cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Street children of Bombay: their stresses and strategies of coping

Abstract Using a multi-method approach, this study identifies the stresses and coping strategies of street children in Bombay, particularly of the ‘children of the street’. Semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, informal interviews and a case study were used to collect data from 73 street children, five agency social workers and three street workers. The results suggest that children face several challenges in their search for food, safety, employment, shelter and medical care. They commonly depend on their peers, non-governmental agencies, and their own resourcefulness to survive on the streets. While the majority use positive mechanisms to cope with their daily stresses, some children also employ maladaptive strategies such as using alcohol, drugs, and visiting prostitutes. The study also reveals that these ‘children of the street’ are not entirely on their own but depend on various connections with substitute family members and/or their peers to cope with life. The stresses and coping strategies of the ‘children of the street’ are similar to those of other street children who live with their families and work on the streets. Agencies that work with street children may need to recognize these challenges and strengths to provide needed services to improve their condition.
The Performance of a Counting-Mean-Square Voltage Channel in the EBR-II

A wide range neutron flux monitoring test channel based on counting and mean-square voltage techniques has been installed at the EBR-II. The measured responses to neutron flux are presented and compared to those predicted. Data taken while the reactor is on an essentially constant period during typical re-starts are shown. The gamma discrimination ratio for this system has been determined and is discussed.
Museli: A Multi-Source Evidence Integration Approach to Topic Segmentation of Spontaneous Dialogue

We introduce a novel topic segmentation approach that combines evidence of topic shifts from lexical cohesion with linguistic evidence such as syntactically distinct features of segment initial contributions. Our evaluation demonstrates that this hybrid approach outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms even when applied to loosely structured, spontaneous dialogue.
Allocentrism and Perceptions of Helping

Abstract This study applied Brickman, Rabinowitz, Karuza, Coates, Cohn, and Kidder's (1982) models of helping and coping to an allocen-trism-idiocentrism framework. The main hypothesis was that the model endorsed would depend upon the level of acculturation. Ninety-eight Republic of China-born individuals completed three measures: the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (Suinn, Richard-Fi-gueroa, Lew, and Vigil, 1987); the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (Triandis, 1992); and the Help Vignettes (Mitchell, 1985). The participants were college students attending universities in the Midwest and completed these instruments in group administrations. Analysis of the data found an interaction of model-by-acculturation that approached statistical significance. Suggestions for future research and implications of the present study to the field are also discussed.
22-Mb integrated physical and genetic map based on YAC/STS content spanning the interval DXS1125-DXS95 in human Xq12-q21.31.

Abstract A YAC/STS map has been assembled spanning 22 Mb across Xq12–q21.31, between markers DXS1125 and DXS95. In addition to the landmark loci for the X-inactivation center XIST and the ATRX, ATP7A, phosphoglycerate kinase, POU3F4, and choroideremia genes, the candidate disease gene regions for torsion dystonia 3 and two X-linked mental retardation syndromes are included. Also, the human voltage-dependent anion channel gene (HVDAC1) has been placed near DXS986. The current map incorporates 211 YACs from five different libraries, formatted with 185 STSs that comprise 26 genetic linkage markers, 60 newly-developed YAC-end STSs, and eight ESTs. The multiple clone coverage and average resolution of one STS per 120 kb provide resources for disease gene searches and are facilitating complete sequencing of the region.
Adsorbate-mediated gas-surface energy transfer: Collision geometry and surface temperature influences

Abstract We report here a classical trajectory study of how changes in the angle of incidence and the surface temperature alter the energy transfer occuring when an argon atom impinges on a partially covered tungsten surface. Our calculations suggest that while an increase in the surface temperature has only a negligible effect on the net energy exchange, the dependence on the collision geometry can be more significant.
Research Trends in the Study of Chinese Cities: A Review Essay

FOUR THEMES ARE evident in the studies of urban China (Taiwan, Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China) over the last thirty years: the relationship between state policy and economic development; the urbanization and transformation of Chinese society; socialism's impact on the urban infrastructure; and, more recently; the effect of market reforms on urban stratification, family composition and organization, and forms of cultural expression. This essay presents a bibliography of writings on urban China (1949–1998). Much of this literature is drawn from disciplines other than anthropology and is relatively recent, (51 percent or n=143 out of 240 were published in the last eight years). The essay also discusses the thematic topics and more recent writings representative of research in the field. [China, cities, market reform, social change]
Multispectral Imaging/Ranging System

David K. Lynch, Donavon D. Pretzer, Scott D. FouseExploratory Studies DepartmentHughes Research Laboratories, 3011 Malibu Canyon RoadMalibu, California 90265AbstractA five -band multispectral(MIS)imaging system has been constructed and tested by the HughesResearch Laboratories. It has five boresighted sensors mounted on a scanning pedestal in acompletely mobile and self- contained instrumentation trailer. The systems are .8u passive,1.06ii active /ranging, 10.6v active, 8 -12v passive and 95 GHz (3.2 mm) active /ranging. TheMIS operates in all weather conditions and produces registered, calibrated and digitized12 -bit raster scanned imagery. Designed as a sensor test bed for DARPA, the MIS is aversatile and adaptable system, which has potential use for a wide range of imaging and non -imaging applications. Field tests conducted in Culver City, California and Climax, Coloradowill be discussed and the applicability of the MIS to the acquisition and analysis of morediverse scenes will be discussed.Sensor SystemsThe specifications of the five sensors on the Multispectral Imaging System (MIS) areshown in Table I. Figure 1 shows the MIS in operation at the Laboratories in Malibu.Each system is a single element detector and the images are built up by scanning thescene and sampling the outputs at operator- selected intervals. Thus the pictures representraster - scanned imagery and they are not obtained realtime. Though the MIS can be used fordynamic scenes, it has been optimized for use with static targets.Each telescope is individually mounted so that it may be aligned with the others.
Diamond (111) studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy in the characteristic loss region

Unoccupied surface states on diamond (111) annealed at greater than 900 C are studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy with valence band excitation. A feature found at 2.1 eV loss energy is attributed to an excitation from occupied surface states into unoccupied surface states of energy within the bulk band gap. A surface band gap of approximately 1 eV is estimated. This result supports a previous suggestion for unoccupied band gap states based on core level energy loss spectroscopy. Using the valence band excitation energy loss spectrosocpy, it is also suggested that hydrogen is removed from the as-polished diamond surface by a Menzel-Gomer-Redhead mechanism.
Simultaneous Acute Infections with Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Viruses in a Chimpanzee

The unexpected occurrence of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a chimpanzee experimentally inoculated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) provided an opportunity to examine the course of simultaneous acute infections with both agents. A chimpanzee inoculated intravenously with HAV developed elevated levels of aminotransferases in serum, detectable excretion of hepatitis A antigen in feces, and a marked antibody response to HAV. During the acute phase of this experimentally induced infection with HAV, the chimpanzee simultaneously developed an HBV infection. The latter was characterized by jaundice, a second increase in levels of aminotransferases in serum, and the appearance in serum of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and, later, antibody to HBsAg. During the acute phase of both HAV and HBV infections, marked histopathologic inflammatory changes were observed in serial liver biopsy specimens. In this chimpanzee, the concurrent acute infection with both HAV and HBV occurred in association with marked liver damage.
Nonlinear refractive index of an array of azimuthal anthracene rotors

Current interest in nanophotonics has spurred the synthesis of a variety of molecular rotors--custom-designed molecules attached to a substrate via an axle about which the barrier to rotation is relatively low--and the investigation of their optical and mechanical properties. The dielectric response of molecular rotors possessing a permanent dipole moment, recently measured at frequencies in the kHz range, would be expected to be quite modest at optical frequencies. Nonpolar rotors, in contrast, could potentially exhibit large nonlinearities at optical frequencies, with the most promising rotor candidates being rigid molecules with molecular polarizabilities that are highly anisotropic; a good example is anthracene, for which the diagonal component of the polarizability tensor corresponding to the long axis of the molecule differs from that corresponding to axis normal to the ring plane by 20 a 3 . Anthracene molecules are constrained to rotate about the principal axis associated with the diagonal component of the molecular polarizability that is intermediate in size. The rotation axes are oriented vertically ("azimuthal rotors") and are attached to a covalent monolayer grid such as that recently reported by Magnera et al. [in Nanostructural Materials: Clusters, Composites, and Thin Films, Moskovits and Shalaev, eds., ACS, 1997, p. 213]. In this configuration, the interaction between the incident laser beam and the induced rotor dipoles dominates the physics; rotor-rotor interactions are negligible. This allows us to calculate the nonlinear refractive index n I 2 for the system, for which we obtain a relatively modest value of 2.6 × 10 -15 cm 2 /W.
Genetic Algorithm Based Approach for Parameters Estimation of the Hess Operator Model

In the 2006 MSTC paper on operator modeling ( A Con spectus on Operator Modeling: Past, Present and Future) 1 , the authors laid the theoretical foundation for the prospective methodology of the real -time estimation of operator model parameters. The proposed approach heavily relies on hybrid intelligent compu ting techniques, including neural net work s, fuzzy inference systems and genetic algorithms . This paper addresses the first part of the approach which is to identify the parameters of a human operator model, which is necessary to establish a data base to b e used in the real -time application . Such an approach is categorized as a data driven model , which implies that time histories of the input/ output data are available . In the case of the operator model, this relationship is given by the disturbance and the operator con trol as predicted by the Hess 2 structural model . The primary task of the current investigation was to devise a methodology, which would automatically identify parameters of the Hess model given the knowledge of the input disturbance and actual (real) operator behavior . The identification process is accomplished by searching for a combination of the Hess model parameters that would drive the model response to match the actual operator behavior. The search engine utilized by the proposed methodol ogy is based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) concept, - a powerful soft computing technique, often used as an alternative to conventional optimization algorithms. Preliminary , non -real -time results presented in this paper demonstrate high efficiency of the p roposed methodology . The estimated parameters are in good correlation with the nominal val ues: the estimation error is 0% in its minimum, and 15% in its maximum . Time domain comparison shows an exact match of the estimated and actual operator control signa ls. These results are accompanied by the appropriate graphs and tables.
Hydrogen sulfide dilates cerebral arterioles by activating smooth muscle cell plasma membrane KATP channels

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that appears to contribute to the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Multiple potential mechanisms of vascular regulation by H2S ...
The changes induced in sodium desoxyribonucleate by dilute acid

Light scattering and viscosity studies have been made on solutions of sodium desoxyribonucleate in 0.2 M NaCl adjusted to pH values of 6.5, 3.0, and 2.6 by dialysis in order to prevent contact with more concentrated acid. It is found that the molecular weight (7,700,000) is the same under these three conditions and remains so when the acid solutions are adjusted to pH 6.5. Upon lowering the pH the molecular size decreases due to increased coiling, but returns to its original value upon reneutralization. At pH 2.6 the mean radius of the molecule is less than half the pH 6.5 value. It is argued that these observations invalidate the existing evidence for degradation or disaggregation accompanying the appearance of new titratable groups. However, it is likely that most of the amino groups have not been titrated at pH 2.6 at the ionic strength employed here. Consequently the possibility remains that the stability at pH 2.6 is a consequence of a hydrogen-bonded structure that is still largely intact.
Probing structural differences between native and in vitro transcribed Escherichia coli valine transfer RNA: evidence for stable base modification-dependent conformers

Structural differences between native (modified) and in vitro transcribed (unmodified) Escherichia coli tRNA(Val) were explored by comparing their temperature-absorbance profiles as a function of magnesium ion concentration and by probing their solution conformation with single- and double-strand-specific endonucleases. In vitro transcribed tRNA(Val) has a less ordered structure as monitored by thermal melting profiles; its Tm is appreciably lower than that of native tRNA(Val) at all Mg2+ concentrations. Structure probing experiments with nuclease S1 and ribonuclease V1 show that the unmodified tRNA(Val) transcript is more susceptible to nuclease attack at low Mg2+ concentrations, particularly in the D- and T-loops, indicative of at least a partial disruption of D-loop/T-loop interactions. These experiments also provide evidence for temperature-dependent alternative conformations of the anticodon loop of native tRNA(Val). Modified nucleosides are essential for the stability of these conformers; they cannot be detected in the unmodified in vitro transcript. The observations suggest that post-transcriptional modifications in tRNA allow the adoption of unique conformations and act to stabilize those that are biologically active.
Solving fuzzy equations in economics and finance

Abstract In this paper we apply our new solution procedure for solving fuzzy equations (linear, non-linear, differential) to three problems in economics and finance. The three applications are: (1) Leontief's input-output model; (2) the internal rate of return; and (3) a dynamic supply-demand model where price and supply are governed by a system of differential equations.
Reproductive tract function and dysfunction in women

An appropriately developed and functional reproductive tract is essential for the natural production of offspring. However, abnormal development or disease, either within or external to the reproductive tract, can cause considerable morbidity and mortality. This Review describes the normal function of each section of the female reproductive tract. Some of the major conditions and diseases that cause reproductive tract dysfunction in women of reproductive age are reviewed, with a focus on endocrine-related dysfunction. As the female reproductive tract is vital for the continuation of the human species, it is crucial to have an improved understanding of how the cells and tissues of this system interact under normal conditions and to define how hormonal and genetic abnormalities cause pathophysiologic derangement of reproduction.
Low temperature metal deposition processes for optoelectronic devices

Photovoltaic cells require deposition of a platinum layer at the cathode to serve as a catalyst for reduction of redox carriers in PV cells. Current dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) employ high temperature decomposition of chloroplatinic acid to give platinum islands. In order to produce DSSCs with plastic substrates, a low temperature platinum deposition process was developed. Initial experiments showed that platinum was deposited if Karstedt platinum catalyst solution in hexamethyldisilazane (HMDZ) was coated onto a substrate followed by heating under 150°C. PV cell performance of Karstedt-HMDZ-containing platinum was inferior to cells made with high temperature platinum. However, CODPtMe 2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) was found to be a platinum precursor that led to PV cell performance equivalent to that obtained from high temperature platinum. Other precursors were evaluated as well including MeCpPtMe 3 that permitted platinum deposition via UV irradiation. Kelvin Probe analysis was also performed on several platinum films prepared from a variety of precursors on several substrates under a variety of conditions. CPD values of < -0.6eV appeared to predict good PV cell performance. Further application of the low temperature-derived platinum films was made for organic light emitting diodes.
Laminar-turbulent transition in pipeflow of Casson model fluids

Methanol-coal slurries are known to behave as homogeneous non-Newtonian suspensions. Darby has shown that the Casson and Bingham models reasonably describe the rheology of methanol-lignite slurries. Theoretical methods are available for predicting critical velocities for Bingham model slurries, but none exist for Casson model slurries. Theoretical equations and design curves are derived and presented for Casson model slurries. These are based upon a proven general theory for transition critical velocities. These results are the essential first phase of a coordinated theory-based design method for transitional and turbulent flow of methanol-coal slurries and any other slurries having Casson-model rheology. 24 refs.
Deoxyfluorination of Phenols

An operationally simple ipso fluorination of phenols with a new deoxyfluorination reagent is presented.
VEGF increases endothelial permeability by separate signaling pathways involving ERK-1/2 and nitric oxide

We tested the hypothesis that VEGF regulates endothelial hyperpermeability to macromolecules by activating the ERK-1/2 MAPK pathway. We also tested whether PKC and nitric oxide (NO) mediate VEGF-in...
INCREASING INNOVATION: PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THE WORDTREE DESIGN- BY-ANALOGY METHOD

Numerous examples of innovation through analogy are found throughout current trade journals, magazines and product offerings. Design-by-analogy is a powerful tool in creative design, but generally relies on unproven, ad-hoc approaches. Although a few notable computational knowledge bases have been created to support analogous design, very few methods provide suitable guidance on how to identify analogies and analogous domains. This paper presents a novel approach, referred to as the WordTree Design-by-Analogy Method, for identifying analogies as part of the ideation process. The WordTree Method derives its effectiveness through a design team’s knowledge and readily available information sources but does not require specialized computational knowledge bases. A controlled experiment and an evaluation of the method with redesign projects illustrate the method’s influence in assisting engineers in design-by-analogy. Unexpected and unique solutions are identified using the method. The experimental results also highlight potential improvements for the method and areas for future research in engineering design theory.
Analysis of the effects of a gerP mutation on the germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis.

As previously reported, gerP Bacillus subtilis spores were defective in nutrient germination triggered via various germinant receptors (GRs), and the defect was eliminated by severe spore coat defects. The gerP spores' GR-dependent germination had a longer lag time between addition of germinants and initiation of rapid release of spores' dipicolinic acid (DPA), but times for release of >90% of DPA from individual spores were identical for wild-type and gerP spores. The gerP spores were also defective in GR-independent germination by DPA with its associated Ca2+ divalent cation (CaDPA) but germinated better than wild-type spores with the GR-independent germinant dodecylamine. The gerP spores exhibited no increased sensitivity to hypochlorite, suggesting that these spores have no significant coat defect. Overexpression of GRs in gerP spores did lead to faster germination via the overexpressed GR, but this was still slower than germination of comparable gerP+ spores. Unlike wild-type spores, for which maximal nutrient germinant concentrations were between 500 μM and 2 mM for l-alanine and ≤10 mM for l-valine, rates of gerP spore germination increased up to between 200 mM and 1 M l-alanine and 100 mM l-valine, and at 1 M l-alanine, the rates of germination of wild-type and gerP spores with or without all alanine racemases were almost identical. A high pressure of 150 MPa that triggers spore germination by activating GRs also triggered germination of wild-type and gerP spores identically. All these results support the suggestion that GerP proteins facilitate access of nutrient germinants to their cognate GRs in spores' inner membrane.
A generalized Popov-Belevitch-Hautus test of observability

In this paper, an earlier result on the problem of observability of a linear dynamical system due to Popov-Belevitch-Hautus has been generalized and applied to the problem of observing the initial condition of a linear dynamical system described on the space of d-dimensional affine planes in R/sup n/. >
Intracavity second harmonic generation in quantum cascade lasers pumped by femtosecond Mid-IR pulses

Room temperature second harmonic generation at λ=2.2 μm has been obtained from a 4.5 μm quantum cascade laser resonantly pumped by TM or TE polarized λ=4.5 μm femtosecond pulses through the front facet.
Inviting Students Into the Pursuit of Meaning

This article describes the basis of Questioning the Author, an approach to encourage students to engage with text ideas. The article begins with a description of what motivated us to design the approach, which was based on a series of studies conducted in the 1980s that provided a revealing look at how young readers interact with the ideas in their textbooks. We observed that students tended to resist grappling with text ideas, but rather dealt with text at a surface level. We hypothesized that students could be encouraged to consider text ideas if the reading situation was set up as a dialogue with a text's author—thus our notion of Questioning the Author. Examples of how Questioning the Author functions in classrooms are provided. A summary of findings from implementations of Questioning the Author are presented in terms of changes in the roles of both teachers and students in classroom discussion.
Publishing: a reliable broadcast communication mechanism

Publishing is a model and mechanism for crash recovery in a distributed computing environment. Published communication works for systems connected via a broadcast medium by recording messages transmitted over the network. The recovery mechanism can be completely transparent to the failed process and all processes interacting with it. Although published communication is intended for a broadcast network such as a bus, a ring, or an Ethernet, it can be used in other environments.A recorder reliably stores all messages that are transmitted, as well as checkpoint and recovery information. When it detects a failure, the recorder may restart affected processes from checkpoints. The recorder subsequently resends to each process all messages which were sent to it since the time its checkpoint was taken, while ignoring duplicate messages sent by it.Message-based systems without shared memory can use published communications to recover groups of processes. Simulations show that at least 5 multi-user minicomputers can be supported on a standard Ethernet using a single recorder. The prototype version implemented in DEMOS/MP demonstrates that an error recovery can be transparent to user processes and can be centralized in the network.
The use of remifentanil infusion to facilitate epidural catheter placement in a parturient: a case report with pharmacokinetic simulations

We present a case in which remifentanil infusion was used to provide analgesia during epidural catheter placement in a parturient who was experiencing great difficulty staying motionless because of extremely painful uterine contractions. Remifentanil may provide certain advantages in this setting, including improved analgesia during the procedure, briefer residual maternal and fetal (or newborn) drug effects after the procedure, and greater technical ease of catheter placement because of decreased movement induced by pain. Pharmacokinetic simulation of the dose administered suggests that analgesic effect-site concentrations can be rapidly produced, and that these concentrations decline rapidly to clinically insignificant levels after the infusion.
Intracellular recordings of action potentials by an extracellular nanoscale field-effect transistor

A silicon nanowire field-effect transistor coupled to the interior of a cell by means of a hollow silicon dioxide nanotube can detect changes in the electric potential of the intracellular fluid.
What Matters Most in Distinguished Literacy Teacher Education Programs

This study is a research collaborative conducted with multiple sites to examine the programmatic features within six literacy teacher education programs that have received the Certificate of Distinction of the International Reading Association (IRA). The objectives were to identify the features that were most highly ranked by internal and external experts and to delineate specific examples of how the features were actualized. A classical Delphi method was applied, and participants included leading literacy faculty members at each of the six institutions, the internal experts (n = 18), and members of program review teams identified by IRA, the external experts (n = 3). Analyses of results revealed that 14 programmatic features ranked higher in value than others at a statistically significant level. The study found that the internal and external literacy teacher education experts agreed on the most highly valued programmatic factors. These include the importance of relevant field experiences, the developmen...
New Challenges Are “Brewing” for the Regulation of Opiates

Opioids, including the naturally occurring opiates morphine and codeine, are commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of chronic pain. Opioids for chronic pain are variably effective, since tolerance may develop with extended use. Because of their highly addictive nature and the sensation of euphoria commonly produced, opioids are often abused recreationally. Potential sources of opioids for recreational abuse include the diversion of prescription medications and illegal street production. The opium poppy plant, Papaver somniferum, is the natural source for the opiates morphine and codeine, both of which produce analgesic effects, as well as thebaine, which is a precursor to synthetic opioids. Although chemical syntheses of morphine have been published since the 1950s, commercial production …
The Effects of Exosomes and Related Vesicles on Cancer Development, Progression, and Dissemination

Exosomes are small bilayer-membrane-bound nanoparticles that are released from normal, diseased, and neoplastic cells and are present in blood and other bodily fluids. Exosomes contain a variety of signal molecules including signal peptides, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and lipids and have characteristic molecular features on their external surfaces (e.g., CD9 and CD81). Exosomes can function to export from cells unneeded endogenous molecules and therapeutic drugs. When exosomes and similar types of vesicles are secreted from cells and are taken up by other cells, they may act locally to provide autocrine or paracrine signals or distantly as a newly described nanoparticle-based endocrine system. Specifically, mRNA transferred to cells by exosomes can result in the production of new and novel proteins. In cancer, signals via exosomes affect the immune system via inhibition of the functions of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, by inhibiting the differentiation of precursors to mature antigen-presenting cells, e.g., dendritic cells, and by increasing the number and/or activity of immune suppressor cells including myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T regulatory cells, and CD14, HLA-DR−/low cells. Exosomes from neoplastic lesions also act to provide a fertile environment in which neoplastic lesions can develop, progress, and metastasize, especially via the stimulation of angiogenesis. Exosomes have multiple potential clinical uses including the development of vaccines for targeting tumors; also, tumor-derived exosomes may be useful in diagnosis/early detection, risk assessment and prediction, in determining prognosis, and as surrogate endpoints in evaluating therapeutic and preventive approaches to cancer.
An overview and practical guide to building Markov state models.

Markov state models (MSMs) have a long history in the physical sciences, where they are often referred to as discrete-time master equation models. Therefore, there are many well-established ways of working with and analyzing these models given a valid set of states. However, defining a set of states sufficient for modeling complex molecular processes, like protein folding, is quite difficult. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a practical guide to building MSMs, with an emphasis on partitioning a molecule’s conformational space into a valid set of states. We will start off with a brief discussion of some of the major requirements for a valid state decomposition. Then we will move on to a more detailed discussion of each of the steps commonly used for building MSMs, including an overview of the various options at each stage and their relative merits. Finally, I will introduce a few advanced topics and conclude with some future directions.
Influence of isometric exercise on blood flow and sweating in glabrous and nonglabrous human skin

The distribution of the reflex effects of isometric exercise on cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor function is not clear. We examined the effects of isometric exercise by different muscle masses on ...
Placement of a Compass Knee Hinge: Surgical Technique.

[Introduction][1] The Compass Knee Hinge can be a useful part of the treatment regimen for highly unstable knee dislocations. ![Figure][2] [Step 1: Initial Alignment of Wires][3] Make sure to place the centering wire at the isometric point of the knee. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 2: Placement of the Compass Knee Hinge][4] Take the necessary steps to place the Compass Knee Hinge over the wire. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 3: Application of the Compass Knee Hinge with Concurrent Procedures][5] If repair or reconstruction of either the posteromedial or the posterolateral corner is part of the planned surgical procedure, place the centering wire prior to the repair or reconstruction of the injured corner. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 4: Postoperative Protocol][6] Postoperatively, use progressive protocols to enable the patient to regain knee motion following the application of the hinge. [Results][7] The above technique was used to treat fifty-five patients with a total of fifty-six knee dislocations who had various concurrent ligamentous reconstructions[14][8]. [Indications][9] [Contraindications][10] [Pitfalls & Challenges][11] [Introduction][1] The Compass Knee Hinge can be a useful part of the treatment regimen for highly unstable knee dislocations. ![Figure][2] [Step 1: Initial Alignment of Wires][3] Make sure to place the centering wire at the isometric point of the knee. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 2: Placement of the Compass Knee Hinge][4] Take the necessary steps to place the Compass Knee Hinge over the wire. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 3: Application of the Compass Knee Hinge with Concurrent Procedures][5] If repair or reconstruction of either the posteromedial or the posterolateral corner is part of the planned surgical procedure, place the centering wire prior to the repair or reconstruction of the injured corner. ![Figure][2] ![Figure][2] [Step 4: Postoperative Protocol][6] Postoperatively, use progressive protocols to enable the patient to regain knee motion following the application of the hinge. [Results][7] The above technique was used to treat fifty-five patients with a total of fifty-six knee dislocations who had various concurrent ligamentous reconstructions[14][8]. [Indications][9] [Contraindications][10] [Pitfalls & Challenges][11] [1]: #sec-7 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #sec-8 [4]: #sec-9 [5]: #sec-10 [6]: #sec-11 [7]: #sec-12 [8]: #ref-14 [9]: #sec-14 [10]: #sec-15 [11]: #sec-16
Descents on elliptic curves with complex multiplication

To obtain information on the group of rational points or the Tate-Safarevic group of an elliptic curve E defined over Q, one usually does a “descent” at some prime(s) p, to determine the Selmer group of E relative to p (or powers of p). There is a finite algorithm for carrying out such a descent, but with few exceptions (see [2] for examples with p=2 and [10], [12] for some with p=3) this algorithm is completely impractical in actual examples.
Cost and Effectiveness of Recent Government Land Retirement Programs in the United States

Recent land-retirement programs have succeeded in achieving their major objective, which was to reduce existing or potential surpluses of grains, but the cost has been relatively high per unit of production. By altering land-retirement programs so as to pay only for land retired, and not for idle equipment and labor as well, and by concentrating payments in those areas where land costs are low relative to annual output per acre, measured in terms of grain equivalent, the government might reduce total public costs substantially. Relatively simple administrative criteria are suggested to aid in deciding where land should be withdrawn if the primary objective is to minimize the public cost of achieving a given adjustment in grain production.
Psychology, the State, and Special Interests: The Battle of Expertise in Psychology-Informed Law

There has been tremendous national attention to the use of psychology-informed laws to improve, and in some instances substitute for, substantive regulation. A number of recent laws, as well as a new White House task force, seek to use psychology to guide, or “nudge” citizens toward desired actions. An implicit assumption is that well-established, formal psychological science will convey a regulatory advantage to government vis-a-vis business and special interests. Yet, is government the true psychological expert? Government typically has a monopoly on legal prohibitions, taxes, and criminal punishment, but it does not have exclusive rights — or superior expertise — at psychological tactics. This Article examines why private business and interest groups are usually better than government at deploying psychology. I advance three reasons why special interests often outpsych government: superior competency in the most powerful psychological modalities, such as visual imagery; capacity for rapid iteration of psychological tactics; and laxer role constraints on psychological tactics. I consider the implications of private undermining for the new generation of psychology-informed policy-making, as well as for the debate over libertarian paternalism.
A Review of: “Learning Lessons from Waco: When the Parties Bring their Gods to the Negotiating Table”

This book makes important contributions to the ongoing discussion of both the Waco incident and to the broader topic of the interaction between millennialist groups and their cultural opponents, pa...
Identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae from human and tick sources in the People's Republic of China

Identification de 6 isolats des rickettsies du groupe de la fievre pourpree. Ces resultats permettent de connaitre l'extension geographique de Rickettsia sibirica
User Strategies in Interactive Image Processing

Several related experiments are being conducted to investigate human performance in an image processing and interpretation task. In this task, users select operators from a set of image enhancement transformations in order to modify an image and facilitate interpretation. In several trials, subjects were required to identify images of ship hulls as belonging to one of four categories. Operator sequences, selection times, and categorization responses were recorded. Subjects adopted strategies that lead to the enhancement of spatial frequencies important for the categorization task. The strategies were easily identified, emerged in an orderly manner, and changed in predictable ways in response to changes in the frequency content of the task images. We are currently developing a production-based model to account for the operator sequences and selection times.
Epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Anxi county, 2010

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Anxi county in 2010 for the disease control and prevention. Method The data from "Infectious Diseases Reporting Information System" was analyzed by SPSS18.0 package. Results In 2010, the county reported 823 HFMD cases, but no severe cases and deaths. The incidence rate was 25.87 per 100 000 and there was 1 outbreak. Most HFMD cases were reported by municipal medical institutions, accounting for 48.1%. The interval was 2.46 days from onset to diagnosis by hospitals. The epidemiological trend of HFMD was sporadic, the constituent ratios of Longjuan (13.78%) and Guanqiao(7.77%) were higher than other areas. The incidence rates of Futian(110.10 per 100 000) and Taozhou(58.08 per 100 000) were higher than others. The constituent ratio (0.4%)and incidence rate(3.83 per 100 000) of Lantian were the lowest than others.The male-to-female ratios of incidence rate were 2.41∶1, the main HFMD cases occurred in age of 0-3,accounting for 84.45%. The HFMD cases were mainly occurred in scattered children, accounting for 89.00%. HFMD cases were reported each month. The month with least cases was November and December, with most cases in September. There were two peaks of incidence happened in the periods of April to May and August to September. Conclusions Primary medical institutions should improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Peoples should improve the awareness of prevention and treatment. It is crucial to focus on key groups and areas for prevention and control of HFMD.
A geospatial analysis of soil lead concentrations around regional Oklahoma airports

Abstract Lead has been banned from automobile gasoline since 1995; however, lead is still used as an additive to aviation gasoline (avgas). Airports are now one of the greatest sources of lead air emission in the US. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate soil lead levels radially from three regional airports; (2) collect historical meteorological data; (3) examine the soil organic matter content and (4) develop correlation coefficients to evaluate correlations among variables. Soil samples were collected from 3 different airports in Oklahoma and the soil lead concentration was measured using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). The measured soil lead concentrations were plotted with the corresponding GPS location in ArcGIS and Inverse Distance Weight spatial analysis was used to create modeled isopleths of soil lead concentrations. One of the three airports was found to have soil lead concentrations that correlate with soil organic matter with one other showing correlation between soil lead concentration and distance from the airport. The spatial modeled isopleths showed elevated soil lead concentrations in the direction of prevailing winds with “hot spots” near the avgas fueling stations.
World Summit on the Information Society: Catalyst for Transnational Advocacy and a Milestone for Multistakeholder Global Governance

This chapter presents a detailed case study of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and highlights the historic steps it took to include civil society and non-state actors. For many analysts, WSIS signaled a shift in the power relations between state and non-state actors. In practice, however, the effective participation of civil society lagged substantially behind this lofty rhetoric. Nonetheless, the chapter highlights the catalytic role played by WSIS in stimulating the creation of numerous Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs), and explores the contestation between the top-down Civil Society Bureau (CSB) and the bottom-up Civil Society Plenary (CSP). This chapter sets the stage for subsequent chapters by highlighting the key policy issues left unresolved by WSIS—Internet governance and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and development—which presaged the two institutions created by the UN to address them.
Abstract 291: Fibulin-1 is Required to Prevent Hypoplastic Semilunar Valve Formation

Fibulin-1 (Fbln1), an extracellular matrix protein, is prominently expressed during outflow tract (OFT) morphogenesis as a component of both the endocardial cushions and OFT valves. Here we sought to investigate the role of Fbln1 in the process of OFT valvulogenesis. Since Fbln1 null mice die perinatally, we first evaluated the effects of Fbln1 deficiency on OFT valve morphology in hearts of embryos at E17.5. Morphometric analysis of 3D reconstructions revealed that in Fbln1 nulls the volume of the anterior leaflet of the pulmonary valve, and the left and non-coronary leaflets of the aortic valve were significantly reduced as compared to wild type (WT) (30-40% reduction; WT n=6, null n=8; p<0.05). The reduced leaflet size correlated with decreased leaflet cell numbers (45%, 30% and 30% respectively; p<0.05). TUNEL and BrdU analysis showed no difference between E17.5 WT and Fbln1 null OFT valves. To determine when abnormalities of OFT valve leaflet cell numbers first occurs, OFT endocardial cushions and pr...
Automation in Engineering Design

Abstract Constraint-based design is a useful approach in design of mechanical parts or assemblies. In this paper, a methodology is developed to fmd feasible designs. A network model is used to represent relationships among design variables. The methodology is illustrated with examples
Sensitivity Analysis for an Aquacultue Pond Model

Abstract A model simulating conditions in an aquaculture pond has been developed. Some details of the model are presented as well as a preliminary sensitivity analysis. The effects of phytoplankton growth and respiration rates, zooplankton growth and respiration rates, particulate organic matter decomposition rate, and dissolved organic matter decomposition rate, on the model were examined. Seasonal differences were observed between the model responses to the rate variations. Results indicate that the two most important processes governing conditions in the pond are phytoplankton dynamics and the dynamics of decomposition of organic matter.
Freshwater Mussel Propagation for Restoration

Freshwater mussels are declining rapidly worldwide. Propagation has the potential to restore numbers of these remarkable organisms, preventing extinction of rare species and maintaining the many benefits that they bring to aquatic ecosystems. Written by practitioners with firsthand experience of propagation programs, this practical book is a thorough guide to the subject, taking readers through the process from start to finish. The latest propagation and culture techniques are explored as readers follow freshwater mussels through their amazing and complex life cycle. Topics covered include the basics of building a culture facility, collecting and maintaining brood stock, collecting host species, infesting host species with larval mussels, collecting and culturing juvenile mussels, releasing juveniles to the wild, and post-release monitoring. This will be valuable reading for any biologist interested in the conservation of freshwater mussel populations.
Joint radar-communications system implementation using software defined radios: Feasibility and results

Joint radar-communications systems attempt to address spectral congestion with cooperative spectrum sharing architectures. These architectures include co-existence, in which both systems agree to operate cooperatively, and co-design, in which both systems are designed together to achieve more efficient cooperation. We demonstrate the feasibility of a co-design architecture using a multiple-input, single-output (MISO) channel topology. This system architecture is implemented with a network of commercially available software defined radios (SDRs). The communications system uses a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme. The radar system uses a standard linear frequency modulated (LFM) chirp. We demonstrate that a high-resolution radar return can be extracted from a simultaneous, multiple access reception using successive interference cancellation (SIC). Furthermore, we show that the high-resolution radar return can achieve similar estimation performance when compared to a radar only system.
On the prospects for building a working model of the visual cortex

Human visual capability has remained largely beyond the reach of engineered systems despite intensive study and considerable progress in problem understanding, algorithms and computing power. We posit that significant progress can be made by combining existing technologies from computer vision, ideas from theoretical neuroscience and the availability of large-scale computing power for experimentation. From a theoretical standpoint, our primary point of departure from current practice is our reliance on exploiting time in order to turn an otherwise intractable unsupervised problem into a locally semi-supervised, and plausibly tractable, learning problem. From a pragmatic perspective, our system architecture follows what we know of cortical neuroanatomy and provides a solid foundation for scalable hierarchical inference. This combination of features promises to provide a range of robust object-recognition capabilities.