cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thoracic esophageal perforations: a decade of experience

Abstract Background Perforation of the thoracic esophagus is a formidable challenge. Treatment and outcome are largely determined by the time to presentation. We reviewed our experience with esophageal perforations to determine the overall mortality and whether the time to presentation should influence management strategy. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients treated for perforation of the thoracic esophagus from 1990 to 2001. There were 26 patients (14 men and 12 women; median age, 62 years; range, 36 to 89 years). Fourteen patients presented within 24 hours (early), and 12 patients presented after 24 hours (delayed). Nine of the 12 patients in the delayed group presented after 72 hours. The causes of the perforations were as follows: instrumentation (19 patients), Boerhaave's syndrome (2 patients), intraoperative injury (1 patient), and other (4 patients). In the early group, 3 patients were treated conservatively, 10 patients underwent primary repair, and 1 patient required esophagectomy for carcinoma. In the delayed group, 3 patients were treated conservatively, 6 underwent successful repair of the perforation, 1 had a T-tube placement through the perforation and eventually required an esophagectomy, and 2 had an esophagectomy as primary surgical treatment. Results Hospital mortality was 3.8% (1 of 26) and morbidity was 38% (10 of 26). Persistent leaks occurred in 3 patients, 2 after primary repair and 1 after T-tube drainage. All patients selected for conservative management successfully healed their perforation. Conclusions Primary repair can be carried out in most cases of thoracic esophageal perforation regardless of time to presentation, with a low mortality rate. A small but carefully selected group of patients may be treated successfully without operation. Esophagectomy should be reserved for patients with carcinoma or extensive necrosis of the esophagus.
The Same-Head Heuristic for Coreference

We investigate coreference relationships between NPs with the same head noun. It is relatively common in unsupervised work to assume that such pairs are coreferent-- but this is not always true, especially if realistic mention detection is used. We describe the distribution of non-coreferent same-head pairs in news text, and present an unsupervised generative model which learns not to link some same-head NPs using syntactic features, improving precision.
Toward a Total Cure for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

REFERENCES 1. Vardy J, Wefel JS, Ahles T, et al: Cancer and cancer-therapy related cognitive dysfunction: An international perspective from the Venice cognitive workshop. Ann Oncol 19:623-629, 2008 2. McEwen B: Estrogen actions throughout the brain. Recent Prog in Horm Res 7:357-384, 2002 3. Eberling JL, Wu C, Tong-Turnbeaugh R, et al: Estrogen and tamoxifenassociated effects on brain structure and function. Neuroimage 21:364-371, 2004 4. Legault C, Maki PM, Resnick SM, et al: Effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on memory and other cognitive abilities: Cognition in the study of tamoxifen and raloxifene. J Clin Oncol 27:5144-5152, 2009 5. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al: Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 295:2727-2741, 2006 6. Castellon SA, Ganz PA, Bower JE, et al: Neurocognitive performance in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 26:955-969, 2004 7. Silverman DH, Dy CJ, Castellon SA, et al: Altered frontocorical, cerebellar, and basal ganglia activity in adjuvant therapy-treated survivors, 5-10 years after chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 103:303-311, 2007 8. Paganini-Hill A, Clark LJ: Preliminary assessment of cognitive function in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Breast Cancer Res Treat 64:165176, 2000 9. Bender CM, Sereika SM, Berga SL, et al: Cognitive impairment associated with adjuvant therapy in breast cancer. Psychooncol 15:422-430, 2006 10. Shilling V, Jenkins V, Fallowfield L, et al: Does hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have a detrimental effect on memory and cognition? A pilot study. Psychooncology 13:61-66, 2004 11. Palmer JL, Trotter T, Joy AA, et al: Cognitive effects of tamoxifen in pre-menopausal women with breast cancer compared to healthy controls. J Cancer Surviv 2:275-278, 2008 12. Greendale GA, Huang MH, Wight RG, et al: Effects of menopause transition and hormone use on cognitive performance in midlife women. Neurology 72:1850-1857, 2009 13. Land SR, Wickerham DL, Costantino JP, et al: Patient-reported symptoms and quality of life during treatment with tamoxifen or raloxifene for breast cancer prevention: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 295:2742-2751, 2006
Ribosomal RNA, the lens into life

Our world is, to a first approximation, a microbial world—even our own lives are evolutionarily and molecularly linked to that which we cannot see. This “invisible” world contains nearly unfathomable molecular and genetic diversity. Throughout the 20th century, a metaphor of “war against disease” prevailed: Microbes were hunted under the guise of health and agriculture, the goal being the eradication of “pathogens” at a global scale. Microbes were considered at best a nuisance and at worst a threat: a target for technological solutions. Humanity invested heavily, with the broad support of the scientific community, in the advancement of weapons for the war against microbes. We sought out novel antibiotics and antimicrobials as our enemy mounted resistance.
A Note on Coccidiosis in Sparrows and Poultry

Abstract During the past year the writer has had the opportunity to review the literature on poultry coccidiosis and its possible relation to an infection found in sparrow-like birds and, at the suggestion of Prof. Wm. A. Riley, has examined the intestinal contents of nearly one hundred English sparrows from the neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the purpose of this note to report briefly upon the findings of previous writers and to give a short account of the observations made at Minesota. In spite of the fact that the infective organism of coccidiosis of the fowl has been known for some time and its life-cycle thoroughly worked out there is frequent question raised as to the method of its dissemination in nature. While it is generally accepted that control of this disease lies in the adoption of adequate sanitary measures, there is a widespread belief that some one or more . . .
Chest wall giant lipoma with a thirty-year history

Benign chest wall tumours are very uncommon and chest wall lipomas are rarely reported in literature. We report herein a case of a 68-year old man who developed a giant, symptomless mass of the chest wall. A chest computed tomography scan evidenced a solid neoplasm measuring 27 cm in its major axis. A radical excision was performed and the histology was consistent with lipoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting a giant lipoma of the chest wall with a thirty-year history.
XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER Coordinates Light Signals for Proper Timing of Photomorphogenesis and the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis

Numerous, varied, and widespread taxa have an internal circadian clock that allows anticipation of rhythmic changes in the environment. We have identified XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER (XCT), an Arabidopsis thaliana gene important for light regulation of the circadian clock and photomorphogenesis. XCT is essential for proper clock function: xct mutants display a shortened circadian period in all conditions tested. Interestingly, XCT plays opposite roles in plant responses to light depending both on trait and wavelength. The clock in xct plants is hypersensitive to red but shows normal responses to blue light. By contrast, inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in xct is hyposensitive to red light but hypersensitive to blue light. Finally, XCT is important for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase production and plant greening in response to light. This novel combination of phenotypes suggests XCT may play a global role in coordinating growth in response to the light environment. XCT contains a XAP5 domain and is well conserved across diverse taxa, suggesting it has a common function in higher eukaryotes. Downregulation of the XCT ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans is lethal, suggesting that studies in Arabidopsis may be instrumental to understanding the biochemical activity of XCT.
Elevated Systemic Hepcidin and Iron Depletion in Obese Premenopausal Females

Hepcidin, the body's main regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, is upregulated in response to inflammation and is thought to play a role in the manifestation of iron deficiency (ID) observed in obese populations. We determined systemic hepcidin levels and its association with body mass, inflammation, erythropoiesis, and iron status in premenopausal obese and nonobese women (n = 20/group) matched for hemoglobin (Hb). The obese participants also had liver and abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue assessed for tissue iron accumulation and hepcidin mRNA expression. Despite similar Hb levels, the obese women had significantly higher serum hepcidin (88.02 vs. 9.70 ng/ml; P < 0.0001) and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) (P = 0.001) compared to nonobese. In the obese women hepcidin was not correlated with serum iron (r = -0.02), transferrin saturation (Tsat) (r = 0.17) or sTfR (r = -0.12); in the nonobese it was significantly positively correlated with Tsat (r = 0.70) and serum iron (r = 0.58), and inversely with sTfR (r = -0.63). Detectable iron accumulation in the liver and abdominal adipose tissue of the obese women was minimal. Liver hepcidin mRNA expression was ~700 times greater than adipose tissue production and highly correlated with circulating hepcidin levels (r = 0.61). Serum hepcidin is elevated in obese women despite iron depletion, suggesting that it is responding to inflammation rather than iron status. The source of excess hepcidin appears to be the liver and not adipose tissue. The ID of obesity is predominantly a condition of a true body iron deficit rather than maldistribution of iron due to inflammation. However, these findings suggest inflammation may perpetuate this condition by hepcidin-mediated inhibition of dietary iron absorption.
Characterizing socially avoidant and affiliative responses to social exclusion

Humans have a fundamental need for social relationships. From an evolutionary standpoint, the drive to form social connections may have evolved as an adaptive mechanism to promote survival, as group membership afforded the benefits of shared resources and security. Thus, rejection from social groups is especially detrimental, rendering the ability to detect threats to social relationships and respond in adaptive ways critical. Previous research indicates that social exclusion alters cognition and behavior in specific ways that may initially appear contradictory. That is, although some studies have found that exclusionary social threats lead to withdrawal from the surrounding social world, other studies indicate that social exclusion motivates affiliative social behavior. Here, we review the existing evidence supporting accounts of avoidant and affiliative responses, and highlight the conditions under which both categories of responses may be simultaneously employed. Then, we review the neuroimaging research implicating specific brain regions underlying the ability to detect and adaptively respond to threats of social exclusion. Collectively, these findings are suggestive of neural system highly attuned to social context and capable of motivating flexible behavioral responses.
Factors associated with adherence to treatment regimens after lung transplantation.

Context—The number of patients currently awaiting lung transplantation far exceeds the supply of available organs. Adherence to postoperative treatment regimens is essential for optimal posttransplant success.Objective—The present study was designed to examine the demographic and psychological factors associated with compliance in patients who have had lung transplants.Design—Eighteen women and 13 men participated in this study an average of 24 months after transplantation, completing a demographic form, a self-report compliance measure, a social support questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. A significant other or family member and the posttrans-plant nurse coordinator also rated each subject's compliance with the posttrans-plant regimen.Results—Although patients rated themselves as being compliant with aspects of their self-care, on more subtle measures of compliance, their self-reported compliance was not as impressive. Patients who had had their transplants more recentl...
Modeling the formation and properties of traditional and non-traditional secondary organic aerosol: problem formulation and application to aircraft exhaust

Abstract. We present a methodology to model secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photo-oxidation of unspeciated low-volatility organics (semi-volatile and intermediate volatile organic compounds) emitted by combustion systems. It is formulated using the volatility basis-set approach. Unspeciated low-volatility organics are classified by volatility and then allowed to react with the hydroxyl radical. The new methodology allows for larger reductions in volatility with each oxidation step than previous volatility basis set models, which is more consistent with the addition of common functional groups and similar to those used by traditional SOA models. The methodology is illustrated using data collected during two field campaigns that characterized the atmospheric evolution of dilute gas-turbine engine emissions using a smog chamber. In those experiments, photo-oxidation formed a significant amount of SOA, much of which could not be explained based on the emissions of traditional speciated precursors; we refer to the unexplained SOA as non-traditional SOA (NT-SOA). The NT-SOA can be explained by emissions of unspeciated low-volatility organics measured using sorbents. We show that the parameterization proposed by Robinson et al. (2007) is unable to explain the timing of the NT-SOA formation in the aircraft experiments because it assumes a very modest reduction in volatility of the precursors with every oxidation reaction. In contrast the new method better reproduces the NT-SOA formation. The NT-SOA yields estimated for the unspeciated low-volatility organic emissions in aircraft exhaust are similar to literature data for large n-alkanes and other low-volatility organics. The estimated yields vary with fuel composition (Jet Propellent-8 versus Fischer-Tropsch) and engine load (ground idle versus non-ground idle). The framework developed here is suitable for modeling SOA formation from emissions from other combustion systems.
The School Psychologist’s Primer on Early Onset Schizophrenia: A Review of Research Regarding Epidemiology, Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment

The purpose of this article is to provide school psychologists and other educational professionals with important information regarding the epidemiology, etiology, assessment, and treatment of early onset schizophrenia (EOS). The central aim herein is to bring science to practice by succinctly highlighting key considerations for school psychologists and other educational professionals. A review of recent research and relevant literature is presented reflecting the current knowledge regarding EOS during childhood. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding the multidimensional character of EOS. With regard to EOS, the developmental psychopathology perspective explores how these behaviors emerge, considering sociocultural, biogenetic, personality, family, emotional, cognitive and behavioral domains. School psychologists are in a critical position to facilitate the academic achievement and healthy development of individuals who meet criteria for EOS. To help accomplish these aims, several web sites are included for professionals who use the internet as a resource. This paper provides school psychologists with the tools and foundation knowledge needed to be the most effective advocates and collaborators for students and families facing the challenges of EOS.
Estate Tax and the Civil Rights Vanguard

In this article, Professor Crawford discusses the United States Supreme Court’s grant of certiorari in the estate tax case of United States v. Windsor. The cases involves the constitutionality of the provision of Defense of Marriage Act which defines marriage for federal purposes as a union between one man and one woman, effectively disallowing a variety of federal benefits, including the estate tax marital deduction, to same-sex married couples. Professor Crawford argues that tax is a civil rights issue, and that same-sex married couples should receive all of the same tax benefits and burdens as opposite-sex married couples.
Prospective Clinical Testing of Regulatory Dendritic Cells in Organ Transplantation.

Dendritic cells (DC) are rare, professional antigen-presenting cells with ability to induce or regulate alloimmune responses. Regulatory DC (DCreg) with potential to down-modulate acute and chronic inflammatory conditions that occur in organ transplantation can be generated in vitro under a variety of conditions. Here, we provide a rationale for evaluation of DCreg therapy in clinical organ transplantation with the goal of promoting sustained, donor-specific hyporesponsiveness, while lowering the incidence and severity of rejection and reducing patients’ dependence on anti-rejection drugs. Generation of donor- or recipient-derived DCreg that suppress T cell responses and prolong transplant survival in rodents or non-human primates has been well-described. Recently, good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade DCreg have been produced at our Institution for prospective use in human organ transplantation. We briefly review experience of regulatory immune therapy in organ transplantation and describe our experience generating and characterizing human monocyte-derived DCreg. We propose a phase I/II safety study in which the influence of donor-derived DCreg combined with conventional immunosuppression on subclinical and clinical rejection and host alloimmune responses will be examined in detail.
On plane stress and plane strain in classical lamination theory

Abstract Classical Lamination Theory combines the specially orthotropic nature of unidirectional composite plies with the assumptions of Kirchhoff plate theory to arrive at the in-plane properties of the laminate. Traditionally, the derivation assumes a plane stress state in each lamina prior to performing the rotational transformation from the lamina coordinates to the laminate coordinates, resulting in an incomplete formulation of the out-of-plane properties. In this work the rotational transformation of each lamina is performed prior to applying the plane stress or strain simplifications, resulting in an accurate formulation of the out-of-plane properties. Both plane stress and plane strain are considered. To illustrate the new formulation's ability to accurately predict out-of-plane properties, an optimization is performed to find laminates that exhibit the extrema of the out-of-plane Poisson's ratios. Verification of nearly optimal laminates with finite element analysis and experimental testing demonstrates improved accuracy of the new formulation.
Splenectomy Promotes Indirect Elimination of Intraocular Tumors by CD8+ T cells That Is Associated with IFNγ and Fas/FasL dependent Activation of Intratumoral Macrophages

Ocular immune privilege (IP) limits the immune surveillance of intraocular tumors as certain immunogenic tumor cell lines (P815, E.G7-OVA) that are rejected when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber of the eye. As splenectomy (SPLNX) is known to terminate ocular IP, we characterized the immune mechanisms responsible for rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice as a first step toward identifying how to restore tumoricidal activity within the eye. CD8(+) T cells, IFNγ, and FasL, but not perforin, or TNFα were required for the elimination of intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that culminated in destruction of the eye (ocular phthisis). IFNγ and FasL did not target tumor cells directly as the majority of SPLNX IFNγR1(-/-) mice and Fas-defective lpr mice failed to eliminate intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that expressed Fas and IFNγR1. Bone marrow chimeras revealed that IFNγR1 and Fas expression on immune cells was most critical for rejection, and SPLNX increased the frequency of activated macrophages (Mϕ) within intraocular tumors in an IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent manner, suggesting an immune cell target of IFNγ and Fas. As depletion of Mϕs limited CD8 T cell-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice, our data support a model in which IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent activation of intratumoral Mϕs by CD8(+) T cells promotes severe intraocular inflammation that indirectly eliminates intraocular tumors by inducing phthisis, and suggests that immunosuppressive mechanisms that maintain ocular IP interfere with the interaction between CD8(+) T cells and Mϕs to limit the immunosurveillance of intraocular tumors.
Toward a Normative Science in Marketing

The ethical desirability of the development of science in marketing is questioned in this article. The author mentions that the prime goal of scholars and practitioners of pursuing science in marke...
Hepatic bile formation in the rat. Addition of vasoactive intestinal peptide to the equation.

While changes in gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal secretion in response to more recently identified gastrointestinal peptides have been characterized, there has been less investigation into effects of these hormones on hepatic bile production. The isolated perfused rat liver model has been used to examine effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin, bombesin, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on bile flow and bile acid transport. No changes were seen following bolus administration of bombesin (3×10−8–1.5×10−6 M) or TRH (3×10−7–3×10−6 M), while somatostatin (6×10−6 M) produced a small decrease in bile flow without any change in bile acid output. VIP (3×10−7 M) caused a highly significant increase in both volume of bile flow (0.85±0.8 to 1.11±0.09 μl/min/g liver,P<0.001) and bile acid output (31.6±1.5 to 43.2±1.7 nmol/min/g liver,P<0.001). Elimination of Ca2+ from liver perfusate did not prevent VIP-induced increases in bile flow and bile acid output, and no synergistic effect of concomitant theophylline administration was observed. While effects of VIP on bile flow appear to be due to alterations in hepatic transport of bile acids, the exact mechanism(s) producing these changes remains to be elucidated.
Reply to Wager et al.: Pain and the dACC: The importance of hit rate-adjusted effects and posterior probabilities with fair priors.

Over the last half century, lesion and single-unit recording studies across multiple species converge on the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) as central to pain processing (1⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–7). Our response (i) identifies a flaw in Wager et al.’s analysis (8) that underestimates the dACC’s contribution to pain and (ii) presents dACC-wide posterior probability analyses that provide further evidence that pain is a better account of dACC function than executive, conflict, or salience processes. Issues regarding our use of Z-scores, the proper definition of selectivity, and whether one can categorize a neural region in terms of a particular function are addressed elsewhere (https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/social-brain-social-mind/201601/more-evidence-pain-related-description-dacc).
Nuclear Transfer Methods to Study Aging

Maternal age affects oocyte quality and early embryo development. Aberrant meiosis of oocytes and compromised early embryo development from older females could originate from defects in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, or both. Nuclear transfer has been used for decades as a tool to study nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in early embryos, and has uncovered genomic imprinting, nuclear reprogramming, and produced animal clones. Here, we describe the technique for investigating nuclear-cyoplasmic interactions in oocytes and zygotes in female reproductive aging. Nuclear transfer can be performed efficiently and effects of the technique itself on meiosis and early embryo development are minimal as long as care is taken to minimize insult to oocytes or embryos. This protocol first focuses on use of nuclear transfer to study nucleus versus cytoplasmic origin in agingassociated meiosis defects in oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. Then, nuclear transfer is used at the zygote stage to study nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormality and apoptosis in early development.
Developing a Scalable SNMP Monitor

We present the design of a scalable visual toolfor the analysis of high-throughput network traffic, powerconsumption and cluster-based system resource allocation. The tool explores the possibility of visualizing remote anddistributed resources over large distances by using SAGE2, a collaborative framework for large scale display systems. Programmable networks and distributed cloud resources allowaccessibility to large amounts of infrastructure data. The toolneeds to present the information in an easy-to-understandformat for users who do not have any prior systems or networkadministration experience, but still have an interest in powerconsumption and network traffic -- such as university andcity officials. We evaluate the effectiveness of the applicationthrough user testing and feedback.
Liquid–Liquid and Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques

Liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are classical sample preparation techniques that have been used with various types of samples. The fundamentals of these two techniques, as well as several microextraction techniques based on the same principles, are described in this chapter. Application of these techniques to the sample preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms for analysis is also discussed.
A Measure of Proficiency or Short-Term Memory? Validation of an Elicited Imitation Test for SLA Research.

Elicited imitation requires listeners to listen and repeat sentences as accurately as possible. In second language acquisition (SLA) research it has been used for a variety of purposes. Recently, versions of the same elicited imitation test (EIT) have been created in 6 languages with the purpose of measuring second language proficiency (Ortega et al., ; Tracy-Ventura et al., 2014; Wu & Ortega, ). The validity of these EITs has been tested, and results are promising. However, questions remain regarding the extent to which EIT performance is mediated by learners' memory span. The current study validates a new Korean EIT following the Ortega et al. (2002) design and, as part of that, investigates the potential role of phonological short-term memory in test performance. Korean as a second language learners ( N = 66) took the following tests over 2 days: the Korean EIT, the listening section of the standardized Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK), a speaking test, and a forward digit span test in their first language. Results indicated significant positive correlations between EIT scores and the various proficiency measures, but a weak and nonsignificant correlation between the EIT and forward digit span scores. Together, these results provide support for this EIT as a valid and reliable proficiency measure for use in SLA research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Extractive text summarization system to aid data extraction from full text in systematic review development

Abstract Objectives Extracting data from publication reports is a standard process in systematic review (SR) development. However, the data extraction process still relies too much on manual effort which is slow, costly, and subject to human error. In this study, we developed a text summarization system aimed at enhancing productivity and reducing errors in the traditional data extraction process. Methods We developed a computer system that used machine learning and natural language processing approaches to automatically generate summaries of full-text scientific publications. The summaries at the sentence and fragment levels were evaluated in finding common clinical SR data elements such as sample size, group size, and PICO values. We compared the computer-generated summaries with human written summaries (title and abstract) in terms of the presence of necessary information for the data extraction as presented in the Cochrane review’s study characteristics tables. Results At the sentence level, the computer-generated summaries covered more information than humans do for systematic reviews (recall 91.2% vs. 83.8%, p Conclusion Computer-generated summaries are potential alternative information sources for data extraction in systematic review development. Machine learning and natural language processing are promising approaches to the development of such an extractive summarization system.
Supply Chain and Transportation

Supply chain management is an effective integrated system that supports the management of material flow from the suppliers to the manufacturers and from the manufacturers to the customers. Supply chain management builds up and utilizes a network among the customers, retailers, distributors, suppliers, and manufacturers. Supply chain management may have the following objectives: (a) reduce inventory at all levels, (b) expedite and facilitate transportation, (c)make assignments to suppliers and vendors, and (d)maintain an online real-time computerized database for all involved parties. See Figure 1.2 of Chapter 1 for a simple example of a supply chain.
Cultural Change and Formation, and Civic Organizations

The constructivist approach to political culture the book draws upon is situated within the context of the literature. The approach highlights the interactive dynamic relationship between the political culture of the community and civic organizations. The role of ethnic politics and identity in the context of exile is presented in a discussion of the history of the community.
Digital humanities and the emerging framework for digital curation

ABSTRACTDigital humanities (DH) represents an emerging framework for digital curation. This study focuses on the evolving relationship of the DH (including history) to digital curation and archives and describes the models of collaboration in the digital environment. A conceptual framework is presented, followed by discussions of scarcity and abundance, archival frameworks, models of collaboration, and a review of selected DH projects. Despite the semantic disagreements over the term archives, researchers and curators should consider each other's perspectives for continued collaboration.
School Psychologists’ Experiences with and Training in Suicide Assessment: Challenges in a Rural State

Past research has shown that suicide rates for males and females are higher in rural than in urban areas. Because of the high incidence of suicide attempts and completion of youth in rural areas, it is critical that they receive mental health support within schools. Consequently, the current mixed-methods study surveyed school psychologists in Montana to obtain information about their involvement and training in suicide assessment and the related challenges they have encountered. Thirty-seven school psychologists participated in the study, with 47% serving schools in rural areas. Participants were recruited through the membership listserv of the Montana Association of School Psychologists (response rate of 27%) and through direct e-mail contact (response rate of 16%). Results indicated that only 17% of the participants take the lead in suicide risk assessments and 47% are involved in them less than five times a year, 93% of participants did not have a graduate class exclusively devoted to suicide assessment, and 58% received 10 or more hours of training in suicide assessment post-degree. Furthermore, qualitative thematic analyses, using NVivo software, yielded nine major categories of challenges in suicide assessment identified by school psychologists. Study limitations, future areas for research, and implications for school psychologists are also discussed.
Observational evidence of the downstream impact on tropical rainfall from stratospheric Kelvin waves

Analysis of one continuous decade of daily, high-vertical resolution sounding data from five proximate islands in the western equatorial Pacific region reveals eastward and downward propagating Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere, with a zonal wave number one structure and a period of ~15 days. By defining an initiation index, we find that these waves are primarily generated over the western Pacific warm pool and South America–tropical Atlantic sector, consistent with regions of frequent deep convection. The zonal phase speed of the stratospheric Kelvin waves (SKWs) is relatively slow (~10 m s−1) over the initiation region due to coupling with deep convection, and becomes much faster (~30–40 m s−1) once decoupled from the downstream troposphere. SKWs have significant impacts on downstream tropical rainfall through modulation of tropopause height. The cold phase of SKWs at tropopause leads to higher tropopause heights and more convection in tropics—with opposite impacts associated with the warm phase. Downstream tropical precipitation anomalies associated with these SKWs also propagate eastward with the same speed and zonal scale as observed SKWs. Interannual variability of the amplitude of the SKWs is shown to be associated with the Quasi-Biennial oscillation (QBO); implications for predictability are discussed.
Effect of liver histopathology on islet cell engraftment in the model mimicking autologous islet cell transplantation.

ABSTRACTBackground: The inflammatory milieu in the liver as determined by histopathology is different in individual patients undergoing autologous islet cell transplantation. We hypothesized that inflammation related to fatty-liver adversely impacts islet survival. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse model of fatty-liver to determine the outcome of syngeneic islet transplantation after chemical pancreatectomy. Methods: Mice (C57BL/6) were fed a high-fat-diet from 6 weeks of age until attaining a weight of ≥28 grams (6–8 weeks) to produce a fatty liver (histologically > 30% fat);steatosis was confirmed with lipidomic profile of liver tissue. Islets were infused via the intra-portal route in fatty-liver and control mice after streptozotocin induction of diabetes. Outcomes were assessed by the rate of euglycemia, liver histopathology, evaluation of liver inflammation by measuring tissue cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α by RT-PCR and CD31 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results: The difference in the euglyc...
A Career in the History of Science as a Student of Charles Gillispie

Almost fifty years ago to the day, I began my graduate study in the history of science at Princeton University under the guidance of Professor Charles Coulston Gillispie. I would like to share some recollections about my graduate training at Princeton in the early 1960s and some contextualizing of this period in the more general development of the history of science in the 1950s and 1960s. Charles played a very important role in this development, both through his scholarship and his institution-building at Princeton. And, of course, he played a decisive role in my career. I shall include some reflections on his seminal book, The Edge of Objectivity, which also celebrates its fiftieth anniversary and conclude with an overview of my career as an historian of science,
The Dedekind–Peano Axioms

This chapter develops the theory of natural numbers based on Dedekind–Peano Axioms, also known as Peano Arithmetic Peano Arithmetic. The basic theory of ratios (positive rational numbers) is also developed. It concludes with a section on formal definition by primitive recursion.
Adjudicator Agreement and System Rankings for Person Name Search

We have analyzed system rankings for person name search algorithms using a data set for which several versions of ground truth were developed by employing different means of resolving adjudicator conflicts. Thirteen algorithms were ranked by F-score, using bootstrap resampling for significance testing, on a dataset containing 70,000 romanized names from various cultures. We found some disagreement among the four adjudicators, with kappa ranging from 0.57 to 0.78. Truth sets based on a single adjudicator, and on the intersection or union of positive adjudications produced sizeable variability in scoring sensitivity - and to a lesser degree rank order - compared to the consensus truth set. However, results on truth sets constructed by randomly choosing an adjudicator for each item were highly consistent with the consensus. The implication is that an evaluation where one adjudicator has judged each item is nearly as good as a more expensive and labor-intensive one where multiple adjudicators have judged each item and conflicts are resolved through voting.
Computer Assisted Math Instruction: A Case Study for MyMathLab Learning System

Colleges and universities are trying alternative instructional approaches to improve the teaching of developmental mathematics with the goal of increasing the number of students who have the skills and knowledge required for college-level math courses and for the twenty-first century workforce. Computers and the Internet make possible new methods of delivering instruction so students will have choices of when, where, and how they learn math. The purpose of this study was to compare academic performance of students enrolled in a developmental mathematics course using traditional instruction and traditional instruction supplemented with computer-assisted instruction. In addition, gender differences in mathematical performance were also investigated. Independent groups T-test was used to compare the mean difference between pretest and posttest mathematics scores of students enrolled in conventional instruction and MyMathLab integrated instruction. Students enrolled in MyMathLab sections made significant gains over students enrolled in conventional sections. Same test confirmed that there was also a significant difference in the posttest scores of females and males, with females outperforming males in both modes of instruction.
Nanoparticle Polymer Ensembles

Self-assembly of nanoparticles mediated by polymers provides access to stabilized metal and semiconductor nanocomposites as well as allows for the fabrication of new structured nanoscale materials. Several attributes of the individual building blocks such as the size and shape of individual metal clusters, composition of the monolayer, and functional groups on the polymers allows control over the properties of these nanocomposites. Additional control over the structure and morphology of such nanocomposites can be induced by changes in the polymer structure. Such construction of composite materials using the assembly of nanoscopic building blocks or the ‘bottom-up’ approach provides a methodology complementary to ‘top-down’ lithographic methods. The ‘bottom-up’ approach provides access to structures smaller and with greater 3-dimensional control than is possible through sophisticated lithographic techniques such as electron-beam lithography.1 Successful integration of these two approaches is a challenge that needs to be addressed. Such multiscale engineering would allow fabrication of intricate functional devices with atomic level structural control that manifests and spans itself into the macroscopic world and thus could provide a successful integration of the two approaches.
FABRICATION OF SILICON CARBIDE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

ABSTRACT Practical process steps for making SiC light emitting diodes are described. They are crystal growing, grinding and polishing of crystals, diffusion with boron and aluminum, attaching ohmic contacts, mounting and capping. Performance data are given.
Interaction of the DNA binding domain of DNA Ligase I with PCNA

5773 DNA ligase I deficiency results in genetic instability and predisposition to cancer. This enzyme joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication and completes certain excision repair pathways. The participation of DNA ligase I in these transactions is directed by physical and functional interactions with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a homotrimeric DNA sliding clamp. A conserved PIP box at the amino terminus of DNA ligase I plays a major role in its physical interaction with PCNA and is required for DNA ligase I function in DNA repair and DNA replication in vivo. The recent discovery that the catalytic fragment of DNA ligase I encircles nicked DNA, forming a ring structure similar in size and shape to the PCNA ring prompted us to examine whether regions within the catalytic fragment of DNA ligase I also interact with PCNA. These studies revealed that the DNA binding domain (DBD), one of three domains within the DNA ligase I catalytic fragment, interacts with PCNA. Peptide competition assays show that a 23 amino acid peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of DNA ligase I that binds to the inter-domain connector loop of PCNA does not affect the interaction between the DBD and PCNA. Interestingly, while full length DNA ligase I binds with the same efficiency to PCNA monomers and trimers, the DBD preferentially interacts with the trimer, suggesting that it may bind to the interface formed between subunits in the PCNA ring. In support of this idea, we show that pre-incubation of the DBD with a modified version of PCNA with an N-terminal protein kinase A site that is adjacent to the subunit interfaces within the PCNA homotrimer decreases PCNA phosphorylation. The goal of these studies is to define the orientation of the DNA ligase I ring with respect to the PCNA ring and provide insights into the mechanisms by which DNA ligase I is converted from its elongated structure in the absence of DNA to the compact ring formed on nicked DNA.
Solvent Effects on the Selectivity of Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Couplings.

The use of polar solvents MeCN or dimethylformamide (DMF) was previously shown to induce a selectivity switch in the Pd/P t Bu3-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of chloroaryl triflates. This phenomenon was attributed to the ability of polar solvents to stabilize anionic transition states for oxidative addition. However, we demonstrate that selectivity in this reaction does not trend with solvent dielectic constant. Unlike MeCN and DMF, water, alcohols, and several polar aprotic solvents such as MeNO2, acetone, and propylene carbonate provide the same selectivity as nonpolar solvents. These results indicate that the role of solvent on the selectivity of Suzuki-Miyaura couplings may be more complex than previously envisioned. Furthermore, this observation has the potential for synthetic value as it greatly broadens the scope of solvents that can be used for chloride-selective cross coupling of chloroaryl triflates.
Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia: A SEER Database Review From 1981-2005.

Abstract Abstract 2926 Poster Board II-902 Introduction: Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a relatively rare hematopoietic neoplasm, with literature data mostly limited to small series of patients. We conducted a review of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database for WM analyzing 2969 cases from 1981-2005. Results: The incidence of reported cases of WM was stable during the studied time period at 0.3 per 100,000. The median age at diagnosis was 73 (range 23-98). There were 1661 male cases of WM and 1038 female cases (incidence ratio of 1.6:1). There were 2435 Caucasian cases and 264 non-Caucasian cases (incidence ratio of 9.2:1). Median overall survival for the entire cohort was 65 months (95% CI, 61-69). Five-year overall survival was 52% (95% CI, 50-55%). There was a significant difference in survival for individuals age Conclusion: This survey represents the largest cohort of WM analyzed to date. Age was shown to be the sole predictor of overall survival. Furthermore, these results underscore the little therapeutic progress we have made for this disease considering the lack of improvement in overall survival over a quarter century. Disclosures: Vij: Otsuka Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: guide to prevent misdiagnosis.

We report the case of a 10-month-old previously healthy boy who presented with acute rash, edema, and low-grade fever in the setting of recent diarrhea. We differentiate between acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI) and Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP).
Treatment of Adults with Autism and Major Depressive Disorder Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: An Open Label Pilot Study.

Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at high risk for comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD), which can severely impair functioning and quality of life. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, which is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared for the treatment of MDD in adults. Despite demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression, there are limited data on the use of rTMS in patients with ASD and comorbid MDD. We hypothesized that a standard rTMS protocol for MDD would reduce depressive symptoms for adults with ASD and MDD. Secondarily, we investigated whether this treatment would also reduce core ASD symptoms. Participants of 18-65 years old with ASD and MDD without any medication changes in the last month were eligible for this open-label trial. Participants underwent 25 sessions of rTMS (figure-of-eight coil, 100-120% resting motor threshold, 10 Hz, 3,000 pulses per session) applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Thirteen participants enrolled in the study, with two withdrawing due to tolerability, and one excluded from analysis. Overall, side effects were mild and rTMS was well tolerated. The Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D17 ) improved 13.5 points (IQR 5-15), and 40% of participants achieved remission (HAM-D17 ≤ 7) after rTMS treatment. Informant clinical scales of core symptoms of autism also suggested improvement with rTMS, though no change was observed by the participants themselves. Thus, this open-label trial suggests that high-frequency rTMS is well tolerated by adults with autism and MDD, with improvement in depressive symptoms and possible effects on core autism symptoms. Autism Res 2020, 13: 346-351. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research,Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: This study evaluated the safety and effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on depression and autism symptoms in individuals with both major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder. rTMS was well tolerated by the participants, depression improved with treatment, and family members' assessment of autism symptoms improved as well. This study supports the need for further work to evaluate rTMS in individuals who have both autism and depression.
Fixed-point quantum circuits for quantum field theories

Renormalization group ideas and effective operators are used to efficiently determine localized unitaries for preparing the ground states of non-interacting scalar field theories on digital quantum devices. With these methods, classically computed ground states in a small spatial volume can be used to determine operators for preparing the ground state in a beyond-classical quantum register, even for interacting scalar field theories. Due to the exponential decay of correlation functions and the double exponential suppression of digitization artifacts, the derived quantum circuits are expected to be relevant already for near-term quantum devices.
SUCCESSFUL AORTIC ROOT AND ARCH REPLACEMENT FOR OCCULT AORTIC DISSECTION IN AN ADULT WITH FONTAN PALLIATION

There is little information about the incidence, risk factors and presentation of aortic dissection in the Fontan population. A 34-year-old male with tricuspid atresia status-post an extra-cardiac fenestrated Fontan, presented with uncontrolled hypertension and chest pain. Cardiac MRI showed a