cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction of cyclopentadienyl zirconium derivatives with sterically encumbered arylaluminum hydrides: X-ray crystal structure of (η5-C5H5)2(H)Zr(μ2-H)2Al(H)C6H2-2,4,6-But3

Abstract The novel reactions between Cp2ZrMe2 (Cp=η5-C5H5) and (Mes*AlH)2 (Mes*=C6H2-2,4,6-But3) to afford Cp2(H)Zr(μ2-H)2Al(Me)Mes* (1) and between Cp2Zr(Cl)H and [Mes*AlH3Li(THF)2]2 to give Cp2(H)Zr(μ2-H)2Al(H)Mes* (2) are described. The X-ray crystal structure and NMR spectroscopy of 1 indicate that, in the crystalline product, a methyl group has been transferred from zirconium to aluminum, and the metals have been connected by two hydrogen bridges. The compounds Cp2ZrH2 and Mes*AlMe2 were also obtained as reaction products in the synthesis of 1. The aluminum center is four-coordinate in contrast to the five- or six-coordination observed in previously published complexes. Compound 2, which is believed to have a very similar structure to that of 1, was obtained in moderate yield as a colorless crystalline material.
Mandibular incisor extraction therapy

Extracting a mandibular incisor has been stigmatized as an expedient that may adversely affect the occlusion. However, when properly used, the extraction is only one aspect of the total correction of the malocclusion. Failure to observe this will fulfill the negative predictions. Articulating six maxillary with five mandibular anterior teeth necessitates a visualization of the posttreatment occlusion, and therefore specific criteria for case selection are essential. Treatment trends oscillate between nonextraction and four premolar extractions, with perhaps insufficient attention currently given to alternatives. This middle of the road approach is indicated in carefully selected cases, especially where space requirements and facial esthetics do not call for greater dental movements.
Nematic-Liquid-Crystal Order—A Monte Carlo Calculation

The lattice version of the Maier-Saupe model of a nematic liquid crystal, in which all molecules are restricted to be on a simple-cubic lattice with periodic boundary conditions and to interact only with their nearest neighbors through the interaction energy ${E}_{\mathrm{ij}}=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\frac{3}{2}{{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2})$, is investigated using a Monte Carlo technique. The lattice is found to undergo a first-order phase transition at $\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\mathrm{kT}}=0.890\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ with a spontaneous order of $〈{P}_{2}(cos\ensuremath{\theta})〉=0.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ at the transition.
Proteoglycan in porcine aortic tissue after cryopreservation

This study was to investigate the effects of cryopreservation on proteoglycans of arterial conduit tissue. Proteoglycans from fresh and cryopreserved porcine aorta tissues were extracted with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) at 4 degrees C in the presence of protease inhibitors. From the tissue extracts, proteoglycans were isolated by cesium chloride (CsCl) isopycnic centrifugation and fractionated by gel filtration. Quantitative analysis of extracted proteoglycans revealed that the content of proteoglycans from cryopreserved tissue, measured as the amount of uronate and protein per unit weight of wet tissue, was similar to that from fresh tissue (0.44 +/- 0.300 versus 0.43 +/- 0.007 mg uronate/g wet tissue and 3.14 +/- 0.039 versus 2.64 +/- 0.015 mg protein/g wet tissue). Gel permeation column chromatography studies suggested that proteoglycans present in three CsCl fractions (I, II, and III) from cryopreserved tissue have approximately the same molecular weights as those from fresh tissue; Kav = 0.13 and 0.47 (I), 0.20 (II), and 0.43 (III) from cryopreserved tissue versus Kav = 0.13 and 0.50 (I), 0.23 (II), and 0.40 (III) from fresh tissue. These studies indicate that there is no significant alteration in the content and molecular size of proteoglycans in properly cryopreserved aortic tissue.
Occult cardiac contractile dysfunction in dystrophin-deficient children revealed by cardiac magnetic resonance strain imaging.

Background— Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited disease characterized by early onset of skeletal muscle degeneration and progressive weakness. Although dilated cardiomyopathy may occur during adolescence, it is often undetected early in its course because of physical inactivity and generalized debilitation. The purpose of this study was to apply the technique of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) tagging to detect occult cardiac dysfunction in young subjects with DMD by measuring myocardial strain and torsion. Methods and Results— Thirteen DMD pediatric subjects without clinically apparent heart disease and 9 age-matched healthy males were recruited. Each was scanned on a 1.5-T clinical scanner to acquire contiguous short-axis planes from the apex to the mitral valve plane and then 3 tagged images at base, midventricle, and apex. Global and segmental myocardial net twist and circumferential strain were computed with the use of 2D homogeneous strain analysis. Ventricular torsion was computed by...
Molecular pathology of primary intraocular lymphoma.

Purpose: To evaluate immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements, cytokines and chemokines, and infectious agents in primary intraocular B-cell lymphoma (PIOL) cells, in order to better diagnose and understand PIOL. Methods: We studied ocular specimens from 57 patients with PIOL at the National Eye Institute from 1991 to 2001. Specimens were analyzed for IgH gene rearrangements using microdissection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We measured vitreal interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-10 mRNA was studied in PIOL cells using microdissection and reverse transcribed (RT)-PCR. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression was examined by using immunohistochemistry. Infectious DNA of human herpetic virus-8 (HHV-8), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), and Toxoplasma gondii was detected by using microdissection and PCR and was confirmed with Southern blot hybridization. Results: IgH rearrangement(s) were demonstrated in all 50 tested cases. Cytokine levels were measured in the vitreous of 39 patients. Thirty-one had measurable cytokine levels: 24 of 31 had elevation of IL-10 relative to that of IL-6, and, in contrast, only 7 of 31 had elevation of IL-6 relative to IL-10. IL-10 mRNA was abundant in lymphoma cells of 6 examined cases. Lymphoma cells expressed chemokine receptors of CXCR4 and CXCR5 in three tested cases. HHV-8 DNA was found in 6 of 32 cases (18.8%), EBV DNA in 2 of 21 (9.5%), and T gondii DNA in 2 of 16 (12.5%). Conclusions: Molecular analyses detecting IgH rearrangements and vitreal levels of IL-10 and IL-6 are useful adjuncts for PIOL diagnosis. A role for specific infectious agents is hypothesized in the pathogenesis of some cases of PIOL. B-cell chemokine is likely involved in attracting PIOL cells into the eye.
Long-Term Caregiver Mental Health Outcomes Following a Predominately Online Intervention for Adolescents With Complicated Mild to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of counselor-assisted problem solving (CAPS) in improving long-term caregiver psychological functioning following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adolescents. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial compared CAPS (n = 65), a predominantly online problem-solving intervention, with an Internet resource comparison (n = 67) program. Families of adolescents with TBI completed a baseline assessment and follow-up assessments 6, 12, and 18 months later. General linear mixed models were used to examine longitudinal changes in caregiver global psychological distress, depressive symptoms, and caregiving self-efficacy. Family income and injury severity were examined as moderators of treatment efficacy. RESULTS: Family income moderated long-term changes in caregiver psychological distress. For lower-income caregivers, the CAPS intervention was associated with lower levels of psychological distress at 6, 12, and 18 months post baseline. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the utility of Web-based interventions in improving long-term caregiver psychological distress, particularly for lower-income families. Language: en
Capacity of Finite-State Channels with Time-Invariant Deterministic Feedback

We consider channel coding with feedback for the general case where the feedback may be an arbitrary deterministic function of the output samples. Under the assumption that the channel states take values in a finite alphabet, we find an achievable rate and an upper bound on the capacity. We conclude by showing that when the channel is indecomposable, and has no intersymbol interference, its capacity is given by the limit of the maximum of the (normalized) directed information between the input XN and the output YN, i.e. C = limNrarrinfin/1N max I(XN rarr YN), where the maximization is over the causal conditioning probability Q(xN||kN-) defined in this paper
Invasion of Different Cell Types by Sporozoites of Eimeria Species and Effects of Monoclonal Antibody 1209-C2 on Invasion of Cells by Sporozoites of Several Apicomplexan Parasites

Sporozoites of avian Eimeria species differed markedly in their ability to invade cells in vitro. Invasion by E. tenella and E. adenoeides was significantly greater in baby hamster kidney (BHK) and chicken cecal cell (CC) cultures than in primary chicken (PCK) or turkey kidney (PTK) cell cultures. Moreover, invasion of BHK cell cultures by E. adenoeides was significantly greater than that of other Eimeria species, and invasion by E. acervulina sporozoites was significantly lower. Monoclonal antibody 1209-C2 (MAb 1209-C2) reacted by immunofluorescent labeling (IFA) with refractile bodies of sporozoites of 5 species of Eimeria and Caryospora bigenetica, but not with sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, or Cryptosporidium parvum, which have no refractile bodies. The MAb also cross-reacted with formalin-fixed BHK, CC, turkey cecal (TC) cells, and PTK. Pretreatment of BHK cells with MAb 1209-C2 significantly reduced invasion of the cells by sporozoites of E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. meleagrimitis, and C. bigenetica, but did not alter invasion by T. gondii, C. parvum, or H. hammondia. Apparently, reactivity of MAB 1209-C2 with the sporozoites was required for inhibition of invasion despite the fact that the inhibition resulted from pre-treatment of the host cell. Conversely, although MAb 1209-C2 also reacted moderately with PTK and TC cells, pre-treatment of these cell cultures with the MAb did not inhibit invasion by either MAB 1209-C2-reactive or -nonreactive parasites. Collectively, the data indicated that refractile body antigens of sporozoites of Eimeria and Caryospora, which are recognized by MAb 1209-C2, may function in cellular invasion, but also suggest that cellular invasion is probably not mediated by interactions between the conserved epitopes in sporozoites and cultured host cells that are recognized by the MAb.
Functional performance testing in participants with functional ankle instability and in a healthy control group.

Abstract Context: Functional ankle instability (FAI) affects a large part of the population. Inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the existence of functional performance deficits in i...
Determination of Left Ventricular Mass by Echocardiography in a Normal Population: Effect of Age and Sex in Addition to Body Size

Objective In this study, we determined the effect of age, sex, and body size on left ventricular mass. Design Two-dimensional-guided M-mode echocardiography was used in an assessment of 111 healthy, normal adults. Material and Methods Left ventricular mass was calculated with the cube function formula corrected by a regression equation to agree with autopsy estimates of left ventricular mass. Calculated left ventricular mass, indexed by body surface area and by height, was analyzed on the basis of sex and age of the study participants. Age was analyzed as a dichotomous, trichotomous, and continuous variable. The effects of age, sex, and obesity, as well as interactions, were tested within a multiple linear regression model framework. Results Left ventricular mass, when indexed for either body surface area or height, was greater in men than in women. For women, but not men, we found a small but significant increase in left ventricular mass with advancing age. Body mass index, an indicator of obesity, increased with aging in women but not in men and affected left ventricular mass. No significant changes were noted in left ventricular cavity size with advancing age, and the increase in left ventricular mass in women was due to increased ventricular wall thickness. Conclusion The findings in this study suggest that left ventricular mass, as assessed by two-dimensional-guided M-mode echocardiography, is affected not only by sex and body size but also by age in women. This phenomenon may be related to an increase in body mass index with advancing age in women. In clinical studies that use echocardiographic left ventricular mass to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy, these observations should be considered.
Latino Communities in the United States: Place-Making in the Pre-World War II, Postwar, and Contemporary City:

Scholarship on Latino communities in the United States has yet to catch up with the rapid growth of this ethnic population in the country. Understanding the Latino urban experience and developing plans to better respond to both the needs of Latino communities and their integration within society is not only relevant, but also urgently necessary. Using the city of Los Angeles as a main lens, in addition to a general look at the urban Southwest, we contribute to the scholarship on the subject with a review of literature on Latino communities. We structure the review as an assessment of the various challenges and opportunities for urban Latinos in the pre-war, postwar, and contemporary city. Focusing on space, culture, economy, and governance, we chart the various roles both the private and public sectors play in meeting these challenges. Our reading of the literature shows that particular government actions in the economic and governance domains in the past had positive impacts on Latino integration, and we...
Mining motifs in massive time series databases

The problem of efficiently locating previously known patterns in a time series database (i.e., query by content) has received much attention and may now largely be regarded as a solved problem. However, from a knowledge discovery viewpoint, a more interesting problem is the enumeration of previously unknown, frequently occurring patterns. We call such patterns "motifs", because of their close analogy to their discrete counterparts in computation biology. An efficient motif discovery algorithm for time series would be useful as a tool for summarizing and visualizing massive time series databases. In addition it could be used as a subroutine in various other data mining tasks, including the discovery of association rules, clustering and classification. In this paper we carefully motivate, then introduce, a nontrivial definition of time series motifs. We propose an efficient algorithm to discover them, and we demonstrate the utility and efficiency of our approach on several real world datasets.
Design-for-Diversity for Improved Fault-Tolerance of TMR Systems on FPGAs

This paper investigates the ability to provide improved Reliability of TMR systems at comparable area and time cost using design diversity. Namely, we evaluate multiple implementations of the same functional design using a repository of methods: Templates, Case-Based, Inverted-Output, and NAND/NOR-Based methods. The design methods are tested on multiple benchmark circuits in different TMR setups for each of which design diversity and fault tolerance are examined. The results show that extensive design diversity can be achieved at design-time using one or a combination of these methods, and verifies the increased fault-tolerance of TMR-based systems with diverse designs in multiple failure modes at run-time. Moreover, results indicate that improved system fault-tolerance can be achieved using designs from different classes of design techniques, rather than using variations of the same design method without incurring a run-time expense.
MECHANISM OF BIOLUMINESCENCE, CHEMI‐LUMINESCENCE AND ENZYME FUNCTION IN THE OXIDATION OF FIREFLY LUCIFERIN*,†

Abstract— The chemical steps and the products of the bioluminescent and chemiluminescent oxidations of firefly luciferin are elucidated. The colors of firefly bioluminescence can be explained in terms of different ionic excited states and spectral shifts due to changes in molecular environment. Firefly luciferase undergoes conformational changes during catalysis. There are two sites for light production per 100,000 mW. A regulatory mechanism involving dehydro-luciferin is proposed for control of firefly flashing.
Prostaglandin E2 induces fibroblast apoptosis by modulating multiple survival pathways

Although the lipid mediator prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) exerts antifibrotic effects by inhibiting multiple fibroblast functions, its ability to regulate fibroblast survival is unknown. Here, we examined the effects of this prostanoid on apoptosis and apoptosis pathways in normal and fibrotic lung fibroblasts. As compared to medium alone, 24 h of treatment with PGE(2) increased apoptosis of normal lung fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner (EC(50) approximately 50 nM), as measured by annexin V staining, caspase 3 activity, cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, and single-stranded DNA levels. PGE(2) also potentiated apoptosis elicited by Fas ligand plus cycloheximide. These proapoptotic actions were dependent on signaling through the EP2/EP4 receptors and by downstream activation of both caspases 8 and 9. Silencing and gene deletion of PTEN demonstrated that the effects of PGE(2) involved decreased activity of the prosurvival molecule Akt. PGE(2) also down-regulated expression of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and increased expression of Fas. Fibroblasts from patients with pulmonary fibrosis exhibited resistance to the apoptotic effects of PGE(2). These findings show for the first time that, in contrast to its effects on many other cell types, PGE(2) promotes apoptosis in lung fibroblasts through diverse pathways. They provide another dimension by which PGE(2) may inhibit, and perhaps even reverse, fibrogenesis in patients with interstitial lung disease.
Changes in Dietary Protein to Metabolizable Energy Needs of 17α‐Methyltestosterone Treated Juvenile Rainbow Trout1,2

Two consecutive feeding trials were used to examine optimum dietary protein to metabolizable energy (P:ME) and ME needs of juvenile rainbow trout fed semipurified diets supplemented with 2.0 mg 17α-methyltestosterone (MT)/kg of dry ingredients. In trial 1, five diets containing 80,100, 120, 140, and 160 mg protein/kcal ME of dry diet at a constant 390 kcal ME/100 g of dry diet were used. In trial 2, four diets were prepared with 300, 340, 370, and 390 kcal dietary ME at a P:ME ratio of 100. Diets were prepared with and without MT and fed for 8 weeks to 5.4 g initial weight fish in trial 1 and 3.7 g initial weight fish in trial 2. Proximate composition of the whole body (WB) and empty carcass (EC = an eviscerated whole body) of fish was measured at the end of both trials. In trial 1, maximum efficient protein gain (MEPG) values of MT treated fish were correspondingly higher than the values obtained for controls at all dietary P:ME ratios fed except for those fish fed at a P:ME ratio of 80. The optimum P:ME ratio for MT treated fish was 100 and for control fish was 120. In trial 2, all MT treated fish fed diets containing 340 kcal ME/100 g and above had a higher MEPG value than all control fish. The diet containing an ME level of 340 kcal was considered optimum for growth of MT treated fish fed a dietary P:ME ratio of 100. MT treatment increased EC, but did not change WB fat content of fish in both trials.
A rational basis for therapy in the sick postpartum cow.

The periparturient period is perhaps the most critical few weeks in the whole reproductive process. Infectious disease and nutritional errors in late gestation can result in complications such as dystocia, stillbirth, uterine prolapse, fetal membrane retention, or metritis. The veterinarian’s role is to not only attend to the cow’s immediate health, but also to ensure the future production and fertility of the affected animal and the entire herd. Veterinary advice should focus on prevention through appropriate breeding practices (calving-ease sires), vaccination and biosecurity protocols, optimal nutrition and transition management programs, and an emphasis on calving hygiene. Several articles in this issue address appropriate management strategies. Prompt uterine involution and elimination of the inevitable calvingrelated bacterial contamination is the key to optimal first-service conception rates and reduction of days open. Pharmaceutical agents can only be used effectively when the natural process is fully understood. The intimate cellular and molecular events that regulate myometrial functions during gestation, parturition, and uterine involution are extremely complex [1]. Despite extensive research efforts spanning several decades, our level of understanding of these intricate processes is rudimentary at best. Unfortunately, our knowledge about the pathophysiology of the diseased postpartum uterus is even more deficient. The purpose of this article is to present a review of peripartum physiology, and to use this scientific
Global comparisons of lectin-glycan interactions using a database of analyzed glycan array data

Lectin–glycan interactions have critical functions in multiple normal and pathological processes, but the binding partners and functions for many glycans and lectins are not known. An important step in better understanding glycan–lectin biology is enabling systematic quantification and analysis of the interactions. Glycan arrays can provide the experimental information for such analyses, and the thousands of glycan array datasets available through the Consortium for Functional Glycomics provide the opportunity to extend the analyses to a broad scale. We developed software, based on our previously described Motif Segregation algorithm, for the automated analysis of glycan array data, and we analyzed the entire storehouse of 2883 datasets from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. We mined the resulting database to make comparisons of specificities across multiple lectins and comparisons between glycans in their lectin receptors. Of the lectins in the database, viral lectins were the most different from other organism types, with specificities nearly always restricted to sialic acids, and mammalian lectins had the most diverse range of specificities. Certain mammalian lectins were unique in their specificities for sulfated glycans. Simple modifications to a lactosamine core structure radically altered the types of lectins that were highly specific for the glycan. Unmodified lactosamine was specifically recognized by plant, fungal, viral, and mammalian lectins; sialylation shifted the binding mainly to viral lectins; and sulfation resulted in mainly mammalian lectins with the highest specificities. We anticipate that this analysis program and database will be valuable in fundamental glycobiology studies, detailed analyses of lectin specificities, and practical applications in translational research.
DIYA : a bacterial annotation pipeline for any genomics lab

Summary:DIYA (Do-It-Yourself Annotator) is a modular and configurable open source pipeline software, written in Perl, used for the rapid annotation of bacterial genome sequences. The software is currently used to take DNA contigs as input, either in the form of complete genomes or the result of shotgun sequencing, and produce an annotated sequence in Genbank file format as output. Availability: Distribution and source code are available at (https://sourceforge.net/projects/diyg/). Contact: ude.yrome@daert Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
On-the-fly reading of entire databases

A common database need is to obtain a global-read, which is a consistent read of an entire database. To avoid terminating normal system activity, and thus improve availability, we propose an on-the-fly algorithm that reads database entities incrementally and allows normal transactions to proceed concurrently. The algorithm assigns each entity a color based on whether the entity has been globally read, and a shade based on how normal transactions have accessed the entity. Serializability of execution histories is ensured by requiring normal transactions to pass both a color test and a shade test before being allowed to commit. Our algorithm improves on a color-only-based scheme from the literature; the color-only scheme does not guarantee serializability. >
Discussion--Innovation, Future Earnings, and Market Efficiency

This study considers patent citation impact as a proxy for a leading indicator of technology firms' innovation capabilities. The author examines whether patent citation impact is associated with future earnings and whether this association is appropriately reflected in stock prices and analysts' earnings forecasts of patent-rich companies. The author reports results which indicate that change of patent citation impact is positively associated with future earnings up to five years in the future, particularly in the computer, electronics, and medical equipment industries. These are industries with relatively short time lags between technological advances and profit realization. The author also reports that investors and analysts do not seem to fully incorporate the implication of enhanced innovation capabilities for future earnings into stock prices and earnings forecasts. Based on this information, the paper develops a trading strategy that generates future abnormal stock returns.In my view, this paper ask...
Subharmonic generation and the trapped-plasma mode in avalanching silicon p + -n-n + junctions

Experimental evidence is presented which distinguishes two mechanisms whereby an avalanche diode can efficiently generate microwaves at transit angles below those of classical transit-time oscillations. Measurements of external current waveforms and subsequent calculations of terminal voltage waveforms demonstrated that efficient generation (η ∼10 percent) of microwaves was possible at sub-harmonics of transit-time excitations. This subharmonic generation occurred when various harmonic components interacted such that the peak total voltage was delayed with respect to the fundamental. In such cases of multiharmonic synergetic excitations, the peak displacement currents were less than 0.25 of that required for avalanche shock-front initiation. The distinguishing features of high-efficiency operation (η ∼50 percent) were found to be completely consistent with a trapped-plasma mode interpretation. Experimental external current and dV/dt waveforms have substantiated Evans' circuit analysis [28]. dV/dt waveforms indicated peak displacement currents at breakdown which were on the order of 1.5 times that required for shock-front initiation. Approximate conduction current waveforms exhibited larger currents during the shock-front transit than during the extraction period. General features were consistent with calculations made by Cottam [29]. Circuit characteristics for both subharmonic generation and the trapped-plasma mode were similar. Circuit analysis also indicated the critical importance of each separate harmonic of a trapped-plasma mode fundamental. Harmonic generation utilizing the trapped-plasma mode enabled an extension of the upper bound of the frequency of efficient generation.
Fragility: A Quantitative Analysis of the US Health Insurance System

In this paper we attempt to understand the workings of the US health care system. This system is largely employer based. The dominance of employer provided insurance is typically attributed to its tax deductibility, which is not available to workers purchasing insurance individually. Employers are required to provide the same insurance options at the same cost to all employees. Insurance contracts have a typical duration of one year and insurance companies are allowed to change the rates with few binding restrictions. One prominent feature of the data is that smaller rms are less likely to provide coverage than larger rms. The reasons for this are unclear. This might be due
Black Neighbors: Race and the Limits of Reform in the American Settlement House Movement, 1890-1945

Professing a policy of cultural and social integration, the American settlement house movement made early progress in helping immigrants adjust to life in American cities. However, when African Americans migrating from the rural South in the early twentieth century began to replace white immigrants in settlement environs, most houses failed to redirect their efforts toward their new neighbors. Nationally, the movement did not take a concerted stand on the issue of race until after World War II. In Black Neighbors , Elisabeth Lasch-Quinn analyzes this reluctance of the mainstream settlement house movement to extend its programs to African American communities, which, she argues, were assisted instead by a variety of alternative organizations. Lasch-Quinn recasts the traditional definitions, periods, and regional divisions of settlement work and uncovers a vast settlement movement among African Americans. By placing community work conducted by the YWCA, black women's clubs, religious missions, southern industrial schools, and other organizations within the settlement tradition, she highlights their significance as well as the mainstream movement's failure to recognize the enormous potential in alliances with these groups. Her analysis fundamentally revises our understanding of the role that race has played in American social reform.
The Justification for Creating Opportunities for Virtuous Response

Clement Dore, in his important article ‘An examination of the “Soul Making” Theodicy’, discusses at length some other objections to the solution to the problem of evil under review. One objection is that while we have explained the existence of suffering, which is redeemed by the virtuous responses it provokes, what about those sufferings nobody responds virtuously to? He claims that the world contains many instances of apparently useless suffering, that is, suffering which is not instrumental in bringing about noble actions or noble states of mind and that we require an explanation as to why God has allowed these to occur. Throughout his discussion he seems to assume that God does know beforehand how agents possessing free will are going to react in any given situation.
Analysis of Multi-Span Gable Frames

Simple, analytical method for analysis of multi-span, gable frame structure having vertical columns pinned at bases is presented; principle used is that of consistent deformations of rigid joints of structure; limitations on physical and geometric properties of members of structure are kept within practical minimum; tables presented will allow for solution of structures subjected to most loading conditions encountered in practice.
Association patterns

Association patterns describe the semantics of common types of associations that arise in database applications. The patterns are defined using UML class diagrams and Object Relationship Notation (ORN). Their purpose is to impart packaged expertise to the database modeler resulting in more correct and precise models. Their usage also leads to more economically implemented and reliable database systems when ORN is supported by the DBMS. This paper gives a very brief introduction to association patterns.
Tracking objects from multiple and moving cameras

We present a novel approach for multiviews tracking of moving objects observed by multiple, stationary or moving cameras. Video streams from stationary cameras are registered using ground plane homography obtained from known 3D ground plane information. In the more general case of heterogeneous cameras (a combination of stationary and pan-tilt-zoom cameras), video streams are registered using a ground plane homography and affine transformations compensating the camera motion. The detection of moving objects is performed by defining an adaptive background that takes into account the camera motion approximated by the affine transformation. We address the tracking problem by modeling motion and appearance of the moving objects using probabilistic models. The object's appearance is represented using multiple colors distribution model that provides an efficient description of the object invariant to 2D rigid and scaling deformations. The motion models are obtained using a Kalman Filter (KF) process that predicts the position of the moving object in 2D, as well as in 3D when the images are registered to the ground plane. The tracking is performed by the maximization of a joint probability model reflecting object's motion and appearance. The novelty of our approach consists in modeling multiple trajectories observed by the moving and stationary cameras in the same KF framework, and integrating multiple cues and camera views in a joint probability data association filter (JPDAF). The proposed approach allows deriving an accurate tracking of moving objects, an automatic camera handoff and the efficient management of partial and total occlusions. We demonstrate the performances of the system on several video sequences.
Reflection on Second Language Acquisition Research Based on Chomsky's Universal Grammar Theory

With the accelerating process of globalization,higher requirements are put forward for language learners.Chomsky's uni-versal grammar theory mainly describes the process about how children have acquired their mother language based on languagemechanism in their brains,which is of important significance on second language acquisition research.This paper expounds Chom-sky's universal grammar theory and the basic content of second language acquisition,and analyzes the Chomsky's universal gram-mar theory and correlation of second language acquisition.
Cause Analysis of Pinholing Happened in Some Cathodic Electrodeposition and Its Solutions

Aiming at pinholing happened on the exterior surface of side wall and tail gate of the automobile body in some cathodic electrophoresis production line,the cause of emerged pinholing was discussed by microscopic analysis,and the corresponding solutions were put forward .
Causes and Prognosis of Visual Acuity Loss at the Time of Initial Presentation in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

PURPOSE To determine the etiology and prognosis of visual acuity loss in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) at presentation and to provide objective measures to predict visual outcome. METHODS A retrospective review of 660 patients with IIH (2009-2013) identified 31 patients (4.7%) with 48 eyes having best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/25 or worse on initial presentation. Fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the optic disc and macula, and perimetry were used to determine the causes and prognosis of vision loss. Segmentation of the macula OCT was performed using the Iowa Reference Algorithm to determine the retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer complex (GCL-IPL) thickness. RESULTS Outer retinal changes alone caused decreased BCVA at initial presentation in 22 eyes (46%): subretinal fluid in 16, chorioretinal folds in 5, and peripapillary choroidal neovascularization in 1. The vision loss was reversible except for some eyes with chorioretinal folds. Optic neuropathy alone caused decreased BCVA in 10 eyes (21%) and coexisting outer retinal changes and optic neuropathy caused decreased BCVA in 16 eyes (33%). A GCL-IPL thickness less than or equal to 70 μm at initial presentation or progressive thinning of greater than or equal to 10 μm within 2 to 3 weeks compared with baseline correlated with poor visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS Visual acuity loss in IIH can be caused by both outer retinal changes and optic neuropathy. Vision loss from outer retinal changes is mostly reversible. The outcome of patients with coexisting outer retinal changes and optic neuropathy or optic neuropathy alone depends on the degree of optic neuropathy, which can be predicted by the GCL-IPL thickness.
Accelerated laboratory testing of aggregate friction properties

Abstract This paper presents a thorough analysis of an experimental method for measuring aggregate friction properties. The second-generation Aggregate Image Measurement System (AIMS) is used to measure coarse aggregate surface texture before and after polishing in a modified Micro-Deval (MD) test procedure, in addition to Variable Speed Friction Test (VST) samples. Investigating the relationships between AIMS-MD angularity and texture, a weak relationship was found between VST friction values and AIMS angularity after MD polishing for 105 min (AMD-105). Furthermore, the strong correlation between AIMS AMD-105 texture and the surface texture of VST friction samples indicated that MD is a viable option for replacing VST as a polishing mechanism. Finally, cluster analysis was conducted to obtain threshold for classifying aggregate angularity and texture into acceptable and non-acceptable zones (i.e., defining the criteria for qualifying aggregates for friction purposes).
A Computational Approach to Predicting Ligand Selectivity for the Size‐Based Separation of Trivalent Lanthanides

Reprocessing of high-level waste is a key step in advancing sustainable energy systems. The development of efficient chelating agents for trivalent f-block metal ions is essential for increasing the efficiency of nuclear-waste remediation and extractive hydrometallurgy of rare-earth elements. Although computer-aided screening could lead to a more rapid discovery of superior ligands, an accurate theoretical description of the solvation effects for trivalent metal ions is currently a stumbling block in qualitative predictions for selectivity trends along the lanthanide series. In this work, we propose a robust model to describe the differential effect of solvation in the competitive binding of a ligand with lanthanides by including weakly coordinated counterions in the complexes of more than a +1 charge. The success of this approach in quantitatively reproducing aqueous selectivities demonstrates its potential for the design and screening of new ligands for efficient size-based separation.
Wafer-scale laser pantography 7: Advances in laser fabrication of integrated circuits

Various applications of local laser-driven pyrolytic reactions in the fabrication and restructuring of planar silicon-based integrated circuits have recently been reported.1-3 This method of using visible laser-driven micron-scale thermal processes to deposit locally dope or etch materials may prove to be a competitive approach in some aspects of producing highly integrated customized circuits and in repairing circuits. Recent advances in this area will be reviewed.
Inotropic Agents: An Overview

Improvement in myocardial contractility by inotropic agents is a critical component in the management of heart failure. Unfortunately although many drugs have been shown to have positive inotropic effects on the heart, few of these agents have been found to be useful in the treatment of heart failure in man (Farah & Alousi, 1978). This review will concentrate on drugs which appear to have the greatest potential for clinical use.
Monitorization Instrumentation with Ultrasound

Ultrasound (US) can be used intraoperatively to detect freeze fronts during cryosurgery; also for diagnosis and for thermocouple placing.
Internet resources for Tommy John injuries: what are patients reading?

Background The quality of medical information on the Internet has come under scrutiny. This study investigates the quality, accuracy, and readability of online information regarding ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries. Methods Three search terms ("elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury," "tommy john injury," and "pitcher's elbow") were entered into 3 Internet search engines. Three independent reviewers evaluated the content and accuracy of the information with a set of predetermined scoring criteria. Website quality was further assessed by the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria and Health on the Net Foundation certification. Website readability was ascertained with the Flesch-Kincaid score. Results We evaluated 113 unique websites. The average quality for all websites was 8.88 ± 6.8 (maximum, 32 points). Website quality and accuracy were lower with use of the search term "pitcher's elbow" as compared with "elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury" or "tommy john injury" ( P ≤ .001). Sites certified by the Health on the Net Foundation had higher quality scores than non-certified sites ( P = .034). The mean reading grade level was 10.7. Reading level was significantly correlated with website accuracy and quality ( P ≤ .001) and physician authorship ( P = .012) . Forty-three websites (38.1%) described surgical reconstruction; of these, 16 (37.2%) mentioned improved pitching performance postoperatively. Conclusions Online information on UCL injuries is often inaccurate and written at an inappropriate reading level. Information quality depends on the search term used, website authorship, and commercial bias. Clinicians must be aware of factors influencing website quality in order to direct patients to appropriate resources.
Stress-based topology optimization of frame structures under geometric uncertainty

Abstract Probabilistic topology optimization has gained significant research attention recently. This interest stems from the realization that the achieved high-performance designs resulted from deterministic topology optimization algorithms may become suboptimal under real-world conditions that are often accompanied with uncertainties. Among sources of these uncertainties, the ones that define structural characteristics, such as geometry, are numerically challenging to treat as they lead to stochastic structural stiffness. To date, research on developing efficient probabilistic topology optimization under stochastic stiffness is mainly focused on displacement-based objectives. However, in the design of structures, stress is also a primary design criterion that needs to be directly controlled for. A robust stress-based topology optimization methodology for frame structures under geometric uncertainty is proposed in this work. Assuming that such uncertainties are small relative to frame member lengths, the proposed methodology uses stochastic perturbation method to propagate these uncertainties up to the response level, which is expressed by the maximum of expected values of von Mises stresses throughout the domain. Sensitivities of the response with respect to design variables are derived analytically, which allows using efficient gradient-based optimizers. The proposed algorithm is examined with stress-based design of three frame structures under geometric uncertainty. Changes in the topology of these new designs are discussed, and they are shown to outperform deterministic designs when subjected to geometric uncertainties. Moreover, predictions and the resulting designs from the proposed methodology are found to be in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo simulation results.
Advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients' perceptions of prognosis and goals of treatment.

6106 Background: Patients with advanced cancer require accurate perception of their illness in order to make informed decisions regarding their care. However, little is known about the accuracy of these patients’ illness and prognostic understanding. The objectives of this study are to 1) examine prognostic understanding in patients with advanced gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, 2) assess patient preferences for prognostic information, and 3) explore associations of perceptions with quality of life (QOL) and mood. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 50 patients within 6-12 weeks post diagnosis of advanced GI cancers (gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, and hepatobiliary). We assessed patients’ perceptions of prognosis with a 15-item questionnaire, the Perception of Treatment and Prognosis Questionnaire. QOL and mood were assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) and hospital anxiety and depression scales (HADS), respectively. Results: We enrolled 50/62 (80%) consecutive eligible...
A Pilot Intervention Designed to Address Behavioral Factors That Place Overweight/Obese Young Children at Risk for Later-Life Obesity:

The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to intervene with parents of overweight/obese 4- to 8-year-old children to improve child internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Parent–child dyads (N = 60) were randomly assigned to treatment or comparison conditions. Parents attended four intervention sessions at their child’s primary health care office over 3 months. Child behaviors were assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months post intervention. Parental beliefs in their skills/abilities increased in the experimental group parents, but there was no statistical difference between groups at any time. Child externalizing behaviors significantly decreased from baseline to postintervention for both groups (F = 3.26, p = .020). Post hoc model testing suggests that this change was more pronounced in the intervention group (F = 0.56, p = .692). Child somatic symptoms significantly decreased over time (F = 4.55, p = .004), and there were group differences in child depressive behaviors (F = 6.19, p = ...
The effect of timing of influenza vaccination and sample collection on antibody titers and responses in the aged

Antibody responses, B cell subset distribution in blood and the blood transcriptome were analyzed in younger and aged human subjects before and after vaccination with the inactivated influenza vaccine. In the aged, but not the younger, individuals we saw a clear difference in antibody titers including those at baseline depending on the time of vaccination and sample collection. Differences in baseline titers in aged individuals treated in the morning or afternoon in turn affected responsiveness to the vaccine. In both younger and aged individuals, the time of sample collection also affected relative numbers of some of the B cell subsets in blood. A global gene expression analysis with whole blood samples from the aged showed small but statistically significant differences depending on the time of sample collection. Our data do not indicate that timing of vaccination affects immune responsiveness of the aged, but rather shows that in clinical influenza vaccine trials timing of collection of samples can have a major and potentially misleading influence on study outcome. In future vaccine trials, timing of vaccination and sample collection should be recorded carefully to allow for its use as a study covariant.