cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barrier inference

Many parallel programs are written in SPMD style i.e. by running the same sequential program on all processes. SPMD programs include synchronization, but it is easy to write incorrect synchronization patterns. We propose a system that verifies a program's synchronization pattern. We also propose language features to make the synchronization pattern more explicit and easily checked. We have implemented a prototype of our system for Split-C and successfully verified the synchronization structure of realistic programs.
Drosophila SLC22A Transporter Is a Memory Suppressor Gene that Influences Cholinergic Neurotransmission to the Mushroom Bodies.

The mechanisms that constrain memory formation are of special interest because they provide insights into the brain's memory management systems and potential avenues for correcting cognitive disorders. RNAi knockdown in the Drosophila mushroom body neurons (MBn) of a newly discovered memory suppressor gene, Solute Carrier DmSLC22A, a member of the organic cation transporter family, enhances olfactory memory expression, while overexpression inhibits it. The protein localizes to the dendrites of the MBn, surrounding the presynaptic terminals of cholinergic afferent fibers from projection neurons (Pn). Cell-based expression assays show that this plasma membrane protein transports cholinergic compounds with the highest affinity among several in vitro substrates. Feeding flies choline or inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in Pn enhances memory, an effect blocked by overexpression of the transporter in the MBn. The data argue that DmSLC22A is a memory suppressor protein that limits memory formation by helping to terminate cholinergic neurotransmission at the Pn:MBn synapse.
Investigation on awareness rate of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and high risk behavior among different groups in Fengxian District of Shanghai City

[Objective]To understand the status of HIV /AIDS prevention knowledge and high risk behavior among different groups in Fengxian District of Shanghai City,and provide scientific evidence for further intervention in high risk population.[Methods]A cross sectional survey was performed on different groups in Fengxian District to investigate HIV / AIDS related knowledge awareness,condom use and intervention measures.[Results]The investigation showed the AIDS knowledge awareness rate among high risk population was higher than that of the general populations.In acceptance of AIDS prevention and health education service,the proportion for female sex workers,drug addicts,STD outpatients and young students was 67.80%,39.5%,12.8%,49.9%,respectively.The proportion of people in acceptance of HIV testing service was low( 30%).The proportion of sexual behavior without condoms in recent 1 year was 33% in community residents and floating population.The proportion of the latest sexual behavior without condom was 15.80% in floating population.The proportion of condom use in every anal sex among MSM was 39.13%,and the proportion of condom use in the latest time was 58.69%.[Conclusion]knowledge awareness rate still needs to improve among different groups,and condom use rate is still low.AIDS prevention and control in female sex workers,MSM and young students needs to be strengthened further
Optimization and application of tube pitch for evacuated tube solar collector

In order to improve the performance and decrease the cost of solar water heater,the optimization of evacuated tube solar collector was done by considering both the performance and the cost.The optimization model of tube pitch for the evacuated tube solar collector was developed,and the optimization object is the cost per unit energy gain.The optimization model included a collector cost model,and a solar energy gain model in which the solar radiation and the effect of shadow between tubes were taken into consideration.A case study of the model on commonly used solar collector shows that the cost per unit energy gain and the total cost of solar collector are decreased by 1.5% and 4.6%,respectively.
Socio-Genomics and Structural Competency

Adverse developmental exposures and pathologies of the social environment make vastly greater contributions to the leading health burdens in society than currently known genotypic information. Yet, while patients now commonly bring information on single alleles to the attention of their healthcare team, the former conditions are only rarely considered with respect to future health outcomes. This manuscript aims to integrate social environmental influences in genetic predictive models of disease risk. Healthcare providers must be educated to better understand genetic risks for complex diseases and the specific health consequences of societal adversities, to facilitate patient education, disease prevention, and the optimal care in order to achieve positive health outcomes for those with early trauma or other social disadvantage.
Pediatric head injury: what is unique and different.

Pediatric head injury has unique issues that make patient management and outcome different from that of adult head injury. The differences may be classified in various categories. The mechanism of injury may be that of accidental or non-accidental trauma, and in the latter, repeated secondary insults will affect patient management and outcome. Age related aspects will determine a greater or lesser degree of craniocervical junction injuries (disproportionate cranial size to trunk in infancy and early childhood). Other factors are potential underlying congenital anomalies, physiological factors (cere-brovascular reactivity and blood flow), differing support systems needed from that of adults for neuro imaging and specialized medical, nursing and allied health care support. Pediatric rehabilitation and educational needs and goals are different to that of adult head injury. Neurological recovery in non-accidental trauma is uniformly poor, when compared to accidental trauma. Pediatric head injury has unique requirements in early field management, hospital management, rehabilitation and educational needs, as well as community re-entry programmes.
The intersection of Fatalismo and pessimism on depressive symptoms and suicidality of Mexican descent adolescents: An attribution perspective.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study is to examine the role fatalismo beliefs and pessimistic attributions on depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and suicidality of Mexican descent adolescents. The major premise of this study is that it is the interaction between the level of negative attribution and fatalismo beliefs that explains the relationship with mental health outcomes, not the fatalistic belief itself. METHOD A sample of 524 Mexican descent adolescents from a midsized city in south Texas was surveyed (age range = 14-20 years; M = 16.23 years; SD = 1.10 years). RESULTS Linear and logistic multiple regression analyses demonstrate that pessimism is independently and positively related to depressive symptoms, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. Predetermination and luck beliefs were not found to be independently related to any outcomes; however, there were significant interaction effects between pessimism and predetermination beliefs on suicidal ideation and plans. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study highlight the need to study fatalismo multidimensionally, use culturally relevant measures, and account for attributions to understand the affect of fatalismo on mental health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury

The trillions of microbes that exist in the gastrointestinal tract have emerged as pivotal regulators of mammalian development and physiology. Disruption of this gut microbiome, a process known as dysbiosis, causes or exacerbates various diseases, but whether gut dysbiosis affects recovery of neurological function or lesion pathology after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is unknown. Data in this study show that SCI increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation from the gut. These changes are associated with immune cell activation in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) and significant changes in the composition of both major and minor gut bacterial taxa. Postinjury changes in gut microbiota persist for at least one month and predict the magnitude of locomotor impairment. Experimental induction of gut dysbiosis in naive mice before SCI (e.g., via oral delivery of broad-spectrum antibiotics) exacerbates neurological impairment and spinal cord pathology after SCI. Conversely, feeding SCI mice commercial probiotics (VSL#3) enriched with lactic acid-producing bacteria triggers a protective immune response in GALTs and confers neuroprotection with improved locomotor recovery. Our data reveal a previously unknown role for the gut microbiota in influencing recovery of neurological function and neuropathology after SCI.
Language and Culture

What is the relationship between language and culture? One argument has to do with whether there is a universal (biological) program for the acquisition of language or whether there is a set of potentialities which are molded by culture. Noam Chomsky argued for a universal (natural) program, whereas other linguists have argued that language is always a cultural invention. Daniel Everett suggests that only a general learning capacity is at work. Chomsky distinguished between broad and narrow faculties, the latter reducible to recursion, the folding of one statement into others by grammatical means. This, however, is not found in the Piraha language of Amazonia studied by Everett. Everett offered ‘intelligence’ as the factor enabling language acquisition, but the ability to combine patterns gets us closer to the processes involved.
Phase II Study of Dasatinib in Patients with Relapsed CLL

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the Src-related tyrosine kinase Lyn is upregulated and constitutively activated in CLL cells. Lyn inhibitors have been shown to reduce survival of CLL cells in vitro and the Src inhibitor PPW results in the death of murine B cell leukemia. This has spurred interest in the role of Src inhibition as a treatment option for patients with CLL. Dasatinib is a dual Src- and Abl-kinase inhibitor that was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with CML failing imatinib. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in CLL cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of dasatinib in patients with relapsed CLL. Patients with relapsed CLL, SLL, T-PLL and normal organ function were eligible. The dose of dasatinib was 50 mg PO bid continuously with possible escalation up to 70 mg bid. Each cycle was 4 weeks. Thirteen patients have been treated. The median age was 67 years (range, 42 to 83). The median number of prior treatments was 4 (range, 1 to 8). Five patients (38%) had Rai stage 0–1 disease, the other 8 (62%) had stage II–IV disease. Two patients were inevaluable for response; one changed his mind after only 2 days of treatment and the other patient was hospitalized with Aspergillus 2 weeks into treatment. Of the remaining 11 patients, 6 were treated for 3 cycles, 1 for 6 cycles, 1 is still on treatment, and 3 had therapy stopped after 2, 15, and 34 days for lip numbness, persistent headache, and thrombocytopenia/fatigue, respectively. Five patients had dose escalation after cycle 1, and 1 patient had escalation after cycle 3. The Grade 1 and 2 toxicities included 38% headache, 38% flushing, 46% fatigue, 46% anorexia/nausea, and 23% diarrhea. One patient (8%) had both Grade 3–4 headache and fatigue. One patient (8%) had Grade 3–4 diarrhea and another (8%) had a Grade 3 pleural effusion. Hematologic toxicities included neutropenia in 76%, (grade 3-4 63%), thrombocytopenia in 44% (grade 3–4 22%), and 80% with Grade 1–2 anemia. Eleven patients were evaluable for response. No patient achieved CR or PR based on NCI-WG Criteria. Several patients showed evidence of biologic activity of dasatinib including 1 PR in nodes but worsening anemia, 1 stable disease for 3 cycles, and 2 patients with significant reductions in ALC; one patient had a drop from 76,000/ml to 32,000/ml after only 2 days of dasatinib but stopped therapy because of headache, one had a reduction in WBC from 40,000 to 6,000. One patient continues on therapy. In this trial dasatinib produced no responses by NGI-WG criteria but showed evidence of biologic activity in a very heavily pretreated group of pts with CLL. Accrual continues.
Determining the Role of N-Terminal Acetylation on α-Synuclein Function

α-Synuclein (αS) is an abundant neuronal protein implicated in Parkinson's disease. Acetylation of the N-terminal methionine of αS is a ubiquitous modification of αS derived from healthy brain tissue as well as from Parkinson's disease patients. In vitro, it has a minor impact on both the solution structure and membrane-binding properties of αS and its role in αS function is unknown. In order to gain greater insight into the role N-terminal acetylation in αS function, we created an acetylation mimic, where the N-terminal methionine is replaced with asparagine (αSasn) and contrasted it with unmodified (αSunmod) and N-terminally acetylated (αSacetyl ) αS.
Metabolite Spectral Accuracy on Orbitraps.

Orbitraps are high-resolution ion-trap mass spectrometers that are widely used in metabolomics. While the mass accuracy and resolving power of orbitraps have been extensively documented, their spectral accuracy, i.e., accuracy in measuring the abundances of isotopic peaks, remains less studied. In analyzing spectra of unlabeled metabolites, we discovered a systematic under representation of heavier natural isotopic species, especially for high molecular weight metabolites (∼20% under-measurement of [M + 1]/[M + 0] ratio at m/z 600). We hypothesize that these discrepancies arise for metabolites far from the lower limit of the mass scan range, due to the weaker containment in the C-trap that results in suboptimal trajectories inside the Orbitrap analyzer. Consistent with this, spectral fidelity was restored by dividing the mass scan range (initially 75 m/z to 1000 m/z) into two scan events, one for lower molecular weight and the other for higher molecular weight metabolites. Having thus obtained accurate ma...
Abstract 2344: Beyond RB1: the pocket protein p130 mediates the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in RB1-deficient urothelial carcinoma

Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma is characterized by a high incidence of molecular alterations in the CDKN2A-RB-E2F axis. Loss of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 encoded by CDKN2A or amplification of CDK4/6 is associated with sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors in various cancers. Functional RB1 is believed to be canonically required for mediating the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in this setting. However, muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas harbor RB mutations and copy-number losses in 21% of patients. To extend the activity spectrum of CDK4/6 inhibitors to these RB1-deficient cancers, we investigated the role of pocket protein p130 encoded by the Retinoblastoma-Like 2 (RBL2) gene, in mediating the downstream effects of CDK4/6 inhibition. Methods: CRISPR-Cas9 was used for CDKN2A knockout in the 5637-urothelial cancer cell line with an RB-mutant background and in TCCSUP cell line with wild-type RB. CDKN2A- cells were subsequently treated with CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. Levels of RB1, phospho-RB1 (at serine 807/ serine 811), p130 and phospho-p130 (specifically, the CDK4/6-dependent serine-672 phosphorylation) proteins were quantified using SDS-PAGE. Cell-cycle phase analysis was performed using flow cytometric measurement of BrdU and PI staining. Results: CRISPR-induced disruption of CDKN2A was validated using genomic PCR and targeted Miseq sequencing. p16 protein knockdown was validated using SDS-PAGE. CRISPR-induced CDKN2A knockdown resulted in increased cell proliferation and faster G1/S transition even in the absence of functional RB in the 5637-urothelial cancer cell line. A significant increase in the levels of phospho-p130 was observed after p16 knockdown without changes in the levels of unphosphorylated p130. TCCSUP cell line with functional RB demonstrated a similar increase in proliferation, faster G1/S transition and an increase in phospho-p130. Palbociclib was effective in reversing these changes in all the tested cell lines. Conclusions: the pocket protein p130 plays an important role in mediating downstream effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in urothelial cancer cell lines with both wild-type and more importantly, deficient RB. CDK4/6-dependent phosphorylation of p130 can effectively compensate for the functional loss of RB activating E2F family of transcription factors that control G1/S checkpoint. These findings potentially explain the lack of correlation between RB and response to CDK4/6 inhibitors in clinical trials. These results provide a mechanistic rationale for extending clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors to patients with RB1-deficient tumors. Citation Format: Bishoy M. Faltas, Ethan Shelkey, Rebecca Meyer, Nathan Young, Mark A. Rubin. Beyond RB1: the pocket protein p130 mediates the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition in RB1-deficient urothelial carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2344. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2344
Fertility Preservation in Hypogonadal Men

Increasing numbers of men in the United States are seeking treatment for symptomatic hypogonadism with testosterone supplementation therapy (TST). In addition, the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is also increasing. Our current knowledge of the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis demonstrates that exogenous androgen use suppresses intratesticular testosterone (T) concentration and consequently shuts down spermatogenesis in the overwhelming majority of cases, leading to potential infertility. Men who are hypogonadal who have not completed their family have several medical options that will allow both the treatment of their symptoms and the preservation of spermatogenesis. Human chorionic gonadotropin, recombinant human FSH, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors, among other agents, have been shown to increase low serum T in appropriate candidates with ondary hypogonadism. For those men who have previously been treated with TST/AAS, are currently on treatment or anticipate starting therapy, and who also desire restoration or maintenance of their fertility, these same agents have demonstrated efficacy in reversing or preventing the negative feedback of exogenous androgen on the hormonal axis. In this chapter, we propose treatment algorithms when a patient desires restoration or maintenance of his fertility in the setting of TST.
Moral Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain: God, Self, and Other

The long eighteenth century is a crucial period in the history of ethics, when our moral relations to God, ourselves and others were minutely examined and our duties, rights and virtues systematically and powerfully presented. Colin Heydt charts the history of practical morality - what we ought to do and to be - from the 1670s, when practical ethics arising from Protestant natural law gained an institutional foothold in England, to early British responses to the French Revolution around 1790. He examines the conventional philosophical positions concerning the content of morality, and utilizes those conventions to reinterpret the work of key figures including Locke, Hume, and Smith. Situating these positions in their thematic and historical contexts, he shows how studying them challenges our assumptions about the originality, intended audience, and aims of philosophical argument during this period. His rich and readable book will appeal to a range of scholars and students.
Supply chain risk and resilience: theory building through structured experiments and simulation

The research literature of supply chain risk and resilience is at a critical developmental stage. Studies have established the importance of these topics both to researchers and practitioners. They...
Calculations of non-adiabatic couplings within equation-of-motion coupled-cluster framework: Theory, implementation, and validation against multi-reference methods

We report an implementation of non-adiabatic coupling (NAC) forces within the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD) framework via the summed-state approach. Using illustrative examples, we compare NAC forces computed with EOM-CCSD and multi-reference (MR) wave functions (for selected cases, we also consider configuration interaction singles). In addition to the magnitude of the NAC vectors, we analyze their direction, which is important for the calculations of the rate of non-adiabatic transitions. Our benchmark set comprises three doublet radical-cations (hexatriene, cyclohexadiene, and uracil), neutral uracil, and sodium-doped ammonia clusters. When the characters of the states agree among different methods, we observe good agreement between the respective NAC vectors, both in the Franck-Condon region and away. In the cases of large discrepancies between the methods, the disagreement can be attributed to the difference in the states' character, which, in some cases, is very sensitive to electron correlation, both within single-reference and multi-reference frameworks. The numeric results confirm that the accuracy of NAC vectors depends critically on the quality of the underlying wave functions. Within their domain of applicability, EOM-CC methods provide a viable alternative to MR approaches.
Nanomaterials in Liquid Crystals as Ion-Generating and Ion-Capturing Objects

The majority of tunable liquid crystal devices are driven by electric fields. The performance of such devices can be altered by the presence of small amounts of ions in liquid crystals. Therefore, the understanding of possible sources of ions in liquid crystal materials is very critical to a broad range of existing and future applications employing liquid crystals. Recently, nanomaterials in liquid crystals have emerged as a hot research topic, promising for its implementation in the design of wearable and tunable liquid crystal devices. An analysis of published results revealed that nanodopants in liquid crystals can act as either ion-capturing agents or ion-generating objects. In this paper, a recently developed model of contaminated nanomaterials in liquid crystals is analyzed. Nanoparticle-enabled ion capturing and ion generation regimes in liquid crystals are discussed within the framework of the proposed model. This model is in very good agreement with existing experimental results. Practical implications and future research directions are also discussed.
Analysis of snake venom composition and antimicrobial activity.

Abstract With the threat of a post-antibiotic era looming, the search for new and effective antibiotics from novel sources is imperative. Not only has crude snake venom been shown to be effective, but specific components within the venoms, such as Phospholipase A2s and l -amino acid oxidases have been isolated and demonstrated to be effective as well. Despite numerous studies being completed on snake venoms, there is a heavy bias towards utilizing the venoms from the highly toxic Elapidae and Viperidae species. Very few studies have been conducted on the less toxic, but taxonomically more diverse, Colubridae. Furthermore, an extensive review of the literature examining the efficacy and potential specificity of these venoms has not been completed. Therefore, the aims of this study were to elucidate any similarities in snake venoms as well as investigate the efficacy of snake venom antimicrobial properties towards morphologically and metabolically diverse microbial classes and the prevalence of snake species with antimicrobial properties within each snake family. The results indicate that snake venoms and their isolated components are powerful antimicrobial agents but vary in efficacy towards different microbial classes. Furthermore, due to similarities in venom composition, and limited preliminary studies, the less toxic Colubridae family may be a fruitful area of research to find novel antimicrobial agents that are less harmful to humans.
Using domain knowledge for targeted alerting in PBA for IT service management

Process behavior analysis (PBA) has been applied to service quality control for decades. In IT service delivery management, PBA has been widely and successfully applied to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) over time to identify process anomalies. However, we notice that PBA is often limited to a relatively small number of high-level indicators instead of slicing and dicing data for each KPI to find the key dimensions that highlight specific problems. This is due to the fact that without applying domain knowledge to identify relevant alerts, monitoring all possible dimensions leads to too many irrelevant alerts. In this paper, we demonstrate that, using domain-specific rules for each dimension as well as for dimension combinations, we generate targeted alerts for specific consumers. While the presented framework is generic, we demonstrate specifically how targeted alerting can be applied to the incident management process, in particular to monitoring incident volumes over time. We showcase the value of our targeted alerting mechanism using data from 18 outsourcing clients.
Distal femoral osteotomy in a young symptomatic population: Outcomes correlate to concomitant pathology.

Abstract Background There is a paucity of literature describing distal femoral osteotomies (DFO) in regards to complications and outcomes with previously studied cohorts containing primarily older, arthritic subjects. There has been no study to date focusing on younger, pre-arthritic patients. Methods All service members indicated for distal femoral osteotomy for coronal plane malalignment were isolated from military treatment centers between 2007 and 2013. Demographic and surgical variables were extracted, and perioperative complications, clinical course, and return to military function were extracted using clinical notes and radiographs. Results A total of 22 knees in 19 patients were identified at an average 3.2 year follow-up, with the exclusion of 16 individuals. Statistical analysis revealed worse outcomes associated with smoking, over correction, breach of the medial cortex, and prior surgeries. Overall 58% of patients left the military as the result of knee dysfunction despite an average improvement in visual analog scores (VAS) from 4.0 to 1.9 (p = 0.004). Conclusions While offloading the lateral compartment improves symptoms at short to midterm follow-up preventing progression to arthroplasty, young active duty military members have suboptimal return to duty rates.
OT Practitioners’ Perception of Their Role in Care Coordination

Date Presented 04/06/19 Care coordination has been identified as a key component of new healthcare models. The study purpose was to explore the perceptions of pediatric OT practitioners regarding their role in care coordination activities. Ten participants with an average of over 18 years of experience participated in interviews with five resulting themes. Implications for OT practice included the need for adapted productivity standards, opportunities for billing, and increased education regarding care coordination. Primary Author and Speaker: Allison Allgier Contributing Authors: Barbara Nadeau
Creative Framing, Systematic Exploration

The value of translation—of bridging the divide between concept and realization, between academia and practice—has been a core editorial mission of this journal since its inception. The work presen...
Scalable and explainable legal prediction

Legal decision-support systems have the potential to improve access to justice, administrative efficiency, and judicial consistency, but broad adoption of such systems is contingent on development of technologies with low knowledge-engineering, validation, and maintenance costs. This paper describes two approaches to an important form of legal decision support—explainable outcome prediction—that obviate both annotation of an entire decision corpus and manual processing of new cases. The first approach, which uses an attention network for prediction and attention weights to highlight salient case text, was shown to be capable of predicting decisions, but attention-weight-based text highlighting did not demonstrably improve human decision speed or accuracy in an evaluation with 61 human subjects. The second approach, termed semi-supervised case annotation for legal explanations, exploits structural and semantic regularities in case corpora to identify textual patterns that have both predictable relationships to case decisions and explanatory value.
Providing Support to Friends Experiencing a Sexual Health Uncertainty

Emerging adults provide support to friends experiencing sexual health uncertainties; however, the support provided varies. Because of the centrality of friendships during emerging adulthood, identi...
Spectrotemporal Modulation Sensitivity in Cochlear-Implant and Normal-Hearing Listeners: Is the Performance Driven by Temporal or Spectral Modulation Sensitivity?

This study examined the contribution of temporal and spectral modulation sensitivity to discrimination of stimuli modulated in both the time and frequency domains. The spectrotemporally modulated s...
Revisiting common pitfalls in graphical representations utilizing a case-based learning approach

Data visualization blends art and science to convey stories from data via graphical representations. Considering different problems, applications, requirements, and design goals, it is challenging to combine these two components at their full force. While the art component involves creating visually appealing and easily interpreted graphics for users, the science component requires accurate representations of a large amount of input data. With a lack of the science component, visualization cannot serve its role of creating correct representations of the actual data, thus leading to wrong perception, interpretation, and decision. It might be even worse if incorrect visual representations were intentionally produced to deceive the viewers. This work-in-progress paper focuses on misinformation in graphical representations utilizing a case-based learning approach. The misleading data visualization examples are surveyed and projected onto fundamental units of visual communication, such as size, value, shape, size, and position. This work aims at helping viewers understand the root causes of the misuse, as well as provide basic principles for making more effective visualizations.
Sex differences in lever pressing and running wheel tasks of effort-based choice behavior in rats: suppression of high effort activity by the serotonin transport inhibitor fluoxetine.

Selective serotonin transport (SERT) inhibitors such as fluoxetine are the most commonly prescribed treatments for depression. Although efficacious for many symptoms of depression, motivational impairments such as psychomotor retardation, anergia, fatigue and amotivation are relatively resistant to treatment with SERT inhibitors, and these drugs have been reported to exacerbate motivational deficits in some people. In order to study motivational dysfunctions in animal models, procedures have been developed to measure effort-related decision making, which offer animals a choice between high effort actions leading to highly valued reinforcers, or low effort/low reward options. In the present studies, male and female rats were tested on two different tests of effort-based choice: a fixed ratio 5 (FR5)/chow feeding choice procedure and a running wheel (RW)/chow feeding choice task. The baseline pattern of choice differed across tasks for males and females, with males pressing the lever more than females on the operant task, and females running more than males on the RW task. Administration of the SERT inhibitor and antidepressant fluoxetine suppressed the higher effort activity on each task (lever pressing and wheel running) in both males and females. The serotonin receptor mediating the suppressive effects of fluoxetine is uncertain, because serotonin antagonists with different patterns of receptor selectivity failed to reverse the effects of fluoxetine. Nevertheless, these studies uncovered important sex differences, and demonstrated that the suppressive effects of fluoxetine on high effort activities are not limited to tasks involving food reinforced behavior or appetite suppressive effects. It is possible that this line of research will contribute to an understanding of the neurochemical factors regulating selection of voluntary physical activity vs. sedentary behaviors, which could be relevant for understanding the role of physical activity in psychiatric disorders.
Quantitative label-free proteomics and biochemical analysis of Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivation on dairy manure wastewater

Microalgae cultivation on wastewater offers the dual benefit of lowering costs for feedstock production with simultaneous wastewater remediation. This study utilized biochemical and quantitative label-free proteomic approaches to evaluate the growth and proteomic response for diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivated on flushed dairy manure wastewater (DMW). Comparing several DMW dilutions (up to 60% DMW diluted in seawater) with a synthetic seawater medium indicates that biomass and lipid yields correlate with the starting nitrogen content of the DMW dilution. Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivated on DMW exhibits elevated levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3). Proteomic analysis revealed alterations in the regulations of proteins associated with protein metabolism, cellular signaling, transcription and translation, protein trafficking, and oxidative stress management pathways when comparing P. tricornutum cultivation on diluted DMW versus synthetic media, thus providing insights into how P. tricornutum reorganizes its proteome in response to a complex wastewater source.
Global impact of physical inactivity and implications for public health nursing.

Physicalinactivity has been a public health problem worldwide for more than a decade. Of those who are physically active, a substantial percentage engage solely in low or very low physical activity (PA) levels. In the last 3 decades, the prevalence of PA in the United States has decreased with approximately 80% of adults not meeting the recommended guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening PA. The PA levels of youth have dramatically decreased with 85% of adolescents reporting no PA. Regular PA participation can aid in preventing chronic diseases. A strong inverse dose-response relationship exists between PA and the incidence of cardiovascular disease, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Moreover, low cardiorespiratory fitness levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: the leading cause of death and disability globally. Conversely, high amounts of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA at levels 3-5 times recommended in guidelines reduce risk for all cause mortality. Socio-ecological determinants of PA are essential considerations for promoting across the life course. In health care and community settings, public health nurses have opportunities to promote PA through a socio-ecological approach across the life course of individuals and diverse populations.
Complement and Its Receptors in Infection

This chapter focuses on the general modus operandi of complement and its receptors in infection. It discusses the various pathways of complement activation and their microbial triggers and highlights some of the mechanisms and strategies pathogens have evolved to counteract or “hijack” the complement system. A portion examines how the source of complement affects adaptive immunity to infectious agents. Defined by the mode of activation and the subsequent proteolytic cascade in which activation occurs, three activation pathways are recognized: classical, mannan-binding lectin (MBL), and alternative. Complement receptors play an important role in the uptake and clearance of opsonized Ag, enhancing adaptive and innate cellular responses, and inducing inflammatory responses. The role of anaphylatoxin receptors becomes more complicated when relatively recent work describing an attenuating effect of C3aR on inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in an in vivo endotoxic shock model is considered. An additional factor that might have promoted cooperation between adaptive immunity and classical complement is the close linkage of some of their hallmark genes on the mammalian genome. To date, myeloid C3 is the only known source with a site-restricted complement function that does not overlap with alternative sources. Its fundamental importance in adaptive immunity in the periphery might make it a factor of consideration in vaccine development or possibly part of standard clinical analyses where serum complement is measured now.
Pre-moult patterns of habitat use and moult site selection by Brent Geese Branta bernicla nigricans: individuals prospect for moult sites.

In environments where habitat quality varies, the mechanism by which individuals assess and select habitats has significant consequences on their spatial distribution and ability to respond to environmental change. Each year, thousands of Black Brent Geese Branta bernicla nigricans migrate to the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area (TLSA), Alaska, to undergo a flightless wing-moult. Over the last three decades, moulting Brent Geese have changed their distribution within the TLSA, redistributing from inland, freshwater wetlands towards coastal, brackish wetlands. To understand better the mechanism by which Brent Geese select a moult site, as well as reasons behind the long-term shift of moulting distributions, we examined movements and habitat use of birds marked with GPS-transmitters during the pre-moult period. Brent Geese did not generally migrate directly to their moulting site during the pre-moult period, defined as the time from arrival at the moulting grounds to the onset of flightlessness. Rather, individuals used an average of 3.7 ± 0.6 (se) wetland complexes and travelled a minimum of 95.14 ± 15.84 km during the pre-moult period. Moreover, 69% of Brent Geese visited their final moult site only to leave and visit other sites before returning for the flightless moult. Brent Geese spent significant time in both inland freshwater and coastal estuarine habitats during the pre-moult, irrespective of the habitat in which they ultimately moulted. Whereas previous research suggested that Brent Geese choose moult sites based largely upon the experience of previous years, our observations suggest a mechanism of moult site selection whereby Brent Geese 'prospect' for moult sites, visiting multiple potential moult sites across varied habitat types, presumably gathering information from each site and correspondingly using this information to choose an appropriate moult site. By allowing individuals to adjust their distributions in response to habitat quality cues that may change annually, such as forage type and availability, prospecting may have influenced the long-term shift in moulting distributions of Brent Geese in the TLSA.
Feeds and Feed Additives, Ruminant Feeds

This article discusses feedstuffs and feed additives that are incorporated into ruminant diets based on various physiological states of the animal. The ruminant animal is unique because it can utilize highly fibrous feedstuffs that are unsuitable for consumption by monogastric animals. Primary feedstuffs include forages/roughages, high energy feeds, supplements, feed additives, and juvenile animal feeds. Forages/roughages (fibrous feeds) are the predominant feedstuffs consumed by ruminants throughout the major portion of their lifetimes. Ruminants consume fibrous feeds either by grazing or by being fed preharvested forage. High energy feeds are those that are more energy dense than forages/roughages. These consist primarily of readily fermentable carbohydrate sources (grains) and lipids—either of plant or animal origin. A large number of supplemental sources of protein, energy, macrominerals, microminerals, and vitamins are discussed. Primary classes of feed additives include ionophores, ion-exchange compounds, direct-fed microbials, bloat preventatives, ruminal buffers, hormones, and antibiotics. Situations in which young ruminants consume feed other than mother's milk are discussed. Various feed sources for these young animals are identified. Because of the extreme diversity in ruminant production systems, the sources of ruminant feeds are extremely diverse. Keywords: feeds; feeds and additives; ruminants
ORIGIN OF SUNSPOTS

Sunspots, seen as cool regions on the surface of the Sun, are a thermal phenomenon. Sunspots are always associated with bipolar magnetic loops that break through the solar surface. Thus to explain the origin of sunspots we have to understand how the magnetic field originates inside the Sun and emerges at its surface. The field predicted by mean-field dynamo theories is too weak by itself to emerge at the surface of the Sun. However, because of the turbulent character of solar convection the fields generated by dynamo are intermittent – i.e., concentrated into ropes or sheets with large spaces in between. The intermittent fields are sufficiently strong to be able to emerge at the solar surface, in spite of the fact that their mean (average) value is weak. It is suggested here that magnetic fields emerge at the solar surface at those random times and places when the total magnetic field (mean field plus fluctuations) exceeds the threshold for buoyancy. The clustering of coherently emerged loops results in the formation of a sunspot. A non-axisymmetric enhancement of the underlying magnetic field causes in the clustering of sunspots forming sunspot groups, clusters of activity and active longitudes. The mean field, which is not directly observable, is also important, being responsible for the ensemble regularities of sunspots, such as Hale's law of sunspot polarities and the 11-year periodicity.
The Science on Sexual Orientation: A Review of the Recent Literature

The determinants of sexual orientation remain unknown—whether it is result of biological factors, cultural factors, or, most likely, some combination of the two. This paper reviews the recent literature on the science of sexual orientation and discusses some of the theories on the origins of homosexuality. There is a critique of both the process and the studies.
Interactive document processing and digital libraries

We explore connections between digital libraries and interactive document image analysis. Digital libraries can provide useful data and metadata for research in automated document image analysis, and allow unbiased testing of DIA algorithms. With these goals in mind, we suggest criteria for constructing and evaluating interactive DIA tools.
Experimental evaluation of angularly variable fiber geometry for targeting depth-resolved reflectance from layered epithelial tissue phantoms

The present study focuses on enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of spectral diagnosis in a stratified architecture that models human cervical epithelia by experimentally demonstrating the efficacy of using angularly variable fiber geometry to achieve the desired layer selection and probing depths. The morphological and biochemical features of epithelial tissue vary in accordance with tissue depths; consequently, the accuracy of spectroscopic diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia may be enhanced by probing the optical properties of this tissue. In the case of cellular dysplasia, layer-specific changes in tissue optical properties may be optimally determined by reflectance spectroscopy when specifically coupled with angularly variable fiber geometry. This study addresses the utility of using such angularly variable fiber geometry for resolving spatially specific spectra of a two-layer epithelial tissue phantom. Spectral sensitivity to the scattering particles embedded in the epithelial phantom layer is shown to significantly improve as the obliquity of the collection fibers increases from 0 to 40 deg. Conversely, the orthogonal fibers are found to be more sensitive to changes in the stromal phantom layer.
Introduction to health economics for physicians

Summary Since the 1960s, expenditure on health care in developed countries has risen faster than the general rate of inflation, thus making economic assessment of interventions an integral part of decision making in health services. This paper is the first in a series whose goal is to provide some basic principles of health economics that will allow practising physicians to understand better the economic relations between their practice of medicine, the health-care sector, and the national economy. Some of the most important principles described in this paper include opportunity costs, identifying the appropriate perspective, correctly categorising costs, and discounting costs and non-monetary benefits (eg, lives saved) over time. Economic analyses of medical interventions must also take into consideration the difference between efficacy and effectiveness. Efficacy is the maximum possible benefit, often achieved with carefully controlled trials, and effectiveness is the actual decrease in disease achieved when the intervention is applied over a large, non-homogeneous population. This introduction ends with three methods of assessing the costs and benefits of an intervention—namely, cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility analyses.
Decreased Gray Matter in Normal Aging: An in Vivo Magnetic Resonance Study

Using in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) images, the percentages of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brains of 8 young and 6 elderly normal male community volunteers were quantified. Compared with the young men, the elderly men had a significantly lower percentage of gray matter (p less than .01) and higher percentage of CSF (p less than .01). The percentage of white matter was not significantly different between the two groups. This finding suggests that the age-related decrease in brain tissue is chiefly due to loss of gray matter.
Empirical and clinical assessments of children's object relations and object representations.

A series of investigations that assess children's object representations rang the Rorschach Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) Scale are reviewed. The scale is viewed as a summary measure of a child's repertoire of previous interpersonal interactions. It has been effective in delineating qualitative aspects of a number of child psychopathological syndromes, in documenting short-term object representational shifts in children undergoing surgery, and in foretelling key paradigms in child psychotherapy. This effectiveness provides empirical support for the hypothesized salience of object representations as an integral facet of personality and affirms Escalona's (1968) contention that capturing a child's phenomenological experience enhances our capacity to predict later outcome.