cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microelectrode Studies of the Cerebral Cortex

Publisher Summary This chapter mainly dealswith the use of microelectrodes in the isocortex and in the analysis of descending pyramidal tract activity. The microelectrode used in the study of the cortex and recorded axon-like spikes of about 1 msec duration from the hippocampus, but recorded only slow waves from the isocortex when using microelectrodes of more than 15μ tip diameter. This pioneering study is also of technical interest because of the excellent control of electrode depth, the attention paid to grid current flow through the electrode and to the electrolyte composition of the contents of the recording micropipette. Brief unit spikes are recorded by means of microelectrodes resting on the pial surface. A method of controlling cerebral pulsations is essential to permit the use of microelectrodes small enough to secure an adequate sampling of the various types and sizes of cortical neurons and to hold such unit activity long enough for analysis. Two techniques are in common use, which are (1) the closed head preparation and (2) the use of a pressor, which is lightly applied to the cortex after which the micropipette is inserted through a centrally placed hole in the pressor.
Parallel and Divergent Predictors of Objective and Subjective Value in Negotiation

The negotiation field has been dominated by a focus on objective value, or economic outcomes, with relatively less attention paid to subjective value, or social psychological outcomes. This chapter proposes a framework that highlights the duality of negotiation outcomes by identifying predictors of both objective and subjective value. Whereas some predictors tend to have parallel effects, benefiting objective and subjective value in tandem, other predictors tend to have divergent effects, benefiting objective value while simultaneously undermining subjective value, or vice versa. We further distinguish between predictors typically outside of the negotiator’s control, such as personality traits and individual differences, versus predictors typically within the negotiator’s control, such as behaviors and strategies. We offer twelve examples of predictors that illustrate this new framework, with the aim of advising individuals on how best to manage both objective and subjective value, thereby achieving peak performance in negotiations.
Hormone binding by human mammary carcinoma.

The specific binding of labeled porcine insulin, human prolactin, and human growth hormone was studied in 63 human breast tumors and 15 nonmalignant breast tissues. Most (90%) of the tumors demonstrated significant binding of insulin, as did 80% of nonmalignant tissues. Autoradiographic studies indicated that insulin bound dominantly to tumor cells, rather than to fat and fibrous tissue contained within tumors. Specific binding of prolactin and growth hormone of greater than 1% was seen in 20 and 12% of tumors, respectively, and one tumor studied in detail showed a small amount of saturable, high-affinity prolactin binding. The affinity of binding of insulin and prolactin to tumor was similar to that seen in target tissues in subprimate species (Kd = 4 × 10−10 m), but the prolactin-binding capacity in the one tumor studied in detail was very low (10 fmoles/mg membrane protein), compared with prolactin-responsive experimental mammary carcinoma.
Speech error and tip of the tongue diary for mobile devices.

Collections of various types of speech errors have increased our understanding of the acquisition, production, and perception of language. Although such collections of naturally occurring language errors are invaluable for a number of reasons, the process of collecting various types of speech errors presents many challenges to the researcher interested in building such a collection, among them a significant investment of time and effort to obtain a sufficient number of examples to enable statistical analysis. Here we describe a freely accessible website (http://spedi.ku.edu) that helps users document slips of the tongue, slips of the ear, and tip of the tongue states that they experience firsthand or observe in others. The documented errors are amassed, and made available for other users to analyze, thereby distributing the time and effort involved in collecting errors across a large number of individuals instead of saddling the lone researcher, and facilitating distribution of the collection to other researchers. This approach also addresses some issues related to data curation that hampered previous error collections, and enables the collection to continue to grow over a longer period of time than previous collections. Finally, this web-based tool creates an opportunity for language scientists to engage in outreach efforts to increase the understanding of language disorders and research in the general public.
LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF BIOENERGY AND BIOFUELS PLANTS

Logistic regression models were developed to identify significant factors that influence the location of existing wood-using bioenergy/biofuels plants and traditional wood-using facilities. Logistic models provided quantitative insight for variables influencing the location of woody biomass-using facilities. Availability of “thinnings to a basal area of 31.7m2/ha,” “availability of unused mill residues,” and “high density of railroad availability” had positive significant influences on the location of all wood-using faciities. “Median family income,” “population,” “low density of railroad availability,” and “harvesting costs for logging residues” had negative significant influences on the location of all wood-using faciities. For larger woody biomass-using mills (e.g., biopower) availability of “thinnings to a basal area of 79.2m2/ha,” “number of primary and secondary wood-using mills within an 128.8km haul distance,” and “amount of total mill residues,” had positive significant influences on the location of larger wood-using faciities. “Population” and “harvesting costs for logging residues” have negative significant influences on the location of larger wood-using faciities. Based on the logistic models, 25 locations were predicted for bioenergy or biofuels plants for a 13-state study region in the Southern United States.
9 - Reflectance Measurements of Diffusing Surfaces Using Conic Mirror Reflectometers

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the published literature on conic mirror reflectometers. Based on this review, the significant sources of measurement error present with conic mirror devices have been systematically analyzed, including important magnification effects. Recent developments in the design of hemispherical sources and detectors using nonimaging compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) have been reviewed in the chapter. Extensive raytracing studies of the effect of sample positioning on the throughput of the primary conic mirrors have shown that for modestly sized mirrors, the positioning error is small (< 0.25 %) if the sample offset from the conic mirror base plane can be controlled to <0.1-0.2 mm. However, the correction factor associated with interreflection effects can easily exceed 1.1 if the reflectance of the source (2π/θ) or the detector (θ/2π) is above 20 %. Techniques for minimizing and correcting for the interreflection error is also reviewed in the chapter. All the reflectometer designs and equations discussed can be easily modified to perform and analyze transmittance measurements of diffusing samples.
Consumer Demand for Fair Trade: New Evidence from a Field Experiment Using eBay Auctions of Fresh Roasted Coffee

A majority of surveyed consumers say they prefer ethically certified products, such as Fair Trade coffee, over non-certified alternatives, and are willing to pay a price premium for such products. There is no clear evidence, however, that people seek out such products and pay a premium for them when shopping. We provide new evidence on consumer behavior from an experiment conducted on eBay. We find that the Fair Trade label has a substantial positive effect on bidding for coffee. On average, shoppers paid a 23% premium for coffee labeled Fair Trade. This premium was not affected by the recent recession.
Do calcium antagonists act directly on calcium channels to alter baroreceptor function

This study examined the effects of antagonists known to act on voltage-dependent calcium channels (chiefly nitrendipine, diltiazem and verapamil) on arterial baroreceptor function. Single fiber discharge of aortic arch baroreceptor preparations of the rat was not altered at concentrations ranging from 10(-11) to 10(-6) M. Increasing pressure in an isolated perfused carotid sinus in the cat produced a reflex arterial pressure response which was not altered significantly when the carotid perfusate contained an antagonist concentration of 10(-7) to 10(-6) M. A higher concentration (10(-5) M) of all three antagonists decreased baroreceptor discharge and depressed the reflex response. In addition, nimodipine and nifedipine had uniformly similar dose-related effects. It is likely that the effects found at the elevated concentrations are nonspecific and probably are independent of voltage-dependent calcium channels. No differences between the dihydropyridine blockers and verapamil were found even at very high doses. Our results suggest that within the range of doses used clinically these antagonists do not directly affect baroreceptor function. In addition, the present results reinforce the notion that voltage-dependent calcium channels are not importantly involved in baroreceptor transduction as suggested by earlier studies of the effects of changing external calcium concentration.
Reflections on Youth: Transition to Adulthood.

In the following article Cusick takes a look at the state of education, as described in the Coleman re port, and voices some personal concerns.
Design and Development of the Single Motor Propelled Drive-Train (SiMPl-D)

Mobile robotic devices and other mobility related drive systems are often relegated to one of the two classes of devices available today: wheeled devices or tracked devices. Wheeled systems are more energy efficient and reliable than tracked systems, but existing designs have drawbacks related to rough-terrain driving and maneuvering in tight spaces.In this paper we describe the design and development of a drive system named the Single Motor Propelled Drive-train (SiMPl-D), which can potentially improve maneuvering over rough terrain and in tight spaces compared to traditional wheeled robots. SiMPl-D has two prominent features: a single drive motor, which provides both propulsion and turning, and is suspended under the center of mass of the device on a swingarm, which is linked through a suspension system to caster wheels; and it has reconfigurable drive wheel, which changes the turning radius of the device.Due to these features, SiMPl-D can traverse a wide range of terrain while remaining energy and cost efficient. SiMPl-D has been successfully used in an indoor/outdoor low-cost personal mobility device and is currently being implemented in other robotic mobility applications.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
L.A. Noir

Between Utopian visions of a profoundly suburban American idyll that appeared in gallery spreads in magazines and pompous architectural journal epistles in the 1920s and '30s and the epically ignorant and sophomoric self-satisfaction of Ozzie and Harriet in the 1960s lay just a few decades that produced an historically rare episode in the United States— a pause for introspection and uncertainty. While some of this is owed to The Bomb, HUAC, and an upheaval of collective national sacrifice through the 1940s and early 1950s, the literature and film produced at the time was routinely of high caliber and often singularly inventive. None outstrips film noir, the celluloid expression of a collective national unease, and no place offers a better geography for noir than Los Angeles. Examining three of what can be considered classic L.A. noir films, we then jump ahead to look at the genre's reemergence in Chinatown, Blade Runner, L.A. Confidential, and Pulp Fiction, each offering a novel reconditioning of noir the...
The effect of audiogenic seizures on regional CNS energy reserves, glycolysis and citric acid cycle flux.

Selected energy reserves, glycolytic intermediates and citric acid cycle intermediates were measured in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord of susceptible mice during audiogenic seizures. Changes in energy reserves (ATP, phosphocreatine and glucose) differed strikingly in extent and temporal pattern from region to region. The audiogenic seizure produced a transient, large decrease in thalamic energy reserves during the early, pretonic phase of the seizure. Less extensive decreases were observed in brain stem and spinal cord; but in these latter regions the changes persisted throughout the pretonic and tonic phases of the seizures. In cerebellum there was a biphasic decrease in energy reserves; a small decrease was observed immediately after the sound stimulus and a second much greater decrease was observed during the tonic phase of the seizure. No change in energy reserves was observed in cerebral cortex. Changes in glycolytic intermediates (glucose 6-phosphate, fructose diphosphate, pyruvate and lactate) also varied from region to region in response to the decreases in energy reserves. In contrast, changes in the two citric acid cycle intermediates, α-oxoglutarate and malate, were essentially the same in all regions studied. α-Oxoglutarate decreased during the tonic phase of the seizure and rose during recovery. Malate remained at control levels throughout the seizure and then slowly increased. These findings are interpreted as indicating regional variations in nueronal activity during audiogenic seizures. During the period when clinical seizure activity is apparent neuronal activity increases in the subcortical regions. This is reflected by an increase in energy utilization and an increase in glycolytic flux in these areas. However, a concomitant increase in citric acid cycle flux does not seem to occur during this period. Citric acid cycle flux does appear to increase after the seizure is over.
Anthropology and oral rehydration therapy.

A broad policy/managerial perspective is taken in this some basic facts about diarrhea and its management. Diarrhea particularly in infants is both a complex and an often terrible condition and some families will do virtually anything to stop the childs perceived suffering. Treatments used range in extreme cases to total withholding of food and fluid which results in a diarrhea free lethargic semi-comatose state and sometimes a quiet death. If the hundreds of millions of people who receive all or much of their health care from traditional healers are to be reached by the modern health service sector it must work cooperatively with the traditional sector. Some members of the allopathic/cosmopolitan professions fail to understand the reality and implication of this need and a broad sentiment is to ignore or reject the tradition sector. Some physicians experience great difficulty in accepting suggestions from nonphysicians. Due to the fact that conditions within most developing countries differ greatly from isolated rural communities through periurban rural to urban settings a multifaceted flexible changing approach is needed to reduce mortality and morbidity secondary diarrhea. It is necessary to work with allopathic physicians and traditional healers to adapt to a variety of situations. Social marketing techniques for oral rehydration packets will have to change calling for the development of a whole range of new educational approaches. This symposium illustrates the complexity of diarrhea disease and its control as well as the need for coordination with policy makers health program managers and educators.
Eosinophilic esophagitis in infants and toddlers.

Feeding refusal is often described in conjunction with the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) in pediatric patients; however, there are little data regarding the specific clinical manifestations and effective management of this condition in very young children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presentation of EE in infants and toddlers referred to the Interdisciplinary Feeding Team Clinic of a tertiary referral center and to document responses to treatment. Database matching was performed (from January 2000 to June 2003) to identify infants and toddlers diagnosed with EE who had been referred to the Interdisciplinary Feeding Team Clinic. Endoscopic features required for a diagnosis of EE included esophageal mucosal furrowing, erythema, exudates, or decreased vascular markings. Histologic features of EE were more than 24 eosinophils per high-power field (HPF), thickening of basal cell layer, and papillary (rete peg) lengthening or elongation. All study patients were treated with a combination of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and fluticasone (swallowed). In addition, elemental diet was instituted in those documented to have a food allergy. Treatment success was defined by an improved oral intake, adequate weight gain, and improved endoscopic and histologic findings at 3–6-month followup. A total of 15 subjects [mean age = 19.9 months (SD = 9.7 months)] who fulfilled the entry criteria during the study period were identified. All 15 children had documented endoscopic improvement and 14/15 children had histologic resolution of EE after therapy. In 13 of the 15 children, this translated to clinical improvement as well.
Reaction of polycrystalline Na β″-alumina with CO2 and H2O and the formation of hydroxyl groups

The reactions of polycrystalline Na β″-alumina with CO2 and H2O were investigated using infrared reflectance methods. These reactions result in the replacement of Na+ ions with H3O+ ions and the formation of a scale of NaHCO3 or hydrated Na2CO3 on the surfaces of ceramic specimens. The composition of the scale formed depends on the pressures of CO2 and H2O: NaHCO3 forms at high CO2 pressure while Na2CO3 · XH2O forms at low CO2 pressures. The H3O+ ions dislocate by an endothermic process to produce OH− species in the conduction layers of the grains. The removal of these species by H2O evolution at high temperature implies that an irreversible change occurs in the composition of the surface region of the ceramic.
N-group neutron transport theory: A criticality problem in slab geometry

Abstract The steady-state equation for N -group neutron transport in slab geometry is written as an integral equation. A spectral analysis is made of the integral operator and related to the criticality problem. The method depends on a representation for the resolvent kernel for a subcritical slab and on analytic continuation in a complex parameter to characterize eigenvalues in terms of singularities of the resolvent. The analytic continuation is based on a bifurcation analysis of some nonlinear matrix integral equations whose solutions provide a matrix Wiener-Hopf factorization of the Fourier transform of the kernel of the transport operator.
Prefrontal neurons transmit signals to parietal neurons that reflect executive control of cognition

Prefrontal cortex influences behavior largely through its connections with other association cortices; however, the nature of the information conveyed by prefrontal output signals and what effect these signals have on computations performed by target structures is largely unknown. To address these questions, we simultaneously recorded the activity of neurons in prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices of monkeys performing a rule-based spatial categorization task. Parietal cortex receives direct prefrontal input, and parietal neurons, like their prefrontal counterparts, exhibit signals that reflect rule-based cognitive processing in this task. By analyzing rapid fluctuations in the cognitive information encoded by activity in the two areas, we obtained evidence that signals reflecting rule-dependent categories were selectively transmitted in a top-down direction from prefrontal to parietal neurons, suggesting that prefrontal output is important for the executive control of distributed cognitive processing.
Efficient Synthesis of Gaussian Filters by Cascaded Uniform Filters

Gaussian filtering is an important tool in image processing and computer vision. In this paper we discuss the background of Gaussian filtering and look at some methods for implementing it. Consideration of the central limit theorem suggests using a cascade of ``simple'' filters as a means of computing Gaussian filters. Among ``simple'' filters, uniform-coefficient finite-impulse-response digital filters are especially economical to implement. The idea of cascaded uniform filters has been around for a while [13], [16]. We show that this method is economical to implement, has good filtering characteristics, and is appropriate for hardware implementation. We point out an equivalence to one of Burt's methods [1], [3] under certain circumstances. As an extension, we describe an approach to implementing a Gaussian Pyramid which requires approximately two addition operations per pixel, per level, per dimension. We examine tradeoffs in choosing an algorithm for Gaussian filtering, and finally discuss an implementation.
Correlation between reproductive photoresponsiveness and photoregulated locomotor activity in meadow voles

Abstract Some rodent populations contain individuals that undergo complete gonadal regression under short day lengths, other individuals whose gonads are little affected by such treatment, and still others that are intermediate in their response. Meadow voles exhibiting this variation were used to explore the relationship between reproductive photoresponsiveness and photoregulated locomotor activity. The activity patterns of the two extreme phenotypes—reproductively photoresponsive vs. nonresponsive—were compared, first under short day lengths and then under long day lengths. The primary component of the daily running wheel activity pattern for both phenotypes under both conditions was ultradian. Within that framework, reproductively photoresponsive voles were predominantly nocturnal in their locomotor activity under both day lengths. In contrast, the nonresponsive individuals showed no significant circadian variation in their activity under either day length. These results suggest that reproductively photoresponsive and nonresponsive individuals may have fundamentally different patterns of activity throughout the year in the wild. Furthermore, the data suggest that the inability of some voles to respond reproductively to variations in photoperiod may be caused by a decoupling of the circadian system from the entraining effects of day length.
Interference Patterns of Ultrasonic Optical Gratings

In general, a medium disturbed by plane ultrasonic waves becomes a combined amplitude and phase grating for the light passing through this medium. A theory for the interference pattern in the Fresnel region is developed in terms of the light wavefront emerging from any arbitrary periodic grating. The images formed in the Fresnel field repeat at regular distances. The periodicities of these images are discussed for all periodic gratings.
Protein digestion and absorption in the blind loop syndrome.

Protein digestion and absorption was studied in rats with 6-week-old surgically constructed self-filling intestinal blind loops and steatorrhea, ie, blind-loop animals and controls were fed a 14 C-labeled protein meal containing a nonabsorbable marker, 51 CrCl 3 , and sacrificed 1 or 2 hr later. Intestinal contents were analyzed for 14 C, 51 Cr, protein, trypsin, and the products of digestion. At 1 hr, 14 C absorption was greater in controls, but at 2 hr there was no difference in absorption between the two groups. Marker studies showed that blind-loop filling resulted in a delay of the progression of intestinal contents distally. Intraluminal trypsin and porteolysis were similar in the two groups. Endogenous protein was greater in the blind-loop animals. The early stages of the blind-loop syndrome may be characterized by delayed protein absorption secondary to blind-loop filling, which is compensated for by the distal gut resulting in an absence of overall protein malabsorption.
Determining critical incident nursing interventions for the critical care setting: a pilot study.

PURPOSE. The purpose of this research survey was to determine which Adult Critical Care Core Nursing Interventions (ACCCNIs) in the Nursing Interventions Classification constitutes a critical incident nursing intervention (CINI). A CINI is defined as any indirect or direct care registered nurse (RN)-initiated treatment performed in response to a life-threatening nursing diagnosis. METHODS. A list of ACCCNIs were sent to 50 critical care RNs in two survey rounds. Responses >80% for each ACCCNI was determined to be a CINI. FINDINGS. Forty-one ACCCNIs were determined to be CINIs. CONCLUSIONS. It is recommended that CINIs be included as a separate Nursing Intervention Classification category to reflect current nursing practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. CINIs can enhance RN competency, education, and vigilance, thereby preventing or decreasing the number of deaths that occur from critical incidents.
Amino-terminal amino acid sequence of beef heart mitochondrial coupling factor B

Bovine heart mitochondrial coupling factor B was isolated and purified to homogeneity in its active form. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the alkylated protein was determined. Two chains with exactly the same sequence except for the presence of an additional Phe at the aminoterminus on one of them were obtained. The 55 amino acid sequence appears to be largely hydrophilic with several charged amino acid residues. This sequence showed no homology with the E. coli unc operon, oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein, or coupling factor 6 or any protein in the data base.
Equilibrium segregation in an antimony-containing stainless steel

In this study equilibrium segregation was measured by x-ray microanalysis in an AEM and related to boundary character and structure. Equilibrium segregation of antimony in an austenitic stainless steel was investigated by x-ray microanalysis. Fractional monolayer coverages of antimony were detected at grain boundaries, as well as nickel enrichment and chromium depletion. Equilibrium segregation depends on boundary character. The measured apparent compositions are corrected for the relative spatial extents of the segregant layer and the excited volume. Segregation of antimony to boundary dislocations depends on dislocation character. Alloy composition (in atomic percent) was 68.1 Fe, 16.1 Cr, 14.2 Ni, 0.79 Si, 0.46 Sb, 0.20 Mn, and 0.12.
The rearrangement of fluoromethylenecyclopropane

Abstract The thermal rearrangement of monofluoro derivatives of methylenecyclopropane was studied ab initio. Transition structures for the concerted reaction were located. These are very similar in structure to that found earlier for methylenecyclopropane. Suggestions are made as to how the concerted reaction might be confirmed experimentally.
Variation in Use of Buprenorphine and Methadone Treatment by Racial, Ethnic, and Income Characteristics of Residential Social Areas in New York City

National data indicate that patients treated with buprenorphine for opiate use disorders are more likely to be White, highly educated, and to have greater incomes than those receiving methadone, but patterns of buprenorphine dissemination across demographic areas have not been documented in major metropolitan areas where poverty, minority populations and injection heroin use are concentrated. Rates of buprenorphine and methadone treatment are compared among areas of New York City defined by their income and ethnic/racial composition. Residential social areas (hereinafter called social areas) were defined as aggregations of ZIP codes with similar race/ethnicity and income characteristics, and were formed based on clustering techniques. Treatment rates were obtained for each New York City ZIP code: buprenorphine treatment rates were based on the annual number of buprenorphine prescriptions written, and the methadone treatment rate on the number of methadone clinic visits for persons in each ZIP code. Treatment rates were correlated univariately with ethnicity and income characteristics of ZIP codes. Social area treatment rates were compared using individual ANOVA models for each rate. Buprenorphine and methadone treatment rates were significantly correlated with the ethnicity and income characteristics of ZIP codes, and treatment rates differed significantly across the social areas. Buprenorphine treatment rates were highest in the social area with the highest income and lowest percentage of Black and Hispanic residents. Conversely, the methadone treatment rate was highest in the social area with the highest percentage of low income and Hispanic residents. The uneven dissemination of 0pioid maintenance treatment in New York City may be reflective of the limited public health impact of buprenorphine in ethnic minority and low income areas. Specific policy and educational interventions to providers are needed to promote the use of buprenorphine for opiate use disorders in diverse populations.
Fabrication of two-terminal metal-interconnected multijunction III–V solar cells

A novel approach has been developed to enable the creation of a fully lattice-matched two-terminal four-junction III–V solar cell is which an upper 1.85 eV GaInP/ 1.42 eV GaAs two-junction (2J) tandem cell is bonded to a lower Eg3 eV GaInAsP/ 0.74 GaInAs eV 2J tandem cell. In this configuration, the upper tandem is grown inverted and lattice-matched to a GaAs substrate, and the lower tandem is grown upright and lattice-matched to an InP substrate. Prove of concept devices have been fabricated using Au-Au bonding with either SiO 2 or GaInP 2 as a filler material. The bonding process is discussed in this paper as well as the result of an inverted GaAs cell bonded on a conducting GaAs wafer. The most complex device fabricated to date is a GaInP/GaAs 2J tandem cell bonded to a GaInAs cell using a GaInP 2 optical coupling layer, with a post-bonding V oc of 2.7 eV.
Linking Transition Services to Student Outcomes for Students with Moderate/ Severe Mental Retardation

The study sought to determine the impact of the transition mandate on student outcomes for students with moderate/severe mental retardation. Using a telephone follow-up protocol, I conducted interviews with the parents or guardians of all 1990 and 1995 graduates with moderate/severe mental retardation from three school districts in Washington State who chose to participate in this study. This study documented the postschool status of these two groups at one year and at six years out of school in several areas: employment; enrollment in postsecondary school or training; engagement in employment, education or both; and independent living. Interviews also were conducted with the families, teachers, and administrators of three 1990 graduates and three 1995 graduates of these school districts in order to document the link between the high school program and postschool student outcomes and the impact of the transition mandate on the high school program.The survey data revealed similar outcomes for the graduates...
Models of neonates' preferences for facelike patterns: A response to Morton, Johnson, and Maurer

Abstract Morton, Johnson, and Maurer (1990) have proposed a template-matching model to explain infants' preferences among facelike and abstract patterns as reported in a previous article (Kleiner, 1987) . Problems with template models are noted. A model which relies primarily on the linear systems model and secondarily on pattern structure is discussed.
Floer homology groups for homology three-spheres

Recently Floer [Fl] has defined eight new homology groups for oriented 3-dimensional homology spheres. The definition of these groups makes heavy use of the theory of gauge fields on threeand four-manifolds, as it has been developed during the last decade by Uhlenbeck, Taubes, Donaldson, and others. The purpose of this note is to give an introductory, rather detailed description of these interesting groups. We also discuss some further structure on these groups, the computations of Floer homology for the Brieskorn homology 3-spheres by Fintushel and Stern, and the relation with Donaldson polynomials for 4-manifolds. Here and there some further conjectures have been inserted. Apart from a few remarks in 94, nothing in these notes is due to the author, and the credit for this work should go to Floer, the designers of gauge theory, mentioned above, and Fintushel and Stern. Very interestingly, Witten [W2] has recently given a quantum field theory approach to Floer homology and Donaldson polynomials; this we shall not review here. Also we shall not enter into a discussion on how to relate Floer homology to two dimensional gauge theory through a Heegaard splitting of the homology sphere. This last point, as well as much other beautiful scenery around Floer’s theory, can be found in Atiyah [At].
Simulation of Cl Uptake by Low-salt Barley Roots as a Test of Models of Salt Uptake.

Computing techniques are used to simulate the course of uptake of K(+), Na(+), and Cl(-) by low-salt roots. Measurements of the fluxes of these ions in high-salt roots are used to calculate membrane permeabilities, which are then used to calculate cell uptake. In this way it is possible to test the predictive value of different models for the location of sites of salt uptake in the cell.On the basis of the permeability data used, it is suggested that anion transport at the plasmalemma must be larger than that provided by Mechanism I and that there is a need for transport of both cations and anions at the tonoplast. To account for the observation that the level of salt at equilibrium in the tissue is very nearly independent of concentration, it is suggested that there must be some feedback from vacuolar content to rate of transport at the tonoplast.
Pathline and Geochemical Evolution of Ground Water in a Regional Discharge Area, Red River Valley, North Dakota

Ground water in the Red River Valley region of North Dakota evolves from HCO3 to SO4 to Cl-type water over a distance of less than 100 km. Pathline analysis of ground-water flow in a transect across the valley combined with chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships explain the processes responsible for the observed geochemical evolution. Prior geological studies have shown that the central Red River Valley is a discharge zone for regional ground-water flow. Discharged waters are generated from different sources, processes, and pathlines. Closed surface drainage and small permeability provide Na-HCO3 water for bedrock recharge on the western side of the transect. In contrast, greater recharge in shale outwash is characterized by Ca-Mg-HCO3 water. Both ultimately evolve to SO4 water with similar proportions of major cations. Upward flow through Paleozoic sediments into the Lower Cretaceous Inyan Kara Group consists of Na-Cl water modified by downward leakage of SO4 water from Cretaceous shale and HCO3-SO4 water from glacial sediments. Discharged ground water reveals chemical characteristics that suggest mixing of spatially varying proportions of local recharge and more evolved, deeper ground water. Mineral/ground-water equilibria and estimation of mass transfer indicate that ground-water composition is largely controlled by carbonate precipitation and dissolution, gypsum dissolution, and clay cation exchange.
Beyond bones: archaeological sites, early hominid subsistence, and the costs and benefits of exploiting wild plant foods in east African riverine landscapes

Abstract Plant remains are rare at early archaeological sites in Africa, and consequently the contribution of plant foods to the subsistence behaviors of early hominids has been difficult to investigate archaeologically. Research on the quality, abundance, and distribution of plant foods in modern African habitats can contribute to reconstructions of the paleoenvironmental context of early archaeological sites. Results of fieldwork near the upper Semliki River, Parc National des Virunga, eastern Zaire demonstrate some ecological parameters of primate plant food availability that would have constrained early hominids foraging for plant foods. Such actualistic studies provide a frame of reference from which to interpret variations in the composition of early assemblages of artifacts and fossil bones, and help focus inferences about the likely adaptive significance of plant foods in early hominid diets.
Enhancement by gangliosides of the binding of serotonin to serotonin binding protein.

: Several gangliosides, especially GD3 (disialosyllactosyl ceramide) in the presence of another lipid (lecithin) were found to enhance the binding of serotonin to serotonin binding protein (SBP) severalfold. In our conditions, this enhancement was linear to a concentration of 2.7 × 10−6I GD3 and a three- to fivefold increase in binding capacity of SBP was obtained with 8.8 × 10−6 M. The addition of this ganglioside led to an increase of serotonin binding sites, but not to an increase in the affinity of SBP to serotonin. Optimal binding capacity was found with a ratio of lecithin to ganglioside of 6: 1 (w/w). No binding was found in the absence of either SBP or Fe2+ (binding of serotonin to SBP is dependent on Fe2+). Other glycosphingolipids (sulfatide, GD1a, GD1b, GM1) showed lesser effects at low concentration, whereas asialo-GM1, cytolipin H, galactocerebroside and GM3 had insignificant effects. Since earlier studies suggested a storage role for serotonin binding protein, the interaction of gangliosides with this protein may regulate the concentration of the biogenic amine in the synapse.
An Experimental Comparison of Two Pelleting Methods for Cellulosic Ethanol Manufacturing

Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. However, manufacturing costs of cellulosic ethanol are too high to be competitive. Low density of cellulosic feedstocks increases their handling and transportation costs, contributing to high overall costs of cellulosic ethanol manufacturing. Pelleting can increase density of cellulosic feedstocks, reduce transportation and storage costs, and make cellulosic ethanol production more competitive. UV-A (ultrasonic vibration-assisted) pelleting is a new pelleting method (available only in lab scale now). Preliminary research showed that UV-A pelleting could significantly increase pellet density and pellet durability but it has never been compared with other pelleting methods (e.g., using an extruder, a briquetting press or a ring-die pelleting). The objectives of this research are to compare UV-A pelleting with ring-die pelleting in terms of pellet density, pellet durability, energy consumptions of pelleting. The results will be useful to find a better pelleting method for cellulosic ethanol manufacturing.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Self-assembled lithium manganese oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanotube or graphene as high-performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

LiMn2O4–carbon composites composed of ∼7 nm LiMn2O4 nanoparticles homogeneously anchored on conducting carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets were fabricated via a self-assembly process combined with solid-state lithiation. Owing to improved Li diffusion kinetics achieved by the small particle size and intimate electrical contact with a porous, conducting carbon matrix, reversible capacities close to the theoretical value with enhanced power capability and cyclability were attained for these highly crystalline LiMn2O4–carbon composite cathodes. The facile self-assembly approach can be readily adapted to different carbon supports and could serve as a general synthetic strategy towards controlled fabrication of other functional hybrids for high-performance energy storage devices.
EVALUATION OF SURFACE FINISH OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS BY A REPLICA METHOD

A technique for making ethyl cellulose replicas of enameled and other surfaces is described. Photographic prints of a number of replicas made without the use of negatives are shown, and methods of analyzing the replicas are discussed. The haze of rep1icas was used to evaluate 25 enamels abraded in the standard P.E.I. surface-abrasion test. Graphs are shown comparing these ratings with those obtained by (1) the standard method, (2) visual estimates of the abrasion as seen on the enameled specimens, and (3) visual estimates of the abrasion as seen in the replicas. The haze-of-replica method appears to offer advantages for evaluating the amount of abrasion.
Density functional perturbational orbital theory of spin polarization in electronic systems. I. Formalism.

A perturbational approach is presented for the general analysis of spin-polarization effect on electronic structures and energies within spin-density functional formalism. Explicit expressions for the changes in Kohn-Sham [Phys. Rev. 140, 1133 (1965)] orbital energies and coefficients as well as for the change in total electronic energy are derived upon using the local spin density and self-interaction-corrected exchange-correlation functionals. The application of the method for atoms provides analytical expressions for the exchange splitting energy and spin-polarization energy. The atomic exchange parameters are obtained from the expressions for the elements with Z=1–92 and they match well with Stoner exchange parameters for 3d metal elements.
Endothelin-1 Promotes Ca2+ Antagonist-Insensitive Coronary Smooth Muscle Contraction Via Activation of ε-Protein Kinase C

Certain forms of coronary artery disease do not respond to treatment with Ca 2+ channel blockers, and a role for endothelin-1 (ET-1) in Ca 2+ antagonist-insensitive forms of coronary vasospasm has been suggested; however, the signaling mechanisms involved are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that a component of ET-1–induced coronary smooth muscle contraction is Ca 2+ antagonist-insensitive and involves activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Cell contraction was measured in smooth muscle cells isolated from porcine coronary artery, [Ca 2+ ] i was measured in fura-2 loaded cells, and the cytosolic and particulate fractions were examined for PKC activity and reactivity with isoform-specific PKC antibodies using Western blot analysis. In Hank’s solution (1 mmol/L Ca 2+ ), ET-1 (10 −7 mol/L) caused a transient increase in [Ca 2+ ] i (236±14 nmol/L) followed by a maintained increase in [Ca 2+ ] i (184±8 nmol/L) and 35% cell contraction. The Ca 2+ channel blockers verapamil and diltiazem (10 −6 mol/L) abolished the maintained ET-1–induced [Ca 2+ ] i , but only partially inhibited ET-1–induced cell contraction to 18%. The verapamil-insensitive component of ET-1 contraction was inhibited by the PKC inhibitors calphostin C and e-PKC V1–2 . ET-1 caused translocation of Ca 2+ -dependent α-PKC and Ca 2+ -independent e-PKC from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction that was inhibited by calphostin C. Verapamil abolished ET-1–induced translocation of α-PKC, but not that of e-PKC. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 −6 mol/L), a direct activator of PKC, caused 22% cell contraction, with no increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , and translocation of e-PKC that was inhibited by calphostin C, but not by verapamil. KCl (51 mmol/L), which stimulates Ca 2+ influx, caused 35% cell contraction and increase in [Ca 2+ ] i (291±11 nmol/L) that were inhibited by verapamil, but not by calphostin C, and did not cause translocation of α- or e-PKC. In Ca 2+ -free (2 mmol/L EGTA) Hank’s solution, ET-1 caused 15% cell contraction, with no increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , and translocation of e-PKC that were inhibited by e-PKC V1–2 inhibitory peptide. Thus, a significant component of ET-1–induced contraction of coronary smooth muscle is Ca 2+ antagonist-insensitive and involves activation and translocation of Ca 2+ -independent e-PKC, and may represent a signaling mechanism of Ca 2+ antagonist-resistant forms of coronary vasospasm.
Transistor Operation: Stabilization of Operating Points

This paper treats the problem of supplying emitter and collector bias currents to a transistor amplifier, and derives the mathematical relationship between the values of resistors and voltages required and the desired operating points, in order to achieve a desired degree of stability of these operating points.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci underlying ethanol metabolism in BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains.

Background: Genetic factors are well known to play an important role in determining individual differences in the metabolism of ethanol (EtOH), and several specific polymorphic loci have been identified that significantly contribute to the variability of EtOH metabolism in humans. However, these variant genes are either alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenases, and the identification of new gene products that contribute to variation in alcohol metabolism would be useful. Methods: To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs), we correlated variation in polymorphic markers with blood EtOH concentration and the rate of EtOH metabolism (β) in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains and in 25 of their recombinant inbred strains after 2 and 3 g/kg of EtOH intraperitoneally. Results: A QTL associated with β values for both doses was definitively mapped to the proximal region of chromosome 17, syntenic with human chromosome 6q25–27. Seven to 12 chromosomal regions were provisionally identified for each phenotype; several were associated with 2 or more phenotypes. Each QTL suggests the location of a gene or genes affecting EtOH pharmacokinetics. Candidate genes suggested by these analyses included several whose gene products are known to be induced by EtOH (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, and cytochrome P450 2E1), as well as several whose gene products have signaling functions likely to contribute to this induction. Conclusions: These studies provide evidence for the existence of genes affecting EtOH metabolism in multiple chromosomal regions. Future studies will be required to identify the chromosome 17 gene product. Use of other genetic populations, such as B6D2F2 crosses, will be required to determine which of the provisional loci represent true and which represent false-positive associations.
Reprogramming The Beat: Kicking It Up A Notch

The explosion of stem cell research in cardiology has yielded an increasing recognition that understanding developmental cell fate decisions is critical for everything from disease models to cellular therapeutics. However, the biology is particularly rich and complex and has not yielded easily to traditional investigative methods. One area of intense focus is the study of the cues responsible for the development of specialized conduction tissues in the heart. Direction of native cells or exogenous cells into the conduction system lineage might offer therapeutic insights into degenerative conduction disease. Article see p 1058 The most distal subendocardial fibers of the cardiac conduction system were first described by Jan Purkinje in 1839.1 Over 100 years ago, in painstakingly delicate dissections, Sunao Tawara2 characterized the cardiac conduction system further, describing the atrioventricular node, the penetrating bundle of His, the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fiber network. During the past 20 years, however, the pace of discovery of this highly specialized tissue has accelerated. Beginning with the observations that peripheral and central conduction tissue derives from cardiomyocyte progenitors in the chick,3,4 investigators have now identified key roles for many important molecular signals and transcription factors in conduction system development. Signaling molecules implicated in the formation of the conduction system include endothelin,5–9 neuregulin,10–13 Wnts,14 and bone morphogenetic proteins,15 and complex transcriptional roles have been identified for NKx2.5,16–20 members the T-box transcription factor family,18,21,22 shox2,23 msx2,24,25 and hop.26–28 In this issue of Circulation , Rentschler et al29 take a significant step toward understanding the determinants of conduction cell fate. In a series of elegant experiments, they demonstrate that activation of …
The past, present, and future of cochlear prostheses

The author discusses the accomplishments and challenges in treating sensorineurnal deafness through electrical stimulation.