cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of putative nonfunctional steroid receptors in breast and endometrial cancer.

Breast and endometrial carcinomas remain major oncologic problems. Both types of cancer are considered to be responsive to endocrine therapy. This is particularly true in the case of breast cancer whether one considers ablative or additive therapy (Ingle 1984; Ingle et al. 1986). However, tumor responses to steroid therapy vary (Fig. 1). In general, for breast carcinoma, the tumors of about one-half of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients as assessed by the dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC assay), respond and one-half do not respond (Edwards et al. 1979; McGuire 1980). Progesterone receptor (PR) status is usually assessed in cases of endometrial cancer, most of which are diagnosed in early clinical stages. Progestational agents are the treatment of choice in cases of advanced disease, yet only 11%–40% of unselected patients respond (Wait 1973); Kohorn 1976; Piver 1980; Podratz 1985). Recent results from a large study indicate that tumors which contain high levels of PR by the DCC assay show a positive response 60% of the time (Ehrlich 1988).
Complex Litigation Lecture: The Adversary System and Modern Class Action Practice

In modern class action practice, the class action device can enormously expand the availability of justice but can also cause substantial injustice to defendants and absent class members when improperly used. The latter is often the case because Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure has come to be interpreted by the federal courts in ways that mask the proper criteria that should be used in deciding whether to certify a class action. Thus, Rule 23 needs a complete overhaul. First, Rule 23 should be amended to allow appeals as of right, not discretion, from orders granting or denying class actions to be certified. Second, the federal class action rule should be redrafted to allow for a more functional definition of permissible class actions and more pragmatic criteria for judging whether a given class action should be certified. Third, the rule should expressly distinguish between cases where the claims of class members are viable if pursued individually and where they are not.In addition to Rule 23, the Manual for Complex Litigation should also be revised to recommend certain best practices in the management of class actions. Where appropriate, a second judge should be appointed to assist the trial judge as a judicial guardian ad litem for the class to protect the interests of absent class members. Enacting these revisions to the class action device and expanding judicial oversight over class actions will better accomplish the purposes for which the rule was intended.
Raman Spectroscopy of Thin Films on Semiconductors

We demonstrate the ability of state of the art multichannel photon detectors such as the cooled silicon intensified target vidicon and the microchannel plate photomultiplier with a position sensitive resistive anode to detect Raman scattering from weakly scattering, transparent thin films, reacted metallic, layers and disordered surface layers. Vibrational spectra have been obtained for surface layers as thin as 10 A, for frequency shifts as small as 80 cm-1 and for substrates which produce background emission orders of magnitude larger than the Raman emission from the surface layer. Measurements of the Raman spectra of thermally grown SiO2 layers on crystalline Si show that signals from systems with a Raman scattering efficiency below 10-15 can be detected in the presence of the strong second order Raman scattering of Si. Since the Raman efficiency of a monolayer of nitrobenzene is about 10-15, this shows we now have the ability to use Raman scattering to study the behavior of adsorbates and surface layers, independent of the identity of the substrate.
Improved ocular penetration of gentamicin by mucoadhesive polymer polycarbophil in the pigmented rabbit.

PURPOSE To investigate whether polycarbophil, a mucoadhesive polymer of the poly(acrylic acid) type, would improve the ocular delivery of topically applied gentamicin. METHODS Two gentamicin formulations of this polymer (neutralized versus non-neutralized) and an aqueous control formulation in saline were administered to the pigmented rabbit eye. Drug concentrations in plasma, as well as in cornea, bulbar conjunctiva, anterior sclera, iris-ciliary body, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor, were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. RESULTS Both polymeric formulations increased the uptake of gentamicin by the bulbar conjunctiva two times. Drug penetration into the aqueous humor was observed with only the non-neutralized polymer, probably occurring via the conjunctival-scleral pathway facilitated by intensified contact between the mucoadhesive polymer and the underlying bulbar conjunctiva. CONCLUSION Polymers of the poly(acrylic acid) type are potentially useful for improving topical antibiotic drug delivery, particularly when irritancy potential due to low pH can be overcome.
Distinguishing One Year and Two Year Old Canes of Red Raspberry Plant using Spectral Reflectance

Abstract Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is one of the important horticultural crops around the world. Various canopy management activities such as cane pruning, bundling and tying are used in this crop to improve light distribution and air-flow through plant canopies, which will reduce pest stress and improve crop yield and quality. This operation, however, is highly labor intensive, which threatens the long-term, sustainability of the red raspberry industry as labor availability is dwindling and labor cost is increasing rapidly. Mechanized or automated pruning and bundling system could be a key to ease this problem and increase returns to the growers. First step in developing an automated pruning system is to distinguish one-year-old canes (called primocanes) and two-year-old canes (called floricanes), which could then be used by a robotic system to selectively remove floricanes from the mix of primocanes and floricanes. Floricanes and primocanes look similar in terms of color, shape and size of the canes during dormant season. Hence, a non-imaging spectroscopy method was investigated in this study to utilize spectral signature of primocanes and floricanes, which can vary between two types of canes based on their difference in moisture content and chlorophyll concentration. Forty samples of each floricanes and primocanes were collected in Nov 2017 from a plot of ‘Wakefield’ cultivar. Optimal wavebands were selected using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and one-way ANOVA. Wavebands with the significance level of 5% were used. With a group of wavebands in the visible spectrum (596nm, 65nm, 676 nm and 716nm), primocanes and floricanes were distinguished with an accuracy of 91.7% using linear support vector machine. With a combination of wavebands from chlorophyll absorption and water absorption region (716nm, 856nm, 996nm, 1056nm, and 1396nm), a classification accuracy of 100% was achieved. Results show a promise for developing a multispectral sensor (with a few selected bands) for distinguishing between floricane and primocane. To our knowledge, this work represents the first study to compare the reflectance spectra signature to distinguish primocanes and floricanes of red raspberry plants.
Carbapenem-Nonsusceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Intensive Care Units in the United States: a Potential Role for New β-Lactam Combination Agents.

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a frequent pathogen in the intensive care unit (ICU), has the propensity to develop antibiotic resistance. In particular, carbapenem-nonsusceptible (NS) P. aeruginosa poses tremendous challenges, and new antibiotics will be needed to treat this phenotype. Here we determine carbapenem nonsusceptibility rates for contemporary P. aeruginosa isolates from U.S. ICUs and in vitro activities of new β-lactam combination agents. Between July 2017 and June 2018, consecutive nonduplicate P. aeruginosa isolates from blood and respiratory tract sources were recovered from patients admitted to the ICUs of 36 geographically diverse U.S. hospitals. Antimicrobial susceptibility to the following antipseudomonal agents was tested: ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime-avibactam, and imipenem-relebactam (an investigational β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor). MICs and susceptibility rates were measured using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute reference broth microdilution methodology. Among the 538 consecutive ICU P. aeruginosa isolates collected, carbapenem nonsusceptibility was observed for 35% of the isolates and was more common among respiratory tract versus bloodstream specimens. Susceptibility rates, MIC50 values, and MIC90 values were as follows: ceftazidime-avibactam, 92.8%, 2 μg/ml, and 8 μg/ml; imipenem-relebactam, 91.5%, 0.25 μg/ml, and 2 μg/ml; ceftazidime, 77.1%, 4 μg/ml, and 64 μg/ml; meropenem, 72.7%, 1 μg/ml, and 16 μg/ml; imipenem, 67.1%, 2 μg/ml, and 16 μg/ml. Most (>75%) of the carbapenem-NS isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam and imipenem-relebactam. In these U.S. hospital ICUs, carbapenem-NS P. aeruginosa isolates from respiratory sources were frequently observed. Novel β-lactam combination agents appear to retain active in vitro susceptibility profiles against these isolates and may play a role in the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-NS P. aeruginosa strains.
Grain size and hydrodynamic sorting controls on the composition of basaltic sediments: Implications for interpreting martian soils

Abstract Impact shattering of bedrock and wind-driven sorting have been identified as primary processes modifying the size, shape, and roundness of basalt-derived sediments at the Spirit rover landing site in Gusev Crater, Mars. We experimentally explore how physical sorting can cause significant compositional modification of sediment relative to bedrock in the absence of chemical weathering. Two basalt samples, chosen to provide a range of source rock compositions and textures, were crushed and sieved. We quantify variations in sediment mineral proportions as a function of grain size, as well as accompanying changes in major- and trace-element geochemistry. Redistribution of phenocrysts imposes the primary compositional control on basalt-derived sediments, although minor mineral fractionations affect trace-element concentrations. Olivine accumulation pairs with increasing MgO, Fe 2 O 3 (T), Ni, and Co, and Al 2 O 3 depletion. The observed chemical changes in physically sorted sediments in our experiments mimic those measured in martian soils. Aeolian transport models demonstrate that sorting of mineral components of basalts under martian conditions is likely. Given the potential for sorting by winds on Mars we argue that sorting must be considered, in addition to chemical weathering, when interpreting the geochemical changes in martian sediments.
The microbiome-gut-brain axis: The missing link in depression

Abstract The human gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms that co-inhabits our bodies from the first moments of life in the womb and develops throughout our lifespan. In this chapter, we address the emergent interests of the scientific community and public- at-large in the role of the gut microbiome in human health. We first summarize what is known about relations among stress, the gut microbiome, and stress-related psychiatric disorders, with a focus on major depressive disorder. We then explore relations between CVD and the microbiome, before considering the evidence that microbiome responses to stress could be a mechanism through which stress leads to depression and CVD.
Two dimensional penile ultrasound vibro-elastography for measuring penile tissue viscoelasticity: A pilot patient study and its correlation with penile ultrasonography.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the feasibility of a 2 dimensional (2D) penile ultrasound vibro-elastography (PUVE) technique for measuring the shear wave speed map over an area of regional of interest (ROI) in the penis. In PUVE, a 0.1 s harmonic vibration at a low frequency is generated on the surface of the penis using a handheld vibrator. An ultrasound probe is used to measure the resulting shear wave propagation in the penis. The shear wave speed is analyzed in the ROI of corpus cavernosum from both sides of penis using a 2D wave speed analysis technique. The shear wave speed of the penis is measured at three excitation frequencies of 100 Hz, 150 Hz, and 200 Hz. The viscoelasticity of penis is analyzed based on the wave speed dispersion with frequency. A pilot study was performed in men with ED and/or PD. It is found that both elasticity and viscosity of corpus cavernosa positively correlate with the peak systolic velocity (PSV) from penile ultrasonography. Both elasticity and viscosity of corpus cavernosa negatively correlate with the cardiovascular (CV) risk for patients with ED and/or PD. These results suggest that PUVE may provide a noninvasive and painless technique for assessing patients with ED/PD and their future CV risk. We will further evaluate PUVE in a large cohort of patients with ED/PD.
An interprofessional experience in diabetes management for pharmacy and medical students.

Abstract Background and purpose The 2016 Standards of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education state that curricula must include opportunities for interprofessional education (IPE). This report describes a collaborative effort between a pharmacy program and a school of medicine to develop, implement, and evaluate an interprofessional workshop focused on collaborative disease management. Educational activity and setting A medical school course in diabetes management was identified as optimal for an IPE approach. One class session was designed to highlight the advantages of team-based care in diabetes management and describe the roles of members of an interprofessional healthcare team. Students were divided into groups to discuss cases and demonstrate diabetic device counseling. Students were surveyed before and after the IPE experience to examine their attitudes towards interprofessional learning. Findings We obtained matched pre and post-evaluations from 168 participants (138 medical students and 30 pharmacy students). Learner attitudes were positive overall, and improved from pre-test (M = 80.28, SD = 10.29) to post-test (M = 82.83, SD = 9.40, F = 14.92, df = 1, p Summary Adding an IPE dimension to an existing medical school course had a positive impact on student perceptions of interprofessional practice, particularly for the pharmacy students who could demonstrate the value of their role on a team for patient care.
Changes in the Frequency of Cool Season Lake Effects within the North American Great Lakes Region

The North American Great Lakes influence surface weather downwind, distinctly in winter when southward migrating cold air passes over relatively warm lakes. Study of the synoptic atmospheric patter...
A Retrospective Study on the Impact of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Pain Management after Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Study Objective To investigate the impact of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks on postoperative pain management after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting An academic medical center. Patients or Participants All women who underwent laparoscopic or robotic-assisted hysterectomy at a single institution. Interventions Anesthesia delivered TAP block administered in the operating room immediately following laparoscopic hysterectomy between 2018 and 2020. Measurements and Main Results In our initial analysis, we included 115 women who underwent laparoscopic or robotic-assisted hysterectomy. Thirty patients (26%) received a postoperative TAP block and 85 patients (74%) did not receive a TAP block. Demographics, preoperative, and intraoperative variables were similar between the two groups. However, the TAP block group received significantly more intraoperative morphine milliequivalents (MMEs) (75 MMEs versus 60 MMEs, p=0.008) and less local anesthetic administered at the skin incisions and the cervix (p Conclusion Our preliminary results do not show a significant reduction in postoperative opioids or recovery room pain scores for patients who received a TAP block compared to those who did not. Our next step will be to increase our sample size, perform a regression analysis, and complete a sub-analysis of patients with chronic pelvic pain.
Geometrical analysis of extrusion based (Additively Manufactured) 3D designed scaffold for bone tissue Engineering: A finite element approach

Abstract The gap between demand and supply for the required bone graft and donor is widening day by day. Tissue engineering approach is used to overcome the limitations of bone graft substitutes. In Tissue Engineering, a biocompatible scaffold is placed inside the body, which over a period of time gets converted into the bone Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM). Hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) are extensively studied to fabricate bone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications by conventional methods. However, the scaffold needs to be produced with controlled pore size, porosity, and pore interconnectivity for homing of the cells which can be achieved by additive manufacturing. Also, the scaffolds produced with conventional methods lack mechanical properties which limit the use of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) at the recipient site. In this paper, scaffolds with different materials' compositions, different layers orientations, and pore sizes are designed as an input parameter for different scaffold architecture which has not been previously studied considering extrusion-based additive manufacturing. These parameters are considered to predict the mechanical properties of the scaffold architecture. It has been found that in all combinations the scaffold with 0°- 90°- 0°- 90° orientation layer gives Young’s modulus that is comparable to natural human bone. However, the scaffolds with 0°- 90° -0°- 90° orientation layer and 350 µm pore size gives comparatively higher effective Young’s modulus of about 30.948 GPa for 5% HA composition. In the future 0°- 90°- 0°- 90° orientation can be considered to fabricate 3D scaffold architecture using extrusion-based additive manufacturing method.
Salud mental infantil : tendencias actuales en la necesidad y provisión de servicios en los Estados Unidos

Aun cuando en los Estados Unidos existe gran demanda de serviCIOS de salud mental infantil, tradicionalmente muchos ninos no han sido atendidos adecuadamente. Esto, en parte, se debe a los obstaculos en el acceso a los servicios y al resultado de un sistema de cuidado fragmentado y desorganizado. Sin embargo, en las ultimas dos decadas se ha alcanzado un progreso sustancial en la manera de encarar estos problemas. Este articulo revisa la demanda de servicios de salud mental infantil que existe en los Estados U nidos y describe intentos recientes para mejorar la coordinacion y el acceso al sistema de servicio de salud mental infantil. Se discuten la introduccion de sistemas de cuidado, la expansion de servicios basados en la escuela y las innovaciones en la provision de servicios a la comunidad. Palabras clave: salud mental infantil, servicios de salud mental infantil Children's Mental health: Current trends in the need for and provision of services in the Unired S tates traditionally many children have gone unserved. This has been pardy due to barriers in accessing services and the result of a fragmented and disorganized system of care. however, in the last rwo decades substantial progress has been made in adressing these problems. This article reviews the need for children's mental health services in the United States, and describes recent attempts to improve coordination and access ro the children's mental health service system. The introduction of systems of care, the expansion of school-based services, and innovations in the provision of communiry services are discussed.
Insulin stimulates both the alpha 1 and the alpha 2 isoforms of the rat adipocyte (Na+,K+) ATPase. Two mechanisms of stimulation

Results obtained with adipocyte ghosts indicated that the relative pumping activities of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 isoforms of the (Na+,K+) pump depend strongly on intracellular sodium concentration, [Na+]i (McGill, D. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15817-15823). Accordingly, [Na+]i was determined in rat adipocytes as a function of ouabain concentration and found to increase gradually as the concentration of ouabain increased. Incubation conditions were therefore designed such that the [Na+]i at 0 M and 10(-5) M ouabain were identical, in order to study the activities of both forms of the pump under identical conditions. Under these conditions, the alpha 2 isozyme accounts for 42% of the total pumping activity; these data prove that the activity of the alpha 2 isozyme is suppressed to a much greater extent than that of the alpha 1 isozyme, in relation to maximally obtainable activities measured in plasma membranes (Lytton J., Lin, J.C., and Guidotti, G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1177-1184). Furthermore, insulin stimulation of 86Rb+/K+ uptake in adipocytes results from a 58 and a 128% increase in the activities of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 isozymes (Na+,K+) pump, respectively. In addition, it is shown that under the conditions used to determine the [Na+]i dependence of 86Rb+/K+ uptake into adipocytes (0 mM KCl, various [NaCl]), [Na+]i decreases rapidly upon the addition of KCl/86RbCl for the initiation of the uptake measurement. By making uptake measurements quickly after the addition of KCl to eliminate the effect of a decreasing [Na+]i, we demonstrate that the stimulation of the alpha 1 isozyme is due to a small decrease in the K0.5Na+ whereas the stimulation of the alpha 2 isozyme results from a decrease in the K0.5Na+ and an increase in the Vmax.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae elongation factor 2. Genetic cloning, characterization of expression, and G-domain modeling.

Abstract The elongation factor 2 (EF-2) genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been cloned and characterized with the ultimate goal of gaining a better understanding of the mechanism and control of protein synthesis. Two genes (EFT1 and EFT2) were isolated by screening a bacteriophage lambda yeast genomic DNA library with an oligonucleotide probe complementary to the domain of EF-2 that contains diphthamide, the unique posttranslationally modified histidine that is specifically ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin. Although EFT1 and EFT2 are located on separate chromosomes, the DNA sequences of the two genes differ at only four positions out of 2526 base pairs, and the predicted protein sequences are identical. Genetic deletion of each gene revealed that at least one functional copy of either EFT gene is required for cell viability. Messenger RNA levels of yeast EF-2 parallel cellular growth and peak in mid-log phase cultures. The EF-2 protein sequence is strikingly conserved through evolution. Yeast EF-2 is 66% identical to, and shares over 85% homology with, human EF-2. In addition, yeast and mammalian EF-2 share identical sequences at two critical functional sites: (i) the domain containing the histidine residue that is modified to diphthamide and (ii) the threonine residue that is specifically phosphorylated in vivo in mammalian cells by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III, also known as EF-2 kinase. Furthermore, yeast EF-2 also contains the Glu-X-X-Arg-X-Ile-Thr-Ile "effector" sequence motif that is conserved among all known elongation factors, and its GTP-binding domain exhibits strong homology to the G-domain of Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and other G-protein family members. Based upon these observations, we have modeled the G-domain of the deduced EF-2 protein sequence to the solved crystallographic structure for EF-Tu.
Variables, a Short Taxonomy

A phenomenon that changes over time, space, objects, or living things is called a variable. If a variable’s changes could be measured, that is, expressed by numbers or quantities, then we have a quantitative variable; otherwise, we have a qualitative variable. Blood pressure is an example of a quantitative variable—because it takes different values from individual (living thing) to individual. It can be measured, and has its own scale of measurement.
A Process Inherent Ultimate Safety Boiling Water Reactor

A new type of boiling water reactor (BWR) – the process inherent ultimate safety (PIUS) BWR – has been conceived. A PIUS BWR is an advanced BWR that differs from the typical BWR in that a prestress...
Macrofinancial Stress Testing - Principles and Practices

The recent financial crisis drew unprecedented attention to the stress testing of financial institutions. On one hand, stress tests were criticized for having missed many of the vulnerabilities that led to the crisis. On the other, after the onset of the crisis, they were given a new role as crisis management tools to guide bank recapitalization and help restore confidence. This spurred an intense debate on the models, underlying assumptions, and uses of stress tests. Current stress testing practices, however, are not based on a systematic and comprehensive set of principles but have emerged from trial-and-error and often reflect constraints in human, technical, and data capabilities.
UHF deployable antenna structures for CubeSats

Antenna design for small satellites such as CubeSats constitute a challenge for designers especially at UHF frequencies. The small size of the CubeSat (10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) imposes several constraints on the antenna design. Extreme packaging ratios and advanced deployment mechanisms have to be employed to cater for UHF antennas on a CubeSat platform.
Aqueous solutions of imidazolium ionic liquids: molecular dynamics studies

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out at room temperature on a series of aqueous 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Cnmim][Br]) solutions with alkyl chain-lengths ranging from ethyl to octyl. The computed cation distributions have been found to be inhomogeneous, with the degree of organization of their tails increasing with the length of the alkyl chain. Cation diffusion decreases with increasing chain length partly due to the formation of aggregates. Anions, which are partially associated with cations, also show a similar behavior despite being the same in all of the solutions. Aqueous [C2mim][Br] solution has been found to remain isotropic even at high concentration of ionic liquid (IL). While cations in [C4mim][Br] solution weakly associate to form small clusters, those in [C6mim][Br] solution form small aggregates. Definite aggregate formation has been observed in [C8mim][Br] solution. Aggregates are poly-disperse and their size varies from 10 to 25 cations. The most probable value of the aggregation number agrees with experimental results. Aggregates are quasi-spherical objects with the alkyl tails forming the core and the imidazolium head-groups exposed to water. The structure observed in the MD simulations does not support the stair-like model proposed based on a nuclear magnetic resonance study on [C8mim][Br] solution. The van der Waals interactions between the alkyl tails are responsible for the aggregation of cations.
Participant Observation of a Meal

(2004). Participant Observation of a Meal. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 111-114.
Problems in paradise?: A longitudinal examination of the transition to parenthood

Abstract A longitudinal design was used to investigate the relative effects of individual, marital, and environmental variables on couple's adjustment to first-time parenthood. Forty-one couples expecting their first child were administered a series of questionnaires during the last trimester of pregnancy and at 3–4 months postpartum. Regression analyses revealed that high postbirth marital adjustment for wives was predicted by (a) husbands' report of high prebirth marital satisfaction, (b) wives' report that the pregnancy was planned, and (c) the infant having a temperament that was low in fussiness/difficulty. High postbirth marital adjustment for husbands was predicted by (a) husbands' low social nonconformity and high psychological discomfort, (b) an older age of wife, and (c) wives' report of high prebirth marital cohesion. The results show that a few variables accounted for a considerable amount of the variance, and that the key predictors of a successful transition to parenthood were multisystematic in nature.
Di-rhodium(I) and tri-rhodium(I) complexes with bridging bis(dimethylphosphinomethyl) methylphosphine

The reaction between bis(dimethylphosphinomethyl)methylphosphine (dmmm) and rhodium dicarbonyl chloride dimer can be controlled by the order of addition to give the purple [Rh3(μ-dmmm)2(CO)3(μ-Cl)Cl][BPh4] or the yellow [Rh2(μ-dmmm)2(CO)2][BPh4]2. [Rh3(μ-dmmm)2(CO)3(μ-Cl)Cl][B(C6H5)4] · 2CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 (No. 2) with a 9.688(2), b 13.571(2), c 21.303(3) A, α 80.18(1), β 84.74(1), γ 83.99(1)°, Z = 2 at 130 K. Least-squares refinement of 424 parameters using 8164 reflections with I > 3σ(I) yielded R = 0.044. The cation contains a bent (140.9(1)°) tri-rhodium chain with each rhodium having planar P2(CO)Cl coordination. Treatment of [Rh2(μ-dmmm)2(CO)2][BPh4]2 with diiodomethane or sodium iodide yields [Rh2(μ-dmmm)2(CO)I][BPh4]. Yellow crystals of [Rh2(μ-dmmm)2(CO)I][B(C6H5)4] · (CH3)2CO crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P212121 (No. 19) with a 9.760(3), b 14.931(4), c 32.708(8) A, Z = 4 at 130 K. Least-squares refinement of 386 parameters using 4244 reflections yield R = 0.044. The structure of the cation consists of a four-coordinate, planar rhodium (with bonds to the other rhodium, two PMe groups and the terminal carbonyl group) and a six-coordinate rhodium (with bonds to the four PMe2 groups, the terminal iodide, and the other rhodium, at 2.735(1) A).
Specificity of infants' response to mothers' affective behavior.

Abstract Mother-infant face-to-face interaction is central to infant socioemotional development. Little has been known about the mechanisms that mediate the mother's influence. Findings are reviewed from a series of laboratory studies that suggest the major functional components of a mother's behavior are its affective quality and its contingent relationship to her baby's behavior. Quality of mother's affective expression accounted for individual differences in the behavior of thirteen 7-month-old infants living in multiproblem families. Infants' response was specific to the type of affective expression mothers displayed. Flat, withdrawn maternal affective expression was associated with infant distress. Intrusive maternal expression was associated with increased gaze aversion. Lack of contingent responsiveness was common to all but four mothers. Findings suggest that withdrawn or intrusive maternal affective expression, together with lack of contingent responsiveness, may in part be responsible for the risk-status of infants in multiproblem families.
Generational Differences in Workplace Expectations: A Comparison of Production and Professional Workers

Much of the extant literature regarding generational cohort differences has been conducted on college-educated participants, a potential bias noted by previous researchers. The present study therefore examines generational cohort differences in workplace expectations between professional (i.e., “white-collar,” largely college educated) and production (i.e., “blue-collar,” largely non-college educated) workers. Using online survey data from 2,799 union workers employed by the same organization, we compared expectations when first hired as well as current workplace expectations between professional and production workers from three different generational cohorts (i.e., Gen Y, Gen X, and Baby Boomer). We found evidence for generational differences that confirms some of the common characterizations of Gen Y workers; however, this characterization was principally found within our professional subgroup of Gen Y employees. Further, the data suggest that other factors (e.g., workplace experiences, maturation effects) may shape current workplace expectations more than do generational differences. These results suggest that concern over generational differences may be limited to certain workplace expectations and to specific subgroups of employees.
A comparison between observed winds and cloud motions derived from satellite infrared measurements

Cloud motions from IR measurements within overlap region of adjacent Nimbus II orbits compared with wind vectors from constant pressure charts
Performance Evaluation of Flagged Prefix Adders for Constant Addition

The speed of the addition operation can play an important and complicated role in various signal processing algorithms. Parallel prefix adders have been one of the most notable among several designs proposed in the past. The advantage of utilizing these adders is the flexibility in implementing the tree structures based upon on the throughput requirements. Recently, a new technique has been proposed that utilizes the parallel prefix adder but modifies it to yield a new adder capable of performing simple increment and decrement operations. An extension to this adder has also been proposed enhancing the functionality of the same to allow the addition of any arbitrary number. This paper compares the performance of this unique adder design in terms of power, area, and delay by using the Brent-Kung, Kogge-Stone and the Ladner-Fischer tree structures. It also presents the advantage of using these kinds of adders over conventional adder designs to perform the same operation.
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR NIOBIUM.

Abstract From measurements on five samples of niobium it is found that ∂T c ∂P = −0.20 ± 0.03 × 10 −5 ° K/bar .
Wear formulation for aircraft brake material sliding against steel

Predictions of wear on contemporary copper-based brake material sliding against 17-22 AS grade steel, wear testing equipment, formulation of wear, and test results are discussed. An initial investigation of worn surfaces of the brake material and a mating steel rotor was carried out. A wear model proposed suggests initiation of cracks at a hard particle inclusion site in the surface layer of the brake material; crack propagation allows particles to be removed by intersection of cracks. Mutual relations between sliding variables, load, time, hardness, and surface temperature are studied. Empirical formulas are exhibited.
Spinal cord perfusion after extensive segmental artery sacrifice: can paraplegia be prevented?

Objective Understanding the ability of the paraspinal anastomotic network to provide adequate spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) critical for both surgical and endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA). Methods To monitor pressure in the collateral circulation, a catheter was inserted into the distal end of the divided first lumbar segmental artery (SA) of 10 juvenile Yorkshire pigs (28.9+/-3.8kg). SA pairs from T3 through L5 were serially sacrificed at 32 degrees C; SCPP and function - using motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) - were continuously monitored until 1h after clamping the last SA. Intermittent aortic and SCPP monitoring was continued for 5 days postoperatively, along with evaluation of motor function. Results A mean of 14.4+/-0.7 SAs were sacrificed without loss of MEP. SCPP (mmHg) dropped from 68+/-7 before SA clamping (77% of aortic pressure) to 22+/-6 at end clamping, and 21+/-4 after 1h, reaching its lowest point - 19+/-4 - after 5h. Postoperatively, SCPP recovered to 33+/-6 at 24h; 42+/-10 at 48h; 56+/-14 at 72h; 62+/-15 at 96h, returning to baseline (63+/-20) at 120h. Despite comparable SCPP patterns, four pigs did not fully regain the ability to stand. Six animals recovered: two could stand and four could walk. Conclusions Interruption of all SAs at 32 degrees C in this pig model results in a spectrum of cord injury, with normal function in a majority of pigs postoperatively. The short duration of low SCPP suggests that hemodynamic manipulation lasting only 24-48h may allow routine complete preservation of normal cord function despite sacrifice of all SAs.
Transforming the architecture of compound eyes

Eyes differ markedly in the animal kingdom, and are an extreme example of the evolution of multiple anatomical solutions to light detection and image formation. A salient feature of all photoreceptor cells is the presence of a specialized compartment (disc outer segments in vertebrates, and microvillar rhabdomeres in insects), whose primary role is to accommodate the millions of light receptor molecules required for efficient photon collection. In insects, compound eyes can have very different inner architectures. Fruitflies and houseflies have an open rhabdom system, in which the seven rhabdomeres of each ommatidium are separated from each other and function as independent light guides. In contrast, bees and various mosquitoes and beetle species have a closed system, in which rhabdomeres within each ommatidium are fused to each other, thus sharing the same visual axis. To understand the transition between open and closed rhabdom systems, we isolated and characterized the role of Drosophila genes involved in rhabdomere assembly. Here we show that Spacemaker, a secreted protein expressed only in the eyes of insects with open rhabdom systems, acts together with Prominin and the cell adhesion molecule Chaoptin to choreograph the partitioning of rhabdomeres into an open system. Furthermore, the complete loss of spacemaker (spam) converts an open rhabdom system to a closed one, whereas its targeted expression to photoreceptors of a closed system markedly reorganizes the architecture of the compound eyes to resemble an open system. Our results provide a molecular atlas for the construction of microvillar assemblies and illustrate the critical effect of differences in a single structural protein in morphogenesis.
Rotationally Resolved Vacuum Ultraviolet Pulsed Field Ionization-Photoelectron Vibrational Bands for H2+ (X2g+, v+=0-18)

We have obtained a rotationally resolved vacuum ultraviolet pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (VUV-PFI-PE) spectrum of H2 in the energy range of 15.30-18.09 eV, covering the ionization transitions H2+(X2Σg+, v+=0-18, N+=0-5)←H2(X1Σg+, v''=0, J''=0-4). The assignment of the rotational transitions resolved in the VUV-PFI-PE vibrational bands for H2+(X2Σg+, v+=0-18) and their simulation using the Buckingham-Orr-Sichel (BOS) model are presented. Only the ΔN=N+ - J''=0 and ±2 rotational branches are observed in the VUV-PFI-PE spectrum of H2. However, the vibrational band is increasingly dominated by the N=0 rotational branch as v+ is increased. The BOS simulation reveals that the perturbation of VUV-PFI-PE rotational line intensities by near-resonance autoionizing Rydberg states is minor at v+ ≥6 and decreases as v+ is increased. Thus, the rotationally resolved PFI-PE bands for H2+(v+ ≥6) presented here provide reliable estimates of state-to-state cross sections for direct photoionization of H2, while the rotationally resolved PFI-PE bands for H2+(v+ ≤5) are useful data for fundamental understanding of the near resonance autoionizing mechanism. On the basis of the rovibrational assignment of the VUV-PFI-PE spectrum of H2, the ionization energies for the formation of H2+(X2Σg+, v+=0-18, N+=0-5) from H2+(X1Σg+, v''=0, J''=0-4), the vibrational constants (ωe, ωeχe, ωeye, and ωeze), the rotational constants (Bv+, Dv+, Be, and αe), and the vibrational energy spacings ΔG(v++1/2) for H2+(X2Σg+, v+=0-18) are determined. With a significantly higher photoelectron energy resolution achieved in the present study, the precisions of these spectroscopic values are higher than those obtained in the previous photoelectron studies. As expected, the spectroscopic results for H2+(X2Σg+, v+=0-18) derived from this VUV-PFI-PE study are in excellent agreement with high-level theoretical predictions.
Got Theory? On the 21st c. CE Rise of Explicit use of Epidemiologic Theories of Disease Distribution: A Review and Ecosocial Analysis

In 1957, an anonymous editorial published in the American Journal of Public Health boldly titled itself, “Prediction and Theory in Epidemiology”, and raised the ante even higher in its subtitle: “Where there is no vision the people perish. Proverbs XXIX.18” Theory is indeed inextricably linked to vision—the Greek word “theoria” refers to seeing inwards, such that to theorize is to use our mind’s eye systematically, following articulated principles, to discern meaningful patterns among both ideas and observations, and to develop causal explanations. Until the last decade of the 20th c. CE, however, development or analysis of epidemiologic theories of disease distribution in the mainstream English-language literature was a rare event. A shift is now underway. In this article, guided by the ecosocial theory of disease distribution, I review developments in contemporary use of explicit epidemiologic theories, and provide critical suggestions for their further development and application.
Incorporating Multiple-Choice Questions Into an AACSB Assurance of Learning Process: A Course-Embedded Assessment Application to an Introductory Finance Course

The authors offer a classification technique to make a quantitative skills rubric more operational, with the groupings of multiple-choice questions to match the student learning levels in knowledge, calculation, quantitative reasoning, and analysis. The authors applied this classification technique to the mid-term exams of an introductory finance course in six sections, with 191 junior and senior business students using a course-embedded assessment methodology and a regional test in California revealing that there were shortcomings in our teachings of financial facts and concepts.
Instantaneous power methods to improve the inertial characteristics of planar linkages

Abstract High speed linkages may take advantage of the inertia of one or more floating links to improve the mechanism's operation. The center of gravity of the floating link(s) can be located to produce an inertia force that is acting in the same direction as the velocity vector of the center of gravity. The instantaneous power that results from this alignment helps the linkage move through a position that would typically require a higher driving torque.
Uniparental disomy in congenital disorders: A prospective study

Whole chromosome uniparental disomy (UPD) for several different chromosomes has been described in individuals with phenotypes that encompass a broad range of abnormalities. We prospectively searched for UPD in 25 cytogenetically normal individuals who had one or more of the following features: nonsyndromic multiple congenital anomalies, short stature, mental retardation, or dysmorphic findings. Using highly polymorphic microsatellite repeats, biparental inheritance of at least one locus on every chromosome was found in every individual and uniparental inheritance was not detected at any locus. If UPD does exist in this clinical setting, its frequency is less than 13.7% (95% confidence interval). Our data indicate that additional studies will be required to determine the true incidence of UPD in this population.
Directly observed membrane fusion between oppositely charged phospholipid bilayers.

A novel method was developed for the direct examination of pairwise encounters between positively and negatively charged phospholipid bilayer vesicles. Giant bilayer vesicles (unilamellar, 4–20 μm in diameter) prepared from 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine, a new cationic phospholipid derivative, were electrophoretically maneuvered into contact with individual anionic phospholipid vesicles. Fluorescence video microscopy revealed that such vesicles commonly underwent fusion within milliseconds (1 video field) after contact, without leakage. Fusion occurred at constant volume and, since flaccid vesicles were rare, the excess membrane was not available after fusion. Hemifusion (the outer monolayers of each vesicle fused while the inner monolayers remained intact) was inferred from membrane-bound dye transfer and a change in the contact area. Hemifusion was observed as a final stable state and as an intermediate to fusion of vesicles composed of charged phospholipids plus zwitterionic phospholipids. Hemifusion occurred in one of three ways following adhesion: either delayed with an abrupt increase in area of contact, immediately with a gradual increase in area of contact, or with retraction during which adherent vesicles dissociated from a flat contact to a point contact. Phosphatidylethanolamine strongly promoted immediate hemifusion; the resultant hemifused state was stable and seldom underwent complete fusion. Although sometimes single contacts between vesicles led to rupture of both, in other cases, a single vesicle underwent multiple fusion events. Direct observation has unequivocally demonstrated the fusion of two, isolated bilayer-bounded bodies to yield a stable, non-leaky product, as occurs in cells, in the absence of proteins.
Breeding Migrations in Crawfish Frogs (Lithobates areolatus): Long-Distance Movements, Burrow Philopatry, and Mortality in a Near-Threatened Species

Movements are risky behaviors to animals, and amphibians are no exception, yet most species of amphibians exhibit cyclic annual movements. Crawfish Frogs (Lithobates areolatus) are a relatively understudied species of North American amphibian considered to be “Near Threatened” globally. To better understand the biology of this species, and in particular to assess the role that movements play in affecting survivorship, we radio tracked 48 Crawfish Frog adults in 2009–2010. Our study encompassed a total of 7,898 telemetered-frog days; individual frogs were tracked for up to 606 days. These data demonstrate two behaviors previously undocumented in this species: 1) migration distances that averaged nearly 0.5 km, and for one frog was approximately 1.2 km; and 2) philopatry to upland burrows excavated by crayfish. Together, these findings indicate that Crawfish Frogs have a remarkable ability to home to distant upland burrow sites. Burrow fidelity in Crawfish Frogs involves, in part, following similar migratio...
Analyse der Kostenvergütung bei peripherer Bypasschirurgie

Die alte Abrechnungsmethode, die vor dem in Kraft treten der Bundespflegesatzverordnung angewandt wurde, wird anhand unseres Kollektivs der peripheren Bypasses, angelegt im Jahre 1995, mit dem neuen Modus verglichen. Es wurde in diesem Jahr noch nach der alten Methode abgerechnet. Wir haben 1995 122 periphere Bypasses wahrend 120 stationaren Aufnahmen angelegt. Ware in diesem Jahr schon nach der neuen Methode mit Sonderentgelt und reduziertem Abteilungspflegesatz abgerechnet worden, dann waren fur unsere Klinik Mindereinnahmen von insgesamt 187 009,05 DM und 1532,86 DM im Durchschnitt pro Aufnahme entstanden. Das Problem dabei ist, das diese Differenz am grosten ist bei dem femorokruralen Venenbypass, den wir ausnahmslos zur Beinerhaltung angelegt haben (2967,33 DM im Durchschnitt). Die Mindereinnahmen fur diese Bypassart waren bei 44 Bypasses in 1995 fast 131 000 DM gewesen. Eine Anhebung der Sonderentgelte scheint deshalb notig um einen Verlust, sowohl in der Quantitat als auch in der Qualitat der Bypasschirurgie, resultierend in zunehmenden Amputationszahlen zu vermeiden.
An O( n ) time hierarchical tree algorithm for computing force field in n -body simulations

Abstract We consider the following force field computation problem: given a cluster of n particles in three-dimensional space, compute the force exerted on each particle by the other particles. Depending on different applications, the pairwise interaction could be either gravitational or Lennard-Jones. In both cases, the force between two particles vanishes as the distance between them approaches to infinity. Since there are n ( n − 1)/2 pairs, direct method requires Θ ( n 2 ) time for force-evaluation, which is very expensive for astronomical simulations. In 1985 and 1986, two famous O ( n log n ) time hierarchical tree algorithms were published by Appel (1985) and by Barnes and Hut (1986), respectively. In this paper, we show that Appel's algorithm can be implemented in O ( n ) time.