cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroinflammation, Microglia, and Cell-Association during Prion Disease

Prion disorders are transmissible diseases caused by a proteinaceous infectious agent that can infect the lymphatic and nervous systems. The clinical features of prion diseases can vary, but common hallmarks in the central nervous system (CNS) are deposition of abnormally folded protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres or PrPSc), astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration. Numerous proinflammatory effectors expressed by astrocytes and microglia are increased in the brain during prion infection, with many of them potentially damaging to neurons when chronically upregulated. Microglia are important first responders to foreign agents and damaged cells in the CNS, but these immune-like cells also serve many essential functions in the healthy CNS. Our current understanding is that microglia are beneficial during prion infection and critical to host defense against prion disease. Studies indicate that reduction of the microglial population accelerates disease and increases PrPSc burden in the CNS. Thus, microglia are unlikely to be a foci of prion propagation in the brain. In contrast, neurons and astrocytes are known to be involved in prion replication and spread. Moreover, certain astrocytes, such as A1 reactive astrocytes, have proven neurotoxic in other neurodegenerative diseases, and thus might also influence the progression of prion-associated neurodegeneration.
A singular case of advanced caries sicca in a pre-Columbian skull from East Tennessee.

Abstract Objective Documentation of an advanced case of tertiary stage treponemal disease. Materials The well-preserved cranium and mandible of an adult male (Burial G) from the Early Woodland period (900 BCE-200 CE) Wilhoite site (40GN10) from east Tennessee. Methods Macroscopic examination of the cranio-facial periostosis on Burial G for pathognomonic indicators of treponemal disease. Results There are extensive contiguous nodular lesions on the frontal, parietals, temporals, and occipital bones. The frontal squama additionally exhibits radial scaring and circumvallate cavitating lesions. Radial scars are also present on both zygomatic bones and the endocranial surface of the calotte. There is rounding of the nasal margins in addition to periostosis on the palate. Conclusions Burial G unequivocally exhibits the pathognomonic reactive changes of caries sicca, radial scarring, and cavitating lesions. Significance The Early Woodland date in combination with the advanced degree of pathognomonic reactive change is exceptional, and to date, without parallel in the pre-Columbian archaeological record of North America. Any case approaching the severity displayed here is invariably late prehistoric. Limitations The absence of postcrania does not permit assessment of frailty or synergism of secondary conditions. Suggestions for further research More comprehensive documentation of pre-Columbian treponemal cases is merited.
Berman on Blackmail: Taking Motives Fervently

Should blackmail be legalized? In the view of most people, this is a no-brainer. Of course blackmail should not be made licit. It is a vicious crime. Berman has his finger on the pulse of the man in the street when he says: “It is a safe bet that blackmail’s criminalization does not appear puzzling to the casual observer. Not only does it resemble other varieties of theft, the criminalization of which rarely raises eyebrows, but blackmail just smells likes [sic] a nasty practice.” I will argue to the contrary.
Primary care engagement is associated with increased pharmacotherapy prescribing for alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Primary care provider skills such as screening, longitudinal monitoring, and medication management are generalizable to prescribing alcohol use disorder (AUD) pharmacotherapy. The association between primary care engagement (i.e., longitudinal utilization of primary care services) and prescribing of AUD pharmacotherapy is unknown. We examined a 5-year (2010–2014) retrospective cohort of patients with AUD, 18 years and older, at an urban academic medical center in the Bronx, NY, USA. Our main exposure was level of primary care engagement (no primary care, limited primary care, and engaged with primary care) and our outcome was any AUD pharmacotherapy prescription within 2 years of AUD diagnosis. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between primary care engagement and pharmacotherapy prescribing, accounting for demographic and clinical factors. Of 21,159 adults (28.9% female) with AUD, 2.1% (n = 449) were prescribed pharmacotherapy. After adjusting for confounders, the probability of receiving an AUD pharmacotherapy prescription for patients with no primary care was 1.61% (95% CI 1.39, 1.84). The probability of AUD pharmacotherapy prescribing was 2.56% (95% CI 2.06, 3.06) for patients with limited primary care and 2.89% (95% CI 2.44, 3.34%) for patients engaged with primary care. The percentage of AUD patients prescribed AUD pharmacotherapy was low; however, primary care engagement was associated with a higher, but modest, probability of receiving a prescription. Efforts to increase primary care engagement among patients with AUD may translate into increased AUD pharmacotherapy prescribing; however, strategies to increase prescribing across health care settings are needed.
Single-Layer Delay-Driven GNR Nontree Routing Under Resource Constraint for Yield Improvement

It is known that graphene nanoribbon (GNR)-based devices and interconnects can be treated to be a better alternative in nanoscale designs. In this article, given a source pin and a set of target pins inside a GNR grid-based routing plane, based on the consideration of the bending delay on one routing path, an integer linear programming (ILP)-based algorithm can be first proposed to minimize the total wirelength of a single-layer delay-driven GNR routing tree (DGNRRT). Furthermore, given a resource constraint in a single-layer DGNRRT and the connection defective rate on one routing segment, the other ILP-based algorithm can be proposed to insert a feasible set of yield-driven redundant paths to maximize the total yield gain of the inserted redundant paths under resource constraint. Finally, a feasible set of obstacle-aware redundant paths may be sequentially inserted to improve the connecting yield of a delay-driven GNR nontree routing (DGNRNTR) result under resource constraint. Compared with Das’s algorithm in the construction of a GNR routing tree, the experimental results show that our proposed ILP-based algorithm uses reasonable CPU time to increase 2.50% of the wirelength and reduce 22.85% of the maximum delay for eight tested examples on the average. Compared with Yan’s algorithm in the construction of a DGNRRT, the experimental results show that our proposed ILP-based algorithm uses reasonable CPU time to reduce 5.17% of the wirelength under the same maximum delay for eight tested examples on the average. Under two resource constraints as 50% and 65% in a DGNRNTR result, the experimental results show that the connecting yields of the eight tested DGNRRTs can be improved as 0.3939 and 0.5296 on the average by using our proposed ILP-based algorithm, respectively. Compared with the combination of the algorithm, PathInsertion, and our proposed algorithm, obstacle-aware path insertion (OAPI), the experimental results show that our proposed ILP-based algorithm can improve the connecting yields of the eight tested DGNRRTs as 0.067 and 0.0507 on the average under two resource constraints as 50% and 65%, respectively.
Terms of empowerment: of conservation or communities?

In this era of socially-oriented biodiversity conservation and resource management, practitioners and scholars all too often invoke unclear and imprecise claims of empowerment to describe changing relations between people and resources. Empowerment is an important indicator of conservation success and social transformation. Yet, when scholars and practitioners fail to adequately conceptualize empowerment, they run the risk of undermining the importance of local involvement and capacity building to achieve biodiversity conservation. Here we explore the many ways empowerment has been conceptualized in conservation. We root our commentary in the history of the use of empowerment in conservation from these diverse perspectives. We then present examples of different meanings, measurements and outcomes ascribed to empowerment. We conclude with suggestions for harnessing empowerment for the benefit of conservationists and communities alike. Because empowerment has the potential to improve resource management outcomes and local livelihoods, we recommend building an adaptive empowerment assessment framework to assist with its deployment where it is most needed. Although empowerment goals in conservation can guide practitioners and scholars to engage with communities in transparent, meaningful and lasting ways, conservation needs a critical approach that builds from an appreciation of the nuances underlying the purpose and power of empowerment for conservation.
Immunity-Based Framework for Autonomous Flight in GNSS-Denied Environment

A framework based on the artificial immune system (AIS) paradigm is proposed in this paper for correcting position and velocity estimations for autonomous flight vehicles in environments where global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are not available. The AIS consists of sets of memory cells built under normal conditions when all sensor systems function properly. The memory cells mimic the functionality of memory T-cells and B-cell capable of encoding and storing information about the invading antigens and the needed antibodies. This information is used to enhance the response of the innate immune system with an adaptive component that is expected to accelerate and intensify the immune response when subsequent infections with the same antigen are experienced. The artificial memory cells are constructed with two parts. One represents the antigen and is a collection of instantaneous measurements of relevant features that characterize the dynamics of the system and are the basis of the position and velocity estimation. The other represents the antibodies and is a set of instantaneous estimation errors that are viewed as necessary corrections for the estimation. During GNSS-denied operation, the current measured features are matched against the AIS antigens and the corresponding corrections are extracted and used to tune the outputs of the position and velocity estimation algorithm for feedback control. The functionality of the proposed methodology and its promising potential is successfully illustrated using the West Virginia University unmanned aerial system simulation environment.
Prognostic effect of EIF4EBP1 on ovarian cancer: A single gene biomarker for overall survival and platinum response.

5565 Background: Using a novel computational approach, Gene Set Outcome Analysis (GSOA), we were able to identify an area of amplification on chromosome 8p12 that leads to worse prognosis in high g...
A Case Report of Acquired Factor X Deficiency in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by clonal proliferation of immunoglobulin producing terminally differentiated B cells. Classically patients are described to present with bone pain, hypercalcemia, anemia, and/or renal impairment. A less described clinical manifestation related to the myeloma is acquired coagulation abnormalities including paraprotein interfering with the coagulation cascade or exhibiting specific antibody activity. Factor X deficiency is reported in patients with secondary amyloidosis. We describe a patient who presented with bleeding tendency and an abnormal prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times (PT/PTT) due to factor X deficiency. A thorough workup revealed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma with the presence of monoclonal lambda light chain restricted plasma cells with qualifying end-organ damage without evidence of amyloidosis. Prior to the ultimate diagnosis, the patient succumbed to septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Streptococcus Pneumonia infection.
Correction to: Effective behavior of cooperative and nonidentical molecular motors

In the original article there are errors in Eqs. (2) and (4) and in the paragraph following Eq. (4).
The Diels-Alder Reaction with Maleic Anhydride

The Diels-Alder reaction consists in an addition of a compound containing a double or triple bond (usually activated by additional unsaturation in the alpha, beta-position) to the 1,4-positions of a conjugated dienes system with the formation of a six-membered ring, Various dienes systems to dienophiles are described as typical examples of the Diels-Alder reaction. A noteworthy feature of this reaction is the great variety of compounds that may serve as the dienophile. Among the most widely employed dienophiles are maleic anhydride and closely related dicarboxylic acid derivatives. Keywords: Diels-Alder reaction; malic anhydride; dienophiles; acyclic compounds; aromatic compounds; heterocyclic compounds; diene analysis; side reactions; experimental procedures
A Nanoindenter Based Investigation of Gold–Ruthenium Alloy Microcontact Behavior under Cyclic Condition

Abstract A nanoindenter based experimental setup was used to characterize gold–ruthenium (Au5%Ru) microcontact behavior under cycling and hot-switching conditions where a cantilever beam with a contact bump was cycled in and out of physical contact with a flat plate to simulate the action of MEMS ohmic contact switches. Cantilever beam and flat plate were fabricated from silicon, and then sputter coated with 300 nm of Au5%Ru as the contact material. All contacts failed in adhesion with either shorter fatigue life (about 1–2 million cycles) or longer life (about 6 million cycles). The smoother contact surface had shorter fatigue life. The Au5%Ru contact material had longer life and higher resistance than gold. Further, contact resistance was constant during cycling up to failure. Different contact parameters: adhesion force, threshold force, strain hardening/softening and plastic deformation were monitored during cycling. Adhesion force in Au5%Ru microcontact was smaller than in gold. Threshold force was l...
The vaginal and gastrointestinal microbiomes in gynecologic cancers: A review of applications in etiology, symptoms and treatment

article i nfo The human microbiome is the collection of microorganisms in the body that exist in a mutualistic relationship with the host. Recent studies indicate that perturbations in the microbiome may be implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer. More specifically, changes in the gut and vaginal microbiomes may be associated with a variety of gynecologic cancers, including cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer. Current re- search and gaps in knowledge regarding the association between the gut and vaginal microbiomes and the de- velopment, progression, and treatment of gynecologic cancers are reviewed here. In addition, the potential use of probiotics to manage symptoms of these gynecologic cancers is discussed. A better understanding of how the microbiome composition is altered at these sites and its interaction with the host may aid in prevention, op- timization of current therapies, development of new therapeutic agents and/or dosing regimens, and possibly limit the side effects associated with cancer treatment.
The influence of CT image noise on proton range calculation in radiotherapy planning.

The purpose of this note is to evaluate the relationship between the stochastic errors in CT numbers and the standard deviation of the computed proton beam range in radiotherapy planning. The stochastic voxel-to-voxel variation in CT numbers called 'noise,' may be due to signal registration, processing and numerical image reconstruction technique. Noise in CT images may cause a deviation in the computed proton range from the physical proton range, even assuming that the error due to CT number-stopping power calibration is removed. To obtain the probability density function (PDF) of the computed proton range, we have used the continuing slowing down approximation (CSDA) and the uncorrelated white Gaussian noise along the proton path. The model of white noise was accepted because for the slice-based fan-beam CT scanner; the power-spectrum properties apply only to the axial (x, y) domain and the noise is uncorrelated in the z domain. However, the possible influence of the noise power spectrum on the standard deviation of the range should be investigated in the future. A random number generator was utilized for noise simulation and this procedure was iteratively repeated to obtain convergence of range PDF, which approached a Gaussian distribution. We showed that the standard deviation of the range, σ, increases linearly with the initial proton energy, computational grid size and standard deviation of the voxel values. The 95% confidence interval width of the range PDF, which is defined as 4σ, may reach 0.6 cm for the initial proton energy of 200 MeV, computational grid 0.25 cm and 5% standard deviation of CT voxel values. Our results show that the range uncertainty due to random errors in CT numbers may be significant and comparable to the uncertainties due to calibration of CT numbers.
Contextual cuing by global features

In visual search tasks, attention can be guided to a target item—appearing amidst distractors—on the basis of simple features (e.g., finding the red letter among green). Chun and Jiang's (1998)contextual cuing effect shows that reaction times (RTs) are also speeded if the spatial configuration of items in a scene is repeated over time. In the present studies, we ask whether global properties of the scene can speed search (e.g., if the display is mostly red, then the target is at location X). In Experiment 1A, the overall background color of the display predicted the target location, and the predictive color could appear 0, 400, or 800 msec in advance of the search array. Mean RTs were faster in predictive than in nonpredictive conditions. However, there was little improvement in search slopes. The global color cue did not improve search efficiency. Experiments 1B-1F replicated this effect using different predictive properties (e.g., background orientation-texture and stimulus color). The results showed a strong RT effect of predictive background, but (at best) only a weak improvement in search efficiency. A strong improvement in efficiency was found, however, when the informative background was presented 1,500 msec prior to the onset of the search stimuli and when observers were given explicit instructions to use the cue (Experiment 2).
Groundwater quality management modeling using videodigitized data and interactive computer graphics

Abstract In the last few years, interactive modeling, digital cartographic analysis, and computer graphics have become important activities in many engineering and resource management organizations. Such computer-aided water resources planning systems are becoming increasingly powerful, both computationally and graphically, and are also becoming more portable and affordable. These systems will be important aids in the synthesis and analysis of resource management plans and policies. They also will provide an improved means of communicating technical data to professional engineers and planners as well as to citizen participation groups. An important component of these interactive systems will be their use of digital, color-coded mapping. Since such mapping has long been regarded as an effective means of presenting spatially- and time-variant information associated with groundwater management problems, for example, its incorporation into the digital world of computer simulation analysis is an important step towards more effective groundwater and other resource planning. This paper very briefly reviews some of our research in the development of interactive modeling-computer graphic systems applied to groundwater quality management problems, and describes the use of videodigitized maps and other images as a means of providing low-cost, cartographic information needed for effective interactive input of geographic and other model data and for the display of model results.
How Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Damages Lipid Bilayers

A leading hypothesis for the attrition of insulin-producing beta-cells in type 2 diabetes attributes the cause to islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) for its deleterious effects on the cell membranes. This idea has initiated extensive investigations on human IAPP (hIAPP) and its interactions with lipid bilayers. However, it is still difficult to correlate its modes of interactions with its effects on islet cells in culture, which indeed induce cell death. HIAPP fibrils demonstrably interact with lipids and damage lipid bilayers, but appear to have no effect on islet cells in culture. Thus a modified amyloid hypothesis assumes that the toxicity is caused by hIAPP oligomers which are not pre-amyloid fibrils or protofibrils. But so far such oligomers have not been isolated or identified. HIAPP monomers also bind to lipid bilayers, but the mode of interaction is not clear. Here we performed two types of experiments that have not been done before. First we used X-ray diffraction, in conjunction with CD measurement, to reveal the location of the peptide bound in a lipid bilayer. We then observed the effects of hIAPP, either in its fibril form or in its monomeric form, on giant unilamellar vesicles. The results show that the peptide binds to the headgroup-chain interface only in its alpha-helical form. Once the peptides transform to beta-aggregates, the latter come out of the interfacial binding region and bind or attach to the surface of lipid bilayers. The process of hIAPP transforming from the bound alpha-helices to beta-aggregates extracts lipid molecules to become part of the aggregation. We believe that this process also creates defects in the lipid bilayer that allow transmembrane ion conduction as a possible damage to cell membranes.
Platform for Change: The Foundations of the Northern Free Black Community, 1775-1865

Platform for Change: The Foundations of the Northern Free Black Community, 1775-1865 challenges prevailing ideas about the passivity of African Americans in the antebellum North. At the same time, the work clearly demonstrates that the methods blacks used to respond to their political and social milieus were not merely reactions to white racism. Instead, late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century blacks are shown to have been motivated by human and social needs that, by and large, have been ignored by historians. Harry Reed reveals how, during this era, American blacks created a cultural identity and, at the same time, attacked the remnants of Northern slavery and the entire institution in the South. Taken collectively, the pre-Civil War activities of blacks in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia provided strong cultural underpinnings for the sense of black community that emerged after 1865. To the extent that they were able to confront racism, their spiritual strength was visibly reinforced by a strong cultural sense and an instinct for survival. What emerged during these nine decades was a marvelously complex, organic community, one that possessed its own rationale for existence, its own forms for enhancing collective life, and its own structures for meeting physical and spiritual needs, as well as the means for addressing external power centers that often had severe, negative impacts on blacks themselves.
Silicon Electro-Optic Modulator based on the Theory of Gate-controlled Diode

Visible light emission from the reverse-biased silicon p-n junction is the prerequisite. For the first time ever, the theory of gate-diode is used to investigate the electroluminescence observed in the silicon electro-optic modulator.
The diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin at high concentrations.

Abstract The diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin in 35 g/100 ml stromata-free solution has been measured and found to be 3.4× 10−8 cm2/sec at 25 °C. The measurement was made by noting the rate at which hemoglobin diffused from a sintered glass disc into a colorless protein solution of the same molecular weight and concentration as the hemoglobin. The protein was bovine serum albumin. Diffusion coefficients of hemoglobin were also measured in solutions ranging from 4.9 to 31.4 g/100 ml. The data are in semiquantitative agreement with those of previous investigators on rabbit and cow hemoglobin and at intermediate concentrations. The diffusion coefficient in 35 g/100 ml solution is in excellent agreement with that calculated from facilitated oxygen transport data on a red blood cell paste.
Thermodynamics of the daunomycin-DNA interaction: ionic strength dependence of the enthalpy and entropy.

Fluorescence and absorbance methods were used to study the interaction of daunomycin with calf-thymus DNA over a wide range of temperatures and NaCl concentrations. van't Hoff analysis provided estimates for the enthalpy of the binding reaction over the NaCl range of 0.05–1.0 M. Daunomycin binding is exothermic over this entire range, and the favorable binding free energy arises primarily from the large, negative enthalpy. Both the enthalpy change and entropy change are strong functions of ionic strength. Possible molecular contributions to the enthalpy and entropy are discussed, leading to the tentative conclusion that hydrogen-bonding interactions at the interacalation site are the primary contributors to the observed thermodynamic parameters. The dependence of the enthalpy on the ionic strength is well beyond the predictions of current polyelectrolyte theory and cannot be fully accounted for. The enthalpy and entropy changes observed compensate one another to produce relatively small free-energy changes over the range of solution conditions studied.
The Role of Costimulatory Molecules in Allergic Disease and Asthma

The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased rapidly in recent years. It is well established that the deleterious allergic response is initiated by T-cell recognition of major histocompatibility class II-peptide complexes at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. While this first signal gives antigen specificity to the adaptive immune response, a second nonspecific costimulatory signal is required by T cells to become fully activated. This signal is provided by interactions between antigen-presenting cells and T cells through molecules borne at the surfaces of the two cell types. Depending on the type of molecules involved, this secondary signal can promote the development of an inflammatory allergic reaction or may favor immune regulation. Several molecules of the B7 family (CD80, CD86, PD-1, ICOS, CTLA-4) and tumor necrosis factor receptor family (OX40, CD30, 4-1BB, Fas, CD27, CD40) play an important role in delivering costimulatory signals in early and late phases of allergic response. Therefore, costimulatory molecules involved in promotion or prevention of allergic immune responses are potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. This review aims to recapitulate our current understanding of the relationship between allergic diseases and costimulatory molecules.
Behaviorism and the unconscious

Abstract It is argued that the behaviorist's rejection of mind as irrelevant to a functional account of behavior does not necessitate his rejection of unconscious phenomena, and that the behaviorist can account for behavior normally attributed to the workings of an unconscious mind by reference to historical rather than to contemporary factors controlling behavior, and to the independent acquisition of verbal and motor behavior.
Slit scattering effects with medium energy alpha particles and protons

Abstract The slit scattering effect has been measured for medium energy protons and alpha particles on aluminum, brass and tantalum slits. A successful comparison with the theoretical treatment of Courant has enabled us to predict the slit scattering effect for our experimental conditions lending credence to the application of the Courant theory to other experimental conditions.
Light emission from interface traps and bulk defects in SiC MOSFETs

Images and spectra of light emission have been observed in 4H and 6HSiC n-type MOSFETs originating from electron-hole recombination at interface traps and from the bulk under the channel. Low mobility and high interface trap density impedes the flow of electrons into the channel. Its time evolution was imaged. It is slower in 4H than in 6H MOSFETs due to the lower channel mobility and higher interface trap density in the former. Emission images reveal triangular shaped 3C inclusions and these defects were found to alter the formation of the inversion layer.
Do Clickers Improve Library Instruction? Lock in your Answers Now.

This study assesses the effect of clickers on retention of library instruction material. A comparison of quiz results of students who utilized clickers during instruction versus students who did not showed no gain in retention. Libraries are encouraged to consider pedagogical implications before applying novel technologies to instruction programs.
The Effects of Auditor Gender and Task Complexity on Information Processing Efficiency

This paper examines whether auditor gender and task complexity interactively influence audit judgment efficiency as predicted by the selectivity hypothesis (Meyers-Levy 1989). Twenty-eight practicing auditors (16 males and 12 females) from four Big Five audit firms performed an analytical procedures task at one of two complexity levels. Consistent with a selectivity explanation, female auditors demonstrated significantly greater efficiency than males on a complex analytical procedures task. Additionally, female auditors exhibited greater efficiency in information processing on the more complex task than on the less complex task, while males demonstrated greater efficiency on the less complex task than on the more complex task. Prior research (Chung and Monroe 1998; 2001) has demonstrated gender-based differences in information processing effectiveness. Thus, the current study extends gender-based performance in auditing across different tasks. These results highlight the importance of considering the effects of systematic gender-based differences in auditor information processing.
River channelization reduces nutrient flow and macroinvertebrate diversity at the aquatic terrestrial transition zone

Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are linked through lateral interactions that support and maintain biodiversity in both regions. However, in many places, river regulation and channelization have isolated rivers from surrounding riparian areas. We evaluated the effects of channelization on the linkages between aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate assemblages in the Rio Grande, New Mexico via comparison of quantitative macroinvertebrate survey data and analyses of carbon and nitrogen isotopes to test for changes in nutrient flow between channelized and non-channelized reaches of this highly regulated system. Aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrates were surveyed in summer 2008 at channelized and non-channelized reaches. Average densities of aquatic macroinvertebrates were 50% lower in the channelized reaches. Taxonomic richness and densities of macroinvertebrates in the transition zone between the river and forested floodplain were also lower in channelized reaches and this effect was especially pronoun...
Revenge and Student Evaluations of Teaching

One of the biggest concerns about student evaluations of teaching is the positive correlation between them and expected grades. Past research has been unable to clarify if intentional revenge for low grades or a more subtle process such as cognitive dissonance leads to low evaluations. This study included a survey of college students (N = 143) that indicated only 8% of students admitted to taking revenge on evaluations and that they rarely cited low grades as a reason for giving low evaluations. However, an experimental manipulation indicated that students may give a low evaluation if they receive a low grade even when they know that most students are doing well in the course. Overall, revenge appears to be one of the less important factors in predicting student evaluations.
SU-E-J-191: A Multivariate Framework for N-Tissue Classification in Treatment Assessment of Glioblastomas.

Purpose: Glioblastoma is the most common primary braintumor in adults and is rapidly fatal. Treatment monitoring of these patients has increased awareness that many patients have new areas of contrast enhancement without progressive clinical signs and symptoms. Although the enhancing areas mimic tumor progression, the lesions result from treatment effects and subsequently stabilize or improve without further treatment and are not correlated with poorer outcomes. This phenomenon has been termed pseudoprogression and is hypothesized to occur secondarily to edema and vessel permeability in the tumor area as a result of the combined effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Since the new enhancing lesions of pseudoprogression are indistinguishable from true disease progression, there is a need for a predictive model to distinguish the two phenomena. Method: We developed a classification algorithm that combines perfusion and diffusionMRIimaging to effectively partition the cases as one exhibiting true or pseudo progression based on a vector of features containing T1, rCBV and ADC imaging. The multi‐sequence classification algorithm uses an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm that learns from training cases with known clinical outcome to assigns each voxel to a type of tissue.Results: A training set of 20 where the clinical outcome is known from biopsy or from long‐term follow‐up was used by EM algorithm to model typical imaging values within tissue of pseudo, tumor, edema, necrosis, vessels or brain anatomy to construct a database of expected values for each tissue type. When presented with a new case, the algorithm automatically classifies voxels by their geographical proximities and Mahalanobis distance to the pre‐sampled values. Conclusion: Usage of advanced classification techniques allows automated labeling of voxels into normal, pseudoprogression or tumoral tissue types. The technique allows for early detection of pseudo progression to spare patients from unnecessary surgery or toxic chemotherapy.
The Effects of Religious Factors on Perceived Risk in Durable Goods Purchase Decisions

Reports on a study designed to explore the effects of religion and religiosity on perceived risk in purchase decisions. Asserts that religious values represent the most basic element of a consumer′s cognitive world, and can be meaningfully related to lifestyles. Concludes that religious individuals tend to perceive higher risks in their purchase decisions.
Born in Korea-adopted apart: Behavioral development of monozygotic twins raised in the United States and France

Abstract Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised in different countries and cultures are rare. This report examines behavioral and physical similarities and differences of MZ female twins from South Korea, but raised separately in the United States and France. Analyses of the twins’ intelligence, special cognitive abilities, personality traits, self-esteem, job satisfaction and health histories are considered with reference to their genetic relatedness and rearing conditions. Both striking similarities and intriguing differences were noted.
Electroreflectance spectra of InGaAs/AlGaAs strained quantum-well structures

Abstract Electroreflectance spectra in In0.17Ga0.13As/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple strained quantum-well structures have anomalous features compared to spectra from similar GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As structures. The temperature and barrier-thickness dependences of these features suggest that they might possibly arise from electronic coupling between the quantum-well states and states caused by defects or impurities.
Differential effects of fatty acid chain length on the viability of two species of cactophilic Drosophila

Abstract 1. 1. Two columnar cacti in the Sonoran Desert, agria and organpipe, contain medium chain (C8−C12) fatty acids. 2. 2. Necrotic tissues of these cacti serve as feeding and breeding substrates for Drosophila mojavensis but not D. nigrospiracula. 3. 3. Results show that capric and lauric acids are the predominant fatty acids of both cacti. 4. 4. Fatty acid chain length exhibits a differential effect on larval viability with caprylic acid (Q) having the greatest and myristic acid (C14) having the least effect. 5. 5. Drosophila mojavensis is more tolerant of free fatty acids than D. nigrospiracula, and this partly explains the ability of D. mojavensis to utilize agria and organpipe cacti.
Conflict between direct and indirect benefits of female choice in desert Drosophila

Identifying the factors that contribute to the adaptive significance of mating preferences is one major goal of evolutionary research and is largely unresolved. Both direct and indirect benefits ca...
The Performance of Caged Layers Fed Varying Percentages of Borax (Polybor 3) in the Ration

Abstract HOUSE fly control is one of the greatest problems of the laying cage operator. Heavy infestations of adult house flies (Musca domestica L.) usually cause an increase in dirty, fly-specked eggs which have to be cleaned before marketing. Heavy larvae infestations cause liquefaction of the droppings, thus resulting in increased odors as well as preventing the manure from “coning-up” for easier drying. Under such conditions, some residual insecticide, applied to the droppings at regular intervals, would seem to be indicated. Unfortunately, cases of house fly resistance to the chlorinated hydrocarbon and organic phosphate insecticides have been reported at alarming rates from various parts of the world. In addition to the possible development of resistance following repeated application, the insecticides presently used are expensive and fly control by this method is costly. A suggested solution to the fly problem is to continuously feed in the poultry ration some inexpensive inert material …
Asymptotic solutions of nonlinear evolution equations and a Painlevé transcedent

Abstract Two related problems are resolved. One is to find the long-time behavior of solutions of the Korteweg-deVries, modified Korteweg-deVries (mKdV) or sine-Gordon equations that evolve from given initial data on -∞
Segmented Model Selection in Quantile Regression Using the Minimum Description Length Principle

This article proposes new model-fitting techniques for quantiles of an observed data sequence, including methods for data segmentation and variable selection. The main contribution, however, is in providing a means to perform these two tasks simultaneously. This is achieved by matching the data with the best-fitting piecewise quantile regression model, where the fit is determined by a penalization derived from the minimum description length principle. The resulting optimization problem is solved with the use of genetic algorithms. The proposed, fully automatic procedures are, unlike traditional break point procedures, not based on repeated hypothesis tests, and do not require, unlike most variable selection procedures, the specification of a tuning parameter. Theoretical large-sample properties are derived. Empirical comparisons with existing break point and variable selection methods for quantiles indicate that the new procedures work well in practice.
Law, psychiatry and the reproduction of capitalist ideology: A critical view

Clarification of the role of ideology is complicated by several factors. The concepts and methods of social analysis are themselves influenced by the dominant class ideologies that mystify and obscure the actual operations of a society in systematic ways that legitimate and entrench the existing class relationships. Academic social scientists have either ignored ideology through naive positivist empiricism (“quantity fetishism”), proclaimed an “end of ideology,” or equated ideology with idealistic or utopian concepts divorced from the actual social relationships of capital. Even the Marxist tradition has until recently been grossly inadequate. Naive interpretations of his dialectical method have resulted in an economistic reductionism, akin to positivism, in which explication of the economic infrastructure was sufficient to “explain” the ideological superstructure. The relative autonomy of the state or its ideology was not considered, nor were the independent consequences of political and cultural relations. Further, insofar as ideology was equated with “false consciousness,” it was dismissed as irrelevant, which in turn led to parochial rejection of contributions from psychoanalysis, semiology, and even important insights from non-Marxists such as Mannheim. For purposes of this essay, ideology can be defined as a form of social consciousness consisting of patterns of signification and evaluation (Sumner, 1979). In class society the codes of signification, relationships of signifier (language, pictures, etc.) and significant meanings (mental images, concepts) are systematically distorted. Marx indicated the ideological mystification in the designation of the commodity form whose appearance, the exchange value of price as signifier of value, the signified, was seen as divorced from the surplus value of the alienated labor of its production. The ideas of society as reflected in its modes of signification are not only a function of material conditions, but serve to reproduce those conditions. For an economic system based on contradiction, inequality, and immiseration to endure, the privileged classes cannot depend on force or its threat; rather, they must seek legitimacy through mass support, that is, the ideology that shapes the world views must consider the existing social arrangements as ordained by “universal principles”and superior to any other system. Gramsci clarified the importance of the ideological superstructure as the means by which the capitalist
The specificity of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of bovine ovaries toward dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnemolone: Evidence for multiple enzymes

Abstract The 3 β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity in whole bovine ovaries was systematically studied using dehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) and pregnenolone (3β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) as substrates, in order to determine whether, in this tissue, the same or different 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases metabolize these steroids. The majority of the activity, with both substrates was found in the microsomes. Detergent extraction of the microsomes indicated that more than one enzyme was present in this fraction. A number of experiments on the Triton X-100 extract of the microsomes (the stability of the activity, its nucleotlde specificity and kinetic analyses) were most simply explained by a single enzyme metabolizing both steroids. However, the stereospecificity of hydride-ion transfer from pregnenolone to NAD+ (B transfer) was different than that from dehydroepiandro-sterone to NAD+ (A and B transfer). Thus, as no single enzyme is known to catalyze the transfer of hydride-ion to both sides of NAD+, it is proposed that there are at least two 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in the Triton X-100 extract.
Magnesium sulfate therapy affects attention and working memory in patients undergoing preterm labor

Abstract Objective: Patients commonly consent to undergoing invasive procedures while receiving magnesium sulfate therapy. This study evaluated the effects of magnesium sulfate on attention, comprehension, and memory in patients undergoing preterm labor. Study Design: Consenting patients were studied while receiving(study) and not receiving (control) intravenous magnesium sulfate tocolysis for preterm labor. Excluded were patients with possible preeclampsia, imminent delivery, sedative administration, or prior mental illness. Patient comprehension was assessed with the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Level of attention and working memory were evaluated with the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Verbal learning, short-term memory, and recognition were determined with the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Gross mental-neurologic deficits were evaluated with the Mini-Mental Status Examination. The tests were administered by the same examiner. Control testing was performed >24 hours after intravenous magnesium sulfate was discontinued. Magnesium levels were obtained at the time of testing. The primary outcome measure was the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test score because of its ability to elicit subtle differences in attention capacity. Statistical analysis included the paired t test and the McNemar test. Results: Fifteen patients completed the study. Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test scores were significantly higher (ie, more errors were made) during magnesium sulfate therapy than periods without therapy (14 ± 8 vs 7 ± 7; P P = .7). There was no difference in short-term memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test) or gross mental-neurologic deficits between the 2 groups (all P > .1). Conclusions: Magnesium sulfate therapy appears to have an effect on attention and working memory but not on long-term memory or comprehension. The significant differences in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test scores reveal deficits in information-processing ability in patients on a regimen of magnesium sulfate therapy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:940-4.)
On opening the psychology of personality to philosophy and literature in our time: A response to Gardner

In his William James Award address to Division 1 for General Psychology of the American Psychological Society in 1989, Howard Gardner has given us a thought-provoking overview of “scientific psychology,” suggesting that neuroscience, cognitive science, cultural studies, and educational and clinical psychology represent centrifugal tendencies in the discipline. At the “disciplinary core,” he suggests, lies the study of self, personality, consciousness, and artistic creation. Even if these were the “center” for James, Freud, and Murray, Gardner’s point requires the amplification that these psychologists would have sanctioned opening up psychology to other disciplines in our own time. For instance, Gardner illustrates his hope that the disciplines of literature and psychology would work together with empirical studies on “the correct interpretation of a work of art,” or the “appreciation of irony,” or the “appeal of fairy tales,” or the “power relations among individuals in Shakespearean plays,” (p. 187). In his own Harvard Project Zero, children are exposed to such interdisciplinary education and investigation. If he were to call upon the fruits of feminist philosophy and reception theory in literature, to take just two examples, he might find deeper grounds for cooperation on these fronts. Gardner’s interests would seem to require that psychology reach out to other disciplines. In all periods, psychology has had literature in its background, and literature has expressed political concerns. G. T.Fechner published sardonic humor in an effort to raise the level of scientific education in his day. R. H. Lotze belonged to an adolescent literary circle in Zittau during the 1830s that dedicated itself to what Karl Marx was doing more radically in the Rhineland: to bring social reform to the public through literature. This critical function of literature served an academic political purpose to legitimate psychology as a discipline, but it also served here to educate the public. Literary feuilletons in psychology are more common than we think. The names of Skinner, Bruner, and Bronfenbrenner come to mind from yesteryear, but more recently, Carole Wade and Carol Tavris are known through Psychology Today and their popular textbook (1990). Writers and readers of New Ideas in Psychology are primarily psychologists who do not limit their identification to psychology, as is witnessed by their fruitful contacts with education, language,