cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of External Threat on States and Domestic Societies

I begin with the premise, amply validated, that liberal democracy is the best form of government for the avoidance of ethnic conflict. And by ethnic conflict, I mean violence to persons or property committed by members of one ethnic group against those of another, or by the state (often controlled by an ethnic majority) against members of any ethnic minority. Events occurring in the international arena that negatively influence democratic governance also can increase the probability of ethnic conflict. State security, which frequently is highly dependent on the state's immediate environment, is critically important in the maintenance of liberal democracy. The concept of state security has been at the core of international relations (IR) theorizing, at least in the post-World War II period, if not earlier. The security dilemma as developed by Robert Jervis (1978) and Jack Snyder (1985), of course, has been at the heart of IR theory, as has the related concept of threat in Stephen Walt's (1987) transformation of the balance of power into the balance of threat. But in most IR applications, state security was deemed a function of interstate relations, without necessarily having an impact on either the state itself or on domestic societies. Quantitative analyses of arms races were exemplars of this interstate emphasis. Several years ago I found that state security had an impact on the inner workings of the state itself, particularly on the extent of its democratic governance. Diminished state security is associated with less democracy cross-nationally, and with the overthrow of democracy in favor of autocratic government (Midlarsky 1995, 1998, 2002). These findings are related to the “reversal of the causal arrow” in democratic peace theory suggested by me, and others such as William Thompson (1996) and Patrick James and his colleagues (1999). Of course, the …
Downsizing and the New American Workplace: Rethinking the High Performance Paradigm

This article considers the way new work practices associated with the high performance work model are being combined with downsizing measures as part of contemporary competitive strategy in American workplaces. In general, downsizing measures and high performance practices are treated as mutually exclusive trajectories of corporate reorganization. Yet in the current economy companies may, in fact, use a mix of approaches as they develop strategies for work reorganization. The case study presented here, based on research in the telecommunication industry, suggests that practices such as cross-functional teaming and multi-skilling can be intimately linked to a strategy oriented toward down-sizing. As such, these practices are not always associated with broad skill enhancement; rather, they can result in a more general tendency toward skill erosion and automation. At the same time, downsizing itself can be used to weaken traditional structures of employment relationships, thereby facilitating the use of high...
Ion divergence and the stability of magnetically insulated diodes

Cold fluid equilibria for magnetically insulated ion diodes are unstable 1 ). The interaction of these unstable waves with electrons leads to loss above a threshold wave amplitude 2 ). The waves also interact with ions producing both divergence and energy spread. The magnitude of these effects depends strongly on the diode equilibrium and the wave parameters. Since, previous stability analyses ignored the virtual cathode and the charge-neutral region, both important features of Applied-B ion diode equilibria 3 ), we have investigated diode stability with these features included. The nature of ion diode instability is changed dramatically. Ultimately one would like to control ion divergence and energy spread, which depend on the wave amplitudes. We present test particle calculations of wave-electron interactions within the diode. Comparison of our results with 3-D PIC simulations 4 ), indicate that wave amplitudes late in the simulations are just large enough to produce electron loss. This suggests that a reduction in ion divergence might result from decreasing the wave amplitude required to induce electron loss. This and other possible approaches for reducing ion divergence are discussed.
Phase compositions for mixtures of 2-methyl-2-propanol, n-tetradecane, water, and sodium chloride at 25°C in the three-phase region and adjacent two-phase regions

Abstract Compositions are reported for mixtures of 2-methyl-2-propanol, n-tetradecane, water, and sodium chloride in the three-phase region and surrounding two-phase regions. Such data is needed to design and test a model that aims to predict the behavior of a multisolvent system containing an electrolyte. Initially, the fractional amounts of water and sodium chloride are combined into a brine pseudo-component and plotted on ternary diagrams. However, some tie lines from a two-phase region cross into the three-phase region, demonstrating that the brine can not be considered a valid pseudo-component. When plotted as individual components on (stereoscopic pairs of) quaternary diagrams, the tie lines no longer cross, lending strong support to the argument that, for these systems, water and sodium chloride must be treated as individual components.
Imposing boundary conditions in Sinc method using highest derivative approximation

Sinc approximate methods are often used to solve complex boundary value problems such as problems on unbounded domains or problems with endpoint singularities. A recent implementation of the Sinc method [Li, C. and Wu, X., Numerical solution of differential equations using Sinc method based on the interpolation of the highest derivatives, Applied Mathematical Modeling 31 (1) 2007 1-9] in which Sinc basis functions are used to approximate the highest derivative in the governing equation of the boundary value problem is evaluated for structural mechanics applications in which interlaminar stresses are desired. We suggest an alternative approach for specifying the boundary conditions, and we compare the numerical results for analysis of a laminated composite Timoshenko beam, implementing both Li and Wu's approach and our alternative approach for applying the boundary conditions. For the Timoshenko beam problem, we obtain accurate results using both approaches, including transverse shear stress by integration of the 3D equilibrium equations of elasticity. The beam results indicate our approach is less dependent on the selection of the Sinc mesh size than Li and Wu's SIHD. We also apply SIHD to analyze a classical laminated composite plate. For the plate example, we experience difficulty in obtaining a complete system of equations using Li and Wu's approach. For our approach, we suggest that additional necessary information may be obtained by applying the derivatives of the boundary conditions on each edge. Using this technique, we obtain accurate results for deflection and stresses, including interlaminar stresses by integration of the 3D equilibrium equations of elasticity. Our results for both the beam and the plate problems indicate that this approach is easily implemented, has a high level of accuracy, and good convergence properties.
Electrostatically driven complexes of SiF4 with amines

Some SiF4·polyamine complexes that have recently been prepared are investigated computationally and compared to their counterparts involving NH3. The formation of these systems can be explained satisfactorily in terms of electrostatic interactions between positive σ-holes on the silicon, on the extensions of the FSi bonds, and the lone pairs of the amino nitrogens. The displacement of an F− ion en route to complexes with three amino groups can be understood as a means of avoiding an excessive and destabilizing accumulation of negative charge in the central portion of the system. Very good overall agreement is found between crystallographic and the corresponding computed structural data. The σ-hole interpretationa is fully compatible with initial sp3 d2sp3 rehybridization of the silicon, but it is not necessary to invoke the latter. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
CITATION ARREST Extending the Reach of the Criminal Justice System

The use of citations in place of full custody arrest has generally been considered a liberal reform. It has been suggested, however, that because such a policy might produce a shift in police officers' criteria for arrest, it could result in an increase in the number of people being brought into the criminal justice system. An interrupted time series design was used to study the effect of a citation policy on arrest rates. The predicted increase was found for only one offense. The implications for the evaluation of citation arrest are discussed.
Competition between gas exchange and speech production in ventilated subjects.

Abstract Competition between airflow requirements for speaking and gas exchange occurs in ventilator-dependent tracheotomized subjects who can `steal' air from alveolar ventilation during the ventilator's inflation phase to produce sound. We wondered whether these subjects adopted strategies to minimize hypoventilation when speaking, particularly when ventilatory drive and respiratory discomfort are increased by hypercapnia. We recorded speech and ventilatory and speaking volumes in five ventilated subjects during reading and extemporaneous speech. All subjects spoke during the ventilator's inflation (and expiratory) phase, losing approximately 15% of their inspired tidal volume. During induced hypercapnia (15 mmHg increase in P et CO 2 ) which caused shortness of breath, all subjects could still speak adequately. Two subjects `adapted' to hypercapnia by reducing the air used for speaking during inflation. In contrast, one subject reacted, as normal subjects do, by increasing the airflow per syllable (a mal-adaptive strategy in ventilated subjects). These changes were modest despite the strong hypercapnic stimulus.
Preparative concentration and size fractionation of DNA by porous media using a combination of flow and low electric field strength

The retention of DNA by porous media during chromatography with an applied axial electric field was investigated. DNA was retained by negative electric fields in columns packed with Sephadex G-75 and G-25. A negative field was defined as the electric field orientation in which the direction of electrophoresis was opposing the direction of buffer flow (positive electrode at the column inlet). A positive field was not effective at retaining the DNA. The electric field strength required to retain the DNA was dependent upon the buffer flow rate. The retention of DNA using Sephadex G-25, a gel filtration medium with a higher degree of cross-linking, required higher electric fields than the more porous Sephadex G-75. A dilute DNA solution was concentrated at the inlet of the chromatography bed by an electric field. Mixtures of DNA restriction fragments were used to determine size-dependent retention. DNA was size-fractionated by varying the electric field strength and flow rate. At a given electric field strength and flow rate, the lower molecular weight DNA fragments were not as strongly retained as the higher molecular weight fragments. Decreasing the flow rate or increasing the electric field strength resulted in increased retention of the lower molecular weight DNA fragments. In this manner, by selecting a specific set of conditions (packing material, flow rate, and electric field strength), the molecular weight of DNA fragments retained by the column can be adjusted. Efficient separation of high molecular weight DNA from bovine serum albumin, a protein with high electrophoretic mobility, was demonstrated using a field of 2 V/cm in a column packed with Sephadex G-75.
Kindling antagonism: a role for hindbrain norepinephrine in the development of site suppression following concurrent, alternate stimulation.

Abstract The concurrent, alternate electrical stimulation of the septal nucleus and the entorhinal cortex results in the development of fully generalized seizures at one site (dominant site) and the lack of development of kindled seizures at the other (suppressed or antagonized site). We have labeled this phenomenon kindling antagonism. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the whole brain depletion of norepinephrine (NE) eliminates the development of kindling antagonism1. In the present study animals were treated with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as neonates. The neonatal administration of 6-OHDA produced robust increases in brainstem and cerebellar NE levels and depletions of forebrain NE levels when assayed at maturity. Striatal dopamine levels were spared by this treatment. Neonatal 6-OHDA did not alter the development of the kindling antagonism phenomenon which is typically observed following concurrent, alternate stimulation of the septal nucleus and entorhinal cortex. Neonatal 6-OHDA treatment significantly facilitated the rate of kindled seizure development at dominant sites but failed to alter thresholds for the elicitation of afterdischarges (AD) or patterns of development of AD durations. Other characteristics of kindling antagonism were similarly unaffected by 6-OHDA treatment. These data suggest that brainstem and/or cerebellar NE are sufficient to mediate the development of kindling antagonism in the relative absence of forebrain NE.
Effect of instructions on a creative task: discipline and form in hand sculptures.

How do different limitations which are imposed on a person affect the quality of his creative product? Different freshman sections in architecture were randomly given different limitations for their first three-dimensional assignment which was to produce a handcarving from a 6-in. wooden cube. The limitations were in the number of edges to be left intact: 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. As predicted, the products differed in relation to the limitations; however, more specific predictions about which carvings would excel were only partially confirmed because, it is speculated, the staff had focused more on the students' frustrations than on some inherent properties of the task. The data do fit an interpretation which relates the architectural concepts of object, void, and their relationships to the “new look” in motivation wherein focus is on the relationship between stimulus complexity and the person's needs and abilities.
A new method to measure anatomic knee alignment for large studies of OA: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Summary Objective To develop and validate a new and improved software method to rapidly determine femur–tibia angle (FTA). Methods Three readers, two skilled and one unskilled, without any formal medical training, measured FTA in 142 subjects from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). The reader reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square standard deviation (RMSSD), and Bland–Altman plots, comparing the existing and new FTA methods. Gender-specific linear regression assessed the relationship of FTA with the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA). Results The ICC (RMSSD) for intra- and inter-reader reproducibility of the existing FTA method was 0.96 (0.77°) and 0.92 (1.38°), respectively, and for the new technique was 0.98 (0.25°) and 0.98 (0.37°), with similar results for all three readers. Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement were greater than ±2° for the existing, and ±1° for the new method. The r -value for the relation of FTA to HKA was 0.68 and 0.72 for the existing and new methods, respectively. Varus (HKA ≤ −2°)/neutral (−2° Conclusions Since it is largely automated and uses unambiguous anatomical landmarks, the new method is highly reproducible and can be made on a standard posteroanterior (PA) knee radiograph by a relatively unskilled reader.
PSA bounce predicts early success in patients with permanent iodine-125 prostate implant.

Abstract Objectives To determine the clinical and dosimetric factors that predict prostate-specific antigen (PSA) bounce after iodine-125 prostate brachytherapy and to determine the predictive value of PSA bounce relative to biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS). Methods A multivariate analysis of factors thought to predict for PSA bounce was performed in 295 consecutive patients with T1-T2 prostate cancer treated by prostate brachytherapy as the sole radiotherapeutic modality and a minimum follow-up of 2 years. The variables examined included age, initial PSA level, biopsy Gleason score, use of androgen deprivation, occurrence of PSA bounce, dose received by 90% of the prostate gland, and volume of gland receiving 100% of the prescribed dose. A PSA bounce was defined as a rise of at least 0.2 ng/mL greater than a previous PSA level with a subsequent decline equal to, or less than, the initial nadir. A second analysis investigating the same factors and adding PSA bounce as a predictor of bRFS was also performed. Results The median follow-up was 38 months. A PSA bounce was noted in 82 (28%) of 295 patients. On multivariate analysis, only younger age (younger than 65 years) significantly predicted for a PSA bounce. Patients who experienced a PSA bounce were less likely to have biochemical failure ( P = 0.037). Overall, the bRFS rate at 5 years in those experiencing a PSA bounce was 100% versus 92% in those with no bounce. Conclusions Immediate salvage therapy in patients with a rising PSA level after permanent prostate brachytherapy should not be initiated provided the PSA increase does not exceed the pretreatment PSA value. A PSA bounce may be associated with improved bRFS but was not associated with any of the pretreatment clinical and dosimetric factors examined.
Circulating Laptops in Academic Libraries

While books are often synonymous with a library's collection, there is much more to a library's collection than its books. This is especially true when we examine the library through the lens of te...
Effect of ethanol exposure on circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I and II, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in fetal rats

Maternal ethanol (ETOH) exposure is associated with impaired fetal growth. Because insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are thought to be important in the regulation of fetal somatic growth, we examined the influence of maternal ETOH exposure on fetal growth and plasma levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the rat model. Control (A) dams were fed a standard rat chow ad libitum. ETOH (E) consuming dams were fed a 36% ETOH diet, and pair-fed (P) dams were fed isocaloric amounts of a control liquid diet. All animals were killed on day 20 of gestation. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I and -II were determined by radioimmunoassay after formic acid-acetone extraction and heat inactivation of IGFBPs. Levels of IGFBPs in fetal plasma were estimated by Western ligand blotting after protein separation by SDS-PAGE and electrotransfer to nitrocellulose. Membranes were probed with [125l]IGF-l, and IGFBPs were identified by autoradiography, quantified by scanning densitometry and results expressed relative to corresponding IGFBPs in control fetal plasma. Maternal weight gain from conception to 20 days of pregnancy was reduced for E compared to P and A dams (p < 0.05 E vs. P or A). The same pattern was reflected in fetal weight that tended to be lower in P compared with A pups, and was significantly reduced in E pups compared with both groups (p < 0.0001 E vs. P or A). Thus, fetal growth was more retarded in E animals despite equal caloric and protein intake by E and P dams. Radioimmunoassay of fetal plasma revealed that there was no difference in circulating levels of IGF-II in A (65.5 ± 8.7 ng/ml) and P (65.9 ± 9.8 ng/ml) plasma. However, levels of IGF-II were higher in E (87.1 ± 6.2 ng/ml) than in corresponding P animals. At the same time, there were no differences in IGF-I levels between any of the treatment groups. Western ligand blotting demonstrated that levels of 32–34 kDa IGFBPs were elevated in plasma of P compared with A fetal plasma, consistent with an effect of reduced maternal nutrition. In contrast, levels of32–34 kDa IGFBPs were reduced in E plasma compared with P and A (p < 0.04 and p < 0.02, respectively). These data suggest that circulating levels of IGF-II (but not IGF-I) and specific IGFBPs are altered in growth-retarded fetuses exposed to ETOH. Comparison to fetal plasma obtained from pair-fed litters demonstrate that these effects on IGF and IGFBP levels are specific to ETOH, and not simply due to maternal nutrient intake. Taken together, these observations indicate that ETOH has unique effects on fetal IGF physiology compared with previously studied models of fetal growth retardation. Alterations in the expression and levels of IGFs and IGFBPs may contribute to ETOH-induced fetal growth deficiency.
Simulataneous quantitation of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in brain during and following chronic naltrexone administration

The effects of chronic administration of the narcotic antagonist naltrexone on regional brain levels of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin were studied in order to determine whether central monoaminergic neurons are tonically modulated by central opioid systems. Chronic exposure to naltrexone (8 days) is associated with a significant increase in the content of norepinephrine in the mesolimbic forebrain and the content of dopamine in the frontal cortex and striatum. Ten days following naltrexone pellet removal the above levels returned to control values but thalamic dopamine content was reduced 10-fold. These data suggest that the affected brain regions receive an opioidergic input that is tonically active.
DesignLibs: a scenario-based design method for ideation

Generating potential design ideas through ideation often benefits from the spontaneity of random ideas. Having potential users participate in this process can be beneficial, but is often difficult to implement. We present a new method for generating design ideas with potential users. The method uses scenarios with missing words, which potential users fill in to generate ideas for features and attributes of new technology designs, similar to the children's game of Mad Libs. We developed three different formats of DesignLibs, including 1) "Mad Libs-style": blanks presented before seeing the scenario, 2) "Fill-in-the-Blanks": blanks presented within the context of the scenario, and 3) "Q&A": blanks presented as questions and answers. We found that Design-Libs generated a number of new ideas, with the Fill-in-the-Blanks method providing the highest ratings for usefulness, feasibility, and diversity of answers. All three formats provided equal ratings for creativity.
A Joint Central Limit Theorem for the Sample Mean and Regenerative Variance Estimator.

Let {V(k) :K⩾1} be a sequence of independent, identically distributed random vectors in ℝd with mean vector μ. The mappingg is a twice differentiable mapping from ℝd to ℝ1. Setr=g(μ). A bivariate central limit theorem is proved involving a point estimator forr and the asymptotic variance of this point estimate. This result can be applied immediately to the ratio estimation problem that arises in regenerative simulation. Numerical examples show that the variance of the regenerative variance estimator is not necessarily minimized by using the “return state” with the smallest expected cycle length.
Should we call it expression or communication

Abstract Two issues are addressed. First is the matter of just what type of information can be derived from observing a facial expression of emotion. Seven different emotion domains are described. Then problems inherent in the terms expression and communication are described as they apply to facial behaviour. In this context the argument that the face just signals about interactive not emotional phenomena is shown to be a false and misleading dichotomy.
Grassroots Organizations: Recurrent Themes and Research Approaches

This concluding article outlines the themes related to successful grassroots organizing that were recurrent in the other articles of this journal issue. These themes include group dynamics, characteristics of grassroots activists, intergroup coalitions, leadership and other resources, and the role of technology. In addition, this paper highlights suggestions for methodological approaches to the study of grassroots organizing. Finally, practical implications that can be drawn from studies of grassroots movements are discussed.
Processes controlling the episodic streamwater transport of atrazine and other agrichemicals in an agricultural watershed

Episodic streamwater transport of atrazine (a common agricultural herbicide) and nutrients has been observed throughout agricultural watersheds in the United States and poses a serious threat to the quality of its water resources. Catchment-scale atrazine and nutrient transport processes after agricultural application are still poorly understood, and predicting episodic streamwater composition remains an elusive goal. We instrumented a 1.2-km2 agricultural catchment near Harrisonburg, Virginia, and examined streamwater, overland flow, soil water, groundwater, and rainfall during the summer of 1998. Storm chemographs demonstrated different patterns for constituents derived primarily from weathering (silica and calcium), compared to constituents derived primarily from early spring land applications (nitrate, atrazine, DOC, potassium, chloride, and sulfate). During storms, the concentrations of silica and calcium decreased, the atrazine response was variable, and the concentrations of nitrate, DOC, potassium, chloride, and sulfate increased; the elevated nitrate signal lagged several hours behind the other elevated constituents. Graphical and statistical analyses indicated a relatively stable spring-fed baseflow was modified by a mixture of overland flow and soil water. A rapid, short-duration overland-flow pulse dominated the streamflow early in the event and contributed most of the potassium, DOC, chloride, suspended sediment, and atrazine. A longer-duration soil–water pulse dominated the streamflow later in the event and contributed the nitrate as well as additional potassium, DOC, sulfate, and atrazine. The contributions to the episodic streamflow were quantified using a flushing model in which overland-flow and soil–water concentrations decreased exponentially with time during an episode. Flushing time constants for the overland-flow and soil–water reservoirs were calculated on a storm-by-storm basis using separate tracers for each time-variable reservoir. Initial component concentrations were estimated through regression analyses. Mass-balance calculations were used for flow separations and to predict the observed streamwater composition. Model forecasts indicated that reduced fertilizer and pesticide application (rather than elimination of overland-flow or soil–water contributions) was necessary to improve the episodic streamwater composition. This study provides important additional understanding of the catchment-scale processes by which land-applied pesticides and nutrients can move through agricultural systems.
EFFECT OF ANOXIA ON THE INTESTINAL MOTILITY RESPONSE TO NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE ISOLATED RABBIT ILEUM

Acute anoxic conditions as seen frequently in circulatory and respiratory failures are almost always associated with release of catecholamines from the sympathetic nerve endings and/or adrenal medullas (1, 2). It has been known that catecholamines inhibit the intestinal motility of the isolated rabbit ileum (3-7), whereas anoxia increases the motility before complete paralysis (8-11). The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of anoxia on the intestinal motility response to norepinephrine in the isolated rabbit ileum.
Standardization skullduggery update: UMTS standard

This article standardization skullduggery - involves the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) standard. Broadcom Corp., a manufacturer of semiconductor ICs (chipsets) for communications applications, has sued Qualcomm Inc., another chipset manufacturer and the owner of patents essential to complying with the standard.
Soviet mathematics education between 1918 and 1931: a time of radical reforms

This paper is devoted to the post-Revolutionary period in the development of Russian (Soviet) mathematics education. During the period between 1918 and 1931, the new government of the country strove to implement the most bold and radical plans and approaches in mathematics education that had been developed by reformers before the Revolution or were borrowed from abroad. Already by the 1930s, these radical reforms were declared to have been leftist deviations and eradicated no less radically. The paper attempts to reconstruct what happened in 1918–1931 (based on surviving publications in periodicals of the period and archival materials) and to indicate directions for further research.
A review of electrical stimulation of the brain in context of learning and retention.

A selective review of the literature on the effect of electrical stimulation of the brain on learning and memory processes is presented. The first part of the review examines complicating aspects of brain stimulation and problems of theory and experimental design. Such issues include (a) the manifold consequences of electrical brain stimulation upon the nervous system, (b) the problems related to interpretation of stimulation effects, and (c) the need for methodological paradigms embodying different theoretical frameworks in order to specify the role of various neural systems in information processing. The second part of the review describes the effects obtained to date with electrical stimulation of specific neural structures such as the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, cortex, amygdala, or midbrain reticular formation. Tentative suggestions are advanced relating these effects to processes associated with storage and retrieval of information.
Rate coefficients for photoinitiated NO2 unimolecular decomposition: energy dependence in the threshold regime

Abstract Rate coefficients k ( E ) for photoinitiated NO 2 unimolecular decomposition have been obtained by recording the product NO laser-induced fluorescence signal intensity versus the delay between the pump and probe pulses. A 10 ps pump-probe cross-correlation temporal width provides a useful compromise between time and frequency resolution (3 cm −1 ) . k ( E ) increases rapidly: from ∼2×10 10 to ⩾1.3×10 11 s −1 within 25 cm −1 of reaction threshold. In this regime, long-range interfragment interactions play an important role. A high level of theory will be needed to reconcile these results.
Laminar origins of spinothalamic projections in the cat as determined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify the locations of cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the cat. Injections of from 0.2–3.0 μl of 30% HRP were made unilaterally in various regions of the somatosensory thalamus. Massive injections of the caudal thalamus in several cats showed the spinothalamic cells of origin to be located mainly in laminae I, VII and VIII in the lumbar enlargement, and in laminae I, V and VII–VIII in the cervical enlargement. Small injections of HRP were made into the three major spinothalamic terminal zones in the thalamus, to determine the laminar origin(s) of the spinal projections to each zone. Neurons in lamina I in both cervical and lumbar enlargements were found to project almost exclusively to the rostral VB-caudal VL border zone. A small number of neurons in laminae VII and VIII also project there but a larger number project to the intralaminar region. Neurons projecting to the PO regions were located mainly in laminae IV and V. This anatomical segregation of thalamic afferents probably reflects a functional segregation of input, since the functional properties of spinal neurons vary according to their laminar location. Comparison of these data with the differential projection spinothalamic neurons in the rat and monkey indicate that it is unlikely that the proposed “paleo-” and “neospinothalamic” systems would arise from anatomically separate groups of spinal neurons.
Macromolecular assembly: Chainmail stabilization of a viral capsid

Abstract The subunits that make up the capsid of a double-stranded DNA phage have been found to be arranged as covalently bonded, interlinked pentamer and hexamer rings. This remarkable ‘chainmail' arrangement raises interesting new questions about macromolecular assembly.
Applicability of the time–temperature superposition principle in modeling dynamic response of a polyurea

This paper addresses the applicability of the Time–Temperature Superposition Principle in the dynamic response of a polyurea polymer at high strain rates and different temperatures. Careful and extensive measurements in the time domain of the relaxation behavior and subsequent deduction of a master-relaxation curve establish the mechanical behavior for quasistatic deformations over a time range of 16 decades. To examine its validity in a highly dynamic environment, experiments with the aid of a split Hopkinson (Kolsky) pressure bar are carried out. The use of a two-material pulse shaper allows for stress equilibrium across the specimen during the compression process, to concentrate on the initial, small deformation part that characterizes linearly viscoelastic behavior. This behavior of polyurea at high strain rates and different temperatures is then investigated by comparing results from a physically fully three-dimensional (axisymmetric) numerical model, employing the quasistatically obtained properties, with corresponding Hopkinson bar measurements. The experimentally determined wave history entering the specimen is used as input to the model. Experimental and simulation results are compared with each other to demonstrate that the Time–Temperature Superposition Principle can indeed provide the requisite data for high strain rate loading of viscoelastic solids, at least to the extent that linear viscoelasticity applies with respect to the polyurea material.
Acoustic enhancement of electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions reflects basilar membrane tuning: a model

A simple model for the acoustic enhancement of electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions (EEOEs) is presented in this paper. The model is based on the assumption that the enhancement is a result of the local interaction between the electrical current spreading in the scala media and the basilar membrane (BM) response to acoustic input. The analytical, steady-state response of the 1-dimensional linear cable to sinusoidal current injection is derived and is used to predict the current spreading in the cochlea. Acoustic enhancement at an emission generator is modeled as a magnitude change that is a sigmoid function of the local BM motion. The model results are in good agreement with the experimental findings and support our interpretation that the acoustic enhancement of EEOEs reflects BM tuning.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 6C: an Intra- and Interclonal Complex Comparison

We report the annotated draft genome sequences of four serotype 6C Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of differing genetic backgrounds. Serotype 6C isolates are increasing in prevalence and becoming progressively more resistant to antibiotics. As a result, these strains are likely to become more important in the near future.
Kinetic and chemical mechanism of epoxide hydrolase.

Epoxide hydrolases (EC 3.3.2.3) catalyze the trans-antiperiplanar addition of water to epoxides and arene oxides generated in the oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons [1][2][3]. As a consequence, ...
EARLY GERM FEEDING AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH.

The average length of the larval-pupal periods of 132 Angoumois grain moths, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), reared in degermed wheat kernels was 45.2 days, which was 19.3% longer than the 37.9-day average of 144 moths reared in whole kernels. Females from degermed kernels weighed less. An average larval-pupal period of 48.5 days for 45 moths reared in brush half-kernels of wheat was 16.3% longer than the 41.7 days for 44 insects reared in germ half-kernels. Both the males and females from brush half-kernels weighed less. Apparently, differential feeding on various other parts of the wheat kernel influenced the length of the larval-pupal period. Numbers of larval instars varied from 4 to 7. Instars were determined by dissecting kernels of various types from which moths had emerged, to recover the cast larval mandibles. More instars were associated with longer larval-pupal periods.
Estimating link availability and timing delays in ethernet-based networks

Availability is an important requirement in networks used to control physical processes such as those present in the U.S. Critical Infrastructure, also known as Process Control Systems (PCS) or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. For instance, the IEC 61850 family of standards defines the network protocol for electric substations and the interface the substation presents to the Internet in the Smart Grid. Most of these networks currently use IEEE 802.3 Ethernet as opposed to legacy deployments using direct point-to-point connections that required a total of n * (n - 1)/2 connections, also known as the n2 problem. IEC 61850 (and other industrial protocols) operate in an environment where messages must arrive in time to be processed and action taken by control equipment. Thus, this delicate network becomes a target for attackers that may attempt to delay message delivery to negatively affect availability and cause problems, possibly leading to a blackout or unsafe state of the system. Components and processes must be designed to handle delayed messages. This paper presents a theoretic model that can be used to estimate the round-trip-time of a message over Ethernet under different link loads. A discrete event simulator called OMNeT++ was used to build a simulation and validate the proposed model. Simulation results indicate that the model is accurate.
Isolation, purification and characterization of a trypsin from the pyloric ceca of mullet (Mugil cephalus)

1. 1. A protease classified as trypsin on the basis of its mol. wt of 24,000, its ability to hydrolyze synthetic substrates N-α-benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPA) and tosylarginine methyl ester (TAME), and the inhibitory effects of methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), SBTI, aprotinin and benzamidine on its activity was isolated from the pyloric ceca of mullet. 2. 2. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 8 and a temperature of 55°C and was stable in the pH range of 7.5–9.0. The Arrhenius energy of activation (Ea) for BAPA hydrolysis by this enzyme was 7.4 kcal/mol. 3. 3. The enzyme showed greater affinity for TAME (K′m = 0.19 mM) as a substrate than for BAPA (K′m = 0.49 mM), and preferential hydrolysis of ester bonds (Vmax = 2640 TAME units/μmmol enzyme) than amide bonds (Vmax = 400 BAPA units/μmol enzyme).
Boundary layer around a liquid jet

The phenomenon of air wake caused by a train of liquid drops is studied in this paper by approximating the train to a cylindrical jet emerging from a nozzle. The boundary layer equations are derived by applying continuity of jet mass and matching the loss of jet momentum with the air drag on the jet. These equations are solved numerically and compared with experiments in which the velocity change of the jet along the stream is carefully measured through measurements of drop distances. Good agreement is obtained between experimental results and the analysis.
Growth of embryonic avian and mammalian tibiae on a relatively simple chemically defined medium.

Abstract The growth of embryonic chick and turkey tibiotarsi and embryonic rat and mouse tibiae on a new relatively simple chemically defined medium has been described. It has been that (1) the chick bones increase in length, wet weight, dry weight and DNA content; (2) the turkey bones increase in length, wet weight and DNA content; (8) the rat and mouse bones increase in length, wet weight and dry weight. Deficiency experiments have shown the importance of amino acids and l -glutamine in the medium.
Implementation of automatic crack evaluation using Crack Fundamental Element

Crack evaluation is a vital component in the pavement condition survey. However, researchers have had difficulty automatically mimicking the in-field evaluation practice to achieve a fully automated pavement crack evaluation due to the diversity of real-world crack patterns and the complexity of crack definitions in an agency's survey protocol. The multi-scale crack analysis model based on a Crack Fundamental Element is developed to topologically represent complex crack patterns and provide systematic crack properties to support crack classification. Utilizing this model, this study implements an automatic crack classification and quantification method for use on the state highways in Georgia, United States. Both image-based validation and field validation are conducted with the pavement experts from the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) on State Route 236 in Atlanta, and the proposed method achieves a classification accuracy of 92.2% for load cracking and 98.1% for B/T cracking.
Self-selected walking speed was consistent when recorded while using a cane

Objective To assess whether loss of consistency or systematic measurement error is introduced by allowing older individuals to use a cane during measurement of self-selected walking speed (SSWS).
More nominal dysphasia in medical nomenclature.

Succinturiate lobe. The Roman military unit of 100 soldiers was commanded by a centurion (Latin: centurio = commander of 100 men). The officer, who substituted for the centurion when the latter was unavailable or indisposed, was the succenturio (Latin: sub = under; centurio = centurion). Succenturiate (not “succinturiate”) therefore came to mean a substitute and then an accessory, as in the succentuniate lobe of the placenta. It is not related to succinct (Latin: sub = under; cingere = to gird or cinch), meaning “brief, concise.” Osteochondritis dessicans. This disorder of joints, in which fragmentation of articular cartilage and bone occurs, is correctly termed osteochondnitis dissecans [3] from the Latin: dissecare = to cut into pieces. (Some authors prefer osteochondrosis dissecans [4], since this is not an inflammatory condition). Perhaps those authors who write “dessicans” believe that the condition results from a “drying out” of the cartilage. If so, they should write “desiccans” with one s and two c’s (Latin: desiccare = to dry up completely). Nevertheless, the process of cartilaginous and osseous fragmentation requires the use of dissecans.
Blind identification of QAM signals using a likelihood-based algorithm

This paper presents a method for automatically identifying different QAM modulations. This method identifies the modulation type as the hypothesis for which the likelihood function of the amplitudes of the received signal is the maximum. The derivation of the likelihood functions assumes additive white Gaussian noise and no pulse shaping. In order to accommodate pulse shaping in the received signal, the system sub-samples the incoming signals non-uniformly so that the distribution of the amplitudes of the sub-sampled signals approximately matches that of QAM signals without pulse shaping. This method does not need prior knowledge of carrier frequency and baud rate and can identify modulation types at relatively low SNRs and with relatively few symbols. Simulation results demonstrating accurate modulation identification in the presence of additive noise are included in the paper. Results presented in the paper with non-Gaussian noise indicate that the system is robust to variations from the assumed noise model.
Temperature rise of the post and on the root surface during ultrasonic post removal.

Aim To determine the temperature rise on the root surface caused by ultrasonic post removal using different devices and techniques in a laboratory setting. Methodology Two ultrasonic devices, one piezoelectrical (Pi) and one magnetostrictive (Ma), were investigated. A serrated titanium post was placed into the distal root canal of a human mandibular first molar. Four coolant parameters were utilized: no air, no water, no evacuation (NN), air only with high-speed evacuation (A), 15 mL min−1 water coolant with high-speed evacuation (W15) and 30 mL min−1 water coolant with high-speed evacuation (W30). Five simulated post removals were measured at two locations, the post (P) and the root (R), for each coolant parameter. Temperature rise was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 s intervals using calibrated infrared thermography (n = 80). Temperatures were recorded at 45 ms intervals. Data were analysed using repeated measures anova with the Scheffe post hoc test (P ≤ 0.05). Results The overall mean pooled effect showed that temperature rise for P = 20.1 ± 27.9 °C and R = 10.9 ± 7.9 °C were significantly different. Significant differences in temperature rise were: Pi > Ma, P > R, NN > A = W15 = W30 however, A > W30. Conclusions There were significant differences in temperature rise as a function of ultrasonic device, location on the tooth and cooling method utilized for post removal.
Immunogenicity of Elosulfase Alfa, an Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Patients With Morquio A Syndrome: Results From MOR-004, a Phase III Trial.

Abstract Purpose Morquio A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IVA [MPS IVA]) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme N -acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase, which is required to degrade the glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate. Morquio A is associated with extensive morbidity and early mortality. Elosulfase alfa is an enzyme replacement therapy that provides a treatment option for patients with Morquio A. We examined the immunogenicity profile of elosulfase alfa, assessing any correlations between antidrug antibodies and the efficacy and safety outcomes in 176 patients with Morquio A from a 24-week international Phase III trial. Methods Patients were randomized to placebo (n = 59) or elosulfase alfa 2.0 mg/kg administered weekly (n = 58) or every other week (n = 59) as an ~4-hour infusion. Blood samples were routinely tested to determine drug-specific total antibody titer and neutralizing antibody (NAb) positivity. Drug-specific immunoglobulin E positivity was tested routinely and in response to severe hypersensitivity adverse events (AEs). Antidrug antibody positivity and titer were compared with efficacy and safety metrics to assess possible correlations. Findings The 176 patients in the trial were 54% female, with a mean age of 11.9 years. In all patients treated with elosulfase alfa antidrug antibodies developed, and in the majority, antibodies capable of interfering with cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor binding in vitro (NAb) developed. Less than 10% of patients tested positive for drug-specific IgE during the study. Despite the high incidence of anti–elosulfase alfa antibodies, no correlations were detected between higher total antibody titers or NAb positivity and worsened 6-minute walk test results, urine keratin sulfate levels, or hypersensitivity AEs. Drug-specific IgE pos i tivity had no apparent association with the occurrence of anaphylaxis, other hypersensitivity AEs, and/or treatment withdrawal. Implications Despite the universal development of antidrug antibodies, elosulfase alfa treatment was both safe and well tolerated and immunogenicity was not associated with reduced treatment effect. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01275066. ( Clin Ther.