cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabry-Perot misalignment: the effect on peak position.

We have developed a theory for nonparallel Fabry-Perot mirrors that explains the shift in peak locations. Nonparallel mirrors can cause changes in the fractional order at the center of the pattern as a function of source location and can cause peak splitting for monochromatic light when there are multiple sources. This effect has been verified experimentally. Formulas are given that can be used to place upper bounds on the acceptable angles between the mirrors.
Multiaxial elongational flow of sheets and annular cylinders: growth disturbances

Abstract The growth of disturbances in sheets and annular cylinders undergoing multiaxial elongational flows is described. Detailed analyses are given for a Newtonian fluid undergoing constant stretch rates. It is shown that lateral stretching of sheets decreases the size of disturbances but at a less rapid rate than the homogeneous decrease in thickness. Elongations to break (in the machine direction) are actually decreased. Preliminary considerations are given for viscoelastic fluids which suggest a more rapid relative growth of disturbances.
Improved and simplified in‐gel sample application using reswelling of dry immobilized pH gradients

A simple and inexpensive methacrylate rehydration chamber was built to accommodate ten immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips. In the chamber, entire IPG gels were used for sample application, with the protein entering the gels during their rehydration. For rehydration, commercially available or laboratory-made strips were positioned in the grooves with the gel in contact with 500 microL of sample for 6 h or overnight. This avoided the use of sample cups, eliminated precipitation at the sample application site, thus improving resolution over the entire pH range of the gels. It also allowed precise control of protein amounts and sample volumes loaded into the IPG gels, and also lowered costs of reagents during rehydration and equilibration owing to the reduced volumes. Up to 5 mg of protein can be loaded on wide IPG gels and up to 15 mg of some samples on narrow pH range gels.
Geographic perspectives on vulnerability analysis

This special issue of GeoJournal is centered on geographic approaches to vulnerability analysis. Six papers addressing several core areas of active research in vulnerability analysis are included in this volume of work. In particular, network analysis methods, geographic data acquisition and use, measurement of vulnerability, evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in vulnerability, as well as related theoretical and policy issues are examined in detail.
Linear analysis of switching nets.

The switching net that has been used as a model of several biological systems is studied using the mathematical concept of finite field. Since every function over a finite field can be represented as a terminating series, all switching nets can be linearized and thus represented by a matrix. In fact two matrices—the function matrix and the transition matrix—both represent the net. These matrices are related by an orthogonal transformation. The autonomous behavior of switching nets is obtained from a consideration of the characteristic equation and eigenvectors of either of the matrices. A simple criterion for the invertibility of a set of switching functions is obtained from this formalism. A test for invertibility proposed by Huffman is discussed, and it is show that the Jacobian test is invalid for finite fields.
Robotic Surgery for Benign Duodenal Tumors

Introduction Benign duodenal and periampullary tumors are uncommon lesions requiring careful attention to their complex anatomic relationships with the major and minor papillae as well as the gastric outlet during surgical intervention. While endoscopy is less morbid than open resection, many lesions are not amenable to endoscopic removal. Robotic surgery offers technical advantages above traditional laparoscopy, and we demonstrate the safety and feasibility of this approach for a variety of duodenal lesions.
Force fields for nitriles

A valence force field for nitriles based on the force field obtained for hydrocarbons is found to give very good agreement with the observed bands for several mono- and di-nitrile molecules. The average deviation between observed and calculated frequencies for the 238 assigned frequencies is 0.98%. This is a significant improvement over the results obtained previously with a Urey-Bradley force field.
The use of capnography for recognition of esophageal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit

Failure to recognize esophageal intubation can result in severe hypoxia and permanent neurologic injury. Capnography is a standard monitoring modality in the operating room but has not been utilized fully in other environments. We used capnography at the time of endotracheal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to determine whether capnography could more quickly and accurately identify endotracheal tube position than other clinical indicators of endotracheal tube position. One hundred intubation episodes were studied in 55 neonates. Capnograms were obtained 15 and 120 sec following tube placement. Intubating personnel were blinded to the capnographic data and determined endotracheal tube location (trachea vs. esophagus) by clinical criteria only. The sensitivity and specificity of capnography and clinical examination for identification of tube position were analyzed, and the time required for establishing by clinical confirmation whether the tube was in the trachea or not was compared to that required for capnography. Forty of 100 intubation attempts resulted in esophageal intubation. Capnography correctly identified these errant tube placements in 39 of 40 instances and did so in 1.6 sec (SD ± 2.4). Capnography failed to identify successful endotracheal intubation on only one occasion. Clinical indicators of tube position required 97.1 sec (SD ± 92.6) to identify an esophageal intubation and failed to identify successful endotracheal intubation in 5 of 60 cases. We conclude that capnography is a valuable adjunct to clinical examination to demonstrate whether an endotracheal tube is placed correctly in the trachea of neonates in the NICU. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of conservative management in localized prostate cancer.

The management of localized prostate cancer in the elderly is problematic. In many cases, death from other causes may occur before death from prostate cancer. Choosing the optimal therapy requires properly counseling patients about the relative risks and benefits from each treatment option, including watchful waiting. Conservative management is a reasonable alternative for managing this disease
Formation of macroscopically ordered carbon nanotube membranes by self-assembly

Abstract In this paper, we report the formation membranes of the aligned single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles on a substrate by self-assembly. SWNTs produced by the laser ablation method and purified by reflux and filtration were chemically etched to short bundles by ultrasonic-assisted oxidation. After removing the acid by filtration, the processed SWNTs were dispersed in de-ionized water. Thin film appears on the surface of a soaked glass substrate in the SWNTs/water dispersion with natural vaporization of water. Transmission electron microscopy measurements show that the SWNT bundles are uniaxially aligned.
Personality and role variables as predictors of three forms of work–family conflict.

Abstract Time-, strain-, and behavior-based conflicts are all dimensions of the work–family conflict construct. Each of these three different forms of conflict is thought to have unique antecedents. To determine if this is the case, both dispositional (i.e., Type A and negative affectivity) and situational (i.e., role conflict and role ambiguity from both the work and family domain) factors are considered as predictors of these three forms of conflict. Furthermore, the additional explanation of dispositional variables beyond situational factors is considered. Results from a sample of 225 full-time employees suggest that each of the forms of conflict does have a unique set of antecedents and that the dispositional variables explain significant additional variance beyond the situation in all three forms of work–family conflict.
Potential Nuclear Safeguards Applications for Neutron Generators

Many nuclear safeguards inspection instruments use neutron sources to interrogate the fissile material (commonly 235U and 239Pu) to be measured. The neutron sources currently used in these instruments are isotopics such as Californium-252, Americium-Lithium, etc. It is becoming increasingly more difficult to transport isotopic sources from one measurement location to another. This represents a significant problem for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards inspectors because they must take their safeguards instruments with them to each nuclear installation to make an independent measurement. The purpose of this paper is to review the possibility of replacing isotopic neutron sources now used in IAEA safeguards instruments with electric neutron sources such as deuterium-tritium (D-T, 14-MeV neutrons) or deuterium-deuterium (D-D, 2-MeV neutrons). The potential for neutron generators to interrogate spent-light water reactor fuel assemblies in storage pools is also reviewed.
Responses of caudal raphe neurons to peripheral somatic stimulation

Abstract Response characteristics of single neurons in the caudal region of the brain stem raphe were recorded extracellularly in both chloralose-anesthetized and decerebrate cats. Each animal was immobilized with gallamine triethiodide. Natural stimuli included light touch, pressure, hair and joint movements, temperature, noxious pinch, and an 80-db click. Electrical stimuli to hindlimb cutaneous and muscular nerves at 1.5 and 10 times threshold were delivered at a frequency of one per 3 sec. Seventy-four neurons shown histologically to be located in the nucleus raphe pallidus and nucleus raphe magnus responded with increased firing to a variety of the natural stimuli used, excluding joint movement. Deep pressure applied to proximal musculature was particularly effective in evoking a response. Units generally demonstrated large receptor field characterisics. Unlike other units in n. raphe pallidus and n. raphe magnus, the most rostral neurons in n. raphe magnus responded to auditory and noxious stimulation and to extremes in temperature. No somatotopic organization could be discerned. The response to electrical stimulation consisted of an 18- to 35-msec latency burst of impulses followed by a silent period having a mean duration of 215 and 96.8 msec for high and low stimulation intensities, respectively. Similarities between response characteristics of raphe units and reticular formation neurons suggest that they are functionally related.
Interaction of coplanar surface cracks in a half-space

Boundary integral equations are applied to the interaction of closely spaced surface-coplanar cracks with various geometrical dimensions in a half-space that is tensioned by forces perpendicular to the crack surfaces. The numerical results show that the crack depths and the distances between them greatly influence the stress intensity coefficients at the edges of the cracks, and the interaction between the cracks can be neglected only for shallow ones.
Heat transfer characteristics of isolated-perfused gills of rainbow trout

1. Heat transfer was evaluated in isolated-perfused second gill arches and in isolated-perfused heads of rainbow trout. 2. At a perfusion flow of 0.5 ml min−1 the second gill arch exchanges 0.774±0.024 (\(\bar X\)±SE,n=6) cal min−1°C−1. This value can be increased by 11% with the infusion of 10−5 M epinephrine. 3. With perfusion flows of 16 and 20 ml min−1, isolated-perfused heads had a transfer maximum (hAmax) of 21.27±0.57 (21) and 24.79±0.77 (21) cal min−1 °C−1 and a ventilatory flow (\(\dot V\)g) resulting in 0.5hAmax transfer (\(\dot V\)0.5 max) of 144±17 (21) and 183±23 (21) ml min−1 respectively. 4. The values of\(\dot V\)0.5 max were unaffected by the administration of 10−5 M epinephrine, 10−8 M or 10−7 M acetylcholine.hAmax was increased only in the presence of 10−5 M epinephrine. 5. Increasing perfusion flow increasedhAmax without affecting\(\dot V\)0.5 max. At a given perfusion flow there were no changes in heat transfer when heart rate and stroke volume were varied. 6. Analysis of a simple model for whole body heat exchange indicated that the gills may account for as much as 60% of the total heat exchanged by the animal.
Efficient hydrodynamic analysis of very large floating structures

Abstract The hydrodynamic analysis of very large floating structures can be performed, at least in principle, using a general-purpose radiation–diffraction code. This has the advantages that arbitrary geometries can be considered, and that all of the relevant hydrodynamic parameters can be evaluated within the context of linear (and second-order) potential theory. The same procedure can be used to analyze special effects including hydroelastic deformations, multiple bodies, air cushions, etc. Several examples are described in this paper, to indicate the present capabilities and limits of this approach. First-order RAOs and second-order mean drift forces are considered. Simple Euler beam modes are used to illustrate the analysis of hydroelasticity. The standard version of WAMIT is used, except for the largest array of circular cylinders where the accelerated pFFT method is required. All of the computations are performed on contemporary PCs of moderate speed and capacity. Problems of greater complexity could be analyzed using high-performance computers.
CHUA’S CIRCUIT: AN OVERVIEW TEN YEARS LATER

More than 200 papers, two special issues (Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, March, June, 1993, and IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 40, no. 10, October, 1993), an International Workshop on Chua’s Circuit: chaotic phenomena and applica tions at NOLTA’93, and a book (edited by R.N. Madan, World Scientific, 1993) on Chua’s circuit have been published since its inception a decade ago. This review paper attempts to present an overview of these timely publications, almost all within the last six months, and to identify four milestones of this very active research area. An important milestone is the recent fabrication of a monolithic Chua’s circuit. The robustness of this IC chip demonstrates that an array of Chua’s circuits can also be fabricated into a monolithic chip, thereby opening the floodgate to many unconventional applications in information technology, synergetics, and even music. The second milestone is the recent global unfolding of Chua’s circuit, obtained by adding a linear resistor in series with the inductor to obtain a canonical Chua’s circuit— now generally referred to as Chua’s oscillator. This circuit is most significant because it is structurally the simplest (it contains only 6 circuit elements) but dynamically the most complex among all nonlinear circuits and systems described by a 21-parameter family of continuous odd-symmetric piecewise-linear vector fields. The third milestone is the recent discovery of several important new phenomena in Chua’s circuits, e.g., stochastic resonance, chaos-chaos type intermittency, 1/f noise spectrum, etc. These new phenomena could have far-reaching theoretical and practical significance. The fourth milestone is the theoretical and experimental demonstration that Chua’s circuit can be easily controlled from a chaotic regime to a prescribed periodic or constant orbit, or it can be synchronized with 2 or more identical Chua’s circuits, operating in an oscillatory, or a chaotic regime. These recent breakthroughs have ushered in a new era where chaos is deliberately created and exploited for unconventional applications, e.g. secure communication.
Intercalation of organometallic compounds into layered transition metal oxyhalides

Abstract The syntheses of the new intercalate compounds FeOCl[(EtMe 4 Cp) 2 Fe] 0.16 , VOCl(CoCp 2 ) 0.16 , and TiOCl(CoCp 2 ) 0.16 are reported. Their structures are found by X-ray powder diffraction to be qualitatively the same as those of the previously reported complexes FeOCl(CoCp 2 ) 0.16 and FeOCl(FeCp 2 ) 0.16 . Results of 57 Fe Mossbauer and magnetic susceptibility studies on the latter two compounds are reported, and shown to be consistent with electron transfer from the metallocene to the host upon intercalation.
Improved higher degree total variation (HDTV) regularization

The main focus of this paper is to further improve the performance of the recently introduced higher degree total variation (HDTV) penalties, which are L 1 -L p ; p ≥ 1 norms of directional image derivatives. We generalize this class as the L 1 -L p norms of image responses to rotated versions of an arbitrary derivative operator. We show that several penalties proposed by other researchers are special cases of the generalized isotropic penalties (p = 2), when the derivative operator is chosen appropriately; our experiments show that the anisotropic (p = 1) versions of these penalties provide improved reconstructions. In addition, we optimize the derivative operator for improved orientation selectivity, thus further improving the ability of the resulting penalties to provide high quality image reconstructions. We also focus on the efficient discretization of HDTV penalties, which are specified in the continuous domain. Specifically, we approximate the derivative operators as the sum of partial derivatives of an almost isotropic B-spline window. Our numerical experiments confirm the benefit of the improved discretization and the optimization of the operator.
Bilateral or unilateral ureteroneocystostomy for unilateral reflux.

Abstract Thirty-five cases of unilateral reflux treated by ipsilateral ureteroneocystostomy have been reviewed to determine the incidence of subsequent contralateral reflex. The low incidence (11 per cent) suggests that bilateral reimplant should not be performed routinely in patients undergoing surgery for unilateral reflux. Analysis of this group of patients failed to show any preoperative findings which would help to predict those in whom contralateral reflux is most likely to develop. Our study and the review of the literature suggest that those who demonstrate reflux in the contralateral ureter at any time prior to surgery are more likely to reflux subsequently; therefore, in this group of patients bilateral reimplantation is indicated.
Increasing temporal resolution in hybrid 3D EPI fMRI studies using unfold

In this work, we apply the UNFOLD technique to a hybrid 3D-EPI sequence in order to accelerate image acquisition for fMRI studies. UNFOLD is used in the 3D slice encoding direction which directly doubles the temporal resolution. Combining UNFOLD with Partial Fourier acqusition further reduces the acquisition time for a whole brain volume from 2.4 seconds to 1 seconds. The sequence was tested on healthy volunteers who were exposed to an audio-visual stimulus paradigm involving the solution of arithmetic problems. The temporal decoding of neural activity using the BOLD contrast mechanism improved significantly at the cost of a slight loss in SNR.
Posterior Cerebral Artery Angle and the Rupture of Basilar Tip Aneurysms

Since the initial publication of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA), management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms has been mainly based on the size of the aneurysm. The contribution of morphological characteristics to treatment decisions of unruptured aneurysms has not been well studied in a systematic and location specific manner. We present a large sample of basilar artery tip aneurysms (BTA) that were assessed using a diverse array of morphological variables to determine the parameters associated with ruptured aneurysms. Demographic and clinical risk factors of aneurysm rupture were obtained from chart review. CT angiograms (CTA) were evaluated with Slicer, an open source visualization and image analysis software, to generate 3-D models of the aneurysms and surrounding vascular architecture. Morphological parameters examined in each model included aneurysm volume, aspect ratio, size ratio, aneurysm angle, basilar vessel angle, basilar flow angle, and vessel to vessel angles. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine statistical significance. From 2008-2013, 54 patients with BTA aneurysms were evaluated in a single institution, and CTAs from 33 patients (15 ruptured, 18 unruptured) were available and analyzed. Aneurysms that underwent reoperation, that were associated with arteriovenous malformations, or that lacked preoperative CTA were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a larger angle between the posterior cerebral arteries (P1-P1 angle, p = 0.037) was most strongly associated with aneurysm rupture after adjusting for other morphological variables. In this location specific study of BTA aneurysms, the larger the angle formed between posterior cerebral arteries was found to be a new morphological parameter significantly associated with ruptured BTA aneurysms. This is a physically intuitive parameter that can be measured easily and readily applied in the clinical setting.
Identification of N-terminal Extracellular Domain Determinants in Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) α6 Subunits That Influence Effects of Wild-type or Mutant β3 Subunits on Function of α6β2*- or α6β4*-nAChR

Despite the apparent function of naturally expressed mammalian α6*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α6*-nAChR; where * indicates the known or possible presence of additional subunits), their functional and heterologous expression has been difficult. Here, we report that coexpression with wild-type β3 subunits abolishes the small amount of function typically seen for all-human or all-mouse α6β4*-nAChR expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, levels of function and agonist potencies are markedly increased, and there is atropine-sensitive blockade of spontaneous channel opening upon coexpression of α6 and β4 subunits with mutant β3 subunits harboring valine-to-serine mutations at 9'- or 13'-positions. There is no function when α6 and β2 subunits are expressed alone or in the presence of wild-type or mutant β3 subunits. Interestingly, hybrid nAChR containing mouse α6 and human (h) β4 subunits have function potentiated rather than suppressed by coexpression with wild-type hβ3 subunits and potentiated further upon coexpression with hβ3(V9'S) subunits. Studies using nAChR chimeric mouse/human α6 subunits indicated that residues involved in effects seen with hybrid nAChR are located in the α6 subunit N-terminal domain. More specifically, nAChR hα6 subunit residues Asn-143 and Met-145 are important for dominant-negative effects of nAChR hβ3 subunits on hα6hβ4-nAChR function. Asn-143 and additional residues in the N-terminal domain of nAChR hα6 subunits are involved in the gain-of-function effects of nAChR hβ3(V9'S) subunits on α6β2*-nAChR function. These studies illuminate the structural bases for effects of β3 subunits on α6*-nAChR function and suggest that unique subunit interfaces involving the complementary rather than the primary face of α6 subunits are involved.
IsoBase: a database of functionally related proteins across PPI networks

We describe IsoBase, a database identifying functionally related proteins, across five major eukaryotic model organisms: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus and Homo Sapiens. Nearly all existing algorithms for orthology detection are based on sequence comparison. Although these have been successful in orthology prediction to some extent, we seek to go beyond these methods by the integration of sequence data and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks to help in identifying true functionally related proteins. With that motivation, we introduce IsoBase, the first publicly available ortholog database that focuses on functionally related proteins. The groupings were computed using the IsoRankN algorithm that uses spectral methods to combine sequence and PPI data and produce clusters of functionally related proteins. These clusters compare favorably with those from existing approaches: proteins within an IsoBase cluster are more likely to share similar Gene Ontology (GO) annotation. A total of 48 120 proteins were clustered into 12 693 functionally related groups. The IsoBase database may be browsed for functionally related proteins across two or more species and may also be queried by accession numbers, species-specific identifiers, gene name or keyword. The database is freely available for download at http://isobase.csail.mit.edu/.
Privacy, Democracy and the Politics of Disease Surveillance

Surveillance is a cornerstone of public health. It permits us to recognize disease outbreaks, to track the incidence and prevalence of threats to public health, and to monitor the effectiveness of our interventions. But surveillance also challenges our understandings of the significance and role of privacy in a liberal democracy. In this paper we trace the century-long history of public health surveillance in the United States situating that history in the context of the broad social, political, and ideological forces that have shaped our conceptions of privacy. Although we focus here on the United States, the debates over privacy that unfolded in the 1960s were repeated in many European nations. The themes we explore here, then, provide a framework for examining the relationship between privacy and public health in other contexts.
In vitro susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to steroids

The inhibitory effect of estradiol, norethynodrel, progesterone, testosterone and diethylstilbestrol on 7 human isolates of C. neoformans was determined. Northynodrel, progesterone or testosterone had no apparent effect on their growth. Diethylstilhestrol at a concentration of 10 μg/ml completely suppressed the growth of all isolates and estradiol at a concentration of 1·0 μg/ml completely suppressed the growth of 3 isolates and moderately inhibited the remainder.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIZOSERIS CONDENSATA, SCHIZOSERIDEAE TRIB. NOV. (DELESSERIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)1

The Myriogramme group of Kylin contains two distinct clusters of genera that merit recognition at the tribal level. We previously established the tribe Myriogrammeae, and in this paper we erect the Schizoserideae based on a study of the type species of Schizoseris, S. laciniata (=S. condensata), from the southern hemisphere. The Schizoserideae is characterized by 1) marginal and diffuse intercalary meristems; 2) nuclei initially arranged in a plate in the median plane in meristematic and mature cells; 3) chloroplasts one to few, lobed or dissected; 4) microscopic veins absent; 5) procarps scattered, formed singly on either side of the blade with cover cells absent and consisting of a one- to two-celled lateral sterile group, a one- to two-celled basal sterile group, and a four-celled carpogonial branch in which the trichogyne passes beneath the lateral sterile group and emerges anterior to it; 6) auxiliary cell diploidized by a connecting cell cut off posteriolaterally from the fertilized carpogonium; 7) gonimoblast initial cut off laterally from one side of the auxiliary cell and giving rise to unilaterally branched gonimoblast filaments bearing carposporangia in branched chains; 8) gonimoblast fusion cell highly branched, candelabra-like, incorporating all but the basalmost cells of the carposporangial chains and radiating through the central cells in the floor of the cystocarp; 9) spermatangial and tetrasporangial sori formed from surface cells in both monostromatic and polystromatic portions on both sides of the blade; and 10) tetrasporangia formed primarily from cortical rather than from central cells. The Schizoserideae presently includes Schizoseris Kylin, Neuroglossum Kutzing, Abroteia J. Agardh, and Polycoryne Skottsberg in Kylin and Skottsberg.
Geriatric Hip Fractures and Inpatient Services: Predicting Hospital Charges Using the ASA Score

Purpose. To determine if the American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score can be used to predict hospital charges for inpatient services. Materials and Methods. A retrospective chart review was conducted at a level I trauma center on 547 patients over the age of 60 who presented with a hip fracture and required operative fixation. Hospital charges associated with inpatient and postoperative services were organized within six categories of care. Analysis of variance and a linear regression model were performed to compare preoperative ASA scores with charges and inpatient services. Results. Inpatient and postoperative charges and services were significantly associated with patients' ASA scores. Patients with an ASA score of 4 had the highest average inpatient charges of services of $15,555, compared to $10,923 for patients with an ASA score of 2. Patients with an ASA score of 4 had an average of 45.3 hospital services compared to 24.1 for patients with a score of 2. Conclusions. A patient's ASA score is associated with total and specific hospital charges related to inpatient services. The findings of this study will allow payers to identify the major cost drivers for inpatient services based on a hip fracture patient's preoperative physical status.
Theory and implementation of sliding mode control with perturbation estimation (SMCPE)

A novel approach, sliding mode control with perturbation estimation (SMCPE), is presented to remove the restrictions of SMC about the a priori upperbound knowledge for the perturbations and to improve the tracking performance. It does not require the a priori knowledge of the upper bounds of the uncertainties and it offers much better tracking accuracies. However, SMCPE requires that the control loop speeds be reasonably faster than the perturbation dynamics. The success of SMCPE applications is closely related to the precision of the state measurements. Experimental justifications are presented from the applications of SMCPE on a SCARA-type Hitachi robot. >
Shear viscosity and damping of collective modes in a two-dimensional Fermi gas

The shear viscosity of a two-dimensional Fermi gas interacting via a short-range potential with scattering length ${a}_{2\mathrm{d}}$ in kinetic theory is computed. It is found that classical kinetic theory predicts that the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of a strongly interacting two-dimensional gas is comparable to that of the three-dimensional unitary gas. Results are applied to the damping of collective modes of a trapped Fermi gas, and compared to experimental data recently obtained by Vogt et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 070404 (2012)].
RISE, GRUBENHUND : ON PROVINCIALIZING KUHN

Bilingualism was Kuhn's solution to the problem of relativism, the problem raised by his own theory of incommensurability. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he argued that scientific theories are separated by gulfs of mutual incomprehension. There is no neutral ground from which to judge one theory fitter than another. Each is formulated in its own language and cannot be translated into the idiom of another. Yet, like many Americans, Kuhn never had the experience of moving comfortably between languages. “I've never been any good really at foreign languages,” he admitted in an interview soon before his death. “I can read French, I can read German, if I'm dropped into one of those countries I can stammer along for a while, but my command of foreign languages is not good, and never has been, which makes it somewhat ironic that much of my thought these days goes to language.” Kuhn may have been confessing to more than a personal weakness. His linguistic ineptitude seems to be a clue to his overweening emphasis on the difficulty of “transworld travel.” Multilingualism remained for him an abstraction. In this respect, I will argue, Kuhn engendered a peculiarly American turn in the history of science. Kuhn's argument for the dependence of science on the norms of particular communities has been central to the development of studies of science in and as culture since the 1980s. Recent work on the mutual construction of science and nationalism, for instance, is undeniably in Kuhn's debt. Nonetheless, the Kuhnian revolution cut off other avenues of research. In this essay, I draw on the counterexample of the physician–historian Ludwik Fleck, as well as on critiques by Steve Fuller and Ted Porter, to suggest one way to situate Kuhn within the broader history of the history of science. To echo Kuhn's own visual metaphors, one of the profound effects of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions on the field of history of science was to render certain modes of knowledge production virtually invisible.
Effects of EBG reflection phase profiles on the input impedance and bandwidth of ultrathin directional dipoles

A comprehensive study of the effects of the reflection phase profiles on dipole antennas is presented with the ultimate objective of designing ultrathin printed dipoles (as thin as one hundredth of the wavelength). Dipole driving-point impedance and bandwidth are studied as function of various electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) reflection phase profiles. It is demonstrated that although many different reflection phase profiles can be generated for a certain antenna height, it is the profile that satisfies a specific range of reflection phase angles that is required to achieve good antenna performance. Such optimum EBG phase profiles are generated for a number of antenna heights and their influence on a dipole antenna impedance and bandwidth are also studied. Finally, an actual EBG structure and a printed dipole antenna are designed, fabricated and tested. The overall antenna height for this case was 0.03/spl lambda/. The computed and measured results show that efficient printed dipoles on ultrathin grounded dielectric substrates can be developed that will substantially reduce the sizes and weight of large arrays.
Component aggregation: A mechanism for organizing efficient engineering databases

An implementation technique for design databases is introduced. The technique is based on the component aggregation abstraction, which ignores the details of assembly structures of objects and considers assemblies which have exactly the same type of parts as equivalent assemblies. Component aggregation allows structural properties of design objects to be explored and utilized to achieve efficient organization of design data. A mathematical model of design objects is developed, and used to demonstrate the benefits of component aggregation in the execution of frequent operations in design applications.
Alzheimer's-type neuropathology in the precuneus is not increased relative to other areas of neocortex across a range of cognitive impairment☆

We studied Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in the precuneus and surrounding brain areas. Anatomically, the precuneus corresponds to the medial portion of human cerebral cortical Brodmann Area 7. This study utilized patients from the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center autopsy cohort. Data from 47 brains were used comprising patients of differing antemortem cognitive impairment severities, each with longitudinal clinical data and extensive neuropathological data. We assessed whether the precuneus and surrounding areas are differentially vulnerable to AD-type pathological lesions (diffuse amyloid plaques, neuritic amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles). Eleven areas of brain were evaluated for each case: amygdala, hippocampal CA1, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, frontal cortex, superior and middle temporal gyri, inferior parietal lobule, occipital cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, Brodmann Area 31, and the precuneus proper. Like other areas of neocortex, the precuneus demonstrated increased diffuse and neuritic amyloid plaques early in the evolution in AD, and increased neurofibrillary tangles late in AD. Correcting for the antemortem cognitive status of the patients, there was no evidence of an increase in the density of AD-type pathology in the precuneus or neighboring areas relative to other areas of cerebral neocortex. Our results are not consistent with the idea that the precuneus is involved in a special way with plaques or tangles relative to other areas of neocortex.
The Long-Term Outcome of Recurrent Defects After Rotator Cuff Repair

BackgroundRetears of the rotator cuff are not uncommon after arthroscopic and mini-open rotator cuff repairs. In most studies, the clinical results in patients with persistent defects demonstrated significantly less pain and better function and strength compared with their preoperative state at an early follow-up.HypothesisThe clinical and structural outcomes of patients with known rotator cuff defects will remain unchanged after a longer period of follow-up.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsThis study was performed in 15 patients (18 shoulders) from a previous study who had recurrent rotator cuff defects 3.2 years after repair. Each patient completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Scoring Survey, the Simple Shoulder Test, the L'Insalata Scoring Survey, and a visual analog scale for pain. Eleven patients (13 shoulders) were clinically reexamined at an average of 7.9 years for range of motion and strength, with targeted ultrasound.ResultsAt the 7.9 year follow-up the average sc...
Important metabolic pathways in poultry embryos prior to hatch

Growth performance and meat yield of commercial broilers and turkeys has improved linearly each year during the past four decades (Havenstein et al., 2003b; Havenstein et al., 2003a; Havenstein et al., 2007), and this trend is likely to continue in the future as new technologies in genetics, biotechnology and developmental biology are adopted by the poultry industry. As the time it takes meat birds to achieve market size decreases, the period of embryonic development becomes a greater proportion of a bird's productive life. Therefore, incubation and embryonic development towards hatch is of greater relative importance to the successful rearing of meat poultry than ever before (Hulet 2007; Foye et al., 2007b). Consequently, anything that supports or limits growth and development during the incubation period will have a marked effect on overall growth performance and health of modern strains of meat poultry. Many poultry researchers now realize that future gains in genetic and production potential of poultry will come from advancements made during the incubation period and embryogenesis (Elibol et al., 2002; Peebles et al., 2005; Christensen et al., 2007; Collin et al., 2007; Leksrisompong et al., 2007). The urgent need to explore and understand the biology of incubation has been emphasised by several symposia: two held at the annual conference of the U.S. Poultry Science Society (July 2006-Edmonton, Alberta, Canada “Managing the embryo for performance”, and July 2007-San Antonio, TX Informal Nutrition Meeting “The impact of imprinting on biological and economical performance in animals”), and one held by the European Federation of World Poultry Science Society (October 2007-Berlin, Germany “Fundamental physiology and perinatal development in poultry), which were specifically devoted to demonstrating the importance of the embryonic period on poultry performance. This review will summarise the metabolic events and pathways in four of the most active tissues of embryos during the period just prior to hatch, and the hormonal control that coordinates the marked changes as the embryo prepares for its post-hatch life.
Outcomes with neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy for T1-2 node negative triple negative breast cancer.

1092 Background: Randomized studies have demonstrated that Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) is equivalent to adjuvant chemotherapy (AdjC) in operable breast cancer (BC). However, the differential imp...
Type 4 Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase as a Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Theophylline, a drug known to inhibit several classes of adenosine 3'5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterases (PDEs), induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Because the PDE target for theophylline in CLL remains unknown, we examined the ability of isoform-specific PDE inhibitors to increase cAMP levels and induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of purified CLL cDNA amplified transcripts for PDE1B, 4A and 4B. The type 4 PDE inhibitor rolipram but not the type 1 inhibitor vinpocetine increased CLL cAMP levels. Rolipram-inhibitable (type 4) but not calcium-calmodulin augmented (type 1) PDE enzyme activity was detected in CLL samples. In samples from 13 of 14 CLL patients, rolipram induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion over a 48-hour period. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-cultured whole mononuclear cells (WMC) and anti-Ig stimulated CD19(+) B cells were resistant to the induction of apoptosis by rolipram while unstimulated CD19(+) B cells, which had a high basal apoptotic rate, were more sensitive. Rolipram stimulated elevations in cAMP levels in all four of these cell populations, suggesting that they differed in sensitivity to cAMP-induced apoptosis. Consistent with this hypothesis, incubation with the cell permeable cAMP analog dibutyryl-cAMP induced apoptosis in CLL cells and unstimulated B cells but not in IL-2-cultured WMC or anti-Ig stimulated B cells. These data identify PDE4 as a family of enzymes whose inhibition induces apoptosis in CLL cells.
Hydronium Behavior at the Air–Water Interface with a Polarizable Multistate Empirical Valence Bond Model

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to understand the propensity of the hydronium ion for the air–water interface with a polarizable multistate empirical valence bond (MS-EVB) model. Reasonable agreement with experiment for radial distribution functions and very good agreement for hydronium diffusion were found for the model. The polarizable MS-EVB model had no free energy minimum at the air–water interface. However, when polarizability on the hydronium ion alone was removed, a free energy of around −1.5 kcal/mol was calculated at the air–water interface. This discrepancy was found to be due to the behavior of water molecules in the first solvation shell of a hydronium ion. These water molecules contained a moderate amount of hydronium character, resulting in the delocalization of the hydronium ion. For the system with polarizable hydronium ions, this delocalization was the same at the interface as in the bulk, but for the system without polarizable hydronium ions, the delocalization increased...
On the use of scavenging ratios for the inference of surface-level concentrations and subsequent dry deposition of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+

An inference technique is developed that allows estimation of the annual and monthly dry deposition of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+. Conceptually, this technique is based on the premise that precipitation efficiently scavenges aerosols, resulting in a strong correlation between concentrations within precipitation and the surface-level air. Empirically, it is based on the linear relationship exhibited between the measured surface-level air and precipitation concentrations at 23 stations in Ontario, Canada, for the period 1983–1985. Correlations ranged from 0.513 for K+ to 0.946 for Mg2+. Because of the stochastic nature of such an approach, the assumptions inherent to the concept of scavenging ratios, and therefore this inference technique, must be carefully considered. Under such considerations, annual and monthly dry deposition of alkaline aerosols can be estimated at many locations across North America where precipitation concentrations are routinely measured.
On Understanding Fascism: A Review of Some Contemporary Literature

The above collection of recently published books provides a convenient occasion for undertaking a review of our efforts to "understand" generic fascism-and particularly Mussolini's Fascism. For almost fifty years now, biographers, historians, political scientists, and social scientists in general, have been attempting to "understand," in some substantial sense, the "meaning" of the tangled skein of events we now identify with fascism. Whatever "understanding" is taken to mean, it implies, minimally, that we can define our objects of inquiry with some precision-that we entertain some confirmed empirical generalizations about them -and that these generalizations be logically related to produce a comprehensible narrative account. Such an account is generally spoken of as an "empirical theory" of our range of concerns. Preliminary to, implicit in, and consequent upon, the possession of such a theory, are normative or evaluative considerations or both. In general, it can be said that to "under-
The Roots of American Decline

Using historical comparisons, the author analyzes America's faltering international power and argues that it will take more than good will and high hopes to save the empire.
Current Experiences in Testing of Pseudomonas for Susceptibility to Carbenicillin

In retesting pseudomonas isolates that had been designated by hospital laboratories as resistant to carbenicillin, 64% were found to be susceptible to carbenicillin by both the disk and broth-dilution techniques, 6% were intermediate, and 30% were resistant. The reasons for the variation in results were not readily identified in every instance but probably included deviations from the standardized disk technique, misidentification of bacterial isolates, and the use of antibiotic disks with diminished potency. The distribution pattern of sensitivity to carbenicillin of these supposedly resistant isolates studied in 1972 was surprisingly similar to that of an unselected population of Pseudomonas studied in 1968.
The Spell of Marx and Jeffrey Sachs: Social Theory and Post-Communist Politics

The article offers a critical analysis of the view that Marx’s critique of capitalism provides the analytical lenses necessary to understand post-communist transformations. The author examines the problematic premises underpinning this view—for example, that capitalism can be created by design, and that in the early 1990s the former “second world” constituted a tabula rasa—and insists that a proper answer to the question “How did capitalism emerge in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union?” is yet to be given. The text also identifies the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical difficulties that might ensue if analyses of post-communist politics are reduced to a critique of neoliberal capitalism.
Repurposing cephalosporin antibiotics as pro-senescent radiosensitizers

Radiation therapy remains a significant therapeutic modality in the treatment of cancer. An attractive strategy would be to enhance the benefits of ionizing radiation (IR)with radiosensitizers. A high-content drug repurposing screen of approved and investigational agents, natural products and other small molecules has identified multiple candidates that blocked repair of IR damage in vitro. Here, we validated a subset of these hits in vitro and then examined effects on tumor growth after IR in a murine tumor model. Based on robust radiosensitization in vivo and other favorable properties of cephalexin, we conducted additional studies with other beta-lactam antibiotics. When combined with IR, each cephalosporin tested increased DNA damage and slowed tumor growth without affecting normal tissue toxicity. Our data implicate reactive oxygen species in the mechanism by which cephalosporins augment the effects of IR. This work provides a rationale for using commonly prescribed beta-lactam antibiotics as non-toxic radiosensitizers to enhance the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.