cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AFP 2020: Reflections, New Fellows, Updates, and AFP Statistics

The popular topics include treatment of the common cold, type 2 diabetes mellitus therapies, migraine headache prophylaxis, anticoagulation, patellofemoral pain syndrome, concussion, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and several others, reflecting the broad scope of primary care To the best of our knowledge, this makes AFP's circulation the second highest among more than 5,000 peer-reviewed medical journals 5 Readership includes all 93,135 active members of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), approximately 40,000 nonmember family physicians, and approximately 50,000 general internists American Family Physician Circulation Statistics for 2019 Benchmark Approximate number Print journal Circulation, twice monthly 187,680 Online journal Recipients of electronic table of contents, twice monthly 108,000 Unique visitors in 2019 27,234,422 Unique visitors per month (average) 2,545,389 Total visits to the website 39,868,873 Registered unique visitors 1,255,409 Page views 49,410,219 Note: Unique visitors are visits to the website from a unique browser or device Authors who propose topics go through a formal approval process before submitting a manuscript for consideration, and they are strongly encouraged to read the AFP Authors' Guide (https://www aafp org/afp/authors) before contacting us
Youth opinions about Title X funding and policy in the United States: A mixed methods text message survey

Abstract Objective We aim to assess youth awareness of and opinions about Title X policy changes in 2019. Study design We analyzed data from four open-ended questions and demographic items collected through MyVoice, a national text message survey of youth aged 14–24. We calculated descriptive statistics to summarize awareness of and opinions about Title X. We integrated the quantitative findings with qualitative themes to achieve deeper understanding of the beliefs that inform youth opinions. Results Seven hundred and fifty youth responded to the text message survey (58.0% response rate). The majority (74.9%) was unaware of recent Title X changes. Most (79.3%) were unsupportive of these changes, and a sizable portion (40%) worried these changes could impact them. Opposition to Title X changes was based upon five themes: (1) youth need to be aware of their health options, including abortion; (2) the policy will undermine reproductive rights; (3) the policy is unfair; (4) the policy is unconstitutional; (5) the policy will threaten public health and health services, including affordable and safe abortion. Those who supported Title X changes (13.8%) described moral objections to abortion and beliefs that the government should not be responsible for abortion care. Conclusions Most youth in this sample were unsupportive of Title X changes. Limited youth awareness of Title X changes suggests that better youth outreach is needed regarding sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policies. Implications Although youth represent 40% of clients who receive SRH services through Title X, more efforts are needed to inform and engage them in salient policy changes that may directly affect their SRH health and health care access.
Learning Race, Gender, and Intersectionality through Integrative Political Science

Gender, race, and intersectionality are increasingly relevant in our diversifying country. Political science courses centered on these concepts are emerging throughout the United States, but not yet ubiquitous. Integrative political science courses merge lectures, journal articles analysis teams, public policy project teams, and simulations in a single course to facilitate a multi-faceted learning experience with students and between students. Utilizing a Technology-Enabled Active Learning classroom, approximately 90 students enrolled in a race and gender course organize into journal article analysis, public policy project, and simulation teams. How do students benefit from the integration of science, practice, and simulation in learning about race, gender, and intersectionality?
Developmental vascular anomaly associated hemi facial spasms and botox injections therapy

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by involuntary synchronous contractions or spasms of one side of the face, usually beginning around the eye. They are typically brief, irregular clonic movements but are occasionally tonic. We present a case of a 41-year-old female who presented to the neurology clinic with complaints of recurrent right facial spasms. These involuntary spontaneous movements had affected her quality of life. The neuroimaging revealed the vascular malformation right cranial nerves (CN) VII/VIII complex. It was considered to be responsible for the patient's HFSs. The patient responded well symptomatically to the botox injections without any neurovascular decompression.
Concomitant Pyogenic Liver and Intraocular Abscesses in Klebsiella Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Purpose To describe a rare presentation of Klebsiella pneumoniae endogenous endophthalmitis with concurrent intraocular and liver abscesses METHODS:: Case Report RESULTS:: A middle-aged male presented with a red and painful eye with a preceding febrile gastrointestinal illness. Examination and work-up revealed concomitant intraocular and liver abscesses that were treated by pars plana vitrectomy, drainage of subretinal abscess, inpatient admission, and systemic antibiotics. The patient ultimately underwent enucleation of the eye due to persistent pain and poor visual prognosis. Conclusion Klebsiella pneumoniae endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare and potentially devastating disease that requires high clinical suspicion and early diagnosis. Practitioners should consider systemic etiologies and communicate guarded prognoses in this serious systemic disease.
Surveillance of postchemotherapy subcentimeter residual retroperitoneal mass in metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor: Does how you measure matter?

Abstract Background Approximately 70% to 80% of patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy achieve a complete response, defined as normalization of serum tumor markers and either no residual retroperitoneal mass (RRM) or an RRM Patients and Methods Good-risk metastatic NSGCT patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy who achieved a complete response and underwent surveillance were identified using our institution's electronic medical records. A post-hoc review was performed by a blinded radiologist. The RRM dimensions in the transaxial short axis (TSA), transaxial long axis (TLA), and craniocaudal axis (CCA) were recorded. Differences in the frequency of recurrence between groups with an RRM Results Thirty-nine patients who met study criteria were included. At a median follow-up of 63.8 months, 2 patients (5.1%) recurred. Both were successfully treated with salvage chemotherapy and RPLND. Thirteen (33%) and 27 (69%) patients had an RRM ≥1.0 cm in the TLA and CCA, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of recurrence between patients with an RRM Conclusions Surveillance is an effective strategy in good-risk NSGCT patients with a postchemotherapy RRM
Effect of rest period configurations on systemic inflammatory response in resistance-trained women.

This investigation examined the effect of rest- redistribution (RR) on the circulating cytokine response to resistance exercise in resistance- trained women. Participants (n = 13; 24 ± 4y; 65.0 ± 1...
True radial artery aneurysm in a patient with somatic mosaicism for a mutation in platelet-derived growth factor receptor β gene.

Abstract We have presented the case of a right radial artery aneurysm (RAA) in a 27-year-old man with cerebral and coronary artery aneurysms and features of Parkes-Weber syndrome (port-wine stains and right upper extremity arteriovenous malformation and overgrowth). The RAA was repaired with an interposition great saphenous vein bypass graft. Analysis of the intracranial artery aneurysm and affected skin demonstrated a somatic mutation in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β gene. Mosaicism was present in the RAA but not in the great saphenous vein. Somatic mosaicism should be considered as a possible etiology for peripheral aneurysms in patients for whom standard genetic test results are unrevealing.
Acoustic communication in deep ice at ocean worlds

One of NASA priorities is the in-situ exploration of ocean worlds in the solar system where potentially there might be life under the ice shell. This requires reaching the ocean below extremely cold through significant deep ice. Jupiter’s moon, Europa, is such a challenging body, where it is estimated to have a 40 km thick ice shell. An approach for reaching the ocean has been conceived using a melting probe Cryobot concept that has been studied for a potential future mission. A lander is assumed to be the platform from which the Cryobot would be deployed. The ice penetrating vehicle concept consists of a cylindrical, narrow-body probe that encases a radioisotope heat/power source that would be used to do the penetration by melting through the icy crust. The baseline design of the probe includes a suite of science instruments to analyze the ice during descent and the liquid ocean underneath. For communication, a set of fiber optic wire as well as wireless RF in the very cold porous top layer is assumed, and then acoustic modules would be used for the communication in warmer denser ice over distance of 25 km between the modules. In addition to the acoustic communication modules, a sonar is part of the concept, for obstacle avoidance. The focus of this paper is on the use of elastic waves in the 1kHz range.
Hypothesis modification

Anstatt, wie es ublich ist, statistische Hypothesen auf Grund von Stichprobenbeobachtungen anzunehmen oder zu verwerfen, will der Verfasser auf Grund solcher Beobachtungen die unterliegenden Hypothesen (oder ganzen Theorien)modifizieren. Dabei soll dann etwa eine Hypothese, fur die bereits von fruher her einige Evidenz vorliegt, einem neuen entkraftenden Stichprobenbefund gegenuber als widerstandsfahiger gelten als eine Hypothese, die wenig plausibel oder noch ungewohnt anmutet. Nachdem in dieser Richtung einige Desiderata fur das Hypothesenmodifizieren herausgearbeitet worden sind, untersucht der Verfasser deren Konsequenzen in Form einer Reihe von Satzen, die er beweist. Besonders vorteilhaft ist dabei der Umstand, das das vorgeschlagene Verfahrenselbstkorrigierend wirkt. Das heist: Die schlechtere zweier Hypothesen bekommt im Durchschnitt weniger Gewicht, und eine wirklich schlechte Theorie bekommt im Durchschnitt so gut wie keines. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren liegt methodologisch etwa auf der Mitte zwischen den Ansatzen von RudolfCarnap und denen der Bayesianer. Alle objektivistischen Testmethoden erweisen sich als Grenzfalle des Hypothesenmodifizierens im vorgeschlagenen Sinne. Aber auch eine Klasse von Schatzfunktionen vom Carnapschen Typ ist dadurch bereits miteinbegriffen. Durch das starke Augenmerk auf a-priori-Information werden verschiedene Beruhrungspunkte mit der bayesianischen Auffassung hergestellt, doch liegt ein bemerkenswerter Unterschied zu dieser Auffassung darin, das beim Hypothesenmodifizieren explizit keine Nutzenbewertungen eingefuhrt werden. Auch schreibt die bayessche Analyse manches vor, was das Hypothesenmodifizieren lediglich zulast.
Age is associated with reduced urethral pressure and afferent activity in rat.

Age-related changes in the lower urinary tract (LUT) can affect the coordination of reflexes and increase the incidence of bladder disorders in elderly. This study examines the age-related loss of urethral signaling capability by measuring the afferent activity directly. We find that less urethral pressure develops in response to fluid flow in old rats compared to young rats and that pressure and flow evoke less urethral afferent activation. These findings are consistent with our previous study demonstrating that the urethra-to-bladder reflex, which is required for efficient voiding, becomes weaker with age. We measured the pudendal afferent response in young (4-7 months) and old (18-24 months) rats to fluid flow in the urethra across a range of flow rates. We used paraffin embedding and hematoxylin and eosin staining to quantify age-related changes in the sensory branch of the pudendal nerve. Urethral afferent signaling in response to the same urethral flow rates was weaker in older animals. That is, the sensitivity of urethra afferents to flow decreased with age, and higher flow rates were required in older animals to recruit urethra afferents. There was also a reduction in the myelin thickness of pudendal afferents in old rats, which is a possible contributing factor to the sensory activity. Furthermore, the same flow rates evoked less pressure in the urethras of old animals, indicating there is an age-related change of the urethral tissue that reduces the pressure stimulus to which these afferents respond. These results help characterize the underlying changes in LUT system with age.
Modeling and Impedance Analysis of a Turbine- Generator-Rectifier System with Electromechanical Dynamic Interactions in More Electric Aircraft

More electric aircraft concept has been a trend in the aircraft industry to tackle the challenge of reducing cost and weight, reducing environmental emissions, and increasing fuel efficiency. This increase in onboard electric power installation has brought challenges in the design and operation of aircraft electrical power systems. Onboard electric power is generated by turbine-driven generators and transferred to multiple loads through a dc distribution system. To ensure the electrical system’s normal operation during the whole flying profile, it is important to understand whether harmonics are passed through electromechanical coupling, since the electrical system is tightly coupled with the mechanical system through the generators. By examining generator output impedance, this paper found that the impact of the shaft dynamics on the electrical power system stability is mitigated by the generator rectifier.
Chapter 8 Modulation of ion channels by Ca2+-activated protein phosphorylation: a biochemical mechanism for associative learning

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hypothesis that the modulation of ion channel activity by Ca 2+ -dependent protein phosphorylation may be a part of the biological processes that underlie associative learning. Evidence from a series of studies on the nudibranch mollusc, Hermissenda crassicornis , indicates that intracellular Ca 2+ increases during the presentation of paired stimuli, that elevated Ca 2+ can inactivate K + currents, which are reduced following conditioning, and that intracellular injection of protein kinases can mimic, at least in part, the effects of associative learning on K + currents. The chapter also provides a comparison of catalytic properties of the Hermissenda neural protein kinases with their mammalian counterparts. In electrophysiological studies, mammalian protein kinases have been injected into Hermissenda neurons to study the effects of protein phosphorylation on the K + currents that are modified following associative learning. It, therefore, becomes important to characterize the Hermissenda neuronal protein kinases to determine whether they function in a manner similar to the mammalian protein kinases.
The Formation of Islam: Asceticism and mysticism

The mystical tradition which came to be known as Sufism has always had a problematic relationship with certain elements within the Islamic religious community. On the one hand, those identified as Sufis' have often come into conflict with both political authorities and some ulama, particularly the jurists, both on doctrinal grounds and because of the Sufis' embrace of practices which most jurists abhor. On the other hand, the Sufis' themselves have traced, with sincere conviction, the intellectual descent of their principles and ideas back to the very earliest Muslims, including most importantly c Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Prophet Muhammad himself. That claim is certainly a pious fiction, but the Koran does contain a number of verses which can legitimately be read as expressing support for certain principles, such as asceticism, which came to be hallmarks of the Sufitradition. In any case, by the Middle Period of Islamic history Sufism had made its presence felt throughout the Muslim world, capturing in one form or another the allegiance of virtually the whole of the Islamic establishment, including representatives of the strictest juristic traditions. Like Islam itself, Sufism took a considerable time to develop. The roots of what came to be known as Sufism can be traced back to ascetic and pietistic circles within the umma in its first two centuries.
Convergence of adaptive algorithms with order statistic based gradient estimates

Order statistic Least Mean Square (OSLMS) algorithms are a class of adaptive algorithms which modify the ordinary Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm by applying an order statistic (OS) filtering operation to the instantaneous gradient estimate. Adaptive filter performance may be improved by OSLMS since it effectively reduces effects of gradient noise at filter convergence. In this paper, the convergence analysis has been established for OSLMS. It is shown that OSLMS will converge on average, with noise corrupting both the filter input and the desired signal, and this result is confirmed via simulations. The optimal selection of the OS filter in the algorithm is also discussed. The OS filter is chosen to produce a minimum variance gradient estimate at the filter convergence point; a reduction of the mean squared coefficient error is shown to accrue from this choice of filter. >
Should Physicists Preach What They Practice

Does one need to think like a scientist to learn science? To what extent can examining the cognitive activities of scientists provide insights for developing effective pedagogical practices? The cognition and instruction literature has focused on providing a model of expert knowledge structures. To answer these questions, what is needed is a model of expert reasoning practices. This analysis is a step in that direction. It focuses on a tacit dimension of the thinking practices of expert physicists, “constructive modeling”. Drawing on studies of historical cases and protocol accounts of expert reasoning in scientific problem solving, it is argued that having expertise in physics requires facility with the practice of “constructive modeling” that includes the ability to reason with models viewed generically. Issues pertaining to why and how this practice of experts might be incorporated into teaching are explored.
Hypoxia in obesity - from bench to bedside

It is generally accepted that hypoxia is related to sleep apnea in obesity. This concept has been changed since the report of hypoxia response in adipose tissue of obese mice by our group in 2007 [1]. The observation has been confirmed by many laboratories in multiple obesity model systems including mouse and human [2-8]. The adipose tissue hypoxia has been a new concept to explain the adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity [9,10]. It provides a unified answer to all of the pathological changes in the adipose tissue under obesity, such as chronic inflammation, ER stress, leptin expression, adiponectin reduction, adipocyte death, elevated lipolysis and adipocyte insulin resistance [9,10]. Studies suggest that capillary dysfunction occurs during expansion of adipose tissue [11,12], and leads to reduction in adipose blood supply [13], which is responsible for the tissue hypoxia. In this aspect, the adipose tissue dysfunction is a result of local vascular failure in obesity [13]. In addition, the hypoxia-induced inflammation response has beneficial effects in the body. For example, inflammatory response stimulates adipose tissue remodeling [11,14] and promotes energy expenditure to fight against obesity [15,16]. These new insights into the adipose tissue biology suggest that the hypoxia response may be a feedback mechanism in the protection of body against obesity. In translation of this view into clinical setting, it is believed that sleep apnea is also a protection mechanism in the body to maintain energy homeostasis in obesity. It uses the hypoxia response to trigger the onset of multiple protection mechanisms in the body.
Changes in locomotor activity associated with the photoperiodic response of the testes in male golden hamsters

1. Male golden hamsters were exposed to either 14 h of light per 24 h (LD 14∶10) or LD 6 ∶18 for 210 days, in order to assess the effects of the light-dark cycle and changes in the reproductive system upon locomotor activity. Wheel-running activity was recorded continuously, and testicular size and serum testosterone concentrations were measured periodically throughout the study. 2. The short photoperiod induced a decrease in testicular width, serum levels of testosterone, and the number of wheel revolutions per 24-h period, when compared to the levels of these variables exhibited by LD 14∶10 hamsters. Prolonged exposure to LD 6∶18 resulted in a spontaneous increase in these three parameters to levels indistinguishable from those observed in LD 14∶10 animals. Neither testicular width, serum testosterone concentration, nor quantity of activity changed significantly in LD 14∶10 hamsters throughout the study. 3. LD 6∶18 exposure also induced an expansion of the daily activity time; this increased duration of the daily active phase persisted, even after the spontaneous increase in testicular width, serum testosterone concentration, and number of wheel revolutions per day. The duration of the daily active phase was unchanged in LD 14∶10 animals through the course of the experiment. 4. The onset of activity in all hamsters exposed to LD 14∶10 occured between 0–1 h after lights-off and did not vary appreciably for individual animals during the 210 days of LD 14∶10. The time required for stable reentrainment following a shift from LD 14∶10 to LD 6∶18 varied between 30 and 120 days among individual hamsters, and the phase relationship of activity onset to lights-off after 200 days of LD 6∶18 ranged between -1 and — 6 h. The time course of reentrainment to short days did not appear to be affected by changing testosterone levels. 5. Coincident with LD 6∶18-induced testicular regression was an increased lability of the time of activity onset each day. A return to stability in the day-to-day time of activity onset was coincident with spontaneous testicular recrudescence in LD 6∶18 hamsters. Hamsters maintained on LD 14∶10 exhibited a stable time of daily activity onset throughout the investigation. 6. These results indicate that the number of wheel revolutions per day and the lability of daily activity onset are correlated with light-induced changes in the hamster reproductive system. In contrast, the duration of the daily active phase and the phase relationship between activity onset and lights-off are relatively independent of changes in the reproductive system and are a function of the entraining light-dark cycle.
Malachite Green: A Toxicological Review

Malachite green, an N-methylated diaminotriphenylmethane dye, is used primarily as a therapeutic agent in aquaculture. In solution, the dye exists as a mixture of the cation (chromatic malachite green) and its carbinol base, with the ratio depending on the pH of the solution; the dye also can undergo chemical and metabolic reduction to a leuco derivative. Analysis of fish tissue after exposure to malachite green indicates the presence of both chromatic and leuco forms, with the latter having a much longer tissue half-life. Malachite green intercalates with DNA, with a preference for A:T-rich regions, and the leuco derivative bears a structural resemblance to carcinogenic aromatic amines that can form covalent DNA adducts. Malachite green is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of an exogenous metabolizing system. In mammalian cells, it shows marked cytotoxicity and the ability to induce cell transformation and lipid peroxidation. Results from carcinogenicity bioassays with malachite green have been equivocal; however, it appears to act as a tumor promoter, perhaps because of its ability to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species. These characteristics, plus its close structural similarity to carcinogenic triphenylmethane dyes (e.g., gentian violet) suggest that additional data are required to determine if human exposure to malachite green results in adverse health effects.
Higher Order Factor Structure Of A Self-Control Test: Evidence From Confirmatory Factor Analysis With Polychoric Correlations:

The self-control test developed by Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, and Arneklev was designed to measure each of six components of self-control, namely, impulsivity, a preference for simple rather than co...
Too little of a good thing? How organizational learning contracts can refocus B-schools on the business of learning

Abstract The distractions of higher rankings and better facilities are diluting business schools from their intended focus on facilitating student learning. We propose organizational learning contracts (OLCs) can help B-schools regain their focus by creating shared expectations about the roles and responsibilities of relevant parties in regards to learning. We show students at an institution with a stronger OLC displayed more effective, self-regulated conceptions of the learning process (e.g., being self-motivated, seeking feedback), and less conventional beliefs regarding how to learn (e.g., attending class, doing homework). Given these benefits, we discuss how to implement an OLC, and its implications for management education.
Minimally Invasive Therapies for Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is a common problem among men and women worldwide. It is a symptoms-complex term for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in women and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men. Patients often present with a combination of lower urinary tract symptoms with pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction. No gold standard exists for diagnosis or treatment of CPPS. The diagnosis is often challenging and is determined by elimination. Multiple treatment modalities exist, ranging from physical therapy to surgery. We discuss minimally invasive therapies for treatment of this complex of symptoms. Although data suggest reasonable efficacy of several medications, multimodal therapy remains the mainstay of treatment. We review the following minimally invasive therapeutic modalities: dietary modifications, physical therapy, mind-body therapies, medical therapy, intravesical therapies, trigger point injections, botulinum toxin injections to the pelvic floor, and neuromodulation. We report data supporting their use and efficacy and highlight the limitations of each.
A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy.

Objective Atrial fibrillation is common after esophagectomy. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy. Methods Eighty patients undergoing transthoracic esophagectomy were randomly, prospectively assigned to receive amiodarone (n = 40) or no prophylaxis (control group, n = 40). Amiodarone-treated patients received the drug by continuous infusion, initiated at the time of induction of anesthesia, at a rate of 0.73 mg/min (43.75 mg/h), and continued for 96 hours (total dose 4200 mg). The primary end point was atrial fibrillation requiring treatment. Secondary end points included any atrial fibrillation lasting longer than 30 seconds and postoperative hospital and intensive care unit stays. Results There were no significant differences between the amiodarone and control groups in demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, or preoperative or postoperative use of β-blockers or calcium-channel blockers. The incidence of atrial fibrillation requiring treatment was lower in the amiodarone group than in the control group (15% vs 40%, P = .02, relative risk reduction 62.5%). There were no significant differences between the amiodarone and control groups in median hospital stay (11 days vs 12 days, P = .31) or median intensive care unit stay (68 hours vs 77 hours, p = .097). There were no significant difference between the groups in the incidences of adverse effects. Conclusions Amiodarone prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy.
Using a non-inferiority trial approach to test the holistic health for HIV (3H+) intervention among HIV+ drug users in treatment

Aims:Despite theprevalenceonceagain increasing, fewof those with cannabis usedisorder seek specialist addiction treatment. This project aimed to develop and evaluate a smart phone application prior to its evaluation in a randomised controlled trial. Methods: The methodology included 3 phases. The first was an internet survey of cannabis users, the second phase was an intensively engaged reference group as the app was developed. At the completion of this stage a third group of current cannabis users (n=10), in addition to the reference group, beta tested the app for usability. Results: The survey of 142 cannabis users (59%male)were aged 12–50 years, with the 25–34 year olds making up 36% of the sample. Themajoritywere iPhone users (52%)with 82% having internet connectivity. The majority of these non-treatment seekers (55.6%) found the idea of an app that assists people to monitor and reduce their cannabis use very appealing. The reference group provided feed-back on the evolution of the app and the phases of assessing their cannabis use; developing a plan of change; tracking their cannabis use; and tips on coping strategies. The end-user group (60% female) with a mean age of 27 years had never sought treatment for their cannabis use. The majority (71%) enjoyed using the app somewhat or very much and found it very helpful (57%) for evaluating their cannabis use. Conclusions: The three phase development and testing project demonstrated that cannabis users have access to the required technology and are interested in using an app that would assist them to manage their cannabis use. The next phase of the project will be a small pilot test of the patterns of app use and the impact on cannabis use and related problems to inform the design of a randomised controlled trial. A smart phoneapp is apromisingplatform for the delivery of a public health intervention to reduce cannabis use. Financial support: The Australian Government Department of Health & Ageing.
Modeling CO2 reduction on Pt(111)

Density functional theory was used to model the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on Pt(111) with an explicit solvation layer and the presence of extra hydrogen atoms to represent a negatively charged electrode. We focused on the electronic energy barriers for the first four lowest energy proton–electron transfer steps for reducing CO2 on Pt(111) beginning with adsorbed *CO2 and continuing with *COOH, *CO + H2O, *COH, and ending with *C + H2O. We find that simple elementary steps in which a proton is transferred to an adsorbate (such as the protonation of *CO to *COH) have small barriers on the order of 0.1 eV. Elementary steps in which a proton is transferred and a C–O bond is simultaneously cleaved show barriers on the order of 0.5 eV. All barriers calculated for these steps show no sign of being insurmountable at room temperature. To explain why these barriers are so small, we analyze the charge density and the density of states plots to see that first, the electron transfer is decoupled from the proton transfer so that in the initial state, the surface and adsorbate are already charged up and can easily accept the proton from solution. Also, we see that in the cases where barriers are on the order of 0.1 eV, electron density in the initial state localizes on the oxygen end of the adsorbate, while electron density is more spread out on the surface for initial states of the C–O bond cleaving elementary steps.
A self-organizing publish/subscribe middleware for dynamic peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer needs new middleware technologies and counterparts to the widely established CORBA, EJB, COM+, and messaging systems products. Specially designed middleware would release the advantages of peer-to-peer networks to a broad spectrum of applications. Network-specific advantages like scalability, fault tolerance, and resource availability could easily be utilized without any concerns about their underlying infrastructure and resources. We address this need with our P2P Messaging System, which focuses on high-performance group communication based on a publish/subscribe model. The P2P Messaging System considers the heterogeneous and dynamic character of peer-to-peer networks by an augmented topology and its supporting features. The P2P Messaging System was evaluated by experimental benchmark tests, and the results provide evidence of its efficiency and scalability.
Model-complete theories of pseudo-algebraically closed fields

Abstract The model-complete, complete theories of pseudo-algebraically closed fields are characterized in this paper. For example, the theory of algebraically closed fields of a specified characteristic is a model-complete, complete theory of pseudo-algebraically closed fields. The characterization is based upon the algebraic properties of the theories' associated number fields and is the first step towards a classification of all the model-complete, complete theories of fields. A field F is pseudo-algebraically closed if whenever I is a prime ideal in a polynomial ring F[x 1 ...x m ]=F[x] and F is algebraically closed in the quotient field of F[x]/l , then there is a homorphism from F[x]/l into F which is the identity on F . The field F can be pseudo-algebraically closed but not perfect ; indeed, the non-perfect case is one of the interesting aspects of this paper. Heretofore, this concept has been considered only for a perfect field F , in which case it is equivalent to each nonvoid, absolutely irreducible F -variety's having an F -rational point. The perfect, pseudo-algebraically closed fields have been prominent in recent metamathematical investigations of fields [1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 28]. Reference [14] in particular is the algebraic springboard for this paper. A field F has bounded corank if F has only finitely many separable algebraic extensions of degree n over F for each integer n ⩾2. A field F will be called an B -field for an integral domain B if B is a sabring of F .
GPIHBP1, a GPI-anchored protein required for the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

GPIHBP1, a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein, is required for the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 knockout mice exhibit chylomicronemia, even on a low-fat diet, with plasma triglyceride levels of 3,500–5,000 mg/dl. GPIHBP1 is expressed highly in heart, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, the same tissues that express high levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In each of these tissues, GPIHBP1 is located in capillary endothelial cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with a GPIHBP1 expression vector bind LPL and chylomicrons avidly. The expression of GPIHBP1 in mice is modulated by fasting and refeeding and is also regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists. Here, we review recent progress in understanding GPIHBP1 and discuss its role in lipolysis.
PIGEONS TRANSFER BETWEEN CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATIONS WITH DIFFERENTIAL OUTCOMES IN THE ABSENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL-SAMPLE-RESPONDING CUES

Pigeons were trained to perform two independent zero-delay conditional discriminations involving the same differential outcomes (i.e., food vs. a feeder light) and were then tested by replacing the samples from one of the tasks with those from the other. Differential responding to the two samples was required in Phase 1, in Phase 2, in neither phase, or in both phases. Half the pigeons in each group were then tested with associations that were either consistent with the presumed outcome expectancies established during Phases 1 and 2 (positive transfer condition) or inconsistent with those expectancies (negative transfer condition). The magnitude of the transfer effect was largest in the group that could use differential sample responding as a cue to mediate transfer, but significant transfer effects were also found in the groups that could use only outcome expectancies. Thus, differential sample responding contributes to, but does not account for, the differential-outcomes effect.
Iron Deficiency in the Weanling: a Nutritional Problem on the Way to Resolution

. The rapidly growing weanling becomes vulnerable to iron deficiency when neonatal iron stores have been consumed after the first few months following birth. Whether the infant will progress from the harmless condition of depleted iron stores to the physiological handicaps associated with iron deficiency depends on the selection of foods during the period of weaning. Consumption of fresh cow's milk and of unfortified cow's milk formulas and cereal products predispose to iron deficiency. Breast feeding, iron- and ascorbic acid-fortified cow's milk formulas and cereals, and the use of ascorbic acid-rich foods and meat decrease the likelihood of iron deficiency. Recent changes in infant feeding practices in the United States have been associated with a marked decline in iron deficiency anemia. A challenge for the future will be to extend this success, particularly to developing countries.
Regulation of recognition and action function of the norepinephrine (NE) receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain: Implications for the therapy of depression

Abstract In this paper, the characteristics and the regulation of the norepinephrine (NE) receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system with its β-adrenoceptor sub-population in brain are reviewed. While α-adrenoceptors in brain are not clearly coupled in an inhibitory fashion to adenylate cyclase, gb-adrenoceptors and a non-β-population of NE receptors in brain tissue are coupled to adenylate cyclase. The NE receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system displays remarkable plasticity. Both supersensitivity and subsensitivity of the NE-sensitive adenylate cyclase system are of the “homologous” type. Most, if not all, clinically effective antidepressant treatments, including ECT, cause upon chronic administration subsensitivity of the system accompanied by a decrease in the density of β-adrenoceptors. The formation of the NE receptor complex is a prerequisite for the regulation of both the sensitivity of the system and the number of its β-adrenoceptor population. In addition, serotonergic neuronal input is co-required for the down-regulation of β-adrenoceptors by DMI-like drugs, but not for the up-regulation by propranolol. In the absence of serotonergie neuronal input, β-adrenoceptors display characteristics of “uncoupled” receptors. Steroid hormones (adrenocorticoids, sex steroids) have also been shown to alter the biological responsiveness of the system and/or the density of the β-adrenoceptor population, and β-adrenoceptor-mediated phospholipid methylation has been implicated in the regulation of the NE signal transfer through the membrane. The regulation of the number of NE membrane receptors and the efficacy of their coupling to adenylate cyclase represent physiologically important steps in the transfer of the NE signal through the membrane. Consequently, the changes induced by antidepressants at the level of membrane receptor regulation are altering the intensity of the signal transfer and appear to represent a therapeutically relevant biochemical action.
Biochemical and biological properties of urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is routinely used for the induction of superovulation in women. Homologous gonadotropin preparations that could be used for reproductive studies in macaques would have valuable research applications. Accordingly, we set out to characterize the physical and biological characteristics of urinary FSH (UFSH) in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. In urine from 7 monkeys, concentrations of bioactive FSH ranged from 16 to 57 μg/1, relative to cynFSH-RPI (NIDDK). UFSH was contrasted to pituitary FSH (PFSH) by non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), native disc PAGE, and FPLC chromatofocusing. The apparent molecular weights of UFSH and PFSH are similar (approximately 35 kD); however, UFSH is more negatively charged and demonstrates a lower overall isoelectric (pl) range than PFSH. The bioactivity of UFSH was assessed by the stimulation of aromatase activity in cultured Sertoli cells and by induction of follicular maturation in hamsters. Two fractions of pituitary FSH, which differed in isoelectric properties, were obtained by chromatofocusing. The in vivo biological activity of FSH-A (acidic, pl 3.8-4.6) and UFSH (pl 3.5-4.5) were similar, but greater than FSH-B (basic, pl 4.6-5.5). These results support the hypothesis that heavily sialylated, low pl FSH expresses high in vivo bioactivity. This may reflect the well-known effect of sialic acid in prolonging the circulating half-life of glycoproteins. Thus, the quality and quantity of FSH present in ovariectomized rhesus monkey urine indicates that this may be a useful source for the preparation of enriched hormone preparations. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carbon isotope systematics and CO2 sources in The Geysers-Clear Lake region, northern California, USA

Abstract Carbon isotope analyses of calcite veins, organic carbon, CO 2 and CH 4 from 96 rock and 46 gas samples show that metamorphic calcite veins and disseminated, organically-derived carbon from Franciscan Complex and Great Valley Sequence rocks have provided a primary carbon source for geothermal fluids during past and present hydrothermal activity across The Geysers-Clear Lake region. The stable isotope compositions of calcite veins vary widely on a regional scale, but overall they document the presence of 13 C-poor fluids in early subduction-related vein-precipitating events. δ 13 C values of calcite veins from the SB-15-D corehole within The Geysers steam field indicate that carbon-bearing fluids in the recent geothermal system have caused the original diverse δ 13 C values of the veins to be reset. Across The Geysers-Clear Lake region the carbon isotope composition of CO 2 gas associated with individual geothermal reservoirs shows a general increasing trend in δ 13 C values from west to east. In contrast, δ 13 C values of CH 4 do not exhibit any spatial trends. The results from this study indicate that regional variations in δ 13 C–CO 2 values result from differences in the underlying lithologies. Regional CO 2 contains significant amounts of carbon related to degradation of organic carbon and dissolution of calcite veins and is not related to equilibrium reactions involving CH 4 . CO 2 from degassing of underlying magma chambers is not recognizable in this region.
Women With Disabilities’ Experience With Physical and Sexual Abuse: Review of the Literature and Implications for the Field

While studies suggest that the rate of abuse of women with disabilities is similar or higher compared to the general population, there continues to be a lack of attention to this issue. Women with disabilities are at particularly high risk of abuse, both through typical forms of violence (physical, sexual, and emotional) and those that target one's disability. In an effort to highlight the need for increased attention to this issue, this article reviews the current peer-reviewed research in this field. The authors outline recommendations for future research goals and provide implications for research, practice, and policy.
Spectrophotometry of the continuum in 18 comets

Abstract We have studied the continuum emission in spectra of 18 comets. We find that the gas-to-dust ratio (GDR) increases with increasing activity (as measured by the production of CN). This may be explained by having dust production depend on the gas production raised to the 0.55 ± 0.17 power (1σ error). We interpret this to indicate that cometary gas production in the range of heliocentric distances (and gas production rates) for which we have data, is primarily through a porous mantle. Approximately equal numbers of comets show changes in continuum brightness with distance from the optocenter equal to, or significantly slower than, the canonical (distance)−1 falloff. All continua were red compared to the solar spectrum, with an average reddening of 22% per 1000 A (between 4400 and 5700 A). There is some evidence for a change in the slope of the continuum with distance from the optocenter in some comets. Trends in these observables throughout the apparition of each comet are discussed, and comparisons among comets are made.
1 f Noise from Systems in Thermal Equilibrium

The power spectra of fluctuations in the mean square of the Johnson-noise voltage across small semiconductor and metal films in thermal equilibrium were measured down to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ Hz. The spectra have a $\frac{1}{f}$-like behavior that matches the resistance-fluctuation spectra obtained by passing a current through the samples. These measurements contribute strong evidence that $\frac{1}{f}$ noise is due to equilibrium resistance fluctuations.
A possible second site for hydroxyapatite dissolution in acidic media

Abstract Dissolution of human dental enamel and of synthetic hydroxyapatite pellets in completely unsaturated acetate buffer solutions was previously shown to follow a model in which a single dissolution site was employed. The present investigation reports similar studies carried out under the clinically more relevant conditions of dissolution into solutions partially saturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, and it is shown that under these conditions the dissolution kinetics may be described by a site which has properties different from the site responsible for dissolution into completely unsaturated solutions. The properties of this second site were consistent with experiments in which bulk solution conditions (degree of partial saturation, Ca P ratio) and effective diffusion layer thickness were varied. Thus, dissolution kinetics studies indicate that hydroxyapatite crystals have at least two different types of sites that are important in dissolution.
The presence of al-leucyl-β-napthylamide hydrolyzing enzyme in snake venoms

Pour determiner le caractere des exo-peptidases dans le venin des serpents on a employe comme substrat dul-leucyl-β-napthylamide. Des venins de 49 especes et sous-especes des 4 familles de serpents venimeux ont ete etudies. La capacite d'hydroliser ce substrat a ete rencontree assez souvent dans les venins des serpents venimeux quelles que joient leurs origines geographiques ou leurs differences genetiques.