cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of head-out-of-water immersion on arterial wave reflection in healthy adults.

Abstract Swimming/hydrotherapy produces hemodynamic and physiological changes related to water immersion (WI). To evaluate the effects of head out (HO) WI on central hemodynamics, we prospectively studied 21 healthy subjects (62% male, age 37 ± 13 years). Central aortic blood pressures (CA-BPs) and reflected wave properties were evaluated using applanation tonometry at baseline and upon 2 minutes of waist (W) and mid-chest (C) HOWI. Heart rate (HR) decreased from 83 ± 15 to 73 ±10 beats/min ( P P = .20), CA-PP increased stepwise (27 ± 7 to 32 ± 8 to 33 ± 6 mm Hg; P s − P i ), and HR-corrected augmentation index (AI a @75) increased stepwise from baseline-W-C level HOWI [(P s − P i ): 2 ± 3 to 7 ± 4 mm Hg, P a @75: 8 ± 11 to 19 ± 10%; P c ) and reflected wave systolic duration (Δt r ) increased progressively (ED c : 389 ± 23 to 408 ± 25 to 435 ± 13 milliseconds; P r : 106 ± 32 to 165 ± 21 ms; P
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RULER AND MINISTER IN THE THEORY OF “THREE MAINSTAYS”

L'A. confronte la realite des relations politiques entre le souverain et le peuple, le souverain et le ministre, a l'epoque de la dynastie Han tardive, a l'ideologie des Trois Fondements exposee dans le «Po-hu» et influencee par le confusianisme et le legalisme
Increases in the release and metabolism of serotonin in nucleus parafascicularis thalami following systemically administered morphine in the rat

The effects of systemically administered morphine on the release and metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in nucleus parafascicularis thalami were evaluated using in vivo microdialysis. The extracellular concentration of 5-HT and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were increased in a dose-dependent manner following the subcutaneous administration of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg morphine sulfate. These results are consistent with findings that the antinociceptive action of morphine is partially mediated through the action of 5-HT within nucleus parafascicularis.
1070 NEWBORN INFANT RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM: DELIVERY THROUGH THE FIRST TWO DAYS OF LIFE

Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (Aldo) levels are high in the newborn. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of labor and delivery on PRA and Aldo in the newborn; and to determine how PRA and Aldo levels change during the early newborn period. 28 fullterm and 6 preterm infants, 32-36 weeks gestation, were studied at ½, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hrs. All were born after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery (VAG-D) with apgar scores >7 at 5 min. PRA and Aldo were measured by RIA. The Mean and SEM (ng/ml/hr) PRA in umbilical vein (UV) plasma was 16.2 ± 5.1 after C-Sec alone, N=6; 44.1 ± 8.9 after C-Sec in labor. N=16 p<.05; and 34.7 ± 4.3 after VAG-D, N=28, p<.05. The latter two groups did not differ. There were no differences in UV vs VA PRA or Aldo levels. The UV PRA level in preclampsia (52.6±5.0) was higher than in normal VAG-D (p<.05). Serial PRA values in full term infants decreased from 34.7 ± 4.3 in UV plasma to 18.3 ± 4.4 at 2 hrs (p<0.05), and were statistically similar (30.7 ± 4.4) at 24 hours. Aldo levels also remained unchanged. UV PRA and Aldo levels after VAG-D and during the subsequent 48 hrs of life were similar in the preterm and fullterm infants. Conclusions: a) Labor increases PRA levels in fullterm and preterm infants. b) Preclampsia is associated with high PRA cord blood levels. c) PRA and Aldo levels do not fall during the early newborn period, suggesting continual stimulation after delivery.
Development of the spatial heterodyne spectrometer for VUV remote sensing of the interstellar medium

This paper discusses the scientific motivation for, design of and buildup of the Spatial heterodyne Spectrometer (SHS) for a sounding rocket mission to study the Cygnus Loop, a prototypical middle-ages supernova remnant. The results of that mission are also presented. The goal of the flight was to obtain a radial velocity-resolved spectrum of the C IV (lambda) 1550 emission line from the Cygnus Loop, as a test for doing the same from the diffuse hot interstellar medium (ISM). The reasons for wanting to look at the ISM this way are discussed, along with the properties of SHS. Important points about alignment (zero-path and zero-spatial-frequency setting), as well as shake testing and data analysis techniques (fringe correction, thermal drift tracking) are described. The SHS payload did not obtain a spectrum for th Cygnus Loop C IV emission line, because of reduced efficiency of the optical components. Results of post- flight efficiency tests to locate the source(s) of this loss are presented, showing contamination as the most likely problem. Ways to eliminate this contamination for future SHS sounding rocket and satellite missions conclude the presentation.
Phosphorylation sequences in h-caldesmon from phorbol ester-stimulated canine aortas

The high molecular weight form of caldesmon (h-caldesmon) is phosphorylated in vascular smooth muscle. The stoichiometry of caldesmon phosphorylation increases in response to stimulation of the muscle by several contractile agonists; however, the responsible kinase has not been identified. In this study, we have sequenced the phosphopeptides prepared from h-caldesmon phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C (PKC) as well as the phosphopeptides prepared from caldesmon phosphorylated in intact canine aortas that were stimulated to contract with PDBu. PKC phosphorylated three sites located in the C terminus: GSS*LKIEE, AEFLNKS*VQK and NLWEKQS*VDK, while h-caldesmon from intact tissue was phosphorylated at two separate sites also in the C terminus: VTS*PTKV and S*PAPK. By comparison to known substrate consensus sequences for various protein kinases these data suggest that h-caldesmon is directly phosphorylated by a proline-directed protein kinase and not by PKC.
Effect of acute iNOS inhibition on glomerular function in tubulointerstitial nephritis

Effect of acute iNOS inhibition on glomerular function in tubulointerstitial nephritis. Background Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is characterized by progressive inflammatory infiltrate of the renal interstitium, induction of cortical tubular inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reductions in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These studies were designed to examine the changes in glomerular hemodynamics 7 and 21 days after induction of TIN and to evaluate the effect of acute iNOS blockade on glomerular function in the early stages of this model. Methods TIN was induced by immunizing Brown Norway rats with renal tubular antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant (RTA/CFA). Control rats were immunized with CFA alone. Micropuncture and morphologic studies were performed 7 and 21 days after immunization. Results Histology revealed minimal peritubular and interstitial inflammation in the RTA/CFA group one week after immunization while extensive interstitial inflammation with few preserved superficial nephron was observed three weeks after RTA/CFA immunization. Micropuncture studies on day 7 in the RTA/CFA group revealed a significant reduction in single nephron GFR due to a profound reduction in nephron plasma flow and in the ultrafiltration coefficient. Studies performed on day 21 revealed that single nephron GFR (SNGFR), nephron plasma flow (SNPF) and the ultrafiltration coefficient had returned to the normal baseline value despite the severe reduction in GFR. To assess the role of increased nitric oxide production secondary to iNOS induction on the glomerular hemodynamic changes observed in the early stages of the disease, the iNOS blocker ( L -N 6 -iminoethyl lysine, L-NIL) was administered IV (1 mg/h) in RTA/CFA rats and CFA rats. L-NIL had no effect in CFA rats but produced significant increases in GFR, SNGFR and SNPF in RTA/CFA rats. Conclusions These results demonstrate that TIN is associated with a progressive reduction in GFR, which is likely the result of functional vasoconstriction and decreases in the ultrafiltration coefficient in the early stages of the disease and on a significant reduction in the number of functioning nephron in the later stages. Induction of iNOS with increased NO production actively participates in the functional changes observed in the early stages of the disease most likely by inhibiting normal endothelial NOS activity.
Some recent studies of Sierra Nevada pluton

The intrusive core of the Sierra Nevada, California, is a composite mass, some 400 miles in length and locally more than 70 miles wide. In upper Jurassic time, It Intruded intensely folded Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic rocks. It trends northwest, parallel to the coast. Structure-sections across this pluton have been surveyed by E. Cloos, near the center of the range (Yosemite Section), and in the north part (Dormer Section). A third profile (San Joaquin Section), about 25 miles south of Yosemite, has been studied recently by Mayo.
Introducing Asset-Based Models of Social Justice into Service Learning: A Social Work Approach

Increased attention is being given to university–community partnerships. Among such partnerships is service learning, a pedagogical model that integrates experiential community service activities and academic learning. Traditional service learning models often diverge from social work methods that embrace strengths, empowerment, antioppressive principles, and citizen-driven approaches. This article presents the integration of a progressive service learning model into a graduate-level social work macro practice course. The model gives explicit attention to respecting the dignity and worth of the individual by sharing power and developing collaborative relationships between students and community residents where both are serving and learning together.
Action of Complexes of the Zinc Group Metals on the Tail Protein of Bacteriophage T 2 r

A SPECIFIC reaction has been found between complexes of the zinc group metals and the bacterial virus, T 2 r +. Zinc ions (M/100) do not inactivate T 2 r +, but if a variety of metal-complexing agents are added to a solution containing zinc nitrate and T 2 r +, the virus is rapidly and irreversibly inactivated. Identical reactions occur with cadmium ions. Mercuric mercury inactivates T 2 as the free ion as well as when present as a complex ion. Cyanide complexes of all three metals and iodide complexes of cadmium and mercuric mercury inactivate the virus. Inactivation also occurs when a number of amino-acids (such as M/100 glycine or glutamic acid) and pure proteins (such as trypsin or chymotrypsin at 2 mgm./ml.) are used as metal-complexing agents. Versene complexes of zinc, cadmium or mercuric mercury do not affect the virus.
An approximation method for a single server queue with cyclically indexed arrival and service rates

In this paper we develop an approximation scheme for a single server Markovian queue with cyclic arrival and/or service patterns. The arrival and service patterns change cyclically according to a job (or customer) sequence number. The model has found application in production planning for multiple items on constrained resources using cyclic schedules. It has also been applied to a computer simulation sensitivity analysis technique called Frequency Domain Methodology. The approximation scheme provides results to any desired degree of accuracy. Performance guidelines for the approximation are established analytically using stochastic ordering. In addition, performance results are numerically evaluated for the model with cyclic arrival patterns and independent and identically distributed exponential service patterns using a nonlinear optimization model.
Analysis of protein synthesis in rat salivary glands after chronic treatment with β-receptor agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Chronic administration of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (5 mg/200 g animal for 10 days) resulted in rat parotid and submandibular gland hypertrophy, and it induced synthesis of a series of proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and glycoproteins. Treated parotid glands additionally exhibit an increase in activity for the Golgi membrane enzyme UDP-galactose; N-acetylglucosamine 4β-galactosyltransferase. A series of β-receptor agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors were examined for their abilities to influence salivary gland protein biosynthesis in a fashion similar to that observed with chronic isoproterenol treatment. β1/β2-Adrenergic-receptor agonists exhibited the greatest effects on parotid gland hypertrophy and PRP biosynthesis. These β-agonists were also able to increase 4β-galactosyltransferase activity, but they did not promote the synthesis of a 220,000 dalton glycoprotein. Terbutaline (β2-receptor agonist) induced parotid gland hypertophy but was only able to induce protein biosynthesis at higher drug concentrations. Finally, methoxyphenamine was unable to produce the observed changes in protein synthesis even at increased drug dosages. The phosphodiesterase inhibitors (theophylline and caffeine) were able to induce de novo PRP biosynthesis at drug doses of 20 mg/200 g animal. However, while causing mild gland hypertrophy, there was no observable change in 4β-galactosyltransferase activity with either phosphodiesterase inhibitor. This same regimen of β-receptor agonists was unable to induce submandibular gland hypertrophy, PRP or glycoprotein biosynthesis in the same animals. This was also true for the two phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Co-injection of a β1 antagonist along with isoproterenol blocked the above protein changes in both the submandibular and parotid glands, suggesting that the stimulation of protein synthesis takes place by β1-type receptors on the gland cell surfaces.
SPEED OF MENTAL ROTATION AS A FUNCTION OF PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES

40 subjects solved seven identical and seven mirror image visually-displayed mental-rotation problems, a measure of right hemisphere processing. Subjects who indicated that they had inferred that, if two objects were not identical, then they must be mirror images showed faster rotation times. This evidence supports the hypothesis that expedient problem-solving strategies may contribute to right-hemisphere processing speed as measured by mental rotation. That mental rotation and humor processing may draw on the same right hemisphere processes is also discussed.
Prestige and the origins of war: Returning to realism's roots

(1999). Prestige and the origins of war: Returning to realism's roots. Security Studies: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 126-172.
Child Care and Low‐Income Children's Development: Direct and Moderated Effects

A large literature has documented the influence of child care on young children's development, but few studies have examined low-income children in community care arrangements. Using data from Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (N = 204), this study examined the influence of child care quality and the extent of care on low-income children's (ages 2-4 years) cognitive and socioemotional development over time. Higher levels of child care quality were modestly associated with improvements in children's socioemotional development, and extensive hours in child care were linked to increases in children's quantitative skills and decreases in behavior problems. Analyses suggest that child care quality may be particularly salient for subgroups of children from low-income families.
Development of Noncrystalline Material in Subsolidus Reactions Between Silica and Alumina

Reactions between corundum and cristobalite in mixed powders and at interfaces between sintered pellets at 1500°C and in various forms of reaction couples at 1550°C were studied by quantitative X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, and optical microscopy. The results indicate that a noncrystalline product is an important transitional phase in reactions under subsolidus conditions. When corundum is used as a coarse powder (particle size 20 to 30 μm), the amount of noncrystalline material produced can be as much as 30 to 40% of the total reactants, and the amount of mullite is correspondingly small. When corundum is used as a single crystal, the development of a noncrystalline phase is notably increased. Microprobe analyses of coarse powders reacted at 1500°C show a noncrystalline phase of the approximate composition Al2O3·12SiO2. Calculations based on the X-ray analyses indicate a higher proportion of alumina in the noncrystalline material, and it is suggested that alumina-rich zones may form adjacent the corundum surfaces where they are not resolved in the microprobe analysis.
Arthritis of Dislocation: Recapturing Rotation

Most current surgical procedures that are performed for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability recognize the importance of preserving external rotation. However, many of the more classic procedures such as the Putti-Platt, Magnusson, and Bristow Latarjet resulted in significant permanent loss of this critical motion. It is now understood that surgically induced loss of external rotation, as a result of instability repairs, is a significant prognostic factor in the development of arthritis of dislocation. A very important consideration during shoulder replacement surgery in the treatment of arthritis of dislocation is to reestablish functional external rotation of the new joint. Surgical techniques including subscapularis lengthening, subscapularis advancement, and capsular management must become part of the armamentarium of the shoulder surgeon who deals with this complex problem. This presentation will review the pathology and treatment considerations in dealing with loss of external rotation during shoulder replacement surgery.
Neuronal activity in the association cortex of the cat during sleep, wakefulness and anesthesia

Abstract Spontaneous activity of single neurons was recorded extracellularly from the association cortex (middle suprasylvian gyrus) of chronically prepared cats. The changes in neuronal firings were studied during sleep, wakefulness and pentobarbital (Nembutal) anesthesia. With behavioral shifts of the cat from wakefulness to slow wave sleep, 85.3% of the units decreased and 14.7% increased their firing rates. In REM (paradoxical) sleep, 94.8% of the units showed their highest firing rates. The activity levels, in terms of discharge rates of neurons, during pentobarbital anesthesia were by no means comparable to any states of natural sleep and wakefulness. The activity level during anesthesia ranged from 30% to 50% of the level found during slow wave sleep. More frequent interpositions of long silent periods in the spike trains were observed during anesthesia. However, there was no significant difference in firing patterns of the neurons between slow wave sleep and anesthesia. The neurons then fired irregularly and clustering predominated. The average values of the coefficient of variation, which estimates the degree of irregularity in the interspike intervals, were 1.52 and 1.50 in slow wave sleep and anesthesia, respectively, whereas they were 1.09 and 1.11 in REM sleep and behavioral arousal, respectively. During slow wave sleep and pentobarbital anesthesia, a high correlation was observed in the temporal patterns of firing of two neighboring cells recorded simultaneously. The probability of correlated firing was high with increased concurrent appearance of long silent periods in the neuronal pair. With a shift from sleep to wakefulness, correlation of silent periods between units was reduced and there was decreased probability of correlated firings. In arousal and REM sleep, the neuronal pairs discharged quite independently and the temporal patterns showed minimal correlation. The probability of correlated firings then fell to chance levels.
Effects of amino acids on glucose disposal.

Free fatty acids are known to inhibit carbohydrate disposal and oxidation. This action may play an important role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To investigate whether amino acids (AAs) have similar actions, we determined the effects of an intravenously infused mixture of 15 AAs on carbohydrate disposal during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps associated with either basal or high glucagon concentrations in healthy male volunteers. Plasma glucose concentration was clamped at approximately 4.7 mM (coefficient of variation 4.7%). Insulin infusion (7.18 pmol.kg-1.min-1) raised serum insulin concentrations from 36-50 pM to between 300 and 600 pM. AA infusions (0.5 g.kg-1.h-1.4 h) raised plasma alpha-amino N2 concentrations about five- to six-fold. Infusion of AAs, somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibitory factor, SRIF), and high-glucagon replacement (3.0 ng.kg-1.min-1) reduced the rate of exogenous glucose infusion needed to maintain euglycemia from 51.1 +/- 7.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1 (saline + SRIF + high glucagon) to 28.3 +/- 11.1 mumol.kg-1.min-1 and stimulated endogenous glucose production (from 0 to approximately 17 mumol.kg-1.min-1). Thus, glucose disposal (exogenous infusion plus endogenous production of glucose) remained essentially unchanged. During infusion of AAs + SRIF + basal glucagon replacement (0.25 ng.kg-1.min-1), endogenous glucose production remained completely suppressed, and the rates of exogenous glucose infusion did not change (compared with saline + SRIF + basal glucagon replacement). The data showed that 1) hyperaminoacidemia associated with hyperglucagonemia stimulated endogenous glucose production despite hyperinsulinemia, and 2) intravenous infusion of a mixture of 15 AAs had no inhibitory effect on insulin-stimulated total-body glucose disposal.
A List of Ultraviolet Excess Galaxies

We present a list of 412 faint galaxies selected for their apparent ultraviolet excess (UVX) from an area of 30 square degrees centered on Kapteyn Selected Area 28. The objects have been selected from a three-colour (U, B, V) plate taken with the Palomar 48-inch Schmidt telescope. The same plate was used to select a companion list of predominantly starlike UVX objects (Usher and Mitchell, 1982).
Sets pooling designs

Pooling desings have previously been used for the efficient identification of distinguished elements of a finite setU. Group testing underlies these designs: For any\(S \subseteq U\), a binary result is obtainable, indicating whether or not the number of distinguished elements included inS is zero. The current generalization of pooling designs will enable the efficient identification of distinguished subsets of a finite setU. In this case, for any\(S \subseteq U\), a binary result is obtainable, indicating whether or not the number of distinguished subsets included inS is zero. Such designs are called sets pooling designs, comprising standard pooling designs in the special case where all the distinguished subsets are elements. The new designs are similar to the standard designs but are subject to new constraints because the set of subsets included inS is its power set. To illustrate the feasibility of constructing sets pooling designs, random, non-adaptive designs are investigated for the special case where all distinguished subsets have the same size. An optimum probability for including an object in a pool is approximated as a function of the size and number of distinguished subsets, adopting the criterion of minimizing the average number of non-distinguished subsets whose status would not be resolved by the pooling design. Deterministic and adaptive designs are also described.
Semiactive damping of cables with sag

The steel cables used in cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges have low inherent damping and are therefore prone to vibration. Transversely attached passive viscous dampers have been implemented on some cables to dampen vibration, but for long cables, passive dampers may provide insufficient supplemental damping to eliminate vibration problems. This paper extends previous work by the authors that demonstrated that "smart" semiactive dampers can provide superior supplemental damping for a cable modeled as a taut string. In the current paper, sag, inclination and longitudinal flexibility are added to the dynamic model of transverse in-plane cable vibration. The equations of motion are given and a new control-oriented model is developed for cables with sag. Passive, active and smart (semiactive) dampers are incorporated into the model. For the general case where a node does not occur at the damper location, semiactive dampers are found to provide improved damping compared to the optimal passive viscous damper, with a 30-40% reduction in root mean square or peak response.
The rotational poles and shapes of 1580 Betulia and 3908 (1980PA) from one apparition

Abstract The rotational poles, triaxial ellipsoid shapes, absolute magnitudes, and phase functions of two Amor asteroids have been calculated from lightcurves obtained in a single apparition. The lightcurves of 1580 Betulia were obtained in 1976, and the present analysis gives a preferred pole within 9° of Ecliptic coordinates (212; −5), with triaxial ellipsoid ratios of a b = 1.62±.20 and b c = 1.39±.09 . Its orbital inclination of 52°, the fourth highest among asteroids to date, makes it a strong defunct comet candidate. Asteroid 3908 (1980PA) is the second most accessible asteroid to the Earth in terms of relative velocity, making it a good candidate for a return sample mission. Its preferred rotational pole, lying within 10° of (312; +61), and its triaxial ellipsoid ratios of a b = 1.36±.03 and b c = 1.27 ± .03 were determined from eight lightcurves obtained in its 1988 apparition, and make this the fastest such calculation ever. Its spectrum, albedo, and phase functions are similar to Vesta, Dembowska, and another Amor 3551 (1983RD), all being reddish and bright. The orbits of 3908 and 3551 are similar to each other and to at least two photographic meteors and one fireball from the Prairie Network. All five objects may be pieces of the eucrite parent body, and the radiants indicate that eucrite falls may peak between late August and late November.
Ultrafast Laser Heating on Metal Films: Effects of Microvoids

The effect of internal voids in microfilms on the change of the surface reflectivity is analyzed. The dual-phase-lag model is employed to describe the interweaving behaviors of thermalization and relaxation during the short time transient. The normalized temperature change in the two-dimensional films containing a microvoid is obtained by an explicit algorithm of finite differencing, aiming at retrieval of the Crank-Nicholson criterion as a special case. The presence of microvoids can significantly reduce the normalized surface reflectivity change, sometimes by one order of magnitude, which has been observed experimentally.
MSE dominance of least squares with errors-of-observation

Abstract On a criterion of minimum asymptotic coefficient bias, it has been shown recently [McCallum (1972), Wickens (1972)] that faced with a choice of using or discarding a (perhaps poor) proxy for an otherwise relevant independent variable which appears in a multiple regression model, one should always use the proxy. In this paper the analysis is expanded to consider variance in addition to bias in the criterion function. Our major finding is that although inclusion of the proxy is not a superior strategy unequivocally, it is recommended over a broad range of empirical situations.
Work in Progress - A Service-Learning Collaboration between Engineering and Human Ecology

In Winter 2006, Engineering and Human Ecology students from Ohio State University (OSU) completed a 10-week Service Learning course as a prerequisite to a week-long service trip to rural Honduras during Spring Break (March 18-25, 2006). The community partner, known as Montana de Luz, is based in Columbus, OH, and operates a home for children with HIV/AIDS in Honduras. The overall goal was to build upon engineering projects initiated the previous year and to assess educational needs for the establishment of a preschool. The educational opportunities for OSU students consisted of pre-trip planning, fundraising, materials acquisition, project implementation, cultural exchange, student reflection, post-trip assessment, and documentation. On-site challenges consisted of water supply and quality (agricultural and health concern), electrical safety and equipment function, communications (due to remoteness and mountainous conditions), computing needs (administrative and educational), as well as the cultural and communications challenges of implementing projects in another country.
Variation m the temporal expression of overlapping baculovirus transcripts

To investigate gene expression from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhydrolysis virus genome (AcNPV), complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from polyadenylated RNA transcribed at 2 h and 10 h postinfection (p.i.) and then cloned into Escherichia coli using plasmid pUC-9. Eighteen 2 h cDNA plasmids were homologous to five distinct regions of the viral genome, while forty-nine 10 h cDNA plasmids were homologous to 15 regions including the five regions transcribed at 2 h. Temporal expression of polyadenylated RNA transcribed from diverse regions of the genome was examined using Northern blot hybridization with the above 2 and 10 h cDNA probes. All regions displayed overlapping sets of RNAs. In addition to HindIII-I/EcoRI-F (IF) and HindIII-B2/EcoRI-H (B2H), several, but not all, regions showed a sequential appearance of higher molecular weight RNAs as the infection progressed. Each overlapping set of RNAs exhibited unique characteristics including variations in the number of overlapping transcripts, their temporal regulation, and their relative abundance during the course of infection.
Accelerated recovery from eating behavior deficits after sequential lesions of cortex and hypothalamus: is dopamine involved?

Abstract The roles of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and of the neostriatum in recovery from ingestive behavior deficits and body weight losses after damage to the nigrostriatal bundle in the lateral hypothalamus were investigated. Sequential removals of pairs of neostriatal afferent inputs (from cortex, substantia nigra, and dorsal raphe nucleus) were effected by making an initial lesion of one input followed in 30 days by a test lesion of a second input. The recovery of rats with combination lesions (initial + test) was compared with that of controls with only test lesions. An initial unilateral rostral cortex lesion prior to ipsilateral lateral hypothalamic test damage accelerated recovery of rats with these lesions (initial + test) from the eating behavior deficits and body weight losses suffered by animals with only unilateral hypothalamic test lesions. Because cortical lesions alone had no effect upon neostriatal dopamine content, sparing from subsequent hypothalamic test damage is not dependent on a dopamine increase caused by the initial cortical lesion. Also, this acceleration of recovery from unilateral lateral hypothalamic test damage by a prior lesion is an effect that appears to be specific to the ipsilateral cortex, because initial destruction of the contralateral cortex or of the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus did not attenuate the deficits caused by hypothalamic test lesions. Furthermore, when an initial unilateral hypothalamic lesion preceded an ipsilateral cortical test lesion, recovery of eating behavior and of body weight was not accelerated. Thus, the order in which our cortical and hypothalamic lesions were made determined whether or not accelerated recovery from eating deficits occurred. Therefore, the ability to make the neuronal alterations underlying this accelerated recovery may be the property of a subcortical system such as substantia nigra, but not of cortex itself.
Sertraline in the treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with alcohol use disorders. This study investigated the use of sertraline, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in treating co-occurring symptoms of alcohol dependence and PTSD. Methods: A total of 94 individuals with current alcohol dependence and PTSD were randomly assigned to receive sertraline (150 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Post hoc cluster analysis of baseline characteristics was used to define subgroups of participants. Results: There was a significant decrease in alcohol use during the trial in both the sertraline and the placebo groups. Cluster analysis revealed significant medication group by cluster interactions for alcohol-related outcomes. Sertraline-treated participants with less severe alcohol dependence and early-onset PTSD had significantly fewer drinks per drinking day (p < 0.001). For participants with more severe alcohol dependence and later onset PTSD, the placebo group had significantly greater decreases in drinks per drinking day (p < 0.01) and average number of drinks consumed per day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There may be subtypes of alcohol-dependent individuals who respond differently to serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Further investigation of differential responders may lead to improvements in the pharmacological treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and PTSD.
Convection-Permitting Forecasts Initialized with Continuously Cycling Limited-Area 3DVAR, Ensemble Kalman Filter, and ``Hybrid'' Variational-Ensemble Data Assimilation Systems

AbstractAnalyses with 20-km horizontal grid spacing were produced from parallel continuously cycling three-dimensional variational (3DVAR), ensemble square root Kalman filter (EnSRF), and “hybrid” variational–ensemble data assimilation (DA) systems between 0000 UTC 6 May and 0000 UTC 21 June 2011 over a domain spanning the contiguous United States. Beginning 9 May, the 0000 UTC analyses initialized 36-h Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) forecasts containing a large convection-permitting 4-km nest. These 4-km 3DVAR-, EnSRF-, and hybrid-initialized forecasts were compared to benchmark WRF forecasts initialized by interpolating 0000 UTC Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses onto the computational domain. While important differences regarding mean state characteristics of the 20-km DA systems were noted, verification efforts focused on the 4-km precipitation forecasts. The 3DVAR-, hybrid-, and EnSRF-initialized 4-km precipitation forecasts performed similarly regarding general precipitation charact...
Relationship of aluminium and calcium to net CO2 exchange among diverse Scots pine provenances under pollution stress in Poland

Light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat), dark respiration (RD), and foliar nutrient content of eight European Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provenances were measured at experimental sites in western Poland. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in 1984 at two sites with similar soils in areas of contrasting air pollution. One site was near a point source of SO2 and other pollutants, and another 12 km to the southeast in an area free of acute air pollution was treated as a control. The eight provenances were from a large north-tosouth latitudinal range (60 to 43° N). At the heavily polluted site Scots pine trees exhibited lower growth rates and crown dieback and deformation. Soil pH, Ca and Mg were at least 10 times lower, and Al 10 times higher at the polluted than the control site. In 1991, concentrations of Al, P, Ca, S, Mn, Fe, and Zn in oneyear old Scots pine foliage were higher and Mg lower at the polluted than control site. At both sites foliar Mg levels were within the range considered deficient (≤0.6 mg g-1), and at the polluted site, Al concentrations were very high (670 to 880 μg g-1). In all provenances, RD of one-year-old needles was higher (by 22% on average) and Asat was lower (by 37% on average) at the polluted than the control site. The ratio of Asat: RD was half as great in all provenances at the polluted (4 to 6) than control site (8 to 11). Provenances of southern origin had greater increases in RD and water-use efficiency at the polluted site than other provenances. Within the polluted site alone, or across both sites, Asat in Scots pine was negatively correlated to the Al: Ca ratio (p<0.001, r=−0.93). Across sites RD increased with needle N and Al (multiple regression, p<0.001). The data suggest that at the polluted site there is excessive soil Al and deficient Mg availability, low needle Mg and high Al concentrations and high Al: Ca ratios, and that these have resulted in reduced photosynthetic capacity and increased respiration.
7The Yeast mRNA-binding Protein Npl3p Interacts with the Cap-binding Complex

A number of RNA-binding proteins are associated with mRNAs in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. One of these, Npl3p, is a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-like protein with some similarity to SR proteins and is essential for growth in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Temperature-sensitive alleles have defects in the export of mRNA out of the nucleus (1). In this report, we define a genetic relationship between NPL3 and the nonessential genes encoding the subunits of the cap-binding complex (CBP80 and CBP20). Deletion of CBP80 or CBP20 in combination with certain temperature-sensitive npl3 mutant alleles fail to grow and thus display a synthetic lethal relationship. Further evidence of an interaction between Npl3p and the cap-binding complex was revealed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments; Cbp80p and Cbp20p specifically co-precipitate with Npl3p. However, the interaction of Npl3p with Cbp80p depends on both the presence of Cbp20p and RNA. In addition, we show that Cbp80p is capable of shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in a manner dependent on the ongoing synthesis of RNA. Taken together, these data support a model whereby mRNAs are co-transcriptionally packaged by proteins including Npl3p and cap-binding complex for export out of the nucleus.
Correlation between linewidth rebroadening and low-frequency RIN enhancement in semiconductor lasers

The observed correlation between the linewidth rebroadening and the low-frequency relative-intensity noise (RIN) enhancement at high operating power in nearly-singlemode semiconductor lasers is explained by using the two-mode rate equations which include both the self- and cross-saturation contributions to the nonlinear gain. >
Spatial Heterogeneity of Denitrification Genes in a Highly Homogenous Urban Stream

Human modification of natural streams by urbanization has led to more homogeneous channel surfaces; however, the influence of channel simplification on in situ microbial distribution and function is poorly characterized. For example, denitrification, a microbial process that reduces soluble nitrogen (N) levels, requires peripheral anoxic zones that might be lost in artificial channels such as those with a concrete lining. To examine how microbial function might be influenced by channel simplification, we quantified denitrification rates and conditions in microbial mats within an urban concrete channel. We quantified spatial and diurnal patterns of nitrate uptake, diurnal dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and nutrient conditions, along with the spatial distribution of DO, solids, chlorophyll a, and genes associated with denitrification (nirS and nirK), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), cyanobacteria, and algal chloroplasts. Despite the channel being superficially homogeneous, nir genes were distributed in a patchy manner. Two types of gene patches were observed: one associated with nirK, which had diurnally variable DO levels and high nocturnal nitrate uptake rates, and the other associated with nirS, which had elevated AOB genes, thicker layers of mud, and an apparent 24 h nitrate uptake. All active nir patches had elevated microbial photosynthetic genes. Results implythat even artificial channels, with reduced macroscale heterogeneity, can sustain significant rates of denitrification, although the responsible communities vary with space and time. This patchiness has significant implications to extending local data to landscape level predictions and field sampling strategies but also suggests alternate channel designs to increase N retention rates.
Predicted gel permeation behaviour of random distribution polymers having random tri- or tetra-functional branching

The transport behaviour of polymer chains through gel permeation columns has been observed empirically to be controlled by the hydrodynamic volumes of the chains. This observation allows one to predict the gel permeation behaviour of randomly branched, polydisperse polymers by combining existing molecular weight and branch distribution expressions with theoretical relations for the dependence of solution viscosities upon branching. The present study comprises theoretical treatment of the GPC behaviour of polymers such as those formed by random condensations of RA2 + R'A3 + R″B2 or RA2 + R'A4 + R″B2 systems. The applicable Stockmayer mol. wt. and branch distribution functions are used. The Zimm—Kilb approximation to the intrinsic viscosity of branched polymer chains, [η]br = K g12 Ma where g = R2 (branched)/R2 (linear), is employed to relate the hydrodynamic volumes of the branched chains to those of linear chains. The assumption of a single log (hydrodynamic volume) vs. GPC elution volume relation for all the polymeric solute species permits formulation of the branched polymer GPC curve functions relative to those for linear polymer. Integration of GPC curves for the polydisperse branched polymers, in accordance with calibration relations based upon linear polymer chains, yields apparent Mn, Mw, and Mz values. Digital computer calculations, using the expressions formulated in the present study, have generated correction factors which permit correction of these apparent mol. wt. averages to true mol. wt. averages.
The invisible horsemen: The social world of the backstretch

This paper describes and analyzes the social world of the race track backstretch. Based on 28 years of race track experience and observations and on interviews at three race tracks, I examine this unknown social world. Backstretch workers are charged with the “dirty work” of caring for thoroughbred race horses and are isolated from larger society by physical, social, occupational, and psychological distance. I describe the media's role in maintaining the group's low social visibility. “Dirty work” designations assigned to those on the backstretch mask workers' contributions and significantly contribute to the invisibility of this social world.
SU-E-J-168: Automated Pancreas Segmentation Based On Dynamic MRI

Purpose: MRI guided radiotherapy is particularly attractive for abdominal targets with low CT contrast. To fully utilize this modality for pancreas tracking, automated segmentation tools are needed. A hybrid gradient, region growth and shape constraint (hGReS) method to segment 2D upper abdominal dynamic MRI is developed for this purpose. Methods: 2D coronal dynamic MR images of 2 healthy volunteers were acquired with a frame rate of 5 f/second. The regions of interest (ROIs) included the liver, pancreas and stomach. The first frame was used as the source where the centers of the ROIs were annotated. These center locations were propagated to the next dynamic MRI frame. 4-neighborhood region transfer growth was performed from these initial seeds for rough segmentation. To improve the results, gradient, edge and shape constraints were applied to the ROIs before final refinement using morphological operations. Results from hGReS and 3 other automated segmentation methods using edge detection, region growth and level set were compared to manual contouring. Results: For the first patient, hGReS resulted in the organ segmentation accuracy as measure by the Dices index (0.77) for the pancreas. The accuracy was slightly superior to the level set method (0.72), and both are significantly more accuratemore » than the edge detection (0.53) and region growth methods (0.42). For the second healthy volunteer, hGReS reliably segmented the pancreatic region, achieving a Dices index of 0.82, 0.92 and 0.93 for the pancreas, stomach and liver, respectively, comparing to manual segmentation. Motion trajectories derived from the hGReS, level set and manual segmentation methods showed high correlation to respiratory motion calculated using a lung blood vessel as the reference while the other two methods showed substantial motion tracking errors. hGReS was 10 times faster than level set. Conclusion: We have shown the feasibility of automated segmentation of the pancreas anatomy based on dynamic MRI.« less
Revisioning Sixteenth Century Solutions to Twentieth Century Problems in Herbert Hoover's Translation of Agricola's De Re Metallica:

This article analyzes Herbert C. Hoover's translation of the De Re Metallica (1956) in the context of the 1922 Mine Strikes. The De Re Metallica combines practical instruction in mining techniques with a philosophical justification of the practice of mining. In Book I of the De Re Metallica, Agricola consciously constructs a rationalized science of metallurgy and mineralogy to enable expert miners to profit in a risky enterprise. Analysis of the text thus reveals that Hoover's interest in Agricola's “intellectual achievements” may have been more than technical. The economical and political assumptions that drive Agricola's arguments—justification of mining as a profit-making enterprise, his notions that accidents occur because workers are careless, and his rhetorical use of the notion of scientific expertise—framed many of the early twentieth century debates between mine operators and union organizers. In revisioning Agricola's arguments in the context of Hoover's own Principles of Mining and his statemen...
Pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, through increased kinase activity, produce enlarged lysosomes with reduced degradative capacity and increase ATP13A2 expression

Lysosomal dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Several genes linked to genetic forms of PD, including leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), functionally converge on the lysosomal system. While mutations in LRRK2 are commonly associated with autosomal-dominant PD, the physiological and pathological functions of this kinase remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that LRRK2 regulates lysosome size, number and function in astrocytes, which endogenously express high levels of LRRK2. Expression of LRRK2 G2019S, the most common pathological mutation, produces enlarged lysosomes and diminishes the lysosomal capacity of these cells. Enlarged lysosomes appears to be a common phenotype associated with pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, as we also observed this effect in cells expressing other LRRK2 mutations; R1441C or Y1699C. The lysosomal defects associated with these mutations are dependent on both the catalytic activity of the kinase and autophosphorylation of LRRK2 at serine 1292. Further, we demonstrate that blocking LRRK2's kinase activity, with the potent and selective inhibitor PF-06447475, rescues the observed defects in lysosomal morphology and function. The present study also establishes that G2019S mutation leads to a reduction in lysosomal pH and increased expression of the lysosomal ATPase ATP13A2, a gene linked to a parkinsonian syndrome (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome), in brain samples from mouse and human LRRK2 G2019S carriers. Together, these results demonstrate that PD-associated LRRK2 mutations perturb lysosome function in a kinase-dependent manner, highlighting the therapeutic promise of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in the treatment of PD.