cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of human eosinophils: microbead method has no impact on IL-5 sustained viability

Please cite this paper as: Isolation of human eosinophils: microbead method has no impact on IL-5 sustained viability. Experimental Dermatology 2009; 19: 467–469. Abstract Background/purpose: In a recent issue of Experimental Dermatology (18, 2009, 654), Schefzyk et al. concluded that multi-antibody eosinophil isolation (Miltenyi) should be abandoned, as differential purity was minimal, and eosinophils underwent accelerated apoptosis when compared with those isolated with traditional anti-CD16 microbeads. Our intent was to investigate the universality of these findings. Methods: We isolated eosinophils from normal donor granulocyte packs using two methods, and evaluated purity, viability and annexin-V/propidium-iodide staining. Results: Purity was substantially greater when multi-antibody isolation was used for eosinophil isolation from granulocyte packs (98% vs 69%). No differential survival was detected when eosinophils were maintained in culture with or without interleukin-5. Conclusions: Multi-antibody eosinophil isolation represents a substantial advantage over anti-CD-16 microbeads when isolating large numbers of eosinophils from concentrated leucocyte preparations. No differential survival was observed. While appropriate consideration of methods is always crucial, multi-antibody eosinophil isolation should not be abandoned completely.
Second Language Teacher Education

Preface Part I. Issues and Approaches in Teacher Educaton: 1. The dilemma of teacher education in second language teaching Jack C. Richards 2. Beyond prescription: the student teacher as investigator Jerry G. Gebhard, Sergio Gaitan and Robert Oprandy 3. Activities and procedures for teacher preparation Rod Ellis Questions and tasks Part II. Investigating Teachers and Learners in the Classroom: 4. Teacher observation in second language teacher education Richard R. Day 5. Action research in the language classroom David Nunan 6. Understanding classroom role relationships Tony Wright Questions and tasks Part III. The Practicum: 7. Intervening in practice teaching Donald Freeman 8. Interaction in a teaching practicum Jerry G. Gebhard 9. A professional development focus for the language teaching practicum Martha C. Pennington Part IV. Supervision: 10. Models of supervision: choices Jerry G. Gebhard 11. Clinical supervision of language teaching: the supervisor as trainer and educator Stephen Gaies and Roger Bowers 12. 'Let's see': contrasting conversations about teaching John F. Fanselow Questions and tasks Part V. Self-Observation in Teacher Development: 13. Teacher development through reflective teaching Leo Bartlett 14. The use of diary studies in teacher education programs Kathleen M. Bailey 15. An ongoing dialogue: learning logs for teacher preparation Patricia A. Porter, Lynn M. Goldstein, Judith Leatherman and Susan Conrad Questions and tasks Part VI. Case Studies: 16. A blueprint for a teacher development program Dale L. Lange 17. Developing teachers' language resources Robert Keith Johnson 18. An ethnographic approach to inservice preparation: the Hungary file Fraida Dubin and Rita Wong 19. Observing classroom behaviours and learning outcomes in different second language programs Nina Spada Questions and tasks References Index.
X-ray Crystallographic and Site-directed Mutagenesis Analysis of the Mechanism of Schiff-base Formation in Phosphonoacetaldehyde Hydrolase Catalysis

Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase (phosphonatase) catalyzes the hydrolytic P–C bond cleavage of phosphonoacetaldehyde (Pald) to form orthophosphate and acetaldehyde. The reaction proceeds via a Schiff-base intermediate formed between Lys-53 and the Pald carbonyl. The x-ray crystal structures of the wild-type phosphonatase complexed with Mg(II) alone or with Mg(II) plus vinylsulfonate (a phosphonoethylenamine analog) were determined to 2.8 and 2.4 A, respectively. These structures were used to determine the identity and positions of active site residues surrounding the Lys-53 ammonium group and the Pald carbonyl. These include Cys-22, His-56, Tyr-128, and Met-49. Site-directed mutagenesis was then employed to determine whether or not these groups participate in catalysis. Based on rate contributions, Tyr-128 and Cys-22 were eliminated as potential catalytic groups. The Lys-53 ∈-amino group, positioned for reaction with the Pald carbonyl, forms a hydrogen bond with water 120. Water 120 is also within hydrogen bond distance of an imidazole nitrogen of His-56 and the sulfur atom of Met-49. Kinetic constants for mutants indicated that His-56 (1000-fold reduction in kcat/Km upon Ala substitution) and Met-49 (17,000-fold reduction in kcat/Km upon Leu substitution) function in catalysis of Schiff-base formation. Based on these results, it is proposed that a network of hydrogen bonds among Lys-53, water 120, His-56, and Met-49 facilitate proton transfer from Lys-53 to the carbinolamine intermediate. Comparison of the vinylsulfonate complex versus unliganded structures indicated that association of the cap and core domains is essential for the positioning of the Lys-53 for attack at the Pald carbonyl and that substrate binding at the core domain stabilizes cap domain binding.
Gender and frailty predict poor outcomes in infrainguinal vascular surgery.

Abstract Background Women have poorer outcomes after vascular surgery as compared to men as shown by studies recently. Frailty is also an independent risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality. This study examines the interplay of gender and frailty on outcomes after infrainguinal vascular procedures. Materials and methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to identify all patients who underwent infrainguinal vascular procedures from 2005–2012. Frailty was measured using a modified frailty index (mFI; derived from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging). Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to investigate the association of preoperative frailty and gender, on postoperative outcomes. Results Of 24,645 patients (92% open, 8% endovascular), there were 533 deaths (2.2%) and 6198 (25.1%) major complications within 30 d postoperatively. Women were more frail (mean mFI = 0.269) than men (mean mFI = 0.259; P 0.25) were more likely to have a major morbidity ( P P P P Conclusions Female gender and frailty are both associated with increased risk of complications and death following infrainguinal vascular procedures with the highest risk in frail females. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of interaction of gender and frailty and its effect on long-term outcomes for peripheral vascular disease.
On two rare and poorly known species, Stylodactylus discissipes Bate, 1888, and S. serratus A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Stylodactylidae)

More than a century after its description from the Kermadec Islands, north of New Zealand, Stylodactylus discissipes Bate, 1888 has been rediscovered south of New Caledonia, and in the Austral Islands, French Polynesia. DNA analyses show that specimens from these two widely separated areas clearly belong to the same species, and represent two populations that appear to be in early stages of speciation through isolation. Stylodactylus discissipes shares numerous morphological characters with S. serratus A. Milne-Edwards, 1881, known from the eastern and western Atlantic, so that the synonymy of the two species could be considered. Molecular data support the small morphological diff erences observed, giving evidence that these two species are indeed diff erent.
Correction of Doppler Gradients for Pressure Recovery Improves Agreement with Subsequent Catheterization Gradients in Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Background In congenital aortic stenosis (AS), suboptimal agreement between Doppler-derived gradients and catheterization gradients may lead to inappropriate referrals for catheterization. To address this problem, the authors investigated whether adjusting Doppler gradients for pressure recovery (PR) improved their agreement with subsequent catheterization gradients. Methods One hundred encounters in which patients with congenital AS underwent echocardiography and subsequent catheterization were retrospectively identified. Peak instantaneous and mean transaortic Doppler gradients were recorded from an apical view. PR (mm Hg) was calculated as 4 V CW 2 × (2 × EOA/AOA) × (1 − EOA/AOA), where V CW is continuous-wave peak velocity, EOA is effective orifice area (stroke volume/velocity-time integral), and AOA is aortic cross-sectional area (π × radius 2 ). The PR-corrected peak Doppler gradient was calculated as peak Doppler gradient − PR. Doppler gradients were tested for correlation and agreement with the peak-to-peak systolic gradient at catheterization (cath gradient). Results The median age was 12.9 years (range, 0.7–24.6 years). Median AS gradients were as follows: cath, 39 mm Hg (range, 0—103 mm Hg); peak Doppler, 48 mm Hg (range, 10–94 mm Hg); mean Doppler, 25 mm Hg (range, 4–58 mm Hg); and PR-corrected peak Doppler, 35 mm Hg (range, 5–78 mm Hg). Correlation coefficients between the various Doppler and cath gradients were not significantly different. The mean difference between Doppler and cath gradients was smallest for the PR-corrected peak Doppler gradient (−4.1 ± 14.1 mm Hg), followed by the uncorrected peak Doppler gradient (9.7 ± 15.9 mm Hg) and the mean Doppler gradient (−14.6 ± 15.6 mm Hg) ( P P = .004) and the mean Doppler gradient (0.78) ( P = .001). A PR-corrected peak Doppler gradient ≥ 27 mm Hg was associated with a cath gradient ≥ 35 mm Hg with 90% sensitivity and 61% specificity. Conclusions In congenital AS, correcting the peak Doppler gradient for PR significantly improved agreement with the subsequently measured cath gradient. This approach may improve decisions regarding referral for catheterization.
Shortliffe Edward H, Cimino James J: "Biomedical Informatics; Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine"

This article is an invited review of the third edition of "Biomedical Informatics; Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine", one of thirty-six volumes in Springer's 'Health Informatics Series', edited by E. Shortliffe and J. Cimino. This book spans most of the current methods and issues in health informatics, ranging through subjects as varied as data acquisition and storage, standards, natural language processing, imaging, electronic health records, decision support, teaching methods and ethics. The book is aimed at 'healthcare professionals', and is certainly appropriate for the non-technical informatics user. However, this book is also excellent background reading for the technical engineer who may be interested in the possible problems that confront the users in this field.
Home Technologies, Inc.: Merging Corporate Learning Centers (a)

Ted Colby, the newly appointed director of the Home Technologies, Inc.s (HTI) learning center, is crafting a plan for the integration of the two learning centers, which come with different operating philosophies, assets, and practices. Colbys goal is to create a single department suitable for the new entity, HTI. In the (A) case, students are challenged to critique Colbys early integration concerns and decisions. In the (B) case, students have the opportunity to evaluate the integration progress and evolving situation about a year after the (A) case. Colby has been able to execute some of his changes for positive results, but other plans have been stalled or pushed back, and uncertainty over the future of HTIs corporate financial performance is proving problematic.
On the Differentiability of Solutions of Accretive Linear Differential Equations

Publisher Summary A method has been presented by Lax to prove the regularity of elliptic, hyperbolic, and, more generally, accretive equations. To this end, he employs an a priori inequality for the formally adjoint equations with respect to a norm of negative order. This approach can be carried through somewhat more directly by using a suitable reinterpretation of the negative norm inequality. Differentiability of any order can be derived from the differentiability theorem of first order by induction, provided that suitable additional inverse inequalities obtain.
Native–White Intermarriage and Family in 19th‐century North America

Although intimate relationships between Indian peoples and European newcomers to North America ensued from the earliest colonial encounters, they have long been overlooked, especially by comparison to the study of sex between Whites and African Americans. But recently, historians have begun to examine Native–White intermarriage and family, especially in the crucial years between the American Revolution and Reconstruction. Westward expansion produced not only dispossession and removal but also flourishing communities of mixed-blood peoples, from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Northwest and from the northern Plains to the southern Rocky Mountains. This essay explores five key historiographical interventions made by contemporary scholars – focusing on geography, demography, violence, genealogy, and sovereignty – while suggesting new avenues for academic inquiry.
Brain, hormone and appetite responses to glucose versus fructose

Emerging data suggest that the monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, have disparate effects on the neuroendocrine circuits involved in appetite and reward processing. Compared to glucose, fructose ingestion results in smaller increases in circulating levels of insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like polypeptide-1, hormones that increase satiety. The central administration of fructose was shown to decrease hypothalamic satiety signaling and increase feeding in animals, whereas glucose increased satiety signaling and reduced food intake. Likewise, studies show that the hypothalamus responds differently to fructose versus glucose ingestion in humans. Moreover, fructose compared to glucose results in greater food-cue reactivity within brain reward regions and increases the motivation for food rewards. These findings provide insights into how neuroendocrine responses to specific carbohydrates may influence eating behavior.
Helicobacter pylori impedes acid-induced tightening of gastric epithelial junctions

Gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The mechanism of progression from gastritis and inflammation to ulcers and cancer in a fraction of those infected is not definitively known. Significant acidity is unique to the gastric environment and is required for ulcer development. The interplay between gastric acidity and H. pylori pathogenesis is important in progression to advanced disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of acid on gastric epithelial integrity and cytokine release and how H. pylori infection alters these responses. Human gastric epithelial (HGE-20) cells were grown on porous inserts, and survival, barrier function, and cytokine release were studied at various apical pH levels in the presence and absence of H. pylori. With apical acidity, gastric epithelial cells demonstrate increased barrier function, as evidenced by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and decreased paracellular permeability. This effect is reduced in the presence of wild-type, but not urease knockout, H. pylori. The epithelial inflammatory response is also modulated by acidity and H. pylori infection. Without H. pylori, epithelial IL-8 release decreases in acid, while IL-6 release increases. In the presence of H. pylori, acidic pH diminishes the magnitude of the previously reported increase in IL-8 and IL-6 release. H. pylori interferes with the gastric epithelial response to acid, contributing to altered barrier function and inflammatory response. H. pylori diminishes acid-induced tightening of cell junctions in a urease-dependent manner, suggesting that local pH elevation promotes barrier compromise and progression to mucosal damage.
Introduction: Boot Camps Revisited: Issues, Problems, Prospects

This introduction discusses the purposes and goals of boot camps within the historical context of correctional reforms. A historical review of circumstancessuch as the sharp rise in crime and overtaxed budgetsideological concerns, and political climate offers an understanding of why these programs were adopted. Philosophical themes that arose in the ‘70s in reaction to high crime rates and disillusionment with rehabilitation efforts are recounted within this context. Existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of boot camp programs is presented, along with male and female inmates’ perception of the benefits of these programs. A discriminant analysis of non-recidivists, felony recidivists, and parole violators is discussed in terms of potential value to practice. Deficits and problems in boot camp programs are examined, including abuses, with particular emphasis on gender differences. Finally, the salient methodological problems beleaguering research on boot camps are enumerated for consideratio...
Predication Versus Membership in the Distinction Between Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Synthese. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00869546
High Current Density Implantation and Ion Beam Annealing in Si

Annealing of amorphous layers in Si by high flux, selfion irradiation will be discussed. The mechanism for the lattice recovery is presented and related to the structure of the residual damage. It will be shown that highly supersaturated, alloyed regions, free from extended defects, result from the annealing process.
“Regional” Trading Patterns 1938–1963

In my recent International Regions and the International System' I examined the relationships over the post-World War II period among a number of variables generally considered relevant to delineating regional groupings of nations. In the tradition of taxonomy, the exercise showed clusterings of nations as determined separately by the criteria of cultural similarity, similarity of behavior in international politics, common membership in international organizations, economic interdependence, and geographic proximity. Additionally, it explored at a more general and theoretical level the interaction among these different influences, including changes over time, the degree to which the knowledge of nations' clustering by one criterion could be used to predict how states would cluster on another, and the relation of the clusterings to patterns of violent conflict. The book-length examination was limited, however, to information on bonds among nations during the 1950's and early 1960's. Most of the basic data sources (aggregate data on national characteristics, international organization memberships) were not generally available or (UN voting patterns)2 were inapplicable to the interwar
A DRILLABILITY MODEL FOR THE ROCKS ACTUALLY DRILLED UNDER CERTAIN DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE AND RELATED ROCK FAILURE MECHANISM ANALYSIS

In-depth study on rock failure mechanism is necessary in order to find a drillability evaluation method suitable for different kinds of drilling conditions.Through thorough study of the rotary drilling,an evaluation method for calculating drillability by drilling parameters is established which is based on the specific power of rock failure.A rock drillability vs.depth profile can be set up by this method to analyze the variation law of the rock drillabiltiy and to evaluate the differences of rock's anti-cracking capability under overbalance and underbalance drilling conditions.That will supplement the national drillability standard.Calculation example shows this model can exhibit the differences of rock's anti-cracking performance under different differential pressures.Further analysis is also made regarding the effects of differential pressure on rock drillability.The rock failure mechanism under these two drilling conditions is studied in aspects of holding effects,rock strength,specific power of rock's macro-cracking,etc.
Bioassay for, and Characterization of, Activators and Inhibitors of the Feeding Response

To describe conditions of the bioassay and the means for quantifying the potency of activators and inhibitors of the feeding response.
Identification of a novel proteinase (ameloprotease-I) responsible for the complete degradation of amelogenin during enamel maturation

During enamel formation the proteins of the extracellular matrix, particularly amelogenins, are removed prior to maturation. In order to investigate this process and to improve our understanding of the function of proteinases during enamel maturation, proteinase fractions were isolated from developing pig enamel and assayed for proteolytic activity in vitro. A recombinant murine amelogenin, M179, was used as a substrate. Two major groups of enamel proteinases were defined as high-molecular-mass ['high-molecular-weight' in Moradian-Oldak, Simmer, Sarte, Zeichner-David and Fincham (1994) Arch. Oral Biol.39, 647-656] and low-molecular-mass proteinases. Here we report the characterization of one of the proteinases present in the low-molecular-mass group. We demonstrate that this proteinase is a serine proteinase capable of degradation of M179 following cleavage of the tyrosine-rich amelogenin polypeptide from the N-terminal region. A partial N-terminal sequence of the proteinase was obtained (LPHVPHRIPPGYGRPXTXNEEGXNPYFXFFXXHG). An anti-peptide antibody directed against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 14 amino acids of the above sequence was produced. The presence of the proteinase in the acetic acid extract was confirmed by Western blotting. Searching using the amino acid sequence determined in this study showed it to be also present in the 32 kDa and 89 kDa enamelin proteins reported by Fukae, Tanabe, Murakami and Tohi [(1996) Adv. Dent. Res., in the press]. We therefore identify the 32 kDa enamelin as an enamel proteinase ('ameloprotease-I') which is responsible for amelogenin degradation in maturing enamel. We propose that the 89 kDa enamelin is a precursor of ameloprotease-I, the first enamel protein for which a function has been defined.
Microkinetic model for the dry reforming of methane on Rh doped pyrochlore catalysts

Abstract Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a promising gateway technology for energy and fuels production that utilizes methane and CO2, a common contaminant in natural gas deposits, as feed. Previous experimental work has shown that Rh-substituted lanthanum zirconate pyrochlores (LRhZ) are catalytically active and stable at the high temperatures needed for DRM. Although experimental and ab initio computational approaches have been used to study aspects of the DRM reaction mechanism on pyrochlores, this work is the first to describe a microkinetic model with variable reaction conditions and catalyst metal composition that uses parameters derived from DFT simulations for DRM over the (1 1 1) plane of an LRhZ pyrochlore catalyst. This model was used to gain insight into the favored reaction pathway for DRM and evaluate the time evolution of key intermediates (e.g., CH3, CH2, CH, OH, O) within the reactor at different reaction conditions and catalyst metal loading. Model predictions of reactant conversion and H2/CO product ratio were compared to experimental reaction data, and predicted yields compared well with experimental results.
The transient diffusion-limited current to a sinusoidal wall extension of the Cottrell equation

Abstract The time-dependent limiting current to an electrode with a sinusoidal profile in a stagnant solution has been calculated by solving the transient diffusion equation. The reactant concentration was expressed as a perturbation solution using the amplitude-to-wavelength ratio as the perturbation parameter and was developed to fourth-order accuracy. Both the average current and local limiting current density are calculated as functions of time. An asymptotic analysis shows the average current at long and short times both decay as t −1 2 , but with different proportionality coefficients. At long times the Cottrell equation is recovered, but at short times the current is always larger than the Cottrell current to a flat surface and is amplitude dependent. The results are analyzed in terms of three characteristic regions in time that reflect the relative size of the diffusion layer compared to the amplitude of the sinusoid. The time domain for which the predicted behavior could be observed experimentally is discussed.
Comparison of regional air dispersion simulation and ambient air monitoring data for the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene

SOFEA v2.0 is an air dispersion modeling tool used to predict acute and chronic pesticide concentrations in air for large air sheds resulting from agronomic practices. A 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) air monitoring study in high use townships in Merced County, CA, logged 3-day average air concentrations at nine locations over a 14.5month period. SOFEA, using weather data measured at the site, and using a historical CDPR regulatory assumption of a constant 320m mixing height, predicted the general pattern and correct order of magnitude for 1,3-D air concentrations as a function of time, but failed to estimate the highest observed 1,3-D concentrations of the monitoring study. A time series and statistical comparison of the measured and modeled data indicated that the model underestimated 1,3-D concentrations during calm periods (wind speed <1m/s), such that the annual average concentration was under predicted by approximately 4.7-fold, and the variability was not representative of the measured data. Calm periods are associated with low mixing heights (MHs) and are more prevalent in the Central Valley of CA during the winter months, and thus the assumption of a constant 320m mixing height is not appropriate. An algorithm was developed to calculate the MH using the air temperature in the weather file when the wind speed was <1m/s. When the model was run using the revised MHs, the average of the modeled 1,3-D concentration Probability Distribution Function (PDF) was within 5% of the measured PDF, and the variability in modeled concentrations more closely matched the measured dataset. Use of the PCRAMMET processed weather data from the site (including PCRAMMET MH) resulted in the global annual average concentration within 2-fold of measured data. Receptor density was also found to have an effect on the modeled 1,3-D concentration PDF, and a 50×50 receptor grid in the nine township domain captured the measured 1,3-D concentration distribution much better than a 3×3 receptor grid (i.e., simulated receptors at the nine monitoring locations). Comparison of the monitored and simulated PDF for 72-h 1,3-D concentrations indicated that SOFEA slightly over predicts the 1,3-D concentration distribution at all percentiles below the 99th with slight under prediction of the 99-100th percentile values. This suggests that without further refinement, the SOFEA2 model, based upon field validation observations, will result in representative but conservative estimates of lifetime exposure to 1,3-D for bystanders in 1,3-D use areas.
Applying ethnic-specific bone mineral density T-scores to Chinese women in the USA

Summary Caucasian reference data are used to classify bone mineral density in US women of all races. However, use of Chinese American reference data yields lower osteoporosis prevalence in Chinese women. The reduction in osteoporosis labeling may be relevant for younger Chinese women at low fracture risk.
Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty

In the past, a penetrating keratoplasty (PK) was the mainstay of treatment for corneal endothelial disease. It involves the replacement of full-thickness corneal host tissue by a full-thickness donor. The procedure is relatively simple compared to posterior lamellar procedures, but good visual outcomes are often limited. This is secondary to high or irregular astigmatism. Many months are required to achieve visual stability due to suture-dependent corneal curvature and astigmatism. It can be related to ocular surface and suture-related problems. Globe instability is a major concern with PKs, leading to devastating expulsive hemorrhages intraoperatively or postoperatively secondary to ocular trauma and wound dehiscence [1]. In the 1960s, Barraquer proposed a method to selectively replace the diseased endothelium with an anterior approach via a corneal flap. This was not adopted secondary to vascular in growth at the host-donor interface and technique-induced astigmatism [2].
Digital adjustment of DC motor drive circuit parameters

The drive stage circuits for electric motors must be designed to achieve best performance, including high-efficiency, fast response, and good electromagnetic compatibility. Traditional methods rely on selecting discrete component values to tune the circuit for best performance. New integrated circuits incorporate digitally-adjustable variables that allow drive circuit tuning without hardware changes. This paper examines the utility of using digital adjustment to motor drive circuit parameters, and presents results showing the impact on system efficiency, response time, and electromagnetic spectrum characteristics.
Noncontacting Measurement of Surface Acoustic Waves

A new sensor is presented for detecting surface acoustic waves. The sensor constructed, using single mode fiber components, is small and rugged and has better sensitivity (.0003 A) than has been reported for other SAW sensors. Optical reflection changes encountered while scanning surfaces can be divided out, making the probe applicable to rough samples of practical interest. Normal surface displacements near a defect (100 μm deep crack) have been measured in both long and short wavelength acoustic regimes.
“Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall . . .”: Reflections on Fairness and Housing in the Omaha-Council Bluffs Region

In 2016, eighty years after the federal Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) drew redlining maps that solidified existing local segregation and gave the green light to suburban development, the residential patterns of race and socioeconomics in the Omaha, Nebraska, region embody those New Deal decisions. Inspired by recent regulations from HUD that intensify the agency’s responsibility under the Fair Housing Act to Affirmatively Further Fair Housing, this article looks past current inequities in housing to the institutional structures that facilitated White suburban growth after World War II. Special districts known as Sanitary and Improvement Districts (SIDs) gave – and continue to give today – private developers access to municipal bonds without significant public oversight. Historically, these SIDs provided market-rate housing to exclusively White residents; today they provide market-rate housing to predominantly White residents. Following SID development, the City of Omaha, which has extensive annexation powers under state law, annexes the SIDs, absorbing both their tax base and their remaining debt. This article describes this SID annexation development regime and the ways in which it diffuses responsibility for providing affordable housing and access to neighborhoods of opportunity throughout the metropolitan region. The article proposes an accounting and reconsideration of the existing development regime.
Mercantilist Treasure, Capitalist Circulation, and Gender Distinctions in the Grimm Brothers' Fairy Tale Hänsel und Gretel

Drawing on paradigms of the New Economic Criticism, this essay shows how subsequent editions of the Grimm Brothers' fairy tale Hansel und Gretel construe an increasingly complex network of economic...
Search for ultra high energy radiation from gamma‐ray bursts

A recent model suggests that some gamma‐ray bursts may have photon energies as high as 10 TeV. Extensive air shower arrays could detect strong bursts with hard spectra extending above such energies. Using data from the CYGNUS array, we have searched for evidence of emission of ultra high energy (≳100 TeV) radiation coincident with gamma‐ray bursts observed either by BATSE or by the third Interplanetary Network. No statistically significant excess was found for the six bursts whose locations were accurately determined by the IPN, or for any point in the sky within 2σ of the BATSE location coordinates of an additional 52 bursts. Flux upper limits depend greatly on the zenith angle of the burst, but typical limits above 100 TeV are ∼4×10−10 cm−2 s−1. The flux upper limits for three bursts imply that the observed spectrum softens between 2 MeV and ∼100 TeV.
Formation of Kappa Distributions at Quasiperpendicular Shock Waves

Although wave–particle interactions, once formed, may maintain a preexisting kappa distribution throughout the solar wind, an important question is to identify the origin of the kappa distributions. Throughout much of the heliosphere beyond some 2 to 3 AU, PickUp Ions (PUIs) form a suprathermal proton component in the solar wind. The PUI distribution does not equilibrate with the thermal solar wind protons and forms a filled-shell distribution about the colder solar wind protons' Maxwellian core. In this chapter, we show that the suprathermal component is reflected preferentially by the cross-shock electrostatic potential at perpendicular shocks, unlike the colder solar wind proton distribution, which is transmitted through the shock. We show how the velocity distribution function downstream of quasiperpendicular shocks is constructed, and we find that the reflected suprathermal ions form an extended tail to the velocity distribution function. The total proton distribution function closely resembles a kappa distribution. Simulation results are presented that support the general theory for the formation of downstream kappa distributions at quasiperpendicular shocks in the presence of PUIs. Various observational tests of the theory for the formation of kappa distributions by quasiperpendicular shocks are presented. Finally, we discuss the close relationship between the dissipation process that forms kappa distributions at quasiperpendicular shocks and the diffusive shock acceleration of protons at quasiperpendicular shocks, even at 1 AU.
Sepsis Within 30 Days of Geriatric Hip Fracture Surgery.

Abstract Background Sepsis after hip fracture typically develops from one of the 3 potential infectious sources: urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia, and surgical site infection (SSI). The purpose of this investigation is to determine (1) the proportion of cases of sepsis that arises from each of these potential infectious sources; (2) baseline risk factors for developing each of the potential infectious sources; and (3) baseline risk factors for developing sepsis. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was searched for geriatric patients (aged >65 years) who underwent surgery for hip fracture during 2005-2013. Patients subsequently diagnosed with sepsis were categorized according to concomitant diagnosis with UTI, SSI, and/or pneumonia. Multivariate regression was used to test for associations while adjusting for baseline characteristics. Results Among the 466 patients who developed sepsis (2.4% of all patients), 157 (33.7%) also had a UTI, 135 (29.0%) also had pneumonia, and 36 (7.7%) also had SSI. The rate of sepsis was elevated in patients who developed UTI (13.0% vs 1.7%; P Conclusion Sepsis occurs in about 1 in 40 patients after geriatric hip fracture surgery. Of these septic cases, 1 in 3 is associated with UTI, 1 in 3 with pneumonia, and 1 in 15 with SSI. The cause of sepsis is often unknown on clinical diagnosis, and this distribution of potential infectious sources allows clinicians for direct identification and treatment.
Effect of high fat diet on phenotype, brain transcriptome and lipidome in Alzheimer's model mice

We examined the effect of chronic high fat diet (HFD) on amyloid deposition and cognition of 12-months old APP23 mice, and correlated the phenotype to brain transcriptome and lipidome. HFD significantly increased amyloid plaques and worsened cognitive performance compared to mice on normal diet (ND). RNA-seq results revealed that in HFD mice there was an increased expression of genes related to immune response, such as Trem2 and Tyrobp. We found a significant increase of TREM2 immunoreactivity in the cortex in response to HFD, most pronounced in female mice that correlated to the amyloid pathology. Down-regulated by HFD were genes related to neuron projections and synaptic transmission in agreement to the significantly deteriorated neurite morphology and cognition in these mice. To examine the effect of the diet on the brain lipidome, we performed Shotgun Lipidomics. While there was no difference in the total amounts of phospholipids of each class, we revealed that the levels of 24 lipid sub-species in the brain were significantly modulated by HFD. Network visualization of correlated lipids demonstrated overall imbalance with most prominent effect on cardiolipin molecular sub-species. This integrative approach demonstrates that HFD elicits a complex response at molecular, cellular and system levels in the CNS.
Perfluorinated organic liquid as an intraocular oxygen reservoir for the ischemic retina.

Purpose. Liquid perfluorocarbon arse used as temporary vitreous substitute in thse surgica lmanagement of complicated retinal detachment Th.e purpose o f this study was to determineif physiologic benefits could also be derived from the high oxygen solubility of perfluorochem-icals relativ teo vitreous, especially during retinal ischemia.Methods. The normal vitreous humo orf the rabbit eye was replaced with either perfluorotribu-tylamine (FTBA or balance) d salt solution (BSS). wa Retina thes n inducel ischemi byd aincreasing the intraocular pressure abov thee peak systolic blood pressur for intervale s of 10,30, or 90 minutes.Results. Over a 10- or 30-minute period of ischemia, during which electroretinographic (ERG)responses were recorded, FTBA-filled an eyed BSS-filles d eyes showed decrease ins the a- andb-wave amplitudes. However, wave amplitudes were significand in FTBA-filley greated eyer sat most times examine (Pd < .05). ERG responses were maintained throughou a 30-minutt eischemic interva iln oxygenated FTBA-filled eyes, but no int oxygenated BSS o-r deoxygenatedFTBA-filled eyes. When examine 1 dayd after a 90-minute interva of ischemial , oxygenatedFTBA-filled eyes maintained 45 an%d 57% of the preischemic ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes,respectively, compare tdo a 5% and 3% retention of wav e amplitude in oxygenates d BSS-filled eyes O.n light microscopic examinatio of thesen eyes , FTBA-exposed retinas showedless ischemic damage than BSS-exposed retinas.Conclusions. When use ads a vitreous substitute, FTBA exert a neuroprotectivs e effec otn theischemic retina that appear tso relate to an increased retinal oxygen supply compare to BSSd .Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:131-141.Xxypoxia is a major caus of cellulae r injur in ischy -emia because tissue store of oxyges n are limited rela-tive to other substrate ofs metabolism.
A holistic approach to combat obesity

Obesity has imposed heavy clinical and economic burdens on the community Overcoming obesity has become an arduous task and a comprehensive systematic process Given the time constraints limited resources and intervention implementation difficulties an effective and efficient strategy needs to be carefully designed to prioritize numerous interventions at different levels from multiple stakeholders Health policies should focus on the main social determinants of health to combat obesity environment life style and behaviors and medical care In order to use resources efficiently a holistic approach should be deployed by taking these social determinants of health into consideration at both an individual level and a community level The top priority should be given to endeavors that promote healthy life styles and behaviors These individual level endeavors usually require simple or moderate changes and can be implemented quickly and effectively in a short to moderate length of time When possible the second priority should be given to health policies to improve social and physical environments and to provide effective medical care to combat obesity A policy recommendation is that a balance needs to be achieved between short term and long term effects of combating obesity nbsp
Mesenchymal tumors of the prostate

Mesenchymal tumors of the prostate are rare but often cause considerable diagnostic difficulty when encountered. These may be either benign or malignant and can arise within the prostate gland or in adjacent tissues. This review covers prostatic stromal proliferations (prostatic stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential and stromal sarcoma), solitary fibrous tumor, myofibroblastic proliferations, smooth muscle neoplasms (leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma), gastrointestinal stromal tumor, schwannoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, postradiation sarcoma, and mixed epithelial stromal tumor of the seminal vesicle. Differential diagnostic considerations are emphasized, including descriptions of helpful histological and/or clinical clues and the use of adjuvant diagnostic techniques.
Learning Outcomes and Insights from a Chocolate-based Undergraduate Materials Science Course and Other Topical Outreach Activities

Those involved in STEM outreach, from elementary schools through undergraduate students, all use varying teaching styles in an effort to instruct and inspire students. However, it is incredibly difficult to gauge or compare learning outcomes from new teaching techniques in situ. In this work, we describe the outcomes of a new undergraduate mini-course at Johns Hopkins University, Chocolate: An Introduction to Materials Science. In particular, the outcomes of teaching binary phase diagrams in this course using topical food examples were compared to the outcomes of the same instructor teaching a similar control group of students using standard textbook examples, reducing a number of confounding factors and allowing us to objectively analyze the benefits of using an atypical, popular approach to teach a standard subject. Results indicate that the students in the Chocolate course were not only more excited and engaged in the lecture, but they had identical or potentially greater learning gains than the control group.
Developing Global Capacity in Conservation Medicine: Predicting and Preventing the Next Epidemic from Wildlife

Conservation medicine examines the interactions between pathogens and disease and their linkages with the interactions that occur between species and ecosystems. Thus, it focuses on the study of the ecological context of health and the remediation of ecological health problems. In response to the growing health implications of environmental degradation, conservation medicine includes examining the linkages among (a) change in climate, habitat quality, and contaminants; and (b) maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functions as they sustain land use; (c) emergence and re-emergence of infectious agents, parasites, and the environmental health of plant and animal communities, including humans (Aguirre et al. 2012). A conservation Medicine approach involving many parties including human and animal health professionals, ecologists, modelers and others would help provide comprehensive, coordinated, and cohesive strategies in addressing this immense threat.
Language and borders revisited: Colonizing language and deporting voice in Spanish class

Spanish language education in the U.S. historically accommodates students who identify with English monolingualism and unmarked Whiteness as a normative cultural order. This distinctive practice relies on the imagination and maintenance of borders, including those realized as international geo-political divisions and discourse within Spanish classrooms themselves (Author, 2014). The present discussion of language ideologies centers student inquiry and discomfort (Boler, 1999) in a basic-level university Spanish classroom; my students’ own narratives and coursework are featured as examples. (In)visible borders are projected onto bodies and voices imagined to speak Spanish (Urciuoli, 1995), symbolically marking those racially, nationally, and/or ethnically different from White learners. An exercise in “critical photography” encouraged students to locate and disrupt these oppressive discourses in and outside our classroom. I share successes and failures with the ways in which our learning community—as well as other students with whom I’ve worked—reconciled “what counted” as socially-responsive language study.
AFRICA, EAST | Ethiopia and Eritrea

Ethiopia and the surrounding lands are better known for their remarkable contribution to paleoanthropology. Stone Age sites spanning the early beginnings of Hominids technology to the present are found all over the area. Highland Ethiopia is one of the major centers for plant domestication that has also adopted cultivars from Near-Eastern origins. Megalithism, the use of large stones to mark burials and key features is dated to around 3000 BC. The shift toward social complexity took place in the first millennium BC. From then on, a succession of chiefdoms, kingdoms, and states rose and fell. One of the best investigated is Axum, with its characteristic ‘skyline’ of impressive stelae.
Case Analysis I: Tarski’s Semantic Approach in the Metaphysical Project

In this chapter, as a case analysis of one representative, influential and significant approach in the metaphysical project concerning truth, and to explore its due ‘perspective’ status in a complete account of truth, I give a critical examination of Tarski’s semantic approach, which is largely formally presented for the sake of meeting his substantial need of capturing our pre-theoretic understanding of truth and his formal needs to be explained below. I intend to explore to what extent, and in which aspects, Tarski’s semantic approach, as one reflective elaboration perspective of our pre-theoretic understanding of truth, is (or can be) successful for its alleged substantial purpose, i.e., to capture the core idea of our pre-theoretic understanding of truth. I thus identify and evaluate the due function and limitation of a Tarski style approach in the truth-constitutional-characterization project concerning the metaphysical dimension of the philosophical concern with truth. In so doing, I also suggest a Tarskian general account of what it is to be a truth definition. Through this case analysis, I intend to pave the way towards the suggested theory, i.e., SPT, in the last chapter, in view of a number of related sub-projects in the metaphysical project concerning truth.
Chemical Bonding and Structure

Organic chemistry is a broad field which intersects with such diverse areas as biology, medicine and pharmacology, polymer technology, agriculture, and petroleum engineering. At the core of organic chemistry are fundamental concepts of molecular structure and reactivity of carbon-containing compounds. The purpose of this text is to cover the central core of organic chemistry. This knowledge can be used within organic chemistry or applied to other fields, such as those named above, which require significant contributions from organic chemistry. One organizational approach to organic chemistry divides it into three main areas—structure, dynamics, and synthesis. Structure includes the description of bonding in organic molecules and the methods for determining, analyzing, and predicting molecular structure. Dynamics refers to study of the physical properties and chemical transformations of molecules. Synthesis includes those activities which are directed toward finding methods which convert existing substances into different compounds. These three areas are all interrelated, but synthesis is built on knowledge of both structure and reactions (chemical dynamics), while understanding dynamic processes ultimately rests on detailed knowledge about molecular structure. A firm grounding in the principles of structure and chemical bonding is therefore an essential starting point for fuller appreciation of dynamics and synthesis. In this first chapter, we will discuss the ideas that have proven most useful to organic chemists for describing and correlating facts, concepts, and theories about the structure of organic molecules.