cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of Residual Organisms in Foods after Substerilizing Doses of Gamma Radiation: A Review

The nature of the flora surviving substerilizing irradiation of foods is dependent on the dose applied and the conditions of applications as well as the microenvironment of the food. At a dose level low enough to preserve acceptable sensory properties of fresh food, few if any of the common contaminants of public health significance survive irradiation. Survivors are weakened and present no unique problem of acquired resistance through recycling. Those bacteria surviving a low dose treatment of a relatively contaminated product like ground beef can grow under normal storage conditions and cause obvious sensory spoilage. Thus, low dose irradiation extends the shelf-life of fresh foods and reduces public health hazards, but foods so treated require normal care in production and distribution.
Revised magnetostratigraphies confirm low sedimentation rates in Arctic Ocean cores

The general lack of an age-diagnostic biostratigraphy in the Neogene sediments of the abyssal Arctic Ocean has emphasized the importance of magnetostratigraphy in providing chronostratigraphic control in these sediments. Sedimentation rates interpreted from early magnetostratigraphic studies of cores taken from the T3 ice island in the western Mendeleev Plain were estimated to be on the order of 1 mm/IO3 yr; however, recent amino acid epimerization studies of a core from the same area have suggested sedimentation rates of almost 15 mm/IO3 yr. This controversy has led us to reexamine the paleomagnetism of several of these cores. Our alternating field demagnetization studies indicate that many of these cores have an intense, high coercivity overprint, acquired after the core was opened, that is adequately removed only after treatment at 20 to 70 mT. We have remeasured samples from two cores after demagnetizations up to 80 mT and can confirm the position of the BnmheslMatuyama boundary originally identified in the cores. In addition, the Jaramillo and Olduvai subchrons are identified. Average sedimentation rates in these two cores are 2-3 mm/IO3 yr, similar to the original estimates based on reversal stratigraphy, as well as those determined from recent radiocarbon studies, but incompatible with the amino acid-based dates.
Effects of reflow conditions on the formation of Au-Ni-Sn compounds at the interface of Au-Pb-Sn and Au-Sn solder joints with Ni substrate

We investigated the effect of reflow conditions (temperature and time above the liquidus temperature) on the growth, morphology and location of the ternary (Au,Ni)Sn/sub 4/ phase in joints made with Ni or Au/Ni substrates. We considered joints created with Au/sub 0.1/Sn/sub 99.9/ or Au/sub 0.1/Pb/sub 26/Sn/sub 73.9/ solders reflowed on Ni substrates, and Sn/sub 94.35/Ag/sub 3.8/Cu/sub 1.85/ solder reflowed on Au/Ni metallization. The Au/sub 0.1/Pb/sub 26/Sn/sub 73.9/ solder alloy reflowed on a Ni substrate at 185/spl deg/C for 30 s above liquidus and subsequently annealed at 150/spl deg/C gave rise to two layers of intermetallic compounds at the solder/substrate interface, Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ and (Au, Ni)Sn/sub 4/. However, when this solder alloy was reflowed at 235/spl deg/C for 30 s above liquidus, only one interface layer was observed, Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/, while the (Au,Ni)Sn/sub 4/ ternary phase was found to grow in the bulk of the solder. The SnAgCu/Au/Ni joints were reflowed for 74 s above liquidus and the peak temperature attained was 244/spl deg/C. (Au,Ni)Sn/sub 4/ phase was observed to form in the bulk of these joints upon reflow, with a Cu content less than 1 atomic percent. This intermetallic compound remained in the bulk of the joint as the samples were annealed at 150/spl deg/C up to 261 hours. For the Au/sub 0.1/Sn/sub 99.9//Ni system, only one layer, the Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/ phase, was found to grow at the solder/substrate interface, both after reflow (at 260/spl deg/C for 46 s above liquidus) and for an annealing schedule at 150/spl deg/C of up to 49 hours.
WILDCAT chemical sensor development

The WILDCAT sensor was developed to provide chemical detection and identification at large standoff ranges on the order of 20 km for concentration-path length product measurements and 5 km for range-resolved measurements. The transmitter is a wavelength agile CO2 laser with output energy of 1 J/pulse at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The laser wavelength can be shifted by a two-stage second harmonic generator and optical parametric oscillator to prove chemical absorption features outside the normal laser emission bands. The receiver is composed of a 60 cm dia. Cassegrain telescope and two-element HgCdTe detector that are integrated into a gimbal system for full hemispherical scanning. The laser/optical table and gimbal/telescope subsystems are connected by a rigid truss and all components are integrated into a transportable field test station. The data acquisition system is composed of 12 bit, 125 MHz analog-digital converters and a digital signal processor. Algorithms allow for real-time data processing and display of chemical concentration maps. All key transmitter and receiver components are capable of further development for compact, standalone sensors that can operate from fixed sites or mobile platforms, including aircraft, ships, and ground vehicles.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reirradiation to the abdomen for gastrointestinal malignancies

Background Reirradiation to the abdomen could potentially play a role in palliation of symptoms or local control in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Our goal was to retrospectively determine rates of toxicity, freedom from local progression and overall survival in gastrointestinal cancer patients treated with reirradiation to the abdomen.
The differential effects of gender, anthropometry, and prior hormonal state on frontal plane knee joint stiffness.

Background Gender differences in passive frontal plane knee stiffness may contribute to the increased anterior cruciate ligament injury rate in females. Gender-based stiffness differences have been attributed to anthropometric variations, but little data exist describing this relationship. Furthermore, sex hormone levels appear to influence joint stiffness, but the differential effects of instantaneous and prior hormonal concentrations remain unknown. This study sought to explore the effect of gender, prior hormonal status, and anthropometry on passive frontal plane knee joint stiffness.
Elve doublets and compact intracloud discharges

We present evidence of ionospheric optical signatures of lightning, known as elves, which sometimes occur in pairs separated in time by ∼80–160 μs. We demonstrate that these “elve doublets” are the ionospheric signature of compact intracloud discharges (CIDs), which are extremely powerful, compact discharges that are thought to occur near the tops of thunderclouds. In this paper, using simple geometric calculations and full electromagnetic simulations, we show that CIDs from altitudes 14–22 km explain the time delay observed in elve doublets, consistent with typical CID altitudes. Furthermore, we show that the relative brightness of the first and second elves in the doublet is likely related to the orientation of the CID, and angles of 5°– 20° with respect to the vertical are consistent with the observed brightness ratios.
Polarized deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering: Inclusive results

Abstract This paper reviews the world results on polarized deep inelastic lepton nucleon scattering and their implications on our understanding of the spin structure of the proton and neutron. Results on the tests of the Bjorken and Ellis-Jaffe sum rules are presented as well as a discussion of the Next-to-Leading Order analyses of the nucleon spin structure functions.
Some implications of a community mental health model for developing countries.

The aim of this paper is to call attention to certain problems facing many developing countries which are bound to lead to further difficulties in psychosocial adjustment. Almost all these problems are inherent in the process of socioeconomic change, urbanization, and industrialization. These changes may not only lead to an increase in the rate of mental illness, but because of their impact on the basic family structure and living conditions, will result in a reduced tolerance of deviation on the part of the community. Moreover, the spread of public education and mass media is also likely to lead to a change in the expectations and attitudes of developing nations making it no longer possible to endure psychological suffering as part of one's destiny. Even the improvement of public health services leading to reduction of infant mortality and a rise in life expectancy may lead to a gross increase in demands for mental health services by the very young and the aged sections of the population. It is the contention of this paper that a community mental health model, with certain modifications to fit the local culture, will best serve the increasing mental health needs of developing nations. Of particular relevance are such aspects of the model as population and prevention orientation, community involvement, extension of prefessional resources through consultation, utilization of non-professional manpower, continuity and comprehensiveness of care as well as an open systems conceptualization of the whole process of the organization and delivery of mental health services. The latter approach will help bring about an integration of mental health services within the wider framework of human service agencies, e.g., public health, general and adult education, family planning, and community development.
Infant Feeding Attitudes and Breastfeeding Intentions of Black College Students

Breastfeeding rates are lowest among Black women than women of other races. An understanding of infant feeding attitudes may help improve breastfeeding rates among Black women. The theory of planned behavior guided this study to explore infant feeding attitudes of Black college students and the contribution of attitudes to breastfeeding intentions after controlling for age, gender, income, and education level. A sample of 348 Black college students below 45 years old with no children and no history of pregnancies were recruited for this study. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and a Demographic Questionnaire were used to collect data. Participants agreed that breast milk is the ideal food for infants and 48% indicated high probability of breastfeeding intentions. Infant feeding attitudes also explained approximately 30% (Nagelkerke R (2)) of the variance in breastfeeding intentions. Therefore, breastfeeding interventions targeting Black women should focus on improving breastfeeding attitudes.
The Expanding Bull's-Eye Effect

Weather hazards such as tornadoes and hurricanes affect thousands of people annually, often resulting in casualties and billions of dollars in damage. These extreme weather events can lead to disas...
Characteristics and Trends in Ambulatory Otolaryngology Visits and Practices

ObjectiveTo determine characteristics and trends for outpatient otolaryngology visits and practices in the United States.Study DesignCross-sectional analysis of national survey database.SettingAmbu...
Training and Educating Undergraduate Students in the Discipline of HCI

An incoming freshman student stops by your office because he/she has read that your research area is HCI and desires to work with you. As teachers and academic advisers, how should we assist our students in choosing courses that will be beneficial to their study of HCI, but that will also provide the breadth that undergraduate studies provide? How should we as researchers assist our students in developing skills that will be beneficial to conducting research in HCI? How should we as teacher-researchers ensure that our student graduate from our universities adequately prepared? The aim of this paper is to present the HCI curriculum, to present the rationale for students to gain training in certain HCI-related areas that also provide for the breadth required in an undergraduate degree program, and to also suggest ideas for future work.
Association of the Functional Movement Screen with injuries in division I athletes.

Context: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) evaluates performance in 7 fundamental movement patterns using a 4-point scale. Previous studies have reported increased injury risk with a composite score (CS) of 14/21 or less; these studies were limited to specific sports and injury definition. Objective: To examine the association between FMS CS and movement pattern scores and acute noncontact and overuse musculoskeletal injuries in division I college athletes. An exploratory objective was to assess the association between injury and FMS movement pattern asymmetry. Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: College athletic facilities. Participants: 167 injury-free, college basketball, football, volleyball, cross country, track and field, swimming/diving, soccer, golf, and tennis athletes (males = 89). Intervention: The FMS was administered during preparticipation examination. Main Outcome Measure: Noncontact or overuse injuries that required intervention from the athletic trainer during the sport season. Result...
Home, homeland, homepage: belonging and the Indian-American web

This article critically examines the politics of home, homeland and homepage on what it calls the ‘Indian-American’ web. It demonstrates how the Indian-American web emerged during the 1990s by targeting non-resident Indians (NRIs) and persons of Indian origin (PIOs) in the United States. NRI refers to an Indian citizen who resides outside India, while PIO refers to a foreign citizen who claims an ‘Indian’ origin. The central argument of the article is that the web disrupts hegemonic notions of NRI and PIO identities by articulating diverse imaginations of ‘home’, such as household, homeland and homepage, to the cultural, economic and political discourses of nation, family and community. In the process, the web foregrounds the contestations over ‘old’ and ‘new’ identities within the NRI and PIO communities in the United States.
Secondary axis specification in sea urchin embryos

Secondary axis specification is a process that relies on asymmetric nuclearization of transcription factors in flies and vertebrates, such that the crucial factor is nuclear and therefore functional only in cells along one side of the embryo. In vertebrates, this transcription factor is β-catenin, which is canonically activated downstream from Wnt signals. However, the sea urchin uses asymmetric β-catenin nuclearization during specification of the primary animal-vegetal axis, rather than the secondary oral-aboral (OA) axis. OA specification relies instead on the asymmetric localization of p38 MAPK, a signaling kinase that directly modulates transcription factor activity. A number of genes are expressed in the oral territory downstream from p38, including Nodal and Goosecoid, both of which are associated with secondary axis specification in vertebrate embryos. Because the p38 asymmetry is the earliest known event in the specification of the OA axis, an outstanding question concerns identifying the apparatus upstream from p38 that regulates its asymmetrical activity. Intriguingly, this may be controlled by reactive oxygen species released from the mitochondria, which are asymmetrically distributed about the OA axis.
Mixed intermediate effect in calcium alumino/galliosilicate glasses

Glasses in the calcium alumino/galliosilicate system were prepared. All glasses contained 30 mol% CaO. The density, refractive index, and infrared spectra were measured. These glasses exhibited additive behavior in all properties, which implies that Al and Ga play isostructural roles in the glass network. These results agree with those reported previously for lithium alumino/galliosilicate glasses.
Functional Imaging in Stroke Recovery

Assessing neurobiology of brain systems can provide information not available from anatomic or behavioral assessment. Such information may be of value in understanding, defining, and prescribing potential therapeutic interventions that target restorative brain events after stroke. A number of methods have been used to study stroke recovery, each with its relative merits and limitations. Several studies suggest that greater injury is associated with reduced laterality of brain activity. This might be in relation to changes in interhemispheric inhibition and is a phenomenon that is likely useful for functional gains in some patients. Many other features of brain activity change in the months after a stroke, including the site and size of activation in relevant brain network nodes. While there is incomplete agreement regarding which features of altered brain activity predict and parallel better behavioral outcome, studies converge on the conclusion that best outcome is achieved by activating the brain in a pattern that most resembles the normal state.
Race/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in stress and immune function in The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Abstract Stress and immune function may be important mediators of the strong association between social factors and health over the life course, but previous studies have lacked the data to fully explore these links in a population-based sample. This study utilizes data from Waves I–IV of the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to test the associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) with levels of perceived stress and exposure to stressful life events (SLE) among 11,050 adult respondents aged 24–32 in 2008–2009. We further tested whether race/ethnicity and SES were associated with Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) specific IgG antibodies, an indirect marker of cell-mediated immune function. Finally, we tested whether measures of stress were associated with EBV IgG and whether there was evidence that they explain any associations between race/ethnicity, SES and EBV IgG. We found strong associations between lower SES and higher levels of perceived stress (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.73–2.48 for β = 0.136, p , but lower SES was not associated with higher EBV IgG. We found no evidence that stressful life events or perceived stress were associated with EBV IgG in this sample, and thus did not account for racial differences in EBV IgG. These results suggest consistent race/ethnic and SES differences in stressful life events, and confirm race/ethnic differences in markers of immune function that may have health implications across the life course.
Thick‐section histometry of porous hydroxyapatite implants using backscattered electron imaging

A histometry system has been developed to measure bone ingrowth into porous hydroxyapatite implants utilizing the backscattered electron image of thick sections. The system consists of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with backscattered electron detector, digital beam controller, minicomputer based image digitization, and microcomputer based image processing, point counting, and lineal analysis. The SEM backscattered electron imaging mode yields high tissue contrast and sharp tissue boundaries, substantially reducing the lost cap and projection effect errors of thick sections. High-resolution digitization of the image substantially reduces the standard error of the estimates. By using the digitized image the tedious process of filtering artifacts and recording actual point counts, intersections, and intercept lengths is delegated to computer software. Performance of this system in a recent study demonstrated substantial ease of operator use and speed of measurement. In the absence of a digital beam controller an inexpensive video digitizer circuit board may be used to digitize photographic prints of the SEM images. The combination of increased accuracy, precision, operator ease, and speed suggests that this system can be useful for soft tissue-bone-implant histometry.
Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients.

✓ The localization of cortical sites essential for language was assessed by stimulation mapping in the left, dominant hemispheres of 117 patients. Sites were related to language when stimulation at a current below the threshold for afterdischarge evoked repeated statistically significant errors in object naming. The language center was highly localized in many patients to form several mosaics of 1 to 2 sq cm, usually one in the frontal and one or more in the temporoparietal lobe. The area of individual mosaics, and the total area related to language was usually much smaller than the traditional Broca-Wernicke areas. There was substantial individual variability in the exact location of language function, some of which correlated with the patient's sex and verbal intelligence. These features were present for patients as young as 4 years and as old as 80 years, and for those with lesions acquired in early life or adulthood. These findings indicate a need for revision of the classical model of language locali...
Protective and Harmful Effects of Neighborhood-Level Deprivation on Individual-Level Health Knowledge, Behavior Changes, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

The authors examined associations between neighborhood-level deprivation and cardiovascular disease-related health knowledge and behavior changes, as well as the estimated 12-year probability of experiencing a coronary heart disease event. Primary analyses included multilevel regression models among 8,197 women and men living in 82 neighborhoods in four northern California cities who were interviewed in one of five surveys conducted between 1979 and 1990. After controlling for age, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity, city, and time, the authors found that adults living in high-deprivation neighborhoods had significantly lower health knowledge and a higher probability of no positive behavior changes than did adults in moderately deprived neighborhoods (i.e., harmful effects). Conversely, those living in low-deprivation neighborhoods had significantly higher health knowledge and lower probabilities of no positive behavior changes and estimated risk of coronary heart disease (i.e., protective effects). The association between high neighborhood deprivation and no positive behavior changes remained statistically significant after additional adjustment for a composite measure of individual-level socioeconomic status. Associations with neighborhood deprivation did not vary by individual-level socioeconomic status. These results suggest that focusing exclusively on changing individuals' behaviors will have a limited effect unless contextual influences at the neighborhood level are also addressed.
The X-Trials: Neural Correlates of an Inhibitory Control Task in Children and Adults

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to examine developmental differences between adults and 6-year-old children in the neural processes involved in an inhibitory control task. Twenty adults and 21 children completed a task that required them to selectively respond to target stimuli while inhibiting responses to equally salient non-target stimuli. Because this task had been previously studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the relation between the fMRI and ERP findings was informally examined. The results indicate that latency and amplitude of the P3 differentiated the different types of trials. However, the pattern of event-related neural activity differed for adults and children. These results, which suggest that adults and children may be using different processes to perform this task, have implications for the interpretation of the previous fMRI findings.
Biology and Immature Stages of Coexisting Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Northeastern Ohio Lakes

Orthotrichia aegerfasciella Chambers, Oxyethira forcipata Moseley, and Oxyethira pallida (Banks) are microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) that commonly co-occur spatially and temporally. The larvae are algal feeders that specialize on Chlorophyta; O. aegerfasciella was reared on Cladophora, O. pallida was reared on Spirogyra and Zygnema, and a partial rearing of O. forcipata was obtained using Zygnema. Larvae used specialized asymmetrical mandibles to simultaneously grasp and puncture the walls of individual cells before sucking the contents out. Hypermetamorphosis occurred, and the final instars of both genera constructed cases of oral secretions only. Orthotrichia aegerfasciella early instars had unique tubercles on the notal setal areas, but these were absent in the fifth instar. The contention that Orthotrichia larvae lack a ventral projection on the fore tibia, a character present in other taxa that feed on filamentous algae, is incorrect. The fore tibia of O. aegerfasciella bears a ventral projection, and the projection possesses a pair of spurs similar to those in other algivorous Hydroptilidae. Also, the pointed labrum of this species does not aid in algal feeding. These observations contradict prior statements that Orthotrichia ancestors were predaceous because it was incorrectly assumed that they lack the apparatus for grasping algal filaments and have a labrum modified to aid their feeding habits. Orthotrichia aegerfasciella overwinters as a semiactive fifth instar. Oxyethira pallida fifth instars can be differentiated morphologically from the larvae of other described Oxyethira spp. based on mandible morphology, leg length, and coxal morphology. Larvae seal their cases in preparation for overwintering, overwinter as inactive fifth instars attached to stable substrates, and pupate during late spring.
The Varieties of Naming Errors

Four syndromes are discussed in which there occurs failure of naming on confrontation. The first is the anomia of posterior aphasia-producing lesions. The second is a much more delimited disturbance produced by lesions which isolate certain sensory regions from the speech area (probably from the left angular gyrus in particular) and which may be best characterized as failure to match certain sensory stimuli to their spoken names. The third syndrome is that of non-aphasic misnaming which occurs in disorders which diffusely involve the brain. The fourth is anomia occurring as a manifestation of hysteria or malingering. The clinical syndromes are outlined as well as the distinguishing features of the anomia in each type. Some of the theoretical problems raised by each form of anomia are also discussed.
Model Checking for E-Commerce Control and Assurance

Model checking is a promising technique for the verification of complex software systems. As the use of the Internet for conduct business (e-business) extends the reach of many businesses, well-designed software becomes the foundation of reliable implementation of e-business processes. These distributed, electronic methods of conducting transactions place important reliance on the control structures embedded in the transaction processes. Deficiencies in control structures of processes that support e-business can lead to loss of physical assets, digital assets, money, and consumer confidence. Yet, assessing the reliability of e-business processes is both complex and time consuming. This paper explicates how model-checking technology can aid in the design and assurance of e-business processes in complex digital environments. Specifically, we demonstrate how model checking can be used to verify e-business requirements for money atomicity, goods atomicity, valid receipt, and communication link failures. These requirements are fundamental to many e-business applications. Model checking can be used to test a broad range of systems requirements - not only for system designers, but also for auditors and security specialists. Systems that are examined by auditors need to have adequate controls built in prior to implementation and will need adequate auditing after implementation to ensure that none of the processes have been corrupted. Model checkers may also provide value in examining the processes of highly integrated applications as found in enterprise resource planning systems.
The photoreceptor structures.

Publisher Summary Photoreceptors are structures containing photosensitive pigments (chlorophyll and retinene) that upon light absorption initiate phototropisms, photosynthesis, and vision. The photoreceptors in plant cells are the chloroplast for photosynthesis; in animal cells they are the retinal rods and cones for vision. The structure of these photoreceptors in a variety of plant and animal species are described in the chapter and a molecular structure for both the chloroplast and retinal rod is reviewed. The techniques of microscopy, polarization, fluorescence, phase, and interference microscopy, are the most direct methods for obtaining information on the structure of photoreceptors. Animals, in the course of evolution, have developed various kinds of eyes for light perception and image formation. For example, in invertebrates, eyespots, sensory cells, ocelli, and compound eyes have developed with differences in physical organization. In vertebrates, the photoreceptors are the retinal rods and cones.
TH 6041: Knockdown and Feeding Inhibition of the Zebra Caterpillar and the Colorado Potato Beetle

Thompson-Hayward TH 6041 N , 3-bis (4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrazole-l-carboxamide) applied as a spray at rates of 0.25 and 0.5 lb AI/acre effectively controlled larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). All beetles became disoriented and dropped to the ground, and the larger larvae, although they remained alive, were immobile for at least 2 weeks. The number of larvae of the zebra caterpillar, Ceramica picta (Harris), likewise was reduced significantly, but many remained on the plants. However, laboratory studies showed that the feeding of those remaining was greatly inhibited.
Molecular dynamics and quantum chemical studies on the catalytic mechanism of Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase: The catalytic diad versus the cooperative hydrogen bond mechanism

To further understand Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) catalysis, we carried out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the KSI dimer ligated with a substrate and reaction intermediate analogue and high level ab initio calculations on relevant enzymatic reaction models. Simulation of the enzyme−substrate complex dimer systems showed asymmetric dynamics between the two monomers, in which the hydrogen bond pattern between the substrate and active site residues in the first and the second subunits supported the cooperative hydrogen bond (CH) and the catalytic diad (CD) mechanisms, respectively. On the other hand, only the CH mechanism was supported in the MD simulation of the enzyme−intermediate complex dimer. From MP2/6-31+G**//RHF/6-31G** calculations, we found the kinetic barriers for the two reaction mechanisms were similar. The CH route afforded a greater stabilization to the enolate intermediate than did the CD counterpart. Thus, the present computational studies indicate that the CH mechanism would be...
Yield Impact of Larval Infestations of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Midwhorl Growth Stage of Corn

Egg masses of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were artificially placed on corn at the midwhorl growth stage. Levels of infestation tested included egg masses on 5, 10, 15, 20, and 100% of the plants. Populations were assessed by leaf damage ratings. Yield parameters of grain weight, ear length, kernel number, ear damage, number of damaged kernels, and weight of 100 kernels were measured. Significant yield losses of 17% were sustained when 20 or 100% of the plants received egg masses. The relationship of leaf damage ratings and yield was linear and inverse. Yield losses were directly related to reduction in kernel numbers on ears from infested plants.
Smooth Muscle Effects of Carnosine

Koinaroff1 reported that carnosine, B-alanyl-1-histidine, produced a marked increase in the tonus of isolated rabbit intestine. McClintock and Hines2 confirmed this observation and also noted that carnosine caused a similar increase in tonus and rhythmical contractions of the isolated guinea pig uterus. Contrary to this view is the work of McClosky, et al.,3 who were unable to substantiate the reported oxytocic effect of carnosine on uterine strips.In the light of the somewhat conflicting work on uterine strips, we thought it would be worthwhile to reinvestigate the smooth muscle action of carnosine.∗ In the present work, isolated monkey† intestine was used. Oxygenated Tyrode's solution served as a physiological bath for these experiments. The temperature was kept at 37.5°C. Forty-eight experiments using various doses of carnosine were performed. Fig. 1 illustrates the typical effect as noted with 1.5 mg of this drug in a 100 cc bath.For a long time we have been interested in the fact that morphine causes...
Development of an in Vitro Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI), otherwise known as concussion, occurs when mechanical forces cause brain dysfunction. Symptoms develop slowly and can be wide-ranging: from headaches and dizziness to loss of sleep, mood swings, and even depression. One does not fully heal from a concussion as a second similar concussion (even after all symptoms from the first have subsided) may bring upon even worse effects than the first. The mysteriousness of mTBI has led some to suggest that its pathogenesis comes from a global failure in neuronal network communication rather than a dysfunction of any specific type of neuron or brain nuclei.To test this hypothesis, we have developed a device that can induce injury to a cultured neuronal network while imaging its activity. The device is designed to injure only a subpopulation of neurons, thus allowing for the possibility of comparing activity from both injured and non-injured neurons within the same field-of-view both before and after injury is induced. The device is simple in design and works by rapidly stretching a silicone membrane on which neurons have been cultured. Localized, uniaxial stretching is produced by applying vacuum to rectangular ports situated beneath the membrane. To facilitate imaging, the device is relatively transparent and can be easily transported from the cell incubator to the microscope. We present here results characterizing the stretch and preliminary data showing neuronal activity before and after stretching.
Surface properties of sodium odd-alkylbenzene sulfonates

The relationship of surface properties and the position of the aromatic ring shifting from 2 to 6、8 in the long carbonic chain was studied using three high-purity odd-alkylbenzene sulfonates which were synthesized by our laboratory.Studied the effect to the surface property by temperature changes.The results showed that,at 25℃ , among the isomers ,as the aromatic ring shifting from the edge to the middle of the long carbonic chain,the degree of branching increasing,it was difficult to form micelles,and the cmc increased,stangard free energy of adsorption ⊿G0ad decreased,the saturated adsorption quantity Γmax decreased,hard-disk areas of surfactant molecules Amin increased, the surface tntion γcmc at the cmc decreased ,at the same time,the efficiency of reducing surface tension pC20 increased.Accorrding to the temperature increasing ,cmc decreased at first and increased later,the minimum cmc is at 25 ℃.⊿G0ad decreased, Γmax decreased, Amin increased, γcmc decreased , pC20 increased.Their characteristics of Γmax and γcmc were explained from the view of molecular structure,discussed the effect to Γmax γcmc by area per molecule Amin and the temperature.
The program design of location label for drug and its application

Objective:To elevate the efficiency in making location label for drug and its quality. Methods: With the aid of the soft-ware, PowerBuild, the printing program of location label for drug was designed and developed based on hospital information system (HIS). Results: Location labels for drugs produced with the program were easy to make, clear in information and regular in its contents, then the efficiency in producing and effect in application were improved. Conclusions: As new mode of location label for drug, the program had attained our expected goals. It may open up broad prospects.
Plasma-modified nitric oxide-releasing polymer films exhibit time-delayed 8-log reduction in growth of bacteria

Tygon(®) and other poly(vinyl chloride)-derived polymers are frequently used for tubing in blood transfusions, hemodialysis, and other extracorporeal circuit applications. These materials, however, tend to promote bacterial proliferation which contributes to the high risk of infection associated with device use. Antibacterial agents, such as nitric oxide donors, can be incorporated into these materials to eliminate bacteria before they can proliferate. The release of the antimicrobial agent from the device, however, is challenging to control and sustain on timescales relevant to blood transport procedures. Surface modification techniques can be employed to address challenges with controlled drug release. Here, surface modification using H2O (v) plasma is explored as a potential method to improve the biocompatibility of biomedical polymers, namely, to tune the nitric oxide-releasing capabilities from Tygon films. Film properties are evaluated pre- and post-treatment by contact angle goniometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical profilometry. H2O (v) plasma treatment significantly enhances the wettability of the nitric-oxide releasing films, doubles film oxygen content, and maintains surface roughness. Using the kill rate method, the authors determine both treated and untreated films cause an 8 log reduction in the population of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, however, H2O (v) plasma treatment delays the kill rate of treated films by 24 h, yet antibacterial efficacy is not diminished. Results of nitric oxide release, measured via chemiluminescent detection, are also reported and correlated to the observed kill rate behavior. Overall, the observed delay in biocidal agent release caused by our treatment indicates that plasma surface modification is an important route toward achieving controlled drug release from polymeric biomedical devices.
Pinpointing the Powerful: Covoting Network Centrality as a Measure of Political Influence

This article introduces centrality in covoting networks as a measure of influence. Based on a simple cueing dynamic, it conceptualizes those lawmakers as most central—and thus as having the greatest signaling influence—who impact the greatest number of colleagues' voting decisions. A formal proof and an agent-based simulation show that cue-providers are always more central than followers; hence, we can use real-world voting data to identify the most influential legislators. To confirm the measure's construct validity, we predict covoting centrality in the European Parliament and find those factors that are expected to impact legislators' influence to predict their centrality.
Comparative Perfusion Analysis of Free Muscle-Sparing Versus Pedicle Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) Flaps in Vivo in the Peri-Operative and Late Post-Operative Periods

Background Current teaching suggests increased perfusion in free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps over pedicled TRAM flaps, broadening indications for its use in high risk patients. This study compared perfusion analysis of free muscle-sparing versus pedicle TRAM flaps in vivo in the peri-operative and late post-operative periods. Methods The SPY-Elite system using indocyanine green dye was used to analyze flap perfusion intra-operatively and at 1 week and 3 months post-operatively. Image analysis was completed by evaluating the perfusion maps from the SPY- Elite system with Image J software calculate maximum, minimum, and average luminescence over the surface area of the flaps. Student's T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results Intra-operatively, we found a 73.4% greater perfusion in the free muscle-sparing as compared to the pedicled TRAM. This increase in free muscle-sparing TRAM perfusion was not evident 1 week post-operatively, due to a relative increase in pedicle flap perfusion that coincided with a revision of the pedicled flap due to distal flap necrosis. At 3 months, the free muscle-sparing TRAM flap once again showed superior perfusion with a 15.7% increase over the pedicled flap. Conclusion We showed superior free muscle-sparing TRAM perfusion in the early peri-operative period which coincided with the time framein which flap loss was most common. Local swelling, pedicle rotation, tunneling, and dominance of the deep inferior epigastric circulation were potential causes of initial decreased pedicled TRAM perfusion. This analysis adds more objective data to the question of indications and relative strengths between free and pedicled TRAM flaps.
Production Standard and Stability of Compounded Del Nido Cardioplegia Solution.

Background: The del Nido cardioplegia solution (dNCS) was originally developed for pediatric cardiac surgery, being now also used for adult patients. Hospital pharmacies frequently resort to intern...
Magnetically triggered release of biologics

ABSTRACTThe development of platforms for the controlled release of therapeutic molecules remains a crucial research focus, as controlled release reduces the frequency of administration, minimizes side effects and improves compliance. However, biological conditions and diseases with a progression that exhibits strong temporal dependence, or those that can result in the evolution of tolerance to the therapeutic during continuous exposure, require the development of sophisticated release systems tailored to the needs to the individual and the disease. Thus, there has been emphasis on the development of platforms with remotely controlled release mechanisms. Specifically, magnetically triggered release utilizes magnetic nanoparticles as the remote control modality. Many reviews discuss the magnetically triggered release of small molecule drugs, however, the release of biomacromolecules has not been reviewed. This review examines the limited work on the magnetically triggered release of biomacromolecules and th...
Variability and the Logic of Firms, Markets, and other Arrangements

As stated in the concluding remarks of chapter 4, the market did not play an important role in the analyses in that chapter. It was in the background and used only to justify that agreements were reached regarding the production of units of products to be carried out during the subsequent production period. The focus was on analyzing what determines the “scopes” of firms.
A simple technique for relocating chronic CIED leads to a subpectoral position for relief of erosion and pain.

Background Methodology specific for moving superficial chronically implanted transvenous pacing leads to a subpectoral pocket is not described in the literature. Relocation of prepectoral leads and generator to a submuscular pocket for relief of erosion and pain with minimal pectoral trauma is possible by applying a variant of a previously described submammary tunneling technique. Methods All patients presenting for device follow-up, elective battery replacement, or system upgrade over an 8-month period were considered for relocation if experiencing significant thinning or pain over their prepectoral implant. Those selected for relocation then had their system moved subpectorally via the tunneling technique. Patients were followed for 6 months postoperatively for procedurally related complications and resolution of preprocedure symptoms. Results Thirty-two leads in 14 patients were all successfully relocated. Of the relocated leads, five (16%) were a three-pin connector implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead. Three patients (21%) in the group required short-term prescription analgesia in the immediate postdischarge period. Pain and erosion concerns abated in the study group by the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions Relocation of superficial pacing leads with CIED generator to a subpectoral pocket facilitated by this tunneling method is successful, safe, and can accommodate single and multipin leads with minimal pectoral trauma and no nerve damage.
Physiology and Ecology

The remarkable complexity and highly specialized organization of radiolaria, as exhibited by their cytology and fine structure, suggest that their physiological differentiation may be equally elegant. Our current knowledge, however, is meager in comparison to the challenge that these very complex protists present. The long lapse of programmatic research between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century has been especially critical with respect to new knowledge of radiolarian physiological ecology. Only sporadic studies were reported between the beginning of this century and the post World War II period, and much of the present research is located in only a few laboratories including our own. We are beginning, however, to discover some of the functional correlates of cellular structure and to relate these findings to the broader ecological questions of interest to a wide interdisciplinary audience including biologists and micropaleontologists. The physiology and ecology of radiolaria are combined in this chapter to create a common epistemological framework for these usually separate disciplines, and also as a logical consequence of the significant interrelationship that exists between these delicate holoplanktonic protozoa and their environment. The open-ocean environment is remarkably consistent over vast regions of the earth’s surface.
Endophyte Effects on Growth and Water Relations of Tall Fescue

The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum enhances drought survival of its host tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in field populations. Detailed studies on growth and water relations are needed during the onset of drought stress to identify mechanisms associated with drought survival. We conducted field studies of the growth, water relations and carbohydrate profiles of 3 tall fescue associations with (E+) and without (E−) their native endophytes to identify physiological traits associated with endophyte-enhanced drought tolerance.
Development of antinuclear antibodies during acebutolol therapy

Eleven patients were studied while taking the beta blocker acebutolol for a period ranging from 12 to more than 24 wk. Control titers for fluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) were obtained in all. Serial testing was performed over the duration of the therapy and following its discontinuation. Additional immunologic testing was performed in most patients. The patients were observed closely for the development of clinical autoimmune disease. Using a sensitive assay, fluorescent ANA developed in 8 of 9 patients with negative values in the control period. In no patient has evidence of clinical autoimmune disease developed. In general, the titers of ANA tended to rise with increasing duration of therapy and decline after its discontinuation. Positive lupus erythematosus cell preparations were also observed in several patients. These data suggest that autoantibodies are frequently induced by acebutolol and, although no evidence of clinical autoimmune disease has been reported, immunologic surveillance is warranted.