cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous Utility Representation of Fuzzy Preferences

We define continuity for utility functions representing fuzzy preferences and prove that, as in the case of crisp preferences, fuzzy preferences representable by a utility function are representable by a continuous utility function.
Effect of ‘elicitors’ on extracellular peroxidase activity in suspension-cultured slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)

Peroxidase activity in the growth medium of suspension-cultured slash pine was observed over time and eliciting chitosan concentrations from non-damaging to lethal were followed. First significant differences in peroxidase activity were observed within 12h exposure to chitosan. Extracellular peroxidase activity decreased as chitosan increased until considerable cell death occurred and medium peroxidase activity increased. Chitin and fusiform rust mycelium elicited decreased peroxidase activity with no significant difference in viability. The highest levels of elicited lignification corresponded to the lowest extracellular peroxidase activity. Controls and the greatest chitosan concentration (which elicited 100% cell death) showed the highest peroxidase activity and no lignification.
Vibration sensing-based human and infrastructure safety/health monitoring: A survey

Abstract Current sensor technologies enable the passive and continuous monitoring of human behaviors as well as infrastructures to ensure personal safety and assess individual health state. One passive technology that has the potential of gathering personal data is the vibration sensor. In this paper, we carry out an extensive survey of the current vibration-based sensing technologies for human and infrastructure safety as well as health monitoring. These technologies utilize structural and bodies vibration as a source of data, and they can be incorporated in wearable or non-wearable devices. Furthermore, the vibration sensing technology utilizes low-cost and low-power sensors, which make it attractive for indoor and outdoor monitoring. We have classified the technologies into five categories: vibration-based sensing for assessing human health, recognizing personal behavior, inferring occupancy information, evaluating personal safety, and monitoring infrastructure health. In each category, we also classify the approaches that utilize single and multiple sensors. Moreover, we discuss the different types of signal processing and machine learning techniques that are applied to each approach.
Transient central diabetes insipidus occurring after vasopressin infusion

Abstract: Background Common causes of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) include trauma to the pituitary, hypoperfusion, and malignancy. However, CDI can also be transient. An emerging cause of transient DI (tDI) is through the use and withdrawal of vasopressin. Here we present a case of transient CDI that developed during an ICU admission. Case report A Caucasian female presented to the emergency room after a fall. On presentation, the patient was found to be in shock and was admitted to the surgical ICU. Norepinephrine, vasopressin and IV antibiotics were started. On hospital day 5 blood pressures improved, and vasopressin was discontinued. On hospital day 6, the patient's urine output increased, and serum sodium was elevated. Despite increasing free water, serum sodium continued to rise. Endocrinology was consulted and urine osmolality (osm) was consistent with DI. Urine osm at 30 and 60 minutes after desmopressin (DDAVP) was consistent with CDI. Brain MRI showed no intracranial pathology. Over the next day with scheduled DDAVP, serum sodium decreased below goal. Thus, DDAVP was held. Prior to discharge, the patient did not require additional DDAVP. She was discharged without DDAVP. Discussion Our patient's workup was initially consistent with CDI. However, the DI resolved spontaneously, supporting transient CDI secondary to vasopressin infusion. Different theories have emerged as to why this occurs with vasopressin. However, further investigation is needed. Conclusion While rare, it is important to monitor for DI after vasopressin infusion and have a suspicion that DI may be transient in the absence of a clear cause.
Frame Optimization Including Frequency Constraints

The minimum weight optimum design of planar frame structures subject to frequency (or buckling) constraints, stress constraints, and member sizing constraints is covered by the finite element displacement method. Two design variables define the cross section of each planar frame element. The total number of design variables for a problem can be reduced by employing the design variable linking option. The mathematical programming problem is solved using a Sequence of Unconstrained Minimizations Technique (SUMT). In particular, the interior extended penalty function formulation is used in conjunction with the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell minimization algorithm. Potential difficulties in formulating the frequency (or buckling) constraints and gradients are reviewed. Results for small example problems are presented and evaluated. In addition, various recently developed structural synthesis approximation concepts which may be used to extend the approach to larger and more complex structural systems are mentioned.
SU‐E‐J‐102: Performance Variations Among Clinically Available Deformable Image Registration Tools in Adaptive Radiotherapy: How Should We Evaluate and Interpret the Result?

Purpose: To evaluate the performance variations in commercial deformable image registration (DIR) tools for adaptive radiation therapy. Methods: Representative plans from three different anatomical sites, prostate, head-and-neck (HN) and cranial spinal irradiation (CSI) with L-spine boost, were included. Computerized deformed CT images were first generated using virtual DIR QA software (ImSimQA) for each case. The corresponding transformations served as the “reference”. Three commercial software packages MIMVista v5.5 and MIMMaestro v6.0, VelocityAI v2.6.2, and OnQ rts v2.1.15 were tested. The warped contours and doses were compared with the “reference” and among each other. Results: The performance in transferring contours was comparable among all three tools with an average DICE coefficient of 0.81 for all the organs. However, the performance of dose warping accuracy appeared to rely on the evaluation end points. Volume based DVH comparisons were not sensitive enough to illustrate all the detailed variations while isodose assessment on a slice-by-slice basis could be tedious. Point-based evaluation was over-sensitive by having up to 30% hot/cold-spot differences. If adapting the 3mm/3% gamma analysis into the evaluation of dose warping, all three algorithms presented a reasonable level of equivalency. One algorithm had over 10% of the voxels not meeting this criterion for themore » HN case while another showed disagreement for the CSI case. Conclusion: Overall, our results demonstrated that evaluation based only on the performance of contour transformation could not guarantee the accuracy in dose warping. However, the performance of dose warping accuracy relied on the evaluation methodologies. Nevertheless, as more DIR tools are available for clinical use, the performance could vary at certain degrees. A standard quality assurance criterion with clinical meaning should be established for DIR QA, similar to the gamma index concept, in the near future.« less
The (Continuing) Evolution of India's Telecom Policy

This paper traces the evolution of India’s Telecommunications policies from its colonial days to the present time. The policies have undergone major shifts. During the British rule of India, the policies were strictly motivated by the colonizer’s need to control the native population. After independence, the policies were dictated by the need for self-sufficient development and Fabian socialism, which led to other problems that curtailed telecommunications growth in India. In the last decades of the twentieth century, sheer economic survival imperatives led to the gradual opening up of India to market economies. This gave impetus to accelerated growth in the telecom sector. However, while the growth of India’s telecom sector, especially the cellular telecom sector has been spectacular in the last decade, the basic question of whether it has actually achieved the avowed developmental policy objectives of the government remains in doubt. This paper seeks to critically focus on evolution of telecommunications policies in India, discuss the philosophy behind the policies, their successes and failures over the years, current trends and the future outlook for telecommunications in India.
ASe der Geometrie

Das folgende AS ist aufgestellt nach Harisdorff [Grundzuge] 213ff. (vgl. auch Rosser [Logic] Kap. IX, § 8). Den Elementen, genannt Punkten, werden gewisse Klassen von Punkten als Umgebungen zugeordnet. Ein solches Umgebungssystem bildet einen topologischen Raum.
EBV and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A New Perspective

We have proposed that EBV uses mature B cell biology to access memory B cells as a site of persistent infection. A central feature of this model is that EBV adapts its gene expression profile to the state of the B cell it resides in and that the level of infection is stable over time. This led us to question whether changes in the behavior or regulation of mature B cells would alter the state of EBV persistence. To investigate this, we studied the impact of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease characterized by immune dysfunction, on EBV infection. We show that patients with SLE have abnormally high frequencies of EBV-infected cells in their blood, and this is associated with the occurrence of SLE disease flares. Although patients with SLE have frequencies of infected cells comparable to those seen in immunosuppressed patients, in SLE the effect was independent of immunosuppressive therapy. Aberrant expression of viral lytic (BZLF1) and latency (latency membrane proteins 1 and 2a) genes was also detected in the blood of SLE patients. We conclude that the abnormal regulation of EBV infection in SLE patients reflects the sensitivity of the virus to perturbation of the immune system.
Introduction to the Biographies of Selected Innovators of Photographic Technology

The marvelous nature of the tools, technology, and imagery of photography drives us to wonder after the individuals responsible for their creation. Something in photography appeals to the individualist. Every photographer is, in a way, a pioneer. Whatever initial instruction they receive, some aspects of photography can only be learned through highly personal and private experimentation. All photographers have certain primal experiences of discovery that provoke a sense of real contact with the pioneers of photography and give an understanding of the impetus for invention and innovation in photography.
Adaptive spectra-selective imaging by real-time photoconductor bias modulation

The recent research is focused on developing new spectral information processing techniques for adaptive, real-time analysis in the optoelectronic domain. We implement a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) that generates a time-varying interferogram signal containing all spectral information in a pixel. The correlation with a set of known spectra is performed in the time-domain by measuring interferograms with a photodetector, multiplying them by electrical reference interferograms that represent the known spectra, and integrating. This architecture eliminates unnecessary data in the optoelectronic front end, enabling extremely simple spectra-selective detection arrays.
Insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines in prevention of hypoglycemia during fasting

To dissect the mechanisms of the prevention of hypoglycemia during fasting, eight normal humans were studied after overnight and 3-day fasts. Prolonged fasting resulted in the expected decrements in base-line glucose production and plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide and increments in plasma glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol. After the overnight and 3-day fasts, insulin restoration (0.2 mU.kg-1.min-1) alone resulted in transient decrements in glucose production and only 15 and 19% decrements in plasma glucose, respectively. Selective glucagon deficiency (somatostatin infusion with insulin and growth hormone replacement) resulted in transient decrements in glucose production and additional 24 and 29% decrements in plasma glucose, respectively. Notably, plasma glucose plateaued under both fasting conditions in both instances. Combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine and propranolol infusions) alone had no effect on glycemia under either fasting condition. However, progressive hypoglycemia developed during adrenergic blockade coupled with glucagon deficiency after the overnight fast (85 +/- 2 to 48 +/- 4 mg/dl, P less than 0.001) and after the 3-day fast (65 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 1 mg/dl, P less than 0.001). These were the result of both decrements in glucose production and increments in glucose clearance. Thus we conclude that during fasting 1) the prevention of hypoglycemia is not due solely to decreased insulin secretion. 2) Glucagon plays a primary counterregulatory role. Sympathochromaffin catecholamines are not normally critical but compensate and become critical when glucagon is deficient. Adrenomedullary epinephrine is probably the relevant catecholamine. 3) Other hormones, neurotransmitters, or substrate effects may, or may not, be involved; if they are, they appear to stand low in the hierarchy of glucoregulatory factors.
Call for Papers-Interfaces Special Issue: Applications of Analytics and Operations Research in Big Data Analysis

The numbers and modalities of digital information sources being captured to monitor our traffic, weather, goods, manufacturing facilities, utilities, ports, health, and information technology infrastructure are growing at an incredible rate. Commercial and government organizations require the continuous analysis of this structured and unstructured data—transactions, sensor readings, text, audio, video, and images—to monitor, alert, learn from, and sometimes affect and control our surroundings. Doing this at scale has necessitated that we move away from traditional database store-and-process solutions to the emergence of the big data processing paradigm—with algorithms, systems, and applications designed to process data continuously and in a scalable, distributed manner. This includes the stream-processing paradigm for continuous analysis, and map-reduce (and similar) frameworks for scalable data processing. Big data processing lies at the intersection of several diverse disciplines, including large-scale distributed systems, programming models, signal processing, data mining, machine learning, real-time algorithms, and user interfaces. Big data processing has also heavily leveraged analytics and operations research both at the business level for analyzing the data to enable better decisions, and at the systems level for making decisions about scheduling and optimization for scaling. In this special issue, we solicit papers that describe applications of big data processing systems and algorithms at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels of business processes. Papers must belong to one or more of the following categories: • An application of big data systems and analytics with a verification letter from the company or organization benefitting from the work; • A novel literature review of analytics and operations research methods related to big data processing and distributed and continuous analysis; • A tutorial emphasizing the emergence of novel big data processing systems, algorithms, and mathematical models for operations research. Authors should review the Interfaces instructions on preparing a paper at http://pubsonline.informs.org/ page/inte/submission-guidelines. Papers must be submitted online at the ScholarOne Manuscripts website: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/inte. In the Author Center of ScholarOne, please designate the “Manuscript Type” (#1—“Type, Title, and Abstract”) as “Special Issue” in the dropdown list; in #4—“Details and Comments,” respond “Operations Research in Big Data Analysis” to the question, “This paper is for which special issue?” All papers will be refereed. Authors planning to write review articles and tutorials for this special issue should indicate their intent to the special issue editor by November 15, 2015. Articles must be received no later than February 15, 2016 for full consideration for publication in this special issue. Papers received after that date will be considered for publication in Interfaces, but will not be guaranteed consideration in the special issue.
Interior transmission eigenvalue problem with refractive index having C2-transition to the background medium

The interior transmission eigenvalue problem for scalar acoustics is studied for a new class of refractive index. Existence of an infinite discrete set of transmission eigenvalues in the case that the acoustic properties of a domain D ⊂ ℝ n are allowed to have a C 2-transition to the homogeneous background medium is established. It is shown that the transmission problem has a weak formulation on certain weighted Sobolev spaces for this class of refractive index. The weak formulation and the discreteness of the spectrum is justified by using the Hardy inequality to prove compact imbedding theorems. Existence of transmission eigenvalues is demonstrated by investigating a generalized eigenvalue problem associated with the weak formulation.
Matrix permeability of the confined Floridan Aquifer, Florida, USA

The Upper Floridan Aquifer of peninsular Florida retains most of its depositional porosity and, as a result, is a multi-porosity aquifer: double porosity (fractured porous aquifer) downdip where the aquifer is confined, and triple porosity (karstic, fractured porous aquifer) in the updip, unconfined region. Matrix permeability in the confined region varies in the range <10−14.4–10−11.1 m2, as determined by 12,000 minipermeameter measurements on 1,210 m of slabbed core. Limestones divide into 13 textural classes and dolomites into two. Depositional facies (textural class) strongly correlates with matrix permeability. As a result, the facies architecture of the Eocene and Oligocene carbonates that compose the confined portion of the aquifer controls the lateral and vertical distribution of its matrix transmissivity. The most-permeable facies are grainstones (median k, 10−12.4 m2) and sucrosic dolomites (median k, 10−12.0 m2). Together, they are responsible for ~73% of the matrix transmissivity of the logged cores, although they constitute only ~24% of the thickness. Examination of the flow equations of fractured porous aquifers suggests that the permeability of these two facies is large enough that matrix permeability cannot be discounted in modeling the hydraulics of the double-porosity system. This conclusion likely applies to most, if not all, Cenozoic double-porosity carbonate aquifers, as average matrix and fracture permeabilities in the Floridan Aquifer are similar to other Cenozoic carbonates from around the world.
Time-series observations during the low sub-surface oxygen events in Narragansett Bay during summer 2001

A series of automated water column time-series measurement systems has been established in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. These systems measure near surface and near bottom temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, chlorophyll and pressure at 15-min intervals. The data obtained from two buoy sites during the period of July through September 2001 reveal the occurrence of episodic surface phytoplankton blooms followed by subsurface hypoxic events, particularly in the upper portions of the estuary including the area known as the Providence River. Three hypoxic events occurred at monthly intervals in July, August and September. Their timing, and that of the phytoplankton blooms that preceded them, is linked to the periodic weak neap tidal cycles that occur alternately with somewhat stronger neap tidal cycles. The connection between surface blooms/subsurface hypoxia and tidal range is attributed to water column stratification and the ability of moderate changes in tidal amplitude to reduce stratification through vertical mixing. During the summers of 2002 and 2003 we predicted and subsequently observed hypoxic events in the Upper Bay. Based on these findings we can project into future years the times when summer blooms and hypoxia are most likely to occur in the upper portions of Narragansett Bay. The observations from summer 2001 suggest that the oxygen consumption and renewal in the subsurface waters is delicately balanced. Further increases in inputs of nutrients, organic matter, or oxygen-consuming substances could shift this balance from hypoxic to anoxic with substantial impacts on fish and other marine organisms.
An Analysis of Variance for Categorical Data, II: Small Sample Comparisons with Chi Square and other Competitors

Abstract Exact small sample behavior in two-way contingency tables is investigated for Pearson's chi-square statistic (X 2), Light and Margolin's C statistic and its related R 2 measure of association, Kullback's minimum discrimination information statistic (2I), and Goodman and Kruskal's Lambda. R 2 is shown to be identical to Goodman and Kruskal's tb , leading to a test for independence based on tb. In small samples from a product of multinomials model, the null distribution of C is better approximated by a χ2 distribution than is the null distribution of X 2; both are considerably better approximated by a χ2 distribution than is the null distribution of 2I. It is proved for tables with two columns and any number of rows that if the column totals are equal, then X 2 ≤ 2I; thus, X 2 is more conservative than 2I. Hence, use of 2I should be avoided in testing independence in tables with small samples.
Self-assembly and ordering of electrostatically stabilized silica suspensions

Abstract We use optical attenuation spectral measurements and diffraction measurements to examine the structural evolution of aqueous suspensions of negatively charged colloidal silica particles in thin quartz cells. The ionic strength in the suspension is monotonically decreased in time by ion-exchange resin. At high ionic strengths, two-dimensional hexagonal order nucleates near the surface of the cell walls, while the regions away from the walls show liquid-like order. At lower ionic strengths, regions near the wall show three-dimensional order, while the interior region shows two-dimensional crystalline order. At the lowest ionic strengths, the entire suspension shows three-dimensional crystalline order.
PU.1 is a lineage-specific regulator of tyrosine phosphatase CD45.

The hematopoietic cell-specific etsfamily transcription factor PU.1 regulates many lymphoid and myeloid genes. We have determined that PU.1 is critical for lineage-specific expression of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. CD45 is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells at all stages of development, except for mature red cells and platelets. Although CD45 is normally expressed in all leukocyte lineages, it is critically regulated by PU.1 only in myeloid cells. Whereas myeloid cells from PU.1 null mice failed to express CD45, lymphoid cells were CD45+ by flow cytometry. Additionally, mRNA for CD45 was absent from PU.1-deficient myeloid cells. To understand the molecular basis for these observations, we characterized a transcriptional regulatory region of the murine CD45 gene containing exons 1a, 1b, and 2. Distinct transcriptional initiation sites for CD45 were demonstrated in T and B cellsversus myeloid cells. A transcriptional initiation site in exon 1b (P1b) was principally utilized by myeloid cells. A PU.1 binding site was identified upstream of exon 1b by sequence analysis and DNA binding assays. Using this region of the CD45 locus we demonstrated that PU.1 directly transactivated reporter gene expression. Finally, retrovirus-mediated restoration of PU.1 expression to PU.1-deficient myeloid cells resulted in expression of cell surface CD45 and restored phosphatase activity, confirming the role of PU.1 in the positive regulation of this well known signaling molecule. We conclude that CD45 is regulated differentially in myeloid and lymphoid cells and that sequences critical to direct myeloid expression include a PU.1 binding site upstream of the P1b transcriptional initiation site.
Use of dexmedetomidine in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Study Objective. To determine the safety, effectiveness, and dosing of dexmedetomidine in intensive care infants and children who require sedation, and the rationale for patient selection. Design. Prospective observational study. Setting. Eleven-bed pediatric intensive care unit in a university-affiliated children's hospital. Patients. Seventeen infants and children who received dexmedetomidine consecutively between May 4, 2005, and May 4, 2006. Measurements and Main Results. Data were collected on demographics, blood pressure and heart rate measurements, and adverse effects. The rationale for dexmedetomidine use, its dosing, use of other sedatives, and treatment duration were also recorded. Twenty treatment courses in 17 patients (median age 5 mo, range 1 mo-17 yrs) were evaluated. Ten patients (59%) had chronic neurologic impairments (including Down syndrome in nine [53%]). Thirteen (76%) had undergone cardiac surgery, two (12%) had respiratory failure, one (6%) had endocarditis, and one (6%) had undergone scoliosis repair. In 15 (75%) of 20 cases, dexmedetomidine was started to minimize the use of midazolam before extubation; in 13 (87%) of these cases, the patients were extubated within 24 hours. The remaining patients could not tolerate midazolam, and dexmedetomidine was used as an alternative. No loading doses were given. The mean ± SD starting dose was 0.2 ± 0.2 μg/kg/hour, with a maximum of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/kg/hour. Mean ± SD duration was 32 ± 21 hours (range 3–75 hrs); 10 courses exceeded 24 hours. Mean arterial pressures before and after starting treatment were not significantly different (p=0.76), nor were values at discontinuation (p=0.31) or 12 hours later (p=0.29). No significant differences were noted in heart rate at the start (p=0.09), at discontinuation (p=0.06), or 12 hours later (p=0.17). One patient (6%) developed hypotension; no other adverse effects were noted. Conclusion. With careful patient selection and a conservative approach to dosing, dexmedetomidine was a useful sedative in children requiring mechanical ventilation. It allowed for a reduction or elimination of other sedatives, and it was particularly useful in children with chronic neurologic impairments. Dexmedetomidine was well tolerated, with no clinically significant effects on blood pressure or heart rate.
A new technique in the search for a Josephson effect in superfluid 4He

Abstract Use is being made of a double-ended Helmholtz resonator in a search for a Josephson effect in superfluid 4He. The device bears close analogy to an rf-biased SQUID. The weak link interrupting the flow loop is a single very small orifice in a very thin film. Some preliminary experiments have given promising results.
Monotonic static CMOS and dual V/sub T/ technology

We developed a methodology and tools for synthesizing monotonic static CMOS networks, which consist of alternating low-skewed and high-skewed static gates. When used with a dual V/sub T/ process, monotonic static CMOS can simultaneously reduce standby static power and increase performance by using low V/sub T/ devices in the evaluation networks and making all other devices high V/sub T/. Experimental results show monotonic static CMOS to be 1.67 times faster than traditional static CMOS.
If You Build It Will They Come? Using a New Library Building to Establish a Culture of Marketing

While most college campuses have strong support for the libraries, as competition on university campuses for limited financial resources gets tougher, support for libraries can be more theoretical than actual. Library users are unaware of the complexity of and expense required for library services. Not only must libraries compete for limited financial resources, they must also compete in a complex information marketplace. Today, libraries must market themselves to their constituents to ensure that services are utilized and appropriate resources are allocated for all formats of library materials. By committing to a strong marketing program, the University Library at Sonoma State University developed strategic plans to gain broader support from faculty, students, administrators and greater use of services. Libraries wishing to explore the possibility of integrating marketing efforts or libraries in the process of a move can adopt and/or adapt some of these techniques.
Reconstruction from in-line holograms by digital processing

An algorithm has been developed for the reconstruction of the transmission function of a weakly scattering object from a digitized in-line hologram such as a shadow image obtained in a scanning transmission electron microscope with a field emission gun. Tests of the reconstruction process, made on computed holograms of simple one-dimensional objects calculated for conditions representative of those in contemporary instruments, suggest that considerable improvements of resolution for small specimens areas may be possible.
Social support across cultures

Abstract This study investigates subjective perceptions of supervisor emotional support and co-worker instrumental support among 15,606 employees located within five geographic and/or social regions of a multinational firm. Beehr and Glazer's (2001. A cultural perspective of social support in relation to occupational stress. In P. Perrewe, D. C. Ganster, & J. Moran (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being (pp. 97–142). Greenwich, CO: JAI Press) propositions regarding the relationship between social support and culture suggest that people in Anglo and Western European nations would perceive greater supervisor emotional support than people in Latin and Eastern European nations, followed by people in Asian nations. In addition, Eastern and Western Europeans are expected to perceive greater co-worker instrumental support than Latinos and Anglos, who are expected to perceive greater support than Asians. This study provides partial support to the hypotheses. Schwartz's (1994. Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâgitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 85–119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999. A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48, 23–47) Conservatism vs. Autonomy culture values likely explain variations in social support mean scores. People in Autonomous cultures reported greater supervisor emotional support and less co-worker instrumental support than people in Conservative cultures. Implications of findings are discussed.
Hesselbein on Leadership

The article presents a review of the book “Hesselbein on Leadership,” by Frances Hesselbein.
Surface energy partitioning over four dominant vegetation types across the United States in a coupled regional climate model (Weather Research and Forecasting Model 3–Community Land Model 3.5)

[1] Accurate representation of surface energy partitioning is crucial for studying land surface processes and the climatic influence of land cover and land use change using coupled climate-land surface models. A critical question for these models, especially for newly coupled ones, is whether they can adequately distinguish differences in surface energy partitioning among different vegetation types. We evaluated 3 years (2004–2006) of surface energy partitioning and surface climate over four dominant vegetation types (cropland, grassland, needleleaf evergreen forest, and broadleaf deciduous forest) across the United States in a recently coupled regional climate model, Weather Research and Forecasting Model 3–Community Land Model 3.5 (WRF3-CLM3.5), by comparing model output to observations (AmeriFlux, Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), and Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data) and to standard WRF model output. We found that WRF3-CLM3.5 can capture the seasonal pattern in energy partitioning for needleleaf evergreen forest but needs improvements in cropland, grassland, and broadleaf deciduous forest. Correcting the leaf area index representation for cropland and grassland could immediately improve the simulation of latent heat flux and hence the energy partitioning. Adding an irrigation scheme is especially important for cropland in the Midwest, where the strongly coupled soil moisture and precipitation can form a positive feedback that reduces latent heat flux and increases the warm bias. For deciduous forest, the simulated excess latent heat flux before leaf emergence is mainly from soil evaporation, requiring further improvement in the soil evaporation scheme. Finally, the domain-wide overestimated net radiation contributes to positive biases in sensible, latent, and ground heat flux, as well as surface temperature. The standard WRF simulation has a similar warm bias, implicating errors in modules other than the land surface code. A sensitivity test suggests that improved simulation of downward solar radiation could reduce the energy flux and temperature biases. After adding irrigation process and correcting the leaf area index, WRF3-CLM3.5 appears reliable for studying conversions between natural grassland and irrigated cropland and between needleleaf evergreen forest and grassland.
Sulphate reduction, organic matter decomposition and pyrite formation

Laboratory, field, and theoretical studies have shown that the rate of bacterial sulphate reduction during early diagenesis depends primarily on the reactivity of sedimentary organic matter whose decomposition follows first-order kinetics, with rate constants varying over six orders of magnitude. Decay rates decrease with decreasing sediment burial rate and, for a given sediment, with depth, because of the successive utilization by bacteria of less and less reactive organic compounds. High burial (and bioturbation) rates enable reactive compounds to become available for sulphate reduction, at depth, which otherwise would be destroyed by molecular oxygen at or above the sediment--water interface. An important consequence of bacterial sulphate reduction is the formation of sedimentary pyrite, FeS$_{2}$. In normal marine sediments (those deposited in oxygenated bottom waters) pyrite formation is limited by the concentration and reactivity of organic matter, whereas in euxinic (sulphidic) basins pyrite is limited by the abundance and reactivity of detrital iron minerals, and in non-saline swamp and lake sediments by the low levels of dissolved sulphate found in fresh water. Because of these differences in limiting factors, the three environments can be distinguished in both modern sediments and ancient rocks by plots of organic carbon, C against pyrite sulphur, S. Values of the C:S ratio based on theoretical calculations indicate that worldwide the bulk of organic matter burial has shifted considerably between these environments over Phanerozoic time.
Characterization of impact properties and damage process of glass/epoxy composite laminates

This paper investigates the responses of glass/epoxy composite laminates subjected to impact loading. It presents a new technique to characterize the impact properties and to correlate them with the damage process of the composite laminates. The technique, called the energy profiling technique, is based on instrumented impact tests and the least-squares method. The technique gives specific definitions of the penetration and perforation thresholds of the composite laminates. It also defines the range of the penetration process and quantifies the energy absorption efficiency of the composite laminates. The primary damage modes in the damage process of the composite laminates can also be correlated with the impact properties by using the energy profiling technique. The advantages of using this technique to analyze the experimental data obtained from impact tests are demonstrated by investigating the glass/epoxy composite laminates with various impactor sizes, laminate thicknesses, fiber orientations, and a s...
Theorizing Revolutionary Practice: Agendas for Research on the Arab Uprisings

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue of the journal Middle East Critique on the Arab uprisings of 2011. It presents a summary of the main ideas that were analyzed and debated at a unique conference that brought together in April 2012 several academic experts and several activists who had participated in the revolutionary events that the international media dubbed the ‘Arab Spring.’ The aims of the conference were to encourage dialogue between scholars of the Middle East and the activists in order to reach some degree of common understanding about the factors that precipitated the mass protests, especially in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain; to assess the dynamics of the uprisings; and to explore ways to conduct research on and to apply theories to the revolutionary practices that emerged during the uprisings.
Total energy costs in ecosystems

Abstract A micro and macro ecological system hypotheses and their associated theory of total (direct and indirect) energy cost have been proposed to explain the meaning of system growth and the steady state condition. Models have been proposed which can be used to test the hypotheses. In brief, the hypotheses are that while the components of an ecosystem strive to maximize their total direct and indirect energy storage within the constraints of their production characteristics, the overall system strives to minimize the metabolized energy per unit of stored biomass energy. The steady state result is a system with the largest possible stored biomass under the general constraints of water, air, soil and sunlight availability. Feeding strategies are discussed with the conclusion that a net total energy-maximizing feeding strategy may be able to replace the present concepts.
de Haas-van Alphen measurements of the Fermi surfaces of rubidium and cesium

We present the results of a detailed investigation of the geometry of the Fermi surfaces of rubidium and cesium by means of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect. By using samples of random orientation, mounted with the least constraints possible, we have obtained extensive coverage of the entire Fermi surface. An in situ NMR sample enabled the infinite-field phase of the signal, as well as absolute areas, to be determined. The spin-splitting factor cos (πgm*/2m 0 ), was found to be positive for both metals. The data, taken in magnetic fields up to 52 kG and at temperatures down to 1.1 K, was fitted by a 10- and 12-term cubic harmonic model expansion for rubidium and cesium, respectively. These models indicate that the Fermi surfaces are somewhat more distorted than those derived from previous investigations. A large change in the signal amplitude of cesium with crystal orientation suggests a variation in the productgms* over the Fermi surface. Effective mass measurements in cesium show a significant discrepancy between the measured dHvA and specific heat masses.
In vitro oxidation of ascorbic acid and its prevention by GSH.

The interaction of glutathione (GSH) with ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid was examined in in-vitro experiments in order to examine the role of GSH in protecting against the autoxidation of ascorbic acid and in regenerating ascorbic acid by reaction with dehydroascorbic acid. If a buffered solution (pH 7.4) containing 1.0 mM ascorbic acid was incubated at 37 degrees C, there was a rapid loss of ascorbic acid in the presence of oxygen. When GSH was added to this solution, ascorbic acid did not disappear. Maximum protection against ascorbic acid autoxidation was achieved with as little as 0.1 mM GSH. Cupric ions (0.01 mM) greatly accelerated the rate of autoxidation of ascorbic acid, an effect that was inhibited by 0.1 mM GSH. Other experiments showed that GSH complexes with cupric ions, resulting in in a lowering of the amount of GSH in solution as measured in GSH standard curves. These results suggest that the inhibition of ascorbic acid autoxidation by GSH involves complexation with cupric ions that catalyze the reaction. When ascorbic acid was allowed to autoxidize at 37 degrees C the subsequent addition of GSH (up to 10 mM) did not lead to the regeneration of ascorbic acid. This failure to detect a direct reaction between GSH and the dehydroascorbic acid formed by oxidation of ascorbic acid under this condition was presumably due to the rapid hydrolysis of dehydroascorbic acid. When conditions were chosen, i.e., low temperature, that promote stability of dehydroascorbic acid, the direct reaction between GSH and dehydroascorbic acid to form ascorbic acid was readily detected. The marked instability of dehydroascorbic acid at 37 degrees C raises questions regarding the efficiency of the redox couple between GSH and dehydroascorbic acid in maintaining the concentration of ascorbic acid in mammalian cells exposed to an oxidative challenge.
A pre‐history of the problem of Broca's aphasia

In 1865, Armand Trousseau introduced the term “aphasia” for what Pierre Paul Broca had called “aphemia”, and several years later, David Ferrier (Critchley, 1964, p. 240) suggested that the inferior...
Wind Instrumentalists' Intonational Performance of Selected Musical Intervals

The purpose of the study was to examine intonation patterns concerning melodic and harmonic musical intervals compared to equal temperament. Forty-eight junior high school, high school, and college undergraduate musicians were assigned to one of four experimental conditions in a split-plot design. Subjects performed four diatonic intervals (major third, perfect fourth, perfect fifth, and major sixth) both melodically and harmonically. Results indicated no significant differences in overall intonation accuracy in relationship to performed ascending and descending directions or among the four test intervals. In relationship to sharpness versus flatness there were significant, if musically inconsequential, differences: when subjects descended, intervals were performed slightly sharper; when subjects ascended, intervals were performed slightly flatter. Junior high school subjects performed slightly sharper compared to college subjects. Differential verbal feedback and a headphone listening condition produced ...
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Techniques For The Evaluation Of Breast Lesions

Digital subtraction angiography of the breast may permit the differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions. We have developed specific techniques for performing DSAB. The patient is examined in an oblique prone position with the involved breast in an immobilization device of our own design. The immobilization device adapts to our angiographic patient table and provides a water bolus with slight compression. The central ray of the x-ray beam is positioned for a lateral view of the breast, similar to the lateral view obtained in a mammogram. Iodinated contrast is injected from a catheter position in the superior vena cava. A kilovoltage of 50 kVp is employed which produces a near optimal signal to noise ratio for iodine contrast. The iodine signal to noise ratio characteristics of breast DSA have been modeled using a computer program which estimates the x-ray spectrum, filtration effects(tube, tissue, iodine, and grid), and image intensifier energy absorption. The energy absorbed in the input phosphor of the image intensifier is determined using a Monte Carlo radiation transport technique. Images are acquired in a 512 x 512 x 10 matrix with a 9" image intensifier using a geometric magnification of approximately 2. Typically, 10 mAs per exposure is required. A maximum of 40 exposures are made in three phases totalling 5 minutes. The average absorbed dose to the breast for a single exposure is 48 millirads (6 cm thickness) as determined by a Monte Carlo radiation transport computation of energy absorbed in breast tissue.
Social correlates of opportunity-based suicide rates.

Suicide rates from car exhaust based both per opportunity and per capita were observed to have similar social correlates over the 48 continental states of the USA in 1980.
Prevalence and correlates of parkinsonism in an institutionalized population of geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Background. Geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia are at increased risk for parkinsonism and cognitive impairment, but the relationship between the two has been insufficiently studied. Objectives. (I) To determine the prevalence of parkinsonism in a cohort of institutionalized geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia (N = 79). (2) To examine the relationship of parkinsonism to potentially relevant variables including cognitive functioning, positive and negative symptoms, sex, age, age at first hospitalization, psychopharmacological regimen and tardive dyskinesia (TD). Method. Tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia were rated on a five-point severity scale. Clinically significant parkinsonism was defined by the unambiguous presence of at least two of those signs. TD was assessed with the Modified Simpson Dyskinesia Scale. Schizophrenic symptoms were rated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and cognitive functioning with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease battery. Results. The prevalence of parkinsonism was 19% and was significantly higher in women than in men. Age was a significant predictor of parkinsonism. Independent of age, bradykinesia was significantly correlated with MMSE, fluency and naming. Tremor, rigidity and medication status did not correlate with any cognitive variable assessed. Cognitive measures did not differ between subjects meeting and not meeting criteria for clinically significant parkinsonism. Rigidity and bradykinesia were significantly correlated with negative symptoms but no parkinsonism sign correlated with positive symptoms. Twelve subjects received ratings consistent with both TD and parkinsonism; however, no parkinsonian variable predicted the co-occurrence of TD. Conclusions. The present correlations suggest potential overlap among the neural substrates for bradykinesia, cognitive impairment and negative symptoms; however, further research is required to clarify that issue.
Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells Is Enhanced by 3,3′-Diindolylmethane through Inhibition of AKT Signaling and FLICE-Like Inhibitory Protein

4Stimulation of Fas-mediated apoptosis has been promoted as a potential therapy for many cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma. We have previously reported that Fas-resistant, but not Fas-sensitive, cholangiocarcinoma cells are tumorigenic in nude mice. The present studies sought to identify molecular targets that promote Fas-mediated apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma. We found that Fas-resistant cholangiocarcinoma cells exhibited increased constitutive phosphorylation of AKT compared with Fas-sensitive cells. Increased phosphorylation of AKT was also demonstrated in human cholangiocarcinoma tumors and was evident in a mouse xenograft cholangiocarcinoma model. Furthermore, we found that 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), a vegetable autolysis product, promoted Fas-mediated apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells. DIM inhibited phosphorylation of AKT and activation of FLICE-like-inhibitory-protein (FLIP). Inhibition of phos-phatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT decreased FLIP activation and promoted Fas-mediated apoptosis. By contrast, adenovirus-mediated constitutively activated AKT protected cholangiocarcinoma cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis. Decreased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB and increased activation of caspase-3, −8, and −9 were associated with inhibition of AKT and FLIP. These results support AKT and FLIP as potential molecular targets and DIM as a potent compound for cholangiocarcinoma intervention.