cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bond percolation in clustered multilayer networks

In today's world, individuals interact with each other in more complicated patterns than ever. Some individuals engage through online social networks (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), while some communicate only through conventional ways (e.g., face-to-face). Therefore, understanding the dynamics of information propagation calls for a multi-layer network model where an online social network is conjoined with a physical network. Here, we study information diffusion in a clustered multi-layer network model, where all constituent layers are random networks with high clustering. We assume that information propagates according to the SIR model and with different information transmissibility across the networks. Taking advantage of the isomorphism between bond percolation and information propagation processes, we give results for the conditions, probability, and size of information epidemics. We show that increasing the level of clustering in either one of the layers increases the epidemic threshold and decreases the final epidemic size.
Role of RDS and Rhodopsin in Cngb1-Related Retinal Degeneration.

Purpose Rod photoreceptor outer segment (OS) morphogenesis, structural integrity, and proper signal transduction rely on critical proteins found in the different OS membrane domains (e.g., plasma, disc, and disc rim membrane). Among these key elements are retinal degeneration slow (RDS, also known as peripherin-2), rhodopsin, and the beta subunit of the cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNGB1a), which have been found to interact in a complex. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential interplay between these three proteins by examining retinal disease phenotypes in animal models expressing varying amounts of CNGB1a, rhodopsin, and RDS.
Learning Potential and the Dynamic Assessment of L2 Chinese Grammar through Elicited Imitation

This article outlines an approach to evaluating second language grammatical learning potential through dynamic assessment of elicited imitation. Focus is on the design of a sandwich format dynamic assessment in which learners engage in a pretest of independent performance, followed by a mediation phase in which instructional support is provided, and then a retest of independent performance. The assessment centers on learners’ responsiveness to support as measured by gains made between the pretest and the retest and the calculation of a learning potential score. We report on a small-scale implementation of the test with four intermediate-level and two elementary-level university learners of Chinese and their emerging comprehension of, and ability to produce, progressive and experiential aspect constructions. Results show significant gains with large effect sizes following mediation, which is one indication that the assessment was successful in evaluating learning potential.
Metallothionein inhibits ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse heart.

Oxidative stress is believed to play a major role in ischemia-reperfusion injury to the heart. Metallothionein (MT), a potential free radical scavenger, may function in cardiac protection against i...
Bank Performance and Oil Price Shock

The study is about the consequences of oil price changes on macroeconomic outcomes like GDP growth, inflation, employment, the stock market, investment and outputs of manufacturing industries has long been the subject of a vast and growing literature. This study will be the first approach which attempts to assess the influence of oil price changes on banks’ performance in net oil importing countries and net oil exporting countries. We expect oil price increase has a positive impact on banks’ performance in net oil exporting countries while in net oil importing countries it will be vice-versa. To investigate this, return on asset (ROA) will be used as a measure of performance on a sample of Middle Eastern oil exporting and oil importing countries.
Corpuscles of Light

In the following paper, translated from German by Arons and Peppard in 1965, Einstein extends Planck’s quantum concept, claiming that not only the emission and absorption of radiant energy, but even light itself is quantized. Essentially, Einstein treats light not as a classical electromagnetic wave, but rather as a gas of corpuscles, each of which carries a discrete amount of energy that depends on its wavelength. At the outset of the reading selection, Einstein introduces his paradoxical new concept of light. Then in the next several sections, Einstein motivates and explains this concept by applying Boltzmann’s principle of entropy to a gas of light corpuscles. These sections are rather technical, so feel free to skim over them for now; you might come back and re-read these after having studied a bit of quantum theory, variational calculus and statistical mechanics. In the mean time, be sure to carefully study Sect. 16.2.8, wherein Einstein describes how his concept of the light quantum may be used to understand the photoelectric effect. This curious emission of cathode rays (electrons) from illuminated metal bodies had been observed and noted by Heinrich Hertz in the 1880’s. Einstein’s novel theory of the photoelectric effect was originally published in 1905; it earned him a Nobel Prize in physics 16 year later.
Mathematical Systems and Their Relationships to the Real World.

JL et us examine carefully the relationships between the abstract mathematical system of rational numbers and the uses we make of this system as we deal with the real world. The study of these relationships is probably the chief responsibility of elementary school arithmetic teachers. If I should cover a page with arithmetical calculations and you, viewing the symbols that I have written, ask me what it all means, then I may answer you in any one of three ways.
Measurement and modeling of supersonic hailstone impacts

Abstract Hailstone impacts can be detrimental to the lightweight structures of aerofoils – from ground-based wind turbine blades to supersonic aircraft wings. Hailstone impacts have been studied and modeled in recent years but the work has not yet reached a higher-velocity regime that is relevant to many current applications. We have pushed higher into this regime with new approaches in both modeling and experimental measurement of hailstone impacts. The impulses of hailstone impacts on a flat plate were measured up through supersonic velocities and over a range of impact angles using the Sum of Weighted Accelerations Technique (SWAT) developed at Sandia National Laboratories. These results are compared with the impulses predicted by finite element simulations that improve upon existing material models from literature. The result of this work is a hailstone impact model, calibrated by experiments, that is capable of capturing the impulses imparted on structures by hailstones traveling up to supersonic velocities and impacting over a range of angles.
Review of Matthew L. Baum, The Neuroethics of Biomarkers: What the Development of Bioprediction Means for Moral Responsibility, Justice, and the Nature of Mental Disorder1

A long-running debate in the philosophy of medicine concerns the nature of disorder. Three prominent positions have emerged: Naturalists (see Boorse 1977) think that disorder should be understood i...
Comparison of 3 suture closure techniques for pelvic flexure enterotomy in equine cadaveric large colon.

Objective To compare a 2-layer closure with suture line reversal for a pelvic flexure enterotomy to 1-layer and traditional 2-layer hand sewn closures. Study design Ex vivo, simple randomized study. Sample population Large colon segments from adult horses (n = 18). Methods Pelvic flexures were harvested from 18 horses and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 closure techniques (n = 6 per technique). A 10-cm enterotomy was made in each pelvic flexure and closed with the assigned technique. Closure time, luminal diameter via contrast radiographs, and bursting pressure were recorded for each specimen and compared between techniques using 1-way ANOVA with Duncan post hoc test at P < .05. Results There was a significant difference in closure time (P = .034) with 1-layer closure faster than both the traditional 2-layer closure (P=.024) and the 2-layer closure with suture line reversal (P = .030). There was no significant difference in luminal diameter or bursting pressure between the 3 closure techniques. Conclusions Two-layer closure with suture line reversal may be an alternative to traditional 2-layer closure for closure of the pelvic flexure based on ex vivo bursting pressure testing and closure time. A 1-layer simple continuous closure resisted bursting pressure not different to both 2-layer closure techniques. Further in vivo evaluation may be indicated.
Tales of the field: On writing ethnography: By John Van Maanen Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, xvi + 173 pp., $25.00 (cloth), $7.95 (paper)

(1989). Tales of the field: On writing ethnography. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 346-347.
Community Mapping Tells an Important Story

The Alma-Ata (1978) and Ottawa (1986) conferences, sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), are considered watershed moments in the primary health-care movement. Since 1978, governments, medical professionals, and other practitioners have been challenged to provide “Health for All.” This simple slogan represents profound shifts in assumptions about health, illness, delivery modalities, and the relationships and status of patients and care providers. Succinctly, health care for all is considered possible only through a holistic view of health and a participatory, community-based orientation. Furthermore, poor health is considered to be the outcome of policies and practices that create unequal access to care and basic resources (Kickbusch 2003).
Training and Recommendations for Exercise

Exercise capacity and quality of life are significantly reduced in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) secondary to congenital heart disease (PAH–CHD) [1, 2]. Physical performance is most severely impaired in the Eisenmenger syndrome [2]. In patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, exercise training as add-on to medical treatment seems to improve exercise capacity, quality of life and functional class [3–5]. Data on the effect of exercise training in patients with PAH–CHD is limited; however, if exercise training is performed in a safe manner [6], a global beneficial effect can be expected.
Highlighting the Way Forward: A Review of Community Mental Health Research and Practice Published in AJCP and JCP

Articles published in the two most prominent journals of community psychology in North America, the American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP) and Journal of Community Psychology (JCP), provide a clear indicator of trends in community research and practice. An examination of community psychology's history and scholarship suggests that the field has reduced its emphasis on promoting mental health, well-being, and liberation of individuals with serious mental illnesses over the past several decades. To further investigate this claim, the current review presents an analysis of articles relevant to community mental health (N = 307) published in the American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP) and Journal of Community Psychology (JCP) from 1973 to 2015. The review focuses on article characteristics (e.g., type of article and methods employed), author characteristics, topic areas, and theoretical frameworks. Results document a downward trend in published articles from the mid-1980s to mid-2000s, with a substantial increase in published work between 2006 and 2015. A majority of articles were empirical and employed quantitative methods. The most frequent topic area was community mental health centers and services (n = 49), but the past three decades demonstrate a clear shift away from mental health service provision to address pressing social issues that impact community mental health, particularly homelessness (n = 42) and community integration of adults with serious mental illnesses (n = 40). Findings reflect both the past and present state of community psychology and suggest promising directions for re-engaging with community mental health and fostering well-being, inclusion, and liberation of adults experiencing serious mental health challenges.
Fernando Ortiz, las Razas y los Negros

“En la cuestion de los negros, lo menos negro es el negro”. Jose de la Luz y Caballero Desde Que en 1906 publico en Madrid su libro Los negros brujos, Fernando Ortiz —tenia entonces veinticinco anos— ha venido dedicandose, con toda la claridad de su mente, al estudio y a la divulgacion de cuestiones sociologicas relacionadas principalmente con los negros. Con esa obra, inicio el en Cuba el estudio cientifico del negro, por lo cual es el verdadero descubridor de los aportes del negro al proceso cubano de integracion cultural, y el precursor del afrocubanismo. En tales estudios solo le antecedio, en la America latina, Nina Rodriguez, del Brasil, y desde que el gran etnologo fallecio, Fernando Ortiz es el decano de los afronegrologos del Continente suramericano.
Allostatic load: A theoretical model for understanding the relationship between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder and adverse birth outcomes.

Abstract Background Adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight are significant public health concerns and contribute to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Studies have increasingly been exploring the predictive effects of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on adverse birth outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms by which maternal PTSD affects birth outcomes are not well understood. Allostatic load refers to the cumulative dysregulations of the multiple physiological systems as a response to multiple social-ecological levels of chronic stress. Allostatic load has been well documented in relation to both chronic stress and adverse health outcomes in non-pregnant populations. However, the mediating role of allostatic load is less understood when it comes to maternal PTSD and adverse birth outcomes. Objective To propose a theoretical model that depicts how allostatic load could mediate the impact of maternal PTSD on birth outcomes. Method We followed the procedures for theory synthesis approach described by Walker and Avant (2011), including specifying focal concepts, identifying related factors and relationships, and constructing an integrated representation. We first present a theoretical overview of the allostatic load theory and the other 4 relevant theoretical models. Then we provide a brief narrative review of literature that empirically supports the propositions of the integrated model. Finally, we describe our theoretical model. Findings/Conclusions The theoretical model synthesized has the potential to advance perinatal research by delineating multiple biomarkers to be used in future. After it is well validated, it could be utilized as the theoretical basis for health care professionals to identify high-risk women by evaluating their experiences of psychosocial and traumatic stress and to develop and evaluate service delivery and clinical interventions that might modify maternal perceptions or experiences of stress and eliminate their impacts on adverse birth outcomes.
Diseases in Which Eczema Is a Secondary Component (Meyerson’s Nevus and Doucas Kapetanakis Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis)

Meyerson’s nevus and Doucas Kapetanakis pigmented purpuric dermatosis are two completely disparate diseases that both have eczema as a feature. Meyerson’s nevus is an ordinary nevus with eczema surrounding it. Doucas Kapetanakis involves a pigmented purpura along with eczema on the lower legs. Clinically, these two diseases are easily recognizable, but pathologically they are challenging. On hematoxylin and eosin stain we have found occluded sweat ducts in the epidermis adjacent to Meyerson’s nevus. These blockages were periodic acid–Schiff positive. The fact that the findings in both these diseases are similar to ordinary eczema helps substantiate the hypothesis that eczema is associated with occluded sweat ducts and that the occlusions arise from biofilms.
Biology and Mechanism of Action

Since botulinum neurotoxin was initially approved in 1989 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, it has become a powerful therapeutic tool in the treatment of a variety of neurologic, ophthalmic and other disorders.
Optical Determination of the Intensity of Crack Tip Deformation in a Power-Law Hardening Material

The value of the J-integral is adopted as a plastic strain intensity factor which characterizes the crack tip deformation field in a power-law hardening material. For a planar fracture specimen containing an edge crack and subjected to loading which results in mode I deformations, the lateral contraction of the specimen in the crack tip region is calculated in terms of J from the plane stress HRR asymptotic field of nonlinear fracture mechanics. The caustic curve which would be generated by reflection of incident parallel light from points of the deformed specimen surface lying well within the crack tip plastic zone is thus determined fox different values of the hardening exponent n. The value of J is found to be proportional to the maximum transverse diameter of the caustic curve to the power (3n + 2)/n.
Vertebrate herbivory on shrub seedlings in California sage scrub: important but understudied interactions

Herbivory is poorly characterized in the endangered California sage scrub ecosystem, because previous studies were conducted only in winter and spring. To better understand vertebrate herbivore impacts, we first examined if and when vertebrate herbivores influence Artemisia californica seedling survivorship by examining differences in mortality between caged and uncaged seedlings. Then, we examined: (1) vertebrate herbivore preference of common sage scrub shrub species, and (2) which vertebrate species constitute important herbivores in the ecosystem. We found that mortality for uncaged A. californica seedlings was twice that of caged seedlings, and occurred in the summer and early fall, when previous studies in the system were not conducted. Short leaved shrubs, Artemisia californica and Eriogonum fasciculatum, were more susceptible to herbivory than broader leaved Salvia apiana and Eriodictyon trichocalyx. However, susceptibility likely depends on the herbivore assemblage, as the three main herbivore species [Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail), Zonotrichia leucophrys (white-crowned sparrow; a bird, not a mammal), and Otospermophilus beecheyi (California gray squirrel)] all had different shrub preferences. Our results contrast with previous studies that suggests that native vertebrate herbivores facilitate shrub seedling survivorship by highlighting that late-season vertebrate herbivory may negatively affect shrub seedling survivorship. We demonstrate the complex but understudied role herbivores play in the sage scrub ecosystem, and highlight that further study of these key ecological interactions is warranted.
Triple hit B-cell lymphoma with diffuse kidney involvement sparing the glomeruli.

![Figure][1] A 69-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician with an enlarging circumferential neck mass and difficulty swallowing. A bronchoscopy with fine needle aspiration was compatible with a CD10+, TdT− B-cell lymphoma with a high proliferation rate (Ki-67 > 95%). Cross-
Physical and Mechanical Properties of MoSi2-Er2Mo3Si4 Composites

A study has been conducted to determine the feasibility of using Er2Mo3Si4 as a reinforcement phase to improve the high temperature strength of MoSi2. The melting temperature of Er2Mo3Si4 was determined to be 1930 ± 20°C whereas the eutectic of Er2Mo3Si4-39 vol% MoSi2 melted at 1790 ± 10°C. Elevated temperature microhardness tests show that Er2Mo3Si4 has significantly higher hardness than MoSi2 above 1000°C, e.g. approximately 5.8 GPa versus 1.5 GPa at 1300°C, respectively. A MoSi2/Er2Mo3Si4/20p composite was produced by ball milling and hot pressing arc-melted MoSi2-20 vol% Er2Mo3Si4 materials. At 1300°C the MoSi2/Er2Mo3Si4/20p composite and a directionally solidified Er2Mo3Si4-MoSi2 eutectic exhibited hardnesses of 2.4 GPa and 4 GPa, respectively. Preliminary results from compressive decremental step strain rate tests at 1300°C indicate that the creep strength of the MoSi2/Er2Mo3Si4/20p composite is comparable to that of a MoSi2/SiC/20w composite. The creep stress exponent was determined to be 3.3 at 1200°C and 3.7 at 1300°C.
Transseptal access for left heart structural interventions in the setting of prior atrial septal defect closure

A transseptal puncture is critical for "left-sided" structural heart interventions. Procedures such as transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (MitraClip) and left atrial appendage (LAA) closure (Watchman) require precise puncture of the interatrial septum (IAS), and the presence of a prior atrial septal defect (ASD) closure device poses a challenge. We aim to present a successfully completed case of MitraClip and Watchman in the presence of ASD closure device in two different patients. A review of the literature will be reported, and pertinent clinical and technical considerations will be discussed in depth to achieve procedural success. In summary, transseptal puncture for left heart structural interventions is feasible in the presence of a prior ASD/patent foramen ovale closure device. A detailed understanding of the anatomical considerations as well as the use of multimodality imaging to evaluate the IAS will aid in improving procedural success rates.
Ricci flow on surfaces of revolution: an extrinsic view

A Ricci flow (M, g(t)) on an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold M is an intrinsic geometric flow. A family of smoothly embedded submanifolds \((S(t), g_E)\) of a fixed Euclidean space \(E = \mathbb {R}^{n+k}\) is called an extrinsic representation in \(\mathbb {R}^{n+k}\) of (M, g(t)) if there exists a smooth one-parameter family of isometries \((S(t), g_E) \rightarrow (M, g(t))\). When does such a representation exist? We formulate a new way of framing this question for Ricci flows on surfaces of revolution immersed in \(\mathbb {R}^3\). This framework allows us to construct extrinsic representations for the Ricci flow initialized by any compact surface of revolution immersed in \(\mathbb {R}^3\). In particular, we exhibit the first explicit extrinsic representations in \(\mathbb {R}^4\) of the Ricci flows initialized by toroidal surfaces of revolution immersed in \(\mathbb {R}^3\).
A spiral interface with positive Alt–Caffarelli–Friedman limit at the origin

We give an example of a pair of nonnegative subharmonic functions with disjoint support for which the Alt–Caffarelli–Friedman monotonicity formula has strictly positive limit at the origin, and yet the interface between their supports lacks a (unique) tangent there. This clarifies a remark of Caffarelli and Salsa (A geometric approach to free boundary problems, 2005) that the positivity of the limit of the ACF formula implies unique tangents; this is true under some additional assumptions, but false in general. In our example, blow-ups converge to the expected piecewise linear two-plane function along subsequences, but the limiting function depends on the subsequence due to the spiraling nature of the interface.
Structures of human pannexin 1 reveal ion pathways and mechanism of gating

Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is an ATP-permeable channel with critical roles in a variety of physiological functions such as blood pressure regulation1, apoptotic cell clearance2 and human oocyte development3. Here we present several structures of human PANX1 in a heptameric assembly at resolutions of up to 2.8 angstrom, including an apo state, a caspase-7-cleaved state and a carbenoxolone-bound state. We reveal a gating mechanism that involves two ion-conducting pathways. Under normal cellular conditions, the intracellular entry of the wide main pore is physically plugged by the C-terminal tail. Small anions are conducted through narrow tunnels in the intracellular domain. These tunnels connect to the main pore and are gated by a long linker between the N-terminal helix and the first transmembrane helix. During apoptosis, the C-terminal tail is cleaved by caspase, allowing the release of ATP through the main pore. We identified a carbenoxolone-binding site embraced by W74 in the extracellular entrance and a role for carbenoxolone as a channel blocker. We identified a gap-junction-like structure using a glycosylation-deficient mutant, N255A. Our studies provide a solid foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the channel gating and inhibition of PANX1 and related large-pore channels. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the ATP-permeable channel pannexin 1 reveal a gating mechanism involving multiple distinct ion-conducting pathways.
Maximizing production of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers from pre-extracted loblolly pine kraft pulp: a response surface approach

This study aims to optimize strong acid hydrolysis-based production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from pre-extracted and fully bleached kraft pulp of loblolly pinewood, the most abundant and commercially significant softwood species in southeastern United States. The effect of four parameters, including acid concentration, temperature, duration and pulp particle size, on the yield and properties of CNCs was investigated using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) for process optimization. While CNC yield was significantly affected by acid concentration and hydrolysis temperature and was adequately explained by an empirical model, none of the characteristic properties of CNCs, including crystallinity index, surface charge and particle size, displayed any strong correlation to the process parameters within the experimental ranges tested. At different hydrolysis severities, we not only analyzed the waste streams to determine the extent of holocellulose degradation, but also evaluated the properties of leftover partially hydrolyzed pulp, called cellulosic solid residues (CSR), to gauge its potential for CNF production via mechanical fibrillation. Conditions that maximized CNC yields (60% w/w) were 60% acid concentration, 58 °C, 60 min and 40 mesh particle size. Twenty percent (w/w) of the pulp was degraded under these conditions. On the other hand, conditions that maximized CSR yields (60% w/w) were 54% acid, 45 °C, 90 min and 20 mesh particle size, which also produced 15% CNCs, caused minimal pulp degradation (< 5%) and imparted sufficient surface charge such that CSR was easily microfluidized into CNFs. Therefore, the strong acid hydrolysis process could be tuned to maximize the production of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers and obtain two products with different properties and applications through the process optimization.
Effects of Ratemyprofessors.com and University Student Evaluations of Teaching on Students’ Course Decision-Making and Self-Efficacy

This study investigated effects of Ratemyprofessors.com and university student evaluations of teaching on students’ course decision-making and self-efficacy in an ethnically diverse undergraduate sample. It also investigated if these effects were impacted by evaluation positivity. Additionally, the study explored if attitudes toward Ratemyprofessors.com were related to student gender, college class, and age. Participants were 73 undergraduates who were exposed to positive and negative evaluations about fictitious professors; participants were informed that the evaluations originated from Ratemyprofessors.com or university student evaluations of teaching. Evaluation positivity but not type influenced students’ intention to enroll in the professor’s course, but not how seriously they would consider the feedback. Evaluation positivity also influenced self-efficacy. Beliefs about and use of Ratemyprofessors.com were not related to student gender, college class, or age. Evaluation positivity’s effect on student course decision making and self-efficacy has implications for for university students, faculty, and administrators.
Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Objectives Concise "synthetic" review of the state of the art of management of acute ischemic stroke. Data sources Available literature on PubMed. Study selection We selected landmark studies, recent clinical trials, observational studies, and professional guidelines on the management of stroke including the last 10 years. Data extraction Eligible studies were identified and results leading to guideline recommendations were summarized. Data synthesis Stroke mortality has been declining over the past 6 decades, and as a result, stroke has fallen from the second to the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. This trend may follow recent advances in the management of stroke, which highlight the importance of early recognition and early revascularization. Recent studies have shown that early recognition, emergency interventional treatment of acute ischemic stroke, and treatment in dedicated stroke centers can significantly reduce stroke-related morbidity and mortality. However, stroke remains the second leading cause of death worldwide and the number one cause for acquired long-term disability, resulting in a global annual economic burden. Conclusions Appropriate treatment of ischemic stroke is essential in the reduction of mortality and morbidity. Management of stroke involves a multidisciplinary approach that starts and extends beyond hospital admission.
The $$L^2$$ restriction norm of a Maass form on $$SL_{n+1}(\mathbb {Z})$$SLn+1(Z)

We discuss upper and lower bounds for the $$L^2$$ restriction norm of a Maass form on $$SL_{n+1}(\mathbb {Z})$$ .
Integrating Literacy and Science Instruction in Kindergarten: Results From the Efficacy Study of Zoology One

This study examines the efficacy, cost, and implementation of an integrated science and literacy curriculum for kindergarten. The study was conducted in a large urban district and included 1,589 st...
Women and the Economics of the Franchise in Sweden

This paper examines the contributions of Anna Bugge Wicksell and Alva Reimer Myrdal to the economics of the franchise. Bugge Wicksell and Reimer Myrdal were formidable scholars, feminists, and politicians who worked on issues of women’s rights in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Sweden. Bugge Wicksell was a leading advocate of the right for women to vote; of the next generation, Reimer Myrdal worked to translate voting power into social policies that supported the emancipation of women the economics of the franchise are interesting for two reasons. First, through their partnerships, Bugge Wicksell and Reimer Myrdal had access to economic theorizing at the highest levels unusual for women of the time; their contributions illustrate the practical applications of the formal theoretical work produced by their husbands. Second, their work set Sweden on a path of economic development that has yielded some of the best equality outcomes for women in the world.
Inequality and Christian ethics

Part I. Contextualizing Inequality: 1. Introduction: inequality matters 2. Inequality of what?: interdisciplinary perspectives 3. International contexts of inequality 4. Inequalities in the United States Part II. Constructing a Christian Ethical Approach: 5. Christian ethics and theology in a pluralistic society 6. Equality before God and the thought of H. Richard Niebuhr 7. Equality before God and the thought of Gustavo Gutierrez 8. Solidarity, selfhood, and social goods Part III. Transforming Discourse, Persons, and Societies: 9. Expanding public discourse on inequality 10. An application: inequalities and human development 11. Conclusion: implications for inequality and Christian ethics.
Distance Learning and Student Satisfaction in Java Programming Courses

Student satisfaction with distance learning is impacted by a variety of factors, including interaction with the instructor and the structure of the course. Satisfaction with distance-learning courses also has a strong impact on retention. In an earlier article, we determined that student satisfaction as measured by course evaluation scores in an online discrete mathematics course taught by the first author was not statistically significantly different from that of students in traditional versions of the same course, supporting some previous studies on distance-learning student satisfaction. However, the model of distance-learning studied in our initial work is not the dominant model used for distance learning at the institution in question. In this article we obtain statistically significant results different from the earlier article when a distance-learning course that uses the dominant model is considered. In particular, the course evaluations for online and traditional sections of introductory Java programming courses varied in some notable ways.
Querying Multiple Features of Groups in Relational Databases

Some aggregate and grouping queries are conceptually simple, but difficult to express in SQL. This difficulty causes both conceptual and implementation problems for the SQLbased database system. Complicated queries and views are hard to understand and maintain. Further, the code produced is sometimes unnecessarily inefficient, as we demonstrate experimentally using a commercial database system. In this paper, we examine a class of queries involving (potentially repeated) selection, grouping and aggregation over the same groups, and propose an extension of SQL syntax that allows the succinct representation of these queries. We propose a new relational algebra operation that represents several levels of aggregation over the same groups in an operand relation. We demonstrate that the extended relational operator can be evaluated using efficient algorithms. We describe a translation from the extended SQL language into our algebraic language. We have implemented a preprocessor that evaluates our extended language on top of a commercial l This research was supported by a grant from the AT&T Foundation, by a David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship in Science and Engineering, by a Sloan Foundation Fellowship, by NSF grants IRI-9209029, CDA-90-24735, and by an NSF Young Investigator award. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is gmnted provided that the wpier are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB wpyrinht notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 22nd VLDB Conference Mumbai(Bombay), India, 1996 database system. We demonstrate that on a variety of examples, our implementation improves performance over standard SQL representations of the same examples by orders of magnitude.
Memory CD4 T cell helps alter isotype and specificity of donor-reactive alloantibody (TRAN3P.894)

As alloreactive antibody (alloAb) mediate allograft rejection we tested how memory CD4 T cells influence alloAb responses in a murine renal transplantation model. While A/J (H-2 a ) kidney allografts are spontaneously accepted by naive B6 (H-2 b ) recipients, donor-reactive memory CD4 T cells induced rapid rejection through induction of alloAb. We compared serum titers and isotypes of donor-reactive alloAb and the numbers of plasma cells secreting Ab against individual donor MHC antigens in B6 recipients with or without transfer of polyclonal A/J-primed memory CD4 T cells. As anticipated, recipients containing memory CD4 T cells developed faster and stronger alloAb responses than non-sensitized recipients. However, the effects of memory CD4 T cell help were not limited to the accelerated kinetics and higher magnitude of alloAb production. Memory CD4 T cells induced high titers of IgG2c, IgG2b and IgG1 Ab reactive to A/J. In contrast, anti-donor Ab in non-sensitized recipients were exclusively IgG2b. High numbers of plasma cells secreting Ab against donor MHC class I molecule H-2D d were detected in recipients containing memory CD4 T cells, but not in non-sensitized recipients. Thus, donor-reactive alloAb induced by memory and naive CD4 T cells differ not only in quantity but also in isotype distribution and specificity that in turn may influence their pathogenicity. These findings underscore the importance of targeting helper functions of donor-reactive memory CD4 T cells.
Source of 3H-labeled inositol bis- and monophosphates in agonist-activated rat parotid acinar cells.

Abstract The kinetics of [3H]inositol phosphate metabolism in agonist-activated rat parotid acinar cells were characterized in order to determine the sources of [3H]inositol monophosphates and [3H]inositol bisphosphates. The turnover rates of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and its metabolites, D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, were examined following the addition of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine, to cholinergically stimulated parotid cells. D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate declined with a t1/2 of 7.6 +/- 0.7 s, D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate declined with a t1/2 of 8.6 +/- 1.2 min, and D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate was metabolized with a t1/2 of 6.0 +/- 0.7 min. The sum of the rates of flux through D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (2.54% phosphatidylinositol/min) did not exceed the calculated rate of breakdown of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (2.76% phosphatidylinositol/min). Thus, there is no evidence for the direct hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in intact cells since D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate formation can be attributed to the dephosphorylation of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The source of the [3H]inositol monophosphates also was examined in cholinergically stimulated parotid cells. When parotid cells were stimulated with methacholine, D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, and D-myo-inositol 4-monophosphate levels increased within 2 s, whereas D-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate accumulation was delayed by several seconds. Rates of [3H]inositol monophosphate accumulation also were examined by the addition of LiCl to cells stimulated to steady state levels of [3H]inositol phosphates. The sum of the rates of accumulation of D-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate and D-myo-inositol 4-monophosphate did not exceed the rate of breakdown of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate or the sum of the rates of flux through D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. These kinetic analyses suggest that agonist-stimulated [3H]inositol bis- and monophosphate formation in intact rat parotid acinar cells can be accounted for by the metabolism of D-myo-[3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate rather than by phospholipase C-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate.
The Effects of Target-Induced Speckle, Atmospheric Turbulence, and Beam Pointing Jitter on the Errors in Remote Sensing Measurements

Atmospheric turbulence and target-induced speckle can have a significant and deleterious effect on the performance of optical remote sensing systems The primary effect is to introduce a strong fluctuation in the intensity and a random perturbation of the phase of the fields at the optical receiver. This is equivalent to introducing a large noise source at the receiver and consequently multiple samples and/or clever processing techniques are needed to accurately estimate the magnitude of the received intensity. In addition, for coherent detection schemes, the random phase and finite transverse coherence length introduced by the speckle and turbulence will limit the size of aperture that can be used.
Impact of Hybrid and Complex N-Glycans on Cell Surface Targeting of the Endogenous Chloride Cotransporter Slc12a2.

The Na+K+2Cl− cotransporter-1 (Slc12a2, NKCC1) is widely distributed and involved in cell volume/ion regulation. Functional NKCC1 locates in the plasma membrane of all cells studied, particularly in the basolateral membrane of most polarized cells. Although the mechanisms involved in plasma membrane sorting of NKCC1 are poorly understood, it is assumed that N-glycosylation is necessary. Here, we characterize expression, N-glycosylation, and distribution of NKCC1 in COS7 cells. We show that ~25% of NKCC1 is complex N-glycosylated whereas the rest of it corresponds to core/high-mannose and hybrid-type N-glycosylated forms. Further, ~10% of NKCC1 reaches the plasma membrane, mostly as core/high-mannose type, whereas ~90% of NKCC1 is distributed in defined intracellular compartments. In addition, inhibition of the first step of N-glycan biosynthesis with tunicamycin decreases total and plasma membrane located NKCC1 resulting in almost undetectable cotransport function. Moreover, inhibition of N-glycan maturation with swainsonine or kifunensine increased core/hybrid-type NKCC1 expression but eliminated plasma membrane complex N-glycosylated NKCC1 and transport function. Together, these results suggest that (i) NKCC1 is delivered to the plasma membrane of COS7 cells independently of its N-glycan nature, (ii) most of NKCC1 in the plasma membrane is core/hybrid-type N-glycosylated, and (iii) the minimal proportion of complex N-glycosylated NKCC1 is functionally active.
Politics and the pursuit of fame

Humans strive after fame, especially in politics. We construct a model in which the executive is motivated by fame as well as the desire to hold office. The fame of an executive is based on his or her achievements relative to all prior executives. Periods of great uncertainty for a nation make politicians more likely to pursue fame rather than reelection. We show that fame incentives weaken as a country ages. If politicians are wiser than the median voter, then the pursuit of fame by politicians improves welfare, and the diminution of fame incentives over time causes national decline.
Executions and Public Support for Capital Punishment in the United States: A Durkheimian Perspective

This paper examines executions and capital punishment in the United States using the theoretical principles of Emile Durkheim. Durkheim’s notion that executions are “repressive” (or designed to exact retribution), rather than “restitutive” (or designed to deter other criminal acts), explains why most citizens of the United States support capital punishment even though most research suggests that executions do not act as a deterrent against future homicides.
Topological Symmetry, Spin Liquids and CFT Duals of Polyakov Model with Massless Fermions

We prove the absence of a mass gap and confinement in the Polyakov model with massless complex fermions in any representation of the gauge group. A U(1){sub *} topological shift symmetry protects the masslessness of one dual photon. This symmetry emerges in the IR as a consequence of the Callias index theorem and abelian duality. For matter in the fundamental representation, the infrared limits of this class of theories interpolate between weakly and strongly coupled conformal field theory (CFT) depending on the number of flavors, and provide an infinite class of CFTs in d = 3 dimensions. The long distance physics of the model is same as certain stable spin liquids. Altering the topology of the adjoint Higgs field by turning it into a compact scalar does not change the long distance dynamics in perturbation theory, however, non-perturbative effects lead to a mass gap for the gauge fluctuations. This provides conceptual clarity to many subtle issues about compact QED{sub 3} discussed in the context of quantum magnets, spin liquids and phase fluctuation models in cuprate superconductors. These constructions also provide new insights into zero temperature gauge theory dynamics on R{sup 2,1} and R{sup 2,1} x S{sup 1}. The confined versus deconfined long distance dynamics is characterized by a discrete versus continuous topological symmetry.
Expected VIX Option Returns

We dissect the fine structure of volatility risks, as an important component of time-varying investment opportunities, by studying returns on VIX option portfolios. In particular, we provide model-free evidence regarding the two leading channels in modeling volatility risks: stochastic volatility-of-volatility and volatility jumps. We find that zero-delta straddles and delta-hedged portfolios of VIX options, which are neutral to changes in VIX but sensitive to volatility-of-volatility, underperform zero. In contrast, tail portfolios, which we construct by out-of-the-money and at-the-money VIX options and are only sensitive to tails risks of volatility, outperform zero. Therefore, risks in volatility-of-volatility and jump-induced volatility tails are priced, providing empirical support for both of the two leading channels. We further construct measures for volatility-of-volatility and volatility tail risks, by the whole set of out-of-the-money VIX options, to understand how they are priced relative to variance and equity risk premiums. We find that both measures predict short-horizon market returns, with the predictability from volatility-of-volatility risks subsumed by the variance premium but the volatility tail risk standing as a separate channel. Different from existing tail risk measures of merely market returns, our volatility tail index provides important information regarding how investors gauge the extreme volatility risks.
Enhancing dielectric breakdown strength: structural relaxation of amorphous polymers and nanocomposites

The thermal history of amorphous polymers near the glass-transition temperature determines the extent to which macromolecules structurally relax, and ultimately their properties. Here, we report the correlation between physical aging, dielectric breakdown, and capacitive energy storage of polystyrene, poly(methyl-methacrylate), and associated silica nanocomposites. Guided by enthalphic recovery rates, dielectric breakdown strength increased from 20% to 40% when aged at Tg−10 °C before use. The generality of improvement and connection to enthalpic recovery afford a means to design pre-service processing of new polymers and additive manufacturing techniques to reduce excess volume within the glass; and thereby reduce initiation and inhibit propagation of electronic failure.
Regiospecific Methylation of Cyclopentenone Derivatives

Abstract In connection with our continuing interest in cyclopentenone chemistry,1 we record here our observations concerning the regiospecific methylation of six simple cyclopentenones. Although several recent reports2 have demonstrated the feasibility of alkylating either the kinetically or thermodynamically derived dienolate of cyclohexenone systems, similar reports on the alkylation of cyclopentenone derivatives have remained obscure.3 This is presumably due, in the case of equilibrium alkylation, to the availability of alternative pathways (self-condensation) which compete efficiently with alkylation.