cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of sagittal spinal alignment in 100 asymptomatic middle and older aged volunteers

Study Design. A radiographic evaluation of 100 adult volunteers over age 40 and without a history of significant spinal abnormality was done to determine indices of sagittal spinal alignment. Objectives. To determine the sagittal contours of the spine in a population of adults older than previously reported in the literature and to correlate age and overall sagittal balance to other measures of segmental spinal alignment. Summary of Background Data. Previous studies of sagittal alignment have focused on adolescent and young adult populations before the onset of degenerative changes that may affect sagittal alignment. Methods. Radiographic measurements were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. Results. Mean sagittal vertical axis fell 3.2 ± 3.2 cm behind the front of the sacrum. Total lumbar lordosis (T12-S1) averaged -64° ± 10°. Lordosis increased incrementally with distal progression through the lumbar spine. Lordosis at L5-S1 and the position of the apices of the thoracic and lumbar curves were most closely correlated to sagittal vertical axis. Increasing age correlated to a more forward sagittal vertical axis with loss of distal lumbar lordosis but without an increase in thoracic or thoracolumbar kyphosis. Conclusions. The majority of asymptomatic individuals are able to maintain their sagittal alignment despite advancing age. Loss of distal lumbar lordosis is most responsible for sagittal imbalance in those individuals who do not maintain sagittal alignment. Spinal fusion for deformity should take into account the anticipated loss of lordosis that may occur with age.
Modeling of a novel spool compressor with multiple vapor refrigerant injection ports

Abstract A model of a novel rotary spool compressor has been developed to explore the effect of multiple injection ports on compressor and cycle performance. The thermodynamic model includes the effects of heat transfer and leakage and is numerically solved to predict the compressor power consumption and mass flow rate. Saturated vapor injection is modeled assuming that the injection pressures and the timing of the injection process can be controlled. The model predicts that adding a single injection port will provide a 12% increase in the cycle coefficient of performance (COP) when the compressor runs at 1907 rpm with R-22 evaporating at −7 °C, condensing at 49 °C, and 15 °C of superheat. Adding a second, non-optimized injection port increases the COP by 16% compared to the cycle without injection. The model is used to investigate the effect of injection pressure, port location, and port diameter on cycle performance.
A new species of Anelpistina (Insecta: Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) from the rainforest of Selva Lacandona, Mexico

Abstract Anelpistina nubigena, new species (Insecta: Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) is described from the ecotourism center of Las Nubes, in the Selva Lacandona rainforest of Chiapas, Mexico. Sequencing of 16S rRNA of specimens collected from the area revealed that at least one additional sympatric species of Anelpistina inhabits this same locality.
Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the acute phases of myocardial ischaemia and infarction, and in the later phases of recovery. Function follows morphology

Myocardial ischaemia and infarction result in major changes in myocardial function, due to the metabolic and structural cause. The observed morphological changes may be macroscopic--as in clinical myocardial infarction, microscopic--as in severe, prolonged ischaemia, or ultramicroscopic--in regard to the collagen matrix. Recognition of the vulnerability of these structures to the metabolic and mechanical stresses associated with severe ischaemia or infarction allows an understanding of the processes of acute dilatation, late adverse remodelling and compensatory hypertrophy, which determine both systolic and diastolic dysfunction and define the principal clinical complications. Morphology--'Form'--is the primary determinant of function, while metabolic and other factors are secondary, variably dependent on the integrity of structure.
Augmented Mass Transport of Macromolecules in Sheared Suspensions to Surfaces B. Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract The augmented mass transport of plasma protein (bovine serum albumin) in a red blood cell ghost particle suspension to a surface was investigated under diffusion-limited conditions in rectangular flow cell system. The augmentation of mass transport of protein was probably due to the random particle motions. A total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) method was used to determine the effective diffusivity of bovine serum albumin (BSA), based on the measurement of its adsorption rate to a surface, as a function of suspended particle volume fraction (0.05–0.7) and shear rate. Effective diffusivity results for BSA in suspensions containing red blood cell ghosts showed an enhancement, i.e., augmentation, over the Brownian diffusivity values measured over corresponding homogeneous solutions. The augmentation of protein was defined as (De/Ds) − 1, whereDeis the effective diffusivity under flow andDsis the diffusivity in a stationary suspension. The augmentation of BSA mass transport in RBC ghost suspension was found to be 14–1440% in 5–70 vol% RBC ghost suspension at shear rates of 200–1000 s−1. The augmentation values reported as a function of particle Peclet number (Pe) were in good agreement with literature values. The normalized augmentation (A/Pe) increased with particle volume fraction until it reached a maximum at 45% RBC ghosts, whereby it decreased as the particle volume fraction was further increased. Volume fractions of up to 70% RBC ghosts were studied.
The landing error scoring system as a screening tool for an anterior cruciate ligament injury-prevention program in elite-youth soccer athletes

Context: Identifying neuromuscular screening factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a critical step toward large-scale deployment of effective ACL injury-prevention programs. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a valid and reliable clinical assessment of jump-landing biomechanics. Objective: To investigate the ability of the LESS to identify individuals at risk for ACL injury in an elite-youth soccer population. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Field-based functional movement screening performed at soccer practice facilities. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 829 elite-youth soccer athletes (348 boys, 481 girls; age = 13.9 ± 1.8 years, age range = 11 to 18 years), of whom 25% (n = 207) were less than 13 years of age. Intervention(s): Baseline preseason testing for all participants consisted of a jump-landing task (3 trials). Participants were followed prospectively throughout their soccer seasons for diagnosis of ACL injuries (1217 athlete-seasons of follow-up). Main Outcome ...
Soil-geomorphic significance of land surface characteristics in an arid mountain range, Mojave Desert, USA

Abstract Mountains comprise an extensive and visually prominent portion of the landscape in the Mojave Desert, California. Landform surface properties influence the role these mountains have in geomorphic processes such as dust flux and surface hydrology across the region. The primary goal of this study was to describe and quantify land surface properties of arid-mountain landforms as a step toward unraveling the role these properties have in soil-geomorphic processes. As part of a larger soil-geomorphic study, four major landform types were identified within the southern Fry Mountains in the southwestern Mojave Desert on the basis of topography and landscape position: mountaintop, mountainflank, mountainflat (intra-range low-relief surface), and mountainbase. A suite of rock, vegetation, and morphometric land surface characteristic variables was measured at each of 65 locations across the study area, which included an associated piedmont and playa. Our findings show that despite the variation within types, landforms have distinct land surface properties that likely control soil-geomorphic processes. We hypothesize that surface expression influences a feedback process at this site where water transports sediment to low lying areas on the landscape and wind carries dust and soluble salts to the mountains where they are washed between rocks, incorporated into the soil, and retained as relatively long-term storage. Recent land-based video and satellite photographs of the dust cloud emanating from the Sierra Cucapa Mountains in response to the 7.2-magnitude earthquake near Mexicali, Mexico, support the hypothesis that these landforms are massive repositories of dust.
The calibration of satellite particle sensors

Abstract An overview of the calibration process for spacecraft-borne particle sensors is given. Calibrating an instrument involves measuring the instrument response function by using an ion beam with well-defined properties. This is done in the laboratory. In flight, adjustments have to be made for sensor degradation or unexpected problems. Computer modeling of the instrument is an effective tool to understand data, ghost peaks, or cross talk. Recalibration with the flight spare unit is also an option to better understand flight instrument data.
The impact of IT news on hospitality firm value using cumulative abnormal returns (CARs)

Abstract The impact of information technology (IT) news on firm value have been investigated and discussed in various industry settings. Some reports indicate positive impacts while others find negative or no significant impact at all. The purpose of this event study is to examine how financial markets perceive various types of IT news regarding hospitality companies. Nine categories of IT news are created for investigation and the study estimates cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) to determine the impacts of such news on stock price movements. The findings suggest no significant impact from IT news on firm value, supporting the IT paradox theory.
A Cartesian force reflecting teleoperation system

Abstract Cartesian force reflecting teleoperation is a relatively new technology; there are no commercially available systems, and only a few laboratory systems. Various methods of mapping master motions to slave motions are presented, taking advantage of the natural structure of teleoperation. The algorithms are implemented in a 386-based Multibus-I system, with all code written in Ada. This system has been used to successfully demonstrate example teleoperation tasks, including peg-in-hole and contour tracing. In addition, a local compliance technique is used, with mixed results.
Exclusion of the β-subunit of type II calmodulin kinase for the wobbler spinal muscular atrophy gene

The wobbler mouse (wr) is an attractive model for studying motor neuron disease but the genetic defect is unknown. The β-subunit of calmodulin kinase II (β-CaMK II) is a good candidate for the wr mutation because of its chromosomal localization and tissue distribution. In this report, we found normal levels of CaM KII mRNA and enzyme activity making it highly unlikely that a mutation in the β-CaM KII gene is the cause of the wr phenotype.
Multipass resonators for annular gain lasers

The need to obtain a coherent output beam may impose severe constraints on the design of lasers with annular amplifying regions. One solution to the mode control problem involves resonant cavities in which the optical fields make more than one pass through the amplifying medium before returning to their starting point on the cavity mirror. Such multipass cavities and the resulting phase-compensated beam modes are considered in detail.
Self-perception among narcotic addicts: an exploratory study employing multidimensional scaling techniques.

The self-perception of narcotic addicts was investigated using multidimensional scaling techniques. Subjects consisted of two groups of narcotic addicts and one group of treatment personnel at a federal addiction treatment facility. One group of addict subjects was newly admitted to the treatment center, while the other group had been in treatment for 3 to 5 months. All Ss judged the similarity of pairs of “stimulus people” representing several personality dimensions thought to be relevant to the study of narcotic addiction. The judgments were analyzed using
Heat transfer to magnetohydrodynamic flow in a flat duct

Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit der Warmeubertragung von den Wanden eines flachwandigen Kanals auf eine elektrisch leitende Flussigkeit bei erzwungener Laminarstromung und in Gegenwart eines quergerichteten Magnetfeldes. Betrachtet wird der Fall konstanter Wandtemperatur mit variierender innerer Warmeentwicklung durch viskose und elektrische Energiedissipation. Die massgebende Differentialgleichung wird durch eine Differenzengleichung ersetzt und mit der elektronischen Rechenmaschine gelost. Als Resultat wird die Nusseltzahl angegeben, fur die Prandtlzahl 1, die Hartmannzahlen 0, 4, 10 und die Graetzzahlen von 10 bis 10 000, wobei die Kennzahlen fur Zahigkeit und elektrische Feldstarke als Parameter auftreten.
The Children's Depression Rating Scale for Normal and Depressed Outpatients

The Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) was devised by Poznanski, Cook, and Carroll in 1979, to diagnose depression in 6- to 12-year-olds. The authors state a score of 30 indicates significant depression, with scores in the 20 to 30 range indicating borderline depression. Normative outpatient data for the CDRS have not, however, been established. In this study, 25 apparently well-adjusted children from a pediatric primary care unit were evaluated by the CDRS. Their scores (ranging from 16 to 18) differed significantly from the normal values noted by the founders of the scale, based on the study of inpatients. On the other hand, a study of six of our clinically depressed children indicated scores of 22 to 49. With this definition of the normal score the outpatient child who scores greater than 20 is classified as in need of close follow up to determine if he is depressed.
Integrating Research Ethics into the Introductory Psychology Course Curriculum

Faculty at 2 universities integrated 6 case studies on research ethics into their introductory psychology curricula. Students who received the ethics modules were better able to identify ethical is...
Response of Alfalfa Seed Chalcid Ovipositor to Chemicals Occurring Naturally in Alfalfa

Forty chemicals which occur naturally in alfalfa were applied to the ovipositor of Bruchophayus roddi Gussakovskii, by minute pipettes. Each chemical was applied independently at 6 different levels of concentration. A positive response was recorded when the stylets were exsheathed from the ovipositior in an anterior-posterior movement following application of a chemical. Observations were made with the aid of a binocular microscope. Of the 40 chemicals evaluated, 22 elicited a response.
Pound wise and penny foolish? OTC stock investor behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore some commonly held beliefs about individuals investing in over-the-counter (OTC) stocks (those traded on Over-the-counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB) and Pink Sheets), a fairly pervasive activity. The authors frame the analysis within the context of direct gambling, aspirational preferences in behavioral portfolios, and private information. Design/methodology/approach – Contrary to popular perceptions, the modeling of the deliberate act of buying OTC stocks at a discount brokerage house finds that unlike the typical lottery buyers/gamblers, OTC investors are older, wealthier, more experienced at investing, and display greater portfolio diversification than their non-OTC investing counterparts. Findings – Behavioral portfolio investors (Shefrin and Statman, 2000) invest their money in layers, each of which corresponds to an aspiration or goal. Consistent with sensation seeking and aspirations in behavioral portfolios, OTC investors also display higher trading ac...
Flowering and fruit set dynamics at phloem-isolated nodes in soybean

Abstract The dynamics of flowering and pod set of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was evaluated in two greenhouse experiments with a girdled node system. Plants (cv. Elgin 87) were grown in 3.0 l pots filled with a soil–vermiculite mixture (2:1, v/v) and the main stem below node seven (node one was node with unifolioliate leaves) (one-node treatment) or node five (three-node treatment) was girdled when the first flower opened at node seven. The main stem above node seven was removed as were the leaves at nodes five and six on the three-node treatment. Flower production, from daily counts of open flowers, followed a bi-modal distribution with the first cohort representing flowers on the main raceme while the second cohort contained flowers from sub-branches. Pods ≥10 mm long were marked with acrylic paint and the color was changed every 2 or 3 days to define at maturity when the surviving pods were initiated. The initiation of surviving pods followed the same pattern as flowers, and pods in the first cohort had nearly 100% survival while second cohort generally had survival rates
Research With Families Facing Cancer: The Challenges of Accrual and Retention

The purposes of this article are: (a) to describe and analyze the accrual and retention patterns in a longitudinal randomized clinical trial with prostate cancer patients and their partners, and (b) to discuss strategies that were used to overcome challenges in conducting this family-based study. Initially, 429 dyads were referred to the study. Of these, 166 were not enrolled due to refusal (n ¼ 120) or ineligibility (n ¼ 46), 21 of whom did not meet one or more of the inclusion criteria, and 25 of whom could not be reached within the 2-month window of eligibility. Of the 383 eligible dyads, 263 dyads were enrolled (enrollment rate of 68.7%). Accrual and retention patterns differed by research site, referral procedures, and phase of prostate cancer. The retention rate was very good with the majority of dyads (n ¼ 218) completing all three follow-up assessments at 4, 8, and 12 months (82.9%). 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 29:199-211, 2006
Intracellular responses of procion filled cells and whole nerve cobalt impregnation in the dragonfly median ocellus

1. The projections of the large second-order neurons of the dragonfly median ocellus have been mapped in the brain using whole nerve cobalt impregnation. 2. Nine unique median ocellar nerve projections were identifiable from preparation to preparation. One of them was found to bifurcate sending projections to each side of the brain. 3. Regions of terminal arborization could conveniently be divided into three groups — the ventrolateral, dorsomedial, and ventromedial dendritic complexes: the latter two located where contralateral input from lateral ocelli has been identified, the former in a region receiving ipsilateral lateral ocellar input. 4. In three preparations the electrophysiological response of one of these neurons was identified by intracellular recording together with Procion dye injection at a site in the synaptic plexus region of the ocellar retina. In each case the response was the typical hyperpolarizing response attributed to second-order cells in this and other ocelli. The dye revealed that we had stained the same large ocellar neuron in each preparation. This neuron projects from the synaptic plexus of one half of the median ocellus to the contralateral half of the brain to terminate in a region which also receives input from the contralateral lateral ocellus. The neuron can be identified using the map of large ocellar neurons obtained from our cobalt preparations. 5. Intracellular recording coupled with Procion staining was achieved for three photoreceptor cells. In each case the dye revealed that the axon of the photoreceptor cell terminated in the ocellar synaptic plexus and did not project into the brain. This suggests that receptor axons may not account for the small diameter axons observed in cross sections of the ocellar nerve.
Approximations and asymptotic error formulas for nonlinear integral operations on Banach spaces

Soit S un ensemble lineairement ordonne, G un groupe abelien complet muni de O et H l'ensemble des fonctions de G dans G qui appliquent O dans O. On considere des operations non lineaires integrales pour la resolution de l'equation integrale y(x)=P+∫ x a V(u,v)y(v), ou P est dans G, y une fonction de S vers G et V une fonction de S×S dans H
Auditory pathways to the cortex in Tupaia glis.

The auditory system of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis, was investigated by identifying axonal degeneration after lesions of the lateral lemniscus, the inferior colliculus, the medial geniculate nucleus and the auditory cortex. The results show that the lateral lemniscus projects to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus which in turn projects principally to the ventral division of the medial geniculate nucleus but to a lesser extent to the magnocellular division of the medial geniculate nucleus. The final step in the pathway to the cortex is achieved by a projection from the ventral division to the fourth layer of auditory koniocortex. There appear to be several auditory pathways parallel to this primary path. The lateral lemniscus projects to the dorsal division of the medial geniculate nucleus; the deeper layers of the superior colliculus project to the posterior nucleus; and both the dorsal division and the posterior nucleus project to the belt caudal to auditory koniocortex. The caudal division of the medial geniculate nucleus may constitute a relay in still another path from the pericentral division of the inferior colliculus. Finally, the magnocellular division also appears to be distinct insofar as its cortical projections are confined chiefly to the deeper layers. A comparison between the tree shrew and the cat reveals a similar organization in the two species. In the cat the starting point for understanding the organization of the several auditory pathways is the distinction between a core cortical zone which corresponds to koniocortex and to AI and a peripheral belt. The core receives essential projections from the ventral division; the belt receives sustaining projections from the cell groups which surround the ventral division. It is reasonable to hypothesize that this difference between the core and the belt is characteristic of all mammals.
Being a girl athlete

In this study, we examine data from young girls spontaneously talking about what it is like to be a girl athlete. During ten focus group interviews, the girls’ (n = 52) often digressed and their conversations provide rich insight into their lived experiences as girl athletes. In this article, we portray these girl athletes’ negotiations as they enact, transform, transgress, and combine gendered expectations about being both a girl and an athlete. Using a narrative approach and creative nonfiction, we present vignettes exemplifying the themes of performing girl, performing athlete; gendered sport lessons; sport friends; and sport mentality. Not surprising, these girls’ experiences reveal how gender permeates all aspects of their sport experiences. Gender performance was a continuous negotiation with myriad potential outcomes. One could be sporty and girly girl, sporty and not girly girl, a girly girl cheerleader, or one could even be sporty and a cheerleader. We believe that the strong friendships among th...
Relative increase in insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid levels in compensatory renal hypertrophy.

Immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has recently been demonstrated in multiple tissues, including liver, kidney, lung, testes, and brain. Tissue IGF-I levels in hypophysectomized rats are elevated by GH. To examine whether tissue IGF-I production is regulated by local as well as systemic influences, we studied rat kidney IGF-I gene expression in renal compensatory hypertrophy occurring after unilateral nephrectomy. Northern analysis of kidney poly(A) RNA probed with [32P]IGF-I mouse cDNA revealed the presence of a mRNA species 1.3 kilobases in size. Dot hybridization of kidney poly(A) RNA showed that IGF-I mRNA was induced 5- to 6-fold in the kidneys of nephrectomized animals relative to levels in control sham-operated rats. This induction was present 24 h after surgery and continued for at least 7 days after the operation. Kidney radioimmunoassayable IGF-I content was also increased 73% in nephrectomized animals, although this was only apparent on the fourth day after surgery. In contrast...
Structural Features of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Coupled to GαS-Protein

The molecular basis of the activation of G-proteins by the G-protein coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is unknown. Employing a combination of NMR methods and computer-based structural refinement, structural features involved in the activation of Gαs by the PTH receptor (PTH1R) have been determined. Focusing on the C-terminus of the third intracellular loop (IC3), previously shown to be important for Gαs activation by PTH1R, the structure of this region, PTH1R(402–408), while bound to Gαs, was determined by transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. The relative topological orientation of the IC3 while associated with Gαs was determined by saturation transfer difference spectroscopy. These experimental data were incorporated into molecular dynamics simulations of the PTH1R and Gαs to provide atomic insight into the receptor-protein interactions important for PTH signaling and a structural framework to analyze previous mutagenesis studies of Gαs. These data provide the first step toward development of a molecular mechanism for the signaling profile of PTH1R, an important regulator of calcium levels in the bloodstream.
Revisiting the black Jesus: Re-emplotting a narrative through multiple retellings

This article proposes that close examination of story retellings, both oral and written, can reveal a narrator's attempts to re-emplot a story in various ways. The retellings presented occurred in the context of a teacher education course where, across the semester, Ellie a white teacher, retold the same story six times. The retellings provided a unique opportunity to add to previous research on retold stories by examining differences and similarities in the six narratives that surfaced issues of culture and race related to teaching. The article also contributes methods of narrative analysis used to analyze and compare narrative structure and evaluations across the retellings. Discourse patterns revealed changes in narrative emplotment and evaluation and in the narrator's positioning of herself, a Euro-American teacher, and others, primarily African American students.
Experience and Education

Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.
Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic heart disease

The pharmacologic and physiologic effects of the slow-channel calcium antagonists verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem are reviewed. Relevant pathophysiologic features of various acute ischemic heart disease syndromes are also reviewed and the clinical applications of the slow-channel calcium antagonists to acute ischemic heart disease syndromes in patients are discussed.
Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management

Disease Overview Polycythemia Vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) primarily characterized by erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis, respectively. Other disease features include leukocytosis, splenomegaly, thrombohemorrhagic complications, vasomotor disturbances, pruritus and a small risk of disease progression into acute myeloid leukemia or myelofibrosis. Diagnosis Almost all patients with PV harbor a JAK2 mutation. When PV is suspected, the presence of a JAK2 mutation highly suggests the diagnosis and its absence, combined with normal or increased serum erythropoietin level, excludes the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of ET should include reactive thrombocytosis, chronic myeloid leukemia, prefibrotic myelofibrosis and RARS-T (refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis). A JAK2 mutation is found in 50–70% of patients with ET, myelofibrosis or RARS-T and is capable of distinguishing reactive from clonal thrombocytosis. Risk Stratification Current risk stratification in PV and ET is designed to estimate the likelihood of thrombotic complications: high-risk is defined by the presence of age >60 years or presence of thrombosis history; low-risk is defined by the absence of both of these two risk factors. Recent data considers JAK2V617F and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors as additional risk factors for thrombosis. Presence of extreme thrombocytosis (platelet count >1,000 × 109/L) might be associated with acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) and, therefore, risk of bleeding. Risk factors for shortened survival in both PV and ET include advanced age, leukocytosis, and history of thrombosis. Risk-Adapted Therapy Survival is near-normal in ET and reasonably long in PV. The 10-year risk of leukemic/fibrotic transformation is <1%/1% in ET and <3%/10% in PV. In contrast, the risk of thrombosis exceeds 20%. The main goal of therapy is therefore to prevent thrombohemorrhagic complications. In low risk patients, this is effectively and safely accomplished by the use of low-dose aspirin in both PV and ET and phlebotomy (hematocrit target of <45%) in PV. In high risk patients, treatment with hydroxyurea is additionally recommended, although not mandated in older patients without JAK2V617F or CV risk factors. Treatment with busulfan or interferon-α is usually effective in hydroxyurea failures. Screening for clinically significant AvWS is recommended before administrating aspirin in the presence of extreme thrombocytosis. Am. J. Hematol. 88:508–516, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Remarkable substrate-inhibitor properties of nicotine enantiomers towards a guinea pig lung aromatic azaheterocycle N-methyltransferase

Abstract The kinetics of nicotine methylation by guinea pig lung homogenates has been investigated. An interesting stereospecificity has been observed for nicotine enantiomers. R-(+)-Nicotine is a substrate Km=1.42 × 10−5M for an SAM-dependent guinea pig lung aromatic azaheterocycle N-methyltransferase, whereas S-(−)-nicotine acts as a competitive inhibitor (Ki=6.25 × 10−5M) of the N-methylation of its antipode.
Effects of temperature and oxygen pressure on binary oxide growth using aperture-controlled combinatorial pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract In pulsed-laser deposition (PLD), there are many processing parameters that influence film properties such as substrate–target distance, background reactive gas pressure, laser energy, substrate temperature and composition in multi-component systems. By introducing a 12.7-mm diameter circular aperture in front of a 76.2-mm silicon wafer and rotating the substrate while changing conditions during the PLD process, these parameters may be studied in a combinatorial fashion, discretely as a function of processing conditions. We demonstrate the use of the aperture technique to systematically study the effects of oxygen partial pressure on the film stoichiometry and growth rate of VO x , using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). In another example, we discuss the effect of growth temperature on TiO 2 films characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform far-infrared (Terahertz) absorption spectroscopy. We demonstrate that we have considerable combinatorial control of other processing variables besides composition in our combi-PLD system. These may be used to systematically study film growth and properties.
Potentiating action of chlorpromazine and reserpine.

THIS laboratory has previously reported that β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate hydrochloride (SKF 525-A) potentiates the pharmacological activity of a variety of drugs by interfering with their rate of detoxication1,2. Recently, we have become interested in the potentiating effects of chlorpromazine and reserpine, drugs widely used for their tranquillizing effects. Chlorpromazine is reported to potentiate the action of a number of central depressant drugs, including barbiturates and ethanol3. We have been able to show that reserpine as well as chlorpromazine potentiates the hypnotic action of hexobarbitone and ethanol; and furthermore, that neither potentiating agent influences the rate of metabolic transformation of the hypnotics but acts presumably by increasing the sensitivity of the central nervous system.
Insights into the ubiquitin transfer cascade from the structure of the activating enzyme for NEDD8.

Post-translational modification by ubiquitin-like proteins (Ublps) is an essential cellular regulatory mechanism1,2,3. The Ublp NEDD8 regulates cell division, signalling and embryogenesis4,5,6. Ublps are conjugated to their targets by the sequential action of E1, E2 and often E3 enzymes3. Each Ublp has a dedicated E1, or activating enzyme, that initiates its conjugation cascade1,3,7,8,9,10. First, E1 associates with the Ublp and catalyses adenylation of the carboxy terminus of the Ublp. Second, E1 forms a thioester between its catalytic cysteine and the Ublp. Next, E1 is loaded with a second Ublp molecule, adenylating the C terminus of this second Ublp while still carrying the first thioester-bound Ublp. Last, E1 binds E2 and promotes Ublp transfer to the catalytic cysteine of E2. We report here the structure and mutational analysis of human APPBP1–UBA3, the heterodimeric E1 enzyme for NEDD8 (ref. 11). Each E1 activity is specified by a domain: an adenylation domain resembling bacterial adenylating enzymes12, an E1-specific domain organized around the catalytic cysteine, and a domain involved in E2 recognition resembling ubiquitin. The domains are arranged around two clefts that coordinate protein and nucleotide binding so that each of E1's reactions drives the next, in an assembly-line fashion.
DEVELOPMENTAL SPELLING STRATEGIES OF HEARING‐IMPAIRED CHILDREN

Little is known about the development of spelling ability in students with hearing impairments. Thus the spelling development of hearing‐impaired students who primarily used oral/aural modes of communication was examined. Specifically, the present study was designed to (a) determine the strategies the children used to invent spellings, (b) identify the children's stages in spelling development, and (c) compare the strategies and stages of spelling development in children with and without hearing impairments. Results indicate that the strategies used by children with hearing impairments to invent spellings were developmentally and phonologically similar to those used by hearing children.
The stoicheometry of interactions between phosphorus and nutrient cations

Abstract Various concentrations of Mg, NH4, and K in the root solution were studied on uptake of radiophosphorus by the root mass, movement to the xylem sap, and accumulation in the top of intact bean plants. Cation levels ranged from 0.02 to 30.0 mM. Potassium had little effect on radiophosphorus in all three measurements, regardless of the level of cation in the root solution. Magnesium and NH4, on the other hand, increased isotope in the root mass, plant top, and xylem sap. Magnesium was more effective in this respect than NH4. In all cases the increases in radiophosphorus occurred as an asymptote of cation level in the root solution.
B cells regulate antidonor T-cell reactivity in transplantation

The analyses of indirect T-cell responses in patients with antibody-mediated renal transplant injury by Shiu et al. emphasize the complex contribution of B cells in alloimmunity. The data suggest at least three distinct but potentially overlapping consequences of T cell–B cell interactions: antigen presentation by B cells, alloantibody production, and immune regulation. These multifaceted functions of B cells should be taken into consideration in developing diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.
Sexism and Assertive Courtship Strategies

The popularity of speed-seduction techniques, such as those described in The Game (Strauss 2005) and advocated in the cable program The Pickup Artist (Malloy 2007), suggests some women respond positively to men’s assertive mating strategies. Drawing from these sources, assertive strategies were operationalized as involving attempts to isolate women, to compete with other men, and to tease or insult women. The present investigation examined whether hostile and benevolent sexism and sociosexuality, the degree to which individuals require closeness and commitment prior to engaging in sex, were associated with the reported use of assertive strategies by men and the reported positive reception to those strategies by women. It was predicted men and women who were more sexist and had an unrestricted sociosexuality would report using more and being more receptive to assertive strategies. Study 1 (N = 363) surveyed a Midwestern undergraduate college student sample, and regression results indicated that sociosexuality was associated with assertive strategy preference and use, but sexism only predicted a positive reception of assertive strategies by women. Study 2 (N = 850) replicated these results by surveying a larger, national U.S. volunteer sample via the internet. In addition to confirming the results of Study 1, regression results from Study 2 indicated that hostile sexism was predictive of reported assertive strategy use by men, suggesting that outside of the college culture, sexism is more predictive of assertive strategy use. Implications for courtship processes and the dating culture are discussed.
A Two Site Mechanism for the Inhibition of IAPP Amyloidogenesis by Zinc

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is a highly amyloidogenic protein co-secreted with insulin in response to glucose levels. The formation of hIAPP amyloid plaques near islet cells has been linked to the death of insulin-secreting β-cells in humans and the progression of type II diabetes. Since both healthy individuals and those with type II diabetes produce and secrete hIAPP, it is reasonable to look for factors involved in storing hIAPP and preventing amyloidosis. We have previously shown that zinc inhibits the formation of insoluble amyloid plaques of hIAPP; however, there remains significant ambiguity in the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we show that zinc binds unaggregated hIAPP at micromolar concentrations similar to those found in the extracellular environment. By contrast, the fibrillar amyloid form of hIAPP has low affinity for zinc. The binding stoichiometry obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments indicates that zinc favors the formation of hIAPP hexamers. High-resolution NMR structures of hIAPP bound to zinc reveal changes in the electron environment along residues that would be located along one face of the amphipathic hIAPP α-helix proposed as an intermediate for amyloid formation. Results from electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy investigations showed that a single zinc atom is predominantly bound to hIAPP and revealed that zinc inhibits the formation of the dimer. At higher concentrations of zinc, a second zinc atom binds to hIAPP, suggesting the presence of a low-affinity secondary binding site. Combined, these results suggest that zinc promotes the formation of oligomers while creating an energetic barrier for the formation of amyloid fibers.
Energy Gap Determination in Semiconductors by Electric-Field-Modulated Optical Absorption

A new technique is described for determining the band gap in semiconductors from measurements of the electric-field-modulated absorption of light (Franz-Keldysh effect). This method is tc some extent more convenient than previous ones since it permits the use of rather thick samples. Yet, the precision is about as high as that achieved by other techniques. Experiments using this technique have been carried out in germanium. The direct energy gap is found to be 0.7990 ± 0.0005 eV at 305 °K and 0.8807 ± 0.0010 eV at 89 °K, in excellent agreement with the values reported by other authors. Es wird eine neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Bandabstanden in Halbleitern beschrieben, das auf Messungen der durch das elektrische Feld modulierten Lichtabsorption (Franz-Keldysh-Effekt) beruht. Diese Methode eignet sich in mancher Hinsicht besser als bisher verwendete Methoden, da dieses Verfahren auch Messungen an dicken Proben gestattet. Die Genauigkeit ist etwa ebenso gros wie die der anderen Verfahren. Diese Methode wurde an Ge erprobt. Der Bandabstand fur direkte Ubergange betragt nach diesen Messungen 0,7990 ± 0,0005 eV bei 305 °K und 0,8807 ± 0,0010 eV bei 89 °K und ist in ausgezeichneter Ubereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen anderer Autoren.
Pathophysiology of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG): An updated review

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a challenging skin condition to identify and treat because of its multifactorial pathogenesis. It is a rare cutaneous manifestation diagnosed clinically by exclusion of infection, neoplasia, thrombophilia, and other inflammatory conditions. Pathogenetic and treatment studies are scarce. Abnormalities in the function of inflammatory cytokines, the immune system, and neutrophils combined with specific genetic mutations predispose patients to develop this complex disease process. Early recognition of patients at risk for pyoderma gangrenosum, the necessity to improve its early diagnosis, and the future outlook of targeted and personalized therapies relies on the improved comprehension of the complex pathogenesis of pyoderma gangrenosum.
Controlling false discoveries in genetic studies.

A false discovery occurs when a researcher concludes that a marker is involved in the etiology of the disease whereas in reality it is not. In genetic studies the risk of false discoveries is very high because only few among the many markers that can be tested will have an effect on the disease. In this article, we argue that it may be best to use methods for controlling false discoveries that would introduce the same ratio of false discoveries divided by all rejected tests into the literature regardless of systematic differences between studies. After a brief discussion of traditional “multiple testing” methods, we show that methods that control the false discovery rate (FDR) may be more suitable to achieve this goal. These FDR methods are therefore discussed in more detail. Instead of merely testing for main effects, it may be important to search for gene–environment/covariate interactions, gene–gene interactions or genetic variants affecting disease subtypes. In the second section, we point out the challenges involved in controlling false discoveries in such searches. The final section discusses the role of replication studies for eliminating false discoveries and the complexities associated with the definition of what constitutes a replication and the design of these studies. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential mechanism of oxidation of N‐acetyldopamine and N‐acetylnorepinephrine by cuticular phenoloxidase from Sarcophaga bullata

The mechanism of oxidation of two related sclerotizing precursors—N-acetyldopamine and N-acetylnorepinephrine—by the cuticular phenoloxidase from Sarcophaga bullata was studied and compared with mushroom tyrosinase-mediated oxidation. While the fungal enzyme readily generated the quinone products from both of these catecholamine derivatives, sarcophagid enzyme converted N-acetyldopamine to a quinone methide derivative, which was subsequently bound to the cuticle with the regeneration of o-dihydroxy phenolic function as outlined in an earlier publication [Sugumaran: Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 8, 73 (1988)]. However, it converted N-acetylnorepinephrine to its quinone and not to the quinone methide derivative. Proteolytic digests of N-acetyldopamine-treated cuticle liberated peptides that had covalently bound catechols, while N-acetylnorepinephrine-treated cuticle did not release such peptides. Acid hydrolysis of N-acetyldopamine-treated cuticle, but not N-acetylnorepinephrine-treated cuticle liberated 2-hydroxy-3′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone and arterenone. These results further confirm the unique conversion of N-acetyldopamine to its corresponding quinone methide derivative and N-acetylnorepinephrine to its quinone derivative by the cuticular phen-oloxidase. Significance of this differential mechanism of oxidation for sclerotization of insect cuticle is discussed.
Dealing with uncertainty: Shamans, marginal capitalism, and the remaking of history in postsocialist Mongolia

In this article, I explore the proliferation of previously suppressed shamanic practices among ethnic Buryats in Mongolia after the collapse of socialism in 1990. Contrary to the Buryats' expectation that shamanism would solve the uncertainties brought about by the market economy, it has created additional spiritual uncertainties. As skeptical Buryats repeatedly propitiate their angry origin spirits to alleviate the causes of their misfortunes, they reconstruct their history, which was suppressed by state socialism. The Buryats make their current calamities meaningful by placing them within the shifting history of their tragic past. The sense of uncertainty, fear, and disillusionment experienced by the Buryats also characterizes daily life in places other than Mongolia. This study reflects broader anthropological concerns about the emergence of new cultural spaces and practices in former socialist and preindustrial societies undergoing transitions to market economies.
On the structure of orthomodular lattices satisfying the chain condition

Abstract Beginning with the external point of view we show how orthomodular lattices may be “pasted” together to yield a new orthomodular lattice. Changing to the internal point of view we show that any two blocks (maximal Boolean suborthomodular lattices) of an orthomodular lattice satisfying the chain condition can be “connected” by blocks which intersect in a specific fashion. Returning to our initial point of view we obtain a method of constructing a given orthomodular lattice from Boolean lattices.
Parental age and developmental stability in Drosophila melanogaster.

Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, one outbred, recently derived from nature, and the other created by intensive directional selection on phototactic behavior for 19 years, were used to test the hypothesis that developmental stability is influenced by parental age. Three characters were examined: sternopleural bristle number, wing length, and wing area. The results do not support any relationship between parental age, either young or old, and developmental stability in offspring.
Charge quantization, compactness of the gauge group, and flux quantization

The relationship between charge quantization and the compactness of the gauge group is discussed. Also, remarks are made about charge quantization and the observation of flux quantization in superconductors.