cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A DSL embedded in Rust

Rust includes two "languages" that are not as commonly used as the main one: a sophisticated macro system and a type-level language utilizing the trait system. The type-level language can be used in both a functional style and a logic style. We explore the capabilities of these languages, focusing on the functional type-level language, where our main contribution is showing a way to define first-class type functions in Rust.Additionally, to show off these languages, we use them to create a eDSL. We use a simple variant of the lambda calculus. This embedded language is parsed by the Rust parser (and macros) and type checked by the Rust type checker at compile time.
Nutrition, Fatness and Fertility: The Effect of Food Intake on Reproductive Ability

“Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.” Brillat-Savarin’s aphorism (1) can be expanded to: “Tell me what you eat, and I will also tell you how well you reproduce.” Recent findings that the onset and maintenance of regular menstrual function in the human female are each dependent on the maintenance of a minimum weight for height, apparently representing a critical fat storage (2), imply that a particular body composition of relative fatness, (fat/lean ratio, or fat/body weight) may be an important determinant for human female reproductive ability (3–6)
The association between the legalization of recreational marijuana and both small for gestational age births and NICU admissions in Colorado.

To determine the association between recreational marijuana legalization and both small for gestational age (SGA) births and neonatal ICU (NICU) admissions in Colorado. Using interrupted time series analysis, we compared the incidence of SGA births and NICU admissions pre-/post-recreational marijuana legalization. Secondary analysis adjusted for marijuana outlet density (MOD) in maternal county of residence. We analyzed 269,922 mother–infant dyads. SGA birth risk dropped 7% immediately post-legalization (p = 0.04), but there was no slope difference between cohorts. SGA birth risk for high MOD dyads was 1.4x that of dyads with no outlets (p < 0.001) and 1.2x that of low MOD dyads (p = 0.002). There was no immediate effect on NICU admission risk, but the slope increased 1%/month post-legalization (p < 0.001) including a 1%/month increase for low MOD and 3%/month for high MOD dyads. Incidence of SGA births in Colorado did not change following recreational marijuana legalization. NICU admissions increased post-legalization.
Fabrics for heat and flame protection

Abstract In this chapter, the properties of fibers that make up thermal protective fabrics and the structural properties of the fabrics, in general, are analyzed. Furthermore, existing test and evaluation methods (including those used to estimate burn injuries) for thermal protective fabrics and clothing are presented and compared in detail. In addition, numerical models that simulate heat and moisture transfer along the “environment-fabric-skin” pathway are reviewed. Finally, future trends and directions for the research on thermal protective fabrics, personal protective equipment, and numerical models are highlighted.
Climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategies through best management practices

Abstract There is a growing scientific consensus on climate change and its impact on catchment scale hydrologic and water quality processes. Therefore, it is not only important to understand the impact of climate change but also necessary to formulate adaptation strategies to negate the effect of climate change. To this end, we have developed a hydrologic modeling framework (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) concomitant with Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) to develop individual as well as composite climate vulnerability index in a Southern New Jersey Watershed. Three agricultural BMPs including cover crop, filter strip, and no till were examined to determine their ability to negate the climate change impact on water fluxes and water quality in the watershed. Downscaled projected temperature and precipitation from six General Circulation Models (GCMs) for moderate and high emission scenarios (RCP-4.5 and 8.5, respectively) from the latest suite of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were incorporated in to the hydrologic model. Overall, results suggested an increase in temperature and precipitation under climate change scenarios leading to rise in surface runoff, streamflow, sediment and TP load relative to baseline scenario. Highly vulnerable areas to flooding, sedimentation and eutrophication under climate change using AHP framework were standout from other types of vulnerable areas in the watershed due to presence of excess impervious surface, higher percentage of agricultural lands, and increased sediment and organic phosphorus, respectively. When agricultural BMPs were implemented in corn and soybean fields located inside critical source areas (CSAs) under climate change scenarios, BMPs showed little to no effect towards reduction of water fluxes while they reduced maximum 2% and 12% of sediment and TP, respectively, compared to no BMP under climate change scenario. Further, as the BMP were incorporated in all corn and soybean fields in the watershed, the maximum sediment and TP reduction increased to 8% and 44%, respectively. The study outcomes suggests that climate change will increase the water fluxes as well as pollution load in the watershed, however, BMPs can be used to negate the water quality impact due to climate change.
Contraceptive Use Behavior Change After an Unintended Birth in Colombia and Peru.

CONTEXT No studies using longitudinal contraceptive histories have investigated whether having an unintended birth (i.e., one resulting from an unintended pregnancy) is associated with change in contraceptive behavior, including in Colombia and Peru, where levels of unintended fertility remain high. METHODS Monthly reproductive history calendar data from the 2010 Colombia and 2012 Peru Demographic and Health Surveys were used to study contraceptive behavior among 13,373 and 7,425 women, respectively. Transition matrices and hazard models were utilized to identify associations between prepregnancy and postpartum contraceptive methods used, and to assess how these relationships differed between women who reported an unintended birth and those with an intended birth. RESULTS Women who had been using a traditional, barrier or (in Colombia) short-acting hormonal method before pregnancy were more likely to choose a more effective method postpartum, than to use no method, if their birth had been unintended rather than intended (relative risk ratios, 1.2-1.3 in Colombia; 1.6 in Peru). Compared with their counterparts whose birth had been intended, women with an unintended birth who had been utilizing the most effective methods used in the country (IUD or implant in Colombia, pill or injectable in Peru) were less likely to resume using them postpartum than to use no method (0.7 in Colombia; 0.8 in Peru). CONCLUSIONS Unintended birth is associated with change in contraceptive behavior. Efforts to understand postpartum contraceptive choices of women who have had an unintended birth should take into account contraceptive behavior at more than one point in women's reproductive lives.
Single-Phase Microfluidic Cooling of 2.5D-SICs for Heterogeneous Integration

A parametric study of a nonuniform pin–fin-enhanced single-phase microfluidic cooling design for 2.5D stacked integrated circuits (2.5D-SICs) heterogeneous integration is presented. A thin (0.6 mm) coolant manifold has been investigated via full-scale computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) simulations. In order to provide thermal management to this heterogeneous chip system, microfin bridges and micropins have been implemented in the manifold. Dielectric coolant polyalphaolefin (PAO) has been investigated, which provides high heat-removal capability, along with thermal isolation between dies. Microfin bridges and wings can provide enhanced thermal performance but with higher pressure drop. Desired maximum temperature limits for high-powered dies are achieved with this 2.5D-SICs liquid cooling design. The effects of chip placement, dimensions of microfin bridges and micropins, and dielectric coolant supply and removal locations within the ultrathin manifold on pressure drop and HT have also been parametrically studied.
But it was Just a Little Shock

The perception still exists that ‘just a little shock’ passing through the human body poses no threat of harm. While whatever harm that occurs to the body frequently cannot be quantified for any given incident, sometimes that harm can manifest itself in unanticipated ways.There is still a perception among many people both within and outside of the electrical industry that electrical shock is an essentially harmless occupational hazard. When an electrical shock incident occurs, there is frequently a tendency to minimize the hazard or an attempt to quantify the shock as ‘minor’.While no two shock incidents are the same, we know that intensity, duration and path of the shock, combined with body composition and other considerations all play into the amount of damage that can occur as a result of an electrical contact. Still, the actual amount of harm is difficult to quantify because much of any resultant damage is internal and not always immediately evident or life altering.This case study discusses an incident where some of the actual harm suffered from an electrical shock was immediately apparent and life-altering and yet an effort was still made to minimize the potential severity of the shock.
Serum protein biomarkers for juvenile dermatomyositis: a pilot study.

Blood accessible biomarkers to assess disease activity and their response to therapies in Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM) are urgently needed. This pilot study aims to identify serum protein biomarkers associated with clinical disease activity in untreated JDM and their response to medical therapy. SomaScan® technology screened JDM patients for 1305 proteins at three points: 1) before start of treatment, 2) while on therapy, and 3) after treatment tapering when patients were clinically inactive. To define disease associated biomarkers, SomaScan® data from untreated JDM patients (n = 8) were compared to SomaScan® data from an independent age-matched healthy control group (n = 12). Longitudinal analysis defined treatment responsive proteins at three time points: untreated (7 samples), treated (7 samples), and clinically inactive (6 samples). To confirm the SomaScan® data, a subset of nine candidate proteins (CXCL11, IL-17B, IL-17D, IL-22, CXCL10, MCP-1, ANGPT2, MIF, IL-23) were tested by ELISA after adding 2 JDM (one untreated, one clinically inactive) serum samples to the same group of JDM girls (8 untreated, 7 treated; 7 clinically inactive) as well as with 17 age, gender, matched healthy controls. Comparison of untreated JDM versus healthy controls identified 202 elevated and 49 decreased serum proteins in JDM patients with an adjusted p-value < 0.001. Only 82 out of 251 identified biomarker candidates responded to treatment while 12 out of these 82 proteins returned to their original untreated disease levels upon therapy tapering. The ELISA testing of the untreated samples for nine candidate proteins confirmed previously known biomarkers (CXCL10 or IP-10, CXCL11 or I-TAC and MCP-1) and identified novel biomarkers including IL-22, Angiopoetin-2, and IL-17B in a cross-sectional analysis comparing 8 untreated JDM and 17 age/gender matched controls. The subsequent longitudinal data by ELISA were not concordant for some biomarkers (IL-22 and IL-17B), but the other biomarkers either normalized or rebounded concordantly. Blood accessible protein biomarkers reflecting JDM pathophysiology were identified; some of them rebounded after therapy was tapered. Further studies bridging these biomarkers to specific clinical features of JDM are required to confirm the clinical utility of these serum protein biomarkers.
Forum on Elizabeth A. Clark's The Fathers Refounded: Protestant Liberalism, Roman Catholic Modernism, and the Teaching of Ancient Christianity in Early Twentieth-Century America: Introductory Remarks

The turn of the twentieth century represents an incisive moment in religious thought and theological education. Scholars across Europe and North America were wrestling with the twin influences of Protestant Liberalism and Roman Catholic Modernism, the questions they raised for how to conceive of the origins of Christianity, and how to make them palatable to a rapidly changing world. In her most recent monograph, The Fathers Refounded: Protestant Liberalism, Roman Catholic Modernism, and the Teaching of Ancient Christianity in Early Twentieth-Century America, Elizabeth A. Clark explores these questions in the lives and work of three of the era's most influential figures. Her work stands at the center of this forum, with four distinguished scholars considering its implications.
Continuous Engagement in a Weight-Loss Program Promotes Sustained Significant Weight Loss.

BACKGROUND Significant weight loss improves health but regain is common. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine if 2,346 members of Take Off Pounds Sensibly-a national, low-cost, peer-led weight-loss program-achieved and maintained significant weight loss with 7 consecutive annual renewals. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort design. For each renewal, the cumulative change from baseline weight was calculated. Weight change was placed into 1 of 3 categories: significant weight loss, loss ≥ 5%; weight stable, loss of 0 to < 5%; or weight gain, any amount above baseline weight. RESULTS The cohort included 2,346 individuals. Fifty-one percent (n=740) of participants were in the significant weight-loss category all 7 years; 256 (18%) were in the significant weight-loss category at year 1 but moved into at least 1 other category during years 2 through 6; 359 (25%) were in the weight stable category at year 1; and 98 (7%) were in the weight gain category at year 1. CONCLUSIONS Over 60% of the population achieved significant weight loss by year 7. Since continuous, long-term engagement in a weight-loss program can lead to significant weight loss, even if significant weight loss is not initially achieved, participation should be encouraged.
Molecular Mechanism(s) of Deoxyribonucleoside Toxicity in T-Lymphoblasts

The association of at least two inborn errors of purine metabolism with immunodeficiency diseases has made possible the investigation of these diseases at the molecular level. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency results in severe combined immunodeficiency disease with impairment of T- and B-lymphocyte function.1 Purine nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency has been associated with T-lymphocyte dysfunction in nine patients.2 The mechanism(s) whereby these enzyme deficiency states affect lymphocyte development and/or function has (have) not been fully elucidated. However, the recent findings of markedly elevated dATP levels in ADA-deficient erythrocytes3 and of dGTP levels in PNP-deficient erythrocytes4 provide support for the hypothesis that deoxyribonucleosides play an important role in the pathogenesis of the immune dysfunction in these two diseases and suggest that deoxyribonucleosides or their metabolites may be toxic to lymphoid cells.
Abstract 4550: Differential PARP inhibitors' effects on cell cycle and consequently homologous DNA damage repair

Background: Poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition has been explored in pre-clinical and clinical studies with greatest successes demonstrated in homologous DNA damage repair (HDR) pathway-deficient cancer patients. PARP inhibitor9s (PARPis) potency to inhibit PARP9s catalytic activity is well established; however non-catalytic effects that may add to their therapeutic properties are not fully understood. Our objective was to comparatively evaluate non-catalytic effects of olaparib and veliparib, the two most widely used PARPis in clinical trials, with a particular focus on cell cycle effects and HDR. Methods: To measure DNA damage repair activity upon PARPi treatment, we used a well-established DR-GFP reporter assay in two model cell lines, U2OSDR-GFP and H1299DR-GFP. Cell cycle progression was assessed by propidium iodide and monitored by flow cytometry. Depletion of targeted mRNAs was performed by standard siRNA knock-down technique using electroporation for transfection. Immunoblotting was used to confirm cell cycle results and demonstrate replicative stress on the protein expression levels. Results: We found a dramatic decrease in DNA damage repair activity in olaparib- versus veliparib-treated U2OSDR-GFP p53 wild type cells, regardless of inhibitory potency. This decrease in HDR activity was a result of olaparib triggering a cell cycle arrest-like effect as a response to strong replicative stress. Lack of the same effect in p53-null cells suggests that olaparib9s effect is p53-dependent, which was confirmed in U2OSDR-GFP cells depleted of p53. Finally, CHK1 is strongly phosphorylated in cells treated with olaparib but not veliparib, confirming cells differential response to these two PARPis. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that olaparib and veliparib differ in their non-catalytic inhibitory effects, with olaparib but not veliparib mitigating DNA damage repair activity via cell cycle arrest-like effects in a p53-WT background. Moreover, olaparib but not veliparib triggers CHK1 phosphorylation, which suggests differential levels of replicative stress. This new insight into olaparib9s and veliparib9s mechanism of action should be considered when developing inclusion criteria for treatment of cancer patients with these PARP inhibitors. Citation Format: Petar Jelinic, Douglas A. Levine. Differential PARP inhibitors9 effects on cell cycle and consequently homologous DNA damage repair. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4550. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4550
Demystifying Lifshitz’ Theory of van der Waals Adhesion

Adhesion and cohesion of materials are of importance in many different areas of science and engineering, such as friction between objects, flow of liquids on solids or other liquid surfaces, and phase change heat transfer. One contribution to adhesive energy, irrespective of the type of material(s), is from van der Waals interactions, which arise from alteration of the quantum and thermal fluctuations of the electrodynamic field due to the presence of interfaces. Despite its importance, the theory of van der Waals interactions between macroscopic bodies, which is mainly due to Lifshitz, Dzyaloshinskii, and Pitaevskii, remains shrouded in relatively complicated language of quantum statistical physics. In this paper, we will present an alternate derivation which skirts quantum statistical physics (for most part) and relies primarily on a combination of classical electrodynamics and energy conservation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Sacrificing Massiah : Confusion Over Exclusion and Erosion of the Right to Counsel

"Sacrificing Massiah" examines the legitimacy and impacts of Kansas v. Ventris’s explanation of the Massiah "exclusionary rule." It first traces the cryptic development of Massiah’s right to counsel-based suppression doctrine through a series of post-Massiah opinions. It then discusses Ventris - the first definitive explanation of the justifications for barring admissions deliberately elicited from uncounseled defendants. The Ventris Court classified Massiah suppression as a mere deterrent safeguard designed to prevent pretrial counsel deprivations and denied that defendants have the personal right not to be convicted based on uncounseled admissions. This understanding of Massiah is contrary to the original conception of exclusion. More important, it is irreconcilable with the nature of the pretrial assistance guarantee that is Massiah’s foundation. It ignores the core reasons for a right to pretrial assistance - to preserve a fair adversarial process and guard the accused against courtroom consequences of imbalanced clashes. Ventris rests on the indefensible premises that pretrial assistance exists for its own sake, that constitutional harm is inflicted only before trial, and that damage to an accused’s chances for acquittal at trial is not the constitutional concern. The article proffers reasons why the Court might have arrived at this entirely misguided conception, including: uncritical, monolithic thinking about "exclusionary rules;" palpable, abiding hostility toward constitutional suppression doctrines that defeat the search for truth; and dissatisfaction with Massiah’s extension of the right to counsel’s assistance. Finally, the article discusses the pragmatic consequences of Ventris’s vision, concluding that constraints imposed on Fourth Amendment exclusion will surely be imposed on Sixth Amendment suppression. As a result, the right to counsel "exclusionary rule" will be hobbled in ways that would be impossible were the true "constitutional right" character of Massiah’s evidentiary bar acknowledged. Ventris’s legacy - an array of "exclusionary rule" restrictions - will, in fact, threaten the vitality of the fundamental right to counsel itself.
An Advanced Steam Utility Cycle For Utility Applications

To obtain an improved quantitative understanding of the effect of introducing a 1500 psig/1500/spl deg/F steam into a utility environment a preliminary study (1 person month) was undertaken to assess this concept. This assessment was completed by performing the following tasks: 1) simulation of an existing 1465 psig/1000/spl deg/F/1000/spl deg/F steam cycle, 2) a simulation using turbine performance maps and advanced initial steam conditions, and 3) a simulation using new turbines (with turbine efficiencies similar to the existing turbines) and the advanced steam conditions. Several variations on these two concepts were investigated. The results of this assessment are as follows: 1) basecase turbine cycle efficiency was 41.48%, 2) a retrofit using advanced initial steam conditions (without reheat) resulted in turbine cycle efficiencies in the range of 44.11 - 44.27%, and 3) a redesign using advanced initial steam conditions resulted in turbine cycle efficiencies in the range of 45.18-47.04%.
Zastosowanie dyskretnego modelu odkształcalnego samolotu do badania drgań własnych

In this paper a method of numerical analysis of frequencies and modes of natural vibrations of a deformable aeroplane is presented. The method constitutes a generalization of that employed in Refs. [4-7]. A one – dimensional discretisation of deformable structural units is applied by making use of the displacement finite element technique. A dynamic model composed of deformable beams and rigid bodies has been proposed. The equations of dynamic equilibrium for deformable and rigid parts of the aeroplane have been derived together with the conditions of the coupling between those equations. The program is prepared in the FORTRAN IV language for calculations on the ODRA 1305 computer. The calculations were performed for a hypothetical aircraft with constant distributions of parameters over the length of deformable units, and by using the data of a training jet-aircraft. Making use of the results obtained it can be stated that the method suggested constitutes an effective instrument for calculating frequencies and forms of the aircraft natural vibrations.
Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-thyroid interrelationships in the developing chick embryo: VII. Immunocytochemical demonstration of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone

Abstract Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was demonstrated immunocytochemically in the infundibulum of the chick embryo as early as Day 4.5 of incubation. From Days 4.5 through 19.5 of embryonic development there is a gradual increase within the developing hypothalamus in the number of TRH-positive perikarya as well as the amount of immunoreactive-TRH (IR-TRH) per cell. There are no abrupt changes in either parameter during the critical time period (Days 10.5–13.5 of incubation) in the maturation of the pituitary-thyroid axis. Thus, although TRH is probably not directly responsible for the dramatic increase in the number of thyrotrophin-producing cells which occurs in the pars distalis of 10.5- to 11.5-day-old embryos ( R. C. Thommes, J. B. Martens, W. E. Hopkins, J. Caliendo, M. J. Sorrentino, and J. E. Woods (1983) , Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 51 , 434–443) the marked change in the activity of the pituitary-thyroid unit at this time may well reflect the response of these newly differentiated thyrothrophs to low levels of plasma TRH. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that between Days 10.5 and 11.5 the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal-thyroid (HAT) axis is first responsive to cold ( R. C. Thommes, J. B. Martens, J. B. Hopkins, D. A. Griesbach, D. J. Williams, M. J. Sorrentino, P. Wernke, and J. E. Woods. In “Proceedings, Ninth International Symposium on Comparative Endocrinology, Hong Kong, 7–11 December 1981” (B. Lofts, ed.) . Hong Kong Univ. Press, Hong Kong, in press) and also that the pituitary-thyroid unit exhibits a marked increase in its sensitivity to exogenous TRH ( R. C. Thommes, D. J. Williams, and J. E. Woods (1984) . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55 , 275–279).
Symptoms and Etiologies of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

Investigators from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, conducted a retrospective chart review of 48 children (average age at presentation 8.1 yrs, range 5-14 yrs; 73% male) diagnosed with “Alice in Wonderland” syndrome (AWS) or “Alice in Wonderland”-like syndrome between 1993 and 2013.
Prediction of Spur Gear Mechanical Power Losses Using an EHL Model With Time-Varying Contact Parameters

A physics-based model is proposed to predict load dependent (mechanical) power loss of spur gear pairs by using a specialized gear elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model. The EHL model includes time variations of all key contact parameters such as surface velocities, radii of curvature and normal load in their continuous forms such that a continuous analysis of a tooth contact from its root to tip can be performed. The EHL model has the capability to simulate any gear contacts represented by condition ranging from full EHL to mixed or boundary EHL conditions. Predicted transient pressure and film thickness distributions are used to determine the instantaneous as well as the overall mechanical power loss of the gear mesh. Correction factors are introduced to account for thermal effects. At the end, capabilities and accuracy of the proposed model are demonstrated by comparing its predictions to experimental data.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Inhibitors in Clinical Trials

BTK is a cytoplasmic, non-receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits signals from a variety of cell-surface molecules, including the B-cell receptor (BCR) and tissue homing receptors. Genetic BTK deletion causes B-cell immunodeficiency in humans and mice, making this kinase an attractive therapeutic target for B-cell disorders. The BTK inhibitor ibrutinib (PCI-32765, brand name: Imbruvica) demonstrated high clinical activity in B-cell malignancies, especially in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Therefore, ibrutinib was granted a ‘breakthrough therapy’ designation for these indications and was recently approved for the treatment of relapsed MCL by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Other BTK inhibitors in earlier clinical development include CC-292 (AVL-292), and ONO-4059. In CLL and MCL, ibrutinib characteristically induces redistribution of malignant B cells from tissue sites into the peripheral blood, along with rapid resolution of enlarged lymph nodes and a surge in lymphocytosis. With continuous ibrutinib therapy, growth- and survival-inhibitory activities of ibrutinib result in the normalization of lymphocyte counts and remissions in a majority of patients. This review discusses the clinical advances with BTK inhibitor therapy, as well as its pathophysiological basis, and outlines perspectives for future use of BTK inhibitors.
Fibronectin enhances early shear stress resistance of seeded adult human venous endothelial cells.

An in vitro parallel plate perfusion chamber was used to study the shear stress resistance of seeded adult human saphenous vein endothelial cells (AHSVECs) on glass surfaces coated with different substrates. Endothelial cells were seeded onto glass slides precoated with these substrates and then exposed to pulsatile flow with an average shear stress of 8 dyn/cm2 for 1 hr. After AHSVEC attachment periods of 15 min, 1 hr, and 2 hr, flow dislodged all but 1.4, 30.4, and 72.2%, respectively, of cells that had been seeded onto 1% gelatin. Control slides that were not exposed to flow retained 12.9% (P < 0.03), 49.8% (NS), and 95.2% (NS) of seeded cells. Precoating the slides with 10 μg/ml fibronectin resulted in 69.4, 89.5, and 97.7% of cells remaining after flow, compared with 6.4% (P < 0.03), 53.7% (NS), and 93.3% (NS), respectively, when using matched slides coated with 1% gelatin. Results with 20% fetal bovine serum as the substrate were not statistically different from those obtained with 1% gelatin. We conclude that fibronectin enhances the early attachment of AHSVECs to artificial surfaces and is, therefore, potentially useful for increasing attached cell yields on arterial prostheses prepared with immediate cell seeding techniques.
Present choices, future consequences: A case for thinking strategically

Policy decisions made in the present are typically based only on considerations of short‐range consequences. However, a number of arguments can be made for attending to the long‐range consequences of policies, especially if they have implications for collective survival. Here, my intention is to articulate a way of contemplating the future that is instrumental to any long‐term goal. The approach taken is based upon the idea of promoting the strategic position of the next time period or generation. It is argued that this strategic principle should be accorded priority in all policy decisions with any bearing upon it.
An experiment in high level language microprogramming and verification

The STRUM system was created to apply software engineering techniques to microprogramming. It provides the tools that allow the microprogrammer to use high level language, structured programming, and formal program verification to create emulations for a horizontally microprogrammed computer. This system is evaluated in two parts: (1) High level microprogramming language design and its use in structured microprogramming; and (2) Verification of a large microprogram. Both parts of this evaluation include experimental results. Part I includes a comparison of an emulation created using traditional techniques to the same emulation created using the STRUM system. Part II describes the formal verification of a 1700 line program that was immediately subjected to extensive testing. This work provides new results on the efficiency of high level microprogramming languages, the effectiveness of peephole optimization for microcode and the practicality of formal microprogram verification.
Use of glancing angle X-ray powder diffractometry to depth-profile phase transformations during dissolution of indomethacin and theophylline tablets.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was (i) to develop glancing angle x-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) as a method for profiling phase transformations as a function of tablet depth; and (ii) to apply this technique to (a) study indomethacin crystallization during dissolution of partially amorphous indomethacin tablets and to (b) profile anhydrate → hydrate transformations during dissolution of theophylline tablets.
Solvent effect on mobility and photostability of organic dyes embedded inside silica sol-gel thin films

Polarization resolved fluorescence from single molecules was measured from rhodamine 6G (R6G), sulforhodamine B (SRB), Oregon Green 514 (ORG), and didodecyl-3,3,3‘,3‘-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DilC12) embedded in silica sol−gel thin films in contact with water and ethanol. Positively charged R6G was found to be firmly immobilized, regardless of the solvent medium. Despite its net negative charge, zwitterionic SRB was found mostly immobilized in both solvent media. The immobilization of SRB was attributed to a delicate balance of Coulombic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and molecular imprinting effect. While R6G showed a significant decrease in photostability in a solvent medium because of enhanced solvent interactions, hydrogen bonding appeared to effectively retard the molecular motions of solvated SRB such that its photostability exceeded those in dry films. The mobility of negatively charged ORG was found to be moderately enhanced through repulsion, but Coulombic force was not as influential as hydr...
The Use of Nuclear Reactions to Trace the Source of Oxygen in Anodization

In cases where the anodization of metals involves the use of chemical solutions, the oxidation mechanism is frequently uncertain. In such cases it is usually possible to make oxygen bearing solutes from oxygen which is enriched in isotope-18. After use in anodization, the oxide films can be analyzed by the method of nuclear microanalysis which separately profiles the 18O and 16O. In this way the depth distribution of the 18O can be compared quantitatively with that of the 16O arising from all other oxygen bearing chemicals in solution. We have applied this method to the case of the anodization of vanadium and zirconium. The results indicate an unconventional anodization mechanism for the vanadium case.
Regional myocyte size in two-kidney, one clip renal hypertension

Regional variations in the size and shape of isolated myocytes were studied using the two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) renal model of hypertension. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats (50 to 75 g) were anesthetized by ketamine (100 mg/kg) during renal artery clipping (0.2 mm internal diameter silver clip) and were then allowed to grow for 6 to 8 weeks, when the blood pressure had stabilized at 180 mmHg. Hearts were removed, weighed and then were perfused with a calcium-free Joklik medium containing collagenase. Isolated myocytes were collected from five regions and fixed in isoosmolar glutaraldehyde: right ventricular free wall (RVFW), right and left halves of the interventricular septum (RIVS, LIVS), and epicardial and endocardial halves of the left ventricular free wall (LEPI, LENDO). Myocyte volume was measured by Coulter Counter. Myocyte length was measured by sonic digitizer. Cross-sectional area was calculated from myocyte volume and length. Tailcuff systolic pressure and heart weight were significantly increased in 2K1C rats as compared to control. Body weights were not different. Cell volume was significantly increased in RIVS, LIVS, LEPI, and LENDO, but not in RVFW. Cell length was not significantly increased in any region. Thus, the 2K1C model showed a predominant left ventricular hypertrophy in which the right half of the septum acted in concert with the left ventricle. The shape of the hypertrophied myocytes, having an increase in volume due to an increase in cross-sectional area but not length, was most consistent with a pressure-induced form of cardiac hypertrophy.
Morphological and molecular changes in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina grown under supplemental UV-B radiation: cell characteristics and photosystem-II damage and repair properties

Abstract The effect of supplemental UV-B radiation during growth in the green alga Dunaliella salina was investigated. At the cellular level, supplemental UV-B radiation induced a doubling of the cell volume, a phenomenon attributed to a slow-down in the rate of cell division. At the thylakoid mebrane level, supplemetal UV-B radiation induced photodamage to the 32 kDa (D1) and 34 kDa (D2) reaction center proteins of Photosystem II. The molecular target of photodamage to D1 and D2, and the temporal sequence of events leading to repair of Photosystem II from this UV-B photodamage, appeared to be different from those that operate under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Thus, mechanistically, photodamage and repair under supplemental UV-B may be a distinctly different phenomenon from the damage and repair cycle induced by visible light.
A new approach to non-choking adiabatic compressible flow of an ideal gas in pipes with friction

Abstract This paper introduces two previously unpublished relationships for adiabatic frictional flow in pipes. These equations allow the direct evaluation of the flow rate for the situation when upstream conditions and downstream pressure are known.
High accuracy optical processors: a new performance comparison.

A hybrid time and space integrating processor is shown to provide more than one operation per analog to digital conversion. A preferred performance measure, operations per second per component, is used to compare bit-sliced digital and high accuracy optical processors using the digital multiplication-by-analog-convolution algorithm. Optical system performance is shown to increase nearly quadratically with the speed of its components, while digital systems increase only linearly.
Somatostatin-induced inhibition of neuronal Ca2+ current modulated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase

Neurotransmitter release is frequently regulated by peptides that modulate neuronal calcium channels. Whole-cell recordings show that the ion permeability and voltage dependence of these channels are controlled by a membrane-associated pathway involving GTP-binding proteins. Here we use perforated-patch recordings to show that, in addition to this pathway, the peptide somatostatin inhibits the calcium current in chick ciliary ganglion neurons by a second soluble pathway involving a cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (cGMP-PK). This somatostatin inhibition of Ca2+ current did not desensitize and was not characterized by the slowing of Ca(2+)-current activation (kinetic slowing) observed in whole-cell recordings. When cGMP-PK was inhibited, somatostatin inhibition of Ca2+ current resembled that observed with whole-cell recordings. cGMP agonists mimic the effect of somatostatin only in perforated patch recordings. An endogenous cGMP-PK therefore forms part of the mechanism by which somatostatin induces a sustained inhibition of neuronal calcium channels.
Relationship between anal canal tone and rectal motor activity.

The anal sphincters facilitate fecal continence by maintaining a pressure barrier; whether proximal contractile events influence this barrier is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between anal canal pressures and rectal motor activity. A fully ambulatory system for prolonged pressure recording was developed. In 12 healthy subjects (seven males and five females; mean age, 35 years; range, 22–43 years), a flexible transducer catheter (outside diameter, 4.5 mm) was introduced endoscopically such that sensors were 2, 3, 8, 12, 18, and 24 cm from the anal orifice. Twenty-four-hour spontaneous motor activity was stored in a 2.5-megabyte portable recorder for later transfer to a Microvax II for computerized analysis and display. Mean anal canal pressure was calculated, and rectal motor complexes (RMCs) were characterized. Mean anal canal resting pressure was 75±12 mmHg. During sleep, anal pressures displayed cyclic decreases (mean periodicity, 1.6 hours; range, 1–4 hours), during which the mean ±SD pressure trough was 15±4 mmHg (range, 8–21 mmHg). RMCs were identified in all subjects: mean frequency, 16 per 24 hours (range, 12–22 per 24 hours); duration, 15.3 minutes (range, 8–35 minutes); contractile frequency, two to three per minute; mean peak amplitudes, 58±18 mmHg; and periodicity, 78±24 minutes (range, 35–265 minutes). Importantly, an RMC was invariably accompanied by a rise in mean anal canal pressure and contractile activity such that pressure in the anal canal was always greater than pressure in the rectum. Anal canal relaxations never occurred during an RMC. Motor activities of the rectum and of the anal canal may be related; the onset of rectal contractions was accompanied by increased resting pressure and contractile activity of the anal canal. This temporal relationship represents an important mechanism preserving fecal continence.
Reflections on Investigating Emotion in Educational Activity Settings

This article represents our current reflections on our approach to inquiry on emotions in education. Our views reflect an eclectic blend of, educational, psychological, and social historical approaches to inquiry on emotion and emotional regulation. In an effort to explicate our approach, we address our working definitions of emotion and emotional regulation. Next, we discuss our views on transactions among cognition, motivation and emotions, as well as the methods and methodologies that guide our inquiry on emotions in education. We conclude with some of the problems associated with, as well as a discussion of why, in spite of the challenges related to doing inquiry on emotions, the study of emotions can be useful for improving educational processes.
Structure–activity relationship studies of manzamine A: Amidation of positions 6 and 8 of the β-carboline moiety

Twenty manzamine amides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antimalarial and antimicrobial activities. The amides of manzamine A (1) showed significantly reduced cytotoxicity against Vero cells, although were less active than 1. The structure–activity analysis showed that linear, short alkyl groups adjacent to the amide carbonyl at position 8 are favored for antimalarial activity, while bulky and cyclic groups at position 6 provided the most active amides. Most of the amides showed potent activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare. The antimicrobial activity profile for position 8 series was similar to that for antimalarial activity profile, in which linear, slightly short alkyl groups adjacent to the amide carbonyl showed improved activity. Two amides 14 and 21, which showed potent antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum were further evaluated in vivo in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Oral administration of 14 and 21 at the dose of 30 mg/kg (once daily for three days) caused parasitemia suppression of 24% and 62%, respectively, with no apparent toxicity.
New Experimental NMR Shielding Scales Mapped Relativistically from NSR: Theory and Application.

The recently proposed relativistic mapping between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shielding and nuclear spin-rotation (NSR) coupling tensors [J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138, 134104] is employed to establish new experimental (more precisely, experimentally derived) absolute shielding constants for H and X in HX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I). The results are much more accurate than the old “experimental” values that were based on the well-known nonrelativistic mapping. The relativistic mapping is very robust in the sense that it is rather insensitive to the quality of one-particle basis sets and the treatment of electron correlation. Relativistic effects in the NSR coupling constants are also elucidated in depth.
A general solution for the transient response of heterogeneous continuous‐flow stirred reactors

A general time-domain analytical solution is provided for the step-response of a continuous-flow stirred reactor containing catalyst particles of arbitrary shape in which one-dimensional diffusion and first-order irreversible reaction is assumed to occur. The results reduce to the corresponding known solutions for the planar, cylindrical and spherical geometries. On donne une solution analytique generale dans le domaine du temps pour la reponse en echelons d'un reacteur agite en regime continu contenant des particules de catalyseur de forme variable et dans lequel on suppose une diffusion unidhensionneue et une reaction irreversible du premier ordre. On obtient des resultats identiques aux solutions classiques correspondant aux geometries plane, cylindrique et spherique.
Prenatal diagnosis of short rib (polydactyly) syndrome with situs inversus

We present a case of short rib (polydactyly) syndrome in which the diagnosis was made prenatally by ultrasound examination. The more specific diagnosis of short rib (polydactyly) syndrome type III was made on the basis of findings on radiographs obtained at birth. The sonographic and radiographic features are discussed. The patient had complete situs inversus and hypospadias. The former was reported in one other case of type III and the later has not been previously reported in this entity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The bones of palaeoanthropology

The Hunters or the Hunted? An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. By C.K. Brain. Pp.365. ISBN 0-226-07089-1. (University of Chicago Press: 1981.) £24.50, $45.50.
Recent treatment history vs clinical characteristics in the prediction of use of outpatient psychiatric services

Background The use of outpatient psychiatric services has been shown to be a complex function of sociodemographic, clinical, and pathway variables. The relative contribution of each variable or groups of variables in explaining the variability in the use of outpatient psychiatric services, however, remains poorly documented.
Growth and characterization of BiSrCaCuO superconducting fibers

Abstract With the laser-heated floating zone method, fibers of nominal overall composition Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8±Z and Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10±Z have been grown. Fibers of uniform diameter up to ∼1 cm long have been produced. The influence of the growth rates and feed rod compositions on the microstructure of grown fibers were determined with XRD, SEM, EDS, and resistive T c measurements. At 5 mm/h growth rate, compositionally homogeneous material can be grown from the 2212 composition over a length of several hundred μm. Fibers grown at higher rates consist predominantly of Bi 2+x (Sr,Ca) 2−X CuO 6±Z (the 25Ȧ phase) with smaller amounts of Bi 2 (Sr,Ca) 3 Cu 2 O 8±Z (the 31Ȧ phase) and (Sr,Ca)CuO 2 phases. These multiphase fibers show a resistive superconducting transition at 80K. After annealing at 800°C for 12 hrs in air, the proportion of the 31Ȧ phase is increased, the normal state resistivity is decreased, and the T c rises to 90K.
Regional low-flow perfusion provides somatic circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch surgery

Abstract Background. Regional low-flow perfusion has been shown to provide cerebral circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch operations. However, its ability to provide somatic circulatory support remains unknown. Methods. Fifteen neonates undergoing arch reconstruction with regional perfusion were studied. Three techniques were used to assess somatic perfusion: abdominal aortic blood pressure, quadriceps blood flow (near-infrared spectroscopy), and gastric tonometry. Results. Twelve patients required operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and 3 required arch reconstruction with a biventricular repair. There was one death (7%). Abdominal aortic blood pressure was higher (12 ± 3 mm Hg versus 0 ± 0 mm Hg), and quadriceps blood volumes (5 ± 24 versus −17 ± 26) and oxygen saturations (57 ± 25 versus 33 ± 12) were greater during regional perfusion than during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest ( p p Conclusions. Regional low-flow perfusion provides somatic circulatory support during neonatal arch surgical procedures. Support of the subdiaphragmatic viscera should improve the ability of neonates to survive the postoperative period.
Osteoarthritis of the fingers with ankylosis.

Case reports are presented of 4 patients with what appeared to be quite usual Heberden's nodes with comparable involvement of proximal interphalangeal joints, but which progressed to erosive osteoarthritis resulting eventually in bony ankylosis of some distal and proximal joints.