cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning Electron Microscopy for in Situ Monitoring of Semiconductor−Liquid Interfacial Processes: Electron Assisted Reduction of Ag Ions from Aqueous Solution on the Surface of TiO2 Rutile Nanowire†

The combination of scanning electron microscopy and environmental cell equipped with electron transparent but yet gas/liquid impenetrable membrane was used for in situ, real time monitoring of chemical processes taking place at the surfaces of individual fully hydrated metal oxide nanostructures at nanoscopic scale. Similar to the photoreduction process, it was observed that secondary electrons generated in TiO2 nanowire by the primary electron beam lead to electron mediated Ag deposition from AgNO3 solution. The formation and growth of Ag nanoparticles, nanowires, and dendrimeric structures at the TiO2−liquid interface was investigated. The demonstrated approach has immense potential for real time imaging and rapid, in vivo compositional analysis of the interfacial chemical processes relevant to (photo)catalysis, batteries, fuel cells, and environmental remediation.
Lipodystrophy syndrome in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Lipodystrophy syndrome (LDS), a fat-wasting condition commonly reported in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been linked to the use of antiretroviral agents. Recently, LDS was observed in children infected with HIV. Little is known about the pathophysiology of this condition, although it is believed that LDS has many causes and modes of presentation. Even less is known about what long-term effects LDS will have on HIV-infected patients. Three patients who developed LDS were observed in a pediatric HIV clinic. Due to the lack of knowledge about the condition's natural course and the benefits versus risks of treatment, they were not treated specifically for LDS. Their lipid profiles, however, continue to be monitored closely twice/year.
Oral administration of estradiol to young C57BL/6J mice induces age-like neuroendocrine dysfunctions in the regulation of estrous cycles.

Exogenous estradiol (E2) can accelerate the onset of acyclicity and other age-related neuroendocrine changes in rodents. The present study demonstrates that chronic oral administration of E2 (850 kg/kg body wi/day) induces premature acyclicizy in intact C57BLI6J mice. After 6 wk of E2, mice regained cyclicity but ceased cycling prematurely, whereas 12 wk of E2 caused permanent acyclicity in all mice. The acyclicity after 12 wk of E2 was not reversed by ovarian replacement from young donors, which implies extra-ovarian (neuroendocrine) lesions. The above studies with intact mice can not idenidy the contrthutions from exogenous E2 and endogenous ovarian secretions and the possible impact of oral E2 on the ovary. Therefore, mice were ovariectomized (OVX) to remove ovarian contributions, treated for 12 wk with oral E2, and then were given young ovarian grafts and assayed for neuroendocrine functions. Approximately 50% of the E2-rreated and grafted mice were permanently acyclic, whereas controls cycled well. Thus, oral E2 causes irreversible neuroendocrine da,nage. However, the presence of the ovary during E2 treatment increases the loss of cyclicity, implying a dose effect. We conclude that the induction of acyclicity is dependent on the dose and duration of E2 exposure.
A USRP2-based reconfigurable multi-constellation multi-frequency GNSS software receiver front end

We present a multi-constellation multi-band GNSS software receiver front end based on USRP2, a general purpose radio platform. When integrated with appropriate daughter boards, the USRP2 can be used to collect raw intermediate frequency (IF) data covering the entire GNSS family of signals. In this study, C++ class-based software receiver processing functions were developed to process the IF data for GPS L1, L2C, and L5 and GLONASS L1 and L2 signals collected by the USRP2 front end. The front end performance is evaluated against the outputs of a high end custom front end driven by the same local oscillator and two commercial receivers, all using the same real signal sources. The results show that for GPS signals, the USRP2 front end typically generates carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N 0) at 1---3 and 1---2 dB below that of the high end front end and a NovAtel receiver, respectively. For GLONASS signals, the USRP2 C/N 0 outputs are comparable to those of a Septentrio receiver. The carrier phase noise from the USRP2 outputs is similar to those of the benchmarking devices. These results demonstrate that the USRP2 is a suitable front end for applications, such as ionosphere scintillation studies.
Field emission triodes

Triode RF amplifier structures using field emission cathodes have been investigated from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoint. The physically large experimental structure used and the theoretical calculations for that structure are described. The agreement between theory and experiment for both DC and AC measurements is shown to be very good. The theoretical circuit modeling has produced information useful in work on higher-frequency operation. A RF voltage gain of about 11 dB has been measured at low frequencies, dropping to 0 dB at 200 kHz; the cathode had a transconductance of only 38 mu S. Model calculations on the large structure used show operation to about 2 MHz with a more typical transconductance of 380 mu S for a 1000-cone field emission cathode. >
Gulwilks: A Microcomputer Program Using Maximum Likelihood for Testing Homogeneity of Regression

A FORTRAN program was developed to test for homogeneity of regression using Gulliksen and Wilks' (1950) maximum likelihood criteria The program computes statistical tests for a series of homogeneity of regression hypotheses.
New directions in compiler technology for embedded systems (embedded tutorial)

Traditionally, compiler technology has focused on the generation of code with the goal of improving performance for a variety of applications running on general-purpose processor architectures. In the embedded system space, compiler technology is faced with many new challenges, including: code generation for specialized architectural features, requireing a highly flexible degree of retargetability; memory-aware code generation that exploits the timing and structure of the embedded system's memory organization; optimizing software to meet both real-time and performance constraints; energy- and power-aware software generation, both from the context of energy minimization, as well as power modulation; code size minimization for memory-constrained embedded systems; coarse-grain transformations for tightly-coupled, memory-constrained multi-processor architectures; and interaction with the operating system for active management of embedded system resources. This paper discusses new directions for compiler technology, surveys some of the current research efforts and illustrates proposed solutions to selected issues.
A test of an "efferent model" of the function of inferotemporal cortex in visual discrimination.

Abstract Paired flashes of light were presented to monkeys under a variety of testing conditions. The amplitude of the evoked response at striate cortex to the second flash was expressed as a percentage of the response to the first flash and plotted against inter-flash interval to yield a recovery function. Bilateral removal of inferotemporal cortex failed to change the recovery function. This result fails to confirm the hypothesis that inferotemporal cortex exerts an inhibitory influence on the visual system.
HLA Antigens on Leukocyte Fragments and Plasma Proteins: Prestorage Leukoreduction by Filtration

HLA alloimmunization following blood transfusion results from recipient exposure to donor alloantigens. Numerous studies have documented that intact donor leukocytes are capable of provoking primary alloimmunization and that leukoreduction can decrease the incidence of primary HLA alloimmunization. HLA antigens also exist in soluble form and are present on leukocyte cell fragments. We measured the concentration of soluble HLA class I antigen in both standard and leukoreduced blood components during storage. Although the concentration of soluble class I HLA protein varied widely among different individuals, the concentration was stable during refrigerated storage of red cell concentrates and was not affected by leukocyte reduction by filtration. We also investigated whether or not HLA antigens present on leukocyte fragments were capable of stimulating either resting or in-vitro-primed lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Leukocyte fragments prepared by repeated freeze-thaw were found to express both class I and class II HLA antigens, but fragments were not able to stimulate in primary or secondary MLR even in cultures supplemented with recombinant interleukin-2. These studies provide in vitro evidence to support the hypothesis that HLA antigens are not shed from intact cells to soluble forms during storage and that HLA alloantigens on cell fragments do not elicit a cellular immune response.
Instrumentation For Measuring Visibility-Limiting Characteristics Of Sea Water

This presentation concerns two new instruments and a refinement of an old instrument. Together they permit the absorption, total scattering, and back-scattering coefficients to be measured quickly and fairly simply. A fourth instrument with which we hope to measure very narrow angle forward scattering will also be described.
Preservation of renal brush border membrane transport function by storage in glycerol.

Various methods for the isolation of renal and intestinal brush border membranes have been reported [1]. The isolated membranes vesiculate and are used as model systems to examine the mechanisms by which solutes, for example, sugar and amino acids, are transported into the epithelial cell [2, 3]. Although these studies have provided valuable insight into the transport systems, their general applicability has been limited because of the necessity to measure uptakes on the same day that the membranes are prepared [4], the time required to prepare the membranes being often as long as 5 to 6 hr [5, 6], and the large numbers of small animals (e.g. 20 rats) needed for each preparation [6]. Moreover, the relatively small yield of brush border membranes with each preparation severely hampers efforts to purify sugar and amino acid carriers since the only assay for the carrier in membrane reconstitution studies is transport function itself, rather than catalytic activity, as with cation transporting adenosine triphosphatases [7]. Thus, a procedure for preserving transport function of these membranes is critically needed. Because glycerol and low temperature have been used in other systems to maintain cell integrity and biologic function [8], this technique was examined with isolated renal brush border membranes. In this communication, the preservation of D-glucose and L-proline transport function in stored membranes is reported.
Nanowire metal-insulator-metal plasmonic devices

In this paper we theoretically study the responsivity of Metal-Insulator-Metal nanostructures to light illumination over a broad wavelength band (1 - 25 microns) and we examine the role of a local field enhancement and electrostatic field on the responsivity.
RIVER AMENITY EVALUATION: A REVIEW AND COMMENTARY

: During the past 15 years a number of methods have been developed that purport to evaluate the amenity values of rivers. Most methods are designed to identify the physical, biological, cultural, and esthetic features of a river or river corridor that are conducive to recreation, preservation, and other amenity values. This paper reviews and comments on 13 methods that evaluate amenity values. The methods are reviewed and discussed under three general headings: River Recreation Potential Evaluation, River Esthetic Evaluation, and River Preservation Evaluation. A final section of the paper identifies areas where improvements and further research are needed.
Can late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance identify coronary artery disease as the etiology of new onset congestive heart failure

Background New left ventricular systolic dysfunction affects 500,000 Americans and coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for two-thirds of cases. Identifying CAD has both prognostic and therapeutic implications. We evaluated the ability of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to detect CAD as the etiology of recent onset congestive heart failure (CHF).
Superoxide dismutase and pulmonary ozone toxicity.

Rats and mice were pre-exposed to low concentrations of ozone and subsequently challenged with higher concentrations of this gas. When the mortalities of pre-exposed and control animals were compared after a lethal challenge, there was a significant difference in ozone toxicity. The levels of superoxide dismutase in lung tissue of control and ozone tolerant rats or mice were not significantly different whether the results were expressed as units of activity per mg protein of lung tissue or as total units of enzyme activity per lung. Mice which were tolerant to ozone were not tolerant to oxygen. The data suggest that ozone tolerance is unrelated to an induction of superoxide dismutase. It is suggested that the induction of tolerance to oxygen and ozone involve biochemically distinct mechanisms.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are the most energetic and most relativistic phenomenon in the Universe. Understanding the nature of their progenitors is among the primary efforts of current research in high energy astrophysics, and their unmatched luminosity and other properties makes them ideal cosmological probes. This review summarizes the observational effects resulting from the interaction between the longer-wavelength radiation accompanying GRBs and their close environment. In particular, it discusses signatures that, in addition to providing powerful clues on the GRB progenitors, can also shed light on the physical characteristics, such as metallicity and dust content, of the GRB host galaxies. The last part of the article reviews the long-term signatures imprinted in the medium after a GRB explosion, particularly focusing on how we can identify GRB remnants in our own and nearby galaxies, and what we can learn from their identification.
Angiotensin accelerates Catecholamine Biosynthesis in Sympathetically Innervated Tissues

ANGIOTENSIN interacts with the sympathetic nervous system. Among the interactions which have been described are stimulation of ganglion cells1,3, central activation of the sympathico-adrenal system4,5, and a potentiation of vasoconstrictor responses caused by indirectly acting sympathomimetics6 and by sympathetic nerve stimulation7–9. It is possible that an interaction between the renin-angiotensin and the sympathetic system could play an important part in the development of primary renal hypertension. We have been investigating the effects of circulating polypeptides on sympathetic nerve function, and in particular on the biochemical events involved in the synthesis and release of noradrenaline. Here we report that angiotensin amide-II has a potent stimulating effect on catecholamine biosynthesis in a number of tissues.
The limits of equality bargaining in the USA

Gender equality bargaining in the US is poorly understood and lacks analysis. Using existing theories of collective bargaining and gender equality bargaining, we examine the state and process of gender equality bargaining in the US as well as the contextual factors that facilitate or inhibit its development. Based on interviews with national labor union leaders, we find that the practice of gender equality bargaining among US unions is relatively narrow, largely because of the unique inhibitive characteristics of the US environment. Key factors making gender equality bargaining difficult include a lack of public policy support and decentralized bargaining structures. We also find that while most national unions have made an effort to put female leaders in positions of power, this is not necessarily mirrored at the local level. Our analysis also includes a discussion of union strategies for overcoming inhibitive contextual factors and taking maximum advantage of facilitative contextual factors.
RACIAL APATHY AND HURRICANE KATRINA: The Social Anatomy of Prejudice in the Post-Civil Rights Era

During the crisis that followed Hurricane Katrina, many Americans expressed surprise at the dramatic levels of racial inequality captured in the images of large numbers of poor Black people left behind in devastated New Orleans. In this article we argue that, to better understand both the parameters of contemporary racial inequality reflected in the hurricane’s aftermath and why so many were surprised about the social realities of racial inequality that social scientists have known about for decades, it is essential to recognize the shifting nature of Whites’ racial attitudes and understandings. There is widespread evidence that in the post-civil rights era the expression of White racial prejudice has changed. In fact, during the post-civil rights era subtle and indirect forms of prejudice have become more central to the sustenance and perpetuation of racial inequality than are overt forms of prejudice. We draw on both survey and qualitative data to investigate current manifestations of White racial attitudes and prejudices. Our results indicate that racial apathy, indifference towards racial and ethnic inequality, is a relatively new but expanding form of racial prejudice. We further show that Whites’ systematic “not knowing” about racial inequality (White ignorance), which was manifest in the reaction to the crises after Hurricane Katrina, is related to this racial indifference. Racial apathy and White ignorance (i.e., not caring and not knowing) are extensions of hegemonic color-blind discourses (i.e., not seeing race). These phenomena serve as pillars of contemporary racial inequality that have until now received little attention. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and the practical implications of our results for understanding racial dynamics in the post-Katrina United States.
Scaling internet routers using optics

Routers built around a single-stage crossbar and a centralized scheduler do not scale, and (in practice) do not provide the throughput guarantees that network operators need to make efficient use of their expensive long-haul links. In this paper we consider how optics can be used to scale capacity and reduce power in a router. We start with the promising load-balanced switch architecture proposed by C-S. Chang. This approach eliminates the scheduler, is scalable, and guarantees 100% throughput for a broad class of traffic. But several problems need to be solved to make this architecture practical: (1) Packets can be mis-sequenced, (2) Pathological periodic traffic patterns can make throughput arbitrarily small, (3) The architecture requires a rapidly configuring switch fabric, and (4) It does not work when linecards are missing or have failed. In this paper we solve each problem in turn, and describe new architectures that include our solutions. We motivate our work by designing a 100Tb/s packet-switched router arranged as 640 linecards, each operating at 160Gb/s. We describe two different implementations based on technology available within the next three years.
Selenium bioaccumulation in gonads of largemouth bass and bluegill from three power plant cooling reservoirs

Male and female largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, Lacepede) and bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque) were collected from two power plant cooling reservoirs that received ash pond effluent (Hyco and Catfish Reservoirs, North Carolina) and one that did not (Lake Sangchris, Illinois). Bluegills were also collected from a city reservoir (Roxboro City Lake, North Carolina) that received no industrial effluent. Selenium residues were determined separately in the gonads and in the carcasses of all fish collected. Residues in both carcasses and gonads were significantly higher in fish from reservoirs receiving ash pond effluent. Ovarian selenium concentrations were greater than testicular levels, while concentrations in carcass did not differ between the sexes. Selenium concentrations were significantly higher in the ovaries than in the rest of the carcass in both largemouth bass and bluegills. In males, selenium levels declined in gonads relative to those in the carcass as selenium concentrations in the carcass increased, but no such pattern was evident in females. Bioaccumulation resulted in selenium concentrations 1,000 times higher in the ovaries of bluegills than in the water from which the fish were collected.
To serve or not to serve

As microcomputers proliferate on campuses, changes will have to be made in user services to accommodate the “Apple in every dorm room” and “PC in every office.” Brown University is being forced to examine these issues now, due to several important events:•Brown's broadband network that links most office buildings is being extended to dormitories.•Special agreements allow members of the Brown community to buy microcomputer hardware at discounts of up to 45 percent; software site licenses are currently under negotiation.•A $50 million research project includes a gift to Brown of 150 micros. Traditional services cannot be mapped directly into microcomputer support for the following reasons:•The variety of hardware and software is so large that staff cannot maintain expertise in all these areas.•Staff size has not usually grown in proportion to usage, so there is no extra staff to move into these areas.•Centralized support services will become less effective as users become more distributed.Other factors affect the extension of service to micros:•An increasing number of incoming freshmen have some computer “literacy.”•File transfer standards are only beginning to evolve.•Increasing numbers of administrative users are requesting these services.•The role of mainframe computing will change toward file and print servers.•Microcomputer vendors are supply better user-oriented documentation including on-line tutorials.Brown has recognized a number of directions that these services are likely to take:•With distributed users, there will be an increase in phone and interactive consulting.•More of the responsibility for traditional user services will be assumed by the users (human network).•Solutions for user problems will include hardware as well as software.•A limited number of packages that are implemented on several common types of machines will be identified for support.•Staff will develop and support interconnections between existing software and the local environment.
Effects of bias in solar radiation inputs on ecosystem model performance

Solar radiation inputs drive many processes in terrestrial ecosystem models. The processes (e.g. photosynthesis) account for most of the fluxes of carbon and water cycling in the models. It is thus clear that errors in solar radiation inputs cause key model outputs to deviate from observations, parameters to become suboptimal, and model predictions to loose confidence. However, errors in solar radiation inputs are unavoidable for most model predictions since models are often run with observations with spatial or / and temporal gaps. As modeled processes are non-linear and interacting with each other, it is unclear how much confidence most model predictions merits without examining the effects of those errors on the model performance. In this study, we examined the effects using a terrestrial ecosystem model, DayCent. DayCent was parameterized for annual grassland in California with six years of daily eddy covariance data totaling 15,337 data points. Using observed solar radiation values, we introduced bias at four different levels. We then simultaneously calibrated 48 DayCent parameters through inverse modeling using the PEST parameter estimation software. The bias in solar radiation inputs affected the calibration only slightly and preserved model performance. Bias slightly worsened simulations of water flux, but did not affect simulations of CO2 fluxes. This arose from distinct parameter set for each bias level, and the parameter sets were surprisingly unconstrained by the extensive observations. We conclude that ecosystem models perform relatively well even with substantial bias in solar radiation inputs. However, model parameters and predictions warrant skepticism because model parameters can accommodate biases in input data despite extensive observations.
Dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane by Aerobacter aerogenes. I. Metabolic products.

Whole cells or cell-free extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes catalyze the degradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) in vitro to at least seven metabolites: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE); 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD); 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU); 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDMS); unsym-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDNU); 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetate (DDA); and 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone (DBP). The use of metabolic inhibitors together with pH and temperature studies indicated that discrete enzymes are involved. By use of the technique of sequential analysis, the metabolic pathway was shown to be: DDT → DDD →DDMU →DDMS → DDNU → DDA → DBP, or DDT → DDE. Dechlorination was marginally enhanced by light-activated flavin mononucleotide.
The upcoming revolution in ultrasonic guided waves

This paper will include discussions on fundamental principles and market forces associated with the upcoming revolution in ultrasonic guided waves. A literature survey is also outlined covering some selected major developments this past decade. A few applications in pipe, rail, bonding and composites, imaging and tomography, ultrasonic vibration, de-icing, structural health monitoring, gas entrapment, and non-linear methods are treated to provide an idea of where we are heading with ultrasonic guided waves.
Linkage of the CCR5Δ32 mutation with a functional polymorphism of CD45RA

A 32-bp deletion in CCR5 (CCR5 Delta 32) confers to PBMC resistance to HIV-1 isolates that use CCR5 as a coreceptor. To study this mutation in T cell development, we have screened 571 human thymus tissues for the mutation. We identified 72 thymuses (12.6%) that were heterozygous and 2 (0.35%) that were homozygous for the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation. We found that thymocyte development was normal in both CCR5 Delta 32 heterozygous and homozygous thymuses. In 3% of thymuses we identified a functional polymorphism of CD45RA, in which cortical and medullary thymocytes failed to down-regulate the 200- and 220-kDa CD45RA isoforms during T cell development. Moreover, we found an association of this CD45 functional polymorphism in thymuses with the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation (p = 0.00258). In vitro HIV-1 infection assays with CCR5-using primary isolates demonstrated that thymocytes with the heterozygous CCR5 Delta 32 mutation produced less p24 than did CCR5 wild-type thymocytes. However, the functional CD45RA polymorphism did not alter the susceptibility of thymocytes to HIV-1 infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate association of the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation with a polymorphism in an as yet unknown gene that is responsible for the ability to down-regulate the expression of high m.w. CD45RA isoforms. Although the presence of the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation down-regulates HIV-1 infection of thymocytes, the functional CD45RA polymorphism does not alter the susceptibility of thymocytes to HIV-1 infection in vitro.
Low Income Russian Families Adopt Effective Behavioral Strategies to Maintain Dietary Stability in Times of Economic Crisis

The social, political and economic reforms of 1992 in Russia led to a decade of rising income inequality, unemployment and economic crises, the most severe of which occurred in 1998. This study assesses dietary trends for children in low and high income households during this politically and economically unstable period from 1994 to 2000. Several possible food-related behaviors were also assessed to evaluate coping strategies adopted in the face of decreasing economic stability. Low income children maintained a steady energy intake per kilogram weight throughout the study period (251.0-259.4 kJ/kg), whereas intake for high income children increased significantly to a per capital average of 297.1 kJ/kg by 2000. At the food group level, the trend in per capita intake for all food groups was maintained for low income children except for a 22% decrease in meat and poultry consumption (P < 0.01). Per capita intake increased over time for dairy products and eggs in the high income group (P < 0.01). A decrease in cost per kJ (rubles/kJ) was observed for both low and high income families (P < 0.01). These data suggest that Russian households were able to conserve the diet structure for children by using what appear to be food-related behavioral mechanisms during periods of economic crisis.
Linking Exposures of Particles Released From Nano-Enabled Products to Toxicology: An Integrated Methodology for Particle Sampling, Extraction, Dispersion, and Dosing

Nano-enabled products (NEPs) represent a growing economic global market that integrates nanotechnology into our everyday lives. Increased consumer use and disposal of NEPs at their end of life has led to increased environmental, health and safety (EHS) concerns, due to the potential environmental release of constituent engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) used in the production of NEPs. Although, there is an urgent need to assess particulate matter (PM) release scenarios and potential EHS implications, no current standardized methodologies exist across the exposure-toxicological characterization 20 continuum. Here, an integrated methodology is presented, that can be used to sample, extract, disperse and estimate relevant dose of life cycle-released PM (LCPM), for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. The proposed methodology was utilized to evaluate two "real world" LCPM systems simulating consumer use and disposal of NEPs. This multi-step integrated methodology consists of: (1) real-time monitoring and sampling of size fractionated LCPM; (2) efficient extraction of LCPM collected on substrates using aqueous or ethanol extraction protocols to ensure minimal physicochemical 25 alterations; (3) optimized LCPM dispersion preparation and characterization; (4) use of dosimetric techniques for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. This comprehensive framework provides a standardized protocol to assess the release and toxicological implications of ENMs released across the life cycle of NEPs and will help in addressing important knowledge gaps in the field of nanotoxicology.
Tidal pulsing alters nitrous oxide fluxes in a temperate intertidal mudflat.

Environmental pulses, or sudden, marked changes to the conditions within an ecosystem, can be important drivers of resource availability in many systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of tidal pulsing on the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas, from a marine intertidal mudflat on the north shore of Massachusetts, USA. We found these tidal flat sediments to be a sink of N2O at low tide with an average uptake rate of −6.7 ± 2 μmol·m−2·h−1. Further, this N2O sink increased the longer sediments were tidally exposed. These field measurements, in conjunction with laboratory nutrient additions, revealed that this flux appears to be driven primarily by sediment denitrification. Additionally, N2O uptake was most responsive to dissolved inorganic nitrogen with phosphorus (DIN+DIP) addition, suggesting that the N2O consumption process may be P limited. Furthermore, nutrient addition experiments suggest that dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) releases N2O at the highes...
Detection of Active Coronary Arterial Vasculitis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kawasaki Disease

A 7-kilogram 3-month-old boy was hospitalized with a 5-day history of high fever (>103°F), macular rash, strawberry tongue, and persistent irritability. A diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was made and the patient received 2 doses of intravenous immunoglobulin, prednisone, and high-dose aspirin. His platelet count was significantly elevated to 1.4 million/μL. Clinical examination revealed mild swelling of his fingertips and a diffuse macular rash. There was cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy. The precordium was quiet and the first and second heart sounds were normal with no cardiac murmurs. The lungs were clear to auscultation and the abdominal examination was normal. A chest …
Prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in obese persons with and without diabetes mellitus.

Forty obese diabetic patients (mean age 48 ± 9 years) and 93 obese nondiabetic patients (mean age 43 ± 9 years) underwent Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function before gastric bypass surgery. Moderate or severe left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was present in 24 of 40 obese diabetics (60%) and in 21 of 93 obese nondiabetics (23%) (p
Performance and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Hockey League Players

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a significant injury in male National Hockey League (NHL) players.Purpose:To determine (1) the return to sport (RTS) rate in the NHL following...
TELRIC in Turmoil, Telecommunications in Transition: A Note on the Iowa Utilities Board Litigation

This article addresses the essential jurisdictional dispute in Iowa Utilities Board v. FCC. Professor Chen argues that the Eighth Circuit erred in finding that the FCC lacked jurisdiction to issue a rule on the appropriate price of establishing local exchange facilities and services. In light of the Chevron doctrine and the larger tradition of judicial deference in public utility regulation, Professor Chen argues the appeals court should have upheld the FCC's rulemaking authority. Professor Chen contends that the Eighth Circuit's flawed analysis masks an unfounded belief that federalism justifies a strict limit on the FCC's jurisdiction. He concludes that the Supreme Court should reverse this aspect of the Eighth Circuit's decision in its forthcoming review of Iowa Utilities Board.
A retrospective review of 911 calls to a regional poison control center.

BACKGROUND: There is little data as to what extent national Emergency Medical Services (EMS; 911) utilize poison control centers (PCCs). A review of data from our PCC was done to better understand this relationship and to identify potential improvements in patient care and health care savings. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of a single PCC to identify calls originating from 911 sources over a 4-year study period (1/1/08-12/31/11). Recorded variables included the origin of call to the PCC, intent of exposure, symptoms, management site, hospital admission, and death. Odds ratios (OR) were developed using multiple logistic regressions to identify risk factors for EMS dispatch, management site, and the need for hospital admission. RESULTS: A total of 7556 charts were identified; 4382 (58%) met inclusion criteria. Most calls (63.3%) involved accidental exposures and 31% were self-harm or misuse. A total of 2517 (57.4%) patients had symptoms and 2044 (50.8%) were transported to an Emergency Department (ED). Over 38% of calls (n = 1696) were handled primarily by the PCC and did not result in EMS dispatch; only 6.5% of cases (n = 287) with initial PCC involvement resulted in crew dispatch. There were 955 (21.8%) cases that resulted in admission, and five deaths. The OR for being transported to an ED was 45.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.2-68.4) when the crew was dispatched by the PCC. Hospital admission was predicted by intent for self-harm (OR 5.0; 95% CI: 4.1-6.2) and the presence of symptoms (OR 2.43; 95% CI: 1.9-3.0). The ORs for several other predictive variables are also reported. CONCLUSIONS: When 911 providers contact a PCC about poisoning-related emergencies, a history of intentional exposure and the presence of symptoms each predicted EMS dispatch by the PCC, patient transport to an ED, and hospital admission. Early involvement of a PCC may prevent the need for EMS activation or patient transfer to a health care facility. Language: en
Complexity, Contingency, and Coherence in the History of Sexuality in Modern Germany: Some Theoretical and Interpretive Reflections

The politics of sexuality in modern Germany was complicated, contradictory, and multivalent. Reflecting on how to conceptualize that complexity is worthwhile, for doing so allows us to formulate multiple interpretive perspectives. After briefly sketching two of the most common scholarly interpretations, this article explores the usefulness of a third model, one in which the political dynamic of the broad and complex debate about sexuality is neither univalent (i.e., moving toward greater freedom or greater repression) nor binary (moving toward both), but “trivalent.” This perspective reveals the usefulness of seeing a political dynamic set up by conflicts and contrasts among three loose groupings that stand out among the many voices debating the nature and meaning of sexuality. At the same time, it uncovers and defines the productivity of multiple contradictions and conflicts, as well as the contingent coherences, they generated. Making use of particular readings of Foucauldian theory and the theory of complex systems, the article suggests the value of thinking about the politics of sexuality in terms of processes of change, as well as structures of power.
The Canadian Senate: Politics and The Constitution

“… [M]ost Canadians who are aware of the subject,” says the author of a recent essay, “feel that the [Canadian] Senate has outlived its usefulness and has become a superfluous appendix to the political system. Indeed, the prestige and authority of the Senate has probably fallen to its lowest level in Canadian history.” Considering the disparagements which have been tossed at the Senate, the allusions to “… genial old gentlemen who … live on, undisturbed, meeting a few weeks in the year, bumbling and grumbling at the government, making a few good speeches, and drawing an annual indemnity [now $10,000] for less work than any other citizens of Canada,” this was a restrained indictment. Nevertheless, in 1961 and early 1962, the Senate was also being extolled in some quarters as the keeper of Canada's conscience. Yet others saw it as a crafty player of rank politics and as an infringer on constitutional propriety. The Prime Minister threatened Senate reform and the injection of Senate misbehavior as an election issue. The Senate had seemingly come to life, and in so doing thrust itself into the center of Canadian political controversy. The purpose of this article is to examine the problems surrounding the position of the Senate in the Canadian political system, through an analysis of the agitated discussions of 1961-62.
A Intercept Survey Report of Hypertension to Knowledge,Attitude and Behavior for 475 Residents

OBJECTIVE To understand situation of residents' KAP related to hypertension,in order to provide the basis for advocating hypertension prevention activities.METHODS The trained doctors adopted the method of intercept interview with uniform questionnaire and measured their blood pressure according to national norm on Hypertension Day.RESULTS Investigate 475 residents above 35 age,the prevalence rate of hypertension is 46.74%,awareness,treatment and control rate are respectively 42.11% 、 63.00% and 31.50%.Awareness rate of taking in no more then 6g salt one person per day is 35.79%.81.05% residents deem that control ingestion of salt can depress pressure level.46.10% residents chose light diet usually.67.37% residents measure pressure more than 3times per year.The others primary due to without time、 convenient measurement channels and symptoms of dizziness etc.CONCLUSION Separation phenomenon of residents' KAP in Yan Cheng is obvious.We suggest that further increase publicity and fixed propaganda theme,especially in rural areas,as the same time,establish community blood pressure points in order to provide suitable tools and skills to prevent and control hypertension.
Quality attributes during 160 days refrigerated shelf life of a smoked, fully cooked sausage formulated with a nitrite containing pork preblend

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of a pork preblend within a smoked sausage formulation affects quality characteristics of the final product in a refrigerated retail display case for a shelf life of 160 d.Materials and MethodsPork preblend treatments held for either 0, 4, or 7 d were individually formulated into smoked sausages and analyzed for cook yield on d 0, purge percentage on d 110, 131, and 160 and instrumental external color, pH, salt content, proximate analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sensory analysis on d 0, 110, 131, and 160 of display at an average 2.65°C under fluorescent lighting. Three replications of the experiment were conducted. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.2 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC).ResultsNo Preblend × Days of display interactions (P > 0.05) were shown for any attributes measured except for b* values (P 0.05) b* values for preblend treatments held for 0 and 4 d were both less (P 0.05) were shown between preblends. On d 131, preblend d 0 was similar (P > 0.05) to d 7 but more (P 0.05) were shown between preblend treatments for cook yield, percent purge loss, proximate analysis, pH, salt content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), L*, a*, b*, a*:b*, saturation index, or hue angle. When evaluating the effect of preblend treatment on sensory characteristics of bite, juiciness, flavor intensity, saltiness, off flavor, and mouthfeel coating, no differences (P > 0.05) were found.Purge loss percentage, WBSF, pH, moisture, fat, and protein analyses revealed no differences for any days of display (P > 0.05). Sausage salt content decreased (P 0.05); however, bite, flavor intensity and mouthfeel were affected by days of display (P 0.05) were found; however, d 160 had the least mouthfeel coating (P < 0.05).ConclusionPreblend hold time did not influence any attributes measured on cooked sausage during 160 d of refrigerated display. Displaying vacuum packaged cooked dinner sausage under fluorescent light for up to 160 d makes sausage lighter, less red, less yellow, and increases lipid oxidation to a detectable level.
Tuberculosis in physicians. Compliance with preventive measures.

Compliance with public health recommendations for tuberculosis control was evaluated by a survey of 4,417 physicians who had not contracted tuberculosis during medical school nor during the 4 decades after graduation through 1981. Thirty-one percent of the cohort had been vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and 47% considered themselves tuberculin-positive. Thirty-two percent of 1,088 physicians who graduated after 1974 had been exposed to 3 or more patients with infectious tuberculosis in the previous year. Fifty-eight percent of 738 unimmunized, tuberculin-negative physicians who had been exposed to one or more patients with infectious tuberculosis in the previous year had tuberculin tests every 1 to 2 yr. Forty-nine percent of 597 unimmunized tuberculin reactors with similar occupational exposure had chest roentgenograms every 1 to 2 yr. The BCG-vaccinated physicians were less likely to have frequent tuberculin tests but no different frequency of chest roentgenograms. Eight percent of 1,460 unimmunized tuberculin reactors received isoniazid chemoprophylaxis, including 39% of 128 tuberculin reactors who graduated after 1974 (the majority of the latter were younger than 35 yr of age). Of 66 physicians who had active tuberculosis during medical school or after graduation, 20 (30%) had not received any antituberculosis chemotherapy, whereas 2 of 46 who did, received chemotherapy only after a second episode of tuberculosis. In summary, our study documents poor compliance by physicians with recommended policies for the prevention of tuberculosis in health care workers.
Review of methods for studying maturation of human erythroblasts in vitro: evaluation of a new method of culture of cell suspensions in a clot-free medium.

Characteristics of various tissue and cell culture methods for studying maturation of human erythroblasts were reviewed and the basic assumptions required in their use were examined. The relationship of maturation and proliferation of erythroblasts in different types of cultures was considered. Criteria for selection of an in vitro model for studying maturation were established. A new clot-free culture system in roller tubes was found to be superior to those previously described because of convenience, replicability and adaptability to studies of proliferation. The results of challenging the new culture system with various types of cell-plasma relationships indicated that it was effective in distinguishing among erythroblasts and plasmas of iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, azotemia and erythrocytosis, and that the deductions arrived at were similar to those derived from the use of less convenient in vitro systems in which different parameters of maturation were used. Experience with the new method suggests that it may be useful in the study of humoral factors affecting maturation of human erythroblasts. The chief limitation of the proposed method, as for other in vitro methods, is that only direct effects of humoral agents on erythroblasts can be studied.
Exemestane: Treatment of breast cancer with selective inactivation of aromatase

The mechanism of action, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy and safety of exemestane in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer are reviewed. Endocrine strategies that deprive tumor cells of estrogens are effective therapeutic modalities for patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer. The efficacy and toxicities associated with tamoxifen and aminoglutethimide have contributed to the development of agents that selectively target aromatase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens. Exemestane, an orally active irreversible inhibitor of aromatase, was recently approved as second-line endocrine therapy of advanced hormone-sensitive postmenopausal breast cancer. Compared with megestrol acetate in patients with disease progressing on tamoxifen, a number of clinical endpoints, including a survival advantage, were significantly better in the exemestane-treated group. Preliminary data also indicate that cross-resistance is incomplete between exemestane and the reversible aromatase inhibitors. Even though suppression of aromatase activity is quantitatively similar regardless of the interactive mechanism between drug and enzyme, clinically relevant differences may become apparent with further application of these two types of aromatase inhibitors. Exemestane is effective as a second- or third-line treatment of advanced, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in postmenopausal patients.
The role of ATP and ATPase in the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. II. ATP-evoked fall in optical density of isolated chromaffin granules.

A light-scattering technique has been employed to investigate changes in isolated bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules associated with release of catecholamines. The optical density (OD) at 540 mµ of chromaffin granule suspensions was proportional to the concentration of granules. ATP (0.5 mM) produced a fall in OD in the presence of 0.5 mM Mg or Mn, but not in that of Ca, Ba, or Sr. ADP produced a small fall in OD which was delayed in onset, whereas AMP was ineffective. The effect of ATP was inhibited by NEM and AMP, and was abolished by 0.3 M sucrose. In all the above conditions there was a correlation between fall in OD and release of catecholamines. The results suggest that ATP produces some change in the structure of chromaffin granules leading to the release of catecholamines and that granule ATPase may be involved in the change.