cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practicing what we preach: A pilot study on oral health practices of dentists in Massachusetts.

Aim Dentists are perceived as leaders and role models of good oral health, but do dentists practice what they preach? The current study was a pilot evaluation dentists of the oral health and oral health practices of dentists in Massachusetts. Methods The Massachusetts Dental Society sent emails to 3957 member dentists for whom an email contact was available. One reminder was sent 3 months later, and there was no incentive offered. Institutional review board approval was acquired prior to administering the survey through the Harvard Medical School Committee on Human Studies. Results A total of 4.9% of dentists had a comprehensive oral examination more than 8 years ago, and 3.1% had diagnostic bitewings 3-5 years ago. Our study revealed that 5.8% had untreated caries and only 70.8% reported having no oral health problems. A total of 37% reported that lack of time was a barrier in seeking care, and 7.8% reported financial barriers. Finally, 4.1% reported that a non-dentist coworker examined and managed their oral health. Conclusions The current study revealed that many dentists are not following American Dental Association guidelines for prevention for themselves. Subsequently, many in our profession are recommending preventive care for their patients that they are not adhering to themselves.
Using mHealth to Increase Treatment Utilization Among Recently Incarcerated Homeless Adults (Link2Care): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: There is a significant revolving door of incarceration among homeless adults. Homeless adults who receive professional coordination of individualized care (ie, case management) during the period following their release from jail experience fewer mental health and substance use problems, are more likely to obtain stable housing, and are less likely to be reincarcerated. This is because case managers work to meet the various needs of their clients by helping them to overcome barriers to needed services (eg, food, clothing, housing, job training, substance abuse and mental health treatment, medical care, medication, social support, proof of identification, and legal aid). Many barriers (eg, limited transportation, inability to schedule appointments, and limited knowledge of available services) prevent homeless adults who were recently released from incarceration from obtaining available case management, crisis management, substance abuse, and mental health services. Objective: The aim of the Link2Care study is to assess the effectiveness of a smartphone app for increasing case management and treatment service utilization, and in turn reduce homelessness and rearrest. The goals of this research are to (1) assess the impact of an innovative smartphone app that will prompt and directly link recently incarcerated homeless adults to community-based case management services and resources and (2) utilize in-person and smartphone-based assessments to identify key variables (eg, alcohol or drug use, social support, psychological distress, and quality of life) that predict continued homelessness and rearrest. Methods: Homeless adults (N=432) who enroll in a shelter-based Homeless Recovery Program after release from the Dallas County Jail will be randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: (1) usual case management, (2) usual case management plus smartphone, and (3) usual case management with a study-provided smartphone that is preloaded with an innovative case management app (smartphone-based case management). Those assigned to smartphone-based case management will receive smartphones that prompt (twice weekly) connections to shelter-based case managers. The app will also offer direct links to case managers (available during normal business hours) and crisis interventionists (available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week) with the touch of a button. Results: Recruitment began in the spring of 2018, and data collection will conclude in 2021. Conclusions: This research represents an important step toward integrated service connection and health care service provision for one of the most underserved, high need, and understudied populations in the United States. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03399500; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399500 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zSJwdgUS) Registered Report Identifier: RR1-10.2196/9868 [JMIR Res Protoc 2018;7(6):e151]
Cases Can Caution: Polio Eradication, Risk Exposure, and the Smallpox Case as Precedence

Highlighting the drive to eradicate poliomyelitis, the following compares the current initiative to earlier plans to rid the world of smallpox. It then draws attention to the problems associated with keeping, destroying, and monitoring virus stocks as well as those posed by malevolent agents, irresponsible non-government organizations, and imprudent government leaders.
Copper BEOL Interconnects for Silicon CMOS Logic Technology

The semiconductor industry has been at the forefront of the technological revolution that has changed the way we live over the last three decades. The increase in performance of the integrated circuit (IC) chip has largely been due to the decreasing dimensions on the IC chip, leading to an increase in speed of the transistor. The transistors in an IC chip need to be connected to the outside world and the first level of hierarchy in this connection is the so called “back end of the line (BEOL) interconnect”. A typical BEOL interconnect consists of a metallic wire that is surrounded by an insulating cladding called the interlayer dielectric. Over the last few technology generations, it has become increasingly evident that shrinking device dimensions alone will not continue to achieve the increases in IC chip performance that the semiconductor industry needs. This is because the delay associated with sending signals through the BEOL interconnect begins to dominate the overall delay in the IC chip as seen in (Figure 2.1) [1]. The first step towards reducing this delay is to find a suitable metal that has a lower resistivity than aluminum (Al) to replace it as the wiring metal. Of all the elements in the periodic table, the most suitable candidate to replace Al as the wiring metal is copper (Cu). However, replacing Al with Cu as the metal of choice in BEOL interconnects is far from trivial.
What is the Role of Mitochondria in Embryo Competency

The role of mitochondria in the establishment of developmental competence for the preimplantation mammalian embryo is an area of growing interest for researchers, embryologists and clinicians involved in in vitro fertilization (IVF). This review describes some of the more clinically significant issues in IVF that may be associated with the function and regulation of mitochondria during the earliest stages of embryonic development. In somatic cells, mitochondria have a central role in metabolism, cellular aging and apoptotic cell death, and specific cytopathologies may originate from the accumulation of de novo mitochondrial genetic defects that can effect normal cell and tissue function. Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects can result in debilitating or lethal conditions for affected individuals (so-called mitochondrial genetic diseases) if genes coding for respiratory chain enzymes are involved (oxidative phosphorylation diseases, OXPHOS). For the oocyte and early embryo, it has been proposed that mutations in the mitochondrial genome may contribute to impaired function and developmental incompetence (Chen et al., 1995; Keefe et al., 1995; Brenner et al., 1998; Barritt et al., 1999,2000). The extent to which specific mtDNA defects are related to early reproductive failure is not clear, but genetic mutations may result in diminished ATP content leading to embryonic abnormalities such as cleavage arrest, slow development, blastomere loss by apoptosis and ultimately, implantation failure (Van Blerkom et al., 1995; Van Blerkom et al., 2000,2001).
Usefulness and Economic potential of the Rare Plants of the United States: A statistical Survey

The economic usefulness and potential of endangered and rare plants in the United States was surveyed to assess some of the potential impacts of plant extinction on the world’s largest economy. We analyzed relationships between an existing comprehensive database of U.S. rare plants, and a new database that synthesizes available information on worldwide plant uses and U.S. crop values. While few rare plants are directly useful, nearly 80% of the U.S. plant genera with rare taxa contain at least one useful species. Moreover, two-thirds of the 2949 U.S. rare and endangered taxa are congeneric with cultivated species. Examples of this close relationship between rare plants and their economically significant congenerics were translated into dollar values. For instance, the annual U.S. wholesale farm value of food crop congenerics of rare plants is $9 billion. Since many crops require periodic genetic infusions from close relatives to combat threats from climatic change and disease, or to supply features such as improved nutritional value, we conclude that the threats to the rare wild plants of the U.S. also constitute threats to the future of many contemporary crops.
Homeless heritage: collaborative social archaeology as therapeutic practice

To undertake archaeological investigation of contemporary homelessness is to consider the ways in which homeless memory is constituted through objects (places and landscapes) as a form of bearing w...
Translations and translation gaps: the gunshot acoustic surveillance experiment in Brazil

This article examines crime prevention as it relates to recent developments in audio monitoring for gun crime control. More specifically, I discuss the adoption of ShotSpotter, a device that detect...
On the Politicization of Violence Within Reductive and Non-reductive Accounts of Violence

In this paper, I reference a Paradigm Case Core Conception of Violence, which each individual has, and can share with others to various degrees. This is shown to imply that because we cannot get at violence itself, and can only interpret violence in relationships that involve humans, we cannot avoid politicizing our conceptions of violence in our empathic, intersubjective relationships. This is demonstrated by outlining various claims concerning violence, and by utilizing Edith Stein's phenomenological account on empathy and intersubjectivity, and Alfred Schutz’s characterizations of commonsense constructs and typicalities, as well as theorists who define violence in reductive and non-reductive ways.
CRT-600.08 A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes According to the Timing of PCI and TAVR: A Pooled Analysis From a Multicenter Registry

There is a paucity of data regarding the optimum timing of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in relation to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We compared the major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) rates among patients who underwent PCI before TAVR with
Who Speaks When

When one angry student refused to follow my discussion structure in a class on diverse Christian views of gender and sexuality, I was unable to keep other students in the room safe from his harmful tirade. After this student refused to apologize in aggressively disrespectful language to me in a private meeting, I petitioned for university sanction. The student responded to my request for a disciplinary hearing by launching a social media campaign to discredit me and my reasons for requesting this hearing. This awful class and the subsequent related events, including administrative response to the social media outrage, have led me to a deeper understanding of what it means to embrace responsibility while at the same time recognizing and accepting that I am not in control. This is one of three essays published together in a special topic section of this journal on critical incidents in the classroom.
Full Resolution Simulation for Evaluation of Critical Care Imaging Interpretation; Part 1: Fixed Effects Identify Influences of Exam, Specialty, Fatigue, and Training on Resident Performance.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To describe our full-resolution simulation of critical care imaging coupled with posthoc grading of resident's interpretations and present results from the fixed effects terms in a comprehensive mixed regression model of the resulting scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS The system delivered full resolution DICOM studies via clinical-grade viewing software integrated with a custom built web-based workflow and reporting system. The interpretations submitted by participating residents from 47 different programs were graded (scores of 0-10) on a case by case basis by a cadre of faculty members from our department. The data from 5 yearly (2014-2018) cycles consisting of 992 separate 65 case, 8 hour simulation sessions were collated from the transaction records. We used a mixed (hierarchical) statistical model with nine fixed and four random independent variables. In this paper, we present the results from the nine fixed effects. RESULTS There were 19,916/63,839 (27.0%, CI 26.7%-27.4%) scores in the 0-2 range (i.e., clinically significant miss). Neurological cases were more difficult with adjusted scores 2.3 (CI 1.9-3.2) lower than body/musculoskeletal cases. There was a small (0.3, CI 0.20-0.38 points) but highly significant (p<0.0001) decrease in score for the final 13/65 cases (fifth quintile) as evidence of fatigue during the last hour of an 8 hour shift. By comparing adjusted scores from mid-R1 (quarter 3) to late-R3 (quarter 12) we estimate the training effect as an increase of 2.2 (CI 1.90-2.50) points. CONCLUSION Full resolution simulation based evaluation of critical care radiology interpretation is being conducted remotely and efficiently at large scale. Analysis of the resulting scores yields multiple insights into the interpretative process.
Emergency Cardiac Ultrasound

Patients often present to the emergency department (ED) with complaints of chest pain, shortness of breath, and syncope. It is vital that the Pediatric Emergency Physician be able to recognize cardiac emergencies. Bedside ultrasound is an essential skill in the evaluation of these patients. In this chapter, readers will learn the basics of evaluating patients at the bedside. Through the use of case studies, readers will learn basic anatomy and scanning technique, as well as more complex concepts such as Doppler. They will learn how to integrate these findings with their overall clinical assessment to formulate a treatment plan.
Phonon Properties of Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Graphite intercalation compounds (GIC’s) exhibit a rich and varied range of vibrational excitations or phonons which have been extensively studied during the past decade and heavily reviewed [1–3]. Several techniques have been employed to ascertain the phonon properties of GIC’s. These include indirect phonon probes such as specific heat measurements [4] and electrical transport studies [5] as well as primary direct probes such as inelastic neutron diffraction [6], Raman scattering [2], optical reflection/absorption [7], and secondary direct probes such as acoustic attenuation measurements [8]. Given the space limitations for this paper, I feel that is appropriate to focus here on the primary direct phonon probes which are the main source of our current understanding of vibrations in GIC’s. The purpose of this paper is to set the groundwork for an understanding of phonons in GIC’s and apprise the reader of some of the latest exciting developments in that field.
Electrolytes and additives for batteries Part I: fundamentals and insights on cathode degradation mechanisms

Abstract Electrolytes and additives play a key role in improving the performance of high-energy-density batteries. Chemical complexity and structural hierarchy render rich information from both the bulk materials and the interfaces between electrolytes and electrodes. In this review, Part I serves as a self-contained article that addresses the fundamentals of batteries and cathode degradation mechanisms. Part II will introduce the fundamentals of electrolytes and additives and examine, in depth, developments regarding their intrinsic properties such as electrochemical stability and thermal stability, and the overall impact on batteries. Analytical and diagnostic tools for electrolytes and interfaces will also be discussed in Part II.
Aging, Hearing Loss, and Listening Effort: Imaging Studies of the Aging Listener

Older adults with hearing loss often must work harder to understand speech compared to younger, normal-hearing individuals. Degraded auditory signals, sensorineural hearing loss, and age-related central nervous system declines can make listening in noise particularly effortful with increasing age. Neuroimaging studies have enhanced the understanding of the sensory, linguistic, and cognitive mechanisms that underlie speech recognition in difficult conditions and how these mechanisms change with age and hearing loss. This chapter provides an overview of neuroimaging research that has informed the current understanding of age-related changes in listening effort. In particular, this literature has revealed that older adults tend to engage more widespread activity across brain regions that support communication, such as attention and working memory. Thus, trying to understand degraded speech signals appears to increase listening-related effort and limit the mental resources available for other daily life activities. The significance of this research for clinical populations is discussed, including how neuroimaging could inform the development of targeted interventions and assessments of listening effort.
Use of otolith microchemistry to identify subbasin natal origin and use by invasive Lake Trout in Yellowstone Lake

Nonindigenous lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) expansion in Yellowstone Lake has led to a large decline in the native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) population. We assessed whether otolith microchemistry could be used to identify subbasin natal origins and long-term use by lake trout as a potential tool for optimizing removal efforts. 87Sr:86Sr and Sr:Ca ratios in otolith cores were used to assess natal origins and 87Sr:86Sr ratios in otolith transects were used to assess movement patterns. Water chemistry was similar throughout the lake, ranging from 0.70634 to 0.70642 and 3.94 to 4.38 mmol/mol for 87Sr:86Sr and Sr:Ca ratios, respectively. Lake trout otoliths also showed little variation in 87Sr:86Sr and Sr:Ca ratios of the natal region and 87Sr:86Sr across otolith transects. Thus, we found that microchemical differences among Sr isotope and Sr:Ca elemental ratios in otoliths were insufficient to detect the natal origin or extensive within-lake movement that has been established from telemetry investigations. Detailed analysis of other elements or isotopes in hard-part microchemistry, in combination with other tools for detecting movement, may improve detection of natal origin and life history movement among fishes within freshwater lentic systems.
Notions of indifference for genericity: Union sets and subsequence sets

A set $I$ is said to be a universal indifferent set for $1$-genericity if for every $1$-generic $G$ and for all $X \subseteq I$, $G \Delta X$ is also $1$-generic. Miller showed that there is no infinite universal indifferent set for $1$-genericity. We introduce two variants (union and subsequence sets for $1$-genericity) of the notion of universal indifference and prove that there are no non-trivial universal sets for $1$-genericity with respect to these notions. In contrast, we show that there is a non-computable subsequence set for weak-$1$-genericity.
Null Geometry and the Einstein Equations

This paper is based on a series of lectures given by the author at the Cargese Summer School on Mathematical General Relativity and Global Properties of Solutions of Einstein’s Equations, held in Corsica, July 29—august 10, 2002. The general aim of those lectures was to illustrate with some current examples how the methods of global Lorentzian geometry and causal theory may be used to obtain results about the global behavior of solutions to the Einstein equations. This, of course, is a long standing program, dating back to the singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose [24]. Here we consider some properties of asymptotically de Sitter solutions to the Einstein equations with (by our sign conventions) positive cosmological constant, ⋀> 0. We obtain, for example, some rather strong topological obstructions to the existence of such solutions, and, in another direction, present a uniqueness result for de Sitter space, associated with the occurrence of eternal observer horizons. As described later, these results have rather strong connections with Friedrich’s results [11, 13] on the nonlinear stability of asymptotically simple solutions to the Einstein equations with ⋀ > 0; see also Friedrich’s article elsewhere in this volume. The main theoretical tool from global Lorentzian geometry used to prove these results is the so-called null splitting theorem [16]. This theorem is discussed here, along with relevant background material.
Pruned multi-angle resolution fast beamforming

Delay-and-sum (DS) beamforming is one of the basic beamforming methods, and it is effective for both narrowband and wideband sources. However, DS beamforming exhibits high computational complexity. Recently, a fast multistage approximation of DS beamforming was introduced (Oh, S.-M. and McClellan, J.H., Proc. ICASSP-2002, p.2937-40, 2002). In order to improve the computational efficiency of the fast beamformer further, we have integrated a detector into the intermediate stages of the fast algorithm. This detector can save computations by stopping further processing to resolve benign angular sectors that do not contain a coherent source. The joint fast detector/beamformer was tested using various wideband signals such as spread spectrum signals used in wireless communications. This technique should provide a useful direction finding solution in wireless communications and target localization applications. In addition, the fast algorithm can find initial values for high resolution direction-of-arrivals estimators such as coherent signal-subspace methods.
Introducing a new advantage of crossover: commonality-based selection

The Commonality-Based Crossover Framework defines crossover as a two-step process: 1) preserve the maximal common schema of two parents, and 2) complete the solution with a construction heuristic. In these "heuristic" operators, the first step is a form of selection. This commonality-based form of selection has been isolated in GENIE. Using random parent selection and a non-elitist generational replacement scheme, GENIE does not include fitness-based selection. However, a theoretical analysis shows that "ideal" construction heuristics in GENIE can potentially converge to optimal solutions. Experimentally, results show that the effectiveness of practical construction heuristics can be amplified by commonality-based restarts. Overall, it is shown that the commonality hypothesis is valid--schemata common to above-average solutions are indeed above average. Since common schemata can only be identified by multi-parent operators, commonality-based selection is a unique advantage that crossover can enjoy over mutation.
Properties of Random Difference Graphs

Generate a bipartite graph on a partitioned set of vertices by randomly assigning to each vertex $v$ some weight $w(v) \in [0,1]$ and adding an edge between vertices $u$ and $v$ (in distinct parts) if and only if $w(v) + w(v) > 1$; the results of such processes are known as difference graphs . Random difference graphs of a given size can be produced either by uniformly random generation of weights or by choosing a graph uniformly at random from the set of all such graphs. We prove that these two methods give rise to the same distribution, and use this equivalence to find exact results for the likelihood of connectivity and Hamiltonicity. We also find the distribution of other properties, such as matching number and degeneracy.
Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence.

Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Richard W. Wrangham and Dale Peterson. Boston: Houghton- Mifflin, 1996. 350 pp.
Far infrared spectroscopy of single crystal YBa2Cu3O6

Abstract We report infrared (IR) reflectivity measurements of single crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 , the semiconducting version of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (i.e., δ = 1). The near normal incidence abplane reflectivity clearly exhibits five of the six allowed E u modes. Based on normal modes in K 2 NiF 4 -type materials, we offer a possible explanation for the unobserved E u mode. Combining the single crystal data with our previously reported data on isomorphically and isotopically ( 18 O) substituted ceramic YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 , we determine the A 2u modes. Thus, a fairly complete picture of the IR active phonons is obtained. The phonon assignments are discussed.
Modeling of energy performance of a house with three configurations of building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal systems

A theoretical and experimental study of energy performance of three different open loop air heating building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) systems that utilize recovered heat for home heating is presented. The configurations are: Configuration 1: base case of unglazed BIPV with airflow under it; Configuration 2: addition of 1.5 m vertical glazed solar air collector in series with Configuration 1; Configuration 3: addition of a glazing over the PV. The model developed has been verified against experimental data from a solar research house for Configuration 1. Obtained relationships for BIPV/T system exiting air temperature as function of solar irradiance and air speed in PV cavity may be used for developing fan airflow control strategies to achieve desired outlet air temperature suitable for different applications. For Configuration 1, preheated air is suitable for HVAC system and domestic hot water (DHW) preheating. Higher outlet air temperatures of the PV cavity suitable for DHW might be achieved by utilizing Configurations 2 or 3. With Configuration 2, significant outlet air temperatures are achieved in winter along with enhanced thermal efficiency making it suitable for coupling with a rockbed heat storage. Finally, Configuration 3 significantly reduces electricity production and may lead to excessively high PV panel temperatures.
Abstract B31: Expression of Wnt3 activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promotes EMT-like phenotype in trastuzumab resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.

To understand the mechanisms leading to trastuzumab resistance in HER2-overexpressing breast tumors we created trastuzumab insensitive cell lines (SKBR3/100-8 and BT474/100-2). The cell lines maintain HER2 receptor overexpression, and show increase in EGFR. Upon trastuzumab treatment, SKBR3/100-8 and BT474/100-2 cell lines displayed increased growth rate and invasiveness. The trastuzumab resistance in SKBR3/100-8 and BT474/100-2 was accompanied with activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Further investigation found that Wnt3 overexpression played a key role toward the development of trastuzumab resistance. The expression of Wnt3 in trastuzumab resistant cells increased nuclear expression of β-catenin and transactivated expression of EGFR. The increased Wnt3 in the trastuzumab resistant cells also promoted a parental EMT-like transition (epithelial to mesenchymal transition), increased N-cadherin, Twist, SLUG and decreased E-cadherin. Knockdown Wnt3 by siRNA restored cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin, and decreased EGFR expression in trastuzumab resistant cells. Furthermore the EMT markers were decreased, E-cadherin was increased and the cell invasiveness was inhibited in response to the Wnt3 down-regulation. Conversely, SKBR3 cells which had been stably transfected with full-length Wnt3 exhibited EMT-like transition. The Wnt3 transfectants, SKBR3/Wnt3-7 and SKBR3/Wnt3-9, showed significant decrease in E-cadherin and increase in N-cadherin, Twist and SLUG. The cells were less sensitive to trastuzumab compared to parental SKBR3 and vector transfected cells. In summary, our data suggests that Wnt3 overexpression activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that leads to transactivation of EGFR and promotes EMT-like transition. This could be an important mechanism leading to trastuzumab resistance in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Citation Format: Yanyuan Wu, Charles Ginther, Juri Kim, Nicole Mosher, Seyung Chung, Dennis Slamon, Jaydutt V. Vadgama. Expression of Wnt3 activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promotes EMT-like phenotype in trastuzumab resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B31.
Correlation diagrams in 40Ar/39Ar dating: Is there a correct choice?

Contrary to published assertions, the two types of correlation diagrams used in the interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar incremental-heating data yield the same information provided the correct mathematics are used for estimating correlation coefficients and for the least squares fit. The choice is simply between two illustrative, graphical displays, neither of which is fundamentally superior to the other.
ViewPort: An Object-Oriented Approach to Integrate Workstation Software for Tile and Stack Mode Display

Diagnostic workstation design has migrated towards display presentation in one of two modes: tiled images or stacked images. It is our impression that the workstation setup or configuration in each of these two modes is rather distinct. We sought to establish a commonality to simplify software design, and to enable a single descriptor method to facilitate folder manager development of “hanging” protocols. All current workstation designs use a combination of “off-screen” and “on-screen” memory whether or not they use a dedicated display subsystem, or merely a video board. Most diagnostic workstations also have two or more monitors. Our central concept is that of a “logical” viewport that can be smaller than, the same size as, or larger than a single monitor. Each port “views” an image data sequence loaded into offscreen memory. Each viewport can display one or more images in sequence in a one-on-one or traditionally tiled presentation. Viewports can be assigned to the available monitor “real estate” in any manner that fits. For example, a single sequence computed tomography (CT) study could be displayed across all monitors in a tiled appearance by assigning a single large viewport to the monitors. At the other extreme, a multisequence magnetic resonance (MR) study could be compared with a similar previous study by assigning four viewports to each monitor, single image display per viewport, and assigning four of the sequences of the current study to the left monitor viewports, and four of the earlier study to the right monitor viewports. Ergonomic controls activate scrolling through the off-screen image sequence data. Workstation folder manager hanging protocols could then specify viewports, number of images per viewport, and the automatic assignment of appropriately named sequences of current and previous studies to the viewports on a radiologist-specific basis. Furthermore, software development is simplified by common base objects and methods of the tile and stack modes. Prototype workstation display software and folder manager protocol implementation will be described and demonstrated.
Physiologic Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease by Cardiac Computed Tomography

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. To date, diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected CAD has relied upon the use of physiologic non-invasive testing by stress electrocardiography, echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and magnetic resonance imaging. Indeed, the importance of physiologic evaluation of CAD has been highlighted by large-scale randomized trials that demonstrate the propitious benefit of an integrated anatomic-physiologic evaluation method by performing lesion-specific ischemia assessment by fractional flow reserve (FFR)-widely considered the "gold" standard for ischemia assessment-at the time of invasive angiography. Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has emerged as an attractive non-invasive test for anatomic illustration of the coronary arteries and atherosclerotic plaque. In a series of prospective multicenter trials, CCTA has been proven as having high diagnostic performance for stenosis detection as compared to invasive angiography. Nevertheless, CCTA evaluation of obstructive stenoses is prone to overestimation of severity and further, detection of stenoses by CCTA does not reliably determine the hemodynamic significance of the visualized lesions. Recently, a series of technological innovations have advanced the possibility of CCTA to enable physiologic evaluation of CAD, thereby creating the potential of this test to provide an integrated anatomic-physiologic assessment of CAD. These advances include rest-stress MPI by CCTA as well as the use of computational fluid dynamics to non-invasively calculate FFR from a typically acquired CCTA. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent data addressing these 2 physiologic methods of CAD evaluation by CCTA.
Novel Approaches for Oral Delivery of Macromolecules

Traditional forms of administrations of nonabsorbable drugs and peptides often rely on their parenteral injection, since the intestinal epithelium is poorly permeable to these therapeutical agents. A number of innovative drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. Zonula occludens toxin, a recently discovered protein elaborated by Vibrio cholerae, provided tools to gain more insights on the pathophysiology of the regulation of intestinal permeability through the paracellular pathway and to develop alternative approaches for the oral delivery of drugs and macromolecules normally not absorbed through the intestine.
Topological constraints for E. F. Rent's work on microminiature packaging and circuitry

Because of the wide impact of Mr. E. F. Rent's work in engineering, the applied sciences, and technology, the original memos of Mr. Rent and historically equivalent (HE) applications to today's complex integrated circuitry were published in the IBM Journal of Research and Development in 2005. It has been shown that evaluating existing wirelength distribution models with this HE interpretation of Rent's memos provides improved qualitative agreement with measurements and more accurate estimates of on-chip wirelength requirements for application-specific integrated circuit designs in the POWER4™ microprocessor core. Because of the increasing impact of Rent's work, including research on integration density for future computers and expansion to the fields of post-CMOS devices and bioengineering, this paper presents a review of these contributions and a new mathematical framework that explains the HE interpretation of Rent's memos. This framework provides topological constraints for today's ultralarge-scale integrated circuits, as well as a model that predicts this HE interpretation. The model arises from the underlying topology of the circuitry and interconnectivity of the circuit components. Using this model, predictions of the HE Rent parameters are obtained and show agreement to within -5% to +12% of the experimental values obtained from published data for the POWER4 microprocessor circuit designs.
THE ART OF BUYING: COMING TO TERMS WITH MONEY AND MATERIALISM

Money and possessions hold strong attractions, but being driven to acquire them in order to enhance one's social standing is associated with lowered well-being. Literatures on money and happiness, materialism, and cultural mediators are reviewed. Consumer well-being is associated with being neither very tight nor very loose with money, with having relatively low financial aspirations, and with being low in materialism. Price-related behaviors – whether to spend low, spend high, or attempt to maximize value – are ways of responding to economic outlay vis-a-vis material wants, and these "strategies" offer a window into broader consumer lifestyles: the Value Seeker type is tight with money and materialistic; the Big Spender is loose with money and materialistic; the Non-Spender is tight with money and not materialistic; and the Experiencer is loose with money and not materialistic. Each of these types is described in terms of the potentials for well-being as well as the risks. Intrinsic motivation emerges as a key to well-being.
Origins of and solutions for neonatal medication-dispensing errors.

Purpose. Five cases of sound-alike, look-alike, neonatal medication-dispensing errors and their resolution are reviewed. Summary. In 2008, there were five cases in which look-alike or sound-alike neonatal medication-dispensing errors occurred at our institution. A mix-up between neonatal and adult or pediatric products occurred in four of the five cases. Three of the five errors resulted in near misses with the potential to cause harm. The other two errors reached the patients but did not cause harm. The medication mix-ups involved adult and neonatal phytonadione injectable emulsion, sodium citrate injection and vancomycin–heparin combination injection, adult tetanus–diphtheria–acellular pertussis and infant diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines, Haemophilus B and DTaP vaccines, and cisatracurium and vecuronium. Each error exposed weaknesses in the system of neonatal medication storage, labeling, delivery, knowledge, and administration documentation at our institution. Resolution of system problems was made possible by a collaborative approach and involved reorganizing shelving used to store neonatal medications; using a differently colored labeling scheme for products whose syringes were nearly identical; implementing changes to the infant vaccine ordering, storage, dispensing, and documentation systems; and instituting centralized and decentralized pharmacist review of pharmacy technician automated dispensing cabinet-filling activities. Conclusion. An institution providing services to both neonatal and adult patients experienced five cases of medication-dispensing errors with look-alike or sound-alike medications. Multidisciplinary collaboration within the system helped the pharmacy identify, resolve, and prevent errors related to medication storage, labeling, delivery, knowledge, and administration documentation.
Acceptance and durability of surveillance as a management choice in men with screen-detected, low-risk prostate cancer: improved outcomes with stringent enrollment criteria.

Objective To analyze the acceptance rate and durability of surveillance among contemporary men with low-risk prostate cancer managed at a large, US academic institution. Methods Patients with low-risk parameters on initial and repeat biopsy were offered surveillance regardless of age. Regular clinical evaluation and repeat prostate biopsy were recommended every 1–2 years, and intervention was recommended based on adverse clinical and pathologic parameters on follow-up. Acceptance rate of active surveillance, freedom from intervention, and freedom from recommended intervention were measured. Results and Limitations Of 202 low-risk patients, 86 (43%) chose immediate treatment and 116 (57%) underwent repeat biopsy for consideration of surveillance. Intervention was recommended after initial repeat biopsy in 27 (23%) men because of higher-risk features, leaving a total of 89 men on surveillance. Over a median follow-up of 33 months, 16 men were ultimately treated and 8 were recommended to undergo treatment because of adverse clinical features on subsequent evaluations. Of the men on surveillance, the 3-year freedom from intervention and freedom from recommended intervention was 87% (95% CI, 78-93) and 93% (95% CI, 85-97), respectively. Conclusions Acceptance of surveillance (57%) in low-risk patients in this series is substantially higher than previous reports, and approximately one-third of these patients are ultimately managed by surveillance using stringent criteria. The risk of reclassification to a more aggressive cancer over short-term follow-up in appropriately selected patients is low.
Evidence of a role for T-box genes in the evolution of limb morphogenesis and the specification of forelimb/hindlimb identity.

Abstract Tetrapod fore- and hindlimbs have evolved from the pectoral and pelvic fins of an ancient vertebrate ancestor. In this ancestor, the pectoral fin appears to have arisen following the rostral homeotic recapitulation of an existing pelvic appendage (Tabin and Laufer (1993), Nature 361, 692–693). Thus the basic appendage outgrowth program is reiterated in both tetrapod fore- and hindlimbs and the pectoral and pelvic fins of extant teleost fishes (Sordino et al. (1995) Nature 375, 678–681). Recently a novel family of putative transcription factors, which includes the T (Brachyury) locus, has been identified and dubbed the ‘T-☐’ family. In mice, all of these genes have expression patterns indicative of involvement in embryonic induction (Chapman et al. (1996) Dev. Dyn., in press), and four (Tbx2–Tbx5) are represented as two cognate, linked gene pairs (Agulnik et al., (1996), Genetics, in press). We now report that, whereas Tbx2 and Tbx3 are expressed in similar spatiotemporal patterns in both limbs, Tbx5 and Tbx4 expression is primarily restricted to the developing fore- and hindlimb buds, respectively. These observations suggest that T-☐ genes have played a role in the evolution of fin and limb morphogenesis, and that Tbx5 and Tbx4 may have been divergently selected to play a role in the differential specification of fore- (pectoral) versus hind- (pelvic) limb (fin) identity.
A novel device structure using a shared-subcollector, cascoded inverse-mode SiGe HBT for enhanced radiation tolerance

We present a novel device structure using an inverse-mode, cascoded (IMC) SiGe HBT for improved tolerance of heavy ion irradiation. The cascoded SiGe device consists of a forward-mode, common-emitter SiGe HBT cascoded with a common-base inverse-mode SiGe HBT, with the subcollector region of the two devices shared. The device was fabricated in both first and third-generation, commercially-available SiGe HBT technologies. The third-generation IMC device was measured to have over 20 dB of current gain and over 30 dB of power gain at 10 GHz. In addition, the measured total dose radiation response and simulated current transients are presented. These results demonstrate the potential use of these devices in high-speed circuits intended for operation in space or other extreme environments.
Discontinuities in the Human Bone-PDL-Cementum Complex

A naturally graded interface due to functional demands can deviate toward a discontinuous interface, eventually decreasing the functional efficiency of a dynamic joint. It is this characteristic feature in a human bone–tooth fibrous joint bone–PDL–tooth complex that will be discussed through histochemistry, and site-specific high resolution microscopy, micro tomography(Micro XCT™), X-ray fluorescence imaging and wet nanoindentation techniques. Results demonstrated two causes for the occurrence of 5–50 μm narrowed PDL-space: 1) microscopic scalloped regions at the PDL-insertion sites and macro-scale stratified layers of bone with rich basophilic lines, and 2) macroscopic bony protrusions. Narrowed PDL-complexes illustrated patchy appearance of asporin, and when imaged under wet conditions using an atomic force microscope (AFM), demonstrated structural reorganization of the PDL, collagen periodicity, organic-dominant areas at the PDL–cementum and PDL–bone entheses and within cementum and bone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results confirmed AFM results. Despite the narrowed PDL, continuity between PDL and vasculature in endosteal spaces of bone was demonstrated using a Micro XCT™. The higher levels of Ca and P X-ray fluorescence using a microprobe were correlated with higher elastic modulus values of 0.1–1.4 and 0.1–1.2 GPa for PDL–bone and PDL–cementum using wet nanoindentation. The ranges in elastic modulus values for PDL–bone and PDL–cementum entheses in 150–380 μm wide PDL-complex were 0.1–1.0 and 0.1–0.6 GPa. Based on these results we propose that strain amplification at the entheses could be minimized with a gradual change in modulus profile, a characteristic of 150–380 μm wide functional PDL-space. However, a discontinuity in modulus profile, a characteristic of 5–50 μm wide narrowed PDL-space would cause compromised mechanotransduction. The constrictions or narrowed sites within the bone–tooth fibrous joint will become the new “load bearing sites” that eventually could cause direct local fusion of bone with cementum.
Output stability of birefringent fiber-ring resonator types

We examine variations of the fringe shape of birefringent fiber ring resonators induced by polarization crosstalk, and discuss methods for stabilizing the output.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis of time-constrained multitasking embedded software

In modern embedded systems, software development plays a vital role. Many key functions are being migrated to software, aiming at a shorter time to market and easier upgrades. Multitasking is increasingly common in embedded software, and many of these tasks incorporate real-time constraints. Although multitasking simplifies coding, it demands an operating system and imposes significant overhead on the system. The use of serializing compilers, such as the Phantom compiler, allows the synthesis of a monolithic code from a multitasking C application, eliminating the need for an operating system. In this article, we introduce the synthesis of multitasking applications that execute in a timely manner. We incorporate the notion of timing constraints into the Phantom compiler, and show that our approach is effective in meeting such constraints, allowing fine-grained concurrency among the tasks. As an additional case study, we present the implementation of a software-based modem and show that real-time applications such as the modem have guaranteed performance in the serialized code generated by the Phantom compiler.
Resistance, epigenetics and the cancer ecosystem.

Therapeutic resistance is a key roadblock to effective cancer treatment and can occur through various mechanisms. A recent study characterized a previously unknown, reversible mechanism of drug resistance mediated by an altered chromatin state, suggesting that cancer cell populations can use a dynamic strategy to ensure their survival when challenged by therapeutic intervention.
Numerical solution of classical kicked rotor and local Lyapunov exponents

Abstract We calculate a local Lyapunov exponent for the kicked rotor that is constant for a duration that depends on the initial separation between two trajectories, but then decreases asymptotically as O ( t −1 ln t ) . This behavior is consistent with an upper bound that is determined analytically.