cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inhibition of photochemical smog V. Products of the diethylhydroxylamine inhibited reaction

Abstract Mixtures of 1.6–26 mTorr C2H4 and about half as much NO and either O or 1 4 as much diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) in 10 Torr N2, ∼ 160 Torr O2 and 0 or 10 Torr H2O were irradiated to determine the products of reaction. With DEHA present an initial product was HONO. After a short induction period, CH3CHO, N2O, and C2H5OH were produced. C2H5NO2, NO2, and some CO2 were produced after a longer induction period. The CH3CHO, HONO, N2O, C2H5NO2, C2H5ONO2, and C2H5OH were not produced in the absence of DEHA. The relative maximum concentrations of CH3CHO, N2O, C2H5NO2, C2H5ONO2, and C2H5OH were 81, 27, 88, 15, and 1.1%, respectively, compared to the initial DEHA concentration. The reaction of NO2 with DEHA in the absence of O2 produced CH3CHO and HONO as major products and C2H5OH and C2H5ONO2 as minor products. In the presence of O2, C2H5NO2 was also produced. A mechanism for the reaction is suggested. Since the presence of DEHA markedly inhibits the reaction (initial rate of C2H4 removal reduced by a factor of 5 and initial rate of conversion of NO to NO2 reduced by a factor of 20), and the only products of reaction not now found in urban atmospheres are the harmless compounds C2H5OH and C2H5NO2, it is recommended that DEHA be considered for addition to urban atmospheres to inhibit photochemical smog production.
Level I Trauma Certification and Emergency Medicine Resident Major Trauma Experience

Objective: American College of Surgeons (ACS) and Residency Review Committee for Emergency Medicine (RRC–EM) guidelines conflict regarding the role of emergency physicians in directing major trauma resuscitations. This article describes the impact of ACS level I trauma certification on emergency medicine (EM) resident trauma experience. Methods: A written survey and a follow–up letter were sent to all 101 EM program directors as of August 16, 1994. The survey addressed demographics and trauma experience at hospitals designated by the RRC–EM as primary training sites. Results: There were 95 (94%) survey respondents. Estimates of the percentage of trauma resuscitations directed by EM residents were significantly lower at level I centers (52% X 27%, 95% CI 45–59%) than they were at non–level I centers (70% X 30%, 95% CI 58–82%) (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in trauma census between level I and non–level I centers. Of 14 respondents who said they were cited by the RRC–EM for inadequate trauma experience, ten (71%) were in ACS level I trauma centers (p = 1.0). Twelve of the 14 respondents cited for inadequate trauma experience were in either the Northeast or the Midwest. Conclusions: EM residents direct a smaller percentage of major trauma resuscitations at ACS level I hospitals than they do at non–level I facilities. This finding is not offset by an increased trauma census at level I facilities and may be more pronounced in the Northeast and the Midwest.
Formula Bias and Within-stratum Substitution Bias in the U.S. CPI

In 1978 BLS adopted an estimator for U.S. CPI component indexes that incorporates scientific samples of outlets and varieties and that allows the calculation of reliable standard errors. Consumer substitution of outlets and varieties offering better values could cause bias in these indexes. A more important source of bias is, however, a tendency to give excessive weight to items whose initial price is temporarily low. The empirical evidence is striking. Average price series and matched food CPIs grew at almost the same rate before 1978, but between 1980 and 1992 the CPIs average about 1.4% per year more growth. For unleaded gasoline, the discrepancy averages 0.8% per year.
Phase IB trial of picibanil (OK-432) as an immunomodulator in patients with resected high-risk melanoma

The microbial immunostimulant OK-432 has been studied intensively in preclinical systems and has shown promise as an anticancer agent in trials that have been conducted over the past 20 years in Japan. To date, no systematic dose response evaluation of this agent has defined its dose-limiting toxicity or immunobiological activity. A phase IA study has been conducted in 25 patients with metastatic cancer at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Melanoma Center, establishing 30 KE as the maximal tolerable dosage, on the basis of cutaneous reactions. Subsequently, 48 patients with resected high-risk melanoma participated in a phase IB study of OK-432. This study has evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of OK-432 at five dosages ranging from 1 KE to 20 KE, administered ID twice weekly for 3 months. A formal analysis of the treated population in comparison to the randomized control group has been conducted, and profound immunological effects have been defined in the group of patients treated with OK-432. Patients who participated in this trial had a significant depression of OK-432-inducible cytokine production (interleukin-1 beta, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) at baseline. Treatment with OK-432 reversed this deficit for interferon gamma (IFN gamma) production in a dose-dependent manner, and mitigated the inhibition for interleukin-1 (IL-1) across all dosage groups. The impact of OK-432 upon other immunological functions of the treated cohorts is more variable, with durable suppression of mononuclear cell superoxide production, and in vitro cytotoxicity to tumor. Immunological characteristics of the entire cohort demonstrate a strong and significant correlation of elevated blood CD16+ cell counts and natural killer activity with early tumor progression and death due to melanoma. Favorable prognosis is associated with monocyte capacity to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and polymorphonuclear leukocyte formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine-inducible superoxide release. This study reveals several new immunological correlates of tumor progression and lethal outcome in resected high-risk melanoma. It demonstrates that the depressed IL-1, TNF, and IFN gamma release associated with melanoma may be mitigated by treatment with OK-432. This study has defined treatment and dose response patterns of immunomodulation associated with one of the most complex immunological agents yet evaluated in phase IB trials, in a well-defined population of high-risk patients with resected melanoma.
Thymic control in expression of natural killer activity in AKR and C57BL/6 mice.

Summary The natural killer (NK) activity of 2-month old AKR mice was markedly depressed compared with that of C57BL/6 mice of the same age. It decreased with age in C57BL/6 mice, whereas it increased and reached a maximum at 5 months in AKR mice. When the animals developed leukaemia, NK activity completely disappeared. A considerable increase in NK activity was observed in AKR and C57BL/6 mice which had been thymrctomized at 30 days of age. This activity remained at a high level for 3 months and slowly decreased afterwards. The NK activity of C57BL/6 mice fell after sublethal irradiation (1.75 Gy×4) and did not recover within 12 weeks, except in mice restored with bone marrow (BM). When mice were thymectomized prior to radiation exposure, NK activity remained at a normal level and BM restoration resulted in a weak but significant enhancement. NK activity, which was already low in AKR mice, was not significantly modified by sublethal irradiation, whether the animals were previously thymectomized or not. In this strain, BM restoration increased the NK activity after sublethal irradiation, and a higher level was reached in thymectomized animals than in intact ones. Lethally irradiated mice restored with bone marrow displayed a high level of NK activity, which was comparable in both strains and was augmented by thymectomy. Taken together, these results indicate that spleen NK activity is, at least in part, controlled by the thymus. The increased NK activity in thymectomized animals might result from the decline or inactivation of a thymus-dependent suppressive activity. The low NK activity observed in AKR mice seems to be related to a thymus-mediated suppressive effect rather than to a defect of BM in NK precursors.
Effect of substrate structure on the liquid-phase regioselective 1,4-hydrogenation of E-benzylidene ketones on Rh/sepiolite catalyst

Abstract The liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation of benzylidene ketones, in the p -XC 6 H 4 -CHCHCOR form ( E isomers; XH, Me, MeO, Cl; RMe, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, t-Bu, n-Pe, Ph) was carried out using a sepiolite-supported rhodium catalyst (1 wt.% Rh) in methanol solvent under low hydrogen pressure (0.55 MPa) and at room temperature (298 K). The reactions were selective with respect to the formation of the conjugate reduction product ( p -XC 6 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 COR) although a very slight amount of benzyl ketone (hydrogenolysis of the CCl bond) is found in p -chlorobenzylidene ketones. The influence of both X and R substituents was analyzed by the Pavelich-Taft equation and both conjugative and steric effects of X and R groups were found to simultaneously influence the reaction process. A cis -concerted mechanism, including a transition state with some partially developed charge, is assumed for the hydrogenation of E -benzylidene ketones over Rh/ sepiolite catalysts. Here, the concerted character of the hydrogenation is considered as a reaction taking place in a single step on a rhodium surface site with three degrees of coordinative unsaturation.
Two readings of Arlow's "Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of conscious experience": one old and one "green".

(2008). Two Readings of Arlow’s “Unconscious Fantasy and Disturbances of Conscious Experience”: One Old and One “Green”. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 61-76.
Tocopherol as an activator of cytochrome C reductase.

Since itsdiscovery morethan30years agoasafat-soluble factor necessary for reproduction intherat, vitamin E(a-, 0-, y-,and8-tocopherols) hasbeenassociated withawidevariety ofbiological processes. A numberofrecent reviews (1-3)havesummarized thecurrent status ofourknowledge ofthevitamin. Itschemical nature andsynthesis have beenestablished, andits widedistribution amongplants andanimals iswellrecognized. Detailed studies havebeenmade oftheeffects ofvitamin-E deficiency in various animals aswellasoftheeffects ofitsaddition invivoandinvitro to various tissues andcell-free systems. Nevertheless, itsprimary mechanism of
A note on growth accounting with vintage capital

Abstract We show how growth accounting can be performed in the classic vintage capital model of Solow [Solow, R., 1956. Technical change and the aggregate production function, Review of Economics and Statistics]. The growth in real output can be decomposed into the labor share times the growth of labor plus the gross quasi-rents on capital times the saving rate. We show that data easily obtained from conventional national income accounts can be used to perform this growth accounting.
Thermodynamic analysis of arsenic methylation.

The Challenger mechanism for the methylation of arsenic is a repeating sequence of a two-electron reduction of pentavalent arsenic As(V) species to trivalent arsenic As(III) species followed by a methylation−oxidation reaction forming the successive methyl As(V) species. This unusual oxidation−reduction sequence prompted an examination of the thermodynamics of these reactions. Quantum chemical methods are employed to estimate the thermodynamic parameters for the methyl arsenic species. The sequence is thermodynamically favored at neutral pH for redox potentials with pe < 0 and methyl cation activities pCH3+ < −3 to −7 depending on the precise situation analyzed. The observed distribution of methyl arsenic species in human urine, which is remarkably constant across many studied populations, can be reproduced using an equilibrium model if the formation of TMA species is prevented. The estimated thermodynamic parameters are sufficiently accurate to evaluate questions of thermodynamic plausibility but not the...
Adding Sexual Orientation to New York State's Human Rights Law: Initial Information About Implementation and Effectiveness

While previous research has focused on measuring employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and establishing the need for laws that protect against such discrimination, very little research has evaluated the effectiveness of current nondiscrimination laws. This exploratory research considers the addition of sexual orientation to New York State's Human Rights Law as it relates to employment. In an effort to better understand the implementation and overall effectiveness of the law, attorneys in New York who specialize in employment law were surveyed. The survey results, based on the responses of 34 attorneys, provide insights into how well the law has initially protected individuals from discrimination, and how well it has provided redress for claimants of employment discrimination. The initial results of the research suggest that employees mostly seek redress for a hostile work environment, that potential claimants are concerned with confidentiality and retaliation, and that more training for em...
Class Structure and Intergenerational Mobility from a Marxian Perspective

Four mobility and attainment propositions are extracted from a theoretical discussion relating class mobility and attainment processes to the development of capitalism. These propositions are evaluated empirically using United States Labor Statistics, General Social Survey data, and primary data collected from a SMSA. The first proposition maintains that paralleling the development of capitalism will be a structural decrease in the relative size of the capital-owning classes resulting in mobility. In the second proposition, it is asserted that with the development of capitalism, the likelihood of downward mobility will be significantly greater than the probability of upward mobility. The third proposition stated that in advanced capitalist societies, circulation class mobility will be substantially constrained by structural change. Lastly, it is proposed that in advanced capitalist societies, attained class positions will depend significantly on an unmediated (by educational attainment) origin class effect. Empirical support is uncovered for all propositions.
HuR and mRNA stability

An important mechanism of posttranscriptional gene regulation in mammalian cells is the rapid degradation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) signaled by AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated regions. HuR, a ubiquitously expressed member of the Hu family of RNA-binding proteins related to Drosophila ELAV, selectively binds AREs and stabilizes ARE-containing mRNAs when overexpressed in cultured cells. This review discusses mRNA decay as a general form of gene regulation, decay signaled by AREs, and the role of HuR and its Hu-family relatives in antagonizing this mRNA degradation pathway. The influence of newly identified protein ligands to HuR on HuR function in both normal and stressed cells may explain how ARE-mediated mRNA decay is regulated in response to environmental change.
Hydrodynamic enhancement of invertebrate larval settlement in microdepositional environments: colonization tray experiments in a muddy habitat

Abstract To test whether the distribution of settling larvae in muddy habitats is influenced by near-bed hydrodynamics, colonization trays with different trapping characteristics were deployed flush with the ocean bottom at 20-m depth in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The goal of these experiments was to determine whether different densities of settling larvae would be collected under different hydrodynamic conditions. Before deployment, trays were filled with pre-frozen, muddy sediment collected from the site; some trays (Flush Trays) were filled so that the sediment surface would be flush with that of the ocean bottom when in situ, and other deeper trays (Depression Trays) were filled with a similar volume of sediment so that the sediment surface was a 8 cm below that of the surrounding ocean bottom when deployed. This latter treatment created a hydrodynamic regime that would trap passive particles, permitting a test of whether settling larvae at the site would be entrained like passive particles, and thus occur in higher densities in Depression Trays compared with Flush Trays. Experiments were deployed at five different times during the summer of 1990, and were recovered after 3 or 4 days depending on the sampling date. Total densities of organisms were higher in Depression Trays compared with Flush Trays on each sampling date, and of the five taxa that were consistently abundant, four were significantly more abundant in Depression Trays (bivalve larvae, gastropod larvae, juvenile Mediomastus ambiseta (Hartman) polychaetes, and nemerteans). Juvenile spionid polychaetes were abundant on only one date, and on that date they were significantly more abundant in Depression Trays. The only abundant taxon that was not significantly more abundant in Depression Trays was Capitella spp. polychaetes. To determine whether higher numbers in Depression Trays was an active response by settling larvae to elevated organic matter that is often associated with trapping environments such as depressions, some Flush Trays were enriched with Thalassiosira sp. on one of the sampling dates. Densities of organisms in Thalassiosira Trays were either comparable to or lower than those in Flush Trays, suggesting that higher levels of organic matter do not necessarily promote larval settlement of dominant colonizers at this site over the time scale of these experiments. Furthermore, several of the taxa that were more abundant in Depression Trays are common at the site and might therefore be expected to find Flush Trays a suitable environment in which to settle. Thus, the most parsimonious explanation for these results is that larvae were passively entrained in Depression Trays. These field experiments are consistent with results from earlier flume studies suggesting that the microdepositional environment of small depressions may result in passive entrainment of settling larvae, indicating that hydrodynamic, as well as behavioral, factors may determine where larvae in muddy habitats initially settle.
IN SITU CROSSLINKED POLYBUTADIENE-ENCAPSULATED ZIRCONIA AS A MONOLITHIC COLUMN FOR FAST SOLVATING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

A new monolithic column type was developed by crosslinking polymer-encapsulated packing materials in polymer-coated fused silica open tubular columns in situ using a free radical reaction. A 25 cm×250 μm i.d. PSB-Octyl fused silica capillary column coated with a 0.25-μm film of polyoctylmethylsiloxane was packed with 3% polybutadiene-encapsulated zirconia packing materials (2.5 μm, 250 A, 30 m2 g−1). The packing material was immobilized using a dynamic crosslinking reaction at 260°C with azo-tert-butane as a free radical initiator. A scanning electron micrograph of the crosslinked packing in the column showed that the particles were interconnected to each other and attached to the capillary wall, forming a monolith. This monolithic column was found to be stable in carbon dioxide mobile phase at 200 atm column inlet pressure and 260°C. The column efficiency, solute retention, and permeability of the monolithic column were similar to those measured for columns freshly packed, but not crosslinked, with the same material under the same conditions. The potential use of these monolithic columns for fast solvating gas chromatography was demonstrated by the rapid separation of a mixture of hydrocarbons. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 415–420, 1999
Model studies of composition-modulated CuNi superlattices

Abstract Preliminary results are presented for some realistic atomic-scale simulations of the [111]-layered CuNi superlattices. The embedded-atom method is used to describe the energetics, and elastic constants are calculated for equilibrium structures of a range of modulation wavelengths both for slab-layered systems with sharply varying composition and for sinusoidally modulated systems with smoothly varying composition. No enhancement of the biaxial modulus, or other elastic moduli, is found in the range of modulation wavelengths studied from 0.8 to 5.0 nm.
A Hybrid Choice Model That Uses Actual and Ordered Attribute Value Information

Abstract In the usual multinomial choice model, consumers choose to use “actual value” information; that is, utilities are continuous functions of product attributes (e.g., choices depend on actual magnitudes of price differences). The authors propose an alternative model in which consumers use only “ordered value” information; that is, utilities are functions only of the relative orderings of the attributes' values across alternatives (e.g., choices depend only on the price ordering and not on actual prices). The ordered value model is attractive because it fits well with psychological evidence that consumers often favor decision mechanisms that are cognitively less demanding. Using a supermarket shopper panel data set, the authors evaluate four models in which (1) all consumers use actual values; (2) all consumers use ordered values; (3) some consumers use actual values all the time, and some consumers use ordered values all the time; and (4) all consumers use both actual values and ordered values but w...
"Not knowing if I was a pedophile ..."--diagnostic questions and treatment strategies in a case of OCD.

Mr. B, a 35-year-old married man with two children, presented to a psychiatry clinic seeking medication management and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for distressing, intrusive thoughts and ima...
Ovarian tumor expression of an oviductal protein in the hen: a model for human serous ovarian adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Objective We hypothesized that ovarian tumors without oviductal involvement would not express the oviductal protein ovalbumin, the major protein found in the magnum of the hen's oviduct. Methods On the basis of gross visual examination, tissues samples were removed from hens determined to have ovarian tumors and were processed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, mounted on glass slides, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Ovarian tumors and other peritoneal lesions were evaluated histologically. Paraffin sections of ovarian and oviductal tissue were deparaffinized and evaluated for the protein expression of ovalbumin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and progesterone receptor (PR). Results. Hens with ovarian adenocarcinoma without ( n = 10) or with ( n = 6) oviductal involvement were positive for ovalbumin in the ovary. Ovary sections from normal hens ( n = 9) were negative, and oviductal sections from normal hens ( n = 3) were positive for ovalbumin. Expression of PCNA protein was abundant in all ovarian tumors (16 of 16). Oviductal epithelial cells strongly expressed PCNA protein. Expression of PR was observed in 9 of 14 ovarian tumors. Conclusion The presence of ovalbumin in ovarian tumors in the absence of any oviductal involvement suggests that ovarian tumors dedifferentiate during the disease process and thereby resemble serous-type ovarian tumors in women.
Susceptibility of Scolytus multistriatus to neoaplectanid and heterorhabditid nematodes.

Larvae, pupae and adults of the smaller elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus were infected and killed by the entomogenous nematodes, Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora . The nematodes multiplied within the host cadavers and began leaving parasitized beetle larvae 14 days after initial infection. Each beetle larva produced an average of 4, 131 and 4,238 infective stages of N. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora , respectively. This is equivalent to one mg of host larva tissue producing approximately 1,620–1,660 infective stage juveniles of N. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora .
Shaping of thin glass X-ray telescope mirrors using air bearing slumping and ion implantation

Air bearing glass slumping followed by ion implantation for fine figure correction constitutes a promising process for fabricating thin glass segmented mirrors for future high-resolution x-ray telescopes. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of both air bearing slumping and ion implantation figure correction to produce mirrors with good figure and without introducing mid spatial-frequency errors or roughness. In this work, we describe a mechanically-robust slumping tool design that can be adapted to Wolter I mirror shapes; and we describe progress on understanding ion implantation for use as a figure correction process, by using in-situ curvature measurements in a tandem ion accelerator.
A chemical kinetic study of tertiary-butanol in a flow reactor and a counterflow diffusion flame

Abstract The combustion chemistry of tertiary -butanol is studied experimentally in a high pressure flow reactor and in counterflow diffusion flames. Princeton Variable Pressure Flow Reactor results show that t -butanol does not exhibit low temperature chemistry, and thus has no negative temperature coefficient behavior under the studied conditions. The onset of gas phase chemistry at high pressure occurs at ∼780 K. Over the temperature range of 780–950 K, t -butanol primarily reacts through hydrogen abstraction − alkyl or alkoxy radical beta-scission pathways to form methyl and propen-2-ol, which likely tautomerizes in the sampling system to form acetone. A species sampling study of a t -butanol counterflow diffusion flame reveals that the high temperature consumption routes of t -butanol lead to the stable intermediates isobutene, acetone, and methane, with isobutene existing in the highest concentrations. The extinction limits of t -butanol, isobutene, acetone, and methane diffusion flames are also reported. On a transport-weighted enthalpy basis, t -butanol extinguishes more readily than any of its primary intermediates, signifying that it is kinetically less resistant to extinction than the products of its initial reactions. Numerical simulation of these t -butanol flames reveals that the isobutene and acetone chemistry sub-models significantly affect the computed extinction limits. Improvement in the current understanding of isobutene oxidation kinetics, in particular, appears necessary to developing reliable kinetic models for t -butanol combustion.
Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the Aβ–ABAD interaction

The interaction of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) and Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) was recently implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using an ELISA-based screening assay, we identified frentizole, an FDA-approved immunosuppressive drug, as a novel inhibitor of the Abeta-ABAD interaction. Analysis of the frentizole structure-activity relationship led to identification of a novel benzothiazole urea with a 30-fold improvement in potency.
A Model for Evolution of Laramide Axial Basins in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.

The structural, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic development of Laramide axial basins of the southern Rocky Mountains is inconsistent with previous models relating them to transpressional tectonics. Axial basins are better explained as broad synclinal troughs in the hanging walls of large pop-up structures, in contrast to perimeter and ponded basins formed in the footwalls of these same structures. Laramide faults in the southern Rocky Mountains can be divided into the E-dipping Park Range thrust system and the W-dipping Sangre de Cristo thrust system. The W-dipping Front Range fault is the backthrust of the Park Range system, and the E-dipping Nacimiento fault is the back-thrust of the Sangre de Cristo system. The broad synclinal troughs formed between these two pairs of oppositely verging thrust systems were the locations for sediment deposition in axial basins, as exemplified by the Galisteo-El Rito basin of northern New Mexico. The Eocene Galisteo and El Rito formations were deposited on a broad sync...
Awareness Under Anesthesia

W i d c l YOUR PATIENTS will be asking you about awareness under anesthesia quite a bit more in the near future. That’s because the subject has been a popular point of discussion in Hollywood. A recent episode of the TV series Nip/ Tuck dealt with awareness and, of course, the big blockbuster movie Awake (Fig 1) will be coming out in the fall. Anyone who has watched the medical dramas ER or Grey’s Anatomy knows that sometimes certain liberties are taken with the facts; however, many of our patients do not know that. The bloggers are already complaining that anesthesia healthcare providers have engaged in a conspiracy of keeping the problem of anesthetic awareness secret from the general public.
Progress toward elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States

Abstract The strategy to eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in the United States is comprised of the following components: (1) preventing perinatal transmission, (2) routine infant vaccination, (3) catch-up vaccination of children in high-risk groups at any age, (4) catch-up vaccination of all children at 11–12 years of age and (5) vaccination of adolescents and adults in high-risk groups. According to recent surveys, >85% of pregnant women are screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Of infants born to HBsAg-positive women identified in 1995, 93% received appropriate immunoprophylaxis at birth; however, only 69% were fully vaccinated by 6–8 months of age. From 1991 (when routine infant hepatitis B vaccination was first recommended) to 1996, the proportion of 19–35-month-old children who have received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine has increased from
Testing Skyrme energy-density functionals with the quasiparticle random-phase approximation in low-lying vibrational states of rare-earth nuclei

Although nuclear energy-density functionals are determined primarily by fitting to ground-state properties, they are often applied in nuclear astrophysics to excited states, usually through the quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA). Here we test the Skyrme functionals SkM${}^{*}$ and SLy4 along with the self-consistent QRPA by calculating properties of low-lying vibrational states in a large number of well-deformed even-even rare-earth nuclei. We reproduce trends in energies and transition probabilities associated with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational states, but our results are not perfect and indicate the presence of multiparticle-hole correlations that are not included in the QRPA. The Skyrme functional SkM${}^{*}$ performs noticeably better than SLy4. In a few nuclei, changes in the treatment of the pairing energy functional have a significant effect. The QRPA is less successful with ``$\ensuremath{\beta}$-vibrational'' states than with the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational states.
Axially symmetric transfer of light through a cloud of anisotropically scattering particles

Abstract The axially symmetric reflection and transmission functions, and albedo of a cloud of strongly anisotropic scatterers were computed by an analytical approximation. The phase function was approximated by the sum of a series of Legendre polynomials and a Gaussian function. The derived axially symmetric radiances were approximated by a term representing large-angle scattering obtained by Chandrasekhar's method of discrete coordinates, and a term representing small-angle scattering obtained by a Neumann solution. Results of this analysis are compared with solutions obtained by other investigators. The present approximations provide rapid solutions to the equation of transfer.
Essential arginine residues at the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of brain γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase

Summary Mouse brain γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase was inactivated by phenylglyoxal in a time and concentration dependent manner. Pyridoxal phosphate but not γ-aminobutyric acid or α-ketoglutarate afforded some protection against the drug-induced inactivation. [14C]Phenylglyoxal was incorporated into the enzyme at a similar rate to that of the inactivation. Subsequent hydrolysis of the enzyme demonstrated the presence of a [14] phenylglyoxal-arginine complex. The phenylglyoxal is probably modifying an arginine residue at or near the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of γ-aminobutyrate aminotransferase.
The Science of Cyber Behavior: An Emerged Field of Research

Is the science of cyber behavior an emerging field or an emerged field? This sounds like a debatable topic. The central argument of this theoretical article, however, is that there exits strong evidence suggesting that the science of cyber behavior is an emerged rather than an emerging field and substantial scientific knowledge of human behavior in the cyber space has been accumulated over the past 30 years. In this article, the author first introduces the concept of cyber behavior, then elaborate the existing evidence for the science of cyber behavior an emerged field of research, present a new important piece of evidence that suggests the science of cyber behavior as an emerged field, and concludes with an outline of future research efforts that will make the science of cyber behavior an established field.
Major karyotypic abnormalities in a near-tetraploid erythroleukemia

A case of erythroleukemia (EL; FAB M6) is presented in which the leukemic cells of the marrow were characterized by two ranges in the chromosome number, i.e., one hypodiploid and another near-tetraploid. All characteristics of major karyotypic abnormalities (MAKA) were present, i.e., increased karyotype instability with variation of the chromosome count from metaphase to metaphase, dicentrics, acentrics, marker chromosomes, double minute chromosomes (DMs), and centromere spreading. All of these events were variably represented from metaphase to metaphase. The prognosis was poor, with survival of 1 month after the diagnosis of EL. The meaning of extreme MAKA in the classification of EL is discussed.
Androgen and Glucocorticoid Receptor Heterodimer Formation A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR MUTUAL INHIBITION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY

The androgen and glucocorticoid hormones elicit divergent and often opposing effects in cells, tissues, and animals. A wide range of physiological and molecular biological evidence suggests that the receptors that mediate these effects, the androgen and glucocorticoid receptors (AR and GR, respectively), influence each other's transcriptional activity. We now show that coexpressed AR and GR indeed do interact at the transcriptional level and that this interaction is correlated with their ability to form heterodimers at a common DNA site, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, mutants that cannot heterodimerize do not inhibit each other's activity. These observations provide the first evidence that the opposing physiological effects of the androgen and glucocorticoid hormones are due to the direct physical interaction between their receptors at the transcriptional level.
Identification of small molecule lead compounds for visceral leishmaniasis using a novel ex vivo splenic explant model system.

Background New drugs are needed to treat visceral leishmaniasis (VL) because the current therapies are toxic, expensive, and parasite resistance may weaken drug efficacy. We established a novel ex vivo splenic explant culture system from hamsters infected with luciferase-transfected Leishmania donovani to screen chemical compounds for anti-leishmanial activity. Methodology/Principal Findings This model has advantages over in vitro systems in that it: 1) includes the whole cellular population involved in the host-parasite interaction; 2) is initiated at a stage of infection when the immunosuppressive mechanisms that lead to progressive VL are evident; 3) involves the intracellular form of Leishmania; 4) supports parasite replication that can be easily quantified by detection of parasite-expressed luciferase; 5) is adaptable to a high-throughput screening format; and 6) can be used to identify compounds that have both direct and indirect anti-parasitic activity. The assay showed excellent discrimination between positive (amphotericin B) and negative (vehicle) controls with a Z' Factor >0.8. A duplicate screen of 4 chemical libraries containing 4,035 compounds identified 202 hits (5.0%) with a Z score of <–1.96 (p<0.05). Eighty-four (2.1%) of the hits were classified as lead compounds based on the in vitro therapeutic index (ratio of the compound concentration causing 50% cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cell line to the concentration that caused 50% reduction in the parasite load). Sixty-nine (82%) of the lead compounds were previously unknown to have anti-leishmanial activity. The most frequently identified lead compounds were classified as quinoline-containing compounds (14%), alkaloids (10%), aromatics (11%), terpenes (8%), phenothiazines (7%) and furans (5%). Conclusions/Significance The ex vivo splenic explant model provides a powerful approach to identify new compounds active against L. donovani within the pathophysiologic environment of the infected spleen. Further in vivo evaluation and chemical optimization of these lead compounds may generate new candidates for preclinical studies of treatment for VL.
Multiwavelets on the interval and divergence-free wavelets

This manuscript gives a construction of divergence-free multiwavelets which combines the Hardin-Marasovich (HM) construction with a recipe of Strela for increasing or decreasing regularity of biorthogonal wavelets. Strela's process preserves symmetry of the HM wavelets. This enables the divergence-free wavelets to be suitably adapted to the analysis of divergence-free vector fields whose boundary traces are tangent vectors.
Fundamental and Experimental Conditions for the Realization of Traveling-Wave-Induced Aerodynamic Propulsive Forces by Piezoelectrically Deformed Plastic Substrates

In a previous work, we demonstrated the propulsive force produced by controllable traveling mechanical waves in a thin plastic sheet suspended in air above a flat surface, thus confirming the physical basis for a “flying” carpet near a horizontal surface. Here, we discuss the fundamental and experimental conditions for realizing such a demonstration. We first present the theory motivating our work and use it to determine the range of experimental conditions most likely to produce a forward propulsive force. We then present a detailed description of the experimental approach to produce the traveling waves, including integrated piezoelectric actuators and sensors to provide feedback control, artifact elimination, and power considerations.
SU‐GG‐J‐185: Towards in Vivo Dose Validation Using Real‐Time Physiologically Constrained Deformable Image Registration

Purpose: To develop an adaptive radiotherapy (ART) strategy based on in vivo dose verification using volumetric imaging, real‐time physiologically constrained deformable image registration (PC‐DIR) and high performance computation (HPC).Method and Materials: Comparison of delivered and planned dose distributions for patients undergoing radiation therapy, especially IMRT, can be used to estimate treatment outcome, and develop a successful ART strategy that accounts for patient positioning errors, organ deformation, physiological changes (i.e. tumor shrinkage, edema), and incorporating this back into the treatment planning. Using 4DCT imaging, we have developed a ART methodology based on 1) PC‐DIR for auto‐contouring; 2) automated internal target volume generation; 3) probability density function (PDF) for specific structures; and 4) graphics processor unit (GPU) based HPC for real‐time computation using NVIDIA 8800GTX. Results: Compared with the same algorithm without the PC constraint, PC‐DIR resulted in superior performance with up to 91% reduction in inverse consistency errors. The computer generated ITV yielded contours typically within 3mm of physician drawn contours, and also served as a check of physician drawn ITVs. The PDF was constructed for the ITV to determine the dose distribution based on spatial probability using time averaging over a respiratory cycle. GPU based registrations of 256×256×64 imaging volumes required 3.6 sec for 100 iterations, a 56X speedup compared with conventional CPU computing (i.e. dual core 2.4GHz CPU). Dose remapping and dose volume histogram computations were near real‐time (⩽3sec). Conclusion: We have developed key elements of a clinically implementable ART strategy, which include real‐time computations using GPU, and accurate and robust registrations based on PC‐DIR. These elements incorporate 4DCT imaging coupled with GPU based PC‐DIR and frequent conebeam CT (CBCT) verification. This methodology can exploit ongoing improvement in GPU hardware performance and CBCTimage quality.
INACTIVATION OF BACTERIAL SPORES BY COMBINED ACTION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND BACTERIOCINS IN ROAST BEEF

Foodborne bacterial spores are normally resistant to high hydrostatic pressure; however, at moderate pressure, they can be induced to germinate and outgrow. At this stage, they can be killed by bacteriocin-based biopreservatives (BP-containing pediocin and nisin at 3:7 ratio; BP X , BP + 100 μg/mL lysozyme; BP Y , BP X + 500 μg/mL Na-EDTA). Based on this principle, spores of the meat spoilage organism, Clostridium laramie (1-2 x 10 2 spores/bag) alone or a mixture of four clostridial spores (5 x 10 3 spores/bag), Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tertium, and Clostridium laramie, were inoculated in roast beef in the presence of 5000 AU/g of bacteriocin-based biopreservatives. The roast beef samples were subjected to hydrostatic pressure (HP) at 345 MPa for 5 min at 60C and stored at 4 or 12C for 84 days or at 25C for 7 days. The HP treatment of roast beef samples inoculated with a mixture of clostridial spores could be stored for 42 days at 4C. The HP in combination with either BP X or BPy extended the shelf-life of roast beef up to 7 days at 25C. The combined treatment of HP and BP controlled the growth of C. laramie spores and extended the shelf-life of roast beef for 84 days when stored at 4C.
Abnormal ultrastructural appearances in axons of feline pericruciate cortex after lateral funiculotomy.

Following left lateral funiculotomy, axons of cat pericruciate cortex exhibited neurofilamentous hyperplasia and complex, adaxonal, oligodendrocytic invaginations into electron-lucent or (commonly) electron-dense, degenerating axoplasm. These changes were absent from sham-operated and unoperated animals. Neurofilamentous hyperplasia was exclusively right-sided and appeared in myelinated axons 5–49 days postoperatively and in nonmyelinated axons 14–153 days after surgery. Oligoglial invaginations were present 1–49 days after surgery and were predominantly right-sided.
Hypoxia and hypoxia mimetics inhibit TNF-dependent VCAM1 induction in the 5A32 endothelial cell line via a hypoxia inducible factor dependent mechanism

Background We previously reported that iron chelators inhibit TNFα-mediated induction of VCAM-1 in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. We hypothesized that iron chelators mediate inhibition of VCAM-1 via inhibition of iron-dependent enzymes such as those involved with oxygen sensing and that similar inhibition may be observed with agents which simulate hypoxia.
The Operon as Paradigm: Normal Science and the Beginning of Biological Complexity

The papers from the Jacob and Monod groups that presented the operon model and repressor control of gene expression provided a paradigm that opened up the field of gene regulation. Following the set of papers published between 1958 and 1961, there ensued almost immediately a period of "normal science" as Thomas Kuhn has defined it. Most researchers applied the repressor model to their own systems. I suggest a number of factors that were responsible for the rapid acceptance of the Jacob-Monod model and inhibited suggestions for alternative mechanisms of regulation. Nevertheless, I argue that this adherence to the paradigm, including specifically control by repressors, may well have been necessary for the field to progress. Ultimately, the evolution of this field of study was to reveal the unexpected complexity to genetic regulation.
On Fodor’s Analogy: Why Psychology is Like Philosophy of Science After All

: Jerry Fodor has argued that a modular mind must include central systems responsible for updating beliefs, and has defended this position by appealing to shared properties of belief fixation and scientific confirmation. Peter Carruthers and Stephen Pinker have attacked this analogy between science and ordinary inference. I examine their arguments and show that they fail. This does not show that Fodor’s more general position is correct.
Proposed Vertical Expansion Tunnel

It is proposed that the adverse effects from secondary diaphragm rupture in an expansion tunnel may be reduced or eliminated by orienting the tunnel vertically, matching the test gas pressure and the accelerator gas pressure, and initially separating the test gas from the accelerator gas by density stratification. This proposed configuration is termed the vertical expansion tunnel. Two benefits are 1) the removal of the diaphragm particulates in the test gas after its rupture, and 2) the elimination of the wave system that is a result of a real secondary diaphragm having a finite mass and thickness. An inviscid perfect-gas analysis and quasi-one-dimensional Euler computations are performed to find the available effective reservoir conditions (pressure and mass specific enthalpy) and useful test time in a vertical expansion tunnel for comparison to a conventional expansion tunnel and a reflected-shock tunnel. The maximum effective reservoir conditions of the vertical expansion tunnel are higher than the reflected-shock tunnel but lower than the expansion tunnel. The useful test time in the vertical expansion tunnel is slightly longer than the expansion tunnel but shorter than the reflected-shock tunnel. If some sacrifice of the effective reservoir conditions can be made, the vertical expansion tunnel could be used in hypervelocity ground testing without the problems associated with secondary diaphragm rupture.
Text Analysis and Reading Comprehension

An analysis of the idea units of a passage in prose can be used to examine the effects of a text on its readers and the extent of their comprehension. How to analyze the idea units in a specific text and arrange the lexical items and grammatical relations between these items in a coherent order in a text base is first demonstrated. This model text base indicates the relative structural importance of each explicit lexical item in the text. The text base is then used to verify the number and types of items and relationships between these items in readers' written recalls of the text. Ten sample recall protocols of the text are analyzed and discussed in an attempt to illustrate how a pro positional text base can be used to understand the process of reading comprehension of ESL students.
Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of X80 pipeline steels

The relation between microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of X80 pipeline steels was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, etc. It is shown that the structure consists of polygonal ferrite (PF), quasi-polygonal ferrite (QPF), acicular ferrite (AF), and granular bainitic ferrite (GF). With increasing volume fraction of M-A islands (below 3%), the yield strength increases. With increasing content of higher angle grain boundaries(HAGBs), the yield strength, elongation, and DWTT properties at −15° increase, and the volume fraction of M-A islands reaches its highest point in the steel containing the most volume fraction of GF.