cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juries - Ancient & Modern: The Audacity of Transparency in Criminal Trials

On a trial for indictment in England & Wales, matters of fact are within the competency of a jury of 12 people drawn, at random, from the locality and from the electoral role by the Jury Selection Board. Matters of law are determined by the presiding judge. Offenses triable either way give the accused the elective right to choose trial in a magistrate's court or trial by jury in a Crown court. Other more serious offenses are triable only on indictment. In such cases, there is no elective right to choose the mode of trial. The matter must be tried by a judge and jury. In this paper, I explore the need for transparency in our criminal trials and analyze the dichotomy of accountability between the medieval jury and the modern jury. The paper critically considers the self-informing nature of the ancient jury as opposed to the supposed and desired ignorance of the modern criminal trial. It concludes by alluding to the legitimacy deficit inherent in a system that divests the trial process with transparency.
Retention Rate and Efficacy of Clobazem in comparison to other Newer Anticonvulsants in Patients with Epilepsy (P1.258)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the retention rate of clobazem(CLB) to the previously published retention rate of other AEDs. BACKGROUND: With the increasing number of AED choices, it can be challenging to decide which AED should be used. Two main considerations in selecting AEDs are their efficacy and tolerability, which are probably best evaluated by retention rate, defined as the percentage of patients remaining on the medication after a specified time period. METHODS: Patient’s age, gender, seizure type, concurrent AEDs, CLB dosages, overall CLB seizure outcome, adverse effects, main reasons for discontinuation, and duration of therapy were collected retrospectively by reviewing medical records from Barrow Neurological Institute epilepsy center and interviewing patients if necessary. In order to access longer retention rate, patients were excluded if CLB was initiated after December 2013. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients(56[percnt] male) started CLB therapy as an adjunctive therapy for medically refractory epilepsy(30[percnt] Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and remaining partial onset or unclear types). The overall one year retention rate of CLB was 81.5[percnt](66 of 81). Two year retention rate was 75.7[percnt] Interim retention rates at 3 month were 95.1[percnt], and at 6 months, 85.2[percnt]. When compare to other AED retention rates in 12 months from the same clinic, CLB retention was better than levetiracetam(57[percnt]), oxcarbazepine(61[percnt]), topiramate(45[percnt]), or zonisamide(61[percnt]), but similar to lamotrigine(75[percnt]) or lacosamide(76[percnt]). When CLB was discontinued, it was mainly due to agitation(30[percnt]), inefficacy(30[percnt]), financial reasons(15[percnt]), and sedation(10[percnt]).In terms of efficacy, reported 50[percnt] responder rates were 59.0[percnt] during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows high retention rate of CLB at 12 months when compare to other newer AEDs at the same time frame.Beside ineffectiveness, leading causes of CLB discontinuation were agitation or irritability and sedation. CLB provided meaningful seizure control for many patients with refractory epilepsy. Study Supported by: Lundbeck Disclosure: Dr. Chung has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, Supermus, Esai Inc., Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., Upshire-Smith, and SK Life Science. Dr. Aung has nothing to disclose.
Emotion processing in high-functioning autistic children: a priming task

Although high-functioning autistic individuals demonstrate normative intelligence, profound deficits in social processing exist. Understanding emotions in faces can be particularly difficult for autistic individuals. In the present research a priming task was used to uncover the speed and strength of association between emotional faces and emotional words. Autistic individuals are often capable of explicitly recognizing emotion in faces but still demonstrate difficulty interpreting emotional situations. In the current study, emotional words were primed by quickly presented matching or mismatching emotional faces. This may be more similar to naturalistic social interactions in which facial expressions change quickly. The aim was to examine any differences in reaction times and error rates in the priming task between high-functioning autistic children and typical children. Groups were divided into older (8-16 years) and younger (7-11 years) groups to examine any developmental differences that might exist between the two groups. Overall, no priming effects were seen across groups. Younger typical children, however, did seem to be influenced by mismatching prime-target pairs. This may point to a differential developmental trajectory in face and emotion processing between autistic and typical children, as typical children were more influenced by face primes than were older and younger autistic children and older typical children.
Horizons on Bernard Lonergan

Bernard Lonergan's importance to Catholic theologians is existential as well as theoretic. For many he bridged the culture and the church. Three of the themes prominent in his recently published A Third Collection exemplify his service to his colleagues: community, history, and praxis. Lonergan shared the burden of alienation of his fellow Catholics from the culture, and in his struggle to understand and change, illuminated a path for them. Recent literature displays his influence: David Tracy's Plurality and Ambiguity, Tad Dunne's Lonergan and Spirituality, Vernon Gregson's Lonergan, Spirituality, and the Meeting of Religions, Hugo Meynell's The Theology of Bernard Lonergan, and the essays in the Festschrift, Religion and Culture: Essays in Honor of Bernard Lonergan.
The malpractice of “rationality” in international relations:

This article investigates the misuse of “rationality” in academic and political discourses, focusing on the Iranian nuclear project. The concept of rationality is ubiquitous; scholars, pundits, and...
Corrosion Behavior of Cr2O3—Former Alloys in H2-H2S-H2O Atmospheres

Abstract The corrosion behavior of Ni, Co, and Fe alloyed with Cr (25 Wt%) was investigated in H2/H2S/H2O atmospheres at 1200 and 1300 K. Reaction of Ni-25 Cr and Co-25 Cr at 1200 K gave rise to sc...
Successful Application of Electro-Magnetics in the Reid Brook Zone: Targeting Economic Needles in a Highly Conductive Haystack

Recent drilling in Voisey?s Bay has uncovered significant wallrock mineralization in what was before thought to be a sub-economic occurrence of sulphides within the Reid Brook Dyke. Although technically disseminated, the sulphides within the dyke are electrically well connected and can act as a single conductor of kilometres in size and with a conductance of thousands of siemens. Using the standard transmitting frequency of time, we were unable to discriminate the conductance of the disseminated from the massive sulphides. In 2003 we revisited the area with BHEM transmitting at 1Hz with more success. From the low frequency data, we saw evidence for the first time of conductive features that did not coincide with the dyke orientation. In 2004 we began to utilize the superposition of two data sets from two separate transmitting loops to adjust the angle of the inducing field and null couple to these in-dyke disseminated sulphides. In doing so, we obtained greater precision on the orientations of the conductors, and were able to discriminate between in-dyke conductivity, and wall rock related conductivity. We are now integrating this method with other structural techniques to further develop the deposit model.
Mapping of QTLs for Panicle Traits Based on Rice RIL Population from TD70 and Kasalath

Two hundred and forty recombinant inbred lines( RIL) derived from a cross between japonica rice TD70 / Kasalath and its linkage map including 141 SSR markers were used to map QTL controlling panicle length( PL),total seeds per panicle( TSP) and grain density( GD) in 2010 and 2011. The result showed that a total of 23 QTLs controlling three panicle traits were detected on chromosome 2,3,4,6, 7,8 and 10,respectively,including 5 QTLs controlling PL,8 QTLs controlling TSP,10 QTLs controlling GD,LOD value was in range of 2. 5- 9. 3,and QTL explained the observed phenotypic variance ranged from 4. 0 % to 20. 8 %. The marker interval RM5699- RM424 on chromosome 2,RM489- RM1278 on chromosome 3,RM3367- RM1018 on chromosome 4,RM3343- RM412 on chromosome 6 were common marker intervals of TSP and GD; Six QTL( qPL3,qTSP4,qTSP6-2,qTSP7,qGD3-2 and qGD7) were detected in two years. Among of these qPL3,qTSP6-2,qGD3-2 and qGD7 were major QTL. All PL QTLs mapped in the present study were some mapped QTLs,16 QTLs controlling TSP and GD were new ones which contributed the observed phenotypic variance rang of 4 %- 9. 5 %. These results laid a foundation for further fine positioning or cloning these QTLs.
Voltage Monitor Automatic Verification System Based on Open Communication Interface

This paper describes a voltage monitor automatic verification system based on open communication interface.The system can connect with standard signal sources and different voltage monitors from different makers through customized open communication protocol interface;it supports RS232,RS485,IEEE488,Ethernet,etc.The system supports user-defined verification schemes,including tests and their parameters.It can make basic function test,outage test,precision test or error test,integrated error test,sensitivity test and harmonic interference test;the process needs no manual intervention and verification report will be done automatically at last.
Novel Iron-based ternary amorphous oxide semiconductor with very high transparency, electronic conductivity, and mobility.

Here we report that ternary metal oxides of type (Me)2O3 with the primary metal (Me) constituent being Fe (66 atomic (at.) %) along with the two Lanthanide elements Tb (10 at.%) and Dy (24 at.%) can show excellent semiconducting transport properties. Thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature followed by ambient oxidation showed very high electronic conductivity (>5 × 104 S/m) and Hall mobility (>30 cm2/V-s). These films had an amorphous microstructure which was stable to at least 500 °C and large optical transparency with a direct band gap of 2.85 ± 0.14 eV. This material shows emergent semiconducting behavior with significantly higher conductivity and mobility than the constituent insulating oxides. Since these results demonstrate a new way to modify the behaviors of transition metal oxides made from unfilled d- and/or f-subshells, a new class of functional transparent conducting oxide materials could be envisioned.
Limitations and context of research

Abstract The software industry has existed for over 60 years and is now a massive multinational, multi-billion dollar industry. During this time, the number of people working in the software industry has expanded significantly, as has the number of software engineering researchers. In theory, these software engineering researchers should be driving the future of software development, but even the most optimistic software engineering researcher would not make this claim. In reality the number of practitioners attending Software Engineering conferences is decreasing. This chapter examines research limitations that may explain its apparent disconnect with the software engineering industry.
The Instructional Programme of the Mendicant Convents at Paris in the Early Fourteenth Century

The history of teaching and study at the Parisian convents of the mendicant orders has largely been viewed and written as part of the history of the university of Paris. The Parisian doctors of theology at the Dominican, Franciscan, Augustinian, and Carmelite convents, from the time of Bonaventure, Albert, Thomas, and Giles of Rome until the end of the Middle Ages, were regent masters, or professors, at the university, at least for a year or more after inception as masters. And presumably mendicant students sent to Paris for theological study were being sent there for university studies; the brightest of them would be expected to complete the university degree in theology. The connection between the mendicant masters and the intellectual history of the university of Paris in the second half of the thirteenth century is so strong that it is almost impossible to think of these convents except as religious colleges attached to the university of Paris.
Intelligence, national security, and foreign policy: a South Asian narrative

This anthology covers an impressive amount of historical and contemporary issues involving national security and intelligence in South Asia. Edited by A.S.M. Ali Ashraf, the book is jointly publish...
Abstract 1256: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce ER stress and have an immunomodulatory role in the suppression of colorectal tumorigenesis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. A number of epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and animal studies have demonstrated the chemopreventive effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on CRC. However, the exact mechanism by which NSAIDs suppress colorectal tumorigenesis has remained unclear. Our previous study showed that NSAID-induced death receptor signaling, along with loss of the gatekeeper APC tumor suppressor, triggers a synthetic lethal interaction and apoptotic death in an otherwise normal cell. In this study, we determined how NSAIDs induce death receptor signaling, and found a critical role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Treating CRC cells with the NSAIDs sulindac or indomethacin upregulated C/EBP homologous transcription factor (CHOP), a key mediator of the ER stress response that is required for the induction of death receptor 5 (DR5) by NSAIDs. Blocking ER stress abolished the apoptotic effect of NSAIDs in CRC cells and in normal colonic epithelial cells with knockdown of APC, and also suppressed the chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs in APCMin/+ mice. Furthermore, we identified plasma membrane translocation of calreticulin in cells undergoing NSAID-induced apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of immunomodulation in this tumor suppression. Our results provide novel insight into the chemopreventive mechanism of NSAIDs, which may help design more effective chemopreventive strategies and agents. Citation Format: Rochelle E. Fletcher, Lin Zhang, Brian Leibowitz, Jian Yu. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce ER stress and have an immunomodulatory role in the suppression of colorectal tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1256. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1256
Heidegger’s Underdeveloped Conception of the Undistinguishedness (Indifferenz) of Everyday Human Existence

This chapter provides an interpretation of the early Heidegger’s underdeveloped conception of the undistinguishedness (Indifferenz) of everyday human existence in Being and Time. After explaining why certain translation choices of some key terms in this text are interpretively and philosophically important, I first provide a concise argument for why the social constitution interpretation of the relation between ownedness (Eigentlichkeit) and unownedness (Uneigentlichkeit) makes better overall sense of Heidegger’s ambivalent attitude toward the social constitution of the human being than the standard existentialist interpretation of this relation. I then proceed to the heart of this chapter, which develops his inchoate conception of the undistinguishedness of everydayness by arguing that it specifies the third distinctive mode of concrete human existence in addition to ownedness and unownedness (qua disownedness). Accordingly, I show how unownedness is actually a generic phenomenon with two distinct species, namely, undistinguishedness and disownedness, which are at once closely related to, but also differ in significant respects from, each other. Consequently, instead of taking for granted a one-dimensional and mutually exclusive opposition between ‘authenticity’ and ‘inauthenticity’, I argue that we should adopt a two-dimensional and more nuanced understanding of the relations among undistinguishedness, disownedness, and ownedness that intersects with Heidegger’s underappreciated distinction between genuineness and ungenuineness. After raising and replying to some objections to this interpretation of undistinguishedness, I conclude this chapter by briefly sketching three of its philosophical consequences and pointing out its potential as an important resource for contemporary (critical) social theories.
The Spatial Scale and Spatial Configuration of Residential Settlement: Measuring Segregation in the Postbellum South.

Studies of residential segregation typically focus on its degree without questioning its scale and configuration. The authors study southern cities in 1880 to emphasize the salience of these spatial dimensions. Distance-based and sequence indices can reflect spatial patterns but with some limitations, while geocoded 100% population data make possible more informative measures. One improvement is flexibility in spatial scale, ranging from adjacent buildings to whole districts of the city. Another is the ability to map patterns in fine detail. In southern cities the authors find qualitatively distinct configurations that include not only black “neighborhoods” as usually imagined but also backyard housing, alley housing, and side streets that were predominantly black. These configurations represent the sort of symbolic boundaries recognized by urban ethnographers. By mapping residential configurations and interpreting them in light of historical accounts, the authors intend to capture meanings that are too o...
Environmental Aspects of Plastics

Abstract Millions of pounds of plastics are consumed each year to produce parts that are expected to have good performance over their life span. In numerous cases, the plastic parts are required to last for several years, for example parts used in appliances, electrical and electronics, automotive, building and construction, telecommunication, sign boards, hoardings, medical and hospital equipment, playgrounds, agriculture, and more. Often these parts are required to withstand harsh environments and severe usage specially when exposed to outdoor weather. As most aspects of life, plastics age with time and undergo changes that affect their performance. Furthermore, consumption of such large volumes of plastic materials has an impact on the environment as well. Most plastics are made from petroleum, natural gas, or raw materials that are available in nature. The processes to convert raw materials into a usable plastic product could be energy intensive. There is a growing concern about recycling and disposal of plastics parts as it affect both environment and health. In discussing environmental aspects of plastics, the two topics covered in this chapter are (1) the effects of environment on plastic properties and part performance and (2) the overall effects of using plastic materials on environment. Both topics are fairly broad and independent. In this two-part chapter, the first part covers the effects of weathering and aging on plastics part performance and various stabilization mechanisms. The second part covers the energy consumption, end-of-life usage such as landfills, recycling, and impact that plastics have on environment.
Review of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare and serious cutaneous adverse reactions. There is controversy over the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of SJS or TEN. The lack of randomized controlled trials to assess the benefits and risks of IVIG is due to its low prevalence and the high mortality rate associated with these cutaneous adverse reactions, especially in TEN. This article reviews published literature on case series that either supports or refutes the use of IVIG in the treatment of SJS or TEN.
Using Assertions with Programming

One of the most important factors in software quality is reliability, which depends on correctness and robustness. A program is correct if it performs according to its specification, it is robust if it handles abnormal situations that were not covered in the specification in a graceful manner. Reliability, although desirable in software construction regardless of the approach, is particularly important in the object-oriented approach because of the special role given to reusability. It is very important for reusable software components to be correct. Constructing reliable object-oriented software depends on certain language characteristics. One of these is strong typing, which helps in catching inconsistencies before they have had time to become bugs. Another factor is garbage collection, which removes the specter of devious memory management errors. Another factor is the reuse of verified component libraries. Finally, for the construction of reliable object-oriented software, a systematic approach is needed for specifying and implementing object-oriented software components and their interactions in a software system.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Man During Different Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep

Experience has now been gained with over 1300 measurements of regional cerebral blood flow in normal volunteers and in patients with neurological disorders using a modification of the 133Xe inhalation method (1). Since the method is noninvasive, causes minimal discomfort and, in our laboratory, is routinely monitored with simultaneous polygraphic recording of electroencephalogram (EEG), submental electromyography (EMG), extra-ocular movement (EOG), blood pressure (BP), pulse, body temperature, respiration and end-tidal pCO2 and pO2, we have had the opportunity of observing changes in regional blood flow during the relaxed, awake state in quiet darkness, during mild anxiety, during activation and during different stages of spontaneous sleep in normal volunteers and in patients with narcolepsy.
Cancer Stem Cells in Melanoma

Malignant melanoma is a significant health problem worldwide. Disease relapse due to the heterogeneity and instability of cancer cells may explain the persistence of disease in spite of primary response to therapy. Recent progress in cancer research suggests that melanomas, similar to other solid tumors, contain a subpopulation of cells which have unlimited self-renewal capability directly descending from the original founder cell and characterized by relatively stable genetic properties throughout disease evolution. This model also applies to the development of metastasis and may be responsible for drug resistance and cancer recurrence. These cells with tumor-initiating ability are termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs as well as tumor cells interact with their microenvironment (niche) to modulate the malignant phenotype. This chapter provides an overview of melanoma stem cell characterization and the interactions between melanoma stem cells and their niche.
INSERTION OF GROWTH HORMONE GENES INTO PIG EMBRYOS

Recent research has clearly demonstrated that genes coding for growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) can be integrated into the genome of domestic swine by microinjection of the cloned genes into a pronucleus or nucleus of fertilized pig ova. The percentage of injected ova that developed into transgenic pigs varied from 0.30% to 1.69%. The proportion of transgenic pigs that expressed the gene varied from 17% to 100%. depending upon the composition of the fusion gene. The elevation of foreign GH in expressing transgenics stimulated the expected elevation in insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Enhanced growth rate has been reported for some transgenic GH pigs but not for others, with the difference possibly due primarily to dietary constraints and general health of the pigs. Expression of the GH genes has markedly reduced subcutaneous fat and improved the efficiency of converting feed into meat. The persistent excess GH in transgenic pigs was detrimental to general health; lameness, lethargy, and gastric ulcers were the most prevalent problems. Females that expressed foreign GH genes were anestrus. Most of the transgenic pigs that were reproductively sound transmitted the gene to a portion of their progeny.
Janus East and West: Multicultural Polyvocality—Trinh Minh-ha’s The Fourth Dimension and The Digital Film Event

This chapter argues that Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, including its concepts of spatiality, temporality, and phenomenal form, intersects with digital media and late modern industrial technologies, especially high-speed rail, to produce a Janus-faced vision of Japan, old and new. The sensibility evoked by Trinh’s digital film event is in the spirit of what F.C.S Northrop called “the meeting of East and West” (1946). Her work shapes an autopoietic perspective consonant with Varela’s second-generation cybernetics, Dōgen’s Zen, and Bashō’s haibun (prose with poetry) to recreate a sense of itinerancy through the multicultural landscape of the Anthropocene.
Omics-Driven Knowledge-Based Discovery of Anthelmintic Targets and Drugs

Abstract Helminths are among the most important parasites of humans and economically important plants and animals. Existing drugs targeting helminths (anthelmintics) typically belong to only a few classes of molecules and they target a small set of proteins and biological processes in these parasites, resulting in widespread multidrug resistance and creating a need to develop new anthelmintics. Due to challenges specific to working with parasitic helminths, molecular and genetic data relevant to most helminths were relatively sparse until recently. Fortunately, the advent of next-generation sequencing resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of omics data, which in combination with chemogenomic screening and the development of high-throughput screening techniques for certain helminth species and Caenorhabditis elegans has now made it possible to conduct multiomics, data-driven, large-scale searches for novel targets and to experimentally test drugs and drug-like compounds associated with them. Here we describe the current state of this field (with a focus on parasitic nematodes), the factors to be considered in these approaches, the challenges that still need to be overcome and possible future directions that are expected to yield multiple potential drugs effective against these heretofore neglected tropical diseases.
Axonal damage in spinal cord is associated with gray matter atrophy in sensorimotor cortex in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Background:Gray matter (GM) atrophy in brain is one of the best predictors of long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), and recent findings have revealed that localized GM atrophy is associa...
Poroelastic effects destabilize mildly rate-strengthening friction to generate stable slow slip pulses

Abstract Slow slip events on tectonic faults, sliding instabilities that never accelerate to inertially limited ruptures or earthquakes, are one of the most enigmatic phenomena in frictional sliding. While observations of slow slip events continue to mount, a plausible mechanism that permits instability while simultaneously limiting slip speed remains elusive. Rate-and-state friction has been successful in describing most aspects of rock friction, faulting, and earthquakes; current explanations of slow slip events appeal to rate-weakening friction to induce instabilities, which are then stalled by additional stabilizing processes like dilatancy or a transition to rate-strengthening friction at high slip rates. However, the temperatures and/or clay-rich compositions at slow slip locations are almost ubiquitously associated with rate-strengthening friction. In this study, we propose a fundamentally different instability mechanism that may reconcile this contradiction, demonstrating how slow slip events can nucleate with mildly rate-strengthening friction. We identify two destabilizing mechanisms, both reducing frictional shear strength through reductions in effective normal stress, that counteract the stabilizing effects of rate-strengthening friction. The instability develops into slow slip pulses. We quantify parameter controls on pulse length, propagation speed, and other characteristics, and demonstrate broad consistency with observations of tectonic slow slip events as well as laboratory tribology experiments.
Mindfulness in the Peacebuilding Process

Because peacebuilding dialogue is intended to help participants overcome relational barriers, it may require shifts in thinking, feeling, and relating to others that can be quite challenging given the conflict or post-conflict setting of peacebuilding dialogue. Mindfulness, as a trait or as the outcome of dedicated periods of practice, has been associated with numerous capacities that could help deal with these challenges, including stress reduction, empathy building, emotion regulation, positive reappraisal, forgiveness, perspective taking, conflict management, and problem-solving. The current chapter will examine theory and evidence of these capacity building functions of mindfulness and consider how peacebuilding dialogue can be affected by a mindfulness perspective.
Proposed reform of the H-1B programme under Trump administration and the adverse selection in Green Card applications

The dialogue of major reform in immigration laws along with increase in rejection of H-1B petitioners since the start of the Trump administration may make employers find H-1B renewal becoming more ...
Impact of Model Order Choice on the Results of Parallel Independent Component Analysis

Abstract Parallel independent component analysis (pICA) is a data-driven method that identifies the maximally independent components of multiple imaging modalities while simultaneously investigating the strength of their correlations. Researchers using pICA are given the option to use the suggested model order calculated by the minimum descriptive length (MDL) algorithm, or they can choose their own model order. To date, there are no suggested guidelines for this choice. To test the sensitivity of pICA to the selection of model order, we applied it to a well-researched brain disorder, schizophrenia, looking at the correlations between patterns of grey matter volume (GM) volume and white matter integrity, measured using fractional anisotropy (FA). We varied model orders from low to high, and tested the sensitivity to disorder effects (cases vs controls), similarity of spatial maps identified across model orders, consolidation or distribution effects related to model order selection, and the performance of the minimum descriptive length (MDL) algorithm. The pICA results (multimodal analysis) were also compared to the ICA (unimodal analysis) for each imaging modality. Across model orders, there was consistent sensitivity to disorder effects, and clustered patterns of spatial maps for both the GM and FA reflecting those differences. The MDL-estimated model order captured the majority, but not all, of the spatial patterns present in the GM and FA. There was not the expected consolidation of spatial maps at lower model orders, nor the distribution of spatial maps at higher model orders. The spatial patterns identified in the ICA closely resemble those found in the pICA, although lacking the benefit of the optimization algorithm, were not as highly correlated. This offers some insight and guidance for researchers interested in using pICA with regard to selecting model order for their particular analysis of multiple imaging modalities.
Absence of Iodinated Contrast Hypersensitivity and Characterization of Gadolinium Utilization in an Interventional Pain Population

Background Iodinated contrast media (ICM) allergy labels pose a unique clinical problem for the interventional pain physician due to the drawbacks of gadolinium for enhancement during pain procedures, as well as the reluctance to add to the cumulative steroid burden with steroid premedication. However, the risks of ICM hypersensitivity specific to this setting have not been previously described. Methods We aimed to describe the incidence of ICM-induced hypersensitivity during the performance of epidural injections in a large healthcare system. We also sought to characterize preexisting ICM allergy labels and how these affected consequent gadolinium utilizations in this population. Results 6,471 epidural pain procedures requiring contrast enhancement were performed during the 18-month study period. There were no reported contrast-induced hypersensitivity reactions in this time. 108 patients (1.6%) had a preexisting ICM allergy; a shellfish/seafood allergy was recorded in 118 patients (1.82%), and 51 charts (0.78%) were labeled with "iodine" allergy. 183 individuals received gadolinium for enhancement during epidural steroid injections. 96.7% of gadolinium utilization occurred in the context of preexisting allergy labels in the electronic medical record. Of note, 20 patients (18.5%) with ICM allergy labels also received iodinated contrast, and this was uneventful in all cases. Conclusion Our results suggest that ICM-associated hypersensitivity is very rare during epidural procedures and the incidence is significantly lower than expected based on reaction rates during intravascular administration. This may be related to both dose as well as route of administration. The establishment of a protocol for safe workup of ICM allergy labels would be useful in optimizing pain procedures.
EXPLORING THE INTERSECTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND URBAN MEDICAL GEOLOGY

As humanity increasingly concentrates in urban environments, it is critical to focus a lens on how urban environments impact the health of city dwellers. The geosciences have historically examined processes that occur in the “natural” environment, i.e., devoid of humans. But human modifications to the environment yield unique and important problems that need a different approach by geoscientists as they explore the myriad links between natural materials and processes and human health, and emergence of terms like “geohealth” and “medical geology” is reflecting this new approach. A number of critical issues are profiled here, particularly as they apply to urban medical geology. Dust storms and natural as well as human-produced aerosols and gases that are further influenced by climate change have profound global impacts on global health, some of which are still not well known. Natural disasters have always played a role in the arc of human health, but many of them are exacerbated by human activities and can play an outsize role in death and disease in concentrated urban environments. Occupational protection of workers is also a key responsibility of regulators, but one which is often inadequate to provide adequate safety of workers from exposures to a myriad of organic and inorganic toxicants. Finally, we focus on lead, a powerful neurotoxin with permanent impacts on the future of children worldwide, and one which, even though we have now identified most of the exposure sources and pathways, we have devoted very little attention to in terms of mitigation. Lead is likely the easiest urban medical geology issue that we face from a scientific standpoint, but it has proven intractable from a practical standpoint and thus a host of citizen-science programs have emerged to help identify hotspots and promote action.
Symmetries of spacetime

The equations of Hamiltonian gravity are often considered ugly cousins of the elegant and manifestly covariant versions found in the Lagrangian theory. However, both formulations are fundamental in their own rights because they make different statements about the nature of spacetime and its symmetries. These implications, along with the history of their derivation and an introduction of recent mathematical support, are the topic of this essay.
A stabilizer free weak Galerkin finite element method on polytopal mesh: Part III

Abstract A stabilizer free weak Galerkin (WG) finite element method on polytopal mesh has been introduced in Part I of this paper (Ye and Zhang (2020)). Removing stabilizers from discontinuous finite element methods simplifies formulations and reduces programming complexity. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new WG method without stabilizers on polytopal mesh that has convergence rates one order higher than optimal convergence rates. This method is the first WG method that achieves superconvergence on polytopal mesh. Numerical examples in 2D and 3D are presented verifying the theorem.
Ramp Rate Evaluation and Configuration for Safe and Tolerable Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation

Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is a novel form of therapy that has shown benefit in preliminary studies and may be clinically available in the near future. Initial closed-loop studies have primarily focused on responding to sensed biomarkers with adjustments to stimulation amplitude, which is often perceptible to study participants depending on the slew or “ramp” rate of the amplitude changes. These subjective responses to stimulation ramping can result in transient side effects, illustrating that ramp rate is a unique safety parameter for closed-loop neural systems. This presents a challenge to the future of closed-loop neuromodulation systems: depending on the goal of the control policy, clinicians will need to balance ramp rates to avoid side effects and keep the stimulation therapeutic by responding in time to affect neural dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate the results of an initial investigation into methodology for finding safe and tolerable ramp rates in four people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Results suggest that optimal ramp rates were found more accurately during varying stimulation when compared to simply toggling between maximal and minimal intensity levels. Additionally, switching frequency instantaneously was tolerable at therapeutic levels of stimulation. Future work should focus on including optimization techniques to find ramp rates.
Poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in metaplastic breast carcinoma.

Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MpBC) is a rare special histologic subtype of breast carcinoma characterized by the presence of squamous and/or mesenchymal differentiation. Most MpBCs are of triple-negative phenotype and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is frequently utilized in patients with MpBC. The aim of this study was to evaluate response to NAC in a retrospective cohort of MpBCs. We identified 44 patients with MpBC treated with NAC at our center between 2002 and 2018. Median age was 48 years, 86% were clinical stage II-III, and 36% were clinically node-positive. Most (80%) MpBCs were triple-negative or low (1-10%) hormonal receptor positive and HER2 negative on pre-NAC biopsy. While on NAC, 49% showed no clinical response or clinico-radiological progression. Matrix-producing subtype was associated with clinico-radiological response (p = 0.0036). Post NAC, two patients initially ineligible for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were downstaged to be eligible for BCS, whereas three patients potentially eligible for BCS before treatment became ineligible due to disease progression. Only one (2%) patient had a pathologic complete response (pCR). Among the 16 patients presenting with biopsy-proven clinical node-positive disease, 3 (19%) had nodal pCR. Axillary lymph node dissection was avoided in 3 (19%) patients who had successful axillary downstaging. Residual cancer burden (RCB) was assessed in 22 patients and was significantly associated with disease-free survival and overall survival. We observed a poor response or even disease progression on NAC among patients with MpBC, suggesting that NAC should be reserved for patients with inoperable MpBC.
A role for music in cataract surgery: a systematic review.

There have been several studies that explore the anxiolytic effects of music during cataract surgery. This is the first systematic review of literature highlighting the effects of music on patients undergoing cataract surgery without pharmacological anxiolytics. A systematic review of literature using PRISMA methodology identified randomized controlled trials involving patients undergoing cataract surgery with music as an intervention during the procedure with outcomes measured using at least one assessment of anxiety level, pain score, satisfaction, or vital sign measurements. Studies using pharmacological anxiolytics or additional pain-relieving medications besides local anesthetic were excluded. Three studies, involving 523 patients, were included with patients undergoing cataract surgery with music intervention. Music intervention during cataract surgery has demonstrated use in reducing perceived pain, reducing anxiety, and improving vitals with increased benefit of reduced heart rate and blood pressures with binaural beat embedded music. The clinical implications of this review identify non-traditional approaches to reducing anxiety intraoperatively for cataract surgeries, offering clinicians alternatives to minimizing benzodiazepine and medication use risks.
Modulating D1 rather than D2 receptor-expressing spiny-projection neurons corresponds to optimal antipsychotic effect

Overactive dopamine transmission in psychosis is predicted to unbalance striatal output via D1- and D2-dopamine receptor-expressing spiny-projection neurons (SPNs). Antipsychotic drugs are thought to re-balance this output by blocking D2-receptor signaling. Here we imaged D1- and D2-SPN Ca2+ dynamics in mice to determine the neural signatures of antipsychotic effect. Initially we compared effective (clozapine and haloperidol) antipsychotics to a candidate drug that failed in clinical trials (MP-10). Clozapine and haloperidol normalized hyperdopaminergic D1-SPN dynamics, while MP-10 only normalized D2-SPN activity. Clozapine, haloperidol or chemogenetic manipulations of D1-SPNs also normalized sensorimotor gating. Given the surprising correlation between clinical efficacy and D1-SPN modulation, we evaluated compounds that selectively target D1-SPNs. D1R partial agonism, antagonism, or positive M4 cholinergic receptor modulation all normalized the levels of D1-SPN activity, locomotion, and sensorimotor gating. Our results suggest that D1-SPN activity is a more relevant therapeutic target than D2-SPN activity for the development of effective antipsychotics.
Management of hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor 2–negative metastatic breast cancer

Estrogen receptor (ER) is the major driver of most metastatic breast cancers (mBCs). Endocrine therapy (ET) is the most effective treatment for ER + mBC, but its effectiveness is limited by high rates of de novo and acquired resistance. A growing understanding of the biological characteristics and complexity of the ER pathway and the mechanisms of ET resistance has led to the development of a new generation of targeted therapies. One such mechanism is the cell cycle signaling pathways, which lead to the development of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6is) that have, in turn, transformed the management of such tumors. Another important mechanism is the alteration of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Drugs targeting each component of these pathways are currently used in clinical practice, and several more are in development. As a result, a myriad of new targeted therapies are consistently being added to the clinical oncologist armamentarium. Navigating the evolving and highly complex treatment landscape of HR + /HER2− mBC remains both an art and a challenge. In this review, we discuss the biological features of HR + /HER2− mBC and the different mechanisms of resistance to ET. We also discuss the management of mBC as the disease changes from endocrine-sensitive to endocrine-resistant.
Increased plasma disequilibrium between pro- and anti-oxidants during the early phase resuscitation after cardiac arrest is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress end-products.

Background Cardiac arrest (CA) results in loss of blood circulation to all tissues leading to oxygen and metabolite dysfunction. Return of blood flow and oxygen during resuscitative efforts is the beginning of reperfusion injury and is marked by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can directly damage tissues. The plasma serves as a reservoir and transportation medium for oxygen and metabolites critical for survival as well as ROS that are generated. However, the complicated interplay among various ROS species and antioxidant counterparts, particularly after CA, in the plasma have not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the equilibrium between pro- and anti-oxidants within the plasma to assess the oxidative status of plasma post-CA. Methods In male Sprague-Dawley rats, 10 min asphyxial-CA was induced followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Plasma was drawn immediately after achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and after 2 h post-ROSC. Plasma was isolated and analyzed for prooxidant capacity (Amplex Red and dihydroethidium oxidation, total nitrate and nitrite concentration, xanthine oxidase activity, and iron concentration) and antioxidant capacity (catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Iron Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay). The consequent oxidative products, such as 4-Hydroxyl-2-noneal, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and nitrotyrosine were evaluated to determine the degree of oxidative damage. Results After CA and resuscitation, two trends were observed: (1) plasma prooxidant capacity was lower during ischemia, but rapidly increased post-ROSC as compared to control, and (2) plasma antioxidant capacity was increased during ischemia, but either decreased or did not increase substantially post-ROSC as compared to control. Consequently, oxidation products were increased post-ROSC. Conclusion Our study evaluated the disbalance of pro- and anti-oxidants after CA in the plasma during the early phase after resuscitation. This disequilibrium favors the prooxidants and is associated with increased levels of downstream oxidative stress-induced end-products, which the body's antioxidant capacity is unable to directly mitigate. Here, we suggest that circulating plasma is a major contributor to oxidative stress post-CA and its management requires substantial early intervention for favorable outcomes.
Alkaline treatment for detoxification of acetic acid-rich pyrolytic bio-oil for microalgae fermentation: Effects of alkaline species and the detoxification mechanisms

Abstract Bio-oil derived from Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass contains appreciable amounts acetic acid, which can be used as substrate for growing microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . However, the toxic compounds in the bio-oil inhibit the cell growth. This work is to develop alkaline treatment methods to reduce the toxicity and improve fermentability of acetic acid rich bio-oil. When growing in raw bio-oil without any detoxification treatment, the algae can only tolerate up to 0.1 wt% of bio-oil. Treatment with KOH, NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 significantly reduced the toxicity and consequently improved the fermentability of bio-oil. The bio-oil tolerant level by microalgae depended on the alkali species used. Among the three alkali species, Ca(OH) 2 proved the most effective detoxification reagent. Inhibitory compounds such as furans, phenols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters, alcohols were removed by Ca(OH) 2 treatment through precipitation. The detoxification mechanisms by the Ca(OH) 2 -based treatment were also explored. The synergistic effect of alkaline pH, high temperature, and presence of Ca 2+ played an important role for the precipitation of those compounds, and the consequent detoxification. Collectively, the results shows alkali, particularly Ca(OH) 2 -based, treatment is an effective for reducing the toxicity of the pyrolysis derived bio-oil as fermentative substrate for microalgae growth. The microalgae can tolerant Ca(OH) 2 -treated bio-oil up to 5.5 wt%, which was 55 times higher than algal tolerance level of untreated bio-oil.