cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architecture of the linker-scaffold in the nuclear pore

Abstract The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole bidirectional gateway for nucleocytoplasmic transport. Despite recent progress in elucidating the arrangement of the structured scaffold building blocks in the NPC symmetric core, their cohesion by multivalent unstructured linker proteins remained elusive. Combining biochemical reconstitution, high resolution structure determination, docking into cryo-electron tomographic reconstructions, and physiological validation, we elucidated the architecture of the entire linker-scaffold, yielding a near-atomic composite structure of the symmetric core accounting for ∼77 MDa of the human NPC. Whereas linkers generally play a rigidifying role, the linker-scaffold of the NPC provides the plasticity and robustness necessary for the reversible constriction and dilation of its central transport channel. Our results complete the structural characterization of the NPC symmetric core, providing a rich foundation for future functional studies. One sentence summary An interdisciplinary analysis established the near-atomic molecular architecture and evolutionary conservation of the linker-scaffold of the human nuclear pore complex.
A Priori Error Estimates for Nonlinear Scalar Conservation Laws

In this note, we review the recent work of the authors on a priori error estimates for nonlinear scalar conservation laws. A priori error estimates are important because they shed light into the nature of the corresponding numerical scheme. In this note, we show how to use our a priori error estimation technique to study multidimensional monotone schemes defined in non-Cartesian grids. For the so-called consistent schemes, we prove that the L ∞(0,T;L 1(R d ))-error goes to zero as (Δx) 1/2 as the discretization parameter Δx goes to zero; all previous results give a rate of convergence of only (Δx)1/4. The loss of 1/4 in the exponent is due to the fact that it is not known how to prove that the total variation of the approximate solution is uniformly bounded. We show that such estimate is not necessary to obtain optimal error estimates; only the structure of the numerical scheme is important.
Measurement of the polarization and magnetic moment of Ξ̄ + antihyperons produced by 800-GeV/c protons

The polarization of ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{+}$ hyperons produced by 800-GeV/c protons in the inclusive reaction $p+\mathrm{Be}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{+}+X$ has been measured using a sample of $70000{\overline{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{+}$ decays. The average polarization of the ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{+}$, at a mean ${x}_{F}=0.39$ and ${p}_{t}=0.76$ GeV/c, is -0.097\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009, compared to -0.102\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 for the ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The large polarization found for the ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{+}$ is not expected in any model for polarization of inclusively produced hyperons. The magnetic moment of the ${\overline{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}^{+}$ was measured to be 0.657\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.028\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020 nuclear magnetons (${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$), compared to $(\ensuremath{-}0.674\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.021\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$ for the ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, in good agreement with $\mathrm{CPT}$ invariance.
A role for protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) in the mechanism of novel anticancer agent, AS1411.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5507 AS1411 (formerly AGRO100) is a guanosine-rich phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide that is currently being tested in a Phase I clinical trial for the treatment of advanced cancer. This agent has a novel mechanism of action that involves binding to nucleolin, a multifunctional protein that is expressed abnormally by cancer cells. Binding of AS1411 to nucleolin is thought to alter the molecular interactions of nucleolin, which modulates nucleolin function and leads to antiproliferative effects. The purpose of this study was to identify nucleolin-binding proteins whose interactions with nucleolin are perturbed in AS1411-treated cancer cells. The nucleolin complex was isolated by immunoprecipitation (IP) from human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Several nucleolin-interacting proteins, including protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), were identified by MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. PRMT5 is a Type II arginine methyltransferase (makes symmetrical dimethylarginine modifications) that has been implicated in the repression of certain tumor suppressor genes. To determine if AS1411 affects the nucleolin-PRMT5 interaction, we compared nucleolin-associated proteins from untreated, AS1411-treated and control oligonucleotide (CRO)-treated DU145 cells using anti-nucleolin IP. The results clearly showed altered interactions between PRMT5 and nucleolin in AS1411-treated cells. Specifically, the nucleolin-PRMT5 interaction was decreased in the nucleus, but increased in the cytoplasm. Further, we compared the activity of PRMT5 and other protein arginine methyltransferases by determining the level of dimethylated arginine (DMA) methylation in treated and untreated DU145 cells using antibodies that specifically recognize symmetrical DMA (sDMA)-containing peptides or asymmetrical DMA (aDMA)-containing peptides. The recognition patterns are distinct but partially overlap as some proteins are both recognized by these antibodies. The results showed that AS1411 treatment resulted in altered levels of sDMA modification, which were in accord with changes in its interactions with nucleolin. To determine if nucleolin is a substrate for methylation by PRMT5 in DU145 cells, we used anti-sDMA antibodies for co-IP. The sDMA-modified nucleolin was found in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts and its distribution was altered in AS1411-treated cells. Finally, we examined the expression of selected genes (including the ST7 tumor suppressor) that are repressed by PRMT5 and found a significant increase in AS1411-treated cells, consistent with the decreased nuclear activity of PRMT5. We conclude from our studies that nucleolin is a novel substrate and partner for PRMT5. Furthermore, we have found that a nucleolin-targeted anticancer agent, AS1411, disrupts the specific molecular interactions between nucleolin and PRMT5, which leads to altered distribution and activity of PRMT5.
Chemical kinetics in electrochemical processes: Electron transfer between or within multi-component sub-systems of the type:

Abstract A general treatment is given for electrochemical processes involving (pseudo-) first-order chemical reactions and semi-infinite planar diffusion. The physical implication of a derived, general equation relating surface concentration and currents — which are time dependent functions — are discussed. The constants of the equation are evaluated for a generalized three-component sub-system, and the formulation of specific response functions is demonstrated for pre-kinetic, post-kinetic, both pre-and post-kinetic, and parallel-kinetic (catalytic) cases. Solutions of the equation are obtained for various specific systems and techniques, including chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry, and a.c. chronopotentiometry. Also, a general expression for the phase angle (between current and potential) in a.c. methods involving only one pair of electroactive species is developed. Finally, the interpretation, of experimental data is discussed and some methods (including the use of analog computers) which could be used to evaluate the constants of the equation for more complicated systems are mentioned.
Accelerating the Convergence of the Method of Alternating Projections Via a Line Search: a Brief Survey

We give a brief survey of some ways of accelerating the convergence of the iterativemethod of alternating projections via a line search.
Underuse and Overuse of Osteoporosis Screening in a Regional Health System: a Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for osteoporosis with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for women aged ≥ 65 years and younger women with increased risk. “Choosing Wisely” initiatives advise avoiding DXA screening in women younger than 65 years without osteoporosis risk factors.
Birkeland Currents: Present Understanding and Some Remaining Questions

Kristian Birkeland determined that large-scale ionospheric currents were associated with the aurora. He deduced this from his surface magnetic field measurements in the polar regions at the beginning of the twentieth century. He suggested that these “auroral currents” originated far from the Earth and that they flowed into and away from the polar atmosphere along geomagnetic field lines. The existence of such field-aligned or Birkeland currents was widely disputed because it was not possible to unambiguously identify current systems that are field-aligned (Alfven, 1939; 1940) and those which are completely contained in the ionosphere (Vestine and Chapman, 1938) only from a study of surface magnetic field measurements. Observations acquired from a variety of rocket and satellite experiments have absolutely confirmed the presence of Birkeland currents and have demonstrated the important role that these intense currents (ranging between 106 and 107 amperes) play in the coupling of energy between interplanetary space and the lower atmosphere and ionosphere. The Birkeland currents are a critical ingredient in a variety of plasma processes on this planet (associated with aurora and radio emissions), on Jupiter (associated with Io-related radio emissions), and in our galaxy (related to comets and double radio sources, e. g., Alfven, 1981). Considerable effort has been directed, during the past number of years, in establishing the statistical characteristics of Birkeland currents. Some of this past work will be reviewed here and some major remaining questions will be posed.
CDKL5 mutations in early epileptic encephalopathy and in atypical forms of Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome (RTT, MIM #312750) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by a distinct set of clinical features, notably a regression that robs the affected individuals of spoken language and volitional hand use [1]. Additionally, affected people develop characteristic hand stereotypies that are classically wringing or washing in nature, although they make take on a variety of forms such as clapping, finger rubbing, or hand mouthing. Gait is also impaired or absent: Those who can walk display a characteristic dyspraxic gait. Most affected individuals are girls, which is one of the features that lead to the discovery of the genetic cause for the majority of cases, mutations in Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MECP2) [2]. Ninety-five percent of people who fulfill the clinical criteria for typical, or classic RTT have mutations in MECP2 [3]. In addition to the defining clinical characteristics outlined above, people with typical RTT have a number of additional clinical features such as irregular awake breathing patterns, growth failure, sleep disruption, dystonia, and scoliosis. The majority of individuals have seizures at some point in their life and have grossly abnormal electroencephalograms. Seizure onset is typically in school age and is very rare amongst infants. In contrast to the pattern of seizures found in people with typical RTT, a subset of individuals have been identified who have some features of RTT but have severe, early-onset epilepsy [4]. Mutations in MECP2 are not typically found in these variants, which have been termed early seizure variant [1]. In the last couple of years mutations in a different genetic locus, Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDKL5), have been identified in people with severe infantile epilepsy with infantile spasms and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE2, MIM#300672), some of whom have also been characterized as having the early seizure variant of RTT [5,6]. In this issue of Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy, Martinez et al. [7] describe a Spanish experience looking for CDKL5 mutations in a cohort of people characterized as having atypical RTT but lacking mutations in MECP2. They screened 53 of the collection of 150 people lacking MECP2 mutations and found de novo genetic changes in eight individuals. Seven of the eight individuals presented had relatively early onset of seizures (between 25 days and 3 yr), however, this is a later and more variable presentation of seizure onset than has been previously reported, with seizures typically starting in the first 1-3 mo of life [8,9]. The authors also attempt *Address for correspondence: Jeffrey L. Neul, Duncan Neurological Research Institute, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1250.018, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel.: +1 832 824 8808; Fax: +1 832 824 8858; E-mail: jneul@bcm.edu. Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy 1 (2012) 3–4 DOI 10.3233/PEP-2012-002 IOS Press 3
SIMPLE in practice [educational software]

SIMPLE makes it easy to combine existing software to structure and deploy complex interactive learning environments for students. A unique feature of SIMPLE environments is that the interactions of the learner with the environment can be automatically and unobtrusively logged into a file that the instructor can examine for progress and problems on the part of the learner. The instructor can even play back the log file on screen to reconstruct a particular learning session. The paper presents actual experience with SIMPLE environments used by all students in a first course in electronics for electrical engineers at Texas Tech University and some students in a basic course in mathematics at Amarillo College.
Mutagenesis of SNM1, Which Encodes a Protein Component of the Yeast RNase MRP, Reveals a Role for This Ribonucleoprotein Endoribonuclease in Plasmid Segregation

RNase MRP is a ribonucleoprotein endoribonuclease that has been shown to have roles in both mitochondrial DNA replication and nuclear 5.8S rRNA processing. SNM1 encodes an essential 22.5-kDa protein that is a component of yeast RNase MRP. It is an RNA binding protein that binds the MRP RNA specifically. This 198-amino-acid protein can be divided into three structural regions: a potential leucine zipper near the amino terminus, a binuclear zinc cluster in the middle region, and a serine- and lysine-rich region near the carboxy terminus. We have performed PCR mutagenesis of the SNM1 gene to produce 17 mutants that have a conditional phenotype for growth at different temperatures. Yeast strains carrying any of these mutations as the only copy of snm1 display an rRNA processing defect identical to that in MRP RNA mutants. We have characterized these mutant proteins for RNase MRP function by examining 5.8S rRNA processing, MRP RNA binding in vivo, and the stability of the RNase MRP RNA. The results indicate two separate functional domains of the protein, one responsible for binding the MRP RNA and a second that promotes substrate cleavage. The Snm1 protein appears not to be required for the stability of the MRP RNA, but very low levels of the protein are required for processing of the 5.8S rRNA. Surprisingly, a large number of conditional mutations that resulted from nonsense and frameshift mutations throughout the coding regions were identified. The most severe of these was a frameshift at amino acid 7. These mutations were found to be undergoing translational suppression, resulting in a small amount of full-length Snm1 protein. This small amount of Snm1 protein was sufficient to maintain enough RNase MRP activity to support viability. Translational suppression was accomplished in two ways. First, CEN plasmid missegregation leads to plasmid amplification, which in turn leads to SNM1 mRNA overexpression. Translational suppression of a small amount of the superabundant SNM1 mRNA results in sufficient Snm1 protein to support viability. CEN plasmid missegregation is believed to be the result of a prolonged telophase arrest that has been recently identified in RNase MRP mutants. Either the SNM1 gene is inherently susceptible to translational suppression or extremely small amounts of Snm1 protein are sufficient to maintain essential levels of MRP activity.
An observation on associative one-way functions in complexity theory

Abstract We introduce the notion of associative one-way functions and prove that they exist if and only if P ≠ NP. As evidence of their utility, we present two novel protocols that apply strong forms of these functions to achieve secret-key agreement and digital signatures.
Can we send her there? Maximizing the success of western women on global assignments

Abstract This paper examines factors affecting the performance of Western women on global assignments. Four categories of causal agents that affect female expatriates' success are: their individual characteristics, their organizations, their families, and the host nationals with whom they work. Along with these factors, the paper offers 15 strategies for multinational organizations to maximize the likelihood of success of their female expatriates.
Influence of cellular energy metabolism on contractions of porcine carotid artery smooth muscle.

A number of cellular metabolites, including inorganic phosphate and ADP, have been proposed to regulate the contractions of smooth muscle. Hypothesizing that one of these would have a greater influenc
A model for community-based pediatric oral heath: implementation of an infant oral care program.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates risk assessments, preventive care, and evaluations based on outcomes. ACA compliance will require easily accessible, cost-effective care models that are flexible and simple to establish. UCLA has developed an Infant Oral Care Program (IOCP) in partnership with community-based organizations that is an intervention model providing culturally competent perinatal and infant oral care for underserved, low-income, and/or minority children aged 0–5 and their caregivers. In collaboration with the Venice Family Clinic's Simms/Mann Health and Wellness Center, UCLA Pediatrics, Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and Early Head Start and Head Start programs, the IOCP increases family-centered care access and promotes early utilization of dental services in nontraditional, primary care settings. Emphasizing disease prevention, management, and care that is sensitive to cultural, language, and oral health literacy challenges, IOCP patients achieve better oral health maintenance “in health” not in “disease modality”. IOCP uses interprofessional education to promote pediatric oral health across multiple disciplines and highlights the necessity for the “age-one visit”. This innovative clinical model facilitates early intervention and disease management. It sets a new standard of minimally invasive dental care that is widely available and prevention focused, with high retention rates due to strong collaborations with the community-based organizations serving these vulnerable, high-risk children.
Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Associated with Intravenous Radiocontrast Administration

We describe a patient who developed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) following the administration of intravenous radiocontrast material (RCM) and review the possible pathogenic mechanisms leading to its occurrence.
Variation of Soil Dielectric Constant, Moisture Holding Capacity, and Nitrate-Nitrogen as Influenced by Application of Fresh and Compost Poultry Litter on a Decatur Silt Loam Soil

ABSTRACT Currently, there are major concerns about potential environmental impacts of poultry litter application as a nutrient source for agricultural crops. Composting of poultry litter is reported to have less groundwater pollution effects as compared to fresh litter. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of poultry litter applications at three different rates on variations of soil dielectric constant, moisture holding capacity, and soil NO3 −-N distribution on a Decatur slit loam soil. The results were compared with effects of urea (inorganic fertilizer) and composted poultry litter applications. The addition of fresh and composted poultry litter increased the soil dielectric constant and water holding capacity due to the increase in soil organic matter. The study indicates that there is a potential of groundwater contamination by application of urea, fresh poultry litter or composted poultry litter at the rates investigated. Urea and fresh poultry litter applications have comparable effec...
The differential effects of technology, individual attributes, and perceived job rewards on job satisfaction

Researchers disagree on the effects of mechanization technology on job rewards and job satisfaction, and on the importance of a good fit between skills, education, and job satisfaction in the computerized workplace. Data from a national survey of manual clerks, machine operators, and maintenance employees in the U.S. Postal Service were used to examine the relationship between perceived job rewards, individual attributes, and job satisfaction for occupants of jobs that were differently affected by computer mechanization. Perceived job rewards were the most powerful predictors of job satisfaction, although important differences were found in job satisfaction of occupants of different mail processing jobs. The way technology was implemented in the workplace affected job rewards and job satisfaction, but the fit of people to jobs also influenced job satisfaction for incumbents of jobs that were differentially affected by mechanization technology.
Steroid-selective Initiation of Chromatin Remodeling and Transcriptional Activation of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Promoter Is Controlled by the Site of Promoter Integration

The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter has target sequences recognized by several steroid receptors. We present evidence for a novel mechanism that confers hormone specificity to this promoter. We show that remodeling of MMTV chromatin and the concomitant activation of the MMTV promoter are induced equally by glucocorticoids and progestins in one chromosomal context but are selective for glucocorticoids in another. Furthermore, increased histone acetylation modulates MMTV promoter regulation disparately at the two chromosomal locations. Together, these data indicate that chromosomal architecture commands a crucial role in gene regulation, imposing locus-specific selectivity between regulators with similar sequence recognition.
Sex symbols: The bachelorette party as a window to change in women’s sexual expression

The bachelorette party, a women’s version of the traditional men’s bachelor party is rooted in the idea that marriage requires monogamy. This implies that women sacrifice sexual freedom when they get married in a way that was previously considered to be the case only for men. Furthermore, the bachelorette party is a means for expressing oneself sexually and acknowledging the sexual element of one’s identity. Until recently, this aspect of women’s identity was assumed to be either nonexistent or inapropriate in public. Sexual expression at the bachelorette party comes in many forms, such as the use of sexual props or objects and intimate interaction with men strangers or men exotic dancers. In this paper, I describe the changes in society that led to the development of the bachelorette party at this time in society. I then discuss the sexual element of this ritual by exploring the meaning of women’s behavior at this party, the structure of the ritual itself, and the objects used to create a hyperexualized atmosphere. I conclude that the bachelorette party symbolizes the ambivalence that is characteristic of modern women’s sexuality.
A multiple-band formulation for radiative transfer in a slightly disturbed gas, with application to radiatively driven acoustic waves

Abstract A linearized, purely differential equation for the radiative heat flux is obtained for a nongrey gas that is in local molecular equilibrium and slightly disturbed from radiative equilibrium. This equation is derived for a plane-parallel geometry by assuming that the spectral absorption coefficient can be represented by an arbitrary number of grey bands and by using the substitute-kernel (exponential) approximation. The order of the equation is 2 N , where N is the number of grey bands. The formulation of boundary conditions for use with the equation is also discussed. The equation is applicable in one-dimensional radiative-transfer problems whenever small disturbances from a uniform reference state are being considered. The utility of the equation is demonstrated by using it to solve a problem of radiative acoustics—specifically, that of radiatively driven, harmonic acoustic waves in a gas between two walls. Analytical two-greyband solutions are obtained for the pressure response at the nondriving wall in what, practically speaking, is a low- or moderate-temperature approximation. These two grey-band solutions are such that they can be extended first to multiple grey bands by suitable summations, and finally to a continuous spectrum by a transition to integrals over spectral frequency. This final extension, in effect, removes the original bandmodel approximation in this particular acoustic problem.
Current Chemical Biology Approaches to Interrogate Protein Methyltransferases

Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) play various physiological and pathological roles through methylating histone and nonhistone targets. However, most PMTs including more than 60 human PMTs remain to be fully characterized. The current approaches to elucidate the functions of PMTs have been diversified by many emerging chemical biology technologies. This review focuses on progress in these aspects and is organized into four discussion modules (assays, substrates, cofactors, and inhibitors) that are important to elucidate biological functions of PMTs. These modules are expected to provide general guidance and present emerging methods for researchers to select and combine suitable PMT-activity assays, well-defined substrates, novel SAM surrogates, and PMT inhibitors to interrogate PMTs.
On the Plastic Flow Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Multi-Stand Tandem Hot Rolling

Titanium alloys are usually used as structural parts in forged and subsequent heat treated state. Up to now, there have been rare researches appeared on their shaping or forming by multi-stand tandem hot rolling. In this article, we choose Ti-6Al-4V as experimental material and a simulated research has been carried out in a thermo-mechanical simulator MMS-300 to model its hot-rolling process. The plastic flow behavior for Ti-6Al-4V alloy during hot-working has been determined at various deformation temperatures and deformation rates by considering its hot-rolling in single or two phase region. The deformation mechanisms at elevated temperatures are also analyzed in correlation with its deformation activation energy. This research can provide guidance in designing processing parameters for hot-rolling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
The action of melittin on phosphatide multibilayers as studied by infrared dichroism and spin labeling. A model approach to lipid-protein interactions

Abstract 1. 1. We have studied interaction of melittin with phosphatide multibilayers by infrared absorption spectroscopy, infrared dichroism and spin label methods. 2. 2. The ratio of the infrared absorption peaks at 1460 and 1370 cm −1 depends upon the hydrocarbon chain mobility, in that it increases as chain mobility decreases. The ratio increases upon melittin binding. Concomitantly, the CH 2 -rocking band at 720 cm −1 sharpens, also indicating a decrease in chain mobility. 3. 3. The infrared spectra of phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the region of 1250–800 cm −1 depend upon head group orientation. 4. 4. Melittin changes the transition vector for the bands at 1730 cm −1 (C0 ester stretch), 1240–1220 cm −1 (PO stretch), 1020 cm −1 (POH stretch in phosphatidylethanolamine) and 960 cm −1 (POC deformation in lecithin). This points to reorganization of the polar head groups. 5. 5. The amide I band of melittin incorporated into phosphatide multibilayers lies at 1650 cm −1 , but exhibits no dichroism; this suggests that the peptide chain is in an unordered array. The ESR spectra of a cholestane spin probe, intercalated in phosphatides multibilayers indicate that melittin disrupts the multibilayers but con-currently decreases the mobility of the spin probe. 6. 6. The ESR spectra of a stearate spin probe labelled at C-5 also indicate that melittin disorders the multibilayers and restricts probe mobility. 7. 7. The fact that the amphipathic polypeptide melittin influences both polar and apolar regions of phosphatide multibilayers, suggests a specific type of lipid-protein interaction.
Depletion of L-3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine and L-Thyroxine in Euthyroid Calf Serum for Use in Cell Culture Studies of the Action of Thyroid Hormone*

GH1 cells are a clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells which synthesize GH and PRL. We have previously demonstrated that these cells respond to physiological concentrations of L-T3 and L-T4 when cultured with medium supplemented with thyroidectomized calf serum to achieve a thyroid hormone-depleted state under cell culture conditions. In this study, we describe a method to deplete euthyroid calf serum of L-T3 and L-T4 using an anion exchange resin. We demonstrate that the procedure only minimally alters the low molecular weight anion components of the serum and does not change the total protein content or the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins. Moreover, we show that euthyroid calf serum depleted of L-T3 and L-T4 by this procedure yields serum which, when used as a medium supplement, results in biological responses identical to those obtained with media supplemented with thyroidectomized calf serum. In addition, resin treatment does not alter the growth-promoting properties of the serum if the thyroid hormone concentration is restored. This procedure should be useful in preparing thyroid hormone-depleted serum for cell culture studies in situations where thyroidectomy is not feasible or would require surgical procedures on a large number of small animals.
Efficiency of a fixed but allocatable input: A non-parametric approach

The traditional non-parametric or DEA models measure efficiency for given inputs and outputs without allowing for reallocation of inputs. These models do not look inside the technology but rather treat it as a `black box'. In this paper, we open up the box by modeling the possibility of reallocation of a fixed input.
Modified Birch Reduction for the Introductory Undergraduate Organic Laboratory

The Birch reduction is a reaction commonly taught in the second-year undergraduate organic curriculum that involves the reduction of an aromatic compound to an alicyclic product using sodium metal and liquid ammonia. The experimental procedure can be challenging for novice chemists and thus has not been widely performed in introductory organic laboratories. An experimental procedure appropriate for introductory organic students is described that utilizes commercially available sodium-impregnated silica gel that is safer and easier to handle. This modified Birch reduction effectively reduces naphthalene to 1,4-dihydronaphthalene while minimizing safety concerns associated with the use of alkali metals and liquid ammonia.
Consumers on a Mission to Force a Change in Public Policy: A Qualitative Study of the Ongoing Canadian Seafood Boycott1

Netnography (i.e., the online equivalent of ethnography) was used to analyze consumer boycott pledges submitted to an online boycott petition that was designed to recruit consumer participation in the contentious Canadian Seafood Boycott. The purpose was to investigate what motivates consumers to pledge boycott participation as well as to provide a preliminary understanding of boycott pledgees' psychographic makeup. The findings show that petition signatories are generally very angry about the Canadian Seal Hunt, pledge to boycott for a variety of objectives (instrumental, expressive, and punitive), abhor cruelty against animals, do not believe that it is acceptable to kill an animal for its fur, and worry about the environment in general. Many are very religious and quite a number believe that traditions that embrace animal cruelty need to be abolished. The findings further indicate that concern for animal welfare/rights has been moved into the mainstream.
Origin of Oceanic Manganese Minerals

A criterion is suggested for discrimination between ferromanganese oxide minerals, deposited after the introduction of manganese and associated elements in sea water solution at submarine vulcanism, and minerals which are slowly formed from dilute solution, largely of continental origin. The simlultaneous injection of thorium into the ocean by submarine vulcanism is indicated, and its differentiation from continental thorium introduced into the ocean by runoff is discussed.
The cortex in multidimensional space: where do cortical areas come from?

The concept of a cortical ‘area’ as a discrete phylogenetic, developmental and computational unit is evaluated. Evidence including the comparative organization of the forebrain in vertebrates, the organization of cortex in different mammals, the scaling of the areas of the isocortex in mammals, and the early molecular differentiation of the cortex all suggest a special status for the primary sensory cortical areas, particularly the visual cortex. Furthermore, the overlapping gradients of early molecular expression and the patterning of cortical structure and connectivity by thalamic input suggest a new view of cortical organization that is different from the traditional view of a developmentally mosaic cortex; this view proposes that distinct cortical areas arise combinatorily from the multiple overlapping processes imposed upon the developing cortex.
Epigenetics of Stress, Addiction, and Resilience: Therapeutic Implications

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent. SUDs involve vicious cycles of binges followed by occasional periods of abstinence with recurrent relapses despite treatment and adverse medical and psychosocial consequences. There is convincing evidence that early and adult stressful life events are risks factors for the development of addiction and serve as cues that trigger relapses. Nevertheless, the fact that not all individuals who face traumatic events develop addiction to licit or illicit drugs suggests the existence of individual and/or familial resilient factors that protect these mentally healthy individuals. Here, I give a brief overview of the epigenetic bases of responses to stressful events and of epigenetic changes associated with the administration of drugs of abuse. I also discuss the psychobiology of resilience and alterations in epigenetic markers that have been observed in models of resilience. Finally, I suggest the possibility that treatment of addiction should involve cognitive and pharmacological approaches that enhance resilience in at risk individuals. Similar approaches should also be used with patients who have already succumbed to the nefarious effects of addictive substances.
Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on surface expression of Fc & Complement receptors of neutrophils in preterm neonates in vivo † 936

Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on surface expression of Fc & Complement receptors of neutrophils in preterm neonates in vivo † 936
Cross-Nucleation between d-Mannitol Polymorphs in Seeded Crystallization

Seeding the liquid of d-mannitol with its polymorphs (α, β, and δ) revealed several cases of cross-nucleation between polymorphs. Only seeds of the α polymorph (the structure of the intermediate thermodynamic stability and the fastest growth rate) yielded the same polymorph in new growth. Seeds of the δ polymorph yielded the α polymorph in new growth. Seeds of the β polymorph yielded the β polymorph in new growth at small undercoolings (a few degrees below its melting point); at lower temperatures, the α polymorph nucleated on β seeds and its amount in the product increased with decreasing temperature. Seeding with single crystals of the β polymorph (rods elongated along c) showed that the orientation of the seed crystal affected how much the seed polymorph could grow before cross-nucleation occurred. Cross-nucleation makes seeding ineffective for achieving polymorphic selectivity but is sometimes avoidable by choosing suitable crystallization conditions.
A family of single‐isomer, sulfated γ‐cyclodextrin chiral resolving agents for capillary electrophoresis: Octa(6‐O‐sulfo)‐γ‐cyclodextrin

The second member of the single-isomer, sulfated gamma-cyclodextrin family, the sodium salt of octa(6-O-sulfo)-gamma-cyclodextrin (OS) has been synthesized, characterized and used to separate the enantiomers of nonelectrolyte, acidic, basic, and ampholytic analytes by capillary electrophoresis in acidic aqueous background electrolytes. The anionic effective mobilities of the nonelectrolyte and anionic analytes increased with increasing concentration of OS. The effective mobilities of strongly complexing cationic analytes became anionic with very low OS concentrations and passed local anionic effective mobility maxima as the OS concentration, and along with it, the ionic strength, of the background electrolyte increased. The effective mobilities of the weakly binding cationic analytes became only slightly anionic at high OS concentration values and did not show the local anionic effective mobility maxima. For nonelectrolyte analytes, separation selectivities decreased with increasing OS concentration. For cationic analytes, separation selectivities were highest where the effective mobilities of the less mobile enantiomers approached zero. OS proved to be a broadly applicable chiral resolving agent.
Comparative cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of siRNA delivery by SPANosomes and by cationic liposomes

Abstract Mechanistic understanding of intracellular trafficking is important for the development of small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery vehicles. Here, we describe a novel methodology to quantitatively analyze nanocarrier-mediated disposition of siRNA. Cellular uptake and cytoplasmic release of siRNA over time were quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensities of fluorescently-labeled siRNAs and molecular beacons using flow cytometry. This method was used to investigate the cellular pharmacokinetics (PK) of siRNA delivery by SPANosomes (SP) and by cationic liposomes (CL). The results showed that the superior pharmacodynamic (PD) response of SP was because it enhanced transport of siRNA into the cytoplasm compared to the CL. The divergent cellular pharmacokinetic profiles of the two formulations were associated with different cellular entry pathways. These findings can facilitate the rational design of more efficient siRNA delivery vehicles in the future. From the Clinical Editor In this paper the authors describe a novel methodology to quantitatively analyze nanocarrier-mediated disposition of small interfering RNA, comparing SPANosomes with cationic liposomes as delivery systems with different entry pathways.
Financial integration and growth in the global economy

This paper analyzes the growth dynamics in the developed world and its relationship to the financial structure. The new entrepreneurial economy of creativity and innovation is identified as the main growth area today. However, such an economy needs financial structure capable of coping with the higher risk inherent in the new economy. To provide such a financial structure, the financial markets must be broad, deep, and liquid. Today, only the U.S. financial markets are large enough to provide this financial structure. Hence, financial integration became the imperative for other countries—especially the European Union (EU) and Japan—in order to achieve the level of economic growth as that of the U.S.
Synthesis of benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O- and -6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranoside

Abstract Glycosylation of benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl bromide in dichloromethane, in the presence of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, and molecular sieves, afforded benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside (3). Cleavage of the benzylidene group of 3 gave benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside (4), which, on deacylation, followed by peracetylation, furnished the peracetylated disaccharide derivative (7). The structures of 3, 4, and 7 were established by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. O-Deacetylation of 7 afforded the title β-(1→3)-linked disaccharide (8). Compound 3 was also deacylated and then peracetylated, to give benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside, which was O-deacetylated to give its 4,6-O-benzylidene derivative (6). For the synthesis of the β-(1→6)-linked disaccharide, the readily accessible benzyl 2-acetamido-3-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside was condensed with 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-α- d -glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxozaline, and the product was isolated as its peracetylated derivative, which, on saponification, afforded the title β-(1→6)-linked disaccharide (12). The structures of compounds 6, 8, and 12 were established by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Functional significance of glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulation by serotonin

Serotonin modulates brain physiology and behavior and has major roles in brain diseases involving abnormal mood and cognition. Enhancing brain serotonin has been found to regulate glycogen synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3), but the signaling mechanism and functional significance of this regulation remain to be determined. In this study, we tested the signaling mechanism mediating 5-HT1A receptor-regulated GSK3 in the hippocampus. Using mutant GSK3 knock-in mice, we also tested the role of GSK3 in the behavioral effects of 5-HT1A receptors and the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. The results showed that activation of 5-HT1A receptors by 8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) increased phosphorylation of the N-terminal serine of both GSK3α and GSK3β in several areas of the hippocampus. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT was accompanied by an increase in the active phosphorylation of Akt, and was blocked by LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). Phosphorylation of GSK3β, but not GSK3α, was necessary for 5-HT1A receptors to suppress the hippocampus-associated contextual fear learning. Furthermore, acute fluoxetine treatment up-regulated both phospho-Ser21-GSK3α and phospho-Ser9-GSK3β in the hippocampus. Blocking phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β diminished the anti-immobility effect of fluoxetine treatment in the forced swim test, wherein the effect of GSK3β was more prominent. These results together suggest that PI3K/Akt is a signaling mechanism mediating the GSK3-regulating effect of 5-HT1A receptors in the hippocampus, and regulation of GSK3 is an important intermediate signaling process in the behavioral functions of 5-HT1A receptors and fluoxetine.
Determination of free sulfur in rubber

Abstract Values obtained by the volumetric method herein described compare favorably with those obtained by gravimetric methods when corrections are applied to the latter for the sulfur in the organic compounds in the acetone extract. The precision of the method is excellent, as duplicates in each set usually check within 0.01 per cent of free sulfur on the compound. This method is much faster than previous methods. The cost of the reagents is low when compared with most other methods.
Gender-Specific Expression and Mechanism of Regulation of Estrogen Sulfotransferase in Adipose Tissues of the Mouse

Although primarily regarded as a sex steroid, estrogen plays an important role in many other physiological processes including adipose development and disposition. Estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) regulates estrogen activity by catalyzing the sulfoconjugation and inactivation of estrogens. In the present study, we report the gender-specific expression of EST in adipose tissues of the mouse and describe contrasting mechanisms of EST regulation in the fat and liver. EST is expressed in the white adipose tissues of the male but not female mouse. Within the various fat depots of male mice, it is most abundantly expressed in the epididymal fat pad, with variable levels in other white fats and no expression in the brown fat. Fractionation of epididymal fat cells showed EST to be predominantly associated with stromal vascular cells (preadipocyte). EST expression in male mouse adipose tissues is dependent on testosterone as castration ablated, and administration of exogenous testosterone restored, EST expression. Furthermore, testosterone treatment induced abnormal EST expression in the parametrial fat of female mice. EST induction by testosterone in female mice is tissue specific because testosterone treatment had no effect on liver EST expression. Conversely, the liver X receptor agonist TO-901317 induced EST expression in female mouse liver but not in their adipose tissues. Finally, we demonstrate that male EST knockout mice developed increased epididymal fat accumulation with enlarged adipocyte size. We conclude that EST is expressed in adipose tissues in a sexually dimorphic manner, is regulated by testosterone, and plays a physiological role in regulating adipose tissue accumulation in male mice.
Finite-size core effects in the Callan-Rubakov model

Abstract The interaction of the J = 0 partial wave of a massless isodoublet Dirac fermion with an SU(2) gauge theory monopole of finite size is investigated by studying the original model of Callan and Rubakov with boundary conditions imposed at a core radius r 0 ≠ 0. Both the chirality non-conserving and gauge-invariant “charged” condensates are studied with special attention to their leading dependence on r 0 and α ≡ e 2 /4π. It is found that, at fixed r > r 0 > 0, the α → 0 limit reproduces the free field values of both condensates, in contrast to the limit obtained with r 0 = 0. For finite α, however, the leading core effects are negligible for r > r 0 /α. A gauge dependent, charge-carrying condensate is also considered and shown to vanish.
Screening for melanoma and other skin cancers.

Abstract The rising incidence and mortality of malignant melanoma in many areas of the world is a growing public health concern. 1 In the United States, incidence rates are rising faster for melanoma than for any other cancer, and mortality from melanoma is increasing faster than that of any other cancer except cancer of the lung. 2 Furthermore, melanoma not uncommonly affects young adults, contributing to years of potential life lost. 3 Early detection and treatment offer much potential for reducing mortality from melanoma. If detected when the lesion is thin (for example, less than 0.76 mm), melanoma has an associated 5-year survival probability of better than 95%. 4 On the other hand, chances of metastases and death are much higher for persons with thicker lesions. In addition, the treatment for advanced melanoma has been frustrating, with metastatic disease generally incurable. For these reasons, efforts to control the mounting burden of melanoma have focused on early detection. Education and screening are the two means by which cancer may be detected and treated at an earlier stage. Education through publicity campaigns and other avenues may increase early detection by motivating those at increased risk to seek diagnostic examination for suspicious lesions (see the article by MacKie in this issue). This appears to be particularly promising for melanoma because it is detectable simply by visual inspection. There have been several published attempts to evaluate public education campaigns for melanoma control.