cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities in central auditory maturation in children with language-based learning problems.

Abstract Objective To examine maturation of the central auditory pathways in children with language-based learning problems (LP). Methods Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) recorded from 26 children with LP were compared to CAEPs recorded from 38 typical children. CAEP responses were recorded in response to a speech sound, /uh/, which was presented in a stimulus train with decreasing inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 2000, 1000, 560, and 360 ms. Results We identified three atypical morphological categories of CAEP responses in the LP group. Category 1 responses revealed delayed P1 latencies and absent N1/P2 components. Category 2 responses revealed typical P1 responses, but delayed N1 and P2 responses. Category 3 responses revealed generally low-amplitude CAEP responses. A fourth sub-group of LP children had normal CAEP responses. Conclusions Overall, the majority of children with LP had abnormal CAEP responses. These children fell into distinct categories based on the abnormalities in maturational patterns of their CAEP responses. Significance We describe a rate sensitive stimulation paradigm which may be used to identify and categorize LP children who exhibit abnormal patterns of central auditory maturation.
Cooperative games and cooperative organizations

It is well known that game theory has two major branches, cooperative and noncooperative game theory. Noncooperative game theory is the better known and more influential of the two. A difference is that cooperative game theory admits of binding agreements to choose a joint strategy in the mutual interest of those who agree. Cooperative organizations, too, are seen as being in the mutual interest of the members, but there has been little contact between the two bodies of thought. This paper surveys cooperative game theory and explores the extent to which cooperative game theory may help us to understand (and perhaps extend) cooperative organizations. In particular, reciprocity motives are introduced into the cooperative game analysis, and this may provide a link between cooperative game theory and cooperative organizations.
Data-Driven Prediction of Drug Effects and Interactions

Adverse drug events remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Many adverse events are not detected during clinical trials before a drug receives approval for use in the clinic. Fortunately, as part of postmarketing surveillance, regulatory agencies and other institutions maintain large collections of adverse event reports, and these databases present an opportunity to study drug effects from patient population data. However, confounding factors such as concomitant medications, patient demographics, patient medical histories, and reasons for prescribing a drug often are uncharacterized in spontaneous reporting systems, and these omissions can limit the use of quantitative signal detection methods used in the analysis of such data. Here, we present an adaptive data-driven approach for correcting these factors in cases for which the covariates are unknown or unmeasured and combine this approach with existing methods to improve analyses of drug effects using three test data sets. We also present a comprehensive database of drug effects (Offsides) and a database of drug-drug interaction side effects (Twosides). To demonstrate the biological use of these new resources, we used them to identify drug targets, predict drug indications, and discover drug class interactions. We then corroborated 47 ( P
Precise alignment of large-aperture compressor gratings for high-power lasers by using diffraction interferometry

We introduce novel method of precise compressor alignment for Petawatt-scale CPA lasers. The method is using compressor gratings as gratings of diffraction interferometer. It meets accuracy requirements (∼10−5) and allows simple procedures of alignment.
The association of calcium and vitamin D, and colon and rectal cancer in Wisconsin women

BACKGROUND Calcium and vitamin D have been hypothesized to reduce colorectal cancer risk. Epidemiological evidence, however, is mixed. METHODS To explore those relationships, data were collected as part of a population-based, case-control study of colorectal cancer in Wisconsin women (678 controls, 348 colon and 164 rectal cancer cases). A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to ascertain food and dietary supplement intake 2 years prior to interview. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR). RESULTS Higher levels of calcium intake were associated with reduced colon and rectal cancer risk. The following adjusted OR and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were observed, comparing the fifth quintile (based on control intake) with the first: colon cancer: OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-1.0, P-trend: 0.03; rectal cancer: OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.3-1.1, P-trend: 0.07. Similar relationships were observed for vitamin D intake, although OR were closer to the null value and did not always behave in a step-wise fashion (fifth quintile versus the first--colon cancer: OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4-1.1, P-trend: 0.05; rectal cancer: OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.5-1.5, P-trend: 0.42). CONCLUSION These data support a protective association of calcium on colon and rectal cancer risk.
PS2-53: Make Research Matter: A Web-Based Toolkit that Supports the Development of Interventions with High Dissemination and Implementation Potential.

Background/Aims It is now widely recognized that the mere existence of scientific knowledge is not sufficient for its subsequent application. Active dissemination methods are necessary to increase the effectiveness of dissemination and implementation efforts. Furthermore, systematic formative activity and evaluation about external validity and scale-up considerations such as reach, effectiveness, and implementation, and about diffusion considerations such as target audience structure, potential adopter perceptions of prototype interventions, and change agent support, can increase the likelihood of dissemination.
Does long-term aspirin use increase the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration?

Introduction: Aspirin is used regularly for rheumatoid pain management and cardioprotection. However, aspirin has also been associated with significant adverse events, such as cerebral and gastrointestinal bleeding. Recent findings from several observational epidemiologic studies indicate that regular aspirin use may also be associated with increased risks of some forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Areas covered: In this report, we review recent findings from observational epidemiologic studies suggesting a possible adverse effect of regular aspirin use in AMD, and in particular, neovascular AMD. These findings are considered in light of the relative strengths and limitations of observational studies and randomized trials. Expert opinion: While the findings are important and warrant further investigation, the inherent limitations of observational studies, most notably uncontrolled confounding, preclude an interpretation of causality. Alternatively, the most reliable evidence with which to ev...
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC CONTROLS OF ARGENTINE ANT INVASION SUCCESS AT LOCAL AND LANDSCAPE SCALES

Although the ecological success of introduced species hinges on biotic interactions and physical conditions, few experimental studies—especially on animals—have simultaneously investigated the relative importance of both types of factors. The lack of such research may stem from the common assumption that native and introduced species exhibit similar environmental tolerances. Here we combine experimental and spatial modeling approaches (1) to determine the relative importance of biotic and abiotic controls of Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) invasion success, (2) to examine how the importance of these factors changes with spatial scale in southern California (USA), and (3) to assess how Argentine ants differ from native ants in their environmental tolerances. A factorial field experiment that combined native ant removal with irrigation revealed that Argentine ants failed to invade any dry plots (even those lacking native ants) but readily invaded all moist plots. Native ants slowed the spread of Argentine ants into irrigated plots but did not prevent invasion. In areas without Argentine ants, native ant species showed variable responses to irrigation. At the landscape scale, Argentine ant occurrence was positively correlated with minimum winter temperature (but not precipitation), whereas native ant diversity increased with precipitation and was negatively correlated with minimum winter temperature. These results are of interest for several reasons. First, they demonstrate that fine-scale differences in the physical environment can eclipse biotic resistance from native competitors in determining community susceptibility to invasion. Second, our results illustrate surprising complexities with respect to how the abiotic factors limiting invasion can change with spatial scale, and third, how native and invasive species can differ in their responses to the physical environment. Idiosyncratic and scale-dependent processes complicate attempts to forecast where introduced species will occur and how their range limits may shift as a result of climate change.
Naltrexone reverses age-induced cognitive deficits in rats

We evaluated young (3–4 months) and aged (22–24 months) male Sprague–Dawley rats in an attentional set-shifting procedure that assessed reversal, intradimensional shift (IDS), and extradimensional shift (EDS) discrimination learning tasks within one test session. These aspects of discrimination learning are sensitive to damage to distinct regions of frontal cortex. Compared to young animals, aged rats were significantly impaired on the EDS task and did not demonstrate significant impairment on the reversal or IDS tasks. The opioid antagonist naltrexone (2 mg/kg, ip) was administered to young and aged rats prior to testing to assess possible improvements in aged-related cognitive impairments. Naltrexone (2 mg/kg) attenuated the impairments in cognitive function in the EDS task for aged animals, but did not alter any task performance in the younger group. These results suggest that normal aging in rats is associated with impaired medial frontal cortex function as assessed by this attentional set-shifting procedure and opioid mediated mechanisms may represent a therapeutic target for drugs to improve cognitive deficits associated with aging.
Effect of Chlorine on Giardia lamblia Cyst Viability

The effect of chlorine concentration on Giardia lamblia cyst viability was tested under a variety of conditions. The ability of Giardia cysts to undergo excystation was used as the criterion of viability. The experimental variables employed included temperature (25, 15, and 5°C), pH (6, 7, and 8), chlorine-cyst contact time (10, 30, and 60 min), and chlorine concentration (1 to 8 mg/liter). In the pH range studied, cyst survival generally was observed to increase as buffer pH increased. Water temperature coupled with chlorination proved to be important in cyst survival. Results of these experiments at the three temperatures studied can be summarized as follows: at 25°C, exposure to 1.5 mg/liter for 10 min killed all cysts at pH 6, 7, and 8. At 15°C, 2.5 mg of chlorine per liter for 10 min killed all cysts at pH 6, but at pH 7 and 8 small numbers of cysts remained viable after 30 min but not after 60 min. At 5°C, 1 mg of chlorine per liter for 60 min failed to kill all the cysts at any pH tested. At this temperature, 2 mg of chlorine per liter killed all cysts after 60 min at pH 6 and 7, but not at pH 8. A chlorine concentration of 4 mg/liter killed all the cysts at all three pH values after 60 min, but not after 30 min. A chlorine concentration of 8 mg/liter killed all Giardia cysts at pH 6 and 7 after contact for 10 min, and at pH 8 after 30 min. This study points up the role of temperature, pH, and chlorine demand in the halogen treatment of drinking water to destroy cysts. It also raises an epidemiological problem, namely: low water temperatures, where killing of Giardia requires relatively high chlorine concentrations and long contact times, are (i) to be expected in many areas where epidemic waterborne giardiasis has been reported and (ii) particularly conducive to the long-term survival of Giardia cysts.
Do Investors Trust or Simply Gamble

We design an experiment to study individual behavior in a strategic information setting where the sender has economic incentives to deceive and the receiver has economic incentives to avoid deception. To ascertain whether subjects in the role of receiver glean information content from the sender's message, we elicit choices from risky gambles constructed to be mathematically equivalent to the information setting if the sender's message lacks information content. In the experiment subjects act simultaneously as a sender and receiver in a one-shot interaction. The findings of our experiment indicate that (i) subjects tend to act deceptively as senders but trusting as receivers, (ii) as receivers, subjects glean excessive information content from the senders' messages, and (iii) risk preferences are consistent across tasks. Thus, we find investors (receivers) trust.
Bulk Breakdown in AlGaN/GaN HFETs

A significant source current generated by a carrier multiplication process is observed at large drain voltages in the subthreshold regime, along with simultaneous increase of the gate current and light emission signal. Provided no on-surface premature breakdown takes place, a bulk channel avalanche breakdown process is proposed as the dominant breakdown mechanism for a large range of gate-to-source dc voltages. This process in the GaN channel is responsible for the excess source and drain currents, light emission, and excess gate current beyond its normal value measured in a gate-to-drain diode configuration. The role of the gate bias in controlling the channel vs. the gate breakdown mechanisms is described.
The use of phrases and structured queries in information retrieval

Both phrases and Boolean queries have a long history in information retrieval, particularly in commercial systems. In previous work, Boolean queries have been used as a source of phrases for a statistical retrieval model, This work, like the majority of research on phrases, resulted in little improvement in retrieval effectiveness, In this paper, we describe an approach where phrases identified in natural language queries are used to build structured queries for a probabilistic retrieval model. Our results show that using phrases in this way can improve performance, and that phrases that are automatically extracted from a natural language query perform nearly as well as manually selected phrases.
Belief in the Unstructured Interview: The Persistence of an Illusion

Unstructured interviews are a ubiquitous tool for making screening decisions despite a vast literature suggesting that they have little validity. We sought to establish reasons why people might persist in the illusion that unstructured interviews are valid and what features about them actually lead to poor predictive accuracy. In three studies, we investigated the propensity for “sensemaking” - the ability for interviewers to make sense of virtually anything the interviewee says— and “dilution”—the tendency for available but non-diagnostic information to weaken the predictive value of quality information. In Study 1, participants predicted two fellow students’ semester GPAs from valid background information like prior GPA and, for one of them, an unstructured interview. In one condition, the interview was essentially nonsense in that the interviewee was actually answering questions using a random response system. Consistent with sensemaking, participants formed interview impressions just as confidently after getting random responses as they did after real responses. Consistent with dilution, interviews actually led participants to make worse predictions. Study 2 showed that watching a random interview, rather than personally conducting it, did little to mitigate sensemaking. Study 3 showed that participants believe unstructured interviews will help accuracy, so much so that they would rather have random interviews than no interview. People form confident impressions even interviews are defined to be invalid, like our random interview, and these impressions can interfere with the use of valid information. Our simple recommendation for those making screening decisions is not to use them.
On Silica Activity and Serpentinization

Serpentinites have the lowest silica activity of common crustal rocks. At the serpentinization front, where olivine, serpentine, and brucite are present, silica activities (relative to quartz) are of the order of 10 � 2� 5 to 10 � 5 , depending on the temperature. Here we argue that this low silica activity is the critical property that produces the unusual geochemical environments characteristic of serpentinization.The formation of magnetite is driven by the extraction of silica from the Fe3Si2O5(OH)4 component of serpentine, producing extremely reducing conditions as evinced by the rare iron alloys that partially serpentinized peridotites contain. The incongruent dissolution of diopside to form Ca 2þ , serpentine, and silica becomes increasingly favored at lowerT, producing the alkalic fluids characteristic of serpentinites.The interaction of these fluids with adjacent rocks produces rodingites, and we argue that desilication is also part of the rodingite-forming process.The low silica activity also explains the occurrence of low-silica minerals such as hydrogrossular, andradite, jadeite, diaspore, and corundum in serpentinites or rocks adjacent to serpentinites. The tendency for silica activity to decrease with decreasing temperature means that the presence of certain minerals in serpentinites can be used as indicators of the temperature of serpentinization. These include, with decreasing temperature, diopside, andradite and diaspore. Because the assemblage serpentine þ brucite marks the lowest silica activity reached in most serpentinites, the presence and distribution of brucite, which commonly is a cryptic phase in serpentinites, is critical to interpreting the processes that lead to the hydration of any given serpentinite.
The Emergence of I

What are the implications of the recent advances in physics and systems and information theories for our concepts concerning life? They are, as we shall see, enormous. Although the implications are clear, however, the final impact upon biology is still to be felt, for the biological sciences are just now beginning to apply the theories emanating from the momentous changes that have occurred in related fields. While physicists have become increasingly concerned with the role of the human mind in defining all physical events in a relative world of process, biologists have until recently tended to be even more involved in the reductionistic approach to life and have concentrated on determining our place in the mechanical world of form and function. During the twentieth century, physicists have focused on relationships within systems and among systems, defining the human mind as an integral aspect of those relationships. “It is,” says Harold J. Morowitz, “as if the two discplines were on fast-moving trains, going in opposite directions and not noticing what is happening across the tracks” [27:p. 34].
Channels, Coupling, and Synchronized Rhythmic Bursting Activity

Of fundamental interest are the mechanisms by which neurons and other electrically excitable cells generate oscillatory activity and establish synchronized rhythms. Through quantitative modeling we seek to identify those biophysical factors (cell structure, ionic channels, biochemical pathways, and coupling functions) which play the most significant roles in determining cellular responses and collective behavior. From a generalist’s point of view we also seek qualitative understanding of the underlying mathematical structure of models in order to characterize the robustness of our results.
Men in Blue (a)

This case and the supporting multimedia material focus on the events leading up to the decision by the major league umpires to tender their resignations as a show of solidarity during an extended dispute with the Major League Baseball office. Class discussion can address the challenges of preparing adquately, of creating power by managing constituencies, and of managing confrontation. The multimedia materials present the actions taken by Richie Phillips (principle spokeperson for the umprires), the reactions of various constituencies, and a commentary by Ron Shapiro (recently appointed representative of the umpires).
A High Fidelity Computational Method for Flow-Tissue Interaction in Biological Flows

Flow induced vibration and deformation are phenomena that routinely occur in biological systems including cardiovascular dynamics, phonation and biological locomotion, and computational modeling of such phenomena remains a challenge. The biophysics of phonation (which refers to the production of sound in the larynx) in particular is primarily driven by a highly coupled interaction between glottal aerodynamics and vocal fold tissue. In the current work, we have developed a coupled 3D immersed-boundary finite-element method (IBFEM) for modeling the interaction of fluid with biological structures (tissue) and applied this method to investigate the biophysics of phonation. In this method, the NavierStokes equations for fluid flow are solved using a sharp interface immersed boundary method (IBM). The elastrodynamic equations for the tissue are solved using a finite--element method which is coupled with the IBM solver. The results are analyzed to gain an insight into the glottal jet aerodynamics as well as the dynamics and deformation of the vocal folds. Results show that self--sustained vibrations can be achieved for the modeled vocal fold. I. Introduction HONATION is a complex biological phenomenon which results from a highly coupled biomechanical interaction between glottal aerodynamics and vocal fold tissue vibration. The vocal folds are driven by transglottal pressure drop and vibrate mostly at a single frequency which is very close to one of the modal frequencies of the vocal folds. This frequency is the fundamental phonation frequency and decides the pitch of speech. Also a pulsatile transitional/turbulent jet is formed by the pressure drop and the moving wall of the vocal folds. The coupling of this jet with a very complicated human airway produces a complex flow field. The pulsatile jet flow and flow vortices are sound source and determine the voice quality. Due to the high complexity of human airway lumen geometric shape and nonlinearity of the coupling between airway flow aerodynamics and vocal fold vibration, modeling this problem is an immense challenge. Early studies have employed the lumped mass vocal folds model coupled with the Bernoulli equation 5 . Despite its simplicity, these models were able to demonstrate sustained vocal fold vibration and pulsatile flows. However, lumped mass models cannot precisely predict continuum system behavior 8 and flow models based on the Bernoulli equation provide no information on development of the glottal jet. Hence more sophisticated models have been used for the airflow as well as the vocal fold modeling. The lumped model has been coupled with Naiver-Stokes equations 4 . The results show that the glottal jet has a strong asymmetry which also has been observed through experiments 6
Simple and compact flow fingerprinting robust to transit through low-latency anonymous networks

This paper presents PIVOT, a new flow fingerprinting scheme for identifying websites visited by a user of a low-latency anonymous communication system. The adversary is difficult to detect, as data collection is fully passive and can be performed at the server-side, client-side, or anywhere along the packet path. Further, data analysis can be performed in real time or offline, as long as flow information can be stored. The fingerprint is composed of a combination of traffic volume and timing information, and can be represented and stored in a compact format.
Significance of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes in Immunity Elicited by Immunization with Ribosomes or Live Yeast Cells of Histoplasma capsulatum

The lymphoid cells responsible for protective immunity to histoplasmosis were characterized. Adoptive transfer of spleen and peritoneal cells treated with antiserum to theta-antigen from mice immunized with ribosomes or live yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum abrogated the ability of these cells to protect the syngeneic recipients, whereas treatment of lymphoid cells with antiserum to IgG did not affect the immunity. Prior removal of glass-adhering cells from spleen and peritoneal cell suspensions did not alter their protective activity. Treatment with mitomycin C, an antimitotic agent, ablated the capacity of immune lymphocytes to protect the syngeneic recipients. These results indicate that the immune spleen and peritoneal cells that confer immunity to histoplasmosis are thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and that their active proliferation in the recipients is necessary for expression of the protective immunity. Furthermore, the immunity elicited by immunization with histoplasma ribosomes and live yeast cells is mediated by a similar mechanism.
Altered Constitutive and Inducible Phloem Monoterpenes Following Natural Defoliation of Jack Pine: Implications to Host Mediated Interguild Interactions and Plant Defense Theories

Foliar feeding by the jack pine budworm Choristoneura pinus pinus altered the constitutive and induced monoterpene content and composition of Pinus banksiana phloem. In constitutive phloem tissue the ratios of α-pinene to β-pinene decreased with defoliation intensity. Biochemical responses to simulated bark beetle attack were also influenced by defoliation intensity. Total monoterpene concentrations were always higher in induced than constitutive tissue, but the extent and rate of monoterpene accumulation, and also proportionate changes in monoterpenes during induction, varied with defoliation intensity. Quantitative and compositional changes in response to simulated bark beetle attack were also affected by host seasonal phenology and time since defoliation. There was a positive relationship between myrcene concentration and arrival by the bark beetle Ips grandicollis. Bark beetle arrival rates were more strongly associated with the chemical composition of constitutive than reaction phloem chemistry. However, chemical changes during induced host responses were also associated with beetle behavior. The ratio of α-pinene to β-pinene during the first three days of induction was consistently associated with both defoliation by C. pinus pinus and susceptibility to I. grandicollis. These results show that direct injury to one plant tissue, foliage, cannot only cause chemical changes in another tissue, phloem, but such changes can be greater in the tissue not directly affected. The influence of defoliation intensity on monoterpene accumulation suggests a link between production and allocation of carbon within P. banksiana. The relationship between defoliation level and induced monoterpene concentrations was either parabolic or inverse, depending on the interval following defoliation. Likewise, the relationship between plant growth and defoliation intensity varied with the length of time following defoliation. Thus, plant defense theories can be improved by incorporating the length of time during which the effects of a stress are exerted.
Environmental Status and Typical Design Suggestions of Urban Substations in Jiangsu Province

The paper introduces the environmental status survey results of 220～110 kV urban substations in Jiangsu province,reviews the typical designs of 220～110 kV substations from the aspect of environmental protection,draws the conclusion that noise problem is the main environmental problem existing in urban substations and thus presents the cause of noise out of specification,control measures as well as suggestions on typical design of substations.
Construction of QC-LDPC codes with total linear encoding complexity and eliminating short cycles

In order to reduce the encoding complexity of Low-Density Parity Check(LDPC) codes,a method of constructing Quasi-Cyclic LDPC(QC-LDPC) codes with total linear encoding complexity and a short-cycle optimization algorithm for eliminating short cycles were proposed.Based on the short-cycle optimization algorithm,the constructed QC-LDPC codes can achieve good cycle distribution.Simulation was carried out under the Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN) channel.The simulation results show that the proposed QC-LDPC codes outperform the IEEE802.16e standard QC-LDPC codes in both error performance and encoding complexity.
The Clements C. Fry collection at Yale.

One of Yale's great treasures is its collection of art pertaining to medicine. Begun in 1927 and bequeathed in 1955, the collection of prints and drawings continues to grow through gifts and through purchase from endowments.
Optically Monitored Electrical Switching in VO2

We demonstrate a hybrid silicon–vanadium dioxide (Si-VO2) electro-optic modulator that enables direct probing of both the electrically triggered semiconductor-to-metal phase transition in VO2 and the reverse transition from metal to semiconductor. By using a two-terminal in-plane VO2 electrical switch atop a single-mode silicon waveguide, the phase change can be initiated electrically and probed optically, separating the excitation and measurement processes and simplifying the analysis of the metal-to-semiconductor dynamics. We demonstrate a record switch-on time for high-speed electrical semiconductor-to-metal transition, with switching times less than 2 ns, and quantify the slower inverse transition, which is dominated by thermal dissipation and relaxation of the metallic rutile lattice to the monoclinic semiconducting phase. By limiting the current through the VO2 to reduce Joule heating, we enable inverse relaxation times as fast as 3 ns.
CO2 activation on bimetallic CuNi nanoparticles

Abstract Density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the structural, electronic, and CO 2 adsorption properties of 55-atom bimetallic CuNi nanoparticles (NPs) in core-shell and decorated architectures, as well as of their monometallic counterparts. Our results revealed that with respect to the monometallic Cu 55 and Ni 55 parents, the formation of decorated Cu 12 Ni 43 and core-shell Cu 42 Ni 13 are energetically favorable. We found that CO 2 chemisorbs on monometallic Ni 55 , core-shell Cu 13 Ni 42 , and decorated Cu 12 Ni 43 and Cu 43 Ni 12 , whereas, it physisorbs on monometallic Cu 55 and core-shell Cu 42 Ni 13 . The presence of surface Ni on the NPs is key in strongly adsorbing and activating the CO 2 molecule (linear to bent transition and elongation of C˭O bonds). This activation occurs through a charge transfer from the NPs to the CO 2 molecule, where the local metal d-orbital density localization on surface Ni plays a pivotal role. This work identifies insightful structure-property relationships for CO 2 activation and highlights the importance of keeping a balance between NP stability and CO 2 adsorption behavior in designing catalytic bimetallic NPs that activate CO 2 .
Pros: the present classification of mucinous adenocarcinomas of the lung.

Mucinous lung adenocarcinomas are relatively uncommon and represent 2% to 10% of all lung adenocarcinomas. The 2015 WHO classification of lung tumors essentially adopted the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer proposal for the reclassification of lung adenocarcinomas (1,2). A proposal to reclassify mucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma to invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma was based on the observation that majority, if not all, of formerly known mucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas are invasive and show more aggressive behavior when compared to non-mucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma (3). All mucinous adenocarcinomas are currently classified under variants of lung adenocarcinoma and in addition to invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma also include colloid adenocarcinoma, and enteric adenocarcinoma. The classification into separate variants is based on morphology, immunoprofile, genomic and clinical characteristics. An alternative approach to lung adenocarcinoma, classifies mucinous adenocarcinomas as the non-terminal respiratory unit (TRU)-type because of their origin from the bronchial epithelium or submucosal glands and a gastric-mucin phenotype (4).
Exploring Color Pattern Diversification in Early Lineages of Satyrinae (Nymphalidae)

Based on the most recent nymphalid phylogeny, the Satyrinae can be tentatively organized into the species-rich tribe Satyrini plus a clade that includes the Morphini, Brassolini, Haeterini, Elymniini, Melanitini, Dirini, Zetherini, and Amathusiini. Members of the latter eight tribes have the largest body sizes within Satyrinae and also show extraordinary wing pattern variation. Representatives of these tribes are illustrated herein, and pattern elements of the nymphalid ground plan are identified. Five themes are briefly discussed in light of their pattern diversification: (1) central symmetry system dislocations, (2) variation in ventral hind wing ocelli, (3) the color band between elements f and g, (4) sexual dimorphism and mimicry, and (5) transparency. Within an ecological and evolutionary standpoint, selected genera are provided as examples to explore wing patterns involved in male mating displays, camouflage, and mimicry.
The Resignation of Jonathan Mann

This chapter describes how tension between Jonathan Mann, Director of the Global Programme on AIDS (GPA), and Hiroshi Nakajima, the new World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General, resulted in Mann’s decision to resign from his position. Nakajima’s biomedical approach to AIDS contrasted with Mann’s broader social, economic, and human rights approach. This misalignment was compounded by personal dislike, mistrust, and disrespect. In addition to his frustrations with Nakajima, Mann had to contend with increasing donor dissatisfaction and competition for funding with new bilateral aid programs. To thwart efforts made by Nakajima to gain greater control of the relatively independent GPA and bring it more in alignment with the larger WHO structure, Mann encouraged GPA’s Management Committee to launch an external review of the program.
Catholic Schools and Public School Achievement

One of the arguments for education vouchers and more private school choice is that more competition from private schools will increase the quality of public education (Friedman 1962; Friedman and Friedman 1981). Recently, New York City’s Mayor Giuliani argued that a private school voucher program in New York City was increasing the quality of public education. His reasoning was that vouchers increased competition between public and private schools (Hartocollis 1997). Similarly, in Chicago there is a recognition that Catholic schools might benefit public schools. For this reason, this past year the head of the public school system in Chicago sent out teams to interview Catholic school principals to learn how to improve public school achievement (The Economist 1998). Apart from recent studies by Hoxby (1994) and Dee (1998) that show that private schools raise the quality of public education, there is very little empirical evidence on this topic. Related studies by Borland and Howsen (1992) and Grosskopf et al. (1998) show that more competition in the public school sector increases the quality of public education.
Small-scale dispersal of a biological control agent – Implications for more effective releases

Abstract Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms Laubach (Liliales: Pontederiaceae) was introduced to Florida in the 1880s as an ornamental and it once infested thousands of square kilometers across the state. Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) was developed as a classical biological control agent for this plant primarily because its free-living life stages allow it to better integrate with herbicides, which are currently used as the main control method for E. crassipes in Florida. Mass rearing and distribution programs can accelerate the benefits of biological control by augmenting natural dispersal, but an optimal release strategy must consider the entire system including the agent, the target weed, and the habitat. The effectiveness of various release strategies was evaluated using a tank experiment where single and multiple releases of either adult M. scutellaris only or E. crassipes infested with M. scutellaris eggs were compared to control treatments. The post-release dispersal capability of brachypterous M. scutellaris was evaluated using a linear transect of E. crassipes. Two density release treatments were tested and emerging nymphs were used as a proxy for female dispersal distances. All release treatments resulted in successful M. scutellaris population establishment and levels of M. scutellaris were not significantly different among them. The dispersal experiment indicated that adult females oviposit near the release point before dispersing. While the release experiment indicated that all treatments were similar, the continually fluctuating populations of E. crassipes makes establishment of populations difficult in the field. By releasing both adults and infested plants, additional propagule pressure can be attained from a single release event which can counter the tendency of adult M. scutellaris to disperse rapidly following release.
Oligo(serine ester) Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters: Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization and their Use for in Vitro and in Vivo mRNA Delivery

RNA technology is transforming life science research and medicine, but many applications are limited by the accessibility, cost, efficacy, and tolerability of delivery systems. Here we report the first members of a new class of dynamic RNA delivery vectors, oligo(serine ester)-based charge-altering releasable transporters (Ser-CARTs). Composed of lipid-containing oligocarbonates and cationic oligo(serine esters), Ser-CARTs are readily prepared (one flask) by a mild ring-opening polymerization using thiourea anions and, upon simple mixing with mRNA, readily form complexes that degrade to neutral serine-based products, efficiently releasing their mRNA cargo. mRNA/Ser-CART transfection efficiencies of >95% are achieved in vitro. Intramuscular or intravenous (iv) injections of mRNA/Ser-CARTs into living mice result in in vivo expression of a luciferase reporter protein, with spleen localization observed after iv injection.
35-LB: Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Diabetic Macular Edema

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one manifestation of diabetic retinopathy (DR), where fluids leak from the retinal vessels into the centre of the macula, causing swelling and blurred vision. VEGF inhibitors (e.g., ranibizumab), have demonstrated clinical efficacy in treating DME; however, it is known that ∼50% of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF therapy. Therefore, DME remains an unmet medical need. To discover novel therapies for DME, animal models that recapitulate clinical phenotypes and validated with anti-VEGF drugs will be of importance. Rodent models of DR have been developed using chemical or dietary induction to mimic the pathophysiological features observed in human. However, differences in the structural and biochemical characteristics of the visual system between rodents and humans hamper their clinical translation. Herein, we aimed to determine the effect of intravitreal administration of ranibizumab in aged, spontaneously dysmetabolic non-human primate with increased average retinal thickness (329 ± 6 µm, vs. age-matched controls 299 ± 10 µm). Seven of them showed signs of non-proliferative DR (NPDR) with presence of intra-retinal cysts, exudates or micro-aneurysms. Changes in retinal thickness and vascular leakage were measured by optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography, respectively. Plasma and vitreous levels of VEGF were also determined. Longitudinal data measured over 3-mo. period demonstrated modest, statistical insignificant reduction in average retinal thickness, plasma and vitreous VEGF levels. Some NPDR animals did showed potential improvement in vascular leakage. Considering anti-VEGF drugs are mostly effective in severe DR/DME patients, our results might be reconciled with the early stage of disease condition ascribed to these animals. Further investigation is needed to better understand heterogeneity of individual animal’s drug response and the relationship among imaging, plasma, and vitreous readouts in a longitudinal manner. Disclosure S. Chia: None. L. Gong: None. S. Tiu: Employee; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. S.L. Conarello: None. S. Bellum: None. L. Pan: None. C. Lee: None. A. Abu Bakar Ali: Employee; Self; Merck & Co., Inc. L. Hong: Employee; Spouse/Partner; Illumina, Inc. Employee; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Illumina, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. W. Zeng: None. C. Chin: None. N.X. Li: Employee; Self; Merck & Co., Inc.
Arbitral interpretation of investment treaties : problems and remedies for the debate on "legitimacy"

The last couple of decades have seen a considerable increase in the submittal of investment claims to Arbitral Tribunals – a process which has often been linked to the “proliferation” of investment treaties. Alongside, a debate on the so-called “legitimacy” of the Investor-State dispute settlement mechanism not only emerged (and prompted calls for reform) but also refuses to go away. Treaty interpretation has not been in the forefront of discussion. Authorized (“authoritative”) interpretation – as performed by Arbitral Tribunals – is perhaps one of the issues of least (if any) concern. This Article explores the distinction between authentic and authorized interpretation vis-a-vis the multiple issues arising from vesting excessive significance in authorized interpretations of Investor-State Arbitral Tribunals, in the events in which States Parties to the relevant investment treaty do not have opposing views on the construction of a conventional clause. Drawing on the referral to the notable cases in which this issue has arisen, this Article will present a few recommendations.
The Nonparanormal SKEPTIC

We propose a semiparametric method we call the nonparanormal SKEPTIC for estimating high dimensional undirected graphical models. The underlying model is the nonparanormal family proposed by Liu et al. (2009). The method exploits nonparametric rank-based correlation coefficient estimators, including Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau. In high dimensional settings, we prove that the nonparanormal SKEPTIC achieves the optimal parametric rate of convergence for both graph and parameter estimation. This result suggests that the nonparanormal graphical model can be a safe replacement for the Gaussian graphical model, even when the data are Gaussian.
Annexing the World: Education in the USA as Nationalist Policy in a Competitive Global Economy, 1877–1907

After the US Civil War, political leaders promoted mass education as a strategy of economic development for the defeated South and as a means of economic and political integration for the nation as a whole. At the same time, national leaders came to see education in global terms, as a system for export to colonial territories. Drawing primarily on the public record, this chapter outlines the dual significance of education as a means of national consolidation at home and as a tool of colonial intervention abroad. In the process, it highlights continuities between domestic and imperial projects, namely historical ties between education funding and resource extraction and the significance of education in mediating between the interests of major finance capital and those of ordinary citizens.
Write Back Soon: Mass Incarceration and “Writing Intensive” Vulnerability

This is a reflection about teaching first year undergrads at an elite private institution in a predominantly white rural area about blackness and the prison industrial complex in a “writing intensive” course through the use of open letters and the politicization of vulnerability.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) With Micafungin: The Importance of Causality Assessment:

Background: Micafungin is increasingly used in the treatment and prevention of candidiasis in hospitalized patients. Limited data are available from which to assess the risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with micafungin. No studies, to date, have applied a standardized causality assessment method to the study of micafungin-associated DILI. Objective: This study aimed to identify the frequency and clinical pattern of DILI in micafungin-treated patients as determined using 2 standardized causality assessment algorithms. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of micafungin-treated patients at a single center between May 15, 2017, and May 15, 2018. DILI was defined on the basis of liver test elevations and the presence of associated signs and symptoms. The Roussel UClaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) and the Naranjo algorithm were applied to each case. Results: A total of 99 patients were assessed; 52 were excluded, with a final sample of 47 evaluable patients. The definition of DILI was met in 9 (19%) patients, with a clinical pattern consistent with cholestatic injury in 7 of 9 (78%) patients. No cases were associated with jaundice. Agreement between the 2 causality assessment methods occurred in 4 of 9 (44%) cases. Application of the RUCAM algorithm led to the exclusion of 4 cases, resulting in a final reported prevalence of micafungin-associated DILI of 10.6%. Conclusion and Relevance: Asymptomatic DILI was identified in 10.6% of micafungin-treated patients. The choice of a causality assessment nomogram substantially influenced the determination of DILI prevalence. Compared with the Naranjo algorithm, the RUCAM algorithm is recommended as a more precise tool of assessing the relationship between drug exposure and DILI.
Inpatient Rehabilitation Delirium Screening: Impact on Acute Care Transfers and Functional Outcomes

BACKGROUND Delirium is well studied in the acute care setting, but there is limited understanding of its impact in the postacute care setting, particularly in the inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF). OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and related outcomes of delirium in the IRF setting, particularly patients' transfers to acute care hospitals. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING A freestanding IRF. PARTICIPANTS Patients discharged from an IRF between January 2016 and December 2016 (12 months). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Transfer to acute care hospitals, motor and cognitive Functional Independence Measures (FIM), length of stay, discharge disposition. RESULTS A total of 1567 patients (53.9% female, mean age 72.9 ± 13.9) were included in the analysis. Positive scores were found among 142 (9.1%) patients on a 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method (3D-CAM), indicating delirium on admission. Fifty-nine (3.8%) were unscorable on 3D-CAM. Twice as many delirium patients were transferred to acute care hospitals compared to non-delirium patients (22.5% vs. 10.8%, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that, for patients with 3D-CAM positive scores, there was an increased risk of transfers to acute care hospitals at an odds ratio of 1.61 (1.03-2.53, P = .04) after adjusting for age, gender, neurological diagnosis, and motor FIM score. The delirium group also showed lower gains in motor function, increased lengths of stay, and reduced discharges to home when compared to the non-delirium group (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study finds that delirium on admission to an IRF is associated with worsened outcomes related to function, length of stay, discharge status, and transfer to acute care hospitals. Positive delirium screening is an independent predictor for transfer to acute care hospitals from an IRF. Early identification of delirium is recommended in order to mitigate preventable transfers.