cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Parent–Child Relationship as an Archetype for the Relationship Between God and Humanity in Genesis

This article explores the idea that the relationship between a parent and developing child may serve as an archetype for understanding the changing relationship between God and humanity in Genesis. With Adam, Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph representing successive stages of human development, the narrative structure of Genesis is said to portray the relationship between God and humanity as changing in a way that parallels a parent's changing relationship with his or her children across their growth toward psychological integration. This changing relationship with God, which starts out with a symbiotic union with the divine, progresses through separation and individuation, and culminates in reintegration with God, may offer a Biblical approach to psychological growth and healing, as well as a theoretical conceptualization for both the parental and mutable nature of God.
To an Eye in a Fixed Position: Glass, Art and Vision

In this article, I will discuss a technology which I believe has had a crucial influence on Western culture: transparent glass. Clear glass was the material basis for a number of significant inventions from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century, notably eyeglasses, the microscope and the telescope. Since preliminary investigations of these tools have been undertaken—particularly with regard to their role in exploring the microcosm and the macrocosm—I will not discuss them here. (See, for example, Mumford 1934, pp. 124–131; de Solla Price 1984, pp. 106–110; and Ihde 1990, pp. 52–58.)1
Chronic brain disease: An overview.

The author discusses the current state of clinical and pathological knowledge regarding chronic brain disease, focusing particularly on the dementias. His review of clinical studies deals with diagnostic issues and methods, etiology, and treatment. More basic research on brain alterations with aging, their relation to clinical manifestations of dementia, and studies of specific disorders are also reviewed. These disorders have been receiving increasing attention from psychiatrists, who are becoming more aware of the importance of organic cerebral factors in their patients' complaints. The need to understand the chronic brain diseases and their appropriate diagnosis and treatment will continue to grow as the proportion of older individuals in our society increases.
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Folgerungen

Welches Wissen haben Lehrende zu Leseforderung? Welches Wissen geht mit ihrem Leseforderhandeln einher und wie andert sich dieses Wissen im Kontext innovativer fachdidaktischer Wissensangebote?
Physical Principles and Constitutive Models of Piezoelectric Materials

This chapter presents a detailed discussion on physical principles and constitutive models of piezoelectric materials and structures. Starting with an elementary level in the fundamentals of piezoelectricity, the constitutive models of piezoelectric materials are presented. To complete the chapter and provide the readers with practical information, the engineering applications of piezoelectric materials and structures with a special emphasis to piezoelectric-based actuators and sensors are presented. More specifically, the applications of piezoelectric actuators and sensors in ultra-fine micro/nano-scale positioning and manipulation are reviewed briefly, leaving the details to Chaps. 3–5. Finally, a brief discussion on future directions and outlooks for piezoelectric materials and systems is given.
A Multidimensional Perceptual Map Approach to Project Prioritization and Selection

When prioritizing projects, managers usually have to evaluate multiple attributes (dimensions) of project data. However, these dimensions are usually condensed into one or two indicators in many existing analysis processes. For example, projects are commonly prioritized using a scoring approach: they are evaluated according to predefined categories, which are then aggregated into one or two priority numbers. We argue that aggregated scores may only offer a limited view of project importance. This often leads decision makers to ignore the possible differences masked by the aggregation. Following the design science research paradigm, this paper presents a visual exploration approach based on multi-dimensional perceptual maps. It incorporates human intuition in the process and maintains the multidimensionality of project data as a decision basis for project prioritization and selection. A prototype system based on the approach was developed and qualitatively evaluated by a group of project managers. A qualitative analysis of the data collected shows its utility and usability.
Recent developments in the theory of AM Her and DQ Her stars

We describe a number of advances in the theory of accreting magnetic white dwarfs, and discuss several unresolved issues concerning these stars.
Tissue Destruction Caused by Entamoeba histolytica Parasite: Cell Death, Inflammation, Invasion, and the Gut Microbiome.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. E. histolytica causes tissue destruction which leads to clinical disease. This review outlines some of the recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the processes that lead to the tissue damage caused by E. histolytica. Recent studies have identified new mechanisms involved in E. histolytica–induced tissue damage. These include (i) new form of contact-dependent killing called trogocytosis; (ii) parasite-produced cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, that contributes to inflammation; (iii) exploitation of host immune response to promote invasion; and (iv) the contribution of the gut microbiome to clinical disease. Targeting these mechanisms that result in tissue injury should be a focus of future research for the development of improved preventive and therapeutic strategies for amebiasis.
The Post-Freudian Unconscious: Agency and Awareness

Dissatisfactions with Freudian notions of the unconscious are stressed, and two topics follow: a history of original meanings of the unconscious and viewing the unconscious as a process plus the consequences of this. Comments on the subject by the neurologist Gazzaniga are presented. Striking research by Amodio on implied racism comes next followed by Eisold’s discussion of seven realms of research increasing our knowledge of the unconscious. Next, Tomas Scheff emphasizes the surprising speed of social interaction compared to awareness. Next to be discussed is emotion, namely Scheff’s undifferentiated shame and his by-passed shame. Considered next is unconscious memory starting with patients with amnesia. Damasio’s stronger argument for the unconscious is then presented and his conclusions are discussed. Work by Zajonc and then Frith follow after this. An important theme throughout this book, why we lack self-understanding is considered next. Strategies by governments to make their publics willing to fight wars are provided, and how emotions make this possible are identified. “Systems justification theory” producing unconscious biases toward identification with power structures is considered next and measures used for them are discussed.
AHFME Member 1993 Total Annual Earnings Survey

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the 1993 annual earnings of hospitality financial management educators. Nearly fifty percent of AHFME's members responded. Annual base salaries ranged from $31,500 to $89,000. The lowest paid members are instructors while the highest paid members are full professors. Most respondents supplement their base salaries by teaching during summer school and conducting consulting. The total annual earnings of members ranged from $37,000 to $155,275. Hospitality financial management educators appear to be more highly compensated than hospitality educators, in general, and hospitality industry financial executives.
Unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations and hydrocephalus: Case series and review of the literature.

Abstract Objective Hydrocephalus is an uncommon presentation of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The goal of this case series and literature review is to present possible pathological mechanisms, management strategies and outcomes in patients with hydrocephalus due to unruptured AVMs. Methods Three consecutive patients with hydrocephalus caused by unruptured AVMs as well as all cases previously reported in the literature were retrospectively reviewed to determine clinical symptoms, AVM location, nidus size, venous drainage, mechanism of hydrocephalus, level/cause of obstruction, and degree of hydrocephalus. Management of hydrocephalus, AVM treatment, and follow-up length were evaluated. Results Of 350 patients unruptured AVMs, 3 presented with hydrocephalus (0.8%). In the literature review we found an additional 22 patients for a total of 25 cases. Eighteen patients had mechanical obstruction by the draining vein or the AVM nidus, usually at the level of the aqueduct (52%). Impaired cerebrospinal fluid resorption secondary to venous congestion led to hydrocephalus in 7 patients. Ten patients were treated for both the AVM and hydrocephalus, 13 patients underwent treatment of either hydrocephalus, or the AVM alone. Treatment of hydrocephalus, with or without associated treatment of the brain AVM, resulted in improvement of symptoms in 92% of patients. No rupture of the AVM was reported at follow-up. Conclusions The most common cause of hydrocephalus in unruptured brain AVMs is mechanical obstruction by the draining vein if it is located in a strategic position. Treatment of hydrocephalus alone or with associated treatment of the AVM is safe and effective.
How Does Informal Entrepreneurship Affect Innovation

We analyze the impact of informal entrepreneurship on innovation in emerging economies. We build on agency theory to argue that formal new ventures that were informally created engage more in imita...
Action of prostaglandin, PGF2alpha, on the uterus of the pregnant rat.

The effects of prostaglandin F2α (PG) have been studied on the transmembrane potentials and contractions in isolated myometrial strips from pregnant rats. The results showed that: 1. The sensitivity of the myometrium to exogenous PG increases from day 19 to day 22 of gestation. 2. The electrical response to PG, at maximally effective doses (10−6 to 10−5 M) consists of a slow depolarization which upon reaching threshold initiates spike discharge. 3. These actions are most pronounced t term (day 22) and are due to a direct action of PG on the myometrical cells. 4. D-600 (a methoxy derivative of verapamil) abolishes spike discharge and the phasic contractions induced by PG but has no effect on the slow depolarization and the accompanying increase in tonic tension. 5. The slow depolarization is dependent upon the presence of sodium in the external environment and is unaffected by the removal of calcium. 6. The spikes (and phasic contractions) are dependent upon the presence of calcium in the external environment.
Exploring why leaders do what they do: An integrative review of the situation-trait approach and situation-encoding schemas

Abstract In order to enhance leaders' effectiveness, it is critical to clearly and accurately understand the underlying processes that contribute to leaders' decision making and behavior. The traditional trait approach to understanding leaders' underlying processing carries limitations and does not capture any of the situational characteristics that may be important. We thus advance the situation-trait approach by introducing the Cognitive Affective Processing Systems framework more fully into the leadership domain. A primary benefit of integrating this framework is that it identifies an attribute largely overlooked by leadership scholars, yet foundational to leaders' processing and behaviors: situation-encoding schemas. We integrate and review decades of research on four sets of situation-encoding schemas to demonstrate their important role in determining why leaders do what they do. This consensus shift, novel focus on situation-encoding schemas, and integration of four disparate sets of well-studied situation-encoding schemas has important implications for leaders' self-awareness, meta-cognition, effectiveness, and development.
P41 Exploring the Stigma of Childhood Food Insecurity in Appalachia

Background Food insecurity is associated with high rates of obesity and morbidity and mortality. The goal of food programs is to reduce food insecurity. Inaccurate data and decreased participation in food programs minimizes impact. Rural Appalachia has disproportionally higher rates of food insecurity than non-Appalachian areas. This region also has unique cultural norms that pose challenges in addressing food-insecurity issues. Objective The purpose of this qualitative study in rural Appalachia was to explore cultural issues related to food insecurity and childhood hunger. Study Design, Setting, Participants Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants living in rural Appalachia (n = 13) to elicit perceptions of assessments and interventions addressing food insecurity. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Using nVivo software, content analysis was conducted separately by the principal investigator and peer researcher to isolate major themes. Asynchronous themes were discussed and resolved. Results Stigma related to self-reliance expectations emerged as a major barrier to reporting food insecurity, childhood hunger, and participation of children in food-assistance programs. These expectations resulted in the fear of being perceived as having poor parenting skills, not providing food for children, fear that child protective services would take the child/ren away due to lack of proper food, concerns about breaking cultural norms of not accepting charity or publicly “airing laundry” and mistrust of government authority. Conclusions This study suggests that food security assessments and interventions are likely influenced by the self-reliance, respect for privacy, and the need for earned trust characteristics of the Appalachian culture. Assessment of food security and interventions should be culturally sensitive in order to obtain accurate baseline and post-intervention data, and increase participation in programs. Potential improvements to address stigma-related barriers in data collection and intervention design include omitting questions specific to children since general questions on the HFSSM accurately measure household food insecurity, and interventions with a community-based design.
Superlinear Convergence of the Sequential Quadratic Method in Constrained Optimization

This paper pursues a twofold goal. Firstly, we aim at deriving novel second-order characterizations of important robust stability properties of perturbed Karush–Kuhn–Tucker systems for a broad class of constrained optimization problems generated by parabolically regular sets. Secondly, the obtained characterizations are applied to establish well-posedness and superlinear convergence of the basic sequential quadratic programming method to solve parabolically regular constrained optimization problems.
Case Report of Transgender Patient with Gonadotropic Dysfunction Secondary to Craniopharyngioma: Toward Improving Understanding of Biopsychosocial Dynamics of Gender Identity in Neurosurgical Care.

Background There is a paucity of information in the literature linking possible neuroendocrinologic repercussions of anterior pituitary insufficiency from tumor-associated mass effect with gender identity in transindividuals. The authors present the case of a 26-year-old transgender woman who was found to have a sellar/suprasellar neoplasm after reporting loss of vision in a bitemporal distribution. Case Description Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 2.6-cm complex cystic and solid sellar/suprasellar mass, suggestive of craniopharyngioma, intimately associated with the pituitary stalk. Importantly, this radiographic diagnosis was made 2 years following the initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy (HT). Laboratory testing following radiographic diagnosis demonstrated evidence of diffuse anterior pituitary insufficiency with decreased morning cortisol, free thyroxine, insulin-like growth factor-1, and testosterone. Following optimization with the endocrinology team, the patient was taken to the operating room for expanded endonasal resection of tumor with lumbar drain insertion and nasoseptal flap coverage. Gross total resection was achieved with marked improvement in vision noted following surgery. The patient continued her HT following surgery. Conclusions In hindsight, the neuroendocrinologic manifestations of the craniopharyngioma may have influenced distressing pubertal experiences that distanced her from her assigned male sex, as well as the desired effects of feminization HT in this patient, ultimately delaying her presentation to the neurosurgery service and diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. As the first report of the neurosurgical evaluation and treatment of a transgender patient with anterior pituitary insufficiency secondary to craniopharyngioma, this case examines the biopsychosocial interplay between the development of gender identity and the neuroendocrinologic manifestations of craniopharyngioma.
Forsaken Pharmaceutical: Glasdegib in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myeloid Diseases

Advancements in the understanding of the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have led to the introduction and approval of a number of novel drugs in AML. Glasdegib, an oral hedgehog pathway inhibitor, was approved in 2018 in combination with low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of newly diagnosed AML in patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the preclinical rationale for glasdegib, important clinical trials that led to glasdegib's approval, and future trials of glasdegib in AML and other myeloid diseases. Notably, 2 large randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials (AML BRIGHT 1019) are currently recruiting patients with newly diagnosed AML to evaluate glasdegib in combination with intensive chemotherapy or azacitidine, depending on the patient's ability to tolerate induction chemotherapy. While glasdegib and low-dose cytarabine have been eclipsed by venetoclax and hypomethylating agent combinations for newly diagnosed AML in the United States, we discuss other areas where glasdegib may still have an opportunity to improve outcomes in this devastating disease.
Demystifying the Placement Policies of the NVIDIA GPU Thread Block Scheduler for Concurrent Kernels

In this work, we empirically derive the scheduler's behavior under concurrent workloads for NVIDIA's Pascal, Volta, and Turing microarchitectures. In contrast to past studies that suggest the scheduler uses a round-robin policy to assign thread blocks to streaming multiprocessors (SMs), we instead find that the scheduler chooses the next SM based on the SM's local resource availability. We show how this scheduling policy can lead to significant, and seemingly counter-intuitive, performance degradation; for example, a decrease of one thread per block resulted in a 3.58X increase in execution time for one kernel in our experiments. We hope that our work will be useful for improving the accuracy of GPU simulators and aid in the development of novel scheduling algorithms.
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials as Anticorrosion Surface Coatings for Uranium Metal: Physical Insights from First-Principles Theory

Corrosion protection is vital to ensure the reliability and long-term durability of metal components. Coating surfaces with two-dimensional (2D) materials is an attractive approach due to the stren...
High Power, High Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer at 27.12 MHz Using CMCD Converters

Current-mode class D (CMCD) converters are robust choices for bi-directional wireless power transfer (WPT) due to strong voltage boundary and simplicity at high frequency (HF, 3-30MHz) and very high frequency (VHF, 30-300MHz). A CMCD operating at HF-VHF also enables high power density and circuit integration, but suffers from multiple loss mechanisms that degrade efficiency. Operating at high frequency and high power output presents unique challenges, including parasitic switch losses and WPT coil losses. GaN FETs are the leading candidates for next generation power electronics due to their superior switching speed and power handling capability, but remain a primary factor limiting a CMCD from achieving high efficiency at higher power and higher frequency. In this paper, we investigate the losses that occur in CMCD converters and formulate an optimization procedure to maximize efficiency. This procedure is verified against a full circuit simulation within LTspice. With careful selection of design parameters, the performance of an optimized CMCD can achieve 101.9 W with 89.6% efficiency at 27.12 MHz.
Light-driven dissipative self-assembly of a peptide hydrogel.

Light energy provides an attractive fuel source for energy dissipating systems because of the lack of waste production, wavelength tunability and the potential for spatial and temporal resolution. In this work, we describe a peptide-spiropyran conjugate that assembled into a transient nanofiber hydrogel in the presence of visible light, and dissociated when the light source was removed. The transient nature of the hydrogel permitted cycling between the sol- and gel states by switching the light off and on.
Predicting the Regioselectivity and Stereoselectivity of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Reactions

Recently an initiative to design safer chemicals was made by the Evironmental Protection Agency (1). The design of safer chemicals must be a multi-discplinary effort merging chemistry and biology. One of the more important areas in this effort is understanding what governs the rate of bioactivation of xenobiotics. This area is of particular importance since many chemicals are protoxins and must be bioactivated to the ultimate toxin (2). This chapter will outline our efforts toward predicting the stereochemistry and regioselectivity of bioactivation reactions, mediated by cytochrome P450, using computational methods. The following chapter will provide some examples of how the electronic factors can be predicted using computational methods. Overall, it is our hope that these methods can be expanded and incorporated into a general program for designing safer chemicals.
Who Is the Good Entrepreneur? An Exploration within the Catholic Social Tradition

Entrepreneurship is a critical need in society, and an entrepreneur's life can be a life wonderfully lived. However, most of the literature examining entrepreneurship takes an overly narrow financial viewpoint when examining entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial success. Our paper surveys the current entrepreneurial literature on what constitutes successful entrepreneurship. We then engage key conceptual ideas within the Catholic social tradition to analyze what we see as an undeveloped notion of success. We then move to construct a richer notion of success through the framework of virtue.
Diagnostic Assays for Chronic Granulomatous Disease and Other Neutrophil Disorders

Inasmuch as neutrophils are the primary cellular defense against bacterial and fungal infections, disorders that affect these white cells typically predispose individuals to severe and recurrent infections. Therefore, diagnosis of such disorders is an important first step in directing long-term treatment/care for the patient. Herein, we describe methods to identify chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, and neutropenia. The assays are relatively simple to perform and cost effective and can be performed with equipment available in most laboratories.
A Review of “Drink Water, but Remember the Source: Moral Discourse in a Chinese Village”: Oxfeld, Ellen. Berkeley: University of California Press 292 pp., $24.95 paperback ISBN: 978-0-520-26095-5 Publication Date: September 2010

Ellen Oxfeld's lyrical exploration of contemporary Chinese village life reveals the many contradictions inherent in China during the past decade and a half of fast-changing social mores, economic b...
Optimal Scheduling and Control of Ingot Handling in a Steelmaking Environment

A scheduling procedure has been devised which controls the flow of steel ingots between the steelmaking process (open hearth, BOF, etc.) and the primary rolling process (slabs). The track time and soaking pit time of the ingots are under the influence of optimal heating models which allow ingot stripping prior to complete solidification. Soaking pit time is significantly reduced. Forward and backward scheduling methodologies have been developed which yield sequences with better soaking pit utilization and faster ingot throughput time. The scheduling methodology enables more efficient energy utilization.
Quaternary Coleoptera of the United States and Canada

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the region-by-region account of the status of paleo-entomological studies and emphasizes on the coleoptera of the United States and Canada. Study of Quaternary fossil assemblages makes invaluable contributions to biogeographical and paleoclimatological studies. The late Tertiary and early Pleistocene assemblages provide proof that species can exist for millions of years although a convincing explanation of how genetically isolated populations maintain morphological constancy is as elusive as ever. The primary response of beetles to climate change is survival by dispersal to suitable habitats, and the effect of this is that the species migrate across vast distances or track climate changes. Many species of beetles are adapted to the narrow ranges of climatic factors making them excellent indicators of past climates. Thus, beetles are one of the few groups of living organisms for which there is an extensive and well-dated Quaternary fossil record, and molecular DNA studies are a tool for examining the phylogeographic relationships of modern species. The combination of studies provides a powerful tool for examining various questions in biogeography.
Implementing data flow operations with multi hardware agent systems

This paper presents the ability of hardware agents to implement data flow type synchronization. This type of synchronization is often employed when creating modern hardware to communicate between asynchronous hardware elements. The paper presents some examples to show the ability of hardware agents to implement data flow operations in different scenarios described as deterministic hardware agents, in fine grain and coarse grain implementations; hardware agent-based architecture handling both control flow and data flow; and intelligent, non-deterministic hardware agent that hints at some of the more advanced possibilities of hardware agent use.
Adaptive genetic changes related to haemoglobin concentration in native high‐altitude Tibetans

What is the topic of this review? Tibetans have genetic adaptations that are hypothesized to underlie the distinct set of traits they exhibit at altitude. What advances does it highlight? Several adaptive signatures in the same genomic regions have been identified among Tibetan populations resident throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Many highland Tibetans exhibit a haemoglobin concentration within the range expected at sea level, and this trait is associated with putatively adaptive regions harbouring the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway genes EGLN1, EPAS1 and PPARA. Precise functional variants at adaptive loci and relationships to physiological traits, beyond haemoglobin concentration, are currently being examined in this population. Some native Tibetan, Andean and Ethiopian populations have lived at altitudes ranging from 3000 to >4000 m above sea level for hundreds of generations and exhibit distinct combinations of traits at altitude. It was long hypothesized that genetic factors contribute to adaptive differences in these populations, and recent advances in genomics provide evidence that some of the strongest signatures of positive selection in humans are those identified in Tibetans. Many of the top adaptive genomic regions highlighted thus far harbour genes related to hypoxia sensing and response. Putatively adaptive copies of three hypoxia-inducible factor pathway genes, EPAS1, EGLN1 and PPARA, are associated with sea-level range, rather than elevated, haemoglobin concentration observed in many Tibetans at high altitude, and recent studies provide insight into some of the precise adaptive variants, timing of adaptive events and functional roles. While several studies in highland Tibetans have converged on a few hypoxia-inducible factor pathway genes, additional candidates have been reported in independent studies of Tibetans located throughout the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Various aspects of adaptive significance have yet to be identified, integrated, and fully explored. Given the rapid technological advances and interdisciplinary efforts in genomics, physiology and molecular biology, careful examination of Tibetans and comparisons with other distinctively adapted highland populations will provide valuable insight into evolutionary processes and models for both basic and clinical research.
Protection of neonatal mice from group B streptococcal infection by maternal immunization with beta C protein.

Abstract Group B streptococci (GBS) cause the majority of cases of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in the United States. Immunization of women of childbearing age is one strategy under consideration for the prevention of neonatal disease. The beta C protein, a 130-kDa antigen present in many clinical isolates of GBS, was purified from GBS by extraction into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-containing buffer, preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electroelution. Purified beta C protein antigen (25 micrograms) with Freund's adjuvant was used to immunize rabbits. Rabbits developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of > 1:1.6 x 10(6), and sera from immunized rabbits were administered to pregnant mice. Their neonatal pups were then challenged with a strain of GBS expressing beta C protein; 68% of these pups were protected by immune antiserum, whereas no controls were protected (P < 0.001). The immune serum (diluted 1:100) facilitated opsonophagocytic killing of GBS strains expressing the beta C protein but not those that do not express the antigen (mean log kill +/- standard deviation = 0.71 +/- 0.8 log10 CFU for beta+ strains and 0.09 +/- 0.2 for beta- strains; P = 0.02). In subsequent experiments, adult female mice were actively immunized with two doses of 2, 5, or 10 micrograms of beta C protein 2 months prior to mating. One- to two-day-old offspring of these dams were challenged with GBS and were protected in a dose-dependent manner, with 96% survival in the high-dose (10-micrograms) group and 20% survival in a sham-immunized control group (P < 0.001). Thus, active immunization of mice with the GBS beta C protein confers protection against lethal infection with beta+ GBS to their offspring.
Optical properties of semiconductors under hydrostatic pressure—I. Germanium

Abstract The room-temperature absorption spectrum of high-purity single-crystal germanium has been measured between absorption coefficients of 1 and 100 at hydrostatic pressures up to 7000 kg cm 2 . The results have been interpreted to give a pressure coefficient for the optical energy gap in satisfactory agreement with the more precise value determined from measurement of the intrinsic resistivity as a function of pressure.
Framework for Modeling the Components of a Fuel Processing System for Fuel Cell Applications

The present work describes models for predicting concentration profiles of various species in each of the reactors present in a fuel processing system including a steam reformer, water gas-shift reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor. These reactor models incorporate phenomenological reaction schemes in power law format in order to predict the conversion of the species as a function of concentration and temperature. A surface film approach is used rather than the more traditional two-dimensional boundary layer in order to model the gas on the surface of the catalyst. The modeling framework is built within the Matlab Simulink environment to take advantage of available numerical schemes and optimization algorithms. Only steady state operation is considered for the reactors with validation occurring against experimental data obtained from the literature. In addition, temperature gradients within the reactors are imposed in order to eliminate the need to model the energy equation of motion. Parametric studies are performed on each of the individual reactors by varying the length, catalyst loading, catalyst dispersion and the effect of temperature drop across the reactor.© 2005 ASME
Quantitative leukoviremia and immune complex-dissociated antigenemia as predictors of infection status in children born to mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Four methods of culturing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and two serum antigen tests were assessed as predictors of infection status in children born to HIV-1-infected mothers. Of 36 infants whose cocultures were quantitative, all 15 who were deemed to be infected with HIV-1 (nine with symptoms, six without symptoms) by clinical criteria or persistence of Western blot reactive antibody had positive culture results, and all 21 uninfected seroreverters had negative culture results (sensitivity=100%; specificity=100%). Quantitative coculture was more sensitive than a technique in which cells were counted and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin but not cocultivated with cells from seronegative donors, and more sensitive than two other qualitative techniques evaluated in samples from 80 children, in which cells were not enumerated before culture. The level of leukoviremia in children with symptoms did not differ appreciably from the level of leukoviremia in symptom-free infected children. Among those with positive results on quantitative coculture, only 40% also had free HIV-1 antigen in serum, whereas 86% had antigen in immune complexes. Among the methods evaluated, quantitative HIV-1 coculture was the best indicator of infection status in children.
New biostratigraphic data on an Upper Hauterivian-Upper Barremian ammonite assemblage from the Dolomites (Southern Alps, Italy).

A biostratigraphic subdivision, based on ammonites, is proposed for the Lower Cretaceous pelagic to hemipelagic succession of the Puez area (Southern Alps, Italy). Abundant ammonites enable recognition of recently established Mediterranean ammonite zones from the upper Hauterivian Balearites balearis Zone (Crioceratites krenkeli Subzone) to the upper Barremian Gerhardtia sartousiana Zone (Gerhardtia sartousiana Subzone). Ammonites are restricted to the lowermost part of the Puez Formation, the Puez Limestone Member (ca. 50 m; marly limestones; Hauterivian–Barremian). Numerous ammonite specimens are documented for the first time from the Southern Alps (e.g., Dolomites). Ammonite abundances are clearly linked to sea-level changes from Late Hauterivian to mid Late Barremian times. Abundance and diversity peaks occur during phases of high sea-level pulses and the corresponding maximum flooding surfaces (P. mortilleti/P. picteti and G. sartousiana zones). The ammonite composition of the Puez Formation sheds light on the Early Cretaceous palaeobiogeography of the Dolomites. It also highlights the palaeoenvironmental evolution of basins and plateaus and provides insights into the faunal composition and distribution within the investigated interval. The intermittent palaeogeographic situation of the Puez locality during the Early Cretaceous serves as a key for understanding Mediterranean ammonite distribution.
Radiolysis of nitrate and nitrite ions in a KBr matrix

Abstract Gamma-ray induced decomposition of the nitrate ion in solid solution of KBr crystal has been studied by infrared spectroscopy. The disappearance of the nitrate follows the rate law derived from the mechanism (1) NO3−→NO2− + O, (2) NO2− + O → NO3−, and (3) NO3− + 0 → NO2− + O2. At room temperature ki =l.3 ± 0.2 hr−1 and k2/k3=70 ± l at a dose of 5.9 × 1019 eV hr−1 g−1. The appearance of the nitrite ion follows the same rate law only at the initial stage of the reaction when its secondary destruction by the radiation is negligible. The nitrite ion itself decays by an apparent second order process but only about a third or less of its decomposition produces the nitrate ion.
A New Method for Determining the Local Environment and Orientation of Individual Side Chains of Membrane-Binding Peptides

We studied here the binding of the mastoparan X peptide to a zwitterionic lipid bilayer (POPC) and demonstrated that nitrile-derivatized amino acids can be used to determine the hydration state (or change in hydration state) of specific sites of membrane-interactive peptides (upon binding). We have also shown that polarized ATR-FTIR measurements can further be used to uncover information regarding the spatial orientation of individual side chains as well as their conformational preference within the lipid bilayer.
Linear and nonlinear barotropic decay on the sphere

Abstract An example of the barotropic decay of wavelike midlatitude disturbance in the presence of a shear flow on the sphere is examined. The linear theory for the evolution of the disturbance is first described, with emphasis on the importance of the pseudomomentum spectrum for the resulting drag on the mean flow. After a brief discussion of the ways in which this linear theory can break down, a high-resolution nonlinear numerical model is used to examine the dependence of the mean-flow modification and the qualitative character of the decay on the amplitude of the initial disturbance.
Bone morphogenetic proteins act synergistically with haematopoietic cytokines in the differentiation of haematopoietic progenitors

We examined the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7 on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors in semi-solid medium. The BMPs had no effect on haematopoietic colony development when added to medium containing erythropoietin (Epo) or Interleukin-3 plus Epo. Synergistic effects with the haematopoietic cytokines stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were observed. In conjunction with GM-CSF and Epo, BMP-4 increased the number of both erythroid and granulocyte/monocyte colonies formed in semi-solid medium (P<0.01). No other BMP stimulated erythroid colony development under these conditions, while BMP-3, BMP-7 (P<0.01), BMP-5, and BMP-6 (P<0.05) stimulated granulocyte/monocyte colony formation. BMP-7 acted synergistically with stem cell factor to increase granulocyte/monocyte colony formation but not erythroid colony formation. The other BMPs did not affect either erythroid or granulocyte/monocyte colony development under these conditions. These results suggest that individual BMPs form part of the complement of cytokines regulating the development of haematopoietic progenitors, and in particular, point to a role for BMP-4 in the control of definitive, as well as embryonic erythropoiesis.
The Aurora, the Radiation Belt and the Solar Wind : A Unifying Hypothesis

RECENT high time resolution spectroscopic studies of the aurora1 at College, Alaska, have revealed a rather consistent pattern in the spatial distribution of the hydrogen emission lines. It was observed that during the first phase of a typical polar auroral display the intensity peak of the hydrogen emission would shift in a continuous fashion from the northern horizon to the southern horizon in 1-3 hr. During nights of moderate auroral activity the intensity peak would remain near the southern horizon and then recede back to the north at the conclusion of the display, some time after midnight. Nights of strong auroral activity were characterized by the hydrogen emission features either disappearing below the local southern horizon, or being present in the entire portion of the magnetic meridian monitored by the spectrograph. The shift in zenith distance is interpreted as reflecting a change in the geomagnetic co-latitude of the incoming protons, as described below. The solid line in Fig. 1 represents typical data obtained in a six-day period.
Stability and Change In Functional Assessment of Patients With Geropsychiatric Disorders

OBJECTIVES: Functional assessments of patients with geropsychiatric disorders accomplished by self-rating, informant rating, and performance test were compared. METHOD: Fifty-eight inpatients with major depression or progressive dementia were evaluated on three occasions over 6 months with informant and patient versions of the Activities of Daily Living Scale of the Older Americans Resources and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment (OARS-ADL) and with the Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS). RESULTS: Patients' scores became significantly worse (p .05). CONCLUSION: Agreement between informant rating and performance test concerning functional status of patients with dementia was good. Elderly patients with depression may experience subtle deterioration that only becomes apparent on performance tests.
A facile and general preparation of α,α-difluoro benzylic phosphonates by the CuCl promoted coupling reaction of the (diethylphosphonyl)difluoromethylcadmium reagent with aryl lodides

Abstract A series of α,α-difluorobenzylic phosphonates have been prepared in good yield (65–88%) by the CuCl promoted coupling reaction of the (diethylphosphonyl)difluoromethylcadmium reagent with aryl iodides.
2,5-Hexanedione alters microtubule assembly: II. Enhanced polymerization of crosslinked tubulin

Abstract The toxic syndrome resulting from in vivo exposure to n -hexane or n -hexane derivatives may, in part, be a manifestation of altered tubulin and microtubule properties. The effect of in vitro γ-diketone derivatization was first studied using purified bovine brain tubulin and the results were then verified in tubulins purified from target organs of an experimental species. Microtubule assembly and structure were modified after in vitro incubation with 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) as follows: (1) 2,5-HD derivatization of purified tubulin resulted in an alteration in microtubule assembly kinetics, most prominantly a decrease in the length of the nucleation phase, (2) the alteration in assembly kinetics was accompanied by the formation of a covalently crosslinked tubulin dimer, (3) mixing experiments which combined different proportions of control and treated tubulin showed that only a small amount of derivatized tubulin need be present to induce altered assembly properties, and (4) as a result of the more rapid nucleation phase, a greater number of nucleating seeds produced more numerous and shorter assembled polymers. In vitro incubation with the 2,5-HD congener 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione produced similar alterations in microtubule assembly. Thus, both the kinetics of tubulin polymerization and the morphology of the final assembly product were modified by in vitro γ-diketone incubation.
PREPROCESSING AND SOCIETAL CONTROL: NEGLECTED COMPONENT OF SOCIOCYBERNETICS

Recent doubts about whether social systems can be controlled in a cybernetic sense depend upon a view of cybernetics that overemphasizes communication, information processing and feedback at the expense of what computer scientists call preprocessing: the conscious selection and structuring of information to facilitate its processing. Much as rationalization was a complement to bureaucratic control in Max Weber's time, the preprocessing of information, prior to its processing by computer, serves societal control today. Indeed, phenomena like rationalization and symbolization can be viewed as forms of preprocessing; they facilitate the crucial control function of self‐referencing. US census data show a monotonic increase in the percentage of the work force engaged in preprocessing relative to the other informational activities: synthesizing, programming and processing.
A Hamilton–Jacobi PDE in the space of measures and its associated compressible Euler equations

Abstract We introduce a class of action integrals defined over probability-measure-valued path space. Minimal action exists in this context and gives weak solution to a compressible Euler equation. We prove that the Hamilton–Jacobi PDE associated with such variational formulation of Euler equation is well posed in viscosity solution sense.
Re-Evaluation of Proposed Microfabrication Process Cost Calculator

We provide a cost calculation of running a pair of example nanofabrication processes in the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility and the University of California, Berkeley's Marvell Nanofabrication Laboratory. Cost analysis for a MEMS membrane process and a photonic waveguide process for each facility will be shown at the symposium. In this abstract the outline for the MEMS membrane process at SNF is provided as an example.
Ruthenium, a Potential Chemical Modifier for the Determination of Lead by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract Ruthenium shows promise for use as a chemical modifier for the determination of ultratrace quantities of lead in solution when compared with the popular and widely used palladium. There is experimental evidence that ruthenium reacts with lead in the graphite tube to form the intermetallic compound PbRu2. The amount of ruthenium had a dramatic effect on the absorbance profile for the lead signal.
A Major Challenge for Graduate Medical Education

Arguably, the most pivotal period in medical education in this country was during the early 20th century when a nonphysician was given the task to objectively evaluate medical education in America. Abraham Flexner, an educator who worked at the Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching, provided a critical analysis of an educational system in medicine that had no regulatory body or structured curriculum. This landmark report on Medical Education in the United States and Canada was unveiled in 1910. 1-3 The “Flexner Report,” as it is commonly called, highlighted that a large percentage of medical schools were strictly proprietary. Very few had any type of standards or required prerequisites prior to matriculation. In fact, most medical schools were faculty owned, with tuition funding most of the faculty salaries. The majorityofthemedicalschoolsduringthis period had no hospital or university affiliation. It was reported that some of the graduates from these schools never dissected a cadaver and often did not see a singlepatient.Theshockingconclusionof theFlexnerReportwasthatmorethan120 of the 150+ operating medical schools should be closed. The report generated a quick response from the American MedicalAssociation’sCouncilonMedicalEducation, which initiated the following ratingsystem:classA,fullysatisfactory;class B, redeemable; and class C, complete reorganization needed. With most of the states denying licensure to new graduates of class C schools, it resulted in almost immediate closure of the schools in this category. If they did not close outright,theclassBschoolsoftenmergedwith other schools to survive. As predicted, more than 100 medical schools eventually closed. An unexpected consequence of the Flexner Report was the increase in philanthropic funds to the medical schoolswithalmosthalfofthefundsgiven toallcausesbeingdirectedtoundergraduate medical education. Approximately $154 million (excluding matching funds) were poured into medical schools. Fortunately,medicalschoolstodayare