cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning and Assessment of Activity Budget Studies Employing Instantaneous Sampling

To obtain accurate estimates of activity budget parameters, samples must be unbiased and precise. Many researchers have considered how biased data may affect their ability to draw conclusions and examined ways to decrease bias in sampling efforts, but few have addressed the implications of not considering estimate precision. We propose a method to assess whether the number of instantaneous samples collected is sufficient to obtain precise activity budget parameter estimates. We draw on sampling theory to determine the number of observations per animal required to reach a desired bound on the error of estimation based on a stratified random sample, with individual animals acting as strata. We also discuss the optimal balance between the number of individuals sampled and the number of observations sampled per individual for a variety of sampling conditions. We present an empirical dataset on pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) as an example of the utility of the method. The required numbers of observation to reach precise estimates for pronghorn varied between common and rare behaviors, but precise estimates were achieved with <255 observations per individual for common behaviors. The two most apparent factors affecting the required number of observations for precise estimates were the number of individuals sampled and the complexity of the activity budget. This technique takes into account variation associated with individual activity budgets and population variation in activity budget parameter estimates, and helps to ensure that estimates are precise. The method can also be used for planning future sampling efforts.
Momentum Dependence of Phase Shifts

A lower limit is found for the momentum derivative of the scattering phase shifts of a relativistic neutral two-particle system when the interaction is of finite range.
Gender differences in the predictors of police stress

Purpose – The research compared the predictors of work‐related stress for policemen and policewomen. Stressors included workplace problems, token status in the organization, low family and coworker support, and community and organizational conditions.Design/methodology/approach – In 11 police departments, racial and ethnic minorities were oversampled. Of 2,051 officers sampled, 46.2 percent responded. Questions and scales were adapted from prior research on both males and females. Regression analysis revealed the strength of individual predictors of stress, the variance explained by workplace problems, and the additional variance explained by social support, token status, and community and organizational context.Findings – Workplace problems explained more male's than female's stress. Regardless of gender, the strongest predictor of stress was bias of coworkers, and a weaker predictor was language harassment. Just for males, lack of influence over work and appearance‐related stigmatization were additional...
The Scotopic Threshold Response of the Dark‐Adapted Electroretinogram of the Mouse

The most sensitive response in the dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG), the scotopic threshold response (STR) which originates from the proximal retina, has been identified in several mammals including humans, but previously not in the mouse. The current study established the presence and assessed the nature of the mouse STR. ERGs were recorded from adult wild-type C57/BL6 mice anaesthetized with ketamine (70 mg kg−1) and xylazine (7 mg kg−1). Recordings were between DTL fibres placed under contact lenses on the two eyes. Monocular test stimuli were brief flashes (λmax 462 nm; -6.1 to +1.8 log scotopic Troland seconds(sc td s)) under fully dark-adapted conditions and in the presence of steady adapting backgrounds (-3.2 to -1.7 log sc td). For the weakest test stimuli, ERGs consisted of a slow negative potential maximal ≈200 ms after the flash, with a small positive potential preceding it. The negative wave resembled the STR of other species. As intensity was increased, the negative potential saturated but the positive potential (maximal ≈110 ms) continued to grow as the b-wave. For stimuli that saturated the b-wave, the a-wave emerged. For stimulus strengths up to those at which the a-wave emerged, ERG amplitudes measured at fixed times after the flash (110 and 200 ms) were fitted with a model assuming an initially linear rise of response amplitude with intensity, followed by saturation of five components of declining sensitivity: a negative STR (nSTR), a positive STR (pSTR), a positive scotopic response (pSR), PII (the bipolar cell component) and PIII (the photoreceptor component). The nSTR and pSTR were approximately 3 times more sensitive than the pSR, which was approximately 7 times more sensitive than PII. The sensitive positive components dominated the b-wave up to > 5 % of its saturated amplitude. Pharmacological agents that suppress proximal retinal activity (e.g. GABA) minimized the pSTR, nSTR and pSR, essentially isolating PII which rose linearly with intensity before showing hyperbolic saturation. The nSTR, pSTR and pSR were desensitized by weaker backgrounds than those desensitizing PII. In conclusion, ERG components of proximal retinal origin that are more sensitive to test flashes and adapting backgrounds than PII provide the ‘threshold’ negative and positive (b-wave) responses of the mouse dark-adapted ERG. These results support the use of the mouse ERG in studies of proximal retinal function.
DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF AN ABSOLUTE FLUX DETECTOR FOR 1-15 MeV NEUTRONS

Abstract An absolute neutron flux monitor having fast timing and a calculable response has been developed for use in a collimated beam of 1–15 MeV neutrons. The detector consists of dual thin plastic scintillators in which the proton recoil spectrum distortion caused by the escape of protons from the first scintillator is eliminated experimentally. The absolute detector efficiency was measured at 2.45 and 1.40 MeV neutron energies using the associated-particle technique at the NBS Positive-Ion Van de Graaff facility. The efficiency and pulse height distributions were calculated using a Monte Carlo based program in order to extent the efficiency throughout the 1–15 MeV interval. The uncertainty in the efficiency is 1–2% (standard deviation).
A multivariate analysis of temporal change in Arikara craniometrics: a methodological approach.

We have examined temporal changes in the cranial architecture of Arikara Amerindians from five archaeological sites in South Dakota which span a time period of approximately 230 years (ca. A.D. 1600–1830). We have utilized a multivariate statistical method based on a principal components analysis of the pooled within-groups correlation matrix rather than the more traditional methods of ascertaining morphological relationships, e.g., discriminant functions, Mahalanobis' D2, or Penrose's Size and Shape. Our component structure, based on a regional sample and the mathematically simpler principal components analysis, is very similar to the factor structure obtained by Howells (1973) using a world-wide sample and factor analysis proper. This supports the notion of the “universality” of cranial structure. An axis of temporal variation was introduced into the component space by means of multiple regression. This analysis indicates that a substantial portion of the intergroup variation is temporal in nature and that systematic temporal changes occur along the facial height, transverse frontal flatness, and frontal profile flatness components. Earlier analyses of the same material by more conventional methods either did not detect the temporal trends at all or failed to isolate the specific nature of the temporal changes. The success of the present analysis attests to the value of examining morphological relationships by means of principal components.
Somite chondrogenesis in vitro: 2. Changes in the hyaluronic acid synthesis

The role of hyaluronic acid in limb morphogenesis (chondrogenesis) has been well defined. In the present study, we found that hyaluronic acid synthesis in somite explants steadily increased until day 6, then decreased, and inclusion of notochord did not accelerate the rate of synthesis. Analysis of hyaluronidase activity in the somite explants indicated an increase in the enzyme level in day-6 cultures. Again, inclusion of notochord did not alter this pattern. The decrease in hyaluronic acid after day 6 and the increase in sulfated proteoglycan synthesis from day 6 resemble the pattern described during limb development. Subsequent studies showed that, with time, the size of the hyaluronic acid synthesized by somites increased and, again, inclusion of notochord did not influence this pattern. The results indicate that unstimulated somites are capable of synthesizing cartilage-specific proteoglycans in a relatively restricted manner, and the inclusion of notochord resulted in accelerated synthesis of stable proteoglycan aggregates typical of differentiated chondrocytes. Metabolic events in somites related to hyaluronic acid are not influenced by the notochord.
Variation in the input: a case study of manner class frequencies

What are the sources of variation in the input, and how much do they matter for language acquisition? This study examines frequency variation in manner-of-articulation classes in child and adult input. The null hypothesis is that segmental frequency distributions of language varieties are unigram (modelable by stationary, ergodic processes), and that languages are unitary (modelable as a single language variety). Experiment I showed that English segments are not unigram; they exhibit a ‘bursty’ distribution in which the local frequency varies more than expected by chance alone. Experiment II showed the English segments are approximately unitary: the natural background variation in segmental frequencies that arises within a single language variety is much larger than numerical differences across varieties. Variation in segmental frequencies seems to be driven by variation in discourse topic; topic-associated words cause bursts/lulls in local segmental frequencies. The article concludes with some methodological recommendations for comparing language samples.
Steenrod's equivariant moore space problem for cohomologically trivial modules

Throughout the paper G will denote a finite group and, unless otherwise stated, any module considered will be assumed to be a finitely generated Z G module. Let G be a group, A be a ZG module, and n>0. We say that the G-space X is an equivariant Moore space of type (A,n), i f Ho(X)=Z, Hn(X ) is ZG isomorphic to A, and HI(X )=0 for i4=0, n. The following question was posed by Steenrod: Given A, does there exist a finite G-CW complex (i.e. a CW complex on which G acts cellularly) of type (A, n) for some n? If such an X exists, A of course, must be finitely generated. Various authors have considered this problem. In [10], Swan gave examples showing that in general finite G-CW complexes of type (A, n) do not exist. In [1] and [2], Arnold showed that if G is cyclic of prime power order, finite dimensional, but infinite, G-CW complexes of type (A, n) always exist and he described an obstruction to obtaining a finite G-CW complex of type (A, n). Finally in [41, Carlsson showed that if G is a non-cyclic abelian group, there exist ZG modules A for which no space of type (A,n) exists. In this paper we investigate Steenrod's problem for finitely generated cohomologically trivial modules; and, henceforth, we assume all modules are finitely generated ZG modules. We recall that Rim [-7; Theorem4.12] has shown that A is cohomologically trivial if and only if there is a short exact sequence 0 ~ P 1 -*Po-+A ~ 0 where P0 and P1 are projective. In particular, the category NG of projective modules is a subcategory of the category CgYG of cohomologically trivial modules and every object in (gYG is a quotient of a monomorphism in ~G. Furthermore, the inclusion of categories ~GcCgJ-G induces an isomorphism k,: KoZG--*GoCg3-G of Grothendieck groups. (The relations in these groups arise from short exact sequences.) We identify these groups under this isomorphism. If AcCgYG, then [A] will denote the class of A in either KoZG or I(oZG.
Psychiatry and medicine in the US: Interpreting trends in medical specialty choice

An integrated model of change in knowledge, highlighting the role of technologic and organisational paradigms and the activities of professional and extra-professional groups, is used to clarify the historical development of psychiatry and to account for current specialty choice trends. American psychiatry and medicine stem from disparate scientific/philosophical roots. A review of events leading to the establishment of psychiatry as a medical specialty indicates that the merger of psychiatry and neurology may have stemmed as much from professional competition as from technological or paradigmatic convergence. Recent perceived declines in the choice of psychiatry as a medical specialty are examined in light of this sociology of knowledge perspective. Declining choice of psychiatry as a specialty reflects both underlying paradigmatic conflicts with medicine as well as declining federal support for psychiatric training. Solutions proposed for the perceived problem within psychiatry are designed to solidify ties with medicine, increase political power and prestige, and retain federal support.
Exploring Big Data with Helix: Finding Needles in a Big Haystack

While much work has focused on efficient processing of Big Data, little work considers how to understand them. In this paper, we describe Helix, a system for guided exploration of Big Data. Helix provides a unified view of sources, ranging from spreadsheets and XML files with no schema, all the way to RDF graphs and relational data with well-defined schemas. Helix users explore these heterogeneous data sources through a combination of keyword searches and navigation of linked web pages that include information about the schemas, as well as data and semantic links within and across sources. At a technical level, the paper describes the research challenges involved in developing Helix, along with a set of real-world usage scenarios and the lessons learned.
Prototyping: a key to managing product development.

The notion of working together in teams is like motherhood; everybody loves the idea. The benefits of team‐based product development, which have been well documented in numerous articles and books, derive from the concept of overlapped stages of product development. Despite such benefits, however, teams face numerous challenges.
Study of the hexamethylenediamine–cellulose complex†

Complete conversion of the cellulose crystal lattice to that of the hexamethylene diamine–cellulose complex was attained with diamine solutions of 75% and greater. Solutions of 70% or less produced only partial conversion, although the samples contained high diamine contents. Evaporation temperatures over 90°C. reduced these diamine contents and resulted in partial lattice conversion. Neither this effect nor those following have been observed in the ethylenediamine–cellulose complex. The complex did not change while held in vacuum over sodium hydroxide pellets but gained weight when held in air. After long exposure the yarn was stiff and coated with white powder believed to be hexamethylenediamine carbamate. Attempts to react the complex with cellulose and diamine reactants were not successful. Evidence could not be found for a 2:1 molecular ratio between anhydroglucose units and diamine. Extent of fiber swelling was related to diamine content of the fiber and not to distention of the unit cell. Differences were observed in the intensities of the 101 and 101 x-ray interferences of the cellulose I and cellulose II complexes.
Retention of self-descriptive and nondescriptive words as a function of test anxiety level

Subjects rated words for self-descriptiveness, meaningfulness, and familiarity, then had an unexpected recall test. Anxious subjects recalled more self-descriptive words than low-anxiety subjects, but there was no difference in recall of nondescriptive words. This pattern held for words with negative connotations as well as positive words. The result is consistent with increased self-monitoring as anxiety increases. Words that were rated as self-descriptive were also judged to be more meaningful and more familiar, but it seems unlikely that this explains all self-reference effects in memory.
Calculation of received dose intensity for combinations of drugs using small-cell lung carcinoma treatment regimens as examples.

Programs are presented for the calculation of received dose intensity in combination chemotherapy regimens. These provide methods for determining the final dose intensity, the mean cumulative dose intensity together with its standard error, and other tabular and graphic summaries. Two ways of dividing patients into high and low received-dose-intensity groups are proposed. Methods are illustrated using data from Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program (MAOP) 2183, a phase III evaluation of a six-drug alternating combination vs a three-drug “standard” combination treatment for extensive small-cell lung cancer. Comparisons of received dose intensity with demographic and outcome variables are presented.
Conservative management of pericardial-esophageal fistula complicating robotic atrial fibrillation ablation.

As robotic techniques of catheter manipulation gain in-creased acceptance, it is important to remain vigilant topotential complications. Robotic techniques forfeit naturaltactile feedback to the operator. At the same time, increasedstability provided by robotic techniques, while enhancingthe efﬁcacy of delivered lesions, may result in longer effec-tive contact to ablated tissue with potential deleterious im-plications to contiguous extracardiac structures, particularlythe esophagus.
Promoting acceptance of augmentative and alternative communication by adults with acquired communication disorders

This article discusses components of the AAC Acceptance Model, a theoretical framework for understanding the factors involved in the acceptance of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) by adults with acquired communication disorders. To clarify the AAC Acceptance Model, a case study is provided of an individual with acquired aphasia and apraxia of speech who seemed initially to be an “ideal” candidate for optimal use of AAC. A trial period conducted prior to acquisition of an AAC system included analysis of the client's communication behaviors using an AAC loaner device in conversation with unfamiliar partners in the clinical setting. After a device was acquired, the individual was reluctant to use it in public places with unfamiliar partners. Clinicians employed specific treatment techniques to promote AAC acceptance. Intervention focused on increasing the user's communicative effectiveness and comfort level in community-based interactions. This case study highlights the importance of all thre...
Some methodological issues in research on obesity.

Summary.-Results of numerous behavior-modification weight-reduction studies have clearly demonstrated that obesity can be controlled. It now seems time to move beyond the demonstration stage that weight can be conttolled and to begin studying the problems of patient drop outs, standardized improvement measures, long-term maintenance, cost-effectiveness amlysis, research straregies, the development of behavioral predictors, and an analysis of both successes and failures. Results of numerous behavior-modification studies of weight reduction have clearly demonstrated that obesity can be controlled (e.g., Hall, 1972; Harris, 1969; Mahoney, Moura, & Wade, 1973; Mann, 1971; Penick, Filion, Fox, & Stunkard, 1971; Stuart, 1967, 1971; Wollersheim, 1970). In view of the repeated findings that principles of behavior therapy can be used to facilitate weight loss, it appears that therapists and researchers should now move on to more perplexing and productive issues, such as patient drop outs, long-term maintenance of weight reduction, and cost analysis of treaunent. Following is a brief discussion of these issues. (1) Attrition rate.-People dropping out prematurely from traditional treatment approaches to weight reduction has long been a problem, and a recent study by Harris and Bruner (1971) indicates that it is no less a problem for learning-based therapies. Since not reporting drop outs in a study can seriously affect the interpretations of the results, it seems prudent to report at least the number of patients who do not complete treatment and whenever possible to include the drop outs in the analyses and interpretation of the results. It also seems advisable for some srudies to investigate systemaricaUy what factors contribute to patients dropping out of treatment. (2) Standardized impovement criteria.-In psychotherapeutic research, standardized improvement criteria need to be established for each problem area so that studies can be meaningfully compared (Bergin, 1971). For example, it is difficult to compare directly a study that reports a behavior-therapy group lost an average of 13 lb. (Wollersheim, 1970) with a study that reports 53% of the patients in a behavior-therapy group lost more than 20 Ib. (Penick, Filion, Fox, & Stunkard, 1971). Feinstein (1959), in an excellent article on the measurement of success in weight reduction, discusses the merits of various indices such as pounds lost and percentage successful. He concluded with recommending a new
Dysfunctional nurturing behavior in rat dams with limited access to nesting material: A clinically relevant model for early-life stress

Abstract Background Early-life emotional stress may be associated with affective and cognitive disorders later in life, yet satisfactory animal models for studying the underlying mechanisms are limited. Because maternal presence and behavior critically influence molecular and behavioral stress responses in offspring, we sought to create a model of dysfunctional, fragmented maternal nurturing behavior that would, in turn, provoke chronic early-life stress in the offspring. Methods Sprague-Dawley rat dams' nursing and nurturing behaviors were altered by limiting their ability to create satisfactory nests during postpartum days 2–9. Maternal behavior was observed throughout the diurnal cycle, and the frequency and duration of nurturing behaviors were scored. In addition, potential stress and anxiety of the dams were assessed using behavioral, molecular and hormonal measures. Results Both the quantity and the quality of dams' care of their pups were profoundly influenced by restriction of nesting materials in their cages: licking/grooming activities decreased and the frequency of leaving the pups increased, resulting in fragmented interactions between the dams and pups. The abnormal activity patterns of the dams were accompanied by increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field, but not in the elevated plus maze tests. Additionally, dams' plasma corticosterone levels and adrenal weights were augmented, suggesting chronic stress of these dams. By the end of the limited-nesting, stress-inducing period, hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression was reduced in the limited-nesting dams, while arginine-vasopressin (AVP) mRNA levels were not significantly affected. Conclusion Limiting dams' ability to construct a nest for their pups leads to an abnormal repertoire of nurturing behaviors, possibly as a result of chronic stress and mild anxiety of the dams. Because the fragmented and aberrant maternal behavior provoked chronic stress in the pups, the limited-nesting paradigm provides a useful tool for studying the mechanisms and consequences of such early-life stress experience in the offspring.
Strength of silicon containing nanoscale flaws

Silicon is a principal material in submicrometer-scale devices. Components in such devices are subject to intense local stress concentrations from nanoscale contacts during function. Questions arise as to the fundamental nature and extent of any strength-degrading damage incurred at such contacts on otherwise pristine surfaces. Here, a simple bilayer test procedure is adapted to probe the strengths of selected areas of silicon surfaces after nanoindentation with a Berkovich diamond. Analogous tests on silicate glass surfaces are used as a control. The strengths increase with diminishing contact penetration in both materials, even below thresholds for visible cracking at the impression corners. However, the strength levels in the subthreshold region are much lower in the silicon, indicating exceptionally high brittleness and vulnerability to small-scale damage in this material. The results have important implications in the design of devices with silicon components.
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF QUASIPERIODICITY AND CHAOS IN A MECHANICAL SYSTEM WITH DELAY

We present an electro-mechanical system with finite delay whose construction was motivated by delay differential equations used to describe machine tool vibrations [Johnson, 1996; Moon & Johnson, 1998]. We show that the electro-mechanical system is capable of exhibiting periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic vibrations. We provide a novel experimental technique for creating real-time Poincare sections for systems with delay. This experimental technique was also applied to machine tool vibrations [Johnson, 1996]. Experimental Poincare sections clearly show the existence of tori, and reveal the tori bifurcation sequence which leads to chaotic vibrations. The electro-mechanical system can be modeled by a single second-order differential equation with delay and a cubic nonlinearity. We show that the simple mathematical model fully replicates the bifurcation sequence seen in the electro-mechanical system.
Panel - tools to facilitate better teaching and learning: Concept inventories

Concept inventory use came to the education literature in 1985 through the first publication of the force concept inventory. Since that time, there have been multiple inventories developed in all areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. For the past three decades, adoption and utilization of the inventories has not progressed to the instrument's full potential. Participants will learn of the results of a recently held meeting called Assessing the State of STEM Concept Inventories: A National Workshop sponsored by the Division of Undergraduate Education of the National Science Foundation (DUE-0731232). In addition, group discussions will follow presentations that are designed to update persons on the status of concept inventories in each of the following areas; history in STEM areas, the writing and development, the related psychometric analysis and properties, and finally, the classroom implications.
Gestational Carrier Delivery: What Do I Do Now?

Childbearing Poster Presentation Background Surrogacy is becoming increasingly more common in the United States. Recent publications and high-profile surrogate births have opened the discussion for many to consider surrogacy. Though surrogacy presents a viable option for childbearing, it can be stressful for all involved. Issues surrounding surrogacy include physical, psychosocial, economic, and legal concerns. Clear policies and procedures that outline the legal processes coupled with an advanced practice nurse acting as a care coordinator are integral for a smooth process of care and to promote satisfaction for the birth mother and intended parents. Several gestational carrier births (domestic and international) will be discussed to demonstrate nursing care related to the birth mother and the intended parents. Case The clinical nurse specialist collaborated with lawyers, physicians, and all parties involved from mid second trimester to the postpartum period. Legal processes were determined and explained, and desires of involved parties were incorporated into individualized care plans. Communication with nurses and unit managers occurred through detailed checklists and review of case specifics. Nursing care was directed toward providing maternal and neonatal care to appropriate parties with an emphasis on enhancing the birth experience for all. Conclusion Because of assisted reproduction technology and changing family dynamics, the rate of surrogate pregnancies will continue to rise. Nurses play a key role in addressing the issues of gestational carriers, their families, and intended parents. Optimal outcomes will occur only through clear policy development, coordinated multidisciplinary efforts, and fair equitable care with a focus on meeting physical and psychosocial needs for all involved.
A Bidding Game with Heterogeneous Players

A one-sided limit order book is modeled as a noncooperative game for several players. Agents offer various quantities of an asset at different prices, competing to fulfill an incoming order, whose size is not known a priori. Players can have different payoff functions, reflecting different beliefs about the fundamental value of the asset and probability distribution of the random incoming order. In a previous paper, the existence of a Nash equilibrium was established by means of a fixed point argument. The main issue discussed in the present paper is whether this equilibrium can be obtained from the unique solution to a two-point boundary value problem, for a suitable system of discontinuous ordinary differential equations. Some additional assumptions are introduced, which yield a positive answer. In particular, this is true when there are exactly two players, or when all players assign the same exponential probability distribution to the incoming order. In both of these cases, we also prove that the Nash equilibrium is unique. A counterexample shows that these assumptions cannot be removed, in general.
Traffic control of multiple robot vehicles

The author addresses the control of traffic when there are large numbers of automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) in a factory. Several possible policies for managing AGVs to minimize the impact of traffic jams were analyzed. In a grid-iron network of roads, it is shown that traffic contention can have a large effect on the collective performance of AGVs. It is shown that a particular traffic policy permits the AGVs to be autonomous and independent while avoiding deadlocks. This policy is shown to be close to optimal, even for large numbers of vehicles. It is also shown under what conditions it is beneficial to modify the factory to have highways and superhighways. >
An immunohistochemical survey for neuroendocrine cells in regional pancreatic lymph nodes: A plausible explanation for primary nodal gastrinomas?

Background. The existence of primary gastrinomas in lymph nodes continues to be controversial, because distinction from metastases from occult or regressed primary tumors may be difficult to exclude with certainty. If primary nodal gastrinomas do indeed occur, precursor neuroendocrine cells should be identifiable within lymph nodes. In an effort to detect these cells we undertook an immunohistochemical survey of regional pancreatic lymph nodes by using antibody against chromogranin, a highly specific marker for mature neuroendocrine cells. Methods. We retrospectively identified consecutive cases from five surgeons in which Whipple resections had been performed for nonendocrine pathologic conditions. All formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph nodes were identified from these 106 cases, excluding lymph nodes with metastases. Immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody against chromogranin A was performed on single tissue sections. All slides were reviewed by a single pathologist; chromogranin-positive cells were identified and, when possible, further evaluated immunohistochemically with additional neuroendocrine markers, including sequential synaptophysin staining. Results. A total of 1026 lymph nodes were available for review. Although well-formed intranodal chromogranin-positive nests were not identified, six nodes from three patients contained 13 strongly chromogranin-positive cells representing pulative neuroendocrine cells. Mast cells showed weak nonspecific staining with chromogranin but were morphologically distinct. Perinodal adipose tissue contained a single paraganglion and several small neuroendocrine clusters. Conclusions. Putative neuroendocrine cells are rarely (less than 1%) found in regional pancreatic lymph nodes. Although these may be embryonic rests and might represent precursors of primary nodal gastrinomas, specific hormones have yet to be identified in these cells. Although these data provide support for the concept of primary nodal gastrinomas, this remains a diagnosis of exclusion.
Outbreak of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections during a quarterly cycling antibiotic regimen.

ABSTRACT Background: Antibiotic cycling or rotation of antimicrobial agent classes has been proposed to combat antimicrobial resistance. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital between December 1, 2000, and September 30, 2002, as part of a three-center trial under the aegis of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Patients admitted to the medical ICU for > 48 h were enrolled, and demographic and microbiological data were collected until discharge or death. Baseline data were collected for four months (12/1/00 to 3/31/01) and compared with data collected after institution of a quarterly cycling regimen (cycle order: Cefepime, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem-cilastatin) for the empiric treatment of gram-negative infections (4/01/01 to 9/30/02). Results: Of 1,074 consecutive admissions, 301 were enrolled, 59 during baseline and 242 during the cycling periods. An outbreak of multi-drug resistant Pseudomon...
Electron transport at high fields in a‐SiO2

An iterative‐integral technique is used to determine the velocity of hot electrons in a‐SiO2. Deviations from linearity begin for fields above 8×105 V/cm, and saturation of the velocity‐field curve sets in for fields above 1×106 V/cm.
Electron Microscopic Analysis of Heterogeneous Precipitates in Hastelloy C-276

Three distinct second phases were observed to form heterogeneously at grain and deformation twin boundaries when Hastelloy C-276 was aged in the temperature range of 923 to 1173 K. The most abundant was the faulted, molybdenum rich μ phase. The next most abundant phase was molybdenum rich M6C carbides, and the third phase, which was observed very infrequently, was tentatively identified as theP phase. The compositions of these phases were remarkably similar, and the need to employ several electron microscopy techniques is emphasized. The origin of the μ phase is discussed in the light of its chemistry.
Bench to beside: Motivation for university industry partnership

This paper discusses the motivation for entrepreneurship in academia and for forging a relationship between an academic laboratory and a startup. University based personnel, faculty and students, priorities basic bench research. On the other side, industry, particularly startups, prioritize technology development for clinical and commercial translation. The paper presents personal experience as a case study. University based researchers, faculty and students, might participate in and benefit from such an entrepreneurial activity. A University spin off would facilitate translational of bench research ideas and results to technologies for bedside use. Attention to issues such as conflict of interest and concern and ethics of working with human subjects need to be managed by the investigators and the institution. While entrepreneurial activity is not for everyone, it does provide the benefit and satisfaction to see research reach practice.
Emulsion stability: an analysis of the effects of bulk and interfacial properties on film mobility and drainage rate

Abstract A hydrodynamic model is developed to predict the kinetics of thinning of emulsion films, such as those existing between two approaching liquid droplets or a drop coalescing at a bulk interface. The present analysis includes the effects of surfactants present in both the film and the drop phases, interfacial tension, interfacial viscosities and their gradients at the liquid-liquid interface on the rate of film drainage. The analysis accounts for the flow in the drop as well as in the film phases. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the limited experimental results of Traykov et al. (1977).
Simulation and analysis of the impact of micron-scale particles onto a rough surface

Abstract Normal impact of micron-scale copper particles onto a rough copper surface is investigated in the 25–150 m/s impact velocity range, by the finite element method. Surface roughness is generated numerically and incorporated into the finite element model. Particle size is varied in a range comparable to the magnitude of the standard deviation of the surface roughness. Isotropic hardening with strain rate effects and thermal softening due to plastic heat dissipation are included in the model. Analysis is carried out in plane strain mode and impact of single and multiple particles are modeled. The effects of surface roughness on the mechanics of impact, energy exchange, rebound characteristics of the particle and the residual stresses in the substrate are investigated. Impacts on peaks and valleys cause response similar to oblique impact, affecting the rebound behavior of the particle by changing the rebound direction and increasing the rebound energy of the particle. Impacts also cause surface smoothening by crushing the surface peaks; however, collapse of adjacent peaks can provoke stress concentrations and initiate crack formation. Influence of surface roughness on the aftermath of particle impacts decreases with increasing particle size and impact velocity. For impact velocities higher than 50 m/s, no significant difference is observed between impact on smooth and rough surfaces in terms of residual stress generation in the substrate. In general, it is concluded that the effect of surface roughness should be taken into account for low velocity impacts where only the surface peaks deform, or for small particles with size comparable to the standard deviation of the surface roughness.
Higgs - Yukawa - Chiral models 1

Abstract Lattice studies of self-interacting scalars and simple fermion - scalar systems with Yukawa couplings are reviewed together with attempts to regularize chiral theories on the lattice. This is part I of a two part series on this topic.
Bulk and microscale compressive properties of a Pd-based metallic glass

We present quasi-static, room temperature compression data for Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glasses for both bulk and microscale specimens. At all sizes, plastic flow is localized in shear bands which are accompanied by sudden strain bursts in the microscale tests. We show a modest (∼9%) increase in the 0.2% offset yield strength in going from bulk specimens to the smallest measured (∼2 μm), and attribute this increase to the effect of defects on shear band initiation, rather than to an intrinsic length scale dependence of plastic deformation.
Determination of the structure of CO2H2CO

Abstract The structure of the weakly bound complex CO 2 H 2 CO has been determined by pulsed-jet Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The spectroscopic constants of three isotopomers, CO 2 H 2 CO, 13 CO 2 H 2 CO, and CO 2 D 2 CO, have been determined. Two distinct states of the complex are seen. These are caused by inversion doubling from “rotaion” of the formaldehyde about its twofold axis. The complex is planar with the C 2 axis of formaldehyde almost parallel to the D ∞ h axis of carbon dioxide. The center-of-mass to center-of-mass distance is 3.171 A.
Conformation of a water-soluble derivative of taxol in water by 2D-NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Background: Taxol is a natural product produced by the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia , that has emerged as a prominent chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors. It binds to microtubules, stabilizing them and arresting cells in mitosis. Taxol has been produced synthetically and a wealth of structure-activity data has recently emerged. To date, however, no single conformational model exists for the interpretation of these data. Studies of taxol and its analogs in organic solvents showed two distinct conformations, one in which the 3′-benzamido group and the 2-benzoyl group are in close proximity, and another in which the 2-benzoyl group is instead close to the 3′-phenyl group. We decided to use a derivative of taxol that has improved water-solubility to determine the structure of taxol in water. Results: We have synthesized and characterized a stable water-soluble derivative of taxol that binds to microtubules and has a cytotoxicity profile very similar to that of taxol. 1D and 2D 1 H NMR experiments with this bioactive compound in D 2 O indicate the presence of one conformer with a well-defined structure. In this structure, the 2-benzoyl group is clustered with the 3′-phenyl group. Conclusion: The determination of the conformation of taxol in water may allow quantitative three-dimensional interpretation of the structure-activity data obtained for taxol, and hence enable the design of novel taxol mimics.
Inositol phospholipid pathway inhibitors and regulators

In health and disease, physiological homeostasis depends on the ability of cells to respond to the environment and other cells. Communications between cells are mediated by a variety of chemical signals such as hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters or electric signals [1]. Although chemical signalling occurs by a number of different mechanisms, signalling molecules can be classified into two general types according to their ability to permeate the plasma membrane. While hydrophobic hormones easily penetrate the lipid bilayer and directly act on intracellular or nuclear receptors, cell impermeant, hydrophilic molecules bind to cell surface receptors embedded in the lipid bilayer and thus generate second messengers that transmit the extracellular signal to the intracellular compartment. In many different cell types, this latter process, referred to as trans-membrane signalling or signal transduction, is mediated by protein phosphorylation cascades, ion fluxes, as well as changes in the levels of phosp...
The effect of natural selection on the performance of maximum parsimony

Maximum parsimony is one of the most commonly used and extensively studied phylogeny reconstruction methods. While current evaluation methodologies such as computer simulations provide insight into how well maximum parsimony reconstructs phylogenies, they tell us little about how well maximum parsimony performs on taxa drawn from populations of organisms that evolved subject to natural selection in addition to the random factors of drift and mutation. It is clear that natural selection has a significant impact on Among Site Rate Variation (ASRV) and the rate of accepted substitutions; that is, accepted mutations do not occur with uniform probability along the genome and some substitutions are more likely to occur than other substitutions. However, little is know about how ASRV and non-uniform character substitutions impact the performance of reconstruction methods such as maximum parsimony. To gain insight into these issues, we study how well maximum parsimony performs with data generated by Avida, a digital life platform where populations of digital organisms evolve subject to natural selective pressures. We first identify conditions where natural selection does affect maximum parsimony's reconstruction accuracy. In general, as we increase the probability that a significant adaptation will occur in an intermediate ancestor, the performance of maximum parsimony improves. In fact, maximum parsimony can correctly reconstruct small 4 taxa trees on data that have received surprisingly many mutations if the intermediate ancestor has received a significant adaptation. We demonstrate that this improved performance of maximum parsimony is attributable more to ASRV than to non-uniform character substitutions. Maximum parsimony, as well as most other phylogeny reconstruction methods, may perform significantly better on actual biological data than is currently suggested by computer simulation studies because of natural selection. This is largely due to specific sites becoming fixed in the genome that perform functions associated with an improved fitness.
Assessing police training curricula: “Consumer reports”

Abstract As the demands placed on today's police continue to escalate, as well as accountability for police methods, so will the public's concern with the quality of police training. It has become increasingly important for police training to be assessed, to determine the propriety, adequacy, discernibility, and utility of the curriculum. The present study is replicable in other venues and provides a method for accomplishing such an assessment. It examines the state mandated P.O.S. T. academy training in Nevada as critically evaluated by their “consumers”: recent academy graduates. Included are discussions of the history and purpose of police academies and curriculum development, and the need to adequately train. The article closes with policy implications and recommendations for future research.
Persistence of phenols in aquatic microcosms receiving chronic inputs of coal-derived oil

The environmental fate of constituent phenols of a coal-derived oil spilled intermittently on water was evaluated in aquatic microcosms. Phenols dissolved rapidly from the oil into the water, and initially accumulated with sequential oil additions. The major process removing phenols from the microcosms was microbial degradation-other processes were negligible in comparison. After phenols attained maximum concentrations in the first 28 days of the study, degradation rates exceeded input rates in all microcosms during the second 28 days the study and total phenol concentrations decreased. Significant differences were apparent in the rates of degradation of various alkylphenol isomers and isomer groups, but no compounds were observed to be refractory. Upon discontinuation of oil inputs at day 56, dissolved phenols disappeared within several weeks. Microcosm exposure history and the presence of other phenol isomers affected the rate of removal of individual isomers, complicating prediction of the rate of removal of individual toxicants.
Official Altars, Temples and Shrines Mandated for all Counties in Ming and Qing

In terms of its ultimate raison d'etre, the Chinese empire may be seen as the mundane vehicle of universal salvation, where salvation is understood as social harmorly, and as harmony between human society and the ever-unfolding cosmos. As S.N. Eisenstadt said of the Chinese empire, "The political-cultural center and sphere were seen in Confucian-legalist China as the major focus of the resolution of the tension between the transcendental and the mundane order."2 This in turn implies that the empire was not conceived of as a state in the sense of an autonomous, freestanding legal construct; it was virtually coextensive with Chinese society, and not clearly distinguished from it.3 To quote from
The Wolf Ramp: Early Work On Reflectivity Dispersion

The development of seismic spectral decomposition (Gridley and Partyka, 1997), and the more general field of time-frequency (TF) representations (Goupillaud et al., 1983; Chakraborty and Okaya, 1995), has resulted in close scrutiny of seismic reflection events for frequencydependent behavior. This has effectively added an information-rich dimension to data interpretation, analogous to the development of offset-dependent analysis (AVO).
Obtaining value from the human genome: a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry

Abstract In a relatively short period of time, the sequence of the entire human genome and the identity of the genes contained within it will be determined. Among this vast array of genes are the pharmaceutical targets of the future. To benefit fully from this explosion of data, the pharmaceutical industry must establish high-throughput target identification and validation processes to feed their development pipelines.