cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WTO Dispute Settlement and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the "TRIPS Agreement") has ushered in a new generation of legal issues that may ultimately find their way into the WTO dispute settlement arena. In light of the extensive coverage given to the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) elsewhere in this book, and the broad range of dispute-related issues raised by the TRIPS Agreement, this chapter will focus on issues that are more or less specific to the TRIPS Agreement.The TRIPS Agreement is unique in the WTO context; it is the only WTO agreement that requires the members to affirmatively (or positively) incorporate complex substantive legal standards into national laws that govern both domestically-produced and imported goods. It relies for many of its rules on cross-reference to an existing body of multilateral conventions administered outside the WTO. The substantive rules imposed by the TRIPS Agreement are the subject of existing bodies of judicial opinion in the national and regional territories that are now subject to its discipline. Underlying the superficial certainty of the TRIPS Agreement substantive prescriptions are existing gulfs of interpretative difference regarding the meaning of many of its rules.The TRIPS Agreement is unique in that it establishes minimum standards applicable to the enforcement of legislation by WTO members. The establishment of minimum enforcement standards necessarily implies that claims alleging the maintenance of inadequate enforcement procedures can and may be brought before the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, yet the TRIPS Agreement is silent on just how such a claim might be proven, e.g., where the threshold of inadequate enforcement might lie.Identifying methods and sources of interpretation for the TRIPS Agreement's substantive requirements, as well as delimiting the appropriate threshold of adequate enforcement, are but two of the intriguing tasks facing the WTO Dispute Settlement Body.
The Macelwane‐Sprengnether magnetometer

For many years, a need has been felt by teachers of geophysics for a field magnetometer which could be placed in the hands of beginning students without too great risk of irreparable damage. It is obvious to anyone who has had experience with undergraduates that appreciation of delicate instruments is not inborn or instinctive. Only by patient instruction and gradual experience do students acquire that respect for delicate mechanisms, that knowledge of slight tolerances, that feeling for and skill in making fine adjustments that area sine qua non in the care and manipulation of a precision instrument.
Non-coherent detection of slow-moving targets in high-resolution sea clutter

The radar detection of targets in the presence of sea clutter has historically relied heavily upon the radial velocity of targets with respect to the radar platform, either by estimating the relative target Dopplers (such as for STAP) or by examining the path which targets traverse from scan to scan. However, for targets with little or no radial velocity component, it can become quite difficult to differentiate targets from the surrounding sea clutter. The paper addresses the detection of slow-moving targets in sea clutter and develops an approach for the non-coherent detection of such targets when high range resolution is available.
The MESA heart failure risk score: can't we do more?

In 1987, Framingham Heart Study pioneer Dr William B Kannel1 wrote, ‘Epidemiologic data on incidence and prognosis of cardiac failure in the general population are actually quite sparse.’ Dr Kannel proceeded to report risk factors for heart failure identified in Framingham that included hypertension, ECG LV hypertrophy, obesity, diabetes, radiographic cardiac enlargement and cigarette use. Over the last decades heart failure epidemiology has been informed by advances in cardiac imaging, identification of novel biomarkers and refinements in pathophysiology and classification. The exposures listed by Dr Kannel remain salient to heart failure risk. However, many individuals develop cardiovascular disease even in their absence. Risk assessment is refined by the integration of imaging, biomarkers and novel assessments. Risk scores are fundamental and essential for advancing risk prediction, and serve multiple functions to enhance epidemiological and clinical assessment. First, risk scores provide an avenue to integrate established exposures with novel, contemporary assessments in risk quantification. Second, risk scores may target at-risk populations and refine clinical definitions—such as ‘stage A’ and ‘stage B’ heart failure, for example—with the goal of disease prevention. Third, individualised risk scores can provide personal assessments of risk, be a tool for patient education or focus efforts to optimise prevention. Ultimately, the utility of a risk score is determined by its clinical relevance: can it be employed to target preventive strategies in heart failure, and ‘turn back the clock’ for a disease where the median survival upon diagnosis is as dismal as 5 years?2 Is it relevant to diverse populations? Can the addition of novel imaging or biomarkers be implemented in a cost-effective manner? To our knowledge, three major, observational, community-based cohort studies have published heart failure risk scores. In 1999, Kannel et al 3 described the probability of heart failure in Framingham participants with coronary disease, hypertension or …
Clinical implications of factor XII deficiency

A patient with known factor XII deficiency underwent extraction of four impacted third molars. Significant preoperative laboratory values included a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of greater than 100 seconds and a factor XII level of less than 1%. The third molars were removed without any significant intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Factor XII not only has an important function in the initiation of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, but it also plays a significant role in complement activation, kinin generation, and fibrinolysis. It would seem that a deficiency in this factor would have widespread clinical implications. In fact, the only clinical significance seems to be a predisposition to thromboembolism in factor XII deficient patients.
What drives variation in habitat use by Anolis lizards: habitat availability or selectivity?

Geographic variation in habitat availability may drive geographic variation in a species' habitat use; alterna- tively, species adapted to particular habitat characteristics may use a habitat regardless of its availability within an environ- ment. In this study, we investigated habitat use of two sympatric species of Anolis lizards that are morphologically specialized to use different microhabitats. We examined variation in microhabitat use and availability among four distinct forest types. In each forest type, we quantified available microhabitats (i.e., perch diameter, angle of inclination, and visi- bility), as well as microhabitats actually used by each species. We found that species consistently differed in microhabitat use, corresponding to each species' morphological specializations. However, microhabitat use of both species varied among sites. This variation in Anolis gundlachi Peters, 1876 reflected differences in microhabitat availability, while the variation in Anolis krugi Peters, 1876 resulted from differential microhabitat selectivity. These results indicate that both habitat availability and habitat preferences must be examined in multiple localities for a species to understand the causes of variation in its habitat use. Resume ´ : La variation geographique de la disponibilitedes habitats peut expliquer la variation geographique de l'usage qu'une espece fait de son habitat; d'autre part, une espece adapteeades caracteristiques particulieres de l'habitat peut uti- liser un habitat quelle que soit sa disponibilitedans un milieu. Nous examinons dans notre etude l'utilisation de l'habitat par deux especes sympatriques d'Anolis specialisees par leur morphologie autiliser des microhabitats differents. Nous de ´- terminons la variation dans l'utilisation et la disponibilitedes microhabitats dans quatre types distincts de foret. Dans cha- que type de foret, nous quantifions les microhabitats disponibles (c.-a `-d., diametre des perchoirs, angle d'inclination, visibilite ´) ainsi que les microhabitats actuellement utilises par chaque espece. Les deux especes different constamment dans leur utilisation des microhabitats, de facon qui correspond a leurs specialisations morphologiques. L'utilisation des microhabitats varie, cependant, d'un site aun autre. Chez Anolis gundlachi Peters, 1876, cette variation resulte de la dispo- nibilitedes microhabitats, alors que chez Anolis krugi Peters, 1876 elle s'explique par une selectivitedifferentielle des mi- crohabitats. Ces resultats indiquent que la disponibilitedes habitats ainsi que les preferences d'habitat doivent toutes deux etre examinees en plusieurs sites pour une meme espece, si l'on veut comprendre les causes de la variation de son utilisa- tion de l'habitat. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Construction and characterization of transposon TnphoZ for the identification of genes encoding exported proteins in Streptococcus agalactiae

Bacterial virulence often depends on exported proteins. To identify genes encoding exported proteins in the neonatal pathogen, group B streptococcus, the transposon TnphoZ was constructed. Here, the coding sequence for the secretion-dependent enzyme alkaline phosphatase from Enterococcus faecalis was fused to the left terminal repeat of Tn917, generating TnphoZ. A collection of TnphoZ mutants was isolated and the DNA flanking the transposon insertion sites was sequenced. Sequence data correlated the expression of high AP activity with transposon insertion into genes encoding predicted exported proteins. It is anticipated that TnphoZ will be suitable for use in other Gram-positive hosts.
Structural basis of transcription: role of the trigger loop in substrate specificity and catalysis

New structures of RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcribing complexes reveal a likely key to transcription. The trigger loop swings beneath a correct nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) in the nucleotide addition site, closing off the active center and forming an extensive network of interactions with the NTP base, sugar, phosphates, and additional pol II residues. A histidine side chain in the trigger loop, precisely positioned by these interactions, may literally "trigger" phosphodiester bond formation. Recognition and catalysis are thus coupled, ensuring the fidelity of transcription.
The Henry Ford Production System: LEAN Process Redesign Improves Service in the Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory: A Paper from the 2008 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology

Accurate and timely molecular test results play an important role in patient management; consequently, there is a customer expectation of short testing turnaround times. Baseline data analysis revealed that the greatest challenge to timely result generation occurred in the preanalytic phase of specimen collection and transport. Here, we describe our efforts to improve molecular testing turnaround times by focusing primarily on redesign of preanalytic processes using the principles of LEAN production. Our goal was to complete greater than 90% of the molecular tests in less than 3 days. The project required cooperation from different laboratory disciplines as well as individuals outside of the laboratory. The redesigned processes involved defining and standardizing the protocols and approaching blood and tissue specimens as analytes for molecular testing. The LEAN process resulted in fewer steps, approaching the ideal of a one-piece flow for specimens through collection/retrieval, transport, and different aspects of the testing process. The outcome of introducing the LEAN process has been a 44% reduction in molecular test turnaround time for tissue specimens, from an average of 2.7 to 1.5 days. In addition, extending LEAN work principles to the clinician suppliers has resulted in a markedly increased number of properly collected and shipped blood specimens (from 50 to 87%). These continuous quality improvements were accomplished by empowered workers in a blame-free environment and are now being sustained with minimal management involvement.
LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELL INJURY : VIII. Lesions of Membranous Cellular Components following Iodoform

Iodoform, a relatively water-insoluble yellow solid, chemically reactive in free-radical reactions, produces early hepatocellular injury qualitatively similar to that of carbon tetrachloride. 2 hr after administration of radioactively labeled iodoform, nonvolatile 14C is preferentially recovered in microsomal lipid and protein. By 30 min microsomal properties are profoundly affected: oxidative demethylation decreases abruptly; increased lipoperoxide decomposition products are detected; and amino acid incorporation into liver protein is depressed. By 1 hr glucose-6-phosphatase is suppressed centrolobularly and increased stainable calcium is present in the midzone. Increased cell sap RNA contents are observed by 2 hr. Morphologically, the biochemical and histochemical changes are associated with progressive dispersion, vacuolation, and degranulation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Calcium-associated masses accumulate within the mitochondrial matrix, and mitochondria become progressively pleomorphic. Golgi components dilate and disperse. Membranous components of the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells conglomerate into labyrinthine tubular aggregates. Lipid accumulates in cytoplasmic droplets. Ultimately, centrolobular necrosis ensues. The close cytochemical and morphological similarities between the cellular injury produced in the liver by iodoform and that produced by carbon tetrachloride suggest common pathogenetic mechanisms associated with damage to membranes.
The cryogenic helium cooling system for the Tokamak Physics Experiment

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will use supercritical helium to cool all the magnets and supply helium to the vacuum cryopumping subsystem. The heat loads will come from the standard steady state conduction and thermal radiation sources and from the pulsed loads of the nuclear and eddy currents caused by the Central Solenoid Coils and the plasma positioning coils. The operations of the TPX will begin with pulses of up to 1000 seconds in duration every 75 minutes. The helium system utilizes a pulse load leveling scheme to buffer out the effects of the pulse load and maintain a constant cryogenic plant operation. The pulse load leveling scheme utilizes the thermal mass of liquid and gaseous helium stored in a remote dewar to absorb the pulses of the tokamak loads. The mass of the stored helium will buffer out the temperature pulses allowing 5 K helium to be delivered to the magnets throughout the length of the pulse. The temperature of the dewar will remain below 5 K with all the energy of the pulse absorbed. This paper presents the details of the heat load sources, of the pulse load leveling scheme operations, a partial helium schematic, dewar temperature as a function of time, the heat load sources as a function of time and the helium temperature as a function of length along the various components that will be cooled.
Oxidative Stress Causes Renal Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Upregulation, Na+/H+ Exchanger 3 Overstimulation, and Hypertension

Oxidative stress modulates angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) expression and function. Ang II activates renal Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) to increase sodium reabsorption, but the mechanisms are still elusive. In addition, the upregulation of AT(1)R during oxidative stress could promote sodium retention and lead to an increase in blood pressure. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of Ang II-mediated, AT(1)R-dependent renal NHE3 regulation and effect of oxidative stress on AT(1)R signaling and development of hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received tap water (control) or 30 mmol/L of l-buthionine-sulfoximine, an oxidant, with and without 1 mmol/L of Tempol, an antioxidant, for 3 weeks. l-Buthionine-sulfoximine-treated rats exhibited oxidative stress and high blood pressure. Incubation of renal proximal tubules with Ang II caused significantly higher NHE3 activation in l-buthionine-sulfoximine-treated rats compared with control. The activation of NHE3 was sensitive to AT(1)R blocker and inhibitors of phospholipase C, tyrosine kinase, janus kinase 2 (Jak2), Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin (CaM), and Ca(2+) chelator. Also, incubation of proximal tubules with Ang II caused Jak2-dependent CaM phosphorylation, which led to Jak2-CaM complex formation and increased Jak2-CaM interaction with NHE3. The activation of these signaling molecules was exaggerated in l-buthionine-sulfoximine-treated rats, whereas Tempol normalized the AT(1)R signaling. In conclusion, Ang II activates renal proximal tubular NHE3 through novel pathways that involve phospholipase C and an increase in intracellular Ca(2+), Jak2, and CaM. In addition, oxidative stress exaggerates Ang II signaling, which leads to overstimulation of renal NHE3 and contributes to an increase in blood pressure.
Imaging autofluorescence temporal signatures of the human ocular fundus in vivo

We demonstrate real-time in vivo fundus imaging capabilities of our fluorescence lifetime imaging technology for the first time. This implementation of lifetime imaging uses light emitting diodes to capture full-field images capable of showing direct tissue contrast without executing curve fitting or lifetime calculations. Preliminary results of fundus images are presented, investigating autofluorescence imaging potential of various retina biomarkers for early detection of macular diseases.
Shaping the future of UN peace operations: is there a doctrine in the house?

In the face of an unprecedented surge in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping activity over the past three years—with now almost 100,000 military, police and civilian personnel deployed on four continents in 18 operations—there is a need for the UN to develop a comprehensive doctrine that better defines what modern UN peacekeeping has become and that covers the full range of civilian peacebuilding activities that are now a standard feature of Security Council mandates. This paper serves as a primer and proposes an agenda for debate on such a doctrine. It summarises evolutions in thinking and practice over the past 15 years. It also highlights key conceptual challenges and political fault lines to be reconciled in order for a new comprehensive doctrine to enjoy broad support of the UN's 192 Member States, while still providing relevant guidance to thousands of personnel on the front-lines of the effort to help rebuild war-torn states.
The Effects of Lesson Study on Classroom Observations and Perceptions of Lesson Effectiveness

This study examined the effects of lesson study on participants’ classroom observations and perceptions of lesson effectiveness, by investigating the focus of their observations during a mathematics lesson and their ratings of the lesson’s effectiveness, both preceding and subsequent to the lesson study experience. Prior to the lesson study, subjects viewed a videotaped lesson, rated the lesson’s effectiveness on a scale of 1 to 10, and provided a detailed rationale for their ratings. After the lesson study experience, the process was repeated. Pre- and post-lesson study ratings were compared, and comments were categorized as relating to teacher behavior, student behavior, or other. Analyses revealed that the focus of participants’ observations remained relatively constant, while perceptions of lesson effectiveness, particularly with regard to teacher instruction, showed some change. Implications of the study and questions worthy of further exploration are discussed.
Induction of growth inhibition, altered ploidy, apoptosis and differentiation by anthocyanin-enriched fruit extracts and plant phenolics in leukemic and colon cancer cells

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 5536 Our earlier studies have revealed growth inhibitory and differentiating effects of extracts from anthocyanin-enriched fruits on leukemic and colon cancer cells. An objective of the present study was to determine if these effects were specific to anthocyanins or to other polyphenolics in fractions of the fruit extracts. Methanolic extracts of peach (BY00P6653) and plum (Black Splendor) were fractionated using a C18 cartridge. Phenolic and anthocyanin fractions were eluted with ethyl acetate and methanol containing 5% formic acid. When DS19 mouse erythroleukemic cells were treated with either phenolic or anthocyanin fractions, the percentage of tetraploid cells increased as compared to the controls and there was an increased occurrence of apoptosis. The induction of tetraploidy with increased concentration of phenolics was biphasic with a decrease at high concentrations. Inhibition of cell proliferation of the DS19 mouse erythroleukemia cells was also observed. A decrease in the diploid S phase and an increase in the diploid G1 phase further illustrated the inhibition of cell proliferation. With an increase in phenolics or anthocyanin concentration we observed a decrease in cell growth. Chlorogenic acid is a major plant phenolic acid. It was observed that with an increase in chlorogenic acid concentration the percentage of tetraploid DS19 cells increased as did the percentage of apoptotic cells. Cell proliferation of the DS19 erythroleukemia cells was also inhibited by the addition of chlorogenic acid suggesting that this component of the phenolics fraction may be an important contributor to the actions on erythroleukemia cells. In Caco-2 human colon cancer cells the anthocyanin fraction but not the phenolic fraction caused the induction of differentiation as judged by increased alkaline phosphatase activity. The inhibition of growth by anthocyanin fractions and individual plant phenolics (chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid) was enhanced by coincubation with the anti-oxidant, ascorbic acid, but there was little additional effect by coincubation of phenolic compounds with another antioxidant compound, N-acetylcysteine. It was concluded that several plant phenolic molecules can influence growth, differentiation and cell cycle parameters of cancer cells.
Juxtacrine effects of IL-1α precursor promote iNOS expression in vascular smooth muscle cells

After injury to the blood vessel wall, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) synthesize interleukin (IL)-1 and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). The present study tested whether endogenous ...
Numerical estimation of effective electromagnetic properties for design of particulate composites

Abstract Most modern electromagnetic devices consist of dielectric and magnetic particulate composites. Predicting the effective electric permittivity and effective magnetic permeability of the envisioned composite is of great importance in validating the design for such applications. In this work, we propose a numerical method based on Yee's scheme and statistically generated representative volume element to estimate these effective electromagnetic properties for linear isotropic composites made with ellipsoidal particles. By considering particle geometry and composite microstructure precisely, it provides a more accurate tool for their design than available analytical bounds. Several numerical examples of composite microstructures are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method. Comparison with analytical bounds and experimental results from literature is conducted to show validity.
REASSESSING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPINOFF PERFORMANCE ADVANTAGE: A NATURAL EXPERIMENT INVOLVING A COMPLETE POPULATION

Through the discovery and exploitation of a natural experiment comprised of a complete industry population, this paper presents empirical evidence challenging widely held beliefs related to intraindustry entrepreneurial spinoffs. Extant spinoff theory holds that knowledge and capabilities are transferred from parent-firms to spinoffs in hereditary fashion, endowing spinoffs with a performance advantage over de novo entrants. Our analysis of all 612 industry entrants, including 448 spinoffs, paints a dramatically different picture. In the context of a complete population, we find that: (a) de novo entrants actually outperform spinoffs; (b) parent-firm quality exerts no discernible influence on spinoff quality; and, (c) founder-specific experience, not parental lineage, is the primary driver of spinoff performance heterogeneity.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Chronic Pain

Many chronic pain conditions in children are complex and patients can benefi t most when an integrated care plan can be brought to bear on the problem. Multidisciplinary pain centers (MPC) and clinics aim to coordinate evaluation and treatment of complex pain problems. Disciplines that are routinely part of these centers include medicine, physical therapy, psychology, and advanced practice nursing. As fi scal constraints have limited the number and availability of comprehensive centers, partnerships between these tertiary care facilities and primary care offi ces can bring many of the benefi ts of the MPCs to children who live a distance from them. This chapter describes the goals and functions of MPCs, and how they can integrate with primary care practice for children with chronic pain.
Effect of Hydrogen on Magnetic Properties of Quaternary Pr2Fe14−xCoxB Compounds

The effect of absorbed hydrogen on the structural and magnetic behavior of Pr2Fe14−xCoxB has been investigated. Introduction of hydrogen in the host material reduces the average magnetic moment of the 3d element by ˜ 4 to 7%. Anisotropy fields for all systems studied are significantly reduced upon hydrogenation. Evidence of spin reorientation at temperatures ranging between ˜ 295 K and 496 K for some of the hydrides is observed. Pr2Co14B and its hydride exhibit uniaxial anisotropy at room temperature and at 77 K. The role of hydrogen in expanding the lattices of these intermetallics and modifying their magnetic properties is discussed.
Dental implant surface chemistry and energy alter macrophage activation in vitro

Objectives To determine the effects of dental implant surface chemistry and energy on macrophage activation in vitro. Materials and Methods Disks made from two clinically used implant materials (titanium [Ti], titanium zirconium alloy [TiZr]) were produced with two different surface treatments (sandblast/acid-etch [SLA], hydrophilic-SLA [modSLA]). Surface roughness, energy, and chemistry were characterized. Primary murine macrophages were isolated from 6- to 8-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice and cultured on test surfaces (Ti SLA, TiZr SLA, Ti modSLA, TiZr modSLA) or control tissue culture polystyrene. mRNA was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction after 24 h of culture. Pro- (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) protein levels were measured by ELISA after 1 or 3 days of culture. Results Quantitatively, microroughness was similar on all surfaces. Qualitatively, nanostructures were present on modSLA surfaces that were denser on Ti than on TiZr. modSLA surfaces were determined hydrophilic (high-energy surface) while SLA surfaces were hydrophobic (low-energy surface). Cells on high-energy surfaces had higher levels of mRNA from anti-inflammatory markers characteristic of M2 activation compared to cells on low-energy surfaces. This effect was enhanced on the TiZr surfaces when compared to cells on Ti SLA and Ti modSLA. Macrophages cultured on TiZr SLA and modSLA surfaces released more anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions The combination of high-energy and altered surface chemistry present on TiZr modSLA was able to influence macrophages to produce the greatest anti-inflammatory microenvironment and reduce extended pro-inflammatory factor release.
A RESECTED CASE OF NEUROENDOCRINE CELL CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS

症例は56歳,男性で,黄疸・発熱が出現し入院. CTで膵頭部に直径20mm大の腫瘍を認め,鈎部にも直径25mm大の腫瘍を認めた.胆道造影所見では総胆管末端の途絶と主膵管の拡張を認めた. Vater乳頭は乳頭直下に潰瘍性病変を認め,生検でneuroendocrine cell carcinomaと診断され,幽門輪温存膵頭十二指腸切除術を施行した.摘出標本では膵頭部上部に直径21×15mmの腫瘍を認め,膵鈎部にも腫瘍を認めた.組織所見では膵組織内に腫瘍が大部分存在しており,膵鈎部の腫瘍は,リンパ節転移であった. TS2,結節型pT3{pCH(+), pDU(+), pS(-), pRP(-), pPV(-), pA(-), pPL(-), pOO(-)} pN3, sM0 fStage IVbであった.免疫染色ではsynaptophysin, chromogranin, NSE染色が全て陽性であった.以上より膵原発neuroendocrine cell carcinomaと診断した.術後5カ月で大動脈周囲リンパ節,肺転移をきたし,化学療法を施行中である.
Extending the Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme to the Chimera Overset Method

The Chimera overset method is a powerful technique for modeling uid ow associated with complex engineering problems. The use of structured meshes has enabled engineers to develop a number of high-order schemes, such as the WENO and compact di erencing schemes. This paper demonstrates a methodology for using the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme with Chimera overset meshes. The small stencil of the DG scheme makes it particularly suitable for Chimera meshes as it simpli es the inter-grid communication scheme as well as hole cutting procedures for parallel computing. In addition, because the DG scheme represents the solution as cell local polynomials, the DG-Chimera scheme does not require a donor interpolation method with a large stencil. The DG-Chimera method also does not require the use of fringe points to maintain the interior stencil across inter-grid boundaries. Thus, inter-grid communication can be established so long as the receiving boundary is enclosed by or abuts to the donor mesh. This makes the inter-grid communication procedure applicable to both Chimera and zonal meshes. Details of DGChimera scheme are presented, and the method is demonstrated on a set of inviscid ow problems.
B Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Unusual Immunophenotype TdT- CD34- CD20dim+:A Case Report

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm of precursor cells of B or T lineage. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is primarily a disease in children. Approximately 80% to 85% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases are of B phenotype, while only 10% of the lymphoblastic lymphomas are of B-cell lineage. The …
Uncertainty quantification in flux balance analysis of spatially lumped and distributed models of neuron–astrocyte metabolism

Identifying feasible steady state solutions of a brain energy metabolism model is an inverse problem that allows infinitely many solutions. The characterization of the non-uniqueness, or the uncertainty quantification of the flux balance analysis, is tantamount to identifying the degrees of freedom of the solution. The degrees of freedom of multi-compartment mathematical models for energy metabolism of a neuron–astrocyte complex may offer a key to understand the different ways in which the energetic needs of the brain are met. In this paper we study the uncertainty in the solution, using techniques of linear algebra to identify the degrees of freedom in a lumped model, and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in its extension to a spatially distributed case. The interpretation of the degrees of freedom in metabolic terms, more specifically, glucose and oxygen partitioning, is then leveraged to derive constraints on the free parameters to guarantee that the model is energetically feasible. We demonstrate how the model can be used to estimate the stoichiometric energy needs of the cells as well as the household energy based on the measured oxidative cerebral metabolic rate of glucose and glutamate cycling. Moreover, our analysis shows that in the lumped model the net direction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cells can be deduced from the glucose partitioning between the compartments. The extension of the lumped model to a spatially distributed multi-compartment setting that includes diffusion fluxes from capillary to tissue increases the number of degrees of freedom, requiring the use of statistical sampling techniques. The analysis of the distributed model reveals that some of the conclusions valid for the spatially lumped model, e.g., concerning the LDH activity and glucose partitioning, may no longer hold.
The Significance of Harm Reduction as a Social and Health Care Intervention for Injecting Drug Users: An Exploratory Study of a Needle Exchange Program in Fresno, California

Infectious disease remains a significant social and health concern in the United States. Preventing more people from contracting HIV/AIDS or Hepatitis C (HCV), requires a complex understanding of the interconnection between the biomedical and social dimensions of infectious disease. Opiate addiction in the US has skyrocketed in recent years. Preventing more cases of HIV/AIDS and HCV will require dealing with the social determinants of health. Needle exchange programs (NEPs) are based on a harm reduction approach that seeks to minimize the risk of infection and damage to the user and community. This article presents an exploratory small-scale quantitative study of the injection drug using habits of a group of injection drug users (IDUs) at a needle exchange program in Fresno, California. Respondents reported significant decreases in high risk IDU behaviors, including sharing of needles and to a lesser extent re-using of needles. They also reported frequent use of clean paraphernalia. Greater collaboration between social and health outreach professionals at NEPs could provide important frontline assistance to people excluded from mainstream office-based services and enhance efforts to reduce HIV/AIDS or HCV infection.
Generating Flight Operations Quality Assurance (foqa) data from the X-Plane Simulation

Analysis of Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) data from millions of flights from at least 10 U.S. airlines has enabled researchers, using data mining and machine learning algorithms, to identify abnormal scenarios that maybe precursors to accidents and incidents. Innovation of these algorithms is hindered by restricted access to the FOQA data to comply with confidentiality, proprietary and security policies. This paper describes a method to generate larges sets of FOQA-like data for development and testing of machine learning and data mining algorithms. This data is not restricted and can be made publicly available. The data is generated using a C++ plug-in to the X-Plane Simulation. The plug-in manipulates the simulation set-up configuration, the pilot commands, and coordinates a Monte Carlo shell to run multiple runs. An example for generating data for CAT III ILS approach for KSFO Runway 28L and 28R is described. Implications of this capability, limitations and future work are discussed.
Statistical mechanics, open systems, and measurement

We now turn to the subject of thermodynamics, and to describing the process of thermalization of quantum systems. A quantum system that interacts with another system large enough to obey the usual rules of thermodynamics, is referred to as an open system. The thermal system with which it interacts is often referred to as a thermal bath , or simply as the environment. We will use these terms interchangeably. Modeling the behavior of open quantum systems has many applications. One of these is to model the noise that they are subjected to by their surroundings, noise that we will wish to control using measurement and feedback loops in Chapter 5. There are also two important connections between quantum measurements, information theory, and thermodynamics. The first of these is that the thermodynamic entropy of a macroscopic system can be identified with the information-theoretic entropy that characterizes the lack of knowledge of an observer about the microstates of the system. In turn, if an observer is allowed to make microscopic measurements on the system, then this modifies the thermodynamic rules regarding the conversion of heat to work. Such is the subject of Maxwell’s demon. Curiously it took more than a century to understand how Maxwell’s demon, essentially a microscopic measurement and feedback process, fits within the second law of thermodynamics. In another twist, it turns out that the process of erasing information requires an increase in the thermodynamic entropy of the environment, and this increase is directly related to the amount of information erased.
Comparison of Institutional and Commercial Anion-Exchange Materials in Trial of Anticoagulant Monitoring

The use of small institutionally prepared heparin removal (HR) columns in conjunction with the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) has been suggested as an alternative to dilutional prothrombin times (DPT) of the Owren type for monitoring coumarin influence in the presence of heparin. The commercially available product Heparsorb® (TEAE cellulose) was studied in a parallel trial with me proven ECTEOLA microcolumns used in the initial descriptions of the PT/HR and aPTT/HR. The Heparsorb procedure was modified to eliminate the second centrifugation step by placing the tablet on a column support. This was the only departure from manufacturer's specifications. The TEAE cellulose tablet was found to be as effective as the ECTEOLA microcolumn in removing 10 units/mL of heparin from normal and coumarin-treated patient plasmas. The commercial product had the advantage of not requiring refrigeration. The accuracy of the Heparsorb procedure for routine anticoagulant monitoring is now being evaluated.
The Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Adolescent Use, Consequences, and Perceived Risk

ABSTRACTBackground: Currently, only four states have legalized recreational marijuana use for adults over 21 years of age. Therefore, little is known about the influence that legalization will have on adolescent marijuana use. Objectives: This study examines how marijuana legalization has impacted the frequency and consequences of adolescent use in a sample of participants in a school-based, substance use intervention. We hypothesized that adolescents enrolled in the intervention in years after marijuana legalization would present with more problematic use compared to those enrolled prior, and that changes in the perceived risk of marijuana would be a mechanism of problematic use. Methods: Participants were 262 students enrolled in a school-based substance use intervention in 2010 to 2015. The Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record, Alcohol and Drug Use Consequences Questionnaire, and a decisional balance matrix were used to assess marijuana frequency, negative consequences, and perceived risk of use. A m...
“If I Can’t Bake, I Don’t Want To Be Part of Your Revolution”: CODEPINK’s Activist Literacies of Peace and Pie

By focusing on the cookbook Peace Never Tasted So Sweet , this article argues that CODEPINK strategically combines peace activist and food literacies to engage audiences in their antiwar efforts, strategies that take on benefits and drawbacks. Although feminist scholars from a variety of disciplines have studied cookbooks, researchers have yet to fully analyze the intersections of gendered activist literacies and cookbooks. Expanding upon arguments promoting food literacies as well as feminist analyses of cookbooks, this article illuminates CODEPINK’s efforts to teach readers how to critique military action, recruit peace-workers, build a movement, and bake pie.
Electrocoagulation process considerations during advanced pretreatment for brackish inland surface water desalination: Nanofilter fouling control and permeate water quality

Abstract Pretreatment with coupled aluminum electrocoagulation (EC) – microfiltration (MF) successfully mitigated colloidal and organic fouling during nanofiltration (NF) of an inland natural brackish surface water. Natural organic matter (NOM) removal by EC was enhanced due to (i) greater degree of NOM protonation by maintaining a slightly acidic pH during electrolysis, compared with that of minimum aluminum solubility (pH of 5.5 compared to 6.2), (ii) providing sufficient contact time during electrolysis and flocculation by utilizing intermediate current density (10 mA/cm2), and (iii) combination of charge neutralization and sweep coagulation by increasing aluminum dosage. Direct evidence for removal of the hydrophobic fraction of NOM along with a portion of the hydrophilic moieties by EC-MF compared to MF-only was provided by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. NF flux profiles with EC-MF pretreatment of natural saline water were nearly identical to that of a model solution with similar ionic composition with no added NOM suggesting insignificant role of organic fouling. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed trace amounts of CaCO3 precipitates after EC-MF pretreatment, confirmed by electron microscopy, that caused only minor flux decline. Finally, NF achieves excellent strontium removal as well as other divalent ions and NOM.
Accuracy-based proficiency testing for testosterone measurements with immunoassays and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Background Accurate testosterone measurements are needed to correctly diagnose and treat patients. Proficiency Testing (PT) programs using modified specimens for testing can be limited because of matrix effects and usage of non-reference measurement procedure (RMP)-defined targets for evaluation. Accuracy-based PT can overcome such limitations; however, there is a lack of information on accuracy-based PT and feasibility of its implementation in evaluation for testosterone measurements.
Stakeholder Barriers and Benefits Associated With Improving Livestock Husbandry to Prevent Jaguar and Puma Depredation

ABSTRACTMotivating ranchers to adopt preventive husbandry practices that limit livestock depredation by large carnivores, such as jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor), requires reducing perceived barriers and increasing benefits associated with coexistence. We assessed stakeholder perspectives on preventive practices by conducting eight focus groups consisting of ranchers, researchers, and government wildlife officers in Costa Rica using a nominal group technique to identify and rank benefits, barriers, and motivations. We identified 29 benefits, 27 positive motivations, 33 negative motivations, and 20 barriers. Common responses among stakeholders highlight the importance of economic issues, contextual factors, and external support. However, social interactions, a reactive approach to management, and personal motivations also influence rancher decision making, but tend to be ignored by researchers and wildlife officers. Nominal group rankings reveal misunderstandings and misalignment of prior...
Aggregate Delayed Neutron Intensities and Spectra Using Augmented ENDF/B-V Precursor Data

The evaluated nuclear data files (ENDF/B-V) have been used for 105 precursors, augmented with experimental spectral data for 29 emitters and recent model calculations for the remaining 76 emitters,...
Examining the Priority Heuristic in Conditions of Resource Need Levels

Within the domain of risky decision making, there are a number of predictive models which are consistent with the hypothesis that human minds are molded for specific behavioral patterns based on environmental cues. Two models are the priority heuristic and risk sensitive foraging. Using a modified version of the traditional risky choice gambles paradigm, a study was designed to tease apart specific predictions made by each of these two models. It was discovered that the best explanation for choice behavior was consistent with risk sensitive foraging. This was true for risky preferences in gambles. Also, decision time predictions from the priority heuristic were not supported. Collectively, this may show additional support for risk-sensitivity driving some human behaviors. It may also carve out the boundaries for the proper "ecology" of the priority heuristic.
Contributors to Fidelity of Child Welfare-Related Interventions: A Review

ABSTRACTThis structured literature review of 15 studies explores how practitioner and organizational factors relate to fidelity of specific interventions that have been implemented with children, youth, parents, and/or families served by child welfare systems. The methods used in this review align with the PRISMA methodology for search strategy, data collection and management, and synthesis. The majority of studies measured fidelity at the practitioner level, with a smaller set focused on agency or community levels. Findings across studies were inconsistent regarding the relationship between nine practitioner factors and fidelity. However, at the organizational level, higher fidelity was related to supervisory practices and use of continuous quality improvement methods across multiple studies. Further development is needed to more clearly operationalize child welfare interventions and to test alternative methods for measuring fidelity in child welfare systems.
15: Integrating aviation team training into the medical center environment: Behavioral outcomes

Integrating Aviation Team Training Into The Medical Center Environment: Behavioral Outcomes Author Block: H. C. Sax, L. Clayton, R. Panzer, R. Mayewski, P. Browne; Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, URMC, Rochester, NY, Indelta Learning Systems, Rochester, NY.
T-bet-independent Th1 response induces intestinal immunopathology during Toxoplasma gondii infection

Coordinated production of IFN-γ by innate and adaptive immune cells is central for host defense, but can also trigger immunopathology. The investigation of the lymphoid cell-specific contribution to the IFN-γ-mediated intestinal pathology during Toxoplasma gondii infection identified CD4+ T cells as a key cell population responsible for IFN-γ-dependent intestinal inflammation and Paneth cell loss, where T-bet-dependent group 1 innate lymphoid cells have a minor role in driving the parasite-induced immunopathology. This was evident from the analysis of T-bet deficiency that did not prevent the intestinal inflammation and instead revealed that T-bet-deficient CD4+ Th1 cells are sufficient for T. gondii-triggered acute ileitis and Paneth cell loss. These results revealed that T-bet-independent Th1 effector cells are major functional mediators of the type I immunopathological response during acute gastrointestinal infection.
Modulation of Transdermal Drug Delivery with Coated Microneedles

Abstract Coated microneedles have attracted enormous interest in scientific circles especially for the delivery of vaccines. But there are challenges to be overcome especially with regards to optimizing coating efficiency and improving transcutaneous delivery. In this review, the different techniques used for fabricating coated microneedles are discussed. In addition, different formulations of the coating dispersions are also highlighted including an interesting study on the use of a charge reversal copolymer. Specific examples of the use of these microneedle systems for the delivery of different drugs and vaccines are also given.
Avoidance, Errors and the Optimal Standard of Proof

Criminals often engage in costly avoidance to lower their probability of being detected and sanctioned. Such avoidance, in turn, affects the optimal enforcement policy. This paper studies the impact of avoidance on a specific type of enforcement policy - the standard of proof. We show that when avoidance is possible the optimal standard of proof is weaker than preponderance of the evidence. This stands in contrast to much of the literature, which shows that non-deterrence costs usually cause the standard of proof to be stronger than preponderance. Our results suggest that it is important not to ignore criminals' secondary behavior when determining the optimal standard of proof.