cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obstetric and neonatal intensive care

Maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity Although a few acute care hospitals have created rates have experienced a significant decline in recent years. This is related to many factors that include but are not limited to ultrasound, invasive monitoring, neonatal oscillators, and other advances in technology. Increased research related to use of technology, such as hemodynamic monitoring devices and mechanical ventilatory support, has yielded important data regarding pregnancy and neonatal care. Evidence-based practice within labor and delivery units and neonatal ICUs has demonstrated improved clinical and psychosocial outcomes. In addition, our professional organizations have increased collaboration to improve standards and protocols in the delivery of patient care for obstetric and neonatal patients. These organizations include the Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN), the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), and the American Nurses Association (ANA). The worlds of critical care and obstetrics have seen an emphasis on integration during the past decade. The critical care nurse must have knowledge of critical care emergencies because these patients are requiring a critical care environment. Hospitals across the country are seeking ways to manage the critical care obstetric patient.
Numerical modeling of dry deposition coupled to 22 photochemical reactions

Abstract Three Eulerian models for the dry deposition of photochemically reactive species were formulated and evaluated: a K -theory model with independent transport and deposition of each species, a K -theory model coupled with 22 gas-phase reactions, and a second-order flux-budget model coupled with 22 reactions. Operator splitting was used to separately solve the reaction and dispersion terms in the models including photochemistry. In an evaluation of numerical method performance, the Adams–Moulton method with a pseudo-steady-state approximation for the free radicals was found to be consistent with, but more computationally efficient than Gear’s method for the solution of the reaction terms. The sensitivity of profiles of vertical concentration and flux to the Eulerian model formulation varied according to the species’ Damkohler number. Although a K -theory model is adequate for weakly depositing species with Damkohler numbers -3 , a second-order flux-budget model is required for species with Damkohler numbers that exceed unity, such as nitrogen oxides, free radicals, and those sensitive to net flux production by chemical reactions. Selection of an appropriate model formulation for the entire system depended on the most reactive species. Simple K -theory models may not accurately predict dry deposition fluxes in the urban surface layer.
E-Voting Risk Assessment: A Threat Tree for Direct Recording Electronic Systems

Approximately 25% according to http://verifiedvoting.com/ of voting jurisdictions use direct recording electronic systems to record votes. Accurate tabulation of voter intent is critical to safeguard this fundamental act of democracy: voting. Electronic voting systems are known to be vulnerable to attack. Assessing risk to these systems requires a systematic treatment and cataloging of threats, vulnerabilities, technologies, controls, and operational environments. This paper presents a threat tree for direct recording electronic DRE voting systems. The threat tree is organized as a hierarchy of threat actions, the goal of which is to exploit a system vulnerability in the context of specific technologies, controls, and operational environment. As an abstraction, the threat tree allows the analyst to reason comparatively about threats. A panel of elections officials, security experts, academics, election law attorneys, representatives from governmental agencies, voting equipment vendors, and voting equipment testing labs vetted the DRE threat tree. The authors submit that the DRE threat tree supports both individual and group risk assessment processes and techniques.
Global dynamics of a differential equation with piecewise constant argument

Abstract Several aspects of global dynamics are studied for the scalar differential-difference equation e x ( t ) + x ( t ) = f ( x ( [ t ] ) ) , 0 e ≪ 1 , where [ ⋅ ] is the integer part function. The equation is a particular case of the special discretization (discrete version) of the singularly perturbed differential delay equation e x ( t ) + x ( t ) = f ( x ( t − 1 ) ) . Sufficient conditions for the invariance, global stability of equilibria, existence, stability/instability, and shape of periodic solutions, and the chaotic behavior are derived. The principal analysis is based on the reduction of its dynamics to the one-dimensional map F : x → f ( x ) + [ x − f ( x ) ] e − 1 / e , many relevant properties of which follow from those of the interval map f .
Biodegradation of Nitroaromatics and RDX by Isolated Rhodococcus Opacus

Identification of bacteria that can utilize a wide range of nitroaromatic compounds will allow development of more effective biological treatment methods in industrial wastewater treatment processes and environmental remediation efforts. A new strain of Rhodococcus opacus capable of mineralizing or transforming nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds of importance was isolated. Specifically, the bacterium were found to utilize 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) as a sole carbon and nitrogen source and have a yield coefficient of 0.16 g cells-N/g TNP-N. The Edwards model was found to provide the best fit to the data and the estimated inhibited growth parameters μmax , KS , and KI were 0.58 h−1 , 25, and 112 mg/L , respectively. It was found that the TNP-degraders could degrade 2,4-dinitrophenol as the sole carbon and nitrogen source and utilize 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene as the sole nitrogen source. Additionally, the results show that the isolates are able to cometabolize 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-tri...
Transgenic indica rice plants.

We have established a system to genetically engineer indica rice plants. In order to obtain transgenic plants, genes were introduced into protoplasts isolated from suspension cells of the indica rice var ‘IR54’ with the aid of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The neo gene was on pKAN and the gusA gene was on pPUR. The promoter for both genes was CaMV35S. Transformed calli were readily recovered from medium supplemented with G-418. In contrast, kanamycin interfered with plant regeneration from protoplast-callus. Transgenic plants were regenerated from calli resistant to G-418 in several separate experiments and grown to maturity in a growth chamber. Southern blot analysis of DNA isolated from leaves of T0 plants verified the presence of the transferred neo and gusA genes in the plant genome. A study of gene expression showed that the CaMV35SgusA gene was active in all of the organs examined. Mendelian inheritance of the introduced gusA gene was observed in progeny obtained by backcrossing the T0 plants to untransformed plants.
Allosteric Communication Occurs via Networks of Tertiary and Quaternary Motions in Proteins

Allosteric proteins bind an effector molecule at one site resulting in a functional change at a second site. We hypothesize that allosteric communication in proteins relies upon networks of quaternary (collective, rigid-body) and tertiary (residue–residue contact) motions. We argue that cyclic topology of these networks is necessary for allosteric communication. An automated algorithm identifies rigid bodies from the displacement between the inactive and the active structures and constructs “quaternary networks” from these rigid bodies and the substrate and effector ligands. We then integrate quaternary networks with a coarse-grained representation of contact rearrangements to form “global communication networks” (GCNs). The GCN reveals allosteric communication among all substrate and effector sites in 15 of 18 multidomain and multimeric proteins, while tertiary and quaternary networks exhibit such communication in only 4 and 3 of these proteins, respectively. Furthermore, in 7 of the 15 proteins connected by the GCN, 50% or more of the substrate-effector paths via the GCN are “interdependent” paths that do not exist via either the tertiary or the quaternary network. Substrate-effector “pathways” typically are not linear but rather consist of polycyclic networks of rigid bodies and clusters of rearranging residue contacts. These results argue for broad applicability of allosteric communication based on structural changes and demonstrate the utility of the GCN. Global communication networks may inform a variety of experiments on allosteric proteins as well as the design of allostery into non-allosteric proteins.
A Novel Method to Prepare Superhydrophobic, Self-Cleaning and Transparent Coatings for Biomedical Applications

In this paper, a novel method of preparing nanostructured ultra-thin films for transparent superhydrophobic coatings is reported for the first time by Y. Xiu et al. A solgel process that uses a eutectic liquid solvent was employed. This solvent serves as both a low vapor pressure, low melting point liquid and a templating agent in the solgel process. UV-visible spectra indicate that after coating a glass microscope slide, with the transparent superhydrophobic coating, the light transmittance improved relative to that of a bare glass slide. The superhydrophobic surface is biocompatible because of the extremely low surface energy that results from the combination of a fluoroalkyl chain attached to the surface and the surface nanostructure. Preliminary studies suggest that the superhydrophobic coating may effectively prevent surface contamination by bacteria.
Technical Writing's Roots in Computer Science: The Evolution from Technician to Technical Writer

The history of Technical Writing closely parallels trends in the discipline of Computer Science. The early technical writers in the computer software industry were its own technicians (programmers ...
3-Dimensional Hybrid Continuum-Atomistic Simulations for Multiscale Hydrodynamics

We present an adaptive mesh and algorithmic refinement (AMAR) scheme for modeling multi-scale hydrodynamics. The AMAR approach extends standard conservative adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithms by providing a robust flux-based method for coupling an atomistic fluid representation to a continuum model. The atomistic model is applied locally in regions where the continuum description is invalid or inaccurate, such as near strong flow gradients and at fluid interfaces, or when the continuum grid is refined to the molecular scale. The need for such “hybrid” methods arises from the fact that hydrodynamics modeled by continuum representations are often under-resolved or inaccurate while solutions generated using molecular resolution globally are not feasible. In the implementation described herein, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) provides an atomistic description of the flow and the compressible two-fluid Euler equations serve as our continuum-scale model. The AMR methodology provides local grid refinement while the algorithm refinement feature allows the transition to DSMC where needed. The continuum and atomistic representations are coupled by matching fluxes at the continuum-atomistic interfaces and by proper averaging and interpolation of data between scales. Our AMAR application code is implemented in C++ and is built upon the SAMRAI (Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement Application Infrastructure) framework developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. SAMRAI provides the parallel adaptive gridding algorithm and enables the coupling between the continuum and atomistic methods.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Global Optimization in Design under Uncertainty: Feasibility Test and Flexibility Index Problems

Design feasibility and flexibility are recognized as important operability characteristics of a chemical process. This is due to the variability of the parameters that appear in process operations and the increasing market environment competition, which requires reliability in meeting product demands and quality specifications. In this work, a novel approach is presented for the evaluation of design feasibility/flexibility based on the principles of the deterministic global optimization algorithm αBB (Adjiman, C. S.; Androulakis, I. P.; Floudas, C. A. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1998, 22 (9), 1159. Adjiman, C. S.; Floudas, C. A. J. Global Optim. 1996, 9, 23−40. Adjiman, C. S.; Dallwig, S.; Floudas, C. A.; Neumaier, A. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1998, 22 (9), 1137. Androulakis, I. P.; Maranas, C. D.; Floudas, C. A. J. Global Optim. 1995, 7, 337), which, in turn, relies on a difference-of-convex-functions transformation and a branch-and-bound framework. The proposed approach can address problems that are described through g...
The Sunda Arc: a model for oblique plate convergence

Abstract The Sunda Arc, which extends from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis to the Banda Arc, is the zone where the Indian-Australian plate or plates are being subducted beneath the Southeast Asian plate. Major variations occur around this arc, principally as a function of two variables: direction and speed of convergence across the subduction zone, and thickness of sediment on the underthrusting plate. These variables are manifested in many important variations in the character of the forearc region, including morphology of the trench, morphology and volume of the accretionary prism/outer arc ridge, style and intensity of deformation within the accretionary prism, and tectonic effects on the edge of the overthrusting plate which result from the variable oblique convergence. The latter includes lateral terrane transport and the opening and closing of marginal basins like the modern Andaman Sea. Understanding these variations and their apparent causes is important for the interpretation of other arcs, regions of terrane accretion, and regions of obducted ophiolites, both extant and preserved as remnants in mountain ranges.
Insulation Aging a Historical and Critical Review

The role of insulation functions is reviewed. In this light, a history of thermal evaluation is outlined with special emphasis given to the milestones set by Steinmetz, Lamme, Montsinger and Dakin. The philosophy of functional evaluation and temperature classification isdiscussed.The aging phenomenon, applicable to various systems, is analyzed witha point of view of identifying those knowledge gaps that bar the developmentof specific aging technologies. Emphasis is given, in thisdiscussion, to the aging problems in multi-stress and/or multi-environmentalconditions. The need for a better acquaintance with material responseis stressed to develop multi-factor testing, identify materialcompatibilities, and develop nondestructive aging techniques.
Preliminary observations on reversal of hypovolemia with intravenous fat emulsion.

SummaryA total of 8 mongrel dogs was bled 56-65% of calculated blood volume at rates of 5-14 m1/min. At the end of 60 minutes in hypovolemia the animals were treated experimentally in the following manner: 1) 3 dogs were given no infusion; 2) 2 dogs were infused with an emulsion containing no fat; and 3) 3 dogs were infused with an emulsion containing fat (15% cottonseed oil). The infusions were administered in a volume equivalent to the volume of blood withdrawn. Dogs which received no intravenous infusion died within 3 1/2 hours after massive hemorrhage. Animals infused with an emulsion containing no fat recovered from the experimental hemorrhage but were not physically active within the first week of the posthemorrhagic period. Dogs infused with complete emulsion recovered rapidly after massive hemorrhage and accepted food and water within a few hours after regaining consciousness. These animals were fairly active during the first week after massive hemorrhage and recovered without event within two wee...
Regulation of transcription and cell identity by POU domain proteins

Research on the POU proteins has focused on their regulatory roles during development and the dissection of their functional domains to establish how they bind particular DNA sequences and activate transcription of distinct sets of genes. The pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1/GHF-1, the ubiquitous transcription factor Oct-1 and the predominantly B cell transcription factor 0ct-2 have been the major subjects of biochemical dissection, while the developmental roles of Pit-1/GHF-1 and the Caenorhabditis elegans cell lineage control gene unc-86 have been established by a combination of expression studies and genetic analysis. A minireview.
DRAMs as model organisms for study of technological evolution

Abstract The short, well-documented market life of generations of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) computer chips makes them an excellent “model organism,” like the fruit fly, for study of evolution, in this case technological. Using classic models of logistic growth, substitution, and learning, we examine the global dynamics of eight generations of DRAMs and forecast the market characteristics of the next DRAM generations.
Review of "Computers in education by Lecarme, O.; and Lewis, R. (Eds.)." IFIP, North-Holland/American Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, 1975, 1020 pp.

Not enough attention has been paid in the literature to the training of computer operators. This article is quite useful to those concerned with conducting operator training in a large installation. It de- scribes a modular training program consisting of five modules of classroom courses interspersed with specific on-the-job assignments, under the supervision of an experienced person. The entire course requires about 15 months.
Radiometric culture of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis from the feces of tule elk

To determine if Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis has persisted in tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) at Point Reyes National Seashore (California, USA), 100 fresh fecal samples were collected. Feces were cultured on a modified BACTEC 12B radiometric medium for detection of M. avium paratuberculosis. Four samples, coming from two separate groups of elk tested positive for M. avium paratuberculosis. Thus, a noninvasive technique was used to document the continued presence of M. avium paratuberculosis in elk at Point Reyes National Seashore. These findings document persistence of this organism for a period of at least 13 yr in a free ranging herd of elk, with a 6 yr absence of observed clinical signs.
Statistical modelling of measured automotive radar reflections

A statistical analysis was performed on measured radar reflections from a broad range of personal vehicle classes. The outcome of this study is two-fold: 1.) An improved understanding of the radar scattering components of automobiles, which informs the design of surrogate test targets for evaluating automotive pre-collision system (PCS) radars, and 2.) statistical models for evaluating surrogate targets and characterizing target models for PCS radar system designs. We examined the validity of two-parameter distribution models applied to measurements of subject vehicle's radar cross-section (RCS) and found the Weibull distribution to be the best fit. In evaluating the goodness-of-fit of the Weibull distribution model, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, we deem an acceptable fit between the model and the measured RCS data for our intended project outcome.
Nitrogen radical cations as intermediates in enzymatically mediated oxidative deaminations—application of molecular parametric models

Experimentally measured rates for the oxidation of p-substituted benzyl amines by bovine monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) derived from the literature were examined with respect to the effects of molecular (semiempirically (AM1) derived) electronic, steric, and lipophilicity parameters. These properties included vertical and adiabatic ionization potential, LUMO energy, the LUMO-HOMO difference, molecular hardness, absolute electronegativity, calculated log P values, molecular volume, surface area, and ovality. Substrate oxidation rates (log kcat/Km) were found to correlate with molecular ovality and vertical ionization potential while the rate of enzymatic (flavin) reduction associated with substrate oxidation (log kred) was described by a two-parameter model containing an ovality and an absolute electronegativity term. These results are consistent with an initial one-electron substrate oxidation mechanism. In previous work, use of classical Hansch analysis suggested that electronic terms were not important in the enzymatic reactions. This discrepancy may be related to nontransferability inherent in fragment approaches which assume that the substituent of interest behaves similarly in all molecular scaffolds. Analysis of substrate binding (log Kd) to the enzyme was described by a two-parameter model containing a calculated log P term as well as LUMO energy. The significant correlation found with LUMO energy is consistent with studies suggesting that this property is important for drug-receptor interactions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physical and mental health symptoms among NYC transit workers seven and one-half months after the WTC attacks.

Background On September 11, 2001, 600–800 New York City transit (NYCT) workers were working near the World Trade Center (WTC) Towers. After the disaster, employees reported physical and mental health symptoms related to the event. Methods Two hundred sixty-nine NYC transit employees were surveyed for mental and physical health symptoms 7½ months after the WTC disaster. Results Workers in the dust cloud at the time of the WTC collapse had significantly higher risk of persistent lower respiratory (OR = 9.85; 95% CI: 2.24, 58.93) and mucous membrane (OR = 4.91; 95% CI: 1.53, 16.22) symptoms, depressive symptoms (OR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.12, 5.51), and PTSD symptoms (OR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.003, 8.16) compared to those not exposed to the dust cloud. Additional WTC exposures and potential confounders were also analyzed. Conclusions Clinical follow up for physical and psychological health conditions should be provided for public transportation workers in the event of a catastrophic event. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:475–483, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Turning a PAGE: the overnight sensation of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

The zonal separation of proteins on the basis of net charge was initially conducted on paper, then in columns of sucrose and later in gels of starch and polyacrylamide, with appropriate electric fields. Then, in 1964, a graduate student at MIT discovered the power of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to dissociate the envelope proteins of Escherichia coli and to dramatically enhance their electrophoretic resolution when the detergent was included in the gel. While this Ph.D. thesis work continued, a group at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine published in 1965 the use of SDS to disrupt poliovirus particles and to resolve the proteins in gels containing SDS. This group soon followed with a publication (1966) on the application of this new method to the study of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain synthesis. Because of concurrent advances in gel filtration and other methods of protein separation, SDS gel electrophoresis had its greatest impact not in biochemistry but in cell biology and virology. Ingenious devices were soon introduced that facilitated the application of this method to radioactive protein mixtures, followed by the introduction of slab gels for the simultaneous resolution of multiple samples in parallel lanes in a single run. As we today routinely perform "SDS PAGE" (as the method become known, to the great irritation of journal copyeditors and nomenclature committees at the time), it is fitting to pause--four decades later, and remember the pioneers who made SDS gel electrophoresis a reality, a true milestone that caught on almost overnight.
Computational chemistry study of the environmentally important acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of atrazine and related 2-chloro-s-triazines.

Many chlorine-containing pesticides, for example 2-chloro-s-triazines, are of great concern both environmentally and toxicologically. As a result, ascertaining or predicting the fate and transport of these compounds in soils and water is of current interest. Transformation pathways for 2-chloro-s-triazines in the environment include dealkylation, dechlorination (hydrolysis), and ring cleavage. This study explored the feasibility of using computational chemistry, specifically the hybrid density functional theory method, B3LYP, to predict hydrolysis trends of atrazine (2-chloro-N4-ethyl-N6-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and related 2-chloro-s-triazines to the corresponding 2-hydroxy-s-triazines. Gas-phase energetics are described on the basis of calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. Calculated free energies of hydrolysis (ΔhG298) are nearly the same for simazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), atrazine, and propazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-di-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), suggesting that hydrolysis is not significantly affected by the side-chain amine-nitrogen alkyl substituents. High-energy barriers also suggest that the reactions are not likely to be observed in the gas phase. Aqueous solvation effects were examined by means of self-consistent reaction field methods (SCRF). Molecular structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G* level using the Onsager model, and solvation energies were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level using the isodensity surface polarizable continuum model (IPCM). Although the extent of solvent stabilization was greater for cationic species than neutral ones, the full extent of solvation is underestimated, especially for the transition state structures. As a consequence, the calculated hydrolysis barrier for protonated atrazine is exaggerated compared with the experimentally determined one. Overall, the hydrolysis reactions follow a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) pathway. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Encoding discourse perspective during the reading of a literary text

Abstract The present studies investigated whether readers incorporate discourse perspective into their mental representations of a literary text. Subjects in Experiment 1 read and reread the literary text ‘The Demon Lover’ by Elizabeth Bowen. Subjects read sentences which introduced a change in perspective more slowly than sentences which did not. However, this outcome only occurred in the first reading and not in the second, indicating that perspective information was encoded from the first reading. Subjects also read suspense-eliciting sentences faster than other sentences. This finding occurred for both readings, indicating that subjects experienced suspense during both readings. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a rating task which required them to rate statements on discourse perspective. The results of both experiments indicate that readers encode discourse perspective in their mental representations. The results were discussed in the context of the situation model/deictic view of comprehension.
High-bandwidth, single-pole control of intracavity power in a mode-locked laser based on co-doped gain medium

An intracavity, low-insertion-loss graphene electro-optic modulator enables more than two orders of magnitude higher bandwidth for modulating the intracavity power in a laser based on co-doped gain medium than traditional pump power modulation.
The Dubovickii-Miljutin Lemma and characterizations of optimal allocations in non-smooth economies

Abstract The Dubovickii-Miljutin Lemma is strengthened in a finite dimensional space to provide flexible optimality conditions for an optimal allocation of an economy. Many approximating cones are used in optimality conditions in the literature. We use the lemma to obtain optimality conditions in terms of (unspecified) cones satisfying certain general conditions. The result provides a unifying perspective. Applications include different or sharper characterizations of optimal allocations in an economy with non-convexities or with externalities.
Cracking Investigation of Vaporizer Tubes

This article describes the results of an investigation into failures of washing phenol vaporizer tubes. Thorough analyses including visual examination, chemical testing, fractography, metallography, heat treatment, and hardness testing have shown that the vaporizer tube failure is attributed to intergranular corrosion. The failure contributing factors are identified and elucidated.
Placebo acupuncture as a form of ritual touch healing: A neurophenomenological model

Abstract Evidence that placebo acupuncture is an effective treatment for chronic pain presents a puzzle: how do placebo needles appearing to patients to penetrate the body, but instead sitting on the skin’s surface in the manner of a tactile stimulus, evoke a healing response? Previous accounts of ritual touch healing in which patients often described enhanced touch sensations (including warmth, tingling or flowing sensations) suggest an embodied healing mechanism. In this qualitative study, we asked a subset of patients in a singleblind randomized trial in irritable bowel syndrome to describe their treatment experiences while undergoing placebo treament. Analysis focused on patients’ unprompted descriptions of any enhanced touch sensations (e.g., warmth, tingling) and any significance patients assigned to the sensations. We found in 5/6 cases, patients associated sensations including “warmth” and “tingling” with treatment efficacy. The conclusion offers a “neurophenomenological” account of the placebo effect by considering dynamic effects of attentional filtering on early sensory cortices, possibly underlying the phenomenology of placebo acupuncture.
Stereogenic-at-metal Zn- and Al-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes as bifunctional catalysts in Cu-free enantioselective allylic alkylations.

Investigations detailed herein demonstrate the ability of chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbenes to promote directly—without the need for a Cu salt—site- and enantioselective C−C bond forming reactions. Within this context, catalytic allylic alkylations of various allylic phosphates with dialkylzinc and trialkylaluminum reagents, performed with chiral bidentate imidazolinium salts and in the absence of a Cu salt, are described. The Cu-free transformations deliver products bearing tertiary or (all-carbon) quaternary stereogenic centers with exceptional site- (>98:<2 SN2′:SN2) and high enantioselectivity [up to 97.5:2.5 enantiomer ratio (er)]. A chiral Zn-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex, which serves as the catalyst for the enantioselective allylic alkylation reactions, is isolated and fully characterized. Spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that the sulfonate group within the stereogenic-at-Zn bidentate complexes coordinates syn to the proximal phenyl substituent of the N...
Close-mode identification performance of the ITD algorithm

Results of Monte Carlo numerical simulations conducted to study the close-mode performance of the Ibrahim Time-Domain (ITD) modal identification algorithm are presented. The ITD technique is a matrix eigensolution method for obtaining structural modal parameters directly from free-response test data without using the FFT. Thus, the well-known resolution and leakage limitations of the FFT procedure, that are particularly significant with short records, are avoided. As an example, one of several experimental data analyses where close modes have been accurately identified using very short records is shown. Although the identification scatter is found to increase as the square of reductions in frequency separation at small separations, the ability to differentiate modes spaced at fractions of the FFT resolution is substantiated.
Thermodynamic Profiles of Ti-Doped Sodium Alanates

Pathways leading to TiAl3 or intermediate phase formations that result and take part in dehydrogenation by Ti-doped NaAlH4 are not completely understood. Hence, six possible thermodynamic reaction pathways in Ti-doped sodium alanates for the formation of Ti−Al alloys and release of hydrogen are studied in this work at the generalized gradient approximation level within the density functional theory formalism. From all the possible reaction pathways, the one suggesting the formation of the aluminum hydride, TiAl, and metallic Ti phases as intermediates with hydrogen evolution after each intermediate step is found to be the most favorable thermodynamic path for hydrogen desorption in Ti-doped sodium alanates. Results from this work suggest a three-step reaction pathway to the formation of TiAl3 and aluminum in its +3 oxidation state present in aluminum hydride species responsible for the formation of Ti−Al alloys.
A comparison of association indices

Abstract Indices used to measure the frequency of association between individuals in fission/fusion societies are frequently borrowed from ecological studies of species association without adequate justification. In this paper several such indices, under specific conditions likely to be encountered in field studies of animal behaviour, are examined. Each of three indices commonly found in the literature is shown through simulations to be accurate over only a narrow range of possible sampling biases. As an alternative approach, examples are given of the derivation of a maximum-likelihood estimator based on two simple models. Both models assume that a constant proportion of existing subgroups is located. In the first model all combinations of subgroups are equally likely to be located, while in the second model the probability of locating one subgroup is allowed to differ from that of the others. The maximum-likelihood estimators are shown to be less biased and to have lower variance than the other three indices under the assumptions of the models.
Wavelength dependence for AMT crosslinking of pBR322 DNA.

The wavelength dependence for 4′aminomethyl-4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen crosslinking of a linearized plasmid DNA (pBR322) by narrow band UV-A light (298–382 nm) has been determined. Maximal levels of crosslinking occurred with light in the 322–346 nm range. Crosslinks were shown to be photoreversible by shorter wavelength photons (298 and 310 nm). The correlation between the wavelength dependence for crosslink formation and the optimal wavelength for most psoralen action spectra further supports the notion that crosslinks are the major lesion responsible for the effectiveness of psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapies.
Spanwise Response Variation for Partial-Span Gurney-Type Flaps

Uninhabited air vehicles with high-aspect-ratio wings can experience substantial aeroelastic modes, which can adversely affect performance. An active, distributed control system is being developed to alleviate these vibrations, using a series of small span trailing-edge actuators to alter the aerodynamic loads at specific spanwise locations. Particle image velocimetry was used to determine the spanwise effects of these devices because it is necessary to understand whether their application will have nonlocal effects. The wake structure indicates that the primary influence is confined to within two actuator spans of the applied device, demonstrating that the response is quite localized.
Guaranteed a posteriori error estimation for fully discrete solutions of parabolic problems

This paper addresses the construction of guaranteed computable estimates for fully discrete solutions of parabolic problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical analysis of constraint effects in fatigue crack growth by use of an irreversible cohesive zone model

The analysis of constraint effects in fatigue crack growth in multi-layer structures is discussed. The process of material separation under cyclic loading is described by a cohesive zone model (CZM) with an irreversible constitutive relationship. The traction–separation behavior does not follow a predefined path, but is dependent on the evolution of the damage dependent cohesive zone properties. A modified boundary layer model is used in simulations of fatigue crack growth along the centerline crack of the metal layer sandwiched between two elastic substrates. Fatigue crack growth is computed for a series of values of metal layer thickness under constant and variable amplitude loading conditions. The results of the computations demonstrate that certain combinations of load magnitude, layer thickness and material properties results in significant constrain effects in fatigue crack growth. The influence of these constraint effects on fatigue crack growth rates and on crack closure processes is determined. The evolutions of the traction–separation law, the accumulated and current plastic zones, as well as the stress fields during the crack propagation are discussed.
Greater fear reactivity and psychophysiological hyperactivity among infants with later conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits.

Background: Approximately one third of children who meet criteria for conduct problems (CP) are also characterized by elevated callous-unemotional (CU) traits. This subgroup is at elevated risk for more pervasive and extreme levels of later antisocial behavior and has been characterized by a fearlessness temperament and blunted stress psychophysiology at older ages. The objective of this study was to examine group differences in fear reactivity and stress psychophysiology in infancy among children classified as having CP with CU (CP + CU), CP without CU (CP only), or no CP in later childhood. Methods: A birth cohort study (n = 1,292) was followed longitudinally from birth through first grade. Behavioral fear, baseline heart period (HP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pretask, 20-min posttask, and 40-min posttask salivary cortisol were assessed at 6 and 15 months of age around a fear challenge task. CP and CU were assessed by maternal report at first grade and children were classified into CP and CU groups if they scored in the upper 10 th percentile of these ratings. Results: No group differences were observed in children at 6 months of age. However, at 15 months of age children with later CP + CU displayed greater high-intensity fear behavior, higher pretask and overall cortisol levels, and lower levels of HP and RSA compared to children with CP only and children with no CP. Conclusions: The discrepancy between the biobehavioral correlates of conduct problems with callous-unemotional traits in infancy and those reported from studies of older children and adults suggests that the etiology of this behavioral phenotype may be more complex than a simple genetic maturation model. Keywords: Fearlessness, psychobiology, autonomic, cortisol, conduct problems, callous-unemotional traits.
A New Mid-UV Resist With Oxygen Plasma Resistance

A new silyl ether of resorcinol novolak resin (SERN) and a new photoactive compound (S-55NQ) have been developed for a bilayer resist system. The SERN resin is an addition-condensation type terpolymer from resorcinol, hexamethylenetetramine, and phenyl silyl ether (PSE), which is a reaction product of resorcinol and chlorosilane, under acid catalyzed condition. The S-55NQ sensitizer is a sulfonate ester of spiroglycol and naphthoquinone diazide. This alkaline soluble Si-containing resist, useful in the mid-UV region, shows high dry etching resistance to O 2 plasma and O 2 RIE. An etching rate ratio of 4.5 or higher based on HPR-204 as the bottom layer is obtained.
COMPARISON OF EXTRACTIVE PROCEDURES FOR DIGITALIS.

The shearing action of the Premier colloid mill and the Eppenbach Homo-Mixer was applied to a mixture of digitalis powder and its extracting liquid in order to determine whether these pieces of equipment might be superior to the percolator for extraction of the active principles. The official method was used as the control procedure and simple agitation as an intermediate procedure. Data presented show order of effectiveness.
Political Violence and the Politics of Ethnography

The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence. Joyce J. M. Pettigrew. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1995. 212 pp. Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.314 pp.
The Role Of Nurse Practitioners In Reinventing Primary Care

Nurse practitioners are the principal group of advanced-practice nurses delivering primary care in the United States. We reviewed the current and projected nurse practitioner workforce, and we summarize the available evidence of their contributions to improving primary care and reducing more costly health resource use. We recommend that nurse practice acts—the state laws governing how nurses may practice—be standardized, that equivalent reimbursement be paid for comparable services regardless of practitioner, and that performance results be publicly reported to maximize the high-quality care that nurse practitioners provide.
Feline Non-Ocular Melanoma: A Retrospective Study of 23 Cases (1991–1999)

Non-ocular melanoma is considered to be a rare neoplasm in cats; however, more than 150 cases have been reported in the literature since 1961. The objective of this study was to characterise this tumour better by evaluating case outcome and survival data for cats with melanoma and to compare clinical and histopathological findings with those of previous reports. Twenty-three feline non-ocular melanomas were identified, the most common locations being the nose, digit and pinna. Cats with digital melanomas had survival rates similar to their canine counterparts. Histological assignation of benignity, malignancy or junctional activity was not found to be an accurate predictor of clinical behaviour. Melanoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pigmented or non-pigmented masses and histopathology is essential for definitive diagnosis, as other tumours may clinically appear quite similar. Regular follow-up examinations are recommended indefinitely for benign or malignant feline melanomas.
Parameter space for collisionless RF sheaths

As plasma processing reactors approach higher density, the sheath models which neglect the radio frequency (RF) response of the ions become invalid. This work show that the nature of the collisionless RE ion sheath can be described in a number of different regimes of parameter space. These regimes can all be visualized on a single two-dimensional (2-D) plot where the horizontal axis is the ion plasma frequency divided by the frequency, and the vertical axis is the electron oscillating velocity divided by the ion sound speed.
Numerical simulation of free surface MHD flows: Richtmyer-Meshkov instability and applications

Numerical methods for free surface MHD flows have been developed and numerical simulations of the Richtmyer - Meshkov type instability in liquid jets in strong magnetic fields caused by an external energy deposition have been performed. Numerical results shed light on the evolution of the proposed Muon Collider target which will be designed as a pulsed jet of mercury interacting with strong proton beams in a 20 Tesla magnetic field. The formation and evolution of strong instabilities of the jet surface in the absence of the magnetic field have been demonstrated. We have shown that a uniform magnetic field significantly reduces amplitudes and velocities of surface instabilities and is able to stabilize the jet for all surface perturbations during times typical for the jet breakup at zero magnetic field.
Xanthan Gum Fermentation by Xanthomonas campestris Immobilized in a Novel Centrifugal Fibrous-Bed Bioreactor

Current industrial fermentations in conventional stirred-tank fermentors for production of xanthan gum and other polysaccharides are energy-intensive and costly, mainly because the high broth viscosity causes agitation and aeration to be difficult and limits the final product concentration and productivity. In this work, a novel, centrifugal, packed-bed reactor (CPBR) was developed for viscous xanthan gum fermentation. Xanthomonas campestris cells were immobilized in a rotating fibrous matrix by natural attachment to the fiber surfaces. The mixing and aeration problems were overcome by continuously pumping and circulating the medium broth through the rotating fibrous matrix to ensure intimate contact of gas and liquid with the cells and to separate the xanthan polymer from the cells. Almost all of the cells were immobilized on the fiber surfaces as was indicated by the absence of suspended cells in the fermentation broth. Thus, cell-free xanthan broth was obtained, with ∼85% xanthan yield from glucose. The bioreactor was operated in repeated batch mode to study the feasibility and performance of long-term xanthan gum production using the immobilized cells in the fibrous bed. Consistent xanthan production rate and gum quality were obtained for eight consecutive batches studied during a total operation period of over 3 weeks. The volumetric xanthan productivity achieved in the reactor was ∼1 g/(L.h) based on the total liquid volume and ∼3 g/(L.h) based on the fibrous-bed volume. In contrast, conventional batch fermentation in a stirred-tank reactor (STR) with free cells usually has a productivity of only 0.5 g/(L.h) or lower. The high productivity in CPBR was attributed to the relatively high cell density, ∼7 g/L, in the reactor. The specific xanthan productivity was lower in CPBR than in STR, however. This was because of the relatively low cell viability (∼60%) and limitation in oxygen transfer in CPBR, which can be improved by increasing the medium recirculation rate and the rotational speed of the fibrous matrix.
The electroquasistatics of the capacitive touch panel

The capacitive touch panel, a high-resolution position sensor intended for computer displays, must be safe and inexpensive and must sense position accurately in spite of electrical noise, dirt, or direct electrostatic discharge. The implementation discussed uses a quasi-static electric field, applied to a semiconducting coating on the panel surface. A touch draws current from the surface. This current can be used to compute position. If the computation is performed properly, the computed position is independent of touch current and panel coating resistivity. The electroquasistatic basis for position measurement with a capacitive touch panel and a system to implement it are described. >
Biological Behavior of Human Breast Cancer Micrometastases

Purpose: Clinically undetectable micrometastases may account for disease recurrence in breast cancer patients after variable disease-free intervals. However, little is known about the cellular mechanisms controlling human breast cancer micrometastases. We compared tumor proliferation rate, apoptotic index, and angiogenesis in human breast cancer micrometastases with those of macroscopic axillary lymph node metastases. Experimental Design: Seven breast cancer micrometastases ( P = 0.003). Median microvessel density/high-power field for macrometastases was greater than for micrometastases (17 versus 1; P versus 0.7%; P = not significant). Conclusions: Human breast cancer micrometastases have lower tumor proliferation rates and angiogenesis than breast cancer macrometastases. These characteristics may explain their differential growth patterns.
From Social Structure to Gene Regulation, and Back: A Critical Introduction to Environmental Epigenetics for Sociology

Epigenetics is a burgeoning area of biomedical research into the mechanisms by which genes are regulated—how the activity of producing proteins is controlled. Although molecular epigenetic research is highly biochemical, it is of interest to sociologists because some epigenetic changes are environmentally mediated and can persist across the life span or into further generations. Environmental epigenetic research tracks mechanisms by which social forces—from pollution to nutrition to mothering to traumatic experience—become molecularly embodied, affect gene expression, and induce durable changes in behavior and health. We begin with an introduction to the science of environmental epigenetics focused on articulating the logic of experimentation and explanation in this field. Turning to sociologists' key interests, we review the growing literature on epigenetics of socioeconomic status. Finally, we consider how epigenetics offers opportunities and challenges for sociological research on both empirical and th...