cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood-based in-library use performance measures for public libraries: A nationwide study of majority–minority and majority white/low income markets using personal digital data collectors

Abstract The practice of aggregating public library use data to a system-wide level (central library and branches) can mask the library needs of more specific groups of users. This article introduces a study that addressed this need, by identifying libraries serving majority White/low income and majority–minority markets, and surveying those populations to identify types and levels of use. The study is critical for current library research and practices for these reasons: (1) the increasing diversity in race/ethnicity and languages spoken in U.S. communities; (2) low circulation rates exacerbated by increased Internet use; (3) mere existence of a library is critical to optimize use by populations without the library and reading experience; and (4) the recent release of the U.S. Public Library Geographic Database ( http://www.geolib.org/PLGDB.cfm ) with neighborhood level census and library use data for all U.S. library jurisdictions. The methodologies developed offer potential for the collection of critical data for the public librarian of today.
Short-Term Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Humans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Improves Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity through Gains in Peripheral, not Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity

Context: Short-term aerobic exercise training can improve whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, the contributions of peripheral and hepatic tissues to these improvements are not known. Objective: Our objective was to determine the effect of 7-d aerobic exercise training on peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity during isoglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp conditions. Design: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The energy balance group consumed an isocaloric diet consisting of 50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein for 15 d. The energy balance plus exercise group consumed a similar diet over the 15 d and performed 50-min of treadmill walking at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption maximum during the second 7 d of the 15-d study period. Each subject underwent an initial isoglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp after 1-wk dietary control and a second clamp after completing the study. Setting: The study was performed at Ohio State University’s General C...
Minimizing coherent thermal conductance using multi-layer photonic crystal heterostructures

Multi-layer photonic crystal heterostructures, formed by interfacing homogeneous crystals of different lattice configurations, can attain coherent thermal conductance significantly below the vacuum value, due to mismatches in the photonic band structures between each individual crystal.
Pluripotent Human Stem Cells: An Overview

For the past few years, cell therapy with pluripotent stem cells has been central to the prospect of regenerative medicine. From the traditional human embryonic stem cell (HSC) to the more recent induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), the main objective across all is to make use of the property of cell pluripotency to generate target cell types for therapeutic purposes. This chapter reviews some aspects of pluripotency in human cells, including its characteristics and regulatory factors, as well as various cell-reprogramming and single-cell analysis techniques developed for the manipulation of pluripotency in human cells and the clinical aspects of current methods.
Religion as a stimulant of political participation: Experimental evidence from Nairobi, Kenya

In this article we explore how certain religious messages may spur or constrain political participation. Specifically, we test whether religious messages that provide individuals a positive self-image can act as stimulants, giving people a sense of internal efficacy to participate in politics. We explore this hypothesis through a novel experimental design in Nairobi, Kenya. We find that exposure to self-affirmation messages typical of Pentecostal and Charismatic churches motivated participation in a political text message campaign. We discuss implications of these findings for politics in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as for the study of religion and politics more generally.
Factors that influence the proportions of platelet-activating factor and 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine synthesized by the mast cell

Recent studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cells can be divided into two groups depending on the type of 2-acetylated phospholipids [1-radyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC)] they produce: those that produce predominantly platelet-activating factor (PAF), and those that produce predominantly its 1-acyl analogue (1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC; AAGPC) [Triggiani, Schleimer, Warner & Chilton (1991) J. Immunol. 147, 660-666]. The present study has examined the factors that regulate the production of these two molecules in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). Initial experiments indicated that PAF and AAGPC were catabolized by BMMC in a differential manner via two pathways: the first, exclusive for AAGPC, involved a 1-acyl hydrolase that removed the long chain at the sn-1 position of the molecule, and the second, common to AAGPC and PAF, involved acetylhydrolase that removed the acetate at the sn-2 position of the two molecules. Experiments were next designed to identify conditions where the differential catabolism of AAGPC and PAF could be eliminated in order to uncover other factors that regulate the proportions of AAGPC and PAF produced. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) completely blocked the 1-acylhydrolase activity while having little or no effect on the acetyl hydrolase activity, thereby eliminating the influence of the catabolic pathway unique to AAGPC. Moreover, PMSF did not alter the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipid subclasses. PMSF-treated BMMC produced larger quantities of AAGPC than of PAF. The AAGPC/PAF ratio detected in PMSF-treated BMMC was very similar to the ratio of arachidonate contained in and released from 1-acyl-/1-alkyl-linked phosphatidylcholine (PC). BMMC supplemented with arachidonic acid in culture for 3 days increased their total arachidonic acid content in PC as well as the ratio of 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC to 1-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC. These changes resulted in parallel and significant increases in both the total amount of 1-radyl-2-acetyl-GPC and the AAGPC/PAF ration in BMMC. These data indicate that the AAGPC/PAF ratio produced by inflammatory cells is regulated by at least two factors: (1) differential catabolism of these two molecules, and (2) the distribution of arachidonate in 1-acyl- and 1-alkyl-2-arachidonyl-GPC. These observations support the concept of a common pathway for AAGPC and PAF biosynthesis in which the two precursor molecules are 1-acyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC and 1-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC, respectively.
Cities and the Shaping of Memory in the Ancient Near East

This book investigates the founding and building of cities in the ancient Near East. The creation of new cities was imagined as an ideological project or a divine intervention in the political narratives and mythologies of Near Eastern cultures, often masking the complex processes behind the social production of urban space. During the Early Iron Age (c.1200–850 BCE), Assyrian and Syro-Hittite rulers developed a highly performative official discourse that revolved around constructing cities, cultivating landscapes, building watercourses, erecting monuments and initiating public festivals. This volume combs through archaeological, epigraphic, visual, architectural and environmental evidence to tell the story of a region from the perspective of its spatial practices, landscape history and architectural technologies. It argues that the cultural processes of the making of urban spaces shape collective memory and identity as well as sites of political performance and state spectacle.
Plasma sphingolipid changes with autopsy-confirmed Lewy body or Alzheimer's pathology

Introduction The clinical and pathological phenotypes of Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) often overlap. We examined whether plasma lipids differed among individuals with autopsy-confirmed Lewy Body pathology or AD pathology.
Remaining Useful-Life Based on Damage Pre-Cursors for Leadfree Electronics Subjected to Multiple Thermal-Environments

Electronic assemblies deployed in harsh environments may be subjected to multiple thermal environments during the use-life of the equipment. Often the equipment may not have any macro-indicators of damage such as cracks or delamination. Quantification of thermal environments during use-life is often not feasible because of the data-capture and storage requirements, and the overhead on core-system functionality. There is need for tools and techniques to quantify damage in deployed systems in absence of macro-indicators of damage without knowledge of prior stress history. The presented PHM framework is targeted towards high reliability applications such as avionic and space systems. In this paper, Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu alloy packages have been subjected to multiple thermal cycling environments including −55 to 125C and 0 to 100C. Assemblies investigated include area-array packages soldered on FR4 printed circuit cards. The methodology involves the use of condition monitoring devices, for gathering data on damage pre-cursors at periodic intervals. Damage-state interrogation technique has been developed based on the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm in conjunction with the microstructural damage evolution proxies. The presented technique is applicable to electronic assemblies which have been deployed on one thermal environment, then withdrawn from service and targeted for redeployment in a different thermal environment. Test cases have been presented to demonstrate the viability of the technique for assessment of prior damage, operational readiness and residual life for assemblies exposed to multiple thermo-mechanical environments. Prognosticated prior damage and the residual life show good correlation with experimental data, demonstrating the validity of the presented technique for multiple thermo-mechanical environments.© 2009 ASME
Abstract 776: Functional analysis of BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase) in melanoma.

In the US alone, 44,250 men and 32,000 women are expected to be diagnosed with melanoma in 2012. Metastatic melanoma is the leading cause of skin cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the metastatic cutaneous melanoma (CM), anti-BRAF and anti-MEK agents have recently been shown to attenuate progression of the disease, though durable responses are still rare (NEJM articles). For metastatic ocular melanoma (OM), there is currently no established treatment strategy. Thus, one major unmet need in the field is the identification of novel “driver” physiologies which underpin the progression of disease and which can be leveraged for therapeutic gain. One new component in the ubiquitination pathway that has been recently implicated in the biology of both CM and OM is BRCA1 associated protein-1 (BAP1). Preliminary data from our laboratory showed that germline inactivating mutations of BAP1 predispose individuals to both CM and metastatic OM along with other neoplasms. In this study we examined the effects of BAP1 knockdown and overexpression on melanoma cell lines and primary melanocytes. BAP1 gene is mutated in melanoma and reported to be tumor suppressor, however suppression of BAP1 led to paradoxical growth inhibition, suggesting that the effects of BAP1 may be context dependent. Currently we are performing global gene expression and allele specific functional studies in an effort to identify novel substrates and other pathways impacted by BAP1. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into the role of BAP1 in melanoma pathogenesis. Citation Format: Raj Kumar, Ching-Ni Njauw, Zhenyu Ji, Benchun Miao, Michael Taylor, Anpuchchelvi Rajadurai, Durga Udayakumar, Hensin Tsao. Functional analysis of BRCA1 associated protein-1 (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase) in melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 776. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-776
Bionomics and Population Dynamics of the Asparagus Miner, Ophiomyia simplex (Loew), in Western Massachusetts

The asparagus miner, Ophiomyia simplex (Loew), is well established on western Massachusetts asparagus. Adults emerged in late spring and mated, and females oviposited on ferns of wild and 1- and 2-year-old volunteer asparagus plants, Asparagus officinalis L. First- and second-generation adults were active in commercial asparagus fields when plants went to fern after harvest. O. simplex has been shown to facilitate inoculum build-up and disease increase of asparagus stem, crown, and root rot caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and F. oxysporum Schlecht. Larval mining predisposed plants to upper stalk infections. Contaminated pupae and puparia on above-ground stalks were fungal inoculum sources and overwintered both pathogens, contaminating adults with fungal spores. Cultural and insecticidal control strategies for managing the asparagus miner are considered as a means to reduce larval damage and Fusarium disease incidence.
Characteristics of Metal/PZT/p—Si MIS Capacitors

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) thin films have been sputter deposited on p–Si. The patterned PZT films were annealed in a furnace as well as in a rapid thermal annealer. The high frequency characterization of metal–PZT– p– Si capacitors show good Capacitance–Voltage characteristics. The effective dielectric constant of PZT on Si was found to be very low and depends on the thickness of the PZT film and the annealing conditions. The high frequency C–V shows hysteresis which is due to the injection of charges across the interface.
Studies on compounds DyFe3, Dy6Fe23 and Dy2Fe17 with al substitution for Fe I: Structural investigations

Abstract The structural behavior and phase relationships of materials in the composition range DyFe3-Dy2Fe17 with Al substitution for Fe have been investigated in alloys which have been given various heat treatments. The binary phases DyFe3 (PuNi3-type), Dy6Fe23 (Th6Mn23-type) and Dy2Fe17 (Th2Zn17type) have been confirmed. Phase boundaries on Al substitution for Fe in these compounds in as-melted materials are Dy0.25Fe0.70A10.05, Dy0.027Fe0.593A10.20 and Dy0.105Fe0.745Al0.15. For Dy0.25Fe0.75−xA1x with x = 0.175−0.30 the CeNi3 type is observed with indications of a statistical distribution of Fe and Al on the transition metal sites. For x = 0.70 the Au3Cu type is found when materials are annealed at 1000 °C. Around a composition Dy0.105Fe0.695A10.20, in both as-melted and annealed (800 °C) specimens, a new structural type is observed with an a axis corresponding to the Th2Ni17 type but with a c axis only half as long. This new structure is derived from the Th2Ni17 type by disordered substitutions. The Th2Zn17-type structure is stable from x = 0.25 to x = 0.60 in as-melted Dy0.105Fe0.895−xA1x material.
Section 3. More Isotopes and the Two-Layer Mantle

At the time I was doing my dissertation research, Sr and Pb isotopes were the only tools available for mantle isotope geochemistry, although some inferences about mantle and atmospheric evolution had been made based on argon isotope ratios ( e.g. , [Damon and Kulp, 1958][1]). Since, as expected,
Series Capacitor Bypass Switch Connecting-In Current Analog Test Circuit Study

Analysis was made to the main application and its special operation conditions of series capacitor bypass switch.According to technical requirements based on its main technical standards,two synthetic test circuits adaptable to series capacitor bypass switch connecting-in current test were designed and test circuit parameters were calculated,current and voltage waveforms of two test circuits given.The results are in conformity to the predicated requirements.
Development and validation of a UPLC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of paritaprevir and ritonavir in rat liver

Aim: Determination of paritaprevir and ritonavir in rat liver tissue samples. Results: We successfully validated a UPLC–MS/MS method to measure paritaprevir and ritonavir in rat liver using deuterated internal standards (d8-paritapervir and d6-ritonavir). The method is linear from 20 to 20,000 and 5 to 10,000 pg on column for paritaprevir and ritonavir, respectively, and is normalized per milligram tissue. Interday and intraday variability ranged from 0.591 to 5.33% and accuracy ranged from -6.68 to 10.1% for quality control samples. The method was then applied to the measurement of paritaprevir and ritonavir in rat liver tissue samples from a pilot study. Conclusion: The validated method is suitable for measurement of paritaprevir and ritonavir within rat liver tissue samples for PK studies.
Gas-cooled fast reactors

Abstract The history of gas-cooled fast reactors (GFRs) dates back to the early years of nuclear technology development efforts. The concept has been in development ever since. This chapter surveys the history, current status, and technology options and trends of GFRs.
Arginine and Arginine-Combinations in Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction

The principal source of nitric oxide (NO) in the acetylcholine/NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphosphate (ACh/NO/cGMP) pathway is the amino acid l-arginine, derived from common foods we consume. NO is formed by the endothelium with an isoform of the synthase enzyme, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). The formation of NO is jeopardized by factors that affect endothelial cell function, including hypertension, atheroscleroisis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, as well as cell-formed antagonists such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Some hold that cardiovascular health hazards may be due to l-arginine deficiency, as evidenced by markers of inadequate NO. But in fact, l-arginine deficiency is seldom the cause: the “arginine paradox” tells us that endothelial cells are usually saturated with l-arginine, even in the face of low NO production. The villain is most often eNOS uncoupling. Thus, vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) due to low NO formation may occur in the presence of adequate l-arginine availability. However, supplementing l-arginine frees cellular l-arginine, as posited by evidence of the “arginine paradox.” Caveat: l-arginine supplementation is not for everyone.
CHAPTER K7 – Animal Oculomotor Data Illuminate Cerebellum-Related Eye Movement Disorders

The cerebellum strongly influences the movements of every part of the body. Patients with cerebellar damage from a variety of sources exhibit abnormal eye movements. This chapter reviews basic cerebellar anatomy and development and summarizes current data on the role of different parts of the cerebellum in eye movements. The paper provides a brief and simple summary of cerebellar anatomy and development, with details that help in clarifying the locations and consequences of cerebellar abnormalities. Current understanding of cerebellar oculomotor function provides explanations for the eye movement deficits exhibited by patients with a variety of cerebellar disease. Experimental lesions in monkeys indicate that horizontal saccades are influenced primarily by the oculomotor vermis and the part of the cerebellar nuclei to which it projects, the caudal fastigial nucleus (CFN). CFN damage can cause saccade slowing, but this symptom is usually interpreted as a sign of extracerebellar damage because of the dramatic nature of the slowing in most patients. Vertical saccades and pursuit are influenced by the dorsal paraflocculus and the region of the cerebellar nuclei, to which it projects, is the ventrolateral posterior interpositus nucleus (VPIN). Vertical saccades and pursuit have not been widely tested yet in cerebellar patients. Although some evidence indicates that the flocculus may participate in vergence movements, there is ample evidence that convergence is aided by CFN output and divergence is aided by VPIN output.
3D Model, Linked Database, and Born-Digital E-Book: An Ideal Approach to Archaeological Research and Publication

The objective of the Oplontis Project is to study and publish two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Villa A and Villa B at Torre Annunziata, Italy, buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE. Faced with the high costs of traditional print publication, the Project has opted for a born-digital publication. An additional publication consists of a navigable 3D model linked to a database in order to provide the fullest possible documentation both of the actual states of these Villas and proposals for their reconstructions. This article presents several of these reconstructions, highlighting the importance of digital technologies, including laser scanning and 3D modeling, for research and long-term preservation of these cultural artifacts.
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES: Ascending Aorta

There is no disease more conducive to clinical humility than aneurysm of the aorta.SIR WILLIAM OSLER Surgery of the ascending aorta has achieved remarkable success over the last 30 years. Aortic diseases that threaten catastrophic complications of rupture or dissection can now be treated with durable operations and low operative mortality. 9,20 Success with prophylactic intervention for aneurysm has led to aggressive efforts to identify aortic disease before complications occur. Because ascending aortic disease is often silent until it affects the aortic valve or results in calamity, diagnosis is still challenging, as noted by Osler.
Anterior Lumbar Corpectomy with Expandable Titanium Cage Reconstruction: A Case Series of 42 Patients

Background Burst fractures involve the anterior and middle columns with an intact posterior column. Deforming forces are magnified at areas of transition, making the thoracolumbar junction highly susceptible to injury. Methods This is a retrospective review of 42 consecutive patients who underwent single-level anterior lumbar corpectomy using an obelisc expandable titanium cage and lateral fixation for traumatic lumbar burst fractures. Results Myelopathy and sensory dysfunction were the most frequent neurologic deficits initially, occurring in 16 (38%) and 15 (36%) patients, respectively, which both decreased to 5 (13%). At follow-up, 26 patients (68%) were able to ambulate independently. No patient had significant cage displacement or needed cage replacement. Subsidence was minimal in 32 of 39 patients (82%). There were no hardware infections or surgical site infections. Options for stabilization include posterior instrumentation and fusion, anterior corpectomy with interbody fusion, and combination procedures. We believe anterior stabilization is superior because the aim is structural restoration of anterior and middle columns. The aim of posterior fixation is to replace the posterior tension band, which is not affected. There are 3 major surgical components to consider. First is anterior versus posterior decompression of the spinal canal. Second is the choice of autograft or titanium graft. Third is whether to stabilize posteriorly or anterolateral. Conclusions Anterior corpectomy with an expandable titanium cage and lateral rod fixation is safe and effective with minimal complications. It is a viable alternative to posterior decompression and instrumentation.
Proposed policy changes to the Gulf of Mexico red snapper IFQ program: Evaluating differential impacts by participant type

Abstract The U.S. commercial red snapper IFQ program was the first catch share management system implemented in the Gulf of Mexico. The program has been successful in meeting its major goals of ending derby-style fishing and reducing overcapacity in the harvest sector, but several concerns regarding the socioeconomic impacts of the program have been raised. To address these concerns, the management agency initiated a fishery management plan amendment to develop potential modifications to the program. This analysis describes the proposed policy changes, identifies the key outcomes, and assesses the impacts on distinct participant types using historic harvest data, quota trading patterns, and existing estimates of industry concentration. There are three implied regulatory objectives, as all proposed modifications would either increase ownership of shares by harvesters, limit consolidation in the harvest sector, or increase harvest flexibility. The corresponding effects on stakeholders could vary quite substantially as each objective and the associated alternative policies would affect the size and composition of multiple markets that collectively affect socioeconomic outcomes. The approach to evaluating existing catch share programs and the associated findings in this paper are important for management agencies charged with adhering to federal policies and guidance concerning distributional outcomes.
Genetic Testing in Clinical Settings

Genetic testing is used for screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of diseases consistent with a genetic cause and to guide drug therapy to improve drug efficacy and avoid adverse effects (pharmacogenomics). This In Practice review aims to inform about DNA-related genetic test availability, interpretation, and recommended clinical actions based on results using evidence from clinical guidelines, when available. We discuss challenges that limit the widespread use of genetic information in the clinical care setting, including a small number of actionable genetic variants with strong evidence of clinical validity and utility, and the need for improving the health literacy of health care providers and the public, including for direct-to-consumer tests. Ethical, legal, and social issues and incidental findings also need to be addressed. Because our understanding of genetic factors associated with disease and drug response is rapidly increasing and new genetic tests are being developed that could be adopted by clinicians in the short term, we also provide extensive resources for information and education on genetic testing.
Biomimetic Tissue Engineering for Musculoskeletal Tissues

Abstract Current trends in the application of stem cells in tissue engineering have prompted further investigation and incorporation of developmental biology in the field. A greater understanding of human development, specifically the intricate and complex processes promoting cell differentiation and organization in tissue development or repair, can greatly aid in engineering more physiologically relevant biomimetic tissues. Biomaterials have become an essential tool in the effort to recapitulate the chemical, physical, and spatiotemporally dynamic cell environment needed for effective biomimetic tissue engineering. This chapter highlights the recent advancements that apply an understanding of developmental biology and extracellular niche properties to engineer biomaterials for biomimetic musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Specifically, we highlight the most promising approaches to engineering the biochemical, biomechanical, and biophysical environment to improve function of biomimetic cartilage and bone and skeletal muscle constructs.
High-Density Wafer-Scale 3-D Silicon-Photonic Integrated Circuits

This paper discusses recent advances on the newly developed high-density three-dimensional photonic integrated circuits (3-D PICs). In particular, we introduce our efforts in design, fabrication, and characterization toward a silicon photonic wafer-scale light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system populated by 3-D PIC unit cells. The 3-D PIC unit cell includes vertical U-shaped photonic couplers created by a combination of anisotropic etching, vertical α-silicon via formation, and wafer bonding. Using the U-shaped photonic couplers, the 3-D PIC unit cell forms a 120-channel folded single tile optical phased array (OPA) with 2- μ m pitch. Ultracompact vertical U-shaped coupler arrays with 1- μ m pitch are also fabricated and tested. The 3-D PIC unit cells will be tiled on a wafer-scale interposer, transmitting and receiving signals through equal-power splitters with pathlength-matched waveguides, and 3-D arbitrarily shaped waveguides or evanescent couplers. Designs of such interposers are shown and low-loss and misalignment tolerant chip-to-interposer coupling using evanescent coupler is demonstrated. Loss values of arbitrarily shaped waveguides fabricated by ultrafast laser inscription on the deposited-SiO2 cladding and their alignment tolerance to conventional silicon nitride edge couplers are reported. A path toward realizing 3-D integrated LIDAR is discussed.
Development of a Chlorine Dosing Strategy for Fresh Produce Washing Process to Maintain Microbial Food Safety and Minimize Residual Chlorine.

The residual free chlorine level in fresh produce wash solution is closely correlated to the chemical and microbial safety of produce. Excess amount of free chlorine can quickly react with organic matters to form hazardous disinfection by‐products (DBPs) above EPA‐permitted levels, whereas deficiency of residual chlorine in produce wash solution may result in incompletely removing pathogens on produce. The purpose of this study was to develop a chlorine dosing strategy to optimize the chlorine dosage during produce washing process without impacting the microbial safety of fresh produce. Prediction equations were developed to estimate free chlorine needed to reach targeted residual chlorine at various sanitizer pH and organic loads, and then validated using fresh‐cut iceberg lettuce and whole strawberries in an automated produce washer. Validation results showed that equations successfully predicted the initial chlorine concentration needed to achieve residual chlorine at 10, 30, 60, and 90 mg/L for both lettuce and strawberry washing processes, with the root mean squared error at 4.45 mg/L. The Escherichia coliO157:H7 reductions only slightly increased on iceberg lettuce and strawberries with residual chlorine increasing from 10 to 90 mg/L, indicating that lowering residual chlorine to 10 mg/L would not compromise the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine‐based sanitizer. Based on the prediction equations and E. coliO157:H7 reduction results, a chlorine dosing strategy was developed to help the produce industry to maintain microbial inactivation efficacy without adding excess amount of free chlorine. The chlorine dosing strategy can be used for fresh produce washing process to enhance the microbial food safety and minimize the DBPs formation potential.
Application of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of skin tumors.

Immunohistochemical stains for markers of cellular differentiation are useful in the classification of cutaneous neoplasms. The authors’ experience and the recent English literature are summarized, and tables of markers applicable to skin tumors are provided. Approaches to differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated skin tumors are also discussed.
Studies of Bose-Einstein Condensates

We review the recent achievements in observing Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in dilute atomic gases, and summarize our own studies of BEC in sodium. These include studies of static and dynamic behavior of the condensate and of its coherence properties.
The effect of spray-dried porcine plasma on growth performance in the early-weaned pig.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ABSTRACT: A total of 904 weanling pigs were used to investigate the effects of 1) spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP), 2) blends of SDPP and spray-dried blood meal (SDBM), and 3) added dietary methionine in a SDPP-based diet on starter pig performance. In Exp. 1, 534 weanling pigs (initially 6.4 kg and 21 k 2 d of age) were used to determine the effects of either 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% SDPP and lactose as a replacement for dried skim milk in the Phase I diet (d 0 to 14 postweaning). All pigs were fed the same diet from d 14 to 28 postweaning. Average daily gain from d 0 to 14 increased (linear, P < .01) with increasing SDPP. From d 14 to 28, ADG decreased (linear, P < .03) as level of SDPP fed during Phase I increased. However, for d 0 to 28, ADG was increased (linear, P < .01) with increasing SDPP in the Phase I diet. Feed intake increased with increasing SDPP from d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28 (quadratic, P < .04 and P < .08, respectively); however, gaidfeed (G/F) was not affected. In Exp 2, 298 weanling pigs (initially 5.5 kg and 19 k 2 d of age) were used to determine the effects of replacing SDPP with SDBM in the Phase I diet. Pigs were fed either a diet containing 10% SDPP or diets with SDBM replacing 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the lysine provided by the SDPP. Maximum (quadratic, P < .06) ADG was observed in pigs fed the diet that contained 75 and 25% of the lysine provided by SDPP and SDBM, respectively. In Exp 3, 72 weanling pigs (initially 5.7 kg and 21 f 3 d of age) were used to determine the influence of added methionine in diets containing spray-dried blood products. Pigs were fed one of two diets containing 20% dried whey, 7.5% SDPP, and 1.75% SDBM with or without .lo% DL- methionine (.39 vs .29% total methionine). Pigs fed added methionine had improved (P < .05) ADG (d 0 to 7 ) and G/F ( d 0 to 2 1 ). These experiments indicate that up to 10% SDPP can be added to the Phase I diet and that a blend of SDPP and SDBM (7.5:1.63%, respectively) improves growth performance compared with either protein source alone. However, to max- imize pig growth performance, diets containing spray- dried blood products may require supplemental methionine.
Microcalorimetry and the transition-edge sensor

Many scientific and industrial applications call for quantum-efficient high-energy-resolution microcalorimeters for the measurement of x rays. The applications driving the development of these detectors involve the measurement of faint sources of x rays in which few photons reach the detector. Interesting astrophysical applications for these microcalorimeters include the measurement of composition and temperatures of stellar atmospheres and diffuse interstellar plasmas. Other applications of microcalorimeter technology include x-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements of industrial or scientific samples. We are attempting to develop microcalorimeters with energy resolutions of several eV because many sources (such as celestial plasmas) contain combinations of elements producing emission lines spaced only a few eV apart. Our microcalorimeters consist of a metal-film absorber (250 {micro}m x 250{micro}m x 3 {micro}m of copper) coupled to a superconducting transition-edge-sensor (TES) thermometer. This microcalorimeter demonstrated an energy resolution of 42 eV (FWHM) at 6 keV, excellent linearity, and showed no evidence of position dependent response. The response of our microcalorimeters depends both on the temperature of the microcalorimeter and on the electrical current conducted through the TES thermometer. We present a microcalorimeter model that extends previous microcalorimeter theory to include additional current dependent effects. The model makes predictions about the effects ofmore » various forms of noise. In addition, the model helps us to understand what measurements are useful for characterizing TES microcalorimeters. While the energy resolution we obtained was quite good (twice as good as conventional semiconductor-based x-ray detectors), the obtained resolution was not as good as expected, due to excess noise from fluctuations in the TES thermometer. The energy resolution of future TES microcalorimeters can be improved by redesigning the calorimeters to minimize the noise due to these fluctuations.« less
Breakfasts Higher in Protein Increase Postprandial Energy Metabolism in Overweight, Breakfast Skipping Women

Early adulthood is a vulnerable time for weight gain among women. The average weight gain for women between the ages of 20 and 30 is 12-25 lbs. A primary contributor to obesity is an increase in un...
Digital Trajectories to Care in First-Episode Psychosis

Objective:The emphasis on reducing the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has highlighted complex barriers to accessing appropriate services. Internet and social media use by individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) was examined to explore how these platforms might be used to facilitate treatment initiation.Methods:Participants ages 15–35 were interviewed with the Pathways to Care for Psychosis Questionnaire, an 81-item instrument designed to explore online activity during symptom emergence.Results:Of 112 participants, 90% used the Internet and social media daily. The Internet was listed as the most used resource (62%) for information while symptoms were emerging. A minority (19%) shared concerns via social media, and 76% responded favorably to the possibility of receiving online mental health support.Conclusions:The Internet and social media were part of daily life for participants with FEP. Activity continued throughout the DUP, offering the prospect of earlier intervention. Participants expres...
New Approaches and Debates on Top-Down Perceptual Processing.

When people perceive the world, what they see is based on the physics of light reflecting off surfaces and entering their eyes. Their brain then processes the raw data so that photoreceptor activit...
Immediate tissue expander breast reconstruction following mastectomy in pregnancy-associated breast cancer.

1133 Background: Management of pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) requires balancing benefits of therapy with potential risks to the developing fetus. Surgical management can be influenced b...
AN UNEXPECTED COMBINATION OF PROLACTINOMA AND SEPTO-OPTIC DYSPLASIA.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the unusual finding of pituitary adenoma in a patient with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). Methods We describe the clinical presentation, biochemical and radiological evaluation, treatment, and outcomes of a patient with macroprolactinoma and previously undiagnosed SOD. Results A 41-year-old woman with optic nerve hypoplasia and growth hormone deficiency presented with new-onset galactorrhea, polyuria, and polydipsia. Physical exam was notable for bilateral galactorrhea. Laboratory workup showed a prolactin level of 176 μg/L (reference range is 6 to 20 μg/L), serum cortisol of 7.7 μg/dL (reference range is 5.0 to 20.0 μg/dL), and adrenocorticotropic hormone of 54 pg/mL (reference range is 0 to 46 pg/mL). Thyroid function and pituitary-gonadal axis testing were normal. Low-dose cosyntropin test showed a borderline cortisol response and persistently low adrenal androgens, suggestive of partial secondary adrenal insufficiency. A water deprivation test showed evidence of diabetes insipidus (DI). Magnetic resonance imaging of the sella showed a 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5-cm mass compatible with pituitary adenoma, absence of septum pellucidum, and atrophy of the optic nerves. The patient was diagnosed with SOD with partial hypopituitarism and a concomitant macroprolactinoma of more recent onset resulting in DI. The patient was treated with cabergoline with good clinical and biochemical response including resolution of DI symptoms. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging of the sella showed near resolution of the prolactinoma. Conclusion We conclude that a diagnosis of SOD should not exclude the possibility of a pituitary adenoma in the appropriate clinical context, and that the pattern of hormonal deficits in such a combination may be uncharacteristic of the deficits expected with pituitary adenoma alone.
Observations on the effect of organic solvents in the direct-reading emission-spectrometric determination of trace elements in rare-earth compounds by rotating electrode

A direct-reading emission-spectrometric method was applied in the presence of methanol for the quantitative determination of traces of rare earths and diverse other elements in rare-earth compounds by the rotating electrode. Addition of alcohols with lower boiling points than water causes an increase of the rate of vaporization of the sample solution and of the emission intensity. Methanol enhances the emission intensity to a larger extent than other alcohols and permits the determination of microquantities of the elements within limits of detection from 1 to 37 ppm in high-purity rare-earth compounds. The intensity ratio of the ionic line to the atomic line increases in the presence of more than 60% methanol, indicating the elevation of plasma temperature.
Spatiotemporal Bus Route Profiling using Odometer Data

Fixed-route bus systems are an important part of the urban transportation mix. A considerable disadvantage of buses is their slow speed, which is in part due to frequent stops, but also due to the lack of segregation from other vehicles in traffic. As such, assessing bus routes is an important aspect of route planning, scheduling, and the creation of dedicated bus lanes. In this work, we use bus tracking data from the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority to discover speed patterns in relation to bus stops throughout the day. This gives us an insight on whether the routes are affected by traffic congestion or more random events such as traffic lights. We first employ a macro-level qualitative analysis to identify patterns across different trips. A micro-level quantitative analysis further refines this approach by analyzing the speed patterns around bus stops. Our analysis is based on bus odometer data, which is a one-dimensional representation of trips that has considerable accuracy when looking at speed patterns. Exploiting route metadata in relation to stops, we use Dynamic Time Warping to cluster different stops based on their speed profiles throughout the day. The clustering can be used to generate a spatiotemporal route profile and we show how such a profile provides actionable intelligence for route planning purposes.
Interactions between stimuli-evoked cortical activity and spontaneous low frequency oscillations measured with neuronal calcium.

Abstract Spontaneous brain activity has been widely used to map brain connectivity. The interactions between task-evoked brain responses and the spontaneous cortical oscillations, especially within the low frequency range of ~0.1 ​Hz, are not fully understood. Trial-to-trial variabilities in brain’s response to sensory stimuli and the ability for brain to detect under noisy conditions suggest an appreciable impact of the brain state. Using a multimodality imaging platform, we simultaneously imaged neuronal Ca2+ and cerebral hemodynamics at baseline and in response to single-pulse forepaw stimuli in rat’s somatosensory cortex. The high sensitivity of this system enables detection of responses to very weak and strong stimuli and real time determination of low frequency oscillations without averaging. Results show that the ongoing neuronal oscillations inversely modulate Ca2+ transients evoked by sensory stimuli. High intensity stimuli reset the spontaneous neuronal oscillations to an unpreferable excitability following the stimulus. Cerebral hemodynamic responses also inversely interact with the spontaneous hemodynamic oscillations, correlating with the neuronal Ca2+ transient changes. The results reveal competing interactions between spontaneous oscillations and stimulation-evoked brain activities in somatosensory cortex and the resultant hemodynamics.
Microstructural characteristics and crack formation in additively manufactured bimetal material of 316L stainless steel and Inconel 625

Abstract This research illustrates the rationale of adopting a preferred printing sequence by examining crack generation predominated by resultant interfaces and microstructural inhomogeneity, through underlying governing mechanisms in directed energy deposition of 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 (SS316L/IN625) bimetals. For this purpose, microstructural and crystallographic characterizations augmented by numerical simulations were employed on additively manufactured two distinct interfaces, i.e. Type-I (IN625 deposition on SS316L) and Type-II (SS316L deposition on IN625). Changing the printing sequence generated these two types of interfaces with unique morphologies, which was found attributable to the compositional variations and mismatch in thermal properties. Type-I interface was typified by gradual-change composition in the transition zone, causing the IN625 grains to grow epitaxially on the grains of SS316L. Type-II interface was characterized as a compositional sudden-change zone (CSCZ) adjacent to SS316L, leading to merging bidirectional nucleation and grain growth from the bottom IN625 and upper CSCZ, and lack of epitaxial growth. Additionally, high cracking susceptibility occurred near the Type-II interface rather than the Type-I interface, which was related to solidification and liquidation cracking, and further promoted ductility dip cracking. This research will provide a guideline for the additive manufacturing of bimetals with the consideration of printing sequence to control interface formation for a crack-free structure.
American Literature and American Identity: A Cognitive Cultural Study From the Revolution Through the Civil War

American Literature and American Identity addresses the crucial issue of identity formation, especially national identity, in influential works of American literature. Patrick Colm Hogan uses techniques of cognitive and affective science to examine the complex and often highly ambivalent treatment of American identity in works by Melville, Cooper, Sedgwick, Apess, Stowe, Jacobs, Douglass, Hawthorne, Poe, and Judith Sargeant Murray. Hogan focuses on the issue of how authors imagined American identity—specifically, as universal, democratic egalitarianism—in the face of the nation’s clear and often brutal inequalities of race and sex. In the course of this study, Hogan advances our understanding of nationalism in general, American identity in particular, and the widely read literary works he examines.
Joining aluminum alloy to ultrahigh-strength boron steel through an impact welding approach

Abstract Direct welding of ultrahigh-strength boron steels to aluminum alloys is challenging but of great practical importance. The present study reports a new approach in vaporizing foil actuator welding to produce direct spot welds between 6022-T4 Al alloy and Usibor 1500®, a representative boron steel. Mechanical testing results revealed a strong joint with failure occurring at the Al base metal outside the weld nugget. Comparison of joint strengths with other joining techniques revealed performance on par if not better, opening prospects for development of more robust dissimilar welding pairs in the future.
Female genital coccidioidomycosis (FGC), Addison's disease and sigmoid loop abscess due to Coccidioides immites; case report and review of literature on FGC.

We describe a woman with unusual complications of infection with Coccidioides immitis - infection of the genital tract and adrenal insufficiency. The patient also had intestinal coccidioidomycosis (cocci) in conjunction with presumed pulmonary, and asymptomatic central nervous system cocci. To our knowledge, concurrent FGC, intestinal and adrenal cocci have not been reported previously. A MEDLINE review from 1966–1997 revealed only 1 case of adrenal insufficiency due to cocci. FGC is rare; we identified 12 reported cases since 1929. No combination of investigations or clinical features is sensitive enough to predict FGC. Diagnosis is usually made after microscopy of surgical specimens. FGC presents either as tubo-ovarian disease or endometritis. Treatment generally involves surgical excision and antifungal agents. We hypothesize that an initial trial of antifungals may obviate the need for surgery.
Digital signal analysis in water using blue and green laser diodes

Digital data generated by a bit error rate tester was modulated onto visible laser diodes. The modulated signal, traveled through a 3.70 meter long PVC pipe filled with water, and maintained a zero bit error.