cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profile of Uphill Battle

Abstract An overview of the current status of women and minorities in science with emphasis on the agricultural sciences is presented. Beginning with undergraduate studies through the professorate, women and minorities face an uphill battle. In this report, some of the concerns are elucidated. Students often face lower expectations from faculty and must work twice as hard to prove themselves. Often, a newly hired faculty member is given many more responsibilities than their white male counterparts. They are expected to serve the minority population, be the representative on committees and, at the same time, maintain academic productivity. This report summarizes strategies and resources for both students and faculty. Sensitivity and the appreciation of differences contribute to the awareness of the problem. A major focus for both groups is the need for a mentor to guide them through the system. Mentoring is only one aspect to aid in forward progression, and it is a partnership of mutual trust. Methods to establish dialogue and open communication are presented. The overall goal is to allow each individual to maintain identity, while contributing to the advancement of agricultural sciences through a diversity of ideas.
PD-L1-Expressing Dendritic Cells Contribute to Viral Resistance during Acute HSV-1 Infection

The inhibitory receptor, Programmed Death 1 (PD-1), and its ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) are thought to play a role in immune surveillance during chronic viral infection. The contribution of the receptor/ligand pair during an acute infection is less understood. To determine the role of PD-L1 and PD-L2 during acute ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, HSV-1-infected mice administered neutralizing antibody to PD-L1 or PD-L2 were assessed for viral burden and host cellular immune responses. Virus titers were elevated in cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) of anti-PD-L1-treated mice which corresponded with a reduced number of CD80-expressing dendritic cells, PD-L1+ dendritic cells, and HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells within the draining (mandibular) lymph node (MLN). In contrast, anti-PD-L2 treatment had no effect on viral replication or changes in the MLN population. Notably, analysis of CD11c-enriched MLN cells from anti-PD-L1-treated mice revealed impaired functional capabilities. These studies indicate PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells are important for antiviral defense during acute HSV-1 infection.
Ethical Confrontations in the Incapacitated Aged

Effective factors that have made it possible for an increasing proportion of the population to reach old age have nevertheless presented society with new problems and ethical dilemmas. Several questions that arise include:1) What are the responsibilities of the medical profession in providing medical care or supervision for patients who manifest irreversible decremental processes associated with old age; C); 2) Under what circumstances is there a moral imperative to preserve life, especially in patients who manifest an irreversible loss of awareness or are sustained by purely mechanical means?; 3) What are the limits of the resources which can be allocated to health care in general, and to the aged in particular, in a society in which resources are no longer infinite and allocations may become necessary; C0 4) what is the profession's responsibility for identifying decremental aging changes and characterizing them, even it this information is personally threatening and socially disturbing to those who would prefer to consider them diseases, and thus reversible by traditional means?; and 5) Is there a moral mandate to identify mechanisms of aging and techniques for slowing the process, in order to prolong life beyond what appears to be the normal biologic limit of three generations?
Milnesium zsalakoae and M. jacobi, two new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Apochela: Milnesiidae) from the southwestern United States

Abstract Two new species of the phylum Tardigrada belonging to the genus Milnesium are described. Two specimens of Milnesium zsalakoae, new species, were collected from foliose lichens on rocks in Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A. and mounted in Hoyer's medium. Milnesium zsalakoae has primary claw branches of great length and slenderness, substantially longer relative to the length of the buccal tube than those of any other species of Milnesium. Eleven specimens of Milnesium jacobi, new species, were found in foliose and fruticose lichens collected in eastern Texas, U.S.A. and mounted in Hoyer's medium or polyvinyl lactophenol. Milnesium jacobi differs from all species of Milnesium in having a very broad, cylindrical buccal tube and in the posterior placement of its stylet support insertions.
Flexible and Reconfigurable Systems: Nomenclature and Review

The demands on today’s products have become increasingly complex as customers expect enhanced performance across a variety of diverse and changing system operating conditions. Reconfigurable systems are capable of undergoing changes in order to meet new objectives, function effectively in varying operating environments, and deliver value in dynamic market conditions. Research in the design of such responsive and changeable systems, however, currently faces impediments in effective and clear discourse due to ambiguity in terminology. Definitions of the terms flexibility and reconfigurability, two related concepts in reconfigurable system design, are explored based on their original lexical meanings and current understanding in design literature. Design techniques that incorporate flexibility both in the design (form) and performance (function) space are presented. Based upon this literature survey, a classification scheme for flexibility is proposed, and its application to reconfigurable system design is explored. This paper also presents recent methodologies for reconfigurable system design and poses important research questions that remain to be investigated.
Neuropoietic cytokines in the hematopoietic fold

Abstract Among the molecules that determine the developmental fate of sympathetic neurons from noradrenergic to cholinergic function are two apparently unrelated proteins, cholinergic differentiation factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CDF and CNTF, respectively). The present work suggests a structural basis for their functional overlap: sequence pattern-matching and predictive structure analysis contends that CDF and CNTF are homologous and share a common helical framework. An integrated CDF/CNTF profile also reveals similar sequence/structure motifs in a group of hematopoietic cytokines composed of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and a novel factor called oncostatin M; a more distant relationship is indicated with interleukin-3 and interferons-αβ. Evolutionary ties between neuropoietic and hematopoietic cytokines predict a distinctive tertiary architecture for the uncharacterized CDF and CNTF receptors. The intertwined cytokine/receptor networks signal a closer relationship between the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro- and hematopoiesis.
Effects of Small Additions of Copper and Copper + Nickel on the Oxidation Behavior of Iron

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of small amounts of copper and copper + nickel additions on the oxidation rate and oxide/metal interface microstructure of iron. Three iron-based alloys were compared: 0.3 wt pct copper, 0.3 wt pct copper-0.1 wt pct nickel, and 0.3 wt pct copper-0.05 wt pct nickel. Alloy samples were oxidized in air at 1150 °C for 60, 300, and 600 seconds. Pure iron oxidized for 300 seconds was used as a reference material. The parabolic oxidation rate for the iron-copper alloy did not differ from that of pure iron, but the parabolic rate for the nickel-containing alloys decreased by a factor of 2. The microstructure of the iron-copper alloy consisted of a thin, copper-rich layer at the oxide/metal interface. Both nickel-containing alloys had perturbed oxide/metal interfaces consisting of alternating solid/liquid regions. The application of ternary alloy interface stability theories show that the perturbed interfaces arise from unequal diffusivities in the solid γ-iron phase. It is suggested that this perturbed interface microstructure causes the observed decrease in oxidation rate, by limiting the iron supply to the oxide.
Women's & Gender Studies Journal Database

AbstractThe Women's & Gender Studies Journal Database (WGSJD) at Rutgers University is a user-oriented, discipline-based database that provides quick access to journal titles available online. It is also a union list of journal titles, print and online, in the area of women's and gender studies at Rutgers University Libraries. The author describes this database and its value-added service in the context of Rutgers University Libraries' information system. Discussion also includes its advantages and disadvantages, the changing roles and areas of responsibilities for subject selectors, and how the database fits into future developments of the library's information system. Serials Review 2002; 28:261–266.
Exploring Retaliation as a Coping Strategy in Response to Customer Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment has long been studied as a gendered form of discrimination and a way to assert social dominance. Women working in customer service positions regularly cope with customer sexual harassment (CSH). This paper reports two studies that examine retaliation toward the customer as a way for service workers to both assert power and to cope when faced with CSH. The first study predicted that retaliation would share a common superordinate factor structure with four traditional coping strategies (i.e., social, advocacy seeking, avoidance, and negotiation). The second study hypothesized a latent variable model in which retaliation serves as a buffer between CSH and posttraumatic stress. Additionally, customer power was hypothesized as an antecedent to CSH and retaliation. Both studies used samples of women undergraduate students who were employed at least 10 hours per week as customer service workers in the southeastern U.S. The first study (N = 194) found support for the hypothesized factor structure; retaliation was related to, but distinguishable from more traditional styles of sexual harassment coping. The second study (N = 210) found support for the proposed mediational model. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
Hydrogen-Exchange Mass Spectrometry Reveals Activation-Induced Changes in the Conformational Mobility of p38α MAP Kinase

Hydrogen–deuterium exchange measurements represent a powerful approach to investigating changes in conformation and conformational mobility in proteins. Here, we examine p38α MAP kinase (MAPK) by hydrogen-exchange (HX) mass spectrometry to determine whether changes in conformational mobility may be induced by kinase phosphorylation and activation. Factors influencing sequence coverage in the HX mass spectrometry experiment, which show that varying sampling depths, instruments, and peptide search strategies yield the highest coverage of exchangeable amides, are examined. Patterns of regional deuteration in p38α are consistent with tertiary structure and similar to deuteration patterns previously determined for extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2, indicating that MAPKs are conserved with respect to the extent of local amide HX. Activation of p38α alters HX in five regions, which are interpreted by comparing X-ray structures of unphosphorylated p38α and X-ray structures of phosphorylated p38γ. Conformational differences account for altered HX within the activation lip, the P + 1 site, and the active site. In contrast, HX alterations are ascribed to activation-induced effects on conformational mobility, within substrate-docking sites (αF–αG, β7–β8), the C-terminal core (αE), and the N-terminal core region (β4–β5, αL16, αC). Activation also decreases HX in a 3–10 helix at the C-terminal extension of p38α. Although this helix in ERK2 forms a dimerization interface that becomes protected from HX upon activation, analytical ultracentrifugation shows that this does not occur in p38α because both unphosphorylated and diphosphorylated forms are monomeric. Finally, HX patterns in monophosphorylated p38α are similar to those in unphosphorylated kinase, indicating that the major activation lip remodeling events occur only after diphosphorylation. Importantly, patterns of activation-induced HX show differences between p38α and ERK2 despite their similarities in overall deuteration, suggesting that although MAPKs are closely related with respect to primary sequence and tertiary structure, they have distinct mechanisms for dynamic control of enzyme function.
Bayesian analysis of series expansions

Since the ground-breaking work of Baker and others, the analysis of series expansions using Pade approximants has been an essential technique for calculating critical properties. In this paper, we present a new approach to the analysis of series expansions based on a Bayesian analysis of the information contained in the series. This new method is capable of determining critical properties with greatly improved accuracy.
Legionella pneumophila-induced IL-1 : responses of murine peritoneal, splenic, and pulmonary macrophages

The ability ofLegionella pneumophila to induce secreted IL-1 (sIL-1) and membrane associated IL-1 (mIL-1) in murine peritoneal, splenic, and pulmonary macrophages was examined. Two preparations ofL. pneumophila were utilized, specifically, a formalin-killed, whole-cell preparation and viable bacteria. We demonstrated that both forms induce mIL-1 and sIL-1 in each of the macrophage populations tested; however, there were differences in the magnitude of responses with the different macrophage populations. In general, the viable bacteria induced greater IL-1 activity than did equivalent numbers of formalin-killed bacteria, with the exception of the highest concentrations tested (107 bacteria/ml). The results demonstrate thatL. pneumophila induces production of both sIL-1 and mIL-1 activities by murine macrophages from a variety of tissues.
Petrobactin is produced by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria

Petrobactin is the primary siderophore synthesized by Bacillus anthracis str Sterne and is required for virulence of this organism in a mouse model. The siderophore’s biosynthetic machinery was recently defined and gene homologues of this operon exist in several other Bacillus strains known to be mammalian pathogens, but are absent in several known to be harmless such as B. subtilis and B. lichenformis. Thus, a common hypothesis regarding siderophore production in Bacillus species is that petrobactin production is exclusive to pathogenic isolates. In order to test this hypothesis, siderophores produced by 106 strains of an in-house library of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group were isolated and identified using a MALDI-TOF-MS assay. Strains were selected from a previously defined phylogenetic tree of this group in order to include both known pathogens and innocuous strains. Petrobactin is produced by pathogenic strains and innocuous isolates alike, and thus is not itself indicative of virulence.
A mediated amperometric enzyme electrode using tetrathiafulvalene and l-glutamate oxidase for the determination of l-glutamic acid

Abstract A mediated amperometric sensor for measuring l -glutamate is described. The sensor is based on a carbon paste electrode containing the electron transfer mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), and the enzyme l -glutamate oxidase immobilized on the electrode surface. The enzyme is crosslinked with glutaradehyde and the matrix held on the electrode surface using an electrochemically deposited polymer. TTF is shown to efficiently reoxidize the reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide centers of glutamate oxidase, permitting operation of the sensor at low applied potentials. The electrode, when operated at +0.15 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), responded linearly to l -glutamate concentration up to 0.8 mM, the lower detection limit being 2.6 υM, with a response time of 2 min. The sensor was used for the determination of l -glutamate in food samples, with excellent correlations achieved when compared to results obtained by enzymatic analysis using glutamate dehydrogenase. The enzyme electrode exhibits excellent reproducibility and stability, retaining more than 90% of its original activity over a period of 3 weeks.
DNS-DERIVED FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON FLEXIBLE CYLINDERS SUBJECT TO VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION

We use direct numerical simulation (DNS) based on spectral methods to simulate turbulent flow past rigid and flexible cylinders subject to vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). We present comparisons of amplitude, and lift and drag forces, at Reynolds number 1000 for a short and a long cylinder, and we examine differences between a traveling wave response and a standing wave response. The DNS data suggest that the often-used empirical formula proposed by Skop, Griffin & Ramberg in 1977 overpredicts the drag coefficient. We propose an appropriate modification and present preliminary results that indicate that low-dimensional modeling may be an accurate and efficient approach in predicting forces in VIV. Given the lack of any benchmark experiments in VIV currently, the DNS results presented here, both distributions as well as span- and time-averaged quantities, should be helpful to experimentalists and modelers.
Biochemical characterization of atroxase and nucleotide sequence encoding the fibrinolytic enzyme.

A. T. Tu, B. Baker, S. Wongvibulsin and T. Willis. Biochemical characterization of atroxase and nucleotide sequence encoding the fibrinolytic enzyme. Toxicon 34, 1295-1300, 1996.-Atroxase, isolated from the venom of Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake), is a non-hemorrhagic protease which has fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in vivo. Fibrin solubilization occurs primarily from the hydrolysis of α-polymer and unpolymerized α- and β-chains. The enzyme also cleaves the Aα-chain of fibrinogen first, followed by the Bβ-chain, and shows no effect on the γ-chain. Although crude venom induces platelet aggregation, atroxase demonstrated no ability to induce or inhibit aggregation. Intravenous administration of atroxase at a dosage of 6.0 mg/kg resulted in thrombolysis within 1 hr followed by recanalization. The primary structure of atroxase was deduced from the cDNA encoding the atroxase protein. The venom glands of C. atrox were used to prepare a cDNA library. Degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized based on the partial amino acid sequence of atroxase and were used as primers in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify overlapping cDNA fragments from the C. atrox cDNA library. The resulting cDNA fragments were subcloned, sequenced, and translated. The final nucleotide sequence shows high homology to previously described primary structures of non-hemorrhagic fibrinolytic proteases isolated from snake venom. The base sequence of cDNA obtained from colony hybridization also showed comparable results to the cDNA fragment amplified by PCR.
Efficacy of an internet-based tool for improving physician knowledge of chronic kidney disease: an observational study.

Background Early recognition and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with better outcomes. Internal medicine residency should prepare physicians to diagnose and manage CKD.
Production Properties and Decay Modes of the phi Meson

The reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ has been studied in an exposure of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 72-in. bubble chamber to a separated beam of 2.1- to 2.7-BeV/c ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons. The decay branching ratios for ${K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $K_{}^{0}{}_{1}{}^{}K_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{0}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ have been measured, and the ratio $\ensuremath{\beta}=[\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{0}K_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{0})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}})}]$ has been used as a test of the $\ensuremath{\varphi}'\mathrm{s}$ spin. The quantum numbers assigned to the $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, ${J}^{\mathrm{PG}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ and $I=0$, have been confirmed. Production processes were investigated using the correlation-matrix method of Berman and Oakes. The low-momentum (2.1-BeB/c beam momentum) data fit a model of $K$ and ${K}^{*}$ exchange, but the high-momentum (2.45 to 2.7 BeV/c) data are inconsistent with the model. Also, other final states involving $K\overline{K}$ pairs were investigated and their cross sections measured, but except for the production of the reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Y_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{*}(1385)\ensuremath{\varphi}$, no previously unreported effects were observed.
Market integration and price transmission in the U.S. natural gas market: From the wellhead to end use markets

Abstract Examination of the upstream–downstream pricing behavior in U.S. natural gas industry reveals that: (a) natural gas markets are integrated but subject to regime shifts and asymmetric adjustments, suggesting market imperfections. (b) Demand- and supply-side shocks play important roles in determining short-run price movements as evidenced by tests of causality and impulse response functions. (c) The response of end use prices to deviations from equilibrium with wellhead prices vary. Electrical, industrial and city gate prices adjust fast while commercial and residential prices adjust slowly, consistent with the role of administered pricing in later markets. (d) Long-run variations in end use prices are primarily due to their own shocks, while long-run variations in wellhead prices are due to innovations in residential and electrical prices. These findings point to the importance of demand shocks as the primary determinant of natural gas prices in the long-run.
The epidemic of squamous cell carcinoma.

Human skin takes a lot of abuse. It is our largest organ and the major barrier between our other organs and the natural and man-made hazards that surround us. These hazards may lead to cancer. Among cancers of the keratinocyte (the predominant cell of skin) in whites, basal cell carcinoma is the more common, yet squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) metastasizes more frequently and causes more deaths. 1-3 Although UV radiation is the most important etiologic factor, other factors are known to cause some cases of cutaneous SCC. The first documentation of chemical carcinogenesis was Percivall Pott's description, in 1775, of SCC of the scrotum induced by chimney soot. 4 Certain other hydrocarbons derived from coal and oils cause SCC. 5 Arsenic in well water was shown to cause SCC in the classic studies from Taiwan, 6 and exposure to arsenic in medicinals (such as Fowler's solution, Donovan's solution, and "Asiatic
The Derelictical Crisis of African American Philosophy: How African American Philosophy Fails to Contribute to the Study of African-Descended People

Unlike many Black-specific disciplines in the academy (Black psychology, Black history, etc.), Black philosophy never completely forged a unique conceptual framework separate from American and continental philosophical traditions. Instead the field has continued to define its validity to the extent that Black authors extend the thought of white philosophers toward race. This epistemic convergence, or the extent to which Black theory converges with established white philosophical traditions and white racial sensibilities, continues to misguide many of the current philosophical techniques of Africana thought. Because this practice is so dominate, it has made current scholarship in African American and Africana thought derelict, in the sense that all investigations into Blackness are normatively and hence ideologically driven and not culturally relevant to the actual lives of Africana people.
Erratum to: “Phototransduction: crystal clear”[Trends Biochem. Sci. 28 (2003) 479–487]

In the article: ‘Phototransduction: crystal clear’ by Kevin D. Ridge et al., published in the September issue of Trends in Biochemical Sciences, there was an error in the text of Box 1. The currently undetermined protein structures and those determined at low resolution are colored different shades of purple in Figure I, not gray. The sentence describing this in the first paragraph of the Box 1 text should have read: ‘Outstanding protein structures or those available only at low-resolution are shown in different shades of purple, including the rhodopsin photointermediates (such as R∗ and others that are not shown [38]), the cGMP-gated channel holoenzyme and constituent α and β subunits, rhodopsin kinase (RK), PDE6 holoenzyme and constituent α, β, γ and δ subunits, guanylate cyclase (GC), Gβ5L and R9AP’.TiBS apologizes to the authors and the readers for this error.
Role Socialization of Juvenile Court Probation Officers

Operating from a theory of role socialization in organizations (Katz and Kahn, 1978), predictions of the degree of association between probation officers' sent and received roles and role behavior ...
Functional Expression of Human NKCC1 from a Synthetic Cassette-Based cDNA: Introduction of Extracellular Epitope Tags and Removal of Cysteines

The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) couples the movement of Na+, K+, and Cl− ions across the plasma membrane of most animal cells and thus plays a central role in cellular homeostasis and human physiology. In order to study the structure, function, and regulation of NKCC1 we have engineered a synthetic cDNA encoding the transporter with 30 unique silent restriction sites throughout the open reading frame, and with N-terminal 3xFlag and YFP tags. We show that the novel cDNA is appropriately expressed in HEK-293 cells and that the YFP-tag does not alter the transport function of the protein. Utilizing the Cl− -sensing capability of YFP, we demonstrate a sensitive assay of Na-K-Cl cotransport activity that measures normal cotransport activity in a fully activated transporter. In addition we present three newly developed epitope tags for NKCC1 all of which can be detected from outside of the cell, one of which is very efficiently delivered to the plasma membrane. Finally, we have characterized cysteine mutants of NKCC1 and found that whereas many useful combinations of cysteine mutations are tolerated by the biosynthetic machinery, the fully “cys-less” NKCC1 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together these advances are expected to greatly assist future studies of NKCC1.
Research Note: Metachromatic Procedure for Fiber Typing in Chicken Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Metachromatic staining of anterior latissimus dorsi, posterior latissimus dorsi, and sartorius muscles of domestic chicken with azure A and toluidine blue produced differentiation of muscle fiber types. The procedure is rapid, with optimum results obtained after 2 to 5 min incubation and 5 to 10 s of staining. Reaction of serial sections for myosin Ca + +-adenosine triphosphatase with the usual procedure showed that the same fibers were typed similarly with both methods.
A 17-year retrospective study of institutional results for eye plaque brachytherapy of uveal melanoma using 125I, 103Pd, and 131Cs and historical perspective

Abstract Purpose To compare overall survival, local and distant failure rates, ocular toxicity, and vision preservation in patients treated with eye plaque brachytherapy at Tufts Medical Center with those in the published literature. Methods and Materials Records were reviewed for 53 patients with the diagnosis of uveal melanoma treated with plaque brachytherapy at Tufts Medical Center over the past 17 years. American Joint Committee on Cancer staging (T1, T2, or T3) were 4, 39, and 10 patients, respectively. All the patients were treated using 125I (n = 37), 103Pd (n = 5), or 131Cs (n = 11) to a dose of 85 Gy (documented as 100 Gy before 1996 for the same physical dose). Results With a mean followup of 75 months, 38 of 53 patients were still alive. Five patients (all 125I) developed liver metastases (9%) with no evidence of local failure. There were 10 definitive local failures and four additional transpupillary thermo-therapy procedures performed to ensure local control for lesions slow to respond. Twelve patients (23%) required enucleation. At most recent followup, 32 patients (71%) maintained 20/200 vision or better in the treated eye. In this first report of 131Cs plaque therapy with a mean followup of 20 months, there were two transpupillary thermo-therapy procedures and one definitive failure requiring enucleation after 10 months. Conclusions Our disease control and ocular results were comparable to those in the literature given the extended followup. We are developing a multi-institutional, prospective clinical protocol for considering radionuclide selection and other prescriptive criteria.
A Semantic Resolution of the Paradox of Analysis

The paradox of analysis has been a problem for analytic philosophers at least since Moore’s time, and it is especially significant for those who seek an account of analysis along classical lines. The present paper offers a new solution to the paradox, where a theory of analysis is given where (1) analysandum and analysans are distinct concepts, due to their failing to share the same conceptual form, yet (2) they are related in virtue of satisfying various semantic constraints on the analysis relation. Rather than distinguish between analysandum and analysans by appeal to epistemic considerations, the paper appeals to semantic considerations in giving a candidate account of the identity conditions for concepts. The distinctness of analysandum and analysans then serves to block the paradox in a straightforward way.
Approaches to preventing child abuse. The health visitors concept.

This paper, Approaches to Preventing Child Abuse: The Health Visitor’s Concept, published in 1976 in the American Journal of Diseases of Children, is C. Henry Kempe’s 1975 George Armstrong Lecture. It forms the basis of the commentaries included in succeeding chapters in this section of the book.
Leg load warning system for the orthopaedically handicapped.

A system has been developed which measures the load applied to the heel of an ambulatory patient, compares that load with preset, adjustable (i) min imum required and (ii) maximum allowable loads as prescribed by a physician or physiotherapist, and reinforces the correct walking motion of the patient by turning off a low-frequency audible tone when the minimum load is exceeded, and turning on a high-frequency tone when the maximum load is exceeded. This system will be useful in allowing the physician and physiotherapist to control the walking performance of amputees and other lower-extremity patients during progressive weight-bearing training by helping the patients limit their weight bearing to a prescribed range.
Stable picosecond pulse generation at 46GHz by modelocking of a semiconductor laser operating in an optoelectronic phaselocked loop

The authors show that using a phaselocked loop, stable optical pulses can be generated from a monolithic, passively modelocked semiconductor laser. A phase noise of -100dBc/Hz at 46GHz and a pulse width of 1.3ps are achieved, and the limits of the pulse stability using this approach are discussed.
Design considerations for a visual language for communications protocol specifications

Communications protocol specification is a complex problem domain in which a visual paradigm may be employed. The paper describes the desirable characteristics of a visual specification language for this problem domain, and presents a preliminary design for such a language, based on message-flow diagrams. >
National incidence and outcomes of postoperative urinary retention in the Surgical Care Improvement Project

Abstract Background The national incidence of postoperative urinary retention (POUR), its risk factors, and associated outcomes are not well understood. Methods We identified patients undergoing one of the Surgical Care Improvement Project surgeries using the National Inpatient Sample. By using International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification codes (ICD-9-CM), we identified POUR and the outcomes urinary tract infection, noninfectious catheter-related complications, length of stay, and posthospitalization care. Multivariable analysis identified predictors of POUR and its associated outcomes. Results A total of 415,409 patients, representing 2,077,045 nationally, underwent one of the Surgical Care Improvement Project procedures with 43,030 (2.1%) developing POUR. Age, sex, type of surgery, and medical comorbidities were predictive of POUR with a .71 area under the curve. Patients with POUR had greater odds of having urinary tract infections (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–2.5), suffering catheter-related complications (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 3.8–7.0), and needing additional posthospitalization care (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.25–1.4), and they had a greater length of stay (.24 extra days). Conclusions Patients at risk for POUR can be identified, and they may benefit from interventions to prevent POUR.
A Review of Sediment Budget Imbalances along Fire Island, New York: Can Nearshore Geologic Framework and Patterns of Shoreline Change Explain the Deficit?

Abstract Sediment budget analyses conducted for annual to decadal timescales report variable magnitudes of littoral transport along the south shore of Long Island, New York. It is well documented that the primary transport component is directed alongshore from east to west, but relatively little information has been reported concerning the directions or magnitudes of cross-shore components. Our review of budget calculations for the Fire Island coastal compartment (between Moriches and Fire Island Inlets) indicates an average deficit of 217,700 m3/y. Updrift shoreline erosion, redistribution of nourishment fills, and reworking of inner-shelf deposits have been proposed as the potential sources of additional sediment needed to rectify budget residuals. Each of these sources is probably relevant over various spatial and temporal scales, but previous studies of sediment texture and provenance, inner-shelf geologic mapping, and beach profile comparison indicate that reworking of inner-shelf deposits is the sou...
Maximum Entropy Principle-Based Algorithm for Simultaneous Resource Location and Multihop Routing in Multiagent Networks

This paper presents a framework that develops algorithms for solving combined locational and multihop routing optimization problems. The objective is to determine resource node locations in a multiagent network and to specify the multihop routes from each agent to a common destination through a network of resource nodes that minimize total communication cost. These problems are computationally complex (NP-hard) where the cost functions are riddled with multiple minima. Algorithms based on Maximum Entropy Principle, which guarantee local minima and are heuristically designed to seek the global minimum are presented. These algorithms accommodate practical constraints on resource nodes as well as on the routing network architectures. Simulation results show that the multihop routes and resource locations allocated by these algorithms achieve lower costs (as low as 47 percent) than those algorithms where resource locational optimization is done without multihop routing or where the locational and routing optimization objectives are separated. The enabling feature of these algorithms is accommodating problems with resource constraints which is demonstrated through simulations.
Letter by Psaty et al Regarding Article, “Heart Failure With Recovered Ejection Fraction: Clinical Description, Biomarkers, and Outcomes”

Basuray and colleagues1 assembled a cross-sectional sample of patients who, having survived heart failure for an average of ≈6 years, were referred to 1 of 3 heart-failure specialty centers. On the basis of echocardiography at enrollment, eligible patients (n=1878) were classified according to current and historical ejection fractions (EF). Those with an EF <50% were classified as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF, n=1523). Among the 355 with EF ≥50%, the authors excluded 57 without available historical data, and classified the rest into 2 groups: (1) EF always ≥50% (HF-PEF, n=122), and (2) EF previously <50% (HF-Recovered, n=176). During an average of 3.6 years of follow-up, the prognosis defined in terms of the composite end point of death, cardiac transplantation, or placement of ventricular assist device was significantly worse for both …
Effects of inorganic nitrogen sources on spore germination and gametophyte growth in Botrychium dissectum

Abstract. The effects of variations in nitrogen source upon spore germination and gametophyte growth of the eusporangiate fern Botrychium dissectum forma obliquum were investigated. Spore germination and early gametophyte growth were directly related to the oxidation level of the supplied nitrogen source. Nitrate and nitrite inhibited spore germination and at concentrations above 0.035 mol m-3 prevented it entirely. Ammonium promoted germination well above the levels attained on media without nitrogen. Concentrations of ammonium greater than 0.035 mol m-3 often resulted in germination above 90%. The growth of young gametophytes from spores was reduced on media without nitrogen or on media with high concentrations of nitrate. Ammonium stimulated the growth of both young and older gametophytes. However, older gametophytes were able to grow on media containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. We conclude that a reduced nitrogen source is necessary for spore germination and early growth of Botrychium gametophytes. This requirement has several ecological implications which may be related to the distribution of these ferns and the establishment of mycorrhizal associations.
Transient and persistent depolarization-induced changes of protein phosphorylation in a molluscan nervous system.

Phosphoproteins in the CNS of the nudibranch mollusc, Hermissenda crassicornis, were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. After preincubation in artificial sea-water containing 32P, nervous systems were exposed to elevation of external K+ (100 or 300 mM) for a period (e.g., 30 min) approximating a period of depolarization which occurs during classical conditioning. Elevated external K+ was found to change the state of phosphorylation of three distinct proteins (Mr 56,000, 25,000, and 20,000) in three distinct ways without consistently changing that of any other proteins. Phosphorylation of an Mr 56,000 protein was increased by high K+ about twofold only in the presence of external Ca2+ [( Ca2+]o). Phosphorylation of Mr 25,000 protein, on the other hand, was decreased up to 10-fold by high K+, irrespective of the level of [Ca2+]o. The effect of depolarization on Mr 25,000 protein phosphorylation most likely represents dephosphorylation rather than proteolysis. This interpretation is consistent with the observations that (a) reappearance of the Mr 25,000 protein occurred in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide, puromycin, or anisomycin, and (b) the Hermissenda nervous system apparently contains a NaF- and EDTA-sensitive protein phosphatase capable of dephosphorylating Mr 25,000 protein. High K+ also reduced Mr 20,000 protein phosphorylation which was dependent on [Ca2+]o even in normal low K+ (10 mM) medium. Removal of [Ca2+]o enhanced reduction of Mr 20,000 phosphorylation due to the high K+ treatment. Interestingly, reduction of the Mr 25,000 protein phosphorylation was long-lasting, i.e., its phosphorylation did not fully recover to a control level for at least 30 min after the high K+ conditions had been removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Research Note: Resistance of Chickens to an Outbreak of Necrotic Enteritis as Influenced by Major Histocompatibility Genotype and Background Genome

An outbreak of necrotic enteritis occurred in chickens that were B13B13 or B21B21 at the MHC in sublines of lines selected for high (HA) and low (LA) antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. Percentage mortality and hen-day egg production, although similar for both background genomes, were different for MHC genotypes. Mortality was 6% for B21B21 and 15% for B13B13 types. Although hen-day egg production for both types declined from about 76 to 50%, the decrease occurred earlier but recovery of survivors was faster in B13B13 than in B21B21 pullets.
Overview of CO2 Capture Technology

Until cost-effective alternative energy sources are available, it is necessary to capture harmful waste gases at the source (i.e., smoke stacks). CO2 gas can be captured prior to combustion, through an oxyfuel combustion stage, or after combustion. Currently, the most common way to separate carbon dioxide gas is through an amine-scrubbing system in post-combustion scenarios; however, this method can be costly and byproducts are harmful to the environment. For this reason, absorbents, adsorbents, membranes, gas hydrates, and chemical looping processes are considered as methods for CO2 gas capture. Industries such as iron and steel and cement industries can also incorporate CO2 separation and capture technologies. Once CO2 is captured, it can be transported through pipelines and stored in geological formations and ocean reservoirs.
Adaptive transaction routing in a heterogeneous database environment

The issue of transaction routing in a heterogeneous database environment is examined where transaction characteristics like reference locality implies that certain processing systems can be identified as being, in general, more suitable than others for a given transaction class. Routing which ignores these distinctions in an attempt to balance system load can degrade system performance. An adaptive routing strategy is considered which: (1) estimates the response time based on a steady-state analysis; (2) monitors how well actual response time conforms to the estimate; and (3) adaptively adjusts future estimates through a feedback control based on (2). It is found that the adaptive strategy greatly enhances performance robustness as compared to the results of the strategy without feedback. The feedback process used alleviates the sensitivity to accurate estimations of workload and system parameters. Various simulation studies are used to illustrate the adaptive strategy's robustness. >
A one-pot synthesis of micron-sized and nanoscale poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) particles

Abstract We report a one-pot synthesis of well-defined micron-sized or nanoscale poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) particles. We show that these pre-activated particles can be easily coupled to an amine-functionalized cargo in a single step to generate particles with uniform fluorescence.
An attempt to approach the molecular mechanisms of primary sex determination: W‐ and Y‐chromosomal conserved simple repetitive DNA sequences and their differential expression in mRNA

The biological role of simple repetitive DNA consisting of short, tandemly arrayed sequences, is still enigmatic. Previously we have described how simple quadruplet repeats (sqr)isolated from a sex-specific snake satellite (Elaphe radiata) are also “sex-specifically” arranged in mouse and man (Epplen et al, '81, '82a). In the mouse, these sqr are interspersed on all chromosomes, but a substantial part is concentrated in the pericentromeric region of the Y-chromosome (Epplen et al., '82b). In one of the subcloned snake satellite DNA component (pErs5), the sqr are adjacent to a single-copy sequence that in turn identifies a male-specific putative mRNA in the mouse (Epplen et al. '82b). The isolated stretch of sqr themselves cross-hybridizes with at least two species of poly (A)+ RNA from mice occurring in both sexes (Epplen et al., '82b, '83). By examining one of the non-sex-specific transcripts, we demonstrate here substantial open reading frames in the corresponding 2.5-kilobase (kb)-long mouse cDNA clone, including some 130 copies of sqr. The results are discussed in the context of mechanisms of primary sex-determination in vertebrates, in particular the gonadal induction mechanism in heterogametic sex determination.
Hydrologic response to precipitation pulses under and between shrubs in the Chihuahuan Desert, Arizona

[1] Observations of the temporal and spatial distribution of poststorm soil moisture in open shrublands and savannas are limited, yet they are critical to understanding the interaction and feedback between moisture distribution and canopies. The objective of this analysis was to study the hydrologic impacts of precipitation pulses on the upper layer of soils under and between shrubs. The study was based on measurements of precipitation, runoff, and under- and between-shrub soil moisture over a period of 20 years (1990–2009) at a shrub-dominated site in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) near Tombstone, Arizona. Within much of the root zone (to 30 cm depth), infiltration was not significantly different under versus between shrubs, and the under:between infiltration ratio was not related to pulse size or intensity. However, root-zone soil moisture was significantly higher between shrubs than under shrubs. The soil moisture measured at the surface (at 5 cm depth) was not consistently different under and between shrubs, but the soil moisture measured at depths of 15 and 30 cm were both significantly higher between shrubs than under shrubs. Considering mechanisms that explain the interaction between plants and soil moisture, we found no differences in infiltration, evaporative losses, and surface soil moisture in locations under and between shrubs. This led to the conclusion that lower root-zone soil moisture under shrubs was due largely to greater root density under shrubs than between shrubs. This study adds to the understanding of the impact of precipitation patterns on infiltration and soil moisture in shrub-dominated sites and the potential for vegetation change in arid and semiarid lands.
Salmon P. Chase and the Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson

(1964). Salmon P. Chase and the Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson. The Historian: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 75-92.