cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grid-enabled sawing optimization: from scanning images to cutting solution

Due to the unrepeatability of log sawing, sawing technology that will improve sawmill productivity before actually cutting the logs needs to be developed. TOPSAW program has been tested and successfully used to replicate the sawmill cutting and determine the optimal cutting pattern to maximize the value of hardwood lumber produced based on National Hardwood Lumber Association grading rules. In TOPSAW, sequential CT scanning images of the log delineate the external shape, locate the internal defects and reconstruct the virtual log. The virtual log enables its repeatedly cutting to arrive at the optimal sawing sequence before actually cutting the real log. The sawing optimization is carried on 24 orientations of the log by rotating the log in 15 degree increments and at 18 different initial cutting depths. Past studies have shown that TOPSAW optimization system could produce lead to a gain of 15% in productivity. However the computational time involved in sequentially solving for all 432 possible combinations for every log proves time consuming and is not effective for the sawmill industry. In order to reduce the execution time we implement the TOPSAW under the DA-TC execution model in grid environment to leverage this sawing optimization. In this paper we give the procedures of the TOPSAW program and propose a problem solving environment which make TOPSAW Grid-enabled. The applicability of this solution is shown by a case study.
Surfactants as Microbicidal Contraceptives: A Calorimetric Study of Partitioning and Translocation in Model Membrane Systems

Surfactant partitioning into lipid vesicles was studied using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), comparing the behavior of four surfactants with current or potential application in contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: nonoxynol-9 (N-9), the amphoteric mixture known as C31G, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Membranes varied in composition from a single-component system, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, to a complex lipid mixture that models the sperm plasma membrane. The partitioning of N-9 into the membranes was found to be endothermic in contrast to the other surfactants studied. For all four surfactants, the partition coefficient decreased as the membrane cholesterol content increased. Surfactant translocation across the membrane leaflets was also determined, with SDS being the only surfactant of the four not to exhibit “flip-flop” on experimental time scales. The results of these studies shed light on the process of surf...
Cumulative concentrations of tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco at different photoperiods and light intensities.

Abstract Photoperiods of 12 and 16 hours increased concentration of TMV in inoculated and in systemically infected leaves of tobacco 4 days after inoculation over concentrations of 8- and 4-hour periods. Order of concentrations in intratime comparisons among the treatments in composite-leaf samples underwent a transition around 18 days after inoculation and finally increased, with a decrease in day length 4 weeks after inoculation, this being the reverse of the initial gradient. Concentrations in the tip leaves increased with a decrease in day length 4 and 18 days after inoculation, whereas the reverse situation was found 7 and 32 days after inoculation. High light intensity generally favored virus multiplication in the inoculated leaves and initially in the tip leaves. At 4 days after inoculation, concentration in composite samples of leaves increased with increased light intensity in the summer but not in the winter, when the reverse order occurred. At 28 days after inoculation the concentration increased with a decrease in light intensity, this being the reverse of the initial summer order. Concentrations in the tip leaves increased with an increase in light intensity at 4 and 32 days after inoculation, whereas the reverse order was found at 18 days. Experiments combining both light intensity and photoperiod gave results reconcilable with those given above. A relationship existed between rate of host growth and virus concentration such that after maximum virus concentrations were reached virus concentration decreased as host growth increased. Experiments with inoculated tobacco-leaf disks cultured on water agar under various light intensities and day lengths at approximately 29° indicated that 16 hours per day of intense light represses virus multiplication to or below the level in disks receiving no light. Disks receiving nearly equal amounts of light energy per day in different ways had markedly different virus concentrations. Long days of diffuse light were more favorable for virus multiplication than short days of intense light. Under the conditions of the experiment, the optimum light for multiplication of TMV in tobacco-leaf disks at 29° was 1100 foot-candles for 16 hours per day.
The segmented calorimeter: A study of hadron shower structure

Abstract We describe the construction, operating characteristics, and use of a large segmented liquid argon/iron ionization calorimeter. With this instrument we have carried out quantitative studies of the development of hadronic showers at high energies. Results on both the longitudinal and transverse development of showers are given. The energy of an incident hadron can be determined with a resolution of: σ E E = ( 8.5 + 28 √E H )% , and its direction with a resoluti σ θ = ( 16 + 433 E H ) mrad .
Pressure-induced absorption of microwave radiation by the oxygen molecule

Abstract It has been known that microwave absorptions at 9, 23 and 60 GHz by high pressure oxygen gas are considerably greater than expected by conventional theory, except at 68.7 GHz. A reasonable explanation is the pressure-induced absorption, which enhances the well established magnetic dipole absorption at the 60 GHz region. A total of 4.3 p db/km ( p in atmosphere) of peak intensity is proposed to be due to the pressure-induced absorption in the 60 GHz region, compared to 145 db/km due to magnetic dipole absorption.
Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: What is the risk?

Hypercholesterolemia is commonly associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. In the general population, elevated serum cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. The relative risk has been poorly defined in primary biliary cirrhosis patients with hyperlipidemia. In addition, the hyperlipidemic state seen with primary biliary cirrhosis has not been well studied. We prospectively observed 312 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis for a median of 7.4 yr. During this period, 128 patients died. The incidence of atherosclerotic death in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis was not statistically different when compared with an age-matched and sex-matched U.S. control population. A similar group of 50 consecutive PBC patients had detailed serum lipid profiles. Findings included progressive increases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with an increasing histological stage or severity of disease. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated in all stages, with the highest levels in histological stage 2 and 3 disease. Triglycerides were normal or slightly elevated in all stages. Apoprotein A-I was elevated in all but histological stage 4 disease. Our study suggests the hyperlipidemia associated with primary biliary cirrhosis does not place these patients at risk for atherosclerotic death. In light of the limitations imposed by our relatively small sample size, however, additional patients should be studied. Furthermore, an examination of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to hypercholesterolemia should be the topic of further study.
Location location location: viewing patterns on WWW pages

This study investigates which components of a web page are most likely to both attract and maintain a viewer's attention. We measure these two aspects of viewing behavior---attention onset and maintenance---through an analysis of eye movements on three Web page components---page location, element size, and information density. More specifically, the present research addresses how the overall composition and structure of a Web page influences an individual's ability to perceive content.
The Isotonic Regression Problem and its Dual

Abstract The isotonic regression problem is to minimize Σt i = 1 [gi − xi]2wi subject to xi ≤ xj when where wi>0 and gi (i= 1, 2, …, k) are given and is a specified partial ordering on {1, 2, …, k}. The solution is called the isotonic regression on g. We formulate a generalization of this problem and calculate its Fenchel dual. A function of the isotonic regression also solves these problems. Problems in inventory theory and statistics are identified as dual isotonic regression problems.
Click for PET: rapid preparation of [18F]fluoropeptides using CuI catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

Abstract Cu I catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ‘click chemistry’ was used to prepare 18 F-radiolabeled peptides. Three ω-[ 18 F]fluoroalkynes were prepared in yields ranging from 36% to 81%. Conjugation of ω-[ 18 F]fluoroalkynes to various peptides decorated with 3-azidopropionic acid via Cu I mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition yielded the desired 18 F-labeled products in 10 min with yields of 54–99% and excellent radiochemical purity (81–99%). The total synthesis time was 30 min from the end of bombardment.
Misdiagnosis of primary epiploic appendagitis.

Abstract Background: The authors determined the radiological misdiagnosis rate of primary epiploic appendagitis (PEA) and its impact on patient management and hospital resource use. Methods: A total of 660 computed tomography scans performed for clinically suspected diverticulitis (348 cases) or appendicitis (312 cases) were reviewed for cases meeting strict radiological criteria for PEA. Retrospective interpretations were compared with radiological reports. Medical records and hospital cost data were reviewed to estimate impact on patient management and resource use. Results: Eleven scans (2%) met criteria for PEA. Seven scans were initially misdiagnosed as diverticulitis (6 patients) or appendicitis (1 patient). All misdiagnosed patients were hospitalized (mean 4.3 days); 6 received antibiotic therapy. Average cost per patient was $4,117. Four scans were initially correctly diagnosed as PEA. One patient was hospitalized (1 day); none received antibiotic therapy. Average cost per patient was $1,205. Conclusions: Radiological misdiagnosis of PEA leads to unnecessary hospitalization, medical treatment, and overuse of hospital resources.
Concentration dependent speciation and mass transport properties of switchable polarity solvents

Tertiary amine switchable polarity solvents (SPS) consisting of predominantly water, tertiary amine, and tertiary ammonium and bicarbonate ions were produced at various concentrations for three different amines: N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, N,N-dimethyloctylamine, and 1-cyclohexylpiperidine. These amines exhibit either osmotic or non-osmotic character as observed through forward osmosis, which led to this study to better understand speciation and its influence on water transport through a semi-permeable membrane. For all concentrations, several physical properties were measured including viscosity, molecular diffusion coefficients, freezing point depression, and density. Based on these measurements, a variation on the Mark–Houwink equation was developed to predict the viscosity of any tertiary amine SPS as a function of concentration using the amine's molecular mass. The physical properties of osmotic SPS, which are identified as having an amine to carbonic acid salt ratio of ∼1 : 1, have consistent concentration dependence behavior over a wide range of concentrations, which suggests osmotic pressures based on low concentrations freezing point studies can be extrapolated reliably to higher concentrations. The observed physical properties also allowed the identification of solution state speciation of non-osmotic SPS, where the amine to carbonic acid salts ratio is significantly greater than one. These results indicate that, at most concentrations, the stoichiometric excess of amine is involved in solvating a proton with two amines.
Involvement of cell-cell adhesion molecules in liver colonization by metastatic murine lymphoma/lymphosarcoma variants

Metastatic variant sublines of the murine RAW117 large cell lymphoma or lymphosarcoma have been established in vitro by sequential cycles of harvesting of liver tumor nodules after intravenous inoculation of tumor cell suspensions into syngeneic BALB/c mice. After five and tenin vivo selections for liver colonization, variant sublines RAW117-H5 and -H10, respectively, were established, and these formed significantly more surface liver tumors than the parental RAW117-P line. RAW117 sublines were tested for their abilities to adhere to embryonic mouse liver or brain cells in anin vitro cell-cell adhesion assay. Liver colonizing RAW117-H10 cells adhered with greater selectivity to liver cells than to brain cells. Parental RAW 117-P cells were more homotypically adhesive, but they were nonselective in their organ cell adhesion properties. We examined RAW117 cells for the presence of liver cross-reactive antigens using polyclonal xenoantibody preparations directed against embryonic murine liver cells. These antibody preparations block organ-specific homotypic adhesion of embryonic murine liver cellsin vitro. The amount of fetal liver antigen(s) expressed on RAW117 sublines correlated with liver colonization potentials (H10 > H5 > P) in quantitative absorption assays. Treatment of the highly metastatic RAW117-H10 subline with polyclonal anti-embryonic murine liver F(ab′)2 or Fab′ antibody fragments had no effect on RAW117-H10 cell viability or growthin vitro orin vivo, but inhibited liver colonization (median liver tumor colonies reduced from > 200 to 0) and prolonged life expectancy. In contrast, pretreatment of RAW 117-H 10 cells with polyclonal anti-H-2 did not modify thein vivo biologic properties of these metastatic cells.
Chronic antigen-specific immune-system activation may potentially be involved in the loosening of cemented acetabular components.

Previous studies have attempted to determine whether aseptic loosening and osteolysis are caused by a T cell-mediated type IV hypersensitivity reaction or a nonspecific foreign body reaction involving phagocytic macrophages. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the B7-CD28 costimulatory pathway (which is indicative of an activated immune response) in loosening and osteolysis of total joint replacements (TJRs). We harvested periprosthetic tissues from 24 loose, cemented, all polyethylene, acetabular components in patients undergoing revision total hip replacement surgery for aseptic loosening. Prostheses were classified radiographically as to whether ballooning, scalloping osteolysis was present or not. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify macrophages, antigen presenting cells (APCs) expressing B7-1 or B7-2, total T lymphocytes, and T cells expressing CD28 or CTLA-4. The large numbers of positive cells, including macrophages, T cells, and APCs in both groups are substantially higher than previously reported. Macrophages constituted the predominant cell type, the majority of which were APCs. B7-1 was expressed by 18.3% of all cells, and B7-2 was expressed by 61.0% of cells. Despite the fact that there were no statistically significant differences in expression of proteins in the B7-CD28 pathway between the osteolytic and nonosteolytic groups, the magnitude of positive staining suggests that the process of aseptic loosening (not osteolysis) may involve proteins of the B7-CD28 pathway, particularly B7-2. One possible antigenic stimulus is protein-coated particulate wear debris from prosthetic materials.
Vector Aberration Theory And The Design Of Off-Axis Systems

A simple aberration theory is described for systems containing tilted and decentered surfaces. Design principles are developed and applied to two and three mirror systems.
Possible induction of superconductivity in conductive polymer structures

Abstract Methods for synthesizing and characterizing high-temperature superconductor/conductive polymer structures are discussed. Both chemical and electrochemical techniques are used to deposit heterocyclic polymers such as polypyrrole and poly(3-hexylthiophene) onto the cuprate materials. These hybrid systems provide the basis for the construction of the first conducting polymer/superconductor electronic device. Moreover, through the analysis of such structures the initial evidence for the induction of superconductivity into the doped conductive polymer layer is obtained.
Carotid endarterectomy in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion: review of a 10-year experience

A total of 116 carotid endarterectomies were performed in patients with a totally occluded opposite internal carotid artery over a 10-year period from 1983 until 1992. The average age of patients was 66.4 years; 75% were men and 25% were women. The average degree of stenosis on the operated side was 76.7%. Twenty-one patients (18.1%) had had a documented previous stroke referrable to the side of the occlusion; 22 had a neurologic deficit attributable to the occluded vessel at the time of preoperative evaluation. Indications for surgery included transient ischemic attacks in 35 (30.2%), ipsilateral stroke in 10 (8.6%), amaurosis fugax in 11 (9.5%), and high-grade asymptomatic stenosis in 60 (51.7%). Forty-eight percent of the procedures were performed using local anesthesia, with intraluminal shunts inserted in all except one patient. The combined 30-day mortality and stroke morbidity in this population was 4.3%, which is comparable with a combined stroke and death rate of 4.0% among 956 patients without contralateral carotid occlusion undergoing endarterectomy during this period. This experience suggests that endarterectomy can be performed safely in the patient with internal carotid occlusion and is an important mechanism for the prevention of stroke.
Nanostructured sol-gel electrodes for biofuel cells

The fabrication of nanostructured electrodes for enzymatic glucose-oxygen biofuel cells is reported. The electrodes are based on enzyme encapsulation in sol-gel silica matrices and incorporate carbon nanotubes within the matrix to provide enhanced electronic conduction. The silica matrix is designed to be sufficiently porous that both glucose and oxygen have access to the enzymes and yet provides a protective cage for immobilizing the biomolecules without affecting biological function. Voltammetry experiments indicate that the effect of the silica matrix on mediator diffusion is minimal, although for one mediator, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, chemical modification of the solvent phase with polyethylene glycol is necessary. The polyethylene glycol addition also results in a more uniform dispersion of the carbon nanotubes. The enzymes maintain their biocatalytic activity in the sol-gel matrix. A glucose-oxygen biofuel cell based on the nanostructured silica sol-gel/carbon nanotube composite electrodes generates ∼120 μW/cm 2 at 0.24 V when operated at room temperature.
Experimental abiotic synthesis of methanol in seafloor hydrothermal systems during diking events

Abstract The abiotic synthesis of organic compounds in seafloor hydrothermal systems is one mechanism through which the subsurface environment could be supplied with reduced carbon. A flow-through, fixed-bed laboratory reactor vessel, the Catalytic Reactor Vessel (CRV) system, has been developed to investigate mineral–surface promoted organic synthesis at temperatures up to 400°C and pressures up to 30 MPa, conditions relevant to seafloor hydrothermal systems. Here we present evidence that metastable methanol can be directly synthesized from a gas-rich CO2–H2–H2O mixture in the presence of a mineral substrate. Experiments have been performed without a substrate, with quartz, and with a mixture of quartz and magnetite. Temperatures and pressures in the experiments ranged from 200°C to 350°C and from 15 to 18 MPa, respectively. Maximum conversion of 5.8×10−4% CO2 to CH3OH per hour was measured using a mixture of magnetite and quartz in the reactor. After passivation of the stainless steel reactor vessel, experiments demonstrate that methanol is formed at temperatures up to 350°C in the presence of magnetite, and that the formation rate decreases over time. The experiments also show a loss of surface reactivity at 310°C and a regeneration of surface reactivity with increased temperature up to 350°C. Concentrations of CO2 and H2 used in the experiments simulate periodic, localized and dynamic conditions occurring within the seafloor during and immediately following magmatic diking events. High concentrations of CO2 and H2 may be generated by dike injection accompanied by exsolution of CO2 and reaction of dissolved H2O with FeO in the magma to form H2. The experiments described here examine how the ephemeral formation of an H2–CO2-rich vapor phase within seafloor hydrothermal systems may supply reactants for abiotic organic synthesis reactions. These experiments show that the presence of specific minerals can promote the abiotic synthesis of simple organic molecules from common inorganic reactants such H2O, CO2 and H2 under geologically realistic conditions.
Enzymatic measurement of the radioprotective activity of chemical agents.

Abstract Modification of radiation-induced changes in the adenosinetriphosphatase activity of the spleens and cholinesterase activity of the small intestine of rats was employed as a means of quantitating the protection by chemical agents against radiation damage to these tissues. The magnitude of protection was expressed as per cent reduction of the biologically effective radiation dose and was calculated from radiation dose-response curves. Hydroxylamine (75 mg/kg), cysteine (1000 mg/kg), and glutathione (900 mg/kg) caused substantial reductions in the biologically effective dose of radiation in the spleen and intestine when given prior to X-ray. Survival studies indicated that these compounds all provide a similar amount of protection. Combinations of hydroxylamine with cysteine, glutathione, or AET were mcre effective in preventing radiation-induced mortality than any of the compounds given alone. The results of this study demonstrated the usefulness of enzyme assays for evaluating the efficacy of chemical agents in protecting tissues from radiation damage. The findings also suggest the possible value of a similar procedure in searching for antidotes for toxic chemical agents.
Isolation and characterization of a novel cDNA which identifies both neural-specific and ubiquitously expressed GSα mRNAs

Heterotrimeric G proteins consisting of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits couple sensory, hormone, and neurotransmitter receptors to intracellular and transmembrane effectors. Several splicing variants of the GS (the G protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase) alpha subunit (GS alpha) have been described. Some of these couple receptors to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and Ca2+ channels, whereas others encode truncated proteins whose functions are not currently defined. We describe a 1321N1 human astrocytoma cDNA clone for a novel GS alpha isoform isolated from astrocytoma cells (G(astro)) that is identical to GS alpha-1 with the exception of a novel 5' sequence extending into the previously described exon 1 of GS alpha, a single base change, and an alternative polyadenylation site. Analysis by northern blotting and reverse transcription/PCR confirms the presence of an mRNA corresponding to this cDNA in astrocytoma cells. Additional northern analysis indicates that G(astro) recognizes two novel GS alpha mRNAs in the rat: a 2.0-kb mRNA expressed only in neural and neuroendocrine tissues and a 1.8-kb mRNA that is ubiquitously expressed. Functional analysis of G(astro) is complicated by the apparent insertion of alphoid satellite DNA into the transcription unit. The resulting cDNA encodes a truncated protein that may be translated from the methionine in exon 2 as previously described.
Validation of XML data against an EXPRESS schema using XSLT translation to part 21 format

This paper describes an approach for validating XML data that are governed by an ISO 10303-11 EXPRESS schema. The approach relies on transformation from XML to a temporary file in ISO 10303-21 format. The approach does not require tailoring the transformation script to a particular EXPRESS schema, so long as one follows a regular pattern when mapping the EXPRESS schema to XML. The original motivation for this work was the EXPRESS schemata defined in the IEEE AI-ESTATE standard, but the approach should work for other schemata as well.
Phenothiazines combined with systematic desensitization in a psychotic patient with obsessions about homosexuality

Abstract Reports of the effectiveness of behavioral interventions with psychotics are contradictory. However, behavioral techniques in conjunction with phenothiazines have yielded encouraging results. A case study is presented in which obsessions about homosexuality were treated by phenothiazines combined with systematic desensitization. The obsessions as well as the anxiety associated with them diminished and social relationships improved significantly.
Student-Teacher Contracting with Goal Setting for Maintenance

This study evaluated the use of student goal setting as a strategy for maintaining the effects of student-teacher contracting on the academic productivity of eight economically disadvantaged high school dropouts between the ages of 16 and 21. The study was conducted during the students' basic education skills training class, where students worked in self-paced textbooks in preparation for the GED test. During baseline, students were paid for each hour they attended school. During contracting, students negotiated weekly work requirements with their teacher and were paid contingent on contract fulfillment. Employing a single-subject reversal design, the results showed that student-teacher contracting was effective in increasing student productivity substantially. Subsequently, a multiple-baseline design across students was employed to evaluate the necessity for, and effectiveness of, student goal setting as a strategy for maintaining productivity. During goal setting, students wrote their own work contracts...
Cancers of the urinary tract among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2004.

BACKGROUND. Assessment of the kidney parenchyma (“kidney”) and urinary bladder (“bladder”) cancer burden among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) has been limited. Using a database with improved classification for AI/AN, the authors described patterns of these 2 cancers among AI/AN and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) in the United States. METHODS. Cases diagnosed during 1999 to 2004 were identified through National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program and linked to the Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records. Age-adjusted incidence rates, rate ratios (RR), annual percent change, and stage at diagnosis were stratified by IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties to adjust for misclassification. RESULTS. Kidney cancer incidence among AI/AN in CHSDA counties exceeded that among NHW (RR, 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-1.61), and was highest among AI/AN in the Northern Plains, Southern Plains, Alaska, and Southwest. Average annual increases were highest among AI/AN (5.9%) and NHW (5.9%) males aged 20 to 49 years, although statistically significant only among NHW. Conversely, bladder cancer incidence was significantly lower among AI/AN than NHW (RR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.37-0.44). For both sites, AI/AN were significantly less likely to be diagnosed at an earlier stage than NHW. CONCLUSIONS. AI/AN have about 50% greater risk of kidney cancer and half the risk of bladder cancer than NHW. Although reasons for these enigmatic patterns are not known, sustained primary prevention efforts through tobacco cessation and obesity prevention are warranted. Cancer 2008;113(5 suppl):1213–24. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society.
Adenocarcinomas in the cervicovaginal papanicolaou smear: Analysis of a 12-year experience

We attempted to reassess the significance of cervicovaginal Papanicolaou smear(s) in identifying adenocarcinoma (AC) by comparing Papanicolaou smears with histopathology in a pool of 188 patients. The first part of study dealt with 95 patients, seen over a 12-yr period (1975–1986), who had tissue diagnosis of cervical or endometrial AC, all with prior Papanicolaou smears available. Of the 95 patients, Papanicolaou smears were positive and/or inconclusive for uterine AC in 37 (38.9%) and falsely negative in 58 (61.1%) patients. Of the latter, six were either positive and/or inconclusive for squamous carcinoma and moderate to severe dysplasia; thus, the effective detection rate (sensitivity) for malignancy and related condition of Papanicolaou smears was 45.3% (43 of 95). The second part of the study concerned the analysis of 130 patients with 148 Papanicolaou smear in whom cytologic diagnosis positive and/or inconclusive for AC was made during the same study period, Tissue diagnoses were available in 107 of these as follows: AC and glandular hyperplasia in 66 patients (61.7% predictive value), with 11 (10.3%) from extrauterine sources; squamous carcinoma in 12 and moderate to severe dysplasia in 5, totalling 17 patients (15.9%); miscellaneous conditions (polyps, radiation change, and glandular atrophy) in 11 patients (10.3%); and no pathologic change in 13 patients (12.1%). The effective predictive value of positive and/or inconclusive Papanicolaou smears for all malignancy and related states is 77.6%.
Connectables: dynamic coupling of displays for the flexible creation of shared workspaces

We present the ConnecTable, a new mobile, networked and context-aware information appliance that provides affordances for pen-based individual and cooperative work as well as for the seamless transition between the two. In order to dynamically enlarge an interaction area for the purpose of shared use, a flexible coupling of displays has been realized that overcomes the restrictions of display sizes and borders. Two ConnecTable displays dynamically form a homogeneous display area when moved close to each other. The appropriate triggering signal comes from built-in sensors allowing users to temporally combine their individual displays to a larger shared one by a simple physical movement in space. Connected ConnecTables allow their users to work in parallel on an ad-hoc created shared workspace as well as exchanging information by simply shuffling objects from one display to the other. We discuss the user interface and related issues as well as the software architecture. We also present the physical realization of the ConnecTables.
Tables of Chebyshev impedance&#8211;transforming networks of low-pass filter form

Tables of element values are presented for lumped-element Chebyshev impedance-transforming networks, as are tables giving the Chebyshev passband ripple of each design. These circuits consist of a ladder network formed using series inductances and shunt capacitances; they give a Chebyshev impedance match between resistor terminations of arbitrary ratio (designs with resistor termination ratios from 1.5 to 50 are tabulated). The responses of these networks have moderately high attenuation at dc (the amount of attenuation depends on the termination ratio); their attenuation then falls to a very low level in the Chebyshev operating band, and then rises steeply above the operating band in a manner typical of low-pass filters. Designs having operating-band fractional bandwidths ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 are given. These impedance-transforming networks can be realized in lumped-element form for low-frequency applications, and in semilumped-element form (such as corrugated waveguide) at microwave frequencies.
Experimental infection of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with Eurasian bat lyssaviruses Aravan, Khujand, and Irkut virus.

Here we describe the results of experimental infections of captive big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with three newly isolated bat lyssaviruses from Eurasia (Aravan, Khujand, and Irkut viruses). Infection of E. fuscus was moderate (total, 55–75%). There was no evidence of transmission to in-contact cage mates. Incubation periods for Irkut virus infection were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) than for either Aravan or Khujand virus infections. In turn, quantification of viral RNA by TaqMan PCR suggests that the dynamics of Irkut virus infection may differ from those of Aravan/Khujand virus infection. Although infectious virus and viral RNA were detected in the brain of every rabid animal, dissemination to non-neuronal tissues was limited. Levels of viral RNA in brain of Aravan/Khujand virus-infected bats was significantly correlated with the number of other tissues positive by TaqMan PCR (p < 0.05), whereas no such relationship was observed for Irkut virus infection (where viral RNA was consistently detected in all tissues other than kidney). Infectious virus was isolated sporadically from salivary glands, and both infectious virus and viral RNA were obtained from oral swabs. The detection of viral RNA in oral swabs suggests that viral shedding in saliva occurred <5 days before the onset of clinical disease.
Structure and Surface Properties of Nanodiamonds: A First-Principles Multiscale Approach

The goal of this work is to gain fundamental understanding of the surface structure of functionalized detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) using quantum mechanics (QM) based multiscale modeling and simulation. The study entails a multiscale approach to bridge the length scale between the real sizes of ND being fabricated (∼4 nm) and the size allowed by employing first-principles based modeling (< 1 nm). At first, the structure of NDs of technologically relevant size (∼4 nm) was optimized using classical mechanics based molecular mechanics simulations. QM based density functional theory (DFT) was then employed to simulate the structure and analyze the properties of relevant parts of the optimized cluster. This work is extended to NDs functionalized with carboxylic acid (-COOH) and carbonyl oxygen (=O), which help to guide further experiments on functionalization of NDs and their use as carriers of drug molecules to the desired site.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Conformational studies on aldonolactones by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Conformations of d-glucono-1,5-lactone and d-mannono-1,5-lactone in solution

Abstract The conformations of d -glucono-1,5-lactone (1) and d -mannono-1,5-lactone (2) in solution were investigated by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Conformational equilibria for 1 and 2 were found to lie strongly in favor of the 4H3( d ),gg and B2,5( d ),gg conformations, respectively.
DETAILED SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS UTILIZING NIMBUS HRIR DATA

Abstract A technique that reduces the effect of noise in the Nimbus High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) data and that yields sea-surface temperatures free of cloud interference has been developed. It allows a spatial resolution of about 20 n.mi. and the resulting HRIR temperature pattern compares well with ground truth data. A l.0°C discrepancy was found between the modified HRIR data and the ground truth wherein the HRIR temperatures were lower than the ground truth values. HRIR data were corrected for attenuation by water vapor and carbon dioxide absorption.
The politics of romance in Jean Maillart's Roman du Comte d'Anjou

L'A. propose de relire le roman du Comte d'Anjou en le mettant en rapport avec la situation politique connue par Jean Maillart, secretaire de Philippe le Bel, au moment de la redaction de son texte. Les personnages et les situations qu'il met en scene prennent par la-meme une toute autre dimension, et le message politique sous-jacent apparait ainsi clairement
Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change

The effects of fear appeals on persuasion were investigated in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and self-efficacy theory. As predicted, the probability of a threat's occurrence and the effectiveness of a coping response both had positive main effects on intentions to adopt a recommended preventive health behavior. More importantly, the findings provided support for self-efficacy expectancy as a fourth component of protection motivation theory: Self-efficacy had a direct influence on intentions and interacted with two other variables of protection motivation theory. The interaction effect was interpreted in terms of two new decision-making strategies that people use when confronted with a fear appeal: a precaution strategy and a hyperdefensiveness strategy. In addition, the results replicated previous findings on the relationship between self-efficacy expectancy and outcome expectancy. A model incorporating protection motivation theory and self-efficacy theory is presented as a possible general model of attitude change.
Sustainable community development: Westwood solar furnace project

This paper presents a humanitarian engineering project in Denver, Colorado's Westwood community. Under the guidance of Dr. Bernard Amadei, a team of graduate students from the University of Colorado created a simple and helpful technology solution for the community that could alleviate an identified problem common for households in Westwood. This paper presents the project through all the steps: community appraisal, analysis, problem identification, strategy planning, implementation and a plan for monitoring and evaluation. The team identified the financial burden of high energy bills on the residents of the community as a pervasive problem that could be alleviated with a simple design, the solar furnace, a box built using recycled aluminum cans, plywood and acrylic plastic that heats the house through the conversion of solar energy into warm air. To demonstrate the technology, the students constructed and tested a solar furnace unit, implemented a pilot test at Re:Vision's (a local NGO working in Westwood) office, held a focus group with community leaders (“promotoras”) for discussion about the pilot unit, calculated energy and cost savings for the design, and developed a plan to continue the project from pilot stage to community implementaion. The paper addresses the capacity and risk analysis for this design, the design itself, the implementation plan, the monitoring and evaluation plan which are the natural next steps in the project.
On invariant subspaces of Volterra-type operators

The lattice of all the closed, invariant subspaces of the Volterra integration operator onL 2[0, 1] is equal to {B(a):a∈[0, 1]}, whereB(a)={f∈L 2[0, 1]:f=0 a.e. on [0,a]}. In order to extend this result to Banach function spaces we study the Volterra-type operatorV that was introduced in [7] for the case ofL p -spaces. Our main result characterizesL′-closed subspaces of a Banach function spaceL that are invariant underV, whereL′ denotes the associate space ofL. In particular, if the norm ofL is order continuous and ifV is injective, then all the closed, invariant subspaces ofV are determined.
Structure of alkaline phosphatases

The crystal structure of alkaline phosphatase (AP) from Escherichia coli, which is a prototype for mammalian APs, has been refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 0.184 at 2.0 A resolution. During the course of the refinement residues 380 to 410 were retraced and 190 to 200 were shifted by one residue, and substantial changes in the active site of the enzyme were made. Based on the refined structure and the sequences of mammalian enzymes (25-30% strict homology) we have modelled the core of the three dimensional structures of the mammalian alkaline phosphatases. Considerable circumstantial evidence suggests that this is valid despite the fact that the mammalian enzymes are larger, contain carbohydrate and are membrane associated through a phosphatidylinositol moiety. The active site of the molecule is highly conserved but specific changes in the secondary ligands to bound phosphate and the Mg metal are observed.
An Experimental Study on the Relationship Between Heat Transfer Rate During Fabrication and 3D Pore Architecture of Alginate Scaffolds

The fabrication of 3-dimensional tissue scaffolds is an essential prerequisite to engineered tissues. A polymer processing technique has been developed in this study to cast the 3D pore architecture of alginate tissue scaffolds. The alginate/calcium gluconate hydrogel was quenched in a mold and freeze dried to form a spongelike architecture whose tiny pores retain the shape of the ice crystals during quenching. Knowing that the water in the alginate hydrogel would form ice crystals if frozen and that different drying might dramatically influence the sublimation of the ice crystals, and therefore the pore architecture, we examined the speed and direction of the heat transfer out of the hydrogel as it freeze dries with regard to pore size and orientation. The pore architecture at the different locations of the fabricated scaffolds was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. It has been found that the pore size, orientation, and uniformity are significantly affected by the condition of heat transfer during freeze drying. Tailoring the pore architecture of the scaffolds is feasible by controlling the heat transfer rate. This study provides an insight on pore architecture formation and control by altered process parameters to improve the mechanical integrity.© 2007 ASME
Symbolic linearization of equations of motion of constrained multibody systems

Many common dynamic mechanical systems are subject to configuration or velocity constraints. Analysis of such systems often requires linearized forms of the motion equations. To address this issue, we developed a procedure for organizing the constraint and motion equations and their subsequent linearization. This procedure was developed for equations of motion generated by Kane’s method, where dependent states have not been algebraically eliminated; it is compatible with any method as long as only ordinary differential equations are required to describe the system (i.e., no differential algebraic equations). Following a brief review of Kane’s method and the structure of the equations it generates, we present the procedure to symbolically linearize the nonlinear motion equations of constrained multibody systems, and illustrate it with an example of the rolling disk.
Regulation of rat ileal water absorption by central α2 adrenergic receptors

This study examined the role of central adrenergic receptors in the regulation of water absorption by the rat ileum. Clonidine, an α2 -adrenergic receptor agonist, increased water absorptionin vivo following intracerebroventricular but not intravenous injection. Intracerebroventricular injection of prazosin, an α1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist, did not alter basal water absorption. Prazosin did not prevent the clonidine effect. In contrast, the α2 -adrenergic receptor antagonist, yohimbine, reduced basal absorption and prevented the intracerebroventricular clonidine effect. Treatment with reserpine reduced ileal norepinephrine content by 98%, reduced basal water absorption consistent with a loss of sympathetic outflow to the mucosa, but did not prevent the increase in water absorption due to intracerebroventricular clonidine. These results suggest that central α2 receptors regulate water absorption by the rat ileum. The clonidine-induced increase in water absorption is not mediated by the sympathetic nerves innervating the intestine.
Divalent osmium complexes: synthesis, characterization, strong red phosphorescence, and electrophosphorescence.

We report new divalent osmium complexes that feature strong red metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) phosphorescence and electrophosphorescence. The general formula of the complexes is Os(II)(N−N)2L−L, where N−N is either a bipyridine or a phenanthroline and L−L is either a phosphine or an arsine. New polypyridyl ligands synthesized are 4,4‘-di(biphenyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine (15) and 4,4‘-di(diphenyl ether)-2,2‘-bipyridine (16), and the 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives synthesized are 4,7-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (17), 4,7-bis(p-bromophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (18), 4,7-bis(4‘-phenoxybiphen-4-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (19), and 4,7-bis(4-naphth-2-ylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (20). 4,4‘-Diphenyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (21) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (22) were also used in these studies. Strong π-acid ligands used were 1,2-bis(diphenylarseno)ethane (23), cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (24), and cis-1,2-vinylenebis(diphenylarsine) (25). Ligand 25 is used for the first time in these typ...
High Resolution Neutron Spectrum Measurements in the Sandia Pulsed Reactor-II Facility

High resolution neutron spectrum measurements were made in the SPR-II glory hole, at 2.5, 15, 76 and 214 cm outside the core and in the beam port facility with proton-recoil gas proportional counters. The energy ranges were a few keV to 2.7 MeV depending upon the location and the resolution was 12% (?E/E, FWHM) over most of the energy range. The data showed that the exterior spectra were somewhat softer than that in the glory hole due to the influence of room return neutrons. Comparisons were made with fission couple measurements and Monte Carlo calculations at the glory hole and 2.5 cm positions. A composite spectrum from 12 keV to 8 MeV was formed from the proton-recoil and fission couple results. Silicon displacement damage was calculated for the various reactor positions using the different spectra.
Enduring Cognitive Effects of Public and Private Schools

Recent research by Coleman and his associates on the effectiveness of public and private schools has evoked a heated debate on the role of private schooling in U.S. education. All of the existing studies, however, have examined the short-term effects of school type–at most over a 2-year period. This study extends the debate on the effects of private schools to a longer term perspective. It appears from the present analysis that the enduring influence of school type on vocabulary achievement is nearly nonexistent, whereas the enduring influence on mathematics favors public school students. These results conflict with those of previous studies, and may be due to the longer term perspective of the research reported here. Examination of the enduring effects of private education should therefore be given a high priority in subsequent follow-ups of the High School and Beyond (HSB) study. Until that happens, it seems clear that any policy decisions based on HSB analyses to date are premature.
High temperature oxidation of iron at 1200 °C in a hot-stage environmental scanning electron microscope

The growth of a wustite scale on pure iron oxidized at 1200 °C and\(P_{O_2 } \cong 10^{ - 4} \) atm was studied in a hot stage environmental scanning electron microscope. Macroscopic ledges for the growth of wustite were seen to evolve from pits at the oxide/gas interface. These pits are anchored by screw dislocations emerging at the surface, and the sides of pits represent oxide planes of low surface energy. The intermittent activity/inactivity of pits may result from the climb of an edge dislocation jog segment to the surface. The passage of an oxide grain boundary through a pit was observed during wustite grain growth. The particular appearance of growth pits, or else of faceted ledges, on different grains is decided by the relative orientations of the nominal surface plane with the lattice planes of low surface energy.