cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a small GTP-binding protein, Rab25, expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa, kidney, and lung

Abstract Small GTP-binding proteins have been implicated in the regulation of many dynamic cellular processes. The carboxyl termini of parietal cell small GTP-binding proteins were cloned using a 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique with a degenerate oligonucleotide primer based on the WDTAGQE consensus GTP-binding sequence. Six out of 53 clones demonstrated a novel Rab sequence, now designated Rab25. The complete sequence was obtained using 3'-RACE and revealed a deduced amino acid sequence having 63% identity with Rab11. The deduced amino acid sequence demonstrated a carboxyl-terminal CCQNI and also a novel GTP-binding site sequence of WDTAGLE. Nevertheless, recombinant Rab25 was able to bind GTP on blot. A major 1.2 kilobase Rab25 message was detected throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa and in lung and kidney tissue. No message was detected in brain, heart, liver, or skeletal muscle. In gastric tissue, Rab25 was absent in the bowel wall; among mucosal cells, it was highly enriched in parietal cells compared to chief cells. Rab25 mRNA was also detected in several colon carcinoma lines including LIM1215 and HT-29. The results indicate that Rab25 represents a novel member of the Rab family with an epithelial distribution.
Pioneer Venus measurements of H, O, and C production in comet P/Halley near perihelion

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer measured the production of H, O, and C in comet Halley from late December 1985 to early March 1986. Water production rates obtained from the H data rose from 3.3 1029 s −1 at 1 AU inbound to 1.2 1030 s−1 at perihelion; there was a further increase to 1.6 1030 s−1 followed by a slow decline to 1.4 1030 s−1 at the time of the Vega-1 encounter. The H measurements show a periodic behavior that imply variations in the water production rate having structure within a 7.4-day sidereal period, in phase with similar variations seen in radical and dust production in March and April. Average H: O: C ratios of 1.0:0.7:.07 were measured from 10 to 26 days after perihelion.
Modeling the brain's operating system

To make progess in understanding human brain functionality, we will need to understand its basic functions at an abstract level. One way of accomplishing such an integration is to create a model of a human that has a useful amount of complexity. Essentially, one is faced with proposing an embodied “operating system” model that can be tested against human performance. Recently technological advances have been made that allow progress to be made in this direction. Graphics models that simulate extensive human capabilities can be used as platforms from which to develop synthetic models of visuo-motor behavior. Currently such models can capture only a small portion of a full behavioral repertoire, but for the behaviors that they do model, they can describe complete visuo-motor subsystems at a level of detail that can be tested against human performance in realistic environments. This paper outlines one such model and shows both that it can produce interesting new hypotheses as to the role of vision and also that it can enhance our understanding of visual attention.
Metabolic consequences of the early onset of obesity in common marmoset monkeys.

Objective The common marmoset as a model of early obesity was assessed. The hypotheses that juvenile marmosets with excess adipose tissue will display higher fasting glucose, decreased insulin sensitivity, and decreased ability to clear glucose from the blood stream were tested. Design and Methods Normal and obese (body fat > 14%) common marmoset infants (N = 39) were followed up from birth until 1 year. Body fat was measured by quantitative magnetic resonance. Circulating glucose was measured by glucometer and insulin, adiponectin, and leptin by commercial assays. The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI; a measure of insulin sensitivity) was calculated for subjects with fasting glucose and insulin measures. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were conducted at 12 months on 35 subjects. Results At 6 months, obese subjects already had significantly lower insulin sensitivity (mean QUICKI = 0.378 ± 0.029 vs. 0.525 ± 0.019, N = 11, P = 0.003). By 12 months, obese subjects also had higher fasting glucose (129.3 ± 9.1 mg/dL vs. 106.1 ± 6.5 mg/dL, P = 0.042), and circulating adiponectin tended to be lower (P = 0.057). Leptin was associated with percent body fat; however, birth weight also influenced circulating leptin. The OGTT results demonstrated that obese animals had a decreased ability to clear glucose. Conclusions Early-onset obesity in marmosets results in impaired glucose homeostasis by 1 year.
Grounding Turbulent Minds: The Challenges of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for College Students With ADHD and How to Overcome Them

College can be difficult for students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Inattention and impulsivity are not conducive to academic success. Individuals with ADHD often experience difficulties with time management, organization, social adjustment, and psychological distress. One possible treatment approach for individuals with ADHD is mindfulness-based interventions, which lead to symptom reductions and increases in mindfulness skills. However, there are challenges in conducting such treatments on college campuses. This article outlines some of those challenges and highlights ways to overcome them using intervention research, more specifically clinical behavior analysis. The qualitative experience of conducting two mindfulness meditation interventions for college students with ADHD is discussed, and recommendations for conducting similar campus-based interventions are made.
The complication of gastro-enteric fistulisation in neutropenic enterocolitis secondary to aplastic anaemia.

We report the case of a 27-month-old male with an unusual complication of aplastic anaemia and neutropenic enterocolitis. He suffered persistent neutropaenic sepsis and clinical deterioration forced the strategy of matched sibling haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With engraftment and clinical recovery post-transplant, enteral feeding was re-established. Despite continued improvement the child began to vomit faeculent stomach content. Barium swallow showed gastro-colic and gastro-enteric fistulisation with contrast passing directly from stomach into descending colon and directly into jejunum. Laparotomy confirmed complex fistulae between the gastric body, the splenic flexure of the colon and the jejunum. The diagnosis and management of abdominal pathology secondary to severe pancytopaenia is challenging. Often the patient does not manifest the usual signs of acute abdominal pathology, making the decision to operate and the timing of surgery difficult. Counfounding this is the danger of performing surgery in a pancytopaenic patient. Our case illustrates these challenges and reports the unanticipated finding of a complex gastro-colic fistula. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:358–359. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Researcher-library collaborations: Data repositories as a service for researchers.

INTRODUCTION New interest has arisen in organizing, preserving, and sharing the raw materials—the data and metadata—that undergird the published products of research. Library and information scientists have valuable expertise to bring to bear in the effort to create larger, more diverse, and more widely used data repositories. However, for libraries to be maximally successful in providing the research data management and preservation services required of a successful data repository, librarians must work closely with researchers and learn about their data management workflows. DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES Databrary is a data repository that is closely linked to the needs of a specific scholarly community—researchers who use video as a main source of data to study child development and learning. The project’s success to date is a result of its focus on community outreach and providing services for scholarly communication, engaging institutional partners, offering services for data curation with the guidance of closely involved information professionals, and the creation of a strong technical infrastructure. NEXT STEPS Databrary plans to improve its curation tools that allow researchers to deposit their own data, enhance the user-facing feature set, increase integration with library systems, and implement strategies for long-term sustainability.
Inhibition of diatom photosynthesis by germanic acid: Separation of diatom productivity from total marine primary productivity

Germanic acid was shown to inhibit photosynthetic 14CO2 uptake in marine diatoms. Inhibition was not complete even at concentrations of 20 mg Ge/1 nor in cultures incubated for extended periods of time (up to 24 h). The decrease in photosynthesis due to Ge(OH)4 was independent of the stage of growth of the diatom culture. At 0.5 and 1.0 mg Ge/1, the degree of inhibition was dependent on the concentration of Si(OH)4 in the medium. At 5 and 10 mg Ge/1, inhibition was not affected by Si(OH)4 concentrations as high as those found in the sea-120 μg-at Si/1. The effect of Ge(OH)4 on photosynthesis is specific for diatoms; other marine phytoplankton were not inhibited. In mixed cultures of diatoms and marine flagellates, the reduction in 14CO2 fixation upon addition of Ge(OH)4 was used to calculated the proportion of diatom photosynthesis to total photosynthesis, and calculated proportions agreed well with actual proportions. Inhibition by Ge(OH)4 was also used to estimate the percent of diatom photosynthesis in a natural marine community, and this was compared with the diatom portion of the crop. Diatom photosynthesis was higher than one might expect from crop figures, although both diatom photosynthesis and diatom numbers in the crop were low.
Spurious metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis patients

Metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap (AG) is frequently seen among patients with end-stage renal failure that is corrected to a variable degree by chronic hemodialysis. The degree of acidosis is generally interpreted from the concentration of total carbon dioxide (tCO(2)) in blood drawn from the vascular access used for dialysis. As with many dialysis units in the United States, our laboratory studies for outpatients are performed in a central laboratory several hundred miles away and must be shipped there by air freight. We observed a consistent and clinically important difference between the tCO(2) content of samples reported from the central laboratory compared with results reported from a local university hospital chemistry laboratory. The central laboratory readings were always lower, resulting in an increase in the AG. Delays in centrifugation of the blood to separate the clot from the serum and in the initiation of analysis led to an increase in the lactate content of the samples. That increase, however, was insufficient to explain the difference in tCO(2) levels. These data suggest that something happens to the samples in transit to cause an artifactual reduction of the tCO(2) level. For many dialysis patients, the severity of their acidosis may be falsely represented by the tCO(2) content of blood samples reported from central laboratories.
Sulfide and pH effects on variable fluorescence of photosystem II in two strains of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria amphigranulata.

Changes in fluorescence of photosystem II (PS II) chlorophyll were used to monitor the in vivo effects of sulfide and pH on photosynthesis by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria amphigranulata. O. amphigranulata is capable of both oxygenic photosynthesis and sulfide dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis. A genetic variant of O. amphigranulata which photosynthesizes oxygenically at normal rates, but is incapable of anoxygenic photosynthesis and cannot tolerate sulfide, was also used to explore the mode of action of sulfide. In vivo fluorescence responses of PS II chlorophyll in the first few seconds of exposure to light (Kautsky transients) reflected the electrochemical states of PS II and associated electron donors and acceptors. Kautsky transients showed a distinct difference between PS II of the wild type and the variant, but sulfide lowered fluorescence in both. Kautsky transients with sulfide were similar to transients with addition of NH2OH, NH4+ or HCN, indicating sulfide interacts with a protein on the donor side of PS II. The fluorescence steady-state (after 2 min) was measured in the presence of sulfide, cyanide and ammonium with pH ranging from 7.2–8.7. Sulfide and cyanide had the most impact at pH 7.2, ammonium at pH 8.7. This suggests that the uncharged forms (HCN, NH3 and H2S) had the strongest effect on PS II, possibly because of increased membrane permeability.
EDDY RESOLVING NUTRIENT ECODYNAMICS IN THE GLOBAL PARALLEL OCEAN PROGRAM AND CONNECTIONS WITH TRACE GASES IN THE SULFUR, HALOGEN AND NMHC CYCLES

Ecodynamics and the sea-air transfer of climate relevant trace gases are intimately coupled in the oceanic mixed layer. Ventilation of species such as dimethyl sulfide and methyl bromide constitutes a key linkage within the earth system. We are creating a research tool for the study of marine trace gas distributions by implementing coupled ecology-gas chemistry in the high resolution Parallel Ocean Program (POP). The fundamental circulation model is eddy resolving, with cell sizes averaging 0.15 degree (lat/long). Here we describe ecochemistry integration. Density dependent mortality and iron geochemistry have enhanced agreement with chlorophyll measurements. Indications are that dimethyl sulfide production rates must be adjusted for latitude dependence to match recent compilations. This may reflect the need for phytoplankton to conserve nitrogen by favoring sulfurous osmolytes. Global simulations are also available for carbonyl sulfide, the methyl halides and for nonmethane hydrocarbons. We discuss future applications including interaction with atmospheric chemistry models, high resolution biogeochemical snapshots and the study of open ocean fertilization.
SERCA2a gene transfer improves electrocardiographic performance in aged mdx mice.

Cardiomyocyte calcium overloading has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) heart disease. The cardiac isoform of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a) plays a major role in removing cytosolic calcium during heart muscle relaxation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that SERCA2a over-expression may mitigate electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities in old female mdx mice, a murine model of DMD cardiomyopathy. 1 × 1012 viral genome particles/mouse of adeno-associated virus serotype-9 (AAV-9) SERCA2a vector was delivered to 12-m-old female mdx mice (N = 5) via a single bolus tail vein injection. AAV transduction and the ECG profile were examined eight months later. The vector genome was detected in the hearts of all AAV-injected mdx mice. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot confirmed SERCA2a over-expression in the mdx heart. Untreated mdx mice showed characteristic tachycardia, PR interval reduction and QT interval prolongation. AAV-9 SERCA2a treatment corrected these ECG abnormalities. Our results suggest that AAV SERCA2a therapy may hold great promise in treating dystrophin-deficient heart disease.
SU‐FF‐P‐06: Use of a Website for Support of a Clinical Rotation in Radiation Oncology Physics

Purpose: The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate how a website can be incorporated into the support of a clinical rotation course in radiation oncologyphysics in a graduatemedical physics training program. Materials and Methods: A website was developed consisting of a home page with a list of contacts and a class schedule. Linked to this home page were websites for specific clinical rotations. On each rotation website were listed specific objectives and tasks with links to appropriate teaching materials, examinations, and forms. Results: Use of the website simplified management of the clinical rotation course and made all course materials easily accessible to all the students. Conclusions: Success with the website supporting the clinical rotation course has encouraged the development of websites for additional courses in our graduate program.
Severe bioprosthetic mitral valve stenosis in pregnancy

A 21-year-old woman in the 16th week of pregnancy was admitted due to acute presentation of severe exertional dyspnea. She had undergone mitral valve replacement (MVR) with bioprosthetic valve for infective endocarditis 2 years ago. She developed congestive heart failure from mitral bioprosthetic valve stenosis due to early structural valve deterioration. She also had severe pulmonary hypertension and underwent a redo MVR using a mechanical valve prosthesis with good maternal outcome but fetal demise. This report brings up the debate about what type of valve should be used in women in reproductive age, and discusses the management of severe mitral stenosis and stenosis of a bioprosthetic valve during pregnancy. Surgical options can almost always be delayed until fetal maturity is achieved and a simultaneous cesarean section can be performed. However, under certain circumstances when the maternal welfare is in jeopardy the surgical intervention is mandatory even before the fetus reaches viability.
A Thermodynamic Model for Low Interfacial Tensions in Alkaline Flooding

Many experimental studies have been undertaken to measure interfacial tensions (IFT's) as a function of pH, salinity, temperature, and divalent ion concentrations. This behavior varies from one crude oil to another and is critical in determining its suitability as a candidate for caustic flooding. A model based on a thermodynamic analysis of crude oil/caustic interfaces has been developed that predicts the IFT behavior of such systems. The model accounts for IFT variations with changes in pH, salinity, and temperature by using parameters that must be estimated from a preliminary experimental study. The model predictions compare well with earlier reported experimental results. It is shown that the application of such a model to empirical correlations for residual oil saturations and fractional flow curves enables us to predict the changes in the fractional flow and relative permeability curves for an alkaline flood with self-sharpening fronts if the injection pH and salinity are specified.
Traceability of photocurrent measurements to electrical standards

In detector output-signal measurements, where the measurement uncertainty critically impacts the total uncertainty of a detector-based radiometric scale realization, traceability of the photocurrent measurement to SI traceable electrical standards is needed. A reference photocurrent-to-voltage conversion scale has been developed and described here. The new standard has internal reference resistors for all signal-gain selections to decrease noise pickup of traditionally used external reference resistors. The internal resistors were calibrated by the NIST Quantum Electrical Metrology Division against standard resistors. Using the substitution method, the reference photocurrent-to-voltage conversion scale was transferred from the converter standard to other converters up to a maximum signal-gain of 1010 V/A with an expanded uncertainty of 0.013% (k=2). The DC conversion scale was extended to AC mode signal-gain calibrations where the photocurrent measurement uncertainty is 0.05% (k-2).
Three Dimensional Image Reconstruction of Neuroanatomical Structures: Methods for Isolation of the Cortex, Ventricular System, Hippocampus, and Fornix

Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging allows volumetric quantification of a variety of neuroanatomical structures using two dimensional (2D) images as well as three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the brain and any of its constituent parts. Three-dimensional analysis permits integration of the neuroanatomical changes which occur in pathologic states, with the cognitive and behavioral changes elucidated through neuropsychological assessment. This paper describes uniform methods for 3D neuroanatomical isolation of the neocortex, ventricular system, and hippocampus in both normal and pathologic states. The 3D methods are described in detail using two different software programs, ANALYZE and IMAGE. Three-dimensional neuroanatomical reconstructions were carried out on a patient who sustained a very severe traumatic brain injury. The 3D image analysis in the patient with traumatic brain injury, revealed structural changes in frontal and temporal cortex, ventricular dilation, and hippocampal atropy. The neuropsychological impairments in this patient, were consistent with the observed neuroanatomical changes revealed on 3D image reconstruction. This technology permits precise determinations of the extent and severity of the neuroanatomical changes which follow neurological injury disease.
The Developmental Competence of Bovine Nuclear Transfer Embryos Derived from Cow versus Heifer Cytoplasts

Due to its economic importance, the production of cattle by nuclear transfer has been a primary research focus for many researchers during the past few years. While many groups have successfully produced cattle by nuclear transfer, and progress in this area continues, nuclear transfer remains a very inefficient technology. This study evaluates the effect of the oocyte source (cow and heifer) on the developmental competence of nuclear transfer embryos. In order for nuclear transfer to be successful, a differentiated donor cell must be reprogrammed and restored to a totipotent state. This reprogramming is probably accomplished by factors within the oocyte cytoplasm. This study indicates that oocytes derived from cows have a greater capacity to reprogram donor cell DNA following nuclear transfer as compared to heifer oocytes based on in vitro development to the 2-cell stage and to the compacted morula/blastocyst stages. Nuclear transfer embryos derived from cow oocytes resulted in significantly higher rates of pregnancy establishment than embryos derived from heifer oocytes and resulted in higher pregnancy retention at 90 and 180 days and a greater number of term deliveries. Following delivery more calves derived from cow oocytes tended to be healthy and normal than those derived from heifer oocytes. The differences in developmental efficiency between nuclear transfer embryos derived from cow and heifer cytoplasts demonstrate that subtle differences in oocyte biology can have significant effects on subsequent development of nuclear transfer embryos.
Some tests for whether a narrow neutral resonance can be a Higgs particle

Abstract We consider under what conditions any narrow neutral resonance, particularly the recently reported state ξ(2.2), could be a Higgs particle, either a fundamental boson or a composite technicolor state. A number of tests are summarized including what is expected in ϒ decay, b-quark decay, Z 0 decays, branching ratios and properties of ξ(2.2) decay, and production at hadron machines. Implications for the standard model, technicolor, and supersymmetry are discussed.
Effects of irradiance on benthic and water column processes in a Gulf of Mexico estuary: Pensacola Bay, Florida, USA

Abstract We examined the effect of light on water column and benthic fluxes in the Pensacola Bay estuary, a river-dominated system in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Measurements were made during the summers of 2003 and 2004 on 16 dates distributed along depth and salinity gradients. Dissolved oxygen fluxes were measured on replicate sediment and water column samples exposed to a gradient of photosynthetically active radiation. Sediment inorganic nutrient (NH4+, NO3−, PO43−) fluxes were measured. The response of dissolved oxygen fluxes to variation in light was fit to a photosynthesis–irradiance model and the parameter estimates were used to calculate daily integrated production in the water column and the benthos. The results suggest that shoal environments supported substantial benthic productivity, averaging 13.6 ± 4.7 mmol O2 m−2 d−1, whereas channel environments supported low benthic productivity, averaging 0.5 ± 0.3 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 (±SE). Estimates of baywide microphytobenthic productivity ranged from 8.1 to 16.5 mmol O2 m−2 d−1, comprising about 16–32% of total system productivity. Benthic and water column dark respiration averaged 15.2 ± 3.2 and 33.6 ± 3.7 mmol O2 m−2 d−1, respectively Inorganic nutrient fluxes were generally low compared to relevant estuarine literature values, and responded minimally to light exposure. Across all stations, nutrient fluxes from sediments to the water column averaged 1.11 ± 0.98 mmol m−2 d−1 for NH4+, 0.58 ± 1.08 mmol m−2 d−1 for NO3−, 0.01 ± 0.09 mmol m−2 d−1 for PO43−. The results of this study illustrate how light reaching the sediments is an important modulator of benthic nutrient and oxygen dynamics in shallow estuarine systems.
Regulation of material properties in electrospun scaffolds: Role of cross-linking and fiber tertiary structure

We cross-linked scaffolds of electrospun collagen to varying degrees with glutaraldehyde using an ethanol-based solvent system and subsequently defined how the percentage of cross-linking impacts bulk and microscale material properties and fiber structure. At hydration, electrospun fibers underwent coiling; the extent of coiling was proportional to the percentage of cross-linking introduced into the samples and was largely suppressed as cross-linking approached saturation. These data suggest that electrospun collagen fibers are not deposited in a minimal energy state; fiber coiling may reflect a molecular reorganization. This result has functional/structural implications for protein-based electrospun scaffolds. Changes in fiber topology that develop during post-electrospinning processing may alter monomer organization, mask or unmask receptor binding sites, and/or change the biological properties of these nanomaterials. Hydrated scaffolds were mounted into a custom stretching device installed on a microscope stage and photographed after incremental changes in strain. Changes in fiber alignment were measured using the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform method. Fibers in all scaffolds underwent alignment in response to strain; however, the rate and extent of alignment that could be achieved varied as a function of cross-linking. We propose four distinct modes of scaffold response to strain: fiber uncoiling, fiber reorientation, fiber elongation and interfiber sliding. We conclude that bulk material properties and local microscale architecture must be simultaneously considered to optimize the performance of electrospun scaffolds.
A dosimetric evaluation of conventional helmet field irradiation versus two-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique.

Purpose: To compare dosimetric differences between conventional two-beam helmet field irradiation (external beam radiotherapy, EBRT) of the brain and a two-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique. Methods and Materials: Ten patients who received helmet field irradiation at our institution were selected for study. External beam radiotherapy portals were planned per usual practice. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy fields were created using the identical field angles as the EBRT portals. Each brain was fully contoured along with the spinal cord to the bottom of the C2 vertebral body. This volume was then expanded symmetrically by 0.5 cm to construct the planning target volume. An IMRT plan was constructed using uniform optimization constraints. For both techniques, the nominal prescribed dose was 3,000 cGy in 10 fractions of 300 cGy using 6-MV photons. Comparative dose–volume histograms were generated for each patient and analyzed. Results: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy improved dose uniformity over EBRT for whole brain radiotherapy. The mean percentage of brain receiving >105% of dose was reduced from 29.3% with EBRT to 0.03% with IMRT. The mean maximum dose was reduced from 3,378 cGy (113%) for EBRT to 3,162 cGy (105%) with IMRT. The mean percent volume receiving at least 98% of the prescribed dose was 99.5% for the conventional technique and 100% for IMRT. Conclusions: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy reduces dose inhomogeneity, particularly for the midline frontal lobe structures where hot spots occur with conventional two-field EBRT. More study needs to be done addressing the clinical implications of optimizing dose uniformity and its effect on long-term cognitive function in selected long-lived patients.
STATISTICS OF DISEASE: THEIR SOURCES, USES, AND LIMITATIONS.

TN considering statistics of disease we have become accustomed to include mortality statistics with morbidity statistics. Morbidity statistics are obtained by the compilation of data relating to cases of disease, and, as disease is present wherever there are cases, morbidity statistics relate to the prevalence and geographic distribution of disease and the conditions under which it occurs. Mortality statistics are the statistics of deaths. They are obtained by the collection and numerical classification of data relating to the frequency of deaths, their causes and the conditions under which they occur. Most deaths are caused by disease; and, in so far as they are thus caused, mortality statistics relate to those cases of disease which terminate life. To illustrate, in a city in which there had been 500 cases of typhoid fever, of which 45 had terminated fatally, morbidity statistics would treat of the facts relating to the 500 cases, while mortality statistics would include data relating to the 45 deaths.
Analysis of gain scheduled control for nonlinear plants

Gain scheduling has proven to be a successful design methodology in many engineering applications. In the absence of a sound theoretical analysis, these designs come with no guarantees of the robustness, performance, or even nominal stability of the overall gain-scheduled design. An analysis is presented for two types of nonlinear gain-scheduled control systems: (1) scheduling on a reference trajectory, and (2) scheduling on the plant output. Conditions which guarantee stability, robustness, and performance properties of the global gain schedule designs are given. These conditions confirm and formalize popular notions regarding gain scheduled designs, such as that the scheduling variable should vary slowly, and capture the plant's nonlinearities. >
State Estimation and Control of Heterogeneous Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Load Following

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and electric water heaters, can be aggregated and used to deliver power systems services. The effectiveness of control strategies depends on the level of infrastructure and communications. This paper explores the use of TCLs for load following when measured state information is not available in real time. We use Markov Chain models to describe the temperature state evolution of populations of TCLs, and Kalman filtering techniques for both state estimation and joint parameter/state estimation. We find power tracking RMS errors in the range of 2-16% of the aggregate steady state power consumption of the TCL population. Results depend upon the information available for system identification, state estimation, and control. If high precision tracking is not required, TCLs may not need to be metered to provide state information to the central controller in real time or at all.
Synergistic effect of saliva with aureomycin and terramycin.

Abstract The mean concentration of antibiotic producing a bactericidal effect has been determined by graphic analysis of assays. The addition of dilute fresh saliva reduces the ED 50 for antibiotic in broth alone by about 50 per cent. Saliva itself, either concentrated or dilute, is not inhibitory to the test organism, Bacillus mycoides. The synergistic substance in saliva does not withstand heating for ten minutes at 98° C. The error of tube dilution assays for aureomycin and terramycin in saliva ranges between −50 and +700 per cent.
Development of hippocampal mossy fiber synaptic outputs by new neurons in the adult brain

New neurons are continuously generated in restricted regions of the adult mammalian brain. Although these adult-born neurons have been shown to receive synaptic inputs, little is known about their synaptic outputs. Using retrovirus-mediated birth-dating and labeling in combination with serial section electron microscopic reconstruction, we report that mossy fiber en passant boutons of adult-born dentate granule cells form initial synaptic contacts with CA3 pyramidal cells within 2 weeks after their birth and reach morphologic maturity within 8 weeks in the adult hippocampus. Knockdown of Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) in newborn granule cells leads to defects in axonal targeting and development of synaptic outputs in the adult brain. Together with previous reports of synaptic inputs, these results demonstrate that adult-born neurons are fully integrated into the existing neuronal circuitry. Our results also indicate a role for DISC1 in presynaptic development and may have implications for the etiology of schizophrenia and related mental disorders.
In search of regional palaeoclimates: Australia, 18,000 yr BP

Abstract This paper continues the investigation of regional palaeoclimates in Australia at 18,000 yr B.P. using the method set out in Hubbard (1995). Initial research showed that while the palaeodata were, on the whole, in keeping with climates retrodicted for the northern part of the continent, there was substantial disagreement between the data and retrodictions in the south of Australia. While several possible reasons for this disagreement are considered in this paper, it is the author's conclusion that the 18,000 yr B.P. run of the Community Climate Model placed the southern boundary of the mid-latitude belt of high pressure south of its actual position. New seasonal circulations based on a northward position of this belt are outlined in this paper and, using the method given in Hubbard (ibid.), new climate retrodictions are given for each of 12 Australian regions. These new retrodictions are almost entirely in keeping with the published data review, suggesting that the Community Climate Model (0 run) pressure results were incorrect. The revised seasonal circulation patterns can be used, therefore, to reconstruct likely palaeoclimates of regions that currently have few or no palaeoclimatic data.
The Effects of Environmental Concern on Environmentally Friendly Consumer Behavior: An Exploratory Study

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the relative effects of environmental concern (a general attitude) and social norms pertaining to concern for the environment on three consumer behaviors and six behavioral intentions. Our primary research question was “Which has the strongest effect on environmentally concerned behaviors and behavioral intentions: attitude, the injunctive norm, or the personal norm?” Answers to this basic research question have important implications for marketers and public policy makers. A mail survey was administered to a sample of consumers who were the primary shoppers in their household. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine unidimensionality of measures. Hypotheses were tested using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance (MANOVA/ANOVA). MANOVA analysis indicated significant main effects of environmental concern, the personal norm, and the injunctive norm on the behaviors and behavioral intentions. There were no significant interactions. ANOVA results indicated that the personal norm had the primary influence on the behaviors while the attitude had the primary influence on behavioral intentions.
Pediatric interventions: Emergent stent placement for acute Blalock-Taussig shunt obstruction after stage 1 Norwood surgery

A neonate underwent a stage 1 Norwood surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome and subsequently developed profound cyanosis and hemodynamic instability. Catheterization revealed an occluded modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. Angioplasty and stent implantation resulted in immediate angiographic and clinical improvement, which has persisted at 5-month follow-up. This therapy may provide lifesaving treatment in selected patients.
Cell Opacity Method for Determination of Cell Volume on a Single Drop of Rat Blood.

SummaryA method is presented for determination by the use of the photoelectric colorimeter of red cell volume of rat blood on a single drop of blood obtained from the tail vein. Hemoglobin content may be determined on the same sample.Technical assistance of Dorrance Chase Deston is gratefully acknowledged.
The use of large scale mathematical programming models in transportation systems

A review of the literature is presented on a number of successful applications of nonlinear and integer programming models for transportation systems. The network equilibrium problem, the network design model, and the stochastic transportation problem are analyzed.
“Value”-chains: Identity, tradition, and Ohio's flori(culture) industry

Abstract This paper examines the status of the floriculture industry in northwest Ohio, barriers facing firms in this transitioning sector, and strategies to promote industry competitiveness. Specifically, the paper focuses on the business practices of firms and efforts by local policymakers, academics, and business leaders to alter the regional dynamics of the industry vis-a-vis a grassroots “cluster” initiative. Using survey and focus group data, the paper demonstrates that culture, tradition, and shared values are key barriers to change and suggests that local cluster initiatives—like the Maumee Valley Growers—are an effective strategy for overcoming these barriers. From an applied perspective, the paper demonstrates the importance of contextualizing applied geographic research and the potential for geographers to chart, inform, and shape the internal geographies, practices, and trajectories of local actors and industry.
Digital imaging and analysis of dusty plasmas

Abstract Dust particles immersed within a plasma environment, such as those found in planetary rings or cometary environments, will acquire an electric charge. If the ratio of interparticle potential energy to average kinetic energy is high enough the particles will form either a ‘liquid’ structure with short-range ordering or a crystalline structure with long-range ordering. Since their discovery in laboratory environments in 1994, such crystals have been the subject of a variety of experimental, theoretical, and numerical investigations. Laboratory experiments analyzing the behavior of dust grains in a plasma rely on optical diagnostics to provide data about the system in a non-perturbative manner. In the past, capturing, imaging, and analyzing crystalline structure in dusty plasmas has been a non-trivial problem. Utilizing digital imaging and analysis systems, data capture, image formatting, and analysis can be done quickly. Following data capture, image analysis is conducted using modified Particle Image Velocimetry and Particle Tracking Velocimetry algorithms. The data extracted is then used to construct Voronoi diagrams, calculate particle density, inter-particle spacing, pair correlation functions, and thermal energy. From this data other dust plasma parameters can be inferred such as inter-particle forces and grain charges.
Site occupancy in ternary L12 ordered alloys as determined by diffraction: observations on (Al,Cr)3 Ti alloys

Abstract The nature and occurrence of point defects have been studied in L1 2 ordered (Al,Cr) 3 Ti alloys. Four compositions were investigated, two stochiometric alloys with either 9 or 12 at. pct. Cr, and two nonstoichiometric alloys with 10 at. pct. Cr and either 23 or 27 at. pct. Ti. Measurements of lattice parameter, density, and composition were combined to calculate the average number of atoms per unit cell. No variation in this quantity was detected with alloy composition, suggesting that the dominant point defects in these ordered phases are antisite defects rather than constitutional vacancies. A lack of constitutional vacancies was further supported by comparisons of measured and calculated superlattice peak intensities. The common method of regression fitting calculated and measured X-ray diffraction intensities using a single wavelength is shown to be unable to define the two independent order parameters unambiguously, calling into question the results of such previous studies on these ternary alloys. Only if an assumption is made that one type of site substitution dominates the antisite formation can the method be used to estimate the solution for the dominant behavior. Assuming that one type of substitution dominates the antisite formation on β (Ti) sites, the measurements performed in this study suggest a small amount of Cr, but not Al, substitution on β sites, and that most of the Cr is on α (Al) sites. Increasing the Cr level in stoichiometric alloys causes more Cr to occupy β sites, displacing some Ti to α sites, thus creating more antisite defects. The Ti deficiency in hypostoichiometric alloys is alleviated by enhanced substitution of Cr on β sites. However, the excess Ti in hyperstoichiometric alloys greatly decreases any Cr substitution on β sites.
Young children's understanding of the correspondence between a scale model and a larger space

Abstract Sensitivity to the correspondence between a scale model and the larger space it represents emerges between 2 1 2 and 3 years of age. In three of the four experiments reported here, young children watched as a miniature toy was hidden somewhere in a scale model of a room. Then the children were asked to retrieve an analogous toy that was hidden in the corresponding place in the room itself. According to the data reported here, success in this and a related task requires that children understand that the model is related to or represents the room. Children below the age of 33 or 34 months are extremely unlikely to become aware of this correspondence, even with extensive instructions and demonstrations. Children a few months older very readily grasp the relation when it is pointed out to them. This research reveals the importance of awareness of the representational relation between a symbol (the model) and its referent (the room) in early symbolization.
Effects of acoustic trauma on the representation of the vowel /ε/ in cat auditory nerve fibers

A population study of cat auditory-nerve fibers was used to characterize the permanent deficits induced by exposure to 110–115 dB SPL, narrow-band noise. Fibers in the region of acoustic trauma (roughly 1–6 kHz) showed a loss of sensitivity at best frequency (BF) of about 50–60 dB and an increased tuning bandwidth. A correlation between weakened two-tone suppression and loss of sensitivity was found for fibers with BFs above 1 kHz. Single-fiber responses to the vowel /ɛ/ were recorded at intensities ranging from near threshold to a maximum of about 110 dB SPL. In normal cochleas, the temporal response patterns show a capture phenomenon, in which the first two formant frequencies dominate the responses at high sound levels among fibers with BFs near the formant frequencies. After acoustic trauma, fibers in the region of threshold shift synchronized to a broad range of the vowel’s harmonics and thus did not show capture by the second formant at any sound level used. The broadband nature of this response is consistent with the broadened tuning observed in the damaged fibers, but may also reflect a weakening of compressive nonlinearities responsible for synchrony capture in the normal cochlea.
Acquired laryngomalacia; epiglottis prolapse as a cause of airway obstruction

Epiglottis prolapse during inspiration is an unusual cause of upper airway obstruction. It occurs primarily in patients who have lost pharyngeal airway support because of previous surgery or after head injury and coma. Eight cases of epiglottis prolapse are presented. One patient had epiglottis prolapse after resection of floor of mouth cancer and another after laryngeal fracture. The rest of the cases were seen in patients recovering from head injury and coma. Videolaryngoscopy shows the larynx to assume an ovoid shape within the pharynx. There is loss of the usual anterior to posterior pharyngeal and laryngeal dimension. The epiglottis is in a more horizontal position at rest. During inspiration, the epiglottis prolapses into the endolarynx, causing subtotal airway obstruction. Laryngeal obstruction due to epiglottis prolapse can prevent decannulation in the head-injured and can be the cause of obstructive sleep apnea. Endoscopic carbon dioxide laser epiglottectomy was successful in management of these cases.
Increment detection of bandlimited noises in the chinchilla

Abstract A positive reinforcement, adaptive tracking procedure was used to study the intensity discrimination abilities of six chinchillas to noise signals. Increment detection thresholds were obtained using a two-down, one-up tracking rule. The effect of overall noise masker level and the effect of noise bandwidth on increment detection thresholds were studied. The continuous noise masker and the signal increment had equal bandwidths. Increment detection thresholds are independent of overall level for wideband noise; the asymtotic DL for wideband noise is 1.334 dB. In addition, increment detection thresholds decrease as the bandwidth of the noise increases. The observed slope of the bandwidth function for the chinchilla is independent of overall level and is around − 2.8 dB/decade. The slope of the bandwidth function obtained for the chinchilla is similar to values reported for human subjects under similar conditions, but is less than the slope predicted by the ideal energy detector model.
Experimentally validated computations of heat transfer in granular materials in rotary calciners

Abstract Heat transport through flowing particulate materials is an essential component of modern technologies such as heterogeneous catalytic reactors, high performance cryogenic insulation, construction material, and powder metallurgy. In catalyst manufacturing, heat transfer through granular media occurs in the drying and calcination stages. In this paper, we describe the use of experiments and discrete element methods to examine flow, mixing, and mass and heat transport in rotary calciners. Alumina powder (200 μm) and cylindrical silica pellets (2 mm diameter and 3 mm long), which are common support materials for catalysts, are used in our experiments. A parametric study was conducted by varying the material properties of granular material, and rotational speed of the calciner. We use the discrete element model to simulate flow, mixing, and heat transport in granular flow systems in rotary calciners. Simulations and experiments show that the rotation speed has minimal impact on heat transfer. As expected, the material with higher thermal conductivity (alumina) warms up faster in experiments and simulations. Various baffle configurations (rectangular and L-shaped flights) in the calciner and their effect on the flow and heat transfer of granular material are simulated. The average wall-particles heat transfer coefficient of the granular system is also estimated from the experimental findings.