cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of oral dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on intake-output studies of human small and large intestine

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) is an anionic detergent that is used widely as a laxative and promoted as a stool softener. Although many anecdotal reports attest to the laxative and stool softening efficacy of DSS, no controlled trials have been performed to document the effect of DSS on small or large bowel function in humans. We have compared, therefore, the effects of 100 mg of DSS three times daily (the maximum recommended dose) with placebo in a randomized, single blind, crossover study in two groups of subjects. First, 6 healthy ileostomates were studied while they ate a constant diet for 8 days. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate administered for 4 days did not increase the daily ileal output of carbohydrate, total fatty acids, bile acids, nitrogen, or water. Cholesterol excretion was decreased while taking DSS (p less than 0.05). Second, 6 healthy volunteers were studied while eating a constant diet of 20 g of fiber plus 30 radiopaque markers daily so that mean daily transit time could be measured. After equilibration, a 7-day collection of stool was weighed and lyophylized to measure fecal water. Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate had no effect on stool weight, stool frequency, stool water, or mean transit time. We conclude that 300 mg/day of DSS does not increase ileal or colonic output of solids or water in healthy human subjects.
An architecture that incorporates web services to support distributed data

The Internet and its applications make data accessible to anyone, anywhere. Outdated data can cause problems to those who use applications that query data from widely distributed resources. This paper describes iConnect, a new architecture that captures the strengths embedded in web services to support the instant availability of large scale, uncoordinated collections of distributed data sets adhering to loosely coupled service agreement. The architecture supports the design and development of data intensive software systems that utilize heterogeneous distributed data sets and their related management applications. A case study was developed to demonstrate the application of iConnect.
Gifted—Through Whose Cultural Lens? An Application of the Postpositivistic Mode of Inquiry

Using a postpositivistic method of inquiry, this study examined themes that emerged in the language of Latino, African American, Native American, immigrant Asian, and low-income Anglo individuals a...
Mechanically-induced degradation of metallic sliding electrical contacts in silicone fluid at room temperature

The degradation in electrical contact resistance of a contact pair sliding while submerged in silicone fluid has been investigated. While the contamination of electrical contacts by silicone vapors or migrating species at elevated temperature due to decomposition in electric arcs is well known, the present degradation mechanism appears to arise from chemical reactions in the silicone fluid at room temperature, catalyzed by the presence of the freshly-abraded metal surface. As a result of these reactions, a deposit containing Si, C and O forms in the vicinity of mechanical contact. The specific contact metals present and the availability of dissolved oxygen in the fluid have a dramatic influence on the quantity of reaction product formed. The chemistry of the deposit, proposed formation mechanisms, the impact on electrical contact resistance and mitigation strategies are discussed.
Comparable t-dependence of 19s and 7s secondary responses to sheep erythrocytes in vitro.

Cooperation in the secondary plaque-forming cell (PFC) response in vitro was demonstrated between spleen cells from LAF 1 mice taken 56–125 days and taken 2 days after intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes. The day-2 cells functioned as immune T cells as shown by sensitivity to anti- ϑ . Conditions of immunization determined whether the presence of anti- μ throughout the culture period interfered with the direct PFC response alone or with both the direct (19S) and indirect (7S + 19S) PFC responses. The presence of anti- γ only inhibited the 7S responses. In either case, addition of graded numbers (10 4 –10 6 ) of day-2 cells to the long-term immune spleen cells reconstituted the 19S and 7S antibody responses in parallel. It is concluded that both secondary responses are equally thymus dependent.
Role of Transcription Factor Kar4 in Regulating Downstream Events in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pheromone Response Pathway

Yeast Kar4 is a putative transcription factor required for karyogamy (the fusion of haploid nuclei during mating) and possibly other functions. Previously known to be required only for the transcriptional induction of KAR3 and CIK1, microarray experiments identified many genes regulated by Kar4 in both mating and mitosis. Several gene clusters are positively or negatively regulated by mating pheromone in a Kar4-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel shift assays confirmed that Kar4 binds to regulatory DNA sequences upstream of KAR3. Together with one-hybrid experiments, these data support a model in which both Kar4 and Ste12 bind jointly to the KAR3 promoter. Analysis of the upstream regions of Kar4-induced genes identified a DNA sequence motif that may be a binding site for Kar4. Mutation within the motif upstream of KAR3 eliminated pheromone induction. Genes regulated by Kar4, on average, are delayed in their temporal expression and exhibit a more stringent dose response to pheromone. Furthermore, the induction of Kar4 by pheromone is necessary for the delayed temporal induction of KAR3 and PRM2, genes required for efficient nuclear fusion during mating. Accordingly, we propose that Kar4 plays a critical role in the choreography of the mating response.
Design and development of self-stratifying systems as sustainable coatings

Thermosetting polyurethane coating formulations which stratify into two distinct layers after application have been prepared. In a thermosetting system the polymer phase separation among other factors is seen to be kinetically controlled and have less dependence on parameters such as surface tension gradient and polymer solubility. Certain coating applications including those used in architectural, automotive, industrial maintenance and aerospace require a combination of primer/topcoat or basecoat/clearcoat layers. These multilayered systems necessitate complex application and curing procedures. Multiple product formulation, application and processing steps not only require significant amounts of processing time, and contributing to environmental waste generation and pollution they also consume excessive amount of energy and manpower until a solid film has been produced. It would be desirable to reduce the number of layers to a minimum while providing the equal or better overall performance. In this paper we report the design and development of thermosetting polyurethane coatings that self-stratify to two distinct phases upon application and cure. It was demonstrated that kinetically controlled reactions aided by incompatible polymers possessing gradient surface free energies can afford self-stratifying coatings. This investigation also revealed that solvent type, evaporation rate, and gravity did not contribute to stratification of thermosetting coatings. Prototype pigmented systems were applied and cured and characterized by FTIR, SEM/EDX and were evaluated using standard coating test methods. The results of this investigation provide a new understanding of stratification phenomenon and establish that preferentially reactive polymers can be a basis for formulating cross-linkable self-stratifying coatings.
Recent advances and important issues in vertical-cavity lasers

The rapid pace of advances in vertical-cavity surface- emitting lasers (VCSELs) has continued over the past couple of years. The widespread use of dielectric apertures formed primarily by lateral oxidation has provided much lower cavity losses, and this has enables a large decrease in device threshold as well as an increase in efficiency. The lowest optical losses have been obtained with thin or tapered oxide apertures. Within the past year, new strained- layer materials such as AlGaInAs have been incorporated to extend the benefits of strain to the 850 nm wavelength range. A record threshold of 290 (mu) A at 840 nm has been obtained. Devices have been designed for ultra-wide operating temperature ranges by using gain from different quantum levels at different temperatures. Submilliamp thresholds from 77 K to 373 K were demonstrated. The inclusion of low-loss dielectric apertures in wafer-bonded 1.55 micrometer InP/GaAs has yielded VCSELs with submilliamp thresholds for the first time. In addition, there has been considerable effort in making VCSEL arrays for parallel or free-space interconnect applications. Multiple wavelength arrays for even denser interconnects or wavelength addressing schemes have also been explored. In this paper we review some of this recent progress and point out issues still inhibiting further advances.
5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor expression in the mammalian retina

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a common neurotransmitter found widely in the nervous system. Here, using RT-PCR, we have identified both the 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7) receptor transcripts in the rabbit retina. Furthermore, we found the same two receptors in the rat retina which was previously believed not to have a serotoninergic system. These results confirm previous reports of 5-HT(7) gene expression in retina and together with other biochemical, physiological and anatomical studies, they support the presence of multiple 5-HT receptors in the mammalian retina and suggest that the action of serotonin in the retina may be more complicated than previously believed.
Relation Between Parental Divorce and Adjustment in College Students

The role of parental divorce on the adjustment of emerging adults has been understudied and mostly limited to first-year college students. This study sought to examine the relation between parental divorce and adjustment in college students to identify differences in students from intact and divorced families while also examining gender and age differences. Results indicated no adjustment differences as a whole or by gender for intact and divorced families. However, students who were older when their parents divorced had higher levels of self-esteem than those whose parents divorced when they were younger. Implications of the study are discussed.
Electrophysiologic effects of intravenous timolol.

Abstract We evaluated the electrophysiologic effects and dose response of the long-acting beta-blocking drug timolol given intravenously to 12 patients during intracardiac electrophysiologic study. Electrophysiologic parameters were measured during control and immediately, 30 minutes, and 48 hours following infusion. Significant changes in electrophysiologic parameters were only observed in the five patients (Group B) who received 0.05 mg/kg and not in the seven patients who received 0.02 mg/kg (Group A). In Group B patients immediately after timolol infusion sinus cycle length increased from 840 ± 254 msec to 1048 ± 63 msec ( P P P P We conclude that intravenous timolol in doses of 0.05 mg/kg significantly increases sinus cycle length and prolongs A-V nodal conduction and refractoriness, demonstrates peak effects immediately after intravenous administration, and is well tolerated.
Absolute elastic differential cross sections of electrons scattered by 3 (2)P3/2 sodium.

We demonstrate a procedure to obtain absolute differential cross sections for electron scattering by excited atoms. Specifically we report on electron scattering by ground-state and laser-excited 3 {sup 2}P{sub 3/2}, {ital F}=3 sodium using an electron and photon double-recoil technique. Measured differential cross sections are obtained with 3-eV electrons in the angular range from 25{degree} to 40{degree}. Agreement of the ground-state scattering data with a four-state exchange close-coupling calculation (D. L. Moores and D. W. Norcross, J. Phys. B 5, 1482 (1972)) is to within experimental error. Cross sections for excited-state atoms are four to ten times larger than those for ground-state atoms. There are at present no theoretical data for comparison.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM AN ASYMMETRIC MODEL OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONE

Abstract A three-layer primitive equation model of an isolated stationary tropical cyclone is constructed. The major difference between this and previously published models is the elimination of the assumption of circular symmetry. The release of latent heat by organized cumulus convection is parameterized by use of techniques previously shown to give realistic results in symmetrical models. In particular, the total release of heat in a vertical column is given by the horizontal convergence of water vapor in the Ekman layer and the vertical distribution of the heating follows the proposals made by Kuo. In the preliminary calculation reported on here, water vapor content is not forecast but, rather, is treated implicitly as was the ease for the earlier circularly symmetric models. The results show that the model reproduces many observed features of the three-dimensional tropical cyclone. Realistic portrayals of spiral rainbands and the strongly asymmetric structure of the outflow layer are obtained. The ki...
Structural effects in single-crystal photoelectron, Auger-electron, and Kikuchi-electron angular diffraction patterns

Abstract The full-hemisphere diffraction patterns of primary photoelectrons, photoemission Auger electrons, and Kikuchi electrons are reported for single-crystal surfaces of Cu(100), Cu(111), Cu(110), Ir(111), and Ag(100), to test models for direct structure determinations from angle-dependent final-state diffraction patterns. Our measurements show a simple correlation between the low-index crystallographic directions of the substrate and local intensity maxima in the electron angular distributions. We find that the angular anisotropy can be qualitatively explained in all cases studied by final-state elastic forward scattering. The strong forward scattering features in photoemission diffraction patterns are used to measure bond angles and determine the structure of Cu ultrathin films on Ir(111). In addition, a radial image function based on a holographic Fourier-transform algorithm is evaluated for the determination of bond lengths from three-dimensional images reconstructed from the two-dimensional diffraction pattern.
An automated method for analysis and visualization of laser doppler velocimetry data

The analysis and visualization of large data sets collected by use of laser Doppler velocimetry has presented a challenge to researchers using this technique to investigate complex flow fields. This paper describes an automated procedure for analysis and animation of two- and three-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry data. The procedure consists of a suite of FORTRAN programs for calculating phase window averages of velocity and the Reynolds stress tensor, calculating the principal normal stresses, maximum shear stresses, and preparation of data files for input into Plot-3D compatible data visualization software. An example application of these techniques to data collected from anin vitro investigation of the retrograde flow field associated with a bileaflet mechanical heart valve is also presented.
Ultraviolet spectrum of quasi–stellar object 3C273

The first direct observation of the ultraviolet spectrum of a quasi-stellar object (QSO) has been made with a rocket-borne telescope. The emission line spectrum of 3C273 is similar to the spectra of high-redshift QSOs, but no absorption is observed. The results provide important new constraints on theoretical models of QSOs, place a severe limit on the density of neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium, and suggest a cosmological origin for much of the absorption seen in high-redshift QSOs. Comparison of the ultraviolet spectrophotometry of low- and high-redshift QSOs suggests that the universe is closed, with a deceleration parameter of about 1.
Single-photon determination of transmission, index of refraction and material thickness

This paper describes how single photons of light can be used to determine the index of refraction and material thickness. The results of single-photon transmission and polarization interferometer experiments are analyzed to find the index of refraction and thickness of a microscope coverslip. The single photons were generated using non-collinear spontaneous down-conversion. The experimental results are in good agreement with derived theoretical models. This method of determining optical parameters at the quantum level may be useful in performing non-destructive measurements of light-sensitive samples with high precision.
Free radicals from the oxidation of 4-aminocatechol. Identification and structural dynamics using ESR spectroscopy

Abstract Free radicals have been generated by the one-electron oxidation of the nephrotoxin 4-aminocatechol in aqueous solutions and aqueous solvent mixtures. Both autoxidation and photo-oxidation give rise to characteristic ESR spectra. Spectral analyses using computer simulation of spectra together with the effects of selective deuteration and metal-ion complexation are consistent with the spectra of the 4-amino-1,2-benzosemiquinone radical. Effects of temperature and solvent on spectral features and magnetic parameters are accounted for in terms of restricted rotation and selective solvation of the amino group.
Argon Laser Therapy of Port-Wine Stains--Prediction of the Effect by Transcutaneous Microscopy

Sixty-two consecutive patients presenting with facial port-wine stains were examined by transcutaneous microscopy prior to argon laser treatment. The capillary morphology was classified and the late outcome was independently examined and scored. It was found that capillary appearances do have some value in predicting a favourable response and in predicting scarring.
Toward understanding the dust deposition in Antarctica during the Last Glacial Maximum: Sensitivity studies on plausible causes

[1] Understanding the plausible causes for the observed high dust concentrations in Antarctic ice cores during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is crucial for interpreting the Antarctic dust records in the past climates and could provide insights into dust variability in future climates. Using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) General Circulation Models, we conduct an investigation into the various factors modulating dust emission, transport, and deposition, with a view toward an improved quantification of the LGM dust enhancements in the Antarctic ice cores. The model simulations show that the expansion of source areas and changes in the Antarctic ice accumulation rates together can account for most of the observed increase of dust concentrations in the Vostok, Dome C, and Taylor Dome cores, but there is an overestimate of the LGM/present ratio in the case of the Byrd core. The source expansion due to the lowering of sea level yields a factor of 2–3 higher contribution than that due to the reduction of continental vegetation. The changes in other climate parameters (e.g., SH precipitation change) are estimated to be relatively less important within the context of this sensitivity study, while the model-simulated LGM surface winds yield a 20%–30% reduction rather than an increase in dust deposition in Antarctica. This research yields insights toward a fundamental understanding of the causes for the significant enhancement of the dust deposition in the Antarctic ice cores during the LGM.
Oxidation of diphenylamine to diphenylnitroxide in faujasite zeolite studied by electron paramagnetic resonance

Abstract Oxidation of diphenylamine to diphenylnitroxide in neutral, K-exchanged, X-type faujasite zeolite (K-X) has been observed. The oxidation, as assessed by the intensity of the diphenylnitroxide electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum, is favored in K-X in comparison with diphenylamine doped into X-type faujasite zeolites exchanged with Li, Na, Rb or Cs. Similar experiments with analine gave no detectable free radical product. The weakly allowed Δms = ± 2 half-field peak of a triplet state EPR spectrum with √D2 + 3E2/geβe = 1200 ± 150 G is observed. The triplet spectrum is attributed to molecular oxygen probably immobilized at a cation site in the zeolite. We proposed that O2 also binds to Lewis acid sites in the zeolite and hydrogen bonds to diphenylamine. This diphenylamine-O2 complex rearranges to form diphenylnitroxide and the OH. radical. The mechanism implies that the OH. is somewhat stabilized by the zeolite. The temperature dependence of the diphenylnitroxide EPR spectrum indicates a restricted degree of molecular motion in the zeolite cages.
Microbiological and chitinoclastic activities associated with Penaeus setiferus.

Analysis of microbiological and chitinase activities relative to the white shrimpPenaeus setiferus, and its chitinoclastic endosymbionts, have demonstrated the relevance of total chitinolytic processes in penaeid biology. Microorganisms may serve as a direct source of nutrients for the animal as well as in the elaboration of extracellularin situ chitinase enzymes. The enzyme produced by the predominant gut bacteria,Beneckea neptuna, is a moderately actively inducible chitinase while the shrimp has an indigenous constitutive chitinase and chitobiase system. Factors of temperature, pH, ion inhibition and reducing sugar ratios have been compared for the bacterial and animal enzymes. This dual enzyme system suggests that metabolic chitin transformation may play a vital role in crustacean metabolism.
Towards a test automation framework for alloy

Writing declarative models of software designs and analyzing them to detect defects is an effective methodology for developing more dependable software systems. However, writing such models correctly can be challenging for practitioners who may not be proficient in declarative programming, and their models themselves may be buggy. We introduce the foundations of a novel test automation framework, AUnit, which we envision for testing declarative models written in Alloy -- a first-order, relational language that is supported by its SAT-based analyzer. We take inspiration from the success of the family of xUnit frameworks that are used widely in practice for test automation, albeit for imperative or object-oriented programs. The key novelty of our work is to define a basis for unit testing for Alloy, specifically, to define the concepts of test case and coverage, and coverage criteria for declarative models. We reduce the problems of declarative test execution and coverage computation to evaluation without requiring SAT solving. Our vision is to blend how developers write unit tests in commonly used programming languages with how Alloy users formulate their models in Alloy, thereby facilitating the development and testing of Alloy models for both new Alloy users as well as experts. We illustrate our ideas using a small but complex Alloy model. While we focus on Alloy, our ideas generalize to other declarative languages (such as Z, B, ASM).
Influence of rearing medium on size and weight of adults of four Sitophilus populations and on weight loss of host kernels (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Four populations of Sitophilus (S. zeamais Motsch. from Mexico, S. zeamais from Arkansas, U.S.A., S. oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.) were studied. Hard red winter wheat (“Cloud” variety), brown commercial sorghum, and yellow and white “dent” maize (mixed varieties) were used to determine the effect of parent-and progeny-rearing media on the adult elytron length in each population. Kernel weight loss caused by individuals of each population and weevil weights were determined. Elytron lengths of S. oryzae progeny were significantly ( P S. granarius progeny from wheat were significantly larger than those from maize or sorghum; progeny from all other populations were significantly larger from maize than from wheat or sorghum. S. oryzae caused less weight loss in kernels of wheat and sorghum, and were significantly lighter ( P S. zeamais was significantly heavier than Mexican S. zeamais in wheat, otherwise their weights were similar. Weight losses (actual and percentages) of kernels of all grains were similar for Arkansas S. zeamais and Mexican S. zeamais. S. granarius were heavier and produced greater weight loss in wheat kernels than other populations did.
Hippocampal volume is preserved and fails to predict recognition memory impairment in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract Aged monkeys exhibit deficits in memory mediated by the medial temporal lobe system, similar to the effects of normal aging in humans. The contribution of structural deterioration to age-associated memory loss was explored using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. We quantified hippocampal, cerebral and ventricular volumes in young ( n = 6, 9–12 years) and aged ( n = 6, 24–29 years) rhesus monkeys. Eleven subjects were tested on a recognition memory task, delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMS). Compared to young animals, aged monkeys exhibited robust learning deficits and significant memory impairments when challenged with longer retention intervals. Hippocampal volume was statistically equivalent across age groups, differing by less than 6%, and there was no correlation between this measure and DNMS performance. Variability in cerebral volume was greater in the aged compared to young monkeys and this parameter was marginally correlated with DNMS performance with a 10-min delay. These findings confirm and extend the conclusion of recent post-mortem histological analyses demonstrating that normal cognitive aging occurs independently of gross structural deterioration in the primate hippocampus.
A synthesis of (±)-cryptojaponol and (±)-taxodione

Abstract A new method for the synthesis of highly substituted catechols involving the decarboxylation of an α,β-epoxyenone was developed and employed in a synthesis of two diterpenes, cryptojaponol and taxodione.
Sintering of silica-supported platinum catalysts during ethylene oxidation

X-ray diffraction was used to determine the changes in particle size distribution of silica-supported platinum particles following treatments in reactive (C{sub 2}H{sub 4} + O{sub 2}) and nonreactive control (O{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, C{sub 2}H{sub 4}) atmospheres for varying lengths of time at 600{degree}C. The nature of the observed changes for reactive atmosphere-treated samples was very different from that for control atmosphere-treated samples. Modeling work indicated that the changes in the particle size distribution found following treatment in any nonreactive atmosphere were consistent with particle growth by coalescence, whereas under reaction conditions changes in the particle size distribution were consistent with growth by atomic migration. It is suggested that under reaction conditions the sintering process is dominated by the formation of volatile, metastable platinum containing intermediates which form via the interaction of homogeneously formed radicals with supported platinum particles.
Terahertz imaging and spectroscopy of single-layer graphene embedded in dielectrics

We study graphene/dielectric interfaces using THz imaging and spectroscopy. Non-contacting, non-destructive THz probing reveals the local sheet conductivity of single-layer graphene deposited on a Si substrate and covered by a thin PMMA layer.
Limited vocabulary natural language dialogue

Two-person teams of subjects worked at realistic problem-solving tasks by communicating through a teletypewriter system. One third of the teams had to limit their vocabulary to words on lists of 300 words, one-third were required to use words on lists of 500 words, and one third of the teams worked with no vocabulary restrictions. Each team solved a different problem on each of three successive days. Dependent measures were taken on four classes of variables: (1) time to solve the problem, (2) measures of overt behavior, (3) measures of verbal output, and (4) errors made by subjects who used the restricted vocabularies. The main finding of the experiment was that subjects who worked with the restricted vocabularies interacted and solved problems as successfully as their counterparts who worked with no vocabulary restrictions. The results indicate that, at least for the kinds of problems tested here, it is possible to develop vocabularies of limited size that can be used effectively in man-computer communications.
Rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a llama

A case of Rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a 2-year-old male llama is described. Caseous necrosis, resembling macroscopically that seen in ovine caseous lymphadenitis, was observed diffusely in the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, and in an extensive lesion in the lungs. Necrosis was present to a lesser extent in the spleen and hepatic and gastric lymph nodes. Numerous bacteria-laden macrophages were present around the necrotic areas. The findings suggest that, as in cattle and pigs, the primary targets of R. equi infection in the llama are the lymphoid organs.
How many plumes are there

The objective of this paper is to quantitatively assess the role of mantle plumes in transporting heat to the base of the lithosphere. We first review the mechanisms responsible for mantle heat flow. We take the total global surface heat flow to be 4.43×1013 W. Of this, we attribute 0.68×1013 W (15%) to radiogenic heat production in the continental crust and 3.75×1013 W (85%) to heat loss from the mantle. Of the heat loss from the mantle, 2.17×1013 W (58%) is attributed to the subduction of the oceanic lithosphere and the remainder, 1.58×1013 W (42%), heats the base of the oceanic and continental lithosphere. Prior buoyancy studies of plumes give a plume heat flux of 0.24×1013 W, which is only 15% of the total heat flux associated with basal heating of the lithosphere. Thus, the amount that remains unaccounted for is a basal heat flux of 1.34×1013 W. The missing heat flux can be attributed either to plumes that do not have a significant surface expression, or to secondary mantle convection beneath the plates. We show that the cumulative frequency-size distribution of the large and intermediate size plume fluxes can be reasonably well approximated by a power-law distribution. We then extrapolate this distribution to smaller plumes in order to estimate a total plume heat flux. This requires about 5200 plumes, with the smallest plume fluxes about 109 W. This compares with 12×109 W for the smallest plume fluxes previously reported in the literature. We suggest that the large number of seamounts represents surface evidence for small plumes, and conclude that it is reasonable to attribute the entire basal heat flux to plumes.
Marital Satisfaction and Resilience in Caregivers of Spouses with Dementia

This study explored the relationship between resilience and marital satisfaction in caregivers of spouses with dementia. Thirty spouses were recruited from the Gerontology Research Unit at Massachusetts General Hospital and caregiver support groups in Colorado. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, Global Deterioration Scale, Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for Older Persons, Resiliency Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, and Screen for Caregiver Burden. Results indicated that when spouses perceived greater caregiver burden, they reported less marital satisfaction. The opposite relationship was found with age; older caregivers reported more marital satisfaction. Resiliency, gender, and stage of cognitive impairment were not related to marital satisfaction.
Stock market reaction to EC economic and monetary integration

Abstract The risk/return characteristics of world stock markets are examined for the period 1973–1990 and three sub-periods. From the perspective of the US investor, EC stock markets individually and collectively yield higher average rates of return but with higher variability than the US stock market (except for the sub-period 1979–1984). However, investment in a well-diversified portfolio of EC stocks earned marginally higher average returns with less risk than investing in the Japanese stock market (except for the sub-period 1979–1984). The evidence suggests that a strong dollar and deeper recession in Europe may have contributed to the poor performance of EC stock markets between 1979 and 1984.
Novel Imaging Materials: Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[N,N-dimethyl-N-(p-benzoylbenzyl)-N-(2-methacryloylethyl)ammonium triphenylbutylborate] as a Single-Component Photoimaging System

New polymeric materials based on N,N,N-trialkyl-N-(p-benzoylbenzyl)ammonium triphenylbutylborate have been synthesized and characterized. Model compounds provide spectroscopic evidence that these polymers are capable of forming free tertiary amines upon irradiation at 365 nm. Photochemical generation of base is much enhanced when triphenylbutylborate is used as the electron donor. Using this concept, the synthesized polymers have been utilized for imaging in a single-component system. Positive-tone images can be achieved by washing the polymeric film produced upon exposure to light with aqueous acidic solution and ethanol.
Theory of cyclotron resonance width for electrons inelastically scattered by phonons

Abstract The cyclotron resonance width for a semiconductor under extreme high fields is calculated with the assumptions that electrons are scattered by acoustic phonons inelastically. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the recent experiments on Ge by Miura et al. (T ∼ 300 K, B ∼ 97 tesla). The energy-dependent widths arising from the relaxation processes with absorption and emission of a phonon show quite distinctive behaviors at low electron energies. At extreme low temperatures when few phonons are present, the width arising from the zero-point motion of the lattice is finite but very small. The charged-impurity scattering with the density as low as 1012 cm−3 numerically dominate the width due to the electron-phonon interaction below 10 K. The present theory supplements the previous work by Suzuki et al. where the elastic-scattering and high-temperature approximation were used.
Parks, Trees, and Environmental Justice: Field Notes from Washington, DC.

Students enrolled in a graduate seminar benefited in multiple ways from an intensive 3-day field trip to Washington, DC. Constructed around the theme of environmental justice, the trip gave students a chance to learn about street tree distribution, park quality, and racial segregation “up close.” Working with personnel from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, they learned how to design and carry out a street tree survey and assess the condition of park resources. Students were also given the opportunity to collect primary data at 2 local archives. The experience enhanced their understanding of historical environmental processes and allowed them to interact with resource managers in a “real world” setting.
The double slip plane model for the study of short cracks

Abstract Apart from crack closure which has been employed extensively to explain apparent differences in the behaviour of short and long cracks, dislocation crack tip shielding is investigated as an additional contributing factor. The double slip plane (DSP) crack model is employed and a numerical approach is followed for the calculation of the dislocation density distributions on the crack and the slip planes and the plastic zone size. By accounting for dislocation crack tip shielding, the critical stress σ cr and applied stress intensity factor K A,cr which define the onset of crack advance, exhibit a crack length dependence which is a manifestation of the anomalous short crack behaviour. It is shown, that below a critical crack length K A,cr is not constant, but rather decreases with decreasing crack length. Furthermore, a critical stress smaller than that predicted by linear elastic fracture mechanics is found. A method to calculate crack propagation rates based on dislocation density distributions is also presented. It is shown that under cyclic loading, a short crack propagates below the threshold stress intensity of a long crack and exhibits faster crack growth rates for the same nominal crack driving force. For the mild crack growth regime, Paris power-law exponents of 2 and 2.7 are predicted, depending on the value of an adjustable parameter in the configuration of the DSP model.
Determination of acrylamide in nerve tissue homogenates by electron-capture gas chromatography.

Abstract Acrylamide in biological samples can be determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection after conversion to its 2,3-dibromopropionamide derivative. The derivatization is carried out in aqueous solution, plasma or tissue homogenates by ionic bromination and the reaction conditions and sample clean-up are described. The detection limit corresponds to 9.5 ☆ 10-12 g of acrylamide on column or 8.4 ☆ 10-9 g in the final biological extract (0.5 ml). The overall recovery of acrylamide spiked samples at the nanogram level exceeds 80%. It was found that the accumulation of free acrylamide in the science nerve region of rats intoxicated with acrylamide was less than 2–8 ppm.
Minima of initial segments of infinite sequences of reals

Suppose that 〈xk〉k∈ℕ is a countable sequence of real numbers. Working in the usual subsystems for reverse mathematics, RCA0 suffices to prove the existence of a sequence of reals 〈uk〉k∈ℕ such that for each k, uk is the minimum of {x0, x1, …, xk}. However, if we wish to prove the existence of a sequence of integer indices of minima of initial segments of 〈xk〉k∈ℕ, the stronger subsystem WKL0 is required. Following the presentation of these reverse mathematics results, we will derive computability theoretic corollaries and use them to illustrate a distinction between computable analysis and constructive analysis. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inequality‐based reliability estimates for complex systems

Full-system testing for large-scale systems is often infeasible or very costly. Thus, when estimating system reliability, it is desirable to use a method that uses subsystem tests, which are often less expensive and more feasible. This article presents a method for bounding full-system reliabilities based on subsystem tests and, if available, full-system tests. The method does not require that subsystems be independent. It accounts for dependencies through the use of certain probability inequalities. The inequalities provide the basis for valid reliability calculations while not requiring independent subsystems or full-system tests. The inequalities allow for test information on pairwise subsystem failure modes to be incorporated, thereby improving the bound on system reliability. We illustrate some of the properties of the estimates via an example application. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Water and nutrient element regulation prescription in nonsoil media for greenhouse crop production.

Abstract The regulation of water and nutrient elements in nonsoil, solid media for crop production in a greenhouse is examined in relation to parameters of the plant‐media‐water system. Physical and chemical characteristics of the media and crop characteristics that are important in system design are identified and used in determining a system configuration with appropriate water and nutrient element management. Experimental results, from applying system design criteria to the growing of tomatoes and cucumbers in glasshouses, validate the approach. Yields are given for three tomato cultivars grown in a vermiculite‐pinebark mix at two populations in a glasshouse with prescribed water and nutrient element regulation. Additional crops, snapdragons and various garden vegetables were grown with excellent results, proving the versatility of the system.
Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism DD genotype on high-frequency heart rate variability in African Americans

Seventy-nine African-American participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) pilot study were genotyped for the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and had spectral power of their high-frequency (HF) heart rate variability (HRV) determined by fast-Fourier transformation. HF HRV was highest in II, intermediate in ID, and lowest in DD (II vs DD, p <0.043) genotypes, thus making an association of the ACE I/D DD genotype with decreased HF HRV that is consistent with the hypothesis that the DD genotype confers susceptibility to increased cardiovascular risk. The urban African-American population we studied had a particularly high cardiovascular risk, and these findings suggest that ACE I/D genotypes may modify that risk.
FIRST LANGUAGE OF EXAMINEES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EQUATING

To ensure fairness, it is important to better understand the relationship of language proficiency with the standard procedures of psychometric analysis. This paper examines how equating results are affected by an increase in the proportion of examinees who report that English is not their first language, using the analysis samples for a large-scale reading and mathematics test. The results indicate that equating is not affected much by an increase in the proportion of those examinees.
Vibrational spectra of (CD3)2Cd and (CD3)2Zn

Abstract The Raman and infrared spectra of (CH3)2Cd and (CH3)2Zn have been reexamined and are reported along with previously unreported vibrational data for (CD3)2Cd and (CD3)3Zn. The spectra have been analyzed using the double group G 36 † , which has led to some changes in assignments made previously. Comparison is also made with a recent study of (CH3)2Hg and (CD3)2Hg. Fine structure was observed for two of the vibrations of the E1d symmetry species, arising from internal rotation of the methyl groups. This structure has been analyzed using a recently developed theory for molecules of the freely rotating dimethylacetylene type. Problems which arise in the application of this theory have been pointed out, and it is suggested that some additional consideration of the theory may be necessary.
Fatigue of A514 Steel in Bolted Connections

Fatigue tests were conducted on bolted connections in high strength, quenched and tempered (A514) steel at the University of Illinois to provide data that can be used as a basis for the development of design specifications for high strength structural steels. Parameters related to joint proportioning were investigated; these included the bolt type, the relative proportions of tensile, shear, and bearing areas, and the ratio of the transverse fastener spacing to the fastener diameters. Several variations in joint assembly techniques which were also studied for their effect on fatigue performance, included additional tightening of bolts, bolt tensioning while joints were in bearing, and grit blasting of the joint faying surfaces. Constant amplitude fatigue tests were conducted at several ratios of minimum to maximum stress, with particular emphasis on zero-to-tension testing. An analysis of the fatigue data shows that extensions of present design specifications should permit higher allowable design stresses for bolted connections in quenched and tempered steels than for lower strength steels.
51Cr release cytotoxicity radioimmunoassay to detect immune cytotoxic reactions to rat Schwann cells in vitro.

Monolayers of rat Schwann cells incubated with 51Cr were used as targets for a cytotoxicity assay employing rabbit antiserum to galactocerebroside (R anti-GalC). Specific 51Cr release was demonstrated which was heat sensitive and complement-dependent. the assay was readily performed, reproducible and quantitative, and should prove useful in assessing anti-Schwann cell cytotoxic activity of experimental and human serum.
The solubility of tritium in yttrium at temperatures from 250 to 400 °c

Abstract The solubility of tritium in yttrium was measured at temperatures from 250 to 400 °C and at low pressures (atomic fractions of tritium in yttrium below 0.001). In this region the solubility followed the Sieverts' relationship and the Sieverts' constant was K y − t (ppm Torr −1 2 ) = 0.55 exp ( 22 900 RT ) The results agree with extrapolations of previous data and indicate that sorption of tritium by yttrium is a promising technique for recovering tritium from the molten lithium blankets proposed for fusion reactors.
Center vortices, nexuses, and the Georgi-Glashow model

In a gauge theory with no Higgs fields the mechanism for confinement is by center vortices, but in theories with adjoint Higgs fields and generic symmetry breaking, such as the Georgi-Glashow model, Polyakov showed that in $d=3$ confinement arises via a condensate of 't Hooft\char21{}Polyakov monopoles. We study the connection in $d=3$ between pure-gauge-theory and the theory with adjoint Higgs fields by varying the Higgs VEV $v.$ As one lowers $v$ from the Polyakov semiclassical regime $v\ensuremath{\gg}g (g$ is the gauge coupling) toward zero, where the unbroken theory lies, one encounters effects associated with the unbroken theory at a finite value $v\ensuremath{\simeq}g,$ where dynamical mass generation of a gauge-symmetric gauge-boson mass $m\ensuremath{\simeq}{g}^{2}$ takes place, in addition to the Higgs-generated non-symmetric mass $M\ensuremath{\simeq}\mathrm{vg}.$ This dynamical mass generation is forced by the infrared instability (in both 3 and 4 dimensions) of the pure-gauge theory. We construct solitonic configurations of the theory with both $m,M\ensuremath{\ne}0$ which are generically closed loops consisting of nexuses (a class of soliton recently studied for the pure-gauge theory), each paired with an antinexus, sitting like beads on a string of center vortices with vortex fields always pointing into (out of) a nexus (antinexus); the vortex magnetic fields extend a transverse distance $1/m.$ An isolated nexus with vortices is continuously deformable from the 't Hooft\char21{}Polyakov $(m=0)$ monopole to the pure-gauge\char21{}nexus-vortex complex $(M=0).$ In the pure-gauge $M=0$ limit the homotopy ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{2}(\mathrm{SU}(2)/U(1))=Z$ [or its analog for $\mathrm{SU}(N)]$ of the 't Hooft\char21{}Polyakov monopoles is no longer applicable, and is replaced by the center-vortex homotopy ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{1}({\mathrm{SU}(N)/Z}_{N}){=Z}_{N}$ of the center vortices.
Mechanical properties of nanocomposite thin films

Abstract The mechanical properties of nanocomposite thin films are reviewed. Two types of films are considered: artificially multilayered thin films and granular metal thin films. Artificially multilayered thin films, which are composed of alternating layers of two different materials, can display variations (reductions or enhancements) of the order of 15 to 30% in their elastic behavior as the bilayer repeat length is reduced below about 5 nm. Significant enhancements in the hardness of these materials are also observed for this range of bilayer repeat length. Granular metal films, which are composed of a thin film ceramic matrix embedded with metal granules of diameters as small as a few nanometers, display novel behavior in their hardness and apparent elastic behavior as measured by low-load indentation methods. This appears to be correlated with the percolation threshold of the metal.
Epitaxial Growth in Large Lattice Mismatch Systems: Characteristics of Domain Epitaxy

The characteristics of epitaxial growth in large lattice mismatch TiN/Si and TiN/GaAs systems are analyzed. The epitaxial growth in these large mismatch systems is modelled in terms of various energy contributions to the epilayer. The new mode of growth, defined as domain epitaxial growth in these high mismatch systems is maintained by the formation of misfit dislocations at repeated intervals. The epitaxial relationship within the domain consists of n interplanar distances of the overlayer film closely matching with m interplanar distances of the substrate, where m and n are integers. The interfacial energy is found to be a very important term in determining the orientation relationships. The results of the model calculations are compared with the experimental observations.