cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Externally driven countercurrent multiplication in a mathematical model of the urinary concentrating mechanism of the renal inner medulla.

Substitution of measured permeabilities into mathematical models of the concentrating mechanism of the renal inner medulla yields less than the known urine osmolalities. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism we analyse a model in which a force of unspecified origin [expressed as fraction, ɛ , of entering descending thin limb (DTL) concentration] drives fluid from DTL to interstitial vascular space (CORE), thus concentrating the solution in DTL. When flow in the DTL reverses at the hairpin bend of the loop of Henle, the high solute permeability of ascending thin limb (ATL) permits solute to diffuse into the CORE thus permitting ɛ to be multiplied many-fold. Behavior of the model is described by two non-linear differential equations. In the limit for infinite salt permeability of ATL the two equations reduce to a single equation that is formally identical with that for the Hargitay and Kuhn multiplier, which assumes fluid transport directly from DTL to ATL ( Z. Electrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem. 55 , 539, 1951). Solutions of the equations describing the model with parameters taken from perfused thin limbs show that urine osmolalities of the order of 5000 mosm L −1 can be generated by forces of the order of 20 mosm L −1 . It seems probable that mammals including desert rodents use some variant of this basic mechanism for inner medullary concentration.
Bridging the gap: coupling single-cell oscillators in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Neurons in the mammalian master clock can maintain circadian rhythms in isolation, but must synchronize to function as a time-keeping system. A new study finds that gap junctions between neurons promote synchronous electrical activity and rhythmic behavior.
Surface integral equation methods for multi-scale electromagnetic problems

This work investigates the efficient and robust integral equation based solution of large multi-scale electromagnetic problems. The major technical ingredients in the proposed work include: (i) a scalable domain decomposition method for surface integral equations via a novel multi-trace formulation, (ii) a discontinuous Galerkin boundary element method, which employs discontinuous trial and testing functions without continuity requirements across element boundaries, and (iii) an optimized multiplicative Schwarz algorithm using complete second order transmission condition. The results obtained through this research greatly simplify the model preparation and mesh generation for complex electromagnetic simulation. Moreover, It provide an effective preconditioning scheme for the integral equation based solution of multi-scale problems. The strength and flexibility of the proposed method will be illustrated by means of several challenge real-world applications.
Use of computer simulation in teaching physiology: Student laboratory

Abstract This presentation describes a pilot project that was intended to develop an efficient low cost. self-paced computer-based instructional system to supplement and reinforce the physiology core experiments for a variety of students ranging from graduate students to students in the allied health sciences. The method chosen blends modern educational technology and computers with standard laboratory equipment. An example of the system using an arterial pressure model is presented. The program has been implemented in FORTRAN on a PDP-12 computer running under OS/8. The exercise has been tested on student laboratory groups and has been well received by those who have used it.
Highly selective biosensing of lactate at lactate oxidase containing rhodium-dispersed carbon paste electrodes

Abstract A remarkably selective lactate biosensor, based on the immobilization of lactate oxidase within a rhodium-dispersed carbon paste is described. The effective catalytic action of the rhodium microparticles towards the generated hydrogen peroxide or consumed oxygen allows tuning of the operating potential to a region where unwanted reactions are prevented. Contributions from all major easily oxidizable substances are eliminated, without the need for membrane barriers or artificial electron mediators. The detection limit is 1.5 × 10−5 M and the response time is 8 s. A fast and sensitive flow injection operation is illustrated.
Joint-Space Dynamic Model of Metabolic Cost With Subject-Specific Energetic Parameters

Metabolic energy expenditure (MEE) is commonly used to characterize human motion. In this study, a general joint-space dynamic model of MEE is developed by integrating the principles of thermodynamics and multibody system dynamics in a joint-space model that enables the evaluation of MEE without the limitations inherent in experimental measurements or muscle-space models. Muscle-space energetic components are mapped to the joint space, in which the MEE model is formulated. A constrained optimization algorithm is used to estimate the model parameters from experimental walking data. The joint-space parameters estimated directly from active subjects provide reliable estimates of the trend of the cost of transport at different walking speeds. The quantities predicted by this model, such as cost of transport, can be used as strong complements to experimental methods to increase the reliability of results and yield unique insights for various applications.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Molecular orbital calculations of the rotational barrier in benzeneselenenyl molecules

Abstract Structural changes, as a function of the torsional angle about the phenyl Se bond, in molecules of the type C 6 H 5 SeX, where X is H, Br, Cl, have been studied by ab initio calculations using the 3-21G and 3-21G ∗ basis sets. The results are compared with the equilibrium structure available from electron diffraction experiments as well as with previous calculations for the sulfur and oxygen analogs where X = H. The rotational potential energy function and the rotational barriers are also reported.
Stress-strain analysis of singularly loaded rectangular plates sealing a pool of liquid

AbstractThe bending problem of a concentratedly loaded rectangular plate sealing a pool of liquid is investigated. Both cases, the submerged plate and the unsubmerged plate, are considered in detail. It is found that the compressibility of the sealed liquid has great influence on the deflections and the bending moments of the plates. Examples of various cases are given and illustrated by a number of graphs.
You've got mail … and need follow-up: the effect and patient perception of e-mail follow-up reminders after emergency department discharge.

Objectives The hypothesis was that a reminder about recommended primary care physician (PCP) follow-up, sent via e-mail to patients discharged from the emergency department (ED), would increase the proportion of patients who followed up with their PCPs within the recommended time frame. Patient receptiveness to e-mail follow-up reminders was also assessed. Methods This was a mixed methods clinical intervention study with subjects randomized either to receive the usual care discharge instructions only or to also receive a reminder e-mail message the day after the ED visit. The reminder e-mail contained the subject's PCP's name and address and the recommended PCP follow-up time interval. A blinded review of outpatient PCP medical records was conducted to determine whether and when follow-up occurred. Researchers attempted to contact patients with a telephone survey 2 weeks after their ED visits. The primary outcomes between groups were compared using chi-square tests and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Thirty-three percent of the intervention group and 32% of the control group followed-up as recommended (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.33); 52% of the intervention group and 48% of the control group followed-up within 10 days of the recommended time (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.29). The 334 patients (57%) successfully contacted via telephone demonstrated a high interest in receiving future e-mail reminders (75%), with the group that received e-mail reminders more likely to want one in the future than those who did not receive e-mail reminders (82.5% vs. 69.76%; p = 0.04). Conclusions E-mail reminders sent after ED visits did not improve patients' adherence to the recommended timing of primary care follow-up contained in discharge instructions. Subjects in both the control and the intervention groups favorably viewed the concept of e-mail reminders, suggesting that the value of e-mail reminders after ED discharge may be in areas such as patient satisfaction that were not specifically targeted for measurement in this study.
Genetic variant of glutathione peroxidase 1 in autism

Abstract Genetic factors can contribute to autistic disorder (AD). Abnormal genes of oxidative stress pathways and increased oxidative stress have been reported in autism spectrum disorders. Polymorphisms of genes involved in glutathione metabolism, e.g. GSTP1 and GSTM1 are reportedly associated with autistic disorder. We investigated a GCG repeat polymorphism of a human glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) polyalanine repeat (ALA5, ALA6 and ALA7) in 103 trios of AD (probands and parents) using the transmission disequilibrium test. Significant transmission disequilibrium ( p =0.044) was found in the overall transmission of the three alleles. The ALA6 allele was under transmitted ( p =0.017). These results suggest that possessing this ALA6 allele may be protective for AD. Future study of interaction of the GPX1 GCG repeat and other gene polymorphisms such as the MnSOD ALA16 or the GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphism in this cohort of AD families may shed light in whether the combination of the ALA6 allele with another polymorphism of antioxidant allele contributes to the increased oxidative stress in autism.
Prevalence of vision disorders by racial and ethnic group among children participating in head start.

Objective To compare the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive error among African-American, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white preschoolers in the Vision In Preschoolers study. Design Multicenter, cross-sectional study. Participants Three- to 5-year old preschoolers (n = 4040) in Head Start from 5 geographically disparate areas of the United States. Methods All children who failed the mandatory Head Start screening and a sample of those who passed were enrolled. Study-certified pediatric optometrists and ophthalmologists performed comprehensive eye examinations including monocular distance visual acuity (VA), cover testing, and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Examination results were used to classify vision disorders, including amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive errors, and unexplained reduced VA. Sampling weights were used to calculate prevalence rates, confidence intervals, and statistical tests for differences. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence rates in each racial/ethnic group. Results Overall, 86.5% of children invited to participate were examined, including 2072 African-American, 343 American Indian (323 from Oklahoma), 145 Asian, 796 Hispanic, and 481 non-Hispanic white children. The prevalence of any vision disorder was 21.4% and was similar across groups ( P = 0.40), ranging from 17.9% (American Indian) to 23.3% (Hispanic). Prevalence of amblyopia was similar among all groups ( P = 0.07), ranging from 3.0% (Asian) to 5.4% (non-Hispanic white). Prevalence of strabismus also was similar ( P = 0.12), ranging from 1.0% (Asian) to 4.6% (non-Hispanic white). Prevalence of hyperopia >3.25 diopter (D) varied ( P = 0.007), with the lowest rate in Asians (5.5%) and highest in non-Hispanic whites (11.9%). Prevalence of anisometropia varied ( P = 0.009), with the lowest rate in Asians (2.7%) and highest in Hispanics (7.1%). Myopia >2.00 D was relatively uncommon ( 1.50 D varied ( P = 0.01), with the lowest rate among American Indians (4.3%) and highest among Hispanics (11.1%). Conclusions Among Head Start preschool children, the prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus was similar among 5 racial/ethnic groups. Prevalence of significant refractive errors, specifically hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia, varied by group, with the highest rate of hyperopia in non-Hispanic whites, and the highest rates of astigmatism and anisometropia in Hispanics.
Peak height determination in analysis of chlortetracycline in animal feeds

In an HPLC method for the analysis of chlortetracacline (CTC) in animal feed, a problem arose with the presence of peaks which did not return to baseline before the occurrence of a subsequent peak. Two methods were used to determine the peak height. In the first method, a perpendicular was dropped from the maximum of the second peak. A linear function was then fitted to the descending slope on the first peak. The point of intersection was taken as the baseline point. In the second approach, a polynomial fit was used instead. Results show excellent agreement with analysis obtained by established methodology. This approach provides a practical method for determination of chlortetracycline in animal feeds allowing up to six samples to be analyzed within 8 hours.
Hypertrophy of the anterior arch of the atlas associated with congenital nonunion of the posterior arch: a retrospective case-control study.

Abstract Background context Nonunion of the posterior arch of the atlas is an uncommon but normal developmental variant. It is usually asymptomatic in the patient but may be associated with greater incidence of fracture because of increased stress on the anterior arch. Purpose We sought to determine whether anterior arch hypertrophy is present in cases of congenital nonunion of the posterior arch of the atlas. Study design/setting A retrospective analysis of 1 year (February 2005–January 2006) of computed tomography cervical spine studies requested by the University of California San Diego Medical Center Trauma Department was undertaken. Patient sample All patients matching the search criteria (see Study design ) were included. Outcome measures Area density product, defined as the midline cross-sectional area of the anterior arch on sagittal reformat multiplied by the average areal radiodensity in Hounsfield units (HU) as measured by two raters, was calculated for cases and controls. Methods Cases of posterior arch nonunion were identified and matched to controls. The significance of differences in area density product between cases and controls were established by the Student t test. Interrater correlation was calculated. Results Posterior arch nonunion was identified in 26 individuals (3.1% of 839 studies reviewed). Compared with age- and sex-matched controls, a 21% increase in area density product of the midline anterior arch was observed in posterior arch nonunion cases (773 HU-cm 2 in cases vs. 637 HU-cm 2 in controls; p 2 in cases vs. 0.87 cm 2 in controls; p Conclusions It has long been subjectively recognized but not objectively quantified, until the present study, that the anterior arch of the atlas is hypertrophied in cases of posterior arch nonunion. Anterior arch hypertrophy may represent an adaptive response to chronically elevated mechanical stress and loss of hoop strength in cases of posterior nonunion.
CALCULATING LIMITS TO THE ALLOWABLE HUMAN‐CAUSED MORTALITY OF CETACEANS AND PINNIPEDS

A simulation method was developed for identifying populations with levels of human-caused mortality that could lead to depletion, taking into account the uncertainty of available information. A mortality limit (termed the Potential Biological Removal, PBR, under the U. S. Marine Mammal Protection Act) was calculated as the product of a minimum population estimate (NMIN), one-half of the maximum net productivity rate (RMAX), and a recovery factor (FR). Mortality limits were evaluated based on whether at least 95% of the simulated populations met two criteria: (1) that populations starting at the maximum net productivity level (MNPL) stayed there or above after 20 yr, and (2) that populations starting at 30% of carrying-capacity (K) recovered to at least MNPL after 100 yr. Simulations of populations that experienced mortality equal to the PBR indicated that using approximately the 20th percentile (the lower 60% log-normal confidence limit) of the abundance estimate for NMIN met the criteria for both cetaceans (assuming RMAX= 0.04) and pinnipeds (assuming RMAX= 0.12). Additional simulations that included plausible levels of bias in the available information indicated that using a value of 0.5 for FR would meet both criteria during these “bias trials.” It is concluded that any marine mammal population with an estimate of human-caused mortality that is greater than its PBR has a level of mortality that could lead to the depletion of the population. The simulation methods were also used to show how mortality limits could be calculated to meet conservation goals other than the U. S. goal of maintaining populations above MNPL.
Platform-Based Design and Development: Current Trends and Needs in Industry

Many companies constantly struggle to find cost-effective solutions to satisfy the diverse demands of their customers. In this paper, we report on two recent industry-focused conferences that emphasized platform design, development, and deployment as a means to increase variety, shorten lead-times, and reduce development and production costs. The first conference, Platform Management for Continued Growth, was held November-December 2004 in Atlanta, Georgia, and the second, 2005 Innovations in Product Development Conference - Product Families and Platforms: From Strategic Innovation to Implementation, was held in November 2005 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two conferences featured presentations from academia and more than 20 companies who shared their successes and frustrations with platform design and deployment, platform-based product development, and product family planning. Our intent is to provide a summary of the common themes that we observed in these two conferences. Based on this discussion, we extrapolate upon industry’s needs in platform design, development, and deployment to stimulate and catalyze future work in this important area of research.
Measurement of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) on a nanosecond timescale

Abstract A novel technique for the time-resolved detection of magnetic circular dichroism is described. Its application to the photoinduced bleaching of Soret band (390–440 nm) MCD and concomitant observation of the MCD of the lowest excited triplet state in zinc tetraphenylporphine in toluene solution is presented. A time resolution of 18 ns is achieved, five orders of magnitude faster than conventional techniques.
Establishment of a Transgenic Sickle-Cell Mouse Model to Study the Pathophysiology of Priapism

Introduction Priapism is a poorly understood disease process with little information on the etiology and pathophysiology of this erectile disorder. One group of patients with a high prevalence of priapism is men with sickle-cell disease.
Tardigrades of Louisiana and Arkansas, United States of America

Abstract The distribution of tardigrades in the states of the southern United States is poorly known. There are no published records from the state of Louisiana, while in Arkansas only one species has been reported. Samples of mosses and lichens from trees and rocks were collected from three sites in central and southern Louisiana and six sites in western Arkansas. Leaf litter samples were collected from one site in Louisiana. Nine species of tardigrade were found in Louisiana and 22 in Arkansas. The number of species per sample ranged from one to six.
Preequilibrium analysis of exclusive neutron spectra following nuclear capture of stopped pions

An analysis of energetic neutron spectra from nuclear ..pi../sup -/ capture done with the hybrid exciton calculation was reexamined. The initial state of the cascade was reformulated to reflect the kinematics of the primary nucleons. A general prescription for correcting for effects of finite phase space of hole states was derived and applied to each stage of the cascades. A Monte Carlo program has been written which reproduces the inclusive spectrum with high accuracy and which is suitable for computing the exclusive neutron spectra. When neutron multiplicity was used as a variable, the results compared favorably with recent coincidence experiments with medium-heavy nuclei. The contribution of the unhindered emission of the primary nucleons to the inclusive spectra was found to play a smaller role than previously predicted. Analysis of multiple exclusive spectra reveals shortcomings in the preequilibrium approach which were not apparent in the past application to inclusive spectra.
Metabolic Predispositions to Laminitis in Horses and Ponies: Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndromes

Equine veterinarians have long recognized an association between metabolic abnormalities, notably obesity and insulin resistance (IR), and increased risk for laminitis in horses and ponies. Recent observational studies have provided evidence that an insulin-resistant phenotype is strongly linked with a predisposition to laminitis. Although descriptions of this laminitis-predisposed phenotype have varied, in general there is a clustering of obesity (generalized or localized), IR, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia. The observation that laminitis can be induced in healthy ponies by maintaining supraphysiologic circulating insulin (1,000–1,100 mU/L) concentrations for 2 to 3 days suggests that hyperinsulinemia may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of laminitis in susceptible animals. Therefore, laminitis may be triggered in a chronically insulin-resistant horse or pony under conditions that exacerbate IR or hyperinsulinemia, for example, the grazing of pasture with high nonstructural carbohydrate content (eg, during spring or when pastures are stressed by drought or frost), consumption of other feeds rich in starch and sugars (grains, sweet feeds), overfeeding that induces or worsens obesity, and the administration of corticosteroids. Identification of insulin-resistant horses and ponies at high risk for laminitis facilitates preemptive avoidance measures with a focus on strategies that (1) improve insulin sensitivity (eg, caloric restriction, increased exercise, judicious use of pharmacologic agents [levothyroxine sodium, metformin]) and (2) minimize exposure to environmental factors that increase risk of laminitis (elimination of grains and sweet feeds from the diet, restricted access to pasture during high-risk periods such as spring).
A pharmacokinetic interaction in man between phenobarbitone and fenoprofen, a new anti-inflammatory agent.

Abstract 1 The effect of repeated administration of phenobarbitone on the plasma disposition of fenoprofen (±-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl) propionic acid) was investigated in rats and man. 2 The plasma elimination rate constants increased significantly and the rats excreted proportionately more metabolized fenoprofen in the urine. These findings are consistent with an increase in the rate of metabolism of fenoprofen. 3 This interaction between phenobarbitone (and presumably other inducers of drug metabolizing enzymes) and fenoprofen should be considered when evaluating the clinical usefulness of fenoprofen.
Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of the Spiroisoxazoline Natural Product (+)-Calafianin1

Synthesis of the spiroisoxazoline natural product (+)-calafianin is reported using asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation and nitrile oxide cycloaddition as key steps. Synthesis and spectral analysis of all calafianin stereoisomers led to unambiguous assignment of relative and absolute stereochemistry.
Plasma depletion layer: Event studies with a global model

[1] The plasma depletion layer (PDL) is a layer on the sunward side of the magnetopause with lower plasma density and higher magnetic field compared to the corresponding upstream magnetosheath values. In this study we use global simulations of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system to compare with Wind PDL observations on the flanks of the magnetopause on 12 January 1996 and 1 January 1999. The consistency between model results and observations shows that the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) description of the plasma is sufficient to describe the PDL process observed in this region. The simulation also shows that the PDL is stable as long as the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has no major variations. Temporal-spatial ambiguities are analyzed for the 1996 event, and a significant difference between the time series and the instantaneous PDL spatial structure is found. A much smoother instantaneous PDL spatial structure is found than observed in the simulated spacecraft time series, which is highly modulated by solar wind and IMF variations. The local time and latitude dependence of the PDL for the 1996 event are also obtained from the model that predicts that a thinner PDL occurs near the subsolar point and a thicker PDL exists farther away from that point.
Recent developments in the treatment of sepsis.

Despite advances in supportive care, septic shock remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With the identification of the systemic inflammatory response as a major component in the pathogenesis of the septic shock syndrome, much of the recent work has focused on modulating this response. This includes antiendotoxin therapies in patients with Gram-negative sepsis, and therapies to modulate the pro-inflammatory mediators produced in response to infection, such as TNF-α, platelet-activating factor and complement. High-flow haemofiltration has the potential advantage of clearing both endotoxin and pro-inflammatory mediators. Antithrombotic strategies have been investigated and have yielded the first major success in the treatment of sepsis with activated protein C. Nitric oxide produces the cardiovascular features of sepsis and investigators have looked at both reducing its production and mopping up the excess. Attempts to reduce apoptosis have been a new focus in the treatment of sepsis. There have ...
Gender Differences in Pain and Secondary Hyperalgesia After Heat/Capsaicin Sensitization in Healthy Volunteers

In most published studies women are more sensitive to experimental pain than men. Enhanced central pain processing in women has been suggested, but psychosocial factors might also have affected the findings. Data from five completed healthy volunteer studies were analyzed to investigate gender differences in development of secondary hyperalgesia. Cutaneous hyperalgesia was induced with the heat/capsaicin sensitization model. Outcome measures were areas of secondary hyperalgesia to brush and von Frey hair stimulation after heat and capsaicin sensitization, rating of pain during heat/capsaicin sensitization, and heat pain detection thresholds. There was a trend toward smaller areas of secondary hyperalgesia in women. After adjusting for estimated gender differences in forearm surface area, areas to brush but not von Frey hair stimulation after capsaicin sensitization were larger in women. Peak pain, but not total pain, during prolonged noxious thermal stimulation was higher in women. There was no gender difference in pain ratings during capsaicin sensitization or in heat pain detection thresholds. The results provided only limited support to the hypothesis that gender differences in clinical pain syndromes can be explained by enhanced central sensitization in women. Perspective: Our findings suggest that gender differences in nociceptive transmission and neuronal sensitization are small and provide only limited support to the hypothesis that gender differences in acute and chronic pain syndromes can be explained by enhanced central sensitization in women.
Stimulus-specific oscillations in a retinal model

High-frequency oscillatory potentials (HFOPs) in the vertebrate retina are stimulus specific. The phases of HFOPs recorded at any given retinal location drift randomly over time, but regions activated by the same stimulus tend to remain phase locked with approximately zero lag, whereas regions activated by spatially separate stimuli are typically uncorrelated. Based on retinal anatomy, we previously postulated that HFOPs are mediated by feedback from a class of axon-bearing amacrine cells that receive excitation from neighboring ganglion cells-via gap junctions-and make inhibitory synapses back onto the surrounding ganglion cells. Using a computer model, we show here that such circuitry can account for the stimulus specificity of HFOPs in response to both high- and low-contrast features. Phase locking between pairs of model ganglion cells did not depend critically on their separation distance, but on whether the applied stimulus created a continuous path between them. The degree of phase locking between spatially separate stimuli was reduced by lateral inhibition, which created a buffer zone around strongly activated regions. Stimulating the inhibited region between spatially separate stimuli increased their degree of phase locking proportionately. Our results suggest several experimental strategies for testing the hypothesis that stimulus-specific HFOPs arise from axon-mediated feedback in the inner retina.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF DRUG

This report presents statistically significant empirical correlations between the potency (as expressed by log 1/C) and the molecular weight (log M.W.) of water soluble vitamins, various centrally acting drugs and anticancer agents. The implications of these correlations are discussed in terms of protein binding, renal elimination and drug-receptor binding. The limitations of this type of correlation are also presented.
Unique electrical characterization and in-line monitoring of nano-tipped defects in metal-insulator-metal capacitors

The unique characteristics of defective MIM capacitors under nano-ampere current injection and passive voltage contrast have verified the field enhancement and charge accumulation along nanotipped defects. The improved process which reduces the risk of nanowhiskers is confirmed by in-line optical monitoring in production.
Safety analysis for the extended schematic protection model

It is argued that the access matrix model of M.H. Harrison, W.L. Ruzzo and J.D. Ullman (HRU) (1976) has extremely weak safety properties; safety analysis is undecidable for most policies of practical interest. An alternate formulation of the HRU model is presented that gives strong safety properties. This alternative formulation is called the extended schematic protection model (ESPM). ESPM is derived from the schematic protection model (SPM) by extending the creation operation to allow multiple parents for a child, as opposed to the conventional create operation of SPM, which has a single parent for a child. It is shown that, despite its equivalence to HRU, ESPM, retains a tractable safety analysis for a large class of protection schemes that are of practical interest. >
Lagrangian temperature coefficients of the piezoelectric stress constants and dielectric permittivity of quartz

Piezoelectric, Lagrangian equations for the frequency-temperature behavior of quartz are presented. From the solutions of the third order temperature perturbations of these Lagrangian equations for the thickness resonances of infinite quartz plates with air-gap electrodes, regression equations for determining the temperature derivatives of elastic constants, piezoelectric constants and dielectric permittivities am developed. By using these regression equations, and the measured data on temperature coefficients of frequency by Bechmann, Ballato and Lukaszek [1962] for doubly rotated cuts, the first, second, and third temperature derivatives of elastic constants, piezoelectric constants and dielectric permittivities are obtained. The second and third temperature derivatives of the piezoelectric constants and dielectric permittivities were not available in the literature and are published here for the first time. These temperature derivatives will provide a more accurate map of the temperature stable cuts for bulk wave and surface acoustic wave quartz resonators.
An epizootic of feline herpesvirus, type 1 in a large specific pathogen-free cat colony and attempts to eradicate the infection by identification and culling of carriers

This study describes the clinical course of an inadvertent feline herpesvirus, type 1 (FHV-1) outbreak in 2 specific pathogen-free (SPF) research and breeding colonies housing 690 cats and assesses a programme that was designed to eradicate the virus from the colonies. The clinical signs observed in these cats were milder, with more eye involvement than those previously described for FHV-1 infection and did not include abortion. FHV-1 eradication was based on the detection and elimination of both active and latent viral carriers. Carrier cats were detected by virus isolation from oral swabs before and after corticosteroid-induced reactivation of FHV-1 excretion. Four per cent of recovered cats were actively shedding virus prior to corticosteroid treatment; 21 % of the virus negative cats shed virus after one corticosteroid injection, and 12% of remaining culture negative cats tested positive upon a second corticosteroid treatment 6 weeks later. The colony remained virus free for 8 months after all detecta...
Cilostazol and freedom from amputation after lower extremity revascularization

Objective Cilostazol, an antiplatelet agent with vasodilating properties, has not been well evaluated in conjunction lower extremity revascularization (LER). We evaluated the association between cilostazol and limb salvage after endovascular or open surgery for LER. Methods Patients aged ≥65 years undergoing LER were identified from 2007 to 2008 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review and Carrier files using International Classification of Diseases-9 Edition-Clinical Modification and Current Procedural Terminology-4 codes. Covariates included demographics, comorbidities, and disease severity. Use of cilostazol was identified using National Drug Codes and Part D files. Outcomes were compared using χ 2 and Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression. Results We identified 22,954 patients undergoing LER: 8128 (35.4%) with claudication, 3056 (13.3%) with rest pain, and 11,770 (51.3%) with ulceration/gangrene. Among them, 1999 patients (8.7%) used cilostazol before LER. More patients received endovascular (14,353) than open (8601) procedures. Cilostazol users had fewer amputations than nonusers at 30 days (7.8% vs 13.4%), 90 days (10.7% vs 18.0%), and 1 year (14.8% vs 24.0%; P P = .02). Subgroup analyses using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, gender, and comorbidities demonstrated significantly improved 1-year amputation-free survival for patients with renal failure (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.28-2.02; P P Conclusions In patients undergoing LER, cilostazol use was associated with improved 1-year freedom from amputation. Patients with renal failure and diabetes also demonstrated a significant benefit from taking cilostazol. Further studies are needed to evaluate the benefits of cilostazol after LER.
Youth in mixed-income communities replacing public housing complexes: Context, dynamics and response

Abstract Several of the theories that drive the rationale for mixed-income development as a response to urban poverty and the problems of traditional public housing are directly concerned with children and youth. These include assumptions about the possible “role modeling” effects of living among working and middle class people as well as social capital arguments, in which children may act as a kind of “bridge” to foster relationships among adults with children. In spite of these assumptions, young people—particularly older adolescents and young adults—are often at the contentious core of how problems of social control and organization play out on the ground. This paper draws on research on the Chicago public housing transformation in the United States to investigate how young people are viewed by those working on and living in mixed-income developments being built to replace public housing complexes, and how young people themselves contribute to the dynamics of these new communities. We find that while there have been improvements in the lives of young people who have been able to move into these new mixed-income developments in terms of living in safer, more orderly environments, their overall experiences are not altogether positive and are proving to be problematic for the broader community. Residents of different income levels employ different parental management strategies that serve as a barrier to engagement and a sense of commonality among families with children. An overriding dynamic in these new communities is the perception among (mainly) higher-income residents that unsupervised youth are having a negative influence on the broader community. Our research raises concerns about the future viability and sustainability of these mixed-income environments in the absence of more intentional and effective investments in structured supports and activities for young people.
Inkjet printed contacts for use in photovoltaics

Using direct-write approaches in photovoltaics for metallization and contact formation can significantly reduce the cost per watt of producing photovoltaic devices. Inks have been developed for various materials, such as Ag, Cu, Ni and Al, which can be used to inkjet print metallizations for various kinds of photovoltaic devices. Use of these inks results in metallization with resistivity close to those of bulk materials. By means of inkjet printing a metallization grid can be printed with better resolution, i.e. smaller lines, than screen-printing. For metallization on top of silicon photovoltaics also an ink has been developed that will facilitate the burn-through of the contact through the anti-reflection coating. Using this burn-through material may reduce the firing temperature by more than 100°C compared to conventional contact technology.
Development of a line-by-line-based atmosphere removal algorithm for airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers

In recent years, spectral imaging data have been acquired with a number of airborne imaging spectrometers. Similar data will soon be collected with the NASA HyperSpectral Imager instrument from the Lewis spacecraft. The majority of users of imaging spectrometer data are interested in studying surface properties. The atmospheric absorption and scattering effects must be removed from imaging spectrometer data, so that surface reflectance spectra can be derived. Previously, we developed and updated an operational atmosphere removal algorithm, which used the Malkmus narrow band model for modeling atmospheric gaseous transmittance. The narrow band model does a reasonably good job in modeling spectra at a resolution of 10 nm or coarser. Imaging spectrometers with spectral resolutions finer than 10 nm are now available. The narrow band model is not quite suitable for modeling data collected with these spectrometers. In this paper, we describe the development of a line-by-line- based algorithm for removing atmospheric effects from imaging spectrometer data. We also discus issues related to sampling and spectral resolution.
Generating Combinations: A Case Study In Database Design, Recursion, VBA, And SQL Programming

There are rare opportunities when solving an easily-understood problem can bring together application of skills taught in diverse courses in a Computer Science (CS) or Management Information Systems (MIS) program. This paper presents such an opportunity in the typical database management systems course taught at the junior or senior level. Specifically, we describe the problem of designing a database to keep track of university degree programs in, say, business analytics, their required core courses and elective groups, and generating all possible curriculum paths available for graduation. The elegant solution marries data modeling skills with programming skills in recursion, VBA and embedded SQL programming that work remarkably well in teaching students the value of each tool in the toolset they take away from required courses as a part of their undergraduate education in CS or MIS.
Revisiting the Insanity Defense: Contested or Consensus?

The author assesses the accuracy of both the public's opinion and researchers' conclusions regarding the method of adjudication of insanity cases and investigates the impact of the various types of reforms enacted in the 1980s on the degree to which insanity cases are contested. Data from seven states are analyzed. The public's view that insanity cases are typically resolved by a jury trial is inaccurate. Only 14.4 percent of the 7,299 insanity cases involved a jury trial. Likewise, scholars' views that most cases are resolved through plea-bargained insanity acquittals are inaccurate. Only 42.9 percent of all insanity cases are plea bargains, and 87.9 percent of all plea bargains are to a conviction. Jury trials are most likely to occur when the case involves a violent crime such as murder and the defendant has not been diagnosed with a major mental illness. Public fears that defendants easily "fool" juries into an inappropriate insanity acquittal are also unfounded. Only 16.1 percent of all jury trials result in an insanity acquittal. In three states, the figure is 10 percent or less. Contrary to the conclusions drawn by some scholars, this author finds that several types of reforms enacted in the 1980s affected the processing of insanity cases.
Analysts' Recommendations, Reputation and Noise Trading

What dynamic strategies do market makers follow to cope with a sudden infusion of uninformed, buy-side price pressure that is sustained over many hours? The Wall Street Journal "Investment Dartboard" column provides a natural experiment for observing the behavior of market makers in such a context. Stock recommendations published in this column generate substantial increases in trading volume and temporary abnormal returns. Further, both abnormal returns and volume are associated with a naive measure of analyst reputation. Using intraday quotes we find that market makers react to the increases in trade by temporarily raising quotes above the fundamental values and by (slightly) increasing the amount of liquidity they provide in the market. Our findings are consistent with the view that market makers recognize that the Dartboard column generates a large, sustained increase in buying pressure from uninformed traders, and they conduct transactions in an optimal fashion from the outset.
Polarization of the Al 27 Nuclei in Ruby

In the course of a series of studies of the relaxation process of the aluminum nucleus in ruby it was found possible to observe either enhanced nuclear absorption or emission signals by driving a microwave transition of the chromium impurity. The crystal, containing 0.1 hromium, was cooled to 4.2 deg K and was irradiated with microwave power at 9300 Mc/sec. (W.D.M.)
Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in glaucomatous patients after filtering surgery

Objective:To investigate the choice of surgical incision and the clinical effects of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in glaucomatous patients after filtering surgery.Methods:Phacoemulsification and implantation with foldable and rigid intraocular lens were performed on 41 eyes with a preexisted filtering bleb,and a clear corneal or scleral tunnel incision was selected.Results:The postoperative visual acuities of all patients improved in different degrees,and in 31 eyes(75 6%) the vision was 0 5 or better.There was no stastic significance in patients' IOP and filtering blebs between groups with clear corneal or scleral tunnel incision.The postoperative IOP increased 1 59mmHg(1mmHg=0 133kPa).Conclusions:Glaucomatous patients with cataract after filtering operation can rehabilitate their visual acuity and maintain the functional filtering bleb by phacoemulsification and implantation with foldable or rigid intraocular lens through a clear corneal or scleral tunnel incision.
Study of nature food additives with the functions of controling disease and increasing wisdom

First, culture medium was made by bagasse and grain as main materials, then Flammulina velutipes strain was inoculated after sterilizing. Next, after 25~28 d fermentation in a certain temperature, cultiva-tionsubstrate was dried, crashed and packed to produce a kind of nature food additives which had the effects on controling disease and increasing wisdom. The optimum process conditions of the proportion of materials was determined through orthogonal test∶the proportion of culture medium materials∶bagasse∶grain∶soygean flour∶ cane sugar ∶calcium sulfate =60 ∶35 ∶3 ∶1 ∶1, fermentation temperature 20 ~25 ℃ , initial fermentation pH6.5, cultivationsubstrate dry temperature 55~65 ℃.
Mr. Justice Story Invents American Remittiturs: 'The Very Limits of the Law'

In the seminal U.S. decision on remittitur in tort cases, Blunt v, Little, 3 F.Cas. 760 (C.C.D. Mass, 1822), Justice Joseph Story expanded the powers of a judge to set aside a jury damage award, offering the plaintiff a choice between lesser damages set by the judge and a new trial. He did so claiming that English common law supported this procedure. This research finds no support for this claim in the English cases he cited, in two centuries' worth of English decisions, or in American decisions of the same period. Story's subsequent decisions did not use his remittitur procedure.
Development of a Micro Aerial Vehicle

This paper presents a detailed, systematic procedure for developing a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV), which is capable of autonomous flight in GPS-denied environments. This MAV is designed for a gross weight of 490 g and flight endurance of 8 minutes. The hardware structure (including the sensors, processors, and mechanical components), the software architecture (including operating system, navigation, control, and data logging), the communication system, and the ground station unit are discussed in detail. The resulting system is able to autonomously carry out an indoor target searching mission with vision-based navigation relying on a monocular camera.
Nature, Choice and Social Power, by Erica Schoenberger: (2015). New York, NY: Routledge. 223 pages. $52.95 (paperback).

For three decades, Erica Schoenberger has taught the social meaning of their role to engineering students at Johns Hopkins University. Her scholarship is profound, rooted in often-obscure sources. ...
Overview: Pathogenesis Integrated

The pathogenesis of scleroderma is complex, multifactorial and incompletely understood. Evidence of vascular injury, immune dysfunction and tissue remodeling can be detected in every patient with scleroderma. These processes do not occur in isolation but are interrelated and reciprocally modulate each other, as illustrated in Fig. 14.1 and discussed in the following chapters. The triad of vasculopathy, autoimmunity/inflammation, and connective tissue remodeling underlies the protean clinical and laboratory manifestations of scleroderma, ranging from Raynaud’s phenomenon to autoantibody production to pulmonary fibrosis. However, the relative contributions of these distinct pathophysiological processes to the individual disease phenotype, and their roles in driving the natural history of disease vary greatly from one patient to another.
Highly linear bridge-based ISFET pH sensor readout circuit

A highly linear bridge-based constant voltage and constant current ISFET pH sensor readout circuit is proposed. In this scheme, a compact and low power pH sensor readout circuit is realized by using only one opamp and three MOSFETs without degrading the accuracy. The proposed circuit is implemented using standard CMOS 0.18 μm technology that shows chemical sensitivity of −37mV/pH, power consumption of 450 nW, and occupies a core area of 70 μm × 35 μm. The sensor probe was measured in the range of pH 3 to pH 9 that is required in hydroponics.
Private equity fund investment due diligence

Effective due diligence is crucial for investors looking to select a private equity fund manager. For those unfamiliar with private equity, it is an asset class often backed by large institutional ...