cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Loanable Funds Modify the Crowd Out Effects of the One-Variable Deficit (T − G)?

This chapter test the crowd out effects of deficits, measured as one variable (T − G), on consumption and investment. Effects in 18 different time periods are tested. Differences in results using one and two variable formulations of the loanable funds effect are compared. The findings almost invariably indicate that increases in loanable funds can be shown to historically have offset crowd out effects, and reaffirms that for consumption, two loanable funds variables must be included in models to fully pick up the loanable funds effects. Table 10.5 shows clearly how much more important endogenous growth in loanable funds has been in reducing crowd out than exogenous growth.
Vascular Comorbidities Worsen Prognosis of Patients with Heart Failure Hospitalized with COVID-19

BackgroundPrior diagnosis of heart failure (HF) is associated with increased length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality from Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Associations between substance use, venous thromboembolism (VTE), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its effects on LOS or mortality in patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19 remains unknown. ObjectiveThis study identified risk factors associated with poor in-hospital outcomes among patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19. MethodsCase control study was conducted of patients with prior diagnosis of HF hospitalized with COVID-19 at an academic tertiary care center from January 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021. Patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19 with risk factors were compared with those without risk factors for clinical characteristics, length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Multivariate regression was conducted to identify multiple predictors of increased LOS and in-hospital mortality in patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19. ResultsTotal of 211 HF patients were hospitalized with COVID-19. Females had longer LOS than males (9 days vs. 7 days; p < 0.001). Compared with patients without peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or ischemic stroke, patients with PAD or ischemic stroke had longer LOS (7 days vs. 9 days; p = 0.012 and 7 days vs. 11 days, p < 0.001; respectively). Older patients (aged 65 and above) had increased in-hospital mortality compared to younger patients (Adjusted OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.07; p = 0.036). VTE increased mortality more than three-fold in patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19 (Adjusted OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.29 - 8.43; p = 0.011). ConclusionVascular diseases increase LOS and mortality in patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19. KEY QUESTIONSO_ST_ABSWhat is already known about this subject?C_ST_ABS- Prior diagnosis of heart failure (HF) increases LOS and mortality in patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 - Antiplatelet, anticoagulation, and statin therapy decreased venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients admitted for COVID-19 What does this study add?- This study showed that patients with COVID-19, HF, and VTE had a higher mortality rate than patients with COVID-19 and either HF or VTE, or patients with HF and/or VTE who did not have COVID-19. - This study showed that patients with HF hospitalized with COVID-19 had greater length of stay with prior diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or ischemic stroke How might this impact on clinical practice?- Our findings demonstrate clinical relevance by showing supportive evidence for antiplatelet, anticoagulation, and statin therapy in HF patients hospitalized with COVID-19
The Social Organization of Ceramic Production in a Colonial Context: The Case of Panamanian Majolica and Criolla Ware

Due to the existence of wares that were produced both within and outside Spanish-tradition workshop in Panama Viejo, this site offers an apt opportunity to study how coexisting but seemingly distinct potting communities organized their craft in a colonial context. To this end, a sample of two locally produced wares—one characterized by high-fired, wheel-thrown, and tin-glazed vessels known as Panamanian Majolica and the other by low-fired, handmade, and coarse-textured utilitarian vessels known as Criolla—were analyzed. The findings of the macroscopic and microscopic characterizations revealed that highly divergent potting communities, whose productions practices and craft organization varied drastically, coexisted at the site.
Prevalence, location along the spine and demographic distribution of vertebral hemangiomas in southern India: An magnetic resonance imaging-based cross-sectional study of 624 subjects

Purpose: Vertebral hemangiomas (VHs) are the most common benign tumors of the spine. The aim of this study is to find the prevalence of VHs in the general population and its distribution along the vertebral column. Materials and Methods: The presence of VHs was assessed in the full spine magnetic resonance imaging of 624 participants. Demographic data were obtained from the patient's medical records. Results: VHs were present in 14.4% of the total study population. Multiple VHs were present in 2.2% of the study group and 15.5% of the participantswith VHs. The prevalence of VHs was sex independent with similar occurrence among males and females. The prevalence was age dependent with maximum appearing in the 40–59 age cohort. Lumbar vertebrae were found to be the most prone vertebrae for the occurrence of VHs. Conclusions: The prevalence of VHs is age dependent and sex independent. The lumbar region is the most common site of occurrence of VHs. The overall incidence of VHs is much higher than previously reported, probably due to the newer advancements in imaging techniques.
The Role of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Non-Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Analysis of a National Hospital-Based Registry

Purpose/objective(s) Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor, and the treatment paradigm has been largely based on small retrospective studies. The use of post-operative radiation therapy (PORT) is controversial. Using a national hospital-based registry, this study aims to further characterize the patient population who may benefit from PORT. Materials/methods The National Cancer Database was queried for ACC by site and histology as specified by the ICD-O-3. Only patients with histologic confirmation were included. Patients with metastatic disease, non-oncologic surgical procedures, or death within 30 days of surgery were excluded. Patients were stratified by receipt of PORT. Those who received radiation to other sites, presumably for metastatic disease, were excluded. Analysis between groups was done by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and student's t-test. Optimal-full propensity score matching for the receipt of PORT was performed. Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier method with differences compared by the log-rank test. Cox-proportional hazards models were generated to determine significant predictors of survival. Results A total of 1557 patients were diagnosed with ACC from 2004-2017. The mean age was 61.1 (40-90), 59% were female, the median follow up was 11.1 months, and 24.5% had distant metastasis. 755 patients with histologically confirmed non-metastatic ACC underwent oncologic surgery, with 95 (12.6%) receiving PORT. Compared to those who underwent surgery alone, patients who received PORT were more likely to have a diagnosis in 2009 or later (75.8 vs 46.4%; P 0 (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.60), and negative resection margins (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.54-0.79); PORT was not significantly associated with survival (P = 0.65). There was no difference in survival between PORT and surgery alone even for patients with positive resection margins (HR 0.77 95% CI 0.52-1.15). Conclusion Use of PORT in treating ACC has significantly increased in recent years, especially for disease with high-risk features; however, results of our analysis suggest radiation therapy does not confer a survival benefit in the adjuvant setting. Given the rarity of the disease and lack of prospective randomized data, the decision for PORT should be individualized.
Pollution and Property: Comparing Ownership Institutions for Environmental Protection

Environmental protection and resource conservation depend on the imposition of property rights (broadly defined) because in the absence of some property system - private, common, or public - resource degradation and depletion are inevitable. But there is no universal, first-best property regime for environmental protection in this second-best world. Using case studies and examples taken from countries around the world, this 2002 book demonstrates that the choice of ownership institution is contingent upon institutional, technological, and ecological circumstances that determine the differential costs of instituting, implementing, and maintaining alternative regimes. Consequently, environmental protection is likely to be more effective and more efficient in a society that relies on multiple (and often mixed) property regimes. The book concludes with an assessment of the important contemporary issue of 'takings', which arise when different property regimes collide.
Der Anspruch des Bundesverfassungsgerichts auf Kompetenzkontrolle im Einzelfall

Im folgenden sollen die Pramissen, aus denen das BVerfG seinen Anspruch auf Kompetenzkontrolle im Einzelfall herleitet, herausgearbeitet und auf ihre Schlussigkeit hin untersucht werden.
Informal Transactions with the Police: The Case of Tunisian “Sex Crimes”

This article examines the intersection between, on the one hand, informal transactions with the police and, on the other, ‘sex crimes.’ Although prohibited by law, informal transactions have not been eradicated from the dealing between the police and civilians in Tunisia. Such transactions take place in case people have violated the law, but also, as this paper shows, when people have committed a ‘crime’ that is not described by legislation. In these cases, extra-legislative, informal norms are at play in two ways: the informal norm prescribing ‘paying off’ the police officer, and the informal norm prohibiting a certain dealing between the sexes. By describing the workings of such transactions in detail, this article presents an insight in what Blundo and De Sardan call the ‘etat du quotidien’ in Tunisia under the authoritarian regime.
Matching Crew Diet and Crop Food Production in BIO-Plex

This paper matches the BIO-Plex crop food production to the crew diet requirements. The expected average calorie requirement for BIO-Plex is 2,975 Calories per crewmember per day, for a randomly selected crew with a typical level of physical activity. The range of 2,550 to 3,400 Calories will cover about two-thirds of all crews. The exact calorie requirement will depend on the gender composition, individual weights, exercise, and work effort of the selected crew. The expected average crewmember calorie requirement can be met by 430 grams of carbohydrate, 100 grams of fat, and 90 grams of protein per crewmember per day, for a total of 620 grams. Some fat can replaced by carbohydrate. Each crewmember requires only 2 grams of vitamins and minerals per day. Only unusually restricted diets may lack essential nutrients. The Advanced Life Support (ALS) consensus is that BIO-Plex should grow wheat, potato, and soybean, and maybe sweet potato or peanut, and maybe lettuce and tomato. The BIO-Plex Biomass Production System food production and the external food supply must be matched to the crew diet requirement for calories and nutritional balance. The crop production and external supply specifications can each be varied as long as their sum matches the required diet specification. We have wide flexibility in choosing the crops and resupply. We can easily grow one-half the crew calories in one BIO-Plex Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) if we grow only the most productive crops (wheat, potato, and sweet potato) and it we achieve nominal crop productivity. If we assume higher productivity we can grow a wider variety of crops. If we grow one-half of the crew calories, externally supplied foods can easily provide the other half of the calories and balance the diet. We can not grow 95 percent of the crew calories in two BPCs at nominal productivity while growing a balanced diet. We produce maximum calories by growing wheat, potato, and peanut.
Working Memory and Reactivity

The present study explores the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and think-alouds, focusing on the issue of reactivity. Two WM span tasks (listening span and operation span) were administered to 42 English-speaking learners of Spanish. Learner performance on reading comprehension and written production was measured under two experimental conditions (think-aloud vs. non-think-aloud conditions). Results showed that think-alouds had negatively affected learner performance on reading comprehension, indicating the presence of reactive effects. Particularly interesting is the finding that reactive effects of think-alouds seem to have occurred in the course of rule learning among the high-WMC learners, but not among the low-WMC learners. The findings suggest that individual differences in WMC should be taken into careful consideration in future research that involves think-aloud protocols.
Early onset and tropical forcing of 100,000-year Pleistocene glacial cycles

Between 1.5 and 0.6 Myr ago, the period of the Earth's glacial cycles changed from 41 kyr, the period of the Earth's obliquity cycles, to 100 kyr, the period of the Earth's orbital eccentricity, which has a much smaller effect on global insolation. The timing of this transition and its causes pose one of the most perplexing problems in palaeoclimate research. Here we use complex demodulation to examine the phase evolution of precession and semiprecession cycles--the latter of which are phase-coupled to both precession and eccentricity--in the tropical and extratropical Atlantic Ocean. We find that about 1.5 Myr ago, tropical semiprecession cycles (with periods of about 11.5 kyr) started to propagate to higher latitudes, coincident with a growing amplitude envelope of the 100-kyr cycles. Evidence from numerical models suggests that cycles of about 10 kyr in length may be required to explain the high amplitude of the 100-kyr cycles. Combining our results with consideration of a modern analogue, we conclude that increased heat flow across the equator or from the tropics to higher latitudes around 1.5 Myr ago strengthened the semiprecession cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, and triggered the transition to sustained 100-kyr glacial cycles.
A Saas-Based Approach in an E-Learning System

In the United States schools in the K12 School System, that provide education for primary, junior and senior high school students, are moving toward information systems to solve and automate some manual processes performed in these schools. With this movement, and the pressure on schools to use technology to improve student achievement, many schools are turning to learning management systems as a way to enhance student learning. Recent surveys show that K-12 online learning is a rapidly growing phenomenon. Also, many states in the United States, including Michigan, require an online experience for all graduates. Due to the rapid growth of cloud computing and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) there has been a shift towards web applications in some E-Business systems. Another shift is in the way software is being delivered to the end-user, namely using the Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model. System integration is part of the huge challenge facing K12 schools in small and large school districts. Not having an integrated system is causing schools many tribulations, such as inconsistent data, duplicate manual data entry, and extra time needed to manage user accounts, and non-productive time spent on technical support. In addition, the task of maintaining the individual systems is time consuming. Despite the potential advantages, these systems can bring challenges to schools’ existing architecture. This research paper focuses on a comprehensive and innovative solution based on a conceptual framework and utilizing Web 2.0 technologies. The aim with the research project was to design a conceptual architecture for next generation of education system (E-Education 2.0), based on open source and Web 2.0 technologies, and utilizing cloud computing. This proposed solution has involved an analysis of all the business and information technology systems in the K12 environment. The solution also addresses the concerns of stakeholders by utilizing an integrated enterprise architecture, and when implemented would result in a cost effective, adaptable and scalable E-learning System. Teachers will be able to integrate information technology based features into the curriculum. Furthermore, the proposed solution provides a clear roadmap of how to transition existing individual systems into one integrated system, based on SaaS and PaaS technologies. The introduction of E-learning management systems into the mainstream K12 schools is expected to solve some of the problems in this education sector, but poses challenges such as systems integration of existing architectures. While SaaS has been widely used and adopted in several countries, there are still barriers to entry in developing countries.
Experimental endotoxin shock. The effect of hypothermia on outcome.

Abstract The potential value of hypothermia in reducing the oxygen demand of tissues during endotoxin shock is evident and so its use in canine endotoxin shock was investigated. An extracorporeal technique of inducing hypothermia is described as applied to three groups of dogs and the results are given. All animals receiving only hypothermia (Group A) survived. In animals receiving endotoxin alone (Group B) there were no survivors. In animals receiving endotoxin and hypothermia (Group C) the hypotension was less profound than that observed in the Group B animals, but only one animal survived over 36 hours. Despite the theoretical advantages of hypothermia it appeared to have no significant effect on the outcome.
Multisensor observation and simulation of snowfall during the 2003 Wakasa bay field experiment

This research seeks to assess and improve the accuracy of microphysical assumptions used in satellite passive microwave radiative transfer models and retrieval algorithms by exploiting complementary observations from satellite radiometers, such as TRMM/AMSR-E/GPM, and coincident aircraft instruments, such as the next generation precipitation radar (PR-2). We focus in particular on aircraft data obtained during the Wakasa Bay field experiment, Japan 2003, pertaining to surface snowfall events. The observations of vertical profiles of reflectivity and Doppler-derived fall speeds are used in conjunction with the radiometric measurements to identify I-D profiles of precipitation particle types, sizes, and concentrations that are consistent with the observations.
Presence of a Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Related Antigen in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells and Its Absence From Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells

Antigen(s) related to the major external glycoprotein (gp52) of mouse mammary tumor virus was detected in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. No such antigenic determinants were detectable in normal human mammary epithelial cells.
Glucocorticoids modulate baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity

Experiments were performed to determine the effects of glucocorticoids on arterial baroreceptor reflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and...
Cysteine residues in the zinc finger and amino acids adjacent to the finger are necessary for DNA binding by the LAC9 regulatory protein of Kluyveromyces lactis.

Abstract LAC9 is a positive regulatory protein that controls transcription of the lactose-galactose regulon in Kluyveromyces lactis. LAC9 is homologous to the GAL4 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both proteins have a single "zinc finger" which plays a role in DNA binding. We previously hypothesized (L. V. Wray, M. M. Witte, R. C. Dickson, and M. I. Riley, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1111-1121, 1987) that the DNA-binding domain of the LAC9 protein consisted of the zinc finger as well as a region of amino acids on the carboxyl-terminal side of the zinc finger. In this study we used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce 13 single-amino-acid changes into the proposed DNA-binding domain of the LAC9 protein. Variant LAC9 proteins carrying an amino acid substitution in any one of the four highly conserved Cys residues of the zinc finger had reduced DNA-binding activity, suggesting that each Cys is necessary for DNA binding. Three of four variant LAC9 proteins with amino acid substitutions located on the carboxyl-terminal side of the zinc finger had reduced DNA-binding activity. These results support our hypothesis that the DNA-binding domain of the LAC9 protein is composed of the zinc finger and the adjacent region on the carboxyl side of the zinc finger, a region that has the potential to form an alpha-helix. Finally, LAC9 proteins containing His residues substituted for the conserved Cys residues also had reduced DNA-binding activity, indicating that His residues are not equivalent to Cys residues, as had been previously thought.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis: Five years of treatment experience from a burn unit

Background Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a serious drug eruption that results in death in approximately 25% to 50% of patients. There is controversy over whether SCORTEN accurately predicts mortality or if treatment interventions such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can alter mortality. Objectives We sought to determine whether SCORTEN accurately predicts mortality in this cohort, whether IVIg improved survival, and which drugs and medical comorbidities impacted mortality. Methods We summarize our experience prospectively over 5 years and 82 patients. Patients either received supportive care, intravenous immunoglobulin, or cyclosporine as treatment. All patients had a SCORTEN on admission, an offending drug on record, and a list of medical comorbidities. Results Of the 82 patients, 29% died from TEN. SCORTEN accurately predicted mortality in this cohort with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 in a receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. A Kaplan-Meier curve did not show improved mortality if patients received IVIg versus supportive care (P = .9). Medications most often responsible for TEN were trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, followed by anticonvulsants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and allopurinol. Limitations This prospective cohort study design is not as ideal as patients presenting for a randomized controlled trial. Conclusions SCORTEN was an accurate predictor of mortality in this cohort. Age older than 40 years, the presence of metabolic syndrome and/or gout, higher body surface area involvement, higher SCORTEN, and higher number of medical comorbidities statistically significantly increased risk of death. IVIg did not significantly alter mortality. Although the highest number of cases was due to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, the greatest proportion of deaths was due to allopurinol.
The Opioid Growth Factor, [Met5]-Enkephalin, and the ζ(Zeta) Opioid Receptor Are Present in Human and Mouse Skin and Tonically Act to Inhibit DNA Synthesis in the Epidermis

Opioid peptides serve as tonically active negative growth factors in neural and non-neural cells, in addition to being neuromodulators. To investigate the involvement of opioids in homeostatic renewal of epithelial cells in the epidermis, mice were given systemic injections of the potent opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX) (20mg/kg). Disruption of opioid-receptor interaction by NTX resulted in an elevation of 42 and 72% in DNA synthesis in skin from the dorsum and plantar surface of the hindfoot, respectively, within 2 h; response to NTX was dependent on the circadian rhythm in each region examined. Injection of the naturally occurring and potent opioid growth factor (OGF), [Met 5 ]-enkephalin, at 1mg/kg depressed DNA synthesis in the dorsum and plantar surface by 42 and 19%, respectively, within 2 h; the effects of OGF complied with the pattern of circadian rhythm in each area of skin. The decreases in labeling index evoked by OGF were blocked by concomitant administration of the opioid antagonist, naloxone (10mg/kg); naloxone alone at the dosage utilized had no influence on cell replicative processes. In tissue culture studies, OGF and NTX respectively depressed and elevated DNA synthesis. Both OGE and its receptor, ζ , were detected in all but the cornified layer of the epidermis in murine skin from the dorsum, plantar surface, pinnae, and tail. In addition, both peptide and receptor were observed in basal and supra-basal cells of the human epidermis. These results lead to the suggestion that an endogenous opioid peptide and its receptor are present and govern cellular renewal processes in the skin in a direct manner, regulating DNA synthesis in a tonically inhibitory, circadian rhythm-dependent fashion.
How does surfactant really work

Although administration of exogenous surfactant to the neonate with RDS often relieves hypoxia rapidly, it is events occurring some 18-48 h later that determine the ultimate clinical outcome, indicating a vital second stage to 'rescue'. It is proposed that, whereas a reduction in surface tension facilitates the initial penetration of the lungs by air, the second stage is provided by surface-active phospholipid (SAPL) slowly adsorbing (binding) to alveolar epithelium to displace water in the same way that surfactants are widely used industrially as 'de-watering' agents. In the normal newborn, this de-watering lining of SAPL is already in place, explaining the extremely rapid expulsion of fluid from the lungs at birth. The selection or formulation of a surfactant for rescue should thus take both stages into consideration.
Spectrin in Developing Normal and Cardiomyopathic Hamster Heart

In the present study, we compare fetal, newborn and adult normal and cardiomyopathic hearts for the presence of spectrin. Spectrin is a cytoskeletal-membrane protein found associated with the membranes and cortical regions of a variety of cell types. Its function in non-erythroid tissue is not fully understood. We determined previously that spectrin is associated with the membranes, myofibrils, intercalated discs and possibly the T-tubules of developing normal Syrian hamsters. Thus, it is a good candidate for comparison with cardiomyopathic (CM) Syrian hamster hearts since this model system exhibits myofibril and membrane abnormalities. Normal and CM hamsters were analysed at three stages of fetal development, as well as newborn, and adult stages using immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and electrophoretic techniques. The data presented here indicate that no obvious difference exists in the distribution of spectrin between normal and CM hearts. Thus, the isoform of spectrin recognized by our antibody with the present protocols is not affected by the cardiomyopathic condition and can be ruled out as a contributor to the myofibril disarray and membrane-associated defects seen in these animals.
Stability of index of heart rate variability in patients with congestive heart failure

Stability of indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) has not been established for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). We therefore measured Holter-derived HRV indexes in 17 stable patients with class II or III CHF (mean age 52 +/- 9 yr; 5 men and 12 women) on two occasions 2 weeks apart. Stability was determined via paired t tests and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). ICCs for time domain indexes of HRV were > or = 0.86 for 24 hours, > or = 0.73 for daytime, and > or = 0.72 for nighttime indexes reflecting longer-term variability. After log transformation, ICCs for the short-term 24-hour measures PNN50 (percentage of N-N intervals > 50 msec different from preceding interval) and RMSSD (the root mean square of successive differences) were 0.85 and 0.67. ICCs for frequency domain indexes of HRV were 0.86 to 0.91. We compared HRV indexes, serum norepinephrine (NE) levels, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia induced by paced breathing, also considered measures of autonomic tone. NE correlated weakly with average R-R interval, and all indexes of HRV reflecting longer-term variation (r = -0.32 to r = -0.50). ICC was 0.78 for NE. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was highly repeatable (ICC = 0.70) but did not correlate significantly with NE or any measure of HRV. We conclude that time and frequency domain indexes of HRV are stable over time in CHF patients without intervening events.
On the structure of cyclopentadiene

Abstract The bond angles of cyclopentadiene were evaluated by minimizing the energy on the assumption that there is no bond distortion in the molecule. The close agreement between the theoretical result of 103° with the experimental value of 102° seems to support this assumption.
Vascular surgical data registries for small computers.

Recent designs for computer-based vascular surgical registries and clinical data bases have employed large centralized systems with formal programming and mass storage. Small computers, of the types created for office use or for word processing, now contain sufficient speed and memory storage capacity to allow construction of decentralized office-based registries. Using a standardized dictionary of terms and a method of data organization adapted to word processing, we have created a new vascular surgery data registry, “VASREG.” Data files are organized without programming, and a limited number of powerful logical statements in English are used for sorting. The capacity is 25,000 records with current inexpensive memory technology. VASREG is adaptable to computers made by a variety of manufacturers, and interface programs are available for conversion of the word processor formated registry data into forms suitable for analysis by programs written in a standard programming language. This is a lowcost clinical data registry available to any physician. With a standardized dictionary, preparation of regional and national statistical summaries may be facilitated.
Making Native Space: Cultural Politics, Historical Narrative, and Community Curation at the National Museum of the American Indian

The work of presenting native history in the museum setting is always challenging; a commitment to prioritizing native perspectives and interests in a national museum is all the more so. Certainly, any museum is today a multilayered space of representational possibilities, and thus creating exhibitions in collaboration with native constituents is a dynamic and challenging task. This article is a summary of current exhibition planning strategies at the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), which having developed a model collaborative approach for its opening exhibitions, is now in the unusual position of needing to scrutinize that model of "community curation," and to consider other strategies for resolution of representational issues and educational mandates as we develop our next major exhibitions.
Accelerated Convergence in the Simulation of Countably Infinite State Markov Chains

This paper describes a method of obtaining results from the simulation of a countably infinite state, positive recurrent aperiodic Markov chain at a cost considerably below that required to achieve the same accuracy with pure random sampling. Reorganizing k independent epochs or tours simulated serially into k replications simulated in parallel can induce selected joint distributions across replications that produce the cost savings. The joint distributions follow from the use of rotation sampling, a special case of the antithetic variate method. The chains considered are of the band type so that for some integer I´ a transition from any state i = 0, 1, 2, ' can move no further than to states i-I´ and i + I´. The paper shows that an estimator of interest has variance bounded above by OI´2ln k4/k2 when using rotation sampling, as compared to a variance O1/k for independent sampling. Moreover, the mean cost of simulation based on rotation sampling has an upper bound OI´ ln k2 as compared to a cost of at least Ok for independent sampling. The paper also describes how one can exploit special structure in a model together with rotation sampling to improve the bound on variance for essentially the same mean cost.
Inferring nonstationary gene networks from temporal gene expression data

Reverse-engineering transcriptional networks from longitudinal expression profiles is a crucial step towards the study of gene regulatory mechanisms. Genes dynamically orchestrate to each other, the stationarity assumption made by existing methods of transcriptional interaction inference is no longer adequate. As such, we need a new approach to handle the nonstationary behavior in gene expression. On the other hand, microarrays for human studies are equipped with a large number of probe sets, leading the inference of dynamic networks to a computationally intensive task. Hence, there is a need to design the inference algorithm in a tractable manner. This paper develops a Bayesian network approach to inferring the nonstationary transcriptional interactions. The applications of our approach to a clinical study of mechanical periodontal therapy demonstrates a significant improvement over stationary models. Our nonstationary network model also explains the anti-inflammatory effect of mechanical pe-riodontal therapy.
Trends in on-road vehicle emissions of ammonia

Abstract Motor vehicle emissions of ammonia have been measured at a California highway tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area. Between 1999 and 2006, light-duty vehicle ammonia emissions decreased by 38 ± 6%, from 640 ± 40 to 400 ± 20 mg kg −1 . High time resolution measurements of ammonia made in summer 2001 at the same location indicate a minimum in ammonia emissions correlated with slower-speed driving conditions. Variations in ammonia emission rates track changes in carbon monoxide more closely than changes in nitrogen oxides, especially during later evening hours when traffic speeds are highest. Analysis of remote sensing data of Burgard et al. (Environmental Science Technology 2006, 40, 7018–22) indicates relationships between ammonia and vehicle model year, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Ammonia emission rates from diesel trucks were difficult to measure in the tunnel setting due to the large contribution to ammonia concentrations in a mixed-traffic bore that were assigned to light-duty vehicle emissions. Nevertheless, it is clear that heavy-duty diesel trucks are a minor source of ammonia emissions compared to light-duty gasoline vehicles.
Chiral Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers Bearing Side-Chain Fluorinated Groups and Chiral Crosslinking Units

Chiral fluorinated side-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) IP - IVP were graft copolymerized by hydrosilylation reaction. The chemical structure, liquid-crystalline behavior and polarization property were characterized by use of various experimental techniques. The effective crosslink density of the chiral LCEs was studied by swelling experiments. All the samples IP - IVP displayed chiral smectic C mesophase (SC*) on heating and cooling cycles. With increasing chiral crosslinking units in the elastomer systems, the glass transition temperature and chiral smectic C mesophase-isotropic phase transition temperature of fluorinated elastomers increased slightly, indicating that the temperature range of SC* mesophase became narrow with increase of chiral crosslinking agents for all the chiral fluorinated elastomers. All the samples IP - IVP showed 0.12-0.16 μC/cm2 of spontaneous polarization.
Effects of spatial and temporal parameters of primary afferent microstimulation on neural responses evoked in primary somatosensory cortex of an anesthetized cat

Patterned microstimulation of muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons may provide tactile and proprioceptive feedback to users of advanced prosthetic limbs. However, it is unclear what types of stimulation patterns will be effective, and the parameter space for creating these patterns is prohibitively large to explore systematically using only psychophysics paradigms. In this study, we used an array of microelectrodes in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of an isoflurane anesthetized cat to measure responses in a population of neurons evoked by various patterns of primary afferent microstimulation delivered to the L6 and L7 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Each pattern consisted of a 300 ms train of microstimulation pulses having a fixed amplitude, pulse rate, and location in the array of DRG electrodes. Evoked responses were detectable on many S1 channels at the lowest amplitude tested (5 μA) and pulse rate (10 pulses per second). Increasing the pulse rate lowered the threshold amplitude for evoking a response on some S1 channels. Location effects were also observed. Adjacent stimulation sites evoked discriminable responses at low but not high (20 μA) amplitudes. In summary, we observed interactions between stimulation pulse rate, pulse amplitude, and location. Such interactions must be considered when designing stimulation patterns for transmitting sensory feedback by primary afferent microstimulation.
Method for Recovery of Progesterone Added to Milk

Abstract A relatively simple technique for extraction of progesterone from milk was developed. Approximately 0.4 μ g (3,500 count/min) of progesterone-4- 14 C was added to each milk sample before extraction. The milk sample was subjected to total lipid extraction and two solvent partitioning procedures, with the final residue redissolved in 95% ethanol. Scintillation counting of aliquots of the final extract indicated a recovery of 72.9±3.8% (mean±SD) of the added hormone. The major portion (97.3±1.6%) (mean±SD) of the loss of radioactivity occurred during the two solvent partitioning phases. The total recovery of isotope, including both the experimental extract and waste products, was 98.7±4.8% (mean±SD). The recovery rate for this method compares well with methods reported for hormone assay of animal tissue. Spectrophotometric determinations of authentic progesterone added to milk confirmed that the recovered radioactive substance was progesterone. The method is efficient enough to extract small quantities of progesterone for investigating progestins in milk.
ON NOT EXCLUDING HALF OF THE HUMAN IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Much research in human geography has been, often inadvertently, sexist. We first propose some reasons for this and then review the feminist contributions in other disciplines. The bulk of the paper examines some examples of sexist bias in the content, methods, and purposes of geographic research, suggests the nature of the damage that such bias inflicts on geographic knowledge, and identifies ways in which nonsexist geography might emerge.
Hearing results after stapedotomy with a nitinol piston prosthesis.

Objective To compare the hearing results in patients with otosclerosis who underwent a stapedotomy with either a platinum wire prosthesis or a commercially available, heat-activated nitinol stapes piston prosthesis. Design Retrospective medical chart review. Setting Academic tertiary care medical center. Patients Seventy-nine consecutive patients diagnosed as having otosclerosis who underwent primary stapedotomy (33 men and 46 women) were included in this study (41 ears per group). Intervention Stapedotomy. Main Outcome Measures The operative records of the senior surgeon (B.J.G.) were retrospectively reviewed, and hearing results were obtained. The hearing results of the patients who received a platinum wire prosthesis were compared with those who received a nitinol prosthesis. Results Results for the platinum wire prosthesis group revealed a postoperative mean (SD) air-bone gap (ABG) of 7 (6) dB, a mean (SD) ABG closure of 21 (12) dB, and a postoperative mean (SD) speech reception threshold of 25 (16) dB. Results for the nitinol prosthesis group revealed a postoperative ABG of 8 (6) dB, an ABG closure of 25 (10) dB, and a postoperative speech reception threshold of 25 (12) dB. Conclusions These data show that the nitinol prosthesis is equivalent to the platinum wire prosthesis in closing the ABG in patients with otosclerosis. Comparable efficacy combined with the ease and safety of heat-activated crimping supports the continued use of this prosthesis for stapes surgery.
General form for the collective bremsstrahlung recoil force in a nonequilibrium relativistic beam-plasma system

The general form is derived, from first principles, for the collective bremsstrahlung recoil force on a test particle participating in a bremsstrahlung process in a relativistic nonequilibrium beam-plasma system. The force is expressed in terms of the particle and photon distribution functions and the bremsstrahlung transition rate. This relationship is useful in calculations of collective radiation processes and the conditions for the occurrence of bremsstrahlung radiative instability in relativistic beam-plasma systems.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Beyond castration and chemotherapy: Novel approaches to targeting androgen-driven pathways

In castrate-resistant prostate cancer, beyond chemotherapy, existing guidelines suggest only supportive care. However, recent evidence suggests that continued targeting of androgen-dependent pathways may be an efficacious approach. Clinical data is now available for two mechanistically distinct agents (abiraterone and MDV3100) that both ultimately target these pathways. Abiraterone is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of CYP17, a critical enzyme in androgen biosynthesis. Phase II studies indicate substantial declines in PSA amongst castrate-resistant patients treated with abiraterone, both prior to and following cytotoxic chemotherapy. In contrast to abiraterone, MDV3100 is a direct inhibitor of the androgen receptor, binding the receptor irreversibly with substantially higher affinity as compared to bicalutamide. A recent phase I/II trial of MDV3100 in castrate-resistant prostate cancer demonstrated tolerability of the agent with activity at the lowest dose level. On the basis of these compelling data, both abiraterone and MDV3100 will be examined in the phase III setting.
Distinct roles for E2F proteins in cell growth control and apoptosis

E2F transcription activity is composed of a family of heterodimers encoded by distinct genes. Through the overproduction of each of the five known E2F proteins in mammalian cells, we demonstrate that a large number of genes encoding proteins important for cell cycle regulation and DNA replication can be activated by the E2F proteins and that there are distinct specificities in the activation of these genes by individual E2F family members. Coexpression of each E2F protein with the DP1 heterodimeric partner does not significantly alter this specificity. We also find that only E2F1 overexpression induces cells to undergo apoptosis, despite the fact that at least two other E2F family members, E2F2 and E2F3, are equally capable of inducing S phase. The ability of E2F1 to induce apoptosis appears to result from the specific induction of an apoptosis-promoting activity rather than the lack of induction of a survival activity, because co-expression of E2F2 and E2F3 does not rescue cells from E2F1-mediated apoptosis. We conclude that E2F family members play distinct roles in cell cycle control and that E2F1 may function as a specific signal for the initiation of an apoptosis pathway that must normally be blocked for a productive proliferation event.
A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers.

Rivers provide important resources for riparian consumers, especially in arid or seasonally arid biomes. Pygmy grasshoppers (Paratettix aztecus and P. mexicanus; Tetrigidae) graze river algae stranded along shorelines of the South Fork Eel River in northern California (39°44′N, 123°39′W) as the river recedes during the summer drought. Densities of tetrigids during the mid to late summer were highest (1 individual/m2 in July) within 1 m of the river margin, and declined to near zero at 4 m from the margin, especially during peak temperatures in the afternoon. These observations suggested that the distribution of tetrigids was determined by the availability of algae, water, or both. We manipulated the presence/absence of water and beached algae (Cladophora glomerata) in a 2×2 factorial design. All treatments were positioned 2 m upslope from the river's edge (about 30 cm above the water table), where the cobble bar was naturally dry and devoid of algae and densities of tetrigids were lower than at the river margin (0.4 individuals/m2 in July). Tetrigids responded only to the wet Cladophora treatment, which had 30× higher densities than other treatments. Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C) of tetrigids (–19.7‰) collected from the same cobble bars were more similar to those of epilithic algae (–20.4‰) than terrestrial plants (–28.2‰), and higher than those of acridid grasshoppers (–27.9‰) from the same habitats. Mixing models suggest that 88–100% of the C in tetrigid grasshoppers at our study site is derived from riverine algae. A preliminary analysis suggests that tetrigids ingested sufficient quantities of algae to easily meet their energetic demands during the summer. This study supports the idea that algae, produced in stream systems, can determine the distribution and relative abundance of a common terrestrial scavenger and provide an additional pathway for energy exchange between rivers and riparian food webs.
A Porous Silicon Optical Biosensor: Detection of Reversible Binding of IgG to a Protein A-Modified Surface

The reversibility, specificity, stability, and scaling of signal response to analyte mass were quantified for a porous silicon-based optical interferometric biosensor. The sensor system studied consisted of a thin layer (5μm) of porous silicon modified with Protein A. The system was probed with various fragments of an aqueous Human IgG analyte. The sensor operates by measurement of the Fabry−Perot fringes in the white light reflection spectrum from the porous silicon layer. Molecular binding is detected as a shift in wavelength of these fringes. IgG was added to and removed from the protein A-modified surface by changing solution pH in a flow cell, and the system was found to be reversible through several on−off cycles. The molecule used to link protein A to the porous Si surface incorporated bovine serum albumin (BSA). This approach was found to completely eliminate signal due to nonspecific binding, tested by exposure of the sensor to the F(ab‘)2 fragment of IgG (which does not bind to protein A). The l...
Effects of Industrious and Indolent Work Habits on Grade Prediction in College Mathematics

In order to find the predictive value of a test, for a subject such as mathematics, correlation coefficients usually are computed between scores on the test and grades for the subject; but no attention is paid as to whether the students concerned are normal students, industrious students, or indolent stu dents. At the same time, it usually has been taken for granted that indus trious students will get more out of a course in mathematics or any other subject, as reflected in course grades, than indolent students; but the difficulty has been to find a device which will measure work habits. Such a device was set up at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where a study was made of the effect of work habits on grades for freshman mathematics, using 1358 students who entered the Institute between September 1941 and March 1945, and who had sufficient data on tests and grades. The device used to measure the industriousness of students was to give them a mathematics aptitude test and a mathematics achievement test, and then to find the difference between the scores on these tests. The tests used