cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting human cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma using case-based decision theory

In this paper, we show that Case-based decision theory, proposed by Gilboa and Schmeidler (Q J Econ 110(3):605–639, 1995), can explain the aggregate dynamics of cooperation in the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma, as observed in the experiments performed by Camera and Casari (Am Econ Rev 99:979–1005, 2009). Moreover, we find CBDT provides a better fit to the dynamics of cooperation than does the existing Probit model, which is the first time such a result has been found. We also find that humans aspire to a payoff above the mutual defection outcome but below the mutual cooperation outcome, which suggests they hope, but are not confident, that cooperation can be achieved. Finally, our best-fitting parameters suggest that circumstances with more details are easier to recall. We make a prediction for future experiments: if the repeated PD were run for more periods, then we would be begin to see an increase in cooperation, most dramatically in the second treatment, where history is observed but identities are not. This is the first application of Case-based decision theory to a strategic context and the first empirical test of CBDT in such a context. It is also the first application of bootstrapped standard errors to an agent-based model.
Oceanic ridge metamorphism of the East Taiwan Ophiolite

Brecciated mafic+ultramafic plutonic rocks of the East Taiwan Ophiolite occur as detritus and slide blocks in the Pliocene Lichi Melange. These plutonic rocks have been subjected to two stages of post-magmatic recrystallization: (I) pre-brecciation ridge-type metamorphism attended by high-grade greenschist and rare amphibolite facies physical conditions; and (II) later off-axis metamorphism under zeolite to lowest greenschist facies conditions that postdated brecciation, submarine talus accumulation and deposition of associated pelagic sediments. The effects of the earlier ridge metamorphism are the main concern of this paper. (I) Dominant antigorite together with chlorite and talc in some ultramafics suggests that these rocks recrystallized at T>350 ° C. The primary compositions of gabbroic calcic plagioclase have been modified from An 45–70 to An 13–38, and the igneous clinopyroxenes and hornblendes partly replaced by actinolite+chlorite. Stable mineral assemblages in the metagabbros are thus ∼oligoclase+actinolite+chlorite±very rare epidote+sphene, and intermediate plagioclase +actinolite+chlorite+sphene. Amphibolites are less common and consist of more calcic plagioclase (An 25–49)+hornblende. The presence of assemblages transitional between greenschist and amphibolite facies for basaltic compositions is suggestive of very low-pressure thermal metamorphism such as would be appropriate to the crustal portions of an oceanic spreading center. (II) The occurrence of vein albite+actinolite+ chlorite near the base of the brecciated plutonic sequence and vein prehnite+laumontite in the upper part suggests that the brecciated plutonic rocks were later feebly retrograded under conditions of the greenschist and zeolite facies respectively-probably some distance removed from the thermal regime of a mid-oceanic ridge. The East Taiwan Ophiolite probably represents the western termination of the Philippine Sea lithospheric plate. Portions of this oceanic crust and underlying mantle were incorporated in the Lichi Melange of the Coastal Range of eastern Taiwan as a consequence of antithetic faulting and erosion. This process evidently accompanied east-directed underflow of the Asiatic (South China Sea) plate.
Chemical Mass Balance of the Earth's Crust: The Calcium Dilemma (?) and the Role of Pelagic Sediments

Chemical mass balance between igneous and sedimentary rocks is calculated by using a linear least squares method in which all chemical variables are evaluated simultaneously. Previous estimates of the average chemical composition of sedimentary rocks have shown excess calcium because of failure to accurately represent the composition and mass of pelagic sediments.
Beat Mexico: Bohemia, anthropology and the Other

The literary turn in anthropology has provoked an examination of the textual bases of ethnography and sought alternative models for ethnographic writing in works of fiction. This article contribute...
Envy up, scorn down: How comparison divides us.

Comparison compels people, even as it stresses, depresses, and divides us. Comparison is only natural, but the collateral damage reveals envy upward and scorn downward, and these emotions, arguably, poison people and their relationships. Summaries of several experiments--using questionnaire, psychometric, response-time, electromyographic, and neuroimaging data--illustrate the dynamics of envy up and scorn down, as well as proposing how to mitigate their effects. Initial studies suggest the importance of status. Other data show how scorn down minimizes thought about another's mind; power deactivates mental concepts. Regarding envy up, other studies demonstrate that Schadenfreude (malicious joy) targets envied outgroups. However, counterstereotypic information, empathy, and outcome dependency can mitigate both scorn and envy.
Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized alpacas

Butorphanol has been used clinically to provide analgesia in alpacas, but cardiovascular effects have not been reported. Using a randomized cross-over design, eight healthy, young adult female alpacas (3 ± 1 SD years) weighing 64 ± 9 SD kg were anesthetized with isoflurane by mask followed by tracheal intubation and maintenance of anesthesia with 1.75% et (isoflurane) in oxygen. Two treatments, butorphanol (0.1 mg kg–1 IV) and control (saline, IV) were assigned to the animals in a randomized manner allowing a minimum of two weeks between treatments. While anesthetized, animals were instrumented for measurement of cardiovascular variables including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary temperature (TEMP). CO was measured via thermodilution using 5 mL of iced 5% dextrose and recording the average of three replicate measurements. Cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and pulmonary vascular resistance were also calculated. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis [pH, pO2, pCO2, (HCO3−), BE, Hbsat]. Variables were collected at baseline (time 0) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes following injection. Variables were analyzed by anovafor repeated measures with post-hoc differences between means identified using the Bonferroni comparison (p < 0.05). SVR decreased five minutes after administration of butorphanol (Huynh Feldt corrected p = 0.045) and remained decreased for 60 minutes. TEMP decreased with time in both groups (Huynh Feldt corrected p = 0.000027), but groups were not different between each other. Other cardiovascular and blood gas variables were not different between groups. We conclude that butorphanol (0.1 mg kg–1 IV) had minimal effects on the cardiovascular system of these alpacas, causing a mild decrease in SVR.
Intercomparison of a correlated-photon-based method to measure detector quantum efficiency

We report on the absolute calibration of photodetector quantum efficiency by using correlated photon sources, performed independently at two laboratories, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale (IEN). The goal is to use an interlaboratory comparison to demonstrate the inherent absoluteness of the photon correlation technique by showing its independence from the particular experimental setup. We find that detector nonuniformity limited this comparison rather than uncertainty inherent in the method itself. The ultimate goal of these investigations is development of a robust measurement protocol that allows the uncertainties of individual measurements to be determined experimentally and verified operationally. Furthermore, to demonstrate the generality of the procedure, the IEN measurement setup was also used to calibrate a fiber-coupled avalanche photodiode module. Uncertainties are evaluated for the detector both with and without fiber coupling and differences are discussed. The current IEN setup using a thinner and higher transmittance nonlinear crystal for the generation of correlated photons shows a significant improvement in overall accuracy with respect to previously reported results from IEN [Metrologia 32, 501-503 (1996)].
On the relationship between plasma concentrations of drugs and outcome of stroke studies in laboratory animals.

: In assessing plasma concentrations of drugs in relation to neuroprotective effect, emphasis should be placed on measured or calculated concentrations during the window of opportunity for effect, rather than at the end of the experiment. Unbound (plasma free) concentrations should be especially considered as should brain penetration to the stroked area. Problem-solving exercises should include post hoc assessment of dosing residues and proof of exposure. The shape of the graph of response versus concentration in plasma is very steep, giving the impression of an all-or-none effect. Although higher doses lead to greater effects, attempts to statistically correlate plasma level and infarct size are likely to be unsuccessful. There is strong evidence that the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs are affected by the physiological consequences of ischemia.
Self-Assembly of Periodic Serrated Nanostructures

Anodic aluminum oxide membranes with serrated nanochannels have been successfully fabricated via a two-step annodization method. The serrated channels with periodic intervals are aligned at an angle of ∼25° along the stem channels. The formation of the serrated channels is attributed to the generation of oxygen gas bubbles and the resulted compressive stress on the oxide membrane. To reveal the inside channel structure, platinum is electrodeposited into the template. The as-synthesized serrated Pt nanowires demonstrate a superior electrocatalytic activity due to significantly enhanced electric field strength around serrated tips. Moreover, hierarchical serrated/straight hybrid structures are constructed using this simple and innovative self-assembly technique.
Scientists and education professionals can present at Geophysical Information for Teachers Workshop

As many members know, every year at the Fall Meeting, the AGU Education and Public Outreach department collaborates with the National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA) to hold a workshop for K–12 Earth and space science teachers and informal educators. These Geophysical Information for Teachers (GIFT) workshops allow science teachers to hear about the latest Earth and space research from the scientists making the discoveries, explore new classroom resources for their students, and visit exhibits and technical sessions during the meeting for free. Successful GIFT workshops were held at the December 2010 and 2011 meetings, where excellent teams of presenters discussed a range of topics that addressed AGU's science and society and education goals and objectives (see http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml).
Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro

The cytotoxic response of cells in culture is dependant on the degree of functionalization of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT). After characterizing a set of water-dispersible SWNTs, we performed in vitro cytotoxicity screens on cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). The SWNT samples used in this exposure include SWNT-phenyl-SO3H and SWNT-phenyl-SO3Na (six samples with carbon/-phenyl-SO3X ratios of 18, 41, and 80), SWNT-phenyl-(COOH)2 (one sample with carbon/-phenyl-(COOH)2 ratio of 23), and underivatized SWNT stabilized in 1% Pluronic F108. We have found that as the degree of sidewall functionalization increases, the SWNT sample becomes less cytotoxic. Further, sidewall functionalized SWNT samples are substantially less cytotoxic than surfactant stabilized SWNTs. Even though cell death did not exceed 50% for cells dosed with sidewall functionalized SWNTs, optical and atomic force microscopies show direct contact between cellular membranes and water-dispersible SWNTs; i.e. the SWNTs in aqueous suspension precipitate out and selectively deposit on the membrane. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Review of multilayer normal-incidence gratings operating at 9- to 40-nm wavelengths

It is now possible to reliably implement multilayer-coated diffraction gratings in spaceflight and laboratory spectrometers that operate at normal incidence and with high efficiency in the 9 nm to 40 nm wavelength range. The design and fabrication of the grating groove profile and the matching multilayer coating are based on computational modeling using the computer program PCGRATE. The multilayer gratings are characterized using atomic force microscopy and by measuring the diffraction efficiency using synchrotron radiation. Recent research has focused on multilayer coatings other than Mo/Si such as Sc/Si for 40 nm, MoRu/Be for 11 nm, and Mo/Y for 9 nm.
Effects of heparin on osteoclast activity.

The effect of heparin on osteoclastic bone resorption was studied in vitro using the disaggregated osteoclast resorption assay. Bone resorption was assessed by counting the resorption lacunae on bone slices by light microscopy. Low concentrations of heparin (5 μg/ml) increased bone resorption by isolated chick and rat osteoclasts. Among other glycosaminoglycans tested at 5 μg/ml, only dextran sulfate showed a small but significant stimulation of resorption. Chondroitin sulfates A, B, and C were without effect at 25 and 100 μg/ml, whereas resorption was increased by 100 μg/ml of heparan sulfate. With chick osteoclasts, which could be maintained in serum-free conditions, a stimulatory effect of heparin was found both in the presence of 5% fetal calf serum and in serum-free media containing insulin, transferrin, and selenium. The magnitude of the heparin-induced increase in resorption was similar in the presence or absence of serum. The stimulation of resorption was associated with an increase in the number of osteoclasts on bone slices. Pretreatment of the bone slices with heparin also enhanced resorption. In time course experiments, 5 μg/ml of heparin caused a doubling of chick osteoclast activity index (number of resorption pits per number of osteoclasts) at 12 and 24 h. In 24 h cultures, treatment with 10 μg/ml of the arginine-rich basic protein, protamine, 1 μg/ml of the immunosuppressant, cyclosporine A, or 5 μg/ml of the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor, leupeptin, negated the heparin effect on bone resorption. Leupeptin also inhibited basal resorption. We conclude that heparin causes an increase in bone resorption in vitro both by increasing the number of differentiated osteoclasts and by enhancing the activity of individual osteoclasts.
Medical applications of virtual reality

Medical applications for virtual reality (VR) are just beginning to emerge. These include VR surgical simulators, telepresence surgery, complex medical database visualization, and rehabilitation. These applications are mediated through the computer interface and as such are the embodiment of VR as an integral part of the paradigm shift in the field of medicine. The Green Telepresence Surgery System consists of two components, the surgical workstation and remote worksite. At the remote site there is a 3-D camera system and responsive manipulators with sensory input. At the workstation there is a 3-D monitor and dexterous handles with force feedback. The VR surgical simulator is a stylized recreation of the human abdomen with several essential organs. Using a helmet mounted display and DataGloveTM, a person can learn anatomy from a new perspective by ‘flying’ inside and around the organs, or can practice surgical procedures with a scalpel and clamps. Database visualization creates 3-D images of complex medical data for new perspectives in analysis. Rehabilitation medicine permits impaired individuals to explore worlds not otherwise available to them, allows accurate assessment and therapy for their disabilities, and helps architects understand their critical needs in public or personal space. And to support these advanced technologies, the operating room and hospital of the future will be first designed and tested in virtual reality, bringing together the full power of the digital physician.
Psychosocial impact of Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer predisposition syndrome and gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis syndrome characterized by the presence of distinct perioral freckling. To date, we have not found any tool that specifically assesses the psychosocial impact of PJS on patients. We developed a PJS quality of life questionnaire using expert opinions of 3 cancer genetic counselors and a survey of patients with PJS through recruitment of participants involved in a support group over the internet. We measured and compared our questionnaire results to the widely used Center for Epidemiologic Studies and Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36). We recruited 38 patients for our study. Volunteers were mailed a consent form, the self-administered CES-D, SF-36 and our developed PJS questionnaire and were instructed to return the completed questionnaires by mail. Results showed that PJS patients suffer from mild depression even though physically they did not feel impacted by their condition compared to the general population. However, having PJS caused them to alter many important life decisions. The PJS Questionnaire correlated with data obtained from analysis of CES-D, as well as the SF-36. More uniquely, it provided specific information regarding the burden of disease and quality of life in patients affected with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Its ability to do so for other polyposis syndrome populations remains to be studied. These results are important in developing plan of care for these patients regarding genetic counseling and surveillance strategies for PJS patients.
Fermion-scalar interactions with domain wall fermions

Domain wall fermions are defined on a lattice with an extra direction, the size of which controls the chiral properties of the theory. When gauge fields are coupled to domain wall fermions the extra direction is treated as an internal flavor space. Here it is found that this is not the case for scalar fields. Instead, the interaction takes place only along the link that connects the boundaries of the extra direction. This reveals a richness in the way different spin particles are coupled to domain wall fermions. As an application, 4-fermion models are studied using large N techniques and the results are supported by numerical simulations with $N=2.$ It is found that the chiral properties of domain wall fermions in these models are good across a large range of couplings and that a phase with parity-flavor broken symmetry can develop for negative bare masses if the number of sites along the extra direction is finite.
The philosophical underpinnings of computers and operations research

To discuss such a huge subject, I will find it necessary to say something about such cosmic topics as: man, society, science, operations research, mathematics, logic and statistics, and computers. I hope you will find that this is not too pretentious, and that there is something useful in what I am about to say. Man, in common with all forms of life, attempts to improve the conditions of his existence. Of course we perceive ourselves as much more talented, communicative, conscious and occasionally altruistic than other species. We seem to accept (at least in theory) as a positive good, an endeavor that will benefit the species, although not necessarily each member of it. I accept, as a first and essential article of faith (particularly for a conscientious Operations Researcher), the thesis that Man can, through his own efforts, improve his lot. Don’t push me too far in defining the word “improve”. I include better living conditions, longer life, increased physical and mental security, within an environment of adequate stimulus and challenge, as the characteristics of life which Man can and does attempt to improve. In this description of “improvement” I cannot be too precise. Since the requirements for the survival and well being of one individual may occasionally conflict with those of another, it is to be expected as a basic condition of living that universal agreement on what constitutes improvement generally will not be achieved. It is partly for this reason that I speak of Man as improvable rather than perfectible. With all the trouble I’ve had trying to define and observe improvement in human life, I know I can’t define or realistically hope to achieve perfection. So I’m willing to settle and work for improvement.
Induction of summer hibernation in the 13-lined ground squirrel, Citellus tridecemlineatus.

Abstract The induction of summer hibernation in the 13-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) by intravenous injection of plasma obtained from winter hibernating ground squirrels was confirmed. Hibernation was also induced by injection of urine from arousing winter ground squirrels. Results support the “trigger” theory of hibernation proposed by Dawe and Spurrier (3) and also suggest that tissues are set free from “trigger” influence during winter arousal by the excretion of “trigger.”
Spectroscopy of SO

Abstract An analysis of laser-induced fluorescence spectra of SO A 3Π0,1,2← X 3Σ− is performed to provide information about the molecular transition moment. The failure of Franck-Condon models to reproduce the observed vibrational branching ratios has encouraged an attempt to model the dependence of the transition moment on the internuclear separation. Calculated vibrational branching ratios agree well with the measured values. Also predictions of the lifetimes of excited vibrational levels are found to agree with previously measured values.
Seasonal methyltin and (3-dimethylsulphonio)propionate concentrations in leaf tissue of Spartina alterniflora of the Great Bay estuary (NH)

Concentrations of total recoverable inorganic tin (TRISn), monomethyltin (MeSn3+), dimethyltin (Me2Sn2+), trimethyltin (Me3Sn+) and (3-dimethylsulphonio)propionate (DMSP) were determined in leaves of Spartina alterniflora from three sites in the Great Bay estuary (NH) from 8 May to 15 September 1989. Total methyltin concentration increased from 8·9 ng g−1 (fresh weight) on 8 May to 472 ng g−1 on 23 May, decreased to 52 ng g−1 on 7 June and 16ng g−1 on 20 June, and remained low until the last sample on 18 September. Statistical calculations showed that methyltin concentrations varied significantly with sampling week, but not with site. DMSP concentrations showed very different behaviour. During the same sampling period DMSP concentrations varied only from 7·5 to 26 μmol g−1 (fresh weight). DMSP concentrations varied significantly for site, but not sampling week.
Hybridization kinetics of double-stranded DNA probes for rapid molecular analysis

This study reports the hybridization kinetics of double-stranded DNA probes for rapid molecular analysis. Molecular binding schemes based on double-stranded DNA probes have been developed for quantitative detection of various biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and DNA binding proteins recently. The thermodynamic competition between the target and the competitor in binding to the probe provides a highly specific mechanism for molecular detection. The kinetics of the double-stranded DNA probe, on the other hand, represent another key aspect toward its general applicability for a wide set of biomedical applications. Herein we report a systematic investigation of the kinetics of double-stranded DNA probes. The signal-to-background ratio and assay time of the double-stranded DNA probes are optimized at a high ionic strength (over 100 mM NaCl). Both the donor probe and the quencher probe sequences are shown to be important in the hybridization kinetics. A long sticky end of the probe is able to dramatically accelerate the kinetics of the assay. To provide a quantitative description of the kinetics, a two-stage binding model is developed to describe the major features of the kinetics of the assay. The sensitivity of the kinetic model and the dominant affinity constants are studied. The study provides a general guideline for the design of the probes for reducing the total assay time. With an appropriate design of the probes, the assay can be finished within minutes at room temperature.
The use of the buccal fat pad for reconstruction of oral defects: Review of the literature and report of 15 cases

Abstract Purpose: Although the buccal fat pad (BFP) was originally used as an alternative method for the closure of small to medium-sized oroantral and oronasal communications, its use has now been extended to use after excision of oral malignancies. This report describes experience with this technique. Patients and Methods: The BFP was used as a pedicled graft to reconstruct medium-sized surgical defects of the oral soft and hard tissues in 15 patients suffering from oral malignant tumors. Six ofthe defects were in the maxilla, 3 in the retromandibular area, and 6 in the cheek and oral commissure. The BFP was left uncovered to epithelialize in 14 patients, and in one it was covered with lyophiliazed dura. Results: The BFP healed without complications within 3 to 4 weeks in 13 patients, whereas in 2 patients with maxillary defects there was partial loss of the graft, requiring the additional use of an obturator in 1 case and a tongue flap in another to prevent oronasal leakage. Harvesting the graft proved to be extremely easy, and care was only necessary to avoid severing the supporting vascular plexus and the thin capsule covering the BFP. Conclusions: The findings support the view that the BFP is a useful, easy, and uncomplicated alter-native method for the reconstruction of small to medium-sized surgical defects of the oral hard and soft tissues.
Landlords, Tenants, and Technological Innovations

Abstract There is a long-standing belief that landlords and capitalists have used their control over the means of production to direct the development and adoption of technologies which have increased their welfare at the expense of workers. There is also a wide-spread belief that the interlinkage between credit and tenancy markets, which seems so prevalent in LDCs, provides further impetus to the resistance of innovations: innovations which make tenants better off reduce their demand for loans, and thus make landlords (qua creditors) worse-off. These contentions have typically been dismissed out of hand by standard welfare economics arguments. The rural environment of most LDCs may not, however, be adequately described by the standard economic model on which this welfare analysis is based. In particular, in many LDCs sharecropping contracts are widely employed; there is evidence of widespread unemployment, and there is not the full set of (risk and capital) markets required by the competitive paradigm. The objective of this paper is to show under quite general conditions that the institutional structure of the economy may indeed be an important determinant of whether a particular innovation will or will not be adopted. We show that: 1. (i) landlords may wish to — and can — resist innovations which unambiguously increase production whenever sharecropping contracts are employed, 2. (ii) conversely, landlords may adopt innovations which not only lower the welfare of workers, but even lower net national product, 3. (iii) the presence of interlinkage may, indeed, affect the adoption of a new technology; however, the reason for this is only partly related to the effect of innovations on tenants' borrowing. Indeed, we show that innovations may increase as well as decrease the tenants' demand for borrowing.
Congruence preservation and polynomial functions from Z n to Z m

Abstract A function f: Z n → Z m is said to be congruence preserving if for all d dividing m and a , b ∈ {0, 1, …, n − 1}, a  b (mod d) implies f ( a )  f ( b ) (mod d). In previous work, Chen defines the notion of a polynomial function from Z n to Z m and shows that any such function must also be a congruence preserving function. Chen then raises the question as to when the converse is true, i.e. for what pairs ( n , m ) is a congruence preserving function f : Z n → Z m necessarily a polynomial function? In the present paper, we give a complete answer to Chen's question by determining all such pairs. We also show that 7 π 2 is the natural density in N of the set of all m such that the polynomial functions from Z m to itself are precisely the congruence preserving functions from Z m to itself. Moreover, we obtain a formula for the number of congruence preserving functions from Z n to Z m .
Scalable Inference of Overlapping Communities

We develop a scalable algorithm for posterior inference of overlapping communities in large networks. Our algorithm is based on stochastic variational inference in the mixed-membership stochastic blockmodel (MMSB). It naturally interleaves subsampling the network with estimating its community structure. We apply our algorithm on ten large, real-world networks with up to 60,000 nodes. It converges several orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art algorithm for MMSB, finds hundreds of communities in large real-world networks, and detects the true communities in 280 benchmark networks with equal or better accuracy compared to other scalable algorithms.
Chromatographic Studies of 9‐Acridine Derivatives

Abstract GC and thin‐layer fluorescent scanning studies are described for the analysis of 9‐alkylaminoacridines and 9‐alkylacridine derivatives. Procedures were developed for the analysis of 9‐alkylaminoacridines in the presence of their hydrolytic products. Quinacrine in the presence of 6‐chloro‐2‐methoxyacridone and 6‐chloro‐2‐methoxy‐9‐aminoacridine served as a model system in these studies.
Popular Punitivism: Finding a Balance Between the Politics, Presentation, and Fear of Crime

This paper aims to take stock on what we know about popular punitivism and how it manifests across time and social atmosphere. To do this, the recent history and literature of popular punitivism is explored beginning with its tumultuous birth during the 1960s. Specific focus is then given to how debates regarding the punitive turn have become theories of popular punitivism. Recognizing popular punitivism as an important factor in many crime control policies, the paper explains how popular punitivism has acted as a catalyst to current justice practices, associated problems, and the study of crime. Additionally, emphasizing the adaptability of popular punitivism, the paper explains its influence in other contexts and cultures comparatively, especially in a post-9/11 world. From such contexts I explain the widespread pattern of controlling minority groups in all places where popular punitivism is present. The paper concludes by mapping the areas of future research.
Tolerable Inaccuracies in Linear State Feedback

Inaccuracies that a linear state feedback controller can tolerate before losing its ability to stabilize a given system are examined. For high gain feedback, these inaccuracies can be described by a cone in the feedback parameters' space, called the "tolerance cone". This cone describes fractional (percentage) errors the feedback controller can tolerate without jeopardizing the stability of the controlled system. The tolerance cone is determined by the proximity to singularity of a normalized version of the controlled system's controllability matrix.
Litter quality versus soil microbial community controls over decomposition: a quantitative analysis.

The possible effects of soil microbial community structure on organic matter decomposition rates have been widely acknowledged, but are poorly understood. Understanding these relationships is complicated by the fact that microbial community structure and function are likely to both affect and be affected by organic matter quality and chemistry, thus it is difficult to draw mechanistic conclusions from field studies. We conducted a reciprocal soil inoculum × litter transplant laboratory incubation experiment using samples collected from a set of sites that have similar climate and plant species composition but vary significantly in bacterial community structure and litter quality. The results showed that litter quality explained the majority of variation in decomposition rates under controlled laboratory conditions: over the course of the 162-day incubation, litter quality explained nearly two-thirds (64 %) of variation in decomposition rates, and a smaller proportion (25 %) was explained by variation in the inoculum type. In addition, the relative importance of inoculum type on soil respiration increased over the course of the experiment, and was significantly higher in microcosms with lower litter quality relative to those with higher quality litter. We also used molecular phylogenetics to examine the relationships between bacterial community composition and soil respiration in samples through time. Pyrosequencing revealed that bacterial community composition explained 32 % of the variation in respiration rates. However, equal portions (i.e., 16 %) of the variation in bacterial community composition were explained by inoculum type and litter quality, reflecting the importance of both the meta-community and the environment in bacterial assembly. Taken together, these results indicate that the effects of changing microbial community composition on decomposition are likely to be smaller than the potential effects of climate change and/or litter quality changes in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations or atmospheric nutrient deposition.
A controlled Rorschach investigation of hypnotic age regression.

Summary Much research in hypnotic age regression has lacked appropriate controls. It was hypothesized that motivated, unhypnotized subjects would perform in a similar manner to hypnotized subjects on the Rorschach Test scored according to developmental levels. Six subjects received a Rorschach administered under normal conditions and under hypnotic regression, with order of administration reversed for half of the subjects to control for practice effect. Three subjects received a Rorschach under normal conditions and under simulated regression. Each subject showed a significant drop in developmental score under hypnotic-regressed or simulated conditions. No significant difference was found between hypnotically regressed subjects and control subjects. Differential effects of order-of-administration were not manifested. Hypnotically regressed performance did not appear to be more authentic than simulated performance.
A fast method to estimate the gain of the microbunch instability in a bunch compressor

To reach high peak currents driving free-electron lasers an initial chirped electron bunch is compressed in a bunch compressor. The interaction of the electron beam with its radiation field can yield a collective instability, which amplifies any initial modulation in the current profile. We present a model, which allows one to derive an explicit analytical expression for the gain of the microbunch instability. The results are compared to those of the more complex analytical models
Distress and Violent Victimization among Young Adolescents: Early Puberty and the Social Interactionist Explanation

This article explores the empirical validity of the Social Interactionist (SI) perspective as an explanation of violent victimization. An additional goal is to explain why early puberty among adolescents is connected to violent victimization. Using SI, we theorize that early puberty creates unusually high levels of distress for adolescents (more so for girls than boys), causing them to behave in ways that create grievances with others and provoke victimization. The research hypotheses were tested using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative data set of teenagers attending school in the United States. We found that measures of distress significantly increase violent victimization among members of the sample. Furthermore, the SI measures partially mediated the relationship between early puberty and violent victimization for boys and fully mediated this relationship for girls.
Veterans of a Secret War Survivors of Childhood Sexual Trauma Compared to Vietnam War Veterans with PTSD

Data from a longitudinal study of women survivors of childhood sexual trauma documents the presence, over time, of the same symptoms that characterize posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans—reexperiencing, avoidance of reminders or psychic numbing, and arousal. Survivors, as well as veterans, had endured conditions of helpless terror and threats to body and life. In both cases, traumatic violence was the antecedent of PTSD, and tenacious symptoms were the result. The sexual abuse survivors differed from veterans in several ways. The women were generally abused by family members, they were far younger at the time of their trauma, and they experienced it alone rather than in a group. Their abuse typically lasted longer, it was more likely to have been repressed, and therapy was much delayed. Despite an average of three decades separating trauma from treatment, significant progress toward healing was documented during the 6-year period of this study.
Subwavelength, multimode, tunable plasmonic terahertz lenses and detectors

We report on sub-wavelength THz plasmonic lenses based on 2 dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at AlGaN/GaN interface and also on few-layer graphene sheets. Circular gratings investigated in this study concentrate THz electric field into deep sub-wavelength scale by plasmonic excitations polarization independently. Propagation of a broadband pulse of EM waves in 0.5-10 THz was simulated by using a commercial FDTD simulation tool. The results show that concentric plasmonic grating structures can be used to concentrate THz into deep sub-wavelength down to /350 spot size and achieve very large field enhancements by plasmonic confinement which can be used for THz detection and possibly for sub-wavelength imaging. Electric field intensity under the central point can be orders of magnitude higher than the outer grating area. Moreover, plasmonic lens modes supported by system can be tuned with an applied voltage to gratings.
The Effects of Canavanine on Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Canavanine Resistant and Sensitive Species of Higher Plants

The effectiveness of the inhibitor, canavanine, was evaluated by examining its action in Canavalia ensiformis and Glycine max. Isolated roots were grown in culture tubes containing White's medium plus canavanine or arginine. A differential effect of canavanine on the incorporation of precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein was found, which is assumed to be related to the ability of the plant to utilize canavanine in reactions typically involving arginine. Canavanine was not found to affect DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis in Canavalia ensiformis, a plant in which this amino acid is synthesized naturally. In the canavanine sensitive species, Glycine max, of the same subfamily Papilionoideae, canavanine was observed to inhibit strongly DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. A primary inhibition of the RNA synthesizing system is suggested. The data indicate the canavanine inhibitions are more complex than a simple competition with arginine in protein synthesis.
Written Versus Oral Recommendations Made by Pharmacy Students During Internal Medicine Rotations

Background:Pharmacy students use a variety of methods to communicate with physicians during clinical rotations regarding pharmacotherapy concerns. Documented acceptance rates for oral or written recommendations, when studied individually, range between 64% and 95%.Objective:To compare the acceptance rates of written versus oral recommendations made by pharmacy students on internal medicine (IM) rotations.Methods:Fourth-year pharmacy students completing an IM rotation made oral or written recommendations to physicians at a large, community-based medical center from November 2005 through April 2006 (excluding December). The types of recommendations and outcomes of the interventions were recorded using a data collection form. The primary endpoint was to determine differences in acceptance rates for written versus oral recommendations. Secondary endpoints included comparing the recommendation types and their corresponding acceptance rates. Additionally, the acceptance rates for evidence-based medicine (EBM) i...
Ultramicro Cuvettes for the Routine Laboratory Adaptation for the Gilford 300 Spectrophotometer

Thermostatted adaptors have been constructed for the Sanz micro cuvette (5 mm cell path, 100 μl volume) and the Auto-Analyzer® micro cuvette (15 mm cell path, 130 μl volume) fitting the Gilford 300 spectrophotometer. The minimum amount of sample necessary to fill the cuvette is drawn into the bottom of the cuvette by means of a syringe connected to the top of the cuvette. The cuvette is emptied by pushing the sample back into the test vial after measurement.
Dietary Effect on Epigenetics During the Aging Process

It has been proposed that epigenetic modulation plays a critical role in cellular senescence and organismal aging. Two major epigenetic codes are DNA methylation and histone modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. Environmental factors such as dietary components can regulate gene expression by altering epigenetic modifications and may thus have long lasting effects on the aging process. In this review, we will focus on the advances in various dietary factors on epigenetic modulation during aging, which will offer exciting new opportunities to explore the role of diet in influencing the biology of aging.
The mythology of the penny press

In this essay, I examine common scholarly characterizations of the U.S. penny press of the 1830s and 40s that together provide a myth of origins of the contemporary U.S. press. I criticize inaccuracies and misleading elements in this mythology, especially regarding the political stance, readership, and content of the penny papers and their role in “revolutionizing” U.S. journalism. I also criticize the implications of this mythology for subsequent debate about U.S. journalism, especially regarding the relationship between objectivity, market forces, and freedom of the press. [Editor's Note: An exchange between four journalism history scholars and Nerone follows this essay.]
The Effect of Dissipation on Linearly Coupled, Slowly Varying Oscillators

A dynamical system is considered whose normal frequencies and normal modes vary slowly with time in such a way that two frequencies come into close coincidence. When this occurs the corresponding normal modes undergo a drastic change in their physical description. A previous paper by us (1979) considered a conservative dynamical system, and showed that in general action is exchanged between modes at coincidence, but that except for very strong coupling the amount of action exchanged is quite small. The present paper extends this analysis to dissipative, or nonconservative, dynamical systems. Using a multiple-time-scale asymptotic procedure, the equations which describe the mode coupling at coincidence are derived and solved exactly using parabolic cylinder functions. The solutions show that while action is exchanged between modes at coincidence in a manner similar to that described above for conservative dynamical systems, the effect of dissipation is to ensure that the mode which suffers the smaller dissipation will dominate after mode coupling.
Semiquantitative FTIR Analysis of the Crosslinking Density of Poly(ester amide)-Based Thermoset Elastomers

Thermoset elastomers represent a class of polymers for a wide range of biomedical applications. Crosslinking density of thermoset elastomers is considered as an important parameter. In this study, semiquantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis is developed as a novel method to determine crosslinking density of poly (ester amide) thermoset elastomers. Poly(1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-co-polyol sebacate) (APS) is an example of poly(ester amide) thermoset elastomer. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been recently incorporated into APS polymer structure to obtain novel PEGylated APS-based elastomers with tunable properties. The crosslinking densities of different APS and APS-co-PEG films are determined by the theory of rubber elasticity and FTIR. These results show that the intensity ratios between amide and carbonyl peak correlate well with the calculated crosslinking density from the elastic modulus. Thus, semiquantitative FTIR analysis offers a direct, facile, and less variable method to determine the crosslinking density and guide the consistent synthesis of poly(ester amide) thermoset elastomers.
The 2013 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science presented to William Labov

Abstract The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awards the 2013 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science to Professor William Labov for pioneering contributions to the understanding of language variation and change through quantitative means, and for initiating the scientific study of non-standard dialects with significant social and cultural implications. Labov is widely recognized as the founder of sociolinguistics, the quantitative study of language structure and use. Through detailed analysis of speech across dialect boundaries and over time, Labov has identified general principles governing language variation and change, while shedding light on how the mind assimilates and responds to linguistic stimuli to form internalized linguistic knowledge and representations. He pioneered the use of statistical methods in the study of language, thereby contributing to the understanding of cognition as a probabilistic information processing system. Moreover, Labov׳s research on African American English has led to the recognition of non-standard dialects as complex linguistic systems in their own right, rather than imperfect deviations from the standard variety.
Ordered Structure Rearrangements in Heated Gold Nanocrystal Superlattices

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data reveal that superlattices of organic ligand-stabilized gold (Au) nanocrystals can undergo a series of ordered structure transitions at elevated temperature. An example is presented of a body-centered cubic superlattice that evolves into a hexagonal close-packed structure, followed by the formation of binary simple cubic AB13 and hexagonal AB5 superlattices. Ultimately the superlattice decomposes at high temperature to bicontinuous domains of coalesced Au and intervening hydrocarbon. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ordered structure transformations result from partial ligand desorption and controlled Au nanocrystal growth during heating, which forces changes in superlattice symmetry. These observations suggest some similarity between organic ligand-coated nanocrystals and microphase-segregated diblock copolymers, where thermally induced nanophase-segregation of Au and organic ligand influences the ordered arrangements in the superlattice.