cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of malformation syndromes of man XXIX: the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Clinical, genetic and pathogenetic studies of 12 cases.

This report describes 12 patients with the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS), including 6 familial cases from 2 families. The clinical manifestations do not allow for a differentiation between familial and sporadic cases. Consistent morphologic features include organomegaly, cytomegaly nd nucleomegaly. The pathogenetic process may involve few or many organs and tissues and may represent a nuclear/mitotic dysfunction. Clinically, the manifestations are hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia and defects in differentiation. Secondary functional disturbances are at times prominent. The differential diagnosis of the WBS includes 1) the Wilms' tumor (WT)-aniridia syndrome; 2) the “tumor-hypertrophy syndrome” which includes WT, adrenocortical tumors or hepatoblastoma; 3) the WT-pseudohermaphroditism syndrome; and 4) the “tumor-nevus syndrome” with or without malformations (particularly duplications) of the urinary tract. The latter two conditions are apparently not associated with hemihypertrophy. Familial occurrence suggests that some cases of the WBS may be due to delayed mutation. Carriers of the premutated allele appear to belong to two classes: those with a high risk of producing affected offspring and those who transmit the premutated allele but have no affected offspring.
Robotic Partial Hepatectomy

Minimally invasive liver resection has been adopted as the standard of care for peripheral hepatic lesions. While many surgeons are comfortable with left lateral sectionectomies and with laparoscopic wedge resections in peripheral segments, more major resections are less often attempted as minimally invasive (MIS). Recent improvements in robotic instrumentation, such as articulated instruments, sealers, and staplers, are expanding implementation of MIS liver surgery. Robotic surgery is now able to make MIS liver surgery much easier and safer. In this chapter, we will discuss indications for robotic liver resections, and provide an overview of the robotic procedures including preoperative considerations, procedure steps and tips, and postoperative patient care.
Resonance control of acoustic focusing systems through an environmental reference table and impedance spectroscopy.

Acoustic standing waves can precisely focus flowing particles or cells into tightly positioned streams for interrogation or downstream separations. The efficiency of an acoustic standing wave device is dependent upon operating at a resonance frequency. Small changes in a system’s temperature and sample salinity can shift the device’s resonance condition, leading to poor focusing. Practical implementation of an acoustic standing wave system requires an automated resonance control system to adjust the standing wave frequency in response to environmental changes. Here we have developed a rigorous approach for quantifying the optimal acoustic focusing frequency at any given environmental condition. We have demonstrated our approach across a wide range of temperature and salinity conditions to provide a robust characterization of how the optimal acoustic focusing resonance frequency shifts across these conditions. To generalize these results, two microfluidic bulk acoustic standing wave systems (a steel capillary and an etched silicon wafer) were examined. Models of these temperature and salinity effects suggest that it is the speed of sound within the liquid sample that dominates the resonance frequency shift. Using these results, a simple reference table can be generated to predict the optimal resonance condition as a function of temperature and salinity. Additionally, we show that there is a local impedance minimum associated with the optimal system resonance. The integration of the environmental results for coarse frequency tuning followed by a local impedance characterization for fine frequency adjustments, yields a highly accurate method of resonance control. Such an approach works across a wide range of environmental conditions, is easy to automate, and could have a significant impact across a wide range of microfluidic acoustic standing wave systems.
Cutting wedge: bacterial community diversity and structure associated with the cheese rind and curd of seven natural rind cheeses

The microorganisms that inhabit cheese contribute greatly to the flavor and development of the final product. While the rind and curd microbiota have been characterized separately, there is limited information on how the structure and function of microbial communities in rinds and curds vary within and amongst cheeses. To better understand the differences in community structure and function between communities of cheese rinds and curds, we combined culture-based methods with culture-independent community profiling of curds and rinds. Rinds contained greater taxonomic diversity than curds. Lactobacillales dominated curd communities while members from the order Actinomycetales were found in high abundance in rind communities. Communities varied more between rinds and curds than among cheeses produced from different milk types. To better understand microbial community functions, we cultured and assayed isolates for antibiotic susceptibility and carbon source utilization. Among European and U.S. cheeses, 70% of all susceptible isolates were cultured from U.S. cheeses. Overall, our study explored the differences within and between rind and curd microbial communities of natural rind cheeses, provided insights into the environmental factors that shape microbial communities, and demonstrated that at the community and isolate level the cheese microbiome was diverse and metabolically complex.
The average of a negative-binomial Lévy process and a class of Lerch distributions

In this paper we discuss the average of a Levy process with a marginal negative-binomial distribution taken over a finite time interval, and simultaneously introduce a new class of absolutely conti...
Toward a Model of Auditory-Visual Speech Intelligibility

A significant proportion of speech communication occurs when speakers and listeners are within face-to-face proximity of one other. In noisy and reverberant environments with multiple sound sources, auditory-visual (AV) speech communication takes on increased importance because it offers the best chance for successful communication. This chapter reviews AV processing for speech understanding by normal-hearing individuals. Auditory, visual, and AV factors that influence intelligibility, such as the speech spectral regions that are most important for AV speech recognition, complementary and redundant auditory and visual speech information, AV integration efficiency, the time window for auditory (across spectrum) and AV (cross-modality) integration, and the modulation coherence between auditory and visual speech signals are each discussed. The knowledge gained from understanding the benefits and limitations of visual speech information as it applies to AV speech perception is used to propose a signal-based model of AV speech intelligibility. It is hoped that the development and refinement of quantitative models of AV speech intelligibility will increase our understanding of the multimodal processes that function every day to aid speech communication, as well guide advances in future generation hearing aids and cochlear implants for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss.
Management of Bladder Cancer, Role of Chemotherapy and Controversies Surrounding Its Application

Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is characterized by a tendency for early metastasis. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is chemosensitive with significant response rates to cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy regimens. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have been effective in improving survival in the neoadjuvant setting prior to cystectomy and in patients with metastatic disease and are established standards of care. Definitive trials to support the use of chemotherapy are lacking in the immediate postoperative setting. Utilization of cisplatin is often difficult in these patients because of inadequate renal function, advanced age, poor performance status and other comorbidities such as cardiac dysfunction; however, there are limited data to support the use of non-cisplatin regimens. There are no established therapies for patients who are ineligible for cisplatin, fail to respond to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, recur soon after perioperative chemotherapy or progress on first-line chemotherapy, and as a result, urgent clinical trials are needed to address this gap in information. Although biomarkers of response are lacking, pathologic complete response at cystectomy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy appears to be a surrogate for improved survival.
How adverse events and permanent medication stoppages affect changes in patients' beliefs about oral antineoplastic agents

Patients with advanced cancer often experience adverse events related to oral antineoplastic agents (OAAs) and permanent OAA medication stoppages, yet it is unknown how these factors impact medication beliefs. Such beliefs about OAA therapy may lend insight into decisions about continued cancer treatment near the end of life. To explore relationships that adverse events and permanent OAA stoppages have on medication beliefs during the first 12 weeks following new OAA initiation. A secondary data analysis from a National Cancer Institute-funded randomized controlled trial testing an intervention to promote symptom management and OAA adherence. Patients ≥ 21 years of age initiating a new course of OAA medication were recruited from six United States Comprehensive Cancer Centers. This analysis was based on a subset of patients with advanced disease (N = 60). Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, and medical records of permanent OAA stoppages. Significant decline in beliefs regarding the necessity of OAA medications existed between patients experiencing three or more adverse events and those experiencing a permanent OAA stoppage. Beliefs about the necessity of OAA medication change when physicians stop OAA medication or the patient experiences three or more adverse events. Concern regarding OAA medication did not change in response to medication stoppage or adverse events for this sample. Perhaps, patients with advanced cancers may be more accepting of adverse events that occur along the treatment trajectory and are not concerned about OAA medication once it is stopped. Findings suggest the importance of physicians’ discussions of adverse events and decisions to permanently stop OAA medication as a means of transitioning to a new phase of cancer care that may include palliative or hospice considerations, given that beliefs about medication necessity are changing during these threats to cancer treatment.
A New Common Law of Web Scraping

The Clearview AI facial recognition scandal is a monumental breach of privacy that arrived at a particularly inopportune time. A shadowy company reportedly scraped billions of publicly-available images from social media platforms and compiled them into a facial recognition database that it made available to law enforcement and private industry. To make matters worse, the scandal came to light just months after the Ninth Circuit’s decision in hiQ v. LinkedIn, which held that scraping the public web probably does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Before hiQ, the CFAA would have seemed like the surest route to redress against Clearview. This Article analyzes the implications of the hiQ decision, situates the Clearview outrage in historical context, explains why existing legal remedies give aggrieved plaintiffs little to no recourse, and proposes a narrow tort to empower ordinary Internet users to take action against gross breaches of privacy by actors like Clearview: the tort of bad faith breach of terms of service. Part I argues that the Ninth Circuit’s hiQ decision marks, at least for the time being, the reascension of common law causes of action in a field that had been dominated by the CFAA. Part II shows that the tangle of possible common law theories that courts must now adapt to cyberspace resembles the strained property and contract concepts that jurists and privacy plaintiffs reckoned with at the turn of the 20th century. It suggests that modern courts, following the example some of their predecessors set over a century ago, may properly recognize some common law remedies for present-day misconduct. Part III catalogs familiar common law claims to argue that no established property, tort, or contract claim fully captures the relational harm that conduct like Clearview’s wreaks on individual Internet users. Part IV proposes a new tort, bad faith breach of terms of service, that can provide aggrieved plaintiffs with a proper remedy without sacrificing doctrinal fidelity or theoretical coherence.
Improving Immunization Through Informatics: Perspectives from the BID Initiative Partnership with Tanzania and Zambia

Poor immunization uptake in sub-Saharan and Asian countries have stalled global progress at achieving universal vaccination coverage. These regions have inadequate funding, infrastructure, and human resources. Consequently, they lack adequate immunization data to analyze the distribution of under- and unimmunized children, prioritize areas with poor access to, and utilization of immunization services.
The molecular pathology of inflammatory bowel disease-associated neoplasia and preneoplasia

Molecular alterations underlying inflammatory bowel disease-associated neoplasia and preneoplasia (IBDN) have been studied extensively over the past 10 years. Perhaps the most interesting facet of these studies has been the emergence of IBDN as a distinct form of colorectal neoplasia, with both similarities to and differences from sporadic colorectal neoplasia and preneoplasia (SCN). This finding of differences between IBDN and SCN should not surprise IBD clinicians, who are quite familiar with the known biologic differences between these two forms of neoplasia. For example, it is widely held that the interval between dysplasia and frank carcinoma is only a few years in IBDN, contrasted with 10-15 years or longer for SCN. Furthermore, frank carcinoma in IBDN often evolves from flat dysplastic lesions, whereas SCN is commonly believed to evolve from polypoid dysplasias (adenomas). Finally, IBDN develops in a setting of intense mucosal inflammation, often after 20 or more years of nondysplastic IBD; SCN typically develops on a substratum of non-inflamed colonic mucosa. Investigations of IBDN, however, have closely paralleled the investigative paradigm estabhshed in SCN by Bert Vogelstein and his coUeagues [1]. Early in the history of these analyses, proto-oncogenes of the ras family were studied [2-5]. Later, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was evaluated, and evaluations of tumor-suppressor genes (TSG) evolved directly from these LOH studies [1, 6-10]. Subsequently, the unique form of mutation known as microsatellite instability (MSI) was evaluated in IBDN, and the ramifications of this form of mutation were investigated [11-16]. This form of mutation comprises length mutations in oligonucleotide repeat sequences, typically in non-coding regions of genomic DNA. The ability of MSI to target specific coding regions was also evaluated in IBDN [17-19]. MSI is caused by inactivation or defective function of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes [20-24]. Finally, gene inactivation by promoter hypermethylation was studied in IBDN [25]. Hypermethylation appears to be of pivotal importance in IBDN, since it inactivates TSG such as the cyclindependent kinase inhibitor p i6 [26] along with MMR genes [25]. In the future comprehensive new molecularly based taxonomies may augment traditional approaches to classifying IBDN. In particular, gene expression 'signatures', or profiles of the expression levels of thousands of genes generated by cDNA microarrays, promise to shed light not only on new taxonomies, but also on novel molecular genetic pathways involved in IBDN [27-35]. Genes involved in these pathways offer the potential to serve as biomarkers of cancer risk and disease progression; moreover, they present promising targets of future molecular and pharmacologic cancer prevention and treatment strategies.
Novel cholesterol-dependent regulation of cardiac KATP subunit expression revealed using histone deacetylase inhibitors.

We recently discovered that the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), increases expression of the sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2; Abcc9) subunit of the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP ) channel in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, the increase in SUR2 was abolished with exogenous cholesterol, suggesting that cholesterol may regulate channel expression. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that TSA increases SUR2 by depleting cholesterol and activating the sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) family of transcription factors. Treatment of HL-1 cardiomyocytes with TSA (30 ng/ml) caused a time-dependent increase in SUR2 mRNA expression that correlates with the time course of cholesterol depletion assessed by filipin staining. Consistent with the cholesterol-dependent regulation of SREBP increasing SUR2 mRNA expression, we observe a significant increase in SREBP cleavage and translocation to the nucleus following TSA treatment that is inhibited by exogenous cholesterol. Further supporting the role of SREBP in mediating the effect of TSA on KATP subunit expression, SREBP1 significantly increased luciferase reporter gene expression driven by the upstream SUR2 promoter. Lastly, HL-1 cardiomyocytes treated with the SREBP inhibitor PF429242 significantly suppresses the effect of TSA on SUR2 gene expression. These results demonstrate that SREBP is an important regulator of KATP channel expression and suggest a novel method by which hypercholesterolemia may exert negative effects on the cardiovascular system, namely, by suppressing expression of the KATP channel.
Dual–Posteromedial Portal Technique for Complex Arthroscopy in the Posterior Knee

Abstract Arthroscopy in the posterior knee continues to improve as new techniques arise. Traditionally, posterior techniques included posteromedial and posterolateral portals. Although frequently used, these techniques do have some limitations. We propose the use of dual posteromedial portals for complex arthroscopy cases to improve access and instrumentation in the posterior knee. Applications include, but are not limited to, resection of tumors or masses in the posterior knee, meniscal posterior horn repair, ramp lesion repair, repair of posterior cruciate ligament avulsions, and use as accessory portals for arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We describe a technique for establishing dual posteromedial portals for complex arthroscopy in the posterior knee, specifically in relation to a case of a posterior knee mass biopsy and resection.
Toward the design of dynamically similar artificial insect wings

Flapping wing deformation influences the aerodynamics of insect flight. This deformation is dictated by the dynamical properties of the insect wing, particularly its vibration spectra and mode shap...
Horizontal Choice of Law in Federal Court

Federal courts routinely apply state law. In diversity cases, federal courts apply the state law that the forum state would apply—the so-called Klaxon rule. Outside of diversity, the vitality of Klaxon is far less clear. Federal courts have departed from Klaxon when applying state law in cases arising under bankruptcy, admiralty, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and more. Scholars have called for courts to abandon Klaxon in cases arising under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) or consolidated as multidistrict litigation (MDL). These departures from Klaxon might track offhand references to “diversity” in Klaxon and other Erie cases, but they are inconsistent with jurisdictional and institutional policies of Erie and its progeny. The policies of reducing jurisdictional manipulation and the resulting inequities are relevant no matter the basis of federal jurisdiction. And the policies of respecting state interests and constraining federal judicial lawmaking point to state choice-of-law rules whenever the court has decided to apply state law. Taken together, these policies call for the extension of Klaxon to any case in which state law applies in federal court—and perhaps to other cases where state law plays a role in federal law. Much like Erie itself, these policy concerns are particularly important given the sociolegal context. In Erie, it was the manipulation of diversity jurisdiction that allowed corporate defendants to obtain preferable treatment. Today, it is bankruptcy, CAFA, and MDL that might create those opportunities. Klaxon is the only response consistent with the policies of Erie, the Rules of Decision Act, and the federal jurisdictional statutes. Without it, the accident of federal jurisdiction will unjustifiably alter the state law to be applied.
Impairment of speech auditory feedback error detection and motor correction in post-stroke aphasia

Introduction The present study investigated how damage to left-hemisphere brain networks affects the ability for speech auditory feedback error detection and motor correction in post-stroke aphasia. Methods 34 individuals with left-hemisphere stroke and 25 neurologically intact age-matched control participants performed two randomized experimental tasks in which their online speech auditory feedback was altered using externally induced pitch-shift stimuli: 1) vocalization of a steady speech vowel sound /a/, and 2) listening to the playback of the same self-produced vowel vocalizations. Randomized control condition trials were interleaved in between vocalization and listening tasks where no pitch-shift stimuli were delivered. Following each trial, participants pressed a button to indicate whether they detected a pitch-shift error in their speech auditory feedback during vocalization and listening tasks. Results Our data analysis revealed that speech auditory feedback error detection accuracy rate was significantly lower in the stroke compared with control participants, irrespective of the experimental task (i.e. vocalization vs. listening) and trial condition (i.e. pitch-shifted vs. no-pitch-shift). We found that this effect was associated with the reduced magnitude of speech compensation in the early phase of responses at 150-200 ms following the onset of pitch-shift stimuli in stroke participants. In addition, motor speech compensation deficit in the stroke group was correlated with lower scores on speech repetition tasks as an index of language impairment resulting from aphasia. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that left-hemisphere stroke is associated with impaired speech auditory feedback error processing, and such deficits account for specific aspects of language impairment in aphasia.
The paradox of immunosuppressants and COVID-19.

For millions of people, taking immunosuppressive medication to control or prevent disease is a daily reality [1]. Rheumatologic disease, inflammatory lung disease, organ transplantation and graft- versus -host disease are but a few of the immune dysregulation syndromes that may require short- or long-term immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Patients taking ISTs are frequently regarded as immunocompromised, sharing risks of increased infection susceptibility with cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, those with profound neutropenia from hematologic malignancies, and individuals living with HIV. In the context of the immune-mediated respiratory failure associated with COVID-19, an apparent paradox arises: can ISTs both promote and protect against severe COVID-19?
Saturated-Unsaturated Modelling of Groundwater Quality in Unconfined Aquifer Systems

Abstract The transient concentration distribution of solutes within saturated-unsaturated, unconfined aquifer systems receiving infiltration is modeled with a Galerkin-type finite element method. The effects of advection, dispersion, and solute-porous media interactions which can be described by a distribution coefficient, are included. The model also includes a term for solutes which undergo first-order reactions, such as radioactive decay. The model solves for the pressure head distribution and seepage velocities in a cross-section of the flow system, and then solves for the concentration distribution of the solute. Examples that demonstrate the capability of the model are presented.
Another Wintertime Cloud Seeding Case Study with Strong Evidence of Seeding Effects

In the 1990s numerous winter orographic cloud seeding experiments were conducted over Utah’s Wasatch Plateau. Several previously published case studies successfully documented the physical response in clouds and precipitation to ground-based seeding with silver iodide and liquid propane. A previously unpublished case study that shows additional evidence of positive seeding effects is presented here. Careful documentation of seeding plume transport and dispersion coupled with aircraft and groundbased measurements within and outside the seeding plume are used to verify the steps in the conceptual model for orographic cloud seeding. It is shown that seeding produced significant increases in ice crystal concentrations (well above 10 times the natural background at aircraft level) and strong indications of increased precipitation at the surface (> 3 times the precipitation rate measured outside the seeding plume). Compared to other Utah results, the most unique aspect of this case study was the apparent detection of the seeding effect in the data from the project Ka-band radar. The radar seeding signature documented the areal extent and duration ofthe seeding effect in a way that was not previously possible using the more intermittent aircraft measurements and the lower spatial resolution precipitation data. The physical evidence of seeding effects documented in this and several other Utah/NOAA experiments supports the development of a larger scale randomized experiment to satisfy the call for proof of cloud seeding effectiveness in a recent National Academies of Science report.
Crohn's disease of the stomach and duodenum: Report of a case

Endoscopic diagnosis with biopsy confirmation is now feasible in Crohn's disease of the gastroduodenum. Steroid therapy should be the initial approach and surgical intervention reserved for refractory cases.
Identification in a Duopoly: A Real Options Approach

Two asymmetric potential entrants contemplate entering a new market. Firms differ in their potential profit flows and investment sunk costs. The market demand follows a geometric Brownian motion. This paper shows that under certain parameter conditions, there will be an equilibrium triggered by preemption, and both the lower-revenue firm and the higher-revenue firm could preempt. Moreover, the equilibrium entry sequence may no longer be only triggered by preemption. The paper identifies the joint distribution of the investment sunk costs, and finds the probability of the first entry being triggered by preemption. Given the observation of the first entrant, the identification of the joint distribution of the investment sunk costs allows for prediction of the probability of observing the second entrant.
Structure of the histone deacetylase SIRT2

Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase that mediates transcriptional silencing at mating-type loci, telomeres and ribosomal gene clusters, and has a critical role in the determination of life span in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. The 1.7 A crystal structure of the 323 amino acid catalytic core of human SIRT2, a homolog of yeast Sir2, reveals an NAD-binding domain, which is a variant of the Rossmann fold, and a smaller domain composed of a helical module and a zinc-binding module. A conserved large groove at the interface of the two domains is the likely site of catalysis based on mutagenesis. Intersecting this large groove, there is a pocket formed by the helical module. The pocket is lined with hydrophobic residues conserved within each of the five Sir2 classes, suggesting that it is a class-specific protein-binding site.
The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer

The global system of intellectual property rights (IPRs) is undergoing profound change as we approach the next century. Recently numerous developing countries significantly strengthened their IPR regimes. Regional trading arrangements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and a series of Partnership Agreements under negotiation between the European Union and various Eastern European and Middle Eastern nations, now pay significant attention to IPR issues. Most important of these agreements is the multilateral Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Under the terms of TRIPS, current and future members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) must adopt and enforce strong, non-discriminatory minimum standards of intellectual property protection. While considerable controversy persists over international means of protecting key information
Comparative tryptic peptide analysis of P85gag-mos of Mo-MuSV ts-110 and the P38-P23 mos-related products of wild-type virus.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparative tryptic peptide analysis of P85 gag-mos of Mo-MuSV ts-110 and discusses the P38-P23 mos -related products of wild-type virus. NRK cells infected with Mo-MuSV ts-110 appear morphologically transformed at 33°C but grow normally at 39°C. At 33°C, ts-110- infected cells contain two virus-related polypeptides, P58 gag and P85 gag-moss , as well as two viral RNA species about 3.5 kb (kilobase) and 4.0 kb in size. P58 gag is entirely gag -gene related, while P85 gag-mos appears to be a fusion product of both gag and mos gene polypeptide sequences. To characterize unequivocally the translation products of ts-110 viral RNA and to examine the nature of the ts defect, ts-110-infected cells were superinfected with Mo-MuLV and the RNA in the rescued virions was sized and translated in vitro . Wild-type Mo-MuSV-349 viral RNA was analyzed in the same way. mos gene products can be produced from Mo-MuSV ts-110 viral RNA either as an 85 kDa gag-mos fusion product, which is apparently the result of a continuous open-reading frame in the 3.5 kb RNA, or as shorter mos gene products of 33 kDa and 23 kDa.
An E log E line crossing algorithm for levelled graphs

Counting the number of crossings between straightline segments is an important problem in several areas of Computer Science. It is also a performance bottleneck for Sugiyama-style layout algorithms. This paper describes an algorithm for leveled graphs, based on the classification of edges that is O(e log e) where e is the number of edges. This improves on the best algorithm in the literature which is O(e1,695 log e). The improved crossing algorithm enabled an implementation of a Sugiyama-style algorithm to lay out graphs of tens of thousands of nodes in a few seconds on current hardware.
Fulminant Adenovirus Hepatitis Following Bone Marrow Transplantation

Abstract Adenovirus infections are frequently encountered in immunocompromised patients and transplant recipients. However, fulminant hepatic failure due to adenovirus infection as a fatal complication in bone marrow transplant recipients is extremely rare. We report a case of fulminant adenovirus hepatitis in a 21-year-old allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient who subsequently died of the disease. The diagnosis was established by histologic and immunohistochemical examination of a liver biopsy and was confirmed by liver tissue and blood cultures.
Projections of diagnosed HIV infection in children and adolescents in New York State.

Summary Gordon DE, Ghazaryan LR, Maslak J, Anderson BJ, Brousseau KS, Carrascal AF, Smith LC. Projections of diagnosed HIV infection in children and adolescents in New York State. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 131–139. Decreasing mother-to-child transmission is changing the population of children and adolescents with HIV. This project used recent epidemiological data to develop short-term projections of children and adolescents living with diagnosed HIV infection in New York State. A population simulation model was created to project prevalence of diagnosed HIV cases aged 0–19 years by age, sex, race/ethnicity and risk for years 2007–2014. Using 2006 data as the baseline population and 2001–2006 diagnosis and death data, annual diagnoses and deaths were calculated for each age/sex/race/risk category and known cases were ‘aged’ into the next year. The model produced annual estimates until 2014. The model predicts a decline in the number of persons aged 0–19 years living with diagnosed HIV in New York from 2810 in 2006 to 1431 in 2014, a net decrease of 49%. Living cases with paediatric risk continue to decrease. Cases aged 13–19 with non-paediatric risk increase slowly, leading to a shift in the risk composition of the population. The dominant effect seen in the model is the ageing out of perinatally infected children born before measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission were broadly implemented in the mid- to late 1990s. Changing trends in the young HIV-infected population should be considered in developing public health programmes for HIV prevention and care in New York State for the coming years.
Carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy in control subjects and women with gestational diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to characterize carbohydrate metabolism associated with the development of gestational diabetes. Six control (Ctl) and ten women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were evaluated using an intravenous glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with [6,6-2H2]glucose prior to conception (P) and at 12-14 (E), and 34-36 wk of gestation (L). There was an increase (P = 0.0001) in first-phase insulin response in Ctl (P 174 +/- 133, E 388 +/- 120, and L 587 +/- 303 microU/ml) and GDM (P 197 +/- 94, E 267 +/- 77, and L 376 +/- 162 microU/ml) but a significant (P = 0.02) lag in change in GDM with advancing gestation. Basal endogenous glucose production increased during gestation [Ctl: P 2.74 +/- 0.23, E 2.62 +/- 0.38, and L 3.14 +/- 0.36; GDM: P 2.68 +/- 0.51, E 2.78 +/- 0.45, and L 2.98 +/- 0.48 mg.kg fat-free mass (FFM)-1 x min-1; P = 0.02], but there was resistance to suppression by insulin infusion (P = 0.03) in late gestation (GDM: 0.61 +/- 0.44 vs. Ctl: 0.16 +/- 0.17 mg.kg FFM-1 x min-1). Insulin sensitivity decreased during gestation (Ctl: P 10.78 +/- 2.78, E 8.34 +/- 2.36, and L 4.75 +/- 1.22; GDM: P 7.49 +/- 2.13, E 7.40 +/- 1.45, and L 4.21 +/- 1.01 mg.kg FFM-1 x min-1; P = 0.0001) and was primarily decreased (P = 0.04) in GDM compared with Ctl from P through E. These findings closely resemble those of non-insulin-dependent, predominantly insulin-resistant diabetes, which is often a sequel of GDM.
Immunochemical studies of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase using site-specific, synthetic peptide directed antibodies.

Abstract Rabbit antisera were raised against a series of synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of the α subunit of lamb kidney (Na + + K + )-ATPase which chemical labeling studies and hydropathy plots of the amino-acid sequence suggest are exposed, accessible regions of the enzyme and may comprise the cation selectivity region, the ATP and cardiac glycoside binding sites, and the phosphorylation site. Five of six peptides tested (11–15 residues in length) were immunogenic and the antisera to four peptides recognized the intact, electroblotted (Western blot analysis) α subunit. Immunization with peptides conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) produced antipeptide antibodies for seven of nine conjugates. Antisera to four peptide conjugates recognized the native enzyme, confirming predictions that these sequence regions are exposed regions of the holoenzyme. In addition, a collection of four polyclonal antisera and five monoclonal antibodies raised to native holoenzyme were tested for their ability to bind to the peptide conjugates. In this way, two NH 2 -terminal sequence regions (1–12 and 16–30) and the putative ATP-binding site region (496–506) were identified as epitopes of the native enzyme. These results confirm some aspects of the transmembrane folding models proposed by Shull et al. [1] and Kawakami et al. [2] for the membrane-bound (Na + + K + )-ATPase.
Extinction in multiple contexts does not necessarily make extinction less vulnerable to relapse

Three fear-conditioning experiments with rat subjects examined the effects of extinction in multiple contexts on a final relapse (renewal) effect that occurred when the extinguished fear cue was tested in a new context (Experiments 1 and 3) or in the context in which fear conditioning had first occurred (Experiment 2). Rats that received extinction in three contexts demonstrated more fear during extinction than rats that received the same number and temporal distribution of extinction trials in one context; extinction was partially lost with each context switch. Although extinction in multiple contexts thus had an impact on extinction behavior, it did not reduce the size of the final renewal effect. Fear during extinction was occasionally positively correlated with fear during final testing, but the two were never negatively correlated. The results suggest that extinction in multiple contexts does not necessarily weaken fear renewal, and that extinction procedures that generate high levels of responding in extinction do not necessarily make extinction learning less context-specific.
Selective constraint and genetic differentiation in geographically distant barley yellow dwarf virus populations

Numerous studies have documented molecular variability in plant virus populations, but few have assessed the relative contribution of natural selection and genetic drift in generating the observed pattern of diversity. To this end, gene function, environment and phylogenetic history were examined to observe the effect on genetic diversity and population structure of the PAV and PAS species of Barley yellow dwarf virus (family Luteoviridae). Three functional classes of gene were analysed: transcription-related (RdRp), structural (CP) and movement-related (MP). The results indicate that there were no inherent differences, in terms of total diversity or diversity at synonymous or non-synonymous nucleotide sites, between functional classes of genes or populations. Rather, selective constraints on a gene may be more or less relaxed depending on its function and the phylogenetic history of the population sampled. The CP of the PAS species, but not the PAV species, was differentiated genetically between regions. This is probably due to genetic drift, as there was no evidence that any gene deviated from a neutral model of evolution or is under positive selection. In general, the MP was under considerably less functional constraint than structural or replication-related proteins and four positively selected codon sites were identified. Mutations at these sites differentiate species and geographical subpopulations, so presumably they have aided the virus in adaptation to its host environment and contributed to intra- and interspecies diversification.
Dispersion-related amplification in a nonlinear fiber pumped by counterpropagating waves.

We investigate the dispersion-related amplification induced by two counterpropagating waves in a nonlinear fiber and demonstrate that this system can provide broadband (of the order of terahertz) and large (>105) amplification even in the presence of absorption, with the pumping significantly below the threshold of instability.
Eptifibatide and abciximab inhibit insulin-induced focal adhesion formation and proliferative responses in human aortic smooth muscle cells

Background The use of abciximab (c7E3 Fab) or eptifibatide improves clinical outcomes in diabetics undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. These β3 integrin inhibitors antagonize fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 integrins on platelets and ligand binding to αvβ3 integrins on vascular cells. αvβ3 integrins influence responses to insulin in various cell types but effects in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) are unknown.
Saccadic eye movements in psychotic patients

Schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients executed saccades to target displacements of 2 to 24 degrees. The latencies, velocities, and accuracy of their saccadic eye movements were normal, although patients' saccadic latencies increased more than controls' for stimulus displacements greater than 10 degrees. In contrast to their normal saccadic latencies, patients had significantly slower than normal mean finger-press latencies. The results have implications for the significance of motoric and attentional deficits in the major psychoses.
CMOS compatible modulation of 1.5-micron light using silicon nanocrystals

Optical modulators are a key element of optical data communication systems. All modulators demonstrated to date rely on the free-carrier plasma dispersion effect. This method absorbs light, which changes the material's index of refraction. This absorption requires carrier transport and, in present implementations, suffers from slow minority carrier diffusion. Reducing the active thickness over which the carriers must diffuse in an attempt to improve speed reduces the strength of the effect, trading efficiency for speed. Here we investigate an entirely new type of silicon electro-optic modulator that does not have any of these trade-offs. It utilizes the Kerr induced refractive index change in silicon nanocrystals, which has been reported to be large (5E-17cm2/W) [1]. The proposed microdisk resonator modulator is shown in Figure 1. An oxide layer (grey) separates the active device layers from the silicon Si substrate (green). Light enters the waveguide on the right and is alternately exchanged between the microdisk resonator and the output of the waveguide. Figure 1 shows an estimate of the expected refractive index change versus applied voltage. An index change of ∼2 × 10−4 is enough to modulate the light, corresponding to a voltage of only 0.5–1.5 V. Confinement of light in the waveguide and microdisk is accomplished via a slot waveguide design. Speeds of more than 100Gbit/s are possible with this design.
Painleve analysis of the perturbed sine-Gordon equation

Abstract It is shown that the perturbed sine-Gordon equation does not pass the Painleve test for integrability except in a trivial case. Thus, the observed stability of “solitons” under collision cannot be explained by the usual mechanism of conservation laws.
Factors impacting exo-atmospheric interceptor performance from pre-launch to midcourse handover

In the Strategic Defense Initiative Program, operations research studies were performed to recommend measures for minimizing ICBM attack effectiveness. These studies have evolved the concept of a multi-tiered defense architecture. This paper summarizes methodologies and the early results of research on an exo-atmospheric interceptor considered as the primary weapon for the space based systems and utilized in several tiers of the architecture. In particular, the 6-DOF simulation SKEW was developed and used to determine the effects of error sources on a generic space-launched interceptor in hypothesized, though typical, interceptorltarget scenarios. Interceptor performance is displayed as a function of several modeled major error sources including: IMU malalignment and initialization, interceptor and target position, velocity and acceleration uncertainty, and radar state vector update uncertainty.
Central and Eastern U.S. Surface Pressure Variations Derived from the USArray Network

AbstractLarge-magnitude pressure signatures associated with a wide range of atmospheric phenomena (e.g., mesoscale gravity waves, convective complexes, tropical disturbances, and synoptic storm systems) are examined using a unique set of surface pressure sensors deployed as part of the National Science Foundation EarthScope USArray Transportable Array. As part of the USArray project, approximately 400 seismic stations were deployed in a pseudogrid fashion across a portion of the United States for 1–2 yr, then retrieved and redeployed farther east. Surface pressure observations at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz were examined during the period 1 January 2010–28 February 2014 when the seismic array was transitioning from the central to eastern continental United States. Surface pressure time series at over 900 locations were bandpass filtered to examine pressure perturbations on three temporal scales: meso- (10 min–4 h), subsynoptic (4–30 h), and synoptic (30 h–5 days) scales.Case studies of strong pressure pe...
Ectopic impulse generation in focally demyelinated trigeminal nerve

Abstract In five cats, microgranulomas containing areas of focal demyelination were produced in the trigeminal nerve near the dorsal root entry zone. Two types of ectopic spike initiation were evoked: extra action potentials from orthodromic stimuli and prolonged high-frequency after discharges following short priming trains of antidromic or orthodromic stimuli.
An Electronic Isopotential Mapper

An electronic real-time isopotential mapper is described in block diagram form. Some preliminary results are also shown.
An improved wavefront control algorithm for large space telescopes

Wavefront sensing and control is required throughout the mission lifecycle of large space telescopes such as James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). When an optic of such a telescope is controlled with both surface-deforming and rigid-body actuators, the sensitivity-matrix obtained from the exit pupil wavefront vector divided by the corresponding actuator command value can sometimes become singular due to difference in actuator types and in actuator command values. In this paper, we propose a simple approach for preventing a sensitivity-matrix from singularity. We also introduce a new "minimum-wavefront and optimal control compensator". It uses an optimal control gain matrix obtained by feeding back the actuator commands along with the measured or estimated wavefront phase information to the estimator, thus eliminating the actuator modes that are not observable in the wavefront sensing process.
Identifying high school students' health behaviors: development of a survey.

A health survey developed to profile high school students for the purpose of assisting in program planning emphasized everyday health behaviors instead of focusing on high-risk behaviors (e.g., drinking, drugs, safety, or sexuality). The questionnaire was a voluntary 20-item survey that could be completed during a 15-minute homeroom period. A total of 1,401 students completed the questionnaire. Findings were shared with students, teachers, staff, and parents. Teachers and staff members were given a prepared response sheet that addressed each of the concerns identified. They were encouraged to have discussions about these behaviors with students during the homeroom period, as time and interest allowed. Response to the survey has been very positive, and a number of changes have been incorporated into the school health program as a result of the findings. One of these changes is a teen clinic that opened in April 1999. The findings also proved very useful in facilitating awareness of student behaviors and assisted in identifying ways the school nurse could assist students in improving their health and well-being.
Accurate design of a cam profile on the CAD System

Abstract This paper discusses graphical design of a cam profile on a computer-aided drafting (CAD) system. A mathematical analysis is conducted for determining the tangent points of roller circles and the cam profile. The graphical results are proven accurate by comparison with the analytical results. Some analytical formulas in literature on cam design are also discussed and it is suggested that graphical methods be used along with analytical methods in mechanical design.