cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Quantitative Dendrite Growth Model and Analysis of Stability Concepts

While a number of cellular automaton (CA) based models for dendrite growth have been proposed, none so far have been validated, casting doubt on their quantitative capabilities. All these models are mesh dependent and cannot correctly describe the influence of crystallographic orientation on growth morphology. In this work, we present an improved version of our previously developed CA based model for dendrite growth controlled by solutal effects in the low Peclet number regime. The model solves the solute and heat conservation equations subject to the boundary conditions at the interface, which is tracked with a new virtual front tracking method. It contains an expression equivalent to the stability constant required in analytical models, termed stability parameter, which is not a constant. The process determines its value, changing with time and angular position during dendrite formation. The article proposes solutions for the evaluation of local curvature, solid fraction, trapping rules, and anisotropy of the mesh, which eliminates the mesh dependency of calculations. Several tests were performed to demonstrate the mesh independence of the calculations using Fe-0.6 wt pct C and Al-4 wt pct Cu alloys. Computation results were validated in three ways. First, the simulated secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was compared with literature values for an Al-4.5 wt pct Cu alloy. Second, the predictions of the classic Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz (LGK) analytical model for steady-state tip variables, such as velocity, radius, and composition, were compared with simulated values as a function of melt undercooling for Al-4 wt pct Cu alloy. In this validation, it was found that the stability parameter approaches the experimentally and theoretically determined value of 0.02 of the stability constant. Finally, simulated results for succinonitrile-0.29 wt pct acetone (SCN-0.29 wt pct Ac) alloy are compared with experimental data. Model calculations were found to be in very good agreement with both the analytical model and the experimental data. The model is used to simulate equiaxed and columnar growth of Fe-0.6 wt pct C and Al-4 wt pct Cu alloys offering insight into microstructure formation under these conditions.
( p , d ) Pick-Up Deuteron Measurements at 95 Mev

Measurements in some detail have been made on carbon and beryllium, and a few measurements on other elements. On the Born approximation, the results can be analyzed to give the momentum distribution of the picked-up neutron, and consequently some information about its wave function. The probable validity of this approximation at 100 Mev is examined, and seems reasonably good. The experimental results for carbon and for the pickup of a "tightly-bound" neutron from beryllium show strong high-momentum components indicating that the nuclear wave function is not strictly of independent-particle nature but that strong two-body interactions are operative inside the nucleus. There is also some indication of alpha-particle substructure in C and Be.
Quality of clinical studies in aesthetic surgery journals: a 10-year review.

Background Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has earned increasing attention in all fields of medicine. However, the implementation of EBM is not yet universal, especially in surgery and its subspecialties. A critical assessment of the quality of scientific evidence in the aesthetic surgery literature is needed to promote the practice of EBM. Objective This study seeks to evaluate the research designs of aesthetic surgery studies published in 3 leading plastic surgery journals during the past 10 years. Methods All studies published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Annals of Plastic Surgery, and Aesthetic Surgery Journal between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2007 were reviewed. Articles pertaining to aesthetic surgery were tabulated according to their study design into the following groups: randomized, controlled trials; prospective cohort studies; retrospective cohort studies; and “others” (case series, case reports, expert opinions, and noncritical reviews). Results Of the 1419 manuscripts included in the study, 45 papers (3.2%) were classified as randomized controlled trials. Sixty studies (4.2%) were prospective cohort studies. Ninety papers (6.3%) were retrospective cohort studies. The remaining 1224 articles (86.3%) were case series, case reports, reviews, or expert opinions. The percentage of research representing levels 1 and 2 evidence increased from the first to the second half of the decade (from 10.1% to 16.8%). Conclusions Aesthetic surgery literature is inundated with uncontrolled case series, case reports, and expert opinions. Continued efforts are needed to provide scientifically rigorous data on which to base clinical practice in aesthetic surgery. ( Aesthetic Surg J 2009;29:144–149. )
Blind Interference Alignment

The main contribution of this paper is the insight that the transmitters' knowledge of channel coherence intervals alone (without any knowledge of the values of channel coefficients) can be surprisingly useful in a multiuser setting, illustrated by the idea of blind interference alignment that is introduced in this work. Specifically, we explore five network communication problems where the possibility of interference alignment, and consequently the total number of degrees of freedom (DoF) with channel uncertainty at the transmitters, are unknown. These problems share the common property that in each case the best known outer bounds are essentially robust to channel uncertainty and represent the outcome with interference alignment, but the best inner bounds-in some cases conjectured to be optimal-predict a total collapse of DoF, thus indicating the infeasibility of interference alignment under channel uncertainty at transmitters. For each of these settings we show that even with no knowledge of channel coefficient values at the transmitters, under certain heterogeneous block fading models, i.e., when certain users experience smaller coherence time/bandwidth than others, blind interference alignment can be achieved. In each case we also establish the DoF optimality of the blind interference alignment scheme.
Flow of a bingham fluid in a slightly curved tube

Abstract The steady laminar flow of a Bingham fluid in a curved tube of circular cross-section has been analysed in the high Dean number region by using boundary layer approximations. The flow domain has been considered to be consisting of a central plug core formation region surrounded by a viscous dominated boundary layer region near the wall. The momentum integral approach has been used which reduces the governing equations to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations have been solved by a Runge-Kutta Merson technique followed by an iterative procedure. The influence of yield number on the velocity distribution and frictional resistance in the high Dean number region have been studied and the results have been compared with Casson fluid possessing the same yield value.
Classification of ultrasonic B mode images of the breast using frequency diversity and Nakagami statistics

The parameters of the Nakagami distribution have been utilized in the past to classify lesions in breast tissue as benign or malignant. To avoid the effect of operator-gain settings on the parameters of the Nakagami distribution, normalized parameters were utilized for the classification. The normalized parameter was defined as the ratio of the parameter at the site of the lesion to its average value over several regions away from the site. This technique, however, was very time consuming. In this paper, the application of frequency diversity and compounding is explored to achieve this normalization. Lesions are classified using these normalized parameters at the site. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the parameters of the Nakagami distribution has been conducted before and after compounding on a data set of 60 benign and 65 malignant lesions. The ROC results indicate that this technique can reasonably classify lesions in breast tissue as benign or malignant.
In Vivo Kinematics of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint During Three Isometric Functional Tasks

Background The thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is often affected by osteoarthritis—a mechanically mediated disease. Pathomechanics of the CMC joint, however, are not thoroughly understood due to a paucity of in vivo data.
Errors in Data Transmission Systems

The aims and methods of a program of work being conducted at the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in data-transmission research are discussed. The work, which has been concentrated primarily on telephone circuits of a type generally available, is aimed at a better understanding of these transmission media. Machines for the measurement of error and error distributions occurring in data-transmission channels and machines for recording impulsive-type noise on telephone circuits are described. Some results from both types of measurement are presented. One of the most significant results of this program has been the demonstration that errors occur on telephone circuits in bursts. Among the major sources of errors on telephone circuits is the burst of additive noise. With the machine described above, some success has been achieved in classifying several of the types of burst which occur and in deducing their probable causes.
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of the murine alveolar macrophage-derived cell line MH-S

We have previously reported that MH-S, an established murine alveolar macrophage-derived cell line, mediated profound inhibition of in vitro antibody production, as did their freshly isolated alveolar macrophage (AM) counterparts. In this communication we show that like freshly recovered AMs, the MH-S cell line also displays phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Sorting of parental MH-S cells by flow cytometry based on reactivity with anti-Mac-1 antibody yielded two subsets. Further analysis by staining with monoclonal antibodies against well-characterized murine macrophage cell surface markers revealed that both Mac-1+ and Mac-1- subsets expressed the mature murine macrophage antigen (F4/80) and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules, but with different intensity. In contrast, the two subsets stained equivalently with antibody against the Fc gamma II receptor, whereas neither subset stained with anti-CD4 antibody. Examination by light microscopy revealed plemorphism in the Mac-1+ population with many of the cells appearing spindle shaped and having elongated processes, whereas a majority of the cells in the Mac-1- population were spherical in shape. Functionally, cells from the Mac-1+ population were less inhibitory of in vitro antibody production and produced significantly more nitric oxide in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide than were cells in the Mac-1- population. Essentially similar results were obtained using cloned Mac-1+ and Mac-1- MH-S cells. The finding of heterogeneity in an established cell line that displays functions similar to those of freshly recovered AMs suggests that distinct subsets of AMs may be involved in the pathogenesis of disease processes in the lung.
Arsenic: a potentially useful poison for Hedgehog-driven cancers

Dysregulated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in a growing number of human cancers. To date, most antagonists of this signaling pathway that have been developed target the Hh receptor Smoothened. However, these are predicted to have minimal effect when the pathway is activated as a result of dysregulation downstream of this receptor. In this issue of the JCI, Beauchamp and colleagues provide preclinical evidence that arsenic trioxide, a drug FDA approved for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, inhibits the growth of Ewing sarcoma and medulloblastoma cells by targeting GLI family zinc finger (GLI) proteins, which are Hh signaling pathway components downstream of Smoothened.
Markov random fields on graphs for natural languages

The use of model-based methods for data compression for English dates back at least to Shannon's Markov chain (n-gram) models, where the probability of the next word given all previous words equals the probability of the next word given the previous n-1 words. A second approach seeks to model the hierarchical nature of language via tree graph structures arising from a context-free language (CFL). Neither the n-gram nor the CFL models approach the data compression predicted by the entropy of English as estimated by Shannon and Cover and King. This paper presents two models that incorporate the benefits of both the n-gram model and the tree-based models. In either case the neighborhood structure on the syntactic variables is determined by the tree while the neighborhood structure of the words is determined by the n-gram and the parent syntactic variable (preterminal) in the tree, Having both types of neighbors for the words should yield decreased entropy of the model and hence fewer bits per word in data compression. To motivate estimation of model parameters, some results in estimating parameters for random branching processes is reviewed.
Enhancement of sleep stability with Tai Chi exercise in chronic heart failure: preliminary findings using an ECG-based spectrogram method.

Objective To assess the effects of a 12-week Tai Chi exercise program on sleep using the sleep spectrogram, a method based on a single channel electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived estimation of cardiopulmonary coupling, previously shown to identify stable and unstable sleep states.
The Effects of Positive and Negative Support From Children on Widowed Older Adults’ Psychological Adjustment: A Longitudinal Analysis

Although widowhood is an extremely stressful life event (M. S. Stroebe, Hansson, Stroebe, & Schut, 2001), clinical studies note significant variations among widowed individuals in their capacity to cope with the distress of widowhood. Although most people recover from major depression within 1 year after losing a spouse, some people experience prolonged depressive and grief symptoms over an extended period (Beem, Maes, Cleiren, Schut, & Garssen, 2000; Onrust & Cuijpers, 2006). In search of a social mechanism that explains this variation, many studies have examined the role of social support in adaptation to widowhood (Norris & Murrell, 1990; Silverstein & Bengtson, 1994; W. Stroebe, Stroebe, Abakoumkin, & Schut, 1996; W. Stroebe, Zech, & Stroebe, 2005; van Baarsen, 2002). In particular, much research has investigated whether preexisting social support protects (i.e., buffers) one from experiencing severe psychological outcomes upon spousal loss (Norris & Murrell; W. Stroebe et al., 1996) and whether social support accelerates recovery from distress (W. Stroebe et al., 2005). However, few studies have explored how changes in social relationships following widowhood, especially in terms of negative social interactions, influence widowed persons’ psychological adjustment. The purpose of this article was to examine the extent to which widowed older adults’ positive and negative support from adult children influence their coping with depressive and grief-related symptoms (i.e., anxiety and anger) over the course of bereavement. Particular attention is given to two important issues that are not sufficiently addressed in the previous literature: (a) longitudinal effects of positive and negative support and (b) implications of changes in positive and negative support following widowhood. In the following section, I elaborate on these overlooked issues and review relevant literature.
Plasma volume determinations in the evaluation of the surgical patient.

Although plasma volume determinations have been advocated by many clinicians to be of use in the evaluation of surgical patients preoperatively and postoperatively, their use has not been widespread. There are perhaps several reasons for this, but we believe the most important one is the fact that there has not been enough emphasis placed upon their specific use and value for the individual patient. At the same time there appear to be certain misunderstandings in regard to the use as well as the limitations of plasma volume determinations which have contributed somewhat to the lack of confidence in this laboratory procedure. It has been shown that study of the plasma and blood volumes in chronically ill patients reveals general changes from the values of health when groups are studied as a whole, 1 and, although it cannot be denied that these studies have advanced our knowledge and understanding of the
Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast

To appear in J. Bybee & P. Hopper (eds.), Frequency effects and emergent grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Exemplar theory was first developed as a model of similarity and classification in perception. In this paper, the theory is extended to model speech production as well as speech perception. Straightforward extension of the model provides a formal framework for thinking about the quantitative predictions of usage-based phonology, as proposed by Bybee. A model is proposed which allows us to derive the finding that leniting historical changes are more advanced in frequent words than in rarer ones. Calculations using this model are presented which reveal the interaction of production noise, lenition and entrenchment. A realistic treatment is also provided for the time course of a phonological merger which originates from lenition of a marked category.
Relationships in Library of Congress Subject Headings

This chapter describes the expression of relationships in a traditional library subject heading system, Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). Following an introductory section on the history and scope of LCSH, information is presented on its reference structure, documentation, and notation. The development and current use of references to express equivalence, hierarchical, and associative relationships are discussed. Other relational devices, such as scope notes and Library of Congress Classification numbers, are also covered. Changes to improve the reference structure of LCSH and facilitate its use in online catalogs are reviewed.
The literate brain: The relationship between spelling and reading

We report the results of an fMRI investigation of the neural bases of written language comprehension (reading) and production (spelling). Both tasks were examined in the same individuals, allowing greater precision in establishing the relationship between the neural underpinnings of these two cognitive functions. Also examined was the relationship between written language substrates and those involved in face and object (house) processing. The results reveal that reading and spelling share specific left hemisphere substrates in the mid-fusiform gyrus and in the inferior frontal gyrus/junction. Furthermore, the results indicate that the left mid-fusiform substrates are specifically involved in lexical orthographic processing. We also find that written language and face processing exhibit largely complementary activation patterns in both the fusiform and the inferior frontal/junction areas, with left and right lateralization, respectively. In sum, these results provide perhaps the strongest evidence to date of components that are shared by written language comprehension (reading) and production (spelling), and they further our understanding of the role of literacy within the larger repertoire of cognitive operations and their neural substrates.
Office Aid to Diagnosis of Severe Hearing Impairment Parent Interview Valuable in Early Detection

Young children with markedly defective hearing cry as much as children with normal hearing, but in their mothers' opinions seem to be less vocal with pleasure sounds than their mothers expect.
What can metal-ligand bonding energetics teach us about stoichiometric and catalytic organometallic chemistry?

This contribution surveys recent progress in the thermochemistry of lanthanide, actinide, and early transition element organometallic compounds. General trends in metal-ligand bond enthalpy patterns across the transition series can be under- stood largely on the basis of straightforward electronegativity concepts. Metal-ligand bonding energetics in such unusual species as metallacycles, early transition element carbonyls and benzynes, as well as in actinide carbonylsare also quantified. Such data furthermore provide a deeper insight into do,fo- centered p-hydride/p-alkyl elimination, cyclometalation, and hydrocarbon functionalization processes, as well as into U(1V)- centered elimination reactions. New reactions which are examined in the light of metal-ligand bond enthalpy data include binuclear organolanthanide-centered hydrocarbon activation and organo- lanthanide-catalyzed hydroamination of olefins.
Loneliness, Learned Resourcefulness, and Self‐Esteem in College Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among types of loneliness and learned resourcefulness, self-esteem, and gender among a sample of college students. The Revised University of California, Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA), Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule, a measure of learned resourcefulness, and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 625 college students. Previous factor analyses of the R-UCLA revealed that it measures 2 distinct types of loneliness: intimate loneliness and social loneliness. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that self-esteem and gender significantly predicted the experience of global loneliness (as measured by the full-scale R-UCLA), intimate loneliness, and social loneliness. Learned resourcefulness significantly predicted social loneliness only. Implications for college student counseling and future research are discussed.
Analytical phase-tracking-based strain estimation for ultrasound elasticity

A new strain estimator for quasi-static elastography is presented, based on tracking of the analytical signal phase as a function of the external force. Two implementations are introduced: zero-phase search with moving window (SMW) and zero-phase band tracking using connected component labeling (CCL). Low analytical signal amplitude caused by local destructive interference is associated with large error in the phase trajectories, and amplitude thresholding can thus be used to terminate the phase tracking along a particular path. Interpolation is then applied to estimate displacement in the eliminated path. The paper describes first a mathematical analysis based on 1-D multi-scatter modeling, followed by a statistical study of the displacement and strain error. Simulation and experiment with an inhomogeneous phantom indicate that SMW and CCL are capable of reliably estimating tissue displacement and strain over a larger range of deformation than standard timedomain cross-correlation (SCC). Results also show that SMW is roughly 40 times faster than SCC with comparable or even better accuracy. CCL is slower than SMW, but more noise robust. Simulation assessment at compression level 3% and 6% with SNR 20 dB demonstrates average strain error for SMW and CCL of 10%, whereas SCC achieves 18%.
Ordinary Muslims: Power and Space in Everyday Life

Like other area studies, Middle East studies has an interdisciplinary scope, which enriches scholarly debates on Islamist movements, groups, and actors. However, while Middle East studies brings scholars from a wide range of academic backgrounds together, it is still predominantly represented by two major disciplines: political science and history. Relatively less attention is paid to what other disciplines, particularly geography, sociology, and the humanities, contribute to the understanding and theorization of Islamist movements.
Competitive mimicry: synthesis of a neglected class of mimetic relationships.

Protective mimicry has been studied extensively for over a century. Mimicry in a competitive context, however, has remained largely neglected. It has been overlooked in mimicry classification schemes, and few systems have been rigorously studied. We define “competitive mimicry” as mimicry that enables access to a defended resource or aids in defense of a resource. We explain how competitive mimicry fits with existing mimicry classification schemes and outline criteria for identifying competitive mimicry systems. For each form of competitive mimicry, we describe the effects of the mimic on the model and receiver, predict the evolutionary dynamics of the system, and present examples. We then identify key directions for the study of competitive mimicry.
DNA rearrangement can account for in vitro switching to IgG1.

During immune responses, B lymphocytes may switch from the expression of immunoglobulin M (IgM) to the expression of another isotype (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgA). In stable hybridomas and myelomas expressing a "switched" (S) isotype, DNA deletions between S mu and a "downstream" S region (S region recombination) have been found. In primary B cells, studies of the molecular basis of switching have been limited by the ability to sensitively quantitate the amount of DNA deletion; such studies would be of interest because other nondeletional mechanisms (trans-splicing, alternative processing of a long transcript) have been proposed to account for isotype switching in certain circumstances. We have applied the digestion-circularization polymerase chain reaction (DC-PCR) technique to measure the amount of S region recombination that occurs in the course of class switching in primary B lymphocytes. Resting B cells were cultured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) to stimulate switching to IgG1. These cells begin to express membrane IgG1 at day 2.5 of culture and reach maximum expression by day 4.5. DNA was prepared from cultured cells and analyzed for S mu-S gamma 1 rearrangement by DC-PCR. Chimeric switch regions, indicating S mu-S gamma 1 recombination, were detected in amounts that, in most cases, correlated with surface expression. Furthermore, when cells were sorted on the basis of surface IgG1 expression, a mean of at least one S mu-S gamma 1 rearrangement per cell was seen in five out of seven experiments. In general, the IgG1+ cells obtained at 4.5 and 5.5 d of culture had close to 2 S mu-S gamma 1 rearrangements per cell. In IgG1- cells, S mu-S gamma 1 rearrangements were detectable, but at frequencies substantially lower that in IgG1+ cells. Thus, these results indicate that DNA deletion accompanies class switching in normal B cells stimulated with LPS and IL-4.
Risk of Colonization of Central Venous Catheters: Catheters for Total Parenteral Nutrition Vs Other Catheters

• BACKGROUND Infected central venous catheters cause morbidity and mortality. • OBJECTIVE To compare the risk for colonization of central venous catheters used for total parenteral nutrition with that of catheters used for other purposes. • METHODS Retrospective review of prospectively acquired data on 260 patients with a stay in a surgical intensive care unit longer than 3 days. Single-lumen catheters used solely for total parenteral nutrition were inserted into the subclavian vein and cared for by a dedicated team. Catheters for other purposes were placed and cared for by other staff. Catheters were cultured if clinical findings suggested infection. • RESULTS Of 854 central venous catheters, 61 (7%) were used for total parenteral nutrition. During 4712 catheter days of observation, 89 catheters of all types were colonized. Risk factors for colonization included duration of catheterization (P < .001), having 3 or more lumens (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6), pulmonary artery catheterization (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7), and placement in the internal jugular vein (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5). Catheters used for total parenteral nutrition (hazard ratio, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.57) and those in the subclavian vein (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.3-0.8) were at lower risk of colonization. In a multivariate Cox model, the only significant factor was a 5-fold lower risk of infection for catheters used for total parenteral nutrition (hazard ratio, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.83). • CONCLUSION Rates of colonization were lowest for catheters used solely for total parenteral nutrition, suggesting that a team approach improves patients’ care. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:328-335)
Should exercise myocardial perfusion imaging be the standard noninvasive approach for the initial evaluation of symptomatic women with suspected coronary artery disease

Exercise ECG (SECG) is one of several noninvasive test procedures routinely used to diagnose coronary disease presence and to estimate prognosis. Unfortunately, like all current noninvasive procedures used for this type of risk stratification, test accuracy is imperfect. A common approach to improve test sensitivity is to implement an additional modality, such as exercise myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). However, the additional procedure adds cost, may lead to false-positive results that necessitate downstream testing, and, in the case of MPI, adds radiation exposure (≈11 mSv for rest-stress 99mTc sestamibi and ≈29 mSv for dual isotope 201Tl-99mTc sestamibi studies).1,2 Very few studies have examined the cost-effectiveness of using either SECG or MPI as the initial exercise test procedure to assess symptomatic women with suspected coronary disease. Risk stratification with SECG/MPI is considerably more difficult in women than men, in part because of a greater frequency of abnormal SECG, more soft-tissue attenuation on MPI (ie, breast artifacts), and, in general, a lower pretest risk of coronary disease.3 The likelihood of finding obstructive coronary disease in a woman seen for the initial evaluation of stable chest pain is strongly influenced by the character of chest pain (typical angina, atypical angina, nonspecific chest pain), age, and risk factors that are used to estimate the pretest risk of coronary disease and the likelihood of future cardiac events.3,4 Article see p 1239 The importance of considering the pretest coronary disease risk is illustrated by data from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry.3 The prevalence of obstructive coronary disease in women referred for coronary angiography without a prior history of an acute coronary syndrome or revascularization was 72% in 401 women with typical angina, 36% in 1012 with atypical chest pain, and 6% in 1397 …
Discourse, narrative, and national identity: The case of france

France provides an ideal context for beginning to understand how schooling affects students' understanding of their national identity. In this article, Kyle Greenwalt examines the discursive practices through which a group of French secondary students constructed their national identity. Following an appraisal of the historiographical literature of nineteenth-century French nation-building, the author proceeds with a phenomenological analysis of the discourses students used to make sense of their lived experiences with teachers and schooling. Greenwalt evaluates the continued presence and salience of traditional versions of French national identity, suggesting the need to reconsider the relationships among social solidarity, pluralism, and national identity and calling into question the contemporary relevance of structural representations of the nation-state.
The etiology of occiput presentations

Summary If presentation in the right oblique diameter occurs with mach greater frequency than in the left oblique, as is generally agreed by most writers (about seven to one) and has occurred roughly three to one in this series, it would seem that some more adequate explanation than the presence of the pelvic colon in the left, posterior quadrant of the pelvis must be offered. The presence of the urinary bladder in the right anterior quadrant convincingly offers this additional explanation and, in fact, the bladder would seem to be a more important factor than the pelvic colon. It may also be noted that the total of occipitoposterior presentations (981) approximates the total of oecipitoanterior presentations (1,021). Possibly, therefore, occiput posterior is not such a serious complication as we have been urged to believe. We hope to discuss this subject soon.
Simulation of Transient Supercritical Channel Flow

Two explicit numerical integration methods applied to the characteristics form of the St. Venant equations are investigated for the solution of transient supercritical open-channel flow problems. The characteristics-grid method which has been widely used for transient subcritical problems is found to be unworkable in the supercritical regime. The rectangular-grid method is found to be more useful, but becomes unstable for mesh spacings greater than 100 ft (30.5 m) and for flows exceeding the stability Froude number. Integration methods developed for subcritical transient simulation are therefore not readily and universally adaptable to the supercritical regime.
Ligand-Conformation Energy Landscape of Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoclusters

Although several thiolate-protected Au nanoclusters have yielded to total-structure determination, the ligand-conformation energy landscapes and how they affect the relative stability of the whole clusters are not well understood. In this work, we employ a force-field-based approach to perform the ligand-conformation search for isolated thiolate-protected Au nanoclusters using Au25(SR)18 (R = C2H4Ph) as an example. We find that the ligand-conformation energy landscape of Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 comprises multiple low-energy funnels of similar stability instead of a single global minimum. In fact, we find slightly more stable conformations of isolated Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 than those observed in the experiment from a crystalline state, indicating that specific environments such as crystal packing and solvents may all affect the ligand conformation. This work reveals the role of ligand conformation in the cluster energy landscape.
Words Were All We Had: Becoming Biliterate Against the Odds by María de la Luz Reyes

Certain books are easier to read and review than others, thanks to the presence in them of features such as interesting topics, a solid structure, an easy-to-read style, or the author's analysis of...
Effects of Running an Ultramarathon on Cardiac, Hematologic, and Metabolic Biomarkers.

Serum biomarkers fluctuate as a result of running marathons, but their changes during ultramarathons have not been adequately studied. We collected blood samples from 20 participants before and 21 participants after the 161-km ultramarathon in Leadville, Colorado in August 2013. Using a portable analyzer, we measured cardiac troponin I (cTnl), hematologic, and metabolic biomarkers. Out of 10 runners for whom we collected both pre- and post-race samples, 8 were able to successfully complete the race. Mean cTnl increased from 0.001 to 0.047 ng/mL (p=0.005). Mean sodium decreased from 141 to 138 mmol/L (p <0.01). However, all runners had a sodium of ≥135 mmol/L post-race (reference range 138–146 mmol/L). Mean creatinine increased from 0.93 to 1.17 mg/dL (p
Clinical significance of fetal hyperechogenicities.

A 36-year-old primigravida was referred to our centre at 22 weeks’ gestation for routine morphological ultrasound examination. During this scan, focal hyperechogenic findings were detected in the b...
A review of gigaxonin mutations in giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) and cancer

Gigaxonin, the product of GAN gene localized to chromosome 16, is associated with the early onset neuronal degeneration disease giant axonal neuropathy (GAN). Gigaxonin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein involved in intermediate filament processing in neural cells, and vimentin filaments in fibroblasts. Mutations of the gene cause pre-neural filaments to accumulate and form giant axons resulting in the inhibition of neural cell signaling. Analysis of the catalog of somatic mutations in cancer, driver DB and IDGC data portal databases containing 21,000 tumor genomic sequences has identified GAN patient mutations in cancer cell lines and primary tumors. The database search has also shown the presence of identical missense and nonsense gigaxonin mutations in GAN and colon cancer. These mutations frequently occur in the domains associated with protein homodimerization and substrate interaction such as Broad-Complex, Tramtrack and Bric a brac (BTB), BTB associated C-terminal KELCH (BACK), and KELCH repeats. Analysis of the International HapMap Project database containing 1200 normal genomic sequences has identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2608555, in exon 8 of the gigaxonin sequence. While this SNP is present in >40 % of Caucasian population, it is present in less than 10 % of Japanese and Chinese populations. Although the role of gigaxonin polymorphism is not yet known, CFTR and MDR1 gene studies have shown that silent mutations play a role in the instability and aberrant splicing and folding of mRNAs. We believe that molecular and functional investigation of gigaxonin mutations including the exon 8 polymorphism could lead to an improved understanding of the relationship between GAN and cancer.
BOND INTERACTION ENERGIES

A new approximation method is proposed in this article for the discussion of molecular structures,and this new method includes the two well-known theories,molecular orbital theory and electron-pair bond theory as two special cases.Let a molecule have n bonds and let the ith bond be described by the anti-symmetrical two-electron bond function ψ_i(v_(2i-1),v_(2i)).(If there exist one- electron,three-electron or many-electron bonds,they can be similarly described by the corresponding one-electron,three-electron or many-electron bond func- tions.) Then the stationary state of the molecule is represented by the follow- ing wave function Ψ, where the summation is over all permutations of 1,2,……,2n except those within the interior of the functions,since each ψ_i is already anti-symmetrical.Obviously (2~n/((2n)/!))~(1/2) is the normalization factor. By quantum mechanics the energy of the molecule equals (1) here H_i,T_(ij) and S_(11)' are respectively the following three kinds of operators, (2) (3) (4) The third term of equation (1) is the exchange integral of electrons 1 and 1', while (1,2') is that of electrons 1 and 2'.According to the definition of bond functions,ψ_i may be written as (5) Substituting equation (5) into equation (1) and carrying out the integration over spin coordinates,we obtain (6) It can be easily seen from equation (6) that the combining energy of a mole- cule consists of two parts,one being the binding energy of the bonds represent- ed by the first term of equation (6),and the other being the interaction energy of the bonds denoted by the second term of that equation. If we choose certain functions φ_i~('s) involving several parameters and substi- tute them into equation (6),we may determine the values of those parameters by means of the variation principle. For the discussion of bond interaction energies,we develop a new method for the evaluation of certain types of three-center and four-center integrals.The interaction energy of a unit positive charge and an electron cloud of cylindrical- symmetry distribution may be written as (7) where (8) and R_0~2=a~2+b~2+c~2 The interaction energy of two electron clouds both of cylindrical-symmetry distributions with respect to their own respective axes is evaluated to be (9) (10) where is to sum over j from zero to the lesser value of n-2i and m, is to sum over i from zero to the integral one of n/2 and (n-1)/2,and is to sum over all cases satisfying the relation =m-j,while b_(n,n-2i) represents the coefficient of x~(n-2i) in the n th Legendre polynomial.
Continent urinary reservoirs in pediatric urological practice.

AbstractDuring the last 3 years 20 patients (median age 8 years) have undergone construction of a continent urinary reservoir at our pediatric urology service. Of the patients 12 had failed exstrophy reconstruction, 7 had myelodysplasia with a neurogenic bladder and 1 had extensive bladder damage as a result of a previous operation. In 5 patients a continent reservoir was constructed after cystectomy performed in early childhood. Techniques of reconstruction included the Mitrofanoff procedure (4 patients), a modification of the Indiana pouch (12), a modification of the Benchekroun procedure (2), the use of the appendix in situ as a continence mechanism (2) and a modified Kropp procedure using a duplicate vagina for catheterization (1). The morbidity from these procedures was acceptable and consisted primarily of chronic diarrhea (4 patients), stone formation within the pouch (5) and the need to revise the continence mechanism (7). All but 1 patient maintained stable or improved upper tracts after diversio...
Effects of d-Methylphenidate, Guanfacine, and Their Combination on Electroencephalogram Resting State Spectral Power in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective Psychostimulant medications are the gold standard of treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, a significant minority (∼30%) of individuals with ADHD fail to respond favorably. Noradrenergic agents are increasingly used as ADHD monotherapies or adjuncts for suboptimal stimulant response, yet knowledge of their cortical effects is limited. This study is the first to examine comparative effects of guanfacine (an α adrenergic 2 A agonist), psychostimulant, and their combination on resting state cortical activity in ADHD. Method The sample comprised 179 participants aged 7 to 14 years old with ADHD (113 boys, 55 girls). Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 blinded conditions: guanfacine (GUAN), d-methylphenidate (DMPH), or the combination (COMB). Electroencephalography (EEG) was performed pre−, mid−, and post−medication titration, with concomitant assessment of behavioral and cognitive functioning. Results Analyses of spectral power measures during resting EEG suggested that each medication condition displayed a distinct profile of effects on cortical activity. Significant time effects suggested that GUAN decreased global alpha band (8−12 hertz [Hz]) power, DMPH and COMB increased centro-parietal beta band (13−21 Hz) power, and COMB resulted in decreased theta band (4−7 Hz) power. Relative to other medication groups, COMB was associated with significantly lower theta band power and DMPH with higher beta band power compared with those in the GUAN group. Medication-related changes in theta power were correlated with improvements in behavioral and cognitive functioning. Conclusion These data reveal distinct underlying medication-related effects on neural mechanisms. The COMB condition uniquely exhibited an EEG profile that was associated with improved behavioral and cognitive functioning. Clinical trial registration information —Single Versus Combination Medication Treatment for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00429273.
Economic sustainability of closed loop supply chains

We develop an end-to-end model of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), and identify the systemic decision making required for economic viability of participants in this chain. Economic viability is a key ingredient for environmentally sustainable behavior and policies, and our decision making framework includes producers, refurbishers and recyclers. We model the lifecycle of a consumer electronics product to examine the complex interactions among different participants and their decisions. Using data from recyclers and marketing and supply chain literature, we find that i) sustainable CLSC policies require a well-calibrated return rate among types of products (new and refurbished) and consumers (innovators and imitators); ii) a sustainable return policy increases sales significantly for both types of customers; and iii) product design that improves refurbishability, and marketing efforts that create perceived differentiation between products and at the same time social awareness and acceptability for refurbished products, is critical for economic sustainability of refurbishers and recyclers. Our model can be used at a company or industry level to conduct cost-benefit scenarios for all participants of the CLSC, and make decisions based on systemic value. It can also be used to create public policies and incentives to reward companies that meet these benchmarks, for sustained economic and environmental benefits. We develop a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), and identify the decision making required for economic viability of the chain.We model the lifecycle of a consumer electronics product to examine the complex interactions among different decision makers.Sustainable CLSC policies require a well-calibrated return rate among types of products (new and refurbished) and consumers.Sustainable return policy increases sales significantly for both types of customers (innovators and imitators).Product design and marketing are critical for economic sustainability of refurbishers and recyclers.
Growth, Injury, and Survival Potential of Yersinia enterocolitica . Listeria monocytogenes , and Staphylococcus aureus in Brine Chiller Conditions †.

A model brine system was used to evaluate growth, injury, and survival potential of Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Each strain was incubated for up to 30 days at -12 to 28°C in brain heart infusion broth containing 0.5 to 20% NaCl. Samples were enumerated on a dual agar plating system to assess growth and injury. Y. enterocolitica grew at -2°C in 0.5% brine and at 5°C in 5% NaCl. L. monocytogenes grew at 5°C in 5% NaCl and at 12°C in 9% NaCl. S. aureus grew at 12°C in 5% NaCl. Significant injury was observed for two of the pathogens, but not for L. monocytogenes. Bacteriostatic or lethal conditions were maintained for the three organisms at - 2°C and 9% NaCl. While lethal NaCl and temperature combinations were defined for Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus, L. monocytogenes survived for 30 days at -12°C in 20% NaCl. This study provides safety criteria and recommendations for use in the operation of recycle brine systems for cooling processed foods.
Killing Me Softly or on the Miseducation of (Love and) Hip Hop: A Blackgirl Autoethnography

In this bluesy poetic prose, the author engages poetry, personal narrative, and performance to reflect on how hip hop served as a soundtrack for her transition to womanhood in the rural south. She uses lyrics from Killing Me Softly (originated by Roberta Flack in the 70s and repopularized by The Fugees in 1996) and other songs from the 90s to tell stories about growing up, love, loss, depression, and abuse situated within her race, culture, sex, and social class. She muses how the cadences of sound and the words of songs helped her become a writer and feminist. She also reflects on how her formal and informal education has informed and been informed by her relationship to hip hop, which at times has fluctuated from fixation to disillusionment.
How Do You Determine If a Patient has Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia?

Chronic opioid exposure can lead to opioid tolerance or opioid-induced hyperalgesia. They are two distinct phenomena that make pain difficult to control. Clinical differentiation between opioid tolerence and opioid-induced hyperalgesia can be challanging.