cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer and flow induced by both natural convection and vibrations inside an open-end vertical channel

The effects of oscillatory motions that may present at a wall during vibrating conditions are studied on flow induced by natural convection and heat transfer inside an open-end vertical channel. The governing equations are non-dimensionalized and reduced to sim- pler forms. Analytical solutions are obtained for several limiting cases. The reduced governing equations are solved for various values of the controlling parameters. It is found that mean values of average Nusselt numbers are mainly affected by the Grashof number and the amplitude of the horizontal vibrations. Further, amplitudes of Nusselt numbers at the vibrated wall are decreased as the Grashof number increases for horizontal vibrations while they are increased as amplitudes of vibrations increase. It is also found that the squeezing/vibrational Reynolds number, Grashof number and amplitudes of vibrations have a great influence on the trends of stream lines and isotherms especially at low Grashof numbers. Finally, correlations that summarize the effects of the different controlling parameters are determined on the Nusselt numbers and their amplitudes at relatively low frequency of vibrations.
Life history plasticity after attaining a dietary threshold for reproduction is associated with protein storage in flesh flies.

Summary 1. Body condition affects the timing and magnitude of life-history transitions. Therefore, identifying proximate mechanisms involved in assessing condition is critical to understanding how these mechanisms affect the expression of life-history plasticity. Nutrient storage is an important body condition parameter, likely playing roles in both attaining minimum body-condition thresholds for life-history transitions and expression of life-history traits. 2. We manipulated protein availability for females of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis to determine whether reproductive timing and output would remain plastic or become fixed. Liver was provided for 0, 2, 4 or 6 days of adult pre-reproductive development. Importantly, liver was removed after the feeding threshold had been attained and females had committed to producing a clutch. 3. We also identified the major storage proteins and monitored their abundances, because protein stores may serve as an index of body condition and therefore may play an important role in life-history transitions and plasticity. 4. Flesh flies showed clear post-threshold plasticity in reproductive timing. Females fed protein for 2 days took c. 30% longer to provision their clutch than those fed for 4 or 6 days. Observations of oogenesis showed the 2-day group expressed a different developmental program including slower egg provisioning. 5. Protein availability also affected reproductive output. Females fed protein for 2 days produced c. 20% fewer eggs than females fed 4 or 6 days. Six-day treated females provisioned larger eggs than 4-day treated females, followed by 2-day treated females with the smallest eggs. 6. Two storage proteins were identified, LSP-1 and LSP-2. LSP-2 accumulation differed across feeding treatments. The 2- and 4-day treatment groups accumulated LSP-2 stores but depleted them during provisioning of the first clutch, whereas the 6-day group accumulated the greatest quantity of LSP-2 and had substantial LSP-2 stores remaining at the end of the clutch. This pattern of accumulation and depletion suggests that LSP-2 could play roles in both provisioning the current clutch and future clutches, making it a good candidate molecule for affecting reproductive timing and allotment. LSP-1 was not associated with post-threshold plasticity; it was carried over from larval feeding into adulthood and depleted uniformly across all feeding groups.
Sensitivity of the Latitude of the Surface Westerlies to Surface Friction

The sensitivity to surface friction of the latitude of the surface westerlies and the associated eddy-driven midlatitude jet is studied in an idealized dry GCM. The westerlies move poleward as the friction is reduced in strength. An increase in the eastward phase speed of midlatitude eddies is implicated as playing a central role in this shift. This shift in latitude is mainly determined by changes in the friction on the zonal mean flow rather than the friction on the eddies. If the friction on the zonal mean is reduced instantaneously, the response reveals two distinctive adjustment time scales. In the fast adjustment over the first 10–20 days, there is an increase in the barotropic component of zonal winds and a substantial decrease in the eddy kinetic energy; the shift in the surface westerlies and jet latitude occurs in a slower adjustment. The space–time eddy momentum flux spectra suggest that the key to the shift is a poleward movement in the subtropical critical latitude associated with the faster eastward phase speeds in the dominant midlatitude eddies. The view is supported by simulating the upper-tropospheric dynamics in a stochastically stirred nonlinear shallow water model.
Space-time autoregressive filtering for matched subspace STAP

Practical space-time adaptive processing (STAP) implementations rely on reduced-dimension processing, using techniques such as principle components or partially adaptive filters. The dimension reduction not only decreases the computational load, it also reduces the sample support required for estimating the interference statistics. This results because the clutter covariance is implicitly assumed to possess a certain (nonparametric) structure. We demonstrate how imposing a parametric structure on the clutter and jamming can lead to a further reduction in both computation and secondary sample support. Our approach, referred to as space-time autoregressive (STAR) filtering, is applied in two steps: first, a structured subspace orthogonal to that in which the clutter and interference reside is found, and second, a detector matched to this subspace is used to determine whether or not a target is present. Using a realistic simulated data set for circular array STAP, we demonstrate that this approach achieves significantly lower signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) loss with a computational load that is less than that required by other popular approaches. The STAR algorithm also yields excellent performance with very small secondary sample support, a feature that is particularly attractive for applications involving nonstationary clutter.
Point-of-care testing: Twenty years' experience

Point-of-care testing (POCT) has expanded dramatically in the past 20 years with volume growth of 12% to 15% annually. What have we learned? Three features of POCT essential for a successful POCT program are: 1) a well-defined POCT organization, 2) robust connectivity, and 3) still more information regarding the relationship of POCT to clinical outcomes. The advances and limitations for each of these aspects are discussed in an up-to-date review of the POCT arena.
Upper-Ocean Heat and Salt Balances in the Western Equatorial Pacific in Response to the Intraseasonal Oscillation during TOGA COARE*

During the TOGA COARE Intensive Observing Period (IOP) from November 1992 through February 1993, temperature, salinity, and velocity profiles were repeatedly obtained within a 130 km 3 130 km region near the center of the Intensive Flux Array (IFA) in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool. Together with high quality measurements of air‐sea heat flux, rain rate, upper-ocean microstructure, and penetrating solar radiation, they make up a unique dataset for upper-ocean heat and freshwater budget studies. Three survey cruises sampled different phases of the Intraseasonal Oscillation (ISO) during the IOP. Temporal evolution and advective terms in the heat and salt balance equations, on timescales of 3 days and longer, are estimated using the survey data. The upper-ocean (0‐50 m) heat and salt budgets at the center of the IFA were estimated and are closed to within 10 Wm 22 of observed air‐sea heat fluxes and to within approximately 20% of observed rain rates during each of the three cruises. Generally, advection in the upper ocean cannot be neglected during the IOP. Zonal advection alternates sign but had a net warming and freshening tendency. Meridional advection decreased temperature and increased salinity in the surface layer, while vertical advection warmed and freshened the surface layer because of the general downwelling trend. Heat advection is as important as the net air‐sea flux during the westerly wind burst time periods. The sub-ISO timescale upper-ocean dynamics, such as the strong meridional advection caused by inertial motions, are found to have important contributions to the upper-ocean heat and freshwater balances.
Degradation of poly(ethylene-terephthalate) under accelerated weathering exposures

Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) is one of the most critical materials in photovoltaic module backsheets due to its dielectric breakdown strength. Unfortunately, PET is susceptible to environmental stressors and subject to degradation over time. Stabilizers are added to increase its service lifetime; however, even these degrade over time and leave the material vulnerable. To study degradation of polyester films, various accelerated weathering exposures are applied to PET grades with different stabilizers. A lab-based experiment was performed utilizing a randomized longitudinal design where samples were assigned to four exposure types and followed over time with repeated measurements in order to determine the effect of common stresses like UV light and humidity on the main polymer and stabilizer additives. It was found that material yellowing is dominant with UV light exposures while moisture mostly causes hazing of the samples. Effects were more severe when light was coupled with moisture. UV-Vis absorbance, infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy provided valuable insights into the chemical degradation mechanisms such as formation of degradation byproduct, chain scissions, and change in crystallinity under different exposure conditions.
Measuring Consumer Price Sensitivity

This note describes several methods for measuring consumer price sensitivity. Excerpt UVA-M-0567 MEASURING CONSUMER PRICE SENSITIVITY Many firms follow a pricing philosophy known as cost-plus pricing, which is characterized by three key steps. First, the firm identifies the costs of producing a product. Second, the firm determines its desired margin. Third, the firm selects a price that will yield the desired margin given product costs. Although cost-plus pricing is common, it is fundamentally flawed because it focuses on internal information (e.g., costs and objectives). A realistic pricing policy must incorporate some assessment of the quantity that consumers will purchase at different prices. This note briefly describes four methods of estimating the consumer's willingness to pay: expert judgement, surveys, experiments, and the analysis of historical data. Expert Judgement Industry experts are one source of information about consumer price sensitivity. The challenge is to collect and analyze expert information in a systematic way. To this end, Dolan and Simon (1996) provide the following recommendations. First, design a questionnaire that addresses the pricing issues confronting the firm. Typical questions might include the following: 1. What is the lowest realistic price for this year? What will sales be at that price? . . .
Vitamin A and Lung Cancer

Retrospective dietary and smoking data were gathered by interview of 292 white male patients with lung cancer and 801 control patients with nonrespiratory, nonneoplastic diseases at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York. A computed index of vitamin A intake was used to differentiate lung cancer patients from controls. Lung cancer patients had lower values than did controls. The reduced relative risk (RR) of lung cancer associated with vitamin A was most evident among men who smoked heavily. For them, a dose-response relationship increasing to an RR of 2.4 for low values of the index was observed. Frequency of daily milk drinking was lower among patients with lung cancer. Lower RR was found among the men who smoked heavily and frequently consumed carrots. These findings are consistent with evidence from animal studies on inhibition of tumor incidence by retinoids and with previous findings in prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies.
Informal Organizations as Agents of Change: Notes From The Contemporary Women's Movement in India

Some social movement scholars suggest a division of outcomes between bureaucratic and collective organizations. Bureaucratic organizations are more likely to achieve political and mobilization outcomes because of their ability to mobilize resources, while the structural flexibility of smaller collective organizations is more suitable for cultural goals. Others argue that women's movement organizations incorporate elements of both bureaucratic and collective structures. This article brings new empirical evidence from the women's movement in India to the debate. Based on an analysis of two informally structured movement organizations, it demonstrates that informal organizations can achieve both political outcomes as well as cultural outcomes. In India, they did so by working at two levels: the national or regional level, mobilizing action with other social movement organizations to achieve political goals; and the local level, mobilizing consensus to initiate cultural innovation. Low cost, informal structur...
Amino acid and energy needs of pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

The history of parenteral nutrition is reviewed. Total amino acid needs are discussed, together with factors affecting those needs, including clinical status, energy intake, and the quality of amino acid intake. Parenteral lipid emulsions are also reviewed.
New methods for potential functions for simulating biological molecules

Nous employons CM1A, un modele classe-IV pour les charges, et les modeles de solvatation SM5.4/A et SM5.4PD/A pour calculer les charges atomiques et les energies de solvatation de 9-methyladenine, thymine, et les dipeptides d'alanine et serine. Le modele quantum mecanique CM1A pourvoit les charges atomiques qui sont si precis ou plus precis que les autres charges populaires utilise pour les simulations dynamiques, Les charges CM1A. cependant, sont tres economiques a calculer; donc. ils sont prometteurs pour examiner les effets des changement conformationel, des substitutions, d'attachement, meme des reactions, Les modeles de solvatation ont ete parameterise contre beaucoup de groupes fonctionels et ils sont bien adapte aux calculations rapide pour systemes grands.
Playing with power: an outdoor classroom exploration*

ABSTRACTIn this ethnographic research, discovery of how preschool-aged children use play to wield their individual power in the outdoors is documented in a single classroom. Embedded as a participant-researcher and working from constructivist and critical theory orientations, the researcher seeks to understand how children use their play to construct the shared classroom cultural understanding of what it means to hold and wield power. Children age two and a half through five years old engage in a number of activities to experiment with what it means to be powerful. Imaginative play, physically risky play, as well as solo play are all explored. In light of the findings, various theories of power as expressed through the lens of critical theory will be used to analyse student and teacher voices.
Risk factors for late-life depression and correlates of antidepressant use in Costa Rica: Results from a nationally-representative longitudinal survey of older adults

Abstract Background Risk factors for late-life depression have been studied in high-income countries, but there have been no longitudinal studies from middle-income countries. This study reports risk factors for late-life depression and correlates of antidepressant using the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), a nationally representative cohort of adults age 60 and over. Methods CRELES contains baseline interviews in 2005 (n=2827) with follow-up interviews in 2007 and 2009. CRELES used the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form to identify depression using cut-offs for mild and severe depression and contained a 14-question assessment to determine physical disability. Participants self-reported antidepressant use and chronic health conditions. We examined correlates of newly screened depression and new antidepressant use among participants not depressed or not using antidepressants in the previous study wave. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate the association among variables. Results Increases in disability were associated with newly screening for mild and severe depression. New medical conditions and recent widowhood were associated with newly screening for severe depression. Recent widowhood was also associated with new use of antidepressant medication. Limitations Limitations of this study include absence of persons living in institutions, inconsistency of screening tools with clinical diagnoses, and possible effects of stigma and recall bias on screening. Conclusions Risk factors for late-life depression in Costa Rica are similar to risk factors in high-income countries. Patterns of antidepressant use suggest providers may recognize the role of bereavement as a risk factor for late-life depression but not of disability or chronic conditions.
Market equilibria already incorporate normative preferences

My main reaction to the Schmidt and Wight papers in this symposium is that unnecessary confusion exists with regard to the relationship between normative economics and the concept of efficiency. In...
Estimating Oscillator Reliabilty Using Ordinary Moments

Often it is of interest to obtain estimates of the probability density function and cumulative distribution function when only the ordinary or central moments of a distribution are available. This can be a difficult task, however. The inverse problem of finding the moments of a distribution wherein the distribution is prescribed is relatively simple and has been presented in Chapter IV. In this chapter, a technique reported by Dowson and Wragg [35, 130] which consists of maximizing the entropy of the system while satisfying moment constraints is employed to determine an approximate distribution.
Severe myelinopathy in 49,XXXXY syndrome

49,XXXXY is a rare aneuploidy with neuroanatomic findings scarcely reported in the literature. Given the fact that many of its phenotypic characteristics are similar to Klinefelter patients, 49,XXXXY has been treated as a variant of Klinefelter syndrome in the past. Newer studies have shown that intellectual disabilities and cardiac sequelae are more common in 49,XXXXY making the need for more precise characterization of the disorder essential. Prior case studies have demonstrated focal (and to a lesser extent confluent) white abnormalities as well as enlarged perivascular cysts (often in clustered arrangements) in the brains of these patients, but high resolution magnetic resonance images of severe myelinopathy are infrequently documented. Presented here is an exceptional manifestation of this rare disease with substantial findings in the brain exhibiting both confluent white matter changes and diffuse perivascular cysts. Cases such as this one serve to expand the differential considerations for confluent dysmyelinating disease and improve diagnostic efficacy.
Tough Guys: Facing Violence Against Men with Disabilities

Little attention has been given to the experiences of abuse by men with disabilities. A few qualitative and quantitative studies are revealing much higher than anticipated rates of abuse for this population. This piece will investigate key issues for disabled men in a range of forms of abuse, such as physical, verbal, and financial, which can occur in relationships with intimate partners, family members, and service providers. The unique life experiences of men who depend upon personal assistance must be considered in understanding the spectrum of abuse. Exploration of strategies for intervention and prevention will assist professionals and community services in reducing this abuse. Recommendations for policy and further research are offered.
Contract Separation: Early Identification and Negotiations

In any divestiture, the chief information officer (CIO) is under pressure to prevent negative operational and financial outcomes. While segregating corporate systems, untangling infrastructure and applications, and reorganizing operations may provide cost reduction opportunities, third-party information technology (IT) contracts comprise a significant part of cost outlay, and managing them is a critical priority.
The sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) of Moreton Bay (Queensland, Australia), with descriptions of thirteen new species.

Fifty species of sea lice, members of the family Caligidae, were collected from the marine fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, during two workshops held in 2016. Only 21 of these species had previously been reported from Australian waters: of the remaining 29 species, 13 are new to science and another 16 are recorded from Australia for the first time. An illustrated differential diagnosis is presented for well known species; but for new or poorly known species a full description is provided. The 13 new species are: Anuretes amplus sp. nov. and A. amymichaelae sp. nov., both from Diagramma pictum (Thunberg, 1792); Caligus abigailae sp. nov. from Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829; C. elasmobranchi sp. nov. from Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789), H. toshi Whitley, 1939, Dasyatis fluviorum Ogilby, 1908, Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) and Pastinachus atrus (Macleay, 1883); C. hyporhamphi sp. nov. from Hyporhamphus quoyi (Valenciennes, 1847); C. nataliae sp. nov. from Herklotsichthys castelnaui (Ogilby, 1897) and Neoarius graeffei (Kner & Steindachner, 1867); C. neoaricolus sp. nov. and C. paranengai sp. nov. both from Neoarius graeffei ; C. pseudorhombi sp. nov. from Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822); C. turbidus sp. nov. from Tripodichthys angustifrons (Hollard, 1854); C. upenei sp. nov. from Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846; Lepeophtheirus robertae sp. nov. from Scarus ghobbhan Forsskal, 1775 and Pupulina keiri sp. nov. from Aetobatus ocellatus . The rare species Caligodes alatus Heegaard, 1945 is redescribed and transferred to the genus Caligus Muller, 1785, but requires a replacement name due to secondary homonymy: Caligus alepicolus nom. nov. is proposed. Similarly, Parapetalus spinosus Byrnes, 1986 is redescribed and transferred to the genus Caligus where it becomes a secondary homonym: the replacement name Caligus seriolicolus nom. nov. is proposed. Five large species-groups within the genus Caligus are recognised here on the basis of suites of morphological character states. They are based around the following species: C. bonito Wilson, 1905, C. confusus Pillai, 1961, C. diaphanus von Nordmann, 1832, C. macarovi Gusev, 1951 and C. productus Dana, 1852. These species-groups can be used to navigate this relatively large genus, but their monophyletic status should not be assumed.
Suicidal ideation in lung transplant recipients: A case series.

BACKGROUND Suicidality, a term referring to suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts, has been understudied in lung transplant recipients, despite the well-documented period of high stress following transplantation. Understanding the full clinical picture of psychiatric morbidity before and after lung transplant is vital to supporting survival. METHODS Suicidality among lung transplant recipients was examined through case studies of 5 lung transplant recipients at Loyola University Medical Center in Chicago, IL. Medical records were reviewed for demographic and psychosocial variables during the pre- and post-transplant periods to identify common factors. RESULTS Patients presented with suicidal ideation within the first 2 years of receiving lung transplantation; 4 of 5 endorsed a plan and/or intent to act and 2 made suicide attempts. Pretransplant prescription medication mismanagement, pretransplant depression or anxiety, and post-transplant depression and anxiety were each present in at least 3 of 5 cases and appeared related to the development of suicidality. Social support issues were also prominent, including changes in available supports, interpersonal distress, and social isolation or lack of support. CONCLUSION Patients presenting with psychiatric comorbidities or limited social support at any phase of the lung transplant process should be monitored closely. This case report draws into focus the need for systematic and ongoing psychological evaluation following lung transplantation.
Rare earth elements: Properties and applications to methanol synthesis catalysis via hydrogenation of carbon oxides

Abstract Methanol (CH3OH) is an important industrial chemical with a wide variety of uses. Industrial methanol synthesis catalysts are typically composed of Cu, Zn, and Al, but the use of catalysts incorporating rare earth elements has been shown to improve the catalytic performance. Due to their unique chemical and physical properties, the use of rare earth elements (scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides) in catalysis in general has continued to increase over the past few decades, while the use of rare earth in methanol synthesis catalysts has not, despite often improving performance. The ability of several of the rare earth elements (Pr, Ce, Eu, Tb, Yb) to easily switch between oxidation states makes them beneficial for many different types of catalysts. However, for methanol synthesis the surface basicity is an important property, and the basic nature of the rare earth elements can be used to tune the basicity of catalysts. A small number of correlations between rare earth properties and catalytic performance have been observed, but often do not apply to other catalysts. Properties such as strength of basic sites, ionic radius, and electronegativity have been found to correlate with performance results such as activity or selectivity.
27 – Vaginal Infections

Increased awareness of the role of the normal vaginal flora and the adverse consequences associated with vaginitis have led to a new appreciation of the importance of timely, accurate diagnosis, and treatment. It is estimated that there are more than 10 million office visits per year due to vaginal infections. As none of these infections are reportable diseases, accurate numbers are unavailable. Despite the fact that affordable diagnostic tests exist, many women are misdiagnosed due to the failure of physicians to use these tests. Further, because of the common misconception perpetuated by the media that the most common cause of vaginitis is candidiasis (yeast), many women with vaginal discharge self-treat with over-the-counter antifungal preparations, delaying appropriate therapy. Health care providers rarely screen asymptomatic women for vaginal infections, thus in asymptomatic women the diagnosis is often completely overlooked. Quick and inexpensive diagnostic tests are available and screening in high risk women should be undertaken. Additional information is needed to determine the benefit of screening and treatment in asymptomatic low risk populations.
Dye-Sensitized and Bulk-Heterojunctions Solar Cells: TiO2 Nanotube Arrays as a Base Material

A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) is a relatively low cost photovoltaic device using a photosensitized anode and hole transporting electrolyte [1], where charge separation occurs at the dye layer between the semiconductor and electrolyte. DSC efficiencies have reached over 11% using nanocrystalline TiO2 films. In such DSCs, the slow percolation of electrons through the random polycrystalline network and the poor absorption of low energy photons by the available dyes are two of the major factors limiting further improvement in photoconversion efficiencies. Here, we review the progress with respect to the use of anodically grown and crystallized TiO2 nanotube arrays as the base electron transporting material for DSC use, offering large surface areas with vectorial charge transport along the length of the nanotubes.
Manufacturing Complexity Analysis: A Simulation-Based Methodology

Variability in products is driven by the customer and pushes the manufacturer to offer product variants by mass customization. Companies that offer product variety while maintaining competitive cost and quality will gain a competitive edge over other companies in today's market. As the automobile industry adapts to the mass customization strategy, it would require the ability to conduct early design, development, and manufacturing trade-offs among competing objectives. An analytical approach is then required to manage the complexity and the risk associated with this environment. This chapter will present a set of simulation-based methodologies for measuring complexity. The developed methodologies will assist designers in analyzing and mitigating the risks associated with product variety and its impact on manufacturing complexity.
Application of Surfactants for Promoting Interfacial Adhesion in Polymer Matrix Composites

One of the factors contributing to interfacial bond strength in organic matrix composites is the wetting of the fiber by the polymer. In principle, surfactants can be used to promote wetting and increase interfacial bond strength. Experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis using Hercules AS-4 graphite single fiber, treated with commercially available polymerizable and nonpolymerizable non-ionic surfactants. The resin was an amine cured epoxy. Single-fibercomposite technique was used to measure the interfacial shear strength. The results showed that the fibers treated with the non-polymerizable surfactant gained 37% in interfacial shear strength relative to those untreated or those treated with deionized water, absolute alcohol or acetone. The polymerizable surfactants showed a 12% increase in interfacial shear strength.
Abstract 3379: Predictors of mosaic chromosome Y loss and associations with mortality in 223,338 men of the UK Biobank

Mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLOY) in peripheral leukocytes is an age-related event commonly observed in men older than 50 years of age in which a fraction of leukocytes loses the Y chromosome. In addition to age, previous studies have indicated an association between smoking and increased risk of mLOY. The relationship between mLOY and other health-related exposures (e.g., obesity and alcohol consumption) and with disease outcomes (e.g., cancer risk and overall mortality) remains unclear. We therefore investigated the causes and consequences of mLOY in a large collection of 223,338 men from the UK Biobank. We scanned Y chromosomes for deviations in genotyping array log R ratio intensities for evidence of mLOY. A total of 3,789 (1.7%) men showed evidence for mLOY with median chromosome Y LRR values less than -0.15 and 596 (0.3%) men had high proportions of cells affected with mLOY with median LRR values less than -0.40. Our analysis robustly confirms prior associations of increasing mLOY risk with increasing age (Padj Citation Format: Erikka Loftfield, Weiyin Zhou, Meredith Yeager, Stephen J. Chanock, Neal D. Freedman, Mitchell J. Machiela. Predictors of mosaic chromosome Y loss and associations with mortality in 223,338 men of the UK Biobank [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3379.
Disclosing accelerated approval on direct-to-consumer prescription drug websites.

PURPOSE We examined direct-to-consumer (DTC) websites for brand-name accelerated approval prescription drugs to determine whether and how accelerated approval is communicated to consumers. METHODS From the 34 brand-name prescription drugs under the Food and Drug Administration's accelerated approval pathway presubmission requirement for promotional materials in December 2016, we identified a sample of 26 that had active DTC websites. Two raters independently coded the websites for the presence, placement, content, and readability of an accelerated approval disclosure. RESULTS Most (73%) of the websites contained an accelerated approval disclosure. Most of the disclosures (84%) included the basis for accelerated approval, whereas 68% stated that the clinical benefit of the product was unknown and 47% conveyed the need for additional research to confirm study findings. On average, the disclosures required at least a high school reading level, and most conveyed the information in medical terms. CONCLUSIONS Direct-to-consumer websites for brand-name accelerated approval prescription drugs do not consistently communicate the accelerated approval information for the product to consumers in a prominent, comprehensive, or readable manner.
LAunchPad: The Design and Evaluation of a STEM Recruitment Program for Women

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a university-sponsored summer STEM recruitment program for young women between their junior and senior year in high school. The College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology (ECST) currently has a female enrollment of only 15%, which is below the national average of 20%. The College has set a goal of increasing the percentage of women to 25% by 2025. The recruitment program described in this paper is one of the strategies the ECST will use to reach its goal. The objectives of the recruitment program, LAunchPad, were to increase the students’ interest in engineering and computer science, and to achieve a 50% participant matriculation rate into the College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology. LAunchPad established a gender-inclusive learning environment, with scaffolded instruction and hands-on activities to reinforce the learning. The students were also introduced to two groups of female role models; the first group was early-career alumni that held technical positions with local companies, and the second group was mid- to senior-level engineers, computer scientists, and executives. A post-event survey revealed that the students’ interest in pursuing an engineering or computer science career increased by 29%; seventy percent applied for admission to the University for the following Fall. Results suggest that contributing factors to the students’ increased interest are an increased understanding of engineering and computer science, increased confidence, access to diverse role models, and the ability to establish peer networks.
Margaret Zelman Law. Cultivating Engaged Staff: Better Management for Better Libraries . Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 2017. 128p. Paper, $55.00 (ISBN: 978-1-4408-5222-0). LC: 2017004832.

A library’s most valuable resource is its staff. It is the library staff who ensure excellent customer service and research assistance to our communities, who purchase, preserve, and make accessible print and electronic resources of all kinds, and who keep the doors open early in the morning and late into the night. The work and care of library staff (including librarians and library assistants alike) keep libraries running, and they deserve the best possible support from their managers and supervisors. Patrons get the best service from staff that gets what they need from their work environment. Margaret Zelman Law’s insightful and detailed volume can help you learn more about both individual and team needs and how to better meet them. Having worked in both public and academic libraries, as well as library consortia, the author is now a consultant to libraries worldwide on organizational development and other management challenges, as well as an instructor at the School of Library and Information Studies at the University of Alberta. With advanced degrees in both information studies and business administration, Law brings together her experiences and the research in both fields to demonstrate how management practices impact organizational climate and provides concrete examples for how practices can be changed to improve staff engagement in any kind of library.
Increases in mitral leaflet radii of curvature with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Leaflet curvature is a primary determinant of leaflet stress, but no quantitative in-vivo leaflet curvature data exist. Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) is associated with remodeling of the valvular-ventricular complex. It was hypothesized that leaflet radii of curvature (ROC) would change with such remodeling. METHODS Twelve sheep had placement of radiopaque markers on the anterior (APM) and posterior (PPM) papillary muscles, mitral annulus, and anterior (AL) and posterior leaflet (PL) midlines. After 8 +/- 2 days, videofluoroscopy provided baseline 3-D marker data prior to creating inferior myocardial infarction (MI) by snare occlusion of the obtuse marginal coronary arteries. After 7 +/- 1 weeks, the animals were re-studied; 3-D marker coordinates were used to determine end-systolic leaflet ROC, leaflet length, annular septal-lateral diameter, and the distance of each papillary muscle to the mid-septal annulus and each commissure. RESULTS Before and after CIMR, the AL had compound curvature, and CIMR increased ROC of both curves (proximal ROC 1.27 +/- 0.59 to 1.38 +/- 0.60 cm (p <0.05); distal ROC 1.41 +/- 0.61 to 2.60 +/- 1.52 cm (p < 0.05)). The PL ROC also increased with CIMR (from 2.01 +/- 1.40 to 3.46 +/- 3.93) (p <0.05). Multiple regression analysis determined that annular septal-lateral diameter (proximal AL and distal AL), distance from the APM to anterior commissure (distal AL), and PPM to mid-septal annulus (PL) were independent predictors of leaflet ROC. CONCLUSION CIMR increased ROC of both the AL and PL. Leaflet extension may be a compensatory mechanism to minimize the regurgitant orifice, but the attendant increase in ROC will tend to augment leaflet stress. Annular and subvalvular geometry both affect leaflet curvature, and should be considered during mitral repair. These novel quantitative in-vivo data are now available for modification of finite element models, and for comparison to finite element model output.
Ultrasound features predicting the 3-week outcome of Pavlik harness treatment for developmental hip dysplasia

BACKGROUND The treatment protocol for children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is routinely adjusted by assessing the hip reduction after 3 weeks of Pavlik harness treatment. However, there is a high risk of failure and complications in the treatment adjustment. The aim of this study was to explore the value of ultrasound features in predicting the treatment outcome of Pavlik harness after 3 weeks in DDH children. METHODS A total of 215 DDH children were recruited and the demographics and the changes of ultrasound features [α and β angle and femoral head coverage (FHC)] during the Pavlik harness treatment were recorded. The children were divided into the success group and the failure group according to the reduction outcome after 3 weeks. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the independent predictors for the treatment outcome. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the changes of ultrasound features between the two groups during the treatment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to analyze the predictive accuracy of the ultrasound features. RESULTS Graf type III (P=0.036), bilateral dislocation (P=0.031), and age at diagnosis (P=0.021) were associated with an increased risk of Pavlik harness failure in the multivariate analysis. The changes in α and β angle and FHC were generally greater in the success group than in the failure group. The α angle and FHC were larger in the success group, while the β angle was larger in the failure group (P<0.05). Each ultrasound parameter (α and β angle and FHC) alone could not accurately predict the treatment outcome within 3 weeks. However, the combined ultrasonic features at the second week could accurately predict the outcome of Pavlik harness treatment after the third week. The combination of the ultrasound features at the first week and the influencing factors (Graf classification, age at diagnosis, and side of pathology) could accurately predict the outcome at the first week [area under curve (AUC) =0.931, sensitivity =82.14%, specificity =97.86%]. CONCLUSIONS The combined model of ultrasonic features at the second week could accurately predict the reduction outcome of Pavlik harness after the third week. The combined model including independent predictors and ultrasonic features could accurately predict the reduction outcome at the first week.
The Jekyll and Hyde Story of International Trade: The Supreme Court in PhRMA v. Walsh and the TRIPS Agreement

The paper analyses the international impact of the approval by the United States Supreme Court to use indirect price control mechanisms to tackle public health and Medicaid issues. It traces similarities in policies implemented by the United States and those it opposed within developing nations. For example, the recent use by the developed nations of compulsory licensing and price control mechanisms, which they opposed as violating TRIPS when used by developing nations, underlines a poverty penalty suffered by developing nation signatories of TRIPS. In effect, TRIPS exempts developed nations from fulfilling obligations developing nations were forced to fulfill and thus punishes poor nations for being poor. The poverty penalty, resulting from developing nations being forced to undermine their sovereign national responsibilities, has highlighted the inability of TRIPS to seek equivalent behavior from all parties. The poverty penalty is quantified as the economic value developing nations lost due to national issues becoming international emergencies. Developing nations owe the sufferance from poverty penalty to their dependency on trade with the developed countries. The sufferance of the poverty penalty by developing nations was meant to further global trade by benefiting the pharmaceutical industry. This paper establishes that the poverty penalty has in fact resulted in an opportunity cost to the pharmaceutical industry. Further, the economic loss to global trade and the pharmaceutical industry from developing nations being deprived of medication will far exceed the benefits from interpreting TRIPS inflexibly. Hence, the interests of IP harmonization and the pharmaceutical industry will best be served by eliminating the poverty penalty by taking cognizance of the sovereign national responsibilities of developing nations.
Gut Access for Nutritional Provision

Early nutrition in ill patients is shown to improve outcomes. Elderly patients often have slower recovery and may present malnourished. The optimal route of feeding administration is via the GI tract. In this chapter, we will discuss several methods to achieve feeding access, including surgical and endoscopic feeding tubes.
The Impact of Strict Public Health Restrictions on Pediatric Critical Illness.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the impact of public health interventions on the volume and characteristics of admissions to the PICU. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Six U.S. referral PICUs during February 15, 2020-May 14, 2020, compared with the same months during 2017-2019 (baseline). PATIENTS: PICU admissions excluding admissions for illnesses due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and readmissions during the same hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Primary outcome was admission volumes during the period of stay-at-home orders (March 15, 2020-May 14, 2020) compared with baseline. Secondary outcomes were hospitalization characteristics including advanced support (e.g., invasive mechanical ventilation), PICU and hospital lengths of stay, and mortality. We used generalized linear mixed modeling to compare patient and admission characteristics during the stay-at-home orders period to baseline. We evaluated 7,960 admissions including 1,327 during March 15, 2020-May 14, 2020. Daily admissions and patients days were lower during the period of stay-at-home orders compared with baseline: median admissions 21 (interquartile range, 17-25) versus 36 (interquartile range, 30-42) (p < 0.001) and median patient days 93.0 (interquartile range, 55.9-136.7) versus 143.6 (interquartile range, 108.5-189.2) (p < 0.001). Admissions during the period of stay-at-home orders were less common in young children and for respiratory and infectious illnesses and more common for poisonings, endocrinopathies and for children with race/ethnicity categorized as other/unspecified. There were no differences in hospitalization characteristics except fewer patients received noninvasive ventilation during the period of stay-at-home orders. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in PICU admissions suggest that much of pediatric critical illness in younger children and for respiratory and infectious illnesses may be preventable through targeted public health strategies.
Transplacental cocaine exposure. 2: Effects of cocaine dose and gestational timing.

Abstract WILKINS A. S., K. JONES AND B. E. KOSOFSKY. Transplacental cocaine exposure 2: Effects of cocaine dose and gestational timing. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 20(3) 227–238, 1998.—We have utilized a mouse model of transplacental cocaine exposure to investigate the effects of cocaine dose and gestational timing in altering brain and body growth and postnatal behavior in exposed offspring. Pregnant dams were injected with cocaine HCl at 40 mg/kg/day (COC 40) or 20 mg/kg/day (COC 20), or 10 mg/kg/day (COC 10) SC from embryonic day (E) 8 to E17, or cocaine HCl at 40 mg/kg/day SC from E8 to E13 (COC Early) or from E13 to E17 (COC Late) divided in two daily doses. COC 40 and COC Late dams, as well as dams in nutritionally paired control groups (injected with saline vehicle and pair-fed with the COC dams: SPF 40, SPF 20, SPF 10), demonstrated less weight gain than SAL controls (injected with saline vehicle and allowed access to food ad lib). The surrogate fostered offspring of COC 40 and SPF 40 dams demonstrated brain and body growth retardation [on postnatal day (P) 1 and P9] when compared to pups born to SAL dams. Offspring of COC Late, SPF 20, and SPF 10 dams demonstrated brain and body growth retardation on P1 when compared to pups born to SAL dams. Pups from all groups were tested for first-order Pavlovian conditioning on P9, or for the ability to ignore redundant information in a blocking paradigm on P50. Only COC 40 mice (i.e., offspring born to COC 40 dams) were unable to acquire an aversion to an odor previously paired with shock on P9. When compared with SAL controls, COC 40 mice (and to a less significant extent SPF 40 mice) demonstrated a persistent behavioral deficit in the blocking paradigm on P50, which may reflect alterations in selective attention. Correlation analyses indicated that the dose and gestational timing of transplacental cocaine exposure, and varying degrees of malnutrition, had effects on blocking performance, with greater prenatal cocaine exposure and increased prenatal malnutrition resulting in more significant behavioral impairments. A path regression analysis demonstrated independent and significant effects of prenatal cocaine as well as prenatal malnutrition in contributing to impaired performance in the blocking paradigm. As suggested by the clinical literature, our preclinical data support a model whereby the dose and duration of prenatal cocaine exposure have direct effects on offspring brain and body growth and on behavioral performance.
Russia’s droit de regard: pluralist norms and the sphere of influence: a response to Katarzyna Kaczmarska

This is a reply to:Kaczmarska, Katarzyna. 2015. “Russia’s droit de regard: Pluralist Norms and the Sphere of Influence.” Global Discourse 5 (3): 434–448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2015.1053194
Remarks on Muon $g-2$ Experiments and Possible CP Violation in $\pi\to\mu\to e$ Decay

The first experimental limit on CP violation in pi -> mu -> e decay is extracted from published results of the CERN g-2 experiment.