cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amino acid sequence of CAP2b, an insect cardioacceleratory peptide from the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta

The primary structure of a novel insect neuropeptide, Cardioacceleratory Peptide 2b (CAP2b), from the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta has been established using a combination of mass spectroscopy, Edman degradation microsequencing, amino acid analysis, and biological assays. The sequence of CAP2b, pyroGlu-Leu-Tyr-Ala-Phe-Pro-Arg-Val-amide, has a molecular weight of 974.6 and is blocked at both the amino and carboxyl ends. Examination of several national computer protein data bases failed to reveal other peptides or proteins with any sequence homology to CAP2b indicating that this is likely to be a novel insect neuropeptide. This peptide may be a general activator of insect viscera since it causes an increase in heart rate in Manduca and in Drosophila, and has also been implicated in the regulation of fluid secretion by the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila.
K-Distribution Analysis of Gas Radiation With Nongray, Emitting, Absorbing, and Anisotropic Scattering Particles

The K-distribution technique is presented for predicting nongray gas radiation in the presence of particle scattering. This technique transforms the otherwise formidable spectral integration problem from the frequency domain to the K or gas absorption coefficient domain. This transformation is made possible by the negligible variation of blackbody intensity and particle radiative properties with frequency within a gas band. Application of the K-distribution technique to an isothermal emission problem is made. Results are compared with those from the Monte-Carlo method
Numerical modeling of the three-dimensional flows in the ground boundary layer of a maintained axisymmetrical vortex

The three-dimensional flow in the ground boundary-layer beneath an intense Rankine vortex is studied, using a numerical technique. Equations of motion in terms of dimensionless vorticity, stream function and circulation have been derived and generalized. Upwind instead of the usual central difference scheme has been used. The method was found to be stable for the range of Reynolds numbers for the natural tornado. The results predict the known physical characteristics of the three-dimensional bound-arylayer of intense vortices, namely: The distribution of horizontal velocities in the vertical direction is oscillatory in the outer region; and the motion in the core region is upward, whilst there is weak descending motion in the outer region. The predicted pressure distribution also falls within the range observed for the natural tornado. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01622.x
Effects of a delayed steroid injection on ligament healing using a rabbit medial collateral ligament model

Corticosteroids are known to inhibit collagen synthesis in vitro as well as having a deleterious effect on ligament healing when applied immediately following injury. An acute injection of betamethasone into a transected rabbit medial collateral ligament significantly impaired the biomechanical and histological properties compared to non-injected transected ligaments. Differences in mechanical, histological and biochemical properties were observed up to 3 months following injury and an acute steroid injection. The present study explored the effects of a corticosteroid (betamethasone) injection 7 days following the initial injury. Biomechanical and histomorphometric analyses were carried out to determine if the previously observed deleterious effects of a corticosteroid injection immediately following injury can be linked to an interference in the inflammatory phase of healing due to the presence of the corticosteroid.
Prism stacking faults observed contiguous to a {10-12} twin in a Mg–Y alloy

Using transmission electron microscopy, we document, for the first time, the presence of stacking faults on the (10-10) prism planes in a fine-grained Mg–Y alloy. These prism stacking faults were found to be exclusively contiguous to a {10-12} deformation twin. In addition, the {10-12} twin contained a high density of basal plane stacking faults. Arguments are developed for the interrelationship between the stacking faults on the prism planes in the matrix and those on the basal planes in the twin.
The effect of lithium bromide and lithium chloride on the reactivity of SmI2 in THF

Abstract Lithium bromide and lithium chloride salts have a profound influence on the reactivity of SmI2. These salts increase the reducing power of SmI2 and promote pinacol coupling.
Paraspinal electromyography in high lumbar and thoracic lesions.

OBJECTIVE To use needle electromyography in the paraspinal muscles to localize the root level of a radiculopathy. DESIGN We collected nine cases of clinically proven, isolated high lumbar or thoracic disk herniations of patients who underwent MiniPM. Four were from a prospective study of 114 persons with low back pain (MiniPM had 100% sensitivity to magnetic resonance imaging-documented high disks). RESULTS In the most medial "S" column, mean MiniPM scores were 0.7 for the level above the radiologically documented lesion; 3.1 at the lesion; and 1.6, 1.6, and 1.1 at the three spinous processes below the lesion. Similar numbers were obtained in the "M" column (slightly lateral), with no significant differences between S and M. Differences were significant between and at the level of the lesion for S (P < 0.06) and M (P < 0.01), and between the lesion level and three levels below for the M column (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that paraspinal electromyography has a higher than previously reported sensitivity for high lumbar lesions. Electromyography using MiniPM can localize some radiculopathies. The individual cases suggest that, consistent with the anatomy of the caudi equina, thoracic lesions and lateral lumbar lesions denervate only at one level, but more central lumbar lesions also denervate distally innervated paraspinal muscles.
Mutants strike again in APL.

In 2 patients with As 2 O 3 -refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), Goto et al identified missense mutations in the PML-region B2-box domain that neighbor the dicysteine motif recently found to be critical for PML-RARα degradation, a requirement for curative anti-APL effect. 1
Nutritive value of acid-treated soy-flour: possible role of lecithin.

Abstract Lecithinated and nonlecithinated soy flours with and without acid treatment were fed to young rats as the only source of protein. Rats receiving lecithinated soy flour which had been treated with acid grew better than those fed untreated soy flour. No such improvement was observed with nonlecithinated soy flour treated with acid. Thus, the beneficial effect of the acid treatment of soy flour, first reported by Colvin and Ramsey (J. Dairy Sci., 51 : 898, 1968), appears to involve the lecithin component of the soy flour which they used in their studies.
Visible fibre modulational instability parametric oscillator

A visible fibre ring oscillator is demonstrated which is based on four-photon parametric gain caused by modulational instability. The modulational instability gain is accomplished in the normal dispersion regime by synchronously pumping both axes of a birefringent fibre. The modulational instability parametric oscillator output intensity exhibits 3-4 THz oscillations, and up to three Stokes bands are generated in the spectrum, ranging over 400 cm -1
Greater focus needed on methane leakage from natural gas infrastructure

Natural gas is seen by many as the future of American energy: a fuel that can provide energy independence and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the process. However, there has also been confusion about the climate implications of increased use of natural gas for electric power and transportation. We propose and illustrate the use of technology warming potentials as a robust and transparent way to compare the cumulative radiative forcing created by alternative technologies fueled by natural gas and oil or coal by using the best available estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from each fuel cycle (i.e., production, transportation and use). We find that a shift to compressed natural gas vehicles from gasoline or diesel vehicles leads to greater radiative forcing of the climate for 80 or 280 yr, respectively, before beginning to produce benefits. Compressed natural gas vehicles could produce climate benefits on all time frames if the well-to-wheels CH4 leakage were capped at a level 45–70% below current estimates. By contrast, using natural gas instead of coal for electric power plants can reduce radiative forcing immediately, and reducing CH4 losses from the production and transportation of natural gas would produce even greater benefits. There is a need for the natural gas industry and science community to help obtain better emissions data and for increased efforts to reduce methane leakage in order to minimize the climate footprint of natural gas.
Alternating brittle and ductile response of coherent twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals

Nanotwinned metals have opened exciting avenues for the design of high strength and high ductility materials. In this work, we investigate crack propagation along coherent twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals using molecular dynamics. Our simulations reveal that alternating twin boundaries exhibit intrinsic brittleness and ductility owing to the opposite crystallographic orientations of the adjoining twins. This is a startling consequence of the directional anisotropy of an atomically sharp crack along a twin boundary that favors cleavage in one direction and dislocation emission from the crack tip in the opposite direction. We further find that a blunt crack exhibits ductility in all cases albeit with very distinct deformation mechanisms and yield strength associated with intrinsically brittle and ductile coherent twin boundaries.
Solution conformations of a trimannoside from nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations.

Abstract N-linked oligosaccharides often act as ligands for receptor proteins in a variety of cell recognition processes. Knowledge of the solution conformations, as well as protein-bound conformations, of these oligosaccharides is required to understand these important interactions. In this paper we present a model for the solution conformations sampled by a simple trimannoside, methyl 3,6-di-O-( α -d-mannopyranosyl)- α -d-mannopyranoside, which contains two of the most commonly found glycosidic linkages in N-linked oligosaccharides. This model was derived from simulated annealing protocols incorporating distance restraints extracted from NOESY spectra along with torsional restraints computed from three-bond 1 H- 13 C coupling constants measured across the glycosidic bonds. The model was refined in light of unrestrained molecular dynamics simulations conducted in the presence of solvent water. The resulting model depicts a molecule undergoing conformational averaging in solution, adopting four major and two minor conformations. The four major conformations arise from a pair of two-state transitions, one each at the α (1→3) and α (1→6) linkages, whereas the minor conformations result from an additional transition of the α (1→6) linkage. Our data also suggest that the α (1→3) transition is fast and changes the molecular shape slightly, whereas the α (1→6) is much slower and alters the molecular shape dramatically.
Neuropsychological Aspects of Wilson's Disease

A consecutive series of 34 patients with confirmed diagnoses of Wilson's disease (WD) was administered complete neuropsychological examinations upon admission to a university medical center for routine laboratory tests. Twenty-five patients with neurological and/or hepatic symptoms (symptomatics) revealed frequent and severe motor deficits and infrequent and mild cognitive deficits in contrast to nine patients with genetic findings of Wilson's disease but no symptomatic findings (asymptomatics). Somato-sensory tests were normal in all. One of the most intriguing findings was the absence of a significant correlation between the level of copper toxicity and the degree, nature, and frequency of associated neurological deficits in both symptomatic and asymtomatic patients. Fifty per cent of the present sample received psychiatric treatment, including hospitalization, for schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and related disorders prior to confirmed diagnosis of WD. The present findings provide additional eviden...
Expression of angiogenic factors during distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis is a unique and effective way to treat limb length inequality resulting from congenital and posttraumatic skeletal defects. However, despite its widespread clinical use, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which this surgical treatment promotes new bone formation are not well understood. Previous studies in distraction osteogenesis have noted increased blood flow and vessel formation within the zone of distraction. These observations suggest that distraction osteogenesis may be driven in part by an angiogenic process. Using immunohistological analysis, the expression of two different angiogenic factors (VEGF and bFGF) was shown to localize at the leading edge of the distraction gap, where nascent osteogenesis was occurring. These cells were spatially adjacent to new vessels that were identified by staining for factor VIII. Microarray analysis detected maximal mRNA expression for a wide variety of angiogenic factors including angiopoietin 1 and 2, both Tie receptors, VEGF-A and -D, VEGFR2, and neuropilin 1. Expression of these factors was found to be maximal during the phase of active distraction. Expression of mRNA for extracellular matrix proteins and BMPs was also maximal during this period. A comparison between the patterns of gene expression in fracture healing and distraction osteogenesis revealed similarities; however, the expression of a number of genes showed selective expression in these two types of bone healing. These data suggest that bone formation during distraction osteogenesis is accompanied by the robust induction of factors associated with angiogenesis and support further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms by which angiogenic events promote bone repair and regeneration.
Analysis of performances by normals and retardates on Piagetian reasoning assessments as a function of verbal ability.

Criticism has been addressed to the Piagetian method for assessment of cognitive development because of the technique's dependence on verbal report. In the present study a battery of 29 reasoning assessments and the appropriate form of the Wechsler scales were administered to 75 normals and 75 retardates. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine the effect of language development on cognitive development. In general, results support Piaget's contention that cognitive development is not totally dependent on concurrent language development.
Task allocation model for minimization of completion time in distributed computer systems

A task in a distributed computing system consists of a set of related modules. Each of the modules will execute on one of the processors of the system and communicate with some other modules. In addition, precedence relationships may exist among the modules. Task allocation is an essential activity in distributed-software design. This activity is of importance to all phases of the development of a distributed system. This paper establishes task completion-time models and task allocation models for minimizing task completion time. Current work in this area is either at the experimental level or without the consideration of precedence relationships among modules. The development of mathematical models for the computation of task completion time and task allocation will benefit many real-time computer applications such as radar systems, navigation systems, industrial process control systems, image processing systems, and artificial intelligence oriented systems.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calcification of differentiating skeletal mesenchyme in vitro

Embryonic limb-bud mesenchyme was induced to calcify in culture by the addition of 3 mM inorganic phosphate to the medium. Phosphate enhanced calcification of the matrix produced by mesenchymal or fibroblast-like cells, whereas no calcification was evident in areas where cartilage had developed. However, calcification was induced throughout the cell layer by altering the cartilage matrix properties with certain enzymes or by changing the phenotypic expression of the cells with vitamin A.
Children's understanding of private keys in referential communication.

A private key is a referential utterance used to inform selectively. The ambiguity of the utterance conceals meaning from nonselected audience members. The purpose of this study was to examine three aspects of children's understanding of the use of private keys. Experiment 1 concerned children's sensitivity to information in the context of utterance (i.e., the common ground). Experiment 2 examined appreciation of audience design and the speaker's intent. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 explored some reasons for children's problems in understanding private keys. The results show that even first graders are sensitive to common ground information and the speaker's intent. However, audience design is troublesome even for second graders in some situations, probably because they fail to assess the knowledge of the audience members. Private keys are important theoretically because they represent an aspect of referential communication involving the uses of ambiguous utterances that have been ignored by developmental researchers.
Determination of the condition of existence of complete crank rotation and of the instantaneous efficiency of spatial four-bar mechanisms

Abstract This paper treats the derivation of the general conditions of existence of complete crank rotation in spatial RSsSR and RSsSP four-bar mechanisms. These conditions take the form of inequalities which must be satisfied by the coefficients of a quartic equation, with the tangent of the output half-angle as the unknown. Previously derived criteria for special cases (such as the planar four-link mechanism and the 3D-slider-crank) are shown to agree with the new general conditions. The instantaneous quasi-static efficiency of these mechanisms is also presented.
Cell membrane resealing by a vesicular mechanism similar to neurotransmitter release

After injury to the cell membrane, rapid resealing of the membrane occurs with little loss of intracellular contents. This process has been studied by measurement of the rate of dye loss after membrane puncture in both the sea urchin embryo and 3T3 fibroblasts. Resealing of disrupted cell membranes requires external calcium that can be antagonized by magnesium. Block of multifunctional calcium/calmodulin kinase, which regulates exocytotic vesicle availability at synapses, and of kinesin, which is required for outward-directed transport of vesicles, inhibited membrane resealing. Resealing was also inhibited by botulinum neurotoxins B and A, suggesting that the two synaptosomal-associated proteins synaptobrevin and SNAP-25 also participate in resealing. This pattern of inhibition indicates that the calcium-dependent mechanisms for cell membrane resealing may involve vesicle delivery, docking, and fusion, similar to the exocytosis of neurotransmitters.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED OOCYST PROTEIN FROM EIMERIA TENELLA

Changes in proteins during sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts were investigated. Unsporulated E. tenella oocysts collected from cecal tissue at 7 days postinoculation were sporulated in aerated media at 28 C for 0–48 hr. Gel analysis of soluble protein extracts prepared from oocysts from their respective time points indicated the presence of 2 prominent bands with relative molecular weight (Mr) in the range of 30 kDa and making up 20% of the total protein. These 2 bands, designated as major oocyst proteins (MOPs), were absent or barely detectable by 21 hr of sporulation. MOP bands were weakly reactive with glycoprotein stain but showed no mobility shift on deglycosylation. By gel analysis it was shown that the purified MOPs consisted of 2 bands of Mr 28.7 and 30.1 kDa. However, by matrix-assisted laser deabsorption–time of flight analysis it was shown that masses were about 17% lower. Internal sequence analysis of the 28.7-kDa protein generated 2 peptides of 17 and 14 amino acids in length, consistent...
Pulmonary Edema Caused by Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Two Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With the CREST Syndrome

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is commonly associated with the CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) syndrome. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is often used to assess acute vasoresponsiveness in patients with PAH, and reports of adverse reactions have been infrequent. We describe two of nine patients with PAH and CREST syndrome who had pulmonary edema develop during acute iNO testing. This complication was not encountered in the 46 patients with other forms of PAH tested with iNO. We suggest that iNO should be used with caution, if at all, to test acute vasoreactivity in patients with CREST syndrome.
The Use of Ondansetron in the Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Acetaminophen Poisoning

Background: Nausea and vomiting associated with poisoning can complicate treatment and in some cases delay potential antidote administration. Side effects such as lowering the seizure threshold may at times discourage the use of traditionalphenothiazine and butyrophenone antiemetics. Methods: We performed a prospective, single arm, observational study examining the effectiveness of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron in the management of nausea and vomiting associated with acetaminophen poisoning. Patients with a history or laboratory evidence of acetaminophen poisoning were eligible for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria included age less than 18 or greater than 65, use of other antiemetic therapy within the previous 12 hours, history of preexisting hepatic or hematologic disease, pregnancy, or significant ingestion of other substances. Upon meeting entry criteria, patients were administered 8 mg of intravenous ondansetron. Nausea was graded on a 100 mm scale with number of emetic episodes r...
Differing autonomic response to dobutamine in the presence and absence of ischemia: implications for the autonomic contribution to positive inotropic intervention

Although it is well recognized that dobutamine is a powerful positive inotropic agent mediating increased myocardial contractility through direct β-adrenergic stimulation, the mechanism of its overall circulatory effects appears more complex than that which may be ascribed solely to this direct action on the myocardium. Previous investigations have implied that reflex alterations in autonomic balance may contribute significantly to the response to this agent, but direct evidence describing such a response has not been reported. The objective of this investigation was to assess changes in autonomic tone induced by dobutamine in the presence and absence of ischemia through the measurement of heart rate variability in patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Of 25 consecutive patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography, 16 were found to have unequivocal evidence for or against the presence of ischemia during dobutamine infusion. Heart rate data from these 16 patients were submitted for spectral analysis of heart rate variability and quantification of parasympathetically governed high-frequency heart rate variability and sympathetically influenced low-frequency heart rate variability. Of the 16 patients nine were not found to have evidence for ischemia (group 1), and seven were found to have echocardiographic findings consistent with dobutamine-induced ischemia (group 2). The two groups significantly differed (p = 0.04) in the change in parasympathetic tone associated with dobutamine with a significant (p = 0.04) increase in parasympathetic tone in group 1 and a numeric decrease in group 2. A significant (p = 0.04) decrease in sympathetic tone was noted in group 1 as reflected by low-frequency heart rate variability with a numeric increase in this measure in group 2. Patients in group 1 had significantly (p = 0.0007) increased ejection fraction and were found to have a significantly (p < 0.05) lower peak heart rate with dobutamine administration as compared with patients in group 2, who were not found to have any change in ejection fraction and who had a greater increase in peak heart rate over baseline. These results indicate that in the absence of myocardial ischemia dobutamine administration is associated with a significant increase in parasympathetic tone and reduction of sympathetic drive, which is not seen in patients in whom ischemia develops with dobutamine stimulation. The autonomic changes in the absence of ischemia may represent a reflex response to myocardial mechanoreceptor or arterial baroreceptor stimulation, which does not occur in the presence of ischemia. Therefore these data provide evidence that alterations in autonomic balance contribute significantly to the circulatory response to dobutamine and suggest that such reflex mechanisms contribute to the response to positive inotropic agents in general.
Magnitude estimates of perceived and remembered length and area

Subjects made repeated magnitude estimates of the lengths of lines or the areas of irregular polygons either from memory or while viewing the stimuli. As had been found previously for cartographic distance and area (Kerst & Howard, 1978), memory exponents approximated the square of perceptual exponents. Memory exponents differed for length and area, which suggests that more than ordinal information is preserved in memory. These results suggest important similarities between perceptual and memorial processes.
Interrelations of reconstitution activity, reactions with electron acceptors, and iron-sulfur centers in succinate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Reconstitutively active, soluble preparations of succinate dehydrogenase have been examined for the stoichiometric relationship of the covalently bound flavin to the electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) signals of the iron-sulfur centers known to be present in membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. The Fe-S center ( g = 2.01), which is paramagnetic in the oxidized state (the high-potential Fe-S cluster of the enzyme, HiPIP) and which was identified in earlier studies as a component of succinate-ubiquinone reductase (Beinert et al. , 1975, Eur. J. Biochem. 54 , 185), can be demonstrated in reconstitutively active, soluble preparations (0.20 to 0.35 equiv/mol of enzyme) at a significantly higher level than in enzyme preparations extracted without succinate. Studies of the kinetics of the reduction of the epr-detectable Fe-S centers revealed no difference between reconstitutively active and inactive preparations in the behavior of centers 1 and 2 and, of the oxidized Fe-S center detected in reconstitutively active preparations, only a part or none at all was reduced by succinate at catalytically significant rates. The failure to demonstrate the HiPIP center in stoichiometric amounts even when the enzyme is extracted and purified under anaerobic conditions in the presence of succinate may be due to the experimental conditions needed to convert this center to the paramagnetic state for observation, i.e., the obligatory use of artificial electron acceptors, such as ferricyanide. A procedure devised to circumvent this problem by incorporating the soluble enzyme into alkali-treated membranes resulted in a reconstituted preparation which was more stable to oxidizing agents. After incorporation into the membrane, between 50 and 100% of the HiPIP center was then detectable, suggesting a relationship between this Fe-S component and reconstitution activity. It has also been noted that, under aerobic conditions, the rates of decay of this epr signal, the reconstitution activity, and the catalytic activity of soluble preparations with low concentrations of ferricyanide as electron acceptor go parallel and may, indeed, be functions of the integrity of the same property of the protein. During this time, about half of the phenazine methosulfate reductase activity also declines, and the process is accompanied by a major increase in K m for phenazine methosulfate. The content of the two ferredoxin-type Fe-S cehters, one of which is reduced by the substrate (center 1) and the other by dithionite but not by succinate (center 2), in reconstitutively active preparations did not differ significantly from that of reconstitutively inactive, soluble preparations. On the basis of these data, the notion that the ferredoxin-type Fe-S centers or signals of reconstitutively active enzyme have properties very different from those of other preparations is considered lacking in experimental support.
“This Is Hard, Isn't It?”: Children Evaluating Writing

This paper describes the evaluation criteria that nonnative-English-speaking children (Grades 2–6) employed when evaluating writing. Specifically, the paper discusses: (a) the range of evaluation criteria that children used, (b) whether authorship influenced evaluation criteria (not all the stories were written by the children), and (c) whether the evaluation criteria used by the children varied according to age. The study is grounded in 14 in-depth interviews of 9 students, in which they rated pieces of writing and explained why they had given each story its particular rating. An analysis of the data reveals that the students (a) were critical evaluators, (b) tended to focus on meaning regardless of their age and whether the piece of writing had been written by themselves or an anonymous peer, (c) were highly idiosyncratic in the range of evaluation criteria that they employed, and (d) were influenced by the pedagogical focus in their ESOL classes.
Regulation of transmethylation by an S-adenosylmethionine binding protein

Abstract A protein which has a high affinity for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) has been partially purified from rat liver. This binding protein stimulates both the rate and extent of product formation when added to both a lipid methylating system, phosphatidylethanolamine: SAM-N-methyltransferase, and an RNA methylating system, the t-RNA methylase complex from rat liver. The S-adenosylmethionine binding protein by itself has no enzymatic activity in either transmethylation system.
An efficient, reliable and robust error estimator for elliptic problems in R3

In this article, we develop and analyze a hierarchical-type error estimator for a general class of second-order linear elliptic boundary value problems in bounded three-dimensional domains. This type of indicator automatically satisfies a global lower bound inequality, thereby giving efficiency, without regularity assumptions beyond those giving well-posedness of the continuous and discrete problems. The main focus of the paper is then to establish the reverse reliability result: a global upper bound on the error in terms of the error estimate (plus an oscillation term), again without additional regularity assumptions. The proof of this inequality depends on a clever choice of the space in which the error indicator lies and a moment-capturing quasi-interpolation result. We finish the article with a series of numerical experiments to illustrate the behavior predicted by the theoretical results.
Lumbar Spine Injury/Pathology as a Predictor of Outcomes in National Football League Athletes.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine if a pre-existing lumbar diagnosis such as spondylosis, a herniated lumbar disc, or spondylolysis affects a football player’s draft status or his performance and longevity in the NFL.
Childhood diabetes presenting with hyperosmolar dehydration but without ketoacidosis: a report of three cases.

Background Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common mode of presentation of diabetes mellitus in children, accounting for 26% of new cases. Rarely, children with diabetes may develop other forms of metabolic decompensation associated with hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality. Hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality without ketoacidosis has high mortality in adults, although there is no data on mortality in children. Case reports We deseribe three children who presented to Birmingham Children's Hospital and were initially suspected to have DKA. Each child was severely hyperglycaemic and hyperosmolar but without significant ketosis or acidosis. In two of the three children, the hyperosmolar state was associated with the ingestion of large volumes of high calorie fluids preceding the presentation. These children were exquisitely sensitive to insulin and may be at a significantly higher risk of cerebral oedema in view of their hyperosmolar state. Conclusions Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia is a serious and rare complication at presentation of diabetes in children, and should be distinguished from DKA. These children are at an increased risk of cerebral oedema compared with DKA, and one should have a low threshold for suspicion of this complication.
ON AN ANALYTIC PROOF OF A RESULT BY DONALDSON

We give an analytic proof of a result by Donaldson which asserts that there is a one to one correspondence between the moduli space of framed instantons on S4 and the moduli space of holomorphic bundles over CP2 trivialized along a line.
Redescription of Tetradactyl Philippine Slender Skinks (Genus Brachymeles)

Abstract We redescribe the exceedingly rare, tetradactyl Philippine scincid lizards of the genus Brachymeles. Before the recent discovery of a second museum specimen of Brachymeles wrighti, and the rediscovery of B. elerae in the wild, these two species were known from a combined three museum specimens, all collected in the early 1900s. Since that time, biotic surveys in the region, including recent efforts focused at the recognized type localities for both species, resulted in the rediscovery of extant populations of B. elerae. Based on re-examination of type material, complete mensural and meristic data for a recently recovered museum specimen, as well as our recently collected material, we redescribe these two rare species, providing the first, complete diagnostic illustrations of head scalation and hand and foot morphology, and we comment on their taxonomic and phenotypic affinities, and conservation status.
An application of the Arnoldi's method to a geophysical fluid dynamics problem

Abstract A new method to find solutions of large linear systems, based on a projection on the Krylov subspace, is shown to be successful when applied to the linearized barotropic and baroclinc primitive equations. These sets of equations are widely used in the simulation of the dynamics of the atmosphere. The scheme consists of projecting the original linear system on the Krylov subspace, thereby reducing the dimensionality of the matrix to be inverted in order to obtain the solution. The iterative Arnoldi's method reaches a solution even using a Krylov subspace ten times smaller than the original space of the problem. This generality allows us to treat the important problem of propagation of linear waves in the atmosphere from a more general point of view. A larger class (nonzonally symmetric) of basic states can now be treated for the baroclinic primitive equations. These kinds of problems leading to large unsymmetrical linear system of order 10000 or more can now be successfully tackled by the Krylov approach. Numerical results of a General Circulation Model, linearized around a nonsymmetrical basic state, are here shown for various numbers of degrees of freedom.
Gender role orientation and fearfulness in children with anxiety disorders.

Abstract Research on gender differences in children's fears has generally shown that girls are more fearful than boys. A common hypothesis offered for this finding is that gender role orientations or expectations may be operating. However, this hypothesis has not been directly investigated in child samples. The present study examined the relation between a self-report measure of gender role orientation (i.e., masculinity/femininity) and the intensity of self-reported fears in a clinic sample of children N = 66; ages 6–11; 41 boys and 25 girls with anxiety disorders. Results revealed that masculinity was negatively related to overall levels of fearfulness as well as specific fears of failure and criticism, medical fears, and fears of the unknown. In contrast, no relation was found between femininity and fearfulness. These findings suggest that gender role orientation, especially masculinity, may play a role in the development and/or maintenance of fearfulness in children.
Modeling of Device Characteristics as Function of Ti Salicide Rapid Thermal Processing Parameters for Deep-Sub-Micron CMOS Technologies

Rapid thermal processing is widely applied in self-aligned Ti silicide processes for deep-sub-micron devices. We investigated and modeled the effects of rapid thermal processing variables (silicide formation temperature and time, and anneal temperature and time) and Ti thickness on deep-sub-micron device characteristics. The effect of Ti thickness, formation temperature and time on diode leakage and bridging due to silicide lateral growth, and its correlation to silicide thickness was analyzed; as well as the effects of these and the anneal variables on n+ gate sheet resistance, silicide to source/drain contact resistance and transistor source-drain series resistance. An expression for n+ gate sheet resistance is given, as function of anneal temperature and time, silicide thickness, linewidth and TiSi2 C49 grain size after formation, based on a nucleation density model in agreement with measurements of TiSi2 C49 to C54 transformation kinetics. The tradeoffs and process window limits are discussed, as well as trends observed when scaling down lateral and vertical dimensions. We show that for advanced technologies, the scaling of silicide thickness and linewidth narrows the process window between full C49 to C54 transformation and agglomeration temperatures. Due to the high activation energy of the C49 to C54 transformation, a process window for low sheet resistance exists only for high temperature-short time processes.
A note on maximum likelihood estimation for the first-order autoregressive process

The maximum likelihood estimator of the parameters of a zero-mean normal stationary first-order autoregressive process is in-vestigated. it is shown that the likelihood function is uniquely maximized at a point in the interior of the parameter space. A closed-form expression is obtained for the estimator.
Quarter-wave pulse tube

Abstract In high-power pulse-tube refrigerators, the pulse tube itself can be very long without too much dissipation of acoustic power on its walls. The pressure amplitude, the volume-flow-rate amplitude, and the time phase between them evolve significantly along a pulse tube that is about a quarter-wavelength long. Proper choice of length and area makes the oscillations at the ambient end of the long pulse tube optimal for driving a second, smaller pulse-tube refrigerator, thereby utilizing the acoustic power that would typically have been dissipated in the first pulse-tube refrigerator’s orifice. Experiments show that little heat is carried from the ambient heat exchanger to the cold heat exchanger in such a long pulse tube, even though the oscillations are turbulent and even when the tube is compactly coiled.
Irregular Field Transformation Structures

Irregular waveguides and diffractive elements with strong scatter provide degrees of freedom which allow new functionalities and compact devices necessary for solid state processing. Simulations and also experiments illustrate their efficacy.
Dominant subthreshold conduction paths in short-channel MOSFET's

Conduction modes in off-biased n+-polysilicon gate MOSFET's of both polarities have been analyzed by two-dimensional device simulations. It was found that the dominant leakage paths in p-channel and n-channel enhancement devices occur in the bulk and at the surface, respectively, at V_{GS} = V_{BS} = 0 . The control of these two distinct modes is the flatband voltage of the gate. The situation is exactly reversed when boron-doped polysilicon is used as the gate. Additionally, we showed that this physical insight can be readily gained by a quasi-two-dimensional analysis of the surface potential and its bending into the substrate. The leakage mode in short-channel MOSFET's with other gate material or with different interface properties generated by radiation or other stresses can thus be easily assessed. Subthreshold characteristics have been simulated for n+-polysilicon-gate low-threshold p-channel transistors having a p-type surface from boron counterdoping. The computed channel-length dependence is found to be in good agreement with measured data. Dominant leakage paths, in this case, remain in the bulk, while the surface holes from boron counterdoping are depleted by the flatband voltage. Since the common practice for reducing subthreshold leakage is to enhance substrate impurity concentration where punchthrough occurs, we therefore conclude that different strategies of process tailoring are required for MOSFET's of different gate material, surface polarity, and interface properties.
Liquid sprays to assist stabilisation and revegetation of coastal sand dunes

Summary These studies examined the use of a range of liquid sprays, compared with brush matting, as temporary means of assisting the surface stabilisation and revegetation of coastal sand dunes. Measurements were made of the effects of the stabilisers on sand stabilisation, soil moisture and spinifex grass establishment, using small plot trials at Grassy Head in eastern Australia. All treatments allowed spinifex grass to establish from seed, however there were significant differences in the ability of the liquid sprays to provide sand stabilisation and hence the long term survival of spinifex. Brush matting was superior to all sprays as a stabiliser for the establishment of spinifex. No treatments had any significant effect on soil moisture.
Deposition of zinc oxide thin films by combustion CVD

Abstract Combustion chemical vapor deposition (combustion CVD) has been developed to produce zinc oxide thin films. Combustion CVD is different from conventional CVD in that it is performed in a flame. The flame provides the energy, primarily in the form of heat, necessary to deposit ceramic thin films. Zinc 2-ethylhexanoate was dissolved in an organic solvent to produce the flammable solutions used to deposit zinc oxide films onto amorphous silica substrates. Zinc ion concentrations in the solutions were 0.01 M. Substrate temperatures were monitored and controlled during the depositions. Several substrate temperatures, ranging from 190–850°C, were used. Crystalline films up to 1.4 μm-thick were produced at deposition rates up to 5 μm/h. The films were of the hexagonal wurtzite structure and displayed a strong preferred orientation of (002) normal to the substrate surfaces. A variety of microstructures were produced depending on substrate temperature during deposition. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry were used to characterize the films.
Impact of Harvest Equipment on Ash Variability of Baled Corn Stover Biomass for Bioenergy

Cost-effective conversion of agricultural residues for renewable energy hinges not only on the material’s quality but also the biorefinery’s ability to reliably measure quality specifications. The ash content of biomass is one such specification, influencing pretreatment and disposal costs for the conversion facility and the overall value of a delivered lot of biomass. The biomass harvest process represents a primary pathway for accumulation of soil-derived ash within baled material. In this work, the influence of five collection techniques on the total ash content and variability of ash content within baled corn stover in southwest Kansas is discussed. The equipment tested included a mower for cutting the corn stover stubble, a basket rake, wheel rake, or shred flail to gather the stover, and a mixed or uniform in-feed baler for final collection. The results showed mean ash content to range from 11.5 to 28.2 % depending on operational choice. Resulting impacts on feedstock costs for a biochemical conversion process range from $5.38 to $22.30 Mg−1 based on the loss of convertible dry matter and ash disposal costs. Collection techniques that minimized soil contact (shred flail or nonmowed stubble) were shown to prevent excessive ash contamination, whereas more aggressive techniques (mowing and use of a wheel rake) caused greater soil disturbance and entrainment within the final baled material. Material sampling and testing were shown to become more difficult as within-bale ash variability increased, creating uncertainty around feedstock quality and the associated costs of ash mitigation.
A follow-up to training emergency skills

This investigation represents a follow-up assessment of children's responses 9 months after termination of a multifaceted behavioral procedure designed to teach how to exit a burning house. In the initial program, five children were trained in socially validated methods of responding to several simulated home emergency fire situations. Marked changes were attained with training, and improvements were socially validated. A 5-month follow-up on the five children indicated that emergency exiting skills were maintained at moderate levels when compared to original baseline levels. However, behavior was below levels required for safe exiting from fires. High levels of responding were quickly reestablished in the four children who received remedial training. Follow-up assessment 9 months after termination of the original training (and 4 months after retraining) revealed that behavior had again fallen below levels required for safety, although to a lesser degree. The results of this study indicate the need to ensure continued levels of high responding after withdrawal of interventions for adaptive skills.
The Treatment Advocacy Program-Sinai: A Peer-Based HIV Prevention Intervention for Working with African American HIV-Infected Persons

As HIV/AIDS continues to disproportionately affect African American communities, there is a growing need for empirically based, culturally appropriate, tailored interventions for this clientele. As part of a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)/Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) initiative to increase prevention amongst those living with HIV, we implemented the Treatment Advocacy Program Intervention at Mount Sinai Hospital in Chicago, IL, USA. The main goal of the intervention was to help patients increase their medication adherence and sexual safety skills. This paper describes the rationale for implementing this peer-based HIV-prevention intervention, discusses how the intervention was tailored to work within our low socio-economic status, urban patient population, and reviews the training and quality assurance activities needed to integrate the intervention into our primary care clinic. We review the intervention content in detail, including the structure of the multiple, one-on-one education sessions, and the core topics covered (medication adherence and sexual safety). Finally, we discuss the challenges in implementing this program, many of which arise from the chaotic social situations that our patients experience.