cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-organization of pulse-coupled oscillators with application to clustering

We introduce an efficient synchronization model that organizes a population of integrate-and-fire oscillators into stable and structured groups. Each oscillator fires synchronously with all the others within its group, but the groups themselves fire with a constant phase difference. The structure of the synchronized groups depends on the choice of the coupling function. We show that by defining the interaction between oscillators according to the relative distance between them, our model can be used as a general clustering algorithm. Unlike existing models, our model incorporates techniques from relational and prototype-based clustering methods and results in a clustering algorithm that is simple, efficient, robust, unbiased by the size of the clusters, and that can find an arbitrary number of clusters. In addition to helping the model self-organize into stable groups, the synergy between clustering and synchronization reduces the computational complexity significantly. The resulting clustering algorithm has several advantages over conventional clustering techniques. In particular, it can generate a nested sequence of partitions and it can determine the optimum number of clusters in an efficient manner. Moreover, since our approach does not involve optimizing an objective function, it is not sensitive to initialization and it can incorporate nonmetric similarity measures. We illustrate the performance of our algorithms with several synthetic and real data sets.
Sexual dysfunction following radical prostatectomy.

Abstract: Prostate cancer is the most common solid cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. A favored treatment option for organ-confined prostate cancer in a middle-aged healthy man is radical prostatectomy (RP). Despite advances in techniques for RP, there remain concerns among physicians and patients alike on its adverse effects on sexual function. Although post-RP erectile dysfunction has been extensively studied, little attention has been focused on the other domains of sexual function, namely loss of libido, ejaculatory dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, penile shortening, and Peyronie disease. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent literature regarding post-RP sexual dysfunctions.
Indications and performance of pelvic radiography in patients with blunt trauma.

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study are to validate a set of clinical variables to identify patients with pelvic fractures and to determine the sensitivity of anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs in patients with pelvic fractures. Methods We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of adults (>18 years) with blunt torso trauma evaluated with abdominal/pelvic computed tomography. Physicians providing care in the emergency department documented history and physical examination findings after initial evaluation. High-risk variables included any of the following: hypotension (systolic blood pressure Results We enrolled 4737 patients, including 289 (6.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4%-6.8%) with pelvic fractures. Of the 289 patients, 256 (88.6%; 95% CI, 84.3%-92.0%) had at least one of the high-risk variables identified. Initial plain AP radiographs identified 234 (81.0%; 95% CI, 76.0%-85.3%) of 289 patients with pelvic fractures. The high-risk variables identified all 87 patients (100%; 95% CI, 96.6%-100%) undergoing surgery, whereas plain AP pelvic radiography identified a fracture in 83 patients (95.4%; 95% CI, 88.6%-98.7%) undergoing surgery. Conclusion Previously identified high-risk variables for pelvic fracture identify most but not all patients with pelvic fractures. However, these high-risk variables identify all patients undergoing surgery and may be implemented as screening criteria for pelvic radiography. Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs fail to demonstrate a fracture in a substantial number of patients with pelvic fracture including patients who undergo surgery.
A low cost and low power silicon npn bipolar process with NMOS transistors (ADRF) for RF and microwave applications

A silicon bipolar process for RF and microwave applications, which features 25-GHz double-polysilicon self-aligned npn bipolar transistors with 5.5-V BV/sub CEO/, optional 0.7-/spl mu/m (L/sub eff/) NMOS transistors with p/sup +/ polysilicon gates for switch applications, lateral pnp transistors, high and low valued resistors, p/sup +/ polysilicon-to-n/sup +/ plug capacitors, and inductors is described. The npn transistors utilize nitride-oxide composite spacers formed using sacrificial TEOS spacers, a process which is simpler than the previously reported composite spacer processes. Use of the composite spacer structure virtually eliminates problems relating to the extrinsic-intrinsic base link-up and reduces plasma induced damage associated with the conventional spacer process. Microwave and RF capabilities of the process up to several GHz are demonstrated by fabricating and characterizing RF amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, and RF switches. >
Experimental rotordynamic characterization of annular seals : Facility and methodology

Annular seals are known to enhance rotordynamic stability margins and minimize vibration response levels in high-speed rotating machinery. Theoretical predictions for the rotordynamic characteristics of annular seals exist but additional experimental data is needed to properly anchor these results. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has developed an annular seal test rig and facility to experimentally characterize axially fed annular seals, The objective of MSFC's annular seal test rig is to obtair the rotordynamic coefficients (direct and cross-coupled stiffness, damping, and added mass) for a variety of high Reynolds number annular seals. The MSFC test rig supports centered-seal testing with inlet pressures up to 138 bars (2000 psi) and flow rates of over 946 liters per minute (250 gpm). The rig's shaft is powered by a 186 kilowatt (250 horsepower) steam turbine capable of rotational speeds of over 20,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). A description of the identification process used to obtain rotordynamic coefficients is given as well as procedures for ensuring quality data. Experimental results for a smooth annular seal with an L/D = 0.5 is presented. Excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical results is obtained.
Computing quark and gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei.

We argue that the distribution functions for quarks and gluons are computable at small $x$ for sufficiently large nuclei, perhaps larger than can be physically realized. For such nuclei, we argue that weak coupling methods may be used. We show that the computation of the distribution functions can be recast as a many-body problem with a modified propagator, a coupling constant which depends on the multiplicity of particles per unit rapidity per unit area, and for non-Abelian gauge theories, some extra media-dependent vertices. We explicitly compute the distribution function for gluons to lowest order, and argue how they may be computed in higher order.
In-line automated inspection for semiconductor assembly

Several in-line automated inspection techniques for semiconductor assembly are discussed. First, the characteristics of in-line automated inspection are described. Then, a machine vision system that is being developed for TAB tape inspection is presented. Machine vision techniques for two-dimensional and three-dimensional flaw inspection are proposed. A laser/infrared technique, scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM), and a 3D X-ray technique that are capable of nondestructive inspection are evaluated. >
Socrates and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Pathographic Diagnosis 2,400 Years Later

Summary: Purpose: Some enigmatic remarks and behaviors of Socrates have been a subject of debate among scholars. We investigated the possibility of underlying epilepsy in Socrates by analyzing pathographic evidence in ancient literature from the viewpoint of the current understanding of seizure semiology. Methods: We performed a case study from a literature survey. Results: In 399 BCE, Socrates was tried and executed in Athens on the charge of "impiety." His charges included the "introduction of new deities" and "not believing in the gods of the state," because he publicly claimed that he was periodically and personally receiving a "divine sign," or daimonion, that di- rected him in various actions. We found textual evidence that his daimonion was probably a simple partial seizure (SPS) of temporal lobe origin. It was a brief voice that usually prohib- ited Socrates from initiating certain actions. It started when he was a child, and it visited Socrates unpredictably. Moreover, we found at least two descriptions of Socrates' unique behavior that are consistent with complex partial seizures (CPSs). The fact that Socrates had been experiencing both SPSs and CPSs peri- odically since childhood makes the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) likely. Conclusions: We hypothesize that Socrates had a mild case of TLE without secondary generalization. This is the first re- port in 2,400 years to present a pathographic diagnosis of TLE in Socrates based on specific diagnostic features in the ancient textual evidence. Our study demonstrates that the knowledge of modern epileptology could help understand certain behaviors of historic figures. Key Words: Temporal lobe epilepsy—Partial seizure—Socrates—Philosophy—Religion.
The Indiana Faces in Places Test: Preliminary Findings on a New Visuospatial Memory Test in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Memory assessment is an important component of a neuropsychological evaluation, but far fewer visual than verbal memory instruments are available. We examined the preliminary psychometric properties and clinical utility of a novel, motor-free paper and pencil visuospatial memory test, the Indiana faces in places test (IFIPT). The IFIPT and general neuropsychological performance were assessed in 36 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and 113 older adults with no cognitive impairment at baseline, 1 week, and 1 year. The IFIPT is a visual memory test with 10 faces paired with spatial locations (three learning trials and non-cued delayed recall). Results showed that MCI participants scored lower than controls on several variables, most notably total learning (p < .001 at all three time points), delayed recall (baseline p = .03, 1 week p < .001, 1 year p < .001), and false-positive errors (range p = .03 to <0.001). The IFIPT showed similar test-retest reliability at 1-week and 1-year follow-up to other neuropsychological tests (r = 0.71-0.84 for MCI and 0.53-0.72 for controls). Diagnostic accuracy was modest for this sample (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve between 0.64 and 0.66). Preliminary psychometric analyses support further study of the IFIPT. The measure showed evidence of clinical utility by demonstrating group differences between this sample of healthy adults and those with MCI.
“Women, Children and Other Vulnerable Groups”: Gender, Strategic Frames and the Protection of Civilians as a Transnational Issue

This article offers an explanation for the use of gender essentialisms in transnational efforts to advocate for the protection of war-affected civilians. I question why human rights advocates would rely upon such essentialisms, since they arguably undermine the moral logic of the civilian immunity norm on which their normative claims are based. This can be understood, I argue, as part of a strategic framing process in which pre-existing cultural ideas, filtered through an environment characterized by various political constraints, impact the rhetorical strategies available to advocates. In-depth interviews with civilian protection advocates reveal that many believe that warring parties, the global media, transnational constituencies and partners in the international women's network will all be more receptive to their message if it is couched in terms of protecting “women and children” specifically. Network actors believe that while this may undermine the protection of adult male civilians and while it may reproduce harmful gender stereotypes, these problems are outweighed by the gains in access to needy populations and the benefits of getting “civilians” on the international agenda. I conclude by considering the extent to which this cost/benefit analysis is being contested and reconsidered by some actors within the civilian protection network.
Cluster size distributions: Signatures of self-organization in spatial ecologies

Three different latticebased models for antagonistic ecological interactions, both nonlinear and stochastic, exhibit similar powerlaw scalings in the geometry of clusters. Specifically, cluster siz...
Promotion of Proapoptotic Signals by Lysosomal Photodamage

We previously reported that low-level lysosomal photodamage enhanced the efficacy of subsequent mitochondrial photodamage, resulting in a substantial promotion of apoptotic cell death. We now extend our analysis of the sequential PDT protocol to include two additional lysosomal-targeting photosensitizers. These agents, because of enhanced permeability, are more potent than the agent (N-aspartyl chlorin E6, NPe6) used in the initial study. Addition of the cell-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor E-64d and calcium chelator BAPTA-AM almost completely suppressed sequential PDT-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of procaspases-3 and -7. These inhibitors did not, however, suppress the proapoptotic effect of a BH3 mimetic or mitochondrial photodamage. Knockdowns of ATG7 or ATG5, proteins normally associated with autophagy, suppressed photodamage induced by the sequential PDT protocol. These effects appear to be independent of the autophagic process as pharmacological inhibition of autophagy offered no such protection. Effects of ATG7 and ATG5 knockdowns may reflect the role that ATG7 plays in regulating lysosome permeability, and the likelihood that a proteolytic fragment of ATG5 amplifies mitochondrial proapoptotic processes. Our results suggest that low-dose photodamage that sequentially targets lysosomes and mitochondria may offer significant advantages over the use of single photosensitizers.
Leadership at Sayil

This paper explores the nature of community leadership within the Late–Terminal Classic Maya site of Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico. The distribution of political and religious activities—as represented archaeologically by cylindrical stone monuments (“altars”) and Oxkutzcab Applique censers—is examined. It is argued that such activities are dispersed into the upper ranks of Sayil society, rather than concentrated in the royal, ruling sector. It is further argued that the residential areas in which political and religious activities were concentrated may have been the loci of lineage heads of Sayil, who maintained important leadership roles despite attempts at centralization by the rulers.
Shared Physical Custody: Summary of 40 Studies on Outcomes for Children

One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and professionals involved in making custody decisions is this: What type of parenting plan is most beneficial for the children after their parents separate? More specifically, are the outcomes any better or worse for children who live with each parent at least 35% of the time compared to children who live primarily with their mother and spend less than 35% of the time living with their father? This article addresses this question by summarizing the 40 studies that have compared children in these two types of families during the past 25 years. Overall the children in shared parenting families had better outcomes on measures of emotional, behavioral, and psychological well-being, as well as better physical health and better relationships with their fathers and their mothers, benefits that remained even when there were high levels of conflict between their parents.
Darwinism Past and Present: Is It Past Its “Sell-by” Date?

The year 2009 was the 200th anniversary of the birth of the English naturalist Charles Darwin, and also the 150th anniversary of his great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. No one who takes science seriously would begrudge Darwin his fame, but there is a major question that is worth asking. Do we honor Darwin as an important figure in the history of science, but not necessarily as one whose thinking still speaks to us today? Or are there aspects of Darwinian thinking that are still important today? Is it possible, desirable indeed, to be a Darwinian in the sense found in the Origin?
Glycosaminoglycan modifications of membrane proteins.

Publisher Summary The various membrane molecules previously thought to exist on the cell membrane only as proteins and glycoproteins, have recently been found on the cell membrane as proteoglycan (PG) —that is, with the addition of a glycosaminoglycan (GAG). This chapter discusses the GAG modifications of membrane proteins. Biochemical characterization of a PG depends on several features unique to this molecule. PGs are extremely heterogeneous in apparent molecular weight, are highly negatively charged, bear sulfate on a high molecular weight protease-resistant structure, and are sensitive to specific glycosaminoglycanases. Identification of a particular molecule as a PG requires the demonstration that the molecule possesses these unique features. Most helpful in biochemical characterization is the availability of a cell line that can be utilized to radiolabel the protein and putative PG biosynthetically and of an antibody to the protein of interest. The molecules of interest can then be radiolabeled, immunoprecipitated, and analyzed by a number of appropriate methods. PGs are polyanionic molecules with a high average charge-mass ratio because of their high content of negatively charged sugars (glucuronic or iduronic acid) and sulfate groups, and consequently they can be distinguished from proteins and glycoproteins on the basis of net charge.
Enhanced diffusion, chemotaxis, and pumping by active enzymes: progress toward an organizing principle of molecular machines.

Active enzymes diffuse more rapidly than inactive enzymes. This phenomenon may be due to catalysis-driven conformational changes that result in “swimming” through the aqueous solution. Recent additional work has demonstrated that active enzymes can undergo chemotaxis toward regions of high substrate concentration, whereas inactive enzymes do not, and, further, that active enzymes immobilized at surfaces can directionally pump liquids. In this Perspective, I will discuss these phenomena in light of Purcell’s work on directed motion at low Reynold’s number and in the context of microscopic reversibility. The conclusions suggest that a deep understanding of catalytically driven enhanced diffusion of enzymes and related phenomena can lead toward a general organizing principle for the design, characterization, and operation of molecular machines.
Women on Skid Row.

The drinking patterns and practices of homeless women and men are compared. Homeless women alcoholics may well be the most isolated and disaffiliated residents of Skid Row.
The stability analysis and microseismic monitoring warning of the dehiscent No.7 pillar in Wancheng mine

Successful early-warning of the development of tensile crack had been obtained from the precursory information of micro-seismic monitoring. A 20 meter long tensile crack,in line with axis,founded in the roof of tunnel in NO. 7 jamb of Wancheng,verified the accuracy of pre-warming. Event rate and change of relative energy recorded by micro-seismic monitoring system have been analyzed and contrasted under production process and production halts state. It shows that event rate and relative energy decrease apparently and stay at a lower level. Loading features and mechanical mechanism of jamb are further studied on the basis of microseismic monitoring and in site research of crack properties. The result shows that the stability of jamb is at severe threaten of crack and the jamb is in condition of instability. Micro-seismic monitoring and date analysis is of great important to guide safety production of mines in practical.
Mules, Seals, and Attacking Tools: Analyzing 12 Online Marketplaces

A six-year analysis of 12 multilingual online marketplaces focuses on underground commerce, including stolen user data, fake identities, and attacking tools and services. Migration trends, items for sale, and seller and buyer characteristics reveal commonalities among these fraudulent markets.
Effects of Intermittent Neck Cooling During Repeated Bouts of High-Intensity Exercise.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of intermittent neck cooling during exercise bouts designed to mimic combat sport competitions. Participants (n = 13, age = 25.3 ± 5.0 year height = 176.9 ± 7.5 cm, mass = 79.3 ± 9.0 kg, body fat = 11.8% ± 3.1%) performed three trials on a cycle ergometer. Each trial consisted of two, 5-min high-intensity exercise (HEX) intervals (HEX1 and HEX2—20 s at 50% peak power, followed by 15 s of rest), and a time to exhaustion (TTE) test. One-minute rest intervals were given between each round (RI1 and RI2), during which researchers treated the participant’s posterior neck with either (1) wet-ice (ICE); (2) menthol spray (SPRAY); or (3) no treatment (CON). Neck (TNECK) and chest (TCHEST) skin temperatures were significantly lower following RI1 with ICE (vs. SPRAY). Thermal sensation decreased with ICE compared to CON following RI1, RI2, TTE, and a 2-min recovery. Rating of perceived exertion was also lower with ICE following HEX2 (vs. CON) and after RI2 (vs. SPRAY). Treatment did not influence TTE (68.9 ± 18.9s). The ability of intermittent ICE to attenuate neck and chest skin temperature rises during the initial HEX stages likely explains why participants felt cooler and less exerted during equivalent HEX bouts. These data suggest intermittent ICE improves perceptual stress during short, repeated bouts of vigorous exercise.
Endovascular Intervention in Chronic Total Carotid Artery Occlusion: It Can be Done, But When Should it be Done?∗

In this issue of JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions , Chen et al. [(1)][1] report on the technical success of attempts to recanalize 138 chronic carotid artery occlusions. The authors have shared their considerable experience and insight regarding the clinical and angiographic features of the
Network measurement for 100 GbE network links using multicore processors

Abstract Network measurement has been playing a crucial role in network operations, since it cannot only detect the anomalies, but also facilitate traffic engineering. With the fast development of high speed network of 100 Gbps and beyond, how to efficiently monitor and measure the network at flow granularity has become a challenging problem. Although there are dedicated network instrumentation appliances, the flexibility of defining measurement network tasks on a programmable platform is very attractive. In this study, we mainly focus on the evaluation of sketch-based network measurement using a multicore platform supported by Intel DPDK, a fast packet I/O library. We describe the versatile system level design options available for implementing such a programmable measurement platform for 100 GbE network links. Through extensive experiments, we investigate these design options and compare their trade-offs. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of the sketch-based measurement in terms of packet drop rate, processing time per packet and delay per packet. Based on the evaluation over the collected data, we propose the best practical measurement implementation to sustain the line rate while achieving the highest level of programmability.
Lessons from the reading brain for reading development and dyslexia

AbstractThis essay is about the improbable emergence of written language six millennia ago that gave rise to the even more improbable, highly sophisticated reading brain of the twenty-first century. How it emerged and what it comprises – both in its most basic iteration in the very young reader and in its most elaborated iteration in the expert reader – is a story with several important lessons for how we think about reading development and how we approach reading challenges like dyslexia. For, an understanding of how the reading brain develops gives educators a unique lens on what the child has to learn, what the teacher would be wise to teach, and why the organization of the brain of an individual with dyslexia has precious little to do with reading.
Streptococcus pyogenes quinolinate-salvage pathway-structural and functional studies of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase and NH3 -dependent NAD(+) synthetase.

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Strep (GAS), is an obligate human pathogen that is responsible for millions of infections and numerous deaths per year. Infection manifestations can range from simple, acute pharyngitis to more complex, necrotizing fasciitis. To date, most treatments for GAS infections involve the use of common antibiotics including tetracycline and clindamycin. Unfortunately, new strains have been identified that are resistant to these drugs therefore, new targets must be identified to treat drug resistant strains. This work is focused on the structural and functional characterization of three proteins: spNadC, spNadD, and spNadE. These enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The structures of spNadC and spNadE were determined. SpNadC is suggested to play a role in GAS virulence, while spNadE, functions as an NAD synthetase and is considered to be a new drug target. Determination of the spNadE structure uncovered a putative, NH3 channel, which may provide insight into the mechanistic details of NH3-dependent NAD+ synthetases in prokaryotes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Négrevergne Otoplasty Technique

Otoplasty is a century-old procedure that has undergone many modifications over the years. Over 200 different procedures have been described in the literature to treat patients with prominent ears, and this plenty of surgical techniques show that no simple “best” technique exists. Our approach to otoplasty includes partial-thickness posterior scoring of the auricular cartilage using monopolar cutting diathermy. Negrevergne otoplasty technique is first described in 2003 and adopted in the Georges Portmann Institute in France. Preoperative issues are discussed; perioperative routine and the surgical technique are described in step-by-step detail. The Negrevergne otoplasty technique is a simple method of cartilage weakening that maintains the natural contours of the auricle with very little morbidity and few complications. Using this highly effective technique, otoplasty can be performed in a rapid fashion with a low incidence of complications. Our controllable and intrinsically safe technique can be applied to a wide variety of prominent ear deformities, reproducible in the hands of other surgeons and in our hands, and consistently reveal excellent results.
Outcomes of Early Dermatology Consultation for Inpatients Diagnosed With Cellulitis.

Importance Many inflammatory skin dermatoses mimic cellulitis (pseudocellulitis) and are treated with antibiotics and/or hospitalization, leading to unnecessary patient morbidity and substantial health care spending. Objective To evaluate the impact of early dermatology consultation on clinical and economic outcomes associated with misdiagnosed cellulitis. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study enrolled patients with presumed diagnosis of cellulitis in the emergency department, in the emergency department observation unit, or within 24 hours of admission to an inpatient unit of a large urban teaching hospital between February and September 2017. Patients were provided with telephone and clinic follow-up during the 30-day postdischarge period. We screened 165 patients with the primary concern of cellulitis. Of these, we excluded 44 who required antibiotics for cutaneous, soft-tissue, and deeper-tissue and/or bone infections irrespective of cellulitis status, and 5 who were scheduled to be discharged by the emergency department. Interventions Early dermatology consultation for presumed cellulitis. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were patient disposition and rates of antibiotic use. Results Of 116 patients (63 [54.3%] women; 91 [78.4%] non-Hispanic white; mean [SD] age, 58.4 [19.1] years), 39 (33.6%) were diagnosed with pseudocellulitis by dermatologists. Of these, 34 (87.2%) had started using antibiotics for presumed cellulitis as prescribed by the primary team at the time of enrollment. The dermatology team recommended antibiotic discontinuation in 28 of 34 patients (82.4%), and antibiotics were stopped in 26 of 28 cases (92.9%). The dermatologists also recommended discharge from planned observation or inpatient admission in 20 of 39 patients with pseudocellulitis (51.3%), and the primary team acted on this recommendation in 17 of 20 cases (85.0%). No patients diagnosed with pseudocellulitis experienced worsening condition after discharge based on phone and clinic follow-up (30 of 39 [76.9%] follow-up rate). Extrapolating the impact of dermatology consultation for presumed cellulitis nationally, we estimate 97 000 to 256 000 avoided hospitalization days, 34 000 to 91 000 patients avoiding unnecessary antibiotic exposure, and $80 million to $210 million in net cost savings annually. Conclusions and Relevance Early consultation by dermatologists for patients with presumed cellulitis represents a cost-effective intervention to improve health-related outcomes through the reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use and hospitalization.
Influence of Consolidation Pressure on Cyclic and Post-cyclic Response of Fine-Grained Soils with Varying Mineralogical Compositions and Plasticity Characteristics

In this study, nine different soil samples with varying mineralogical compositions with a wide range of plasticity characteristics were consolidated to five different normal stresses prior to testing in the cyclic simple shear apparatus, where cyclic loading in the form of a sinusoidal wave form with a frequency of loading of 0.5 Hz and varying amplitudes was applied. The shear strength of the samples immediately after cyclic loading were also determined and compared to the static shear strength to determine the reduction in shear strength resulting from the cyclic loading. The results were used to determine the cyclic strength curves for each sample at 2.5%, 5%, and 10% double amplitude shear strain. These curves demonstrated that an increase in the consolidation pressure corresponded to an increase in the cyclic resistance. The post-cyclic undrained shear strength measurements suggested that an increase in the consolidation pressure would cause a lower reduction in undrained shear strength as a result of cyclic loading.
Ice Columns and Frozen Rills in a Warm Snowpack, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado, U.S.A.

Here we provide information on ice columns and frozen rills found in late-season snowpacks in and near the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. The presence of ice columns and frozen rills in late season snowpacks may provide insights with which to understand the spatial distribution of preferential flowpaths in melting snowpacks. In July and August of 1996 and 1997 we found ice columns in every one of the more than 50 snow fields we investigated. The ice columns showed a consistent morphology; each column was approximately 75 cm in vertical extent, with about 5 cm projecting above the snow surface and 70 cm extending into the snowpack. An analysis of variance test shows that the 81 ice columns on the south-facing slopes were significantly greater than the 57 ice columns on the north-facing slope (p = 0.01). There were about 3 ice columns per square metre on the southfacing slopes and 2 ice columns per square metre on the north-facing slopes. There was an interesting hysteresis in snow and ice temperatures that became stronger with increasing depth in adjacent thermocouple arrays. This hysteresis in the temperature profiles is consistent with the release of latent heat from the freezing of greater amounts of liquid water in and near the ice columns compared to the surrounding snowpack. At the Martinelli catchment, spacing between the frozen rills averaged 2.6 m (n = 73). We interpret these “ribs” of solid ice to be the remnants of surface rills. Vertical ice columns were connected to these frozen rills. The ice columns and frozen rills may provide a snapshot or “schematic” diagram of the major flowpaths in a ripe and draining snowpack.
Reconstructive Memory Processes in Eyewitness Testimony

During the Senate Watergate hearings in 1973, John Dean testified regarding a meeting with Herbert Kalmbach. He claimed that he had met Kalmbach in the coffee shop of the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C. and that they had both gone directly upstairs to Kalmbach’s room. Dean had no motive to lie. Yet he was pressed repeatedly in a way that suggested he might be lying. Each time, Dean vehemently reaffirmed his testimony: the meeting had taken place, it began in the Mayflower Hotel coffee shop and it ended in Kalmbach’s room in the same hotel. At one point, one of Dean’s questioners revealed that the register of the Mayflower Hotel did not show Kalmbach to have been registered at the time in question. Dean still confidently stuck to his story and explained the apparent inconsistency by suggesting that Kalmbach might have been using a false name. Eventually, the difficulty was cleared up: it was pointed out that the Statler Hilton Hotel in Washington has a coffee shop called the Mayflower Doughnut Coffee Shop. Kalmbach had been registered there at the time in question.
The origin and early development of non-analytic infinitely differentiable functions

Non-analytic infinitely differentiable functions are such common classes of study and so much a part of the background of many mathematicians nowadays that it may come as a surprise to many to learn of the difficult beginnings of these types of functions. Functions differentiable to a high order arise naturally for it is a common approach at the outset of a problem for the mathematical analyst or applied mathematician to assume that all functions are of that type. The further supposition of analyticity permits the use of the theory of complex variables with its useful representations of analytic functions.1 Moreover, this approach has roots in the historical development that led to a precise formulation of the concept function. For a long time, the overwhelming majority of functions used in mathematical analysis were either generated by finite combinations of algebraic operations on elementary functions or else were representable by power series and thus, in any case, represented analytic functions except possibly at some isolated points (Youschkevitch [1976: sections 7-9]). The formulation of a precise definition of a function forms an important backdrop to the topic of this paper to the extent that, along with a clear concept of a derivative, it permitted the introduction of simple non-analytic infinitely differentiable functions. The physical context of a problem often suggests that the solution will be described by a function differentiable to a certain order ("sufficiently smooth")
Information Signal Design for Incentivizing Team Formation.

We study the use of Bayesian persuasion (i.e., strategic use of information disclosure/signaling) in endogenous team formation. This is an important consideration in settings such as crowdsourcing competitions, open science challenges and group-based assignments, where a large number of agents organize themselves into small teams which then compete against each other. A central tension here is between the strategic interests of agents who want to have the highest-performing team, and that of the principal who wants teams to be balanced. Moreover, although the principal cannot choose the teams or modify rewards, she often has additional knowledge of agents' abilities, and can leverage this information asymmetry to provide signals that influence team formation. Our work uncovers the critical role of self-awareness (i.e., knowledge of one's own abilities) for the design of such mechanisms. For settings with two-member teams and binary-valued agents partitioned into a constant number of prior classes, we provide signaling mechanisms which are asymptotically optimal when agents are agnostic of their own abilities. On the other hand, when agents are self-aware, then we show that there is no signaling mechanism that can do better than not releasing information, while satisfying agent participation constraints.
Waiting for Godot at The Mandelbaum Gate

Many have pointed to the uncharacteristic form of The Mandelbaum Gate within Spark’s oeuvre, including Spark herself. Readers have attributed the formal difference to the weightiness of Spark’s top...
Effect of low-temperature annealing on void-related microstructure in amorphous silicon: A computational study

We present a computational study of void-induced microstructure in amorphous silicon (a-Si) by generating ultra-large models of a-Si with a void-volume fraction of 0.3%, as observed in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The relationship between the morphology of voids and the intensity of scattering in SAXS has been studied by computing the latter from the Fourier transform of the reduced pair-correlation function and the atomic-form factor of amorphous silicon. The effect of low-temperature annealing on scattering intensities and the microstructure of voids has been addressed, with particular emphasis on the shape and size of voids, by studying atomic rearrangements on void surfaces and computing the average radius of gyration of the voids from the spatial distribution of surface atoms and the intensity plots in the Guinier approximation. The study suggests that low-temperature annealing can lead to considerable restructuring of void surfaces, which is clearly visible from the three-dimensional shape of the voids but it may not necessarily reflect in one-dimensional scattering-intensity plots.
Examining the role of iteration in the complete lifecycle of a traceability-oriented software development process

Software engineering methodologies have received considerable attention in the past few years, due to the ongoing "software crisis" presented in the Standish Group's CHAOS Report. Royce's Waterfall Model correctly identifies the phases of software development (requirements capture, problem analysis, design, implementation, and testing), but it does not facilitate iteration between phases. Over the past several years numerous methodologies have been developed, which attempt to rectify this deficiency (e.g. the Spiral model, the Rational Unified Process (RUP), and Agile methodologies like eXtreme Programming (XP)). XP significantly differs from RUP's prescriptive approach by underemphasizing the role of explicit analysis and design artifacts, and focusing instead on techniques that quickly achieve a "working system." XP requires incremental augmentation of the features of a system--primarily by working at the code level, a.k.a. "refactoring."
Rearranging AAA+ architecture to accommodate folded substrates.

Many AAA+ ATPases assemble as hexamers to unfold protein substrates using a hand-over-hand, threading mechanism, but the Bcs1 AAA+ ATPase facilitates mitochondrial membrane translocation of the folded iron–sulfur Rieske protein. Two reports reveal that Bcs1 adopts an unusual heptameric configuration and provide insights into a non-canonical translocation mechanism.
Neuroendocrine function and associated mental health outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in OEF-deployed service members.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been linked to mental health disorders (MHDs) and pituitary function alterations. Due to the complex relationship of mTBI, the neuroendocrine system, and MHDs, we propose that neuroendocrine dysfunction (NED) may play a role in negative long-term health outcomes. The goal of this study was to determine if blast-concussed service members (SMs) have a stronger likelihood of developing NED. We hypothesized that NED either pre- or post-injury is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. Serum samples from the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch were obtained from concussed (n = 59) and non-concussed (n = 72) SMs treated at the Concussion Restoration Care Center (CRCC) in Afghanistan. Serum was collected within 2 years prior to deployment and one or two times within 3 years following their CRCC visit. Samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, human growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin to assess post-injury neuroendocrine function. Results indicate that SMs who incurred an mTBI exhibited long-term LH and testosterone deficiencies 3 years following injury compared to controls. Specifically, 47.6% of head-injured SMs displayed hypofunction in at least one of five hormones at 3 years post-injury. Anxiety disorders were the most common MHD observed in concussed SMs with hypopituitarism, while there was also a trend for SMs with chronic pituitary dysfunction to have MHD diagnoses. Findings indicate blast-related mTBI may be associated with long-term health outcomes following a period of incubation. Neuroendocrine screenings may increase treatment opportunities, inform rehabilitation strategies, and improve overall quality of life for patients.
Methane oxidation dynamics in a karst subterranean estuary

Abstract Chemical gradients between fresh, brackish and saline waters shape biogeochemical reactions and organic matter transformation within subterranean estuaries. In the Yucatan Peninsula’s karst subterranean estuary (KSE), methane and dissolved organic matter generated during the anaerobic decomposition of tropical forest vegetation are transported into flooded cave networks where microbial consumption greatly reduces their concentrations in the groundwater. To test the hypothesis that chemoclines associated with salinity gradients of the KSE are sites of methane oxidation, we obtained methane concentration and δ13C profiles of unprecedented vertical resolution from within a fully-submerged cave system located 6.6 km inland from the coastline using the ‘OctoPiPi’ (OPP) water sampler. Along a 12–24 cm thick low-salinity-halocline at ∼4.5 m water depth, salinity increased from fresh to brackish (0.2–1.8 psu), methane concentrations decreased, and δ13C values increased, as expected for microbial methane oxidation. The underlying brackish water had elevated oxygen concentrations compared to the always anoxic freshwater, suggesting that aerobic methane oxidation is the dominant process facilitating methane consumption. By contrast, as salinity increased from 1.8 to 36 psu through a 24–36 cm thick high-salinity-halocline between the meteoric lens and the saline groundwater at ∼20 m water depth, methane concentrations and δ13C values were constant. Conservative mixing and kinetic isotope models incorporating the methane data confirm a hotspot for microbial methane oxidation at the low-salinity-halocline. At least 98% of methane originating in the anoxic freshwaters was removed before its transport via channelized flow towards the coastline. These findings provide novel insight into the spatial constraints of methane dynamics within a karst subterranean estuary.
Does information on food safety affect consumers' acceptance of new food technologies? The case of irradiated beef in South Korea under a new labelling system and across different information regimes

Consumer aversion to new food technologies may be partly explained by the gap between the problem that the technology solves and what consumers actually understand about the food technology. This study assesses how accepting consumers are of food irradiation when exposed to prior information about food safety‐related issues. Using a hypothetical discrete choice experiment, this study also explores consumer demand for a new food irradiation labelling system in South Korea under different information on food irradiation (positive, negative, and positive and negative). The results indicate that Korean consumers have a negative perception of irradiated foods and that they fail to link the use of food irradiation as a vehicle to solve food safety issues, even with the new version of the irradiated food label. However, providing consumers with information about food safety‐related issues alongside with the benefits implied by the use of food irradiation resulted in more general acceptance of food irradiation. Furthermore, we conclude with a discussion of the relevant implications for policymakers, academics and food industry professionals.
From Pandemic to Financial Contagion: High-Frequency Risk Metrics and Bayesian Volatility Analysis

Abstract This is an event-based study that uses intraday (hourly) log returns to quantify Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) and MCMC stochastic volatility before and during the Covid-19 pandemic (January 2019–June 2020) across the stock, commodity and cryptocurrency markets. The results indicate pandemic-induced risk exposure (expected shortfall), increasing volatility, and stronger cross-market integration. These effects might reduce the potential benefits of cross-market hedging and contribute to a global financial contagion, imposing an additional constraint on both the bank-level risk management strategy and macroprudential policy framework. Thus, the ongoing crisis can be amplified through the global financial spillovers.
The Opioid Epidemic and Homicide in the United States

Objectives:Evaluate the relationship between the opioid epidemic and homicide rates in the United States.Methods:A county-level cross-sectional analysis covering the period 1999 to 2015. The race-s...
Restrictive eating disorders in higher weight persons: A systematic review of atypical anorexia nervosa prevalence and consecutive admission literature

Objective Currently, there is debate in the eating disorders field regarding how to define atypical anorexia (AAN), how prevalent it is in community and clinical settings, and how AAN rates compare with low-weight AN. This systematic review assesses AAN literature from 2007 to 2020, to investigate: (a) the demographic characteristics of AAN studies, (b) the prevalence of AAN compared with AN, (c) the range of operational definitions of AAN and the implications of these definitions, and (d) the proportion of patients with AAN and AN represented in consecutive admission and referral samples. Method PsychINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Greylit.org, and ProQuest databases were searched according to methods for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses systematic reviews, yielding 3,184 potential articles. Seventy-five eligible studies were coded for sixty-one variables. Results Clinical samples predominantly included younger, female, white samples with limited diversity. In epidemiological designs, AAN was typically as common or more common than AN, and AAN rates varied significantly based on the population studied and operational definitions. In consecutive clinical samples, AAN was frequently less represented. Discussion Although AAN appears to occur more frequently than AN in communities, fewer patients with AAN are being referred and admitted to eating disorder specific care, particularly in the United States. Given the significant medical and psychosocial consequences of AAN, and the importance of early intervention, this represents a crucial treatment gap. Additionally, results suggest the need for fine-tuning diagnostic definitions, greater diversity in AAN studies, and increased screening and referral for this vulnerable population.