cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid-state Structures and Solution Behavior of Alkali Salts of the $$[\hbox{Nb}_{6}\hbox{O}_{19}]^{8-}$$ Lindqvist Ion

The hexaniobate Lindqvist ion \([\hbox{Nb}_{6}\hbox{O}_{19}]^{8-}\) has long been known as the dominant specie in alkaline niobium oxide solutions. Recent advances in heteropolyniobate chemistry continue to be greatly aided by use of \([\hbox{Nb}_{6}\hbox{O}_{19}]^{8-}\) alkali salts as soluble precursors; in particular, potassium, sodium and lithium hexaniobate salts. We report here the solid-state characterization and solution behavior of Li, K, Rb and Cs Lindqvist \([\hbox{Nb}_{6}\hbox{O}_{19}]^{8-}\) salts. Synthesis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data is reported for nine new hexaniobate salts. These structures differ in the number of charge-balancing alkali cations, protonation of the clusters, relative arrangement of the clusters and alkali metal cations, amount of lattice water and its mode of interaction with other lattice species. Trends of alkali-cluster bonding are observed as a function of alkali radius. Protonation of the clusters in the solid-state is influenced by the method of crystallization of the \([\hbox{Nb}_{6}\hbox{O}_{19}]^{8-}\) salt. Lability of the cluster oxygens is observed by solution 17O NMR experiments. Rates of isotopic enrichment of the bridging oxygen, terminal oxygen and bridging hydroxyl cluster sites are compared for aqueous solutions of Li, K, Rb and Cs hexaniobate salts. Parameters influencing the oxo-ligand exchange rates of the salts are discussed relative to their use as heteropolyniobate precursors.
Expression of Calretinin and the alpha-Subunit of Inhibin in Granular Cell Tumors

Granular cell tumors (GCTs) typically express S-100 protein, which has been used as a marker in differential diagnosis. Calretinin, a calcium-binding protein related structurally to S-100, and inhibin, a polypeptide hormone secreted primarily by ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells and functioning as an inhibitor for pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone secretion, are potentially useful but not well-evaluated markers for GCTs. We studied 43 cases of GCT with antibodies to calretinin, the inhibin alpha-subunit, and S-100 protein. All tumors were positive for inhibin alpha-subunit and S-100 protein, with 50% or more cells showing moderate to strong staining. Forty tumors (93%) were positive for calretinin, ranging from focal weak to diffuse strong staining. Enhanced staining for calretinin in the tumor cells adjacent to hyperplastic squamous epithelium was observed in 9 of 13 cases showing pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Calretinin and the inhibin alpha-subunit are useful markers for GCTs. The expression of calretinin, a primarily neuronal protein, in GCTs further supports its neural differentiation or derivation. The elevated calretinin expression in the tumor cells adjacent to the hyperplastic squamous epithelium suggests a role for calretinin in the tumor cells-squamous epithelium interaction.
Effect of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on the formation of mitochondrial-specific thymidine kinase isozymes in HeLa(BU25) cells.

Abstract HeLa(BU25) cells, though deficient in cytosol thymidine kinase-F activity, contain 2 mitochondrial thymidine kinase molecular forms, designated thymidine kinase A and thymidine kinase B. The formation of thymidine kinase A activity is cycloheximide-sensitive and chloramphenicol-resistant, while the reverse applies to the formation of thymidine kinase B. Formation of cytosol thymidine kinase F in wild-type and chloramphenicol-resistant HeLa S3 cells is also cycloheximide-sensitive and chloramphenicol-resistant.
The speed limit of quantum unitary evolution

How fast can a quantum system evolve? In this paper we study the relation between entanglement and the time it takes for a composite system to perform a given evolution. In particular, we analyse how the order of the interactions shapes the dynamics.
The Origin of Base Catalysis in the •OH Oxidation of Phenols in Water

Time-resolved Raman and transient absorption studies on hydroxyl (•OH) radical reactions with aqueous 4-carboxyphenol (-O2C−PhOH), the substrate in p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, have led to the first direct observation of the basic form of a dihydroxycyclohexadienyl (•OH-adduct of phenolate anion) radical and hydration-induced intramolecular electron transfer in this species. The base-catalyzed phenoxyl radical formation in this model system has been quantitatively described in terms of pKa of the phenolic proton (9.05) of the •OH-adduct and the rate of OH- elimination (2.9 × 106 s-1) from its basic form. A small fraction, 12(+2)%, of the phenoxyl radical is formed via water elimination from the •OH-adduct at the ipso position of the hydroxyl group (rate > 107s-1). About 3% •OH addition is seen at the carboxylic ipso position in basic solutions, which produces the p-benzosemiquinone radical anion (rate ∼ 106s-1). This work provides spectroscopic and kinetic evidence of the early chemical steps in the phe...
Determination of hydroxyl content of calcified tissue mineral.

A method is described for estimation of the total hydroxyl content of the mineral of calcified tissues. Anorganic bovine bone and dental enamel were dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent (methanolic hydrogen chloride) and the water formed from hydroxyl and carbonate ions by acid dissolution of the mineral was determined by the Karl Fischer titration. Water formed by reaction of carbonate was calculated and subtracted from the total amount of water to give the quantity of water derived from hydroxyl ion. The samples were analyzed for inorganic constituents. Using simultaneous equations, based upon the electrochemical equivalence of ions on the surface and lattice of hydroxyapatite, the data of chemical composition were used to calculate the amounts of hydroxyl in each substance. The content of hydroxyl ion of anorganic bone based on this theoretical treatment, assuming 2 hydroxyls per molecule, was 1.40 m moles per gram, and by direct analysis was 1.01±0.026 (S.E.) m moles per gram. With a pooled dental enamel sample, theoretical and determined values for hydroxyl contents were 1.64 and 1.62 m moles per gram, respectively.
Improving Clough-Tocher interpolants

Abstract We present a different approach to the scattered data interpolation problem, which is based on the classical Clough-Tocher element in Bezier formulation. New schemes of using the available degrees of freedom intelligently, are proposed and implemented.
Incremental State Higher Education Expenditures

Panel regressions are used to analyze various measures of state higher education expenditures for 45 states over a time period from 1986 through 2005. Results of panel stationarity tests indicate that each expenditures series contains a unit root. This finding is consistent with the incremental theory of public expenditures and implies that time series of these variables should be differenced if used as dependent variables in regression models. Regression results indicate that changes in state higher education expenditures are significantly procyclical. State higher education spending appears to fully adjust to population growth and over-adjust to CPI inflation. Larger state governments are associated with significantly larger annual adjustments to per capita real state higher education expenditures. No significant evidence is found that state Medicaid or elementary education expenditures crowd out higher education spending.
Quarternary structure of Pista pacifica vascular hemoglobin

Abstract 1. 1. The chemical and physical properties of the vascular hemoglobin of the terebellid polychaete Pista pacifica have been studied. 2. 2. The pigment has a sedimentation coefficint ( s 20, w 0 ) of 58 and a molecular weight of 3·4 × 10 6 at neutral pH in 0.01 M MgCl2. 3. 3. The hemoglobin dissociates at neutral pH in the presence of 0·01 M EDTA into submultiples of molecular weight ca. 280,000; further dissociation into 120,000 and 60,000 molecular weight components is observed at alkaline pH. The smallest subunit determined by SDS gel electrophoresis has a molecular weight of 15,500±500 . 4. 4. Co-operative oxygen binding similar to that found in the intact polymer exists at the 280,000 molecular weight submultiple level. 5. 5. The structure and amino acid composition of the vascular hemoglobin of Pista pacifica are compared with hemoglobins of other annelids and with the coelomic cell hemoglobins of Pista.
Small-Scale System for the Mass Production of Rotifers Using Algal Paste

Abstract Rotifers are a dominant zooplankton that are a preferred prey for some larval fish and are used by culturists during larval fish culture. The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is a brackish-water species suited for mass culture because it is prolific and can tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions. Although the culture of this rotifer has been well documented, little information is available regarding the use of concentrated algal paste for the production of B. plicatilis. Thus, we investigated algal paste for rotifer production. Rotifers were cultured in four translucent, low-density polyethylene tanks with a culture volume of 45 L of artificial seawater. The feed solution was a mixture of commercially available Nannochloropsis algal paste and artificial seawater. During a 21-d culture period, the rotifer population in each of four tanks was maintained between 500 and 1,500 rotifers/mL. A volume of 15 L was harvested when the rotifer count was 1,500 rotifers/mL or more. The results indic...
Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE : Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis is a rare, dangerous, and historically difficult condition to diagnose and treat. Knowledge of the imaging findings and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment are emphasized. CLINICAL PRESENTATION : We present a case of cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis caused by sphenoid sinusitis. Previously undescribed magnetic resonance imaging findings of cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis include enlargement of the cavernous sinus, abnormal enhancement and increased T2 signal of the petrous apex and clivus, and marked narrowing of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery. Resolution of cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis is also documented by magnetic resonance imaging. INTERVENTION : The anatomy of the cavernous sinus dictates the natural history and diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis. We review the literature regarding the clinical diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis. CONCLUSION : We emphasize the importance of a high index of suspicion, the potentially rapid and fatal course of the disease process, and the subsequent need for antibiotic therapy and selective surgery.
My what big eyes you have: How the Drosophila retina grows

The compound eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has for decades been used extensively to study a number of critical developmental processes including tissue development, pattern formation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. To a lesser degree it has been used to examine the cell cycle and tissue proliferation. Discovering the mechanisms that balance tissue growth and cell death in developing epithelia has traditionally been the realm of those using the wing disc. However, over the last decade a series of observations has demonstrated that the eye is a suitable and maybe even preferable tissue for studying tissue growth. This review will focus on how growth of the retina is controlled by the genes and pathways that govern the specification of tissue fate, the division of the epithelium into dorsal-ventral compartments, the initiation, and progression of the morphogenetic furrow and the second mitotic wave.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the frequency spectrum of amorphous silica

The dynamic behavior of atoms in bulk amorphous silica SiO2 has been investigated by using the molecular dynamics computer simulation technique to generate the frequency spectrum. A modified Born–Mayer–Huggins equation was used as the interatomic potential function. Due to the covalency of the Si–O bond, the ability of using a central‐force model to reproduce the short time atomic motion in SiO2 was evaluated. The frequency spectrum was generated from the Fourier transform of the velocity autocorrelation function and was compared with the experimentally obtained spectrum presented in the literature. Results show that the frequency spectrum generated here has the three major peaks which are characteristic of silica— i.e., peaks at ∼400, ∼800, and ∼1100 cm−1. Changes in the Si–Si or O–O repulsive parameters in the potential function can be used to alter the frequency spectrum. The 800 cm−1 peak, due to oxygen bending and Si motion, and the 150 cm−1 correlated motion peak are the most affected by the alterat...
Scalability analysis of three monitoring and information systems: MDS2, R-GMA, and Hawkeye

Monitoring and information system (MIS) implementations provide data about available resources and services within a distributed system, or Grid. A comprehensive performance evaluation of an MIS can aid in detecting potential bottlenecks, advise in deployment, and help improve future system development. In this paper, we analyze and compare the performance of three implementations in a quantitative manner: the Globus Toolkit^(R) Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS2), the European DataGrid Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture (R-GMA), and the Condor project's Hawkeye. We use the NetLogger toolkit to instrument the main service components of each MIS and conduct four sets of experiments to benchmark their scalability with respect to the number of users, the number of resources, and the amount of data collected. Our study provides quantitative measurements comparable across all systems. We also find performance bottlenecks and identify how they relate to the design goals, underlying architectures, and implementation technologies of the corresponding MIS, and we present guidelines for deploying MISs in practice.
An efficient algorithm for tree pattern query minimization under broad integrity constraints

Purpose – Tree pattern is at the core of XML queries. The tree patterns in XML queries typically contain redundancies, especially when broad integrity constraints (ICs) are present and considered. Apparently, tree pattern minimization has great significance for efficient XML query processing. Although various minimization schemes/algorithms have been proposed, none of them can exploit broad ICs for thoroughly minimizing the tree patterns in XML queries. The purpose of this research is to develop an innovative minimization scheme and provide a novel implementation algorithm.Design/methodology/approach – Query augmentation/expansion was taken as a necessary first‐step by most prior approaches to acquire XML query pattern minimization under the presence of certain ICs. The adopted augmentation/expansion is also the course for the typical O(n4) time‐complexity of the proposed algorithms. This paper presents an innovative approach called allying to effectively circumvent the otherwise necessary augmentation st...
Parameterized free space redistribution for engineering change in placement of integrated circuits

In this paper we present a method for parameterized free space redistribution of a fragmented placement. The fragmentation problem arises in different contexts within the physical design automation, including post physical synthesis for filler cell insertion, incremental placement, timing optimization, and late mode ECO fix-ups. To address this problem, we apply a postplacement parameterized method of defragmentation. This method involves capturing a view of a given placement and modeling a dynamic programming problem to optimally maximize the amount of so-called useful free space as defined by a given set of parameters. The parameters act as constraints to preserve the row placement and order of the cells while minimizing the perturbation of the whole design for a successful timing and design closure. Experimental results demonstrate that by applying the proposed technique, on average, 9.7% increase in the number of inserted filler cells and 5.7% improvement in the success rate of incremental placement requests can be achieved with minimal or no impact on timing and wirelength. Moreover, when deployed in early mode buffering for timing optimization, this technique can result in 3% reduction in the number of paths with negative slacks.
Heart rate variability during caregiving and sleep after massage therapy in preterm infants.

Abstract Background Preterm birth impairs the infant's stress response due to interruption of autonomic nervous system (ANS) development. Preterm infants demonstrate a prolonged and aberrant sympathetic response to stressors. ANS development may be promoted by massage therapy (MT), which has been shown to improve stress response in preterm infants. Aims The aim of this study was to compare preterm infant ANS function and stress response during sleep and caregiving epochs, as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), after two weeks of twice-daily MT. Study design A subset of participants from a larger randomized, masked, controlled trial was used. Subjects Twenty-one infants (8 males and 13 females) from a larger study of 37 medically stable preterm infants were studied. The infants were receiving full volume enteral feedings with a mean post-menstrual age of 31.4 (MT) and 30.9 (control) weeks. Outcome measures Low to high frequency (LF:HF) ratio of HRV was the outcome of interest. Results There was a significant group × time × sex interaction effect (p Conclusions Control males had decreased HRV compared to MT males. There was no difference in HRV between MT and control females.
Types of adolescent exposure to violence as predictors of adult intimate partner violence

Despite evidence that exposure to violence in adolescence may be more predictive of problem behavior outcomes than exposure to violence in earlier childhood, there is limited research on the relationship of adolescent exposure to violence on adult intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization. This study examines the relationship of adolescent physical abuse victimization, witnessing parental violence, and adolescent exposure to violence in the community, to perpetration of and victimization by IPV in middle age. Respondents are drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal sample with data collected from 1976-77 to 2002-03, age 11-17 when first interviewed and 37-43 when last interviewed. Univariate descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations are presented, along with Heckman two-step models calculated separately for females and males. The use of the Heckman two-step model allows prediction not only of adult IPV, but also of selection out of intimate partner relationships (i.e., out of the at-risk population). For males, in the multivariate analysis, only physical abuse remains significant as a predictor. For females, adolescent exposure to violence is not predictive of adult IPV perpetration or victimization, but physical abuse is predictive of not being in the at-risk population (married or cohabiting). The combined index of adolescent exposure to violence is significant for both females and males in predicting selection into marriage or cohabitation, and at least marginally significant in predicting IPV. Language: en
The epidemiology of non-albicans Candida in oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV patients.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common fungal infection In patients with HIV infection. Fluconazole has been proven to be very effective In treating this Infection, but decreased susceptibility of Candida to this drug has emerged. Certain non-albicans species such as C. glabrata and C. krusei are commonly less susceptible to fluconazole than C. albicans and are being Isolated with Increased frequency in HIV patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if the presence of non-albicans Candida with OPC in HIV patients had an Impact on clinical presentation. This study shows that latestage HIV patients have a high prevalence of Candida with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole, especially non-albicans species. OPC episodes with non-albicans Isolates were more likely to require higher doses of fluconazole to achieve clinical cure. Also, the presence of non-albicans Candida was more frequently associated with severe symptoms.
Properties of mixed Na2O and K2O iron phosphate glasses

Abstract Glass formation and properties of iron phosphate glasses containing Na 2 O and K 2 O have been investigated to determine the suitability of these glasses for disposing of certain types of nuclear wastes that contain one or more alkali oxides. Two series of glasses of the general composition x K 2 O–(20− x )Na 2 O–20Fe 2 O 3 –60P 2 O 5 and x K 2 O–(20− x )Na 2 O–32Fe 2 O 3 –48P 2 O 5 , mol%, with x =0, 5, 10, 15 and 20, were chosen for this investigation. The properties that have been measured include density, molar volume, chemical durability, electrical resistivity, dielectric constant and IR spectra. No typical mixed alkali effect, namely, a minimum or maximum in the properties as a function of the ratio of two alkali ions, was observed for these glasses. The present results show that iron phosphate glasses can be suitable for vitrifying nuclear wastes that contain amounts of one or more alkali oxides ⩽20 mol%. An Fe/P ratio of the compositions at about 0.67 and the O/P ratio between 3.5 and 3.7 are desirable to obtain the maximum chemical durability of the wasteforms.
Investigations into the role of the thyrohyoid muscles in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses

Summary Reasons for performing study: Contributes to the understanding of the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate during exercise so that management of this condition could be enhanced. Hypothesis: That the thyrohyoid muscles play an important role in the stability of the laryngo-palatal relationship and that dysfunction of these muscles leads to dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) during exercise. Methods: Ten horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill under 4 different treatment conditions: control conditions (n = 10), after resection of thyrohyoid muscles (TH, n = 10), after sham-treatment (n = 5), or after restoration of function of the thyrohyoid muscles with surgical sutures (prosthesis-treatment, n = 6). During trials, the following determinations were made: videoendoscopy of the upper airway, gait frequency and pharyngeal and tracheal static pressures. Results: None of the 10 horses developed DDSP during 2 separate treadmill-exercise trials under the control conditions. Seven of the 10 horses developed DDSP after resection of the TH muscles, 4 of 5 of these horses still experienced DDSP aftersham-treatment, but 5 of 6 horses no longer experienced DDSP at exercise after the prosthesis-treatment. There were significant anomalies in airway pressures, respiratory frequency, and occurrence of DDSP in both the TH resection and sham-treatment conditions compared to control conditions. In contrast, no statistical differences were noted in any of the parameters measured between the prosthesis-treatment and control conditions. Conclusions: That the function of the TH muscles is important to the stability of the laryngo-palatal relationship and plays a role in the pathophysiology of exercise-induced DDSP. Potential relevance: Management of horses with DDSP could be enhanced by restoring the function of the TH muscles.
Lorraine Hansberry as Ironist: A Reappraisal of A Raisin in the Sun

Ever since the sixties the reputation and significance of several established Black American writers have become issues in the running ethnopolitical debates on Black American literature. James Baldwin, Ralph Ellison, and LeRoi Jones, for example, have been at the center of confrontations between "militants" and "moderates," Black "extremists" and white "liberals," integrationists and Black nationalists, and so on. And it is increasingly evident that Lorraine Hansberry has joined this list of controversial writers, especially on the basis of her first play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959). On the anti-integrationist side, Harold Cruse deplores Raisin as "the artistic, aesthetic and class-inspired culmination of the efforts of the Harlem leftwing literary and cultural in-group to achieve integration of the Negro in the arts." In other words, it is a "most cleverly written piece of glorified soap opera," a "second-rate" play about workingclass Blacks who "mouth middle class ideology." Moreover, the alleged shortcomings of Lorraine Hansberry's integrationist philosophy are linked, somehow, with her supposed
A High Performance Chemical Kinetics Algorithm for 3-D Atmospheric Models

Atmospheric chemistry transport (CT) models are vital in performing research on atmospheric chemical change. Even with the enormous computing capability delivered by massively parallel systems, many extended three-dimensional global CT simulations are not computationally feasible. The major obstacle in an atmospheric CT model is the nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) system describing the chemical kinetics in the model. These ODE systems are usually stiff and can account for a significant portion of the total CPU time required to run the model. In this report, we describe a simple explicit algorithm useful in treating chemical ODE systems. This algorithm is one of a growing number of preconditioned time-stepping procedures based on dynamic iteration. In this study, the algorithm is compared with an established, general-purpose implementation of the common backward differentiation formulas. It is shown to be a viable choice for the chemical kinetics in a full 3-D atmospheric CT model across architectural platforms and with no special implementation.
Cost‐benefit Analysis of a School Health Education Program: One Method

Health education professionals within the school setting must respond to the increasing challenge of satisfying the popular question of program accountability. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a method by which school health education programs can be evaluated in cost-benefit terms. The methodology presented utilizes a cost-effective model that has been altered so that monetary values can be assigned to health outcomes or benefits. The procedure is demonstrated to show that school health education programs can be shown to have a positive cost benefit ratio. The model can be used in any school health setting.
CRYSTAL PROPERTY OF THE LARVAL SEA URCHIN SPICULE

A pair of pluteus skeletal spicules arises from a pair of calcareous granules via the triradiate form. In polarized light, each spicule behaves as though carved out of a single crystal of magnesian calcite. The optic axis lies perpendicular to the plane of the triradiate and parallel to the body rod of the pluteus. However, in the scanning electron microscope, the spicule surface appeared smooth or somewhat spongy and manifested no crystal faces. Neither etching nor fracturing revealed underlying crystalline texture. Nevertheless, rhombohedral calcite crystals could be grown epitaxially onto isolated spicules immersed in a medium containing CaCl2 and NaHCO3. The optic axes of all crystals coincided with the optic axis of the spicule on which they were grown. Corresponding faces of the crystals were all aligned parallel to each other despite the complex shape of each spicule. Where the left and right spicules joined, two mutually tilted sets of crystals were observed but not crystals of intermediate orientation. Thus, the sea urchin larval spicule is built from a stack of molecularly contiguous microcrystals but its overall shape is generated by the mesenchyme cells independent of the magnesian calcite crystal habit.
Cross-regulation of Signaling Pathways by Interferon-γ: Implications for Immune Responses and Autoimmune Diseases

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is an important mediator of immunity and inflammation that utilizes the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to activate the STAT1 transcription factor. Many functions of IFN-γ have been ascribed to direct STAT1-mediated induction of immune effector genes, but recently it has become clear that key IFN-γ functions are mediated by cross-regulation of cellular responses to other cytokines and inflammatory factors. Here, we review mechanisms by which IFN-γ and STAT1 regulate signaling by Toll-like receptors, inflammatory factors, tissue-destructive cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cytokines that activate opposing STATs. These signaling mechanisms reveal insights about how IFN-γ regulates macrophage activation, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and helper and regulatory T cell differentiation and how Th1 and Th17 cell responses are integrated in autoimmune diseases.
Comparative soil development of Quaternary paleosols of the central United States

Abstract Buried soils in the central United States aid in deciphering stratigraphy and chronology by being stratigraphic markers. Such soils may provide a record of many Quaternary events, particularly that of climatic change. Interglacial soils like the Sangamon Soil may have formed for over 100 000 years, during which the climate shifted from cold to warm to cold again. Interstadial soils formed under cooler conditions and for less time. In this paper, we review our knowledge of Quaternary paleosols in the central United States with emphasis on Indiana and through comparison with the type localities. In Indiana, the Sangamon Soil is the most widespread buried soil of interglacial rank. Exposures of the Sangamon Soil reveal a range of characteristics that are related to soil-forming factors (Jenny, H., 1941. Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw-Hill, New York, 281 pp; Jenny, H., 1980. The Soil Resource: Origin and Behavior: Ecological Studies 37. Springer, New York); the most important of these factors include parent materials, soil drainage, and the duration of soil development. How long a buried soil formed may be determined by whether it is an interglacial or an interstadial soil. Thus, the Sangamon Soil can serve as a standard to which other soils, both interglacial and interstadial, can be compared. The most widespread interstadial soil in the central United States is the Middle Wisconsinan Farmdale/Sidney Soil. Exposures of this soil are less common than for the interglacial Sangamon Soil, although enough data are available to provide an additional basis for evaluation of other soils. Based upon a semi-quantitative ranking of soil-development by an assemblage of characteristics, we have numerically defined soil development for well-developed, moderately developed, and weakly developed categories. The most strongly developed buried soils in the central United States are the early Pleistocene soils and the Yarmouth Soil. Both the Yarmouth Soil and the Sangamon Soil may be more strongly developed in Indiana than in their respective type areas in Iowa and Illinois. Both the Yarmouth Soil and the Sangamon Soil are more strongly developed than the surface soil. The primary reason seems to be the greater time intervals over which the Yarmouth and Sangamon soils developed. As expected, interstadial soils are much more weakly developed than interglacial soils. Soil development is also a function of soil drainage. In general, better-drained profiles of the Sangamon Soil are the best-developed soils.
Effect of vacuum level on the embrittlement of timetal®21S

The objective of this research was to experimentally determine the influence of the vacuum level or P(O{sub 2}) on the embrittlement of Timetal{reg_sign}21S. Tests were conducted at 650 C and 760 C in a variable total pressure vacuum chamber and gettered, recirculated helium environment which is amenable to thermal mechanical fatigue testing. Qualitative measurements of oxygen diffusion depth were obtained through optical and scanning electron fractography, Knoop hardness profiles, and {beta}-Ti to {alpha}-Ti phase transformations.
An ultra efficient, internally regulated signal amplification mechanism for light detection in semiconductors

Avalanche photodiodes based on impact ionization can amplify optical signals, but the gain is associated with large excess noise and requires high bias near or above breakdown (for Geiger mode). Here we present a detector using the cycling excitation process (CEP) for signal amplification. This can be realized in a heavily compensated Si p-n junction, and shows ultra high gain at very low bias (<4 V), possess an intrinsic, phonon-mediated regulation process to keep the device stable without any quenching device required in today's Geiger-mode avalanche detectors.
Influence of fluorine chemistry on supercritical fluid-fluid phase separations☆

Abstract Currently available studies on supercritical fluid phase separations are limited to chemically nonreactive systems at low pressure. The present study is concerned with a possible influence of chemical reactions on a supercritical phase change above 1 GPa. We will first give a brief review of statistical mechanical theory, which is designed to handle chemically reactive systems, as used in this work. We next apply the theoretical formulation to chemically reactive systems containing species composed of C, H, N, O, F atoms. These systems produce mixtures such as CO, CO2, H2O, N2, HF, etc. Our earlier calculations [1] without F atoms predicted that these molecular systems separate into an N2-rich and an N2-poor fluid phases at high pressure and high temperature. This prediction has been experimentally confirmed in part for a N2+H2O mixture [2]. Addition of F atoms complicates the chemical equilibrium, as the chemical species can react with H or C atoms to produce HF and CF4. The chemical equilibrium calculations described below predict that fluorine occurs mostly as HF in the N2-poor phase up to a certain pressure, beyond which it appears mostly as a constituent in CF4 in the N2-rich phase. But the shift in fluorine chemistry is sensitive to intermolecular potentials involving HF and can be abrupt in thermodynamic sense, thereby enhancing the character of the N2-fluid phase change. Relevance of the present prediction to detonation properties of high explosives containing fluorine binders is discussed.
Maternal experience prevents pup-killing in mice induced by peripheral anosmia

Abstract The ability of experience to modify pup-killing by a peripheral anosmia was investigated in a 2 × 2 design in which experience and anosmia were manipulated. Anosmia induced by zinc sulfate flush of the nasal epithelium resulted in pup-killing in 13 of 15 primiparous litters, whereas only 2 of 15 multiparous mothers were pup-killers. These results suggest that primiparous mothers depend heavily on olfaction and that a dichotomy exists between the peripheral chemical induced anosmia (modifiable by experience) and the central, whole bulb aspiration induced anosmia, not modifiable by experience.
Regulation of mycothiol metabolism by sigma(R) and the thiol redox sensor anti-sigma factor RsrA.

Summary Mycothiol (MSH) is the major thiol in Actinobacteria and plays a role analogous to that of glutathione. The biosynthetic pathway has been established in mycobacteria and is initiated by the glycosyltransferase MshA. A key mycothiol-dependent detoxification pathway utilizes the amidase (Mca) to cleave mycothiol S-conjugates to produce GlcN-Ins and a mercapturic acid excreted from the cell. How expression of mycothiol genes is regulated in mycobacteria has been unclear so the report in this issue by Park and Roe showing that in Streptomyces coelicolor the redox controlled anti-sigma factor RsrA that binds the regulator σR controls key elements of mycothiol metabolism is a major advance. Conditions that deplete thiols are shown to induce directly expression of sigR, rsrA, mshA and mca, as well as the thioredoxin reductase–thioredoxin system, generating an autoregulatory cycle that persists until the thiol-depleting condition is alleviated. Evidence for indirect induction of mshB–D to support mycothiol biosynthesis is also presented. It was shown in vitro that mycothiol, like reduced thioredoxin and dithiothreitol, can reduce oxidized RsrA to activate its binding to σR. These studies establish for the first time how mycothiol metabolism is regulated to cope with stress from thiol reactive toxins.
Surgical Management of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (OPSCC) occurs with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 2.2/100,000 per year, and makes up one of the largest growing subsets of head and neck cancer. Traditional risk factors include alcohol and tobacco exposure, however, the demographics have changed significantly over the past 2–3 decades, with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection now considered one of the most important risk factors. As our understanding of HPV-related OPSCC has developed, there has been increasing evidence that this new tumor subtype has a better overall prognosis and response to therapies. This review focuses on OPSCC from a surgical perspective. We review the relevant anatomy, diagnosis and workup, and discuss several different surgical approaches for management of this disease, including transoral robotic surgery, lateral oropharyngectomy and tonsillectomy, base of tongue resection, and neck dissection. In addition, the common complications associated with these treatment options are discussed.
Rapid method for the preparation of samples and evaluation of oil quality in small samples of flaxseed

1. One-gram samples of flaxseed, such as are obtained from single plants in breeding work, may be prepared rapidly in quantity for iodine value estimation of oil quality by grinding in an intermediate Wiley mill and partially extracting immediately on a filter with petroleum ether.
A Domain Decomposition Solver for a Parallel Adaptive Meshing Paradigm

We describe a domain decomposition algorithm for use in the parallel adaptive meshing paradigm of Bank and Holst SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 22 (2000), pp. 1411--1443; SIAM Rev., 45 (2003), pp. 291--323]. Our algorithm has low communication, makes extensive use of existing sequential solvers, and exploits in several important ways data generated as part of the adaptive meshing paradigm. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
The response of fission gas bubbles to the dynamic behavior of point defects

Abstract A model has been developed to investigate the response of fission gas bubbles to the dynamic behavior of uranium point defects in uranium oxide. Simple thermodynamics is used to calculate the thermal equilibrium concentrations of both anion and cation point defects in UO2±x and fully dynamic rate theory has been extended to estimate the dynamic concentrations of uranium vacancies and interstitials and the enhanced self-diffusion of uranium during constant temperature and thermal transient irradiations. During low temperature irradiations, fission production of uranium Frenkel pairs is dominant and the slow migration rate of the vacancies leads to long start-up transients (~106 s in stoichiometric UO2 at 1000 K) as the vacancies reach a quasisteady state with the microstructure. Thermal ramp behavior of the point defects and fission gas cavities depends primarily upon the initial concentration of point defects, and the temperature at which the thermal production of point defects becomes dominant. Our results indicate that non-equilibrium fission gas behavior is important for both constant temperature and thermal transient irradiations and that fission gas bubble behavior models must consider fuel stoichiometry. Below about 2200 K the dynamic behavior of the point defects should be incorporated as well.
Performance analysis of a multiple-input-single-output optical satellite communication system with correlated pointing errors

In this study, the performance of multiple-input-single-output optical communication schemes is analysed in the context of inter-satellite communication. The analysis covers two types of diversity schemes: selection combining (SC) and equal gain combining. Outage probabilities with correlated errors are derived. The main results are expressed in terms of the first-order Marcum Q -function. It is shown that the merit of combining is obvious when the correlation coefficient is less than 0.5 and equal gain combining (EGC) has an advantage over SC in power utilisation.
Towards the development of artificial endocrine tissues: 31P NMR spectroscopic studies of immunoisolated, insulin‐secreting AtT‐20 cells

Transformed, insulin-secreting endocrine cells have been proposed as an alternative to islets for the development of a bioartificiat pancreas. With appropriate immunoprotection, such cells may be implanted without the need for patient immunosuppression. Use of continuous cell lines alleviates the cell availability limitation, but poses questions regarding thestability and biochemical and secretory function of the preparation, especially in the longterm. We have developed a bioreactor/perfusion system, compatible with a horizontal-bore NMR instrument, that can maintain immunoprotected endocrine cells for prolonged periods of time. (31)P NMR spectroscopy was used to study the bioenergetics of recombinant, insulin-secreting mouse pituitary AtT-20 cells entrapped as spheroids in calcium alginate/poly-L-lysine/alginate beads. NMR provided data verifying the macroscopic homogeneity within the bioreactor and allowing the evaluation of changes in cellular bioenergetics for a period of 70 days under different culture conditions. Levels of high-energy phosphates changed slightly during the first 40 days of the experiment, then decreased considerably as cell death occurred. Rates of glucose consumption and insulin-related peptide secretion also remained constant for 40 days and decreased rapidly thereafter. This study constitutes the beginning of an extensive quantitative analysis of the biochemistry of transformed endocrine cell lines in a sequestered, artificial tissue environment. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
THE ADAPTIVE ECOLOGY OF THE SPECIES GROUPS OF THE GENUS LEPTODACTYLUS (AMPHIBIA, LEPTODACTYLIDAE).

Frogs of the Neotropical genus Leptodactylus provide a clear example of one way in which a group of amphibians evolved from an almost aquatic to a terrestrial life history. The genus is comprised of approximately 30 species, but the taxonomy and relationships of many of these species are confused. My initial interest in the genus was to attempt to determine if clusters of related species (species groups) could be recognized, and if so, to determine the relationships among the species groups. The following discussion uses as a background the synthesis of the species groups and their interrelationships (Heyer, 1969).
Gastric surgery is not a risk for Barrett's esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background & Aims: The contribution of duodeno-gastroesophageal reflux to the development of Barrett's esophagus has remained an interesting but controversial topic. The present study assessed the risk for Barrett's esophagus after partial gastrectomy. Methods: The data of outpatients from a medicine and gastroenterology clinic who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for any reason were analyzed in a case-control study. A case population of 650 patients with short- segment and 366 patients with long-segment Barrett's esophagus was compared in a multivariate logistic regression to a control population of 3047 subjects without Barrett's esophagus or other types of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Results: In the case population, 25 (4%) patients with short-segment and 15 (4%) patients with long-segment Barrett's esophagus presented with a history of gastric surgery compared with 162 (5%) patients in the control population, yielding an adjusted odds ratio of 0.89 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.54–1.46 for short-segment and an adjusted odds ratio of 0.71 (0.30–1.72) for long-segment Barrett's esophagus. Similar results were obtained in separate analyses of 64 patients with Billroth-1 gastrectomy, 105 patients with Billroth-2 gastrectomy, and 33 patients with vagotomy and pyloroplasty for both short- and long-segment Barrett's esophagus. Caucasian ethnicity, the presence of hiatus hernia, and alcohol consumption were all associated with elevated risks for Barrett's esophagus. Conclusions: Gastric surgery for benign peptic ulcer disease is not a risk factor for either short- or long-segment Barrett's esophagus. This lack of association between gastric surgery and Barrett's esophagus suggests that reflux of bile without acid is not sufficient to damage the esophageal mucosa. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;121:1281-1285
The 12 micron band of ethane - High-resolution laboratory analysis with candidate lines for infrared heterodyne searches

Attention is given to the results of a laboratory study of the v9 band of ethane at 12 microns, using both high resolution Fourier transform and diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The analysis to which about 2000 transitions in this band have been subjected includes the normal rotational terms as well as the higher order effects of l-doubling, l-resonance, internal rotation, and a Coriolis resonance with the 3v4 state. A model is presented for the v9 band which is able to reproduce the observed features to an accuracy of better than 0.001/cm, and a list has been compiled for v9 transitions, occurring near C-14O2 laser lines, that are good candidates for laser heterodyne searches.
A multidimensional model of self-esteem in depression

Abstract Although the concept of self-esteem plays a crucial role in current vulnerability models of depression, empirical studies have found that overall level of self-esteem is not a robust predictor of the onset of the disorder. To resolve this discrepancy we propose a multidimensional model of self-esteem in depression. Psychodynamic, cognitive, and social-environmental models each imply that the nature of vulnerable self-esteem is considerably more complex than simply level (i.e., high vs. low self-esteem) and that other dimensions might be more causally important. According to this multidimensional approach, vulnerability includes (a) structural deficits, such as few, rigid, or externally based sources of self-worth; (b) abnormally low self-esteem that is “primed” by either mildly depressed mood, stressful events, or schema-congruent experiences; and (c) temporal instability of self-worth. We review theoretical and empirical evidence relevant to this model.
Master Surgeons' Operative Teaching Philosophies: A Qualitative Analysis of Parallels to Learning Theory

Objectives Practicing within the Halstedian model of surgical education, academic surgeons serve dual roles as physicians to their patients and educators of their trainees. Despite this significant responsibility, few surgeons receive formal training in educational theory to inform their practice. The goal of this work was to gain an understanding of how master surgeons approach teaching uncommon and highly complex operations and to determine the educational constructs that frame their teaching philosophies and approaches. Design Individuals included in the study were queried using electronically distributed open-ended, structured surveys. Responses to the surveys were analyzed and grouped using grounded theory and were examined for parallels to concepts of learning theory. Setting Academic teaching hospital. Participants Twenty-two individuals identified as master surgeons. Results Twenty-one (95.5%) individuals responded to the survey. Two primary thematic clusters were identified: global approach to teaching (90.5% of respondents) and approach to intraoperative teaching (76.2%). Many of the emergent themes paralleled principles of transfer learning theory outlined in the psychology and education literature. Key elements included: conferring graduated responsibility (57.1%), encouraging development of a mental set (47.6%), fostering or expecting deliberate practice (42.9%), deconstructing complex tasks (38.1%), vertical transfer of information (33.3%), and identifying general principles to structure knowledge (9.5%). Conclusions Master surgeons employ many of the principles of learning theory when teaching uncommon and highly complex operations. The findings may hold significant implications for faculty development in surgical education.