually accepts them more or less at face value. This introduction will try to explain what we mean by the outside perspective. It will also give a brief account of the history and present status of outside approaches to law.
State preparation and measurement in a quantum simulation of the O ( 3 ) sigma model

Recently, Singh and Chandrasekharan [Phys. Rev. D 100, 054505 (2019)] showed that fixed points of the nonlinear $O(3)$ sigma model can be reproduced near a quantum phase transition of a spin model with just two qubits per lattice site. In a paper by the NuQS Collaboration [Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 090501 (2019)], the proposal is made to simulate such field theories on a quantum computer using the universal properties of a similar model. In this paper, following that direction, we demonstrate how to prepare the ground state of the model from Singh and Chandrasekharan and measure a dynamical quantity of interest, the $O(3)$ Noether charge, on a quantum computer. In particular, we apply Trotter methods to obtain results for the complexity of adiabatic ground state preparation in both the weak-coupling and quantum-critical regimes and use shadow tomography to measure the dynamics of local observables. We then present and analyze a quantum algorithm based on nonunitary randomized simulation methods that may yield an approach suitable for intermediate-term noisy quantum devices.
Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to Liriomyza trifolii in romaine lettuce cultivar 'Valmaine'.

Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a leafminer that causes ruinous damage to many leafy vegetables including lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by stippling and tunneling the leaves. In this study, a population of 125 F3 families was developed from the intraspecific cross of ‘Valmaine’ (resistant) and ‘Okeechobee’ (susceptible) romaine cultivars for inheritance analysis and molecular mapping of the resistance loci controlling stippling damage. The experiments were conducted in an insectarium (controlled environment). Stippling damage proved to be heritable because the broad-sense heritability (H2) was 0.58. A segregation analysis suggested that a single dominant allele, Sd1 locus, controls resistance against L. trifolii. Furthermore, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis identified one novel QTL, named Stippling on LG5 (qSTP5), flanked by two SNPs that were mapped to a 5.2 cM (8.5 Mb region) interval, explaining over 13% of the total phenotypic variance. Desirable allele for resistance to L. trifolii was derived from resistant cultivar Valmaine. Identification of SNPs closely linked to the QTL responsible for L. trifolii resistance should facilitate plant breeders to develop resistant romaine lettuce cultivars.
Criminal or Terrorist?: Fear, Bias, and Public Support for Prisoner Reentry Programs

The potential threat posed by returning and repatriated foreign fighters and the upcoming release of homegrown violent extremists from prisons in developed democracies has raised interest in terror...
HIV Risk Among Urban and Suburban People Who Inject Drugs: Elevated Risk Among Fentanyl and Cocaine Injectors in Maryland.

Drug overdose remains a leading cause of death in the US, with growing rates attributable to illicit fentanyl use. Recent HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs (PWID) and service disruptions from COVID-19 have renewed concerns on HIV resurgence. We examined the relationship between fentanyl use and three injection-related HIV risk behaviors among PWID in Baltimore City (BC) and Anne Arundel Country (AAC), Maryland. PWID (N = 283) were recruited to the study through targeted sampling at street-based locations in BC and AAC from July 2018 to March 2020. Receptive syringe sharing (RSS) [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-6.3] and daily injecting (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0-3.6) were associated with injecting fentanyl and cocaine together. Fentanyl availability and COVID-19 bring new HIV prevention challenges, particularly among those who inject fentanyl with cocaine, highlighting the importance to expand and sustain harm reduction, prevention, and treatment services for PWID to reduce HIV and overdose burden.
A multi-omics roadmap of β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis. However, human islet studies have revealed few consistent molecular changes in T2DM, owing partly to technical and biological confounding factors. A new multi-omics study of islets from well-phenotyped living donors attempts to overcome these limitations to catalogue T2DM-associated molecular changes.
ϵ Aurigae: A Two Century Long Dilemma Persists

The bright star e Aurigae, an eclipsing binary with the longest known orbital period and eclipse, has been slow to reveal it secrets. The most recent eclipse, 2009-2011, was monitored with an array of new and old astronomical techniques, leading to new evidence concerning the nature of the eclipsing body and its contents. While this has led to new insights about the state of the F superigant star and to more clues about the evolutionary state of the system and components, a high-mass versus low-mass model dilemma persists. This chapter examines some of the recent developments and attempts to place the system among the pantheon of binary types. It also offers suggestions for observational tests prior to the next eclipse in 2037.
From biological constraints to flexible behavior systems: Extending our knowledge of sexual conditioning in Japanese quail.

The traditional learning view involves the general process theory of learning that focuses onidentifying universal principles that apply to all species capable of learning from experience, and that operate across a wide variety of situations. Examples of behavior that contradictgeneral-process conceptions of learning have been in the past referred to as “biologicalconstraints”. Traditional learning theorists choose to consider these examplesas exceptions to otherwise universal principles of learning. On the contrary, thetypical ethologist is more likely to be concerned with how specific behaviorsmay have evolved and in an animal’s species typical responses to stimuli theyare likely to encounter in their natural environment. However, they also fail to embrace animallearning phenomena that occurs in the laboratory into their theoreticalframework. Behavior systems represent analternative to this view by providing a link between traditional views oflearning and ethology. Theyconceptualize experiential learning not as a set of universal principles, butas species typical processes that reflect the specific demands of the ecological niche in which the species evolved. The current paper reviews andbrings-to-date Domjan’s formulation of a sexual behavior system in maleJapanese quail. The system includes astimulus dimension consisting of species typical cues, local cues, andcontextual cues, and a response dimension consisting of general search, focalsearch, and copulatory behavior. Domjan’sformulation includes two diagrams that include symbols that representunconditioned and conditioned effects within the system. Our modification of the system focuses onadditional and up-to-date conditioned effects. In general, adding conditioning to the system increases potentialstimulus and response variation, thereby increasing the flexibility of thesystem as it has evolved as a result of continued observation andexperimentation.
Privacy sensitive distributed data mining from multi-party data

Privacy is becoming an increasingly important issue in datamining, particularly in security and counter-terrorism-related applicationswhere the data is often sensitive. This paper considers the problemof mining privacy sensitive distributed multi-party data. It specificallyconsiders the problem of computing statistical aggregates like the correlationmatrix from privacy sensitive data where the program for computingthe aggregates is not trusted by the owner(s) of the data. It presents abrief overview of a random projection-based technique to compute thecorrelation matrix from a single third-party data site and also multiplehomogeneous sites.
Non-genic inheritance of cellular handedness.

Ciliates exhibit an asymmetry in arrangement of surface structures around the cell which could be termed handedness. If the usual order of placement of structures defines a ‘right-handed’ (RH) cell, then a cell with this order reversed would be ‘left-handed’ (LH). Such LH forms appear to be produced in Tetrahymena thermophila through aberrant reorganization of homopolar doublets back to the singlet condition. Four clones of LH forms were selected and subjected to genetic analysis to test whether this drastic phenotypic alteration resulted from a nuclear genetic change. The results of this analysis indicate that the change in handedness is not due to a genetic change in either the micronucleus or macronucleus. The LH form can, under certain circumstances, revert to the RH form, but typically it propagates itself across both vegetative and sexual generations with similar fidelity. While this analysis does not formally rule out certain possibilities of nuclear genic control involving regulatory elements transmitted through the cytoplasm, when the circumstances of origin and propagation of the LH condition are taken into account direct cortical perpetuation seems far more likely. Here we outline a conceptual framework centred on the idea of longitudinally propagated positional information; the positive evidence supporting this idea as well as further application of the idea itself are presented in the accompanying paper.
Geriatric medication management: Evaluation of pharmacist interventions and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older (>=65 years) cancer patients

9507 Background: Polypharmacy and inappropriate drug use are risk factors for adverse drug reactions (ADR) and poor compliance in older cancer patients. Drug evaluations in the past have not focused on this group. An evaluation of the prevalence of PIMs, pharmacist interventions, and the number and type of medications was performed. An educational component helped patients with drug management to increase adherence, avoid drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Methods: A geriatric clinical pharmacist reviewed patient's medications, assessed understanding of their drugs, evaluated adherence, reviewed for PIMs (Beer's criteria), identified possible ADR and side effects, and provided detailed instructions. The pharmacist collaborated with the oncologist to determine appropriate therapy for the patient. Only patients over the age of 65 were eligible for this clinic. Consults were performed from March 2008 to June 2008, this includes new and follow up visits. An additional retrospective chart review was perf...
Understanding the Propagation of Error Due to a Silent Data Corruption in a Sparse Matrix Vector Multiply

With the rate of errors that silently effect an application's state/output expected to increase in future HPC machines, numerous mitigation schemes have been proposed, but little work has been done investigating why these schemes detect some error while other is masked. This paper investigates how silent data corruption (SDC) propagates through a sparse matrix vector multiply (SpMV), a fundamental HPC computation kernel. We discover that analyzing the mathematics of the SpMV limits understanding of SDC propagation. We achieve a more complete understanding by investigating how SDC propagates in a SpMV as it is expressed in machine instructions.
The Importance of Uniform Venous Terminology in Reports on Varicose Veins

There is a need for a standardized consistent language in vascular surgery that allows easy flow of information and comparison of results among clinicians. Beginning with current nomenclature, a common language serves as a framework for more detailed efforts. Understanding the outcomes assessment tools available provides the opportunity for universal outcomes reporting. Data collected at widespread points can then be fairly compared, and common goals of therapy can be determined. Common outcomes that have demonstrated verifiable trends and reproducibility should be subjected to the rigors of evidence-based questioning. The resultant standards of care and expectations of therapy are then confidently presented for everyday practice and ongoing research.
EVOLUTION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL COLONIZATION IN ASYMPTOMATIC INFANTS

Numerous procedures have been recommended to control group B streptococcal colonization in asymptomatic infants. None has proven entirely satisfactory. The purpose of the present report is to describe the evolution of group B streptococcal colonization in our neonatal population during the first six weeks of life. Thirteen percent of newborn infants in our study population were colonized by day 03 of life. This overall colonization rate was maintained for two weeks and then decreased to 5% by the sixth week of life. Of infants colonized on day 03, 41% and 9% were colonized on day 14 and 42, respectively. Seventy percent of babies colonized on day 14 acquired this microorganism following hospital discharge. These findings which demonstrate that a significant number of children are colonized with group B streptococci following hospital discharge are new and may explain (a) the failure of routine nursery antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent subsequent neonatal disease and (b) the recurrence of group B streptococcal infection in treated infants.
APPLICATIONS FOR SMALL PHOTOELECTRON EMISSION MICROSCOPES

Abstract Several applications of simple photoelectron emission microscopes for the observation of real time in situ surface processes are reviewed, including field emission, chemical vapor deposition, tribochemistry and liquids in ultra-high vacuum, and pulsed supersonic molecular beam film growth.
Sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma refractory to either sunitinib or bevacizumab

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab and sunitinib are standard initial therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Despite common use, the safety and activity of sorafenib in bevacizumab- or sunitinib-refractory mRCC have not been prospectively investigated. METHODS: Metastatic RCC patients with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)-defined disease progression (PD) after treatment with either bevacizumab or sunitinib received twice daily 400 mg of sorafenib in a multicenter, prospective phase 2 study. Dose escalation was permitted in the absence of significant toxicity. The primary endpoint was tumor burden reduction rate, defined as the proportion of patients with ≥5% reduction in the sum of RECIST-defined target lesions without other PD. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response, overall survival, and safety. A 2-stage accrual design was used to test the alternative hypothesis that the tumor burden reduction rate was >20% versus <5%. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were enrolled. The tumor burden reduction rate was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%-45%). One unconfirmed objective partial response was observed. The median PFS was 4.4 months (95% CI, 3.6-5.9). There was no association of PFS and tumor shrinkage with response to prior therapy. Most treatment-related adverse events were of mild-to-moderate intensity, and included fatigue, hypertension, diarrhea, and palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE). Patients previously treated with bevacizumab tended to develop more PPE (P = .03) and mucositis (P = .06), whereas sunitinib-treated patients tended to develop more skin rash (P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of sorafenib is safe and feasible in patients with mRCC refractory to either bevacizumab or sunitinib. Modest clinical activity was observed supporting current practice patterns of sequential vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy in mRCC. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A privacy recommendation wizard for users of social networking sites

Privacy is a huge problem for users of social networking sites. While sites like Facebook allow individual users to personalize fine-grained privacy settings, this has proven quite difficult for average users. This demonstration illustrates a machine learning privacy wizard, or recommendation tool, that we have built at the University of Michigan. The wizard is based on the underlying observation that real users conceive their privacy preferences (which friends should see which data items) based on an implicit structure. Thus, after asking the user a limited number of carefully-chosen questions, it is usually possible to build a machine learning model that accurately predicts the user's privacy preferences. This model, in turn, can be used to recommend detailed privacy settings for the user. Our demonstration wizard runs as a third-party Facebook application. Conference attendees will be able to "test-drive" the wizard by installing it on their own Facebook accounts.
RSFQ TECHNOLOGY: PHYSICS AND DEVICES

Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) logic, based on the representation of digital bits by single quanta of magnetic flux in superconducting loops, may combine several-hundred-GHz speed with extremely low power dissipation (close to 10-18 Joule/bit) and very simple fabrication technology. The drawbacks of this technology include the necessity of deep (liquid-helium-level) cooling of RSFQ circuits and the rudimentary level of the currently available fabrication and testing facilities. The objective of this paper is to review RSFQ device physics and also discuss in brief the prospects of future development of this technology in the light of the tradeoff between its advantages and handicaps.
Differences between surface and bulk properties of glass melts I. Compositional differences and influence of volatilization on composition and other physical properties

The influence of volatilization on the composition, density and surface tension of potassium silicate and soda lime silica melts at 1400°C was examined using the sessile and pendant drop arrangements, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectrometry and weight loss measurements. Volatilization of alkali from the melts was modeled as a combined mechanism that included diffusion of volatile species from bulk to surface and a chemical decomposition reaction of alkali oxide on the surface. It was also found that the volatilization of alkali could lead to differences in composition and structure of bulk and surface of the same melt depending upon the rate of diffusion of the alkali through the melt; fast diffusion of alkali results in a surface tension that remains unchanged for long periods whereas blocked diffusion results in a surface tension that changes with time initially rapidly leveling off to an equilibrium surface profile.
Nitrogen allocation in Mojave Desert winter annuals.

Nitrogen contents and allocation were examined in winter annuals at two Mojave Desert sites near Boulder City, Nevada. Application of 10 g N m-2 as NH4NO3 increased production 0- to 7-fold in species growing on a sandy soil (an Entisol) but fertilizer had no effect on plants on an alluvium (an Aridisol). Tissue nitrogen comprised 0.09–3.5% of dry weight with the lowest concentrations found in vegetative organs of nitrogen-responsive plants. During development, nitrogenpoor species showed only minor changes in nitrogen concentration and allocation compared with more nitrogen-rich species. Maximum reproductive nitrogen allocation varied among species from 43 to 67%, while reproductive biomass allocation was 31 to 51%. Fertilizer increased reproductive biomass allocation by 7 to 16%, reproductive nitrogen concentrations by 120 to 260%, and eaf and root nitrogen concentrations by 200 to 615% in nitrogen-deficient plants. Nitrogen-poor plants appear to allocate nitrogen to reproduction at the expense of vegetative organs throughout the life cycle.
Implications of climatic heterogeneity for conservation of the Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)

A geographic range is a heterogeneous matrix where the natural capability to support resident species varies from detrimental to optimal. Given this, the first priority for species conservation should be to determine where optimal environments exist. We used MaxEnt species distribution modeling to distinguish climatic characteristics associated with persistent leks from those at random locations in order to characterize the niche and potential distribution of the imperiled Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). Annual, brood period, and winter precipitation were the most important characteristics of the niche across the entire range, but maximum temperature during nesting was a key characteristic in the southern part of the range. Habitat suitability across the geographic range was multimodal but also consistent with a center-periphery pattern. Western Kansas and Oklahoma and east-central New Mexico contributed more than expected, whereas all other areas contributed less than expected, to habitat suitability of the geographic range. Lesser Prairie-Chickens appear constrained on the western edge of their range by abiotic factors, namely aridity, unfavorable temperatures and sandy soils. Conversely, they appear constrained on the eastern edge by biotic factors, namely transition from mid-grass to tallgrass prairie that results in dominance by the Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido). Conserving Lesser Prairie-Chickens will depend on maintaining persistent populations in western Kansas and Oklahoma and east-central New Mexico, as well as expanding its distribution across Texas. Aridity, unfavorable temperatures, and a paucity of habitat make eastern Colorado and southeastern New Mexico challenging areas for persistence of this species. Climate change may make it more difficult for populations in New Mexico and adjacent parts of Texas to persist, but more favorable for populations in eastern Colorado. The potential difficulties for populations in the southern part of the range will make it increasingly important to conserve populations in western Kansas and Oklahoma.
Networking of an electron microscope laboratory internally and to the internet

As the networking of computers becomes more ubiquitous the need to connect imaging instruments to such networks becomes a matter of greater importance. The proliferation of personal workstations with graphics capabilities in particular is putting image processing power into the hands of an increasingly large number of researchers. By connecting image acquisition systems to a local or wide area network image data which once could only be analyzed in the lab in which the imaging instrumentation was situated may now be accessed in any lab equipped with appropriate image processing software and hardware for example image data may be remotely accessed from many modem state-of-the-art telescopic observatories.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
School district enrollment and inequality in the supply of classes

Abstract This study explores relationships between school district enrollment and the internal allocation of resources across subject areas of the curriculum. The central argument is that differences in how resources are allocated stem, in part, from the uneven impact district size has on the relative costs of educational services. These internal differences in resource allocation are viewed as a possible obstacle to achieving equity in the provision of educational opportunities. The empirical work is based on a random sample of New York State school districts and includes cross-sectional as well as longitudinal results.
Mimicking Corticosterone's daily rhythm with specific receptor agonists : effects on food, water, and sodium intake

Abstract The endogenous pattern of type I and II corticosteroid receptor stimulation was systematically assembled from specific agonists in order to detect any unique receptor interactions in the control of ingestive behavior. The type II agonists dexamethasone (0, 5, or 25 μg/kg) or RU28362 (0, 5, or 25 μg/kg) were injected daily in the final hour of the light phase of the illumination cycle of adrenalectomized rats. This was carried out in the presence or absence of continuous aldosterone (type I agonist) infusion. Additional comparisons were made with sham-operated groups and animals receiving type II agonists by continuous infusion. Type II agonists increased the intake of 2% saline and the proportion of food taken at night, but had negligible effects on total food intake. Type II agonists did not interact with the type I agonist. Type II effects were greatly potentiated by continuous infusion, though administered at the same doses as acute injection. When the effects of type II receptor stimulation emerged, they always consisted of an exacerbation of the adrenalectomy syndrome, not a return to normal quantities or patterns. In contrast, type I receptor stimulation restored both the quantities and unique day-night patterns of saline, water, and food intake to values matching intact animals. The findings suggest that the behavioral significance of corticosterone's nocturnal peak of type II stimulation is small, and that its most important function may lie in the metabolic processes it instigates during its steady rise in the light phase.
The Texas Petawatt Laser and technology development toward an exawatt laser

We will report on the performance of the Texas Petawatt Laser and the science program we are pursuing on this system. We will also discuss how this technology might scale to an Exawatt-class laser.
Fire, Fungi, and Beetle Influences on a Lodgepole Pine Ecosystem of South-Central Oregon

Interactions between fire, fungi, bark beetles and lodgepole pines growing on the pumice plateau of central Oregon are described. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks occur mainly in forests that are 80–150 years old with a mean diameter of about 25 cm and weakened by a fungus, Phaeolus schweinitzii. The outbreak subsides after most of the large diameter trees are killed. The dead trees fuel subsequent fires which return nutrients to the soil, and a new age class begins. The surviving fire scarred trees are prone to infection by the slow fungal disease and about 100 years later these trees are then susceptible to bark beetle attack.
Abnormal epithelial growth in sea urchin spines (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus)

Abstract Abnormal dark-red tissue swellings found on the spines of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus are composed of red spherule cells and cells that appear similar to those of the spine matrix. They may be formed in response to settling and attachment of microorganisms on the spines. Detachment of parts of the swellings may serve to rid the spines of these microorganisms. The despherulation of the echinochrome-bearing, red spherule cells on the unprotected surface of the swellings could provide substances that protect the cells from invasion by algae, etc. In a different type of tissue “growth,” which was accompanied by a veillike layer of collagen-containing connective tissues, the spherule cells apparently were acting in the production of collagen.
Examining Potential Travel Time Savings Benefits Due to Toll Rates That Vary by Lane

By assigning different toll rates to different lanes during peak traffic hours, the demand for each lane of a road can be optimized. Lanes with lower travel times charge higher toll rates which are paid by those drivers who have higher values of travel time (VTT) and who want to avoid congestion in the other lanes. Conversely, travel time for those drivers with lower values of travel times will increase as they select the lower priced and slower lanes. This research examines toll rates that minimize the total value of travel time spent on the road under such a scenario. The optimum toll rates are dependent on the total road volume and distribution of VTT. The results show that total saved value of travel time can easily reach 11% of the total value of time spent traveling on the lanes when compared to a toll road with a uniform toll rate for all lanes. These savings vary based on many factors including the number of travelers on urgent trips.
Seasonal variation in the effects of wetting on the energetics and survival of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).

Abstract 1. 1. One handred summer and 35 winter acclimatized starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, were used to study the seasonal variation in the effects of wetting on their energetics and survival. 2. 2. The peak oxygen consumption (11.5cm3O2/g/hr) of totally-wet, winter-acclimatized starlings was significantly (P 3. 3. The cooling rate (°C/min) of totally-wet winter-acclimatized starlings was significantly lower (P 4. 4. Survival of the 1 hr test period of totally-wet, winter-acclimatized starlings never dropped below 88% whereas, survival in the totally-wet summer-acclimatized starlings dropped to zero percent at Ta's of 5 and 10°C.
Ethnomethodologic Analysis of Accounts of Feeding Demented Residents in Long‐Term Care

Purpose: To describe the self-organizing activities and the unspoken knowledge that nursing assistants employ in performing the work of feeding as a routine part of their activities. In U.S. long-term care facilities, activities related to medical and nursing care are frequently based on the ability of nursing assistants to successfully accomplish the work of feeding. Nurses are not always aware of the difficulties involved in feeding nor the means by which food is offered and intake calculated. Design: Qualitative phenomenologic. Methods: Observations were conducted during 12 weekday mealtimes, October and November 1994. Data were collected using participant observation of mealtimes in the congregate dining room of one licensed long-term care facility. Data were analyzed using the framework of ethnomethodology to indicate the methods nursing assistants used to make sense of their interactions with demented residents. Findings: Nursing assistants used several common behaviors: grouping the “difficult feeders” together; “marking the borders” by maintaining a tidy tray; and “loading the spoon” to maximize the amount of food given at one time. Estimations of the quantity of intake varied according to ideas about the nutritional content of various foods. Conclusions: Unsuccessful feeding interactions have implications for the quality of life for the demented. When inadequate intake leads to significant weight loss, medical and nursing interventions should be implemented.
The topographical distribution of rods and cones in the adult chicken retina

Abstract The relative proportion of rods and cones (single and double) in the chicken retina was determined by counting these elements in each of nine pre-determined segments prepared as periodic acid-Schiff serial sections for rod (hyperboloid glycogen) and double cone (accessory cone paraboloid glycogen) identifications and as unfixed, flat preparations for cone determinations (colored oil droplets). Periodic acid-Schiff preparations revealed that rods and accessory cones were equal in number in all retinal segments except those located directly posterior to the posterior extremity of the pecten where the double cones out-numbered the rods in a ratio of 14 : 10. On the basis of oil-droplet pigmentation, double cones housing a golden-yellow droplet in their chief component and a small yellowish-green droplet in their accessory members were constantly observed to be twice as numerous as single cones (red droplet) in all retinal segments. These data reveal that the proportion of rods to double and single cones is 2 : 2 : 1, respectively, in all areas of the chicken retina except a posterior (lateral) segment where the ratio is 10 : 14 : 7. This area of greater cone concentration corresponds to the site of the temporal fovea of some birds and may represent the area of most acute vision in the fovea-free chicken retina.
Granites and rhyolites from the northwestern U.S.A.: temporal variation in magmatic processes and relations to tectonic setting

Cretaceous and Cainozoic granites and rhyolites in the northwestern U.S.A. provide a record of silicic magmatism related to diverse tectonic settings and large-scale variations in crustal structure. The Late Cretaceous Idaho Batholith is a tonalitic to granitic Cordilleran batholith that was produced during plate convergence. Rocks of the batholith tend to be sodic (Na2O > K2O), with fractionated HREE, negligible Eu anomalies, and high Sr contents, suggesting their generation from relatively mafic sources at a depth sufficient to stabilise garnet. In contrast, Neogene rhyolites of the Snake River Plain, which erupted in an extensional environment, are potassic (K2O > Na2O), with unfractionated HREE patterns, negative Eu anomalies, and low Sr contents, suggesting a shallower, more feldspathic source with abundant plagioclase. Eocene age volcanic and plutonic rocks have compositions transi- tional between those of the Cretaceous batholith and the Neogene rhyolites. These data are consistent with a progressively shallowing locus of silicic magma generation as the tectonic regime changed from convergence to extension.
Effects of Phosphate in Combination with Nitrite or Maillard Reaction Products upon Warmed‐Over Flavor in Precooked, Restructured Beef Chuck Roasts

The effectiveness of a phosphate compound alone in combination with other antioxidants in preventing warmed-over flavor (WOF) in precooked recombined beef roasts was investigated. Treatments without phosphate had significantly different proximate composition due to lower yields and higher cooking losses and received lower tenderness and juiciness scores from the sensory panel. WOF scores and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were lower (P < 0.05) for the phosphate treatments. A correlation coefficient of 0.96 was obtained between panel scores and TBA numbers. The panel threshold for WOF was 1.6 TBA value. Results indicate phosphate alone was effective in preventing WOF in vacuum packaged precooked roast beef.
Tribological properties of blends of melamine-formaldehyde resin with low density polyethylene

Tribological properties of blends of melamine-formaldehyde resin (MFR) with low density polyethylene (LDPE) containing 1, 5, 10, 20, 25 wt% MFR were investigated. We have determined sliding wear by multiple scratching along the same groove using a micro scratch tester. Instantaneous penetration depth is lowered by the MFR addition to LDPE. However, there is less viscoelastic recovery and the residual (healing) depths increase with increasing MFR concentration. Microindentation hardness increases along with the MFR content. Since MFR is only partially miscible with LDPE, MFR-rich islands in the PE matrix offer more interfaces and so increase hardness. Friction determined with a pin-on-disk tribometer using silicon nitride balls as a function of MFR concentration shows a minimum. The result is explained in terms of surface morphology seen in scanning electron microscopy. At the same time, all blend friction values are lower than for neat LDPE. Wear determined in the pin-on-disk tribometer decreases along with the MFR concentration increase. Thus, pin-on-disk wear and friction show different faces of blends tribology. Blending can be used to improve tribological properties of LDPE. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Instability of vortex motion in high-T c superconductors

ABSTRACT A model is presented to explain the recently observed voltage jumps in BISCCO superconductng thinfilms. The current approach provides an additional evidence to the validity of the flux-flow instability model . The field and temperature dependencies of the critical vortex velocity were attributed to thephysics of the vortex core in clean superconductors (high-Tc superconductors) which is very different fromthe physics of the vortex core in dirty superconductors. The quasiparticles diffusion coefficient Dqp wascalculated based on the assumption that the quasiparticle motion is considered as a transport phenomena onrandom walks. In addition, the effects of scattering of normal excitations by quasiparticles localized in thevortex core moving together with the vortex on the inelastic scattering time of quasiparticles 'Cm was alsocalculated. The predictions ofthe model and the experimental observations are in excellent agreements. 1. DTRODUCTION Dynamical properties of vortex lines in type-Il superconductors in general, and in high-Tc superconductors(HTSC) in particular, are very essential to understand its dissipative characteristics. In the presence of amagnetic field. the interaction of vortices with phonons and defects represents an important component cftheir dissipative behavior. In this case, the vortices can act as a disordered (or ordered) medium withvarying density depending on the distribution of the field. In HTSC, flux lines are characterized by twoimportant length scales. The first is the London penetration depth
The Effects of Written Between-Draft Responses on Students' Writing and Reasoning about Literature.

Although studies of writing and literary understanding have demonstrated the value of analytic essay writing for enhancing story understanding, these studies have focused on student's initial inter...
RESPONSE OF GREEN RICE LEAFHOPPERS TO RICE‐PLANTING PRACTICES IN NORTHERN THAILAND

Recent changes in rice-seeding practices in Thailand have altered the traditional density and spatial dispersion of rice plants in a field. Typical transplanted fields have a low density of uniformly spaced plants, whereas broadcast or direct-seeded fields have a high density of irregularly dispersed plants. Effects of these variations in plant texture on the abundance and movement of important rice pests, the green rice leafhoppers, Nephotettix virescens and N. nigropictus, were examined in controlled field experiments in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 1989 and 1991. Nephotettix colonized broadcast fields more quickly than transplanted fields and peaked in both types of fields when rice plants reached panicle initiation, suggesting phenological synchrony with crop development. Although leafhoppers did not respond consistently to treatment changes in plant or tiller density, leafhopper load per plant was highest in transplanted rice fields of low plant density and uniform dispersion. Visual stimuli during colon...
Acoustic Emission Sensor Calibration for Absolute Source Measurements

This paper describes sensor calibration and signal analysis techniques applicable to the method of acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasonic testing. They are particularly useful for obtaining absolute measurements of AE wave amplitude and shape, which can be used to constrain the physics and mechanics of the AE source. We illustrate how to perform calibration tests on a thick plate and how to implement two different mechanical calibration sources: ball impact and glass capillary fracture. In this way, the instrument response function can be estimated from theory, without the need for a reference transducer. We demonstrate the methodology by comparing calibration results for four different piezoelectric acoustic emission sensors: Physical Acoustics (PAC) PAC R15, PAC NANO30, DigitalWave B1025, and the Glaser-type conical sensor. From the results of these tests, sensor aperture effects are quantified and the accuracy of calibration source models is verified. Finally, this paper describes how the effects of the sensor can be modeled using an autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) model, and how this technique can be used to effectively remove sensor-induced distortion so that a displacement time history can be retrieved from recorded signals.
Membrane Cholesterol and the Formation of Cholesterol Domains in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease

At least three types of cholesterol-rich membrane domains have been described in biological membranes including cholesterol rafts, membrane caveolae and crystalline cholesterol domains,. While clear biological functions have been ascribed to both rafts and caveolae, little attention has been directed to the biological consequences of cholesterol enrichment of cell membranes and the formation of cholesterol domains. Elevated blood cholesterol levels have been shown to result in the enrichment of the cell plasma membrane with cholesterol in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC), endothelial cells (EC) and cardiac myocytes. In the early period of cholesterol feeding (within days), the cell membrane enriches with cholesterol and membrane viscosity and membrane bilayer width increase. This latter effect severely alters membrane protein function, and recent data indicates that this induces the modulation of vascular cells (SMC and EC) to the atherosclerotic phenotype. In cardiac myocytes these membrane modifications appear to induce alterations in gene expression patterns that lead to the development of a heart failure phenotype. In addition, as the cholesterol content increases, phase separation of cholesterol occurs resulting in the formation of immiscible cholesterol domains within the membrane. These domains likely initiate nucleation of cholesterol crystals which would explain the origin of cholesterol clefts in atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, these membrane alterations secondary to cholesterol enrichment constitute a membrane lesion which contribute to the very early pathogenic events underlying major human diseases including coronary artery disease, stroke and heart failure.
Pediatric endo-cosmetology and the evolution of growth diagnosis and treatment.

We find ourselves embarked on the fog-bound and poorly charted sea of endocrinology. It is easy to lose our bearings for we have, most of us, little knowledge of sea-faring and only a vague idea of our destination. In every profession, even ours, are to be found those who gather up bits of information of little intrinsic value which are exchanged for the property of credulous people as gullible as the natives of a new-found land. Thus do discoveries become exploited.
Social support and cancer screening in African American, Hispanic, and Native American women.

PURPOSE: Minority women have higher rates of mortality from breast and cervical cancers and lower rates of utilization of screening tests than white women. Innovative ways to increase screening in these populations are needed urgently. This report examines the effectiveness of screening interventions based on social support for breast and cervical cancers in African American, Hispanic, and Native American women. OVERVIEW: Despite the availability of mammography, clinical breast examination, and Papanicolaou smears, many women do not follow recommendations to obtain these tests. Further, many of the traditional approaches to health education have not been effective in minority populations. Additional strategies to promote screening for breast and cervical cancers are needed, particularly for women who, by virtue of language and/or culture, are outside the mainstream. Nontraditional approaches, or social support interventions, may be particularly effective in promoting cancer screening and reducing cancer mortality in high-risk minority women. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Programs that use social support offer the potential to draw on the strengths of a population--the ties between individuals, the importance of the family, and traditional cultural values--to improve screening for breast and cervical cancers in minority groups. In developing a social support intervention, healthcare providers should consider the similarities and differences among populations; collaborate with representatives of the target community; incorporate social support within hospitals and clinics; and include social support as an essential component of the clinical encounter.
A novel Radial Basis Function Neural Network based intelligent adaptive architecture for Power System Stabilizer

In this paper, we propose a new class of intelligent adaptive control systems based on a system-centric approach for the control of generators under transient operating conditions. The proposed architecture consists of a Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC) operating in parallel with a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to control generator oscillations in the presence of disturbances. The underlying structural feature is the introduction of an Intelligent Supervisory Loop (ISL) to augment a conventional adaptive controller. The main advantage of this algorithm is that it is precise, feasible, stable, and more effective than other nonlinear adaptive controllers acting alone. Simulation results are presented showing substantial improvement in the oscillatory and transient response of a generator in a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) while using the proposed control scheme.
Using evidence-based design to improve outcomes.

Nearly $200 billion of healthcare construction is expected by the year 2015, and nurse leaders must expand their knowledge and capabilities in healthcare design. The goal of this bimonthly department is to prepare the nurse leader in using the evidence-based design process to ensure that new, expanded, and renovated hospitals facilitate optimal patient outcomes, enhance the work environment for healthcare providers, and improve organizational performance. In this article, the author introduces the concept of evidence-based design and its importance to nurse executives as a decision-making framework for healthcare design.
Convective Transport Phenomena and Macrosegregation During Solidification of a Binary Metal Alloy: I—Numerical Predictions

A continuum model is used to simulate transient convective transport phenomena numerically during solidification of a Pb-19 percent Sn alloy in an experimental rest cell. Solidification occurs in an axisymmetric, annular mold of stainless steel, cooled along its outer vertical wall. Results show that, during early stages of solidification, double-diffusive convection and liquid exchange between melted and mushy zones are responsible for the formation of channels in the outer periphery of the ingot, which ultimately lead to a form of macrosegregation known as A-segregates. During intermediate stages of solidification, solutally driven natural convection spawns a cone segregate in the interior region of the ingot. The final macrosegregation pattern is characterized, in general, by increasing Sn concentration with increasing height throughout the ingot and by increasing Sn concentration with decreasing radius in the upper portion of the ingot. 43 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
E-Commerce Issues in Healthcare Marketing

Abstract Nobody can overlook the growing use of e-commerce in numerous business settings anymore. As e-commerce gains more significance in our lives, the world of healthcare bounds to have its share of the pie. Accordingly, we have been seeing online marketing practices involving healthcare service providers, payers, and patients. It appears that the Internet can provide the platform that can tie all those parties together. There are many indications now that it is the time for e-commerce in healthcare marketing. On the other hand, as with every new practice, there are issues that require further exploration when it comes to developing a successful e-commerce strategy. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the concerns that one should examine before finalizing an e-commerce strategy in the healthcare marketing area. It is hoped that the in-depth review of the concerns covered in this paper will provide the related parties with a comprehensive foundation to fully utilize the potential of e-comm...