cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5760: 14-3-3zeta cooperates with ErbB2 to promote ductal carcinoma in situ progression to invasive breast cancer by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC ErbB2, a metastasis-promoting oncoprotein, is overexpressed in approximately 25% of invasive/metastatic breast cancers, but in 50%-60% of noninvasive ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS). It has been puzzling how a subset of ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS develops into invasive breast cancer (IBC). We found that co-overexpression of 14-3-3zeta in ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS conferred a higher risk of progression to IBC. ErbB2 and 14-3-3zeta overexpression, respectively, increased cell migration and decreased cell adhesion, two prerequisites of tumor cell invasion. 14-3-3zeta overexpression reduced cell adhesion by activating the TGF-beta/Smads pathway that led to ZFHX1B/SIP-1 upregulation, E-cadherin loss, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Importantly, patients whose breast tumors overexpressed both ErbB2 and 14-3-3zeta had higher rates of metastatic recurrence and death than those whose tumors overexpressed only one. Therefore, we discovered that 14-3-3zeta overexpression is a “second hit” or “risk factor” facilitating a subset of ErbB2-overexpressing DCIS transition into IBC and identified molecular mechanisms/pathways through which ErbB2 and 14-3-3zeta co-overexpression promotes invasion. This study identified biomarkers that allow selection of high-risk DCIS patients for more aggressive treatments at early stages of cancer development, while saving low-risk patients from ablative clinical procedures. Moreover, it provided promising targets for future intervention strategies to prevent DCIS progression to IBC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5760.
Antiveratrinic Activity of Lactones and Peroxides

Several saturated and unsaturated γ-lactones and peroxides were tested for their antiveratrinic activity on the frog sartorius muscle. Some of the unsaturated lactones and a hydroperoxide were active. This action resembled the antiveratrinic effect of quinine more closely than that of ouabain. The activity of the unsaturated lactones could not be satisfactorily related to potential peroxide formation.
Deoxynivalenol suppresses circulating and splenic leukocyte subpopulations in BALB/c mice: dose response, time course and sex differences

It was hypothesized that suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte subsets were markers of exposure to dietary deoxynivalenol (DON), a Fusarium graminearum mycotoxin in grain, at 1.0 mg kg(-1) but not at lesser doses in BALB/c mice. Groups of 10 female and 10 male BALB/c mice were fed 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg kg(-1) DON for 14 and 28 days. Using flow cytometry with staining for leukocyte surface markers, the percentage of CD19(+) leukocytes (B cells) in peripheral blood was decreased in both sexes of BALB/c mice after 14 days of exposure to 1.0 or 2.0 mg kg(-1) DON, whereas exposure to DON over 28 days did not inhibit B cells compared to the control diet. The percentage of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood was decreased in female BALB/c mice fed 1 and 2 mg kg(-1) DON after 14 days compared with control diet. The percentage of CD11b(+) leukocytes (monocytes) in peripheral blood and total CD11b(+) splenic leukocytes were decreased only in female mice fed 1.0 and 2.0 mg kg(-1) DON after 28 days compared with control diet, which shows the greater sensitivity to DON in females compared to males. It was concluded that BALB/c mice adapted to DON exposure because peripheral blood cellular effects of DON at 14 days disappeared by 28 days with the exception of monocyte changes in females. This suggests that female sex hormones potentiate one potential marker of DON immunotoxicity in BALB/c mice.
Security standards for Object Data Management Systems

Abstract This position paper examines the incorporation of information security into the Object Data Management (ODM) system standardization process. An overview is provided of concepts important to information security; this is followed by a discussion of ODM features having important implications for the support of these security concepts. We conclude by discussing security features and assurance concepts appropriate for inclusion in the ODM standardization process. These features address the areas of access controls, security constraints, user roles, and object boundaries.
The Tryptophan-Derived Endogenous Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]Carbazole Is a Nanomolar UVA Photosensitizer in Epidermal Keratinocytes

Endogenous UVA chromophores may act as sensitizers of oxidative stress underlying cutaneous photoaging and photocarcinogenesis, but the molecular identity of non-DNA key chromophores displaying UVA-driven photodyamic activity in human skin remains largely undefined. Here we report that 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), a tryptophan photoproduct and endogenous high-affinity aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, acts as a nanomolar photosensitizer potentiating UVA-induced oxidative stress irrespective of AhR ligand activity. In human HaCaT and primary epidermal keratinocytes, photodynamic induction of apoptosis was elicited by the combined action of solar-simulated UVA and FICZ, whereas exposure to the isolated action of UVA or FICZ did not impair viability. In a human epidermal tissue reconstruct, FICZ/UVA cotreatment caused pronounced phototoxicity inducing keratinocyte cell death, and FICZ photodynamic activity was also substantiated in a murine skin exposure model. Array analysis revealed pronounced potentiation of cellular heat shock, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress response gene expression observed only upon FICZ/UVA cotreatment. FICZ photosensitization caused intracellular oxidative stress, and comet analysis revealed introduction of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-sensitive oxidative DNA lesions suppressible by antioxidant cotreatment. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the endogenous AhR ligand FICZ displays nanomolar photodynamic activity representing a molecular mechanism of UVA-induced photooxidative stress potentially operative in human skin.
Study of transition metal ion-S(IV) systems

Abstract New data are presented on laboratory studies of metal-sulfite systems to show that such compounds probably do not play any significant role in stabilizing sulfur (IV) in droplet solutions in the atmosphere. Detailed investigation of the Fe(III)-S(IV) systems definitely established that rapid redox reactions occur and under some conditions the sulfur may be quantitatively converted to dithionate. The thermometric titration method for determining sulfite (Hansen et al ., 1976) is discussed in perspective of presented experimental results; apparently the method determines Fe(II), some complex thereof or some as yet unidentified species.
Resolution of α and β anhydrotrypsin by affinity chromatography

Summary pH gradient elution of anhydrotrypsin from a soybean inhibitor (Kunitz) affinity column provides good resolution of the α and β components. The usual method of preparation has been to elute discontinuously with a solution sufficiently acidic to remove all column-bound material in a single band. The fact that α and β anhydrotrypsins have significantly different affinities for immobilized soybean inhibitor means that these components must be considered separately in further work.
Ventricular fibrillation in Rochester, Minnesota: experience over 18 years.

Abstract Objective Survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) continues to be disappointingly low world-wide, despite advances in technology and international guidelines for resuscitation. Few cities or emergency medical service (EMS) agencies report patient outcomes after OHCA. Among those who do, survival from witnessed VF ranges from 7.7% to 39.9%, with only a few cities reporting rates higher than this. We report outcomes and incidence of VF OHCA over 18 years in a medium-sized city incorporating an aggressive approach to OHCA. Methods The city, which increased in population over the study period from 70,000 to 100,000 persons, utilizes an emergency response system which dispatches defibrillator-equipped police, fire-rescue and ambulance personnel simultaneously. Police and fire-rescue personnel are equipped with automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Advanced life-support is provided as needed by paramedics. Results There were 454 arrests during the study period attributed to a cardiac cause. Of 271 bystander-witnessed arrests, 203 (74.9%) were in VF and 94 (46.3%) were discharged. Average time from 9-1-1 call to shock was relatively short: mean 6.5min (S.D. 2.5min). In a multivariable model, the interval from call to shock was strongly associated with neurologically intact survival (OR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.61–0.84 for each additional minute). The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of EMS-treated VF OHCA significantly ( p Conclusions High survival from witnessed VF OHCA (46.3%) was achieved during the study period. Rapid response, and therefore rapid defibrillation, was the major contributor to survival.
COHERENCE AND DECOHERENCE IN THE INTERACTION OF LIGHT WITH ATOMS

Amplification without population inversion in a resonant V-type atomic medium is analyzed using the theory of quantum trajectories. A global view of the dynamics underlying the amplification is provided by a quantum stochastic process governing an interplay between coherence and decoherence. The quantum trajectories decompose into distinct ``gain cycles'' and ``loss cycles'' which determine, respectively, the emission and absorption spectra that might be calculated from perturbation theory. Two methods for calculating net gain are developed, motivated by complementary views of the exchange of energy between an atom and a probe field. One time averages the energy radiated continuously by the induced dipole, while the other determines probabilities for discontinuous energy exchange through the emission and absorption of individual quanta. In the latter case, the emission and absorption probabilities are evaluated as sums over probabilities for classical records that define the unobservable exchange of a quantum with the probe field in terms of observable scattering events. Quantum trajectories for a V-type medium driven by a coherent field are compared with those for a medium driven incoherently. Two relationships which connect amplification to population inversion in the latter case are shown to be lacking in the former; hence the possibility for amplification without population inversion arises from the following: (1) a decoupling of the rate of gain-cycle (loss-cycle) initiation from the time-averaged population in the initial state for gain (loss), and (2) loss of the symmetry that the final state for emission be the initial state for absorption and vice versa. The specific influences of these general observations vary from model to model. The details are worked out for the resonant V-type medium, where the quantum trajectory analysis sheds light on the meaning of ``without population inversion'' and ``cancellation of absorption by quantum interference.''
Transcriptional activation of rat creatine kinase B by 17beta-estradiol in MCF-7 cells involves an estrogen responsive element and GC-rich sites.

The rat creatine kinase B (CKB) gene is induced by estrogen in the uterus, and constructs containing rat CKB gene promoter inserts are highly estrogen-responsive in cell culture. Analysis of the upstream -568 to -523 region of the promoter in HeLa cells has identified an imperfect palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) that is required for hormone inducibility. Analysis of the CKB gene promoter in MCF-7 breast cancer cells confirmed that pCKB7 (containing the -568 to -523 promoter insert) was estrogen-responsive in transient transfection studies. However, mutation and deletion analysis of this region of the promoter showed that two GC-rich sites and the concensus ERE were functional cis-elements that bound estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)/Sp1 and ERalpha proteins, respectively. The role of these elements was confirmed in gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and transfection studies in MDA-MB-231 and Schneider Drosophila SL-2 cells. These results show that transcriptional activation of CKB by estrogen is dependent, in part, on ERalpha/Sp1 action which is cell context-dependent.
The Black Pacific: Music and Racialization in Papua New Guinea and Australia

Music has been critical to the alliances and affiliations that have connected black-identified artists and activists from North America and the Caribbean with indigenous artists and activists from Australia and Papua New Guinea since as late as the end of the 19th century. This article sketches out those connections, asking what kinds of social formation this ‘Black Pacific’ has represented. Following Howard Winant, I argue that though affecting a relatively small number of people in places that are generally remote from western metropoles, nevertheless, this story of transcultural identification is crucial to understanding the trajectory of racialization as a component of modernity.1
Genetic Wiring Diagram of the Cardiac Conduction System

In 1906, Tawara published his treatise, recently translated from German to English,1 on the anatomy of the cardiac conduction system, which he elucidated through painstaking dissection and histological examination. In the following decades, the conduction system was generally understood and studied in anatomic and physiological terms. Most molecular biology focused on the genes and proteins that generate or propagate the cardiac action potential. Unlike other tissues and organs, including the heart, little was known about its embryonic development, even though the anatomic form of the conduction system is clearly relevant to its function. Until recently, developmental biology was hampered by the lack of a working model of how the conduction system forms, reagents, and methods. This situation has changed significantly since Gourdie and Mikawa2 reported their seminal observations in 1995. In an elegant series of chick embryo experiments, their laboratories proved that a developing node or fiber in the central and peripheral conduction systems forms by recruitment of adjacent multipotent myocytes.2,3 The murine conduction system develops by the same process of accretion.4 Soon afterward, Berul et al,5 Morley et al,6 and Baker et al7 described their applications of intracardiac electrophysiology and optical mapping to study normal and abnormal conduction in the mouse, thus opening the door for experimental genetics and developmental biology. Article p 2535 The inductive patterning of tissues is a central theme in development. In the chick embryo, endothelin-1 is secreted by the coronary arterioles to induce …
Kinetic Study of Hydrolysis of Methylene Chloride from 100 to 500 °C

Methylene chloride (CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}) is a representative model compound commonly found in aqueous wastes, process effluents, and contaminated soils and sediments. Oxidation in supercritical water provides a viable treatment and remediation pathway to convert CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} to CO{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O, and HCI. However, in earlier work, partial hydrolysis was observed at subcritical temperatures ({lt}374 C). This low-temperature reactivity complicates the measurement of kinetic data. In this study, the kinetics of CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} hydrolysis in sub- and supercritical water were experimentally measured and modeled. Catalytic effects from a high nickel content alloy used for the reactor were studied by comparing kinetic data obtained in quartz ampoules with and without metal presents. No heterogeneous catalysis effects were observed. Reaction rates from 100 to 500 C were measured to check the reproducibility of existing published data (up to 150 C) and to extend the database for hydrolysis to the supercritical region in order to develop a robust empirical global rate expression. The data show a local maximum in the rate constant below the critical point of water, consistent with a possible change in the reaction mechanism induced by changes in the solvent's physical properties (dielectric constant, density, etc.). Variationsmore » in the global rate constant agree quantitatively with predictions obtained by applying the Kirkwood model, which accounts for changes in the dielectric constant and density of the solvent.« less
Some genetic implications of silica and aluminosilicates in peat and coal

Abstract The inorganic content of Okefenokee peat, in the absence of a significant detrital contribution, is a function of sponge spicule, phytolith, and diatom abundance in addition to the degree of organic matter decomposition and the frequency of fires. The detrital component (quartz) dominates ash composition where it is present. No clear correlation has been observed between the inorganic content of coals examined in this study and their maceral composition. Vitrinite-rich coals have a wide range of ash yield. These observations suggest that the minerals have been introduced detritally rather than accumulated as a result of peat degradation. Quartz in the coals appears to be detrital, and the presence of 2m 1 mica indicates that there is also a detrital contribution to the clay minerals present.
High-Speed Phase-Correlated Signal Generation by Phase-Reconstruction of OTDM Signals through Differential Cross-Phase Modulation in an SOA-MZI

We propose a method to generate high-speed coherent phase-modulated signals using DXPM in an SOA-MZI. Results include generation of 80-Gb/s RZ-DPSK, CSRZ, GAP-CSRZ, PAP-CSRZ, and AMI modulation formats. The technique also enables output pulse-width control.
Transient striction and skin effects on voltage drop across flat conductors

Closed formulas for computing the time-domain voltage between the contact points of a ground plane produced by conducted currents are presented. The approach takes into account realistic effects such as the transient skin effect and the confinement of current lines at the contacts, known as the transient striction or constriction effect. The contribution of external inductance depends on the geometry and relative position of the return conductor and is not addressed in the present paper. Calculated results are presented for various parameters, such as the dimensions of the ground plane and contacts and the type of current time-function. Using a simple geometrical model, computed results show that the ground voltage may become non-negligible when short rise-time signals are considered.
An improved protocol for the efficient ab initio calculation of accurate enthalpies of formation for C,H,N compounds

Wilcox et al. (THEOCHEM 2000, 528, 95; THEOCHEM 2001, 538, 67) have developed a fast running ab initio model based on the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) model supplemented with parametric corrections for C,H,N atoms; the model proved to be sufficiently accurate to be useful in unraveling complicated kinetic schemes. This model is reexamined, and by fitting a subset of the singlet C,H,N molecules in the G2/97 database, three variants have been developed that provide more accurate and/or faster running protocols. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 770–774, 2001
Application of assessment methods to instruction in a high school writing program

Abstract In this study a holistic approach was used to evaluate students' writing skills in a high school that is part of a residential treatment program for adolescents. Prior to this there was no schoolwide method of evaluating writing skills. Students were asked to produce spontaneous writing samples in response to the same standardized prompt in the fall and spring of the 1990–91 school year. A total of 740 writing samples were scored by faculty members at the school. Results indicated good interrater reliability and significant gains in writing skills for students during the year. The criteria used to score the writing samples developed into an instructional tool for teaching writing skills. Applications of the assessment process and criteria to student monitoring and classroom instruction are described.
The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission

Scale-up of malaria control interventions has resulted in a substantial decline in global malaria morbidity and mortality. Despite this achievement, there is evidence that current interventions alone will not lead to malaria elimination in most malaria-endemic areas and additional strategies need to be considered. Use of antimalarial drugs to target the reservoir of malaria infection is an option to reduce the transmission of malaria between humans and mosquito vectors. However, a large proportion of human malaria infections are asymptomatic, requiring treatment that is not triggered by care-seeking for clinical illness. This article reviews the evidence that asymptomatic malaria infection plays an important role in malaria transmission and that interventions to target this parasite reservoir may be needed to achieve malaria elimination in both low- and high-transmission areas.
Evolution of cytochrome c investigated by the maximum parsimony method

Rates of evolution for cytochromec over the past one billion years were calculated from a maximum parsimony dendrogram which approximates the phylogeny of 87 lineages. Two periods of evolutionary acceleration and deceleration apparently occurred for the cytochromec molecule. The tempo of evolutionary change indicated by this analysis was compared to the patterns of acceleration and deceleration in the ancestry of several other proteins The synchrony of these tempos of molecular change supports the notion that rapid genetic evolution accompanied periods of major adaptive radiations.
Association of foot-and-mouth disease virus induced RNA polymerase with host cell organelles

The localization of foot-and-mouth disease viral-induced RNA polymerase has been determined in situ and in partially fractionated cell components by using polymerase antisera tagged with either peroxidase or ferritin. Electron microscopic examination revealed the polymerase to be heavily concentrated on membranes of the smooth membranous vacuoles (SMV) which are newly formed during infection and which were previously shown to be the site where newly synthesized viral RNA appeared. Polymerase antigen was also seen to be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the assumed site of original synthesis, and to a lesser extent with mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. There was no significant polymerase attachment to nuclear and plasma membranes.
The Future of Democracy in Egypt

Dr Jamal al-Din Hamdan, a renowned Egyptian historian, wrote in Volume 1 of his four-volume book Shakhsiyat Misr (Egypt's Distinctive Character), In Egypt the ruler is regarded as a God until he fa...
Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for optimizing grazing incidence optics for wide-field x-ray survey imaging

We have been working on the design of a wide-field, short focal length, grazing incidence mirror shell set with a desired rms image spot size of 15 arcsec. The baseline design consists of Wolter I type mirror shells with polynomial perturbations applied to the baseline design. The overall optimization technique is to efficiently optimize the polynomial coefficients that directly influence the angular resolution without stepping through the entire multi-dimensional coefficient space. We have previously investigated the use of Response Surface Designs and Artificial Neural Networks as a means for optimizing the polynomial coefficients. The results have been published elsewhere. Here we have investigated Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms as a method for optimizing the multi-dimensional coefficient space. Although MCMC algorithms are traditionally used to explore probability densities that result from a particular model specification, they can be used to create irreducible algorithms for optimizing arbitrary, bounded functions. In situations where very little is known, a priori, about a function and where the function may have multiple minimums, the irreducible nature of the MCMC algorithm combined with the ability to adapt MCMC algorithms offers a promising framework for optimizing this multi-dimensional complex function.
Prostaglandin E2 in human gingiva in health and disease and its stimulation by female sex steroids

Abstract The levels of prostaglandin E2 were measured by means of radioimmunoassay in 12 clinically normal and 24 chronically inflamed human gingival tissue homogenates. The average values were found to be 16 and 285 pmol/gm wet weight of the normal and inflamed samples, respectively. Addition of estradiol-17β alone or a mixture of estradiol-17β and progesterone to incubation media containing normal or inflamed gingiva caused a significant increase in the in vitro synthesis of endogenous PGE2. Increased levels of female sex steroids during pregnancy may enhance gingival inflammation.
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY VASCULAR EFFECTS OF DOBUTAMINE IN NEWBORN LAMBS

Dobutamine is potentially a useful drug for therapy of myocardial dysfunction complicating perinatal asphyxia. To study the effect of the drug on an immature cardiovascular system, we infused dobutamine in stepwise doses from 2.5 to 20mcg/kg/min into 7 newborn lambs chronically instrumented for measurement of systemic and pulmonary artery pressures (SAP, PAP), right and left atrial pressures and pulmonary blood flow (Qp). The infusion was performed first with the lambs breathing room air, and then breathing a 10% O2 mixture. With normoxia, dobutamine produced a significant increase in Qp from 270 ± 69 to 390 ± 92ml/min/kg (mean ± S.D.) (p<0.01). This was due to an increase in heart rate (HR) from 180 ± 28 to 310 ± 26 beats/min (p<0.01). While SAP and PAP did not change, both systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances (SVR, PVR) decreased. During hypoxemia, dobutamine infusion tended to raise Qp and HR, but the changes were not statistically significant. No change was seen in SAP or SVR. PAP rose from 23 ± 2.8 to 29 ± 7.0 mm Hg (p<0.01), but PVR did not change. Thus, dobutamine in normoxic lambs caused an increase in cardiac output with concommitant fall in PVR and SVR. In addition, it had a marked chronotropic effect in these newborn animals. Dobutamine did not alter the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. The drug has properties desirable for therapy of newborns with myocardial dysfunction, but if the chronotropic effect is noted in human infants, this may limit dobutamine's utility.
Role of radiosurgery in the management of central nervous system metastases.

Radiosurgery is being used more routinely to treat patients with inoperable, recurrent, or multiple brain metastases from systemic cancer. Results in >2000 treated patients have been published during the past 8 years. These results indicate that permanent local control can be obtained in >80% of treated lesions with complications in <10% of patients. Success is independent of the histology, ie, melanoma vs adenocarcinoma, of the treated lesion or number of lesions treated. The long-term results of radiosurgery compare favorably with those seen following surgical resection. The cost-effectiveness of radiosurgery compared to surgical resection favors an expanded role for this technology in the treatment of selected patients with brain metastases.
Intragroup identification and intergroup differentiation: A multicomponent approach

The factor structure of an intragroup identification scale was examined. Subjects participating in small groups worked on a decision-making task, completed the identification measure and made in-group and out-group evaluations. Three factors reflecting emotional, cognitive and individual/group interdependence aspects of identification accounted for 70.5 percent of the scale's total variance. Based upon these results, the identification scale was decomposed into three subscales. Correlations between subscale scores and differentiation were positive, but small in magnitude (range 0.23–0.28). In contrast, subscale scores were more strongly associated with the in-group aspect of differentiation (rs from 0.37 to 0.62). Implications of the findings for social identity theory are discussed along with the value of multicomponent conceptualizations and methodologies.
The thermodynamic limits of tandem photovoltaic devices with intermediate band

We present a hybrid thermodynamic model for multijunction solar cells with intermediate bands that demonstrates possible improvements to conventional multijunction photovoltaic systems. Applying this model to selected tandem cell structures shows that the performance of such hybrid solar cells is enhanced and that multiple transitions from intermediate bands can reduce the number of material stacks and boost overall efficiency. We demonstrate the results of detailed simulations for multiple numbers of stacks of hybrid multijunction solar cells. And, we can choose proper materials to compose intermediate band for each junction. Furthermore, we suggest other alternative hybrid solar cell systems to absorb moderate photon energy range and find appropriate materials for hybrid solar cells.
The effects of the coastal environment on the atmospheric mercury cycle

[1] Atmospheric mercury (Hg) species were investigated on the east coast of Florida during June 2000. The site was impacted by air mass transport from the Atlantic Ocean and south Florida. Periods with atmospheric transport from the Atlantic were characterized by low concentrations of elemental gaseous Hg and inorganic divalent reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), demonstrating that the marine boundary layer was not a significant source of RGM to this coastal site as previous researchers have hypothesized. When anthropogenic impacts were observed at the site, indicated by elevated concentrations of gases including HNO3 and SO2, RGM concentrations had higher daytime maximums. Particulate phase Hg concentrations were higher than can be explained by sea spray alone, as determined by chemical analysis of the seawater, suggesting that gaseous Hg is diffusing into the sea-salt aerosol. Although atmospheric Hg concentrations were not elevated, the observed scavenging of Hg gases by sea-salt aerosols indicates that Hg may be rapidly cycled at the atmosphere-ocean interface between gaseous, aerosol, and oceanic forms. Deposition of aerosol enriched in Hg via this process may constitute a significant global mercury flux to the oceans.
Viscous flux motion in anisotropic type-II superconductors in low fields

The Bardeen-Stephen model of viscous flux motion in isotropic type-II superconductors is extended to the anisotropic case characterized by a phenomenological effective mass tensor m/sub ij/. When the magnetic field is low and the vortex lines are aligned along one of the three principal axes, simple expressions for the viscosity tensor eta /sub ij/ of the viscous flux motion are obtained as functions of m/sub ij/ and the normal state conductivity tensor sigma /sub ij/ for temperature T close to the critical temperature T/sub c/. For the high-temperature oxide superconductors, the theory predicts that eta /sub b//sup (a)/: eta /sub b//sup (c)/: eta /sub c//sup (a)/ approximately=1:4 gamma :3 gamma /sup 2/, where eta /sub i//sup (i)/ is the viscosity for the motion along the i-axis of a vortex parallel to the j-axis and gamma = square root m/sub c//m/sub a/ is the anisotropy parameter (m/sub i/, i=a, b, c, are the principal values of the mass tensor satisfying m/sub a/ approximately=m/sub b/<<m/sub c/).
Optical characterization of the Utah slant optrode array for intrafascicular infrared neural stimulation

We present an early-generation Utah Slant Optrode Array (USOA) for infrared (IR) neural stimulation. Intrafascicular IR stimulation with the early prototype in the cat sciatic nerve produced highly selective and artifact-free responses, which outperformed extraneural IR stimulation. We characterized the light delivery and loss mechanisms of the device in order to facilitate design optimization. Fabrication of the USOA takes advantage of the extensive research in the development of the Utah Slant Electrode Array (USEA). An undoped (ρ > 20 ω ρ cm) c-Si (100) substrate was used to produce a 10 x 10 array of optrodes with lengths from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm in a 400-μm pitch. This substrate is able to transmit IR (λ > 1.1μm) with negligible absorption losses. The optrodes were coupled to the laser source via fibers of different core diameters through in-coupling interfaces of varying refractive indices. The effect of these factors on optrode transmission efficiency was investigated. At 1550nm, transmittance for a butt-coupled 50-μm multimode fiber through a medium of index n = 1.66 was measured as 34.7%, which was the maximum value obtained. When the refractive index of the intervening medium was lowered, transmission decreased according to Fresnel reflection theory. Above 100-μm core size, transmitted power decreases by 40% with each doubling of the fiber core diameter. Transmission was also found to be dependent on the optrode length, where shorter and more tapered optrodes provided less output power. The results suggest that Fresnel, coupling, and radiation losses are the primary loss mechanisms.
Robust linear quadratic regulation using neural network

Using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm we have designed a robust linear quadratic regulator for a range of plant uncertainty. Since there is a trade-off between performance and robustness in the conventional design techniques, we propose a design technique to provide the best mix of robustness and performance. Our approach is to provide different control strategies for different levels of uncertainty. We describe how to measure these uncertainties. We will compare our multiple strategies results with those of conventional techniques e.g. H(infinity ) control theory. A Lyapunov equation is used to define stability in all cases.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Angular Momentum, PSF Rotation, and 3D Source Localization: A Statistical Performance Analysis

We present a computational imaging approach for encoding the 3D location of a point source via a rotating PSF. We also discuss statistical upper bounds on the precision of 3D sub-diffractive source localization, based on Bayesian error analysis.
High levels of cytosolic free calcium inhibit dephosphorylation of insulin receptor and glycogen synthase

Abstract Treatment of adipocytes with depolarizing concentrations of K + (40 mM) for 60 min increased [Ca 2+ ] i from 158 ± 28 nM to 328 ± 38 nM. This significantly reduced (up to 80% inhibition) dephosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), EGF receptor (EGF-R) and glycogen synthase (GS). The calcium channel blocker, nitrendipine (30 μM), or Ca 2+ free medium completely prevented K + -induced inhibition of phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPTase). This effect of high [Ca 2+ ] i was completely reversible when the cells were returned into the non-depolarizing medium. Trypsin treatment (4 μg/ml) of the membrane fraction containing inhibited PPTase activity, restored dephosphorylation activity to normal suggesting that elevated [Ca 2+ ] i may inhibit PPTase by promoting its association with the inhibitiors. These observations indicate that dephosphorylation of IR and GS can be regulated by [Ca 2+ ] i .
The effect of curved- and straight-line figures on apparent movement and apparent depth during rotation

The relative influence of straight- vs curved-line figures on two aspects of the stereokinetic phenomenon were examined: apparent depth and apparent sliding of one figure part over another. Thirty Ss compared three stimulus patterns (two circles; circle and triangle; and two triangles) in successive counterbalanced pairs for a total of 18 judgments per S. Tlie prediction that the two circles would yield the strongest effect, two triangles the least effect, and the circle and triangle a medium effect was strongly supported for both depth and sliding effects. The implication of these findings for pattern discrimination tasks was noted.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis of travelers' diarrhea: a selected summary

This paper summarizes the published controlled studies of the prophylaxis of travelers' diarrhea in which the following drugs have been used: neomycin, nonabsorbable sulfonamides, Streptotriad, doxycycline, erythromycin, and mecillinam. These studies have shown that antimicrobial prophylaxis can be highly effective in preventing episodes of travelers' diarrhea. The protection, however, lasts only as long as the drugs are being taken; there is no evidence that subclinical infections occur while the drug is being taken. None of the data suggest that antimicrobial prophylaxis increases the probability of infection with drug-resistant enteric pathogens. In these studies few subjects have experienced adverse drug reactions; however, the number of subjects has been too small to allow determination of accurate incidence data. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea can be effectively and safely used on an individualized basis for persons traveling to areas of high risk. Prophylaxis of travelers' diarrhea with antimicrobial agents began more than a decade before the major causative agents of the disease were identified. Clinical observations had suggested that the syndrome was most likely caused by enteropathogenic bacteria and, on that basis, most of the antimicrobial agents tested for prophylactic efficacy were nonabsorbable. Following the demonstration that enterotoxigenic
The peripheral visual field in glaucoma: reevaluation in the age of automated perimetry.

With the advent of automated static perimetry has come the common practice of measuring only the central 30 degrees of vision in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. While most glaucomatous field defects appear first in this portion of the visual field, the question remains as to how much useful information is being missed by ignoring the peripheral field, i.e., outside the central 30 degrees. Studies with both static and kinetic automated perimetry have revealed the same peripheral glaucomatous field defects previously recognized with manual perimetry, including generalized contraction, nasal steps, temporal sector defects, and hemianopic offsets. Of these, however, only measurement of the nasal periphery may add sufficient information to that obtained with static testing in the central 30 degrees to justify the added examination time; however, there are special situations in which peripheral field testing in other or all quadrants may be useful. Further study is required to establish optimum techniques for automated measurement of the peripheral visual field and to determine the significance of the results in the management of glaucoma.
Optimal feeding via constrained processes

Abstract An organism’s optimal feeding rate is governed by constraints imposed by processes associated with consumption. In this paper a generic representation of feeding rates is derived based upon process constraints, and mechanistic representations of the module processes are illustrated for a filter feeder,Daphnia magna,and a pursuit feeder, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The generic feeding rate models are presented in a spectrum of forms as dictated by process constraints and are convenient for application to a wide range of macroheterotrophic organisms.
Off-the-shelf T-cell therapy.

In this issue of Blood , Barker et al demonstrate that third-party non-neonatal T cells specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be safely used to treat EBV-associated disease after allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation (UCBT).[1][1] This is made possible by the a priori generation
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE REFLECTIVE TEACHING INSTRUMENT

-Scores from the Reflective Teaching Instrument were examined for reliability and vabdjty. In Study 1, teachers from programs (n=32), special education (n=26), and regular education (n=26) completed the instrument, the Ambiguity of Tolerance Scale, and the Teacher Efficacy Scale. Group 1 teachers scored higher on reflecrive teaching a but concurrent vabdity of the instrument was low. In Study 2, teachers (ns= 22, 60, and 29) from the &ed program, special education, and regular education completed the Reflective Teaching Instrument and were judged with a measure of teaching effectiveness by a school administrator. There was no significant correlation between h e reflective teaching and effectiveness measures, but there were no differences among the groups. a reliabilities were .67 to .83. While this instrument shows promise, reflective teaching may be difficult to measure with a short objective scale.
Characterization of mercury resistance mechanisms in marine sediment microbial communities

While estuarine sediments are often severely polluted with mercury, few studies have focused on the mechanisms of adaptation to mercury contamination in marine sediment microbial communities. In this study, we report a high frequency of Gram-negative bacterial isolates that are resistant to the heavy metal mercury obtained from the aerobic culturable marine microbial community. We detected a low frequency of genes homologous to mer(Tn21) in isolates from three out of four different estuarine environments. Other mercury resistant culturable bacterial isolates lacking homology to the known mer genes were able to reduce Hg(II) to its volatile Hg(0) form, indicating the presence of divergent mer genes. In addition, a number of mercury resistant isolates, obtained from three of the four marine sites investigated, exhibited decreased resistance to mercury in the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Representative mercury resistant bacterial isolates were identified by phylogenetic analysis as belonging to the α and γ subclasses of the class Proteobacteria.
Determination of methylation specificity of DsaV methyltransferase by a simple biochemical method

We have developed a simple new method that can identify the base methylated by a sequence-specific DNA methyltransferase and have used it to identify the cytosine that is methylated by DsaV methyltransferase (M. DsaV) within its recognition sequence 5'-CCNGG. The method utilizes the fact that exonuclease III of E. coli does not degrade DNA ends with 3' overhangs and cannot hydrolyze a phosphorothioate linkage. DNA duplexes containing phosphorothioate linkages at specific positions were methylated with M. DsaV in the presence of [methyl-3H] S-adenosylmethionine and were subjected to exonuclease III digestion. The pattern of [methyl-3H] dCMP release from the duplexes was consistent with the methylation of the internal cytosine in CCNGG, but not of the outer cytosine. To establish the accuracy of this method, we confirmed the known specificity of EcoRII methyltransferase by the method. We also confirmed the specificity of M. DsaV using an established biochemical method that involves the use of a type IIS restriction enzyme. Methylation of CCWGG (W = A or T) sequences at the internal cytosines is native to E. coli and is not restricted by the modified cytosine restriction (Mcr) systems. Surprisingly, the gene for M. DsaV was significantly restricted by the McrBC system. We interpret this to mean that M. DsaV may occasionally methylate at sequences other than CCNGG or may occasionally methylate the outer cytosine in its recognition sequence.
EFFECTS OF SERIAL EXPANSION OF SEPTAL CHONDROCYTES ON TISSUE-ENGINEERED NEOCARTILAGE COMPOSITION

OBJECTIVES: Cartilage grafts for reconstructive surgery may someday be created from harvested autologous chondrocytes that are expanded and seeded onto biodegradable scaffolds in vitro. This study ...
Heterodimeric Bis(amino thiol) Complexes of Oxorhenium(V) That Mimic the Structure of Steroid Hormones. Synthesis and Stereochemical Issues.

We have prepared a series of bis-bidentate complexes of rhenium that mimic the size, shape, and peripheral functionality of steroidal androgens. In a model system, we used 2D NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis to show that adjacent N-methyl and oxo substitutents adopt an anti configuration during the coordination reaction. We have synthesized a bis-bidentate oxorhenium(V) complex whose structure and peripheral functionality mimic 5α-dihydrotestosterone. 2D-NMR analysis indicates that the N-methyl and oxo substituents are driven into the steroidal anti configuration (β-N-methyl, α-oxo) by the β-orientation of the methyl group equivalent to C-18. Thus, this metal complex provides a remarkable structural and stereochemical mimic of a steroid. Its in vivo stability, however, appears to be limited.
Sentimental Spidering: Leveraging Opinion Information in Focused Crawlers

Despite the increased prevalence of sentiment-related information on the Web, there has been limited work on focused crawlers capable of effectively collecting not only topic-relevant but also sentiment-relevant content. In this article, we propose a novel focused crawler that incorporates topic and sentiment information as well as a graph-based tunneling mechanism for enhanced collection of opinion-rich Web content regarding a particular topic. The graph-based sentiment (GBS) crawler uses a text classifier that employs both topic and sentiment categorization modules to assess the relevance of candidate pages. This information is also used to label nodes in web graphs that are employed by the tunneling mechanism to improve collection recall. Experimental results on two test beds revealed that GBS was able to provide better precision and recall than seven comparison crawlers. Moreover, GBS was able to collect a large proportion of the relevant content after traversing far fewer pages than comparison methods. GBS outperformed comparison methods on various categories of Web pages in the test beds, including collection of blogs, Web forums, and social networking Web site content. Further analysis revealed that both the sentiment classification module and graph-based tunneling mechanism played an integral role in the overall effectiveness of the GBS crawler.
Discussion of Investor Protection and Corporate Governance: Evidence from CEO Turnover

DeFond and Hung (hereafter, DH) document that CEO turnover is more sensitive to poor performance in countries with strong enforcement of investor protection laws. Conference participants found this result interesting, particularly because the traditional management accounting literature interprets a weak correlation between a performance measure and CEO welfare to mean that the performance measure is noisy. This traditional interpretation arises from the principal-agent paradigm, which suggests that an optimal contract to the agent (the CEO in this case) is unlikely to involve noisy performance measures; therefore, the agent's welfare in equilibrium is less likely to depend on the variations in noisy performance measures (e.g., Bushman, Indjejikian, and Smith [1995]). By examining this association in the context of corporate governance laws, DH propose an alternative interpretation for the weak association, namely, that the agent is extracting rents. Furthermore, DH also account for the noise effect: in countries where stock returns are noisier, they document their main results for a less noisy measure, namely, earnings. Participants had a wide range of comments, but I think that the notions of the noise effect and the rent-extraction effect are a parsimonious way to characterize the seminar discussion. Both explanations have ample theoretical