cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine spatial structure of genetically distinct picocyanobacterial populations across environmental gradients in the Costa Rica Dome

We investigated the spatial variability of picocyanobacterial community structure across the Costa Rica Dome (CRD), an offshore upwelling system characterized by high seasonal abundance of Synechococcus spp. We constructed clone libraries of the rpoC1 gene to survey picocyanobacterial diversity and developed specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays to assess the distribution of genetically distinct Synechococcus (SYN) and Prochlorococcus (PRO) populations across vertical and horizontal physicochemical gradients. Flow cytometry data showed that cell abundances for both SYN and PRO were highest near the dome center. Phylogenetic analysis of rpoC1 sequences revealed a remarkably high and distinctive picocyanobacterial diversity (FLU1-3, CRD1, Clade II, XV, XVI) that included ‘‘novel’’ SYN and PRO genotypes. Furthermore, genetically different populations exhibited vertical and horizontal spatial partitioning. Abundances of distinct SYN genotypes peaked at subsequent depth horizons, leading to a fine vertical structure with at least three populations stacked within the upper 30–40 m at the dome. Clade II and FLU1A peaked in surface waters, while maximum concentrations of CRD1, FLU1B, and Clade XVI occurred in the upper and lower thermocline, respectively. Horizontally, Clade II abundance in surface waters remained high across the entire region, while SYN genotypes CRD1 and FLU1A increased with shoaling of the thermo- and nutricline toward the center of the dome to become the dominant genotypes of the SYN assemblage in the dome. Below the mixed layer, Clade XVI and PRO genotype FLU2, virtually absent outside the dome, became abundant components of the picocyanobacterial assemblage. Despite their phylogenetic relatedness, FLU1A and FLU1B subclades followed different distributional patterns, suggesting ecological significance of the microdiversity within the clade. The unprecedented fine vertical structure demonstrated for SYN genotypes is driven by sharp physicochemical gradients (e.g., density, nutrient, oxygen, and trace metals) created by the dome and the presence of a shallow oxycline that enhances habitat diversification. Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus (SYN) and Prochlorococcus (PRO) dominate photosynthetic biomass and productivity across vast regions of the oceans and constitute a major component of the global carbon cycle (Li 1994; Jardillier et al. 2010). Despite their phylogenetic proximity, SYN and PRO follow different spatial distributions, both horizontally and vertically, that reflect their distinct ecophysiological preferences (Ferris and Palenik
Reflector antenna distortion compensation by array feeds-an experimental study

A summary is presented of an experimental effort which is being conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of computational methods and computer programs for reflector surface distortion compensation using array feeds. This validation effort demonstrates the state-of-the-art computational methodologies in reflector antenna characterization and performance evaluation. The concept of conjugate field matching has been used to determine the complex excitation coefficients on the array feed. Additional numerical studies have been performed to identify the accuracies required to position array elements and to set their excitation coefficients; these results were utilized in the design of the experiment. Results for the array feed development, calibration, and testing are presented. Results are also given for reflector development based on prescribed distortion. >
Second trimester ductus venosus measurements as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital heart disease

PERINATAL OUTCOME IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE KATHERINE BIANCO, MARIA SMALL, NICOLE BROWNE, SVENA JULIEN, TRACE KERSHAW, MICA MICHON, JOSHUA COPEL, University of California, San Francisco, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California, Yale University, OB/ GYN, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, NewHaven, Connecticut, YaleUniversity, School of PublicHealth, New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University, Obstetrics & Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut OBJECTIVE: To determine whether doppler velocimetry of the ductus venosus (DV) predicts adverse perinatal outcome in congenital heart disease (CHD). STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all women undergoing fetal echo for CHD, in a single perinatal center during a 2-year period. We compared outcomes for fetuses diagnosed with CHD in the midtrimester and abnormal DV Doppler velocimetry to those with CHD and normal DV Doppler. Karyotype, gestational age at delivery and rate of termination were assessed. The referral value for abnormal DV pulsatility index (PI) was >95th percentile for gestational age. Statistical analysis included t-test, Fischer’s exact test or Chi square tests. RESULTS: The incidence of CHD in our population was 8%. 98 patients had CHD, of those 31 had DV measurement. A total of 9 patients had abnormal DV. 33% (3/9) of this group had IUFD/perinatal death. In patients with CHD and normal DV measurements, 83% had living children vs. 33% in the group with abnormal DV; P ! .05. Aneuploidy was not more common in the abnormal DV group (15% aneuploidy in normal DV vs. 20% in abnormal DV; P ! .05). gestational age at delivery was similar, normal ductus mean gestational age 34.5 vs. abnormal ductus mean gestational age 31.66 P = .405. The rate of pregnancy termination was not different. Table. CONCLUSION: Abnormal second trimester ductus venosus measurements are predictive of adverse perinatal outcome in patients with CHD, independent of karyotype or gestational age at delivery. This information may have a role in the counseling of parents whith CHD.
A cellular mechanism contributing to postvagal tachycardia studied in isolated pacemaker cells from cat right atrium.

Vagal nerve-induced inhibition of the heartbeat is followed by a postvagal increase in heart rate above control levels, postvagal tachycardia. In the present study, we used a perforated-patch/whole-cell recording method to determine the role of L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) and the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (If) in the positive chronotropic response elicited by withdrawal of acetylcholine (ACh). Experiments were performed on sinoatrial node (SAN) and latent atrial pacemaker (LAP) cells isolated from cat right atrium. Withdrawal of a 2-minute exposure to 1 μmol/L ACh elicited a rebound stimulation of ICa,L in both SAN (33±4%) and LAP (50±6%) cells above control. Similarly, withdrawal of ACh (1 μmol/L) elicited a rebound stimulation of If in both SAN (21±4%) and LAP (20±6%) cells. During the rebound stimulation of ICa,L, peak amplitude was increased throughout the voltage range, and the voltage dependence of activation was shifted to more negative voltages. Action potential recordings from bo...
Civility In The University Classroom: An Opportunity For Faculty To Set Expectations

This research examines the types of uncivil behaviors frequently encountered in university classrooms. These behaviors range from walking in late to class, texting in class, and/or unprofessional emails. These behaviors can often undermine a professor’s teaching. Setting reasonable and consistent expectations is a combination of university policy, faculty enforcement, and possibly even input from students. While it is understood that we live in a digitally connected world, there is an opportunity for professors to exhibit and reinforce professional behavior that students will be expected to demonstrate in the workplace.
Interplanetary Maneuvers in Manned Helionautical Missions

Abstract Manned missions will offer a variety of maneuvers that can be divided conveniently into two classes: controlled perturbations by planetary g-fields and heliocentric maneuvers. This paper is concerned with the latter class. Three groups of maneuvers are considered: perihelion brake (PB), off-perihelion acceleration and retromaneuvers, and heliocentric planet approach maneuvers. Among these, PB maneuvers on return flight from an outside target planet to earth are the most important potential contributors to the economy of helionautical missions Heliocentric maneuvers in general permit the use of propulsion systems of intermediate or very low acceleration but high specific impulse.
High Flux Heat Removal With Microchannels: A Roadmap of Challenges and Opportunities (Keynote)

Heat fluxes in IC chips and other electronics equipment have reached the current limits of air cooling technology. Some of the applications require heat fluxes well beyond the limit of 100 W/cm2 , requiring advanced cooling solutions. Liquid cooling technology has been receiving attention as the advances in single-phase liquid cooling in microchannels have shown considerable promise. The extension of compact heat exchanger technology to microscale applications offers many new possibilities. The liquid cooling technology is expected to reach heat dissipation rates as high as 10 MW/m2 (1 kW/cm2 ) with enhanced microchannels (with a junction-to-air temperature difference of 50 °C). The challenges facing flow boiling systems are also evaluated. This paper reviews the fundamental technological developments in liquid cooling as well as in flow boiling, and presents possible solutions in integrating the cooling system with a building’s HVAC unit in a large server type application. The opportunities and challenges are described in an attempt to provide the roadmap of cooling technology for cooling high flux devices in the next decade.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The temperature dependent luminescent decay kinetics of an emissive copper complex in the single crystalline phase using time-gated luminescence microscopy

Abstract The temperature dependence of the luminescent lifetime of a single crystal of Cu(I) phenanthroline, [Cu(dmp)(PPh 3 ) 2 ]BF 4 (dmp=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and PPh 3 =triphenylphosphine), was measured using a fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope utilizing time-gated CCD detection. At all temperatures between 100 K and 292 K, the single crystals exhibited biexponential luminescent decay as well as non-linear Arrhenius luminescent decay kinetics. Variable temperature single-crystal XRD measurements revealed that the observed behavior is likely not the result of a crystallographic phase transition.
A Prevalence Survey of Infections in a Combined Acute and Long-Term Care Hospital

A prevalence survey of infections among 572 acute and long-term care patients in the Albany Veterans Administration Medical Center was conducted in September 1979. Presence of infection was determined by patient examination and chart review. Urine specimens from 94% of patients were cultured. The total number of clinically significant infections was 178; 117 were nosocomial (20.5 per 100 patients). The prevalence rate of nosocomial infections was highest on the Intermediate Service (long-term medical care) followed by the Surgical and Medical Services. Sites with the highest nosocomial infection rates were urinary tract (10.7), skin and subcutaneous tissues (5.1), and surgical wounds (3.0) per 100 patients. Nosocomial infections increased with age and length of hospital stay which partially explained the higher rate on the Intermediate Service. Patients using condom drainage and Foley catheters showed similarly high rates of bacteriuria. Antimicrobial drug use was 17% for acute care patients and 4% for long-term and psychiatry patients. Excepting Providencia stuartii urinary tract infection confined to the Intermediate Service, the bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibilities were similar for the acute and long-term care services.
Finite Element Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of an Aluminum Alloy Braze for High Temperature Thermoelectric Generator Package Assembly

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are solid state devices that convert thermal energy into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. They can be used for energy harvesting in trucks and passenger vehicles by taking advantage of the temperature difference between the exhaust pipes and ambient environment. The key issue with thermoelectric devices today is the demand for increased operating temperatures while maintaining adequate reliability and low cost. Since, TEGs are subjected to sub-critical thermal cyclic loading, ensuring satisfactory reliability is important for commercially viable products. TEGs used in passenger vehicles should be able to withstand extreme environmental conditions such as high temperature, shock and mechanical vibration [1]. Since the operating temperatures of TEGs can reach temperatures higher than 500 °C, aluminum brazes offer a good high temperature solution for die attach applications. The thermoelectric materials of TEGs are prone to oxidation and sublimation. A solution to minimize these phenomena is to enclose the TEG device in a hermetic package. This paper analyzes the reliability of aluminum alloy braze Al 718 (12% Si, 88% Al) used in TEG packages under fatigue loading. A power cycling temperature fluctuation method was employed to simulate the operating conditions of the TEGs for passenger vehicle. Low cycle fatigue simulations were performed using the direct cyclic approach embedded in the finite element software ABAQUS. Direct cyclic approach uses an extrapolation technique, which allows for efficient and computationally inexpensive simulations. The numerical model was validated using experimental test data. A validated damage model was used to analyze the cyclic damage evolution in the aluminum alloy braze for the hermetic TEG packages.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Analysis of sampling algorithms for twitter

The daily volume of Tweets in Twitter is around 500 million, and the impact of this data on applications ranging from public safety, opinion mining, news broadcast, etc., is increasing day by day. Analyzing large volumes of Tweets for various applications would require techniques that scale well with the number of Tweets. In this work we come up with a theoretical formulation for sampling Twitter data. We introduce novel statistical metrics to quantify the statistical representativeness of the Tweet sample, and derive sufficient conditions on the number of samples needed for obtaining highly representative Tweet samples. These new statistical metrics quantify the representativeness or goodness of the sample in terms of frequent keyword identification and in terms of restoring public sentiments associated with these keywords. We use uniform random sampling with replacement as our algorithm, and sampling could serve as a first step before using other sophisticated summarization methods to generate summaries for human use. We show that experiments conducted on real Twitter data agree with our bounds. In these experiments, we also compare different kinds of random sampling algorithms. Our bounds are attractive since they do not depend on the total number of Tweets in the universe. Although our ideas and techniques are specific to Twitter, they could find applications in other areas as well.
Light and electron microscopic studies of the pathogenesis of vaccinia virus infection in mouse brain.

AbstractVaccinia virus replication in weanling mouse brains was examined by light and electron microscopy 2 to 5 days after inoculation, i.e., during the period of maximal viral infectivity. Replication sites were detected in meningeal cells, adventitial cells of meningeal arterioles, and small nonneuronal cells of the brain. No evidence was found for replication in neurons, although these cells were altered indirectly. The virus can be described most accurately as being leptomeningoencephalitic.
An Interpersonal Orientation to the Study of Consumer Behavior

An integrated framework for studying interpersonal aspects of consumer decision making is presented. The article describes a scale for measuring a person's interpersonal orientations. A study is re...
An essential role for the extracellular domain of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit in cation occlusion

The role of the Na,K-ATPase beta-subunit in stabilization of ion-binding sites has been investigated. Treatment of the purified renal Na,K-ATPase with 0.25 M DTT at 40 degrees C for 1 h resulted in 50% loss of Rb occlusion, which correlates with partial reduction of S-S bridges in the extracellular portion of the beta-subunit; both of these effects were prevented by the presence of 20 mM RbCl. To clarify the role of the extracellular portion of the beta-subunit, "19-kDa membranes" (Na,K-ATPase posttryptic residues, which have been shown to possess many of the cation-binding properties) were used. Incubation of the "19-kDa membranes" with 0.2 M DTT for 1 h at 37 degrees C abolished 70-80% of the 86Rb occlusion capacity. This was accompanied by accumulation of 16- and 17-kDa peptides (in SDS-PAGE of the membranes) and release of a 45-kDa band derived from the Na,K-ATPase beta-subunit to the supernatant. The appearance of the 45-kDa fragment of the beta-subunit in the supernatant confirms the existence of only one transmembrane fragment in this subunit. N-Terminal sequence analysis of the 16- and 17-kDa bands revealed the same structure, A-K-E-E-G-, which corresponds to the beta-subunit sequence beginning at Ala5. The simultaneous presence of 25 mM RbCl (but not 25 mM choline chloride) during DTT treatment prevents almost all (85%) of the loss of Rb occlusion, the appearance of 16- and 17-kDa bands, and reduction and release of the 45-kDa fragment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Congenital Stapes Fixation

Congenital ossicular abnormalities are rare causes of hearing loss. Fixation of the stapes footplate is the most common of these malformations, and it is important to clinically differentiate this entity from other causes of conductive hearing loss in children and adults. Given the rarity of these malformations and concerns some surgeons have regarding stapes surgery in children, the data regarding postoperative outcomes are limited. However, a growing body of literature suggests that surgery for congenital footplate fixation is safe in well-selected patients, but that hearing outcome expectations should be slightly lower than those seen after surgery for otosclerosis. Herein the relevant pathophysiology, clinical features, treatment options, and postoperative results for congenital stapes footplate fixation are reviewed.
On Teaching the History of California Spanish to HLL Using Siri: Methodology and Procedures.

This article reports results from a study in which two groups of college level students were exposed to interactions with Apple’s Siri in order to foster dialogue about their dialectal features. In this paper, the methodology and procedural challenges behind one of the activities that the participants completed are studied. These activities had been designed to present to them the historical dimensions of the Historical California Spanish dialect, or Californio Spanish, and pursue two different outcomes for the participants: 1) to foster the interest in discovering a dialectal past, and 2) to increase linguistic self-esteem, as a result of an external validation provided by technology.
A long-term trial to determine variations in the yield and quality of a processing type pepper ( Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yalova yağlık-28) in organic and conventional farming systems

This study was conducted to determine the long-term performance under two farming systems of Capia pepper, a summer vegetable in high demand, consumed fresh, as paste, dried, or roasted. The trial was conducted for 9 years on certified organic and conventional plots of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. In both farming systems, pepper was the main summer crop, but the preceding crop varied between the farming systems and over the years. Certified organic seeds and seedlings of Yalova yaglik-28, an open pollinated variety, were used for Capia pepper production. Yields were statistically similar in the conventional (45,217 kg ha−1) and organic (43,645 kg ha−1) systems; however, significant yield variations occurred with respect to the annual conditions. The farming system significantly influenced fruit quality. The average fruit weight was 99.7 g in the conventional plots compared with 88.8 g in the organic. The fruit pericarp was thicker in the organic (5.1 mm) than in the conventionally grown ones (4.5 mm). The L-ascorbic acid content was (73.4 mg 100 g−1) higher in the conventional fruit, whereas the total soluble solids (7.7%) and red pulp color, determined by a chromameter, as a*/b* (2.0), were more pronounced in fruit from the organic plots. The long-term trial showed that organic management helped to improve the soil organic matter content and fruit quality, especially from the perspective of processing.
Comparison of Generic-to-Brand Switchback Rates Between Generic and Authorized Generic Drugs.

tudy Objective Generic drugs contain identical active ingredients as their corresponding brand drugs and are pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent, whereas authorized generic drugs contain both identical active and inactive ingredients as their corresponding brand drugs but are marketed as generics. The objective of this study was to compare generic-to-brand switchback rates between generic and authorized generic drugs. Design Retrospective cohort study. Data Source Claims and electronic health record data from a regional United States health care system. Patients The full cohort consisted of 5542 unique patients who received select branded drugs during the 6 months prior to their generic drug market availability (between 1999 and 2014), and then were switched to an authorized generic or generic drug within 30 months of generic drug entry; for these patients, 5929 unique patient-drug combinations (867 with authorized generic drugs and 5062 with generic drugs) were evaluated. Measurements and Main Results Ten drugs with authorized generics and generics marketed between 1999 and 2014 were evaluated. The date of the first generic prescription was considered the index date for each drug, and this date marked the beginning of follow-up to evaluate the occurrence of generic-to-brand switchback patterns over the subsequent 30 months. Switchback rates were compared between patients receiving authorized generics versus those receiving generics using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, controlling for individual drug effects, age, sex, Charlson comorbidity score, pre-index drug use characteristics, and pre-index health care utilization. Among the 5542 unique patients who switched from brand-to-generic or brand-to–authorized generic, 264 (4.8%) switched back to the brand drug. Overall switchback rates were similar for authorized generics compared with generics (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65–1.15). The likelihood of switchback was higher for alendronate (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.20–2.23) and simvastatin (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.30–2.54) and lower for amlodipine (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.17–0.42) compared with the other drugs evaluated. Conclusion Overall switchback rates were similar between authorized generic and generic drug users, indirectly supporting similar efficacy and tolerability profiles for brand and generic drugs. Reasons for differences in switchback rates among specific products need to be further explored. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Profound changes in miRNA expression during cancer initiation by aflatoxin B1 and their abrogation by the chemopreventive triterpenoid CDDO-Im.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent human and animal hepatocarcinogen. To investigate the effects of aflatoxin on miRNA expression during the initiation phase of carcinogenesis, next-generation sequencing was used to analyze liver tissues from F344 rats exposed to 200 µg/kg per day AFB1 for 4 weeks. A panel of miRNAs was identified that was upregulated with AFB1 treatment compared to controls: rno-miR-434-3p, rno-miR-411-5p, rno-miR-221-3p, rno-miR-127-3p, rno-miR-205, rno-miR-429, rno-miR-34a-5p, rno-miR-181c-3p, rno-miR-200b-3p, and rno-miR-541-5p. Analysis of rat livers exposed to AFB1 plus the chemopreventive triterpenoid CDDO-Im revealed a striking abrogation of this upregulation. These changes were validated by real-time PCR. We also explored the temporal variation in expression of the candidate miRNAs during the 4-week dosing period. Most of the candidate miRNAs were upregulated at week 1 and increased for the duration of AFB1 dosing over the 4-week period. Treatment with CDDO-Im ameliorated these effects at all time points. All candidate miRNAs were detectable in serum from aflatoxin treated animals; however, there was no significant difference in expression for 7 of the 11 miRNAs examined. Exposure to AFB1 upregulated miR-122-5p (5 fold), 34a-5p (13 fold), and 181c-3p (170 fold) compared with controls. The findings from this study give insight into epigenetic changes induced by aflatoxin taking place during the initial step of carcinogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Ranking and Salience

We investigate the economic consequences of stock ranking using a novel natural experiment in which stock ranking is due to the rounding of stock prices. The results show that ranking a stock in a more salient place can increase its return volatility, trading volume, liquidity, and cause higher short-term stock returns and an eventual reversal. Ranking only matters when it affects investor attention. The ranking effect is stronger when more stocks are on the list. Further, small investors are more affected by ranking. Overall, the evidence shows that uninformed ranking can cause correlated investor trading and have significant economic consequences.
Spleen Uptake on a Bone Scan

We present a patient with spleen uptake on bone scanning that was due to sickle cell disease. We also discuss other etiologies for this finding.
Methodological Issues in Disaster Research

With regard to the design of research protocols, the field of disaster studies encounters challenges other fields of inquiry do not routinely face. Following a brief historical outline of the field, the chapter moves on to discuss these challenges, which often appear in the context of quick-response research and affect a range of planning and design issues, including, but not limited to, human subjects planning, sample design, measurement, and analysis. In addition to methodological issues in the field, the chapter also discusses advances in statistical analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that offer means to address common sampling and measurement issues in disaster research. Finally, a section on interdisciplinary research offers a description of multidisciplinary approaches to answering scientific questions, noting both the advantages and potential problems of collaboration across the disciplines. The chapter closes with a description of future trends and issues that may become relevant within the coming decades.
Electropolymerization of aniline on nickel-based electrocatalysts substantially enhances their performance for hydrogen evolution

Extensive efforts have been devoted to developing competent electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, limited attention has been devoted to exploring the benefits of conductive polymers to improve the performance of various HER electrocatalysts. Herein, we demonstrate that electropolymerization of aniline on nickel foam (PANI/Ni/NF) dramatically increases the latter’s HER performance from pH 14 to 0. For instance, in alkaline electrolyte, PANI/Ni/NF achieved the current density of −10 mA cm–2 at an overpotential of merely 72 mV, ∼100 mV less than that of the pristine nickel foam. We further demonstrate that such a layer can also boost the HER performance of nickel phosphides and sulfides, highlighting the great versatility of PANI in improving the HER activities of various low-cost electrocatalysts.
Correction to: Does the Demographic Objection to Epistocracy Succeed?

The above-mentioned article was published online with an incorrect title. The correct title reads “Does the Demographic Objection to Epistocracy Succeed?”
US Naval Administration of American Sāmoa

In 1900, President McKinley issued Presidential Executive Order No. 125-A, which delegated control of the American Sāmoan Islands to the Secretary of the Navy. Kruse examines the succession of Tutuila Naval Station Commandants who exercised full authority and powers over the Naval fleet as well as the civil administrators who governed American Sāmoa. Focusing on the Navy’s power over government and adjudication of introduced western law, particularly principles of adverse land possession that required corroboration of testimony, Kruse details how this perfectly supports the discourse of empire building. The chapter examines adverse land possession principles as the building blocks of nationalistic empire building, cloaked as an instrument to civilize and standardize Sāmoan society. Kruse reveals how the Navy favored the individual’s right to title, corroding communal lands available for Sāmoan communal usage that threatens the faˊamātai system.
Immortalization and Tumorigenic Transformation of Normal Human Cervical Epithelial Cells Transfected with Human Papillomavirus DNAs

An in vitro - in vivo model useful for investigating etiologic factors involved in cervical cancer is described. Cultures of normal human epithelial cells derived from foreskin or cervix were transfected with recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV) DNAs and a series of immortal cell lines were established. These cell lines contained integrated and transcriptionally active HPV DNAs, they were not tumorigenic in nude mice, and they retained the ability to undergo terminal squamous differentiation when tested at early passages. With continued propagation in culture the cells progressively became dysplastic and lost responsiveness to normal regulatory factors such as transforming growth factors beta 1 and 2 (TGFβ1 and 2). Transfection of immortal lines at early passage with activated v-Ha-ras or herpes simplex virus type 2 DNAs, which are often present in cervical cancer, led to malignant progression and formation of squamous carcinomas when cells were innoculated in nude mice. Thus, HPV-immortalized cervical cells are an appropriate model for studying the importance of specific environmental or host factors in cervical malignancy.
Human growth hormone enhances progesterone production by human luteal cells in vitro. II. Evidence of a distinct effect on two luteal cell types

Objective To examine the differential effect of human GH (hGH) on basal and hCG-stimulated P production by cultured small and large human luteal cells. Design Distinct cultures of small and large luteal cells from early and midluteal phase. Setting All corpora lutea were obtained from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the Catholic University, a public care center in Rome, Italy. Patients, Participants Ten nonpregnant women between 31 and 43 years of age underwent surgery for various nonendocrine disorders such as leiomyomatosis. Interventions Corpora lutea were obtained at the time of hysterectomy. Main Outcome Measures Small and large luteal cells were incubated with or without hCG and/or hGH at different concentrations. Results Human GH neither at 250 nor at 500 μg/L increased basal P production by small luteal cells, whereas from 1,000 μg/L, P concentration in media was significantly increased. The concomitant treatment with ineffective doses of hCG (30 and 60 IU/L) and hGH (250 and 500 μg/L) enhanced P production to that obtained with the highest doses of hGH (1,000 μg/L or more) or hCG (125 to 250 IU/L) alone. Human GH addition did not change the amount of P release by large luteal cells at any concentration. Conclusions These results indicate a distinct and differential effect of hGH on in vitro luteal steroidogenesis by the two luteal cell types.
Stromal—epithelial interaction in type IV collagenase expression and activation: The role in cancer metastasis

It is the process of metastasis in cancer which impairs the ability of surgery to cure all but its earliest stages. In histologic observations of carcinomas, it is generally noted that as epithelial growth becomes dysregulated, the stromal-epithelial tissue compartmentalization also can become disturbed. The dissolution of the epithelial basement membrane signals local invasion of the disease; blood vessel infiltration (angiogenesis) is thought to allow the tumor cells to spread via lymphatic and hematogenous means to nearby and to distant organs. Metastasis is thought to depend upon alterations in cell adhesion, motility, proteolysis, and the ability to survive in another organ’s environments.
A Move Towards a Hardware Patch

System-on-Chip (SoC) security architectures targeted towards diverse applications including Internet of Things (IoT) and automotive systems enforce two critical design requirements: in-field configurability and low overhead. To simultaneously address these constraints, in this paper, we present a novel, flexible, and adaptable SoC security architecture that efficiently implements diverse security policies. The architecture and associated CAD flow enable “hardware patching,” i.e., hardware security policy engine that can be seamlessly and securely upgraded in field to address unanticipated attacks or new security requirements. The proposed framework provides a systematic approach to represent and synthesize diverse security policies. Through extensive analysis using representative SoC models, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that the proposed framework provides high level of patchability with minimal energy and performance overhead.
Dynamically Bifurcating Hydride Transfer Mechanism and Origin of Inverse Isotope Effect for Heterodinuclear AgRu-Catalyzed Alkyne Semihydrogenation

The mechanism and heterodinuclear cooperative effects for AgRu-catalyzed alkyne semihydrogenation were analyzed with density-functional theory (DFT) and experiment. This combined effort revealed the following: (1) AgRu-catalyzed diphenylacetylene hydrogenation initially gives a kinetic mixture of cis-stilbene and trans-stilbene by an ionic Ag–H hydride transfer transition state and post-transition state bifurcation, which was identified by quasiclassical direct dynamics simulations. (2) The hydrogenation reaction exhibits an unexpected inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE < 1) resulting from an inverse equilibrium isotope effect (EIE) for heterodinuclear H2/D2 activation. (3) The Ag–Ru heterodinuclear cooperative effective is critical for both H2 activation and vinylsilver protonolysis reaction steps. (4) Rate studies and computational analysis show that electron-donating groups accelerate catalysis.
Early pregnancy exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical mixtures are associated with inflammatory changes in maternal and neonatal circulation.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous, and pregnancy is a sensitive window for toxicant exposure. EDCs may disrupt the maternal immune system, which may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes. Most studies investigate single EDCs, even though “real life” exposures do not occur in isolation. We tested the hypothesis that uniquely weighted mixtures of early pregnancy exposures are associated with distinct changes in the maternal and neonatal inflammasome. First trimester urine samples were tested for 12 phthalates, 12 phenols, and 17 metals in 56 women. Twelve cytokines were measured in first trimester and term maternal plasma, and in cord blood after delivery. Spearman correlations and linear regression were used to relate individual exposures with inflammatory cytokines. Linear regression was used to relate cytokine levels with gestational age and birth weight. Principal component analysis was used to assess the effect of weighted EDC mixtures on maternal and neonatal inflammation. Our results demonstrated that maternal and cord blood cytokines were differentially associated with (1) individual EDCs and (2) EDC mixtures. Several individual cytokines were positively associated with gestational age and birth weight. These observed associations between EDC mixtures and the pregnancy inflammasome may have clinical and public health implications for women of childbearing age.
Detecting an intermediate mass charged Higgs at γγ colliders

Abstract The detection of an intermediate mass charged Higgs boson at γγ colliders via the modes γγ→H + H − → ντ + ν τ − , c s c s , and ντ + c s+c s ν τ − is considered. W+W− boson pair production is the dominant background for these modes. The three modes may be used in a complementary fashion to detect a charged Higgs boson. The mixed leptonic-hadronic mode may be used to determine the charged Higgs mass by reconstructing the invariant hadronic mass. The sensitivity of Br (H + →c s , ντ + ) on the discovery limit of the charged Higgs boson is also discussed.
Organizational Design, Overconfidence, and Learning in Entrepreneurial Teams

Startups are commonly founded by teams rather than single individuals. We develop a computational model that examines the differential performance among alternative decision-making structures in en...
Economic burden and clinical impact of preoperative opioid dependence for patients undergoing lower extremity bypass surgery

Abstract Objective Surgeons' prescription practices and the opioid epidemic have received significant attention in the media. Limited data exist, however, on the impact of prior or coexistent opioid use on vascular surgery outcomes. This study aimed to quantify the incidence, economic burden, and clinical impact of pre-existing opioid dependency in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass (LEB) surgery. Methods Data were collected from 1,132,645 weighted (230,858 unweighted) patient admissions for LEB in the National Inpatient Sample for the years 2002 to 2015. Patients with a concomitant diagnosis of opioid abuse or dependency were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Matched cohorts of patients with (n = 606 unweighted) and without (n = 32,343 unweighted) opioid dependence were created using coarsened exact matching to control for patient demographics. Linear regression was used to control for hospital-level factors and to identify differential outcomes for patients with opioid dependency. Our primary end points were hospital cost and length of stay. Our secondary end points were surgical complications and in-hospital mortality. Results There were 1,132,645 (230,858 unweighted) patient admissions for LEB in the National Inpatient Sample during 2002 to 2015. There were 3190 (0.3%) patients (643 unweighted) who had a diagnosis of pre-existing opioid dependency. The incidence of opioid dependency rose over time (2002, 0.13%; 2015, 0.63%; R2 = 0.90; P Conclusions The incidence of pre-existing opioid dependency in patients undergoing LEB continues to rise. Patients with opioid use disorder undergoing LEB surgery have substantial increases in length of hospital stay and costs. These findings highlight the importance of early preoperative recognition of this disorder in vascular surgery patients and open the opportunity for early intervention in that cohort.
Cancer Patients' Perceived Difficulties Filling Opioid Prescriptions After Receiving Outpatient Supportive Care.

Abstract Context Limited access to opioids for patients with cancer has been reported as a potential unintended consequence of recent regulations restricting opioid use and prescribing practices. To our knowledge, there are a limited number of peer-reviewed studies that evaluate the perceived difficulties of the patients with cancer when filling their opioid prescription. To understand these difficulties, we surveyed patients receiving opioids in our outpatient supportive care center (SCC). Objectives The primary objective of this study was to evaluate cancer patients' perceptions of overall difficulties when filling their opioid prescription. Secondary objectives included determining associations between patient characteristics and difficulty and comparing difficulty between filling opioid and nonopioid prescriptions. Methods Patients with cancer receiving opioids that had been seen two times or more at our SCC were asked to complete a survey. The information collected included patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and patients' experiences filling their opioid prescription. Results The patients' median age was 60 years; 54% were female and 69% were white. Forty-four patients (32%) reported that they have experienced difficulty filling their opioid prescription. More than 25% of those 44 patients perceived difficulty from interactions with the pharmacy and/or pharmacist. Forty-six patients (33%) reported more difficulty filling their opioid prescriptions than filling their nonopioid prescriptions. Conclusion This study provides evidence that patients with cancer visiting our SCC perceived difficulties obtaining their opioid prescriptions. The results suggest that negative interactions with the pharmacy and/or pharmacist contribute to their perceived difficulty. Additional research is needed to further characterize the contributors of the difficulties patients with cancer face in filling their opioid prescriptions.
Putting It All Together: An Introduction to Pulse Sequences

This chapter is, in a large part, a review of what we covered regarding spatial localization in Chapter 6. We will now “put it all together” and view the chain of events required to produce an MR image in its entirety. Pulse sequence diagrams will be used to graphically depict this sequence of events.
Effect of uncertainty in property models on the simulated performance of solvent-based CO2-capture—Study of aqueous AMP as solvent

Abstract Process modelling is invariably the basis for the quantitative design and evaluation of chemical processes in general and CO2-capture processes in particular. Several points need to be resolved in order to establish the validity and accuracy of the model. How good are the underlying data and models? Where are they weak and where are they strong? Which data are most important to develop reliable models? How accurate should the data be? How large should the design margins be? An effective way to resolve these important points is through uncertainty analysis. Understanding the validity and accuracy of a model through uncertainty analysis can be valuable for determining appropriate plant design margins. This work proposes a practical approach to first ensure that the model properly meets asymptotic limits (e.g., predicts equilibrium behavior for high kinetics or long contact times), and then to devise practical perturbation schemes for calculated properties in order to provide quantitative engineering insight into process uncertainties. Error propagation in process modelling is difficult because simply varying model parameters usually does not give meaningful answers from an engineering perspective, and therefore we have devised a practical scheme to perturb designated calculated properties. The results show that our approach to uncertainty analysis enables the design engineer to gain an intuitive understanding of how the uncertainty of the process models used for solvent-based CO2 capture affects the process performance, and is complementary to the mathematically complex methods. As an example, specific results obtained in this work are that the most important properties for operations (in particular, solvent flow rate and heat rate) are phase equilibrium and chemical kinetics, followed by packing interfacial area, This paper completes a study that was first presented at the 12th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-12), Austin, TX, October 5–9, 2014.
Potential Impact of a Paper About COVID-19 and Smoking on Twitter Users' Attitudes Toward Smoking: Observational Study.

Background: A cross-sectional study (Miyara et al, 2020) conducted by French researchers showed that the rate of current daily smoking was significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 than in the French general population, implying a potentially protective effect of smoking. Objective: We aimed to examine the dissemination of the Miyara et al study among Twitter users and whether a shift in their attitudes toward smoking occurred after its publication as preprint on April 21, 2020. Methods: Twitter posts were crawled between April 14 and May 4, 2020, by the Tweepy stream application programming interface, using a COVID-19–related keyword query. After filtering, the final 1929 tweets were classified into three groups: (1) tweets that were not related to the Miyara et al study before it was published, (2) tweets that were not related to Miyara et al study after it was published, and (3) tweets that were related to Miyara et al study after it was published. The attitudes toward smoking, as expressed in the tweets, were compared among the above three groups using multinomial logistic regression models in the statistical analysis software R (The R Foundation). Results: Temporal analysis showed a peak in the number of tweets discussing the results from the Miyara et al study right after its publication. Multinomial logistic regression models on sentiment scores showed that the proportion of negative attitudes toward smoking in tweets related to the Miyara et al study after it was published (17.07%) was significantly lower than the proportion in tweets that were not related to the Miyara et al study, either before (44/126, 34.9%; P<.001) or after the Miyara et al study was published (68/198, 34.3%; P<.001). Conclusions: The public’s attitude toward smoking shifted in a positive direction after the Miyara et al study found a lower incidence of COVID-19 cases among daily smokers.
What is Happening to the Property Tax

An important change may be taking place in the distribution of the property tax. Residential property is seemingly paying an increasing share of the property tax, whereas commercial, industrial, and agricultural properties are paying less. This article identifies the trends responsible for the potential property tax burden shift. Numerous property tax reforms may have contributed to the erosion of the property tax. These reforms include: (1) administrative improvements, (2) modern assessment tools to achieve uniformity, (3) attempts to equalize assessments, (4) property tax abatements, (5) exemptions for personal property, and (6) exemptions for livestock and farm equipment. The article proposes three relief measures that can mitigate the potential shift of the property tax burden to homeowners: (1) circuit breakers, (2) classified property taxes, and (3) homestead exemptions. The article concludes by addressing possible property tax issues in the coming decade, and examines an alternative perspective on the current changes in the property tax.
Abstract 9666: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Impact on Mortality of Postoperative Atrial Arrhythmia in Lung Transplant Recipients

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine prevalence, risk factors and impact on mortality of new-onset atrial arrhythmia (AA) after isolated lung transplantation. Hypothesis: Occurence of postoperative AA is associated with lower survival after lung transplantation. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of consecutive isolated lung transplant recipients. AA was defined as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. A total of 324 cases were identified. Patients with known history of AA were excluded (n=31). Logistic regression and Kaplan Meier analysis were utilized to evaluate potential risk factors and impact of AA on mortality. Results: The final cohort comprised of 293 cases. Mean age was 57 ±13 years. Primary lung pathologies were Obstructive diseases (26%; 77/293), Vascular diseases (2%; 6/293), Cystic fibrosis (7%; 21/293) and Restrictive diseases (65%; 189/293). Prevalence of AA post transplantation was 31 %(90/293) with a bimodal distribution of onset. The highest prevalence o...
Replication serves as a trans-generational epigenetic switch during SV40 infection (563.2)

We have recently shown that the repression of early transcription during a Simian Virus 40 (SV40) infection results in different histone modifications depending upon the replicative status of the c...