cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property Valuation within a Bankruptcy Context Part One

Licensing professionals and related professionals (hereinafter “analysts”) are often asked to conduct intellectual property valuations (or damages analyses or transfer price analysis) as part of a bankruptcy-related controversy. Part 1 of this three-part discussion considered all of the components—often called the elements—of such a valuation assignment. As a best practice, these assignment components should be agreed to (preferably in writing) by the analyst, the bankruptcy party-in-interest, and the party’s legal counsel (counsel). Part 2 of this discussion explained the generally accepted valuation approaches that analysts consider in conducting the bankruptcy-related intellectual property valuation analysis. That part of the discussion also presented illustrative examples of the application of each of the three generally accepted intellectual property valuation approaches. This third and final part of the discussion describes the analyst’s valuation synthesis and conclusion process. This discussion also summarizes best practices related to the development of an intellectual property valuation report outline in a bankruptcy context.
Prelude: Rehumanization Craziness and Traditional Noir

Contrasting the Crazy Stone phenomenon of 2006, the cultural craziness showcased in the 1980s had a different era feel. Instead of sarcastic indulgence in cheers and jeers, instead of joking parodies bouncing in the wide expanse of either the cyber-connected world or what Desser calls “cinephilia” (the intertextual chain of filmic references, borrowings, and re-workings), and instead of a carnival revelry, the craziness showcased then was more like a morbid reaction induced by political traumas, a pubescent confusion of growing up in a cultural closure, and a hesitant rendezvous with craziness as a path to enrichment coupled with a fear of the doom it may bring. This chapter discusses three crazy-titled films of the 1980s to explore their connection with the current neo-noir episode of Chinese cinema. The contemporary call for rehumanization, the meaning of modernism then, the impact of Herbert Marcuse and Milan Kundera, and these films’ resemblance to traditional film noir are investigated to inform the discussion.
Impact of strain on 2D perovskite carrier dynamics

2D perovskites, consisting of alternating layers of metal halide sheets and cations, tend to be more environmentally robust compared to their bulk 3D counterpart and have broad technological appeal because of their tunable mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. While these materials have promise for flexible optoelectronic applications, it is necessary to determine the impact of strain on the perovskite optical and electronic properties. Here, we discuss our work in understanding how strain modifies the carrier dynamics of 2D perovskites using time resolved spectroscopy. We compare the photoluminescence lifetime of two different 2D perovskite materials, synthesized using either phenethylammonium or butylammonium cations. Both perovskite materials exhibit about a 50% decrease in the lifetime for tensile strains <1%. The decrease in the photoluminescence lifetime, indicating a decrease in the charge carrier lifetime, is discussed in relation the materials defect states and bands
Kupffer cells regulate liver recovery through induction of chemokine receptor CXCR2 on hepatocytes after acetaminophen overdose in mice.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic, but also a main cause of acute liver injury in the United States and many western countries. APAP hepatotoxicity is associated with a sterile inflammatory response as shown by the infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes. While the contribution of the immune cells to promote liver repair have been demonstrated, the direct interactions between macrophages or neutrophils with hepatocytes to help facilitate hepatocyte proliferation and tissue repair remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and hepatocytes with a focus on the chemokine receptor CXCR2. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to an APAP overdose (300 mg/kg) and the role of CXCR2 on hepatocytes was investigated using a selective antagonist, SB225002. In addition, clodronate liposomes were used to deplete Kupffer cells to assess changes in CXCR2 expression. Our data showed that CXCR2 was mainly expressed on hepatocytes and it was induced specifically in hepatocytes around the necrotic area 24 h after APAP treatment. Targeting this receptor using an inhibitor caused a delayed liver recovery. Depletion of Kupffer cells significantly prevented CXCR2 induction on hepatocytes. In vitro and in vivo experiments also demonstrated that Kupffer cells regulate CXCR2 expression and pro-regenerative gene expression in surviving hepatocytes through production of IL-10. Thus, Kupffer cells support the transition of hepatocytes around the area of necrosis to a proliferative state through CXCR2 expression.
The sensory hand : neural mechanisms of somatic sensation

1. Perception and the World of Somesthesis 2. The Evolution and Structure of the Hand 3. General Features of Somatic Afferent Systems 4. Sensory Innervation of the Primate Hand 5. Large-Fibered Peripheral Interface 6. Dorsal Systems and the Dorsal Column Nuclear Complex 7. Small-Fibered Peripheral Interface 8. Ascending Spinal Cord Systems of Intrinsic Origin 9. Dual Functions of the Dorsal Thalamus 10. Postcentral Somatic Sensory Areas in Primates 11. Dynamic Neural Operations in Somatic Sensibility 12. Dynamic Neural Operations the Sense of Flutter Vibration 13. Parietal Lateral System and Somatic Sensibility 14. Parietal Frontal Sensory Motor Transition 15. Adaptive Reorganizations of Central Somatic Sensory Networks 16. Haptic Sense As Substitute for Vision
The Use of Mystery Shopping for Quality Assurance Evaluations of HIV/STI Testing Sites Offering Services to Young Gay and Bisexual Men

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at increased risk for HIV and STI infection. While encouraging HIV and STI testing among YMSM remains a public health priority, we know little about the cultural competency of providers offering HIV/STI tests to YMSM in public clinics. As part of a larger intervention study, we employed a mystery shopper methodology to evaluate the LGBT cultural competency and quality of services offered in HIV and STI testing sites in Southeast Michigan (n = 43).We trained and deployed mystery shoppers (n = 5) to evaluate the HIV and STI testing sites by undergoing routine HIV/STI testing. Two shoppers visited each site, recording their experiences using a checklist that assessed 13 domains, including the clinic’s structural characteristics and interactions with testing providers. We used the site scores to examine the checklist’s psychometric properties and tested whether site evaluations differed between sites only offering HIV testing (n = 14) versus those offering comprehensive HIV/STI testing (n = 29). On average, site scores were positive across domains. In bivariate comparisons by type of testing site, HIV testing sites were more likely than comprehensive HIV/STI testing clinics to ascertain experiences of intimate partner violence, offer action steps to achieve safer sex goals, and provide safer sex education. The developed checklist may be used as a quality assurance indicator to measure HIV/STI testing sites’ performance when working with YMSM. Our findings also underscore the need to bolster providers’ provision of safer sex education and behavioral counseling within comprehensive HIV/STI testing sites.
Ecological influences on individual differences in color preference

How can the large, systematic differences that exist between individuals' color preferences be explained? The ecological valence theory (Palmer & Schloss, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:8877-8882, 2010) posits that an individual's preference for each particular color is determined largely by his or her preferences for all correspondingly colored objects. Therefore, individuals should differ in their color preferences to the extent that they have different preferences for the same color-associated objects or that they experience different objects. Supporting this prediction, we found that individuals' color preferences were predicted better by their own preferences for correspondingly colored objects than by other peoples' preferences for the same objects. Moreover, the fit between color preferences and affect toward the colored objects was reliably improved when people's own idiosyncratic color-object associations were included in addition to a standard set of color-object associations. These and related results provide evidence that individual differences in color preferences are reliably influenced by people's personal experiences with colored objects in their environment.
Using Brandom's framework to do Peirce's normative science: Pragmatism as the game of harmonizing assertions?

I introduce Robert Brandom’s Inferentialism, which he calls a ”rationalist expressivist” form of pragmatism, relating it to C.S. Peirce’s unfinished project of Normative Science with its method of pragmatism as the logic of abduction, and suggest how Brandom’s notion of a game (which I call Harmonizing Assertions) might serve as an effective methodological instrument in conceptual structures research, for its ultimate challenge of the human-computer tool interface.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial complexes from rat liver. An extramitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase associated with this rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine if a mitochondrial inner membrane protein coded for by the nuclear genome could be identified with the rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with mitochondria. Rough endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial complexes were collected by zonal centrifugation. These associations were then subjected to hypotonic-hypertonic treatment and the mitoplasts were separated from rough endoplasmic reticulum and outer membranes. These were analysed for various marker enzymes including succinic dehydrogenase, succinate cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome oxidase for inner mitochondrial membrane, monoamine oxidase for outer mitochondrial membrane, and glucose-6-phosphatase for rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some inner membrane damage occurred and contaminated the RER fraction as determined by cytochrome oxidase activity. However, the ratios of monoamine oxidase: cytochrome oxidase and glucose-6-phosphatase: cytochrome oxidase were over 20-fold and 105-fold greater, respectively, than for intact mitochondria indicating that inner mitochondrial membrane contamination was very low. Interestingly, succinic dehydrogenase activity was found to be present in the rough endoplasmic reticulum-outer mitochondrial membrane fraction, but succinate cytochrome c reductase activity was not detectable. In addition, the ratio of succinic dehydrogenase: cytochrome oxidase activity was 9-fold higher in the RER fraction than in mitochondria. These results were interpreted to mean that the succinic dehydrogenase activity in this fraction did not represent an enzyme which was a component of the electron transport chain. Specific activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum-outer mitochondrial membrane fraction was diminished in material from fasted rats and was increased in fasted-refed animals. Succinic dehydrogenase was also found localized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum by electron microscopic procedures using tetrazolium salts. These experiments support the hypothesis that succinic dehydrogenase is synthesized on the mitochondrially associated RER in preparation for transfer to the mitochondria.
Effects of NSAIDs on the kidney

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produce a variety of renal syndromes [1, 2]. Most of these effects are acute and reversible. Permanent damage to the kidney is rare. Included among these renal syndromes are acute ischemic renal insufficiency that can progress to acute tubular necrosis, alterations in sodium and water homeostasis that can produce edema and increased blood pressure, hyporeninemic-hypoaldoste-ronism resulting in hyperkalemia, interstitial nephritis and papillary necrosis (analgesic nephropathy) that can cause permanent damage to the kidney. This paper describes the role of NSAIDs in the development of acute ischemic renal insufficiency, its epidemiology and factors that increase patient risk.
The Life of the Longhouse: The Ritual Consensus

To understand the dynamics of longhouse communities, it is necessary to take into account the historical circumstances that shaped them. When I asked why a particular community existed, I was given, not rules of residence governed by kinship, but a narrative. Meanings versus Survivals Such historicism was not my preference. What I wanted to study was religion, and in anthropology, that means studying ritual. W. Robertson Smith (1889) was the first to make the strikingly counterintuitive argument that ritual – that is, religious action – historically and logically precedes belief, or religious thought. This proposition was naturally unattractive to theologians, but the great majority of the world's religions lack theologians anyway. Such religions teach people what to do, not what to think. A century later, Victor Turner developed this approach, showing that through the observation and interpretation of ritual we might learn about other peoples' most profound understandings of a range of things, from what Westerners call the “natural” to the “supernatural,” including the proper relations between people, the origins of the afflictions that bedevil us, what is worth striving for, and much else besides – in short, the whole meaning of what it is to live and to die. Forty years after the publication of The Forest of Symbols , I still find its vision breathtaking. Falteringly to be sure, and taking only small steps at a time, we may find our way into experiences of existence utterly different from our own.
Probability Density Estimation

The probability density function is useful for summarizing and exploring a set of data. When the parametric form is unknown, then a nonparametric estimator such as the histogram is appropriate. This article illustrates the presentation of data by the histogram compared to the empirical distribution function. The steps required to construct a histogram are described, and data-based methods to accomplish this task are presented. Finally, the more efficient kernel density estimator is introduced and illustrated with real data.
Elements of finite order for finite weight-reducing and confluent Thue systems

The following problems are shown to be decidable in polynomial time for finite, weight-reducing, and confluent Thue systems T: (1) Is the monoid MTpresented by T a group? (2) Does the monoid MT have a non-trivial idempotent? (3) Does the monoid MT have a non-trivial element of finite order?
PRESTO polarization transfer to quadrupolar nuclei: implications for dynamic nuclear polarization

We show both experimentally and numerically on a series of model systems that in experiments involving transfer of magnetization from 1H to the quadrupolar nuclei under magic-angle-spinning (MAS), the PRESTO technique consistently outperforms traditionally used cross polarization (CP), affording more quantitative intensities, improved lineshapes, better overall sensitivity, and straightforward optimization. This advantage derives from the fact that PRESTO circumvents the convoluted and uncooperative spin dynamics during the CP transfer under MAS, by replacing the spin-locking of quadrupolar nuclei with a single central transition selective 90° pulse and using a symmetry-based recoupling sequence in the 1H channel. This is of particular importance in the context of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR of quadrupolar nuclei, where the efficient transfer of enhanced 1H polarization is desired to obtain the highest sensitivity.
Medication use in the treatment of migraine during pregnancy and lactation

Migraine is very common in women of reproductive age. With peak prevalence of migraine occurring during childbearing years, many women with migraine may knowingly or unknowingly use medication during pregnancy. Although migraine tends to improve during pregnancy, many women may still experience moderate to severe disabling headache and need pharmacologic treatment for the pain, nausea, and vomiting. This article explores the physiologic changes occurring during pregnancy that can affect pharmacokinetic properties of drugs and their metabolism. Acute and preventive treatment of migraine during pregnancy and lactation is discussed, with an emphasis on safety to the fetus and nursing infant. Safety and recommended use of medication during pregnancy may be different when use is considered during breastfeeding. A goal of treatment is to balance potential risk of treatment to the fetus and nursing infant with significant relief and return to normal function of the mother.
Organic binding of iodide in nemertean mucus, in vivo and in vitro☆

1. 1. Two nemertean worms, Lineus ruber (Muller) and Amphiporus angulatus L. have been exposed to radioiodide and accumulate it. 2. 2. L. ruber radioautographs indicate that there is but one site of organic binding, the surface mucous coating. 3. 3. The mucous layer can be removed from either organism and exposed to radioiodide with subsequent organic binding of the iodide. 4. 4. Hydrolysis, chromatographic resolution and radioautograph determination indicate the presence of monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, triiodothyronine and an unidentified component which was not thyroxine. 5. 5. L. ruber mucus has a higher tyrosine content and a higher concentration of orginically bound iodide than A. angulatus.
Binding of ionic ligands to polyelectrolytes

Ionic ligands can bind to polyelectrolytes such as DNA or charged polysaccharides. We develop a Poisson-Boltzmann treatment to compute binding constants as a function of ligand charge and salt concentration in the limit of low ligand concentration. For flexible chain ligands, such as oligopeptides, we treat their conformations using lattice statistics. The theory predicts the salt dependence and binding free energies, of Mg(2+) ions to polynucleotides, of hexamine cobalt(III) to calf thymus DNA, of polyamines to T7 DNA, of oligolysines to poly(U) and poly(a), and of tripeptides to heparin, a charged polysaccharide. One parameter is required to obtain absolute binding constants, the distance of closest separation of the ligand to the polyion. Some, but not all, of the binding entropies and enthalpies are also predicted accurately by the model.
Monitoring functional integrity in critical control computers subjected to electromagnetic disturbances

Verifying the integrity of control computers operating in harsh electromagnetic environments is a key issue in the development, certification, and operation of control systems performing flight critical functions for future transport aircraft. This paper considers the problem of applying analytical redundancy, distributed detection techniques, and decision fusion to monitoring the integrity of a fault tolerant flight control computer with redundant processors for real-time laboratory and in-flight applications. This work is in the initial phase and focuses on the formulation of the design problem. The analytical redundancy for each control command is based on the nominal control law calculation using linear parameter varying modeling techniques. Malfunctions in the control law calculation of each processor are detected with statistical decision rules. Analysis of the performance of the distributed monitoring system is discussed.
Effects of geothermal effluents on aquatic ecosystems

Abstract The use of geothermal energy for electrical generation and a variety of other purposes requires the handling and disposal of large volumes of geothermal fluids. These fluids contain constituents such as dissolved ammonia, hydrogen sulfide gas, and trace elements. Facilities in the United States are not expected to routinely discharge large volumes of toxic geothermal fluids. However, chronic effects on aquatic ecosystems are possible at concentrations where acute toxicity would be neither expected nor observed. Also, some trace elements may accumulate to hazardous levels in ecosystems, even when released at nontoxic concentrations.
The role of the critical care nurse in the assessment and management of the patient with severe sepsis

Sepsis with acute organ dysfunction is common, frequently fatal, and expensive. The critical care nurse is involved in the continuous bedside care of the critically ill patient; consequently, he or she has the opportunity to prevent sepsis through infection control practices and general nursing care, to identify patients at risk for the disease, to monitor these patients for the clinical signs of sepsis, and to detect developing organ dysfunction as a manifestation of severe sepsis. In addition, the nurse is responsible for monitoring the patient's response to organ support measures and specific antisepsis interventions. The role of the critical care nurse in the assessment and management of severe sepsis is significant and can greatly improve outcomes for the patient with this disease. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) is a promising new therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis. Nurses caring for patients with this disease need to understand the issues related to the administration of drotrecogin alfa (activated) and the monitoring of patients receiving this drug to promote optimal and appropriate use of this innovative therapy.
A genetic algorithm-based approach to cell composition and layout design problems

SUMMARY In this research, a genetic algorithm based solution approach is proposed to address the machine cell-part grouping problem. Three different objective functions considered are (1) minimize total moves (intercell as well as intracell moves), (2) minimize cell load variation, and (3) minimize both the above objective functions simultaneously. The total moves are determined as the weighted sum of both intercell and intracell moves. In the second objective function, cell load variation is minimized to aid the smooth flow of materials inside each cell and is obtained by computing the difference between the workload on the machine and the average load on the cell. The utilization of the workstations in a cell is evaluated and used in determining the best machine cell-part grouping. Furthermore, the sequence of operations and the impact of the layout of cells are also considered. We show that the results of the genetic algorithm based approach are comparatively better than the known results. The developm...
Intersegmental variation of afferent pathways to giant interneurons of the earthworm,Lumbricus terrestris L.

We have investigated the connectivity of four classes of mechanosensory afferents to giant interneurons in the earthwormLumbricus. Three of these classes of afferents change their specification for connection to medial giant (MGF) and lateral giant (LGF) fibers along the length of the animal. Near the caudal end, stimulation of touch, pressure and small tactile fibers generates excitatory post-synaptic potentials, epsp's, in the two LGF's but not in the MGF. Near the rostral end these afferents produce much smaller epsp's in the LGFs but produce large epsp's in the MGF. In the middle region of the animal an overlap region exists where both giant fibers receive approximately equal inputs from these afferents. The amplitude of these inputs are reduced compared to the maxima seen at either end. The fourth class of sensory afferents investigated, the stretch neurons, have no synaptic effect on the giant fibers anywhere in the nerve cord.
Towards the synthesis of electroactive block copolymers via anionic-to-Ziegler-Natta transformation reactions

Diblock copolymers of acetylene and styrene were prepared by treating Ti(OBu)4 with polystyryl lithium followed by reaction with acetylene. Reliable evidence for the formation of block copolymers was derived from dual radiotagging experiments.
Intrahepatic vein for fetal blood sampling: one center's experience

Objective The objective of the study was to examine 1 center's experience with fetal blood sampling via the fetal intrahepatic vein (IHV) and cordocentesis. Study Design Consecutive IHV and cordocentesis procedures between July 1987 and February 2006 were compared with respect to success rates, streaming at the sampling site, nonreassuring fetal heart rate (NRFHR), or need for urgent delivery post procedure. A subanalysis of cases with fetal thrombocytopenia was performed. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact and Student t tests. Results Two hundred ten procedures (130 IHV samplings and 110 cordocenteses) were identified. Success rates were significantly higher with IHV sampling than with cordocentesis (84.6% vs 69.1%, P = .004). Streaming from the sampling site occurred after 0.79% of IHV procedures vs 30.8% of cordocenteses ( P P = .03). Conclusion IHV has a significantly lower rate of streaming from the sampling site, compared with cordocentesis. Our data suggest that IHV sampling conveys a particular advantage when fetal thrombocytopenia is suspected.
The SREBP Pathway in Drosophila: Regulation by Palmitate, Not Sterols

In mammals, synthesis of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids is controlled by SREBPs, a family of membrane-bound transcription factors. Here, we show that the Drosophila genome encodes all components of the SREBP pathway, including a single SREBP (dSREBP), SREBP cleavage-activating protein (dSCAP), and the two proteases that process SREBP at sites 1 and 2 to release the nuclear fragment. In cultured Drosophila S2 cells, dSREBP is processed at sites 1 and 2, and the liberated fragment increases mRNAs encoding enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis, but not sterol or isoprenoid biosynthesis. Processing requires dSCAP, but is not inhibited by sterols as in mammals. Instead, dSREBP processing is blocked by palmitic acid. These findings suggest that the ancestral SREBP pathway functions to maintain membrane integrity rather than to control cholesterol homeostasis.
Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development

In "Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development, "Frank Keil provides a coherent account of how concepts and word meanings develop in children, adding to our understanding of the representational nature of concepts and word meanings at all ages.Keil argues that it is impossible to adequately understand the nature of conceptual representation without also considering the issue of learning. Weaving together issues in cognitive development, philosophy, and cognitive psychology, he reconciles numerous theories, backed by empirical evidence from nominal kinds studies, natural-kinds studies, and studies of fundamental categorical distinctions. He shows that all this evidence, when put together, leads to a better understanding of semantic and conceptual development.The book opens with an analysis of the problems of modeling qualitative changes in conceptual development, investigating how concepts of natural kinds, nominal kinds, and artifacts evolve.The studies on nominal kinds document a powerful and unambiguous developmental pattern indicating a shift from a reliance on global tabulations of characteristic features to what appears to be a small set of defining ones. The studies on natural kinds document an analogous shift toward a core theory instead of simple definition. Both sets of studies are strongly supported by cross cultural data.While these patterns seem to suggest that the young child organizes concepts according to characteristic features, Kell argues that there is a framework of conceptual categories and causal beliefs that enables even very young children to understand kinds at a deeper, theoretically guided, level. This account suggests a new way of understanding qualitative change and carries strong implications for how concepts are represented at any point in development.Frank Keil is Professor of Psychology at Cornell University and Co Director of the Cognitive Studies Program at Cornell. "Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development" is included in the series Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change. A Bradford Book.
DIII-D research towards resolving key issues for ITER and steady-state tokamaks

The DIII-D research program is addressing key ITER research needs and developing the physics basis for future steady-state tokamaks. Pellet pacing edge-localized mode (ELM) control in the ITER configuration reduces ELM energy loss in proportion to 1/fpellet by inducing ELMs at up to 12× the natural ELM rate. Complete suppression of ELMs with resonant magnetic perturbations has been extended to the q95 expected for ITER baseline scenario discharges, and long-duration ELM-free QH-mode discharges have been produced with ITER-relevant co-current neutral-beam injection (NBI) using external n = 3 coils to generate sufficient counter-Ip torque. ITER baseline discharges at βN ∼ 2 and scaled NBI torque have been maintained in stationary conditions for more than four resistive times using electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) for tearing mode suppression and disruption avoidance; active tracking with steerable launchers and feedback control catch these modes at small amplitude, reducing the ECCD power required to suppress them. Massive high-Z gas injection into disruption-induced 300–600 kA 20 MeV runaway electron (RE) beams yield dissipation rates ∼10× faster than expected from e–e collisions and demonstrate the possibility of benign dissipation of such REs should they occur in ITER. Other ITER-related experiments show measured intrinsic plasma torque in good agreement with a physics-based model over a wide range of conditions, while first-time main-ion rotation measurements show it to be lower than expected from neoclassical theory. Core turbulence measurements show increased temperature fluctuations correlated with sharply enhanced electron transport when exceeds a critical-gradient scale length. In H-mode, data show the pedestal height and width growing between ELMs with ∇P at the computed kinetic-ballooning limit, in agreement with the EPED model. Successful modification of a neutral-beam line to provide 5 MW of adjustable off-axis injection has enabled sustained operation at βN ∼ 3 with broader current and pressure profiles at higher qmin than previously possible, though energy confinement is lower than expected. Initial experiments aimed at developing integrated core and boundary solutions demonstrated heat flux reduction using enhanced edge radiation from neon injection and innovative divertor geometries (e.g. snowflake configuration).
Use of subjective rating scores in ergonomics research and practice.

(2002). Use of subjective rating scores in ergonomics research and practice. Ergonomics: Vol. 45, No. 14, pp. 1005-1007.
A method for the study of performance of a single spherical particle with nonuniform catalytic activity

A method for the study of the performance of a single spherical particle with nonuniform catalytic activity consists of the deuterium exchange reaction with neopentane on supported platinum; the exchange can be followed in the mass spectrometer and it resembles industrially important reactions, such as the isomerization of certain olefins and the hydrogenolysis of polynuclear aromatics. The selectivity parameter, M, ranges from 1 to 3. The selectivity is greatly influenced by activity distribution at Thiele parameters of 1-100. This analysis refers to catalyst activity which increases toward the particle surface. However, the analysis can be applied similarly to reactions in which catalyst poisoning starts at the pore mouth and the activity increases toward the particle center.
Different Intracellular Mechanisms Underlie Testosterone's Suppression of Basal and Stimulation of Cyclic Luteinizing Hormone Release in Male and Female Rats*

The aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6-androstatriene- 3,17-dione (ATD), a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (flutamide), testosterone and estradiol were administered by Silastic capsule or injection to ovariectomized female and castrate and intact male rats. The treatments were given separately or in combination to investigate the relative importance of elevations in nuclear estrogen receptor levels in hypothalamic and preoptic area target neurons for the expression of several of testosterone's neuroendocrine actions. These actions include the suppression of basal LH secretion, the stimulation of cyclic LH release, the induction of lordosis behavior, and the regulation of progestin receptor levels. Estrogen receptor levels were measured in purified nuclear pellets from the hypothalamus, preoptic area, and adenohypophysis with an in vitro [3H]estradiol exchange assay. Progestin receptors were quantified in cytosol preparations of these tissues using the synthetic progestin [3H]R5020. When exposed to t stosterone levels of...
The Draize eye test.

Hundreds of substances are used daily that can damage eyesight. People's eyes are open to accidental or intentional exposure during the production, transportation, use, and disposal of chemical preparations. Ensuring the safety of consumer products was born during the mid twentieth century in the aftermath of chemical warfare research, and was motivated by the hazards of unsafe cosmetics. Justified by an exigency for public protection, the Draize eye test became a governmentally endorsed method to evaluate the safety of materials meant for use in or around the eyes. The test involves a standardized protocol for instilling agents onto the cornea and conjunctiva of laboratory animals. A sum of ordinal-scale items of the outer eye gives an index of ocular morbidity. Advances in ocular toxicology are challenging the validity, precision, relevance, and need of the Draize eye test. Preclinical product-safety tests with rabbits and other mammals also raise ethical concerns of animal wellbeing. Some use the Draize test as a rallying point for how animals are treated in science and industry. A battery of cellular systems and computer models aim to reduce and ultimately to replace whole-animal testing. Molecular measures of ocular toxicity may eventually allow comprehensive screening in humans. The Draize eye test was created and refined for humanitarian reasons and has assuredly prevented harm. Its destiny is to be progressively supplanted as in vitro and clinical alternatives emerge for assessing irritancy of the ocular surface.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of a heterogeneous turbid system containing distributed absorbers

In most biological tissues, absorbers such as blood in the blood vessels are localized within a low-absorbing background medium. To study the effect of distributed absorbers on the near infrared reflectance, we developed a Monte Carlo code and performed time-domain measurements on heterogeneous tissue-vessel models. The models were made of low absorbing polyester resin mixed with TiO2 as scatters. A series of tubes with diameters of 3.2 or 6.4 mm were made in the resin sample. The volume ratio of the tubes to the total sample is about 20%. During the measurement, these tubes were filled with turbid fluids with different absorption coefficients to simulate blood in various oxygenation states. We found that the apparent absorption coefficient of the resin/tube system, determined by using the diffusion equation fit, can be approximated by a volume-weighted sum of the absorption coefficients of the different absorbing components. This approximation has to be replaced by a more complex expression if the difference in absorption between the absorbers and background is very large (approximately 20 times). The results of the tissue phantom study are supported by the Monte Carlo simulation. Possible explanations for the photon migration in this kind of heterogeneous system is also presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the chemistry of mantle and magmatic volatiles on Mercury

The surface of Mercury contains ancient volcanic features and signs of pyroclastic activity related to unknown magmatic volatiles. Here, the nature of possible magmatic volatiles (H, S, C, Cl, and N) is discussed in the contexts of formation and evolution of the planet, composition and redox state of its mantle, solubility in silicate melts, chemical mechanisms of magma degassing, and thermochemical equilibria in magma and volcanic gases. The low-FeO content in surface materials (<6 wt%) evaluated with remote sensing methods corresponds to less than 2.3 fO2 log units below the iron–wustite buffer. These redox conditions imply restricted involvement of hydrous species in nebular and accretion processes, and a limited loss of S, Cl, and N during formation and evolution of the planet. Reduced conditions correspond to high solubilities of these elements in magma and do not favor degassing. Major degassing and pyroclastic activity would require oxidation of melts in near-surface conditions. Low-pressure oxidation of graphite in moderately oxidized magmas causes formation of low-solubility CO. Decompression of reduced N-saturated melts involves oxidation of nitride melt complexes and could cause N2 degassing. Putative assimilation of oxide (FeO, TiO2, and SiO2) rich rocks in magma chambers could have caused major degassing through oxidation of graphite and S-, Cl- and N-bearing melt complexes. However, crustal rocks may never have been oxidized, and sulfides, graphite, chlorides, and nitrides could remain in crystallized rocks. Chemical equilibrium models show that N2, CO, S2, CS2, S2Cl, Cl, Cl2, and COS could be among the most abundant volcanic gases on Mercury. Though, these speciation models are restricted by uncertain redox conditions, unknown volatile content in magma, and the adopted chemical degassing mechanism.
DETECTING AND PREVENTING ADVERSE DRUG INTERACTIONS: THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF COMPUTERS IN PHARMACIES

For patients taking two or more medications concurrently, interactions among the drugs can cause undesirable effects or negate desired responses. In modern pharmacy practice, an important role of the pharmacist is to detect potentially harmful interactions and take appropriate action to prevent their occurrence. Pharmacy computer systems offer potential for improving pharmacists' effectiveness in the detection and followup of drug interactions. Based on a survey of southern Michigan pharmacists, relationships between computer use and pharmacists' attitudes and activities in drug interaction monitoring were investigated. Respondents included users of two major computer systems as well as pharmacists who do not use computers. Results suggest that general statements cannot be made about the effect of computer use on drug interaction detection. Users of one of the two computer systems detected and followed up on interactions more frequently and were more likely to report improved knowledge of drug interactions than non-users. Frequencies of drug interaction detection and other related measures reported by users of the second computer system were similar to those for pharmacists not using computers. Computer system characteristics which might lead to these differences are discussed.
Rapid development of corneal lesions in rats produced by heavy ions

Scanning electron micrographs of heavy ion irradiated corneas demonstrate a significant correlation with the heavy ion beam: The average number of plasma membrane lesions per unit area of corneal surface is correlated with the particle fluence of the beam. This observation corroborates what has already been suggested theoretically about heavy ion tracks and what has been shown experimentally through etched plastics, developed emulsions, and bubble chambers. But the new data indicate that particle tracks occur in biological tissues as well, and that a single heavy ion is responsible for each membrane lesion.
Learning-by-catching: Uncertain invasive-species populations and the value of information

Abstract This paper develops a model of invasive species control when the species’ population size is unknown. In the face of an uncertain population size, a resource manager's species-control efforts provide two potential benefits: (1) a direct benefit of possibly reducing the population of invasive species, and (2) an indirect benefit of information acquisition (due to learning about the population size, which reduces uncertainty). We provide a methodology that takes into account both of these benefits, and show how optimal management decisions are altered in the presence of the indirect benefit of learning. We then apply this methodology to the case of controlling the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on the island of Saipan. We find that the indirect benefit—the value of information to reduce uncertainty—is likely to be quite large.
Patient attitudes and expectations regarding natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery.

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has theoretical patient advantages. Because public attitude toward NOTES will influence its adoption, this study aimed to assess patients’ opinions regarding the NOTES procedure. For this study, 192 patients were surveyed. Both NOTES and laparoscopic surgery (LS) are described together with an example case. Presurgical patients rated the importance of various aspects of surgical procedures and their preference for cholecystectomy via NOTES or LS. Complication risks, recovery time, and postoperative pain were considered more important than cosmesis, cost, length of hospital stay, or anesthesia type (p < 0.001). In the self-reports, 56% of the respondents preferred NOTES for their cholecystectomy and 44% chose LS. The patients perceived NOTES as having less pain, cost, risk of complications, and recovery time but requiring more surgical skill than open surgery or LS (p < 0.04). College-educated patients were more likely to choose NOTES, whereas patients 70 years of age or older and those who had undergone previous flexible endoscopy were less likely to select NOTES (p < 0.04). Although 80% of the patients choosing NOTES still preferred it even if it carried a slightly greater risk than LS, their willingness to choose NOTES decreased as complications, cost, and hospital distance increased and as surgeon experience decreased (p < 0.001). This study had a limitation in that the survey population was from surgery clinics. A majority of the patients surveyed (56%) would choose NOTES for their cholecystectomy. The deciding characteristics of the patients were more education, youth, and no previous flexible endoscopy. Procedure-related risks, pain, and recovery time were more important than cosmesis, cost, length of hospital stay, and anesthesia type in the choice of a surgical approach. Patients were less willing to accept NOTES as risks and costs increased and as surgeon experience and availability decreased.
NPY mediates ATP-induced neuroproliferation in adult mouse olfactory epithelium.

In the CNS, ATP is released upon injury and promotes neuroproliferation via purinergic receptors. In the olfactory epithelium, ATP promotes the synthesis and release of neurotrophic factor NPY in neonates and induces neuroproliferation in neonatal and adult mice. We tested the hypothesis that NPY is involved in ATP-induced neuroproliferation in adult mice olfactory epithelium. Intranasal instillation of ATP significantly increased protein levels and number of NPY+ cells. Pre-intranasal instillation of purinergic receptor antagonist PPADS significantly reduced ATP-induced upregulation of NPY. Intranasal instillation of NPY-Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 following ATP instillation significantly inhibited the ATP-induced increase in BrdU incorporation, suggesting that NPY is released after ATP instillation and activates Y1 receptors to promote neuroproliferation. These data indicate that ATP initiates neuroproliferation via NPY upregulation, NPY release, and Y1 receptor activation, and suggests that the olfactory epithelium is good model to study neuroregenerative mechanisms in the CNS.
Molecular modeling of penicilloate anions: an RHF-SCF analysis.

An ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock self-consistent field (RHF-SCF) analysis of penicilloate anions was performed at the TZV level with GAMESS. Geometry optimization was initialized by the semi-empirical AM1 method followed by optimization at the 6-31++G** level. The total energy obtained was -1116.0997 a.u. for the penicilloate amine, -1115.3164 a.u. for the imine, -1115.2969 a.u. for the enamine and -1115.2017 a.u. for the amine that was deprotonated at the thiazolidine nitrogen. Formation of the free thiolate in the imine and enamine anions by deprotonation of the penicilloate amine is associated with: (1) an increase in total energy (2) an increase in the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to that of anti-bonding (3) a decrease in chemical hardness (4) an increase in the chemical potential (5) a more negative Mulliken net charge on the sulfur atom and (6) an increase in the Mulliken atomic population on the former thiazolidine sulfur atom in the HOMO. The RHF-SCF analysis presented here suggests a potential role for the thiolate sulfur of penicilloate anions, especially of the imine, as a chemically reactive soft nucleophile.
Abundance, distribution and δ13C analysis of microbial phospholipid-derived fatty acids in a black shale weathering profile

Abstract Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids [PFLA] were isolated from a weathering profile developed on Ohio Shale. PLFA distributions were used to describe the microbial communities living in this weathering profile. PLFA are interpreted as mixed aerobic (eukaryote+prokaryote) and anaerobic communities, with a very distinct PLFA distribution at 40–50 cm depth in the core. This depth in the weathering profile corresponds to the onset of shale OM loss and the accumulation of Fe 3+ and soil OM. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of PFLA reveals complex patterns of isotopic enrichment and depletion for individual PFLA relative to bulk soil and shale OM. PLFA δ 13 C values suggest at least some assimilation of shale OM by anaerobic microorganisms. This phospholipids study reveals that weathering profiles developed on black shales are environments of degradation of ancient OM and both accumulation and degradation of more modern soil OM, highlighting the complexity of near-surface microbial processes in sedimentary rocks.
Deconstructing MPTCP Performance

The paper seeks to broaden our understanding of MPTCP and focuses on the impact that initial sub-path selection can have on performance. Using empirical data, it demonstrates that which sub-path is chosen to start an MPTCP connection can have unintuitive consequences. Using numerical analysis and a model-driven investigation, the paper elucidates and validates the empirical results, and highlights MPTCP's non-linear coupling between paths as a primary cause for this behavior. The findings are both of operational interest and may help design better MPTCP schedulers, as they are also exposed to complex interactions with MPTCP's congestion control.