cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and numerical simulation of bioheat transfer and biomechanics in soft tissue

A mathematical model describing the thermomechanical interactions in biological bodies at high temperature is proposed by treating the soft tissue in biological bodies as a thermoporoelastic media. The heat transfer and elastic deformation in soft tissues are examined based on the Pennes bioheat transfer equation and the modified Duhamel-Neuman equations. The three-dimensional governing equations based on the proposed model is discretized using a 19-point finite-difference scheme. The resulting large sparse linear system is solved by a preconditioned Krylov subspace method. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model is valid under our test conditions and the proposed numerical techniques are efficient.
The development and application of methods for activity-based protein profiling

Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have begun to address the challenge of assigning molecular and cellular functions to the numerous protein products encoded by prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. In particular, chemical strategies for proteome analysis have emerged that enable profiling of protein activity on a global scale. Herein, we highlight these chemical proteomic methods and their application to the discovery and characterization of disease-related enzyme activities.
Coexistence of superconductivity and antiferromagnetic order in SmRh4B4

Abstract The ternary rare earth compound SmRh4B4 has been studied by means of upper critical field, low temperature specific heat, and static magnetic susceptibility measurements. A lambda-type specific heat anomaly, a discontinuity in the slope of the upper critical field versus temperature curve, and a cusp-like feature in the magnetic susceptibility suggest that superconductivity and long-range antiferromagnetic order coexist in SmRh4B4 below 0.87 K. Machida's theory for antiferromagnetic superconductors provides a good description of the upper critical field data, while the magnetic susceptibility data can be represented as the sum of a Curie-Weiss term with microeff = 0.632 microB and θp = −1.93 K and a temperature independent Van Vleck contribution.
Complete Global Myocardial Ischemia in Dogs

Complete global myocardial ischemia or zero coronary arterial flow in dogs results in a series of well-defined changes which begin when the myocardium converts from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. These processes continue until the myocardium dies. The products of anaerobic metabolism, chiefly glycolytic intermediates, inorganic phosphate, H+, and creatine, are produced intracellularly and accumulate in the tissue. Because the demand for high-energy phosphates (HEP) in the tissue exceeds the supply available from anaerobic glycolysis and HEP reserves, net ATP level declines, approaching zero after 100 min of ischemia at 37 degrees C. At this time, the changes in totally ischemic tissue in vitro are equivalent to those seen in myocytes irreversibly injured by severe ischemia in vivo. During reoxygenation after total ischemia, the resumption of effective contractile activity depends partly on the metabolic changes and degree of myocyte injury sustained during ischemia.
Improving the biocompatibility of in vivo sensors via nitric oxide release

The continuous, real-time monitoring of clinically important analytes (e.g., PO2, PCO2, pH, K+, Na+, glucose, and lactate) is of great importance to human health care. Despite considerable efforts spanning several decades, the use of in vivo sensors clinically remains limited due to inadequate biocompatibility. The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as an effective inhibitor of platelet and bacterial adhesion has opened a new direction of research related to designing the next generation of in vivo sensors. In this Highlight article, recent progress in designing more biocompatible in vivo sensors is described, with a particular focus on preparing interfaces that resist biofouling via controlled NO release.
Food deprivation and ethanol intake

Results from our laboratory show that food deprivation (reducing animals to 80% of free-feeding weight) markedly increases rats’ oral and intravenous intake of the potent opioid, etonitazene. Additionally, food deprivation greatly increases rhesus monkeys’ oral intake of phencyclidine and pentobarbital once these drugs have been established as reinforcers. These findings suggest that the enhanced ethanoi intake seen with food-deprived animals may not be due to ethanol’s calories, but may instead be a specific case of food deprivation induced increases in drug-reinforced behavior. In the present study this possibility was evaluated by determining the effects on ethanol and water intake of feeding monkeys 15 min prior to their daily 3-h session.
Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity of Transferrin-Conjugated Paclitaxel-Loaded Nanoparticles Is Mediated via Sustained Intracellular Drug Retention

We studied the molecular mechanism of greater efficacy of paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles (Tx-NPs) following conjugation to transferrin (Tf) ligand in breast cancer cell line. NPs were formulated using biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA), with encapsulated Tx and conjugated to Tf ligand via an epoxy linker. Tf-conjugated NPs demonstrated greater and sustained antiproliferative activity of the drug in dose- and time-dependent studies compared to that with drug in solution or unconjugated NPs in MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr cells. The mechanism of greater antiproliferative activity of the drug with conjugated NPs was determined to be due to their greater cellular uptake and reduced exocytosis compared to that of unconjugated NPs, thus leading to higher and sustained intracellular drug levels. The increase in antiproliferative activity of the drug with incubation time in MCF-7/Adr cells with Tf-conjugated NPs suggests that the drug resistance can be overcome by sustaining intracellular drug retention. The intracellular disposition characteristics of Tf-conjugated NPs following their cellular uptake via Tf receptors could have been different from that of unconjugated NPs via nonspecific endocytic pathway, thus influencing the NP uptake, their intracellular retention, and hence the therapeutic efficacy of the encapsulated drug.
SU‐E‐T‐43: Calculation of the Risks of Second Cancer and Cardiac Toxicities for a Pediatric Patient Treated with Photon and Proton Radiotherapies

Purpose: Although advanced radiationtreatment methods deliver highly conformal primary dose, they will expose patients to stray radiationdoses, which increases patients' risks of radiation‐induced late effects. Second cancer and cardiac toxicity, two chief late effects of concern, can be physically and psychologically devastating to patients that survive their first cancer. There are limited comparative studies about second cancer risk for patients following photon and proton craniospinal irradiation (CSI), and there is a lack of predicted risk of cardiac toxicities for those patients. The purpose of this work was to calculate the risks of second cancer and cardiac toxicities after receiving photon and proton CSI therapies, based on realistic patient data, accurate dose calculation and latest dose‐responsemodels. Methods: Treatment plans were created for both modalities for a pediatric patient with medulloblastoma. The risks of second cancer for radiosensitive organs and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) for the heart sub‐structures were calculated using existing models and dose volume histograms (DVH) from commercial treatment planning system (TPS). Primary doses were taken from TPS directly, and stray radiationdoses were obtained from measurements or Monte Carlo simulations. Sensitivity tests were carried out to test the sensitivity of the final results to the changes of dose‐risk relationship, NTCP model parameters and neutron radiation weighting factor. Results: The preliminary results showed that proton therapy generated much lower risks of second cancer and cardiac toxicities compared to conventional photon therapy, regardless of the changes of potential uncertainties in plausible ranges. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that proton therapy will confer lower risks of second cancer and cardiac toxicity compared to conventional photon therapy for children receiving CSI. Sensitivity tests strengthened our conclusion. This study is the prototype of an evidence‐based approach for selecting best treatment modality for pediatric patients.
Design, methods, and rationale in the Hypertension Prevention Trial

The Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT) was a randomized, controlled, multicenter (four clinics, four resource centers) trial designed to test the feasibility of achieving and sustaining dietary changes in the intake of calories, sodium, and potassium and to assess the effect of those changes on blood pressure in a normotensive population. The trial involved 841 men and women (plus a test cohort of 78) who, at the first baseline (BL) examination, were in the age range of 25-49 years and had diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 76 but less than 100 mm Hg (average of two readings), and at the examination prior to randomization (BL 2) had DBP greater than or equal to 78 but less than 90 mm Hg (also averaged). Participants were randomly assigned to a control treatment group (no dietary counseling) or to one of four dietary treatment groups involving counseling designed to reduce calorie intake, reduce sodium intake, reduce sodium and calorie intake, and reduce sodium and increase potassium intake. Dietary counseling was provided primarily in group settings and was aimed at changing participants' shopping, cooking, and eating habits related to a designated treatment assignment. The effect of dietary counseling was measured through changes in urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, changes in body weight, and changes in reported food intake based on 24-hour food records. Blood pressure changes during the 3-year course of followup were based on measurements taken at 6-month intervals from enrollment using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. This chapter provides a general description of the design and methods of the HPT and the underlying rationale for decisions affecting the design.
The irregularity spectrum in interstellar space

Published data on the interstellar scintillations of three pulsars are analyzed using a theory based on the Markov approximation for strong scintillations. The data are found to be consistent with either a Gaussian or Kolmogorov-like power-law irregularity spectrum for the interstellar material. For two of the pulsars, application of the Kolmogorov power law suggests the presence of regions of larger than normal electron density between us and the pulsar. The parameters of the deduced power-law spectrum are considered with independent measures of the large-scale structures of the gas and indicate the possibility of a broadly turbulent interstellar medium with a Kolmogorov-like spectrum.
Body Maps of Attention: Phenomenal Markers for Two Varieties of Mindfulness

Mindfulness suffers from a lack of a satisfying consensus definition. This definitional challenge may be simplified by recognizing that there are at least two types of mindfulness: neo-traditional mindfulness, exemplified by Kabat-Zinn’s mindfulness-based stress reduction, consists of a shifted state of consciousness inherently carrying qualities associated with mindfulness; cognitive–behavioral mindfulness, exemplified by acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy, is achieved more through a shift toward cognitive processes that reflect similar qualities. Other varieties of mindfulness exist within both Buddhist and cognitive–behavioral traditions, but these two may provide a starting point and a method for further articulation. The distinction between these two varieties of mindfulness is proposed based on analysis using somatic phenomenology, a state-specific approach to the study of body-located phenomenal markers of attention. In this context attention is described in terms of where it comes from, relative to the body, rather than in terms of where it is directed, and state of consciousness is defined as a change in how attention is located within the body. In cognitive–behavioral mindfulness, attention is seated in the head and is directed outward from that location; in neo-traditional mindfulness, attention is seated in the belly and is directed outward from there. These two types of mindfulness represent similar qualities taking place in two different states of consciousness, reflected by these two discrepant attentional postures.
Quantum Yield of the Ferrioxalate Actinometer

The quantum yield of the potassium ferrioxalate actinometer at 365/6 mμ has been measured to be 1.26±0.03 relative to a calibrated thermopile. Comparisons of thermopiles were carried out at the Eppley Laboratory and at the National Bureau of Standards to ensure the flatness of thermopile response. Irradiations were made over the range 1012 to 3×1014 total absorbed photons.
Membrane protein mediation of thromboxane A2-induced platelet aggregation.

Summary Washed human platelets pretreated with chymotrypsin to remove membrane proteins retain full ability to convert 14 C-arachidonic acid to thromboxanes. However, the platelets no longer aggregate when treated with arachidonic acid or calcium ionophore A23187. While thromboxane A 2 may function as a calcium ionophore to mobilize intraplatelet Ca 2+ and to activate platelets for aggregation, the present studies indicate that thromboxane A 2 induced platelet aggregation is a process mediated by membrane proteins.
DNA interaction, cytotoxicity, and radiosensitization with PtCl4(Nile Blue)2 and PtCl4(Neutral Red)2.

TEICHER, B. A., HERMAN, T. S., AND KAUFMANN, M. E. DNA Interaction, Cytotoxicity, and Radiosensitization with PtCl4(Nile Blue)2 and PtCl4(Neutral Red)2. Radiat. Res. 120, 129-139 (1989). Complexes of the positively charged, nuclear staining, quinone-imine dyes Nile Blue and Neutral Red with negatively charged tetrachloroplatinum (II) have been prepared in an effort to form neutral drugs which could gain ready access to the cellular nucleus and deliver significant quantities of the reactive tetrachloroplatinum anion to the vicinity of the DNA. Elemental analysis showed that both the Nile Blue and Neutral Red complexes with tetrachloroplatinum (II) comprised 2 mol of dye and 1 mol of tetrachloroplatinum, forming Pt(Nile Blue)2 and Pt(Neutral Red)2. Exposure ofsuperhelical pBR322 DNA to the complexes or the dyes for 24 h followed by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that Neutral Red and Pt(Neutral Red)2 had little effect on DNA conformation, but that both Nile Blue and Pt(Nile Blue)2 could produce single-strand DNA breaks in a dose-dependent fashion. Studies in exponentially growing asynchronous, hypoxic, and normally oxygenated EMT6 cells at normal pH (7.40) and pH 6.45 demonstrated that neither dye was highly toxic, but that both complexes were capable of producing significant cytotoxicity. Both complexes killed normally oxygenated cells more efficiently than hypoxic cells, but Pt(Neutral Red)2 was more cytotoxic at pH 6.45, while Pt(Nile Blue)2 killed significantly more cells at normal pH. Both complexes decreased the survival of hypoxic EMT6 cells as indicated by the slope of the radiation survival curve [dose modifying factor (DMF) 2.90 for Pt(Nile Blue)2 and 1.45 for Pt(Neutral Red)2]. Studies with the FSaIIC murine tumor showed that both complexes were active radiosensitizing agents in vivo [DMF 1.76 for Pt(Nile Blue)2 and 1.25 for Pt(Neutral Red)2]. These results indicate that these new platinum complexes have characteristics which may make them and similar complexes effective radiosensitizing agents in
CAPITALIZING ON CATASTROPHE :S HORT SELLING INSURANCE STOCKS AROUND HURRICANES KATRINA AND RITA

We develop several hypotheses regarding short-selling activity around HurricanesKatrinaandRita.Wefindthatabnormalshortsellingdoesnotincrease until 2 trading days after the landfall of Katrina and that short-selling activity is much more significant around Rita. We find a substantial increase in short-selling activity in the trading days prior to the landfall of Rita and relatively less short-selling activity in the trading days after landfall. There is little evidence that suggests that traders short insurance stocks with more potential exposure in the Gulf region than other insurance stocks in the days before landfall.
Protein synthesis is required for the denervation-triggered activation of acetylcholine receptor genes.

Abstract The effect of cycloheximide (CHX) on denervation-induced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) expression was investigated in chickens one day after nerve section, using probe excess solution hybridization to quantitate AChR α-subunit gene transcript levels and run-on analysis to measure subunit gene activity. The increase in α-subunit transcripts that normally follows denervation was prevented when drug treatment was commenced 2 h before or after denervation but was not blocked when CHX administration was begun 6 h after the operation. Drug-induced reduction of transcript levels results from decreased activity of genes coding for the α-, δ-, and γ-subunits; in contrast, the transcription rates of several non-receptor genes are not affected by CHX. The results suggest that the de novo synthesis of a transcriptional activator is required as a mediating event in the signalling pathway linking the plasma membrane and AChR gene expression.
Adaptive control of linear periodic systems

This paper deals with the adaptive control of linear systems with periodically time-varying parameters (referred to as LTP systems) in discrete-time. While a large literature exists on the adaptive control of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, practically very little is known regarding adaptation when the parameters vary periodically. This may be attributed to the fact that adaptive control can be attempted only after the properties of the corresponding deterministic systems (i.e systems with all parameter known) are well understood and design procedures are well established. In contrast to LTI systems, even though LTP systems have been studied for decades, their properties are not well understood and design procedures for stabilizing and controlling them are not straightforward. However, as discussed in this paper, there are compelling reasons for dealing with the adaptive control of such systems. In the following chapters, an attempt is made to answer several questions related to LTP systems, some of which are listed below: How much of adaptive control theory of LTI systems can be extended to the LTP case? What accounts for the difficulties encountered in such extensions? To what extent are the methods used in the two cases similar, and when are they different? Further, when they are different, what reasons can be attributed for the differences? Throughout the paper many comments are included to improve its readability.
Eye Contact Conditioning in Autistic Children Using Virtual Reality Technology

Children afflicted with developmental disabilities, namely autism, suffer from a natural aversion to dyadic (i.e., eye-to-eye) contact. Research has shown this aversion to be an early indicator of slower development of linguistic skills, a narrow vocabulary, as well as social issues later in life. In addition, this aversion may also result in the loss of already acquired abilities such as language and life skills. Consequently, manual prompt techniques have been adopted to address this issue. However, they are plagued with some inherent flaws: (i) the teacher must make unnatural movements when using a manual prompt such as gesturing towards the face; (ii) The child’s attention will follow this prompt as it is removed from the face defeating the purpose as it detracts the child’s attention from the teacher’s eyes. To tackle these issues we have developed a system that can utilize effective prompt methodologies aimed at conditioning these children to establish and maintain dyadic contact. Our system not only reduces, but eliminates shortcomings present in the current manual method. This is accomplished through the use of a stereo camera and virtual reality headset to augment the child’s vision when eye contact is not being established. The prompt is displayed in the child’s vision over the eyes of the teacher to attract their attention. Once dyadic contact has been ascertained, the prompt is gradually fading leaving the child only to focus on the eyes of the teacher as is needed.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of triethynylmethylsilane.

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of Triethynylmethylsilane (CH3Si(CCH)3) are examined theoretically using the Gaussian98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of nine types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (SiC stretch, CC stretch, CH stretch, CCH bend, SiCC bend, CSiC bend, HCH bend, CH3 wag, and CH3 twist) utilizing the C3v symmetry of the molecule. A set of uniform scaling factors was derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
Stability of straight bars subjected to repeated impulsive compression.

and similarly for dgo-/df|r, &<r|r, /L-, and JoStarting with the freestream values of gff~ the finitedifference form of Eq. (9) is applied to solve gff~, using a downward marching procedure. The resulting values of ga~ are integrated to apply the condition of no normal mass flux at fj = 0, Eq. (10). This yields hw, which in turn generates values of gff+ at the plate. Starting with these values of ga+ the finite-difference form of Eq. (9) is again applied to solve g<r+, using an upward marching procedure. The hg^ and j^ equations are similarly solved. The equilibrium distribution function values G^, H^, and Jo^, are all determined from moments of the previous iterate. The zeroeth iterate at time f + Af is the time f solution. This yields a system of 6n nonlinear algebraic equations in 6n unknown (g^ hff, and^V, cr = — n, . . . , — 1, 1, . . . , ri) which is solved by the method of successive approximations. Convergence is assumed to have occurred when the difference between successive iterates of the macroscopic variables is <10~4. This normally requires only 3-4 iterations. A Burroughs B-5500 digital computer was used in the computations. The "odd" equally spaced quadrature (see Ref. 1 for the quadratures) with n = 8 was used. The grid size in physical space was taken as A?) = 0.025 (40 space steps)
Optical Properties of C60 and M6C60 (M=K, Rb, Cs) films

We report the optical properties of C60 determined from the variable angle ellipsometry and near normal incidence reflection / transmission (R.T) experiments, and of M6C60 from the R, T experiments. The measurements were performed on thin films (d-1000 A ) of C60 and M6C60 deposited on both Si(100) and suprasil substrates. The onset for strong absorption across the HOMO-LUMO gap in CgQ is measured to be -2.3 eV, slightly larger than the gap values obtained from the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) experiments. The observed peak positions in e2(ω) for M6C60 and C60 compares well with the recent band structure calculations and suggests that the M6C60 compounds exhibit only a weak hybridization between the C60 and M states.
Immortalization of Human Urethral Epithelial Cells: a Model for the Study of the Pathogenesis of and the Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection

The primary human urethral epithelial cells developed by our laboratory have been immortalized by transduction with a retroviral vector expressing the human papillomavirus E6E7 oncogenes. Analysis of telomerase expression and comparison to that in primary cells revealed detectable levels in the transduced human urethral epithelial cells. Immortalized urethral cells could be passaged over 20 times. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies showed that the immortalized cells were phenotypically similar and responded to gonococcal infection similarly to primary cells. Specifically, positive cytokeratin staining showed that the immortalized cells are keratinocytes; cell surface levels of human asialoglycoprotein receptor increase following gonococcal infection, and, like the primary cells, the immortalized urethral epithelial cells are CD14 negative. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 levels in primary urethral epithelial cell supernatants increase after challenge with N. gonorrhoeae. Likewise, the immortalized urethral epithelial cells produced higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines in response to gonococcal infection. Cells challenged with a gonococcal lipid A msbB mutant produced reduced IL-6 and IL-8 levels when compared to the parent strain. Additionally, these data suggest that the 1291 msbB lipooligosaccharide may suppress cytokine induction.
Bosentan attenuates right ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis in normobaric hypoxia model of pulmonary hypertension.

Background Maladaptive right ventricular (RV) hypertrophic responses lead to RV dysfunction and failure in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, but the mechanisms responsible for these changes are not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with bosentan on RV hypertrophy (RVH), fibrosis and expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the RV of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in normoxia or hypoxia (FIO 2 = 10%) and administered vehicle or 100 mg/kg/day bosentan. After 3 weeks, echocardiographic and hemodynamic assessment was performed. PKC, procollagen-1 and collagen expression levels were assessed using immunoblot or colorimetric assay. Results RV systolic pressure (RVSP) and RVH were higher in hypoxic compared with normoxic animals (RVSP: 72 ± 4 vs 25 ± 2 mm Hg, p p p Conclusions Bosentan inhibits RVH and RV collagen expression in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia, possibly via alteration of PKC-δ activity.
Pneumonia With Chest Wall Invasion in a School-Aged Child.

CASE REPORT The patient is an 11-year-old autistic boy, who presented with a right chest wall mass of unknown duration. Intermittent tactile fever and cough were noted during the 4 days prior to presentation. Retrospectively, the parents noted decreased energy and an unwillingness of the boy to wear his school backpack, associated with complaints of right chest and rib pain over the past several months. He had no weight gain or loss, and no other respiratory symptoms were noted. The boy had a history of periodontal disease, requiring general anesthesia for teeth extractions, and the placement of fillings, crowns, and a spacer 9 months prior to presentation. His immunizations were current and he was not taking any medications. He lived in the suburban Midwest with his parents, both of whom were born in China. He was born in the United States and traveled only domestically to Washington D.C. and Orlando, Florida in the past year. The boy’s parents had never been treated for active or latent tuberculosis. The boy had no other known tuberculosis exposures. There was no relevant family history, including malignancy. There were no household pets or other animal exposures. Physical examination revealed an anxious but well appearing patient. He was afebrile, hemodynamically stable, and saturating well on room air. An 8 × 10 cm firm, immobile mass was noted superior and medial to the right nipple, with overlying erythema and tenderness to touch. Breath sounds were diminished in the right middle and lower lung fields. Crowns were present over the most posterior mandibular molars bilaterally. The surrounding gingival mucosa was healthy and without evidence of inflammation. The remaining exam was unremarkable. A complete blood count was significant for a white blood cell count of 16 K/μL (reference range, 3.5–12.3 K/μL), hemoglobin 9.1 g/dL (reference range, 11.3–15.2 g/dL), and
Reconsidering Dworkin's Case for Judicial Activism

Dworkin's argument in favor of judicial activism is original, influential, and apparently powerful. While Dworkin does avoid virtually all the weaknesses of other advocates of judicial activism, the strength of his argument is only apparent. Beneath the surface lie several serious flaws. When these are corrected, what remains is in fact a powerful argument, but it is an argument for judicial restraint, not activism.
Alteration of gastric functions and candidate genes associated with weight reduction in response to sibutramine.

Background & Aims: It is unclear whether weight loss with the noradrenergic (norepinephrine) and serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine) reuptake inhibitor, sibutramine, is associated with altered stomach functions and whether genetics influence treatment response. Methods: Forty-eight overweight and obese but otherwise healthy participants were randomized to placebo or sibutramine (15 mg/day for 12 weeks). At baseline and posttreatment we measured the following: gastric emptying for solids and liquids by scintigraphy, gastric volumes by single-photon emission computed tomography, maximum tolerated volume and 30-minute postnutrient challenge symptoms, and selected gastrointestinal hormones. All participants received structured behavior therapy for weight management. The influence of candidate gene polymorphisms involved in norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine or receptor function (phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, guanine nucleotide binding protein β polypeptide 3, α 2A adrenoreceptor, and solute carrier family 6 [neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin] member 4 [homo sapiens] [SLC6A4]) on weight loss and gastric functions was evaluated. Results: The overall average weight loss posttreatment was 5.4 ± 0.8 (SEM) kg with sibutramine and 0.9 ± 0.9 kg with placebo ( P P = .03), reduced maximum tolerated volume ( P = .03), and increased postprandial peptide YY compared with the placebo group. Obese females showed greater effects of sibutramine on weight loss and gastric emptying of solids and liquids. Gastric volumes and postchallenge symptoms were not significantly different in the 2 treatment groups. The LS/SS genotype of the promoter for SLC6A4 was associated with enhanced weight loss with sibutramine. Conclusions: Weight reduction with sibutramine is associated with altered gastric functions and increased peptide YY and is significantly associated with SLC6A4 genotype. The role of genetic variation in SLC6A4 on weight loss in response to sibutramine deserves further study.
Nonlinear σ-models as S-matrix generating functionals of strings

Abstract A formalism is presented for generating string theories from two-dimensional σ-models. Proceeding from an approach wherein the σ-models is understood as a S-matrix generating functional of string amplitudes, both the ϵb-function-zero slope limit correspondence and a systematic α′ expansion for the effective action are developed. Explicit perturbative calculations are provided, applicable to both open and closed strings which can be extended to include loop effect.
Sonography of the acute abdomen in the pediatric patient.

Objective To review the causes and sonographic appearance of pathologic processes that result in abdominal pain in the pediatric patient and to understand the use and limitations of abdominal sonography in the acute pediatric abdomen. Methods A pictorial review of cases is presented. Results Sonography in conjunction with color and pulsed Doppler imaging is a valuable tool in the evaluation of the acute abdomen in the pediatric patient. This article reviews the use of sonography in the evaluation of the acute abdomen in the pediatric patient. Conclusions The causes of the acute abdomen in children vary depending on the ages of the children. Sonography is a noninvasive modality and is useful for assessing these patients.
Culture Forms of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). II. Effect of Temperature upon Reproduction and Cyclic Development*

SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Trypanosoma ranarum at room temperature, 20° or 25°C had similar patterns of growth and cyclic development, i.e., change from pear-shaped to slender forms. At 9° the cycle of development and reproduction was compressed, but returned to normal after introduction to optimum temperatures. A compressed cyclic and reproduction rate was noted at 31° but return to optimum temperature did not reestablish normal cultural development. At 35° all flagellates were killed after 24 hr. The relation between reproductive capacity, cyclic development, and temperature is discussed speculatively.
A Simulation of Thermohaline Effects of a Great Salinity Anomaly

Abstract Model simulations of an idealistic “Great Salinity Anomaly” (GSA) demonstrate that variability in the sea ice export from the Arctic when concentrated to short pulses can have a large influence on the meridional heat transport and can lead to an altered overturning state. One single freshwater disturbance resulting from excess ice export, as in 1968, can disrupt the deep mixing process. The critical condition for a large oceanic response is defined by the intensity, duration, and timing of the ice pulse, in particular, as it exits through the Denmark Strait. A recovery from this event takes several years for advection and diffusion to remove the salinity anomaly. Concurrently, the influence of the GSA propagates to the subtropics via the boundary currents and baroclinic adjustment. As a result of this adjustment, there are large (up to 20%) changes in the strength of the overturning cell and in the meridional heat transport in the subtropics and subpolar areas. Simulations show a temperature–sali...
Effect of an inelastic channel on the position and width of a resonance—II

We have constructed a simple model to study the effect of adding one extra channel in anN/D calculation of the position and width of a resonance. We find that the mass of the resonance is shifted toward thereshold. This means that the effect of the extra channel is always to add an attractive force. The situation with regard to the width is ambiguous and requires more detailed numerical calculations.
Does social justice knowledge matter? Education for sustainable development and student attitudes

Recent conjecture on the potential primacy of physical environmental components in education for sustainable development (ESD) efforts serves to question the centrality of social justice education as a component of ESD. This research explores a sustainable development student’s basic knowledge of social justice conditions in their country of residence and its relationships to policy attitudes that should be of importance to ESD, including beliefs about the importance of corporate social responsibility, their endorsement of gross national product as an effective measure of progress, their overall assessment of the social fairness of current national social justice policy, and their endorsement of the goals of Occupy Wall Street. Results obtained using path-model hypothesis testing indicate that accuracy of knowledge of US standing on social justice issues is significantly related to these policy attitudes, providing support for social justice content in ESD endeavors to create students empowered for engagement in broader policy goals.
Exploring the Stigma of Food Stamps

This paper reports on theoretical research into the effect of stigma and social norms on policy outcomes of the Food Stamp program, in particular the effect on the caseload. As a general rule, it is impossible to predict whether norms will amplify or dampen the response of caseloads to any given policy intervention. Sometimes they have an effect, sometimes they do not. Much depends on whether the norms themselves change very much in response to policy changes. Social feedback (each norm violation encourages more violations) makes policy predictions uncertain. It can translate very small shocks into very large changes in the caseload. Norm systems can collapse abruptly. Norms can alleviate administrative problems involving targeting since norms can define "true need" in a social sense and allow all of the truly needy to claim benefits. Eligible non-participants are viewed as "not needy" in the social sense, though they may be needy according to objective criteria. Norms may also lessen a program's incentive effects (against work, for example). Norms may exacerbate administrative problems involving resource availability. To the extent that program eligibility differs from socially defined need, the program will be unpopular. Norms also add considerable uncertainty to the environment of policy planning and execution. Policymakers who hope to reduce the influence of stigma on program resources and administration should consider localizing program eligibility rules so that the rules correspond more closely to social definitions of need. Intense, broad-based local outreach efforts may also reduce stigma's power.
Information management software: guidelines for decision-making

Cet article presente les grandes lignes de l'etude a mener prealablement a l'acquisition d'un logiciel de gestion documentaire: analyse des besoins, definition des caracteristiques du logiciel necessaire et presentation d'un formulaire d'evaluation des performances d'un logiciel
Critical analysis of leadership theory in “American Sniper”

AbstractThis analysis examined the film “American Sniper” and identified five leadership theories/approaches that were represented by the leading actor. These theories and approaches were classified as the following: trait approach, skills approach, style approach, situational approach, and path-goal theory. Being military themed, this film falls into the areas of dedication, sacrifice, and moral ethics, which are considered major capacities of the leadership paradigm.
Numerical Benchmark Solutions for Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Numerical benchmark solutions are numerical solutions that have been computed using a verified code and with a high degree of rigorously assessed numerical accuracy. They can bridge the gap between simple problems where the analytic solution to the differential equations is known and more complex problems where exact solutions are not known. In particular, benchmark numerical solutions can be used for code verification (i.e., algorithm and code correctness), assessing discretization error estimators, and evaluating solution adaptation strategies. The requirements for establishing a numerical benchmark solution are discussed. A numerical benchmark is created for a turbulent flat plate using the Spalart-Allmaras Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model. Three computational fluid dynamics codes are employed to provide additional confidence in the final benchmark solution: Loci-CHEM, FUN3D, and CFL3D. A numerical benchmark is also created for a supersonic manufactured solution and Ringleb’s flow, both with known exact solutions, to ensure that the recommended guidelines for generating a numerical benchmark solution are sufficient.
Polymyalgia rheumatica: observations of disease evolution without corticosteroid treatment.

Objectives The diagnostic diversity of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) can easily be obscured by the widespread use of corticosteroids (CSs) early in the disease course. This study observed the course of PMR without CSs and determined whether alternative medication could be useful. Methods Seventy patients with new-onset PMR comprised phase 1. Eight were removed with specific diagnoses (four with giant cell arteritis [GCA]). The remaining 62 were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone until enough time had elapsed to ascertain whether their PMR had evolved into another rheumatologic inflammatory condition. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was then added to their regimen. Twenty-five additional patients with PMR comprised phase 2. Twenty-two were immediately treated with HCQ prior to the anticipated disease progression. Results In phase 1, 52/62 developed synovitis in multiple other joints 9 months from PMR onset; 48/52 received HCQ, and 42/48 (87.5%) achieved complete remission. In phase 2, during HCQ induction, 21 patients developed similar synovitis; after 6 months of HCQ use, 80% achieved remission. In 73/95 (77%), a definite diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could be made on average 8.5 months from PMR onset. Only 12/95 (13%) stayed true to form with their PMR and did not develop another specific diagnosis. Conclusion In this study, true PMR was infrequent in the absence of GCA. PMR in most patients evolved into seronegative RA, which was dramatically responsive to HCQ use. Treatment of acute PMR with HCQ was a rational alternative to CS use even if progressive additive synovitis had not yet occurred.
Development of a Practical Synthesis of a Pyrazolopyridinone-Based p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor

A practical synthesis of the pyrazolopyridinone-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (4) was required for an ongoing program. The synthesis of a key pyrazolopyridinone building block was refined and opti...
Integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics with Dynamic Systems Modeling to Simulate Control of Autonomous Vehicles

Proposed autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) designs use unsteady mechanisms such as flappingwing flight for propulsion. This suggests that the damping, and response, of these systems will be nonlinear, complicating simulation of the feed-back control processes. A method is outlined for integration of the unsteady fluid mechanics forces, the equations of motion, and feed-back control logic in a single simulation. The method is applied to the acceleration of a 10 cm long plate to a velocity of 0.2 long plate with a mass of 0.1 kg/m width to a velocity of 0.1 m/s. The preliminary results demonstrate that all of the relevant processes can be included in a single simulation. Nomenclature C = controller constant F = force L = length m = mass N = ratio of time steps T = thickness t = time U = velocity x = position �˚ = step size �! = density P = viscosity Subscripts a = actuation c = commanded d = drive e = estimated f = fluid i = time index max = maximum o = initial p = plate
A Response to Mendelsohn's “Public Brokerage: Constitutional Reform and the Accommodation of Mass Publics”

Matthew Mendelsohn's “Public Brokerage: Constitutional Reform and the Accommodation of Mass Publics” offers an alternative to what he calls the “conventional wisdom” surrounding Canada's intractable constitutional quagmire. Unlike most analysts of the Canadian constitutional process, Mendelsohn advocates greater public input into constitution making. Indeed, he suggests that the principal problem lies with elites, not mass publics. Limiting the role of “elites” in “accommodation,” he argues, allows for the possibility of constitutional reconciliation. Mendelsohn, then, provides a service by infusing some fresh ideas into Canada's constitutional debate.
Significance of Measuration with Microalbuminuria and Correlative Factors in Children of Adiposity

Objective To understand change and pathogenesis of microalbuminuria(MAU) in cases of adiposity.Method MAU were measured by immunoturbidmetric methods 300 cases of adiposity and 100 cases of nomal children in morning,meanwhile blood press,blood su-gar,blood fat,blood insulin were measured.Results MAU was higher in cases of middle and severe adiposity than normal controls.The diffe-rence was significant(Pa0.01).Blood press,blood sugar,blood fat,blood insulin were also higher in cases of adiposity than those in normal controls.The difference was significant(Pa0.05).Conclusions Kidney injury induced by adiposity can be found by MAU in early.It is correlated with higher blood insulin,blood fat,fat cell gene and insulin resistance.
The situation and strategies for preventing and controlling non-communicable chronic diseases in Hubei Province

Objective The situation and strategies in preventing and controlling non-communicable chronic diseases(NCDs) in Hubei province were introduced in order to further shed light on NCDs prevention strategies and focus on action.Methods The development and achievement,as well as policies made in Hubei Province regarding to NCD prevention and control were systematically summarized.Results The situation was quite so far is quietly serious in Hubei Province.Through the 10-year development in the field of NCDs prevention,the prevention and control system for NCDs has been established in Hubei Province: with basic public health services as the foundation,health management as the means,healthy lifestyle action at population level as the emphasis,preventing and reducing NCDs as the its purposes.Conclusions To prevent and control NCDs,it will be our high priorities are: to make supportive policies,strengthen the collaboration between departments,perfect the information system,set and promote appropriate techniques,and promote comprehensive prevention and control for NCDs at community level.
Comparison of Subjects and Artistic Features of Poems in Praise of Spring Created in Tang and Song Dynasties

Poems in praise of spring,having tremendous differences in subjects and artistic features in two different terms,were prevailed in Tang and Song dynasties.Poems in praise of spring from Tang dynasty are largely fond of spring in their subjects.They are enriched with enthusiasm and happiness,and shows vigorous momentum,firm mood,intangible insights and warm words in artistic feature.Poems in praise of spring from Song dynasty are mainly sentimentalized about spring in their subjects,they are full of sorrows and shows depression in mood and used flat words.
Youth as actors on their worlds

This paper seeks to examine theories and practices emergent within a youth organization that promotes civic engagement and leadership development. It will highlight the theoretical and methodological approaches of participatory action research and praxis while outlining constraints that young people face while doing this work.
Reactive transport of uranium in a groundwater bioreduction study: Insights from high-temporal resolution 238U/235U data

Author(s): Shiel, AE; Johnson, TM; Lundstrom, CC; Laubach, PG; Long, PE; Williams, KH | Abstract: We conducted a detailed investigation of U isotopes in conjunction with a broad geochemical investigation during field-scale biostimulation and desorption experiments. This investigation was carried out in the uranium-contaminated alluvial aquifer of the Rifle field research site. In this well-characterized setting, a more comprehensive understanding of U isotope geochemistry is possible. Our results indicate that U isotope fractionation is consistently observed across multiple experiments at the Rifle site. Microbially-mediated reduction is suggested to account for most or all of the observed fractionation as abiotic reduction has been demonstrated to impart much smaller, often near-zero, isotopic fractionation or isotopic fractionation in the opposite direction. Data from some time intervals are consistent with a simple model for transport and U(VI) reduction, where the fractionation factor (e = +0.65‰ to +0.85‰) is consistent with experimental studies. However, during other time intervals the observed patterns in our data indicate the importance of other processes in governing U concentrations and 238U/235U ratios. For instance, we demonstrate that departures from Rayleigh behavior in groundwater systems arise from the presence of adsorbed species. We also show that isotope data are sensitive to the onset of oxidation after biostimulation ends, even in the case where reduction continues to remove contaminant uranium downstream. Our study and the described conceptual model support the use of 238U/235U ratios as a tool for evaluating the efficacy of biostimulation and potentially other remedial strategies employed at Rifle and other uranium-contaminated sites.