cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects from magnetic boundary conditions in superconducting-magnetic proximity systems

A superconductor-magnetic proximity system displays singlet-triplet pair correlations in the magnetization as a function of inhomogeneities of the magnetic profile. We discuss how the magnetic boundary conditions affects differently the curvature and winding number of rotating magnetizations in the three commonly used structures to generate long range triplet components: an exchange spring, a helical structure and a misaligned magnetic multilayer. We conclude that the choice of the system is dictated by the goal one wishes to achieve in designing a spintronic device but note that only the exchange spring presently offers an experimentally realizable magnetic profile that is tunable.
Crisis on campus: Eating disorder intervention from a developmental-ecological perspective

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this article is to review a crisis intervention using the developmental-ecological protocol (Collins and Collins, 2005) with a college student presenting with symptomatology of an active eating disorder. Participants: Participants included University Wellness Center employees responding to the crisis. Methods: Methods include an informal review of the crisis intervention response and application of the ABCDE developmental-ecological crisis model. Results: Results reported include insight into crisis intervention when university counseling and health center is not available as resources. Conclusions: ABCDE Developmental-ecological model recommendations for university faculty and staff are included.
Numerical Simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic Behavior of ESR Slag

A coupled model for the magnetic field,temperature field and fluid flow field of electroslag remelting(ESR) was developed.Considering electromagnetic force and thermal buoyancy force effects on the fluid flow in slag pool,the effects of practice parameters(electrode tip shape,immersion depth,and current density) on the magnetohydrodynamic behavior of ESR slag were investigated.The results showed that the anti-clockwise circulation pattern is generated in slag pool when electromagnetic force is dominated,and the clockwise circulation pattern is generated in slag pool when buoyancy force is dominated.When current density and current frequency are 5 000 A and 50 Hz,respectively,the anti-clockwise vortex and clockwise vortex are coexisted in slag pool for the electrode tip with flat shape,but only clockwise vortex is existed in slag pool for the electrode tip with conical shape.The maximum velocities of molten slag are0.05 m /s and 0.20 m /s for the electrode tip with flat shape and conical shape,respectively.Increasing immersion depth and current density can enhance anti-clockwise vortex in slag pool.On the contrary,the clockwise vortex in slag pool is enhanced.
Calling in retirement: A mixed methods study

AbstractThis mixed methods study aimed to examine the experiences of a calling in retirement with a sample of 196 retired adults. First, a qualitative analysis explored the types of activities participants experienced as a calling as well as the types of barriers that participants perceived as keeping them from living their calling. ‘Helping Others’ emerged as the largest category of calling that participants endorsed and ‘No Resources to Live Calling’ emerged as the most frequently endorsed barrier. Building on our qualitative findings, we conducted a quantitative analysis to examine the relation of perceiving a calling with well-being. Consistent with prior research with working adult populations and in support of our hypotheses, perceiving a calling related to life meaning and life satisfaction, and structural equation modeling demonstrated that life meaning and living a calling (via life meaning) fully mediated the perceiving calling–life satisfaction relation. Implications for research and practice a...
Elizabeth Smart’s By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept and the Poetics of Prose Poetry

As with most anything that deals with the notion of poetic prose, one must pay homage to that ilk of Symbolist poets, but especially to Baudelaire and specifically his text Le Spleen de Paris for it is in this text that we clearly see the origins of poetic prose and how that becomes the foundation for all types of prose poetry that follows. What Smart has done in By Grand Central Station is to incorporate the main components of the prose poem and expand the situational, episodic nature of the text into a unified novella. The focus of this chapter is just that; namely, the poetic prose of the work and its lyrical quality.
Maintaining low transfusion and angioembolization rates in the age of nonoperative management of pediatric blunt splenic injury.

Nonoperative management of hemodynamically stable blunt splenic injury (BSI) is the gold standard in children. Recent studies from nonpediatric surgery-specialized trauma centers have demonstrated ...
Technology and the Glaucoma Suspect.

Purpose To determine and compare the diagnostic performance of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), stereoscopic disc photographs, and automated perimetry as assessed by a group of glaucoma specialists in differentiating individuals with early glaucoma from suspects. Methods Forty-six eyes (46 patients) with suspicious optic nerves had previously undergone SD-OCT scans, 24-2 visual fields (VFs), and optic disc photographs. The average VF mean deviation was -1.97 ± 2.09 (SD) dB. Four glaucoma specialists examined the 138 individual diagnostic tests and classified the patient as likely glaucomatous or nonglaucomatous based on the results of a single test. The diagnostic performances of each of the three tests were compared to a previously determined reference standard, based on the consensus of a separate panel of four glaucoma specialists who examined all three tests together. Results Among the four specialists, the interobserver agreement across the three diagnostic tests was poor for VF and photos, with kappa (κ) values of 0.13 and 0.16, respectively, and moderate for OCT, with κ value of 0.40. Using panel consensus as reference standard, OCT had the highest discriminative ability, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99 (95% 0.96-1.0) compared to photograph AUC 0.85 (95% 0.73-0.96) and VF AUC 0.86 (95% 0.76-0.96), suggestive of closer performance to that of a group of glaucoma specialists. Conclusions Compared to VF and disc photography, SD-OCT, when used alone, had better internal agreement as well as better agreement with the consensus of clinicians using all available data. Future studies should evaluate best practices for SD-OCT interpretation.
Phase-Amplitude Coupling in Spontaneous Mouse Behavior

The level of activity of many animals including humans rises and falls with a period of ~ 24 hours. The intrinsic biological oscillator that gives rise to this circadian oscillation is driven by a molecular feedback loop with an approximately 24 hour cycle period and is influenced by the environment, most notably the light:dark cycle. In addition to the circadian oscillations, behavior of many animals is influenced by multiple oscillations occurring at faster-ultradian-time scales. These ultradian oscillations are also thought to be driven by feedback loops. While many studies have focused on identifying such ultradian oscillations, less is known about how the ultradian behavioral oscillations interact with each other and with the circadian oscillation. Decoding the coupling among the various physiological oscillators may be important for understanding how they conspire together to regulate the normal activity levels, as well in disease states in which such rhythmic fluctuations in behavior may be disrupted. Here, we use a wavelet-based cross-frequency analysis to show that different oscillations identified in spontaneous mouse behavior are coupled such that the amplitude of oscillations occurring at higher frequencies are modulated by the phase of the slower oscillations. The patterns of these interactions are different among different individuals. Yet this variability is not random. Differences in the pattern of interactions are confined to a low dimensional subspace where different patterns of interactions form clusters. These clusters expose the differences among individuals-males and females are preferentially segregated into different clusters. These sex-specific features of spontaneous behavior were not apparent in the spectra. Thus, our methodology reveals novel aspects of the structure of spontaneous animal behavior that are not observable using conventional methodology.
The Logistic Growth Model as an Approximating Model for Viral Load Measurements of Influenza A Virus

Abstract Detailed kinetic models of viral replication have led to greater understanding of disease progression and the effects of therapy. Viral load is important as a driver of the immune response to the viral infection and in determining the infectiousness of an infected individual. However in many cases when examining the immune response or spread of infection, it may be sufficient to have a more parsimonious model of viral load than the detailed kinetic models. Here we review properties of detailed kinetic models of Influenza A virus and discuss the use of a logistic growth model to approximate viral load. We make application of the tools of identifiability analysis and model selection to assess the logistic growth model as a proxy for viral load. We find that the parameters of the logistic growth model can be related to the parameters of a detailed viral kinetic model, the logistic growth model makes a strong fit to viral load data with a small number of parameters, and that these parameters can be reliably identified from viral load data generated by a detailed kinetic model.
Individual and Group Dynamics in the Reality Mining Corpus

Though significant progress has been made in recent years, traditional work in social networks has focused on static network analysis or dynamics in a large-scale sense. In this work, we explore ways in which temporal information from sociographic data can be used for the analysis and prediction of individual and group behavior in dynamic, real-world situations. Using the MIT Reality Mining corpus, we show how temporal information in highly-instrumented sociographic data can be used to gain insights otherwise unavailable from static snapshots. We show how pattern of life features extend from the individual to the group level. In particular, we show how anonymized location information can be used to infer individual identity. Additionally, we show how proximity information can be used in a multilinear clustering framework to detect interesting group behavior over time. Experimental results and discussion suggest temporal information has great potential for improving both individual and group level understanding of real-world, dense social network data.
Experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and suicide ideation among psychiatric inpatients: The role of thwarted interpersonal needs.

Objective: The interpersonal theory of suicide posits the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (i.e., thwarted interpersonal needs) leads to active suicide i...
Handbook of Collective Intelligence, Thomas W. Malone, Michael S. Bernstein (Eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2015), 219 pp, ISBN: 978-0262029810

The Handbook of Collective Intelligence is a collection of articles from several different disciplines concerning how individuals acting together constitute a collective intelligence. The purpose o...
Effects of nectar feeding on cannibalism in striped lynx spiderlings Oxyopes salticus (Araneae: Oxyopidae)

The timing and nutritional value of a first meal is important for spiderlings, but little is known about what spiderlings specifically consume. For wandering spiders, nectar feeding is a common occurrence thought to be directly beneficial in providing nutrients and serving to fuel energy costly for foraging. Cannibalism is also prevalent among many spiders. We suspect in spiderlings of the cursorial species, Oxyopes salticus Hentz, 1845, nectar feeding could decrease cannibalism by causing satiation, or increase cannibalism by enhancing energy levels and rates of interaction. We conducted laboratory experiments to test the longevity of newly hatched O. salticus in the presence of different nutrient resources and the effect these resources had on cannibalism rates. Spiderlings were housed solitarily or in pairs and given access to different nutrient resources that reflect those available in the wild, including nectar and insect prey items (fructose, protein, and water). In a 14-day period, we recorded the number of days each spiderling was alive to determine survivorship. By the end of the experiment, 60% of spiderlings housed with fructose were still alive and 10% survived when housed with protein or water. Based on survivorship models, the predicted mean age at death differed between treatments (15.9 days for fructose, 11.2 days for protein, and 9.5 days for water). Spiderlings housed in pairs declined more rapidly in survivorship compared to solitary spiderlings, suggesting cannibalism occurred across all treatments. Fructose significantly increased longevity of spiderlings regardless of their housing and reduced cannibalism.
A Case-Control Study of an Intraoperative Corneal Abrasion Prevention Program: Holding the Gains Made with a Continuous Quality Improvement Effort

Article-at-a-Glance Background Corneal injury is the most frequent ocular complication during general anesthesia. Although prevention has appeared feasible, inconsistent use and timing of conventional eye ointment and eyelid tape had failed to adequately prevent intraoperative corneal injuries at a department of anesthesiology in an academic medical center. A continuous quality improvement (CQI) program was thus undertaken to prevent intraoperative corneal injury. Plan-Do-Check-Act A departmentwide Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, and specifically the Seven-Step Problem-Solving Model, were applied. The new standardized eye-protection method involved eye lubrication with aqueous-based gel and application of clear, square occlusive dressings that were large enough to cover the eyelids and surrounding skin. Standardized documentation of patient eye protection in the electronic anesthesia record was also implemented. A systematic approach maximized departmental awareness about this new eye-protection method and its documentation. Subsequent individual practitioner counseling and reinforcement was undertaken. Results A total of 50,151 sequential general anesthetics before and 113,044 sequential general anesthetics after implementation of the new corneal injury prevention program were analyzed. The corneal injury rate was 1.20/1,000 general anesthetics before versus 0.09/1,000 general anesthetics after implementing our prevention program ( p Discussion A simple and cost-effective method for preventing intraoperative corneal injuries was successfully identified, implemented, and sustained. The systematic approach involved a rigorous reiterative approach and resulted in a fundamental change in local practice pattern.
Facile Synthesis of Fluorine-Substituted Polylactides and Their Amphiphilic Block Copolymers

We report the facile synthesis of 3-trifluoromethyl-6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione and ring-opening polymerization of the fluoro-lactide monomer to prepare polylactides composed of trifluoromethyl and methyl pendent groups on each repeat unit (FPLA). Molecular weights of the prepared polymers correlated well with the initial molar ratio of monomer to initiator and were found to range from 6.6 to 22.5 kDa as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. GPC analysis revealed an Mn of up to 16.5 kDa. 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectroscopy were consistent with the structures of the lactide monomer isomers, and 1H NMR analysis was consistent with polymer backbones of alternating trifluoromethyl- and methyl-substituted lactate constituents. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and decomposition temperature (Td) of the new FPLA were found to be 39 and 225 °C by DSC and TGA, respectively. Additionally, we prepared amphiphilic block copolymers of FPLA and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Specifically, FPLA-b-PEG diblocks and FPLA–PEG–F...
An anaplastic T-cell lymphoma mimicking classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 52-year-old man presented with an enlarged left axillary lymph node in 2009. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed cohesive growth of atypical large lymphoid cells with multilobated nuclei and abundant cytoplasm (panels A-B; original magnification ×200 [A] and ×400 [B]), some
Neither body mass nor sex influences beverage hydration index outcomes during randomized trial when comparing 3 commercial beverages.

Background The beverage hydration index (BHI) assesses the hydration potential of any consumable fluid relative to water. The BHI is a relatively new metric, and the impact of body mass, sex, and reproducibility has yet to be investigated. Objectives To assess the independent impact of body mass and sex on BHI using beverages not previously assessed, including an amino acid-based oral rehydration solution (AA-ORS), a glucose-containing ORS (G-ORS), and a sports drink (SpD), compared with water (control). The reproducibility of the results was examined using statistical modeling (bootstrap analysis). Design Using a repeated-measures design, 40 euhydrated and fasted subjects (17 male, 23 female; urine specific gravity <1.025) were studied on 4 separate occasions. During each trial, subjects ingested 1 L of each beverage, and urine output was measured immediately postingestion and at 1-h intervals for the next 4 h. The BHI was calculated as a ratio of each individual's cumulative urine output after drinking 1 L of water over their cumulative urine output after drinking each of the test beverages. Results The calculated mean ± SD BHIs of the beverages were as follows: water (1.0 ± 0.0), AA-ORS (1.15 ± 0.28), G-ORS (1.21 ± 0.28), and SpD (1.09 ± 0.26). The BHI for both AA-ORS and G-ORS was greater than that for water (P < 0.05). Despite overall differences in body mass, neither body mass nor sex independently affected BHI. Based upon statistical modeling, our results demonstrate excellent reproducibility of outcomes and external validity. Conclusions Our results suggest that the BHI may be used and interpreted with confidence independently of body mass or sex. Furthermore, a novel carbohydrate-free AA-ORS and a traditional commercially available G-ORS were superior to water in optimizing hydration, whereas SpD was not. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03262597.
The Role of Captives in the Rule of Capture

This article makes two important comments about how the Rule of Capture as a distributional measure excludes certain groups. First, The Rule of Capture as formulated by John Locke effectively shut out two kinds of co-claimants from the commons of North America: free original inhabitants and men and women who were in the service of others, even when these people were indispensable to the act of capture. Though the Capture rule resonates as an ethically based distributional principle, its three ethical premises are not carried through when applied to the commons of North America. The three premises are: 1. first in time, first in right; 2. the deservedness of the laboring person who capture the resource; and 3. hunger as a human condition shared by all. The article demonstrates how Native Americans are excluded in Locke's formulation though they have strong claims of first in time, and servants and slaves are excluded despite having strong claims to deservedness as the laboring person who actually does the capturing of the resource. Hence, Locke's formulation as an apologist for conquest and domination appears to have the instrumental and anti-democratic objective of delegitimating the claims of these two groups of peoples to the commons. Second, using the example of York, William Clark's slave and companion in the Corps of Discovery, the article demonstrates how historical practices operated to continue the subordination of slaves utilized in various phases of conquest. Slaves, like York, were instrumentally used to advance American efforts at Conquest and later settlement. An examination of Lewis and Clark's accounts of York show that these masters treated him with respect and almost partnership while in the wilderness and on Indian lands during the voyage of discovery only to relegate him to slavery in several of its worst treatments when the successful mission returned. Having seen the West, having survived the wilderness travel and aided in the mission's success, York was disappointed in his hopes and expectation of winning freedom for his heroic efforts upon returning to civilization. His treatment was completely at odds with the treatment of every other member of the troupe who were showered with laurels of increased recognition, status, and material gain.
Delayed Puberty, Male

Puberty is the state of physical maturation at which persons are first capable of reproduction. In practice, the notion is that puberty begins with the first external signs of adolescent development. In boys, this usually consists of testicular enlargement and scrotal thinning. Delayed puberty is, by concept, adolescent development that begins two standard deviations or more beyond the mean age for a specific population. In general, for boys in most Western societies, this means pubertal maturation begins after 14 years of age.
Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulosic Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses pyrolysis and combustion of cellulosic materials. Cellulosic materials form the bulk of the readily available natural fuels. Modern technology has caused a sharp decline in the value of wood and other cellulosic substances as fuel, but it has produced a significant increase in their application as industrial and constructional materials and has created a concerted emphasis on the problems of pyrolysis and combustion. The threat and magnitude of disastrous fires have been further enhanced with the development of modern incendiary and nuclear warfare. In comparison with the potential catastrophe of urban fires, the hazards of fire in the wildlands cannot be ignored or underestimated. Fire may be defined as the interaction among fuel, energy, and environment. The type and magnitude of any fire that either develops into a destructive force or into a useful tool depend on the supply of fuel. The paper and textile industries have been concerned about the aging, deterioration, and degradation of cellulosic materials at elevated temperatures for practical reasons.
The Buffon Phenomenon

George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon (1707–1788), was born at Montbard in Burgundy, son of a councillor of the Burgundian parlement. His initial training was in the law, at the Jesuit college in Dijon, but his preference for the physical sciences and mathematics soon dominated. And when, at twenty-five, he inherited considerable property from his mother, he was freed to devote his life to scientific studies. Although he was not a botanist by training, much less a botanophile, he secured election to the Academie des sciences in 1739 as associate botanist, the vacancy created by the advancement of Bernard de Jussieu to full membership. Later that year, he succeeded to the intendancy of the Jardin du roi, the post he would hold until his death in 1788. The duties of that position, rather than any prior intellectual commitment, dictated his subsequent preoccupancy with the natural sciences. The social and political connections that had gained him the direction of the preeminent botanical establishment in Paris made him an insider at court but an outsider at the Jardin du roi from the outset.
Participatory Design of Technologies to Support Recovery from Substance Use Disorders

Substance use disorders, such as alcoholism and drug addiction, are a widespread and hazardous public health issue. Technology designed for the needs and values of people in recovery may be able to supplement traditional treatment options, enhance long-term abstinence maintenance, and create new opportunities for social support. We conducted a series of participatory design workshops with women in recovery from substance use disorders to identify design opportunities for supportive technologies that align with the specific values, practices and traditions of the recovery community. Through a data-driven inductive qualitative analysis, we identify five major themes that may be addressed with technology: 1) supporting twelve-step traditions and practices, 2) management of restlessness and moments of crisis, 3) agency and control over privacy and personal safety, 4) tracking progress and maintaining motivation, and 5) constructing a new normal. We connect these themes to specific implications for design.
Abstract A062: TIM-3 plays distinct roles in different immune cells to regulate antitumor immune responses

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) was originally identified as an inhibitory receptor that is expressed on Th1 T-cells to dampen T-cell immunity upon interaction with several putative ligands. The inhibitory role of TIM-3 is supported by multiple preclinical disease models, such as viral and bacterial infections, experimental autoimmune encephalitis, and allograft rejection. Recent evidence suggests that induction of TIM-3 expression on T-cells may promote resistance to cancer immunotherapy, including in response to treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Thus, TIM-3 represents a putative novel immuno-oncology target. Here we report that in naive mice TIM-3 is absent on T-cells, but is constitutively expressed on myeloid cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. In tumor-bearing mice, TIM-3 expression is highly enriched on PD-1 positive CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the tumor microenvironment, but not on T-cells in draining lymph nodes or peripheral blood. Prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with anti-PD-1 blocking antibody delays tumor growth in wild-type mice. However, unexpectedly, TIM-3 genetic deficiency reduced overall survival of tumor-bearing mice treated with anti-PD-1 compared to wild-type control mice. Using a series of in vitro functional cell-based assays, we found that blocking TIM-3 function by either genetic knock-out or an inhibitory Ab increased proliferation of, and IFN-γ production by, effector CD8 T-cells following direct antigen stimulation. By contrast, TIM-3 gene knockout in bone marrow-derived macrophages did not impact responses to stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands, and TIM-3 blockade reduced phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells by a macrophage cell line. Taken together, our results suggest TIM-3 may play opposite roles in T-cells and macrophages (inhibitory vs activating, respectively), and highlight the pleiotropic roles of TIM-3 in different immune cells in tumor immunology. Citation Format: Jie Dai, Jerry Pei, Markus Mohrs, Gavin Thurston, Ella Ioffe. TIM-3 plays distinct roles in different immune cells to regulate antitumor immune responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A062.
The Clinical Trials Mosaic: Toward a Range of Clinical Trials Designs to Optimize Evidence-Based Treatment.

Objective Dichotomizing clinical trials designs into nomothetic (e.g., randomized clinical trials or RCTs) versus idiographic (e.g., N-of-1 or case studies) precludes use of an array of hybrid designs and potential research questions between these extremes. This paper describes unique clinical evidence that can be garnered using idiographic clinical trials (ICTs) to complement RCT data. Proposed and illustrated herein is that innovative combinations of design features from RCTs and ICTs could provide clinicians with far more comprehensive information for testing treatments, conducting pragmatic trials, and making evidence-based clinical decisions. Method Mixed model trajectory analysis and unified structural equations modeling were coupled with multiple baseline designs in (a) a true N-of-1 pilot study to improve severe autism-related communication deficits and (b) a small sample preliminary study of two complimentary interventions to relieve wheelchair discomfort. Results Evidence supported certain mechanisms of treatment outcomes and ruled out others. Effect sizes included mean phase differences (i.e., effectiveness), trajectory slopes, and differences in path coefficients between study phases. Conclusions ICTs can be analyzed with equivalent rigor as, and generate effect sizes comparable to, RCTs for the purpose of developing hybrid designs to augment RCTs for pilot testing innovative treatment, efficacy research on rare diseases or other small populations, quantifying within-person processes, and conducting clinical trials in many situations when RCTs are not feasible.
Association of Disease Definition, Comorbidity Burden, and Prognosis With Hip Fracture Probability Among Late-Life Women.

Importance Advanced age is associated with lower use of drug treatment to prevent fractures, but concerns about comorbidities and prognosis increase the complexity of managing osteoporosis in this age group. Objective To determine the association of disease definition, number of comorbidities, and prognosis with 5-year hip fracture probabilities among women who are 80 years and older. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study (4 US sites) included 1528 community-dwelling women identified as potential candidates for initiation of osteoporosis drug treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures Women were contacted every 4 months to ascertain vital status and hip fracture. Five-year hip fracture probability was calculated accounting for competing mortality risk. Participants were classified into 2 distinct groups based on disease definition criteria proposed by the National Bone Health Alliance: with osteoporosis (n = 761) and without osteoporosis but at high fracture risk (n = 767). Comorbid conditions were assessed by self-report. Prognosis was estimated using a mortality prediction index. All analysis was performed between March 2018 and January 2019. Results The study had 1528 participants, all of whom were women, with a mean (SD) age of 84.1 (3.4) years. During follow-up, 125 (8.0%) women experienced a hip fracture and 287 (18.8%) died before experiencing this event. Five-year mortality probability was 24.9% (95% CI, 21.8-28.1) among women with osteoporosis and 19.4% (95% CI, 16.6-22.3) among women without osteoporosis but at high fracture risk. In both groups, mortality probability similarly increased with more comorbidities and poorer prognosis. In contrast, 5-year hip fracture probability was 13.0% (95% CI, 10.7-15.5) among women with osteoporosis and 4.0% (95% CI, 2.8-5.6) among women without osteoporosis but at high fracture risk. The difference was most pronounced among women with more comorbidities or worse prognosis. For example, among women with 3 or more comorbid conditions, hip fracture probability was 18.1% (95% CI, 12.3-24.9) among women with osteoporosis vs 2.5% (95% CI, 1.3-4.2) among women without osteoporosis but at high fracture risk. Conclusions and Relevance Women 80 years and older who have osteoporosis, including those with more comorbidities or poorer prognosis, have a high 5-year probability of hip fracture despite accounting for competing mortality risk. In contrast, among women without osteoporosis but at high fracture risk, competing mortality risk far outweighs hip fracture probability, especially among those with more comorbidities or worse prognosis.
Enhanced gelled hydrocarbon well treatment fluids

Abstract Compared with water-based well treatment fluid systems, hydrocarbon-based fluids possess advantages such as better fluid compatibility and lower formation damage, especially in water-sensitive formations. Hydrocarbon-based fluids are therefore often used in oilfield operations including hydraulic fracturing, sand control, and coiled tubing cleanout. The metal-crosslinked, phosphate ester-based gelled hydrocarbon (or gelled oil) fluids have been the preferred choice among hydrocarbon-based fluids since they are cost effective, robust at elevated temperatures, and operationally simple as only a couple of fluid additives are involved. Functioning as the gelling agent in gelled oil fluids, phosphate ester could cause fouling in refinery equipment. It is therefore desirable to lower the dosage of the phosphate ester-based gelling agent as much as possible, but without adversely affecting the fluid performance. A number of materials have been identified that could enhance the gelled oil viscosity and stability, which in turn translates into the reduction of the phosphate ester needed in the gelled oil. Among these enhancing materials, a type of aluminum pillared montmorillonite clay (the additive) was found to enhance the gelled oil viscosity to the largest extent. In laboratory tests, 30 ppt (30 pounds per thousand gallons) of the additive increased the gelled oil viscosity by 84% (± 5%) at 250 °F when compared with the baseline gelled oil without the additive. With the additive dosage at 30 ppt, the amount of the phosphate ester in the gelled oil could be reduced by 25% without decreasing the fluid viscosity. The additive was successfully applied to the crude oil-based gelled fluid, resulting in multiple times of viscosity increase in the study. In addition to the gelled oil viscosity enhancement, the additive also increased the regained permeability in the coreflow tests to near 3 times.
Maximizing profits via irrigation timing for capacity-constrained cotton production

Abstract Cotton producers on the southern High Plains of Texas face reduced seasonal irrigation capacities as groundwater resources from the Ogallala Aquifer decline. Technological advancements have allowed producers to achieve maximal water use efficiencies (>95 %); however, new management strategies are necessary to sustain producer profitability. By determining the optimal timing of irrigation, producers may be able to conserve irrigation water and reduce their pumping expenses. In a field experiment conduced from 2010 to 2013, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield and profitability were compared across 27 irrigation treatments using a LEPA irrigation system on Pullman Clay/Olton soils. Irrigation was applied during three growing periods determined by growing degree days (GDD15.6), where P1=emergence to 525 GDD15.6, P2 = 525–750 GDD15.6, and P3 > 750 GDD15.6. Treatments for the experiment included three irrigation capacities of 0, 3.2, and 6.4 mm d−1 in a randomized block design with three replications. Profitability was assessed by calculating gross margin from economic budgets that included the management operations from each year. On average, treatments with an irrigation capacity of 0 mm d−1 in P1 made 6 % less yield, but saved 30 % more water and generated the same profitability as the IC treatments of 3.2 mm d−1. Irrigation during P3 at the 6.4 mm d−1 irrigation capacity (IC) was the most critical for yield potential, generating 114 % more yield than the 0 mm d−1 IC and 27 % more than the 3.2 mm d−1 IC treatments, resulting in a 468 % and 110 % increase in profit, respectively.
Meta Pseudo Labels

We present Meta Pseudo Labels, a semi-supervised learning method that achieves a new state-of-the-art top-1 accuracy of 90.2% on ImageNet, which is 1.6% better than the existing state-of-the-art. Like Pseudo Labels, Meta Pseudo Labels has a teacher network to generate pseudo labels on unlabeled data to teach a student network. However, unlike Pseudo Labels where the teacher is fixed, the teacher in Meta Pseudo Labels is constantly adapted by the feedback of the student's performance on the labeled dataset. As a result, the teacher generates better pseudo labels to teach the student. Our code will be available at this https URL.
Evidence-based clinical advice for nutrition and dietary weight loss strategies for the management of NAFLD and NASH.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and affects approximately one third of adults in the United States. The disease is becoming a global epidemic as a result of the rising rates of obesity and metabolic disease. Emerging data suggest weight loss of ≥10% overall body weight is beneficial in resolving steatosis and reversing fibrosis. Prospective trials comparing various diets are limited by lack of sufficient power as well as pre- and post-treatment histopathology, and therefore no specific diet is recommended at this time. In this narrative review we examine the pathophysiology behind specific macronutrient components that can either promote or reverse NAFLD to help inform more specific dietary recommendations. Overall, the data supports reducing saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and red and processed meats in the diet, and increasing the consumption of plant-based foods. Diets that incorporate these recommendations include plant-based diets such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean, vegetarian, and vegan diets. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26:383-400)
‘Erse-atz’ & ‘Gaelassenheit’: What Can We Learn from Ó Nualláin’s Use of Irish?

The objective of this essay is to examine Brian ONuallain’s attempts at analysing anddisarming a particular type of obsessive attitude to the Irish language and posingits appositeness to contemporary academic discourse. In diagnosing a problemsuch as a neurosis, it is possible that it becomes self-perpetuating, and to acertain extent this is true of Irish. It is often difficult to divorce thelanguage from an expression of Irishness, and even in the case where it existsas a means of communication, the perception of its ‘Irishness’ remains. O Nuallain astutely assessed thistendency to bind the language to a conservative essentialised identity whichwould seek to exclude that which did not fall within the remit of such aprescribed identity. To read the article, click Download or View PDF.
A Comprehensive Study on Machine Learning Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Network Security

Wireless sensor network is one of the most hopeful technologies for its small-shape, low-price, and simply circulated behavior. It may be altered dynamically because of some exterior or interior causes. The consecutive methods have been bluntly programmed that anticipate the networks difficult to react dynamically. For overcoming this kind of situation, machine learning approaches can be exercised to respond correctly. Machine Learning is the procedure of learning from the expertness and actions without human help or re-program. There are many opportunities present in this field and we have highlighted some of them in this survey.
Labs to Accompany Treatment of General Relativity in a General Education Astronomy Course

It often falls to a physicist to teach a conceptual astronomy course. It is easy to justify a treatment of general relativity in the context of massive stars, black holes, and cosmology. There are a number of good books available to serve as texts or references, including Thorne’s Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy and Robert Geroch’s General Relativity from A to B. The purpose of this article is to describe three experimental introductions to the mathematical and physical concepts of general relativity. These can be accomplished at little expense and require no advanced mathematics on the part of students.
Online Teaching as an Act of Design

Online education has grown rapidly in recent decades. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the ubiquity of online learning to new levels, alongside renewed recognition of the need for high-quality online pedagogy. In an uncertain world, educators must be prepared to teach online and potentially shift modalities as needed. While this can be daunting, it helps to remember that online teaching emerges from the same teaching principles that exist in any setting—that good teaching is an act of design. This sense of pedagogical design is foregrounded in the need for careful front-end design of online learning spaces. In this chapter, I discuss keyframing points for online instructors to use in designing online learning. This includes practical information on designing for learning goals, including design-based projects, assessment strategies, and community building tips and ideas.
Dynamic Assortment with Limited Inventories and Set-Dependent Revenue Functions

We consider an online assortment problem with [n] := {1,2,…,n} sellers, each holding exactly one item i ∈ [n] with initial inventory ${c_i} \in {\mathbb{Z}_ + }$, and a sequence of homogeneous buyers arriving over a finite time horizon t = 1,2,…,m. There is an online platform whose goal is to offer a subset S t ⊆ [n] of sellers to the arriving buyer at time t to maximize the expected revenue derived over the entire horizon while respecting the inventory constraints. Given an assortment S t at time t, it is assumed that the buyer will select an item from S t based on the well-known multinomial logit model, a well-justified choice model from the economic literature. In this model, the revenue obtained from selling an item i at a given time t critically depends on the assortment S t offered at that time and is given by the Nash equilibrium of a Bertrand game among the sellers in S t . This imposes a strong dependence/externality among the offered assortments, items revenues, and inventory levels. Despite that challenge, we devise a constant-competitive algorithm for the online assortment problem with homogeneous buyers and evaluate its performance via numerical results.
Beyond ‘Valid and Reliable’: The LSAT, ABA Standard 503, and the Future of Law School Admissions

For nearly a century, the American Bar Association (ABA) has overseen the standards governing accredited law schools, which in turn constitute the primary pathway to the practice of law in the United States. ABA Standard 503 requires that all such schools use a “valid and reliable” examination to assess candidates for admission. Currently, the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) is the only examination that the ABA has officially recognized as satisfying the standard. However, the LSAT—now approaching its eightieth year—has strayed far from the purposes it was originally designed to serve. Once a simple tool to aid in the assessment of diverse applicants, it has in recent decades become a significant barrier to entry with disparate negative impacts on women, racial minorities, individuals of low socio-economic status, and, perhaps most egregiously, those with disabilities. This Note argues that Standard 503 should be rescinded. Such a step is necessary both to stimulate innovation in law school admissions and to fulfill the ABA’s mandate of promoting diversity in the legal profession and serving the larger public good.
Climate change in the context of whole-farming systems: opportunities for improved outreach

Climate change poses a challenge to farming systems worldwide. However, existing research suggests that farmers and those providing outreach may have different climate change perspectives, and there is little understanding of how farmers prioritize climate change compared with other aspects of their farming system. To compare how farmers and outreach professionals in northern New England consider climate change within the context of whole-farming systems, we conducted mental modeling interviews with 33 farmers and 16 outreach professionals. Despite being primed to consider climate during the interviews, only 24% of farmers and 25% of outreach professionals included climate in their mental models. Key differences arose in both group’s perceptions of weather: outreach professionals focused on connections between good weather and biophysical factors, while farmers drew additional connections to factors like quality of life and overall farm success. Social factors including community well-being, public education, and farm success were significantly more likely to be included (P < 0.05), and in some cases were more influential, in farmer models compared to outreach professional models. We conclude that farmer participants did not perceive climate to be a central factor of their farming systems, and valued human and social dimensions more highly than outreach professionals perceived. These factors may warrant special consideration in efforts to make outreach meaningful to local contexts, along with framing climate change within its broader relationship to other farming system aspects. Interdisciplinary teams may be helpful in developing outreach approaches that fully contextualize climate change within farmers’ complex whole-farm management perspectives.
Mesenchymal growth hormone receptor deficiency leads to failure of alveolar progenitor cell function and severe pulmonary fibrosis

Recent studies have identified impaired type 2 alveolar epithelial cell (ATII) renewal in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) human organoids and severe fibrosis when ATII is defective in mice. ATIIs function as progenitor cells and require supportive signals from the surrounding mesenchymal cells. The mechanisms by which mesenchymal cells promote ATII progenitor functions in lung fibrosis are incompletely understood. We identified growth hormone receptor (GHR) is mainly expressed in mesenchymal cells, and its expression is substantially decreased in IPF lungs. Higher levels of GHR expression correlated with better lung function in patients with IPF. Profibrotic mesenchymal cells retarded ATII growth and were associated with suppressed vesicular GHR expression. Vesicles enriched with Ghr promote ATII proliferation and diminished pulmonary fibrosis in mesenchymal Ghr-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate a previously unidentified mesenchymal paracrine signaling coordinated by GHR that is capable of supporting ATII progenitor cell renewal and limiting the severity of lung fibrosis.
Transport and Reactions in Rocks

In this chapter we focus on processes that take place when water flows through a mineral fabric and alters it in some manner. The mineralogy alterations (metamorphism) are caused by an interaction between dissolved particles in water and the solid mineral through which the water is flowing. The interactions can be physical or chemical, and they often lead to significant porosity changes in the domain. One type of interaction is cementation, where solid material is deposited at the pore boundaries, and another process is dissolution, where solid material is carried away by the liquid. Replacement reactions substitute one mineral for another on the surface of the fabric, often with an accompanying change of volume and density. Such processes, which occur on a geologic time scale, lead to the formation of caverns, the deposition of ore deposits and other minerals, and other natural geological structures. Physically, these processes are described in great detail in the hydrogeological literature [for example, see Phillips (1991) or Berner (1971)].
Boiler Blowdown Energy Recovery

ABSTRACT Boiler blowdown is essential for the continued operation of any boiler. Without blowdown, chemical concentrations within the boiler water can increase above acceptable limits, potentially leading to boiler damage. Typical problems associated with insufficient blowdown are tube scale, corrosion, and liquid carryover. The liquid removed as boiler blowdown has received energy from the fuel supplied to the boiler. Therefore, the blowdown stream represents an energy loss in the boiler operations. There are two primary management activities that reduce the blowdown loss. First, boiler water treatment can reduce the amount of blowdown required to maintain proper boiler operations. Second, thermal energy can be recovered from the blowdown stream. A boiler operating with the best quality boiler feedwater will require some amount of blowdown to maintain water chemistry. Therefore, it is beneficial to investigate the benefits associated with recovering the thermal energy resident in the blowdown stream. Boi...