cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saltwater-Induced Decreases in Weight and Length Relative to Seasonal Gill Na+-K+ ATPase Changes in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): a Test for Saltwater Adaptability

Abstract Juvenile coho salmon challenged for 24 h in 31 ppt seawater experienced decreases in weight and length. These decreases became significantly less pronounced during the period of rise in gill Na + K + ATPase activity induced during parr-smolt transformation. It is suggested that these saltwater-induced changes in weight and length could be used as simple tests of seawater readiness.
From Extensile Microtubules Bundles to Synthetic Cilia and Self-Mixing Active Gels

In presence of a macromolecular crowding agent filamentous microtubules spontaneously assemble into elongated bundles. Kinesin clusters can simultaneously bind to multiple filaments within such a bundle and thus power relative sliding of the constituent filaments and the overall bundle extension. Starting with such extensile bundles it is possible to hierarchically assemble diverse biologically inspired materials including spontaneously beating synthetic cilia, self-mixing and self-flowing active gels, motile emulsion droplets as well as deformable vesicles. However, little is known about the mechanical properties of isolated active extensile bundles that are the essential structural motif of these diverse materials. We describe an experimental technique that allows us to systematically assemble filamentous bundles with predetermined number of filaments and quantify its ability to generate extensile force.
Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) is up-regulated and exogenous VEGF-B is neuroprotective in a culture model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the consequent deficit of dopamine released in the striatum. Current oral dopamine replacement or surgical therapies do not address the underlying issue of neurodegeneration, they neither slow nor halt disease. Neurotrophic factors have shown preclinical promise, but the choice of an appropriate growth factor as well as the delivery has proven difficult. In this study, we used a rotenone rat midbrain culture model to identify genes that are changed after addition of the neurotoxin. (1) We challenged rat midbrain cultures with rotenone (20 nM), a pesticide that has been shown to be toxic for dopaminergic neurons and that has been a well-characterized model of PD. A gene chip array analysis demonstrated that several genes were up-regulated after the rotenone treatment. Interestingly transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) was evident, while vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) levels remained unaltered. The results from the gene chip array experiment were verified with real time PCR and semi-quantitative western analysis using β-actin as the internal standard. (2) We have also found evidence that exogenously applied VEGF-B performed as a neuroprotective agent facilitating neuron survival in an even more severe rotenone culture model of PD (40 nM rotenone). VEGF-B has very recently been added to the list of trophic factors that reduce effects of neurodegeneration, as was shown in an in vivo model of motor neuron degeneration, while lacking potential adverse angiogenic activity. The data of an in vivo protective effect on motor neurons taken together with the presented results demonstrate that VEGF-B is a new candidate trophic factor distinct from the GDNF family of trophic factors. VEGF-B is activated by neurodegenerative challenges to the midbrain, and exogenous application of VEGF-B has a neuroprotective effect in a culture model of PD. Strengthening this natural protective response by either adding exogenous VEGF-B or up-regulating the endogenous VEGF-B levels may have the potential to be a disease modifying therapy for PD. We conclude that the growth factor VEGF-B can improve neuronal survival in a culture model of PD.
Basal cell adenocarcinoma of a hard palate minor salivary gland: case report and review of the literature.

Objective Basal cell adenocarcinoma of a minor salivary gland is extremely rare. The goal of this report is to increase awareness of this rare disease and to review and discuss the differential diagnosis and important considerations in treatment.
Outsmarting cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells by decoding the language they speak: focusing past and present insights on future prospects.

Since the term “Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma” (CTCL) was introduced in 1974, investigation of the biology of the malignant T cells has contributed heavily to understanding of the clinically important biology of benign and neoplastic T cells. Availability of large numbers of clonal skin-homing CTCL cells facilitated the discovery of T cell-specific monoclonal antibodies and identification of “helper-T cells.” Tight linkage between the biology and clinical manifestations of CTCL cells has enabled major, and accelerating, scientific and practical advances. CTCL cells are now well defined by their distinctive features: membrane molecules which direct them to the skin; growth dependency on signaling from immature dendritic antigen presenting cells; origin from the large set of normal “cutaneous T cells” which recirculate between skin and blood; differentiation markers controlling the way they interact with antigen presenting cells, maintain memory for their cognate antigen and regulate normal T cells (CD4/CD45Ro/Treg); secretion of a Th2 set of cytokines; and surface expression of clinically targetable tumor distinctive antigens. CTCL provided the point of entry for now widely used biologically-based therapies: anti-lymphocyte antibodies to treat malignancies; cellular immunotherapy for cancer (Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy); IL2-diphtheria toxin fusion agent (Ontac); anti-cancer retinoid (Targretin); and anti-cancer inhibitors of histone deacetylase. On this rich foundation, we are now poised to resolve a next set of major questions. What are the skin-localized antigens that stimulate memory “cutaneous T cells” to clonally expand, prior to their malignant transformation? How can we best exploit the critical growth requirements and antigenicity of CTCL cells to develop even better therapies? Can we ultimately outsmart CTCL cells by interrupting their capacity to receive the growth stimulatory signals that they require to grow and spread?
Stability analysis and assessment of integrated power systems using RTDS

Stability is naturally desirable during integrated power system (IPS) operation. A methodology is proposed to analyze and assess IPS stability. Detailed IPS models are simulated on an RTDS real-time simulator and can be completed within a reasonable time frame with the large number of parallel processors on the RTDS. When a system becomes physically unstable, divergent or sustained oscillations appear in the system response after it is disturbed. The stability of the system then is determined by analyzing oscillation modes in the system response using Prony analysis. Based on results from detailed simulation and Prony analysis, an algorithm is developed for the automated approximate detection of stability boundaries. The algorithm is realized in the environment of the RTDS script language and MATLAB. The effectiveness of the automated detection of stability boundaries is demonstrated on a one-machine-infinite-bus (OMIB) system. In a further case study, the stability of an example IPS with different magnitudes of pulsed load switched into the system is studied. The maximum allowable pulse magnitude for a stable system is found as the stability boundary of the IPS. The phase portrait of the system with the maximum allowable pulsed load shows periodic traversals in state space. The periodic traversals plot limit cycles and thus the stability boundary of the example system.
B Cell–Intrinsic Expression of the HuR RNA-Binding Protein Is Required for the T Cell–Dependent Immune Response In Vivo

The HuR RNA-binding protein posttranscriptionally controls expression of genes involved in cellular survival, proliferation, and differentiation. To determine roles of HuR in B cell development and function, we analyzed mice with B lineage-specific deletion of the HuR gene. These HuRΔ/Δ mice have reduced numbers of immature bone marrow and mature splenic B cells, with only the former rescued by p53 inactivation, indicating that HuR supports B lineage cells through developmental stage-specific mechanisms. Upon in vitro activation, HuRΔ/Δ B cells have a mild proliferation defect and impaired ability to produce mRNAs that encode IgH chains of secreted Abs, but no deficiencies in survival, isotype switching, or expression of germinal center (GC) markers. In contrast, HuRΔ/Δ mice have minimal serum titers of all Ab isotypes, decreased numbers of GC and plasma B cells, and few peritoneal B-1 B cells. Moreover, HuRΔ/Δ mice have severely decreased GCs, T follicular helper cells, and high-affinity Abs after immunization with a T cell-dependent Ag. This failure of HuRΔ/Δ mice to mount a T cell-dependent Ab response contrasts with the ability of HuRΔ/Δ B cells to become GC-like in vitro, indicating that HuR is essential for aspects of B cell activation unique to the in vivo environment. Consistent with this notion, we find in vitro stimulated HuRΔ/Δ B cells exhibit modestly reduced surface expression of costimulatory molecules whose expression is similarly decreased in humans with common variable immunodeficiency. HuRΔ/Δ mice provide a model to identify B cell-intrinsic factors that promote T cell-dependent immune responses in vivo.
Toeplitz algebras associated to isometric flows

In this paper, we associate a Toeplitz C*-algebra T() to an isometric flow on M, and begin to study how the C*-algebraic properties of T((I)) are related to the geometric and topological properties of The algebra T() is defined as follows. Since each map qt is an isometry of M, it induces a unitary operator Ut on L2(M), whereM is endowed with the usual measure coming from the Riemannian metric. Let D be the infinitesimal generator of the group {Ut}, and let P be the positive spectral projection of D. Then T() is the C*-subalgebra of ,(L2(M)) generated by the set {PMfP: f C(M)}, where
One long chain among shorter chains : the Flory approach revisited

We consider the mean square end-to-end distance of a long chain immersed in a monodisperse, concentrated solution of shorter, chemically identical chains. In contrast with the earlier work of Flory, no simplifying assumption on the wave vector dependence of the effective potential between segments is made. In order to obtain a closed form expression for the dimension of the long chain, we first derive a general expression for the mean square end-to-end distance of a flexible chain with arbitrary two-body interactions using the Edwards-Singh method
Methodology for expedient computation of semiconductor substrate noise coupling

A fast semi-analytical modeling methodology is proposed, for expedient computation of semiconductor substrate coupling between substrate contacts. The expediency of the method stems from its ability to calculate analytically the transfer resistance between two contacts for the case of a layered substrate. These transfer resistances are then used for the computation of a conductance matrix representation of the coupling between the contacts. The validity and accuracy of the proposed model are investigated through a series of numerical studies involving semiconductor substrates of properties pertinent to state-of-the-art ICs.
An exploratory study of the neural mechanisms of decision making in compulsive hoarding.

decision. Results. When deciding about whether to keep or discard personal possessions, compulsive hoarding participants displayed excessive hemodynamic activity in lateral orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus. Among hoarding participants, decisions to keep personal possessions were associated with greater activity in superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, precentral gyrus, and cerebellum than were decisions to discard personal possessions. Conclusions. These results provide partial support for an emerging model of compulsive hoarding based on complications of the decision-making process. They also suggest that compulsive hoarding may be characterized by focal deficits in the processing of reward and changes in reward contingencies, particularly when these are perceived to be punishing.
Boiling in a porous bed

Experimental observations of the heat generation rate at which a porous bed dries out have been made for bed particle sizes ranging from 245 to 4,783 microns in beds up to 40 cm deep with different coolants. The governing mechanisms are identified and used to develop models of the observed phenomena.
Being All That You Can Be: The Weighting of Potential in Assessments of Self and Others

An accurate assessment of an individual often requires taking their potential into account. Across six studies the authors found that people are more inclined to do so when evaluating themselves than when evaluating others, such that people credit themselves for their perceived potential more than they credit others for theirs. Participants rated potential as a more telling component of the self than of others, and the importance participants placed on their own potential led to attentional biases toward information about their own future potential that did not apply to information about the potential of others. Furthermore, when assessing themselves and other people, participants required more tangible proof that someone else has a given level of potential than they required of themselves, and they relied more on how they would ideally perform in self-assessment but more on how others actually performed in judging them.
Detectability as a function of spatial location: effects of selective attention.

Abstract In a series of previous reports we have described differences in detectability of a target in a background of nontarget patterns as a function of its spatial location. These differences, referred to as a “detectability gradient,” have been attributed to target detection accomplished by a serial processing mechanism—a scan. The mathematical model of such a mechanism, developed in the previous report, is equally applicable to a series of attentional shifts or to a perceptual, i.e., a preattentive, mechanism. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that this scan is attentional in nature. The results provide additional evidence for the scanning hypothesis but do not support the view that this scan represents a series of attentional shifts.
Distribution and sources of cyclic pheophorbides in the marine environment

The labile chlorophyll a (Chl a1) degradation product, 13 2 ,1 7 3 ‐cyclopheophorbide a enol (CPP516), was only recently found in marine sediments, where it can contribute a significant fraction to solvent-extractable sedimentary chlorins. We developed a new chromatographic method for the analysis of CPP516 to study its distribution and sources in the marine environment. We found high concentrations of CPP516 in surficial sediments and particulate matter collected in sediment traps. It contributed 40 to 70% to the sum of all Chl a1 degradation products in fecal material from herbivorous microzooplankton and macrozooplankton. We did not find CPP516 in exponentially growing or stationary phase algal cultures. These data suggest that a major source of CPP516 is herbivores feeding on phytoplankton. We also found a series of compounds similar to CPP516 in sediments and sediment-trap samples. Mass-spectrometric and ultraviolet(UV)/visible-spectrometric analyses suggest that these are CPP516 analogs of divinyl-Chl a and Chl bs and Chl cs, conclusions that have to be confirmed by synthesis. CPP516, dissolved in organic solvents, easily degrades to 13 2 -oxopyropheophorbide a and chlorophyllone a under oxic conditions. When associated with particles, CPP516 is stable in oxic aquatic environments on a timescale of days, possibly stabilized by the chelation of metal cations. The chromophore of CPP516 differs substantially from that of other Chl a1 degradation products; it has absorption maxima at 360, 426, and 688 nm. CPP516 does not fluoresce as other Chl a1 degradation products. As a consequence, it is invisible to fluorescence-based analyses of ‘‘pheopigments.’’ Thus, rates of grazing and growth derived from such measurements, as used in conjunction with the gut fluorescence and the Chl-budget method, will be underestimates of true rates when CPP516 contributes significantly to total chlorins.
SPATIAL ECOLOGY OF SWIFT FOX SOCIAL GROUPS: FROM GROUP FORMATION TO MATE LOSS

We examined social group formation, movements and denning relative to other group members, home-range use, and the response to social group disruption among 188 radiocollared swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in Colorado. We found that during the initial stages of pair formation mated foxes shared dens more frequently than during the remainder of their pair-bond. The average distance between mated pairs was influenced by season and time of day, with the greatest proximity in the breeding season (727.2 m ± 42.3 SE), and during diurnal hours (463.7 ± 34.7 m). Female foxes spent more time in the core area of the group home range (60.71% of locations versus 54.66% for males) and males spent more time on the range boundary (19.34% of locations versus 15.61% for females). Home-range use was influenced by season, with females spending more time in the core area in the breeding and pup-rearing seasons than in the dispersal season. Males also spent the highest proportion of their time in the core area during the breeding season, but used the boundary area more frequently than the core area in the pup-rearing season. A sex difference also was found in the response of a swift fox to the death or disappearance of its mate. All females maintained their territory in the event of mate death or disappearance; however, 50% of males emigrated from their range when the female mate died or disappeared. These differences in space use between social group members provide important insights into the territorial behavior and mating system of the swift fox and indicate that the 2 sexes likely play different roles in care of young and home-range defense.
Accommodations in Tuscany as Linked Data

The OpeNER Linked Dataset (OLD) contains 19.140 entries about accommodations in Tuscany (Italy). For each accommodation, it describes the type, e.g. hotel, bed and breakfast, hostel, camping etc., and other useful information, such as a short description, the Web address, its location and the features it provides. OLD is the linked data version of the open dataset provided by Fondazione Sistema Toscana, the representative system for tourism in Tuscany. In addition, to the original dataset, OLD provides also the link of each accommodation to the most common social media (Facebook, Foursquare, Google Places and Booking). OLD exploits three common ontologies of the accommodation domain: Acco, Hontology and GoodRelations. The idea is to provide a flexible dataset, which speaks more than one ontology. OLD is available as a SPARQL node and is released under the Creative Commons release. Finally, OLD is developed within the OpeNER European project, which aims at building a set of ready to use tools to recognize and disambiguate entity mentions and perform sentiment analysis and opinion detection on texts. Within the project, OLD provides a named entity repository for entity disambiguation.
Low GWP R134a replacements for small refrigeration (plug-in) applications

This paper presents a performance evaluation of two low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, R1234yf and R1234ze(E), as replacements for R134a. A theoretical comparison is first presented based on the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants. Tests are carried out in a representative vending machine system (cassette) at two representative outdoor ambient temperatures of 32.2°C (efficiency test), and 40.5°C (capacity test) and return air temperatures of 2°C, 20°C and 38°C. Under drop-in conditions, R1234yf shows performance similar to R134a. For R1234ze(E), a refrigerant with lower volumetric cooling capacity, testing was done using a larger compressor to obtain capacity recovery. A simulation model is used to analyze the system design changes, which can lead to further improvement in the performance of low GWP refrigerants. Overall, the results indicate that with minor design changes, such as use of a suction-line/liquid-line heat exchanger and modifications to the refrigerant circuitry, these refrigerants can match the performance of R134a.
Abstract P199: Uric Acid Promotes Vascular Stiffness, Immune Inflammatory Response and Proteinuria in Western Diet Fed Mice

Increased consumption of a diet high in fructose and fat (western diet, WD) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and kidney injury. In this regard, excess hepatic production of uric acid generated from excess fructose consumption is emerging as a risk factor for vascular stiffness, which underpins CVD and kidney injury. We hypothesized that a WD would increase uric acid levels and cardiovascular and renal xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and associated increased vascular stiffness and proteinuria. Furthermore, we proposed that inhibition of XO activity would prevent arterial stiffening and reduce proteinuria in a clinically relevant model of WD-induced CVD and renal injury. Four week-old C57BL6/J male mice were fed a WD containing high fat (46%), sucrose (17.5%), and high fructose corn syrup (17.5%) with or without allopurinol (125mg/L), a potent XO inhibitor for 16 weeks. XO inhibition significantly attenuated WD-induced increases in plasma and urine uric acid levels and aortic XO activity (WD, 0.225 + 0.031 mU/mL WD + allopurinol, 0.097+ 0.026mU/mL, P<0.05), as well as proteinuria (WD, 20.92 + 2.66 mg/ mg creatinine, WD + allopurinol, 13.48 + 1.56 mg/mg creatinine, P<0.05). XO inhibition had no effect on increases in body weight, fat mass, and HOMA-IR promoted by the WD. Blood pressure was not different between any of the groups. Stiffness of aortic endothelial cells, extracellular matrix and vascular smooth muscle cells, as determined by atomic force microscopy, was significantly increased in WD mice and this was prevented by XO inhibition. WD induced a significant macrophage pro-inflammatory response in aorta that was significantly suppressed by XO inhibition. Collectively, these findings support the notion that increased XO activity in the vasculature and kidney and increased hepatic production of uric acid secondary to consumption of a WD promotes vascular stiffness, vascular inflammation and a maladaptive immune response that lead to vascular stiffness and kidney injury.
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Probability and Nonprobability Moments in Experiment, Interview, Archival, Administrative, and Ethnographic Data Collection

Sociologists use data from experiments, ethnographies, survey interviews, in-depth interviews, archives, and administrative records. Analysts disagree, however, on whether probability sampling is n...
Rise of Blood Pressure During Ischemia of the Gravid Uterus.

To test the concept that diminished uterine blood supply might play some part in the hypertension of eclampsia1 the carotid blood pressure was recorded in acute experiments while the aorta was partially occluded below the renal arteries.Ten animals anesthetized with chloretone, with morphine and pen-tobarbital sodium, or by decerebration under ether were used. Six were pregnant (5 dogs, 1 cat); 4 were non-pregnant controls.The carotid and femoral blood pressures were recorded kymo-graphically and a long-handled screw clamp was adjusted around the aorta just below the renal arteries. The incision was closed with the clamp handle protruding and the animal was left undisturbed until the blood pressure was stable. The clamp was then tightened until the femoral pressure fell to about half its previous value and the carotid pressure was followed (Table I).In the non-pregnant control animals aortic compression was not followed by any change in carotid pressure other than the immediate adjustments discussed by Br...
Assisted death--a compassionate response to a medical failure.

Is it ever morally appropriate for physicians to assist a patient's dying, either by providing the means or by directly causing death? What should be the stance of the law toward physician-assisted...
Relationship between the Photomechanical Response and the Thermomechanical Properties of Azobenzene Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks

We report on the influence of cross-link density of azobenzene-containing liquid crystal polymer networks (azo-LCNs) on the thermomechanical properties and the laser-directed bending of cantilevers consisting of these materials. Cross-link density of azo-LCN was increased by adjusting the length of photocuring from 1 to 120 min. The storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E′′), and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the azo-LCNs increase with cross-link density. Increasing the cross-link density of the polydomain azo-LCN reduces the magnitude of the bending angle of the cantilevers. The relationship between the thermomechanical and photomechanical properties of the polydomain azo-LCN reported here is further elucidated in the examination of laser-directed bending over a wide range of temperature. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium photodriven bending angle is shown to be strongly related to the temperature dependence of the storage modulus for a given azo-LCN sample. Normalizing the temperature d...
Cannabis Use and Outcomes in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— The incidence of cannabis use in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its impact on morbidity, mortality, and outcomes are unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between cannabis use and outcomes in patients with aSAH. Methods— Records of consecutive patients admitted with aSAH between 2010 and 2015 were reviewed. Clinical features and outcomes of aSAH patients with negative urine drug screen and cannabinoids-positive (CB+) were compared. Regression analyses were used to assess for associations. Results— The study group consisted of 108 patients; 25.9% with CB+. Delayed cerebral ischemia was diagnosed in 50% of CB+ and 23.8% of urine drug screen negative patients ( P =0.01). CB+ was independently associated with development of delayed cerebral ischemia (odds ratio, 2.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–6.99; P =0.01). A significantly higher number of CB+ than urine drug screen negative patients had poor outcome (35.7% versus 13.8%; P =0.01). In univariate analysis, CB+ was associated with the composite end point of hospital mortality/severe disability (odds ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–8.01; P =0.04). However, after adjusting for other predictors, this effect was no longer significant. Conclusions— We offer preliminary data that CB+ is independently associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and possibly poor outcome in patients with aSAH. Our findings add to the growing evidence on the association of cannabis with cerebrovascular risk.
Influence of vasoactive substances on blood pressure of children undergoing laparoscopic operation

Objective To evaluate the influence of vasoactive substances on blood pressure of children undergoing laparoscopic operation.Methods Eighty-seven children scheduled for laparoscopic operations in observation group(aged 3-14 years)received intravenous anesthesia;while 10 healthy children(aged 2-13 years) were enrolled in control group.The contents of serum NO,ET-I,Ang-Ⅱ,PRA,ALD,also levels of BP before anesthesia and 30 minutes after CO2 insufflation in observation group,as well as the morning venous blood in the control group were determined.All data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0.Results Thirty minutes after insufflation,the rising rate of BP was up to 73%,while the concentration of NO decreased and ET-Ⅰ increased.During operation,PRA,Ang-Ⅱand ALD were increased after CO2 insufflation for 30 minutes.Correlation analysis showed that: BP was negatively correlated with NO(r=-3.58,P0.05),while positively correlated with ET-Ⅰ(r= 4.37,P0.01),PRA(r= 3.27,P0.05),Ang-Ⅱ(r= 3.29,P0.01) and ALD(r= 2.87,P0.05).Conclu-sion Laparoscopic surgery in children can result in high BP,probably due to decreased NO and increased ET-Ⅰ,PRA,Ang-Ⅱ and ALD caused by the rising of blood PaCO2 and insufflation-induecd hemodynamic changes.
28 Reweighing of visual information in individuals with chronic ankle instability: systematic review

Background While the exact neurophysiological mechanism of chronic ankle instability (CAI) remains unclear, research suggests that CAI associated balance impairments might be due to an inability to appropriately reweight sensory and/or somatosensory information. Objective To determine if those with CAI place a greater emphasis on visual information relative to uninjured controls. Design Systematic review. Setting Not applicable. Participants Participants with chronic ankle instability. Assessment of risk factors We searched PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases from origin to May 2015 using the combination of key words including: postural control, postural stability, single limb stance, single leg stance, single leg balance, single limb balance, time-to-boundary, or TTB. Main outcome measurements Sample sizes, means and SD of TTB outcomes for each group’s EO and EC stance were extracted. Results Weighted means and SD were calculated and the EC to EO effect size (ES) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome was generated and compared between groups. The 95% CI of the mediolateral (ML) mean [Control: -1.02 (-1.22 to -0.82), CAI: -1.60 (-1.84 to -1.35)), anteroposterior (AP) mean (Control: -1.31 (-1.51 to -1.10), CAI: -2.16 (-2.42 to -1.88)), and AP SD (Control: -1.30 (-1.50 to -1.09), CAI: -2.10 (-2.36 to -1.83)] TTB outcomes did not overlap indicating significant differences between two groups. However, the 95% CI for ML TTB SD (Control: -0.77 (-0.97 to -0.58), CAI: -1.11 (-1.33 to -0.88)) did overlap. Conclusions Those with CAI put more reliance on visual information during single leg stance compared to healthy individuals. This result may indicate that sensory weighting differences may be a potential neurophysiologic mechanism of balance deficits associate with CAI.
Marlex Replacement of Tunica Albuginea

Abstract Prosthetic penile placement for management of impotence secondary to priapism often is difficult owing to scarring of the corpus cavernosum. A patient with priapism treated with saline flush to allow detumescence had a Proteus abscess of the corpus cavernosum requiring multiple debridement procedures. After healing Marlex was used to replace the debrided tunica albuginea and a Small-Carrion prosthesis was placed.
Real Time Assessment of Cognitive State: Research and Implementation Challenges

Inferring the cognitive state of an individual in real time during task performance allows for implementation of corrective measures prior to the occurrence of an error. Current technology allows for real time cognitive state assessment based on objective physiological data though techniques such as neuroimaging and eye tracking. Although early results indicate effective construction of classifiers that distinguish between cognitive states in real time is a possibility in some settings, implementation of these classifiers into real world settings poses a number of challenges. Cognitive states of interest must be sufficiently distinct to allow for continuous discrimination in the operational environment using technology that is currently available as well as practical to implement.
The Efficiency of Channels of Distribution in a Developing Society: The Case of Nigerian Distributive Sector

This study presents the results of an investigation on the effects of liberalization of trade channels on marketing activities in Nigeria. The study was based on a survey of the distributive trade sector of the Nigerian economy conducted in two commercial cities in Nigeria. The purpose was to evaluate the role of marketing in the development process in Nigeria, and also to examine the future role of marketing in developing countries, especially sub-sahara countries, as they enter another decade in search of solutions to their economic problems.
Chapter 14 – A Role for the Microbiota in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Recent research into the complex interrelationship between the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems has led to an increased appreciation of the importance of commensal gut microbes to normal gut function and neurobehavioral health. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate co-morbid gut dysfunction in many individuals with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, animal model studies present promising evidence that microbe-based treatments may alleviate symptoms of disease. Autism spectrum disorder is of particular interest as a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in which a significant subset of patients present with gastrointestinal problems and in which microbial dysbiosis has been highlighted as a potential contributing factor to gastrointestinal and neuropathological abnormalities. Preclinical studies investigating probiotic treatments for gastrointestinal, neurobiological, and behavioral deficits suggest that a richer understanding of the role of gut microbes in neurodevelopmental disorders may lead to effective new treatments.
Middle Jurassic bryozoans from the Carmel Formation of southwestern Utah

Very few Jurassic bryozoan faunas are known outside Europe. Here we describe seven species of calcareous cyclostome bryozoans and one bioimmured soft-bodied ctenostome bryozoan (Simplicidium sp.) from the Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian) Carmel Formation of Utah. Three of the cyclostomes are placed in open nomenclature due to inadequate preservation and/or the lack of key reproductive polymorphs. A new genus, Patulopora, is established for Diastopora cutleri Cuffey and Ehleiter, 1984, following the discovery of gonozooids that place this species in the Multisparsidae rather than in the Plagioeciidae. Another of Cuffey and Ehleiter9s (1984) species--Berenicea duofluvina--is reassigned to Microeciella on the basis of the gonozooids, and a similar but distinctly smaller form is described as M. pollostos new species. A second new species--Hyporosopora nielsoni--is a rare colonist of hardground undersurfaces. The Carmel bryozoan fauna is compared with better-known faunas from the northern European Middle Jurassic. Species richness and colony-form diversity fall well within the expected values for bryozoan faunas of this age, and endemism is detectable only at relatively low taxonomic levels. Evolutionary patterns based on studies of contemperaneous European bryozoan faunas during this time of cyclostome evolutionary radiation are reinforced by the palaeogeographically distant Carmel bryozoan fauna.
Distal Radius Fracture

Various common injuries in the wrist and hand are investigated in this chapter. Significant attention is paid not only to proper diagnostic examination and imaging, but also to optimal nonoperative and operative treatment options to manage these conditions.
The New Classification of Seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy 2017

This review presents the newly developed International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2017 classification of seizure types. The fundamental distinction is between seizures that begin focally in one hemisphere of the brain, generalized onset seizures that apparently originate in both hemispheres, and seizures of unknown onset. Focal seizures optionally can be subclassified according to whether awareness (a surrogate marker for consciousness) is intact or impaired. The next level of classification for focal seizures is motor (with subgroups automatisms, atonic, clonic, epileptic spasms, hyperkinetic, myoclonic, tonic), non-motor (with subgroups autonomic, behavior arrest, cognitive, emotional, sensory), and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic. Generalized seizures are categorized as motor (tonic-clonic, clonic, tonic, myoclonic, myoclonic-tonic-clonic, myoclonic-atonic, atonic, epileptic spasms) and non-motor/absence (typical, atypical, myoclonic, eyelid myoclonia). The classification allows new types of focal seizures and a few new generalized seizures, and clarifies terms used to name seizures.
Electromagnetic Metrology Challenges in the U.S. Department of Defense and the Global War on Terrorism

The Global War on Terrorism and the events that continue to unfold around the world are creating interesting and innovative new developments in practically every area of technology. Many of the new...
Identification of task demands and usability issues in police use of mobile computing terminals

Crash reports from various states in the U.S. have shown high numbers of emergency vehicle crashes, especially in law enforcement situations. This study identified the perceived importance and frequency of police mobile computing terminal (MCT) tasks, quantified the demands of different tasks using a cognitive performance modeling methodology, identified usability violations of current MCT interface designs, and formulated design recommendations for an enhanced interface. Results revealed that "access call notes", "plate number check" and "find location on map" are the most important and frequently performed tasks for officers. "Reading plate information" was also found to be the most visually and cognitively demanding task-method. Usability principles of "using simple and natural dialog" and "minimizing user memory load" were violated by the current MCT interface design. The enhanced design showed potential for reducing cognitive demands and task completion time. Findings should be further validated using a driving simulation study.
A SYNTHESIS OF DESCRIPTIVE AND PRESCRIPTIVE MODELS FOR DECISION MAKING

Experimental psychology has uncovered many instances where decision makers consistently and persistently violate the postulates of classical normative theories. This paper reviews the main results of this literature, its implications for prescriptive approaches and resulting demands on decision aiding tools. Finally, it reviews artificial intelligence techniques that may help in meeting some of these demands.
Lateral Vehicle Dynamics

The first section in this chapter provides a review of several types of lateral control systems that are currently under development by automotive manufacturers and researchers. The subsequent sections in the chapter study kinematic and dynamic models for lateral vehicle motion. Control system design for lateral vehicle applications is studied later in Chapter 3.
STEAM in practice and research: An integrative literature review.

Abstract This integrative review examines 44 published articles (empirical, descriptive, and pedagogical frameworks) on the topic of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics) education from 2007 to 2018. Despite the emergence of STEAM as a popular pedagogical approach for enhancing students’ creativity, problem-solving skills, and interest in STEM fields, the definitions and purposes of STEAM education remain ubiquitous. Therefore, the review examined descriptions of the overall purpose of STEAM education, definitions of the STEAM acronym and the ‘A’ in STEAM, creativity as a learning outcome, elements of arts education, and arts education learning outcomes. The review found a myriad of definitions of the STEAM concept in general, a variety of interpretations for the “A” in STEAM, and an overall lack of reported learning outcomes in the areas of creativity, problem-solving, and arts education. The articles also differentiate in methods for merging STEAM disciplines, described in one of five ways: transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary, multi-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, and arts-integration. Recommendations are provided to advance both research and practice in STEAM education.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 6-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-2,4a(R),6(S),8a(R)-tetrahydropyrano-[3,2-b]-pyran-2-one and Structural Analogues of the Putative Structure of Diplopyrone

The phytotoxin diplopyrone is considered to be the main phytotoxin in a fungus that is responsible for cork oak decline. A carbohydrate-based synthesis of the enantiomer of the structure proposed for diplopyrone has been developed from a commercially available derivative of d-galactose. Key steps in the synthesis are a highly stereoselective pyranose chain-extension based on methyltitanium, preparation of a vinyl glycoside via Isobe C-alkynylation-rearrangement/reduction, and RCM-based pyranopyran construction. Crystallographic and NMR analysis confirms an earlier report that the structure originally proposed for diplopyrone may require revision. Structural analogues were prepared for biological evaluation, the most promising being a pyranopyran nitrile synthesized from tri-O-acetyl-d-galactal by Ferrier cyanoglycosidation, Wittig chain extension, and lactonization. Biological assays revealed potent antibacterial activity for the nitrile analogue against common bacterial pathogens Edwardsiella ictaluri an...
Instruction and improvisation under neoliberalism

ABSTRACTBonnie Urciuoli has become a pioneer for her work on neoliberal discourses in higher education. We introduce this work as well as the articles gathered herein to honour it. The articles engage with Urciuoli’s work by considering neoliberal discourse in various institutional contexts. Important in all of the articles is a critique of the control neoliberalism would seem to offer.
Dopamine D1 receptor activation reduces local inner retinal inhibition to light-adapted levels.

Retinal adaptation to different luminance conditions requires the adjustment of local circuits for accurate signaling of visual scenes. Understanding mechanisms behind luminance adaptation at diffe...
Behaviour and cardiac response to stress in signal crayfish exposed to environmental concentrations of tramadol.

Abstract Evidence of the ecological and biological impact of pharmaceuticals in surface waters on aquatic organisms is increasing. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat chronic and acute pain. To investigate its long-term effects at environmentally relevant levels, we evaluated heart rate (HR) and locomotion of signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus during a 21-day exposure to 1 μg L-1 tramadol followed by 14 days depuration. Locomotion and HR were recorded over a period 30 min before and 30 min after exposure to physiological fluids of an injured conspecific, a natural stressor, four times during the tramadol exposure and four times during depuration. A significant increase in HR following stress induction was found in the majority of tramadol-exposed and control crayfish, as well as significant group-specific HR changes between both groups. Locomotor activity during tramadol treatment differed from that during depuration, in general showing less time spent in locomotion and lower distance moved. The tramadol exposed crayfish exhibited higher velocity during depuration than during the exposure period. Results may suggest a potential shift in prey-predator relationships.
RESPONSE AND ACCURACY LIMITATIONS FOR A FUEL LEVEL BASED DISTANCE-TO-EMPTY CALCULATION

With appropriate signal conditioning, it is possible to estimate distance-to-empty utilizing only fuel level and distance sensors. The relationship of speed of response to changing driving conditions and the accuracy of the calculated value is a function of fuel tank/fuel sensor design and driving conditions.
Emerging Adults’ Relationship with Caregivers and their Romantic Attachment: Quality Communication Helps

Caregivers play an influential role in their child’s romantic attachment representations in emerging adulthood. In the current research, we explored one possible mechanism underlying this connection, the quality of caregiver-child communication about romantic relationships as indexed by emerging adults’ perceptions of the frequency, comfortableness, and helpfulness of these conversations with their female caregiver. Survey data from a sample of emerging adults enrolled in an American university were analyzed with structural equation modeling to evaluate this mediational prediction using causal steps and bootstrapping of indirect effects approaches. A higher quality caregiver-child relationship (higher support, less strain) was associated with higher quality communication about romantic relationships, and this communication was associated with lower attachment anxiety (indirect effect from support: β = −0.085; 95% CI [−0.139, −0.036], p = 0.001; indirect from strain: β = 0.020; 95% CI [0.005, 0.040], p = 0.026) and attachment avoidance (indirect effect from support: β = −0.094; 95% CI [−0.151, −0.043], p = 0.001; indirect effect from strain: β = 0.022; 95% CI [0.006, 0.043], p = 0.021). Fit statistics and indirect effects for the hypothesized model were compared and found superior to a variety of alternative models. The quality of emerging adults’ conversations with their female caregiver about romantic relationships mediated the relationship between caregiver-child relationship quality and romantic attachment representations. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of romantic relationships and romantic attachment and the connection between the caregiver-child relationship and these outcomes in emerging adulthood.
The Meaning of Work

As America faces growing ethnic diversity, political division, economic hyper-segregation, isolating technologies and moral plurality, Americans have less in common to connect them (Putnam, 2000). However, regardless of the level of compensation, whether mental or physical effort is required, or if it is aligned with personal strengths, work is ubiquitous, and common to all of us, “as common as mud” (Percey, 1973, p. 38). But definitions regarding the essence of work vary widely depending on culture, historic conditions, station in life, or religious perspective. This chapter will explore the meaning of work and consider the various sources from which meaningful work is derived. And, while work is a common experience to all of us, it is actually rather difficult to describe because of the personal, social, value-laden, and contextual elements associated with the meaning of work. At the end of this chapter, it is hoped that readers will possess a broad and correspondingly better understanding of the meanings associated with the word work. Although it is also quite possible that, after reviewing all the possible meanings for work, there might be agreement with the statement: “so work is whatever one thinks work is” (Volf, 2001, p. 7).
Kinetic flux ropes: Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal modes for the Vlasov–Poisson–Ampère system

Electrostatic structures have been observed in many regions of space plasmas, including the solar wind, the magnetosphere, and the auroral acceleration region. One possible theoretical description of some of these structures is the concept of Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal (BGK) modes, which are exact nonlinear steady-state solutions of the Vlasov–Poisson system of equations in collisionless kinetic theory. We generalize the exact solutions of two-dimensional BGK modes in a magnetized plasma with a finite magnetic field strength [Ng et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 055903 (2006)] to cases with azimuthal magnetic fields so that these structures carry the electric current as well as the steady electric and magnetic fields. Such nonlinear solutions now exactly satisfy the Vlasov–Poisson–Ampere system of equations. Explicit examples with either positive or negative electric potential structure are provided.