cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterochrony in human evolution: The case for neoteny reconsidered

This paper reviews the evidence for the claim that neoteny, or morphological juvenilization resulting from dissociation and retardation of ancestral rates of shape change, has played a key role in human evolution. Accepted categories and processes of heterochrony are reviewed, and the available data on human growth, variation, and evolution are analyzed in light of expected results. Relatively weak concordance with predictions is found. Mistakes of fact and interpretation fall into several categories, including (1) confusion of neoteny with paedomorphosis resulting from other heterochronic processes; (2) conflation of growth prolongation in time with morphological shape retardation; (3) failure to move beyond superficial shape similarities to underlying homologous growth processes and patterns; (4) failure to identify a paedomorphic basis for key anatomical novelties in human evolution; and (5) establishing an essentially untestable framework for analysis of the hypothesis. Key areas that might contribute new data to this debate are discussed, particularly the genetic and epigenetic control of the covariation of morphology and development during ontogeny and evolution. The primary reasons that arguments in favor of neoteny in human evolution have persisted probably relate to anthropocentric factors and the search for a single basis for the important morphological and behavioral transformations characterizing our lineage.
Automatic Class Labeling for CiteSeerX

The CiteSeerx project at the University of Arkansas uses a browsing interface is based on the Association for Computing Machinery's Computing Classification System (ACM CCS). CCS contains just 369 categories whereas the CiteSeerx database contains over 2 million documents. This results in more than 6500 documents per category, far too many to browse. To address this problem, we are exploring ways to automatically expand the CCS ontology. Previous work has focused on using clustering to automatically identify the new classes. This work focuses on how to label the subclasses in a semantically meaningful way to that they can support user browsing. We develop methods based on text mining from the subclass members to extract class labels. We evaluate three methods by comparing the suggested labels with human-assigned labels for existing categories.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces nicotine cue craving.

Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can noninvasively stimulate the brain and transiently amplify or block behaviors mediated through a region. We hypothesized that a single high-frequency rTMS session over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) would reduce cue craving for cigarettes compared with a sham TMS session. Methods Sixteen non-treatment-seeking, nicotine-dependent participants were randomized to receive either real high-frequency rTMS (10 Hz, 100% resting motor threshold, 5-sec on, 10-sec off for 15 min; 3000 pulses) or active sham (eSham) TMS over the DLPFC in two visits with 1 week between visits. The participants received cue exposure before and after rTMS and rated their craving after each block of cue presentation. Results Stimulation of the left DLFPC with real, but not sham, rTMS reduced craving significantly from baseline (64.1±5.9 vs. 45.7±6.4, t = 2.69, p = .018). When compared with neutral cue craving, the effect of real TMS on cue craving was significantly greater than the effect of sham TMS (12.5±10.4 vs. –9.1±10.4; t = 2.07, p = .049). More decreases in subjective craving induced by TMS correlated positively with higher Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score ( r = .58, p = .031) and more cigarettes smoked per day ( r = .57, p = .035). Conclusions One session of high-frequency rTMS (10 Hz) of the left DLPFC significantly reduced subjective craving induced by smoking cues in nicotine-dependent participants. Additional studies are needed to explore rTMS as an aid to smoking cessation.
Analytical solution of equilibrium-stage operations—application to rectification with varying saturated enthalpies and to liquid-liquid extraction

A complete analytical solution is developed for the number of equilibrium stages in separations processes for which operating and equilibrium lines are not necessarily straight. The resulting equations are solutions of a Riccati difference equation and are applied to liquid-liquid extraction and the distillation of a binary mixture where the liquid and vapor flows are not constant because of the variation of the saturated liquid and vapor enthalpies with concentration. A specific example is given for the separation of ethyl alcohol and water in which the equilibrium curve is highly nonlinear and where a large number of plates are required in a pinch region. Another example is given for the extraction of methylcyclopentane from its solution in n-hexane using aniline as a selective solvent.
Extracting properties of multiple-scene objects from autocorrelation features

Information about objects in a scene can sometimes be extracted directly from a spatial autocorrelation function (or equivalently, a power spectrum). Such information may be the quantity of ultimate interest, or it may constrain or provide trial solutions for an iterative image reconstruction. Previous research has described extraction of the most basic of such information, consisting of the number of objects present and their relative positions. From there it is possible to unfold certain properties of individual extended objects (that is, two-dimensional image-plane brightness distributions). I show that when several objects are present, their defining parameter values can be extracted from the corresponding properties of subsidiary features in a set of spatial autocorrelation data by use of a least-squares approach. Furthermore, many potential ambiguities in the single-object case do not arise with multiple objects.
Synthesis of dl-glutamine-2,5-15N2

A two step synthesis of dl-glutamine-2,5-15N2 is described. 2-Oxapentanedioic acid was reacted with hydrazine sulfate-15N2 to yield 6-carboxy-(2H)-pyridazin-3-one-1,2-15N2, which was then reduced with hydrogen over 10% Pd/C catalyst to dl-glutamine-2,5-15N2. Gas chromatography of the trimethylsilylated derivative of the labeled glutamine was used to establish purity. Mass spectra for dl-glutamine-15N2, dl-glutamine and their intermediates, 6-carboxy-(2H)-pyridazin-3-one-1,2-15N2 and 6-carboxy-(2H)-pyridazin-3-one were consistent with assigned structures.
Quality of Life in the HIV-Positive Patient: Implications and Consequences

Many individuals newly infected with HIV struggle with psychosocial influences, such as poverty, stigma, depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, and/or cultural beliefs, which can affect their quality of life (QoL), willingness to seek medical care, and motivation to adhere to therapy, ultimately influencing health outcomes. The Health Resources and Services Administration established the Ryan White Care Act (RWCA) to provide health care to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Part F of the RWCA, the Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Program, focuses on identifying issues affecting care for PLWH. One cohort of SPNS grantees has identified numerous needs and vulnerabilities of underserved HIV-infected patients and supports the development of innovative HIV/AIDS ancillary services for them. In this article, a review of the underlying psychosocial sequelae of HIV infection and their impact on QoL is presented, and recommendations for providers to assist in improving the QoL of PLWH are discussed.
The concept of logical ambiguity and judgments of syllogistic validity

All syllogistic forms are ambiguous: they have more than one possible meaning. The existence of multiple interpretations of messages cast into logical forms may be a factor related to the difficulty people have in judging their validity or invalidity. Data supporting such an hypothesis are presented and a general method for determining the ambiguity of a syllogism is described. It is argued that the ambiguity of a message form is a relevant variable in the explanation of human communication behavior. Implications of this ambiguity view of syllogistic reasoning errors for man as a rational being are discussed.
Verification of hardware designs thru symbolic manipulation

This paper describes a method for detecting errors in hardware designs based on algebraic manipulation. The behavior of a hardware system is specified using a non-procedural register transfer language. Similar specifications are provided for each component in the circuit. Using the techniques discussed here it should be possible to determine if the device will function correctly. The problem of detecting races and hazards in this framework is also addressed.
Pattern recognition algorithm for determining days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles

This paper describes a pattern recognition algorithm for determining days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles. The algorithm determines energy use features, such as average daily consumption or peak daily consumption, from time series of energy use. Features are transformed to remove the effects of seasonal variation that may be present in time series data. Then, the transformed features are grouped by day of the week into seven clusters. Univariate and multivariate outlier analysis methods are used to remove unusual data from the seven clusters. Finally, a modified agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm determines days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles. Knowledge of days of the week with similar energy consumption profiles can be used in the following ways: (1) supervisory control strategies that use forecasting algorithms, and (2) methods for detecting abnormal energy consumption in buildings. This paper contains field tests results from three buildings.
Ends and Means in Political Control: State Organization and the Punishment of Adultery, Incest, and Violation of Celibacy1

Political organization appears to be among the most important factors affecting formal (legal) sanctions for nonmarital coitus. The correlations between prescribed capital punishment and nonmarital coitus in one type of nation are explored cross-culturally. They suggest that there is no single attitude toward sexuality per se in these societies; instead the rules governing each type of nonmarital relationship are outgrowths of different relationships between controlling political bodies and local boundary systems. These processes are observable diachronically and sync/ironically; they suggest a reinterpretation of the Protestant ethic, that it is a politically stimulated value system. The data also suggest that rules governing nonmarital coitus need not conform to motivational patterns.
Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt by Peter Arnade

(2009). Beggars, Iconoclasts, and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt by Peter Arnade. Reformation & Renaissance Review: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 125-126.
Basic Science Content in the USMLE Step 1

When discussing changes to the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1, Dr Haist and colleagues1 concluded that “many medical students prepared for Step 1 with a ‘binge and purge’ mentality; because students failed to recognize the value of the basic sciences in medical practice, many memorized information for short-term retention.” Haist et al1 used this position as a rationale for “planned changes to emphasize basic sciences throughout [the] USMLE.” The Viewpoint neglected to consider the alternative hypothesis that students take a binge and purge mentality not because they fail to recognize the value of basic science in medicine, but because they believe the focus of Step 1 is on clinically irrelevant minutiae that have little value in patient care.
Stability analysis of digital linear flight controllers subject to electromagnetic disturbances

High intensity electromagnetic radiation has been demonstrated to be a source of computer upsets in commercially available digital flight control systems. Such upsets can degrade the quality of the control signal ranging from a perturbation error over a few sample periods to a permanent error mode or computer failure. Under these conditions, the primary concern of the control engineer is to insure that the closed-loop system remains stable. A stochastic disturbance model and a set of associated stability assessment tools are introduced for determining stability robustness of a nominal closed-loop system subject to electromagnetic disturbances. The focus is primarily on night control applications, but the methodology is suitable for any application where highly reliable digital control is needed. The technique is demonstrated on a simple test example and on a stabilizing controller for the longitudinal dynamics of the AFTI/F-16 aircraft.
People of Faith: Slavery and African Catholics in Eighteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro

People of Faith: Slavery and African Catholics in Eighteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro, by Mariza de Carvalho Soares, Durham, Duke University Press, 2011, xiii + 321 pp., £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-...
HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES ON THE HOST RACES OF EUROSTA SOLIDAGINIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SYMPATRIC SPECIATION.

We studied the inheritance of survival ability in host-associated populations of the tephritid fly, Eurosta solidaginis, to test predictions of sympatric speciation models. Eurosta solidaginis induces galls on two species of goldenrod, Solidago altissima and S. gigantea. The host-associated populations have been hypothesized to be host races that originated in sympatry (Craig et al. 1993). We found evidence for disruptive selection for host use, which is a critical assumption of sympatric speciation models. Each host race had higher survival rates on their host plant than on the alternative host. F1 and backcross hybrids also had lower survival rates than the pure host-race flies on their host plant. Since assortative mating occurs due to host-plant preference (Craig et al. 1993) this would select for divergence in host preference. Low hybrid survival could have been due to strong genetic incompatibilities of the populations or due to host adaptation by each population. Strong genetic incompatibilities would result in poor survival on all host plants, while host adaptation could result in low overall survival with high hybrid survival on some host plants with particularly "benign" environments. High survival of F1 , F2 , and backcross hybrids on some plant genotypes in some years supported the host adaptation hypothesis. F1 flies mated and oviposited normally and produced viable F2 and backcross hybrids indicating gene flow is possible between the host races. A few flies developed and emerged on the alternative host plant. This demonstrates that genes necessary to utilize the alternative host exist in both host races. This could have facilitated the origin of one of the populations via a host shift from the ancestral host. The inheritance of survival ability appears to be an autosomal trait. We did not find evidence that survival ability was maternally influenced or sex linked.
Refractometer assessment of colostral and serum IgG and milk total solids concentrations in dairy cattle.

Background Estimation of the quantity of colostral IgG or serum IgG absorbed following ingestion of colostrum by calves is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of colostrum feeding practices on dairy farms. Milk total solids concentrations determination is a critical part of quality assessment of nonsaleable whole milk prior to feeding to calves. To date, on-farm methods to assess colostral IgG, serum IgG or milk total solids concentrations have been performed separately with various instruments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a single electronic, hand-held refractometer for assessing colostral and serum IgG concentrations and milk total solids in dairy cattle. Colostral IgG, serum IgG and milk total solids concentrations were determined by the refractometer. Corresponding analysis of colostral and serum IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion (RID) while milk total solids were determined by spectrophotometry. Sensitivity and specificity of the refractometer for colostrum and serum samples were calculated as determined by RID. Sensitivity and specificity of the refractometer for milk samples was calculated as determined by spectrophotometry.
Mathematics in Narratives of Geodetic Expeditions

ABSTRACT In eighteenth‐century France, geodesy (the measure of the earth’s shape) became an arena where mathematics and narrative intersected productively. Mathematics played a crucial role not only in the measurements and analysis necessary to geodesy but also in the narrative accounts that presented the results of elaborate and expensive expeditions to the reading public. When they returned to France to write these accounts after their travels, mathematician‐observers developed a variety of ways to display numbers and mathematical arguments and techniques. The numbers, equations, and diagrams they produced could not be separated from the story of their acquisition. Reading these accounts for the interplay of these two aspects—the mathematical and the narrative—shows how travelers articulated the intellectual and physical difficulties of their work to enhance the value of their results for specialist and lay readers alike.
Effective Development of Reconfigurable Systems Using Linear State-Feedback Control

As the complexity of system design has substantially increased, so, too, has the need for incorporating tradeoffs into the design process. When such tradeoffs are incorporated, the optimal system performance of each objective is sacrificed to increase the overall range of the system’s functionality. Reconfigurable systems have been defined as systems designed to maintain a high level of performance through real-time change in their configuration when operating conditions or requirements change in a predictable or unpredictable way. When effectively applied, these reconfigurable systems have the ability to achieve the optimal performance for all system objectives, while also meeting the different constraints of each objective. A method of designing effective reconfigurable systems is presented that focuses on determining how the design variables of a system change, as well as investigating the stability of a reconfigurable system through the application of a state-feedback controller. This method is then applied to a study involving the design of a reconfigurable Formula One race car traversing a predefined racetrack where the design variables change values to achieve maximum performance.
Detection of Mustard, Egg, Milk, and Gluten in Salad Dressing Using Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used method for the detection of trace amounts of potentially allergenic protein residues in foods. However, food matrices and processing conditions can affect the detection of protein residues. The effects of acidity on the detectability of several allergenic proteins commonly found in salad dressing using ELISAs was investigated. First, recovery experiments were performed on salad dressing formulated with 0 to 1000 ppm mustard flour (mustard). The mean percent recovery for mustard from the salad dressing was only 7.7%+/- 1.6%. When the pH of the salad dressing was adjusted to pH 7 prior to spiking with mustard, recovery improved to 94.1%+/- 7.6%. However, if the pH was adjusted to pH 7 after spiking and extraction, the recovery was only 11.1%+/- 1.7%. When vinegar was spiked with mustard flour at pH 3, 3.5, and 4, detectability of mustard was lowest at pH 3. Basic extraction of mustard proteins from salad dressing did not improve the mustard detection. Acidic salad dressing matrices reduced the detectability of mustard by the mustard ELISA probably because of acid precipitation of mustard proteins that renders them insoluble and nonextractable. Commercial salad dressings containing 100 ppm (mg/kg) of egg, milk, or gluten were analyzed every 2 to 4 d for 90 d using 3 commercially available ELISAs. A decrease in the detection of the egg, milk, and gluten in the salad dressing upon storage was observed. Our study highlighted the importance of evaluating the utility of various ELISAs for specific food matrices and the recovery as a function of product storage.
Blood Flow in the Cerebral Capillary Network: A Review Emphasizing Observations with Intravital Microscopy

Capillary perfusion in the brain is characterized by an essentially continuous flow of erythrocytes and plasma in almost all capillaries. Rapid fluctuations and spatial heterogeneity or red blood cell (RBC) velocity (0.5-1.8 mm/s) within the capillary network are present. In addition, low-frequency (4-8 cpm) synchronous oscillations in RBC velocity in the capillary network emerge when perfusion to cerebral tissue is challenged. Despite the tortuous, three-dimensional architecture of microvessels, functional intercapillary anastomoses are absent. At rest, red cells travel through the capillary network in 100-300 ms along 150- to 500-micron-long paths. Physiological challenges elicit sizable changes in RBC velocity with a minor role for capillary recruitment, change in capillary diameter, or flow shunting. During acute hypoxia, RBC velocity increases in all capillaries; the corresponding response to hypereapnia is more complex and involves redistribution of capillary flow toward more homogeneous perfusion. The response of capillary flow to decreased perfusion pressure reflects autoregulation of cerebral blood flow but also involves intranetwork redistribution of RBC flow between two populations of capillaries, postulated as thoroughfare channels and exchange capillaries. Flow reserve may be provided by the thoroughfare channels and may help maintain flow velocity and capillary exchange and protect the microcirculation from perfusion failure. Isovolemic hemodilution increases RBC velocity three- to fourfold and increases RBC flux to a moderate degree with a relatively small decrease in capillary hematocrit, under normal and compromised arterial blood supply. In cerebral ischemia, leukocyte adhesion is enhanced and appears reversible when the ischemia is moderate but may be progressive when the injury is severe. The observed flow behavior suggests the presence of a physiological regulatory mechanism of cerebral capillary flow that may involve communication among various microvascular and parenchymal cells and utilize locally acting endothelial and parenchymal mediators such as endothelium-derived relaxing factor or nitric oxide.
Monte Carlo domain decomposition for robust nuclear reactor analysis

Spatial domain decomposition implemented in production-scale neutron transport code.An efficient inter-domain particle communication algorithm is presented.An updated performance model accurately predicts load imbalance penalties.Load-balancing can effectively mitigate load imbalances for reactor problems.Terabyte-scale tallies do not significantly degrade particle tracking rates. Monte Carlo (MC) neutral particle transport codes are considered the gold-standard for nuclear simulations, but they cannot be robustly applied to high-fidelity nuclear reactor analysis without accommodating several terabytes of materials and tally data. While this is not a large amount of aggregate data for a typical high performance computer, MC methods are only embarrassingly parallel when the key data structures are replicated for each processing element, an approach which is likely infeasible on future machines. The present work explores the use of spatial domain decomposition to make full-scale nuclear reactor simulations tractable with Monte Carlo methods, presenting a simple implementation in a production-scale code. Good performance is achieved for mesh-tallies of up to 2.39TB distributed across 512 compute nodes while running a full-core reactor benchmark on the Mira Blue Gene/Q supercomputer at the Argonne National Laboratory. In addition, the effects of load imbalances are explored with an updated performance model that is empirically validated against observed timing results. Several load balancing techniques are also implemented to demonstrate that imbalances can be largely mitigated, including a new and efficient way to distribute extra compute resources across finer domain meshes.
Gender, race, and education differences in abstinence rates among participants in two randomized smoking cessation trials

Introduction: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, but this burden is not distributed equally among smokers. Women, Blacks, and people with low socioeconomic status are especially vulnerable to the health risks of smoking and are less likely to quit. Methods: This research examined cessation rates and treatment response among 2,850 participants (57.2% women, 11.7% Blacks, and 9.0% with less than a high school education) from two large cessation trials evaluating: nicotine patch, nicotine lozenge, bupropion, bupropion + lozenge, and nicotine patch + lozenge. Results: Results revealed that women, Blacks, and smokers with less education were less likely to quit smoking successfully than men, Whites, and smokers with more education, respectively. Women did not appear to benefit more from bupropion than from nicotine replacement therapy, but women and smokers with less education benefited more from combination pharmacotherapy than from monotherapy. Discussion: Women, Blacks, and smokers with less education are at elevated risk for cessation failure, and research is needed to understand this risk and develop pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to improve their long-term cessation rates.
Contestation or Collaboration? A Comparative Study of Home–School Relations

In this article we focus on two public elementary schools that are known to have a great deal of parental participation, examining the relationships parents and school personnel build, and how these relationships unfold. We found that accommodation and community typified parent-teacher interactions at one school, while interactions at the other could be characterized as ambivalent and fraught with competing demands. We argue that social class and school culture interact to shape what is possible for parents and teachers to accomplish in the way offorming strong and meaningful relationships, ultimately leading to quite different outcomes.
QoS of streaming video traffic over UMTS networks

There are four different levels of QoS traffic classes stipulated in UMTS specifications [1], which UMTS network need to support. These traffic classes are: Conversational, Streaming, Interactive, and Background. The main distinguishing factor between these classes is how delay sensitive the traffic is. Video stream class of traffic for a broadband wireless network has lot of challenges to overcome; principal among them is the preservation of time delay variation between information entities within a flow. In this paper we model video stream traffic over an UMTS network and examine endto-end delay variation. Using the results we discuss the architectural implications of radio access network (UTRAN), core network, and the video server on the overall delay. In addition we also analyze the performance impacts of the underlying transport and network layer protocols.
Novel in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of prolyl endopeptidase

Abstract Inhibition of prolyl endopeptidase by Z-cyclohexyl prolinal and Z-indolinyl prolinal occurs with slow, tight binding inhibition and K i values of 2 – 3 nM. In vivo enzyme inhibition is also observed with a half time for recovery of enzyme activity of 3 – 4 h. Inhibition of prolyl endopeptidase by Z-cyclohexyl prolinal and Z-indolinyl prolinal occurs with slow, tight binding inhibition and K i values of 2 – 3 nM. In vivo enzyme inhibition is also observed with a half time for recovery of enzyme activity of 3 – 4 h.
Simplified method for purification of colostrum to obtain secretory component of immunoglobulin A, using secretory component as a reference protein in tracheal aspirate fluid

Many studies employ bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for assessment of biologically active substances secreted from the lung. However, investigators continue to search for a useful reference standard to correct for the inevitable but variable degree of dilution of this fluid. The glycoprotein, soluble secretory component of IgA, may serve as a valid reference protein. We report a simplified method for the purification of secretory component from colostrum. Soluble secretory component was isolated from human colostrum using serial centrifugation, size-exclusion fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. Secretory component rich fractions were assayed by enzyme immunoassay. They were also evaluated for total amino acid content and distribution and sequence determination with satisfactory agreement with published results. We then demonstrated that soluble secretory component concentration in tracheal aspirate fluid did not correlate with either albumin or with total protein measured in the same samples. Therefore, we conclude that the secretory component of IgA serves as a useful reference marker because its use may avoid errors resulting from leakage of plasma proteins into epithelial lining fluid. Advantages of this method for establishing a standard for secretory component include ready availability of soluble secretory component, simplicity of the method and relative rapidity of the techniques.
Review of the assessment and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) secondary to in-utero opioid exposure is an increasing problem. Variability in assessment and treatment of NAS has been attributed to the lack of high-quality evidence to guide management of exposed neonates. This systematic review examines available evidence for NAS assessment tools, nonpharmacologic interventions, and pharmacologic management of opioid-exposed infants. There is limited data on the inter-observer reliability of NAS assessment tools due to lack of a standardized approach. In addition, most scales were developed prior to the prevalent use of prescribed prenatal concomitant medications, which can complicate NAS assessment. Nonpharmacologic interventions, particularly breastfeeding, may decrease NAS severity. Opioid medications such as morphine or methadone are recommended as first-line therapy, with phenobarbital or clonidine as second-line adjunctive therapy. Further research is needed to determine best practices for assessment, nonpharmacologic intervention, and pharmacologic management of infants with NAS in order to improve outcomes.
Coronary hemodynamics in patients with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

The purpose of this study was to analyze coronary hemodynamics and determine a possible mechanism for microvascular dysfunction in patients with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). Although patients with HC have been shown to have microvascular dysfunction and reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR), the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. We studied coronary hemodynamics in 8 patients with symptomatic HC and compared them with 8 matched controls. Compared with controls, patients with HC had higher coronary blood flow, lower coronary resistance, and lower CFR. Patients with HC also had abnormal phasic coronary flow characteristics. These results suggest that the reduction of CFR in patients with HC may be secondary to near maximal vasodilation of the microcirculation in the basal state.
The religion‐in‐the‐science‐classroom issue: Seeking graduate student conceptual change

This study examines the extent to which science education graduate students enjoy a well-articulated position on the compatibility of science and religion and, as a result, are comfortable with their espoused views and plans for the role of religion in science classroom discussions. We were particularly interested in examining changes in student mental states as a legitimate form of conceptual change after a course intervention. This might be evidenced by the depth of understanding, level of reasoning, and degree of comfort with classroom application. The intervention first asked students to write a “talk back to the author” paper shortly after reading a provocative essay on the topic. This was followed by reading and discussing a variety of alternative views after which they wrote a more formal position paper on the science–religion topic. We first conducted a content analysis of both papers, developing separate concept maps of the overall class response in the first and second papers, noting changes in emphases. Adapting a current multidimensional model of conceptual change, we then developed an individual evaluation form based on categories that emerged in the class analysis, which were strikingly similar to the categories in the multidimensional model. These included ontological, epistemological, and social/affective dimensions of conceptual change. Both papers were scored in these three areas. The conceptual change for each student from talk-back to position paper was subsequently reported using individual graphs and citing text examples. Results showed conceptual change or improved mental state in all three categories for most students. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed84:445–468, 2000.
Family history and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis.

BACKGROUND A history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative is a recognized risk factor for developing this malignancy. The influence of a family history of colorectal cancer on survival after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer was examined in a large cohort of women. METHODS We analyzed data from 1001 women diagnosed with colorectal cancer while participating in a prospective cohort study. Data on family history were obtained before cancer diagnosis. We computed Cox proportional hazards for cancer-specific and overall mortality according to a family history of colorectal cancer, adjusting for other predictors for survival. RESULTS Before diagnosis, 16% of colorectal patients reported a history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative. Patients with a history of colorectal cancer in 1 or more first-degree relatives experienced an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for overall mortality of 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.72) and colorectal cancer-specific mortality of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.02–1.86) when compared with those without a family history. Moreover, patients with 2 or more affected relatives had an HR for overall mortality of 2.07 (95% CI, 1.14–3.76) and cancer-specific mortality of 2.19 (95% CI, 1.10–4.38). The significant deleterious effect of family history was limited to patients with advanced disease at presentation and cancers originating in the colon. CONCLUSIONS Among women with colorectal cancer, a history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative was associated with a significant decrease in survival. Additional study is needed to validate these findings and determine whether specific germline polymorphisms correlate with clinical outcomes. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Morphological studies on the Collybia dryophila group in Europe

The potential of morphological criteria for delimiting taxa in the Collybia dryophila group was assessed with respect to the biological species concept. Nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion in this group can be attributed to the previous application of characters which are polymorphic within one or more biological species. Biological species of C. dryophila in Europe can be taxonomically distinguished by a suite of morphological and ecological criteria. A phenetically based taxonomy is presented, which recognizes species by their overall similarity for eight putative diagnostic features. Descriptions are provided for C. alphina sp. nov., C. ocor, C. aquosa and C. dryophila . A key to the C. dryophila group in Europe is also presented.
Determination of wear metals in engine oil by mild acid digestion and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using solid phase extraction disks.

Abstract A simple, particle size-independent spectrometric method has been developed for the multi-element determination of wear metals in used engine oil. A small aliquot (0.5 ml) of an acid-digested oil sample is spotted onto a C-18 solid phase extraction disk to form a uniform thin film. The dried disk is then analyzed directly by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. This technique provides a homogeneous and reproducible sample surface to the instrument, thus overcoming the typical problems associated with uneven particle size distribution and sedimentation. As a result, the method provides higher precision and accuracy than conventional methods. Furthermore, the disk sample may be stored and re-analyzed or extracted at a later date. The signals arising from the spotted disks, and the calibration curves constructed from them, are stable for at least 2 months. The limits of detection for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr are 5, 1, 4, 2, and 4 μg g−1, respectively. Recoveries of these elements from spiked oil samples range from 92 to 110%. The analysis of two standard reference materials and a used oil sample produced results comparable to those found by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
Prototype Instrument for Controlling Reactor Startups

A time-to-power instrument has been developed for use as a primary startup control for nuclear reactors. Time-to-power (TTP) is the projected length of time that will elapse before reactor goal power is reached, as based on the instantaneous neutron flux level and the reactor periods. Thus, the TTP signal is formed by combining the logarithm and period of the neutron flux level (both normally-used startup control signals), with an internally-generated goal flux level signal. The resultant TTP signal is displayed for comparison with the desired TTP value. Maintaining a constant desired TTP signal by adjustment of reactivity controls results in an orderly approach to a selected goal power level. The design considerations of the prototype system are presented with a discussion of the present and future applications. The developed, practical instrument satisfactorily performed the electronic functions required to demonstrate the TTP concept, and data from controlled reactor startups compare favorably with the calculated behavior. The results indicate that safe, efficient and economical startups can be obtained using TTP instrumentation.
Finite Difference Solution for Transient Cooling of a Radiating-Conducting Semitransparent Layer

Transient solutions were obtained for cooling a semitransparent material by radiation and conduction. The layer is in a vacuum environment so the only means for heat dissipation is by radiation from within the medium leaving through the boundaries. Heat conduction serves only to partially equalize temperatures across the layer. As the optical thickness is increased, steep temperature gradients exist near the boundaries when conduction is relatively small. A solution procedure is required that will provide accurate temperature distributions adjacent to the boundaries, or radiative heat losses will be in error. The approach utilized numerical Gaussian integration to obtain the local radiative source term, and a finite difference procedure with variable space and time increments to solve the transient energy equation.
SLK1, a yeast homolog of MAP kinase activators, has a RAS/cAMP-independent role in nutrient sensing

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SLK1 protein is implicated in nutrient sensing and growth control. Under nutrient-limiting conditions, slk1 mutants fail to undergo cell cycle arrest. The role of the SLK1 protein in nutrient sensing was examined with respect to the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway, which has a well characterized role in growth control in yeast, and by the analysis of dominant SLK1 alleles that affect the nutrient response of wild-type cells. Interactions with the PKA pathway were examined by phenotypic analysis of double mutants of slk1 and various PKA pathway mutants. Combining the slk1-delta mutation with a mutation that is thought constitutively activate the PKA pathway, pde2, resulted in enhanced growth control defects. The combination of slk1-delta with mutations that inhibit the PKA pathway, cdc25 and ras1, ras2, failed to alleviate the slk1 cell cycle arrest defect and lowered the permissive temperature for growth. Furthermore bcy1 tpk1 tpk2 tpk3w (bcy1 tpkw) mutants, which have constitutive, low-level, cAMP-independent kinase activity, exhibit nutrient sensing, which is eliminated in the slk1 bcy1 tpkw mutants. These results implicated SLK1 in PKA-independent growth control in yeast. The amino-terminal, noncatalytic region of the SLK1 protein may be important in the regulation of SLK1 function in growth control. Overexpression of this region caused starvation sensitivity in wild-type cells by interfering with SLK1 protein function.
Aerobic Exercise and Endurance: Improving Fitness for Health Benefits

Clinicians who understand how the body responds to exercise, how aerobic training improves cardiovascular fitness, and the benefits and principles of prescribing aerobic exercise can effectively encourage patients to become active and optimize programs for those already active. Patients who are active at an early age and who continue to enjoy active lifestyles as adults will attenuate the normal losses in cardiovascular endurance, strength, and flexibility that accompany aging and sedentary living, thereby maintaining greater independence throughout their life spans.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Thyroid hyperplasia, hyperthyroidism and variance in thyroid function in mice

Trypanosoma cruzi: Thyroid hyperplasia, hyperthyroidism and variance in thyroid function in mice. Experimental Parasitology 27 , 9–14. Thyroid uptakes of 125 I of Trypanosoma cruzi infected mice were higher than control mice on nine of twelve check days. Significant differences in the uptakes occurred on the tenth ( P P P P
Weight concerns in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of weight concerns in individuals with BDD, and to examine similarities and differences between those with and those without weight concerns. Method We assessed 200 participants with BDD for clinically significant weight concerns and compared those with weight concerns (in addition to other body area concerns) to those without weight concerns on measures of BDD symptoms, other symptom severity, comorbidity, suicidality, functioning, and quality of life. Results 58 (29.0%) participants had weight concerns. Participants with weight concerns were younger, more likely to be female, and had more body areas of concern; a higher frequency of certain BDD behaviors, suicide attempts, and comorbidity; greater body image disturbance and depression; and poorer social functioning. The two groups were similar on other measures. Discussion Weight concerns in BDD deserve further study, as they appear relatively common and are associated with greater symptom severity and psychopathology in several domains.
Database theory in practice: learning from cooperative group projects

This paper describes the use of cooperative group learning concepts in support of an undergraduate database management course that emphasizes the theoretical and practical aspects of database application development. The course project is divided into three main phases, involving requirements analysis and conceptual design, relational database mapping and prototyping, and database system implementation using Microsoft Access. The project deliverables are designed so that students not only develop a database implementation, but also evaluate their design in terms of functional dependencies, normal forms, the lossless join property, and the dependency preservation property, thus establishing the need for sound database design principles. Students are required to actively participate in each phase, with students assuming different roles in each phase to allow them to experience different leadership responsibilities. As part of the grading process, students evaluate their own performance as well as the performance of others in the group. This paper describes our experience with the structure and administration of cooperative groups and provides a discussion of the lessons we have learned, including initial observations of the effectiveness of the approach.
A method for the detection and isolation of system failures

A method is presented which allows the detection and isolation of failures in either the estate of a stochastic linear system or the sensor variable associated with that system. The method is based on an application of multiple hypothesis testing, Kalman filtering and sequential maximum likelihood estimation.
Accelerated learning: Future roles and influences

This chapter explores the future of accelerated learning as an innovative force within higher education.
The effect of temperature variation on the metabolic activity of the Harris' sparrow.

Abstract 1. 1. Carbon dioxide production of Harris' sparrows increases linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, at least at air temperatures between −10 and 33°C (mg CO 2 /g per hr = 12·71−0·223 t ). 2. 2. Harris' sparrows tolerate air temperatures as great as 41°C if the experimental flow rate is sufficient to allow evaporative cooling. 3. 3. The resting metabolic rate of Harris' sparrows is ca. 13·3 kcal/24 hr (mean body weight = 0·033 kg). 4. 4. The data are compared to those for other fringillid birds. It is suggested that they further illustrate that physiological responses are species-specific, and are appropriate to the natural environment.
Mechanical Behavior of Gamma-Met PX under Uniaxial Loading at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

Gamma titanium aluminides have received considerable attention over the last decade. These alloys are known to have low density, good high temperature strength retention and good oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, poor ductility and low fracture toughness have been the key limiting factors in the full utilization of these alloys. More recently, a new generation of gamma titanium aluminide alloys, commonly referred to as Gamma-met PX, has been developed by GKSS, Germany. These alloys have been observed to have superior strength and better oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures when compared with conventional gamma titanium aluminides. The present paper discusses results of a study to understand the uniaxial mechanical behavior in both compression and tension of Gamma-Met PX at elevated temperatures and high strain rates. The compression and tensile tests are conducted using a modified split-Hopkinson bar apparatus at test temperatures ranging from room temperature to 900 C and strain rates of up to 3500/s. Under uniaxial compression, in the temperature range from room to 600 C, the flow stress is observed to be nearly independent of test temperature. However, at temperatures higher than 600 C thermal softening is observed at all strain rates with the rate of thermal softening increasing dramatically between 800 C and 900 C. The room temperature tensile tests show negligible strain-rate dependence on both yield stress and flow stress. With an increase in test temperature from room to 900 C the material shows a drop in both yield and flow stress at all levels of plastic strain. However, the measured flow stress is still higher when compared to nickel based super-alloys and other gamma titanium aluminides under similar test conditions. Also, no anomaly in yield stress is observed up to 900 C.