cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transport in model jammed solids

We calculate numerically the normal modes of vibrations in three-dimensional jammed packings of soft spheres as a function of the packing fraction and obtain the energy diffusivity, a spectral measure of transport that controls sound propagation and thermal conductivity. The crossover frequency between weak and strong phonon scattering is controlled by the coordination and shifts to zero as the system is decompressed toward the critical packing fraction at which rigidity is lost. We present a scaling analysis that relates the packing fraction dependence of the crossover frequency to the anomalous scaling of the shear modulus with compression. Below the crossover, the diffusivity displays a power-law divergence with inverse frequency consistent with Rayleigh law, which suggests that the vibrational modes are primarily transverse waves, weakly scattered by disorder. Above it, a large number of modes appear whose diffusivity plateaus at a nearly constant value before dropping to zero above the localization frequency. The thermal conductivity of a marginally jammed solid just above the rigidity threshold is calculated and related to the one measured experimentally at room temperature for most glasses.
Verifying OCRA's economic sense: Response to Agrell and West (2001)

Abstract Agrell and West [2001. A caveat on the measurement of productive efficiency. International Journal of Production Economics 69, 1–14] examined OCRA along with seven other productivity/performance measurement tools and stated, on the basis of a counter-example, that none satisfied one of the five behavioral properties they considered, the profitability property, to be “fair in an economic sense.” This paper demonstrates that OCRA indeed satisfies the profitability property.
Markedness and Context Effects in the Acquisition of Place Features

Empirical and theoretical claims about the markedness of place features and associated context effects are evaluated against the facts of acquisition. The primary focus is on the segmental inventories and substitution patterns of young children with phonological delays (ages 3;0–8;6). Results are reported from a large scale cross-sectional archival study of 211 children. Additionally, two especially challenging case studies are singled out for consideration. A typological account of the cross-sectional variation is formulated in optimality theoretic terms and requires permutable rankings of place-referring constraints. Consideration is also given to the different statistical trends along with a comparison of developing and fully developed languages. Des affirmations empiriques et theoriques sur la marque des traits de lieu d'articulation et sur les effets de contexte qui leur sont attribues sont confrontees a des donnees d'acquisition. L'etude focalise principalement sur les inventaires segmentaux et les patrons de substitution d'enfants (3;0 a 8;6) presentant des delais phonologiques. Les resultats sont tires d'echantillons recueillis lors d'une etude anterieure effectuee a large echelle, sur 211 enfants. En outre, deux cas particulierement interessants et surprenants ont ete consideres specifiquement. Une explication typologique de la variation observee dans l'echantillon est formul ee dans le cadre de la theorie de l'optimalite et requiert un ordonnancement permutable des contraintes qui referent au lieu d'articulation. L'etude s'attarde egalement aux diverses tendances statistiques de meme qu'a une comparaison des donnees d'acquisition et des langues adultes.
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and histological changes in non-neoplastic pancreas associated with neoadjuvant therapy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Aims Our aims were to study the histologic changes in non-neoplastic pancreas and the effects on pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NCRT) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
Reliability and Validity of the Acute Care Index of Function for Patients with Neurologic Impairment

The Acute Care Index of Function (ACIF), developed to standardize the assessment of functional status in patients with acute neurologic deficits, was tested for interrater reliability and concurrent validity. Interrater reliability was tested on 91 patients in a five-week study. After a two-week training period, six physical therapists were paired so that each therapist was paired with each other therapist for one week. All patients were rated weekly with the ACIF by a pair of physical therapists. A total of 166 assessments were conducted. Concurrent validity was tested using descriptions of function of 10 hypothetical patients. Each patient description was assigned a score based on the ACIF. Ten experienced therapists were then asked to rank order the functional status of each patient based on the patient's description. The average of the physical therapists' rankings was correlated with the ranking determined with the ACIF scores. Reliability data were analyzed using Cohen's weighted Kappa. The weighted Kappa values ranged from .60 to .98. Validity data were analyzed with the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (rs = .81, p less than .01). The results of this study indicate that the ACIF is reliable between raters and valid in its ability to rank order functional status for patients with acute neurologic deficits.
EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE ON RESPONDING UNDER SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT WITH PAIRED AND NONPAIRED BRIEF STIMULI

Three pigeons were studied under a multiple schedule in which pecks in each component were reinforced according to a variable-interval 120-s second-order schedule with fixed-interval 60-s units. In the first component of the multiple schedule, the completion of a fixed interval produced either food or a 4-s change in key color plus houselight illumination. In the second component an identical schedule was in effect, but the stimulus was a 0.3-s change in key color. Both long and short brief stimuli were not paired with food presentations in Conditions 1 and 3 and were paired with food in Condition 2. There were no consistent differences in response patterns under paired and nonpaired brief-stimulus conditions when the stimulus was a 4-s change in key color accompanied by houselight illumination. However, pairing the 0.3-s key-color change with food presentations resulted in higher indices of curvature and lower response rates in the early segments of the fixed interval than when the stimulus was not paired with food presentations. Low doses of d-amphetamine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) produced small and inconsistent increases in overall response rates, and higher doses (3 and 10 mg/kg) decreased overall response rates. d-Amphetamine altered response patterns within fixed intervals by decreasing the indices of curvature and increasing response rates in the early segments of the fixed interval. Response rates and patterns under paired and nonpaired brief-stimulus conditions were not differentially affected by d-amphetamine. Thus, evidence for the enhancement of the conditioned reinforcement effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs was not found with the second-order schedules used in the present study.
A Relationship Between Coccidiosis and Dietary Vitamin A Levels in Chickens

Abstract Broiler-cross male chickens, reared for two weeks on vitamin A-free diet, were administered vitamin A at 165, 495, 1,485, 4,455 and 13,365 U.S.P. units per kg. of feed. Seven days later the chickens on each dietary vitamin A level were administered inoculum of coccidial suspensions. All chickens were maintained in wire floor batteries during the experimental period. The calculated vitamin A requirement for optimum growth for coccidiosis-infected chickens were higher than non-infected chickens. The coccidiosis-infected chickens had lower blood plasma and liver levels of vitamin A than non-infected chickens at the end of the first week post-infection. The severity of coccidiosis was greater in chickens receiving low vitamin A levels than chickens receiving higher levels of vitamin A. There was an inverse linear relationship between dietary vitamin A level and fecal sporulated oocyst count.
Pollen tube growth and the pollen‐tube pathway of Nymphaea odorata (Nymphaeaceae)

An important aspect of the evolution of carpel closure, or angiospermy, is the relationship between pollen tube growth patterns and internalization of the pollen-tube pathway. True carpel closure, involving postgenital fusion of inner carpel margins, is inferred to have arisen once within the ancient order Nymphaeales, in the common ancestor of Nymphaeaceae. We studied pollen tube development, from pollination to fertilization, in a natural population of Nymphaea odorata, using hand pollinations and timed flower collections. Pollen germinates in stigmatic secretions within 15 min and pollen tubes enter subdermal transmitting tissue within an hour, following wide intercellular spaces towards the zone of postgenital fusion. At the zone of fusion they turn downwards to grow in narrow spaces between interlocked cells and then wander freely to ovules within ovarian secretions. The pollen-tube pathway is 2–6 mm long and upper ovules are first penetrated 2.5 h after pollination. Pollen tubes grow at rates of approximately 1 mm/h whether in stigmatic fluid, transmitting tissues or ovarian secretions. Pollen-tube pathways are structurally diverse across Nymphaeales, yet their pollen tubes have similar morphologies and rapid growth rates. This pattern suggests pollen tube growth innovations preceded and were essential for the evolution of complete carpel closure. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 162, 581–593.
A study of the total inventory cost as a function of the reorder interval of some lot-sizing techniques used in material requirements planning systems

This paper compares the total inventory costs (TIC) of five lot-sizing techniques. The add-drop heuristic (ADH) is a capacitated technique and the lot-for-lot (L4L), fixed period quantity (FPQ), least unit cost (LUC) and the silver-meal heuristic (SMH) are uncapacitated techniques. The TIC is considered as a function of the reorder interval (RI). This comparison is based on the assumption that if both capacitated and uncapacitated techniques produce identical RIs, then their TICs must also be identical (although uncapacitated techniques do not reflect this fact). Empirical results suggest that the ADH technique yields considerably better (i.e. lower) TICs when the demand levels and the number of items are low. On the other hand, these results suggest that for high demand levels, the TICs of the four popular lot-sizing techniques are close to the near optimal cost obtained by the (most time-consuming) ADH technique. Some theoretical results on the performance of uncapacitated techniques are also presented.
Molecular population genetics and phenotypic diversification of two populations of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

We investigated the distributions of genetic and phenotypic variation for two Yellowstone National Park populations of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Mastigocladus (Fischerella) laminosus that exhibit dramatic phenotypic differences as a result of environmental differences in nitrogen availability. One population develops heterocysts and fixes nitrogen in situ in response to a deficiency of combined nitrogen in its environment, whereas the other population does neither due to the availability of a preferred nitrogen source. Slowly evolving molecular markers, including the 16S rRNA gene and the downstream internal transcribed spacer, are identical among all laboratory isolates from both populations but belie considerable genetic and phenotypic diversity. The total nucleotide diversity at six nitrogen metabolism loci was roughly three times greater than that observed for the human global population. The two populations are genetically differentiated, although variation in performance on different nitrogen sources among genotypes could not be explained by local adaptation to available nitrogen in the respective environments. Population genetic models suggest that local adaptation is mutation limited but also that the populations are expected to continue to diverge due to low migratory gene flow.
The Poisson ratio of the Australian crust: geological and geophysical implications

The Poisson ratio, which depends on the VP/VS ratio, provides much tighter constraints on the crustal composition than either the compressional or the shear velocity alone. The crustal Poisson ratio can be determined from the joint analysis of the travel times of waves converted at the Moho and of crustal multiples reflected at the top of the Moho. We have analyzed the records of the permanent stations installed on the Australian continent, complemented by the data of the SKIPPY experiment. The results reveal substantial variations in the Poisson ratio in the different tectonic units. For the Proterozoic crust, an increase of the Poisson ratio with increasing crustal thickness is systematically observed while for the Phanerozoic crust, the Poisson ratio tends to decrease for increasing crustal thicknesses. These observations are in remarkable agreement with the results of the deep seismic soundings that were performed in the former Soviet Union. The variations observed in the Proterozoic provinces can perhaps be explained by underplating of mafic materials at the base of the crust. fl 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV-Infected Patients: Recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Samir K. Gupta, Joseph A. Eustace, Jonathan A. Winston, Ivy I. Boydstun, Tejinder S. Ahuja, Rudolph A. Rodriguez, Karen T. Tashima, Michelle Roland, Nora Franceschini, Frank J. Palella, Jeffrey L. Lennox, Paul E. Klotman, Sharon A. Nachman, Stephen D. Hall, and Lynda A. Szczech Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Stony Brook; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital and Positive Health Program at San Francisco General Hospital and the UCSF AIDS Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Duke Clinical Research Institute and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Grady Infectious Disease Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Immunogene and viral transcript dynamics during parasitic Varroa destructor mite infection of developing honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae

The ectoparasitic Varroa destructor mite is a major contributor to the ongoing honey bee health crisis. Varroa interacts with honey bee viruses, exacerbating their pathogenicity. In addition to vectoring viruses, immunosuppression of the developing honey bee hosts by Varroa has been proposed to explain the synergy between viruses and mites. However, the evidence for honey bee immune suppression by V. destructor is contentious. We systematically studied the quantitative effects of experimentally introduced V. destructor mites on immune gene expression at five specific time points during the development of the honey bee hosts. Mites reproduced normally and were associated with increased titers of deformed wing virus in the developing bees. Our data on different immune genes show little evidence for immunosuppression of honey bees by V. destructor. Experimental wounding of developing bees increases relative immune gene expression and deformed wing virus titers. Combined, these results suggest that mite feeding activity itself and not immunosuppression may contribute to the synergy between viruses and mites. However, our results also suggest that increased expression of honey bee immune genes decreases mite reproductive success, which may be explored to enhance mite control strategies. Finally, our expression data for multiple immune genes across developmental time and different experimental treatments indicates co-regulation of several of these genes and thus improves our understanding of the understudied honey bee immune system.
Mixed Layer Heat Balance on Intraseasonal Time Scales in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Recent observations have shown evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (with periods of approximately 1–2 months) in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic trade winds. In this paper, the oceanic response to the observed intraseasonal wind variability is addressed through an analysis of the surface mixed layer heat balance, focusing on three locations in the northwestern tropical Atlantic where in situ measurements from moored buoys are available (14.5°N, 51°W; 15°N, 38°W; and 18°N, 34°W). It is found that local heat storage at all three locations is balanced primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, which is the same mechanism that is believed to play a dominant role on interannual and decadal time scales in the region. It is also found that the intraseasonal wind speed oscillations are linked to changes in surface wind convergence and convection over the western equatorial Atlantic warm pool. These atmospheric circulation anomalies and wind-induced SST anomalies potentially feed back on o...
The effects of ammonium sulfate and acid on horse and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8)

1. Results of laboratory experiments which compared horse and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) with respect to their acid inactivation and ammonium sulfate protection show: 2. Horse serum butyrylcholinesterase is more resistant to inactivation at pH 3.0 than human serum butyrylcholinesterase. 3. The loss of activity at pH 3.0 for both horse and human butyrylcholinesterase does not follow first order kinetics. 4. Both human and horse serum butyrylcholinesterase are protected from pH 3.0 inactivation by ammonium sulfate concentrations up to 33% saturation (1.37 M).
Bicomponent Nature of Lysin from Streptococcus zymogenes

Nonlytic mutants of Streptococcus zymogenes X-14 were isolated after exposure to nitrosoguanidine. Cross-streaking of certain of these mutants on brain Heart Infusion (BHI) blood agar plates resulted in formation of spur-shaped zones of hemolysis at the junction of the two streaks. Two types of mutants were recognized. Both of these excreted into the medium substances which are nonlytic but which together produce lytic activity. These substances behaved as an enzyme with an activator. Hence, one mutant type appeared to produce an activator and the other the catalytic molecule. Active complexes were temperature-sensitive and were inhibited by some teichoic acids as is the parental type of lysin.
Electoral Systems and Institutional Choice A Case Study of the 1988 Korean Elections

This article shows how the ruling party of Korea, the DJP, chose and implemented a strategy to win the 13th National Assembly election of 1988 and explains why that strategy failed. In addition, this election is analyzed in a more general context. The authors find, for example that the preference of a party over electoral systems is determined by the spatial distribution of its votes and that the choice of an electoral system is the outcome of a bargaining process among the parties. In the context of democratization, the Korean experience shows that the democratic reform policies of an authoritarian government are shaped by the interplay between the ruling party's desire to create a political system wherein they maintain power and the constraints to create a system that would channel the opposition's activities into electoral or institutional outlets.
Experience gained in the development and use of TSS

Six and a half years have elapsed since W. T. Comfort described TSS/360 to the 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Since that time, much has been learned by IBM and its customers about time-sharing, about TSS, and about large-scale, interactive systems in general. Scores of people have worked with the system; dozens of articles have been published; it would clearly be impossible to put in one paper a comprehensive answer to the question---what has been learned developing TSS? Yet, with the availability of Release 8.1, the major development work on the system has been completed, and this is an appropriate time to take stock of where we have been, where we are, and where we might go from here.
Effect of Real-Time Passenger Information Systems on Perceptions of Transit's Favorable Environmental and Traffic Reduction Roles:

A two-wave survey of faculty, staff, and students at a large university was conducted to study the perceptions of and attitudes toward several dimensions of the university bus service before and after the implementation of a real-time passenger information system. In this study, community perceptions of the bus service’s role in enhancing the environment and reducing traffic were investigated. Results showed that both users and nonusers of the bus service had positive perceptions of the bus service’s environmental and traffic reduction roles, that those who noticed the recently implemented real-time information system had more positive attitudes, and that the effect of the information system on the perceptions was as great or greater for those who did not use the bus service as it was for those who used the service. It is hypothesized that these results, especially if confirmed in different communities, could motivate transit agencies to promote environmental and traffic reduction benefits of transit to g...
A Structural Equations Analysis of the Impact of Price Promotions on Store Performance

Guided by past research, conventional wisdom in the retailing area, and microeconomic theory, the authors develop a series of hypotheses about the effects of loss leaders, in-store price specials, ...
Gas-Liquid Flows in Flow Cells and Fracture Models

Gas-liquid multiphase flows in porous media and fractured rock is of importance when carbon-dioxide displaces brine within geological reservoirs during CO2 sequestration activities. In this paper, experimental and computational modeling of multiphase flows in a porous flow cell and a modeled fracture are described. The experiments performed with the laboratory-scale flow models are described in detail. Experimental data concerning the displacement of two immiscible fluids in the lattice-like flow cell are presented. The flow pattern and the residual saturation of the displaced fluid during the displacement are discussed. It was shown that the gas-liquid flows generate fractal interfaces, with lower fractal dimensions and higher residual saturations at low injection rates. This phenomenon corresponds to viscous and capillary fingering, and is discussed. Numerical simulations of the experimental flow cell are also presented. These are shown to be similar to the experimental results, and then varied to included different surface-fluid interactions not easily studied with the experimental equipment. Numerical simulation results for single and multiphase flows through rock fractures are also presented. A fracture geometry was obtained from a series of CT scans of fractured sandstone and used to construct a laboratory scale model and a computational domain. Computational results showed that the major losses occur in the regions with smallest apertures. These computational results are compared to flows through the experimental model. An empirical expression for the fracture friction factor was also described.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cartilaginous Sesamoid or Nodule of the Interphalangeal Joint of the Interphalangeal Joint of the Big Toe

Since 1971, a cartilaginous sesamoid or nodule has been identified in the plantar ligament of the interphalangeal joint of the big toe in 29 of the 58 patients (50%) from whom spurs of the plantar medical aspect of the adjacent phalanges were removed because of painful callouses. It is felt that the firm mass of the cartilaginous sesamoid may have contributed to the callous formation in many cases. These cartilaginous sesamoids have all been removed when found.
The Stability of a Threshold ARCH Model with Random Delay

In this article,a new class of threshold ARCH model with random delay is proposed.It's limit behavior is discussed and the sufficient condition for its convergence is obtained.This paper make threshold ARCH model with fixed time delay to threshold ARCH model with random time delay,so it can simulate many substantial problems in the real world better.On the other hand,this paper popularizes the ARCH model,this make the model more adaptive,so it can better applicable to phenomena of price behavior fluctuation in financial market.
The Progress of Implicit Offensive Study

The existence of implicit offense has been confirmed.Based on borrowing,developing and improveing the study ideas of implicit society,the scholars have formed a set of unique system and paradigm,and have r~ade a large quantity of research on it.
Centralized and Intelligent Control Mode of Feeder Automation

According to the basic requirement of feeder automation(FA),the principles of different fault treatment modes as well as their merits and demerits are analyzed.A centralized feeder control scheme based on global topological information of distribution network is proposed and the system model of this scheme,its fault treatment procedures and corresponding software architecture are presented in detail.To simplify the description of distribution network structure,the concept of zone is led into while the physical model of distribution network is built.In the process of path searching and connectivity analysis,the zones are dealt with as elements with single-terminal node and multi-terminal nodes,and in the detailed power flow calculation and scheme analysis the internal component composition and the connected relation are considered.Modeling in this way,the efficiency of network connectivity analysis can be improved,and it contributes to form the reasoning model of fault restoration and optimal control strategy.
JAKed up phenotype of CEBPA-mutant AML.

In this issue of Blood, studies by Lavallee et al and Maxson et al provide a powerful example of functional and genomic data integration to reveal unexpected correlations between genotype and phenotype in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).1,2
Radionuclides in surface water and groundwater

Radioactive compounds pose a double threat from both toxicity and damaging radiation. The extreme energy potential of many of these materials makes them both useful and toxic. The unique properties of radioactive materials make them invaluable for medical, weapons, and energy applications. Mining, production, use, and disposal of these compounds provide potential pathways for their release into the environment, posing a risk to both humans and wildlife. This chapter discusses the sources, uses, and regulation of radioactive compounds in the United States, biogeochemical processes that control mobility in the environment, examples of radionuclide contamination, and current work related to contaminated site remediation. Radionuclides are ubiquitous in naturally occurring rocks and soils. In addition, traces of radionuclides have been dispersed worldwide as fallout from the detonation of nuclear weapons. Radionuclides are used in medical applications for diagnostic procedures (imaging) and therapeutic treatments of diseased tissue such as cancer. One important research area is the role of microbial communities, geochemistry, biosurfaces, and biofilms during in situ remediation. A detailed understanding of biogeochemical processes controlling radionuclide fate in groundwater is of vital importance to maximizing and stabilizing field-scale treatment.
1ML with Special Effects

We take another look at 1ML, a language in the ML tradition, but with core and modules merged into one unified language, rendering all modules first-class values. 1ML already comes with a simple form of effect system that distinguishes pure from impure computations. Now we enrich it with effect polymorphism: by introducing effect declarations and, more interestingly, abstract effect specifications, effects can be parameterised over, and treated as abstract or concrete in the type system, very much like types themselves. Because type generativity in 1ML is controlled by (im)purity effects, this yields a somewhat exotic novel notion of generativity polymorphism – that is, a given functor can be asked to behave as either “generative” or “applicative”. And this time, we even get to define an interesting (poly)monad for that!
Decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qPCR and culture derived rates

Abstract Aims The purpose of this study was to establish inactivation decay constants of foodborne pathogens and coliphage in clay and sandy soils for future "downstream" analyses such as quantitative microbial risk analysis and to compare cultivation-dependent and -independent (e.g. qPCR) methods. Methods and results Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium perfringens, were seeded together with MS2 and OX174 phages, into three waste matrices (Class B biosolids, swine lagoon effluent, cattle manure), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as a control, and applied to two soil types (sandy loam, clay loam) using two management practices (incorporated, surface applied). S. enterica and L. monocytogenes inactivation rates were positively affected (e.g. slower rate) by solid wastes, while C. jejuni was quickly inactivated by day 7 regardless of waste type. The use of qPCR provided more conservative inactivation rates, with qPCR-based rates typically twice as slow as cultivation-based. The effect of soil type and management were less apparent as rates were variably affected. For instance, incorporation of waste negatively impacted (e.g. faster rate) inactivation of Salmonella when measured by qPCR, while the opposite was true when measured by cultivation. Inactivation rates were organism ∗ waste ∗ soil ∗ management dependent since the interactions of these main effects significantly affected most combinations. Conclusions Class B biosolids and cattle manure most often slowed inactivation when measured by cultivation, but the complex interactions between variables and organism made sweeping conclusions difficult. On the contrary cultivation-independent inactivation rates were negatively affected by solid wastes. Inactivation rates developed by cultivation-dependent and -independent assays needs further scrutiny as interprerations can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the organism ∗ environment combination. Significance and impact of the study This study compares decay rate data based on waste, soil, management and assay type which can be further used in risk assessments.
A nonlinear term selection method for improving synchronous machine parameters estimation

Abstract Reliable synchronous machine modeling is key to accurate power system planning, operation and post-event analysis, especially in the emerging smart grids. In the literature, various models of a synchronous machine with different number of parameters have been used while little attention has been paid to the significance of each parameter in an originally nonlinear model. In this paper, first, a shrinkage and term selection method is extended to the identification of nonlinear systems. Then, the extended method is applied to the synchronous machine identification problem in order to determine which parameters have more substantial impacts on the machine response, i.e., the model parameters are partitioned into well- and ill-conditioned sets. It is shown that the ill-conditioned parameters can be set to typical values to allow for significant improvements in the identifiability and speed of convergence of the estimated parameters without loosing the capability to characterize the system. As a result, the parameter estimation is done for a reduced-order optimization problem, which leads to a more reliable estimation with lower variances and faster convergence, especially in on-line measurements. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear term selection method is demonstrated using numerical simulations and compared to the results of two existing approaches.
Variations in vibrissal geometry across the rat mystacial pad: base diameter, medulla, and taper

Rats tactually explore their world by brushing and tapping their whiskers against objects. Each whisker's geometry will have a large influence on its mechanics and thus on the tactile signals the r...
Ontology-Based Cognitive System for Contextual Reasoning in Robot Architectures

We present a hybrid system for reasoning over contextual and spatial elements of environments. The system, designed for deployment in robot architectures, leverages a knowledge base framework for common-sense reasoning through the integration with the symbolic and sub-symbolic structures of a cognitive architecture. Methodological and functional aspects are illustrated, together with an overview of the results obtained in a synthetic simulation experiment.
Possible roles of new mutations shared by Asian and American Zika viruses

Originating in Africa, the Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread to Asia, Pacific Islands and now to the Americas and beyond. Since the first isolation in 1947, ZIKV strains have been sampled at various times in the last 69 years, but this history has not been reflected in studying the patterns of mutation accumulation in their genomes. Implementing the viral history, we show that the ZIKV ancestor appeared sometime in 1930-1945 and, at that point, its mutation rate was probably less than 0.2 × 10-3/nucleotide site/year and subsequently increased significantly in most of its descendants. Sustaining a high mutation rate of 4 × 10-3/site/year throughout its evolution, the Ancestral Asian strain, which was sampled from a mosquito in Malaysia, accumulated 13 mutations in the 3'-untranslated region of RNA stem-loops prior to 1963, seven of which generate more stable stem-loop structures and are likely to inhibit cellular antiviral activities, including immune and RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. The seven mutations have been maintained in all Asian and American strains and may be responsible for serious medical problems we are facing today and offer testable hypotheses to examine their roles in molecular interactions during brain development.
MACULA DENSA FEEDBACK REGULATION OF RENAL HEMODYNAMICS AND RENAL AUTOREGULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that the unique morphological arrangement of the structures that comprise the macula densa–juxtaglomerular complex has encouraged many physiological investigations regarding its functional role. In each nephrovascular unit, there is an invariant intimacy between the macula densa segment of the distal tubule and the vascular and mesangial elements of the glomerulus. Thus, the hypothesis is developed that this macula densa structure has the capability of sensing some component of the fluid as it flows out of the ascending loop of Henle into the distal tubule and, in turn, initiating signals to the vascular elements to provide a steady state influence on renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration rate. The application of in vivo nephron microperfusion techniques has allowed investigation of several specific issues associated with the macula densa feedback hypothesis.
Validation of a novel nonlinear black box Wiener System model for arterial pulse transmission

Abstract Numerous linear dynamic models exist for describing the arterial pulse transmission phenomenon. We introduce a novel Wiener system based model in which a linear filter representing large arteries is coupled with a hysteresis-free nonlinear function representing complex wave transmission of branching arteries and the periphery. Experimental datasets (n = 7) are used to first estimate the Wiener model with linear, quadratic and cubic function for the aorta to radial artery pulse transmission and aorta to femoral artery pulse transmission. To model the nonlinear memoryless monotonic function in the Wiener System model, a correlation study is performed for linear finite impulse response (FIR) filter simulated peripheral pressure vs. measured peripheral pressure waveform. Each of this correlation curves were fitted to linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial equation. Wiener model is then simulated for aortic-to-radial artery as well as aortic-to-femoral artery to reconstruct radial and femoral pressure waveform. It was found that Wiener model with 3rd order polynomial function yielded better modeling accuracy (with average RMSE = 2.187 mmHg for radial and 4.281 mmHg for femoral pressure) than that from 2nd order polynomial function (with average RMSE = 2.242 mmHg for radial and 4.355 mmHg for femoral pressure) which in turn was better than mere linear FIR filter (with average RMSE = 2.604 mmHg for radial and 4.810 mmHg for femoral pressure).
High Illicit Drug Abuse and Suicide in Organ Donors With Type 1 Diabetes

Organ donors with type 1 diabetes represent a unique population for research. Through a combination of immunological, metabolic, and physiological analyses, researchers utilizing such tissues seek to understand the etiopathogenic events that result in this disorder. The Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD) program collects, processes, and distributes pancreata and disease-relevant tissues to investigators throughout the world for this purpose (1). Information is also available, through medical records of organ donors, related to causes of death and psychological factors, including drug use and suicide, that impact life with type 1 diabetes. We reviewed the terminal hospitalization records for the first 100 organ donors with type 1 diabetes in the nPOD database, noting cause, circumstance, and mechanism of death; laboratory results; and history of illicit drug use. Donors were 45% female and 79% Caucasian. Mean age at time of death was 28 years (range 4–61) with mean disease duration of 16 years (range 0.25–52). Causes of death, based on death certificate, are presented …
Survivor: Ribosome Edition.

Bacteria owe much of their evolutionary success to the development of mechanisms that enable survival under harsh conditions; despite their importance, however, we have only recently begun to understand these survival strategies. Several of these mechanisms have been shown to target ribosomes, robustly blocking their ability to translate mRNAs into proteins and preserving their integrity in response to extreme environmental conditions. Now, two articles in The EMBO Journal reveal the structural basis of one such strategy, providing new insights and new questions regarding the mechanism and regulation of “ribosome hibernation”.
Towards High-Resolution Tissue Imaging Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Shear Force Microscopy

Constant mode ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of tissue sections with high lateral resolution of better than 10 μm was performed by combining shear force microscopy with nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI). Shear force microscopy enabled precise control of the distance between the sample and nano-DESI probe during MSI experiments and provided information on sample topography. Proof-of-concept experiments were performed using lung and brain tissue sections representing spongy and dense tissues, respectively. Topography images obtained using shear force microscopy were comparable to the results obtained using contact profilometry over the same region of the tissue section. Variations in tissue height were found to be dependent on the tissue type and were in the range of 0-5 μm for lung tissue and 0-3 μm for brain tissue sections. Ion images of phospholipids obtained in this study are in good agreement with literature data. Normalization of nano-DESI MSI images to the signal of the internal standard added to the extraction solvent allowed us to construct high-resolution ion images free of matrix effects. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
P30 The redistribution of lower-extremity joint effort in patients with chronic ankle instability during a forward-side jump

Study Design Single cohort, descriptive. Objectives To investigate the effect of CAI on lower-extremity kinetic and energetic patterns during a forward-side jump. Background Lateral ankle sprains are common sport-related injuries which often lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI impairs neuromuscular control and dynamic stability of the lower extremity. Skeletal muscles absorb the kinetic energy during the landing phase of jumping. However, little is known how patients with CAI alter lower-extremity joint mechanics and energetics between distal and proximal joints during functional activity. Methods and Measures 100 CAI (22.3±2.2 years, 174.2±9.5 cm, 72.0±14.0 kg, 82.5%±9.0% FAAM ADL, 61.7%±12.8% FAAM Sports, 3.6±1.2 MAII, 4.3±3.0 ankle sprains), and 100 healthy control subjects (22.2±3.0 years, 172.2±13.2 cm, 71.7±18.4 kg, 100.0%±0.0% FAAM ADL, 100.0%±0.0% FAAM Sports, 0.0±0.0 MAII, 0.0±0.0 sprains) performed five trials of a forward-side jump, which was to jump forward to the centre of a force plate, landing on the dominant leg, and then immediately jump to the contralateral side. A functional analysis of variance (FANOVA) was used to evaluate differences between the two groups (CAI and Control) for joint moment (Nm/kg), and power (W/kg) throughout the entire the ground contact phase of the forward-side jump task (α=0.05). If 95% CI bands did not cross the zero line, we considered the difference significant. Results Relative to the control group, the CAI group increased hip joint moment and decreased ankle and knee joint moment during a forward-side jump. The CAI group demonstrated less ankle and knee joint power and greater hip joint power during landing and jumping phases of a forward-side jump. Conclusion CAI subjects altered their jump landing strategy, redistributing joint kinetics and energetics from distal to proximal joints during the forward-side jump task, to compensate for decreased distal joint moment and power. These differences could have injury risk and performance implications.
An update on the management for the dental patient with Sjögren's syndrome and xerostomia.

Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic and uncomfortable inflammatory condition for the individuals who suffer from it. There are many and varied systemic and oral complications associated with Sjogren's syndrome. It is also a complex and challenging condition for the dentist to diagnose and manage. The key concepts are early recognition and intervention to prevent the secondary complications from hyposalivation. To the degree possible, salivary flow should be restored by either artificial salivas or stimulated by secretogogues or both, which is usually the case. Atrophy and secondary infections of the oral mucosa should be properly identified, effectively treated, and frequently monitored. Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen) has been shown to be effective in increasing salivary flow in patients with SS. Preventive and supportive therapy including supplemental fluorides, dietary assessment, and frequent professional recalls are imperative to maintaining the oral health of the patient with SS.
The power of collective intelligence in a signal detection task

ABSTRACTA novel spatial display for a classic signal detection problem was tested in an experiment with 30 naive volunteers and 2 experts, measuring the signal detection properties of a spatially organised display compared with temporally organised display. The collective performance of committees was also measured. The spatial display was quantitatively and qualitatively superior, resulting in a 4.6% increase in correctness of classifications and a 30.5% decrease in miss percentages. Qualitatively, 83% of participants preferred the new display. The collective receiver operating characteristic performance of the top half of the best performing naive participants was superior to that of most individuals and all experts. However, in an analysis that examined the value added of both the improved spatial display and the collective intelligence approach, the results demonstrated that the bulk of performance gains can be attributed to the improved design, as compared to the value of collective action, by roughl...
A study of granular flow through horizontal wire mesh screens for concentrated solar power particle heating receiver applications – Part II: Parametric model predictions

Abstract Numerical methods are increasingly being used to study granular flow phenomena, given the difficulty in extracting data from physical studies. Two common methods are the discrete element method (DEM), and a two fluid computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. A companion paper (Sandlin and Abdel-Khalik, 2018) compared a DEM model and a CFD model of a granular flow through horizontal wire mesh screens, with experimental data. The aim of this study is to assess the sensitivity of both models to various input parameters. The results of this investigation will guide future modelers of particle heating receivers and other flowing particulate systems in selecting the appropriate modeling options and parameters to enhance the models ability to predict the actual particulate flow characteristics. For the DEM model, it was found that the granular material properties, especially the values for normal and rolling friction, had the largest impact on simulation results. For the CFD model, it was found that the constitutive relationships for frictional pressure, viscosity, and the treatment of physical boundary conditions had the largest impact on simulation outcomes. In addition, both numerical models exhibit a non-monotonic relationship between mass flux and the granular coefficient of restitution, and show reduced mass flux when using a simulation domain with offset wire meshes. The influence of other material properties and sub-modeling options is less pronounced. Methods of obtaining appropriate material properties and sub-modeling options are discussed.