cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
End-to-end high performance mobility without infrastructure

Mobile IP offers disconnection free handoff by assuming availability of infrastructure. It requires intermediate software agents to be deployed in the Internet ahead of time. This infrastructure based mobility scheme though offers connectivity to itinerant hosts but incurs significant handoff and tunneling delays along with deployment costs. In this paper we investigate an alternate mobility scheme which does not require any such infrastructure and uses only end-point technique and interestingly provides much faster loss-free handoff. This end-to-end scheme named Interactive Protocol for Mobile Networks (IPMN) intelligently performs handoff based on information provided by MAC layer. The network address change is handled by renewing the existing connections by manipulating the TCP/IP stack at the end-points. It further uses a novel inter-protocol communication architecture to simplify end-point re engineering. However, it does not require any functional change in the TCP/IP protocol software. Besides, the difference in deployment scenarios, the IPMN offers blazingly fast event based handoff and much faster and simplified transport (no tunneling delay) than MIP. We provide a detail model based performance comparison between the two
The yeast CBP1 gene produces two differentially regulated transcripts by alternative 3'-end formation.

Abstract CBP1 is a yeast nuclear gene encoding a mitochondrial protein that stabilizes the 5' end of cytochrome b (cob) pre-mRNA. Cytochrome b is the only mitochondrially synthesized component of the respiratory chain complex III. Since the nuclearly encoded subunits of this complex are regulated at the transcriptional level by catabolite repression, we hypothesized that CBP1 might be similarly regulated. To test the idea that transcriptional regulation of CBP1 could coordinate an increase in cytochrome b mRNA stability with an increase in nuclearly encoded complex III subunit production, we characterized the change in abundance of CBP1 mRNA during derepression on a nonfermentable carbon source. Poly(A)+ RNA from derepressed yeast cells was examined by Northern (RNA) analyses with cRNA probes from CBP1. Both 2.2- and 1.3-kilobase (kb) transcripts were detected. The 1.3-kb mRNA lacked approximately 900 nucleotides of the 3' end of the 2.2-kb mRNA, which encodes the carboxyl-terminal 250 amino acid residues of the CBP1 coding sequence. Northern analyses of RNA isolated from deletion-insertion mutants of CBP1 and from strains that overexpress CBP1 mRNA demonstrated that both mRNAs were transcribed from the CBP1 gene. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the levels of the two CBP1 mRNAs were reciprocally regulated by the carbon source in the growth medium. This is the first description of a yeast gene from which two transcripts that can encode proteins with distinctly different coding properties are generated by alternative 3'-end formation.
Augmenting predictive with oblivious routing for wireless mesh networks under traffic uncertainty

Traffic routing is central to the utility and scalability of wireless mesh networks. Many recent routing studies have examined this issue, but generally they have assumed that the demand is constant and given in advance. On the contrary, wireless traffic studies have shown that demand is highly variable and difficult to predict, even when aggregated at access points. There are several approaches for handling volatile traffic. On one hand, traffic may be modeled in real-time with a dynamic routing based upon forecasted traffic demand. On the other hand, routing can be made with the focus towards maximally unbalanced demand, such that the worst-case performance is contained (known as oblivious routing). The first approach can perform competitively when traffic can be forecasted with accuracy, but may result in unbounded worst-case performance when forecasts go wrong. It is an open question how these two approaches would compare with each other in real networks and if possible at all, whether a benchmark could be defined to guide the selection of the appropriate routing strategy. To answer the above open question, this paper conducts a systematic comparison study of the two approaches based on the extensive simulation study over a variety of network scenarios with real-world traffic trace. It identifies the key factors of the network topology and traffic profile that affect the performance of each routing strategy. A series of metrics are examined with varying powers of forecasting whether predictive routing or oblivious routing will perform better. Following the guidelines defined by these metrics, we present an adaptive strategy which augments the performance of the predictive routing with the worst-case bound provided by the oblivious routing through adaptive selection of routing strategies based on the degree of traffic uncertainty.
Domain Specific Locus of Control among Black, Anglo, and Chicano Undergraduates.

Summary The present study examined the assumption that minority groups, especially blacks, have significantly higher external locus of control scores. A domain specific locus of control measure, Locus of Control in Three Achievement Domains (LOCITAD), was administered to 29 Black, 299 Anglo, and 12 Chicano undergraduates at two Southern state universities. Results indicated that (a) the black and Chicano Ss were significantly more internal than the Anglos with respect to success in intellectual activities; (b) there were no significant differences between groups in relation to physical activities; (c) the Anglo Ss were significantly more internal than either the Black or the Chicano Ss relative to social success; and (d) the Anglo Ss were significantly more internal than the Blacks who in turn were significantly more internal than the Chicano Ss with respect to social failures. The findings indicate that locus of control generalizations across domains and success-failure are inappropriate, and that assump...
H2A.Z: View from the Top

For a couple of decades the chromatin field has endured undeserved neglect. Indeed, what could be so exciting about a monotonous repeating structure whose purpose in life was to package DNA? Chromatin glamour is triumphantly back, due to the realization that chromatin is a major player in the regulation of gene expression and other nuclear processes that occur on the DNA template. The dynamics of the structure that regulates transcription is itself regulated by a variety of complex processes, including histone postsynthetic modifications, chromatin remodeling, and the use of nonallelic histone variants. This review is an attempt to understand the mechanisms of action of the evolutionarily conserved variant H2A.Z, a player with a variety of seemingly unrelated, even contrary, functions. This attempt was prompted by the recent avalanche of genome-wide studies that provide insights that were unthinkable until very recently.
Lethal Effect of Complement and Lysozyme on Polymyxin-Treated, Serum-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli

When genetically serum-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Citrobacter freundii, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus mirabilis, were exposed to polymyxin B, they became susceptible to the bactericidal action of normal human and rabbit sera. In constrast, beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics did not render any serum-resistant bacteria serum-sensitive. Synergy between polymyxin B and the serum bactericidal system could be demonstrated by the addition of polymyxin B to bacteria in vitro, as well as to bacilli in serum from rabbits injected with the antibiotic. Polymyxin B-treated bacteria were killed by normal, lysozyme-depleted, C2-deficient, and hypogammaglobulinemic sera, but not by heated or C6-deficient sera. These findings indicate that polymyxin B-treated bacteria can be killed via the alternative complement pathway. However, C3 and C3b were detected on the surface of serum-resistant E. coli, regardless of whether the bacteria had been treated with polymyxin B. This observation suggests that a change in susceptibility to the alternative complement pathway was not the only explanation for the acquired serum sensitivity. Polymyxin B may also affect a step in the complement sequence beyond the activation of C3, a step that is apparently blocked in serum-resistant gram-negative bacteria.
Enhancement of Strength through Sinter Forging

Packing defects in powder compacts can develop into microcracks during the sintering process. For example, an agglomerate which sinters differently than its surroundings can open up large, cracklike defects which are difficult to remove in free sintering. Traditionally, hot-pressing or hot isostatic pressing has been used to prevent the formation of such defects. Here we show that processing defects can be virtually eliminated by sinter forging. In sinter forging the powder preform is compacted under a uniaxial compressive stress without any lateral constraint. In this way both densification and shear strain are imposed on the specimen. We have found that the shear strain can eliminate large pores by changing their shape. Eventually the flattening of the pore under compressive strain causes it to disintegrate into small pores which are then removed by sintering, leading to an increase in the strength of the ceramic. In alumina, a sigmoidal curve for the change in strength with strain is obtained where the strength begins to increase at 20% shear strain and reaches a maximum value at 60% strain. The shear strain required for the improvement in strength is compared with theoretical estimates.
Interleukin-1 activates protein kinase A and stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone release from AtT-20 cells

Studies from this and other laboratories have shown that interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulates ACTH secretion directly from AtT-20 cells. The present studies were conducted to determine the signal transduction mechanisms activated by IL-1 to stimulate ACTH release. IL-1 significantly (P < 0.05) elevated ACTH release after incubation periods of 4, 8, and 24 h. IL-1-induced ACTH release was not additive to that of CRF, cholera toxin, 8-bromo-cAMP, or forskolin. In contrast, IL-1 and the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate together produced a greater increase (P < 0.05) in ACTH release than either agent alone. IL-1 did not stimulate cAMP accumulation at any time period between 5 min and 24 h and did not affect cAMP accumulation induced by CRF, cholera toxin, or forskolin. The lack of additivity between IL-1 and CRF, cholera toxin, 8-bromo-cAMP, and forskolin suggests that IL-1 stimulates ACTH release by a pathway that shares some common step(s) with CRF. Because IL-1 did not affect cAMP accumulation, the...
Determination and use of a corrected control factor in the chloroform fumigation method of estimating soil microbial biomass

Estimates of soil microbial biomass are important for both comparative system analysis and mechanistic models. The method for measuring microbial biomass that dominates the literature is the chloroform fumigation incubation method (CFIM), developed on the premise that killed microorganisms are readily mineralized to CO2, which is a measure of the initial population. Factors that effect the CFIM have been thoroughly investigated over the last 15 years. A question that still remains after countless experiments is the use of an appropriate nonfumigated control for accounting for native soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization during incubation. Our approach was to add hot-water-leached 14C-labeled straw to both fumigated and nonfumigated samples assuming the straw would mimic a recalcitrant C substrate fraction of SOM. The ratio of the 14C evolved from the fumigated sample over the 14C evolved from the control sample would provide a corrected control value to be used in calculating microbial biomass. This experiment was conducted on soils from forest, agricultural, grassland and shrub-steppe ecosystems. The results clearly indicate that equal recalcitrant C mineralization during incubation is not a valid assumption. The results with these soils indicate than on the average only 20% of the control CO2 should be subtracted from the fumigated CO2 for the biomass calculation. The correction value ranged from 18% for agricultural soils to 25% for shrub-steppe soil, with the average correction value being 20%. Our experiments show that corrected biomass values will be 1.5–2 times greater than uncorrected biomass values. In addition using a corrected control improved the 1:1 correlation between the CFIM and SIR methods for these soils.
Muscarinic signaling influences the patterning and phenotype of cholinergic amacrine cells in the developing chick retina

Many studies in the vertebrate retina have characterized the differentiation of amacrine cells as a homogenous class of neurons, but little is known about the genes and factors that regulate the development of distinct types of amacrine cells. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to characterize the development of the cholinergic amacrine cells and identify factors that influence their development. Cholinergic amacrine cells in the embryonic chick retina were identified by using antibodies to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). We found that as ChAT-immunoreactive cells differentiate they expressed the homeodomain transcription factors Pax6 and Islet1, and the cell-cycle inhibitor p27kip1. As differentiation proceeds, type-II cholinergic cells, displaced to the ganglion cell layer, transiently expressed high levels of cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP) and neurofilament, while type-I cells in the inner nuclear layer did not. Although there is a 1:1 ratio of type-I to type-II cells in vivo, in dissociated cell cultures the type-I cells (ChAT-positive and CRABP-negative) out-numbered the type-II cells (ChAT and CRABP-positive cells) by 2:1. The relative abundance of type-I to type-II cells was not influenced by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), but was affected by compounds that act at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In addition, the abundance and mosaic patterning of type-II cholinergic amacrine cells is disrupted by interfering with muscarinic signaling. We conclude that: (1) during development type-I and type-II cholinergic amacrine cells are not homotypic, (2) the phenotypic differences between these subtypes of cells is controlled by the local microenvironment, and (3) appropriate levels of muscarinic signaling between the cholinergic amacrine cells are required for proper mosaic patterning.
From parent training to community building.

For low-income families, particularly, parent-training programs need to be broadened and offered in communities in order to reduce isolation and strengthen support networks of families. Such an app...
Distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Purpose. To analyze parameters that influence the risk of distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy. Methods. Between 1983 and 1997, 873 patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy and had follow-up for 2 years or more. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors that might influence the risk of distant metastases. Results. The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was 86%. Univariate analyses revealed that the risk of distant metastases was significantly influenced by gender (p = .0092), primary site (p = .0023), T stage (p < .0001), N stage (p < .0001), overall stage (p < .0001), level of nodal metastases in the neck (p < .0001), histologic differentiation (p = .0096), control above the clavicles (p < .0001), and time to locoregional recurrence (p < .0001). Multivariate analysis of freedom from distant metastases revealed that gender (p = .0390), T stage (p < .0001), N stage (p = .0060), nodal level (p < .0001), and locoregional control (p < .0001) significantly influenced this end point. Multivariate analysis revealed that gender (p = .0049), T stage (p < .0001), N stage (p < .0001), and locoregional control (p < .0001) significantly influenced cause-specific survival. Conclusions. The risk of distant metastases after definitive radiotherapy is 14% at 5 years and is significantly influenced by gender, T stage, N stage, nodal level, and locoregional control. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 629–633, 2003
Treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with acyclovir: pilot study

Five patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis were entered into a pilot therapeutic study of the antiviral agent acyclovir [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine]. Each patient received acyclovir by slow intravenous infusion in a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 8 hr for 10 days. During therapy, serum aminotransferase levels decreased by more than 50% in two patients, remained unchanged in two patients, and rose (by 32%) in the final patient. The two patients whose serum aminotransferase levels decreased during acyclovir treatment subsequently received a second course of drug using a higher dose (10 mg/kg every 8 hr for 10 days). Serum aminotransferase levels rose in both patients (by 54% and 121%) during the second course of therapy. Acyclovir was well tolerated in these patients, and there were no symptoms or signs attributable to drug toxicity during or after treatment. During a subsequent 12-month follow-up period, none of the five patients has manifested either a clinical or serum biochemical improvement in their chronic liver disease. Spontaneous fluctuations in serum aminotransferase levels unrelated to acyclovir therapy were noted in three of the five patients. These findings suggest that a short course of acyclovir does not have any appreciable long-term beneficial effect on the course of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Clostridium Difficile-Associated Pouchitis

Pouchitis is the most common long-term sequela of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) following total proctocolectomy. No single pathogen is identified as being solely responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease. Here we describe a case of Clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis that was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and tinidazole. Diagnosis and management of a patient with medically refractory pouchitis associated with Clostridium difficile infection is described. A 63-year-old male with underlying ulcerative colitis and IPAA presented with increased stool frequency and seepage for 2 months, which partially responded to oral metronidazole. While on the antibiotic therapy, pouch endoscopy was performed and showed severe pouchitis. Assays for Clostridium difficile toxins in stool specimens were positive. He was treated with a 4-week course of ciprofloxacin 500 mg BID and tinidazole 500 mg TID. His symptoms resolved within several days from the initiation of therapy. A repeat pouch endoscopy at week 5 showed a complete resolution of mucosal inflammation of the pouch, while tests for Clostridium difficile toxins became negative. Clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis is rare. However, Clostridium difficile infection should be excluded in patients with chronic refractory pouchitis.
Economic development, social inequality, and the state: a cross‐national analysis of child mortality in less developed countries

Many cross‐national studies of child and infant mortality emphasize predictors linked to modernization theory, such as economic development level as measured by GNI (gross national income) or GDP (gross domestic product) per capita. However, much less research considers the effects of social inequality on child mortality. This paper relies on four theoretical frameworks. In addition to modernization theory, it assesses the social democratic theory, the class stratification theory, and the gender stratification theory by examining the effects of state commitment to health care, class inequality, and gender inequality on child mortality. The findings demonstrate some support for each of the theories. Along with economic development, state commitment to health care, class inequality, and gender inequality demonstrate significant direct effects on child mortality in LDCs (less developed countries). In addition, economic development has a significant indirect effect on child mortality via state commitment to h...
The specificity of the labellar chemoreceptors of the blowfly and the response to natural foods.

Abstract The four chemoreceptors of the labellar setae of the blowfly Phormia regina have been traditionally termed sugar, water, salt (cation), and salt (anion) respectively. They were believed to be rather narrowly specific. They are more realistically viewed as having broader spectra of sensitivities which are unique for each receptor and show little or no overlap. The requirements for stimulation of each are still very restrictive but are met by more than one species of compound. This latitude permits detection of a greater variety of naturally occurring compounds. By itself the latitude does not provide for wider discrimination among foods. A hypothesis is presented which attempts to explain discrimination in terms of across-fibre patterning.
Desiring Justice: Motivation and Justification in Rawls and Habermas

In seeking to neutralize affectivity and in requiring us to act for the right without reference to the conceptions of the good that normally attract our allegiance, some critics say, contemporary cognitivist theories of justice undercut human agency and leave justice hanging. This paper explores the merits of that charge by engaging the work of John Rawls and Jurgen Habermas. Rawls does offer an account of the sense of justice that can meet the motivational challenge, albeit not without compromising the strict priority of the right over the good. Habermas objects to key elements of the Rawlsian compromise and defends a more strenuously pure proceduralism, acknowledging the motivational (if not the normative) difficulties this entails. The accommodations and the deficits found in Rawls and Habermas point to the irrepressible place that conceptions of the good and our affective attachments to them occupy within human moral psychology. This feature of moral psychology has more than merely practical significance. It affects the operation of practical reason, and on the contemporary cognitivist models of justice it is practical reason that establishes the validity of moral and political norms. Consequently, a fuller account of the moral psychology that supports just action also helps clarify the nature of norm justification.
Raman microprobe analysis of elastic strain and fracture in electrophoretically deposited CdSe nanocrystal films.

The mechanical stability of nanocrystal films is critical for applications, yet largely unexplored. Raman microprobe analysis used here to probe the nanocrystal cores of thick, fractured electrophoretically deposited films of 3.2 nm diameter CdSe nanocrystals measures ∼2.5% in-plane tensile strain in cores of unfractured films. The crack dimensions determine the overall in-plane film strain, ∼11.7%, and the film biaxial modulus, ∼13.8 GPa, from which the biaxial modulus of the trioctylphosphine oxide ligand matrix is inferred, ∼5.1 GPa.
Association of multiple developmental defects and embryonic lethality with loss of microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase

The microsomal flavoprotein NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) is believed to function as the primary, if not sole, electron donor for the microsomal cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system. Development of the mammalian embryo is dependent upon temporally and spatially regulated expression of signaling factors, many of which are synthesized and/or degraded via the cytochromes P450 and other pathways involving NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase as the electron donor. Expression of CYPOR as early as the two-cell stage of embryonic development (The Institute for Genomic Research Mouse Gene Index, version 5.0, www.tigr.org/tdb/mgi) suggests that CYPOR is essential for normal cellular functions and/or early embryogenesis. Targeted deletion of the translation start site and membrane-binding domain of CYPOR abolished microsomal CYPOR expression and led to production of a truncated, 66-kDa protein localized to the cytoplasm. Although early embryogenesis was not affected, a variety of embryonic defects was observable by day 10.5 of gestation, leading to lethality by day 13.5. Furthermore, a deficiency of heterozygotes was observed in 2-week-old mice as well as late gestational age embryos, suggesting that loss of one CYPOR allele produced some embryonic lethality. CYPOR −/− embryos displayed a marked friability, consistent with defects in cell adhesion. Ninety percent of CYPOR −/− embryos isolated at days 10.5 or 11.5 of gestation could be classified as either Type I, characterized by grossly normal somite formation but having neural tube, cardiac, eye, and limb abnormalities, or Type II, characterized by a generalized retardation of development after approximately day 8.5 of gestation. No CYPOR −/− embryos were observed after day 13.5 of gestation. These studies demonstrate that loss of microsomal CYPOR does not block early embryonic development but is essential for progression past mid-gestation.
Comments on Bacterial Resistance to Streptomycin

Shortly after streptomycin was introduced in the treatment of tuberculosis, two major obstacles to its value as a therapeutic agent became apparent. These were, vestibular damage and development of bacterial resistance. With the reduction in the daily dosage from 2 gm. and higher, to 1 gm. and later to 0.5 gm., serious vestibular damage has been eliminated. However, development of bacterial resistance, which is apparently due to duration of treatment rather than to dosage, remains for the present the most serious threat to successful streptomycin therapy in tuberculosis. With the appearance of resistant forms of tubercle bacilli, streptomycin ceases to be an effective therapeutic agent not only for the individual patient but also for those to whom he may transmit the disease. Youmans and Wffliston’ found that when a group of mice were injected intravenously with 0.1 mg. of a culture of tubercle bacilli isolated from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis, streptomycin bad a marked suppressive effect on the infection produced in the animals. On the other hand when a group of mice were injected in the same manner with a culture of tubercle bacilli from the same patient after he was treated with streptomycin, the infection resulting from it was uninfluenced by the drug.
Improved RF performance of a comb-based microwave photonic filter using a balanced photodetector

A comb-based microwave photonic filter using a balanced photodetector (BPD) has been experimentally demonstrated to improve radio frequency (RF) performance including RF gain and noise figure (NF). We compare the RF performance of schemes using a single photodetector (SPD) and BPD. Using the BPD, we achieve a RF gain of -10.3 dB and a NF of 29 dB at a RF center frequency of 3.33 GHz; these results are improved by approximately 6 and 21 dB, respectively, compared to the SPD case.
Three-body effect: Nonrelativistic 1 / ρ 5 polarization term in the effective potential between charged particles

It is well known that the effective potential describing the interaction of a charged particle with a charged or neutral system at large distances, but in the nonretardation region, is given by the sum of the Coulomb term, if the net charge of the system is not zero, a static dipole polarization potential $\ensuremath{-}a/2{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{4}$, a term $\ensuremath{\sim}1/{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{6}$ plus higher-order terms. In the retardation region a term $\ensuremath{\sim}1/{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{5}$ appears which is a correction to the static dipole polarization potential. It is shown here within the three-body approach that the dynamic polarization of the bound state through the continuum causes a long-range nonretardated term $\ensuremath{\sim}1/{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{5}$ which can also be considered as a correction to the static dipole polarization potential and which exists in the nonretardation region.
Memory for recent U.S. presidents in patients with cerebral disease.

Four tasks were developed to assess memory for recent U.S. presidents: free recall of presidents' names, naming their photographs, and temporal ordering of their printed names and photographs. The tasks were standardized on a sample of 250 hospital control subjects and administered to 55 patients with cerebral disease. Recall of the presidents' names, a task frequently advocated for mental status examination, was relatively difficult for hospital control patients and was least sensitive to brain disease. None of the brain-damaged patients manifested an isolated retrieval defect. Generalized memory impairment for recent presidents was not found with focal lesions. In the context of a diffuse or bilateral disease, generalized memory impairment for recent presidents was a frequent concomitant of substantial intellectual loss. This brief, multi-task assessment of memory for recent presidents may prove a more useful adjunct to neurobehavioral evaluation than testing simple recall of presidents' names.
Diencephalic influence in alcohol diuresis

Abstract The differential diuretic response to stomach-tubing of a 3 per cent, 6 per cent, or a 12 per cent alcohol solution, and a subsequent water load was measured in normal albino rats, in rats with lesions of the supraoptic-hypophysial tracts, and in rats with bilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions. The diuretic responses in normal animals was a direct function of the concentration of alcohol administered. The differential diuretic response persisted in each of the experimental groups, although some attenuation of the response was observed with the lower concentrations. The results are discussed as they relate to the possible association of the lateral hypothalamic areas with the urinary water regulation, and the influence of these systems in alcohol diuresis.
Determination of Contained-Milk Volume of the Mammary Gland of the Goat by 141Cerium and 14C-Peg-4000

Abstract Cerium-141 and 14 C-polyethylene glycol, molecular weight 4,000, were used in an isotope dilution technique to determine the volume of milk in the mammary gland of the goat. Procedures included introduction of label into the mammary gland by way of the teat meatus and an intravenous injection of 2 IU of oxytocin followed by hand manipulation of the udder to facilitate uniform mixing of cistern, duct, and that portion of the alveolar milk let down in response to the oxytocin. Assay of any size milk sample taken after this procedure allows approximation of the mammary gland–contained milk volume at the time of the oxytocin dose. Results were consistently the same for both 141 Ce and 14 C-polyethylene glycol, allowing the option of using either label in the technique. Recover of both labels was essentially 100% 3 days after dosing the udder, and no 141 Ce was detected in blood or urine within 24 hours. Label was distributed uniformly among serial samples of the milk readily collectable after the mixing procedure, representing 87.9% of the computed total milk volume. A portion of the residual milk recovered with a second dose of oxytocin showed 141 Ce and 14 C-polyethylene glycol amounts similar to those of the milk already collected.
Acute myocardial infarction and chest pain syndromes after cocaine use

Seventy patients hospitalized with chest pain after cocaine use were retrospectively evaluated to define the risk and clinical course of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). AMI developed in 22 patients (31%) and transient myocardial ischemia was seen in an additional 9 patients (13%). Coronary risk factors did not distinguish those who developed AMI from those who did not. The presenting electrocardiogram was abnormal in 20 of 22 patients who evolved AMI and in 19 of 48 of those who did not. Creatine kinase levels were elevated in 75% of the patients, including 65% of those who did not develop AMI, but creatine kinase-MB elevations were only observed in the AMI group. The route of cocaine administration did not predict AMI and there was no predilection for a particular coronary vascular bed. The length of time between drug use and onset of AMI pain was often quite prolonged (median interval, 18 vs 1 hour in the non-AMI group). Eight of the patients with AMI underwent cardiac catheterization and 4 had significant coronary narrowing.
Contributing to the conversation in science education

Life in the Academy, as was noted by Ricoeur (1992), can be thought of as a conversation that we are privileged to join for a period of time. Notably, the conversation precedes our joining and continues when we leave. All contributions incorporate what came before and anticipate future ones. As is the case with all issues of Cultural Studies of Science Education (CSSE), the articles published here are part of this wider conversation in science education, and we anticipate that they sow the seeds for what is to come. In this special issue, which focuses primarily on indigenous knowledge, Glen Aikenhead is Lead Editor. He edited the contributions comprising the special issue and shares his wisdom on the topic in an Editorial. WolffMichael Roth was Associate Editor for the articles in this special issue. Additional articles that comprise this issue of CSSE include this editorial and three distinguished contributors articles, respectively, authored by Alandeom Oliveira and Koshi Dhingra; Jacques Desautels; and Nadaraj Govender, Anitha Ramsuran, and Rubby Dhunpath. Oliveira and Dhingra announce the recipient of the Cultural Studies of Science Education Distinguished Paper Award for 2007. Dhingra, as chair of the awards committee interviews Oliveira, who was lead author on a paper he co-authored with Troy Sadler and Daniel Suslak. A second Distinguished Contributors article features Glen Aikenhead, whose exemplary practices in science education and its cultural orientation are especially salient to the mission of this journal. The third contribution examines Cliff Malcolm’s significant international impact as a science educator and it is with deep sadness that we report that Cliff’s untimely death occurred during the production of this very issue. Glen and Cliff have contributed a great deal to science education and it is apparent that, through their publications and scholarly work in the field, both will continue to shape the conversation in the years ahead. Assembling this special issue is indicative of how CSSE was created as an alternative to journals that adopt editorial practices that essentialize particular ways of doing research, writing about it, and citing the work of others. In contrast, texts in CSSE are considered as
Enzymatic synthesis of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) by hypothalamic "TRH synthetase".

The mechanism of biosynthesis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pyrogluhis- pro amide) by hypothalamic tissue was examined. TRH is synthesized by incubated rat fragments even when new protein formation is blocked by the addition of puromycin, thus indicating that the tripeptide is not formed by ribosomal action as such or as part of a prohormone. Proof that the synthesizing system is enzymatic comes from the demonstration that a particulatefree extract of porcine hypothalamic tissue is capable of forming TRH in the presence of appropriate substrates and cofactors as shown by the incorporation of precursor amino acids into a peptide with the chromatographic behavior of synthetic TRH and by the formation de novo of biologically active thyrotropin releasing activity. Incorporation of labeled precursor amino acids into TRH is unaffected by treatment with RNase. Since this enzyme activity forms peptide bonds and requires ATP, it has been designated “TRH Synthetase.” (Endocrinology 91: 1145, 1972)
Synthesis, characterization and CO oxidation of TiO2/(La,Sr)MnO3 composite nanorod array

Abstract Ordered TiO 2 /(La,Sr)MnO 3 composite nanorod array catalysts have been successfully fabricated by using a combination of hydrothermal synthesis and radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method on Si and glass substrates. Electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method are used to characterize the structure, morphology, composition and surface area of the as-prepared nanorod arrays. The TiO 2 /(La,Sr)MnO 3 core–shell nanorod arrays exhibit an enhanced CO oxidation activity compared to TiO 2 nanorods, which might be due to the lattice oxygen in (La,Sr)MnO 3 . The TiO 2 /(La,Sr)MnO 3 composite nanorod array may provide a promising class of nanocatalysts for energy and environment applications.
Neuroanatomic Differences Between Dyslexic and Normal Readers on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans

• The areas of six bilateral brain segments in the right and left hemispheres, on a horizontal brain section, and the area of subdivisions of the corpus callosum, on a midsagittal brain section, were measured on magnetic resonance images obtained from 21 dyslexic and 29 control subjects. In the entire group, the frontal half of the horizontal brain section showed asymmetry, with the right side being larger, whereas posteriorly only the occipital polar segment was asymmetrical, with the left side being larger. Dyslexic subjects exhibited asymmetry, with the right side greater than the left side, in contrast to the relatively symmetrical pattern that is normally observed in the midposterior segment that corresponds to the angular gyrus. In the corpus callosum, dyslexic subjects were found to have a larger splenium than nondyslexic subjects, and dyslexic female subjects were found to have a larger splenium than dyslexic male subjects. Because transcallosal pathways connecting the left and right angular gyrus regions traverse through the splenium of the corpus callosum, the above findings in dyslexic subjects suggest an anatomic abnormality in the anaular gyrus region.
Hydrocephalus associated with neural tube defects: characteristics, management, and outcome in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective The past decade has provided new insights into the causes and optimal treatment of infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, I review what we have learned in East Africa about the characteristics, management, and outcomes of hydrocephalus associated with neural tube defects, with particular emphasis on its primary treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy combined with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC).
Perturbation theory on generalized quantum mechanical systems

Abstract We present a general formalism for doing the perturbation theory in the complex energy plane, where the notion of the generalized quantum mechanical systems is used. This formalism is applied to the Friedrichs-Lee model. It reproduces the results of the exact solution, where the spectrum of the generalized quantum mechanical system consists of a discrete complex energy pole and a continuum spectrum (which passes below this discrete pole) in the complex energy plane. We also investigate the role of the “complex delta” function in the description of a resonance state. The unboundedness of the spectrum appears to be the very ingredient needed to give rise to a pure exponential decay.
Incidence of carpal tunnel release: trends and implications within the United States ambulatory care setting.

Purpose To investigate the changes, trends, and implications of carpal tunnel release (CTR) surgery within an ambulatory setting over the past decade in the United States. Methods We undertook an analysis of ambulatory surgery center CTR cases using data from the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention carried out this survey in 1996, and again in 2006. We searched the cases with the procedure codes indicative of CTR. Results The number of CTR procedures increased by 38% (from 360,000 to 577,000) between 1996 and 2006. In 1996, 16% of all ambulatory CTRs were performed in freestanding ambulatory surgery centers (hospital-based centers were 84%), and the proportion increased to 49% in 2006. By 2006, greater than 99% of CTRs were performed in an ambulatory setting. There was a significant increase in women aged 50 to 59 years of age undergoing CTR. Conclusions The minimal invasiveness of CTR combined with the advent of ambulatory care facilities has made CTR a predominantly outpatient procedure. In contrast to other reports, our study demonstrated a higher incidence of CTR within the United States in 2006 compared with 1996. Elderly women, in particular, with CTS were 3 times more likely to be treated surgically than other age groups. Further study is needed to better define factors influencing CTR indications. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
OSp(2,2||4) for open-string fields.

An OSp(2,2\ensuremath{\Vert}4) symmetry is introduced for the open-string theory with the world-sheet metric. It unifies the nonlinearly realized OSp(1,1\ensuremath{\Vert}2) group with the super-rotation group for the unphysical coordinates, OSp(1,1\ensuremath{\Vert}4). Together with the Lorentz group, the total symmetry becomes OSp(D+1,3\ensuremath{\Vert}4), whose group algebra is anomaly free for D=26 and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$=1. The gauge invariance of the free action previously obtained in the OSp(1,1\ensuremath{\Vert}4) framework is explained as the result of the existence of the four nilpotent generators (Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin charges) of OSp(2,2\ensuremath{\Vert}4). The action is written in a manifestly OSp(1,1\ensuremath{\Vert}4)-symmetric manner using the OSp(2,2\ensuremath{\Vert}4) generators.
A LASER FLASH KINETIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EXAMINATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF SINGLET OXYGEN IN UNILAMMELLAR VESICLES

— The kinetic properties of O2(1Δg) have been examined in unilamellar vesicle dispersions composed of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, di-n-octadecyl phosphate and egg lecithin. Light absorbing sensitizers 2-acetonaphthone, methylene blue and a methylene blue derivative of enhanced water-solubility were used. The rate parameters for singlet oxygen were monitored by observing the time profile of the bleaching of the reactive substrates diphenylisobenzofuran and anthracene dipropionate. The natural lifetime of O2(1Δg) in D2O-based suspensions was shown to be 46/JS in good agreement with that found earlier for D2O alone and D2O-based micelle systems. The bimolecular rate constants for reaction with diphenylisobenzofuran and dimethylindole (both lipid-bound) and histidine (water-bound) were also in close conformity with the values found earlier in micellar media. Kinetic spectrophotometry has been shown to be a useful technique for examining rate parameters in these heterogeneous media.
Guidelines for Guest Conductors of Honor Choirs

tion-sponsored honor choirs annually. Additionally, many conductors will work with honor choirs at the city, municipal, and county levels. Still others will work with ensembles from churches, private schools, and community-based programs. It has been a few years since I began conducting honor choirs. My first experiences were fine, but they were not the transformative events I'd hoped they would be for the students involved. As I received more invita-
Central nervous system depressant effects of N3-substituted derivatives of deoxyuridine in mice.

N3-Substituted derivatives of deoxyuridine (1) were synthesized and their pharmacological effects were evaluated by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection in mice. Eleven derivatives, including the methyl (2), ethyl (3), propyl (4), allyl (5), butyl (6), benzyl (7), o, m and p-xylyls (8, 9, 10), α-phenylethyl (11) and phenacyl (12) derivatives, of 1 were prepared and their pharmacological effects were evaluated by using hypnotic activity, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, spontaneous activity and motor incoordination as indices of central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects. At a dose of 2.0 μmol/mouse, the values of mean sleeping time induced by 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 23, 35, 29 and 30 min, respectively. Although the alkyl (2-6) derivatives did not cause any hypnotic activity, some derivatives tested (3, 5, 6, 8-12) significantly prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. When the CNS depressant effects of phenacyl substituted 1 were compared to that of other oxopyrimidine nucleosides, N3-phenacyluridine (13), N3-phenacylthymidine (14), N3-phenacyl-6-azauridine (15), compounds 12, 13 and 14 (1.0 μmol/mouse, i.c.v.) significantly decreased mouse spontaneous activity. Furthermore, 12-15 (1.0 μmol/mouse, i.c.v.) caused mouse motor incoordination. These results indicate that deoxyuridine derivatives have generally central depressant activity, and the benzyl and xylyl derivatives, but not alkyl derivatives, possess hypnotic activity.
Effect of a Web-based continuing-education program on pharmacist learning.

The number of new drugs available on the market continues to grow each year and, in the hospital setting, new drugs are added to the formulary monthly. Pharmacists must be educated about these drugs so that they can be safely dispensed, but gaining the necessary knowledge can be challenging. As of
Asparagine markedly induces the expression of ornithine decarboxylase gene in transformed mammalian cells but not in their untrasformed counterparts

Abstract We have previously shown that asparagine alone induces a 10–15-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA level in DF-40 mouse neuroblastoma cells. The induction is due to an accumulation of ODC mRNA through a post-transcriptional stabilization mechanism (Chen, Z.P. and Chen, K.Y. (1992) J. Biol. Chem., 267, 6946–6951). In the present study we showed that asparagine induced ODC gene expression in v-Ha- ras -transformed 3T3 ( ras -3T3) cells but not in 3T3 cells. Other growth related genes including c- src , c- ras , and c- fos were not affected by asparagine in ras -3T3 cells. Southern blot analysis indicated that the pronounced asparagine effect was not due to ODC gene amplification in ras -3T3 cells. The effect of asparagine on the induction of ODC mRNA could account for the significant increases in the ODC activity in ras -3T3 cells. We also examined the effect of asparagine on ODC gene expression in human KD cells and their transformed counterparts. Our findings strongly suggest that the induction of ODC mRNA by asparagine may represent a component of an altered growth regulatory program associated most prominently with cell transformation.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA in avascular human amnion.

Previously, we found that preproendothelin-1 mRNA is present in human avascular amnion tissue. In this investigation, we evaluated the possibility that another vasoactive protein, namely, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), also is produced in amnion. Using a specific cDNA probe, we identified PTH-rP mRNA in amnion tissue and found that the level of PTH-rP mRNA in placental amnion was greater than that in reflected amnion tissue obtained from the same pregnancy. PTH-rP mRNA also was demonstrable in chorion laeve and in decidua, but the levels of this mRNA in these tissues were much lower than that in amnion. By radioimmunoassay, we found that human amnion cells in primary monolayer culture secrete immunoreactive PTH-rP into the medium. Importantly, the placental amnion covers the chorionic vessels that traverse over the chorionic plate prior to branching into the cotelydons; specifically, there is no intervening tissue between placental amnion and the adventitial tissue of the chorionic vessel w...