cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal mass production

Abstract It is often desirable to perform a “sensitivity analysis” by perturbing the data given with a problem. Motivated by serial and nonserial dynamic programming, we define a variety of sensitivity analysis problems, produce algorithms, and obtain lower bound results.
Aluminum in foci of pelvic calcification in neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions

Both aluminum and calcium are present in many pelvic concretions that have traditionally been attributed to calcium and phosphorus alone. There is considerable variation in both the amount and the distribution of aluminum when it is present.
Ageing: Sorting Out the Sirtuins

Debates over the role of sirtuin proteins in ageing are maturing into functional assessments of the individual proteins. It seems that overexpression of a specific sirtuin can extend lifespan in male mice. See Letter p.218 The role of sirtuin deacetylases in the regulation of lifespan of lower organisms is controversial, and the roles of many of the mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1 to SIRT7, in regulating lifespan are unclear. Here, Haim Cohen and colleagues show that transgenic male — but not female — mice overexpressing exogenous Sirt6 have a significantly longer lifespan than their wild-type littermates. The authors conclude that SIRT6 is an important regulator of mammalian longevity, and they raise the prospect that it might be possible to manipulate SIRT6 levels to treat age-related diseases.
Colon-specific drug delivery from a glucoside prodrug in the guinea-pig. Efficacy study

Abstract The effect of a prodrug-based colonie delivery system on carrageenan-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in guinea-pigs was investigated. Guinea-pigs were administered 4 wt.% of degraded carrageenan in the drinking water for 2 weeks to induce experimental IBD. The prodrug, dexamethasone-β- d -glucoside, was then administered at one of two dose levels (1.3 or 0.65 μmol/kg) once daily by gastric intubation for 5 days; dexamethasone (1.3 μmol/kg) was also administered in the same manner. The higher dose of dexamethasone-β- d -glucoside led to reduced gross pathologic effects (fluid cecal contents, redness, edema, ulcerations), and a significantly lower histopathologic score relative to dexamethasone, which was ineffective at controlling the inflammatory response relative to control animals. The lower dose of prodrug was somewhat more effective than dexamethasone or no drug treatment in controlling gross pathologic effects of the large intestine, but was ineffective when evaluated histologically. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Electron density distribution in the upper F region

A modified Chapman function with a variable scale height gradient has been found to be in good agreement with the electron density distribution obtained experimentally within the height range from about 100 km below the F2 peak to an altitude of about 700 km. The scale height distribution derived from this model is also consistent with the neutral gas scale height of the 1961 Cospar international reference atmosphere.
Electronic Circuits of the NAREC Computer

This paper describes several of the circuits developed at the Naval Research Laboratory for its electronic digital computer, the NAREC. These circuits, which include inverters, flip-flops, counters, steppers, pulse generators, adders and comparators, employ crystal diodes where practical for all non-linear functions and use vacuum tubes only where inversion or amplification is required. All circuits are designed to provide low impedance output signals whose maximum and minimum levels are held to prescribed dc potentials. The circuits are packaged in standard 4-tube plug-in chassis in arrangements which make these units functional building blocks of the computer.
Significance of p53 mutations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A sequential study of 30 patients

BACKGROUND In patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), considerable disease heterogeneity within clinical stages necessitates the search for relevant prognostic indicators, particularly those that may help to determine the need for early therapeutic intervention. In the current study, the authors investigated the role of p53 mutations and chromosomal abnormalities in 30 patients with CLL. METHODS Thirty patients were screened for p53 mutations. Half of the group had aggressive disease characterized by leucocytosis, lymph node enlargement, organomegaly, and shortened tumor doubling time. Because 95% of p53 mutations reside in “hot-spot” regions of exons 5–9 of the p53 gene, the authors sequenced these exons completely for mutation detection. RESULTS Sequence analysis identified p53 mutations in 14 of 30 patients that were distributed equally among patients with aggressive disease and nonaggressive disease. There were six mutations in exon 7, five mutations in exon 5, and one mutation each in exons 6 and 8. Five of 15 patients with clinically aggressive disease had mutations in exon 7. Only one patient with nonaggressive disease had an exon 7 mutation. Abnormal cytogenetics were present in 22 of 30 patients (73%). Most patients with the p53 mutation (13 of 14 patients; 93%) displayed abnormal cytogenetics. Twelve of 15 patients with aggressive disease and 9 of 15 patients with average disease exhibited abnormal karyotypes. CONCLUSIONS The presence of p53 mutations did not predict clinical behavior or disease outcome, although the frequency of mutations appears to be higher than reported previously. In this study, mutations of exon 7 (5 of 6 patients) occurred in patients with clinically aggressive disease. The significance of this observation warrants further examination. Cancer 2001;91:285–93. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Relation of Lightning to Herbivory by the Southern Pine Bark Beetle Guild (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The goal of this paper was to examine the premise that lightning is a disturbance to pine forests that occurs with sufficient frequency to provide reliable habitat for the persistence of bark beetles. The study was conducted in the pine forest region of East Texas. Using Texas Forest Service maps, this 55,400-km2 area was partitioned into systematically numbered grid cells (5 by 5 min) of latitude and longitude (units ≍64 km2 in area). There were 607 cells in the study. Data for the study were collected for the years 1975, 1976, 1977, 1982, and 1983 and consisted of forest cover, bark beetle infestations, and lightning strikes. Cumulative bark beetle herbivory (number of infestations) in relation to cumulative lightning strikes and the rate of change in numbers of bark beetle infestations relative to lightning strikes were examined. In 4 of the 5 yr of the study, cumulative infestations increased as a function of cumulative lightning strikes. As population levels increased (i.e., changed from enzootic to epizootic levels), a greater proportion of lightning-struck hosts were exploited by the bark beetles. At enzootic population levels, refuges in the form of lightning-struck trees were judged to be particularly significant to the persistence of the insects. Conversely, at epizootic population levels, initiation of a substantial portion of the observed infestations was due to factors other than lightning. Examination of the relation of rate of change in infestations relative to cumulative lightning strikes indicated that the availability of lightning-struck hosts for colonization was not a limiting factor in regional landscape epidemiology. Sufficient lightning-struck trees are available for colonization across a range of enzootic to epizootic population levels.
Family Self-Sufficiency Programs An Evaluation of Program Benefits and Factors Affecting Participants’ Success

Since the mid-1980s, family self-sufficiency programs have been set up in over 1,000 cities and counties across the United States. These programs are aimed at helping public-housing residents and Section 8 tenants, who often have very little or no wage income, become economically self-sufficient and move into private housing. Though much has been written about the potential of such programs, research examining their benefits is virtually nonexistent. This article seeks to partly fill this void. The research reported here examined data on 135 participants of the City of Rockford, Illinois’ s Family Self-Sufficiency program. Using logistic regression techniques, the effects of several factors on program completion were explored. The author reports that Rockford’s Family Self-Sufficiency program graduates derived significant economic and housing benefits, and that race did not seem to affect graduation while other factors, such as age and the number of skills acquired in the program, seemed to.
Use of Warranties on Highway Projects: A Real Option Perspective

Since the introduction of warranty provisions in federal highway jobs, more and more state departments of transportation (DOTs) have considered the use of such provisions to protect their initial investment. This paper describes the pros and cons of warranty contracting in highway construction based on a survey of warranty practices in the United States. In particular, the need for state DOTs to buy a warranty for a well-built project is questioned. As an alternative, this paper introduces the warranty option, which gives the DOT the right to buy a warranty only if it becomes necessary at the end of construction. This option is exercised if the performance on site warrants it. This paper describes the mechanics of the warranty option and its advantages over the conventional warranty. A bid evaluation model is also developed for the warranty option approach.
Dissolution rates of corticosteroids utilizing sugar glass dispersions

A method of increasing the dissolution rates of some orally administered corticosteroids was investigated. This method involved glass dispersions using dextrose, galactose, and sucrose as the carriers. These dispersions were prepared by the fusion process and were subjected to a modified NP XIII dissolution rate determination. The results revealed a marked increase in the dissolution rate of the corticosteroids contained in the solid dispersions when compared to the dissolution rate of the plain corticosteroid powder. The increase in dissolution rates was attributed to the presence of the corticosteroid in a very fine state of subdivision and to the increased wettability of the corticosteroid powder.
Packaging Capital in Venezuela

Darlene Rivas , Missionary Capitalist: Nelson Rockefeller in Venezuela . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . 312 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $ 55.00 (hardcover), $ 19.95 (paper).
Quantized relativistic flux tube

We explore the dynamics of mesons composed of spinless quarks connected by a straight flux tube. The mesons are quantized and the constituent motion is relativistic. The methods developed are applied to mesons containing equal mass quarks and heavy-light quarks. For massless quarks a nearly straight leading Regge trajectory with Nambu slope is accompanied by nearly parallel equally spaced daughter trajectories. For heavy-light mesons an analogous structure is found but with double the usual Nambu slope. Comparison with six observed spin-averaged heavy-light meson states yields good agreement.
Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor influences specific histone modifications

Defects in the nuclear envelope or nuclear ‘lamina’ networks cause disease and can perturb histone posttranslational (epigenetic) regulation. Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF) is an essential but enigmatic lamina component that binds lamins, LEM-domain proteins, DNA and histone H3 directly. We report that BAF copurified with nuclease-digested mononucleosomes and associated with modified histones in vivo. BAF overexpression significantly reduced global histone H3 acetylation by 18%. In cells that stably overexpressed BAF 3-fold, silencing mark H3-K27-Me1/3 and active marks H4-K16-Ac and H4-Ac5 decreased significantly. Significant increases were also seen for silencing mark H3-K9-Me3, active marks H3-K4-Me2, H3-K9/K14-Ac and H4-K5-Ac and a mark (H3-K79-Me2) associated with both active and silent chromatin. Other increases (H3-S10-P, H3-S28-P and silencing mark H3-K9-Me2) did not reach statistical significance. BAF overexpression also significantly influenced cell cycle distribution. Moreover, BAF asso...
THE MURDER OF BABIES IN AMERICAN STATES: ASSOCIATION WITH SUICIDE RATES '

Unlike for nations of the world, the homicide rate for babies in the American continental states was not associated with the states' suicide rates.
Requirement of the N-Terminal Activation Domain of Herpes Simplex Virus ICP4 for Viral Gene Expression

ABSTRACT ICP4 is the major activator of herpes simplex virus (HSV) transcription. Previous studies have defined several regions of ICP4 that are important for viral gene expression, including a DNA binding domain and transactivation domains that are contained in the C-terminal and N-terminal 520 and 274 amino acids, respectively. Here we show that the N-terminal 210 amino acids of ICP4 are required for interactions with components of TFIID and mediator and, as a consequence, are necessary for the activation of viral genes. A mutant of ICP4 deleted for amino acids 30 to 210, d3-10, was unable to complement an ICP4 null virus at the level of viral replication. This was the result of a severe deficiency in viral gene and protein expression. The absence of viral gene expression coincided with a defect in the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to a representative early promoter (thymidine kinase [TK]). Affinity purification experiments demonstrated that d3-10 ICP4 was not found in complexes with components of TFIID and mediator, suggesting that the defect in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment was the result of ablated interactions between d3-10 and TFIID and mediator. Complementation assays suggested that the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of ICP4 cooperate to mediate gene expression. The complementation was the result of the formation of more functional heterodimers, which restored the ability of the d3-10-containing molecules to interact with TFIID. Together, these studies suggest that the N terminus contains a true activation domain, mediating interactions with TFIID, mediator, and perhaps other transcription factors, and that the C terminus of the molecule contains activities that augment the functions of the activation domain.
In utero oxidative stress epigenetically programs antioxidant defense capacity and adulthood diseases.

Abstract Significance: Maternal health and diet during gestation are critical for predicting fetal outcomes, both immediately at birth and in adulthood. While epigenetic modifications have previously been tightly linked to carcinogenesis, recent advances in the field have suggested that numerous adulthood diseases, including those characteristic of metabolic syndrome, could be programmed in utero in response to maternal exposures, and these “programmable” diseases are associated with epigenetic modifications of vital genes. Recent Advances: While little is currently known about the epigenetic regulation of the antioxidant (AOX) defense system, several studies in animals show that AOX defense capacity may be programmed in utero, making it likely that the critical genes involved in this pathway are epigenetically regulated, either by DNA methylation or by the modification of histone tails. Critical Issues: This article presents the most current knowledge of the in utero regulation of the AOX defense capacit...
Brand Analyses of U.S. Global and Local Brands in India: The Case of Levi's

This study investigates differences between U.S. global and local brands in the Indian market. Attitudes toward American products and the brand equity of U.S. global and local casual apparel brand in the Indian market are examined. It is postulated that global and local brand influence brand equity, which is composed of brand image, brand awareness, emotional value, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and purchase intention. A total of 411 college students in India participated in the survey. Using repeated measures ANOVA, this study finds that Indian consumers perceive global and local brands differently based on brand equity.
Teaching theory of computation at the junior level

Theory of computation courses have traditionally been taught at the advanced-undergraduate or graduate level, primarily due to the level of mathematical rigor associated with the topics involved. The topics covered include automata theory, formal languages, computability, uncomputability, and computational complexity. If the essentials of these topics are introduced earlier in the undergraduate computer science curriculum, students gain deeper insights and better comprehend the underlying computational issues associated with the material covered in subsequent computer science courses. Such a course is required of all computer science majors at the University of North Florida. Experience has demonstrated that a minimum background for the course includes Freshman-Sophomore mathematics (presently calculus) and a typical introduction to computer science. Thus the course is best positioned within the curriculum at the Junior-level. Recognizing that Junior level students are rarely mathematically sophisticated, the treatment is not as rigorous as that of a more advanced course on the theory of computation. Moreover, to reinforce the “theory” covered in class, an integral portion of the course is devoted to “hands-on” exercises using APL and software tools implemented in APL. These exercises generally require the construction of automata of various forms, with observation of their step by step operation. Further exercises illustrate the connections between various automata and areas such as hardware design and compiler construction. The paper describes the course, the unique advantages of APL in conducting the “hands-on” component of the course, and the exercises.
Changes in Soil Water Retention Curves Due to Tillage and Natural Reconsolidation

Changes in soil water retention of the surface soil brought about by tillage can significantly alter the amount of rain water that infiltrates into the root zone and is available for plant growth. Soil tillage generally increases porosity and changes the pore-size distribution, leading to changes in the soil water retention curve and hydraulic conductivities. The objective of this study was to investigate some simple ways of estimating the soil water retention curve of a tilled soil from that of an untilled soil, knowing the change in soil porosity or bulk density due to tillage. The study of literature and empirical analysis of the available data indicated: (i) under field conditions the tillage did not significantly change the air-entry value of the soil; (ii) tillage increased the absolute value of the slope of the log-log relationship below the air-entry value; and (iii) the changes due to tillage in the retention curve occurred only in the larger pore-size range, approximately between the air-entry pressure head value and 10 times the air-entry value. Assuming these observations hold in general, two simple methods of estimating the water retention curve of a tilled soil from that of its untilled condition are proposed. The first method is a simple imposition of the Brooks and Corey function between the air-entry value and 10 times this value. The second method assumes that the change in soil water content at a given pressure head in the above range of pressure heads was inversely proportional to the value of the pressure head. The tests on four pairs of measured water retention curves on three different soils showed that these methods provided good approximations.
Characterization of a cDNA encoding the 20-kDa photosystem I light-harvesting polypeptide of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

A cDNA encoding the precursor to a major 20-kDa thylakoid polypeptide of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (P22), previously localized to the photosystem I light-harvesting complex (LHCI), was characterized. N-terminal sequencing of P22 identified the precursor cleavage site. Genomic Southern blots and polymerase chain reaction analyses show that the gene for P22 (Lhca1*1) is single-copy and contains at least one intron. Northernblot analyses show that Lhca1*1 mRNA is highly regulated in light-dark synchronized cells. The primary sequence and predicted topology of P22 has features characteristic of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins from higher plants. Sequence comparisons indicate that P22 has significantly greater identity with the Type-I LHCI protein of tomato, compared to other LHC proteins. This result suggests that the divergence of LHCI proteins into the classes found in higher plants may have occurred early in evolution, prior to the separation of green algae and land plants.
Facilitating Vocabulary in Toddlers Using AAC A Preliminary Study Comparing Focused Stimulation and Augmented Input

Toddlers benefiting from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) often demonstrate delayed expressive vocabulary. However, a paucity of AAC intervention research exists for children under ...
One Step Closer To Patient-Specific Brain Treatments: Interleaved Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)/fMRI to Assess the fMRI BOLD Response Before and After High Frequency Repetitive TMS Treatment

s / Brain Stimulation 8 (2015) 395e411 408 single-pulse stimulation over motor cortex produces repetitive responses in descendingmotor pathways called I-waves. According to a traditional view, these I-waves are due to repetitive synaptic inputs to pyramidal neurons in layer 5 (L5) of motor cortex. The potential origin of such repetitive inputs is unclear, however. Here we aim to test the plausibility of an alternative mechanism behind Dand I-wave generation through computational modeling. This mechanism relies on the broad distribution of conduction delays of synaptic inputs arriving at different parts of L5 cells’ dendritic trees and their spike generation mechanism. Our model, recently published in [1], consists of a detailed L5 pyramidal cell and a population of layer 2 and 3 (L2/3) neurons projecting onto it. I-waves are simulated as superpositions of spike trains from a large population of L5 cells. Our model successfully reproduces all basic characteristics of Iwaves observed in epidural responses during in vivo recordings of conscious humans. In addition, it shows how the complex morphology of L5 neurons might play an important role in the generation of I-waves. In the model, later I-waves are formed due to inputs to distal synapses, while earlier ones are driven by synapses closer to the soma. Finally, the model offers an explanation for the inhibition and facilitation effects in paired-pulse stimulation protocols. In conclusion, our model parsimoniously explains findings from a range of experiments and should be considered as a viable alternative explanation of the generating mechanism of I-waves. [1] Rusu, C at alin V., et al. “A Model of TMS-induced I-waves in Motor Cortex.” Brain Stimulation 7.3 (2014): 401-414.
Unambiguous orientation in short fiber composites over small sampling area in a center-gated disk

Abstract A modified version of the method of ellipses was successfully developed, validated, and implemented to characterize short fiber orientation. Unambiguous orientation and a small sampling area were obtained by distinguishing between in-plane angles of ϕ and ϕ + π for every fiber and characterizing non-elliptical footprints, respectively. Measurements in two thin center-gated disks showed the existence of an asymmetric profile of orientation at the gate, which differs from the 3D random orientation commonly assumed in simulations. This profile washed out gradually at the entry region until disappearing at about 40% of flow length. A detailed set of orientation data for comparing fiber orientation to calculated values was obtained.
The Role of Cohabitation in Family Formation: The United States in Comparative Perspective

The prevalence of nonmarital cohabitation is steadily increasing in the United States. In evaluating the contribution of this new living arrangement to family formation, analysts have relied primarily on comparisons between individuals who cohabit and those who do not. We complement this line of inquiry by comparing the United States and 16 industrialized nations. We first identify six conceptually distinct ideal types of cohabitation with respect to family formation. We then propose empirical indicators to distinguish between the different ideal types, and estimate the values of these indicators for each of the 17 nations. Our findings indicate that although a number of countries fit an empirical pattern corresponding to one ideal type, cohabitation in the United States is more difficult to characterize.
A unified survival theory of the functioning of the hypocretinergic system.

This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Survival Th...
Rejection of unfamiliar patterns with multilayer neural networks

Most of the pattern recognition applications of multilayer neural networks have been concerned with classification and not rejection of a given pattern. For example, in character recognition all alphabetical characters must be recognized as one of the 26 characters, as there is nothing to reject. However, in many situations, there is no guarantee that all the patterns that will be presented to the network would actually belong to one of the classes on which the network has been trained. In such cases, a useful network must be capable of rejection as well as classification. In this paper we propose a scheme to develop multilayer networks with rejection capabilities. The discriminating power of the proposed technique appears to be comparable to that of the human eye.
Life's Simple 7 and incidence of diabetes among American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study.

OBJECTIVE The American Heart Association’s recommendations for optimal health, summarized in Life’s Simple 7, have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related end points, but no studies have examined the association of these goals with incident type 2 diabetes, which is associated with high risk for CVD. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the associations of Life’s Simple 7 goals with incident diabetes among American Indians, a population at high risk of cardiometabolic diseases. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Strong Heart Family Study participants without diabetes ( n = 1,639) at baseline and who participated in a follow-up examination were included in the analysis. Risk scores ranging from 0 to 7 were created using physical activity, diet, BMI, smoking, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and cholesterol metrics in accordance with Life’s Simple 7 goals. Diabetes was defined using 2003 American Diabetes Association criteria, including use of insulin or oral antidiabetes medication or a follow-up fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of risk scores with incident diabetes. RESULTS During a mean 5-year follow-up (range 4–8 years), we identified 210 cases of incident type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants who achieved 0–1 goals, those who achieved 2–3 or 4+ goals had lower odds of diabetes, with odds ratios = 0.40 (95% CI 0.29–0.56) and 0.11 (95% CI 0.05–0.21), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of as few as two or three Life’s Simple 7 goals is associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
Information spaces for mobile robots

Planning with sensing uncertainty is central to robotics. Sensor limitations often prevent accurate state estimation of the robot. Two general approaches can be taken for solving robotics tasks given sensing uncertainty. The first approach is to estimate the state and to solve the given task using the estimate as the real state. However, estimation of the state may sometimes be harder than solving the original task. The other approach is to avoid estimation of the state, which can be achieved by defining the information space, the space of all histories of actions and sensing observations of a robot system. Considering information spaces brings better understanding of problems involving uncertainty, and also allows finding better solutions to such problems. In this paper we give a brief description of the information space framework, followed by its use in some robotic tasks.
Effect of sources of maize and maize particle sizes on the utilization of phytate phosphorus in broiler chicks

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of sources of maize and maize particle sizes on the utilization of phytate P in broiler chicks fed on maize–soyabean meal diets deficient in P. In Experiment 1, maize from four consignments was ground separately using the same milling facility. Four maize–soyabean diets representing each maize source, and two control diets made of maize-starch–soyabean meal (maize starch control diet) and maize–soyabean meal-casein (casein control diet) were tested. The maize starch control diet was used to evaluate the ability of chicks to utilize phytate P when they were provided solely by soyabean meal. The casein control diet had similar amounts of total P as the diets containing the four maize sources, but part of the maize and soyabean meal was substituted with casein so that the diet contained greater amounts of available P and less phytate P. Experiment 2 was conducted on a 3×2 factorial arrangement, consisting of three diets each containing maize differing in geometric mean diameter (GMD), and two levels of dietary phytase at 0 and 600 FTU/kg. Sources of maize significantly ( p p
Intermediate filaments and their associated proteins: multiple dynamic personalities

A fusion of mouse and human genetics has now proven that intermediate filaments form a flexible scaffold essential for structuring cytoplasm in a variety of cell contexts. In some cases, the formation of this scaffold is achieved through a newly identified family of intermediate-filament-associated proteins that form cross-bridges between intermediate filaments and other cytoskeletal elements, including actin and microtubules.
A primitive-variable Riemann method for solution of the shallow water equations with wetting and drying

A Riemann flux that uses primitive variables rather than conserved variables is developed for the shallow water equations with nonuniform bathymetry. This primitive-variable flux is both conservative and well behaved at zero depth. The unstructured finite-volume discretization used is suitable for highly nonuniform grids that provide resolution of complex geometries and localized flow structures. A source-term discretization is derived for nonuniform bottom that balances the discrete flux integral both for still water and in dry regions. This primitive-variable formulation is uniformly valid in wet and dry regions with embedded wetting and drying fronts. A fully nonlinear implicit scheme and both nonlinear and time-linearized explicit schemes are developed for the time integration. The implicit scheme is solved by a parallel Newton-iterative algorithm with numerically computed flux Jacobians. A concise treatment of characteristic-variable boundary conditions with source terms is also given. Computed results obtained for the one-dimensional dam break on wet and dry beds and for normal-mode oscillations in a circular parabolic basin are in very close agreement with the analytical solutions. Other results for a forced breaking wave with friction interacting with a sloped bottom demonstrate a complex wave motion with wetting, drying and multiple interacting wave fronts. Finally, a highly nonuniform, coastline-conforming unstructured grid is used to demonstrate an unsteady simulation that models an artificial coastal flooding due to a forced wave entering the Gulf of Mexico.
Circadian clocks: tips from the tip of the iceberg.

Daily remodelling of histone proteins underlies interactions between circadian clock genes and metabolic genes. This regulatory mechanism could be widespread, affecting other physiological processes.
A new distributed data mining model based on similarity

Distributed Data Mining (DDM) has been very active and enjoying a growing amount attention since its inception. Current DDM techniques regard the distributed data sets as a single virtual table and assume there exists a global model which could be generated if the data were combined/centralized. This paper proposes a similarity-based distributed data mining(SBDDM) framework which explicitly take the differences among distributed sources into consideration. A new similarity measure is introduced and its effectiveness is then evaluated and validated. This paper also illustrates the limitations of current DDM techniques through three concrete case studies. Finally distributed clustering within the SBDDM framework is also discussed.
Computer measurements of axis cylinder diameters of radial fibers and “comb” bundle fibers†

In electron micrographs of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) brain the striatal efferents were observed at two different levels in their course: (1) in cross-sectioned radial fiber bundles just before they enter the globus pallidus; (2) in cross-sectioned “comb” bundle fibers just before they enter the substantia nigra. In the radial bundles nearly all of the fibers are myelinated; in the “comb” bundle most are unmyelinated. The polarity of all the “comb” bundle fibers is descending. None of them degenerate following a large lesion in the substantia nigra but they do degenerate following a large lesion in the striatum. Also following this latter lesion the endings with large synaptic vesicles, which make up most of the endings in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra, degenerate. For computer measurements, electron micrographs of the radial bundle were enlarged photographically to a final magnification of 20,000; those of the “comb” bundle to × 50,000. Measurements of 1309 radial fibers revealed a mean axis-cylinder diameter of 0.68 microns, and measurements of 749 unmyelinated “comb” bundle fibers gave a mean axis-cylinder diameter of 0.21 microns. Myelinated fibers were not included in the “comb” bundle measurements because it contains myelinated fibers of pallidal origin in addition to myelinated fibers of striatal origin. The results here indicate that the striatal efferents undergo a decided decrease in axis-cylinder diameter during their transit through the globus pallidus. It is suggested that the large non-spine bearing neurons in the striatum are the source of the striatal efferents and that they send their axons into the substantia nigra and enroute spend a great quantity of their axoplasm by extending extensive collaterals in both segments of the globus pallidus. This could account for the decreased caliber of the striatal efferents in the “comb” bundle and other findings in the striatum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra.
Comparison of Empirical and Theoretical Expectancies

Summary Two previous articles (Lawshe & Bolda, 1958; Lawshe, Bolda, Brune, & Auclair, 1958) in Personnel Psychology have discussed expectancy charts as methods of displaying data on predictor-criterion relationships. The second of these articles (Lawshe, et al., 1958) dealt with charts based upon theoretical in place of empirical expectancies. A method, based on chi square, of testing the discrepancies between empirical and theoretical expectancies was described. The present article applies this test to 15 independent sets of predictor-criterion data. In every case, the use of theoretical expectancies based on an assumed bivariate normal distribution was found to be justified.
A fall in construction costs can raise housing rents

Abstract In all familiar housing market models, a drop in construction costs expands the housing stock and lowers rent. This letter presents an alternative model in which a fall in construction costs can raise housing rents. The mechanism is as follows. A fall in construction costs relative to maintenance costs shortens building life; with fixed land and fixed lag between demolition and reconstruction, built-up land drops and with fixed density, housing stock drops too. This paradoxical result points to the potential importance of incorporating land into housing models.
Improving cell therapy--experiments using transplanted telomerase-immortalized cells in immunodeficient mice.

Abstract Cell therapy is the use of stem cells and other types of cells in various therapies for age-related diseases. Two issues that must be addressed before cell therapy could be used routinely in medicine are improved efficacy of the transplanted cells and demonstrated long-term safety. Desirable genetic modifications that could be made to cells to be used for cell therapy include immortalization with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). We have used a model for cell therapy in which transplantation of adrenocortical cells restores glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid hormone levels in adrenalectomized immunodeficient mice. In this model, clones of cells that had been immortalized with hTERT were shown to be able to replace the function of the animals’ adrenal glands by forming vascularized tissue structures when cells were transplanted beneath the capsule of the kidney. hTERT-modified cells showed no tendency for neoplastic changes. Moreover, a series of experiments showed that hTERT does not cooperate with known oncoproteins in tumorigenesis either in adrenocortical cells or in human fibroblasts. Nevertheless, hTERT was required for tumorigenesis when cells were implanted subcutaneously rather than in the subrenal capsule space. Changes in gene expression make hTERT-modified cells more robust. Understanding these changes is important so as to be able to separately control immortalization and other desirable properties of cells that could be used in cell therapy. Alternatively, desirable properties of transplants might be provided by co-transplanted mesenchymal cells: mesenchymal cell-assisted cell therapy. For both hTERT modification and mesenchymal cell-assisted cell therapy, genomics approaches will be needed to define what genetic modifications are desirable and safe in cells used in cell therapy.
Constructing the Queer "I": Performativity, Citationality, and Desire in Queer Eye for the Straight Guy

Bravo's "reality" television series, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, has become a pop-culture phenomenon. Critical reaction to date, however, has accused the show of being condescending in its portrayal of its stars and (re)producing stereotyped gay images in general. This article examines how the language of Queer Eye constructs identities for its speakers that challenge these claims of stereotyping and deepen our understanding of the nature of sexual identity, gender identity, and sexual desire. Applying the notion of performativity to speech and sexuality, I analyze the utterances in Queer Eye that index identities and patterns of desire, focusing on the conflicting, fluid, and uncategorizable-that is, "queer"-ways that the use of such language enacts and constitutes its speakers' sexual identities.
Parallel computation of incompressible flows in materials processing: numerical experiments in diagonal preconditioning

Abstract Massively parallel computing is enabling dramatic advances in the simulation of three-dimensional flows in materials processing systems. This study focuses on the efficiency and robustness of parallel algorithms applied to such systems. Specifically, various diagonal preconditioning schemes are tested for the iterative solution of the linear equations arising from Newton's method applied to finite element discretizations. Two finite element discretizations are considered — the classical Galerkin and the Galerkin/least-squares method. Results show that the choice of preconditioning method can greatly influence the rate of convergence, but that no type worked uniformly well in all cases.
THE SOCIAL PRESERVATION OF MIND: THE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE EXPERIENCE

Data from the Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia) experience are interpreted to extend and refine George Mead's theory of mind. While Mead conceived of mind as an internal conversation, the disease experience shows that the reality-status of mind is more practical and radically dialogical in organization. Taken as collectively preserved, mind is circumscribed through agents by means of rule-guided articulations and closures. Suggestions are offered for a more fully dialogical appreciation of Mead's view.
21 centimeter survey of luminous infrared galaxies

This paper presents the results from a 21-cm Arecibo survey of the atomic hydrogen and radio continuum in the most luminous IRAS galaxies of the local universe. Ninety-two galaxies with FIR luminosities in the range of L(FIR) between the solar luminosity values of 2 x 10 to the 10th and 2 x 10 to the 12th were surveyed. Eighty eight of these were detected in the 21 cm line of atomic hydrogen; the radio continuum flux was determined for 80 galaxies. The data of this survey are compared the FIR and optical-wavelength band results. It is noted that luminous IR galaxies show a striking statistical trend for the optical radial velocities to be smaller than the systemic velocities derived from the 21 H I profiles.
Nonreflecting Boundary Conditions for Time-Dependent Scattering

An exact nonreflecting boundary condition was derived previously for use with the time dependent wave equation in three space dimensions. Here it is shown how to combine that boundary condition with finite difference methods and finite element methods. Uniqueness of the solution is proved, stability issues are discussed, and improvements are proposed for numerical computation. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the improvement in accuracy over standard methods.
Selective conservation of an E-protein gene promoter during vertebrate evolution

The murine E-protein gene ME1 encodes a non-tissue-specific, helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is associated with morphological development. ME1 gene expression is regulated by a TATA-less promoter that contains multiple Sp1 consensus elements, E-boxes, and a novel transcription initiation site. In this study, we compared DNA homologous to the ME1 promoter from vertebrate species ranging from frog to human. A region of striking sequence similarity was identified in a region corresponding to the ME1 transcription initiation site (ME1 Inr). Within this region, a poly d(A) tract and a 9-bp inverted repeat (5′-GTCCGCCTG) were highly conserved in all species that were examined. Protein complexes that recognized these DNA elements were present among distant vertebrates (frog, chick, monkey and human), and were able to bend the ME1 Inr to a similar extent (∼60°) as the previously described murine MBPα and MBPβ proteins. Collectively, these results suggest that an ME1 Inr-like element and its associated proteins functioned in an ancestral vertebrate more than 350 million years ago.
Longitudinal associations between problem alcohol use and violent victimization in a national sample of adolescents

Abstract Purpose Research indicates that alcohol use is both a risk factor for and a consequence of violent victimization. This study investigated the longitudinal associations between problem alcohol use and victimization, and whether these associations varied by gender. Methods Data from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health (Add Health) were used to investigate the prospective associations between alcohol use and victimization over three time points spanning 7 years. Because adolescence is a time of rapid growth, we used latent growth modeling (LGM) in addition to traditional cross-lagged structural equation modeling (SEM). Results For boys, both SEM and LGM indicated that problem alcohol use was a risk factor for subsequent violent victimization. For girls, the SEM suggested a bi-directional association, although the LGM provided stronger support for problem alcohol use as a risk factor for, rather than a consequence of, violent victimization. Conclusions Findings across the two statistical approaches suggest that interventions that reduce the likelihood of problem alcohol use among adolescents can minimize the short-term risk of victimization and the long-term risk of problem alcohol use in young adulthood.
Magnetoresistivity of bismuth films in magnetic fields to 19 Tesla

The longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance to fields of 19 Tesla and 4.2 K has been measured for bismuth films ranging in thickness from 0.01 to 2 μm. We have observed a pronounced maximum in the longitudinal magnetoresistance which is thickness dependent. We compare these results with classical size effect theories for the longitudinal magnetoresistance in terms of magnetic-field-dependent electron scattering at grain and film boundaries. Measurements of the longitudinal magnetoresistance to 38 Tesla show a quenching of the classical size effect in the high field limit. This result strongly supports our analysis.
Improving Women and Family’s Health through Integrated Microfinance, Health Education and Promotion in Rural Areas

While increasing number of women enjoys more freedom and power in urban areas, women in rural areas are at a disadvantage in almost all aspects of life when compared to men. Investing in economic empowerment of women particularly in rural areas by supporting them to implement local context based business ideas and basic finance capacity and skills development may reverse these trends, however, when combined with heath education and promotion through trainings focusing on preventive health yields greater impact. This paper is a systematic review of the peer - reviewed research papers and project reports in English language on how rural women, children and family’s health can be improved through integrating income generation and health education & promotion activities. Generally, integrated microfinance, health education and promotion activities has resulted in significant reduction of intimate-partner violence, reduction in HIV/AIDS risk, promotion of mental health and improved women and family health. The findings may guide the process of designing and planning of integrated programs for sustainable women’s income and family health especially in rural areas.
Design and freeform fabrication of deployable structures with lattice skins

Purpose – Frontier environments – such as battlefields, hostile territories, remote locations, or outer space – drive the need for lightweight, deployable structures that can be stored in a compact configuration and deployed quickly and easily in the field. This paper seeks to introduce the concept of lattice skins is introduced to enable the design, solid freeform fabrication (SFF), and deployment of customizable structures with nearly arbitrary surface profile and lightweight multi‐functionality.Design/methodology/approach – Using Duraform® FLEX material in a selective laser sintering machine, large deployable structures are fabricated in a nominal build chamber by decomposing them into smaller parts. Before fabrication, lattice sub‐skins are added strategically beneath the surface of the part. The lattices provide elastic energy for folding and deploying the structure or constrain expansion upon application of internal air pressure. Nearly, arbitrary surface profiles are achievable and internal space i...
An urn model for some evolutionary processes

Abstract Some properties of a particular urn model are developed and applied to problems in language evalution and protein evalution. The connection between these two forms of evolution is also noted.