cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional homology and homology of function: biological concepts and philosophical consequences

“Functional homology” appears regularly in different areas of biological research and yet it is apparently a contradiction in terms—homology concerns identity of structure regardless of form and function. I argue that despite this conceptual tension there is a legitimate conception of ‘homology of function’, which can be recovered by utilizing a distinction from pre-Darwinian physiology (use versus activity) to identify an appropriate meaning of ‘function’. This account is directly applicable to molecular developmental biology and shares a connection to the theme of hierarchy in homology. I situate ‘homology of function’ within existing definitions and criteria for structural assessments of homology, and introduce a criterion of ‘organization’ for judging function homologues, which focuses on hierarchically interconnected interdependencies (similar to relative position and connection for skeletal elements in structural homology). This analysis of biological concepts has at least three broad philosophical consequences: (1) it provides the grounds for the study of behavior and psychological categories as homologues; (2) it demonstrates that philosophers who take selected effect function as primary effectively ignore large portions of comparative, structural, and experimental research, thereby misconstruing biological reasoning and knowledge; and, (3) it underwrites causal generalizations, which illuminates inferences made from model organisms in experimental biology.
Telescoping tracheal tubes into catheters minimizes epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation in children.

Background: Numerous strategies have been used to reduce epistaxis after nasotracheal intubation. The authors compared the severity of epistaxis after nasotracheal intubation in children with tubes at room temperature, warm tubes, and tubes telescoped into catheters. Methods: Children who were scheduled for elective dental surgery were randomly assigned to undergo nasotracheal intubation using a tube at room temperature (control), warmed in saline, or whose distal end had been telescoped into a red rubber catheter. After an inhalational induction and intravenous propofol, a lubricated tube or red rubber catheter was inserted into the right naris. Tracheal intubation was achieved by direct laryngoscopy and tube placement using Magill forceps. The pharynx was swabbed for blood by an observer who was blind to the treatment. The severity of bleeding was rated using reference figures. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests. P 40% of the gauze area covered in blood) in the catheter group (5%) was significantly less than in the control (56%) and warm (39%) groups. The incidence of no detectable blood in the catheter group (59%) was significantly greater than in the control (21%) and warm (26%) groups. Conclusions: Telescoping the endotracheal tube into a catheter significantly reduces epistaxis in children undergoing nasotracheal intubation.
The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students.

Abstract We investigated how Facebook use and attitudes relate to self-esteem and college adjustment, and expected to find a positive relationship between Facebook and social adjustment, and a negative relationship between Facebook, self-esteem, and emotional adjustment. We examined these relationships in first-year and upper-class students and expected to find differences between the groups. Seventy undergraduate students completed Facebook measures (time, number of friends, emotional and social connection to Facebook), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Student Adaptation to College Scale. First-year students had a stronger emotional connection to and spent more time on Facebook while they reported fewer friends than upper-class students did. The groups did not differ in the adjustment scores. The number of Facebook friends potentially hinders academic adjustment, and spending a lot of time on Facebook is related to low self-esteem. The number of Facebook friends was negatively associated with emo...
A Mouse Gene That Coordinates Epigenetic Controls and Transcriptional Interference To Achieve Tissue-Specific Expression

The mouse fpgs gene uses two distantly placed promoters to produce functionally distinct isozymes in a tissue-specific pattern. We queried how the P1 and P2 promoters were differentially controlled. DNA methylation of the CpG-sparse P1 promoter occurred only in tissues not initiating transcription at this site. The P2 promoter, which was embedded in a CpG island, appeared open to transcription in all tissues by several criteria, including lack of DNA methylation, yet was used only in dividing tissues. The patterns of histone modifications over the two promoters were very different: over P1, histone activation marks (acetylated histones H3 and H4 and H3 trimethylated at K4) reflected transcriptional activity and apparently reinforced the effects of hypomethylated CpGs; over P2, these marks were present in tissues whether P2 was active, inactive, or engaged in assembly of futile initiation complexes. Since P1 transcriptional activity coexisted with silencing of P2, we sought the mechanism of this transcriptional interference. We found RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated in a pattern consistent with transcriptional elongation, and only minimal levels of initiation factors over P2 in liver. We concluded that mouse fpgs uses DNA methylation to control tissue-specific expression from a CpG-sparse promoter, which is dominant over a downstream promoter masked by promoter occlusion.
Fiber in-line polarization rotator and mode interchanger.

Methode simple pour produire une rotation en ligne du plan de polarisation par rapport aux axes principaux d'une fibre birefringente
Fast Structure from Motion for Sequential and Wide Area Motion Imagery

We present a fast and efficient Structure-from-Motion (SfM) pipeline for refinement of camera parameters and 3D scene reconstruction given initial noisy camera metadata measurements. Examples include aerial Wide Area Motion Imagery (WAMI) which is typically acquired in a circular trajectory and other sequentially ordered multiview stereo imagery like Middlebury, Fountain or body-worn videos. Image frames are assumed (partially) ordered with approximate camera position and orientation information available from (imprecise) IMU and GPS sensors. In the proposed BA4S pipeline the noisy camera parameters or poses are directly used in a fast Bundle Adjustment (BA) optimization. Since the sequential ordering of the cameras is known, consecutive frame-to-frame matching is used to find a set of feature correspondences for the triangulation step of SfM. These putative correspondences are directly used in the BA optimization without any early-stage filtering (i.e. no RANSAC) using a statistical robust error function based on co-visibility, to deal with outliers (mismatches), which significantly speeds up our SfM pipeline by more than 100 times compared to VisualSfM.
Election Law in the American Political System (2d Ed.) [Table of Contents and Preface Only]

This new Election Law casebook, published by Aspen, and suitable for use in law schools and political science departments, offers a distinct alternative to casebooks currently on the market. Although election law, like any body of law, is a collection of constitutional provisions, statutes, and judicial rulings, it is also something more: election law establishes the ground rules by which politics itself is conducted. It is thus impossible, in our view, or at the very least inadvisable, to contemplate existing American election law without considering the kind of politics we have, and without asking whether it is the kind of politics we want, or deserve, or can justify. This book results, quite simply, from our wish for a set of course materials that places election law, as thoroughly as possible within the constraints of a typical classroom setting, in this broader context. It is designed to provide robust support for instructors who wish to ask questions about the efficacy, justifiability, and merits of contemporary politics and politico-legal institutions. The book provides this support primarily in two ways. First, it organizes the material and offers an account of the field in a way that stresses the conceptual connections between legal regimes structuring different phases of the democratic process. Second, it draws frequently on democratic theory and empirical political science to provide tools to help answer, or at the very least to help frame and to ask, the really significant and challenging questions about the design and justifications of contemporary American election law. At the same time, the book’s judicious selection of cases and its use of more comprehensive case excerpts than are sometimes found in law school casebooks allow it to support equally teaching approaches that stress the intensive legal analysis of doctrine.To give a clearer and more concrete idea of what this means for the content and organization of the book, the accompanying download provides the book’s Table of Contents and Preface.
The Use of Marine Aquaculture Solid Waste for Nursery Production of the Salt Marsh Plants Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus

Abstract Recent technological advances in marine shrimp and finfish aquaculture alleviate many of the environmental risks associated with traditional aquaculture, but challenges remain in cost-effective waste management. Liquid effluent from freshwater aquaculture systems has been shown to be effective in agricultural crop production (i.e., aquaponics), but few studies have explored the potential for reuse of marine aquaculture effluent, particularly the solid fraction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of marine aquaculture solid waste as a nutrient source for the nursery production of two salt tolerant plants commonly used in coastal salt marsh restoration, Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) and Juncus roemerianus (black needlerush). Specifically, measurements of plant biomass and tissue nitrogen and phosphorus allocation were compared between plants fertilized with dried shrimp biofloc solids and unfertilized controls, as well as between plants fertilized with dried fish solids and unfertilized controls. In both experiments, S. alterniflora plants fertilized with marine aquaculture solids showed few significant differences from unfertilized controls, whereas fertilized J. roemerianus plants had significantly greater biomass and absorbed and incorporated more nutrients in plant tissue compared to unfertilized controls. These results suggest that J. roemerianus may be a suitable plant species for the remediation of marine aquaculture solid waste.
Expression and cellular localization of mRNA encoding the "gastric" isoform of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit in rat kidney

The distribution of transcripts encoding the gastric H(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) alpha-subunit in the normal rat kidney was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), combined with DNA sequence analysis and renal microdissection, and by nonradioactive in situ hybridization of fixed kidney sections using highly specific molecular probes. RT-PCR products corresponding to the gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit were detected in the cortex, outer and inner medulla, and in isolated cortical (CCD) and inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD). With digoxigenin-labeled cRNAs derived from the 5' and 3' ends of the gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit cDNA, specific hybridization signal was detected prominently in all the cells of the connecting segment and CCD, the intercalated cells of the outer medullary collecting duct, the IMCD, and the renal pelvic epithelium lining the secondary pouches. Weak labeling was noted in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule, the distal convoluted tubule, and the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle. Hybridization with the sense probes produced no cellular labeling. These data provide the first direct demonstration for the expression and cellular distribution of mRNA encoding the gastric H(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha-subunit in the normal, potassium-replete kidney, and they provide essential tools for the molecular analysis of renal acid base and potassium transport under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Plasma Injection by a Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster for the Gasdynamic Mirror Fusion Experiment

The design of a magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT) as a plasma source for the Gasdynamic Mirror (GDM) Fusion Propulsion Engine Experiment is considered in this paper. A highdensity plasma source is desired for the GDM experiment in order to create a highly collisional plasma, such that the probability of occurrence of fusion reactions is increased. MPDT design parameters such as the plasma density, operating power, mass flow rate, current and plasma beam energy are evaluated. Preliminary engineering design issues such as placement of the MPDT on the GDM device are also discussed.
Phosphatidylcholine molecular species of calf lung surfactant.

This paper reports the detailed composition of molecular species of the phosphatidylcholines (PCs) in pulmonary surfactant from calves. PC isolated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was converted ...
Consensus on conceptualizations and definitions of trust: Are we there yet?

This chapter presents a “review of reviews” of issues surrounding the conceptualization and definition of trust and identifies a number of common essences of trust conceptualizations, as well as common disagreements about the definitional boundaries of trust. Common essences of trust include that trust involves a trustor (subject) and trustee (object) that are somehow interdependent; involves a situation containing risks for the trustor (which also implies the trustor has goals); is experienced by the trustor as voluntary (implying autonomy, agency, and intrinsic motivation); and includes (or excludes) different types, forms, or sources of trust concepts, some of which may form the bases of others and many of which involve or relate to positive evaluations or expectations. Meanwhile, researchers continue to disagree on numerous considerations, including the types of relationships that must be in place for psychological or behavioral states to be truly considered trust; whether and the extent to which all trust conceptualizations necessitate risk, conscious consideration of risk, volition, and/or active choice by the trustor and trustee; the separability of risk and trust; the psychological versus behavioral nature of trust; the cognitive versus affective nature of trust; and the requirements for trust to stem from some bases but not others. In considering the reasons for such agreements and disagreements, we conclude that the varied interests of different researchers might be furthered by greater future attention to refining a set of definitions for trusting and trust-relevant constructs that are part of “trust-as-process.”
Residual mass after chemotherapy for seminoma: changing concepts of management.

AbstractA residual mass after induction chemotherapy for advanced seminoma may present radiographically and clinically as either retroperitoneal fibrosis or a discrete mass. The former is nonresectable and often it is associated with negative pathological findings, whereas the latter is resectable but frequently it consists of viable seminoma, providing an indication for further therapy.
The MSR Systems for Entity Linking and Temporal Slot Filling at TAC 2013.

The paper describes the two systems from MSR that participated in the English Entity Linking and Temporal Slot Filling (TSF) tasks at TAC 2013. The entity linking system is built by using the same framework and architecture as the previous iterations that participated in the TAC 2011 and 2012 evaluations; therefore, its description focuses on the components that are novel with reference to those systems. The MSR system that addresses the newly introduced TSF task, employs a distant-supervision framework, in which language models for each targeted type of relation are built based on a corpus of sentences automatically extracted from Wikipedia text as guided by Wikipedia infobox data. For each of the TAC tracks addressed, we submitted two runs, which obtained the highest scores in their corresponding evaluations.
Cystometric, sphincter and electromyelographic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.

AbstractBladder function was studied in 24 patients with a diagnosis of parkinsonism using cystometry, sphincter electromyography, flowmetry and electromyelography. A high incidence of disturbances in detrusor function and sphincter control was documented and the signal tracing studies showed prolonged conduction times, giving evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The abnormalities of detrusor function were ascribed to the lesion of the basal ganglia, whereas the sphincter disturbances indicate impairment of the corticospinal tract as a result of Parkinson’s disease.
Amerikan Devlet Üniversitelerindeki Özelleşme ve Hesap Verebilirlik Eğilimleri ve Politikaları

National tertiary-education systems are in a period of transition worldwide. Numerous systems have grown dramatically in enrollments and many have undergone structural reforms. Often, these organizational changes flow in the direction of greater privatization in association with increased accountability for performance on various dimensions. This essay outlines the growing movement in that direction in the U.S. and examines the trends’ implications for management, enrollment, stratification, pay, and staffing in that country. Conclusions focus on broader questions of the public good.
Arginine vasopressin and forskolin regulate apical cell surface expression of epithelial Na+ channels in A6 cells.

Both arginine vasopressin (AVP) and forskolin regulate vectorial Na+ transport across high-resistance epithelia by increasing the Na+ conductance of the apical membrane mediated by amiloride-sensit...
Structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of disordering in the pseudobrookite-type compound karrooite, MgTi 2 O 5

Etude, par diffraction RX, des variations des parametres cristallins en fonction de la temperature (973 Kc Tc 1473 K). Un modele empirique determine le degre de desordre cationique, a partir du parametre c. L'energie d'activation de l'ordre vaut 212±10 kJ/mol.
The differential effects of alprazolam and oxazepam on methamphetamine self-administration in rats

Abstract Background Methamphetamine is the second most commonly used illicit drug in the world, and despite recent attempts by the Drug Enforcement Administration to combat this epidemic, methamphetamine use is still on the rise. As methamphetamine use increases so does polydrug use, particularly that involving methamphetamine and benzodiazepines. The present study was designed to examine the effects of two benzodiazepines on methamphetamine self-administration. Methods Five doses of methamphetamine (0.0075, 0.015, 0.03, 0.09, and 0.12 mg/kg/infusion) were tested, producing an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. Rats were then pretreated with oxazepam, alprazolam, or vehicle prior to methamphetamine self-administration. To determine if the effects of these drugs were due to the GABA A receptor and/or translocator protein (TSPO), we also pretreated rats with an antagonist for the benzodiazepine-binding site on the GABA A receptor (i.e., flumazenil) and a TSPO antagonist (i.e., PK11195) prior to alprazolam or oxazepam administration. Results Oxazepam significantly reduced methamphetamine self-administration as demonstrated by a downward shift of the dose-response curve. In contrast, alprazolam significantly enhanced methamphetamine self-administration as evidenced by a leftward shift of the dose-response curve. Flumazenil completely blocked the effects of alprazolam on methamphetamine self-administration. When administered individually, both flumazenil and PK11195 partially reversed the effects of oxazepam on methamphetamine self-administration. However, when these two antagonists were combined, the effects of oxazepam were completely reversed. Conclusions The GABA A receptor is responsible for the alprazolam-induced enhancement of methamphetamine self-administration, while the activation of both the GABA A receptor and TSPO are responsible for the oxazepam-induced reduction of methamphetamine self-administration.
The BitArray Class

The BitArray class is used to represent sets of bits in a compact fashion. Bit sets can be stored in regular arrays, but we can create more efficient programs if we use data structures specifically designed for bit sets. In this chapter we'll look at how to use this data structure and examine some problems that can be solved using sets of bits. Since many VB.NET programmers have not been properly introduced to working with binary numbers, this chapter also includes a review of binary numbers, bitwise operators, and bitshift operators. A MOTIVATING PROBLEM Let's look at a problem we will eventually solve using the BitArray class. The problem involves finding prime numbers. An ancient method, discovered by the third-century b.c . Greek philosopher Eratosthenes, is called the sieve of Eratosthenes. This method involves filtering numbers that are multiples of other numbers, until the only numbers left are primes. For example, let's determine the prime numbers in the set of the first 100 integers. We start with 2, which is the first prime. We move through the set removing all numbers that are multiples of 2. Then we move to 3, which is the next prime. We move through the set again, removing all numbers that are multiples of 3. Then we move to 5, and so on. When we are finished, all that will be left are prime numbers. We'll first solve this problem using a regular array.
Sensing the enemy, containing the threat: cell-autonomous immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis.

The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America and Europe. Medical complications resulting from genital C. trachomatis infections arise predominantly in women where the initial infections often remain asymptomatic and thus unrecognized. Untreated asymptomatic infections in women can ascend into the upper genital tract and establish persistence, ultimately resulting in extensive scarring of the reproductive organs, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancies. Previously resolved C. trachomatis infections fail to provide protective immune memory, and no effective vaccine against C. trachomatis is currently available. Critical determinants of the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of genital C. trachomatis infections are cell-autonomous immune responses. Cell-autonomous immunity describes the ability of an individual host cell to launch intrinsic immune circuits that execute the detection, containment and elimination of cell-invading pathogens . As an obligate intracellular pathogen C. trachomatis is constantly under attack by cell-intrinsic host defenses. Accordingly, C. trachomatis evolved to subvert and co-opt cell-autonomous immune pathways. This review will provide a critical summary of our current understanding of cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis and its role in shaping host resistance, inflammation and adaptive immunity to genital C. trachomatis infections.
Case Studies of a MODIS-Based Potential Evapotranspiration Input to the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model

AbstractA satellite-based potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimate derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations was tested for input to the spatially lumped and gridded Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model. The 15 forecast points within the National Weather Service (NWS) North Central River Forecast Center (NCRFC) forecasting region were the basis for this analysis. Through a series of case studies, the MODIS-derived PET estimate (M-PET) was evaluated for input to the SAC-SMA model by comparing streamflow simulations with those from traditional SAC-SMA evapotranspiration (ET) demand. Two prior studies have evaluated the M-PET data 1) to compute new long-term average ET demand values and 2) to input a time series (i.e., daily time-varying PET) to the NWS Hydrology Laboratory–Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM), a spatially distributed version of the SAC-SMA model. This current paper presents results from a third test in which the M-PET time s...
Sign k-potent sign patterns and ray k-potent ray patterns that admit k-potence

Abstract We prove that for each positive integer k , all irreducible k -potent ray pattern classes allow k -potence. We construct all irreducible real (complex) k -potent matrices in an irreducible sign (ray) k -potent sign (ray) pattern class. For a given reducible sign (ray) pattern that is sign (ray) k -potent for some positive integer k , we determine necessary conditions for that pattern to allow k -potence. This generalizes recent work by Lee and Park (2015) [2] who determined necessary conditions for a sign idempotent sign pattern to allow idempotence, and who showed that every irreducible, sign k -potent sign pattern must allow k -potence.
Ceramic Petrography and Hopewell Interaction

In this book, James Stoltman investigates inter- and intraregional distributions of Woodland period pottery in an effort “to uncover and explain cultural interaction among Hopewell societies of the...
Review: Spatial Stories of Migration and Detention: How Does Architecture Shape Punishment?

Spatial Stories of Migration and Detention: How Does Architecture Shape Punishment? Mebane Gallery, School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin 5–21 October 2016 The United States incarcerates more people than any other country in the world and manages the world's largest immigrant detention system. Texas is home to more for-profit prisons, jails, and detention centers than any other U.S. state. As scholars and activists work to challenge this entrenched legal and social system, there is a great need for public displays that grapple with the system's complexity and connect historical developments to the present day. This exhibition contributed greatly to the goal of undoing the normalization of the “carceral state” by bringing the otherwise secluded spaces of immigrant detention into the gallery for viewers to experience. Created by Sarah Lopez of the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin and developed by Lopez and her graduate student curators, the exhibition was part of a collaboration of twenty university partners nationwide participating in “States of Incarceration: A National Dialogue of Local Histories,” a critical reflection focusing on issues of mass incarceration and presented as a multifaceted, multimedia dialogue intended to educate and provoke. One grand question seemed to resonate throughout the exhibition: How do the physical spaces of detention centers in Texas connect to the continued criminalization of migrants in the United States? …
S-band FMCW boundary layer profiler: System upgrades and results

Recent upgrades to the University of Massachusetts (UMass) Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) S-Band boundary layer profiling radar are discussed. These include incorporation of a software radio digital receiver and associated improvements in data acquisition and signal processing. These improvements have significantly increased the unambiguous velocity capability of the radar, allowing for Doppler spectral measurement of precipitation in addition to boundary layer clear-air echoes. The system was deployed during the NOAA-sponsored VORTEX-SE experiment during Spring 2016 and will be redeployed for Spring 2017. Sample observations are shown. Finally, future system improvements are discussed.
Surrogate-Assisted Particle Swarm with Local Search for Expensive Constrained Optimization

This paper develops a surrogate-assisted particle swarm optimization framework for expensive constrained optimization called CONOPUS (CONstrained Optimization by Particle swarm Using Surrogates). In each iteration, CONOPUS considers multiple trial positions for each particle in the swarm and uses surrogate models for the objective and constraint functions to identify the most promising trial position where the expensive functions are evaluated. Moreover, the current overall best position is refined by finding the minimum of the surrogate of the objective function within a neighborhood of that position and subject to surrogate inequality constraints with a small margin and with a distance requirement from all previously evaluated positions. CONOPUS is implemented using radial basis function (RBF) surrogates and the resulting algorithm compares favorably to alternative methods on 12 benchmark problems and on a large-scale application from the auto industry with 124 decision variables and 68 inequality constraints.
Organ-Selective Impairment of Phagocytosis by Cadmium

Cadmium is an environmental pollutant from industrial and mining sources1. It has an effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity and humoral immunity2,3.
Membrane Fluidity and Diffusive Transport

The fluid mosaic model (Singer and Nicolson, 1972) provides not only a picture of the basic structure of membranes but also implies certain dynamic characteristics of its components. Thus the lipids of the bilayer are subject to Brownian motion which endows them with rotational and translational mobility. The same is true of those proteins which are not attached to the cytoskeleton, although their mobility is much smaller. In the last few years, considerable effort has gone into the measurement of the rotational and translational mobilities of both lipid analogue probes and of membrane proteins, in model systems, as well as in biological membranes. It has become clear that the lateral mobility of membrane components not only provides an interesting demonstration of the fluidity of a two-dimensional liquid, but that it plays an important role in various functions of the cell membrane. For example, membrane receptors are known to migrate and aggregate in certain small regions of the membrane (coated pits), and the electron transport between cytochromes in the mitochondrial membrane appears to be diffusion-limited (Hackenbrock et al., 1986). These and other cellular functions related to the lateral mobility of membrane components have recently been reviewed by Axelrod (1983).
Fundamental Science and Lithographic Applications of Scanning Probe Oxidation

Local oxidation of metal, semiconductor, and insulating surfaces by a scanning probe microscope (SPM) is a promising approach for nanoelectronics device prototyping. Voltage applied between a conductive SPM tip and (positively biased) substrate, results in the formation of a highly non-uniform electric field. The electric field attracts a stable water meniscus to the tip-sample junction, creates oxyanions from water molecules, and transports these oxyanions through the growing oxide film. This leads to oxidation of the substrate on a scale determined by the dimensions of the water meniscus. Experimental studies have shown that almost every material oxidizes under the extremely high electric-field conditions at the tip-substrate junction, including some noble metals, diamond, and nitrides of silicon, titanium, and zirconium. This chapter organizes fundamental relationships between oxide volume growth, current flowduring exposure, and the resulting electrical and structural properties of the oxide. The underlying transport and reaction kinetics within the electrochemical nanocell is presented in a self-consistent manner in terms of dispersive kinetic theory through time-dependent rate constants. Key signatures of scanning probe oxidation, extreme simplicity and flexibility, become apparent when local oxidation is combined with standard device processing techniques. Nanodevices fabricated using this method include superconducting quantum interference devices, single-electron tunneling transistors, and antidote lattices in a wide variety of materials, such as titanium, Nb/NbN, GaAs/AlGaAs 2-D electron gas, SrTiO3, and SiGe thin films. Examples of some of these devices will be reviewed in terms of the kinetic and materials insights revealed by fundamental studies.
Modeling Non-Linguistic Contextual Signals in LSTM Language Models Via Domain Adaptation

Language Models (LMs) for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) can benefit from utilizing non-linguistic contextual signals in modeling. Examples of these signals include the geographical location of the user speaking to the system and/or the identity of the application (app) being spoken to. In practice, the vast majority of input speech queries typically lack annotations of such signals, which poses a challenge to directly train domain-specific LMs. To obtain robust domain LMs, generally an LM which has been pre-trained on general data will be adapted to specific domains. We propose four domain adaptation schemes to improve the domain performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) LMs, by incorporating app based contextual signals of voice search queries. We show that most of our adaptation strategies are effective, reducing word perplexity up to 21 % relative to a fine-tuned baseline on a held-out domain-specific development set. Initial experiments using a state-of-the-art Italian ASR system show a 3 % relative reduction in WER on top of an unadapted 5-gram LM. In addition, human evaluations show significant improvements on sub-domains from using app signals.
PTBP2-dependent alternative splicing regulates protein transport and mitochondria morphology in post-meiotic germ cells.

ABSTRACT The RNA binding protein PTBP2 (polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2) is a key regulator of tissue-specific alternative RNA splicing. In the testis, PTBP2 is expressed in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids, respectively). In these cells, PTBP2 is required for proper alternative mRNA splicing for over 200 genes, disproportionately affecting genes encoding proteins involved in protein trafficking via transport vesicles. In this study, we used electron microscopy to test the hypothesis that protein trafficking is impaired in the absence of PTBP2, and to further investigate why spermatogenesis abruptly ceases in PTBP2-deficienct spermatids. Ultrastructural analysis shows that protein trafficking in spermatids is aberrant in the absence of PTBP2. Unexpectedly, we also found that mitochondria morphology and number are significantly altered in PTBP2-deficient spermatids, consistent with increased mitochondria fission. Furthermore, we show that genes with key roles in mitochondria dynamics and function are post-transcriptionally regulated by PTBP2 and in different stages of spermatogenesis. Collectively, the data provide ultrastructural evidence that alternative splicing regulation by PTBP2 during spermatogenesis is critical for proper regulation of protein trafficking and mitochondria morphology.
Sign/or/Sigm: Freud and the Name of Signorelli

In December 1972, French art-historian/philosopher Hubert Damisch, who was a senior fellow of the Society of the Humanities at Cornell, gave a public lecture on the Freud-Signorelli case, which is ...
Traction Time, Force and Postoperative Nerve Block Significantly Influence the Development and Duration of Neuropathy Following Hip Arthroscopy.

Purpose To (1) evaluate the individual and combined effects of traction time and traction force on postoperative neuropathy following hip arthroscopy, (2) determine if perioperative fascia iliaca block has an effect on the risk of this neuropathy, and (3) identify if the these items had a significant association with the presence, location, and/or duration of postoperative numbness. Methods Between February 2015 and December 2016, a consecutive cohort of hip arthroscopy patients was prospectively enrolled. Traction time, force, and postoperative nerve block administration were recorded. The location and duration of numbness were assessed at postoperative clinic visits. Numbness location was classified into regions: 1, groin; 2, lateral thigh; 3, medial thigh; 4, dorsal foot; and 5,preoperative thigh or radiculopathic numbness. Results A total of 156 primary hip arthroscopy patients were analyzed, 99 (63%) women and 57 (37%) men. Mean traction time was 46.5 ± 20.3 minutes. Seventy-four patients (47%) reported numbness with an average duration of 157.5 ± 116.2 days. Postoperative fascia iliaca nerve block was a significant predictor of medial thigh numbness (odds ratio, 3.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-7.76; P = .04). Neither traction time nor force were associated with generalized numbness (P = .85 and P = .40, respectively). However, among those who experienced numbness, traction time and force were greater in patients with combined groin and lateral thigh numbness compared with those with isolated lateral thigh or medial thigh numbness (P = .001 and P = .005, respectively). Conclusions Postoperative neuropathy is a well-documented complication following hip arthroscopy. Concomitant pudendal and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy may be related to increased traction force and time, even in the setting of low intraoperative traction time ( Level of Evidence IV, case series.
Abstract 568: Effects of Burn-induced Cardiac Released Factors on Cardiomyocyte and Profiles of Differentially Expressed Cardiac Mitochondrial Proteins Effects of Burn-induced Cardiac Released Factors on Cardiomyocyte and Profiles of Differentially Expressed Cardiac Mitochondrial Proteins

Introduction: Previous studies have indicated that cardiac dysfunction worsens in the first 24 hours post burn (pb) and improved over the next 48 hpb. We have found that cardiac mitochondria were d...
Variation in Gated Blood-pool Image Quality Using In Vivo, Modified In Vivo, and In Vitro Red Blood Cell Labeling Techniques

The scintigraphic results of three methods of labeling red blood cells (RBCs) were compared. Image quality was evaluated in 200 patient studies by measuring the left ventricle to background ratio. These studies were performed using either the in vivo, modified in vivo or in vitro method for labeling RBCs. The average ventricle to background ratio for the in vitro method was 2.85 compared to 2.42 and 2.20 for the modified in vivo and in vivo methods, respectively. The in vitro method gave a statistically higher ratio than did either the in vivo or the modified in vivo methods.
Early Cutoff Criteria for Strong Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering

Objective The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is widely used to assess performance validity. To improve efficiency, we investigated whether abbreviated administration (i.e., only the first 25 items of Trial 1 [T1]) is possible when effort is very strong (≥49/50 on T1 or T2). Method We collected TOMM scores of 501 consecutive adult patients ranging in cognitive status who underwent standard neuropsychological evaluation at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Results Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed excellent area under the curve (AUC) (0.94; CI95% [0.92, 0.97]) and a cutoff of 25/25 had 100% specificity for identifying strong performance. Of the 224 patients who obtained a perfect score on the first 25 items, 197 (88%) obtained ≥49 on T1 and the remaining patients (n = 27) obtained ≥49 on T2. Conclusion A perfect score on the first 25 items of the TOMM predicted overall strong performance 100% of the time, supporting abbreviated administration in select cases in a general outpatient clinical setting.
Stable Constellations of Frozen Elliptical Inclined Lunar Orbits

Higher altitude orbits (in the 500 to 20,000 km range) at the Moon are dominated by Earth perturbations and result in motions that do not ascribe to the standard notions of orbits dominated by nonspherical gravity effects (such as from oblateness). This fact complicates orbit design of lunar orbiter constellations that require specific and persistent coverage over a selected lunar region. Using a combination of analytical theory and numerical simulation, a technique is developed for designing a lunar constellation of three spacecraft where two spacecraft are always in view from the lunar surface for the polar regions.
Abstract 2440: The epigenetic influence of maternal diet on prevention of high-fat diet induced obesity and breast cancer in later life

Breast cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in women. Individual epigenetic profiles that are initially established in utero and postnatal environmental exposures contribute to later-life breast cancer incidence. Intervention on environmental factors such as diets during these sensitive periods provides excellent opportunities to re-program epigenetic profiles leading to cancer prevention. The bioactive dietary compound, genistein (GE) enriched in soybean products such as soymilk, soy protein and tofu, has been widely accepted as a potent anticancer reagent through regulation of epigenetic mechanisms. Our pilot study indicates that maternal dietary GE exposure effectively prevents later-life breast cancer development through epigenetic reprogramming in transgenic breast cancer mouse models. More importantly, we found that maternal GE significantly inhibited a postnatal overnutrition stimulus such as high-fat diet (HFD)-induced breast cancer promotion and metabolic disorders in mouse offspring. Diets with high saturated fat such as the Western diet and its related obesity are considered major risk factors for breast cancer. Importantly, we found that maternal dietary GE reversed HFD-induced lipid panel abnormalities, reduced obesity-related biomarkers and influences gut microbiome profiles through epigenetic regulations. Overnutrition-induced metabolic disorders such as overweight and obesity are a global epidemic that impair human life quality and increases risk of development of many human diseases including breast cancer. Elucidation of the key mechanisms and interactions between nutrition stress and breast cancer and exploration of a novel in utero preventive strategy through natural bioactive products will have global impact. Citation Format: Yuanyuan Li, Min Chen, Trygve Tollefsbol. The epigenetic influence of maternal diet on prevention of high-fat diet induced obesity and breast cancer in later life [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2440.
Structure and Synthesis of a Luciferin Active in the Bioluminescent Systems of the Sea Pansy (Renilla) and Certain other Bioluminescent Coelenterates

Due to modern technology the elucidation of the chemical structure of luciferins is not a difficult problem per se. However the problem is made difficult by the tremendous effort required to obtain small amounts of purified material. For example from about one ton of sea pansies (Renilla reniformis), obtained by dredging the ocean bottom at depths of 10-20 meters, one can obtain about one mg of pure Renilla luciferin.
Age at the Time of Surgery Is Not Predictive of Early Patient-Reported Outcomes After Periacetabular Osteotomy.

Abstract Background The clinical success of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for the treatment of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia is well-documented. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the correlation of age with clinical outcomes. Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - global (HOOSglobal) is a recently validated patient-reported outcome measure following PAO. The purpose of this study is to asses HOOSglobal and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores at early follow-up based on age at the time of PAO. Methods A prospective multicenter cohort of 391 patients undergoing PAO with minimum 2-year follow-up (average 4.71 years) were identified. Patients were categorized into 4 age groups: Results HOOSglobal and WOMAC scores increased across all age groups; however, a statistically greater increase in preoperative to postoperative HOOSglobal and WOMAC scores was found in those ≥40 years compared to those .002), 20-29 (P = .01), and 30-39 years (P = .02). Higher preoperative HOOSglobal scores were predictive of greater postoperative HOOSglobal scores (P Conclusion The absence of differences in early postoperative patient-reported outcomes across multiple age ranges emphasizes that PAO in the setting of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia can be successful regardless of patient age alone. Therefore, age alone might not be an appropriate selection criterion when evaluating surgical candidates for PAO. Level of Evidence II.
MRI Lesions in Diabetes Insipidus

Multiple disease processes which can affect the pituitary-hypothalamic axis can result in central diabetes insipidus in children. Some of the most common causes of central DI in children include congenital pituitary neurohypophysis and pituitary stalk abnormalities, Rathke cleft cyst, tumors such as craniopharyngioma and germ cell tumors, metastases, Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, other infections and inflammatory conditions, and accidental or iatrogenic trauma. Many of these causes of central diabetes insipidus demonstrate characteristic findings on MR imaging. The combination of MR imaging features in correlation with the history, clinical findings, and other laboratory investigations can provide a specific diagnosis as the cause of central diabetes insipidus and guide treatment.
Edge-Preserving Denoising of Image Sequences.

To monitor the Earth’s surface, the satellite of the NASA Landsat program provides us image sequences of any region on the Earth constantly over time. These image sequences give us a unique resource to study the Earth’s surface, changes of the Earth resource over time, and their implications in agriculture, geology, forestry, and more. Besides natural sciences, image sequences are also commonly used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of medical studies for understanding the functioning of brains and other organs. In practice, observed images almost always contain noise and other contaminations. For a reliable subsequent image analysis, it is important to remove such contaminations in advance. This paper focuses on image sequence denoising, which has not been well-discussed in the literature yet. To this end, an edge-preserving image denoising procedure is suggested. The suggested method is based on a jump-preserving local smoothing procedure, in which the bandwidths are chosen such that the possible spatio-temporal correlations in the observed image intensities are accommodated properly. Both theoretical arguments and numerical studies show that this method works well in the various cases considered.