cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Constraint in the Development of Nicotine, Marijuana, and Alcohol Dependence in Young Adulthood

The personality-related construct of behavioral disinhibition is hypothesized to confer a generalized risk for alcohol and drug dependence. On average, rates of substance use and scores on measures of disinhibition peak in adolescence and decline as people mature into adulthood. The present study investigated this developmental change by evaluating the relationship between disinhibition and substance use disorders using a longitudinal study of 2,608 twins assessed at ages 17, 24, and 29. These ages include the period of highest risk for substance use disorders (ages 17–24) as well as when substance dependence symptoms typically decline (ages 24–29). Disinhibition was measured with the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire higher-order scale of Constraint, as well as its constituent facet scales of Harm Avoidance, Control, and Traditionalism. Constraint’s relationship with substance dependence was statistically significant but small and largely genetic, with the genetic relationship declining from adolescence into adulthood. However, this result appeared to be almost entirely driven by Traditionalism, a propensity to hold traditional moral and social values, and not an obvious component of behavioral disinhibition. The results suggest that personality measures of Control and Harm Avoidance play only a small role in the development of substance dependence during late adolescence, and previous findings linking personality measures of disinhibition and substance use may be driven significantly by social and moral values than deficits in impulse control.
Mineralogy and flotation of rare-earth-bearing barium fluorophlogopite

Abstract In iron-making processes with rare-earth-containing iron ores as feeds, therare-earth oxides report to slags. While most rare-earth oxides in the slags can be recovered by a combination of high intensity magnetic separation with gravity separation processes, europium and scandium remain in tailings of the slag mineral separation process. Crystal structure and chemical composition of the europium and scandium-bearing “mineral” in the slags have been determined by X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analyses. This “mineral” was identified as rare-earth-bearing barium fluorophlogopite (REBF). Flotation experiments were conducted to investigate the flotation behaviors of the REBF. Experimental results show that the REBF can be collected by using dodecylammonium acetate, sodium oleate or a combination of both in an appropriate proportion and sequence. The flotation reaction of the REBF with the collectors was discussed with the help of infrared spectra and electrokinetic measurements. Physical adsorption of the cationic collector and chemical adsorption of the anionic collector on the surface of the negatively charged REBF were observed. Synergistic effect is significant when addition of sodium oleate is followed by addition of dodecylammonium acetate during flotation.
Reaction of epichlorohydrin with 2′-deoxynucleosides: characterization of adducts

Abstract Epichlorohydrin (ECH) is a simple 3-carbon epoxide of industrial importance and thus has the potential for human exposure in the workplace. It has been shown to be genotoxic in several systems and is a compound capable of reacting with biological nucleophiles. This study details the products formed from the reaction of ECH with 2′-deoxynucleosides at pH 7 and 37 °C for 6 h. Reaction with 2′-deoxyguanosine yielded 7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) guanine (7-CHP-Gua) resulting from alkylation at N-7 of 2′-deoxyguanosine followed by depurination. Two unusual adducts were also partially characterized which resulted from further reaction of 7-CHP-Gua with another molecule of ECH to yield 1,7-bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyOguanine (1,7-bis-CHP-Gua) which could then cyclize with the exocyclic amino group to yield 1,N 2 -(2-hydroxypropano)-7-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) guanine (1,N 2 -HP-7-CHP-Gua). Reaction with 2′-deoxyadenosine gave only one product, namely 1,N 6 -(2-hydroxypropano)-2′-deoxyadenosine (1,N 6 -HP-dAdo). The reaction of 2′-deoxythymidine with ECH also yielded one product which was identified as 3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2′-deoxythymidine (3-CHP-dThd). A 3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (3-CHP-dUrd) product was isolated from the reaction of ECH with 2′-deoxycytidine. This product most likely resulted from the deamination of an initially formed 3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (3-CHP-dCyd), a phenomenon which we have previously reported to occur during the reaction of 2′-deoxycytidine with other aliphatic epoxides. Evidence is also presented that 3-CHP-dUrd is converted to 3-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (3-DHP-dUrd) under physiological conditions, with a half-life of 213 h. Reaction of ECH with calf thymus DNA (pH 7.0, 37 °C, 3 h) resulted in the formation of 7-CHP-Gua (200 nmol/mg DNA).
Group technology in the US manufacturing industry: A survey of current practices

This paper reports the findings of a survey of 53 US users of group technology (GT). Respondent installations were medium to large electronics and metalworking manufacturers. They engaged predominantly in fabrication activities, producing a large number of component parts and/or end items. These firms applied GT to design, process planning (including NC programming), sales, purchasing, cost estimation, tooling, scheduling, new equipment sizing, and tool selection. In the majority of cases, firms used classification and coding systems as tools in applying GT. While users identified managerial and technical barriers which must be overcome in successfully applying GT, significant and varied operational and strategic benefits had been achieved. Further, most felt that GT would be an integral and important part of future CAD/CAM activities at their plant. The respondents' experiences confirm that GT's usefulness is quite broad and suggest that failure to understand GT as a general philosophy and, instead, to c...
Heterotic string compactifications using minimal N = 2 superconformal field theories. Quotient models

Abstract We study four-dimensional heterotic string compactifications using minimal N = 2 superconformal field theories. We concentrate on models based on the standard (l = l ) affine invariant obtained by quotienting by a discrete symmetry group. As quotient groups we use the Zk + 2 symmetry groups of the minimal models at level k which preserve N = 1 spacetime supersymmetry as well as an index relation analogous to that satisfied in quotient Calabi-Yau compactifications. In our analysis we determine the number of massless 27's and 27's of E6. No new three- or four-generation models are found.
Preparation of Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) That Resist Adsorption of Proteins Using the Reaction of Amines with a SAM That Presents Interchain Carboxylic Anhydride Groups

This paper describes a procedure for preparing mixed self-assembled monolayers (mixed SAMs) on gold that resist the nonspecific adsorption of proteins from solution. This method was tested using α-amino derivatives of ω-hydroxy- and ω-methoxy-oligo(ethylene glycols): H2N(CH2CH2O)nCH3 and H2N(CH2CH2O)nH (n = 3, 6). Mixed SAMs were prepared by allowing these amines to react with a SAM presenting interchain carboxylic anhydride groups. The resistance of the resulting surfaces to adsorption of several proteinscarbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1), ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.27.5), lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17), and fibrinogenwas examined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. These mixed SAMs resist the nonspecific adsorption of proteins approximately as effectively as single-component SAMs prepared using the conventional method involving chemisorption of oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiols on gold. Characterization of the mixed SAM that presents a 1:1 mixture of −OCNH(CH2CH2O)6CH3 and CO2H/CO2- group...
Potassium Permanganate Demand of Pond Waters

Abstract Short-term laboratory tests do not adequately predict effective potassium permanganate (KMn04) treatment rates for fish culture ponds. In pond water samples with high concentrations of organic matter (COD > 50 mg/L), the previously recommended disease treatment rate of 4 mg/L KMn04 plus the 15-minute KMn04 demand did not result in a KMn04 residual lasting more than 2 hours. The failure of this rate to give a persisting KMn04 residual results from the arbitrary choice of 15-minutes as a contact time for the KMn04 demand test. The magnitude of the 15-minute KMn04 demand is highly correlated (P < 0.01) with the magnitude of the 180-minute demand but the relationship is too inconsistent to use in predicting KMn04 treatment rates. This inconsistency is, in part, caused by the nature of the initial oxidation reactions by KMn04 in pond water. Soluble organic matter is preferentially oxidized in the first 15 minutes of treatment and soluble organic matter constitutes a highly variable proportion (33-99%)...
Uremic patients have decreased shear-induced platelet aggregation mediated by decreased availability of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptors.

Abstract Bleeding and platelet dysfunction are prominent features of uremia. Shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA) involves the interaction of von Willebrand factor (vWF) with platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) Ib and IIb-IIIa, the same receptor-ligand pair involved in in vivo adhesion and aggregation of platelets in the arterial circulation. We have used a modified rotational cone-plate viscometer to measure SIPA and calcium flux in platelets. Flow cytometric analysis of the surface expression of GP Ib and IIb-IIIa was performed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies CD42b and CD41a, respectively. Uremic patients showed decreased SIPA (controls, 43% ± 2% [mean ± SEM]; chronic renal failure patients, 36% ± 3%; chronic hemodialysis patients, 26% ± 2%; P P P P = 0.01). Calcium flux and thromboxane B 2 generation during SIPA of uremic platelets were normal. However, uremic plasma showed twice the normal concentration of vWF ( P P = 0.002), although it did not return to normal. These results suggest that the uremic platelet dysfunction results from decreased GP IIb-IIIa availability due to receptor occupancy by fibrinogen fragments (and possibly vWF fragments).
Critical testing for helmet-mounted displays: a tracking system accuracy test for the joint helmet mounted cueing system

Helmet mounted displays have not been supported with adequate methods and materials to validate and verify the performance of the underlying tracking systems when tested in a simulated or operational environment. Like most electronic systems on aircraft, HMDs evolve over the lifecycle of the system due to requirements changes or diminishing manufacturing sources. Hardware and software bugs are often introduced as the design evolves and it is necessary to revalidate a systems performance attributes over the course of these design changes. An on-aircraft test has been developed and refined to address this testing gap for the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) on F-16 aircraft. This test can be readily ported to other aircraft systems which employ the JHMCS, and has already been ported to the F-18. Additionally, this test method could provide an added value in the testing of any HMD that requires accurate cueing, whether used on fixed or rotary wing aircraft.
GZK cutoff and associated neutrinos

We discuss the cosmogenic neutrinos that are produced in interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays with radiation fields. The obvious and most important target is the microwave background. It is possible that the infrared/optical background contributes to the flux of cosmogenic neutrinos, especially in the case of steep cosmic ray injection spectra and fast cosmological evolution of the cosmic ray sources.
Leucine Naphthylamide: an Appropriate Substrate for the Histochemical Detection of Cathepsins B and B′

Refutation of Sylven-Snellman report of catalysis of benzoylarginine beta-naphthylamide and leucine beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis by beef spleen cathespin B
Stimulus-response compatibility with wheel-rotation responses: Will an incompatible response coding be used when a compatible coding is possible?

Three experiments were conducted in which subjects responded to left-right tones with clockwise-counterclockwise rotations of a steering wheel using one of two stimulus-response assignments. When the hands were at the bottom of the wheel, where hand movement is opposite to wheel movement, subjects coded responses according to the frame that yielded a compatible mapping when the instructions did not emphasize either hand or wheel movements (Experiment 1). When instructions emphasized hand movements, responses were coded relative to the hand-referenced frame (Experiment 2), and when the wheel controlled a visual cursor, responses were coded relative to a cursor-referenced frame (Experiment 3). Coding with respect to these frames occurred even when the resulting mapping was incompatible.
Effects of Compliance on Outcome Independent of Pharmacological Efficacy in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence

In this double-blind controlled study, 143 opioid-dependent male subjects were detoxified and randomly assigned to etrafon (amitriptyline 25 mg and perphenazine 2 mg), methadone, or placebo. Subjects were treated, monitored, and evaluated frequently for 1 year. Reported here are assessments carried out at 3-month intervals after hospital discharge. Treatment effectiveness was defined in terms of improvement of clinical symptoms, employment, and reduction in drug abuse. Data were analyzed on subjects who remained in treatment for at least 3 months (73%). Data analysis used a random regression model. Overall, type of treatment did not significantly affect outcome. An unexpected but significant effect on outcome seemed due to adherence to drug regimen. Those who adhered to their medication, whether etrafon, methadone, or placebo, improved more than noncompliers on most outcome measures regardless of type of drug treatment.
Regime transformation and environmental policy innovation in China

Chinese economic performance during the reform era has been stellar in terms of several key economic yardsticks. During the early years of post-1978 restructuring this had comfortably overshadowed deterioration and halting progress on other fronts, the ecosystem being one of them. The latter’s vulnerability and neglect has attracted closer attention in recent years and strategic responses to the socio-physical strains that have emerged and proliferated have grown in scale and have gathered momentum. It has consequently been argued that a genuine paradigm shift has materialised and that the new framework for societal management is no longer heavily oriented towards wealth accumulation. A significant cognitive adjustment has doubtless taken place, but its extent is a matter of debate and persistent institutional frailties are not consistent with the notion of a far-reaching overhaul of the entire problem-management system.
Correlated X-Ray and Optical Variability in Markarian 509

We present the results of a 3 year monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Markarian 509, using X-ray data from the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer and optical data taken by the SMARTS consortium. Both light curves show significant variations and are strongly correlated with the optical flux leading the X-ray flux by 15 days. The X-ray power spectrum shows a steep high-frequency slope of –2.0, breaking to a slope of –1.0 at a timescale of 34 days. The lag from optical to X-ray emission is most likely caused by variations in the accretion disk propagating inward.
PI3K and NADPH oxidase: a class act.

In this issue of Blood , Anderson and colleagues show that class III PI3K is essential for CD18-dependent activation of the NADPH oxidase, and production of ROS mediated by this phagocytosis pathway does not require antibody or FcγR for the subsequent synthesis of PtdIns(3)P at phagosome membranes
An Evaluation of Hypnosis and Suggestion As Treatment for Warts

"Barley-eorn, Barley-corn, injun-meal shorts, Spunk-water, spunk-water, swaller warts." "Say-what is dead cats good for, Huck?" "Good for? Cure warts with." "No! is that so? I know something that's better." "I bet you don't. What is it?" "Why, spunk-water! "Spunk-water! I wouldn't give a dern for spunk-water." "You wouldn't, wouldn't you! D'you ever try it?" "No, I hain't. But Bob Tanner did." "Who told you so?" "Why, he told Jeff Thatcher, and Jeff told Johnny Baker, and Johnny told Jim Hollis and Jim told Ben Rogers, and Ben told. .." From THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER.
A Filter-And-Fan Approach to the 2D HP Model of the Protein Folding Problem

We examine a prominent and widely-studied model of the protein folding problem, the two-dimensional (2D) HP model, by means of a filter-and-fan (F&F) solution approach. Our method is designed to generate compound moves that explore the solution space in a dynamic and adaptive fashion. Computational results for standard sets of benchmark problems show that the F&F algorithm is highly competitive with the current leading algorithms, requiring only a single solution trial to obtain best known solutions to all problems tested, in contrast to a hundred or more trials required in the typical case to evaluate the performance of the best of the alternative methods.
Mandelamide hydrolase from Pseudomonas putida: Characterization of a new member of the amidase signature family

A recently discovered enzyme in the mandelate pathway of Pseudomonas putida, mandelamide hydrolase (MAH), catalyzes the hydrolysis of mandelamide to mandelic acid and ammonia. Sequence analysis suggests that MAH is a member of the amidase signature family, which is widespread in nature and contains a novel Ser-cis-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. Here we report the expression in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization of both wild-type and His6-tagged MAH. The recombinant enzyme was stable, exhibited a pH optimum of 7.8, and was able to hydrolyze both enantiomers of mandelamide with little enantiospecificity. The His-tagged variant showed no significant change in kinetic constants. Phenylacetamide was found to be the best substrate, with changes in chain length or replacement of the phenyl group producing greatly decreased values of kcat/Km. As with another member of this family, fatty acid amide hydrolase, MAH has the uncommon ability to hydrolyze esters and amides at similar rates. MAH is even more...
CNDO/2 calculations of some polyazaindenes

The theoretically estimated dipole moments of indolizine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo-[1,5-a]pyridine and of pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyridine obtained by the CNDO/2 approximation have been compared with the experimental values. The bond angles and bond distances for these polyazaindenes have been estimated.
Extremum seeking for parameter identification, implementation for electron beam property prediction

We report on an experiment performed at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET), which is the first two kilometers of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) linear accelerator, in which a new form of extremum seeking, one with known, bounded update rates, despite operating on an analytically unknown cost function, was utilized in order to provide a real time bunch length estimate of the electron beam. The approach was to simultaneously tune fourteen parameters, such as arbitrary klystron phase shifts and electron bunch energy, in order to match a simulated (LiTrack) bunch energy spread spectrum with the real time wiggler/scintillating YAG crystal signal. The simple adaptive scheme was digitally implemented using Matlab and the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). The main result is the development of a non-intrusive, non-destructive real-time diagnostic scheme for prediction of bunch length, as well as other beam parameters, the precise control of which is very important for the plasma acceleration scheme being explored at FACET.
Protein oxidation and enzyme activity decline in old brown Norway rats are reduced by dietary restriction

The effect of aging and diet restriction (DR) on the activity of creatine kinase (CK), glutamine synthetase (GS) and protein carbonyl formation in the cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex of male and female brown Norway (BN) rats has been investigated. It was demonstrated that CK activity in three different regions of the rat brain declines with age by 30%. Age-related decrease of GS activity was only 10-13% and did not reach statistical significance. Consistent with previously published studies, age-related increase of protein carbonyl content in each brain area studied has been observed. Preventive effects of a caloric restricted diet on the age-associated protein oxidation and changes of the activity of CK and GS in the brain was observed for both aging male and female BN rats. DR delayed the accumulation of protein carbonyls. Age-related changes of CK activity in rat brain were abrogated by DR. The activity of GS in the brain of old rats subjected to the caloric restricted diet was higher than that in the brain of young animals fed ad libitum. The results are consistent with the notion that DR may relieve age-associated level of oxidative stress and lessen protein damage.
Formulation of 2-D normal equations using 2-D to 1-D form preserving transformations

The application of a 2-D to 1-D transformation technique for the setting up of 2-D normal equations is discussed. The approach is a generalization of a method proposed earlier that was based on projection techniques. The relation between 1-D suboptimal LSI (least-square inverse) polynomials and 2-D LSI polynomials is also developed. As linear predictive polynomials are directly related to LSI polynomials, the method will be useful for these applications as well. >
Energy efficiency: The best immediate option for a secure, clean, healthy future

The imperatives for reducing the world's dependence on fossil and nuclear fuels have multiplied manifold in recent years with the advent of worldwide terrorism. These new dangers come in addition to the imperatives of addressing the dire consequences of global warming and devastating pollution that accompany the use of these fossil fuels. Reducing dependence on these unsafe and unreliable energy resources should be a top global priority. Implementation of proven energy efficiency technologies offers the world the fastest, safest, most economic and most environmentally benign way to alleviate these threats. This article outlines available efficiency measures, their economic advantages and means by which they may be and have been implemented. While examples of efficiency applications from both developed and developing countries are given, the article relies heavily on experience with energy efficiency in the United States, where data on efficiency is particularly abundant.
Statistical properties of a laser with multiplicative noise

Effects of multiplicative noise on the laser instability in a He-Ne laser are investigated by photon-counting measurements. Several new features, such as the shift of the threshold of laser oscillation and intensity fluctuations in excess of unity, are observed. Our measurements also reveal the importance of the nonlinearity of light-matter interaction even for negative pump-parameter values.
The Analysis of Revenue Sharing in a New Approach to Collective Fiscal Decisions

I. The analytic framework, 418. — II. Revenue sharing in a Lindahl model, 420. — III. Revenue sharing and majority rule, 423. — IV. Revenue sharing in a more general framework, 426. — V. When revenue sharing differs from income redistribution, 430. — VI. A system with many clubs, 432. — VII. Concluding remarks, 434. — Appendix: A general theorem, 435.
The origin of man'yogana

Most scholars in Japanese studies (history, linguistics, literature) tend to accept in one form or another the ancient legend that the phonetic writing system of ancient Japan, known as man'yōgana, came from Paekche. This legend about the ancient Korean kingdom-Paekche-appears in the Kojiki and Nihon shoki, Japan's two oldest chronicles. To date there have been few attempts to use concrete data from the peninsula either to prove or reject this legend. This article supplies information from all epigraphic data on the Korean peninsula to show that Paekche spread the use of Chinese (sinographs) to be used phonogrammatically and that Koguryo educated the rest of the peninsula in the use of this script.
Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) as mitochondrial governator—Thinking outside the box

Despite a detailed understanding of their metabolism, mitochondria often behave anomalously. In particular, global suppression of mitochondrial metabolism and metabolite exchange occurs in apoptosis, ischemia and anoxia, cytopathic hypoxia of sepsis and multiple organ failure, alcoholic liver disease, aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells (Warburg effect) and unstimulated pancreatic beta cells. Here, we propose that closure of voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the mitochondrial outer membrane accounts for global mitochondrial suppression. In anoxia, cytopathic hypoxia and ethanol treatment, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, kinase cascades and increased NADH act to inhibit VDAC conductance and promote selective oxidation of membrane-permeable respiratory substrates like short chain fatty acids and acetaldehyde. In cancer cells, highly expressed hexokinase binds to and inhibits VDAC to suppress mitochondrial function while stimulating glycolysis, but an escape mechanism intervenes when glucose-6-phosphate accumulates and dissociates hexokinase from VDAC. Similarly, glucokinase binds mitochondria of insulin-secreting beta cells, possibly blocking VDAC and suppressing mitochondrial function. We propose that glucose metabolism leads to glucose-6-phosphate-dependent unbinding of glucokinase, relief of VDAC inhibition, release of ATP from mitochondria and ATP-dependent insulin release. In support of the overall proposal, ethanol treatment of isolated rat hepatocytes inhibited mitochondrial respiration and accessibility to adenylate kinase in the intermembrane space, effects that were overcome by digitonin permeabilization of the outer membrane. Overall, these considerations suggest that VDAC is a dynamic regulator, or governator, of global mitochondrial function both in health and disease.
Memory Hierarchy Aware Parallel Priority Based Data Structures

With the proliferation of multicore and manycore architectures, memory hierarchy plays an important role in realizing expected performance of memory intensive scientific applications. A vast majority of scientific applications require a priority based data structure to discriminate among available data elements, for instance, a priority based data structure is imperative for extracting the earliest events in a discrete event simulation, identifying urgent tasks in a parallel scheduler, or exploring most promising sub-problems in a state-space search. Traditional priority based data structures are tree-based that makes them cache unfriendly due to the exponentially increasing distance between parent and child nodes. Fine grained largescale applications further cause excessive contention among competing processors due to frequent updates. In this dissertation we propose a priority based data structure that adapts to the memory hierarchy of the underlying computer system. The top priority items are aggregated and kept into a working subset of data items that is readily accessible for processing.
Issues involved in the accuracy assessment of large scale land use/land cover mapping from remotely sensed data

The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristic (MRLC) Consortium, composed of several U.S. Government agencies, sponsored the creation of the National Land Cover Data (NLCD). This dataset provides a consistent land cover classification system for the lower forty-eight states. It is based on thirty meter spatial resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data. The NLCD, as a national land cover classification, is unprecedented in its coverage and resolution. The objective of this project was to assess the accuracy of a portion of the NLCD. An implementation scheme for the project was designed by the Center for Earth Observation group to assure the quality of the reference data collection when applied to such a large scale project. A number of issues were encountered in dealing with a project of this magnitude. These issues are of importance to researchers involved in large scale land cover mapping and change detection. Issues addressed include: Examining the impact of including alternate classes in the accuracy assessment, compensating for positional errors in the dataset, and examining reference data collection issues.
Scalable high-throughput SRAM-based architecture for IP-lookup using FPGA

Most high-speed Internet Protocol (IP) lookup implementations use tree traversal and pipelining. However, this approach results in inefficient memory utilization. Due to available on-chip memory and pin limitations of FPGAs, state-of-the-art designs on FPGAs cannot support large routing tables arising in backbone routers. Therefore, ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is widely used. We propose a novel SRAM-based linear pipeline architecture, named DuPI. Using a single Virtex-4, DuPI can support a routing table of up to 228 K prefixes, which is 3times the state-of-the-art. Our architecture can also be easily partitioned, so as to use external SRAM to handle even larger routing tables (up to 2 M prefixes), while maintaining a 324 MLPS throughput. The use of SRAM (instead of TCAM) leads to orders of magnitude of reduction in power dissipation. Employing caching to exploit Internet traffic locality, we can achieve a throughput of 1.3 GLPS (billion lookups per second). Our design also maintains packet input order, and supports in-place non-blocking route updates.
The Braided Stream Depositional Environment: Comparison of the Platte River with Some Silurian Clastic Rocks, North-Central Appalachians

Studies of the South Platte-Platte River in Colorado and Nebraska substantiate Ore9s (1964) conclusion that braided patterns in streams are created mainly by accretion of longitudinal bars and dissection of transverse bars. Distribution of bars in the South Platte-Platte River depends on texture of the bed load. Coarse, poorly sorted sediment favors formation of longitudinal bars, and finer grained, better sorted materials form transverse bars. The relative proportion of transverse to longitudinal bars increases downstream, following the river9s tendency to fractionate its load into finer sizes downstream. This is accompanied by an increase in the ratio of planar cross-stratification to horizontal stratification and a decrease in cross-channel topographic relief expressed as a bed-relief index. Relative abundances of planar cross-stratification and horizontal stratification, as well as bed-relief indices were measured in sandstones and conglomerates of the Lower Silurian Shawangunk Conglomerate, Green Pond Conglomerate, and Tuscarora Sandstone in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. These formations display downslope trends similar to those of the South Platte and Platte Rivers, and, combined with paleocurrent, grain-size distribution, and other data, suggest that the coarse eastern facies (Green Pond, Shawangunk) represent proximal braided stream deposits with longitudinal bars that grade westward and northwestward into finer grained distal braided stream sediments (Tuscarora) characterized by transverse bars.
MAGE: a distributed programming model

Writing distributed programs is difficult. To ease this task, we introduce a new programming abstraction which we call a mobility attribute. Mobility attributes provide a syntax that describes the mobility semantics of program components. Programmers attach mobility attributes to program components to dynamically control the placement of these components within the network. Mobility attributes intercept component invocations and decide whether and where to move a component before the component executes. This allows the programmer to improve her program's runtime efficiency by colocating components and resources. We present MAGE, an object oriented distributed system, that supports mobility attributes and illustrates their utility.
Quantitative Statistical Analysis of cis-Regulatory Sequences in ABA/VP1- and CBF/DREB1-Regulated Genes of Arabidopsis

We have developed a simple quantitative computational approach for objective analysis of cis-regulatory sequences in promoters of coregulated genes. The program, designated MotifFinder, identifies oligo sequences that are overrepresented in promoters of coregulated genes. We used this approach to analyze promoter sequences of Viviparous1 (VP1)/abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes and cold-regulated genes, respectively, of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We detected significantly enriched sequences in up-regulated genes but not in down-regulated genes. This result suggests that gene activation but not repression is mediated by specific and common sequence elements in promoters. The enriched motifs include several known cis-regulatory sequences as well as previously unidentified motifs. With respect to known cis-elements, we dissected the flanking nucleotides of the core sequences of Sph element, ABA response elements (ABREs), and the C repeat/dehydration-responsive element. This analysis identified the motif variants that may correlate with qualitative and quantitative differences in gene expression. While both VP1 and cold responses are mediated in part by ABA signaling via ABREs, these responses correlate with unique ABRE variants distinguished by nucleotides flanking the ACGT core. ABRE and Sph motifs are tightly associated uniquely in the coregulated set of genes showing a strict dependence on VP1 and ABA signaling. Finally, analysis of distribution of the enriched sequences revealed a striking concentration of enriched motifs in a proximal 200-base region of VP1/ABA and cold-regulated promoters. Overall, each class of coregulated genes possesses a discrete set of the enriched motifs with unique distributions in their promoters that may account for the specificity of gene regulation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I attenuate apoptosis in cultured porcine granulosa cells

Thymocytes and granulosa cells (GC) were cultured up to 48 h to determine the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on apoptosis in culture (in RPMI containing 10% fetal bovine serum [FBS] at 38°C in a 5% CO 2 :95% air atmosphere). In experiment 2, GC were cultured for 24 h at a density of 0.5 x 10 6 cells/0.5 ml in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium:Hams F-12 (1:1) containing 1% FBS to determine whether porcine FSH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) attenuated apoptosis and to compare two methods of measuring apoptosis: 1) flow cytometry of dispersed cells for subdiploid DNA fluorescence and 2) densitometry of internucleosomal DNA fragments. The percentages of apoptotic (%A 0 ) thymocytes and GC increased (p < 0.01) during 48 h of culture. Compared to no DEX, 0.1 or 1.0 μM DEX in thymocytes caused a 33% further increase (p < 0.01) in %A 0 cells but had no effect in GC. In experiment 2, apoptosis, measured by %A 0 GC and amount of internucleosomal fragments, decreased (p < 0.01) by 50% during culture in the presence of FSH (4 NIH-S1 mU/ml) or IGF-I (50 ng/ml); results from these techniques were correlated (r = 0.829, n = 44, p ≤ 0.0001). We conclude that 1) porcine GC and thymocytes undergo spontaneous apoptosis in culture, 2) two methods of analyzing apoptosis were in excellent agreement, and 3) FSH and IGF-I attenuated spontaneous apoptosis in cultured porcine GC.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients

This article reviews the evidence for efficacy and safe ty of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii ) for various disease indications in adults based on the peerreviewed, randomized clinical trials and pre-clinical studies from the published medical literature (Medline, Clinical Trial websites and meeting abstracts) between 1976 and 2009. For meta-analysis, only randomized, blinded controlled trials unrestricted by language were included. Pre-clinical studies, volunteer studies and uncontrolled studies were excluded from the review of efficacy and meta-analysis, but included in the systemat ic review. Of 31 randomized, placebo-controlled treatment arms in 27 trials (encompassing 5029 study patients), S. boulardii was found to be significantly effica cious and safe in 84% of those treatment arms. A meta-analysis found a significant therapeutic efficacy for S. boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.63, P < 0.001). In adults, S. boulardii can be strongly recommended for the prevention of AAD and the traveler’s diarrhea. Randomized trials also support the use of this yeast probiotic for prevention of enteral nutrition-related diarrhea and reduction of Heliobacter pylori treatment-related symptoms. S. boulardii shows promise for the prevention of C. difficile disease recurrences; treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, acute adult diarrhea, Crohn’s disease, giardiasis, human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhea; but more supporting evidence is recommended for these indications. The use of S. boulardii as a therapeutic probiotic is evidence-based for both efficacy and safety for several types of diarrhea.
Organizational Age Norms: Why Is It So Hard To Know One When You See One?

Scholars believe that age norms, defined here as widely shared judgments of the standard or typical ages of individuals holding a role or status within a given context, circumscribe behavior in all human societies. Admonitions such as "act your age" indicate that we expect older people to conduct themselves differently from younger people. Laws codify society's judgments of when people are old enough to vote and purchase alcoholic beverages. Work organizations have informal rules about typical ages for promotion. Yet, despite the centrality of age norms to human interaction, we know very little about them. Age norms seem easy to observe, but they have proved difficult to define and measure. Moreover, although many scholars consider age norms in a societal context, few examine them in other structured settings, such as communities or work organizations. This article explores theoretical and measurement issues that have impeded age norm studies, and presents one approach to their resolution using data from three work organizations.
Validation of a self-administered, computerized tool for collecting and displaying the family history of cancer.

Purpose A detailed family history is important for cancer risk assessment, but obtaining it is time consuming and infrequently accomplished in practice. The Genetic Risk Easy Assessment Tool (GREAT) conducts a computer-administered family history interview and immediately generates a pedigree diagram in digital form. The purpose of this study was to validate family cancer histories produced by patients using the computer tool in comparison with pedigrees made by genetic counselors. Methods Patients scheduled for genetics consultation recorded their family histories using the GREAT, separate from their genetic counseling session. The presence of each relative; presence, type, and age at diagnosis of cancers; and cancer geneticist's risk assessment were compared for 120 pairs of pedigrees produced by counselors versus computer tool. Results The automated telephone interview took a mean of 33.5 minutes and was highly acceptable to respondents. Ninety-four percent of first-degree relatives, 67% of second-degr...
Finite element modeling of laser-generated Lamb waves

Abstract Results from finite element models of laser-generated Lamb waves are presented in terms of temperature, displacement, frequency spectrum and equivalent thermal (body) forces at various times. Temperature profile from the finite element results compared favorably with existing semi-analytical solutions. Effects of mesh densities were assessed which showed that no discernible spurious wave reflection had occurred. Results from different meshes, including different mechanical and thermal ones where a Dirac δ technique has been used to redistribute the equivalent body forces, showed that the dominant factor in obtaining a quality wave is the mesh for the mechanical domain. Coarse meshes give waves of higher frequency but at negligible amplitudes.
Biochemical and genetic studies of the initiation of human rhinovirus 2 RNA replication: purification and enzymatic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D(pol).

The replication of human rhinovirus 2 (HRV2), a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae , requires a virus-encoded RNA polymerase. We have expressed in Escherichia coli and purified both a glutathione S -transferase fusion polypeptide and an untagged form of the HRV2 RNA polymerase 3D pol . Using in vitro assay systems previously described for poliovirus RNA polymerase 3D pol (J. B. Flanegan and D. Baltimore, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:3677–3680, 1977; A. V. Paul, J. H. van Boom, D. Filippov, and E. Wimmer, Nature 393:280–284, 1998), we have analyzed the biochemical properties of the two different enzyme preparations. HRV2 3D pol is both template and primer dependent, and it catalyzes two types of synthetic reactions in the presence of UTP, Mn 2+ , and a poly(A) template. The first consists of an elongation reaction of an oligo(dT) 15 primer into poly(U). The second is a protein-priming reaction in which the enzyme covalently links UMP to the hydroxyl group of tyrosine in the terminal protein VPg, yielding VPgpU. This precursor is elongated first into VPgpUpU and then into VPg-linked poly(U), which is identical to the 5′ end of picornavirus minus strands. The two forms of the enzyme are about equally active both in the oligonucleotide elongation and in the VPg-primed reaction. Various synthetic mutant VPgs were tested as substrates in the VPg uridylylation reaction.
On the Height of a Homotopy

Given 2 homotopic curves in a topological space, there are several ways to measure similarity between the curves, including Hausdorff distance and Frechet dis- tance. In this paper, we examine a different measure of similarity which considers the family of curves repre- sented in the homotopy between the curves, and mea- sures the longest such curve, known as the height of the homotopy. In other words, if we have two homotopic curves on a surface and view a homotopy as a way to morph one curve into the other, we wish to find the longest intermediate curve along the morphing. In this paper, our model assumes we are given a pair of disjoint embedded homotopic curves (where the endpoints remained fixed over the course of the homo- topy) in an edge-weighted planar triangulation satisfy- ing the triangle inequality. We prove that among min- imal height homotopies between the two curves, there exists an embedded isotopy; in other words, the homo- topy with minimum height never makes a "backwards" move and results in disjoint simple intermediate curves.
Analytical performance of the CEDIA cyclosporine PLUS whole blood immunoassay.

[ Abstract ] Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent used in solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. Because of the narrow therapeutic range and variable pharmacokinetics, blood levels of CsA are routinely monitored. The performance of the CEDIA CsA PLUS whole blood immunoassay was evaluated on the Olympus AU400 TM, and results were compared to those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). A total of 592 whole blood samples from patients receiving CsA were tested by each of the assays. CEDIA was linear from 25 2000 pg/t. Total imprecision ranged from 2.7% to 8.7% at CsA values between 48 and 1502 pg/L. Recovery of added CsA was within 10% of assigned values and was unaffected by bUirubin and lipemia. Metabolite crossreactivity at pg/L was 8.1% for AM1, 21.7% for AM4n, and 32.5% for AM9. Regression analysis revealed the following: HPLC = 0.93 �9 CEDIA - 21.2 (r= 0.975), EMIT = 1.08 ~ CEDIA - 25.2 (r= 0.982), and FPIA -- 1.14 �9 CEDIA + 13.4 (r= 0.984). CEDIA
Worst-case rate of scalar vs. vector quantization

We show that there can be an arbitrary discrepancy between the worst-case rate required for scalar and vector quantization. Specifically, that for every /spl delta/, however large, and every /spl epsiv/>0, however small, there is a random variable and a distortion measure where quantization of a single instance within a given distortion requires more than /spl delta/ bits in the worst case, but quantization of multiple independent instances within the same distortion requires at most /spl epsiv/ bits per instance in the worst case. Furthermore, these discrepancies can be achieved by simple distortion measures that attain just two values: 0 and /spl infin/.
A History of Resilience.

Once deemed the answer to the cries for a more egalitarian higher education system in the United States, the private liberal arts junior college is now in its forty-fifth year of decline.
Toward the understanding of hydration phenomena in aqueous electrolytes from the interplay of theory, molecular simulation, and experiment

Abstract We study the microstructural analysis of aqueous electrolytes and present a detailed account of the fundamentals underlying the neutron scattering with isotopic substitution (NDIS) approach for the experimental determination of ion coordination numbers in systems involving both halide anions and oxyanions. We place particular emphasis on the frequently overlooked ion-pairing phenomenon, identify its microstructural signature in the neutron-weighted distribution functions, and suggest novel techniques to deal with either the estimation of the ion-pairing magnitude or the correction of its effects on the experimentally measured coordination numbers. We illustrate the underlying ideas by applying these new developments to the interpretation of four NDIS test-cases via molecular simulation, as convenient dry runs for the actual scattering experiments, for representative aqueous electrolyte solutions at ambient conditions involving metal halides and nitrates.
Lamina Propria Lymphocytes, Not Macrophages, Express CCR5 and CXCR4 and Are the Likely Target Cell for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Intestinal Mucosa

Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections are acquired via mucosal surfaces, and transmitted viruses are nearly always macrophage-tropic, suggesting that mucosal macrophages participate in early HIV-1 infection. Mucosal lymphocytes isolated from normal human intestine expressed CD4 (14,530+/-7970 antibody-binding sites [ABSs]/cell), CCR5 (2730+/-1524 ABSs/cell), and CXCR4 (2507+/-1840 ABSs/cell), but intestinal macrophages, which also expressed CD4 (2959+/-2695 ABSs/cell), displayed no detectable CCR5 or CXCR4 ABS. The absence of CCR5 on intestinal macrophages was not due to expression of the Delta32 deletion allele because matched-blood monocytes expressed CCR5. CCR5(+)CXCR4(+) intestinal lymphocytes supported both R5 (BaL) and X4 (IIIB) HIV-1 replication, whereas the CCR5(-)CXCR4(-) macrophages were not permissive to either isolate or other laboratory isolates (ADA and DJV) and primary isolates (MDR 24 and JOEL). In the intestinal mucosa, lymphocytes, not macrophages, are the likely target cell for R5 (and X4) HIV-1 and are the major source of HIV-1 production during early infection.