cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditioned Jump-Out Avoidance Acquisition and “Incubation of Fear” in a Large Sample of Rats

Over 3000 naive rats received 40 avoidance conditioning trials in a jump-out box. A 2- to 3-hr. break followed Trial 20; otherwise, all trials were closely massed with an intertrial interval of 3 to 5 sec. Acquisition was orderly, with steady-state behavior demonstrated by Markov chain analysis from Trials 31 to 40. Response probabilities on all trials depended strongly on the behavior emitted on 1, 2 or 3 consecutive preceding trials. Although behavior was disrupted on Trial 21, the trial that followed the break in training, post-break performance by Trial 23 was significantly improved over the performance predicted by pre-break behavior. This enhancement of performance could not be attributed solely to results of avoidance failure on Trial 21 and may provide unique evidence for “incubation of fear.”
Vitamin E attenuates induction of elastase-like activity by tumor necrosis factor-α, cholestan-3β,5α,6β-triol and linoleic acid in cultured endothelial cells

Disturbances in arterial wall elastin metabolism appear to be important factors in atherosclerosis development. To evaluate this hypothesis, elastase-like activity was determined in cultured endothelial cells and their surrounding media after exposure to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), cholestan-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol (Triol) and linoleic acid (18:2). Significant increases in elastase-like activity both in the cells and in the media were observed when subconfluent endothelial cells were treated with 12 microM Triol, 500 U TNF/ml, or 90 microM 18:2, for 72 h in the presence of 5% calf serum. Even higher activities were measured when endothelial cells were seeded directly into media enriched with 18:2, TNF or Triol and treated for 72 h. Vitamin E supplementation (25 microM) attenuated elastase-like activity in cells and media, independent of treatment. These results suggest that elastase-like enzyme induction in endothelial cells may be involved in cellular perturbations induced by certain lipids and cytokines. Vitamin E may provide a protective function by preventing the induction of elastolytic enzymes. This may have implications in elastin metabolism and atherosclerosis.
The Select Panel for the Promotion of Child Health: Injury. Recommendations in Retrospect.

In 1980 recommendations were made to prevent child injuries. They addressed the following topics: (1) motor vehicle safety; (2) home and neighborhood safety; and (3) the development of a national data base from which policy can be formulated. There is evidence that progress has been made since the morbidity and mortality rates for accidents have decreased. Language: en
Exploring spatial variations in the relationships between residents' recreation demand and associated factors: A case study in Texas

Abstract In the field of outdoor recreation, past research has attempted to identify the relationships between the socioeconomic status of recreation participants and demand. This approach has used global regression models that focus on local or site-level recreation demand prediction. No studies have applied spatial statistical approaches to examine recreation demand at the state or regional level. The objectives of this study are twofold: 1) to identify socio-demographic and economic determinants of the spatial disparities of residents' demand for national park visitation; 2) to demonstrate the spatial variation in the relationship between residents' demand and its associated factors through a local regression modeling technique (GWR). The analysis was conducted at the county level for Texas, using public and private levels of secondary data. A particular version of OLS (ordinary least squares), stepwise regression, was used to select significant explanatory variables for developing the model. Six explanatory variables were selected for the modeling procedure: 1) older adults; 2) family structure (traditional vs. nonfamily structure); 3) recreation-related spending; 4) education, and 5) poverty rate. The study results found that the Moran's I value for national park visitation showed a positive spatial autocorrelation across the state which means that spatial distribution disparities of residents' recreation demand exist in Texas. The variable relationships differed by specific counties and spatially in predicting residents' demand. The GWR model made improvements in model performance over the OLS model. Overall, the strongest positive influence on national park visitation was found for those who spent $250 or more to purchase recreation-related equipment. In conducting future research, the GWR model is a useful statistical technique to examine and compare spatial relationships across regional study areas and can be complementary to global statistical analyses.
Hypoxemia and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: autonomic nervous system versus mixed venous PO2

Abstract Hypoxemia interferes with hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We investigated the respective roles of the autonomic nervous system and the mixed venous PO2 ( P v O 2 ) in the attenuation of HPV by hypoxemia. Pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs had their lungs separately ventilated with a dual-lumen endotracheal tube. Left (Ql) and total (Qt) pulmonary blood flows were determined using electromagnetic flow probes. HPV was initiated by ventilating the left lung with nitrogen for 5–10 min while the right lung received 100% oxygen. The animals were subsequently made hypoxemic by switching the right lung to room air ventilation (5–10 min). Two different protocol groups received either intravenous atropine during hypoxemia (group I) or intravenous propranolol prior to protocol initiation (group II). A third group of dogs (group III) had their mixed venous PO2s maintained above 30 torr during hypoxemia. In response to left lung hypoxia, Ql/Qt decreased from 44±5, 48±3 and 46±2% to 25±4, 28±2 and 26±3% in the three groups, respectively. During hypoxemia Ql/Qt increased to 50±7 and 47±3% in groups I and II. In group III dogs, Ql/Qt remained significantly decreased at 31±3%. Subsequent administration of atropine in group I had no effect on Ql/Qt. We conclude that the loss of flow diversion from a hypoxic lung during hypoxemia may be mediated primarily by a decrease in mixed venous PO2 when P v O 2 is allowed to decrease to 15–20 torr.
Thermal expansion transients of a cis-1,4 polybutadiene elastomer at various levels of strain

The length-temperature behavior of elongated elastomeric networks of cis-1,4 polybutadiene was observed following abrupt, nearly step-function changes in the temperature of the specimen environment. The thermal expansion behavior is reversible, and the transient length changes are in the direction anticipated from rubber elasticity theory, i.e., dL(t)/dT is negative. The observed long-time values of the thermal expansion coefficient are in good agreement with equilibrium length-temperature coefficients reported for other elastomers. Results indicate that both thermal diffusion and retarded creep deformation contribute to the transient phenomenon, with the latter mechanism dominating.
“Scottishness,”“Britishness,” and Scottish Tourism, 1770–1914

This article examines the cultural significance of Scotland for the legions of English tourists who headed north in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and provides an overview of several scholarly debates that are currently taking place in the fields of tourism and of British national identity. The image of Scotland was refashioned in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the result of changing cultural fashions and new political developments. Because the industry of tourism and the idea of Scotland developed alongside each other, Scotland played a disproportionately important role in the history of tourism, and tourism a disproportionately important role in the history of modern Scotland. The image of Scotland, for both Scots and foreigners, did not evolve in isolation. It developed simultaneously with the descent upon Scotland of masses of tourists, lured by a certain type of advertising, and armed with guidebooks and preconceived expectations of what they would find. Prompted by promotional materials, the comments of previous travelers, and literature, tourists claimed a sense of mastery over Scotland and its people. However, the tourist image of Scotland was not hegemonic. Thoughtful tourists were challenged by what they found in Scotland, discovering that they could not always make the country fit their expectations.
Use of the aqua complex [ fac -Mn(CO) 3 (dppe)OH 2 ]BF 4 for the preparation of a series of fac -Mn(CO) 3 (dppe)Z and [ fac -Mn(CO) 3 (dppe)Z]BF 4 complexes. X-ray crystal structures of three representative examples

Abstract The aqua ligand in the titled complex (prepared by a simple two-step, high-yield synthesis) is readily replaced by the desired anionic ligand Z−, to give a six-coordinate neutral species fac-Mn(CO)3(dppe)Z. Examples of such complexes where Z O NO2, CN, OMe, OC(O)OMe, and OS(O)2CF3 (OTf) are reported herein. Neutral ligands also replace the aqua ligand to give ionic complexes [fac-Mn(CO)3(dppe)Z]BF4. Examples where Z=2,6-dimethylphenyl (xylyl) isocyanide, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, and acrylonitrile are also reported herein. Crystal structures of fac-Mn(CO)3(dppe)NO3 (2), [fac-Mn(CO)3(dppe)(xylyl-NC)]BF4 (7), and [fac-(CO)3Mn(dppe)(PhCN)]BF4 (9), are reported.
Heterodimerization with β2-adrenergic receptors promotes surface expression and functional activity of α1D-adrenergic receptors

The α1D-adrenergic receptor (α1D-AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is poorly trafficked to the cell surface and largely nonfunctional when heterologously expressed by itself in a variety of cell types. We screened a library of approximately 30 other group I GPCRs in a quantitative luminometer assay for the ability to promote α1D-AR cell surface expression. Strikingly, these screens revealed only two receptors capable of inducing robust increases in the amount of α1D-AR at the cell surface: α1B-AR and β2-AR. Confocal imaging confirmed that coexpression with β2-AR resulted in translocation of α1D-AR from intracellular sites to the plasma membrane. Additionally, coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that α1D-AR and β2-AR specifically interact to form heterodimers when coexpressed in HEK-293 cells. Ligand binding studies revealed an increase in total α1D-AR binding sites upon coexpression with β2-AR, but no apparent effect on the pharmacological properties of the receptors. In functional studies, coexpression with β2-AR significantly enhanced the coupling of α1D-AR to norepinephrine-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization. Heterodimerization of β2-AR with α1D-AR also conferred the ability of α1D-AR to cointernalize upon β2-AR agonist stimulation, revealing a novel mechanism by which these different adrenergic receptor subtypes may regulate each other's activity. These findings demonstrate that the selective association of α1D-AR with other receptors is crucial for receptor surface expression and function and also shed light on a novel mechanism of cross talk between α1- and β2-ARs that is mediated through heterodimerization and cross-internalization.
Efficacy of Tail-Mounted Transmitters for Beaver

In 2001, I attached tail-mounted transmitters to 41 beaver (Castor canadensis) captured in Rocky Mountain National Park to evaluate if the transmitters (Rothmeyer et al. 2002) would be suitable to conduct long-term life history research. Twenty-one of the transmitters became detached from the tail without evidence of beaver mortality. I was unable to recover and determine the outcome for 9 transmitters because signals originated from the inside of active beaver lodges. Antennas were intact on 7 detached transmitters but were missing and likely chewed-off on 11 others. In conclusion, tail-mounted transmitters for beaver were of limited success in this life history study and are not recommended for long-term monitoring without significant modifications to the original design.
News from the field: 12th biennial Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) conference, 25–28 October 2007

The 12th biennial Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) conference was held 25–28 October 2007. Co‐hosted with the Northern New England Chapter of the American Planning A...
Infrared spectroscopy of the cyanide complex of iron (II) myoglobin and comparison with complexes of microperoxidase and hemoglobin.

The cyanide complex of FeIIMb prepared and maintained at temperatures below 0 °C is sufficiently stable to permit spectroscopic characterization and allow comparison with free HCN and other ferric and ferrous CN complexes. The visible absorption spectrum of FeIIMb−CN has a split α band maxima at 571 and 563 nm, suggesting distortion in the x−y plane of the porphyrin. FeIIMb−CN, like the CO complex, was found to be optically active by circular dichroism. The C−N stretching frequencies for the CN−ferrous complexes are very sensitive to parameters within the heme pocket. The values are as follows: FeIIMb at pH 8, 2057 cm-1 with a shoulder appearing at 2078 cm-1 at pH 5.6; FeIIMp, 2034 cm-1. In contrast, the frequencies for C−N stretch differ little among ferric heme complexes, ranging from 2123 to 2125 cm-1 for myoglobin, hemoglobin, and microperoxidase. These values compare with free HCN (2094 cm-1) or CN- (2080 cm-1). Quantum chemical modeling of the neutral iron−porphyrin complex with imidazole and cyani...
Program Completion in Specialized Batterer Counseling for African-American Men

Despite the many recommendations for specialized counseling for African-American men arrested for domestic violence, research has yet to document its effectiveness in improving program completion. This experimental clinical trial compared the program completion rates of culturally-focused counseling in all-African-American groups, conventional counseling in all-African-American groups, and conventional counseling in racially-mixed groups. The completion rate for the 16-week program was approximately 55% across the three counseling options. Completion rates were slightly lower in the specialized counseling groups following stricter enforcement of dismissal policies. For men with high racial identification, the completion rate rose to between 63% and 65% in the culturally-focused and conventional all-African-American groups versus only 40% in the racially-mixed groups. Programs might offer the option of culturally-focused counseling to African-American men to efficiently improve program completion. The influence of the program's strong link to the criminal justice system and weaker link to the community warrants further consideration.
The Acute Phase Reactant Orosomucoid-1 Is a Bimodal Regulator of Angiogenesis with Time- and Context-Dependent Inhibitory and Stimulatory Properties

Background Tissues respond to injury by releasing acute phase reaction (APR) proteins which regulate inflammation and angiogenesis. Among the genes upregulated in wounded tissues are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and the acute phase reactant orosomucoid-1 (ORM1). ORM1 has been shown to modulate the response of immune cells to TNFα, but its role on injury- and TNFα-induced angiogenesis has not been investigated. This study was designed to characterize the role of ORM1 in the angiogenic response to injury and TNFα.
Free fatty acid concentrations and growth hormone secretion in man.

Abstract The relationship between plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and human growth hormone (HGH) release was investigated in the following manner. FFA concentrations were increased acutely by giving heparin 3 hr after a corn oil meal. When FFA concentrations increased to 2.19 ± 0.28 m M /liter and subsequently decreased to 1.30±0.20 m M /liter, no significant stimulation of HGH release occurred. Elevation of FFA by identical means inhibited maximal HGH concentration achieved after arginine (0.25 g/lb of body weight). When such elevation of FFA concentrations were induced after the ingestion of tenderloin beef, the expected increases in HGH release did not occur. In additional experiments, hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia were achieved by epinephrine infusions, and then arginine was infused. Epinephrine alone did not alter HGH secretion, but HGH responses after arginine were inhibited to the same extent as in experiments in which only FFA was increased.
Modulation of human lymphocyte response by cartilage proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans--a comparison between normal subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract With recognition of the effectual capacity of microenvironment in influencing the inductive and effector expression of immunologic function, studies have been undertaken to determine the potential regulatory role of basic connective tissue constituents on spontaneous and phytomitogen-induced lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Proteoglycan constituent fractions and glycosaminoglycans derived from normal human cartilage were shown capable of modulating spontaneous DNA synthesis and the PHA responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from normal subjects and patients having destructive rheumatoid arthritis. Dependent upon the fraction employed, its concentration, and duration of cell exposure, spontaneous as well as mitogen-induced synthesis could be stimulated and/or suppressed without significant effect upon lymphocyte viability. Under conditions in which connective tissue fractions themselves induced suppressive effects on synthesis, the affected population was more responsive in a relative or absolute manner to mitogenic stimulation. Reciprocally, direct lymphocyte stimulation was associated with suppressed mitogen responsiveness. Rheumatoid response clearly differed from that of normal subjects.
Gluconeogenesis in kidney cortex slices from cold-exposed rats and hamsters.

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, l -lactase, glycerol, α-ketoglutarate, l -glutamate and l -aspartate was measured in kidney cortex slices prepared from control and cold-exposed albino rats and hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ). 2. 2. The capacity for gluconeogenesis was increased in both species after 2 weeks' exposure to 5 ± 1° C , thus indicating an adaptive reaction to cold, in that glucose serves as a major source of energy for increased heat production in cold-acclimatized animals.
Comparison of a computer-simulated stratus-topped boundary layer with aircraft observations

To assess the realism of large-eddy simulation (LES) of the stratus-topped boundary layer and its predicted turbulent structure, we performed detailed data analyses on a LES (which has a 12.5 m grid size in all three directions), in a manner similar to those used by Nicholls (1989) on aircraft measurements. The first analysis retrieves the primary convective elements, i.e., the negatively buoyant downdrafts, which are driven mainly by cloud-top radiative cooling, through a conditional sampling technique. Comparison shows that the LES of this resolution reflects most of the observed downdraft features; most of the discrepancies that exist between the obervations and the LES can be explained by decoupling of the cloud layer from the underlying flow that exists in the former but not in the latter. The second analysis shows the vertical velocity spectrum and its agreement with the measurements. In the third analysis, showing the turbulent kinetic energy budgets, the discrepancy in the turbulent transport term (i.e., the divergence of the third-moment quantity $$\overline {wE} $$ , the turbulent-kinetic-energy flux) between the LES and measurements exists even with such a fine resolution LES. This discrepancy is related mainly to the different behavior in $$\overline {w^3 } $$ between the LES and observations, which may again be associated with decoupling. An advantage of LES over aircraft observations is that the former can provide three-dimensional flow structure at any instant. In this paper, we examined the instantaneous flow structure and observed closed cellular patterns near the cloud top in which updrafts occupy the broad centers and relatively strong downdrafts occur in the narrow edges. In the intersections of these cell boundaries, there exist weak downdrafts, consisting of relatively cold and dry air, that are the most likely origins of the strong downdrafts extending throughout the mixed layer.
An exploratory study of socialization effects on black children: some black-white comparisons.

BAUMRIND, DIANA. An Exploratory Study of Socialization Effects on Black Children: Some Black-White Comparisons. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 261-267. In a recent study of current patterns of parental authority and their effects on the behavior of preschool children, the data for the 16 black children and their families were analyzed separately since it was thought that the effect of a given pattern of parental variables might be affected by the larger social context in which the family operates. The major conclusion from this exploratory analysis was that if the black families were viewed by white norms they appeared authoritarian, but that, unlike their white counterparts, the most authoritarian of these families produced the most selfassertive and independent girls.
The Impact of Antibiotic Management on Resistance

The misguided presumption that a simple inverse relationship exists between the use of antibiotics and the emergence of bacterial resistance (i.e., increasing antibiotic use equals decreasing susceptibility and vice versa) has handicapped a full understanding of this relationship and perhaps efforts to bring resistance under control. In fact, this relationship is complicated. This article reviews factors that obscure detection of associations between antibiotic use and the emergence of resistance. It also provides a sample of the extensive data on this subject in the hope of encouraging the conduct of more sophisticated studies of the relationship between antibiotic use and the emergence of resistance. Such studies are necessary to provide institutions with the data they need to make informed decisions regarding antibiotic use.
Role of sodium/calcium exchange in the mechanism of myocardial stunning: Protective effect of reperfusion with high sodium solution

Abstract Objectives. This study was conducted to elucidate the role of sodium/calcium (Na+/Ca2+) exchange in the mechanism of myocardial stunning. Background. Cellular Ca2+overload mediated by Na+/Ca2+exchange during reperfusion has been proposed as a mechanism for myocardial stunning. Because no specific pharmacologic inhibitors of the exchanger are available, we increased extracellular sodium concentration ([Na]0) during the early phase of reperfusion to decrease the driving force for Ca2+influx through the pathway. Methods. Isovolumetric left ventricular pressure and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were measured in isolated perfused ferret hearts. Hearts were reperfused with different solutions after 15 min of total global ischemia at 37 °C. Results. Hearts reperfused with standard solution ([Na]0= 140 mmol/liter; the stunned hearts, n = 8) showed only 69 ± 3% (mean ± SEM) recovery of developed pressure relative to preischemic control developed pressure, In contrast, hearts reperfused with a high [Na]0solution ([Na]0= 268 mmol/liter) during the initial 5 min, followed by a gradual decrease of [Na]0to the standard level over 25 min (the high [Na]0group, n = 8) showed significantly better recovery of developed pressure (85 ± 2%, p Conclusions. High [Na]0reperfusion protects against stunning, supporting the concept that Na+/Ca2+exchange plays an important role in the mechanism of stunned myocardium.
Lack of relationship between microvascular and macrovascular disease in heart transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND A key determinant of long-term survival in heart transplant recipients is the development of coronary vasculopathy. Both coronary macrovascular and microvascular disease are prognostically important. However, the relationship between these in transplant patients and the determinants of microvascular disease are not known. METHODS We reviewed the simultaneously obtained endomyocardial biopsies and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of coronary arteries in 33 heart transplant recipients. Coronary microvascular disease was classified by light microscopy into four grades based on thickening of endothelial cell layer and stenotic versus nonstenotic medial wall thickening. Macrovascular disease was evaluated from IVUS studies and assigned into one of five grades based on the Stanford classification. Coronary microvascular and macrovascular diseases were compared. RESULTS Age at transplantation was 26 (18) years; 67% were men, and the average time to posttransplantation study was 4 years. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed more advanced grade C and D microvascular disease in 45% and 36% of the patients, respectively. However, IVUS analysis for macrovascular disease revealed mostly lesser changes with grade 1 in 12%, grade 2 in 61%, and grade 3 in 21%. There was no significant correlation between grades of microvascular and macrovascular disease (P=0.10). Microvascular disease correlated positively with donor age (P=0.06) and treatment with tacrolimus (0=0.02) and statins (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a poor relationship between coronary microvascular and macrovascular disease in patients with cardiac transplants, likely indicating divergent pathogenetic mechanisms. Microvascular disease increases with donor age. There is an intriguing positive relationship between microvascular disease and treatment with statins and tacrolimus.
Martensitic transformation from BCC to 9R and FCC in metallic lithium

Abstract High resolution neutron diffraction experiments have been performed on polycrystalline lithium-7 metal over a temperature and pressure range of 45 K to 300 K and 1 bar to 6.5 kbar. The partial transition from the bcc phase to the 9R (Sm-type) phase occurred at approximately 90 K at 6.5 kbar. On warming at 6.5 kbar, the 9R phase transformed to the fcc phase over a narrow temperature range near 140 K.
Role of orexin/hypocretin in conditioned sucrose-seeking in rats.

The orexin/hypocretin system has recently been implicated in reward-seeking, especially for highly salient food and drug rewards. We reasoned that this system may be strongly engaged during periods of reward restriction, including food restriction. This study examined the involvement of the orexin (Orx) system in responding for sucrose, and in cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished sucrose-seeking, in ad libitum fed versus food-restricted male subjects. Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 108) were trained to self-administer sucrose, and we determined the effects of pretreatment with the OxR1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB; 10–30 mg/kg) on fixed ratio (FR) or progressive ratio (PR) sucrose self-administration, as well as on cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose-seeking. Finally, expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in Orx neurons was examined after self-administration, late extinction or cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking. SB decreased lever responding (by about 1/3) and the number of reinforcers earned during FR, and less so during PR, schedules and decreased cue-induced reinstatement to sucrose-seeking to extinction levels, predominately in food-restricted rats. Additionally, Fos expression in Orx neurons in perifornical and dorsomedial hypothalamus was increased during extinction. These results indicate that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in pronounced sucrose reinforcement, and reinstatement of sucrose-seeking elicited by sucrose-paired cues, in food-restricted subjects. These findings lead us to conclude that conditioned activation of Orx neurons increases motivation for food reward during food restriction.
Chapter 4 Fatty acid synthesis in eucaryotes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biosynthesis and regulation of fatty acid in eucaryotes and focuses on the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in liver or adipose tissue. The chapter also discusses four stages in the analysis of the regulation of a metabolic pathway, including an identification of regulatory enzymes or an analysis of the physical, kinetic, and regulatory properties of those enzymes. Regulation of the genes for the lipogenic enzymes by triiodothyronine, insulin, and cAMP make them part of a small set of identified proteins regulated by these agents. Site-directed mutagenesis coupled with over-expression in bacterial or animal cells will permit direct analysis of the importance of various residues to the regulation of enzyme activity by allosteric and covalent modification mechanisms. Re-expression of mutant acetyl- coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylases altered by site-directed mutagenesis should permit analysis of both allosteric and covalent modification mechanisms under physiological conditions in intact cells and animals.
Lighting Up Young Adults' Autobiographical Accounts of their First Smoking Experiences

In this study, the authors explored young adults' autobiographical memories of their first consumption experiences with cigarettes using a form of life history. We collected and analyzed 276 first-person essays to discover the significance of conditions and factors associated with the first act of smoking. For the study's participants, the first-use experience was a symbolically significant and enduring life event. Participants were able to provide rich and detailed recollections about the contextual nature of the first smoking act and the influences and outcomes associated with the event. Suggestions for the development of intervention communication programs are offered as well as recommendations for future research.
Effects of early cysteamine therapy on thyroid function and growth in nephropathic cystinosis.

Primary hypothyroidism is a known complication of nephropathic cystinosis, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by renal failure as well as deterioration of other organs. The drug cysteamine depletes lysosomes of cystine and helps preserve renal function and enhance growth in cystinosis patients. To determine whether cysteamine also prevents hypothyroidism, we retrospectively divided 101 patients into group A (n = 28; well treated), group B (n = 26; partially treated), and group C (n = 47; poorly treated). Lifetable analysis indicated a significantly higher probability of remaining free of L-T4 replacement in group A vs. group B (P = 0.09) or group C (P = 0.004). Cysteamine therapy also improved mean height z-scores (-2.17 in group A, -3.04 in group B, and -4.07 in group C) and reduced the bone age deficit (i.e. chronological age minus bone age) by 1.5 yr for every 10 yr of previous cysteamine therapy. We conclude that in addition to its other salutary effects, oral cysteamine therapy helps prevent hypothyroidism and enhances growth in patients with nephropathic cystinosis.
The yeast Coq4 polypeptide organizes a mitochondrial protein complex essential for coenzyme Q biosynthesis

Coenzyme Q is a redox active lipid essential for aerobic respiration. The Coq4 polypeptide is required for Q biosynthesis and growth on non-fermentable carbon sources, however its exact function in this pathway is not known. Here we probe the functional roles of Coq4p in a yeast Q biosynthetic polypeptide complex. A yeast coq4-1 mutant harboring an E226K substitution is unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources. The coq4-1 yeast mutant retains significant Coq3p O-methyltransferase activity, and mitochondria isolated from coq4-1 and coq4-2 (E121K) yeast point mutants contain normal steady state levels of Coq polypeptides, unlike the decreased levels of Coq polypeptides generally found in strains harboring coq gene deletions. Digitonin-solubilized mitochondrial extracts prepared from yeast coq4 point mutants show that Coq3p and Coq4 polypeptides no longer co-migrate as high molecular mass complexes by one- and two-dimensional Blue Native-PAGE. Similarly, gel filtration chromatography confirms that O-methyltransferase activity, Coq3p, Coq4p, and Coq7p migration are disorganized in the coq4-1 mutant mitochondria. The data suggest that Coq4p plays an essential role in organizing a Coq enzyme complex required for Q biosynthesis.
Atomic-level detection by X-ray microanalysis in the analytical electron microscope

Abstract Experimental measurements and calculations have demonstrated the detecton of 2 atoms, and the feasibility of detecting single atoms, in the analysis volume of thin specimens using X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (XEDS). The use of a 300 kV VG HB 603 field-emission gun analytical electron microscope, with the highest possible X-ray collection efficiency is required. Experiments with the only available thin-film standard (NIST standard reference material 2063) indicate that, even when seeking relatively high atomic number elements in a low atomic number matrix, specimen thickness (101 nm in this case) limits attempts to detect single atoms. Comparison of simulated and experimental spectra confirm the need for thin (∼10 nm) specimens and the validity of the Goldstein–Romig–Michael equation defining the detection limit. Using 10 nm foils of homogenized Cu–0.12 wt% Mn alloys it is shown that detection limits of 2 Mn atoms can be achieved with a 99% confidence limit. The principal instrumental factor that controls the detection limit is the XEDS detector count rate rather than the detector resolution.
How Many GNSS Satellites are Too Many

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are growing from the current US GPS and Russian GLONASS to additional European Galileo and Chinese Compass systems. Along with the growth of the systems, the number of satellites will also increase. The whole family of GNSS is projected to consist of about 120 satellites by 2030. Moreover, the new satellites are capable of transmitting multiple signals in multiple frequency bands. Altogether there will be more than 300 GNSS signals broadcast in the future. The growing number of GNSS satellites and signals enable greater redundancy for positioning. On the other hand, the signals interfere with each other due to overlapping frequency bands. Here we answer the question: how many satellites are too many? We assess the self-interference within GNSS, and hence establish their multiple access capacity, by examining the code interactions between satellites. This analysis considers cross-correlation properties of the codes at all possible Doppler frequency offsets between satellites. We first approach the question theoretically by calculating auto- and cross-correlation properties of random sequences with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation and binary offset carrier (BOC) modulation. With the theoretical result of pure random sequences as a guideline, we then use real broadcast pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes of the current Galileo GIOVE and Compass-M1 satellites to further analyze various correlation properties over a range of Doppler frequency offset. We ultimately establish the multiple access capacity of GNSS.
Case study: visualization of volcanic ash clouds

Ash clouds resulting from volcanic eruptions are a serious hazard to aviation safety. In Alaska alone, there are over 40 active volcanoes whose eruptions may affect more than 40,000 flights using the great circle polar routes each year. The clouds are especially problematic because they are invisible to radar and nearly impossible to distinguish from weather clouds. The Arctic Region Supercomputing Center and the Alaska Volcano Observatory have collaborated to develop a system for predicting and visualizing the movement of volcanic ash clouds when an eruption occurs. The output from the model is combined with a digtal elevation model to produce a realistic view of the ash cloud which may be examined interactively from any desired point of view at any time during the prediction period. This paper describes the visualization techniques employed in the system and includes a video animation of the 1989 Mount Redoubt eruption which caused complete engine failure on a 747 passenger jet.
Gender-Role-Conflicted Men's Poor Parental Attachment and Separation/Individuation Difficulties: Knights without Armor in a Savage Land

This study reanalyzed an earlier study by Blazina & Watkins (2000), which focused upon gender role conflicted men's attachment to parents and their scores of separation/individuation. Study found that these men had poor attachment to parents and difficulties with separation/individuation issues. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Plant competition and disease in genetically diverse wheat populations

The direct and indirect effects of plant genetic diversity on epidemics and the influence of disease on plant competition were investigated using the wheat (Triticum aestivum)/stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) system. Replacement series consisting of a susceptible and a resistant wheat genotype or two wheat genotypes susceptible to different races of stripe rust were grown in the presence and absence of the pathogen. Stripe rust severity, number of seed heads, seed yield, and seed weight were determined separately for each wheat genotype in the mixtures and the pure stands. The frequency of susceptible genotypes in a mixture explained up to 67% of the variation in disease severity. However, competitive interactions among plant genotypes sometimes appeared to alter susceptibility and obscured the relationship. In pure stands of single genotypes, disease severity explained between 52 and 58% of the variation in seed yield. In mixtures, coefficients of determination were only 10 and 31%, suggesting a strong influence of plant-plant interactions on seed yield. These results suggest that host-parasite coevolutionary models need to account for the strong effect that specific plant genotype combinations may have on disease severity and plant reproduction.
Chemotherapy in the Management of Bladder Tumours

For patients with superficial bladder tumours intravesical treatment or prophylaxis with thiotepa, doxorubicin, mitomycin C or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin has added a useful dimension to management, although the precise indications for each regimen remain to be better defined. For patients with metastatic bladder cancer cisplatin and methotrexate (amethopterin), and to a lesser extent vinblastine and doxorubicin, are active single agents. Combinations of cisplatin and doxorubicin (adriamyein), and cisplatin and methotrexate ± vinblastine ± doxorubicin appear to induce complete remission in 20 to 35% of cases and partial remission in an additional 20 to 40% of cases. In some patients, complete remission has persisted from 2 to more than 10 years. Few randomised Phase III studies have been carried out to determine the relative effectiveness of different drug combinations, but the results of Phase II trials have encouraged investigations of adjuvant and neoadjuvant programmes combining such regimens with radiation or surgery, or both, in patients with clinically localised muscle infiltrating tumours.
On High Performance MIMO Communications with Imperfect Channel Knowledge

This paper compares the performance of a MIMO system applying a Mismatched Maximum Likelihood Detector (MMLD) with that applying a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Detector (GLRD) in the presence of channel estimation errors. Two sources of error are considered: errors due to noise and errors due to time variations induced by Doppler effects. The MMLD relies on the available channel estimate whereas the GLRD combines the channel estimate with a block of received data and uses a joint channel-symbol estimation approach to solve for the transmitted symbols. The GLRD is shown to outperform the MMLD whenever errors in channel estimation are incurred and the performance gap depends on the amount of error. Furthermore, the GLRD provides a unified receiver structure which can also be applied to differentially encoded MIMO systems and to situation where no channel estimate is available as in blind MIMO. The improved performance of the GLRD comes with increased computational complexity. This problem is addressed through search efficient algorithms based on the branch-estimate-bound optimization framework. We analyze the performance of the GLRD and provide a tight upper bound on the BER of the system at high SNR. Simulation results are shown for a 2 × 2 MIMO system.
Reading Skill and Suppression Revisited

In a previous issue of Psychological Science, we (Gernsbacher, 1993) reported that less skilled readers are less able than more skilled readers to quickly suppress irrelevant information (e g, the contextually inappropriate meaning of a homonym, such as the playing-card meaning of spade, in the sentence He dug with the spade, or the inappropriate form of a homophone, such as patience, in the sentence He had lots of patients) In the current research, we investigated a ramification of that finding If less skilled readers are less able to suppress a contextually inappropriate meaning of a homonym, perhaps less skilled readers might be better than more skilled readers at comprehending puns However, intuition and previous research suggest the contrary, as do the results of the research presented here On a task that required accepting, rather than rejecting, a meaning of a homonym that was not implied by the sentence context, more skilled readers responded more rapidly than less skilled readers In contrast, on ...
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the Epoxykinamycin FL‐120 B′

Turn up the heat: An asymmetric total synthesis of the epoxykinamycin FL-120B’ is reported. The synthesis establishes a route to epoxide-containing diazobenzofluorenes which could potentially serve as monomers to the dimeric lomaiviticins. Key steps include Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Stille coupling, and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of atropisomeric carboxylic acids at elevated temperatures to construct the FL-120B’ core structure.
Predicting Children's Presurgical Anxiety and Subsequent Behavior Changes

Addressed, in two studies, issues of children's medical anxiety having implications for efficient psychological preparation. Study 1 assessed behavioral distress and physiological arousal of 4- to 10-year-old, unprepared, nonsedated children (N = 50) as they separated from parents, waited in the operating room, and were given general anesthesia for minor surgery. Anxiety intensity varied widely among children and was most intense at mask presentation. Mother's prediction of uncooperative behavior and a history of prior surgery were the best predictors. Study 2 examined anxiety of 37 children prior to surgery and behavior changes 2 weeks later. At follow-up, minor or transient problems were common; 4 children developed significant problems. Elevated presurgical anxiety predicted later problems, but only among children hospitalized after surgery. Findings suggest that presurgical anxiety and later behavior problems are partially predictable.
The immunology of mycobacterial infections.

(1982). The Immunology of Mycobacterial Infections. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 139-197.
Consequences … to Drive or Not to Drive, that is the Decision

(2000). Consequences … to Drive or Not to Drive, that is the Decision. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 175-176.
Neuropsychological contributions to education.

This paper deals with the effects of general experiences and specific educational practices on the structure and functioning of the central nervous system. The dynamic relationships among various regions of the brain are expressed in the interdependence of such cognitive functions as motor skills, perception, language, and memory and in the integration of information within and among modalities and of receptive and expressive functions. Anatomic and physiological research has demonstrated, moreover, that emotional and attentional processes are inseparable from cognitive ones. What we now know about the brain supports certain educational practices and suggests certain methods for the teacher (e.g., when there is a hemispheric deficit). The brain can change, and the teacher is responsible in part for providing the environment in which these changes can occur.
A multiprocessor architecture for generalized DOA algorithms

One of today's problems in signal processing is the identification of direction of arrival (DOA). Many algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, the algorithms are highly complex and require a lot of computing power. This paper presents a multiprocessor architecture that is capable of computing DOA in real time.
Periodic instrumental variable identification

An approach to the selection and use of instruments in which the input signal is restricted to be a periodic pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) is proposed. The method exploits the periodicity of the input and the steady-state periodic output by choosing the instruments to be the input and the output delayed by the period of the input. This proposed choice has desirable statistical properties and identifies the unknown parameters in a relatively few number of iterations when compared to other choices of instruments. The proposed instruments produce asymptotically unbiased estimates with a covariance that approaches zero as the number of iterations becomes large.
Globalizing Medical Information Services at Eli Lilly and Company

The need for a global medical information group at Eli Lilly and Company was identified in 1994. As a result, the Global Medical Information (GMI) Department was formed. GMI began the globalization process by benchmarking other pharmaceutical companies and by surveying Lilly affiliate medical information groups. GMI then initiated a global medical information conference which validated the globalization plans, identified needs and issues, provided resource solutions, and established a communication network. These initial steps were followed by the development of needed resources such as global response documents, bibliographic citation databases, and a call-tracking system. Training programs were initiated, and regional communication plans were implemented. The creation of GMI has led to an increase in the capabilities of medical information departments worldwide. GMI has helped affiliates reduce duplication of effort, increase consistency in responses, and provide higher quality and more timely information to requesting customers in support of Lilly pharmaceuticals.
Silicon Detectors for Low Energy Particle Detection

Silicon detectors with very thin entrance contacts have been fabricated for use in the IMPACT SupraThermal Electron (STE) instrument on the STEREO mission and for the solid state telescopes on the THEMIS mission. The silicon diode detectors were fabricated using a 200 Aring thick phosphorous doped polysilicon layer that formed the thin entrance window. A 200 Aring thick aluminum layer was deposited on top of the polysilicon in order to reduce their response to stray light. Energy loss in the entrance contact was about 350 eV for electrons and about 2.3 keV for protons. The highest detector yield was obtained using a process in which the thick polysilicon gettering layer was removed by chemical etching rather than chemical mechanical polishing.
Transgender people of color at the center: Conceptualizing a new intersectional model

Some transgender people in the USA actively experience changes in institutional power linked to transitioning. As such, they serve as informants to the interconnections of institutional inequalitie...
The ““Yellow Peril”” and Asian Exclusion in the Americas

This article examines the history of Asian migration and exclusion in the Americas by focusing on the intersections of national histories, transnational migration, and the globality of race. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, a transnational conversation about race, migration, and national security circulated throughout North and South America. The subject was the global migration of Asians and the alleged threat they posed. By examining the circularity of Asian migration within the Americas as well as the transnational nature of anti-Asian racism, this article seeks to revise our understandings of transnationalism and contribute to the larger global history of race.