cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilot Actions during Traffic Situations in a Free-Flight Airspace Structure

One facet of the proposed restructuring of the National Airspace System currently generating much interest is called ‘Free Flight’. At the heart of the Free Flight system is an increased flexibility in pilot decision making and responsibility for the definition and maintenance of separation, of preferred routes and speeds, and the conduct of maneuvers in response to potential conflicts and other emergencies in the airspace. Here, we describe a simulation experiment where fifteen commercial pilots were presented with traffic conflict situations in the en route environment. Within the scenarios we manipulated density, type of conflict, and relative bearing of conflict aircraft. Pilots were required to navigate a simulated 757 aircraft to destination airport, avoiding all possible traffic conflicts. Their ability to maintain separation was the principle dependent measure. Results indicated that density and bearing did not appear to have any substantive effect on pilot response. However, overtaking conflicts ...
Cd8+ lymphocytes that kill allogeneic and xenogeneic major histocompatibility complex class I targets

Abstract CD8+ CTLs generated in a two-way MLR should lyse target cells only if these targets share a class I MHC allele with the original stimulators. Using cattle PBMCs in a two-way MLR, we generated CDS + CTLs that kill allogeneic and xenogeneic cell lines. We have named these cells MLK cells. PBMCs isolated from two unrelated animals were cultured together. After 14 days microfluorimetry analysis was performed on the MLK cells with results showing >90% CD8+ cells. RFLP analysis revealed these cells to be predominately of one animal. MLK cells were then used as effector cells in cytotoxicity assays with syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic target cells. MLK cells were able to kill all targets. Incubating MLK cells with mAbs to CD8 markedly reduced killing, suggesting a TCR-mediated cytolytic pathway. Effective cytolysis of these targets by MLK cells was dependent on class I expression. MHC class I expression-impaired mutants of allogeneic and xenogeneic tagets were not susceptible to cytolysis. Comparisons to LAK cells revealed similarities in phenotype and function to the NK1.1 — , CD8 + subset.
The seismic cycle in southern California: Precursor or response?

The seismicity rate (M ≥ 3.0) in southern California shows two cycles with periods of high activity (90 events/year), from 1945–1952 and 1969–1992, and lower activity (60–70 events /year) from 1952–1969 and 1992-present. Abrupt drops in the seismicity rate occur after the 1952 Kern County (M7.5) and the 1992 Landers (M7.3) earthquakes. The sudden increase in 1969 does not coincide with any major event but approximates the time needed to reaccumulate the seismic moment released in the 1952 earthquake. This temporal correlation with the preceding earthquake suggests that the seismic cycle (lower seismicity after a major earthquake and higher seismicity before the next major earthquake) should be interpreted as a response to the first earthquake rather than a precursor to the second. Southern California is now at a rate of seismicity as low as it experienced in the 1950s and 1960s.
Observations on comparative growth studies between a streptomycin-resistant and streptomycin-sensitive strain of Salmonella schottmuelleri.

Growth comparisons between a streptomycin-resistant and streptomycin-sensitive strain of Salmonella schottmuelleri is reported. The inability of the resistant strain to utilize ammonium citrate, ammonium succinate, l -asparagine, aspartic acid, and cystine as sole source of nitrogen stands in sharp contrast to the performance of the sensitive strain. The resistant strain failed to grow in a synthetic medium of mineral salts, glucose, and l -asparagine which, however, supported excellent growth of the sensitive strain. Regardless of the nature of the nutritional environments employed in this study, the resistant strain was never stimulated to a level of growth comparable to that of the sensitive strain. Apparently, the rate of utilization of glutamic acid and aspartic acid is the same for each strain, and the two strains produced alanine at approximately the same rate. In biochemical reactions the resistant strain demonstrated a response forty-eight to seventy-two hours later than the sensitive strain, and failed to produce gas from maltose or glucose in seventy-two hours. In contrast, the sensitive strain gave, in twenty-four hours, reactions comparable to a typical S. schottmuelleri .
trans-β-Nitrostyrene Derivatives as Slow-Binding Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases†

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosyl (pY) proteins to produce tyrosyl proteins and inorganic phosphate. Specific PTPs inhibitors provide useful tools for studying PTP function in signal transduction processes and potential treatment for human diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and cancer. In this work, trans-β-nitrostyrene (TBNS) and its derivatives are found to be slow-binding inhibitors against protein tyrosine phosphatases PTP1B, SHP-1, and Yop with moderate potencies (KI* = 1−10 μM). Competition experiments with a substrate (pNPP) and iodoacetate indicate that TBNS is active site-directed. The mechanism of inhibition was investigated by UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, 1H−13C heteronuclear single-quantum correlation NMR spectroscopy, and site-directed mutagenesis. These studies suggested a mechanism in which TBNS acts a pY mimetic and binds to the PTP active site to form an initial noncovalent E·I complex, followed by nucleophilic attack on the TBNS nitro...
Curricular and marketing responses to offshoring of information technology services

The phenomenon of offshore outsourcing of information technology services demands both curricular and marketing responses from providers of information technology education. The high level of skill possessed by offshore providers of information technology services at lower cost than domestic (American) providers compels a serious re-examination of the outcomes of contemporary information technology education. Expected (and already apparent) decline in enrollment in information technology education as a result of increased publicity of offshoring compels a marketing response that extols the virtues of an information technology education that positions its graduates to successfully compete in this increasingly competitive global environment. This paper motivates and describes curricular changes that would prepare future graduates of information technology educational programs with skill sets that take them "up the value ladder" of information technology practice. As well as suggesting what changes may be motivated by market and other factors, it is equally important to consider what changes might NOT be advised in view of current conditions. In any case, it is clear that setting priorities are more important than ever as we also face the prospects of tight resources with competing demands. Furthermore, this paper suggests marketing messages that could mitigate the damaging effect on information technology educational programs that both the media and political discourse are causing as "offshoring" enters the mainstream of media and politics. This paper is intended to frame the issues in order to motivate discussion.
Impedance Spectra of Fiber-Reinforced Cement-Based Composites: A Modeling Approach

The impedance response of conductive fiber-reinforced cement-based materials was investigated using model systems (physical simulations) consisting of conducting needles in aqueous solutions. Two discrete bulk arcs are observed in the Nyquist plots for fiber-reinforced samples, while only a single bulk arc was observed for samples without fibers. This difference is attributable to thin, resistive, and highly capacitive layers (e.g., oxide film or polarization/double layers) which reside on the surfaces of the conducting fibers. These layers fully insulate the fibers at low frequencies (near DC), so that the highly conducting fibers behave as if they were insulating fibers. At intermediate frequencies, these layers short out, so that the fibers act as highly conducting elements in the microstructure. Spreading resistance effects from the ends of the fibers play an important role in the high frequency behavior. Pixel-based computer modeling results are presented to rationalize both DC and high frequency behavior. Experimental and modeling results are used to develop an equivalent circuit model containing a frequency-switchable fiber coating element.
Effects of captopril therapy after late reperfusion on left ventricular remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction.

Abstract Reperfusion that is too late to salvage ischemic myocardium reduces early infarct expansion, and captopril therapy favorably alters long-term left ventricular remodeling. To study whether the beneficial effects of these two therapies are additive, we examined the effects of captopril therapy after late reperfusion on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. Female Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 67) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: group 1, sham surgery and no treatment; group 2, left coronary artery ligation and no treatment (myocardial infarction [r MI]; group 3, left coronary artery ligation, reperfusion 2 hours later, and no treatment (late reperfusion [LR]); and group 4, left coronary artery ligation, reperfusion 2 hours later, and captopril treatment (LR-Cap). Captopril therapy (2 gm/L of drinking water) was begun in the LR-Cap group in the immediate post-operative period and continued for 20 days. Twenty-one days postoperatively, hemodynamic measurements were made before and after volume loading. The rats were killed, their hearts were removed, and passive pressure-volume curves were obtained. The hearts were then fixed at a constant pressure for morphometric analysis. Compared with the MI group, the LR group had a lower expansion index and a higher thinning ratio. There were no differences in hemodynamics, left ventricular volumes, or other morphometric indexes between the two groups. Compared with the MI and LR groups, the LR-Cap group had lower peak left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, lower left ventricular volume, lower left and right ventricular weights, and a leftward shift of pressure-volume curves. There were no differences in the expansion index or the thinning ratio between the LR and LR-Cap groups. Thus captopril therapy after late reperfusion additionally improves hemodynamics, attenuates left ventricular cavity dilation, attenuates an increase in left and right ventricular weights, and alters the pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle.
Direct Correlation of Organic Semiconductor Film Structure to Field‐Effect Mobility

The use of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a non-destructive technique to quantify the simultaneous chemical conversion, molecular ordering, and defect formation of soluble oligothiophene precursor films intended for application in organic field-effect transistors is demonstrated on p. 2340 by De Longchamp and co-workers. Illustrated from left to right, with increasing temperature: (a) as-cast, the molecules are weakly oriented; (b) at the conversion onset, they become isotropic; (c) after full conversion, they are strongly oriented and exhibit maximum field-effect mobility; and (d) overheating reduces film coverage and decreases their orientation, thus lowering their performance.
A PSpice Model for the Study of Thermal Effects in Capacitive MEMS Accelerometers

Abstract An electrical equivalent circuit model is developed to study the thermal effects in capacitive MEMS accelerometer. The mechanical system of the MEMS is implemented as an analogous electrical system and analyzed under different temperature conditions in the range of 100K to 400K. The variation in elongation, spring constant, damping coefficient of the MEMS cantilever are incorporated in the model. The entire analysis is carried at a constant pressure of 30 Pa. The transient and frequency response is determined by simulating the equivalent circuit using PSpice ® circuit simulator.
Effect of amygdaloid kindling on dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain

Abstract A reduction in basal adenylate cyclase activity and a decreased response of this enzyme to dopamine stimulation occurred in various brain regions after the “kindling” of seizures by amygdaloid stimulation. Enzyme activity was determined by measuring the initial rate of cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in crude brain homogenates after the addition of adenosine triphosphate. The response of adenylate cyclase to dopamine was determined by measuring enzyme activity in the presence of 5 or 100 μ m dopamine.
Literature in pre‐Safavid Isfahan

The three main literary styles which follow each other consecutively are known as: Khurasani, cIraqi, and Hindi. The time spans of each style are equally flexible. Within these broad geographical divisions we then come across certain "literary schools" which reflect regional peculiarities and idiosyncrasies and are identified with smaller entities like provinces or towns. For example, there are: the Azerbayjani school, the Tabriz school, or the Shirvan school. This paper deals with literature in Isfahan in pre-Safavid times.
The economy needs agent-based modelling

The leaders of the world are flying the economy by the seat of their pants, say J. Doyne Farmer and Duncan Foley. There is, however, a better way to help guide financial policies.
Erosion of limestone building surfaces caused by wind-driven rain: 1. Field measurements

Abstract Complex patterns of discoloration are often seen on the surfaces of stone buildings in urban areas. These patterns reflect interactions between atmospheric pollutants, the surface layers of stone, and wind-driven rain that can erode the surface. This first paper in a two-paper series presents field measurements of wind-driven rain on a tall limestone building. The volume of driving rain on the building wall was measured at 16 locations over a 21-month period, and meteorological data were recorded for the same period. Analysis of data from 94 rain events suggests that wind-driven rain is strongly affected by rainfall intensity, wind speed, wind direction and measurement location. The five locations with driving rain volumes 4 l over this period are characterized by heavily soiled walls, while the two locations with driving rain volumes > 8 l are characterized by white, eroded walls. The remaining nine locations have driving rain volumes in the range 4– 8 l and varying amounts of soiling, with no clear relationship between these two variables. It is hypothesized that variation in raindrop momentum, which was not measured, is partially responsible for surface erosion and thus removal of soiling in this last category.
The use of an automated employment recruiting and screening system for temporary professional employees: A case study

Many human resource systems are presently being modified so they can be administered using various forms of computer technology. These technological advances are being driven primarily by strong demands from human resource professionals for enhancements in speed, effectiveness, and cost containment. This case study presents results obtained by an educational publisher from use of an automated recruiting and screening system. The system allowed for recruiting and the automated administration of professionally developed, job-related questions aimed at deciphering whether an applicant meets the job requirements. The analyses showed conservative savings due to reduced employee turnover, reduced staffing costs, and increased hiring-process efficiencies. These cumulative savings yielded a return on investment of 6.0 to 1, or a return of $6.00 for every $1.00 invested in the program. When these savings were adjusted to reflect increased hiring trends, more pronounced savings were evident. The current system coupled with the addition of planned enhancements should increase future hiring efficiency, employee quality, and resulting financial savings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of Score Dependability of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales Using Generalizability Analysis

To investigate the reliability of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales, this study applied generalizability analysis with two college student samples who completed the scales at two time points. The results indicated that the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale had acceptable levels of score dependability, but that the score dependability for the other scales (the Physical Anhedonia Scale, the Perceptual Aberration Scale, and the Magical Ideation Scale) was below an acceptable level of .80. The patterns of variance components suggested that the scales’ items need improvement. Researchers can use the included tables to choose the number of items and occasions needed to get dependable score interpretations.
Variational Approach to Deviations from Ohm's Law

In a perturbation framework, Kohler's variational method has been extended to obtain deviations from Ohm's law for a nondegenerate electron gas. Solution for the distribution function reduces to solving sets of linear algebraic equations. It is shown that, to second order in the field strength, the "popular" Maxwellian distribution (with a new temperature) is only a first-order variational solution. The method becomes extremely simple if the diffusion approximation is introduced and a relaxation time can be defined. Under these conditions, the second-order term in the mobility is expressed as the ratio of two infinite determinants using the usual representation, in which the unknown function is expressed as an energy polynomial. This ratio can be expressed by an infinite series.
High-power femtosecond chirped pulse excitation of molecules in solution

Abstract The effects of varying the chirp and intensity of an ultrashort pulse exciting the molecules LD690 and LDS750 in room temperature liquid solutions are investigated experimentally and theoretically. For low-power excitation, we find that the absorption and amount of excited state population are independent of chirp, while for high-power excitation we observe a strong chirp dependence. The high-power data results from an intra-pulse pump-dump process which is enhanced by negatively chirped pulses and prevented by positively chirped pulses.
Directional Neurite Outgrowth Is Enhanced by Engineered Meningeal Cell-Coated Substrates

After injury to the CNS, the anatomical organization of the tissue is disrupted, posing a barrier to the regeneration of axons. Meningeal cells, a central participant in the CNS tissue response to injury, migrate into the core of the wound site in an unorganized fashion and deposit a disorganized extracellular matrix (ECM) that produces a nonpermissive environment. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that the presentation of nanometer-scale topographic cues to these cells influences their morphological, cytoskeletal, and secreted ECM alignment. In the present study, we provided similar environmental cues to meningeal cells and examined the ability of the composite construct to influence dorsal root ganglion regeneration in vitro. When grown on control surfaces of meningeal cells lacking underlying topographic cues, there was no bias in neurite outgrowth. In contrast, when grown on monolayers of meningeal cells with underlying nanometer-scale topography, neurite outgrowth length was greater and was directed parallel to the underlying surface topography even though there exists an intervening meningeal cell layer. The observed outgrowth was significantly longer than on laminin-coated surfaces, which are considered to be the optimal substrata for promoting outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture. These results suggest that the nanometer-level surface finish of an implanted biomaterial may be used to organize the encapsulation tissue that accompanies the implantation of materials into the CNS. It furthermore suggests a simple approach for improving bridging materials for repair of nerve tracts or for affecting cellular organization at a device-tissue interface.
Effects of fictional media depictions of realistic threats on children's emotional responses, expectations, worries, and liking for related activities

An experiment was conducted to assess whether exposure to fictional depictions of realistic life‐threatening events (e.g., fires, drownings) affects children's risk‐related assessments that have the potential to influence longer‐term responses. Kindergarten through fifth‐grade children were exposed to dramatic versions of a housefire or a drowning or to control programs depicting benign scenes involving fire or water. The threatening scenes induced more fear and more negative affect in general than their neutral counterparts. In addition, children exposed to a particular threat subsequently rated similar events (related threats) as more likely to occur in their own lives, considered the potential consequences to be more severe, and reported more worry about such happenings than subjects exposed to neutral depictions. Moreover, liking for activities closely related to the observed threats was reduced. Responses regarding the unrelated threat (i.e., fire danger if exposed to the dramatized drowning or water...
“Says Who?!” how the Source of Price Information and Affect Influence Perceived Price (Un)fairness:

Abstract Three experiments show that the source of price change information—whether human or nonhuman—moderates the effect of price change on perceptions of price fairness. Both inferences of the marketer's motive and stimulus-induced affect mediate the effects of the source and price change. Opportunity and motivation to process also affect the relative influence of inferred motive and affect. This research demonstrates antecedent roles of both price source and affect.
Occult metastasis from occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

A patient underwent a total thyroidectomy after the incidental discovery of normal appearing thyroid tissue in a scalene lymph node. When the thyroid was examined by a subserial technique, which provided a section for examination at every 50μ, a minute primary carcinoma measuring 0.2 × 0.3 × 0.6 mm was found. A postoperative 131I scan of the neck revealed residual radioactivity in the neck, some of which may be neoplastic. A primary thyroid carcinoma should be considered as the source of thyroid follicles in a cervical lymph node unless serial sectioning of the entire thyroid fails to reveal the primary carcinoma. In none of the reported cases of so-called “benign inclusions” of thyroid in cervical lymph nodes has the histologic examination been adequate to rule out a focus of carcinoma as small as the one noted in the present case. The authors know of no other case of thyroid cancer with metastasis in which the primary lesion was smaller than in the present case.
An information-theoretic measure for document similarity

Recent work has demonstrated that the assessment of pairwise object similarity can be approached in an axiomatic manner using information theory. We extend this concept specifically to document similarity and test the effectiveness of an information-theoretic measure for pairwise document similarity. We adapt query retrieval to rate the quality of document similarity measures and demonstrate that our proposed information-theoretic measure for document similarity yields statistically significant improvements over other popular measures of similarity.
The Effect of Doing Good: An Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intention∗

Corporate social responsibility initiatives identified by Kotler and Lee (2005) were tested using Fishbein and Ajzen's (2005) theory of reasoned action to determine their influence on individuals' beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intention toward an organization and its products. Results indicate that CSR initiatives influence salient beliefs about an organization; however, they do not influence attitudes and behavioral intentions toward an organization directly. Support is shown for the propositions of the theory of reasoned action.
The Strategic Use of Public Policy: Business Support for the 1906 Food and Drug Act

The 1906 Food and Drug Act is widely believed to be an early example of federal legislation designed entirely to protect consumers. Professor Wood shows that in fact many Progressive Era food and drug manufacturers had substantial interests in achieving passage of such a law and that they worked actively toward this end. In particular, the desire of businesspeople to secure advantage over domestic competitors and to expand markets to interstate and foreign commerce played a significant role in businesses' support for federal food and drug regulations. The article shows that the strategic use of public policy by business—a relatively recent development in theories of business-government relations—is by no means a new development in practice.
Relative and absolute goblet cell numbers in intestinal crypts following irradiation or actinomycin D

Les modifications apparaissant dans les cellules caliciformes de l'ileum des souris apres irradiation ou l'administration d'actinomycine D sont en premier lieu la repercussion des changements survenus dans la zone de proliferation.
An Interactive Method of Characteristics Java Applet to Design and Analyze Supersonic Aircraft Nozzles

The Method of Characteristics (MOC) is a classic technique for designing supersonic nozzles. An interactive computer program using MOC has been developed to allow engineers to design and analyze supersonic nozzle flow fields. The program calculates the internal flow for many classic designs, such as a supersonic wind tunnel nozzle, an ideal 2D or axisymmetric nozzle, or a variety of plug nozzles. The program also calculates the plume flow produced by the nozzle and the external flow leading to the nozzle exit. The program can be used to assess the interactions between the internal, external and plume flows. By proper design and operation of the nozzle, it may be possible to lessen the strength of the sonic boom produced at the rear of supersonic aircraft. The program can also calculate non-ideal nozzles, such as simple cone flows, to determine flow divergence and nonuniformities at the exit, and its effect on the plume shape. The computer program is written in Java and is provided as free-ware from the NASA Glenn central software server.
Catalytic Behavior of Graphite Nanofiber Supported Nickel Particles. 2. The Influence of the Nanofiber Structure

The hydrogenation of ethylene, 1-butene, and 1,3-butadiene has been used as a probe reaction in an attempt to monitor any possible changes in catalytic behavior induced by supporting nickel on diff...
Antioxidant protection and neurodegenerative disease: The role of amyloid-β and tau

In Alzheimer s disease (AD), the major components of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-β and tau, respectively, are thought by many to play a key role in disease initiation and progression. However, herein we propose that rather than being initiators of disease pathogenesis, the lesions that characterize AD, senile plaques and neurofibrillary pathology, occur consequent to oxidative stress and, importantly, function as a primary line of antioxidant defense. Importantly, this paradigm shift in thinking about the role of lesions in disease also provides an explanation for the appearance of both amyloid-β and tau in control individuals given the increased levels of oxidative stress associated with the aged brain. In AD, oxidative stress is not only high but chronic and is superimposed upon an age-related vulnerable environment. Therefore, one would predict, successfully, an increased lesion load in patients with AD above and beyond that seen in normal aging. The notion that amyloid-β and ta...
The basis for EDTA-stimulation of methemoglobin reduction in hemolysates of human erythrocytes.

Abstract We have studied the stimulation by EDTA of methemoglobin reduction in hemolysates of human erythrocytes. The EDTA effect has been shown not to be the result of an allosteric interaction of EDTA with hemoglobin or the result of a photochemical reduction. The effect does not appear to be due to a direct interaction of free EDTA with either of the catalytic components of the erythrocyte methemoglobin reduction system. The EDTA stimulation seen in hemolysates is due to the formation of an iron-EDTA complex, which transfers electrons from the reductase to methemoglobin.
Insulation of a Sierra Stream by Snow Cover

without further attention except occasional addition of water. When the aquarium was finally cleaned to be used for another purpose, I made a thorough search through the bottom debris for shells of limpets living in it during the unattended period and found a variety of abnormal, stunted, and distorted shells. Many of these shells show unusual shapes, variation in thickness, and evidence of starts and stops in growth. Since this result was not anticipated, no attempt had been made to determine physical or chemical properties of the water while the aquarium was being maintained. As part of a taxonomic study on North American freshwater limpets, I have recently examined thousands of shells from hundreds of localities, both from museums and my own field collections, and have never seen a natural population exhibiting such gross abnormalities. The distorted shells (Fig. 1) presumably developed in a highly unfavorable environment and reflect the metabolic stress encountered by the snails. The shells also indicate a plasticity which may suggest that the precise shape in any one individual or population represents a local compromise between genetic potential and environmental influences and that minor variations are to be expected in populations of the same species occupying different habitats. Hence, species names based upon such minor variation should be viewed with some suspicion.
Probing the beta-chain hole of fibrinogen with synthetic peptides that differ at their amino termini

In a recent report, we showed that alanine can replace glycine at the amino terminus of synthetic B-knobs that bind to human fibrin(ogen). We now report a survey of 13 synthetic peptides with the general sequence XHRPYam, all tested with regard to their ability to delay fibrinolysis in an in vitro system activated by t-PA, the results being used as measures of binding affinity to the betaC hole. Unexpectedly, some large and bulky amino acids, including methionine and arginine, are effective binders. Amino acids that branch at the beta carbon (valine, isoleucine, and threonine) do not bind effectively. Crystal structures were determined for two of the peptides (GHRPYam and MHRPYam) complexed with fibrin fragment D-dimer; the modeling of various other side chains showed clashing in the cases of beta-carbon substituents. The two crystal structures also showed that the enhanced binding observed with pentapeptides with carboxyl-terminal tyrosine, compared with that of their tetrapeptide equivalents, is attributable to an interaction between the tyrosine side chain and a guanidino group of a nearby arginine (beta406). The equivalent position in gamma-chains of human fibrin(ogen) is occupied by a lysine (gamma338), but in chicken and lamprey fibrin(ogen), it is an arginine, just as occurs in beta chains. Accordingly, the peptides GPRPam and GPRPYam, which are surrogate A-knobs, were tested for their influence on fibrin polymerization with fibrinogen from lamprey and humans. In lampreys, GPRPYam is a significantly better inhibitor, but in humans, it is less effective than GPRPam, indicating that in the lamprey system the same tyrosine-arginine interaction can also occur in the gamma-chain setting.
Obtaining maxillomandibular records and definitive impressions in a single visit for a completely edentulous patient with a history of combination syndrome

Any attempt to reduce the number of dental visits for the fabrication of complete dentures is appreciated by both the dentist and the patient. This article illustrates clinical and laboratory procedures for making a 2-stage definitive impression combined with the recording of maxillomandibular relations in the same visit for a completely edentulous patient with maxillary anterior mobile soft tissues.
Clock Gating and Negative Edge Triggering for Energy Recovery Clock

Energy recovery clocking has been demonstrated as an effective method for reducing the clock power. In this method the conventional square wave clock signal is replaced by a sinusoidal clock generated by a resonant circuit. Such a modification in clock signal prevents application of existing clock gating solutions. In this paper, we propose a clock gating solution for energy recovery clocking by gating the flip-flops. Applying our clock gating to the energy recovery clocked flip-flops reduces their power by 1000times in the idle mode with negligible power and delay overhead in the active mode. Applying the proposed clock gating technique to a system of 1000 flip-flops with idle mode probability and data switching activity of 50%, reduces the total power by 47%. We also propose a negative edge triggering solution for the energy recovery clocked flip-flops.
The Density of State Interest Group Systems

As part of a larger effort to develop an independent system-level theory of interest groups, we explore the relationship between the system-level trait of interest group density and economic size. Models of state interest group density are developed and tested with data from the early 1980s. Based on these findings, the relationship between density and size can be described as negative, heteroskedastic, and curvilinear. Contrary to conventional wisdom, density of the interest group system does not increase with economic complexity and size.
The Influence of PTSD, Sleep Fears, and Neighborhood Stress on Insomnia and Short Sleep Duration in Urban, Young Adult, African Americans

African Americans residing in stressful urban environments have high rates of insomnia and short sleep duration, both of which are associated with adverse health outcomes. However, limited data exist that explore factors influencing inadequate sleep in this high-risk population. This study sought to evaluate the contributions of demographics, trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, sleep fears, and neighborhood stress to both insomnia and short sleep in urban African American young adults. Data were analyzed from self-report measures completed by 378 participants 18-35 years of age. PTSD symptom severity and sleep fears were independently associated with insomnia severity, and sleep fears was associated with sleep duration. Results have implications for preventative health intervention strategies for urban African American young adults.
The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics: Explanation, Prediction, and Test

Abstract When the concept of homology is operationalized with synapomorphy and tested with character congruence, homology and homoplasy are treated as a complement relation, a and not- a , respectively. This leaves homoplasy to be defined nominally, something like operational "error" in the inference of homology. In choosing the most severely tested and least disconfirmed cladogram, those errors are minimized, and the power of that cladogram to explain synapomorphies, as inherited from the same common ancestral condition, is correspondingly maximized. Tests of predictions of homoplasy can lead to the elimination of those kinds of error. The complementary relationship between homology and homoplasy is considered one of reciprocal clarification, not epistemological dependence.
The negative bias temperature instability vs. high-field stress paradigm

A new and more accurate fast-I D V G measurement methodology is utilized to examine the transient degradation and recovery associated with the negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI). The results reveal that the anomalously large initial degradations reported in the recent literature are actually due to high-field stress acceleration and are not representative of low-field NBTI phenomena. Our observations at these higher fields reveal the presence of an, as yet unaccounted for, electron trapping/de-trapping component. The electron trapping is a signature of high-field stress degradation. While this high-field stress acceleration is unavoidable, care must be taken to account for this component in NBTI analysis. Collectively, our observations indicate that this high-field stress component is present and unaccounted for in a large portion of the recent NBTI literature.
Afferent modulation of neonatal rat respiratory rhythm in vitro: cellular and synaptic mechanisms

In mammals, expiration is lengthened by mid-expiratory lung inflation (Breuer-Hering Expiratory reflex; BHE). The central pathway mediating the BHE is paucisynaptic, converging on neurones in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. An in vitro neonatal rat brainstem–lung preparation in which mid-expiratory inflation lengthens expiration was used to study afferent modulation of respiratory neurone activity. Recordings were made from respiratory neurones in or near the pre-Botzinger Complex (preBotC). Respiratory neurone membrane properties and BHE-induced changes in activity were characterized. Our findings suggest the following mechanisms for the BHE: (i) lung afferent signals strongly excite biphasic neurones that convey these signals to respiratory neurones in ventrolateral medulla; (ii) expiratory lengthening is mediated by inhibition of rhythmogenic and (pre)motoneuronal networks; and (iii) pre-inspiratory (Pre-I) neurones, some of which project to abdominal expiratory motoneurones, are excited during the BHE. These findings are qualitatively similar to studies of the BHE in vivo. Where there are differences, they can largely be accounted for by developmental changes and experimental conditions.
Issues of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Caregiving Research A 20-Year Review (1980–2000)

Purpose: The goals of this review are to synthesize what is known about caregiving among diverse groups and to identify gaps in knowledge to guide future research on caregiving. The review focuses on conceptual and theoretical approaches, sampling strategies, measurement techniques, and similarities and differences found among groups and across studies. Design and Methods: A narrative approach was used to review 59 articles published between 1980 and 2000, with particular attention to race, ethnicity, and/or culture. Primary sources of relevant articles included electronic databases, other review articles, and reference lists. Results: Caregiving experiences and outcomes varied across racial and ethnic groups. However, the use of nontheoretical approaches, nonprobability samples, and inconsistent measures among studies has limited understanding of caregiving among diverse populations. Implications: It is important that conceptualization and theorizing broaden with increasing numbers of studies that include diverse groups. Future caregiving research needs to give more attention to such issues as acculturation, assimilation, and cultural values, beliefs, and norms, while also improving theoretical and methodological rigor.
English and French national identity: comparisons and contrasts*

. The English and the French are both former imperial peoples, and to that extent they share certain features of national identity common to peoples who have had empires. That includes a ‘missionary’ sense of themselves, a feeling that they have, or have had, a purpose in the world wider than the concerns of non-imperial nations. I argue that nevertheless the English and the French have diverged substantially in their self-conceptions. This I put down to a differing experience of empire, the sense especially among the French that the British were more successful in their imperial ventures. I also argue that contrasting domestic histories – evolutionary in the English case, revolutionary in that of the French – have also significantly coloured national identities in the two countries. These factors taken together, I argue, have produced a more intense sense of nationhood and a stronger national consciousness among the French than among the English.
PINNIPED POPULATION DYNAMICS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA: CORRELATIONS WITH SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND UPWELLING INDICES

We investigated effects of marine climate variability on pinniped populations and assessed the initial stages of recovery following implementation of the U. S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) based on long-term (1973-1997) population surveys at the South Farallon Islands and Point Reyes Peninsula, central California. California sea lions increased over the study period, with peak numbers observed during and after major El Nino events. The rate of increase for California sea lions appears to have decreased in recent years. Steller sea lions decreased at the South Farallon Islands and remain depleted at Point Reyes Peninsula. Harbor seal populations increased in a logistic and non-linear fashion at Point Reyes Peninsula and the South Farallon Islands, respectively. Harbor seals were more abundant at the South Farallon Islands during years of relatively high sea-surface temperature, which may be related to their inability to find sufficient prey in coastal waters under these conditions. Northern elephant seal abundance increased in a logistic fashion over the study period at both the South Farallon Islands and Point Reyes Peninsula; however, productivity at the South Farallon Islands decreased in recent years. Maximum haulout numbers for elephant seals at the South Farallon Islands increased in the 1970s, maintained an asymptote throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, but recently declined; additional studies are needed to investigate which age classes are associated with this decline. Protection afforded by the MMPA has facilitated partial to full recovery of all populations except for Steller sea lion. Oceanographic relationships do not appear to confound interpretations of population recovery and may help to explain changes in the Steller sea lion population.
Predicting the effect of proteolysis on ruminal crude protein degradation of legume and grass silages using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

Abstract Two studies were conducted to assess whether routine applications of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy could predict the effects of silage proteolysis on ruminal crude protein (CP) degradation of legume and grass silages. A preliminary study was conducted to assess the effect of laboratory drying method on ruminal CP degradation of silages. Thirty legume and grass silages were freeze-, oven-, or microwave-dried and incubated in situ in the ventral rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows for 24h. Freeze-drying was considered least likely to alter ruminal CP degradation of the silages; therefore, oven- and microwave-drying were compared using first-order regression with freeze-drying. Oven-drying for 48h at 55°C compared favorably (R 2 =0.84) with freeze-drying. Microwave-drying resulted in a large bias (2.84g/10 –1 kg of CP) and was poorly related (R 2 =0.48) to freeze-drying. In a second study, alfalfa and timothy were cut at three maturities and allowed to wilt for 0, 10, 24, 32, 48, and 54h. Forages were ensiled in triplicate cylindrical mini silos and allowed to ferment for 120 d. After fermentation, silages were oven-dried, ground, and scanned on a near-infrared reflectance spectrophotometer. Duplicate, dried, 2-mm ground silage samples were incubated in the ventral rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows for 24h. Forage species, maturity, and wilting time significantly affected 24-h ruminal CP degradation of the silages. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy accurately predicted (R 2 =0.91) 24-h ruminal CP degradation of silages. Data suggest near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy can accurately assess the effects of forage species, maturity, and wilting time (proteolysis) on 24-h ruminal CP degradation of legume and grass silages.
Information sources and state legislators: Decision‐making and dependency

In this innovative study, state legislators' dependence on various mass media and interpersonal sources for information about their constituents is examined revealing a relatively stable use of mass communication sources and a somewhat surprising role for radio.
The glutamine cyclotransferase reaction of Streptococcus bovis: A novel mechanism of deriving energy from non-oxidative and non-reductive deamination

Streptococcus bovis deaminated glutamine by a mechanism that did not involve glutaminase. Since pyroglutamate and ammonia were the only end-products, it appeared that glutamine deamination was catalyzed by a cyclotransferase reaction. Stationary S. bovis cells had essentially no intracellular ATP or membrane potential (ΔΨ), however, when they were provided with glutamine, intracellular ATP and ΔΨ increased to 0.52 mM and 158 mV, respectively. When glutamine-energized cells were treated with N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD, 150 μM), there was an even greater increase in intracellular ATP (> 5-fold) and the ΔΨ was dissipated. Because toluene-treated cells produced ATP from ADP and Pi, it did not appear that the cell membrane was directly involved in glutamine-dependent ATP generation. The rate of ammonia production was directly proportional to the glutamine concentration, but the stoichiometry of ATP to ammonia was always 1 to 1. Based on these results, it appeared that glutamine was deaminated by glutamine cyclotransferase which was coupled to ATP formation. The membrane bound ATPase then used the ATP to create a ΔΨ.
Performance estimates of a helium-based thermoacoustic-Stirling chiller

This paper outlines the design, performance predictions and value proposition for a novel thermoacoustic-Stirling chiller called Trillium. Trillium, with an overall coefficient-of-performance of 1.4 at a load temperature of 30 C will be competitive in the total cost of ownership with the established vapor-compression technology for commercial refrigeration applications such as grocery store cooling. These customers are typically not as first cost sensitive as retail consumers and are subject to increasing regulatory pressure on the use of refrigerants with high global warming potential, which creates an opportunity for alternatives such as thermoacoustic-Stirling with a low total environmental warming impact. Copyright , Oxford University Press.