cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Party: Evidence from the State Legislatures

American legislative studies in recent years have been occupied to a large degree with the question of the effects of political parties on the policy behavior of elected legislators, with most of the research focusing on the U.S. Congress. We undertake a comparative analysis of state legislatures for a window into the character and extent of party's effects. Specifically, we compare the impact of party on the partisan polarization and dimensionality of campaign issue stances and roll call voting in the Kansas Senate and the largely comparable, though nonpartisan, Nebraska Unicameral. This comparison offers us a nice quasi-experiment to assess the impact of party by establishing a baseline condition in Nebraska for what happens when party is absent. We argue that party lends order to conflict, producing the ideological low-dimensional space that is a trademark of American politics. Where parties are not active in the legislature—Nebraska is our test case—the clear structure found in partisan politics disappears. This works to sever the connection between voters and their elected representatives and, with it, the likelihood of electoral accountability that is essential for the health of liberal democracy.
A novel O(1) parallel deadlock detection algorithm and architecture for multi-unit resource systems

This paper introduces a novel O(1) parallel deadlock detection approach for multi-unit resource system-on-a-chips (SoCs), inspired by Kimpsilas method in O(1) detection as well as Shiupsilas method in parallel processing. Our contributions are (i) the first O(1) hardware deadlock detection and (ii) O(min(m, n)) preparation, both for multi-unit resource systems, where m and n are the number of processes and resources, respectively. O(min(m, n)), previously O(m times n), is achieved by performing all the searches for sink nodes for each and every resource in parallel in hardware over a matrix representing resource allocations as well as other auxiliary matrices. Our experiments demonstrate that deadlock detection always takes two clock cycles.
Iterating between lessons on concepts and procedures can improve mathematics knowledge

Background Knowledge of concepts and procedures seems to develop in an iterative fashion, with increases in one type of knowledge leading to increases in the other type of knowledge. This suggests that iterating between lessons on concepts and procedures may improve learning. Aims The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the instructional benefits of an iterative lesson sequence compared to a concepts-before-procedures sequence for students learning decimal place-value concepts and arithmetic procedures. Samples In two classroom experiments, sixth-grade students from two schools participated (N = 77 and 26). Method Students completed six decimal lessons on an intelligent-tutoring systems. In the iterative condition, lessons cycled between concept and procedure lessons. In the concepts-first condition, all concept lessons were presented before introducing the procedure lessons. Results In both experiments, students in the iterative condition gained more knowledge of arithmetic procedures, including ability to transfer the procedures to problems with novel features. Knowledge of concepts was fairly comparable across conditions. Finally, pre-test knowledge of one type predicted gains in knowledge of the other type across experiments. Conclusions An iterative sequencing of lessons seems to facilitate learning and transfer, particularly of mathematical procedures. The findings support an iterative perspective for the development of knowledge of concepts and procedures.
Preoperative Mobilization of Circulating Dendritic Cells by Flt3 Ligand Administration to Patients With Metastatic Colon Cancer

PURPOSE: To evaluate preoperative dendritic cell (DC) mobilization and tumor infiltration after administration of Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) to patients with metastatic colon cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with colon cancer metastatic to the liver or lung received Flt3L (20 μg/kg/d subcutaneously for 14 days for one to three cycles at monthly intervals) before attempted metastasectomy. The number and phenotype of DCs mobilized into peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated by flow cytometry. After surgical resection, metastatic tumor tissue was evaluated for DC infiltration. In vivo immune responses to recall antigens were measured. RESULTS: After Flt3L administration, on average, the total number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood increased from 5.9 ± 1.0 × 103/mm3 to 11.2 ± 3.8 × 103/mm3 (mean ± SD, P = .0001). The percentage of CD11c+CD14− DCs in PBMCs increased from 2.4% ± 1.8% to 8.8% ± 4.7% (P = .004). Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to recall antigens (Candi...
The Long Reach of Early Childhood Poverty

Most poor children achieve less, exhibit more problem behaviors, and are less healthy than children reared in more affluent families. We look beyond correlations such as these to a recent set of US-based studies that attempt to assess the causal impact of childhood poverty on later attainment. We pay particular attention to the potentially harmful effects of poverty early in childhood and to links between early poverty and such adult outcomes as earnings, work hours, criminal arrests, and health status. Evidence suggests that early poverty has substantial detrimental effects on school achievement, adult earnings, and work hours, but on neither general adult health nor such behavioral outcomes as out-of-wedlock childbearing and arrests.
Religious Liberty and the Employment Sections of the Equality Act 2010

Religious liberty is rightly called the “first freedom.” This is not only because it was the first to develop historically, but also because it involves human beings’ most fundamental identity. When peoples’ beliefs are imposed on them, they cannot be free in any meaningful sense of the term. But the individual’s freedom to believe carries two vital corollaries. One is that she must be able to put those beliefs into practice. The other is that religious liberty has a collective as well as an individual dimension. Many religions require that people form groups in order to worship and engage in other religious activities. Thus, in a polity committed to religious liberty, religious organizations must be able to claim rights alongside individuals.
A Novel Method of Ascospore Discharge

It has been generally observed that ascospores are discharged commonly from the apex of the ascus which ruptures at this point just before the ascospores are liberated. A few forms, such as Claz,iceps, have also been reported where the ascospores are discharged through the lower end of the ascus when it is torn from the perithecial base. A still different method of ascospore discharge, however, has recently been observed in certain Pyrenophora species. These have developed on the leaves and stems of Bromus and Agyropyron repens which earlier showed Helminthosporiun lesions and are regarded as the perfect stages of these Helminthosporium species. Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rab., studied on various hosts has shown the same phenomenon. In these cases, the ascospore discharge is preceded by a modification of the ascus and the spores are then liberated from the side of the ascus.
Decreased Antiviral Effect of Phosphonoacetic Acid on the Poikilothermic Herpesvirus of Channel Catfish Disease

SummaryBoth the laboratory adapted Auburn strain and a recently isolated wild-type strain of channel catfish herpesvirus (CCV) were found to be inhibited by phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) when replicated in catfish cell cultures. The inhibition of virus cytopathic effect by PAA exhibited a direct relationship between the multiplicity of infection and amount of drug required. However, in this poikilothermic system up to 20 times the amount of PAA required for inhibition of homeothermic herpesvirus systems was found necessary to inhibit CCV cytopathology.
Stretch modulates amiloride sensitivity and cation selectivity of sodium channels in human B lymphocytes

Stretch-mediated regulation of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels was examined in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B lymphocytes. Cation conductances were measured using whole cell patch-clamp te...
Guidelines for Healthy Eating

Only since the 1940s has the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine provided recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for Americans, and not until 1993 were the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) supplied. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was launched in the 1960s for the purpose of monitoring the dietary intake of the US population on a regular basis and identifying nutrients of concern. These data now represent the backbone of ongoing dietary surveillance in this country. In 1980, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) published the first US Dietary Guidelines for Americans that are reviewed and updated every 5 years. The NHANES data help to measure population-wide adherence to these guidelines as well as provide evidence of nutrient inadequacies and excesses. With advances in diet assessment methodology and biostatistical analyses, research has provided evidence beyond single nutrients to include whole foods, food groups, and even eating patterns. These data juxtaposed with technological advances in measuring biomarkers, metabolites, and the microbiome offer and ever-increasing awareness of the importance of diet and eating behaviors in achieving optimal health and reducing risk for chronic diseases. A review of current dietary guidelines based on extensive systematic reviews conducted by major national health and medical organizations is provided and their commonalities and differences are discussed.
Sanitation and the Food Industry

Large-volume food processing, retail, and preparation operations have increased the need for sanitary practices and hygienic conditions in the food industry. Even in hygienically designed plants, foods can be contaminated with spoilage microorganisms or those causing foodborne illness if proper sanitary practices are not properly and routinely followed.
Alien Gene Transfection and the Immune Response to Tumors

The treatment of metastatic cancer remains the preeminent problem in neoplasia. Despite significant advances in our understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, our ability to translate these findings into clinical treatment remains limited. While these molecular studies evolve, the more immediate need for new treatment modalities has led to a more intense evaluation of current approaches to therapy, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. In addition, we have also seen a resurgent interest in immunotherapy, which has led to promising approaches in some diseases. Unfortunately, the goal of developing specific systemic immunotherapy remains elusive. In this manuscript we will describe some ideas we have used in our attempt to treat established metastases in murine models.
Overcoming formulation challenges for the next generation of vaccines

When you have worked for a long time at something with only limited success, you must begin to ask yourself the reason you have not met your goals. Is it because your goals are unrealistic, the pre...
Efficient identification of multicycle false path

Due to false paths and multicycle paths in a circuit, using only topological delay to determine the clock period could be too conservative. In this paper, we address the timing analysis problem by considering both single-cycle and multicycle operations. We give a precise definition of multicycle false paths and provide the necessary conditions for multicycle sensitizable paths. We then propose an efficient algorithm to identify multicycle false paths. By considering both single-cycle and multicycle false paths, we could derive a shorter clock period than that determined by existing methods. Finally, we propose an algorithm to compute the valid clock period and demonstrate the improvement in clock frequency by taking multicycle false paths into account.
Chemical and electrochemical conditions within stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue cracks

In the area of environment assisted cracking, literature aimed at understanding the chemical and electrochemical conditions at/near the crack tip establishes that the crack tip is occluded and not well represented by bulk conditions. A review of the relevant literature, both modeling and experimental, is presented here and shows that crack tip conditions are determined by the balance between high metal ion concentrations resulting from crack tip anodic reactions and subsequent hydrolysis, mass transport (including ion migration, diffusion, and advection), and electrochemical polarization of the bold surface, which determines the extent of anodic and cathodic reactions occurring in the crack environment. Under both freely corroding conditions and anodic polarizations, the crack tip pH decreases with increasing polarization above the freely corroding condition, most often leading to a very acidic crack environment. Under sufficient cathodic polarization, the crack tip pH increases. Because of high-anion and -cation concentrations in the crack environment, an IR drop down the crack exists, leaving the crack tip relatively unpolarizable. Ion migration enhances the occluded nature of the crack tip by supplying anions from the bulk solution to maintain electroneutrality at the crack tip. Diffusion to counteract this concentration gradient is minimal and only plays a role in crack tip conditions at very small crack lengths. When cyclic loading conditions are encountered, the occluded nature of the crack tip can be counteracted by advection; although, the role decreases with decreasing f and increasing R, essentially as corrosion fatigue conditions approach those of stress corrosion cracking.
Effect of straight micro fins on heat transfer and pressure drop of R410A during evaporation in round tubes

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present the influence of straight micro-fins on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. R410A flow boiling experiments were conducted in both smooth tube and the axial micro-finned tube. Data are taken at 10 °C saturation temperature for the vapor quality from 0.1 to 0.9, mass flux from 100 to 450 kg/s-m2, and heat flux from 10 to 20 kW/m2. The results in the smooth tube were compared with several correlations and used as a baseline. It was observed that straight micro-fin structure played an important role in the evaporative heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient was significantly enhanced in the axial micro-finned tube, whose enhancement factor ranged from 1.03 to 1.48 with average of 1.34. As the mass flux and vapor quality was low, the straight micro-fins had stronger influence of the heat transfer coefficient since the liquid-phase refrigerant was easily trapped in the grooves of the axial micro-finned tube. The pressure drop penalty factor of the axial micro-finned tube ranged from 0.66 to 1.6, and the average was around 1.23.
Estimating Crown Biomass in Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Carolina Flatwoods

Diameter at breast height, crown class, total height, height to base of live crown and dry weight of crown components from whorls at measured heights were sampled from trees on 182 plots in North and South Carolina in summer, 1977. Equations were derived to estimate crown branchwood, needle and total dry weight for branches, trees and stands. The branch model is based on a logarithmic transformation of Huxley's allometric equation, giving dry weight as a function of branch basal diameter, relative height of the branch and stand age. The tree model uses either diameter at breast height and crown ratio, or diameter at breast height, age and stand basal area as independent variables. Crown mass per acre is predicted from site index, age and stand basal area. The accuracy and precision of the procedures were evaluated using an independent set of data and found to be satisfactory at the 1% level. Trends of crown biomass change were investigated and results suggest that it forms a smaller proportion of total biomass on higher quality sites.
Strain Stabilization of Superionicity in Copper and Lithium Selenides

Superionic (SI) phases have utility as solid electrolytes for next generation battery technology, but these phases are typically not stable at room temperature. Our density functional theory calculations demonstrate that compressive lattice strain can stabilize SI phases of Cu2Se and Li2Se, two potential solid electrolytes. Electronic and bonding insights into this effect are obtained. In the ordered, non-SI phase, cations are localized primarily in tetrahedral (T) interstices with little access to the higher-energy octahedral (O) sites, but 1–2% compressive strain promotes attractive stabilization of the O cations with 6-fold coordination to Se anions, at the expense of the stability of 4-fold-coordinated T cations. In such compressed lattices, cations can access both T and O sites, resulting in a cation-disordered, SI phase. Thus, lattice strain is demonstrated as a handle for controlling ionic structure and transport and accomplishing ambient temperature superionicity.
The Moderating Effects of Rumination Facets on the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Distress Reduction

Mindfulness-based interventions have many applications, including as a productive alternative to repetitive thoughts. Rumination includes two factors: brooding (moody, maladaptive thinking) and reflection (adaptive attempt to overcome problems). Literature suggests mindfulness interventions reduce ruminative thoughts, but technique effectiveness requires examination. Our study assessed whether mindfulness techniques differ with respect to distress reduction in the context of brooding versus reflective styles. Students (N = 228) completed questionnaires, negative mood manipulation, and a one-session mindfulness training that required either focused attention or open monitoring. Induced distress was reduced in both conditions, but brooding moderated the relationship between condition and distress reduction. Reflection was not a moderator. The findings support the idea that even a modest dose of mindfulness exercise aids in reducing induced negative emotions. Focused mindfulness may be more beneficial for reducing distress in individuals who report high levels of brooding, whereas either technique may reduce distress in individuals who reflect.
Enhancing the biodegradation rate of poly(lactic acid) films and PLA bio-nanocomposites in simulated composting through bioaugmentation

Abstract Biodegradable polymers provide an opportunity to divert plastic waste from landfills, with composting as an alternative disposal route. However, some biodegradable polymers, such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA), do not biodegrade as fast as other organic wastes during composting, affecting their general acceptance in industrial composting facilities. Bioaugmentation, the addition of specific microbial strains, is a promising technique to accelerate the biodegradation of compostable plastics, so that they biodegrade in comparable time frames with other organic materials. In this study, we evaluated the effect of bioaugmentation on the biodegradation of PLA and PLA bio-nanocomposites (BNCs) in simulated composting conditions. PLA, PLA with 5% organo-modified montmorillonite (PLA-OMMT5), and PLA with 0.4% surfactant (PLA-QAC0.4) films were produced and fully characterized. PLA-degrading bacteria were isolated through an enrichment technique with PLA as the sole carbon source at 58 °C. Isolates were identified as Geobacillus using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and the NCBI database, and further used to study the effect of bioaugmentation on the biodegradation rate of PLA and BNCs in solid environments. The biotic and abiotic degradation was assessed in compost, inoculated vermiculite, and uninoculated vermiculite at 58 °C by analysis of evolved CO2 using an in-house built direct measurement respirometer. Size exclusion chromatography was also used to measure and to monitor the change in molecular weight of the film samples retrieved every week during the biodegradation test. The microbial attachment on the surface of PLA of the isolated microbial strain and other microorganisms present in the compost was evaluated by a biofilm forming assay in wells incubated at 58 °C. Bioaugmentation with Geobacillus increased the evolution of CO2 and accelerated the biodegradation phase of PLA and BNCs when tested in compost and inoculated vermiculite with compost mixed culture. Bioaugmentation could commercially be used to accelerate the biodegradation of PLA in compost environments.
The Soviet debate on missile defense

Recent U.S. arguments over the Strategic Defense Initiative have ignored changes in Soviet policy on ballistic missile defense. While united in opposing SDI, Soviet leaders disagree on how to respond.
The Role of Competition in Long-Term Forest Dynamics

Species interactions, their dispersal, and the physical environment are generally considered to be three primary factors responsible for structuring communities (Diamond and Case 1986; Roughgarden and Diamond 1986). In recent years, however, traditional community theory has been called into question by the results of investigations that find little or no evidence of density dependence or interspecific competition (Strong 1984). The typical interpretation of niche theory (Hutchinson 1957) has been that, where two species do not today occupy similar niches, their differences may be attributed to competitive interactions sometime in the past that led to divergence (Giller 1984). This explanation of the cause of present-day community structure has been termed “the ghost of competition past” (Connell 1980; Rosenzweig 1979a,b, 1981). Because of the difficulty in obtaining empirical evidence to demonstrate the importance of past competition to present-day niche separation or resource partitioning between species (Tilman 1982; Diamond 1986), the validity of this assumption has been challenged (Rosenzweig 1981; Simberloff 1981, 1984; Strong 1984).
The effect of body position, sedation, and thoracic bandaging on functional residual capacity in healthy deep-chested dogs

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of body position, chest wrap, and sedation on functional residual capacity (FRC) in 6 healthy dogs. Functional residual capacity was determined by helium dilution (re-breathing) whilst in different clinically relevant conditions. These conditions included the standing (sternal) and lateral positions in unsedated dogs and then again both standing and lateral following chest bandaging, and sedation with acepromazine, IV and butorphanol, IV. The mean FRC at each measurement point was determined, as was the change in FRC (delta FRC) from one measurement point to another. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures with Fisher’s LSD post hoc test was used to evaluate the effect of interventions. The differences in delta FRC were evaluated using a t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The mean FRC at baseline, defined as standing, unsedated and unwrapped, was 75.3 ± 23.8 mL/kg. Body position or sedation had the most profound effect on FRC with right lateral recumbency lowering FRC by a median of 20.4 mL/kg and sedation lowering FRC by a median of 19.8 mL/kg. Common clinical procedures and positioning result in lowered FRC in healthy deep-chested dogs. In critically ill or injured dogs, the iatrogenic loss of FRC through chest bandaging, sedation, or body position may be clinically relevant.
Poverty in Childhood and Adolescence

The number of children in the United States who grow up in conditions of chronic poverty and social disadvantage remains a tragedy of epidemic proportions. Currently, approximately one out of every five children under age 18 lives in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2003). Further, the overall numbers grew by approximately 400,000 from 2001 to 2002, to exceed 12 million children and youth who now live below the poverty line. When those who are considered “near poor”—calculated by the U.S. Census as those who have household incomes of less than 1.25 times the poverty income level—the percentage of all children below the age of 18 in the United States who experience serious economic hardship each day edges close to one fourth (22.3) of all children and youth. Poverty rates among minority children are even higher, with this level of severe economic disadvantage affecting approximately 30% of both Hispanic and African American children (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2003). Studies of the effects of poverty and other forms of socioeconomic disadvantage have underscored the potentially devastating impact that these conditions can have on the emotional, physical, and intellectual development of children and youth (cf. Mrazek & Haggarty, 1994; Felner et al., 1991; Felner, Silverman, & Adan, 1992).
Characterization of the Clostridium thermocellum AdhE, NfnAB, ferredoxin and Pfor proteins for their ability to support high titer ethanol production in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum

Abstract The thermophilic anaerobes Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and Clostridium thermocellum are good candidates for lignocellulosic ethanol production. T. saccharolyticum has been successfully engineered to produce ethanol at high titer (70 g/L). The maximum ethanol titer of engineered strains of C. thermocellum is only 25 g/L. We hypothesize that one or more of the enzymes in the ethanol production pathway in C. thermocellum is not adequate for ethanol production at high titer. In this study, we focused on the enzymes responsible for the part of the ethanol production pathway from pyruvate to ethanol. In T. saccharolyticum, we replaced all of the genes encoding proteins in this pathway with their homologs from C. thermocellum and examined what combination of gene replacements restricted ethanol titer. We found that a pathway consisting of Ct_nfnAB, Ct_fd, Ct_adhE and Ts_pforA was sufficient to support ethanol titer greater than 50 g/L, however replacement of Ts_pforA by Ct_pfor1 dramatically decreased the maximum ethanol titer to 14 g/L. We then demonstrated that the reason for reduced ethanol production is that the Ct_pfor1 is inhibited by accumulation of ethanol and NADH, while Ts_pforA is not.
Medical Countermeasures: A Stitch in Time Saves Nine.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses the journal's special supplement entitled "Public Health Emergencies: Unpacking Medical Countermeasures Management for Preparedness and Response," and it mentions medical personnel training, medications, and pandemic influenza management.
States of Mind, Body, and Planet: Improving the Human Condition through Virtual Experiences

Mental well-being, physical vitality, and a thriving environment, while conceptually disparate, dynamically combine to influence the human spirit and condition. Using theoretical frameworks from a variety of disciplines, including computer science, psychology, communication, and marketing, my program of research examines this intersection of the mind, body, and planet, and how media technology, namely virtual reality (VR), can invigorate one, or all, of these factors. Within this paper I outline ongoing research projects that encapsulate my scholarly focus, prefacing them with existing literature that scaffolds their purpose and predictions. First, focusing on mental health, I evaluate a series of studies examining the effects of user-avatar interactions on anxiety. Second, with regards to physical health, I discuss on-going studies testing the effects of VR games on acute pain perception. Lastly, I provide an overview of several studies related to how depicting climate change impacts on flora and fauna in VR can encourage pro-environmental outcomes.
RNA m6 A modification enzymes shape innate responses to DNA by regulating interferon β.

Modification of mRNA by N 6-adenosine methylation (m6A) on internal bases influences gene expression in eukaryotes. How the dynamic genome-wide landscape of m6A-modified mRNAs impacts virus infection and host immune responses remains poorly understood. Here, we show that type I interferon (IFN) production triggered by dsDNA or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is controlled by the cellular m6A methyltrasferase subunit METTL14 and ALKBH5 demethylase. While METTL14 depletion reduced virus reproduction and stimulated dsDNA- or HCMV-induced IFNB1 mRNA accumulation, ALKBH5 depletion had the opposite effect. Depleting METTL14 increased both nascent IFNB1 mRNA production and stability in response to dsDNA. In contrast, ALKBH5 depletion reduced nascent IFNB1 mRNA production without detectably influencing IFN1B mRNA decay. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling following ALKBH5 depletion identified differentially expressed genes regulating antiviral immune responses, while METTL14 depletion altered pathways impacting metabolic reprogramming, stress responses, and aging. Finally, we determined that IFNB1 mRNA was m6A-modified within both the coding sequence and the 3' untranslated region (UTR). This establishes that the host m6A modification machinery controls IFNβ production triggered by HCMV or dsDNA. Moreover, it demonstrates that responses to nonmicrobial dsDNA in uninfected cells, which shape host immunity and contribute to autoimmune disease, are regulated by enzymes controlling m6A epitranscriptomic changes.
Keratinocytic epidermal nevus with ipsilateral breast hypoplasia

Abstract Breast hypoplasia has been reported in some epidermal nevus syndromes, but not with a keratinocytic epidermal nevus. Herein, we describe the first case of breast hypoplasia associated with a keratinocytic epidermal nevus. Keratinocytic epidermal nevi have been shown to be associated with somatic mutations in FGFR3, PIK3CA, and HRAS. We hypothesize that hypoplasia may be due to a local mutation in the FGFR3 gene or increased androgen receptors in affected breast tissue. The patient was treated with CO2 laser with good cosmetic outcome.
Application of the Concept of Levels of Organization to the Study of Animal Communication

The influence of the behavior of one animal on the behavior of another of the same or a different species is a well-known, extensively studied phenomenon. Whether this phenomenon is called “communication,” “interaction,” “signaling,” “language,” or some other name is often a matter of definition. It is sometimes reminiscent of Alice’s conversation with Humpty Dumpty: “When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said... “it means just what I choose to mean—neither more or less.” “The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be the master—that’s all.”... “Impenetrability! That’s what I say!” “Would you tell me please,” said Alice, “what that means?” ... “I meant by ‘impenetrability’ that we’ve had enough of that subject....” (From Through the Looking Glass,by Lewis Carroll.)
The New Climate Metric: The Sustainable Corporation and Energy

The globalization of commerce is manifest. The modern mission statement of many US corporations is to compete in global markets. In this article, first, we define what is “sustainable” in the modern corporate context. Like other new terms employed in recent government environmental regulations, such as “additionality” (see S. Ferrey, When 1 &#43 1 No Longer Equals 2: The New Math of Legal "Additionality" Controlling World and U.S. Global Warming Regulation, 10 MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 591 (2009)), the reality may be in the "eye of the beholder" – or at least, the regulator. This article examines measurement of sustainable corporate behavior applied in different media, citing extensive examples from U.S. corporations.In this second decade of the millennium, climate change has become a meta environmental metric, dominating how corporations assess their business plans and measure sustainability. There is exogenous environmental pressure on corporations regarding sustainability from two legal forces: First, recent legislation and regulation that either motivates or pressures corporate compliance; second, evolving common law litigation driving corporate decision making. This article examines both sources, highlighting actual corporate solutions as a template for transportation sustainability, energy applications, and distributed resources.
Correlation between interleukin-1 production and engraftment of transplanted bone marrow stem cells in patients with lethal immunodeficiencies.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) production by endotoxin-stimulated, cultured monocytes from 19 patients with lethal congenital immune disorders were studied and compared with normal controls. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated IL-1 production was normal in three of three patients with Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (WAS), two of three combined immunodeficiency with T-cell predominance (CIDTP) and nine of 13 with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Monocytes deficient in IL-1 production could be restored to normal production after incubation with indomethacin in three of five deficient patients. Monocytes from the other two patients could not be induced to generate IL-1, suggesting either an intrinsic deficiency or an alternate inhibitory mechanism as the basis for the IL- 1 deficiency observed. In patients with SCID who were transplanted with HLA-haplotype disparate, T-cell depleted marrow without preparative chemotherapy, deficiency of monocyte IL-1 production was correlated with graft failure. Immune reconstitution was achieved in IL-1 deficient patients only when donor monocytes were also engrafted. We hypothesize that deficiencies of IL-1 production may contribute to the heterogeneous expression of combined immunodeficiencies, and may also restrict the engraftment and functional development of allogeneic lymphoid progenitors from a T-cell depleted marrow graft.
FORMALDEHYDE DENSITOMETRY OF GALACTIC STAR-FORMING REGIONS USING THE H2CO 312–313 AND 413–414 TRANSITIONS

We present Green Bank Telescope observations of the 312–313 (29 GHz) and 413–414 (48 GHz) transitions of the H2CO molecule toward a sample of 23 well-studied star-forming regions. Analysis of the relative intensities of these transitions can be used to reliably measure the densities of molecular cores. Adopting kinetic temperatures from the literature, we have employed a large velocity gradient (LVG) model to derive the average hydrogen number density (n(H2)) within a 16'' beam toward each source. Densities in the range of 105.5-106.5 cm–3 and ortho-formaldehyde column densities per unit line width between 1013.5 and 1014.5 cm–2 (km s–1)–1 are found for most objects, in general agreement with existing measurements. A detailed analysis of the advantages and limitations to this densitometry technique is also presented. We find that H2CO 312–313/413–414 densitometry proves to be best suited to objects with T K 100 K, above which the H2CO LVG models become relatively independent of kinetic temperature. This study represents the first detection of these H2CO K-doublet transitions in all but one object in our sample. The ease with which these transitions were detected, coupled with their unique sensitivity to spatial density, makes them excellent monitors of density in molecular clouds for future experiments. We also report the detection of the 92-81 A – (29 GHz) transition of CH3OH toward six sources.
Underwater explosive bubble interaction with an adjacent submerged structure

Abstract An experimental and computational investigation was conducted to study the interaction between bubbles generated by an underwater explosive (UNDEX) and a nearby steel plate structure. The experiments were performed for different standoff distances to investigate the interaction between the gas bubble and the rigid structure. High-speed photography was utilized to capture the underwater explosive gas bubble’s behavior, and a series of pressure transducers were used to record the emitted pressure histories. The numerical simulations were performed with the Dynamic System Mechanics Advanced Simulation software, which is a full y coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian fluid–structure interaction code. The numerical simulations were validated with the experiments in terms of the detonation pressure, structural surface pressures, and UNDEX gas bubble growth and collapse. Results show that the UNDEX standoff distance greatly influences the gas bubble’s shape, migration speed, bubble jetting behavior, and loading into its adjacent structure. Moreover, the impulse generated by the shock wave on the plate surface proved to be small in comparison to the impulse generated by the collapse of the UNDEX gas bubble. The magnitude of impulse depends on standoff distance, collapse symmetry, and relative collapse location.
Psychodrama Practice in Clinical Social Work with Individuals

This chapter is devoted to the clinical practice of psychodrama in individual sessions. Fundamental differences between psychodrama in groups and one-to-one contexts are discussed including the use of auxiliary roles, the therapeutic relationship, and modifications for basic psychodrama interventions. An overview of the use of the empty chair, objects, and/or the therapist as an auxiliary ego is included. The limitations and strengths of using psychodrama in individual sessions are discussed. Multiple psychodrama scenes (strengths-based, intrapsychic, and interpersonal) are depicted from a social work practice example with clinical processing.
Sex-Based Outcomes of Heart Re-Transplantation: Analysis from UNOS Database

Purpose Heart re-transplantation (re-HTx) outcomes are thought to more challenging than primary transplants. There is limited information about the impact of sex matching on prognosis in re-HTx. In this study, we aim to elucidate sex-based outcomes of re-HTx using United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Methods Adult (≧ 18 years) patients undergoing re-HTx from January 2007 and March 2016 were identified from the UNOS database. Demographic data and outcomes were compared on the recipient sex differences. Results There were 463 patients and 179 (38.7%) were female. Compared with male, female recipients were younger (p Conclusion The outcome of female recipients for re-HTx is worse than that of male recipients. Female recipients who receive a female donor had a worst outcome.
Survival Outcomes of Redo Lung Transplantation: UNOS Database

Purpose Average 5-year survival after lung transplantation (LTx) still ranges in 50-60% of patients. Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is common in such procedures, and repeat LTx is warranted in many of these patients due to shorter life-expectancy and PGD. We explored national transplant database to answer questions related to repeat lung transplantation in selected patients. Methods A retrospective analysis of the UNOS database, investigating patients who received a single or double redo-LTx from 1987-2018 (n=1495) was performed. Patients with missing survival data were excluded (n=255). Patients were placed into the following age cohorts: (1) patients age ≤60 years at time of redo-LTx (n=1091), (2) patients >60 years at time of redo-LTx (n=149). Within groups, patients were stratified by redo-Tx type: redo-DLT or redo-SLT ([1]: SLT n=323; DLT n=768; [2]: SLT n=118; DLT n=31). Groups were compared for demographics and survival using STATA Inc. P-value Results The >60 age cohort consisted of more males (p 60 p=0.352; ≤60 p=0.709). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed worse survival of patients within the >60 age cohort compared to the ≤60 age cohort regarding redo-SLT (p=0.001). Survival was similar among both age cohorts regarding redo-DLT (p=0.402). Survival was significantly affected by both redo-transplant types (p=0.015). A subgroup survival analysis of older patients over age 65 was done to evaluate more elderly patients, showing similarly worse survival outcomes in both redo-SLT (p=0.016) and redo-DLT (p=0.014). Conclusion These results support that patients above age 60 who need redo-LTx have worse survival outcomes. Redo-DLT showed significantly better survival outcomes compared to redo-SLT when considering candidate age, though survival may be similar as age increases.
Treatment with hypoxia-mimetics protects cultured rat Schwann cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Schwann cell (SC) grafts promote axon regeneration in the injured spinal cord, but transplant efficacy is diminished by a high death rate in the first 2-3 days postimplantation. Both hypoxic preconditioning and pharmacological induction of the cellular hypoxic response can drive cellular adaptations and improve transplant survival in a number of disease/injury models. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), a regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia, is implicated in preconditioning-associated protection. HIF-1α cellular levels are regulated by the HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs). Pharmacological inhibition of the HIF-PHDs mimics hypoxic preconditioning and provides a method to induce adaptive hypoxic responses without direct exposure to hypoxia. In this study, we show that hypoxia-mimetics, deferoxamine (DFO) and adaptaquin (AQ), enhance HIF-1α stability and HIF-1α target gene expression. Expression profiling of hypoxia-related genes demonstrates that HIF-dependent and HIF-independent expression changes occur. Analyses of transcription factor binding sites identify several candidate transcriptional co-regulators that vary in SCs along with HIF-1α. Using an in vitro model system, we show that hypoxia-mimetics are potent blockers of oxidative stress-induced death in SCs. In contrast, traditional hypoxic preconditioning was not protective. The robust protection induced by pharmacological preconditioning, particularly with DFO, indicates that pharmacological induction of hypoxic adaptations could be useful for promoting transplanted SC survival. These agents may also be more broadly useful for protecting SCs, as oxidative stress is a major pathway that drives cellular damage in the context of neurological injury and disease, including demyelinating diseases and peripheral neuropathies.
Biotechnological advances with applicability in potatoes for resistance against root-knot nematodes

Potato production is negatively affected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). There are no commercially available potato cultivars that are resistant to root-knot nematodes. To reduce the reliance on chemical controls, genetic engineering for nematode resistance in potato shows promise. Genetically modified potatoes that silence a parasitism gene or that express toxic protease inhibitors display reduced nematode infections. Modifying potato immune responses may also offer new opportunities for nematode resistance in potato. Plant defense elicitors, including those secreted by modified bacteria, enhanced resistance against root-knot nematodes in potato. The use of transgenic bacteria as delivery vehicles of defense-related molecules presents several possibilities for sophisticated nematode management and because this does not involve transgenic plants, it may garner greater public acceptance.
General Bilevel Programming

Of the various types of mathematical two—level structures, the general bilevel programming problem is the most challenging. It was originally proposed as a model for a leader—follower game in which two players try to minimize their individual objective functions F(x, y) and f(x, y), respectively, subject to a series of interdependent constraints [S12, S13, S16]. Once again, the underlying assumptions are that full information is available, at least to the leader, and that cooperation is prohibited. This precludes the use of correlated strategies and side payments.
Spatial and temporal changes in indices of extreme precipitation and temperature for Alaska

Extreme temperature and precipitation events in Alaska are examined in an ensemble of global climate models (GCMs) and an atmospheric reanalysis. Extreme monthly maximum and minimum temperature and the monthly maximum 5-day precipitation amount are evaluated for a 30-year historical period and two 30-year future time slices (2050s and 2080s). Although biases exist, models capture the spatial pattern and seasonality of the extremes depicted by the ERA-40 reanalysis. Discrepancies between station data (Anchorage, Fairbanks and Barrow) and GCMs/reanalysis are larger than the model-reanalysis differences, and are consistent with (1) surface elevation differences arising from the models' resolution and (2) gauge undercatch of precipitation in the station data. GCMs project future changes that are 2–4 times larger than the across-model standard deviations. The largest changes projected by the GCMs are significantly different from the historical mean at the 95% confidence level. Changes in extreme minimum temperature and extreme 5-day precipitation projections are larger than changes in means. The extreme minimum temperatures are projected to increase 2–3 times as much as the extreme maximum temperatures in all seasons except summer, with the largest increases of extreme minima in coastal regions. By the 2080s, the increases in all three extremes indices are twice as large in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 as in the RCP 4.5 scenario. The magnitude of the projected increase of maximum 5-day precipitation is largest in southern and inland areas, although the percentage increase is largest in the north. In the RCP 8.5 simulations, the inter-annual variability of extreme temperatures narrows by the end of the century, most notably in autumn. Record-breaking 5-day precipitation events become more common in the RCP 8.5 than in the RCP 4.5 scenario.
Clinical course of adult patients with ependymoma: results of the Adult Ependymoma Outcomes Project.

BACKGROUND: Ependymomas are a rare tumor in adults, and there are limited reports of the clinical course, treatment, and current health status of patients. METHODS: Patients with ependymoma completed an online survey regarding their diagnosis, treatment course, and current health status. Descriptive statistics were used to report the characteristics and degree of symptom severity. Correlations between demographic and clinical characteristics were explored with univariate analysis. RESULTS: One hundred eighteen adults participated, and there were more women (n = 68) than men (n = 50). The median age was 48 years (range, 22-77 years). Fifty-nine participants (48%) reported that they had not been able to work since their diagnosis, and 31% reported receiving disability benefits. Patients who had been treated for spine tumors had symptoms longer than those who had been treated for brain lesions (chi-square statistic, 7.294; P = .026), and the majority had 3 symptoms before diagnosis. Most patients reported undergoing complete resection (brain lesions, 62%; spine tumors, 58%), and patients with spine tumors were less likely to have received additional treatment (chi-square statistic, 9.687; P = .008). The majority had not had a recurrence and reported consulting a neurosurgeon for surveillance. Despite having stable disease and not receiving active treatment, most patients described moderate to severe symptoms, including fatigue (44%), numbness/tingling (39%), pain (36%), and disturbed sleep (34%) overall. Brain lesions were associated with altered vision (25%), difficulty concentrating (25%), weakness (19%), irritability (19%), difficulty speaking (19%), and understanding (17%); and spine lesions were associated with extremity weakness (55%), sexual dysfunction (48%), radiating pain (37%), and change in bowel pattern (35%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment for adult patients with ependymoma is not standardized. Despite the low recurrence rate, patients reported significant symptoms and disability. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A Natural History of Pragmatism

1. Introduction: frontier instances 2. In Jonathan Edwards's room of the idea 3. Emerson's moving pictures 4. William James's feeling of if 5. Henry James's more than rational distortion 6. Wallace Stevens's radiant and productive atmosphere 7. Gertrude Stein, James's Melancthon/a Bibliography Index.