cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological and mechanical characterization of high-strength sulfur composites prepared with variably-sized lignocellulose particles

The extent to which lignocellulose biomass particle size influences the properties of biomass–sulfur composites prepared from these particles was evaluated. For this purpose several materials were prepared by the reaction of sulfur with peanut shell particles that had been fractionated into narrow size ranges using ASTM certified sieves. Eight particle size fractions with an upper cutoff range of 710 microns were thus used to prepare a series of eight composites PSS-1 to PSS-8. The use of biomass particles having defined size ranges allowed for a 36-fold faster reaction rate relative to the analogous reactions employing unfractionated biomass, while the resultant composites still maintained excellent strength characteristics. Composites prepared with smaller biomass particles exhibited the most uniform dispersion, yet similar ultimate strength characteristics were observed for most of the composites irrespective of the biomass particle size. The strength characteristics of these materials could be rationalized by the interplay of the dispersion of filler in the network versus the unfavorable interactions between the hydrophilic biomass filler and hydrophobic sulfur network. This work highlights the importance of quantifying filler effect for microscopically non-homogeneous composite materials and provides insight on simple strategies for drastically impacting the time and energy expenditures for biomass composite synthesis and resultant properties.
Addition of antifibrotic therapy to immunosuppression in hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A case series

Abstract Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has historically been treated with immunosuppression, but recently nintedanib was approved for the treatment of progressive fibrotic HP. One limitation of INBUILD is that the only immunosuppression (IS) permitted at the time of enrollment was glucocorticoids at a dose of less than 20mg per day, so the additive effect of antifibrotic (AF) therapy to IS in HP remains unclear. We present 5 cases of patients with HP for whom AF therapy was added to IS. Trends observed in the cohort include reduced decline in FVC, oxygen requirement, and symptoms in the year after adding AF to IS in 4 of the 5 patients. All 5 patients (100%) in our series demonstrated progression in the year prior to initiation of antifibrotic based on criteria outlined in the INBUILD trial, but only 1 of 5 (20%) progressed in the year after AF. There was a significant decrease in the rate of relative decline in % predicted FVC in the 12 months after initiation of antifibrotic compared to the 12 months prior to antifibrotic (0.4% ±7.6 vs −17.5% ±7.6, p = 0.0495). Compared to the 12 months prior to antifibrotic therapy, fewer patients met criteria for progression in the 12 months after initiating antifibrotic therapy (p = 0.048). Similarly, fewer patients met criteria for progression in the 6 months after initiating antifibrotic therapy compared to the 6 months prior (p = 0.048). A larger study with control groups on IS alone and AF alone is needed to confirm the role of AF therapy in combination with IS in patients with HP.
Intense Electron and Ion Beam Generation

The development of the high-voltage pulsed power technology described in Chapter 1 has provided the capability for generating intense particle beams with power levels up to 1013 W for time durations of the order of 100 nsec. In order to take advantage of this capability it is necessary to have a good understanding of the important intense beam generation processes. The material in this chapter is devoted to a basic description of high-power diode phenomenology.
Power-Aware Throughput Control for Database Management Systems.

Performance has been traditionally regarded as the most important design goal for database management systems (DBMSs). However, in recent years, the increasing energy cost gradually rivals the benefit of chasing after performance. Therefore, there are strong financial incentives to minimize power consumption of a database system while maintaining its desired performance, so that the energy cost can be best amortized. Such a goal is challenging in practice because the power consumption of a database system varies significantly with the environment and workloads. Many modern hardware provide multiple modes with different power/performance tradeoffs. However, existing research has not used these power modes sufficiently to achieve the best tradeoff for database services due to the lack of the knowledge on database behavior under different power modes. In this paper, we present Power-Aware Throughput control (PAT), an online feedback control framework for energy conservation at the DBMS level. In contrast to heuristicbased tuning techniques commonly used in database systems, the design of PAT is based on rigorous controltheoretic analysis for guaranteed control accuracy and system stability. We implement PAT as an integrated component of the PostgreSQL system and evaluate it with workloads generated from various database benchmarks. The results show that PAT achieves up to 51.3% additional energy savings despite runtime workload dynamics and model errors, as compared to other competing methods.
Giant multipole resonances

In this series of lectures I want to survey and discuss the information on the giant multipole resonances in nuclei. Since the giant electric dipole (El) resonance is thoroughly covered in the lectures of R. Berg~re, I will emphasize the other multipole resonances. However, as an introduction to the subject I would also like to discuss some of the new developments which bear on the configurations of the giant E1 resonances. It is instructive to classify the giant multipole resonances according to the basic oscillations of a nucleus [1,2], as is done in Fig. i. The electric oscillations
Impact of clinical predictors and routine coronary artery disease testing on outcome of patients admitted to chest pain decision unit.

Background Chest pain decision unit (CDU) evaluation of patients with acute chest pain (ACP) and nondiagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) usually includes noninvasive testing for coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypothesis CAD evaluation will not improve clinical outcome in low-risk ACP patients. Methods We studied 459 adults admitted to CDU with ACP and no troponin release who underwent noninvasive CAD testing (stress testing in 396 and coronary computed tomographic angiography in 63). Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of adverse outcome over a 3-year follow-up period. Results Initial noninvasive test was normal in 367 (80%) and abnormal (positive or indeterminate) in 92 (20%). A total of 42 (9%) patients underwent invasive coronary angiography, and 16 (3.5%) underwent revascularization. During follow-up, 33 patients had a total of 36 major clinical events: 12 revascularizations, 9 myocardial infarctions, and 15 deaths. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified abnormal ECG (odds ratio [OR]: 2.7, P = 0.03), typical chest pain (OR: 3.8, P = 0.002), diabetes (OR: 4.1, P = 0.001), and known CAD (OR: 2.3, P = 0.03) as independent predictors for adverse outcome, but not noninvasive test result. Thus, in 187 patients with no high-risk features (41% of the cohort), the annualized event rate was 0.5%. In 272 patients with at least 1 high-risk feature, annualized event rates were 2.8% and 5.7% when noninvasive test was normal or abnormal, respectively (P = 0.04). Conclusions Clinical risk stratification allows identification of patients at low risk of adverse outcome over an intermediate period of follow-up. Noninvasive testing is not warranted in such patients.
Nonseparable Dynamic Programming in Discrete Time Systems

Recent research has revealed that a class of nonseparable dynamic optimization problems can be embedded into a separable multiobjective optimization setting which can be effectively solved by multiobjective dynamic programming. The purpose of this paper is to establish a general framework for solving nonseparable discrete-time dynamic optimization problems using multiobjective dynamic programing. Especially, the general conditions to characterize the optimal solution of a nonseparable dynamic problem from among the set of noninferior solutions of the corresponding maltiobjective dynamic programming problem are established.
The Ritual Dimensions of Resistance: Clowning and Symbolic Inversion.

Resistance is described as oppositional behavior enacted as a dynamic cultural form which the author terms “rituals of resistance.” Describing resistance as a ritual mode helps to underscore the symbolic and ideological dimensions of student behavior. Drawing upon recent field work in a Catholic junior high school in Toronto, Ontario, the author focuses on the ritualized behavior of the “class clown.” The clown functions in the capacity of a meta-commentator who is able to resist the classroom instruction by penetrating in an often sarcastic fashion the formal and tacit axioms of propriety that help to sustain order and control during classroom lessons. The author concludes his paper by calling upon resistance theorists to strive for more conceptual precision in their articulation of the symbolic dimension of transgressive student behavior by utilizing a more multidisciplinary approach.
The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Start-ups and Spin-offs: Collective Entrepreneurship Between Invention and Innovation

The function of entrepreneurs is to reform or revolutionize the pattern of production by exploiting an invention, or more generally, an untried technological possibility for producing a new commodity or producing an old one in a new way, by opening up a new source of supply of materials or a new outlet for products, by reorganizing an industry, and so on…. To undertake such new things is difficult and constitutes a distinct economic function, first because they lie outside of the routine tasks which everybody understands and secondly, because the environment resists in many ways that vary, according to social conditions, from simple refusal either to finance or buy a new thing, to physical attack on the man who tries to produce it. Joseph A. Schumpeter (1942: 132) INTRODUCTION The most successful new technology ventures generate tremendous returns for their investors (see Scherer and Harhoff 2000). Interest in capturing a share of such potentially large returns has stimulated rapid growth in recent years in both the number and diversity of institutions specialized in supporting the commercial development and marketing of new technologies. These include venture capital firms, corporate venture funds, incubators of various types, niche law firms, university and government offices of technology transfer, and networks of individual private equity, or “angel,” investors. The funds available for the support of technology entrepreneurship have grown accordingly. Indeed, at present, by some measures, the supply of such funds seems to exceed the demand.
Synthesis of N-[4-[1-ethyl-2-(2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid as an antifolate.

N-[4-[1-Ethyl-2-(2,4-diaminofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-l-glutamic acid 3 was designed and synthesized to investigate the effect of homologation of a C9-methyl to an ethyl on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition and on antitumor activity. Compound 3 was obtained via a concise seven step synthesis starting from palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of 4-propionylphenol, followed by a Wittig reaction with 2,4-diamino-5-(chloromethyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (6), catalytic hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and standard peptide coupling with diethyl l-glutamate. The biological results indicated that extending the C9-methyl group to an ethyl on the C8−C9 bridge region (analogue 3) doubled the inhibitory potency against recombinant human (rh) DHFR (IC50 = 0.21 μM) as compared to the C9-methyl analogue 1 and was 4-fold more potent than the C9−H analogue 2. As compared to 1, compound 3 demonstrated increased growth inhibitory potency against several human tumor cell lines in culture with GI50 values < 1.0 × 1...
Differences in motor recruitment and resulting kinematics between low back pain patients and asymptomatic participants during lifting exertions.

Abstract Background. Low back disorders are a prevalent problem in society today and may lead to chronic debilitating low back pain. Developing our understanding of temporal muscle and kinematic patterns during manual material handling tasks may provide insight for preventing the cascading series of events leading to chronic low back pain. Methods. Sixty-two low back pain patients and 61 asymptomatic participants performed a variety of lifting exertions that varied in lift origin horizontal and vertical distance, lift asymmetry, and weight. Electromyographic activity of 10 trunk muscles as well as trunk and pelvic kinematics was recorded during each exertion. Differences in muscle activation and kinematic parameters were compared between low back pain patients and asymptomatic participants as a function of experimental conditions. Findings. Both the left and right erector spinae activated significantly earlier and were on significantly longer in low back pain patients compared to asymptomatic participants. The horizontal and vertical location of the lift influenced the EMG and kinematic differences between the low back pain patients and asymptomatic participants. Interpretation. These finding indicate that low back pain patients would be exposed to increase muscle activity resulting in higher spine loads for a greater length of time compared to asymptomatic participants. The longer exposure time to increased spine load may lead to greater risk of future low back injury and cascading events leading to debilitating low back pain. The longer muscle activation time suggests that low back pain patients have changed their motor program from an open to a closed loop system.
Photoemission measurements of filled and empty surface states on semiconductors and their relation to schottky barriers

(1975). Photoemission measurements of filled and empty surface states on semiconductors and their relation to schottky barriers. C R C Critical Reviews in Solid State Sciences: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 245-258.
High Affinity Binding of β2-Glycoprotein I to Human Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by Annexin II

Beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI) is an abundant plasma phospholipid-binding protein and an autoantigen in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Binding of beta(2)GPI to endothelial cells targets them for activation by anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies, which circulate and are associated with thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. However, the binding of beta(2)GPI to endothelial cells has not been characterized and is assumed to result from association of beta(2)GPI with membrane phospholipid. Here, we characterize the binding of beta(2)GPI to endothelial cells and identify the beta(2)GPI binding site. (125)I-beta(2)GPI bound with high affinity (K(d) approximately 18 nm) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Using affinity purification, we isolated beta(2)GPI-binding proteins of approximately 78 and approximately 36 kDa from HUVECs and EAHY.926 cells. Amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides from each of these were identical to sequences within annexin II. A role for annexin II in binding of beta(2)GPI to cells was confirmed by the observations that annexin II-transfected HEK 293 cells bound approximately 10-fold more (125)I-beta(2)GPI than control cells and that anti-annexin II antibodies inhibited the binding of (125)I-beta(2)GPI to HUVECs by approximately 90%. Finally, surface plasmon resonance studies revealed high affinity binding between annexin II and beta(2)GPI. These results demonstrate that annexin II mediates the binding of beta(2)GPI to endothelial cells.
Changing retailer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to cigarette sales to minors

The present study employed a pre-post, two-group design to evaluate the effects of an educational/community-based retailer intervention on retailer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to tobacco sales to minors. In addition, the association between retailer behavior change and knowledge/attitude change was investigated. Results showed positive pre-post changes in intervention retailers' knowledge and behavior, and moderate shifts in attitudes. However, the association between behavior change and changes in knowledge and attitudes was minimal. Results are discussed in terms of other possible mechanisms that may have contributed to the increased effort among retailers to restrict tobacco sales to minors in their communities.
Use of Fragmented Landscapes by Marbled Murrelets for Nesting in Southern Oregon

As old-growth forest becomes more fragmented in the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.), species dependent on large patches of old-growth forest may be at greater risk of extinction. The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyram- phus marmoratus), a seabird whose populations are declining in North America, nests in such old-growth for- ests or forests with large remnant trees. Using logistic regression models on landscapes in southern Oregon, we addressed (1) whether old-growth forest fragmentation was associated with use of an area by murrelets and (2) whether proximity to certain marine features was associated with use offorest fragments by murrelets. On a geographic information system vegetation map derived from satellite imagery, we placed circular plots of 400-, 800-, 1600-, and 3200-m radius over surveyed inland areas occupied or unoccupied by murrelets. Within each plot, spatial and other land- and seascape habitat variables were calculated and regressed against murre- let occupancy. Murrelets generally occupied low-elevation inland sites in landscapes with relatively low frag- mentation and isolation of old-growth forest patches, and these sites were close to the coast, river mouths, and a major bay. Almost all occupied landscapes occurred in afog-influenced vegetation zone. Because nesting habi- tat with large amounts of interiorforest is currently scarce in southern Oregon, management efforts shouldfocus on protecting or creating large, contiguous blocks of old-growth forest, especially in areas near the coast.
Mitochondrial populations during development of the sea urchin

Abstract A method for the estimation of mitochondrial numbers during sea urchin development, based on counts of these structures in homogenates of successive stages of two species, is described. Some details of the optimal conditions for homogenization of the material, and of the criteria for identification of mitochondria by phase contrast microscopy, are given. A method for the statistical analysis of the data is presented. The numbers of mitochondria remain approximately constant during cleavage and blastula stages. When primary mesenchyme cells begin to migrate into the blastocoele, an increase in the number of mitochondria was observed, reaching a peak in the early gastrula. In immediately succeeding stages, the number of mitochondria dropped sharply. In one species, a rise in mitochondrial numbers was noted in pluteus stages. Some conclusions regarding the numbers of mitochondria per cell in developing embryos of the sea urchin are discussed.
Regionalized Pediatric Trauma Systems

Abstract Over the last 30 years, trauma system development in the United States has evolved dramatically. Regionalized trauma care is generally believed to confer benefits to the injured, although evidence supporting such is scant. The advent of pediatric emergency medicine and emergency medical services for children has led to the development of coordinated systems of care for critically ill and injured children in many parts of the country. Incoporation of organized pediatric emergency and trauma care into regionalized trauma systems is the focus of this review. The history of regionalized trauma system development is discussed, and published evidence regarding efficacy is examined. Finally, optimal system components are summarized, and an example of a statewide pediatric trauma system is described.
Phospholipid Solubility Determined by Equilibrium Distribution between Surface and Bulk Phases

A general strategy is proposed for determining the very low aqueous solubility limits of bilayer-forming phospholipids. The strategy exploits the inherent surface activity of phospholipids and has been termed EDSB, which stands for Equilibrium Distribution between Surface and Bulk phases. In this report, EDSB has been used to determine the critical bilayer concentration of dilauroylphosphatidylycholine (DLPC), a short-chain bilayer-forming phospholipid. At room temperature in neutral pH buffer, CBCDLPC = 2.5 × 10-8 M. Using a mole fraction concentration scale, this corresponds to a standard-state free energy change of −12.8 kcal/mol for DLPC bilayer membrane formation.
Stature loss among an older United States population and its relation to bone mineral status

Age-related statural loss has been recorded but incompletely assessed in modern populations. In this study, data collected on stature during annual bone mineral assessments are analyzed for 1,024 Caucasian individuals from southern Arizona. Continued stabilization in reported maximum heights is seen in this population. With advancing age there is a gradual decrease in height apparently beginning in the mid-40s. Thereafter, there is a relatively rapid decrease in measured height. This contrasts to the much slower rates predicted from earlier populations (Trotter and Gleser: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9:311-324, 1951). The rate of stature loss is associated with diminution of bone mineral density as well as with maximum height. Since there are suggestions of a secular trend toward greater reductions in bone mineral density, this study suggests there may be a secular trend toward an increase in statural loss with age.
Redox Properties of Human Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Modulation by Charged Active-Site Amino Acid Residues†

The modulation of the electron-transfer properties of human medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (hwtMCADH) has been studied using wild-type and site-directed mutants by determining their midpoint potentials at various pH values and estimating the involved pKs. The mutants used were E376D, in which the negative charge is retained; E376Q, in which one negative charge (pKa approximately 6. 0) is removed from the active center; E99G, in which a different negative charge (pKa approximately 7.3) also is affected; and E376H (pKa approximately 9.3) in which a positive charge is present. Em for hwtMCADH at pH 7.6 is -0.114 V. Results for the site-directed mutants indicate that loss of a negative charge in the active site causes a +0.033 V potential shift. This is consistent with the assumption that electrostatic interactions (as in the case of flavodoxins) and specific charges are important in the modulation of the electron-transfer properties of this class of dehydrogenases. Specifically, these charge interactions appear to correlate with the positive Em shift observed upon binding of substrate/product couple to MCADH [Lenn, N. D., Stankovich, M. T., and Liu, H. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 3709-3715], which coincides with a pK increase of Glu376-COOH from approximately 6 to 8-9 [Rudik, I., Ghisla, S., and Thorpe, C. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 8437-8445]. From the pH dependence of the midpoint potentials of hwtMCADH two mechanistically important ionizations are estimated. The pKa value of approximately 6.0 is assigned to the catalytic base, Glu376-COOH, in the oxidized enzyme based on comparison with the pH behavior of the E376H mutant, it thus coincides with the pK value recently estimated [Vock, P., Engst, S., Eder, M., and Ghisla, S. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 1848-1860]. The pKa of approximately 7.1 is assigned to Glu376-COOH in reduced hwtMCADH. Comparable values for these pKas for Glu376-COOH in pig kidney MCADH are pKox = 6.5 and pKred = 7.9. The Em measured for K304E-MCADH (a major mutant resulting in a deficiency syndrome) is essentially identical to that of hwtMCADH, indicating that the disordered enzyme has an intact active site.
Polaritonic metamaterial for super-resolution trapping and sensing

Engineered polaritonic metamaterials are shown to enhance nanoparticle optical trapping and sensing ability via cylindrical channel hybrid plasmon-polariton resonances. Geometric features supporting spatially and time-varying optical potentials that define polaritonic force landscapes are investigated.
Role of methionine-1 in ubiquitin conformation and activity

Methionine-1 of ubiquitin was oxidized to the sulfone without significant effect on biological activity or conformation at neutral pH. However, at low pH, the oxidized protein expanded to a more open conformation, similar in gel sieving properties to denatured ubiquitin but similar in secondary structure to native ubiquitin. This conformational transition was absent in the native protein. Interpretation of these results in the light of X-ray data suggests that ubiquitin contains two independently folded domains that are held together in part by a hydrogen bond between Met-1 and Lys-63 and which can be separated when this bond is broken. It is suggested that separation of these domains may occur upon ubiquitin conjugation.
Brief paper: Motion planning in uncertain environments with vision-like sensors

In this work we present a methodology for intelligent path planning in an uncertain environment using vision-like sensors, i.e., sensors that allow the sensing of the environment non-locally. Examples would include a mobile robot exploring an unknown terrain or a micro-UAV navigating in a cluttered urban environment. We show that the problem of path planning in an uncertain environment, under certain assumptions, can be posed as the adaptive optimal control of an uncertain Markov decision process, characterized by a known, control-dependent system, and an unknown, control-independent environment. The strategy for path planning then reduces to computing the control policy based on the current estimate of the environment, also known as the ''certainty-equivalence'' principle in the adaptive control literature. Our methodology allows the inclusion of vision-like sensors into the problem formulation, which, as empirical evidence suggests, accelerates the convergence of the planning algorithms. Further we show that the path planning and estimation problems, as formulated in this paper, possess special structure which can be exploited to significantly reduce the computational burden of the associated algorithms. We apply this methodology to the problem of path planning of a mobile rover in a completely unknown terrain.
Regulation of de Novo Purine Biosynthesis by Methenyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase in Neuroblastoma

Abstract 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate (5-formylTHF) is the only folate derivative that does not serve as a cofactor in folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism. Two metabolic roles have been ascribed to this folate derivative. It has been proposed to 1) serve as a storage form of folate because it is chemically stable and accumulates in seeds and spores and 2) regulate folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism by inhibiting folate-dependent enzymes, specifically targeting folate-dependent de novo purine biosynthesis. Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) is the only enzyme that metabolizes 5-formylTHF and catalyzes its ATP-dependent conversion to 5,10-methenylTHF. This reaction determines intracellular 5-formylTHF concentrations and converts 5-formylTHF into an enzyme cofactor. The regulation and metabolic role of MTHFS in one-carbon metabolism was investigated in vitro and in human neuroblastoma cells. Steady-state kinetic studies revealed that 10-formylTHF, which exists in chemical equilibrium with 5,10-methenylTHF, acts as a tight binding inhibitor of mouse MTHFS. [6R]-10-formylTHF inhibited MTHFS with a Ki of 150 nm, and [6R,S]-10-formylTHF triglutamate inhibited MTHFS with a Ki of 30 nm. MTHFS is the first identified 10-formylTHF tight-binding protein. Isotope tracer studies in neuroblastoma demonstrate that MTHFS enhances de novo purine biosynthesis, indicating that MTHFS-bound 10-formylTHF facilitates de novo purine biosynthesis. Feedback metabolic regulation of MTHFS by 10-formylTHF indicates that 5-formylTHF can only accumulate in the presence of 10-formylTHF, providing the first evidence that 5-formylTHF is a storage form of excess formylated folates in mammalian cells. The sequestration of 10-formylTHF by MTHFS may explain why de novo purine biosynthesis is protected from common disruptions in the folate-dependent one-carbon network.
Validity and reliability of the robotic Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills.

OBJECTIVE:Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills have been developed to measure the skill of surgical trainees. Our aim was to develop an Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills specifically for trainees learning robotic surgery.METHODS:This is a multiinstitutional study c
Reference-Plane Invariant, Broadband, and Stable Constitutive Parameters Determination of Low-Loss Materials from Transmission-Reflection Measurements Using Variable Parameters

A stable and reference-plane invariant non-resonant method has been proposed for the retrieval of constitutive parameters of low-loss materials. A metric function, which includes two variable quantities for decreasing measurement errors arising from reflection scattering measurements of low-loss materials, has been derived for analytical and numerical computations of constitutive parameters. We validated the proposed method by artificially including some measurement errors in reflection scattering parameters and noted that our proposed method decreases such errors considerably with the help of these quantities.
Cold sensitivity gradient in tuber-bearing Solanum based on physiological and transcript profiles

Tuber-bearing Solanum species exhibit a wide variation with respect to cold sensitivity. Physiological evaluation based on the leakage of cellular electrolytes showed a continuous gradient of sensitivity among cultivated and wild species, which ranged from chilling sensitivity to freezing tolerance by cold acclimation (CA). Solanum trifidum Correll, a chilling-sensitive species, defines the baseline of cold tolerance within the genus, while S. commersonii Dunal, a cold-acclimating species, represents the hardiest end of the spectrum. Solanum species at the extreme ends of the sensitivity gradient exhibited distinct expression signatures for selected CA-associated genes (CBF1, ZAT12, COR47, and GolS3). Transcription factor (CBF1 and ZAT12) expression was positively correlated with CA but not with the sensitivity gradient among nonacclimating species. Variation across the sensitivity gradient was reflected by the differences in induction profiles of nonregulatory genes (COR47 and GolS3).
Thematic Aggression, Hostility—Guilt and Aggressive Behavior

Abstract Thematic aggression, which was elicited by thematic stimuli of high and low stimulus relevance was related to the aggressive behavior of 98 Boy Scouts who socio-metrically rated one another for fighting behavior. Thematic aggression to high pull cards was related significantly (t=2.63) to physically aggressive behavior, but thematic aggression to low pull cards was not related (t=.01) to aggressive behavior. There was no relationship between self-reported hostility-guilt and fighting behavior; nor was there any relationship between hostility-guilt and thematic aggression elicited by cards of high stimulus relevance. However, hostility-guilt was significantly negatively correlated (r=.36) with aggressive stories told to cards with little aggressive stimulus relevance.
The Future of Academic Publishing: Application of the Long-Tail Theory

Print academic journals are dead. As we watch large metropolitan newspapers fail (as are many small town newspapers), the same economic forces are driving online scholarly publishing. This phenomenon is more than print journals going online. The options available with new low-cost online publishing software and the rise in the ability to use ratings from user generated content suggest more near-term changes are likely. Many of the outcomes are unsettled: the economics of online publishing; the standards for peer review, rank, and tenure; and the very nature of scholarly publishing itself. What is certain, however, is that the economics of online academic publishing—modeled via Anderson’s Long Tail Theory—will make it possible to provide greater access, more collaboration, and, ultimately, improved research and researchers. Universities acting as publishing centers with their e-reserves will be expected to change their faculty evaluations, providing greater academic rewards for those who act as editors, reviewers, and proofreaders within this new born-online and only-online world.
Internal and external environment of individuals with schizophrenia during alcohol and drug use

Explanations for the high prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in schizophrenia purport that substance use is related to social-affiliative needs or to symptom regulation. Neither explanation was adequate in describing substance-use episodes in the present longitudinal study. The study involved repeated interviews of 10 individuals with schizophrenia about their internal and external environment during substance use. Qualitative analyses of interview responses showed variability in multiple versus single episodes in a day and categories labeled Activities Prior to Use and Social Context of Use. Individual subject's responses each had a unique pattern that characterized their substance-use episodes.
The development and test of a model of total quality: Organizational practices, TQ principles, employee attitudes and customer satisfaction

Abstract A Process Model of Quality Management is proposed which includes organizational practices, principles of total quality, employees' attitudes, and customer satisfaction. The model was tested with regression analyses which found that specific organizational practices can be linked to employees' perceptions of three principles of quality management; the quality principles are, in turn, related to employees' attitudes of commitment and empowerment; and these two attitudes are ultimately associated with estimates of customer satisfaction. The results of this study are discussed for their implications for research and practice.
Work Choices of Mothers in Families with Children with Disabilities

This study used a sample of single and married mothers with children under the age of 20 drawn from the 1992 and 1993 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine one facet of the economic implications a child with disabilities brings to a family. Specifically, the choice of women with children to work full time, part time, or not at all was estimated as a function of individual and family characteristics, including the number and ages of children with disabilities. The presence of young children, with or without disabilities, has a significant negative influence on the work choice of both single and married mothers. However, once children enter elementary school, single mothers with disabled or nondisabled children and married mothers with nondisabled children are significantly more likely to enter the labor market or increase their labor market hours than are married mothers of school-age children with disabilities.
Age-related differences in the neural correlates mediating false recollection

The current study investigated the effects of aging on the neural basis underlying true and false recollection. Although older adults, compared with younger adults, exhibited equivalent rates of true recollection, age differences in true recollection showed a pattern of activity commonly found among previous memory studies (e.g., age-related decreases in occipital and increases in prefrontal cortices), suggesting reduced retrieval of perceptual details associated with encoding items and a greater reliance on top-down compensatory processing. With regard to false recollection, older adults exhibited significantly greater false recollection yet did not exhibit increased neural processing. They did exhibit decreased activity in prefrontal, parahippocampal gyrus, and occipitoparietal cortex, suggesting a reduced reliance on reconstruction processes mediating false recollection in young. An individual differences analysis in older adults found false recollection rates predicted activity in several regions. including bilateral middle/superior temporal gyrus. Taken together, these results indicate that increases in false recollection in aging may be mediated by reduced access to encoding-related details as well as reliance on semantic gist and familiarity-related neural activity.
Species differences in the hormonal control of lipogenesis in rat and chicken hepatocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. Suspensions of hepatocytes were prepared under the same conditions by in situ perfusion of rat or chicken livers with an enzyme solution for comparative metabolic studies. 2. 2. Isolated cells from either species incorporated 14 C-acetate into cellular lipids, but the rate of lipogenesis was more rapid in chicken hepatocytes. 3. 3. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (0·1 mM) inhibited lipid synthesis in hepatocytes from either species, but its effect was far greater in chicken hepatocytes. Cyclic AMP (0·1 mM) had no effect on lipogenesis in rat hepatocytes while its effect on this process in chicken hepatocytes was similar to that of the dibutyryl derivative. 4. 4. Epinephrine and glucagon were antilipogenic in cells from both species, but each hormone had a more potent inhibitory effect in chicken hepatocytes. In each species, the effect of glucagon was greater than that of epinephrine.
An Undergraduate Helping Skills Course: Skill Development and Career Education

Students in this course learned to help each other and become more self-disclosing as they developed skills for career goals.
Aflatoxin B1 alters central and systemic tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism: Influence of immunomodulatory drugs

Semi-chronic exposure of ICR male Mice to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in non-toxic doses results in elevated lung tryptophan (TRP) levels without change in serotonin (5-HT) or 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. This change is organ specific in that TRP levels are not altered in spleen, duodenum, heart or central nervous system (CNS). Acute (48 hour) flunixin treatment decreases lung TRP levels and reverses the AFB1 mediated increase in lung TRP levels. On the other hand, flunixin treatment decreases CNS TRP levels in control mice but not in AFB1 treated mice. Aflatoxin B1 treated mice have an increase in splenic serotonin (5-HT) content. Acute (48 hour) treatment of mice withE. coli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also increases splenic 5-HT, and AFB1 treatment followed by LPS have a slightly additive effect on spleen 5-HT content. Treatment of mice with LPS increases heart 5-HT, an effect which is not altered in AFB1 pretreated mice. Both LPS and AFB1per se increases lung TYR levels although the combination of treatments is not significantly different from the control value. Flunixin treatment increases lung tyrosine (TYR) levels, an effect which is not altered by AFB1 pretreatment. Acute treatment with either LPS or flunixin decreases the CNS TRP/TYR ratio; pretreatment with AFB1 prevents those changes in the CNS TRP/TYR ratio. Central nervous system catecholamines are reduced in AFB1 pretreated mice. However, CNS catecho lamine changes in AFB1 treated mice are normalized by vitamin E supplementation during the treatment period.
Freshly Cooked and Reheated Turkey Breast Muscle 2. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Muscle and Expressed Juice

Abstract Water or a phosphate salt solution was added to turkey breast muscle. The effects of those additives on the stability of cooked, stored muscle were determined by physical and chemical measurements. Adding phosphate salt solution to freshly cooked or reheated muscle resulted in increased percentage total moisture in those samples. Total moisture, however, was not affected by adding water probably because injected water was not bound by the muscle. Volume of expressed juice was greater in freshly cooked than in reheated muscle but was not affected by either added phosphate or added water. Water activity (Aw), measured as the equilibrium relative humidity of the atmosphere above a sample, was not affected by additive or heating treatment. Physical determinations of moisture were correlated with sensory impressions of juiciness. Total moisture was correlated positively with panel scores for juiciness; however, there also was a positive relationship between panel scores for juiciness and percentage cooking loss. As would be expected, the addition of phosphate salts increased the pH of muscle. Storage and/or reheating resulted in increased TBA values. The phosphate-treated, reheated sample had a TBA value below that of freshly cooked samples, indicating that phosphate salts retarded oxidative changes in cooked, stored muscle. Determination of ninhydrin reactive compounds of muscle and expressed juice revealed no differences attributable to additive or heating treatment.
Generalized locus of control: An analysis of factor analytic data

Abstract Despite discouraging empirical evidence concerning a general expectancy of internal or external (I-E) locus of control, researchers appear reluctant to abandon Rotter's original hypothesis. A possible methodological flaw in most I-E research involves the failure to test the measured tendency against multiple act criteria. Data which address this concern may be found in factor analytic studies of I-E scales. This evidence is reviewed with respect to three predictions derived from a generalized expectancy hypothesis. First the expectancy should be measured by a single dimension. Second, this dimension should have breadth of application across situations. Third, the dimension should generalize to a variety of populations. Factor analytic data provide little support for these predictions. It is suggested that goal-specific multidimensional locus of control scales hold greater promise for predicting behaviour.
A Simple Unifying Measure of State Support for Postsecondary Education

Conflicting measures of state support for postsecondary education create confusion and misunderstanding that convolute debates about states’ postsecondary education funding. The use of multiple measures is largely unnecessary, though. A simple single measure is constructed that adequately quantifies both states’ postsecondary need and states’ ability to pay. Specifically, this study proposes measuring state support for postsecondary education as state postsecondary funding per high school graduate over the previous four years per dollar of per capita income.
Sensitivity analysis of fitting for scatterometry

The sensitivity analysis of fitting (SAF) is a formalism that determines the type of measurements that yields optimum determination precision. SAF is applied to ellipsometric- scatterometry of surface relief gratings and for the optimum measurement configuration predicts a significant improvement compared to the conventional scatterometry measurement configurations. The SF predictions for precision are compared to actual values obtained experimentally, and a qualitative agreement is obtained. The discrepancies between theory and experiment are likely due to inaccurate modeling of the grating.
Efficient algorithms for automatic viewer orientation

Abstract The calculation of a perspective image of an object involves the position and orientation of the viewer. In many graphics applications the viewpoint and object are fixed, and an orientation is sought in which the object is “centered” in the field of view. Previous work has proposed that the viewing direction be the axis of the narrowest circular cone emanating from the viewpoint and containing the object, and has shown how this direction can be calculated based on the viewpoint and a set of n object points which includes the object's extreme points. This paper presents algorithms which efficiently accomplish this task, in O(n) average and O(n log(n)) worst-case time. The orientation problem is converted into a problem in spherical geometry, and the proposed algorithms are based on existing algorithms for the analogous plane geometry problems.
X-ray diffraction of reconstituted collagen fibers.

Abstract The X-ray diffraction of fibers reconstituted from purified rat tail tendon collagen has been compared with that of native rat tail tendon. The axial structure is very similar in the two specimens, while the ordered lateral array found in the native state is only poorly reproduced in the reconstituted fiber. Thus, the axial order is determined by the collagen molecules alone, while the native lateral packing may depend, in part at least, on other tissue components.
Platinum(II) Enyne Cycloisomerization Catalysis: Intermediates and Resting States.

In situ generated [(PPP)Pt][BF4]2 (PPP = triphos) catalyzes the cycloisomerization of 1,6-enyne-ols by initiative π-activation of the alkyne. This generates an isolable cationic Pt-alkenyl species, which subsequently participates in turnover-limiting protonolysis with in situ generated acid. This latter reactivity contrasts cationic Pt-alkyls, which are more difficult to protonolyze. Mechanistic studies on isolated Pt-alkenyls and deuterium labeling helped to elucidate the mechanistic details.
Workplace stress factors and ‘burnout’ among information technology professionals: a systematic review

Background: Burnout is a widely acknowledged stress outcome. As the prevalence of burnout has been observed in several other professions, it is very plausible that it could be prevalent in the Information Technology (IT) field. Objective: To show a relationship between working environment of an IT professional and burnout. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic review of studies dealing with burnout among IT professionals. Methods: Prior publications addressing burnout and IT professionals were retrieved by an online search of multiple databases. Abstracts were examined to determine which articles met specific criteria for evaluation. Two reviewers critically appraised three articles and determined three key exposure variables; role ambiguity, role conflict and job tasks. Results: There is a relationship between the three variables and burnout among IT professionals. However, the three articles collectively were evaluated as marginal (0.67 out of 2.0). Conclusions: Managers of...
An automated algorithm for combining multivoxel MRS data acquired with phased‐array coils

Purpose To develop a fully automated algorithm for combining multivoxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data acquired with a phased-array coil. Materials and Methods The frequency-domain fitting method of LCModel (Provencher SW, Magn Reson Med 1993;30:672–679) was utilized to analyze the individual data sets. The phase corrections and the metabolite areas were then extracted from the LCModel output files for each individual spectrum. These areas were used to determine the dominant metabolite for each spatial location and to combine the individual spectra in a weighted manner. Results The combination of MRS data acquired from a phantom and the brains of normal volunteers with a four array coil yielded improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in all voxels. The average improvement in SNR of the combined spectrum, as compared with the best of the individual spectra at each spatial location, was 1.4. In the phantom, the predicted SNR improvement of two-fold was achieved at the center of the sample. In the brain, the maximum improvement was 1.8, due to sampling of the ventricles in the center of the sample. Conclusion The method described in this report provides a means for employing phased-array coils in MRS with the same advantages as those found in MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:317–322. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.