cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Paths Toward a Social Actor Concept

Over the course of analyzing data from a series of socio-technic al ICT studies, we have developed a multi-dimensio nal concept of a social actor to guide qualitative data collection and analysis. Three information and communication technology (ICT) studies have been used to develop and refine the concept: a mid-1990's study of online information services use, a 4year study of intranet development and use, and a 5-year study of ICT use in collaborative networking among scientists in academia and industry. The social actor concept has been theoretically supported by institutionalist approaches. However, in our continuing effort to formalize it, we have found that alternative, and equally convincing, supporting theoretical explanations can be put forward using actor-network theory (ANT), as well as structuration theory. In this paper, we explain the social actor using ANT concepts and structuration theory concepts, and then contrast these with institutionalist concepts, emphasizing where ANT and structuration theory provide added value and suggest directions for further research and conceptual refinement.
Knowledge and Skills for Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments Supervising the Work of Paraeducators

Teachers of students with visual impairments and paraeducators who work with students with visual impairments were surveyed to determine if previous research related to the competencies needed by t...
Discovering consensus patterns in biological databases

Consensus patterns, like motifs and tandem repeats, are highly conserved patterns with very few substitutions where no gaps are allowed. In this paper, we present a progressive hierarchical clustering technique for discovering consensus patterns in biological databases over a certain length range. This technique can discover consensus patterns with various requirements by applying a post-processing phase. The progressive nature of the hierarchical clustering algorithm makes it scalable and efficient. Experiments to discover motifs and tandem repeats on real biological databases show significant performance gain over non-progressive clustering techniques.
Hybrid Charmonium Production in NRQCD

Using the operator product expansion and nonrelativistic QCD we study the production of charmonium hybrids in B decays. We express the decay rate in terms of a few matrix elements which eventually will be fixed by experimental measurements or calculated on the lattice. While the Fock state expansion is problematic for hybrids, the operator product expansion still provides a model independent framework for phenomenological calculations of hybrid production and decay. We then use a simple flux tube model to estimate the branching ratio B -> psi_g+X, where psi_g is a J^{PC}=0^{+-} hybrid, the large production of which could help resolve the low charm multiplicity observed in B decays.
Complex adult laryngotracheal reconstruction with a prefabricated flap: a case series.

Background Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) can cause persistent or recurrent airway obstruction. Although there is extensive literature on surgical techniques to treat LTS at onset, there are few techniques described for complex adult LTS after failed prior airway surgery. We describe a procedure used successfully in 3 patients who required structural augmentation for complex LTS. Methods Patients were treated with staged reconstruction using a prefabricated composite graft consisting of auricular cartilage and a radial forearm free flap. Results All patients underwent successful reconstruction with good wound healing and are tolerating oral diets. Two patients have been successfully decannulated. Conclusion A delayed prefabricated graft using auricular cartilage in a radial forearm free flap is a viable surgical intervention in patients with complex adult LTS who are not candidates for conventional approaches. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: E376–E380, 2013
Subject Access to Information: An Interdisciplinary Approach: Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, 2015, 165 pp., ISBN: 978-1-61060-577-0 (e-book), ISBN: 978-1-6109-578-7, $60.00 (print)

In this useful and insightful primer, Golub and her eight co-authors (who are not listed on the cover or title page) examine the issue of subject access to information from the perspectives of the ...
Comment on thermodynamics of binary phase diagrams with a miscibility gap and a

The Gibbs energy of mixing and the excess Gibbs energy of mixing in the binary systems treated in an earlier study are calculated. In these types of systems, these functions cannot be described by an equation extending between the two end components and also represent the partial quantities correctly.
Extending MPI to accelerators

Current trends in computing and system architecture point towards a need for accelerators such as GPUs to have inherent communication capabilities. We review previous and current software libraries that provide pseudo-communication abilities through direct message passing. We show how these libraries are beneficial to the HPC community, but are not forward-thinking enough. We give motivation as to why MPI should be extended to support these accelerators, and provide a road map of achievable milestones to complete such an extension, some of which require advances in hardware and device drivers.
Countershock strength-duration relationship for myocardial refractory period extension.

Objectives: To determine the strength-duration relationship for refractory period extension (RPE) in order to understand better the influence of shock waveform on RPE. Methods: In six open-chest pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, the RPE was measured by rectangular transcardiac shocks that produced 2– to 32-V/cm local voltage gradients at the measurement site. At each intensity, measurements were made for shocks with 2– to 32-msec durations delivered 30 msec before the end of the tissue refractory period. Results: These shocks produced up to 40% RPE. The RPE varied strongly with shock intensity and duration, with more RPE for stronger or longer shocks. At 32 V/cm, early portions of the shock waveform contributed most to RPE. At 8 and 16 V/cm, later portions made relatively larger contributions that were still smaller than those of the early portions. At 4 V/cm, the contributions to total RPE were spread over the entire waveform. At 2 V/cm, shocks failed to produce significant RPE. Conclusions: For rectangular shock waveforms, the relationship between RPE and duration is approximately linear at low intensity, but at higher intensity greater RPE is produced by earlier, rather than later, portions of the waveform. This may be because RPE by early portions of the waveform changes the effective timing in the refractory period for later portions of the same waveform. These results' provide new insight into the possible role of waveform on defibrillation efficacy.
Upregulation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4E is an early event during colon carcinogenesis.

A general increase in protein synthesis and a specific increase in the synthesis of growth-promoting proteins are necessary for mitogenesis. Regulation of protein synthesis, as well as preferential translation of some mRNAs coding for growth promoting proteins (e.g. cyclin D1), involves the essential protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4E. This factor is induced by various oncoproteins, and, when overexpressed, it can transform cultured cells. In this report we explore the roles of eIF-4E in human neoplastic disorders of the colon and in the regulation of general and specific protein synthesis. We find that eIF-4E is increased in colon adenomas and carcinomas, and this increase is accompanied in most but not all cases by elevation of cyclin D1 levels. While general protein synthesis is increased by eIF-4E overexpression in cultured cells, only a small proportion of proteins is preferentially upregulated by eIF-4E, as revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These results are consistent with the view that eIF-4E plays a role in carcinogenesis by increasing general protein synthesis and by preferentially upregulating a subset of putative growth promoting proteins. Our results, taken together with the recent findings that c-myc transcription is negatively regulated by APC and our earlier data on transcriptional activation of eIF-4E expression by c-Myc suggest that eIF-4E is a downstream target of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf-4 pathway, and is strongly involved in colon tumorigenesis.
Use of Electrical Resistance Probes for Studying Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

An experimental system was developed to study microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of metals under an anaerobic environment. The computer-interfaced process facilitates near-real-time corrosion monitoring of many samples run in parallel. To validate the experimental approach, electrical resistance probes were monitored over time and the data were used to estimate the rate of corrosion and determine if the corrosion was uniform over the probe surface. Corrosion rate estimates, determined from polarization measurements, were compared to those calculated from resistance increases under several experimental conditions. Time-to-failure for wire samples was also used to evaluate the nature of the corrosion. The relationship between resistance increase and time to failure was used as a possible indicator of localized corrosion.
Why Can't We All Just Get Along? Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War:

We review and discuss the evolutionary psychological literature on violence, homicide, and war in humans and nonhumans, and in doing so argue that an evolutionary perspective can substantially enhance our understanding of these behaviors. We provide a brief primer on evolutionary psychology, describing the basic tenets of the field. The theories of sexual selection and parental investment are explained and subsequently used to highlight the evolutionary logic underlying the use of violence by humans and other animals. Our examination of violent behavior begins with a focus on nonhuman animals, reviewing the different contexts in which violence occurs and discussing how an evolutionary perspective can explain why it occurs in these contexts. We then examine violence in humans and illustrate the similarities and differences between human and nonhuman violence. Finally, we summarize what an evolutionary perspective can offer in terms of understanding violence, homicide, and war, and discuss directions for future research.
An interactive computer kiosk module for the treatment of recurrent uncomplicated cystitis in women.

OBJECTIVE: To validate and implement a computer module for the management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI). PARTICIPANTS: Women age 18 to 64 years, with a previous UTI, voiding symptoms, and absence of complicating features (comorbidities, vaginal discharge, back pain, emesis, and fever/chills). MEASUREMENTS: The computer module was validated against clinician diagnosis and urine culture. Following validation, the module was implemented in the urgent care clinic as a management option for women with suspected UTI; computer-directed therapy (CDT)-eligible women received antibiotic treatment without a clinician examination. Patient satisfaction with the module and return visits for UTI-related complaints were assessed. RESULTS: In the validation study, 18 of 68 women (26%) were CDT-eligible. Clinicians diagnosed 17/18 CDT-eligible women with uncomplicated UTI. Sixty-seven percent of CDT-eligible women had a positive urine culture. Since implementation, 162 women have accessed the module, and 35% have received CDT. Ninety-eight percent (95% confidence interval: 95% to 100%) found the program easy to use and 95% (89% to 100%) would recommend it to friends/family. Two (4%) CDT-treated women had a return visit to our institution for a UTI-related illness within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: A computer module accurately identifies women with culture-confirmed, uncomplicated UTIs. Patients are highly satisfied with the module.
Variable grid decomposition for ill-posed interferometric tomography: Comparison of algorithms

Abstract An algorithm, termed the variable grid method (VGM), has been developed to provide enhanced reconstruction by interferometric tomography under the ill-posed problems of restricted angular scanning and incomplete projection that frequently arise in flow measurements. The algorithm is based on variable grid decomposition of a field. The performances of the two versions of the VGM are compared to investigate the effects of the redundancy criteria in generating variable grid elements. Performance comparison is also made with a conventional fixed grid method. The testing is conducted through computer simulation of experiments and reconstruction with a known three-dimensional field that has been produced by computational fluid dynamics. The reconstruction through computer simulation demonstrates the superiority of the two VGMs to the conventional method. Both the maximum and average reconstruction errors are reduced appreciably. The VGM version with stricter parameter contro performs best. The technique can reflect spatial information contained in measured data. Thus, improvement is noticeable in the regions with dense scanning of probing rays. These regions are usually of interest in engineering applications.
Augmentation of renal blood flow and sodium excretion in hypertensive patients during blood pressure reduction by intravenous administration of the dopamine1 agonist fenoldopam.

Activation of dopamine1 (DA1) receptors relaxes vascular smooth muscle, especially in the renal vascular bed. Fenoldopam, the first selective DA1-receptor agonist that can be administered to man, was infused intravenously in 17 patients with essential hypertension (mean blood pressure 152/101 mm Hg). It reduced blood pressure in a dose-dependent fashion at doses between 0.025 and 0.5 microgram/kg/min and the antihypertensive effect was sustained during 2 hr infusions. In 10 patients studied during free-water diuresis, fenoldopam increased renal plasma flow by 42%, glomerular filtration rate by 6%, and sodium excretion by 202%, while lowering mean arterial pressure by 12% (all p less than .05). Similar promotion of sodium excretion was observed during blood pressure reduction in six additional patients studied without water loading. Pronounced enhancement of renal function in spite of blood pressure reduction suggests that fenoldopam might have a special role in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal impairment.
In vivo functions of Drp1: lessons learned from yeast genetics and mouse knockouts.

Abstract Mitochondria grow, divide, and fuse in cells. Mitochondrial division is critical for the maintenance of the structure and function of mitochondria. Alterations in this process have been linked to many human diseases, including peripheral neuropathies and aging-related neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss recent progress inmitochondrial division by focusing on molecular and invivo analyses of the evolutionarily conserved, centralcomponent of mitochondrial division, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), in the yeast and mouse model organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Misfolded Proteins, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Block modeling of crustal deformation of the northern Walker Lane and Basin and Range from GPS velocities

[1] We infer rates of crustal deformation in the northern Walker Lane (NWL) and western Basin and Range using data from the Mobile Array of GPS for Nevada transtension, and other continuous GPS networks including the EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory. We present 224 new GPS velocities, correct them for the effects of viscoelastic postseismic relaxation, and use them to constrain a block model to estimate fault slip rates. The data segregate the NWL into domains based on differences in deformation rate, pattern, and style. Deformation is transtensional, with highest rates near the western and eastern edges of the NWL. Some basins, e.g., Tahoe, experience shear deformation and extension. Normal slip is distributed throughout the NWL and Basin and Range, where 11 subparallel range-bounding normal fault systems have an average horizontal extension rate of 0.1 mm/yr. Comparison between geologic and geodetic slip rates indicates that out of 12 published geologic rates, 10 agree with geodetic rates to within uncertainties. This suggests that smaller crustal blocks move steadily, similar to larger lithospheric plates, and that geodetic measurements of slip rates are reliable in zones of complex crustal deformation. For the two slip rates that disagree, geologic rates are greater. The vertical axis rotation rate of the Carson domain is −1.3 ± 0.1°/My clockwise, lower than the 3° to 6°/My obtained in paleomagnetic measurements. This suggests that vertical axis rotation rates may have decreased over the last 9–13 My as the role of faulting has increased at the expense of rigid rotations.
A flexible direct file approach to information retrieval-test edit, search or select and print on an IBM 1401

Much has been published on the theories of information retrieval and various means of handling and expediting the ever-growing accumulations of information which are swamping our civilization. Not much has been said, however, about any attempt to make use of a small to medium scale computer as a tool. This is an eighteen months' progress report of such an attempt undertaken at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory by a team consisting of computer people and librarians. Dr. Robert P. Rich, head of the University Computing Center, and the speaker represented the computer viewpoint. Mr. Fenton L. Kennedy, head of the APL Document Library, and Mrs. Mary E. Brown are the librarians on the team. Mr. Robert A. Lambert, formerly of the APL Document Library, took part in the early stage of development.
Iron binding to, and release from, the basolateral membrane of mouse duodenal enterocytes.

The basolateral membrane of mouse duodenal enterocytes can be selectively labelled in vitro with 59Fe by incubating intact enterocytes with 59Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetate at 0-4 degrees C. It has been proposed that this labelling represents binding to a site important in the transfer of intracellular Fe to the portal plasma (Snape, S., Simpson, R.J. and Peters, T.J. (1990) Cell Biochem. Funct. 8, 107-115). Studies presented here show binding to intact enterocytes in vitro was complete within 1 h and was proportional to enterocyte protein concentration. Binding to enterocytes isolated from both normal and chronically hypoxic mice showed a hyperbolic dependence on medium Fe(III) concentration, consistent with a single class of binding sites. Neither apparent binding constant nor maximal binding were increased by hypoxic exposure of mice, suggesting that the increased in vivo labelling of this site in hypoxia is not due to an increase in affinity or capacity of this site for iron. Release of iron from intact enterocytes, labelled at 0-4 degrees C, was measured at 37 degrees C and 0-4 degrees C. Release of 59Fe was extensive and more rapid at 37 degrees C with highest release to mouse serum. Iron released to serum was found to be bound to transferrin. Prior dialysis of serum against buffer led to complete failure of enterocytes to release iron. Reconstituting serum by adding back the dialysate restores release to levels seen in fresh serum, suggesting that low molecular weight serum components, notably bicarbonate, mediate iron transfer from the basolateral membrane to serum transferrin. The properties of the basolateral membrane iron binding site described here are consistent with a role in the iron transfer process.
Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome: insights into the regulatory role of glutamate dehydrogenase in ammonia metabolism

The second most common form of congenital hyperinsulinism, the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome (HI/HA), is associated with dominantly expressed missense mutations of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). GDH catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate plus ammonia, using NAD or NADP as co-factor. HI/HA mutations impair GDH sensitivity to its allosteric inhibitor, GTP, resulting in a gain of enzyme function and increased sensitivity to its allosteric activator, leucine. The phenotype is dominated by hypoglycemia with post-prandial hypoglycemia following protein meals, as well as fasting hypoglycemia. Plasma ammonia levels are increased 3-5 times normal due to expression of mutant GDH in liver, probably reflecting increased ammonia release from glutamate as well as impaired synthesis of NAG, due to reduction of hepatic glutamate pools. Ammonia levels are unaffected by feeding or fasting and appear to cause no symptoms, perhaps due to a protective effect of increased GDH activity in brain. The clinical consequences of the HI/HA mutations imply that GDH plays a central role in overall control of amino acid catabolism and ammonia metabolism integrating responses to changes in intracellular energy potential and amino acid levels.
Dark matter comes in from the cold

The year started with a bang for astronomers and cosmologists gathered at Phoenix, Arizona, last week, with the report of observations indicating that the Universe is made largely of exotic dark material.
Gray Tone Image Quality Evaluation Criterion Based On Fuzzy Measures

A practical application of fuzzy set theory in image processing is introduced. The fuzzy measures of gray-tone band images provide theoretical justification for often quoted experimental data. Also significant for image interpretation when processing artifacts have been minimized. A new two dimensional monochrome image quality evaluation criterion is presented based on fuzzy measures.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The American Christian Palestine Committee, the Holocaust, and Mainstream Protestant Zionism, 1938–1948

Scholarship has long assumed that American Christian support for Zionism during the Holocaust was limited and that Christians were generally indifferent to the Jewish plight. A new look, however, suggests that the Holocaust catalyzed mainstream American Protestant support for establishing a Jewish state. Archival sources permit the author of this study to trace the emergence of the politically influential American Christian Palestine Committee and its efforts on behalf of the Zionist cause. Despite hostility within some circles, widespread knowledge of the Holocaust and the activities of the ACPC persuaded many Protestant leaders to support the establishment of Israel, fundamentally changing Protestant-Jewish relations after 1948.
The sphere packing problem

Abstract The sphere packing problem asks whether any packing of spheres of equal radius in three dimensions has density exceeding that of the face-centered-cubic lattice packing (of density φ 18 ). This paper sketches a solution to this problem.
529 ARE WE PRODUCING MORE LONG TERM PATIENTS IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE

There is concern that neonatal intensive care practice has resulted in an increased census of chronically ill infants. These infants may limit available acute tertiary care beds and cause staffing problems. We used our computer database to analyze epidemiologic characteristics of ICN admissions from 1976 through 1983. With well-established regionalized perinatal care, admission characteristics have remained relatively constant: 344 ± 45(S.D.)admissions/year, 54.2 ± 6.3% infant referrals, 31.8 ± 3.2% maternal-fetal referrals. There was no trend in the yearly distribution of admissions by birth weight or gestational age. There was no trend to increasing average length of stay (LOS) by year (14.7 days, range 13.4-17.1). Mortality and discharges to community hospitals have varied only slightly (10.7 ± 2.4%, 37.7 ± 3.2% respectively). Discharges directly home decreased from 44.6% to 22.8% while discharges to the pediatric ward increased 3.6% to 11.3% (1976 vs. 1983). Infants with LOS>28 days or to> 38 weeks corrected gestational age accounted for 6.1 ± 1.7% of admissions and 33 ± 9.8% of hospital days. Infants with LOS>12 weeks accounted for 2.3 ± 1.1% and 19.4 ± 10.1% of admissions and hospital days, respectively. While the percentages of hospital days represented by long term infants in 1983 were at the upper end of the ′76-′83 range, there was no trend even if pediatric ward LOS was included. We cannot show an increase in long term babies.
Indicators of oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse whole lung and Clara cells following exposure to styrene and its metabolites

In mice, styrene is hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, and causes lung tumors. One explanation for the mechanism of toxicity is oxidative stress/damage. Previous studies have shown decreased glutathione levels, linked to increased apoptosis, in lung homogenates and isolated Clara cells 3 h following styrene or styrene oxide (SO) administration or in vitro exposure. The objective of the current studies was to determine what effects styrene and its active metabolites, primarily styrene oxide, had on indicators of oxidative stress and attendant apoptosis in order to understand better the mechanism of styrene-induced toxicity. Three hours following in vitro exposure of Clara cells to styrene or SO there were increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Following administration of styrene or styrene oxide ip, increases in ROS, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation were observed. Since increases in ROS have been linked to increases in apoptosis ratios of bax/bcl-2, mRNA and protein expression were determined 3-240 h following the administration of styrene and R-styrene oxide (RSO). The bax/bcl-2 mRNA ratio increased 12 and 24 h following R-SO and 120 h following styrene administration. However, the bax/bcl-2 protein ratio was not increased until 240 h following R-SO, and 24 and 240 h following styrene administration. However, only a slight increase in caspase 3 was observed. These results indicated that oxidative stress occurred 3h following styrene or styrene oxide as evidenced by increased ROS and SOD. This increased ROS may be responsible for the increased 8-OHdG formation. Our findings of limited apoptosis in Clara cells following acute exposure to styrene or SO are in agreement with others and may reflect the minimal extent to which apoptosis plays a role in acute styrene toxicity. It is clear, however, that oxidative stress and oxidative effects on DNA are increased following exposure to styrene or styrene oxide, and these may play a role in the lung tumorigenesis in mice.
Sloshing-induced moment driven by gravity gradient associated with spacecraft slew motion

The mathematical formulation of spacecraft sloshing for a partially liquid-filled cryogenic helium II in a Dewar container driven by the gravity-gradient acceleration associated with slew motion is studied. The Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility—Spectroscopy spacecraft is chosen as an example in this study. Explicit mathematical expressions that manage orbital gravity-gradient acceleration associated with slew motion acting on the spacecraft fluid systems are derived. The numerical computation of sloshing reaction forces and moment fluctuations exerted on the Dewar container are investigated. This study discloses the liquid-vapor interface fluctuations modulated by sloshing dynamics the slosh reaction forces, and the moment fluctuations exerted on the spacecraft system. The relationship with the major driving force of gravity-gradient acceleration associated with slew motion on the fluid system in microgravity environment is also presented.
Glucocorticoid receptor-steroid complex binding to DNA. Competition between DNA and DNA-cellulose.

Abstract The binding of the glucocorticoid receptor-steroid complex from a line of rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells to DNA has been examined. An equilibrium competition assay involving a constant, low total amount of double-stranded DNA was developed to compare the complex binding ability of DNA free in solution and bound to cellulose. This binding ability is lowered by a factor of five when DNA is associated with cellulose. Similar studies with HTC cell, calf thymus, and Escherichia coli DNA revealed no difference in the relative number or affinity of binding sites for receptor-steroid complex in each DNA. The synthetic DNA molecules poly[d(A-T) · d(A-T)] and poly[d(G-C) · d(G-C)] bound complexes equally well but less than the three “natural” DNA molecules. This appears to be due to differences in acceptor site affinity and suggests that nucleotide complexity and/or sequence influences the affinity of HTC cell receptor-glucocorticoid complexes for DNA.
A Leader’s Journey The Challenges of Implementing Standards-Based Student Grouping

This qualitative study examined the actions of district and school leaders in changing from a traditional age-based grade-level structure to a standards-based student grouping model in a Western sc...
ACE Inhibitors Versus ARBs Versus DRIs: A Systematic Update

The Authors Reply—Dr. Kohlwes correctly points out that, in the treatment of hypertension, chlorthalidone is the thiazide diuretic for which we have the best evidence. Many clinicians have made a conceptual leap by assuming that hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) confers similar reductions in stroke, myocardial infarction, and total cardiovascular events. While intuitively plausible, this is not supported by the literature. No trials have directly compared the cardiovascular risk reduction of the two diuretics head-to-head. However, in a recent meta-analysis of nine randomized trials that included a diuretic as one arm, fewer cardiovascular events occurred among patients receiving chlorthalidone than among those who received HCTZ.1 In addition, in the MRFIT trial, fewer cardiovascular events occurred for patients taking chlorthalidone than for those taking HCTZ2; however, the choice of diuretic was not randomly assigned. An important difference that may account for these observations is the longer half-life of chlorthalidone, which confers better reduction in nighttime blood pressure than HCTZ.3 These data provide another example of the observation that all drugs that lower blood pressure do not equally reduce cardiovascular risk.4 Several practical barriers exist. Chlorthalidone is approximately twice as potent as HCTZ. Therefore, the starting dose should be 12.5 mg daily; however, only 25 mg and 50 mg tabs are available. Patients must split the pills. Not all retail pharmacies routinely stock chlorthalidone. Combination antihypertensive medications simplify treatment regimens and improve adherence. However, at present, the only combination antihypertensive medications that include chlorthalidone are those with a beta blocker, clonidine, or an angiotensin receptor blocker. None of these are optimal first-line dual therapies for the treatment of hypertension.4 No combination medications exist that include ACE inhibitors or calcium channel blockers. In addition, chlorthalidone probably causes more hypokalemia than HCTZ; it is particularly important to measure serum electrolytes 2–3 weeks after starting the drug. Once clinicians begin to prescribe chlorthalidone more often, we should expect the pharmaceutical industry to respond with lower dose tablets and more combination pills to improve adherence. For new starts, clinicians should prescribe chlorthalidone when a diuretic is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. For patients who have been stable on HCTZ, we should discuss the more robust evidence supporting chlorthalidone with our patients, and consider changing HCTZ to chlorthalidone.
Update on Dopamine Receptors

AbstractThis paper reviews recent developments in dopamine receptor biology, with an emphasis on our recent understanding of the anatomical locations of where various genes for the dopamine receptors are expressed. At least five genes encoding dopamine receptors have been discovered. These five receptors have distinct pharmacological profiles as well as unique neuroanatomical distributions. While D1 and D2 receptors are widely expressed in many neural systems, the novel D3 and D4 receptors appear to be concentrated within parts of the limbic system, and the D5 receptor has a limited and unusual distribution. The distinct distributions of each of the dopamine receptors in brain facilitates a new understanding of potential neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, permits an understanding of observed actions and side effects of psychotropic agents, and provides clues for the rational development of new drugs with effects in the dopaminergic system.
Chemical evolution of a pleistocene rhyolitic center: Sierra La Primavera, Jalisco, México

The late Pleistocene caldera complex of the Sierra La Primavera, Jalisco, Mexico, contains well-exposed lava flows and domes, ash-flow tuff, air-fall pumice, and caldera-lake sediments. All eruptive units are high-silica rhyolites, but systematic chemical differences correlate with age and eruptive mode. The caldera-producing unit, the 45-km3 Tala Tuff, is zoned from a mildly peralkaline first-erupted portion enriched in Na, Rb, Cs, Cl, F, Zn, Y, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Sb, HREE, Pb, Th, and U to a metaluminous last-erupted part enriched in K, LREE, Sc, and Ti; Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Eu are constant within analytical errors. The earliest post-caldera lava, the south-central dome, is nearly identical to the last-erupted portion of the Tala Tuff, whereas the slightly younger north-central dome is chemically transitional from the south-central dome to later, moremafic, ring domes. This sequence of ash-flow tuff and domes represents the tapping of progressively deeper levels of a zoned magma chamber 95,000 ± 5,000 years ago. Since that time, the lavas that erupted 75,000, 60,000, and 30,000 years ago have become decreasingly peralkaline and progressively enriched only in Si, Rb, Cs, and possibly U. They represent successive eruption of the uppermost magma in the post-95,000-year magma chamber. Eruptive units of La Primavera are either aphyric or contain up to 15% phenocrysts of sodic sanidine ≧quartz >ferrohedenbergite >fayalite>ilmenite±titanomagnetite. Whereas major-element compositions of sanidine, clinopyroxene, and fayalite phenocrysts changed only slightly between eruptive groups, concentrations of many trace elements changed by factors of 5 to 10, resulting in crystal/glass partition coefficients that differ by factors of up to 20 between successively erupted units. The extreme variations in partitioning behavior are attributed to small changes in bulk composition of the melt because major-element compositions of the phenocrysts and temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity of the magma all remained essentially constant. Crystal settling and incremental partial melting by themselves appear incapable of producing either the chemical gradients within the Tala Tuff magma chamber or the trends with time in the post-caldera lavas. Transport of trace metals as volatile complexes within the thermal and gravitational gradient in volatilerich but water-undersaturated magma is considered the dominant process responsible for compositional zonation in the Tala Tuff. The evolution of the post-caldera lavas with time is thought to involve the diffusive emigration of trace elements from a relatively dry magma as a decreasing proportion of network modifiers and/or a decreasing concentration of complexing ligands progressively reduced trace-metal-site availability in the silicate melt.
α7 integrin expressing human fetal myogenic progenitors have stem cell-like properties and are capable of osteogenic differentiation

Abstract During muscle development, precursor cells fuse to form myofibers. Following injury in adult muscle, quiescent satellite cells become activated to regenerate muscle in a fashion similar to fetal development. Recent studies indicate that murine skeletal myoblasts can differentiate along multiple cell lineages including the osteoblastic pathway. However, little is known about the multipotency of human myogenic cells. Here, we isolate myogenic precursor cells from human fetal and adult muscle by sorting for the laminin-binding α7 integrin and demonstrate their differentiation potential and alteration in adhesive behavior. The α7-positive human fetal progenitors were efficient at forming myotubes and a majority expressed known muscle markers including M-cadherin and c-Met, but were heterogeneous for desmin and MyoD expression. To test their pluripotent differentiation potential, enriched populations of α7-positive fetal cells were subjected to inductive protocols. Although the myoblasts appeared committed to a muscle lineage, they could be converted to differentiate along the osteoblastic pathway in the presence of BMP-2. Interestingly, osteogenic cells showed altered adhesion and migratory activity that reflected growth factor-induced changes in integrin expression. These results indicate that α7-expressing fetal myoblasts are capable of differentiation to osteoblast lineage with a coordinated switch in integrin profiles and may represent a mechanism that promotes homing and recruitment of myogenic stem cells for tissue repair and remodeling.
Effects of Advance Organizer Lessons on Children’s Use and Understanding of the Causal and Logical ‘Because’

This investigation tested Ausubel’s subsumption theory of learning in the context of children’s use of causal and logical connectives. It was predicted that the acquisition of prior cognitive structure organizers would (a) facilitate the learning and retention of subsequently presented concepts and logical operations, and (b) lead to a diminution of syncretic reasoning and understanding (as described by Piaget). Advance organizer lessons, representing both subject-matter concepts and concepts of hierarchical classification, were presented to six-and ten-year-old experimental group subjects in two sequentially related experiments on the use of the causal and logical ‘because.’ These were contrasted with introductory lessons, which presented learning materials at the same level of generality as subsequent information to control group children. A twice repeated pretest-posttest assessment indicated both an acceleration and facilitation effect from the advance organizer lessons. Also, sequential transfer occu...
Changes in acid soluble nucleotide components of candida utilis during the cell cycle

Acid soluble extracts obtained at 30 min intervals from cells of C. utilis growing in synchrony in a phased culture (cycle time 51/2 hr) were fractionated on a Dowex-1-formate column. The series of fractionation profiles showed changes in number and amounts of components over the cell cycle. Transient accumulations of numerous components over the complex pool were observed. The significance of the changes are discussed in relation to practical applications and cell metabolism.
Continuous flow left ventricular assist device related aortic root thrombosis complicated by left main coronary artery occlusion.

From the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Thrombosis and thromboembolism are an increasingly recognized source of early postoperative morbidity following institution of mechanical circulatory support. We report an unusual case of aortic root thrombus occluding the left main coronary artery four days after implantation of an axial continuous flow HeartMate II (Thoratec, Pleasonton, CA USA) left ventricular assist device (LVAD). A 48-year old man with refractory, inotrope-dependent heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy underwent elective LVAD implantation as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Aspirin 325mg was initiated within 24 hours of surgery and unfractionated intravenous heparin (target partial thromboplastin time 60-80 seconds) was started within 36 hours. Lactate dehydrogenase was measured at 502 U/L. On the fourth postoperative day, an echocardiogram was performed for LVAD speed and flow optimization. The pump speed was decreased from 9600 RPM to 8600 RPM until intermittent aortic valve opening was achieved; immediately after the pump speed was reduced, the patient had abrupt onset of nausea, dyspnea and left shoulder discomfort. An electrocardiogram revealed 4mm ST-segment elevations in leads V2-V6 consistent with anterior myocardial injury. The patient underwent emergent coronary angiography, which revealed thrombotic obstruction of the terminal portion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, but no proximal disease. Root aortography revealed a thrombus in the left coronary cusp obstructing the left main coronary artery ostium (Figure 1). Transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the presence of a thrombus in the left coronary cusp with dense spontaneous echo contrast noted throughout the aortic root (Figure 2). A guide catheter was left engaged in the left main coronary artery to protect against recurrent Figure 1 Contrast injection in the aortic root revealing thrombus in the left coronary cusp partially obstructing the left main coronary artery.
Evaluation of Different Methods for Measuring Lateral Tibial Slope Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:Since lateral tibial slope (LTS) affects the amount of anterior tibial translation and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strain during a dynamic maneuver, accurate measurements of LTS may be beneficial in screening people at a higher risk for ACL injury. Methods for measuring LTS on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the proximal tibia include the midpoint and circle methods. No current studies have validated different LTS measurement methods using a proximal tibia MRI scan.Hypothesis:We tested the null hypotheses that (1) LTS measurements were independent of the length of tibia imaged using the midpoint method, and (2) LTS measurements calculated from different methods (midpoint, circle, and full tibia) would not differ significantly.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Blinded observers measured LTS from 3-tesla, 3-dimensional MRIs from 40 size-matched donors according to 1 circle method and 3 midpoint methods. Outcomes were then compared with the full-tibial anatomic axis (...
On the nature of the Hagedorn temperature

Abstract We explore strings at temperatures in the vicinity of the Hagedorn temperature within the context of canonical as well as microcanonical ensemples. We consider several alternative scenarios for what could be happening above TH. However we argue that available evidence favours a first order phase transition before TH when interactions are included.
Left thoracotomy for distal tracheal repair

When consulted emergently by another surgeon in the operating room, we accomplished repair of a major laceration of the posterior wall of the distal trachea with associated avulsion of the left upper-lobe bronchus via the existing left thoracotomy exposure in a 7-year-old girl. Mobilization of the descending aorta anteriorly provided adequate exposure of the tracheal injury.
Civil Rights Continued: How History Positions Young People to Contemplate Sexuality (In)Justice

Same-sex marriage is part of a global civil rights struggle for LGBQ rights. How this movement is framed, advanced, and critiqued across the globe can be linked to how young people in schools are prepared to deliberate social issues in the political sphere. This article examines national history books as cultural artifacts that present what is possible and reasonable in the struggle for LGBQ rights. It examines how LGBQ rights are defined, situated, and understood within past social justice movements included in the texts. Insight into the narrative for rights in the U.S. is provided through comparison to Canada where LGBQ persons have great political protection and visibility. The comparison illuminates that integrating historical thinking and inquiry into textbooks and placing the struggle for rights within the national narrative may help U.S. teachers give reason and a social justice focus to sexuality inequity.
Clinical globalization: A case study of privately-sponsored HIV research in Mexico

With the increasing commercialization of clinical research and growing competition for research subjects, multinational pharmaceutical corporations are conducting more clinical research outside of primary market areas in the Global North. I refer to this increasingly international scope of privately-sponsored clinical research as ‘clinical globalization’, a term intended to encompass how politics, industry, groups, and individuals interact across national borders in producing knowledge and commodities related to health and disease. This paper explores the political economy driving research globalization, discusses the expansion of ethical and regulatory capacity that has accompanied international research, and uses a case study of privately-sponsored HIV/AIDS clinical research at a public hospital in Mexico City to examine some of the challenges faced by current ethical infrastructure.
Studying nonlinear surface behavior with the deep channel surface viscometer

Abstract Both the straight- and circular-channel surface viscometers have been reanalyzed for a class of interfacial behaviors that describes the surface stress as a function of the surface rate of deformation. The bulk liquid is assumed to be Newtonian. This analysis requires that the surface velocity distribution be measured. The feasibility of this measurement has already been demonstrated by Mannheimer and Schechter.
Two Types of Donkey Sentences

Mandarin Chinese exhibits two paradigms of conditionals with indefinite wh-words that have the semantics of donkey sentences, represented by ‘bare conditionals’ on the one hand and ruguo- and dou-conditionals on the other. The bare conditionals require multiple occurrences of wh-words, disallowing the use of overt or covert anaphoric elements in the consequent clause, whereas the ruguo- and dou-conditionals present a completely opposite pattern. We argue that the bare conditionals are cases of unselective binding par excellence (Heim 1982, Kamp 1981) while the ruguo- and dou-conditionals are most naturally accounted for with the traditional E-type pronoun strategy of Evans (1980). We thus argue partly for a return to the E-type strategy (along with Heim 1990) but maintain the need for unselective binding in UG (cf. Kratzer 1989, Chierchia 1992). It is further shown that these two paradigms do not differ with respect to the proportion problem and the distribution of symmetric and asymmetric readings of Kadmon (1987), though they differ with respect to ∀ and ∃ readings (discussed in Chierchia 1992) in a non-trivial way that provides further support for the proposed approach. Finally, evidence is given that the bare conditionals should be kept apart from correlative constructions in languages like Hindi, and treated differently from the latter.
Connections: Integrated Meanings of ATV Riding among Club Members in Maine

Off-highway vehicle (OHV) riding is one of the fastest growing recreation activities in the United States. Little research has examined the nature of recreational activity from the perspective of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riders. Understanding leisure and recreation activity involves exploring how people interpret experiences and how experiences are viewed as meaningful. Nineteen semi-structured interviews with members of ATV clubs in the state of Maine provided data for analysis. The three themes that emerged are connecting with nature, others, and self. This study demonstrates that ATV riders share meanings with other types of outdoor recreationists. Future research should expand into the social aspects of ATV riding and address meanings in the context of related constructs.