cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Characteristics of Ocean Acoustic Noise Processes

A statistical analysis is given of ambient noise data from several ocean acoustic environments. Included in the analysis are statistical tests for homogeneity and randomness, statistical tests for normality, sample autocorrelation functions, and kernel density estimates of the instantaneous amplitude fluctuations. The test results indicate that a randomness hypothesis may be rejected when Nyquist rate sampling is employed. A randomization procedure is applied to the data in order to create ensembles which pass the tests for randomness and homogeneity. Analysis of these ensembles indicates that a stationary Gaussian assumption is not justified for some ocean environments. The largest deviations from normality occur in the tail regions of the density function and are often attributable to non-stationary characteristics of the data.
Role of bacterial infection in Diet-Induced acute pancreatitis in mice

This study was performed to elucidate the role of bacterial infection in acute pancreatitis in young female mice fed a choline-deficient diet supplemented with 0.5% DL-ethionine (CDE diet). Mice were randomly classified into two groups: one had been fed CDE diet alone (nonantibiotic group), the other was fed a CDE diet with oral administration of antibiotics (antibiotic group). Survival rates at 96 and 144 h after introduction of the CDE diet were significantly improved in the antibiotic group, 25.0 and 19.4%, respectively, as compared with 3.6 and 0% in the nonantibiotic group (p, 0.05). Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures of blood, ascites, spleen, and pancreas were taken from living mice 72 h after introduction of the CDE diet. Positive bacterial growth from one or more of the specimens occurred in 29.4% of the nonantibiotic group, and in 10.0% of the antibiotic group. Mice with pancreatic necrosis had a higher positive culture rate, 62.5% in the nonantibiotic group vs 20.0% in the antibiotic group. These results suggest that reduction of intestinal flora in mice inhibits secondary infection caused by bacterial translocation and improves survival in diet-induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis. We believe the development of bacterial infection of gut origin may be a factor influencing mortality in severe pancreatitis.
Genetic abnormalities seen on CVS in early pregnancy failure.

Objective: To determine the frequency and distribution of chromosome abnormalities in women with early pregnancy failure (EPF) detected by cytogenetic testing on chorionic villus sampling.Method: R...
Toward the Development of the Science of Developmental Psychopathology

It is almost 30 years since the seminal paper by Sroufe and Rutter (1984) and nearly 25 years since the first edition of the Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (Lewis & Miller, 1990). Much has changed in the study of pathology since then, including our models of development, the definitions of psychopathology—with some newer types added and others removed—and in particular new measurements and new statistical techniques. Nevertheless I think it is still appropriate to define our field as “the study of the prediction of development of maladaptive behaviors and the processes that underlie them.” As we have said, the thrust of the definition of developmental psychopathology requires something more than a simple combination of two sets of interests. Besides the study of change and development of maladaptive behaviors, the combination of issues of development with that of psychopathology informs both areas of interest. But perhaps of equal importance is that our study of the development of pathology forces us to look at individual differences.
Double-strand break repair plays a role in repeat instability in a fragile X mouse model.

Abstract Expansion of a CGG-repeat tract in the 5′ UTR of FMR1 is responsible for the Fragile X-related disorders (FXDs), FXTAS, FXPOI and FXS. Previous work in a mouse model of these disorders has implicated proteins in the base excision and the mismatch repair (MMR) pathways in the expansion mechanism. However, the precise role of these factors in this process is not well understood. The essential role of MutLγ, a complex that plays a minor role in MMR but that is essential for resolving Holliday junctions during meiosis, raises the possibility that expansions proceed via a Holliday junction-like intermediate that is processed to generate a double-strand break (DSB). We show here in an FXD mouse model that LIG4, a ligase essential for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), a form of DSB repair (DSBR), protects against expansions. However, a mutation in MRE11, a nuclease that is important for several other DSBR pathways including homologous recombination (HR), has no effect on the extent of expansion. Our results suggest that the expansion pathway competes with NHEJ for the processing of a DSB intermediate. Thus, expansion likely proceeds via an NHEJ-independent DSBR pathway that may also be HR-independent.
Multiscale analysis of solid, waffle, ribbed and hollowcore reinforced concrete slabs

Abstract We present a multiscale plate element for the analysis of solid, waffle and hollowcore reinforced concrete slabs based on the higher order computational continua (HC 2 ) formulation. The salient features of the proposed formulation are: (i) the ability to consider large representative volume elements (RVE) characteristic to waffle and hollowcore slabs, (ii) versatility stemming from the ease of handling damage and prestressing, and (iii) computational efficiency resulting from model reduction, combined with the well-established damage law rescaling method that yields simulation results nearly mesh-size independent. The multiscale formulation has been validated against experimental data for solid, hollowcore and waffle reinforced concrete slabs with and without prestressing.
Zum übergangseffekt der Höhenstrahlneutronen in der Atmosphäre

Es wird die Hohenabhangigkeit der Neutronenintensitat in der Atmosphare fur verschiedene mittlere Neutronenenergien bestimmt. Bei Energien unterhalb von 0,4 eV liegt das Intensitatsmaximum nach einer Arbeit vonYuan bei 83 mm Hg. Wir finden es fur Energien oberhalb von 0,4 eV bei 50 mm Hg und fur Energien von mehr als etwa 1 keV bei 35 mm Hg. Diese Verschiebung in der Lage des Maximums wird von der Bremstheorie der Neutronen in der Atmosphare gefordert. Der Vergleich mit Arbeiten uber die Hohenabhangigkeit von Kernprozessen zeigt, das das Maximum fur schnelle Neutronen mit dem der Kernprozesse zusammenfallt.
BRAIN AND PERIPHERAL MONOAMINES: POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE ONTOGENESIS OF NORMAL AND DRUG-INDUCED RESPONSES IN THE IMMATURE MAMMAL

The ability of the developing, nonprecocial newborn mammal to produce mature physiological and behavioral responses may in part depend upon the functional status of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain and periphery. Alterations produced in the patterns of locomotor activity, elective food consumption, and thermoregulation produced by various drugs thought to act via monoaminergic neurons, also change as a function of the age of the organism. Monoamine-containing neurons are not fully mature at birth in neonatal animals such as the rat: they are less able to synthesize, store, inactivate, release, and respond to neurotransmitters than are corresponding neurons in adult animals; moreover, not all of their synaptic connections have been made. The significance of changes in the developing monoamine neurons are discussed in relationship to their roles in determining the course of physiological and behavioral ontogenesis.
Harnessing the Power of Regenerative Therapy for Vitiligo and Alopecia Areata

Vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA) are common autoimmune conditions characterized by white spots on the skin (vitiligo) and bald spots on the scalp (AA), which significantly impact patients' lives by damaging their appearance and function. Melanocytes are the target of immune destruction in vitiligo and are hypothesized to be the site of immune attack in AA. This inflammatory process can be partially reversed by immunosuppressive drugs. Both conditions demonstrate regenerative components that are just now being identified. In this review, we focus on the regenerative medicine aspects of vitiligo and AA, using experimental data from human, mouse, and in vitro models, summarizing the key pathways involved in repopulation of the epidermis with melanocytes in vitiligo and in regrowth of hair follicles in AA. We also discuss treatments that may activate these pathways. Of the regenerative treatments, JAK inhibitors and bimatoprost stimulate repopulation of depleted cells in both diseases, intralesional injections of autologous concentrated platelet-rich plasma and minoxidil showed some benefit in AA, and phototherapy with narrowband UVB was shown to be effective especially in vitiligo. Finally, we discuss future treatments based on the mobilization of stem cells to regenerate anagen hair follicles in AA and intraepidermal melanocytes in vitiligo.
Almost Completely Decomposable Torsion-Free Abelian Groups

The torsion-free abelian groups of finite rank are the additive subgroups of finite-dimensional vector spaces over the field ℚ of rational numbers. In the following “group” will mean torsion-free abelian group of finite rank unless specifically modified.
Technology, Social Media, and Consumer Expectations

This chapter outlines shifts in the information age, including in the proliferation of social media and online consumer review sites. The chapter emphasizes how web-based platforms, and social media applications in particular, have served as sparkplugs for increasing consumerism and consumer expectations. The latter part of the chapter questions the credibility, trustworthiness, and validity of online reviews.
Assessing the Temporal Variability and Drivers of Transparent Exopolymer Particle Concentrations and Production Rates in a Subtropical Estuary

Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are the central mechanism by which carbon is shuttled from the surface to the deep ocean. Despite the importance of these particles, the magnitude and drivers of temporal variability in the concentration and production rate of TEP in the ocean are not well resolved, especially in highly dynamic and productive regions like estuaries. Here, TEP dynamics were evaluated across weekly, tidal, and diel time scales within the Skidaway River Estuary (GA, USA) and adjacent coastal waters in the South Atlantic Bight. No significant trends in TEP concentration or production rates were observed over weekly time scales, though over tidal cycles, TEP concentration varied between tide stage and TEP:chlorophyll ratios were always lower at low relative to high tides. Over sequential diel cycles, TEP concentrations were two times higher at night relative to midday. Different biological and environmental variables were correlated with TEP dynamics (Spearman ρ) depending on the time scale considered, reinforcing the importance of time-specific drivers of TEP. These results emphasize the importance in considering the temporal variability of field-based TEP measurements, with implications for accurate assessments of carbon cycling in coastal ecosystems and the incorporation of TEP into carbon export models.
Light-activated tetrazines enable live-cell spatiotemporal control of bioorthogonal reactions

Bioorthogonal ligations encompass coupling chemistries that have considerable utility in living systems.1–3 Among the numerous bioorthogonal chemistries described to date, cycloaddition reactions between tetrazines and strained dienophiles are widely used in proteome, lipid, and glycan labeling due to their extremely rapid kinetics.4,5 In addition, a variety of functional groups can be released after the cycloaddition reaction,6,7 and drug delivery triggered by in vivo tetrazine ligation8 is in human phase I clinical trials.9 While applications of tetrazine ligations are growing in academia and industry, it has so far not been possible to control this chemistry to achieve the high degrees of spatial and temporal precision necessary for modifying mammalian cells with single-cell resolution. Here we demonstrate visible light-activated formation of tetrazines from photocaged dihydrotetrazines, which enables live-cell spatiotemporal control of rapid biorthogonal cycloaddition reactions between tetrazines and dienophiles such as trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs). Photocaged dihydrotetrazines are stable in conditions that normally degrade tetrazines, enabling efficient early-stage incorporation of bioorthogonal handles into biomolecules such as peptides. Photocaged dihydrotetrazines allow the use of non-toxic visible light to trigger tetrazine ligations on live mammalian cells. By tagging reactive phospholipids with fluorophores, we demonstrate modification of HeLa cell membranes with single-cell spatial resolution. Finally, we show that photo-triggered therapy is possible by coupling tetrazine photoactivation with strategies that uncage prodrugs in response to tetrazine ligation, opening up new methods for photopharmacology and precision drug delivery using bioorthogonal chemistry.
Intracranial microhemorrhages in the setting of COVID-19: what we know so far.

BackgroundDiffuse intracranial susceptibility abnormalities have recently been described among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although prior studies have consisted of case repor...
The Influence of Orthography in Second Language Phonological Acquisition.

We provide an exhaustive review of studies in the relatively new domain of research on the influence of orthography on second language (L2) phonological acquisition. While language teachers have long recognized the importance of written input—in addition to spoken input—on learners’ development, until this century there was very little systematic research investigating the relationship between orthography and L2 phonological acquisition. Here, we review studies of the influence of written input on L2 phonological awareness, phoneme perception, the acquisition of phonological processes and syllable structure, and the pronunciation and recognition of words. We elaborate the variables that appear to moderate written input effects: (1) whether or not a novel phonological contrast is systematically represented by the L2 writing system (systematicity); (2) whether some or all of the L2 graphemes are familiar to learners from the L1 (familiarity); (3) for familiar graphemes, whether the native language (L1) and the L2 employ the same grapheme-phoneme correspondences (congruence); and (4) the ability of learners to perceive an auditory contrast that is systematically represented in writing (perceptibility). We conclude by calling for future research on the pedagogical implications of this body of work, which has thus far received very little attention by researchers.
Research Methods for Assessing the Thermal and Optical Performance of Building Windows

Windows not only mediate thermal transfer, light transmission, noise control, and natural ventilation but also serve as an architectural element affecting a structure’s aesthetics and appearance. Since the glazed window was first developed in Egypt in 100 AD, the thermal and optical performance of windows have been primary concerns for architects, engineers, and researchers. Today, windows are of special note because of their relationship to building sustainability and energy-efficient design. According to recent National Fenestration Rating Council reports, due to the relatively lower thermal insulation among all building envelope components, windows are normally responsible for 25–30% of the total heating, ventilation, and air conditioning energy use. This non-neglectable use of energy has motivated researchers to investigate various energy-efficient technologies and design solutions. Windows gain and lose heat through conduction, convection, and radiation. These properties can be measured and rated according to the following energy performance characteristics: insulating value, heat gain from solar radiation, and air infiltration rate. Conversely, the optical properties of windows determine their interaction with light and indoor occupants. The visible transmittance (corresponding to the fraction of impinging visible solar radiation transmitted) and haze value (meaning the clarity of the window) must both be taken into account. Most technology modulating the optical properties of windows also affects their thermal properties. Thus, the process of designing and engineering building windows is uniquely complex, involving both thermal and optical behaviors that affect building energy use, occupant comfort, and architectural aesthetics.
Health effects following exposure to dust from the World Trade Center disaster: An update.

Abstract Exposure to dust, smoke, and fumes containing volatile chemicals and particulate matter (PM) from the World Trade Center (WTC) towers' collapse impacted thousands of citizens and first responders (FR; firefighters, medicals staff, police officers) of New York City. Surviving FR and recovery workers are increasingly prone to age-related diseases that their prior WTC dust exposures might expedite or make worse. This review provides an overview of published WTC studies concerning FR/recovery workers' exposure and causal mechanisms of age-related disease susceptibility, specifically those involving the cardiopulmonary and neurological systems. This review highlights the recent findings of the major health effects of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological health sequelae from WTC dust exposure. To better treat those that risked their lives during and after the disaster of September 11, 2001, the deleterious mechanisms that WTC dust exposure exerted and continue to exert on the heart, lungs, and brain of FR must be better understood.
Tools for the Clinical Professor: Applying Group Development Theory to Collaborative Learning in Law School Mediation Clinics

This article examines the theory of group development and collaborative learning as applied to the small group law school mediation clinic. In contrast to the large group traditional law school experience, a clinical legal education, composed of smaller groups, embraces collaborative learning that fosters professional and emotional growth among students. Group development often involves four stages: inclusion, control, affection, and termination. By drawing on the author's pedagogical experiences as a clinical law professor at the University of Wisconsin Law School Mediation Clinic, the author applies the four stages of group development to clinical legal education. The article finds that through an understanding and application of group development theory, clinical law school professors, especially ones who teach in small groups, can better support their students' legal and emotional learning. "The concept of group development is quite compelling. The idea that a group is more than the sum of its human parts and that group's move through predictable phases or stages is at once fascinating and a bit threatening."
The Past as Prologue: An Economist's Tentative Prognosis for the New Millennium

The past millennium witnessed three intellectual revolutions, namely, the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment. A fourth such revolution, the High Tech or Information Revolution, started after the end of World War II, and is still evolving. The computerization of all sciences has now bridged the former Great Divide between the natural and social sciences. Today, it is widely believed that the 21st century will be the century of biology, and that social scientists will soon base their analytical work in the physical realities of human biology and psychology.
DNA repair in mammalian cells: Transcription-coupled DNA repair: directing your effort where it's most needed.

Arrest of transcription at sites of DNA damage represents a strong signal for apoptosis. To overcome the impasse represented by transcription complexes arrested at sites of damage, cells have evolved a specialized nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway called transcription-coupled DNA repair (TCR), dedicated to removal of transcription-blocking lesions from the genome. This repair pathway was discovered in Phil Hanawalt’s laboratory 20 years ago, but the mechanistic details are still subject of intense research. This article will review the recent literature on the subject with emphasis on how lesions affect the elongation step of transcription and how the initial steps of TCR occur in human cells. (Part of a Multi-author Review)
The history of U.S. higher education: Methods for understanding the past

Introduction, Marybeth Gasman Section I. Methodological Approaches 1. "Within These Walls": Reading and Writing Institutional Histories, Darryl L. Peterkin 2. Oral History ... As Scholarship, Katherine Chaddock 3. Autobiography and Biographical Research in Higher Education, Wayne Urban 4. "No Food, No Drinks, Pencil Only": Conducting and Interpreting Archival Research, Jordan R. Humphrey 5. The Literature Review as Scholarship: Using Critical Reviews and Historiography, Linda Eisenmann Section II. Using a New Historical Lens 6. Horizontal History and Higher Education, John R. Thelin 7. Photographs as Primary Sources, Michael Bieze 8. Quantification and Cognitive History: Applying Social Science Theory and Method to Historical Data, Jane Robbins 9. Life History and Voice: On Standpoints and Reflexivity, William G. Tierney Section III. Critical Examinations of Special Issues 10. "Poor" Research: Historiographical Challenges When Socio-Economic Status is the Unit of Analysis, Jana Nidiffer 11. Where is Your "Home"? Writing the History of Asian Americans in Higher Education, Sharon S. Lee 12. Beyond Black & White: Researching the History of Latinos in American Higher Education, Christopher Tudico 13. Writing through the Past: Federal Higher Education Policy, Philo Hutcheson 14. The Challenge of Writing the South, Amy E. Wells-Dolan Epilogue. A Note about Footnotes, Jane Robbins
Chapter 29. Drug Binding and Drug Action

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the ways in which binding to plasma and tissue proteins can alter the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug. The interactions of a drug with a biological system can be divided into two categories, specific and nonspecific. For most drugs the specific interaction involves combination with a tissue component called a receptor. Such an interaction usually initiates a chain of events which finally culminates in the expression of the pharmacological activity of the drug. The effects of plasma protein binding on drug distribution and kinetics are best understood in terms of a simple two compartment. The effect of various degrees of protein binding on the plasma decay curve following a standard dose of drug is analyzed. In considering the possible factors that affect the metabolism of highly bound drugs, it would appear that the rate of dissociation of a drug-protein complex might limit the elimination of the bound form of the drug. It is shown that for this mechanism to be important the half-time for dissociation of the complex would have to be equal to or greater than the mean transit time of the blood through the sinusoids of the liver.
Improved 3D image segmentation for X-ray tomographic analysis of packed particle beds

Abstract Although High Resolution X-ray Micro Tomography (HRXMT) has been developed in the past years for the 3D analysis of multiphase mineral particles in packed particle beds, image analysis of fine and/or high-density/high atomic number particles has been limited by existing segmentation algorithms. In this regard, a feature-based segmentation algorithm has been developed and demonstrated to provide a more accurate image processing method for the analysis of such multiphase particle populations. Based on this improved segmentation algorithm, image analyses of packed particle bed samples were compared to segmentation by traditional 3D watershed segmentation. Also, calculation of particle number using optical microscopy, together with a digital camera, was accomplished to validate feature-based segmentation. Detailed procedures and results for sample preparation, image analysis and validation are presented and discussed.
Spectrally efficient coherent optical communication systems

Coherent optical systems that utilize spectrally efficient modulation schemes are studied with the aid of computer simulation. Models for the optical fiber, laser transmitter, and receiver are implemented in BASIC. The program includes the effects of additive white Gaussian noise and the various noise sources at the receiver. The results indicate that multilevel modulation schemes can be effectively used in coherent optical communication systems. >
Life satisfaction and its correlates among older cancer survivors: critical role of psychosocial factors.

Dear Editor,IntroductionImprovements in early detection and treatment of cancerhave resulted in a growing number of aging cancer survi-vors. Currently, 60% of the 10 million cancer survivors inthe USA are older than 65 years [1]. Yet, research hasbeen scarce on mental health outcomes, especially satis-faction with life (SWL), in older cancer survivors (OCSs)[2]. A number of existing studies in this arena are limitedby a focus on a single cancer type such as breast cancer,small sample sizes, inclusion of people with very recentlydiagnosed cancer, and a lack of age-matched healthycomparison subjects (HCs) [1–3]. There are also prevalentassumptions that limit progress in our understanding ofpsychological well-being in this population, for example,that positive emotions are absent, dangerous, delusional,or trivial among people with life-threatening illnesses[4]. Studiessuggestthat OCSsfare muchworse physicallythan HCs as a result of adverse interactions among cancer,its treatment, aging, and comorbidity [1–3]. Findings onmental function suggest that OCSs have worse psycholog-ical functioning than HCs [1], experience age-associateddecline in health-related quality of life [5], and have loweroptimism about life expectancy than HCs [3]. Other ﬁnd-ings are mixed, with some studies reporting similar de-pression scores and cognitive function between OCSsand HCs [3], whereas others report increased depressionwith age but no association between age and SWL inOCSs [2]. Conversely, OCSs have reported resilient socialwell-being, spirituality, and personal growth with aging[6]. Notably, only a few reports have employedstandardized instruments for assessing positive psychoso-cialresourcessuchas SWL,resilience,optimism,personalmastery, and spirituality [2].Thus,understandingSWLanditspsychosocialcorrelatesamong OCSs remains an important but understudied areawith high public health signiﬁcance. Such research wouldbe of value in developing interventions to increase SWL.The present study compared SWL, as well as health-related physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioninginOCSs,withthatindemographicallymatchedHCsfroma community-based sample. As several studies havereported worse physical and psychological function inOCSs than among HCs [1], we hypothesized that OCSswould perform worse in all spheres of functioningcompared with HCs. We also examined the correlates ofSWL in the two groups.Materials and methodsParticipantsCancer survivors and HCs were recruited from a largemulticohortlongitudinal,community-basedsampleofolderadults whohad beenselected using random digit dialing, inthe Successful AGing Evaluation (SAGE) study. TheSAGEdataincludestandardizedmeasuresofphysical,cog-nitive,andpsychosocialfunctioningfromatelephoneinter-view and a mail-in survey completed by 1006 participantsbetween the ages of 50 and 99 years [7]. Two hundredandnineteenSAGEparticipantsreportedhavingadiagnosisof cancer (excluding skin cancer). They were comparedwith 219 age-, gender-, and education-matched HCs fromthe same sample, who did not report a history of cancer.
Central tinnitus and lateral inhibition : an auditory brainstem model

Central tinnitus is used herein either to designate a tinnitus that originates in the central auditory system, or to refer to a component of a peripherally generated tinnitus that is exaggerated by auditory brain mechanisms. Findings from several research areas contribute to this analysis of central tinnitus. The inferior colliculus, in particular, is significant because of the distribution of lateral inhibition in this nucleus and because of the possible change in inhibition that follows bearing loss. There is also a convergence of auditory and non-auditory functions at inferior colliculus. One non-auditory function, the initiation of aversive behavioral responses, may be demonstrated with electrical or chemical stimulation of auditory nuclei in the vicinity of the midbrain. With reduction of central inhibition through hearing loss or aging, tinnitus activity may gain easier access to those subsystems that produce aversive responses. A neural model, conceptually based in inferior colliculus, assumes a pattern of lateral inhibition that is influenced by the distribution of cochlear pathology. Of special importance are the abrupt changes across the tonotopically organized outputs from the cochlea that are reflected in behavioral measures as an 'audiometric edge'. The neural response properties that derive from this assumption are related to properties of central tinnitus.
Modern Amish farming as ecological agriculture

Critics of industrial agriculture and advocates of ecological agriculture have cited Amish farming as a model of stewardship and sustainability. Amish farming in St. Lawrence County, New York, embodied ecological agriculture in some respects but not others. In comparison with non‐Amish neighbors, Amish farms were smaller in scale, more diverse, and less integrated into the market economy. On the other hand, use of fertilizers and pesticides for crop production appeared to differ in kind, not amount. Amish farmers relied primarily on their own experience, not trade magazines or the local cooperative extension, for agricultural information. The high use of petroleum‐based inputs may have reflected the newness of Amish settlement in St. Lawrence County, a lack of awareness of the ecological impacts of these substances, or a shift away from traditional practices. In the self‐sufficiency of their lives based on subsistence and diversity, these Amish otherwise exemplified the productive and self‐regulatory char...
Organizational and Individual Control of Career Development in Engineering Project Work

In this paper I compare the situations of engineers, managers, and clerical workers in engineering consulting projects in the Norwegian oftshore oil business in order to determine what factors facilitate career development and who controls career development. I argue that career development depends on a series of elements including the availability of jobs, access to information about jobs, the arrangement of jobs into a clear sequence, tasks or training to enhance ability, the collection of information about a worker's ability and progress, and the dissemination of this information about the worker. Whether these elements are present depends to a large extent on how interested the employing organization is in the careers of a group of workers and on whether the workers themselves are able to look out for their own interests.
Toxoplasma gondii propagation in cell cultures and preservation at liquid nitrogen temperatures

Summary MDBK cell cultures will readily support the growth of the protozoan T. gondii . Large numbers of infectious T. gondii can be produced in this manner and preserved at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Salient features of preservation include: 1) a slow rate of freezing (1°C per min), 2) storage at cryogenic temperatures, 3) rapid thawing, and 4) the use of dimethyl sulfoxide as a cryoprotective agent.
Density Profiles of a Supersonic Jet Target

A supersonic jet target of H2(D2) having an areal density of 5×1017 protons/cm2 and 360° access in vacuum has been fabricated for use on the LAMPF NPL beam.
A concise synthesis of 5-demethyl-HKI 0231A and 5-demethyl-HKI 0231B

The pentacyclic skeleton of HKI 0231A and HKI 0231B was synthesized by a novel radical cyclization/oxidation followed by DDQ oxidation to introduce the methoxyl groups. This is the first synthetic pathway to both the HKI 0231A and the HKI 0231B series.
Purification and properties of glycogen synthase I from bovine heart: two kinetic forms.

Abstract Bovine heart glycogen synthase (I form) (UDPglucose: glycogen α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11) containing less than 10% contamination by the D-form of the enzyme was purified approximately 3000-fold. The enzyme exhibited unusual reaction kinetics that are best explained by two kinetic forms. Form 1 was produced only by preincubation of the enzyme with glycogen (≧ 1 mg/ml) and this form was unstable under assay conditions. Form 2 was found after preincubation at low glycogen concentrations and was stable to the assay conditions. Forms 1 and 2 were shown to have slightly different pH optima and significantly different Michaelis constants for UDPglucose. Form 1 had a lower Km than form 2, while the V was similar. Activators decreased the Km and increased the V of both enzyme forms. Form 2 was also found to be inhibited by UDPglucose and calculations showed that this inhibition decreased the activity by approximately half and/or increased the Km for UDP-glucose by 2–3-fold.
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. VI. Flow birefringence studies on clotting systems inhibited by hexamethylene glycol.

1. 1. Flow birefringence measurements have been made on inhibited clotting systems prepared by allowing bovine fibrinogen and thrombin to react in the presence of 0.5 M hexamethylene glycol and diluting the stock solution, which contains an intermediate polymer previously identified, to give various dilutions in 20 and 40% glycerol at constant glycol, salt, and buffer. 2. 2. The dependence of extinction angle on velocity gradient shows the presence of elongated particles of different lengths in the neighborhood of 4000 A., and the moderate dependence of extinction angle on concentration indicates that these particles do not disaggregate when solutions containing glycerol are diluted. 3. 3. The dependence of phase difference on concentration and velocity gradient also indicates that the particles do not change in length with dilution, at least down to a protein concentration of 1 g./l.
RELATIONSHIP OF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE TO REGRESSION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM IN SWINE.

When corpora lutea are induced in an ovary that contains corpora lutea formed at the last previous estrus, regression of the 2 groups of corpora lutea is not simultaneous but, instead, the induced corpora lutea regress approximately one cycle length following formation. Pituitary FSH or a combination of PMS and HCG was administered to 27 female swine to induce ovulation during the luetal phase of the estrous cycle. Development and persistence of induced corpora lutea concurrent with regression of spontaneous corpora lutea were observed in 19 of 22 animals. These results demonstrate a selective regression of luteal tissue in swine that appears to be at least partially dependent on the age of the corpus luteum, i.e., the interval from ovulation to the onset of retrogressive changes during the nonfertile cycle. Concurrent maintenance of both spontaneously formed and induced corpora lutea was observed in 5 animals following hysterectomy. (Endocrinology 74: 355, 1964)
Preliminary thermal characterization of a fully-passive wireless backscattering neuro-recording microsystem

We present analytical and experimental thermal characteristics of a battery-less, fully-passive wireless backscattering microsystem for recording of neuropotentials. A major challenge for cortically implantable microsystems involves minimizing the heat dissipated by on-chip circuitry, which can lead to permanent brain damage. Therefore, knowledge of temperature changes induced by implantable microsystems while in operation is of utmost importance. In this work, a discrete diode appended to the neuro-recording microsystem has been used to indirectly monitor the aforesaid temperature changes. Using this technique, the maximum temperature rise measured for the microsystem while in operation was 0.15 ± 0.1°C, which is significantly less than current safety guidelines. Specific absorption ratio (SAR) due to the microsystem was also computed to further demonstrate fully-passive functionality of the neuro-recording microsystem.
Using Energy Landscapes To Predict the Properties of Thin Films

We develop an energy landscape based mean-field theory for thin films confined between parallel substrates. We use the approach to explore how the dimensions of the film and the interactions between the film and the substrates impact the equilibrium phase diagram and the ideal glass transition. The theoretical predictions are in qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed trends for confined fluids. We also use the theory to determine how the average pressure tensor of minimum energy configurations (i.e., inherent structures) depends on film density. This is, to our knowledge, the first theoretical prediction of an “equation of state of an energy landscape” for thin films. It suggests how the intrinsic mechanical properties of thin-film glasses derive from the physical dimensions of the sample, the interactions between the film and the substrates, and the balance between internal cohesive and packing forces.
Gonocytes in fetal guinea pig testes: phagocytosis of degenerating gonocytes by Sertoli cells.

In fetal testes of non-inbred guinea pigs, virus-like particles were seen in the primordial germ cells, but not in the somatic cells. Using the particles as a marker for the gonocytes it was possible to trace the phagocytosis of degenerating gonocytes by the Sertoli cells in the fetal testis.
File organization schemes based on finite geometries

Some new schemes, possessing certain desirable properties, for organizing records with binary-valued attributes have been defined. It has been shown that it is possible to construct these filing schemes using finite geometires. The search time for a query involving any k attributes for these filing schemes based on finite geometries is very small in comparison wih existing filing schemes. Moreover, the search time does not depend on the number of records. The problem of updating is also quite simple.
Maternal work for earnings and childrens nutritional status in urban Guatemala

Abstract The effects of earnings from work by mothers on their children's nutritional status were examined in urban Guatemala. Effects of the type of work, and age of the children, were analyzed for 121 children at age 1 (infants), 165 at age 2, and 133 at age 3. Working mothers were categorized by type of work into the following categories: domestic, formal and informal workers. The results indicated that infants of domestic workers weighted significantly less than those of non‐workers and that 2 year old children of formal and informal workers were significantly heavier in weight, controlling for confounding variables including economic level of the family, education of the mother, marital status, child care strategies, and duration of breastfeeding. Although breastfeeding was of shorter duration among the formal and informal working mothers compared with domestic workers and non‐workers, such short duration was not associated with lower nutritional status.
Composite metal foams processed through powder metallurgy

Abstract A new closed cell composite metal foam has been produced using a powder metallurgy technique. The composite foams are processed by filling the vacancies between densely packed steel hollow spheres with steel powder and sintering them into a solid cellular structure. Three sets of samples have been processed, two of carbon steel and one of stainless steel. The relative densities of the products were in the range of 32.4–38.9%. Although denser than other foams, the materials developed in this study display superior compressive strengths and energy absorption capabilities, which caused superior strength to density ratios in our samples compared to other foams made from similar materials. The plateau strength to density ratio for the carbon steel samples were in the range of 12–31.9 MPa/(g/cm 3 ) and for stainless steel samples 43.7 MPa/(g/cm 3 ). The energy absorption at densification for carbon steel samples ranged from 18.9 to 41.7 MJ/m 3 and for the stainless steel sample 67.8 MJ/m 3 .
Resolution-enhanced detection of moving objects embedded within scattering media using time-gated speckle methods

The holographic first-arriving-light method in combination with the speckle differencing method is used to provide resolution-enhanced detection of moving objects embedded in scattering media. Results show that the first-arriving-light technique provides significant resolution improvements over standard speckle differencing.
Accuracy and reproducibility of a multiplex immunoassay platform: A validation study

Abstract Background Multiplex immunoassays offer many advantages over singleplex assays for the analysis of multiple analytes in a single sample. We sought to validate a specific multiplex cytokine immunoassay (Human 9-plex cytokine array on the Searchlight® platform by Thermoscientific) prior to use in a large clinical study. Methods We compared spike and recovery of recombinant proteins on the Searchlight® platform to singleplex immunoassays purchased from R&D Systems, measured identical patient samples on the two different platforms, and measured identical patient samples on different days to measure intra- and inter-assay variability. Results Assays using the Searchlight® platform had inefficient recovery of spiked recombinant proteins compared to R&D Systems singleplex assays. Assaying identical patients samples on different days on the Searchlight platform had acceptable intra-assay variability (intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV%) range for all analytes of 9.1–13.7) but unacceptably high inter-assay variability (CV% range for all analytes 16.7–119.3) suggesting plate-to plate variability. Similar assays for individual cytokines on the R&D platform had an intra-assay CV% range of 1.6–6.4 and an inter-assay CV% range of 3.8–7.1. Some deficiencies in Searchlight® assay performance may be due to irregularities in spotting of capture antibodies during manufacturing. Conclusions We conclude that the Searchlight® multiplex immunoassay platform would require extensive additional assay optimization prior to widespread clinical research use.
Cep57, a multidomain protein with unique microtubule and centrosomal localization domains.

The present study demonstrates different functional domains of a recently described centrosomal protein, Cep57 (centrosomal protein 57). Endogenous Cep57 protein and ectopic expression of full-length protein or the N-terminal coiled-coil domain localize to the centrosome internal to γ-tubulin, suggesting that it is either on both centrioles or on a centromatrix component. The N-terminus can also multimerize with the N-terminus of other Cep57 molecules. The C-terminus contains a second coiled-coil domain that directly binds to MTs (microtubules). This domain both nucleates and bundles MTs in vitro. This activity was also seen in vivo, as overexpression of full-length Cep57 or the C-terminus generates nocodazole-resistant MT cables in cells. Based on the present findings, we propose that Cep57 serves as a link with its N-terminus anchored to the centriole or centromatrix and its C-terminus to MTs.
The Unspoken Speaking: Silence and Identity in Hilma Contreras' Entre Dos Silencios

Taking the epigraph as a point of departure: “Silencio antes de nacer/Silencio despues de morir/Vivir anhelante entre dos silencios” (Contreras 1), this paper explores the connections between silence and identity in Entre dos silencios, Hilma Contreras' collection of short vignettes. Grounding its analysis in contemporary theory on the role of silence and speech in narratives of the dictatorship, this text uses a close reading of the ways in which the narration seeks to at once reveal and conceal characters' inmost thoughts and desires to show that Contreras' text lays bare the panoptic tendencies of society, both within and without the dictatorship. Despite humanity's deep desire to probe the depths of each person's consciousness, the text, in its constitution of that which is unknowable within it, affirms the persistence of a space in each person that remains out of reach.
Farmer sources and uses of information

This research analyzes sources of information used to make farming decisions. The findings are based on 2,537 questionnaires returned by famers in Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, and the Southeast. Farmers were discriminating in their use of 15 sources of information for nine farm level decisions. Sources of information did not vary widely among types of farm, years of farming, and region. There were wide differences in the use of written versus personal/service information forms and between public and private providers. These differences suggest segments of the information market that might best be served by different providers.
Stimulation of Enzyme Synthesis by Sublethal Concentrations of Chloramphenicol Is Not Mediated by Ribonucleotide Pools

Abstract Growth of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 strain pyrA81 in minimal medium containing 0.8 μg of chloramphenicol (CAP) per ml resulted in a 50 to 100% increase in the steady-state nucleotide pools in the cells. When such a culture was starved for uracil, the pyrimidine nucleotide pools decayed much more slowly in CAP-treated cells than in controls. An attempt was made to determine whether this effect of CAP on nucleotide pools could account for enhanced enzyme derepression observed under the same conditions (8). Treatment with low levels of puromycin also resulted in elevation of nucleotide pools but did not lead to enhanced enzyme synthesis. CAP treatment during arginine starvation has been shown to enhance enzyme synthesis, but nucleotide pools were not significantly affected by CAP nor was the stringent response relieved under these conditions. Thus, the effects of CAP on enzyme synthesis cannot be the result of effects of the antibiotic on nucleotide pools in all cases. The elevation of nucleotide pools was shown not to be due to enhanced conversion of exogeneous uracil into nucleotides, but to result from the enhanced turnover of ribonucleic acid in CAP-treated cells.
Dissociation of Steroid Binding to Receptors and Steroid Induction of Biological Activity in a Glucocorticoid-Responsive Cell

Glucocorticoid responses in two independently derived lines of rat hepatoma tissue culture cells (HTC and FU5-5) were examined. FU5-5 cells exhibited induction of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) at concentrations of dexamethasone that were approximately 7-fold lower than that required for HTC cells. FU5-5 cells also displayed substantial TAT induction with steroids that were partial agonists, or antagonists, in HTC cells. The increased sensitivity of FU5-5 cells was not, however, due to an increased affinity of FU5-5 cell receptors for dexamethasone, as determined from cell-free and whole cell binding experiments. The differential steroid sensitivity for TAT induction was observed with three other, structurally different glucocorticoids, thus apparently ruling out steroid metabolism in one of the cell lines as a cause. Also, induction of TAT in FU5-5 cells occurred at approximately 9-fold lower steroid concentrations than were required for the induction of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the same cells. Thus, the dose-response curves for TAT induction in HTC cells and for GS induction in FU5-5 cells are closely correlated with the saturation curve for whole cell steroid binding to receptor sites, while the dose-response curve for TAT induction in FU5-5 cells is shifted to lower steroid concentrations. This represents the first report of dissociation of two supposedly primary, glucocorticoid-induced functions and indicates that identical receptor-mediated processes cannot be utilized by FU5-5 cells for the induction of TAT and GS. The involvement of second messengers or different nuclear processes are possible explanations for the unusual behavior of FU5-5 cells during glucocorticoid induction of TAT.