cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physics of tablet compression XIV. Lateral die wall pressure during and after compression

Measurements of pressure exerted by various substances on the die wall during and after compression of tablets have shown that the information derived can be related directly to the ease of formation and ejection of these tablets. The side wall pressure has been found to decay at a measurable rate after the normal compressional force is abruptly removed. Similar studies also have been carried out on preformed tablets subjected to repeated compression.
Interaction of uranyl ions in carbonate media

Abstract The interaction of uranyl cation, in dilute solutions and seawater, with carbonate mineral solids was investigated in order to establish the relation between uranyl ion speciation and sorption. In solutions where the uranyl concentration approaches the carbonate alkalinity, rapid sorption followed by slow release occurs. This is accompaned by a color change in solution, spectroscopically determined to be the result of a change in the dominant uranyl species from hydroxy to carbonato complexes. In a heterogeneous system (solution and solid carbonate), the rate of reaction is directly dependent on the ratio of the surface area to the solution volume. The maximum extent of sorption is directly dependent on uranyl concentration and is almost independent of the surface area to volume ratio, the type of solution or the calcium carbonate mineral. Release of Ca, as a result of uranyl-carbonato complex formation, allows an estimation of the average uranyl to carbonate ratio of the complexes formed, which is in excellent agreement with predicted values.
Coverage of an ischial pressure ulcer with an interpolated contralateral posterior thigh fasciocutaneous flap.

The ipsilateral posterior thigh flap has become one of the workhorses for the closure of ischial pressure ulcers. We treated a 40-year-old paraplegic patient with a right ischial pressure ulcer, in whom all ipsilateral flap options had been expended or were precluded by scars. A contralateral left posterior thigh fasciocutaneous flap interpolated subcutaneously across the midline provided successful coverage.
Experimental investigation of flow boiling heat transfer of jet impingement on smooth and micro structured surfaces

Abstract Flow boiling heat transfer experiments using R134a were carried out for jet impingement on smooth and enhanced surfaces. The enhanced surfaces were circular micro pin fins, hydrofoil micro pin fins, and square micro pin fins. The effects of saturation pressure, heat flux, Reynolds number, pin fin geometry, pin fin array configuration, and surface aging on flow boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated. Flow boiling experiments were carried out for two different saturation pressures, 820 kPa and 1090 kPa. Four jet exit velocities ranging from 1.1–4.05 m/s were investigated. Flow boiling jet impingement on smooth surfaces was characterized by large temperature overshoots, exhibiting boiling hysteresis. Flow boiling jet impingement on micro pin fins displayed large heat transfer coefficients. Heat transfer coefficients as high as 150,000 W/m 2 K were observed at a relatively low velocity of 2.2 m/s with the large ( D = 125 μm) circular micro pin fins. Jet velocity, surface aging, and saturation pressure were found to have significant effects on the two-phase heat transfer characteristics. Subcooled nucleate boiling was found to be the dominant heat transfer mechanism.
Net Atmospheric Inputs of PCBs to the Ice Cover on Lake Huron

This report describes the first measurements of the net atmospheric deposition of PCBs to the ice cover of a body of water. The net deposition of PCBs includes the wet, dry, and vapor deposition, less any evaporation. The measurements were made on ice cores collected from the frozen surface of Lake Huron late in the ice seasons of 1978 and 1979. Intrusions of lake water into the accumulated deposition layer of ice and snow were not encountered in these studies. Such intrusions, however, have complicated other attempts to use this method. Possible reasons for not encountering them in this study are discussed. For Saginaw Bay, a net deposition rate of 2.0 gm/km2/mo of PCBs to the ice was found for the winters of 1977–1978 and 1978–1979. Upon ice break-up and thaw in the spring, all of the PCBs accumulated on the ice are likely to enter the bay. For inner Saginaw Bay, this would have been 8 kg in March 1978 and 6.5 kg in March 1979.
Nursing students' initial clinical experience: a phenomenological study

Nursing students have revealed that one of the most anxiety-producing aspects of their clinical experience is the initial clinical experience. In order to help students through their initial clinical experience, faculty must first understand more fully the meaning of this experience for nursing students. A phenomenological study was conducted to explore the lived experience of nursing students' first clinical experience. Eighteen undergraduate nursing students described in writing an experience they had during their first day of clinical. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Six theme clusters emerged: pervading anxiety, feeling abandoned, encountering reality shock, envisioning self as incompetent, doubting choices, and uplifting consequences. Implications for nurse educators are addressed.
Drinking habits and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study.

There has been increasing attention recently to the possible role of alcohol consumption in the development of cardiovascular disease.’ A considerable body of evidence now indicates that the consumption of alcoholic beverages is associated with two factors known to be related to cardiovascular risk. On the one hand, alcohol consumption is associated with elevations of blood pressure2m5; that is, presumably, with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. On the other, alcohol consumption tends to increase the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and perhaps decrease that of low density lipoprotein,6 which implies a decreased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Moreover, there is also evidence that alcohol when consumed in large quantities may induce heart arrhythmias, and that chronic alcohol abuse may lead to myocardial damage.7 Thus it would not be surprising if alcohol consumption increased the risk of certain cardiovascular events and decreased the risk of others. The literature is ambivalent. Some studies report a negative association of alcohol consumption with CHD*-12; others report no association’3-15 or a positive association.“v’6-‘8 One study reported a positive association of drinking with strokeIs; another study did not.20 Since the cardiovascular diseases are multifactorial in origin and are interrelated, and since alcoholic beverages have a variety of physiologic effects and these effects vary with the amount of alcohol consumed, it is not surprising to find apparently paradoxical relationships between drinking and the cardiovascular diseases. A careful exploration of the available data seems to be in order. This report explores relevant data derived from 24 years of follow-up of the Framingham Study
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Pemphigus: Three Case Reports and Literature Review

Objectives To identify patients examined in the Mayo Clinic Department of Dermatology whose pemphigus was attributable to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and to compare these cases with previously reported cases of drug-induced pemphigus. Results A retrospective review of medical records revealed two cases of captopril-induced pemphigus and one of enalapril-induced pemphigus. Our patients had substantially increased circulating IgG autoantibodies to intercellular substance, as detected on monkey esophagus substrate. Conclusion Our findings contrast those of other reports of drug-induced pemphigus in which circulating autoantibodies are implied to be low or absent.
Characterization of the terminal degradation products of canine fibrinogen by plasmin

Abstract Fibrinogen, isolated from canine plasma by the successive procedures of (1) freezing and thawing, (2) fractional precipitation with 25% saturated (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and (3) Sepharose 6B gel-filtration, had a molecular weight of 282 000 by the rapid sedimentation equilibrium method. However, a molecular weight for canine fibrinogen of 332 000, which is closer to that reported for human and bovine fibrinogens (340 000 ± 20 000), was obtained from the sum of the molecular weights of the Aα, Bβ and γ chains, determined from dodecylsulfate gel electrophoretic patterns of reduced fibrinogen. Canine fibrinogen, subjected to proteolysis by urokinase-activated plasminogen for 24 h, contained degradation fragments D and E which were isolated by starch block electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. The purified D and E fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 5.0 S and 2.5 S had weight average molecular weights of 89 000 and 42 000, respectively by the rapid sedimentation equilibrium method. The ratio of D to E was 2:1 per parent fibrinogen molecule. Antigenic analysis according to anti-fibrinogen antiserum showed that both D and E fragments were antigenically deficient to native fibrinogen and revealed a reaction of non-identity with each other. Upon immunoelectrophoresis at pH 8.2, D and E had different electrophoretic mobilities. Preliminary studies indicate that based on thrombin time alone, D has anticoagulant activity while E appears to be a coagulation potentiator. Canine fibrinogen apparently consist of two core fragments with dissimilar chemical characteristics in common with the fundamental structures of human and bovine fibrinogens.
Effects of aerobic training on bone mineral density of postmenopausal women.

A total of 76 women were enrolled and 55 naturally postmenopausal women completed a 12 month study investigating the effects of aerobic training plus calcium supplementation on lumbar (L2-4) bone mineral density (BMD) and forearm BMD. Training was conducted on treadmills at 70-85% of maximal heart rate for 30 or 45 minutes, three times per week for 12 months. Lumbar BMD was measured with dual-photon absorptiometry and forearm BMD with single-photon absorptiometry. Groups were similar with respect to age, weight, months since menopause, height, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and lumbar and forearm BMD upon entering the study. Following training, percentage changes in VO2max were significantly different between the control and exercise groups but not between exercise groups. ANOVA evaluating lumbar BMD revealed a nonsignificant interaction effect and no significant changes (p > 0.05) between groups or times. The control (N = 19), 30 minute (N = 20), and 45 minute (N = 16) groups percentage lumbar BMD changes (X +/- SD) over 12 months were -0.61 +/- 3.40, -0.48 +/- 3.63, and 0.81 +/- 4.53%, respectively. The 95% confidence limits for percentage changes in lumbar BMD for the control, 30 minute, and 45 minute groups were -2.25 to 1.02, -2.18 to 1.22, and -1.16 to 3.22%, respectively. Forearm BMD changes were also not significant. Improvement in lumbar BMD was weakly but positively correlated with improvements in VO2max, r = 0.28, p 6 years postmenopausal, and this subset's BMD changes were examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An evaluation of the transfer of saliva-derived DNA

Studies of DNA transfer have focused largely on the transfer of sloughed off epithelial cells from individuals' hands. This research examines primary, secondary, and tertiary transfer events involving DNA originating from saliva, a commonly encountered body fluid. More routine human behaviors were simulated to evaluate transfer, and the effects of drying time, moisture, and surface composition were investigated. The results agree with previous findings which indicate that the presence of moisture, as well as a smooth nonporous surface as the primary substrate, increases the efficiency of transfer. Previous transfer studies have found that the last individual to come into contact with an item is usually the major contributor to the resulting DNA mixture, unless conditions are simulated in which a "good shedder" serves as the primary depositor and a poor shedder serves as the secondary depositor. The results of this study indicate that when saliva is the source of the transferred DNA, the primary depositor is often the major contributor. These findings suggest that shedder status is less relevant with regard to touch DNA samples in a forensic setting and emphasize the need for caution when analyzing such samples.
The Chondrocranium of Gegenophis (Apoda, Amphibia)

Summary. Of the stages of Ichthyophis studied for comparison, ossification has just started in an embryo of 45 mm. length. The maxilla and palatine are separate; the pleurosphenoid has not united with the parasphenoid, and the occipital region is still cartilaginous. Obviously, there is no “fusion primordiale” of the bones, and, as Marcus, Stimmelmayr and Porsch (1935) have described in Hypogeophis, these bones appear independently in Ichthyophis and fuse later. In the 78 mm. larva of Ichthyophis glutinosus examined, the maxilla is still separate from the palatine, while the pleurosphenoid has united with the bony otic capsule, but the parasphenoid is still independent. I am unable to say if in Gegenophis, the bones (nasal, septomaxilla, premaxilla) appear independently in stages earlier than the one examined by me, viz., 51 mm. and then fuse.
Preparation of ionic liquid based solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application to forensic determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human urine.

Abstract A new solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure using an ionic liquid (IL) has been developed. Reusable IL-based SPME fiber was prepared for the first time by fixing IL through cross-linkage of IL impregnated silicone elastomer on the surface of a fused silica fiber. 1-Ethoxyethyl-3-methylimidazloium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonylimide ([EeMim][NTf 2 ]) ionic liquid was employed as a demonstration and the prepared fiber was applied to the forensic headspace determination of methamphetamine (MAP) and amphetamine (AP) in human urine samples. Important extraction parameters including the concentration of salt and base in sample matrix, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated and optimized. Combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) working in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, the new method showed good linearity in the range of 20–1500 μg L −1 , good repeatability (RSD n = 6), and low detection limits (0.1 μg L −1 for MAP and 0.5 μg L −1 for AP). Feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing human urine samples. Although IL-based SPME is still at the beginning of its development stage, the results obtained by this work showed that it is a promising simple, fast and sensitive sample preparation method.
Customer Retention Through Prioritization: Integrating Time-Dependent Context of Relationship Dynamics

ABSTRACT Most marketing researchers and practitioners emphasize sustaining strong customer relationships for improving profitability. Profitably managing customer relationships is, therefore, an important foundational cornerstone of marketing. In contrast, the role of effectively prioritizing customers for increasing profitability has been challenged in marketing literature. While there are divergent views on the principle of customer prioritization, the role of differential use of marketing instruments in managing relationship marketing investments to effectively retain customers is yet to be substantiated. The current study proposes a conceptual framework explicating the key role of customer prioritization in accounting for the effectiveness of relationship investments and interaction frequency. The effect of customer prioritization on customer retention is contingent upon the length of the relationship. We test the proposed framework with a multimethod approach to help ascertain the value of customer p...
Orientalist Constructions of India

Now it is the interest of Spirit that external conditions should become internal ones; that the natural and the spiritual world should be recognized in the subjective aspect belonging to intelligence; by which process the unity of subjectivity and (positive) Being generally—or the Idealism of Existence—is established. This Idealism, then, is found in India, but only as an Idealism of imagination, without distinct conceptions;—one which does indeed free existence from Beginning and Matter (liberates it from temporal limitations and gross materiality), but changes everything into the merely Imaginative; for although the latter appears interwoven with definite conceptions and Thought presents itself as an occasional concomitant, this happens only through accidental combination. Since, however, it is the abstract and absolute Thought itself that enters into these dreams as their material, we may say that Absolute Being is presented here as in the ecstatic state of a dreaming condition (Hegel, Philosophy of History, p. 139).
Waterhouse: enabling secure e-mail with social networking

We present Waterhouse, a system for sending and receiving cryptographically protected electronic mail ("secure e-mail"). We show how an existing e-mail interface can be modified to make exchanging secure e-mail nearly effortless. Our system integrates with social networking services (such as Facebook) to automatically exchange cryptographic keys between friends. When a user sends a message to a friend, our system automatically encrypts the contents to thwart eavesdroppers. When a user receives a message from a friend, Waterhouse uses the recipient's social network to verify the sender's identity. Our prototype shows senders' photos as an intuitive indicator of message authenticity. We describe our planned user study and conclude with directions for future work.
Spectral sensitivity of the common prawn, Palaemonetes vulgaris.

The vision of Palaemonetes is of particular interest in view of extensive studies of the responses of its chromatophore systems and eye pigments to light. The spectral sensitivity is here examined under conditions of dark adaptation and adaptation to bright colored lights. In each case the relative number of photons per one-fiftieth sec flash needed to evoke a constant peak amplitude (usually 25 or 50 µv) in the electroretinogram (ERG) was measured at various wavelengths throughout the spectrum. The sensitivity is the reciprocal of this number. In dark-adapted animals the spectral sensitivity curve consists of a broad, almost symmetrical band, maximal at about 540 mµ, with a shoulder near 390 mµ. Adaptation to bright red or blue light, left on continuously throughout the measurements, depresses the 540 mµ peak without notably changing its shape or position, implying that only one visual pigment operates in this region. Adaptation to red light, however, spares a violet-sensitive system, so that a high, narrow peak at 390 mµ now dominates the spectral sensitivity function. The 540 and 390 mµ peaks are apparently associated with different visual pigments; and these seem to be segregated in different receptor systems, since the associated ERG's have markedly different time constants. It is suggested that these two sensitivity bands may represent the red- and violet-sensitive components of an apparatus for color differentiation.
Critical Kondo destruction and the violation of the quantum-to-classical mapping of quantum criticality

Abstract Antiferromagnetic heavy fermion metals close to their quantum critical points display a richness in their physical properties unanticipated by the traditional approach to quantum criticality, which describes the critical properties solely in terms of fluctuations of the order parameter. This has led to the question as to how the Kondo effect gets destroyed as the system undergoes a phase change. In one approach to the problem, Kondo lattice systems are studied through a self-consistent Bose–Fermi Kondo model within the extended dynamical mean field theory. The quantum phase transition of the Kondo lattice is thus mapped onto that of a sub-Ohmic Bose–Fermi Kondo model. In the present article we address some aspects of the failure of the standard order-parameter functional for the Kondo-destroying quantum critical point of the Bose–Fermi Kondo model.
Actin Depolymerization Affects Stress-Induced Translational Activity of Potato Tuber Tissue

Changes in polymerized actin during stress conditions were correlated with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber protein synthesis. Fluorescence microscopy and immunoblot analyses indicated that filamentous actin was nearly undetectable in mature, quiescent aerobic tubers. Mechanical wounding of postharvest tubers resulted in a localized increase of polymerized actin, and microfilament bundles were visible in cells of the wounded periderm within 12 h after wounding. During this same period translational activity increased 8-fold. By contrast, low-oxygen stress caused rapid reduction of polymerized actin coincident with acute inhibition of protein synthesis. Treatment of aerobic tubers with cytochalasin D, an agent that disrupts actin filaments, reduced wound-induced protein synthesis in vivo. This effect was not observed when colchicine, an agent that depolymerizes microtubules, was used. Neither of these drugs had a significant effect in vitro on run-off translation of isolated polysomes. However, cytochalasin D did reduce translational competence in vitro of a crude cellular fraction containing both polysomes and cytoskeletal elements. These results demonstrate the dependence of wound-induced protein synthesis on the integrity of microfilaments and suggest that the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton may affect translational activity during stress conditions.
Use of a low-frequency ESR spectrometer: implications for spin-trapping free radicals, in situ.

We have adapted the low-frequency ESR spectrometer, designed and built by H.J. Halpern, to the physiologic needs of organ preparations operating at 250 MHz. Initial studies have allowed us to detect nitroxides in an isolated perfused heart. These in siru measurements were made with nitroxides specifically designed to mimic the lipophilic nature of 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-l-oxide (DMPO) and 2.2-dimethyl-S-hydroxy-l-pyrrolidinyloxyl (DMPO-OH). These spin labels provided information about the influence of dynamic factors of the heart, such as flow rate, different cell populations and unequal distribution between compartments on our ability to conduct and interpret spin trapping experiments. They also clarified the sacrifice in sensitivity involved in operating at the lower frequencies. To deal with this later problem. we have increased the sensitivity of the spin trapping method by synthesizing a family of 15N-and deuterium-containing DMPO analogs and by determining their ability to spin trap free radicals ...
Simulation and analysis of secondary organic aerosol dynamics in the South Coast Air Basin of California

[1] The dynamics of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation are analyzed using a species-resolved SOA model for the South Coast Air Basin of California (SoCAB). Updated versions of the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) and the Model to Predict the Multiphase Partitioning of Organics (MPMPO) are integrated with the CIT airshed model. The simulations are performed using input data from the 8–9 September 1993 episode. Results show that urban areas with major volatile organic compound (VOC) emission sites experience peaks in SOA levels during morning hours. Downwind locations, such as Azusa and Claremont, experience sustained levels of high SOA concentrations in comparison with coastal areas such as central Los Angeles and Long Beach. Concentrations of condensible organics are higher in inland locations compared to those in coastal locations because of high oxidation capacity and transport of pollutants. Furthermore, SOA constitutes up to 30% of simulated organic particulate matter at inland locations, with maximum contributions occurring during afternoon hours. Anthropogenic sources contribute over 90% of simulated SOA at most locations in the basin. Oxidation products of aromatic compounds from anthropogenic sources constitute over 70% of total simulated SOA. Sensitivity runs indicate strong dependence of SOA on VOC emissions and temperature. Overall, model predictions are in qualitative agreement with recent observations in the SoCAB.
Suburbanizing Sofia: Characteristics of Post-Socialist Peri-Urban Change

In this article, I discuss the nature of peri-urban growth in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia. I argue that since the end of socialism in 1989, Sofia's peri-urban growth has been driven primarily by affluent households relocating from the central city to its scenic southern outskirts in search of a higher quality of life. In this sense, the process exhibits the classic signs of Western-style suburbanization and is qualitatively different from the peri-urban development that occurred under socialism. Much of the new growth, however, has occurred within the borders of former villages and areas occupied by summer cottages (villas). These once-modest city environs now exhibit a peculiar blend of the new and the old and house two distinct social strata, affluent newcomers and poor long-time residents. I conclude with a discussion of the social consequences of recent peri-urban change and the response of the local planners.
A Simplified Method for Reducing Mutual Coupling Effects in Low Frequency Radio Telescope Phased Arrays

This paper presents a new approach to reduce mutual coupling effects in large phased array antennas currently under development for use in low frequency radio astronomy. A receive mode definition of coupling between two antennas is shown to serve as a good indicator of the severity of mutual coupling interactions in a phased array. Thus, an efficient way to reduce mutual coupling in the array is to design antenna elements for low receive coupling. It is demonstrated that wire inverted-V dipole antennas can be designed with significantly reduced receive coupling over a wide range of frequencies and wave directions by proper selection of the antenna element geometry and feed impedance. Corresponding improvements in the performance of a large aperiodic phased array are achieved by using the reduced coupling wire inverted-V dipole design. Both antenna coupling and phased array analyses are performed using numerical simulation. Full-scale, in situ receive coupling measurements are performed to validate the simulation results.
Developing the mesoscale stress-strain curve to failure

Developing the stress response using the molecular and mesoscale levels is fairly reliable during the initial strain. For instance, modulus is a property that can be established using these techniques and the continuity of scale suggests that both may be used to establish modulus for parameterizing a macroscale model when measured properties are unavailable. However, the latter part of the stress/strain response that helps to establish ties to crack propagation still needs attention. One problem that was previously found was questionable lack of void formation in crosslinked systems due to superficially clean adhesive separation in the simulations. One way to overcome this lack of voiding was to determine how to develop bond breakage criterion that would allow surfaces to develop. This paper discusses development and application of bond breakage, and the impact on the simulated stress/strain curves using mesoscale models.
Measurement of elastic properties of calcium silicate hydrate with atomic force microscopy

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) based indentation is compared to conventional nanoindentation for measuring mechanical properties of cement pastes. In evaluating AFM as a mechanical characterization tool, various analytical and numerical modeling approaches are compared. The disparities between the numerical self-consistent approach and analytical solutions are determined and reported. The measured elastic Young’s modulus determined from AFM indentation tests are compared to elastic Young’s modulus determined from nanoindentation tests of cement paste. These results indicate that the calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) phase of hydrated Portland cement has different properties on the different length scales probed by AFM versus nanoindenters. Packing density of C–S–H particles is proposed as an explanation for the disparity in the measured results.
Eddy flux of sensible heat at different levels in the stratosphere

Covariances of temperature and meridional wind component at 18 stations in the Northern Hemisphere were computed at 2km-intervals from the surface to 28 km. These covariances are proportional to the northward flux of sensible heat resulting from transient eddies. Cross sections of covariance of temperature and meridional wind component during January and July were constructed for 80°W. At this longitude during January a minimum of eddy heat flux occurred near an altitude of 20 km at all latitudes, and in the higher latitudes a sharp increase began somewhere between 18 km and 22 km. Eddy heat fluxes were generally quite small, in the part of the stratosphere below 20 km. A similar pattern was found at the French station of Chateauroux. The layer which separates the regions of small and large eddy heat fluxes appears to coincide with a null layer described byFaust. However, this sharp dividing line between a lower stratosphere with small eddy heat fluxes and an upper stratosphere with large eddy heat fluxes does not appear at all longitudes. Over Alaska one finds maximum eddy heat fluxes between 20 km and 22 km, and values in the lower stratosphere are much larger than those near 80° W.
Story Behind the Story

Each donor brings along a unique and compelling story. The donation of the organ is one beautiful gift; the story that brought the donor to this point is yet another gift. This story touches the lives of the living donor advocate (LDA) and the transplant team. The LDA has the blessing of hearing and holding on to those stories. The other aspect of this storytelling is to ask the questions of the donor that will unpack and unlock some of the meaning and reasoning as to why they feel compelled, or why they are questioning their decision to donate. These stories open the door to understanding both the LDA and the donor; we understand better, the relationships and the struggles of the donor and sometimes the recipient. This chapter shares with you stories of related, nonrelated, and altruistic donors and donors who wanted to donate, but could not for either psychosocial or medical reasons. There is also an analysis of each of the stories.
Software implementation of VCRs on personal computing systems

The author presents a window-based editor for manipulating digital video and audio. The editor supports real-time recording, playback, and editing of several multimedia objects. Using the X-Windows system, the editor was implemented on an environment of Sun SPARC stations and PC-ATs equipped with video compression hardware. The user interface of the multimedia editor consists of a main editing window for each display device, and rope windows, which represent synchronized sequences of digital video and audio being processed, called ropes. Experience showed that the editor provides a simple powerful system for multimedia document preparation, and can act as a basis for supporting various multimedia applications. >
CNT@TiO2 nanohybrids for high-performance anode of lithium-ion batteries

This work describes a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), namely, anatase TiO2 nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs@TiO2). The electrochemical properties of CNTs@TiO2 were thoroughly investigated using various electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic cycling, and rate experiments. It was revealed that compared with pure TiO2 nanoparticles and CNTs alone, the CNT@TiO2 nanohybrids offered superior rate capability and achieved better cycling performance when used as anodes of LIBs. The CNT@TiO2 nanohybrids exhibited a cycling stability with high reversible capacity of about 190 mAh g-1 after 120 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and an excellent rate capability (up to 100 mAh g-1 at a current density of 1,000 mA g-1).
An artificial neural network for classification of forced expired volume signals

An artificial neural network was developed for the classification of respiratory spirometric curves. A feedforward network utilizing the generalized delta rule learning algorithm was trained to recognize spirometric curves representing patients with normal, restricted, or obstructed pulmonary function. A set of 137 spirograms which had been previously classified into those categories was used to evaluate the performance of the neural net classifier. Five spirograms randomly selected from each group were used as a training set. After training, the network correctly classified 72% of the remaining 122 spirograms. The ability of the neural net to learn automatically patterns of abnormality in biological signals makes it a potentially powerful screening tool. >
Chemoresponsiveness to cAMP and Folic Acid during Growth, Development, and Dedifferentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum

Chemoresponsiveness to cAMP and to folic acid are monitored in growing, developing, and dedifferentiating amebae of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Two semiquantitative assays are employed, one measuring the directed movement of cells up a gradient of chemoattractant ('chemotaxis' assay) and the other measuring the outward spreading of cells in response to a chemical stimulant distributed equally throughout the substratum ('spreading' assay). Vegetative amebae possess relatively insignificant levels of chemotactic responsiveness to cAMP. Six h after the initiation of development, at approximately the same time as the onset of aggregation, cells rapidly acquire chemotactic responsiveness to cAMP. During 'erasure', a dedifferentiation induced by resuspending aggregating cells in fresh nutrient medium, chemotactic responsiveness to cAMP is lost just after the erasure event. By the same chemotactic assay, it is demonstrated that vegetative amebae possess a significant level of chemotactic responsiveness to folic acid. Two h after the initiation of development, cells completely lose chemotactic responsiveness to folic acid. During erasure, cells reacquire chemotactic responsiveness to folic acid at approximately the same time that they lose responsiveness to cAMP. Dramatically different results are obtained by the spreading assay. When cells lose chemotactic responsiveness to folic acid early in development and when erasing cells lose chemotactic responsiveness to cAMP, they retain the spreading response to the two stimulants, respectively. The different results obtained for chemoreception employing the two assays are discussed in terms of molecular mechanisms, and a testable hypothesis is proposed for the possible roles of chemoresponsiveness and erasure in late morphogenesis.
Cooperative Signaling between Homodimers of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 1 and 5

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) function as dimers. Recent work suggests that mGluR1 and mGluR5 may physically interact, but the nature and functional consequences of this relationship have not been addressed. In this study, the functional and pharmacological consequences of this interaction were investigated. Using heterologous expression of mGluR cDNA in rat sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglion and inhibition of the native calcium currents as an assay for receptor activation, a functional interdependence between mGluR1 and mGluR5 was demonstrated. In neurons coexpressing these receptors, combining a selective mGluR1 competitive antagonist with either an mGluR1- or mGluR5-selective negative allosteric modulator (NAM) BAY36-7620 [(3aS,6aS)-hexahydro-5-methylene-6a-(2-naphthalenylmethyl)-1H-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one] or MPEP [2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride], respectively, strongly occluded signaling by both receptors to an approximately equal degree. By contrast, in cells coexpressing mGluR1 and mGluR2, combining the same mGluR1 competitive inhibitor with an mGluR1 or mGluR2 NAM yielded partial and full inhibition of the response, respectively, as expected for independently acting receptors. In neurons expressing mGluR1 and mGluR5, the selective NAMs each strongly inhibited the response to glutamate, suggesting that these receptors do not interact as heterodimers, which would not be inhibited by selective NAMs. Finally, evidence for a similar mGluR1/mGluR5 functional dependence is shown in medium spiny striatal neurons. Together, these data demonstrate cooperative signaling between mGluR1 and mGluR5 in a manner inconsistent with heterodimerization, and thus suggest an interaction between homodimers.
Enhanced arsenic accumulation by engineered yeast cells expressing Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase.

Phytochelatins (PCs) are naturally occurring peptides with high-binding capabilities for a wide range of heavy metals including arsenic (As). PCs are enzymatically synthesized by phytochelatin synthases and contain a (γ-Glu-Cys)n moiety terminated by a Gly residue that makes them relatively proteolysis resistant. In this study, PCs were introduced by expressing Arabidopsis thaliana Phytochelatin Synthase (AtPCS) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced As accumulation and removal. PCs production in yeast resulted in six times higher As accumulation as compared to the control strain under a wide range of As concentrations. For the high-arsenic concentration, PCs production led to a substantial decrease in levels of PC precursors such as glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamyl cysteine (γ-EC). The levels of As(III) accumulation were found to be similar between AtPCS-expressing wild type strain and AtPCS-expressing acr3Δ strain lacking the arsenic efflux system, suggesting that the arsenic uptake may become limiting. This is further supported by the roughly 1:3 stoichiometric ratio between arsenic and PC2 (n = 2) level (comparing with a theoretical value of 1:2), indicating an excess availability of PCs inside the cells. However, at lower As(III) concentration, PC production became limiting and an additive effect on arsenic accumulation was observed for strain lacking the efflux system. More importantly, even resting cells expressing AtPCS pre-cultured in Zn2+ enriched media showed PCs production and two times higher arsenic removal than the control strain. These results open up the possibility of using cells expressing AtPCS as an inexpensive sorbent for the removal of toxic arsenic. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 333–340. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why Do People Gamble and Keep Gambling Despite Heavy Losses

If a long series of gambles is subjectively structured into units each consisting of a string of consecutive losses followed by a win, positive valued strings will be short and negative valued strings will be long. Long negative strings will be temporally discounted more than short positive strings, increasing the gamble's subjective value. People, therefore, may gamble because even games of objectively negative expected value may be subjectively positive. People may keep gambling despite heavy losses because reduction of degree of discounting and expansion of the behavioral unit, characteristics of selfcontrol in other areas, fail to significantly decrease a gamble's subjective value.
Attitudes Towards Diet, Exercise, and Body Image in Latino Women: Focus Group Results

Text: Two 90-minute focus groups were conducted in Spanish with 20 women between 18-45 years of age (Mean 35 8 years) self identified as being of Latino origin. Groups, led by a trained moderator, were audio-taped, transcribed and translated into English. Demographic data collected prior to the groups indicated participants were originally from South/Central America or the Caribbean, 85% reported household annual income $20, 000 per year and 55% had not graduated from high school. Analysis of the focus group data determined that some participants were able to incorporate exercise into their life but others were unable to due to family obligations (“We spend time cooking and doing household activities”) and a lack of time (“No time to fit into my life”). Participants reported being less physically active and eating more unhealthy food in the US than in their countries of origin. Participants were divided as to how they viewed their bodies (“I feel good about my body” versus “I feel fat.”) and several women noted gaining weight since coming to the US. Many participants were interested in “mindful eating” and viewed it as a positive way to regulate intake. Participants thought the concept of “taking care of myself” was difficult due to their focus on their families (“We never think of taking care of ourselves” and “I would feel bad; what’s most important is my family”). In conclusion, cultural issues, economic constraints, and acculturation issues may need to be addressed in interventions for Latino women.
Bus Accessibility for People with Cognitive Disabilities

With the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) it has become a civil rights violation to deny access to public transportation by people with disabilities. ADA requires transit agencies to provide accessible buses or equivalent services to people with mobility, sensory, or cognitive impairments. Issues concerning people with cognitive impairments, and their access to fixed-route transit services, are examined in this study. The literature concerning access to public transit by people with cognitive disabilities is summarized in this paper, along with exemplary training programs and technologies that have improved transit accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities. On review of the available literature, the authors noted that there was very little information concerning people with cognitive impairments. To fill in this knowledge gap, surveys and interviews were conducted with people with cognitive and other impairments, with people who trained people with sensory and cognitive impa...
Insecticide resistance in field populations of Asian citrus psyllid in Florida

BACKGROUND: Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, is a major pest of citrus because it vectors the putative causal agent of huanglongbing disease. Insecticides are currently the basis of psyllid management programs, and the number of annual insecticide applications has increased significantly. In this paper, a series of investigations of insecticide resistance among field populations of adult and immature ACP in Florida is described. RESULTS: In 2009, the highest level of resistance for adult ACP, as compared with the laboratory susceptible (LS) population, was found with imidacloprid with an LD50 resistance ratio (RR50) of 35 in one population. This was followed by chlorpyriphos (RR50 = 17.9, 13.3, 11.8 and 6.9), thiamethoxam (RR50 = 15 and 13), malathion (RR50 = 5.4 and 5.0) and fenpropathrin (RR50 = 4.8). In 2010, mortality of adults from all five sites sampled was lower than with the LS population at three diagnostic concentrations of each insecticide tested. Among nymph populations, indications of resistance were observed with carbaryl (RR50 = 2.9), chlorpyriphos (RR50 = 3.2), imidacloprid (RR50 = 2.3 and 3.9) and spinetoram (RR50 = 4.8 and 5.9). General esterase, glutathione S-transferase and monooxygenase levels were also elevated in field-collected adult and nymph ACP as compared with the LS population. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that varying levels of insecticide susceptibility exist in ACP populations across the citrus-growing areas of Florida. Increased levels of detoxifying enzymes in these populations may partially explain these differences. The present results indicate that insecticide resistance may become an emerging problem for ACP control if effective resistance management is not practiced. c � 2011 Society of Chemical Industry Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Electrical characterization of embedded polymer/ceramic capacitors from 500 MHz to 12 GHz

The potential application of polymer/ceramic capacitors at a higher frequency range is explored through a detailed characterization of several form factors of embedded capacitors. S-parameters of embedded decoupling capacitors using two different types of embedded capacitance material were measured from 500 MHz to 12 GHz. The effect of different geometries, electrode sizes, and materials are demonstrated. Results from through-line traces above the embedded capacitors demonstrate the ability for signal lines to be routed above the capacitors with minimal effects on signal quality, and therefore, considerable savings in board real estate can be achieved by routing metal traces over the embedded capacitive layer. A circuit model was developed based on the measurements to determine the relevant parasitic elements and their effects on the performance of the capacitors. Reliability tests including reflow, thermal cycle, and humidity were performed with each test showing similar effects on capacitor performance. This is the first report to detail high frequency characterization of polymer/ceramic capacitors integrated onto a multilayer PCB product up to 12 GHz.
Socioeconomic background and war mortality during Vietnam's wars.

To understand the experience of North Vietnamese soldiers and civilians during the American war, I explore the paths leading Vietnamese men into battle by considering the relationship between socioeconomic status and war mortality. I use data obtained from retrospective information on kin survival and other socioeconomic characteristics given by respondents in the 1995 Vietnam Longitudinal Survey conducted in Vietnam’s Red River Delta. My findings are opposite to those often cited to describe the experience of young Americans who fought in the Vietnam war. In Vietnam, sons of better educated fathers bore the burden of war disproportionately in relation to sons of fathers with less education, both in proportion serving in the military and in diminished survival chances in combat. The Vietnamese experience during the American war testifies to the ability of a nation to reorder society temporarily and to persuade higher-status groups to contribute fully to the war effort. An appreciation of the meaning of this social reshuffling during the American war is critical for understanding the war, Vietnam, and that country’s political outlook.
An Analysis Of Topical Training Areas Perceived As Desirable By Sales Managers

The results of responses from 296 sales managers surveyed on topical areas perceived as significant enough to be covered in training programs are analyzed. Based on the respondents evaluations of a set of topical areas whereby they were asked to indicate the importance of training topics, an analysis is provided across relevant segments and implications drawn. There were relatively little differences in the perceived importance of training topics between sales managers of both industrial and consumer goods as well as large and small sized companies. However, numerous differences of the importance of perceived training topical areas are reported across the career life cycle stages of the sales force.
Isotopic studies of carbohydrate metabolism during basidiospore germination inSchizophyllum commune

Uptake and respiration of radioactive glucose, mannitol and arabitol were studied during basidiospore germination of the woodrotting mushroomSchizophyllum commune. Glucose uptake was rapid and immediate, depressed at 4° C and unaffected by the protein synthesis antagonist cycloheximide. In contrast, uptake of either mannitol or arabitol exhibited a lag phase while the induction of this process was sensitive to cycloheximide. Prior incubation of basidiospores in unlabelled mannitol induced uptake processes for either labelled mannitol or arabitol. Respiratory rates for either arabitol or mannitol increased markedly upon germination in glucose-asparagine minimal culture medium.