cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A stable antimicrobial peptide with dual functions of treating and preventing citrus Huanglongbing.

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by a vector-transmitted phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. Currently, there are no effective strategies to prevent infection or to cure HLB-positive trees. Here, using comparative analysis between HLB-sensitive citrus cultivars and HLB-tolerant citrus hybrids and relatives, we identified a novel class of stable antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs). The SAMP from Microcitrus australiasica can rapidly kill Liberibacter crescens (Lcr), a culturable Liberibacter strain, and inhibit infections of CLas and CL. solanacearum in plants. In controlled greenhouse trials, SAMP not only effectively reduced CLas titer and disease symptoms in HLB-positive trees but also induced innate immunity to prevent and inhibit infections. Importantly, unlike antibiotics, SAMP is heat stable, making it better suited for field applications. Spray-applied SAMP was taken up by citrus leaves, stayed stable inside the plants for at least a week, and moved systemically through the vascular system where CLas is located. We further demonstrate that SAMP is most effective on α-proteobacteria and causes rapid cytosol leakage and cell lysis. The α-helix-2 domain of SAMP is sufficient to kill Lcr Future field trials will help determine the efficacy of SAMP in controlling HLB and the ideal mode of application.
Do I Report This? Understanding Variation in the Content of State Mandatory Reporting Laws

Since accusations went public that administrators at Pennsylvania State University ignored reports of child abuse during the Jerry Sandusky trial almost a decade ago, several educational and state agencies have reinterpreted aspects of their respective laws requiring certain persons to report suspected child maltreatment (mandatory reporting laws). These reinterpretations were possible due to the ambiguity of statutory language used in the law and, subsequently, may have exposed individuals to a legal responsibility to report to which they were previously unaware. In this study, we use a thematic content analysis to examine variation across state mandatory reporting statutes from all fifty states as of 2016. Three themes emerged from this analysis: definitions for reasonableness, immediacy of danger, and inclusion of mandated reporters. Generally, we found that the vague language and variation in the content of the law, though well intentioned, may contribute to uncertainty in knowing when a report is necessary and who must report it. We conclude with considerations for future research, as well as highlight potential implications for instructors and researchers in higher education. These findings can contribute to our understanding of ambiguity in the law. Further, the sources of variability we identify in this analysis may help to anticipate potential shifts in legal risk in the wake of recent and future reinterpretations of ambiguously worded policy.
Editorial to special issue Frontiers of Data Analysis

The special issue Frontiers of Data Analysis of the Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS), Taylor & Francis, contains papers that were presented in the 2019 ICSA China Conference which took place dur...
Mapping the Federal Reserve's Reaction Function with Directed Acyclic Graphs

Under the monetary policy framework introduced by Benjamin Bernanke during the 2008 financial crisis, the value of currency in circulation as a proportion of the value of the assets side of the balance sheet has become a choice variable for implementing policy. Before 2008 changes in this variable appear to be incidental, thus providing a natural experiment to evaluate the effects of changes before and after implementation of the new policy framework. While the response of policy to changing economic conditions is straightforward, the response of the macroeconomy to these policy changes needs clear elaboration. We employ directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to evaluate the response of monetary policy to changing economic indicators. We are interested in mapping the effects of changes in the federal funds rate as well as the effects of changes in the value of assets held by the Federal Reserve. We evaluate the causal chains presented in each DAG by considering the relevant marginal effects as estimated by corresponding seemingly unrelated regressions and vector autoregressions.
USE OF THE DICHROIC MIRROR AS A CINEMATOGRAPHIC AID IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE.

(1965). Use of the Dichroic Mirror as a Cinematographic Aid in the Study of Human Performance. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 210-211.
Book review: Generating Referring Expressions Constructing Descriptions in a Domain of Objects and Processes by Robert Dale (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992)

This book is an updated version of Dale's 1988 PhD thesis at the University of Edinburgh's Centre for Cognitive Science. It will be of interest to all natural language generation researchers because it serves as a practical guide to the theory and methods of generating referring expressions. The key contributions of this work are the ontology and the algorithms for generating referring expressions.
A MONTHLY CYCLE IN FOOD EXPENDITURE AND INTAKE BY PARTICIPANTS IN THE U.S. FOOD STAMP PROGRAM

This paper uses nationally representative data to describe a monthly cycle in food expenditure and food intake by food stamp recipients. Food expenditure peaks sharply in the fIrst three days after food stamps are received. Actual food intake drops at the end of the month, for some foods and some people, although food intake over time is always smoother than food expenditure. The food stamp cycle has implications for two areas of research: the measurement ofhunger and food insecurity in the United States, and the measurement ofthe impact ofthe U.S. Food Stamp Program.
Power consumption analysis of computing facilities with superconducting Josephson junction quantum computers

In this paper, the power consumption of present-day computing facilities which are based on Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (CMOS) devices is compared with that of Josephson junction superconductor based computing facilities of the future. First, the amount of power used by present-day computing facilities was identified in different regions of the world. Then, the energy consumption of computing facilities of the future is presented considering superconducting Josephson junction devices as the primary building blocks of constituent quantum computers. From the results, it was identified that implementing superconducting devices in computing facilities could decrease the energy consumption by up to two orders of magnitude as compared to CMOS based semiconductor devices. The low power consumption and the fast operational speed of the Josephson junction superconductor based quantum computers were also identified to be superior than the semiconductor based computing facilities.
T Cell Proliferation Induced by Autologous Non-T Cells Is a Response to Apoptotic Cells Processed by Dendritic Cells

Self-reactive T cells are present in the mature immune repertoire as demonstrated by T cell proliferation induced by autologous non-T cells in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. This reaction generates regulatory T cells in vitro and may reflect immune regulatory pathways in vivo, but the antigenic peptides recognized remain uncharacterized. We revisited this issue in light of the importance of apoptosis in immune regulation. We found that apoptosis among peripheral blood non-T stimulator cells is associated with augmented induction of autologous T cell proliferation. Our data show that caspase activity in the non-T stimulator population is essential for induction of autologous T cell proliferation, suggesting that cellular components in the non-T cell fraction are enzymatically modified, most likely by effector caspases, and have a direct or indirect effect on autoreactive T cell activation. Furthermore, exposure of macrophage-derived dendritic cells to apoptotic non-T cells augments autologous T cell proliferation, and blockade of αvβ5 integrin, but not αvβ3, inhibits the capacity of irradiated non-T cells or dendritic cells to stimulate autologous T cell proliferation. These experiments, using an entirely autologous system, suggest the interpretation that autoreactive T cells may recognize self-Ags modified through the actions of caspases and presented to T cells by dendritic cells. Induction of an in vivo autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by caspase-modified self-Ags present in apoptotic cells may represent a mechanism to maintain peripheral immune tolerance.
Abstract 15345: Prevalence of Abnormal Preparticipation Screening H&Ps in Collegiate Athletes as Compared to Focused Screening Echocardiography

Introduction: For all competitive athletes, the American Heart Association preparticipation screening (AHA PPS) guidelines recommend a 12 element focused history and physical. Evaluation of an abnormal PPS finding is left to the clinician’s discretion. The correlation between an abnormal PPS finding and structural heart disease is not well documented. A murmur on physical exam is classically used as a tool to identify a multitude of structural heart abnormalities. We propose that the current AHA PPS and specifically, a murmur detected on exam, correlate poorly with true echocardiographic abnormalities in the collegiate athlete population. Methods: A PPS modeled after the AHA guidelines was conducted on all incoming athletes at a single university from 2007 to 2013. All athletes independently underwent a focused screening echo the same day of the exam. PPS examiners were blinded to results of the screening echoes. Data from both screening exams were compared. We report the prevalence of abnormal H&P findings and its relation to structural abnormalities found on focused echo screening. Results: There were 2472 athletes screened. At least one positive PPS element was noted in 655 (26.5%) athletes. Of this group, 24 (3.7%) had an abnormal focused echo. The PPS was normal in 1817 (73.5%) athletes but an abnormal echo was found in 19 of these athletes, indicating 44.2% of all abnormal echoes (N=43) had a negative PPS. Of the athletes with abnormal echo findings, 23 had structural abnormalities classically associated with a murmur. Only four of these athletes had an actual murmur on exam. In total, a murmur was detected in 36 athletes. By echocardiography, 25 (69.4%) had no structural abnormalities, thereby rendering the murmur benign. A murmur consistent with a minor structural abnormality was found in 7 (19.4%) athletes, and a murmur consistent with a significant structural abnormality was found in 4 (11.1%) athletes. Conclusions: The AHA PPS and specifically, a murmur on exam, do not reliably detect the presence of structural heart disease. An abnormal PPS is rarely associated with structural heart disease and an immediate focused echo can rapidly determine this and eliminate the need for further cardiac evaluation.
EFFECTS OF A BARIUM-BASED FUEL ADDITIVE ON PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINES

The use of barium-containing smoke suppressant diesel fuel additive was investigated. Effects on particulate reduction, other pollutant emissions, and performance were explored over a range of speed and load conditions. The particulate emissions were analysed gravimetrically and reported in terms of particle concentration and emissions index. Public health aspects of use of the additive are discussed.
Recognizing uncommon presentations of psychogenic (functional) movement disorders.

Background: Psychogenic or functional movement disorders (PMDs) pose a challenge in clinical diagnosis. There are several clues, including sudden onset, incongruous symptoms, distractibility, suggestibility, entrainment of symptoms, and lack of response to otherwise effective pharmacological therapies, that help identify the most common psychogenic movements such as tremor, dystonia, and myoclonus. Methods: In this manuscript, we review the frequency, distinct clinical features, functional imaging, and neurophysiological tests that can help in the diagnosis of uncommon presentations of PMDs, such as psychogenic parkinsonism, tics, and chorea; facial, palatal, and ocular movements are also reviewed. In addition, we discuss PMDs at the extremes of age and mass psychogenic illness. Results: Psychogenic parkinsonism (PP) is observed in less than 10% of the case series about PMDs, with a female–male ratio of roughly 1:1. Lack of amplitude decrement in repetitive movements and of cogwheel rigidity help to differentiate PP from true parkinsonism. Dopamine transporter imaging with photon emission tomography can also help in the diagnostic process. Psychogenic movements resembling tics are reported in about 5% of PMD patients. Lack of transient suppressibility of abnormal movements helps to differentiate them from organic tics. Psychogenic facial movements can present with hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm, and other movements. Some patients with essential palatal tremor have been shown to be psychogenic. Convergence ocular spasm has demonstrated a high specificity for psychogenic movements. PMDs can also present in the context of mass psychogenic illness or at the extremes of age. Discussion: Clinical features and ancillary studies are helpful in the diagnosis of patients with uncommon presentations of psychogenic movement disorders.
Reducing Refusal Rates for Telephone Interviews

In two experiments, refusal rates to telephone interviews were not affected by substantial changes in the introductory remarks of the interviewer. A prior letter significantly lowered refusal rates in a third experiment. In all three, interviewer sex had no effect. Don A. Dillman is Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, and Chairman, Department of Rural Sociology, Washington State University. Jean Gorton Gallegos is Community Development Coordinator, City of Bellingham, Washington. James H. Frey is Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
Apparent contrast of suprathreshold gratings varies with stimulus orientation

Human contrast sensitivity is known to vary with both stimulus spatial frequency and orientation. Previous research has indicated, however, that the apparent contrast of a sinusoidal grating is independent of spatial frequency at suprathreshold levels. We have found that the apparent contrast of suprathreshold gratings is not independent of its orientation. Observers adjusted the apparent contrasts of vertical and oblique gratings to match a 40% standard. Contrast match deviations were found at a number of spatial frequencies, indicating a lack of contrast constancy with stimulus orientation. The apparent contrast of gratings in different orientations could not be predicted in any simple fashion from either contrast threshold differences or ratios.
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis and house dust mite hypersensitivity: use of symptom/medication scores

There is no published literature on the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) for dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) and house dust mite (HDM) hypersensitivity. Symptom/medication (SM) scoring is the standard measure of clinical disease during ASIT in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the response to ASIT in dogs with AD and HDM hypersensitivity using SM scores, and compare results with the owner’s global assessment and the investigator’s clinical evaluation. All dogs had nonseasonal AD, positive intradermal test reactions to HDM, and were treated for 12 months with ASIT that included HDM allergens. Evaluations at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months included: daily owner symptom (pruritus, lesions, coat character) and medication (all anti-inflammatory medications) scoring for 28 days; owner global assessment; and investigator clinical sign score. Occurrence of skin infections was documented throughout the study. Statistical analysis of SM scores at 0 and 12 months was performed using Student’s t-test. Nineteen dogs completed the study. Fourteen (74%) dogs showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in SM score. A 50% improvement in SM score, owners’ global assessment and clinical sign score was seen in 12 (63%), 17 (89%) and 10 (53%) dogs, respectively. In the first 6 months of ASIT, 17 episodes of skin infections (12 dogs) were recorded, and 13 episodes (10 dogs) in the final 6 months. The majority of dogs with AD and HDM hypersensitivity improved with ASIT. SM scores are a useful semiquantitative measure of clinical disease. Many dogs continued to have skin infections. This study was funded by the Ohio Animal Health Foundation.
Regional Climate Variations and Change for Terrestrial Ecosystems Workshop Review

North Carolina State University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in partnership with the U.S. Department of the Interior Southeast Climate Science Center (SECSC), hosted the Regional Climate Variations and Change for Terrestrial Ecosystems Workshop. The workshop was held at North Carolina State University in Raleigh on 16–17 May 2013. The workshop assembled ~40 climate and ecosystem scientists to discuss challenges and uncertainties of understanding the interactions of climate and ecosystems across the Carolinas. This multidisciplinary effort sought to bridge the knowledge gap between climate and ecosystems scientists. Another objective of this workshop was to identify climate-related variables that can be used to evaluate projections of climate change for the ecology community in the Carolinas. This workshop was the first in the Carolinas to engage both disciplines to discuss the needs of the ecology community with regard to regional projections of climate change. The workshop facilitated a discussion of the needs of ecologists from the regional projections of climate change, and the abilities and limitations of these projections, with guidance for appropriate use of projection information.
The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders

Abstract Many psychotherapeutic traditions have conceptualized clinical levels of anxiety as resulting from the avoidance of threatening or emotional material. In this paper, we examine behavioral models of avoidance of emotions and emotional material, integrating findings that support established behavioral theories of emotional avoidance and anxiety, and that extend these theories to further explain the intense, intrusive, and interfering nature of clinical anxiety. Research on the suppression and avoidance of emotional material suggests that emotional avoidance and thought suppression may not only hinder the learning process and maintain anxious responding, but may also (a) paradoxically heighten anxious responding to threatening cues and (b) interfere with emotion functionality, thereby further impeding adaptive responding. Findings are discussed in terms of future research and implications for clinical treatment of anxiety disorders.
Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS): Clinical considerations and cytohistologic correlation

The diagnoses of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) made upon evaluation of cervical/vaginal (Pap) smears is examined to ascertain salient clinical and cytologic features that may lead to better characterization of the true nature of these lesions. Prior history of squamous dysplasia, age of the patient, and the occurrence of abnormal microbiopsy tissue fragments are investigated to determine their value in the proper evaluation of AGUS specimens. Of the 86,234 Pap smears submitted to our laboratory during a period of 2 yr, 187 (0.2%) were diagnosed as AGUS. Available follow-up in 128 (69%) cases revealed 54 (42%) significant tissue proven abnormalities, the majority (55%, 30 patients) of which were diagnosed as squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). Squamous dysplasia is significantly more common in women younger than 40 (15/18, 83%) and in patients with prior history of SIL (29/30, 97%). In addition, all nine patients diagnosed with endometrial lesions on subsequent histology were older than 40. Age, however, was not a discriminating factor in women proven to have endocervical glandular lesions. Additionally, certain tissue fragment cytomorphologic features were significantly more often observed on follow-up in specific histologic diagnostic categories. The Pap smears of patients diagnosed with SIL were noted to contain tissue fragments composed of both dysplastic squamous and benign glandular cells in 29 of 30 (97%). The presence of two distinct populations of glandular tissue fragments (typical and atypical) was found in the Pap smears of all nine women with endometrial abnormalities and in the smears of most women subsequently diagnosed with endocervical glandular lesions (87%, 13/15). These observations suggest that a more specific and clinically useful Pap smear interpretation other than AGUS is often possible by consideration of the patient's age and prior history along with the correct identification of the type of atypical cells observed in abnormal tissue fragments.
Morphology and antibody recognition of synthetic β-amyloid peptides

To elucidate the relationship between amyloid fibril formation in Alzheimer disease (AD) and the primary structure of the beta-amyloid protein (beta-AP), we investigated the ability of peptides sharing sequences with beta-AP to form fibrils in vitro and to recognize anti-beta-amyloid antisera. The peptides, which were synthesized using a FMOC solid phase procedure and purified by HPLC, consisted of residues 6-25 from the putative aqueous domain, residues 22-35, which overlaps the putative aqueous and transmembrane domains, and residues 1-38 and 1-40 representing nearly the full length of beta-AP. Electron microscopy of negative-stained or thin-sectioned preparations revealed that the peptides assembled into fibrils having different morphologies, some of which resembled in situ AD amyloid. Peptide 6-25 fibrils had diameters of 50-80 A and occasionally showed a central groove suggestive of constituent filaments. Cross sections of the fibril showed a penta- or hexameric arrangement of globular subunits with diameters of 25-30 A. Peptide 22-35 fibrils were helical, with a pitch of 1,100 A and a width of 120 A at its greatest and 50-60 A at its narrowest. The fibrils formed by peptides 1-38 and 1-40 were 70-90 A in diameter. When the peptide assemblies were singly oriented by sedimentation or doubly oriented in a magnetic field, their X-ray diffraction patterns all showed reflections typical of a cross-beta pleated sheet conformation. The patterns differed mainly in their small-angle equatorial intensity, which arises from the packing of fibrils having different widths. Antiserum raised to either native amyloid or to synthetic peptide beta-(1-28) was highly reactive in an inhibition-ELISA assay to beta-(6-25) and beta-(1-38), but not to beta-(22-35), and immunostained beta-(1-40) on Western blots. These studies show that the beta-(6-25), beta-(1-38) and beta-(1-40) peptides can assemble into cross-beta fibrils that retain epitopes characteristic of AD amyloid.
Thermo-Electricity at Low Temperatures. VII. Thermo-Electricity of the Alkali Metals between 2 and 20$^{\circ}$K

In earlier work, the absolute thermo-electric force, E, of the alkalis was measured from about 60 degrees K down to about 4 degrees K. The absolute thermo-electric power (S = dE/dT) could then be derived with fair accuracy down to perhaps 8 degrees K. The thermo-electric power of all the alkali metals has now been measured directly between 2 and 20 degrees K, and the Thomson heats derived therefrom. The results are compared with the theory both of the 'normal' thermo-electric power and the Gurevich or 'phonon-drag' effect. It is clear from the work that experiments below 1 degrees K in this field will be of much interest and a programme has been started in this temperature range.
Sialic acid deficiency in lectin-resistant intestinal brush border membranes from rats following the intestinal phase of trichinellosis

Maximal binding (Bmax) of the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, by small intestinal brush border membrane is significantly reduced in rats infected with Trichinella spiralis. Wheat germ agglutinin specificity is for N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid. Whereas total hexosamine and N-acetylglucosaminidase-labile N-acetylglucosamine were comparable in membranes from uninfected as compared with infected rats, the total sialic acid content and neuraminidase-released sialic acid were significantly higher in BBM from uninfected hosts. N-Acetylglucosaminidase treatment of membranes reduced Bmax for wheat germ agglutinin in both hosts. Neuraminidase treatment reduced Bmax in uninfected hosts, but tended to increase it in infected rats. Membranes from uninfected rats incorporated more N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-[14C]acetylglucosamine into oligosaccharide-lipid than did membranes from infected hosts. However, lipid and protein fractions were labeled at the same rate in both sets of membranes. Sialic acid was incorporated into protein at a slightly faster rate in brush border membrane from uninfected rats, indicative of a higher level of sialotransferase activity. These results suggest that the reduction in Bmax for wheat germ agglutinin in gut epithelial cell membranes from infected rats is related to a reduced level of sialic acid available for lectin binding as well as specific interactions between N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid.
Separation of total particulate carbon into inorganic and organic components1

A combination of particulate carbon analysis and a baking procedure to remove organic matter is proposed for separating total particulate carbon into inorganic and organic components. Changes in weight and carbonate-carbon content were tested on powdered, anhydrous CaCO3 at 500° and 550°C and baking durations up to 7 h; the method was applied to field samples of particulate matter in seawater and microplankton net samples. The method is potentially useful for separating the carbon components, especially in coral reef environments or in calcium carbonate enriched sediments.
How I treat venous thrombosis in children

Evidence-based medicine for pediatric thrombosis is in its infancy. As recently as 10 years ago, antithrombotic therapy for infants and children was largely based on individual empiric experience, small case series, or was extrapolation from adult recommendations.[1][1]-[4][2] Due to fear of
Selling Versus Leasing of Durable Goods: The Impact on Marketing Channels

While many durable products are sold through intermediaries, there is limited understanding of how channel performance is influenced by transactions involving durable goods in a competitive market. In particular, extant research shows that intermediaries can significantly impact the leasing versus selling policy of a monopolistic manufacturer. This article seeks to fill that gap by examining the selling versus leasing choice of duopolistic manufacturers in the context of decentralized channels. Our analysis demonstrates that in addition to the unique equilibrium of selling, a prisoner's dilemma may arise where both manufacturers are better off if they were to lease their products.
Formation and inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amines in fried ground beef patties

Abstract The effect of vitamin E and oleoresin rosemary on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation in fried ground beef patties was studied. Patties were fried at three temperatures (175°C, 200°C, 225°C) for 6 and 10 min/side to determine the conditions for optimum HAA formation. HAAs were isolated by solid phase extraction and quantitated by HPLC. Greatest concentrations were generated when patties were fried at 225°C for 10 min/side, 31.4 ng/g 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine (PhIP) and 5.8 ng/g 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline (MeIQx). Vitamin E, when used at two concentrations (1% and 10% based on fat content) and added directly to the ground beef patties, reduced PhIP concentrations in the cooked patties by 69% and 72%, respectively. Smaller but more variable reductions were achieved for MeIQx. Comparable inhibition of HAA formation was achieved by the direct addition of vitamin E (1% based on fat content) to the surface of the patties before frying. Concentrations of five HAAs studied were all significantly reduced ( P
UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT ALTERS RENAL GROWTH: DEPENDENCE ON THE DURATION OF OBSTRUCTION

AbstractPurpose: Over 90% of nephrogenesis in the rat takes place postnatally in the first 10 days, analogous to the midtrimester human fetus. We wished to determine the relationship between the duration of unilateral ureteral obstruction and growth and morphology of both kidneys following relief of the obstruction in the neonatal rat.Materials and Methods: One ureter of 1 day-old rats was sham-operated or occluded and released 1, 2, 3, or 5 days later, or not released. Fourteen or 28 days later, renal mass, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were determined in the obstructed and contralateral kidney of each group.Results: At 28 days, there was a linear relationship between kidney/body weight ratio and duration of obstruction, such that the decrement in renal mass resulting from ipsilateral obstruction was precisely compensated by an equal increment in the mass of the contralateral kidney (both, p <0.0001). Tubular atrophy was increased 100-fold in kidneys of rats with 28 days continuous ipsilater...
Guidance and Control of an Autonomous Soaring Vehicle with Flight Test Results

A guidance and control method was developed to detect and exploit thermals for energy gain. Latency in energy rate estimation degraded performance. The concept of a UAV harvesting energy from the atmosphere has been shown to be feasible with existing technology. Many UAVs have similar mission constraints to birds and sailplanes. a) Surveillance; b) Point to point flight with minimal energy; and c) Increased ground speed.
Long-term survival after radical prostatectomy for men with high gleason sum in pathologic specimen

Objectives To evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients with high Gleason sum 8-10 at radical prostatectomy (RP) and to identify the predictors of prostate cancer-specific survival (CSS) in this cohort. Methods The institutional RP database was queried. A total of 9381 patients with complete follow-up underwent RP from 1982 to 2008. Of these 9381 patients, 1061 had pathologic Gleason sum 8-10 cancer. The patient and prostate cancer characteristics were evaluated. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate proportional hazard regression models were created to evaluate the pertinent predictors of CSS (death from, or attributed to, prostate cancer). Results The median preoperative prostate-specific antigen level was 7.6 ng/mL; 435 men had clinical Stage T1 tumor, 568 had Stage T2, and 36 had Stage T3. The biopsy Gleason sum was 7 in 244 (22.3%), 406 (37.2%), and 425 (38.9%) patients, respectively. The median follow-up was 5 years (range 1-23). The actuarial 15-year recurrence-free survival, CSS, and overall survival rate was 20.7%, 57.4%, and 45.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the predictors of poor CSS were pathologic Gleason sum 9-10 and seminal vesicle and lymph node involvement. Patients with pathologic Gleason sum 8 and organ-confined disease had a CSS rate of 89.9% at 15 years. Conclusions The results of our study have shown that 80% of the men with Gleason sum 8-10 who undergo RP will have experienced biochemical recurrence by 15 years. However, the CSS rate approached 90% for men with pathologic organ-confined disease. Higher pathologic Gleason sum 9-10 and seminal vesicle and lymph node involvement were independent predictors of worse CSS.
Molecular mapping of genes Yr64 and Yr65 for stripe rust resistance in hexaploid derivatives of durum wheat accessions PI 331260 and PI 480016.

This manuscript reports two new genes ( Yr64 and Yr65 ) for effective resistance to stripe rust and usefulness of their flanking SSR markers for marker-assisted selection. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide and resistance is the best control strategy. Durum wheat accessions PI 331260 and PI 480016 were resistant to all tested Pst races. To transfer the resistance genes to common wheat and map them to wheat chromosomes, both accessions were crossed with the stripe rust-susceptible spring wheat ‘Avocet S’. Resistant F3 plants with 42 chromosomes were selected cytologically and by rust phenotype. A single dominant gene for resistance was identified in segregating F4 lines from each cross. F6 populations for each cross were developed from single F5 plants and used for genetic mapping. Different genes from PI 331260 and PI 480016 were mapped to different loci in chromosome 1BS using simple sequence repeat markers. The gene from PI 331260 was flanked by Xgwm413 and Xgdm33 in bin 1BS9-0.84-1.06 at genetic distances of 3.5 and 2.0 cM; and the gene from PI 480016 was flanked by Xgwm18 and Xgwm11 in chromosome bin C-1BS10-0.50 at 1.2 and 2.1 cM, respectively. Chromosomal locations and race and allelism tests indicated that the two genes are different from previously reported stripe rust resistance genes, and therefore are named as Yr64 from PI 331260 and Yr65 from PI 480016. These genes and their flanking markers, and selected common wheat lines with the genes should be valuable for diversifying resistance genes used in breeding wheat cultivars with stripe rust resistance.
The structure of cowpea mosaic virus replicative form RNA.

Abstract The structure of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) replicative form (RF) RNA has been investigated by in vitro labelling at the 5′ and 3′ termini. The results indicate that the 3′ termini of the minus (−) strands of the RFs from both M and B RNA (RF-M and RF-B) are exact complements of the corresponding 5′ sequences of the virion RNAs. The 5′-labelling studies revealed that both RF-M and RF-B have VPg linked to poly(U) at the 5′ ends of the (−) strands and also show that there is heterogeneity in the lengths of the VPg-linked RNAse T1 products derived from the 5′ ends of the plus (+) strands. In addition it appears that not all of the 5' ends in RF molecules are linked to the VPg. The results enable us to draw an overall structure common to both RF-M and RF-B.
Mean shift, mode seeking, and clustering

Mean shift, a simple interactive procedure that shifts each data point to the average of data points in its neighborhood is generalized and analyzed in the paper. This generalization makes some k-means like clustering algorithms its special cases. It is shown that mean shift is a mode-seeking process on the surface constructed with a "shadow" kernal. For Gaussian kernels, mean shift is a gradient mapping. Convergence is studied for mean shift iterations. Cluster analysis if treated as a deterministic problem of finding a fixed point of mean shift that characterizes the data. Applications in clustering and Hough transform are demonstrated. Mean shift is also considered as an evolutionary strategy that performs multistart global optimization. >
Reproduction and Demonstration in Quotations

Abstract By traditional theories, direct quotations are attempts to reproduce speech verbatim. By an alternative demonstration theory, they are attempts to depict selective aspects of the original. So according to traditional theories, direct quotations should be used only for verbatim reproduction, but according to the demonstration theory, they can be used for stylistic reasons independent of verbatim accuracy. In a comparison of these theories, people were asked to recount what happened in videotaped dialogues under instructions either to be accurate or to entertain - after one viewing or after memorizing the dialogue. After one viewing, narrators were no more accurate in direct than in indirect quotation, regardless of instruction. After memorization, they produced verbatim quotations when asked to be accurate on the dialogue, but were quite inaccurate when asked to entertain. These and other findings favor the demonstration theory.
The Emergence and Development of Geographic Thought in New England

Some of the early settlers of New England brought with them the works and thought of European geographers, notably Ptolemy, Miinster, Cluver, Carpenter, and Varenius. Beginning in the 1600s the work of British geographers Gordon and Salmon and Guthrie and Pinkerton was acknowledged, preceding that of Jedidiah Morse, "Father of American Geography." Morse led the way for a large number of geography texts written by Americans, emphasizing North America and characterized by Varenius's special geography. Early collegiate developments in New England geography were led by Harvard and Yale universities, the College of Rhode Island (later renamed Brown University), and Dartmouth College. The 20 or so normal schools throughout New England, introduced in the middle 1800s, constituted a nursery for geographic education. Also noted are more recent college and university geography departments estab- lished throughout the region, including notably Clark University. The founding of societies and associations in New England also furthered the cause of geography.
The involvement of calcium in transport of secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Article synthese sur le mecanisme permettant le transport des proteines secretees a partir du reticulum endoplasmique; interet porte au calcium et a son role dans ce transport biologique
Primer Sequence Modification Enhances Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Coverage

We applaud the efforts of Cook et al. to develop a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for ultrasensitive quantification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA ([4][1]). The assay uses three forward primers, one reverse primer, and two TaqMan probes targeting the HCV highly conserved 5′
Transverse equilibria and luminosity enhancement in linear collider beam-beam collisions

It has been observed in simulations of the beam-beam interaction in linear colliders that a near-equilibrium pinched state of the colliding beams develops when the disruption parameter is large (D\ensuremath{\gg}1) [P. Chen and K. Yokoya, Phys. Rev. D 38, 987 (1988); in Frontiers of Particle Beams: Intensity Limitations, edited by M. Dienes, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 400 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992), p. 415]. In this state the beam transverse density distributions are peaked at center, with long tails. We present here an analytical model of the Maxwell-Vlasov equilibrium approached by the beams, that of a generalized Bennett pinch [W. H. Bennett, Phys. Rev. 45, 890 (1934); 98, 1584 (1955)] which develops through collisionless damping due to the strong nonlinearity of the beam-beam interaction. In order to calculate the equilibrium pinched beam size, an estimation of the rms emittance growth is made which takes into account the effects of the initial linear rise of the focusing forces, and of phase-space mismatch during the beam-beam collision. This pinched beam size is used to derive the luminosity enhancement factors whose scaling as a function of D and thermal factor A=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{z}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ is in agreement with the simulation results, and explain the previously noted cubic relationship between round and flat beam enhancement factors. The implications for calculation of differential luminosity, beamstrahlung spectra, and associated coherent beam-beam radiation effects, are discussed.
Young children's theory of knowing: The development of a folk epistemology

It has been suggested that if young children truly have a global theory of mind, then such a theory should generate specific theories corresponding to specific mental processes. This review examines one such specific theory, children's theory of knowing. First, the development of children's definition(s) of to know is assessed. Next, the accuracy of children's predictions of knowledge is examined, especially in relation to two broad processes underlying attributions of knowledge: attributing conflicting truth propositions and acknowledging sources of knowledge. On the basis of this review, it is concluded that children's thinking about knowing both functions as a theory and is characterized by features commonly associated with theories.
Fumigation with methyl bromide II. Equipment and methods for sampling and analysing deep field soil atmospheres

Procedures were developed for the rapid sampling of deep soil atmospheres in the field and analysing them by gas chromatography. The methods described here have been used in studies on the diffusion of methyl bromide in relation to the control of Armillaria mellea.
The Hyperlinked World: A Look at How the Interactions of News Frames and Hyperlinks Influence News Credibility and Willingness to Seek Information

Prior research has identified the influence of using hyperlinks in online information gathering. This study attempts to understand first, how hyperlinks can influence individuals' perceptions of news credibility and information-seeking behavior. Second, the paper extends previous research by examining the interaction of hyperlinks with the content of the story. In doing so, the paper examines the influence of hyperlinks on news frames. The data for the study were collected using 2 experiments embedded in web-based survey of participants. Findings show that hyperlinks in news stories can increase perceptions of credibility as well as information-seeking. Results reveal the interaction of news frames in the process; hyperlinks increase participants' perception of news credibility; but only in the value-framed condition. Implications are discussed.
Instittutional attachments and self-control: Understanding deviance among Hispanic adolescents ☆

Abstract This study tested the ability of the general theory of crime and social control theory to account for self-reported deviance among a sample of 298 Puerto Rican high school students. The following hypotheses were examined: (1) Low attachment levels (to parents, religion, school, and friends) will positively and significantly predict deviance, (2) Individual with low levels of self-control will be more likely to report involvement in deviance, and (3) Low self-control will mediate the relationship between attachments (parents, religion, school, and friends) and deviance. Results indicated support for social control theory and did not support the general theory of crime. Self-control was not significantly predictive of deviance whereas many of the institutional attachment variables were important predictors of deviance among Hispanic high school students (attachment to parents, school, and friends). Theoretical and policy implications of the findings supportive of social control theory are discussed.
Aging and visual length discrimination: Sequential dependencies, biases, and the effects of multiple implicit standards

Abstract Younger (20–25 years of age) and older (61–79 years) adults were evaluated for their ability to visually discriminate length. Almost all experiments that have utilized the method of single stimuli to date have required participants to judge test stimuli relative to a single implicit standard (for a rare exception, see Morgan, On the scaling of size judgements by orientational cues, Vision Research, 1992, 32, 1433–1445). In the current experiments, we not only asked participants to judge lengths relative to a single implicit standard, but they also compared test stimuli to two different implicit standards within the same blocks of trials. We analyzed our participants’ judgments to evaluate whether significant sequential dependencies occurred. We found that while individual younger and older adults possessed similar length difference thresholds and exhibited similar overall biases, the judgments of older adults within individual blocks of trials were more strongly biased (than younger adults) by preceding responses (i.e., their judgments on any given trial were more strongly affected by responses to previously viewed stimuli). In addition, the judgments of both younger and older adults were more strongly biased by preceding responses in the blocks of trials with multiple implicit standards. Overall, our results are consistent with the operation of the tracking mechanism described by Criterion-setting theory (Lages and Treisman, Spatial frequency discrimination: Visual long-term memory or criterion setting? Vision Research, 1998, 38, 557–572).
Using the XSEDE supercomputing and visualization resources to improve tornado prediction using data mining

In this paper we introduce the use of XSEDE resources and mathematical models for the simulation of tornadoes, as well as novel techniques for analyzing the results of these simulations.
Analysis of the conserved glycosylation site in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: potential roles in complex assembly

Abstract Background : Assembly of the functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is dependent on a series of exquisitely coordinated events including polypeptide synthesis and processing, side-chain elaboration through post-translational modifications, and subunit oligonaerization. A 17-residue sequence that includes a cystine disulfide and an N -linked glycosylation site is conserved in the extracellular domain of each of the nAChR subunits, and is involved in intersubunit interactions that are critical for assembly of intact, pentameric complexes. A polypeptide representing the relevant sequence from the α-subunit of the nAChR (Ac-Tyr-Cys-Glu-Ile-Ile-Val-Thr-His-Phe-Pro-Phe-Asp-Gln-Gln-Asn-Cys-Thr-NH 2 ) is small enough to allow detailed structural analysis, which may provide insight into the role of glycosylation in the maturation process that leads to ion-channel assembly. We therefore investigated the effect of N -linked glycosylation on the structure of this heptadecapeptide. Results: Thermodynainic analysis shows that glycosylation alters disulfide formation in the loop peptide, shifting the equilibrium in favor of the disulfide. Spectroscopic studies reveal that the cis/trans amide isomer ratio of the proline is also affected by the modification, with a resultant shift in the equilibrium in favor of the trans isomer, even though the proline is several residues removed from the glycosylation site. Two-dimensional NMR analysis of the glycopeptide does not indicate the presence of any specific interactions between the carbohydrate and the peptide. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that glycosylation can have a significant influence on disulfide formation and proline isomerization in a local peptide sequence. As both these processes are considered slow steps in protein folding, it is evident that N -linked glycosylation has important indirect roles that influence the folding of the receptor subunit and assembly of the pentameric complex.