cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GIT1 mediates Src-dependent activation of phospholipase Cγ by angiotensin II and epidermal growth factor

Abstract Critical events for vasoconstrictor and growth factor signal transduction include stimulation of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and elevation of intracellular calcium. c-Src has been proposed as a common mediator for these signals activated by both G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors (TKRs). Here we show that the GPCR kinase-interacting protein-1 (GIT1) is a substrate for c-Src that undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in response to angiotensin II (AngII) and EGF in vascular smooth muscle and 293 cells. GIT1 associates with PLCγ via the PLCγ Src homology 2 and 3 domains constitutively, and the interaction is unaltered by AngII and EGF. GIT1 interaction with PLCγ is required for PLCγ activation based on inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization after GIT1 knockdown with antisense GIT1 oligonucleotides. GIT1 interacts with PLCγ via a novel Spa homology domain (SHD) and a coiled-coil domain. Deletion mutation analysis showed that GIT1(SHD) is required for AngII- and EGF-mediated PLCγ activation (measured by phosphorylation of Tyr783 and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation). We propose that GIT1 is a novel regulator of PLCγ function that mediates PLCγ activation by c-Src and integrates signal transduction by GPCRs and TKRs.
PKCβII modulation of myocyte contractile performance

Significant up-regulation of the protein kinase Cβ(II) (PKCβ(II)) develops during heart failure and yet divergent functional outcomes are reported in animal models. The goal here is to investigate PKCβ(II) modulation of contractile function and gain insights into downstream targets in adult cardiac myocytes. Increased PKCβ(II) protein expression and phosphorylation developed after gene transfer into adult myocytes while expression remained undetectable in controls. The PKCβ(II) was distributed in a peri-nuclear pattern and this expression resulted in diminished rates and amplitude of shortening and re-lengthening compared to controls and myocytes expressing dominant negative PKCβ(II) (PKCβDN). Similar decreases were observed in the Ca(2+) transient and the Ca(2+) decay rate slowed in response to caffeine in PKCβ(II)-expressing myocytes. Parallel phosphorylation studies indicated PKCβ(II) targets phosphatase activity to reduce phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation at residue Thr17 (pThr17-PLB). The PKCβ inhibitor, LY379196 (LY) restored pThr17-PLB to control levels. In contrast, myofilament protein phosphorylation was enhanced by PKCβ(II) expression, and individually, LY and the phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A each failed to block this response. Further work showed PKCβ(II) increased Ca(2+)-activated, calmodulin-dependent kinase IIδ (CaMKIIδ) expression and enhanced both CaMKIIδ and protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of both signaling targets also was resistant to acute inhibition by LY. These later results provide evidence PKCβ(II) modulates contractile function via intermediate downstream pathway(s) in cardiac myocytes.
The Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Compton Scattering

An experiment similar to that of Bothe and Maier-Leibnitz and others has been carried out to verify that in Compton scattering of 2.62-Mev quanta the scattered quantum and recoil electron are emitted without delay and in the relative directions demanded by the conservation laws. Better angular resolution and statistics and fewer experimental uncertainties than in the previous experiments were obtained. The results are in agreement with simultaneity and the conservation of energy and momentum.
An experimental model for selective production of neoplasms of the peripheral nervous system.

Ninety-three tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) were produced in 30 male Fischer (CDF) rats following intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg of N-methyl N-nitrosourea (MNU) twice weekly for 9 weeks. The high susceptibility of CDF rats to an optimal dose of MNU provides a useful experimental model to study induction and pathogenesis of tumors of the PNS. In this model PNS tumors occur in a high percentage of animals, multiple PNS tumors are common, the sites of development are predictable, and the well-differentiated morphology is similar to the morphology of naturally occurring neurinomas of man and animals.
Computer-assisted evoked electromyography with stimulating surgical instruments for recurrent/external laryngeal nerve identification and preservation in thyroid and parathyroid operation

Abstract Background. The reported incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy/paralysis in thyroid and parathyroid operation ranges from 2% to 13%. Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is less clearly documented. We hypothesized that a novel evoked electromyography system using an audio warning alarm might be beneficial for detection and preservation of the RLN and EBSLN. Methods. A total of 117 thyroid/parathyroid operations were performed using a nerve locator/monitor (Neurovision SE, RLN Systems Inc, Jefferson City, Mo). Dissection was performed using a stimulating hemostat with conduction to an endotracheal surface electrode. Results. A total of 97 thyroidectomies (50 total, 47 lobectomies) and 20 parathyroidectomies (16 directed, 4 bilateral) were performed representing 176 RLN and 152 EBSLN at risk. Of 176 RLN, 161 were correctly identified by the nerve stimulator alarm including 2 nonrecurrent nerves. The cricothyroid space and the superior pole vessels were scanned to identify the EBSLN by observing for cricothyroideus contraction or an alarm. Fourteen of 152 (8.9%) cases of type 2 anatomy were suggested where meticulous dissection of superior pole vessels prevented EBSLN injury. Conclusions. Computer-assisted evoked electromyography with stimulating surgical instruments is a useful surgical tool. This technology may be especially useful in reoperation in dense scar tissue and preserving the EBSLN in thyroid operation. (Surgery 2002;132:1100-8.)
Impacts of environmental deterioration on the carbon isotope values of modern vegetation and gazelles in the southern Levant: Predicting the severity of the Younger Dryas

Abstract This study uses the carbon isotope values (δ 13 C) to determine how environmental deterioration is expressed in the δ 13 C values of vegetation and gazelles in the southern Levant. The ultimate goal is to use these modern data to predict the climatic impact of the Younger Dryas (YD). Climatic deterioration associated with the YD has been cited as the trigger for the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant. However, the evidence for the local severity of this climatic event is equivocal. There is disagreement over whether Mediterranean forest was succeeded by arid adapted steppic plant communities in what has been termed the Natufian ‘core area’. The modern data show a moderately negative regression slope between aridity and the δ 13 C values of both modern C 3 plants and gazelle horn keratin within the Mediterranean phytogeographic belt. This pattern is expressed in both seasonal and annual datasets. The incorporation of a C 4 plant component into gazelle diets is evident in the arid Mediterranean region, and is more pronounced in the dry season. The latter is apparent even despite interference caused by gazelle foraging on cultivated land. Based on the present day data, it is predicted that the succession of Mediterranean forest by open steppic vegetation would cause a positive shift of > 2‰ in the δ 13 C values of C 3 plants and gazelles. The argument is based on the response of C 3 vegetation to growth under increasing water stress conditions and the current distribution of C 3 and C 4 vegetation in relation to rainfall. This study presents a new tool with the potential to assess the climatic severity of the YD and its effect on Natufian foraging strategies.
Fluorimetry as a Method of Determining Protein Content of Milk

Summary A commercial spectrophotofluorimeter was used to determine the relationship between the intensity of the fluorescence of milk in the ultraviolet region and its protein content. The effect of pH, temperature, milk contaminants, and milk protein aggregation on the fluorescence was studied. By dissociating the milk micelles with a diluent containing citrate, phosphate, and urea, stable fluorescing systems were obtained for study. A double-reciprocal plot of the data obtained showed a good correlation between fluorescence intensity and protein content as determined by Kjeldahl methods. In examining the milk of 88 cows of differing breed, age, and period of lactation it was found that the Standard error of the estimate was 0.079% protein. It was concluded that the intensity of fluorescence of milk in the ultraviolet could be used to make accurate and rapid determinations of the protein content of milk, but a number of disadvantages must also be considered before recommending the technique for general use. These include the large dilution of milk samples required, the necessity for rigid temperature control, adverse effects of milk contamination, the relatively small slope of the standard curve, and the fact that commercial fluorimeters suitable for routine use are not available at present.
Not All Past Events Are Equal: Biased Attention and Emerging Heuristics in Children's Past‐to‐Future Forecasting

Four- to 10-year-olds and adults (N = 265) responded to eight scenarios presented on an eye tracker. Each trial involved a character who encounters a perpetrator who had previously enacted positive (P), negative (N), or both types of actions toward him or her in varying sequences (NN, PP, PN, and NP). Participants predicted the character's thoughts about the likelihood of future events, emotion type and intensity, and decision to approach or avoid. All ages made more positive forecasts for PP > NP > PN > NN trials, with differentiation by past experience widening with age. Age-related increases in weighting the most recent past event also appeared in eye gaze. Individual differences in biased visual attention correlated with verbal judgments. Findings contribute to research on risk assessment, person perception, and heuristics in judgment and decision making.
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in childhood: clinical and electrophysiological features.

Five children with chronic progressive polyneuropathy but no familial history of it showed electrophysiological evidence of demyelination with partial conduction block, temporal dispersion, and focal slowing of nerve conduction velocities in multiple nerves. These findings are indicative of an acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy that is chronic and inflammatory and differentiate this condition from most of the inherited neuropathies. It is very important to recognize this entity because of the avaibility of various treatments.
Lake Erie sport and boat show patrons rank Great Lakes ecosystem health issues in 1993 and 1994.

In 1993 and 1994 patrons of the Mid-America Boat Show and the American-Canadian Sport, Travel and Outdoor Show, both held in Cleveland, Ohio were asked to respond to an Ohio Sea Grant survey on Great Lakes issues. In 1993 and 1994, a list of issues, identified from previous surveys and citizen advisory groups, were presented to show patrons at the Ohio Sea Grant exhibit. They were asked to rank the importance of each issue on a scale of 0 to 6. A total of 1,751 and 987 boat show and sport show patrons responded in 1993 and 1994 respectively. The four highest ranked issues and their arithmetic means and standard deviations in 1993 and 1994 respectively, were: Lake Erie water quality (5.60±0.79 and 5.53±0.81); Eliminating persistent toxic substances in the Great Lakes (5.54±0.88 and 5.49±0.89); Protecting the Great Lakes ecosystem (5.49±0.87 and 5.51±0.80); and Toxic contaminants in fish (5.49±0.97 and 5.36±1.00). A t-test was used to compare means of 1993 and 1994 responses. Significant differences (≤0.05) occurred in mean responses for 9 out of 14 issues common to both the surveys. Factor analysis of 1993 data suggested that patrons of the 1993 shows: (1) have a strong concern for the Great Lakes ecosystem; and (2) recognize that individual actions count. Factor analysis of the 1994 data indicated that show patrons continued to have a concern for the Great Lakes ecosystem. Boat and outdoor show patrons (recreational resource users) are a constituency that can, if politically active, validate and support efforts to protect and preserve the Great Lakes ecosystem.
The genes influencing the susceptibility to IDDM in humans

Autoimmune diseases present a catastrophic sce­ nario for the human body: the immune system, usu­ ally poised to attack and remove invading pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, is now mis­ takenly engaged in an aggressive assault on the body's own tissues. In the case of insulin-depen­ dent diabetes mellitus (100M), one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases, the target of the immune attack is the insulin-producing B cell of the pancreas. Once destroyed, the pancreatic islet B cells seldom regenerate; insulin production falls be­ Iowa critical level and the classical symptoms of the disease - polydipsia, polyuria, hyperglycemia, glycosuria and ketonemia - become manifest. Administration of exogenous insulin is sufficient to reverse these symptoms, but treatment must con­ tinue for the lifetime of the individual. Despite the administration of exogenous insulin, however, com­ plications, perhaps due to the extreme fluctuations in blood sugar levels, eventually become evident. Retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy and amputa­ tion of extremities due to poor circulation are some of the most severe examples. The development of 100M is the final outcome of multiple factors that act upon a predisposing ge­ netic background. Most investigators assume that the initial event that precipitates the onset of 100M is the entrance of a foreign antigen into an individ­ ual's body. The exact nature of this antigen remains the most perplexing puzzle in diabetes research; however, it is likely that it is a protein which, like most antigens, must undergo a "processing" step in order to be recognized by the immune system (1). Macrophages and dendritic cells biochemical­ ly cleave the protein antigen into its constitutive peptides, which are then displayed, bound to HLA class I and class II molecules, on the surface of these antigen presenting cells (1). Only the helper
Theory of electric-field-controlled surface ferromagnetic transition in metals

It is widely believed that in metals, unlike in the dilute magnetic semiconductors, the control of ferromagnetic ordering by external voltage is hardly achievable. We compare the two types of ferromagnets and show that there is no obvious reason why metals are less preferable for this phenomenon. A similar effect in metals, however, has a different physical picture and should be identified as a voltage-induced surface transition. We study its properties within the theory of the surface critical phenomena and discuss possible difficulties on the way to its experimental realization.
A missing piece in the infrastructure to promote healthy aging programs: education and work force development.

There are compelling data available, both for the rapidly expanding older adult population, and for the value of evidence-based health promotion and disease management programs (EBHPs). The systems approach to transforming our aging services delivery system has been brilliant, but there is an important system missing – our educational system. Building the infrastructure to create embedded and accessible healthy aging programs must take into account workforce preparation. Most of the people currently working in the aging services delivery system are doing so without the benefit of any formal education or an organized course of study about older adults and aging services. For the state of California, 61% of aging services agencies reported zero current staff with formal gerontology education, defined as having had even one academic course in aging content (1). In a national study, less than half (46.6%) of responding Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs) had at least one staff with either a certificate or degree in gerontology and almost 27% have an Evidence-Based Program (EBP) Coordinator position (2, 3). There was no data reported on aging services workforce preparedness in program planning, implementation, and evaluation of EBHP, even for the EBP Coordinator positions.
Horatio Alger Lives in Brooklyn: Extrafamily Support, Intrafamily Dynamics, and Socially Neutral Operating Identities in Exceptional Mobility among Children of Mexican Immigrants

By analyzing the life course of an exceptionally successful Mexican student, Emmanuel of Brooklyn, this article interrogates current theories on the incorporation of immigrant youth, including “segmented assimilation.” The author explains Emmanuel's unlikely and exceptional achievement as the result of intrafamily dynamics, including his keeping of the immigrant bargain; extrafamily supports, including “first chance, fast track” programs for exceptional students in the New York City public schools and the involvement of mentors; and Emmanuel's development of “socially neutral operating identities” to negotiate his membership in new and disparate social worlds. The study shows the reach and limitations of current theories on the children of immigrants and opens new avenues for further research.
NK landscapes, problem difficulty, and hybrid evolutionary algorithms

This paper presents an experimental study of NK landscapes with the main focus on the relationship between (1) problem parameters, (2) various measures of problem difficulty of fitness landscapes, and (3) performance of hybrid evolutionary algorithms. As the target class of problems, the study considers two types of NK landscapes: (1) Standard, unrestricted NK landscapes and (2) shuffled NK landscapes with nearest-neighbor interactions. As problem difficulty measures, the paper considers the fitness distance correlation, the correlation coefficient, the distance of local and global optima, and the escape rate. Experimental results are presented, analyzed and discussed. Promising avenues for future work are also outlined.
Phenotyping of proliferating cells in cultures of human lymphocytes

Lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens, alloantigens or soluble antigens were pulsed with tritiated thymidine to label proliferating cells. Aliquots of the cells were labeled with OKT 4 or OKT 8 mouse monoclonal antibodies and then incubated in microtiter wells coated with goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG). Unattached cells were flushed out of the wells: individual wells were then separated for counting in scintillation fluid in a B counter. This method permits simple characterization of the relative T cell subset proliferative responses and is clinically applicable.
Thermodynamic and EPR characterization of iron-sulfur centers in the NADH-ubiquinone segment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in pigeon heart.

Several iron-sulfur centers in the NADH-ubiquinone segment of the respiratory chain in pigeon heart mitochondria and in submitochondrial particles were analyzed by the combined application of cryogenic EPR (between 30 and 4.2 °K) and potentiometric titration. Center N-1 (iron-sulfur centers associated with NADH dehydrogenase are designated with the prefix “N”) resolves into two single electron titrations with Em 7.2 values of −380±20 mV and −240±20 mV (Centers N-1a and N-1b, respectively). Center N-1a exhibits an EPR spectrum of nearly axial symmetry with g// = 2.03, g⊥ = 1.94, while that of Center N-1b shows more apparent rhombic symmetry with gz = 2.03, gy = 1.94 and gx = 1.91. Center N-2 also reveals EPR signals of axial symmetry at g// = 2.05 and g⊥ = 1.93 and its principal signal overlaps with those of Centers N-1a and N-1b. Center N-2 can be easily resolved from N-1a and N-1b because of its high Em 7.2 value (−20±20 mV). Resolution of Centers N-3 and N-4 was achieved potentiometrically in submitochondrial particles. The component with Em 7.2 = − 240±20 mV is defined as Center N-3 (gz = 2.10, (gy = 1.93?), gx = 1.87); the −405±20 mV component as Center N-4 (gz = 2.11, (gy = 1.93?), gx = 1.88). At temperatures close to 4.2 °K, EPR signals at g = 2.11, 2.06, 2.03, 1.93, 1.90 and 1.88 titrate with Em 7.2 = −260±20 mV. The multiplicity of peaks suggests the presence of at least two different ironsulfur centers having similar Em 7.2 values (−260±20 mV); hence, tentatively assigned as N-5 and N-6. Consistent with the individual Em 7.2 values obtained, addition of succinate results in the partial reduction of Center N-2, but does not reduce any other centers in the NADH-ubiquinone segment of the respiratory chain. Centers N-2, N-1b, N-3, N-5 and N-6 become almost completely reduced in the presence of NADH, while Centers N-1a and N-4 are only slightly reduced in pigeon heart submitochondrial particles. In pigeon heart mitochondria, the Em 7.2 of Center N-4 lies much closer to that of Center N-3, so that resolution of the Center N-3 and N-4 spectra is not feasible in mitochondrial preparations. Em 7.2 values and EPR lineshapes for the other ironsulfur centers of the NADH-ubiquinone segment in the respiratory chain of intact mitochondria are similar to those obtained in submitochondrial particle preparations. Thus, it can be concluded that, in intact pigeon heart mitochondria, at least five iron-sulfur centers show Em 7.2 values around -250 mV; Center N-2 exhibits a high Em 7.2 (−20±20 mV), while Center N-1a shows a very low Em 7.2 (−380±20 mV).
Internal enamel reinforcement through micromechanical bonding

Abstract The internal acid-etch technique is not proposed as the answer to all problems relating to unsupported enamel. It is, however, one useful method of conservative treatment when the proper situation arises. Rather than the extensive removal of undermined enamel in anterior restorations, interior enamel reinforcement through acid-etch bonding deserves consideration.
Determination of Famotidine in Acid Reduction Tablets by HPTLC and Videodensitometry of Fluorescence Quenched Zones

A quantitative method using silica gel high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates with fluorescent indicator, automated sample application, and ultraviolet (UV) absorption videodensitometry was developed for the determination of famotidine tablets, which are widely used to inhibit gastric acid secretion. Three pharmaceutical tablet products containing famotidine as the active ingredient were analyzed to test the applicability of the new method. Precision was evaluated by replicate analyses of the samples and accuracy by analysis of a sample, fortification with standard, and reanalysis (standard addition). The percent famotidine in the tablets ranged from 92.5% to 140% compared to label values, precision from 1.25% to 2.55% relative standard deviation, and the error in the standard addition analysis was 1.76% compared to the fortification level. These validation results are within the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization for pharmaceutical analysis.
Multiphonon Optical Spectrum of NaF

The high-frequency exponential wing of the reststrahlen band of NaF is decomposed into a number of $N\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{phonon}$ absorption spectra ($N=2,3,4,5$) by means of a temperature analysis. Overall agreement of the individual spectra with recent theoretical predictions is good, except for a fairly pronounced structure which indicates particularly strong contributions from certain frequencies of the TO and LO phonon branches.
Comprehensive approaches to emergency toxicology.

Dr. Walberg has been at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center since 1958, where he is Director of the Toxicology Laboratory. He is also Associate Professor of Pathology at University of Southern California. He is a past President of the California Association of Toxicologists, and now serves as Chairman of the California Association of Toxicologists Proficiency Testing Program. He is a member of the College of American Pathologists Toxicology Resource Committee, the Editorial Review Board for the Journal of Analytical Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, and is also on the Advisory Board for the Toxicology Section of the CRC Handbook Series in Clinical Laboratory Science.
Molecular composition of organic fine particulate matter in Houston, TX

Organic fine particulate matter collected in Houston, TX between March 1997 and March 1998 was analyzed to determine the concentration of individual organic compounds. Samples from four sites were analyzed including two industrial locations (Houston Regional Monitoring Corporation (HRM-3) site in Channelview and Clinton Drive site near the Ship Channel Turning Basin), one suburban location (Bingle Drive site in Northwest Houston) and one background site (Galveston Island). At the three urban locations, samples were divided into three seasonal sample aggregates (spring, summer and winter), while at the background site a single annual average sample pool was used. Between 10 and 16 individual samples were pooled to get aggregate samples with enough organic carbon mass for analysis. Overall, 82 individual organic compounds were quantified. These include molecular markers which are compounds unique to specific fine particle sources and can be used to track the relative contribution of source emissions to ambient fine particle levels. The differences both spatially and temporally in these tracers can be used to evaluate the variability in emission source strengths.
The Wicksellian unanimity rule: The competing interpretations of Buchanan and Musgrave

The disparate approaches of James Buchanan and Richard Musgrave to public economics are both anchored in Knut Wicksell's contribution to the theory of public goods. In “A New Principle of Just Taxation,” the second essay of Finanztheoretische Untersuchungen (1896 [1994]), Wickseil considered how to design a voting mechanism to finance public goods and assure a just distribution of the tax burden. Applying the benefit principle to taxation, Wicksell argued that a unanimity-voting rule would guarantee that all individuals receive benefits commensurate to their tax cost from any public good. “No one can complain if he secures a benefit which he himself considers to be (greater or at least) as great as the price he has to pay” (Wicksell 1994, p. 79). Wicksell's primary interest was not in determining the appropriate mix of public and private, instead he demonstrated how one might finance public expenditures provided the decision of the mix has already been made. The actual voting mechanism is much less controversial than the philosophy and antecedent assumptions behind the process. While Musgrave and Buchanan share common ground, agreeing to the originality of Wicksell's work, and the necessity of considering the rules by which social decisions are made, their views on Wicksell are generally acknowledged to be radically different (Bernd Hansjurgens 1999, Pieter Hennipman 1982, David Riesman 1990).
Irrationality: A précis

Abstract My primary aim in Irrationality: An Essay on Akrasia, Self‐Deception, and Self‐Control (1987) is to show that and how akratic action and self‐deception are possible. The control that normal agents have over their actions and beliefs figures in the analysis and explanation of both phenomena. For that reason, an examination of self‐control plays a central role in the book. In addition, I devote a chapter each to akratic belief and the explanation of intentional action. A precis of the book will provide a useful context for the three essays that follow.
Acetate-Bridged Platinum(III) Complexes Derived from Cisplatin

Oxidation of the acetate-bridged half-lantern platinum(II) complex cis-[PtII(NH3)2(μ-OAc)2PtII(NH3)2](NO3)2, [1](NO3)2, with iodobenzene dichloride or bromine generates the halide-capped platinum(III) species cis-[XPtIII(NH3)2(μ-OAc)2PtIII(NH3)2X](NO3)2, where X is Cl in [2](NO3)2 or Br in [3](NO3)2, respectively. These three complexes, characterized structurally by X-ray crystallography, feature short (≈2.6 A) Pt–Pt separations, consistent with formation of a formal metal–metal bond upon oxidation. Elongated axial Pt–X distances occur, reflecting the strong trans influence of the metal–metal bond. The three structures are compared to those of other known dinuclear platinum complexes. A combination of 1H, 13C, 14N, and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize [1]2+–[3]2+ in solution. All resonances shift downfield upon oxidation of [1]2+ to [2]2+ and [3]2+. For the platinum(III) complexes, the 14N and 195Pt resonances exhibit decreased line widths by comparison to those of [1]2+. Density functional...
Cocaine-seeking is dose dependently enhanced by HIV-1 tat protein expression in male and female mice

Aims: To characterizeandsupplynicotine researchcigaretteson behalf of theNIDAdrug supply program for distribution to research investigators. Methods: Nicotine Research Cigarettes (NRCs) have been manufactured under the Spectrum brand for the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) for use in research programs. Nine million cigarettes were manufactured in 24 batches with nicotine delivery levels ranging from 1.5mg/cigarette. Regular and menthol cigarettes were produced with each of 8 different blends of varying nicotine content and design features, including filters and ventilation. All 24 batcheswere characterized for nicotine,menthol and minor alkaloid content and yield; moisture content and yield; CO yield; tar yield; and TPM. The cigarettes were stored in freezers at−25 to−10 ◦C. For stability studypurposes, samples of all batches were stored at room, refrigerator, and freezer temperatures. These samples will be monitored periodically for alkaloid and moisture content. The cigarettes are distributed according to the NIDA drug supply guidelines. Conclusions: All batches of Nicotine Research Cigarettes are now available for research with NIDA approval through the NIDA drug supply program and are being monitored for stability. Financial support: This work was funded by NIDA.
A simulation study of atmospheric mercury and its deposition in the Great Lakes

Abstract The Great Lakes eco-region is one of the largest sources of fresh water in North America; however it is chronically exposed to heavy metal loadings such as mercury. In this study a comprehensive model evaluation was conducted to determine mercury loadings to the Great Lakes. The study also evaluated the relative impact of anthropogenic mercury emissions from China, regional and global sources on deposition to the Great Lakes. For the 2005 study period, CMAQ 4.7.1 model estimated a total of 6.4 ± 0.5 metric tons of mercury deposited in the Great Lakes. The total deposition breakdown showed a net loading for Lake Superior of 1906 ± 246 kg/year which is the highest of all the lakes. Lake Michigan followed with 1645 ± 203 kg/year and 1511 ± 107 kg/year in Lake Huron. The lowest total deposition was seen in Lakes Erie and Ontario amassing annual totals of 837 ± 107 kg and 506 ± 63 kg, respectively. Wet and dry deposition of mercury were both significant pathways and exhibited strong seasonal variability with higher deposition occurring in the warmer months (June–November) and the lowest in winter. Wet deposition of RGM significantly influenced the deposition proportions accounting for roughly 90% of all mercury deposited. Of the three emission sources (global background, integrated planning management (IPM) and Chinese), global background concentrations represented the maximum impact to deposition loading in the Great Lakes, except for Lake Erie and parts of Lake Michigan. There was minimal seasonality for the global background, but differences in percentage contribution between dry (28–97%) and wet deposition (43–98%) was predicted. The contributions were seen mainly in the northern sections of the Great Lakes further away from IPM point sources. These findings suggest strong localized impact of IPM sources on the southernmost lakes. Deposition as a result of emissions from China exhibited seasonality in both wet and dry deposition and showed significant contributions ranging from 0.2 to 9%.
Localization of non-linear neutralizing B cell epitopes on ricin toxin's enzymatic subunit (RTA)

Efforts to develop a vaccine for ricin toxin are focused on identifying highly immunogenic, safe, and thermostable recombinant derivatives of ricin's enzymatic A subunit (RTA). As a means to guide vaccine design, we have embarked on an effort to generate a comprehensive neutralizing and non-neutralizing B cell epitope map of RTA. In a series of previous studies, we identified three spatially distinct linear (continuous), neutralizing epitopes on RTA, as defined by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) PB10 (and R70), SyH7, and GD12. In this report we now describe a new collection of 19 toxin-neutralizing mAbs that bind non-linear epitopes on RTA. The most potent toxin-neutralizing mAbs in this new collection, namely WECB2, TB12, PA1, PH12 and IB2 each had nanamolar (or sub-nanomolar) affinities for ricin and were each capable of passively protecting mice against a 5-10xLD50 toxin challenge. Competitive binding assays by surface plasmon resonance revealed that WECB2 binds an epitope that overlaps with PB10 and R70; TB12, PA1, PH12 recognize epitope(s) close to or overlapping with SyH7's epitope; and GD12 and IB2 recognize epitopes that are spatially distinct from all other toxin-neutralizing mAbs. We estimate that we have now accounted for ∼75% of the predicted epitopes on the surface of RTA and that toxin-neutralizing mAbs are directed against a very limited number of these epitopes. Having this information provides a framework for further refinement of RTA mutagenesis and vaccine design.
Computer simulation of liquid metal ion source optics

A numerical calculation of the electric field and current density distribution for a liquid metal ion (LMI) source has been carried out. If a field evaporation mechanism for ion formation is assumed an elongated Taylor cone shape emitter is required to account for the observed total currents. Trajectory calculations including the effect of uniform space charge have been carried out as a function of total current and particle mass. The predicted emission characteristics compare favorably with experimental results for Ga, however the homogeneous space charge model is unable to account for all of the experimentally observed increase in beam divergence with increasing mass and current.
Knowledge of morphologically complex words: a developmental study of older children and young adolescents.

Purpose This study examined knowledge of derived nominals (e.g., measurement, prediction) and derived adjectives (e.g., algebraic, molecular) in older children and young adolescents. Little was kno...
READABILITY OF THE GATES‐McGINITIE READING TEST: CAUTIONS FOR TEST GIVERS, TEST TAKERS, AND TEST MAKERS

The comprehension passages of the Gates‐MacGinitie Reading Test were subjected to readability analysis using a multi‐formula computer program. Several questions about the comprehension passages were investigated. The questions included, what is the reading grade level of each comprehension passage? Are the test forms for each level equivalent in readability difficulty? Are the comprehension passages arranged sequentially from easy to difficult? Do tests assigned a certain grade equivalent score range really contain comprehension passages representative of that range? This study shows that the test forms are not equally difficult in readability. There appears to be only moderate consideration for arranging the comprehension passages in an established sequential pattern of difficulty. The unequal distribution of passages written below, at, or above the test taker's grade imposes limitations on the credibility of the performance scores. A most important finding is that the grade equivalent scores cannot be a...
Some hematopoietic stem cells are more equal than others.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) save lives in routine clinical practice every day, as they are the key element in transplantation-based therapies for hematologic malignancies. The success of clinical stem cell transplantation critically relies on the ability of stem cells to reconstitute the hematopoietic system for many decades after the administration of the powerful chemotherapy and/or irradiation that is required to eradicate malignant cells, but also irreversibly ablates patients’ own blood forming capacity. Surprisingly, despite enormous efforts and continuous progress in the field, our understanding of the basic biology of HSCs is still rather incomplete. Several recent studies substantially refine our understanding of the cells at the very top of the hematopoietic hierarchy, and suggest that we may need to revise the criteria we typically use to identify and define HSCs.
Leadership and Ambiguity: When Policy, Politics, and Truth Collide

This article discusses the need for chairs to recognize the changing and interconnected nature of postmodern times by engaging with policy makers, politics, and coalitions in this age of supercomplexity. Chairing a kinesiology department is a rewarding and complex position fraught with uncertainty; nevertheless, tolerating and planning for ambiguity and conflict can lead to creative solutions and a more cohesive workgroup. This discussion is designed to make department chairs aware of the problems related to ambiguity in government and business and their impact on university policies, as well as the importance of politics and coalitions to strengthen programs so that valuable resources for the department can be obtained. Solutions are discussed to dealing with conflict and uncertainty with colleagues and constituents to strengthen the bonds of loyalty and trust by attending to human problems caused by stress and frustration.
Dependence of ground heat loss upon solar pond size and perimeter insulation: calculated and experimental results

Abstract Ground heat losses from solar ponds are modelled numerically for various perimeter insulation strategies and several solar pond sizes. The numerical simulations are steady state calculations of heat loss from a circular or square pond to a heat sink at the outer boundaries of an earth volume that surrounds the pond on the bottom and sides. Simulation results indicate that insulation on top of the ground around the pond perimeter is rather ineffective in reducing heat loss, and that uninsulated sloping side walls are slightly more effective than insulated vertical side walls, except for very small ponds. The numerical results are used to derive coefficients for a semi-empirical equation describing ground heat loss as a function of pond area, pond perimeter and insulation strategy. Experimental results for ground heat loss and energy balance in the 400 m 2 solar pond at the Ohio State University are reported. Analysis of this data, along with data on solar energy input, heat gain by the pond, heat loss through the gradient zone, and heat extraction from the pond yields a good energy balance. Numerical simulation of ground heat loss from this pond shows good agreement with the results obtained from pond measurements. Loss turns out to be large because of unexpectedly high values of earth thermal conductivity in the region.
Three convenient and novel syntheses of 4-amino-2-arylpyrimidines

4-Amino-2-arylpyrimidines can be prepared conveniently by the reaction of an amidine with the readily available 3-ethoxyacrylonitrile, 2-chloroacrylonitrile or 2-(1-piperidinyl-methyl)acrylonitrile.
A Review of Subspace Segmentation: Problem, Nonlinear Approximations, and Applications to Motion Segmentation

The subspace segmentation problem is fundamental in many applications. The goal is to cluster data drawn from an unknown union of subspaces. In this paper we state the problem and describe its connection to other areas of mathematics and engineering. We then review the mathematical and algorithmic methods created to solve this problem and some of its particular cases. We also describe the problem of motion tracking in videos and its connection to the subspace segmentation problem and compare the various techniques for solving it.
How to Deal with Low-Resolution Target Structures: Using SAR, Ensemble Docking, Hydropathic Analysis, and 3D-QSAR to Definitively Map the αβ-Tubulin Colchicine Site

αβ-Tubulin colchicine site inhibitors (CSIs) from four scaffolds that we previously tested for antiproliferative activity were modeled to better understand their effect on microtubules. Docking models, constructed by exploiting the SAR of a pyrrole subset and HINT scoring, guided ensemble docking of all 59 compounds. This conformation set and two variants having progressively less structure knowledge were subjected to CoMFA, CoMFA+HINT, and CoMSIA 3D-QSAR analyses. The CoMFA+HINT model (docked alignment) showed the best statistics: leave-one-out q2 of 0.616, r2 of 0.949, and r2pred (internal test set) of 0.755. An external (tested in other laboratories) collection of 24 CSIs from eight scaffolds were evaluated with the 3D-QSAR models, which correctly ranked their activity trends in 7/8 scaffolds for CoMFA+HINT (8/8 for CoMFA). The combination of SAR, ensemble docking, hydropathic analysis, and 3D-QSAR provides an atomic-scale colchicine site model more consistent with a target structure resolution much hi...
A design model for circular porous air bearings using the 1D generalized flow method

Although the working principles of porous air bearings have been known for many years, most calculation procedures still involve specialized 3D CFD techniques which are not very useful to design engineers who initially require first-order engineering models for feasibility studies. This paper presents a simple design model for a circular porous air bearing based on well-established 1D generalized flow theory. Understanding porous air bearing mechanics is relatively easy with the proposed design model because it captures the essential physical phenomena governing the airflow. Moreover, the 1D model has a very simple architecture that allows easy design synthesis and requires minimal computational requirements. Comparison with experimental data shows accuracy comparable to specialized 3D techniques.
Overcoming the "oxidant problem": strategies to use O2 as the oxidant in organometallic C-H oxidation reactions catalyzed by Pd (and Cu).

Oxidation reactions are key transformations in organic chemistry because they can increase chemical complexity and incorporate heteroatom substituents into carbon-based molecules. This principle is manifested in the conversion of petrochemical feedstocks into commodity chemicals and in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other complex organic molecules. The utility and function of these molecules correlate directly with the presence and specific placement of oxygen and nitrogen heteroatoms and other functional groups within the molecules.Methods for selective oxidation of C–H bonds have expanded significantly over the past decade, and their role in the synthesis of organic chemicals will continue to increase. Our group’s contributions to this field are linked to our broader interest in the development and mechanistic understanding of aerobic oxidation reactions. Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ideal oxidant. Its low cost and lack of toxic byproducts make it a highly appealing reagent that c...
Molecular Basis of Muscle Structure

The flight muscle myofibril is a precisely assembled cytoskeletal network of contractile proteins that produces high power to sustain flight. This chapter will focus on myofibrillar assembly during development of the indirect flight muscles. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have combined genetics with microscopy to elucidate the series of steps that lead to the formation of the sarcomere and the role that individual myofibrillar proteins may play in this process. Despite much progress, the broad characterization of many of the mutants’ effects has yet to uncover the mechanisms that regulate and dictate the assembly of the myofibril.
Review of Kathleen Nader’s Understanding and Assessing Trauma in Children and Adolescents: Measures, Methods, and Youth in Context

A practitioner, researcher, and developer of numerous measures of children's and adolescents' reactions to trauma including one of the first and most frequently used measures of childhood posttraum...
Outcomes of cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention for in-hospital ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation cardiac arrest.

Objective: This study examined outcomes of patients with sudden cardiac death attributable to primary ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) that underwent cardiac catheterization with or without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: The decision to perform cardiac catheterization and PCI in resuscitated patients with sudden cardiac death remains controversial. Prior data suggest a potential benefit from percutaneous revascularization. Methods: All patients with an in-hospital pulseless VT or VF cardiac arrest from August 2002 to February 2008 who underwent cardiac catheterization were included. Retrospective chart review was performed to obtain clinical, neurologic, and angiographic data. Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and neurologic outcome. Results: Two thousand and thirty-four patients had in-hospital cardiac arrest, of these 116 had pulseless VT or VF and were resuscitated and 93 (80%) underwent coronary angiography. The median time to follow-up was 1.3 years (IQR: 0.5–2.9 years). Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) was observed in 74 (79%) individuals, of whom 37 underwent PCI. Thirty-five patients with obstructive CAD (47%) died compared to 41% with nonobstructive CAD. In unadjusted and multivariable adjusted analysis PCI was not associated with lower mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.54, 95% CI, 0.79–3.02, P = 0.20). No significant differences were noted in neurologic status at discharge (P = 0.49). Conclusion: In this study, an aggressive revascularization strategy with PCI did not confer a survival advantage nor was it associated with improved neurologic outcomes. There was no suggestion of harm with PCI and further studies are necessary to identify potential subgroups that may benefit from revascularization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of mortality from catastrophic burns in children

Summary Background We previously developed a model to predict survival in massive paediatric burns (>80% total body surface area [TBSA]). This model included not only demographic variables, but also variables obtained throughout the hospital course. We aimed to prospectively validate our model for accuracy of outcome prediction. Methods We admitted 33 paediatric burn patients with burns greater than 80% TBSA. We recorded age, burn size, inhalation injury, resuscitation, packed-cell volume at admission, base deficit, serum osmolarity, sepsis, inotropic support, platelet count, creatinine, and ventilator dependency. We entered these data into our previous models. Results 20 male and 13 female children with mean age 7·6 (SD 1) years with TBSA burns of 88% (SD 1; full thickness 86% [SD 1]) were admitted. Mortality was 39·4% (13 of 30). When all variables were integrated into our final model, we predicted outcome with 97% accuracy. When we used a model based only on demographic characteristics of age, burn size, and presence of inhalation injury, outcome was correctly predicted in only 51% of patients. Conclusions We show prospectively that mortality in severely burned children can be reliably estimated at a burn centre, and that outcome cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of demographic and injury characteristics alone. These data suggest that all severely burned children should be given a course of treatment before consideration of treatment futility.