cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pigment-dependent differences in the stria vascularis of albino and pigmented guinea pigs and rats.

Abstract Functional models of the stria vascularis (SV) have ascribed roles for the marginal and basal cells, but not for the intermediate cells, which remain poorly understood. Intermediate cells have been identified as melanocytes, which produce melanin in most pigmented animals including humans. The relationship of melanin to intermediate cell function may be addressed through comparisons with the albino inner ear. Albinos have a normal distribution of melanocytes that are unable to synthesize melanin pigment. In the present study, the SV was compared between albino and pigmented littermates in both the guinea pig and the rat. Photomicrographic montages of the SV were analyzed from each of 7 cochlear regions in the guinea pig and 5 regions in the rat. Stereological procedures were used to determine the volume density (Vv) for each of the three main cell types in the stria, the surface density (Sv) of the marginal cells, and to derive estimates of absolute cell volume and surface area. In the guinea pig, comparisons between pigment groups showed that marginal cell Vv was larger across cochlear turns in the albinos, while intermediate cell Vv was smaller. Intermediate cell cytoplasmic and total cell volumes were smaller in the albino guinea pigs; however, marginal cell Sv and absolute area were larger. In the rat, intermediate cell Vv was also smaller across cochlear turns in the albinos. Similarly, intermediate cell cytoplasmic and total cell volumes were smaller in the albinos, while marginal cell total surface area per radial cross-section of the SV was larger. These results demonstrate that amelanotic melanocytes occupy significantly less volume than do pigmented melanocytes, and suggest that melanin may influence the structure and function of the SV.
Attitudinal Homophobia and Support of Traditional Sex Roles

The present study investigated the relationships among various attitudes toward homosexuality and the maintenance of traditional male/female gender distinctions. The results supported both the importance of separate attitude dimensions describing reactions to homosexuality and the meaningfulness of an overall pattern of homophobia. Components of homophobic style were evaluated and related to components of support for traditional male/female roles. An individualAEs own congruence with traditional gender expectation and his/her attitudes toward sex-role incongruence were evaluated within the context of social psychological research on deviance.
A new mechanism for tumor‐induced platelet aggregation. Comparison with mechanisms shared by other tumors with possible pharmacologic strategy toward prevention of metastases

Because tumor-induced platelet aggregation appears to play a role in the development of certain experimental tumor metastases, we examined the mechanism(s) of tumor-induced platelet aggregation as well as the effect of various anti-platelets agents. Two mechanisms for tumor-induced platelet aggregation have been previously described: (1) a mechanism which requires complement, a stable plasma factor, divalent cation and a sialo-lipo-pro-tein vesicular component of the tumor membrane for platelet aggregation; and (2) a mechanism which operates via the generation of thrombin and requires a phos-pholipid component of the tumor membrane. We now report a new mechanism of tumor-induced platelet aggregation which is shared by three different tumors: a spontaneously metastatic human melanoma, HM29, a murine melanoma, B16F10, and a carcinogen-induced metastatic murine colon carcinoma, CT26. These tumors do not require cell-surface sialic acid or serum complement as does the first mechanism. They do not require cell-surface phospholipid, as do the tumors representing the other two mechanism. They do not aggregate platelets via the generation of thrombin as do tumors representing the second mechanism. These tumors are unique in that they require a trypsin-sensitive surface protein for activity. The ability of the thrombin-generating tumors to aggregate platelets is uniquely sensitive to two highly specific, synthetic thrombin-competitive inhibitors: DAPA and No. 805. The other two groups of tumors are at least 10 times more sensitive to inhibition of platelet aggregation by elevation of cyclic AMP levels (prostacy-clin, 6-keto-PGE1, dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and at least 10 times more sensitive to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (indomethacin, ibuprofen). Thus, tumor-induced platelet aggregation is heterogeneous with respect to mechanism of action as well as inhibition by anti-platelet pharmacologic agents. Sensitivity to anti-platelet agents correlates with the mechanism by which tumor cells aggregate platelets.
Distributed Seismic Unix: a tool for seismic data processing

This paper describes a distributed system called Distributed Seismic Unix (DSU). DSU provides tools for creating and executing application sequences over several types of multiprocessor environments. DSU is designed to assist geophysicists in developing and executing sequences of Seismic Unix (SU) applications in clusters of workstations as well as on tightly coupled multiprocessor machines. SU is a large collection of subroutine libraries, graphics tools and fundamental seismic data processing applications that is freely available via the Internet from the Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP) of the Colorado School of Mines. SU is currently used at more than 500 sites in 32 countries around the world. DSU is built on top of three publicly available software packages: SU itself; TCL/TK, which provides the necessary tools to build the graphical user interface (GUI); and PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine), which supports process management and communication. DSU handles tree-like graphs representing sequences of SU applications. Nodes of a graph represent SU applications, while the arcs represent the way the data flow from the root node to the lead nodes of the tree. In general the root node corresponds to an application that reads or creates synthetic seismic data, and the leaf nodes are associated with applications that write or display the processed seismic data; intermediate nodes are usually associated with typical seismic processing applications like filters, convolutions and signal processing. Pipelining parallelism is obtained when executing single-branch tree sequences, while a higher degree of parallelism is obtained when executing sequences with several branches. A major advantage of the DSU framework for distribution is that SU applications do not need to be modified for parallelism; only a few low-level system functions need to be modified. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute hemorrhagic complication of diagnostic lumbar puncture.

Objective To present a case of an epidural hematoma after lumbar puncture in a pediatric patient without known risk factors for such a complication and to review the literature regarding this complication. Design Case report, review of the literature, and discussion. Data sources A review of MEDLINE (1966-1998) for keywords "lumbar puncture" and "hemorrhage" or "hematoma" was conducted, and each bibliography was reviewed for other sources extending to 1911. Articles describing a case of spinal hematoma after a lumbar puncture for any procedure were included. Results A 5-year-old boy underwent a lumbar puncture for evaluation of lethargy and fever, and subsequently developed marked back pain and severe pain on flexion of his legs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an epidural blood collection. The patient's symptoms resolved over the next few days in association with steroid administration. Multiple reports of epidural and subdural hematomas were found on literature review, most occurring in the setting of coagulation abnormalities. These reports involve lumbar puncture in anesthetic, interventional, and diagnostic settings. Conclusion Lumbar puncture is a frequently employed procedure. Known complications include epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually in the setting of abnormal coagulation. The case presented is unusual in that the patient is a child and lacks any known risk factors for a hemorrhagic complication. Such a complication appears to be rare; only five of the 64 cases discovered in the literature review occurred following this diagnostic procedure in patients without known risk factors.
Identification of the factors affecting the rate of deactivation of hypochlorous acid by melatonin.

Abstract It has been found that melatonin reacts rapidly with hypochlorous acid in phosphate-buffered, ethanol–water solutions to produce 2-hydroxymelatonin. The rate law, d[2 − HOMel]/dt − kHOCl[Mel][HOCl] − kOCl−[Mel][OCl−], was obtained. At 37°C and at a water concentration of 23.5 M, kOCl−= 6.0 × 102L · mol−1· s−1, and kHOClwas found to be a function of the water concentration, kHOCl= 11 ± 3 L3· mol−3· s−1· [H2O]2, indicating that the availability of water at the site of the reaction plays a significant role. The part that the structural components of melatonin play in determining the reaction pathway was examined by comparing the rate of deactivation of HOCl by melatonin to that of the model compounds indole, 5-methoxyindole, and 3-methylindole. The relative reactivity is explained in terms of steric and electronic effects, and it was found that the presence of the substituent at the 3-position influences the nature of the oxidation product. Melatonin and 3-methylindole yielded hydroxylated products, whereas indole and 5-methoxyindole produce chlorinated products.
Combined group and individual model for postbariatric surgery follow-up care.

Abstract Background The prevalence of bariatric surgery in the United States has increased significantly during the past decade, increasing the number of patients requiring postbariatric surgery follow-up care. Our objective was to develop and implement an efficient, financially viable, postbariatric surgery practice model that would be acceptable to patients. The setting was the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). Methods By monitoring the attendance rates and using patient surveys, we tested patient acceptance of a new, shared medical appointment practice model in the care of postbariatric surgery patients. Efficiency was assessed by comparing differences in time per patient and total provider time required between the former and new care models. Individual-only patient/provider visits were replaced by combined group and individual visits (CGV). Results Our CGV model was well-attended and accepted. The patient attendance rate was >90% at all postoperative follow-up points. Furthermore, 83%, 85.2%, and 75.7% of the 3-, 6-, and 12-month postbariatric surgery patients, respectively, responded that they would not prefer to have only individual visits with their healthcare providers. The CGV model also resulted in greater time efficiency and cost reduction. On average, 5 patients were seen within 4.9 provider hours compared with 10.4 provider hours with the individual-only patient/provider visit model. Furthermore, the average billable charge for the CGV model's group medical nutrition therapy was 50–64% less than the equivalent individual medical nutrition therapy used in the individual-only patient/provider visit model. Conclusion Shared medical appointments have a valuable role in the care of the postbariatric surgery population, offering a time- and cost-effective model for healthcare provision that is well-accepted by patients.
Abstract 260: CD44 isoform specificity in controlling breast tumor initiating cell properties.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Tumor initiating cells (TICs) constitute a small fraction of tumor cells that display stem cell characteristics, including the ability to self-renew and generate heterogeneous tumors. A CD44+/CD24- profile has been widely used to identify TICs in a variety of tumors. However, it has remained unknown whether CD44 is functionally required for TICs and whether a specific CD44 isoform is enriched in TICs. Here, we report that the CD44s isoform is the major splice isoform expressed in a CD44+/CD24- breast stem cell population. Functionally, CD44s is required for expression of a breast stem cell (BSC) gene signature and is essential for mammosphere formation. Modulation of CD44 alternative splicing by the splicing regulator ESRP1 prevents CD44s production and, in turn, inhibits mammosphere formation and expression of the BSC signature. Furthermore, CD44s is required for limiting numbers of TICs to form tumors in an animal model of breast cancer progression. Together, these data illustrate that the CD44s splice isoform is enriched in CD44+/CD24- breast stem cells and serves as an important regulator of stem cell properties. Our results also suggest that CD44s-dependent TIC properties can be controlled at the level of alternative splicing by splicing factors that regulate production of specific CD44 isoforms. Citation Format: Rhonda L. Brown, Sali Liu, Lauren M. Reinke, Chonghui Cheng. CD44 isoform specificity in controlling breast tumor initiating cell properties. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 260. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-260 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Induction of granulocytic differentiation by 2 pathways.

The CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) transcription factor plays a critical role in granulocytopoiesis. Mice with a disruption of the C/EBPα gene demonstrate an early block in granulocytic differentiation, and disruption of C/EBPα function is a common theme in many types of human acute myelogenous leukemia, which is characterized by a block in myeloid development. To characterize further the nature of this block, we derived cell lines from the fetal liver of C/EBPα-deficient animals. These lines resembled morphologically the immature myeloid blasts observed in C/EBPα−/− fetal livers and did not express messenger RNA encoding early myeloid genes such as myeloperoxidase. Similarly, granulocytic markers such as Mac-1 and Gr-1 were not expressed; nor were erythroid and lymphoid surface antigens. Introduction of an inducible C/EBPα gene into the line revealed that conditional expression of C/EBPα induced the C/EBP family members C/EBPβ and C/EBPe and subsequent granulocyte differentiation. Similar results were obtained when C/EBPα−/− cells were stimulated with the cytokines interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not with all-trans retinoic acid, supporting a model of at least 2 pathways leading to the differentiation of myeloid progenitors to granulocytes and implicating induction of other C/EBP family members in granulopoiesis.
Slowed diffusion in tumors revealed by microfiberoptic epifluorescence photobleaching

It has not been possible to measure diffusion deep in solid tissues such as tumors because of the limited light penetration of conventional optical techniques. Here we report a microfiberoptic epifluorescence photobleaching (MFEP) method in which photobleaching is done by laser epi-illumination through a multimode fiberoptic whose micron-sized tip can be introduced deep into tissues. We applied MFEP to measure the diffusion of fluorescent macromolecules in tumors in living mice, at depths well beyond those accessible by surface optical measurements. Macromolecule diffusion was slowed about twofold within 200 microm of the surface of a solid tumor, but was slowed greater than tenfold beyond 500 microm. Our results reveal a remarkable and previously unrecognized slowing of diffusion deep in tumors, which correlated with the differing tissue architectures of tumor periphery versus core, and with altered tumor vasculature produced by aquaporin-1 deletion. MFEP should have wide applications for measuring diffusion in organs, solid tumors and other light-inaccessible tissue masses.
How the public perceives the visual effects of timber harvesting: an evaluation of interest group preferences

A total of 25 scenes representing the five visual quality objectives in the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service visual management system were presented to 18 professional and public interest groups in western Montana. The results indicate that nearly all the groups have similar rank orderings of the scenes in terms of visual preference. However, the groups differ according to the absolute values of their ratings. Most groups were unable, in a statistical sense, to differentiate the scenic quality of areas in the preservation and retention visual quality objectives. Landscape architects tended to rate scenes in a way similar to professional forest management groups.
Substance use disorders and PTSD: An exploratory study of treatment preferences among military veterans

article i nfo Background: Substance use disorders (SUDs) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur among Veterans and are associated with poor treatment outcomes. Historically, treatments for SUDs and PTSD have been delivered sequentially and independently. More recently, however, integrated treatments have shown promise. This study investigated Veterans' perceptions of the interrelationship between SUDs and PTSD, as well as treatment preferences. Methods: Participants were 35 Veterans of recent military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, and prior operations, who completed the Treatment Preferences Questionnaire as well as an in-depth interview. Results:Themajority(94.3%)perceivedarelationshipbetweentheirSUDandPTSDsymptoms.Veteransreported that PTSD symptom exacerbation was typically (85.3%) associated with an increase in substance use, and PTSD symptom improvement was typically (61.8%) followed by a decrease in substance use (pb.01). Approximately 66% preferred an integrated treatment approach. Conclusions: Although preliminary, the findings provide clinically-relevant information that can be used to enhance the development and provision of care for Veterans with SUDs and PTSD. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Tritiated dihydro compounds employed as radioligand surrogates

Often, biologically useful olefin-containing substances cannot easily be tritium labeled without concomitant olefin reduction. This review explores those instances where tritiated dihydro analogues of these compounds have been used in lieu of the less accessible radiolabeled parent structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of caspases in neuronal apoptosis

Caspases play a key role in the integration of specific cellular signaling events that ultimately result in apoptosis or “programmed cell death.” Apoptosis plays an important role during development and in normal cellular homeostasis. However, the inappropriate triggering of apoptotic pathways can have severe consequences that may contribute either directly or indirectly to a number of pathologies. Recognition of the key role of caspases in the apoptotic process has led a number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to pursue the development of specific caspase inhibitors as therapeutic agents. However, no drug targeting this mechanism has yet been marketed. In this review we reflect on the role of caspases in a number of neuronal disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. We also review recent progress in the generation of caspase inhibitors and the challenges faced in their development as therapeutic agents for neurological indications. Drug Dev. Res. 52:515–533, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Buckled states of a spherical shell under uniform external pressure

A method is outlined to obtain the “preferred” buckled states of a (complete) spherical shell under uniform external pressure. The shell model investigated is that of the John equations, a system of six nonlinear partial differential equations. Methods in bifurcation theory and group representations are used to reduce the problem to a finite-dimensional problem whose solutions generate buckled states that are “preferred” in a certain least-energy sense. Asymptotic methods and Newton's method are used in some special cases to relate the “preferred” buckled states obtained by the above approach to actual buckled states observed in experimental studies.
Neonatal Liver Failure

Abstract Neonatal liver failure (NLF) is a rare but often fatal event. It is defined as a presence of significant synthetic liver dysfunction in infant less than 3 months of age. Most common etiologies of AL F are indeterminate (38%), neonatal hemochromatosis (13.6%), and herpes simplex virus infection (12.8%). In most recent report of ALF study group spontaneous survival occurred in 60% of the infants. 16% of infants underwent liver transplantation, and 24% died without undergoing liver transplantation. Early detection, careful supportive care and prompt diagnostic workup can improve chances of survival. Liver transplant offers hope for severely ill, with a long term survival of exceeding 60% in infants with acute liver failure. Yet in some disorders like familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome liver transplant will not be therapeutic or appropriate. Liver transplant in infants with undetermined etiology remains controversial.
Homelessness: Care, Prevention, and Public Policy

Homeless men, women, and children make up a growing population that is vulnerable to preventable disease, progressive morbidity, and premature death. Homelessness and poverty are inextricably linked, and subgroups of persons who live in poverty have a particularly high risk for becoming homeless. Providing effective primary care for homeless persons is a formidable task because of many internal and external barriers to care. Targeted care strategies and new approaches to primary care are required to lower these barriers. Effective disease prevention in the homeless requires effective programs and policies to prevent homelessness. It is imperative that health professionals, the societies to which they belong, and academic health systems reaffirm their social responsibility, commit to changing public policies that perpetuate homelessness, and assist in the development and provision of primary health care services for persons who are homeless or on the brink of homelessness.
Effect of harvest and effective population size on genetic diversity in a striped bass population.

Abstract A major factor that contributes to loss of genetic variation in natural populations is a small effective population size. In species with a complex life history that involves overlapping generations and delayed maturity, the impact of infrequent annual reproductive bottlenecks is likely to be small because effective population size is defined by the number of individuals contributing to a generation and not to a single year-class. The striped bass Morone saxatilis is a long-lived species with overlapping generations and age structure, whose recreational and commercial importance has made it a target of intense harvest. We analyzed allele frequency fluctuation among juvenile year-classes of the Santee–Cooper, South Carolina, population from 1990 through 1994 with three independently segregating polymorphic nuclear DNA loci to examine genetic drift and estimate the number of breeders each year. Significant fluctuations in allele frequencies among juvenile year-classes were observed, and most of the...
Scalable context-sensitive flow analysis using instantiation constraints

This paper shows that a type graph (obtained via polymorphic type inference) harbors explicit directional flow paths between functions. These flow paths arise from the instantiations of polymorphic types and correspond to call-return sequences in first-order programs. We show that flow information can be computed efficiently while considering only paths with well matched call-return sequences, even in the higher-order case. Furthermore, we present a practical algorithm for inferring type instantiation graphs and provide empirical evidence to the scalability of the presented techniques by applying them in the context of points-to analysis for C programs.
Reliability of the determination of cardiac output in man by means of the Fick principle.

Two determinations of cardiac output using the Fick principle were performed within a 15 min. time period in a series of 167 patients representing a wide spectrum of cardiac and pulmonary disorders. The reproducibility of the 2 readings was found to be satisfactory, attesting to the reliability of the practical application of the Fick principle as employed in clinical medicine.
Photoperiodism in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

A daily rhythm of testicular photosensitivity entrained by the photoperiod of 10L:14D (light:dark) was detected in lizards at 30°C but not at 20°C. Testicular development in anoles at 30°C was stimulated by a 1-hour light interruption occurring 16.5 hours (Experiment I) or 20 (Experiment II) after the onset of the daily photoperiod. Light interruptions occurring at other times of night tested were not stimulatory. Photoperiodism in this reptile appears to involve circadian mechanisms similar to those that have been described for members of other vertebrate classes. The expression of physiological events regulated by these mechanisms is temperature dependent.
Evidence for a non-plasma source of urea in sweat.

THE ratio of the concentration of urea in the sweat to that in the plasma (s/p) is known to be greater than unity. Schwartz1 attributed this gradient to back diffusion of water because he found that raising the plasma urea concentration had little effect on the s/p ratio for urea. Recent evidence2,3 suggests that (a) s/p for urea is not entirely independent of plasma urea concentration; (b) s/p for urea is independent of s/p osmolality in man and the cat (for example, the s/p urea is greater than 1 in the hyperosmotic sweat obtained from the hairless footpad of the cat); (c) compounds related to urea by virtue of similar volumes of distribution (ethanol, antipyrine, creatinine) or similar molecular configuration (thiourea, methylurea, acetamide) all behave differently from urea in sweat in that none of these compounds is present in sweat at higher concentrations than in plasma.
Special purpose 3-D reconstruction and restoration algorithms for electron microscopy of nanoscale objects and an enabling software toolkit

Two algorithms are described for electron microscopy tasks: (1) 3-D reconstruction of an infectious bacteriophage, including the tail, based on a set of single-particle cryo electron microscopy images of identical phage particles with one image per particle and (2) restoration, resolution enhancement, and classification of spherical viruses in a cell based on a tomographic reconstruction of the entire cell. While different tasks, the statistical algorithms, which are maximum likelihood estimators, have extensive commonality. In order to provide solutions for such tasks in a timely fashion, a software toolkit has been created, based on the commonality, for writing parallel software systems to solve these problems.
Phrenic and recurrent laryngeal motoneuron activities during hyperoxia and hypoxia in piglets.

Abstract We hypothesized that synchronization of inspiratory motoneurons may involve inputs from two central pattern generators (CPG): one characterized by medium-frequency (
Do Open-Access Articles Have a Greater Research Impact?

Although many authors believe that their work has a greater research impact if it is freely available, studies to demonstrate that impact are few. This study looks at articles in four disciplines at varying stages of adoption of open access—philosophy, political science, electrical and electronic engineering and mathematics—to see whether they have a greater impact as measured by citations in the ISI Web of Science database when their authors make them freely available on the Internet. The finding is that, across all four disciplines, freely available articles do have a greater research impact. Shedding light on this category of open access reveals that scholars in diverse disciplines are adopting open-access practices and being rewarded for it.
Colorimetric matches of McCollough aftereffects.

Abstract The colorimetric matches to McCollough Effects generated by various inspection hues sampled across the visible spectrum are reported. The chromaticity coordinates of these matches can not be satisfactorily described as the complement of the inspection hue nor as the result of chromatic adaptation as predicted by Jameson and Hurvich's opponent process model of color vision.
Using Mindfulness Meditation to Teach Beginning Therapists Therapeutic Presence: A Qualitative Study

Some of the more difficult to define aspects of the therapeutic process (empathy, compassion, presence) remain some of the most important. Teaching them presents a challenge for therapist trainees and educators alike. In this study, we examine our beginning practicum students’ experience of learning mindfulness meditation as a way to help them develop therapeutic presence. Through thematic analysis of their journal entries a variety of themes emerged, including the effects of meditation practice, the ability to be present, balancing being and doing modes in therapy, and the development of acceptance and compassion for themselves and for their clients. Our findings suggest that mindfulness meditation may be a useful addition to clinical training.
Human-capital selectivity in interstate migration.

"Using Public Use Microdata Sample A from the 1980 United States Census, human capital measures are developed and used to test whether states experience human-capital migration that is significantly different from human migration. Strong evidence demonstrates that human-capital migration differs significantly from human migration. For example, Arkansas and Vermont are shown to have a net in-migration of people, but a net out-migration of human capital. Conversely, the data for Connecticut and Minnesota indicate a net out-migration of people and a net in-migration of human capital. This study suggests that traditional models of interstate migration mask the flow of human capital."
Performance Feedback and Firm Risk Taking: The Moderating Effects of CEO and Outside Director Stock Options

We contribute to the behavioral theory of the firm and the behavioral agency model by developing a theoretical framework that predicts the differential interaction effects of performance feedback and values of stock option grants of multiple agents on firm risk taking. We explain how chief executive officers (CEOs) versus outside directors awarded with stock option grants perceive negative or positive deviations from prior performance. We argue that in a negative attainment discrepancy context, high values of option grants will increase the risk aversion of CEOs who already bear excessive employment and compensation risks, resulting in less risk taking; however, it will enhance the risk-taking propensity of influential outside directors who increase monitoring and support for risky projects because their risk preferences are better aligned with those of shareholders. In a positive attainment discrepancy context, high values of option grants will amplify risk aversion in both CEOs and outside directors who...
Image Clustering Using Visual and Text Keywords

In classical image classification approaches, low-level features have been used. But the high dimensionality of feature spaces poses a challenge in terms of feature selection and distance measurement during the clustering process. In this paper, we propose an approach to generate visual keyword and combine both visual and text keywords of the image to form a multimodal vector for image classification. This multimodality helps in extracting the image to image, text to text and text to image relations. A visual keyword is derived using vector quantization of image tiles. We arrange the visual keywords in a manner analogous to the term-document matrix in information retrieval. The visual keywords when combined with text keywords result in improvement in the quality of classification. We use a recently proposed nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique, diffusion maps, to reduce the dimensionality of the image representation. Our method is evaluated on two public datasets: LabelMe and Corel. The results support the conclusion that the proposed method of combining visual and text keywords is robust and produces good quality clusters.
Volume of the left ventricle in tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract Left ventricular volumes were measured by the angiocardiographic technic in 25 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, of whom 6 had a Potts or Blalock-Taussig anastomotic operation and 5 had complete repair of the defect. In 12 of the 14 patients who underwent no surgical procedure, the left ventricular volume was in the low normal range; the 2 others (with severe forms of tetralogy of Fallot) had significantly reduced end-diastolic volumes. In patients who had an anastomotic operation, the ventricular volumes were considerably increased if the left to right flow was large enough to cause symptoms; in the others they were in the normal range. Approximately two weeks after complete repair, the mean left ventricular volume was less than that for patients not operated upon. Significant aorticopulmonary collateral flow and some flow directly from the right to the left ventricle contribute to the normal volumes of the left ventricle in tetralogy of Fallot. Left ventricular myocardial function (as evidenced by ejection fraction) is significantly better after complete repair than it is in patients not operated upon or in patients treated by an anastomotic operation.
Coal Miners Revisited

The body of literature on coal mining history has significantly expanded in the past decade. The studies listed above differ not only in their consideration of coal miners across time and space, but also in their depiction of how coal miners and mining unions interacted with capital and the state. Equally, however, the books also share a number of similarities, not least their portrayal of organized labour in the coalfields in decline, or at least struggling to survive. All five monographs also refer to national or central governments that were largely indifferent to the fate of the coal industry and its workers. In Miners and the State in the Ottoman Empire: The Zonguldak Coalfield, 1822–1920, Donald Quataert examines the relationship between coal miners and the state in a single coalfield of the Ottoman Empire. As he outlines in review essay / note critique
Covariates of alcohol consumption among career firefighters

Results The majority of the sample (n = 160) consumed alcohol (89%), with approximately one-third (34%) having a drinking binge in the past 30 days. The regression model explained 13–18% of the variance in binge drinking status and correctly classified 71% of cases. Race ( P < 0.05) and time of service (P < 0.01) were the only covariates that made a statistically significant contribution to the model. After controlling for other factors in the model, white respondents were ~4.5 times more likely to binge drink than non-white respondents (95% CI: 1.15–17.4). For each additional year of service, firefighters were 1.08 times less likely to binge drink (95% CI: 0.87–0.97). Conclusions Drinking levels observed in this study exceed those of the general adult population, including college students. Thus, it appears that firefighters represent an at-risk drinking group. Further investiga tions addressing reasons for alcohol use and abuse among firefighters are warranted. This study and subsequent research will provide information necessary for the development and testing of tailored interventions aimed at reducing firefighter alcohol consumption.
Crystal structure of an alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene

The unit cell of an alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene was determined by x-ray diffraction. In spite of uncertainties due to irregularities in the chain structure and a low level of crystallinity, a reasonable unit cell and structure was derived which gives a calculated crystalline density of 1.9 g/cm3. The unit cell is believed to be either orthorhombic or monoclinic with the following parameters: a = 9.6 A, b = 9.25 A, c = 5.0 A, (γ = 96°). The molecular conformation is that of the extended zigzag, and the molecular packing appears to be orthorhombic, each molecule having four nearest neighbors with the CH2 groups of one chain adjacent to the CF2 groups of the next.
Determining vocal tract shape by applying dynamic constraints

This paper describes our approach to determining the shape of the human vocal tract from the acoustic speech signal. A digital filter model of the vocal tract, which is specified by the locations of six articulatory structures, was examined to determine the set of acoustic signals that can be synthesized. The synthetic acoustic signals were classified by the frequency locations of the first three formant peaks. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine an appropriate quantization of the vocal tract parameters. A structured table was generated which allowed the vocal tract parameter values to be determined from the set of formant values. A human glide utterance, /ai/, was analyzed to determine the formant locations of contiguous data segments. Using these values, possible vocal tract shape candidates were found from the table. From the total set of candidates occuring over the duration of the utterance, the set of vocal tract shapes that resulted in the minimum parameter variance was determined. It is shown that this minimum variance set, corresponding to a minimum movement of the articulators, produces a reasonable vocal tract shape trajectory for the utterance.
A study of the effects of machine geometry and mapping on distributed transpose performance

This paper describes a parallel strategy to extend the scalability of a small 3D FFT on thousands of Blue Gene/L processors. The approach is to execute the intermediate phases of the 3D FFT on smaller processor subsets. Performance measurements of the standalone 3D FFT on two communication protocols, MPI and BG/L ADE are presented. While the performance of the 3D-FFT with MPI-based and BG/L ADE-based implementations exhibited qualitatively similar behavior, the BG/L ADE-based version has lower communication cost than the MPI based version for small message sizes. Measurements also show that the proposed approach is effective in improving Particle-Mesh-based N-body simulation performance significantly at the limits of scalability.
A Metacognitive Curriculum To Promote Children's Reading And Learning

Abstract This paper summarizes some of the major findings from a research project at the University of Michigan on children's reading comprehension. The basis for the research is the observation that many young or unskilled readers do not use effective strategies to foster comprehension. The instructional studies were designed to promote children's metacognition about reading by informing them how, when and why to use various comprehension strategies. Third- and fifth-grade students received periodic instruction in their classrooms during the year about strategies such as skimming, locating main ideas, making inferences, monitoring comprehension and summarizing information in texts. Their performance on a battery of tests administered before and after instruction was compared to children in other classes who received their customary reading instruction. Children who received the metacognitive curriculum increased their awareness about reading and their use of comprehension strategies. Although the instruc...
Numerical micromagnetic calculations

Solutions of certain micromagnetic problems using digital computers have been attempted in the past decades. These problems are becoming increasingly important as magnetic devices, such as magnetic bubbles, are built which require high resolution. Some problems encountered in these types of calculations are discussed.
Cascaded superheat control with a multiple evaporator refrigeration system

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are increasingly being used in commercial buildings in preference to chilled water or ducted air systems. The closely coupled dynamics of VRF systems, however, create a need for effective control strategies to ensure safe and effective operation. Of particular interest is the regulation of evaporator superheat. In this paper a cascaded architecture for controlling superheat is applied to a multiple evaporator system, and compared to traditional PID-controlled evaporators. The effects of the architecture on dynamic coupling are explored, and efficacy is demonstrated with experimental results.
Herdmates versus Contemporaries for Evaluating Progeny Tests of Dairy Bulls

Abstract Distributions of various kinds of herdmates, defined as nonpaternally related cows calving in the same moving 5- mo herd-year-season, were studied on 113,386 first and 70,044second lactations initiated 1966 to 1968. These data were all the lactations available from 6,428 herds and 5 major dairy breeds. From 6 to 23% of progeny in first lactation sired by bulls in artificial insemination and 9 to 25% of the naturally sired progeny with a herdmate of some age did not have contemporary herdmates in first lactation. Similar values for second lactations were 10 to 28% and 15 to 29%. Only 1 to 5% did not have herdmates of some age. For those with herdmates, the average number of contemporaries ranged from 3 to 15 but were 5 to 10 for most groups. Numbers of herdmates ranged from 12 to 37, but most groups averaged over 20. Values for second lactation were lower. Biases against AI sired first lactations caused by comparing them to selected older cows were small in three breeds (+7 to −10kg) but were larger for Jerseys and Brown Swiss (−86 and −115kg). Biases against non-AI sired first lactation cows were of similar magnitudes. Larger biases resulted from comparing first lactations to only their first and second lactation herdmates. Sire summaries based on first lactation vs. first lactation herdmates would have a larger sampling variance (about 5 to 40%) but would not be biased by culling. Sampling variances would be lower when first lactations are compared to herdmates of all ages, but biases resulting from older cows being the survivors of culling for yield would be present. A modified contemporary comparison that uses all cows with at least one herdrnate of any age but that is unbiased by culling is presented.
Heart failure management in the emergency department observation unit

The United States is currently in the midst of a heart failure epidemic. This has a tremendous impact on morbidity, mortality, and associated costs to our health care system. With demographic trends expected to double the at-risk cohort over the next 30 years, there is a serious need to develop more efficacious strategies addressing early diagnosis, treatment options, and outcomes in patients stricken with heart failure. This article reviews the newest diagnostics, therapeutics, and strategies for the management of heart failure and suggests appropriate implementation of these approaches in the emergency department observation unit.
Gender difference in flow-induced dilation and regulation of shear stress: role of estrogen and nitric oxide

Previous studies show that agonist-induced, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated arteriolar dilations are greater in female than in male rats. Thus we hypothesized that flow-dependent arteriolar dilation, wh...
Acral dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of a toe phalanx: A case report

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma accounts for approximately 11% of all chondrosarcoma diagnoses and is associated with a dismal prognosis1-3. Originally described as well-differentiated chondrosarcoma juxtaposed with areas of fibrosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma4, the diagnosis is now considered when a chondrosarcoma is juxtaposed to another usually high-grade spindle-cell sarcoma. The sex distribution for dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is nearly equal, with some series demonstrating a male predominance up to 62%. Patients most frequently present in the sixth or seventh decade of life, with a median age of 54.6 to 68.8 years in the largest case series1-3,5-7. Nearly two-thirds of primary tumors from dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma are found in the appendicular skeleton5-9, most commonly in the femur, pelvis, and humerus. A few case reports have described dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in the metacarpals of the hand10,11. In an extensive literature review, we identified a large case series that included one report of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in the foot, but it lacked specific anatomic, clinical, or pathologic details5. In addition, we were able to identify only one case of phalangeal dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma in the literature, which was located in the thumb11. We present a highly unusual case of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of the proximal phalanx of the right third toe, remarkable for the anatomic location, patient’s age, and follow-up duration. To our knowledge, no other case of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of a toe phalanx has been previously reported. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A ninety-one-year-old man presented with a six-month history of pain, tenderness, and swelling in the right foot, as well as increasing difficulty with walking. He denied recollection of any trauma or …
MOESSBAUER STUDY OF $sup 83$Kr IN THE COMPOUND KrF$sub 2$

The compound Kr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ has been studied by use of the techniques of M\"ossbauer spectroscopy. The results are that (a) the interaction energy is ${e}^{2}q{Q}_{g}=130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 \frac{\mathrm{mm}}{sec}=960\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30$ mHz, (b) the ratio of the nuclear quadrupole moment of the excited state to that of the ground state is $R=\frac{{Q}_{e}}{{Q}_{g}}=1.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, and (c) the isomer shift referred to atomic krypton is 1.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 mm/sec. These results are interpreted as supporting the infrared, Raman, and NMR results which other groups had previously obtained for this compound and as confirming the earlier conclusions reached with the analogous compound Xe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The quadrupole moment of the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{83}$ is found to be 0.459\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 b, and the fractional decrease in charge radius between the first excited state and the ground state is approximately ${4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$.
Direct inversion of spectral CT data into a materials decomposition and the effect of multiple soft tissues

A one-step inversion algorithm for spectral computed tomography (CT) is developed that yields material decomposition maps from multi-energy X-ray transmission data as what could conceivably be measured with photon-counting X-ray detectors. This approach is potentially desirable because incorporation of many physical constraints can be implemented directly on the material maps. Use of such constraints may stabilize reconstruction from spectral CT data thereby improving noise properties. Performing the proposed one-step image reconstruction can also aid in design of spectral CT acquisition parameters such as setting energy window thresholds. This work specifically considers a dual energy acquisition, and the image reconstruction algorithm employs a two material decomposition, bone and brain. The test phantom is the FORBILD head with attenuation coefficients corresponding to bone and brain tissues, and the remaining soft tissue objects are assigned to water. The impact of the presence of the third material on the direct inversion from spectral CT data to the two-material decomposition is investigated.
Excretion of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Following Bowel Ischemia in Dogs

Conclusions and SummaryAlthough it is not possible to determine the effect of ischemia on serotonin contents of bowel mucosa by this experiment, urinary excretion of 5-HIAA in large dogs does not change in the first 4 hours after production of severe bowel ischemia.The authors are grateful to Lee Dahlbert for performance of 5-HIAA determinations, Dr. Jack Sandler for statistical analysis, and to Tom Lingoya, and Tom Kelly for technical assistance.