cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diet quality is low among female food pantry clients in Eastern Alabama.

Abstract Objective Examine diet quality, food security, and obesity among female food pantry clients. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting A food pantry in Lee County, Alabama. Participants Fifty-five female food pantry clients between 19 and 50 years of age. Main Outcome Measure(s) Diet quality using United States (US) Department of Agriculture Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2005), adult obesity (Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), household food security (US Department of Agriculture Module). Analysis Analysis of variance and multivariate models. Results Diet quality of the women was generally poor, with a mean HEI of a 43 on a 100 point scale. Having low education level (less than a high school degree) and being a smoker were related to lower overall diet quality. Sixty-seven percent of the clients were obese while 65% percent were food insecure. Conclusions and Implications Food pantry clients are characterized by high levels of food insecurity, obesity and poor diet quality. Smoking was associated with food insecurity and low diet quality. Increased outreach efforts to improve nutrition education and to help food pantry clients stop smoking could be beneficial.
Analysis and design of a magnetic frequency multiplier

A magnetic frequency multiplier circuit operating from a 60-cycle-per-second (cps) 3-phase supply and delivering an approximately sinusoidal output at a frequency of 180 cps consisting of three identical nonlinear reactors of Deltamax cores inductively loaded is analyzed and a simple design procedure is outlined. The particular case of triple multiplication is chosen for convenience. The method of analysis may be extended to higher frequencies, either by using higher supply frequency or by using more phases. The power capability of the system depends upon the size of the cores, thus efficient multipliers for any desired power output may be designed.
1342 CORD BLOOD THYROID FUNCTION STUDIES IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH AND WITHOUT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

1342 CORD BLOOD THYROID FUNCTION STUDIES IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH AND WITHOUT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)
Ventricular Dysrhythmias in Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease remains a leading killer in industrialized nations. A significant cause of the morbidity and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease is ventricular dysrhythmic events. There is a continued search for safe and effective treatment for patients with ventricular dysrhythmias. In this article, the author discusses current understanding of the mechanisms for dysrhythmias in the setting of acute ischemia and in the chronically infarcted ventricle. Therapy for patients with ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation is reviewed. Nurses caring for cardiac patients are continually involved in rhythm monitoring and dysrhythmia interpretation. The nurse is often the first responder present when a fatal dysrhythmia occurs. In addition, nurses can be involved at all levels of care, from prevention of heart disease to assisting the patient cope with a sudden cardiac death episode.
Interfacial debonding and fiber pull-out stresses of fiber-reinforced composites VII:improved analyses for bonded interfaces

Abstract The previous analytical solution, which was presented in part I of this series of papers, for the transfer of elastic stress from a bonded fiber to the matrix is improved in the present study. The present analysis resolves the following limitations, which existed in the previous analysis. (1) The radial dimension of the matrix is much greater than that of the fiber. (2) The radial dependence of the axial stress in the fiber is ignored. (3) The approximate shear stress distribution, which is used to derive the radial dependence of the axial stress in the matrix, satisfies the free surface condition only in an approximate sense. (4) A plane strain condition is assumed in the equilibrium equation in order to relate the tangential stress to the radial stress at the interface. The most significant improvement of the present analysis is that it is applicable for any radial dimension of matrix.
Optimal synthesis of control logic from behavioral specifications

This paper presents a method of synthesizing control for synchronous digital circuits starting from a behavioral description of the hardware. The input to the control synthesis task is an abstraction of hardware behavior based on sequencing graphs. The model is a concise way of specifying both control and data dependencies, and support hierarchy, unbounded delay operations such as data-dependent loops and external synchronizations, and multiple threads of concurrent execution flow. We show how the sequencing graph can be mapped directly to a modular interconnection of finite state machines. The approach, called adaptive control, is different from other control schemes in that it takes into account the dynamic variations in the execution delay of operations due to the changing inputs. It is optimal by guaranteeing the minimum number of cycles in the execution of a hardware behavior for all input sequences., Specifically, there are no performance penalties for the arbitrary nesting of procedure calls, conditionals, or loops. The adaptive control model and implementation are used within the framework of the HERCULES/HEBE High-Level Synthesis system.
Testing the Regulatory Threat Hypothesis: Media Coverage of the Energy Crisis and Petroleum Pricing in the Late 1970s

We argue that during the 1979 oil crisis major domestic oil companies held down price increases of politically sensitive oil products relative to their foreign counterparts to reduce the probability of adverse government action. To test this "regulatory threat" hypothesis, we compare the reaction of unregulated fuel oil prices to political pressure. We measure political pressure with the level of U.S. television coverage of energy issues. We find that media coverage influenced U.S. home heating oil prices charged by domestic oil companies, but not foreign oil companies. In contrast, for the less politically sensitive residual fuel oil, media coverage did not influence prices of either domestic or foreign oil companies.
Time-dependent pattern formation for convection in two layers of immiscible liquids

Abstract A linear and weakly nonlinear stability analysis is performed for specific two-layer systems which have been examined experimentally in the past for purely buoyancy driven convection. Time-dependent oscillations arise at the first onset of instability. For the water/silicone oil system, oscillations are predicted for a range of wavelengths and depth fractions. For the Fluorinert/silicone oil system, oscillations are theoretically predicted in a very narrow parameter range. A 3D Hopf bifurcation on a hexagonal lattice is investigated for time-periodic patterns that arise at onset in extended domains. In both fluid systems, travelling rolls, wavy rolls of type 1, and oscillating triangles are stable for most regimes.
Etching of hexagonal SiC surfaces in chlorine-containing gas media at ambient pressure

Abstract The modification of the silicon carbide (4H-SiC) single-crystal surface in a chlorine-containing gas mixture at high temperature (800–1000 °C) and ambient pressure was investigated. The results of silicon carbide chlorination are found to strongly depend on the hexagonal surface orientation. Due to the thermodynamically more favorable reaction of chlorine with silicon rather than carbon, the C-terminated side ( 0 0 0 1 ¯ ) clearly undergoes considerable changes, resulting in coverage by a black-colored carbon film, whereas the Si-side (0 0 0 1) surprisingly remains visually untouched. With using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle-resolved XPS and SEM it is shown that this drastic change in behavior is associated with a different structure of oxicarbide/silicate adlayer formed on the C- and Si-terminated sides of silicon carbide surface during experimental pre-treatment and air exposure. The presence of oxygen bridges connecting the silicate adlayer with the bulk SiC in the case of Si-side inhibits the chlorination reaction and makes this surface strongly resistant to chlorine attack. Only some places on the Si-terminated side demonstrate traces of chlorine etching in the form of hexagonal-shaped voids, which are possibly initiated by distortion of the initial crystalline structure by micropipes. In contrast, a thin carbon layer resulted on the C-terminated side as a consequence of the chlorination process. XPS, ARXPS, SEM and Raman spectroscopy study of created film allows us to argue that it consists mainly of sp2-bonded carbon, mostly in the form of nanoscale graphene sheets. The absence of a protective oxygen bridge between the silicate adlayer and the bulk silicon carbide crystal leads to unlimited growth of carbon film on the SiC ( 0 0 0 1 ¯ ) side.
Shape capture assisted by traditional tools

We present new techniques for capturing the shape of physical objects using simple tools. From a set of caliper distance measurements between object points, we reconstruct a three dimensional structure. We show that we can refine the model using planar contours obtained with a gage that are placed in three dimensions using the caliper measurements. We demonstrate that the model we construct can be used to assist optical approaches for model capture.
Brain glucose concentrations in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus as measured by high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Hyperglycemia and diabetes alter the function and metabolism of many tissues. The effect on the brain remains poorly defined, but some animal data suggest that chronic hyperglycemia reduces rates of brain glucose transport and/or metabolism. To address this question in human beings, we measured glucose in the occipital cortex of patients with poorly controlled diabetes and healthy volunteers at the same levels of plasma glucose using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fourteen patients with poorly controlled diabetes (hemoglobin A 1c = 9.8% +/- 1.7%, mean +/- SD) and 14 healthy volunteers similar with respect to age, sex, and body mass index were studied at a plasma glucose of 300 mg/dL. Brain glucose concentrations of patients with poorly controlled diabetes were lower but not statistically different from those of control subjects (4.7 +/- 0.9 vs 5.3 +/- 1.1 micromol/g wet wt; P = .1). Our sample size gave 80% power to detect a difference as small as 1.1 micromol/g wet wt. We conclude that chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes does not alter brain glucose concentrations in human subjects.
A reinvestigation of the fatty acid content of bovine, rat and frog retinal rod outer segments.

Abstract Continuous-sucrose gradient centrifugation of whole retina homogenates from bovine, frog and rat were found to yield two major bands of rhodopsin-containing material having distinctly different polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. The lowest density band has the highest purity rod outer segment (ROS) membranes and the highest PUFA content whereas the higher density band has a lower PUFA content and contains non-ROS membrane impurities. It follows, that in ROS preparations from whole retinal homogenates in which these two bands are pooled, the measured PUFA content will be lower than that of the purest ROS band. We find that the highest purity ROS band from bovine, frog and rat retinal homogenates have weight-percents of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) of 50·7±1·4, 50·9±0·6, and 46·2±3·6, respectively, which is equivalent to 47·1, 46·9, and 43·3 mol-percent. Two ROS bands were also isolated from homogenates of semipurified ROS removed from retinas by shaking (i.e. the shakate preparation). Both shakate bands have similar PUFA contents (with weight-percent 22:6ω3 of ≈51·5) and similar phospholipid: rhodopsin ratios. The more dense band has a significantly higher 280 nm/Δ500 nm ratio which probably reflects some nonrhodopsin protein retained in the ROS by the intact plasma membrane. The lowest density band has ROS with disrupted plasma membranes whereas the more dense band has intact plasma membranes. Homogenization of whole retinas introduces considerable non-ROS membrane contamination into the more dense ROS band. We have developed specific procedures (i.e. use of 0·1 m m CaEDTA and an inert argon atmosphere) that inhibit ROS lipid autoxidation and loss of PUFA. The results indicate that if adequate levels of vitamin E are present the maintenance of antioxidant conditions during preparation procedure is not a highly critical factor in determining ROS PUFA content.
Improvements in the detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles using spICP-MS with microsecond dwell times

The imminent release of engineered nanomaterials (ENPs) into the environment has raised several questions regarding their fate, transport, and toxicity. However, their small size, expected low concentrations (ng L−1), and the high environmental background of naturally occurring nanomaterials make detection and characterization difficult. In recent years, single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS) has been developed as a promising technique to detect and characterize engineered nanoparticles in biological and environmental matrices. Improvements in the spICP-MS technique were made in this study by employing 100 microsecond dwell times. Commercially available hardware and software were developed to fully capture multiple data points over the fast transient (~500 μs) nanoparticle events, which provides accurate particle sizing and counting. Reducing the background signal facilitated the characterization of Ag NPs even in the presence of ten-fold higher Ag+ concentration. By improving the time resolution between particle events, the upper limit of the dynamic range of Au NP concentration was increased to several μg L−1. These short dwell times also provide detection of two elements in the same nanoparticle, opening the door for possible environmental applications with the prospect of obtaining particle-by-particle elemental compositions. These improvements help further establish spICP-MS as a leading analytical technique for the detection and characterization of metal-containing ENPs, and introduces new possibilities for differentiating engineered nanomaterials from their naturally occurring analogues.
The Missing Link: Studying the Alternative TGF-β Pathway Provides a Unifying Theory for Different Components of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) contributes to nearly 50% of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease cases in the United States (1). Despite clinical trials that have affirmed the importance of glycemic control and the provision of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system for slowing progression of DN, the burden of disease continues to increase (2). Therefore further mechanistic studies are needed to understand the pathogenesis of DN. One of the earliest histologic changes in glomeruli from patients with DN is mesangial extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (3). Ultrastructural studies also demonstrate increased glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness and podocyte foot process effacement (3). These lesions are associated with the development of albuminuria, but three fundamental questions remain: 1 ) Although transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is an important mediator of these early lesions, why does treatment with an anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody not reduce albuminuria (4)? 2 ) What is the contribution of each glomerular cell type to these lesions and to albuminuria? 3 ) What is the role of albuminuria in mediating further glomerular and tubular damage in DN? The article by Fan et al. (5) in this issue of Diabetes represents an important step forward in addressing these gaps in our knowledge of DN. How TGF-β induces albuminuria has been debated for more than a decade. In a now classic article, Ziyadeh et al. …
Tensile Strength of Stitching Joint in Woven Glass Fabrics

Stitching has been found to be able to improve the interlaminar strength of composite laminates. Its application as composite joining has been also explored. This study examined the tensile strength of some stitched composite beams made of vomen glass fabric and epoxy matrix. The effects of stitching parameters on joining strength were evaluated by both experimental technique and finite element method
Tumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex is autophagy and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)-dependent.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a tumor suppressor syndrome characterized by benign tumors in multiple organs, including the brain and kidney. TSC-associated tumors exhibit hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a direct inhibitor of autophagy. Autophagy can either promote or inhibit tumorigenesis, depending on the cellular context. The role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of the multisystem manifestations of TSC is unknown. We found that the combination of mTORC1 and autophagy inhibition was more effective than either treatment alone in inhibiting the survival of tuberin (TSC2)-null cells, growth of TSC2-null xenograft tumors, and development of spontaneous renal tumors in Tsc2+/− mice. Down-regulation of Atg5 induced extensive central necrosis in TSC2-null xenograft tumors, and loss of one allele of Beclin1 almost completely blocked macroscopic renal tumor formation in Tsc2+/− mice. Surprisingly, given the finding that lowering autophagy blocks TSC tumorigenesis, genetic down-regulation of p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), the autophagy substrate that accumulates in TSC tumors as a consequence of low autophagy levels, strongly inhibited the growth of TSC2-null xenograft tumors. These data demonstrate that autophagy is a critical component of TSC tumorigenesis, suggest that mTORC1 inhibitors may have autophagy-dependent prosurvival effects in TSC, and reveal two distinct therapeutic targets for TSC: autophagy and the autophagy target p62/SQSTM1.
Dietary pattern analysis: a different approach to analyzing an old problem, cancer of the esophagus and stomach

The roles that some foods and dietary components may play in the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer of the esophagus and stomach have been recognized for several years. Most of the evidence for those roles has come from ecologic, descriptive studies, as well as from case-control and cohort-type studies. Although both tumor sites are part of the digestive system, the pathogenesis of the tumors and their relation to specific dietary components may differ. In the past 40 y, the type of tumor most commonly found in the esophagus has changed. Although 40 y ago 90% of all esophageal tumors were of the squamous cell type, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen such that today it is more prevalent than the squamous cell type in the United States and Europe (1). The epidemiology of these types of tumors varies markedly, and thus, one may predict that dietary components have different effects on the risks of these cancers. However, many dietary factors, such as the type and amount of food, preparation method, and energy intake, can affect risk. Some of these factors may be considered in the design of a human study whereas others may not. Other factors to consider include sex and race. Deaths from cancer of the esophagus are > 3 times more common in men than in women (2). Moreover, squamous cell cancer is 6 times more likely to occur in black men than in white men. Risk factors associated with the development of squamous cell cancer are well documented in medical texts, and several of those risk factors are dietary. For example, squamous cell cancer of the esophagus is strongly associated with excess alcohol consumption. In addition, the combined use of tobacco, in any of its forms, tends to greatly enhance the risk of developing this cancer. In contrast, diets high in fruit and vegetables are associated with a decreased risk of squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. What might be considered a high level of consumption? Probably 5 servings of fruit and vegetables/d would be considered high because only 23.9% of US adults eat that amount. In Nebraska, only 17.6% of adults consume 5 servings/d (2). Although several health organizations have recommended that level of daily consumption and two-thirds of US adults believe that a diet containing fruit and vegetables is very important, consumption has increased only slightly in the past 30 y (2). What specific components of fruit and vegetables are associated with the reduction in the risk of squamous cell cancer of the esophagus? The components may be vitamin C and carotenoids because high intakes of those compounds may decrease the risk. At the same time, the evidence concerning the relation between meat and dairy products and the risk of esophageal cancer
Effect of heparin on recanalization in acute stroke patients with intra-arterial thrombi

Anticoagulant use, such as heparin, is usually contraindicated in acute stroke patients. We present a study of patients, who were treated with intravenous heparin after a stroke that were also found to have an intraluminal thrombus. Prior studies imply that recanalization is achieved with heparin; however heparin should only prevent thrombus propagation. Therefore it is unclear whether and how IV heparin can achieve recanalization of intraluminal thrombi in acute stroke patients. A retrospective review of all acute stroke patients from a single stroke center who received a therapeutic IV heparin infusion from 5/2006 to 9/2011 were included in the study. We compared patients who had complete/partial recanalization and/or improved flow versus those that did not, with both these groups on a standard intravenous heparin infusion protocol. Demographic data was compared between the groups. Average partial thromboplastin time (PTT) during heparin infusion, time between computed tomography angiographies (CTAs), time from stroke onset to receiving IV heparin, and vessel occluded were also compared between groups. Forty-one patients (19 female, 22 male) were included in the study with a total of 55 vessels (either carotid, middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery/posterior circulation) having intraluminal thrombi; 31 patients had 41 vessels with either partial or complete recanalization of effected vessels, while 10 patients had 14 vessels that did not have at least one vessel recanalize while on heparin. Using t-test we noted that the average PTT between the vessels that had partial/complete recanalization group (61.74) and nonrecanalization group (66.30) was not statistical significantly different (P=0.37).The average time in days on heparin between vascular imaging studies (CTA/conventional angiogram) in the group of vessels with partial/complete recanalization (7.12 days) and the ones with no change (6.11 days) was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.59). Patient's vessels receiving heparin for 24 hours did not significantly differ either (P=0.17). This study compares patient characteristics associated with recanalization of intraluminal thrombi in acute stroke patients on heparin. Recanalization of intraluminal thrombi are not associated with average PTT or duration on heparin.
Columbia NLP: Sentiment Detection of Subjective Phrases in Social Media

We present a supervised sentiment detection system that classifies the polarity of subjective phrases as positive, negative, or neutral. It is tailored towards online genres, specifically Twitter, through the inclusion of dictionaries developed to capture vocabulary used in online conversations (e.g., slang and emoticons) as well as stylistic features common to social media. We show how to incorporate these new features within a state of the art system and evaluate it on subtask A in SemEval-2013 Task 2: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter.
The President's Constitutional Authority to Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorist Organizations and the Nations that Harbor or Support Them

The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 raised important questions concerning the President's authority to take military action in response. Although Congress acted promptly to pass legislation authorizing the President to take military action against the terrorists and those linked to them, we argue that the President has broad constitutional power, even without such legislation, to deploy military force to retaliate against those implicated in the September 11 attacks. Congress acknowledged this inherent executive power in its recent legislation, as it had earlier in the War Powers Resolution. Further, the President has the inherent power not only to retaliate against any person, organization, or state suspected of involvement in terrorist attacks on the United States, but also against foreign states suspected of harboring or supporting such organizations. Finally, we argue that the President's constitutional authority to deploy military force against terrorists and the states that harbor or support them includes both the power to respond to past attacks and the power to act preemptively against future ones. Our analysis falls into four parts. First, we examine the constitutional text and structure. We conclude that the Constitution vests the President with the plenary authority, as Commander in Chief and the sole organ of the nation in its foreign relations, to use military force abroad, especially in response to grave national emergencies created by sudden, unforeseen attacks on the people and territory of the United States. Second, we confirm that conclusion by reviewing executive and judicial statements and decisions interpreting the President's constitutional powers. Third, we analyze the relevant historical precedent, which supports the argument for Presidential authority in these matters. Finally, we discuss congressional enactments that acknowledge the President's full authority to use force both to respond to the September 11 attacks on the United States and to deter future strikes of that nature.
Adhesion and pull-off force of an elastic indenter from an elastic half-space

The adhesion between an elastic punch and an elastic half-space is investigated for plane and axisymmetric geometries. The pull-off force is determined for a range of material combinations. This configuration is characterized by a generalized stress intensity factor which has an order less than one-half. The critical value of this generalized stress intensity factor is related to the work of adhesion, under tensile loading, by using a cohesive zone model in an asymptotic analysis of the separation near the elastic punch corner. These results are used in conjunction with existing results in the literature for the frictionless contact between an elastic semi-infinite strip and half-space in both plane and axisymmetric configurations. It is found that the value of the pull-off force includes a dependence on the maximum stress of the cohesive zone model. As expected, this dependence vanishes as the punch becomes rigid in that case the order of the singularity approaches one-half. At the other limit, when the half-space becomes rigid, the stresses become bounded and uniform and the pull-off force depends linearly on the cohesive stress and is independent of the work of adhesion. Thus, the transition from fracture-dominated adhesion to strength-dominated adhesion is demonstrated.
Type I to Type II Ovarian Carcinoma Progression: Mutant Trp53 or Pik3ca Confers a More Aggressive Tumor Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

A dualistic pathway model of ovarian carcinoma (OvCA) pathogenesis has been proposed: type I OvCAs are low grade, genetically stable, and relatively more indolent than type II OvCAs, most of which are high-grade serous carcinomas. Endometrioid OvCA (EOC) is a prototypical type I tumor, often harboring mutations that affect the Wnt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Molecular and histopathologic analyses indicate type I and II OvCAs share overlapping features, and a subset of EOCs may undergo type I→type II progression accompanied by acquisition of somatic TP53 or PIK3CA mutations. We used a murine model of EOC initiated by conditional inactivation of the Apc and Pten tumor suppressor genes to investigate mutant Trp53 or Pik3ca alleles as key drivers of type I→type II OvCA progression. In the mouse EOC model, the presence of somatic Trp53 or Pik3ca mutations resulted in shortened survival and more widespread metastasis. Activation of mutant Pik3ca alone had no demonstrable effect on the ovarian surface epithelium but resulted in papillary hyperplasia when coupled with Pten inactivation. Our findings indicate that the adverse prognosis associated with TP53 and PIK3CA mutations in human cancers can be functionally replicated in mouse models of type I→type II OvCA progression. Moreover, the models should represent a robust platform for assessment of the contributions of Trp53 or Pik3ca defects in the response of EOCs to conventional and targeted drugs.
Unstructured Adaptive Grid Techniques Applied to a Hypersonic Re-entry Vehicle

Grid adaptation using general elements was applied to a hypersonic high angle of attack re-entry vehicle to determine if there could be improvements made in the prediction of heat transfer starting from a baseline unstructured grid. Grid adaptation was able to greatly reduce the errors in heat transfer prediction that are common when computing on unstructured grids. The reduction in error is due to a shrinking of average cell size near the bow shock. The smaller cells cause a less drastic jump in the solution of the Riemann problem at the shock. Additionally, a hybrid numerical scheme was used to add numerical dissipation near the bow shock region to help further reduce the jump in the solution of the Riemann problem at the shock. Average errors in heat transfer near the stagnation region were reduced by approximately 50% due to the smaller average cell size and hybrid numerical scheme. Overall the approach of combining grid adaptation and a hybrid numerical scheme appears to provide a robust and reliable method of computing heat transfer rates for hypersonic re-entry vehicles using unstructured grids.
Overview of MM and UTD methods at the Ohio State University (radar target scattering)

Techniques appropriate for low and high frequency numerical evaluation of the scattered fields from complex shapes are discussed. Object size in terms of wavelengths dictates the type of solution to be used. For targets in and just above resonance, the method of moments (MM) is used. The limitation in this case is that the scatterer cannot be too large in terms of the wavelength. For radar targets in the microwave band, the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) and modifications thereof form the basis for the computation. This has the basic limitation that the scattering mechanisms need to be known and included in the model. Examples are given for both frequency regimes. >
Guilty and Threatening: Visual Bias in Television News Crime Stories

This experiment investigates the effects of television crime news portrayals of the accused on evaluations of that person. Forty subjects watched television crime news stories, which contained either visual (dressed in an orange suit, wearing handcuffs and being restrained by a police officer) or aural (mention of a prior record) bias. Results show that subjects who saw the visual bias evaluated the accused as more threatening, dangerous and guilty than those who did not see the bias. Those who heard about a prior record evaluated the accused as more threatening and guilty, but not as more dangerous than those who did not hear about the record. These impressions of guilt remained after a two-week delay. Findings illustrate how common TV news portrayals of a person accused of a crime can prejudice the general public. Also, accidental viewing of a criminal defendant in prison clothes or being restrained can affect snap judgments about that person during the trial. Implications for journalists and the legal ...
The 199Hg+ single ion optical clock: recent progress

We report on work directed toward the systematic evaluation of an optical frequency standard based on the 2 S1/2– 2 D5/2 transition of a single, laser-cooled, trapped 199 Hg + ion, whose resonance frequency is 1.06 × 10 15 Hz. For the purpose of the evaluation, two 199 Hg + standards have been constructed. In the cooling-laser system built for the second standard, an injection-locking scheme has been applied to a cw Ti:sapphire laser. We also report optical frequency measurements of the clock transition performed over the past 21 months with the first standard. During this term, the variation of the clock transition frequency is found to be less than one part in 10 14 . (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Familial Risk Moderates the Association Between Sleep and zBMI in Children

Objective A cumulative risk approach was used to examine the moderating effect of familial risk factors on relations between actigraphy-based sleep quantity (minutes) and quality (efficiency) and sex- and age-standardized body mass index (zBMI). Methods The sample included 124 boys and 104 girls with a mean age of 10.41 years (SD ¼ 0.67). Children wore actigraphs for 1 week, and their height and weight were assessed in the lab. Results After controlling for potential confounds, multiple regression analyses indicated that sleep minutes predicted children’s zBMI and that both sleep minutes and efficiency interacted with family risk in the prediction of zBMI. The association between poor sleep and zBMI was especially evident for children exposed to higher levels of family risk. Conclusions Findings suggest that not all children who exhibit poor sleep are at equal risk for higher zBMI and that familial and contextual conditions need to be considered in this link.
The square root of not: Geometric, permutation, and matrix representations

Fuzzy logic allows for logical operators that are completely different from those of boolean logic. This paper examines functions that compose with themselves to produce negation. This paper examines three types of tools that allow us to analyze this, and similar questions about fuzzy logic.
Close encounters: Chinese business networks as industrial catalysts in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Chinese business networks form an important (and well-studied) component of transnational industrial capitalism in East and South-east Asia. Yet almost no attention has been paid to the dynamics of the growing role of Chinese networks as catalysts for industrial development in subSaharan Africa. This article explores two contrasting cases, in Mauritius and in Nigeria. In a hostile or indifferent policy environment such as that of Nigeria, and in a locale where there were no resident overseas Chinese, the Asia-Africa linkages remained limited to information, input supply, consulting services, and technical assistance. In contrast, in the encouraging policy environment of Mauritius, which also had a sizeable overseas Chinese population, transnational Asian capitalists created strong connections with local capital (Asian and other), invested in joint ventures, and formed part of a successful export-oriented industrialization. These cases suggest that, as Asian business networks expand their global reach to sub-Saharan Africa, they can provide an important catalyst for local industrialization. ETHNIC BUSINESS NETWORKS FACILITATE THE EXCHANGE OF INPUTS critical to global capitalism - finance, technical knowledge, and marketing information. In East and South-east Asia, Chinese business networks are increasingly acknowledged as an essential component of the area's industrial dynamism. In the now well-known 'flying geese' pattern, business networks facilitated the diffusion of manufacturing from the earliest industrializer, Japan, to the 'newly industrialized countries', Taiwan, Korea,
Expanding COP21 INDCs to Include Non-National Contributions

Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the European Environmental Law Association International Conference on Climate Justice, Oct. 2-3, 2015. The Paris COP21 Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change cannot be allowed to fail. Time is running out for the world to take effective action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions that threaten the future of life on our planet. The scientific community has found that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be reduced to 450 ppm, and many think 350 ppm, by 2050. However, The United Nations’ IPCCC in 20 Conferences of the Parties (COPs) has failed to come up with national government commitments that come anywhere near achieving that goal. The consequences of failure to reach agreement in December are frightening to consider. In terms of environmental justice, it is clear that those hurt the most will be poor people everywhere and the less developed nations where the people cannot afford to relocate and the governments cannot afford adaptation measures. Many island nations will become totally uninhabitable, as will the low lying waterfront areas of all nations where the majority of populations worldwide are located. The problems with immigration being experienced by Europe and the U.S. now are nothing compared with the flood of millions of climate refugees everywhere when the oceans’ rise will make large areas uninhabitable.Thus, environmental justice urgently requires that the COP21 conference succeed, and do so in a way to maximize help to the least develop countries, not only to support adaptation measures and permit participation in climate change mitigation (necessary albeit that they have contributed almost nothing to the problem) but more importantly, help them to do so in ways that assist their economic development.
Temporal dynamics of nonlinear absorption and refraction in crystalline and hydrogenated amorphous silicon

We measure the temporal dynamics of nonlinear absorption (NLA) and refraction (NLR) in crystalline and hydrogenated-amorphous silicon at 1550 nm. The effect of relative polarization on NLA and NLR are also reported.
Modulating Charge Recombination and Structural Dynamics in Isolated Organometal Halide Perovskite Crystals by External Electric Fields

Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of isolated methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite crystalline platelets is studied under applied electric fields to understand the influence of ion conformational and translational dynamics on charge recombination dynamics. MAPbBr3 PL decays and intensity transients over ∼100 ps to 10 s time scales show large modulation upon application of electric fields up to ∼ ±107 V/m that we attribute primarily to reorientation of the methylammonium cation (MA+) dipole moments. On longer time scales, a large fraction of electric field-dependent PL intensity transients exhibit oscillatory behavior and undergo spontaneous switching on time scales comparable to ion drift (∼1–10 s). PL modulation behavior decreases significantly with aging, suggesting diminished reorientational susceptibility (conformational flexibility) of MA+ groups to applied electric fields.
Considering the Continuums Lens and its Potential to Capture the Wider Picture of Women's Experiences of Violence During and after Armed Conflict

This is a short working paper that explores the ‘continuums of violence lens’ and its potential utility in examining women’s experiences of conflict to post-conflict violence. The advantages which this lens presents is first discussed followed by a brief overview of its drawbacks. The piece highlights that women’s experience of violence is often multiple and multifarious and yet the diversity of this violence and of women’s experiences is seldom captured. The relevance of ‘context’ to the form and functions of violence is drawn into the ‘continuums’ discussion proposing that a wider context based approach to continuums of violence may represent a broader framework and help to open up space to capture the sources and sites of violence across a wider range of contexts.
Tuning Cellular Uptake of Molecular Probes by Rational Design of Their Assembly into Supramolecular Nanoprobes.

Intracellular sensing of pathologically relevant biomolecules could provide essential information for accurate evaluation of disease staging and progression, yet the poor cellular uptake of water-soluble molecular probes limits their use as protease sensors. In other cases such as extracellular sensing, cellular uptake should be effectively inhibited. Self-assembly of molecular probes into supramolecular nanoprobes presents a potential strategy to alter their interaction mechanisms with cells to promote or reduce their cellular uptake. Here, we report on the design, synthesis, and assembly of peptide-based molecular beacons into supramolecular protease sensors of either spherical or filamentous shapes. We found that positively charged spherical nanobeacons demonstrate much higher cellular uptake efficiency than its monomeric form, thus making them most suitable for intracellular sensing of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B. Our results also suggest that assembly into filamentous nanobeacons significantly...
Writing Amicus Curiae and Policy Briefs

In this article, we make an argument for the importance of policy education for marriage and family students as a way of promoting critical thinking and engagement in science translation or advocacy. Several relevant active pedagogical approaches to teaching about law/policy are reviewed. We then describe the objectives and assignments from a class on Child Welfare, Law, and Social Policy, including written policy briefs and amicus curiae (friend of the court) legal briefs, and subsequent oral presentations. Student feedback is presented from eight classes with undergraduates and graduate students over a five-year period. We end with some conclusions about the approach.
Coherent Backscatter Induced Excess Noise in Reflective Interferometric Fiber Sensors

We discuss the effects of coherent backscatter induced excess intensity noise in remotely interrogated reflective-type interferometric sensor configurations such as the Michelson and low- reflectance Fabry-Perot. Experimental results demonstrating the noise mechanism are presented.
A Comment on “Evaluating and Improving Argument-Centered Works in Marketing”

An article in a recent issue of this journal suggested that marketers adopt the tools of formal deductive logic to evaluate “argument-centered” works in marketing. In this comment, the authors argu...
Circular-Arc Rotors in Regular Polygons

(1948). Circular-Arc Rotors in Regular Polygons. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 393-402.
MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LITHIUM-POLYMETALLIC ORE OCCURRED IN SICHUAN PROVINCE,CHINA

In order to provide a scientific basis for mineral processing and comprehensive utilization of resources of lithium-polymetallic ore,Sichuan,X-ray diffractometer(XRD),X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)and mineral liberation analyzer(MLA)and other measurements and analysis technique were used to study the composition,structure,grain size and occurrence of main minerals composition of the ore in the area of Sichuan Province.It was showed that the main chemical composition w(B)/% of pegmatite typed lithium-polymetallic ore is Li2O 1.50,(Nb,Ta)2O50.016,Sn 0.026and BeO 0.041.Mineral compositions of the ore are composed of spodumene(19.98%),tantalum niobite(0.02%),beryl(0.23%)and cassiterite(0.007%)and others.The grade of lithium,niobium,tantalum,tin and beryllium in the raw ore basically reach industrial grade.Spodumene is widely distributed and uneven in size,with maximum grain size of 40mm and minimum grain size of 0.05mm.Selective grinding technology is adopted in the process.Spodumene itself contains Fe2O30.41%,difficult to produce low iron spodumene.The particle size of tantalum-niobite are less than 0.08mm with fine plate-like grains contained in spodumene,beryl,quartz and other minerals.
An international experience with the CarboMedics prosthetic heart valve.

A multi-center, international, prospective trial of the CarboMedics valve was initiated in September 1987. Twenty-five centers were included for the purpose of demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of this new rotatable bileaflet Pyrolite carbon prosthesis. The study included 1228 patients (1372 valves) enrolled between September 1987 and September 1993. There were 674 males and 554 females from ages two to 84 years. There were 603 aortic, 476 mitral and 144 double valve implants. Mean follow up time was 30.2 months; 96.3% of patients had completed documentation up to and including one year. Functional class was III or IV for 87.1% of patients preoperatively, and I or II in over 96% of patients for the first five post-operative years. Survival for the entire group was 89% (n = 902) at one year, 84% (n = 463) at three years, and 81% (n = 92) at five years. There were no significant survival differences between the aortic and mitral valve replacement groups. Statistically significant differences in survival (p < or = 0.1) for all patients (primary and non-primary) were found to be associated with female gender (p = .0097), increasing age (p = 0.0001), increasing preoperative NYHA classification (p = 0.0001), concomitant procedures performed during surgery (p = .0001), double valve replacement (p = 0.0622), and presence of preoperative endocarditis (p = .0829). Late deaths totaled 88 with 46 of those classified as valve-related. There was no valve failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wedged Catheter Management of a Bleeding Renal Pseudoaneurysm

AbstractA patient with significant gross hematuria following renal biopsy is managed successfully with subselective wedged arterial occlusion.
The Determinants of the Severity of State Fiscal Crises

During the most recent recession, many state governments faced substantial budget shortfalls. Those shortfalls are often blamed on external factors like the declining economy or reductions in federal aid. What politicians themselves do, especially during expansionary years—whether they enact spending increases, implement tax cuts, increase the size of their rainy day funds, or some combination thereof—is typically given less attention. We examine those factors and find that fiscal stress tends to be positively associated with spending growth, negatively associated with the size of rainy day funds, and not statistically significantly associated with the unemployment rate or federal aid.
Ecological Assessment With Benthic Algae

Abstract In this chapter, we describe the use of benthic algae to assess stream water quality. We begin with a brief review of the topic and provide a framework for conducting ecological assessments using benthic algae. Sampling procedures to evaluate periphyton abundance using field- and laboratory-based approaches are described. Visual observations in rapid periphyton surveys provide a way to estimate periphyton abundance in the field, while sampling and laboratory analyses provide more precise measures of periphyton abundance by using ash-free dry mass, chlorophyll a , and biovolume. We also describe several common methods applying microscopic algal identification to assess water quality and diagnose potential sources of impairment, including metrics of biotic condition and inferring ecological conditions using species abundances and environmental optima. Finally, the data gathered can be used to assess ecological integrity of streams sampled by comparing measured conditions in streams with expected conditions established using reference stream values or other benchmarks.