cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Reintegration for Young Offenders in the United States of America

The juvenile justice system in the United States of America is operated across local and state entities; leading to differences in level and type of reentry and transition planning service delivery across the nation. The juvenile detained population has dramatically decreased during the past decade and lends itself for the need for to develop more community corrections services that are evidence-based and focused on rehabilitation. Slightly more than 70% of youth detained in the U.S. are between ages 15 and 17, are predominately male and with disproportionate representation of racially diverse youth. Implementations of evidence-based practices aligned within the areas of the Taxonomy of Transition Planning 2.0 are highlighted in the description of three model demonstration programs. However, in general, a critical need in the field exists to implement these practices with fidelity by targeting training and professional development across key stakeholders of professionals serving juvenile offenders.
Adolescent Stress Disrupts the Maturation of Anxiety-related Behaviors and Alters the Developmental Trajectory of the Prefrontal Cortex in a Sex- and Age-specific Manner.

Abstract Adolescence is a window of vulnerability to environmental factors such as chronic stress that can disrupt brain development and cause long-lasting behavioral dysfunction, as seen in disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. There are also sex differences in the prevalence of these disorders across the lifespan. However, the mechanisms of how adolescent stress contributes to neuropsychiatric phenotypes are not well understood, nor are the mediating effects of sex. We hypothesize that adolescent stress disrupts the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in a sex-specific manner, as this system matures during adolescence and plays an important role in cognitive and emotional functioning. We exposed male and female mice to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) during adolescence (post-natal day [PND] 28–42). One cohort underwent testing for PFC-related behavioral and molecular changes 24 h following the cessation of stress (late adolescence); a separate cohort was tested approximately 2.5 weeks after the end of UCMS (adulthood). We observed an age-related decline in anxiety-like behaviors in control mice, while mice stressed in adolescence showed elevated anxiety-like behaviors in both adolescence and adulthood. PFC-dependent cognitive functioning was also impaired in adult males stressed in adolescence. Adolescent stress disrupted expression patterns of parvalbumin (PV) and perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the PFC, as well as NMDA receptor subunit composition, in a sex- and age-specific manner. The findings presented here contribute to understanding how adolescent stress may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety by disrupting the development of the PFC and emotional behaviors.
Changing brains: from primal horde to nuclear family to religion

The Emergence and Evolution of Religion (2017) by Turner, Mayanski, Klostergaard Peterson, and Geertz takes on a complex and difficult topic, namely the origin of religion in early human societies....
Partition search

We introduce a new form of game search called partition search that incorporates dependency analysis, allowing substantial reductions in the portion of the tree that needs to be expanded. Both theoretical results and experimental data are presented. For the game of bridge, partition search provides approximately as much of an improvement over existing methods as α-(β pruning provides over minimax.
Simulation Models—The Human View Dynamics

This chapter discusses the use of simulation models and the original Human View Dynamics. Simulation models can be used to provide time-based analyses of the socio-technical system and evaluate its response to different external stimuli. The original set of Human Views included a dynamic simulation model to augment the static set of views. While this view is now optional, it is encouraged to perform simulations with a tool such as IMPRINT to capture socio-technical system behavior in order to evaluate alternative system configurations based on performance metrics.
Short communication: Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase increases β-defensin expression but not the effects of lipopolysaccharide or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides are a common defense against bacterial infections in many species and a significant part of the innate immune response of the bovine mammary gland. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of epigenetic factors on vitamin D and toll-like receptor–mediated induction of β-defensins in mammary epithelial cells. Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0 or 100 ng/mL), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3, 0 or 10 nM], and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza, inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, 0 or 5 μM) or trichostatin A (TSA, inhibitor of histone deacetylase, 0 or 80 nM) in a factorial arrangement. Effects of treatments on β-defensin gene expression along with genes for cytokines and enzymes known to be induced by LPS or 1,25(OH)2D3 were evaluated by quantitative PCR. The LPS treatment induced expression of β-defensin (DEFB)3, DEFB5, DEFB7, DEFB10, enteric β-defensin (EBD), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP); whereas, the 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment increased DEFB5 and DEFB7 expression and decreased LAP. The 5-Aza treatment increased expression of DEFB3, DEFB5, DEFB10, EBD, LAP, and TAP in the presence and absence of LPS. The TSA treatment increased expression of DEFB3, DEFB4, DEFB5, DEFB7, and DEFB10 in the absence of LPS but decreased LPS-induced expression of and LAP and TAP. Together these results indicate that β-defensin expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells is likely influenced by DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Investigation of environmental and nutritional factors that influence epigenetic control of β-defensins in the mammary gland may be beneficial for improving resistance to intramammary infections.
A pilot study of bacterial communities in soils under different land managements on a college campus in South Carolina

This study investigated the bacterial communities in soils of three different managements - lawn managed chemically, vegetable garden following organic practices, and unmanaged forest - on the Furman University campus in South Carolina. We hypothesized that the bacterial community in the organically managed soil would be most diverse and that the three bacterial community compositions would differ at least at the family taxonomic level. We took two approaches: culture-dependent and culture-independent. The culture-dependent approach revealed that the bacterial community in the organically managed soil was the most morphologically diverse and the one in the non-managed soil was the least. The Sorenson's coefficient for community similarity showed low similarity between these three bacterial communities. The culture-independent approach revealed that, based on Simpson's diversity indices comparing the bacterial communities at the family level, the bacterial community in the organically managed soil was the most diverse and the one in the chemically managed soil was the least. Additionally, Sorenson's coefficient for community similarity revealed low community similarity between these three bacterial communities. Results from both approaches suggested that the bacterial communities in soil of different managements differ in both composition and diversity and that the bacterial communities are most diverse in organically managed soil.
Do men want to perform testicular self-examination?

395Background: Early detection of testicular cancer (TC) may reduce the required burden of therapy. The long-term adverse effects of therapy in TC survivors are becoming increasingly recognized. Th...
Silica diagenesis-driven fracturing in limestone: an example from the Ordovician of Central Pennsylvania

Abstract. Fracture patterns, interactions, and crosscutting relationships are tools for interpretation of fractures as paleostress indicators for past tectonic events and as past or present-day fluid-flow networks. In the Appalachian Basin in Central Pennsylvania along Mount Nittany Expressway Route 322 lies a significantly stratified fracture set hosted in Ordovician age limestone. Tectonic strain is a problematic mechanism for these fractures because they are hosted in individual beds lacking apparent mechanical significance relative to other limestone beds in the outcrop. Many of the fractures are layer-parallel, a characteristic commonly observed in shales, due to shales' mechanical anisotropy and tendency to develop fluid overpressures; however, these fracture-hosting limestones lack obvious mechanical anisotropy. Fracture orientations vary, but desiccation, bentonite swelling, and dolomitization are eliminated by an interpreted transgressional paleoenvironment and a deficiency of the hypothesized minerals. X-ray diffraction determined the composition of samples collected, point-count quantification determined fracture intensity, and optical petrography recorded scaled petrographic photographs. Comparison between fracture intensity and host-rock minerals reveal that silica content is consistently depleted in fractured layers relative to unfractured layers. The diagenetic transition of biogenic silica to quartz is suggested to be the driving mechanism based on silica being present as biogenic grains, as well as cement and detrital grains, and fractures being filled with calcite cement. Silica migration explains the volume lost from fractured layers in a proposed horizontal fracturing mechanism whereby the host rock shrinks but is excluded from vertical contraction.
Fall Protection Framework of Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Walking System Based on Differential Motion Planning

Exoskeleton is a wearable power-assisted supporting device that is used to enhance human motion functions such as walking. This research work is an attempt to provide the paraplegic patients with a more stable human-like hands-free walking function. An exoskeleton model for lower extremities, called a Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Robot (LEE Robot), is developed to feature an automatic posture adjustment and walking balance capability. In order to design a better hands free exoskeleton, the advanced modeling, comprehensive analysis and 3D walking simulations for a humanoid bipedal robot are carried out as a basic research to direct the performance improvement and validate the walking stability and posture optimization. The law of balance is also applied in the analysis of kinematics, statics and dynamics to enhance the new exoskeleton design. Moreover, a conceptual framework is proposed and further developed based on the robot differential motion planning and the zero-moment point (ZMP) stability criterion to realize and test for better fall detection, fall protection and fall avoidance when it is walking. The 3D graphical simulation results demonstrate a success for the new exoskeleton design to offer a better hands free and more stable paraplegic walking.
The Lazy or Dishonest Respondent: Detection and Prevention

Self-report measures are characterized as being susceptible to threats associated with deliberate dissimulation or response distortion (i.e., social desirability responding) and careless responding...
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate-Containing Carbomer Gel for Use against Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

It is currently estimated that one in every five Americans will develop skin cancer during their lifetime. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of skin cancer that can develop due to the skin’s exposure to the sun. Herein, we prepared a topical gel containing 0.5% v/w phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) for the treatment of SCC. PEITC is a naturally occurring isothiocyanate that has been shown to have efficacy against various types of cancer in preclinical studies. We first incorporated PEITC into a carbomer gel. A uniform formulation was prepared, and its viscosity was appropriate for topical application. We then demonstrated the release of PEITC from the gel into and through a Strat-M skin-like membrane. Finally, the effects of the PEITC-containing gel were tested against SCC and normal keratinocytes skin cells in culture, and these results were compared to those obtained for free 5-fluoruracil (5-FU), a commonly used skin-cancer drug. Our results show that a homogeneous PEITC-containing topical gel can be prepared and used to kill SCC cells. Thus, our formulation may be useful for treating SCC in the clinic.
Relationship of anabolic status and phase and rate of growth to priorities for protein and fat deposition in steers

The effects of anabolic implants, growth phase (growing vs finishing) and rate of growth on the priorities for protein and fat deposition were determined in yearling cattle. Santa Gertrudis crossbred yearling steers weighing 290 kg were individually fed diets varying in forage and grain content and either not implanted (n = 16) or implanted (90-d intervals) with Ralgro (n = 13) or Synovex-S (n = 12) implants. The cattle were fed toward a similar expected final empty BW (455 kg). Initial and interim empty body composition was measured via deuterium oxide dilution; final composition was determined by carcass specific gravity. During a 100-d growing phase, rates of protein gain were increased (P less than .12) to 118 and 131 g/d from 98 g/d for Ralgro and Synovex vs nonimplanted cattle, respectively. Concurrently, the fraction of protein in empty body growth was increased (P less than .09) from 17.5% for controls to 23.8 and 19.7% for Ralgro- and Synovex-implanted steers, respectively. This change in protein growth occurred concomitant with mobilization of fat and a reduction (P less than .04) in fat gain with Ralgro and Synovex implants. During the 136-d finishing phase, protein accretion was 115 and 132 vs 93 g/d for Ralgro- and Synovex-implanted cattle vs nonimplanted cattle; this represented a 24 and 42% increase (P less than .03) with Ralgro and Synovex, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Jejunal atresia with agenesis of the dorsal mesentery: With “Christmas tree” deformity of the small intestine*

Summary Four cases of jejunal atresia with agenesis of the dorsal mesentery associated with a “Christmas tree” deformity of the small intestine are presented. Evidence that this anomaly is the result of a fetal vascular accident is presented, and the treatment of this unusual anomaly is briefly discussed.
A software tool for teaching classical & contemporary cryptology

The world of cryptology has a long and rich history. Many different cipher systems have been developed and most ultimately broken. The study of such ciphers and their weaknesses is more important than ever since they are a major tool for providing security in computer systems. Students of security need to learn about the pitfalls of cipher design and develop an intuitive feel for the nature of cipher systems. This paper describes a software tool called CAP (Cryptographic Analysis Program) that can be used in a course on cryptology. The program allows students to explore different implementations of classical and contemporary ciphers and provides the tools necessary to break many of those ciphers. It can be downloaded from the author's web site at www.plu.edu/~spillmrj.
Inhibition of the Development of Competence in Streptococcus sanguis (Wicky) by Reagents that Interact with Sulfhydryl Groups: Discernment of the Competence Process

Reagents that interact with sulfhydryl groups are shown to inhibit competence factor (CF)-induced competence development in Streptococcus sanguis (Wicky) strain WE4 (Wicky 4 Ery(R)). Inhibition is correlated with specific inhibition of either the function or biosynthesis of three competent cell-related proteins and is reversed by either 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. Mercuric chloride (5 muM) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM; 50 muM) inhibited (i) the function but not the biosynthesis or activation of the competent cell-associated autolysin; (ii) the biosynthesis of a competent cell-associated protein of unknown function, demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of acidified phenol extracts; and (iii) the biosynthesis or activation of distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding sites. Neither reagent at the indicated concentration interfered with the uptake of CF by cells or with the uptake and expression of DNA by competent cells. Neither reagent inactivated CF or genetic markers coded by the transforming DNA, nor did they inhibit cell growth or viability appreciably. The data reveal that either mercuric chloride or NEM can differentially inhibit induced protein synthesis and, in addition, conclusively show that some autolytic activity is essential for the onset of the competent state.
A multi-source precipitation estimation approach to fill gaps over a radar precipitation field: a case study in the Colorado River Basin

The present work develops an approach to seamlessly blend satellite, available radar, climatological and gauge precipitation products to fill gaps in ground-based radar precipitation field. To mix different precipitation products, the error of any of the products relative to each other should be removed. For bias correction, the study uses an ensemble-based method that aims to estimate spatially varying multiplicative biases in SPEs using a radar precipitation product. A weighted successive correction method (SCM) is used to make the merging between error corrected satellite and radar precipitation estimates. In addition to SCM, we use a combination of SCM and Bayesian spatial model for merging the rain gauges (RGs) and climatological precipitation sources with radar and SPEs. We demonstrated the method using a satellite-based hydro-estimator; a radar-based, stage-II; a climatological product, Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and a RG dataset for several rain events from 2006 to 2008 over an artificial gap in Oklahoma and a real radar gap in the Colorado River basin. Results show that: the SCM method in combination with the Bayesian spatial model produced a precipitation product in good agreement with independent measurements. The study implies that using the available radar pixels surrounding the gap area, RG, Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and satellite products, a radar-like product is achievable over radar gap areas that benefit the operational meteorology and hydrology community. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified Rastelli using an autograft: A new concept for correction of transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (with an extension to other congenital heart defects)

We describe in this article a new approach in transposition of the great arteries (TGA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). It consists of an operation combining the intracardiac infundibular resection of the Lecompte procedure to allow a direct VSD-aorta connection and the right ventricle-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) connection with a segment of tubular aortic autograft, (with or without an additional monocusp patch). Thus, a viable conduit, capable of growth, is interposed between RV and PA. We have performed this procedure in 19 patients (age, 2 months to 11 years), 6 being under 1 year. All patients are doing well after a maximum follow-up of 72 months, exhibiting growth of the conduit and satisfactory RV pressures. This new approach allows primary correction even in the young and can be extended, we think, for other defects with pulmonary stenosis or atresia. It shares, however, with many other procedures, the valveless nature of the repair with the potential late need for valve replacement surgery. Copyright 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Growth dominance of the metastatic cancer cell: cellular and molecular aspects.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the evidence for the growth-dominant nature of the metastatic cancer cell focusing on how it contributes to the overgrowth of primary tumors, and to the metastatic tumor growth in distant organs. The phorbol ester 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is required for the growth of newborn or adult melanocytes or for melanocytes from dysplastic nevi. The growth factor requirements of primary melanonias tested are more stringent than for melanoma cell lines established from metastases, and thus the acquisition of independence from mitogenic growth factors is a late event in melanoma progression. Subsequent investigations discussed in the chapter revealed evidence that normal or abnormal preneoplastic melanocytes or primary melanomas depend on specific factors, such as, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) whereas metastatic melanoma cells do not. The normal melanocytes and melanocytes from common acquired and congenital nevi are found to have very similar growth requirements.
Learning the Fine-Grained Information Status of Discourse Entities

While information status (IS) plays a crucial role in discourse processing, there have only been a handful of attempts to automatically determine the IS of discourse entities. We examine a related but more challenging task, fine-grained IS determination, which involves classifying a discourse entity as one of 16 IS subtypes. We investigate the use of rich knowledge sources for this task in combination with a rule-based approach and a learning-based approach. In experiments with a set of Switchboard dialogues, the learning-based approach achieves an accuracy of 78.7%, outperforming the rule-based approach by 21.3%.
A senior design program at Iowa State University

This paper describes the senior design program conducted by Iowa State University's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The program structure, participants, format, facilities, and requirements are summarized. An Internet Website is also cited.
Two-photon absorption and the dispersion of nonlinear refraction using a white-light continuum Z-scan

We use white-light continuum Z-scan to measure the degenerate two-photon absorption spectrum and associated dispersion of the nonlinear refraction, n/sub 2/, of ZnSe/spl middot/n/sub 2/ changes sign at around 0.7 of the bandgap energy as predicted.
Alkaloids and other constituents of Zanthoxylum williamsii, Z. monophyllum and Z. fagara

Abstract Zanthoxylum williamsii (Rutaceae) was found to contain (+)-asaranin, (+)-sesamin, esculetin dimethyl ether, nitidine, chelerythrine, magnoflorine, laurifoline, skimmianine and edulinine. The quaternary alkaloid fraction of Z. monophyllum contained berberine, magnoflorine, chelerythrine and a 1,2,9,10-substituted dihydroxydimethoxy- N,N -dimethylaporphinium salt. Leaves of Z. fagara were found to contain synephrine. Leaves of each species were examined for the presence of bishordeninyl terpene alkaloids, but none was found. Some chemotaxonomic relationships among Zanthoxylum species are discussed.
Quantification of cervical change: relationship to preterm delivery in the multifetal gestation.

Prematurity is the major contributor to the very high perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with multifetal gestations. Antepartum cervical evaluation has been suggested as a way to better define the risk of preterm delivery in multifetal gestations. Weekly digital cervical examinations were performed in 86 twin and 7 triplet gestations that were being monitored in a special antepartum clinic. A cervical score was calculated from each examination by subtracting cervical dilatation in centimeters from cervical length in centimeters. Cervical scores decline gradually with advancing gestation and are influenced by parity and subsequent preterm delivery. Intervals until delivery decrease significantly with lower cervical scores. A cervical score ≤0 on or before 34 weeks' gestation was strongly predictive of preterm delivery (75%). Only 2 of 78 (2.6%) with a score >0 were delivered within 1 week of the examination. Cervical scoring is a simple, quantifiable, reproducible, and safe method of evaluating preterm delivery risk. An understanding of the prognostic significance of specific cervical scores may be of value in determining the need for obstetric intervention.
Hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy monitored with transesophageal echocardiography

Although pneumoperitoneum has been well tolerated in a predominantly healthy population, there is concern that an increased intraperitoneal pressure may be poorly tolerated in patients with marginal cardiopulmonary function. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate noninvasively the hemodynamic effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum utilizing biplane transesophageal echocardiography. Fourteen otherwise-healthy patients undergoing nonemergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied using bi-plane transesophageal echocardiography under a standardized anesthetic protocol utilizing isoflurane, fentanyl, and vecuronium bromide. Endtidal CO2, oxygen saturation, cardiac rhythm, temperature, and blood pressure were monitored noninvasively. Minute ventilatory volume was adjusted as needed to keep end-tidal CO2 less than 38 mmHg. Data were recorded at baseline, following abdominal insufflation to 15 mmHg with CO2, with head-up tilt of 20°, following exsufflation, and with the patient level. Significance was determined using a paired Student t-test. Insufflation to 15 mmHg decreased cardiac index (C.I.) by 3% (3.34 to 3.23 l/min/m2) while both heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased (by 7% and 16%), respectively, and stroke volume index decreased by 10% (from 51.6 to 46.6 ml/beat/m2). Head-up tilt of 20° further decreased CI to 2.98 l/min/m2 (−11%) and SVI to 40.3 ml/beat/m2 (−22%) while HR increased by a total of 14% and MAP by 19%. As laparoscopic techniques are applied to a broader population, the impact of small but significant decrements in cardiac function become increasingly important. This study demonstrates that the combination of CO2 pneumoperitoneum and the reverse Trendelenburg position does adversely effect cardiac output.
Rapidly Dissolving Forms of Digoxin: Hydroquinone Complex

Abstract Numerous recent publications attested to the wide variance in bioavailability found among commercial digoxin tablets (1–5). The main cause of unsatisfactory performance seems to be directly related to the extremely low water solubility of the active substance. Although significant improvements in the efficiency of absorption from oral dosage forms have been obtained through formulation technology, it appears that intrinsically more rapidly dissolving forms of digoxin would provide greater assurance of more reproducible and more bioavailable digoxin products.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in AlSb

We present studies of the ultrafast carrier response in aluminum antimonide (AlSb) using femtosecond optical techniques. We find a multiphasic carrier response, together with a long-lived absorbance associated with photoionized DX centers in Se-doped material
A study of the shock layer in nonequilibrium exchange systems

Abstract Shock layer theory is extended to the nonequilibrium exchange system with axial dispersion. A moving coordinate scheme enables us to establish the existence condition and the uniqueness of the shock layer. In addition to the strategy for the numerical determination of the shock layer, an approximate solution is discussed which neglects the couple effect of the dispersion and the mass transfer resistance. This solution provides a basis for the quantitative analysis of the shock layer thickness and the departure from equilibrium. Applications are illustrated by using the Langmuir isotherm and a numerical solution of the transient equation confirms the usefulness of the shock layer theory.
Correlation of autopsy data and materials involved in the Tennessee jail fire

During 1977, a number of major fires, resulting in multiple fatalities, have caused an enhanced concern about toxic gases that are generated from synthetic materials involved in the fire. One of these fires, the Maury County, Tennessee, jail fire, was unique in that the cell padding was the only material involved in the fire. Various officials from the State of Tennessee provided material samples for polymer identification and biological samples from victims for toxicological evaluation. The results of these measurements are presented. A correlation of the toxicological findings with the material involved in the fire is presented.
Glutathione in food

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) contents were measured in a variety of common foodstuffs. The results show that GSH contents for many fresh fruits and vegetables are in the range of 40–150 mg/kg wet wt (140–450 μmol/kg wet wt) and for raw meats are in the range of 50–200 mg/kg wet wt (175–600 μmol/kg wet wt). Treatment with dithiothreitol showed that a substantial amount of glutathione was also present in the oxidized (disulfide) form in some foods. Cooking decreased the GSH content and produced products that mostly did not yield GSH upon treatment with dithiothreitol. Dairy products, cereal grains, and prepared foods were generally low in GSH content. Thus, the various food groups differ considerably in GSH content, and it appears likely that large variations in GSH intake could occur inhuman diets.
Reactions of organolithium and grignard reagents with the cyclopentadienyliron tricarbonyl cation and its derivatives

Abstract Reactions of CH3Li, C6H5Li, and C6H5CH2MgCl with [(C5H5)Fe(CO)2Y]+-[B(C6H5)4]− [Y  Co, P(C6H5)3, and CS] have been investigated. The organolithium reagents used act either as reducing agents or as nucleophilic reagents towards the cyclopentadienyliron tricarbonyl cation and its thiocarbonyl analogue. Benzyl-magnesium chloride reacts with the cyclopentadienyl ring of [(C5H5)Fe(CO)3]+ and [(C5H5)Fe(CO)2P(C6H5)3]+ producing neutral cyclopentadiene complexes.
Interleukin-2 enhances biopterins and catecholamines production during adoptive immunotherapy for various cancers

Biopterins production during three different protocols for adoptive immunotherapy for human cancer was investigated. Adoptive immunotherapy treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2) was carried out for 13 patients with malignant melanoma; eight with metastatic renal cell carcinoma; and three with metastatic colon cancer. The authors estimated total biopterins in plasma and lymphokine (IL-2)-activated killer cells (LAK) from these patients before and during various treatment phases to determine if increased biopterins production reflects leukocyte activation by IL-2 or antitumor activity. They noted an increased synthesis of total "biopterins," i.e., biopterin; 7,8-dehydrobiopterin; and L-neopterin in LAK cells and plasma which correlated with IL-2 exposure. Mean plasma biopterins were normal (1.2 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) before therapy; in contrast, biopterins increased significantly to 3.4 +/- 1.9 ng/ml and 3.9 +/- 1.9 ng/ml during IL-2 and IL-2 + LAK treatment each, respectively. Similar biopterin elevations were noted irrespective of the different adoptive immunotherapy protocols used. Elevated biopterins decreased to normal levels (1.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) when IL-2 treatment was omitted. Tumor regression with adoptive immunotherapy did not correlate with increased plasma biopterins. Increased biopterins production was also associated with increase in plasma catecholamine after IL-2 treatment during adoptive immunotherapy. Conceivably increased biopterins, induced by IL-2 activation of a leukocyte population, is a cell-mediated consequence not necessarily serving as a signal for the antitumor effect associated with adoptive immunotherapy.
Reduced polymerization stress through non-bonded nanofiller particles

The stress that results from the placement of dental composite in a confined setting compromises the integrity of the marginal seal. Dental composites which include nanofiller particles that are not treated with a functional agent to couple them to the resin matrix can result in lower stress levels. Three types of nanofillers were evaluated having either a functional silane coating, a non-functional silane coating. or no coating. These were added at five different vol% levels to a photo-sensitized mixture of three dimethacrylate monomers alone or at three different vol% levels to the same resin filled with mini-filler particles to a clinically realistic level. The stress generated by these materials when cured in a confined setting was measured in a mechanical testing machine. The effect of monomer molecular weight on the stress levels was evaluated by preparing three resin formulations with varied co-monomer levels and filling them with bonded or non-bonded nanofillers. Reductions in polymerization stress of up to 31% were achieved among both the nanofilled resins and the mini-filled composite. The materials which contained a heightened level of diluent monomer produced significantly higher stress levels (ANOVA/Tukey's test, p < 0.05). Significant reductions in polymerization stress can be achieved through minor alterations in composite chemistry.
HoxD10 over-expression impairs recovery in murine model of hindlimb ischemia

CONCLUSIONS: NF-kappaB inhibition at the time of reperfusion, by antagonism of both the proteasome and IKK-beta, attenuates myocardial infarction. These data support the emerging role of targeted NF-kappaB therapy not only during periods of controlled IR as seen with cardiac surgery, but its delayed use for patients presenting with unknown periods of ischemia as seen with acute coronary syndromes.
Micro–macro discrepancies in nonlinear microrheology: II. Effect of probe shape

In this second article devoted to ?computational experiments? of nonlinear microrheology, we examine the effect that changing the probe shape or motion has upon the three sources of discrepancy that we previously examined for spheres. In particular, prolate ellipsoidal probes have relatively long regions of relatively constant strain rate, giving predominantly shear and relative Lagrangian steadiness. The micro?macro discrepancy is shown not to arise from Lagrangian unsteadiness, but largely from the non-viscometric nature of the flows. Second, an oblate ellipsoidal probe exacerbates the extensional regions in front of and behind the probe. However, the relatively low extensional rates around such ?disks? would require them to be pulled at much higher rates through the fluid in order to excite the extensional deformations. Because our model material thickens under uniaxial extension, but thins under biaxial extension, the contribution of each to the total drag is partially negated by the other. Finally, we examine a rotating spherical probe, which is Lagrangian steady and pure shear. We show that the apparent viscosity thus recovered is close to the true shear viscosity, and furthermore that the true shear viscosity can be extracted quantitatively from the apparent microviscosity.
Analysis of transmitted optical spectrum enabling accelerated testing of multijunction concentrating photovoltaic designs

Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) technology has recently gained interest based on its scalability and expected low levelized cost of electricity. The reliability of encapsulation materials used in CPV systems, however, is not well established. For example, the present qualification test for CPV modules includes only real-time ultraviolet (UV) exposure, i.e., methods for accelerated UV testing have not yet been developed. To better define the stress inherent to CPV systems, the UV and infrared spectra transmitted through representative optical systems were evaluated. Measurements of optical components are used to assess expected optical performance and quantify damaging optical exposure. Optical properties (transmittance, refractive index, reflectance, and absorptance) of candidate materials (including PMMA, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and quartz refractors), components (including Ag- and Al-enabled reflectors), and encapsulants (including EVA, ionomer, PDMS, PPMS, polyolefin, and PVB) were identified. The activation spectrum was calculated for the representative optical systems using an assumed action spectrum to compare the expected damaging dose of UV radiation delivered to the cell encapsulation. The dose and flux analysis identifies the significance of IR relative to UV exposure for CPV systems. Because UV light is typically more highly attenuated, the UV dose within the encapsulation may not greatly exceed the unconcentrated global solar condition, but the thermal load scales nearly directly with the geometric concentration. Relative to a previous analysis for crystalline silicon cell technology, the analysis here is performed for III-V multijunction technology. Novel aspects here also include additional materials (such as TPU encapsulation) and additional components (transmission through silicone on glass lenses, antireflective coatings, and the front glass used with reflective systems, as well as reflection off of the cell).
Adaptation in a Plant-Hummingbird Association

Sexual dimorphism in bill morphology and body size of the Caribbean purple-throated carib hummingbird is associated with a reversal in floral dimorphism of its Heliconia food plants. This hummingbird is the sole pollinator of H. caribaea and H. bihai, with flowers of the former corresponding to the short, straight bills of males, the larger sex, and flowers of the latter corresponding to the long, curved bills of females. On St. Lucia, H. bihai compensates for the rarity of H. caribaea by evolving a second color morph with flowers that match the bills of males, whereas on Dominica, H. caribaea evolves a second color morph with flowers that match the bills of females. The nectar rewards of all Heliconia morphs are consistent with each sex's choice of the morph that corresponds to its bill morphology and energy requirements, supporting the hypothesis that feeding preferences have driven their coadaptation.
A Statistical Approach to Tracing the Historical Development of Major and Minor Pitch Distributions, 1400-1750

A large-scale study is reported whose purpose was to elucidate the historical development of the European major and minor modes. The study involved 455 musical works by 259 composers sampled across the years 1400 to 1750. Beginning with the period 1700-1750, a series of statistical studies was carried out on the distribution of scale tones, progressively moving backward in time. The method utilized a modified method of key determination – generalized to handle an arbitrary number of modal classifications. The results from cluster analyses on this data are consistent with the view that the modern major and minor modes have changed over time and were preceded by a system in which there were more than just two modes.
On a general class of fuzzy connectives

Abstract A general class of conectives, intersection and union, are presented for fuzzy sets. The properties of this class are studied in comparison to the ordinary intersection and union.
Plastic deformation - Its role in fatigue crack propagation

Recognizing the fact that the effective driving force Delta-K(eff) determines the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate and that the shear strain, which is considered to develop due to an occurrence of crack closure, primarily contributes to the plastic deformation, an effort is made here to elucidate the role of plastic deformation in FCP by developing a correlation between the Delta-K(eff) and the applied driving force (Delta-K) with shear strain as variable. The disparity between Delta(K)eff) and Delta-K, which apparently increases with shear strain level, persists at lower values of Delta-K. This suggests a strong influence of the degree of localized deformation on the FCP rates in the near threshold level. Hence, an improvement of FCP rates in the near threshold level should follow an effort that promotes the plastic deformation near the crack tip to a greater degree. This approach could explain the effect of the grain size, microstructure, environment, R-ratio and crack size on the near-threshold FCP rates.
Alzheimer's APP mangles mitochondria.

New findings in humans examine how mitochondrial function declines during Alzheimer disease.
Husserl's Identification of Meaning and Noema

This essay is a study of Edmund Husserl's conception of meaning. In this first section we indicate its importance for his conception of phenome nology. In Section 2 we see that HusserTs conception of linguistic meaning, of its nature as "ideal" and its role in mediating reference, is almost exactly that of his contemporary Gottlob Frege. In Sections 3 and 4 we further argue that, for Husserl, linguistic meaning and noematic Sinn are one and the same. For, according to Husserl, every linguistic meaning is a noematic Sinn expressed, and every noematic Sinn is in principle expressible and therefore a linguistic meaning. Section 3 argues the former; Section 4, the latter.
High dietary cadmium on zinc absorption and metabolism in calves fed for comparable nitrogen balances.

Intact male Holstein calves were fed a purified diet (8.5 ppm Zn) with and without 350 ppm Cd in amounts to provide approximately equal nitrogen balances. The added Cd reduced /sup 65/Zn absorption, showing that the earlier established effect on Zn absorption was not due to the indirect influence on feed intake and nitrogen balance. Whether the Cd effect was caused by changes at the tissue or intestine level was not established. However, Cd had a major influence on /sup 65/Zn metabolism after absorption, as indicated by a differential influence on /sup 65/Zn in several tissues. 6 references, 2 figures, 3 tables.
Low-density lipoproteins and risk for coronary artery disease

Based on the established relation between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and coronary artery disease (CAD), the treatment guidelines of the US National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) focus on LDL cholesterol reduction for primary and secondary prevention of CAD events. Abundant clinical trial evidence supports the importance of LDL cholesterol-lowering in decreasing CAD risk, both in angiographic trials, which measure CAD progression, and in trials with morbidity and mortality endpoints. The LDL cholesterol targets in the guidelines remain important treatment goals, and ongoing trials should answer questions of whether further reduction in LDL cholesterol will provide much additional benefit. Even in trials of statin therapy, in which substantial reductions of LDL cholesterol have been obtained, statins decrease (by 23-37%) but do not entirely eliminate events, suggesting that lipid parameters besides LDL cholesterol, such as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein(a), and LDL particle size and susceptibility to oxidation, as well as other risk factors, influence CAD risk. Unfortunately, at present, the majority of high-risk patients are not receiving either diet or drug therapy. Systematic screening to identify high-risk patients and methodical follow-up to implement diet, lifestyle modification, and drug therapy to lower LDL cholesterol, as provided for in the NCEP guidelines, should lead to significant benefits in the prevention of CAD events.
Kinetics of Carbon–NO Reaction Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy on the Basal Plane of Graphite

Abstract The carbon–NO reaction was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on the basal plane of graphite (HOPG) samples in a wide temperature range of 500–900°C. Monolayer etch pits, multilayer (deep) etch pits, and nascent etch pits were observed for the graphite–NO reaction in different reaction temperature regimes. The formation of deep pits and nascent pits became prevalent at higher temperatures, e.g., 850°C with 1% NO. No temperature “break” point in the Arrhenius plot of the turnover frequency (TOF) rates was observed. The activation energy for the graphite–NO reaction was 132 kJ/mol, which was relatively low compared to literature data. Careful analysis of basal plane STM features revealed that the often-reported (by others) temperature “break” point in the Arrhenius plot was caused by the contribution of NO basal plane c-attack in the higher temperature range, which forms nascent etch pits and deep pits. The formation of nascent and deep pits with higher activation energies (than that for monolayer etching) contributed to the higher apparent activation energy in the high temperature range. In global rate measurements for the NO-carbon reaction, it is not possible to distinguish between the monolayer etching process and basal plane c-attack. The TOF measured by the STM method were true intrinsic rates for edge site monolayer recession. For the NO-graphite reaction, the reaction is first order with respect to NO. The NO–graphite reaction is at least 15 times faster than the O 2 -graphite reaction. The NO-graphite and N 2 O–graphite reactions might have the same rate-limiting step in the low temperature range, but have different rate-limiting steps in the high temperature range.
Feeding selectivity of a tropical Chaoborus population

SUMMARY. The Chaoborus population of Lake Lanao, Philippines, was sampled weekly over a 65-week period. Specimens representing all four instars, all times of the year, and two points in the daily migration cycle were dissected for determination of gut contents. Major items in the diet of Lanao Chaoborus include Bosmina, Diaphanosoma, and the copepodid and adult stages of cyclopoid and calanoid copepods. Items that are available but seldom eaten include nauplii and rotifiers except Keratella. Feeding rate averages 2.5% of body weight per day in instars 3–4. Predator size affects but does not fully explain prey selection. Electivity values are much higher for Bosmina and Diaphanosoma than for copepods, even though these food items overlap in size. Bosmina, which has the highest electivity value of any prey, is virtually identical in size to the calanoid nauplius, which has one of the lowest electivity values. This and other similar data suggest that prey of the same size differ greatly in palatability or vulnerability. There is a marked variation in feeding rate and food composition from day to night. The smallest Chaoborus feed more during the day than at night, but the opposite is true for Chaoborus of moderate to large size. Large Chaoborus switch from a daytime emphasis on copepod copepodids and adults to a nighttime emphasis on Cladocera. Diurnal variation between instars in food composition cannot be explained simply on the basis of the vertical distributions of predators and prey. An interaction of vertical distribution with prey density and predator selectivity does explain the overall Chaoborus feeding pattern, however. During the day, larger Chaoborus move deep into the water column where food is scarce. Their daytime feeding rate is lower due to low prey density at great depths. Low prey density is partially compensated by relaxation of preference. At night, upward migration of large Chaoborus into an area of high prey density permits a resumption of marked selectivity and high feeding rates. Small Chaoborus do not descend deep into the water column during the day, as their lower hunting efficiency apparently requires higher food density and use of visual cues to sustain adequate feeding rates. Prey density thus affects both the vertical distribution and feeding selectivity of the Chaoborus population.