cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Favorable outcome with bivalirudin anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass

An 81-year-old man with previous syncopal episodes, progressive shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, severe calcific aortic stenosis, and a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia required aortic valve replacement. Bivalirudin, a thrombin-specific anticoagulant, was used in place of heparin. The patient received a 50 mg bivalirudin bolus followed by an infusion between 1.5 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) and 1.75 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Adequate anticoagulation was readily obtained resulting in an uneventful cardiopulmonary bypass. Activated clotting time (ACT) values steadily declined after discontinuation of the bivalirudin infusion. Bivalirudin is a practical alternative to heparin during cardiac surgical procedures.
Spatial-frequency-tuned attenuation and enhancement of the steady-state VEP by grating adaptation.

Abstract Steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from adults using 10%C fast spatial frequency (SF) sweeps of horizontal gratings under two conditions: (a) after exposure to a 40%C grating of 6 or 4 c/deg, and (b) after exposure to a blank screen equalling the adapting gratings in space-averaged luminance. SF adaptation attenuated VEP amplitude near the adapting SF, but maximum attenuation was displaced from the adapting SF for 6 c/deg adaptation. Small displacements in maximum attenuation would be expected if underlying neural subunits are tuned to a small number of different center SFs. In addition, SF adaptation caused amplitude enhancement 1.0–2.0 octaves below the adapting SF, providing electrophysiological evidence in humans for coinhibitory relationships among neural mechanisms that have been postulated on the basis of analogous psychophysical findings. The results are consistent with coinhibition between SF-tuned subunits and between transient and sustained mechanisms.
Towards a typology of classificatory change

Classifications of all types invariably change in response to shifting conditions in the information environment. Revising the contents of subject-based schemes is an important type of change, but the phenomenon of classificatory change has multiple interrelated aspects that go beyond content. Conceptually isolating these aspects offers a starting point for describing and comparing different types of classificatory change. The typology proposed here attempts to situate classification schemes within a context of use, interacting with other elements of the information environment. As the digital information landscape continues to evolve, there are increased opportunities for classificatory innovation. While hyperlinks have become a pervasive element in the repertory of knowledge organization, the hypertext technique of transclusion has received considerably less attention. Transclusion offers an alternative way to envision the relationship between digital resources and classification schemes. Examples from the English-language Wikipedia demonstrate how transclusion is used in the digital encyclopedia to embed modular subject-based schemes that supplement knowledge navigation and discovery.
Governance Processes and Change Within Organizational Participants of Multi-sectoral Community Health Care Alliances: The Mediating Role of Vision, Mission, Strategy Agreement and Perceived Alliance Value

Multi-sectoral community health care alliances are organizations that bring together individuals and organizations from different industry sectors to work collaboratively on improving the health and health care in local communities. Long-term success and sustainability of alliances are dependent on their ability to galvanize participants to take action within their ‘home’ organizations and institutionalize the vision, goals, and programs within participating organizations and the broader community. The purpose of this study was to investigate two mechanisms by which alliance leadership and management processes may promote such changes within organizations participating in alliances. The findings of the study suggest that, despite modest levels of change undertaken by participating organizations, more positive perceptions of alliance leadership, decision making, and conflict management were associated with a greater likelihood of participating organizations making changes as a result of their participation in the alliance, in part by promoting greater vision, mission, and strategy agreement and higher levels of perceived value. Leadership processes had a stronger relationship with change within participating organizations than decision-making style and conflict management processes. Open-ended responses by participants indicated that participating organizations most often incorporated new measures or goals into their existing portfolio of strategic plans and activities in response to alliance participation.
Indirect fluorescence determination of lactate and pyruvate in single erythrocytes by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A scheme of using fluorescein as the fluorophore for indirect detection of anions was demonstrated. This system is quite stable at a fluorescein concentration of 100 μM even without any other buffer components. Different injection modes affect the limit of detection (LOD). A LOD of about 20 amol was obtained for lactate under optimal conditions. Lactate pyruvate in the intracellular fluid of erythrocytes were measured in this manner. The average amounts in a single erythrocyte for lactate and pyruvate are 1.3 and 2.1 fmol, respectively, or a ratio of 1.6 for pyruvate to lactate. Variations of the absolute amounts and the ratios are fairly large among a group of 27 cells examined. This is consistent with the difference of cells in size and composition. Although the migration times changed by up to 20% during a series of runs from the influence of concomitants in the cells, the migration time ratio was maintained around 1.072 with 3% relative standard deviation.
Antiphase OH and OI airglow emissions induced by a short‐period ducted gravity wave

[1] Numerical simulation of a ducted gravity wave event suggests that OH (8,3) and O(1S) 557.7 nm airglow emissions layers may exhibit opposite-phase intensities when perturbed by a short-period wave undergoing vertical reflection. This effect arises due to the time and temperature dependance of the OH excitation reaction, coupled with the linear polarization properties of vertically-standing waves.
Online Access to Tests: The ETSF and MMYD Databases

In 1983, BRS of Latham, New York introduced two databases entirely devoted to information on tests. The new databases are the Educational Testing Service Test Collection (search label ETSF) and the Mental Measurements Yearbook (search label MM‐YD). BRS is at present the only vendor for both databases. The ETSF file is produced by the Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ and is based on their collection. The database has over 5,000 test records with newly acquired instruments added through quarterly updates. Tests included measure or assess achievement, aptitude, attitudes, interests, personality, sensory‐motor skills, special populations, and vocational/occupational areas. Both commercially available tests and unpublished research instruments are included. Foreign language versions of tests are also included. The searchable paragraphs are accession number, title, author, year, decriptors, identifiers, grade level, target audience, notes, abstract, availability, resource type, update code, and subtests. A unique feature of this database is the ability to search within a test for subtests that assess specific skills or factors.
The carotenoids of Rhodopseudomonas. II. A comparative study of mutants and the wild type.

Abstract Various mutants of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides have been examined with respect to the predominant pigments, as well as those in minor and trace quantities. Data are presented confirming the identification by Goodwin et al. (4) of pigment Y as a 5,6-dihydromonomethoxylycopene and of pigment R as a 5,6-dihydromonomethoxylycopen-6-one.
Induced hepatocytes as a metabolic activation system for the mouse-lymphoma assay.

We have developed methods for the coculture of hepatocytes and mouse lymphoma cells and have shown that this system can be used for evaluating promutagens from several chemical classes (Brock et al., 1987). In the present study we investigated the use of hepatocytes isolated from rats pretreated with a cytochrome P-450 inducer (PB) or a P-448 inducer (BNF). CP-induced mutagenicity was higher in the presence of PB-induced hepatocytes than in control hepatocytes. Control and BNF-induced hepatocytes were evaluated with B(a)P, B(l)A, and BA. A dose-related positive response was observed with B(a)P and B(l)A both in the presence of control or induced hepatocytes; however, somewhat higher mutant frequencies were obtained in the presence of BNF-induced hepatocytes. BA induced a very weak positive response (approx. 2 X b.g.) in the presence of control hepatocytes and was weakly positive in the presence of BNF-induced hepatocytes. Benzene was tested using control and both PB- and BNF-induced hepatocytes. Neither of these approaches were successful in activating benzene to a mutagenic metabolite. These studies indicate that for some chemicals the mutagenic response of mouse lymphoma cells can be increased by inducing hepatocytes prior to isolation and cocultivation, and expands the use of hepatocytes for research evaluating chemicals requiring metabolic activation.
Creep Behavior of an Al2O3-Sic Composite

The addition of SiC whiskers to Al2O3 causes significant improvement in mechanical properties, including fracture toughness, thermal shock resistance, and creep resistance. The creep response of a whisker-reinforced alumina composite has been measured using four-point flexural loading at temperatures of 1200 and 1300C. Composites were fabricated by hot-pressing a blend of alumina powder with 33 volume percent SiC whiskers. The creep data showed a stress-dependent stress exponent equal to 1 at low stress levels and ranging from 4–6 at higher stresses. The applied stress at which the transition occurred was temperature dependent and ranged from 50–125 MPa. Mechanisms of creep deformation were determined from TEM observations of specimens prepared from interrupted creep tests. Voids were observed at grain boundary-interface junctions in tensile regions and whiskers within the composite were sometimes oxidized where voids had formed. TEM observations from specific stages of steady state creep reached under different applied loads are presented, and the relative contributions of different deformation mechanisms are discussed.
Escherichia coli K12 does not colonize the gastrointestinal tract of Fischer-344 rats.

The colonizing potential ofEscherichia coli K12 containing a vector coding for somidobove (bovine somatotropin) was determined. Treated male and female Fischer-344 rats were given a single oral gavage inoculum of sucrose with/without tetracycline (15 μg/ml). Untreated control animals received similar drinking water regimes. All animals survived until termination. There were no clinical signs of toxicity observed and no treatment-related effect upon body weight, food consumption, or efficiency of food utilization. Fresh fecal samples were collected from each rat every 24 h following inoculation and the population of the marked strain was quantitated until no bacterial colonies were observed for two consecutive days. While all inoculated rats were positive at 24 h, by 72 and 96 h all had become negative for the test (marked) strain, as were the corresponding control group throughout the test. The frozen stock of the marked strain used as the positive control demonstrated that the agar plates were selective for the test strain. Fourteen days following inoculation, all groups of rats were killed and the gastrointestinal tracts removed and treated to recover the marked strain. There was no evidence of the marked strain in the gastrointestinal tract of any rat from any group. Thus, theE. coli K12 host/vector system used in this experiment does not colonize the gastrointestinal tract of Fischer-344 rats.
Nucleolin-mediated cellular trafficking of DNA nanoparticle is lipid raft and microtubule dependent and can be modulated by glucocorticoid.

DNA nanoparticles (DNPs) are nonviral gene transfer vectors with excellent in vivo potential. Previously, we reported that cell surface nucleolin directly binds DNPs, and functions as an important receptor for DNPs. However, the fate of the nucleolin–DNP complex following cellular uptake remains elusive. In this study, we examined the role of lipid rafts in the uptake of DNPs, and found that both nucleolin and DNPs are recovered from the low-density raft fractions of the sucrose gradient. Furthermore, nucleolin colocalizes with, and coimmunoprecipitates with a raft protein, flotillin. Disruption of lipid rafts by depleting membrane cholesterol significantly inhibited DNP transfection, while inhibition of other endocytic pathways had little effect. Following the uptake, the nuclear import of the DNPs required microtubules but not F-actin. By coimmunoprecipitation in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) as a nucleolin-associated protein, and confirmed this result by western blot. Cortisone or dexamethasone increased nucleolin's association with GCR, and transfection by DNPs. Finally, we detected the expression of nucleolin on the surface of airway epithelia in vivo. Taken together, our findings shed light on important determinants of DNP trafficking in cells and support the notion that nucleolin is a good target for nonviral gene delivery.
Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans from a Mixture of Chlorophenols over Fly Ash: Influence of Water Vapor

Recent efforts have been made to establish readily measurable surrogate compounds, such as chlorophenols, for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), that would enable plant operations to limit formation. Despite the extensive studies conducted on PCDDs/Fs formation from chlorophenols, very few studies have been carried out in real combustion conditions with a realistic concentration of precursors and the presence of water. In the present study, low (10-9 M), stable concentrations of chlorinated phenols that are representative of concentrations of such compounds in municipal waste incinerator (MWI) raw flue gas were used in experiments investigating the formation of PCDDs/Fs over fly ash. Different mixtures of the chlorophenols (CPs) studied (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol) were passed through a bed of oxidized fly ash (carbon-free) and glass beads with and without the presence of water. The chlorophenol reactants used ...
Sibling Rivalry and Strategic Parental Transfers

This paper develops a noncooperative Nash model in which two siblings compete for their parents' financial transfers. Treating sibling rivalry as a "rent-seeking contest" and using a Tullock-Skaperdas contest success function, we derive the conditions under which more financial resources are transferred to the sibling with lower earnings. We find that parental transfers are compensatory and that the family as an institution serves as an "income equalizer." Within a sequential game framework, we characterize the endogeneity of parental transfers and link it to parents' income, altruism, and children's supply of merit goods (e.g., parent-child companionship or child services). We show that merit goods are subject to a "moral hazard" problem from the parents' perspective.
Innovative Reward Systems for the Changing Workplace

The article reviews the book “Innovative Reward Systems for the Changing Workplace,” by Thomas B. Wilson.
Influence of nonameric AU-rich tristetraprolin-binding sites on mRNA deadenylation and turnover.

Tristetraprolin (TTP), a member of the tandem CCCH zinc finger protein family, promotes deadenylation of tumor necrosis factor-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNAs after binding to the AU-rich elements (ARE) in their 3′-untranslated regions. The high affinity TTP-ARE binding occurs between the tandem zinc finger domain and the preferred nonamer UUAUUUAUU. By mutating a well defined core sequence of 24 bases from the tumor necrosis factor-α ARE, we compared the influence of four possible nonameric TTP-binding sites in the wild-type ARE with that of a single binding site in the mutated probe on the binding of TTP to the RNA and the subsequent deadenylation of the poly(A) tail. By inserting this 24-base ARE into an otherwise stable transcript, we also attempted to determine the extent of the instability conferred by the presence of one or two TTP-binding sites. These sites were created or modified by mutating the As in the UUAUUUAUU nonamer or by changing the central U in the nonamer, in both cases to C residues. The results suggest that even a single nonamer TTP-binding site can confer at least partial sensitivity to the TTP-mediated mRNA turnover on an otherwise stable mRNA, but that two binding sites make the transcript much more unstable. Even though the central U of the nonamer binding site was predicted by structural studies possibly to permit base substitution, mutation of this U to C greatly inhibited the binding of TTP to the ARE, thus reducing the ability of the TTP to promote deadenylation and instability of the mRNA.
Flotation of Algae, Bacteria and Other Microorganisms

Flotation of microorganisms is reviewed while at the same time recent developments in use of these organisms to concentrate heavy metal ions arc noted. Consideration is given to the nature of the organisms' surfaces and how these surfaces should influence their flotation characteristics. Past work on the electrokinetic properties of microorganisms is reviewed. The potential effect of heavy metal ions on surface and flotation properties of the organisms is discussed. Although work has not been performed to date on combining microorganism concentration of metal ions with froth flotation, the combination may prove to be an attractive means of treating metal containing waste streams.
Developmental Biology Using Purified Genes

Some history After three years of college I entered the University of Chicago Medical School in the fall of 1952 and discovered biochemistry and research. Lloyd Kozloff, a member of the bacteriophage group in the Department of Biochemistry, guided my research. While in medical school I began searching for a future research subject, thinking it should be an important medically related problem but unexplored by what were then the modern methods of biochemistry. The field of embryology, newly named ‘developmental biology’, caught my attention. Reproductive biology was barely discussed, and descriptive embryology was taught in two lectures as a part of gross anatomy. In 1953, I attended a biochemistry journal club discussion of the Watson-Crick Nature paper describing the structure of DNA. I knew immediately that my future would involve some merger of DNA research, biochemistry and the field of embryology. After an internship at Charity Hospital in New Orleans and my wedding, my wife and I moved to Bethesda, Maryland. My two years of service were fulfilled as a member of the first class of ‘research associates’ at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). I spent two wonderful years in the Institute of Mental Health as part of a project organized by Seymour Kety to investigate systematically the metabolism of molecules that had been implicated in schizophrenia. I was assigned to study the urinary metabolites of the amino acid histidine because it was the precursor of one such compound—histamine. I ended my two years by feeding 10 microCuries of 14C-histidine to ten healthy controls and ten people with schizophrenia, collecting their urine and analyzing the radioactive products. Then I published one of the few negative studies on the subject of the biochemical basis of schizophrenia. Developmental biology using purified genes
A Study of an Online Tool to Support Evidence-Based Practices with Infants and Toddlers.

We investigated Early Head Start home visitors’ use of evidence-based practices and the effectiveness of a web-based system to support these practices. Home visitors learned to use 3 evidence-based practices: (a) frequent assessment of children's early communication for screening and progress monitoring, (b) 2 home-based language promoting interventions, and (c) data-based decision making in the use of the language promoting intervention strategies. We randomly assigned 1 group of home visitors to use an online data collection system and receive training in data-based intervention decision making and in the evidenced-based language interventions. The other home visitors had access to these tools and trainings, but in addition, they had web-based support (Making Online Decisions; MOD) linked to the children's expressive communication data. We found that the expressive communication of children served by home visitors who used the MOD grew significantly more than children whose home visitors did not have MO...
GAPS: A Genetic Programming System

One of the major approaches in the field of evolutionary computation is genetic programming. Genetic programming tackles the issue of how to automatically create a computer program for a given problem from some initial problem statement. The goal is accomplished by genetically breeding a population of computer programs in terms of genetic operations. In this paper, we describe a genetic programming system called GAPS. GAPS has the following features: (1) It implements the standard generational algorithm for genetic programming with some refinement on controlling introns growth during evolution process and improved termination criteria. (2) It includes an extensible language tailored to the needs of genetic programming. And (3) It is a complete, standalone system that allows for genetic programming tasks to be carried out without requiring other tools such as compilers. Results with GAPS have been satisfactory.
Non-linear state smoothing and filtering in blocks for dynamic systems with missing observations

State smoothing and filtering are treated for non-linear dynamic systems in the absence of observations in a considered observation interval. Models are taken to be non-linear functions of the states, disturbance noises, and observation noises, whereas the state estimation of these models cannot, in general, be performed by classical estimation schemes, such as the extended Kalman filter. State estimation is performed in blocks by estimating missing observations with interpolating functions. The resulting estimation scheme requires a constant memory for its implementation.
GOUDEN STEM VERWAARLOOSD GEBIT

Voor de tv-camera' s ging de op straat levende TedWilliams voor het eerst sinds twintig jaar naar de tandarts.Maar dat bezoek was problematisch en controversieel. door dr. Frank Heynick
Unsymmetrical disulfides and thiol mixtures produce different mixed monolayer-protected gold clusters

Synthesis of mixed monolayer-protected Au clusters (MPCs) from unsymmetrical disulfides (HO(CH2)11SS(CH2)11CH3) yields clusters with a 1:1 composition of HO(CH2)11S− and CH3(CH2)11S− thiolates, whereas products from reaction of a 1:1 mixture of thiols (HO(CH2)11SH and CH3(CH2)11SH) contain mostly (97%) HO(CH2)11S− ligands in the monolayer. The results suggest a thermodynamically preferred ligation of HO(CH2)11SH over CH3(CH2)11SH that is circumvented in the disulfide reaction. The core sizes of MPCs synthesized from alkanethiol and dialkyl disulfides are similar, suggesting similar MPC growth dynamics for thiols and disulfides. The compositions of MPCs synthesized starting from gold(I)−thiolate polymer intermediates suggest that the polymer undergoes immediate breakup upon addition of reductant.
Black sound, black body: Jimi Hendrix, the electric guitar, and the meanings of blackness

(1999). Black sound, black body: Jimi Hendrix, the electric guitar, and the meanings of blackness. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 75-113.
Maniçoba, a quercetin-rich Amazonian dish

Abstract A large quantity of quercetin was characterized from a local dish known as manicoba in Para, Brazil. The fresh leaf of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), a principal ingredient for manicoba, was found to contain a large amount of rutin or quercetin 3-O-rutinoside which was completely hydrolyzed to quercetin during cooking processes. Antioxidant activity of quercetin and its microfloral metabolites was examined. Quercetin scavenged the superoxide anion generated by xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22) and inhibited uric acid formation on xanthine oxidase, while rutin scavenged the superoxide anion but without inhibiting the enzyme. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, a microfloral metabolite of quercetin, also scavenged the superoxide anion generated by xanthine oxidase and inhibited uric acid formation on xanthine oxidase. In addition, quercetin inhibited the oxidation of linoleic acid catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, Type 1).
Objectification, standardization, and commodification in health care: A conceptual readjustment

Historically, medical sociologists have used the interrelated concepts of objectification, commodification, and standardization to point to the pathologies of modern medicine, such as the depersonalization of care and the effects of bureaucratic control. More recent work in science studies, economic sociology, and sociology of health and illness, however, has begun to explore how the social processes of objectification, commodification, and standardization produce a wide variety of biomedical achievements. We provide a theoretical synthesis of this emerging body of scholarship centered upon the intended and unintended consequences of objectification, commodification, and standardization to improve health. We then outline a research agenda that would result from a more comprehensive assessment of how these processes manifest themselves in clinical care.
A Comparison of HDG Methods for Stokes Flow

In this paper, we compare hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) methods for numerically solving the velocity-pressure-gradient, velocity-pressure-stress, and velocity-pressure-vorticity formulations of Stokes flow. Although they are defined by using different formulations of the Stokes equations, the methods share several common features. First, they use polynomials of degree k for all the components of the approximate solution. Second, they have the same globally coupled variables, namely, the approximate trace of the velocity on the faces and the mean of the pressure on the elements. Third, they give rise to a matrix system of the same size, sparsity structure and similar condition number. As a result, they have the same computational complexity and storage requirement. And fourth, they can provide, by means of an element-by element postprocessing, a new approximation of the velocity which, unlike the original velocity, is divergence-free and H(div)-conforming. We present numerical results showing that each of the approximations provided by these three methods converge with the optimal order of k+1 in L 2 for any k?0. We also display experiments indicating that the postprocessed velocity is a better approximation than the original approximate velocity. It converges with an additional order than the original velocity for the gradient-based HDG, and with the same order for the vorticity-based HDG methods. For the stress-based HDG methods, it seems to converge with an additional order for even polynomial degree approximations. Finally, the numerical results indicate that the method based on the velocity-pressure-gradient formulation provides the best approximations for similar computational complexity.
Urban land use separability as a function of radar polarization

Abstract In this study the relationship between urban land use features and radar polarization was examined. Statistical tests were applied to density readings of HH-and HV-polarized X-band SAR imagery to determine: (1) differences in signal return among urban land use categories within a single polarization and (2) variations in signal return between polarizations for individual land use categories. Only one category produced a statistical difference between polarizations. Although some categories were separable on both polarizations, others were separable only on a single polarization. Possible reasons are discussed along with an observed clustering of classes by signal response/grey tone.
DOES TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE INHIBIT OVULATION

IN A RECENT REPORT (I) on the effects of testosterone propionate on the corporalutea of early pregnancy in mice, it was shown that the ovaries were stimulated by small dosages but depressed by large amounts of this androgen. Just how much the ovaries were stimulated was not determined but in the course of those autopsies, and several times since, we have observed ovulations which had occurred during the series of injections. Some typical examples follow. Mouse 42 had been injected daily since mating with 0.5 mg. testosterone propionate and was autopsied on the sixth day after the vaginal plug. On the right ovary were 2 corporaalbicantia and 4 good corpora lutea. Two blastocysts were recovered from the uterine flush (from the ovulation at the time of mating) and 4 one-celled ova were found in the ovarian third of the tube. Two of these one-celled ova were still surrounded by granulosus cells.
Sodium transport deficiency and sodium balance in gene‐targeted mice

Animals with induced or natural null mutations in renal NaCl and water transporter genes provide a powerful tool to study the physiological mechanisms that enable the kidney to optimize the match between glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption. Deficiencies in the Na/H exchanger NHE3 and in the water channel aquaporin 1 (AQP1) cause reductions in proximal fluid absorption which are accompanied by proportionate decrements in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Compensation of the transport defect by a reduction in filtered load is so efficient that clinically symptomatic Na losses are not observed in either NHE3 or AQP1 deficient animals. On the other hand, severe syndromes of salt wasting are caused by loss of function of the Na,K,2Cl-cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb, or of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) the collecting duct indicating that the severity of Na dysregulation is unrelated to the basal absorption of NaCl in a given nephron segment. In these states, the increased delivery of Na to downstream segments is not monitored by a sensor linked to the site of filtrate formation. In the absence of adaptations in the filtered load intrarenal compensation of a circumscribed NaCl malabsorption by adjustment of NaCl transport in other nephron segments is sometimes insufficient, particularly in the immature kidney of the newborn.
Studying Intraindividual Variability: What We Have Learned That Will Help Us Understand Lives in Context

We examine some features of intraindividual variability and the research outcomes from its study. Selected current modeling techniques focused on individual-level analyses are briefly discussed, including some promising applications stemming from dynamical systems theory work. We turn these ideas into issues prominent in the study of behavioral development and examine how the general intraindividual variability orientation can strengthen the further study of lives in context.
On foldable protein-like models; a statistical-mechanical study with Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract This is study of a class of lattice polymer models which have a singular lowest-energy conformation and undergo a phase transition from the statistically random state to the unique ground state. Such foldable lattice polymers can be considered as a crude model for protein molecules. The procedure for constructing a foldable polymer model, including selection of the monomer sequence and optimization of the force field, is described. A solvation term for individual monomers was added to the pairwise contact-based potential commonly used for the lattice polymer model. It is shown that the solvation interactions of individual residues make an important contribution to the folding of protein-like models. The statistical-mechanical characteristics of the models were analyzed with the help of Monte Carlo simulations. The model provides many insights to the protein-folding problem.
Habitat Selection and Home Range Dynamics of Eastern Spotted Skunks in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA

Since the 1940s, eastern spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius) have declined dramatically throughout the Midwest. One hypothesis for the decline is the loss of suitable habitat, although little is known about the ecological requirements of this species. To elucidate seasonal home range and habitat selection by eastern spotted skunks, we conducted telemetry-based field work in the Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas, USA. During 2 years of field work, we collected day- and nighttime radiolocations for 33 eastern spotted skunks. We used kernel-based utilization distributions, volume of intersection indices, and weighted compositional analysis to evaluate seasonal home range dynamics and habitat selection. Although we found moderate adult male site fidelity, there were large seasonal differences in home range size, with ranges of between 76 ha and 175 ha (± 22–62 SE) during summer, fall, and winter, and home ranges of 866 ha (± 235 SE) during spring. Male home range increases in the spring were likely caused by questing behavior in search of reproductive females. Females maintained home ranges of 54 ha to 135 ha (± 7–30 SE) and moderate site fidelity during all seasons. During each season, we observed selection of young shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and hardwood stands over other available cover types, likely due to a preference for a dense, complex understory and a closed canopy overstory to reduce predation risk. Most habitats in the study region were managed for an herbaceous understory and an older, more open canopy, in part to benefit red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) populations. Thus, if simultaneous management for these 2 vertebrates is a goal, a balance of early and late successional habitat should be reached.
Universe reheating after inflation

We study the problem of scalar particle production after inflation by an inflaton field which is oscillating rapidly relative to the expansion of the universe. We use the framework of the chaotic inflation scenario with quartic and quadratic inflaton potentials. Particles produced are described by a quantum scalar field \ensuremath{\chi}, which is coupled to the inflaton via linear and quadratic couplings. The particle production effect is studied using the standard technique of Bogolyubov transformations. Particular attention is paid to parametric resonance phenomena which take place in the presence of the quickly oscillating inflaton field. We have found that in the region of applicability of perturbation theory the effects of parametric resonance are crucial, and estimates based on first-order Born approximation often underestimate the particle production. In the case of the quartic inflaton potential V(cphi)=\ensuremath{\lambda}${\mathit{cphi}}^{4}$, the particle production process is very efficient for either type of coupling between the inflaton field and the scalar field \ensuremath{\chi} even for small values of coupling constants. The energy density of the universe after the decay of the inflaton oscillations is in this case a factor [\ensuremath{\lambda} ln(1/\ensuremath{\lambda})${]}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ times larger than the corresponding estimates based on first-order Born approximation. In the case of the quadratic inflaton potential the reheating process depends crucially on the type of coupling between the inflaton and the scalar field \ensuremath{\chi} and on the magnitudes of the coupling constants. If the inflaton coupling to fermions and its linear (in inflaton field) coupling to scalar fields are suppressed, then, as previously discussed by Kofman, Linde, and Starobinsky, the inflaton field will eventually decouple from the rest of the matter, and the residual inflaton oscillations may provide the (cold) dark matter of the universe. In the case of the quadratic inflaton potential we obtain the lowest and the highest possible bounds on the effective energy density of the inflaton field when it freezes out.
Alternative Complexities: The Archaeology of Pastoral Nomadic States

Almost a century of systematic anthropological research on pastoral nomads has produced significant data and theory for understanding these mobile societies. Substantially less attention has been devoted to complex sociopolitical organization among pastoral nomadic groups and, in particular, to the large-scale polities referred to as nomadic confederations, states, or sometimes empires. This article reviews established ideas for how and why complex organization emerged among nomadic groups and then considers these ideas in the context of recent archaeological theory on statehood and new material evidence for pastoral nomadic prehistory. Revised conceptions of both the state and the nomad suggest that pastoral nomadic polities represent alternative forms of complex organization that were different from classic Old World states but still quite complex in unexpected ways. These organizational differences resulted from the mobile and flexible politics practiced among herding peoples and gave rise to regional polities based on spatial networking, distributed authority, and innovations in transport and exchange.
Analysis of clamps with time dependent voltages in the squid axon using a kinetic transport model

A sequential kinetic, open system model for potassium currents in squid axon is used to develop analytical expressions for current fluxes during time dependent voltage clamp experiments. These analytical solutions suggest a technique for extracting rate constant data directly from the current voltage curves generated during such clamps. The analytical solutions involve a simple decay scheme which provides a simple explanation for hysteresis effects observed with such clamps. In addition, the solutions predict a minimal time dependence for the hyperbolic voltage clamp, i.e., the observed current fluxes during a hyperbolic voltage clamp will tend to be independent of the rate of decay. The use of this clamp for the rapid separation of sodium and potassium currents is discussed.
Nutritional Assessment of Pregnant Women Enrolled in the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Abstract Objective To evaluate nutrient intake from dietary sources for 95 pregnant women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Subjects/Setting Women were recruited from Minneapolis and St Paul area WIC clinics between January and June 1999. Based on estimates from the WIC clinics, the study was described to 159 (63%) of the 251 potentially eligible women. Of these 159 women, 107 (67%) completed the in-person interview. Ninety-five (89%) were included in the nutrition analysis. Methods Each woman completed a 1-hour in-person interview that included a questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and a venous blood sample. A shortened Block 98 food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Serum ferritin was measured for 86 women. Means, medians, and standard deviations of dietary intake were explored as well as body mass index distributions. Additionally, the percentage of women consuming less than two thirds of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for certain nutrients was calculated. Results Overall, the women reported consuming only 85% of the RDA for energy. The average percentage of energy from fat was higher than recommended (37% vs 30%). The most notable nutrient shortfall was iron; 90% of the women reported consuming less than 2/3 of the RDA. Additionally, serum ferritin analysis classified 22% of the women with iron-deficiency anemia ( Conclusions Interventions should be designed to decrease fat consumption and increase iron intake among pregnant WIC participants to meet dietary recommendations. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001:101:903-908.
What matters during a hypotensive episode: fluids, vasopressors, or both?

The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationships between fluid and vasopressor interventions and patient outcomes. In intensive care, it is imperative to resolve hypotensive episodes (HEs) in a timely manner in order to minimize end-organ damage. The current clinical practice is first to attempt fluid resuscitation and then to follow with vasopressor therapy if fluid resuscitation is unsuccessful. However, the effects of fluid and vasopressor interventions on patient outcomes have not been clearly established.
Examination of volunteer bias in research involving patients diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

There is some evidence to suggest that the same personality and emotional features observed in patients diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) may be related to nonparticipation in studies aimed at determining the most effective interventions for treating this patient population. This study aimed to document the frequency with which patients referred to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) for video/EEG telemetry who are diagnosed with PNES or epileptic seizures (ES) participate in survey research. Of the 139 patients approached, 16 patients declined and 23 produced invalid or incomplete surveys. There was no significant difference in participation rates between patients diagnosed with PNES and those diagnosed with ES. These findings argue against a volunteer bias in research involving PNES and suggest that the results of other studies with these patients generalize to the population as a whole.
Late outcomes of balloon angioplasty and angioplasty with selective stenting for superficial femoral-popliteal disease are equivalent.

Objective Several trials have reported early superior patency of stenting over isolated angioplasty (plain old balloon angioplasty [POBA]) for infra-inguinal occlusive disease, yet long-term data are sparse. The purpose of this study was to contrast long-term clinical outcomes and costs of angioplasty alone vs angioplasty with selective stenting in the treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease. Methods Patients undergoing primary endovascular treatments of the native femoropopliteal arteries from 2002 to 2009 were divided into two groups, POBA alone or stenting based on final treatment received at their index procedure. Study end points included actuarial 5-year primary patency (using strict criteria of any hemodynamic deterioration or return of symptoms), 5-year limb salvage, and 5-year survival and hospital costs. Results Eight hundred twenty-four primary procedures were performed during the study interval; 517 (63%) were POBA and 307 (37%) were stenting. The mean follow-up duration was 33 months (range, 0-98 months). The indication for intervention in the stenting group was claudication in 71% of the patients, whereas the remaining 29% had critical limb ischemia (CLI). In the POBA cohort, the indication for treatment was claudication in 59% of the patients and CLI in the remaining 41%. A higher percentage of POBA lesions were TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) II A & B when compared to stenting (91% POBA vs 73% stenting; P Conclusion Stenting resulted in equivalent long-term outcomes compared to POBA when stratified by indications. However, stenting yielded statistically better primary patency in patients with TASC II C & D lesions. The lack of improved clinical outcomes and significantly higher cost of stenting supports a posture of selective use of stents (especially in TASC II A & B) in the endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease.
Induction of precocious molting in the male and ovigerous female Armadillidium vulgare by topical application of 20-hydroxyecdysone

Abstract The effects of topical application of small and large doses of 20-hydroxyecdysone during the beginning of the intermolt period in the males and ovigerous females of Armadillidium on ecdysis and development of embryos have been studied. Daily application of 0.01, 0.1, or 1 μg of 20-hydroxyecdysone to males during stage C shortens it, thereby causing precocious ecdysis. In contrast to this, a single application of 1 μg of the hormone at the beginning of stage C does not stimulate precocious ecdysis, indicating that repeated applications are more effective than a single application. The application of 1 μg of 20-hydroxyecdysone prior to posterior ecdysis or 2 hr after the posterior ecdysis prevents the posterior or anterior ecdysis, respectively. It is suggested that the presence of exogenous ecdysteroid during these periods prematurely breaks the muscle connections to the old cuticle, resulting in the failure of the animals to escape from their exuvia. The application of 1 μg of 20-hydroxyecdysone to ovigerous females every other day for 14 days at the beginning of pregnancy results in blockage of the embryonic development and abortion and precocious cuticle secretion in all, and completion of ecdysis in a few treated females.
L1 Adaptive Control of a UAV for Aerobiological Sampling

Small unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) have been used to collect samples of pollen, plant pathogens, and other biological particles within the Earth's surface boundary layer (from about one to fifty meters altitude) and the planetary boundary layer (from about fifty to one thousand meters). These samples provide valuable information concerning the release, transport, and deposition of biological particles, with important implications for food safety and agricultural practices. In some sampling applications, it is essential that the UAV's speed and altitude be precisely regulated, which suggests the use of an autopilot. Because the biological sampling apparatus may dramatically alter the UAV's flying qualities, however, the autopilot must be robust to large, fast changes in the dynamic model parameters. This paper describes the application of a new adaptive control technique, referred to as L1 adaptive control, which quickly compensates for large changes in the aircraft dynamics, providing an effective platform for aerobiological sampling.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery as Salvage for Brain Metastases From Small Cell Lung Cancer

Materials and Methods: 40 SCLC patients treated with Gamma Knife from 2004 to 2011 were identified (15 males and 25 females with a median age of 61.3 years (range 36-79)). Thirty-seven patients had previous WBRT or prophylactic cranial irradiation. Three metastases (range 1-18) were treated per patient with 12Gy to 20Gy prescribed to the 45%-55% isodose line. Local and regional recurrence were identified using MRI. Local recurrence required pathologic evidence or MR SPECT changes consistent with tumor.