cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on Paper by D. E. Smylie and L. Mansinha: ‘The Elasticity Theory of Dislocations in Real Earth Models and Changes in the Rotation of the Earth’

Smylie & Mansinha (1971) have attempted to utilize static elastic dislocation theory in order to compute the change in the inertia tensor of a realistic spherically symmetric Earth model produced by a point tangential displacement dislocation. The present author has performed similar computations and has combined this theory together with an empirical earthquake moment-magnitude relation in order to estimate the total excitation of the Chandler wobble by all observed large earthquakes since 1904 (Dahlen 1971). The purpose of this note is to point out that there is significant disagreement between the final numerical results of Smylie & Mansinha (1971) and those of Dahlen (1971) and to suggest a possible explanation for this disagreement. In order to investigate the effect of the earthquake focal depth on the shift of the Earth's mean pole of rotation, Smylie & Mansinha (1971) have considered two point tangential displacement dislocation models for the faulting associated with the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. One model is a realistic shallow focus (depth h = lskm), shallow dip angle, thrust faulting mechanism; the other model has the same mechanism, but the focal depth h is taken to be 637 km. Table 1 shows a direct comparison of the results obtained for these two models by Smylie & Mansinha (1971) and the results obtained from my own computations (Dahlen 1971). The fault parameters used in all cases were those considered by Smylie and Mansinha (epicentral colatitude O,, = 29.0°, epicentral longitude 4,, = 213-0°, fault strike N42"E, fault dip 8"W, mechanism pure dip slip thrust, fault slip area 1-54 x 1OI2 m3). These fault parameters for the 1964 Alaskan earthquake differ slightly from those considered by Dahlen (1971). It can be seen that the computations of Smylie & Mansinha (1971) predict that the change in the inertia tensor produced by a deep focus earthquake will be nearly an order of magnitude larger than that produced by a shallow focus earthquake with the same fault parameters; my own computations predict that a deep focus earthquake will have a slightly smaller effect than a similar shallow focus earthquake. The major differences in the theoretical treatments of Smylie & Mansinha (1971) and Dahlen (1971) arise in the method used to deal with the fluid core of the Earth model. The reason why the treatment of a fluid core is not straightforward is that in the absence of both inertia and viscosity, individual fluid particles in a non-rotating fluid core encounter no resistance to a tangential (non-radial) displacement, and because of this the particle displacement field within the fluid core produced by a static tangential displacement dislocation (or any other static force system) located within the solid elastic mantle becomes indeterminate. In discussing this problem I
Antennal Responses of West Indian and Caribbean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Ammonium Bicarbonate and Putrescine Lures

Efforts to monitor and detect tephritid fruit flies in the genus Anastrepha currently involve MultiLure traps baited with two food-based synthetic attractants, ammonia (typically for- mulated as ammonium acetate or ammonium bicarbonate) and putrescine (1,4-diaminobu- tane). These baits are used in Central America, Florida, Texas, and the Caribbean to target/ capture economically important Anastrepha spp. within each region. The efficacy of these baits varies by region and by species. Antennal responses to these compounds have been quantified for A. suspensa populations in Florida, but not elsewhere. This is the first report of antennal responses of Puerto Rican populations of A. obliqua and A. suspensa to the bait odors emitted from ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine lures. Responses to lure vola- tiles (tested separately and in combination), as measured by electroantennography (EAG), were dose dependant for both species and both sexes. Although the average response to am- monium bicarbonate in combination with putrescine was always numerically higher than responses to ammonium bicarbonate alone within a species and a sex, this result was never statistically significant. Males of A. obliqua were less sensitive than females, while males of A. suspensa were more sensitive than females to all volatiles and volatile mixtures, but these differences were not statistically significant at any dose. Female A. obliqua were more sensitive than A. suspensa females at all doses for all volatiles and all volatile mixtures, and these differences were statistically significant at the two highest doses of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate plus putrescine. Our results are broadly similar with the electrophysiological studies conducted on Florida populations of A. suspensa, but there are important differences, most notably that the Florida study detected significantly lower responses by males than females to putrescine and ammonium bicarbonate plus pu- trescine. The implications of our results are discussed with respect to monitoring practices in different regions.
Inhibitory effect of ibuprofen on the cholera toxin-induced cyclic AMP response in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Ibuprofen, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in eukaryotic cells, was shown to inhibit the accumulation of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exposed to cholera toxin. The inhibition was dose dependent, with a dose of 100 μg/ml reducing the cholera toxin response by approximately 50%, and maximal inhibition was observed when the drug was applied to the cells simulataneously with or 1 h before the toxin. Although ibuprofen also inhibited adenylate cyclase stimulation by forskolin, suggesting a nonspecific effect, the drug had no effect on cholera toxin-induced cyclic AMP accumulation when added to the culture medium 15 min or more after the toxin.
Query Language and Access Methods for Graph Databases

With the prevalence of graph data in a variety of domains, there is an increasing need for a language to query and manipulate graphs with heterogeneous attributes and structures. We present a graph query language (GraphQL) that supports bulk operations on graphs with arbitrary structures and annotated at- tributes. In this language, graphs are the basic unit of information and each query manipulates one or more collections of graphs at a time. The core of GraphQL is a graph algebra extended from the relational algebra in which the selection operator is generalized to graph pattern matching and a composition operator is introduced for rewriting matched graphs. Then, we investigate access methods of the selection operator. Pattern matching over large graphs is challenging due to the NP-completeness of subgraph isomorphism. We address this by a combination of techniques: use of neighborhood subgraphs and pro- files, joint reduction of the search space, and optimization of the search order. Experimental results on real and synthetic large graphs demonstrate that graph specific optimizations outperform an SQL-based implementation by orders of magnitude.
Chronos: Feedback Control of a Real Database System Performance

It is challenging to process transactions in a timely fashion using fresh data, e.g., current stock prices, since database workloads may considerably vary due to dynamic data/resource contention. Further, transaction timeliness and data freshness requirements may compete for system resources. In this paper, we propose a novel feedback control model to support the desired data service delay by managing the size of the ready queue, which indicates the amount of the backlog in the database. We also propose a new self-adaptive update policy to adapt the freshness of cold data in a differentiated manner based on temporal data access and update patterns. Unlike most existing work on feedback control of real-time database (RTDB) performance, we actually implement and evaluate feedback control and database workload adaptation techniques in a real database testbed modeling stock trades. For performance evaluation, we undertake experiments in the testbed, which consists of thousands of client threads concurrently requesting database services for stock quotes, trades, and portfolio updates in a bursty manner. In these experiments, our database system supports the desired response time bound and data freshness, while processing a significantly larger number of transactions in time compared to the tested baselines.
No difference in perceived intensity of linoleic acid in the oral cavity between obese and nonobese individuals

Findings from studies examining interactions between fat taste and dietary fat intake or body weight are mixed. A convenience sample of 735 visitors to the Denver Museum of Nature & Science ≥8 years old rated the taste intensity of edible taste strips impregnated with varying concentrations (%v/v) of linoleic acid (LA) (blank = 0.0, low = 0.06, medium = 0.15, high = 0.38). Percent body fat (BF%) was measured using bioelectrical impedance. Fat taste intensity was rated as significantly different across all concentrations (P < 0.001) except between the blank and low concentrations (P = 0.1). Ratings increased monotonically across concentrations. Children (<18 years; N = 180) rated all concentrations as more intense than adults (P < 0.001 for all). Women and girls rated the highest concentration as more intense than men and boys (P < 0.02 for all). BF% was not correlated with fat taste intensity ratings. Self-reported dietary intake indicated that obese individuals’ intensity ratings for medium and high concentrations of LA were inversely related to recent mono- and poly-unsaturated fat exposure (r = −0.19 to −0.27; P < 0.03 for all). No such associations were observed in the nonobese group. Findings suggest that factors other than simple adiposity status influence fat taste intensity ratings, and that participants in fat taste studies should receive standardized meals prior to testing.
The Complementary Genic Systems in Flax and Flax Rust

Publisher Summary The type of pustule developed on a host variety following inoculation with a race of rust is the criterion both of the reaction of that variety to the race and of the pathogenicity of that race to the variety. Races of rust—genes for pathogenicity—are identified by the reaction of a series of varieties termed “rust differentials.” Genes for rust reaction are identified by the pathogenicity of races of rust. Rust resistance in flax is inherited as a dominant character although with some genes, dominance is not complete. Virulence in flax rust, melampsora lini, with one exception, is inherited as a recessive character. F 2 cultures of hybrids among races of flax rust segregated for pathogenicity on the differential varieties in accordance with the number of genes in the differential that conditioned resistance to the avirulent parent race.
"I Didn't Want My Life to Be Like That": Gangs, College, or the Military for Latino Male High School Students.

Nationally, only half of Latino males graduate from high school (Contreras, 2011). Scholars are beginning to critically examine the various internal and external influences which contribute to low academic achievement for Latino males. This qualitative study uses a human ecological theory to examine how Latino male high school students with high academic achievement understand and develop goals to attend postsecondary education versus engaging in gangs or the military. The findings highlight the students' different levels of college preparation, interactions with military recruitment, and their gang connections.
Beyond Empathy: The Tree of Compassion With Malevolent Ego States

Therapy with seriously dissociated patients requires the transformation and integration of malevolent ego states that produce a wide assortment of negative experiences and behaviors in the patient. During the course of therapy, they can present dangers to both patient and therapist, as well as to the therapeutic process (Watkins & Watkins, 1984). Perhaps the greatest challenges for therapists in this work are the development and the maintenance of empathy for these personality aspects. Without some degree of empathy, a healing therapeutic alliance cannot be formed, and absent a secure, healing, intersubjective experience, it is unlikely that malevolent ego states can undergo sufficient transformation for integration. Essential elements for developing and sustaining both the necessary empathy and the compassion, the altruistic activity that empathy engenders, are presented.
Surfactants in Water Drown Honey Bees

Apis mellifera L. drowned in water containing as little as 25 ppmv of Multi-Film X-77®, and higher concentrations (100 ppmv and above) caused very heavy losses. Yet X-77 and 6 other surfactants (Brij® 30, Brij® 92, dimethyl sulfoxide, Span® 20, Tween® 20, and XF-1-3655 (nonionic water soluble silicone-glycol copolymer)) were relatively nontoxic to the bees as stomach poisons. Drowning occurred when the X-77 water was supplied in plastic buckets, dirt ponds, and cement ditches. The bees preferred water without X-77 to water containing X-77 by more than a 10 to 1 margin when given a free choice on drip boards or in cement ponds. X-77 retained sufficient activity to drown bees in cement ponds for more than 60 days after it was added at 500 ppmv to the water. During hot weather in June, July, and August, 1971, caged colonies with X-77 added to their water supply quickly ceased rearing brood, and all unsealed larvae died and some of the colonies died. Yet colonies receiving the same treatment during cooler weather did not suffer any observable damage although there was a continuous and heavy loss of water carriers. Surfactants in small ponds, puddles, or irrigation ditches could cause bee losses. Given free choice, bees preferred water without X-77, but collected large quantities of water containing surfactant when confined to cages or when in apiaries with no other water source available.
Masticatory performance and food acceptability in persons with removable partial dentures, full dentures and intact natural dentition

This investigation indicated that measurable declines in masticatory function due to missing teeth, with and without prosthetic replacements, alter perceptual estimates of food acceptability. Using 1,133 male participants from the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study, individuals were classified into nine dentition categories to evaluate the effect of impaired masticatory ability. The data demonstrated that when limited declines in perceived masticatory function occur, perceptual estimates of Taste Acceptability, Texture Acceptability, and Ingestion Frequency for the 13 test foods utilized are not significantly modified. In contrast, when more severe dentition losses occur, the rheological properties of each food determine the degree to which these perceptual measures, especially Perceived Ease of Chewing, will be altered. Although restorative therapy can lead to concomitant improvements in masticatory function, low perceptual responses may still be observed. These appear to be largely a function of the physical attributes of the foods ingested.
Reabsorptive and secretory 5-methyltetrahydrofolate transport pathways in cultured human proximal tubule cells

Decreases in plasma folate levels leading to folate deficiency can result from increased urinary loss of folate, due to changes in either the renal reabsorption or secretion of folate. Hence, human proximal tubule (HPT) cells were cultured on microporous membranes to separate apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) domains and to assess the transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate from AP-to-BL (i.e., reabsorptive) and BL-to-AP (secretory) directions. Cellular uptake of alpha-methylglucoside occurred specifically from the AP direction, and transport of p-aminohippurate occurred more readily from the BL direction, demonstrating cell polarity similar to that in vivo. Under tight monolayer conditions, binding of folate to the AP membrane occurred more readily from the AP direction, although AP binding also occurred from the BL chamber. Intracellular transport occurred equally from both AP and BL directions. When loaded from either direction, folate was effluxed from HPT cells into both AP and BL chambers. About 20-30% of the internalized substrate was converted to nonfolate catabolites. Thus HPT cells readily take up folate via both the AP and BL membranes, metabolize it intracellularly and secrete the products across both membranes. These studies suggest that renal folate homeostasis is regulated bidirectionally.
Interplay Between Inflammation and Epigenetic Changes in Cancer

Immune responses can suppress tumorigenesis, but also contribute to cancer initiation and progression suggesting a complex interaction between the immune system and cancer. Epigenetic alterations, which are heritable changes in gene expression without changes to the DNA sequence, also play a role in carcinogenesis through silencing expression of tumor suppressor genes and activating oncogenic signaling. Interestingly, epithelial cells at sites of chronic inflammation undergo DNA methylation alterations that are similar to those present in cancer cells, suggesting that inflammation may initiate cancer-specific epigenetic changes in epithelial cells. Furthermore, epigenetic changes occur during immune cell differentiation and participate in regulating the immune response, including the regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Cancer cells utilize epigenetic silencing of immune-related genes to evade the immune response. This chapter will detail the interactions between inflammation and epigenetics in tumor initiation, promotion, and immune evasion and how these connections are being leveraged in cancer prevention and treatment.
Skew analysis and design methodologies for improved performance of resonant clocking

Resonant clocking technologies have gained increased attention due to their superiority of clock frequency, power dissipation and variation tolerance. Existing research on resonant standing wave and rotary clocking technologies have improved the tapping wirelength and the balance in the capacitive load. In this paper, a design automation scheme for the skew analysis of standing wave and rotary clocking is presented. The analysis considering capacitive balancing demonstrates the trends in the skew mismatch for both standing wave and rotary clocking technologies (20.56% and 3.05% of the clock signal period), proving the rotary clocking technology to be more favorable for a low skew application.
Time Travel, Double Occupancy, and The Cheshire Cat

The possibility of continuous backwards time travel—time travel for which the traveler follows a continuous path through space between departure and arrival—gives rise to the double-occupancy problem. The trouble is that the time traveler seems bound to have to travel through his or her younger self as the trip begins. Dowe (2000) and Le Poidevin (2005) agree that this problem is solved by putting the traveler in motion for a gradual trip to the past. Le Poidevin goes on to argue, however, that the gradual trip gives rise to the Cheshire cat problem, a concern about whether the traveler survives the gradual trip. We address the Cheshire cat problem by proposing and considering new continuity constraints on identity over time. Along the way, we come upon an endurantist conception of temporal parts.
Arlea judithnajtae n. sp. (Collembola: Isotomidae), a temperate North American member of a Gondwanan genus

ABSTRACT Intensive collecting for the All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, United States, yielded many specimens of Arlea judithnajtae n. sp. (Collembola: Isotomidae). This new species differs from other species of Arlea Womersley, 1939 in having a combination of smooth setae, seven large sensilla on Ant. IV, dorsal sensilla of Th. II-III and Abd. I-III in middle setal rows and inconspicuous sensilla on Abd. V. It is most similar to A. psammophila Mendonca, Abrantes & Fernandes, 2006 but that species has eight or nine Ant. IV sensilla and has the dorsal thoracic and abdominal sensilla in the posterior row of setae. A key is provided for separation of known Arlea species. Arlea judithnajtae n. sp. is the first member of its genus reported from a non-Gondwanan continent (North America), suggesting that the southern Appalachian region of North America has been a refugium for otherwise extinct taxa. Alternatively, it may have been previously overlooked due to its small size ...
Fuel cycle emissions and life cycle costs of alternative fuel vehicle policy options for the City of Houston municipal fleet

Abstract Municipal fleet vehicle purchase decisions provide a direct opportunity for cities to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and air pollutants. However, cities typically lack comprehensive data on total life cycle impacts of various conventional and alternative fueled vehicles (AFV) considered for fleet purchase. The City of Houston, Texas, has been a leader in incorporating hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV), and battery electric (BEV) vehicles into its fleet, but has yet to adopt any natural gas-powered light-duty vehicles. The City is considering additional AFV purchases but lacks systematic analysis of emissions and costs. Using City of Houston data, we calculate total fuel cycle GHG and air pollutant emissions of additional conventional gasoline vehicles, HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles to the City's fleet. Analyses are conducted with the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model. Levelized cost per kilometer is calculated for each vehicle option, incorporating initial purchase price minus residual value, plus fuel and maintenance costs. Results show that HEVs can achieve 36% lower GHG emissions with a levelized cost nearly equal to a conventional sedan. BEVs and PHEVs provide further emissions reductions, but at levelized costs 32% and 50% higher than HEVs, respectively. CNG sedans and trucks provide 11% emissions reductions, but at 25% and 63% higher levelized costs, respectively. While the results presented here are specific to conditions and vehicle options currently faced by one city, the methods deployed here are broadly applicable to informing fleet purchase decisions.
DEVELOPING ACADEMIC-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS IN GERONTOLOGY: FROM CONCEPT TO PRACTICE

Social research, policy and practice related to academic and community partnerships for gerontology in higher education are reviewed, and practical ideas are offered to help educators move toward partnership. It is a concept of partnership that enables San Francisco State University’s Gerontology Program to implement an innovative partnership with Eldercare Advocacy Bay Area and other community-based organizations. This session describes how gerontology students benefit from partnerships established by SF State’s Gerontology Program with reliable and reputable community partners. Gerontology students often benefit from internship placement experiences that may enhance their ability to fully develop and engage in the learning necessary to be successful. By establishing partnerships with community-based organizations, we have provided our students with a variety of internship placements and learning environments to meet the changing needs of emerging gerontologists. We also collaborate with State approved vendors to provide students with the required internships and training necessary to enter the field of Long Term Care Administration as Assisted Living Administrators and Nursing Home Administrators. For 20+ years, we have measured student success with a variety of indicators including academic success, student satisfaction, and job placement. Data collected from internship students, preceptors and vendors has shown that the academic-community partnerships have improved in their ability to become learning opportunities committed to education, community service and quality assurance. By discussing the relationship between education and practice, our model has been shown to promote the development of mutually beneficial interactions for our students and the community partners with whom they learn.
The Ethical Allocation of Resources During a Pediatric Emergency Mass Critical Care Event

Emergency mass critical care events have affected children during the H1N1 influenza breakout, the natural disaster in Haiti, and during other disasters in the USA and abroad. Such an event is likely to happen again which has prompted state and federal government and various societies including the American Academy of Pediatrics to develop emergency preparedness plans. The main purpose of these plans is to maximize the survival of pediatric patients affected by such an event. Advance planning which includes surveillance, management of resources, involvement of family members, the use of triage standards of care, and ongoing research shows promise in maximizing the survival of pediatric patients if an event were to occur. In the USA, reports from the H1N1 event and the natural disaster in Haiti have shown that these strategies have the potential to save many lives. The inclusion of these methods in advance planning for an emergency mass critical care event may improve the overall survival rate of pediatric patients.
Rationalizing the light-induced phase separation of mixed halide organic-inorganic perovskites.

Mixed halide hybrid perovskites, CH3NH3Pb(I1−x Br x )3, represent good candidates for low-cost, high efficiency photovoltaic, and light-emitting devices. Their band gaps can be tuned from 1.6 to 2.3 eV, by changing the halide anion identity. Unfortunately, mixed halide perovskites undergo phase separation under illumination. This leads to iodide- and bromide-rich domains along with corresponding changes to the material’s optical/electrical response. Here, using combined spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modeling, we quantitatively rationalize all microscopic processes that occur during phase separation. Our model suggests that the driving force behind phase separation is the bandgap reduction of iodide-rich phases. It additionally explains observed non-linear intensity dependencies, as well as self-limited growth of iodide-rich domains. Most importantly, our model reveals that mixed halide perovskites can be stabilized against phase separation by deliberately engineering carrier diffusion lengths and injected carrier densities. Mixed halide hybrid perovskites possess tunable band gaps, however, under illumination they undergo phase separation. Using spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, Draguta and Sharia et al. quantitatively rationalize the microscopic processes that occur during phase separation.
The role of the tunneling matrix element and nuclear reorganization in the design of quantum-dot cellular automata molecules

Mixed-valence molecules provide an implementation for a high-speed, energy-efficient paradigm for classical computing known as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). The primitive device in QCA is a cell, a structure with multiple quantum dots and a few mobile charges. A single mixed-valence molecule can function as a cell, with redox centers providing quantum dots. The charge configuration of a molecule encodes binary information, and device switching occurs via intramolecular electron transfer between dots. Arrays of molecular cells adsorbed onto a substrate form QCA logic. Individual cells in the array are coupled locally via the electrostatic electric field. This device networking enables general-purpose computing. Here, a quantum model of a two-dot molecule is built in which the two-state electronic system is coupled to the dominant nuclear vibrational mode via a reorganization energy. This model is used to explore the effects of the electronic inter-dot tunneling (coupling) matrix element and the reor...
Optimization of Transmit Parameters in Cardiac Strain Imaging With Full and Partial Aperture Coherent Compounding

Coherent compounding methods using the full or partial transmit aperture have been investigated as a possible means of increasing strain measurement accuracy in cardiac strain imaging; however, the optimal transmit parameters in either compounding approach have yet to be determined. The relationship between strain estimation accuracy and transmit parameters—specifically the subaperture, angular aperture, tilt angle, number of virtual sources, and frame rate—in partial aperture (subaperture compounding) and full aperture (steered compounding) fundamental mode cardiac imaging was thus investigated and compared. Field II simulation of a 3-D cylindrical annulus undergoing deformation and twist was developed to evaluate accuracy of 2-D strain estimation in cross-sectional views. The tradeoff between frame rate and number of virtual sources was then investigated via transthoracic imaging in the parasternal short-axis view of five healthy human subjects, using the strain filter to quantify estimation precision. Finally, the optimized subaperture compounding sequence (25-element subperture, 90° angular aperture, 10 virtual sources, 300-Hz frame rate) was compared to the optimized steered compounding sequence (60° angular aperture, 15° tilt, 10 virtual sources, 300-Hz frame rate) via transthoracic imaging of five healthy subjects. Both approaches were determined to estimate cumulative radial strain with statistically equivalent precision (subaperture compounding E(SNRe $\vert \varepsilon = 41$ %) = 3.56, and steered compounding E(SNRe $\vert \varepsilon = 41$ %) = 4.26).
Cartographies of Memory and Affect: Nomadic Subjectivities

This visual essay maps an event, the lines of affect produced through the interconnections between memory/time, space/place, and the virtual/actual. The assemblage begins in the middle of these interconnections: lines of text interwoven with intensity and affect. As posthuman theory urges researchers to consider subjectivity as unbounded and nomadic, a process of becoming with the world, this article takes up arts-based methods to map and inquire into the flows between death and becoming as a generative, embodied, and productive process. This article suggests the methodological possibilities for arts-based analysis and inquiry to engage the entangled materiality of the posthuman present.
Plant Phenology: Taking the Pulse of Rangelands

On the Ground • Plant phenology—timing of seasonal life cycle events—is a primary control on ecosystem productivity. • Phenology data can be used to design better management systems by adjusting the timing of grazing or managed burns relative to growth stages of key species and planning restoration activities, such as targeted grazing. • Tower-mounted digital cameras (phenocams) provide a cost-effective way to collect data to capture phenology metrics for vegetation greenness. • Phenocam greenness values can provide canopy-level metrics in real time for a fraction of the cost of field observations and link field and satellite observations to reveal species contributions to greenness.
Current US Economic Policy and the Outlook for Globalization

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the impact of recent changes in US government policies in the areas of international trade, fiscal and financial regulatory affairs and immigration on the global integration of the United States and its leading role in the liberal international economic order. The chapter explains why the implications of those changes are likely to be negative for the current world order. The prospects for the continued, dominant role of the US dollar in the international system are also assessed.
A Hybrid Modulation Method for Single-Stage Soft-Switching Inverter Based on Series Resonant Converter

Pseudo-dc-link inverters are promising due to the single-stage configuration. The inverters can be isolated by high-frequency transformers, which also provide the freedom of step-up/down through winding turns ratio. Conventionally, a pseudo-dc-link inverter is based upon a pulsewidth modulation converter like flyback converter, but the accompanying switching losses can degrade efficiency and overall system performance. Alternatively, resonant converters (e.g., series resonant converter) seem to fit the need as they typically display soft-switching characteristics. However, the relevant research results are scarce because of two main reasons: high resonant current and limited soft-switching range. To overcome the difficulties, a hybrid modulation method is proposed in this article for a pseudo-dc-link inverter based on series resonant converter. In high-line region, the inverter operates with variable-frequency modulation, which leads to zero-voltage switching and relatively low-resonant current. In low-line region, the inverter operates with a short-pulse density modulation so that switching losses are greatly curtailed without excessive resonant current. The merits in both regions together contribute toward the high efficiency of the inverter. This article presents the operational principle of the proposed modulation as well as a comparison with other modulation methods. In addition, a 400 V–230 V ac, 2-kW prototype was built to verify the proposed modulation and the peak efficiency reaches 98.0%.
How Do Stereotypes Harm Older Adults? A Theoretical Explanation for the Perpetration of Elder Abuse and Its Rise

Abstract Mounting research shows that older adults who experience abuse are at elevated risk for a wide range of negative health and well-being outcomes. Yet, even as the older adult population grows and rates of elder abuse rise across the globe, the issue continues to be overlooked and perpetuated by individuals and institutions across various countries, cultures, and settings. Recognizing, addressing, and preventing the mistreatment of older adults is a challenge because elder abuse is not well-understood or extensively studied, and its root causes are perceived to vary from case to case. In order to fill this gap, we examine elder abuse and its associations with ageism through the lens of two empirically supported, cross-cultural models (i.e., the stereotype content model and BIAS map). These models explain how the acceptance and endorsement of societal stereotypes about older adults on dimensions of warmth and competence lead to emotion-driven, discriminatory behaviors ranging from neglect and abandonment to emotional, financial, and physical harm. This article also serves as a call to action, encouraging researchers, health professionals, policy makers, and community members to gain awareness of their own ageist beliefs and how they influence the way they perceive and interact with older adults.
Communication: Inverse design for self-assembly via on-the-fly optimization

Inverse methods of statistical mechanics have facilitated the discovery of pair potentials that stabilize a wide variety of targeted lattices at zero temperature. However, such methods are complicated by the need to compare, within the optimization framework, the energy of the desired lattice to all possibly relevant competing structures, which are not generally known in advance. Furthermore, ground-state stability does not guarantee that the target will readily assemble from the fluid upon cooling from higher temperature. Here, we introduce a molecular dynamics simulation-based, optimization design strategy that iteratively and systematically refines the pair interaction according to the fluid and crystalline structural ensembles encountered during the assembly process. We successfully apply this probabilistic, machine-learning approach to the design of repulsive, isotropic pair potentials that assemble into honeycomb, kagome, square, rectangular, truncated square, and truncated hexagonal lattices.
Toxic responses of blue orchard mason bees (Osmia lignaria) following contact exposure to neonicotinoids, macrocyclic lactones, and pyrethroids.

Abstract Analysis of particulate matter originating from beef cattle feed yards on the High Plains of the United States has revealed occurrence of multiple pesticides believed to potentially impact non-Apis pollinators. Among these pesticides are those that are highly toxic to Apis mellifera (honey bees). However, little non-Apis bee species toxicity data exist; especially pertaining to beef cattle feed yard-derived pesticides. Therefore, we conducted a series of 96-h contact toxicity tests with blue orchard mason bees (Osmia lignaria) using three neonicotinoids, two pyrethroids, and two macrocyclic lactones. Neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and clothianidin) were most toxic with LD50 values ranging from 2.88 to 26.35 ng/bee, respectively. Macrocyclic lactones (abamectin and ivermectin) were also highly toxic to O. lignaria with LD50 estimates of 5.51–32.86 ng/bee. Pyrethroids (permethrin and bifenthrin) were relatively less toxic with LD50 values greater than 33 ng/bee. Sensitivity ratios for each pesticide were calculated to relate O. lignaria LD50 values to existing honey bee toxicity data. All three neonicotinoids were more toxic to O. lignaria than A. mellifera, but pyrethroids and abamectin were relatively less toxic. Additionally, three of seven pesticides (43%) resulted in significantly different mass normalized LD50 values for male and female O. lignaria. These results indicate that non-Apis pollinators may be highly susceptible to pesticides originating from beef cattle feed yards, necessitating consideration of more stringent regulatory protections than those based on A. mellifera pesticide sensitivity.
Mentorship Principles and Practice

Mentorship is defined as a dynamic, reciprocal relationship in a work environment between an advanced-career incumbent (mentor) and a beginner (mentee) aimed at promoting the career development of both. Effective mentors are essential for helping people identify and leverage their “golden nugget”—their unique combination of interests, skills, and life experiences that can add value to our world. Highly effective mentors always have their mentee’s backs; take the mentee where they want to go, not where the mentor went; create a dynamic of bi-directional learning, where the mentor learns as much as the mentee; foster a positive culture of mentorship; think beyond their own lived experiences at work; act as upstanders for workplace equity; and use self-reflection to constantly strive for mentorship excellence. In this chapter, we illustrate these core principles of effective mentorship, using stories from our own experiences as mentees and mentors and through case studies exploring common mentorship pitfalls.
Abstract 360: The dilemma of the current diagnostic tests for MSI in prostate cancer

Background: Understanding the relationship between tumor genomics and the immune response in cancer has gotten more attention with the advance of immunotherapy. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a molecular marker that provides prognostic and predictive information in many types of tumors including prostate cancer (PC). In PC, MSI-H and dMMR have been reported anywhere from 1% in primary tumors to up to 12% in metastasis. Reliable testing strategies for MSI/MMR status are critical for clinical management of patients with PC. MSI detection methods include PCR based molecular tests, NGS-based MSI detection or immunohistochemical staining (IHC). We observe technical difficulties in our daily practice with current molecular diagnostic tests. Design: We examined MMR protein expression (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2) and PD-L1 by IHC in 30 PC. Results: Among 30 PC tested, 1 tumor (3%) was completely negative for MLH1 and PMS2 and 1 tumor (3%) revealed loss of PMS2 by IHC even though gene panel did not reveal any mutation in PMS2. The PD-L1 IHC was 44% positive, but the single MMR negative biopsy was PD-L1 negative. PD-L1 expression in PC samples did not show correlation with defective MMR expression. Conclusion: In our study, controversial results were obtained. Based on our experience; even though many exons of MMR genes are covered with these panels, there are some exons do not get enough coverage to be analyzed. This low coverage problem creates false negative results. There are also pseudogene pairs of these genes, especially PMS2. For some specific regions, even though there is enough coverage it is impossible to know if the pathogenic variant is on the PMS2 or the pseudogene without additional test. This result suffers from false positive results without a confirmatory test. It is also known that 5% to 11% of MSI-H cases demonstrate intact MMR staining and localization (proficient MMR, pMMR) due to retained antigenicity and nonfunctional protein. So far, in regular practice we use MMR analyzing strategies which set up for colon cancer where the tumor is uniform. PC is more complex; most of the time more than one clone is involving.We believe MSI detection for PC requires improvement the technics of detection, robust set up of testing strategy with high sensitivity and specificity, analyzing strategy and training of pathologists. Due to technical difficulties of the detection, we believe that the prevalence of MSI-high/dMMR PC might be higher than reported in the literature so far. Citation Format: Esra Dikoglu, Xu Naizhen, Luke P. O9Connor, Peter Pinto, Maria J. Merino. The dilemma of the current diagnostic tests for MSI in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 360.
What Is the Economic Meaning of FDH

The central feature of the FDH model is the lack of convexity for its production possibility set, TF. Starting with n observed (distinct) decision making units DMUk , each defined by an input-output vector p k = [y k -x k], domination is defined by ordinary vector inequalities. DMUk is said to dominate DMUj if p k ≥ p j , p k ≠ p j . The FDH production possibility set TF consists of the observed DMUj together with all input-output vectors p=[yk,−xk] with y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, y ≠ 0, x ≠ 0 which are dominated by at least one of the observed DMUj. DMUk is defined as “FDH efficient” if no DMUj dominates it. In the BCC (or variable return to scale) DEA model the production possibility set TB consists of the observed DMUk together with all input-output vectors dominated by any convex combination of them and DMUk is DEA efficient if it is not dominated by any p in TB. In the DEA model, economic meaning is established by the introduction of (non negative) multiplier (price) vectors w = [u,v]. If DMUk is undominated (in TB) then there exists a positive multiplier vector w for which (a) w T p k = u T y k − v T x k ≥ w T p for every p ∈ TB. In everyday language, the net return (or profit) for DMUk relative to the given multiplier vector w is at least as great as that for any production possibility p. On the other hand, if DMUk is FDH but not DEA efficient then it is proved that there exists no positive multiplier vector >w for which (a) holds, i.e. for any positive w there exists at least one DMUj for which w T p j > w T p k . Since, therefore, FDH efficiency does not guarantee price efficiency what is its economic significance? Without economic significance, how can FDH be considered as being more than a mathematical system however logically soundly it may be conceived?
MR-guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment for Symptomatic Uterine Leiomyomata: Long-term Outcomes

Rationale and Objectives To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of magnetic resonance–guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-g HIFU) treatments for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata. Materials and Methods Patients were recruited for a prospective study for MR-g HIFU treatments of symptomatic leiomyomata, with up to 3-year follow-up. The study was approved by the institutional review board and was Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant. Clinical assessments were obtained at 3 months, 6 months, and 1, 2, and 3 years after MR-g HIFU, as well as uterine fibroid symptom severity scores (SSS) and health-related quality of life questionnaires (UFS-QOL). MR imaging was performed at each follow-up to assess the efficacy of the treatment at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years. Results Fifty-one leiomyomata in 40 patients were treated. All patients were treated within the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines with leiomyomata localized on MR and treated with sonication. The mean baseline volume of treated leiomyomata was 336.9 cm3. The mean improvement scores for transformed SSS was 47.8 (P < .001) and for tUFS-QOL was 39.8 (P < .001) at 3 years. The mean volume decrease in treated leiomyomata was 32.0% (P < .001), and, in the uterus, the volume decrease was 27.7% (P < .001) at 3 years. There were no long-term complications. Conclusions Long-term follow-up data from MR-g HIFU treatments show sustained symptomatic relief among enrolled patients. Although the results are preliminary, MR-g HIFU for the treatment of uterine leiomyomata may result in acceptable long-term outcomes at 3 years.
Politics of Immigration Policy

In this essay, I first describe the foundational research that focuses on host or receiving states and the policies that determine states' openness to immigration and to immigrant integration. This research privileges domestic actors and institutions in the choice of immigration policy. In the following section, I outline the research that disaggregates both dimensions of immigration policy into component parts. For immigration control, these include skilled migration, unskilled migration, undocumented migration, and border control. For immigrant integration, this includes labor market integration, family reunification, and access to citizenship, among other policies. The focus on receiving states remains strong but is now complemented by research on sending states' policies toward emigrants. I also outline significant efforts by scholars to construct datasets that would allow researchers to evaluate the hypotheses generated by case studies. In the final section, I argue that, despite advances in the research agenda, there is a continuing paucity of quantitative data that would allow researchers to adjudicate among plausible hypotheses. Moreover, even where data are available, the data are generated by wealthy Western democracies about Western democracies. We have little systematic, cross-national time series data on the rest of the world. I offer a generic concept, “politicians' incentives,” that provides one way of bridging the gap between our understanding of the politics of immigration policy in wealthy Western democracies and other states in the international system that are implicated in global migration patterns and policies. Keywords: immigration control; immigrant integration; high-skill migration; family reunion; migrant rights; remittances; nationality; citizenship; denizenship; multiculturalism; security
Working toward Transformational Leadership in Higher Education.

Before colleges and universities can develop leaders, they must develop a coherent vision of what leadership is. A reflection on James MacGregor Burns's concepts of transformational leadership suggests where that discussion might begin.