cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of mutual coupling effect in circular arrays for direction-finding applications

The effect of mutual coupling on direction finding in circular arrays is simulated using rigorous electromagnetic computation and the MUSIC superresolution algorithm. The various scenarios studied include element spacing, noise level, antenna gain and delay, and platform effects. Our results show quantitatively the effect of mutual coupling on the direction-of-arrival estimates. The compensation of the coupling effect using the coupling matrix approach is also examined. This approach is found to be quite satisfactory in most cases, except when the array calibration data contain a high noise level or when strong platform effects are present. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 26: 331–336, 2000.
Cycloaddition of the Trimethylenemethane-Palladium Complex to Activated Six-Membered and Medium-Ring Enones

Abstract 2-Carbomethoxycyclohexenones and -0ctenones react with (Z-(acetoxymethyl)-3-allyl)trimethylsilane in the presence of Pd(O) to give methylenecyclopentane cycloadducts in yields ranging from 46–92%. The corresponding 2-methyl derivatives proved far less reactive (only 5% trapping).
Increased venous versus arterial thrombosis in the Factor V Leiden mouse.

Abstract Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs with high prevalence in association with the Factor V Leiden (R506Q) mutation, whereas most evidence suggests no correlation with clinical arterial thrombosis. Objective This study compared arterial to venous thrombosis in the mutationally analogous Factor V Leiden mouse. Methods Three separate vascular thrombosis models were evaluated in F v +/+ (wild-type), F v Q/+ (heterozygous) and F v Q/Q (homozygous) Factor V Leiden mice. Results In a FeCl 3 -induced arterial thrombosis model, no statistical differences among the three genotypes were found in the time to thrombotic occlusion. In contrast, F v Q/+ and F v Q/Q mice demonstrated larger femoral vein thrombi at 30 and 60 min compared to wild-types, with F v Q/Q mice having statistically larger thrombi than both wild-type and F v Q/+ mice at 10 and 60 min and 24 h ( p v Q/+ and F v Q/Q mice had higher rates of venous thrombosis than wild-types, but only F v Q/Q homozygotes showed a statistically greater arterial occlusion rate than wild-types. Conclusion The Factor V Leiden mouse demonstrated a greater propensity for venous vs. arterial thrombosis, paralleling clinical epidemiologic findings and supporting its use for research on deep vein thrombosis.
Digital expansion system for ASTRAC I

This report presents the design and application of a digital expansion system for the Arizona Statistical Repetitive Analog Computer (ASTRAC I). The system is composed of two modules which are made up of three operational amplifiers, two bistable multivibrators, two Schmitt triggers, two inverting/differentiating amplifiers, and a number of plug-in electronic switches and diodes for assembling digital gate circuits. The digital-expansion modules give ASTRAC I additional decision-making capacity and aid in the study of optimal-system design, sampled-data systems, correlation-function estimation, and non-linear system simulation, to name only a few applications. Optimization-type solution of a boundary value problem, simulation of a point mass striking a reflecting frictionless surface, and estimation of correlation functions are presented as examples of applications for the digital system.
STRESS-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF ELECTRON CYCLOTRON RESONANCE OXIDES AND THEIR CORRELATION TO HYDROGENOUS SPECIES CONCENTRATION

Deposited oxides of silicon are used for a wide variety of purposes in integrated circuit technology; two of the most important being as interlevel dielectrics and for passivation purposes. It is important to characterize oxides deposited by newer techniques like electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), plasma enhanced (PE) chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and sputtering of quartz for these purposes. In this article, we studied ECR oxides and sputtered quartz oxides to correlate their mechanical behavior to the hydrogenous species concentration. Sputtered quartz oxides were chosen as they are not known to have hydrogenous species concentration, and hence would serve as a comparison tool for ECR oxides which are known to have significant H content. Si‐rich ECR oxides were found to have significant hydrogenous species content while near‐stoichiometric ECR oxides had low bulk H content (as seen from nuclear reaction analyses). The hydrogenous species was identified from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to ...
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE LLAMA HEAD: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL ANATOMY

Computed tomography was performed on the head of 6 normal adult llamas. The animals were under general anesthesia and positioned in dorsal recumbency on the scanning table. The area scanned was from the external occipital protuberance to the rostral portion of the nasal passage, and the images are presented in both a bone window and a soft tissue window to allow evaluation and identification of the anatomy of the head. Computed tomography of the llama head can be accomplished by most computed tomography scanners utilizing a technique similar to that used in small animals with minor modification of the scanning table.
Open surgical removal of retained and dislodged inferior vena cava filters

Retained inferior vena cava (IVC) filters can lead to significant complications. Six patients underwent open surgical removal of complicated IVC filters that could not be removed endovascularly. Struts of the filter perforated the IVC wall in all patients and the adjacent viscera in five. Caval clamping and longitudinal cavotomy with direct closure were used in two patients to remove permanent filters. IVC clamping was not needed in three patients, in whom the filter was first collapsed and then removed through a stab venotomy in the IVC (n = 2) or lumbar vein (n = 1). A broken strut that infected the vertebra was removed outside the IVC in the sixth patient. No early or delayed complications, venous thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism was encountered at a mean follow-up of 1.3 years.
Search for Proton Aurora and Ambient Hydrogen on Io

A search was conducted using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) in 1994 August for Iogenic H Lyα emission predicted from electron capture by precipitating trapped magnetospheric protons. The Doppler-shifted diffusely reflected solar Lyα component was detected in the combined high-resolution spectra, partly resolved from the geocoronal emission. This component had a disk-averaged intensity of 2.5 ± 0.7 kR. Io's corresponding geometric albedo in this line, which must include the effects of atmospheric SO2 absorption, was 0.055 ± 0.015. Iogenic emission from ambient H atoms was probably also detected, with a disk-averaged intensity greater than 280 R, most likely ≈485 R, which suggests a significant column of atmospheric or coronal H. The dominant brightness of the reflected solar line in our GHRS data supports the proposed hypothesis that the primary source of Io's H Lyα emission observed more recently (1997–1998) by the HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at low spectral resolution is diffusely reflected sunlight, rather than Iogenic H. The consequence is a significant increase in the absorbing SO2 column of Io's trailing atmosphere as Jupiter moved 0.37–0.44 AU closer to the Sun; this could result from the higher SO2 equilibrium vapor pressure over the 4–5 K warmer ice. Averaging low-resolution HST GHRS archival far-ultraviolet spectra of Io obtained during 1994–1996 provided a 2 σ upper limit of 5.2 R A-1 for the disk-averaged intensity of Lyα emission from energetic (27–223 keV) precipitating protons. This corresponds to an estimated upper limit of 47 R, integrated over the red Doppler wing of the thermal distribution for protons of mean energy 30–60 keV. This is close to estimates for a proton aurora generated in the SO2 column of Io's trailing atmosphere, indicating that SO2 may be Io's dominant atmospheric gas. A 2 σ upper limit of 123 R per line is derived for nearby fluorescence of extreme-UV radiation by ambient atmospheric sulfur.
Hypoxia-induced irreversible up-regulation of type I collagen and transforming growth factor-β1 in human peritoneal fibroblasts☆

Abstract Objective: To determine whether restoration of normoxia after a hypoxic insult returns the molecular expression of type I collagen and TGF-β1 to baseline levels. Design: Prospective experimental study. Setting: University medical center. Patient(s): Primary cultures of fibroblasts established from peritoneal tissues of five patients. Intervention(s): Hypoxia treatment of the primary cultured fibroblasts. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cultured human peritoneal fibroblasts (HPF) were maintained under hypoxic conditions (2% oxygen) for 24 hours and then transferred into normal culture conditions (normoxia) for another 24 hours. Total cellular RNA from cells was collected and subjected to multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to quantitate type I collagen and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA levels in response to these treatments. Result(s): Hypoxia treatment resulted in 30% and 50% increases in type I collagen and TGF-β1 expression, respectively. Restoration of normoxia after hypoxia treatment failed to restore type I collagen and TGF-β1 expression to their baseline levels. Conclusion(s): These data support the hypothesis that hypoxia induces irreversible molecular changes in peritoneal fibroblasts that produce a phenotype that increases extracellular matrix expression and thereby would promote adhesion development. Thus once a phenotype consistent with increased adhesion development is manifested, restoration of oxygen supply does not reverse the stimulation of HPF type I collagen and TGF-β1 expression. This observation may in part explain the clinical observation that adhesion reformation is more difficult to prevent than de novo adhesion formation.
A phylogeny of cockroaches and related insects based on DNA sequence of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes

Cockroaches are among the most ancient winged insects, the earliest fossils dating back to about 400 million years. Several conflicting phylogenies for cockroach families, subfamilies, and genera have been proposed in the past. In addition, the relationship of Cryptocercidae to other cockroach families and the relationship between the cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus, and the termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis, have generated debate. In this paper, a phylogeny for cockroaches, mantids, and termites based on DNA sequence of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes is presented. The results indicated that cockroaches are a monophyletic group, whose sister group is Mantoidea. The inferred relationship among cockroach families was in agreement with the presently accepted phylogeny. However, there was only partial congruence at the subfamily and the generic levels. The phylogeny inferred here does not support a close relationship between C. punctulatus and M. darwiniensis. The apparent synapomorphies of these two species are likely a manifestation of convergent evolution because there are similarities in biology and habitat.
Josephus on Fate, Free Will, and Ancient Jewish Types of Compatibilism

Recent scholarship on fate and free will in ancient Judaism is characterized by a lack of precision with regard to the nature of these disputes. There is also some disagreement concerning the degree to which the disparate positions can be constructively compared with either Hellenistic philosophical approaches or later rabbinic theological ones. It is argued here that Josephus's brief typology of ancient Jewish disputes on this topic finds confirmation in other ancient Jewish literature, especially the Wisdom of Ben Sira, the sectarian Dead Sea Scrolls, and later rabbinic literature. Yet it is imperative to nuance Josephus's typology so as to avoid imposing Hellenistic philosophical systems onto ancient Jewish theological ones. These observations hold true especially when it comes to understanding the balance between fate and free will — the “compatibilism” — that characterizes the Pharisaic approach. It is rarely noticed that Josephus's accounts attribute to this group two distinct ways of balancing fate and free will. On the one hand, each of these two approaches finds distinct analogues within rabbinic literature, a fact that further confirms both Josephus's reliability and the productivity of comparing his accounts with later rabbinic traditions. On the other hand, neither of the two types of compatibilism attributed by Josephus to the Pharisees can be identified with Stoic compatibilism. Nonetheless, the term “compatibilism” remains the most appropriate term for distinguishing the Pharisaic compromises from the more extreme (but by no means uncomplicated) positions that seem to have characterized the Sadducees and Essenes in Josephus's day.
Effects of weak elasticity on the stability of high Reynolds number co- and counter-rotating Taylor-Couette flows

This study examines the impact of dilute polymer solutions on the unique isolated secondary flows between concentric, rotating cylinders, namely Taylor-Couette (TC) flow. We mapped the stability of flow states using Newtonian and dilute polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions over the Reynolds number range of − 100 < Reo < 500 and 0 < Rei < O(103), where subscripts ‘o’ and ‘i’ refer to outer and inner cylinders, respectively. Elasticity number (El) of the PEO fluids, defined as the ratio of elastic to inertial forces, ranges from O(10− 4) to O(10− 2). This work expands on previous studies by (a) significantly expanding the range of Rei, Reo, and El examined, (b) use of a consistent, conservative protocol for reaching flow states, and (c) rheological characterization of the solutions via shear and capillary breakup extensional rheometry. Using spectral analysis of flow visualization of the r-z or z-θ planes, we find the effect of El on the critical conditions for laminar and chaotic axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric flow states is nonmonotonic and mode-dependent, with greater modification of higher order transitions involving small-scale features. While the critical conditions are modified by low El for all transitions, the flow states vary from those for Newtonian fluids at higher Rei and for the more elastic fluids.
Construction of Approximative and Almost Periodic Solutions of Perturbed Linear Schrödinger and Wave Equations.

Consider 1D nonlinear Schrodinger equation (0.1) $$iu_t - u_{xx} + V(x)u + \varepsilon \frac{{\partial {\rm H}}}{{\partial \bar u}} = 0$$ and nonlinear wave equation (0.2) $$y_{tt} - y_{xx} + \rho y + \varepsilon F'(y) = 0$$ under Dirichlet boundary conditions. We assume hereH(u,ū) andF(y) polynomials. It is proved that for “typical” periodic potentialV in (0.1) and typical ρ∈R in (0.2) the following is true. Letu(0) (resp.y(0),y′(0)) be smooth initial data fort=0. Then the corresponding solutionu(t) of (0.1) (resp.y(t) of (0.2)) will be ɛ1/2-close to the unperturbed solution (with appropriate frequency adjustment), for times |t|<ɛ−M whereM may be any chosen number (letting ɛ → 0) (See Prop. 4.18 and Prop. 5.13). This result may be seen as a Nekhoroshev type result (cf. [N]) for Hamiltonian PDE, in the nonresonant regime (which is the easiest to study). In this spirit, results in finite dimensional phase space have been obtained by various authors but for different interactions, essentially of finite range, which does not cover natural PDE models. See for instance [BFG]. We started here to investigate this phenomenon in the PDE context. In the second part of the paper, we use the technique from [Bo] (see also relevant references in [Bo] on earlier work such as [CrW]) to construct almost periodic (in time) solutions of say a wave equation $$y_{tt} - y_{xx} + V(x)y + \varepsilon F'(y) = 0$$ under Dirichlet boundary conditions. HereV is a “typical” real analytic periodic potential. The frequencies of these solutions form a full set, i.e. $$\lambda '_j \approx \lambda _j = \sqrt {\mu _j } $$ where {μ j } is the Dirichlet spectrum of $$ - \frac{{d^2 }}{{dx^2 }} + V(x)$$ . However, they are obtained starting from an unperturbed solutionu 0(x, t)=Σ∞ j=1 a j cos λ j t.ϕ j (x), subject to a strong decay assumption |a j | → 0 on the initial amplitudes {a j }. The argument would need to be considerably refined to reach a more realistic decay. Again, the construction of invariant tori of infinite dimension (via usual KAM techniques) is achieved for certain models with finite range interaction (see [FSW]). There are also the results of [CP], but they require a very rapidly increasing frequency sequence {λ j }.
Are ‘light-derepressible’ genes controlled by metal-protein complexes?

Abstract In plants, fungi and bacteria expression of specific genes is stimulated by light. Analysis of a light-inducible gene in the prokaryote Arthrobacter suggests that metal-protein complexes are involved in the mechanism of control.
A discussion of the performance of the Smith delay compensator for systems with an appreciable time delay

A discussion is presented of the performance of the Smith delay compensator (SDC) of Smith predictor during the closed-loop operation of continuous linear systems with an appreciable time delay. The basic principle of the SDC is to design the closed-loop system in such a way that the system response is a delayed version of the delay-free system response, where the delay is the plant transport lag. Difficulties inherent in the SDC are briefly mentioned with suggestions to compensate for them. An example of the SDC scheme is illustrated in the closed-loop sodium nitroprusside regulation of postoperative blood pressure. >
Advances in Coronary Surgery

The first successful aortocoronary bypass operation was periormed in 1964 by Garrett, Howell, and DeBakey in Houston.26 That same year, Kolesov in Leningrad performed the first planned anastomosis between the left internal thoracic artery and the left anterior descending artery. 27 The future development of coronary angiography, cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia helped coronary bypass surgery evolve from these first seminal events, and by the mid 1980s, coronary revascularization using cardiopulmonary bypass had become an accepted technique with durable outcomes. In July of 1979, Andreas Gruentzig launched the era of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the development of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. 28 Although outcomes were not as durable, the difference in morbidity and mortality made it an attractive alternative to surgery. The development of stent technology improved outcomes, and the introduction of drug-eluting stents in the new millennium dramatically reduced in-stent restenosis. As coronary bypass surgery continues to be refined, the challenge is to minimize the morbidity and mortality while preserving the proven durability of surgical revascularization.
WTRP - Wireless Token Ring Protocol

The wireless token ring protocol (WTRP) is a novel medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless local area networks (WLANs). In contrast with IEEE 802.11 networks, WTRP guarantees quality of service (QoS) in terms of bounded latency and reserved bandwidth, which are critical in many real-time applications. Compared to 802.11, WTRP improves efficiency by reducing the number of retransmissions due to collisions, and it is more fair as all stations use the channel for the same amount of time. Stations take turns transmitting and give up the right to transmit after a specified amount of time. WTRP is a distributed protocol that supports many topologies, as not all stations need to be connected to each other or to a central station. WTRP is robust against single node failures, and recovers gracefully from multiple simultaneous faults. WTRP is suitable for interaccess point coordination in ITS DSRC, safety-critical vehicle-to-vehicle communications, and home networking, and provides extensions to other networks and Mobile IP.
Role of self-efficacy, stress, social integration, and family support in Latino college student persistence and health.

Abstract This study tested a path model of Latino college student outcomes (n=179). Four constructs were integrated into the model which predicted persistence intentions and health: self-efficacy (Bandura, 1986), stress, family support, and social integration (Tinto, 1987). As hypothesized, college self-efficacy was associated directly with stronger persistence intentions and associated indirectly with better health. Contrary to expectations, self-efficacy associated directly with social and faculty integration, but social and faculty integration were not associated directly with persistence intentions. In addition, students who reported stronger availability of family support reported stronger self-efficacy. Implications for designing culturally responsive intervention programming are described.
Detecting and surviving data races using complementary schedules

Data races are a common source of errors in multithreaded programs. In this paper, we show how to protect a program from data race errors at runtime by executing multiple replicas of the program with complementary thread schedules. Complementary schedules are a set of replica thread schedules crafted to ensure that replicas diverge only if a data race occurs and to make it very likely that harmful data races cause divergences. Our system, called Frost, uses complementary schedules to cause at least one replica to avoid the order of racing instructions that leads to incorrect program execution for most harmful data races. Frost introduces outcome-based race detection, which detects data races by comparing the state of replicas executing complementary schedules. We show that this method is substantially faster than existing dynamic race detectors for unmanaged code. To help programs survive bugs in production, Frost also diagnoses the data race bug and selects an appropriate recovery strategy, such as choosing a replica that is likely to be correct or executing more replicas to gather additional information. Frost controls the thread schedules of replicas by running all threads of a replica non-preemptively on a single core. To scale the program to multiple cores, Frost runs a third replica in parallel to generate checkpoints of the program's likely future states --- these checkpoints let Frost divide program execution into multiple epochs, which it then runs in parallel. We evaluate Frost using 11 real data race bugs in desktop and server applications. Frost both detects and survives all of these data races. Since Frost runs three replicas, its utilization cost is 3x. However, if there are spare cores to absorb this increased utilization, Frost adds only 3--12% overhead to application runtime.
Oxygen-induced (2 × 1) missing row structure on Mo(001) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Oxygen-induced missing row type reconstruction on Mo(001) surface has been studied by STM. The formation mechanism of missing row reconstruction was deduced from the observations of (1 × 1)+(2 × 1) and (2 × 1) surfaces. Oxygen was observed to displace Mo atoms from terraces to form missing rows. Domains of (2 × 1) structure along two perpendicular directions were formed.
Ricochet: How Elite Discourse Politicizes Racial and Ethnic Identities

Political elites often discuss racial/ethnic outgroups in a critical light. I claim this discourse raises the salience of group identity while impugning its worth, thus inducing differential political reactions among high and low identifying group members. Specifically, high identifiers will engage in political efforts that restore their identity’s positive value by displaying ingroup favoritism and challenging the source of their group’s devaluation. In contrast, low identifiers will actively decline political opportunities to bolster their group’s devalued status. Using a national survey experiment, I randomly assigned eligible but unregistered Latino voters to a control group without elite discourse; a non-devaluing condition with elite discourse focused on illegal immigration; or, a devaluing condition with elite discourse focused on illegal immigration and critical of illegal immigrants. High identifying Latinos in the devaluing condition expressed greater pro-Latino political attitudes and a stronger intention to register and vote in a pending presidential election. This dynamic was absent in the other conditions and unrelated to Latinos’ partisan identity. These results suggest an identity-to-politics link is robustly forged among high identifying group members when they sense a devaluation of their group.
The minima of quadratic forms and the behavior of Epstein and Dedekind zeta functions

Abstract Hecke's correspondence between modular forms and Dirichlet series is put into a quantitative form giving expansions of the Dirichlet series in series of incomplete gamma functions in two special cases. The expansion is applied to show, for example, the positivity of Epstein's zeta function at s = n 4 when the n-ary positive real quadratic form involved has a “small” minimum over the integer lattice. Hecke's integral formula is used to consider consequences for the Dedekind zeta function of a number field.
Imaging of Dysplastic Nodules and Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Experience with Explanted Livers

Differentiation of benign from malignant nodules in the end-stage cirrhotic liver can be challenging, due to the presence of fibrosis, necrosis and altered blood supply. Whole liver explant pathologic
Thermodynamic characteristics of air flowing into and out of precipitating convection over the west Pacific warm pool

Aircraft data from the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) indicate the validity of current conceptual models used in cumulus parametrization theories. This study makes use of 1 s (∼ 100 m) measurements of temperature, dew-point temperature and pressure taken along the aircraft flight tracks and airborne radar data. The radar data are used to determine the location, depth and horizontal extent of the convection and to categorize the thermodynamic data according to whether the measurements were obtained in precipitation areas or in regions of inflow to convection. Inflow regions had the highest values of equivalent potential temperature (θ e ), both in the boundary layer and lower free atmosphere, where the convection was deepest and most horizontally extensive, implying a relationship of θ e to both the depth and breadth of convection. The observations suggest that the thickness of the layer of high-θ e air may determine the sustainability and, therefore, the horizontal extent of warm-pool convection. The spectrum of values of θ e in the boundary layer of inflow regions was broad, indicating that the field of θ e was highly non-uniform at the I s (∼ 100 m) scale sampled by the aircraft. The boundary-layer air in precipitating regions also exhibited a broad spectrum of θ e values, indicating the presence of both outflow from downdraughts and a significant amount of air with characteristics similar to inflow regions. The lowest values in the distribution were about 345 K, suggesting that air parcels transported down into the boundary layer originated from no higher than about 1500 m, or that they underwent substantial mixing.
Maternal Bartter's syndrome and pregnancy

A case of maternal Bartter's syndrome is reported and prenatal management discussed. Close monitoring of serum potassium levels is essential. Patients with this syndrome may have an increased risk of developing intrauterine growth retardation.
Tributyltin levels in bivalve mollusks from the East and West Coasts of the United States: results from the 1988-1990 National Status and Trends Mussel Watch Project

Three years of extensive monitoring for tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products in tissue of sentinel bivalve mollusks at 69 East Coast and 42 West Coast sites of the United States suggests that the tissue levels of organotins are decreasing systematically at some sites and remaining static or fluctuating at others. Local effects driving input of TBT and influencing the overall health of the organisms are suggested as responsible for these observations. The ratio of TBT to its principal degradation product dibutyltin (DBT) in bivalve mollusk tissues appears to be species specific and constant over a wide range of butyltin concentrations in the animals. The TBT/DBT ratios (mean ± one standard deviation) were determined for the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (2.6 ± 1.0), the California mussel Mytilus californianus (6.2 ± 4.0), and the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (6.2 ± 3.4).
Novel therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

New therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are moving away from non-specific cytotoxic to more targeted approaches. The monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab induces responses in 33% to 43% of patients with relapsed or refractory disease, with 2-5% CR. Side effects include infusional reactions as well as immunosuppressive effects. Rituximab has limited activity in relapsed refractory patients, but response rates are comparable to follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in untreated patients. Other antibodies in early phases of development include anti-CD23 [IDEC-152], anti-CD22 [epratuzumab], Hu1D10 [apolizumab], and anti-CD80 [anti-B7, IDEC-114]. Other agents that are being studied include denileukin diftitox fusion protein (Ontak), and bcl-2 antisense [G3139, Genasense]. The mechanism of action of the new drugs and their role in CLL, as well as the emergence of new prognostic markers are discussed.
Changing Requirements for Gbx2 in Development of the Cerebellum and Maintenance of the Mid/Hindbrain Organizer

We examined whether Gbx2 is required after embryonic day 9 (E9) to repress Otx2 in the cerebellar anlage and position the midbrain/hindbrain organizer. In contrast to Gbx2 null mutants, mice lacking Gbx2 in rhombomere 1 (r1) after E9 (Gbx2-CKO) are viable and develop a cerebellum. A Gbx2-independent pathway can repress Otx2 in r1 after E9. Mid/hindbrain organizer gene expression, however, continues to be dependent on Gbx2. We found that Fgf8 expression normally correlates with the isthmus where cells undergo low proliferation and that in Gbx2-CKO mutants this domain is expanded. We propose that Fgf8 permits lateral cerebellar development through repression of Otx2 and also suppresses medial cerebellar growth in Gbx2-CKO embryos. Our work has uncovered distinct requirements for Gbx2 during cerebellum formation and provided a model for how a transcription factor can play multiple roles during development.
Comparative Genomics of 28 Salmonella enterica Isolates: Evidence for CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Sublineage Evolution

Despite extensive surveillance, food-borne Salmonella enterica infections continue to be a significant burden on public health systems worldwide. As the S. enterica species comprises sublineages that differ greatly in antigenic representation, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, a better understanding of the species' evolution is critical for the prediction and prevention of future outbreaks. The roles that virulence and resistance phenotype acquisition, exchange, and loss play in the evolution of S. enterica sublineages, which to a certain extent are represented by serotypes, remains mostly uncharacterized. Here, we compare 17 newly sequenced and phenotypically characterized nontyphoidal S. enterica strains to 11 previously sequenced S. enterica genomes to carry out the most comprehensive comparative analysis of this species so far. These phenotypic and genotypic data comparisons in the phylogenetic species context suggest that the evolution of known S. enterica sublineages is mediated mostly by two mechanisms, (i) the loss of coding sequences with known metabolic functions, which leads to functional reduction, and (ii) the acquisition of horizontally transferred phage and plasmid DNA, which provides virulence and resistance functions and leads to increasing specialization. Matches between S. enterica clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), part of a defense mechanism against invading plasmid and phage DNA, and plasmid and prophage regions suggest that CRISPR-mediated immunity could control short-term phenotype changes and mediate long-term sublineage evolution. CRISPR analysis could therefore be critical in assessing the evolutionary potential of S. enterica sublineages and aid in the prediction and prevention of future S. enterica outbreaks.
Functional Instability Following Lateral Ankle Sprain

Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is an extremely common athletic injury. Despite extensive clinical and basic science research, the recurrence rate remains high. Functional instability (FI) following LAS is hypothesised to predispose individuals to reinjury because of neuromuscular deficits which result following injury. This paper provides an overview of the potential causes of FI which may manifest themselves clinically. The theoretical explanations of FI are discussed, as are implications for assessment and treatment of FI following LAS. When LAS occurs, structural damage not only occurs to the ligamentous tissue, but also to the nervous and musculotendinous tissue around the ankle complex. While injury to the ligaments may result in laxity of the joints of the ankle complex, neuromuscular deficits are also likely to occur due to the injury to the nervous and musculotendinous tissue. These neuromuscular deficits may be manifested as impaired balance, reduced joint position sense, slower firing of the peroneal muscles to inversion perturbation of the ankle, slowed nerve conduction velocity, impaired cutaneous sensation, strength deficits and decreased dorsiflexion range of motion. Additionally, the abnormal formation of scar tissue after injury may lead to sinus tarsi syndrome or anterolateral impingement syndrome, which may also lead to FI of the ankle complex. Assessment of patients with LAS must address not only joint laxity and swelling, but should include examination for neuromuscular deficits as well. The treatment and rehabilitation goals must also address restoration of neuromuscular function, as well as restoration of mechanical stability to the injured joints.
Targeted in Vivo O-GlcNAc Sensors Reveal Discrete Compartment-specific Dynamics during Signal Transduction

β-O-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification involved in a plethora of biological systems ranging from cellular stress to insulin signaling. This modification shares many hallmarks with phosphorylation, including its dynamic cycling onto a host of proteins such as transcription factors, kinases, and phosphatases, and regulation of cellular functions, including cell signaling. Herein, we report the development of an improved genetically based O-GlcNAc FRET sensor and compartmentalized targeted variants for the characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of O-GlcNAc. During serum-stimulated signal transduction, rapid increases in O-GlcNAc activity were observed at both the plasma membrane and the nucleus, with a concomitant decrease detected in the cytoplasm. These findings suggest the existence of compartment specific dynamics for O-GlcNAc in response to signal-inducing stimuli, pointing to complex regulation of this modification. In addition, inhibition of the PI3K pathway by wortmannin abolished the O-GlcNAc response, suggesting that the activity observed is modulated downstream of the PI3K pathway. Taken together, our data argues that O-GlcNAc is a rapidly induced component of signaling and that the interplay between O-GlcNAc and kinase signaling may be more akin to the complex relationship between kinase pathways.
Effects of quasiparticle dissipation on quantum fluctuations in granular superconductors

Quasiparticle dissipation in a granular superconductor is modeled by an effective nearest-neighbor capacitance \ensuremath{\Delta}C between the grains of a superconducting array. Using an expansion in 1/z, where z is the number of nearest neighbors in the array, I study the effects of quasiparticle dissipation on the transition temperature and short-range order of a granular superconductor. In agreement with experimental results, quasiparticle dissipation suppresses the quantum fluctuations in a superconducting array. If the self-capacitance of a grain is ${\mathit{C}}_{0}$, then both the long-range and the short-range order of the array are enhanced as the ratio \ensuremath{\lambda}=${\mathit{C}}_{0}$/z\ensuremath{\Delta}C decreases. In disagreement with other work, the transition temperature is not reentrant for any value of \ensuremath{\lambda}. The results of this formalism, which consistently treats quantum fluctuations to first order in 1/z, should be valid in three-dimensional materials.
Correlation of the gibbs free energy of transfer of fluoride ion from water to other solvents with solvent actidity and polarity parameters

Linear free energy relationships between the free energy of transfer of fluoride ion from water to other solvents or solvent mixtures and each of several parameters describing the acidity of the solvent were found. The correlation is about of the same quality for the A parameter of Swain or the acceptor number, AN, and almost as good for the α parameter of Taft. The correlation was somewhat poorer with the E T (30) parameter.
The effect of corner angles in bimaterial structures

Abstract The effect of the corner angle on bimaterial corner stresses is studied. Corners (with one side bonded) and joints (with both sides bonded) are studied considering the materials to be elastic and plastic. Two structures with bimaterial corners, lap and scarf joints are considered. For the elastic analysis, the singularity at the corner as well as the stress intensity factor are found for a range of angles using the Betti’s law based reciprocal work contour integral theorem which combines the ease of finite element calculations far away from the corner with the singular representation near the corner. The singularity and the stress intensity factors were found to depend on the angle. For the work-hardening plastic analysis, a fourth order differential equation was solved to obtain the singularity at the corner and finite element solutions were used to obtain stress intensity factors. These parameters were found to depend on load level, hardening exponent and the angle. It is concluded that the stress intensity factors are unsuitable as failure criteria for a corner with varying angle. One exception was found to be for a corner with high yielding that gave rise to a constant stress intensity factor for different corner angles.
Ileocolic neobladder in the woman with interstitial cystitis and a small contracted bladder

Bladder substitution with an ileocolic segment after total cystectomy was performed in 5 women with a severely contracted bladder secondary to interstitial cystitis. The urethra was divided at the bladder neck in 2 patients and distal to it in 3. The latter 3 patients empty the bladder to completion and void naturally, while the former 2 have a large post-void residual volume and require intermittent self-catheterization. Mean patient age was 50 years and mean followup was 52 months. All patients have complete diurnal and nocturnal continence, and are free of all symptoms related to interstitial cystitis. Total bladder replacement in women with interstitial cystitis and a contracted bladder significantly improved the quality of life and is an ideal alternative to other forms of urinary diversion.
Invited talk: Label-free biosensing with silicon nanowires

Nanoscale electronic devices have the potential to achieve exquisite sensitivity as sensors for the direct detection of molecular interactions, thereby decreasing diagnostics costs and enabling previously impossible sensing in disparate field environments. Semiconducting nanowire-field effect transistors (NW-FETs) hold particular promise, though contemporary NW approaches are inadequate for realistic applications. We present here a number of top-down fabricated nanowire approaches [1] that are compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology that has not only achieved unprecedented sensitivity, but simultaneously facilitates system-scale integration of nanosensors. These approaches enable a wide range of label-free biochemical and macromolecule sensing applications, such as specific protein and complementary DNA recognition assays, and specific macromolecule interactions at <femtomolar concentrations. We will also discuss the physics of FET sensing, and device-related limits of potential detection [2]. A critical limitation of nanowire sensors is the Debye screening issue [3] which has to date prevented their use in clinical applications and physiologically relevant solutions. We will present an approach that solves this longstanding problem, and demonstrate the detection at clinically important concentrations of biomarkers from whole blood samples [4]. [1] Nature, 445, 519 (2007) [2] Elect. Dev. Lett. 31, 615 (2010) [3] Nano Lett. 7, 3405 (2007) [4] Nature Nanotech. 5, 138 (2010)
Conflict negotiation among personal calendar agents

We will demonstrate distributed conflict resolution in the context of personalized meeting scheduling. The demonstration will show how distributed constraint optimization can be used to facilitate interaction between cognitive agents and their users. The system is part of the CALO personal cognitive assistant that will also be explored during the demonstration.
Deregulation of DNA Damage Signal Transduction by Herpesvirus Latency-Associated M2

Infected cells recognize viral replication as a DNA damage stress and elicit a DNA damage response that ultimately induces apoptosis as part of host immune surveillance. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism where the murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) latency-associated, anti-interferon M2 protein inhibits DNA damage-induced apoptosis by interacting with the DDB1/COP9/cullin repair complex and the ATM DNA damage signal transducer. M2 expression constitutively induced DDB1 nuclear localization and ATM kinase activation in the absence of DNA damage. Activated ATM subsequently induced Chk activation and p53 phosphorylation and stabilization without eliciting H2AX phosphorylation and MRN recruitment to foci upon DNA damage. Consequently, M2 expression inhibited DNA repair, rendered cells resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis, and induced a G 1 cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that γHV68 M2 blocks apoptosis-mediated intracellular innate immunity, which might ultimately contribute to its role in latent infection.
U.S. EXPERIENCE WITH TRAFFIC CALMING

Surveys for the types of traffic calming measures implemented are presented along with the reasons for selecting these particular measures; before-and-after studies of traffic speed, volume and accidents; concerns of police, fire, public works and citizens, and how their concerns have been addressed; liability, lawsuits and damage claims associated with traffic calming measures; geometric design and spacing of measures; procedures followed by jurisdictions for consideration of and action on neighborhood traffic calming requests; and other thorny issues of implementation. Language: en
Adolescent boys’ grooming product use and perceived health risks: An exploration of parental influence

Objective: To investigate parental influence on adolescent boys’ use and risk-perceptions of using appearance-related products.Design: Using appearance-enhancing products can present a health threat to adolescents, as these products are not only applied to the body, but can also be ingested. Adolescents may look to their parents for information about products, or they may make inferences based on observing their parents’ appearance management behaviours.Setting: The results of this research suggest future studies to assist in developing intervention strategies to guide parents in promoting healthy appearance management for their sons.Method: The data were collected from 155 adolescent boys in the United States (US). Their ages ranged from 11-18 years, with an average age of 14.3 years. The frequencies of product use and risk-perceptions were compared using a Chi-square test, based on the sum of the parental influence scales.Results: Adolescent boys used a variety of appearance-related products, and their ...
Mechanisms of postsystolic thickening in ischemic myocardium: Mathematical modelling and comparison with experimental ischemic substrates

In the setting of regional ischemia, the "at-risk" myocardium exhibits a flow-related reduction in systolic thickening with a concomitant development of abnormal thickening after aortic valve closure (postsystolic thickening [PST]). With the introduction of high time-resolution ultrasonic-based strain/strain-rate imaging, this short lived phenomenon can be measured accurately in the clinical setting. The mechanisms underlying this ischemia-related PST are poorly understood and both active and passive etiologies have been proposed. This study aims at elucidating the potential mechanisms behind PST in the intact heart. A theoretical model, describing active force development, elasticity and segment interaction has been developed to simulate radial deformation during systole and iso-volumetric relaxation. Simulation results have been compared with experimental deformation curves obtained from postero-basal segments of a pig model undergoing varying controlled ischemic challenges. Three forms of regional ischemia could be simulated by varying the model parameters of the ischemic segments: (i) chronic regional hypo-perfusion (reduced and prolonged active force development; preserved elasticity); (ii) acute short-lived ischemia-temporary vessel occlusion (no active force development; preserved elasticity); and (iii) chronic myocardial infarction (no active force development; decreased elasticity). For all ischemic substrates, the simulated curves closely correlate to the deformation measured in the corresponding porcine models without the need for active force development during the occurrence of PST. This suggests that segment interaction is the key determinant in the development of PST. Thus, in all instances, at the time of its manifestation, ischemia-related PST could be explained in a unified way as a passive phenomenon that was the result of elastic segment interaction. Its occurrence originates from the end-systolic inhomogeneous state where neighboring segments have a different wall thickness. The occurrence of these differences at end-systole depends on the presence of regional differences within the ventricle in the magnitude and duration of the developed contraction force during the first part of systole, the elasticity of the ischemic segment and the left-ventricular pressure.
Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding

Cardiac MRI is an accurate, noninvasive modality for assessing the structure and function of the murine heart. In addition to conventional imaging, MRI tissue tracking methods can quantify numerous...
N-Aralkylpolyamine complexes-X some complexes of copper(II) and nickel(II) with a variety of polyamine ligands

Abstract Ten new complexes are reported: Cu(MBEn)2(NO2)2, Cu(DBEn)2(NO2)2·3H2O, Cu(DBEn)2 (NO2)2·H2O, CuMe4En(NO2)2, CuEt4En(NO2)2, CuMe2DBEn(NO2)2, Ni(MBEn)2(NO2)2, Ni(DBEn)2(NO2)2, NiEt4En(NO2)2 and NiMe2DBEn(NO2)2 (MBEn = N-benzylethylenediamine; DBEn = N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine; Me2DBEn = N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine; Me4En = N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine: Et4En = N,N,N′,N′-tetraethylethylenediamine.) All are magnetically normal high-spin complexes. The nitrite groups are chelated, asymmetrically in copper and symmetrically in the nickel complexes of Me4En, Et4En and Me2DBEn. Ni(DBEn)2(NO2)2, a nitrito complex in the solid phase, exists in a nitro-nitrito equilibrium in chloroform. The solid trihydrate nitrito complex, Cu(DBEn)2(ONO)2·3H2O on heating at 110°C gave Cu(DBEn)2(NO2)2·H2O, a nitro-nitrito isomeric mixture. The nitrite groups are coordinated through N in Mi(MBEn)2(NO2)2 and O in Cu(MBEn)2(ONO)2. It is suggested that steric factors as well as the nature of the metal ion play an important part in the mode of nitrite coordination.