cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleeping Dreams, Waking Hallucinations, and the Central Nervous System

Consciousness is now considered a primary function and activity of the brain itself. If so, consciousness is simply the brain's interpretation and integration of all the information made available to it at any given time. On the assumption that the brain is active across all states of being (wakefulness, REM sleep, and NREM sleep), this article proposes that dreaming and hallucinations represent variations on the same theme. Under usual circumstances during wakefulness, the brain ignores internally generated activity and attends to environmental sensory stimulation. During sleep, dreaming occurs because the brain attends to endogenously generated activity. In unusual settings, such as sleep-deprivation, sensory deprivation, or medication or drug ingestion, the brain attends to exogenous and endogenous activities simultaneously, resulting in hallucinations, or wakeful dreaming. This concept is supported by numerous neurologic conditions and syndromes that are associated with hallucinations.
A modified inverse for linear dynamical systems

In earlier work, the authors have treated the questions of existence and construction of linear time invariant dynamical inverses for linear time invariant dynamical systems. For systems having inverses, these procedures provide an inverse system whose output is a uniformly delayed or uniformly integrated version of the original system input. Recognizing that some applications may require each component of the original system input to be recovered with individually minimum delay or integration, the authors present here alternative procedures to be used in such cases.
The lamellar structure of nerve myelin after rehydration

Abstract New low-angle X-ray diffraction data have been obtained from nerve myelin after rehydration. The X-ray patterns show the first six orders of diffraction of a lamellar repeat unit of about 100 A. Direct methods of structure analysis have been used to determine uniquely the phases of the first three orders of diffraction. The electron density profile of rehydrated nerve myelin has been obtained on an absolute electron density scale and is compared with the electron density profile of normal nerve myelin at the same resolution of 16–17 A. Possible electron-density profiles of rehydrated nerve myelin at a resolution of 8 A are shown.
Rod and Cone Photoreceptor Function in Patients with Cone Dystrophy

PURPOSE. To determine the extent of rod and cone photoreceptor dysfunction in patients with cone dystrophy using psychophysical and electrophysiological tests. METHODS. Ten patients with cone dystrophy participated. Rod and cone system psychophysical thresholds were measured as a function of retinal eccentricity. Bright-flash full-field electroretinograms were obtained under dark-adapted (rod-mediated) and light-adapted (cone-mediated) conditions. The a-wave data were fitted with a model based on photopigment transduction to obtain values for log R max (maximum response) and log S (sensitivity). b-Wave parameters were also examined by fitting a nonlinear, saturating function (the Naka-Rushton equation) to the rod-mediated responses. Oscillatory potentials were measured to the cone-mediated high-intensity flashes. RESULTS. On average, the rod-mediated psychophysical thresholds were elevated by 0.5 log unit. These threshold elevations did not differ significantly with retinal eccentricity. In contrast, cone-mediated psychophysical thresholds were elevated up to 3.0 log units. Threshold elevation was greatest in the central retinal locations. For rod-mediated conditions, the a-wave R max parameter was significantly reduced in three patients; the a-wave log S parameter was within normal limits. The rod-mediated b-wave R max parameter was reduced in six patients; log k was abnormal in one patient. For cone-mediated conditions, the a-wave R max parameter was reduced in six patients and the a-wave log S parameter was reduced in two patients. The cone system oscillatory potentials were abnormal in nine patients. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with cone dystrophy show different patterns of psychophysical rod versus cone system sensitivity losses with retinal eccentricity. The full-field electrophysiological data indicate that most of the patients had abnormal cone photoreceptor function. Some patients also showed rod photoreceptor abnormalities. The rod system changes were smaller than the cone system changes.
Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 relaxed buffer photodetectors and low-loss polycrystalline silicon waveguides for integrated optical interconnects at λ=1.3 μm

Silicon based photonic circuits are an attractive option for future generations of microprocessors, if standard VLSI electronics can be coupled with on chip optical interconnects and photodetectors for information transfer and clock distribution. A silicon, VLSI compatible, integrated waveguide-photodetector technology for operation at (lambda) equals 1.3 micrometers is presented. Functionality at 1.3 micrometers permits the use of Si/SiO2 waveguides and offers compatibility with short-haul silica fiber optic systems. These waveguides have a large index contrast ((Delta) n equals 2) thus offering superior optical confinement in strip waveguides with dimensions as small as 0.5 micrometers by 0.2 micrometers . The strong confinement and these small dimensions allow high interconnect line densities without cross-talk or RC delay concerns. We measure optical losses in polysilicon waveguides as low as 13 dB/cm at (lambda) equals 1.3 micrometers using an optical cutback technique. A completely relaxed Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 buffer with low threading dislocation density (approximately 10 6 cm -2 ) is used as an epitaxial template for a P-I-N photodetector. The relaxed buffer is grown at 815 degree(s)C with ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition using a composition graded layer technique with a grading rate of 10% Ge/micrometers . We measure carrier collection efficiencies of 50% and responsivity of 3 mA/W. A beam propagation model is used to determine an effective absorption length less than 2 micrometers in photodetectors butt- coupled to polySi waveguides.
Improving solid to hollow core transmission for integrated ARROW waveguides

Optical sensing platforms based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) with hollow cores have been used for bioanalysis and atomic spectroscopy. These integrated platforms require that hollow waveguides interface with standard solid waveguides on the substrate to couple light into and out of test media. Previous designs required light at these interfaces to pass through the anti-resonant layers. We present a new ARROW design which coats the top and sides of the hollow core with only SiO2, allowing for high interface transmission between solid and hollow waveguides. The improvement in interface transmission with this design is demonstrated experimentally and increases from 35% to 79%. Given these parameters, higher optical throughputs are possible using single SiO2 coatings when hollow waveguides are shorter than 5.8 mm.
Minimum entropy quantizers and permutation codes

Amplitude quantization and permutation encoding are two approaches to efficient digitization of analog data. It has been proven that they are equivalent in the sense that their optimum rate versus distortion performances are identical. Reviews of the aforementioned results and of work performed in the interim by several investigators are presented. Equations which must be satisfied by the thresholds of the minimum entropy quantizer that achieves a prescribed mean r th power distortion are derived, and an iterative procedure for solving them is developed. It is shown that these equations often have many families of solutions. In the case of the Laplacian distribution, for which we had previously shown that quantizers with uniformly spaced thresholds satisfy the equations when r=2 , other families of solutions with nonuniform spacing are exhibited. What had appeared to be a discrepancy between the performances of optimum permutation codes and minimum entropy quantizers is resolved by the resulting optimum quantizers, which span all entropy rates from zero to infinity.
Expertise, Domains, and the Consensual Assessment Technique.

The Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) argues that the most valid judgments of the creativity are those of the combined opinions of experts in the field. Yet who exactly qualifies as an expert to evaluate a creative product such as a short story? This study examines both novice and expert judgments of student short fiction. Results indicate a need for caution in using non-expert raters. Although there was only a small (but statistically significant) difference between experts' and novices' mean ratings, the correlation between the two sets of ratings was just .71. Experts were also far more consistent in their ratings compared to novices, whose level of inter-rater reliability was potentially problematic.
Using TV/Video as Primary Text in a Foreign Language Classroom at the University of Colorado, Denver

TV/Video is usually used as ancillary material in the foreign language classroom. As part of the implementation of a Department of Education Title VI grant, a fourth-semester French course was designed using “France-TVMagazine,” a video-taped news broadcast, which comes via satellite, as the major text of the course. This article discusses how the course was designed and how the grammar, reading materials and regular compositions were integrated to supplement and reinforce the primary text, TV.
An Investigation of the `Flip-Flop' Beam-Beam Effect in SPEAR

When colliding electron and positron bunches in SPEAR at high values of the beam-beam tune shift parameter ??, it had been observed that sometimes one of the equal intensity beams would blow up in the vertical plane more than the other beam. It was subsequently found that a small adjustment to the phase difference between the RF accelerating cavities would make the beam `flip' the other way. The results of the investigation of this phenomenon are presented in this paper.
Structure and hydride transfer mechanism of a moderate thermophilic dihydrofolate reductase from Bacillus stearothermophilus and comparison to its mesophilic and hyperthermophilic homologues.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from a moderate thermophilic organism, Bacillus stearothermophilus, has been cloned and expressed. Physical characterization of the protein (BsDHFR) indicates that it is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 18 694.6 Da (0.8), coincident with the mass of 18 694.67 Da calculated from the primary sequence. Determination of the X-ray structure of BsDHFR provides the first structure for a monomeric DHFR from a thermophilic organism, indicating a high degree of conservation of structure in relation to all chromosomal DHFRs. Structurally based sequence alignment of DHFRs indicates the following levels of sequence identity and similarity for BsDHFR: 38 and 58% with Escherichia coli, 35 and 56% with Lactobacillus casei, and 23 and 40% with Thermotoga maritima, respectively. Steady state kinetic isotope effect studies indicate an ordered kinetic mechanism at elevated temperatures, with NADPH binding first to the enzyme. This converts to a more random mechanism at reduced temp...
Quelque chose... de remarquable in English-French acquisition: mandatory, informationally encapsulated computations in second language interpretation

Laurent Dekydtspotter and Jon C. Hathorn IndianaUniversityWe discuss the results of an experiment that investigates EnglishÐFrench learnersO interpretation of quantiÞers with detachablerestrictions. Such quantiÞers are ungrammatical in English. Weinvestigate aspects of interpretation that rely on a highly idio-syncratic interface between grammar and general principles of conversational cooperation in native French. We show that a learning-theoretic challenge of the most severe kind arises inEnglishÐFrench acquisition unless second language acquisition isconstrained by very speciÞc relations between syntactic, semanticand pragmatic modules. We therefore argue that the emergence ofknowledge of interpretation in EnglishÐFrench interlanguage suggests mandatory, informationally encapsulated computations.This supports SchwartzOs (1986; 1987; 1999) contention that inter-language knowledge is constrained by a mental organization inwhich Universal Grammar provides the contents of a largelyuniversal processor devoted to language.I A severe poverty of the stimulus problemIn French, unlike in English, the existential quantiÞer quelque choseOsomethingOmay take an adjectival restriction introduced by the particle de.
Neocortex and Allocortex Respond Differentially to Cellular Stress In Vitro and Aging In Vivo

In Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, the allocortex accumulates aggregated proteins such as synuclein and tau well before neocortex. We present a new high-throughput model of this topographic difference by microdissecting neocortex and allocortex from the postnatal rat and treating them in parallel fashion with toxins. Allocortical cultures were more vulnerable to low concentrations of the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and PSI but not the oxidative poison H2O2. The proteasome appeared to be more impaired in allocortex because MG132 raised ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and lowered proteasome activity in allocortex more than neocortex. Allocortex cultures were more vulnerable to MG132 despite greater MG132-induced rises in heat shock protein 70, heme oxygenase 1, and catalase. Proteasome subunits PA700 and PA28 were also higher in allocortex cultures, suggesting compensatory adaptations to greater proteasome impairment. Glutathione and ceruloplasmin were not robustly MG132-responsive and were basally higher in neocortical cultures. Notably, neocortex cultures became as vulnerable to MG132 as allocortex when glutathione synthesis or autophagic defenses were inhibited. Conversely, the glutathione precursor N-acetyl cysteine rendered allocortex resilient to MG132. Glutathione and ceruloplasmin levels were then examined in vivo as a function of age because aging is a natural model of proteasome inhibition and oxidative stress. Allocortical glutathione levels rose linearly with age but were similar to neocortex in whole tissue lysates. In contrast, ceruloplasmin levels were strikingly higher in neocortex at all ages and rose linearly until middle age. PA28 levels rose with age and were higher in allocortex in vivo, also paralleling in vitro data. These neo- and allocortical differences have implications for the many studies that treat the telencephalic mantle as a single unit. Our observations suggest that the topographic progression of protein aggregations through the cerebrum may reflect differential responses to low level protein-misfolding stress but also reveal impressive compensatory adaptations in allocortex.
Economic ordering policy for deteriorating items over an infinite time horizon

Abstract In this paper a total cost model is presented for the inventory problem of deteriorating items. A constant fraction of on hand inventory at the beginning of a period deteriorates during the period. The demand for the items during a period is supplied at the end of the period. However, shortages accumulated during a scheduling period are supplied at the start of the next scheduling period. An approach is suggested for determining economic ordering policy for the case of time varying demand and a search procedure is developed when demand is constant in each period.
Scheduling Space–Ground Communications for the Air Force Satellite Control Network

We present the first coupled formal and empirical analysis of the Satellite Range Scheduling application. We structure our study as a progression; we start by studying a simplified version of the problem in which only one resource is present. We show that the simplified version of the problem is equivalent to a well-known machine scheduling problem and use this result to prove that Satellite Range Scheduling is NP-complete. We also show that for the one-resource version of the problem, algorithms from the machine scheduling domain outperform a genetic algorithm previously identified as one of the best algorithms for Satellite Range Scheduling. Next, we investigate if these performance results generalize for the problem with multiple resources. We exploit two sources of data: actual request data from the U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) circa 1992 and data created by our problem generator, which is designed to produce problems similar to the ones currently solved by AFSCN. Three main results emerge from our empirical study of algorithm performance for multiple-resource problems. First, the performance results obtained for the single-resource version of the problem do not generalize: the algorithms from the machine scheduling domain perform poorly for the multiple-resource problems. Second, a simple heuristic is shown to perform well on the old problems from 1992; however it fails to scale to larger, more complex generated problems. Finally, a genetic algorithm is found to yield the best overall performance on the larger, more difficult problems produced by our generator.
Data organization and access for efficient data mining

Efficient mining of data presents a significant challenge, due to problems of combinatorial explosion in the space and time often required for such processing. While previous work has focused on improving the efficiency of the mining algorithms, we consider how the representation, organization, and access of the data may significantly affect performance, especially when I/O costs are also considered. By a simple analysis and comparison of the counting stage for the a priori association rules algorithm, we show that a "column-wise" approach to data access is often more efficient than the standard row-wise approach. We also provide the results of empirical simulations to validate our analysis. The key idea in our approach is that counting in the a priori algorithm with data accessed in a column-wise manner, significantly reduces the number of disk accesses required to identify itemsets with a minimum support in the database-primarily by reducing the degree to which data and counters need to be repeatedly brought into memory.
Age Stereotyping College Student Evaluations

College students from California, Tennessee, and Massachusetts evaluated 19 characteristics of a 25-, 52-, or 73-year-old stimulus person on semantic differential scales. Results revealed significa...
Multiple solutions for hydromagnetic flow of a second grade fluid over a stretching or shrinking sheet

We study a class of fourth-order nonlinear differential equations arising in the hydromagnetic flow of a second grade fluid over a stretching or shrinking sheet. Explicit exact solutions are obtained. Furthermore we show that the differential equation may admit zero or one or two physically meaningful solutions depending on the values of the physical parameters of the model. As a special case, we recover the single or the dual solutions and compare them with the available results in the literature. Also, the obtained multiple solutions for several sets of values of the parameters are presented through tables and graphs, and the qualitative behaviors are discussed.
SIRT1-dependent Regulation of Chromatin and Transcription: Linking NAD+ Metabolism and Signaling to the Control of Cellular Functions

Sirtuins comprise a family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases and ADP-ribosyltransferases. Mammalian SIRT1 - a homolog of yeast Sir2, the prototypical member of the sirtuin family - is an important regulator of metabolism, cell differentiation and senescence, stress response, and cancer. As an NAD(+)-dependent enzyme, SIRT1 regulates gene expression programs in response to cellular metabolic status, thereby coordinating metabolic adaptation of the whole organism. Several important mechanisms have emerged for SIRT1-dependent regulation of transcription. First, SIRT1 can modulate chromatin function through direct deacetylation of histones as well as by promoting alterations in the methylation of histones and DNA, leading to the repression of transcription. The latter is accomplished through the recruitment of other nuclear enzymes to chromatin for histone methylation and DNA CpG methylation, suggesting a broader role of SIRT1 in epigenetic regulation. Second, SIRT1 can interact and deacetylate a broad range of transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating target gene expression both positively and negatively. Cellular energy state, specifically NAD(+) metabolism, plays a major role in the regulation of SIRT1 activity. Recent studies on the NAD(+) biosynthetic enzymes in the salvage pathway, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT-1), have revealed important functions for these enzymes in SIRT1-dependent transcription regulation. The collective molecular actions of SIRT1 control specific patterns of gene expression that modulate a wide variety of physiological outcomes.
366 HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE

Dopamine (Dp) is widely used in the hemodynamic support of infants. Previous studies have shown contradictory effects of Dp on systemic and pulmonary vasculature. We hypothesized that oxygen status could affect the hemodynamic response to Dp. Seven healthy, <10 day old acutely instrumented lambs were studied. Catheters were placed in the pulmonary artery (Ppa), left atrial, inferior vena cava and descending aorta (Pas); and electromagnetic flow probe was placed around the main pulmonary artery (Qpa). Doses of Dp (5, 10, 15 and 50 μ/Kg/min.) and PaO2 status were randomized. Each dose of Dp was given for 5 min. The difference in response to each dose may be due to activation of different catecholamine receptors. If neonates with normal hearts respond in similar fashion to these lambs, Dp may not be an appropriate pressor in normoxia except at very high doses. We observed arrythmias in 1/7 animals at 50 μ/Kg/min. Also, Dp should be used with caution in hypoxic neonates because of the tendency for Ppa to increase while Ppa remains unchanged. This could precipitate or worsen right-to-left ductus art. shunting.
Excretion of technetium in human milk

fore, physicians are most familiar with the clinical manifestations of this infectioni round patches of scaling alopecia which fluoresce blue-green with Wood light, kerion formation, or both. Since the 1950s, however, reports have indicated an increase in the incidence of Trichophyton tonsurans induced tinea capitis:-' Zais et aP reported this organism as the etiologic agent in 45% of 324 cases of tinea capitis they reviewed. Infection of the scalp with T. tonsurans causes partial alopecia which is not always oval or rounded but often irregular in outline, with indistinct margins. Normal hairs may be seen growing within the patch. A characteristic feature is the breakage of infected hairs at the scalp surface, producing the appearance of "black dots. ''5 The hairs are non-fluorescent. A manifestation of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans that physicians, other than dermatologists, are not familiar with is diffuse scaling ("dandruff') with minimal or no hair loss. Current pediatric literature 6-8 and textbooks 9. 10 fail to emphasize these findings in discussions of tinea capitis. The diagnosis of tinea capitis can be elusive. Wood light examination is not a suitable procedure when T. tonsurans infection of the scalp is present. A potassium hydroxide preparation of infected hairs is a meticulous and timeconsuming effort which is often difficult to interpret by the inexperienced observer. However, with a properly interpreted potassium hydroxide examination treatment can be started immediately. Our greatest success has been with toothbrush scrapings of the scalp inoculated onto Mycosel media. Scalpel scrapings may also be used for culture. Tinea capitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of diffuse scaling of the scalp, as well as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and impetigo. Clinical clues which may indicate the presence of tinea capitis are (1) nonresponsive seborrheic or atopic dermatitis of the scalp (i.e., diffuse or patchy scaling), (2) scattered broken hairs giving the appearance of black dots, and (3) increased scaling of the scalp after topical application of steroid solutions. Any of these manifestations should prompt a request for fungal cultures of the scalp. REFERENCES
Behavioral effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine in the squirrel monkey.

Abstract Four Squirrel monkeys were trained on a bar-press response with reinforcement available every 80 sec. The effects of d-amphetamine and caffeine upon this response were studied in both light and dark. In addition to differential drug effects it was found that both illumination and sex of the subjects were important variables.
Preliminary treatment of dairy plant waste water

Abstract The quality of a dairy plant wastewater that had been discharged in a ditch and then into a small stream was evaluated over a three‐year period. The wastewater was released to the ditch, where after traversing a distance of approximately 100 meters, it entered a snail moving stream of water. Vegetation in the ditch served as a biofilter for the wastewater prior to entering the stream. The wastewater parameters measured were biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. The average daily effluent flow‐rate from the dairy plant was 79,500 liters with an approximate BOD of 541 mg/L, TSS of 126/L, and pH of 7.2. The dairy plant effluent limitations at sampling point of 35.86 Ibs/d of BOD, 53.86 Ibs/d of TSS, and pH limits of 6–9 as allowed by discharge permits was not exceeded for any month during the three‐year study period.
CAN CHLORINE ANION CATALYZE THE REACTION OF HOCL WITH HCL

The reaction of HOCl + HCl → Cl2 + H2O in the presence of chlorine anion Cl− has been studied using ab initio methods. The overall exothermicity is 15.5 kcal mol−1 and this reaction has been shown to have a high activation barrier of 46.5 kcal mol−1. Cl− is found to catalyze the reaction via the formation of HOCl·Cl−, ClH·HOCl·Cl− and Cl−·H2) intermediate ion-molecule complexes or by interacting with a concerted four-center transition state of the reaction of HOCl + HCl.
Distance to Cygnus X-1

An evaluation of the nature of the X-ray source Cygnus X-1 depends on distance relations. The validity of distance estimates provided by Margon et al. (1973) and Bregman et al. (1973) is considered. It is concluded that the possibility of a determination of the distance of HDE 226868 to the required accuracy on the basis of reddening measurements appears unlikely. It is, therefore, thought to be premature to suggest that the X-ray source is a black hole.
Hapten-specific augmentation of the anti-idiotype antibody response to hapten-myeloma protein conjugates in mice.

BALB/c and CBA mice produce little or no anti-idiotype antibody upon immunization with IgG (γ2a) myeloma proteins derived from BALB/c mice. Similarly, DNP (2,4-dinitrophenyl) conjugates of such proteins are poorly immunogenic in these mice and give rise to little anti-DNP or anti-idiotype antibody. Preimmunization of such mice with a DNP-protein, such as DNP-OVA (ovalbumin), prepares these animals for substantial anti-idiotype responses to DNP conjugates of the BALB/c γ2a myeloma protein LPC-1. This may be defined as a hapten-specific helper effect. However, transfer of lymphoid cells from DNP-OVA primed mice into irradiated syngeneic hosts does not prepare the recipients for an anti-idiotype response and, thus, the effect does not appear to be mediated by DNP-specific helper cells. By contrast, the transfer of serum from DNP-OVA primed mice into normal recipients or of immune serum together with normal cells into irradiated hosts prepares them for anti-idiotype responses to DNP-LPC-1. The active component of the immune serum appears to be an anti-DNP antibody, as it can be removed by passing the serum over agarose columns to which either a DNP-protein or an anti-mouse-κ antibody has been linked. The augmenting antibody appears not to function by inhibition of antigenic competition, as both anti-DNP and anti-idiotype antibody responses are increased by infusing such antibody.
Effect of Glutamine-Supplemented Total Parenteral Nutrition on Recovery of the Small Intestine After Starvation Atrophy

Intestinal atrophy was induced in rats by infusion of 5% dextrose for 7 days with only oral water allowed. Compared with control animals fed standard rat chow (Purina Mills, St. Louis), the starved animals lost 30.5% of their initial body weight, 34.7% mucosal wet weight, 68.3% mucosal nitrogen content, 36.7% mucosal thickness, and 38.6% villous height and had variable losses of mucosal disaccharidase activities. Three groups of depleted rats were then refed with different regimens. One group was refed with standard Purina rodent chow (n = 15); a second group with a standard total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution containing 16% glucose, 2.8% fat, and 4.25% standard amino acids (Travasol 8.5%, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL) (n = 15); and the third group with a TPN solution of 16% glucose, 2.8% fat, 2.75% standard amino acids, and 1.5% glutamine (n = 15). After 7 days of refeeding, rats were killed to determine the degree of intestinal recovery. Animals refed with standard TPN solution showed no significant recovery of intestinal mucosal weight, mucosal nitrogen content, villous height, mucosal thickness, or mucosal disaccharidase activities. Animals refed with glutamine-supplemented TPN solution demonstrated significant recovery of all parameters but not back to normal. Oral rodent chow completely restored intestinal anatomy and function. The addition of glutamine to TPN solutions significantly improved recovery of the intestine from starvation atrophy, and additional efforts to make it commercially available are indicated. This study again confirms the preferable use of a regular oral diet when clinically feasible and safe.
The Formation and Maintenance of Density Fronts on the U.S. Southeastern Continental Shelf during Winter

Abstract Density fronts on the U.S. southeastern continental shelf, during winter, am formed by (i) breakdown of the shelf-break front by Gulf Stream meanders or strong southward winds or both, (ii) shoreward intrusion of upper Gulf Stream warm water by persistent southward winds, and (iii) mixing of this warm water with continental shelf water cooled by cycles of cold air outbreaks. A cross-shelf and depth, time-dependent numerical model, which includes a model Gulf Steam and vertical mixing calculated according to a second-moment, turbulence closure submodel, was used to study physical process involved in the formation and maintenance of continental shelf fronts. Model results using somewhat idealized atmospheric forcings suggest that three or more winter storms are required to establish fronts on the midshelf. Otherwise, the front is situated just inshore of, and is sometimes indistinguishable from, the shelf-break front. Once formed, the front is maintained by southward winds, which transport warm wat...
Extracting energy from the inner ear.

The endocochlear potential in a guinea pig's ear is captured and used to run a low-power radio.
Drosophila Bestrophin 1 is a Swell Activated Chloride Channel

Chloride channels activated by cell swelling or volume increases are ubiquitous. Although important in many physiological and pathological functions, their molecular identity is uncertain. To identify new channel candidates and critical determinants in the ‘swelling’ pathway we have completed an unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila S2R+ cells. Using an anion-sensitive YFP as a reporter of chloride swell-sensitive (Clswell) channel activity, we have confirmed that drosophila Bestrophin 1 (dBest1) is a leading candidate for a Clswell. RNAi specific to dBest1 eliminated the drosophila Clswell current, as did over-expression of a dominant negative form of dBest1. Why is this channel sensitive to swell while its mammalian homologs are not? We have used chimeras between dBest1 and the swell-insensitive mBest2 channel to identify the essential components of the channel necessary for swell activation. Swell sensitivity can be conferred to the mammalian homolog with the switch of a single domain. dBest1 is the only known channel clearly responsive to swell, and its activation depends on the protein's intrinsic properties.
Poverty, Welfare, and Patriarchy: How Macro-Level Changes in Social Policy Can Help Low-Income Women

A critical review of the current status of low-income women reveals how patriarchy, violence, and discrimination mitigates against their employment and contributes to their poverty. Myths that fuel prejudice against the poor have led to public policy and welfare legislation based on individualistic rather than structural assumptions about the causes of poverty. Research on the effects of welfare reform reinforces the conclusion that changes in social welfare and policy are necessary for income parity and improvement in the employment opportunities, access, and status of low-income women. A human-capital model and recommendations for macro-level changes in public policy and programming that address the systemic causes of women’s poverty are presented.
Superbowl XXVI: Reflections on the manufacture of appearance

In January 1992 Minneapolis‐St. Paul hosted the Superbowl, offering an unparalleled opportunity to examine the manufacture of the appearance of reality. A team of documentary photographers set out to portray the cultural spectacle unfolding in our community, and we too were swept into the tide of hype and celebrity. The role of power elites in framing appearances and the consent of the public are examined, with attention to the strategies used to shape the nature of possible representations of the Superbowl and related activities. The restrictions confronting doc‐umentarians attempting to penetrate a prepackaged visual event are also examined.
Predictors of relapse following successful dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder.

Objective To identify predictors of relapse at 6-month follow-up for women with binge eating disorder (BED). Method Participants were 32 women with BED who had initially achieved abstinence from binge eating after 20 weeks of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) adapted for patients with BED. Posttreatment predictor variables included the subscales Restraint, Weight Concerns, and Shape Concerns from the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE), the Emotional Eating Scale score, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, body mass index, and early versus late age of binge eating onset. Results The largest effect sizes for predicting relapse were found with early onset of binge eating and higher EDE Restraint scores. Discussion Previous findings that earlier age of onset (age 16 years or younger) is linked to less successful treatment outcome are now extended to the 6-month follow-up assessment. The finding that higher restraint scores after treatment predict relapse adds to the literature concerning the role of restraint in patients with BED. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 155–163, 2002.
A Model for the Evaluation of Lower Extremity Kinematics with Integrated Multisegmental Foot Motion

Background/Purpose Current models for assessing lower extremity motion during gait benefit from ease of use in the clinical environment. However, underlying assumptions regarding joint location and distal segment motion limit their effectiveness and accuracy. The aim of this study was to develop a model for lower extremity motion analysis, which integrates functional methods for estimating hip joint center (HJC) location and a multisegmental approach to modeling motion of the foot and ankle. The new model is capable of tracking the motion of six segments (pelvis, bilateral thigh, tibia, hindfoot, forefoot, and hallux) during stance and swing. Methods Ten healthy young adults underwent gait analysis with the new model and two existing standardized models, PlugInGait (PIG) and Milwaukee Foot Model (MFM), and results were compared between models. Results Pointwise correlation results demonstrate good agreement with existing standardized models in several measures; areas of lesser correlation are well-explained by differences in methods of locating joint centers and referencing to the underlying anatomy. Repeatability analysis with the coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) found values greater than 0.9 for 16 of 18 segment/plane couplets. Discussion Correlation and repeatability analyses suggest the new model is well-suited for clinical and research applications. This model of lower extremity motion with integrated multisegmental foot kinematics will improve clinicians’ ability to characterize patient populations, plan treatment, and monitor progress.
Reaction of histidine with the biuret reagent in the presence of oxygen.

Abstract A simplified system is described which involves the reaction of the amino acid histidine with oxygen and the biuret reagent, yielding a biuret-positive color on standing or being heated. The reaction product appears to be a three-membered complex of histidine or a derivative of histidine, oxygen or possibly a derivative of oxygen (H2O2), and copper. The participation of cuprous copper in the complex is indicated by the facility with which a variety of reducing agents effect immediate biuret positivity at room temperature, and by the speed of the reaction in the presence of cuprous copper without the addition of any other reducing agent. In the absence of a prolonged incubation period or the application of heat, a reducing agent such as cysteine must be added to enable the reaction to proceed rapidly to biuret positivity at room temperature. It is concluded that, in the absence of added reducing agents, histidine itself may act as the reducing agent. The reaction differs in hue and color intensity from the immediate blue color-producing reaction obtained by mixing relatively large quantities of histidine with biuret reagent; it also differs in respect to other variables such as the necessity for O2. A brief discussion of the present significance of this reaction, its use as a quantitative method for estimating histidine, and its potential for introducing gross error in the biuret determination of protein and peptide material is given. The reaction may hold some promise as a sensitive chemical dosimeter for ionizing radiation.
Training for the U.S. RDA Test

This article describes activities related to training for the 2010 test in the United States of the new descriptive cataloging standard Resource Description and Access (RDA). The main focus is on activities carried out at the Library of Congress (LC) on behalf of all the participants and specifically for LC's participants. Lessons learned from these activities for future training are included.
Comprehensive Care for People With Diabetic Kidney Disease

IN BRIEF Diabetic kidney disease carries a heavy burden, both economically and in terms of quality of life, largely because of its very high risk for vascular disease. Coordinated, multidisciplinary care with attention to appropriate, timely screening and preventive management is crucial to reducing the morbidity and mortality of this devastating disease.
Assessing Liberalization in Context

In recent years, the universal service obligation has been debated in the context of postal sector liberalization. Concern over policy implications has lead to progress in measuring the cost of universal service for posts.1
Concentrations of intermediate metabolites in the blood and hepatic tissues of pregnant and non-pregnant ewes

Six late pregnant and six non-pregnant Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes were fed a standard diet. Blood and liver samples were taken and the concentrations of the following metabolites measured: adenine monophosphate (AMP), adenine diphosphate (ADP), adenine triphosphate (ATP), citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, phosphoenol-pyruvate, pyruvate, lactate, 2·phosphoglycerate, 3·phosphoglycerate, malate, β·hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, glutamate, alanine, NAD + and NADH. Comparing non-pregnant with pregnant ewes the liver of the pregnant animals had reduced concentrations of lactate, ADP, NAD + and NADH, and in the blood there were reductions in lactate, pyruvate, lactate/pyruvate ratio and urea. The concentrations of the other metabolites of the pregnant ewes receiving adequate nutrition were little changed from those of the non-pregnant ewes. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Do metallic endoprostheses increase radiation dose associated with automatic tube-current modulation in abdominal-pelvic mdct? A phantom and patient study

OBJECTIVE. Our objective was to assess the effect of orthopedic metallic prostheses on radiation dose associated with MDCT using z-axis automatic tube-current modulation and a fixed tube current in a phantom and patient study.CONCLUSION. Z-modulation is associated with a 34.1% increase in the mean tube current–time product and no change in the extent of streak artifacts in patients with a metallic prosthesis, compared with patients without a prosthesis. However, compared with the fixed-tube-current technique, z-modulation is associated with a 28.9% decrease in the mean tube current–time product.
Privacy preservation in wireless sensor networks: A state-of-the-art survey

Much of the existing work on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has focused on addressing the power and computational resource constraints of WSNs by the design of specific routing, MAC, and cross-layer protocols. Recently, there have been heightened privacy concerns over the data collected by and transmitted through WSNs. The wireless transmission required by a WSN, and the self-organizing nature of its architecture, makes privacy protection for WSNs an especially challenging problem. This paper provides a state-of-the-art survey of privacy-preserving techniques for WSNs. In particular, we review two main categories of privacy-preserving techniques for protecting two types of private information, data-oriented and context-oriented privacy, respectively. We also discuss a number of important open challenges for future research. Our hope is that this paper sheds some light on a fruitful direction of future research for privacy preservation in WSNs.
Modeling and Analysis for Hazardous Materials Transportation: Risk Analysis, Routing/Scheduling and Facility Location

We survey research on hazardous materials transportation in the areas of risk analysis, routing/scheduling and facility location. Our focus is primarily on work done since 1980, and on research which is methodological rather than empirical. We also limit our focus to transport by land-based vehicles (truck and rail), excluding pipeline, air and maritime movements. The review traces the evolution of models from single-criterion optimizations to multiobjective analyses, and highlights the emerging direction of dealing explicitly with distributions of outcomes, rather than simply optimizing expected values. We also indicate examples of work which integrate risk analysis with routing, and routing with facility location. We conclude with a discussion of several aspects of hazardous materials transportation which offer important challenges for further research.
Functional, ischemic mitral regurgitation: to repair or not to repair?

With an ever increasing population of patients with coronary artery disease complicated by chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), the question of whether to perform mitral valve repair (MVRep) in addition to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is one of the most common and controversial clinical dilemmas faced by cardiac surgeons today. At present, there is no definitive randomized, prospective trial that clarifies exactly what approach should be taken. (SELECT FULL TEXT TO CONTINUE)
Transgender Across the Curriculum: A Psychology for Inclusion

Neumann (2005) called for an analysis of marginalization and inclusion of lesbian, gay, and bisexual students in psychology. As psychology instructors begin to infuse such content, the curriculum still overwhelmingly neglects the transgender community. This invisibility of transgender people within psychology courses allows for perpetuation of myths, stereotypes, and oppression of this particular population. Transgender inclusion requires efforts to eliminate bias in the classroom, such as derogatory comments and jokes, as well as faculty self-education with regard to the appropriate terminology for transgender subgroups. By infusing relevant transgender content into lectures and reading materials, instructors contribute to normalizing transgender issues for an inclusive curriculum.
An Automated, Objective, Multiple-Satellite-Platform Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Analysis

AbstractA method to estimate objectively the surface wind fields associated with tropical cyclones using only data from multiple satellite platforms and satellite-based wind retrieval techniques is described. The analyses are computed on a polar grid using a variational data-fitting method that allows for the application of variable data weights to input data. The combination of gross quality control and the weighted variational analysis also produces wind estimates that have generally smaller errors than do the raw input data. The resulting surface winds compare well to the NOAA Hurricane Research Division H*Wind aircraft reconnaissance–based surface wind analyses, and operationally important wind radii estimated from these wind fields are shown to be generally more accurate than those based on climatological data. Most important, the analysis system produces global tropical cyclone surface wind analyses and related products every 6 h—without aircraft reconnaissance data. Also, the analysis and products ...
An evaluation of lipid extraction techniques for interpretation of carbon and nitrogen isotope values in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) skin tissue

We studied the effects of two common chemical extraction techniques on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) skin tissues with the intent to develop a mathematical lipid correction for dolphin skin d 13 C. One method employs a hot solvent mixture (chloroform and methanol) while the other method requires washing the samples with cold solvent followed by water. The water wash method resulted in significantalterationoftissued 15 N.Wefound no correlationbetween change insample mass and C/N or between change in sample mass and the change in d 13 C (Dd 13 C) following lipid extraction. Although Dd 13 C was positive following lipid extraction (mean = 1.6& and 1.2&, for the two methods), there was no correlation between C/N and Dd 13 C for either method. Cumulatively, these results prevented us from applying a mathematical lipid normalization. Based on our findings and consideration of previously reported results, we suggest that applying these extraction techniques to dolphin skin with C/N < 4.5 introduces greater uncertainty than is warranted. We recommend against lipid correction for dolphin skins with C/N < 4.5, but stress that the resulting uncertainty in d 13 C needs to be accounted for when implementing isotope mixing models to assess diet or organic matter sources.
Race, Ethnicity, and Political Participation: Competing Models and Contrasting Explanations

While various models have been developed to account for differences in participation levels between African-Americans and Anglos, the empirical evidence for these models is rather limited; fails to include ethnic minority groups other than African-Americans; and assumes that the models are equally effective in explaining the behavior of all individuals regardless of race or ethnicity. This paper addresses these limitations by evaluating five models of participation to determine whether factors associated with Anglo and African-American participation are also associated with Mexican-American and Asian-American participation. We find that although the models apply differentially to each of the four groups, they nonetheless account for participation differences across racial/ethnic groups.