cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of topical cyclosporin A in the treatment of alopecia areata

A total of 17 patients with alopecia areata refractory to therapy were randomized to receive either a topical solution of cyclosporin A (100 mg/ml) in liposomal vehicle, or liposomal vehicle alone. The patients were required to apply 500 μl twice daily for 4 months to a previously designated 1 cm2 patch of alopecia areata. Photographs of the treated area were taken at baseline and at weeks 4, 8 and 16. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at weeks 2, 8 and 16, to monitor adverse reactions and cyclosporin A levels. Of the 17 patients, 14 (8 cyclosporin A, 6 vehicle) completed the study. A slight decrease in the total number of vellus hairs and a slight increase in the total number of non-vellus (terminal) hairs was noted in both groups. Global severity of patients' hair loss increased slightly in the cyclosporin A group as compared with a slight decrease in the vehicle group. These changes were not statistically significant. Blood levels of cyclosporin A were not detected during the study. Topical cycl...
Structural and functional studies of the rat mitochondrial single strand DNA binding protein P16

The rat mitochondrial single strand DNA binding protein (SSB) P16 was purified to apparent homogeneity by elution from single strand DNA agarose with ethidium bromide. Each monomer of P16 contains two tryptophan residues, and the intrinsic fluorescence from these residues is quenched upon binding to single strand polynucleotides. From fluorescence quench titrations of ligand to fixed amounts of DNA lattice, a binding site size of 8 or 9 nucleotides per P16 monomer was found. Measurement of the affinity of P16 for isolated sites by titration with either oligo(dT)8 or 5'-dephosphorylated oligo(dT)8 indicated values on the order of 10(7) M-1. P16 exhibited a binding preference for single strand DNA, poly(dT), and poly(dC) in comparison to double strand DNA, poly(U), or poly[d(A-T)]. Although it was not possible to show that P16 destabilizes double helical DNA or even poly[d(A-T)], binding of P16 does inhibit the process of renaturation as shown by inhibition of duplex formation between poly(dA) and poly(dT). The binding of saturating amounts of P16 to single strand poly(dT).oligo(dA)50 template-primers enhanced approximately 10-fold the activity of both the homologous mitochondrial DNA polymerase and the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment. However, the mitochondrial DNA primase was nearly completely inhibited by the saturation of the poly(dT) template with P16. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of P16 and a protease-insensitive, DNA binding domain (Mr approximately 6000) revealed that the DNA binding domain residues, at least in part, in the amino-terminal third of the P16 molecule. Furthermore, the amino-terminal sequence was found to be strikingly similar to that of the Xenopus laevis mtSSB-1 and to a lesser extent similar to E. coli SSB and E. coli F sex factor SSB.
Modeling economy-wide climate change impacts on Egypt: A case for an integrated approach

This study looks at the role of biophysical sectors and world markets on an integrated economic assessment of climate change impacts on Egypt. Using the outcome from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) and a global model of world food trade (the Basic Linked System; BLS) — changes in crop yields; crop water demands; water and land resource availability; and world market prices were applied to a dynamic, computable general equilibrium model of Egypt (the Standard National Model of the BLS). Modeling results consistently showed that the net effect of climate change on the macro indicator of per capita GDP was not great — regardless of the level of integration. This outcome was only realized through autonomous economic adjustments which implied significant socio-economic and structural change. Including or excluding certain biophysical sectors and world markets influenced the development path and the nature of the autonomous adjustments. The importance of a particular biophysical sector or of world markets was also dependent upon the specific climate change scenario.
Forming Ganymede’s grooves at smaller strain: Toward a self-consistent local and global strain history for Ganymede

Abstract The ubiquity of tectonic features formed in extension, and the apparent absence of ones formed in contraction, has led to the hypothesis that Ganymede has undergone global expansion in its past. Determining the magnitude of such expansion is challenging however, and extrapolation of locally or regionally inferred strains to global scales often results in strain estimates that exceed those based on global constraints. Here we use numerical simulations of groove terrain formation to develop a strain history for Ganymede that is generally consistent at local, regional, and global scales. These simulations reproduce groove-like amplitudes, wavelengths, and average slopes at modest regional extensions (10–15%). The modest strains are more consistent with global constraints on Ganymede’s expansion. Yet locally, we also find that surface strains can be much larger (30–60%) in the same simulations, consistent with observations of highly-extended impact craters. Thus our simulations satisfy both the smallest-scale and largest-scale inferences of strain on Ganymede. The growth rate of the topography is consistent with (or exceeds) predictions of analytical models, and results from the use of a non-associated plastic rheology that naturally permits localization of brittle failure (plastic strain) into linear fault-like shear zones. These fault-like zones are organized into periodically-spaced graben-like structures with stepped, steeply-dipping faults. As in previous work, groove amplitudes and wavelengths depend on both the imposed heat flux and surface temperature, but because our brittle strength increases with depth, we find (for the parameters explored) that the growth rate of topography is initially faster for lower heat flows. We observe a transition to narrow rifting for higher heat flows and larger strains, which is a potential pathway for breakaway margin or band formation.
Tensile properties of the medial patellofemoral ligament: the effect of specimen orientation.

For recurrent patellar dislocation, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with replacement autografts has often been performed but with only little data on the tensile properties of the MPFL to guide graft selection. With its complex anatomy and geometry, these properties are difficult to obtain. In this study, we showed how the orientation of the femur-MPFL-patella complex (FMPC) during uniaxial tensile testing can have a significant effect on its structural properties. Twenty two FMPCs were isolated from porcine stifle joints and randomly assigned to two groups of 11 each. For the first group, the specimens were loaded to failure with the patella oriented 30 degrees away from the direction of the applied load to mimic its orientation in situ, called natural orientation. In the second group, the patella was aligned in the direction of the tensile load, called non-natural orientation. The stiffness for the natural orientation group was 65±13 N/mm, 32% higher than that for the non-natural orientation group (50±17 N/mm; p 0.05). Ten out of 11 specimens in the natural orientation group failed at the femoral attachment (the narrowest portion of the MPFL) compared to 6 out of 11 in the non-natural orientation group. Our findings suggest that the specimen orientation that mimics the in-situ loading conditions of the MPFL should be used to obtain more representative data for the structural properties of the FMPC.
Competition in the US meatpacking industry: is it history?☆

The US meatpacking industry has become concentrated to a degree not experienced since the days of the ‘Beef trust’ a century ago. A number of mainstream studies have investigated if such concentration has been detrimental to competition. Just as earlier studies may have helped shape competition policy towards meatpacking a century ago, contemporary studies have made their way into current discussions and may shape competition policy at the turn of this century. This paper asks whether or not contemporary studies are useful in informing competition policy. After comparing how competition looks from the econometric vantage point with how it looks from the vantage point of the industry's 300-yr history, this article concludes that mainstream studies are more useful for a competition policy targeting conduct rather than structure.
A Lesbian in the Punditry

This article argues that Rachel Maddow has become one of a growing number of new public lesbians. This is a subject position that makes no secret of or apology for lesbian identity. Nor does it seek to make explicit political claims for liberation or separation. Maddow uses this subject position as host of her own cable news show, The Rachel Maddow Show, combined with her presence in other media, where she presents as a butch lesbian and comments on her more conservative look on her television show, to create a lesbian presence that disrupts heteronormativity, offers alternatives to heterogender, and in particular as a news show, tells a more inclusive liberal humanist story.
"Dance Dance Revolution" Used by 7- and 8-Year-Olds to Boost Physical Activity: Is Coaching Necessary for Adherence to an Exercise Prescription?

Abstract Objective: To increase opportunities for physical activity (PA) for children in children's homes, we used a “Dance Dance Revolution” (DDR) (Konami of America, Redwood City, CA) coaching protocol for 7- and 8-year-olds. Subjects and Methods: We randomly assigned youth to either an Enhanced (coaching) or Basic (no coaching) group. A DDR prescription of 120 minutes/week was provided to 40 children. Motor learning principles guided the coaching protocol, provided by adult graduate students, which took place weekly during weeks 1–5. PA was measured with accelerometry, DDR logs, and Sony (New York, NY) Playstation®2 memory cards at baseline and at week 10. Results: Total accelerometer-measured PA was not significantly different between the groups at baseline or week 10; however, vigorous PA increased significantly in both groups at week 10. DDR logs showed a large range from 0 to 660 minutes/week of dance time. Respective playing time for each week (1 and 10) averaged 149 and 64 minutes for the Basic g...
Kernel Density Estimation of Traffic Accidents in a Network Space

Abstract A standard planar Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) aims to produce a smooth density surface of spatial point events over a 2-D geographic space. However, the planar KDE may not be suited for characterizing certain point events, such as traffic accidents, which usually occur inside a 1-D linear space, the roadway network. This paper presents a novel network KDE approach to estimating the density of such spatial point events. One key feature of the new approach is that the network space is represented with basic linear units of equal network length, termed lixel (linear pixel), and related network topology. The use of lixel not only facilitates the systematic selection of a set of regularly spaced locations along a network for density estimation, but also makes the practical application of the network KDE feasible by significantly improving the computation efficiency. The approach is implemented in the ESRI ArcGIS environment and tested with the year 2005 traffic accident data and a road network in the Bowling Green, Kentucky area. The test results indicate that the new network KDE is more appropriate than standard planar KDE for density estimation of traffic accidents, since the latter covers space beyond the event context (network space) and is likely to overestimate the density values. The study also investigates the impacts on density calculation from two kernel functions, lixel lengths, and search bandwidths. It is found that the kernel function is least important in structuring the density pattern over network space, whereas the lixel length critically impacts the local variation details of the spatial density pattern. The search bandwidth imposes the highest influence by controlling the smoothness of the spatial pattern, showing local effects at a narrow bandwidth and revealing “ hot spots ” at larger or global scales with a wider bandwidth. More significantly, the idea of representing a linear network by a network system of equal-length lixel s may potentially lead the way to developing a suite of other network related spatial analysis and modeling methods.
Using a companion crop of barley to improve white clover production in the highlands of Turkey

Abstract White clover was established with barley seeded at 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1 and cut at milk‐dough and ripe grain stage. Sowing barley at 180 kg ha−1 as a companion crop when establishing white clover increased hay production from 3242 kg ha−1 to 6522 kg ha−1. Cutting hay at the milk‐dough stage of barley gave a better response than waiting until the grain was ripe. Although white clover and weeds were suppressed by the companion crop, white clover density was not reduced. There was no reduction in hay in the year following the companion treatments, but weed contamination continued to be less. There was no difference between cutting barley at the milk‐dough stage and harvesting it for grain, in hay production in the second year. Therefore, white clover can be seeded with a barley companion crop sown at about 180 kg ha−1 under irrigated highland conditions.
Expression-based network biology identifies immune-related functional modules involved in plant defense.

Plants respond to diverse environmental cues including microbial perturbations by coordinated regulation of thousands of genes. These intricate transcriptional regulatory interactions depend on the recognition of specific promoter sequences by regulatory transcription factors. The combinatorial and cooperative action of multiple transcription factors defines a regulatory network that enables plant cells to respond to distinct biological signals. The identification of immune-related modules in large-scale transcriptional regulatory networks can reveal the mechanisms by which exposure to a pathogen elicits a precise phenotypic immune response. We have generated a large-scale immune co-expression network using a comprehensive set of Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis) transcriptomic data, which consists of a wide spectrum of immune responses to pathogens or pathogen-mimicking stimuli treatments. We employed both linear and non-linear models to generate Arabidopsis immune co-expression regulatory (AICR) network. We computed network topological properties and ascertained that this newly constructed immune network is densely connected, possesses hubs, exhibits high modularity, and displays hallmarks of a “real” biological network. We partitioned the network and identified 156 novel modules related to immune functions. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses provided insight into the key biological processes involved in determining finely tuned immune responses. We also developed novel software called OCCEAN (One Click Cis-regulatory Elements ANalysis) to discover statistically enriched promoter elements in the upstream regulatory regions of Arabidopsis at a whole genome level. We demonstrated that OCCEAN exhibits higher precision than the existing promoter element discovery tools. In light of known and newly discovered cis-regulatory elements, we evaluated biological significance of two key immune-related functional modules and proposed mechanism(s) to explain how large sets of diverse GO genes coherently function to mount effective immune responses. We used a network-based, top-down approach to discover immune-related modules from transcriptomic data in Arabidopsis. Detailed analyses of these functional modules reveal new insight into the topological properties of immune co-expression networks and a comprehensive understanding of multifaceted plant defense responses. We present evidence that our newly developed software, OCCEAN, could become a popular tool for the Arabidopsis research community as well as potentially expand to analyze other eukaryotic genomes.
The mechanism of inhibition of reovirus replication by interferon.

Abstract Experiments were carried out to identify the reovirus function that is the primary target for inhibition in interferon-treated cells. The two earliest functions, adsorption and conversion of parental virions to subviral particles, were completely resistant to interferon. The transcription of early messenger RNA was slightly sensitive; the transcription of all 10 species of single-stranded RNA was inhibited by 15–25% at 75 PRD50/ml and by 50–60% at 300 PRD50/ml interferon. No RNA species of abnormal size were detected in interferon-treated cells. Subviral particles isolated from cells treated with 300 PRD50/ml interferon transcribed RNA as actively as subviral particles isolated from normal cells. The translation of early messenger RNA was inhibited much more severely, the degree of inhibition for the individual messenger RNA species ranging from 36 to 72% at 75 PRD50/ml interferon. The most sensitive species was that which codes for polypeptide λ1. Three late functions, namely, the formation of progeny double-stranded RNA, the transcription of late messenger RNA, and the formation of infectious progeny, were all about as sensitive (75–90% inhibition at 75 PRD50/ml interferon) as the translation of polypeptide λ1. This polypeptide is a constituent of double-stranded RNA-synthesizing structures, without the formation of which no late reovirus functions can be expressed. The results supported the conclusion that the reason why the replication of reovirus is inhibited in cells treated with interferon is that in such cells the translation of early reovirus mRNA, particularly that which codes for polypeptide λ1, is suppressed.
Elastic Constants of LiF from 4.2°K to 300°K by Ultrasonic Methods

The values of the elastic constants of LiF at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are found to be ${c}_{11}=12.46\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$, ${c}_{44}=6.49\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$, and ${c}_{12}=4.24\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ dynes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. At 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K ${c}_{11}=11.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$, ${c}_{44}=6.28\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$, and ${c}_{12}=4.20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ dynes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. A Debye characteristic temperature, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{D}$, has been calculated from these values by using the Houston method of averaging the velocity over different directions in the crystal. At 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{D}=734\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K in good agreement with the specific heat work of Martin. At 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{D}=708\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K which is not in good agreement with values derived from specific heat measurements. A model has been suggested in which a combination of Debye and Einstein terms is used in the specific heat theory.
Active photonic lattices: the physics of coupled microlaser arrays

An important feature of coupled laser arrays is that the gain in one cavity is modulated by the radiation from another cavity. This is a generic effect under many forms of coupling, including fringe field interactions in closely packed arrays and reflection feedback from external mirrors. Cross-cavity gain depletion can occur in many types of laser arrays, including edge emitting semiconductor lasers, VCSELs and fiber laser bundles. The interplay between frequency pulling and the characteristic cavity oscillations creates a rich behavior, setting the properties of active photonic lattices apart from the well known passive photonic lattices involving radiation interference due to real index variations. The case of planar VCSEL arrays is chosen as generic example for studying the physics of active photonic lattices. Results of theoretical calculations and numerical simulations are presented, addressing the following issues: (a) Non-linear phase-locked Bloch eigenmodes and boundary layer formation for finite arrays (b) Lattice defects, including sites that fail to lase, and defect tolerance (c) Excitation of stable, slow-light, lattice waves and photonic sound propagation (d) Unstable lattice behavior at high coupling strengths, with self-excited array oscillations and chaotic transitions (e) Phase locking in realistic arrays, with random variations in the cold-cavity parameters (manufacturing tolerances), via self-regulated frequency pulling (f) Existence and properties of randomly phase-locked arrays with "fuzzy" eigenmodes.
A decision-based approach to the investigation of new venture activity

Abstract This study empirically investigated the simulated new venture decision behavior of a group of entrepreneurs and small business owners by means of a new venture start-up decision-making exercise based on multiple-criteria behavioral decision theory. Analysis of the data showed that, while the decision criteria that are identified in the entrepreneurship literature as important considerations in the initiation of a new venture were indeed utilized by entrepreneurs and small business owners, each group exhibited statistically different decision behavior. Entrepreneurs and small business owners also exhibited poor insight into their own multiple-criteria new venture initiation decisions.
The interaction of flame and flow field in a lean premixed swirl-stabilized combustor operated on H2/CH4/air

Abstract The interaction of flame and flow field was studied in an enclosed lean premixed swirl-stabilized combustor operated on methane (CH 4 )- and hydrogen (H 2 )- enriched CH 4 . This was accomplished by simultaneous measurements of the 2D velocity field using particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence imaging of the hydroxyl (OH) radical. Experiments were conducted at an inlet Reynolds number of 13,500 and a theoretical swirl number of 1.5. The fuel was pure CH 4 or a mixture of 60% CH 4 and 40% H 2 by volume. The adiabatic flame temperature was 1350 ± 20 °C for both fuels. Results show that the addition of H 2 changes the shape of the reaction zone, producing a shorter, and a more robust flame. Fuel composition also affected the location of the reaction zone, which in turn, influenced both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields. Time-resolved measurements show vortical structures containing regions of high OH concentration around their edges. The combustion stabilized in regions of high compressive strain for the CH 4 flame but not for the H 2 -enriched CH 4 flame. In the CH 4 flame, reactions extinguished in the high velocity inlet jet region, where the H 2 -enriched CH 4 flame was able to sustain combustion.
Provider Attention to Weight of Pediatric Latino Patients: An Opportunity for Communication to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic illnesses among pediatric patients, and the number of youth living with this condition is expected to grow—particularly among minority ethnic youth. Type 2 diabetes, historically a disease of older overweight adults, is now being diagnosed in children, along with a rise in childhood obesity. Unfortunately, primary care providers infrequently communicate the weight of pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to assess communication of weight-related information between providers and Latino children and their parents during well-child office visits. Research Design and Methods: This study utilized chart reviews and structured interviews to assess the level at which weight-related information was communicated to Latino children and their parents during well-child office visits. Results: Results indicated that providers are inconsistent in their provision of weight information and are more likely to include weight-related chart documentation when children are younger and when they have a high body mass index (BMI). Parents’ intent to take corrective actions to improve their child’s diet and exercise was more likely when the provider documented that weight information was provided in the child’s chart. Conclusion: Findings from this study contributed to the development of a toolkit designed to improve primary care providers’ behavioral skills for implementation of clinical guidelines, including routine assessment of weight and patient-centered interventions in the treatment of obesity. Javier I. Rosado, PhD Suzanne Bennett Johnson, PhD Angel Rafael Brana-Lopez, MD, MPH, MSBI Giuliana Farias, PsyD
Telecollaboration in the secondary language classroom: case study of adolescent interaction and pedagogical integration

This study builds on research examining the in-school technology practices of adolescent language learners by exploring the patterns of classroom literacy practices that emerge when a telecollaborative project is introduced into a conventional secondary language classroom. We draw on the conceptual frameworks and discourse analytical tools developed by researchers of online communication practices at the post-secondary level and turn this lens to examine how an international online exchange project might contribute to the creation of an in-school learning environment in which adolescents use technology to interact with distally located peers through telecollaboration. The particular contribution of this study is twofold: to offer insight into patterns that characterize the literacy practices that emerge through the introduction of telecollaboration into the learning environment and to document the types of pedagogical decision-making that such projects introduce into the secondary context. Using a case-st...
Nanocomposite Degradable Hydrogels: Demonstration of Remote Controlled Degradation and Drug Release

Purpose To demonstrate remote controlled degradation of degradable nanocomposite hydrogels by application of an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Further, it was desired to study the AMF effect on the drug release properties of these systems.
Identification of structural and secretory lectin-binding glycoproteins of normal and cancerous human prostate

We have utilized the technique of lectin-loading of SDS gels with iodinated concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin to identify glycoproteins in prostatic and seminal fluids as well as in prostate tissue fractions. The following subunits which bound both lectins were detected: (a) 50, 43 and 38 kDa subunits common to prostatic and seminal fluids, and an additional 55 kDa subunit which predominates only in prostatic fluid; (b) 78, 55, 50 and 43 kDa subunits in prostatic tissue cytosol and (c) 195, 170, 135, 116 and 95 kDa subunits present in the particulate fractions of prostatic tissue. Immunoblotting using specific rabbit antibodies revealed the 50 kDa band to be prostatic acid phosphatase and the 38 kDa band to be prostate-specific antigen. Interestingly, antibodies directed toward prostatic acid phosphatase were found to cross-react with the 43 kDa band. Fractionation on sucrose gradients showed that several of these particulate glycoproteins were associated with a vesicle fraction enriched in adenylate cyclase activity, implying that they are plasma membrane glycoproteins. Comparison of soluble and particulate fractions of normal and cancerous tissue homogenates was made by densitometric scanning of autoradiograms of lectin-loaded gels. Similar relative intensities of lectin-binding were obtained for corresponding proteins in normal and cancerous tissue fractions. Also, immunoblotting showed no differences in prostatic acid phosphatase or prostate-specific antigen between normal and cancerous soluble homogenate fractions. Our results suggest that major lectin-binding proteins are conserved in the transition from normal to cancerous tissue. These results may be useful in developing a multiple-marker profile of metastatic prostate cancer and for the design of imaging agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, to prominent soluble and particulate prostate glycoproteins.
Basic, Fuller, Fullest: Treatment Options for Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Given the thousands of theses and dissertations (TDs) that are produced each year, and their role in advancing their disciplines, it is well worth disseminating them as widely as possible. A great leap forward in increasing TD distribution has been the electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) movement. ETD information in catalogs provides valuable basic access, especially when bibliographic records are contributed to large databases. While these bibliographic records can be created automatically by harvesting author-supplied metadata from ETDs, for fuller access, cataloger mediation is needed to remove errors and numeric entities; plus name authority control. Fullest access entails subject analysis.
Analysis of collision-broadened and overlapped spectral lines to obtain individual line parameters

Abstract Estimates of the statistical errors, correlations among the various fitting parameters and the accuracy of a simple approximation to a Voigt line profile are discussed in relation to the separation between adjacent lines. The computational procedure combined a series approximation with a nonlinear least-squares fitting routine to accurately fit the line profile and estimate the errors. Data were obtained for both simulated and experimental spectra as a means of testing the accuracy of the formalism and the effect of line separation.
The Relationship Between Phonological Memory, Receptive Vocabulary, and Fast Mapping in Young Children With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose This study assessed the fast mapping performance of children with specific language impairment (SLI) across the preschool to kindergarten age span in relation to their phonological memory a...
High-level chromate resistance in Arthrobacter sp. strain FB24 requires previously uncharacterized accessory genes

The genome of Arthrobacter sp. strain FB24 contains a chromate resistance determinant (CRD), consisting of a cluster of 8 genes located on a 10.6 kb fragment of a 96 kb plasmid. The CRD includes chrA, which encodes a putative chromate efflux protein, and three genes with amino acid similarities to the amino and carboxy termini of ChrB, a putative regulatory protein. There are also three novel genes that have not been previously associated with chromate resistance in other bacteria; they encode an oxidoreductase (most similar to malate:quinone oxidoreductase), a functionally unknown protein with a WD40 repeat domain and a lipoprotein. To delineate the contribution of the CRD genes to the FB24 chromate [Cr(VI)] response, we evaluated the growth of mutant strains bearing regions of the CRD and transcript expression levels in response to Cr(VI) challenge. A chromate-sensitive mutant (strain D11) was generated by curing FB24 of its 96-kb plasmid. Elemental analysis indicated that chromate-exposed cells of strain D11 accumulated three times more chromium than strain FB24. Introduction of the CRD into strain D11 conferred chromate resistance comparable to wild-type levels, whereas deletion of specific regions of the CRD led to decreased resistance. Using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, we show that expression of each gene within the CRD is specifically induced in response to chromate but not by lead, hydrogen peroxide or arsenate. Higher levels of chrA expression were achieved when the chrB orthologs and the WD40 repeat domain genes were present, suggesting their possible regulatory roles. Our findings indicate that chromate resistance in Arthrobacter sp. strain FB24 is due to chromate efflux through the ChrA transport protein. More importantly, new genes have been identified as having significant roles in chromate resistance. Collectively, the functional predictions of these additional genes suggest the involvement of a signal transduction system in the regulation of chromate efflux and warrants further study.
The impact of founder effects, gene flow, and European admixture on native American genetic diversity

Recent studies have concluded that the global pattern of neutral genetic diversity in humans reflects a series of founder effects and population movements associated with our recent expansion out of Africa. In contrast, regional studies tend to emphasize the significance of more complex patterns of colonization, gene flow, and secondary population movements in shaping patterns of diversity. Our objective in this study is to examine how founder effects, gene flow, and European admixture have molded patterns of neutral genetic diversity in the Americas. Our strategy is to test the fit of a serial founder effects process to the pattern of neutral autosomal genetic variation and to examine the contribution of gene flow and European admixture to departures from fit. The genetic data consist of 678 autosomal microsatellite loci assayed by Wang and colleagues in 530 individuals in 29 widely distributed Native American populations. We find that previous evidence for serial founder effects in the Americas may be driven in part by high levels of European admixture in northern North America, intermediate levels in Central America, and low levels in eastern South America. Geographically patterned admixture may also account for previously reported genetic differences between Andean and Amazonian groups. Though admixture has obscured the precise details of precontact evolutionary processes, we find that genetic diversity is still largely hierarchically structured and that gene flow between neighboring groups has had surprisingly little impact on macrogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the Americas.
Nkx3.2/Bapx1 acts as a negative regulator of chondrocyte maturation

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is essential to maintain a pool of dividing, immature chondrocytes in the growth plate of long bones. In chick and mouse, expression of Nkx3.2/Bapx1 in the growth plate is restricted to the proliferative zone and is down regulated as chondrocyte maturation begins. Nkx3.2/Bapx1 expression is lost in the growth plates of mice engineered to lack PTHrP signaling and, conversely, is maintained by ectopic expression of PTHrP in developing bones. Artificially preventing Nkx3.2/Bapx1 downregulation, by forced expression of either retroviral-encoded PTHrP or Nkx3.2 inhibits chondrocyte maturation. Although wild-type Nkx3.2 blocks chondrocyte maturation by acting as a transcriptional repressor, a ;reverse function' mutant of Nkx3.2 that has been converted into a transcriptional activator conversely accelerates chondrocyte maturation. Nkx3.2 represses expression of the chondrocyte maturation factor Runx2, and Runx2 mis-expression can rescue the Nkx3.2-induced blockade of chondrocyte maturation. Taken together, these results suggest that PTHrP signals block chondrocyte hypertrophy by, in part, maintaining the expression of Nkx3.2/Bapx1, which in turn represses the expression of genes required for chondrocyte maturation.
Neutrino-pair bremsstrahlung from a degenerate electron gas.

Neutrino-pair bremsstrahlung for hot degenerate electron gas during Coulomb scattering on imbedded nuclei in stellar regimes including lattice structure effects
Slit and robo: Expression patterns in lung development

First described as an axonal guidance cue through its repulsive effect on neurons expressing its receptor Roundabout (Robo), the Slit ligand has effects on cell migration, axon branching and elongation. Indirect evidence implicates Slit and Robo in lung development. We now demonstrate that Slit-2 and Slit-3 are developmentally regulated in embryonic murine lung. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates Slit-2 and Slit-3 expression by the pulmonary mesenchyme and airway epithelium. Robo-1 and Robo-2 are also expressed by the developing mesenchyme and airway epithelium. As lung development progresses, Robo-1 and Robo-2 expression localizes to only the airway epithelium. We conclude Slit/Robo are expressed in temporo-spatially adjacent domains suggesting interactive roles in pulmonary bronchiolar development.
Unsteady lift forces on highly cambered airfoils moving through a gust

An unsteady airfoil theory in which the flow is linearized about the steady potential flow of the airfoil is presented. The theory is applied to an airfoil entering a gust. After transformation to the W-plane, the problem is formulated in terms of a Poisson's equation. The solutions are expanded in a Fourier-Bessel series. The theory is applied to a circular arc with arbitrary camber. Closed form expressions for the velocity and pressure on the surface of the airfoil are obtained. The unsteady aerodynamic forces are then calculated and shown to contain two terms. One in an explicit closed analytical form represents the contribution of the oncoming vortical disturbance, the other depends on a single quadrature and accounts for the effect of the wake.
Notable collections represented in the Truman G. Yuncker Herbarium (DPU), now deposited at The New York Botanical Garden (NY)

The integration of the vascular plants from the Yuncker Herbarium (DPU) into the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY) has been completed, and the curatorial work is summarized. The most notable vascular plant collections, with emphasis on the local collections from Indiana, are reported on and a list of the most prominent collectors is presented. An index to all collectors of vascular plants represented in the Yuncker Herbarium has been deposited in the New York Botanical Garden Library.
The Immunology of HIV Infection: Implications for Therapy

It is known that antiretroviral drugs can induce immunologic improvement in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other manifestations of HIV infection. However, the improvements so attained are often partial and transient. This may result from a number of factors, including incomplete inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by available agents, the development of viral drug resistance, the effect of cytokines, or thymic damage. An understanding of this problem may be important in further development of AIDS therapies. It will also be important to learn how to best assess the response to various therapies. In this regard, the CD4 count is evolving as a mortality risk indicator in AIDS and as such may find utility in assessing new therapeutic approaches. We have observed that in a cohort of gay men receiving antiretroviral therapy in a research environment, nearly all deaths occurred in individuals with fewer than 50 CD4 cells/mm3. However, the relationship between the CD4 count and the hazard of dying may be influenced by a number of factors (e.g., active intravenous drug use, extreme poverty, etc.), and further studies are needed to define the relationship between CD4 and clinical endpoints under a variety of conditions.
Iteration of a MEMS-based, Ka-band, 16-element sub-array

The Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center has been involved in a research and development program aimed at furthering phased arrays for both tactical seekers and communication links. 12The program has been pursuing both MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) and MMIC-based phase shifters with an overall goal of affordability traded against performance.
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOOXIDATION BY PROFLAVINE ON HeLa CELLS—1. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS*

— DNA and RNA syntheses were inhibited immediately after proflavine treated HeLa cells were irradiated with visible light (400–500 nm). The molecular mechanism for this photooxidation may be either a free radical-mediated (Type I) or singlet oxygen-mediated (Type II) reaction. Non-toxic free radical and singlet oxygen quenchers were added to cells and sensitizer before irradiation to quench the appropriate excited state intermediate. Photooxidative damage (the inhibition of incorporation of [14C]-thymidine) in this system was greatly reduced in the presence of free radical quenchers (glutathione, penicillamine) and not significantly affected by the presence of singlet oxygen quenchers (α-tocopherol, β-carotene, DABCO). This suggests that at least part of the photodynamic damage in HeLa cells is via a Type I mechanism.
Preliminary gas permeation measurements on plastics for use as concrete containment vessel liners

Abstract Exploratory measurements have been made on the gas permeation characteristics of organic polymeric materials suitable for use as liners for concrete containment structures. Two plastics were studied, a modified polyvinyl chloride and a chlorosulphonated polyethylene, with air, nitrogen, oxygen, krypton, and xenon. The observations were made at temperatures from about 25° to 80°C in order to establish an energy of activation for the permeation process. The use of plastics as liners for concrete reactor containment structures, and a calculation of expected leakage rates. is discussed. For reasonable film thicknesses. fission gas leak rates of a few hundredths of a percent per day can be anticipated.
The Lipatov argument

Lipatov's argument gives a formula for evaluating asymptotically the large order perturbation coefficients for the anharmonic oscillator or (φ4) quantum field models. We give a partial justification of the argument which enables us to prove that the radius of convergence of the Borel transform of the pressure for lattice φ4 models given by $$\exp \left[ {\mathop {\inf }\limits_\phi \left\{ {\tfrac{1}{2}\sum\limits_j {\left[ {(\nabla \phi )^2 (j) + \phi (j)^2 } \right] - \log } \sum {\phi (j)^4 } } \right\} - 2} \right].$$
Detecting measurement bias in respondent reports of personal networks

Inaccuracy of sociometric reports poses a serious challenge to social network analysis. Nevertheless, researchers continue to draw potentially misleading conclusions from flawed data. We consider two particular types of systematic error in measurement of network size: individuals over/underreporting others (expansiveness bias), and individuals being over/underreported by others (attractiveness bias). We examine evidence of individual variation in these biases in one apparently typical sociometric dataset. We specifically suggest that variation in expansiveness bias may commonly distort findings concerning characteristics of individual networks (e.g. size, range, density), and properties of whole networks (e.g. inequality, transitivity, clustering, and blockmodels). We suggest methodological improvements and urge further research.
Integrating different perspectives on design rationale: Supporting the emergence of design rationale from design communication

Design rationale is a topic that implies different things to different people. To some it implies argumentation and frameworks for argumentation. To others it implies the documentation of design, like that required for many types of industrial or government work. Still others describe design rationale as the capture and potential reuse of normal communication about design. These perspectives of design rationale use different representations, which influence their ability to capture and to retrieve and use information. We propose an integrated approach to design rationale where design communication is captured and, over time, incrementally structured into argumentation and other formalisms to enable improved retrieval and use of this information. Two systems, PHIDIAS and the Hyper-Object Substrate, are used to demonstrate: (1) how to capture and integrate a variety of design information, (2) how to support the structuring of unstructured information, and (3) how to use design information to actively support design.
The Elements: A Model of Mindful Supervision

Mindfulness, based on an ancient spiritual practice, is a core quality and way of being that can deepen and enrich the supervision of counselors. This model of mindful supervision incorporates Buddhist and Hindu conceptualizations of the roles of the five elements—space, earth, water, fire, air—as they relate to adhikara or studentship, the ongoing experience of a beginner's mind. By extending the invitation to studentship and outlining a flow through the elements, this model cultivates a stance of “not knowing,” wonder, curiosity, and openness. We explore the contributions and dynamic interplay of each of these elements in promoting mindful supervision.
On the surface and atmospheric temperature changes following the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption: A GCM study

[1] Ensemble numerical simulations are performed using an atmospheric general circulation model to study the responses of the atmosphere to volcanic aerosol forcing and sea surface temperature (SST) forcing during the two years following the Pinatubo eruption. The simulated surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies, forced respectively and jointly by the Pinatubo aerosol and the observed SST anomalies, are compared to those derived from observations using a singular value decomposition (SVD) model. The simulated land SAT anomalies, forced only by the observed SST anomalies, match well in magnitude and time the leading mode of SAT anomalies from the SVD analysis, which represents the ENSO-forced SAT variations. When forced by both the Pinatubo aerosol and the observed SST anomalies, the model captures the observed surface cooling over land in June–July–August and September–October–November 1992 but misses the surface warming over northern Eurasia in December–January–February (DJF) 1991–1992 and DJF 1992–1993. In the atmosphere the simulated temperature anomalies in the troposphere (stratosphere) forced by the Pinatubo aerosol are sensitive (insensitive) to the initial conditions and the type of prescribed SST. The signal of SST forcing is stronger in the troposphere and near the surface than in the stratosphere, while the signal of the Pinatubo aerosol forcing is strongest in the lower stratosphere. The simulated global-mean stratospheric temperature anomalies induced by the Pinatubo aerosol are generally 1°C to 1.5°C larger than observed. Empirical data analyses and numerical model simulations showed that this discrepancy is explained in part by the influences of the quasi-biennial oscillation and the observed ozone depletion, which the ensemble numerical simulations did not resolve.
Bending of Thick Rectangular Plates Laminated of Bimodulus Composite Materials

A mixed finite-element analysis is presented for static behavior of rectangular plates laminated of composite materials having finite transverse shear moduli and different elastic properties depending upon whether the fiber-direction strains are tensile or compressive. As a benchmark to assess the validity and accuracy of the finite-element analysis, a closed-form solution is given for a two-layer, cross-ply plate having all edges simply supported without in-plane restraint and subjected to sinusoidally distributed normal pressure. Numerical results obtained by the two methods are compared and found to agree quite well.
Mating, math achievement, and other multiple relationships

Although Geary's partitioning of mathematical abilities into those that are biologically primary and secondary is an advance over most sociobiological theories of cognitive sex differences, it remains untestable and ignores the spatial nature of women's traditional work. An alternative model based on underlying cognitive processes offers other advantages.