cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hofferbert in Transit: A Dynamic Stages Model of the Urban Policy Process

This article presents a reformulation and empirical test of Hofferbert's (1974) “stages” heuristic, a model that fell largely out of favor due to criticisms that it does not effectively account for (1) feedback loops, or the possibility that policymakers learn from past experiences, and (2) the importance of intergovernmental relations. We update this model and apply it in the context of urban transit policymaking, using revenue flows to and from the government as an indicator of both recursive behavior and intergovernmental influence. The results suggest that these modifications reestablish the explanatory power of the stages model.
Has the True Ion-Induced Electron Yield from Copper and Other Metals Been Measured?

Ion-induced electron emission (IIEE) is a common phenomena which has been studied for many years. IIEE occurs when an energetic (about 10 keV/amu or greater) incident ion strikes a target material. This process is often called kinetic emission because kinetic energy is transferred from the incident ion to the constituents of the target via primary and secondary ionizing collisions. Experimental reviews of IIEE have been written by several authors in recent years (Baragiola, 1979a; Benazeth, 1982; Krebs, 1983; Hasselkamp, 1988; Brusilovsky, 1990; Hofer, 1990) and comprehensive theoretical articles also serve as good reviews (Sigmund and Tougaard, 1981; Bindi et al, 1987; Schou, 1988).
If Nobody is Going There Anymore Because it's Too Crowded, Then Who is Going? Experimental Evidence of Learning And Imitation in the El Farol Coordination Game

This paper is a study of Yogi Berra's colorful non sequitur: "Nobody goes there anymore. It's too crowded." Many economic markets remind one of Berra's insightful observation. One desires to buy an asset, such as a stock, when more people are selling than buying. However, this situation increases the number of buyers and tips the market to favor sellers. This paper evaluates coordination among agents in these environments. In particular, this paper discusses how people implicitly learn to coordinate their actions when such coordination is beneficial, but difficult. It uses the experimental method pioneered by Nobel Laureate Vernon Smith. During a series of experiments involving human subjects and simulated agents, subjects repeatedly update their strategies during play of a coordination game known as the El Farol Bar Game. In this experiment a subject is able to partially observe her opponents' previous strategies and payoffs before setting her strategy for the next round of play. Results indicate that play did not converge to the stage game's pure strategy Nash equilibrium. Also, subjects routinely imitated the most successful strategies. This flocking behavior led to socially inefficient outcomes.
Cutaneous Nitric Oxide (NO) Modulates Noradrenergic Neurotransmission Pre-and Post-Synaptically; Excess Nitric Oxide (NO) Blunts Presynaptic Adrenergic Transduction in Orthostatic Intolerance (OI)

between a number of paired sound-HUT conditioning trials, in which HUT and sound always started together; the conditioned (CR) and unconditioned responses (UR) were compared. Arterial blood pressure (ABP), cerebral blood flow velocity (VMCA), end-tidal CO2, heart rate (HR) and cerebral blood volume and oxygenation indices by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), were continuously monitored during the procedure. Results: An anticipatory CR was observed in 6/9 subjects consisting of increased ABP (+3.3 ± 3.0 mmHg, P b 0.05), VMCA (+4.2 ± 3.6 cm*s, P b 0.05), and HR (+3.5 ± 7.1 bpm, P N 0.05) occurring in the first 6-10s from the beginning of the conditioned stimulus, with not significant changes in NIRS variables. The CR mimicked the beginning of the UR, although being slightly attenuated (by -34.2, -28.2 and -17.8% in the different variables, respectively). Conclusions: These preliminary results demonstrate the occurrence of a significant CR response to HUT. However, future studies are needed to investigate the possible contribution of an alertness response to the observed effects.
103-P: GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN THE U.S. POPULATION: 67% OF HAPLOTYPES IDENTIFIED BY SEGREGATION ARE SINGLETONS

Aim The aims of this study were to explore haplotypic diversity within the U.S. population and to develop and validate a tool to assign haplotypes by segregation. Methods HLA-A,B,C,DRB1,DQB1 high resolution assignments were obtained for 531 pairs of mothers and their umbilical cord blood units (CBU) by DNA sequencing. An algorithm developed by the National Marrow Donor Program was used to assign 1593 haplotypes by segregation. Results 70% of the haplotypes carried assignments at all 5 loci. In the remainder, alleles at various loci, most often DQB1 in 46% of the haplotypes with a missing assignment, could not be assigned due to sharing of both alleles by mother and CBU. Of the 1120 haplotypes with all loci defined, there were 747 haplotypes observed only once in the study accounting for 66.7% of the haplotypes identified. 78 haplotypes were observed twice; one, A ∗ 01:01:01G, B ∗ 08:01:01G, C ∗ 07:01:01G,DRB1 ∗ 03:01:01, DQB1 ∗ 02:01:01G, was observed 22 times. Novel B∼C and DRB1∼DQB1 associations were observed. 320 haplotypes carried HLA-A∗02 alleles; in contrast, only single haplotypes were found carrying A ∗ 43 and A ∗ 69. Conclusions These results demonstrate the genetic diversity in this U.S. population. Our observations underscore the need for procurement of increased numbers of donors in the national cord blood inventory in order to identify matching donors for all patients requiring hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
How Sex Became a Civil Liberty by Wheeler, Leigh

When the United States entered World War I and the first major freedom of speech and freedom of press cases consequently began to wend their way toward the US Supreme Court, they dealt with the rig...
Nonrandom Mating in Feral Pigeons

Feral pigeons (Columba livia) showed two sorts of nonrandom mating: sizebased assortative mating and plumage-based disassortative mating. Size-based mating was evident in that individuals of like sizes were paired; such mating was presumably based on perception of size or a size-correlated variable, such as social dominance rank, by both sexes. Plumage-based pairing was evident in that individuals of unlike plumages were bonded; this was based on perception of unlike plumage patterns, probably by females. Both sizebased and plumage-based pairing influenced reproductive output.
Foundation for an Energy-Vorticity Turbulence Model

Based on a more direct analogy between turbulent and molecular transport, a foundation is presented for an energy-vorticity turbulence model. Whereas traditional k-e , k-ω , and k-ζ turbulence models relate the eddy viscosity to a dissipation length scale associated with the smaller eddies having the highest strain rates per unit kinetic energy, the proposed model relates the eddy viscosity to a mean vortex wavelength associated with the larger energybearing eddies primarily responsible for turbulent transport. The hypothesized kinematiceddy-viscosity model depends on only the turbulent velocity fluctuations, just as the molecular viscosity depends on only the molecular velocity fluctuations. In contrast, the eddy-viscosity model used in traditional dissipation-based turbulence models results in a kinematic eddy viscosity that is inversely proportional to the molecular viscosity, which violates a fundamental requirement for a Boussinesq model of turbulent transport that is consistent with the definition of the specific Reynolds stress tensor. A rigorous development of the turbulent-energy-transport equation from the Navier-Stokes equations includes exact relations for the viscous dissipation and molecular transport of turbulent kinetic energy. Application of Boussinesq’s analogy between turbulent and molecular transport leads to a transport equation, which shows neither molecular nor turbulent transport of turbulent energy to be simple gradient diffusion.
Progress in Separation of Sem-SWNTs with Met-SWNTs

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has promising application prospect in the areas such as nano-electronic device because of its unique electrical and mechnical properties.In this review, the structure of SWNT and the relationship between the structure and electronic property are summarized. The main methods and development to separate sem-SWNTs with met-SWNTs are introduced and discussed.
A hundred years of nuclear science——radiation and our human environment

The sources of ionizing radiation and their infection fa ctor, exposure dose and possible effects on the general public and environment a re reviewed. Natural radiation exposure is discussed in detail especially, while other man\|made environmental radiation and medical radiation exposure are also assessed. Letting the public be aware of and understand radiation phenomena in a proper light is the purpose of this paper.
Motivating Factors and Potential Deterrents to Blood Donation in High School Aged Blood Donors

Background. To ensure an adequate supply of blood, collection centers must design campaigns that successfully recruit and maintain an active donor pool. Understanding factors that motivate and deter individuals from donating may help centers develop targeted recruitment campaigns. These factors among high school aged blood donors have not yet been fully investigated. Study Design and Methods. A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to student donors at high school mobile blood drives. The survey instrument asked the students to rate several potential motivating factors in their importance in the decision to donate blood and several potential deterring factors in their future decision whether or not to donate blood again. The survey also asked the students to rate the desirability of several potential incentives. Results. Motivating factors that reflected prosocial, empathetic, and altruistic thoughts and beliefs were rated highly by students. Pain from phlebotomy was most commonly chosen as potential deterrent. Movie tickets and cookies/snacks at the drive were rated as the most attractive incentives. Conclusion. High school aged blood donors are similar to other donor groups in their expressed motives for donating blood. This group may be unique in the factors that deter them from donating and in their preferences for different incentives.
Renal transplantation in the older recipient.

AbstractFrom 1976 to 1983, 13 living related and 54 cadaver renal transplants were done in 62 patients more than 50 years old. Patients with no coronary or myocardial disease upon coronary angiography were selected preferentially for transplantation. Over-all 1-year patient and graft survival rates were 88 and 70 per cent, respectively. Among cadaver recipients graft survival was improved (p less than0.001) when prophylactic antilymphoblast globulin was used. There were fewer steroid-related complications (p less than 0.001) in recipients managed with a low dose rather than a high dose maintenance prednisone regimen. With careful patient selection and a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive regimen, renal transplantation can be done safely in older recipients with no increased risk of death or graft loss.
Neural Networks in Process Diagnostics

Diagnostics and Control are critical to any continuous process set up. It is not only necessary that proper diagnostic conclusion be drawn but also with accuracy and speed. Artificial Neural Networks, which are biologically inspired are accurate, elegant and fault tolerant. In the contexts of known scenarios, they are faster in comparison with the case-based diagnostics systems. In this paper the authors propose a two layer, feed-forward Neural Network with back propagation as a modeling paradigm for continuous process diagnostics. This research is pursued in the domain of nuclear reactor control. Both the training and operational phases are described.
Exploratory Data Analysis

In this chapter, the reader will learn about the most common tools available for exploring a dataset, which is essential in order to gain a good understanding of the features and potential issues of a dataset, as well as helping in hypothesis generation.
Role of Radiation in the Treatment of Leukemias: Lymphoblastic Lymphoma, Central Nervous System Disease, and Chloromas

The role of radiation in the treatment of leukemia is becoming a crucial part of managing these patients. This is mainly the result of the improvement in the survival of patients affected by leukemia. Living longer made it possible for a local control offered by radiation to refind its way to the daily management of this disease.
Considerations for ex vivo thermal tissue testing exemplified using the fresh porcine longissimus muscle model for endometrial ablation

Expansions in minimally invasive medical devices and technologies with thermal mechanisms of action are continuing to advance the practice of medicine. These expansions have led to an increasing need for appropriate animal models to validate and quantify device performance. The planning of these studies should take into consideration a variety of parameters, including the appropriate animal model (test system - ex vivo or in vivo; species; tissue type), treatment conditions (test conditions), predicate device selection (as appropriate, control article), study timing (Day 0 acute to more than Day 90 chronic survival studies), and methods of tissue analysis (tissue dissection - staining methods). These considerations are discussed and illustrated using the fresh extirpated porcine longissimus muscle model for endometrial ablation.
Using Cochlear Microphonic Potentials to Localize Peripheral Hearing Loss

The cochlear microphonic (CM) is created primarily by the receptor currents of outer hair cells (OHCs) and may therefore be useful for identifying cochlear regions with impaired OHCs. However, the CM measured across the frequency range with round-window or ear-canal electrodes lacks place-specificity as it is dominated by cellular sources located most proximal to the recording site (e.g., at the cochlear base). To overcome this limitation, we extract the “residual” CM (rCM), defined as the complex difference between the CM measured with and without an additional tone (saturating tone, ST). If the ST saturates receptor currents near the peak of its excitation pattern, then the rCM should reflect the activity of OHCs in that region. To test this idea, we measured round-window CMs in chinchillas in response to low-level probe tones presented alone or with an ST ranging from 1 to 2.6 times the probe frequency. CMs were measured both before and after inducing a local impairment in cochlear function (a 4-kHz notch-type acoustic trauma). Following the acoustic trauma, little change was observed in the probe-alone CM. In contrast, rCMs were reduced in a frequency-specific manner. When shifts in rCM levels were plotted versus the ST frequency, they matched well the frequency range of shifts in neural thresholds. These results suggest that rCMs originate near the cochlear place tuned to the ST frequency and thus can be used to assess OHC function in that region. Our interpretation of the data is supported by predictions of a simple phenomenological model of CM generation and two-tone interactions. The model indicates that the sensitivity of rCM to acoustic trauma is governed by changes in cochlear response at the ST tonotopic place rather than at the probe place. The model also suggests that a combination of CM and rCM measurements could be used to assess both the site and etiology of sensory hearing loss in clinical applications.
Critical discourse analysis of social justice in nursing's foundational documents

Objective Social inequities threaten the health of the global population. A superficial acknowledgement of social justice by nursing's foundational documents may limit the degree to which nurses view injustice as relevant to nursing practice and education. The purpose was to examine conceptualizations of social justice and connections to broader contexts in the most recent editions. Design Critical discourse analysis examines and uncovers dynamics related to power, language, and inequality within the American Nurses Association's Code of Ethics, Scope and Standards of Practice, and Social Policy Statement. Results This analysis found ongoing inconsistencies in conceptualizations of social justice. Although the Code of Ethics integrates concepts related to social justice far more than the other two, tension between professionalism and social change emerges. The discourse of professionalism renders interrelated cultural, social, economic, historical, and political contexts nearly invisible. Conclusion Greater consistency would provide a clearer path for nurses to mobilize and engage in the courageous work necessary to address social injustice. These findings also call for an examination of how nurses can critique and use the power and privilege of professionalism to amplify the connection between social institutions and health equity in nursing education, practice, and policy development.
Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Combining Chelation and Detection of Iron in Living Cells.

Multifunctional self-assembled micelles composed of Pluronics F127 polymer chains are developed and investigated for chelation and selective detection of iron(III) in vitro and in iron-overloaded cells. Tetraphenylethene (TPE) is encapsulated into the micelle core and the iron chelate drug deferoxamine (DFO) is conjugated to micelles to generate a fluorescence quenching detection system termed DFO-TFM for short, where T stands for TPE, F for F127, and M for micelle. The key to the successful formation of this fluorescence quenching system is due to the near-ideal overlap between the absorption spectrum of the DFO:iron(III) complex and fluorescence spectrum of TPE. DFO-TFM can retain the iron-chelation properties of DFO and exhibits negligible cytotoxicity compared to free DFO. Furthermore, this fluorescence “turn-off” system can be utilized to detect the presence of iron and to monitor the chelation process in an iron overload cell model. This study serves as an effective proof-of-concept model for designing future in vivo systems capable of combining the features of iron chelation with iron detection and efforts toward the development of such detection systems are currently underway.
Are the Oppressed ‘Weak’?: Emancipation and Hermeneutic Communism

One of the signature gestures of Hermeneutic Communism is to link what Gianni Vattimo has famously called ‘weak thought’ – thought deprived of its metaphysical and objectivistic vocation – to the ‘thought of the weak’, a modality of thinking suited to the emancipation of oppressed peoples around the globe. Whereas the global forces of domination marshal a fatalistic ‘politics of description’, which seeks to impose a developmental narrative that explains where history must go, Vattimo and Zabala argue that the historical vantage of the weak fundamentally resists the developmental ‘truths’ imposed upon them by insisting on alternatives to the ‘framed’ order of democratic capitalism. This paper problematizes the characterization of the oppressed – variously referred to as the discharge of capitalism and the losers of history – as the ‘weak’. Specifically, I argue that the emphasis on weakness results in a potentially lopsided vision of emancipation as the advent of more protective governors and representatives, who defend rather than attack the governed, an alternative to ‘framed democracy’ which, while not without promise, may not do justice to the anarchic and egalitarian force of the idea of hermeneutics that they articulate. Looking to the work of Jacques Ranciere, I suggest that an account of the construction of alternative forms political subjectivity on the part of the weak themselves would strengthen the notion of emancipation at work in the idea of hermeneutic communism. This involves registering at the theoretical level, for example, the widespread efforts at collective self-organization and resistance taking place in the slums of Latin America in addition to the successes of figures like Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales.
What We Know and Where We Go from here: A Review of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Hookup Literature

In this paper, we acknowledge and critique the absence of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) experiences in the recent proliferation of scholarship on “hooking up” among youth (aged 16 to 24). Although previous research has documented that LGB youth hookup at high rates (up to three-quarters of LGB youth), and oftentimes more than heterosexuals, the most basic aspects of hookups (e.g., motivations, experiences, and outcomes) have not been comprehensively explored. This is pertinent because young adulthood, in particular, is a time when young people explore their sexuality. Most scholarship on hooking up has focused on White heterosexual college students, mostly due to sampling constraints and impediments, and so we are left with a critical gap in our knowledge about LGB youth—a population that is typically at higher risk for sexual, mental, and emotional health issues. We begin by reviewing the literature on hooking up among heterosexual young adults as organized by four themes: hookup definitions/frequencies, contexts, motivations, and outcomes. We do this to explicitly highlight and contrast what little is known about LGB youth hookups. We then provide a research agenda that projects how future researchers can advance this area of scholarship and begin to fill its gaps, while considering the hookup experiences of diverse LGB youth.
Therapists' cues influence lower limb muscle activation and kinematics during gait training in subacute stroke.

Purpose: Symmetrical gait is a key goal of rehabilitation post-stroke. Therapists employ techniques such as verbal instruction and haptic cues to increase activation of paretic muscles. We examined...
Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) diploporitan fauna of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada: implications for evolutionary and biogeographic patterns

Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) localities containing echinoderm fossils are rare; the few that have been discovered primarily contain disarticulated crinoid ossicles. Therefore, relatively little is known about echinoderm evolutionary dynamics across the Late Ordovician – early Silurian boundary, especially noncrinoid echinoderms. New diploporitan echinoderms, Holocystites salmoensis and an unidentified holocystitid, from reefal facies of the Upper Ordovician Ellis Bay Formation of Anticosti Island provide a critical data point concerning diploporitan biogeography and evolutionary pathways undertaken during the Ordovician and Silurian. These fossils also provide a crucial link in understanding the ancestry of the Silurian Holocystites Fauna, an unusual diploporitan fauna from the middle Silurian of North America, whose origination dates back at least 15 million years earlier than previously thought with the discovery of taxa described here. New fossil data such as these stress the importance of uncovering...
Optimal pilot overhead for FDD full-duplex communication and radar sensing (ComSens)

In this paper, we propose and analyze new spectrum-efficient communication and radar sensing systems (named ComSens) operating in full-duplex mode with frequency division duplex scheme. ComSens simultaneously use the pilot overhead for channel estimation and radar sensing. The performances of ComSens are analyzed in terms of ergodic communication data-rate and radar estimation rate. The total system rate is optimized with respect to the pilot overhead size and the pilot powers. The numerical results show that the optimization of the pilot overhead is critical for ComSens. The radar-estimation rate increases with pilot size, pilot power, and self-interference cancellation level. With an average self-interference cancellation of 110 dB, our radar-estimation rate values are similar to the radar-estimation rate values derived for a stand-alone radar system.
Anticoagulation with VADs and ECMO: walking the tightrope

The evolution of devices for mechanical circulatory support (MCS), including ventricular assist devices (VADs) for patients with heart failure and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients with acute cardiac or respiratory failure, has improved survival for subsets of critically ill children and adults. The devices are intricate and complex, allowing blood to bypass the heart or lungs (or both). As blood flows through these artificial devices, normal hemostasis is disrupted, coagulation is promoted, and in the absence of anticoagulation, a thrombus may form in the device, resulting in device failure or embolic stroke. Therefore, anticoagulation is necessary to prevent thrombus formation and maintain device function. However, patients on MCS also have very high bleeding rates. Titrating anticoagulation to prevent hemorrhagic complications and thrombotic events can be a challenge, and hematologists may be consulted in complex cases. Substantial variability remains in the approach to anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for patients on MCS, largely because of the lack of high-quality data. Improvements in the design and manufacture of these devices, as well as in the individualized titration of antithrombotic intensity, are expected to enhance outcomes. Several factors pertaining to both the device and the patient (adult and children) should be considered when attempting to optimize this delicate balance.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Great Lakes Top Predator Fish for Novel Halogenated Organic Contaminants by GC×GC-HR-ToF Mass Spectrometry

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program (GLFMSP) has traced the fate and transport of anthropogenic chemicals in the Great Lakes region for decades. Isolating and identifying halogenated species in fish is a major challenge due to the complexity of the biological matrix. A nontargeted screening methodology was developed and applied to lake trout using a 2-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC-HR-ToF MS). Halogenated chemicals were identified using a combination of authentic standards and library spectral matching, with molecular formula estimations provided by exact mass spectral interpretation. In addition to the halogenated chemicals currently being targeted by the GLFMSP, more than 60 nontargeted halogenated species were identified. Most appear to be metabolites or breakdown products of larger halogenated organics. The most abundant compound class was halomethoxyphenols accounting for mo...
Kinetic Modeling of pH-Dependent Molybdenum(VI) Adsorption and Desorption on Iron Oxide-Coated Sand

Quantitative understanding of retention kinetics controlling molybdenum [Mo(VI)] on soil constituents such as iron oxide binding sites is crucial for accurately evaluating environmental risk of ground and surface water contamination. In this study, kinetic batch experiments were performed to investigate Mo(VI) adsorption–desorption behavior on iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS) at different reaction conditions and time scale. Batch results indicated that adsorption of Mo(VI) on IOCS was highly nonlinear and kinetic, where both sorption and the extent of kinetics decreased with increasing solution pH. A two-site model based on the heterogeneity of binding sites and variations of solution chemistry was developed to describe Mo(VI) adsorption and desorption on IOCS. The approach integrates kinetic nonlinear sorption into the surface complexation Diffuse Layer Model (DLM). Our results indicated that kinetic rate of non-protonated monodentate complexes was much higher than that of protonated monodentate complexes. The kinetic model was capable of describing the experimental data with limited number model fitting parameters.
A Simple Deep Learning Approach for Detecting Duplications and Deletions in Next-Generation Sequencing Data

Abstract Copy number variants (CNV) are associated with phenotypic variation in several species. However, properly detecting changes in copy numbers of sequences remains a difficult problem, especially in lower quality or lower coverage next-generation sequencing data. Here, inspired by recent applications of machine learning in genomics, we describe a method to detect duplications and deletions in short-read sequencing data. In low coverage data, machine learning appears to be more powerful in the detection of CNVs than the gold-standard methods or coverage estimation alone, and of equal power in high coverage data. We also demonstrate how replicating training sets allows a more precise detection of CNVs, even identifying novel CNVs in two genomes previously surveyed thoroughly for CNVs using long read data. Available at: https://github.com/tomh1lll/dudeml
Solving Systems of Equations

The problem of finding a solution that simultaneously solves several equations does not lend itself to the sequential application of the computational methods for single equations.
Mutations in a sequence near the N-terminus of the small subunit alter the CO2/O2specificity factor for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

Seven unique substitutions have been introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into the first conserved region of the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Anacystis nidulans 6301. After expression of each large, altered-small subunit gene tandem in Escherichia coli, two substitutions in the small subunit tyr17→asp17 (Y17D) and arg10→gly10 (R10G) result in little or no carboxylase activity. For the latter substitution, no L8S8enzyme complex could be detected suggesting that this mutation prevents assembly. Mutant enzymes containing the following substitutions R11G, T14A, S16A, Y17D and P19A have CO2/O2specificity factors (τ values) of 40, 35, 18, 39 and 44, respectively, compared with that of 44 for wild-type recombinant enzyme whereas P20A has full carboxylase activity and a τ value of 55.
A review of the analytical methods used for beer ingredient and finished product analysis and quality control

Beer is an incredibly complex beverage containing more than 3000 different compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, ions, microbes, organic acids, and polyphenols, among others. Beer becomes even more complex during storage, for over time it may undergo chemical changes that negatively affect the flavor, aroma, and appearance. Thus, it can be expected that maintaining the quality of beer throughout its lifetime is a difficult task. Since it is such a popular drink throughout the world, being familiar with proper analytical techniques for beer evaluation is useful for researchers and brewers. These techniques include, but are not limited to, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and flame ionization detection. This review aims to summarize the various ingredients and components of beer, discuss how they affect the finished product, and present some of the analytical methods used for quality control and understanding the formation of chemicals in beer during the brewing process.
Remote sensing of water surface small gravity waves characteristics using fixed platform and drone imagery

Water surface gravity wave imagery and analyses are presented. The approach is to utilize a protocol to characterize small wind driven surface gravity waves in shallow waters near shorelines or in shallow open coastal waters. Video imagery collected from the littoral zone and a drone are used to better understand and predict wave patch characteristics and the energy (watts m-2) contained in a patch of small wind driven gravity waves. The analysis of the airborne and ground-based video imagery makes use of space time image analysis techniques. Video imagery collected from ~20 to 120 frames per second, hyperspectral imagery, and wave gauges are presented. The techniques, along with an in-situ line target allow the calibration of wave features such as wave amplitudes and wavelengths. The scientific methods have applications related to management of coastal lagoons, estuaries, near coastal waters. Applications in coastal engineering such as wind farms, protection of structures (canals, seawalls, docks) and vegetated shorelines can benefit from improved understanding of wind driven gravity waves. Data from the Indian River Lagoon and Banana River in Florida are used to demonstrate the protocol and techniques.
Low Temperature Effects on the Mechanical, Fracture, and Dynamic Behavior of Carbon and E-glass Epoxy Laminates

Abstract An experimental investigation through which the effects of low temperatures on the mechanical, fracture, impact, and dynamic properties of carbon- and E-glass-epoxy composite materials has been conducted. The objective of the study is to quantify the influence of temperatures from 20 °C down to −2 °C on the in-plane (tensile/compressive) and shear material properties, static and dynamic Mode-I fracture characteristics, impact/residual strength, and the storage and loss moduli for the materials considered. The low end of the temperature range considered in the study is associated with Arctic seawater as well as conditions found at extreme ocean depths (2 °C–4 °C). In the investigation, both carbon/epoxy and E-glass/epoxy laminates are evaluated as these materials are of keen interest to the marine and undersea vehicle community. The mechanical characterization of the laminates consists of controlled tension, compression, and short beam shear testing. The Mode-I fracture performance is quantified under both quasi-static and highly dynamic loading rates with additional flexure after impact strength characterization conducted through the use of a drop tower facility. Finally, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing has been completed on each material to measure the storage and loss moduli of the carbon fiber- and E-glass fiber reinforced composites. The findings of the study show that nearly all characteristics of the mechanical performance of the laminates are both material and temperature dependent.
Effect of Temperature Difference on the Thickness Design of Pervious Concrete Pavements

Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is a porous paving material that facilitates the rapid infiltration of runoff. The significance of temperature difference (ΔT) between the top and bottom of traditi...
Secondary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Discussion of the Literature

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome of solid tumor malignancies. In previously described cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with secondary ITP, treatment has consisted of nephrectomy, splenectomy, and corticosteroids. Here, we describe a case of metastatic RCC presenting with a right ventricular mass and subsequent development of secondary ITP. The clinical course was complicated by recurrent severe thrombocytopenia despite treatment with corticosteroids, rituximab, and thrombopoietin receptor agonists, precluding cancer-directed therapy and anticoagulation. Further study is needed to determine the optimal management strategy for malignancy-associated ITP.
Abstract PS11-22: Lipophilic statins for prolonging dormancy and overall survival: A real-world retrospective investigation

Background: Micrometastases from breast cancer (BC) might undergo quiescence following adjuvant therapies. Oftentimes they reactivate, prompting metastatic relapse and aggressive, uncurable disease. It is necessary to find alternative, safe therapies that could be used as adjuvants for delaying the dormancy process and reduce metastatic breast cancer (MBC) progression. Prior epidemiological studies found prolonged overall survival from chronic statin use. However, the effectiveness of statin use through different stages of progression, including advanced MBC, has not yet been defined. Methods: A real-world, retrospective analysis of 1,016 deceased patients with MBC treated from 1999-2019 at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC). Lipophilic statin (atorvastatin and simvastatin) use and dosing were retrieved from medical records through an IRB-approved R3 request and merged with already available clinical variables. A total of 122 patients were included in the analysis as the statin use group. This included patients who were prescribed statins through the course of their breast cancer. For measuring time to relapse, only patients with statin prescription before being diagnosed with MBC were selected. Log-ranks were used to compute survival. Uni- and multi-variate Cox hazard models were also applied. Statistical analysis was computed using the package ggpubr on R v3.6.3.Results: Women who used statins were older at the time of detection of primary (60 vs 52 years of age, respectively) and MBC (66 vs 56 years of age, respectively). An almost 2-fold reduction was found in the onset of liver metastasis as first relapse in the statin group, compared to general population (5.7% vs 10.4%, respectively). Increased overall survival (OS) was found among statin users who had ER (+) (p Citation Format: Juan Luis Gomez Marti, Alan Wells. Lipophilic statins for prolonging dormancy and overall survival: A real-world retrospective investigation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS11-22.
Teaching Students to Learn Better in Introductory Psychology: A Replication and Extension Study:

Background:Psychology courses provide a good opportunity for instructors to teach students effective learning strategies integrated with content.Objective:This replication and extension study explo...
iGOS++: integrated gradient optimized saliency by bilateral perturbations

The black-box nature of the deep networks makes the explanation for "why" they make certain predictions extremely challenging. Saliency maps are one of the most widely-used local explanation tools to alleviate this problem. One of the primary approaches for generating saliency maps is by optimizing for a mask over the input dimensions so that the output of the network for a given class is influenced the most. However, prior work only studies such influence by removing evidence from the input. In this paper, we present iGOS++, a framework to generate saliency maps for blackbox networks by considering both removal and preservation of evidence. Additionally, we introduce the bilateral total variation term to the optimization that improves the continuity of the saliency map especially under high resolution and with thin object parts. We validate the capabilities of iGOS++ by extensive experiments and comparison against state-of-the-art saliency map methods. Our results show significant improvement in locating salient regions that are directly interpretable by humans. Besides, we showcased the capabilities of our method, iGOS++, in a real-world application of AI on medical data: the task of classifying COVID-19 cases from x-ray images. To our surprise, we discovered that sometimes the classifier is overfitted to the text characters printed on the x-ray images when performing classification rather than focusing on the evidence in the lungs. Fixing this overfitting issue by data cleansing significantly improved the precision and recall of the classifier.
Local-in-time existence of free-surface 3D Euler flow with $H^{2+\delta}$ initial vorticity in a neighborhood of the free boundary

We consider the three-dimensional Euler equations in a domain with a free boundary with no surface tension. We assume that $u_0 \in H^{2.5+\delta }$ is such that $\mathrm{curl}\,u_0 \in H^{2+\delta }$ in an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the free boundary, and we use Lagrangian approach to derive an a~priori estimate that can be used to prove local-in-time existence and uniqueness of solutions under the Rayleigh-Taylor stability condition.
Going with the Flow: The Promise of Plasma-Only Circulating Tumor DNA Assays.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tool for colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we discuss studies that evaluate the ability of plasma-only ctDNA assays to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) and the potential benefit of integration of methylation into ctDNA assays.
Effects of Mold Pattern with Anti-adhesive Treatment in Nanoimprint Lithography

A study of a top-down technique of nanoimprint lithography (NIL) for developing a novel bottom-up approach of chemical vapor deposition to generate anti-adhesive coatings between Ni mold stamps and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA ) substrate is presented in this work. A polybenzoxazine ((6,6’-bis(2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-4H-1,3-benzoxazinyl))) molecule self-assembled monolayer (PBO-SAM) regarded as an anti-adhesive coating agent demonstrates that non-fluorine-containing compounds can improve the nanoimprint process in Ni/PMMA substrates. In this experiment, the nanostructure-based Ni stamps and imprinted PMMA molds are fabricated using an electron-beam lithograph (EBL) and a homemade nanoimprint equipment, respectively. The diameter of pillar patterns obtained is 200 nm with 400 nm pitch on Ni stamp surface. Based on the hydrophobic PBO-SAM surface in this forming condition, the results of Ni mold stamps indicate over 90% improvement in controlling quality and quantity.
Chapter 11 Potassium Channels in Development, Activation, and Disease in T Lymphocytes

Publisher Summary In the nervous system, voltage-gated Na + and K + channels effect the upstroke and repolarizing phases, respectively, of the action potential. Cells of the immune system do not generate action potentials. Depolarization that induces Ca 2+ signals in electrically excitable nerve and muscle cells inhibits Ca 2+ signaling and the subsequent cascade of cell-activation events in lymphocytes. Several distinct types of voltage-gated and second-messenger-operated K + and C1 − channels exist in T and B lymphocytes, including channel types also expressed in the nervous system, as well as novel channels not described in other cell types. In electrically inexcitable cells, ion channels mediate cellular functions, involving intracellular biochemical signaling. The presence of K + channels is apparently required for several basic functions in T lymphocytes. There is diversity of ion channels within cells of the hematopoietic lineage. In T lymphocytes, at least eight distinct types of K + , C1 − , and Ca 2+ channels have been characterized. Investigators have also recorded from bone marrow cells, thymocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, red blood cells, eosinophils, and platelets, as well as numerous related cell lines, including a human T-leukemia line, a mouse T-lymphoma line (S49), a variety of antibody-secreting hybridomas, and a mast-cell line derived from a rat basophilic leukemia (RBL). These studies have revealed transient or T-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (hybridomas), inward-rectifying K + channels (macrophages, RBL cells), large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (macrophages), Ca 2+ -activated C1 − current (mast cells), and G-protein-activated K + channels (RBL cells). In this chapter, K + channels in T lymphocytes also containing a summary of the properties of known voltage- and Ca 2+ -activated K + channels in lymphocytes and their molecular characteristics, functions, and expression during normal development, mitogen activation, and in autoimmune disorders are discussed. In addition, the chapter describes the coordinated activity of Ca 2+ and K + channels that underlies the mitogen-stimulated Ca 2+ signaling.
Base Excision Repair Deficiency Caused by Polymerase β Haploinsufficiency Accelerated DNA Damage and Increased Mutational Response to Carcinogens

The base excision repair pathway (BER) is believed to maintain genomic integrity by repairing DNA damage arising spontaneously or induced by oxidizing and alkylating agents. To establish the role of DNA polymerase β (β-pol) in BER and β-pol-dependent BER in maintaining genomic stability, we have measured the impact of a gene-targeted disruption in the β-pol gene on DNA repair capacity and on in vivo sensitivity to carcinogens. We have extensively phenotyped the DNA β-pol heterozygous (β-pol+/−) mouse as expressing ∼50% less β-pol mRNA and protein and as exhibiting an equivalent reduction in the specific activity of β-pol. We measured BER activity by in vitro G:U mismatch and 8-OHG:C repair and find that there is a significant reduction in the ability of extracts from β-pol+/− mice to repair these types of DNA damage. In vivo, the β-pol+/− mice sustain higher levels of DNA single-strand breaks as well as increased chromosomal aberrations as compared with β-pol+/+ littermates. Additionally, we show that reduction in β-pol expression and BER activity results in increased mutagenicity of dimethyl sulfate as evidenced by a 2-fold increase in LacI mutation frequency. Importantly, the β-pol+/− mice do not exhibit increased sensitivity to DNA damage induced by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea, ionizing radiation, or UV radiation, which induce damage processed by alternative repair pathways, demonstrating that this model is specifically a BER-deficient model.
Abstract T P251: Overseeing a Multicenter Clinical Trial: Our Experience in Creating a New Model

The model for overseeing multicenter clinical research trials continues to evolve. In the late 1990’s electronic medical records became more common across institutions. Subsequently, the integration of the World Wide Web into clinical care enhanced the ability to connect clinical and research data across multiple sites. For years, research data has been handled in a hybrid fashion with the use of hard-copy and electronic sources for data entry and verification. Recently, leaders behind multicenter clinical trials have incorporated electronic data capture (EDC) systems in an effort to store multicenter clinical trial data in a secure and structured environment. The implementation of EDC’s has led to better control and accuracy of data; however, many aspects of multicenter clinical trial workflow are still captured in a hard-copy format. Therefore, the oversight of these additional components is still subject to an in-person, on-site review. While the paper-based model focuses on reviewing hard-copies of patient records long after the data originates at the point of care, new models must allow for real-time oversight of clinical trial data. In conjunction, the source documentation needed to recreate the clinical trial data, as well as the ongoing regulatory and compliance documentation associated with a clinical trial, should be readily available for remote review. In order to promote best practice and effectively utilize current technology, the Food and Drug Administration released guidance in August of 2013 encouraging sponsors to focus on risk-based and centralized monitoring techniques. The Cerebrovascular Clinical Research Office (CCRO) at Vanderbilt University has recently implemented a risked-based monitoring model that incorporates a comprehensive electronic trial infrastructure. The CCRO has identified many advantages with the incorporation of this new method. These advantages have led to a significant cost-savings, increased protocol and regulatory compliance, a heightened level of accountability for all involved parties, and a more streamlined approach to ensuring data accuracy. In conclusion, the CCRO’s experience incorporating a new monitoring model has been one full of exciting challenges and opportunities for originality.