cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whither the Yen? Implications of an Intertemporal Model of the Dollar/Yen Rate

Abstract This article documents the evidence for a fiscal model of the dollar/yen real exchange rate over the period 1974–1995. Cointegrating relationships between the real exchange rate and productivity, government spending, and the real price of oil are estimated using the Johansen (1988) and Stock–Watson (1993) procedures. The neoclassical fixed-factors fiscal model of Rogoff (1992) is found to have some substantiation in the data. Estimates of the long-run equilibrium exchange rate indicate an overvaluation of approximately 16% at an exchange rate of 85 yen to the dollar in mid-1995. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , June 1997, 11 (2), pp. 228–246. Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064.
CFD Modeling of Single Bubble Collapse in Subcooled Boiling

The open-source software OpenFOAM has been employed to better understand the transport, deformation, and collapse of single, isolated bubbles in subcooled boiling. High pressure steam-water was selected as the fluid system of interest due to its relevance to the power generation industry. Ranges of bubble size, subcooling, pressure/saturation temperature, and mesh refinement have been employed. Both quantitative (bubble rise velocity and collapse times) and qualitative (bubble shape) results are discussed across the parameter ranges studied.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Charm quark production and fragmentation in e+e− annihilation at 29 GeV

Abstract The electroweak production asymmetry and the decay fragmentation function for e + e − → c c have been measured at s = 29 GeV using charged D ∗ production over the full kinematic range. The data were taken at PEP using the High Resolution Spectrometer. The measured asymmetry is −0.12 ± 0.08. The total production cross section in units of the point cross section corrected for initial state radiation is R D ∗ = 2.7 ± 0.9 .
Temperature-programmed evolution of low-energy, rare-gas ions implanted in Si(100)

The implantation and outdiffusion of 100–500 eV helium and argon ions from Si(100) have been studied using mass spectrometry to measure the thermal evolution of He and Ar atoms. Experimentally determined implantation fractions were compared to results from a Monte Carlo simulation. Deviations from the prediction of the binary elastic collision model were observed for Ar at energies less than 300 eV. Hydrogen adsorbed at submonolayer coverages after ion exposure produced a permeable diffusion barrier.
Biomechanic Evaluation of Upper-Extremity Symmetry During Manual Wheelchair Propulsion Over Varied Terrain

Abstract Hurd WJ, Morrow MM, Kaufman KR, An K-N. Biomechanic evaluation of upper-extremity symmetry during manual wheelchair propulsion over varied terrain. Objective To evaluate upper-extremity symmetry during wheelchair propulsion across multiple terrain surfaces. Design Case series. Setting A biomechanics laboratory and the general community. Participants Manual wheelchair users (N=12). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Symmetry indexes for the propulsion moment, total force, tangential force, fractional effective force, time-to-peak propulsion moment, work, length of push cycle, and power during wheelchair propulsion over outdoor and indoor community conditions, and in laboratory conditions. Results Upper-extremity asymmetry was present within each condition. There were no differences in the magnitude of asymmetry when comparing laboratory with indoor community conditions. Outdoor community wheelchair propulsion asymmetry was significantly greater than asymmetry measured during laboratory conditions. Conclusions Investigators should be aware that manual wheelchair propulsion is an asymmetrical act, which may influence interpretation when data is collected from a single limb or averaged for both limbs. The greater asymmetry identified during outdoor versus laboratory conditions emphasizes the need to evaluate wheelchair biomechanics in the user's natural environment.
Socialization in network marketing organizations: is it cult behavior?

Abstract Network Marketing Organizations (NMOs) like Amway have been very successful in recent times. Even more surprising than the success of these organizations is the controversy they seem to attract. Average distributors belonging to these NMOs earn very little money but seem to devote a disproportionately high amount of their resources to NMO activities. The environment in the business meetings of these organizations is more representative of a social event. All this has led critics to call these organizations cults and have led to speculations that these organizations indulge in mind control. In this paper we attempt to demonstrate that there exist more rational explanations which could potentially explain the behavior of NMO distributors.
Aeromagnetic survey of the Arctic Ocean: Techniques and interpretations

Approximately 147000 km of low-level (450 m) aeromagnetic tracks were flown over the Arctic Ocean and adjacent Greenland and Norwegian Seas, for the greater part with a digitally recording nuclear precession magnetometer designed and built by Wold (1964). The digital recording feature of the system facilitated numerous data processing and analytical techniques which are described herein. These include: noise filtering coordinate conversion, removal of the regional field, second derivatives, downward continuations, polynomial fits of varying degrees to profiles and surfaces, numerical approximations, and depth to source calculations. Using these data and interpretative techniques some inferences could be made about the geologic structure and evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin. Salient amongst these are: both gravity and magnetic data suggest that there is a 2 1/2 km basement uplift in the eastern Chukchi Shelf associated with the Tigara structure which truncates the western end of Lisburne Peninsula. A 30–40 km wide basement root encircles the Chukchi Rise and extends over 30 km into the mantle. Within the Canda Basin there is a thickening of sediments from the Asian continental margin toward the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Sediment thickness in the Makarov Basin is 1–1 1/2 km. There appears to be only about a 1/2 km sediment cover in the Fram and Nautilus Basins. The absence of large amplitude magnetic anomalies over these basins is attributed to a 10 km elevation of the Curie isotherm. The Alpha and Nansen ridges produce magnetic profiles that show axial symmetry and correlate with profiles in the North Atlantic. A quantitative attempt has been made to verify these correlations, which infer that the Alpha Cordillera became inactive 40 mybp when the locus of rifting shifted to the Nansen Cordillera. The absence of significant magnetic anomalies over the Lomonosov Ridge reinforces the hypothesis that it is a section of the former Eurasian continental margin that was translated into the Arctic Basin by sea-floor spreading along the Nansen Cordillera axis.
Space-bounded simulation of multitape turing machines

A new proof of a theorem of Hopcroft, Paul, and Valiant is presented: Every deterministic multitape Turing machine of time complexityT(n) can be simulated by a deterministic Turing machine of space complexityT(n)/logT(n). The proof includes an overlap argument.
Fertilization and early embryology: Granulosa cells from fofficle stimulating hormone-primed monkeys enhance the developmental competence of in-vitro-matured oocytes from non-stimulated rhesus monkeys

The specific aims of this study were to determine if culture with freshly recovered granulosa cells obtained from follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-primed versus non-stimulated monkeys during in-vitro maturation (IVM) improves the meiotic and developmental capacity of oocytes from non-stimulated macaque monkeys and confers on them competence to develop into blastocysts in vitro. Antral follicles ≥1 mm in diameter were dissected from the excised ovaries of 11 non-stimulated rhesus monkeys. Cumulus-enclosed germinal vesicle-stage oocytes (n = 282) were randomly cultured in each of three IVM treatments : (i) control (no granulosa cells), (ii) non-stimulated granulosa cells (5x10 6 live cells/ml) from non-stimulated monkeys, or (iii) FSH-primed granulosa cells (5x10 6 live cells/ml) from monkeys primed with purified FSH for 8.5 days. All treatments contained gonadotrophins (5 μg/ml FSH ; 10 μg/ml luteinizing hormone). Oocytes were cultured for 36-41 h in 25 μl drops (one to 10 oocytes per drop) of modified CMRL-1066 medium containing 20% bovine calf serum, and then inseminated and cultured in the same medium (minus gonadotrophins) until developmental arrest or zona escape. Nuclear maturation, fertilization and cleavage to the 8-cell stage did not differ for the three treatment methods. However, development to the 9- to 15-cell stage was improved (P ≤ 0.01) by culture with either non-stimulated granulosa or FSH-primed granulosa cells compared with control. The culture of oocytes with FSH-primed granulosa but not non-stimulated granulosa cells enhanced (P ≤ 0.05) development to the morula stage compared with control (23, 11 and 5% respectively). Oocytes cultured with FSH-primed granulosa cells were more (P ≤ 0.05) competent to develop into blastocysts (6.5%) than controls (0.5%) or those cultured with non-stimulated granulosa cells (0.6%). In conclusion, the culture of immature oocytes from non-stimulated monkeys with fresh granulosa cells recovered from FSH-primed monkeys enhanced their competence to develop into morulae and blastocysts in vitro, and resulted in the first blastocysts produced in vitro from in-vitro-matured/in-vitro-fertilized oocytes of non-stimulated macaques.
The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule L1 is not required for homophilic adhesion

L1 is a highly conserved cell adhesion molecule with complete homology of the cytoplasmic domain between the known mammalian protein sequences. Since the cytoplasmic domains of other adhesion molecules have been shown to influence adhesion, we have investigated the effects of deletion of the cytoplasmic domain on the ability of L1 to mediate homophilic adhesion. Full length L1 and a truncated L1, lacking 95% of the cytoplasmic domain, were expressed in myeloma cells. Independent stable transfectants were assayed for the ability to form aggregates. Myelomas expressing L1 lacking the cytoplasmic domain were able to form cell aggregates as well as the myelomas expressing full length L1. Cell aggregate formation was correlated with the level of L1 expression, and the aggregation could be blocked by anti-L1 Fabs. Similar results were obtained in adhesion assays of the myeloma cells to substrate-bound L1. These results indicate that the cytoplasmic domain of L1 is not required for homophilic interactions.
A Bandwidth-enhanced millimeter-wave microstrip comb-line array antenna with parasitic elements on liquid crystal polymer substrate

In this paper, a microstrip comb-line array antenna with parasitic elements for bandwidth enhancement at 60 GHz band is proposed. The antenna is fabricated on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate due to its low dielectric loss. The antenna consists of a waveguide-to-microstrip mode transition, 16 radiation elements which construct an one-dimensional array and a terminated element. Two side-coupled parasitic elements are set symmetrically on both sides of each radiation element and an end-coupled parasitic element is set at the edge of the element for the sake of bandwidth enhancement. The antenna can be made consistently for the emerging market in the near future. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained. Around 5% impedance bandwidth for |S 11 | less than -10 dB and 10% gain bandwidth for maximum gain over 10 dBi are finally obtained.
A simple technique for controlled communication among separately compiled modules

A simple technique for communication among separately compiled modules using the existing facilities of most operating systems is proposed. The access control capabilities of existing hierarchical file systems can be used to control access to shared objects (e.g. procedures, types, data structures). Information about shared objects, such as type and date/time of compilation, is stored in description files, and access to a description file implies access to those objects. Declarations cause the appropriate information to be maintained in the description files. The advantage of this approach is that it is based on existing mechanisms with which most programmers are well acquainted.
Depoliticization of Indonesia's Political Parties: Attaining Military Stability

This article examines the politicization of the Indonesian military between 1945 and 1966 and its subsequent depoliticization of the nation's political parties. Examined also are the ways in which ...
Numerical computation of the finite-genus solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation via Riemann–Hilbert problems

Abstract In this letter we describe how to compute the finite-genus solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation using a Riemann–Hilbert problem that is satisfied by the Baker–Akhiezer function corresponding to a Schrodinger operator with finite-gap spectrum. The recovery of the corresponding finite-genus solution is performed using the asymptotics of the Baker–Akhiezer function. This method has the benefit that the space and time dependence of the Baker–Akhiezer function appear in an explicit, linear and computable way. We make use of recent advances in the numerical solution of Riemann–Hilbert problems to produce an efficient and uniformly accurate numerical method for computing all finite-genus solutions of the KdV equation.
1989 Bowen Award to Ross Taylor

Ross Taylor graduated with a B.Sc. degree from Canterbury College of the then University of New Zealand in 1948 and an M.Sci in 1951. He followed the footsteps of Ernest Rutherford and other distinguished New Zealanders (including a surprisingly large number of AGU Fellows in proportion to the small population of New Zealand) by going aboard to further pursue his scientific education.
Cell Type Regulation in Response to Expression of ricin A in Dictyostelium

Expression of ricin A in either prespore or prestalk cells of Dictyostelium discoideum results in cell-autonomous lethality. Strains expressing the toxic gene under the control of a prestalk-specific regulatory region fail to culminate or form stalks, but form spores normally. Strains expressing ricin A under the control of a prespore-specific regulatory region form neither spores nor stalks. Regulation of the cell types results in conversion of prestalk cells to prespore cells when the prespore cells are poisoned. The newly converted cells then express ricin A and die. In contrast, we could not detect any significant conversion of prespore cells to prestalk cells when the prestalk cells are poisoned under our experimental conditions. This regulation of cell types suggests that the tendency of prestalk cells to regulate and become prespore cells is inhibited by the already established prespore cells. It appears that prespore cells control prestalk cell regulation by producing an inhibitor of prespore differentiation to which they themselves are insensitive.
On what diseases and health conditions should new economic research on health and development focus

Given the public goods nature of research, economic research on health in developing countries is likely to have the highest returns by focusing, inter alia, on diseases and health conditions that are relatively widespread and costly and that are relatively rapidly growing. This article first summarizes the time patterns in economic research on diseases and health in developing countries for 1990-2005. It then compares those time patterns with the distribution of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for diseases and health conditions in developing countries estimated for 2005 and for 2030. These comparisons suggest relatively overemphasis on HIV/AIDS and underemphasis on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This opens the possibility for individuals or organizations initiating, re-evaluating, or increasing their economic research on health and development to make a significant contribution by focusing particularly on the analysis of behaviour and policy choices related to NCDs. Careful consideration must, of course, be given to other demands, but on the basis of these two criteria, potential contributions are likely to be greatest from research with such a focus. Language: en
Deposition of dibasic esters in the upper respiratory tract of the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat

Inhalation exposure of the male and female rat to high concentrations of a mixture of the dibasic esters dimethyl succinate (DMS), dimethyl glutarate (DMG), and dimethyl adipate (DMA) results in mild olfactory toxicity. This response is thought to be due to the in situ formation of acidic metabolites via nasal carboxylesterases. The current study was designed to provide inhalation dosimetric information for these vapors. Deposition of DMS, DMG, and DMA was measured in the surgically isolated upper respiratory tracts (URT) of ketamine-xylazine-anesthetized male and female rats under constant velocity flow conditions at a flow rate of 100 ml/min. Deposition of acetone was measured in both genders for comparative purposes. URT deposition efficiencies in excess of 98.3% were observed for DMS, DMG, and DMA in animals exposed to each vapor individually. No gender differences in deposition efficiency were observed for these vapors or for acetone. Deposition of DMS, DMG, and DMA was also measured in animals exposed to all three vapors simultaneously. Deposition efficiency under simultaneous exposure conditions ranged between 97.3 and 98.5%. These values were slightly lower (about 1%) than those obtained under individual exposure conditions (p < 0.0001). The reduced deposition efficiency may have resulted from competitive inhibition of nasal metabolism due to the simultaneous presence of all three carboxylesterase substrate vapors in nasal tissues. If so, inhalation of dibasic ester vapors would be expected to inhibit the uptake of other carboxylesterase substrate vapors without influencing uptake of vapors which are not substrates for this enzyme. Such was observed in studies using DMS, ethyl acetate (the substrate vapor), and isoamyl alcohol (the nonsubstrate vapor). Specifically, simultaneous exposure to DMS markedly inhibited uptake of ethyl acetate without altering uptake of isoamyl alcohol. Gender differences were not observed in URT deposition of any of the six vapors used in the current study, DMS, DMG, DMA, ethyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, or acetone, suggesting that gender differences in URT deposition may not be widespread among vapors. The high URT deposition efficiencies of the dibasic esters are consistent with the olfactory toxicity resulting from inhalation exposure to these vapors.
Sugar's Political By-Product: The Caribbean Basin Initiative

American agricultural and foreign aid policies have frequently been portrayed as inconsistent with each other. What United States officials give with the right hand of foreign aid, the critics argu...
Hypothermia: Amnesic agent, punisher, and conditions sufficient to attenuate amnesia

In three experiments, the effects of prior experience with hypothermia as a manipulation to attenuate amnesia were examined. In Experiment 1, prior experience with one hypothermia treatment did not appear to influence the amnesic effects of hypothermia. In Experiment 2, hypothermia treatment was made contingent upon stepping into a darkened chamber of a passive avoidance apparatus daily for 8 days. By Day 8, latencies indicated that subjects could remember the previous hypothermia treatments. The values of hypothermia found to produce learning in Experiment 2 were then used to evaluate several retrieval hypotheses concerning the prevention of amnesia in Experiment 3. Rats which received eight daily hypothermia treatments, as well as rats restrained without immersion, showed little evidence of amnesia following a train-hypothermia treatment. Results were interpreted as supporting the view that amnesia may be produced because important contextual cues necessary for memory retrieval are usually absent during testing.
Tetraphenylporphyrin monolayers: Formation at the air-water interface and characterization on glass supports by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract Surface pressure-area characteristics of several tetraphenylporphyrins and surfactant analogs were investigated at the air-water interface. Free base and metallotetraphenylporphyrins do not form stable monomolecular layers, as is also the case with n -decyl and n -octadecyl Co(III)TPP derivatives. However, in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of an amphipathic pyridine derivative, 4- N,N -dioctadecylaminopyridine, these porphyrins do form stable monolayers. Surface pressure-area measurements indicated that the porphyrins were oriented with the porphyrin rings perpendicular to the subphase surface. The monolayers were characterized by visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy after transfer of the monolayers to glass slides using Langmuir-Blodgett techniques.
Subsolidus Relations Between Mullite and Iron Oxide

The subsolidus relations between mullite and iron oxide were studied to increase the understanding of the properties of fired clay products. Solid solutions of ferric oxide and mullite were measured in the temperature range 1000° to 1300°C. The solid solutions were characterized by an increase in the lattice dimensions of mullite, by increases in the indices of refraction, and by changes in color. Ferrous oxide did not enter into solid solution with mute but reacted with it to form ferrous aluminate and ferrous silicate. The exsolution of ferric oxide from mullite also was studied. The results were applied to the explanation of the fired color of clay products and to the control of these colors. The effect of the solution and exsolution of iron oxide on the dimensional changes occurring during the firing of clay products was noted.
Accumulation of 55Fe-Labeled Precursors of the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor of Nitrogenase on NifH and NifX ofAzotobacter vinelandii

Iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) biosynthesis involves the participation of several proteins. We have used (55)Fe-labeled NifB-co, the specific iron and sulfur donor to FeMo-co, to investigate the accumulation of protein-bound precursors of FeMo-co. The (55)Fe label from radiolabeled NifB-co became associated with two major protein bands when the in vitro FeMo-co synthesis reaction was carried out with the extract of an Azotobacter vinelandii mutant lacking apodinitrogenase. One of the bands, termed (55)Fe-labeled upper band, was purified and shown to be NifH by immunoblot analysis. The (55)Fe-labeled lower band was identified as NifX by N-terminal sequencing. NifX purified from an A. vinelandii nifB strain showed a different electrophoretic mobility on anoxic native gels than did NifX with the FeMo-co precursor bound.
Balancing work and intellectual activity: Boston’s Sloyd Training School

This article examines efforts of late nineteenth century educational reformers in Boston, Massachusetts (USA), to meet the pedagogical needs of an industrial age by balancing manual work and intellectual activity. Led by Swedish educator Gustaf Larsson and Boston philanthropist Pauline Agassiz Shaw, they employed traditional Swedish wood handcrafts (slojd, or ‘sloyd’ in English) to teach theoretical academic subjects and foster individualised learning. The reformers hoped to create, for students in kindergarten through to twelfth grade, a progression of manual work to parallel intellectual activities in the curriculum. That task became difficult as tool work moved from wood to steel, machines replaced hand tools, and artistic handcraft fell victim to efficient production. The school failed to sustain itself following the deaths of Shaw and Larsson. Today sloyd is credited as being a forerunner of technology education as well as an important influence on arts education in the United States.
Commentary on curriculum.

This response is a discussion of the conceptual components of curricula, delivery of instruction, and thoughts on using a curriculum to guide final evaluation of training outcomes. Curricula have received a great deal of attention recently as they are being created by many different specialty groups (1). Most are intended to serve as a guide to topic-oriented knowledge acquisition during training. A few address critical skills and behaviors. By common usage of the term, a curriculum is a system of planned instruction designed to achieve a set of goals. The steps in planning and implementing a curriculum are driven by the goals and derived from the needs of the learners, intended to help them reach the goals. Therefore, analysis of the gap between learner level of performance and their anticipated performance at the completion of training determines the curricular plan. Other external factors indirectly influence a curriculum including regulations of oversight groups and expectations of future employers. However, the learners’ training needs come first. These needs may reflect specific deficiencies, or, at the initiation of training, may represent orientation to gaining a fundamental body of knowledge organized for application, and strategies for problem solving. An essential factor for a successful curriculum is critical guidance, feedback, and practice to attain the perceptual skills necessary. Learning objectives are derived from goals, guide the actual learning that occurs, and predict the results of learning. This is the critical component of the curriculum, and the one that cannot be designed as a universal guide. Though prespecified learning objectives may be written from analysis of other teaching experiences, there remains
Fundamental monopoles in theories with arbitrary symmetry breaking

Abstract Magnetic monopole solutions for an arbitrary compact simple gauge group are considered in the Prasad-Sommerfield limit. For each choice of gauge group and symmetry breaking there is a set of fundamental monopoles with minimal topological charges. The number of zero-frequency small oscillation modes about an arbitrary solution is related to the topological charges; the results suggest that all solutions with higher topological charges should be interpreted as multimonopole solutions composed of a number of non-interacting fundamental monopoles.
Observers for flux estimation in induction machines

Flux estimation in induction machines is examined from the viewpoint of observer theory. It is pointed out that estimators presently used in connection with schemes such as field-oriented control are typically real-time simulations of machine equations, without feedback of any corrective prediction error. It is shown that corrective feedback can be used to speed up convergence of the flux estimates. It can also reduce the sensitivity of the estimates to parameter variations. >
Molecular biomarkers as predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in rectal cancer

The standard management of locally advanced rectal cancer includes neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and concurrent pelvic irradiation (RT) to 45–50.4 Gy. This regimen results in downstaging in approximately 60% of patients and a pathological complete response (pCR) in 20%. Response to CRT is associated with improved rates of survival, local control, and sphincter preservation. However, some tumors are completely resistant to CRT; thus, non-responding patients experience only the toxicity of this treatment without any of its benefits. The ability to predict an individual patient’s response to CRT would enable delivery of more effective treatment: patients predicted to respond would be directed to undergo CRT, while those predicted not to respond would be guided to alternative therapies or primary surgical resection. Molecular biomarkers have significant potential for predicting tumor regression. Furthermore, they may represent novel targets for therapeutic agents. Many studies have yielded promising results; to date, however, they have often lacked reproducibility. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of molecular biomarkers that may be used to predict response to CRT in rectal cancer.
Modelling the take-off voltage of the action potential during fast pacing

To date over 50 models for cardiac action potential have been developed, and while they vary widely in their complexity and the physiological characteristics that they reproduce, most fail to accurately replicate the takeoff potential during fast pacing and fibrillation. A specific aspect we focus is on the takeoff potential for an S2 stimulation following a steady S1 action potential. In microelectrodes and optical mapping experiment, the take-off voltage of an S2 action potential has been shown to be relatively high while most cardiac cell models do not reflect this feature, as the voltage needs to return close to the resting membrane potential before it can be reactivated. Since this difference can have great effects in electrical waves and their dynamics during tachycardia and fibrillation, we developed a framework that can be incorporated into the models to reproduce the experimentally observed higher take off potential. Recovery of inactivation in the Sodium current is the key to the activation from an S2 stimulus. Therefore, we focused on the sodium inactivation gates h and j. We hypothesized that the j gate is the source of the low take off potential because it recovers during AP final repolarization. Our procedure is to model the dynamics of both gates via a single one with an adjustable time constant tau. We model tau with an asymmetric equation. Using this equation form, we can manipulate the width, height, and asymptotic values of tau. The features that change the takeoff potential significantly are the midpoint and asymptotic value(s) of tau. By shifting the midpoint value of tau to a higher value, the takeoff potential increase, while rest of the sodium dynamics remains unaltered.
Dynamics of Slung Bodies Using a Single-Point Suspension System

"Watteirdorf, F., "Study of the Effect of Curvature on Fully Developed Turbulent Flow," Proceedings of The Royal Society, Vol. A148,1935, pp. 568-598. Spangenberg, W. G., Rowland, W. R., and Mease, N. E., "Measurements in a Turbulent Boundary Layer Maintained in a Nearly Separated Condition," Fluid Mechanics of Internal Flow, Elsevier, New York, 1967, pp. 110-151. Clauser, F. H., "Turbulent Boundary Layers in Adverse Pressure Gradients," Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 21, Feb. 1954, pp.91-108. Ludwieg, H. and Tillmann, W., "Investigations of the Wall Shearing Stress in Turbulent Boundary Layers," TM 1285, 1950, NACA. Townsend, A. E., "The Behaviour of a Turbulent Boundary Layer near Separation," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 12, April 1962, pp. 536-554. Thompson, B. G. J., "A New Two-Parameter Family of Mean Velocity Profiles for Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layers on Smooth Walls," R&M 3463, 1967, Aeronautical Research Council, London, England.
Checkpoint proteins control morphogenetic events during DNA replication stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In response to DNA replication stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the DNA replication checkpoint maintains replication fork stability, prevents precocious chromosome segregation, and causes cells to arrest as large-budded cells. The checkpoint kinases Mec1 and Rad53 act in this checkpoint. Treatment of mec1 or rad53Δ mutants with replication inhibitors results in replication fork collapse and inappropriate partitioning of partially replicated chromosomes, leading to cell death. We describe a previously unappreciated function of various replication stress checkpoint proteins, including Rad53, in the control of cell morphology. Checkpoint mutants have aberrant cell morphology and cell walls, and show defective bud site selection. Rad53 shows genetic interactions with septin ring pathway components, and, along with other checkpoint proteins, controls the timely degradation of Swe1 during replication stress, thereby facilitating proper bud growth. Thus, checkpoint proteins play an important role in coordinating morphogenetic events with DNA replication during replication stress.
Stochastic Bilinear Partial Differential Equations

We prove existence and uniqueness theorems for a class of partial differential equations with a bilinear stochastic forcing term. We give both white noise and Wiener process [Ito integral] versions and indicate the interrelationships. Another feature is the use of semigroup theory, in contrast to the Lions-Magenes variational theory.
Health-Related Social Control Within Older Adults' Relationships

This study examined the size and composition of older adults' social control networks and investigated behavioral and affective responses to the experience of social control. Social control in the health domain refers to regulatory attempts by others (direct), and feelings of obligation and responsibility to others (indirect), that encourage engagement in a healthy lifestyle. Participants were 181 adults aged 65-80 years who completed a mail survey. On average, older adults reported having 3-5 people in their social network who exerted a positive influence on their health behaviors, with the size and composition of this network varying somewhat by marital and parental statuses. Social control was associated with both positive and negative behavioral and affective responses, depending on both the type of social control (direct vs indirect) and level of relationship satisfaction. Results indicate the importance of better understanding the conditions under which social relationships have beneficial versus detrimental effects on the well-being of older adults.
The Contribution of Cultural Competence to Evidence-Based Care for Ethnically Diverse Populations

Despite compelling arguments for the dissemination of evidence-based treatments (EBTs), questions regarding their relevance to ethnically diverse populations remain. This review summarizes what is known about psychotherapy effects with ethnic minorities, with a particular focus on the role of cultural competence when implementing EBTs. Specifically, we address three questions: (a) does psychotherapy work with ethnic minorities, (b) do psychotherapy effects differ by ethnicity, and (c) does cultural tailoring enhance treatment effects? The evidence suggests that psychotherapy is generally effective with ethnic minorities, and treatment effects are fairly robust across cultural groups and problem areas. However, evidence for cultural competence is mixed. Ethnic minority-focused treatments frequently incorporate culturally tailored strategies, and these tailored treatments are mostly efficacious; yet support for cultural competence as a useful supplement to standard treatment remains equivocal at best. We also discuss research limitations, areas for future research, and clinical implications.
Validation of Comorbid Conditions on the End-Stage Renal Disease Medical Evidence Report The CHOICE Study

Since 1995, the Medical Evidence Report for end-stage renal disease (Form 2728) has been used nationally to collect information on comorbid conditions. To date, these data have not been validated. A national cross-sectional study of 1005 incident dialysis patients (734 hemodialysis and 271 peritoneal dialysis) enrolled between October 1995 and June 1998 was conducted using clinical data to validate 17 comorbid conditions on Form 2728. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each condition. The relationship between patient characteristics and sensitivity was assessed in multivariate analysis. Sensitivity was fairly high (0.67 to 0.83) for HIV disease, diabetes, and hypertension; intermediate (0.40 to 0.52) for peripheral vascular disease, neoplasm, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrest, and congestive heart failure; and poor ( 0.95) for the other 16 conditions. Comorbid conditions are significantly underreported on Form 2728, but diagnoses are not falsely attributed to patients. Scientific research, quality of care comparisons, and payment policies that use Form 2728 data should take into account these limitations. Considerable effort should be expended to improve Form 2728 coding if it is to provide accurate estimates of total disease burden in end-stage renal disease patients.
Architectural tradeoffs at the object level

In this study, we discuss tradeoffs for the software architecture of object-based systems such as Ada83. External and internal complexities are specified for Ada packages and these complexities are related to the numbers of defects uncovered during testing using non-linear ordinal response models. The non-linear relationships among the software measures are exploited to identify optimal relationships between context coupling and the number of visible declarations in Ada packages.
Business and Cultural Aspects of Psychic Distance and Complementarity of Capabilities in Export Relationships

Abstract Psychic distance is a key element in the field of international marketing. Unfortunately, the literature exhibits a lack of consistency with respect to its effects. To help increase understanding of the influence of psychic distance, the authors investigate business and cultural psychic distance as separate constructs. They develop a model in which an export manager's business and cultural psychic distance influences the structuring of the export relationship (i.e., whether it has complementarity of capabilities) and explore whether business and cultural psychic distance enhances or dampens the leveraging of complementary capabilities to increase an export manager's satisfaction with export performance. The results, based on a survey of 151 U.S. export managers, indicate that when export managers perceive greater business psychic distance, they select export partners with fewer complementary capabilities. Although more complementarity of capabilities results in greater satisfaction with export pe...
Intrinsic optical imaging of stimulus-modulated physiological responses in amphibian retina

We demonstrated near-infrared light imaging of stimulus-modulated physiological activities in an isolated frog retina using transient intrinsic optical responses (TIORs). While low-strength visible-light stimuli evoked TIORs with positive polarity, strengthened stimuli elicited additional negative TIORs. Our experimental study and physiological analysis suggest that the negative TIORs are associated with photoreceptor response, and the positive TIORs result primarily from dynamic changes of postphotoreceptor response during retinal activation. In coordination with the sophisticated design of visible-light stimulation protocols, optical imaging of TIORs promises an important application for noninvasive assessment of retinal photoreceptor and inner neurons.
Rules of Engagement: Building a College-Going Culture in an Urban School

Students who struggle in pursuit of postsecondary education tend to be Latino, Black, low-income, or first-generation college students. This article presents the case of a small public school servi...
Heterogeneity of light use efficiency in a northern Wisconsin forest: implications for modeling net primary production with remote sensing

Light use efficiency (LUE) models are often used with remotely sensed data products to estimate net primary production (NPP) from local to global scales. However, data on the variability of the LUE coefficient, e, on the landscape are minimal and sometimes conflicting. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify and compare the variability of LUE among five forest cover types: aspen, northern hardwoods, red pine, forested wetland, and upland conifer; and (2) quantify the variability of e between two years, 1999 and 2000, and relate differences to environmental conditions. The study site was in a northern temperate forest in Wisconsin, USA. Northern hardwood forests, primarily consisting of sugar maple, had the highest e each year followed by aspen, red pine, forested wetlands, and upland conifer. NPP was estimated using radial growth measurements and published allometric equations. Absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) was estimated optically using a Li-Cor Plant Canopy Analyzer. Growing season e of all forest cover types increased significantly from 0.42 in 1999 to 0.47 (gC MJ � 1 ) in 2000. Annual e of all forest cover types increased significantly from 0.33 in 1999 to 0.36 (gC MJ � 1 ) in 2000. Growing season and annual e differed significantly (pV0.001) among forest cover types for each year. Future research should consider variations in LUE among mixtures of many land cover types, especially forested wetlands. Results from this study show that LUE models should consider species-specific efficiency factors rather than biome-specific factors. Remote sensing-based land cover classifications should also reflect species differences for this area if the classification map is used in estimating NPP with an LUE model.
Ben cassen and the development of the rectilinear scanner

The development of the rectilinear scanner by Benedict Cassen was preceded by his successful fabrication of a directional scintillation detector probe. In 1950, Cassen assembled the first automated scanning system that was comprised of a motor driven scintillation detector coupled to a relay printer. The scanner was used to image thyroid glands after the administration of radioiodine. Initial studies that were performed at the West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center led to the extensive use of the scanning system for thyroid imaging during the early 1950s. Cassen's development of the rectillinear scanner was a defining event in the evolution of clinical nuclear medicine. In 1956, Kuhl and his colleagues developed a photographic attachment for the Cassen scanner that improved its sensitivity and resolution. With the development of organ-specific radiopharmaceuticals, a commercial model of this system was widely used during the late 1950s until the early 1970s to scan the major body organs. The decline of the rectilinear photoscanner began in 1973 with the advent of computed axial tomography.
The Relationships Between Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, And Turnover Intention Among Software Developers

Software developer turnover can have disastrous effects on an organization due to the loss of business process knowledge, as well as acquired technical skills. Annual rates of turnover in information technology (IT) departments have been estimated at 20% or more with the cost of replacing technology workers ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 times annual salaries. This study purposely focused only on software developers as opposed to IT employees in general due to the critical nature of their work. The factors leading to turnover intention in this field are poorly understood; therefore, this study was designed to further understand the relationships between job characteristics, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among software developers. 326 web surveys were completed that contained questions relating to job characteristics, job satisfaction, turnover intention, and demographic information. The first four job characteristics are specific to software developers while the last five job characteristics and the job satisfaction scales are from the Hackman and Oldham Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS). Two research questions, sixteen hypotheses, and a theoretical path model were developed to understand which job characteristic variables contribute to the various dimensions of job satisfaction and which job satisfaction dimensions contribute to turnover intention. Additionally, the indirect effects of job characteristics through job satisfaction on turnover intention were also determined. The statistical testing consisted of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Bivariate correlations are presented, as well as path analysis, an extension of multiple regression analysis. The results of the study uncovered several factors that can influence turnover intention among software developers. Identified in the study as statistically significant job characteristics that can be influenced by management are training, autonomy, feedback, number of developers, task significance, and skill variety. With the results of this study, management can better understand the unique needs of software developers and design development jobs to ensure that these needs are met. The study concludes with implications for practitioners and recommendations for future research.
Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide during hepatic injury and fibrogenesis

Nitric oxide (NO) production via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is prominent in the liver after stimulation with cytokines and/or lipopolysaccharide. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of NO via iNOS in specific liver cell populations during toxin-mediated and obstructive hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. After a single dose of carbon tetrachloride, iNOS mRNA and nitrite (a metabolic product of NO) were detected only in Kupffer cells. They were not detectable in any cell type after recurrent administration of carbon tetrachloride, including in animals with far advanced cirrhosis (i.e., portal hypertension and/or ascites). After bile duct ligation, a mechanistically different form of liver injury and fibrogenesis, iNOS mRNA and nitrite were identified in all nonparenchymal cells but not in hepatocytes. Twenty-four hours after bile duct ligation, iNOS mRNA and NO production were greatest in Kupffer cells, but after prolonged bile duct ligation, iNOS was found predominantly in sinusoidal endothelial cells. These data indicate that iNOS expression varies temporally and spatially in the liver after injury and also varies with the type of insult.
Acetaminophen Metabolism in Man, as Determined by High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography

Acetaminophen is a commonly used analgesic, available without prescription. Several of its metabolites have heretofore been isolated from physiologic fluids and analytically characterized. In general, the separation methods are complicated, usually requiring extensive sample pretreatment, and do not measure the individual conjugated metabolites. High-resolution anionexchange separation of urinary samples from subjects receiving acetaminophen reveals eight chromatographic peaks, representing seven metabolites and the free drug itself. Metabolites separated include 2-methoxyacetaminophen, its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, the sulfate conjugate of 2-hydroxyacetaminophen, the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of acetaminophen, S -(5-acetamido-2-hydroxyphenyl)cysteine, and S -(5-acetamido-2-glucuronosidophenyl)cysteine. Urinary and serum concentrations of the drug and its seven metabolites were determined by high-resolution liquid chromatography as a function of time after two clinically normal men ingested 1950 mg of the drug. Concentrations in urine and serum are compared, and estimated urinary excretion rates are reported for all metabolites except S -(5-acetamido-2-hydroxyphenyl)cysteine. Serum concentrations of the glucuronide were higher than concentrations of the free drug 2 h after the drug was ingested, indicating that solvent-extraction procedures for serum will yield low estimates of total drug unless hydrolysis precedes the extraction step.
“O rei do obó”: memória e mito na dramaturgia são-tomense de Fernando de Macedo

This study intends to analyze a representative text from African Portuguese­-written today’s dramaturgy: O rei do obo (1999), by the playwright Fernan­do Macedo, from Sao Tome and Principe. The memories that underlie the founding narratives become often in tales, legends, fables and myths, whose stories recount historical facts of the archipelago and discuss traditional values of people from different backgrounds who live there. These stories reaffirm the collective memory, whose cultural heritage formed by regional particularities and the social diversity observed in literature from oral tra­dition, interconnects references sociocultural, historical and geographical.
Detection of antibody to urease by hemagglutination.

SummaryA new method for determination of the antibody to the enzyme urease is described which can be correlated with the precipitin method for antiurease.