cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African American Homeschooling Practices: Empirical Evidence.

Despite a significant increase in scholarly interest for homeschooling, some of its most critical aspects, such as instructional daily practices, remain grossly understudied. This essay thus seeks to fill that void by presenting empirical evidence regarding the homeschooling practices of a specific group, African Americans. Most specifically, the purpose of this essay is to answer the following questions: Who teaches Black homeschooled children? How are they taught? And, what are they taught? What emerges is that while African American homeschooling practices vary widely based on parents’ teaching and learning philosophies and ultimate objective, a common tendency is the implementation of a curriculum inclusive of African/African American history and culture. Moreover, contrary to previous claims, this study does not lend credence to the notion that Black homeschooling is overly structured and rigid.
Evaluation of Patients and Families With Concern for Predispositions to Hematologic Malignancies Within the Hereditary Hematologic Malignancy Clinic (HHMC).

Abstract Introduction Although multiple predispositions to hematologic malignancies exist, evaluations for hereditary cancer syndromes (HCS) are underperformed by most hematologist/oncologists. Criteria for initiating HCS evaluation are poorly defined, and results of genetic testing for hereditary hematologic malignancies have not been systematically reported. Patients and Methods From April 2014 to August 2015, 67 patients were referred to the Hereditary Hematologic Malignancy Clinic (HHMC). Referral reasons included (1) bone marrow failure or myelodysplastic syndrome in patients ≤ 50 years, (2) evaluation for germ-line inheritance of identified RUNX1 , GATA2 , or CEBPA mutations on targeted next-generation sequencing panels, and (3) strong personal and/or family history of malignancy. Cultured skin fibroblasts were utilized for germ-line DNA in all patients with hematologic malignancy. Results Eight patients (12%) were clinically diagnosed with a HCS: 4 patients with RUNX1 -related familial platelet disorder (FPD)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 1 patient each with dyskeratosis congenita, Fanconi anemia, germ-line DDX41 , and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Two patients with concern for FPD/AML and LFS, respectively, had RUNX1 and TP53 variants of unknown significance. Additionally, 4 patients with prior HCS diagnosis (1 LFS, 3 FPD/AML) were referred for further evaluation and surveillance. Conclusion In this HHMC-referred hematologic malignancy cohort, HCS was confirmed in 12 patients (18%). HCS identification provides insight for improved and individualized treatment, as well as screening/surveillance opportunities for family members. The HHMC has facilitated HCS diagnosis; with increased clinical awareness of hematologic malignancy predisposition syndromes, more patients who may benefit from evaluation can be identified. Mutation panels intended for prognostication may provide increased clinical suspicion for germ-line testing.
Analysis of nonprescription capsules purported to contain an adrenal androgen

The content of nonprescription capsules purported to contain dehydroepiandrosterone was analyzed. Five capsules labeled "dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 500 mg and natural precursors" were analyzed; all were from a single lot and container. Ether extracts were used to test for DHEA, cortisol, testosterone, and androstenedione using radioimmunoassay (RIA). The protein, starch, reducing-sugar, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents were also measured. The mean (+/- S.D.) DHEA content per capsule was 14.40 + 5.16 micrograms. A mean androstenedione concentration of 1.22 + 0.21 micrograms was measured. Cortisol and testosterone were not detectable by RIA. Concentrations of the other ingredients (mean +/- S.D. for five capsules) were as follows: protein 35.2 +/- 2.3 mg, starch 39.9 +/- 2.7 mg, reducing sugars 3.2 +/- 0.2 mg, sodium less than 1.5 mM, potassium less than 0.15 mM, magnesium 0.60 mg, and calcium 3.45 mg. The total amount of free DHEA contained in the capsules was only a small fraction of the labeled amount of that steroid and was probably inadequate for producing any measurable effects.
Reactions to the FDA proposed graphic warning labels among smokers in addiction treatment centers

Aims:We evaluate knowledge and attitudes of cigarette health risks and smoking behaviors with respect to the FDA proposed graphic warning labels (GWLs) among smokers in the addiction treatment centers where smoking prevalence is 3-4 times higher than in the general population. Methods:376 clients from8addiction treatment centers inNew York were surveyed from May to September, 2013. Participants were asked about cigarette use harms and attitudes about quitting smoking after exposing to current warning labels. The GWLs were introduced to participants and the same set of questions was repeated. Participants were also asked questions related to smoking behaviors, intention to quit and attitudes towards cessation program. Signed tests were used to compare how participants responded to the same set of questions for current warning labels and the GWLs. The association between levels of perceiving health risk from the GWLs and smoking behaviors were examined by t tests and chi-square tests. Results: 67% of participants (n = 252)were current smokers. The GWLs consistently have the higher impact than the current warning labels on: knowledge of cigarette use harms (55.8% vs 35.9%, p<0.001), positive attitudes about quitting smoking (53.7%vs 34.6%, p<0.001), staying quitting (50.0% vs 34.2%, p<0.001), and stopping from having a cigarette (34.6% vs 6.5%, p<0.001) Among smokers who thought “somewhat/a lot” about the health risks of smoking after exposing to the GWLs, they were more likely to attempt quitting (66.7% vs 48.6%, p=0.019), have intention to quit in the next 6 months (68.2% vs 46.1%, p<0.001), and also have positive attitudes towards smoking cessation programs (3.29 vs 3.00, p=0.002). Conclusions: The GWLs have greater impacts than the current warning labels in term of conveying health risks of smoking and promoting quitting among this high prevalence smoking population. Perceiving greater health risks from smoking are also more likely to increase the quit attempts, intention to quit and positive attitudes towards smoking cessation. Financial support: NIDA (P50DA009253).
Density of States in Disordered Two-Dimensional Electron Systems

By using a supersymmetric mean-field formulation, the density of states of a disordered two-dimensional electron system is calculated, which is quite different from previous results obtained either by using single impurity approximation or by neglecting couplings between Landau levels, and qualitatively agrees with experimental results.
Compensating for uncertain time-varying delayed muscle response in isometric neuromuscular electrical stimulation control

Recent results indicate that muscles have a delayed response to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Muscle groups are known to rapidly fatigue in response to external muscle stimulation when compared to volitional contractions, and recent results indicate that this input delay increases as the muscle fatigues. Since the exact value of the time-varying input delay is difficult to measure during feedback control, the uncertain input delay presents a significant challenge to designing controllers for force tracking during isometric NMES. In the present work, a continuous robust controller is developed that compensates for the uncertain time-varying input delay for the uncertain, nonlinear NMES dynamics of the lower limb despite additive bounded disturbances. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis is used to prove that the error signals are uniformly ultimately bounded.
Influence of double-diaphragm vacuum compaction on deformation during forming of composite prepregs

Abstract During the diaphragm forming process, a vacuum seal is applied between the upper and lower diaphragms to compact and hold the laminate. Therefore, a thorough characterization of the in-plane shear behavior of fabrics under diaphragm forming conditions must take into account the effect of vacuum-sealing and compaction between the two diaphragms during bias extension. The study presented here examined the shear angles of out-of-autoclave 8-harness satin woven carbon/epoxy prepregs under diaphragm compaction. A bias extension test was conducted to study the effect of diaphragm compaction and ply interactions on shear properties. The test was performed at different compaction levels, and changes in shear angle with respect to vacuum levels and diaphragm compaction forces were observed. The contribution of diaphragm material and ply interaction to shear stiffness was evaluated and compared with results from a direct bias extension test. The samples were tested at both room temperature and at elevated temperatures using a radiant heater. The results show that shear angle decreases significantly as vacuum pressure and compaction is applied between the two diaphragms. This finding indicates that vacuum levels and compaction forces have a significant influence on the deformation limit and wrinkling onset during the diaphragm forming process.
Exact Single-Particle Green Functions of Bose and Fermi Liquids

Based on a class of exactly solvable models of interacting bose and fermi liquids, we compute the single particle propagators of these systems exactly for all wavelengths and energies and in any number of spatial dimensions. The field operators are expressed in terms of bose fields that correspond to displacements of the condensate in the bose case and displacements of the fermi sea in the fermi case. Unlike some of the previous attempts, the present attempt reduces the answer for the spectral function in one dimension to quadratures and in higher dimensions, nearly so. It is shown that when only the lowest order sea-displacement terms are included, the random phase approximation in its many guises is recovered in the fermi case, and Bogoliubov's theory in the bose case. The momentum distribution is reevaluated, this time, using two different approaches, exact diagonalisation and the equation of motion approach. The novelty being of course, the exact computation of single particle properties.
Syndemic of Lifetime Mental Illness, Substance Use Disorders, and Trauma and Their Association With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes.

Adverse perinatal outcomes are a significant contributor to neonatal and infant deaths. Mental illness, substance use disorders, and interpersonal trauma are often prevalent within obstetrical popu...
Re-Sensitizing African Health Care and Policy Practitioners as to the AIDS Crisis: The Gendered Nature of AIDS Epidemics in Africa

This essay contributes to discussions surrounding the spread of HIV/AIDS among African women by offering gender-based public policy perspectives. It analyzes the pandemic nature of the AIDS crises globally, and evaluates the geographical distribution of the infection among women in Africa. Furthermore, it analyzes the causes and sociological consequences of AIDS, reviews the roles played by diverse groups to combat the problems of this deadly disease. It argues substantively, that health care deliverers and governments can play better and crucial roles to manage the spread of this disease. Finally, it offers policy prescriptions to resolve these multifaceted crises.
Searching for Biotic Multipliers of Climate Change.

SYNOPSIS As climates change, biologists need to prioritize which species to understand, predict, and protect. One way is to identify key species that are both sensitive to climate change and that disproportionately affect communities and ecosystems. These "biotic multipliers" provide efficient targets for research and conservation. Here, we propose eight mechanistic hypotheses related to impact and sensitivity that suggest that top consumers might often act as biotic multipliers of climate change. For impact, top consumers often affect communities and ecosystems through strong top-down effects. For sensitivity, metabolic theory and data suggest that photosynthesis and respiration differ in temperature responses, potentially increasing the sensitivity of consumers relative to plants. Larger-bodied organisms are typically more thermally sensitive than smaller ones, suggesting how large top consumers might be more sensitive than their smaller prey. In addition, traits related to predation are more sensitive than defensive traits to temperature. Top consumers might also be more sensitive because they often lag behind prey in phenological responses. The combination of low population sizes and demographic traits of top consumers could make them more sensitive to disturbances like climate change, which could slow their recovery. As top consumers are positioned at the top of the food chain, many small effects can accumulate from other trophic levels to affect top consumers. Finally, top consumers also often disperse more frequently and farther than prey, potentially leading to greater sensitivity to climate-induced changes in ranges and subsequent impacts on invaded communities. Overall, we expect that large, ectothermic top consumers and mobile predators might frequently be biotic multipliers of climate change. However, this prediction depends on the particular features of species, habitats, and ecosystems. In specific cases, herbivores, plants, or pathogens might be more sensitive than top consumers or have greater community impacts. To predict biotic multipliers, we need to compare sensitivities and impacts across trophic groups in a broader range of ecosystems as well as perform experiments that uncouple proposed mechanisms. Overall, the biotic multiplier concept offers an alternative prioritization scheme for research and conservation that includes impacts on communities and ecosystems.
Fate of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids: Modeling of Surfactant Effects

When a sufficient volume of an organic liquid is released into the environment, it may persist in the environment in the form of a residual saturation in either the unsaturated or the saturated zones of the subsurface. In the case of organic liquids less dense than water (referred to as LNAPLs, Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids), if the spill is of sufficient volume to reach the water table (Figure 1), some fraction of the liquid will remain as a residual saturation in the pores of the soil in the unsaturated zone. The liquid that reaches the water table will form a liquid lens, with some depression of the water table. As the volume of the LNAPL lens decreases, the water table may return to its original height, resulting in the formation of a residual saturation of the LNAPL in the aquifer medium (Weber, et al., 1991; Johnson, et al., 1989). If the liquid is a Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)—a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as trichloroethylene is an example—its fate in the soil above the water table is essentially the same as that of the LNAPL. Upon contact with the ground water, however, the chlorocarbon, being up to 60% more dense than water, can continue to move down through the aquifer, displacing the ground water (Figure 2). Within the aquifer, the chlorocarbon may also become trapped in pores of the aquifer medium by capillary forces. If the size of the spill is sufficient, pools of the chlorocarbon may collect in the aquifer on an impermeable layer. Though the chlorocarbon is immiscible with the ground water, it has sufficient solubility to contaminate the ground water to an unacceptable level. Chlorocarbon dissolved in the ground water will not only move away from the site of the residual saturation, but will also partition between the ground water and the solid phase of the aquifer as it moves away from the spill (Huling and Weaver, 1991). A residual saturation is particularly persistent in the environment because only a limited interfacial area may be exposed to the ground water; this has the effect of reducing the overall mass transfer rate away, from the site of the residual saturation which in turn increases the persistence of the contamination. In case of a residual saturation in a ground water environment, traditional pump-and-treat methods may require that many hundreds of pore volumes of water be circulated through the contaminated region before the residual saturation has been removed. This situation has led to an interest in the use of surfactants for enhancing the rate of removal of DNAPLs from a subsurface environment (Palmer and Fish, 1992).
Global Trade Linkages: National Security and Human Security

This chapter explores the linkages between international trade rules, national security, and various dimensions of human security, which includes the environment, labor, and human rights. It shows how and why such linkages emerged, describes who initiated and opposed them, and explains how they have affected the membership, terms, scope, and interpretations of global trade agreements. In contrast to several other essays in this volume, this chapter focuses not on regional or bilateral trade agreements, but on multilateral ones. It specifically explores trade policy linkages in the context of the International Trade Organization (ITO) , the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Hundred Years of Intelligence Testing: Moving from Traditional IQ to Second-Generation Intelligence Tests

This chapter provides an historical perspective on intelligence and IQ testing from 1917 to present day. Traditional IQ tests are compared to second generation measures on several important dimensions including profiles of test scores, fairness to minority groups, and relevance to academic interventions. The PASS neurocognitive theory of intelligence as measured by the Cognitive Assessment System (First and Second Editions) is described as having the strongest research base and the most viable approach.
Information Rates I

Before proceeding to generalizations of the various measures of information, entropy, and divergence to nondiscrete alphabets, we consider several properties of information and entropy rates of finite alphabet processes. We show that codes that produce similar outputs with high probability yield similar rates and that entropy and information rate, like ordinary entropy and information, are reduced by coding. The discussion introduces a basic tool of ergodic theory-the partition distance- and develops several versions of an early and fundamental result from information theory-Fano’s inequality. We obtain an ergodic theorem for information densities of finite alphabet processes as a simple application of the general ShannonMcMillan-Breiman theorem coupled with some definitions. In Chapter 6 these results easily provide L 1 ergodic theorems for information densities for more general processes.
Why do firms engage in CSR? An alternative perspective on factors impacting corporate giving

Despite several decades of research examining potential predictors of corporate social responsibility (CSR), researchers still lack a clear understanding of broader influencers of CSR, particularly...
A Cost-Optimization Framework for Planning Applied Environmental Science

Natural resource managers need information about the status and structure of complex environmental systems to meet society's dual demand for natural resource use and conservation. Applied scientists supply this information through monitoring and research efforts that can be expensive. The relationship between increasing investment in information and the attendant decline in probability of making bad decisions can be optimized to ensure that applied environmental research is cost effective. In the present article, I use straightforward analytical and numerical methods to explore conditions in which the value of information is less than the cost of obtaining it. As pressures on Earth's natural resources grow, managers will be called on increasingly to do more with less, which can be achieved with formal optimization. Implementing such optimizations will help ensure that formal decision-making tools are used to translate science into decisions, which will often require collaboration between biological scientists and social scientists.
A 10-Bit 20–40 GS/S ADC with 37 dB SNDR at 40 GHz Input Using First Order Sampling Bandwidth Calibration

An asynchronous 48× interleaved SAR ADC optimized for high SNDR above 20 GHz input frequency operating at 20–40 GS/s is presented. The ADC features an 8-channel interleaver with clock demultiplexing for enhanced bandwidth, a power- and area-optimized 2-stage SAR ADC, and bandwidth adjustment in the input sampling path. At 32 GS/s and 199 mW power consumption it achieves 47.3 dB SNDR near DC and 37.8 dB at 40 GHz input frequency with a core chip area of 0.16 mm2 in 14 nm FinFET CMOS technology.
Analysis of Different Sensor Performances in Impervious Surface Mapping

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) to provide consistent land cover and land cover change products for the nation since 2001. As one of products in the NLCD, the percent impervious surface area (ISA), which was estimated with Landsat imagery, represents the fraction of human-made impervious area in a 30-m grid and has been used to quantify urban land cover types and extents for the United States. However, it is still a challenge to clearly determine urban land cover intensity and extents using remote sensing data with spatial and spectral resolutions similar to Landsat in part because of highly heterogeneous features of urban land cover. Most urban areas, especially in low intensity development areas, exhibit sub-pixel characteristics that mix impervious surface with other land covers (e.g., grass and trees) in the 30-m resolution satellite imagery. Furthermore, the influence of highly heterogeneous features in many urban areas and how they alter the spectral signature of urban landscapes has not yet been fully studied. Recent advances in remote sensing technology have provided multiple spectral and spatial resolution data from several satellites including WorldView (WV), Sentinel-2, and the Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI). Remote sensing images having different spectral bands and high spatial resolution provide the potential to derive detailed information on the nature and properties of different surface materials on the urban ground. This study focuses on performance of mapping impervious surface using data collected from WorldView-3, Sentinel-2, and Landsat OLI. We compared ISA results estimated from these sensors and evaluated benefits and limitations of radiometric and spatial resolutions for mapping impervious surface in a study area on the Eastern corridor between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, where developed impervious surface containing both residential housings, office buildings, and roads, in the United States. The impact of different band combinations in Sentinel-2 imagery on mapping urban impervious surface and urban land cover was also evaluated.
The immediate effects of cervical spine manipulation on pain and biochemical markers in females with acute non-specific mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial

Study Design: Randomized clinical trial with pre-test, post-test control group design.Objectives: To examine the immediate effects of cervical spinal manipulation (CSM) on serum concentration of bi...
Mind games: Parental psychological control and emerging adults’ adjustment:

Although parental psychological control has been consistently linked with negative outcomes in the child and adolescent literature, little is known about how it functions during the developmental t...
Abaloparatide at the Same Dose Has the Same Effects on Bone as PTH (1‐34) in Mice

Abaloparatide, a novel analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP 1-34), became in 2017 the second osteoanabolic therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis. This study aims to compare the effects of PTH (1-34), PTHrP (1-36), and abaloparatide on bone remodeling in male mice. Intermittent daily subcutaneous injections of 80 μg/kg/d were administered to 4-month-old C57Bl/6J male mice for 6 weeks. During treatment, mice were followed by DXA-Piximus to assess changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in the whole body, femur, and tibia. At either 4 or 18 hours after the final injection, femurs were harvested for μCT analyses and histomorphometry, sera were assayed for bone turnover marker levels, and tibias were separated into cortical, trabecular, and bone marrow fractions for gene expression analyses. Our results showed that, compared with PTH (1-34), abaloparatide resulted in a similar increase in BMD at all sites, whereas no changes were found with PTHrP (1-36). With both PTH (1-34) and abaloparatide, μCT and histomorphometry analyses revealed similar increases in bone volume associated with an increased trabecular thickness, in bone formation rate as shown by P1NP serum level and in vivo double labeling, and in bone resorption as shown by CTX levels and osteoclast number. Gene expression analyses of trabecular and cortical bone showed that PTH (1-34) and abaloparatide led to different actions in osteoblast differentiation and activity, with increased Runx2, Col1A1, Alpl, Bsp, Ocn, Sost, Rankl/Opg, and c-fos at different time points. Abaloparatide seems to generate a faster response on osteoblastic gene expression than PTH (1-34). Taken together, abaloparatide at the same dose is as effective as PTH (1-34) as an osteoanabolic, with an increase in bone formation but also an increase in bone resorption in male mice. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Quantum Information with Structured Light

We investigate structured photons as carriers of quantum information. We describe our implementation of quantum cryptography with orbital angular momentum, and present our results on efficient implementation of quantum state tomography for structured light fields.
Tuning Communication Latency for Distributed Model Predictive Control

Abstract This paper presents a distributed MPC scheme for the class of input-coupled linear systems implemented over wireless networks. The approach allows each agent to achieve reduced communication latency by sending less information to their neighbours. Uncertainties incurred by this delayed and incomplete information are handled by a constraint tightening procedure. Simulation examples demonstrate that for distributed systems with chain structure, our tightening method is invariant to the number of agents in the network. Moreover, we show that by a proper tuning of latency, an optimized control performance can be achieved.
Racial/ethnic differences in circulating natriuretic peptide levels: The Diabetes Prevention Program

Natriuretic peptides are cardiac-derived hormones that enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce fat accumulation. Low natriuretic peptide levels are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2); a condition with variable prevalence across racial/ethnic groups. Few studies have examined whether circulating natriuretic peptide levels and their response to preventive interventions for DM2 differ by race/ethnicity. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) is a clinical trial (July 31, 1996- July 31, 2001) that randomized participants to preventive interventions for DM2. Using stored serum samples, we examined N-terminus pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in 3,220 individuals (56% white; 19% African-American; 15% Hispanic; 5% American-Indian; 5% Asian). The influence of race/ethnicity on NT-proBNP concentrations at baseline and after two years of treatment with placebo, lifestyle, or metformin was examined with multivariable-adjusted regression. At baseline, NT-proBNP differed significantly by race (P < .001), with the lowest values in African-American individuals. Hispanic individuals also had lower baseline NT-proBNP levels compared with whites (P< .001), while NT-proBNP levels were similar between white, American-Indian, and Asian individuals. At two years of follow-up, NT-proBNP levels decreased in African-Americans in each of the DPP study arms, whereas they were stable or increased in the other racial/ethnic groups. In the DPP, African-American individuals had lower circulating NT-proBNP levels compared with individuals in other racial/ethnic groups at baseline and after two years of preventive interventions. Further studies should examine the cardio-metabolic implications of lower natriuretic peptide levels in African-Americans. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00004992.
Screening practices for nontuberculous mycobacteria at US cystic fibrosis centers

Abstract Background Current guidelines recommend at least once yearly screening for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), however screening practices remain widely variable. This study evaluates current practices among United States CF centers with specific focus on clinical predictive factors for NTM screening. Methods The CF Patient Registry (CFFPR) was queried for CF patients ages 10 and older with NTM cultures completed between 2010–2014. Predictors for screening were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Centers were evaluated by groups based on screening rates for analysis of clinical drivers of screening. Results From 2010–2014 a total of 22,739 patients were identified with 17,177 (75.5%) tested for NTM during this time. In the overall cohort, those who were tested for NTM had lower pulmonary function (70.7% vs 83.9%), higher annual average of visits with pulmonary exacerbations (1.0 vs 0.3), and higher rate of coinfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) as well as Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among CF centers, pulmonary function, exacerbations, and coinfections with PA and MRSA were predictive of NTM screening in the lower screening cohort while pulmonary function was not predictive of screening in the highest screening cohort. Those programs who screened at a higher rate were successful in identifying NTM in more CF patients. Conclusion NTM screening practices vary widely among United States CF centers with many centers testing only on clinical changes. With higher rates of testing shown as successful in identifying more patients with NTM, routine screening should be emphasized in CF care going forward.
Sexual orientation occupational stereotypes

Abstract Analyses of objective data from census and nationally representative samples illustrate that numerical occupational segregation by sexual orientation has existed for decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate subjective perceptions of these and other occupations to determine the statistical validity of sexual orientation occupational stereotypes. Drawing from social cognitive career theory (SCCT), we measured perceptions of gender, prestige, and sexual orientation for 60 occupations. Participants (N=396) with experience in hiring and recruitment were surveyed and, as expected, many occupations were gender stereotyped and differed in prestige ratings. Male-typed occupations were rated higher in prestige than female-typed occupations. Regarding sexual orientation stereotypes, some occupations were perceived as ‘gay jobs’, but no occupations were perceived as ‘lesbian jobs’. Gender of the participant was a significant predictor of two jobs that were sexual orientation stereotyped, make-up artist and fashion designer. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.
Infectious Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

The clearance of both tumors and microbes depends on highly coordinated immune responses that are sufficiently potent to kill malignant or microbial cells while avoiding immunopathology from an overly exuberant inflammatory response. A molecular understanding of the immune pathways that regulate these responses paved the way for the development of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) as a therapeutic strategy to boost endogenous antitumor immunity. CPIs have demonstrated survival benefits across a wide spectrum of cancers. While infectious complications of CPIs are uncommon, immune-related adverse events occur frequently and often require immunosuppressive therapies that increase the risk of infection.
Blue light protection, part II-Ingredients and performance testing methods.

Background There are numerous cosmetic ingredients that have been identified to have blue light protection benefits. The urge to learn more about blue light protection claims has led to several substantiation test methods that can be utilized by companies to prove product efficacy. Aims Part II of this article provides up-to-date information on cosmetic ingredients that can provide protection from blue light, and methods companies can use to substantiate blue light protection claims. Methods An Internet search was completed using the Google Scholar database and a cosmetic ingredient supplier database (UL Prospector) for ingredients and relevant literature. Results Multiple ingredient categories, for example, algae-derived ingredients, UV filters, botanical extracts, antioxidants, and vitamins, are available on the market to fight against blue light-induced skin damage. There is not a formal standardized method to test for blue light protection; however, spectrophotometers, imaging devices, measuring oxidative stress, and visual evaluations are some of the methods being used today. Conclusions The number of ingredients launched for blue light protection and new methods developed to test products for blue light protection claims is expected to increase in the near future as we are learning more about the mechanism of damage that occurs in the skin upon blue light exposure.
How Well Does Subjective Cognitive Decline Correspond to Objectively Measured Cognitive Decline? Assessment of 10-12 Year Change.

Background Although not strongly correlated with current objective cognitive ability, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Most studies focus on SCD in relation to future decline rather than objective prior decline that it purportedly measures. Objective We evaluated whether self-report of cognitive decline-as a continuous measure-corresponds to objectively-assessed episodic memory and executive function decline across the same period. Methods 1,170 men completed the Everyday Cognition Questionnaire (ECog) at mean age 68 assessing subjective changes in cognitive ability relative to 10 years prior. A subset had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but MCI was diagnosed without regard to subjective decline. Participants completed up to 3 objective assessments of memory and executive function (M = 56, 62, and 68 years). Informant-reported ECogs were completed for 1,045 individuals. Analyses controlled for depression and anxiety symptoms assessed at mean age 68. Results Participant-reported ECog scores were modestly associated with objective decline for memory (β= -0.23, 95%CI [-0.37, -0.10]) and executive function (β= -0.19, 95%CI [-0.33, -0.05]) over the same time period. However, these associations were nonsignificant after excluding MCI cases. Results were similar for informant ratings. Participant-rated ECog scores were more strongly associated with concurrent depression and anxiety symptoms, (β= 0.44, 95%CI [0.36, 0.53]). Conclusion Continuous SCD scores are correlated with prior objective cognitive changes in non-demented individuals, though this association appears driven by individuals with current MCI. However, participants' current depression and anxiety ratings tend to be strongly associated with their SCD ratings. Thus, what primarily drives SCD ratings remains unclear.
The Effect of Reduced Access to Chiropractic Care on Medical Service Use for Spine Conditions Among Older Adults

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which access to chiropractic care affects medical service use among older adults with spine conditions. Methods We used Medicare claims data to identify a cohort of 39,278 older adult chiropractic care users who relocated during 2010-2014 and thus experienced a change in geographic access to chiropractic care. National Plan and Provider Enumeration System data were used to determine chiropractor per population ratios across the United States. A reduction in access to chiropractic care was defined as decreasing 1 quintile or more in chiropractor per population ratio after relocation. Using a difference-in-difference analysis (before versus after relocation), we compared the use of medical services among those who experienced a reduction in access to chiropractic care versus those who did not. Results Among those who experienced a reduction in access to chiropractic care (versus those who did not), we observed an increase in the rate of visits to primary care physicians for spine conditions (an annual increase of 32.3 visits, 95% CI: 1.4-63.1 per 1,000) and rate of spine surgeries (an annual increase of 5.5 surgeries, 95% CI: 1.3-9.8 per 1,000). Considering the mean cost of a visit to a primary care physician and spine surgery, a reduction in access to chiropractic care was associated with an additional cost of $114,967 per 1,000 beneficiaries on medical services ($391 million nationally). Conclusions Among older adults, reduced access to chiropractic care is associated with an increase in the use of some medical services for spine conditions.
Automated Environment Reduction for Debugging Robotic Systems

Complex environments can cause robots to fail. Identifying the key elements of the environment associated with such failures is critical for faster fault isolation and, ultimately, debugging those failures. In this work we present the first automated approach for reducing the environment in which a robot failed. Similar to software debugging techniques, our approach systematically performs a partition of the environment space causing a failure, executes the robot in each partition containing a reduced environment, and further partitions reduced environments that still lead to a failure. The technique is novel in the spatial-temporal partition strategies it employs, and in how it manages the potential different robot behaviors occurring under the same environments. Our study of a ground robot on three failure scenarios finds that environment reductions of over 95% are achievable within a 2-hour window.
Infrafloccular approach effectively prevents hearing complication in microvascular decompression surgery for hemifacial spasm.

OBJECTIVE The infrafloccular approach in microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery for hemifacial spasm (HFS) was investigated for the prevention of hearing complications. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 136 patients who underwent MVD for HFS in 2019. The infrafloccular approach for MVD was adopted to resolve the symptom and protect hearing function. Postoperative hearing function was evaluated subjectively and objectively within 30 postoperative days, and later mainly subjectively. Postoperative condition of mastoid air cells based on the CT scan of the following day was also recorded. RESULTS No final postoperative subjective hearing impairment was found in all patients. Mastoid air cells were opened in 105 patients, and subjective hearing impairment was recorded in 57 patients within 30 postoperative days, but all improved later. Increases in thresholds of greater than 10 dB in air conduction were observed in 28 patients, including 26 of transient conductive hearing loss (increases in the threshold of less than or equal to 10 dB). The other 2 patients with increases in the threshold of greater than 10 dB in both air and bone conduction had improvement confirmed by later audiometry. CONCLUSIONS Infrafloccular approach in MVD for HFS provides a good hearing outcome. Inclusion of postoperative hearing conditions in the later period is ideal for a precise hearing evaluation.
Association of Reproductive History With Brain MRI Biomarkers of Dementia Risk in Midlife.

Objective To examine associations between indicators of estrogen exposure from women's reproductive history and brain MRI biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in midlife. Methods We evaluated 99 cognitively normal women ages 52 + 6 years, and 29 men ages 52 + 7 years, with reproductive history data, neuropsychological testing, and volumetric MRI scans. We used multiple regressions to examine associations between reproductive history indicators, voxel-wise gray matter volume (GMV), memory and global cognition scores, adjusting for demographics and midlife health indicators. Exposure variables were menopause status, age at menarche, age at menopause, reproductive span, hysterectomy status, number of children and pregnancies, use of menopause hormonal therapy (HT) and hormonal contraceptives (HC). Results All menopausal groups exhibited lower GMV in AD-vulnerable regions as compared to men, with peri-menopausal and post-menopausal groups also exhibiting lower GMV in temporal cortex as compared to the pre-menopausal group. Reproductive span, number of children and pregnancies, use of HT and HC were positively associated with GMV, chiefly in temporal cortex, frontal cortex, and precuneus, independent of age, APOE-4 status, and midlife health indicators. Although reproductive history indicators were not directly associated with cognitive measures, GMV in temporal regions was positively associated with memory and global cognition scores. Conclusions Reproductive history events signaling more estrogen exposure, such as pre-menopausal status, longer reproductive span, higher number of children, use of HT and HC, were associated with larger GMV in midlife women. Further studies are needed to elucidate sex-specific biological pathways through which reproductive history influences cognitive aging and AD-risk.
Making career change: transition as a result of cumulative trauma in physical therapy

Rehabilitation professionals are required in many work situations to lift considerable weight. Therapists move patients regularly which may cause a sort of cumulative trauma disorder. Realization of performance limitations due to pain, may cause emotional responses such as mood changes and loss of concentration as well as stimulating the adaptive process. This is a case study of a physical therapist's transition from a full case load of neuorlogical patients, parenting and homemaking, through considering available alternatives to career decision time.
NMDA receptors in alcoholism.

Abstract Alcohol dependence (“alcoholism”) is diagnosed based in part on the development of physiological adaptations to alcohol (ethanol) including tolerance and dependence, and loss of control over alcohol intake. It is believed that alcohol is initially ingested for its reinforcing effects (positive or negative), and that adaptive changes in the brain in response to alcohol exposure contribute to the development of alcohol dependence. In searching for a neurochemical basis for the effects of alcohol that lead to addiction, much work has focused on the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor, which is very sensitive to inhibition by low concentrations of alcohol. This chapter reviews studies of the molecular mechanism of alcohol inhibition of NMDA receptor function, which may involve changes in phosphorylation of the receptor or associated proteins, as well as evidence for a role of the NMDA receptor in the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Further, the changes in NMDA receptor function that occur after chronic ethanol exposure or ingestion, as well as the role of these changes in the development of dependence and “craving” for alcohol are discussed. The potential for using compounds that modify NMDA receptor function as therapeutic agents to ameliorate the addictive properties of alcohol is also addressed.
A 1.6 Gb/s CMOS phase-frequency locked loop for timing recovery

A fully monolithic phase-frequency locked loop (PFLL) for timing recovery applications is implemented in a 0.25 /spl mu/m digital CMOS technology. The circuit uses a digital phase-frequency detector (PFD) which provides a wide frequency acquisition capability with NRZ data inputs. An on-chip charge-pump loop filter is used to minimize jitter. The total power consumption is 250 mW from 2.5 V at 1.6 Gb/s.
Polynomial-time learning with version spaces

Although version spaces provide a useful conceptual tool for inductive concept learning, they often face severe computational difficulties when implemented. For example, the G set of traditional boundary-set implementations of version spaces can have size exponential in the amount of data for even the most simple conjunctive description languages [Haussler, 1988]. This paper presents a new representation for version spaces that is more general than the traditional boundary-set representation, yet has worst-case time complexity that is polynomial in the amount of data when used for learning from attribute-value data with tree-structured feature hierarchies (which includes languages like Haussler's). The central idea underlying this new representation is to maintain the traditional S boundary set as usual, but use a list N of negative data rather than keeping a G set as is typically done.
Grace by Body Clues.

Grace by Body Clues crosses the boundaries between art making, dance, poetry, healing and interdisciplinary expressive arts. A basic premise in the field of expressive arts is that involvement in the arts is therapeutic and that layering experiences from several arts modalities can enrich one's perspective and deepen the felt sense of healing. At the heart of this manuscript are poems—grappling with professional identity, deeply personal life issues, and early formative memories.
Transplantation of Psoriatic Skin onto Nude Mice

Involved psoriatic epidermis maintains its histologic appearance, increased labeling index, and increased level of plasminogen activator after grafting onto athymic nude mice. Epidermis from clinically uninvolved psoriatic skin develops an increase in plasminogen activator activity after grafting for 6 weeks on nude mice and demonstrates an increased labeling index. Normal control skin maintains its low level of plasminogen activator and labeling index after grafting. These results indicate that psoriatic skin can maintain and develop markers of psoriatic skin independent of the host.
n-p charge exchange as a polarization analyzer or source of high energy polarized beams

Abstract It is noted that on very simple and plausible assumptions, one may infer from the measurements of the differential cross-section at 8 GeV/c that n-p charge exchange scattering with 0.25 ≲ −t ≲ 0.5 (GeV/c) 2 is a good polarization analyzer or, with polarized target, a source of longitudinally polarized beams.
N -color Ashkin-Teller model

We study a model Hamiltonian consisting of $N$ Ising models coupled pairwise through a four-spin interaction ${K}_{4}$. When $N=2$ this model is the well-known Ashkin-Teller model which shows nonuniversal critical behavior in two dimensions in the neighborhood of ${K}_{4}=0$. To see if this behavior persists for $N\ensuremath{\ne}2$ we perform a first-order-perturbation expansion around the decoupling point in two dimensions. As an aid in interpreting the results of this perturbation expansion we have determined the phase diagram of the system through mean-field theory and Monte Carlo studies in both two and three dimensions for $N=3$. The results show that $N=2$ is special because the coupling between Ising models is marginal over a range of values of ${K}_{4}$. We discuss the effect of the coupling ${K}_{4}$ for $N\ensuremath{\ne}2$.
Techniques of sclerotherapy for sunburst venous blemishes

Sunburst varicosities of the lower extremities are unattractive and objectionable to many women. The treatment and eradication by sclerotherapy is simple, effective, and safe. The sclerosing agent of my choice is hypertonic saline since it is easily available, nonallergenic, inexpensive, and very effective.