cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model of the influence of magnetic fields on a plasma electrode Pockels cell

We describe a model which gives the effects of magnetic fields on a plasma electrode Pockels cell. The fields arise from the return currents to the cathode as well as from neighboring devices such as amplifier flashlamps. In effect, electrons are treated as a static, planar fluid moving under the influence of magnetic fields, the electric field of the discharge, electron pressure gradients, and electron-atom elastic collisions. This leads to a closed two- dimensional equation for the electron density, which is solved subject to appropriate boundary collisions. The model is applied to four cases-. the baseline NIF configuration with magnetic fields due to balanced return currents; a case with unbalanced return currents; the reverser configuration containing an external field parallel to the main plasma current; and a configuration with a field perpendicular to both the current and the optical direction.
Single Gravity-Wave Detector Results Contrasted with Previous Coincidence Detections

Coincidence detectors of Weber have given a 10:l ratio (R*) of prompt to delayed coincidences. Simplified analysis indicates that such an R* would require daily gravity-wave incidence rate and energy depositions that would have been seen in the single-bar detector of the preceding Letter (and were not), suggesting that Weber-s 1969-1970 events were not produced by gravity waves or that such waves do not exist in similar numbers and intensity in 1973.
Library Capacity Building in Africa or the Exportation of Technolust? Discerning Partnership Models and Revitalization Efforts in the Age of Globalization

SUMMARY Africana librarians in the United States work to sustain a larger dialogue, one that contributes to democratic futures in Africa through the support of libraries and indigenous publishing in Africa. Yet we are also products of colonial legacies which have engendered Western domination to the detriment of Africans. Can librarians from the West contribute to sustainable democratic futures by supporting the catalytic role of librarians in Africa who strive to support African-centered scholarship and struggles against legacies of colonialism? Or will we re-inscribe colonial legacies through our partnerships and promotion of Western centered models? Based upon the author's tour of selected higher education settings and academic libraries in Kenya and South Africa in 2001, the author reflects upon libraries in the context of “development” in Africa. The author begins to discern potentially viable models and develop criteria for partnerships by comparing methods of advocacy, collaboration and projects fo...
Stability-Based Design of Two-Point Mooring Systems With Hydrodynamic Memory

A systematic method of determining the design parameter values of two-point mooring (TPM) systems is presented. The conclusions of nonlinear stability analysis of horizontal plane slow motion dynamics of TPM systems with hydrodynamic memory are used to guide selection of the design variables. Specifically, within the stable regions of bifurcation diagram, a set of parameter values is chosen systematically to examine the corresponding TPM system. Then, each TPM system is simulated and the results are evaluated in terms of given criteria such as tension level of the mooring line or offset of the moored vessel. The hydrodynamic memory effect due to the oscillatory motions of moored vessel is included in the formulation. The memory effect influences the stability properties of TPM systems and alters the design chart/bifurcation diagram and particularly the static loss and dynamic loss of stability. The significance of hydrodynamic memory on several TPM systems is illustrated by comparing the statistics of the simulations. The design approach implemented in this work shows that nonlinear stability theory can be used effectively in the actual design process of mooring systems to reduce dramatically the number of simulations required. It is also shown that the often inconclusive nonlinear time simulations canmore » be guided by theoretical nonlinear stability analysis of system dynamics to produce improved design values of system parameters of TPM systems.« less
Object recognition system using sonar

Sonar is used extensively in mobile robotics for obstacle detection, ranging and avoidance. However, these range- finding applications do not exploit the rich information present in sonar echoes. In addition, mobile robots need robust object recognition systems. The ability to see with sound has long been an intriguing concept. Certain animals, such as bats and dolphins, are able to recognize the shape and nature of objects and to navigate using ultrasound. This work aims to set up and develop hardware and software components of an object recognition system using ultrasonic sensors of the type commonly found on mobile robots. Results demonstrate that sonar can be used as a low-cost, low- computation sensor for real time object recognition tasks on mobile robots. This system differs from all previous approaches in its simplicity, robustness, speed and low cost.
Finite unitary theory of pure leptonic weak interaction

Based on the V-A interaction, a finite, unitary theory of pure leptonic weak interaction is formulated in the framework of the finite quantum field theory with shadow states. A perturbative series, originated from the conventional expansion is obtained. This new perturbative series converges in the high energy region where the original one does not. The difference between the prediction of this theory and the universal V-A theory is negligible in low energy regions but becomes significant in high energy regions. (auth)
Spontaneous reactivation of organophosphorus-inhibited electroplax cholinesterase in relation to acetylcholine-induced depolarization.

Abstract Pretreatment of the electroplax of Electrophorus electricus with irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase (ChE) (diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, paraoxon or phospholine) increases the sensitivity of the membrane to acetylcholine (ACh). After washing with inhibitor-free Ringer's solution, this effect disappears rapidly. Reapplication of either of the inhibitors restores the initial sensitivity to ACh. Simultaneous measurements of ChE activity show an initial inhibition which is followed by recovery of enzyme activity. The rate of reactivation of the irreversibly inhibited enzyme is highest with paraoxon and lowest with DFP. The return of enzyme activity may be responsible for the loss of ACh action on the membrane of electroplax.
Electronic, energetic, and chemical effects of intrinsic defects and Fe-doping of CoAl2O4: A DFT+U study

The spinel cobalt aluminate has gained interest as a potential photoelectrochemical catalyst for the renewable production of hydrogen. Using band structure theory, we determine the energetics of possible intrinsic point defects in spinel CoAl2O4 and analyze their effect on its electronic and chemical properties. Extrinsic Fe-doping is also examined. Cation vacancies are found to be shallow acceptors, but their formation energy is sensitive to the growth conditions; an oxygen rich environment is required to enhance the p-type conductivity. Fe is an isovalent substituent on the Co (Al) site, exhibiting a preference for octahedral coordination, and forms a deep donor (acceptor) level near the center of the band gap, corresponding to a Fe(II) to Fe(III) transition.
Evaluation of methods for sterilizing root canal instruments.

Abstract 1. 1. Molten metal at 425° F. for ten seconds will destroy all forms of organisms which are commonly found in root canals. 2. 2. Glass beads, extrafine, at 425° F. for ten seconds will destroy all forms of organisms which are commonly found in root canals. 3. 3. Hot air, at its present maximum temperature of 394° F., is effective against vegetative forms but not against spore forms within ten seconds. 4. 4. Mechanical cleansing of endodontic instruments prior to their sterilization was found to be as important as the method of sterilization itself. 5. 5. Chemical sterilization was found to be uncertain in its effect upon the various types of microorganisms found in root canals. Some of the chemical solutions were found to be caustic or had an objectionable odor. 6. 6. Clinically, glass bead sterilization has several advantages over molten metal sterilization, namely: there is no dross formation; no antiflux is needed; no blockage of canals occurs; and there is less danger of serious burns through spillage, as the beads do not cling to skin or clothing. The disadvantages of glass bead sterilization are that glass beads require as much time as molten metal to attain initial sterilizing temperature and a close check with a thermometer is required to be certain that the proper sterilizing temperature has been reached when the sterilizer is not thermostatically controlled.
Incrementalism: Dead yet Flourishing

Charles Lindblom's 1959 essay “The Science of ‘Muddling Through’” is best known for the strategy of decision making—disjointed incrementalism—that it recommended. That famous paper and Lindblom's related work also provided two theories: a critique of the conventional method (the synoptic approach) and an argument for using incrementalism instead. Both are applied theories: they are designed to help solve complex policy problems. Lindblom's negative applied theory has stood the test of time well: the empirical foundations of its main micro-component (cognitive constraints of individuals) and its central macro-component (the impact of preference conflict on policy making) have grown stronger since 1959. The picture regarding the positive applied theory is more mixed. As a coherent decision-making strategy, disjointed incrementalism has almost disappeared. Yet its key elements, the major heuristics identified in “Muddling Through,” are thriving in many applied fields. Intriguingly, they are often accompanied by subroutines—especially optimization as a choice rule—typically associated with the synoptic approach.
Saul Genuth, MD: clinical researcher and leader in developing modern diabetes treatment.

Saul Genuth was born to David L. and Anna Einhorn Genuth on 13 March 1931 in Norwalk, Connecticut. His father was an orthodox rabbi and his mother was a housewife. David Genuth was born and raised in Hungary but immigrated to the U.S. to escape induction into the Romanian army (the area of Hungary where he lived ceded to Romania after World War I). Anna’s parents came from Poland, seeking a better life for their future family. David became an orthodox rabbi, while Anna remained a homemaker and a rabbi’s wife (which Saul states was a profession in and of itself). Saul Genuth, MD Saul was 4 years old when his family moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and he has made Cleveland his home through most of his medical training and his entire professional career. Saul noted that he and his two younger sisters grew up “somewhat poor in a lower middle class neighborhood but were never hungry or deprived.” He remains close to his one surviving sister, a retired attorney in Portland, Maine. When asked about his childhood, he admits he was not the athletic type growing up but could shoot a mean game of marbles. Today his main source of recreation is reading. Saul’s subtle sense of humor comes through as he explains, “I hope printed books never disappear. I don’t read e-books, they have never ‘kindled’ my interest.” He is also devoted to classical music and regularly attends Cleveland Orchestra concerts and local recitals. Saul met Molly Goodman, the love of his life, in 7th grade. He told the story of them sitting near each other in homeroom because their last names both began with “G.” They became fast friends, and as a 13-year-old, Molly told her mother that one day she was going to marry Saul Genuth. …
Development of a National Occupational Exposure Survey and Database associated with NIOSH hazard surveillance initiatives.

NIOSH pioneered hazard surveillance in the workplace by designing and conducting the 1972 to 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS), the 1981 to 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES), and the 1984 to 1989 National Occupational Health Survey of Mining (NOHSM). The databases developed from these three on-site surveys represent unique resources for associating potential chemical, physical and biological agents with industries and occupational groups. The data have been a primary source of information for NIOSH, regulatory agencies, health professionals, researchers, and labor organizations in establishing priorities for prevention strategies that include medical and engineering interventions, development of occupational standards, and the identification of research needs. Recognizing that the data from these surveys are becoming dated, a multidisciplinary team comprising members from various NIOSH research divisions was established to develop a hazard surveillance strategy for the Instit...
ADAM SMITH: REFLECTIONS ON THE BICENTENNIAL REAPPRAISAL

In 1976, amid the vastly greater celebrations of the bicentennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, there was the greatest orgy of historical nostalgia in the history of economics, occasioned by the bi‐centenary of the Wealth of Nations. In addition to a veritable deluge of scholarly books, articles, pamphlets, conferences, and symposia, and also innumerable popular and ephemeral effusions, all the mass media were enlisted. There were countless magazine and newspaper articles, some radio and T.V. programs, at least one especially commissioned technicolor film and, for all I know, there may also have been bicentennial poems, paintings, sculptures, and choral symphones!
Lack of usefulness of prolonged bleeding times in predicting hemorrhagic events in patients receiving the 7E3 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet antibody

Abstract Hemorrhagic events remain the most worrisome complication in patients receiving drugs that after hemostasis for treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The 7E3 Fab monoclonal antibody provides a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation via the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. This study examines the correlation of hemostatic parameters with bleeding events in patients receiving intravenous 7E3 while enrolled in acute myocardial infarction and high-risk percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty pilot studies. Patients with acute myocardial infarction received 100 mg of tissue-type plasminogen activator over 3 hours followed by an escalating intravenous bolus dose of murine 7E3 (0.1 mg/kg [n = 5], 0.2 mg/kg [n = 22], 0.15 mg/kg [n = 13], 0.25 mg/kg [n = 20]). Patients in the high-risk angioplasty trial received a chimeric 7E3 bolus (up to 0.25 mg/kg) with (n = 32) or without (n = 15) intravenous continuous infusion of 7E3 (10 μg/min for 6 to 24 hours) after elective angioplasty. Patients in both studies received aspirin therapy (325 mg/day) and partial thromboplastin time-guided (1.5 to 2 times normal) heparin infusion. Bleeding events occurred in 34 of 124 patients (27%). The median template bleeding times (minutes) for patients in the groups with bleeding versus no bleeding events in the trials was 13.5 versus 14 and 30 versus 30, respectively (p = NS). In patients with myocardial infarction, a substantial decline in platelet count at 24 hours was associated with bleeding (p = 0.02). These findings suggest, in contrast to a previous report, that the template bleeding time is an imprecise index for predicting hemorrhagic events in patients receiving platelet fibrinogen receptor inhibitor, with or without thrombolytic therapy, and raises questions about the use of this hemostatic parameter in future clinical trials.
ABO Blood Groups and the Risk of Diarrhea Due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

To determine whether blood group O persons are at higher risk for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea, a case-control study was done for 17 months among rural Bangladeshis who were under systematic surveillance for diarrhea. Cases were children less than 3 years old who presented between 1 January 1985 and 1 June 1986 for care of heat labile (LT) or heat stabile toxin-producing ETEC diarrhea. Controls were of similar ages and were randomly selected from three community-based serosurveys between July 1985 and May 1986. No association between blood group O and ETEC diarrhea was found for the 510 cases and 641 controls, nor was an association evident for cases of each toxin phenotype. Further refinement of the case definition to include only patients with LT-ETEC diarrhea, without enteric copathogens, also failed to reveal a substantial association with blood group O. These data suggest that a strong association with ABO groups, analogous to that for cholera, does not exist for ETEC diarrhea.
Barrett's-related esophageal adenocarcinoma: is chemoprevention a potential option?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Review the rationale behind secondary prevention of Barrett’s related esophageal adenocarcinoma and critically appraise the emerging literature regarding prevention of neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus with antisecretory and/or cyclo-oxygenase inhibition therapy. METHODS: The existing English language literature regarding secondary cancer prevention in patients with Barrett’s esophagus is reviewed and its potential clinical implications discussed. RESULTS: There is biologic plausibility to pursue “chemoprevention” trials with antisecretory and/or cyclo-oxygenase inhibition therapy in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. CONCLUSION: Chemoprevention trials using potent antisecretory therapy coupled with cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibition are warranted and may provide a means of decreasing the occurrence of cancer and cancer-related mortality in this disease.
Isolation and characterization of the complete mouse emerin gene

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder associated with muscle wasting, contractures, and cardiomyopathy. The responsible emerin gene has recently been identified and found to encode a serine-rich protein similar to lamina-associated protein 2 (LAP2), although the disease mechanism remains obscure. In order to pursue the patho-physiology of this disorder, we report here the isolation and characterization of the complete mouse emerin gene. The emerin cDNA was isolated from murine strain BALB/c, and the emerin gene was isolated from strain 129. The 2.9-kb mouse emerin gene was completely sequenced and found to be composed of 6 exons and encode a protein 73% identical to that of the human protein. Key similarities with LAP2 were found to be conserved, including critical LAP2 phosphorylation sites. Examination of the murine promoter revealed three previously unrecognized cAMP response elements (CRE) conserved between human and mouse. While Northern analysis shows emerin to be widely expressed in the mouse, as it is in humans, these promoter elements may indicate cAMP responsiveness. These data provide the necessary elements to further investigate EMD in a murine system.
A Commentary on “Business Marketing in Master's Programs: A Part of the Fabric”

ABSTRACT The purpose of this commentary is to examine the authors' recommendations, raise questions and concerns, and extend the authors' experiences by suggesting ways graduate B2B educators at both large and small programs can benefit from the authors' recommendations and their considerable expertise in teaching business marketing.
Infrared Observations of Three Extremely Red Objects

Deep infrared and optical surveys have recently revealed a large number of very red (R-K > 6) galaxies, labeled extremely red objects (EROs). Many have been identified with broadband photometry, but very few have been observed spectroscopically. From the limited spectra available, it appears that they may form a heterogeneous population. There are EROs at high redshifts with dusty, active star formation (studied by Dey and coworkers) as well as EROs with old stellar populations and little dust (studied by Soifer and coworkers). In order to further the study of these galaxies, we have taken near-infrared spectra with the Keck Telescope of three EROs found in the fields of high-redshift active galactic nuclei. The continuum is well detected in each, but no emission lines or spectral breaks are detected. We have found probable redshifts, extinctions, ages, and star formation histories for each of these EROs based on fitting their spectral energy distributions. For every age and star formation model, the fits are constrained in redshift and reddening to small regions. Due to the unknown nature of these objects, we cannot rule out values of Av as high as 15 at low redshifts. None of the EROs have spectra consistent with the redshifts of their nearby high-redshift objects.
Analysis of quasi-static scheduling techniques in a virtualized reconfigurable machine

The SCORE compute model uses fixed-size, virtual compute and memory pages connected by stream links to capture the definition of a computation abstracted from the detailed size of the physical hardware. When the number of physical compute pages is smaller than the number of virtual compute pages in the abstract computation graph, the design is time-multiplexed onto the available physical hardware. A key component of this strategy is an automatic scheduler that selects the temporal sequencing of virtual resources onto the physical device. We describe a quasi-static scheduling strategy that retains the full semantic power of the dynamic SCORE flow graph while taking advantage of static scheduling techniques at program load time to hoist most of the computational work out of the inner scheduling loops. This strategy reduces online scheduling work per reconfiguration epoch by an order of magnitude. In addition, a more global perspective available from offline-scheduling improves schedule quality, resulting in a net reduction of total execution time by 46--81%.
Design of State Estimator Measurements Based on Condition Indicators

Abstract In contemporary power systems, consideration may be given to added measurements for the purpose of improving the performance of an existing state estimator. The considered addition may be a measurement of a state (e.g., bus voltage phase angle or bus voltage magnitude). In this article, the condition number and other algebraic indicators of state estimator performance are studied with regard to added state measurements in an existing power system state estimator. The concept of a condition indicator is introduced, and this includes a study of certain elements of the singular spectrum of the state estimator process matrix. Eigenvalue sensitivity analysis is used to improve the condition indicators. Examples are shown to illustrate the concept. The analysis also shows that the concept of using condition indicators for measurement placement is consistent with redundancy analysis. The purpose of a study of condition indicators is to supplement measurement placement algorithms.
Metabolism and cancer

All the energy driving life is generated in the sun by atomic reactions. Some of this energy reaches our globe in the form of a radiation commonly called “sunshine”. A small part of this sunshine is captured by the photosynthetic apparatus of plants, which use the energy of the radiation for the splitting of water molecules into H and O. By this reaction the sunshine is traded in for a thermodynamic potential, that of H and O, and so, henceforth the sole source of the energy of life has to be this thermodynamic potential. To keep life going the energy of this potential has to be released. This can be done by reversing the reaction which produced the potential, reversing the splitting of water and bringing H and O together to form water again, that is, oxidizing the hydrogen. The big energy gap between H and O can be bridged by performing the oxidation of H piecemeal in reversible steps. This oxidation of the hydrogen is the core of the metabolism. The metabolism was studied in the potato by means of the “guaiac reaction”, that is, the blue color developed on the cut surface of the tuber wetted by a solution of guaiac resin. This study has led to ascorbic acid as a member of the chain of redox pairs connecting H and O. The study of the metabolism in wheat has led to methoxyhydroquinone and dimethoxybenzoquinone, which also form redox couples and are part of the chain of reactions connecting the potential of H and O. This chain consists of hydro- and benzoquinone, 2, 6-dimethoxyhydro- and benzoquinone, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, and NAD and NAD(P)H. Neither ascorbic acid nor 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoquinone has an inhibitory action on cancer, but together they give a strong inhibition. The difference in midpoint potential between the two is relatively small, and so the electron tarries long in its uncoupled transfer state between the two. From this state the electron can be transferred to outside points, taking with it part of the energy of the H—O potential. Evidence which suggests that the methoxy group is produced in the adrenal cortex, is increasing.
Palmitate and Cholesterol Transport Through the Blood‐Brain Barrier

The transport into brain of the plasma lipids (free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids) is impeded by the tight binding (more than 99%) of these compounds by plasma proteins. Since proteins do not cross the brain capillary wall (Saunders, 1977), i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB), lipid transport through the BBB, if it occurs, must involve a transfer of lipid from the plasma protein to the BBB membrane. While it is known that triglycerides (Dhopeshwarkar and Mead, 1973) and such phospholipids as lecithin or lysolecithin (Pardridge, et al., 1979) are not transported through the rat BBB, the reported data are conflicting in regard to BBB transport of cholesterol and free fatty acids. Regarding cholesterol, it was shown many years ago that labeled cholesterol does not enter the adult (Bloch et al., 1943), fetal, or neonatal rat brain (Morris and Chaikoff, 1961). Subsequently, however. it was reported that dietary labeled cholesterol enters brain, albeit slowly (Serougne et al., 1976), suggesting that cholesterol may cross the BBB. Concerning BBB transport of free fatty acids, it is known that the brain of mature dog (Spitzer, 1973) or man (Owen et al., 1967) does not take up a net amount of free fatty acid from the circulation. However, a measureable influx of labeled palmitate into brain after carotid injection has also been reported (Dhopeshwarkar and Mead, 1973); the studies were not quantitative and, thus, estimates of the rnrrgrzitrtde of blood-brain fatty acid flux are not available. Therefore, the present investigations were designed to study the permeability properties of the BBB to cholesterol and palmitate, with special emphasis on the role of the plasma proteins in limiting BBB transport of these two lipids.
Characterizing Nekton use of the Largest Unfished Oyster Reef in the United States Compared with Adjacent Estuarine Habitats

Characterizing density patterns of fish and crustaceans across estuarine habitat types can provide useful information regarding their relative value. The oyster reef complex within Sabine Lake Estuary is the largest known in the United States with no record of commercial harvest, and it presents a unique opportunity to understand the habitat value of an unfished reef system in comparison with adjacent estuarine habitats. High abundances of relatively large oysters with complex formations were observed throughout the 2-y study period. Average densities of fish and crustaceans were 6 times greater at the marsh edge than the nonvegetated shallow habitats, and 40 times greater than both the oyster reef and nonvegetated deep habitats. Low faunal densities observed in the oyster reef habitat may be the result of spatial configuration and connectivity to surrounding habitats, collection limitation resulting from its large vertical relief (>1 m) and complex 3-dimensional structure, or habitat selection resulting from water depth. Because the majority of crustaceans and resident and transient fish were observed within the marsh edge and nonvegetated shallow habitats, it is difficult to determine whether oyster reefs within Sabine Lake Estuary provide essential habitats for these species. Although low densities of organisms were observed in the oyster reef habitat, multivariate analysis indicates that the unfished reef supports a unique community of fish and crustaceans. Results provide a valuable baseline for future conservation, restoration, and management actions as we seek to understand more completely and to protect important estuarine habitat types.
Amine functionalization of poly(styryl)lithium with N‐(benzylidene)trimethylsilylamine

Functionalization reactions of poly(styryl)lithium with N-(benzylidene)-trimethylsilylamine produce polymers containing significant amounts of coupling products for Mn = 2.8 × 103g/mol (19% coupling) and Mn = 15 × 103g/mol (15% coupling). Isolation and characterization of the products for the amination of poly(styryl)lithium with Mn = 2.8 × 13g/mol indicates that the non-coupled products consist of a primary amine-terminated polymer (69% yield) and an acetophenone-type functionalized polymer (12% yield). The dimeric product (19% yield) has a primary amine functional group. The formation of these products is rationalized by a Cannizzaro-type reaction of the initially formed polymeric lithium silylamide product with excess N-(benzylidene)(trimethylsilylamine to form the corresponding polymer with imine chain-end functionality which can react with another molecule of poly(styryl)lithium to form dimer product or hydrolyze to the acetophenone functionality on work-up.
Working Hard to Relax: Improving Engagement in Leisure Time Activities for a Healthier Work-Life Balance

Edited by Mona M. Shattell, PhD, RNUniversity of North Carolina at Greensboro, School of Nursing, Greensboro, North Carolina, USAIn a work-centered environment, society, and life, leisure experienc...
Temperature-dependent Sellmeier coefficients and coherence length for cadmium telluride*

A temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation is calculated for CdTe. Using the derived Sellmeier equation, the coherence length for second harmonic generation was calculated as well as the variation of the coherence length with temperature. The predicted coherence length is found to be in good agreement with measured values.
Alanine mutants of the Spo0F response regulator modifying specificity for sensor kinases in sporulation initiation.

Five single alanine substitution mutations in the Spo0F response regulator gave rise to mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis with seemingly normal sporulation that nevertheless rapidly segregated variants blocked in sporulation. The basis for this deregulated phenotype was postulated to be increased phosphorylation of the Spo0A transcription factor, resulting from enhanced phosphate input or decreased dephosphorylation of the phosphorelay. Strains bearing two of these Spo0F mutant proteins, Y13A and I17A, retained a requirement for KinA and KinB kinases in sporulation, whereas the remaining three, L66A, I90A and H101A, gave strains that sporulated well in the absence of both KinA and KinB. Sporulation of strains bearing L66A and H101A mutations was decreased in a mutant lacking KinA, KinB and KinC, but the strain bearing the I90A mutation required the further deletion of KinD to lower its sporulation frequency. The affected residues, L-66, I-90 and H-101, are involved in crucial hydrophobic contacts stabilizing the orientation of helix α4 of Spo0F. The data are consistent with the notion that these three mutations alter the conformation of the β4–α4 loop of Spo0F that is known to contain residues critical for KinA:Spo0F recognition. As this loop has a propensity for multiple conformations, the spatial arrangement of this loop may play a critical role in kinase selection by Spo0F and might be altered by regulatory molecules interacting with Spo0F.
A Radiation Resistant Dipole Using Metal-Oxide Insulated CICC

Several proposed accelerator facilities will be capable of providing intense beams on targets that are in close proximity to superconducting magnets. These magnets will have to operate in high-radiation environments. A proposed solution to the manufacture of radiation tolerant coils is to use a metal-oxide insulated version of the standard CICC, which allows the use of welding to provide structural integrity. A small superferric dipole, similar to one previously constructed with conventional epoxy-potted coils, has been fabricated with metal-oxide CICC. The coils have four turns of 10 mm square conductor having 42 strands of 0.5 mm diameter NbTi wire. The calculated field on the conductor is about 2 T at a current of 10 kA. Test results will be reported and extension to larger devices discussed.
Tradeoff Power Control for Cellular Systems

We consider distributed uplink open-loop power control for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular systems. To touch simultaneously on two main performance metrics in cellular systems, average throughput and cell-edge throughput, we focus on a metric of tradeoff performance. First we investigate two extreme cases to show that the well-known SNR-based scheme and the INR-based scheme maximize cell-edge throughput and average throughput, respectively. Based on these two extremes, we propose a new power control scheme that trades off well both metrics. The idea is to combine the optimum power of two extremes in a linear fashion. System-level simulations show that the proposed scheme has better tradeoff performance as compared to two schemes: (1) a trivial time-sharing scheme (where a tradeoff curve shows the straight line that connects two extreme points); (2) another alternative (that combines the optimum power of two extremes in an exponential way).
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Creep in Ultrafine Crystalline Nickel RF-MEMS Devices

The creep behavior of ultrafine crystalline RF microelectromechanical systems (RF-MEMS) devices is investigated in this paper. The RF-MEMS devices are characterized through a highly accurate capacitance-sensing setup, under a special bi-state bias condition. In particular, the devices are kept continuously biased (on-state) for up to 1400 h, but the bias voltage is momentarily removed for 1 min every hour in order to record the off-state capacitance. Measurements at two bias voltages of 20 and 40 V are reported. The capacitance measurement uncertainty is less than 200 aF and the long-term stability is better than 4 fF throughout the measurement period. Furthermore, we report the creep behavior under the same bi-state bias condition through independent direct optical measurements conducted with a confocal microscope-based setup. The measurement uncertainty for the vertical displacement reported in these measurements is less than 50 nm. These measurements show for the first time the entire profile evolution of the deflected beams and membranes for up to 168 h. Both the capacitance and optical measurements reveal the same trends for the creep behavior of the devices. A physics-based creep model for the ultrafine crystalline nickel devices is also included in this paper. The required model parameters are obtained by fitting the simulation results to the measured creep curve under a bias voltage of 20 V. Using the same material parameters and geometry, this model correctly captures the rate of deformation during the steady-state creep stage at 40 V. The model reveals that the observed steady-state creep deformation at both 20 and 40 V is dominated by Coble creep.
Social Behavior Assessment and Response to Intervention

This chapter presents information on assessment strategies for social behaviors in schools that may be used in a problem-solving approach that incorporates response to intervention (RTI). As a point of communication, although many associate RTI solely as a method for identifying and qualifying students for special education services, this chapter discusses RTI within the context of a problem-solving approach. The “interventions” in RTI can be thought of as general education curriculum and instruction, interventions for students at risk of academic or behavior problems, or interventions that are intense enough to warrant special education funding. Thus, this chapter does not focus solely on RTI as an eligibility tool. The importance of the assessment of social behaviors in a problem-solving or RTI approach will be presented along with a detailed description of specific measures and example applications. The use of RTI with social behaviors will also be critiqued, along with suggestions for future directions for the field.
A 3,5-dinitro­benzoyl derivative of a stereoisomer of glycerol menthonide

The title compound, [(2S,5R,6S,9R)-6-isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro­[4.5]dec-2-yl]methyl 3,5-dinitro­benzoate, C20H26N2O8, was synthesized as part of a study of three-carbon stereochemical systems. The crystallographic assignment of the absolute stereochemistry is consistent with having started with (−)-menthone, the acetal carbon is R and the secondary alcohol is S. This brings the dinitro­benzoate into approximately the same plane as the menthyl ring and anti to the isopropyl group. Close inter­molecular C=O⋯NO2 contacts between neighboring mol­ecules [2.8341 (16) A] contribute to the packing arrangement. The structure was refined as a pseudo-merohedral twin (monoclinic space group P21 emulating the ortho­rhom­bic space group C2221). Application of the twin law 100, 0\overline{1}0, \overline{1}0\overline{1} gave a 2:1 ratio of twin moieties [refined BASF value = 0.3790 (7)].
Double-slit diffraction experiment in hyperbolic media

Our experiment demonstrates a subwavelength-wide peak from double-slit diffraction inside a slab with hyperbolic dispersion; this highly localized field can be used for subwavelength probes.
Basic Choice Research

This chapter reviews basic research on choice from both the experimental analysis of behavior and cognitive sciences literature. Choice is a ubiquitous component in any organism’s behavior stream, necessitating a proper understanding of the variables governing choice to fully account for the universe of responding in a science of behavior. We provide only tentative discussions for translating basic findings to service delivery and place our comments within the boundaries and appropriate limitations of the extant literature. In general, this chapter reviews basic theories and models of choice, providing a general framework for the clinical applications that are discussed in Chap. 7.
Strain-Induced Modification of Optical Selection Rules in Lanthanide-Based Upconverting Nanoparticles

NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticle upconverters are hindered by low quantum efficiencies arising in large part from the parity-forbidden nature of their optical transitions and the nonoptimal spatial separations between lanthanide ions. Here, we use pressure-induced lattice distortion to systematically modify both parameters. Although hexagonal-phase nanoparticles exhibit a monotonic decrease in upconversion emission, cubic-phase particles experience a nearly 2-fold increase in efficiency. In-situ X-ray diffraction indicates that these emission changes require only a 1% reduction in lattice constant. Our work highlights the intricate relationship between upconversion efficiency and lattice geometry and provides a promising approach to modifying the quantum efficiency of any lanthanide upconverter.
Evaluating the effects of document design principles

The authors present a model of the process of designing documents. The model can he used as a joh aid for writers and as a framework for testing document design principles. The final step in this model is evaluation — testing how easily readers can understand and use the document. They then describe an audience-centered evaluation in which a traditional bureaucratic document was compared with a shortened,reorganized, and rewritten version. Subjects using the revised document answered more questions correctly, were significantly better in identifying the correct section, took less time to answer questions, and rated the revised document as much easier to use.
A Time-Domain Approach to Control of Series Elastic Actuators: Adaptive Torque and Passivity-Based Impedance Control

Robots are increasingly designed to physically interact with humans in unstructured environments, and as such must operate both accurately and safely. Leveraging compliant actuation, typically in the form of series elastic actuators (SEAs), can guarantee this required level of safety. To date, a number of frequency-domain techniques have been proposed, which yield effective SEA torque and impedance control; however, these methods are accompanied by undesirable stability constraints. In this paper, we instead focus on a time-domain approach to the control of SEAs, and adapt two existing control techniques for SEA platforms. First, a model reference adaptive controller is developed, which requires no prior knowledge of system parameters and can specify desired closed-loop torque characteristics. Second, the time-domain passivity approach is modified to control desired impedances in a manner that temporarily allows the SEA to passively render impedances greater than the actuator's intrinsic stiffness. This approach also provides conditions for passivity when augmenting any stable SEA torque controller with an arbitrary impedance. The resultant techniques are experimentally validated on a custom prototype SEA.
Finding Your Voice as an Academic Writer (and Writing Clearly)

One of the questions doctoral students and early-career faculty frequently ask is how they can find or develop their voice as a writer. As I think back to my early days in the academy, this is not ...
Study on Guide Thinking model of PE of Germany and It's Inspiration to Us

On the base of analysing the relationship of PE between the Germany and China , the author expounds the inspiration from Germany by analyzing the three kinds of Guide Thinking model of PE of Germany , and thinks that we should learn a lot in our PE curriculum from Germany .
Acute Page kidney immediately following blunt trauma to a solitary pediatric kidney

Page kidney refers to the occurrence of hypertension secondary to renal compression and is usually associated with a subcapsular or perinephric hematoma. It generally occurs weeks to months after the initial injury. We report on a case of Page kidney occurring acutely after Grade IV blunt renal trauma in a pediatric patient with a solitary kidney following a tobogganing accident. The child was initially managed conservatively and discharged after six days bed-rest. He re-presented post-injury Day 12 with recurrent hematuria, anemia, hypertension, and renal failure that required eventual, and successful, surgical exploration.
Global sagittal axis: a step toward full-body assessment of sagittal plane deformity in the human body

OBJECTIVE Sagittal malalignment requires higher energy expenditure to maintain an erect posture. Because the clinical impact of sagittal alignment is affected by both the severity of the deformity and recruitment of compensatory mechanisms, it is important to investigate new parameters that reflect both disability level and compensatory mechanisms for all patients. This study investigated the clinical relevance of the global sagittal axis (GSA), a novel measure to evaluate the standing axis of the human body. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent full-body radiographs and completed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires: Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Scoliosis Research Society-22, EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), and the visual analog scale for back and leg pain. The GSA was defined as the angle formed by a line from the midpoint of the femoral condyles to the center of C-7, and a line from the midpoint between the femoral condyles to the posterior superior corner of the S-1 sacral endplate. After evaluating the correlation of GSA/HRQOL with sagittal parameters, linear regression models were generated to investigate how ODI and GSA related to radiographic parameters (T-1 pelvic angle, pelvic retroversion, knee flexion, and pelvic posterior translation). RESULTS One hundred forty-three patients (mean age 44 years) were included. The GSA correlated significantly with all HRQOL (up to r = 0.6 with EQ-5D) and radiographic parameters (up to r = 0.962 with sagittal vertical axis). Regression between ODI and sagittal radiographic parameters identified the GSA as an independent predictor (r = 0.517, r2 = 0.267; p < 0.001). Analysis of standardized coefficients revealed that when controlling for deformity, the GSA increased with a concurrent decrease in pelvic retroversion (-0.837) and increases in knee flexion (+0.287) and pelvic posterior translation (+0.193). CONCLUSIONS The GSA is a simple, novel measure to assess the standing axis of the human body in the sagittal plane. The GSA correlated highly with spinopelvic and lower-extremities sagittal parameters and exhibited remarkable correlations with HRQOL, which exceeded other commonly used parameters.
Probabilistic Versus Heuristic Accounts of Explanation in Children: Evidence from a Latent Scope Bias.

Like scientists, children must find ways to explain causal systems in the world. The Bayesian approach to cognitive development holds that children evaluate explanations by applying a normative set of statistical learning and hypothesis-testing mechanisms to the evidence they observe. Here, we argue for certain supplements to this approach. In particular, we demonstrate in two studies that children, like adults, have a robust latent scope bias that conflicts with the laws of probability. When faced with two explanations equally consistent with observed data, where one explanation made an unverified prediction, children consistently preferred the explanation that did not make this prediction (Experiment 1). The bias can be overridden by strong prior odds, indicating that children can integrate cues from multiple sources of evidence (Experiment 2). We argue that children, like adults, rely on heuristics for making explanatory judgments which often lead to normative responses, but can lead to systematic error.
Applications of Longitudinal Research to Advance Organizational Theory: A Primer

The purpose of this article is to inform researchers about and encourage the use of longitudinal designs to further understanding of human resource development and organizational theory. This article presents information about a variety of longitudinal research designs, related statistical procedures, and an overview of general data collecting approaches, covering their strengths and weaknesses. The article also serves as a reminder of the importance of alignment between the research purpose, questions and methodology while highlighting the benefits of using multiple methods. Finally, importance of research replicability in the context of longitudinal inquiry is stressed.
SPECT: Clinical Applications

The knowledge about quality control and the development of quality initiatives provide techniques for the optimal performance of SPECT imaging and therefore maximize the clinical value of this important non-invasive technique. Given the increasing volume in cardiac imaging and its related expense, it is critical to provide clinically relevant data and do so in a cost-effective manner. This section will focus on the clinical implications of SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. We will review the evaluation of multiple patient populations including those with suspected coronary artery disease, risk stratification, preoperative risk assessment, evaluation of therapy in patients with known coronary disease, risk stratification of the diabetic patient, assessment of women and additional unique patient cohorts. The body of evidence supporting each of these indications is very strong and will be reviewed.