cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation with very large distal electrodes.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the size of lesions produced by radiofrequency catheter ablation correlates with the temperature and surface area of the electrode-tissue interface. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of ablation using very large distal electrodes (8F, 8 and 12 mm long) with those made by a conventional radiofrequency ablation catheter (distal electrode 8F, 4 mm long). METHODS AND RESULTS Each catheter had a thermistor in the tip of the distal electrode. Radiofrequency energy (500 kHz) was supplied by a generator that continuously monitored temperature and produced up to 100 W. In 10 dogs, each of the three ablation catheters were introduced percutaneously and positioned under fluoroscopic guidance at disparate left ventricular endocardial sites. Radiofrequency power output was titrated to achieve a temperature of 80 degrees C for 60 seconds at each ablation site. The power required to produce a steady-state temperature of 80 degrees C was directly proportional to electrode size (15 +/- 7, 46 +/- 15, and 62 +/- 32 W using the 4-mm-, 8-mm-, and 12-mm-long electrodes, respectively). Lesions produced by the 8-mm electrode were nearly twice as deep (11 +/- 2.4 versus 6 +/- 1.2 mm, P < .001) and four times as large (905 +/- 410 versus 210 +/- 100 mm3, P < .001) as those made with a conventional 4-mm electrode. Lesions produced by the 12-mm electrode were intermediate in size (depth, 8 +/- 1.2 mm; volume, 465 +/- 225 mm3) and sometimes were associated with charring and crater formation. Ablation with the larger electrodes caused a drop in arterial pressure and more ventricular ectopy than ablation using a 4-mm distal electrode. CONCLUSIONS Thermistor-equipped elongated ablation electrodes coupled to high-power outputs can reproducibly produce lesions approximately 1 cm in diameter. This system may prove useful for ablation of ventricular tachycardias in patients with coronary artery disease.
Factors influencing toxicity of bilirubin in cerebellum tissue culture.

We have studied the relationship of pH and bilirubin:albumin ratio to the occurrence of bilirubin-induced damage in cerebellum cultures. Sufficient unbound bilirubin reproducibly caused a sequence of histologic changes which were observed by light microscopy. At a constant bilirubin:albumin molar ratio, a decrease in pH of the medium resulted in proportionately greater cytotoxicity. Maintenance of an average medium pH above 7.62 during the last 12 hours of the cultures' lives prevented damage in the presence of bilirubin concentrations of up to 50 mg. per 100 ml. At lower pH values an increase in the bilirubin:albumin ratio produced increasingly greater cytotoxicity. These findings support the thesis that unbound, unconjugated bilirubin is responsible for neurologic damage. Knowledge of several conditions, i.e., pH, bilirubin:albumin molar ratio, and duration of exposure, is necessary to predict the occurrence of damage. The regional pattern of bilirubin crystallization suggests that regional pH differences may play a part in determining in vivo distribution of lesions in kernicterus.
How Renal Cells Handle Urea

The urine concentration process requires an osmolality gradient along the renal cortico-medullary axis, with highest values in the renal papilla. NaCl and urea are the major solutes in the renal inner medulla, concentrations of urea up to 500-600 mM are found in the rat renal papilla. Urea can diffuse across cell membranes and contributes to balance intracellular and extracellular osmotic equilibrium. However, urea has perturbing effects on enzyme activity, and in concentrations above 300 mM is toxic for renal cultured cells. There is increasing evidence that urea can induce cellular responses distinct from those due to NaCl and other non-permeable solutes, including upregulation of immediate-early genes (IEGs). Urea transport by epithelial and endothelial cells is important for intra-medullary urea recycling and preservation of high urea concentration in the inner medulla. Trans-cellular movement of urea in cells expressing urea transporters may influence intracellular levels of this solute and modulate urea-induced signaling pathways. Regulation of urea transporters expression and activity can therefore be viewed as one aspect of cellular adaptation to urea. We have identified tonicity-responsive transcription as one mechanism regulating expression of the urea transporter UT-A. The short-term and long-term effects of variable extracellular urea concentration on the function of renal cells remain still unclear.
VARYING HEMOLYTIC AND CONSTANT COMBINING CAPACITY OF STREPTOLYSINS; INFLUENCE ON TESTING FOR ANTISTREPTOLYSINS

Certain properties of streptolysin in respect of hemolytic power and capacity for combining with antistreptolysins have been determined. The hemolytic strength may vary markedly, while under suitable conditions the combining power is constant. This stability of combining capacity makes it possible to prepare a large amount of streptolysin, standardize it against sera of known antistreptolysin strength, and use it as a reagent over a considerable period for testing the antistreptolysin content of unknown sera. A modified technique for making these tests is described.
Properties of link travel time functions under dynamic loads

Abstract This article examines a general form of link travel time functions considered in the dynamic traffic assignment literature and shows that it only makes some physical sense in the special case where each function denotes either a link with no spatial dimension containing a point queue or a link with constant travel time and no queueing. Roadway segments exhibiting both phenomena must be represented by two links in series.
An adaptation of Pregl’s microcombustion to a semi-microcombustion method for the determination of carbon and hydrogen

1. A semi-microcombustion method for the determination of carbon and hydrogen, which is a combination of the method ofWise, of the more recent method ofPregl, together with some modifications, has been described. 2. The results obtained by its use in the case of compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxgen are as satisfactory as those obtained by the methods of micro-combustion, and they are more conveniently obtained.
A vision of crowd development

Crowdsourcing has had extraordinary success in solving a diverse set of problems, ranging from digitization of libraries and translation of the Internet, to scientific challenges such as classifying elements in the galaxy or determining the 3D shape of an enzyme. By leveraging the power of the masses, it is feasible to complete tasks in mere days and sometimes even hours, and to take on tasks that were previously impossible because of their sheer scale. Underlying the success of crowdsourcing is a common theme --- the microtask. By breaking down the overall task at hand into microtasks providing short, self-contained pieces of work, work can be performed independently, quickly, and in parallel --- enabling numerous and often untrained participants to chip in. This paper puts forth a research agenda, examining the question of whether the same kinds of successes that microtask crowdsourcing is having in revolutionizing other domains can be brought to software development. That is, we ask whether it is possible to push well beyond the open source paradigm, which still relies on traditional, coarse-grained tasks, to a model in which programming proceeds through microtasks performed by vast numbers of crowd developers.
Miscibility and Crystallization in Polycarbonate/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blends: Application of the Self-Concentration Model

Polycarbonate/poly(e-caprolactone) (PC/PCL) blends are found to be miscible when extruded samples are studied without any further thermal treatment. PCL crystallizes in blends containing 60% or les...
Do nociceptive signals from the pancreas travel in the dorsal column

A midline dorsal column lesion has been shown to be an effective surgical treatment for the relief of pelvic visceral pain in patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a dorsal column lesion upon: (i) increased electrophysiological responses of neurons in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus in anesthetized rats evoked by the application of bradykinin to the surface of the pancreas, and (ii) pain-related behaviors observed after pancreatic infusion with bradykinin. In rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, recordings from individual thalamic neurons were made using tungsten electrodes. Brief application of bradykinin (10 μg/ml) to the surface of the pancreas resulted in an increased firing rate in approximately 20% of neurons recorded. A dorsal column lesion or intrathecal administration of morphine greatly reduced the excitatory effects of pancreatic bradykinin application on thalamic neurons. In a separate group of rats, bradykinin was infused into the pancreas through a previously implanted catheter resulting in a decrease in exploratory behavior and an increase in other pain-related behaviors, e.g. licking of the abdomen. A dorsal column lesion made prior (1 week) to the bradykinin infusion reduced the decrease in exploratory behavior but did not return exploratory behavior to control levels. In conclusion, nociceptive information relayed to the thalamus about the pancreas is transmitted from the spinal cord through the dorsal columns, possibly by the post-synaptic dorsal column pathway. However, the dorsal column pathway may not be the sole route for relaying information about noxious stimulation of the pancreas, particularly that impacting complex behavioral responses.
The role of scientific discovery in teaching and learning of computer science

The importance of the roles of mathematics and engineering in the use of computers for solving real world problems cannot be over emphasized. This paper advocates the engagement of professors with diversified experiences of the applications of computers in the real world in teaching lower level computer science courses such as experiments designed to characterize Fibonacci and higher order similar sequences. With the goal of illustrating how scientific discovery experiments are designed, the paper shows certain connections between different areas of mathematics and computer science.
A linkage map of mouse chromosome 19: Definition of comparative mapping relationships with human chromosomes 10 and 11 including the MEN1 locus

A linkage map of mouse Chromsome (Chr) 19 was constructed using an interspecific cross and markers defined by restriction fragment length variants. The map inclues 20 markers, 9 of which had not been mapped previously in the mouse. The data further defined the relationship between genes on mouse Chr 19 and those on the long arm of human Chr 10 and the pericentric region of the long arm of human Chr 11. The comparative mapping analysis suggests that the proximal segment of mouse Chr 19 may contain the MEN1 locus and that the current study has identified additional genes that may be useful for positional cloning of this putative tumor suppressor gene.
Properties of structure and function of cadmium-binding proteins/peptides from Euglena gracilis

Abstract Euglena gracilis makes two small Cd-binding proteins/peptides (Cd-BP I and Cd-BP II) in response to exposure to Cd 2+ . These proteins migrate slower than mammalian Cd-metallothionein (Cd-Mt) through Sephadex G-75, but like Cd-Mt also contain Zn and are separated into two species when chromatographed over a DEAE column. Both BPs are much less stable than Cd-Mt under acidic conditions. One source of this instability is that at least Cd-BP II contains acid-labile sulfide co-ordinated to the metals. It has been quantitated in Cd-BP II and shown to have a value of 1·25 ± 0·10 S 2− /Cd. The reactivity of the Cd-binding sites in ligand substitution and thioldisulfide exchange reactions has been assessed. The reactions of Cd-BP I and II with pyridylazoresorcinol (PAR) were slow and displayed complex kinetic behavior. Similarly, both Cd-BPs react slowly and with complicated kinetics with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate).
MALDI FTMS analysis of polymers: improved performance using an open ended cylindrical analyzer cell

Abstract Improvements in the matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis of polymers are obtained with Fourier transform mass spectrometry by using an open-ended cylindrical analyzer cell. These improvements include a reduced sensitivity to experimental parameters in determining the oligomer molecular weight distribution, and better mass accuracy. Ion trajectory calculations and experimental data show that the open-ended cylindrical cell is less sensitive to changes in gated trapping time for capturing a range of masses. For poly(ethylene)glycol 1000, a shift of only 20 Da is observed for a 200 μs change in gated trapping time and shift of 100 Da for the weight average is observed for a 540 μs change. The mass accuracy for determinations of end-group and repeat unit masses are presented for internal and external calibration of polymer samples. Using a linear regression method, repeat group masses were determined to within 0.1 mmu and 0.7 mmu for internal and external calibration at 2000 Da. The mass accuracy at high molecular weight with external calibration was tested with poly(methyl) methacrylate 6000, which yielded a mean squared error of 8.1 mmu for the repeat mass and 23.6 mmu for the end-group mass. Space charge is shown to affect mass accuracy. By accounting appropriately for this effect, a root mean error of 1.4 ppm is obtained for nine peaks in an externally calibrated poly(methyl) methacrylate 6000 mass spectrum.
Localization of aldose and aldehyde reductase in the kidney

Localization of aldose and aldehyde reductase in the kidney. The distribution of NADPH-dependent reductase activity in the rat cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla was investigated through biochemical and histochemical methods. Biochemical studies revealed reductase activity to be present in all three regions of the kidney with the highest specific activity observed in the inner medulla, followed by the cortex and the outer medulla. Activity in all three regions was inhibited by the aldose reductase inhibitors sorbinil, tolrestat and 7-hydroxychromone-2-carboxylic acid. Based on substrate utilization and response to sulfate ion and inhibitors, the inner medulla contains primarily aldose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) while the cortex contains primarily aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.2). The outer medulla contains a mixture of both enzymes. This distribution was confirmed by a radioimmunoassay for aldose reductase. Immunohistochemical investigations of the rat kidney with antibodies against rat lens aldose reductase and rat kidney aldehyde reductase revealed a similar distribution of these enzymes. Aldehyde reductase was immunohistochemically detected only in the cortex where it was localized in the proximal convoluted tubules. Immunoreactive aldose reductase was detected in Henle's loop at both the inner stripe of the outer medulla and in the inner medulla, and in the collecting tubules and the epithelial cell lining the pelvis of the inner medulla near the papilla. No specific immunohistochemical staining for aldose reductase was observed in the cortex. A similar immunohistochemical distribution of aldose reductase was also observed in the human kidney with antibodies against human placental aldose reductase.
End-of-life decision making in the ICU

A large proportion of deaths, particularly in the developed world, follows admission to an ICU. Therefore, end-of life decision making is an essential facet of critical care practice. For intensivists, managing death in the critically ill has become a key professional skill. They must be thoroughly familiar with the ethical framework that guides end-of-life decision making. Decisions should generally be made collaboratively by clinicians partnering with patients' families. Treatment choices should be crafted to meet specific, achievable goals. A rational, empathic approach to working with families should encourage appropriate, mutually satisfactory outcomes.
Poisson's ratio of hollow particle filled composites

The present study is focused on the experimental measurement of the Poisson's ratio of glass hollow particle filled composites called syntactic foams. The effect of hollow particle wall thickness and volume fraction on the Poisson's ratio of the composites is investigated. Results show that the Poisson's ratio of the composites is lower than that of the neat vinyl ester resin used as the matrix material. Despite being a fundamental elastic constant, a reliable value of the Poisson's ratio of the various types of composites is not readily available. These experimental results can be useful in benchmarking available theoretical models and guiding modeling efforts on functionally graded composites.
Data assimilation and ocean general circulation models

This meeting, the second in a series of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) multidisciplinary colloquiums emphasizing interaction of global processes within the earth system, was held at JPL (Pasadena, Calif.) on March 19, 1987. Entitled “Data Assimilation and Ocean General Circulation Models,” the colloquium focused upon the status of ocean general circulation models, status of assimilation techniques for satellite and in situ oceanographic observations, and opportunities for space research missions. As illustrated in Figure 1, the space and time scales relevant to large-scale ocean circulation variations discussed at this colloquium ranged from about 1000 km to the size of ocean basins and from months to several years. Ocean circulation variations with these characteristic scales should not be viewed in isolation but are the culmination of many interacting phenomena, such as those on the mesoscale (i.e., from ≈10 km to 100 km and inertial period to 1 month).
Testimonies of Guatemalan Women

by Luz Alicia Herrera* Translated by Maria Alice Jacob INTRODUCTION As a contribution to the knowledge of Guatemalan social reality, I offer the following statements as they were told to me by the women themselves. Each is selected for a reason. Through the statement of the first woman, we discover thousands of Guatemalan women: poor peasants, agricultural workers, maids, industrial workers, unmarried mothers, and the women who are active in the struggle of popular organizations. Through the statement of the second woman, we see an example of a person from a wealthy background who opts for the interests of the great oppressed majority of Guatemalans. We present this second interview, knowing full well that it may generate the common psychological interpretation that this serious process of transformation is actually a manifestation of "social resentment." With such an explanation the bourgeoisie tries to dismiss the choice of those who side with the majority of the people.
Impact of Study Design on the Evaluation of Inhaled and Intranasal Corticosteroids' Effect on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Function

In part I of this review, an overview of the designs of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis studies in the setting of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or intranasal corticosteroids (INS) use was discussed. Part II provides detailed discussion on the HPA axis evaluation results for each common ICS and INS, and how these results are possibly affected by the factors of study design. Significant adrenal suppression at conventional ICS/INS doses appears to be rare in clinical settings. The magnitude of cortisol suppression varies widely among different study designs. Factors potentially impacting this variability include: the choice of dose, dosing duration, assay sensitivity, statistical methodology, study population, and compliance. All of these factors have the potential to affect the extent of HPA axis effects detected and should be considered when designing or interpreting the results of a HPA axis study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2963–2979, 2014
Chemical Effects produced by Resonance Radiation

DR. RIDEAL having started an investigation of reactions which we discovered last spring, and which one of us (H. S. T.) stated publicly in Oxford so late as last October were being further studied, it seems desirable to place on record some of the results to which such further studies have led, especially as they show a marked divergence from the results of Hirst and Rideal (NATURE, 116, 899, December 19, 1925).
Transmissive beam steering through electrowetting microprism arrays

Abstract Reported is a numerical calculation of near-field and far-field intensities for two electrowetting microprism designs. This includes an investigation of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and bi-prism pixellated arrays. The diffraction efficiency of an incident Gaussian beam is investigated. Far-field deflection angles are extended to more than 10°. For the phased arrays the diffraction angles are discrete and the angles between the diffraction peaks can be covered by applying a tilted phase to the input field.
Characteristics of Coronal Inflows

This paper describes coronal inflows observed with the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO). The inflows are not seen above 5.5 R☉, which appears to be a "point of no return" for the Sun's plasmas and fields. Below this height, most inflows seem to indicate magnetic flux that is returning to the Sun after its reconnection at sector boundaries. Some inflows have characteristics (like fast, oppositely directed ejections of material) that are easily interpreted in terms of conventional models of field line reconnection. However, the overwhelming majority of coronal inflows have a more complex behavior that typically includes the following characteristics:
A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of a fully acetylated poly-N-acetyl glucosamine membrane formulation as a topical hemostatic agent

Abstract Background: Topical hemostatic agents are frequently needed for control of intraoperative bleeding. Currently available topical products each have potential drawbacks, making a more effective topical hemostatic agent desirable. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular formulation of a newly available polysaccharide polymer, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc), as a topical hemostatic agent for use in the operating room. Swine splenic incision and splenic capsular stripping hemorrhage models were initially used, with a subsequent pilot human study then performed. Methods: For the swine splenic incision model, anesthetized immature female Yorkshire white swine had a 3 × 8 mm incision created on the spleen. One of 3 agents (p-GlcNAc membrane, oxidized cellulose, or absorbable collagen) was sequentially applied to individual wounds and digitally compressed for 20 seconds. The wound was observed without pressure for 2 minutes. Up to 8 wounds per animal were created in 7 animals. For the swine splenic capsular stripping model a 2 × 2 cm area of capsular stripping on the surface of the spleen to a depth of 3 mm was created. Either p-GlcNAc membrane or oxidized cellulose was applied and digitally compressed for 60 seconds, followed by observation without pressure for 2 minutes. Six wounds per animal were created in 2 animals. If bleeding persisted in either model, a new cycle of compression was applied. These steps were repeated until hemostasis was achieved. No change in hemodynamics or coagulation factors was observed in either model. Subsequently, 10 consecutive patients undergoing elective small-bowel surgery were enrolled on pilot study. A 5 × 3 × 3 mm cruciate incision was created midway between the mesenteric and antimesenteric borders of the small bowel. Either p-GlcNAc membrane formulation or oxidized cellulose was applied (the sequence alternated per patient) with a 400-mg weight used for even, direct pressure. A second cruciate incision was then created on the contralateral side of the bowel to evaluate the second material. The number of applications required for hemostasis was assessed. Hemodynamics, small-bowel pathologic condition, and hematologic parameters were evaluated. Results: The p-GlcNAc membrane required fewer cycles of compression in the swine splenic incision model to achieve hemostasis than either absorbable collagen or oxidized cellulose (1.25 vs 2.58 and 3.41, respectively; P
Identification of the mitochondrial genome in the chrysophyte alga Ochromonas danica

. Analysis of total DNA isolated from the Chrysophyte alga Ochromonas danica revealed, in addition to nuclear DNA, two genomes present as numerous copies per cell. The larger genome (˜120 kilobase pairs or kbp) is the plastid DNA, which is identified by its hybridization to plasmids containing sequences for the photosynthesis genes rbcL, psbA, and psbC. The smaller genome (40 kbp) is the mitochondrial genome as identified by its hybridization with plasmids containing gene sequences of plant cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II. Both the 120- and 40-kbp genomes contain genes for the small and large subunits of rDNA. The mitochondrial genome is linear with terminal inverted repeats of about 1.6 kbp. Two other morphologically similar species were examined, Ochromonas minuta and Poteriochromonas malhamensis. All three species have linear mitochondrial DNA of 40 kbp. Comparisons of endonuclease restriction-fragment patterns of the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNAs as well as those of their nuclear rDNA repeats failed to reveal any fragment shared by any two of the species. Likewise, no common fragment size was detected by hybridization with plasmids containing heterologous DNA or with total mitochondrial DNA of O. danica; these observations support the taxonomic assignment of these three organisms to different species. The Ochromonas mitochondrial genomes are the first identified in the chlorophyll a/c group of algae. Combining these results with electron microscopic observations of putative mitochondrial genomes reported for other chromophytes and published molecular studies of other algal groups suggests that all classes of eukaryote algae may have mitochondrial genomes < 100 kbp in size, more like other protistans than land plants.
Metabolism of linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in rat retinas and rod outer segments.

Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3) is uniquely enriched in photoreceptor outer segment phospholipids, comprising up to one-half of the fatty acids of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The current study was designed to investigate the incorporation of 22:6ω3 into outer segment phospholipids over 12 days and to determine whether the retina contained the enzymes necessary for elongation and desaturation of the major dietary precursor of 22:6ω3, the essential fatty acid linolenic acid (18:3ω3). Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravitreally with [ 14 C]22:6ω3 or [ 14 C]18:3ω3 and kept in cyclic light ( 12 hr light 12 hr dark ) for 2 hr to 12 days. Phospholipids from rod outer segments and the remaining retinal debris were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. [ 14 C]22:6ω3 radioactivity was initially highest in phosphatidylcholine and rapidly decreased from 45% of total phospholipid labeling at 2 hr to 26% by 1 and 3 days in ROS, while phosphatidylethanolamine labeling increased from 49 to 68% by 3 days and phosphatidylserine labeling increased from 3 to 14% over 12 days. Phenacyl derivatives of total fatty acids were separated by HPLC. A substantial conversion of [ 14 C]18:3 to [ 14 C]20:5, [ 14 C]22:5 and [ 14 C]22:6 was noted after 1 day, with increasing conversion to [ 14 C]22:6 over the 12-day period. When only one eye was injected with [ 14 C]18:3ω3, negligible radioactive fatty acids were detected in the contralateral eye from 1 to 12 days post-injection demonstrating that conversion of 18:3 to 22:6 occurred primarily within the injected eye. All enzymes for elongation and desaturation of 18:3 to 22:6 appear to be present in the eye. However, the conversion of 22:5 to 22:6 by delta-4 desaturase is evidently rate-limiting and may affect phopholipid replacement during photoreceptor outer segment renewal if this pathway proves to be essential for the supply of 22:6 during disk membrane formation.
Statistical Modeling of Observational Data With Spatial Dependencies

I provide a brief introduction to the concept of spatial autocorrelation and its incorporation into regression-type models. Spatial autocorrelation occurs when the response variable is correlated with itself at other locations in the region of interest. The autocorrelation usually takes a specific form where observations close in space are more correlated than those farther apart, and the rate of decay of the correlation is a function of the distance separating 2 locations. I present 2 commonly used models: 1) geostatistical modeling in which data are collected at points in the study region and 2) conditional autoregression (lattice) models in which data are aggregated over small nonoverlapping sub-areas of the study region. I also describe incorporation of explanatory covariates, such as habitat or physico-chemical attributes. I emphasize frequentist methods, but I briefly describe Bayesian approaches. I also provide some advantages, such as obtaining correct standard errors for estimators, and disadvantages, such as requirements for larger sample sizes, of incorporating spatial autocorrelation into the modeling effort. This information can aid researchers in designing and analyzing models of the relationships between species distributions and habitat. As a result, more informative models can be developed which further aid in management of wildlife.
A general theory of constitutional patriotism

This article offers a theory of constitutional patriotism independent of the controversial social theories of modernization and rationalization with which Jurgen Habermas's version of constitutional patriotism is associated. It argues that the purpose of constitutional patriotism, as a set of beliefs and dispositions, is to enable and uphold a liberal democratic form of rule that free and equal citizens can justify to each other. The object of patriotic attachment is a specific constitutional culture that mediates between the universal and the particular, while the mode of attachment is one of critical judgment. Finally, constitutional patriotism results in a number of policy recommendations that are clearly different from policies that liberal nationalists would advocate.
Perturbations and Predissociation in the S 2 Band Spectrum

The ${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ bands belonging to the $^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ transition have been photographed with relatively large dispersion in absorption and in emission between $\ensuremath{\lambda}3500$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}2400$. Several perturbations have been found in the vibrational levels of the excited $^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state. These became apparent when the quantum assignment of the band heads were determined. The following revised equation was found to fit the unperturbed heads: $\ensuremath{\nu}=32250.9+429.5({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}2.75{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}727.4({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})+2.91{({v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}$ Weak bands were observed (mainly in absorption) about 20 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to the violet of the heads in the ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=0$ progression. These bands are believed to be due to another system. Perturbations of about +17 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have been found in the heads of the bands with ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0, 2, 4$, which are presumably due to perturbations of the rotational levels near the band heads by another electronic state or perturbations in the $U(r)$ curve of the $^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state. Perturbations found in the levels with ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}g9$ are attributed to a $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ state which causes predissociation in these bands.Predissociation. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of the Franck-Condon principle of transition probabilities. It is shown that the $^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$ continuous state which causes predissociation must intersect the $U(r)$ curve of the $^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state at two points giving the two observed regions of predissociation. The relative transition probabilities for the radiationless jump in the two regions are discussed.Dissociation. The energies of dissociation of the lower and upper states are found to be 4.45 and 2.07 volts. This gives 1.6 volts as the separation of the $^{3}P$ and $^{1}D$ states of the S atom.
Variational scattering theory using a functional of fractional form. II. An L2 approach

An L2 approach to our variational method which is based on a functional of fractional form is proposed. As in the R-matrix theory, configuration space is divided into two parts. However, unlike the R-matrix theory, the associated wave function is always smooth. The resulting K matrix is anomaly-free and symmetric (and hence the S matrix is unitary). Application of this method to an exactly soluble two-channel model problem shows that our new approach gives much better results than the other standard variational principles.
Development of a Practical Large-Scale Synthesis of Denagliptin Tosylate

A large-scale synthesis of denagliptin tosylate has been developed. The efficiency of the synthesis has been improved from the initially scaled route by changing the order of steps (performing a dehydration at a late stage). The key step of the synthesis is a single-step peptide coupling/dehydration, mediated by n-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride. The challenges of developing this synthesis into a robust and practical manufacturing route are described.
Field-flow fractionation of alkali-liberated nuclear polyhedrosis virus from gypsy moth Lymantria dispar linnaeus

Rod-shaped viral particles of the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) were obtained through alkaline dissolution of inclusion bodies isolated and purified from infected hosts. The liberated viral fraction contains a wide assortment of enveloped aggregated forms as well as enveloped monomers. This complex mixture was separated by means of sedimentation field-flow fractionation (sedimentation FFF) to give a mass spectrum of the separated particles. From the elution pattern effective molecular weights could be assigned to the various resolved components. Through electron microscopy it was possible to characterize the components as monomers, dimers, etc. In parallel experiments the same viral mixture was separated by the more commonly used density gradient sedimentation technique. The two methods are compared as to time and convenience of manipulation, as well as to the amount of physicochemical information that can be extracted from each separation. The mixture of aggregate viral structures was dialyzed against a nonionic detergent solution. Sedimentation FFF of the dialysate revealed a uniform population of non-enveloped particles with no effective molecular weight which was lower than that of the initial monomer fraction. Electron microscopic observations confirmed that this lower molecular weight fraction did indeed contain rod-like structures which were thinner than the initial enveloped monomers indicating that most if not all of the enveloped material had been removed from the viral rod structures.
Detection of replication initiation by a replicon family in DNA of synchronized pea (Pisum sativum) root cells using benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose chromatography.

Fractionated replicating DNA from pea was obtained from both synchronized cells just starting replication and from carbohydrate-starved cells ending replication. Benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE-cellulose chromatography of pulse-labeled DNA digested with EcoR I gave evidence that a family of replicons initiated replication 45 to 60 min after synchronized cells were released from the G1/S phase boundary. DNA from cells labeled in late S phase, on the other hand, showed no signs of additional replication initiations before entering G2 phase. Results with DNA from both early and late S phase cells comply with a model based on the premise that with short pulses of [3H]-thymidine the isotope is localized at replication forks and that longer pulses label both replication forks and recently replicated segments of double-stranded DNA. The model applies only to DNA subjected to fragmentation before chromatography.
Serving the needs of the information retrieval user

During the last few years, there have been a large number of reports, papers and articles written on a variety of information retrieval systems. I believe that too much has been written on the needs of information retrieval systems, and not enough either researched or written on the needs of the user. Webster's Collegiate Dictionary states that "need" is a "necessary duty; obligation; or a condition requiring supply or relief." This clearly defines what we mean by the "needs" of the information retrieval user. Despite all the advances in the field of information retrieval, we may inadvertently be building limitations into many of our information systems, simply because we are not fully considering the user, his needs, his reactions and his interactions with information retrieval.
The special model axiom in nonstandard analysis

κ -saturation [SL] is probably the single most useful property of nonstandard models of analysis. For some applications, however, stronger saturation hypotheses seem necessary. Henson formulated his elegant κ-isomorphism property (see [H1], and §2 below) to address this need. This property, though well-suited to certain situations (notably those arising in Banach space theory), is often difficult to apply in practice (see [SL, §7.7]). In this paper I describe an alternative to κ -isomorphism which is much easier to use; in particular, a proof which assumes that the nonstandard model is fully saturated can usually be converted directly to one using this special model axiom. Precise definitions of both these axioms appear in §2. In §3 I prove some simple properties of the special model axiom, one of which is that it is at least as strong as κ -isomorphism. In §§4, 5, and 6 the axiom is used to construct a few examples, many of which are pathological, or at the very least counterintuitive. (These examples are given primarily to illustrate use of the axiom; the only one of independent interest is Theorem 5.5.) In §7 some alternative axioms and open problems are discussed. Many of the results in this paper grew out of discussion and correspondence with C. Ward Henson, to whom I am consequently most grateful.
New modes of data handling in computerized thermography

The use of thermography and its acceptance as a diagnostic tool are currently limited by the subjective visual interpretation of thermograms. Although computerized thermography handles imaging data digitally, little has been done to use this digital information beyond the display of temperature contour maps. Several computer utilities have been developed to facilitate objective assessment of thermograms. These include facile enclosures of thermological features, statistical assessment of the temperature distribution in the enclosed domains and the use of temperature-gradient profiles. Such tools enable clinicians to justify clinical management decisions objectively, and facilitates the creation of databases with inputs from different medical centers. >
The contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to aerosol light-scattering and CCN activity in the California coastal zone

Abstract. Aircraft-based measurements of aerosol light-scattering coefficient, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) measured directly or by proxy, and aerosol chemical composition are reported for three different years in the region of the large stratocumulus deck off the California coast. Receptor modeling is used to differentiate the contributions of the main aerosol sources to the light scattering and CCN activity. The contribution of anthropogenic sources to the two climatically important aerosol parameters (for direct and indirect forcing) varied from year to year but, on average, was found to be 67% in the case of CCN concentration and 57% in the case of light-scattering coefficient.
CTCF terminal segments are unstructured

The human CCCTC-binding factor, CTCF, organizes and regulates transcription of the genome by colocalizing distant DNA elements on the same and even different chromosomes. This protein consists of 11 zinc fingers flanked by polypeptide segments of unknown structure and function. We purified recombinant terminal fragments and observed that both are extended, monomeric, and predominantly consist of unordered content. We thus speculate that the role of the terminal extensions, and perhaps all of CTCF, is to act as a scaffold for the assembly of other proteins on a specific binding site.
Three-phase fluid migration with solubilities in a two-dimensional basin simulation model

Abstract Three-phase fluid migration with solubilities is examined in a two-dimensional basin simulation model. Darcy's law is applied with the driving forces of excess pressure from disequilibrium compaction, buoyancy and capillary pressure controlling the flow of different fluid phases. Relative permabilities are related to the saturation fractions taken by each fluid phase in the pore space. The test results show that solubilities have a significant impact on both primary and secondary hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The spatial and temporal patterns of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation with solubility are various, depending on the specific geological, geothermal and geochemical conditions. Because the dynamic features of hydrocarbon migration are tied to phase saturation through relative permeability variations, and to phase solubility through temperature and pressure dependence, this study indicates that the hydrocarbon accumulation history must be considered in exploration assessments of basins. Application of the phase-dependent migration model to a geological section descriptive of the Hammerfest Basin, Barents Sea shows that Tertiary uplift and erosion, which lead to the leakage of hydrocarbons, are probably the dominant causes of the majority of exploration sub-commericial holes in the Hammerfest Basin.
Measuring Reaction Kinetics by Using Multiple Microcoil NMR Spectroscopy

[*] Prof. J. V. Sweedler, Dr. D. A. Jayawickrama Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA) Fax: (+1)217-244-8068 E-mail: sweedler@scs.uiuc.edu Dr. L. Ciobanu, X. Zhang, Prof.0, A. G. Webb Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA) [**] This work was supported by the U.S.A. NIH (8R01EB002343-07), the NSF and the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung (AGW). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.org or from the author. Angewandte Chemie
The Internal Senses in Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew Philosophic Texts

In Aristotle there is no general term for those faculties of the soul which he treats of in the Third Book of De Anima and in De Memoria et Reminiscentia to differentiate them as a class from the five senses which he treats of in the Second Book of De Anima. In Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew philosophic texts, however, these post-sensationary faculties, or some of them, or sometimes only one of them, are designated by the term “internal senses,” in contradistinction to the five senses which are designated by the term “external senses.” Sometimes instead of “external” the terms “corporeal” and “passive” are used, and instead of “internal” the terms “spiritual,” “separable,” and “cerebral.” Sometimes, too, the term “faculties” or “apprehensions” is used instead of “senses.” The use of the terms “internal,” “spiritual,” and “cerebral” has been explained by the fact that the faculties to which they are applied reside within the brain and operate without bodily organs.
Bayesian reconstruction of photon interaction sequences for high-resolution PET detectors.

Realizing the full potential of high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) systems involves accurately positioning events in which the annihilation photon deposits all its energy across multiple detector elements. Reconstructing the complete sequence of interactions of each photon provides a reliable way to select the earliest interaction because it ensures that all the interactions are consistent with one another. Bayesian estimation forms a natural framework to maximize the consistency of the sequence with the measurements while taking into account the physics of γ -ray transport. An inherently statistical method, it accounts for the uncertainty in the measured energy and position of each interaction. An algorithm based on maximum a posteriori (MAP) was evaluated for computer simulations. For a high-resolution PET system based on cadmium zinc telluride detectors, 93.8% of the recorded coincidences involved at least one photon multiple-interactions event (PMIE). The MAP estimate of the first interaction was accurate for 85.2% of the single photons. This represents a two-fold reduction in the number of mispositioned events compared to minimum pair distance, a simpler yet efficient positioning method. The point-spread function of the system presented lower tails and higher peak value when MAP was used. This translated into improved image quality, which we quantified by studying contrast and spatial resolution gains. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Transport of cholesterol by blood leukocytes and plasma in rabbits.

ASSTRACT In an attempt to evaluate the role of blood leukocytes in the transport of lipids in circulation, cholesterol content and ingested exogenous cholesterol-4-14C were measured in leukocytes and plasma. Cellular lipids extracted from washed leuko cytes of rabbits were fractionated chromatographically and measured spectrophotometrically. The leukocytes contained 1.8 and O.Smg/lO9 cells of free and esterified cho lesterol, respectively. Predominance of free cholesterol in leukocytes (free-ester ratio = 3:1) contrasted with predominance of esterified cholesterol in plasma (1:2.5). Twentytwo rabbits received intragastric administration of cholesterol-4-14C and were killed after 4 hours, 18 hours, 7 days and 14 days. The cholesterol fractions of leukocytes and plasma were assayed by liquid scintillation counting. In leukocytes, the free fraction of labeled cholesterol was highest after 7 days, but the esterified fraction remained low throughout the 14-day period. In plasma, the labeled cholesterol was highest also after 7 days, but the esterified fraction was higher than the free throughout the ex periment. The results indicate that blood leukocytes play a role in the transport of cholesterol in the circulation. The role of blood leukocytes in the trans port of lipids in the circulation has not been extensively studied. Light- and elec tron-microscopic studies indicate that cir culating blood leukocytes carry lipid parti cles in their cytoplasm when animals are rendered hyperlipemic (1, 2). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of circulating blood leukocytes in the transport of ingested exogenous choles terol. Two different experiments were car ried out in normal rabbits. First, the cho lesterol contents of blood leukocytes and plasma were measured chemically. Second, an intragastrically administered cholesterol-4-14Cwas extracted from blood leuko cytes and plasma, isolated by thin-layer chromatography, and assayed by liquid scintillation counting.