cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Biochemistry of Glutamine and Glutathione

ABSTRACT Our studies have dealt with the synthesis and reactions of these important γ-glutamyl compounds whose metabolism and functions are interconnected. Glutamine transaminases, which contain vitamin B 6 , have several functions in amino acid and ammonia metabolism. Glutamine transaminase K also catalyzes β-elimination of S-conjugates of cysteine, which are formed from the corresponding conjugates of glutathione (GSH). β-Elimination is enhanced by α-keto acids, mediated by transamination of Enzyme-PMP to Enzyme-PLP, a control pathway shown previously for aspartate β-decarboxylase and other vitamin B 6 enzymes. Glutamine synthesis is inhibited by one of the four diastereoisomers (the L,S-isomer) of methionine sulfoximine (MSO). Administration of this isomer to mice leads to convulsions and death. On the other hand, certain higher homologs of MSO such as buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) do not produce convulsions or affect glutamine synthetase significantly, but selectively inhibit the first step of GSH synthesis (catalyzed by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase). Enzyme inactivation by MSO and BSO involves ATP-dependent conversion of these compounds to the corresponding enzyme-bound amino acid sulfoximine N-phosphates, which bind tightly to the enzymes thus inactivating them. Depletion of GSH by inhibition of its synthesis has been useful in studies of GSH metabolism and transport and also for sensitization of tumor cells to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. Experimental GSH deficiency produced without application of stress - and the reversal of such deficiency by GSH monoesters - has revealed that mitochondrial damage is a major effect of GSH deficiency in many tissues. GSH is not synthesized in mitochondria, but is imported from the cytosol by a multi-component transport system that includes a high affinity transporter. These studies thus elucidate an important physiological function of GSH that is essential for normal mitochondrial function.
INFLUENCE OF INTERMEDIATE ACTIVITY ON SERIES-TYPE ENZYME DEACTIVATIONS. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the formulation of a series-type deactivation model. This model can describe some quite complex enzyme deactivations. If the enzyme goes through more than one unstable intermediate of significant activity, then this model is inadequate. However, if after two structural bonds have been broken, the specific activity is no longer significant, this model can accurately describe these deactivations. Preliminary research indicates that chemical modifiers that decrease the rate of deactivation also decrease the specific activity of the intermediate forms. If it is possible to slow the deactivation rate and at the same time increase the specific activity, then this would permit an enzyme to remain active under reasonable conditions for a long period of time. It is more likely, however, that some type of tradeoff would occur, that is sacrificing stability for enhanced activity. A broad range of enzymes have been studied and many of them exhibit deactivation curves which are nicely fit by this model. One interesting phenomenon that was predicted by this model is the ability of some enzymes to increase in activity.
Feasibility of a trauma-informed parent–teacher cooperative training program for Syrian refugee children with autism:

Although the number of Syrians affected by the civil war rises, little work has been done to address the needs of Syrian refugee children with autism spectrum disorder. This research aimed to test the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally sensitive intervention developed specifically for children with autism spectrum disorder affected by trauma. Local partners advised the program team on cultural norms. Nine parents and 11 teachers were recruited to participate in 12-week parent-teacher cooperatives in a large Turkish city. We used qualitative methods to analyze interviews with each participant after intervention completion. A total of 14 participants completed the program (70%). All interviewees were women and Syrian refugees. Local political events, transportation costs and safety, and illnesses impacted attrition and attendance. All participants were satisfied with program content, including gains in autism knowledge, behavior management skills, and social support. Program-related challenges included applying skills to nonverbal children. The majority of participants made recommendations for program improvement, including a need for services outside urban areas. Flexible program delivery methods, including online options, might better accommodate participants unable to travel due to distance, political unrest, or safety. More research is needed to rigorously test program outcomes and to evaluate efforts to train local program leaders.
Rising in Witness: The Metropolitan Community Church in the Religious Press

AbstractThis detailed article surveys the literature generated by and about the Metropolitan Community Church from its foundation in 1968 to contemporary times in the mainstream religious press and...
Bridging eating disorder symptoms and trait anxiety in patients with eating disorders: A network approach

Objective Anxiety is thought to influence the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). However, little is known about how, specifically, anxiety influences ED symptoms and vice versa. Network analysis identifies how symptoms within and across disorders are interconnected. In a network, central nodes (i.e., symptoms) have the strongest relations to other nodes and are thought to maintain psychopathology. Bridge nodes are symptoms in one diagnostic cluster that are strongly connected to symptoms in another diagnostic cluster and are thought to explain comorbidity. We identified central and bridge nodes in a network of ED symptoms and trait anxiety features. Method We estimated a regularized partial correlation network in patients with mixed EDs (N = 296). ED symptoms were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. Trait anxiety was assessed with the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Items to include in the network were selected with a statistical algorithm to ensure that all nodes represented unique constructs. Central and bridge nodes were identified with empirical calculations. Results Central ED nodes were dietary restraint, as well as overvaluation of and dissatisfaction with shape and weight. The central trait anxiety node was low feelings of satisfaction. The strongest ED bridge node was avoidance of social eating. The strongest trait anxiety bridge node was low self-confidence. Discussion Avoidance of social eating and low self-esteem may be routes through which EDs and trait anxiety are linked.
Timing and Patterning of Primary Teeth Eruption as a Biomarker for Early Rapid Weight Gain (P11-080-19)

Prospective and retrospective studies suggest that the timing and patterning of tooth eruption in infancy is a biomarker for later obesity. We recently discovered that although within the range of normal growth, healthy infants randomized to be fed cow milk formula (CMF) for the first year of life experienced greater gains in weight, but not length, during the first 4.5 months, when compared to those fed an extensive protein hydrolysate formula (EHF). In the present study, we conducted secondary analysis to determine whether the type of infant formula interacted with weight gain velocity on the timing and patterning of developmental milestones including tooth eruption. At each monthly visit from 0.5 until 12.5 mos, infants (N = 113) were weight, measured and the number and location of each tooth, if any, erupted during the prior month was recorded as was the age at which they began crawling, sitting independently, standing and walking without assistance. Generalized estimating equations were conducted to determine whether infant formula had a direct impact on teething via effect on weight gain velocity independent of treatment group. We found a significant time × treatment group effect and a significant treatment group effect on the number of teeth erupted such that CMF erupted more teeth than EHF infants by one year of age. The rate of tooth eruption was significantly greater during the first year among the CMF when compared to the EHF group (P < 0.05). Regardless of group, the greater the velocities in weight gain during the first 4 months (but not later), the earlier infants erupted their first tooth (P < 0.05).The formula-induced changes in weight gain velocity did not generalize to the other milestones measures. The patterning of primary teeth eruption paralleled the formula-induced differences in early rapid weight gain, a risk factor for later obesity. Early and rapid eruption of primary teeth may be a biomarker for obesity as well as detrimental for dental health since caries lesions progress faster and are cavitated more quickly during childhood. NIH Grants HD072307 and R03HD09408.
Linear Independence of Knots Arising from Iterated Infection Without the Use of Tristram–Levine Signature

We give an explicit construction of linearly independent families of knots arbitrarily deep in the (n)-solvable filtration of the knot concordance group using the ρ-invariant defined in [12]. A difference between previous constructions of infinite rank subgroups in the concordance group and ours is that the deepest infecting knots in the construction we present are allowed to have vanishing Tristram-Levine signatures.
Syndecan-1 Is Expressed on a Subset of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Affects Their Function and Susceptibility to Malignant Transformation.

Abstract Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) known to be involved in cytokine signaling and cellular migration in the extracellular matrix. Knockout mice lacking CD138 expression exhibit a profound resistance to Wnt-1 induced mammary carcinoma that may be secondary to changes in mammary progenitor cell number or function. To determine whether this represented a more global phenomenon, we assessed the effects of CD138 expression on tumorigenesis induced by IP administration of the chemical carcinogen, DMBA, to post-natal mice. CD138−/− mice were highly resistant to DMBA-induced lung, liver, and ovarian carcinomas with an 80% reduction in tumor incidence compared to CD138+/+ mice. Absence of CD138 also protected from DMBA-induced hematopoietic tumors, with 4/58 (6.9%) KO versus 11/56 (19.6%) WT animals developing hematopoietic proliferations. Moreover, upon histologic and phenotypic analysis, the tumors arising in WT animals all proved to be CD4+CD8+ T-lymphoblastic lymphomas, which was seen in only a single KO animal. The other CD138−/− mice instead developed a myeloproliferative disorder with extensive splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis. We hypothesized that differences in tumor susceptibility between WT and KO mice may be secondary to abnormalities in tissue specific stem cell numbers and/or function. Therefore, we examined the expression and function of CD138 on mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and found that CD138 is expressed on approximately one third of mouse long-term HSC (LT-HSC), as defined by the Kit+Thy1.1loLin−Sca+ (KTLS) phenotype. Knockout mice lacking CD138 expression have mildly reduced numbers of HSC in the bone marrow with Lin−Sca+Kit+ cells making up 0.073±0.017% of marrow cells in CD138−/− mice versus 0.098±0.019% in WT mice (p = 0.038, n=6). While apparently adequate for hematopoiesis throughout the first 18 months of life, these HSC are functionally defective in competitive reconstitution assays in wild-type recipients compared to syngeneic, CD138+/+ LT-HSC. CD45.2+Kit+Flk2-Lin−Sca+ LT-HSC from CD138−/− or control CD138+/+ C57/Bl6 mice were flow sorted and 200 purified LT-HSC were injected into lethally irradiated CD45 congenic recipients along with 3 x 105 syngeneic whole bone marrow cells. Peripheral blood was monitored for reconstitution of T, B, and myeloid cells by analysis of CD45 allele expression; and as shown in the figure, LT-HSC from CD138−/− (KO) donor mice gave significantly less total leukocyte (p = 0.03 at 12 wks.) and myeloid (CD11b+ cells) reconstitution versus WT donor LT-HSC. These data suggest that CD138 plays a critical role in HSC function and provide a potential mechanism for the tumor resistant phenotype of CD138−/− mice. We are currently assessing function (in vivo and in vitro) of CD138 positive and negative WT KTLS-defined LT-HSC to determine whether CD138 may further subdivide this heterogeneous population. Download : Download high-res image (97KB) Download : Download full-size image
On energy exchanges between eddies and the mean flow in quasigeostrophic turbulence

We study the term in the eddy energy budget of continuously stratified quasigeostrophic turbulence that is responsible for energy extraction by eddies from the background mean flow. This term is a quadratic form, and we derive Euler–Lagrange equations describing its eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, the former being orthogonal in the energy inner product and the latter being real. The eigenvalues correspond to the instantaneous energy growth rate of the associated eigenfunction. We find analytical solutions in the Eady problem. We formulate a spectral method for computing eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, and compute solutions in Phillips-type and Charney-type problems. In all problems, instantaneous growth is possible at all horizontal scales in both inviscid problems and in problems with linear Ekman friction. We conjecture that transient growth at small scales is matched by linear transfer to decaying modes with the same horizontal structure, and we provide simulations supporting the plausibility of this hypothesis. In Charney-type problems, where the linear problem has exponentially growing modes at small scales, we expect net energy extraction from the mean flow to be unavoidable, with an associated nonlinear transfer of energy to dissipation.
Crystal structure of the inversion-breaking metal Cd 2 Re 2 O 7

Second harmonic generation (SHG) on the pyrochlore metal ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Re}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ indicates the presence of three order parameters setting in below an inversion breaking transition. Here, we explore a possible structural explanation and relate it not only to the SHG data but also to neutron and x-ray diffraction, where we find that such a structural scenario can explain certain reflection extinctions observed in single crystal x-ray data. From this analysis, we suggest future experiments that could be done to resolve this matter. Finally, we comment on the Landau-violating nature of the inversion breaking transition and its relation to similar phenomena observed in improper ferroelectrics.
Replication of a course-based undergraduate research experience for music students

Research skill development is a current need in music therapy education. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) may address this need. The purpose of this study was (a) to replicat...
Controversies in Testosterone Therapy.

Abstract Introduction Testosterone prescriptions have increased dramatically in recent years, largely because of changes in expert guidelines. Concerns have been raised that testosterone therapy (TTh) may be associated with an increased incidence of conditions such as cardiovascular (CV) disease, thromboembolic events, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa) and also may be a beneficial therapy in the management of prediabetes. As such, considerable debate remains regarding which hypogonadal populations are appropriate candidates for TTh. Objectives This systematic review aims to affirm or refute, using the most current evidence, the published concerns surrounding TTh and its potential increased risk of conditions such as CV disease, thromboembolic events, OSA, urolithiasis, BPH, and PCa, as well as its role as a potential tool for managing prediabetes. Methods A systematic review of literature surrounding TTh and its impact on increasing risk for the adverse conditions mentioned previously was performed. 62 publications were selected for inclusion based on their relevance to the effects and risks of TTh. Evidence is current through December 2019. Results Evidence demonstrates that positive associations exist between TTh and OSA, erythrocytosis, as well as urolithiasis. TTh may potentially be used to treat hypogonadal men with prediabetes. While low testosterone is positively correlated with adverse CV events, TTh in hypogonadal men either has no effect or decreases such risk. TTh is likely not associated with increased risk of PCa incidence or recurrence. Conclusions Despite historical beliefs that TTh increases the risk of CV disease, thromboembolic events, BPH, and PCa, recent evidence suggests that TTh conveys less risk than previously perceived. While caution should continue to be exercised, evidence suggests that TTh is a reasonable treatment option in many hypogonadal men who were previously excluded from TTh based on risk factors and prior health histories. Twitchell DK, Pastuszak AW, Khera M. Controversies in Testosterone Therapy. Sex Med Rev 2021;9:149–159.
Ne 20 states observed via O 16 ( α , α 0 ) O 16 and O 16 ( α , α 1 ) O 16

Resonant energies, widths, strengths, spins, and parities are deduced for a total of 56 compound nuclear levels in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne} (16.4\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{x}\ensuremath{\le}21.1 \mathrm{MeV})$ using $\ensuremath{\alpha}+^{16}\mathrm{O}$ elastic and inelastic scattering data. Writing the reaction amplitude for spinless positive-parity particles as a nonresonant term plus a sum over resonant partial waves permitted fitting the data at up to 20 angles. The procedure works effectively on regions at least up to 1.4 MeV wide and containing up to 15 resonances. Forty-one levels appear in the elastic scattering channel, while 11 are visible in the inelastic scattering to the first excited state in $^{16}\mathrm{O} ({E}_{x}=6.05 \mathrm{MeV})$. Four levels appear in both channels. Sixteen of these levels have not been reported previously.
Upscaling the livelihood of smallholders through adoption of ‘Maudamani’ super rice variety

In Indian subcontinent, rice is not only an important food for natives but is the way of life itself.In India more than 80% of the farmers are marginal and small and about 56% of the farmfamilies are engaged in rice cultivation which provides livelihood options to 40% of the rural poor.However, the meagre productivity of rice is one of the prime factors for distress which has directconnotation with their livelihood. Therefore, the strategy will have to upscale the smallholders inaspects in which they have skills and have direct bearing on their livelihood. In this context,technological options available to ensure a respectable livelihood to smallholders are discussed.
Improving the Predictive Value of Phytochrome Photoequilibrium: Consideration of Spectral Distortion Within a Leaf.

The ratio of active phytochrome (Pfr) to total phytochrome (Pr + Pfr), called phytochrome photo-equilibrium (PPE; also called phytochrome photostationary state, PSS) has been used to explain shade avoidance responses in both natural and controlled environments. PPE is commonly estimated using measurements of the spectral photon distribution (SPD) above the canopy and photoconversion coefficients. This approach has effectively predicted morphological responses when only red and far-red (FR) photon fluxes have varied, but controlled environment research often utilizes unique ratios of wavelengths so a more rigorous evaluation of the predictive ability of PPE on morphology is warranted. Estimations of PPE have rarely incorporated the optical effects of spectral distortion within a leaf caused by pigment absorbance and photon scattering. We studied stem elongation rate in the model plant cucumber under diverse spectral backgrounds over a range of one to 45 percent FR (total photon flux density, 400 to 750 nm, of 400 µmol m-2 s-1) and found that PPE was not predictive when blue and green varied. Preferential absorption of red and blue photons by chlorophyll results in an SPD that is relatively enriched in green and FR at the phytochrome molecule within a cell. This can be described by spectral distortion functions for specific layers of a leaf. Multiplying the photoconversion coefficients by these distortion functions yields photoconversion weighting factors that predict phytochrome conversion at the site of photon perception within leaf tissue. Incorporating spectral distortion improved the predictive value of PPE when phytochrome was assumed to be homogeneously distributed within the whole leaf. In a supporting study, the herbicide norflurazon was used to remove chlorophyll in seedlings. Using distortion functions unique to either green or white cotyledons, we came to the same conclusions as with whole plants in the longer-term study. Leaves of most species have similar spectral absorbance so this approach for predicting PPE should be broadly applicable. We provide a table of the photoconversion weighting factors. Our analysis indicates that the simple, intuitive ratio of FR (700 to 750 nm) to total photon flux (far-red fraction) is also a reliable predictor of morphological responses like stem length.
The 2021 Core Content of Medical Toxicology

The Medical Toxicology Subboard approved modifications to the Core Content of Medical Toxicology in March 2021. The document outlines the areas of knowledge considered essential for the practice of medical toxicology. The Core Content provides the organizational framework for the development of the Medical Toxicology Certification and Cognitive Expertise Examinations and serves as a template for the development of curricula for medical toxicology fellowship training programs.
Motion Prediction Performance Analysis for Autonomous Driving Systems and the Effects of Tracking Noise.

Autonomous driving consists of a multitude of interacting modules, where each module must contend with errors from the others. Typically, the motion prediction module depends upon a robust tracking system to capture each agent's past movement. In this work, we systematically explore the importance of the tracking module for the motion prediction task and ultimately conclude that the overall motion prediction performance is highly sensitive to the tracking module's imperfections. We explicitly compare models that use tracking information to models that do not across multiple scenarios and conditions. We find that the tracking information plays an essential role and improves motion prediction performance in noise-free conditions. However, in the presence of tracking noise, it can potentially affect the overall performance if not studied thoroughly. We thus argue practitioners should be mindful of noise when developing and testing motion/tracking modules, or that they should consider tracking free alternatives.
The Abaco Platform: A Performance and Scalability Study on the Jetstream Cloud

Abaco is an open-source, distributed cloud-computing platform based on the Actor Model of Concurrent Computation and Linux containers funded by the National Science Foundation and hosted at the Texas Advanced Computing Center. Abaco recently implemented an autoscaler feature that allows for automatic scaling of an actor’s worker pool based on an actor’s mailbox queue length. In this paper, we address several research questions related to the performance of the Abaco platform with manual and autoscaler functionality. Performance and stability are tested by systematically studying the aggregate FLOPS and hashrate throughput of Abaco in various scenarios. From testing we establish that Abaco correctly scales to 100 Jetstream “m1.medium” instances and achieves over 19 TFLOPS.
Tumors of Joints

While joints are often affected by inflammations and attrition, they are rather rarely the sites of tumors [308, 1408]. It is peculiar that the connective tissue, which in other areas of the body is rather often involved by excessive proliferation, so rarely displays neoplastic growth in joints. No satisfactory explanation has yet been offered for this fact. It appears that this feature may be related to the biology of the joints, whose function is performed in a different way than that of the other organs of the body.
Lexical disambiguation in machine translation with latent semantic analysis

This undergraduate honors thesis focuses on the problem that machine translators face in choosing the correct translation of a polysemous English noun in a foreign language. For instance, general-purpose internet translators such as Google Translate cannot distinguish between the meanings of the English noun bat, generating the French word for the baseball implement rather than that for the flying mammal - even when provided with such contextual hints as "wings" and "cave." Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA; Foltz & Laham 1998) offers a solution for this issue. LSA is a well-developed technique and theory for relating words and meanings by analyzing text corpora. A multidimensional vector represents each word and each sentence or other contextual block, and similarity or disparity of meaning can then be calculated by the relative angles of these vectors. LSA uses singular value decomposition (Golub & vanLohn 1996) on matrices constructed from words and passages in the learning texts to reduce the number of dimensions in these vectors. Such a dimensional reduction has been shown to be capable of producing simulations of human contextual associations significantly better than simple proximity frequencies.
Rotavirus Vaccine RIX4414 (Rotarix

could also be provided by non-neutralizing antibodies or Rotavirus Vaccine RIX4414 (RotarixTM) cross-reactive T cells.[3] Thus, there is also protection against A Viewpoint by David I. Bernstein G2P[4] rotavirus strains that do not share either the G or P proteins Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of with the vaccine virus. The use of a human isolate was also Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA thought to have advantages over the use of animal rotavirus strains
THE PRESENCE OF LACTULOSE IN THE URINE OF INFANTS WITH LACTOSURIA.

Two patients with failure to thrive are described who excreted lactose in the urine together with the non-naturally occurring disaccharide lactulose. It was demonstrated that both sugars originated from the diet, a canned liquid modified milk product. It is suggested that the β-galactosidase activity in the gut was decreased, although blood glucose levels during a lactose tolerance test were near normal. The patients outgrew this partial enzyme defect before the age of one year.
The dual action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -1 (PARP-1) inhibition in HIV-1 infection: HIV-1 LTR inhibition and diminution in Rho GTPase activity.

The transcription of HIV-1 (HIV) is regulated by complex mechanisms involving various cellular factors and virus-encoded transactivators. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) inhibition has emerged recently as a potent anti-inflammatory tool, since PARP-1 is involved in the regulation of some genes through its interaction with various transcription factors. We propose a novel approach to diminish HIV replication via PARP-1 inhibition using human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) as an in vitro model system. PARP-1 inhibitors were able to reduce HIV replication in MDM by 60-80% after 7 days infection. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) acts as a switch in virus replication and can be triggered by several agents such as: Tat, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Overexpression of Tat in MDM transfected with an LTR reporter plasmid led to a 4.2-fold increase in LTR activation; PARP inhibition resulted in 70% reduction of LTR activity. LTR activity, which increased 3-fold after PMA or TNFα treatment, was reduced by PARP inhibition (by 85-95%). MDM treated with PARP inhibitors showed 90% reduction in NFκB activity (known to mediate PMA- and TNFα-induced HIV LTR activation). Cytoskeleton rearrangements are important in effective HIV-1 infection. PARP inactivation reduced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements by affecting Rho GTPase machinery. These findings suggest that HIV replication in MDM could be suppressed by PARP inhibition via NFκB suppression, diminution of LTR activation and its effects on the cytoskeleton. PARP appears to be essential for HIV replication and its inhibition may provide a potent approach to treatment of HIV infection.
Pursuit of the "truth" about mental illness: the significance of findings in neuropsychiatric research, and lessons from the past.

Technology in genetics and brain imaging has advanced so rapidly that it is difficult to be knowledgeable about all the new tools being used in the pursuit of progress toward understanding and treating mental illness. While findings from new studies remain promising, caution is needed with regard to their current applicability to clinical use, both to predict who is likely to become ill and who is likely to respond to medication. A perspective on the past, using schizophrenia as an example, illustrates important findings that were published, had much visibility, and caused a flurry of new related studies, but then slowly disappeared, either to be abandoned as an artifact of the assay or study design, an epiphenomenon, or as simply nonreplicated findings not leading to further progress. Remembering that good science is “the pursuit of the truth” and not joining the latest “bandwagon fad” of “believers” is an important principle to adhere to when participating in the politics of science.
Pollution of Aquatic Systems: Pollution Through Eutrophication, Fecal Materials, and Oil Spills

Natural bodies of water will purify themselves and remove added materials given sufficient time. Pollution therefore occurs when the self-purifying powers of a body of water have not had enough time to remove the pollutant and return itself to its original state. Pollutants in water include bacteria, chemicals, heat and by the addition of organic or inorganic nutrients or eutrophication. Eutrophication causes excesses growth of cyanobacteria or blooms.
Differential inhibition of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and soluble guanylyl cyclase by purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

Mammals express nine membranous adenylyl cyclase isoforms (ACs 1-9), a structurally related soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and a soluble AC (sAC). Moreover, Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus pertussis produce the AC toxins, edema factor (EF), and adenylyl cyclase toxin (ACT), respectively. 2'(3')-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)-guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate is a potent competitive inhibitor of AC in S49 lymphoma cell membranes. These data prompted us to study systematically the effects of 24 nucleotides on AC in S49 and Sf9 insect cell membranes, ACs 1, 2, 5, and 6, expressed in Sf9 membranes and purified catalytic subunits of membranous ACs (C1 of AC5 and C2 of AC2), sAC, sGC, EF, and ACT in the presence of MnCl(2). N-Methylanthraniloyl (MANT)-GTP inhibited C1.C2 with a K(i) of 4.2 nm. Phe-889 and Ile-940 of C2 mediate hydrophobic interactions with the MANT group. MANT-inosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate potently inhibited C1.C2 and ACs 1, 5, and 6 but exhibited only low affinity for sGC, EF, ACT, and G-proteins. Inosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate and uridine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate were mixed G-protein activators and AC inhibitors. AC5 was up to 15-fold more sensitive to inhibitors than AC2. EF and ACT exhibited unique inhibitor profiles. At sAC, 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine 3'-triphosphate was the most potent compound (IC(50), 690 nm). Several MANT-adenine and MANT-guanine nucleotides inhibited sGC with K(i) values in the 200-400 nm range. UTP and ATP exhibited similar affinities for sGC as GTP and were mixed sGC substrates and inhibitors. The exchange of MnCl(2) against MgCl(2) reduced inhibitor potencies at ACs and sGC 1.5-250-fold, depending on the nucleotide and cyclase studied. The omission of the NTP-regenerating system from cyclase reactions strongly reduced the potencies of MANT-ADP, indicative for phosphorylation to MANT-ATP by pyruvate kinase. Collectively, AC isoforms and sGC are differentially inhibited by purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
In Response to Jurg Steiner's ‘Concept Stretching: The Case of Deliberation’

Steiner's principal objection to our paper is that deliberators in a committee are permitted to speak strategically whereas deliberative theory requires ‘that actors do not lie but are truthful and authentic in their statements’. In this response we observe that such a prescription is relevant only to the extent that individuals might be expected to behave otherwise. Our paper explores conditions under which deliberators' strategic (descriptive) incentives are aligned with the (prescriptive) advice to tell the truth.
Lhrh Self-Priming in the Male: Effect of Multiple Priming Injections in the Immature Rat

Pubertal and young adult male rats show a self-priming effect of LHRH on LH secretion; immature male rats do not. To determine whether the extent of endogenous priming plays a role in this difference, immature male rats were examined for a self-priming effect after pretreatment with three, four, five, or six injections of LHRH. Compared to saline-primed controls, animals receiving LHRH pretreatment released similar amounts of LH in response to a challenge injection of LHRH regardless of the number of priming injections. These results support the view that the induction of the self-priming effect at puberty is not the result of changes in hypothalamic function.
Densifying 3D GPS Networks by Accurate Transformation of Vector Components

A primary output of Global Positoning System (GPS) post-processed data is a set of non-trivial (independent) vector components and their full covariance information referred to a specific local Cartesian terrestrial frame (e. g., ITRF, WGS84) and epoch. It is important to recognize that when GPS-determined vector components are simultaneously combined into 3D geodetic network adjustments, they should always refer to a common coordinate frame and epoch. This paper uses geometric concepts to formulate rigorous matrix transformations to correct vector components for changes in coordinate systems, secular displacements due to plate rotations, and antenna centering and/or height measuring errors. Finally, the associated variance-covariance matrix of the transformed vector components is derived. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder in the Pediatric Patient

AbstractPurpose: We report on 5 boys with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, describe the identifying characteristics, review the literature, and define the issues of diagnosis, treatment and followup in this rare disease in pediatric patients.Materials and Methods: Five boys 11 to 18 years old were identified with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Preoperative imaging and urinary cytology were correlated with cystoscopic and biopsy findings.Results: In all patients evaluation was prompted by gross hematuria. Low grade lesions, definitive cystoscopic management and a low recurrence rate were uniform findings. Preoperative imaging identified the tumor in all cases and bladder ultrasound was the most sensitive scan with 4 of 4 cases identified.Conclusions: While rare, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in children presents a challenge in diagnosis and followup since cystoscopy typically requires general anesthesia in this age group. Bladder ultrasound was found to be extremely sen...
A new class of chelating n-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their complexes with palladium

A new series of chelating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and their complexes with palladium are described. The ligands feature a chelating phenolic unit, thereby expanding the class of available NHC ligands for organometallic catalysis.
Epithelial metaplasia induced on extraembryonic membranes. I. Induction of epidermis from chick chorionic epithelium.

The induction of typical epidermis from the chick chorionic epithelium (CE) was studied with the following methods: (a) Grafting of 15-day scale dermis (tarsometatarsal dermis) directly onto 9-day host-chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). (b) Grafting of a recombinant composed of 9-day CE and 15-day scale dermis onto 9-day host-CAM. (c) Grafting of a recombinant composed of 9-day CE and 15-day scale dermis inside a Millipore filter chamber placed on top of host-CAM and (d) Organ culture of 9-day CE in contact with 15-day scale dermis on a liquid culture medium. Examination of the explants resulting from the four different explantation methods mentioned above has shown that the CE is highly plastic and is readily transformed into typical scale epidermis. There is no epidermal induction when a non-dermal tissue (muscle) is placed in contact with 9-day CE. These observations together with other results obtained in the control series, support the idea that a specific dermal influence is involved in the metaplasia of the CE to epidermis. Metaplastic changes of the CE leading to epidermal differentiation are described. Evidence is presented indicating that the sole origin of the induced epidermis is from the homogeneous cell population belonging to the inner, basal cells of 9-day CE. Environmental conditions in which CE metaplasia proceeds influence the degree of normality of the induced epidermis. The limitations and the advantages of each transplantation method and its possible application to a more general problem concerning epithelial metaplasia and tissue interactions in skin development are discussed.
Use of Prediction Intervals to Characterize Electroencephalographic Changes Caused by Diphenhydramine

The authors report on progress in the use of a two-channel, microprocessor-based electroencephalographic (EEG) device and the statistical strategy of prediction intervals for characterizing the normal limits of variability in cerebral state in older subjects and recognition of excessive change caused by mildly toxic medications. Prediction intervals for relative delta, theta, alpha, and beta power were calculated from repeated EEG measures on 54 medically stable elderly subjects. The authors subsequently evaluated the effects of diphenhydramine (25–75 mg) administered to 10 additional subjects. Significant drug-induced changes at the group level were apparent only in relative theta power. Significant change in relative theta power at the individual level was observed in five of nine subjects for whom data at 50 mg were available.
Emergent Properties in Locally Ordered Molecular Materials

The two classic structural classifications of solid matter, crystalline and amorphous, are quite useful for inorganic solids, from antimony trichloride to zinc dibromide and beyond. However, for many molecular materials, especially those based on components containing ten or more non-hydrogen atoms, ordered single crystals are less common, and intermediate structures that are neither amorphous nor crystalline frequently dominate. Herein, we discuss several situations in which there is local (or partial) ordering in such molecular materials. These materials go beyond the standard concepts concerning polymers and must account for imperfect but substantial local ordering, such as that caused by weak intermolecular interactions (e.g., π stacking, H-bonding, and/or dispersion forces). This local ordering has important implications for, and applications in, materials properties: we specifically consider dielectric response, electron transport, and exciton transfer. Finally, we discuss the fundamental importance of the effective dimensionality of partially ordered domains in molecular materials.
Rethinking craft administration: Managerial position, work autonomy, and employment security in the building trades

The organization of work in the construction industry often has been presented as the exemplar of “craft administration” wherein managerial positions are of relatively low significance. Occupational control of employment and work structure in this context presumably is manifest through the craft union. On the other hand, research on other industries has shown the managerial position in the firm to be a source of extrinsic and intrinsic reward. This results from the manager's pivotal position in the bureaucratized labor process. This paper seeks to reconcile these perspectives. Data from a survey of 246 unionized construction workers and 14 local union officers from nine building trades are used to assess the impact of the managerial position and union involvement on work autonomy (self-direction and freedom from supervision) and employment security (unemployment and trade agreement infringements). In general, the results indicate that managerial affiliations to employers' firms are associated with greater autonomy and more employment security. Union involvement has contradictory consequences for individual tradespeople.
Scanning Probe Contact Printing

This paper reports a scanning probe contact printing (SP-CP) method for generating submicron patterns. It uses a novel scanning probe with an integrated elastomeric tip to transfer chemical materials onto a substrate. The SP-CP method combines the advantages of microcontact printing and dip-pen nanolithography to generate monolayer features chemisorbed on a gold surface. Arbitrary, connected features such as lines or blocks can be formed by connecting multiple dots, analogous to dot-matrix printing. We discuss the design and fabrication of the novel probes for SP-CP and how they can be used to generate sub-500-nm dots and lines of 1-octadecanethiol on a gold surface.
ℋ︁‐matrix preconditioners for symmetric saddle‐point systems from meshfree discretization

Meshfree methods are suitable for solving problems on irregular domains, avoiding the use of a mesh. To deal with the boundary conditions, we can use Lagrange multipliers and obtain a sparse, symmetric and indefinite system of saddle-point type. Many methods have been developed to solve the indefinite system. Previously, we presented an algebraic method to construct an LU-based preconditioner for the saddle-point system obtained by meshfree methods, which combines the multilevel clustering method with the ℋ-matrix arithmetic. The corresponding preconditioner has both ℋ-matrix and sparse matrix subblocks. In this paper we refine the above method and propose a way to construct a pure ℋ-matrix preconditioner. We compare the new method with the old method, JOR and smoothed algebraic multigrid methods. The numerical results show that the new preconditioner outperforms the preconditioners based on the other methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Retreat of the Political in the Modern Age: Jean-Luc Nancy on Totalitarianism and Community1

Totalite et communaute chez J.-L. Nancy a partir de son traitement de : 1. Hegel, Freud et Bataille sur la dialectique du liberalisme| 2. Finitude et communaute chez Kant, Heidegger et Levinas
Colocalization of enkephalin-, glucagon-, and corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in GABAergic amacrine cells in turtle retina

The large number of amacrine cells which contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the turtle retina makes it difficult to examine specific GABAergic cell types. In order to selectively label subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, we have used fluorescent double-labeling immunocytochemical techniques to examine the localization of GABA-like immunoreactivity (LI) in amacrine cells which contain antigens resembling the neuropeptides glucagon (GLUC), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or enkephalin (ENK). GABA-LI was found in 41% of the cells with GLUC-, 100% of the cells with CRF-, and 69% of the cells with ENK-LI. There were regional differences in the presence of GABA-LI in amacrine cell populations with ENK-LI. GABA-LI was present in about 80% of the cells with ENK-LI outside of the visual streak, while only 37% of the cells within the streak had GABA-LI. Based on the distinct morphologies and regional distributions of these peptidergic amacrine cells, we conclude that they represent different subpopulations of GABAergic amacrine cells in the turtle retina. Future studies can now utilize existing information regarding the synaptic connectivity of these peptidergic amacrine cells to help delineate the functions of GABAergic amacrine cells in the turtle retina.
A practical key management scheme for access control in a user hierarchy

In a user hierarchy we say that a security class is subordinate to another security class if the former has a lower security privilege than the latter. To implement such a hierarchical structure, it is often desirable to allow the user of each security class to derive the keys of its subordinating classes. This problem has been extensively studied but the existing solutions have various drawbacks. In this paper, we present a practical solution to this problem, which is an efficient key management scheme that needs only a reasonable amount of extra storage. It is secure because illegal key derivations are prevented, and key replacements do not reveal information about the relationship between the old key and the new key. It is also very flexible in that it supports convenient topological changes and membership updates. Furthermore, it provides a solution to the ex-member problem, that has been ignored in many existing research works.
Develop-WNTs in Somatic Cell Reprogramming

Two manuscripts published recently in Cell Stem Cell (Lluis et al., 2008 [this issue]; Marson et al., 2008) show that Wnt-beta-catenin signaling stimulates nuclear reprogramming. These two studies, using distinct reprogramming methods, offer insights into the mechanisms underlying acquisition and maintenance of pluripotency.
Pion-Nucleus Scattering in an Isobar-Doorway Model

Elastic pion-nucleus scattering is treated using a separation in Hilbert space via a projection-operator formalism. The basic assumption is that the elastic scattering and reactions due to the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ resonance proceed through doorway states consisting of a $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)$ resonance in the nucleus. Nonresonant scattering and absorption processes are included by background terms, which are approximately known. The formalism is applied to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ scattering.
Compatibility in Augmented Reality Prototypes for Assembly

While human factors have been well researched in the development and use of virtual environments, it has not received commensurate consideration in Mixed Reality (MR) research much beyond the immediately relevant issues of fatigue and discomfort. In this paper, we (1) analyze the feasibility of augmenting human abilities via MR applications in tasks for assembly and related domains from the perspective of cognitive engineering, (2) acknowledge the ergonomics features and research issues inherent in MR systems, and (3) generate partial guidelines that have been applied in our lab-based Augmented Reality prototype to uncover and solve ergonomics issues. One of such issues, perceptual compatibility, was also validated through a pilot experiment that compares use of a head mounted display versus a standalone monitor in performing an orientation task. It was found that subjects using the HMD perform in less time, exhibit less orientation displacement, and experience less cognitive load.