cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of A Super -Sonic Inlet Using Bleed and Micro - Ramps to Control Shock -Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions

[Abstract] A computational fluid dynamic investigation was conducted on a variable geometry supersonic mixed compression inlet. The regulating features of the inlet are a variable compression ramp, diffuser, and throat. The compression ramp rotates about the y-axis from 0-12 degrees, and throat heights ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 inches, which is coupled with the trailing edge of the variable diffuser. The inlet produces strong shockwave turbulent boundary layer interactions that cause the boundary layer to separate and diminish the overall performance of the inlet. To counter the adverse effects of shockwave turbulent boundary layer interactions the inlet is equipped to with several conventional bleed systems located along: the compression ramp, and in the throat, along the upper, lower, and sidewall surfaces. As an alternative to boundary layer bleed, the baseline inlet model was fitted with micro-ramps as a potentially more efficient method of turbulent boundary layer separation control. All numerical simulations were conducted using the AFRL developed Air Vehicles Unstructured Solver (AVUS). The CFD computations solve the compressible 3-D steady state Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Wilcox (1998) k-ω two equation turbulence model. The bleed surfaces and micro-ramps are removable to incorporate numerical baseline testing. A major objective of the numerical simulations is to examine several inlet performance characteristics: total pressure recovery, mass flow, static pressures on the inlet surfaces, and flow distortion. Unstructured hybrid viscous computational grids were generated using Icemcfd and consisted of prisms, pyramids, and tetrahedron. All CFD computations were conducted at a freestream mach number of 3.0 and Reynolds number of 2.71 million/ft. Furthermore, controlling shockwave turbulent boundary layer interactions with micro-ramps has shown to enhance inlet efficiency.
Surface properties of ionic liquid adsorbate layer are influenced by the dipole of the underneath substrate.

Ionic liquids (ILs) form nonfluidic layers at the solid–liquid interface. The properties of the IL interfacial layer play important roles in IL-based applications. Since the liquid-phase IL directly contacts and interacts with the IL interfacial layer rather than the underneath substrate, the surface properties of the interfacial layer could influence how the IL behaves on a solid surface. We used scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and force spectroscopy to investigate how chemical patterns with different dipoles reacted with ionic liquids. We find that even without direct contact on chemical patterns, the IL can form an adsorbate layer on chemical patterns via vapor-phase condensation. The dipole of the chemical pattern can direct the adsorption and assembly of the IL adsorbate. The surface properties of the IL adsorbate layer depend on the dipole of the underneath chemical patterns. Our results indicate that the interfacial IL layer may exist before the IL contacts a solid surface. The charge and dipole of...
Which Nonnegative Matrices are Self-Inverse?

A binary relation, a digraph, and a graph are represented faithfully by their (square) adjacency matrices which are respectively: binary, binary with zero diagonal, and binary symmetric with zero diagonal. To determine the self-inverse matrices of these three types, we generalize the question to nonnegative matrices and then specialize the result. THEOREM. Let A be a nonnegative matrix with the property that A2 = In. Then there exists a permutation matrix P such that PAPT is a direct sum of 1-square matrices [1] and 2-square matrices of the formA=[0 1,a>O.
New High Power VHF Termination

This paper introduces manufacture result of a new high power VHF termination for the VHF radar.The rutile ceramic with high dielectric constant and low temperature coefficient has been reseached and the CS-12 material possessing of high absorbility of microwave energy has been invented.Theory on equal aborbtion of microwave power in transmission line of same length in the transmission direction is put forward in this paper.According to the theory,we precisely design complex absorber object composed of rutile ceramic and CS-12 material of absorbility high power microwave energy.Our studing shows that:the result of experiment is consistant with theory analysis,the high power VHF termination is miniaturizated and possesses of high performance.
Fractionation of fowl immunoglobulins.

Serum, Na 2 S0 4 -precipitated serum immunoglobulins and bile from 12-week-old fowls, and serum from day-old chicks, were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and ultracentrifugation through 10–40 per cent sucrose gradients. Elution of IgM, IgG, IgA and albumin was monitored by examination of fractions in agar gel diffusion against antisera specific to these proteins. Serum and bile from 12-week-old fowls contained IgM and IgA in two molecular sizes and a single molecular size of IgG. Day-old chick serum contained IgM estimated to be 7S, a polymerised form of IgG in addition to the normal 7S component, and a small molecular weight protein antigenically related to IgA. Most of the albumin in bile was of lower molecular weight than serum albumin, while heavy forms of albumin were detected in ultracentrifugation of bile and day-old chick serum.
Fatal agranulocytosis resulting from a procaine derivative.

Abstract A case history of fatal agranulocytosis believed due to a procaine derivative, procaine amide, is presented. Para-aminobenzoic acid, a breakdown product of procaine and procaine amide, has been demonstrated to be an etiological factor in leucopenia. Aminobenzene derivatives, of which para-aminobenzoic acid is a member, have been repeatedly implicated in fatal and nonfatal agranulocytosis. It is necessary to presuppose the existence of a previously weakened, damaged, or idiosyncratic bone marrow which may be congenital or acquired in the development of agranulocytosis.
Review: long-acting insulin analogues do not improve glycemic control but do reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia in diabetes.

Source Citation Tran K, Banerjee S, Li H, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues for diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of clinical outcomes and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Technology report #92....
Induced conformational changes in novabiocin.

The techniques of ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism have been utilized to demonstrate in the substituted coumarin antibiotic, novobiocin sodium, a conformational change which could be induced by making the solution acidic. By comparing the ultraviolet spectra of novobiocin with those of coumarin and warfarin, a less complex substituted coumarin, the region of interest in the spectrum has been assigned to transitions within the coumarin ring. Upon acidification a large bathochromic shift was observed only for novobiocin, and has been attributed to increased conjugation as a result of an alignment of the benzamido group attached to position 3 of the coumarin skeleton of the drug. Also upon acidification, an inversion in sign of the circular dichroic band has been noted and has been attributed to a movement of the perturbing benzyl group to a negatively rotating quadrant in accordance with the octant rule. The entirely different circular dichroic spectra of the human albumin-novobiocin complex and the bovine albumin-novobiocin complex may be explained in terms of different conformational changes induced in the novobiocin molecule upon being bound to the two proteins.
Socially Just Elementary Schools, Classrooms, and Social Studies Practices and Strategies

Social Justice Instruction and Teaching Practices in the Elementary Setting covers the historical perspective of social justice in schools, in general, followed by in elementary schools, and classrooms. It provides specific teaching practices and strategies, as well as traditional and multimedia resources, which can be utilized immediately in classrooms embedded in all subject content through compassion, tolerance, and empathy; this chapter primarily focuses on these three skills with specifics offered the social studies curriculum. An important distinction is drawn between young children learning social justice from social injustice. While grounded in theory, it is primarily a practitioner paper with application which can be of benefit in elementary classrooms immediately.
Toward Reduced Representation of Mixing State for Simulating Aerosol Effects on Climate

AbstractAtmospheric aerosols affect Earth’s energy budget, and hence its climate, by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and by altering the radiative properties and the lifetime of clouds. These two major aerosol effects depend on the optical properties and the cloud-nucleating ability of individual particles, which, in turn, depend on the distribution of components among individual particles, termed the “aerosol mixing state.” Global models have moved toward including aerosol schemes to represent the evolution of particle characteristics, but individual particle properties cannot be resolved in global-scale simulations. Instead, models approximate the aerosol mixing state. The errors in climate-relevant aerosol properties introduced by such approximations may be large but have not yet been well quantified. This paper quantitatively addresses the question of to what extent the aerosol mixing state must be resolved to adequately represent the optical properties and cloud-nucleating properties of part...
Descriptions of 20 Major Snowstorms

In this chapter, patterns of snowfall, sea level pressure, surface wind, temperature, and other parameters are examined for the ensemble of 20 cases. These patterns were derived from a survey of climatological data and surface charts developed from National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses available on microfilm from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, North Carolina. The goals of this study are to identify the meteorological patterns that characterize major snow events, to determine what case-to-case variability might make generalizations difficult to apply, and to describe the dynamical and physical processes associated with these patterns. A description of upper-level meteorological fields will be presented in the next chapter.
Hemojuvelin Acts as a Bone Morphogenetic Protein Co-Receptor To Regulate Hepcidin Expression.

Abstract Juvenile hemochromatosis is a severe iron overload disorder resulting from mutations in the hemojuvelin (HJV) gene. To understand its pathogenesis, we developed Hjv−/− mice. Similar to human patients, Hjv−/− animals accumulate excess iron in the liver, pancreas and heart early in life. Tissue macrophages are iron-depleted. Hjv−/− mice express very low levels of hepcidin mRNA and, likely as a consequence, have elevated expression of the iron transporter ferroportin in enterocytes and macrophages. These results suggested that Hjv plays a role in regulating hepcidin expression. Two known Hjv homologs, Rgma and Rgmb, have previously been shown to act as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) co-receptors. We hypothesized that Hjv regulates hepcidin expression through a BMP signal transduction pathway. We found that Hjv binds radiolabeled BMP, supporting the contention that it is a BMP co-receptor. Transfection of HepG2 cells with Hjv cDNA activated a BMP-responsive reporter construct and augmented its response to exogenous BMP. Both an anti-BMP neutralizing antibody and the natural BMP antagonist Noggin blocked this response, as did co-expressed dominant negative BMP receptor proteins. When cells were transfected with a construct carrying an Hjv mutation known to cause human disease, BMP reporter activation was significantly reduced in the presence and absence of exogenous BMP. Treatment with BMP stimulated hepcidin production in hepatoma cells and activated a reporter construct containing a fragment of the hepcidin promoter. To extend these results, we studied tissues from Hjv−/− mice. BMP signals are transduced through phosphorylation of Smad proteins. We found that Smads 1, 5 and 8 were hypophosphorylated in Hjv−/− liver, consistent with impaired BMP signaling. BMP treatment of wild type and Hjv−/− primary hepatocytes induced hepcidin expression, but induction was blunted in cells from Hjv−/− animals. Taken together, these data suggest that the normal hepatic function of Hjv is to serve as a BMP co-receptor, modulating a signal transduction pathway that culminates in hepcidin expression. [Note - Jodie L. Babitt is the first author of this abstract, but it will be presented by Franklin W. Huang, the second author]
U3Si2 behavior in H2O environments: Part II, pressurized water with controlled redox chemistry

Abstract Recent interest in U3Si2 as an advanced light water reactor fuel has driven assessment of numerous properties, but characterization of its response to H2O environments is sparse in available literature. The behavior of U3Si2 in H2O containing atmospheres is investigated and presented in a two-part series of articles. This work examines the behavior of U3Si2 following exposure to pressurized H2O at temperatures from 300 to 350 °C. Testing was performed using two autoclave configurations and multiple redox conditions. Use of solid state buffers to attain a controlled water chemistry is also presented as a means to test actinide-bearing systems. Buffers were used to vary the hydrogen concentration between 1 and 30 parts per million H2. Testing included UN, U3Si5, and UO2. Both UN and U3Si5 were found to rapidly pulverize in less than 50 h at 300 °C. Uranium dioxide was included as a control for the autoclave system, and was found to be minimally impacted by exposure to pressurized water at the conditions tested for extended time periods. Testing of U3Si2 at 300 °C found reasonable stability through 30 days in 1–5 ppm H2. However, pulverization was observed following 35 days. The redox condition of testing strongly affected pulverization. Characterization of the resulting microstructures suggests that the mechanism responsible for pulverization under more strongly reducing conditions differs from that previously identified. Hydride formation is hypothesized to drive this transition. Testing performed at 350 °C resulted in rapid pulverization of U3Si2 in under 50 h.
Evolution of Entrepreneurial Judgment: A Cognitive Map Theory

An entrepreneurial opportunity requires judgment as it represents an uncertain path to profits. We advance research on entrepreneurial judgment by investigating how these judgments evolve. With ini...
Overeating, Overweight, and Substance Use: What Is the Connection?

This paper integrates recent developments in the areas of excessive eating and addictive behavior, reviewing shared and unique features with respect to topography, etiological mechanisms/risk factors, comorbidity, and related adverse consequences/correlates. Emerging literature is converging to suggest a high degree of overlap in terms of eating and addictive behavior, including common risk factors and involvement of brain reward pathways. Behavioral phenotypes involving putative addictive elements include binge eating, food addiction, nocturnal eating, grazing, and emotional eating. Emerging evidence supports that dysregulation of brain reward pathways may underlie certain forms of obesity, particularly when driven by compulsive eating behavior or binge eating disorder/food addiction, and the evidence for comparable dysregulation underlying substance use disorders (SUD) and other addictive behavior is quite robust, with a high degree of overlap in brain circuitry driving excessive eating and drug addiction. At least one form of weight loss (bariatric) surgery, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, is associated with post-surgical SUD onset, and this body of work has greatly expanded our appreciation of the intricate gut-brain connections involved in eating and addictive behavior. Nonetheless, controversy remains regarding the extent to which and in what forms eating behavior may constitute addiction. Research productivity in the intersection of eating, obesity, and addiction has increased dramatically over the past decade, particularly within the past 5 years; it is expected that our understanding of these relationships will grow substantially in the coming years, particularly in light of recent advances in our understanding of the nuances of gut-brain communication that may shed light on new mechanisms.
Integrated primary care: patient perceptions and the role of mental health stigma

Some patients are more willing to see a behavioral health provider within primary care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patients' perspectives of having access to a psychologist within primary care and to investigate whether mental health stigma affected preferences. In total, 36 patients completed questionnaires after seeing a psychologist in primary care. Patients were satisfied with having a primary care psychologist involved in their care. Most patients were more likely to see the psychologist in primary care and those who preferred this indicated higher levels of mental health stigma. The overarching theme for why patients saw a psychologist in primary care was convenience. Mental health stigma may also have played a role. Results suggest that providing integrated services may reach patients who may not have otherwise sought services in a behavioral health clinic. Findings from this study encourage the continued integration of behavioral health services.
Pressure-induced syneretic response in rhesus monkey lenses.

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of pressure on the freezable and nonfreezable water content of the lens. METHODS Excised rhesus monkey lenses in tissue culture media were subjected to three different hydrostatic pressures (2 atm, 1 atm, and 0.03 atm) for 24 hours. Then while still under the experimental pressure, the vessels were cooled in dry ice-acetone until the lenses were frozen. While the lenses were kept frozen, nuclear and cortical samples were dissected, enclosed in a sample pan, and weighed. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed between -30 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Total water content of each lens sample was obtained by thermogravimetric analysis at 105 degrees C. The nonfreezable water content was obtained by subtracting the freezable water content calculated from the DSC data from the total water content. RESULTS The total water content of the lenses did not change significantly as a function of pressure applied. This was true both for cortical and for nuclear sections. The freezable water content increased as the pressure decreased both in cortex and nucleus. Similarly, the freezable water/nonfreezable water ratio also decreased with increasing pressure. CONCLUSIONS External hydrostatic pressure would generate an influx of water into the lens. To alleviate this diluting tendency and to prevent turbidity as a result of dilution, the lens must effect an osmotic pressure change equivalent to the applied pressure. Change in the osmotic pressure is caused by changing the activity of the water (i.e., converting free water to bound water). This is a reversible and energetically the least expensive response. The release of bound water from the hydration layers of macromolecules and its conversion to free water in condensed systems are known as syneresis. In the lens decreasing pressures induce syneresis as demonstrated by the increase in freezable water content and the freezable water/nonfreezable water ratio. Such a response may be operative also in accommodating lenses.
Microscopic view of lipids and their diverse biological functions

Biological membranes and their diverse lipid constituents play key roles in a broad spectrum of cellular and physiological processes. Characterization of membrane-associated phenomena at a microscopic level is therefore essential to our fundamental understanding of such processes. Due to the semi-fluid and dynamic nature of lipid bilayers, and their complex compositions, detailed characterization of biological membranes at an atomic scale has been refractory to experimental approaches. Computational modeling and simulation offer a highly complementary toolset with sufficient spatial and temporal resolutions to fill this gap. Here, we review recent molecular dynamics studies focusing on the diversity of lipid composition of biological membranes, or aiming at the characterization of lipid-protein interaction, with the overall goal of dissecting how lipids impact biological roles of the cellular membranes.
Recent Advances in Imaging of Hypertensive Heart Disease

To review recent advances in the imaging of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) with an emphasis on developments in the imaging of diffuse myocardial fibrosis using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). HHD results from long-standing hypertension and is characterized by the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Diffuse fibrosis traditionally required endomyocardial biopsy to diagnose, but recent developments using T1 mapping in CMR allow for noninvasive assessment. Studies using T1 mapping have shown an increase in extracellular volume fraction (ECV) in patients with HHD compared to normal controls, suggesting ECV can be used as a noninvasive marker for fibrosis in HHD. In addition to T1 mapping, other recent advances in HHD imaging include improvements in three-dimensional echocardiography, allowing for accurate real-time volumetric measurements, and the use of speckle tracking echocardiography to detect subclinical systolic dysfunction. Measurement of ECV using T1 mapping in CMR can be used as a noninvasive marker of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in HHD. While further studies are needed to validate this approach with larger patient cohorts, ECV can potentially be used to both monitor disease progression and assess therapeutic interventions in HHD.
Atmospheric Water Generation and Energy Consumption: An Empirical Analysis

Access to clean water is a growing challenge globally, especially in areas where natural fresh water is not available and communities rely on processes like desalination for clean water. Methods for producing fresh water must be equal to or more cost effective than clean drinking water from other sources at the point of use. Atmospheric water generation is one option for producing clean drinking water. This paper examines the cost of water generated through this method and compares it to the cost of bottled water. Compared to both 12 oz. bottles of cold water from a vending machine and gallon size containers of water from a store, AWG is cost effective and takes only 72 days to break compared to 12 oz. bottles and 1,259 days to break even with gallon containers.
Role of biliary and pancreatic secretions in the inhibition of gastric motility by fat in the intestine. An experimental study in the rat.

Gastric motility was recorded in rats by means of water-filled intragastric balloons. Introduction of 1 ml. of fat into the proximal small intestine consistently suppressed gastric motility. In rats with diversion of bile from the small intestine this inhibition failed to occur unless bile salts were added to the administered fat. When both bile and pancreatic juice were diverted from the small intestine, inhibition occurred only when oil was mixed with bile salts and lipase prior to injection.
Polarization in electrostatics and circuits: Computing and visualizing surface charge distributions

In electrostatic situations and in steady-state circuits, charges on the surface of a conductor contribute significantly to the net electric field inside the conductor. These charges build up quickly due to transient currents that are initiated by the presence of external charged objects or objects such as batteries that maintain a charge separation. We describe an algorithm for computing the detailed surface charge distributions in equilibrium electrostatic situations and in steady-state DC circuits, and discuss the results of our computations of surface charge distributions for several systems. The results show that in simple DC circuit geometries a roughly constant gradient of surface charge plays a dominant role in establishing the net field inside circuit elements. Three-dimensional visualization contributes to new insights into surface charge distributions on circuit elements.
A tale of two public dental benefit programs: Iowa dentist participation in traditional Medicaid versus a Medicaid expansion program.

In Iowa from 2014 to 2017, there were 2 separate public dental benefit programs for Medicaid-enrolled adults: one for the Medicaid expansion population called the Dental Wellness Plan (DWP), and one for the traditional, non-expansion adult Medicaid population. The programs differed with respect to reimbursement, administration, and benefit structure. This study explored differences in patterns and predictors of dentist participation in the two programs. Authors sent a survey to all private practice dentists in Iowa (n = 1301) 2 years after DWP implementation. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were used to examine patterns and predictors of dentist participation in Medicaid and DWP. Overall rates of dentists’ acceptance of new Medicaid and DWP patients were 45 and 43%, respectively. However, Medicaid participants were much more likely than DWP participants to place limits on patient acceptance. Adjusting for other factors, practice busyness was the only significant predictor of DWP participation, and practice location was the only significant predictor of Medicaid participation. Dentists who were not busy enough were more than twice as likely to participate in DWP compared to others, and dentists in rural areas were almost twice as likely to participate in Medicaid compared to dentists in urban areas. Dentist participation in Medicaid is an ongoing concern for states aiming to ensure access to dental care for low-income populations. We found distinct participation patterns and predictors between a traditional Medicaid dental program and the DWP, suggesting different motivations for participation between the two programs.
Problems with Neurolytic Blocks for Cancer Pain in Patients Receiving Narcotics and Psychoactive Drugs: A Case Report

A case report is presented which discusses the differential diagnosis of complications following neurolytic block. These complications ultimately proved to be due to inappropriate use of depressant medication and responded well to withdrawal of the drugs.
A Comparison of Intracochlear Pressures During Ipsilateral and Contralateral Stimulation With a Bone Conduction Implant.

OBJECTIVES To compare contralateral to ipsilateral stimulation with percutaneous and transcutaneous bone conduction implants. BACKGROUND Bone conduction implants (BCIs) effectively treat conductive and mixed hearing losses. In some cases, such as in single-sided deafness, the BCI is implanted contralateral to the remaining healthy ear in an attempt to restore some of the benefits provided by binaural hearing. While the benefit of contralateral stimulation has been shown in at least some patients, it is not clear what cues or mechanisms contribute to this function. Previous studies have investigated the motion of the ossicular chain, skull, and round window in response to bone vibration. Here, we extend those reports by reporting simultaneous measurements of cochlear promontory velocity and intracochlear pressures during bone conduction stimulation with two common BCI attachments, and directly compare ipsilateral to contralateral stimulation. METHODS Fresh-frozen whole human heads were prepared bilaterally with mastoidectomies. Intracochlear pressure (PIC) in the scala vestibuli (PSV) and tympani (PST) was measured with fiber optic pressure probes concurrently with cochlear promontory velocity (VProm) via laser Doppler vibrometry during stimulation provided with a closed-field loudspeaker or a BCI. Stimuli were pure tones between 120 and 10,240 Hz, and response magnitudes and phases for PIC and VProm were measured for air and bone conducted sound presentation. RESULTS Contralateral stimulation produced lower response magnitudes and longer delays than ipsilateral in all measures, particularly for high-frequency stimulation. Contralateral response magnitudes were lower than ipsilateral response magnitudes by up to 10 to 15 dB above ~2 kHz for a skin-penetrating abutment, which increased to 25 to 30 dB and extended to lower frequencies when applied with a transcutaneous (skin drive) attachment. CONCLUSIONS Transcranial attenuation and delay suggest that ipsilateral stimulation will be dominant for frequencies over ~1 kHz, and that complex phase interactions will occur during bilateral or bimodal stimulation. These effects indicate a mechanism by which bilateral users could gain some bilateral advantage.
Experimental results on the effect of politeness strategies on perceptions of police

This article has been retracted at the request of the Author. The author discovered a serious error in the data analysis which substantially affected the results reported in the paper. As a result, the conclusion of the paper - that the positive politeness condition was overall viewed more positively by the participants - is incorrect. Rather, the opposite is true; it is the negative politeness condition that is overall viewed more positively by participants. This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal ).
Achieving ambitious climate targets: is it economical for New Zealand to invest in agricultural GHG mitigation?

Reducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which contribute approximately 24% of global emissions, is important to efficiently achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement; however, most mitigation options have focused on industrialized, not pastoral farming practices. New Zealand (NZ) has ambitious GHG reduction targets, but biogenic emissions from the agricultural sector are nearly half of total annual emissions and hence must be an integral part of the solution. We use a national-level economic land use model to estimate the benefits and costs of implementing land-based GHG emissions reduction practices that are currently available and/or under development. Results indicate the cost and effectiveness of modeled practices are highly variable, with individual practices capable of reducing gross GHGs by 2% to 62%. Methane inhibitors are estimated to be highly effective but costly, while targeted urine patch treatments are cheap but less effective. Afforestation and methane vaccines cost less than $50/tCO2e and could reduce NZ's GHG emissions by at least 20%. Using a mix of current and emerging mitigation practices to achieve reduction targets ranging from 10% to 50% could cost an average of $14 to $76/tCO2e, potentially much less than estimates for achieving similar targets from NZ's energy and transportation sectors. Sensitivity analysis indicates that commercialization of an effective methane vaccine at a cost that is typical of other livestock vaccines is critical to achieving a 50% gross emissions reduction target. Without it, a large portion of land could be left fallow. The practices and technologies evaluated in this paper are not unique to New Zealand and could be adopted globally, thereby helping other nations achieve their climate mitigation goals more cost-effectively.
Judging when triggered: exploring the trauma of the judge as a captive audience member within intercollegiate forensic tournaments

Intercollegiate forensics provides space for students to learn through performance, to challenge normative frameworks, and explore intersectionality. Increasingly, student performances include cont...
Improving plastic surgery resident education and quality of care with outcomes feedback using the surgery report card: An initial experience.

Summary Background The practice of tracking and analyzing surgical outcomes is essential to becoming better surgeons. However, this feedback system is largely absent in residency training programs. Thus, we developed a Surgery Report Card (SRC) for residents performing tissue expander (TE)–based breast reconstruction and report our initial experience with its implementation. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for TE-based breast reconstructions and compared outcomes to our retrospective cohort. The primary outcome was overall complications. The SRC compares patient and complication statistics for resident-led teams to the meta-analysis. Results The meta-analysis included 12 studies, with 2093 patients (2982 breasts) that underwent TE-based reconstruction. The pooled complication rate was 26.9%; infection was most common (8.3%); failure rate was 5.9%. Our cohort included 144 patients (245 breasts) among 13 resident-led teams. Overall complication rate was 31.8%; infections were most frequent (17.6%) and failure rate was 7.3%. Our cohort had significantly higher BMIs (29.7 vs 25.4, p Every 3 months, residents receive a customized SRC of their cases, with the meta-analysis used as a benchmark. A survey demonstrated the SRC made residents reconsider surgical technique and more conscientious surgeons, and would like it implemented for other procedures during residency. Conclusions The implementation of our SRC for TE-based breast reconstruction establishes a baseline for surgical performance comparison for residents, demonstrates that residents can safely perform the procedure, and allows for critiquing of surgical techniques to improve patient care.
Use of a Mild-Gain Hearing Aid by Middle-Age Normal-Hearing Adults Who Do and Do Not Self-Report Trouble Hearing in Background Noise

Purpose The aim of the study was to assess how the use of a mild-gain hearing aid can affect hearing handicap, motivation, and attitudes toward hearing aids for middle-age, normal-hearing adults who do and do not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. Method A total of 20 participants (45-60 years of age) with clinically normal-hearing thresholds (< 25 dB HL) were enrolled in this study. Ten self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise, and 10 did not self-report difficulty hearing in background noise. All participants were fit with mild-gain hearing aids, bilaterally, and were asked to wear them for 2 weeks. Hearing handicap, attitudes toward hearing aids and hearing loss, and motivation to address hearing problems were evaluated before and after participants wore the hearing aids. Participants were also asked if they would consider purchasing a hearing aid before and after 2 weeks of hearing aid use. Results After wearing the hearing aids for 2 weeks, hearing handicap scores decreased for the participants who self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise. No changes in hearing handicap scores were observed for the participants who did not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. The participants who self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise also reported greater personal distress from their hearing problems, were more motivated to address their hearing problems, and had higher levels of hearing handicap compared to the participants who did not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. Only 20% (2/10) of the participants who self-reported trouble hearing in background noise reported that they would consider purchasing a hearing aid after 2 weeks of hearing aid use. Conclusions The use of mild-gain hearing aids has the potential to reduce hearing handicap for normal-hearing, middle-age adults who self-report difficulty hearing in background noise. However, this may not be the most appropriate treatment option for their current hearing problems given that only 20% of these participants would consider purchasing a hearing aid after wearing hearing aids for 2 weeks.
RadiX-Net: Structured Sparse Matrices for Deep Neural Networks

The sizes of deep neural networks (DNNs) are rapidly outgrowing the capacity of hardware to store and train them. Research over the past few decades has explored the prospect of sparsifying DNNs before, during, and after training by pruning edges from the underlying topology. The resulting neural network is known as a sparse neural network. More recent work has demonstrated the remarkable result that certain sparse DNNs can train to the same precision as dense DNNs at lower runtime and storage cost. An intriguing class of these sparse DNNs is the X-Nets, which are initialized and trained upon a sparse topology with neither reference to a parent dense DNN nor subsequent pruning. We present an algorithm that deterministically generates RadiX-Nets: sparse DNN topologies that, as a whole, are much more diverse than X-Net topologies, while preserving X-Nets' desired characteristics. We further present a functional-analytic conjecture based on the longstanding observation that sparse neural network topologies can attain the same expressive power as dense counterparts.
Empirical relationship between interfacial shear stress and contact pressure in micro- and macro-scale friction

Abstract This study examines the empirical relationship between frictional shear stress and pressure in macro- and micro-scale contact and sliding. Two types of friction tests are reported; the macro-scale tests deal with kinetic friction between stainless steel surfaces in a vapor phase lubrication condition, and the micro-scale tests measure kinetic friction at interfaces formed between MoS2 basal planes and surfaces of alumina or stainless steel specimens, using a quartz crystal microbalance microtribometer. A numerical model is used to calculate the contact areas in the macro-scale tests. The results from both friction tests confirmed that the interfacial shear stress in the contact area due to kinetic friction is proportional to the average contact pressure, and the constant of proportionality is close to the coefficient of friction (COF). These observations add to the validation of the Amontons’ law.
GaN and Si Transistors on 300mm Si(111) enabled by 3D Monolithic Heterogeneous Integration

We expand on our work in [1] by demonstrating both Si P- and NMOS finfet transistors monolithically integrated with GaN transistors on 300mm Si(111) wafers using 3D integration. With the Si finfet architecture, we are able to take advantage of the fin orientations of the transferred Si(100) crystal to fabricate both high performance Si P- and NMOS transistors. Furthermore, we demonstrate a variety of GaN transistor innovations, including enhancement (e-mode) and depletion mode (d-mode) GaN NMOS transistor with high $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{D}}=1.8\mathrm{m}_{1}\mathrm{W}\mu \mathrm{m};\mathrm{GaN}$ Schottky gate transistor producing high saturated power of 20dBm with peak PAE=57% at 28GHz; high performing, low leakage cascode and multi-gate GaN transistors; and GaN Schottky diodes with ultra-low $\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{OFF}}$ for ESD protection, all integrated on 300mm Si(111) wafer.
Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers and Scientists: A Practical Guide

Build the skills for determining appropriate error limits for quantities that matter with this essential toolkit. Understand how to handle a complete project and how uncertainty enters into various steps. Provides a systematic, worksheet-based process to determine error limits on measured quantities, and all likely sources of uncertainty are explored, measured or estimated. Features instructions on how to carry out error analysis using Excel and MATLAB®, making previously tedious calculations easy. Whether you are new to the sciences or an experienced engineer, this useful resource provides a practical approach to performing error analysis. Suitable as a text for a junior or senior level laboratory course in aerospace, chemical and mechanical engineering, and for professionals.
Improving Human Health with Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Lactic Acid Bacteria, and Bifidobacteria

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), the component that surrounds fat globules in milk, and its constituents have gained significant attention for their gut function, immune-boosting properties, and cognitive-development roles. The MFGM can directly interact with probiotic bacteria, such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), through interactions with bacterial surface proteins. With these interactions in mind, increasing evidence supports a synergistic effect between MFGM and probiotics to benefit human health at all ages. This important synergy affects the survival and adhesion of probiotic bacteria through gastrointestinal transit, mucosal immunity, and neurocognitive behavior in developing infants. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the co-supplementation of MFGM and probiotics with a specific emphasis on their interactions and colocalization in dairy foods, supporting in vivo and clinical evidence, and current and future potential applications.
Monthly Surface Elevation Changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet From ICESat-1, CryoSat-2, and ICESat-2 Altimetry Missions

The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass balance shows significant variabilities over a range of time scales. As geodetic records lengthen over time, it becomes insufficient to characterize the temporal evolution of the ice sheet by using a best-fit linear trend over a given observation period. This study investigates the joint analysis of laser and radar satellite altimeter measurements for estimating GrIS surface elevation changes (SECs) with a 30-day resolution. We first apply a crossover analysis to assess the precisions of the surface elevations measured by ICESat-1/2 laser altimeters and CryoSat-2 radar altimeter over the GrIS, which are needed for assigning weights for each data set in the joint analysis. Then, based on a modified repeat-track approach, we analyze the surface elevation measurements of ICESat-1/2 and CryoSat-2 to produce monthly SEC estimates for the past two decades, together with their associated uncertainties. The multimission SEC estimates are further assessed by using IceBridge airborne laser measurements, showing differences with a median value of -12 cm ± 60 cm. The monthly SEC time series reveal important variations over a range of time scales across different parts of the GrIS and would facilitate the investigation of complex spatiotemporal patterns of GrIS changes.
Caveat Emptor: The Heat Is "ON"-An In Vivo Evaluation of the Thulium Fiber Laser and Temperature Changes in the Porcine Kidney During Dusting and Fragmentation Modes.

Introduction: We sought to examine the intrarenal fluid and tissue temperature alterations during dusting and fragmentation with the thulium fiber laser (TFL) in an in vivo porcine kidney. Material...
Incorporating weather variables with probabilistic approach for trip planning

Abstract Adverse weather conditions are known to negatively impact traffic operations by creating unsafe road conditions, slowing vehicles, and causing congestion – events that subsequently lead to extra costs and travel time delay if they are not considered explicitly in trip planning. This study proposes an approach that considers incorporates adverse weather conditions into trip planning modeling. As such, speed data from Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sensors along with weather information from multi-region within the State of Ohio were used. To assess departure time and route choice under varying levels of snowstorm events, a probabilistic model was developed. Travel time probability is used to quantify the impact of weather events on travelers' decisions regarding both route choice and departure time. As expected, the results showed that heavy snow associated with low visibility has the most impact on driver speed behavior. A measure of driver's speed variability associated with different weather conditions is provided for the collected data from the studied regions in Ohio. Moreover, some drivers showed hesitation during the storm and dropped their speed to as low as 20 mph. In addition, the vehicle speed performance during the events was used to calculate the expected time throughout each event. Simulations on a road network were used to compare the expected total travel time and the variance along with the probability of paths under a heavy snowstorm. Results indicated that, under adverse weather conditions, drivers' route choice is not based on the shortest travel time but on the decision of alternate routes being attractive (safe, snow cleared, etc.). Giving the additional trip information of these events, decision-makers should pay more attention before deciding the departure and route choice on heavy snow events.
Comment of Patent Law Scholars In the Matter of Request for Comments on Administrative Updates to the General Requirements Bulletin for Admission to the Examination for Registration to Practice in Patent Cases Before the United States Patent and Trademark Office

While the USPTO’s proposed updates are a necessary first step, more can and should be done now. To further the Office’s goal of promoting fairness in the application process and to help address the patent bar’s diversity gap, we propose several additional updates the USPTO should implement during this process. These added changes are themselves fairly straightforward and easy to implement, and there is no reason for the USPTO to delay.
Practical and robust power management for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of tens or hundreds of small, inexpensive computers equipped with sensors and wireless communication capabilities. Because WSNs can be deployed without fixed infrastructure, they promise to enable sensing applications in environments where installing such infrastructure is not feasible. However, the lack of fixed infrastructure also presents a key challenge for application developers: sensor nodes must often operate for months or years at a time from fixed or limited energy sources. The focus of this dissertation is on reusable power management techniques designed to facilitate sensor network developers in achieving their systems' required lifetimes. Broadly speaking, power management techniques fall into two categories. Many power management protocols developed within the WSN community target specific hardware subsystems in isolation, such as sensor or radio hardware. The first part of this dissertation describes the Adaptive and Robust Topology control protocol (ART), a representative hardware-specific technique for conserving energy used by packet transmissions. In addition to these single-subsystem approaches, many applications can benefit greatly from holistic power management techniques that jointly consider the sensing, computation, and communication costs of potential application configurations. The second part of this dissertation extends this holistic power management approach to two families of structural health monitoring applications. By applying a partially-decentralized architecture, the cost of collecting vibration data for analysis at a centralized base station is greatly reduced. Finally, the last part of this dissertation discusses work toward a system for clinical early warning and intervention. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated through preliminary study of an early warning component based on historical clinical data. An ongoing clinical trial of a real-time monitoring component also provides important guidelines for future clinical deployments based on WSNs.
Some vortices like it hot

High-temperature superconductors are probably not just normal superconductors with a higher superconducting-transition temperature, Tc. How different they are is confirmed by a study that finds superconducting vortices at temperatures above Tc.