cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An embedded boundary method for elliptic and parabolic problems with interfaces and application to multi-material systems with phase transitions

Abstract The embedded boundary method for solving elliptic and parabolic problems in geometrically complex domains using Cartesian meshes by Johansen and Colella (1998, J. Comput. Phys. 147, 60) has been extended for elliptic and parabolic problems with interior boundaries or interfaces of discontinuities of material properties or solutions. Second order accuracy is achieved in space and time for both stationary and moving interface problems. The method is conservative for elliptic and parabolic problems with fixed interfaces. Based on this method, a front tracking algorithm for the Stefan problem has been developed. The accuracy of the method is measured through comparison with exact solution to a two-dimensional Stefan problem. The algorithm has been used for the study of melting and solidification problems.
Effects of electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerve on the levels of β-adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic receptors and cyclic nucleotides in rat salivary glands

After 30 and 60 min of stimulation, there were decrease of 16 to 19 per cent in beta-adrenoceptors in rat submandibular and parotid glands; a 10-min stimulation caused no change. Pre-incubation of the reaction mixtures (stimulated glands) with atenolol, a beta 1-antagonist, prevented most dihydroalprenolol (DHP) binding, but with butoxamine, a beta 2-antagonist, DHP binding was nearly complete. Thus the beta-receptor was of the beta 1-subtype. Muscarinic receptors of parotid gland showed no change after 10 min stimulation; after 30 min there was an increase of 12 per cent, and after 60 min, of 28 per cent. With submandibular gland, there was also no change at 10 min but, at 30 min, there was a 25 per cent increase, and at 60 min, a decrease of 18 per cent. Cyclic-AMP levels of parotid gland were markedly elevated after 10 min of stimulation (9-fold increase above controls) but, at 30 and 60 min, there was only a 1.6-fold increase. In submandibular gland, cyclic-AMP increased 10-fold at 10 min; at 30 min it was 2.5 times control levels and at 60 min, 1.9 times. Cyclic-GMP levels of parotid gland increased 34-fold after 30 or 60 min of nerve stimulation, but only 1.6-fold at 10 min. With submandibular gland, there was a 22-fold increase at 10 min, but at 30 and 60 min this was 15- and 12-fold, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
International Perspectives on Women and HIV: An Overview

Throughout the world, the threat of HIV/AIDS to women's health has become the focus of increased concern. The latest report from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2004) reports that a...
Intraocular pressure elevation during early postoperative period after secondary intraocular lens implantation in children and adolescents.

Purpose To look at the intraocular pressure (IOP) spike in the early postoperative period after secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children. Setting Miles Center for Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA. Design Retrospective chart review. Methods The postoperative day-1 examination of patients having secondary IOL implantation by the same surgeon was reviewed for an IOP greater than 26 mm Hg. In patients with an IOP spike, the medical history and examination findings that might be associated with the rise were evaluated. Results Review of 85 patient charts (133 eyes) identified 9 eyes that developed an IOP spike during the early postoperative period. Six eyes were symptomatic, with symptoms including pain, ocular discomfort, nausea, and emesis, and 6 eyes had preoperative aphakic glaucoma, which was controlled with medication. Six of 22 eyes (27%) with preoperative aphakic glaucoma and 3 of 111 eyes (3%) without glaucoma (P Conclusions The high incidence of a symptomatic early IOP spike in patients with aphakic glaucoma warrants meticulous ophthalmic viscosurgical device removal at the end of surgery, consideration of the routine use of prophylactic topical and/or systemic glaucoma medication, and monitoring during the early postoperative period. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Critical Role of the Fusion Protein Cytoplasmic Tail Sequence in Parainfluenza Virus Assembly

Interactions between viral glycoproteins, matrix protein and nucleocapsid sustain assembly of parainfluenza viruses at the plasma membrane. Although the protein interactions required for virion formation are considered to be highly specific, virions lacking envelope glycoprotein(s) can be produced, thus the molecular interactions driving viral assembly and production are still unclear. Sendai virus (SeV) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) are highly similar in structure, however, the cytoplasmic tail sequences of the envelope glycoproteins (HN and F) are relatively less conserved. To unveil the specific role of the envelope glycoproteins in viral assembly, we created chimeric SeVs whose HN (rSeVhHN) or HN and F (rSeVh(HN+F)) were replaced with those of hPIV1. rSeVhHN grew as efficiently as wt SeV or hPIV1, suggesting that the sequence difference in HN does not have a significant impact on SeV replication and virion production. In sharp contrast, the growth of rSeVh(HN+F) was significantly impaired compared to rSeVhHN. rSeVh(HN+Fstail) which expresses a chimeric hPIV1 F with the SeV cytoplasmic tail sequence grew similar to wt SeV or rSeVhHN. Further analysis indicated that the F cytoplasmic tail plays a critical role in cell surface expression/accumulation of HN and F, as well as NP and M association at the plasma membrane. Trafficking of nucelocapsids in infected cells was not significantly affected by the origin of F, suggesting that F cytoplasmic tail is not involved in intracellular movement. These results demonstrate the role of the F cytoplasmic tail in accumulation of structural components at the plasma membrane assembly sites.
Estimating fractal dimension with the divider method in geomorphology

Abstract In order to investigate sources of error in using the divider method to estimate the fractal dimension of geomorphic phenomena, the divider method is applied to two river channel traces, a topographic contour line and a coastline. The lines were chosen to represent a variety of types of geomorphic phenomena. Three sources of error are examined. These include the problem of the last partial step in a divider walk, of varying the starting point of a divider walk, and of nonlinearity in the relationship between measured length and steplength, and/or number of steps and steplength. The amount of error in estimates of fractal dimension that results from each of these sources is difficult to determine. Procedures that can reduce the error are identified; however, error from these sources cannot be eliminated entirely. Therefore, it is suggested that researchers use greater care when employing the divider method to produce estimates of fractal dimension for use in geomorphic analyses.
Toward promoting generative cultures of intentional mentoring within academic settings.

Mentoring promotes ongoing learning of clinical psychologists, regardless of their expertise and experience. Most academic programs, however, do not possess vigorous mentoring cultures in which mentors simultaneously are learners. Academic programs are largely based on “mastery” philosophies that tacitly aim mentoring at less-experienced peers. This orientation can make stigmatizing mentoring opportunities, especially for psychologists from underrepresented populations. Using concepts from experiential learning theory, we articulate interventions to invigorate mentoring cultures and make mentoring less stigmatizing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Effects of melittin on a model renal epithelium, the toad urinary bladder.

The bee venom melittin, 10−6 M, on the mucosal (urinary) side of the toad urinary bladder (in vitro), markedly decreased transepithelial potential difference, short-circuit current (Isc, sodium-dependent) and resistance. However, these effects were not seen when the toxin was placed on the opposite (serosal) side of the membrane preparation. The electrical effects were accompanied by a large increase in the transepithelial permeability to 22Na. The response was not changed by meclofenamic acid (which blocks formation of prostaglandins) but it was inhibited by La3+. In the presence of amiloride, which usually inhibits active Na transport and Isc, melittin, on the mucosal side, increased the Isc. The action of melittin appears to involve an interaction with anionic sites, which mediate its effects. Such sites appear to be present on the apical plasma membranes of the toad bladder epithelial cells, but they are not as abundant or they are inaccessible on the basal plasma membrane.
Bicarbonate-based Dental Powder, Fluoride, and Saccharin Inhibition of Dental Caries Associated with Streptococcus mutans Infection of Rats

The effects of NaHCO3-based dental powder containing NaF and sodium saccharin on dental caries and Streptococcus mutans recoveries in rats were studied. Weanling specific-pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel (SPFOM) rats were inoculated with S. mutans NCTC-10449S. Four infected groups were topically treated with either demineralized water (DW), a dental powder suspended such that there was 1 part solid per 2 parts DW, 0.073% NaF, or a combination of 0.073% NaF and 0.5% Na-saccharin (Nas). NaF-supplemented DW (at 10 ppm F-) was provided to a 5th group of infected rats as a positive treatment control, but this group was otherwise untreated. A sixth but uninfected group was topically treated with DW. All topical treatments were given once for 1 min daily per rat, for 5 days per week. Animals' teeth were swabbed for recovery of 10449S and total recoverable flora. Recoveries of 10449S were lower from powder-treated rats than from DW-treated rats. This difference approached but did not reach statistical significance. Total caries scores were 51% lower for the dental powder, 36% lower for the topical NaF, 34% lower for the combined NaF-Nas, and 54% lower for the NaF-supplemented drinking water group, all p less than 0.001. While all of the treatments inhibited smooth-surface caries, the dental powder effects, like those for the combined NaF-Nas, and NaF drinking water, were evident in fissure tooth surfaces as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Catalysis with Transition Metal Nanoparticles of Different Shapes

Colloidal metal nanoparticles have a high surface-to-volume ratio which makes them potentially attractive catalysts. Furthermore, atoms located at different facets, edges, or corners could show different catalytic activity. For this reason, different shapes could have different catalytic activities. In addition, surface atoms are so active that there could be significant changes in their shape and size during the course of nanocatalysis. As a result, a thorough examination on the effect of the catalytic process on the shape and size of colloidal metal nanoparticles after catalysis is necessary to fully evaluate their use in catalytic processes. In this paper, we briefly review our recent work on examining the shape dependence of nanocatalysis as well as the stability of platinum and palladium nanoparticles during the course of two reactions: the electron transfer reaction and the Suzuki reaction. It is found that nanocatalysis is indeed shape-dependent during the early stages of the electron transfer reaction. During the full course of the reaction, there are changes in the nanoparticle shape as well as changes in the activation energy that takes place. In the case of a relatively harsh reaction such as the Suzuki reaction, spherical palladium nanoparticles grow in size due to Ostwald ripening processes. Tetrahedral platinum nanoparticles catalyzing the Suzuki reaction transform into spherical shape and grow larger in size. We also conducted studies on the effect of individual reactants on the nanoparticle size and shape. In addition, the surface catalytic mechanisms of the reactions have been confirmed using spectroscopic tools such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. These kinds of studies will be very useful in the process of designing better nanocatalysts in the future.
Isotopic Mass Ratios, Magnetic Moments and the Sign of the Electric Dipole Moment in Carbon Monoxide

Precision measurements of the $J=1\ensuremath{\leftarrow}0$ rotational frequencies and the molecular magnetic moments for various isotopic species of carbon monoxide have been made in order to determine isotopic mass ratios. A correction amounting to several hundred micromass units and evaluated from the magnetic moment has been applied for the fact that the electrons are not spherically distributed about their respective nuclei. It is also shown that the rapidly precessing electronic angular momentum causes a "wobbling" motion of the nuclei which in turn produces a stretching of the molecule ("wobble stretching") inversely proportional to the reduced mass of the molecule, but independent of $J$. This stretching cannot be accurately evaluated from theory and therefore appears to be the ultimate limitation on microwave determinations of mass ratios. This correction amounts to about 20 micro-mass units and is evaluated by the use of the nuclear reaction value for the ${\mathrm{C}}^{14}$-${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ mass ratio. The final mass ratios agree very closely with the nuclear reaction values.The sign of the electric dipole moment was determined from the relative magnetic moments of the several isotopic species and corresponds to the charge distribution, ${\mathrm{C}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$. This appears to be the first measurement of the sign of the electric dipole moment in any molecule.
Axisymmetric creeping motion of drops through circular tubes

The axisymmetric creeping motion of a neutrally buoyant deformable drop flowing through a circular tube is analysed with a boundary integral equation method. The fluids are immiscible, incompressible, and the bulk flow rate is constant. The drop to suspending fluid viscosity ratio is arbitrary and the drop radius varies from 0.5 to 1.15 tube radii. The effects of the capillary number, viscosity ratio, and drop size on the deformation, the drop speed, and the additional pressure loss are examined.Drops with radius ratios less than 0.7 are insensitive to substantial variation in capillary number and viscosity ratio, and computed values of drop speed and extra pressure loss are in excellent agreement with small deformation theories (Hestroni et al. 1970; Hyman & Skalak 1972a). For this drop size range, significant deformation will result only for Ca > 0.25. The onset of a re-entrant cavity is predicted at the trailing end of the drop for Ca ≈ 0.75. Drop speed and meniscus shape become independent of drop size for radius ratios as small as 1.10. The extra pressure loss can be positive or negative depending mainly on the viscosity ratio, however a relatively inviscid drop can cause a positive extra pressure loss when capillary forces are significant. Computed values for extra pressure loss and drop speed are in good agreement with the experimental data of Ho & Leal (1975) for drops of sizes comparable with the tube radius.
Corrector-predictor methods for sufficient linear complementarity problems

We present a new corrector-predictor method for solving sufficient linear complementarity problems for which a sufficiently centered feasible starting point is available. In contrast with its predictor-corrector counterpart proposed by Miao, the method does not depend on the handicap ? of the problem. The method has $O((1+\kappa)\sqrt{n}L)$ -iteration complexity, the same as Miao's method, but our error estimates are sightly better. The algorithm is quadratically convergent for problems having a strictly complementary solution. We also present a family of infeasible higher order corrector-predictor methods that are superlinearly convergent even in the absence of strict complementarity. The algorithms of this class are globally convergent for general positive starting points. They have $O((1+\kappa)\sqrt{n}L)$ -iteration complexity for feasible, or "almost feasible", starting points and O((1+?)2 nL)-iteration complexity for "sufficiently large" infeasible starting points.
Closer spacing of geostationary satellites through adaptive nulling at the ground terminal

The results of a preliminary study suggest that interference to the downlink of one geostationary satellite from that of another satellite in the adjacent orbital slot can be substantially reduced by the addition of a simple adaptive nulling system to the ground terminal antenna. Alternatively, the nulling system allows the satellites to be spaced significantly closer together with no increase in interference. Significant improvement is obtained with simple open-loop antenna pointing. The improvement is greater, however, if the adaptive antenna automatically tracks the direction of the desired source. For a dish antenna with a single receiving feed horn, the extra hardware required to provide the adaptive capability consists of two more receiving feed horns, a variable weighting device for each of the feed lines (now three in number) and the adaptive control electronics. An example shows that the minimum spacing between one satellite and an interfering satellite, consistent with certain assumed operating requirements, could be reduced from the 2.25\deg needed for a simple single beam antenna to 1.35\deg , for the adaptive antenna using open loop pointing, to as little as 0.7\deg , for the adaptive antenna using automatic pointing. The adaptive hulling also provides essentially the same protection against downlink interference from the two other satellites occupying the slots on both sides of the satellite serving the terminal. The three degrees of freedom of the postulated nulling system, however, cannot cope with three or more nearby interfering satellites.
Spanwise structure and scale growth in turbulent boundary layers

Spanwise structure and growth mechanisms in a turbulent boundary layer are investigated experimentally. PIV measurements are obtained in the streamwise– spanwise (x–z)-plane from the buffer layer to the top of the logarithmic region at Reθ = 1015 and 7705. The dominant motions of the flow are shown to be large-scale regions of momentum deficit elongated in the streamwise direction. Throughout the logarithmic layer, the regions are consistently bordered by vortices organized in the streamwise direction, offering strong support for a vortex packet model. Additionally, evidence is presented for the existence and organization of hairpin vortices in the region y + < 60. Statistical evidence is also presented for two important aspects of the vortex packet paradigm: vortex organization in the streamwise direction, and the clear association of the hairpin signature with local minima in streamwise velocity. Several spanwise lengthscales are shown to vary linearly with distance from the wall, revealing self-similar growth of spanwise structure in an average sense. Inspection of the data, however, suggests that individual structures do not grow strictly self-similarly in time. It is proposed that additional scale growth occurs by the merging of vortex packets on an eddy-by-eddy basis via a vortex re-connection mechanism similar to that suggested by Wark & Nagib (1989). The proposed mechanism provides a link between vortex-pairing concepts and the observed coalescence of streaky low-speed regions in the inner layer.
ESTIMATION OF POPULATION GROWTH AND EXTINCTION PARAMETERS FROM NOISY DATA

The random-walk-with-drift model of population dynamics is an important tool in conservation biology, partly because its parameters are easily estimated from periodic observations of population size. Estimating the model with noisy data is problematic, however, because the commonly used estimators of process variation are biased if population abundance measurements are imprecise, and a recently developed method that attempts to remove this bias is not robust. In this paper, I show how the random-walk-with-drift model can be applied to noisy time series of population estimates by converting the random-walk- with-drift model to state-space form and applying the Kalman filter to yield the likelihood of the data. The likelihood function allows the variances of the process error and mea- surement error and the growth rate of the population to be estimated in a way that is robust and fully supported by statistical theory. Comparative analysis using simulated data indi- cates that the Kalman-filter method reduces the bias in estimates of process variance without yielding negative variance estimates. I apply the method to California sea otter and Yel- lowstone grizzly bear data to illustrate how the method (and simple extensions) can be used to assess the status of real populations. California sea otters appear to have little risk of extinction over the next 100 years although the population may not be secure over the long term if a recent apparent cessation of population growth persists. The grizzly bear population appears to have responded positively to the 1988 Yellowstone fires, and if the population continues to grow at the average rate observed over the study period, it is extremely unlikely to go extinct.
Dialect contact in a Southern Basque town

This article describes five dialect-based changes in progress in the Southern Basque town of Oiartzun. Based on data collected in sociolinguistic interviews with thirteen local Basque speakers, this article examines dialectal variation in elements chosen from different parts of the grammar: two lexical items, two morphosyntactic alternations on auxiliary verbs, and a phonological process, apheresis. In particular, several claims are made about dialect contact in Oiartzun. Strong apparent-time evidence exists that four out of five of these elements are undergoing change. Older speakers tend toward forms characteristic of dialects to the east of Oiartzun, whereas younger speakers prefer western forms. In each case, male speakers appear to be leading the process of change; men show significantly higher frequencies of incoming western forms than women. The data, however, provide little support for the hypothesis that the recently introduced Basque literary standard has influenced young people's vernacular.I am deeply grateful to the people of Oiartzun for their generous support and hospitality during my stay in their beautiful town. Special thanks to Inaki Arbelaitz for sharing with me his encyclopedic knowledge of local culture, language, and geography. Also, thanks to Larraitz Sanzberro, Katrin Abal, Inazio Retegi, Xabier Artiagoitia, Roslyn Frank, and Toki Alaiko denak. Thanks to John Singler for invaluable theoretical and methodological guidance in this study and to Renee Blake, Begona Echeverria, Gregory Guy, John Singler, Koldo Zuazo, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts. All shortcomings are my own.
Intersecting all edges of centrally symmetric polyhedra by planes

A1 least three planes are needed in order to cut all edges of a 3-dimensional centrally symmetric convex polytope by planes which miss all vertices of the polytope. In contrast, there exist centrally symmetric convex tessellations of the 2-sphere for which two planes are sufficient.
Evaluation of the Precision of Emergency Department Diagnoses in Young Children With Fever

OBJECTIVE. To characterize causes of fever in children presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED). METHODS. One-year retrospective review of ED records. Inclusion criteria were 2 to 36 months of age with a documented temperature ≥ 39°C. Exclusion criteria were elopement, repeat visit, and underlying diagnosis with a predisposition to infection. Medical records were reviewed using a predefined, study-specific, data abstraction tool. Based on diagnosis and pathogen detection, visits were assigned to 3 groups, laboratory confirmed pathogen and focal or nonfocal diagnosis without confirmed pathogen. RESULTS. A total of 1091 visits met inclusion criteria. Fourteen percent had a pathogen detected, 56% had a focal diagnosis without a confirmed pathogen, and 30% had a nonfocal diagnosis without confirmed pathogen. CONCLUSIONS. In a cohort of febrile children 2 to 36 months of age, only 14% had a confirmed pathogen. New rapid viral diagnostic techniques may provide an opportunity to improve diagnostic certainty in young children presenting with fever.
Structure, Bonding, and Stability of a Catalytica Platinum(II) Catalyst: A Computational Study

Periana et al. [Science 1998, 280, 560] previously reported two catalysts for low-temperature methane activation to methanol: PtCl2(NH3)2 and PtCl2(bpym). It was shown that the ammine catalyst is much more active, but it decomposes rapidly in sulfuric acid to form a PtCl2 precipitate, while the bpym system is long-lived. To have a basis for developing new catalysts that would not decompose, we undertook a study of the structure, bonding, and stability of the PtCl2(NH3)2 and PtCl2(bpym) catalysts, using quantum mechanics (QM) [density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/LACVP**(+) level] including solvation in sulfuric acid via the Poisson−Boltzmann continuum approximation. Critical results include the following: (1) The influence of a trans ligand Y on the Pt−X bond follows the order Cl- > NH3 (bpym) > OSO3H- > □ (empty site). Thus the Pt−N bond length is longer (up to 0.04 A) and the Pt−N bond is weaker (up to 18 kcal/mol) when trans to a Cl- as compared to trans to OSO3H-. (2) The bpym ligand acts as...
The Causes and Consequences of an Avoidance-Focus for Interracial Interactions

The current work examined the causes and consequences of non-Black people's desire to avoid interracial interactions (an avoidance-focus). Expecting to respond with racial bias in inter-racial interactions was argued to result in an avoidance-focus for such interactions, which was hypothesized to have negative implications for the quality of interracial interactions. Across three studies, feedback indicating that non-Black participants would respond with racial bias in interactions with Black people resulted in anxiety and the desire to avoid the interaction. In addition, when participants with an avoidance-focus interacted with a Black confederate (Study 2), they had shorter interactions that were rated as less pleasant by the confederate and participant as compared to those without an avoidance-focus. Avoidance-focused participants were less interested in future interactions and came across as more avoidant and biased to their partner than less avoidance-focused participants. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for racial relations.
In vivo labeling of sigma receptors in mouse brain with [3H]4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine

4-Phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine (4-PPBP) is a very potent ligand for sigma (Sigma) receptors. The present study was undertaken to evaluate [3H]4-PPBP as a radioligand for in vivo labeling of cerebral sigma receptors. After intravenous administration of [3H]4-PPBP to mice, there is high uptake of radioactivity in the brain. The regional distribution of radioactivity in the brain 2 h after intravenous injection of [3H]4-PPBP parallels the in vitro binding of the radioligand in rat brain (pons/medulla > cerebellum > or = prefrontal cortex > or = parietal cortex > hypothalamus > olfactory tubercle > or = thalamus > hippocampus > striatum). Pretreatment with haloperidol (2 mg/kg) significantly decreases the radioactivity measured in the brain 30-120 min after injection of [3H]4-PPBP. Pretreatment with unlabeled 4-PPBP or ifenprodil also significantly decreases radioactivity in the brain 2 h after injection of [3H]4-PPBP, in a dose-dependent manner. The in vivo binding of [3H]4-PPBP in the brain also is significantly inhibited by SL 82.0715, BMY 14802, 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), and (+)-enantiomers of pentazocine, SKF 10,047, and 3-PPP, but not by the corresponding (-)-enantiomers, consistent with stereoselectivity of inhibition obtained in in vitro binding studies. In contrast, pretreatment with dizocilpine and spiperone does not inhibit in vivo binding of [3H]4-PPBP. The results indicate that [3H]4-PPBP would be a suitable radioligand for in vivo labeling of sigma receptors in brain.
A categorial treatment of adverbial nouns

A select set of English nouns can head adverbial NPs - NPs that can act as adverbs without being preceded by a preposition. These 'adverbial nouns' also can be modified by prepositionless adverbial non-wh relative clauses. An analysis is presented in a categorial grammar framework, employing a conjunctive type structure to describe the behavior of adverbial nouns. It is suggested that adverbial nouns select non-wh adverbial relative clauses as complements; lexical rules are written to allow such selection. Finally, some remaining issues are surveyed concerning adverbial nouns in particular and conjunctive categories in general.
Experimental records of the effects of food patchiness and predation on egg production of Acartia tonsa

The effects of predation and spatial patchiness in food distribution on egg production of the marine Calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa were investigated in the laboratory. A postexperiment egg production method was developed to override the decline in number of copepods due to predation. The copepods were able to remain in food patches about 41-47% of the time, and consequently egg production rates were higher than expected from the average food concentration. Predation by the Calanoid copepod Labidocera aestivu tended to increase egg production rates of A. tonsa. The interaction of patchiness and predation resulted in relatively less time spent by A. tonsa in the food patches, probably as a consequence of conflict between hunger level and predation risk. Predation and food availability are probably the most important biological factors that influence zooplankton production in aquatic systems (Landry 1978a; Ohman 1988; Kimmerer 1991). They determine the extent to which an animal can grow and produce viable offspring. Predation has a direct effect by the removal of prey, but it may also act indirectly by inducing changes in behavior and performance of prey (Sih 1987; Ohman 1988). Regarding food, numerous studies have analyzed relationships between concentration and quality of food, and
College Career Connection: A Study of Youth with Intellectual Disabilities and the Impact of Postsecondary Education

Participation in postsecondary education is a known predictor of a successful employment outcomefor youth without disabilities. Thlere is researchi documenting that: this is truefor youth with disabilities as well. Most literature on postsecondary education for youth with disabilities focuses on individuals with learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, and phiysical orsensory disorders. There is limited research that addresses youth with intellectual disabilities regarding successful outcomes of participation in postsecondary education. This paper presentsfindings from a matched cohort follow-up study conducted with 40 youth with signiffcant disabilities zwho did and did not participate in postsecondary education. Recommendationsforfuture research and practice are provided.
New Jersey dentists’ opinions on women as associates

The author’s attempts to find associateships for recent women dental graduates have not always been successful. He surveyed New Jersey dentists to find out why. Most dentists said they would hire a woman as an associate and pay her the same as a man. Respondents had no strong preference on women’s marital status. Opinions on employment of recent women graduates and women with five years’ experience were not significantly different.
Adult Weight Loss Diets Metabolic Effects and Outcomes

The global prevalence of overweight and obesity as a public health concern is well established and reflects the overall lack of success in our ability to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. Being overweight and obese is associated with numerous comorbidities and is a risk factor for several of the leading causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and many types of cancer. The foundation of treatment has been diet and exercise. There are >1,000 published weight loss diets, with more appearing in the lay literature and the media on a regular basis. The sheer number of existing diet regimens would suggest that no one diet has been universally successful at inducing and maintaining weight loss. Many of these dietary programs are based on sound scientific evidence and follow contemporary principles of weight loss. Others simply eliminate 1 or more of the essential food groups or recommend consumption of 1 type of food at the expense of other foods with little to no supporting evidence. The focus of this review is on weight loss diets, specifically those with the most supporting scientific evidence and those that are most likely to succeed in achievement and maintenance of desirable body weight. The effects of weight loss diets on energy expenditure, body weight, body composition, and metabolic parameters will be evaluated. Ultimately, the best diet is the one the patient will follow and incorporate into his or her daily life for lifelong maintenance of a healthy body weight. (Nutr Clin Pract.XXXX;xx:xx-xx)
A diazotrophic, indole-3-acetic acid-producing endophyte from wild cottonwood

An endophytic bacterium, wild poplar strain B (WPB), isolated from stems of wild cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) was identified to Burkholderia vietnamiensis by analyzing the recA and rDNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the nifHDK cluster indicates that the WPB isolate shares high sequence similarity with known B. vietnamiensis strains. The nitrogenase activity of WPB was determined by a 15N2 incorporation assay and an acetylene reduction assay. WPB was also monitored for production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a phytohormone which can promote plant growth, when incubated with l-tryptophan. In addition, its plant growth promotion capacity was assessed by inoculating the WPB strain onto Kentucky bluegrass in nitrogen-free medium. Compared to uninoculated control plants, the plants inoculated with WPB gained more dry weight (42%, p = 0.01) and more nitrogen content (37%, p = 0.04) in 50 days.
The Impact of an Insurance Administration–Free Primary Care Office on Hospital Admissions A Community-Level Comparison With Traditional Fee-for-Service Family Practice Groups

This study compares hospital admissions over a 3-year period (2009-2011) between a community’s 2 major private, fee-for-service physician groups and an insurance administration–free, hospital-affil...
State boundedness of a discrete-time single-bit sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter

This paper focuses on the state boundedness issue of a single-bit sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter from circuit designerspsila point of view. A discrete-time model has been studied. A design procedure which guarantees the state boundedness under given input magnitude and complying with given design specification is provided. In addition, an estimation of state bound is given. Although noise shaping is not the focus of this paper, the proposed design procedure gives circuit designers plenty of freedom to improve signal to noise ratio of the converter by using different loop filters and digital-to-analog converters, without sacrificing the desired state boundedness.
COST-EFFECTIVE EMISSION CONTROLS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

Integrated environmental control (IEC) concepts involving combined SO2/NOx. removal processes in combination with pre-combustion and combustion control methods offer significant potential for more cost-effective emissions control for coal-fired power plants. IEC system designs involving three advanced flue gas treatment processes in conjunction with conventional and advanced coal cleaning technologies to achieve overall reductions of 90 percent for both SO2 and NOx are compared to a conventional pulverized coal plant design using currently available technology. A new computer modeling framework is used to characterize key uncertainties, and to evaluate overall performance and cost probabilistically using Monte Carlo methods. Results indicate that several IEC systems currently under development offer a good chance of reducing environmental control costs by 20 to 30 percent, although improvements in currently commercial technology are likely to offset some of the gains expected from advanced process designs...
Play to Learn II: developing educational games for museums

This is a sequel paper from the 2006 SIGGRAPH presentation on Play to Learn: Exploring Educational Games in Museums. It will further discuss how to develop educational games in the museum context from the perspective of a museum educator. This paper hopes to achieve a better understanding especially for commercial gaming developers to extend their skills and expertise in order to produce educational learning games for museums.
Evaluating the effectiveness of multimedia computer modules as enrichment exercises for introductory human geography

Abstract Quantitative proof that multimedia enrichment activities are a positive benefit to lower‐division undergraduate geography is an alluring though elusive goal. The results are presented of a careful experimental evaluation of two multimedia computer modules used as enrichment devices for an introductory human geography course at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The objectives were to determine their overall effectiveness, as well as the kinds of students and kinds of geographical knowledge and skills they best served. The rather disappointing results in respect of all three of these areas tend to corroborate one published allegation that quantitative evaluation of multimedia effectiveness is itself ineffective, due primarily to the inherent complexity of learning. The conclusion of this article, and of the study, is that an array of quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods will better serve the important objective of improving multimedia use at the university level.
Late 19th century administrative reform in America: re-articulating Hamiltonian thought

In this article, the intellectual thought of a group of key late 19th century national administrative reformers is isolated and analyzed. These reformers were interested in reforming the civil, military and business administrative functions of the executive branch to provide for greater elite administrative supervision over and intervention in the national society and economy. The reformers often articulated their reform purposes, motives and goals in the Hamiltonian language of administrative authority and popular deference to executive administrative counsels. An important key to understanding this article is recognizing that while environmental social and economic conditions had changed significantly for the Gilded Age reformers since the American constitutional founding, many elements of the Hamiltonian tradition still resonated with the reformers a full century later. In this way, the historically transmitted ideology and rhetoric of Hamiltonian thought can be seen as having an independent, causative...
De la portée de la « palatisation » en gbe et ses implications théoriques

Apres avoir enumere les differentes regles de « palatalisation » que l’on rencontre dans les differents parlers gbe sur les plans synchronique et diachronique, la presente etude suggere qu’il faudrait peut-etre remplacer le terme « palatalisation » par « sibilantisation » pour refleter la diversite de ses manifestations concretes. Mais plus que cela, cette etude tire les consequences logiques de la portee du processus en gbe et les rattache a quelques questions d’universaux. Ainsi les hypotheses suivantes ont-elles ete proposees : (i) que le processus ne se produit pas si la position generale de la langue n’est pas convexe; (ii) qu’il ne se produirait pas avec les autres voyelles s’il ne faisant de meme avec les voyelles d’avant fermees; (iii) qu’il n’affecterait pas les fricatives sans affecter aussi les occlusives; et (iv) qu’il n’affecterait pas les consonnes anterieures sans les consonnes posterieures (du moins par le passe). Dans tous les cas, le processus passe en revue, loin d’etre simple, est en fait non seulement complexe, mais encore multiple.
DUALITY TRANSFORMATIONS FOR GENERAL ABELIAN SYSTEMS

Abstract We describe the general structure of duality transformations for a very broad set of abelian statistical and field theoretic systems. This includes theories with many different types of fields and a large variety of kinds of interactions including, but not limited to nearest neighbor, next nearest neighbor, multi-spin interactions, etc. We find that the dual form of a theory does not depend directly on the dimensionality of the theory, but rather on the number of fields and number of different kinds of interactions. The dual forms we find have a generalized gauge symmetry and possess the usual property of having a temperature (or coupling constant) which is inverted from that of the original theory. Our results reduce to the well-known results in those particular cases that have heretofore been studied. Our procedure also suggests variations capable of generating other forms of the dual theory which may be useful in various specific cases.
Dissipative H 2 /h ∞ controller synthesis

In certain applications, such as the control of flexible structures, the plant transfer function is known to be psitive real. This property arises if the sensor and actuator are colocated and also dual, for example, force actuator and velocity sensor or torque actuator and angular rate sensor. In practice, the prospects for controlling such systems is quite good since, if sensor and actuator dynamics are negligible, stability is unconditionally guaranteed so long as the controller is strictly positive real [1-3]. Although there is no general theory yet available for designing positive real controllers, a variety of techniques have been proposed based on H2 theory [4-10] and H∞, theory [11,12]. In this paper we focus on the H2-based positive real controller synthesis method of Lozano-Leal and Joshi [7]. In [7] it is shown that if the plant is positive real and if the error and disturbance matrices satisfy certain constraints, then the LQG controller is also positive real. This approach is appealing in practice since it requires only standard LQG synthesis techniques. Our goal in this note is to extend the synthesis technique of [7] to include an H∞ norm bound on the closed-loop transfer function [13]. This extension thus provides the control designer with more flexibility in specifying closed-loop system performance.
Paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Introduction: The use of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents against chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections can result in the successful treatment of nearly all patients. Effective antiviral treatments can prevent the progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular malignancy, and decrease liver-related morbidity and mortality.Areas covered: Paritaprevir–ritonavir–ombitasvir and dasabuvir (PrOD), with or without ribavirin, is an all-oral regimen approved for the treatment of HCV genotype 1 infections, including patients with compensated cirrhosis. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this regimen in HCV genotype 1-infected patients who are treatment-naive and those who have failed peginterferon/ribavirin therapy. Additional studies evaluated the use of PrOD with or without ribavirin among special populations, including patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 and HCV, liver transplant recipients with HCV recurrence, and patients with severe renal impairmen...
On the mechanism of plasmin-induced platelet aggregation. Implications of the dual role of granule ADP.

Abstract Plasmin-induced platelet aggregation has been considered to be a cause of reocclusion after thrombolytic treatment with plasminogen activators. However, little is known regarding the mechanism and regulation of plasmin-induced platelet aggregation. In this study, we demonstrated that plasmin causes the degranulation of platelets, and that ADP released from granules plays a crucial role in the induction of platelet aggregation. This conclusion is supported by results showing that both ADP antagonists and ADPase can inhibit the effect of plasmin on platelets. We also demonstrated that pretreatment of platelets with ADP makes the platelets more sensitive to plasmin, and plasmin-induced platelet aggregation is, therefore, observed at lower concentrations where no aggregation occurs in quiescent platelets. In other words, it is thought that ADP potentiates the plasmin-induced aggregation. The effect of ADP was inhibited by N6-[2-(methylthio)-ethyl]-2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio-5′-adenylic acid, monoanhydride with dichloromethylenebisphosphonic acid (AR-C69931), a selective antagonist for the P2TAC subtype of P2 receptor, but not by the P2Y1 receptor-selective antagonist adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (A3P5PS). The P2X1 receptor agonist α,β-methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate (α,β-MeATP) did not mimic the action of ADP. These data indicate that ADP potentiates plasmin-induced platelet aggregation via the P2TAC receptor. In addition, epinephrine, a typical Gi agonist against platelets, could potentiate the plasmin-induced platelet aggregation, suggesting that the signal via the Gi protein is involved in potentiating the plasmin-induced platelet aggregation, ADP is secreted from platelet granules, and concomitantly works in conjunction with plasmin in a P2TAC receptor-mediated manner.
Reconfiguring Protestantism and Minorities: A Review Essay

Review essay discussing: Choosing the Jesus Way: American Indian Pentecostals and the Fight for the Indigenous Principle, by Angela Tarango; Latino Pentecostals in America: Faith and Politics in Action, by Gastόn Espinosa; and Latino Mennonites: Civil Rights, Faith and Evangelical Culture, by Felipe Hinojosa.
Loss of the BBSome perturbs endocytic trafficking and disrupts virulence of Trypanosoma brucei

Cilia (eukaryotic flagella) are present in diverse eukaryotic lineages and have essential motility and sensory functions. The cilium's capacity to sense and transduce extracellular signals depends on dynamic trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins. This trafficking is often mediated by the Bardet-Biedl Syndrome complex (BBSome), a protein complex for which the precise subcellular distribution and mechanisms of action are unclear. In humans, BBSome defects perturb ciliary membrane protein distribution and manifest clinically as Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Cilia are also important in several parasites that cause tremendous human suffering worldwide, yet biology of the parasite BBSome remains largely unexplored. We examined BBSome functions in Trypanosoma brucei, a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes African sleeping sickness in humans. We report that T. brucei BBS proteins assemble into a BBSome that interacts with clathrin and is localized to membranes of the flagellar pocket and adjacent cytoplasmic vesicles. Using BBS gene knockouts and a mouse infection model, we show the T. brucei BBSome is dispensable for flagellar assembly, motility, bulk endocytosis, and cell viability but required for parasite virulence. Quantitative proteomics reveal alterations in the parasite surface proteome of BBSome mutants, suggesting that virulence defects are caused by failure to maintain fidelity of the host-parasite interface. Interestingly, among proteins altered are those with ubiquitination-dependent localization, and we find that the BBSome interacts with ubiquitin. Collectively, our data indicate that the BBSome facilitates endocytic sorting of select membrane proteins at the base of the cilium, illuminating BBSome roles at a critical host-pathogen interface and offering insights into BBSome molecular mechanisms.