cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life cycle assessment for emerging materials: case study of a garden bed constructed from lumber produced with three different copper treatments

The objective of this research was to evaluate the appropriateness of using life cycle assessment (LCA) for new applications that incorporate emerging materials and involve site-specific scenarios. Cradle-to-grave impacts of copper-treated lumber used in a raised garden bed are assessed to identify key methodological challenges and recommendations applying LCA for such purposes as well as to improve sustainability within this application. The functional unit is a raised garden bed measuring 6.67 board feet (bf) in volume over a period of 20 years. The garden beds are made from softwood lumber such as southern yellow pine. The two treatment options considered were alkaline copper quaternary and micronized copper quaternary. Ecoinvent 2.2 provided certain life cycle inventory (LCI) data needed for the production of each garden bed, while additional primary and secondary sources were accessed to supplement the LCI. Primary data were not available for all relevant inventory requirements, as was anticipated, but enough secondary data were gathered to conduct a screening-level LCA on these raised garden bed applications. A notable finding was that elimination of organic solvent could result in a more sustainable lumber treatment product. Conclusions are limited by data availability and key methodological challenges facing LCA and emerging materials. Although important data and methodological challenges facing LCA and emerging materials exist, this LCA captured material and process changes that were important drivers of environmental impacts. LCA methods need to be amended to reflect the properties of emerging materials that determine their fate, transport, and impacts to the environment and health. It is not necessary that all recommendations come to light before LCA is applied in the context of emerging materials. Applications of such materials involve many inputs beyond emerging materials that are already properly assessed by LCA. Therefore, LCA should be used in its current state to enhance the decision-making context for the sustainable development of these applications.
Millisecond time-resolved changes occurring in Ca2+-regulated myosin filaments upon relaxation.

Abstract Contraction of many muscles is activated in part by the binding of Ca2+ to, or phosphorylation of, the myosin heads on the surface of the thick filaments. In relaxed muscle, the myosin heads are helically ordered and undergo minimal interaction with actin. On Ca2+ binding or phosphorylation, the head array becomes disordered, reflecting breakage of the head–head and other interactions that underlie the ordered structure. Loosening of the heads from the filament surface enables them to interact with actin filaments, bringing about contraction. On relaxation, the heads return to their ordered positions on the filament backbone. In scallop striated adductor muscle, the disordering that takes place on Ca2+ binding occurs on the millisecond time scale, suggesting that it is a key element of muscle activation. Here we have studied the reverse process. Using time-resolved negative staining electron microscopy, we show that the rate of reordering on removal of Ca2+ also occurs on the same physiological time scale. Direct observation of images together with analysis of their Fourier transforms shows that activated heads regain their axial ordering within 20 ms and become ordered in their final helical positions within 50 ms. This rapid reordering suggests that reformation of the ordered structure, and the head–head and other interactions that underlie it, is a critical element of the relaxation process.
Farmer acceptance of alternative conservation policies

Abstract Soil conservation policy and the resultant programs of soil conservation may be viewed as efforts of planned change. A major reason for the failure of conservation programs is the assumptions or criteria upon which conservation policy is based that limit the amount of flexibility for application of programs to unusual or unanticipated situations. The assumptions relate to (1) the economic rationality of men, (2) the homogeneous distribution of knowledge and information across a population of farmers, and (3) the indivualism of the farmer in his decision-making and action. These assumptions have serious implications upon a farmer's capacity to implement and maintain conservation practices. The relationship between existing and proposed soil conservation policies and the structure of agriculture are examined, with consideration of these assumptions and the capacity for change. Data on farmer preferences for alternative conservation policies are then examined to determine differential effect by farm structure. Results indicate a definite relationship between farm structure, capacity for change and policy preference.
Measurements of effectiveness in a silica gel rotary exchanger

Desiccant air conditioning systems that incorporate rotary heat and mass exchangers are getting a closer look in view of the pressure on the industry to decrease the use of chlorofluorocarbons and for fuel economies. Heat and mass exchangers that utilize LiCl, silica gel and other desiccants have been considered as possibilities. The performance features of a silica gel rotary mass exchanger wheel, which is the primary component in a desiccant system, has been measured. The process air flow velocities and temperatures ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 m/s, and 20 to 30°C with 30 to 100% relative humidities. Similar velocity and relative humidity conditions were used for regeneration air. The desiccant data are compared to two different theories from the literature; the method of characteristics and a numerical approach. The method of characteristics appears to be good for only a small range of conditions, generally for low values of specific capacities. The numerical approach appears to predict the trends well, though sometimes with large errors.
Infant botulism : a rare cause of colonic ileus

We have recently seen two patients with infant botulism, one of whom had radiologic evidence of autonomic and neuromuscular dysfunction. Both infants had been fed small amounts of honey, which is often contaminated withClostridium botulinum spores, during the Jewish New Year celebration.
A simulation-based study for managing hospital emergency department’s capacity in extreme events

Hospital emergency departments’ capacities to deal with a patient surge play an important role in preparedness for natural or man-made disasters. This paper examines how emergency departments in healthcare facilities could optimise the workflow during extreme events when there is a patient surge. This paper proposes a framework to reconfigure the workflow while maintaining treatment equality. Our results show that reorganising lower priority work processes and relocating the resources associated with those processes can shorten total waiting time in the emergency department, allowing better management of patient flows.
Effect of coagulation and restabilization on the microflotation of illite

Abstract Investigated was the application of the foam separation technique of microflotation to the clarification of illite suspensions. Aluminum sulfate served as the coagulant and anionic and cationic collector surfactants were examined using a batch flotation system. Restabilization of the clay by hydrolyzed aluminum species prevented its removal by the cationic collector. The anionic collector was most effective in the pH ranges of aluminum hydroxide precipitation.
Normal fate and altered function of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage in retinoic acid receptor mutant embryos.

Abstract Mouse embryos lacking the retinoic acid (RA) receptors RARα1 and RARβ suffer from a failure to properly septate (divide) the early outflow tract of the heart into distinct aortic and pulmonary channels, a phenotype termed persistent truncus arteriosus. This phenotype is associated with a failure in the development of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage, which normally forms the aorticopulmonary septum. In this study, we examined the fate of the neural crest lineage in RARα1/RARβ mutant embryos by crossing with the Wnt1-cre and conditional R26R alleles, which together constitute a genetic lineage marker for the neural crest. We find that the number, migration, and terminal fate of the cardiac neural crest is normal in mutant embryos; however, the specific function of these cells in forming the aorticopulmonary septum is impaired. We furthermore show that the neural crest cells themselves do not utilize retinoid receptors and do not respond to RA during this process, but rather that the phenotype is cell non-autonomous for the neural crest cell lineage. This suggests that an alternative tissue in the vicinity of the outflow tract of the heart responds directly to RA, and thereby induces or permits the neural crest cell lineage to initiate aorticopulmonary septation.
Personality characteristics of subjects high and low in apprehension about communication.

Subjects who were either high or low in apprehension about communication completed the 16 PF questionnaire. An analysis of variance was utilized to compare subjects' apprehension and personality characteristics. Subjects high and low in apprehension differed significantly on seven personality factors, but highly apprehensive subjects' scores still fell within the first standard deviation for the normal United States population. Subjects low in apprehension about communication scored outside the first standard deviation on three personality factors. High apprehension then is not necessarily associated with negative personality characteristics, while low apprehension about communication is associated with several positive attributes.
Suppression of Steady-state, but not Stimulus-induced NF-κB Activity Inhibits Alphavirus-induced Apoptosis

Recent studies have established cell type– specific, proapoptotic, or antiapoptotic functions for the transcription factor NF-κB. In each of these studies, inhibitors of NF-κB activity have been present before the apoptotic stimulus, and so the role of stimulus- induced NF-κB activation in enhancing or inhibiting survival could not be directly assessed. Sindbis virus, an alphavirus, induces NF-κB activation and apoptosis in cultured cell lines. To address whether Sindbis virus– induced NF-κB activation is required for apoptosis, we used a chimeric Sindbis virus that expresses a superrepressor of NF-κB activity. Complete suppression of virus-induced NF-κB activity neither prevents nor potentiates Sindbis virus–induced apoptosis. In contrast, inhibition of NF-κB activity before infection inhibits Sindbis virus–induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that suppression of steady-state, but not stimulus-induced NF-κB activity, regulates expression of gene products required for Sindbis virus–induced death. Furthermore, we show that in the same cell line, NF-κB can be proapoptotic or antiapoptotic depending on the death stimulus. We propose that the role of NF-κB in regulating apoptosis is determined by the death stimulus and by the timing of modulating NF-κB activity relative to the death stimulus.
Ethanol effects on synaptic glutamate receptors and on liposomal membrane structure

Exposure of synaptic plasma membranes to 50 mM ethanol in vitro brought about a 3.5 degrees C decrease in the transition temperature of the high affinity glutamate binding process in these membranes. Ethanol had no effect on the energy of activation of glutamate binding below the transition temperature but decreased the energy of activation above the transition temperature. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of lipid organization of egg lecithin and bovine brain phospholipid liposomes indicated that ethanol at low concentrations (0.04--2 mM) caused small increases in the rigidity of the membrane near the surface. At higher concentrations (0.04--2 M) ethanol brought about increasing fluidization of both the surface and inner areas of the bilayer. Even at 4 mM concentration ethanol enhanced the ordered to fluid state transition of liposome membranes as shown by a 5.2 degrees C and 1.9 degrees C decrease in the transition temperatures of the membrane determined with the cholestane EPR probe.
Do cross-listers bond to U.S. markets? An examination of earnings quality around SOX

Abstract Sarbanes–Oxley [SOX, hereafter] was expected to improve the overall quality of financial reporting. A large amount of research has documented the influence of SOX on companies' reporting behaviors and how those behaviors have impacted the capital market as a whole (Cohen et al., 2008; Engel et al., 2007; Lobo & Zhou, 2006). While the assumption is that the far-reaching regulation impacts all U.S.-listed companies, this paper considers whether SOX has had a differential impact on the earnings quality of foreign filers that cross-list on U.S. exchanges. Despite some minor exceptions, these foreign companies are expected to meet the same reporting standards as domestic U.S. companies. Using a sample of cross-listers around the enactment of SOX, the results suggest that cross-listed companies do not strictly comply with SOX. At the same time, a size-matched sample of domestic U.S. companies shows significant improvement across the same set of earnings quality measures. This differential impact raises concerns about the ability of domestic regulations to impose compliance on foreign filers. While some may believe that cross-listed companies are bonding themselves to U.S. regulations and reporting quality, the evidence in this paper suggests that foreign companies are more interested in the reputational gains associated with a listing in the U.S.
Effects of colchicine on the frog in relation to ovulation and early development.

Summary and ConclusionsColchicine was used in concentrations ranging from 1:1000 to 1:1,000,000. It was found to act as a capillary poison, to prevent ovulation when injected into sexually-mature f...
Hearing loss- and hearing aid-related stigma: perceptions of women with age-normal hearing.

Impaired hearing and the use of hearing aids are often perceived negatively. Many adults deny hearing loss and reject amplification, in part due to such stigma. Women and men differ in how they age and adjust to impaired hearing, yet little is known specifically about women's perceptions of stigma related to hearing loss and hearing aid use. The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of stigma associated with hearing loss and hearing aid use among women in three age groups (35-45 years, 55-65 years, and 75-85 years). Participants were 191 women with hearing within normal limits based on age-related norms. Using pairs of descriptors (i.e., semantic differentials), participants completed statements related to hearing loss and hearing aid use. Results suggest that negative perceptions associated with hearing loss and hearing aid use are affected by age. Younger women perceive greater stigma than older women. Less stigma is associated with hearing aid use than hearing loss, suggesting a positive effect of hearing loss management. Implications for clinical practice and marketing of hearing instruments are discussed.
The deterrent effect of executions: A meta-analysis thirty years after Ehrlich

Abstract In 1975, Ehrlich published a seminal paper in American Economic Review which argued that executions prevent murders in America. Subsequent empirical studies varied in their methodology and the time-period/region/country covered, and therefore it is difficult to draw a clear conclusion about the deterrent effect of executions. This article applies a meta-analysis to combine the results from refereed studies in order to summarize objectively the findings. The overall results of the meta-analysis supported the deterrent effect of executions, but the evidence for a deterrent effect depended on the type of study carried out (time-series and panel data versus cross-sectional data and the effects of publicity).
Serine esterase in cytolytic T lymphocytes

The mechanisms that enable cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc cells) to destroy target cells are only vaguely understood. However, recent studies have identified in Tc cells1 and natural killer cells2 cytoplasmic granules that contain perform, a cytolytic protein that resembles the ninth component of complement (C9)3. Antigen-specific lysis of target cells, traditionally ascribed solely to Tc cells, has now also been demonstrated in some T-helper cell (Th cell) lines, referred to here as T helper–killer or Th/c cells4–6. We recently found a novel serine esterase that is present at greatly elevated levels in cloned murine Tc cell lines and one Th/c cell line, but not in two non-cytolytic Th cell lines7. These findings suggest that the serine esterase is involved in cytolytic activity and that a variety of effector cells share a common cytolytic mechanism. To explore the role of the serine esterase in this process, we have been studying additional properties of the enzyme in murine T cells. We show here that (1) it is a membrane-associated, disulphide-linked dimer, (2) it has trypsin-like properties but is not a general protease, (3) in density gradient centrifugation it sediments with perforin, (4) it is secreted by Tc cells during their cytolytic attack on target cells, and (5) antiserum to Tc-cell serine esterase reacts with the enzyme in Th/c cells.
Acute Pancreatitis Accelerates Initiation and Progression to Pancreatic Cancer in Mice Expressing Oncogenic Kras in the Nestin Cell Lineage

Targeting of oncogenic Kras to the pancreatic Nestin-expressing embryonic progenitor cells and subsequently to the adult acinar compartment and Nestin-expressing cells is sufficient for the development of low grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) between 2 and 4 months. The mice die around 6 month-old of unrelated causes, and it is therefore not possible to assess whether the lesions will progress to carcinoma. We now report that two brief episodes of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in 2 month-old mice causes rapid PanIN progression and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development by 4 months of age. These events occur with similar frequency as observed in animals where the oncogene is targeted during embryogenesis to all pancreatic cell types. Thus, these data show that oncogenic Kras-driven PanIN originating in a non-ductal compartment can rapidly progress to PDAC when subjected to a brief inflammatory insult.
Too Much of a Good Thing? When to Stop Catch-Up Vaccination

During the 20th century, deaths from a range of serious infectious diseases decreased dramatically due to the development of safe and effective vaccines. However, infant immunization coverage has increased only marginally since the 1960s, and many people remain susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases. “Catch-up vaccination” for age groups beyond infancy can be an attractive and effective means of immunizing people who were missed earlier. However, as newborn vaccination rates increase, catch-up vaccination becomes less attractive: the number of susceptible people decreases, so the cost to find and vaccinate each unvaccinated person may increase; in addition, the number of infected individuals decreases, so each unvaccinated person faces a lower risk of infection. This article presents a general framework for determining the optimal time to discontinue a catch-up vaccination program. We use a cost-effectiveness framework: we consider the cost per quality-adjusted life year gained of catch-up vaccinatio...
Resource allocation with EGOS constraint in multicell OFDMA communication systems: combating intercell interference

Resource (power and bandwidth) allocation is an important issue in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. For multicell systems, the interference across different cells makes the optimization of resource allocation difficult. For finite systems, a constraint on the rise over thermal (ROT) is placed to alleviate the intercell interference. A hybrid scheme with equal receive power and peak transmit power is shown to be optimal for the ROT constrained case. Large systemanalysis is applied for multi-cell OFDMA systems with the fairness constraint of equal grade of service (EGOS). An interference function is defined to model the intercell interference. Variational analysis is used to compute the optimal profile of transmit power and bandwidth. The optimal resource allocation is then computed using numerical simulations.
Extracranial-intracranial bypass: resurrection of a nearly extinct operation.

Background Giant intracranial artery aneurysms (GIAAs) are often not amenable to neurosurgical clipping or endovascular coiling. Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass, a procedure that has been essentially abandoned for the treatment of intracranial ischemic disease, followed by parent vessel occlusion, is often successful in treating these aneurysms. Vascular surgeons should be familiar with this operation, especially in centers with neurosurgical capability. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated from 1990 to 2010 at New York University Medical Center was performed. Office and hospital records of all patients identified were reviewed with attention to the age and sex of the patient, presenting symptoms, preoperative testing, procedure performed, type of bypass conduit, graft patency, intraoperative and postoperative complications, length of follow-up, and overall outcome. EC-IC bypass was performed using a graft of great saphenous vein (GSV) or radial artery (RA). The vascular surgeon harvested the vascular conduit, tunneled the graft, and performed the extracranial anastomosis, and the intracranial anastomosis was performed by the neurosurgeon. Results A total of 36 patients (14 men, 22 women) underwent 37 EC-IC bypasses with 34 GSV and three RA grafts. The median age was 57 years (interquartile range, 49-66 years), and the median follow-up was 53 months (interquartile range, 29-77 months). Aneurysm location was the internal carotid artery in 30 patients, the basilar artery in three, and the middle cerebral artery in four. All 37 aneurysms were excluded from the cerebral circulation, with 33 grafts remaining patent at follow-up, as determined by serial cerebral or magnetic resonance angiogram. At follow-up, 33 of 34 of the GSV grafts (88%) and three of three (100%) of the RA grafts were patent. There were two deaths (5.6%), despite patent grafts. Postoperative graft occlusion led to homonymous hemianopsia in one patient and temporary hemiparesis in another (5.6%). Graft occlusions were asymptomatic in two patients. Conclusions EC-IC bypass is a safe and effective treatment for GIAAs, with acceptable rates of morbidity (5.6%), mortality (5.6%), and graft patency (89.2%). We suggest that the technique described in this report should be routinely used for treatment of GIAAs in centers where neurosurgery and vascular surgery services are available and should be considered a standard procedure in the armamentarium of the vascular surgeon.
Next Generation Distributed Computing for Cancer Research

Advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry (MS) technologies have provided many new opportunities and angles for extending the scope of translational cancer research while creating tremendous challenges in data management and analysis. The resulting informatics challenge is invariably not amenable to the use of traditional computing models. Recent advances in scalable computing and associated infrastructure, particularly distributed computing for Big Data, can provide solutions for addressing these challenges. In this review, the next generation of distributed computing technologies that can address these informatics problems is described from the perspective of three key components of a computational platform, namely computing, data storage and management, and networking. A broad overview of scalable computing is provided to set the context for a detailed description of Hadoop, a technology that is being rapidly adopted for large-scale distributed computing. A proof-of-concept Hadoop cluster, set up for performance benchmarking of NGS read alignment, is described as an example of how to work with Hadoop. Finally, Hadoop is compared with a number of other current technologies for distributed computing.
Direct characterization of arterial input functions by fluorescence imaging of exposed carotid artery to facilitate kinetic analysis

Purpose With the goal of facilitating tracer kinetic analysis in small-animal planar fluorescence imaging, an experimental method for characterizing tracer arterial input functions is presented. The proposed method involves exposing the common carotid arteries by surgical dissection, which can then be imaged directly during tracer injection and clearance.
How to find a prognostic biomarker for progressive diabetic nephropathy

As a prognostic biomarker for progression of diabetic nephropathy, albuminuria fails in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Better urinary or plasma biomarkers are needed that can predict which diabetic patients are at highest risk for progression. Bhensdadia et al. report proteomic investigations that identified urinary haptoglobin as a potential prognostic biomarker for progressive diabetic nephropathy. Although as a single marker urinary haptoglobin adds little to albuminuria, together the two appear to provide better diagnostic accuracy than albuminuria alone.
The use of a skill-based activity in therapeutic induction.

Abstract This paper describes a hypnotherapeutic intervention for a brain damaged 36-year-old male who has suffered from asthma since infancy and seizure disorder from the age of eight. In early sessions it was discovered that conventional “passive-relaxation” induction techniques seemed to exacerbate certain disturbing somatic experiences, which he refers to as scary feelings. It was found that his performance of a previously learned skilled activity (the playing of the computer game Tetris) permitted the experience of a highly focused but relaxed state that was conducive to therapeutic interaction. This approach to induction bears similarity to “active-alert” procedures but may be more importantly related to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's principle of flow, in that it involves engagement in a subjectively meaningful, skill-based activity.
In vitro Plant Regeneration in Solanum commersonii

Summary The influence of growth regulators and basal media on plant regeneration from leaf and stem explants of Solanum commersonii Dun. PI 458317 was examined. Nearly 100 % of leaf and stem explants produced shoots, with an average of 12 shoots per explant, when cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L IAA and 5 mg/L zeatin. IAA and zeatin concentrations higher than 2.0 and 5.0 mg/L, respectively, promoted regeneration, but were not effective in increasing the number of shoots per explant. Among four cytokinins tested, only 2iP was found to be as effective as zeatin with respect to percent regeneration, but the number of shoots per explant was lower. 2,4-D was ineffective in inducing regeneration. NAA and IBA induced shoot regeneration, but to a lesser extent than IAA. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L IAA and 5 mg/L 2iP was compared to five other media formulations with the same growth regulator combination. MS, Gamborg's B 5 medium, and Eriksson's media were superior to other media tested in inducing regeneration (nearly 100 %). Shoots readily rooted when cultured on half-strength MS medium that lacked growth regulators, and rooted plantlets grew vigorously in soil.
Discrimination of alfalfa weevil strains by allozyme analysis

Allozyme profiles of eastern weevils (Beltsville, Maryland; Washington Co., Illinois), western weevils (Logan and St. George, Utah), and Egyptian weevils (Yuma, Arizona; Westmorland, California) were compiled by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-two gene loci from 12 enzymes (ACPH, ADH, AMY, AO, EST, GOT, G-6PDH, MDH, ME, SOD, TYR, XDH) were analyzed. Mean heterozygosity of these populations was 0.231, with an average proportion of polymorphic loci of 0.536. The mean genetic distance of all weevil populations was 0.033 and the fixation index was 0.024. Diagnostic loci were found which could distinguish western weevils from eastern and Egyptian weevils. The small genetic distance between the eastern and Egyptian weevils suggests that they may be the same strain and are certainly different from the western weevil strain. Based on this and other evidence, we conclude that all weevil strains in the United States are Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), and that the use of H. brunneipennis (Boheman) for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil of North America should be discontinued. RESUME Separation par analyse des allozymes de souches d'Hypera de la luzerne Les allozymes d'Hypera de l'est des USA (Beltsville, Maryland; Washington Co., Illinois), de l'ouest des USA (Logan et St Georges, Utah) et 'egyptiens' (Yuma, Arizona; Westmorland, Californie) ont ete analyses par electrophorese sur gel d'acrylamide. L'etude a porte sur 22 loci de 12 enzymes (ACPH, ADH, AMY, AO, EST, GOT, G-6PDH, MDH, ME, SOD, TYR, XDH). L'heterozygotie moyenne de la population etait 0.231, avec une moyenne de loci polymorphes de 0.536. La distance genetique moyenne de l'ensemble des populations etait de 0.033 et l'indice de fixation de 0.024. Des loci caracteristiques ont ete trouves qui pourraient permettre de distinguer les Hypera occidentaux des orientaux et des 'egyptiens'. La faible distance genetique entre les Hypera orientaux et 'egyptiens' suggere qu'ils appartiennent a la měme souche et sont certainement differents des occidentaux. A partir de cela et d'autres elements, nous concluons que tous les Hypera des USA sont H. postica Gyllenhal et que l'utilisation d'H. brunneipennis Boheman pour designer les Hypera 'egyptiens' d'Amerique du Nord doit ětre abandonnee.
A Dilemma for Kant's Theory of Substance

This paper poses a dilemma for applying the category of substance given Kant's different conceptions of substance in the Critique of Pure Reason. Briefly stated, if the category of substance applies to an omnipresent and sempiternal substance, then although this would ensure that all experiences of empirical objects take place in a common spatiotemporal framework, one could not individuate these empirical objects and experience their alterations. If the category of substance applies to ordinary empirical objects, however, then although one could individuate these substances and experience their alterations, the category would not pick out a common spatiotemporal framework for these experiences. I will argue that this dilemma can be overcome by examining the development of Kant's conception of substance in his final work, the Opus postumum.
Theory for a slider bearing with a convex pad surface; side flow neglected

Abstract The effect of pad-surface curvature on load capacity, center of pressure, and fluid friction is determined using Reynolds' differential equation in hydrodynamic lubrication theory. A dimensionless parameter which is a function of the magnitude of curvature is introduced. Families of curves are obtained and presented in a manner similar to Norton (1). The results indicate the practical use of pad curvature for centrally pivoted pads where the variation in fluid viscosity from pad inlet to outlet is negligible.
Experimental Application of Advanced Strategies to Transverse Thickness Control of Extruded Webs

The utility of some advanced process control strategies have been experimentally demonstrated in control of the transverse thickness in an extruded polymer web. Specifically, experimental results are presented that demonstrate the advantages of (1) a cascade control strategy and (2) a model regerence adaptive control algorithm over conventional, industrially-prevalent strategies.
A methionine aminopeptidase and putative regulator of translation initiation is required for cell growth and patterning in Drosophila.

Abstract We have isolated mutations in the gene Drosophila methionine aminopeptidase 2 ( DMAP2 ), which encodes a homolog of the type 2 methionine aminopeptidase from yeast, also known as the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2 α ) associated protein p67. Weak DMAP2 mutations cause ommatidial rotation defects and loss of ventral tissue in the compound eye as well as extra wing veins, whereas stronger alleles impair tissue growth. These limited phenotypes, in conjunction with the differential accumulation of DMAP2 transcripts throughout embryonic and larval development, suggest that a subset of proteins is spatially and temporally regulated at the level of post-translational processing or translation initiation during development. These results provide genetic evidence for post-transcriptional control in the development of multicellular organisms.
Opiate regulation of mesolimbic serotonin release: in vivo semiderivative electrochemical analyses.

Abstract The effect of a pharmacologically effective dose of d-morphine sulfate on serotonin release from nucleus accumbens of male, Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. Invivo electrochemical evidence showed that the reference exogenous opiate, morphine, after intraperitoneal administration, significantly increased basal nucleus accumbens serotonin release over control values. These data show a mesolimbic opiate-serotonergic interaction in rat brain.
Electron impact excitation cross sections for phosphorus

An analytic atomic independent-particle-model is used to generate wave functions for the valence and excited states of the neutral phosphorus atom. These wave functions are used to calculate generalized oscillator strengths, and from these quantities the cross sections are obtained in Born approximation. Various excitations from the \(\) ground state are considered, and results are presented for electron impact energies up to 5 keV.
End effects for plane deformations of an elastic anisotropic semi-infinite strip

In the linear theory of elasticity, Saint-Venant's principle is used to justify the neglect of edge effects when determining stresses in a body. For isotropic materials, the validity of this is well established. However for anisotropic and composite materials, experimental results have shown that edge effects may persist much farther into the material than for isotropic materials and as a result cannot be neglected. This paper further examines the effects of material anisotropy on the exponential decay rate for stresses in a semi-infinite elastic strip. A linearly elastic semi-infinite strip in a state of plane stress/strain subject to a self-equilibrated end load is considered first for a specially orthotropic material and then for the general anisotropic material. The problem is governed by a fourth-order elliptic partial differential equation with constant coefficients. In the former case, just a single dimensionless material parameter appears, while in the latter, only three dimensionless parameters are required. Energy methods are used to establish lower bounds on the actual stress decay rate. Both analytic and numerical estimates are obtained in terms of the elastic constants of the material and results are shown for several contemporary engineering materials. When compared with the exact stress decay rate computed numerically from the eigenvalues of a fourth-order ordinary differential equation, the results in some cases show a high degree of accuracy. In particular, for strongly orthotropic materials, an asymptotic estimate provides extremely accurate estimates for the decay rate. Results of the type obtained here have several important practical applications. For example, they provide physical insight into the mechanical testing of anisotropic and laminated composite structures (including the off-axis tension test), are useful in assessing the influence of fasteners, joints, etc. on the behavior of composite structures and allow for “tailoring” a material with specific properties to ensure that local stresses attenuate at a desired rate.
Asphaltene reaction pathways. V: Chemical and mathematical modeling

The pyrolysis of a generic, fully hydrocarbon asphaltene was simulated by combining model-compound-deduced thermolysis kinetics and pathways with asphaltene structural information. The latter was used in a Monte Carlo simulation of 10,000 prototype unit sheets, whose ensemble average conformed with the distribution and averages of structural probability density functions. Asphaltene reactions were thus mathematically equivalent to changes in the distributions and average of asphaltene structural information. The model-coumpound-based reaction pathways and kinetics of the unit sheet provided the temporal variations of the structural information, and the mathematical model was thus truly a priori with respect to asphaltene prolysis kinetics. Reaction products were assembled using the same Monte Carlo method as for the reactant but with reaction-altered distribution functions. Average structural parameters predicted by the model for the reactant asphaltene were consistent with literature values, and the temporal variation of the yields of solubility-based products fraction from simulated pyrolyses were in good accord with experimental result. These observations demonstrate that reaction engineering data derived from model compounds can be used to provide reasonable estimates of the reactivity of complex substrates such as petroleum asphaltenes.
Inferring representation type from the fractal dimension of biological communication waveforms

Abstract Digital representation is based on an arbitrary relation between physical signal structure and assigned meanings; analog representation uses a proportionality between changes in meaning and changes in the physical structure of the signal that represents the meaning. For recursive information, the physical structure of the analog signal will also be recursive. Since a digital signal will be physically arbitrary for both recursive and non-recursive information, a measure of physical recursion can provide an index for analog/digital differences. A simple model for this relation is examined by computational experiment for spectral density, and by analytic expression for Kolmogorov complexity. It is examined by empirical measure of fractal dimension for samples of a capella music, poetry, and prose, in a comparison of rap vs. reggae music, and for cetacean vocalizations. Generalizations of this analysis for other communication systems are discussed.
Optimal policy for a dynamic multi-echelon inventory model

Abstract : A general multiperiod multi-echelon supply system consisting of n facilities each stocking a single product is studied. At the beginning of a period each facility may order stock from an exogenous source with no delivery lag and proportional ordering costs. During the period the (random) demands at the facilities are satisfied according to a given supply policy that determines to what extent stock may be redistributed from facilities with excess stock to those experiencing shortages. There are storage, shortage, and transportation costs. An ordering policy that minimizes expected costs is sought. If the initial stock is sufficiently small and certain other conditions are fulfilled, it is optimal to order up to a certain base stock level at each facility. The special supply policy in which each facility except facility 1 passes its shortages on to a given lower numbered facility called its direct supplier is examined in some detail. Bounds on the base stock levels are obtained. It is also shown that if the demand distribution at facility j is stochastically smaller ('spread' less) than that at another facility k having the same direct supplier and if certain other conditions are fulfilled, then the optimal base stock level ('virtual' stock out probability) at j is less than (greater than) or equal to that at facility k. (Author)
Direct observation of tribological recrystallization

We present the direct evidence of tribological recrystallization and grain growth in a polycrystalline gold thin film induced by sliding a tungsten tip at ambient temperature using in situ transmission electron microscopy.
Evidence for a Bilayer Quantum Wigner Solid.

As the electronic charge distribution in a wide quantum well is tuned from a monolayer through an interacting bilayer configuration toward weakly coupled parallel layers, we observe an insulating phase concurrently manifesting a dramatic evolution. The data reveal that both interlayer interactions and charge symmetry, playing crucial roles, are able to stabilize a correlated bilayer electron insulator, thus providing tantalizing evidence of a pinned bilayer Wigner solid phase crystallizing at total filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}$ as large as 0.54 ($\ensuremath{\nu}g\frac{1}{4}$ in each layer).
Inducible cyclooxygenase-2 expression after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

Abstract Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxane. Recent evidence suggests it has a pathological role in cerebral insults, but its involvement in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unknown. The present study investigates the temporal and anatomic distribution of COX-2 as well as the effect of the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 on brain edema formation and cerebral blood flow in a rat model of ICH. Immunohistochemistry for COX-2 was performed in control rats and 6 h, as well as 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the injection of 100 μl autologous blood into the right basal ganglia. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to determine the type of COX-2 immunoreactive microvascular-associated cells. Western blot analysis was used to quantify COX-2 protein. The effect of NS-398 on brain water content, ion concentration and cerebral blood flow were assessed 24 h after ICH. The results demonstrated that COX-2 protein was expressed in control brain tissue and induced significantly in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 6 h, as well as 1 and 3 days after ICH. Increased staining of COX-2 in neurons was observed around the blood clot with a peak at 6 h. COX-2 was induced in endothelial cells, perivascular cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes 1 day after ICH. Brain water and ion contents and cerebral blood flow were unaffected by NS-398 administration. Thus, although COX-2 expression was increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere after an autologous blood injection, its products do not appear to be major regulators of blood flow or edema formation following ICH.
Numerical Data for 131I Uptake Measurements in Rabbits

Measurements of the apparent volume of distribution of 131I have been conducted in New Zealand white rabbits at times up to 24 hr after intravenous injection of the radioiodine dose. The average fecal content of 131I at 24 hr was 17 % of the 24-hr urinary content. These data with appropriate calibrations for external measurement of thyroidal radioiodine content have been used to develop routine procedures for measuring thyroidal radioiodine clearance rates in rabbits. The procedures offer the advantage of minimal trauma to the animals. (Endocrinology 77: 285, 1965)
Concurrent Algorithms For A Mobile Robot Vision System

The application of computer vision to mobile robots has generally been hampered by insufficient on-board computing power. The advent of VLSI-based general purpose concurrent multiprocessor systems promises to give mobile robots an increasing amount of on-board computing capability, and to allow computation intensive data analysis to be performed without high-bandwidth communication with a remote system.
Quantitation of Fc receptors and surface immunoglobulin is affected by cell isolation procedures using plasmagel and Ficoll-Hypaque

Abstract When mononuclear leukocytes are isolated directly from whole human blood using ficoll-Hypaque or Plasmagel, cytophilic immunoglobulin is detected on cell surface. Upon incubation at 37°C, this cell-associated immunoglobyulin is shed slowly into the medium. However, when cells are prewashed in phosphate-buffered saline prior to isolation, they appear to be free of cytophilic immunoglobulin. Compared to prewashed cells, populations retaining cytophilic immunoglobulin on their surfaces demonstrate a decreased binding of soluble immune complexes and radiolabelled trimeric rabbit IgG. The data suggest that Ficoll-Hypaque and Plasmagel cause serum IgG to bind with abnormally high affinity to human mononuclear leukocytes, probably via Fc receptors. This artifact of preparation can lead to erroneous estimates of the numbers of cells bearing Fc receptors or intrinsic membrane immunoglobulin within a given population of cells and to an inaccurate assessment of the average number of Fc receptors per cell.
Effect of drug hydrophilicity and membrane hydration on diffusion in hyaluronic acid ester membranes

The diffusion of solutes in hydrated polymer membranes may be influenced by solute hydrophilicity and membrane hydration. These effects were examined using a panel of six neutral drug molecules and hyaluronic acid benzyl ester membranes with varying degrees of esterification. The natural logarithm of diffusivity was found to be a function of membrane hydration for all drugs and membranes studied. A linear relationship between the natural logarithm of diffusivity and the inverse of membrane hydration was observed for the hydrophilic drugs, indicating consistency with Yasuda's free volume theory. Non-linear relationships were observed for hydrophobic drugs, suggesting deviation from the theory. A simple mathematical model was developed, based on parallel diffusion in hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, and was found to adequately describe the diffusion characteristics of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutes.
Moral Discomfort and Racial Segregation—An Examination of the Myrdal Hypothesis

An effort is made to subject to empirical test the assumption that a large amount of guilt is associated with segregation. Subjects are students in a southern university. It is argued that, inasmuch as "the American Creed" is not the only set of relevant norms, the assumption represents a drastic simplification of the normative dimensions of the race issue.
Opaque Spherules in Dust collected at Isolated Sites

A YEAR-LONG programme involving daily collections of atmospheric dust at several widely separated, isolated sites has been undertaken with the object of identifying particles that may be of extra-terrestrial origin. The particles in question are opaque, shiny spherules with diameters less than 10 microns. They appear to be of a nature entirely different from that of the larger spheres abounding in densely populated areas. Their meteoritic nature is suggested by the fact that the rate of fall and the frequency distribution with size of these particles have been found to be the same at the various stations.