cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereologic analysis of normal and dystrophic avian αW myofibers

Abstract The αW fibers of the posterior latissimus dorsi from normal (NPLD) and dystrophic (DPLD) chicks were analyzed by stereologic methods for electron microscopy. The αW fibers were located in electron micrographs by comparison with adjacent frozen sections where αW fibers were identified by established histochemical criteria. Striking mitochondrial and sarcotubular alterations were detected in dystrophic αW fibers prior to involvement of myofibrils. These changes are interpreted as features of an incipient stage of dystrophy that occur in αW fibers before degenerative changes. The volume fraction of myofibrils from αW fibers of the DPLD was 5% less than that of the NPLD. The volume densities of mitochondria were similar for both types of muscle. Mitochondrial surface density was 30.5% higher in DPLD than in NPLD. The surface-to-volume ratio of mitochondria was also 30.5% higher in DPLD than in NPLD. In DPLD, both surface density and volume density of terminal cisterns were 44% more than in NPLD. Volume density of the longitudinal tubules declined 18%, from 3.58 ± 0.13% in NPLD to 2.93 ± 0.20% in DPLD. The smaller decline in surface density of the longitudinal tubules in the DPLD plus a 14% increase in surface-to-volume ratio indicates that they are fewer in number and narrower in diameter than in the NPLD. Volume density of the transverse tubules was 188% greater and their surface density 162% greater in DPLD than in NPLD.
Experiential Learning and Social Justice Action: An Experiment in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

Abstract. This essay discusses the process and findings of an experiment on the scholarship of teaching and learning conducted in a religious ethics classroom that utilized an experiential approach to teaching and learning about social justice. The first part lays out the focus of the investigation and the pedagogical principles drawn from experiential learning theory that provided the foundation for the experiment. The second part describes all of the components of the pedagogical strategy used in the experiment, the social justice action project. The third part discusses the qualitative methodology used to gather evidence and the findings drawn from that evidence. What the evidence shows is that an experiential approach to teaching and learning about social justice can be quite effective. The essay concludes with discussions of areas for further study and the implications for the practice of others. (The survey described in this article can be found on the Wabash Center Web site〈http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/journal/glennon.html〉).
Multiplexing strategies for monolithic crystal PET detector modules

To reduce the number of output channels and associated cost in PET detectors, strategies to multiplex the signal channels have been investigated by several researchers. This work aims to find an optimal multiplexing strategy for detector modules consisting of a monolithic LYSO scintillator coupled to a 64-channel PMT. We apply simulated multiplexing strategies to measured data from two continuous miniature crystal element (cMiCE) detector modules. The strategies tested include standard methods such as row column summation and its variants, as well as new data-driven methods involving the principal components of measured data and variants of those components. The detector positioning resolution and bias are measured for each multiplexing strategy and the results are compared. The mean FWHM over the entire detector was 1.23 mm for no multiplexing (64 channels). Using 16 principal component channels yielded a mean FWHM resolution of 1.21 mm, while traditional row/column summation (16 channels) yielded 1.28 mm. Using 8 principal component output channels resulted in a resolution of 1.30 mm. Using the principal components of the calibration data to guide the multiplexing scheme appears to be a viable method for reducing the number of output data channels. Further study is needed to determine if the depth-of-interaction resolution can be preserved with this multiplexing scheme.
Size and Density Dependent Mating Tactics in the Simultaneously Hermaphroditic Seabass Serranus Subligarius (Cope, 1870)

This study examines factors within the mating system of Serranus subligarius (belted sandfish) that are likely to maintain simultaneous hermaphroditism as an evolutionarily stable strategy in a highly mobile, high density species. I focus on changes in mating behavior with size. Mating behavior was observed underwater in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico at St. Andrew Bay State Park. Every hermaphrodite can spawn in three roles over the course of the daily spawning period: female pair spawn, male pair spawn, and male streak spawn. Pair spawning fish trade eggs, taking turns fertilizing one another's eggs. Egg trading is not symmetrical; the smaller fish in a pair spawns more often in the female role than the larger fish. Overall, small fish ( 70 mm SL) pair spawn more frequently as females, while large fish ( 80 mm SL) pair spawn more often as males. A size advantage appears to exist for male function. However, large fish usually release at least one egg parcel per spawning
The crumpling transition in the presence of quantum gravity

Abstract Critical exponents of the crumpling transition on a dynamically triangulated random surface embedded in three dimensions are calculated. The results are that α = 0.24(5) and vd = 1.76(5).
Transferred inter-cell ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection may be mediated by adenosine A1 receptors.

Abstract Ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is a well-known phenomenon. We hypothesize that this form of neuroprotection is transferable among the same type of cells. To test this hypothesis, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were induced to become neuron-like cells. Primary rat cortical neuronal cultures were also used. These cells were subjected to various lengths of short oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD, an in vitro simulation of ischemia) and then 1-h OGD. Some cells that were not exposed to a short episode of ischemia were incubated with culture medium from the cells that had 3- or 5-min OGD. Those cells were subjected to OGD for 1 h at 1 or 24 h after they were exposed to the medium. Cell injury was evaluated at 24 h after the 1-h OGD by lactate dehydrogenase release assay. In another experiment, cells subjected to a 3-min OGD or exposed to the medium from cells that had a 3-min OGD were harvested at 30 min after the OGD or the medium exposure for Western blotting of Akt, a prosurvival protein. Our study showed that a prior episode of ischemia lasting from 3 to 10 min significantly reduced the 1-h OGD-induced cell injury. Medium from cells subjected to a 3-min OGD also induced acute and delayed phases of neuroprotection in OGD-naive human neuron-like cells and primary rat cortical neuronal cultures. Cells subjected to a 3-min OGD or incubated with the medium from cells exposed to a 3-min OGD had increased phosphorylated/activated Akt. The increased phosphorylated Akt and neuroprotection induced by medium transferring were inhibited by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), an adenosine A1 receptor inhibitor. The 3-min OGD-induced neuroprotection was inhibited by LY294002, an Akt activation inhibitor. These results suggest that ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is transferable among the cells. Small molecules, such as adenosine, may mediate this effect.
A Quantitative Study of the Foraging Ecology of Downy Woodpeckers

Studies of the foraging ecology of Downy Woodpeckers (Dendrocopos pubescens) at the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation indicate that there is intersexual partitioning of the foraging niche, seasonal variation in the relative frequency of the modes of foraging, variation in the mode of foraging on live versus dead trees, and seasonal variation in the use of live and dead trees. Partitioning of the foraging niches by the sexes is accomplished behaviorally by a differential use of the available substratum according to limb height and diameter. The degree to which these unisexual subniches are expressed varies on live versus dead trees. Males tend to forage on small branches, generally 5 cm in diameter or less; females tend to forage on the trunk and larger limbs. The mean foraging height of males in live trees (6.0 m) is significantly different from that of males in dead trees (8.9 m); the mean foraging height of females in dead trees (8.4 m) is not significantly different from that of females in live trees (8.1 m) or of males in dead trees. The mean foraging height of males in live trees is significantly different from that of females in live trees. A similar relationship exists among the heights of the trees in which Downy Woodpeckers forage. Both male and female Downy Woodpeckers use sub—surface foraging techniques to a greater extent during the winter and superficial techniques during the warmer months. Greater use of dead trees during winter is also indicated. Dead American elms (Ulmus americana) are used as foraging sites by both sexes to a greater extent than expected by chance. Some other tree species seem to be favored and some avoided by one or both sexes.
Spearman Simultaneous Estimation For a Compartmental Model

A compartmental model is presented for tracer experiments with a fixed and known amount of tracer material which is injected initially into a single compartment and accumulates in another compartment. The model could also arise as a description of chemical reactions. The model is represented as a system of linear combinations of exponentials with common exponential parameters. Then a simultaneous estimation procedure, which is a generalization of the Spearman estimation procedure presented by Johnson and Brown [7] for a single equation, is developed for this model under the assumption that the values of the independent variable in the model are equally spaced on a logarithmic scale. Asymptotic properties of the estimation procedure are investigated and an example is given.
CRLB for likelihood functions with parameter-dependent support and a new bound

In this paper we discuss the regularity conditions required for the classical Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for real-valued (nonrandom unknown) parameters to hold. It is shown that the commonly assumed requirement that the support of the likelihood function (LF) should be independent of the parameter to be estimated can be replaced by the much weaker requirement that the LF is continuous at the end points of its support. Parameter-dependent support of the LF arises when an unknown parameter is observed in the presence of additive measurement noise and the measurement noise pdf has a finite support. It is also pointed out that the commonly cited requirements of absolute integrability of the derivatives of the LF should be replaced by requirements on the log-LF. Some practical examples of finite-support measurement noises, which lead to parameter-dependent likelihood function support, are discussed in light of the above. For the case where the LF is not continuous at the end points of its support, a new modified CRLB — designated as the Cramer-Rao-Leibniz Lower Bound (CRLLB), since it relies on Leibniz integral rule — is presented and its use illustrated. The CRLLB is shown to provide valid bounds for a number of longstanding problems for which the CRLB was shown in the literature as not valid.
Sexual Protection, Citizenship and Nationhood: Prostituted Women and Migrant Wives in South Korea

This article examines the making of two distinct groups of women—‘prostituted women’ and migrant wives—into citizen-subjects in South Korea at the turn of the twenty-first century. Though the lives of these women barely intersect, they become visible in the public sphere as victims of sexual violence and therefore in urgent need of state protection. Defined as such, prostitutes and migrant wives come under the gaze of the state and civil society through anti-prostitution policy and multiculturalism policy respectively. I suggest that, through the language of protection, the South Korean state and civil society seek to redefine moral order and national borders through the regulation of a woman's body and sexuality. For prostituted women, leaving prostitution restores them to the embrace of the nation as good Korean daughters. For immigrant wives, reproduction is their gendered path to citizenship as good Korean mothers. Through an analysis of the gender ideals reproduced in these policies, and their reperc...
Size-mismatch disorder at the surface of semiconductors

We study the effects of size-mismatch disorder on the surface relaxation of semiconductor solid solutions. Assuming a Kirkwood-type potential, we obtain an analytic solution for the nearest-neighbor distances and their distributions as a function of the distance from the surface as well as the displacements at the (111) and (100) surfaces. This solution is also valid for bond-mismatch disorder and is checked against computer simulations for two-dimensional triangular networks along (10) and (11) surfaces. Predictions are made for the topography of the (111) surface of a SiGe alloy.
EVIDENCE OF SECOND ORDER PHASE TRANSITION OF FERROFLUID IN EXTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELD

When a DC electric field is applied perpendicular to a thin film of ferrofluid constrained between two conducting plates, the ferrofluid separates into phases that are concentrated and dilute in magnetic particles for field strength above a critical value. The phase separation stems from the competition between the electrostatic energy and entropy of the induced dipoles. The entropy around the critical value of the phase separation is continues in our experiment indicating the transition is second order.
Testing Engineerng Students: Are We Really Fair?

Since its publication by the Educational Testing Service in 1962, the MBTI (Myers-Briggs-Type Indicator) has seen application in a variety of settings. Its usefulness to the classroom teacher, however, is unclear at this time. This investigation addressed the relationship of two dimensions of that instrument, Sensing-Intuiting (S-N) and Judging-Perceiving (J-P), to performance on tests containing both computational problems and multiple choice questions. The objective of the investigation was to determine whether particular types of testing offer an advantage to certain individuals due to their preferred ways of internalizing and processing information. Tests in a sophomore-level strength of materials course were constructed to contain several computational problems and 10 multiple choice questions each. Questions were designed to operate at one of three levels of the problem-solving taxonomy: diagnosis, routines or interpretation. The performances of both S-N students and J-P students were compared on both problems and multiple choice questions within each test and on the departmental final examination. No differences due to the J-P dimension were detected. The S-N dimension, however, yielded several significant differences. N-type students performed substantially better on multiple choice questions on two of the three examinations given and better on computational problems on one of the three examinations. As expected, they excelled on those questions which tested at the ``interpretation'' level. No differences were seen on questions requiring diagnosis or routines. In all cases, even when differences did not achieve significance, there was a trend favoring the N-type student.
Induction of Myasthenia Gravis in HLA Transgenic Mice by Immunization with Human Acetylcholine Receptors

We utilized HLA transgenic mice to identify the dominant epitopes on the human (H)-AChR alpha subunit. The cytoplasmic H-AChR peptide alpha320-337 was the dominant T cell epitope for DQ8, DR3, and DQ8xDQ6 F1 mice. The H-AChR-immunized HLA-DQ8, DR3, DQ8xDR3 F1 and DQ8xDQ6 F1 mice developed clinical EAMG, whereas HLA-DQ6 mice were less susceptible.
Relation of Central α-Adrenoceptor and Other Receptors to the Control of Renin Secretion

The location and nature of the receptors in the brain on which clonidine acts to decrease renin secretion have been investigated in dogs. Clonidine was injected into the vertebral and carotid arteries, and its effects were compared with those of norepinephrine and epinephrine when injected into the third ventricle. It was also injected intravenously (IV) after transection of the brain stem and following treatment with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine. The results suggest that the renin-regulating receptors are located in the brain stem in a region different from the receptors mediating the depressor response, that they are α 2 -adrenoceptors, and that they are postsynaptic in location. Central α 1 -adrenoceptors appear to mediate increased renin secretion. Central serotonergic receptors also mediate increased renin secretion, but it is not known how the α 1 - and α 2 -adrenoceptors interact with the serotonergic systems.
Pulsed field gradient NMR imaging of solids

Abstract The use of multiple pulse line narrowing for NMR imaging of solids is hampered because large magnetic field gradients can place some spins sufficiently far from resonance so that the local line narrowing efficiency is reduced. We propose that this interference can be modeled as a phase error of the rf pulses and can be reduced by applying the gradient only during selected windows in the pulse cycle. We demonstrate this interference with the use of a digital phase and compare one-dimensional images obtained with the standard static gradient technique and this new pulse gradient method.
Social group spacing of rhesus macaque troops (Macaca mulatta) in outdoor enclosures: Environmental effects

The group spacing of two well-established troops of rhesus macaques was studied in a large enclosed environment. From overhead photographs, positions of troop members were calculated daily for 20 days. Mean distances of 1st–11th nearest neighbors provided an index of group spacing. Comparison of actual distances with a random model showed that 1st–7th nearest neighbors were significantly aggregated in both troops; beyond 7th nearest neighbors, spacing was random. A model of environmental spacing represented grouping in the enclosure which was not influenced by the positions of other troopmates. In both troops, aggregation between 3rd–7th nearest neighbors was explained by environment; close distances maintained to 1st–2nd nearest neighbors were independent of environment and likely reflected active social behavior.
Defining ethnic and racial differences in osteoporosis and fragility fractures.

Background Osteoporotic fractures are a major public health issue. The literature suggests there are variations in occurrence of fractures by ethnicity and race.
Synergistic anti-herpes effect of TNF-α and IFN-γ in human corneal epithelial cells compared with that in corneal fibroblasts

In this study we compared how effectively the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma could inhibit HSV-1 replication in human corneal tissue fragments and monolayers of epithelial cells and fibroblasts derived from intact corneas, and investigated the mechanism responsible for the inhibition. Pretreatment of corneal tissue or cells derived therefrom with TNF-alpha (50 U/ml) and IFN-gamma (5 IU/ml) consistently induced a synergistic antiviral effect. Inhibition of HSV-1 growth was most evident in fibroblasts (> 1000-fold reduction) and less apparent (7-25-fold reduction) when epithelial cells were the target. Virus suppression was correlated with the induction of IFN-beta because antibody to this cytokine but not IFN-alpha abrogated synergism. The more modest synergistic effect in epithelial cells was associated with a > or = 4-fold reduction in the synthesis of IFN-beta protein and mRNA, and decreased responsiveness of these cells to the antiviral effect of IFN-beta. We conclude that the combination of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induces a synergistic antiviral effect in corneal cells. The degree of synergism observed varies with the corneal cell type, and is correlated with the amount of IFN-beta induced and the target cell responsiveness to the antiviral action of this cytokine.
MicroRNA signatures: clinical biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer

Recognition that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease in which each patient's tumor has specific characteristics has led to a search for biomarkers and combinations of markers (signatures) to improve the diagnosis, prognostic classification and prediction of therapeutic benefit versus toxicity for individual tumors and patients. Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in cancer and seem to influence tumor behavior and progression. miRNAs have great potential to evolve into effective biomarkers in the clinic because of their extreme stability and ease of detection. However, there are several major technical challenges as well as numerous discrepancies among currently reported miRNA signatures. In this review, we discuss the use of miRNA signatures for breast cancer treatment and discuss the challenges in the field.
Best‐selling feminisms: The rhetorical production of popular press feminists’ romantic quest

In the past decade, an emerging group of “popular press feminists” have garnered considerable media attention for their critiques of academic feminism. Despite persistent challenges to their arguments, these authors have gained media legitimacy. Through a rhetorical analysis, we argue that the texts of Camille Paglia, Katie Roiplie, and Christina Hoff Sommers derive their powerful appeal from assuming the form of an archetypal romantic quest narrative —a compelling story that sets up rigid dichotomies and creates double binds that limit possibilities for critical assessments as well as honest debate and exchange.
The Geospatial Workforce Development Project on-line aerial photointerpretation course

The increasing availability of high-resolution satellite imagery is one of several factors that is renewing interest in teaching photo interpretation skills both in academia and in the workplace. The Aerial Photointerpretation Course, developed by the NASA-funded Geospatial Workforce Development Project at the University of Mississippi, presents an unusual opportunity to remedy the neglect of photointerpretation in many university curricula in past years. Course development in Remote Sensing and GIS within the geospatial curriculum in recent decades has diverted attention from development of original teaching materials devoted specifically to photointerpretation. This newly developed course provides the opportunity to offer students with materials that can present basic concepts in the context of current technology and resources, and current workforce needs. Course content is presented in four units: (1) History and Significance, (2) Photographic Systems, (3) The Human Dimension to Photointerpretation, and (4) Applications. The applications unit consists of several components encompassing a broad range of subject areas, from Agriculture and Forestry, to Geology and Geomorphology, and to History and Archeology. The on-line format offers opportunity to deliver a high density of visual content to students, and to increase opportunities for students to acquire first-hand experience in photointerpretation. The on-line format also offers opportunities to use a wide range of sources and activities not normally available for conventional classroom presentation.
Islet secretory granules contain cytochrome b561.

A cytochrome has been detected in secretory granules prepared from anglerfish islets of Langerhans. The heme moiety was determined to be of the b type, and the dithionite-reduced cytochrome exhibited an α-band maximum at 561 nm with an extinction coefficient of 13.8 mM −1 · cm −1 . The protein was present at a concentration of 40 ± 4 pmol/mg of secretory granule protein. The cytochrome was found to be an integral membrane protein and to be reduced by ascorbic acid but not by NADH, NADPH, reduced glutathione (GSH), or succinate. Because of the similarity to previously characterized secretory granule cytochrome b 561 9s from neuroendocrine tissues, this cytochrome is also referred to as cytochrome b 561 . Although its function has not yet been elucidated, the apparent specificity for ascorbate suggests that it may be a component of the ascorbate-de-pendent peptidyl-glycine α-amidating monooxygenase system that functions in the amidation of islet hormones.
Empirical Evidence or Intuition? An Activity Involving the Scientific Method

As the cornerstone of all sciences, the importance of the scientific method cannot be overemphasized during the first week of any science class. This manuscript describes a short activity that can be included during the first laboratory meeting when lab check-in and safety issues are discussed. It requires only pencils, worksheets, three opaque cups, and a small object (walnut half-shells and a dried pea, for example). Students are presented with the Monty Hall game problem (from the "Let's Make a Deal" game show) where the host offers contestants the choice of three doors, behind one is a prize and behind the other two is nothing of value. After the contestant makes a choice, the host shows the contestant what was behind one of the other two doors (that did not have the prize) and asks the contestant if she or he wants to "stay" with his or her original choice or "switch" to the remaining door. Students conduct a series of games trials as they test whether switching or staying will most likely lead to a win, resulting in evidence for the efficacy of one of the strategies. This evidence can either corroborate or disprove students' stated hypotheses�the very process involved in the scientific method.
An adaptive augmented Lagrangian method for large-scale constrained optimization

We propose an augmented Lagrangian algorithm for solving large-scale constrained optimization problems. The novel feature of the algorithm is an adaptive update for the penalty parameter motivated by recently proposed techniques for exact penalty methods. This adaptive updating scheme greatly improves the overall performance of the algorithm without sacrificing the strengths of the core augmented Lagrangian framework, such as its ability to be implemented matrix-free. This is important as this feature of augmented Lagrangian methods is responsible for renewed interests in employing such methods for solving large-scale problems. We provide convergence results from remote starting points and illustrate by a set of numerical experiments that our method outperforms traditional augmented Lagrangian methods in terms of critical performance measures.
A basic program to compute the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of screening tests

A BASIC microcomputer program is presented, which calculates several indices of reliability of a screening test: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.
Highly reliable hard soldered QCW laser diode stack packaging platform

We describe the performance and reliability of multi-bar diode stacks assembled with hard solder attachment of the laser diode bar to the conduction-cooled package substrate. The primary stack package design is based on a modular platform that makes use of common piece parts to incorporate anywhere from 2-7 bars, operating at peak powers of 80W/bar to 200W/bar. In assembling monolithic type diode stack packages, it is typical to use a soft solder material such as indium for P-side bar attachment into the package. Due to its low melting point and low yield stress, indium can provide a solder joint that transfers low stress to the laser bar. However, during CW and QCW operation, indium is prone to migration that can cause device failure due to a number of well-known mechanisms. This shortcoming of soft-solder bar attachment can limit the number of shots the stack delivers over its operating life. By replacing the soft solder typically used for P-side attachment with a hard solder, it is possible to greatly reduce or eliminate certain failure modes, thereby increasing the operating life of the part. We demonstrate lifetime of > 1E9 shots at 80 W/bar, 250 us/40 Hz pulses, and 50C package operating temperature.
A compliance protocol: psychiatric emergency services and brief encounters.

The documented high rates of noncompliance by psychiatric clients to their disposition plans following psychiatric emergency room treatment are a problem for psychiatric nurses. A compliance protocol is presented that approaches compliance as an interactive collaborative process based on an assumption that clients can participate in the compliance process with varying degrees of responsibility. The protocol includes an organizing system for assessment, nursing diagnoses, and interventions. The components of the protocol, mutuality, decision making, supporting systems, and intentionality are adapted from the Health Belief Model.
966-41 Impact of Hypertension on Aortic Root Size and Prevalence of Aortic Regurgitation

Although we previously showed sirnilar M-mode aortic diameters in agematched normotensive and hypertensive subjects, the entire aortic root and prevalence of aortic regurgitation have not been examined by 2-dimensional and Doppler echo. We therefore measured diameters of the aortic annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, supra-aortic ridge and proximal ascending aorta in 110 normotensive (NL) and 110 hypertensive (HTN) subjects (matched age = 55 ± 12 years and gender = 33% women in both) and compared results to rest and ambulatory blood pressures (BP) and measures of body size. The groups had similar body surface area (BSA), but hypertensives had slightly higher body mass index (27 ± 4 vs 26 ± 4 kg/m 2 , p l 0.05). Rest systolic (159 ± 19 vs 124 ± 12 mmHg) and diastolic (94 ± 11 vs 74 ± 8 mmHg) and awake systolic (130 ± 9 vs 146 ± 17 mmHg) and awake diastolic (81 ± 9 vs 90 ± 12 mmHg) BPs were increased in HTN. Aortic diameters at the annulus (2.4 ± 0.3 vs 2.3 ± 0.2 cm, p l 0.06) and sinuses (3.5 ± 0.4 vs 3.4 ± 0.4 cm, p = 0.08) tended to be higher in HTN whereas diameters at the supra-aortic ridge (2.9 ± 0.4 vs 2.8 ± 0.4 cm, p l 0.01) and ascending aorta (3.3 ± 0.5 vs 3.1 ± 0.3 cm, p l 0.01) were significantly increased in HTN. In both NL and HTN, aortic diameters were most strongly related to BSA. Rest systolic BP bore a significant but weak relation to diameters at the sinuses and supra-aortic ridge in NL (r = 0.28, P l 0.005 for both) which was not strengthened by comparison to ambulatory BP Among HTN only awake ambulatory BP was related to aortic diameters (r = 0.28, p l 0.05 for sinuses, r = 0.34, P l 0.02 for supra-aortic ridge, r = 0.37, P l 0.006 for ascending aorta). Differences in aortic diameters between NL and HTN persisted in the younger half of the population but not the older half. When the entire population was divided according to quartile of systolic, diastolic, pulse, and mean BPs, differences in aortic diameters were most significant when the lowest quartile was compared to the highest quartile. Aortic regurgitation was seen in 5 NL and 7 HTN and did not differ in severity. In conclusion, hypertension is associated with a significant but small increase in aortic root size, most notably at the supra-aortic ridge and proximal ascending aorta. Although aortic diameters are most closely related to BSA in this age-matched population, diameters increase with increasing levels of blood pressure. While dilatation at the commissural attachment might be expected to predispose to an increase in prevalence and severity of aortic regurgitation, we didnot detect such a difference in this population of healthy, asymptomatic individuals.
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection of bovine bronchial epithelial cells increases neutrophil adhesion and activation

Respiratory infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) predisposes cattle to secondary pneumonia with Mannheimia haemolytica as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). One cell type that has received limited investigation for its role in the inflammation that accompanies BRD is the respiratory epithelial cell. In the present study we investigated mechanisms by which BHV-1 infection of respiratory epithelial cells contributes to the recruitment and activation of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in vitro. Primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial (BBE) cells were infected with BHV-1 and assessed for cytokine expression by real-time PCR. We found that BHV-1 infection elicits a rapid IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha mRNA response by BBE cells. Bovine PMNs exhibited greater adherence to BHV-1 infected BBE cells than uninfected cells. The increased adherence was significantly reduced by the addition of an anti-IL-1beta antibody or human soluble TNF-alpha receptor (sTNF-alphaR). Pre-incubation of bovine PMNs with conditioned media from BHV-1 infected BBE cells increased PMN migration, which was inhibited by addition of an anti-IL-1beta antibody, sTNF-alphaR, or an IL-8 peptide inhibitor. Conditioned media from BHV-1 infected BBE cells activated bovine PMNs in vitro as demonstrated by PMN shape change, production of reactive oxygen species and degranulation. PMNs also exhibited increased LFA-1 expression and susceptibility to M. haemolytica LKT following incubation with BHV-1 infected BBE cell conditioned media. Our results suggest that BHV-1 infection of BBE cells triggers cytokine expression that contributes to the recruitment and activation of neutrophils, and amplifies the detrimental effects of M. haemolytica LKT.
Interobserver agreement for evaluation of imaging with single operator choledochoscopy: what are we looking at?

a b s t r a c t Background: Single operator choledochoscopy is a platform used to assist in the confirmation of diagnosis of biliary lesions. However, there are little data regarding the interobserver agreement of imaging inter- pretation. Our objective was to assess the interobserver agreement in single operator choledochoscopy interpretation. Methods: 38 De-identified SPY Choledochoscopy video clips were sent to 7 interventional endoscopists. They were asked to score the videos on presence of four criteria selected by the investigators: growth, stricture, hyperplasia, and ulceration. Observers also chose a final diagnosis from the categories of cancer, hyperplasia, inflammation, or normal. Kappa scores were calculated for the scoring of the four criteria and for the selection of the final diagnosis. Results: The overall interobserver agreement was fair in scoring for the presence of a growth (K = 0.28, SE 0.035) and stricture (K = 0.32, SE 0.035). Scoring for ulceration was slight to fair (K = 0.17, SE 0.035). There was only slight agreement for the presence of hyperplasia (K = 0.11, SE 0.035); and presumed final diagnosis based on imaging (K = 0.18, SE 0.022). Conclusion: The results of this study support the need for an effort to identify and validate cholangioscopy imaging criteria for biliary pathology. This may assist in improving the reliability of the diagnostic value of cholangioscopy as its use becomes more widespread.
Afghanistan at a crossroads: the quest for democratic policing in a post‐9/11 era

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the inequities facing justice practice in Afghanistan, and to provide recommendations on the kinds of data systems that must be in place to both provide governmental transparency and to address those inequalities. The author takes a case study approach to issues as they are studied and understood within the Afghan context. This paper, by focusing particularly on the police, argues that systemic changes in data collection and transparency practices must occur for democratic practices to advance.
Balancing interferometers with slow-light elements.

In this Letter we show that interferometers with unbalanced arm lengths can be balanced using optical elements with appropriate group delays. For matched group delays of the arms, the balanced interferometer becomes insensitive to the frequency noise of the source. For experimental illustration, a ring resonator is employed as a slow-light element to compensate the arm-length mismatch of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. An arm-length mismatch of 9.4 m is compensated by a ring resonator with a finesse of 70 and a perimeter of 42 cm.
Abstract 1827: Height, obesity and colorectal adenomatous polyps: The Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit case-control study

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Several observational studies found greater height and obesity to be associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer; however, there have been few studies of their associations with adenomatous polyps, precursors to most colorectal cancers. Methods: We investigated the association of body size characteristics with risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenomatous polyps using data from the Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit case-control study of 566 colonoscopy-positive adenomatous polyp cases, 687 colonoscopy-negative controls, and 535 community controls conducted 1991-1994. Self-administered measurements of height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were collected at recruitment. From these measurements, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI; kg of weight/height in m2) were calculated as indicators of obesity. Results: In the multivariate analyses using the colonoscopy-negative controls, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) for adenomas across the upper three quartiles relative to the lowest quartile of height were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89, 1.76), 1.31 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.85), and 1.42 (95% CI: 0.96, 2.10), respectively; for WHR, the corresponding ORs were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.18), 1.71 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.54), and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.50); and for BMI they were 1.01 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.47), 1.28 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.82), and 1.20 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.70). For the combined effects of height and WHR and height and BMI, height, WHR, and BMI were dichotomized based on the median values among the community controls. Relative to those with shorter height and who also had a smaller WHR, those who were taller and also had a larger WHR were more likely to have adenomas (OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.48); the p-value for a multiplicative interaction was 0.68. Relative to those with shorter height and who also had a smaller BMI, those who were taller and also had a larger BMI were more likely to have adenomas (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.19); the p-value for a multiplicative interaction was 0.72. Conclusions: These data suggest that being taller and/or overweight may be associated with increased risk for colorectal adenomatous polyps. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1827. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1827
PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR MR IMAGING

Nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) is a physical phenomenon that has been exploited for many applications in physics and chemistry since the late 1940s. It has become increasingly important in recent years as the basis of a relatively new medical imaging technique, MR imaging. In particular, MR imaging promises to become a valuable tool for the evaluation of cardiovascular disease. This article briefly reviews some of the basic aspects of the phenomenon of nuclear MR and how they are applied in MR imaging, with particular reference to cardiovascular applications. Because only a broad overview of the basic principles is provided, specific references to the literature are not made.
Electronic structure of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 high Tc superconductors

We have calculated the electronic band structure of the T c = 85 K phase of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 using atomic coordinates derived from x-ray diffraction measurements. Bands arising from hybridized Cu-3d/0-2p and Bi-6p/0-2p orbitals intersect the Fermi level. The relative prominence of the Bi-O conduction bands is sensitive to the arrangement of the O atoms in the Bi-O intergrowth regions, as demonstrated by calculations based on an alternate Bi 2 O 2 sub-structure. Assuming T c is density-of-states driven, our studies suggest that enhanced values of T c could arise from such alternate sub-structures, either in the form of structural defects or separate phases, as well as from triple perovskite layers.
TH‐A‐213CD‐06: Study of a New X‐Ray Scatter Rejection Technique Based On Frequency Division Multiplexing

Purpose: X‐ray scatter may significantly degrade imaging performance in x‐ray radiography applications in terms of soft tissuecontrast reduction, potentially severe image artifacts, and increased patient dose. We recently developed a new x‐ray scatter rejection method based on nanotechnology‐enabled frequency division multiplexing x‐ray (FDMX) imaging technique. In this study we report our recent work on developing this new scatter rejection method and evaluating its performance. Methods: The key enabling technology is the carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based multi‐beam field emission x‐ray (MBFEX) source technology. The proposed FDMX imaging system has a MBFEX source with an array of x‐ray tubes. The x‐ray radiation from each individual x‐ray tube is modulated at a certain given frequency. The collimated x‐ray beams passed through the object and were captured by a high speed x‐ray detector. A demultiplexing algorithm was applied to reject the scatter radiation from the primary radiation based on their different modulation frequencies. Results: The x‐ray images generated by the FDMX imaging technique clearly demonstrated improved imaging quality in terms of lower scatter‐to‐primary‐ratio (SPR) and higher contrast‐ to‐noise‐ratio (CNR). It shows great potential of improving x‐ray imaging performance and reducing patient dose. Conclusions: We recently developed a novel x‐ray scatter reduction method based on nanotechnology‐ enabled frequency division multiplexing x‐ray (FDMX) imaging technique. The FDMX imaging system has a MBFEX source with an array of x‐ray tubes. The x‐ray radiations from the MBFEX source were modulated at different frequencies. The scatter radiations were decoupled from the primary radiations based on their different modulation frequencies. This novel scatter reduction method, once fully developed, will have a great potential in improving x‐ray imaging quality and reducing patient dose.
Creating an Electronic Teaching Library

Abstract Many academic institutions are creating electronic libraries and reorganizing technology units, such as computing centers, libraries, media centers, and telecommunications offices, into central administrative reporting structures. Usually, these are larger institutions. This article is a case study of how a smaller academic institution, Carthage College, merged the library and computing center in a short time to create an electronic teaching library.
The role of dialect density in nonword repetition performance: an examination with at-risk African American preschool children.

AbstractThe Nonword Repetition Task (NRT) is considered to be a less-biased language measure for children from cultural minority groups. In the current study, we examined NRT performance of 50 at-risk, preschool-age children who spoke African American English (AAE). In addition to the NRT, measures included AAE dialect density and several standardised language tests. The primary aim was to determine significant contributors to NRT performance. We hypothesised that the language measures would significantly contribute to NRT performance while dialect density would be an insignificant contributor. Contrary to our predictions, dialect density was a unique and significant predictor of NRT performance (in addition to phonological awareness), while the language measures were not significant predictors. The current findings cast doubt on categorising the NRT as a less-biased language assessment for AAE-speaking preschoolers; however, the NRT may have potential as a screener for identifying preschoolers at risk fo...
Behavioral deficits induced by bingelike exposure to alcohol in neonatal rats: importance of developmental timing and number of episodes.

The importance of the timing and number of episodes of bingelike alcohol exposure in neonatal rats on subsequent behavioral outcomes was evaluated with a parallel bar task and a spatial conditional alternation task. Different groups of Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to alcohol delivered via artificial rearing procedures either on postnatal Days (PD) 4 and 5, on PD 8 and 9, or on both PD 4/5 and 8/9 (Combined), producing daily peak blood alcohol concentrations around 400 mg/dl. Controls included an artificially reared group and a normally reared group. Exposure during PD 4/5 produced significantly more severe motor deficits and significantly more severe reductions in cerebellar and brainstem weights than did exposure on PD 8/9. Combined exposure produced greater deficits on these measures than either of the limited exposures. Significant deficits in the acquisition rates for conditional alternation were found only with the Combined exposure, although both the PD 8/9 and Combined groups committed significantly more within-trial errors. All three alcohol treatments produced significant and comparable reductions in forebrain weight. The type and severity of behavioral and neural deficits induced by neonatal bingelike alcohol exposure depend on the timing and number of exposures. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Regional differences in the competitive characteristics of U.S. Machine tool companies

The U.S. machine tool (MT) sector has undergone substantial restructuring over the past three decades. Despite signs of a commercial rebound in recent years, however, a number of critical issues remain for this industry. Not all firms share these concerns, in that differences exist between producers located in the core manufacturing belt and those located elsewhere. This paper examines the characteristics, competitive problems, and markets of firms located in these two regions. Survey data from a sample of 104 machine tool companies reveal that significant core–periphery differences exist with regard to firm–specific difficulties and markets served. The data also show that firms in the periphery have been growing significantly faster than firms in the core. The paper concludes with a discussion of the likely reasons for regional variability in the characteristics of firms in this industry. Directions for future research are also suggested, notably with regard to the interplay between national regulatory conditions and the competitive performance of MT firms.
Charting the Growth of Entrepreneurship: A Citation Analysis of FER Content, 1981–2008

Since 1981 the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC) has published cutting-edge entrepreneurship research. Using bibliometric techniques, this study examined the 3,395 items included in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, the BCERC proceedings, between 1981 and 2008. The results show that entrepreneurship is a highly collaborative, interdisciplinary field with an increasingly international focus. The results offer an understanding of the demographic, institutional, and topical trends within the field. This research provides valuable insights into the structure of entrepreneurship that librarians can use to provide better assistance to their entrepreneurship scholars.
De)centering and (Re)envisioning the Secular Hegemony of Organizational Communication Theory and Research

ABSTRACT In this special issue on spirituality and organizing, we provide five articles that address ways of disrupting secular hegemony in the workplace as well as in other areas of our organizational and personal lives. Each of these articles shares a commitment to explore the marginalized or elusive aspects of higher education, career identities, alternative (housechurch) organizing processes and practices, and faith-based organizations. Each also provides specific practices that not only are feasible in many settings but that also infuse hope for the inclusion of spirit, connectedness, and wholeness in all organizations.