cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberal, Conservative, and Political: The Supreme Court's Impact on the American Family in the Uber-Partisan Era

Citizens United v. FEC began life as a case involving a political action committee (PAC) challenging rules promulgated by the Federal Election Commission regarding spending in federal elections. At the time, it was unlikely this case, criticized though it might be for other reasons, would be seen as a protagonist in the family arena. But its holding has been used to justify unrelated issues of just who is, indeed, considered an individual for purposes of religious freedom, and how those interpretations in turn affect families. Similarly, Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. involved a challenge to mandated health care coverage for contraceptives promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Court held that a closely held secular for-profit corporation could be exempt from the requirements of the ACA if the owners of the corporation object on religious grounds. While the Court based its finding on the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) and not the free-exercise clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution, other courts and a number of states are extending this interpretation in passing laws affecting religious views, and therefore often family life. Additionally, courts and states are interpreting RFRA in a far more encompassing manner than has ever been done before, based in large part on cases such as these, and these interpretations are affecting familial autonomy as well.Part I of this article examines the historical aspects of freedom of expression, including its origins in the Constitution and the litany of cases interpreting it, many involving family life. Part II focuses on the religious exemptions the Court has carved out over time, leading up to changes seen in recent cases. Part III looks at how these changes are shaping American lives today, centering on their impact on families, intended or not. It focuses on the so-called ‘religious wars’ stirred up by partisan promotion leading to new interpretations of established statutory and case law, including in such areas as RFRA, housing, voting rights, abortion and same-sex marriage. Finally, this article seeks to determine how this uber-partisanship will affect the state of families going forward.
Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy

Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP), a specific dermatosis of pregnancy also known as pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), is a benign, self-limited skin disorder. Key features include an increased prevalence in primigravidas, onset in the third trimester, remission near the time of delivery, and association with multiple gestation pregnancy. The clinical features are crucial to diagnosis. Histopathology is nonspecific, and immunofluorescence studies help differentiate PEP from pemphigoid gestationis. The pathogenesis of PEP remains elusive, and relevant theories are reviewed. There are no associated maternal or fetal risks, and treatment is largely symptomatic.
Preserving Universal Postal Service as a Communication Safety Net: A Policy History and Proposal

The Postal Service started on a “death spiral,” the Government Accountability Office noted in 2002, as its revenue-generating letter mail migrated to electronic channels. In response, Congress has been struggling to craft legislation that would restructure postal policy and operations. This financial deterioration jeopardizes the future of universal postal service, a prospect that rural communities find especially disquieting. Lawmakers working on postal reform recognize that universal postal service remains an ill-defined policy. This article examines universal postal service through the lens of policy history. The analysis suggests that universal postal service developed as a communication safety net to fill gaps left by other information networks. In light of this history, the article proposes that lawmakers treat universal postal service as part of a more comprehensive policy promoting universal communication service.Part I furnishes brief context, sketching the place of universal service under two postal regimes—that of the Post Office Department (1789-1971) and U.S. Postal Service (1971-present). Part II considers universal service in different communication contexts, especially telephony and broadcasting. Parts III to VI examine the several dimensions of universal postal service, discussing the origins of each policy. Specifically, Part III identifies key steps in developing a national postal infrastructure and how policymakers found ancillary purposes for it. Part IV analyzes postal rate policies, especially uniform (i.e., non-distance sensitive) postage, that facilitated the nationwide circulation of political, economic, and social information. Part V shows how targeted policies bridged the postal divide between urban and rural America. Part VI sketches relations between the government posts and the private sector’s complementary and competing communication systems. Part VII offers recommendations that would treat universal postal service as a component of universal communication service.
Effect of gastrin on electrical activity of antrum and duodenum of dogs.

SummaryIn dogs with electrodes chronically implanted on the stomach and duodenum, graded doses of intravenously infused synthetic human unsulfated little gastrin (G17-I) produced, in both the stomach and duodenum, graded increases in a) frequency of pacesetter potential, and b) incidence of pacesetter potentials with action potentials. The threshold doses of gastrin for these effects were about 25 pmol kg-1 h-1 in the stomach and about 50 pmol kg-1 h-1 in the duodenum. These doses of gastrin are similar to the threshold dose for gastric acid secretion.
Hot surface ignition of stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures

Hot surface ignition is relevant in the context of industrial safety. In the present work, two-dimensional simulations with detailed chemistry, and study of the reaction pathways of the buoyancy-driven flow and ignition of a stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture by a rapidly heated surface (glowplug) are reported. Experimentally, ignition is observed to occur regularly at the top of the glowplug; numerical results for hydrogen-air reproduce this trend, and shed light on this behavior. The simulations show the importance of flow separation in creating zones where convective losses are minimized and heat diffusion is maximized, resulting in the critical conditions for ignition to take place.
Children's Knowledge of Structure-Dependent Semantic Interactions between Logical Words.

ABSTRACTThe current study examined preschool children’s ability to evaluate the entailment patterns yielded by sentences containing two downward entailing (DE) operators, every and no. When no precedes every, the entailment pattern typically licensed by every changes, but only if no also c-commands every in the hierarchical structure of the sentence. While children had been shown to be sensitive to the effect of a preceding and c-commanding negation on every, it had not been shown whether children were sensitive to the c-command relation between these elements or simply to their linear order. We demonstrate that children’s evaluation of the entailment patterns engendered by sentences with no and every makes recourse to hierarchical structural representations. These findings run counter to models positing that young children lack such representations and instead suggest that young children possess both detailed syntactic representations and knowledge of logical operators such as no and every.
Thoughts on the prevention of urologic liability claims.

AbstractWe have approached the problems of increasing urological liability claims with a superficial study of their causes and some suggested solutions. We believe that this approach is important because it is one that the urological community can take immediately rather than waiting for changes in state and federal laws that may be of benefit in decreasing the impact of these suits. It seems to be the common disease and the simple operation that lead to the lodging of a claim.
Evaluating deficit irrigation management strategies for grain sorghum using AquaCrop

Many wells in the US Central Plains can no longer meet full crop water requirements due to declines in Ogallala aquifer water levels. A study was conducted in Southwest Kansas to determine optimum limited irrigation strategies for grain sorghum. Objectives were to (1) calibrate and validate the AquaCrop model, (2) apply AquaCrop to assess the effect of varying climate, planting dates, and soil types on yield, and (3) evaluate water productivities and optimal irrigation needs. Experimental data of grain sorghum were used to calibrate and validate AquaCrop. Planting date was found to substantially affect biomass and grain yield, and hence, considerably affect water productivities. The highest grain water productivities were obtained with late planting in a wet season. Late planting was associated with lower irrigation requirements. Depending on local conditions, we recommend planting to occur between June 1st and June 10th. Grain sorghum yield was optimized on sandy soils of southwestern Kansas with irrigation of 100–275 mm for early, 150–275 mm for normal and 100–275 mm for late planting. The optimal irrigation on silt loam soils for the corresponding planting dates were 175–350, 175–250 and 125–250 mm, respectively, with the lowest and highest in the range being for the wet and dry climate season conditions. Fluctuations in grain sorghum prices had a substantial impact on economic water productivity. Overall planting grain sorghum under optimum conditions combined with deficit irrigation improved water productivity.
Mathematically Gifted Education: Some Political Questions

This chapter is devoted to political questions in mathematics education. The practice of recognizing certain children as more gifted than others and selecting them accordingly becomes inevitably a focus of public attention, frequently giving rise to disagreements, finding itself at the heart of political discussions, sometimes instigating such discussions, and sometimes reflecting already existing conflicts. Without attempting an exhaustive analysis, the author describes certain episodes, aspects, and slogans of such political battles, while posing some questions for further study.
Trust in China? The impact of development, inequality, and openness on political trust across China’s provinces, 2001–2012:

China has long represented a puzzle for scholars of democracy, who view political trust as an important indicator of regime legitimacy. Previous studies show that while democracies around the world experienced declining levels of political trust, the authoritarian Chinese government maintained unexpectedly high levels of trust. Using World Value Survey (WVS) data over a critical 12-year period (2001–2012) and multilevel modeling techniques, we explore both macro- and individual-level determinants of political trust in China. We find that province-level economic performance and individual-level income combine to influence political trust. Higher levels of individual-level income have a positive effect on trust in more developed provinces but an opposite effect in less developed provinces. Furthermore, individuals living in provinces with higher levels of inequality and openness tend to be less trusting of government. Our study offers critical insights not only for political trust in China but also the coun...
The Effects Of Caffeine On Athletic Performance

Athletes who use caffeine before exercising or competition may be upgrading themselves more than they realize. Caffeine is classified as a stimulant and is the most commonly used drug in the world. Caffeine has the same affects that amphetamines and cocaine have, just to a lesser degree. Caffeine crosses the membranes of all the body’s tissues. It can exert effects on the central nervous system and the peripheral tissues that result in physiological effects. Studies have shown that caffeine improves performance in a variety of different activities. This stimulant has been shown to be a powerful ergogenic aid that is beneficial in athletic training and performance. Caffeine has been found to increase speed and power, improve the length of training, and assist the athlete in resisting fatigue. Caffeine has been found to stimulate the brain, which contributes to clearer thinking and ability to concentrate more intensely on the task at hand. Studies have shown that up to 25% of athlete’s ages 11-18 years old have used caffeine in an effort to increase their athletic performances. Because of caffeine’s effect on the body and its ability to increase an athlete’s performance, Olympic Committees have debated on whether caffeine should be tested before the Olympic Games.
Uncommon BRAF Mutations Associated With Durable Response to Immunotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma

Melanoma is a disease process which has been increasing in incidence over the past three decades and metastatic melanoma carries a poor prognosis. Through genetic studies of this disease, it has been determined that the BRAF V600 mutation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of the disease and this has led to the utilization of targeted therapy (BRAF and MEK inhibitors) in its treatment. Other BRAF mutations (non-V600 mutations) are rare in melanoma and targeted therapy is not indicated for patients with these mutations due to reduced response rates. An emerging option for metastatic melanoma with uncommon BRAF mutations is immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 inhibitors or CTLA-4 inhibitors. Currently, it is unknown how patients with BRAF non-V600 mutations respond to immunotherapy. This report will examine the effect of immunotherapy on two distinct metastatic melanoma patients, each with uncommon BRAF mutations, occurring outside the V600 locus (E586K and G469E). These patients were noted to have a durable, complete response when treated with immunotherapy and continue to exhibit a response 9 and 15 months after discontinuing therapy. Further research and clinical trials are needed to study patients with uncommon BRAF mutations and the potential therapeutic benefit of immunotherapy.
Thoughts on the Moon

Address at Rice University on the Nation’s Space Effort by President John F. Kennedy, Houston, Texas, September 12, 1962.
NGOs’ Advocacy in the 2015 Refugee Crisis: A Study of Agenda Building in the Digital Age:

In the 2015 European refugee crisis, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) offered help and actively advocated for millions of refugees. The current study aims to understand what commu...
Contingencies of value : alternative perspectives for critical theory

1. Fixed Marks and Variable Constancies: A Parable of Value Evaluating Shakespeare's Sonnets Critical Problematics 2. The Exile of Evaluation Fact and Value in the Literary Academy The Politics of Evaluative Criticism An Alternative Project 3. Contingencies of Value Contingency and Interdependence Matters of Taste Processes of Evaluation The Dynamics of Endurance 4. Axiologic Logic Hume's Natural Standard Kant's Pure Judgments Logical Tastes and The Other's Poison Three Postaxiological Postscripts 5. Truth/Value Judgment Typology and Maclntyre's Fall Value without Truth-Value Changing Places: Truth, Error, and Deconstruction 6. The Critiques of Utility Humanism, Anti-Utilitarianism, and the Double Discourse of Value Bataille's Expenditure Endless (Ex)Change 7. Matters of Consequence Critiques and Charges: The Objectivist Generation of "Relativism" Quietism and the Active Relativist Community, Solidarity, and the Pragmatist's Dilemma Politics and Justification Conceptual Tastes and Practical Consequences Notes Index
Effects of the container on structure function with impedance map analysis of dense scattering media

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) can be used to estimate acoustic properties of tissue microstructure. In one approach to QUS, the backscatter coefficient (BSC) is utilized to quantify and classify tissue state. From the BSC, parametric models can be constructed to relate the frequency-dependent BSC to geometrical properties of the underlying tissue. However, most of these parametric models are based on analytic expressions (e.g., Gaussian function) and not on actual tissue morphology. Impedance map analysis has been proposed to help identify sources of ultrasonic scattering in tissues and to develop improved models of scattering. Previously, two-dimensional impedance maps (2DZMs) were demonstrated to provide tissue models of three-dimensional (3D) structures for sparse scattering media. In the current study, 2DZMs analysis of dense scatterer media combining the structure function with impedance map analysis was studied through a series of simulations. The simulation analysis demonstrated that the correlation coefficient and power spectrum could be estimated for a dense collection of spheres using 2DZMs. The current finding implies that 2DZMs can capture information about the 3D spatial positions of scatterers in addition to information about the size and shape of the scatterers for a dense scattering media, which is expected to be encountered in many tissues.
Tiger salamanders’ (Ambystoma tigrinum) response retention and usage of visual cues following brumation

Abstract Brumation enables tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) to survive changes in temperature. However, it is unclear how this affects memory retention. We explored how brumation impacted salamanders’ retention of a learned response to a visual cue through two experiments. We hypothesized salamanders would retain information across this state. However, we also hypothesized that retention could be manipulated through cold temperature exposure timing. We hypothesized that cold temperature exposure immediately after reactivation of a memory would decrease retention of that memory following brumation. Our results indicate that salamanders can respond utilizing visual cues and that performance can be retained across this state. However, our results also indicate that if exposure to cold temperatures occurs directly following a recall experience, memory for the information that was recalled just prior to cold temperature exposure can be disrupted. This suggests that the timing of the recalling of information and the exposure to the cold temperatures inherent to brumation is important to memory retention through this state. Future studies should investigate the impact of the timing of extreme temperature exposure on retention over other torpor states, including hibernation and aestivation. Additionally, the mechanism underlying such impaired retention should be explored.
Convergence Analysis of MCMC Methods for Subsurface Flow Problems

In subsurface characterization using a history matching algorithm subsurface properties are reconstructed with a set of limited data. Here we focus on the characterization of the permeability field in an aquifer using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms, which are reliable procedures for such reconstruction. The MCMC method is serial in nature due to its Markovian property. Moreover, the calculation of the likelihood information in the MCMC is computationally expensive for subsurface flow problems. Running a long MCMC chain for a very long period makes the method less attractive for the characterization of subsurface. In contrast, several shorter MCMC chains can substantially reduce computation time and can make the framework more suitable to subsurface flows. However, the convergence of such MCMC chains should be carefully studied. In this paper, we consider multi-MCMC chains for a single–phase flow problem and analyze the chains aiming at a reliable characterization.
Pleurectomy and Decortication for Mesothelioma

Surgery has a controversial role in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Controversy also exists regarding the utility of extrapleural pneumonectomy versus pleurectomy and decortication (P/D). This chapter focuses on specific case scenarios and the technical details of P/D.
Corporate Governance as an Antidote to Corruption in Emerging Markets

This chapter assesses what is known about the likely role of corporate governance reforms and best practices as an antidote to commercial and political corruption in emerging markets. The purpose of the assessment is to marshal knowledge about the relationship between corporate governance and corruption and to help identify best practices with respect to anti-corruption efforts. The methodology combines literature review and identification of sources of information and data about corporate governance and anti-corruption measures. The scope of the chapter includes corporate governance norms promoted by international institutions, effects of foreign direct investment, and interactions among quality of government, quality of corporate governance, and corruption levels and forms. The vital issue is whether and if so how and to what extent corporate governance reforms and best practices will operate to reduce corruption in emerging markets. General findings are that corporate governance best practices are desirable for several reasons, and such best practices, in combination with business integrity and governmental anti-corruption efforts, should operate gradually against commercial and political corruption. Effectiveness of governance and anti-corruption measures depend on personal integrity of business directors and executives. Structural measures typically recommended in corporate governance codes are not well linked to anti-corruption effectiveness.
Future Research Directions in Coding for Optical Channels

Today’s photonic infrastructure, whose foundations were established several decades ago, gradually extends from global backbone to access networks and even further, down to the curb, building, home, and desk. Recent studies indicate that each household in North America should be connected by at least 100 Mb/s (e.g., CANARIE [1]), which cannot be accommodated by the last century’s technology. The 100 Gb/s Ethernet is currently under standardization, and according to industry experts 1 Tb/s Ethernet should be standardized by the year 2012–2013 [2, 3, 4, 5]. Migrating to higher transmission rates comes along with certain challenges such as degradation in the signal quality due to different linear and nonlinear channel impairments and increased installation costs [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. In addition to increased bandwidth, future optical networks will also require flexible wavelength management, the integration of transmission and switching, and optical signal processing functionality, while maintaining minimized operational and capital expenditures. Current limitations of photonics-enabled networks also result from the heterogeneity of the infrastructure and consequential bottlenecks at different boundaries and interfaces. In optically routed networks, neighboring dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels carry random traffic patterns in which different lightwave paths experience different penalties due to the deployment of reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) and wavelength cross-connects (WXCs). Different wavelength channels carrying the traffic to different destinations can have quite different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and spectral distortions due to cascaded filtering effects. The Internet of the future should be able to support a wide range of services containing a large amount of multimedia over different network types at high speed [10]. The future optical networks will allow the integration of fiber-optics and free-space optical (FSO) and RF and optical technologies [10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
Help Seeking Behavior among Women Who Report Intimate Partner Violence in Afghanistan: an Analysis of the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey

Ongoing internal conflict, high gender inequality, and a patriarchal society contribute to a high prevalence of intimate partner violence towards women (IPV) in Afghanistan. Seeking help from formal and informal sources can provide social support to IPV survivors, buffering negative health consequences. The purpose of this study is to examine the individual, interpersonal, and community-level factors associated with help-seeking for physical, sexual, and emotional IPV in Afghanistan using a nationally-representative sample of women aged 15–49. Data for this analysis comes from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey. The outcome variable is a binary measure of informal or formal help-seeking behavior among women who reported physical, sexual, or emotional IPV in the last 12 months. Drawing on existing theory of help-seeking for IPV, key covariates included summative indices of health care use, decision-making power, and barriers to accessing health care measured at both the individual and community levels using multilevel modeling. Nearly half (46%) of women in the dataset reported experiencing some type of IPV in the past 12 months. Among the 20% of women who reported seeking help for IPV, informal sources of support were used almost universally. Engagement with the health care system, barriers to accessing health care, and decision-making power were all significantly associated with seeking help for IPV. IPV is widespread in Afghanistan and help-seeking is uncommon. A better understanding of what shapes help-seeking in this context may allow more women to disclose violence, increasing social support and reducing the negative health effects of IPV.
Machine Condition Prediction Based on Long Short Term Memory and Particle Filtering

Machine condition prediction plays an important role in industries. In condition-based maintenance, measurements are used to detect, identify, and predict the onset and evolution of potential faults. The information is then used to optimally schedule the maintenance activities and logistics. With the development of machine learning and big data, deep learning algorithms become important tools in condition prediction due to their excellent capabilities in data processing, feature extraction, and modeling. This paper presents a novel approach for machine health condition prognosis based on Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Particle Filtering (PF). In this work, machine condition data are used to train a LSTM model offline, which is then employed as a prognostic model in the framework of Bayesian approach to online predict the evolution of the machine fault state. Particle filtering is utilized to calculate the posterior probability density function. Case studies of a cracked carrier plate are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can predict machine condition more accurately.
On Dance and Aging: An Interview with Berlin-Based Researcher-Dancer Susanne Martin

In this interview with Susanne Martin , she considers ways in which she combines her artistic practice as dancer with her theoretical research to better understand aging and dance. On Dance and Aging: An Interview with Berlin-Based Researcher-Dancer Susanne Martin by Raphael Raphael is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at http://rdsjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/867. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://www.rds.hawaii.edu.
Modulation of Flagellar Rotation in Surface-Attached Bacteria: A Circuit for Rapid Surface-Sensing

Abstract Attachment is a necessary first step in bacterial commitment to surface-associated behaviors that include colonization, biofilm formation, and host-directed virulence. The Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can initially attach to surfaces via its single polar flagellum. Although many bacteria quickly detach, some become irreversibly attached and express surface-associated structures, such as Type IV pili, and behaviors, including twitching motility and biofilm initiation. P. aeruginosa that lack the GTPase FlhF assemble a randomly placed flagellum that is motile; however, we observed that these mutant bacteria show defects in biofilm formation comparable to those seen for non-motile, aflagellate bacteria. This phenotype was associated with altered behavior of ΔflhF bacteria immediately following surface-attachment. Forward and reverse genetic screens led to the discovery that FlhF interacts with FimV to control flagellar rotation at a surface, and implicated cAMP signaling in this pathway. Although cAMP controls many transcriptional programs in P. aeruginosa, the known targets of this second messenger were not required to modulate flagellar rotation in surface-attached bacteria. Instead, alterations in switching behavior of the motor appear to result from previously undescribed effects of cAMP on switch complex proteins and/or the motor-stators associated with them. Author Summary Attachment to a surface often triggers programs of gene expression that alter the behavior, virulence and fitness of bacteria. Initial contact is usually mediated by surface exposed adhesins, such as flagella or pili/fimbriae, and there is much interest in how these structures might sense and respond to surface attachment. The human bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa usually contacts surfaces via its polar flagellum, the rotary motor that also powers bacterial swimming. We observed that wild-type bacteria quickly stopped rotating their flagellum after surface attachment, but that a mutant lacking the flagellar-associated protein FlhF did not. Using a combination of genetic approaches, we demonstrated that FlhF interacts with a component of the flagellar rotor (FliG) and with a polar scaffolding protein that positively regulates cAMP production (FimV) to stop flagellar rotation and thereby favor bacterial persistence at a surface. We provide evidence that the second messenger cAMP is the likely signal generated by flagellar-mediated surface attachment and show that cAMP is sufficient to alter the behavior of the flagellar motor.
An ecological assessment of neighborhood, family, peer, and individual characteristics in predicting violence: a multilevel analysis of African-American families

This study used epidemic, cultural deviance, and social learning perspectives to examine the extent: to which exposure to various forms of violence predicted violent behavior among 8 67 African-American youth. The study examined the following macro-level predictors of childhood violence: neighborhood violence, neighborhood SES, neighborhood subculture of violence, and percent African American. The following microlevel predictors were examined: street code, associating with violent peers, corporal punishment, parental violence, and warm/supportive parenting. Using hierarchical linear modeling techniques (HLM), the results showed that neighborhood SES was the only macro-level variable to exert a significant influence on violence. Furthermore, childhood violence was significantly related to street code, violent peers, parental violent behavior, and warm/supportive parenting. Overall, the results indicated that micro-level variables explained 27% of the variance, and macro-level variables explained an additional 3%. These findings demonstrate the importance of micro-level factors in predicting violence. It was concluded that simply living in a violent neighborhood does not produce violent children, but that family, peer, and individual
Liver-Plasma Protein Synthesis

Most plasma proteins, with the notable exception of the immunoglobulins are synthesized & secreted by the liver. There is usually an acinar zonation of the synthesis of these proteins. Many of the proteins have complex carbohydrate side chains and are globular in structure. Degradation of senescent proteins occurs as a result of deterioration of theses side chains and removal by the liver following binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor. The concentration of a number of these plasma proteins changes dramatically in response to signals of infection; these are known as the acute phase proteins.
Implementation of Digital Pathology Offers Clinical and Operational Increase in Efficiency and Cost Savings.

Context.— Digital pathology (DP) implementations vary in scale, based on aims of intended operation. Few laboratories have completed a full-scale DP implementation, which may be due to high overhea...
Introduction to the Symposium on Sanctuary Cities: A Brief Review of the Legal Landscape

This Introduction to the 2018 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review Symposium tries to set the stage by addressing three basic issues surrounding sanctuary cities: the extent to which the federal government can compel state and local assistance in immigration enforcement; the extent to which state and localities can choose to participate in immigration enforcement; and the extent to which states and local government can completely refuse to cooperate with such enforcement. These three topics involve important federalism questions that are currently working their way through the courts following President Trump's Executive Order to punish sanctuary jurisdictions. In addition, this Introduction also discusses separation of powers problems that arise in the fight over sanctuary jurisdictions. With legislative gridlock over immigration policy, increasingly the courts have been used as a method for protecting or discouraging the adoption of sanctuary policies. One way to discourage sanctuary policies has been to allow private causes of action against localities that fail to adequately support immigration enforcement. These efforts raise important questions about the appropriate role of the courts in policy making that are encompassed in doctrines such as sovereign immunity and the public duty doctrine.
Risk-Benefit Analysis and Full Disclosure

This chapter describes the risk-benefit analysis. The decision maker varies from an individual to organizations representing major governmental functions. The impetus behind formal risk-benefit analysis is usually with decisions that are deemed public issues. The mix of personal and societal cost scales selected is dependent upon the decision-making agency. Autocratic countries and military organizations are more likely to use a societal scale because for these agencies, the general welfare of society is placed above that of an individual. Democratic governments are more likely to use a mix of both scales, and the congressional decision to spend extensively for cancer research is probably a result of the personal value systems of the mature voters. In every social organization, the decision maker desires full knowledge of the risks and benefits embodied in the available choices. The risks and benefits, weighted by a system of values that defines the organization's tastes and willingness to make trade-offs, lead to a decision.
Clonazolam: a novel liquid benzodiazepine

Clonazolam is a designer triazolobenzodiazepine first synthesized in the 1970s that has never been licensed for therapeutic use. Clonazolam first surfaced on the internet in 2014 as a drug of abuse...
Channel Model Validation for and Extensions of an Ultraviolet Networking Optimization Framework

Challenging Army-relevant communications and networking environments require novel methods and systems with sufficient robustness and resilience to enable operation in a covert fashion, especially in the presence of sophisticated adversaries. Recent studies suggest that regions of electromagnetic spectrum, such as deep ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, that are not being utilized in existing systems can provide unique advantages, particularly for more-covert short- range operations. However, the UV channel is not well understood, and techniques for the effective and efficient use of this channel for networking, such as spatial multiplexing, are still being investigated. In this paper, we report on experiments that validate previously hypothesized channel modeling behaviors, where we isolate and accurately measure the line-of-sight (LOS), single-scattering, and multiple-scattering components of measured returns and compare the measurements with theory. These experimental measurements exhibit good agreement with theoretical predictions, and demonstrate, in particular, predicted variations from ideal behavior in the multiple-scattering case. The validated behaviors play a key role in a previously proposed UV networking optimization framework. As such, we conclude this paper with additional development and examples of that framework in order to demonstrate the utility of the validated channel modeling.
The Process of Becoming for a Woman Warrior from the Slums

This chapter reflects on the author’s identity formation growing up in the slums of Chicago in a patriarchal Chinese family, moving to a “white” neighborhood and encountering racism for the first time, and embarking on the fraught academic journey toward the complicated guild of biblical studies. It discusses the various influences in her development, first, as a feminist, and then as an Asian American feminist, circling back to her roots in poverty to devote her current energies to examine and critique the inequalities and injustice that are endemic to our global capitalist society. She will examine her debt to Asian American feminist scholarship on race that helps her recognize the particular forms of racism, under which Asian Americans suffer, and her bonding with different communities of Asian and Asian American women (and men), such as Pacific, Asian, North American Asian Women in Theology and Ministry and the Ethnic Chinese Biblical Colloquium.
Dual in vitro invasion/migration suppressing and tamoxifen response modulating effects of a recombinant anti-ALCAM scFv on breast cancer cells.

It has been shown that overexpression of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is involved in development of resistance to tamoxifen therapy and promotion of cell invasion, migration and metastasis in ER+ breast cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that blockade of ALCAM interconnections with antibodies could be an effective approach for reversing mentioned negative events associated with ALCAM overexpression in breast cancer cells. Here, an anti-ALCAM scFv was recombinantly expressed and used throughout study for examination of the putative anticancer effects of ALCAM blockade. The anti-ALCAM scFv coding sequence was obtained from GenBank database and after addition of a 6× His-tag moiety, signal peptide and flanking sequences, the whole construct was expressed in Escherichia coli. Tamoxifen resistant MCF7 cells were then pretreat for 24 hours with purified recombinant anti-ALCAM scFv prior to administration of tamoxifen. In parallel, the cytotoxicity profile of anti-ALCAM scFv and tamoxifen co-treatments against tamoxifen resistant and sensitive MCF7 cell lines was also evaluated using CompuSyn software. The invasion/migration inhibitory effects of anti-ALCAM scFv on MDA-MB-231 cells were also evaluated. Pretreatment with anti-ALCAM scFv could successfully enhance anti-proliferative effects of tamoxifen against resistant MCF-7 cell lines. Furthermore, the combination of 19.2:1 of tamoxifen to anti-ALCAM scFv demonstrated synergistic cell inhibitory effect against tamoxifen resistant MCF7 cell lines. Also, incubating MDA-MB-231 cell lines with anti-ALCAM scFv resulted in a 30% and 25% reduction in number of invaded and migrated cells respectively. Overall, application of anti-ALCAM scFv could significantly suppress cancer cells metastasis in vitro and modulate tamoxifen resistant ER+ MCF7 cell line's sensitivity to tamoxifen. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Acquisition of resistance to tamoxifen therapy is one of the major challenges associated with cancer chemotherapy, gradually turning a responsive tumour into a refractory more invasive one which ultimately ends in disease progression and relapse. Here, we reported expression of an anti-ALCAM scFv, capable of increasing the sensitivity of tamoxifen resistant ER+ MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen therapy following a 24-hour pretreatment period. In addition, we demonstrated that the anti-ALCAM scFv monotherapy was also capable of suppressing invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in Boyden chamber assays.
Imprecision Medicine: Challenges in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Measuring Quality for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

We question the reliability of the vague symptoms that most commonly define catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and encourage further examination of whether the current CAUTI definition reflects a true infection. While diagnosing CAUTI using the current surveillance definition, physicians may be missing a number of nonurinary etiologies for fever, prematurely diagnosing urinary tract infection, and prescribing unnecessary antibiotics. We believe it is time to reconsider the quality metric of CAUTI. By doing so, we can improve antibiotic use and quality of patient care.
Bilingualism for students with disabilities, deficit or advantage?: Perspectives of Latinx mothers

While access to bilingual education programs is on the rise, Emergent Bilingual Learners Labeled as Dis/abled (EBLADs) continue to experience English-mostly educational placements. Analysis of inte...
An Autonomous Reconfigurable Power Delivery Network (RPDN) for Many-Core SoCs Featuring Dynamic Current Steering

A 2-input/4-output autonomous RPDN in 14nm CMOS with dynamic current steering enables better core-count and FIVR scalability for many-core SoCs in scaled process nodes while improving the overall area efficiency of on-die power delivery/management circuits by 35%. The RPDN controller minimizes losses for a variety of operating conditions to improve overall energy efficiency in most runtime scenarios while complying with all local and global current limits.
Apolipoprotein L1: role in the evaluation of kidney transplant donors.

Purpose of review To summarize the current state of evidence regarding the role of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genotyping in evaluating donors for kidney transplantation. Recent findings African ancestry is associated with an increased risk of kidney failure following living donation. Moreover, kidney transplants from African ancestry deceased donors have an increased risk of graft failure. Preliminary evidence suggests that APOL1 genotype may mediate at least a portion of this racial variation, with high-risk APOL1 genotypes defined by presence of two renal risk variants (RRVs). A pilot study 136 African ancestry living donors found that those with APOL1 high-risk genotypes had lower baseline kidney function and faster rates of kidney function decline after donation. To date, three retrospective studies identified a two-to-three times greater risk of allograft failure associated with kidneys from donors with high-risk APOL1 genotype. Active research initiatives seek to address unanswered questions, including reproducibility in large national samples, the role of 'second hits' injuries, and impact of recipient genotype, with a goal to build consensus on applications for policy and practice. Summary As evidence evolves, APOL1 genotyping may have applications for organ quality scoring in deceased donor kidney allocation, and for the evaluation and selection of living donor candidates.
Multigenerational Social Mobility: A Demographic Approach

Most social mobility studies take a two-generation perspective, in which intergenerational relationships are represented by the association between parents’ and offspring’s socioeconomic status. Th...
Old Books, New Stories: Undergraduate Discovery Fellowships in Special Collections

This spring, Special & Area Studies Collections hosted its first cohort of Undergraduate Discovery Fellows, a research opportunity designed to give students the skills and freedom they need to use our collections for research or creative projects. Under the (virtual) mentorship of SASC curators and staff, three fellows dove into the collections, pursuing individual questions that they wanted to explore. The article features the projects that they worked on during their semester, as well as their reflections on their time in the library and their experience as a group.
Developmental Pathways to Intercultural Competence in College Students

Despite travel restrictions, U.S. colleges invest in students’ global learning, to prepare graduates to thrive in today's interdependent society and world. This multi-method longitudinal study appl...
Dennett’s Intentional Strategy Applied to Animals

Daniel Dennett lays out what he calls the intentional strategy (or stance) and the intentional system, which proposes that we could predict the behavior of humans, non-human animals, plants or in other words, what he calls an intentional system. Roughly speaking, the intentional strategy involves attributing beliefs and desires, that a reason using object ought to have given the circumstances, to an object; with those beliefs and desires, one should be able to predict the object’s behavior. Though my goal is not to criticize Dennett’s view, I will argue that the intentional strategy works better on nonhuman animals than humans; a mere observation of an application of the intentional strategy. Once I have shown that the intentional strategy seems to work better on non-human animals than humans, I will argue that it is because it is in the nature of animals to make survival their highest desire and then form beliefs to secure this desire. Humans, on the other hand, form beliefs about the world, and these beliefs form their desires; they are not simply seeking survival. In True Believers: The Intentional Strategy Dennett lays out what he calls the intentional strategy (or stance) and the intentional system, which proposes that we could predict the behavior of humans, non-human animals, computer, plants or in other words, what he calls an intentional system. Though my goal is not to criticize Dennett’s view, I will argue that the intentional strategy works better on non-human animals than humans; a mere observation of an application of the intentional strategy. The bulk of my argument will show that the intentional strategy works better for non-human animals than humans. Then I will explain why non-human animals fit the intentional strategy better than humans. For the sake of my paper, ‘animals’ refer to non-human animals.
Evaluation and management of patients with symptoms after anti‐reflux surgery

Over the past two decades, there has been an increase in the number of anti-reflux operations being performed. This is mostly due to the use of laparoscopic techniques, the increasing prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the population, and the increasing unwillingness of patients to take acid suppressive medications for life. Laparoscopic fundoplication is now widely available in both academic and community hospitals, has a limited length of stay and postoperative recovery time, and is associated with excellent outcomes in carefully selected patients. Although the operation has low mortality and postoperative morbidity, it is associated with late postoperative complications, such as gas bloat syndrome, dysphagia, diarrhea, and recurrent GERD symptoms. This review summarizes the diagnostic evaluation and appropriate management of such postoperative complications. If a reoperation is needed, it should be performed by experienced foregut surgeons.