cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)-Specific Autologous CD4 and CD8 T Cell Lines by Limiting Dilution AML Dendritic Cell Culture.

Naturally occurring cytotoxic T cells directed against various leukemia associated antigens (LAA) expressed by acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells have been described. However, these LAA-specific T cells are rare and obviously unable to initiate effective anti-leukemia responses. The challenge is how to investigate, select, activate and expand the rare LAA-specific T cells from the vast population of blood cells in patients with AML for immunotherapy. Based on our studies of inducing AML dendritic cell (AMLDC) differentiation and priming in situ AML-reactive T cells, we have developed a novel method of generating multiple autologous AML reactive T cell lines by limiting dilution AMLDC (LD-AMLDC) culture. The principle of LD-AMLDC is based on the assumption that autologous AML-reactive T cells or precursors are randomly distributed in the AML PBMC suspension, and that each one has an equal opportunity to respond to AML cells in the 96-well plates under optimized culture condition. By culturing AML PBMC (>90% blasts) in culture medium supplemented with GM-CSF/IL4/IL2/IL7/IL12 to induce AML DC differentiation and activate in situ autologous T cells, highly reactive anti-AML T cell lines (both CD4+ and CD8+ lines) were selected and expanded from LD-AMLDC culture using the appropriate numbers of AML PBMC in each culture well by the criterion of release of IFN-gamma in response to autologous AML blasts. By maximum likelihood solution, the estimated average frequency of AML reactive T cells or precursors is 6±3/1,000,000 AML PBMC (n=8). Strong intracellular IFN-gamma release of T cell lines obtained in LD-AMLDC was demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis after stimulation by autologous AML cells but not autologous B-lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) (Figure). Effective specific lysis (up to 70% at E:T=20:1) of autologous AML cells but not autologous LCL or allogeneic AML cells by these T cell lines was observed. Two PR1 specific T cell lines were obtained by screening 39 AML reactive HLA-A2+ CD8+ T cell lines generated from 5 LD-AMLDC cultures, suggesting that other unidentified CD4 or CD8 lines with strong autologous AML responses may be reactive to known or unknown LAAs. These results encourage continued efforts to induce, activate and select T cells lines with high autologous AML reactivity using LD-AMLDC culture and to expand multi-LAA reactive T cell lines acquired from limiting dilution AML-DC culture for AML immunotherapy.
An intelligent system to control the operation of tunnels and subways: Application in Makkah and Madina traffic and pedestrian tunnels

The increasing need for the transport demands in major cities have necessitated the creation of safe traffic-and/or pedestrian-tunnels and subways. An issue of concern is the safety of these tunnels especially during the incidences of fire or suffocation. Such incidences need to be detected and controlled in a timely manner. An intelligent system to control the operation of tunnels and subways is the ideal way for mitigating most tunnels problems such as faster response time in case of fire incidents within the tunnel or controlling the high power consumption for the ventilation fans inside the tunnels. This paper proposes and describes a smart ventilation system to be used in any city in the world that has traffic or pedestrian tunnels. A high concentration of carbon monoxide and high-temperature values causes the control system to initiate a fast sequence of fans' operation, consequently improving the ventilation in the tunnels. Various situations are discussed and the justification of the proposed system is also provided.
Rendición de cuentas y el estado de derecho en la consolidación de las democracias

Este trabajo presenta una taxonomia del estado de derecho y la rendicion de cuentas con respecto tanto a sustancia como a proceso. Inicia con una exploracion de los esfuerzos para establecer "ley y orden" por medio del derecho penal y la aplicacion de la ley para enfrentar los abusos del regimen anterior. En seguida, el articulo estudia la ley como organizadora de la actividad economica privada. Despues de esta discusion del derecho "privado", la siguiente seccion analiza la ley como la base de la organizacion del Estado y de la autoridad, enfocandose a la cuestion fundamental de como la ley puede utilizarse para mantener a los funcionarios sujetos a la rendicion de cuentas. Una politica publica sujeta a la rendicion de cuentas implica el suministro de informacion, procedimientos transparentes, y el establecimiento de organizaciones privadas para cuestionar las decisiones gubernamentales. En la ultima seccion se considera el papel del poder judicial como garante, tanto del derecho privado como de un gobierno obligado a la rendicion de cuentas. El articulo concluye con algunas consideraciones acerca del establecimiento de prioridades en cuanto a la reforma del Estado para democracias en proceso de consolidacion
Privileged Electrophile Sensors: A Resource for Covalent Drug Development.

This Perspective delineates how redox signaling affects the activity of specific enzyme isoforms and how this property may be harnessed for rational drug design. Covalent drugs have resurged in recent years and several reports have extolled the general virtues of developing irreversible inhibitors. Indeed, many modern pharmaceuticals contain electrophilic appendages. Several invoke a warhead that hijacks active-site nucleophiles whereas others take advantage of spectator nucleophilic side chains that do not participate in enzymatic chemistry, but are poised to bind/react with electrophiles. The latest data suggest that innate electrophile sensing—which enables rapid reaction with an endogenous signaling electrophile—is a quintessential resource for the development of covalent drugs. For instance, based on recent work documenting isoform-specific electrophile sensing, isozyme non-specific drugs may be converted to isozyme-specific analogs by hijacking privileged first-responder electrophile-sensing cysteines. Because this approach targets functionally relevant cysteines, we can simultaneously harness previously untapped moonlighting roles of enzymes linked to redox sensing.
A review of five African board games: is there any educational potential?

Studies of African indigenous games often focus on a specific game or on games from different regions. This article, rather, examines five popular African board games in order to find the similarit...
Probing Linewidths and Biexciton Quantum Yields of Single Cesium Lead Halide Nanocrystals in Solution.

Cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have recently become a promising material for optoelectronic applications due to their high emission quantum yields and facile band gap tunability via both halide composition and size. The spectroscopy of single PNCs enhances our understanding of the effect of confinement on excitations in PNCs in the absence of obfuscating ensemble averaging and can also inform synthetic efforts. However, single PNC studies have been hampered by poor PNC photostability under confocal excitation, precluding interrogation of all but the most stable PNCs, and leading to a lack of understanding of PNCs in the regime of high confinement. Here, we report the first comprehensive spectroscopic investigation of single PNC properties using solution-phase photon-correlation methods, including both highly confined and blue-emitting PNCs, previously inaccessible to single NC techniques. With minimally perturbative solution-phase photon-correlation Fourier spect...
Low Prevalence of Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Patients Receiving Medical Care for HIV Infection in the United States, 2009 to 2012

Persons with HIV infection are at increased risk for hepatitis B virus infection. In this study, the authors used a nationally representative cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of he...
Canceled Orders and Executed Hidden Orders

This article examines the determinants of canceled orders and hidden orders and the effects of canceled orders and hidden orders on market quality. The authors find that effective spread, market capitalization, stock volatility, order volume, odd-lots, and hidden orders are determinants of canceled orders, while effective spread, odd-lots, and stock volatility are determinants of hidden orders. However, the determinants of canceled orders and the determinants of hidden orders are not consistent across exchanges. More canceled orders and hidden orders will result in higher effective and quoted spreads. The effect of canceled orders and hidden orders on depth depends on how depth is measured.
PNEUMATIC WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION

ABSTRACT Wave energy conversion using the pneumatic system is discussed. The performance of the system is shown to be optimized by both tuning to a desired wave period and impedance-matching. The desired wave period may be either that of the local swell or the period corresponding to the peak of the wave energy spectrum. Air compressibility is shown to be an important factor in the tuning process. By reducing the air volume above the oscillating water column, the natural period of the system is reduced. The turbine system found to be most suitable to the pneumatic system is the McCormick counter-rotating turbine. Since the turbine operation is unaffected by changes in flow direction, it requires no rectifying flaps or valves which are subject to fouling. Small diameter tunable systems are found to be most feasible in wind waves, while large diameter (untuned) systems are apropos in swell.
Professional Identity Development of International Counselor Education Doctoral Students

The current study examined perceptions of professional identity among international counselor education (CE) doctoral students. A Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) design was used to explore th...
Antiviral Properties of Aranucleosides: Metabolic Considerations

Several D-arabinosyl nucleosides have been shown to possess significant antiviral and antitumor activities in experimental systems and two of these, 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC), have shown antiviral activity in humans. AraA is now in widespread use for treatment of human herpetic infections. AraC has proven too toxic for use in viral chemotherapy but has proven effective in the treatment of certain leukemias. Both of these aranucleosides have also been useful as biochemical tools to study DNA synthesis.
Special Education and School Discipline: A Precarious Balance

The 1997 Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act brought together, for the first time, all of the disciplinary provisions pertaining to students with disabilities, attempting to guarantee a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) for students in special education while preserving a safe school environment for all students. Yet the discipline of special education students has continued to create controversy, with critics suggesting that those provisions create a dual system that limits the options of school administrators with respect to school discipline. A review of the literature reveals little or no evidence that suspension and expulsion make any contribution to reducing disruption or violence and some evidence that those procedures target certain populations disproportionately. Seeking to move toward a unified system of discipline that implements effective and accountable disciplinary options will be more likely to preserve FAPE and guarantee safe and civil schools for all c...
The Bottle-Nosed Porpoise

The order Cetacea comprises more than 40 species of marine mammals that live their long lives in the waters of the great oceans or, much less frequently, in rivers (the Amazon) or estuaries. All adult Cetacea are large, and one, the great blue whale, is the largest animal that ever lived—larger than the largest dinosaur. The great blue whale is almost as long as a football field and weighs up to 150 tons (136 metric tons). It is presumed that Cetacea developed from primitive land carnivores, but their origin and return to the sea lack fossil definition. In the Eocene Age, Cetacea were already abundant. They have large torpedolike bodies with forelimbs serving as flippers, no hindlimbs, a dorsal fin, and notched, flattened tails called “flukes” that are powerful aids to swimming and diving. Over time, their nostrils have moved to the top of the head as single or double blowholes. When whales exhale, a cloud of water drops and vapor is blown out. These blow clouds form a unique pattern that differs from species to species. Ordinarily, Cetacea breathe every 2–3 min, but they can dive to great depths for food and stay under water for up to 40 min without breathing. The porpoises and about half the whales have teeth and are carnivorous, eating only flesh, mostly fish or squid. The other whales have no teeth but rows of baleen (whalebone) that strain krill, the plankton and larval mixture that constitutes their principal food. The gestation period in Cetacea is almost a year. The young are then nursed for another year. Their life expectancy is long, 25–40 years, so that each female may produce 10–15 offspring in a lifetime.
Mouse Models: Knockouts/Knockins

There is an enormous initiative to establish the genetic basis for addictive disorders. While forward genetic studies focus on identification of risk factors and protective genes impacting on addictive behaviors of humans and animal models, much effort is devoted to functions of these genes and polymorphisms relevant to substance abuse in reverse genetic studies with gene manipulation in intact organisms. Animal models, particularly the laboratory mouse, offer attractive systems with which scientists can work toward the goal. In this chapter, we introduce the state-of-the-art gene targeting technology in reverse genetics. By using homologous recombination and a well-designed strategy, a gene of special interest in the mouse genome can be eliminated or modified for function alteration on purpose. The resultant mutant animals provide excellent models for subsequent studies of gene function in development, pathophysiology, and behaviors. Various genes relevant to addiction to a variety of drugs of abuse have been examined with knockout, knockin, and conditional gene targeting technologies. Studies in these genetic engineered animal models are starting to yield some converging findings, providing crucial insights into brain regions and genes associated with drug addiction, and speeding up our understanding of the complex neuronal processes involved in these disorders. In addition, these animal models provide important platforms for the development of prevention and intervention strategies targeted at an individual’s specific needs.
Child sexual abuse-Genital tract findings in prepubertal girls: II. Comparison of colposcopic and unaided examinations

In recent years the inspection of the vulva of sexually abused girls by magnification with a colposcope has become increasingly popular. However, data concerning the usefulness of colposcopy in such evaluations are lacking. In a prospective study, 130 prepubertal girls (mean age 5.5 years) who were identified by child protective agencies to be victims of sexual abuse were evaluated both by an unaided examination and by colposcopy. If the colposcopic findings differed from those of the unaided inspection, the macroscopic examination was repeated to determine whether the abnormality could have been detected without magnification. Altogether, 92 of the 130 girls were found to have abnormal findings. In the majority of girls with abnormalities (96%), the abnormalities were observed during the unaided examination. Of the four patients in whom the findings were detected initially by the colposcopic examination, these findings were observed during the repeat unaided examination. The findings were observed by colposcopic examination alone in only one patient. We conclude that unaided examination is adequate for the evaluation of most victims of sexual abuse.
Implementation of AACSB Standard A7: A Strategy for Limited Resources

We survey 2010-2016 accounting graduates from an M1 teaching-focused institution to determine the data related tasks faced by accounting professionals. The results of the survey will be used to implement curricular changes consistent with AACSB Standard A7. We find that Excel, and other readily available resources satisfy our respondents and can serve as the basis for compliance.
Report of committee on dynamics of streams, 1936–37

It may be well at this time to review briefly the field of study of the Committee on Dynamics of Streams. The Committee is concerned with the flow of water in rivers and smaller streams, the forces which the water exerts, the work which it does in erosion, transportation and deposition, and the relation between the streams and the channels they occupy. It is also concerned with the dynamics of rain- and surface-waters in soil-erosion. Research in the field, laboratory, and by means of analytical mechanics is being pursued and fostered by the Committee in order that the investigations might be as comprehensive as possible. The Committee is interested in the accumulation of scientific data as such, but also with a view to the utilization of these data in practical problems. Thus, an attempt to define the natural laws governing the transportation of sediment by streams is a specific aim, but the formulation of this new information so that it may be used in the design of river regulation-works is likewise an important consideration.
Addressing Health Disparities Through Deliberative Methods: Citizens’ Panels for Health Equity

Health disparities adversely affect millions of people living in disadvantaged communities, resisting public health interventions that do not address the specific conditions, driving forces, or health problems in these communities. Drawing from the underutilized science of deliberative methods, we introduce the innovative citizens' panels for health equity approach-a novel methodology that engages public expertise and knowledge of community health needs, risks, and priorities to tailor public health research and interventions for greater relevance and impact on disadvantaged communities.By engaging affected residents and stakeholders in informed deliberation and decision-making about community health disparities, citizens' panels provide important guidance for (1) designing research studies to target the major health disparities affecting disadvantaged communities and (2) tailoring evidence-based interventions to the perspectives, practices, and preferences of disadvantaged residents.Employed as the primary methodology in 2 federally funded projects conducted in California and Arkansas between 2017 and 2019, citizens' panels offer a systematic method for obtaining rich community insight into health disparities, shaping community-informed solutions, and affording disadvantaged communities influence over public health decision-making to stimulate grassroots change and health equity.
Assessment of the compound muscle action potential amplitude return time between exercises or tests in the repetitive nerve stimulation test for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.

INTRODUCTION When performing postexercise facilitation (PEF) as part of the repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) test in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), it is important to avoid any influence of the previous exercise or RNS test on the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude. METHODS To measure the CMAP amplitude return time (ART) to that at rest, a single CMAP was obtained every 30 seconds until the amplitude was within 5% of that at rest in three exercise periods (10, 20, and 30 seconds) and in 10-second postexercise (PE) 3-Hz RNS testing with 17 tests in 10 LEMS patients. RESULTS Adequate ART between tests is 150 seconds for 10-second exercise (Ex) and 10-second PE 3-Hz RNS test, 120 seconds for 20-second Ex, and 90 seconds for 30-second Ex. DISCUSSION We recommend 150 seconds as adequate ART between the PEF test and the next test when performing RNS test in LEMS.
Measurements of the correlation of the frequency-difference autoproduct with acoustic and predicted-autoproduct fields in the deep ocean.

Frequency-domain spatial-correlation analysis of recorded acoustic fields is typically limited to the bandwidth of the recordings. A previous study [Lipa, Worthmann, and Dowling (2018) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143(4), 2419–2427] suggests that limiting such analysis to in-band frequencies is not strictly necessary in a Lloyd's mirror environment. In particular, below-band field information can be retrieved from the frequency-difference autoproduct, a quadratic product of measured complex pressure-field amplitudes from two nearby frequencies. The frequency-difference autoproduct is a surrogate field that mimics a genuine acoustic field at the difference frequency. Here, spatial-correlation analysis is extended to deep-ocean acoustic fields measured during the PhilSea10 experiment. The frequency-difference autoproduct, at difference frequencies from 0.0625 to 15 Hz, is determined from hundreds of Philippine Sea recordings of 60 or 100 Hz bandwidth signals with center frequencies from 172.5 to 275 Hz broadcast to a vertical receiving array 129–450 km away. The measured autoproducts are cross correlated along the array with predicted acoustic fields and with predicted autoproduct fields at corresponding below-band frequencies. Stable measured cross correlations as high as 80%–90% are found at the low end of the investigated difference-frequency range, with consistent correlation loss due to mismatch at the higher below-band frequencies.
Venturing for Others, Subject to Role Expectations? A Role Congruity Theory Approach to Social Venture Crowdfunding:

Scant attention has been paid to the differences in fundraising for social versus commercial ventures. We adopt a role congruity theory perspective to argue that because women and people of color a...
Pentanary cesium titanyl/titanate silicate oxyfluorides: Syntheses and structures

Abstract Single crystals of two pentanary cesium titanyl/titanate silicate oxyfluorides, Cs3(TiO)Si4O10F and Cs17(TiO)12Ti2Si8O40F, were grown from mixed cesium halide fluxes. Cs3(TiO)Si4O10F crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with lattice parameters a = 6.9528(2) A, b = 14.9471(4) A, c = 12.7676(3) A, and β = 91.2500(10)° and consists of a framework comprised of silicate sheets and (TiO)O4F octahedra. Cs17(TiO)12Ti2Si8O40F crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4/m with lattice parameters a = 16.2181(4) A and c = 13.3866(3) A and is composed of two interpenetrating titanate silicate frameworks.
Combining ultrasound directed self-assembly and stereolithography to fabricate engineered polymer matrix composite materials with anisotropic electrical conductivity

Abstract Engineered polymer matrix composite materials with designer electrical properties are important for a myriad of engineering applications including flexible electronics, electromagnetic shielding, and materials with embedded electrical wiring. However, existing fabrication methods are limited by material choice and dimensional scalability. We use the acoustic radiation force associated with a standing ultrasound wave field to spatially arrange and align electrically conductive microfibers dispersed in a photopolymer matrix in user-specified orientations and use stereolithography to solidify the material. We relate the electrical conductivity of the material specimens to the fabrication process parameters, including ultrasound transducer power, microfiber alignment, and microfiber weight fraction. Logistic regression analysis demonstrates that the probability that a composite material specimen is electrically conductive increases with increasing microfiber weight fraction and microfiber alignment because these parameters drive the formation of a long-range percolated network of electrically conductive microfibers. We determine that the electrical conductivity of conductive specimens ranges between 31 – 793 S/m and that the fabrication process parameters are critical in predicting whether a composite material specimen is electrically conductive or insulating. Relating the composite material fabrication process parameters to the resulting electrical conductivity is a crucial step towards fabricating polymer matrix composite materials with designer electrical properties for use in engineering applications. The combined ultrasound DSA and SLA fabrication process works independent of fiber and matrix material properties and facilitates dimensional scalability due to low attenuation of ultrasound waves in viscous media.
When Old is Gold: The Role of Business Longevity Under Risky Situations

We investigate whether or not the information about business longevity affects consumers' perceptions of risk associated with a choice and their choice behavior. We also examine the impact of risk on the value of such information to consumers. We test the relationship between business longevity and consumer choice using aggregate level data on mutual funds. The results support the idea that consumers favor older funds to newer funds. This preference for older funds is stronger for more volatile funds. Next, we find corroborative evidence for this result at the individual level in two experiments in service market contexts. After establishing consumers' preference for older firms, we investigate reasons for their preference. In Experiment 3, we show that consumers perceive less risk in choosing an older service provider, and that lowered perception of risk affects consumers' choice. We also find that lowered perceptions of risk arise due to experience and survival cue effects. In addition, holding business longevity fixed, greater availability of data about a firm reduces consumers' perceptions of risk. In the final experiment, we investigate the effect of performance relative to an external benchmark. We find that the existence of a benchmark does not affect our earlier findings.
Two-Pion Decay Mode of the ω and ϱ − ω Mixing

Recent experiments reporting the $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay mode of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ meson and its interference with that mode of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ meson are analyzed in terms of the propagator method for mixing of particle states. Both vector mixing and mass mixing are included, and the energy dependence of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ width is explicitly taken into account. It is shown that the effect as observed in the reaction ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ can be accounted for in terms of available parameters. The consequent determination of the parameters makes possible an analysis of strong-interaction phenomena of the same type, giving information on the relative phases of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ production amplitudes. This is applied to the $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}$ interference observed in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$. Other experiments are suggested.
Can Adults Become Genuinely Bilingual

The variety of languages in the world is considered a curse by some, who view the phenomenon as a Tower of Babel, indeed; yet others consider it the most characteristic quality of human language as opposed to animal languages which are supposedly species specific. The variety is viewed as a symptom of human caprice, arbitrariness, or dependence on mere historical accident by some; and as a symptom of human freedom and of the creative aspect of language by others. And, of course, the human limitation caused by the variety of languages and the peculiarities of traditions within languages, as instanced by Sir Winston Churchill’s The History of the English Speaking People, are again viewed by different thinkers from different philosophical viewpoints.
Measuring well hydraulic connectivity in fractured bedrock using periodic slug tests

Summary Periodic hydraulic experiments were conducted in a five-spot well cluster completed in a single bedding plane fracture. Tests were performed by using a winch-operated slug (submerged solid cylinder) to create a periodic head disturbance in one well and observing the phase shift and attenuation of the head response in the remaining wells. Transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) were inverted independently from head response. Inverted T decreased and S increased with oscillation period. Estimated S was more variable among well pairs than T, suggesting S may be a better estimator of hydraulic connectivity among closely spaced wells. These estimates highlighted a zone of poor hydraulic connection that was not identified by a constant rate test conducted in the same wells. Periodic slug tests appear to be a practical and effective technique for establishing local scale spatial variability in hydraulic parameters.
Mode coupling in tapered structures

The theory of strong mode coupling involving nonorthogonal modes is extended to tapered structures. Initially, an attempt is made to show that previous formulations of the problem of nonorthogonal-mode coupling in tapered structures are incomplete. An equation is derived which is the generalization to tapered structures of the coupled-mode formalism with nonorthogonal modes. >
Response to environment and radiation of an ionization chamber and matched Geiger tube used on spacecraft

Abstract We describe the construction and operation of the ion chambers and Geiger-Muller tubes used on Mariner II and IV and the OGO-C and D spacecraft and list the sensitivity of the instruments to their environment. The procedure used to calibrate the sensors in absolute units is explained and we then present, in graphical form, the response of the detectors to unit flux of protons, electrons and photons as a function of energy of the incident radiation.
Comparison of tunable dye and KTP lasers in nonsurgical delay of cutaneous flaps

Abstract PROBLEM: Reproducing the benefits of the delay phenomenon without the risks and cost of a surgical procedure has long been a goal of skin flap physiologists. After the success of the suture-delay technique and argon tunable dye laser in improving survival in McFarlane skin flaps, important questions remained: (1) will laser delay be effective in dermal flaps, (2) can induction of collateral blood flow be documented, and (3) is the KTP laser, which is generally more available to otolaryngologists, more effective than the argon tunable dye laser. METHODS: The KTP and argon tunable dye lasers were compared by use of the laser-delay technique, with two outcome measures—blood flow and survival. The laser-delay procedure was accomplished with the laser in a noncutting mode in an attempt to coagulate cutaneous vessels at the periphery of a planned skin flap. The objective was to induce collateralization and improve skin flap survival. Patterns of blood flow were tested by use of the base occlusion test. Flap survival of an acute control flap group was compared with that of the laser delay groups. RESULTS: Blood flowing to the distal flap area originated from the base of the flap area after laser delay. Flap survival of the laser delay groups was significantly improved over that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Both lasers were able to effectively induce collateralization and improve flap survival. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1995;113:92-8.)
Computation of Intrabeam Charge Exchange Rate

ANL's planned Accelerator Development Facility (ADF) for heavy-ion fusion will test and demonstrate virtually all of the beam manipulations thought to be necessary for a heavy-ion inertial confinement fusion driver. The relatively simple upgrade of adding synchrotron acceleration capability to the storage ring would also allow important energy deposition and materials experiments. The feasibility of this upgrade depends critically on the beam loss rate from charge exchange scattering. A computer progran has been written for the purpose of obtaining a better estimate for this lifetime. The code assumes a K-V transverse distribution folded into a Neuffer longitudinal distribution. The emittance ellipse parameters, along with various estimates for the velocity-dependent ion-ion cross sections, are read in and a numerical integration is performed over the distribution, yielding a value for the loss rate -1/ N2 dN/ dt. Preliminary estimates indicate that this mode of beam loss presents no obstacle to upgrading the ADF.
Gender-dependent racial difference in disposition of cyclosporine among healthy African American and white volunteers.

Pharmacokinetic studies of intravenous and oral cyclosporine (cyclosporin) were performed in 22 healthy African American (n = 11) and white (n = 11) volunteers. Blood cyclosporine concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Concentration versus time data were analyzed by noncompartmental models, and statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA. The clearance of intravenous and oral cyclosporine was 4.3 +/- 0.9 mL/min/kg and 13.5 +/- 4.5 mL/min/kg, respectively, in African Americans and 3.7 +/- 0.5 mL/min/kg and 9.6 mL/min/kg, respectively, in the white volunteers (P = .0001). There was a significant race and gender interaction (P = .038). Bioavailability was lower in African Americans (32.8 +/- 6.6%) compared with white volunteers (39.3 +/- 7.1%; P = .049), with a significant race and gender interaction (P = .048). The dose-adjusted area under the curve (AUC) of intravenous and oral cyclosporine was 54.3 +/- 10.6 ng x hr/mL per milligram and 18.1 +/- 4.1 ng x hr/mL per milligram, respectively, in African Americans and 61.9 +/- 6.8 ng x hr/mL per milligram and 24.2 +/- 4.6 ng x hr/mL per milligram, respectively, in white volunteers (P = .023). These findings suggest that disposition of cyclosporine is dependent both on race and on gender.
Discovery of 5-substituted-N-arylpyridazinones as inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase

Abstract The synthesis, structure–activity relationship and modeling of a series of 5-substituted-N-aryl pyridazinone based p38α inhibitors are described. In comparing the series to the similar N-aryl pyridinone series, it was found that the pyridazinones maintained a weaker interaction to the p38 enzyme, and therefore showed generally weaker binding than the pyridinones.
The gluten connection: the association between schizophrenia and celiac disease

Objective: Schizophrenia affects roughly 1% of the population and is considered one of the top 10 causes of disability worldwide. Given the immense cost to society, successful treatment options are imperative. Based on initial findings, gluten withdrawal may serve as a safe and economical alternative for the reduction of symptoms in a subset of patients. Method: A review of the literature relevant to the association between schizophrenia and celiac disease (gluten intolerance) was conducted. Results: A drastic reduction, if not full remission, of schizophrenic symptoms after initiation of gluten withdrawal has been noted in a variety of studies. However, this occurs only in a subset of schizophrenic patients. Conclusion: Large-scale epidemiological studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the association between gluten and schizophrenia, and address the underlying mechanisms by which this association occurs.
Extent, impacts and remedies of global gas flaring and venting

Associated natural gas is a byproduct of oil extraction and a significant economic resource. It is often discarded by being burned on reaching the surface with a process called flaring or by being released into the atmosphere without burning through venting. Other than the economic loss of an energy source, flaring and venting of associated gas creates local, environmental and public health impacts, as well as contributing to the potential for climate change. This study reviews the literature and internet materials on flaring and venting of associated natural gas in producing oil fields to examine the extent and the current state of the problem, the impacts on the environment, communities and public health, with an emphasis on solutions and remedies to mitigate the problem. Our review confirms the need to recommit to an aggressive global mitigation program and makes a case for accelerated programs, especially in countries with the technical capacity to effectively participate jointly with industry, govern...
Role of FGFs in skeletal muscle and limb development

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of nine proteins that bind to three distinct types of cell surface molecules: (i) FGF receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFR-1 through FGFR-4); (ii) a cysteine-rich FGF receptor (CFR); and (iii) heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Signaling by FGFs requires participation of at least two of these receptors: the FGFRs and HSPGs form a signaling complex. The length and sulfation pattern of the heparan sulfate chain determines both the activity of the signaling complex and, in part, the ligand specificity for FGFR-1. Thus, the heparan sulfate proteoglycans are likely to play an essential role in signaling. We have recently identified a role for FGF in limb bud development in vivo. In the chick limb bud, ectopic expression of the 18 kDa form of FGF-2 or FGF-2 fused to an artificial signal peptide at its amino terminus causes skeletal duplications. These data, and the observations that FGF-2 is localized to the subjacent mesoderm and the apical ectodermal ridge in the early developing limb, suggest that FGF-2 plays an important role in limb outgrowth. We propose that FGF-2 is an apical ectodermal ridge-derived factor that participates in limb outgrowth and patterning.
Gas carburizing of steel with furnace atmospheres formed In Situ from propane and air: Part II. Analysis of the characteristics of gas flow in a batch-type sealed quench furnace

Gas flow dynamics in a batch-type sealed quench carburizing furnace were studied for operations utilizing low inlet gas flow rates. By analyzing the rate of change of furnace atmosphere composition when a sudden change is made in the inlet gas composition, it is shown that a significant amount of gas circulation occurs between the hot furnace chamber and the unheated vestibule. This circulation has the effect of increasing the mean residence time of gases within the furnace. A long mean residence time is advantageous for carburizing when the inlet gases consist of an airJhydrocarbon blend rather than prereacted endothermic gas.
Kinetics and mechanism of formation of yttrium alkyl complexes from (Cp*2YH)2 and alkenes

The dissociation of the dimer (Cp* 2 YH) 2 (2) to the Cp* 2 YH monomer is an important process in reactions of 2 with alkenes. The rate of dissociation of 2 was measured by NMR line-broadening techniques (14 s - 1 at 0 °C, ΔG = 14.5 kcal mol- 1 , ΔH = 14.9(8) kcal mol - 1 , and ΔS = 3(2) eu). A full range of dissociative and associative mechanisms for reaction of alkenes with 2 was found. For the most crowded and least reactive alkenes studied, 2-butene and 2-methylpropene, reaction with 2 occurred slower than dissociation of dimer 2; kinetic studies established reversible dissociation of 2 to monomeric Cp* 2 YH followed by competitive trapping by alkene and recombination to regenerate 2. Kinetic studies of the less crowded alkene 3-methyl-1-butene are consistent with rate-limiting dissociation of dimer 2 followed by efficient trapping of the intermediate Cp* 2 YH by alkene. The least crowded terminal alkenes such as 1-hexene reacted with 2 at a rate faster than dimer dissociation; kinetic studies established a two-component rate law involving a second-order term for direct attack of alkene on the dimer and a first-order term involving rate-determining dimer dissociation followed by rapid alkene reaction with monomeric Cp* 2 YH. The reactions of terminal alkenes with 2 initially gave mixtures of single- and double-alkene-insertion products but no triple-insertion products. The initially formed n-alkyl yttrium complex reacts with terminal alkenes at a rate similar to the reaction of yttrium hydride dimer 2 with terminal alkenes. The more crowded β-alkyl yttrium double-insertion product is much less reactive toward terminal alkenes.
Validating AIRS upper atmosphere water vapor retrievals using aircraft and balloon in situ measurements

[1] This paper provides an initial assessment of the accuracy of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) water vapor retrievals from 500 to 100 mbar. AIRS satellite measurements are compared with accurate aircraft (NASA WB57) and balloon in situ water vapor measurements obtained during the NASA Pre-Aura Validation Experiment (Pre-AVE) in Costa Rica during Jan. 2004. AIRS retrieval (each pressure level of a single footprint) of water vapor amount agrees with the in situ measurements to ∼25% or better if matched closely in time (1 hr) and space (50–100 km). Both AIRS and in situ measurements observe similar significant variation in moisture amount over a two-day period, associated with large-scale changes in weather patterns.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Red Cell Volume Reduction in Polycythemia of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Acute reduction in red cell volume (RCV) without significant alterations of blood volume in 22 patients with severe polycythemia secondary to cyanotic congenital heart disease resulted in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and an increase in stroke volume, systemic blood flow (SBF), and systemic oxygen transport. These changes are probably related to the decreased blood viscosity and yield shear stress associated with lower red cell concentrations. Hypervolemia in hypoxic polycythemia should be maintained in order to sustain an adequate SBF. In contrast to acute phlebotomy which may be expected to decrease blood oxygen content and SBF, the replacement of whole blood with plasma or 5% albumin is shown to result in an increased systemic blood flow and oxygen delivery.
Effect of a walnut meal on postprandial oxidative stress and antioxidants in healthy individuals

Background In vitro studies rank walnuts (Juglans regia) among the plant foods high in antioxidant capacity, but whether the active constituents of walnuts are bioavailable to humans remains to be determined. The intention of this study was to examine the acute effects of consuming walnuts compared to refined fat on meal induced oxidative stress. At issue is whether the ellagitannins and tocopherols in walnuts are bioavailable and provide postprandial antioxidant protection.
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with photoisomerizable ligands

Abstract The photophysical and photochemical properties of a series of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with photoisomerizable ligands (styryl and azobenzene substituted 2,2′-bipyridines (bpy); a pyridyl substituted dithienylperfluorocyclopentene (py-DTPCP)) are reported. A complex with a 4,4′-distyryl-bpy ligand exhibits photoswitchable luminescence, but decomposes over time when exposed to the UV wavelengths required for trans ↔ cis photoisomerization of the styryl moieties. A rhenium(I) tricarbonyl 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) complex with the py-DTPCP ligand in its open form exhibits yellow Re(I)-phen MLCT luminescence. Upon 350-nm irradiation, py-DTPCP photocyclizes, thereby quenching the MLCT emission; 620-nm light triggers the reverse reaction, and the luminescence is fully recovered.
Age and psychosis in degenerative dementia.

Among psychiatric inpatients with primary degenerative dementia, those with psychotic symptoms (N=20) were older than those without (N=20) (t=3.48; p<0.001). Persecutory delusions were the most frequent psychotic phenomena. Duration of dementia overlapped, but scores on the Global Deterioration Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia were lower in the psychotic group after correcting for age. The limited literature concerning demographic and clinical correlates of psychosis in dementia is reviewed; the age difference noted is consistent with two other reports. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitation of discriminated lever-press avoidance by noncontingent shocks

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effect of presenting a brief noncontingent, unsignaled shock prior to warning-signal onset on discriminated lever-press avoidance behavior in rats. The main finding was that noncontingent shock delivered 2 sec but not 16 sec prior to warning-signal onset facilitated avoidance performance and learning. These results were predicted on the basis of shock-elicited response bursting which was expected to increase the operant level of the lever-press response at short shock-warning signal intervals. It was suggested that species-specific limitations on rats' lever-press avoidance are not unconditional, but rather can be overcome with environmental manipulations.
USDA forest service–NASA: unmanned aerial systems demonstrations – pushing the leading edge in fire mapping

A collaborative partnership between NASA and the US Forest Service has been used to facilitate and demonstrate evolved and evolving technologies for increasing the information content and timeliness of thermal image data collected for wildfires. The outcomes of this collaborative effort are creation of improved tools for Wildfire Decision Support Systems within the US Forest Service and the other fire mitigation and management agencies. The focus of this article will be onrecent work using unmanned airborne systems as a sensor platform.
SCI-LINK: An innovative project linking research scientists and science teachers

The major purpose of the SCI-LINK Projects was to explore ways of linking research scientists and school science teachers. Not only did the project provide these teachers with a better understanding of scientific environmental research and recent findings, but it allowed them to develop activities and other instructional materials they could use in their classrooms. Leadership skills also were developed as evidenced by the Master Teachers that evolved and the many professional activities in which they have been engaged since the first institutes.
Race and disparities in sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis

This paper builds on Kalven and Zeisel's “liberation hypothesis” and explores the possibility that racial discrimination in sentencing is confined to less serious cases. We examined the sentences imposed on defendants convicted of violent felonies in Detroit. We found that defendant's race had a direct effect only on the decision to incarcerate but had indirect effects on both incarceration and sentence length. Further analysis revealed an interaction between the race of the defendant, the seriousness of the case, and the harshness of the sentence. Using a number of measures of the seriousness of the case, we found that race had a significant effect on incarceration only in less serious cases. Our findings provide dramatic support for the liberation hypothesis and highlight the importance of using an interactive rather than an additive model in sentencing research.
A New Spin on ARPES

The electronic spin degree of freedom is of fundamental importance to all matter, with consequences ranging from the structure of the periodic table to the refrigerator magnet. Understanding the behavior and role of electronic spin in magnetic, correlated, and novel quantum materials is a problem of growing prominence in materials science, both in terms of fundamental science and our ever-growing desire for stricter comprehension and control of electronic spin and magnetic phenomena for technology and energy applications. Spin-resolved ARPES, with its unique simultaneous sensitivity to electronic spin, momentum, and energy, is a powerful method for directly probing the spin dependence of materials and electronic structures of current research interest.