cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspects of Puff Field Theory

We describe some features of the recently constructed ``Puff Field Theory,'' and present arguments in favor of it being a field theory decoupled from gravity. We construct its supergravity dual and calculate the entropy of this theory in the limit of large 't Hooft coupling. We also determine the leading irrelevant operator that governs its deviation from = 4 super Yang-Mills theory.
Classification of 5-dimensional space-time with parallel 3-branes

Abstract If the fifth dimension is a one-dimensional connected manifold, up to diffeomorphism, the only possible space–times will be M 4 × R 1 , M 4 × R 1 / Z 2 , M 4 × S 1 and M 4 × S 1 / Z 2 . And there exist two possibilities for the cosmological constant along the fifth dimension: the cosmological constant is constant, and the cosmological constant is sectionally constant. We construct general models with parallel 3-branes and constant/sectionally constant cosmological constant along the fifth dimension on those kinds of the space–times. Moreover, we point out that for a compact fifth dimension, the sum of the brane tensions is zero, and for a non-compact fifth dimension, the sum of the brane tensions is positive. Furthermore, we assume the observable brane which includes our world should have positive tension, and obtain that the gauge hierarchy problem can be solved in those scenarios. We also discuss some simple models.
If the Sun is so quiet, why is the Earth ringing? A comparison of two solar minimum intervals

coronal holes lingered even as the sunspots disappeared. Consequently, for the months surrounding the WHI campaign, strong, long, and recurring high-speed streams in the solar wind intercepted the Earth in contrast to the weaker and more sporadic streams that occurred around the time of last cycle’s WSM campaign. In response, geospace and upper atmospheric parameters continued to ring with the periodicities of the solar wind in a manner that was absent last cycle minimum, and the flux of relativistic electrons in the Earth’s outer radiation belt was elevated to levels more than three times higher in WHI than in WSM. Such behavior could not have been predicted using sunspot numbers alone, indicating the importance of considering variation within and between solar minima in analyzing and predicting space weather responses at the Earth during solar quiet intervals, as well as in interpreting the Sun’s past behavior as preserved in geological and historical records.
Preliminary results on social learning with partial observations

We study a model of social learning with partial observations from the past. Each individual receives a private signal about the correct action he should take and also observes the action of his immediate neighbor. We show that in this model the behavior of asymptotic learning is characterized in terms of two threshold values that evolve deterministically. Individual actions are fully determined by the value of their signal relative to these two thresholds. We prove that asymptotic learning from an ex ante viewpoint applies if and only if individual beliefs are unbounded. We also show that symmetry between the states implies that the minimum possible amount of asymptotic learning occurs.
Dark Matter Detection in Space

I review prospects for detecting dark matter in space-based experiments, with an emphasis on recent developments. I propose the “Martha Stewart criterion” for identifying dark matter candidates that are particularly worth investigation and focus on three that satisfy it: neutralino dark matter, Kaluza-Klein dark matter, and superWIMP gravitino dark matter.
Automatic Technique For Accurately Locating Planet Centers In Voyager Images

An algorithm has been developed for locating with sub-pixel accuracy planet centers in the Voyager images of the Jovian system based upon automatic recognition of the planet limb. The planet center finder, called FARENC (for far encounter imaging mode), is a single VICAR program operating on IBM 360/65 computer. FARENC is designed to handle images of the order of 800 to 1000 pixels, to operate unaided in a batch environment, and to complete the process reliably in 2 minutes or less. The procedure is outlined step by step and limitations of the algorithm are discussed.
Tidal Shocking by Extended Mass Distributions

We derive expressions for the tidal field exerted by a spherically symmetric galaxy having an extended mass distribution and use our analysis to calculate tidal heating of stars in a globular cluster or a satellite galaxy. We integrate the tidal force over accurate orbits in various models for the primary by using the impulse approximation, coupled with adiabatic corrections that allow for time variation of the perturbation. We verify the results with direct N-body simulations, and we also compare them with the conventional straight-path approximation. Heating on highly eccentric orbits dominates, since adiabatic corrections strictly prohibit energy changes on low-eccentricity orbits. The results are illustrated for globular cluster NGC 6712. For the orbital eccentricities higher than 0.9, the future lifetime of NGC 6712 is less than 1010 yr. Our analysis can be used to study tidal interactions of star clusters andgalaxies in a semianalytical manner.
Active carbon and oxygen shell burning hydrodynamics

We have simulated 2.5 × 103 s of the late evolution of a 23 M☉ star with full hydrodynamic behavior. We present the first simulations of a multiple-shell burning epoch, including the concurrent evolution and interaction of an oxygen- and a carbon-burning shell. In addition, we have evolved a three-dimensional model of the oxygen-burning shell to sufficiently long times (300 s) to begin to assess the adequacy of the two-dimensional approximation. We summarize striking new results: (1) strong interactions occur between active carbon- and oxygen-burning shells; (2) hydrodynamic wave motions in nonconvective regions, generated at the convective-radiative boundaries, are energetically important in both two and three dimensions, with important consequences for compositional mixing; and (3) a spectrum of mixed p- and g-modes are unambiguously identified with corresponding adiabatic waves in these computational domains. We find that two-dimensional convective motions are exaggerated relative to three-dimensional ones because of vortex instability in three dimensions. We discuss the implications for supernova progenitor evolution and symmetry breaking in core collapse.
Central nervous system infections in cancer patients.

Despite the development of effective prophylactic regimens and better antimicrobials for active infection, central nervous system infections in cancer patients continue to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. The combination of more intense immunosuppression and longer survival has changed the spectrum of infections in several vulnerable populations. Patients at highest risk for CNS infection include hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and neurosurgical patients, although the intensity of chemotherapeutic regimens has resulted in an increased infection rate in patients with hematologic malignancies who do not receive transplants. The clinical presentation and radiographic appearance of infections in cancer patients may differ from those occurring in other populations, including HIV/AIDS patients. This chapter presents a systematic approach to the diagnosis of CNS infections in the most commonly affected patient groups based on patient risk factors, neuroanatomic site of disease, and laboratory tests. It then offers detailed clinical descriptions and management recommendations for the most common infections.
DETECTION OF EXOMOONS THROUGH OBSERVATION OF RADIO EMISSIONS

In the Jupiter-Io system, the moon's motion produces currents along the field lines that connect it to Jupiter's polar regions. The currents generate and modulate radio emissions along their paths via the electron-cyclotron maser instability. Based on this process, we suggest that such modulation of planetary radio emissions may reveal the presence of exomoons around giant planets in exoplanetary systems. A model explaining the modulation mechanism in the Jupiter-Io system is extrapolated and used to define criteria for exomoon detectability. A cautiously optimistic scenario of the possible detection of such exomoons around Epsilon Eridani b and Gliese 876 b is provided.
On Complex‐Normalized Reflection Coefficients of A Terminated Lossless Two‐Port Network

The authors present three theorems on the relations among the complex-normalized reflection coefficients of a terminated lossless two-port network. It is noted that the results are useful in the solution of the compatible impedance problem and the broadband matching problem both in terms of the analytic theory and the real-frequency technique. >
Virtual corrections to /gg-->H to two loops in the heavy top limit

Abstract The virtual corrections to the production cross section of a Standard Model Higgs boson are computed up to order α s 4 . Using an effective Lagrangian for the limit M t →∞, we evaluate the relevant massless two-loop vertex diagrams by mapping them onto three-loop two-point functions, following a method recently introduced by Baikov and Smirnov [1] . As a result, we find a gauge-invariant contribution to the total Higgs production cross section at NNLO.
A Theory of War Finance

This paper analyses the financial and war‐spending policies of a state that faces a conflict in which defeat would result in the loss of sovereign power and in which the material consequences, conditional on avoiding defeat, are stochastic. The analysis takes explicit account of the historical experiences of lenders, who face debt repudiation if the state to whom they have lent is defeated and who also face partial default if the material consequences of the war are unfavorable for the debtor state, even if it avoids defeat. In this analysis, the state uses war debt to smooth expected consumption intertemporally in response to temporary war spending, and the state also uses contingent debt servicing to insure realized consumption against the risk associated with the material consequences of the war. An important innovation in the analysis is to treat the equilibrium amount of war spending, the state's resulting probability of avoiding defeat, as well as the equilibrium amount of borrowing as a set of endo...
High yield fabrication of chemically reduced graphene oxide field effect transistors by dielectrophoresis

We demonstrate high yield fabrication of field effect transistors (FET) using chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The RGO sheets suspended in water were assembled between prefabricated gold source and drain electrodes using ac dielectrophoresis. With the application of a backgate voltage, 60% of the devices showed p-type FET behavior, while the remaining 40% showed ambipolar behavior. After mild thermal annealing at 200 °C, all ambipolar RGO FET remained ambipolar with increased hole and electron mobility, while 60% of the p-type RGO devices were transformed to ambipolar. The maximum hole and electron mobilities of the devices were 4.0 and 1.5 cm2 V − 1 s − 1 respectively. High yield assembly of chemically derived RGO FET will have significant impact in scaled up fabrication of graphene based nanoelectronic devices.
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND THE SKILL MIX OF US MANUFACTURING PLANTS

This paper examines the relationship between technology adoption and the skill mix of the workforce in US manufacturing plants. Using information on the use and adoption of seven different information technologies, we find that the relationship between technology adoption and workforce skill varies across the technologies. The use and adoption of engineering and design tasks are associated with workplaces that have a relatively large share of nonproduction labor. When we examine the relationship between technology adoption and skill upgrading of workforces, we find little correlation between the use and/or adoption of technologies and changes in workforce skill at the plant level. However, we do find that plants adopting technologies related to engineering and design tasks grow faster over the period 1987–1997.
1,2-benz [A] anthracene: determination of bond angles and cartesian coordinates from crystallographic data

Abstract The bond angles of 1,2-benz [a] anthracene were calculated using the unit cell coordinates and crystallographic data. The Cartesian coordinates of all atoms are tabulated for use in MO calculations and other applications.
Automatic programming of behavior-based robots using reinforcement learning

Abstract This paper describes a general approach for automatically programming a behavior-based robot. New behaviors are learned by trial and error using a performance feedback function as reinforcement. Two algorithms for behavior learning are described that combine Q learning, a well-known scheme for propagating reinforcement values temporally across actions, with statistical clustering and Hamming distance, two ways of propagating reinforcement values spatially across states. A real behavior-based robot called OBELIX is described that learns several component behaviors in an example task involving pushing boxes. A simulator for the box pushing task is also used to gather data on the learning techniques. A detailed experimental study using the real robot and the simulator suggests two conclusions. 1. (1) The learning techniques are able to learn the individual behaviors, sometimes outperforming a handcoded program. 2. (2) Using a behavior-based architecture speeds up reinforcement learning by converting the problem of learning a complex task into that of learning a simpler set of special-purpose reactive subtasks.
A convenient Fischer indole synthesis of 2,3′-biindoles

Abstract Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 2,3′-biindoles are efficiently synthesized in good to excellent yields by Fischer indole synthesis. The scope of the method was evaluated by examining substituent effects with para-substituted hydrazines and 3-acylindoles.
Silver-Catalyzed, Manganese-Mediated Allylation and Benzylation Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Silver bromide catalyzes Barbier-type allylation of aldehydes and ketones using unactivated manganese powder. Aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones react, and aryl chlorides, nitriles, electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are tolerated. Benzylation using benzyl bromide also proceeds smoothly under these reaction conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies are consistent with the formation a nucleophilic allylmetal intermediate. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Interpretation of the pulsed gamma ray emission from Vela

A model is proposed for the Vela pulsar in which the radio emission originates near the surface of the neutron star while the pulsed gamma ray emission is produced by synchrotron radiation near the speed of light cylinder. This model can explain the energy flux, double pulse structure, and phase shift with respect to the radio of the gamma ray emission and offers approximate quantitative predictions for other X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes.
Depth of pleated surfaces in toroidal cusps of hyperbolic 3–manifolds

Let F be a closed essential surface in a hyperbolic 3‐manifold M with a toroidal cusp N . The depth of F in N is the maximal distance from points of F in N to the boundary of N . It will be shown that if F is an essential pleated surface which is not coannular to the boundary torus of N then the depth of F in N is bounded above by a constant depending only on the genus of F . The result is used to show that an immersed closed essential surface in M which is not coannular to the torus boundary components of M will remain essential in the Dehn filling manifold M./ after excluding Cg curves from each torus boundary component of M , where Cg is a constant depending only on the genus g of the surface. 57N10
A Remark on Asymptotic Completeness for the Critical Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equation

We give a short proof of asymptotic completeness and global existence for the cubic Nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in one dimension. Our approach to dealing with the long range behavior of the asymptotic solution is by reducing it, in hyperbolic coordinates to the study of an ODE. Similar arguments extend to higher dimensions and other long range type nonlinear problems.
A low diffusion particle method for simulating compressible inviscid flows

A new particle method is presented for the numerical simulation of compressible inviscid gas flows, through procedures which involve relatively small modifications to an existing direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) algorithm. Implementation steps are outlined for simulations involving various grid geometries and for gas mixtures comprising an arbitrary number of species. The proposed method is compared with other numerical schemes through a series of one-dimensional and two-dimensional test cases, and is shown to provide a significant reduction in both artificial diffusion and statistical scatter effects relative to existing DSMC-based equilibrium particle methods.
Significance of hydrogen bonding at the S1' subsite of calpain I

α-Ketohydroxamates were synthesized as bioisosteres of α-ketoamides. The α-ketohydroxamates were generally more potent than the corresponding α-ketoamides. The potency of the compounds suggests that hydrogen bonding and steric bulk of substituents on the nitrogen atom of the ketoamide moiety influence calpain inhibition.
Do Institutional and Individual Investors Differ in Their Preference for Financial Skewness

Employing a unique sample of individual and institutional investors, we conduct experiments to determine investors’ preference for (or indifference to) financial skewness. We present investors with a series of stocks with varying levels of skewness. Using Instant Response Devices, we then collect investors’ choices to hold or sell each stock. Among stocks with equal expected returns, we find strong evidence that the sample investors use a prospect theory utility function rather than a mean-variance expected utility function to decide to sell or hold stocks. In the loss domain, we find that investors are ambivalent about the choice between positively and negatively skewed stocks. However, in the gain domain, we find that both individual and institutional investors prefer negatively skewed stocks—a contrast from previous research suggesting that individuals (and not institutional investors) prefer positive skewness. We also find evidence suggesting that reference points are important in financial decision m...
A Naive Minority of One and Deliberate Majority Mismatches of Tonal Stimuli

Individual conformity to deliberately erroneous majority judgments of pitch and loudness was investigated. A group of 136 university music students, randomly assigned to experimental or control groups, evaluated 18 pitch or loudness items by publicly indicating, after hearing responses of four confederates, which of three tones matched a standard. Results included a .30 overall conformity rate in the experimental group for pitch and a .49 rate for loudness. Comparisons between groups and intrapersonal comparisons generally are highly significant. It was concluded that music students may defy their sensory inputs and yield to erroneous peer judgments. Results of other studies suggesting greater conformity with more ambiguous stimuli are partially confirmed.
Fetal outcome in motor-vehicle crashes: effects of crash characteristics and maternal restraint

Objective This project was undertaken to improve understanding of factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes of pregnant occupants involved in motor-vehicle crashes. Study Design In-depth investigations of crashes involving 57 pregnant occupants were performed. Maternal and fetal injuries, restraint information, measures of external and internal vehicle damage, and details about the crash circumstances were collected. Crash severity was calculated using vehicle crush measurements. Chi-square analysis and logistic regression models were used to determine factors with a significant association with fetal outcome. Results Fetal outcome is most strongly associated with crash severity ( P P = .002). Proper maternal belt-restraint use (with or without airbag deployment) is associated with acceptable fetal outcome (odds ratio=4.5, P = .033). Approximately half of fetal losses in motor-vehicle crashes could be prevented if all pregnant women properly wore seat belts. Conclusion Higher crash severity, more severe maternal injury, and lack of proper seat belt use are associated with a higher risk of adverse fetal outcome. These results strongly support recommendations that pregnant women use properly positioned seatbelts.
Weak connections, time scales, and aggregation of nonlinear systems

If nonlinear subsystems with continuous equilibria are weakly connected, their local behavior is fast compared with the system-wide behavior caused by the connections. The slow behavior is described by an aggregate model which appears as a slow subsystem in the singular perturbation form of the model. In this way earlier linear aggregation results by Simon et al in economics and slow coherency results in power systems are extended to nonlinear systems and related to singular perturbations.
Combustion System Performance and Field Test Results of the MS7001F Gas Turbine

This paper presents the results of the combustion system test of the MS7001F installed at the Virginia Power Chesterfield station. Tests of water and steam injection for NOx control were performed. Results of emissions, combustor dynamics, and combustor hardware performance are presented. Emissions test results include NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, VOC and formaldehyde levels. Combustor dynamic activity over a range of diluent injection ratios, and the performance of an actively cooled transition duct are also discussed. Combustion system mechanical performance is described following the first combustion system inspection.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Comparative performance of chemical lasers with axisymmetric and two-dimensional nozzles

Abstract : Saturated output power from cold-reaction cw HF/DF diffusion-type chemical lasers in which axisymmetric or two-dimensional oxidizer nozzles are used is compared for the case where the pumping reaction is fast compared with collisional deactivation. For typical HF laser flow conditions and pw > 5 Torr cm, the axisymmetric nozzle has an output power twice that of a two-dimensional nozzle with the same exit flow, exit pressure p, and exit semiwidth w. In this pw regime, however, the chemical efficiency of the axisymmetric nozzle is 20%, or less, that of a premixed (pw = 0) laser. For pw = 1 Torr cm, the axisymmetric nozzle has about 30% greater output than the corresponding two-dimensional nozzle and a chemical efficiency equal to about 60% that of a premixed laser. For pw < 0.5 Torr cm, both nozzles have essentially premixed laser performance.
The Structure of the Milky Way's Hot Gas Halo

The Milky Way's million degree gaseous halo contains a considerable amount of mass that, depending on its structural properties, can be a significant mass component. In order to analyze the structure of the Galactic halo, we use XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer archival data and measure O VII K{alpha} absorption-line strengths toward 26 active galactic nuclei, LMC X-3, and two Galactic sources (4U 1820-30 and X1735-444). We assume a {beta}-model as the underlying gas density profile and find best-fit parameters of n{sub circle} = 0.46{sup +0.74}{sub -0.35} cm{sup -3}, r{sub c} = 0.35{sup +0.29}{sub -0.27} kpc, and {beta} = 0.71{sup +0.13}{sub -0.14}. These parameters result in halo masses ranging between M(18 kpc) = 7.5{sub -4.6}{sup +}2{sup 2.0} x 10{sup 8} M{sub Sun} and M (200 kpc) = 3.8{sub -0.5}{sup +6.0} x 10{sup 10} M{sub Sun} assuming a gas metallicity of Z = 0.3 Z{sub Sun }, which are consistent with current theoretical and observational work. The maximum baryon fraction from our halo model of f{sub b} = 0.07{sup +0.03}{sub -0.01} is significantly smaller than the universal value of f{sub b} = 0.171, implying the mass contained in the Galactic halo accounts for 10%-50% of the missing baryons in the Milky Way.more » We also discuss our model in the context of several Milky Way observables, including ram pressure stripping in dwarf spheroidal galaxies, the observed X-ray emission measure in the 0.5-2 keV band, the Milky Way's star formation rate, spatial and thermal properties of cooler gas ({approx}10{sup 5} K), and the observed Fermi bubbles toward the Galactic center. Although the metallicity of the halo gas is a large uncertainty in our analysis, we place a lower limit on the halo gas between the Sun and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We find that Z {approx}> 0.2 Z{sub Sun} based on the pulsar dispersion measure toward the LMC.« less
Dark Matter Candidates: What Cold, …and What's Not

In this brief review of recent theoretical developments associated with the search for dark matter I describe the following: why baryons are now ruled out as dark matter candidates; SUSY WIMPS and signatures in the MSSM and NMSSM why claimed indirect signatures are probably not WIMP related, why axions may be of new interest, how WIMP detection might tell us about the galactic halo, and how theorists are preparing to avoid the next generation of experimental constraints. (Invited review talk, Neutrino 2006, Santa Fe 2006)
A Randomized Comparison of Gasless Laparoscopy and CO2 Pneumoperitoneum

Abstract Objective: To determine if the theoretic advantages of gasless laparoscopy are realized in direct comparison to laparoscopy with pneumoperitoneum. Methods: Fifty-seven patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery chose to participate in this trial and were randomized after the induction of general anesthesia. Twenty-nine of the 57 patients were randomized to the pneumoperitoneum group. Of the 28 patients in the gasless group, six were converted to pneumoperitoneum because of inadequate exposure. The adequacy of exposure and ease of surgery were assessed with a subjective score, and the times to exposure and for incision closure were recorded. Various anesthetic factors were measured. Patients completed an analog pain score in the recovery area and for the first 5 postoperative days. Analgesic and antiemetic use also was recorded, as was the number of days to return to normal activity. Results: Times to achieve exposure and close incisions were longer, and exposure and ease of surgery were worse in the gasless group. Patients in the gasless group had lower diastolic blood pressure, minute ventilation, peak inspiratory pressures, and end tidal pCO 2 . There were no differences in body temperature, systolic blood pressure or heart rate, postoperative pain scores, analgesic or antiemetic use, or times to hospital discharge or return to activity between the groups. Conclusion: Performing laparoscopy using the Laparolift device compromised surgical exposure and thus increased technical difficulty. Patients realized no benefits from its use in terms of postoperative discomfort or return to activity. Eliminating the pneumoperitoneum allowed lower minute ventilation and peak inspiratory pressures, and end tidal pCO 2 was lower. Although the concept of gasless laparoscopy holds appeal, the current prototype is not well-suited for infertility procedures.
Amorphous Tungsten Oxide/Ruthenium Oxide Composites for Electrochemical Capacitors

Amorphous tungsten oxide/ruthenium oxide composites have been synthesized by precipitating amorphous RuO 2 .xH 2 O on amorphous WO 3 .xH 2 O and Na 0.37 WO 3 .xH 2 O under various pH conditions. The samples have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, elemental analysis using wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), thermogravimetric analysis, and surface area measurements. The compositions and electrochemical performance of the products are influenced by the precipitation reaction pH. The amorphous, as-prepared samples transform to rutile-type phases on heating at T ≥ 400°C. Amorphous samples with tungsten content as high as 50 wt % exhibit specific capacitance values of around 560 F/g, which is 200 F/g higher than that expected on the basis of rule of mixture, and thus lower the cost per unit capacitance considerably.
IONIZING PHOTON ESCAPE FRACTIONS FROM HIGH-REDSHIFT DWARF GALAXIES

It has been argued that low-luminosity dwarf galaxies are the dominant source of ionizing radiation during cosmological reionization. The fraction of ionizing radiation that escapes into the intergalactic medium from dwarf galaxies with masses less than ~109.5 solar masses plays a critical role during this epoch. Using an extensive suite of very high resolution (0.1 pc), adaptive mesh refinement, radiation hydrodynamical simulations of idealized and cosmological dwarf galaxies, we characterize the behavior of the escape fraction in galaxies between 3 × 106 and 3 × 109 solar masses with different spin parameters, amounts of turbulence, and baryon mass fractions. For a given halo mass, escape fractions can vary up to a factor of two, depending on the initial setup of the idealized halo. In a cosmological setting, we find that the time-averaged photon escape fraction always exceeds 25% and reaches up to 80% in halos with masses above 108 solar masses with a top-heavy initial mass function (IMF). The instantaneous escape fraction can vary up to an order of magnitude in a few million years and tends to be positively correlated with star formation rate. We find that the mean of the star formation efficiency times ionizing photon escape fraction, averaged over all atomic cooling (T vir ≥ 8000 K) galaxies, ranges from 0.02 for a normal IMF to 0.03 for a top-heavy IMF, whereas smaller, molecular cooling galaxies in minihalos do not make a significant contribution to reionizing the universe due to much lower star formation rates. These results provide the physical basis for cosmological reionization by stellar sources, predominately atomic cooling dwarf galaxies.
Charge Expulsion, Spin Meissner Effect, and Charge Inhomogeneity in Superconductors

Superconductivity occurs in systems that have a lot of negative charge: the highly negatively charged (CuO2)= planes in the cuprates, negatively charged (FeAs)− planes in the iron arsenides, and negatively charged B − planes in magnesium diboride. And, in the nearly filled (with negative electrons) bands of almost all superconductors, as evidenced by their positive Hall coefficient in the normal state. No explanation for this charge asymmetry is provided by the conventional theory of superconductivity, within which the sign of electric charge plays no role. Instead, the sign of the charge carriers plays a key role in the theory of hole superconductivity, according to which metals become superconducting because they are driven to expel negative charge (electrons) from their interior. This is why NIS tunneling spectra are asymmetric, with larger current for negatively biased samples. The theory also offers a compelling explanation of the Meissner effect: as electrons are expelled towards the surface in the presence of a magnetic field, the Lorentz force imparts them with azimuthal velocity, thus generating the surface Meissner current that screens the interior magnetic field. In type II superconductors, the Lorentz force acting on expelled electrons that do not reach the surface gives rise to the azimuthal velocity of the vortex currents. In the absence of applied magnetic field, expelled electrons still acquire azimuthal velocity, due to the spin–orbit interaction, in opposite direction for spin-up and spin-down electrons: the “Spin Meissner effect.” This results in a macroscopic spin current flowing near the surface of superconductors in the absence of applied fields, of magnitude equal to the critical charge current (in appropriate units). Charge expulsion also gives rise to an interior outward-pointing electric field and to excess negative charge near the surface. In strongly type II superconductors this physics should give rise to charge inhomogeneity and spin currents throughout the interior of the superconductor, to large sensitivity to (non-magnetic) disorder and to a strong tendency to phase separation.
Experiments on Impulsively Started Jet Diffusion Flames

The starting vortex of an impulsively generated jet diffusion flame was studied experimentally. Fuel jets were produced by the sudden discharge via a solenoid valve into still air. The fuel jet was ignited by a pilot flame. The length and lateral spread of the flame were determined by video imaging. All flames were in the buoyancy-driven regime after the starting transient. The height at which the starting vortex burned off completely was approximately the same as the mean flame length of the subsequent steady flame. The penetration of the flame tip associated with the starting vortex can be correlated by a buoyancy parameter derived from the isothermal starting plume theory of Turner. An unexplained dependence of penetration on nozzle diameter was observed. The timescale for the mixing of the starting vortex at its maximum flame height appears to be about one-half of the vortex rotation time at the same location. These findings may be useful in understanding unsteady combustion phenomena, especially as they pertain to active combustion control schemes.
No arbitrage conditions for simple trading strategies

Strict local martingales may admit arbitrage opportunities with respect to the class of simple trading strategies. (Since there is no possibility of using doubling strategies in this framework, the losses are not assumed to be bounded from below.) We show that for a class of non-negative strict local martingales, the strong Markov property implies the no arbitrage property with respect to the class of simple trading strategies. This result can be seen as a generalization of a similar result on three dimensional Bessel process in Delbaen and Schachermayer (Math Finance 4:343–348, 1994). We also provide no arbitrage conditions for stochastic processes within the class of simple trading strategies with shortsale restriction.
Olber's Paradox for Superluminal Neutrinos: Constraining Extreme Neutrino Speeds at TeV-ZeV Energies with the Diffuse Neutrino Background

The only invariant speed in special relativity is c; therefore, if some neutrinos travel at even tiny speeds above c, normal special relativity is incomplete and any superluminal speed may be possible. I derive a limit on superluminal neutrino speeds v c at high energies by noting that such speeds would increase the size of the neutrino horizon. The increased volume of the Universe visible leads to a brighter astrophysical neutrino background. The nondetection of ``guaranteed'' neutrino backgrounds from star-forming galaxies and ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) constrains v/c at TeV–ZeV energies. I find that v/c820 at 60 TeV from the nondetection of neutrinos from star-forming galaxies. The nondetection of neutrinos from UHECRs constrains v/c to be less than 2500 at 0.1 EeV in a pessimistic model and less than 4.6 at 4 EeV in an optimistic model. The UHECR neutrino background nondetection is strongly inconsistent with a naive quadratic extrapolation of the OPERA results to EeV energies. The limits apply subject to some caveats, particularly that the expected pionic neutrino backgrounds exist and that neutrinos travel faster than c when they pass the detector. They could be improved substantially as the expected neutrino backgrounds are better understood and with new experimental neutrino background limits. I also point out that extremely subluminal speeds would result in a much smaller neutrino background intensity than expected.
Primordial inflation and present-day cosmological constant from extra dimensions

Abstract A semiclassical gravitation model is outlined which makes use of the Casimir energy density of vacuum fluctuations in extra compactified dimensions to produce the present-day cosmological constant as ρ Λ ∼M 8/M P 4, where M P is the Planck scale and M is the weak interaction scale. The model is based on (4+D)-dimensional gravity, with D=2 extra dimensions with radius b(t) curled up at the ADD length scale b 0=M P /M 2∼0.1 mm. Vacuum fluctuations in the compactified space perturb b 0 very slightly, generating a small present-day cosmological constant. The radius of the compactified dimensions is predicted to be b 0≈k 1/40.09 mm (or equivalently M≈2.4 TeV/k 1/8), where the Casimir energy density is k/b 4. Primordial inflation of our three-dimensional space occurs as in the cosmology of the ADD model as the inflaton b(t), which initially is on the order of 1/M∼10−17 cm, rolls down its potential to b 0.
Quantum chromodynamics near the confinement limit

These nine lectures deal at an elementary level with the strong interaction between quarks and its implications for the structure of hadrons. Quarkonium systems are studied as a means for measuring the interquark interaction. This is presumably (part of) the answer a solution to QCD must yield, if it is indeed the correct theory of the strong interactions. Some elements of QCD are reviewed, and metaphors for QCD as a confining theory are introduced. The 1/N expansion is summarized as a way of guessing the consequences of QCD for hadron physics.Lattice gauge theory is developed as a means for going beyond perturbation theory in the solution of QCD. The correspondence between statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and field theory is made, and simple spin systems are formulated on the lattice. The lattice analog of local gauge invariance is developed, and analytic methods for solving lattice gauge theory are considered. The strong-coupling expansion indicates the existence of a confining phase, and the renormalization group provides a means for recovering the consequences of continuum field theory. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations of lattice theories give evidence for the phase structure of gauge theories, yield an estimate for the string tension characterizing the interquark force, and provide an approximate description of the quarkonium potential in encouragingly good agreement with that is known from experiment.
Compressive Imaging of Subwavelength Structures

The problem of imaging extended targets (sources or scatterers) is formulated in the framework of compressed sensing with emphasis on subwavelength resolution. The proposed formulation of the problems of inverse source/scattering is essentially exact and leads to the random partial Fourier measurement matrix in the case of periodic targets. In the case of square-integrable targets, the proposed sampling scheme in the Littlewood-Paley wavelet basis block-diagonalizes the scattering matrix with each block in the form of a random partial Fourier matrix corresponding to each dyadic scale of the target. The resolution issue is analyzed from two perspectives: stability and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The subwavelength modes are shown to be typically unstable unless the measurement is carried out in near field. The number of the stable modes typically increases as the negative $d$th (the dimension of the target) power of the distance between the target and the sensors/source (in the unit of wavelength). he resolution limit is shown to be inversely proportional to the SNR in the high SNR limit. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the theoretical predictions.
Dividend taxes, corporate investment, and ‘Q’

Abstract Taxes on corporate distributions have traditionally been regarded as a ‘double tax’ on corporate income. This view implies that while the total effective tax rate on corporate source income affects real economic decisions, the distribution of this tax burden between the shareholders and the corporation is irrelevant. Recent research has suggested an alternative to this traditional view. One explanation of why firms in the United States pay dividends in spite of the heavy tax liabilities associated with this form of distribution is that the stock market capitalizes the tax payments associated with corporate distributions. This capitalization leaves investors indifferent at the margin between a corporation's decision to pay out dividends or to retain earnings. This alternative view holds that while changes in the dividend tax rate will affect shareholder wealth, they will have no impact on corporate investment decisions. This paper develops econometric tests which distinguish between these two views of dividend taxation. By extending Tobin's ‘q’ theory of investment to incorporate taxes at both the corporate and personal levels, the implications of each view for corporate investment decisions can be derived. The competing views may be tested by comparing the performance of investment equations estimated under each theory's predictions. British time series data are particularly appropriate for testing hypotheses about dividend taxes because of the substantial postwar variation in effective tax rates on corporate distributions. The econometric results suggest that dividend taxes have important effects on investment decisions.
Optical properties of PbSe nanocrystal quantum dots under pressure

The optical properties of PbSe nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) were studied as a function of applied hydrostatic pressure over the range from ambient to 5.4GPa. PbSe NQDs exhibit an energy gap that is dominated by quantum confinement. Despite such strong confinement, the authors find that the energy gaps of 3, 5, and 7nm diameter PbSe NQDs change monotonically with pressure with a dependence that is almost entirely determined by the bulk deformation potential. The sizable dependence of the NQD energy gap with pressure invites applications in the areas of high speed pressure sensing and tunable IR lasers.
ESTIMATES OF FUEL CONTAINMENT IN A COAXIAL FLOW GAS-CORE NUCLEAR ROCKET.

Volume fraction analysis of coaxial flow gas core nuclear rocket for mass flow ratios, fuel radius and density, using free jet computer code and eddy viscosity equations
Structure activity relationship studies of natural product chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonist anibamine toward the development of novel anti prostate cancer agents

Abstract Recent studies have indicated that the CCR5 chemokine receptor may be a potential target for treating prostate cancer. Thus, development of CCR5 antagonists may provide novel prostate cancer therapy. Anibamine, a novel pyridine quaternary alkaloid isolated from Aniba sp., was found to effectively compete with 125I-gp120 in binding to the chemokine receptor CCR5, with an IC50 = 1 μM. Anibamine is the first natural product reported as a CCR5 antagonist, and thus provides a novel structural skeleton unique from other lead compounds that have generally been identified from high-throughput screening efforts. In order to refine the lead compound's structure and improve the therapeutic index of anibamine derivatives as potential anti prostate cancer agents, the approach of “deconstruction–reconstruction–elaboration” was applied in the structure–activity relationship studies of this work. Here, we report the design, syntheses and anti prostate cancer activities of anibamine and 17 analogues. The results from the in vitro and in vivo studies described here show that this class of compounds has potential to provide novel leads as anti prostate cancer agents.
A Distributed Deterministic Annealing Algorithm for Limited-Range Sensor Coverage

This paper presents a distributed coverage algorithm for a network of mobile agents. Unlike previous work that uses a simple gradient descent algorithm, here we employ an existing deterministic annealing (DA) technique to achieve more optimal convergence values since typical coverage objective functions contain many local minima. We replicate the results of the classical DA algorithm while imposing a limited-range constraint to sensors. As the temperature is decreased, phase changes lead to a regrouping of agents, which is decided through a distributed task allocation algorithm. While simple gradient descent algorithms are heavily dependent on initial conditions for such non-convex coverage objective functions, annealing techniques are generally less prone to this phenomena. The results of our simulations confirm this fact, as we show in the manuscript.
Novel at the library

Rapid and accurate identification of protein phosphorylation sites is achieved by a peptide library screen combining the advantages of chemistry in solution and analysis on solid support.
Self-referenced Doppler optical coherence tomography

Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) allows simultaneous micrometer-scale resolution cross-sectional imaging of tissue structure and blood flow. Here we demonstrate a fiber-optic, polarization diversity-based differential phase contrast DOCT system as a method to perform self-referenced velocimetry in highly scattering media. Using this strategy we reduced common-mode interferometer noise to <1Hz and improved Doppler estimates in a scattering flow phantom by a factor of 5.
Wing Jet Blowing on the Subsonic High Alpha Research Concept Fighter Configuration

A large-scale experimental investigation using the 55%-scale Subsonic High Alpha Research Concept (SHARC) was performed in the NASA Ames Research Center 40- by 80-ft Wind Tunnel. The SHARC configuration represents an advanced low-observable fighter aircraft, and features a clipped diamond wing with leading- and trailing-edge sweep angles of ±40 deg, a chined forebody, leading-edge extensions, and a vee-tail. Data covering the angle of attack range from -4 deg to +42.4 deg, and sideslip angles ranging from - 10 deg to +10 deg were acquired at a dynamic pressure of 40 psf. Test data are presented for symmetric and asymmetric wing jet nozzle blowing. Blowing coefficient values ranged from a minimum of 0.005 to a maximum of 0.020. The results indicate that wing jet nozzle blowing is an effective lift-enhancement device, giving an across-the-board net increase in lift over the entire angle-of-attack range tested. The jets were also found to improve the aircraft's drag polar. Roll control using asymmetric jet blowing equaled or exceeded that availahle via the deflection of only a single aileron
Measuring Angular Diameter Distances through Halo Clustering

Current and upcoming wide-field surveys for weak gravitational lensing and the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect will generate mass-selected catalogs of dark matter halos with internal or follow-up photometric redshift information. Using the shape of the linear power spectrum as a standard ruler that is calibrated by cosmic microwave background measurements, we find that a survey of 4000 deg2 and a mass threshold of 1014 M☉ can be used to determine the comoving angular diameter distance as a function of redshift. In principle, this test also allows an absolute calibration of the distance scale and measurement of the Hubble constant. This test is largely insensitive to the details of halo mass measurements, mass function, and halo bias. Determination of these quantities would further allow a measurement of the linear growth rate of fluctuations.