cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical framework to enhance scalability and performance of scheduling and mapping algorithms

Crucial to design productivity, architecture level synthesis algorithms trade off between design quality and algorithm complexity. The well-known list scheduling algorithm has a O(N) complexity but has well known deficiencies. Ant Colony, FDLS and Simulated Annealing have at least O(N) time complexity. These considerations force a limitation on the scale of design instances that can be synthesized. A hierarchical analysis framework is proposed that improves both the run-time and ultimate performance of classical scheduling and mapping algorithms. Since the design hierarchy is not imposed, classical induced constraint issues from hierarchy are avoided. Compared to state-of-theart heuristics, the framework runs an order of magnitude faster while achieving 12% performance improvement. The framework is able to efficiently address designs with more than 10 operations which is beyond the capability of any high quality flat heuristics.
Selection between Michaelis–Menten and target-mediated drug disposition pharmacokinetic models

Target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) models have been applied to describe the pharmacokinetics of drugs whose distribution and/or clearance are affected by its target due to high binding affinity and limited capacity. The Michaelis–Menten (M–M) model has also been frequently used to describe the pharmacokinetics of such drugs. The purpose of this study is to investigate conditions for equivalence between M–M and TMDD pharmacokinetic models and provide guidelines for selection between these two approaches. Theoretical derivations were used to determine conditions under which M–M and TMDD pharmacokinetic models are equivalent. Computer simulations and model fitting were conducted to demonstrate these conditions. Typical M–M and TMDD profiles were simulated based on literature data for an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (TRX1) and phenytoin administered intravenously. Both models were fitted to data and goodness of fit criteria were evaluated for model selection. A case study of recombinant human erythropoietin was conducted to qualify results. A rapid binding TMDD model is equivalent to the M–M model if total target density Rtot is constant, and RtotKD/(KD + C)2 ≪ 1 where KD represents the dissociation constant and C is the free drug concentration. Under these conditions, M–M parameters are defined as: Vmax = kintRtotVc and Km = KD where kint represents an internalization rate constant, and Vc is the volume of the central compartment. Rtot is constant if and only if kint = kdeg, where kdeg is a degradation rate constant. If the TMDD model predictions are not sensitive to kint or kdeg parameters, the condition of RtotKD/(KD + C)2 ≪ 1 alone can preserve the equivalence between rapid binding TMDD and M–M models. The model selection process for drugs that exhibit TMDD should involve a full mechanistic model as well as reduced models. The best model should adequately describe the data and have a minimal set of parameters estimated with acceptable precision.
Light-induced Susceptibility in Soybean to Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Continuous high-intensity (24:0 [L:D] photoperiod) light-induced susceptibility in PI 227687 soybean plants previously resistant to cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was evidenced by insect feeding assays and the biology of the insect on diet supplemented with leaf powder from such plants. Ethyl acetate and hexane extractables from leaves of these susceptible PI 227687 plants did not show antifeedant activity against T. ni larvae. However, when such plants were subsequently placed under a 16:8 photoperiod for 2 weeks they regained their resistance against the pest, as shown by leaf-disk feeding assays and presence of antifeedant activity in the ethyl acetate and hexane fractions. Thinlayer chromatography demonstrated that only one of the resolved components in ethyl acetate and hexane extractables is present in resistant PI 227687 but is missing in susceptible PI 227687, ‘Clark’, and ‘Davis’.
Effect of Pregnancy-Urine Hormone and Vitamin B-6 on the Blood and Bone-Marrow Pictures in Primary Erythroblastic Anemia (Cooley)

SINCE OUR ORIGINAL paper concerning the hypothetical basis for the effect of various hormonal substances (1) on body tisues, several observations on the effect of pregnancy-urine gonadotropin (prolan B) on certain mesenchymal structures have been made (2). It was felt that a study of the bonemarrow picture and its resulting peripheral blood changes following the use of these hormones would afford additional information. To this end several cases of primary erythroblastic anemia have been selected for observation. The work of Papanicolaou and Falk (3) demonstrates the stimulating effect of androgen and pregnancy- urine gonadotropin on the general musculature in guinea pigs. Antopol and Schotland (4) have described the beneficial influence of vitamin B-6 therapy on humans suffering from chronic muscular dystrophy. It was decided to study the parallel effects of vitamin B-6 and prolan B on the hematopoietic system in primary erythroblastic anemias. There is still confusion regarding the pathological basis of...
Arene binding affinities in [CpRu(η6-arene)]+ complexes: Models for the adsorption of arenes on hydrodesulfurization catalysts

Product/reactant ratios (Y) were determined for the reactions CpRu(η6-DBT)+ + L ⇌ CpRu(η6-L)+ + DBT (where DBT is dibenzothiophene and L is a homo- or heterocyclic arene), which were conducted under UV photolysis conditions. In the photostationary state, the Y values for the different arenes decrease in the following order: mesitylene (17) > toluene (13) > indole (9.1) > carbazole (6.7) > benzene (5.9) > fluorene (5.1) > biphenyl (3.9) > DBT (1.0) > phenanthrene (0.65) > naphthalene (0.35). In general, alkyl-substituted arenes have a higher binding affinity than the parent arene, except for tert-butyl groups, which decrease the Y values. These trends in η6-arene binding to CpRu+ provide a basis for understanding competitive adsorption of arenes on metal sites of hydrotreating catalysts. Such arene components in petroleum feedstocks reduce the rates of hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophenes.
Counterdependency as an Antidote to Cohesiveness.

It is commonly acknowledged by theoreticians as well as by researchers and group practitioners that cohesiveness in a group is a necessary, if not entirely sufficient, precondition for change to occur within individuals in the group. Cohesiveness, most comprehensively articulated by Yalom (1970), is defined as the attractiveness of a group for its members. The degree of cohesiveness is the result of all the factors influencing participants to remain in the group. Cohesiveness is conceptualized to be the psychological equivalent of "relationship" in individual psychotherapy; in the group therapy context it is a determinant, as well as an outcome, of intermember acceptance. A cohesive group provides the opportunity for the affective sharing of individual phenomenological experiences; when this is followed by the feeling of the other group members' acceptance, it is the essence of the therapeutic experience. A series of research studies bolsters the contention that group cohesiveness is a major therapeutic value and is essential for the perpetuation and positive outcome of the group, as well as for individual personality change (Dickoff & Lakin, 1963; Kapp, Gleser, Brissenden, Emerson, Winget, & Kashdan, 1964; Yalom, Houts, 7imerberg, & Rand, 1967). Lieberman, Yalom, and Miles (1973), using subjects from 18 separate encounter groups, found a positive correlation between the degree of cohesiveness and outcome, indicating that individuals who felt a minimal sense of belonging to the group experienced little benefit from the group. According to Clark and Culbert (1965), group members who entered into a greater number of two-person encoun
Repeated haloperidol increases both calmodulin and a calmodulin-binding protein in rat striatum

Repeated treatment with the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, leads to an increased behavioral sensitivity to dopamine agonists "exhibited upon withdrawal from the drug. An increase in the particulate content of the endogenous Cae÷-binding protein, calmodulin, has been demonstrated after repeated treatment of rats with haloperidol. In this study, the anatomical specificity of the effect of repeated haloperidol treatment on the content and subcellular localization of calmodulin was investigated. Responsivity of calmodulin localization to dopaminergic input following drug treatment was assessed by determining the subcellular localization of calmodulin following an in vivo amphetamine challenge before sacrifice. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol (s.c.) for 3 weeks and withdrawn from the drug for 4 days. Repeated haloperidol increased calmodulin content only in the striatum but altered the subcellular distribution of calmodulin in rat limbic forebrain and frontal cortex. In the latter areas, the soluble calmodulin was increased while the particulate calmodulin was decreased. There was no change in calmodulin in either hippocampus or cerebellum in response to drug treatment. Challenge with the dopamine mimetic, amphetamine, before sacrifice was effective in redistributing calmodulin only in striatum from rats that had been treated repeatedly with haloperidol, demonstrating an increased sensitivity of the translocation process. In order to determine whether a change in a calmodulin-binding protein would accompany the drug-induced increase in calmodulin, striatal calmodulin-binding proteins were examined using a biotinylated calmodulin overlay technique. Repeated haloperidol treatment enhanced calmodulin binding to a 150 kDa protein in striatal membranes. The 150 kDa protein exhibited the same gel mobility and subcellular distribution as myosin light chain kinase immunoreactivity. There was an increase in myosin light chain kinase immunoreactivity in striatal membranes after repeated haloperidol that was apparent in animals withdrawn either 4 or 10 days from haloperidol treatment. Therefore, repeated haloperidol could increase the rat striatal content of calmodulin and potentially that of the calmodulin-binding protein, myosin light chain kinase. Increases in striatal calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase may signal a greatly enhanced sensitivity of actin-myosin interactions after repeated haioperidol that could contribute to haloperidol-induced neurochemical or morphological changes involved in drug-induced synaptic plasticity.
Dynamics of NH4+ and NO3− uptake in the water column of the neuse river estuary, North Carolina

In an attempt to more fully understand the dissolved inorganic nitrogen dynamics of the Neuse River estuary, 15NH4+ and 15NO3− uptake rates were measured and daily depth-integrated rates calculated for seven stations distributed along the salinity gradient. Measurements were made at 2–3-wk intervals from March 1985 to February 1989. Significant dark NH4+ uptake occurred and varied both spatially and seasonally, accounting for as much as 95% of light uptake with the median being 33%. Apparent NH4+ uptake ranged from 0.001 μmol N 1−1 h−1 to 4.2 μmol N 1−1 h−1, with highest rates occurring during late summer-fall in the oligohaline estuary. Apparent NH4+ uptake was significantly related to NH4+ concentration (p<0.01); however, the regression explained <3% of the variation. Daily-integrated NH4+ uptake ranged from 0.1 mmol N m−2 d−1 to 133 mmol N m−2 d−1 and followed the trend of apparent uptake. Annual NH4+ uptake of the estuary was significantly lower in 1988 than for any other year. Dark uptake of NO3− was only 14% of maximum light uptake. Apparent NO3− uptake rates ranged from 0.001 μmol N 1−1 h−1 to 1.84 μmol N 1−1 h−1 with highest rates occurring in the oligohaline estuary. Apparent NO3− uptake was significantly related to NO3− concentration (p<0.01); however, the regression explained <5% of the variation. In general, NO3− uptake was only 20% of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake. Daily-integrated NO3− uptake ranged from 0.1 mmol N m−2 d−1 to 53 mmol N m−2 d−1 and followed similar patterns of apparent uptake. Annual NH4+ uptake was 11.39 mol N m−2 yr−1, 10.28 mol N m−2 Yr−1, 10.93 mol N m−2 yr−1, and 7.38 mol N m−2 yr−1, and 1.84 mol N m−2 yr−1, with the 4-yr mean being 10.0. Annual NO3− uptake was 3.12 mol N m−2 yr−1, 3.40 mol N m−2 yr−1, 1.96 mol N m−2 yr−1, and 1.84 mol N m−2 yr−1, with the 4-yr mean being 2.6. The total annual DIN uptake was more than twice published estimates of phytoplankton DIN demand, indicating that there is an important heterotrophic component of DIN uptake occurring in the water column. The extrapolation of nitrogen demand from primary productivity results in serious underestimates of estuarine nitrogen demand for the Neuse River estuary and may be true for other estuaries as well.
Pharmacogenetics: Point-of-care genetic testing--a new frontier explored.

Much debate surrounds the utility of CYP2C19*2 genotyping in patients receiving clopidogrel after coronary artery stenting. The effectiveness of its use in a point-of-care setting has now been examined and, given the substantial incremental suppression of platelet reactivity achieved, its routine use might soon be a reality.
LOCATION AND SPATIAL PRICING FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES.

AAPPLICATION TO LIBRARIES, PARKS, EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES, COURTS, MEDICAL CLINICS, MUSEUMS, ETC.
Endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ.

Abstract Endometrial epithelial atypias which precede the development of adenocarcinoma have been observed in endometria examined prior to the development of carcinoma, concommitantly in the endometrium of patients who elsewhere in the same specimen have areas of adenocarcinoma, and in some instances in actual transition from foci of such atypias to adenocarcinomas. The atypias can be categorized histologically as adenomatous hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and carcinoma in situ . Cystic hyperplasia and adenomatous polyp in some instances appear to antedate these precursor lesions. They are observed in about 10% of endometrial curettage specimens in a general hospital. They must be differentiated from other lesions not known to be precursors of carcinoma, including intraglandular morules, squamous metaplasia, tubal metaplasia, and cystic atrophy. The frequency of these lesions progressing to carcinoma has not been determined but has been estimated to be 10%. That these lesions are all reversible when normal menstrual cycles are established or by the use of progesterone or progestational agents is established.
LOVE AS SACRIFICE, LOVE AS MUTUALITY: RESPONSE TO JEFFREY TILLMAN

. Jeffrey Tillman is perceptive in noticing that certain Protestant theologians have used evolutionary theory to become more sympathetic to Roman Catholic views of Christian love. But he is incorrect in saying that these formulations deemphasize a place for self-sacrifice in Christian love. Christian love defined as a strenuous equal-regard for both other and self also requires sacrificial efforts to restore love as equal-regard when finitude and sin undermine genuine mutuality and community.
Rheological responses of cardiac fibroblasts to mechanical stretch

Rheological characterization of cells using passive particle tracking techniques can yield substantial information regarding local cellular material properties. However, limited work has been done to establish the changes in material properties of mechanically-responsive cells that experience external stimuli. In this study, cardiac fibroblasts plated on either fibronectin or collagen were treated with cytochalasin, mechanically stretched, or both, and their trajectories and complex moduli were extracted. Results demonstrate that both solid and fluid components were altered by such treatments in a receptor-dependent manner, and that, interestingly, cells treated with cytochalasin were still capable of stiffening in response to mechanical stimuli despite gross stress fiber disruption. These results suggest that the material properties of cells are dependent on a variety of environmental cues and can provide insight into physiological and disease processes.
ASSOCIATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESS AND MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS/SCAR WITH ADVERSE EVENTS IN HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: INTERACTION OF MAXIMAL WALL THICKNESS AND LATE GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT BY CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE

Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging detects myocardial scar/fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. LGE has been associated with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), and clinical risk factors for sudden cardiac death. We investigated
Measurement of210Pb from a sediment core off the coast of California

Measurements of210Pb at various dephts in a sediment core from the Santa Cruz Basin off the coast of California have been made. The radiochemical separation of210Pb was carried out after ashing the sediment at 400 °C. The activities of the purified210Pb was assayed in a low background beta counter by counting the 1.17 MeV betas of its daughter product210Bi. The method for the chemical separation of210Pb and the results are discussed in the paper.
On the representations of the rotation group

The matrices of the irreducible representations of the 3-dimensional rotation group are shown to be related to Krawtchouk's orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable x = j – m', whose degrees are given by n = j + m. The relation follows directly from the recurrence formulas satisfied by the matrix elements and permits a concise development of the formal properties of the rotation matrices. In particular, an asymptotic relation for large j is developed that generalizes a formula first discussed for a special case by Wigner.
'For reasons of poverty': court challenges to child welfare practices and mandated programs

Abstract This article contributes to the ongoing debate on the role of poverty in the placement of children in out-of-home care and in family reunification. We examined court cases that successfully challenged policies of child welfare agencies resulting in children's placement into substitute care or in failure to reunite children with their families for ‘reasons of poverty.’ We briefly describe court mandated programs and evaluate the effectiveness of one of these programs in preventing substitute care placement, facilitating more timely reunification, and reducing agency costs. We conclude that child welfare agencies have removed children from their homes and have failed to reunite children with their families for ‘reasons of poverty.’ Our analysis also indicates that providing families with economic or material resources can prevent unnecessary substitute care placement, facilitate reunification, and be cost effective. Other child welfare practice, policy, and research implications are discussed.
Residues of Shell Compound 4072 in the Body Tissues of Sprayed Cattle

Studies were made to determine whether the use of Shell Compound 4072 (2-chlolro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) – vinyl diethyl phosphate) sprayed on cattle at a concentration adequate or insect control would cause residues to accumulate in the body tissues. The low residues of the chemical found in the tissues after spray application were preponderant in the fat and were eliminated in 28 days or less. The tissues were analyzed also for 2, 2', 4'-trichloroacetophenone, a likely metabolite, but no residues of this chemical were detected in any of the body tissues.
Prolonging PCM lifetime through energy-efficient, segment-aware, and wear-resistant page allocation

Improving the endurance of Phase change memory (PCM) is a fundamental issue when the technology is considered as an alternative to main memory usage. Existing wear-leveling techniques overcome this challenge through constantly remapping hot virtual pages, engendering a fair amount of extra write operations to PCM and imposing considerable energy overhead. Our observation is that it is unnecessary to fully balance the accesses to different physical pages during the execution of each process. Instead, since endurance is a lifetime factor, the hot virtual pages of different processes can be mapped to different physical pages in the PCM. Leveraging this property, we develop a wear-resistant page allocation algorithm, which exploits the diverse write characteristics of different program segments to improve PCM write endurance within almost no extra remapping cost. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can prolong PCM lifetime by hundreds of times within nearly zero searching and remapping overhead.
Scalability in system management GUIs: a designer's nightmare

As Information Technology (IT) advances, traditional concerns over performance are being overtaken by concerns over manageability and scalability in system management interfaces [1]. Designing effective interactions and representations of large complex systems with intricate relationships among components is a formidable challenge. In this paper we describe the design of a topology viewer application for enterprise-scale storage systems. A key issue in this design effort was to create a graphical topology viewer that would scale to the complexity of typical storage environments and support administrators effectively in various activities. Our approach to address these issues was to use semantic zooming and progressive information disclosure techniques extensively; thus essentially shifting the scalability challenge from purely visual design to mostly interaction design.
New species of Justicia (Acanthaceae) from the Guianas

Four new species,Justicia oldemanii, J. mcdowellii, J. wilhelminensis, andJ. prevostiae are described, illustrated, and compared with their closest relatives. A key to species ofJusticia from the Guianas is also provided.
Molecular cloning and characterization of an insulin-regulatable glucose transporter.

A MAJOR mechanism by which insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle and fat is the translocation of glucose transporters from an intracellular membrane pool to the cell surface1–5. The existence of a distinct insulin-regulatable glucose transporter was suggested by the poor cross-reactivity between antibodies specific for either the HepG2 or rat brain glucose transporters and the rat adipocyte glucose transporter6,7. More direct evidence was provided by the production of a monoclonal antibody (mAb 1F8) specific for the rat adipocyte glucose transporter that immunolabels a species of relative molecular mass 43,000 (43K) present only in tissues that exhibit insulin-dependent glucose transport8, suggesting that this protein may be encoded by a different gene from the previously described mammalian glucose transporters9–13. This antibody has been used to immunoprecipitate a 43K protein that was photoaffinity-labelled with cytochalasin B in a glucose displaceable way, and to immunolabel a protein in the plasma membrane of rat adipocytes, whose concentration was increased at least fivefold after cellular insulin exposure. Here we describe the cloning and sequencing of cDNAs isolated from both rat adipocyte and heart libraries that encode a protein recognized by mAb 1F8, and which has 65% sequence identity to the human HepG2 glucose transporter9. This cDNA hybridizes to an mRNA present only in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissue. Our data indicate that this cDNA encodes a membrane protein with the characteristics of the translocatable glucose transporter expressed in insulin-responsive tissues.
Effects of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, on oxidative stress and metamorphosis of larvae of the coral Porites astreoides

Abstract Florida red tides, caused by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, produce a series of neurotoxins, brevetoxins, which have historically had a negative impact on coastal communities along the South Florida coast. While much work has examined the effects of K. brevis blooms or exposure to brevetoxins on a diverse array of marine organisms, there have been no reports studying the impact of K. brevis on coral physiology. We provide evidence that short-term exposure of naturally occurring concentrations of K. brevis and their associated toxins can induce oxidative stress in the coral larvae of Porites astreoides. Larvae of P. astreoides were exposed to aliquots of intact K. brevis cells at naturally occurring concentrations (6 × 105 – 4 × 106 cells L−1) or cellular lysates (containing 5.4–15.0 μg L−1 brevetoxin) for 20 h and a variety of larval physiological biomarkers were measured. In the presence of bloom scale concentrations of K. brevis larval respiration of P. astreoides was inhibited. This was accompanied with an increase in lipid hydroperoxide content and catalase activity indicating oxidative damage and a subsequent antioxidant response were occurring. However, when larvae were exposed to intact cells of K. brevis or their sonicated, lysed exudates stress indices including zooxanthellae expulsion (bleaching), larval protein carbonylation, and superoxide dismutase activity were not significantly altered. Even though there was evidence for short-term oxidative stress in larvae that were exposed to K. brevis there was no change in survival or settlement rates of larvae of P. astreoides.
Divalent antibodies to mouse embryonal carcinoma cells inhibit compaction in the mouse embryo.

Abstract Divalent antibodies from two antisera to embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, F9 line, inhibited compaction in the preimplantation mouse embryo. One of these antisera, AF9-2, completely inhibited compaction at the 8-cell stage when the embryos were continuously incubated in a 1 100 dilution of the antiserum in culture medium from the 4-cell stage. Cell divisions continued and no cellular degeneration occurred. When cultured control embryos (preimmune and nonimmune sera) were normal blastocysts, many of the AF9-2-treated embryos were characterized by vacuolated cells and rounded rather than squamous, trophoectodermal cells. Anti-mouse spleen serum ( 1 10 , 1 100 ) had no effect on development. Purified divalent IgGs from AF9-2 (ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE chromatography) also were inhibitory at 30 μg/ml. Inhibition of compaction by AF9-2 was reversible. When uncompacted midmorula-stage embryos in AF9-2 ( 1 10 ) were transferred to medium without serum, there was a threefold increase in the percentage (70%) of normal blastocysts at the end of culture. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that AF9-2 antibodies, unlike preimmune and nonimmune sera, were bound to the surface of 8-cell and early morula-stage embryos. Inhibition by AF9-2 does not occur merely by nonspecifically coating cell surfaces so that they no longer recognize each other, since antispleen antibodies show similar binding by immunofluorescence but no inhibition. This study provides strong evidence that AF9-2 has specific divalent antibodies which block morphogenesis. Since newly compacted embryos lost their compacted appearance in AF9-2, these divalent antibodies cause a loss of cell adhesion, do not extensively cross-link adjacent cell surfaces, and cannot cause the compacted phenotype by agglutination.
The chemical state of tin in platinum-tin-alumina catalysts

Abstract Platinum-tin catalysts have been reduced in 1 atm of flowing hydrogen and then examined, without exposure to the atmosphere, by ESCA. The spectra indicate that the Group VIII metal is present in a metallic state in the reduced catalyst and that the majority of the tin is present in a valence state higher than Sn(0). Chemical reaction selectivities also show that the majority of the tin is not present as bulk tin oxide even in a 10% SnO 2 on alumina catalyst. The results are consistent with tin being present as an eggshell of “tin aluminate” surrounding the alumina support with the Pt(0) or Rh(0) supported on the “tin aluminate.”
A Comparison of the Ocular and Central Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabigerol

ABSTRACT Both Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ9-THC) and cannabigerol, two naturally occurring marihuana cannabinoids, produced only a modest fall in intraocular pressure after acute topical application to the eyes of cats. After chronic administration unilaterally to the cornea via Alzet® osmotic minipumps and connecting extraocular cannulas, however, a considerable fall in ocular tension amounting to 4 to 7 mm Hg occurred. After systemic administration of Δ9-THC to rats, polyspike discharges appeared in the cortical electroencephalogram initially during wakefulness and behavioral depression. These polyspikes subsequently became evident within rapid eye movement sleep episodes. Cannabigerol was devoid of this effect. After removal of either sympathetic or parasympathetic input to the eyes of cats, the intraocular pressure lowering effect of Δ9-THC was not changed. Neither Δ9-THC nor cannabigerol altered the rate of formation of aqueous humor. On the other hand, both cannabinoids produced a two-to three-fold i...
SOCIAL MANIPULATION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S PAIRED COMPARISONS INCENTIVE PREFERENCES

In two previous papers we examined the measurement characteristics and the sensitivity of the method of paired comparisons as a scaling approach to representative child incenrives employed in recent experimental investigations (Witryol & Fischer, 1960; Witryol & Ormsby, 1961). Our results have demonstrated that Ss, ranging in age from 3 to 12 yr., can scale these incentives quite reliably and that the rank positions of these reward values are consistent with equivocal results from reinforcement laboratory learning research with children. On the basis of certain surprises encountered when we conducted a developmental scaling research, e.g., the strong potency of verbal incentives in older age groups, and in response to one laboratory accident (unintentionally allowing a group of preschool Ss to play with one reward object), we began to reconsider the more obvious determinants of incentive value, i.e., inuinsic and extrinsic conditions. It can be assumed that commonly used laboratory incentives, like candy and uinkets, possess intrinsic edible and manipulatable reinforcement strength for children. But Ss in recent experiments on incentive valences have usually been at least 3 yr. of age, and even at that early developmental level, exrrinsic, derived reward values must be assumed to have been superimposed upon primary reinforcement strengths as a function of learning, more or less homogeneous for cultural groups. This involves the familiar process of secondary and higher order reinforcements. The child psychologist studying incentive strengths very often encounters secondary reward values already built into the history of his young, contaminated Ss. One line of investigation which then ensues would deal with the susceptibility of intrinsic rewards to the influence of excrinsic or secondary reinforcement values. The basic hypothesis is that incentive object preferences of preschool children are strongly influenced by social suggestion or social learning. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate that a relatively neutral object, judged lowest on a scale by young children, would subsequently be rated higher after verbal social manipulation.
Highly efficient aggregate unbiased estimating functions approach for correlated data with missing at random

We develop a consistent and highly efficient marginal model for missing at random data using an estimating function approach. Our approach differs from inverse weighted estimating equations (Robins, Rotnitzky, and Zhao 1995) and the imputation method (Paik 1997) in that our approach does not require estimating the probability of missing or imputing the missing response based on assumed models. The proposed method is based on an aggregate unbiased estimating function approach, which does not require the likelihood function; however, it is equivalent to the score equation if the likelihood is known. The aggregate-unbiased approach is based on the best linear approximation of efficient scores from the full dataset. We provide comparisons of the three approaches using simulated data and also a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) data example.
166Ho and 90Y labeled 6D2 monoclonal antibody for targeted radiotherapy of melanoma: Comparison with 188Re radiolabel

Abstract Introduction An approach to radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of metastatic melanoma is the targeting of melanin pigment with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to melanin radiolabeled with therapeutic radionuclides. The proof of principle experiments were performed using a melanin-binding antibody 6D2 of IgM isotype radiolabeled with a β emitter 188 Re and demonstrated the inhibition of tumor growth. In this study we investigated the efficacy of 6D2 antibody radiolabeled with two other longer lived β emitters 90 Y and 166 Ho in treatment of experimental melanoma, with the objective to find a possible correlation between the efficacy and half-life of the radioisotopes which possess high energy β (E max >1.5MeV) emission properties. Methods 6D2 was radiolabeled with longer lived β emitters 90 Y and 166 Ho in treatment of experimental melanoma in A2058 melanoma tumor-bearing nude mice. The immunoreactivity of the radiolabeled 6D2 mAb, its in vitro binding to the MNT1 human melanoma cells, the biodistribution and therapy in A2058 human melanoma bearing nude mice as well as dosimetry calculations were performed. Results When labeled with the longer lived 90 Y radionuclide, the 6D2 mAb did not produce any therapeutic effect in tumor bearing mice while the reduction of the tumor growth by 166 Ho-6D2 was very similar to the previously reported therapy results for 188 Re-6D2. In addition, 166 Ho-labeled mAb produced the therapeutic effect on the tumor without any toxic effects while the administration of the 90 Y-labeled radioconjugate was toxic to mice with no appreciable anti-tumor effect. Conclusions 166 Ho-labeled mAb to melanin produced some therapeutic effect on the tumor without any toxic effects while the administration of the 90 Y-labeled radioconjugate was toxic to mice with no appreciable anti-tumor effect. We concluded that the serum half-life of the 6D2 carrier antibody matched well the physical half-life of 166 Ho to deliver the tumoricidal absorbed dose to the tumor. Further investigation of this radionuclide for RIT of melanoma is warranted.
Designed combinatorial libraries of novel amyloid-like proteins

The deposition of amyloid is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and the prion diseases. To probe the relationship between amino acid sequence and the propensity to form amyloid, we studied a combinatorial library of sequences designed de novo. All sequences in the library were designed to share an identical pattern of alternating polar and nonpolar residues as would be consistent with the formation of amphiphilic β-sheet structure. While the polar/nonpolar patterning was identical for all members of the library, the precise identities of these side chains were not constrained and were varied combinatorially. The de novo sequences were expressed in bacteria and purified. Biophysical characterization revealed that the proteins self-assemble into large oligomers visible by electron microscopy as amyloid-like fibrils. Like natural amyloid, the de novo fibrils are composed of β-sheet secondary structure and bind the diagnostic dye, Congo Red. Thus, an alternating pattern of polar and non polar residues is sufficient to cause designed sequences to assemble into amyloid-like fibrils. This finding prompted us to question the distribution of alternating patterns in the sequences of natural proteins. Analysis of a large database of natural protein sequences revealed that alternating patterns occur less frequently than other patterns with similar compositions. The under-representation of alternating patterns in natural proteins, coupled with the observation that such patterns promote assembly of amyloid-like structures in de novo proteins, suggests that sequences of alternating polar and nonpolar amino acids are inherently amyloidogenic and consequently have been disfavored by evolutionary selection.
Human Genetic Diversity

Genetic diversity within and between human populations is being studied extensively. The results of these studies can be applied to questions about human evolutionary history, forensics and gene identification. Keywords: human evolution; population genetics; mutation; genetic distances
Estimation of additive, dominance and epistatic variance components using finite locus models implemented with a single-site Gibbs and a descent graph sampler

US Department of Agriculture's National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program (grant 96-35205-3662)
Semiconductor Chip Attachment with Small Bump Flip Chips

It has been reported that the ratio of the diameter to the height of a reflow soldered flip-chip pad should be less than 2:l [1], [2]. This geometry permits a ductile material to accept the strain caused by differences in thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and alumina. However, to deposit sufficient material on a semiconductor chip to achieve this geometry has usually meant chip pad redesign and the resulting costly mask changes. This paper describes methods of depositing SUfficient material on a thick film substrate to permit use of chips with reduced bump volume. Details in the paper describe the volume calculations and artwork design for deposition of solder creme by screen printing. Selection and deposition of a dielectric glaze material to limit the area Of solder wetting on the substrate pads in also described. The test vehicle used in the study is a simple 2-bit counter utilizing 14MECL gates. It was fabricated in multilayer format for comparison of operating parameters between eutectic back bonded and solder reflow face bonded chips.
Axis I diagnostic comorbidity and borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (PD) has been the most studied PD. Research has examined the relationship between borderline PD and most axis I diagnostic classes such as eating disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders. However, there is little information regarding the relationship of borderline PD and overall comorbidity with all classes of axis I disorders assessed simultaneously. In the present study, 409 patients were evaluated with semistructured diagnostic interviews for axis I and axis II disorders. Patients with a diagnosis of borderline PD versus those who did not receive the diagnosis were assigned significantly more current axis I diagnoses (3.4 v 2.0). Borderline PD patients were twice as likely to receive a diagnosis of three or more current axis I disorders (69.5% v 31.1%) and nearly four times as likely to have a diagnosis of four or more disorders 147.5% v 13.7%). In comparison to nonborderline PD patients, borderline PD patients more frequently received a diagnosis of current major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar I and II disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social and specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorder NOS, and any somatoform disorder. Similar results were observed for lifetime diagnoses. Overall, borderline PD patients were more likely to have multiple axis I disorders than nonborderline PD patients, and the differences between the two groups were present across mood, anxiety, substance use, eating, and somatoform disorder categories. These findings highlight the importance of performing thorough evaluations of axis I pathology in patients with borderline PD in order not to overlook syndromes that are potentially treatment-responsive.
On Several Composite Quadratic Lyapunov Functions for Switched Systems

Three types of composite quadratic Lyapunov funtions are used for deriving conditions of stabilization and for constructing switching laws for switched systems. The three types of functions are, the max of quadratics, the min of quadratics and the convex hull of quadratics. Directional derivatives of the Lyapunov functions are used for the charac-terization of convergence rate. Stability results are established with careful consideration of the existence of sliding mode and the convergence rate along the sliding mode. Dual stabilization result is established with respect to the pair of conjugate Lyapunov functions: the max of quadratics and the convex hull of quadratics. It is observed that the min of quadratics, which is nondifferentiable and nonconvex, may be a more convenient tool than the other two types of functions which are convex and/or differentiable.
Narrative as Inquiry

ABSTRACT The author suggests that all research is narrative. Resituating all research as narrative, as opposed to characterizing narrative as one particular form of inquiry, provides a critical space for rethinking research beyond current dualisms and bifurcations that create boundaries that limit the capacity for dialogue across diverse epistemologies. The contemporary bifurcation of research as either quantitative or qualitative, or as scientific or nonscientific, has resulted in a master narrative of research which assumes incommensurability across paradigms. The author weaves 3 questions through this research: (a) What is lost when narrative and science are constructed as opposing and incommensurable modes of inquiry? (b) How might scholars reconceptualize inquiry outside a binary framework that privileges science? and (c) In what ways can resituating all narrative as inquiry open spaces for dialogue across multiple epistemologies that is the heart of democratic inquiry? The author concludes by sugges...
AGGRESSIVE SHADOWING OF A LOW-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS

Abstract Predictions of the future state of the Earth’s atmosphere suffer from the consequences of chaos: numerical weather forecast models quickly diverge from observations as uncertainty in the initial state is amplified by nonlinearity. One measure of the utility of a forecast is its shadowing time , informally given by the period of time for which the forecast is a reasonable description of reality. The present work uses the Lorenz ’96 coupled system, a simplified nonlinear model of atmospheric dynamics, to extend a recently developed technique for lengthening the shadowing time of a dynamical system. Ensemble forecasting is used to make forecasts with and without inflation , a method whereby the ensemble is regularly expanded artificially along dimensions whose uncertainty is contracting. The first goal of this work is to compare model forecasts, with and without inflation, to a true trajectory created by integrating a modified version of the same model. The second goal is to establish whether inflation can increase the maximum shadowing time for a single optimal member of the ensemble. In the second experiment the true trajectory is known a priori, and only the closest ensemble members are retained at each time step, a technique known as stalking . Finally, a targeted inflation is introduced to both techniques to reduce the number of instances in which inflation occurs in directions likely to be incommensurate with the true trajectory. Results varied for inflation, with success dependent upon the experimental design parameters (e.g. size of state space, inflation amount). However, a more targeted inflation successfully reduced the number of forecast degradations without significantly reducing the number of forecast improvements. Utilized appropriately, inflation has the potential to improve predictions of the future state of atmospheric phenomena, as well as other physical systems.
Activation of MAP kinases, apoptosis and nutrigenomics of gene expression elicited by dietary cancer-prevention compounds.

Many dietary components have been shown to be potent cancerpreventive agents against chemically induced carcinogenesis models in animals. Many of these chemopreventive agents are promising because they are generally non-toxic substances that interfere with the process of cancer development or carcinogenesis. Although substantial progress has been made in the basic understanding of carcinogenesis, the identification of molecular and cellular targets for effective chemoprevention is lacking. Further, the cellular signal transduction events related to these molecular targets elicited by many of these agents are not well characterized. By using two classes of potential chemopreventive compounds, the phenolic compounds and the isothiocyanates (ITCs), we review the potential utility of two signaling events, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the caspase-apoptosis signaling pathways, in addition to the gene expression profile modulated by these agents in human cell lines and in animal models. The biological consequences of the modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, caspase pathway, and some other unidentified pathways might be important to predict the pharmacologic responses related to cell survival or apoptotic cell death and potential cytotoxic effect of these dietary cancer-chemopreventive compounds.
Indicated Preference for Drugs of Abuse

Experienced poly drug abusers (N = 190) were asked to indicate previous drugs used as well as drug preferences. The 11 most frequently used drugs were ranked according to percentage of subjects preferring each drug relative to reference compounds (marijuana, alcohol, amphetamine, and cocaine). A highly consistent ranking of drug preference was obtained across reference compounds. The mean ordinal ranking of drug preference was heroin (highest), amphetamine, alcohol, pentobarbital, secobarbital, marijuana, cocaine, codeine, diazepam, LSD, and hashish (lowest). The ranking of drugs by preference was unrelated to incidence of use or drug accessibility.
Examining the Influence of Perceived Discrimination during African American Adolescents' Early Years of High School.

Research has identified successful transitions from middle to high school as critical for students’ academic success. Identifying risks and protective factors associated with challenge or success in the early years of high school is crucial, especially for African American students who are disproportionately represented in the ranks of adolescents who underachieve in academics, receive school discipline sanctions, and drop out of high school. The present study examined risks associated with perceived discrimination and the protective function of school racial support and two aspects of African American adolescent identity (identification with academics and racial centrality). This study followed a sample of 46 low-achieving African American students through the first 2 years of high school. Findings showed that over and above the negative influence of discrimination and levels of ninth-grade classroom engagement, students’ identification with academics in the ninth grade was a strong predictor of tenth-grade classroom engagement. This finding points to the promise of identification with academics as a protective factor which could help adolescents reach their academic potential.