cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutual intentions as a causal framework for social groups.

Abstract Children’s early emerging intuitive theories are specialized for different conceptual domains. Recently attention has turned to children’s concepts of social groups, finding that children believe that many social groups mark uniquely social information such as allegiances and obligations. But another critical component of intuitive theories, the causal beliefs that underlie category membership, has received less attention. We propose that children believe membership in these groups is constituted by mutual intentions: i.e., all group members (including the individual) intend for an individual to be a member and all group members (including the individual) have common knowledge of these intentions. Children in a broad age range (4–9) applied a mutual-intentional framework to newly encountered social groups early in development (Experiment 1, 2, 4). Further, they deploy this mutual-intentional framework selectively, withholding it from essentialized social categories such as gender (Experiment 3). Mutual intentionality appears to be a vital aspect of children’s naive sociology.
Differences in Ribosome Binding and Sarcin/Ricin Loop Depurination by Shiga and Ricin Holotoxins

Both ricin and Shiga holotoxins display no ribosomal activity in their native forms and need to be activated to inhibit translation in a cell-free translation inhibition assay. This is because the ribosome binding site of the ricin A chain (RTA) is blocked by the B subunit in ricin holotoxin. However, it is not clear why Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) holotoxin is not active in a cell-free system. Here, we compare the ribosome binding and depurination activity of Stx1 and Stx2 holotoxins with the A1 subunits of Stx1 and Stx2 using either the ribosome or a 10-mer RNA mimic of the sarcin/ricin loop as substrates. Our results demonstrate that the active sites of Stx1 and Stx2 holotoxins are blocked by the A2 chain and the B subunit, while the ribosome binding sites are exposed to the solvent. Unlike ricin, which is enzymatically active, but cannot interact with the ribosome, Stx1 and Stx2 holotoxins are enzymatically inactive but can interact with the ribosome.
Investigation of Ce3 + luminescence in borate-rich borosilicate glasses

Abstract An investigation of Ce-activated borate-rich borosilicate glasses was performed in a composition range previously unexplored, with high B 2 O 3 :SiO 2 ratios from 4.83:1 to 8.75:1. Glass samples were prepared by the melt quenching method in air. Samples were individually heated for 15 min at 1000 °C, evaluated for weight loss due to the release of volatile species, followed by a final melt for 15 min at 1000 °C, and then annealed at 350 °C for one hour to enhance stability. Particular emphasis was placed on the luminescence of the glasses investigated under X-ray and ultraviolet excitation. Luminescence was interpreted in terms of defects and Ce 3 + in different environments. The results indicated it was possible to achieve a composition of the host matrix that exhibited ultraviolet transparency cutoff at 326 nm and a well-defined emission from Ce 3 + , especially under X-ray excitation.
Evaluating Risk and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety

This research conducts an experiment on individuals’ perceptions of natural gas pipeline incidents and the expansion of natural gas pipeline infrastructure in the United States. This work contributes to the literature on natural gas pipeline safety and risk by utilizing Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory. This work is relevant from a public policy perspective because of the recent expansion of the U.S. natural gas pipeline network that has been underway since 2010. It provides policy makers with a better understanding of how the public perceives risks and benefits associated with pipeline expansion. Overall, the study results find that when individuals balanced the benefits and risks of pipeline expansion, a majority of all respondents (53.4 percent) picked safety over monetary gains. Further, a majority of respondents who received at least one treatment were more likely to choose safety and two-thirds of respondents who received a second treatment chose safety over material benefits associated with pipeline expansion. Related Articles Ash, John S. 2010. “New Nuclear Energy, Risk, and Justice: Regulatory Strategies for an Era of Limited Trust.” Politics & Policy 38 (3): 255-284. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00310.x/full Ash, John S. 2011. “Radiation or Riots: Risk Perception in Nuclear Power Decision Making and Deliberative Approaches to Resolving Stakeholder Conflict.” Politics & Policy 39 (2): 317-344. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00237.x/full Neill, Katharine A., and John C. Morris. 2012. “A Tangled Web of Principals and Agents: Examining the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill through a Principal–Agent Lens.” Politics & Policy 40 (4): 629-656. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00371.x/full Related Media Kassab, Beth, and Kevin Spear. 2017. “Gas Pipeline across Central Florida Brings Cheap Energy and Protests.” Orlando Sentinenal. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/environment/os-sabal-trail-pipeline-impact-20170329-story.html Parry, Wayne. 2017. “Hotly Contested New Jersey Pinelands Natural Gas Pipeline Approved.” Associated Press. February 24. http://6abc.com/news/hotly-contested-nj-pinelands-natural-gas-pipeline-approved/1771013/
Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Vertebrobasilar Dissecting Aneurysms Using Flow Diversion Embolization Devices: Single-Institution Experience.

Objective Treatment of ruptured posterior circulation dissecting aneurysms is technically challenging with potentially high morbidity and mortality. We sought to assess the safety and feasibility of using a flow-diversion device (FDD) and a specific acute antiplatelet aggregation protocol in the management of ruptured dissecting aneurysms. Methods Subjects with ruptured dissecting aneurysms treated during a 3-year period were retrospectively identified from a prospective registry. Intraoperative complications, morbidity, and mortality were recorded. Tirofiban maintenance infusion without bolus was administered intravenously immediately after deployment of the FDD, and almost all patients were loaded with dual antiplatelet (aspirin and clopidogrel) post procedure. Clinical follow-up evaluation and modified Rankin Scale were assessed. Results Nine subjects with ruptured posterior circulation dissecting aneurysms were treated with an FDD: 5 vertebral artery, 2 basilar artery, and 2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Average World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies score was 2 (range 1–5). Seven patients had external ventricular drain placed acutely for hydrocephalus. Eight patients received tirofiban infusion without bolus after FDD. No intraoperative complications occurred. Two subjects developed asymptomatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage found on surveillance noncontrast computed tomography. One subject suffered a major intraparenchymal hemorrhage and died a few days post intervention after additional anticoagulation was started for a left ventricular assist device. Follow-up modified Rankin Scale within 12 months was 0 in 3 subjects, 1 in 3 subjects, 2 in 1 subject, and 4 in 1. Conclusions Treatment of dissecting posterior circulation aneurysms with FDDs is feasible and a potential alternative to deconstructive techniques.
Retraining of Human Gait - Are Lightweight Cable-Driven Leg Exoskeleton Designs Effective?

Exoskeletons for gait training commonly use a rigid-linked “skeleton” which makes them heavy and bulky. Cable-driven exoskeletons eliminate the rigid-linked skeleton, providing a lighter and transparent design. Current cable-driven exoskeletons are aimed only at gait assistance by providing short bursts of forces to the leg during walking. It has not yet been shown if these designs are suitable for gait retraining, where rehabilitative forces need to be continuously applied to the leg in response to errors from a desired movement. The goal of this study is to investigate if a cable-driven leg exoskeleton can retrain the gait of human users. Nine healthy subjects were trained by a cable-driven leg exoskeleton to walk in a new gait pattern with 30% increase in step height from their natural gait. After 40 min of training, the gait of the subjects became significantly closer to the target gait than before the training. In three different post-training sessions, the step height of the subjects increased by 22%, 29%, and 31% on an average. In a fourth post-training session, when the subjects were instructed to ignore the training and walk naturally, the step height remained increased by 11%. These results confirm the potential of cable-driven designs in gait training applications.
Peridynamic modeling of low-velocity impact damage in laminated composites reinforced with z-pins:

In this study, a new approach for predicting damage and specific failure modes in laminated fiber reinforced composites is presented. The new method is based on the peridynamic theory and models individual plies, and represents fiber and matrix materials in each ply explicitly. These features enable analysis of laminates with arbitrary fiber orientation in a convenient manner. Additionally, a new failure mode identification algorithm has been developed and implemented. Instead of the conventional peridynamic damage parameter, the new algorithm works with individual broken bonds, which makes identification of different failure modes including matrix cracking, fiber breakage, and delamination straight-forward and unambiguous. The new peridynamic approach is demonstrated by considering the low-velocity impact damage on composite laminates with and without translaminar reinforcements. The translaminar reinforcement technique considered in this study is z-pinning; two different geometric configurations of z-pi...
Self-assessment of social cognitive ability in schizophrenia: Association with social cognitive test performance, informant assessments of social cognitive ability, and everyday outcomes

Abstract Background Impairments in self-assessment are common in people with schizophrenia and impairments in self-assessment of cognitive ability have been found to predict impaired functional outcome. In this study, we examined self-assessment of social cognitive ability and related them to assessments of social cognition provided by informants, to performance on tests of social cognition, and to everyday outcomes. The difference between self-reported social cognition and informant ratings was used to predict everyday functioning. Methods People with schizophrenia ( n = 135) performed 8 different tests of social cognition. They were asked to rate their social cognitive abilities on the Observable Social Cognition Rating Scale (OSCARs). High contact informants also rated social cognitive ability and everyday outcomes, while unaware of the patients' social cognitive performance and self-assessments. Social competence was measured with a performance-based assessment and clinical ratings of negative symptoms were also performed. Results Patient reports of their social cognitive abilities were uncorrelated with performance on social cognitive tests and with three of the four domains of functional outcomes. Differences between self-reported and informant rated social cognitive ability predicted impaired everyday functioning across all four functional domains. This difference score predicted disability even when the influences of social cognitive performance, social competence, and negative symptoms were considered. Implications Mis-estimation of social cognitive ability was an important predictor of social and nonsocial outcomes in schizophrenia compared to performance on social cognitive tests. These results suggest that consideration of self-assessment is critical when attempting to evaluate the causes of disability and when trying to implement interventions targeting disability reduction.
A CR embedding problem for an algebraic levi non-degenerate hypersurface into a hyperquadric

We give a survey on the current developments of the embeddability problem of a Levi non-degenerate hypersurface into its model, i.e., hyerquadrics. We also formulate and study a local sums-of-squares problem, and make connections with the embeddability problem.
Human mutant p53 lung cancer cells respond differently to PRIMA-1 induced apoptosis

4879 The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a key regulator of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and genomic stability in response to various cellular stresses. P53 mutations were reported in 50-60% of non-small cell lung cancers and in up to 90% of small cell lung tumors, thus p53 represent a common mutation in this malignancy. Mutant p53 proteins fail to bind DNA and transactivate p53 target genes that mediate cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. The frequent mutation of p53 and loss of p53 function in tumors make mutant p53 a prime target for pharmacological therapeutic intervention in cancers. Because mutant p53 is over expressed in tumor cells, one of the effective approaches is to restore the tumor suppressing function to mutant p53. The compound p53-dependent reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis (PRIMA-1) has been shown to induce apoptosis in human tumor cells containing mutant p53 by restoration of tumor suppressor function of p53. This is believed to be mediated by a change in the conformation of mutated p53 protein, restoring DNA binding and activation of p53 target genes. We investigated the effects of PRIMA-1 in apoptosis using human lung cancer cell lines A549 (wild type p53), H1299 (p53 null), H23 (mutant p53, 246I), H211 (mutant p53, 248Q), and H1155 (mutant p53, 273H). Western blot analysis with PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] and caspace-3 antibodies showed that this compound selectivelyinduced apoptosis in the H1155 and H211 cells, but was not toxic to the A549, H1299, and H23 cells. These results suggest PRIMA-1 is a highly selective small molecule toxic to p53 mutantcells and may serve as a prototype for the development of newp53-targeting agents for therapy of lung cancers. However the efficiency of PRIMA-1 to restore mutant p53 proteins to wild-type conformation may be correlated to p53 mutational types and status. Further understanding the relationships between PRIMA-1 and p53 mutational types may lead to effective strategies for p53 related pharmacological therapeutic intervention in human lung cancers.
Addiction and Mindfulness; Pornography Addiction and Mindfulness-Based Therapy ACT

Mindfulness, more specifically acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may be the most optimal form of therapy to be used in treating problematic pornography use—use that may qualify as addiction, ...
Re-defining a high volume center for pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate the previously utilized definitions of high volume center for pancreaticoduodenectomy to determine/establish an objective, evidence based threshold of hospital volume associated with improvement in perioperative mortality. Methods Patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were identified using the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2015. The relationship between hospital volume and 90-day mortality was assessed using a logistic regression model. Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis was performed and Youden's statistic was utilized to calculate the optimal cut offs. Results 42,402 patients underwent elective Pancreaticoduodenectomy at 1238 unique hospitals. A logistic regression was performed which showed a significant inverse linear association between institutional volume and overall 90 day mortality. The maximum improvement in 90 day mortality is seen if the average annual hospital volume was greater than 9 (OR = 0.647 (0.595–0.702), p 9 cases per year, the maximum improvement in 90 day mortality was noticed at 36 cases per year (OR = 0.458 (0.399–0.525), p Conclusions Based on our results, we recommend defining low, medium, and high volume centers for pancreaticoduodenectomy as hospitals with average annual volume less than 9, 9 to 35, and more than 35 cases per year, respectively.
Harnessing the power of Internet of Things based connectivity to improve healthcare

Abstract Connectivity and interoperability are vital design characteristics of any Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure. Today, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are being integrated with various types of medical systems in order to provide cost-effective, ubiquitous, on-time healthcare services to people who need them. Presently, the healthcare system has evolved into a complex ecosystem which consists of a wide range of devices, databases, communication technologies that work together to provide different healthcare services. In many healthcare information systems, these technologies and resources need to interact and collaborate with or without human intervention to enable the healthcare system to achieve its goal of providing efficient healthcare services. The Internet of Things technology has the potential to provide connectivity for a global network of billions of devices and it can therefore be harnessed to improve the quality and delivery of healthcare services. We explore and discuss how IoT-based connectivity can deliver improved healthcare solutions. We describe IoT-based healthcare solutions that have been implemented recently. Finally, we discuss future opportunities that can be explored for improved healthcare solutions based on the IoT concept.
Terahertz generation and optical characteristics of P-BI.

We present the structural and THz generation characteristics of the molecular salt crystal (E)-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-benzo[e]indol-3-ium iodide (P-BI) using optical rectification with IR pump wavelengths. P-BI shows a peak-to-peak field ∼6 times greater than inorganic crystal GaP, and a broader THz spectrum. Data were obtained from 0–6 THz showing a significant dip in generation at 1.8 THz, similar to what has been observed with the THz generation crystal DAST at 1 THz. We characterized the power dependence of P-BI at different IR wavelengths, with optimal THz generation at the 1550-nm pump wavelength. To model THz generation as a function of P-BI crystal thickness, we measured the THz complex refractive index and the IR group index; modeling shows that imperfect phase matching leads to spectral narrowing centered at ∼2.5 THz as the crystal thickness is increased. P-BI could provide a useful alternative to inorganic THz generation crystals such a GaP.
“I Have Served to Tell”: A Qualitative Study of Veterans’ Reactions on Participating in a Living Library Project

Since the Vietnam War, storytelling has emerged as a viable intervention for war veterans seeking treatment for PTSD, depression, and other adjustment issues. To procure its benefits, however, storytelling must happen in a safe environment with trusted listeners. This article considers a yet-unexplored venue for veterans to share their stories—the Living Library. Individual interviews of six participants in a 2019 Living Library event hosted by a mid-sized Midwestern university commemorating Memorial Day cultivated four themes: (1) negative experiences of telling their stories before the event; (2) utilitarian motives for sharing at the Living Library event; (3) perceived advantages/benefits of participation in the event; and (4) clear “next steps” they shared regarding their post-Living Library narratives. The authors found that veterans used the Living Library to work through previous discomfort in sharing their narratives in ways that forged bonds between civilian and veterans, allowed them to become more comfortable with their military identities, and mitigated negative psychological symptoms related to being deployed.
Evaluation of Expressions

‘A program is a set of rewrite rules. A rewrite rule consists of two parts: the pattern on the left side and the replacement text on the right side. Computation proceeds by evaluation of expressions. An expression is evaluated by finding those rewrite rules whose pattern matches part of the expression. That part is then replaced by the replacement text of that rule. Evaluation then proceeds by searching for further matching rules until no more are found.’
“Tell Me About Your Child”: A Grounded Theory Study of Mothers' Understanding of Language Disorder

Purpose The purpose of this study was to generate a theory grounded in data explaining caregivers' understanding of their child's language disorder and the perceived role of speech-language pathologists in facilitating this knowledge. Method This study employed grounded theory as a conceptual framework. Qualitative data were generated based on semistructured interviews conducted with 12 mothers of children who had received speech-language pathology services. Results The following themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) Many mothers reported receiving confusing or irrelevant diagnostic terms for language disorder, (b) mothers of children with language disorders were distressed about their children's language problems, (c) mothers did not always trust or understand their children's speech-language pathologist, and (d) mothers were satisfied with the interventions their child had been receiving. Mothers described their children's language disorder using a total of 23 labels, most of which were not useful for accessing meaningful information about the nature of their child's communication problem. Generally, mothers reported they did not receive language-related diagnostic labels from speech-language pathologists for their child's language disorder. Conclusions Two theories were generated from the results: (a) Lack of information provided to mothers about their child's language disorder causes mothers psychological harm that appears to be long lasting. (b) Difficulties in successfully relaying information about language disorders to parents result in negative perceptions of speech-language pathology. Implications and future directions are discussed. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12177390.
Point-of-care, multispectral, smartphone-based dermascopes for dermal lesion screening and erythema monitoring.

Significance: The rates of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer are rising across the globe. Due to a shortage of board-certified dermatologists, the burden of dermal lesion screening and erythema monitoring has fallen to primary care physicians (PCPs). An adjunctive device for lesion screening and erythema monitoring would be beneficial because PCPs are not typically extensively trained in dermatological care. Aim: We aim to examine the feasibility of using a smartphone-camera-based dermascope and a USB-camera-based dermascope utilizing polarized white-light imaging (PWLI) and polarized multispectral imaging (PMSI) to map dermal chromophores and erythema. Approach: Two dermascopes integrating LED-based PWLI and PMSI with both a smartphone-based camera and a USB-connected camera were developed to capture images of dermal lesions and erythema. Image processing algorithms were implemented to provide chromophore concentrations and redness measures. Results: PWLI images were successfully converted to an alternate colorspace for erythema measures, and the spectral bandwidth of the PMSI LED illumination was sufficient for mapping of deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and melanin chromophores. Both types of dermascopes were able to achieve similar relative concentration results. Conclusion: Chromophore mapping and erythema monitoring are feasible with PWLI and PMSI using LED illumination and smartphone-based cameras. These systems can provide a simpler, more portable geometry and reduce device costs compared with interference-filter-based or spectrometer-based clinical-grade systems. Future research should include a rigorous clinical trial to collect longitudinal data and a large enough dataset to train and implement a machine learning-based image classifier.
The Effects of On-Field Heat Index and Altitude on Concussion Assessments and Recovery Among NCAA Athletes.

Recent literature has indicated altitude may be a protective factor for concussion but it is unknown whether altitude or heat index affects recovery. To examine whether on-field heat index and altitude at the time of injury alter acute (< 48 h) concussion assessments, days-to-asymptomatic, and days-to-return-to-play in collegiate athletes following concussion. Collegiate athletes (n = 187; age = 19.7 ± 1.4 years; male = 70.6%) underwent baseline assessments across 30 universities and experienced a concussion in this retrospective cohort study. Altitude (m) and heat index (°C) at the time and location of injury were determined using valid online database tools. Acute concussion assessments included the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) symptom inventory, Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT). We used multiple linear regression models to determine whether heat index and altitude predicted each acute assessment outcome, days-to-asymptomatic, and days-to-return-to-play. Collegiate athletes were concussed at a 181.1 m (range − 0.6 to 2201.9 m) median altitude and 17.8 °C (range − 6.1 to 35.6 °C) median heat index. Altitude did not predict (p ≥ 0.265) any outcomes. Every one-degree increase in heat index reduced days-to-asymptomatic (p = 0.047; R2 = 0.06) and days-to-return-to-play (p = 0.006; R2 = 0.09) by 0.05 and 0.14 days, respectively. Heat index and altitude did not explain significant variance in SCAT, BESS, and ImPACT composite scores (p’s = 0.20–0.922). Our findings suggest that on-field altitude and heat index at the time of injury do not contribute to clinically meaningful changes on acute assessments or concussion recovery. On-field altitude and heat index do not appear to significantly alter assessment outcomes or clinical recovery, suggesting that environmental factors at altitudes below < 2500 m are negligible outcomes for researchers and clinicians to consider post-concussion.
Feedback Control Design for Coordinated Ramps Using Distributed Modeling

This chapter presents the feedback control design of a coordinated ramp metering problem where we use the distributed model of the ramp system. We show the stability properties of the closed-loop system that is obtained by the application of the feedback control laws on the ramp system. We verify the effectiveness of the feedback control law by running some simulation experiments using the designed feedback control law on the coordinated ramp system.
Case reportSymptomatic gastrointestinal amyloidosis in an HIV-infected patient

We report a rare case of symptomatic GI amyloidosis in an HIV-infected patient who ultimately developed uncontrollable upper GI bleeding. Gastric and jejunal biopsies revealed amyloidosis. Although the patient’s history suggested the possibility of secondary amyloidosis, immunohistochemical staining together with serum electrophoresis and immunofixation revealed the presence of λ light chains indicating primary amyloidosis.
Effects of dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on digestibility, retention of calcium and phosphorus, and concentration of metabolizable energy in diets fed to sows in late-gestation

The apparent total tract digestibility and retention of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and concentrations of digestible energy and metabolizable energy in diets fed to late-gestating sows were not...
Comment on “Linear and bent triatomic molecules are not qualitatively different!”

Jensen (Can. J. Phys. 98, 506 (2020). doi:10.1139/cjp-2019-0395) presents theoretical justification for the claim that linear triatomic molecules are necessarily observed to be bent. The basis of t...
A Generalizable Platform for the Photoactivation of Cell Surface Receptors.

Polarized signal transduction from cell surface receptors plays a central role in the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms, and it also contributes to cellular dysfunction in many disease states. Understanding the molecular and cellular bases of polarized signaling requires experimental methods that provide precise spatiotemporal control of receptor activation. However, we currently lack strategies for inducing both sustained and spatially constrained signal transduction. In the present study, we combined synthetic and cell biological tools to develop a generalizable photoactivation approach for the stimulation of cell surface receptors. Our system, which is based upon the local decaging of a “universal” peptide ligand, is particularly well suited for the live imaging of single cells. We anticipate that it will greatly facilitate future mechanistic analyses of polarized signal transduction in a variety of cell types.
The "New Career" and Organizational Commitment: Do Boundaryless and Protean Attitudes Make a Difference?.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish whether positive or negative relationships exist between boundaryless and protean career attitudes (respectively) and organizational commitment and whether such relationships can be moderated by development opportunities.Design/methodology/approach – Surveys from 212 part‐time MBAs were analyzed using correlation, regression, or moderated multiple regression to explore relationships between boundaryless career attitudes (boundaryless mindset, organizational mobility), protean career attitudes (self‐directed career management, values‐driven career management), organizational commitment (affective, continuance and normative), and development opportunities.Findings – Only organizational mobility preference was correlated (negatively) with each type of commitment. Boundaryless mindset was moderated in its relationship to normative commitment in that lower development opportunities resulted in lower commitment for those with higher levels of boundaryless mind...
Evidence for Plio‐Pleistocene north‐south extension at the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, Nyalam region

[1] The southern Tibetan Plateau margin between ~ 83°E and 86.5°E is defined by an abrupt change from the low-relief Tibetan Plateau to the rugged topography and deep gorges of the Himalaya. This physiographic transition lies well to the north of active thrusting, and thus, the mechanism responsible for the distinct topographic break remains the focus of much debate. While numerous studies have utilized thermochronology to examine the exhumation history of the Himalaya, few have done so with respect to variations across the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau transition. In this work, we examine the nature of the transition where it is accessible and well-defined in the Nyalam valley of south-central Tibet. We employ several new and previously published thermochronologic datasets (with a closure temperature range of ~ 70°C–300°C) in conjunction with river incision patterns inferred by the longitudinal profile of the Bhote Kosi River. The results reveal a sharp change in cooling rate at ~ 3.5 Ma at a location corresponding to a pronounced river knickpoint representing a sharp increase in river gradient and presumably incision rate (a proxy for rock uplift). Margin retreat models for the physiographic transition are inconsistent with the cooling pattern revealed by low-temperature thermochronologic data. Models invoking passive uplift of the upper crust over a midcrustal ramp and associated duplex to account for the physiographic transition do not explain the observed break in cooling rate there, although they may explain a suggesting in the thermochronologic data of progressively increasing exhumation rates south of the transition. The simplest model consistent with all observations is that passive uplift is augmented by contemporaneous differential uplift across a young (Pliocene-Quaternary) normal fault at the physiographic transition. Drawing on observations elsewhere, we hypothesize that similar structural relationships may be characteristic of the Tibetan Plateau-Himalaya transition from ~83°E – 86.5°E.
A new evaluation of the pion weak form factors

We have used the PIBETA large acceptance detector for a precise measurement of the $\pi^+ \to e^+\nu\gamma$ radiative decay at rest, with broad phase space coverage. Using the CVC value for the pion vector form factor, $F_V = 0.0259(5)$, we have obtained a new value of the pion axial-vector form factor $\gamma = F_A/F_V = 0.429(14)$. However, significant deviations from the SM predictions are evident in our data. The discrepancy can be accounted for by introducing a pion tensor form factor of $F_T = -0.0016(3)$. The question of the true nature of the observed deviations remains open pending further theoretical and experimental study.
Stabilization and Spectral Characterization of an Alexandrite Laser for Water Vapor Lidar Measurements

An optical system used to lock the Alexandrite laser frequency on a water vapor absorption line is described. The evaluation of the laser spectral characteristics is presented. They include the spectral purity, the effect of the laser linewidth on the absorption, and the laser wavelength stability.
Black women queering the mic: Missy Elliott disturbing the boundaries of racialized sexuality and gender

Though there were and always have been djs, dancers, graffiti artists, and rappers who were Black women, they are placed on the periphery of hip-hop culture; their voices, along with “gay rappers” ...
In Vitro Purging of Human Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells Using 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide

The outcome of patients with advanced stage rhabdomyosarcoma is extremely poor, with a disease-free survival of <20% at 3 years. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for patients with Clinical Group IV rhabdomyosarcoma may be an effective therapy. The bone marrow involvement diagnosed by light microscopy is 29% for patients with advanced disease. The present study was performed to test the ability of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) to eliminate clonogenic rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Four different human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were treated in vitro with 4-HC at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. Limiting dilution analysis was performed to detect surviving clonogenic tumor cells. Treatment with 4-HC resulted in 1.7–5.7 log of elimination of clonogenic tumor cells in all four cell lines. Exactly the same log tumor cell kill was obtained after mixing normal human bone marrow mononuclear cells with rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Treatment with 4-HC may be an effective method of eliminating clonogenic rhabdomyosarcoma cells ex vivo .
Separation of Phases by Spinodal Decomposition in the Systems Al2O3−Cr2O3 and Al2O3−Cr2O3−Fe2O3

Separation of phases was investigated in the hexagonal (rhombohedral) systems Al2O3−Cr2O3 and Al2O3−Cr2O3−Fe2O3. The binary system shows a miscibility gap with a Tc of 950°C; the miscibility gap for the ternary system was determined for a constant Cr2O3 content of 16.6 mol%. Dark field transmission electron microscopy of solid solutions annealed within the miscibility gap showed dark and light lamellas ∼50 to 200 A thick. X-ray diffraction results for the solid solutions in the ternary system indicated that, in the early stages of annealing, broadening occurred only on (hkl) reflections where l≠0. There was no major change in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the annealed solid solutions in the binary system. Electron diffraction results indicated, however, that phase separation in both systems proceeded in the [001] direction. Solid solutions in the binary system separated very slowly; the separation could be enhanced hydrothermally. The mechanism of the separation of phases in both systems is spinodal and proceeds as follows: solid solution→intermediate modulated phase→equilibrium phases.
Metabolic effects of theophylline in preterm infants

A loading dose of theophylline produces significant metabolic changes, including increase of plasma glucose concentration and an early rise in serum insulin in some infants. The chronic effects of theophylline on plasma glucose, serum insulin, and glucagon are not known at this time. The potential for development of metabolic derangements must be kept in mind when theophylline is used for protracted periods in premature infants.
Secondary organic aerosol yields from cloud-processing of isoprene oxidation products

[1] While there is a growing understanding from laboratory studies of aqueous phase chemical processes that lead to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in cloud droplets (SOAdrop), the contribution of aqueous phase chemistry to atmospheric SOA burden is yet unknown. Using a parcel model including a multiphase chemical mechanism, we show that SOAdrop carbon yields (Yc) from isoprene (1) depend strongly on the initial volatile organic carbon (VOC)/NOx ratio resulting in 42% > Yc > 0.4% over the atmospherically-relevant range of 0.25 < VOC/NOx < 100; (2) increase with increasing cloud-contact time; (3) are less affected by cloud liquid water content, pH, and droplet number. (4) The uncertainty associated with gas/particle-partitioning of semivolatile organics introduces a relative error of −50% ≤ ΔYc < +100 %. The reported yields can be applied to air quality and climate models as is done with SOA formed on/in concentrated aerosol particles (SOAaer).
Role of Lone-Pairs in Internal Rotation Barriers

An in-depth understanding of internal rotation barrier formation and energetics for dimethyl ether, protonated dimethyl ether, methanol, and their sulfur analogs is provided by dissecting the barrier into Pauli exchange steric repulsion, σ-lone-pair reorganization, and π hyperconjugation. The combined natural bond orbital, symmetry, and relaxation analysis demonstrates that oxygen σ lone-pairs play an important (sometimes dominant) role in controlling barrier heights. In dimethyl ether the increased steric contact brought about by simultaneous rotation of the methyl groups causes the COC angle to widen, in turn increasing the σ lone-pair p character, which leads to large lone-pair reorganization energy. Steric repulsion contributes to the dimethyl ether >4 kcal/mol barrier energy in only a minor way even though the steric contact can be looked at as the origin of the lone-pair increased p character. Absence of a σ lone-pair in acid media predicts a drastically lowered barrier (i.e. ∼1 kcal/mol). In methan...
Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors prevents cyanide-induced neuronal injury in primary hippocampal cultures.

Cyanide-induced alterations of cytosolic calcium levels and cytotoxicity were examined in primary cultures of rat hippocampus. Cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) levels were measured in hippocampal neurons using the fluorescent probe, fura 2. A concentration-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i occurred rapidly following exposure of cells to 0.5–10 mm NaCN. In normal medium (1.3 mm Ca2+), 2 mm NaCN produced an increase in [Ca2+]i (172± 27% of control), 45 sec following exposure. Ca2+ elevation produced by NaCN was blocked by removal of Ca2+ from the external medium or by pretreatment with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV). The cytotoxicity of cyanide, assessed by measuring the efflux of lactate dehydrogenase, was blocked by APV. These results indicate that in hippocampal neurons, cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation induced by cyanide originates from the extracellular compartment and the NMDA receptor ionophore is a significant route for Ca2+ entry. It is proposed that excitotoxic mechanisms may contribute to altered neuronal homeostasis and injury associated with cyanide.
An Extracellular Adhesion Molecule Complex Patterns Dendritic Branching and Morphogenesis

Robust dendrite morphogenesis is a critical step in the development of reproducible neural circuits. However, little is known about the extracellular cues that pattern complex dendrite morphologies. In the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the sensory neuron PVD establishes stereotypical, highly branched dendrite morphology. Here, we report the identification of a tripartite ligand-receptor complex of membrane adhesion molecules that is both necessary and sufficient to instruct spatially restricted growth and branching of PVD dendrites. The ligand complex SAX-7/L1CAM and MNR-1 function at defined locations in the surrounding hypodermal tissue, whereas DMA-1 acts as the cognate receptor on PVD. Mutations in this complex lead to dramatic defects in the formation, stabilization, and organization of the dendritic arbor. Ectopic expression of SAX-7 and MNR-1 generates a predictable, unnaturally patterned dendritic tree in a DMA-1-dependent manner. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that all three molecules are needed for interaction.
Expression of spacer tRNA genes in ribosomal RNA transcription units carried by hybrid col E1 plasmids in E. coli

Abstract The expression of six different "rRNA operons" carried by hybrid Col E1 plasmids was studied using E. coli harboring these plasmids. Three of the operons were previously shown to have genes for tRNA 2 Glu in their spacers, while the remaining three have "spacer genes" for tRNA 1 Ile and tRNA 1B Ala . These strains overproduced spacer tRNAs encoded by the spacer genes, indicating gene dosage effects in rRNA transcription. The gene dosage effects were demonstrated under three different conditions: during exponential growth, after recovery from amino acid starvation and during chloramphenicol treatment. Under the latter two conditions, where plasmids were amplified, preferential spacer tRNA accumulation was pronounced (up to a 10 fold increase relative to "ordinary" nonspacer tRNAs). The overproduction of spacer tRNAs, however, was not accompanied by increased accumulation of 16S or 23S rRNA, indicating that without a concomitant ribosomal protein synthesis, excess rRNA is degraded. The gene dosage effects observed strongly suggest that in normal exponentially growing cells, the rate of transcription of rRNA operons is not limited by the amount of functional RNA polymerase, but is limited by the "capacity" of promoters of rRNA operons. The present system also allowed detection of unique 5S RNA species and some other tRNAs, such as tRNA 1 Asp , whose genes are associated with, or located close to, individual rRNA operons.
Effectiveness of dietary substances in reducing the retention of chronically ingested radiostrontium; studies with tannin.

Data are presented from a study on the influence of dietary tannin on the bone retention of continuously ingested calcium-45 and strontium-85. (C.H.)
Pombe Cdc15 homology (PCH) proteins: coordinators of membrane–cytoskeletal interactions

Cellular adhesion, motility, endocytosis, exocytosis and cytokinesis involve the coordinated reorganization of the cytoskeleton and of the plasma membrane. The 'Pombe Cdc15 homology' (PCH) family of adaptor proteins has recently been shown to coordinate the membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics involved in these processes by curving membranes, recruiting dynamin and controlling the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in PCH family members or proteins that interact with them are associated with autoinflammatory, neurological or neoplastic diseases. Here, we review the nature, actions and disease associations of the vertebrate PCH family members, highlighting their fundamental roles in the regulation of processes involving membrane-cytoskeletal interactions.
Occult maxillary sinusitis as a cause of fever in tetraplegia: 2 Case reports ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Lew HL, Han J, Robinson LR, Britell C, Perkash I. Occult maxillary sinusitis as a cause of fever in tetraplegia: 2 case reports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:430-2. Common causes of fever in tetraplegia include urinary tract infection, respiratory complications, bacteremia, impaired autoregulation, deep vein thrombosis, osteomyelitis, drug fever, and intra-abdominal abscess. We report 2 acute tetraplegic patients who presented with fever of unknown origin. After extensive work-up, they were diagnosed with occult maxillary sinusitis. A search of current literature revealed no reports of sinusitis as a potential source of fever in recently spinal cord–injured patients. Patients with tetraplegia, especially in the acute phase of spinal cord injury, often undergo nasotracheal intubation or nasogastric tube placement, which may result in mucosal irritation and nasal congestion. All of the previously mentioned factors, in combination with poor sinus drainage related to supine position, predispose them to developing maxillary sinusitis. The 2 consecutive cases show the importance of occult sinusitis in the differential diagnosis of fever in patients with tetraplegia. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
A site-based model for professional development in mathematics at the elementary school level

Teaching is a profession in which one must continue to learn because there is no one right way to teach, and one does not “master” teaching. Students change, curricula change, and schools change; thus there is always a need to grow as teachers. Heaton (1994, 2000), an experienced teacher who engaged in a year-long self-study as she tried to change her teaching practice to be consistent with current calls for reform, characterized teaching as “inherently under construction … and continuous invention” (p. 341).
Orientation selectivity of 3-month-old infants

A modification of the visual evoked potential (VEP) technique, first employed by Braddick, Wattam-Bell and Atkinson [(1986) Nature, London, 320, 617-619] was used to estimate the orientation selectivity of 3-month-old infants. The orientation-selective VEP was recorded in response to various changes in the orientation of a square-wave grating. The magnitude (the square root of the power of the FFT) at the frequency of orientation change was assumed to represent the response to the change in grating orientation. Orientation sensitivity was then estimated by plotting the magnitude of the FFT at the frequency of orientation change as a function of the log of the orientation change in degrees. For each individual, the data were fit by nonlinear regression and threshold was defined as the largest orientation angle for which the magnitude of the FFT was zero. The results suggest that the orientation selectivity of 3-month-old infants (1.33 deg) is similar to that of adults (1.13 deg) tested with the same stimulus parameters (1 c/deg, 9 Hz). However, when adults are tested with stimulus parameters selected to optimize their VEP response (4 c/deg, 18 Hz) instead of those which optimize the infant's response, the orientation discrimination of adults improves by a factor of 2 (0.53 deg). The results obtained from adults under optimum stimulus conditions (4 c/deg, 18 Hz) approach the estimates reported in the literature for static stimuli.
Preliminary Analysis of a Proposed High-Stability Frequency Standard Distribution System

A system for distributing a frequency reference, which involves the use of geostationary satellites and two-way microwave transmissions, seems capable of stabilities exceeding those of primary atomic standards. The principal sources of error are instabilities in oscillators in the system, imperfect geostationary orbits, additive noise, and radio propagation effects. Even extreme assumptions of propagation phase instability lead to very small errors. Thus the limitations on stability seem to be imposed by the hardware.