cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extranuclear localization of endogenous 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in aldosterone target cells.

Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD2) plays a key role in conferring aldosterone selectivity on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by inactivating intracellular glucocorticoids before they can occupy the MR. 11βHSD2 is a microsomal enzyme expressed in aldosterone target cells, although its subcellular distribution is still unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the subcellular localization of the endogenous 11βHSD2 in renal aldosterone target cells. We generated an antibody against rabbit 11βHSD2 and used it in combination with a nuclear marker and confocal laser scanning microscopy. On Western blots the antibody recognized a single band of approximately 41 kDa in the renal cortical collecting duct, outer medullary collecting duct, submandibular gland and adrenal cortex, whereas the colon, liver, renal medulla, and heart were negative. Immunohistochemistry showed specific reaction in the known aldosterone target cells of the kidney (connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, and o...
THE COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC1

The composition of particulate matter in the western North Atlantic is examined to determined relationships between carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll. The regressions of phosphorus or chlorophyll on nitrogen or carbon, when extrapolated toward the origin, indicate appreciable but variable amounts of nitrogen and carbon in the absence of phosphorus and chlorophyll. The regression of phosphorus on chlorophyll, on the other hand, has its intercept at the origin. These observations indicate that chlorophyll and phosphorus are decomposed or mineralized at essentially the same rate, while carbon and nitrogen are more refractory. The relationship between these parameters and the distribution of detritus is discussed.
Methods of alleviation of ionospheric scintillation effects on digital communications

The degradation of the performance of digital communication systems because of ionospheric scintillation effects can be reduced either by diversity techniques or by coding. The effectiveness of traditional space-diversity, frequency-diversity and time-diversity techniques is reviewed and design considerations isolated. Time-diversity signaling is then treated as an extremely simple form of coding. More advanced coding methods, such as diffuse threshold decoding and burst-trapping decoding, which appear attractive in combatting scintillation effects are discussed and design considerations noted. Finally, adaptive coding techniques appropriate when the general state of the channel is known are discussed.
Morphological Assessment of Basic Multicellular Unit Resorption Parameters in Dogs Shows Additional Mechanisms of Bisphosphonate Effects on Bone

Bisphosphonates (BPs) slow bone loss by reducing initiation of new basic multicellular units (BMUs). Whether or not BPs simply prevent osteoclasts from initiating new BMUs that resorb bone or also reduce the amount of bone they resorb at the BMU level is not clear. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of BPs on three morphological parameters of individual BMUs, resorption depth (Rs.De), area (Rs.Ar), and width (Rs.Wi). After 1 year of treatment with vehicle (VEH), alendronate (ALN; 0.10, 0.20, or 1.00 mg/kg/day), or risedronate (RIS; 0.05, 0.10, or 0.50 mg/kg/day), resorption cavity morphology was assessed in vertebral trabecular bone of beagle dogs by histology. Animals treated with ALN or RIS at the doses representing those used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis (0.20 and 0.10 mg/kg/day, respectively) had significantly lower Rs.Ar (−27%) and Rs.Wi (−17%), with no difference in Rs.De, compared to VEH-treated controls. Low doses of ALN and RIS did not affect any parameters, whereas higher doses resulted in similar changes to those of the clinical dose. There were no significant differences in the resorption cavity measures between RIS and ALN at any of the dose equivalents. These results highlight the importance of examining parameters beyond erosion depth for assessment of resorption parameters. Furthermore, these results suggest that in addition to the well-known effects of BPs on reducing the number of active BMUs, these drugs also reduce the activity of osteoclasts at the individual BMU level at doses at and above those used clinically for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
I Am Joaquin, Rewritten

The poem “I Am Joaquin, Rewritten” is a political rebirth inspired by the history of Latinos in the United States before the Anglo settlements, the 1960s civil rights era, the reenvisioning of the Chicano and feminist movements, ignited by recent anti-Latino and immigrant sentiment and laws wrapped around the mantle of Joaquin Luna's shattered dream. It serves as a political and social framework to advance public discourse by reinvigorating the civil rights movement to pursue equal rights for all via national efforts to educate every child in the country, combat poverty, and tolerate difference by reconceptualizing and recontexualizing the all-American Dream.
Quinolinate and kainate neurotoxicity in neostriatal cultures is potentiated by co-culturing with neocortical neurons.

Abstract It has been suggested that a disorder in the regulation of excitatory amino acids (EAA) may underlie the loss of neostriatal neurons seen in Huntington's disease. The role of neocortical afferent fibers in determining the EAA sensitivity of neostriatal neurons was assessed by comparing EAA toxicity in co-cultures of neocortex and neostratum with that of neostriatum alone. In culturesalone, EAAs produced only modest neuronal losses. Kainate, which tended to be the most potent excitotoxin, produced a loss of approximately 30% of the neurons after a 5-min exposure at a 1-mM concentration. In co-cultures, the sensitivity of neostriatal neurons to EAA toxicity was dramatically enhanced; toxicity was increased about two-fold for kainate and quinolinate at millimolar concentrations and as much as 8-fold for quinolinate at micromolar concentrations. The effects of EAA co-incubation with the N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, suggested that the toxic actions of quinolinate, but not kainate, were mediated largely by NMDA receptors.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the chicken gene homologous to the transforming gene of Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract Four molecular clones containing DNA homologous to the Rous sarcoma virus transforming gene ( src ) have been isolated from a random library of normal chicken DNA. The four clones are distinct overlapping isolates, which together span approximately 33 kb of cellular DNA. The cloned locus appears to represent the major region of chicken DNA homologous to src , since src -containing restriction fragments of this locus account for the fragments detected by hybridization of src -specific probe to restriction digests of total chicken DNA. Analysis of the cloned chicken src locus by restriction and heteroduplex mapping indicates that the locus contains 1.6-1.9 kb of DNA homologous to the viral src gene. The chicken DNA sequences homologous to viral src are interrupted by five or six nonhomologous regions, totaling approximately 6 kb, which presumably represent introns in the cellular src gene.
Distribution of the minimum channel width wiring

Suppose we have N terminals on one side of a wiring channel, and N on the other side, and we wish to achieve a given interconnection specified by a randomly chosen permutation function. We show that the minimum number of horizontal channels necessary is close to $N / 2$ most of the time.
A New Class of Synthetic Jet Actuators—Part II: Application to Flow Separation Control

We present the application of the new synthetic jet actuator (SJA) to flow separation control over a NACA 0015 wing. The actuator is compact enough to fit in the interior of the wing that has a chord of 0.375 m. The wing was tested in the Texas A&M University Aerospace Engineering 3 ftX4 ft wind tunnel. An experimental investigation into the effects of the synthetic jet actuator on the performance of the wing is described. Emphasis is placed on the capabilities of the actuator to control the separation of the flow over the wing at high angles of attack. The results include force balance measurements, on surface and off surface flow visualization, surface pressure measurements, and wake surveys. All of the reported tests were performed at a free-stream velocity of 35 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number of 8.96×10 5 . The angle of attack was varied from -2.0 deg to 29.0 deg.
Positive Organizational Behavior: A Buffer for Bad News.

Most communication research on bad news messages focuses on crisis communication, where attention is often limited to image repair strategies. The authors argue that a key indicator of an organizat...
Asymptotic treatment of the stability of a rotating layer of fluid with rigid boundaries

Abstract Chandrasekhar (1961) has summarized the stability results of Benard convection in a rotating fluid for the cases where the boundary surfaces are both rigid and free, and for both exchange of stabilities and overstability. His analysis provides very accurate results for a limited range of Taylor number J. Bisshopp and Niiler (1965) presented an asymptotic analysis of the rigid boundary problem for exchange of stabilities which is valid for very large Taylor number. The present paper makes use of modern rotating fluid theory to develop an approximate scheme for evaluating the Rayleigh number and other parameters and variables. Known asymptotic results for the free boundary problem at large J are used and an expansion in powers of E1/6 (the Ekman number, E = 2J −½) yields a sequence of equations and appropriate boundary conditions for the rigid boundary problem. After the algorithm for the calculation is developed, results are given for the problem to second order in the expansion parameter for the ...
MAP Kinases with Distinct Inhibitory Functions Impart Signaling Specificity during Yeast Differentiation

Filamentous invasive growth of S. cerevisiae requires multiple elements of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade that are also components of the mating pheromone response pathway. Here we show that, despite sharing several constituents, the two pathways use different MAP kinases. The Fus3 MAPK regulates mating, whereas the Kss1 MAPK regulates filamentation and invasion. Remarkably, in addition to their kinase-dependent activation functions, Kss1 and Fus3 each have a distinct kinase-independent inhibitory function. Kss1 inhibits the filamentation pathway by interacting with its target transcription factor Ste12. Fus3 has a different inhibitory activity that prevents the inappropriate activation of invasion by the pheromone response pathway. In the absence of Fus3, there is erroneous crosstalk in which mating pheromone now activates filamentation-specific gene expression using the Kss1 MAPK.
Hearing the Missing Voice

When thinking of the civil rights movement, the name that most often comes to mind is that of the charismatic leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. Those more familiar with the movement and its history would add the names of Ralph Abernathy, James Forman, Andrew Young, Jesse Jackson, and the Southern CbristianLeadership Conference (SCLC). Rarely, if ever, would the names of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, Septima Clark, Unita Blackwell, Ella Baker, the Women's Political Council, or Amelia Platts Boynton be mentioned. Was the civil rights movement essentially built and operated by men such that the role performed by women need only be remembered as a footnote in history? Is the absence of women an insignificant peculiarity of the time period? Is it merely hysterical feminist revisionism that motivates the need to acknowledge the women who gave life to the movement, nurtured it through its formative stages, and continue to support its various permutations today?
Sulphur–TiO2 yolk–shell nanoarchitecture with internal void space for long-cycle lithium–sulphur batteries

The practical performance of lithium–sulphur batteries is lower than expected because of polysulphide dissolution into the electrolyte over time. Seh et al. show that a yolk–shell nanoarchitecture is able to encapsulate sulphur cathode materials efficiently and thus allows over 1,000 charge/discharge cycles.
Depositional environments of Lower Pennsylvanian coal-bearing siliciclastics of southeastern Tennessee, northwestern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama, U.S.A.

Abstract In the Cumberland Plateaus of southeastern Tennessee, northwestern Georgia, and northeast Alabama, Pennsylvanian strata are siliciclastics containing discontinuous coal seams. Above some of these coal seams, the shale deposits contain fossils of marine or brackish fauna. The entire sequence was deposited in an asymmetric foreland basin and is thickest in the southeast. Within this general trend there are locally thick deposits of lowermost Pennsylvanian Gizzard Group sequences that mark subbasins. Conglomeratic sandstone members of the Gizzard Group are discontinuous and tend to be thicker in the subbasins. In contrast, conglomeratic to sandy units are more laterally continuous in the overlying Crab Orchard Mountains Group. The Pennsylvanian sequence overlies paleosols with subjacent freshwater-neomorphosed shallow marine carbonates, or siliciclastics of the uppermost Mississippian Pennington Formation. A provenance discrimination diagram indicates that Pennsylvanian siliciclastics were derived from an orogenic source. Profile analysis of thick quartzose sandstone sequences indicates facies, architectural elements and bounding surfaces characteristic of braided stream deposits. A dominant southwest paleoflow direction is inferred from paleocurrent indicators in sandy braided and meandering stream deposits.
Circular dichroism studies of the binding of mammalian and non-mammalian cytochromes c to cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and polyanions

The effects of binding of Candida krusei, Drosophila melanogaster, horse, human, and rat cytochromes c to beef cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) and yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (ferricytochrome c: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.5) on their circular dichroism spectra were determined. The binding to cytochrome oxidase results in a positive increase in the ellipticities of the positive and negative Cotton effects at 404 nm and 417 nm of cytochrome c. The horse, human, and rat cytochromes c display less of an increase in the ellipticity of the positive Cotton effect at 404 nm, but more of a positive change in the negative Cotton effect at 417 nm than the C. krusei or D. melanogaster proteins. Interaction with yeast cytochrome c peroxidase elicits only a positive change in the ellipticity of the positive Cotton effect at 404 nm. No significant change is observed in the negative Cotton effect at 417 nm. Rat cytochrome c variants with a phenylalanine in place of tyrosine-67 and/or an alanine in place of proline-30 all display circular dichroism spectral changes upon binding to cytochrome c oxidase or cytochrome c peroxidase identical to those of the unaltered protein. The increase in ellipticity at 404 nm upon binding occurs even though replacement of tyrosine-67 results in the loss of the positive Cotton effect at this position. Polyglutamate and phosvitin complexes of cytochrome c show changes in the circular dichroism spectrum similar to those observed with cytochrome c peroxidase. However, the magnitudes of the spectral changes were considerably less. A model is proposed in which the main cause of the circular dichroism spectral changes observed upon complexation arise from the exclusion of solvent from the exposed front heme edge. According to this model, the exclusion of solvent changes the relative asymmetry of the environment of the electronic transitions of the heme prosthetic group of cytochrome c, resulting in observed circular dichroic effects.
Representations of Certain Solvable Lie Groups On Hilbert Spaces of Holomorphic Functions and the Application to the Holomorphic Discrete Series of a Semisimple Lie Group

If (b,j,ƒ0) is a normal j-algebra and b− = {X + ijX;X∈b} then b− is a positive polarization at /tf0 in the sense of Auslander and Kostant. The representation ρ(ƒ0,b−) defined as in the orbit theory is shown to be given on a space of holomorphic functions on a Siegel II domain. The Fourier transformation is shown to be an intertwining operator between ρ(ƒ0,b−) and ρ(ƒ0,) for a suitable real polarization h. These explicit results are used to deduce the Harish-Chandra conditions defining the holomorphic discrete series of a Semisimple Lie Group.
Sensitivity of Photolysis Frequencies and Key Tropospheric Oxidants in a Global Model to Cloud Vertical Distributions and Optical Properties

Clouds affect tropospheric photochemistry through modification of solar radiation that determines photolysis frequencies. As a follow-up study to our recent assessment of the radiative effects of clouds on tropospheric chemistry, this paper presents an analysis of the sensitivity of such effects to cloud vertical distributions and optical properties (cloud optical depths (CODs) and cloud single scattering albedo), in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). GEOS-Chem was driven with a series of meteorological archives (GEOS1- STRAT, GEOS-3 and GEOS-4) generated by the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System data assimilation system. Clouds in GEOS1-STRAT and GEOS-3 have more similar vertical distributions (with substantially smaller CODs in GEOS1-STRAT) while those in GEOS-4 are optically much thinner in the tropical upper troposphere. We find that the radiative impact of clouds on global photolysis frequencies and hydroxyl radical (OH) is more sensitive to the vertical distribution of clouds than to the magnitude of column CODs. With random vertical overlap for clouds, the model calculated changes in global mean OH (J(O1D), J(NO2)) due to the radiative effects of clouds in June are about 0.0% (0.4%, 0.9%), 0.8% (1.7%, 3.1%), and 7.3% (4.1%, 6.0%), for GEOS1-STRAT, GEOS-3 and GEOS-4, respectively; the geographic distributions of these quantities show much larger changes, with maximum decrease in OH concentrations of approx.15-35% near the midlatitude surface. The much larger global impact of clouds in GEOS-4 reflects the fact that more solar radiation is able to penetrate through the optically thin upper-tropospheric clouds, increasing backscattering from low-level clouds. Model simulations with each of the three cloud distributions all show that the change in the global burden of ozone due to clouds is less than 5%. Model perturbation experiments with GEOS-3, where the magnitude of 3-D CODs are progressively varied from -100% to 100%, predict only modest changes (<5%) in global mean OH concentrations. J(O1D), J(NO2) and OH3 concentrations show the strongest sensitivity for small CODs and become insensitive at large CODs due to saturation effects. Caution should be exercised not to use in photochemical models a value for cloud single scattering albedo lower than about 0.999 in order to be consistent with the current knowledge of cloud absorption at the ultraviolet wavelengths.
Two-photon-induced excited-state absorption in high-index fibers

We have studied the nonlinear optical properties of a high-index (n = 1.82) glass that is used as the core material in a commercially available fiber optic inverter, which is a coherent fiber bundle twisted 180 degrees to produce an inverted image. We have determined through open aperture Z-scan the two-photon absorption coefficient of the glass to be 0.8 cm/GW using 23 ps pulses (FWHM) at 532 nm, far from the linear absorption edge of 320 nm. For 5 ns (FWHM) pulses the nonlinear absorption is much larger, and is dominated by two-photon induced excited-state absorption. These effects contribute to the nanosecond optical limiting response that we have observed for the inverter using an F/5 focusing geometry.
Multiple systems of category learning

We review neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the existence of three qualitatively different categorization systems. These categorization systems are themselves based on three distinct memory systems: working memory (WM), explicit long-term memory (explicit LTM), and implicit long-term memory (implicit LTM). We first contrast categorization based on WM with that based on explicit LTM, where the former typically involves applying rules to a test item and the latter involves determining the similarity between stored exemplars or prototypes and a test item. Neuroimaging studies show differences between brain activity in normal participants as a function of whether they are instructed to categorize novel test items by rule or by similarity to known category members. Rule instructions typically lead to more activation in frontal or parietal areas, associated with WM and selective attention, whereas similarity instructions may activate parietal areas associated with the integration of perceptual features. Studies with neurological patients in the same paradigms provide converging evidence, e.g., patients with Alzheimer's disease, who have damage in prefrontal regions, are more impaired with rule than similarity instructions. Our second contrast is between categorization based on explicit LTM with that based on implicit LTM. Neuropsychological studies with patients with medial-temporal lobe damage show that patients are impaired on tasks requiring explicit LTM, but perform relatively normally on an implicit categorization task. Neuroimaging studies provide converging evidence: whereas explicit categorization is mediated by activation in numerous frontal and parietal areas, implicit categorization is mediated by a deactivation in posterior cortex.
Recruitment and Activation of Phospholipase Cγ1 by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Are Required for Tubulogenesis and Differentiation of Endothelial Cells

Vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenic signal transduction relay is achieved by coordinated induction of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. These complex cellular processes are most likely controlled by activation of both cooperative and antagonistic signals by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). Here, we investigated the contribution of tyrosine-phosphorylated residues of VEGFR-2/fetal liver kinase-1 to endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation and activation of signaling proteins. Mutation of tyrosine 1006 of VEGFR-2 to phenylalanine severely impaired the ability of this receptor to stimulate endothelial cell differentiation and tubulogenesis. Paradoxically, the mutant receptor stimulated endothelial cell proliferation far better than the wild-type receptor. Further analysis showed that tyrosine 1006 is responsible for phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) activation and intracellular calcium release in endothelial cells. Activation of PLCγ1 was selectively mediated by tyrosine 1006. Mutation of tyrosines 799, 820, 949, 994, 1080, 1173, and 1221 had no measurable effect on the ability of VEGFR-2 to stimulate PLCγ1 activation. Association of VEGFR-2 with PLCγ1 was mainly established between tyrosine 1006 and the C-terminal SH2 domain of PLCγ1 in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the results indicate that phosphorylation of tyrosine 1006 is essential for VEGFR-2-mediated PLCγ1 activation, calcium flux, and cell differentiation. More importantly, VEGFR-2-mediated endothelial cell proliferation is inversely correlated with the ability of VEGFR-2 to associate with and activate PLCγ1.
Singular limit problem of the Camassa–Holm type equation

Abstract We consider a shallow water equation of Camassa–Holm type, containing nonlinear dispersive effects as well as fourth order dissipative effects. We prove the strong convergence and establish the condition under which, as diffusion and dispersion parameters tend to zero, smooth solutions of the shallow water equation converge to the entropy solution of a scalar conservation law using methodology developed by Hwang and Tzavaras [S. Hwang, A.E. Tzavaras, Kinetic decomposition of approximate solutions to conservation laws: Applications to relaxation and diffusion–dispersion approximations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 27 (2002) 1229–1254]. The proof relies on the kinetic formulation of conservation laws and the averaging lemma.
Inhibition of Hydroid Aging in Campanularia flexuosa

Hydranths of the colonial marine hydroid Campanularia flexuosa (phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Calyptoblastea) have a mean life span of approximately 7 days in intact colonies in culture. Hydranths then regress and are absorbed, and their cellular materials are utilized by the colony for continued growth. Hydranth life spans can be extended to 20 days in isolated hydranths if, repeatedly, the pedicel is damaged by pinching and is allowed to partially regen-erate. This suggests that tissue damage and reorganization function to maintain the hydranth.
Crustal-scale shortening structures beneath the Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina, USA

We present results from a new seismic data set that show evidence for crustal-scale shortening structures beneath the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Southern Appalachians. The data come from six broadband seismic stations deployed on a transect across the Piedmont and Blue Ridge of western North Carolina. The observed structures appear as both a Moho hole and doubled Moho in receiver function CCP (Common Conversion Point) stacks oriented roughly perpendicular to the trend of the Appalachian orogen. We interpret these features as evidence for tectonic wedging and associated delamination and underthrusting of Laurentian lithosphere beneath a crustal indenter. The Moho hole and underlying deeper Moho correspond closely to a significant regional Bouguer gravity anomaly low, which we interpret as being due to overthickened, normal-density crustal material. Beneath the indenter, we observe a double Moho, which may correspond to the partial eclogitization of the underthrust material. This would be consistent with the sharp increase in the observed gravity above this feature. In addition to these crustal structures, we see evidence for a mantle lithospheric discontinuity at 90–100 km depth. This increase in velocity with depth is spatially limited and may dip slightly to the west, though more data are needed to verify this result. We interpret this anomaly to be a fossil slab accreted onto Laurentian lithosphere. If the westward dip is accurate, this slab may be a remnant of a west-vergent subduction zone that was active during the accretion of Carolinia.
A light and electron microscope study of the rat molar enamel organ.

Abstract The enamel organ of rat molars has been examined with light and electron microscopy. At the embryonic age of 20 1 2 days M1 and M2 are in the bell stage of development. No deposition of inorganic material has taken place. The cytoplasm in the cell population of the enamel organ is characterized by the presence of large numbers of free RNP particles. The Golgi apparatus is represented by vesicles, tubules and flattened cisternae. Many capillaries are present on the surface of the outer dental epithelium. Vascularization of the enamel organ via capillary penetration into the stellate reticulum has not occurred. A basement membrane is seen surrounding the entire enamel organ. The outer dental epithelium cell surface bordering this basement membrane has areas apparently specialized for attachment purposes. These areas have been termed hemi-desmosomes. Typical desmosomes are seen throughout the enamel organ but most frequently in the stratum intermedium and in the stellate reticulum. Glycogen and lipid material have been identified in the electron microscope sections. Glycogen deposits occur in the form of particles 150–400 A in diameter and are most often seen in the cells of the outer dental epithelium. The lipid particles are generally amorphous, varying in size up to 0.3 μ in diameter and are most often found in the outer dental epithelium.
Processing of Mouse Proglucagon by Recombinant Prohormone Convertase 1 and Immunopurified Prohormone Convertase 2 in Vitro

The mouse tumor cell line alpha TC1-6 was used as a model system to examine the post-translational processing of proglucagon. Determination of the mouse preproglucagon cDNA sequence and comparison with the published sequences of rat and human preproglucagons revealed nucleic acid homologies of 89.1 and 84%, respectively, and amino acid homologies of 94 and 89.4%, respectively. Immunohistochemical analyses with antibodies directed against PC2 and glucagon colocalized both the enzyme and substrate within the same secretory granules. PC1 was also immunolocalized in secretory granules. Cells were metabolically labeled with [3H]tryptophan, and extracts were analyzed by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Radioactive peptides with retention times identical to those of synthetic peptide standards were recovered and subjected to peptide mapping to verify their identities. To determine the potential role of PC1 and PC2 in proglucagon processing, 3H-labeled proglucagon was incubated in vitro with recombinant PC1 and/or immunopurified PC2. Both enzymes cleaved proglucagon to yield the major proglucagon fragment, glicentin, and oxyntomodulin, whereas only PC1 released glucagon-like peptide-I from the major proglucagon fragment. Neither PC1 nor PC2 processed glucagon from proglucagon in vitro. These results suggest a potential role for PC1 and/or PC2 in cleaving several of the normal products, excluding glucagon, from the mouse proglucagon precursor.
Mechanisms of loss of foreign gene expression in recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses.

Abstract We investigated the stability and mechanisms of loss of foreign gene expression in two recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs). A recombinant expressing the cellular CD4 protein exhibited remarkable stability of foreign gene expression. However, after 26 sequential passages, a mutant no longer expressing CD4 was recovered from the virus stock. Sequencing of the CD4 coding region in this mutant revealed a single nucleotide deletion causing a frameshift and termination of protein synthesis. A second VSV recombinant expressing the measles virus F protein grew poorly and exhibited extreme instability of expression of the F protein. Expression of F protein was lost rapidly through mutations of the upstream transcription termination site from 3′ AUAC 5′ to 3′ AUAU 5′ , as well as lengthening of the subsequent U 7 tract that is the template for poly(A) addition to VSV G mRNA. Such mutations resulted in fusion of the F mRNA to the 3′ end of the G mRNA, making the F protein translation initiation codon inaccessible. We suggest that the VSV polymerase is error prone during replication of the U 7 tract, providing a rapid means for complete elimination of expression of proteins that are toxic to the virus life cycle.
Evoked bulbar reticular unit activity following delta fiber stimulation of peripheral somatosensory nerve in cat.

Abstract Evoked responses of neurons located in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and lateral tegmental field of the medulla in 30 cats anesthetized with a mixture of 75% nitrous oxide and 25% oxygen were studied following electrical stimulation of peripheral somatosensory nerves. Single, and trains of multiple stimuli were applied above threshold levels for A-beta-delta fiber activity and the responses of 93 units in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and 28 units in the lateral tegmental field were analyzed with respect to latency, duration, frequency, and afterdischarge. The adequate stimulus for altering unit activity was shown to be stimulation above A-beta-delta threshold. Multiple stimuli in the A-beta-delta range produced a more intense and longer response than single stimuli. A somatotopic organization suggesting predominantly contralateral input as well as predominantly upper extremity input was demonstrated but there was bilateral representation of all four extremities in the caudal nucleus gigantocellularis. Stimulation of the peripheral nerves of the four extremities had no effect on the activity of neurons in the adjacent lateral tegmental field.
Hierarchical production control for a flow shop with dynamic setup changes and random machine breakdowns

In this paper, we study a manufacturing system consisting of two machines separated by two intermediate buffers, and capable of producing two different products. Each product requires a constant processing time on each of the machines. Each machine requires a constant non-negligible setup change time from one product to the other. The demand rate for each product is considered to be piecewise constant. Each machine undergoes failure and repair. The time-to-failure and time-to-repair are exponentially distributed random variables. The setup change and processing operations are resumable. We model our system as a continuous time, continuous flow process. An optimal control problem is formulated for the system to minimize the total expected discounted cost over an infinite horizon. To determine the optimal control policy structure, a discrete version of the problem is solved numerically using a dynamic programming formulation with a piecewise linear penalty function. A real-time control algorithm is then developed with the objective of maintaining low work-in-process inventory and keeping the production close to the demand. The algorithm uses a hierarchical control structure to generate the loading times for each product on each machine in real time and to respond to random disruptions in the system. The system is simulated using this algorithm to study its performance. The performance of the algorithm is also compared to alternative policies.
An Axiomatization for a Class of Two-Cardinal Models

In this note we give a simple recursive axiomatization for the class of structures of type (ℶ ω ℵ 0 ). This solves a problem of Vaught which is Problem 13 in the book [1] of Chang and Keisler. The same technique is used to get a recursive axiomatization for the class of κ-like structures where κ is strongly ω-inaccessible. Let us fix throughout some recursive first-order language L , and until further notice let us suppose that included in L is a distinguished unary predicate symbol U . For cardinals κ and λ with κ ≥ λ ≥ ℵ 0 , we say the structure has type (κ, λ) if card( A )= κ and card . Let K (κ, λ) be the class of all structures of type (κ, λ). For each ordinal α define 2 α κ by 2 0 κ = κ, and 2 α κ = ⋃ {2 λ : λ = 2 β κ for some β 0. Let Vaught proved the following theorem in [7]. Theorem (Vaught). Suppose a is a sentence such that for each n κ, λ with κ > 2 λ n and a model of σ of type (κ, λ). Then whenever κ ≥ λ ≥ ℵ 0 , the sentence σ has a model of type (κ, λ).
Internal relative humidity and drying stress gradients in concrete

A moisture gradient develops as concrete dries, inducing a drying shrinkage stress gradient that can lead to early-age cracking in restrained concrete. A new internal relative humidity measurement system was used to quantify the moisture gradient in early-age concrete exposed to drying. A simple model was developed to estimate the stress gradient associated with drying in both free and fully restrained concrete specimens. The model predicts that the stresses in the surface layer of restrained concrete exceed the tensile strength of the material prior to complete specimen failure. Comparison of the model and experimental results indicate that the fully restrained specimens with the most severe drying stress gradients failed at the earliest ages.
Oral Health of Children and Adults in Latino Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Families

Oral health is one of the greatest unmet health needs of immigrant farmworkers. This paper describes use of dental services and current oral health problems of children and parents in farmworker families. Interviews were conducted with 108 women in Latino farmworker families in western North Carolina and southwestern Virginia. Dental care had been received in the past year by 73% of children, 47% of mothers, and 37% of spouses. Children were most likely to have received care on a regular basis, while adults usually received no care or emergency care. In general, children’s teeth were in better condition than parents’ teeth. Children’s receipt of dental care and their teeth condition were predicted by being born in the US. No family member’s care was related to acculturation or mother’s education, typical predictors of health behavior. Differences among family members suggest that access to services, not lack of education, is the primary barrier facing farmworker families.
CULTURAL IMPERATIVES IN CLAY: EARLY OLMEC CARVED POTTERY FROM SAN LORENZO AND CANTÓN CORRALITO

Portable "Olmec-style" objects appeared in several regions of Mesoamerica near the end of the second millennium B.C., most frequently in the form of ceramic figurines and carved-incised pottery vessels. The origins of this early Olmec style and significance of its distribution are vigorously debated, with the role of the Gulf Coast Olmec archaeological culture and its largest center, San Lorenzo, especially controversial with respect to both issues. While recent chemical compositional analyses show that Olmec-style pots were exported from the Gulf Coast to several other regions of Mesoamerica, in each place beyond the Gulf Coast they are vastly outnumbered by locally-made versions that may or may not be faithful to Gulf Olmec stylistic canons based on vessel forms, technical style of manufacture, and design criteria. The extent of stylistic conformity between pots made in the Gulf Coast and distant regions has direct implications in terms of the geographic origin, apprenticeship, and cultural membership (innate ethnicity) of the potters who made the vessels. I consider these issues by comparing the designs and forms of excised (Calzadas Carved) pottery made at San Lorenzo and Canton Corralito, a possible settlement enclave of Gulf Olmec peoples located in the Mazatan zone of Pacific Coastal Chiapas some 450 km from San Lorenzo.
A Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Model Inferred from the Crystal Structure of Alamethicin at 1.5-A Resolution.

The crystal structure of alamethicin in nonaqueous solvent has been determined, and refined at 1.5-A resolution. The molecular conformation of the three crystallographically independent molecules is largely alpha-helical with a bend in the helix axis at an internal proline residue. The helix structure is highly amphipathic as most of the solvent-accessible polar atoms lie on a narrow strip of surface parallel to the helix axis. Molecular models for the voltage-gated ion channel, with n-fold symmetry and based on the molecular conformations observed in the crystal, are characterized by strong surface complementarity, a hydrophilic interior and a hydrophobic exterior. The channel structures are stabilized by a hydrated annulus of hydrogen-bonded glutamine residues which produce the greatest restriction in the channel diameter.
Leadership in collaboration: A longitudinal study of two interorganizational rule-making groups

Abstract Two problem-solving groups were followed for a year to explore how leadership behaviors influenced members developing shared frameworks as they created regulatory solutions to air pollution. The study suggests that leadership behaviors are best thought of as a gestalt among several individuals. The most influential behaviors on shifting frameworks were: (1) those that illuminated and surfaced people's assumptions and thoughts, (2) those that created new possibilities and alternatives, and (3) those that initiated collective actions.
Inhibition of the p38 pathway upregulates macrophage JNK and ERK activities, and the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinase pathways are reprogrammed during differentiation of the murine myeloid M1 cell line

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases have been implicated as important mediators of the inflammatory response. Here we report that c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 MAP kinase activities are reprogrammed during the IL-6 induced macrophage-like differentiation of the murine myeloid M1 cell line. Moreover, p38 inhibition upregulates JNK and ERK activity in M1 cells and in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate macrophages. IL-6-induced M1 differentiation also induces expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and p38 inhibition potentiates this increase in IL-10 expression in an ERK-dependent manner. Thus, we speculate that during inflammatory conditions in vivo macrophage p38 may regulate JNK and ERK activity and inhibit IL-10 expression. These data highlight the importance of p38 in the molecular mechanisms of macrophage function.
Specification of hedonic regressions: Non-nested tests on measures of neighborhood quality

Abstract The J test (a non-nested test) is used to determine which set of neighborhood variables best explains the variation in housing prices. The results indicate that characteristics of neighbors (race and socio-economic descriptors) are more important than the quality of public services.
Quantification of uncertainties in remotely derived optical properties of coastal and oceanic waters

Optical properties of oceanic and coastal waters are not only important for describing subsurface light field, but also useful indexes of environmental status. To meet the demand of various users, optical data products of global waters are now generated from ocean color satellite sensors (e.g. SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS). These products, due to imperfect sensor technology and retrieval algorithms, inherently contain some degrees of uncertainties. Traditionally, an averaged difference (or so-called error) for a dataset is usually provided via comparing retrieved values with in situ measurements. This averaged "error" is good at providing an overall picture between the retrieved and measured properties, but cannot indicate uncertainties for a specific product or a pixel, because that uncertainties in these products are not spatially uniform. Here, using optical properties derived from the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm as an example, we present an approach to quantify pixel-wise uncertainties of remote-sensing derived properties. Further, we quantitatively evaluated the uncertainties of the derived inherent optical properties (IOPs) and water-clarity products with a simulated dataset, and found that the relative uncertainty is generally within 10% for total absorption coefficients of oceanic waters. This presentation shows the theoretical basis to evaluate and understand the impacts of the various components on the analytically derived optical properties, and that a practical means to quantify the uncertainties of inverted properties for each reflectance spectrum is now available. This effort lays the groundwork for generating quality maps of optical properties derived from satellite ocean color images.
Seasonal effects on cuticular permeability and epicuticular lipid composition inCentruroides sculpturatus ewing 1928 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

The epicuticular lipids of the scorpion,Centruroides sculpturatus (Buthidae), are composed mostly of hydrocarbons and cholesterol, with free fatty acids and alcohols being present in smaller proportions. Hydrocarbons of summer scorpions are predominantly long-chain branched alkanes. The fatty acid component is composed primarily of saturated and unsaturated sixteen- and eighteen-carbon molecules, while the aliphatic alcohols are primarily evenchain length molecules containing 18–32 carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons of scorpions collected during fall, winter and early spring are characterized by higher proportions of shorter n-alkanes, especially n-heptacosane and n-nonacosane. Transcuticular water loss rates of freshly-killed, sealed scorpions and total water loss rates of live scorpions are significantly higher in specimens collected in winter than in scorpions collected during summer months. The functional relationship between seasonal changes in cuticular permeability and epicuticular lipid composition is discussed.
Using factor-cluster analysis to segment patrons of casual dining establishments in the United States

Purpose – Focussing on behaviors and attitudes of casual dining patrons, the purpose of this paper is to use a factor-cluster approach to segment patrons into market groups and attempts to determine if differences exist in motivational factors among segments. Design/methodology/approach – Factor-cluster analysis is an alternative segmentation method to more traditionally used methods based on consumer demographics. Push and pull motivators were analyzed through factor analysis to determine important groupings. Then, to identify homogenous subgroups, k-means cluster analysis was conducted to segment 559 survey respondents based on factor importance. Findings – Three diverse groups were identified: Fraternizing Kitchen Fearfuls, Functional Feasters, and Foodie Fanatics. The various push and pull factors appeared to affect segments differently, with each cluster ascribing various importance levels to each of the factors used in the clustering approach. Research limitations/implications – Limitations include ...
The adsorption and reaction of vinyl acetate on Au/Pd(100) alloy surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of vinyl acetate is studied on Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloys as a function of alloy composition using temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–adsorption infrared spectroscopy. Vinyl acetate adsorbs weakly on gold sites on the alloy with a heat of adsorption of ∼55 kJ/mol, which is independent of the size of the gold ensembles. In contrast, adsorption of vinyl acetate on palladium sites is strongly affected by alloying. Vinyl acetate desorbs from isolated palladium sites on the alloy with an activation energy of ∼70 kJ/mol, close to that found on pure Pd(1 1 1). As the palladium coverage, and the number of palladium dimers and larger ensembles in the alloy increases, the heat of adsorption of vinyl acetate increases attaining a maximum of ∼80 kJ/mol at a gold coverage in the alloy of ∼0.5. However, in spite of the larger heat of adsorption on the alloy than on pure Pd(1 1 1), vinyl acetate does not undergo significant thermal decomposition on this alloy surface. This is ascribed to the formation of more distorted vinyl acetate in which the acetate group is more remote from the surface due to the rehybridization of the vinyl group. As the gold coverage decreases to ∼0.35 and lower, thermal decomposition products are found similar to those on Pd(1 1 1).