cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity of mood and substance use disorders in patients with binge-eating disorder: Associations with personality disorder and eating disorder pathology

Objective Binge-eating disorder (BED) is associated with elevated rates of mood and substance use disorders, but the significance of such comorbidity is ambiguous. We compared personality disorder and eating disorder psychopathology in four subgroups of BED patients: those with mood disorders, those with substance use disorders, those with both, and those with neither.
Control of DNA Replication by Membrane

CURRENT knowledge suggests that the bacterial chromosome is specifically attached to the cell membrane, and that this attachment is required for DNA replication1–7. Replication of φX 174 bacteriophage DNA may also require a specific site on the bacterial membrane8–13. From the idea of a specific membrane attachment site required for DNA replication, a molecular model can be developed which may help to explain several poorly understood aspects of the control of DNA replication. The model is simple and is consistent with current ideas, but apparently has not been discussed before. We will hereafter use the word “site” to refer to the non-DNA material (presumably a complex of enzymes and structural proteins) which distinguishes between membrane at the point of DNA attachment and other membrane.
Speckle reduction of SAR images using a physically based Markov random field model and simulated annealing

One of the major factors plaguing the performance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is the presence of signal-dependent speckle noise. Grainy in appearance, speckle noise is primarily due to the phase fluctuations of the electromagnetic return signals. Since inherent spatial-correlation characteristics of speckle in SAR images are not exploited in existing multiplicative models for speckle noise, a new approach is proposed here that provides a new mathematical framework for modeling and reduction of speckle noise. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a novel model for speckled SAR imagery is introduced based on Markov random fields (MRFs) in conjunction with statistical optics. Second, utilizing the model, a global energy-minimization algorithm, based on simulated annealing (SA), is introduced for speckle reduction. In particular, the joint conditional probability density function (cpdf) of the intensity of any two points in the speckled image and the associated correlation function are used to derive the cpdf of any center pixel intensity given its four neighbors. The Hammersley- Clifford theorem is then used to derive the energy function associated with the MRF. The SA, built on the Metropolis sampler, is employed for speckle reduction. Four metrics are used to assess the quality of the speckle reduction: the mean-square error, SNR, an edge-preservation parameter and the equivalent number of looks. A comparative study using both simulated speckled images as well as real SAR images indicates that the proposed approach performs favorably in comparison to existing filtering techniques such as the modified-Lee and the enhanced Frost-algorithms.
Beyond Grades in Online Learning: Adaptive Profiles of Academic Self-Regulation Among Naval Academy Undergraduates:

Educational psychologists have long known that students who are motivated to learn tend to experience greater academic success than their unmotivated counterparts. Using a social cognitive view of self-regulated learning as a theoretical framework, this study explored how motivational beliefs and negative achievement emotions are differentially configured among students in a self-paced online course. Additionally, this study examined how these different motivation-emotion configurations relate to various measures of academic success. Naval Academy undergraduates completed a survey that assessed their motivational beliefs (self-efficacy and task value); negative achievement emotions (boredom and frustration); and a collection of outcomes that included their use of self-regulated learning strategies (elaboration and metacognition), course satisfaction, continuing motivation, and final course grade. Students differed vastly in their configurations of course-related motivations and emotions. Moreover, student...
Determination of the Effective-Stress Law for Permeability and Deformation in Low-Permeability Rocks

This paper reports that laboratory experiments were performed to determine the effective stress law of tight sandstones and chalk for permeability and deformation. Permeability and volumetric strain data were taken at various stresses and pore pressures and were analyzed with a statistical model-building approach. Results show that the effective stress laws for both processes are variable with stress and pressure, depend on the material, and do not agree well with present theories. This may be applied for a greater understanding of oil reservoir formations.
Racial Disparities and Lung Cancer Care: Why the Unequal Playing Field?

The existence of disparities within our healthcare system is receiving considerable national attention, as we seek to understand the magnitude of these disparities with the goal of eliminating them altogether. Herein, we review recent important work that captures the current progress in this important area that has direct implications for the thoracic surgeon's daily practice management.
Correlation of Biological Value of Feed Phosphates with Their Solubility in Water, Dilute Hydrogen Chloride, Dilute Citric Acid, and Neutral Ammonium Citrate

Relative biological values (BV) of 36 feed phosphates were determined with female turkeys in bioassays of 21-day duration using three response criteria: weight gain, tibia ash percentage, and gain:feed ratio. Calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate (United States Pharmacopeia) was the reference standard. Nine mono-dicalcium phosphates (M-DCP, 21.0% phosphorus), 13 di-monocalcium phosphates (D-MCP, 18.5% phosphorus), and 14 defluorinated phosphates (DFP, 18.0% phosphorus) were evaluated. The average relative BV for M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP samples were 97.6, 94.6, and 90.8%, respectively. Solubility of phosphates was determined by four recognized methods. The solvents were water, .4% HCl, 2.0% citric acid (CA), and neutral ammonium citrate (NAC). Water solubility of M-DCP samples was greater (67.5%) than that of D-MCP (38.8%) and DFP (8.9%) samples. Correlation of water solubility of phosphates to their relative BV was quite low, and water solubility was a poor indicator of BV. When .4% HCl was the solvent, correlation coefficients (r) were .55, .33, and .72 for M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP, respectively. Based on these results and prediction equations, .4% HCl solubility would be inappropriate for estimating BV of M-DCP and D-MCP samples. Solubility of feed phosphates (mainly D-MCP and DFP) in 2.0% CA or NAC was positively correlated with BV; the r values were .87 to .95. Both of these solubility tests provided a good index of BV. However, it would seem inappropriate and risky to replace bioassays totally with these tests. Feed phosphate users could perform either the 2.0% CA or NAC solubility test easily as a screen for BV along with other quality control procedures (i.e., phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and fluoride determinations).
How interdisciplinary is sustainability research? Analyzing the structure of an emerging scientific field

Sustainability research is expected to incorporate concepts, methods, and data from a diverse array of academic disciplines. We investigate the extent to which sustainability research lives up to this ideal of an interdisciplinary field. Using bibliometric data, we orient our study around the “tripartite model” of sustainability, which suggests that sustainability research should draw from the three “pillars” of the environmental, economic, and social sciences. We ask three questions: (i) is sustainability research truly more interdisciplinary than research generally, (ii) to what extent does research grounded in one pillar draw on research from the other two, and (iii) if certain disciplines or pillars are more interdisciplinary than others, then what explains this variation? Our results indicate that sustainability science, while more interdisciplinary than other scientific fields, falls short of the expectations inherent in the tripartite model. The pillar with the fewest articles published on sustainability—economics—is also the most integrative, while the pillar with the most articles—environmental sciences—draws the least from outside disciplines. But interdisciplinarity comes at a cost: sustainability research in economics and the social sciences is centered around a relatively small number of interdisciplinary journals, which may be becoming less valued over time. These findings suggest that, if sustainability research is to live up to its interdisciplinary ideals, researchers must be provided with greater incentives to draw from fields other than their own.
Suspended sediment dynamics in Blue Fjord, western Prince William Sound, Alaska☆

Abstract Glacier meltwater and suspended sediment discharge in Blue Fjord occurs over a brief 5-month period in summer. Suspended sediment concentrations in the meltwater stream reach 300 mg l−1, and this sediment forms a surface turbid plume at the fjord head. Suspended sediment concentrations in the surface plume range from 200 mg l−1 at the head to a few mg l−1 5 km away at the mouth. Turbidity does not seem to be related to density structure of the water column. Suspended sediment sinks through the water column with most sediment settling at slack low water. Sediment trap measurements show an April sediment flux of 1.5 mg dry sediment cm−2 day−1 at the head and 0.75 mg cm−2 day−1 at the mouth (mostly diatom frustules). September trap measurements yield a sediment flux of 53 mg cm−2 day−1 at the head and 2 mg cm−2 day−1 at the mouth (mostly detrital inorganic silicates in the mud size range). Bottom sediment in the fjord basin is mostly mud, with an admixture of sand at the fjord head. Grainsize modes decrease from an average of 46 μm at the head to 8 μm 2 km away; no trend is discernable for sediments in the outermost 4 km of the fjord basin. Mud accumulates in the fjord at the rate of about 100 mm/meltwater year at the head, 10 mm year−1 in mid-fjord, and 4 mm year−1 in the 190 m basin inside the sill at the fjord mouth.
Job Satisfaction Behind Walls and Fences A Study of Prison Health Care Staff

Health care staff serve important humanitarian, legal, and security functions inside prisons. Although medical and health staff have become critical to daily life in prisons, little is known about ...
A numerical solution for the near and far fields of an annular ring of magnetic current

A simple method for calculating the near and far zone fields from an annular ring of circumferentially directed magnetic current which may be used to represent coaxial apertures is presented. Near-field contours are given for two ring sizes. The utility of the method has been illustrated by its application in several practical antenna problems where the magnetic ring current serves as the primary source. Among these are the analysis of dipole antennas mounted on a conducting sphere or cylinder, the impedance of a coaxially fed Yagi-Uda antenna, a coaxially driven wire loop, and the radiation from a coaxial aperture at the base of a cone.
Isotope Curves in Red Blood Cell Studies

WHEN iron-55 or a carbon-14—or nitrogen-15—labelled substrate is fed to an individual, a portion of the isotope is incorporated in red cell haemoglobin1–4. Curves of subsequent changes in the amount of isotopic excess can be explained and used for calculating the survival curve of red cells, as well as their average time of utilizing the incorporated substance.
Studies on the dense pre-β-lipoprotein of human serum

Abstract The dense pre-β-lipoprotein fraction was isolated from the serum of 5 patients using electrophoresis on agarose gel. This fraction, or a major portion of it, had a density greater than 1.063 and was precipitated by heparin in the 2 patients so studied. Immunodiffusion studies of this fraction from 2 patients showed no reaction to antiserum to α1-lipoprotein, β-lipoprotein, or albumin. The phospholipid composition of the dense pre-β-lipoprotein fraction and of other lipoprotein fractions was determined in the 5 patients. The neutral lipid composition of these fractions in one patient was also estimated. The lipid composition of the dense pre-β-lipoprotein fraction bore no close and consistent resemblance to any one of the other lipoprotein fractions. The ratio of sphingomyelin-to-lecithin and of total neutral lipid-to-phospholipid was intermediate between that of the α- and β-lipoprotein fractions.
Corrosion of Lithium‐Ion Battery Current Collectors

The primary current‐collector materials being used in lithium‐ion cells are susceptible to environmental degradation: aluminum to pitting corrosion and copper to environmentally assisted cracking. Localized corrosion occurred on bare aluminum electrodes during simulated ambient‐temperature cycling in an excess of electrolyte. The highly oxidizing potential associated with the positive‐electrode charge condition was the primary factor. The corrosion mechanism differed from the pitting typically observed in aqueous electrolytes because each site was filled with a mixed metal/metal‐oxide product, forming surface mounds or nodules. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was shown to be an effective analytical tool for characterizing the corrosion behavior of aluminum under these conditions. Based on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, little difference existed in the composition of the surface film on aluminum and copper after immersion or cycling in electrolytes made with two different solvent formulations. Although Li and P were the predominant adsorbed surface species, the corrosion resistance of aluminum may simply be due to its native oxide. Finally, copper was shown to be susceptible to environmental cracking at or near the lithium potential when specific metallurgical conditions existed (work hardening and large grain size). © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Maximum-likelihood estimation in the discrete random Boolean model

The exact probability density for a windowed observation of a discrete 1D Boolean process having convex grains is found via recursive probability expressions. This observation density is used as the likelihood function for the process and numerically yields the maximum- likelihood estimator for the process intensity and the parameters governing the distribution of the grain lengths. Maximum-likelihood estimation is applied in the case of Poisson distributed lengths.
Physiological manometric tested tricuspid valvuloplasty.

Tricuspid insufficiency associated with severe left-sided valvular heart disease carries a poor prognosis. Twenty-two patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and tricuspid insufficiency underwent a tricuspid valvuloplasty in addition to left-sided single or double valve replacement. The tricuspid valvuloplasty was performed after weaning the patient from cardio-pulmonary bypass. The efficacy of the tricuspid valvuloplasty was gauged by continuous right atrial pressure recordings as the annuloplasty was completed. Obliteration of the peak of the V wave of the right atrial pressure recordings indicated that the tricuspid annuloplasty was secured. Twenty-one patients were long-term survivors, and 19 patients are in good condition for an average follow-up of 6.1 years (1 to 12 years postoperatively).
The promise of clinical interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma from the west to mainland China

Objective:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a major health problem with its steadily increasing incidence in Western countries, and persistent high fatality rates worldwide. The well-recognized complexity and toxicity of its treatment as well as inadequate care and limited resources in mainland China exacerbate the difficulty of maintaining quality of remaining life of patients living with this illness. The goal of this comprehensive literature review was to identify promising clinical interventions for improving quality of life (QOL) of people with advanced HCC in mainland China.Method:A comprehensive literature review was performed in China Academic Journals (CAJ), Cochrane, and PubMed databases. The review was confined to studies of randomized controlled trials (RCT) for adults, in Chinese and English, from 1980 to 2012.Results:A total of 676 studies in Chinese and 391 studies in English were identified. Eighteen RCTs were selected for the final review, among which three were conducted in mainland China.Significance of results:Nurse-led home-based comprehensive interventions using a collaborative care approach addressing multiple dimensions of QOL show promise for enhancing clinical outcomes for people with advanced HCC in mainland China. Education and psychosocial support combined with symptom management early in the illness trajectory and ongoing close attention to physical symptoms, emotional distress, as well as spiritual well-being are crucial for maintaining QOL of people with advanced HCC. Telephone monitoring appears to be a feasible way in rural as well as urban areas. Families are advised to be part of overall interventions. It is warranted that promising interventions aiming at improving QOL for advanced cancer patients reported in Western literature be further tested in mainland China.
A 240ps 64b carry-lookahead adder in 90nm CMOS

A 64b adder with a single-execution cycle time of 250ps is fabricated in a 90nm CMOS technology. The adder is designed using an energy-delay optimization framework that can rapidly optimize different microarchitectures in the energy-delay space. The microarchitecture with the lowest delay, a sparse radix-4 Ling parallel prefix tree, is chosen. The carry tree uses footless domino logic to minimize delay while the non-critical paths use minimum-size static logic to reduce energy. The adder consumes 311mW from a 1V supply
Effect of Weakly-Virulent Bacteriocin-Producing Strain of Pseudomonas solanacearum on the Protection of Tobacco Plant from Bacterial Wilt

Two mutant strains of bacteriocin-producing Pseudomonas solanacearum, both of which derived from a virulent bacteriocin-producing strain Ps48, protected tobacco plants from bacterial wilt, when the root systems of tobacco seedlings were dipped in each suspension prior to transplanting in soil infested with virulent strain Ps29. Among them tobacco plant treated with weakly virulent bacteriocin-producing strain (OM2) gave better control than that treated with avirulent bacteriocin-producing strain (OM1). Tobacco plants primarily treated with OM2 gave effective control even after invasion of the virulent strain by root injury inoculation, whereas that treated with OM1 was ineffective. OM2 population remained constant (107-108 colony forming unit (cfu)/g) on rhizoplane and reached approximately 107cfu/g in tobacco plant at least 16 days after treatment. Antibacterial activity was detected in water extract of stem tissue at that time. On the other hand, OM1 population declined gradually from ca. 109cfu/g to ca. 105cfu/g in rhizosphere, from ca. 108cfu/g to ca. 106cfu/g on rhizoplane by 16 days after treatment. Only ca. 102cfu/g of the bacteria were recovered and no antibacterial activity was detected in stem tissue. Multiplication of virulent Ps29 was more effectively prevented in root system and in stem of the plant primarily treated with OM2 than that with OM1 or water-treated control. Treatment with OM2 was effective against not only Ps29 (bacteriocin sensitive strain) but also Ps48 (bacteriocin resistant strain), though disease incidence and severity of tobacco plants treated with OM2 was lower against Ps29 than that against Ps48. From these results, it was presumed that bacteriocin and other factor might play roles together in protection by OM2 from bacterial wilt.
Studies on the functional activity of the promoter for the human thyroid peroxidase gene.

Abstract We isolated the initial 1.3 kb of the 5′-flanking region of the human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO) gene, and sub-cloned this fragment into the luciferase reporter gene expression plasmid pA3-LUC. This plasmid contruct (p1. 3HTPO-LUC) was stably transfected into FRTL5 rat thyroid cells and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. Promoter activity was detected in 3 of 8 FRTL5 stable cell lines obtained. TSH, dBcAMP and phorbol ester did not alter TPO promoter activity. TPO promoter activity was also expressed in 4 of 5 NIH-3T3 stably-transfected cell lines, and this activity was also not altered by dBcAMP and phorbol ester. These data support the emerging concept that the TPO gene is not transcriptionally regulated by TSH and cAMP.
Gene transfer and molecular cloning of the rat nerve growth factor receptor.

The amino-acid sequence of one form of the receptor for nerve growth factor defines a new class of growth factor receptors.
Methods for evaluating fluid velocities in spectral simulations of turbulence

In studying particle motion with spectral similations of turbulence, it is necessary to evaluate the local fluid velocity at the instantaneous particle position. In general, this point does not coincide with a mesh point. A direct summation of the spectral Fourier series is the most accurate method but is very time consuming. Various approximate methods are tested and comparisons made of both their accuracy and the computational effort required.
The Development of Natural History Museums

OPENING NATURE of April 16 at p. 551, I am astounded to read: “What has the Natural History Museum done to make Darwin's . . . discoveries current amongst his own people? Nothing! Except for a few isolated exhibits, shown almost in holes and corners. . .”
Towards achieving agility in web-based virtual enterprises: a decision-centric approach

Virtual enterprises are groups of loosely connected companies, each providing certain core competencies and working collaboratively towards achieving a common objective. Agility of a web-based virtual enterprise refers to its capability to successfully and rapidly adapt to changes in its operating environment. Although, agility has been addressed in the literature with regard to manufacturing processes and product requirements, design processes have not been leveraged to address agility in web-based virtual enterprises. In this paper, we present a strategy that involves (1) designing the design processes along with products, (2) flexibility in the interfaces between different parts of a virtual enterprise, (3) standardisation and (4) integrated modelling of processes associated with all elements of a value chain. We propose a domain independent decision-centric framework for modelling the value chain processes. It allows a variety of stakeholders to structure, organise and model processes using a common framework. It also balances the need for flexibility of interfaces and the standardisation of information from individual stakeholders, thereby providing adaptability to changes in the web-based virtual enterprise.
A predicative model for certain directed metalations, III; The ability of a methyl substituent to influence the directed metalation of anisole

Abstract Significant increases in both rate and yield of metalation of p-methylanisole (p-MA) are afforded by use of incremental and stoichiometric amounts of TMEDA. Little metalation of the methyl protons in p-MA is observed under all conditions.
Improving the effectiveness of computer-assisted weight loss

The purpose of this study was to invetigate factors that might produce greater weight loss using computer-assisted therapy. Fifty-seven overweight women were randomized to a weight loss program using a pocket computer only (CAT group) or a guided 1200 calorie weight loss diet followed by the use of the pocket computer after a weight loss of 3.5 to 4.5 kg (FFF+ group). All subjects met for four, 1.5 hour group meetings to review their progress. There was a significant weight loss in both groups from preto post-treatment twelve weeks later, with the FFF+ group losing significantly more weight than the CAT only group (5.3 vs. 3.1 kg, respectively). The pretreatment to six-month follow-up weight loss was 3.8 and 0.9 kg for the FFF+ and CAT groups, respectively. Both groups exhibited significant reduction in serum lipids.
Preparing Students for College and Careers: The Causal Role of Algebra II

In educational research and policy circles, college and career readiness is generating great interest. States are adopting various policy initiatives, such as rigorous curricular requirements, to increase students’ preparedness for life after high school. Implicit in many of these initiatives is the idea that college readiness and career readiness are essentially the same thing. This assumption has persisted, largely untested. Our paper explores this assumption in greater depth. Using two national datasets and an instrumental variables approach to mitigate selection bias, we evaluated the effects of completing Algebra II in high school on subsequent college and career outcomes (i.e., persistence and graduation as well as wages and career advancement). Results suggest Algebra II matters more for college outcomes than career outcomes and more for students completing Algebra II in the early 1990s than in the mid-2000s. Study limitations are discussed along with directions for future research, such as evaluating the opportunity cost associated with taking Algebra II for students seeking careers upon high school completion.
β-endorphin alters electrical activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons located in the terminal nerve of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) are an important class of modulators of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis; treatment with opiates leads to inhibition of GnRH and LH secretion and suppression of reproductive functions. However, little work has been done to investigate the effect of opiates on the electrical activity of GnRH neurons, which ultimately controls GnRH secretion. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the EOP beta-endorphin on electrical activity of GnRH neurons located in the terminal nerve (TN) associated with the olfactory bulb. We used an excised intact brain preparation from transgenic medaka in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) is genetically expressed in TN-GnRH neurons. These GFP-expressing neurons were then targeted for whole-cell current clamp recordings. Treatment with beta-endorphin led to changes in several characteristics of electrical activity, including depolarization of membrane potential and a decrease in spike amplitude--similar to that observed in response to depolarizing high K(+) treatment. This finding suggests a model in which beta-endorphin depolarizes membrane potential leading to Na(+)-channel inactivation, and subsequent suppression of action-potential amplitude. On the other hand, beta-endorphin had no effect on membrane potential in synaptically isolated GnRH neurons. These results suggest that beta-endorphin is acting indirectly on TN-GnRH neurons to inhibit action potential firing.
A varactor-tuned RF filter

An electronically tunable filter at 1 GHz is presented in this paper. The filter uses a suspended substrate design and commercially available varactors for filter tuning. The filter has a 60% tuning range from 700 MHz to 1.33 GHz with a low insertion loss (better than 3 dB from 1 to 1.33 GHz). This paper discusses the effects of the varactor series resistance and the electrical length of the distributed resonator on the overall resonator quality factor and filter insertion loss. The input third-order intermodulation product intercept point was measured to be better than 17 dBm across the entire tuning range.
pH neutralization protects against reduction in replicative lifespan following chronological aging in yeast

Chronological and replicative aging have been studied in yeast as alternative paradigms for post-mitotic and mitotic aging, respectively. It has been known for more than a decade that cells of the S288C background aged chronologically in rich medium have reduced replicative lifespan relative to chronologically young cells. Here we report replication of this observation in the diploid BY4743 strain background. We further show that the reduction in replicative lifespan from chronological aging is accelerated when cells are chronologically aged under standard conditions in synthetic complete medium rather than rich medium. The loss of replicative potential with chronological age is attenuated by buffering the pH of the chronological aging medium to 6.0, an intervention that we have previously shown can extend chronological lifespan. These data demonstrate that extracellular acidification of the culture medium can cause intracellular damage in the chronologically aging population that is asymmetrically segreg...
Manufacture of reduced-sodium Cheddar-style cheese with mineral salt replacers

Abstract The use of mineral salt replacers to reduce the sodium content in cheese has been investigated as a method to maintain both the salty flavor and the preservative effects of salt. The majority of studies of sodium reduction have used mineral salt replacers at levels too low to produce equal water activity (a w ) in the finished cheese compared with the full-sodium control. Higher a w can result in differences in cheese quality due to differences in the effective salt-to-moisture ratio. This creates differences in biochemical and microbial reactions during aging. We hypothesized that by targeting replacer concentrations to produce the same a w as full sodium cheese, changes in cheese quality would be minimized. Stirred-curd Cheddar-style cheese was manufactured and curd was salted with NaCl or naturally reduced sodium sea salt. Reduced-sodium cheeses were created by blends of NaCl or sea salt with KCl, modified KCl, MgCl 2 , or CaCl 2 before pressing. Sodium levels in reduced-sodium cheeses ranged from 298 to 388mg of sodium/100g, whereas the control full-sodium cheese had 665mg/100g. At 1 wk of age, a w of reduced-sodium cheeses were not significantly different from control, which had an a w of 0.96. The pH values of all reduced-sodium cheeses, excluding the treatment that combined sea salt and MgCl 2 , were lower than those of full-sodium cheese, indicating that the starter culture was possibly less inhibited at the salting step by the replacers than by NaCl. Instrumental hardness values of the treatments with sea salt were higher than in cheeses containing NaCl, with the exception of the NaCl/CaCl 2 treatment, which was the hardest. Treatments with MgCl 2 and modified KCl were generally less hard than other treatments. In-hand and first-bite firmness values correlated with the instrumental texture profile analysis results. Both CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 produced considerable off-flavors in the cheese (bitter, metallic, unclean, and soapy), as measured by descriptive sensory analysis with a trained panel. Bitterness ratings for cheese with KCl and modified KCl were not significantly different from the full-sodium control. Potassium chloride can be used successfully to achieve large reductions in sodium when replacing a portion of the NaCl in Cheddar cheese.
Age, Alzheimer's disease, and the big picture.

The recently published revised National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Albert et al., 2011; Jack et al., 2011; McKhann et al., 2011; Sperling et al., 2011) have been hailed for incorporating a number of timely and important advances. They reflect new understanding that has been gained since the previous criteria were published in 1984 (McKhann et al., 1984). They include recognition of the state of mild cognitive impairment that is present before the threshold is crossed into dementia; they recognize the potential role of biomarkers in enhancing the specificity of diagnosis; they also address emerging work in the preclinical stage of AD that could help in understanding the sequence and stages of the core pathology before symptoms emerge. Among the previously listed diagnostic features that have disappeared was the requirement that onset of dementia occur before the age of 90 years. Meanwhile, the Neurocognitive Disorders Work Group for DSM-5 (the 5th edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; American Psychiatric Association, 2010) is also doing away with the previous distinction between early-onset and late-onset dementia in AD, where an arbitrary division had been placed at age 65 (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). These changes are driven by the lack of biological data to support the age-based dichotomy, while recognizing the unique genetic characteristics of the relatively rare, autosomal dominantly inherited forms of AD which typically occur early. However, the disappearance of the age-based diagnostic dichotomy by no means implies that age is irrelevant to AD.
Neutron Total Cross Sections, 2.5-15 MeV. I. Experimental

We have completed measurements of the total cross section, for neutrons between 2.5 and 15 MeV, of 78 natural elements and 14 artificial or isotopically enriched samples spanning the range from hydrogen to plutonium. The measurements were made by transmission in good geometry (inscattering 0.3%), using time-of-flight analysis of the continuous spectrum of neutrons from a pulsed $\mathrm{Li}(d,n)$ source. Data were taken with moderate energy resolution (2 to 4%) and moderate precision (1 to 3% at each point) at a density of three or four points per resolution interval, in order to avoid leaving gaps. We believe systematic errors do not exceed 2%, except in particular cases. Our method leads naturally to small samples, so that we were able to include all of the stable elements except the noble gases. The resulting homogeneous set of data supplies a reference surface for the intercomparison of results from other laboratories. We have made detailed comparisons with virtually all previous measurements in this energy range, and we summarize the systematic properties of the major ones. The completeness of the set helps to reveal a number of systematic properties of the interaction of fast neutrons with nuclei over the entire range of masses.
Compositional variation in pillow lavas from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Five fresh, two weathered, and two metamorphosed basalt pillows with a presently or originally glassy outermost layer, together with a weathered and a metamorphosed basalt fragment without an originally glassy layer, all from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, were investigated in detail. Fresh pillows usually show only very slight compositional heterogeneity, except for the glassy outermost layer where the total iron and MgO contents are higher and the K2O content and the Fe 2 O 3 FeO ratio are lower than the interior. In particular, the K2O content of the glassy outermost layer is only about a half of that of the core in some pillows. In weathered pillows the surface layer shows higher total iron, TiO2, P2O5 and H2O contents and a higher Fe 2 O 3 FeO ratio and a much lower CaO content than the interior. Most of the compositional heterogeneity observed in metamorphosed pillows may be ascribed to chemical migration during weathering, though metamorphism also may cause considerable heterogeneity.
Nano-asperity contact analysis and surface optimization for magnetic head slider/disk contact

NiP coated AlMg (NiP) and glass-ceramic (GC) substrates for magnetic recording are measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM) using different scan sizes and sampling resolution. AFM measurements of the NiP and GC surfaces reveal finer and finer details as the sampling interval decreases and that the GC surface contains more high frequency details than the NiP surface. A three-dimensional numerical rough surface contact model (X. Tian and B. Bhushan, ASME J. Tribol., 118 (1996) 33–42) is used to perform contact analysis on the NiP and GC surfaces to study the effect of sampling resolution on contact pressure and contact area. The contact analysis shows that contact pressure increases and contact area decreases as the sampling interval decreases and asperity contact starts from plastic deformation, the scale of which depends on the different surface topographical structures. The analysis also shows that a high frequency structure will facilitate plastic deformation which is not desired for head/disk durability. The stiction in rough surface contact problem is also considered using a numerical stiction model (X. Tian and B. Bhushan, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996) 163–178). The stiction model is used to highlight how stiction can be assessed by the bearing ratio of a surface and how stiction is affected by the skewness of surface height distribution. Stiction analysis on two GC surfaces with different skewness shows that a surface with positive skewness has less stiction. A uniform patterned texture with an optimum number of identical asperities (such as produced by laser texturing) appears to be an ideal surface.
A computational foundation for cognitive development: comment on Griffths et al. and McLelland et al.

A deep theoretical tension lies at the heart of developmental cognitive science. Children – even infants – have abstract structured representations of the world: intuitive theories and grammars, conceptual hierarchies and phonological maps. At the same time, children learn. They transform their representations based on concrete experiences – the contingent probabilistic evidence of their senses. How can children induce abstract structure from concrete contingencies?
Properties of the clotting enzyme responsible for endotoxin-mediated Limulus coagulation

A clotting enzyme, associated with the endotoxin-mediated activation of the cellularly based coagulation system of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), was considerably purified by a modification of the method employed to purify the corresponding enzyme from the Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) (Nakamura, et al., 1982). This enzyme was inhibited by DFP, benzamidine, p-aminobenzamidine, antithrombin III, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and antipain, suggesting that it is a trypsin-type serine protease. The enzyme demonstrated amidolytic activity to Ac-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA (S-2423) and related synthetic substrates (S-2222, S-2422, S-2337, and Boc-Leu-Gly-Arg-pNA) but not to other substrates (S-2160, S-2238, S-2251, S-2444, S-2266, and S-2302), indicating specificity similar to mammalian blood coagulation Factor Xa. These properties of the Limulus enzyme were identical with those of the corresponding Tachypleus enzyme. The structure and function of the enzymes in these two species probably have been highly conserved during the past few hundred million years of their evolution.
Additive effects of ethanol and purkinje cell loss in the production of ataxia in mice

In order to assess the contribution of cerebellar effects of ethanol to the production of ataxia, “nervous” (nr/nr) and control (nr/+ or +/+) C3H mice were tested for locomotor ability 2 min after being given intraperitoneal ethanol injections. The nr/nr mice suffer from loss of most of their cerebellar Purkinje cells. Two doses of ethanol were used: 1.4 or 1.8 g/kg. There were three tests of locomotor ability: holding onto a tilting edge, grid walking, and Rota-rod (treadmill) walking. The result sindicate a primarily additive effect of ethanol and cerebellar pathology in the production of ataxia. The probable mechanism of this additive effect is the transient elimination of Purkinje cell activity following an ethanol injection.
Means for Load Variation During Echocardiographic Assessment of the Frank-Starling Relationship

Because minimally invasive methods of preload variation are not validated for load-insensitive indexes of cardiac performance, intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG), phenylephrine, and saline solution (VOL) boluses were used in blocked and intact autonomic states to alter load and were compared with vena caval occlusion in the assessment of preload recruitable stroke work relationships between stroke work and left ventricular end-diastolic volume in dogs. In both autonomic states NTG and VOL produced comparable linear relationships. NTG and saline solution were combined with noninvasive measurements of left ventricular pressure and volume to construct echocardiographic relationships between stroke work and left ventricular end-diastolic cross-sectional area; NTG produced linear relationships similar to vena caval occlusion. Therefore NTG and VOL reliably alter load in constructing preload recruitable stroke work relationships, and NTG may be used with noninvasive measurements to provide load-insensitive estimates of cardiac function in a minimally invasive manner. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:792-800.)
13C‐selective, 1H‐detected 2D {1H, 13C} correlation spectra of oligosaccharides

Two-dimensional 1H-detected {1H, 13C} shift correlation spectra of oligosaccharides usually suffer from low resolution in the 13C frequency domain. This drawback can be overcome through a simple modification of the HSQC experiment, namely by implementing a selective 13C 180° pulse. It is illustrated for the mixture of the α-and β-anomers of the trisaccharide sialyl-α(26)-lactose that 13C-selective HSQC allows both one-bond and multiple-bond {1H, 13C} correlation spectra to be obtained with high resolution in the 13C domain.
Plus-end directed myosins accelerate actin filament sliding by single-headed myosin VI.

Myosin VI (Myo6) is unique among myosins in that it moves toward the minus (pointed) end of the actin filament. Thus to exert tension on, or move cargo along an actin filament, Myo6 is working against potentially multiple plus (barbed)-end myosins. To test the effect of plus-end motors on Myo6, the gliding actin filament assay was used to assess the motility of single-headed Myo6 in the absence and presence of cardiac myosin II (Myo2) and myosin Va (Myo5a). Myo6 alone exhibited a filament gliding velocities of 60.34 +/− 13.68 nm/s. Addition of either Myo2 or Myo5a, at densities below that required to promote plus-end movement resulted in an increase in Myo6 velocity (~100-150% increase). Movement in the presence of these plus-end myosins was minus-end directed as determined using polarity tagged filaments. High densities of Myo2 or Myo5a were required to convert to plus-end directed motility indicating that Myo6 is a potent inhibitor of Myo2 and Myo5a. Previous studies have shown that two-headed Myo6 slows and then stalls in an anchored state under load. Consistent with these studies, velocity of a two headed heavy mero myosin form of Myo6 was unaffected by Myo5a at low densities, and was inhibited at high Myo5a densities.
Plant virus movement proteins

C. Michael Deem,” Moshe Lapidot,t and Roger N. Beachyt *Department of Plant Pathology University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 tDivision of Plant Biology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California 92037 The ease with which plant viruses move throughout their hosts appears quite remarkable, considering that viral progeny must cross the plant cell wall to move from cell to cell. The cell wall acts as a barrier to the extracellular release and subsequent uptake of virus progeny by either surface fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis, the two general pathways for entry used by animal viruses. Conse- quently, plant viruses have evolved a distinct mechanism for cell-to-cell movement. With few exceptions, virus particles are initially intro- duced into host cells during mechanical damage or biologi- cal damage (via vectors) to the integrity of the cell wall and the plasma membrane. If, following entry and replication, progeny viruses are not capable of moving into adjacent healthy cells, a subliminal infection occurs, and the host appears to be resistant to thevirus. If, however, virus prog- eny are capable of spreading into adjacent cells, a progres- sive virus infection results. While the specific virus-host interaction will ultimately define the nature of the infection, virus movement represents an important component in determining pathogenicity and virulence. The movement of virus progeny throughout a host is an active process that can be divided into two broadly defined phases. The first phase is characterized by cell-to-cell (short-distance) spread of the virus. The second phase is long-distance movement from an infected tissue, such as a leaf, to other tissues via the vascular tissue. The exit of the virus from the vascular tissue subsequently results in short-distance movement of virus progeny from cell to cell. In some virus-host interactions, virus spread may be lim- ited to short-distance movement, for example, in the inocu- lated leaf or in vascular or vascular-associated tissue. It is generally accepted that plant viruses circumvent the cell wail by exploiting plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata, the plant functional analog of gap junctions in animals, are channels that transverse cell walls and provide cyto- plasmic continuity between adjacent cells. These intercel- lular connections play an important role in cell-cell com- munication and the dissemination of water and nutrients throughout the plant. Plasmodesmata have not been iso- lated or biochemically characterized, and structural mod- els of plasmodesmata are based on interpretations of elec- tron micrographs. (A prevailing model is seen in Figure 1.) Extending through the plasma membrane-lined chan- nel is the desmotubule, a modified extension of the endo- plasmic reticulum. The area between the desmotubule and the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic sleeve, likely
Time-varying analysis of a guidance system

IN A RECENT PAPER1 the author presented a method of analyzing time-varying sampled-data systems. The essential features of this method are the characterization of components by triangular transmission matrices, and the use of ordinary matrix algebra to evaluate system performance. The purpose of the present paper is to illustrate by a typical problem how this method can be used in practical situations. The problem selected is that of steering a missile toward a target (both of which travel in a common plane) by means of a closed-loop control system. In addition to the intrinsic importance of this problem, the procedure one uses in the matrix analysis of the system is characteristic of a variety of problems. Since the objective here is illustration of a general method rather than detailed investigation of an actual system, simplifying assumptions will be used where convenient. In practice, these assumptions may have to be modified to obtain more precise results.
A Novel Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase, SGM-1, from an Environmental Isolate of Sphingobium sp.

SGM-1 is a novel class A β-lactamase from an environmental isolate of Sphingobium sp. containing all of the distinct amino acid motifs of class A β-lactamases. It shares 77 to 80% amino acid sequence identity with putative β-lactamases that are present on the chromosome of all Sphingobium species whose genomes were sequenced and annotated. Thus, SGM-type β-lactamases are native to this genus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing classifies SGM-1 as an extended-spectrum β-lactamase, conferring the highest level of resistance to penicillins. Although SGM-1 contains the conserved cysteine residues characteristic of class A carbapenemases, it does not confer resistance to the carbapenem antibiotics imipenem, meropenem, or doripenem but does increase the MIC of ertapenem 8-fold. SGM-1 hydrolyzes penicillins and the monobactam aztreonam with similar catalytic efficiencies, ranging from 105 to 106 M−1 s−1. The catalytic efficiencies of SGM-1 for cefoxitin and ceftazidime were the lowest (102 to 103 M−1 s−1) among the cephalosporins tested, while the catalytic efficiencies against all other cephalosporins varied from about 105 to 106 M−1 s−1. SGM-1 exhibited measurable but not significant activity toward the carbapenems tested. SGM-1 also showed high affinity for clavulanic acid, tazobactam, and sulbactam (Ki < 1 μM); however, only clavulanic acid significantly reduced the MICs of β-lactams.