cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semantic picture-word interference is a postperceptual effect.

Naming a picture is slower while ignoring a semantically related versus an unrelated distractor word (semantic picture–word interference, or PWI). To locate the PWI effect in the word production processing stream (during perceptual encoding, response selection, or afterward), we used the psychological refractory period paradigm, in which participants identified a tone and then, at varying SOAs, named a picture while ignoring a semantically related or unrelated word (following Dell’Acqua, Job, Peressotti, & Pascali, 2007). As in results from the Stroop paradigm (Fagot & Pashler, 1992), we found equivalent PWI effects at short and long SOAs following tone identification in two experiments, indicating that semantic competition occurs at response selection or later. Our results suggest that it is premature to assume that competitive selection occurs at multiple levels in the word production system (van Maanen, van Rijn, & Borst, 2009) or that the Stroop and semantic PWI effects are fundamentally different (Dell’Acqua et al., 2007).
Irinotecan (CPT-11): Recent Developments and Future Directions–Colorectal Cancer and Beyond

Since its approval in the United States in 1996, irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar ® , Pharmacia Corp.; Peapack, NJ) has undergone extensive clinical evaluation. In the past five years, the focus of development has evolved from evaluation of single-agent activity in refractory disease settings to evaluation of front-line irinotecanbased combination chemotherapy regimens and integration of irinotecan into combined modality regimens. Important studies have been performed clarifying the role of irinotecan in treating colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers, small cell and non-small cell lung cancer, and a variety of other malignancies. Preclinical studies performed in conjunction with these clinical trials have also provided significant insights into the pharmacology, metabolism, mechanisms of resistance, and molecular determinants of response. This review summarizes that progress, focusing on the achievements of the past five years. The Oncologist 2001;6:66-80
Sequence transformation to a complex signature form for consistent phylogenetic tree using Extensible Markov Model

Phylogenetic tree analysis using molecular sequences continues to expand beyond the 16S rRNA marker. By addressing the multi-copy issue known as the intra-heterogeneity, this paper restores the focus in using the 16S rRNA marker. Through use of a novel learning and model building algorithm, the multiple gene copies are integrated into a compact complex signature using the Extensible Markov Model (EMM). The method clusters related sequence segments while preserving their inherent order to create an EMM signature for a mi-crobial organism. A library of EMM signatures is generated from which samples are drawn for phylogenetic analysis. By matching the components of two signatures, referred to as quasi-alignment, the differences are highlighted and scored. Scoring quasi-alignments is done using adapted Karlin-Altschul statistics to compute a novel distance metric. The metric satisfies conditions of identity, symmetry, triangular inequality and the four point rule required for a valid evolution distance metric. The resulting distance matrix is input to PHYologeny Inference Package (PHYLIP) to generate phylogenies using neighbor joining algorithms. Through control of clustering in signature creation, the diversity of similar organisms and their placement in the phylogeny is explained. The experiments include analysis of genus Burkholderia, a random microbial sample spanning several phyla and a diverse sample that includes RNA of Eukaryotic origin. The NCBI sequence data for 16S rRNA is used for validation.
Effects of argumentation on group micro-creativity: Statistical discourse analyses of algebra students’ collaborative problem solving

Abstract The micro-time context of group processes (such as argumentation) can affect a group’s micro-creativity (new ideas). Eighty high school students worked in groups of four on an algebra problem. Groups with higher mathematics grades showed greater micro-creativity, and both were linked to better problem solving outcomes. Dynamic multilevel analyses of the groups’ 2951 turns of conversation statistically yielded 53 watersheds (breakpoints) that separated 36 high micro-creativity time periods from 37 low ones. Group member actions within the last two speaker turns also influenced micro-creativity. Compared to agreements, recent disagreements yielded 11% greater micro-creativity. Students who behaved rudely (rude disagreements, commands) showed less micro-creativity (−15% and −9%) than those who behaved politely (polite disagreements, questions/statements). In a special case, after a wrong idea, rude rather than polite disagreements raised groupmates’ micro-creativity (+60%). Teachers might encourage students to evaluate ideas carefully, speak politely, and avoid impulsive responses to rude behaviors.
Creating Context in Andean Cultures.

Creating Context in Andean Cultures. Rosaleen Howard-Malverde. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 255 pp.
A type architecture for hybrid micro-parallel computers

Programmable spatial fabrics, such as FPGAs, can provide some of the performance and efficiency benefits of custom hardware while retaining the low cost and flexibility of reprogrammable architectures. However, these fine-grained parallel architectures still have not been as widely adopted as many believe they could be for computationally intensive applications. The problem is two-fold: First, most applications contain substantial amounts of mostly sequential code that does not execute efficiently on a spatial fabric. Second, programming spatial architectures still requires some knowledge of the arcane arts of hardware engineering.Recently, hybrid processors that integrate a sequential processor with a spatial fabric have become prevalent. While hybrid computers ease the burden of integrating sequential and spatial code in a single application, programming them, and particularly their spatial fabrics, remains challenging. Part of the difficulty lies in the lack of a commonly agreed upon computational model and family of programming languages.To address this challenge, we are developing a new type architecture--an abstract model analogous to the von Neumann machine for sequential computers--that can serve as common ground for algorithm designers, language designers, and hardware architects. We show how this model applies to several relevant architectures, and present examples of how it can effectively inform algorithm, language, and hardware design, thereby improving the programmability of hybrid processors.
Application of congestion control algorithms for the control of a large number of actuators with a matrix network drive system

Systems with a large number of actuators can be built more efficiently by reducing the number of amplifiers using a matrix network drive system. The system with network drive architecture has limited capacity in terms of power related resources. In this paper, congestion control algorithm, along with several other algorithms, is presented for scheduling of the network drive system. For the network drive system, the load to the network is the output of the pulse width modulators of each actuator. As the demand for the actuators increases, the duty ratio of the PWM outputs will increase. The objective of the scheduling strategy is to maximize the average duty ratio of the PWM power input to the actuator without causing instability of the network modulator, and to minimize the effect of the instability on the system performance when it occurs. Four different protocols are presented and compared using simulation.
Improved Motion Compensation in the Enhancement Layer for Spatially Scalable Video Coding

This paper describes an efficient inter-layer motion compensation approach for enhancement layer prediction in spatially scalable video coding. The proposed approach provides improved performance compared to the current motion compensation scheme in the SVC standard. The improvement in performance is achieved by adding a new mode for enhancement layer motion compensation. Our experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an improvement up to about 1 dB in a two-layer spatially scalable framework compared to current SVC enhancement layer prediction.
Practical Mathematics in Nuclear Medicine Technology

P. Wells Reston, VA: Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2011, 331 pages, $85 The softback, spiral-bound workbook Practical Mathematics in Nuclear Medicine Technology is a great tool for nuclear medicine technology students as well as a wonderful resource for the seasoned
Aligning Web information policy with strategic organizational goals: preliminary case study findings

During the 1990s the World Wide Web emerged, providing communication capabilities to individuals and organizations that had not previously existed. However, the very power of the Web also amplified weaknesses and ambiguities in organizational information policy and practice. We present preliminary findings from a case study of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and its attempt to utilize Web-based technology to achieve existing organizational goals. When WSDOT traffic managers used the organization's Web site to fulfill operations goals, they did not always recognize the potential impact on administrative goals to brand organizational information, improve public relations and enhance legislative funding. The preliminary findings of this ongoing case study demonstrate that fulfilling organizational objectives through the World Wide Web requires well-defined communication goals, aligned with larger strategic objectives, prior to implementation of the Web-based policy and practice.
Cisplatin delivery from poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) microparticles.

To develop a platform for tumor chemotherapy, poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) microparticles have been synthesized. Carboxylate containing monomers were included to complex therapeutic agents, specifically cisplatin. Microparticles were prepared by free radical emulsion polymerization in aqueous media. Particle diameter, ~-potential, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo acute toxicity were characterized for both cisplatin-loaded microparticles and unloaded microparticles. In vitro cytotoxicity and FT-IR were used to characterize cisplatin released from cisplatin-loaded microparticles. Acrylic acid feed mole fraction determined several key microparticle properties, including particle size, ~-potential, and yield. A burst release of cisplatin (40%) in the first day was followed by a zero-order release phase. The interaction between cisplatin and microparticles allowed approximately 20% additional cisplatin release in the next five days. Cisplatin-loaded and unloaded microparticles are non-toxic (LC50N15 mM) to the cell line used in in vitro tests. Cisplatin released from cisplatin-loaded microparticles retained activity, but that activity was slightly lower than freshly prepared cisplatin. Other than a slight reduction in cisplatin activity, microparticles exhibited low in vivo acute toxicity (LD50N170 mg/kg), which suggests that this hydrogel particulate system and the hydrogel complexation mechanism should further be studied for drug delivery.
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis, Phycomycosis)

Zygomycosis is an umbrella term describing acute (rarely chronic) and often fatal opportunistic infections occuring mainly in patients with specific predisposing conditions such as chronic debilitating disease (diabetes, hematologic malignancies, lymphoma), malnutrition, and immunosuppression (organ-transplant recipients, burns) (1–10), as well as in HIV-positive patients (11–13). Mucor infections have also been described in healthy individuals (14–17).
Randomized multidimensional search trees: further results in dynamic sampling

The use of randomization in dynamic search structures by means of a technique called dynamic sampling is investigated. In particular, an efficient algorithm for dynamic (logarithmic time) point location in 3-D partitions induced by a set of possibly interesting polygons in R/sup 3/ is given. The expected running time of the algorithm on a random sequence of updates is close to optimal. Efficient algorithms for dynamic nearest-k-neighbor queries and half space range queries in R/sup d/ are also given. >
Hot-Air Quarantine Treatment for Mango Infested with Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

A single-stage forced-air quarantine treatment at 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C was developed to disinfest Florida-grown "Tommy Atkins" and "Keitt" mangoes, Mangifera indica L., of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), eggs and larvae. Treating infested fruits for 30-150 min with 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C forced air at a 0.75 m(3)/s mean air flow rate reduced the number of surviving pupae that developed from treated eggs and larvae. Probit analysis of the data estimated that a mean treatment time of 136.7 min was needed to reach 99.9968% (probit 9) mortality when the mean +/- SEM temperature next to the seed surface was 44.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. A large-scale confirmatory test resulted in no survivors (based on puparia of normal appearance) when an estimated 106,053 A. suspensa larvae in 7,000 infested mangoes were heated with 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C forced air at an average 0.75 m(3)/s air flow rate for 160 or 220 min and the fruit pulp temperatures next to the seeds were 46.1 +/- 0.4 or 46.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C, respectively.
Ovarian sertoli-leydig cell tumor with retiform pattern

SummarySertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCT) are sex cord-stromal tumors which exhibit testicular differentiation. They account for less than 0.2% of ovarian neoplasms in total but comprise 4% of ovarian tumors in females under 20 yrs of age. The morphological appearance of these tumors varies more widely than that of any other ovarian tumor except for the teratomas. Histologically they are now classified into 5 categories: well-differentiated, intermediately differentiated, poorly differentiated, heterologous and retiform. We describe the case of an ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with retiform pattern in a 7 yr old girl.
Low-loss offset feeds for electrically large symmetric dual-reflector antennas

Circularly symmetric, dual-reflector, high-gain antenna systems often require feeds placed off the system's axis because of the need for multiple feeds to use the reflector antenna. Also, the constraint requiring the hyperboloid or shaped subreflector to remain circularly symmetric is sometimes added. In a Cassegrainian system, the subreflector and feed may be rotated off-axis around the paraboloid focus and retain main reflector focusing. However, substantial spillover results in considerable noise in a high-gain/low-noise temperature system. In a shaped system, the tilt of the shaped subreflector and feed together results in substantial defocusing as well as spillover noise. If the subreflector is tilted approximately one-half the angle of the feed tilt in either the Cassegrainian or the dual-shaped reflector antenna, it is found that spillover and noise are substantially reduced with tolerable defocusing. An extensive numerical analysis of these effects was conducted to determine the characteristics of a 70-meter, dual-shaped reflector versus Cassegrainian antenna and to gain some understanding of the cause of the observed effects.
A phase II study of bryostatin-1 and paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Background: Bryostatin-1 is a macrocyclic lactone, which exhibits pleiotropic biological effects via protein kinase C and has shown preclinical synergy with paclitaxel for enhanced tumor cell apoptosis. Patients and Methods: Patients had stage IIIB (pleural effusion)/IV non-small cell lung cancer, measurable disease, performance status 0–2 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, adequate organ function, and no prior chemotherapy. Patients received dexamethasone premedication followed by paclitaxel at a dose of 90 mg/m 2 on days 1, 8, and 15 along with bryostatin-1 50 μg/m 2 on days 2, 9, and 16 every 28 days until disease progression. Correlative assays measuring serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and T-lymphocyte numbers were performed based on a previous study showing cytokine induction in vivo by bryostatin-1. Fifteen patients were enrolled. Results: Thirty cycles of the bryostatin-1 and paclitaxel were delivered with a median of 2 per patient (range 1–4). Myalgia was the predominant non-hematologic toxicity encountered as 3 patients developed grade 4 and 1 patient developed grade 3 myalgia. Four patients were removed from the study during cycle 1 for rapid disease progression or myalgia. Eleven patients could be evaluated for response. Five patients had stable disease, two had a mixed response, and four had progressive disease. Ten patients received second-line chemotherapy after leaving the study. Median survival was 31 weeks (95% confidence interval: 5.4–49.3). Correlative data showed a trend towards decreased plasma IL-6 and TNF-α after each cycle of therapy presumably due to the dexamethasone premedication and/or paclitaxel. Conclusions: This drug combination showed no significant clinical response and was associated with reproducible toxicity. The predominance of myalgia in the absence of elevated serum cytokines suggests a non-inflammatory etiology of this toxicity.
Measurement-Aware Monitor Placement and Routing: A Joint Optimization Approach for Network-Wide Measurements

Network-wide traffic measurement is important for various network management tasks, ranging from traffic accounting, traffic engineering, network troubleshooting to security. Previous research in this area has focused on either deriving better monitor placement strategies for fixed routing, or strategically routing traffic sub-populations over existing deployed monitors to maximize the measurement gain. However, neither of them alone suffices in real scenarios, since not only the number of deployed monitors is limited, but also the traffic characteristics and measurement objectives are constantly changing. This paper presents an MMPR (Measurement-aware Monitor Placement and Routing) framework that jointly optimizes monitor placement and dynamic routing strategy to achieve maximum measurement utility. The main challenge in solving MMPR is to decouple the relevant decision variables and adhere to the intra-domain traffic engineering constraints. We formulate it as an MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) problem and propose several heuristic algorithms to approximate the optimal solution and reduce the computation complexity. Through experiments using real traces and topologies (Abilene , AS6461 , and GEANT ), we show that our heuristic solutions can achieve measurement gains that are quite close to the optimal solutions, while reducing the computation times by a factor of 23X in Abilene (small), 246X in AS6461 (medium), and 233X in GEANT (large), respectively.
Electrocardiographic T-wave amplitude as a non-invasive index of sympathetic myocardial activity: possible confounding effects of parasympathetic influence

A noninvasive, psychophysiologic measurement paradigm was used to examine the effects of autonomic activity on electrocardiographic T-wave amplitude and heart rate. Sympathetic nervous system activity was manipulated by having subjects perform a difficult mental arithmetic task. Parasympathetic influences were inferred by measuring respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Preliminary results suggest that both heart rate and T-wave amplitude were influenced by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input. Data for T-wave amplitude draw into question recent claims concerning the specificity of this measure as a noninvasive index of sympathetic myocardial influences. >
Fifty-five year changes in species composition on dry prairie remnants in south-central Wisconsin1

Abstract Ten dry prairie remnants in south-central Wisconsin first sampled in 1950 were resampled in 2005 to determine changes in species presence and frequency and to characterize differences between species that increased and decreased in abundance. Combined species richness over all sites has increased (from 147 to 189), but this largely reflects the recruitment of exotic species, woody vegetation, and taller shade-tolerant species. Mean native species richness per site decreased (from 65.2 to 59.7) reflecting the loss of rarer and shorter forbs while mean exotic species richness increased greatly (from 0.3 to 10.1). Although the average number of habitat generalist species per site has remained constant (13.0 vs. 13.6), the number of habitat specialists has declined (from 27.4 to 21.7) contributing to declines in floristic quality. The five native species that decreased in occurrence and 15 that decreased in frequency tended to be short, non-clonal specialist forbs. The seven native increaser species ...
Virtualizing Trafﬁc Shapers for Practical Resource Allocation

Many network resource allocation scenarios would benefit from the use of traffic shapers, such as weighted fair queues (WFQs) [2], priority queues [10] and rate limiters [11]. However, the number of such shapers implemented in hardware in switches, routers, and network interface cards (NICs) is very low; typically less than ten (see Table 1). Instead of simple use of hardware traffic shapers, network operators thus have to resort to more complex solutions. For example, public clouds such as Amazon Web Services and Windows Azure want to limit the network bandwidth that is allocated to each VM along each path through their network. However, NICs only support a small number of rate limiters in hardware [11]. So, the cloud providers implement rate limits in software, forcing all server traffic to go through the hypervisor. This results in both worse latency and lower throughput because it requires more copying (between guest VM and hypervisor) and it disallows multi-core optimizations such as SRIOV and Direct-IO which let VMs directly read and write from NIC buffers. Dedicating more cores to the hypervisor improves throughput but the cloud provider now has fewer to allocate to customers. As another example, major companies have announced centralized traffic engineering using SDN switches [6]. To drive networks at high utilization, these schemes solve a global optimization problem to map traffic across all the network paths and allocate available network bandwidth among hosts based on business requirements. Here too, there is a need to ensure that hosts adhere to their allocated rates along each path. Further, there is a need to prioritize among traffic classes; e.g., customer-facing traffic where extra latency means lost revenue should be prioritized over bulk data transfers that only care about finishing within a deadline. However, the number of traffic classes is several orders of magnitude larger than the number of available shapers in modData Path Control
Is the Contralateral Shoulder a Viable Control for Electromyography Analysis of Reverse Shoulders

Background: Little validation has been done to compare the principle of using the contralateral side as compared to and age and gender matched control. This study seeks to assess the validity of using the contralateral shoulder as the control as opposed to an age- gender- matched control. This study will give insight as to whether the contralateral side is a viable control as compared to a normal age and gender matched control. The study showed that the use of the contralateral shoulder was not a viable normal control. Methods: 50 subjects were recruited for an institutional review board approved study. We studied 33 subjects who were ≥ 6 months post unilateral RSTA and 17 subjects who comprised our normal age- and gender-matched control group. The activity of the contralateral shoulder for each RTSA subject was recorded. All subjects were prompted to elevate their arm to perform abduction, flexion, and external rotation activities in both weighted and un-weighted configurations. Electromyography activation of the anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the deltoid and the upper trapezius muscles were recorded bilaterally using bipolar surface electrodes. Motion capture using passive reflective markers was used to quantify three-dimensional motions of both shoulders. Results: During abduction and flexion, deltoid and upper trapezius activity was significantly increased in RTSA contralateral shoulder as compared to age and gender matched control shoulders (Figure 1, 2, 3). Figure breakdown comprised of the anterior deltoid: Top left, lateral deltoid: top right, posterior deltoid: bottom left, upper trapezius: bottom right. The red line represents the contralateral shoulder for the RTSA subject while the black line represented the age- and gender- matched control. No differences were seen in the anterior and lateral deltoid activity between groups during un-external rotation. Conclusion: Muscle activation of the deltoid and the upper trapezius muscle is significantly different in the contralateral shoulder of an RTSA than an age and gender matched control subject. The study suffers from the limitation of the muscle pathology for the contralateral shoulder. Some studies have shown that rotator cuff deficiency is a bilateral issue. All subjects were able to perform the functional tasks required and thereby met the requirements to participate in the study. Differences point to the notion that muscle deficiency in the RTSA subjects may be prevalent in both shoulders. It may also point to a slower rate of deficiency for the non-involved shoulder. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the contralateral shoulder was a viable control. Significant differences were found between the RTSA contralateral shoulder and the age- and gender- matched control that show that the RTSA contralateral shoulder is not a viable control.
Abstract 176: Variation in the Content and Timing of Informed Consent in Cardiovascular Procedures: An Opportunity to Improve Decision-making

Background: Informed consent, when effectively implemented, provides a powerful opportunity to build trust between the patient and clinician; support patient autonomy; and enable high-quality decision-making. Yet despite being legally and ethically mandated, consistent quality standards for informed consent are lacking, resulting in varied laws and practices. We examined variation in the quality of informed consent among three cardiovascular procedures - cardiac catheterization (CC), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) - at a single institution. Methods: We conducted a chart review of elective outpatient CCs, TEEs, and ICDs performed from April 1 to June 30, 2014, evaluating: presence of consent form; content (documentation of purpose of procedure, benefits, risks, risk probabilities, and alternatives); legibility (assessed subjectively); and timing of consent prior to start of procedure. We also assessed documentation of procedure-specific risks (CC: bleeding, infection, heart attack, stroke, arrhythmia, vessel damage, heart damage, kidney injury, contrast allergy, adverse reaction, death; TEE: oral damage, esophageal damage, arrhythmia, blood pressure changes, breathing changes, aspiration pneumonia, death; ICD: pneumothorax, vessel damage, cardiac puncture, bleeding, infection, arrhythmia, adverse reaction, lead failure, death). Results: A generic consent document was used for all procedures (79 CCs, 39 TEEs, 36 ICDs); however, personalized, hand-written information was heterogeneous. Some documents did not specify the procedure’s purpose (CC: 19% [15 of 79]; TEE: 8% [3 of 39]; ICD: 6% [2 of 36]). Description of procedure-specific risks varied, and in some cases no risks were specified (CC: 32% [25 of 79]; TEE: 18% [7 of 39]; ICD: 42% [15 of 36]); only 8 total documents cited risk probabilities. Alternatives were never listed, and benefits were frequently not specified (CC: 100% [79 of 79]; TEE: 100% [39 of 39]; ICD: 86% [31 of 36]). Written documentation was often illegible (CC: 41% [32 of 79]; TEE: 31% [12 of 39]; ICD: 28% [10 of 36]). Timing of consent prior to procedure varied (median time: 32 min for CC, 29 min for TEE, and 1.6 days for ICD). Last, 43% (34 of 79 CCs), 49% (19 of 39 TEEs), and 3% (1 of 36 ICDs) were consented less than 30 minutes prior to start time. Conclusion: We observed notable variation in the content, legibility and timing of informed consent documents within and across procedures. These components are necessary, though may not be sufficient, to support a high-quality informed consent process. Our results highlight opportunities for improving informed consent. Standardization of content and increased time for patients to consider the risks, benefits, and alternatives of elective procedures may result in higher quality decision-making and facilitate patient autonomy.
Initial verification and validation of RAZORBACK - A research reactor transient analysis code

This report describes the work and results of the initial verification and validation (V&V) of the beta release of the Razorback code. Razorback is a computer code designed to simulate the operation of a research reactor (such as the Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR)) by a coupled numerical solution of the point reactor kinetics equations, the energy conservation equation for fuel element heat transfer, and the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for the water cooling of the fuel elements. This initial V&V effort was intended to confirm that the code work to-date shows good agreement between simulation and actual ACRR operations, indicating that the subsequent V&V effort for the official release of the code will be successful.
The interaction between K depletion and CO2 inhalation on intracellular bicarbonate content.

SummaryIntracellular bicarbonate content ([HCO3-]i) of rat skeletal muscle was derived from CO2 distribution in animals subjected to CO2 inhalation and K deficiency applied singly and together. The objectives were to determine (i) whether or not [HCO3-]i would be reduced in acidotic, low-K muscle, and (ii) whether the [HCO3-]i increase due to CO2 inhalation would be the same in normal and K-deficient animals. There was a 20% reduction in the CO2-derived [HCO3-]i of low-K muscle. A 20% reduction was also obtained when deriving [HCO3-]i from DMO pHi. The [HCO3-]i increment due to CO2 inhalation was sufficiently less in low-K muscle to yield, upon analysis of variance, a statistical interaction between the two stresses applied. This interaction was indicative of less buffering by low-K muscle. The data strongly suggest that the acidotic, low-K cell is defending against H+ whose origin is metabolic.
Processable, Chemical Routes to Binary Metal Sulfides

Metal thiolates of the general formula M(SR)2 (M = Pb, Zn, Cd) and Cl-Hg-SR (R = alkyl) have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, TGA and, in selected cases, single crystal X-ray diffraction. The metal bis(thiolate) compounds can be converted into the related metal sulfides by thermolyses. The solid state materials have been characterized by XRPD, SEM and, in selected cases, by particle size determination. The volatile pyrolytic co-products have been isolated and characterized by GC/MS. The decomposition pathways of mercury chlorothiolates are more complicated and depend on the nature of the organic group present in Cl-Hg-SR.
Rearing techniques for Creophilus maxillosus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a predator of fly larvae in cattle feedlots

Laboratory rearing methods were developed for the hairy rove beetle, Creophilus maxillosus L. Adults produced more eggs and lived longer when fed blowfly, Calliphora sp., larvae than when fed house fly, Musca domestica L., larvae. Well-fed adults produced 8.1 eggs per day compared with starved females, who produced 2.2 eggs per day. Wet sand was used as a rearing substrate; 4–6% moisture by weight was preferred by larvae, prepupae, and adults over that with 2% moisture. However, eggs hatched equally at all 3 moisture levels. Egg production decreased when sand became contaminated. Fresh sand resulted in increased egg laying. Survival was low (40%) from egg to 1st instar and during the prepupal stage (52%). Adults resulted from 87% of the healthy pupae. With 30% survival rate from egg to adult and a rate of lay of 500 eggs per adult female, an estimated 421,865 females could be produced in 3 generations.
Monitoring Substructure Movements during Slide-In Bridge Construction

AbstractTo reduce disruption to traffic during bridge replacement, accelerated bridge replacement (ABR) methodologies are being developed. One of the ABR methodologies being implemented is slide-in bridge construction (SIBC), which reduces the total duration of traffic disruption to less than one or two weekends. Because the SIBC activities are new, the system response is unknown. Quantification of the loads acting on permanent and temporary structures during the slide operation is required to develop recommendations for standardizing SIBC. With this purpose, substructure movements were monitored during an SIBC project in Michigan, USA, and the forces acting on the substructure during the slide operation were back-calculated. Theoretically, forces develop in the sliding direction because of friction, and in the vertical direction because of superstructure weight. However, the analysis results indicated that a force couple developed due differential friction at the sliding surfaces, and resulted in rotatin...
Competing Claims: Religious Affiliation and African Americans’ Intolerance of Homosexuals

Literature on religion and political intolerance indicates competing expectations about how Black Protestant church affiliation affects African Americans’ attitudes about civil liberties. On the on...
Myopathy in Zidovudine Treated HIV Infection

Elevations in serum CK levels in 80% of 87 children enrolled in a multi-centered trial of oral zidovudine treatment for symptomatic HIV infection are reported from the Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
Characteristics of well-propagated teaching innovations in undergraduate STEM

The undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education community has developed a large number of innovative teaching strategies and materials, but the majority of these go unused by instructors. To help understand how to improve adoption of evidence-based education innovations, this study focuses on innovations that have become widely used in college-level STEM instruction. Innovations were identified via a questionnaire emailed to experts in STEM instruction. Descriptions of identified innovations were validated by preparing brief descriptions of each innovation and sending them to the original developers, when applicable, for feedback, and searching relevant literature. Publicly available funding data was collected for each innovation. STEM disciplines surveyed include biology, chemistry, computer science, engineering, geoscience, mathematics, and physics. The 43 innovations identified were categorized based on two criteria: level of specificity (general, recognizable, branded) and type of change (pedagogical, content, both, neither). The 21 branded innovations were analyzed in more detail. The majority (14/21) require relatively modest changes in pedagogy and no changes in content. In addition, nearly all have received at least 3 million dollars in external funding over at least 10 years. This paper presents the full list of instructional innovations produced, which can be used by educational innovation developers to understand how their ideas fit within the broader landscape and to identify innovations in one discipline that may have promise for transfer. The findings regarding funding of the branded innovations have important implications for both educational innovation developers and funding agencies. In particular, the study indicates that a long-term mindset and access to long-term funding are vital for broad adoption of new teaching innovations.
Semi-direct Products

The theory of a free particle is largely determined by its group of symmetries, the group of symmetries of three-dimensional space, a group which includes a subgroup \(\mathbf R^3\) of spatial translations, and a subgroup SO(3) of rotations.
Concurrent Detection of Protein Adsorption on Mixed Nanoparticles by Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation

In mixtures of nanoparticles of various sizes or compositions, monitoring protein partitioning on their surfaces provides important information about particle–protein interactions during competitive adsorption. Utilizing the size-resolving capability of differential centrifugal sedimentation, the adsorption of bovine serum albumin on multisize gold nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 20 to 100 nm or gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles with similar diameter can be concurrently observed. This method can be used to gain insight into nanoparticle–protein interactions based on analyses of curvature and relative abundance.
Linking Individual-Level Survey Data to Consumer File Records

While the ability to link survey data to government records can be extremely valuable to researchers, there are limits on the applicability of the government records to some types of research. However, there are additional sources of external records about survey respondents that may have some value if they were to be linked to the survey data and some of the largest databases of such records are kept as consumer file data by market research companies. In many cases, these are very detailed individual-level records that might have great value for survey researchers. This chapter discusses these databases and some of the potential benefits and drawbacks of using them to augment survey data collection.
Microcircuits of the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus

The neurons of the cochlear nuclei are the first central processors of auditory information, and they provide inputs to all the major brainstem and midbrain auditory nuclei. The ventral region of the cochlear nucleus (the ventral cochlear nucleus) represents the beginning of the binaural pathway through its projections to the superior olivary complex. The synaptic circuitry of the ventral cochlear nucleus specializes in the precise and rapid representation of incoming signals from the cochlear afferents. The ventral cochlear nucleus has two main regions: the core or magnocellular region and the granular cell domain. The magnocellular region contains these main neuronal cell types: the bushy cells (spherical and globular) and the multipolar or stellate cells (T stellate and D stellate). Auditory nerve fibers are the major source of excitation to both bushy and stellate cells. The synaptic connectivity pattern of neural networks between the neurons in a brain region is an essential determinant of their role in information processing. This chapter concentrates on the connectivity and synaptic microcircuits, including the key molecular synaptic components that allow the principal cells (bushy and stellate cells) to accomplish their functions. In addition, putative aspects of experience-dependent plasticity and hearing loss are discussed.
The Strategic Shift: The Origins of British Mine Warfare

This chapter examines the difficult strategic situation that arose for Britain in the summer of 1905. The problems regarding enforcing a blockade of Germany drove the Royal Navy to embrace mine warfare as a solution to these issues. This led to the sudden development of mining within the Royal Navy to facilitate its new strategy.
CD4 T-cells regulate angiogenesis and myogenesis.

Abstract Ischemic diseases, such as peripheral artery disease, affect millions of people worldwide. While CD4+ T-cells regulate angiogenesis and myogenesis, it is not understood how the phenotype of these adaptive immune cells regulate these regenerative processes. The secreted factors from different types of CD4+ T-cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) were utilized in a series of in vitro assays and delivered from an injectable alginate biomaterial into a murine model of ischemia to study their effects on vascular and skeletal muscle regeneration. Conditioned medium from Th2 and Th17 T-cells enhanced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, in part by directly stimulating endothelial sprouting. Th1 conditioned medium induced vascular regression in vitro and provided no benefit to angiogenesis in vivo. Th1, Th2, and Th17 conditioned medium, to varying extents, enhanced muscle precursor cell proliferation and inhibited their differentiation in vitro, and prolonged early stages of muscle regeneration in vivo. Treg conditioned medium had a moderate or no effect on these processes in vitro and no discernible effect in vivo. These findings suggest that Th2 and Th17 T-cells may enhance angiogenesis and myogenesis in ischemic injuries, which may be useful in the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials to treat these diseases.
Clinical Activity of Pralatrexate in Patients With Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Varying Doses of Pralatrexate.

Summary Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are rare, heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas with poor prognoses. Treatment options for CTCL are limited by the their efﬁcacy and tolerability proﬁle. Pralatrexate has demonstrated efficacy in T-cell lymphomas, however dose-modifying adverse events, such as mucositis have occurred. We retrospectively reviewed clinical responses and toxicity in 27 CTCL patients treated with pralatrexate at doses ranging from 10-30mg/m 2 and clinical response or disease stabilization was observed in 85% even at lower doses. Administration of leucovorin resulted in no change in the incidence of skin reactions in CTCL patients but reduced the incidence of mucositis.
Data Processing Techniques

This talk will briefly introduce the main data processing techniques available at present, excluding search algorithms. No attempt has been made to cite all the literature, rather, recent references are given and through them the reader can track down other literature.
An Efficient Bandit Algorithm for sqrt(T) Regret in Online Multiclass Prediction

Consider a sequence of examples (xt, yt) for t = 1, . . . , T where xt ∈ R and yt ∈ [K], where the goal of a Learner is to predict the class yt from the input xt. In the more common full-information setting, the Learner observes the true class yt after making her prediction ŷt. In the present open problem, however, we will consider the so-called bandit setting: after predicting ŷt, the Learner is only told “correct” or “incorrect”, her feedback being a single bit 1[ŷt 6= yt]. We assume that the Learner’s hypothesis class is the set ofK-tuples of vectorsW = 〈w1, . . . ,wK〉 where wi ∈ R (we can think ofW as theK × n hypothesis matrix). Given an instance xt, such a hypothesis will produce a K-tuple of “scores” 〈w1 ·xt, . . . ,wK ·xt〉, and the Learner’s prediction will be the class with the largest score: ŷt = arg max k∈[K] wk · xt.
Seed Maturation and Control of Germination

Seed maturation is a critical period of seed development during which many of the unique processes required for seed formation occur. The major events that characterize seed maturation include the arrest of embryo morphogenesis, the synthesis and accumulation of storage reserves, the acquisition of desiccation tolerance, the desiccation of seed and the accompanying induction of metabolic quiescence, and, in some species, the establishment of embryo dormancy. Although this period of seed development has been studied extensively at several levels, a foundation for understanding the processes that control seed maturation is just beginning to emerge. Information derived from studies of the regulation of seed protein genes, of the effects of the phytohormone abscisic acid on cultured embryos, of mutants defective in abscisic acid accumulation and perception, and of mutations that affect other aspects of seed development do not implicate a single master regulator of seed maturation but, rather, provide evidence that multiple regulatory pathways are each involved in controlling specific facets of seed maturation. Factors that have been identified as regulators of seed maturation include abscisic acid, the VIVIPAROUS1/ABA INSENSITIVE3 class of transcriptional regulatory proteins, and the products of the Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON genes. Coordination of the activities of these and, perhaps, other regulators ultimately underlies the processes that occur during seed maturation.
Longitudinal trends in renal function in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving oral antiviral treatment

Background Long term renal safety of antiviral agents against hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been debated. Aim To compare longitudinal trends of renal function among HBV mono-infected patients receiving entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and adefovir (ADV) in comparison to untreated subjects. Methods A retrospective cohort consisting of 815 patients with chronic HBV infection was constructed. Serial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was compared to the expected rate of age-dependent decline in eGFR, derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Generalised estimating equations and linear mixed-effects models were used to compare trends in eGFR (in mL/min/1.73m2 as a "unit"). Results In NHANES data (n = 23 051), each year of age was associated with a 0.86 unit decrease in eGFR in subjects without hypertension and 0.96 units with hypertension. The Stanford cohort consisted of patients who received ETV (n = 207), TDF (n = 191), ADV (n = 46) or no therapy (n = 371). After a median follow-up 4.0 (interquartile range: 1.9-6.5) years, there was no significant difference in the expected and observed rates of eGFR decline in untreated HBV patients. Patients receiving antiviral treatment experienced steeper reduction in renal function than expected. In the multivariable model, ETV was associated with eGFR loss at 1.81 units per year (P = 0.06, compared to untreated patients). TDF- and ADV-treated patients experienced significantly higher rate of eGFR loss at 2.21 and 2.63 units per year, respectively (both P Conclusion In this longitudinal cohort study, HBV patients receiving antiviral therapy, particularly TDF and ADV, experienced more rapid loss in eGFR.
Changing Genders: Linguistic Factors Beyond Ambiguous Gender Marking and the Case of Spanish el arte vs el ave and el hambre

The Spanish noun arte is unique in that it is, for all intents and purposes, masculine in the singular, but feminine in the plural, e.g. el arte culinario vs las artes culinarias. This noun was feminine in Latin, and in Old Spanish as well, but because it has been preceded by the ‘feminine el’ (i.e., allomorph of the feminine definite article la) and has exhibited the ambiguous gender marker –e, el arte (feminine) was eventually, and understandably, reanalysed as el arte (masculine). The feminine nouns ave and hambre, however, which exhibit the same morphology as arte when appearing with the feminine el, complicate the seemingly transparent historical development of the change in gender from el arte (f.) > el arte (m.). The present study seeks to identify factors beyond ambiguous gender marking that can explain why a change in gender from feminine to masculine has occurred in the case of el arte, but not in the case of el ave and el hambre, thus contributing, not only to our understanding of this one aspect of Spanish historical grammar, but also to issues of gender and gender change in general linguistic theory.