cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channel Geometry Effects on Red Blood Cell Dynamics and the Resulting ATP Release

In shear flow, red blood cells (RBCs) exhibit a variety of dynamic behaviors such as translation, tumbling, swinging, and tank-treading. The physiological consequences of these dynamic behaviors, however, are unknown. For example, how different cell dynamics, be it translation, tumbling, or tank-treading relate to ATP release and how these dynamics are altered by pathological geometries such as constrictions and plaque formations at asymmetric bifurcations are not known. Using microfluidic channels to mimic pathological geometries and RBCs with attached carboxylate beads, to follow any relevant motion, we are able to quantify the dynamical response of red cells to specific pathological geometries with in vitro models. Further, by using an ATP-luciferase enzymatic reaction we set out to determine if there is a functional difference, via chemical release, in cell behaviors. Previously, we correlated RBC deformation and ATP release (Wan et al, PNAS 2008) which in vivo is known to stimulate nitric oxide production, leading to vasodilation. High-speed video and a probability-based cell tracking algorithm make it possible to study large numbers of cells. Preliminary experiments have shown that when cells enter a constriction, there are increased instances of tumbling along constriction wall, while cells more central in the constriction are aligned and deformed by the entrance flow. The relation between the observed cell behaviors and resulting ATP release will be reported.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Reversible vortex ratchet effects and ordering in superconductors with simple asymmetric potential arrays

We demonstrate using computer simulations that the simplest vortex ratchet system for type-II superconductors with artificial pinning arrays, an asymmetric one-dimensional (1D) potential array, exhibits the same features as more complicated two-dimensional vortex ratchets that have been studied in recent experiments. We show that the 1D geometry, originally proposed by Lee et al. [Nature 400, 337 (1999)], undergoes multiple reversals in the sign of the ratchet effect as a function of vortex density, substrate strength, and ac drive amplitude, and that the sign of the ratchet effect is related to the type of vortex lattice structure present. When the vortex lattice is highly ordered, an ordinary vortex ratchet effect occurs which is similar to the response of an isolated particle in the same ratchet geometry. In regimes where the vortices form a smectic or disordered phase, the vortex-vortex interactions are relevant and we show with force balance arguments that the ratchet effect can reverse in sign. The dc response of this system features a reversible diode effect and a variety of vortex states including triangular, smectic, disordered and square.
Sequential opportunistic spectrum access with imperfect channel sensing

In this paper, we exploit channel diversity for opportunistic spectrum access (OSA). Our approach uses instantaneous channel quality as a second criterion (along with the idle/busy status of the channel) in selecting channels to use for opportunistic transmission. The difficulty of the problem comes from the fact that it is practically infeasible for a cognitive radio (CR) to first scan all channels and then pick the best among them, due to the potentially large number of channels open to OSA and the limited power/hardware capability of a CR. As a result, the CR can only sense and probe channels sequentially. To avoid collisions with other CRs, after sensing and probing a channel, the CR needs to make a decision on whether to terminate the scan and use the underlying channel or to skip it and scan the next one. The optimal use-or-skip decision strategy that maximizes the CR's average throughput is one of our primary concerns in this study. This problem is further complicated by practical considerations, such as sensing/probing overhead and sensing errors. An optimal decision strategy that addresses all the above considerations is derived by formulating the sequential sensing/probing process as a rate-of-return problem, which we solve using optimal stopping theory. We further explore the special structure of this strategy to conduct a "second-round" optimization over the operational parameters, such as the sensing and probing times. The aggregate throughput performance when a network of CRs coexist with primary radios is evaluated under homogeneous and heterogeneous spectrum environments, respectively. We show through simulations that significant throughput gains (e.g., about 100%) are achieved using our joint sensing/probing scheme over the conventional one that uses sensing alone.
Fundamental Frequency Investigation of Vocal Fry and Harshness

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in mean fundamental frequency between vocal fry and harshness. Ten adult males recorded a standard passage in their normal voices and then i...
Total orderings defined on the set of all fuzzy numbers

Abstract In this work, a new concept of upper dense sequence in interval ( 0 , 1 ] is introduced. There are infinitely many upper dense sequences in interval ( 0 , 1 ] . Using any upper dense sequence, a new decomposition theorem for fuzzy sets is established and proved. Then, using a chosen upper dense sequence as one of the necessary reference systems, infinitely many total orderings on the set of all fuzzy numbers can be well defined. Among them, a common upper dense sequence based on the binary numbers is suggested as a natural default option. Another upper dense sequence based on the rational numbers is also suggested. Regarding real numbers as special fuzzy numbers, all of these total orderings defined by using the suggested upper dense sequences are consistent with the natural ordering of real numbers. Building total ordering on the set of all fuzzy numbers in such a way is significant for fuzzy data analysis and, therefore, may be used in decision making with fuzzy information.
Public Information, Private Information, and the Multiplicity of Equilibria in Coordination Games

Abstract I study coordination games with incomplete public and private information and relate equilibrium convergence to convergence of higher-order beliefs. As the players' signals become more and more precise, the equilibrium manifold converges to the correspondence of common knowledge equilibria, whenever the variance of the public signal converges to 0 at a rate faster than one half the rate of convergence of the variance of private signals. The same condition also determines the convergence of common p-belief to common knowledge, which leads to a simple intuition for its origin and an immediate generalization of the former results about equilibrium convergence. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D82.
Origin and Distribution of the Tractus Solitarius in the Guinea Pig

Several years ago the writer began a series of experiments and studies on the guinea pig's brain to determine if perchance the central connections of the general visceral and gustatory systems in mammals were comparable to those found by Herrick and Johnston in fishes. In brief, Herrick's description of the gustatory system of the carp, catfish and Amblystoma may be summarized as follows: Both gustatory and general visceral sensory impulses are conducted by the VII, IX and X nerves to facial and vagal lobes of the medulla. From these primary centers two descending secondary gustatory tracts follow the spinal V tract to the region of the commissural nuclei and two ascending secondary gustatory tracts accompany the spinal V tracts to two superior secondary gustatory nuclei, situated in the isthmus, ventrally to the line
Classification and misclassification in sexing the Black femur by discriminant function analysis.

Stepwise discriminant function analysis for sex assessment was applied to 130 North American Black femora. The measurements included femoral length and three midshaft dimensions likely to be preserved in archaeologically derived and forensic remains. The method correctly assigned sex for 76.4% of the sample (range 70.8–81.5%). This compares favorably with results achieved with other skeletal parts; it also compares favorably with results using the femur in sexing other racial groups. Among our other conclusions are: (1) a “general size factor” is one of major significance in correct classification and in misclassification of sex, and most misclassified individuals are anomalous for this factor; (2) the inconsistency in the relation between circumference and femoral length, which characterizes the remaining misclassified individuals, suggests that anomalous functional demands of body weight/musculature are at fault, and affect circumference more than length; and (3) discriminant function analysis of the same variables in Whites produced similar results, suggesting that sex overrides race in sex assessment; this was confirmed by cross-validating the predictive accuracy of Black discriminant function coefficients on White data, and vice versa.
Evaluation of the catalytic activity and cytotoxicity of palladium nanocubes: the role of oxygen.

Recently, it has been reported that palladium nanocubes (PdNC) are capable of generating singlet oxygen without photoexcitation simply via chemisorption of molecular oxygen on its surface. Such a trait would make PdNC a highly versatile catalyst suitable in organic synthesis and a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) inducing cancer treatment reagent. Here we thoroughly investigated the catalytic activity of PdNC with respect to their ability to produce singlet oxygen and to oxidize 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and analyzed the cytotoxic properties of PdNC on HeLa cells. Our findings showed no evidence of singlet oxygen production by PdNC. The nanocubes’ activity is not necessarily linked to activation of oxygen. The oxidation of substrate on PdNC can be a first step, followed by PdNC regeneration with oxygen or other oxidant. The catalytic activity of PdNC toward the oxidation of TMB is very high and shows direct two-electron oxidation when the surface of the PdNC is clean and the ratio of TMB/PdNC is ...
Distributed algorithm for extrema-finding in circular configuration of processors

Abstract A distributed algorithm for finding the leader (highest numbered node) of a circular configuration of n processors is presented. Bounds on the number of message transmissions are derived. The average number of messages transmitted is of O(n ln n).
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SCINTILLATION COCKTAILS FOR COUNTING OF TRITIATED RIBONUCLEIC ACID SEPARATED BY SUCROSE GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION.

Abstract 1. 1. The detection of tritium energy is inefficient when tritium is incorporated into RNA and when 3 H-RNA is counted in certain scintillation cocktails in the presence of sucrose. Counting tritiated molecules of low molecular weight mixed with sucrose presents no apparent problem. These results illustrate the limitation of the internal standardization method for the determination of counting efficiencies if certain precautions are not observed. 2. 2. A highly efficient scintillation cocktail is described and characterized for the counting of tritiated RNA fractionated on sucrose gradients. Tritium counting in this cocktail is free of count reduction when compared to the sample oxidation technique.
Bill Clinton’s ‘new partnership’ anecdote: Toward a post-Cold War foreign policy rhetoric

This essay explores the composition of United States post-Cold War foreign policy rhetoric under President Bill Clinton. We contend that Bill Clinton offered a coherent and comprehensive foreign policy narrative for the direction of U.S. foreign policy discourse in the post-Cold War world. Specifically, we analyze the “new partnership” narrative that Clinton articulated in his 1998 trip to Africa as a representative anecdote for the larger body of his foreign policy discourse. This “new partnership” narrative was structured by three narrative themes: (1) America’s role as world leader; (2) reconstituting the threat environment; (3) democracy promotion as the strategy for American foreign policy. These three themes can be found throughout Clinton’s foreign policy rhetoric and serve as the basis for a foreign policy narrative used by Clinton, and perhaps, future administrations.
Observations of OJ 287 between 0.36 and 3.4 µm

THE radio source OJ 287 was identified with a quasi-stellar optical object by Blake1. The optical object was shown to be variable by Smith and Folsom2 and the radio source was shown to vary at a wavelength of 3.75 cm by Brandie and Stull3. More recently, observations at the Algonquin Radio Observatory at 2.8 and 4.5 cm by Andrew, Harvey and Medd4 showed that the object varies unusually rapidly with a time scale of a few days. Observations at the same time by Kinman and Conklin5 at 3.4 mm and optical wavelengths showed that variations with the same time scale were also occurring at these wavelengths; strong and variable optical polarization was also found and the optical spectrum was found to be blue and featureless. This communication reports measurements of the energy distribution of this object in the optical and infrared regions and further measurements of polarization.
Mass transfer in turbulent pipe flow of viscoelastic fluids

Abstract The mass transfer entry length and maximum mass transfer reduction asymptote for dragreducing viscoelastic fluids have been calculated analytically using the successive approximation technique. The eddy diffusivity of mass reported by Shulman et al. [10] and Virk's velocity profile corresponding to the maximum mass transfer reduction in turbulent pipe flow were applied to the present analysis. The mass transfer entry length for these fluids was found to be 8–40 pipe diameters depending on the Reynolds number. The predicted mass transfer rates for these fluids are in good agreement with available empirical mass transfer results, which show approximately 65–75% reduction in the mass transfer rate compared to the Newtonian values at the same Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. A comparison of these mass transfer results with available heat transfer measurements leads to the conclusion that there is no simple direct relationship between heat and mass transfer for drag-reducing viscoelastic fluids.
Organizing heterogeneous samples using community detection of GIMME-derived resting state functional networks

Clinical investigations of many neuropsychiatric disorders rely on the assumption that diagnostic categories and typical control samples each have within-group homogeneity. However, research using human neuroimaging has revealed that much heterogeneity exists across individuals in both clinical and control samples. This reality necessitates that researchers identify and organize the potentially varied patterns of brain physiology. We introduce an analytical approach for arriving at subgroups of individuals based entirely on their brain physiology. The method begins with Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME) to assess individual directed functional connectivity maps. GIMME is one of the only methods to date that can recover both the direction and presence of directed functional connectivity maps in heterogeneous data, making it an ideal place to start since it addresses the problem of heterogeneity. Individuals are then grouped based on similarities in their connectivity patterns using a modularity approach for community detection. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that using GIMME in combination with the modularity algorithm works exceptionally well - on average over 97% of simulated individuals are placed in the accurate subgroup with no prior information on functional architecture or group identity. Having demonstrated reliability, we examine resting-state data of fronto-parietal regions drawn from a sample (N = 80) of typically developing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) -diagnosed children. Here, we find 5 subgroups. Two subgroups were predominantly comprised of ADHD, suggesting that more than one biological marker exists that can be used to identify children with ADHD based from their brain physiology. Empirical evidence presented here supports notions that heterogeneity exists in brain physiology within ADHD and control samples. This type of information gained from the approach presented here can assist in better characterizing patients in terms of outcomes, optimal treatment strategies, potential gene-environment interactions, and the use of biological phenomenon to assist with mental health.
Comments on testing for forecast and specification optimality using linear composites

This paper extends the method of using linear composites of forecasts for testing the efficiency of one forecast compared to a finite collection of other forecasts. It also gives necessary and sufficient conditions for forecast optimality in the mean square error sense. Information sets are found to be unnecessary for forecast optimality. Finally, the paper shows that a consistent test of forecast optimality cannot in general be obtained using linear composites. A similar conclusion applies to tests of specification optimality based on linear composites.
On search techniques in switching environments

A study is made of the applicability of two direct search techniques to the problem of optimizing the performance of a system operating in a switching environment. The techniques are modified to extend their applicability in such environments. The methods considered are (1) the stochastic automaton method and (2) the adaptive random optimization method. Pattern recognition techniques are used to identify the state of the environment, and a separate search is performed for each state of the environment. Experimental results are presented to compare the convergence properties of the methods with pattern recognition with that of the stochastic automaton method without pattern recognition for several different switching rates.
A unique enzyme — protein substrate modifier reaction: Plasmin/streptokinase interaction

Abstract Certain strains of hemolytic bacteria are capable of producing a protein, streptokinase, which activates the human fibrinolytic system. The biochemical mechanism whereby streptokinase functions represents a unique model of a zymogen activation mechanism.
Study of impurity induced disordering in AlGaAs GaAs multi-quantum well structures by photothermal deflection spectroscopy and photoluminescence

Abstract Experiments for the investigation of selective disordering of AlGaAs GaAs multiple quantum well structures by zinc and sulfur diffusion were carried out. The absorption of the disordered structure was measured by the photothermal deflection spectroscopy. The zinc diffused structure showed a much larger residual absorption than the sulfur diffused structure. The sharpness of the lateral transition from the non-disordered structure to the disordered structure in the selective disordering by diffusion is better for sulfur diffusion than for zinc diffusion as revealed by TEM. Photoluminescence showed that the capping dielectric enhances the interdiffusion of AlGa at the high temperature necessary for sulfur diffusion. However, with proper capping conditions good selective disordering is achieved.
Schistosomal myelopathy as a cause of neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Schistosoma hematobium most commonly affects the bladder and S. mansoni has a predilection for the liver, spleen, and the mesenteric territories. Schistosomal spinal cord involvement is an extremely unusual primary presentation of schistosomiasis, especially in the United States. We report 2 patients with documented schistosomiasis who presented with urinary incontinence as their chief urologic complaint. One patient had no sensorimotor deficit and presented with isolated incontinence as the harbinger of spinal involvement. The other patient presented 5 years after initial exposure, emphasizing the possibility of a long latent period between exposure and onset of symptoms.
Electrochemical Analysis in Picoliter Microvials

Lithographically fabricated templates have been used to imprint picoliter to femtoliter microvials in polystyrene. The clear microvials produced in conjunction with a transmission optical microscope and micromanipulators make it possible to handle volumes as small as 1 pL. Voltammetry has been carried out in these well-defined microenvironments with restriction of reagents near the electrode surface. Ferrocenecarboxylic acid has been utilized to characterize the electrochemical response in these ultrasmall volumes. Sigmoidal voltammograms (0.4−2 V/s) are obtained for vial sizes down to 1 pL.
Structure-specific patterns of neural stem cell engraftment after transplantation in the adult mouse Brain

Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) may be useful for delivering exogenous gene products to the diseased CNS. When NSCs are transplanted into the developing mouse brain, they can migrate extensively and differentiate into cells appropriate to the sites of engraftment, in response to the normal signals directing endogenous cells to their appropriate fates. Much of the prior work on NSC migration in the adult brain has examined directed migration within or toward focal areas of injury such as ischemia, brain tumors, or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. However, treatment of many genetic disorders that affect the CNS will require widespread dissemination of the donor cells in the postnatal brain, because the lesions are typically distributed globally. We therefore tested the ability of NSCs to migrate in the unlesioned adult mouse brain after stereotaxic transplantation into several structures including the cortex and hippocampus. NSC engraftment was monitored in live animals by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeling of cells. Histological studies demonstrated that the cells engrafted in significantly different patterns within different regions of the brain. In the cerebral cortex, donor cells migrated in all directions from the injection site. The cells maintained an immature phenotype and cortical migration was enhanced by trypsin treatment of the cells, indicating a role for cell surface proteins. In the hippocampus, overall cell survival and migration were lower but there was evidence of neuronal differentiation. In the thalamus, the transplanted cells remained in a consolidated mass at the site of injection. These variations in pattern of engraftment should be taken into account when designing treatment approaches in nonlesion models of neurologic disease.
Inscrutable evils: still numerous, still relevant

Jamie Carlin Watson has recently challenged my Bayesian formulation of the evidential argument from evil. My approach depends upon certain critical assumptions, but Watson argues that I am not entitled to those assumptions. I reply briefly, showing why I am entitled to those assumptions, and thus, why my argument survives his critique.
Isolation and characterization of a Neurospora glucose-repressible gene

Using differential hybridization, the cDNA copy of a Neurospora gene coding for an abundant glucose-repressible mRNA (grg-1) has been isolated. The cDNA was used to clone the genomic copy, and both were sequenced. The cDNA is nearly full length and contains putative translational start and termination codons. Conceptual translation indicates that grg-1 mRNA could direct the synthesis of a 7,000 molecular weight polypeptide. The genomic clone, contained in an 1,888 bp PvuII fragment, encompasses the entire cDNA as well as 838 bp of 5' and 369 bp of 3' flanking sequence. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic clones revealed the presence of two short introns in potential protein-coding sequences. grg-1 message levels were found to increase within minutes following the onset of glucose deprivation and rise 50 fold during the first 90 min of derepression.
The electrodeposition of high-density, ordered arrays of Bi1-xSbx nanowires.

Here we report the synthesis of dense arrays of Bi1-xSbx nanowires with >5 × 1010 nanowires/cm2. The individual wires are crystalline, relatively homogeneous, and highly textured in a 〈110〉 direction, with diameters of 40 nm and a composition of x = 12−15 atom % Sb. By tuning the solution concentrations and controlling the growth rate by controlling the potential, the composition, crystallinity, and morphology of the nanowires can be varied.
ON RUPTURE OF A THINNING FILM OF NON-NEWTONIAN POWER LAW LIQUID†

Abstract A linear stability analysis of a thinning film of non-Newtonian power law liquid has been employed to predict the critical thickness of rupture of films with immobile interfaces experiencing only van der Waals interactions. The assumption of immobile interfaces makes the above analysis equally applicable to the stability of foam as well as emulsion thin films. Psuedoplastic liquid thin films are found to be significantly less stable than Newtonian films. Power law liquid thin films are more stable for liquids with larger values of power law exponents and larger values of consistency indices. The critical thickness of film rupture is very sensitive to the power law exponent. As expected, the critical thickness of film rupture increases for stronger van der Walls interactions as well as for smaller surface tensions, these effects being more pronounced for psuedoplastic liquid films than their Newtonian counterparts.
Lattice vector quantization of generalized Gaussian sources

Many important sources of data including sub-band image and speech coefficients are highly peaked and can be well-modeled by the family of generalized Gaussian (GG) PDFs parameterized by a shape parameter /spl nu/. We present here algorithms for defining and quantizing to a Z lattice in which the boundary is optimized to the characteristics of GG sources, and show that these techniques lead to high performance and low complexity for bit rates and dimensions that are of interest in a number of practical coding applications. We derive an analytical description of the granular and overload distortion valid for low and moderate bit rates, and also provide a description of quantizer performance in the limit of high rate and dimension.
Using the Tyrosinase-Based Biosensor To Determine the Concentration of Phenolics in Wine

A tyrosinase-linked biosensor project described previously in this Journal has been expanded for upper-division undergraduate instrumentation courses; students use the biosensor that they fabricate to measure the concentration of phenolics in wine. The original project involved the use of a calibration curve and exposed students to the instruments and principles of electrochemical measurements. This extension, performed in three, 3-h laboratory periods, addresses three further topics of discussion: matrix effects in chemical analysis, the biochemical significance of antioxidants, and the use of statistical analysis techniques, such as the Student’s t test and ANOVA.
Magnetic properties of Al‐substituted yttrium orthoferrite

The 10 mol% Al-substituted yttrium orthoferrite (YFe0.9Al0.1O3) crystal becomes uniaxially antiferromagnetic at 602 °K. It exhibits weak ferromagnetism at about 600 °K. The magnetization data were used to test the models for the origin of weak ferromagnetism. The antisymmetrical exchange (Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya) model was found to be a better suited model. Parameters for the model were calculated from the data. Yttrium-Orthoferritkristalle mit 10 mol% substituiertem Al (YFe0,9, Al0,1O3) werden bei 602 °K einachsig antiferromagnetisch und zeigen bei etwa 600 °K schwachen Ferromagnetismus. Die Magnetisierungswerte werden zur Uberprufung der Modelle fur den Ursprung des schwachen Ferromagnetismus herangezogen. Es wird gefunden, das das antisymmetrische (Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya) Austauschmodell ein besser geeignetes Modell darstellt. Aus den Mesdaten werden Parameter fur das Modell berechnet.
Experimental characterization of a micro-hole drilling process with short micro-second pulses by a CW single-mode fiber laser

Abstract Laser ablation with pulse durations in a few microseconds is a viable solution for micro-hole drilling applications which require large material removal rate (MRR) with moderate hole quality. However, the body of work regarding short microsecond laser drilling/ablation is small. The objective of this paper is to experimentally characterize this short micro-second laser micro-hole drilling technique using a 300 W, CW, single-mode fiber laser. This CW fiber laser is controlled to produce modulated pulses from 1 μs to 8 μs and these modulated laser pulses have a unique profile which contains an initial spike with a peak power of 1500 W for 1 μs, followed by the steady state power of 300 W. Because of its excellent beam quality, the laser beam produced by this fiber laser can be focused to a small spot size of 10 μm to achieve very high power density up to 1.9 GW/cm2. With one single laser pulse at approximately 1 μs, a blind hole of 167 μm in depth and 23 μm in opening diameter can be created in a stainless substrate. The experimental characterization of this micro-hole drilling process includes laser control, laser beam characterization, hole formation, photodiode measurements of the vapor intensity, high-speed photography of vapor/plasma formation, and spectroscopic measurements of plasma. The results show that, due to very high irradiance of the fiber laser beam, the absorbed energy not only is sufficient to melt and vaporize the material, but also is able to dissociate vapor into intense plasma at temperatures over 16,000 K. The hole drilling mechanism by this short microsecond laser ablation is due to a combination of adiabatic evaporation and ejection of fine droplets.
Development of a genomic metric that can be rapidly used to predict clinical outcome in severely injured trauma patients.

Objective:Many patients have complicated recoveries following severe trauma due to the development of organ injury. Physiological and anatomical prognosticators have had limited success in predicting clinical trajectories. We report on the development and retrospective validation of a simple genomic
Observations On the Aerating Mechanism of the Wharf Crab, Sesarma Cinereum (Bosc)

[Es wird der Mechanismus beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe Sesarma cinereum das Wasser in den Kiemenkammern auserlich beluftet, und zwar auf Grund von Beobachtungen an lebenden, in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen, Krebsen. Das Wasser wird durch die Kiemenventilatoren aus der Kammer getrieben und passiert als dunner Film die dorsalen und lateralen Carapaxteile mit ihren Kanalen, Vernetzungen und Haaren sowie den ventralen Carapax, welcher von einem feinen Haarnetzwerk bedeckt ist. Ein daraufhin einsetzender Stillstand der Kiemenventilatoren und eine Veranderung in der Korperanwinklung gestatten eine Ruckkehr des Wassers in die Kiemenkammer durch die afferenten Offnungen an der Ventralbasis der ersten vier Beinpaare. Von anderen Studien her ist bekannt, das dieser externe Wasserflus Sauerstoff absorbiert und Kohlendioxid abgibt. Es wird angenommen, das dieses System bei S. cinereum innerhalb der Familie Grapsidae ein intermediares Evolutionsstadium zwischen dem internen Beluftungsmechanismus anderer amphibischer Grapsiden und dem System terrestrischer Grapsiden darstellt, bei welchen die Kiemen Sauerstoff direkt aus der Luft anstatt aus dem Wasser der Kiemenkammer entnehmen., Es wird der Mechanismus beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe Sesarma cinereum das Wasser in den Kiemenkammern auserlich beluftet, und zwar auf Grund von Beobachtungen an lebenden, in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen, Krebsen. Das Wasser wird durch die Kiemenventilatoren aus der Kammer getrieben und passiert als dunner Film die dorsalen und lateralen Carapaxteile mit ihren Kanalen, Vernetzungen und Haaren sowie den ventralen Carapax, welcher von einem feinen Haarnetzwerk bedeckt ist. Ein daraufhin einsetzender Stillstand der Kiemenventilatoren und eine Veranderung in der Korperanwinklung gestatten eine Ruckkehr des Wassers in die Kiemenkammer durch die afferenten Offnungen an der Ventralbasis der ersten vier Beinpaare. Von anderen Studien her ist bekannt, das dieser externe Wasserflus Sauerstoff absorbiert und Kohlendioxid abgibt. Es wird angenommen, das dieses System bei S. cinereum innerhalb der Familie Grapsidae ein intermediares Evolutionsstadium zwischen dem internen Beluftungsmechanismus anderer amphibischer Grapsiden und dem System terrestrischer Grapsiden darstellt, bei welchen die Kiemen Sauerstoff direkt aus der Luft anstatt aus dem Wasser der Kiemenkammer entnehmen.]
Missing the Forest for the Trees

This case study examines the alignment between the Intended Curriculum, Implemented Curriculum and Achieved Curriculum of a fourth grade inquiry based unit, Food Chains and Webs. Specifically addressed are how the curriculum was modified to meet state standards, how teachers were trained, and how assessment of curricular implementation was aligned with student performance. Particular focus was placed on measuring how well students connect the findings of inquiry based lessons to larger scientific principles. Implications of this study suggest modifications necessary for effective teacher professional development and classroom practice.
Insulin-resistant muscle is exercise resistant: Evidence for reduced response of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes to exercise

Mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with insulin resistance, is characterized by low expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and nuclear-encoded mitocho...
Effectiveness of coil embolization in angiographically detectable versus non-detectable sources of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

PURPOSE To determine whether the effectiveness of arterial embolization in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is related to the visualization of contrast medium extravasation at angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transcatheter embolization was performed in 108 patients who experienced acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage during a 5-year period. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-six patients who underwent embolization after angiography demonstrated active contrast medium extravasation from an involved artery. Seventy-two patients underwent embolization in the absence of contrast medium extravasation into a bowel lumen. Embolization technique, requirement for further blood products, need for further surgery, and 30-day mortality were recorded. RESULTS The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) was embolized in 26 of the 36 patients (72%) with extravasation, and the left gastric artery was embolized in 10 (28%). The GDA was embolized in 64 of the 72 patients (89%) without extravasation, and the left gastric artery was embolized in 13 (18%). After embolization, 23 of the 36 patients (64%) with extravasation and 44 of the 72 (61%) without extravasation required additional blood product transfusions. Seven of the 36 patients (19%) with extravasation and 16 of the 72 (22%) without extravasation required subsequent surgery secondary to bleeding. Thirty-day hemorrhage-related mortality was 17% (six of 36 patients) in the positive extravasation group and 22% (16 of 72 patients) in the negative extravasation group. The treatment success rate was 44% (16 of 36 patients) in the positive extravasation group and 44% (32 of 72 patients) in the negative extravasation group. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, arterial embolization is equally effective in patients who demonstrate active contrast medium extravasation at angiography as in those who do not show contrast extravasation.
Spatial simulation of boundary layer instability - Effects of surface roughness

The effects of an isolated, two-dimensional roughness element on the spatial development of instability waves in boundary layers are investigated by numerically integrating the two-dimensional, time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, using a finite difference/Chebyshev discretization. It is shown that (high) inviscid frequencies have higher growth rates than Tollmien-Schlichting frequencies, indicating that disturbances growing in the separation zone are controlled by the inviscid instability of the shear layer at the edge of the separation zone.
Asymptotic Sum Rules for Three-Point Functions: the A 1 − ρ − π System

The ${A}_{1}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ system is studied and it is shown that the question of possible subtractions in the dispersion relations for form factors is crucial for understanding the difference between hard- and soft-pion results in the ${A}_{1}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ decays. A double dispersion representation is suggested for three-point functions. Using a truncation approximation, the Bjorken technique is employed to derive several new sum rules for the spectral functions. Assuming that the sum rules are saturated by low-lying meson states, a study is made to evaluate the constant terms in the dispersion representations of the form factors involved in the ${A}_{1}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ vertices. The case of no subtractions, which formally leads to the soft-pion results, is ruled out on the basis of this investigation, and the well-known hard-pion results for ${A}_{1}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ decays are rederived.
Expression of nestin after traumatic brain injury in rat brain.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that traumatic brain injury upregulates expression of nestin, an embryonic cell intermediate filament protein. Brain from rats ( n =24) subjected to controlled cortical impact injury and sham operated ( n =3) and normal ( n =3) rats were processed for dual label immunohistochemical study to identify cellular expression of nestin. Our results show that in normal noninjured animals, nestin is expressed slightly and localized only in a few endothelial and subventricular cells. In contrast, at 1–4 weeks postinjury nestin is strongly expressed in astrocytes and microglia. The expression of nestin in astrocytes and microglia after traumatic brain injury support the hypothesis that injured cerebral tissue expresses developmental proteins, and that these proteins may promote recovery after injury.
New Controlling Element in the Lac Operon of E. coli

The lac promoter maps between the represser i gene and the operator o gene, so that the operator gene is probably transcribed.
Temperature dependent interaction in superconductors effect on law of corresponding states

Abstract Due to the temperature dependence of the energy gap the Eliashberg interaction potential has an intrinsic temperature dependence which causes appreciable changes in 2Δ(0)kTc: values larger and smaller than the BCS value occur.
Benchmarking multilevel, 2-D cylindrical radiation transport in a high energy density plasma environment

Abstract In modeling optically thick, high energy density plasmas (HEDP), radiation transport is of comparable importance to atomic physics, hydrodynamics, and other transport processes. Radiation transport theory is the framework for calculating radiation output based on atomic kinetics, and is thus critical to designing and diagnosing experiments in which radiation production is significant. Starting in the 1960s, the astrophysics community established benchmarks for computational radiation transport, based on a parameterized two-level-atom, and mostly applicable to media with very high optical depths and low collisional quenching of radiative transitions. The purpose of the work reported here is to establish a similar computational radiation transport benchmark that is more relevant to a laboratory HEDP environment. Our model consists of 8 levels of mostly K-shell Al ions, ranging from the ground state of Li-like Al to its bare nucleus. Rates connecting the levels are given by well-known, readily reproducible analytic prescriptions. The results presented consist of level populations as a function of position within the cylindrical medium, and emitted line profiles. For the plasma conditions considered, the magnitudes and spatial variations of the populations are a sensitive indicator of the accuracy of the radiation transport model, and are critical in calculating experimentally relevant quantities such as radiative powers and line ratios.
Fatigue‐resistant nylon alloys

Crystalline nylon 66 was modified by blending with both an amorphous nylon and a rubbermodified amorphous nylon. The ternary blends exhibit a 50–100-fold decrease in fatigue crack propagation rates, even at rubber concentrations of only 1 or 2%. These same blends do not necessarily exhibit improved impact strength and the examination of a variety of alloys and blends demonstrates that fatigue and impact fracture mechanisms are distinctly different. The fracture surface morphologies indicate that the basic fatigue fracture mechanism of craze coalescence for nylon 66 is not changed by alloying. However, the presence of the rubbery phase leads to cavitation and ductile drawing that retard the craze breakdown and coalescence processes without evidence of crack tip blunting. Surprisingly, the addition of rubber-modified nylon 66 to a nylon 66 matrix does not impart as great an improvement in fatigue resistance as does the miscible amorphous nylon. Also, alloys having improved impact strength are observed to exhibit inferior fatigue resistance. These results demonstrate that the excellent fatigue resistance of crystalline polymers can be improved even further by judicious selection of alloying ingredients optimized specifically for fatigue fracture. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MOTORIST ATTITUDES ABOUT CONTENT OF VARIABLE-MESSAGE SIGNS

Attitudes regarding the content of messages on variable-message signs (VMSs) are explored. Seven focus groups and a survey of more than 500 motorists in the Washington, D.C., area were carried out. Key findings are as follows. Motorists are evenly divided between those who regularly rely on VMSs and those who do not. Demographic variables have little influence on motorist attitudes about VMSs, except for a few cases involving level of education. Respondents are well disposed to VMS messages that are simple, reliable, and useful. Thus, noting the exact location of accidents, time-tagging traffic information, and posting antirubbernecking messages received high levels of support. Proposals failing in any of these regards were met with less interest, including delay time estimates, safety messages, and posting of alternative routes.
Efficient and robust query processing in dynamic environments using random walk techniques

Many existing systems for sensor networks rely on state information stored in the nodes for proper operation (e.g., pointers to parent in a spanning tree, routing information, etc). In dynamic environments, such systems must adopt failure recovery mechanisms, which significantly increase the complexity and impact the overall performance. In this paper, we investigate alternative schemes for query processing based on random walk techniques. The robustness of this approach under dynamics follows from the simplicity of the process, which only requires the connectivity of the neighborhood to keep moving. In addition we show that visiting a constant fraction of sensor network, say 80%, using a random walk is efficient in number of messages and sufficient for answering many interesting queries with high quality. Finally, the natural behavior of a random walk, also provide the important properties of load-balancing and scalability.
Metallic electrodes and leads in simultaneous EEG-MRI: Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulation studies

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in specific absorption rate (SAR) in human-head tissues while using nonmagnetic metallic electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes and leads during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A realistic, high resolution (1 mm(3)) head model from individual MRI data was adopted to describe accurately thin tissues, such as bone marrow and skin. The RF power dissipated in the human head was evaluated using the FDTD algorithm. Both surface and bird cage coils were used. The following numbers of EEG electrodes/leads were considered: 16, 31, 62, and 124. Simulations were performed at 128 and 300 MHz. The difference in SAR between the electrodes/leads and no-electrodes conditions was greater with the bird cage coil than with the surface coil. The peak 1 g averaged SAR values were highest at 124 electrodes, increasing to as much as two orders of magnitude (x172.3) at 300 MHz compared to the original value. At 300 MHz, there was a fourfold (x3.6) increase of SAR averaged over the bone marrow, and a sevenfold (x7.4) increase in the skin. At 128 MHz, there was a fivefold (x5.6) increase of whole head SAR. Head models were obtained from two different subjects, with an inter-subject whole head SAR variability of 3%. .
The regulation of genes and genomes by small RNAs

A recent Keystone Symposium on 'MicroRNAs and siRNAs: Biological Functions and Mechanisms' was organized by David Bartel and Shiv Grewal (and was held in conjunction with 'RNAi for Target Validation and as a Therapeutic', organized by Stephen Friend and John Maraganore). The 'MicroRNAs and siRNAs' meeting brought together scientists working on diverse biological aspects of small regulatory RNAs, including microRNAs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs and rasiRNAs). Among the themes discussed were the diversity of small regulatory RNAs and their developmental functions, their biogenesis, the identification of their regulatory targets, their mechanisms of action, and their roles in the elaboration of multicellular complexity.
Triangulated Investigating: An Approach to the Estimating of the Extent of Heroin Use*

An increased national concern in recent years about the problem of abuse of various drugs led to a number of efforts at estimating their prevalence. In part, these studies are remarkable for their widely divergent findings. One source of difficulty is a tendency to rely on single measurements. Social scientists have suggested that the use of multiple measures—triangulation—reduces the risk of measurement error. Using data from an epidemiological investigation of the prevalence of drug use in a southwest Michigan county, several methods of estimating heroin use were examined and compared: informants from law enforcement and community service agencies, arrest records, treatment data, and a formula based on the economics of heroin and the dollar value of acquisitive crime, and interpolation of calculations from national trends. The range of estimates, based on these different procedures, varied from 250 to 3,500 addicts. Triangulation techniques indicated lower estimates of drug addiction. Suggestions for fu...
“We are Romanian, Not Roma”: Nation Branding and Postsocialist Discourses of Alterity

This article examines how nation branding intersects with a transnational discourse about Europe's “Roma problem.” We undertake a critical discourse analysis of “Romanians in Europe,” a branding campaign by the Romanian government, implemented in 2008. We address three main questions: What conditions led to the Romanian government's decision to intervene in the “Roma problem” discourse through a commercial campaign? How did the campaign construct a narrative of Romanian national identity, and what was the position allotted to Romania's Roma in it? Finally, what can we learn from this case about hierarchies of othering and the politics of national and transnational identities in Europe after the end of the Cold War and in conditions of growing mediatization and commercialization?