cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free sphingosine formation from endogenous substrates by a liver plasma membrane system with a divalent cation dependence and a neutral pH optimum.

Abstract Long-chain (sphingoid) bases may serve as another category of "lipid second messenger" because they inhibit protein kinase C and affect multiple cellular functions. Free sphingosine has been found in rat liver (Merrill, A. H., Jr., Wang, E., Mullins, R. E., Jamison, W. C. L., Nimkar, S., and Liotta, D. C. (1988) Anal. Biochem. 171, 373-381); hence, this study determined if liver plasma membranes contain free long-chain bases and have the ability to form them from endogenous enzymes and substrates. Isolated plasma membranes contained 0.45 nmol of sphingosine/mg of protein which, based on the recovery of the membranes, was equivalent to 3.5 +/- 1.2 nmol/g of liver and at least half of the total free sphingosine in liver. When the membranes were incubated at 37 degrees C, the amount increased at an initial rate of 5-25 pmol/min/mg, resulting in a 2-3-fold increase over an hour. Sphingosine formation required divalent cations, was optimal at neutral to alkaline pH, and was temperature-dependent. Activities with these characteristics were not identified in microsomes or lysosomes (lysosomal activities with acidic pH optima were detected, however); hence, they appear to reflect a separate plasma membrane system. Sphingosine formation was stimulated by ceramides either added exogenously or formed endogenously by treating the membranes with sphingomyelinase (but not endoglycoceramidase). Sphingomyelin hydrolysis to ceramide was also observed during incubation of the plasma membranes alone. Some of the properties of this system resembled the neutral sphingomyelinase and ceramidase activities of liver. While the physiological significance of this endogenous sphingosine is not known, this system has the appropriate subcellular location to provide sphingosine as a participant in signal transduction.
The Discrimination of Printed Words by Prereading Children.

In addition to the discrimination of individual printed letters, beginning readers must learn to perceive individual letters within complex, whole-word stimuli. The present study shows that the discrimination of letters presented individually does not automatically entail the discrimination of 3-letter printed words that differ only in the first letter (e.g., sat, mat). Thirty-two children ranging in age from 3½ to 5½ years participated in two studies. All showed highly accurate discrimination of individual letters in identity matching-to-sample procedures before being exposed to the word-matching task. On the word-matching task, 21 of the 32 children showed accuracy of less than 85%, and 11 of these showed accuracy of 65% or less. Word-discrimination accuracy did not improve in retests of a subset of children after periods ranging from 3 weeks to 3 months. In Study 2, six children who initially showed relatively low word-matching accuracy were taught using fading procedures. Moreover, generalization to u...
Microphone array speech enhancement by Bayesian estimation of spectral amplitude and phase

Microphone arrays provide new opportunities for noise reduction and speech enhancement. This paper presents a novel decomposition of the estimation problems for short-time spectral amplitude (STSA), log STSA, and phase in the Bayesian estimation framework. The decomposition is based on the notion of sufficient statistics for the microphone array case. It nicely generalizes the wellknown single-channel Ephraim-Malah estimators (1984, 1985) to the microphone array case. We also compare noise reduction obtained in the single channel with the two- and four-channel cases on real data.
A new era for spontaneous emission: the single-mode light-emitting-diode

We present experimental results on the spontaneous emission from various types of microscopic dielectric resonator structures, which have been designed for the goal of being useful for making a single-mode LED. >
Clearance of α-Aminoisobutyric Acid During in Situ Perfusion of the Guinea Pig Placenta

Studies of the transport of amino acids across the placenta in a variety of species have provided little evidence of differences in amino acid transport among species with hemochorial placentae. A non-metabolized neutral amino acid (a-aminoisobutyric acid — AIB) has been used as a model compound in several studies of amino acid transport. Several studies exist which show that AIB transport from mother to fetus has characteristics often found in active transport systems, and it is now widely believed that AIB is actively transported across the hemochorial placenta. For example, tissue slices from both the human and guinea pig placenta are capable of concentrating AIB against a gradient, and this concentration follows saturation kinetics (Dancis et al., 1968; Miller and Berndt, 1974). Further, specific amino acid transport systems present in several types of isolated cells and tissues (the A, L., and ASC systems) are also present in the placenta. The A system has been shown to mediate AIB transport in the human placenta (Enders et al., 1976).
Fracture strain of LPCVD polysilicon

A polysilicon bridge-slider structure in which one end of the bridge is fixed and the other is connected to a plate sliding in two flanged guideways, is designed and fabricated to study the strain at fracture of LPCVD polysilicon. In the experiments, a mechanical probe is used to push against the plate end, compressing and forcing the bridge to buckle until it breaks. The distance that the plate needs to be pushed to break the bridge is recorded. Nonlinear beam theory is then used to interpret the results of these axially-loaded-bridge experiments. The measured average fracture strain of as-deposited LPCVD polysilicon is 1.72%. High-temperature annealing of the bridge-sliders at 1000 degrees C for 1 h decreases the average fracture strain to 0.93%. >
Risk factor of influenza virus infection to febrile convulsions and recurrent febrile convulsions in children

Purpose : Febrile convulsions are a common pediatric neurological disease, and it is important to prevent such a disease by controlling the risk factors that may recur. A recent report states that influenza virus infections have a high probability of a relationship with febrile convulsions; therefore, it is necessary to identify the clinical properties of febrile convulsions in relation to domestic influenza virus infections. Methods : Between November 2005 and February 2008, children hospitalized because of febrile convulsions and subsequently confirmed to have influenza infections were enrolled as subjects (patient group, n=11). The control subjects were those admitted with influenza virus infections but no febrile convulsions (control group 1, n=46) and those who developed febrile convulsions without influenza virus infection (control group 2, n=53). Results : The patient group showed a higher maximum body temperature (39.30.5), more histories of past febrile convulsions (72.7%), and a shorter total duration of fever (2.91.2 days) than control group 1. When multivariate analysis was performed, the probability of febrile convulsions was found to be as high as 225.9 times in patients who had influenza virus infections with a past history of febrile convulsions (OR=225.9, 95% CI: 1.7-4780.0, P0.7 days) before convulsion than control group 2; these convulsions were mostly a recurrence of febrile convulsions. When multivariate analysis was performed, the cases with a past history of febrile convulsions showed 5.5 times (OR=5.5, 95% CI: 1.2-25.1, P=0.03) the probability of convulsions when infected with the influenza virus, and this probability decreased by 0.3 times over one-day increments of the febrile period until febrile convulsions (95% CI: 0.1-0.9, P=0.02). Maximum body temperature, total duration of fever, family history of febrile convulsions, and complex febrile convulsions did not show a statistical significance. Conclusion : In cases of pediatric influenza virus infection, the past history of febrile convulsions could be identified within the risk factor of recurrent febrile convulsions. Therefore, influenza vaccination of children having a past history of febrile convulsions will be helpful to avoid the recurrence of these convulsions.
Biologic markers as predictors of cardiovascular disease

Epidemiologic data obtained over the past 30 years suggest that a number of new biologic markers are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. These include indices related to (1) altered glucose metabolism, particularly insulin resistance; (2) hyperlipidemia; (3) elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine; (4) increased levels of molecules reflecting decreased fibrinolysis and increased activation of the coagulation cascade; (5) elevations in cell adhesion molecules and other markers of endothelial function; and (6) elevations in molecules associated with infection, inflammation, and vascular remodeling. Changes in molecules associated with increased risk usually occur in clusters. This clustering suggests that effective treatment of one marker may have positive effects on multiple markers. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that therapies designed to reduce hyperlipidemia may also lower the plasma levels of factors associated with increased coagulation and reduced fibrinolysis. Thus, careful assessment of patient risk factors, and the development of therapies directed toward chains of markers associated with increased risk, may significantly alter the course of cardiovascular disease.
Computational approaches to temporal sampling of video sequences

Video key frame extraction is one of the most important research problems for video summarization, indexing, and retrieval. For a variety of applications such as ubiquitous media access and video streaming, the temporal boundaries between video key frames are required for synchronizing visual content with audio. In this article, we define temporal video sampling as a unified process of extracting video key frames and computing their temporal boundaries, and formulate it as an optimization problem. We first provide an optimal approach that minimizes temporal video sampling error using a dynamic programming process. The optimal approach retrieves a key frame hierarchy and all temporal boundaries in O(n4) time and O(n2) space. To further reduce computational complexity, we also provide a suboptimal greedy algorithm that exploits the data structure of a binary heap and uses a novel “look-ahead” computational technique, enabling all levels of key frames to be extracted with an average-case computational time of O(n log n) and memory usage of O(n). Both the optimal and the greedy methods are free of parameters, thus avoiding the threshold-selection problem that exists in other approaches. We empirically compare the proposed optimal and greedy methods with several existing methods in terms of video sampling error, computational cost, and subjective quality. An evaluation of eight videos of different genres shows that the greedy approach achieves performance very close to that of the optimal approach while drastically reducing computational cost, making it suitable for processing long video sequences in large video databases.
Synthesis of bulk, polycrystalline gallium nitride at low pressures

Bulk, polycrystalline gallium nitride was crystallized from gallium saturated with nitrogen obtained from a microwave electron cyclotron resonance source. The polycrystalline samples are wurtzitic and n-type. Well-faceted crystals give near-band-edge and yellow band photoluminescence at both 10 K and 300 K. The results show that atomic nitrogen is an attractive alternative to high pressure molecular nitrogen for saturation of gallium with nitrogen for synthesis of bulk gallium nitride.
Re‐engineering proves effective for reducing courier costs

The success of business process re‐engineering (BPR) is dependent on the use of data‐driven methods that provide cost‐effective and optimal solutions. Today's business managers are inundated with methodologies and tools that claim to provide sustaining process improvement results. Determining the appropriate BPR method(s) to employ is a daunting task for many businesses. Understanding the technical complexities of these methods is even more overwhelming. However, with the increased availability of management science software, business managers can easily identify and employ proven management science techniques. Readily available software that provides timely results, is easily adaptable to resource changes, and does not require extensive technical competencies. This paper demonstrates how scientific management techniques, coupled with management science software (Management Scientist, Project Management and Excel), provided a feasible and achievable solution to a laboratory courier service BPR project. The solution yields a 19.5 percent reduction in annual laboratory courier specimen costs while improving service levels.
Dx For A Careful Approach To Moving Dual-Eligible Beneficiaries Into Managed Care Plans

Policy makers are moving rapidly to develop and test reforms aimed at doing a better job of managing the costs and care for people dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. This commentary underscores the importance of pursuing new initiatives to address care coordination and spending concerns. It then focuses on key issues raised by proposals that would shift dual-eligible beneficiaries into managed care plans. The paper describes the heterogeneity and complexity of this population, emphasizing the need for approaches closely tied to the needs of particular subgroups of dual-eligible beneficiaries. It warns against moving too quickly, noting the time and resources required to build capacity to serve patients, secure provider networks, and develop an infrastructure for integrating and managing both Medicare and Medicaid services. The commentary cautions that optimistic savings assumptions might not materialize, raises questions about how savings will be allocated, and highlights the need for accountabili...
In Vivo and In Vitro Analyses of Regulation of the Pheromone-Responsive prgQ Promoter by the PrgX Pheromone Receptor Protein

Expression of conjugative transfer and virulence functions of the Enterococcus faecalis antibiotic resistance plasmid pCF10 is regulated by the interaction of the pheromone receptor protein PrgX with two DNA binding operator sites (XBS1 and XBS2) upstream from the transcription start site of the prgQ operon (encoding the pCF10 transfer machinery) and by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Occupancy of both binding sites by PrgX dimers results in repression of the prgQ promoter. Structural and genetic studies suggest that the peptide pheromone cCF10 functions by binding to PrgX and altering its oligomerization state, resulting in reduced occupancy of XBSs and increased prgQ transcription. The DNA binding activity of PrgX has additional indirect regulatory effects on prgQ transcript levels related to the position of the convergently transcribed prgX operon. This has complicated interpretation of previous analyses of the control of prgQ expression by PrgX. We report here the results of in vivo and in vitro experiments examining the direct effects of PrgX on transcription from the prgQ promoter, as well as quantitative correlation between the concentrations of XBSs, PrgX protein, and prgQ promoter activity in vivo. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays and quantitative analysis of prgQ transcription in vitro and in vivo support the predicted roles of the PrgX DNA binding sites in prgQ transcription regulation. The results also suggest the existence of other factors that impede PrgX repression or enhance its antagonism by cCF10 in vivo.
Exploring virtual classrooms: network communication in a cross-cultural context

Abstract Using only desktop computers linked to gateway networks, students from around the world can communicate in a ‘virtual classroom'. (A term which is similar in concept to, but in no way associated with the Virtual Classroom Project, a registered trademark of the New Jersey Institute of Technology (Hiltz 1990).) One such network, the Apple Global Education network (AGE), † links over one hundred classes from over 20 countries. This network was evaluated with respect to its role in facilitating cross-cultural communication activities. † Developed by Apple Computer Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA. The nature of communication on the network is described by classifying transmissions sent during a major international crisis: the Gulf War. A taxonomy is proposed containing four levels of network function: audience, diffuser, repository and facilitator. Following the evaluation of the AGE network, recommendations are given to educators regarding network activities in relation to the age and experience of the learner.
Comment on: Rizzo et al. Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Blunting Daily Acute Glucose Fluctuations in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibition. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2076–2082

In their interesting study on the concomitant reduction in inflammatory and oxidative stress and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) following treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, sitagliptin and vildagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes, Rizzo et al. (1) propose that the reduction in MAGE leads to the reduction in indices of oxidative and inflammatory stress. However, the recent demonstration that sitagliptin exerts a rapid and potent …
Developmental Considerations for the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Childhood sexual abuse has numerous negative effects for the victim. The severity and specific form of these effects vary across individual victims and within individuals over time. The timing of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the victim's course of psychosocial development is considered as a source of this variation. First, the variation in effects from childhood sexual abuse across individuals and within individuals over time is discussed, with implications for the developmental impact of that abuse. Second, the timing of the impact of the abuse on the victim's psychosocial development is discussed, specifically for adolescence. Third, implications for treatment are considered.
Effect of locus of control, expectancy confirmation-disconfirmation, and type of goal on causal attributions of failure

Abstract Two experiments demonstrated interactive effects between locus of control and expectancy confirmation-disconfirmation in determining attribution of failure. Experiencing an expected versus an unexpected failure significantly influenced the performance attributions of internals but not externals. The first experiment also demonstrated an interaction between locus of control and type of performance goal (self-determined versus other-determined) in determining failure attribution. When the performance goal was other-determined, there were significant differences between internals and externals in their attributions of failure, but these differences did not materialize when the performance goals were selfdetermined, in the absence of any externally defined standard. Interpretation of results focused on the differences between internals and externals in regard to information processing and certain cognitive characteristics as they are related to the attribution of outcomes.
A naturally occurring truncated form of FosB that inhibits Fos/Jun transcriptional activity

Abstract Fos and Jun transcription factors are induced by a variety of extracellular signaling agents. We describe here an unusual member of the Fos family that is also induced, namely, a truncated form of FosB (ΔFosB) missing the C-terminal 101 amino acids of FosB. ΔFosB retains the dimerization and DNA-binding activities of FosB but has lost the ability in transfection assays to activate a promoter with an AP-1 site and to repress the c- fos promoter. Rather, ΔFosB inhibits gene activation by Jun or Jun + Fos and inhibits repression of the c- fos promoter by FosB or c-Fos, presumably by competing with full-length Fos proteins at the steps of dimerization with Jun and binding to DNA. In stimulated cells ΔFosB may act to limit the transcriptional effects of Fos and Jun proteins.
Asynchronous replica exchange for molecular simulations

An asynchronous implementation of the replica exchange method that addresses some of the limitations of conventional synchronous replica exchange implementations is presented. In asynchronous replica exchange pairs of processors initiate and perform temperature replica exchanges independently from the other processors, thereby removing the need for processor synchronization found in conventional synchronous implementations. Illustrative calculations on a molecular system are presented that show that asynchronous replica exchange, contrary to the synchronous implementation, is able to utilize at nearly top efficiency loosely coupled pools of processors with heterogeneous speeds, such as those found in computational grids and CPU scavenging environments. It is also shown that employing non-nearest-neighbor temperature exchanges, which are straightforward to implement within the asynchronous algorithm, can lead to faster temperature equilibration across processors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
Obligate amoebae of the protostelids: Significance for the concept of Eumycetozoa

Most flagellate Eumycetozoa have a non-flagellate, or obligately amoeboid, trophic state which differentiates from the amoebo-flagellate state and gives rise to the fruiting body. This study examines the morphology, general ultrastructure, and microtubular systems of the obligate amoebae of three flagellate protostelids with typical amoebo-flagellate states. The obligate amoebae of all three species are morphologically distinct indicating that the obligately amoeboid state has evolved independently in the history of each species. Therefore, obligate amoebae may be useful for defining separate evolutionary groups within the Eumycetozoa.
Beliefs, Practices, and Reflection: Exploring a Science Teacher’s Classroom Assessment Through the Assessment Triangle Model

This paper describes the Assessment Practices Framework and how I used it to study a high school Chemistry teacher as she designed, implemented, and learned from a chemistry lab report. The framework consists of exploring three teacher-centered components of classroom assessment (assessment beliefs, practices, and reflection) and analyzing components with the assessment triangle model (Pellegrino et al. in, Knowing what students know: The science and design of educational assessment. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 2001). Employing the framework, I report the teacher’s assessment practices, report the alignment in her assessment practices through the three vertices of the assessment triangle (cognition, observation, and interpretation), and suggest relations between her beliefs and practices. I conclude by discussing the contribution and limitations of the Assessment Practices Framework while conducting future research and supporting science teachers in assessing student learning.
On the Development of the Model-Theoretic Viewpoint in Logical Theory

The most important background factor in the development of twentieth-century logic has received insufficient attention in the literature. This factor is a largely tacit contrast between ways of looking at the relation of language and its logic to reality. I have called them the idea of language as the universal medium and the idea of language as calculus.1 I shall also refer the two traditions representing these two respective ideas as the universalist tradition and as the model-theoretical tradition.
314 STUDIES OF ANDROGEN PRODUCTION AND BINDING IN THE SYNDROME OF MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM AND CONGENITAL DEGENERATIVE RENAL DISEASE

The etiology of the genital anomalies in two unrelated teenagers with male pseudohermaphroditism and renal disease has been investigated. Patient A, 15-5/12 year old XY black, has stage 5 pubic hair, perineal hypospadius, 3 cc firm descended right testis, undescended left testis, 12 cm phallus with cordae, and focal segmental glomerulonephritis. Patient B, 13-2/12 year old XY white, showed stage 2 pubic hair, 1° hypospadius, 6 cm phallus, bilaterally undescended testes, left renal agenesis and right vesicoureteral reflux with a small hydronephrotic kidney. Also Patient B has anal atresia and vertebral anomalies. Although neither has a uterus or fallopian tubes, Patient A has a rudimentary vagina. Patient A had elevated gonadotropins (FSH >160, LH=60 miu/ml) and his testosterone did not rise (995→ 738 ng/dl) after 5 days of HCG. Patient B's gonadotropins (FSH=7.0, LH=5.0 miu/ml) were normal and testosterone rose with HCG (396→ 915 ng/dl). The cultured suprapubic skin fibroblasts from both patients had normal 5α-reductase activity and normal capacity of high affinity specific receptor for dihydrotestosterone. The etiology of the male pseudohermaphroditism is postulated to be a decreased androgen production in utero rather than an enzymatic defect in steroidogenesis or a defect in androgen binding.
Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary with Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures

We identified individual-level diurnal and seasonal mood rhythms in cultures across the globe, using data from millions of public Twitter messages. We found that individuals awaken in a good mood that deteriorates as the day progresses—which is consistent with the effects of sleep and circadian rhythm—and that seasonal change in baseline positive affect varies with change in daylength. People are happier on weekends, but the morning peak in positive affect is delayed by 2 hours, which suggests that people awaken later on weekends.
Analysis of axially grooved heat pipe condensers

In an analytical study of the thermal behavior of the condenser section of a heat pipe with axial rectangular grooves under zero-g condition, the condensation rate was determined by studying the motion of the thin liquid film on the land area between grooves. It was found that the local condensation rate depends, among other factors, on the curvature of the liquid meniscus and on the shape of the land top. Computed overall heat transfer rate compares favorably with available experimental data. The liquid meniscus variation along the heat pipe length in the condenser section was also determined.
Web-dendrite growth of single crystals of tin

Abstract The conditions required for growing single crystals of tin by the web-dendrite technique have been established. Specifically, the observed effects of vertical and horizontal temperature gradients on the growth morphology of the dendrites and web are described. The consequences of the liquid ahead of the web interface being supercooled are also described along with the process by which the system becomes more stable. The experimental observations are discussed and explanations which account for these observations are given.
Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the commercial marine fisheries

Summary The foregoing examples illustrate how the theory developed here may be employed to make estimates concerning the condition of a commercial marine fishery. The examples employed, although having perhaps as complete information as any available for this purpose, leave something to be desired. In particular, in both of these examples, very little or no data are available concerning intensity of fishing and abundance for the early period of development of the fishery, well before the maximum catches are reached. A great deal of precision would be added to the estimate if such information were available. We may emphasize, therefore, the desirability of obtaining detailed information on the total catch and catch-per-unit-of-effort from as early in the development of a commercial fishery as may be possible. Measurements of fishing mortality rates at more than one level of population would also be desirable, since they would make possible verification of the adequacy of the form of equation (13a) for describing the changes in population under the joint influences of growth and fishing. In order to apply the theory developed here to the tropical tuna fishery, it will be necessary to compile statistics of catch, abundance and intensity of fishing over a considerable series of years, beginning as early in the history of the fishery as possible. This task is well under way. It will also be necessary to obtain some estimate of the rate of fishing mortality, or to devise some other means of estimating the constant k 2 . Estimation of fishing mortality from tagging promises to be a difficult problem for the tunas. Exploration of other means of obtaining the relationship between U and P appears, therefore, to constitute an important line of investigation.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) enhances olaparib activity by targeting homologous recombination DNA repair in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives Approximately 50% of serous epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) contain molecular defects in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathways. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have efficacy in HR-deficient, but not in HR-proficient, EOC tumors as a single agent. Our goal was to determine whether the histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), can sensitize HR-proficient ovarian cancer cells to the PARPi AZD-2281 (olaparib). Methods Ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, OVCAR-8, NCI/ADR-Res, UWB1.289 BRCA1null and UWB1.289+BRCA1 wild-type) were treated with saline vehicle, olaparib, SAHA or olaparib/SAHA. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assessed cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence and Western blot assays assessed markers of apoptosis (cleaved PARP) and DNA damage (pH2AX and RAD51). Drug effects were also tested in SKOV-3 xenografts in Nude mice. Affymetrix microarray experiments were performed in vehicle and SAHA-treated SKOV-3 cells. Results In a microarray analysis, SAHA induced coordinated down-regulation of HR pathway genes, including RAD51 and BRCA1. Nuclear co-expression of RAD51 and pH2AX, a marker of efficient HR repair, was reduced approximately 40% by SAHA treatment alone and combined with olaparib. SAHA combined with olaparib induced apoptosis and pH2AX expression to a greater extent than either drug alone. Olaparib reduced cell viability at increasing concentrations and SAHA enhanced these effects in 4 of 5 cell lines, including BRCA1 null and wild-type cells, in vitro and in SKOV-3 xenografts in vivo. Conclusions These results provide preclinical rationale for targeting DNA damage response pathways by combining small molecule PARPi with HDACi as a mechanism for reducing HR efficiency in ovarian cancer.
The nπ−π− mass distribution in the reaction K−d → K̄0π+π−π−n(ps) at 5.5 GeV/c☆

Abstract The reaction K − d → K 0 π + π − π − n ( p s ) was studied at 5.5 GeV/ c K − momentum. No evidence is seen for the recently reported n π − π − mass enhancement at 1630 MeV.
Condensation of nonequilibrium phases of refractory silicates from the vapor.

Silicon monoxide solid was evaporated in a bell jar containing reducing, neutral, or oxidizing atmospheres at pressures of a few torr. The vapor invariably condensed as smoke-sized particles of silicon sesquioxide, Si2O3. The condensation of a solid whose composition differs from that of the parent gas and is apparently the least stable of the three solid species illustrates the importance of specific nucleation effects in the condensation process. This result has significant implications for theories of formation of grains in space.
Biological markers for breast carcinoma

During the last decade, there has been an intense search for biological markers for breast carcinoma. Many different types of materials have been found that may be elevated in the body fluids of patients with this disease. However, no markers specific for breast cancer have been discovered and those currently available lack the sensitivity and specificity for early detection of the disease or for determining when the tumor burden is low. Problems may also occur in the interpretation of marker data due to apparent biological variations in synthesis or secretion. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), elevated in 60%-70% of patients with metastases, has had the most extensive evaluation. For the latter patients with increased plasma CEA, the levels in general are proportional to tumor burden. Changes in level with therapy correlate with measurable clinical parameters of response or progression in the majority of these patients. Specific patterns of serial CEA measurements after mastectomy may be helpful for predicting those patients most likely to develop recurrent disease. More recent attention has focused on trials of combinations of markers and on tissue measurement. The search for a specific marker for breast cancer using monoclonal antibody techniques is a promising area of considerable research interest.
Advances in research and forecasting of tropical cyclones from 1963-2013

A review of progress over the past 50 years in observing and forecasting of tropical cyclones is presented. Tremendous progress has been made in track forecasting in the past 20 years with the improvement in numerical model guidance and the use of consensus forecasting, and this has contributed to a number of warning centers now issuing five-day track forecasts that are as accurate as three-day forecasts of a decade ago. Techniques are now available to specify the track forecast uncertainty for assessing the risk of a tropical cyclone. With the advent of five-day forecasts, a focus on improved understanding of formation has led to two field experiments. A recent advance has been in extended-range (5–30 days) forecasts of tropical cyclone events (formations and tracks) in the western North Pacific from the ECMWF 32-day ensemble predictions. This advance is a contribution to a goal of seamless forecasting from one day to a season for tropical cyclones. Little progress has been made in intensity forecasting, although the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project in the United States and recent field experiments may offer some future advances. Some advances in forecasting tropical cyclone impacts such as storm surge, surface waves, and precipitation have been achieved. Future opportunities for continued advances are possible such that improved warnings can lead to reductions in losses of lives and minimizing damages from tropical cyclones.
Stellar image analyzer.

A photoelectric stellar image analyzer has been constructed to measure the separation of close binary stars (about 1 see of arc separation). Data are collected by coherent superposition of thousands of images thereby reducing the effects of the atmosphere. The technique is particularly useful when a large intensity difference exists between the binary components.
Pollution control under an urban binding minimum wage

In this paper, by using a generalized Harris-Todaro model that incorporates an urban non-polluting sector, and supposes a dual economy inherent in an LDC, we examine the backward incidence of pollution control on some key variables of interest. Given a relatively capital intensive polluting sector, stricter pollution controls may result in a reduction in unemployment, an increase in national income and migration from the agricultural sector. The results from our model differ from that of a previous model that demonstrated a reverse flow of labor to the agricultural sector from stricter pollution controls.
Effect of Char structure on residual ash formation during pulverized coal combustion

The effect of pore structure on residual ash formation was studied by burning a Kentucky No. 9 bituminous coal in a laminar flow reactor. Two batches of char samples were prepared from size- and density-classified coal heat-treated at different conditions. One batch was slowly devolatilized in a pyrolysis oven at a heating rate of 0.1° C/sec before combustion, while the other batch was directly introduced to the laminar flow reactor heated to 1650 K and with an atmosphere of 50% O 2 in N 2 . Different pore structures—non-cenospheric and cenospheric with respective macroporosities of the carbonaceous structure of 0.076 and 0.89—were produced by the heat treatment. Cenospheric char produced under rapid pyrolysis yielded smaller residual ash particles and more submicron ash particles than non-cenospheric char produced under slow pyrolysis. The ash produced had a trimodal aerodynamic size distribution. The smallest size fraction is submicron, probably formed by vaporization and recondensation of mineral matter in amounts that are found to increase with increasing macroporosity as a consequence of the decreased diffusion path for vaporization. The largest size fraction, from 5 to 15 μ m, is formed from large mineral inclusions in amounts that are relatively independent of macroporosity. Increased macroporosity is found to result in a reduction in the coalescence of smaller mineral inclusions with an attendant decrease in the size of the maximum of the intermediate fraction from 4 to 2.5 μ m. The impact of macroporosity on the residual ash formation could be reproduced semiquantitatively using an Ising two-dimensional model to simulate the pore structure. The experimental results suggest that the effect of structural difference in char is greatest for coals having low mineral content, and small particle-to-particle variations in mineral content.
Effect of back-contact barrier on thin-film CdTe solar cells

Abstract The presence of a back-contact barrier affects the current–voltage characteristics of thin-film CdS/CdTe/metal solar cells primarily by impeding hole transport, a current-limiting effect commonly referred to as “rollover.” In this work, the CdS/CdTe solar cell with a CdTe/metal back-contact barrier is modeled by two opposite polarity diodes in series. Analytic simulations are fitted to the measured current–voltage curve, the voltage distribution between the two diodes is shown under different conditions, and the back-contact barrier height is extracted. Room-temperature barrier heights exceeding 0.5 eV will generally result in significant fill-factor reduction.
Research Influence in Decision Making to Control and Prevent Violence

There have been frequent reports of policymakers' lack of responsiveness to research knowledge in the public sector. Earlier studies point to a variety of factors that reportedly explain why resear...
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM DEPLETION ON THE JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX BETWEEN OXYNTIC CELLS OF GASTRIC GLANDS.

In order to ascertain the role of calcium in maintaining the structure of the junctional complex between oxyntic cells, control gastric mucosae of the frog Rana pipiens were compared with those exposed to 1 to 4 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Changes in transmucosal potential difference and mucosal conductance were monitored. In one case a piece of EDTA-treated mucosa was washed and placed in a Ca++-containing solution. Material from all three categories was prepared for electron microscopy (glutaraldehyde and OsO4 fixation with Epon 812 embedding). Electron micrographs showed that after Ca++ depletion the intercellular electron-opaque material of the desmosome disappears and the walls of this component separate. Similar changes were observed in the zonula adhaerens. Consistent changes were difficult to detect in the zonula occludens although in some instances disorganization or separation within the tight junction was seen. These effects on the components of the junctional complex were reversible on readministration of Ca++. The results indicate that Ca++ is important in maintaining the integrity of the junctional complex. A model correlating the fine structural changes with physiological data is presented.
The Palmer and Stevens “Usual and Accustomed Places” treaties in the opinions of the courts

Abstract One hundred fifty years ago, Joel Palmer, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Oregon Territory, and Isaac I. Stevens, as Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs of the Washington Territory, negotiated a series of treaties with tribes of the Pacific Northwest. These 10 instruments have affected the gathering rights of tribes and of others in this area and throughout the United States and have generated a substantial amount of litigation. This article reports on the 512 citations to these specific documents in 354 opinions, between the years 1874 and 2005, in various jurisdictions ranging from territorial courts to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Modes in Human-Machine Systems: Constructs, Representation, and Classification

This article surveys and discusses human interaction with automated control systems that employ modes. We focus our discussion on the features of the control system that lead to mode confusion and error. We first provide working definitions of the term mode and discuss key constructs that contribute to mode error, such as mode ambiguity and user expectations. Following this, we discuss human interaction with automated control systems in general and cockpit automation in particular. To provide a formal description of human interaction with such control systems, we introduce a modeling language, Statecharts, which is used by system engineers to specify complex control systems. We use the Statecharts language to describe the 3 types of modes that are commonly found in modem control systems: interface, functional, and supervisory modes. Examples from cockpit automation are used to illustrate each type of mode. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the links between the mode constructs and formal re...
Association of Perceived Barriers With Prospective Use of VA Mental Health Care Among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans

Objective:The relationship between perceived barriers and prospective use of mental health care among veterans was examined. Methods:The sample included Iraq and Afghanistan veterans (N=305) who endorsed symptoms of depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or alcohol misuse at intake to a postdeployment clinic between May 2005 and August 2009. Data on receipt of adequate treatment (nine or more mental health visits in the year after intake) were obtained from a VA database. Results:Adequate treatment was more likely for women (odds ratio [OR]=4.82, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.37–16.99, p=.014) and for those with more severe symptoms of PTSD (OR=1.03, CI=1.01–1.05, p=.003) and depression (OR=1.06, CI=1.01–1.11, p=.01). Perceived barriers were not associated with adequate treatment. Conclusions:Male veterans with mental health problems should be targeted with outreach to reduce unmet need. Research is needed to identify perceived barriers to treatment among veterans. (Psychiatric Services 63:38...
Blind phase projection as an effective means of recovering pure component spectra from phase modulated photoacoustic spectra

Photoacoustic spectroscopy can be used to non-destructively retrieve depth related information from heterogeneous samples consisting of multiple layers. Phase modulation step scan spectroscopy with digital signal processing allows simultaneous collection of spectra at orthogonal phase angles. Due to different sampling depths, probed by the in-phase and quadrature spectra, these spectra contain depth related information. Phase projection, calculating spectra at specific phase angles derived from the in-phase and quadrature data, is typically used to try to isolate the spectra corresponding to the different physical layers of the sample. This report presents an alternative approach. Independent component analysis is applied to the in-phase and quadrature photoacoustic data acquired from a sample consisting of two layers. Comparison with the phase-projection results suggests that ICA can unscramble mixed photoacoustic spectra into their pure component spectra without user intervention. This may be of value for analysis of complex heterogeneous samples that lack information about constituents or their distribution within the sample.
Another look at a matrix of Mark Kac

A certain triple diagonal matrix was studied extensively by Mark Kac in connection with problems in statistical mechanics. It had been considered earlier by Sylvester and Schrodinger and later by Siegert and Hess. This paper, which is of an expository and historical character, contains some new matrix intensive proofs of the results of Kac and Rozsa, as well as proofs of related binomial coefficient identities of Taussky.
Formation of a polyetheramide triblock copolymer by reactive extrusion; process and properties

The synthesis of polyetheramide, containing poly(tetramethylene ether) (PTMEG) as the soft segment phase and polylactams as the hard phase was carried out in a Leistritz modular intermeshing counter-rotating twin-screw extruder in a one-step, solvent-free process. No by-product such as carbon dioxide or H 2 O is formed during the reaction procedure. Isocyanate-terminated telechelic PTMEG was premixed with caprolactam, and these were fed into the twin-screw extruder to form the polyetheramide triblock copolymer. This triblock copolymer has not been previously polymerized in a twin-screw extruder or continuous mixer. Subsequent to polymerization, the copolymer and PA6 homopolymer were also melt-spun into fibers. Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were determined by GPC on trifluroacetylated samples. Thermal, rheological, mechanical, and structural properties were investigated. It appears that phase separation (arising from immiscibility between the polyether segment and the polyamide segment as the reaction proceeds) did not hinder the chemical reaction between the two reactants because of the intense mixing in the twin-screw extruder. The new triblock copolymer should have application as a rubber-toughened thermoplastic or thermoplastic elastomer depending upon the elastomer content.
A monotonically irreducible map of a reducible continuum onto [0,1]

Abstract We construct a continuum X which is not irreducible, and which admits a monotone map f onto [ 0 , 1 ] such that f is monotonically irreducible in the following sense: For each closed proper subset D of X such that f ( D ) = [ 0 , 1 ] , f restricted to D is not monotone. The example answers a question by L. Mohler and L.E. Ward.
Reliability and Validity of Single-Item Self-Reports: With Special Relevance to College Students' Alcohol Use, Religiosity, Study, and Social Life

The authors tested the assumption that single-item measures have unacceptably low reliability and validity. On 2 occasions 11 weeks apart, college students reported on the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, 2 religious behaviors, time of study and of socializing (focal items), and other qualities and characteristics. Most test-retest reliabilities were good to excellent; objective facts were more reliable than subjective evaluations; and target items had good validity when correlated with 2-week nightly log records of corresponding behaviors in a multimethod multitrait matrix. The exception was self-reported study, with relatively low reliability and validity, suggesting the non-trait-like quality of this behavior. Single-item measures may be better than commonly thought.
A biochemical model of the circadian clock.

A biochemical model for the circadian clock is discussed. The principal biochemicals involved are ATP, adenyl cyclase, cyclic AMP, phosphodiesterase and AMP. Limit cycle oscillations occur through allosteric feedback effects. Specific experimental tests of the model are proposed.
Regulation of Subtelomeric Silencing during Stress Response

Sir proteins play a critical role in silent chromatin domains. While mutations can cause derepression of heterochromatin, it remains unclear whether silencing is actively involved in transcriptional control under changing environmental conditions. We find that TOR inhibits Sir3 phosphorylation. Rapamycin or stress induced by chlorpromazine leads to activation of MAP kinase Mpk1/Slt2, which phosphorylates Sir3. Sir3 hyperphosphorylation is correlated with reduced subtelomeric silencing, increased subtelomeric cell wall gene expression, and stress resistance to chlorpromazine, but does not affect the silent HML and rDNA loci. Based on these observations, we propose that regulation of silencing may be used to control gene expression at specific silent chromatin domains in response to stress and possibly other environmental changes.