cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature effects in relation to the patterns of distribution and abundance of three species in the Drosophila affinis subgroup

. 1. The effect of temperature on several aspects of the biology of Drosophila affinis, D.algonquin and D.athabasca were investigated in order to gain insight as to why these closely related species differ in their spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence. 2. No differences exist between the three species in the effect of temperature on egg hatchability. 3. Productivities of the three species were measured in a temperature gradient device. These measurements indicated that D.athabasca has an advantage in productivity over D.affinis at cooler temperatures (below 25°C). At warmer temperatures (above 25°C) the greater productivity of D.affinis makes it the better species. Drosophila algonquin, like D.athabasca, was characterized by its productivity curve as a species more adapted to cooler climates. 4. The competitive abilities of the three species were measured at 25°C, at 18°C, and in an environment which fluctuated between 18 and 25°C on a daily cycle. Competitive ability was estimated on the basis of the performance of the species in two- and three-species populations. 5. In general, D.affinis exhibited its highest competitive ability relative to the other two species at the highest experimental temperature. D.athabasca had its highest competitive ability at the lowest temperature. The competitive ability of Ddgonquin was intermediate; less than that of D.affinis but greater than D.athabasca. 6. The dependence of competitive ability and productivity on temperature is thought to be partly responsible for the differences between the species with respect to their geographic distributions and their spatial and temporal patterns in natural populations.
The analysis of solutions of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A method of analysis is described which is applicable to solutions of epinephrine and norepinephrine, such as epinephrine injection U. S. P. and levarterenol bitartrate injection N. N. R. The method depends on the quantitative conversion of the substances into O3, O4, N‐triacetyl derivatives which may be extracted into chloroform, weighed, identified, and examined polarimetrically for the determination of stereo‐chemical composition. Excellent recoveries of the physiologically potent l‐isomer are obtained, and results of analyses of solutions of epinephrine show very good agreement with potencies determined by the U. S. P. XIV dog bioassay. By supplementing the method with partition chromatography of the acetylation product, the norepinephrine in a solution of U. S. P. epinephrine may be quantitatively isolated as its triacetyl derivative and determined colorimetrically after deacetylation and oxidation to noradrenochrome.
Effects of Work Hour Reduction on Residents’ Lives: A Systematic Review

ContextThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented mandatory work hour limitations in July 2003, partly out of concern for residents’ well-being in the setting of sleep deprivation. These limitations are likely to also have an impact on other aspects of the lives of residents.ObjectiveTo summarize the literature regarding the effect of interventions to reduce resident work hours on residents’ education and quality of life.Data SourcesWe searched the English-language literature about resident work hours from 1966 through April 2005 using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents, supplemented with hand-search of additional journals, reference list review, and review of abstracts from national meetings.Study SelectionStudies were included that assessed a system change designed to counteract the effects of resident work hours, fatigue, or sleep deprivation; included an outcome directly related to residents; and were conducted in the United States.Data ExtractionFor each included study, 2 investigators independently abstracted data related to study quality, subjects, interventions, and findings using a standard data abstraction form.Data SynthesisFifty-four articles met inclusion criteria. The interventions used to decrease resident work hours varied but included night and day float teams, extra cross-coverage, and physician extenders. Outcomes included measures of resident education (operative experience, test scores, satisfaction) and quality of residents’ lives (amount of sleep, well-being). Interventions to reduce resident work hours resulted in mixed effects on both operative experience and on perceived educational quality but generally improved residents’ quality of life. Many studies had major limitations in their design or conduct.ConclusionsPast interventions suggest that residents’ quality of life may improve with work hour limitations, but interpretation of the outcomes of these studies is hampered by suboptimal study design and the use of nonvalidated instruments. The long-term impact of reducing resident work hours on education remains unknown. Current and future interventions should be evaluated with more rigorous methods and should investigate links between residents’ quality of life and quality of patient care.
Revised Models of the "Rally Phenomenon": The Case of the Carter Presidency

This research note reports an examination of presidential approval ratings during the Iran hostage crisis. Models of intervention and transfer function are estimated by way of Box-Jenkins and Box-Tiao analysis using Gallup opinion data from January 1976 to December 1979. Although it is fairly well accepted that the hostage crisis precipitated a "rally-round-the-flag" effect for President Carter, an examination of popularity dynamics reveals the unique influence of the crisis on Independents, a finding that suggests the need to revise the traditional view of the rally phenomenon.
Unsteady heat convection over circular cylinders

Numerical calculations of the velocity and temperature fields were conducted for unsteady flows over a single circular cylinder and a bundle of cylinders. Periodic disturbances, natural or externally imposed, were considered. Periodic and averaged heat transfer rates were examined. Results compare favorably with experimental data. Calculations were carried out to predict heat transfer rates in regimes of unsteady flows that have not been tested experimentally.
Economic Status versus Same‐Sex Marriage Referenda in the 2004 Democratic Presidential Vote in “Appalachian” Counties

Using multivariate regression analysis, this study compares the relative effects of traditional aggregate rational choice electoral behavior with a more recent perspective focusing on the preservation of group norms and group morality in the context of county economic classification and the presence or absence of same-sex marriage referenda in the 2004 presidential election in Appalachian counties. Our findings suggest that economic factors, in the aggregate, retain the explanatory value commonly afforded them, but the presence of same-sex marriage referenda fails to conform with the expectations of the group norm/morality perspective of rational choice behavior. We discuss how this study fits with other analyses of same-sex marriage referenda in the 2004 election. Our findings suggest that the region can no longer, if it ever was, be considered politically and socially cohesive.
Experimental determination of equations of state for ideal elastomeric gels

A polymer network can absorb a solvent and swell, forming an elastomeric gel. The model of ideal elastomeric gels is based on two assumptions. First, the volume of a gel is the sum of the volume of the dry network and that of the solvent. Second, the free energy of the gel is the sum of the free energy due to stretching the network and that due to mixing the polymer and the solvent. These assumptions lead to a set of equations of state, which can be tested experimentally without invoking any specific models of statistical mechanics. Here we test the model of ideal elastomeric gels by conducting experiments with polyacrylamide hydrogels, and by extracting from the literature four sets of data on polyacrylamide hydrogels and polyacrylamide–water solutions. For an ideal elastomeric gel, the effect of mixing the polymer and the solvent is represented by the osmotic pressure as a function of the swelling ratio. We show that this function obtained by several distinct experimental methods is consistent. Specifically, the function obtained from a gel under different states of applied stress is the same, the function obtained from a free-swelling gel is the same as that obtained from the constrained-swelling gel, the function is independent of the crosslink density, and the function obtained from the gels is similar to that obtained from the solutions. We further show that the Flory–Huggins model of mixing with a constant Flory–Huggins parameter does not fit the experimental data well, but does capture the trend of the data over four orders of magnitude in the osmotic pressure.
Marangoni convection in weld pools with a free surface

A steady-state two-dimensional model of heat transfer and fluid flow was developed to describe Marangoni convection in the weld pool. Both the pool surface and the fusion boundary were calculated. The validity of the model was verified against an asymptotic solution for Marangoni-convection-induced free surface geometry. Two different cases were studied, i.e. a negative surface tension temperature coefficient ∂γ/∂T a positive one, and the resultant shapes of the weld pool surface were compared.
Impedance measurements of the Spallation Neutron Source extraction kicker system

Transverse coupling impedance measurements of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) beam extraction system were performed and the results are here reported. The SNS beam extraction system is composed from 14 subsystems, each of which consists of a vertical kicker magnet plus a pulse forming network (PFN). Impedance bench measurements were performed on one large and one small aperture magnet, stand-alone as well as assembled with the first-article production PFN. The impedance measuring methods to cover the interesting frequency range from below 1 to 100 MHz are described in considerable detail. The upper frequency range is properly covered by the conventional twin-wire method but it had to be supplemented at the low-frequency end by a direct input impedance measurement at the magnet busbar. Required modifications of the PFN to maintain the impedance budget are discussed. The total impedance estimate was finally obtained by quadratic scaling with vertical aperture from the two tested kicker subsystems.
The Heir of Righteousness and the King of Righteousness: The Priestly Noachic Polemics in 2 Enoch and the Epistle to the Hebrews

It has previously been noted that 2 (Slavonic) Enoch, a Jewish pseudepigraphon written in the first century ce, contains traces of polemics against the priestly Noachic tradition. In the course of the polemics the role of Noah as the pioneer of animal sacrificial practice to whom God reveals the commandments about the blood becomes transferred to other characters of the story, including the miraculously born priest Melchizedek. In light of the polemics detected in 2 Enoch, it is possible that another work written at the same period of time, namely, the Epistle to the Hebrews—a text which like 2 Enoch deals with the issues of blood, animal sacrificial practice, and the figure of Melchizedek—might also contain implicit polemics against Noah and his role as the originator of such practice. It has been noted before that the author of Hebrews appears to be openly engaged in polemics with the cultic prescriptions (δικαιματα λατρeας) found in the law of Moses and perpetuated by the descendants of Levi. Yet the origin of animal sacrificial practice and the expiatory understanding of blood can be traced to the figure of Noah, who first performed animal sacrifices on the altar after his disembarkation and who received from God the commandment about the blood. By renouncing the practice of animal sacrifices and invalidating the expiatory significance of the animal blood through the sacrifice of Jesus, who in the Epistle to the Hebrews is associated with the figure of Melchizedek, the authors of the Epistle to the Hebrews appear to be standing in opposition not only to Moses and Levi, but also to Noah. Here again, as in 2 Enoch, the image of Melchizedek serves as a polemical counterpart to Noah and the priestly Noachic tradition, which the hero of the Flood faithfully represented.
METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans.

Summary: METAL provides a computationally efficient tool for meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans, which is a commonly used approach for improving power complex traits gene mapping studies. METAL provides a rich scripting interface and implements efficient memory management to allow analyses of very large data sets and to support a variety of input file formats. Availability and implementation: METAL, including source code, documentation, examples, and executables, is available at http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/metal/ Contact: ude.hcimu@olacnog
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 gal Mutants Are Sensitive to Bacteriophage P1 and Defective in Intestinal Colonization

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), especially E. coli O157:H7, is an emerging cause of food-borne illness. Unfortunately, E. coli O157 cannot be genetically manipulated using the generalized transducing phage P1, presumably because its extensive O antigen obscures the P1 receptor, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core subunit. The GalE, GalT, GalK, and GalU proteins are necessary for modifying galactose before it can be assembled into the repeating subunit of the O antigen. Here, we constructed E. coli O157:H7 gal mutants which presumably have little or no O antigen. These strains were able to adsorb P1. P1 lysates grown on the gal mutant strains could be used to move chromosomal markers between EHEC strains, thereby facilitating genetic manipulation of E. coli O157:H7. The gal mutants could easily be reverted to a wild-type Gal+ strain using P1 transduction. We found that the O157:H7 galETKM::aad-7 deletion strain was 500-fold less able to colonize the infant rabbit intestine than the isogenic Gal+ parent, although it displayed no growth defect in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo a Gal+ revertant of this mutant outcompeted the galETKM deletion strain to an extent similar to that of the wild type. This suggests that the O157 O antigen is an important intestinal colonization factor. Compared to the wild type, EHEC gal mutants were 100-fold more sensitive to a peptide derived from bactericidal permeability-increasing protein, a bactericidal protein found on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, one way in which the O157 O antigen may contribute to EHEC intestinal colonization is to promote resistance to host-derived antimicrobial polypeptides.
Beyond a dyadic approach to public diplomacy: Understanding relationships in multipolar world

a b s t r a c t This study advocates for a multipolar approach to public diplomacy within a public relations framework. This study applies semantic network analysis to understand Chinese public diplomacy efforts during the 2011 Libya crisis. Two theories, image building and rela- tionship management, informed the analysis. Four important findings emerged from the analysis. First, the evidence suggests that the combination of image building and relation- ship management provides a comprehensive theoretical framework to understand public diplomacy communication efforts. Second, understanding triads of national relationships reveals nuances that cannot be captured by a dyadic approach to public diplomacy. Third, this study introduces a new method, semantic network analysis, to the research of public diplomacy, and reveals linguistic relationships and shared meaning manifested in the con- tent of People's Daily newspaper coverage of the Libya crisis. Finally, the findings support the pervasiveness of multipolar thinking. Public diplomacy in general, and soft balancing specif- ically, is about positioning a nation in a wider context and strategically using relationships to accomplish foreign policy goals.
Cooperative computing for distributed embedded systems

The next generation of computing systems will be embedded, in a virtually unbounded number, and dynamically connected. The current software, network architectures, and their associated programming models are not suitable for this scenario. This paper presents a distributed computing model, Cooperative Computing, and the Smart Messages architecture for programming large networks of embedded systems. In Cooperative Computing, distributed applications are dynamic collections of migratory execution units, called Smart Messages, working to achieve a common goal. Virtually any user-defined distributed application can be implemented using our model. We present preliminary results for our prototype implementation as well as simulation results for two previously proposed applications for sensor networks, Directed Diffusion and SPIN, implemented using Smart Messages.
Resistive instabilities in rapidly rotating fluids: Linear theory of the convective modes

This paper analyzes the linear stability of a rapidly-rotating, stratified sheet pinch in a gravitational field, g, perpendicular to the sheet. The sheet pinch is a layer (0 ≤ z ≤ d) of inviscid, Boussinesq fluid of electrical conductivity σ, magnetic permeability μ, and almost uniform density ρ 0 ; z is height. The prevailing magnetic field, B 0 (z), is horizontal at each z level, but varies in direction with z. The angular velocity, Ω, is vertical and large (Ω V A /d, where V A = B 0 /√(μρ 0 ) is the Alfven velocity). The Elsasser number, Λ = σB 0 2 /2Ωρ 0 , measures σ. A (modified) Rayleigh number, R = gβd 2 /ρ 0 V A 2 , measures the buoyancy force, where β is the imposed density gradient, antiparallel to g.
Determination of hyperelastic properties for umbilical artery in preeclampsia from uniaxial extension tests.

Objective Preeclampsia often results in altered hemodynamics and structurally remodeled umbilical arteries in the fetus – alterations that may be associated with arterial stiffening. We therefore hypothesized that the mechanical function of preeclamptic (PE) umbilical arteries had increased stiffness compared to control.
The acetate switch.

To succeed, many cells must alternate between life-styles that permit rapid growth in the presence of abundant nutrients and ones that enhance survival in the absence of those nutrients. One such change in life-style, the “acetate switch,” occurs as cells deplete their environment of acetate-producing carbon sources and begin to rely on their ability to scavenge for acetate. This review explains why, when, and how cells excrete or dissimilate acetate. The central components of the “switch” (phosphotransacetylase [PTA], acetate kinase [ACK], and AMP-forming acetyl coenzyme A synthetase [AMP-ACS]) and the behavior of cells that lack these components are introduced. Acetyl phosphate (acetyl∼P), the high-energy intermediate of acetate dissimilation, is discussed, and conditions that influence its intracellular concentration are described. Evidence is provided that acetyl∼P influences cellular processes from organelle biogenesis to cell cycle regulation and from biofilm development to pathogenesis. The merits of each mechanism proposed to explain the interaction of acetyl∼P with two-component signal transduction pathways are addressed. A short list of enzymes that generate acetyl∼P by PTA-ACKA-independent mechanisms is introduced and discussed briefly. Attention is then directed to the mechanisms used by cells to “flip the switch,” the induction and activation of the acetate-scavenging AMP-ACS. First, evidence is presented that nucleoid proteins orchestrate a progression of distinct nucleoprotein complexes to ensure proper transcription of its gene. Next, the way in which cells regulate AMP-ACS activity through reversible acetylation is described. Finally, the “acetate switch” as it exists in selected eubacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans, is described.
Localization of Target Structures through Data Fusion Applied to Neurostimulation

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease can be relieved by deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is based on an accurate positioning of electrodes in specific structures of the basal ganglia, e.g. the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi), and of the thalamus. We planned to develop an automatized method for the identification of these structures, deeply located in the brain, through data fusion. Information, provided by both anatomical MR images and expert knowledge, was managed in a possibilist frame by a fuzzy logic approach. A multi-scale graph-based virtual atlas, modeling the theoretical anatomical knowledge, was matched to each patient's data (MRI), in order to compute an estimation of the structures' location, thus assisting the physician in the definition of the target. The method has been tested on several images with promising results. In the long run, it might open opportunities to a fully automatized surgical planning
Understanding Cost Management: What Can We Learn from the Evidence on 'Sticky Costs'?

Anderson, Banker and Janakiraman [2003] find that the absolute change in SG&A cost associated with decreased sales activity is systematically less than that associated with increased sales activity (so-called “sticky” costs). They interpret this as evidence of overt cost management. We review theory, empirical tests, and data employed in the sticky cost literature and argue that sticky cost behavior is not sufficient to discriminate between managerial and mechanical theories of cost management. We conclude that, using the empirical specification and data of prior studies, any observed cost behavior is consistent with cost management and focus instead on whether adjustment costs that are hypothesized to influence cost management decisions are associated with sticky cost behavior. We identify problems with an incomplete theory about adjustment costs (and assumed asymmetries) as well as problems in how plausible theories relate to the empirical test and aggregate financial accounting data used in these studies.
Soy Isoflavones Exert Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects through the PPAR Pathways in Obese Zucker Rats and Murine RAW 264.7 Cells

The hypocholesterolemic and anti-atherosclerotic mechanism by which soy may exert a beneficial effect remains unclear. Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) are promiscuous nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism within the cell. We hypothesize that the isoflavones improve lipid and glucose metabolism by acting as an antidiabetic PPAR agonist. Male and female obese Zucker rats (OZR) were used as a model of Type 2 diabetes, and OZR fed a high isoflavone soy protein diet displayed improvements in lipid metabolism consistent with results in humans treated with antidiabetic PPAR agonists such as the fibrates or glitazones. Liver triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were lower in all OZR fed high-isoflavone soy protein diets than in rats fed low-isoflavone and casein diets (P < 0.05). Concurrently, PPAR-directed gene expression was evaluated in a cell culture model. An isoflavone-containing soy extract doubled PPAR-directed gene expression (P < 0.05) in RAW 264.7 cells containing either a PPARalpha or PPARgamma expression plasmid. A similar induction was observed when the soy isoflavones genistein or daidzein were used to treat cells. Both isoflavones doubled PPARalpha-directed gene expression (P < 0.05), whereas they increased PPARgamma-directed gene expression 200-400% (P < 0.05). This study suggests that soy isoflavones improve lipid metabolism, produce an antidiabetic effect, and activate PPAR receptors.
Axial compression properties of calcium caseinate gels

Abstract The wide range of physicochemical and functional properties of caseins and caseinates, as well as their bland flavor, make them an excellent protein source for the creation of formulated foods, either as novel or imitative products. The gelation properties of these highly nutritive proteins were investigated to determine their potential for the creation or imitation of high value products such as kamaboko, a surimi product. Instrumental texture profile analyses and stress-strain relationships were evaluated to determine the textural responses of caseinate gels with various additives. The addition of sodium hexametaphosphate (.5%, wt/wt) was effective in creating firm, elastic gels that more closely resembled many of the textural properties of kamaboko. The addition of κ-carrageenan with the phosphate markedly improved gel cohesiveness, springiness, water holding, and foldability. The elasticity and recoverable energy of these gels were also improved, but these gels were not as elastic as kamaboko.
Angiotensin II-induced decrease in expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat astroglial cultures: role of protein kinase C.

Abstract: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated as a mediator of cellular toxicity in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Nitric oxide, which is generated in high quantities following induction of iNOS, combines with other oxygen radicals to form highly reactive, death-inducing compounds. Given the frequency of neuronal death due to neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral trauma, and stroke, it is important to study the mechanisms of regulation of iNOS in the brain. We demonstrated previously that angiotensin II (Ang II) decreases the expression of iNOS produced by bacterial endotoxin or cytokines in cultured astroglia prepared from adult rat brain. Here, we have addressed the mechanisms by which Ang II negatively modulates iNOS. The inhibitory effects of Ang II on lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of iNOS mRNA and protein and nitrite accumulation were mimicked by the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Down-regulation of PKC produced by long-term treatment of astroglia with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate abolished the inhibitory effect of Ang II on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expression of iNOS mRNA and nitrite accumulation. Finally, the reduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite accumulation by Ang II was attenuated by the selective PKC inhibitor chelerythrine. Collectively, these data indicate a role for PKC in the inhibitory actions of Ang II on iNOS expression in cultured astroglia.
Interdecadal Dynamics of the North Pacific Ocean

Abstract An isopycnal ocean model forced by NCEP–NCAR reanalysis wind stresses and heat fluxes is used to study the interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean in the 1958–97 period. A reasonable agreement is found between the model's modes of variability and those obtained by other researchers from both 100 years of observations and theoretical predictions. In agreement with previous observational work, decadal and interdecadal timescales have different descriptions, and from this study it is suggested that they indeed have different dynamics. This study focuses on the dynamics of the ocean's interdecadal variability, that is, of timescales of about 20 yr. The decadal timescale, that is, 10 yr, is briefly outlined and compared with previous studies. It is found that atmospheric heat fluxes play a key role in establishing the interdecadal SST pattern in the midlatitudinal North Pacific. These fluxes would excite a high baroclinic mode, igniting a series of events that move around the basin. In midlatitu...
FIE 2015 special session — Movin' along: Investigating motion and mechanisms using engineering design activities

This special session will introduce participants to engineering design activities that use mechanisms, devices that transform one type of motion to another, to support student learning about motion, a topic that recurs throughout K-12 science studies. The activities come from new and revised K-12 Engineering Teaching Kits (ETKs). ETKs are self-contained standards-based and project-based instructional units. Their format and contents reflect an integrated approach to STEAM∫d (STEM + Art + design) education. Participants will learn key concepts guiding ETK development and implementation; discuss methods for integrating ETKs and therefore engineering design concepts, practices, and models seamlessly and transparently into their curriculum; discover how engineering design and inductive learning principles help students learn and own key concepts in STEM; and work through selected engineering design activities. This special session is for those interested in exploring a philosophy of engineering education that stresses an integrative, project-based approach to instruction and practice grounded in design, the fundamental process of engineering.
Patients with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma. What is the cause of mortality and when

Abstract Background Mortality in patients sustaining pelvic fractures has been reported to be 4% to 15%. We sought to investigate the cause of death based on timing and evaluate if type of fracture and Injury Severity Score have an influence on the survival time. Methods Sixty-nine patients of eight hundred sixty seven with a pelvic fracture who died during their hospital admission were included. Fractures were classified using the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association system. Cause determined by autopsy in 48/69. Results The leading cause of death within 6 hours was abdominal and pelvic hemorrhage; 6 to 24 hours head injury, and greater than 24 hours multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Survival time did not correlate between fracture type (P Conclusions Despite the advances made in acute management of the traumatized patient in the emergency department, mortality is unavoidable in a small group of patients with hemorrhage being the commonest cause of early death but isolated pelvic hemorrhage rare.
Aspectos Da Inversão Do Ônus Da Prova No Código Do Consumidor (Shifting the Burden of Proof in Consumer Litigation) [Portuguese]

The Brazilian Consumer Protection Code is one of the most advanced in the world. Among its most important innovations, article 6, VIII allows the court to shift the burden of proof whenever the claimant is at disadvantage and the allegations are credible. Its objective is to place unequal parties in a position of equality. This makes a lot of sense, especially in a system with no possibility of obtaining discovery.The rule is written in broad terms and prone to controversy. This paper deals with several of them, including why, how, and when the judge can (and cannot) shift the burden of proof in favor of the consumer.
Commercial and Compromised, or Political and Popular? New Circulations of Cinema in a Shifting Urban Scene

In a good deal of orthodox urban theory, African cities are marked as deviant or simply disregarded as departures from an imagined set of metropolitan “norms.” These images of disconnection and difference are especially ironic when it comes to questions of media and technology. In terms of cultural circuits or flows, African cities are increasingly connected in unexpected ways, echoing the panel’s thematic emphasis on “movements, collisions, intersections, anticipations and near misses.” African cities are mass mediated in a double sense: first, they serve as burgeoning sites of media production and consumption that often point outward to wider geographical spheres – regional, transnational, or pan-Africanist in scope. Their cultural position as nodes in broader networks is instantiated especially through the performance and practice of cultural festivals focusing on film or music. But second, these urban sites are also not just settings but also subjects of image-making – as new forms of cinema, especially linked to technologies of video production and display, are made possible by shifting urban conditions even as they reflect new modes of popular culture in cities. From festivals to Bongo film, this paper seeks to foreground novel urban connections and images of cities in the East African context.
A mechanistic model of lateral rail head deflection based on fastening system parameters

This paper presents a mechanistic model of the rail head lateral deflection with the aim of quantifying the distribution of the lateral wheel load in a concrete sleeper rail track. The model is developed based on observations of the field experimentation and the results of a three-dimensional validated finite element model. The input parameters of the model are primarily based on the design of the fastening system and the track structure. In the developed model, the rail head lateral deflection is divided into two components which are computed separately: rail base lateral deflection and rail head rotational deflection. The model considers the possible gap between the field-side shoulder and insulator, and assumes Coulomb Law of friction for the rail base interfaces. Based on an experimental design approach, the prediction of the mechanistic model is compared with that of finite element model as well as with field data.
Dynamic control of the tilt of image plane for 3D tissue microscopy

We describe a new technique for controlling the orientation of the image plane in situ during 3D microscopy. The effective field of view is substantially enhanced for imaging tissue, e.g. the retina in intact eye.
Castable cements to prevent corrosion of metals in molten salts

Abstract Castable cements on metals form a protective barrier that is able to prevent permeation of molten salts towards metallic surfaces. Silica-based castable cements are capable of protecting containment metallic alloys from the corrosive attack of molten chlorides at temperatures as high as 650 °C. Boron nitride (BN) blocking the pores in the cured cement prevents permeation of the molten chloride towards the metal surface. The cements tested are not chemically stable in molten carbonates, because the bonding components dissolved into molten carbonates salt. The corrosion rate is 7.72±0.32 mm/year for bare stainless steel 347 in molten eutectic NaCl – 65.58 wt% LiCl at 650 °C, which is the baseline used for determining how well the cement protects the metallic surfaces from corrosion. In particular the metal fully encapsulated with Aremco 645-N with pores filled with boron nitride immersed in molten eutectic NaCl – 65.58 wt% LiCl at 650 °C shows a corrosion rate of 9E-04 mm/year. The present study gives initial corrosion rates. Long-term tests are required to determine if Aremco 645-N with BN coating on metal has long term chemical stability for blocking salt permeation through coating pores.
Optimization techniques for sparse matrix-vector multiplication on GPUs

Sparse linear algebra is fundamental to numerous areas of applied mathematics, science and engineering. In this paper, we propose an efficient data structure named AdELL+ for optimizing the SpMV kernel on GPUs, focusing on performance bottlenecks of sparse computation. The foundation of our work is an ELL-based adaptive format which copes with matrix irregularity using balanced warps composed using a parametrized warp-balancing heuristic. We also address the intrinsic bandwidth-limited nature of SpMV with warp granularity, blocking, delta compression and nonzero unrolling, targeting both memory footprint and memory hierarchy efficiency. Finally, we introduce a novel online auto-tuning approach that uses a quality metric to predict efficient block factors and that hides preprocessing overhead with useful SpMV computation. Our experimental results show that AdELL+ achieves comparable or better performance over other state-of-the-art SpMV sparse formats proposed in academia (BCCOO) and industry (CSR+ and CSR-Adaptive). Moreover, our auto-tuning approach makes AdELL+ viable for real-world applications. We propose AdELL+, an advanced GPU-based sparse matrix format.We integrate complementary optimizations such as adaptivity and compression.We include a warp-balancing heuristic and auto-tuning approach into a cohesive framework.Our analysis shows that AdELL+ consistently outperforms the previous related works.
Continence and micturition: physiological mechanisms under behavioral control.

Four diff'rent mice Four diff'rent mice See how they pee See how they pee Their urination was studied with zeal Unfortunately we can't ask mice how they feel Because voiding is highly behavior-real In four diff'rent mice mice are important research tools for numerous reasons,
ASA- or β-Blocker-Induced Hearing Loss

The DIAS Rounds is a discussion of requests for information received by various drug information centers and is edited by the Drug Information Analysis Service at the University of California, San Francisco. This issue features four requests: ASA- or β-Blocker-Induced Hearing Loss, Adverse Effects of Intralipid 10% vs. 20%, Antidepressants and Seizures, and Morphine vs. Meperidine in Myocardial Infarction.
Space Optimization Algorithm in Probabilistic Inference of Bayesian Networks

Recursive conditioning is an any-space algorithm for exact inference in Bayesian networks because any number of results may be cached.But given a limited amount of memory,which results should be cached in order to minimize the running time of the algorithm becomes a key question.Aiming at this problem,depth-first branch-and-bound method is proposed to search all the potential goal states,average running time under each state is computed,then some optimal time-space tradeoff curves were made.Through the curves,an optimal discrete cache scheme can be found,with this scheme,significant amounts of memory can be removed from the algorithm's cache with only a minimal cost in time.
Use of Cardiotonic Therapy in the Management of Infants with PPHN

The author describes the rational use of cardiotonic agents in those infants with PPHN in whom myocardial dysfunction and/or extremely abnormal systemic vascular resistance have been completely documented.
The failure of infarction and/or nephrectomy in stage IV renal cell cancer to influence survival or metastatic regression.

SUMMARY The success of cancer therapy depends on the destruction of all viable cancer cells in the primary site, as well as in metastatic areas. Surgery alone can do little for the patient whose tumor has produced distant involvement except in those situations where surgical excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy can be relied on to eradicate metastatic disease. Because of the paucity of systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma, an aggressive surgical approach to the primary tumor is justifiable when all metastatic lesions can be excised or otherwise definitively treated and in experimental protocols in which adjuvant therapy of possible benefit can be combined with palliative nephrectomy. There is no evidence, however, in reported studies to suggest that routine palliative nephrectomy in patients who will not be offered adjuvant systemic therapy or radiation is beneficial. Such practice is also associated with a higher incidence of complications and mortality than is expected for resection of localized renal cell carcinoma. For these reasons, it is reasonable to recommend adjunctive nephrectomy only in certain selected instances, which include (1) the control of a patient’s current symptoms related to the primary disease, for example, flank pain, hematuria, fever and toxicity, anemia, erythrocytosis, and hypercalcemia; (2) nephrectomy with the excision of a solitary metastasis; and (3) the patient who is willing to undergo experimental therapy, part of which involves removal of the primary tumor.
A Survey of Marketing Activities in Public Higher Education

The problem of this study was to determine the status of marketing activities among four-year, publicly-controlled institutions of higher education in the United States. A survey was conducted of all 549 four-year, publicly-controlled institutions listed in the 1980 Education Directory.
A History of Early Childhood Special Education

This chapter provides a history of the relatively young field of early childhood special education. An overview of the evolution of services for young children with disabilities and their families as impacted by developments in public policy is provided. The establishment and activities of the professional organization for early childhood special education—the Division for Early Childhood (DEC) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) – are highlighted. Advances in research that have informed both policy and services for children and families are followed from the 1800s to the present day.
Will to power and sexuality in Nietzsche’s account of the ascetic ideal

AbstractThis paper challenges a near universal assumption regarding the third treatise of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality (GM): that its main concern is to explain the attraction or power of the ascetic ideal. I argue that GM III’s main concern is normative rather than descriptive-explanatory. An earlier paper argues that GM III’s leading question – What is the meaning of the ascetic ideal? – is equivalent to the question: What is the value of the ascetic ideal? In the present paper, I interpret an aspect of GM III ignored in the earlier paper: the will to power principle of GM III 7, which seems to claim that all human behavior is to be explained in terms of the will to power. I argue that the principle’s true function is normative rather than explanatory: to indicate how philosophers (and perhaps other humans) are best or ideally or healthily constituted, in particular, regarding sexuality. I also offer a normative account of what Nietzsche means by ‘interpretation’ in GM III and an argument ag...
Modeling glucose and subcutaneous insulin dynamics in critical care

Abstract Model-based decision support could be used to tailor insulin treatment to patients suffering from stress hyperglycemia, while avoiding hypoglycemia. This work combines a previously published glucose and insulin model with a subcutaneous insulin delivery model, herein simplified using Markov Chain Monte Carlo optimization and Kullback–Liebler distance, to capture fast-acting and regular insulin using two shared and one type-specific fitted parameter. Glucose data from a critical care population ( N =48) receiving subcutaneous insulin are fit to within finger stick glucose measurement error of 5% using a regularized, time-varying parameter. The resulting virtual patient cohort provides a basis on which automated insulin delivery systems can be tested.
Why Race Still Matters in Urban Education: Critical Race Theory and Urban Education

This chapter will argue the need for theorizing and analyzing educational inequity as a by-product of race and racializing processes. Drawing on a number of contemporary examples of educational policies aimed at addressing educational inequity, this chapter will use Critical Race Theory (CRT) as an analytical tool to argue that contrary to the popular belief that with the election of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States, racism and the need for race were eradicated. We argue that Obama’s election ushered in an era of retrenchment that has led to not only growing income and wealth inequality, but has ushered in unprecedented destruction of public education that impacts not only children of color, but also teachers and communities of color with pronounced racially disproportionate outcomes.
Validation of 3D volumetric-based renal function prediction calculator for nephron sparing surgery.

To evaluate a recently published volume-based renal function prediction calculator intended to be used in small renal mass surgical counseling. Retrospective data collection included three-dimensional calculation of renal mass and parenchyma of patients who have undergone extirpative therapy. The predicted glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the online calculator. The predicted GFR was compared with the actual 6-month GFR. The Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t test and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are utilized for statistical analysis. After institutional review board approval, three institutions provided data for analysis. After patients with renal mass size >300 cc, renal size >400 cc or preoperative CKD ≥stage 3 had been excluded, we retrospectively analyzed data from 136 patients. The median mass volume was 22.2 cc (IQR 7–49). In multiple linear regression analysis, the most significant variables predicting postoperative GFR were partial versus radical nephrectomy and preoperative GFR with an overall R2 of .68 (F = 26.13, P < .001). The predicted GFR was 75.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 compared to an actual GFR of 70.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < .001, paired t test). The predicted GFR was highly correlated with the actual postoperative GFR at 6 months (Pearson correlation, r = .65, P < .001). RMSE of the validation cohort was 16.87. The predictive tool to determine renal function benefit of nephron sparing surgery compared to radical nephrectomy online calculator effectively predicts GFR and could potentially be used to help urologists and patients discuss renal function prior to extirpative renal surgery.
A genome-wide gene-by-trauma interaction study of alcohol misuse in two independent cohorts identifies PRKG1 as a risk locus

Traumatic life experiences are associated with alcohol use problems, an association that is likely to be moderated by genetic predisposition. To understand these interactions, we conducted a gene-by-environment genome-wide interaction study (GEWIS) of alcohol use problems in two independent samples, the Army STARRS (STARRS, N=16 361) and the Yale-Penn (N=8084) cohorts. Because the two cohorts were assessed using different instruments, we derived separate dimensional alcohol misuse scales and applied a proxy-phenotype study design. In African-American subjects, we identified an interaction of PRKG1 rs1729578 with trauma exposure in the STARRS cohort and replicated its interaction with trauma exposure in the Yale-Penn cohort (discovery-replication meta-analysis: z=5.64, P=1.69 × 10-8). PRKG1 encodes cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase 1, which is involved in learning, memory and circadian rhythm regulation. Considering the loci identified in stage-1 that showed same effect directions in stage-2, the gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed several significant results, including calcium-activated potassium channels (GO:0016286; P=2.30 × 10-5), cognition (GO:0050890; P=1.90 × 10-6), locomotion (GO:0040011; P=6.70 × 10-5) and Stat3 protein regulation (GO:0042517; P=6.4 × 10-5). To our knowledge, this is the largest GEWIS performed in psychiatric genetics, and the first GEWIS examining risk for alcohol misuse. Our results add to a growing body of literature highlighting the dynamic impact of experience on individual genetic risk.
Phase I/II study of LOC-paclitaxel (LOC-Pac) in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma.

e19039 Background: LOC-Pac is a covalent conjugate of paclitaxel (Pac) and omega-3 fatty acid. In in-vivo animal studies in various tumor models LOC-Pac was found to be superior to Pac in safety as determined by maximum tolerated dose and efficacy as determined by delay in tumor growth and complete response rates. This is the first in human phase I study of LOC-Pac. Methods: Adult patients (pts) with confirmed metastatic melanoma (MM), life expectancy > 3 months, with normal renal and liver profiles, failed prior systemic therapy (Rx) or ineligible for Rxs of higher priority, ECOG performance status 0-2 and with at least one measurable metastasis (met) were eligible to this trial. Pts with known CNS met, neuropathy > grade 1, hypersensitivity to cremophor or Paclitaxel and HIV infection, serious concurrent medical conditions were excluded. LOC-Pac was given intravenously over 1 hour on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 every 42 days. Each dose of LOC-Pac was preceded by a dose of dexamethasone, diphenhydramine and...