cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dependence of the γ carbon‐13 shielding effect on the dihedral angle

The γ effects on 13C shielding have been examined for a series of rigid molecules containing the substituents CH3, OH, NH2, F, Cl, Br or I. Plots of the γ effect vs the CC-αC-βX dihedral angle are well scattered if the plots do not distinguish modes of substitution. For the series in which the resonating carbon is CH2, however, fairly linear correlations are observed for XCH3, OH, NH2, Cl and Br. It is concluded that within a structurally defined and substitutionally homogeneous series, there is a reasonably linear stereochemical dependence. Although substitution at C-α does not seriously alter the linear relationship, hybridization of the intermediate carbons may be important. The slopes of the plots for the γ effect vs dihedral angle are remarkably similar. Neither a strictly steric (van der Waals) nor a strictly polar source can be the cause of the linear relationship, since our series of substituents ranges widely with respect to both size and electronegativity. The only two factors that are constant within the series are the removal of the hydrogen atom (CCCH to CCCX) and the addition of the bonding and nonbonding orbitals on X that were not present on H.
On the inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators: characterization of the self-motion manifolds

The author takes a global rather than instantaneous look at the inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators. This approach is based on a manifold mapping reformulation of manipulator kinematics. While the kinematic problem has an infinite number of solutions for redundant manipulators, the infinity of solutions can be grouped into a finite and bounded set of disjoint continuous manifolds. Each of these manifolds, termed self-motion manifolds, physically corresponds to a distinct self-motion of the manipulator, and the number, geometry, and characterizations of the self-motion manifolds are investigated. >
UV-induced inactivation rates for airborne Mycobacterium bovis BCG.

Engineering ultraviolet irradiation systems as a control against infectious airborne diseases requires a knowledge of intrinsic ultraviolet (UV) inactivation rates of airborne bacteria. Ultraviolet inactivation rates for airborne Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were determined at 50% and 95% relative humidity (RH) in a 0.8 m3 bioaerosol reactor. Ultraviolet inactivation response of waterborne M. bovis BCG pure cultures was also determined. At 50% RH the airborne UV inactivation rates observed were two times greater than those observed in saturated air (RH = 95%), and rates at 95% RH were similar to those observed in otherwise identical cultures suspended in water. Intrinsic UV inactivation rates for M. bovis BCG were statistically similar to rates observed for Mycobacterium parafortuitum at 50% and 95% RH, indicating thatM. parafortuitum is a valid surrogate for studying airborne UV responses of M. bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results also confirm that UV inactivation respo...
A naturological approach to corporate governance: An extension of the Frederick model of corporation-community relationships.

Naturological systems contain two bases of power: personal and group capital. Profit seeking and profit sharing are mechanisms by which capital is obtained. For example, acquiring profits in the fo...
Influence of ownership on access in outpatient substance abuse treatment

Marked changes in ownership and control in substance abuse treatment delivery have garnered the attention of providers and policymakers alike. The proliferation of private for-profit providers and the shift to a delivery system that may be more explicitly influenced by financial incentives are of particular concern for this vulnerable population. This work empirically addresses how treatment unit ownership affected access and retention between 1995 and 2005 in the United States. Regressions show statistically significant associations between unit ownership and both restricted treatment access and shortening of treatment duration for financial reasons. In comparison to private nonprofit and public units, private for-profit units were less likely to provide initial treatment access and reported shortened treatment for a greater percentage of clients unable to pay. Other organization characteristics, such as methadone-maintenance programs and managed care participation, also were associated with limiting treatment accessibility. While this work does not determine the underlying motivation behind access limitations, continued shifts in ownership structure should heighten the attention of policymakers.
Meningomyelocoele in a dog.

An 8-month-old English Bulldog with fecal and urinary incontinence was examined before and after death. There was nonfusion of the dorsal laminae of vertebra L, in the midline. Through this defect a small meningomyelocoele, and the terminal part of the spinal cord, emerged from the spinal canal. The clinical signs were attributed to damage of both pudendal nerves or their spinal cord segments. The dog had normal spinal cord func- tion to all limbs. The condition of meningomyelocoele is part of the spina bifida complex. Spina bifida occulta is a nonfusion of the dorsal vertebral laminae without protrusion of meninges from the spinal canal. Meningocoele describes a non- fusion of laminae with protrusion of the meninges only. If the spinal cord tissue and nerve roots are involved in the protrusion it is called a meningo- myelocoele (4-6, 91. The vertebral laminae are derived from embryonic mesoderm. Protrusion of the spinal cord tissue from the spinal canal is a result of failure of the embryonic neural tube to close correctly. Thus, the condition of meningo- myelocoele is a complicated situation, with abnormalities in two of the four primary embryonic cell layers. Some cases of spina bifida in the dog have been reported by HOERLEIN (4), MCGRATH (9), and MORGAN (lo). All re- ported cases were of spina bifida occulta. Spina bifida has been reported in cats by FRYE and MCFARLAND (2), FRYE (3), MARTIN (7), and in other species by INNES and SAUNDERS (5) and MCFARLAND (8).
Mass Mobilization or Government Intervention? The Growth of Black Registration in the South

The Voting Rights Act (VRA) and its amendments have had an undeniable impact on the American political landscape. It is widely regarded as one of the most effective pieces of legislation ever passed, and many believe that the Act was the primary catalyst for the increase in black voter registration in the South. This research utilizes time series methodology to statistically test this claim, and finds that a more conditional view of the Voting Rights Act is appropriate. The increase in the aggregate level of southern black registration began before the VRA, due to such factors as the Voter Education Project and the 1964 election. Although the aggregate southern increase began before the VRA, the Act, and its enforcement by federal examiners, was the impetus for change in the three states of greatest resistance--Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Thus, the VRA played a clear role in altering patterns of registration, although not necessarily the one often ascribed to it.
The influence of executive capacity on selective attention and subsequent processing

Recent investigations that suggest selective attention (SA) is dependent on top-down control mechanisms lead to the expectation that individuals with high executive capacity (EC) would exhibit more robust neural indices of SA. This prediction was tested by using event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine differences in markers of information processing across 25 subjects divided into two groups based on high vs. average EC, as defined by neuropsychological test scores. Subjects performed an experimental task requiring SA to a specified color. In contrast to expectation, individuals with high and average EC did not differ in the size of ERP indices of SA: the anterior Selection Positivity (SP) and posterior Selection Negativity (SN). However, there were substantial differences between groups in markers of subsequent processing, including the anterior N2 (a measure of attentional control) and the P3a (an index of the orienting of attention). EC predicted speed of processing at both early and late attentional stages. Individuals with lower EC exhibited prolonged SN, P3a, and P3b latencies. However, the delays in carrying out SA operations did not account for subsequent delays in decision making, or explain excessive orienting and reduced attentional control mechanisms in response to stimuli that should have been ignored. SN latency, P3 latency, and the size of the anterior N2 made independent contributions to the variance of EC. In summary, our findings suggest that current views regarding the relationship between top-down control mechanisms and SA may need refinement.
Glucocorticoid effects on rabbit fetal lung maturation in vivo: An ultrastructural morphometric study

Maternal administration of glucocorticoids is known to stimulate fetal lung maturation. In the present study, we used microscopy and stereology to evaluate the morphological effects of maternal glucocorticoid treatment on rabbit fetal lung tissue. Betamethasone was administered to pregnant rabbits on days 25 and 26 of gestation at a dose of 0.2 mglkg body weight. The animals were sacrificed on day 27 of gestation. Glucocorticoid treatment significantly increased the pre- sumptive airspace in the fetal lung tissue but did not alter the relative proportion of epithelium, connective tissue, or vasculature in the tissue. In addition, gluco- corticoid treatment significantly increased the proportion of type I1 cells in the prealveolar epithelium, increased the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, and increased the content of the major surfactant-associated protein, SP-A, in the fetal lung tissue. We could detect no effect of betamethasone on lamellar body cross- sectional area, numerical density, or volume density within fetal lung type I1 cells. Glucocorticoid treatment of the pregnant doe caused a decrease in the volume density of intracellular glycogen and an increase in the volume density of mito- chondria in fetal lung type I1 cells. Betamethasone treatment did not alter the distance between fetal lung epithelial cells and subadjacent connective tissue cells. However, glucocorticoid treatment increased the number of connective tissue foot processes that pierced the epithelial basal lamina. Thus, glucocorticoid treatment of the pregnant doe results in structural changes in the fetal lung tissue, an acceleration of some aspects of type I1 cell differentiation, and a concomitant in- crease in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Practical Creativity in the Corporate World: Capturing Expert Judgment With Qualitative Models

Creativity and intuition are recurring themes in the management literature of the 1980s. Agor's (1984) Intuitive Management and Owen's (1987) Spirit Transformation and Development in Organizations are examples of the attempts of management thinkers to deal with the “irrational” side of business administration. Although these approaches have helped to liberate managers from the constraints of quantitative models of organization, they are far too superficial to guide decision makers on a day-to-day basis. The thesis advanced is that creativity in business management is largely a qualitative process. The creative manager sees his or her organization in qualitative terms and may rely on linguistic rather than discrete logical processes to identify productive future directions. A configuration formulating a description of linguistic reasoning by financial managers is presented. By constructing qualitative models of organization operations, the authors show how the creative process can be informed and communica...
Effects of methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces on the attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

The attractiveness and responsiveness of adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide was investigated in wind tunnel and orientation tube assays. When males were exposed to either water- or surfactant-treated surfaces for 48 h, and regardless of what treatment surfaces the females had been exposed to, the mean percent recaptures of such treated males in the wind tunnel assay were sometimes significantly greater than the recaptures of males that had been exposed to methoxyfenozide. Similarly, in the orientation tube assay, males exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces almost always had significantly lower mean levels of individuals exhibiting sexual excitability and the mean distances traveled upwind, regardless of female exposures. The two assays demonstrated that male codling moths exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces were not as responsive to calling females (treated and nontreated) as were the nontreated males. Conversely, females exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces were just as attractive to nontreated males as were nontreated females. It appears that a male’s ability to respond to a calling female is more negatively affected by the ecdysone agonist than a female’s ability to call and attract males.
NEOTERMES PHRAGMOSUS, A NEW DAMPWOOD TERMITE (ISOPTERA: KALOTERMITIDAE) FROM SOUTHEASTERN CUBA

Abstract Neotermes phragmosus n. sp. is described from the imago and soldier castes. The imago head capsule of N. phragmosus has a distinctly phragmotic and concave frons. Plesiomorphic characters of N. phragmosus unique among the Kalotermitidae include partial separation of the otherwise fused first and second marginal teeth of the left imago/worker mandible, long subcosta and radius, and increased number of antennal articles in both imagos and soldiers. This species is confined to the xeric coastal habitats of southeastern Cuba.
Cooling Potential of Missouri River in Missouri

The reach of the Missouri River bordering or crossing Missouri is studied with regard to its potential for use in once-through cooling of steam-electric power plants. The existing and future thermal regimes of the river are computed from a heat balance equation relating the rates of convective heat transfer, surface heat exchange between the river and the atmosphere, and heat inputs from power plants or other artificial sources. Streamwise temperature distributions with existing, proposed, and future permissible heat loads are shown for average river flow conditions, and for the 7-day, 10-yr low flow condition. It is demonstrated that this reach of the Missouri River can accomodate additional total capacity of more than 5,000 MW. These new plants must be sited properly to avoid the cumulative effects of upstream thermal loads.
Ninth Summer Meeting of the American Mathematical Society

(1902). Ninth Summer Meeting of the American Mathematical Society. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 9, No. 8-9, pp. 185-187.
Changes in Antitryptic Power of the Blood Associated with Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs

That the natural antitrypsin of body fluids plays a determining role in anaphylaetic reactions was postulated many years ago,1,2,3 but the theory has since been almost totally neglected, probably because of the lack of a simple reliable quantitative test for antitrypsin. The present paper records preliminary results of a study in which changes in serum antitrypsin associated with guinea pig anaphylaxis were determined by a new procedure developed by the writer.4Methods and Materials. From a group of 30 male guinea pigs sensitized to egg white blood samples were taken aseptically by heart puncture, without anesthesia, during the incubation period, just before and just after introduction of the shocking dose of the antigen, at death, and, in the case of surviving animals, at various intervals of time after the antigen injections. Normal guinea pigs, inoculated intracardially with egg white as controls, were similarly bled. Blood specimens before and immediately after intracardial antigen injections were obt...
Detection and drug resistance analysis of Mycoplasma from infertile women

Objective To observe mycoplasma infection and drug resistance in infertile women.Method Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) culturing,identification and drug susceptibility integrated kit was used in detection of cervical swab specimen.Result There were 1 028 cases found positive,with a total detection rate of 44.2% in 2 325 patient′s specimens which were collected from Jan 2008 to Jun 2010.A total of 1 117 mycoplasma strains were detected,including 998 strains of Uu(89.3%) and 119 strainsof Mh(10.7%).Single Uu infection was 87.5%(900/1028),single Mh infection rate was 2.0%(21/1028),and Uu and Mh mixed infection rate was 9.5%(98/1028).The sensitivity rate to doxycycline,josamycin,tetracycline,clarithromycin and original amphotericin of Uu and Mh was 77.3% to 93.3%.The sensitivity rate to azithromycin was 58.8% to 78.0%;the sensitivity rate to quinolones was only19.3% to 45.0%.Conclusion Uu is the main pathogen.It is necessary for female patients who had urogenital symptoms or dirty sexual history to accept mycoplasma detection.The treatment for mixed infection of Uu and Mh should take into account the resistance to two kinds of mycoplasma.Tetracyclines and macrolides are better choice for treatment of mycoplasma.Azithromycin has unsatisfactory curative effect for Mh infection.Quinolones should be used with caution because of their unreliable efficacy.
WAVE FUNCTIONS AND POLAEIZATION STATES OF A TWO-PHOTON SYSTEM

All the wave function of a two-photon system with definite angular momentum and parity are found out, the polarization states of photons systematically analyzed. The imperfections in the discussions of Yang, Shirokov and Shapiro are also cleared away.
Role of α-adrenoceptors in vascular control

In an animal at rest, the major mechanism determining the peripheral resistance is myogenic or basal tone [1]. This is the tone that arises in vascular smooth muscle cells as a result of their stretch by the intravascular pressure: the arterial pressure and its excursions. This stretch of the wall is related, albeit indirectly, to the function of the heart. At rest the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal gland on the vasculature via the α-adrenoceptor, although present, is not dominant. However, during activity, and particularly during stress of various kinds such as exercise, emotions, changes in altitude and temperature etc., other factors, one of which is the α-adrenoceptor-mediated influence, become relatively more important and form a major pathway of homoeostatic adaptation. It must be borne in mind that the α-adrenoceptor mechanism is only one of a number of possible influences on the vasculature, which include β-adrenoceptor activation, non-catecholamines, peptide, purine and other putative or modulator transmitter systems, and also circulating substances such as vasopressin, angiotensin and other peptides.
Role of Heme Pocket Water in Allosteric Regulation of Ligand Reactivity in Human Hemoglobin

Water molecules can enter the heme pockets of unliganded myoglobins and hemoglobins, hydrogen bond with the distal histidine, and introduce steric barriers to ligand binding. The spectrokinetics of photodissociated CO complexes of human hemoglobin and its isolated α and β chains were analyzed for the effect of heme hydration on ligand rebinding. A strong coupling was observed between heme hydration and quaternary state. This coupling may contribute significantly to the 20-60-fold difference between the R- and T-state bimolecular CO binding rate constants and thus to the modulation of ligand reactivity that is the hallmark of hemoglobin allostery. Heme hydration proceeded over the course of several kinetic phases in the tetramer, including the R to T quaternary transition. An initial 150 ns hydration phase increased the R-state distal pocket water occupancy, nw(R), to a level similar to that of the isolated α (∼60%) and β (∼10%) chains, resulting in a modest barrier to ligand binding. A subsequent phase, concurrent with the first step of the R → T transition, further increased the level of heme hydration, increasing the barrier. The final phase, concurrent with the final step of the allosteric transition, brought the water occupancy of the T-state tetramer, nw(T), even higher and close to full occupancy in both the α and β subunits (∼90%). This hydration level could present an even larger barrier to ligand binding and contribute significantly to the lower iron reactivity of the T state toward CO.
Irreversible electroporation enhances delivery of gemcitabine to pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Introduction Irreversible electroporation (IRE) utilizes short, high-voltage pulses to irreversibly permeabilize the cell membrane, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In addition to the irreversible zone, IRE creates a reversible zone that could be utilized for enhanced drug delivery. The hypothesis of this study is that a zone of reversible electroporation exists and allows for increased chemotherapy delivery. Methods Ten immunocompromised mice with orthotopic human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tumors (Panc1) were treated with either IRE between two doses of gemcitabine (15 mg/kg) (ECT) (N = 5) or gemcitabine alone (N = 5). Gemcitabine levels in the serum, liver, and pancreas were analyzed with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Results Concentration of gemcitabine within reversibly electroporated pancreatic tissue was higher in mice receiving ECT compared to those receiving gemcitabine alone (13,567 ng/ml vs.4,126 ng/ml; P = 0.0009). Pancreatic gemcitabine levels were 5.52 and 5.96 times higher than liver and serum levels, respectively, in the ECT group compared to 2.85 and 2.53 times higher (P = 0.117, P = 0.058), respectively, in mice receiving gemcitabine alone. Conclusion IRE can potentially reduce local recurrence by allowing increased drug delivery to the tissue in the reversible electroporation zone. This holds significant potential in augmenting efficacy of gemcitabine in treatment of locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:181–186. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contamination Revealed by Indicator Microorganism Levels during Veal Processing

ABSTRACT During site visits of veal processors, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has reported processing deficiencies that likely contribute to increased levels of veal contamination. Here, we report the results of measuring aerobic plate count bacteria (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms (CF), and Escherichia coli during eight sample collections at five veal processors to assess contamination during the harvest of bob veal and formula-fed veal before (n = 5 plants) and after (n = 3 plants) changes to interventions and processing practices. Hides of veal calves at each plant had mean log CFU/100 cm2 APC, Enterobacteriaceae, CF, and E. coli of 6.02 to 8.07, 2.95 to 5.24, 3.28 to 5.83, and 3.08 to 5.59, respectively. Preintervention carcasses had mean log CFU/100 cm2 APC, Enterobacteriaceae, CF, and E. coli of 3.08 to 5.22, 1.16 to 3.47, 0.21 to 3.06, and −0.07 to 3.10, respectively, before and 2.72 to 4.50, 0.99 to 2.76, 0.69 to 2.26, and 0.33 to 2.12, respectively...
Inductive Logic as a Structural Reliabilist Theory of Justification

For Carnap there is no other way to contrive a theory of the concept of inferential justification other than to construct the systems of deductive and inductive logic is. It is not, however, the kind of theory that would be propounded in the mainstream epistemology. In order then to motivate the discussion of Carnap’s inductive logic as constituting a theory of justification I need first to introduce the epistemological framework appropriate for this discussion. I convey the difference between the kind of the theory of epistemic justification brought out by the Carnap-Hintikka style systems of inductive logic and the kind of the theory of epistemic justification espoused in the mainstream epistemology in terms of minimalist and mentalistic kinds of the theory of epistemic justification.
Recrystallization of Aluminum Single cystals after Plastic Extension

Recrystallization of aluminum single crystals after plastic extension is carefully studied in relation to the structure of the deformed matrix. The shapes of the new grains are analyzed with regard to slip planes and to the presence or absence of deformation bands. A mechanism by which the orientations of the recrystallized grains are related to the parent lattice is described.
Ablation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor phospho-site Ser2808 does not alter the adrenergic response or the progression to heart failure in mice. Elimination of the genetic background as critical variable

Abstract Background Phosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) phospho-site S2808 has been touted by the Marks group as a hallmark of heart failure (HF) and a critical mediator of the physiological fight-or-flight response of the heart. In support of this hypothesis, mice unable to undergo phosphorylation at RyR2-S2808 (S2808A) were significantly protected against HF and displayed a blunted response to adrenergic stimulation. However, the issue remains highly controversial because several groups have been unable to reproduce these findings. An important variable not considered before is the genetic background of the mice used to obtain these divergent results. Methods and results We backcrossed a RyR2-S2808A mouse into a congenic C57Bl/6 strain, the same strain used by the Marks group to conduct their experiments. We then performed several key experiments to confirm or discard the genetic background of the mouse as a relevant variable, including induction of HF by myocardial infarction and tests of integrity of adrenergic response. Congenic C57Bl/6 harboring the S2808A mutation showed similar echocardiographic parameters that indicated identical progression towards HF compared to wild type controls, and had a normal response to adrenergic stimulation in whole animal and cellular experiments. Conclusions The genetic background of the different mouse models is unlikely to be the source of the divergent results obtained by the Marks group in comparison to several other groups. Cardiac adrenergic response and progression towards HF proceed unaltered in mice harboring the RyR2-S2808A mutation. Preventing RyR2-S2808 phosphorylation does not preclude a normal sympathetic response nor mitigates the pathophysiological consequences of MI.
Focused CT using a height-adjusted metric and the umbilicus as a landmark for children undergoing evaluation for appendicitis.

Confirmation of appendicitis in children often requires CT. A focused CT scan that is limited to the lower abdomen/pelvis might help to reduce radiation exposure. To determine the position of the appendix relative to the umbilicus and derive a height-adjusted threshold for a focused CT that would identify most appendices. We conducted a retrospective study of children younger than 18 years who underwent a CT scan for suspected appendicitis. A pediatric radiologist determined the distance from the most cephalad portion of the appendix to the center of the umbilicus. This distance was divided by the child’s height to create a ratio for each child. We then assessed the largest of these distance/height ratios (“height constants”) as potential height-adjusted thresholds that, when multiplied by any patient’s height, would yield the superior threshold for the focused CT scan. Radiation reduction was calculated as percentage decrease in scan length compared to a complete abdominopelvic CT. Of 270 patients whose entire appendix was identified on CT, all were identified within 10.5 cm above the umbilicus. A focused CT using a height constant of 0.07 identified 100% of the appendices visualized on the complete CT scan and resulted in an estimated mean percentage radiation reduction of 27% (standard deviation [SD] +/-4.7). If a height constant of 0.03 was used, 97% of appendices were identified and the estimated radiation reduction was 43% (SD +/-4.3). A height-adjusted focused abdominopelvic CT scan might reduce radiation exposure without sacrificing the diagnostic accuracy of the complete CT scan.
Inference of Public Transportation Trip Destinations by Using Fare Transaction and Vehicle Location Data: Dynamic Programming Approach

Origin–destination matrices provide vital information for service planning, operations planning, and performance measurement of public transportation systems. In recent years, methodological advances have been made in the estimation of origin–destination matrices from disaggregate fare transaction and vehicle location data. Unlike manual origin–destination surveys, these methods provide nearly complete spatial and temporal coverage at minimal marginal cost. Early models inferred destinations on the basis of the proximity of possible destinations to the next origin and disregarded the effect of waiting time, in-vehicle time, and the number of transfers on path choice. The research reported here formulated a dynamic programming model that inferred destinations of public transportation trips on the basis of a generalized disutility minimization objective. The model inferred paths and transfers on multileg journeys and worked on systems that served a mix of gated stations and ungated stops. The model is being...
The urban transport crisis in emerging economies

This is one of the most informative, interesting, and depressing academic books I have read in a long time. The word “crisis” in the title is an understatement. Indeed, the transport problems exami...
Ultrafast protein dynamics

An understanding of biological function is determined by the ability to map out structures and dynamics of macromolecules. One major challenge is to characterize such dynamics at the atomic scale and thus elucidate the relevant molecular mechanisms. Femtosecond resolution makes it possible to observe atomic motions in real time. This temporal resolution is crucial for a complete description of the elementary dynamics, which is an essential determinant of the function at longer times, as observed in vision and photosynthesis. At this ultrafast time scale, phenomena are numerous: twisting motion in photoreceptors takes less than one picosecond to ensure efficient energy funneling, electron and proton transfer in enzymatic reactions usually occurs on the picosecond time scale through quantum tunneling, energy transport in many proteins also occurs in tens of picoseconds, and protein configurations themselves fluctuate often in subnanosecond for a variety of biological functions such as molecular recognition.
Tissue Engineering for Orthodontists: The Transforming Science Simplified

The fields of tissue engineering and orthodontics share a common general objective of applying scientific principles in conjunction with advanced technologies to achieve or restore tissue function and esthetics. While the roots of both fields can be traced to antiquity, the major advances underlying the contemporary prominence of each field have occurred largely over the past century. This article provides a brief introduction to the field of tissue engineering while highlighting examples in areas of relevance to orthodontics and outlining key challenges and opportunities at the intersection of these interdisciplinary fields.
Genotoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites: Radical Cations and Ketones

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants, so widespread that it is impossible for anyone to avoid exposure to them. They are the products of partial combustion, and exposure comes from the fossil fuels that we use to drive our cars, cook our food, warm our home, and fuel our industry. Other exposure comes from tobacco smoke and oil spills. PAHs are responsible for more cancers, primarily lung cancers, than any other carcinogen. The most studied PAHs are unsubstituted multi-ring structures. These compounds are not DNA reactive, and must be modified to become carcinogenic. Metabolic pathways modify PAH during the detoxification process. Three pathways have been extensively documented: the diol-epoxide pathway, the radical cation pathway, and the o -quinone pathway. Some PAHs are generated during combustion in oxygenated forms, usually as quinones. Quinones also form as PAHs are exposed to sunlight, for example, in an oil spill. These metabolic products damage DNA through distinct mechanisms: diol epoxides form bulky adducts with DNA, radical cations form depurinating adducts and quinones undergo futile redox cycling to generate reactive oxygen. Here, we discuss the evidence for these pathways in PAH carcinogenesis.
Palatal click allophony in Mangetti Dune !Xung: Implications for sound change

Click consonants are well known for lacking allophonic variation. This lack of variation has been attributed to the existence of articulatory constraints on the coronal constrictions that are imposed by the existence of a second dorsal constriction. The current study investigates temporal acoustic differences among the four contrastive coronal click types in the /i/ and /u/ contexts in Mangetti Dune !Xung. Clicks have been described as being either non-affricated or affricated. However, when vowel context is taken into consideration, the typology is more complex. The alveolar click is non-affricated in both vowel contexts. The dental and lateral clicks are fricated in both contexts. The palatal click in the /i/ context has two clear anterior and posterior transients, followed by palatal frication, while in the /u/ context it is non-affricated. Results are consistent with an analysis of the palatal click in the /i/ context as involving allophonic secondary palatalization. There are trading relations between the duration of the click burst, frication noise and aspiration noise phases. Results have implications for understanding the synchronic and diachronic phonology of click consonants.
Institutional Pathways to Improve Care of Patients with Elevated Blood Pressure in the Emergency Department

Hypertension (HTN) is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease and poses a major population level risk to long-term health outcomes. Despite this critical importance, and the widespread availability of effective and affordable medications, blood pressure (BP) remains uncontrolled in up to 50% of the diagnosed patients. This problem is exacerbated in communities with limited access to primary care, who often utilize hospital emergency departments (EDs) as their primary healthcare resource. Despite the ubiquity of patients presenting to EDs with severely elevated BP, a unified, evidence-based approach is not yet widely implemented, and both under- and overtreatment are common. The purpose of this review is to describe an approach towards institutional policy regarding asymptomatic HTN, in which we will translate the accepted principles of appropriate outpatient BP management to ED and inpatient settings. Results from the recent SPRINT trial, and the subsequent publication of the American Heart Association updated guidelines for the treatment of HTN, significantly lower both the diagnostic threshold and the treatment goals for hypertensive patients. This change will drastically increase the proportion of patients presenting to EDs with newly diagnosed and uncontrolled HTN. Several recent studies emphasize the safety in outpatient management of patients with severely elevated BP in the absence of acute end-organ damage and, conversely, the long- and intermediate-term risk associated with these patients. System-based approaches, particularly those led by non-physicians, have shown the greatest promise in reducing population level uncontrolled HTN. Evidence-based approaches, such as those described in emergency medicine and cardiology society guidelines, can guide appropriate management of ED and inpatient BP elevations. Translating these patient oriented guidelines into institutional policy, and maintaining provider adherence, is a challenge across healthcare institutions. We present here several examples of successful policies developed and implemented by the authors. While brief inpatient and ED encounters cannot replace long-term outpatient care, they have the potential to serve as a crucial inlet to health care and an opportunity to optimize care.
Relationship Between Self-Assessed Fidelity and Self-Reported Employment in the Individual Placement and Support Model of Supported Employment.

Objective:A growing body of literature demonstrates that high-fidelity implementation of the individual placement and support (IPS) model of supported employment increases the chances of achieving ...
Rent Control: An Economic Abomination

Rent control is a public policy which fails on both normative and positive economic grounds. In the former case, it violates all canons of equity, of both right (private property rights are sacrosanct) and left (it does not promote egalitarianism, rather, often, it enriches rich tenants and impoverishes poor landlords). In the latter, it leads to inefficiency, deterioration of rental housing, reduces incentives for upkeep and maintenance, reduces labor mobility, exacerbates landlord tenant relations, promotes housing abandonment and homelessness, and misallocates resources away from residential rental units. This sovietization of housing has effects similar to the sovietization of anything else: farming, factories, industry, forestry, whatever.
Cross sections for gamma-ray production by fast neutrons for 22 elements between Z = 3 and Z = 82

Cross sections for the production of gamma rays with energies of 0.3 < E/sub ..gamma../ < 10.5 MeV have been measured as a function of neutron energy over the range 0.1 < E/sub n/ < 20.0 MeV. Results were obtained for 22 elements that are commonly encountered in the calculation of radiation effects. The measurements were made using a heavily shielded Nal detector in conjunction with the white neutron spectrum from the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator. Incident neutron energies were determined by time-of-flight over a 47-m flight path, while gamma-ray energy distributions were obtained from pulse-height unfolding techniques. Elemental differential cross sections are presented for Li, C, N, F, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ag, Sn, Ta, W, Au, and Pb.
Comparison of steroid metabolism in testicular compartments of human and rat testes.

Great interest has developed in recent years on the intratesticular site of enzymes necessary for steroid hormone synthesis in mammalian testes. We have been interested in the intratesticular localization of steroid sulfatase. Steroid sulfates have been observed to be present in high concentrations in human testicular tissue. Ruokonen et al . (1) determined the amount of various free steroids and steroid sulfates in testes obtained at the time of orchiectomy for prostatic carcinoma. In their study the major steroids isolated from human testes were testosterone, pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; the concentration of each expressed as µg free steroid/ 100 g of tissue was 55, 51 and 41 respectively. In earlier studies from our laboratory (2), we demonstrated that pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and androstenediol-3-sulfate are cleaved by the same testicular steroid sulfatase with pregnenolone sulfate exhibiting the lowest Km. Further studies on the steroid sulfatase activity of homogenates or minces of testicular tissues from patients indicated that sulfatase activity was greater in isolated seminiferous tubules than in intact testicular tissue (3). As part of the same study, when pregnenolone was used as the substrate intact testicular tissue metabolized more than twice as much pregnenolone as did tubules.
African Studies: Politics

Evolving understandings of African politics reflect a dialectic between a flow of interpretive paradigms of political change, and changing realities in Africa. The rise of African nationalism and the imminence of independence first attracted the attention of political science. With independence, political parties became a primary focus, along with the developmental quest of the new states. Modernization theory drawn from comparative politics shaped much early inquiry. Soon after independence, single-party systems became the predominant mode of rule, with the military coup emerging as primary instrument of change. Though many observers at first believed the concentration of power was a necessary vehicle of development, by the 1970s a more critical perspective emerged towards African regimes, now characterized as authoritarian. Dependency and neo-Marxist theories for a tune held analytical sway. By the 1980s, attention shifted to the state itself, and the patterns of decline widely observed. In the 1990s, the continent's liberalization projects, political and economic, dominated the political world and its analysis. Along the way, conceptual understandings relating to particular themes in African political study had a larger comparative impact: ethnicity, civil society neo-patrimonialism, and the informal sector.
Abstract 4782: Inhibition of FGFR in breast cancer metastasis

Metastatic breast cancer is the most advanced stage of breast cancer. This type of cancer can spread other organs and cause 90% of cancer-related death. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms which drive metastasis in breast cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Previously, it has been reported that fibroblast growth receptor 1 plays a key role during EMT: MET cycle. Therefore, optimizing FGFR inhibitors is crucial for therapeutic targeting of late-stage breast cancer. Here, we examined the efficacies of three FGFR kinase inhibitors, AZD4547, JNJ-42756493 and FIIN4, in the 4TO7 cell line both in vitro and in vivo. The 4TO7 cell line is a syngeneic model of systemic dormancy. Mammary fat pad engraftment of the 4T07 cells onto immune competent Balb/C mice results in systemic dissemination, but no macroscopic metastasis. In contrast, the 4T07 cells can escape cellular dormancy in 3D culture and form robust pulmonary tumors in mice upon tail vein inoculation. Furthermore, the 4TO7 cell line robustly responses to exogenous stimulation with FGF2. The phosphorylation of Erk1/2 downstream of FGFR was stimulated after a five-minute treatment with FGF2 and was effectively blocked with all the inhibitors tested. Furthermore, we developed a 3D culture approach that combines tumor spheroid formation in a non-adherent round bottom dish followed by placement on a bed of matrix. Our in vitro results demonstrate that both JNJ-42756493 and FIIN4 have more potent anti-proliferative activities in 3D culture and longer residence time as compared to AZD4547. In vivo, inhibition of FGFR is highly effective against 4TO7 tumors in the pulmonary microenvironment. Importantly, FIIN4 showed the least toxicity. This result suggested that covalent inhibition of FGFR is a promising cancer therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Hang Lin, Saeed S. Akhand, Michael K. Wendt. Inhibition of FGFR in breast cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4782.
Looking Back, Looking Forward

As an editorial staff we like to sometimes reflect on the past, present, and future directions of the journal. This is a wonderful season and time of year to consider the path we have traveled toge...
Reconstructing Neural Activity and Kinematics Using a Systems-Level Model of Sensorimotor Control

There are two popular and largely independent approaches to study the sensorimotor control system (SCS). One is to construct systems-level models of the SCS that characterize dynamics of motor regions in the brain, alpha motor neurons, and the musculoskeletal system to reconstruct motor behavior. These models view the brain as a feedforward and feedback controller that actuates the musculoskeletal system, and have been useful in understanding how the SCS generates movements. Another approach is to measure neural activity and movements simultaneously in primate and human subjects,and the nanalyze the data tounder standhow the brain encodes and controls movement. In this paper, we combine these two approaches by fitting parameters of a systems-level model of the SCS to neural activity and behavior measured from a nonhuman primate executing four types of reach-tograsp tasks. We applied a nonlinear least squares estimation to fit parameters of the model components that characterize cerebrocerebellar processing of movement error and muscles that are actuated by alpha motor neurons receiving commands from primary motor cortex (M1). Our fitted SCS model accurately reconstructs firing rate activity of six populations of M1 neurons and associated reaching trajectories. This study paves the way for the validation of systems-level models of the SCS using experimental data.
Dynamic Crack Propagation and Branching under Biaxial Loading

A photoelastic study of high speed crack propagation and crack branching is conducted under biaxial loading conditions. Cross-type specimens fabricated from Homalite 100 are loaded in a specially designed loading fixture where loads parallel and perpendicular to the crack can be controlled independently. The experimental data obtained are analyzed using dynamic stress field equations and multiple points to obtain the instantaneous stress intensity factor K, the stress field parallel to the crack σ o x , the crack velocity a, the branching stress intensity factor K b r , and the branching angle θ. The results indicate a strong influence of the sign as well as the magnitude of σ o x on both crack propagation and branching.
Trigeminal Trophic Syndrome-A Unique Clinical Presentation of a Rare Condition.

This study describes a unique clinical presentation of trigeminal trophic syndrome (TTS), which is not well described within the otolaryngology literature. Trigeminal trophic syndrome classically p...
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: A population-based study.

e13122Background: In 2015, the World Health Organization dissolved the category of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that was previously known as “large cell carcinoma” into adeno- or squamous cel...
Growth performance and bone characteristics of broiler chickens fed corn-soy diet supplemented with different levels of vitamin premix and sources of mineral premix

Inorganic trace mineral salts in the premix have a detrimental effect on the stability of vitamins due to redox reactions. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of vitamin premix with different mineral premixes on the performance and bone characteristics of broilers. A 2 x 2 factorial dietary treatment was used with two levels of vitamins and two types of minerals in the premix. A total of 1056, one-day old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with 12 replicate pens of 22 chicks for 28 d. An interactive effect between vitamin levels and mineral sources on weight gain and feed intake of chickens was detected. Chickens fed the diet containing 100% vitamin premix with either source of mineral premix had higher (P < 0.01) weight gain and feed intake than those fed the diet containing 30% vitamin premix with either source of mineral premix. However, the chickens fed the diet containing the 30% vitamin premix with the organic minerals had higher (P < 0.01) weight gain and feed intake than those fed the diet containing 30% vitamin premix with inorganic minerals. Chickens fed the diet containing organic mineral premix had lower (P < 0.05) mortality and feed to gain ratio and higher (P < 0.01) bone breaking strength and ash content of tibia than those fed the inorganic mineral premix treatment. Chickens fed the diet containing 100% vitamin premix had higher (P < 0.01) breaking strength of femur and tibia ash than those fed the diet containing 30% vitamin premix. The results from this trial indicated that total replacement of inorganic trace minerals with organic minerals can increase the storage stability of vitamins in feed premixes containing both vitamins and trace minerals, which is reflected in better growth performance in poultry.