cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the significant variation in psychostimulant use across the U.S.

SUMMARY Objective To provide a national profile of the area variation in per-capita psychostimulant consumption in the U.S. Methods We separated 3030 U.S. counties into two categories of ‘low’ and ‘high’ per-capita use of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs (based on data from the Drug Enforcement Administration), and then analyzed them on the basis of their socio-demographic, economic, educational and medical characteristics. Results We found significant differences and similarities in the profile of counties in the U.S. that are above and below the national median rate of per-capita psychostimulant use (defined as g/per 100K population). Compared to counties below the median level, counties above the median level have: significantly greater population, higher per-capita income, lower unemployment rates, greater HMO penetration, more physicians per capita, a higher ratio of young-to-old physicians and a slightly higher students-to-teacher ratio. Conclusions Our analysis of the DEA’s ARCOS data shows that most of the significant variables correlated with ‘higher’ per-capita use of ADHD drugs serve as a proxy for county affluence. To provide a more complex, multivariate analysis of the area variation in psychostimulant use across the U.S.—which is the logical next step—requires obtaining price data to match the DEA’s quantity data. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words—psychostimulants; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); methylphenidate; amphetamine; mental health; children; adolescents
Wave‐equation migration with dithered plane waves

Wave-equation based shot-record migration provides accurate images but is computationally expensive because every shot must be migrated separately. Shot-encoding migration, such as random shot-encoding or plane-wave migration, aims to reduce the computational cost of the imaging process by combining the original data into synthesized common-source gathers. Random shot-encoding migration and planewave migration have different and complementary features: the first recovers the full spatial bandwidth of the image but introduces strong artefacts, which are due to the interference between the different shot wavefields; the second provides an image with limited spatial detail but is free of crosstalk noise. We design a hybrid scheme that combines linear and random shot-encoding in order to limit the drawbacks and merge the advantages of these two techniques. We advocate mixed shot-encoding migration through dithering of plane waves. This approach reduces the crosstalk noise relative to random shot-encoding migration and increases the spatial bandwidth relative to conventionalplane-wavemigrationwhenthetake-offangleislimitedtoreducetheduration of the plane-wave gather. In turn, this decreases the migration cost. Migration with dithered plane waves operates as a hybrid encoding scheme in-between the end members represented by plane-wave migration and random shot-encoding. Migration with dithered plane waves has several advantages: every synthesized common-source gather images in a larger aperture, the crosstalk noise is limited and higher spatial resolution is achievable compared to shot-record migration, random shot-encoding and linear shot-encoding, respectively. Computational cost is also reduced relative to both random and linear shot-encoding migration since fewer synthesized commonsource gathers are necessary to obtain a high signal-to-noise ratio and high spatial resolution in the final image.
Angle-of-Attack Control of Spinning Missiles

The application of controlled wind-fixed pitch and yaw moments to control the coning angle of a spinning missile is described. The open-loop response to applied pitch and yaw moments is derived, and the closed-loop behavior of an angle-of-attack control system is analyzed. The angle-of-attack undamping due to a yaw moment is shown to be equal to that for steady roll resonance, and resonance is shown to be a limiting case of yaw moment undamping when the roll rate is equal to the critical frequency. The practical implementation of an angle-of-attack control system is described, and several applications are discussed including passive angle-ofattack damping, roll lockin prevention, and drag control.
Polar coding for secure transmission and key agreement

Wyner's work on wiretap channels and the recent works on information theoretic security are based on random codes. Achieving information theoretical security with practical coding schemes is of definite interest. In this note, the attempt is to overcome this elusive task by employing the polar coding technique of Arikan. It is shown that polar codes achieve nontrivial perfect secrecy rates for binary-input degraded wiretap channels while enjoying their low encoding-decoding complexity. In the special case of symmetric main and eavesdropper channels, this coding technique achieves the secrecy capacity. Next, fading erasure wiretap channels are considered and a secret key agreement scheme is proposed, which requires only the statistical knowledge of the eavesdropper channel state information (CSI). The enabling factor is the creation of advantage over Eve, by blindly using the proposed scheme over each fading block, which is then exploited with privacy amplification techniques to generate secret keys.
The impact of generation mix on placement of static VAr compensators

Summary form only given as follows. This paper looks at the problem of placing static Var compensators to provide maximum transfer capability for all possible generation mixes. The margin to low voltage limit is one of the quantities used to determine power system transfer capability. A fast method for finding the location of SVC systems that will have the greatest impact on the low voltage margin is shown. The IEEE 24 bus system is used to demonstrate this method over a wide range of generation patterns.
Overview of Cell Fractionation

Cell fractionation is a useful preparative and analytical method in cell biology. It is essential for analysis of composition and function of cellular compartments and it is used to prepare materials for in vitro reconstitution studies This overview discusses the basic principles of centrifugation, the instruments available, choice of media, evaluation of fractionation, and procedure optimization.
Constant-Rank Codes and Their Connection to Constant-Dimension Codes

Constant-dimension codes have recently received attention due to their significance to error control in noncoherent random linear network coding. What the maximal cardinality of any constant-dimension code with finite dimension and minimum distance is and how to construct the optimal constant-dimension code (or codes) that achieves the maximal cardinality both remain open research problems. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to solving these two problems. We first establish a connection between constant-rank codes and constant-dimension codes. Via this connection, we show that optimal constant-dimension codes correspond to optimal constant-rank codes over matrices with sufficiently many rows. As such, the two aforementioned problems are equivalent to determining the maximum cardinality of constant-rank codes and to constructing optimal constant-rank codes, respectively. To this end, we then derive bounds on the maximum cardinality of a constant-rank code with a given minimum rank distance, propose explicit constructions of optimal or asymptotically optimal constant-rank codes, and establish asymptotic bounds on the maximum rate of a constant-rank code.
The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computation

After a brief introduction to the principles and promise of quantum information processing, the requirements for the physical implementation of quantum computation are discussed. These five requirements, plus two relating to the communication of quantum information, are extensively ex- plored and related to the many schemes in atomic physics, quantum optics, nuclear and electron magnetic resonance spectroscopy, superconducting electronics, and quantum-dot physics, for achiev- ing quantum computing. I. INTRODUCTION � The advent of quantum information processing, as an abstract concept, has given birth to a great deal of new thinking, of a very concrete form, about how to create physical computing devices that operate in the hitherto unexplored quantum mechanical regime. The efforts now underway to produce working laboratory devices that perform this profoundly new form of information pro- cessing are the subject of this book. In this chapter I provide an overview of the common objectives of the investigations reported in the remain- der of this special issue. The scope of the approaches, proposed and underway, to the implementation of quan- tum hardware is remarkable, emerging from specialties in atomic physics (1), in quantum optics (2), in nuclear (3) and electron (4) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in su- perconducting device physics (5), in electron physics (6), and in mesoscopic and quantum dot research (7). This amazing variety of approaches has arisen because, as we will see, the principles of quantum computing are posed using the most fundamental ideas of quantum mechanics, ones whose embodiment can be contemplated in virtually every branch of quantum physics. The interdisciplinary spirit which has been fostered as a result is one of the most pleasant and remarkable fea- tures of this field. The excitement and freshness that has been produced bodes well for the prospect for discovery, invention, and innovation in this endeavor.
X-ray and Optical Filaments in M87

ABSTRACTWe compare a very deep X–ray image of M87, at the center of the Virgo Clus-ter, to high-quality optical images of the low excitation emission-line gas in thesame region. There are striking coincidences of detail between the two. We ex-plore the possiblity that this represents a thermal interaction between hot gas at10 7 K and warm gas at 10 4 K. We ﬁnd two temperatures are present in the X–raygas, with the lower more prevelant in the vicinity of the optical ﬁlaments. Elec-tron conduction from the hot phase to the cooler one provides a quantitativelyacceptable energy source for the optical ﬁlaments, and we show additionally thatit can do so for the brightest X–ray cluster, Perseus. If operative, conduction inthe presence of gas-rich galaxy mergers, may explain the presence of “cool cores”in clusters of galaxies. Subject headings: galaxies: individual (M87), galaxies: ISM, X–rays: galaxies:clusters1. IntroductionRecent observations with the new generation of X–ray satellites, XMM-Newton andChandra, have shown that the conventional cooling-ﬂow theory (Fabian 1994) is no longertenable. Data from XMM-Newton has revealed that while there is relatively cool X–ray
Semigroups of locally injective maps and transfer operators

We consider semigroups of continuous, surjective, locally injective maps of a compact metric space, and whether such semigroups admit a transfer operator.
Bringing Hardware and Software Closer Together with Termination Analysis

When computers hang the root cause is usually due to termination bugs in the software that interfaces with hardware. In this talk I will discuss recent efforts to build program termination proof tools designed to find these types of bugs in systems software.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY

Turkey’s economy mostly depends on agricultural sector rather than industry and services. Agriculture sector makes up about 16% of the Turkish GNP and more than one in third of the population lives rural areas. In order to feed fast growing population of Turkey, modern agricultural technologies, irrigation systems, environment friendly fertilizers, quality seeds, and agricultural credits has being applied in Turkey’s agriculture. All those inputs need to be used by knowledgeable farmers in order to get sufficient results. Currently, women have been striving the agricultural activities and besides their house-works. Women are drawers in agricultural development for Turkey. The role of women for sustainable agriculture in Turkey was examined. Some social and economical characterize of women in Turkey and the way to develop women capacity were determined.
Does movie violence increase violent crime

Laboratory experiments in psychology find that media violence increases aggression in the short run. We analyze whether media violence affects violent crime in the field. We exploit variation in the violence of blockbuster movies from 1995 to 2004, and study the effect on same-day assaults. We find that violent crime decreases on days with larger theater audiences for violent movies. The effect is partly due to voluntary incapacitation: between 6 P.M. and 12 A.M., a one million increase in the audience for violent movies reduces violent crime by 1.1% to 1.3%. After exposure to the movie, between 12 A.M. and 6 A.M., violent crime is reduced by an even larger percent. This finding is explained by the self-selection of violent individuals into violent movie attendance, leading to a substitution away from more volatile activities. In particular, movie attendance appears to reduce alcohol consumption. The results emphasize that media exposure affects behavior not only via content, but also because it changes time spent in alternative activities. The substitution away from more dangerous activities in the field can explain the differences with the laboratory findings. Our estimates suggest that in the short run, violent movies deter almost 1,000 assaults on an average weekend. Although our design does not allow us to estimate long-run effects, we find no evidence of medium-run effects up to three weeks after initial exposure.
Auctions with a profit sharing contract

Abstract An auction is used to sell a resource that is then developed by the winning buyer to generate a profit. Two forms of payment are considered: (i) charging the winning buyer a one-time payment; (ii) charging an initial payment followed by a profit sharing contract (PSC) that divides the realized profit between the seller and the winning buyer. A symmetric interdependent values model with a risk neutral seller and either risk averse or risk neutral buyers is considered, along with the second price and English auctions. The properties of those PSCs in which either positive profits or both profits and losses are split according to a fixed fraction are studied. The sellerʼs expected revenue is shown to be larger in a class of general PSCs with nontrivial profit sharing than in an auction with only a one-time payment.
Electric thruster performance for orbit raising and maneuvering

Several electric thrusters are compared to chemical rockets for orbit raising and in-orbit maneuvering applications. For power-intensive payloads and satellites, electric propulsion can show substantial performance advantages over chemical propulsion. The arcjet is promising for near-future applications because of its low power requirements. The electrostatic thruster offers additional performance advantages over the arcjet, but with added power requirements. The performance of the electrostatic thruster can be enhanced considerably if the power processsing requirements can be reached. A performance gap exists between the specific impulse of an arcjet (-1000 s) and the minimum practical specific impulse of an electrostatic thruster (-2000 s). A highperformance thruster (thruster efficiency > 0.5) in this specific impulse range, with minimal power processing requirements, offers time-payload compromises intermediate of those possible with either the arcjet or the electrostatic thruster.
Some Properties of Annulus SLE

An annulus SLE κ trace tends to a single point on the target circle, and the density function of the end point satisfies some differential equation. Some martingales or local martingales are found for annulus SLE 4 , SLE 8 and SLE 8/3 . From the local martingale for annulus SLE 4 we find a candidate of discrete lattice model that may have annulus SLE 4 as its scaling limit. The local martingale for annulus SLE 8/3 is similar to those for chordal and radial SLE 8/3 . But it seems that annulus SLE 8/3 does not satisfy the restriction property
Performance Sensitivity of an Actively Damped Vehicle Suspension to Feedback Variation

A two degree of freedom vehicle model is analyzed for its suspension performance sensitivity as a function of the system's feedback gains. Both frequency response and RMS response of the performance variables are considered. Frequency response and RMS performance surfaces are formed to examine output senstivity to suspension feedback. The advantages of active damping are discussed.
Total synthesis of (−)-dysibetaine via a nitrenium ion cyclization–dienone cleavage strategy

The diastereoselective total synthesis of the marine natural product (−)-dysibetaine is reported. The key steps in this venture are i) a diastereoselective nitrenium ion spirocyclization, which serves to generate the pyrrolidinone ring and quaternary stereocenter of the target, and ii) use of the 2-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone ring formed during cyclization as a masked 2-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl synthon.
The Evolution of the IASC into the IASB, and the Challenges it Faces

ABSTRACT: In this article, I undertake to review the major developments and turning-points in the evolution of the IASC, followed by the evolution of the IASB. At the conclusion, I suggest five challenges facing the IASB.
Does Education Matter for Economic Growth

Empirical growth regressions typically include mean years of schooling as a proxy for human capital. However, empirical research often finds that the sign and significance of schooling depends on the sample of observations or the specification of the model. We use a non-parametric local-linear regression estimator and a non-parametric variable relevance test to conduct a rigorous and systematic search for significance of mean years of schooling by examining five of the most comprehensive schooling databases. Contrary to a few recent articles that have identified significant nonlinearities between education and growth, our results suggest that mean years of schooling is not a statistically relevant variable in growth regressions. However, we do find evidence (within a cross-sectional framework), that educational achievement, measured by mean test scores, may provide a more reliable measure of human capital than mean years of schooling.
Threshold windspeeds for sand on Mars: Wind tunnel simulations

Wind friction threshold speeds for particle movement were determined in a wind tunnel operating at martian surface pressure with a 95 percent CO2 and 5 percent air atmosphere. The relationship between friction speed and free-stream velocity is extended to the critical case for Mars of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers between 425 and 2000. It is determined that the dynamic pressure required to initiate saltation is nearly constant for pressures between 1 bar and 4 mb for atmospheres of both air and CO2.
How Important Is the New Goods Margin in International Trade

We propose a methodology for studying changes in bilateral commodity trade due to goods not exported previously or exported only in small quantities. Using a panel of 1,900 country pairs, we find that increased trade of these “least-traded goods” is an important factor in trade growth. This extensive margin accounts for 10 percent of the growth in trade for NAFTA country pairs, for example, and 26 percent in trade between the United States and Chile, China, and Korea. Looking at country pairs with no major trade policy change or structural change, however, we find little change in the extensive margin.
A pseudorandom oracle characterization of BPP

It is known from work of Bennett and Gill [SIAM J. Comput., 10 (1981), pp. 96–113] and of Ambos-Spies [in Proc. 1st Structure in Complexity Theory Conference, 1986, pp. 23–34] that the following conditions are equivalent: (i) $L \in {\text{BPP}}$. (ii) For almost all oracles A, $L \in {\text{P}}^A $. It is shown here that the following conditions are also equivalent to (i) and (ii): (iii) The set of oracles A for which $L \in {\text{P}}^A $ has pspace-measure 1. (iv) For every pspace-random oracle A, $L \in {\text{P}}^A $. It follows from this characterization (and its proof) that almost every $A \in {\text{ESPACE}}$ is $ \leqslant _T^{\text{P}} $-hard for ${\text{BPP}}^A $. Succinctly, the main content of the proof is that pseudorandom generators exist relative to every pseudorandom oracle.
Copper-catalyzed regioselective ortho C-H cyanation of vinylarenes.

A copper-based catalytic technique for the regioselective ortho C–H cyanation of vinylarenes has been developed. This method provides an effective means for the selective functionalization of vinylarene derivatives. A copper-catalyzed cyanative dearomatization mechanism is proposed to account for the regiochemical course of this reaction.
Simple temporal pulse shaping using two Pockels cells

We use two Pockels cells in series to achieve simple temporal pulse shaping. This technique is used in our optical parametric chirp pulse amplification (OPCPA) system to optimize the temporal shape of the pump pulse. It also offers a low cost alternative to arbitrary waveform generators.
Uniform Asymptotics for Discrete Orthogonal Polynomials with Respect to Varying Exponential Weights on a Regular Infinite Lattice

We consider the large N asymptotics of a system of discrete orthogonal polynomials on an infinite regular lattice of mesh N1/N, with weight e −NV (x) , where V (x) is a real analytic function with sufficient growth at infinity. The proof is based on the formulation of an interpolation problem for discrete orthogonal polynomials, which can be converted to a Riemann–Hilbert problem, and steepest descent analysis of this Riemann–Hilbert problem.
Variance Reduction for Particle Filters of Systems With Time Scale Separation

We present a particle filter construction for a system that exhibits time-scale separation. The separation of time scales allows two simplifications that we exploit: 1) the use of the averaging principle for the dimensional reduction of the dynamics for each particle during the prediction step and 2) the factorization of the transition probability for the Rao-Blackwellization of the update step. The resulting particle filter is faster and has smaller variance than the particle filter based on the original system. The method is tested on a multiscale stochastic differential equation and on a multiscale pure jump diffusion motivated by chemical reactions.
An investigation of the gains from commitment in monetary policy

This paper proposes a simple framework for analyzing a continuum of monetary policy rules characterized by differing degrees of credibility, in which commitment and discretion become special cases of what we call quasi commitment. The monetary policy authority is assumed to formulate optimal commitment plans, to be tempted to renege on them, and to succumb to this temptation with a constant exogenous probability known to the private sector. By interpreting this probability as a continuous measure of the (lack of) credibility of the monetary policy authority, we investigate the welfare effect of a marginal increase in credibility. Our main finding is that, in a simple model of the monetary transmission mechanism, most of the gains from commitment accrue at relatively low levels of credibility. In our benchmark calibration, a commitment expected to last for only 6 quarters is enough to bridge 75% of the welfare gap between discretion and commitment. This seems to justify the well known concern of monetary policy makers about their credibility, even in a world with limited access to commitment technologies.
Classification theorems for sumsets modulo a prime

Let Z"p be the finite field of prime order p and A be a subsequence of Z"p. We prove several classification results about the following questions: (1) When can one represent zero as a sum of some elements of A? (2) When can one represent every element of Z"p as a sum of some elements of A? (3) When can one represent every element of Z"p as a sum of l elements of A?
Dome craters on Ganymede

Voyager observations of Ganymede show broad, high-albedo, topographic domes situated within the central pits of some impact craters, referred to in this study as “dome craters”. Of 56 dome craters identified on Ganymede, all but two can be placed into one of two classes, based on the ratio of dome diameter to crater rim diameter. Two new hypotheses for the origin of the domes involving diapirism as an agent of dome formation are offered. Implicit in both hypotheses are possible regional heat flux variations. Under these scenarios, “relaxation” of crater relief may not be homogeneous in space and/or time, and crater morphology may not be a consistent indicator of crater age. Plutonic intrusions within the upper lithospheres of Ganymede (and Callisto) may have played a far more important role in heat transport on these satellites than previously noted.
Adaptive robust precision motion control of linear motors with negligible electrical dynamics: theory and experiments

This paper studies the high performance robust motion control of an epoxy core linear motor, which has negligible electrical dynamics due to the fast response of the electrical subsystem. A discontinuous projection based adaptive robust controller (ARC) is first constructed. The controller theoretically guarantees a prescribed transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general, while achieving asymptotic tracking in the presence of parametric uncertainties. A desired compensation ARC scheme is then presented, in which the regressor is calculated using the reference trajectory information only. The resulting controller has several implementation advantages such as less online computation time, reduced effect of measurement noise, a separation of robust control design from parameter adaptation, and a faster adaptation rate. Both schemes are implemented and compared on an epoxy core linear motor. Extensive comparative experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and the achievable control performance of the two ARC designs.
A Locally Deterministic, Detector-Based Model of Quantum Measurement

This paper describes a simple, causally deterministic model of quantum measurement based on an amplitude threshold detection scheme. Surprisingly, it is found to reproduce many phenomena normally thought to be uniquely quantum in nature. To model an $$N$$ -dimensional pure state, the model uses $$N$$ complex random variables given by a scaled version of the wave vector with additive complex noise. Measurements are defined by threshold crossings of the individual components, conditioned on single-component threshold crossings. The resulting detection probabilities match or approximate those predicted by quantum mechanics according to the Born rule. Nevertheless, quantum phenomena such as entanglement, contextuality, and violations of Bell’s inequality under local measurements are all shown to be exhibited by the model, thereby demonstrating that such phenomena are not without classical analogs.
You’re Having Fun When Time Flies The Hedonic Consequences of Subjective Time Progression

Seven studies tested the hypothesis that people use subjective time progression in hedonic evaluation. When people believe that time has passed unexpectedly quickly, they rate tasks as more engaging, noises as less irritating, and songs as more enjoyable. We propose that felt time distortion operates as a metacognitive cue that people implicitly attribute to their enjoyment of an experience (i.e., time flew, so the experience must have been fun). Consistent with this attribution account, the effects of felt time distortion on enjoyment ratings were moderated by the need for attribution, the strength of the “time flies” naive theory, and the presence of an alternative attribution. These findings suggest a previously unexplored process through which subjective time progression can influence the hedonic evaluation of experiences.
Allocating Land for an Ecosystem Service: A Simple Model of Nutrient Retention with an Application to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

There has been great interest in recent decades in “ecosystem services.” One of the services most often mentioned is the retention of nutrients. I construct a simple model of agricultural land use under a regulatory requirement that nutrient loading cannot exceed a fixed ceiling. Farmers decide the quantity of residual nutrients they will generate, how much land they will allocate to production, and, consequently, how much land that could have been used for production they will instead preserve for the retention of nutrients. I develop three propositions. First, when the regulatory constraint is relatively weak, there will be a corner solution in which no land is set aside to provide the service of nutrient retention. Second, for any given regulatory constraint, there is a maximum amount of land that would be set aside to provide ecosystem services, regardless of the efficiency with which preserved land performs the nutrient retention function. Third, when it would prove very valuable to set some land aside for nutrient retention, less land in total may optimally be preserved for this purpose than when the service is less valuable. I illustrate the implications of this model with an application to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Depuis les dernieres decennies, les services ecosystemiques suscitent beaucoup d’interet. La retention des elements nutritifs figure parmi les services les plus mentionnes. Dans le present article, j’ai elabore un modele simple d’utilisation des terres agricoles qui tient compte d’une exigence reglementaire selon laquelle les charges en elements nutritifs ne peuvent exceder une quantite maximale etablie. Les agriculteurs decident de la quantite d’elements nutritifs residuels qu’ils genereront, des superficies qu’ils consacreront a la production et, par consequent, des superficies qui, au lieu d’etre consacrees a la production, seront reservees a la retention des elements nutritifs. J’ai formule trois propositions. Premierement, lorsque la limite reglementaire n’est pas fermement imposee, une solution speciale (corner solution) fera en sorte qu’aucune superficie ne sera reservee pour la retention des elements nutritifs. Deuxiemement, pour toute limite reglementaire etablie, des superficies maximales seront reservees pour offrir des services ecosystemiques, peu importe l’efficacite de retention des elements nutritifs de ces superficies. Troisiemement, lorsqu’il aura ete prouve que reserver des superficies pour la retention des elements nutritifs est d’une grande valeur, il se peut que les superficies reservees a cette fin soient inferieures a celles qui l’avaient ete lorsque le service avait une moindre valeur. J’ai illustre les incidences de ce modele en l’appliquant au bassin versant de la baie de Chesapeake.
N-Jettiness: An Inclusive Event Shape to Veto Jets

Jet vetoes are essential in many analyses at the LHC and Tevatron. Typical signals have a specific number of hard jets or leptons, while backgrounds have additional jets. Vetoing undesired jets efficiently discriminates signal and background. For a sample with $\ensuremath{\ge}N$ jets, the veto to give $N$ energetic jets defines an ``exclusive'' $N$-jet cross section. This strongly restricts the phase space and causes large double logarithms in perturbation theory that must be summed. Jet vetoes are typically implemented using jet algorithms, yielding complicated phase-space restrictions, and reliance on leading-log parton-shower Monte Carlo simulations. We introduce a global event shape ``$N$ jettiness'' ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}$, which is defined for events with $N$ signal jets. Requiring ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{N}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ constrains radiation between the signal jets and provides a theoretically well-controlled jet veto. $N$ jettiness yields a factorization formula with inclusive jet and beam functions.
Gas-phase and catalytic combustion in heat-recirculating burners

Abstract An experimental study of a spiral counterflow “Swiss roll” burner was conducted, with emphasis on the determination of extinction limits and comparison of results with and without bare-metal Pt catalyst. A wide range of Reynolds numbers ( Re ) were tested using propane–air mixtures. Both lean and rich extinction limits were extended with the catalyst, though rich limits were extended much further. With the catalyst, combustion could be sustained at Re as low as 1.2 with peak temperatures as low as 350 K. A heat transfer parameter characterizing the thermal performance of both gas-phase and catalytic combustion at all Re was identified. At low Re , the “lean” extinction limit was actually rich of stoichiometric, and rich-limit had equivalence ratios exceeded 40 in some cases. No corresponding behavior was observed without the catalyst. Gas-phase combustion, in general, occurred in a “flameless” mode near the burner center. With or without catalyst, for sufficiently robust conditions (high Re , near-stoichiometric) not requiring heat recirculation, a visible flame would propagate out of the center, but this flame could only be re-centered if the catalyst were present. Gas chromatography indicated that at low Re , even in extremely rich mixtures, CO and non-propane hydrocarbons did not form. For higher Re , where both gas-phase and catalytic combustion could occur, catalytic limits were slightly broader but had much lower limit temperatures. At sufficiently high Re , catalytic and gas-phase limits merged. It is concluded that combustion at low Re in heat-recirculating burners greatly benefits from catalytic combustion with the proper choice of mixtures that are different from those preferred for gas-phase combustion. In particular, the importance of providing a reducing environment for the catalyst to enhance O 2 desorption, especially at low Re where heat losses are severe thus peak temperatures are low, is noted.
The interlinking of entrepreneurs, grassroots movements, public policy and hubs of innovation: The rise of Cleantech in New York City

Abstract Although increasingly complex, modern innovation is still largely viewed through the lenses of sectors and distinct venues—e.g. large corporate RD Green Drinks NYC—a networking endeavor with no identifiable center (resembling a “meet-up”); and GREEEN.US—a fluid movement emanating from a university-based incubator and comprising diverse entrepreneurs, community activists, faculty, corporate executives and public officials. The lessons learned for Cleantech innovation and for modern innovation generally are then developed, focusing especially on the roles of social entrepreneurship and grassroots activism.
Super-linear gate and super-quadratic wire lower bounds for depth-two and depth-three threshold circuits

In order to formally understand the power of neural computing, we first need to crack the frontier of threshold circuits with two and three layers, a regime that has been surprisingly intractable to analyze. We prove the first super-linear gate lower bounds and the first super-quadratic wire lower bounds for depth-two linear threshold circuits with arbitrary weights, and depth-three majority circuits computing an explicit function. (1) We prove that for all e ≪ √log(n)/n, the linear-time computable Andreev’s function cannot be computed on a (1/2+e)-fraction of n-bit inputs by depth-two circuits of o(e3 n3/2/log3 n) gates, nor can it be computed with o(e3 n5/2/log7/2 n) wires. This establishes an average-case “size hierarchy” for threshold circuits, as Andreev’s function is computable by uniform depth-two circuits of o(n3) linear threshold gates, and by uniform depth-three circuits of O(n) majority gates. (2) We present a new function in P based on small-biased sets, which we prove cannot be computed by a majority vote of depth-two threshold circuits of o(n3/2/log3 n) gates, nor with o(n5/2/log7/2n) wires. (3) We give tight average-case (gate and wire) complexity results for computing PARITY with depth-two threshold circuits; the answer turns out to be the same as for depth-two majority circuits. The key is a new method for analyzing random restrictions to linear threshold functions. Our main analytical tool is the Littlewood-Offord Lemma from additive combinatorics.
Building Sugeno-type models using fuzzy discretization and orthogonal parameter estimation techniques

This paper develops a new approach to building Sugeno-type models. The essential idea is to separate the premise identification from the consequence identification, while these are mutually related in the previous methods. A fuzzy discretization technique is suggested to determine the premise of the model, and an orthogonal estimator is provided to identify the consequence of the model. The orthogonal estimator can provide information about the model structure, or which terms to include in the model, and final parameter estimates in a very simple and efficient manner. The well-known gas furnace data of Box and Jenkins is used to illustrate the proposed modeling approach and to compare its performance with other statistical and fuzzy modeling approaches. It shows that the performance of the new approach compares favorably with these existing techniques.
Reconstructive Dispersers and Hitting Set Generators

We give a generic construction of an optimal hitting set generator (HSG) from any good “reconstructive” disperser. Past constructions of optimal HSGs have been based on such disperser constructions, but have had to modify the construction in a complicated way to meet the stringent efficiency requirements of HSGs. The construction in this paper uses existing disperser constructions with the “easiest” parameter setting in a black-box fashion to give new constructions of optimal HSGs without any additional complications. Our results show that a straightforward composition of the Nisan-Wigderson pseudorandom generator that is similar to the composition in works by Impagliazzo, Shaltiel and Wigderson in fact yields optimal HSGs (in contrast to the “near-optimal” HSGs constructed in those works). Our results also give optimal HSGs that do not use any form of hardness amplification or implicit list-decoding—like Trevisan’s extractor, the only ingredients are combinatorial designs and any good list-decodable error-correcting code.
Piezoelectric actuator renaissance

This paper resumes the content of the invited talk of the author, read at the occasion of the International Workshop on Relaxor Ferroelectrics, IWRF 14, held on October 12–16, 2014 in Stirin, Czech Republic. It reviews the recent advances in materials, designing concepts, and new applications of piezoelectric actuators, as well as the future perspectives of this area.
Organometallic Complexes of Dienes and Polyenes

1 Introduction 2 Structure and Bonding 3 NMR Spectroscopic Characterization and Fluxional Behavior 4 Preparation and Isomerizations of Conjugated Diene Complexes 5 Reactions of Conjugated Diene Complexes 6 Preparation of Cyclobutadiene–Metal Complexes 7 Reactions of Cyclobutadiene–Metal Complexes Keywords: organometallic complexes of dienes and polyenes; structure and bonding; cyclobutadiene complexes; anionic Mn–carbonyl complexes; neutral Mn and Re carbonyl–nitrosyl complexes; complexes of Ni, Pd and Pt; conjugated diene complex reactions; nucleophilic addition
Overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies targeting angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

The importance of angiogenesis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its therapeutic potential have been explored in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Human PDACs overexpress a number of angiogenic factors and their cognate high-affinity receptors, and anti-angiogenic agents reduce tumor volume, metastasis, and microvessel density (MVD), and improve survival in subcutaneous and orthotopic pre-clinical models. Nonetheless, clinical trials using anti-angiogenic therapy have been overwhelmingly unsuccessful. This review will focus on these pre-clinical and clinical studies, the potential reasons for failure in the clinical setting, and ways these shortcomings could be addressed in future investigations of angiogenic mechanisms in PDAC.
Comparative Statics and Heterogeneity

This paper elucidates the role played by the heterogeneity of interactions between the endogenous variables of a model in determining the model's behavior. It is known that comparative statics are well-behaved if these interactions are relatively small, but the formal condition imposed on the Jacobian which typically captures this idea--diagonal dominance--ignores the distribution of the interaction terms. I provide a new condition on the Jacobian--mean positive dominance--which better captures a trade-off between the size and heterogeneity of interaction terms. In accord with Samuelson's (1947) correspondence principle, I also show that mean positive dominance yields stability and uniqueness results. Applications are provided to optimization problems, differentiable games, and competitive exchange economies.
The aging anesthesiologist.

Purpose of review The average age of anesthesiologists in the USA is increasing. Advancing age is accompanied by challenges and opportunities to the individual anesthesiologist and his/her colleagues. This article will discuss the science behind policies to assure continued competence among these aging physicians and safety for their patients. Recent findings There is growing evidence that aging anesthesiologists may be advantaged by a lifetime of experience but possibly disadvantaged under certain circumstances by lapses in current medical knowledge contributing to medical errors. Policies and procedures are emerging to assist in evaluating the continued competence of aging physicians. Summary The average age of practicing anesthesiologists in the USA is increasing. As physicians continue to practice into later years, it is critical that innovative continuing medical education programs and objective evaluations of clinical skills and competence focused upon this group continue to be developed to assure public safety.
Assessing the Impact of Retailer Store Brand Presence on Manufacturer Brands in an Equilibrium Framework

This article assesses the impact of retailer store brand products on manufacturer brand prices, profitability and consumer welfare in Boston's white fluid milk market. Estimates from a random coefficients logit demand model are used to specify and test a set of pricing games. Under the selected model, milk manufacturers are Stackelberg leaders to retailers, and store brand milks are procured by retailers at cost. The model is used to investigate counterfactual markets without retailer store brand milks. Counterfactual Simulation results indicate that store brands increase channel profits, retailer profits and consumer welfare, while having mixed effects on equilibrium retail prices.
Variance-reduced and projection-free stochastic optimization

The Frank-Wolfe optimization algorithm has recently regained popularity for machine learning applications due to its projection-free property and its ability to handle structured constraints. However, in the stochastic learning setting, it is still relatively understudied compared to the gradient descent counterpart. In this work, leveraging a recent variance reduction technique, we propose two stochastic Frank-Wolfe variants which substantially improve previous results in terms of the number of stochastic gradient evaluations needed to achieve 1 - e accuracy. For example, we improve from O(1/e) to O(ln 1/e) if the objective function is smooth and strongly convex, and from O(1/e2) to O(1/e1.5) if the objective function is smooth and Lipschitz. The theoretical improvement is also observed in experiments on real-world datasets for a multiclass classification application.
Oxygen isotope mass-balance constraints on Pliocene sea level and East Antarctic Ice Sheet stability

The mid-Pliocene warm period (MPWP, 3.3–2.9 Ma), with reconstructed atmospheric p CO2 of 350–450 ppm, represents a potential analogue for climate change in the near future. Current highly cited estimates place MPWP maximum global mean sea level (GMSL) at 21 ± 10 m above modern, requiring total loss of the Greenland and marine West Antarctic Ice Sheets and a substantial loss of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, with only a concurrent 2–3 °C rise in global temperature. Many estimates of Pliocene GMSL are based on the partitioning of oxygen isotope records from benthic foraminifera (δ18Ob) into changes in deep-sea temperatures and terrestrial ice sheets. These isotopic budgets are underpinned by the assumption that the δ18O of Antarctic ice (δ18Oi) was the same in the Pliocene as it is today, and while the sensitivity of δ18Ob to changing meltwater δ18O has been previously considered, these analyses neglect conservation of 18O/16O in the ocean-ice system. Using well-calibrated δ18O-temperature relationships for Antarctic precipitation along with estimates of Pliocene Antarctic surface temperatures, we argue that the δ18Oi of the Pliocene Antarctic ice sheet was at minimum 1‰–4‰ higher than present. Assuming conservation of 18O/16O in the ocean-ice system, this requires lower Pliocene seawater δ18O without a corresponding change in ice sheet mass. This effect alone accounts for 5%–20% of the δ18Ob difference between the MPWP interglacials and the modern. With this amended isotope budget, we present a new Pliocene GMSL estimate of 9–13.5 m above modern, which suggests that the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is less sensitive to radiative forcing than previously inferred from the geologic record.
Accessing alkali-free NASICON-type compounds through mixed oxoanion sol–gel chemistry: Hydrogen titanium phosphate sulfate, H1−xTi2(PO4)3−x(SO4)x (x=0.5–1)

Abstract We report a direct sol–gel synthesis and characterization of new proton-containing, rhombohedral NASICION-type titanium compounds with mixed phosphate and sulfate oxoanions. The synthetic conditions were established by utilizing peroxide ion as a decomposable and stabilizing ligand for titanyl ions in the presence of phosphates in a strong acidic medium. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), induction-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopic (ICP-OES) elemental analysis, and Raman and 1H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopic studies have determined the presence of sulfate and proton ions in the structure, for which the compositional range has been found to be H1−xTi2(PO4)3−x(SO4)x (x=0.5–1). The particulate products exhibit a nanocrystalline nature observed through characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The N2 sorption isotherm measurements and subsequent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analyses confirmed the presence of the textural meso- and macropores in the materials. Future studies would determine the potential of the new compounds in various applications as battery materials, proton conductors and solid acid catalysts.
Complement in hemolytic anemia

Complement is increasingly being recognized as an important driver of human disease, including many hemolytic anemias. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) cells are susceptible to hemolysis because of a loss of the complement regulatory proteins CD59 and CD55. Patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) develop a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) that in most cases is attributable to mutations that lead to activation of the alternative pathway of complement. For optimal therapy, it is critical, but often difficult, to distinguish aHUS from other TMAs, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; however, novel bioassays are being developed. In cold agglutinin disease (CAD), immunoglobulin M autoantibodies fix complement on the surface of red cells, resulting in extravascular hemolysis by the reticuloendothelial system. Drugs that inhibit complement activation are increasingly being used to treat these diseases. This article discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy for PNH, aHUS, and CAD.