cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional characterization of partially purified Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase expressed in the baculovirus system

The DNA polymerase gene of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was cloned into baculovirus transfer vector (pBlueBac). The recombinant baculovirus (AcEBP-15) was obtained by cotransfection ofSpodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with infectious DNA fromAutographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrin virus (AcMNPV) and pBlueBac plasmid carrying EBV polymerase gene. Infection of Sf9 cells with the recombinant virus produced substantial quantities of the EBV DNA polymerase protein of the expected size (110 kD). The identity of the EBV polymerase 110-kD polypeptide was determined by (a) immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses with rabbit polyclonal antiserum specific for a synthetic peptide derived from the coding sequence of the polymerase gene; (b) identification of a polypeptide of identical size (110 kD) from EBV-infected cells; (c) measurement of DNA polymerase activity similar to that of the enzyme induced in EBV-infected cells; and (d) neutralization of the enzymatic activity by the rabbit antiserum and inhibition by phosphonoacetic acid. Our results indicate that the baculovirus expression system provides large quantities of functional polymerase suitable for biochemical and structural analyses, thereby furthering our understanding of the mechanism of viral DNA replication and its inhibition by antiviral drugs.
A Random Walk or Color Chaos on the Stock Market? Time-Frequency Analysis of S&P Indexes

The random-walk (white-noise) model and the harmonic model are two polar models in linear systems. A model in between is color chaos, which generates irregular oscillations with a narrow frequency (color) band. Time-frequency analysis is introduced for evolutionary time-series analysis. The deterministic component from noisy data can be recovered by a time-variant filter in Gabor space. The characteristic frequency is calculated from the Wigner decomposed distribution series. It is found that about 70 percent of fluctuations in Standard & Poor stock price indexes, such as the FSPCOM and FSDXP monthly series, detrended by the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter, can be explained by deterministic color chaos. The characteristic period of persistent cycles is around three to four years. Their correlation dimension is about 2.5. The existence of persistent chaotic cycles reveals a new perspective of market resilience and new sources of economic uncertainties. The nonlinear pattern in the stock market may not be wiped out by market competition under nonequilibrium situations with trend evolution and frequency shifts. The color-chaos model of stock-market movements may establish a potential link between business-cycle theory and asset-pricing theory.
Modifying a known gelator scaffold for nitrite detection

The process of selecting and modifying a known gelator scaffold to develop a new nitrite-based sensor is described. Five new azo-sulfonate gelators were discovered and characterized. The most promising scaffold exhibits a stable diazonium intermediate, proceeds in a high yield, and gels nitrite-spiked tap, river, and pond water.
Providing for those who have too little.

A physician recalls her transformation by 2 years spent with the Public Health Service — in an Arkansas town where the janitor ran the EKG machine, epidemics were initiated by drug detailers, violence was endemic, and many people still lived without running water.
Heisenberg magnet with modulated exchange

A modification of the ground state of the classical-spin Heisenberg Hamiltonian in the presence of a weak superstructural distortion of an otherwise Bravais lattice is examined. It is shown that a slight modulation of the crystal lattice with wave vector ${\mathbf{Q}}_{c}$ results in a corresponding modulation of the exchange interaction which, in the leading order, is parametrized by no more than two constants per bond, and perturbs the spin Hamiltonian by adding the ``umklapp'' terms $\ensuremath{\sim}{S}_{\mathbf{q}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{S}_{\mathbf{q}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\mathbf{Q}}_{c}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}.$ As a result, for a general spin-spiral ground state of the nonperturbed exchange Hamiltonian, an incommensurate shift of the propagation vector Q and additional new magnetic Bragg peaks, at $\mathbf{Q}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}n{\mathbf{Q}}_{c},$ $n=1,2,\dots{},$ appear, and its energy is lowered as it adapts to the exchange modulation. Consequently, the lattice distortion may open a region of stability of the incommensurate spiral phase which otherwise does not win the competition with the collinear N\'eel state. Such is the case for the frustrated square-lattice antiferromagnet. In addition, the umklapp terms provide a commensuration mechanism, which may lock the spin structure to the lattice modulation vector ${\mathbf{Q}}_{c},$ if there is sufficient easy-axis anisotropy, or a magnetic field in an easy plane.
The walls have ears: optimize sharing for visibility and privacy in online social networks

With a rapid expansion of online social networks (OSNs), millions of users are tweeting and sharing their personal status daily without being aware of where that information eventually travels to. Likewise, with a huge magnitude of data available on OSNs, it poses a substantial challenge to track how a piece of information leaks to specific targets. In this paper, we study the problem of smartly sharing information to control the propagation of sensitive information in OSNs. In particular, we formulate and investigate the Maximum Circle of Trust problem of which we seek to construct a circle of trust on the fly so that OSN users can safely share their information knowing that it will not be propagated to their unwanted targets (whom they are not willing to share with). Since most of messages in OSNs are propagated within 2 to 5 hops, we first investigate this problem under 2-hop information propagation by showing the hardness of obtaining an optimal solution, along with an algorithm with proven performance guarantee. In a general case where information can be propagated more than two hops, the problem is #P-hard i.e. the problem cannot be solved in a polynomial time. Thus we propose a novel greedy algorithm, hybridizing the handy but costly sampling method with a novel cut-based estimation. The quality of the hybrid algorithm is comparable to that of the sampling method while taking only a tiny fraction of the time. We have validated the effectiveness of our solutions in many real-world traces. Such an extensive experiment also highlights several important observations on information leakage which help to sharpen the security of OSNs in the future.
Self-administration of cocaine analogs by rats

Rationale: A novel scheme for the synthesis of cocaine analogs from vinylcarbenoid precursors has made available compounds that have a diverse range of affinities for the DA and 5-HT transporters. These compounds were used to explore the relationship between their biochemical properties and their reinforcing effects. Objectives: The objective was to assess the reinforcing efficacy of selected cocaine analogs and compare the results with their selectivity in binding to DA and 5-HT transporters. Methods: Rats were prepared with chronically indwelling intravenous cannulae and trained to self-administer cocaine on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. A range of doses of seven cocaine analogs were substituted for cocaine in separate groups of animals. Results: The results demonstrate a wide range of reinforcing efficacies and potencies among the seven selected drugs. Four tropane analogs (WF-11, WF-23, WF-24, WF-55) were found to support self-administration behavior on a PR schedule while three did not (WF-31, WF-54 and WF-60). The DA/5-HT selectivity ratio was found to be a better predictor of self-administration behavior than affinity at the DA transporter alone. Conclusion: These data suggest that drugs with a higher affinity for the DA versus the 5-HT transporter are more likely to be self-administered.
The generation of three-dimensional contour maps by wavefront reconstruction

Abstract This letter contains experimental verification of two methods for obtaining three-dimensional images having constant altitude contours on their surfaces. Such images are obtained by wavefront reconstruction with the modification that the illumination consists of two sources in one case, and a single two frequency source in the other.
Algorithms to play Mastermind

Several algorithms to play mastermind have been published. However, the overall complexity of the algorithm has not been discussed. In this paper, we present three algorithms and an analysis of their complexity.
Social media in support of outage management practices

Social media is revolutionizing the way the world communicates. Utilities are now realizing the benefits of a powerful social media presence, especially in light of the large outages experienced during recent weather events such as Hurricane Sandy. Ongoing research at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) involves integrating customer-generated data from social media into existing restoration efforts and systems, and identifying and monetizing the benefits of utility efforts in social media. Initial findings, from a series of three regional workshops are included in this paper.
Temporal Patterning in the Family

The authors propose that time be considered as a variable in family process. Previous theory and research on human temporal patterning and experience are reviewed, and empirical generalizations from an initial pilot study concerned with marital and family members' orientation to "morningness" and "nightness" are presented. Further implications from this work-in-progress are delineated.
Cytosolic calcium transients from the beating mammalian heart.

Abstract To elucidate the role of cytosolic calcium, [Ca2+]i, in the physiology of the normal and ischemic heart, we have developed a method for recording [Ca2+]i transients from the epicardial surface of the rabbit ventricle after arterial perfusion with the cell-permeant cytosolic calcium indicator indo-1 AM. Hearts were illuminated at 360 nm, and fluorescence was recorded simultaneously at 400 and 550 nm. The F400/F550 fluorescence ratio was calculated by an analog circuit that allowed cancelation of small movement artifacts that were present at single wavelengths. Clear [Ca2+]i transients were present in the F400/F550 signal and were remarkable for their slow decay. Slow decay of the transients was not due to buffering of [Ca2+]i by indo-1, since there was no associated impairment of contraction or relaxation. The peak amplitude of the [Ca2+]i transients was increased by ouabain, adrenaline, postextrasystolic potentiation, and acetylcholine. The extent to which the transients decayed diminished with shortening of the interbeat interval, but decay of the transients could be further diminished by acetylcholine or caffeine. A major advantage of the intact heart over isolated myocytes is the ability to measure changes in [Ca2+]i during ischemia. Ischemia produced a marked increase in both peak systolic and end-diastolic [Ca2+]i, which was most rapid during the first 30 sec, and approached a plateau value after 90 sec. This increase in [Ca2+]i was associated with a characteristic broadening of the peak of the transient. The increase in [Ca2+]i during ischemia is consistent with a proposed causative role of [Ca2+]i in mediating early electrophysiological abnormalities.
SERIAL SERUM COPPER AND CERULOPLASMIN CONCENTRATIONS IN COPPER AND NON-COPPER SUPPLEMENTED PARENTERALLY ALIMENTED INFANTS

Serial serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations were monitored in 2 groups of parenterally alimented premature infants. Group I (n=10, mean BW=1317gms., mean GA=30.9 weeks) did not receive copper supplementation. Group II (n=8, mean BW=1415gms., mean GA=30.5 weeks) received 100μg/kg/day of supplemental Cu as Cu chloride. Group III (n=48, mean BW=1217gms., mean GA=30 weeks) were growing premature infants receiving ≥150ml/kg of standard premature infant formula by 2 weeks of age. Serum Cu and cerulo concentrations: 1. were significantly lower in Gp. III as compared to Gps. I & II during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th weeks of study; 2. were not significantly different between Gps. I & II throughout the 5 week study period. Concl: Serum Cu and cerulo concentrations do not reflect intake and cannot be used to assess sufficiency in the parenterally alimented infant.
Emulating Reconfigurable Arrays for Image Processing Using the MasPar Architecture

This paper examines a fault tolerant scheme for two-dimensional arrays of processors which functionally reconfigures the array without the use of spares. Reconfiguration approaches for different interconnection networks are analyzed. Also, three approaches are proposed for mapping image data to and from the array, depending on the type of array and computational power available in each processing element. The proposed reconfiguration approaches have been emulated on a 32x64 processor MasPar array computer.
Secondary control critiqued: is it secondary? is it control? Comment on Morling and Evered (2006).

In an insightful review on secondary control, B. Morling and S. Evered (2006) argued that the seminal article spawning the construct (F. Rothbaum, J. R. Weisz, & S. S. Snyder, 1982) contained the roots of two distinct conceptualizations focusing on "fit" and "control" and that distinguishing between them clarifies inconsistent research findings. They concluded that the best definition of secondary control focuses on fit. The author of the current commentary agrees with Morling and Evered's premises but draws the opposite conclusion. Herein, it is argued that (a) current control-focused definitions have more valid claims to the term secondary control, and (b) current incarnations that focus on "fit" are important, but they are not secondary and they are not control. Hence, fit-focused constructs should be liberated from the domain of control and studied in their own right, under their own more appropriate label, such as accommodative processes. Moreover, theoretical clarity and depth regarding the functions of fit-focused processes can be gained by examining these processes in relation to other underlying motives, such as belongingness or autonomy, to which they are more closely allied.
New Measurements of the Ranges of Alpha-Particles from Polonium, Uranium I and Uranium II with the Wilson Chamber

The Wilson cloud chamber method of range measurement described by the author in another paper has been applied to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle ranges of polonium, uranium I, and uranium II. The polonium measurements were undertaken as a check on the method, but are in sufficiently good accord with previous results to stand alone. The range of polonium $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 760 mm is 3.690\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 cm. The range of uranium I $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles is 2.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 cm and that of uranium II $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles is 3.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 cm. The polonium range is derived from 335 tracks while the uranium ranges are due to a total of 594 tracks. A method of separating the number-distance curves of the two uraniums is described which eliminates the uncertainty of finding the shorter range. The uranium data are in excellent agreement with the results of Laurence. This agreement is thought to be entirely fortuitous in so far as uranium I is concerned. The precision of Laurence's work is criticised.
Lewis Dichotomies in Many-Valued Logics

In 1979, H. Lewis shows that the computational complexity of the Boolean satisfiability problem dichotomizes, depending on the Boolean operations available to formulate instances: intractable (NP-complete) if negation of implication is definable, and tractable (in P) otherwise [21]. Recently, an investigation in the same spirit has been extended to nonclassical propositional logics, modal logics in particular [2, 3]. In this note, we pursue this line in the realm of many-valued propositional logics, and obtain complexity classifications for the parameterized satisfiability problem of two pertinent samples, Kleene and Godel logics.
High-precision calculations of vortex sheet motion

Abstract The motion of a vortex sheet undergoing Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is known to be ill-posed, causing deterioration in numerical calculations from the rapid growth of round-off errors. In particular, it is the smallest scales (introduced by round-off) that grow the fastest. Krasny ([12]) introduced a spectral filter to suppress the growth of round-off errors of the smallest scales. He was then able to detect evidence supporting asymptotic studies that indicate the formation of a curvature singularity in finite time. We use high precision interval arithmetic, coded in C++, to re-examine the evolution of a vortex sheet from initial conditions used previously by several researchers. Most importantly, our results are free from the influence of round-off errors. We show excellent agreement between results obtained through high precision interval arithmetic and through the use of Krasny's spectral filter. In particular, our results support the formation of a curvature singularity in finite time, After the time of singularity formation, the markers move in peculiar patterns. We rule out any possibility of this motion resulting from round-off errors, but it does depend on the level of resolution. We find no consistent behavior in the motion of the markers as we improve the resolution of the vortex sheet. Also, we find some disagreement between the results obtained through high precision interval arithmetic and through the use of the spectral filter.
Unified synthetic discriminant function computational formulation.

A most attractive approach to distortion-invariant pattern recognition uses a synthetic discriminant function (SDF) as the matched spatial filter in a correlator. In this paper, we (1) provide a general basis function and hyperspace description of SDFs, (2) advance a derivation showing the generality of the correlation matrix observation space that we use in our filter synthesis, and (3) detail a unified SDF filter synthesis technique for five different types of pattern recognition problem.
A better understanding of model updating strategies in validating engineering models

Our objective in this work is to provide a better understanding of the various model updating strategies that utilize mathematical means to update a computer model based on both physical and computer observations. We examine different model updating formulations, e.g. calibration and bias-correction, as well as different solution methods. Traditional approaches to calibration treat certain computer model parameters as fixed over the physical experiment, but unknown, and the objective is to infer values for the so-called calibration parameters that provide a better match between the physical and computer data. In many practical applications, however, certain computer model parameters vary from trial to trial over the physical experiment, in which case there is no single calibrated value for a parameter. We pay particular attention to this situation and develop a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach for estimating the distributional properties of the randomly varying parameters which, in a sense, calibrates them to provide the best agreement between physical and computer observations. Furthermore, we employ the newly developed u-pooling method (by Ferson et al.) as a validation metric to assess the accuracy of an updated model over a region of interest. Using the benchmark thermal challenge problem as an example, we study several possible model updating formulations using the proposed methodology. The effectiveness of the various formulations is examined. The benefits and limitations of using the MLE method versus a Bayesian approach are presented. Our study also provides insights into the potential benefits and limitations of using model updating for improving the predictive capability of a model.
A PROBABILISTIC SUBSPACE MODEL FOR MULTI-INSTRUMENT POLYPHONIC TRANSCRIPTION

In this paper we present a general probabilistic model suitable for transcribing single-channel audio recordings containing multiple polyphonic sources. Our system requires no prior knowledge of the instruments in the mixture, although it can benefit from this information if available. In contrast to many existing polyphonic transcription systems, our approach explicitly models the individual instruments and is thereby able to assign detected notes to their respective sources. We use a set of training instruments to learn a model space which is then used during transcription to constrain the properties of models fit to the target mixture. In addition, we encourage model sparsity using a simple approach related to tempering. We evaluate our method on both recorded and synthesized two-instrument mixtures, obtaining average framelevel F-measures of up to 0.60 for synthesized audio and 0.53 for recorded audio. If knowledge of the instrument types in the mixture is available, we can increase these measures to 0.68 and 0.58, respectively, by initializing the model with parameters from similar instruments.
On the electrical conductivity and the nucleus content of air inside buildings

Comments are presented on a paper ofG. F. Schilling andJ. Carson on the continuous recording of the conductivity of air in closed rooms by means of the vibrating reed electrometer and a Brown recorder. Similar observations have been made in 1953 by the author at Mt. St. Vincent near New York. The sudden increases (up to four times the normal value) of the conductivity were also noticed, occasionally, and it is shown that they cannot be explained by assuming a sudden appearance of nuclei; this would have to be of the order of 700 000 nuclei per cm3 which is about 10 times the number observed in cities. It is believed that malfunctioning of the vibrating reed electrometer is the reason for these “spikes” in the record.
Laparoscopic distal ureterectomy for low grade transitional cell carcinoma.

The treatment of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma continues to be defined. Distal ureterectomy is now an accepted treatment for low grade transitional cell carcinomas of the lower ureter. 1 Although laparoscopy is being used for a wide range of urological oncology procedures, we are unaware of its use for distal ureterectomy. We report a case of low grade noninvasive distal ureteral transitional cell carcinoma removed by laparoscopic distal ureterectomy. CASE REPORT A 59-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. Physical examination was unremarkable except for morbid obesity (body mass index 65.5 kg./m. 2 ). Routine serum, cytological and urine studies were unremarkable. Excretory urography and computerized tomography revealed right hydroureteronephrosis, mild blunting of the right lateral bladder wall and no metastasis. Cystoscopy and ureterorenoscopy showed a solitary 3 cm., partially obstructing, papillary distal ureteral tumor emanating from the orifice (see figure). Biopsies demonstrated low grade noninvasive urothelial carcinoma. Bilateral ureteral stents were placed for a possible future laparoscopic distal ureterectomy, which the patient subsequently elected to undergo. The patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and 4 trocars were placed in a diamond configuration in the right lower quadrant (3 working/camera 5 mm. ports and 1, 12 mm. camera/suture port). After the ureter was identified crossing the iliac artery, the ureter and a wide margin of periureteral tissue were dissected with a harmonic scalpel down to the bladder. The bladder was entered, and the previously placed ureteral stents ensured complete removal of the distal ureter and safety of the contralateral orifice. A wide cuff of bladder was resected with the distal ureter, and the proximal ureter was transected 1 cm. above the mass, while the stent was left in situ. The specimen was placed in an entrapment bag and removed. The bladder was sutured closed, and the ureter was anastomosed to the dome of the bladder over the Double-J stent (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) using interrupted 4-zero polyglactin sutures. Operative time was 220 minutes and hospital stay was 2 days. Pathological examination revealed a grade 1, stage TaNxM0 transitional cell carcinoma with negative margins. Surveillance excretory urography and endoscopy have shown prompt nephrograms, resolution of right hydronephrosis and an unremarkable distal right ureter.
The impact of Web-delivered education on preceptor role self-efficacy and knowledge in public health nurses.

Objective: Preceptors are an essential component in preparing student nurses to become practicing public health nurses. Preparation for the preceptor role is important for achieving a quality learning experience for students. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between completion of a Web-delivered preceptor education program and both knowledge of the preceptor role and self-efficacy to perform in the preceptor role. Design and Sample: This study used a pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design. The participants were experienced public health nurses (n=31) working in one state in the United States. Measures: Pretest and posttest Web-delivered survey using the preceptor self-efficacy questionnaire and an instrument assessing knowledge gain. Intervention: A Web-delivered preceptor education program tailored for public health nurses. Results: The program was associated with improved self-efficacy scores at both the immediate and the 3-month posttest, and with increased knowledge of the preceptor role evident at the immediate posttest only. Self-efficacy scores were independent of knowledge scores. Preceptor age was not correlated with self-efficacy or knowledge scores. Nurses with higher levels of education demonstrated higher self-efficacy scores in all 3 measurements. Conclusions: Web-delivered continuing education targeted to public health nurse preceptors is an effective method to increase confidence and knowledge for the preceptor role.
The Second Lunar Anomaly in Ancient Indian Astronomy

All early Indian lunar models, from about A.D. 450 – 650, used only one anomaly – the variation in speed of the Moon as it circles the zodiac. Unlike the Hipparchan model, which treated the same anomaly in terms of a single epicycle or its equivalent eccentric deferent, the Indian lunar (and solar) models without exception used the concentric equant, in which the Earth is at the center of a deferent with radius R = 1 and the center of uniform motion is some distance r from that center (see Figure 1). In such a model the equation of center q is given by
Impact of different flip-chip bump materials on bump temperature rise and package reliability

Recent trends in the semiconductor industry are driving a continuous increase in power dissipation, but require a lighter, more compact and thinner packaging technology. One of the concern areas is the increasing temperature of the C4 die bump. As the power continues to increase, the electrical current through the C4 die bump increases accordingly, resulting in increased bump temperature due to Joule self-heating and trace heating. The bump current density and temperature is now approaching levels where electromigration is a significant reliability concern. In order to fully understand and avoid this failure phenomenon, we need to know the C4 die bump temperature. However, the material property of the bump is also a major factor contributed to the bump temperature which must be evaluated. This paper discusses the methodology of measuring the C4 die bump temperature as well as results of our measurements. The experimental study includes variation of the bump current, the die power dissipation, different enabling thermal solutions and different bump materials. The experimental results show the effect of the Joule self-heating of the bump and the impact of the bump materials.
Key issues in space nuclear power challenges for the future

The future appears rich in missions that will extend the frontiers of knowledge, human presence in space, and opportunities for profitable commerce. Key to success of these ventures is the availability of plentiful, cost effective electric power and assured, low cost access to space. While forecasts of space power needs are problematic, an assessment of future needs based on terrestrial experience has been made. These needs fall into three broad categories: survival, self sufficiency and industrialization. The cost of delivering payloads to orbital locations from LEO to Mars has been determined and future launch cost reductions projected. From these factors, then, projections of the performance necessary for future solar and nuclear space power options has been made. These goals are largely dependent upon orbital location and energy storage needs. Finally the cost of present space power systems has been determined and projections made for future systems.
A comparison of the Berenger perfectly matched layer and the Lindman higher-order ABC's for the FDTD method

Higher-order absorbing boundary conditions are compared to the recently introduced Berenger perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABC). Reflections caused by the ABC's are examined in both the time and frequency domains for the case of a line source radiating in a finite computational domain. It is shown that the PML ABC significantly reduces reflections from the truncation of the computational grid when compared to 7th order Lindman ABC's. Also, except for at low frequencies, higher-order absorbing boundary conditions are no better than 2nd order Mur absorbing boundaries. >
Speed investigations toward an industrial application of optical trap assisted nanopatterning

Optical trap assisted nanopatterning is a viable method of producing parallel nanoscale features over rough surfaces and large areas. The maximum writing speed on various surfaces is elucidated to evaluate the performance of the method.
A comparison of surface water natural organic matter in raw filtered water samples, XAD, and reverse osmosis isolates

This research compared raw filtered waters (RFWs), XAD resin isolates (XAD-8 and XAD-4), and reverse osmosis (RO) isolates of several surface water samples from McDonalds Branch, a small freshwater fen in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (USA). RO and XAD-8 are two of the most common techniques used to isolate natural organic matter (NOM) for studies of composition and reactivity; therefore, it is important to understand how the isolates differ from bulk (unisolated) samples and from one another. Although, any comparison between the isolation methods needs to consider that XAD-8 is specifically designed to isolate the humic fraction, whereas RO concentrates a broad range of organic matter and is not specific to humics. The comparison included for all samples: weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn), polydispersity (rho), absorbance at 280 nm normalized to moles C (epsilon280) (RFW and isolates); and for isolates only: elemental analysis, % carbon distribution by 13C NMR, and aqueous FTIR spectra. As expected, RO isolation gave higher yield of NOM than XAD-8, but also higher ash content, especially Si and S. Mw decreased in the order: RO > XAD-8 > RFW > XAD-4. The Mw differences of isolates compared with RFW may be due to selective isolation (fractionation), or possibly in the case of RO to condensation or coagulation during isolation. 13C NMR results were roughly similar for the two methods, but the XAD-8 isolate was slightly higher in 'aromatic' C and the RO isolate was slightly higher in heteroaliphatic and carbonyl C. Infrared spectra indicated a higher carboxyl content for the XAD-8 isolates and a higher ester:carboxyl ratio for the RO isolates. The spectroscopic data thus are consistent with selective isolation of more hydrophobic compounds by XAD-8, and also with potential ester hydrolysis during that process, although further study is needed to determine whether ester hydrolysis does indeed occur. Researchers choosing between XAD and RO isolation methods for NOM need to consider first the purpose of the isolation; i.e., whether humic fractionation is desirable. Beyond that, they should consider the C yield and ash content, as well as the potential for alteration of NOM by ester hydrolysis (XAD) or condensation/coagulation (RO). Furthermore, the RO and XAD methods produce different fractions or isolates so that researchers should be careful when comparing the compositions and reactivities of NOM samples isolated by these two different techniques.
Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century. New York: New Press, 1997. xxv + 965 pp. $39.95 cloth.

Toward the very end of his opus magnum, Sassoon cites the French philosopher Alain: “When I am asked whether the division between Left and Right still has any meaning, the first thought which comes to my mind is that the person who asks the question is not on the Left” (776). Sassoon never asks that question, and it shows throughout the text. He unabashedly states that after one hundred years of socialism, many reforms have been obtained but wage earners “have not increased their control over their conditions of work at a pace remotely comparable to the expansion of political democracy, the increase in material prosperity, the extension in social welfare, or the advance in science and technology” (758). Almost everyone still has to give up most basic rights when entering their place of employment. Likewise, in this postmodern age of the retreat from class as a category of analysis, Sassoon criticizes converts to identity politics, who assert that frequently re- and decomposing groups of people are “ephemerally constructed through discourse” (649), with such brief but unmistakable rejoinders as: “Classes were not disappearing; they were changing” (658). Sassoon's thoughts on neoliberalism and globalization may be gauged by his succinct comment that the most recent “unleashing of market forces as a solution to mass unemployment” should be regarded as “a monument to human folly” (456).
A Comparison of Deer and Turkey Harvest Data Collection Methods in Missouri

Harvest information often forms the basis for deer and turkey management decisions. Thus, for many state agencies, collection of representative harvest data is an essential part of the management program. We compared reporting rates and biological information obtained from mandatory in-person and telephone checking (telecheck) for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in Missouri, USA. We subsequently compared this information to that obtained from commercial meat processors to determine if these data could substitute for in-person check stations for collecting age of harvested deer. To conduct our study we randomly selected a telecheck group and a control group from firearms deer and spring turkey hunters in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The telecheck group called a toll-free number to report deer or turkey harvests; the control group reported at established check stations. We compared the sex, age, and number of reported animals harvested by each group. We also compared the reported harvest for the control groups and statewide permittees. For deer, we found no difference in the total harvest reported by telecheck and control group participants. However, the control group reported harvesting more deer than those in the statewide group (0.78 and 0.59 deer per person, respectively). Concomitantly, we found that a lower proportion of commercially processed deer were 0.5 years of age (0.16 and 0.22 for males and females, respectively) than for those self-processed (0.22 and 0.32 for males and females, respectively). There was no difference between self- and commercially processed male or female deer in the distribution of 1.5- and ≥2.5-year-olds. The reported turkey harvest was higher for telecheck and statewide groups than for the control (0 turkeys, 0.64, 0.63, and 0.67; 1 turkey, 0.28, 0.26, and 0.27; 2 turkeys, 0.08, 0.11, and 0.06 for the telecheck, statewide, and control groups, respectively). Recorded spur length did not differ for telecheck and control groups but was longer for the statewide than for the control group ( 3.8 cm: 0.01 and 0.03 for control and statewide groups, respectively). Although harvest reporting between telecheck and control groups differed, the differences were small and the significance may have been an effect of large sample sizes. We suggest that telecheck may serve as a suitable replacement for in-person checking of deer and turkey in Missouri. Lastly, age data from deer 1.5 years of age and older collected at meat processors represented distribution data obtained from in-person check stations.
Local cohomology at monomial ideals

Abstract We prove that if B ⊂ R = k [ X 1 ,⋯ , X n ] is a reduced monomial ideal, then H B i ( R ) = ∪ d ≥ 1 Ext R i ( R / B [ d ] , R ), where B [ d ] is the d th Frobenius power of B . We give two descriptions for H B i ( R ) in each multidegree, as simplicial cohomology groups of certain simplicial complexes. As a first consequence, we derive a relation between Ext R ( R / B , R ) and Tor R ( B ∨ , k ), where B ∨ is the Alexander dual of B . As a further application, we give a filtration of Ext R i ( R / B , R ) such that the quotients are suitable shifts of modules of the form R / ( X i 1 ,⋯ , X i r ). We conclude by giving a topological description of the associated primes of Ext R i ( R / B , R ). In particular, we characterize the minimal associated primes of Ext R i ( R / B , R ) using only the Betti numbers of B ∨ .
The Real and the Paper Deal: Empirical Pictures of Relationships, Complexity and the Urge for Transparent Simple Rules

Assume that contract law matters, at least in some subset of all the situations where people consider making or do make contracts. Also assume that contract law should rest to a large extent on choice or responsibility for misleading others about one’s choices. Making these assumptions, we must be concerned with how the legal system deals with the expectations of the parties. One approach is formal. Judges can limit themselves to dealing with only the formal expressions of the parties—the paper deal. They need ask only whether the parties signed or accepted a document, and if they did, what is the ‘plain meaning’ of the words they used. Sometimes, writings labeled ‘contract’ do capture many if not most of the expectations of those who sign them.
Breastfeeding and vertical transmission of HIV‐1

An estimated one-third to one-half of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) worldwide is due to breastfeeding. The exact frequency of breast milk HIV-1 transmission is unknown, but it has been estimated to be 14% in the setting of established maternal HIV-1 infection and 29% in the setting of acute maternal infection. The timing of breast milk transmission during the course of lactation also remains unknown, but two studies have found an association between duration of breastfeeding and risk of infant infection. In one such study, prolonged breastfeeding for 15 months or longer was associated with a twofold increased transmission risk. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA can be detected in over 50% of breast milk samples and is correlated with CD4 depletion and vitamin A deficiency. The presence of breast milk HIV-1 provirus is associated with increased transmission risk. Many current intervention strategies to prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1 are aimed at in utero or perinatal transmission. In developing countries in which breastfeeding by HIV-1 infected women is recommended practice, additional intervention strategies to reduce breast milk transmission warrant evaluation.
The Impact of Ignoring a Level of Nesting Structure in Multilevel Mixture Model: A Monte Carlo Study

Mixture modeling has gained more attention among practitioners and statisticians in recent years. However, when researchers analyze their data using finite mixture model (FMM), some may assume that the units are independent of each other even though it may not always be the case. This article used simulation studies to examine the impact of ignoring a higher nesting structure in multilevel mixture models. Results indicate that the misspecification results in lower classification accuracy of individuals, less accurate fixed effect estimates, inflation of lower level variance estimates, and less accurate standard error estimates in each subpopulation, the latter result of which in turn affects the accuracy of tests of significance for the fixed effects. The magnitude of the intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient has a substantial impact. The implication for applied researchers is that it is important to model the multilevel data structure in mixture modeling.
SCORES: a scalable and parametric streams-based communication architecture for modular reconfigurable systems

Parallel architectures have become an increasingly popular method in which to achieve high performance with low power consumption. In order to leverage these benefits, applications are decomposed into multiple computational modules (tasks) that collectively operate and communicate in parallel. In this paper, we present a scalable and highly parametric streams-based communication architecture for inter-module communication for FPGA-based systems - SCORES. This communication architecture improves on previous methods by providing increased application specialization and heterogeneous module clock frequencies, as well as providing a means for low latency communication and data throughput guarantees.
Direct detection of Rydberg–Rydberg millimeter-wave transitions in a buffer gas cooled molecular beam

Abstract Millimeter-wave transitions between molecular Rydberg states (n ∼ 35) of barium monofluoride are directly detected via Free Induction Decay (FID). Two powerful technologies are used in combination: Chirped-Pulse millimeter-Wave (CPmmW) spectroscopy and a buffer gas cooled molecular beam photoablation source. Hundreds of Rydberg–Rydberg transitions are recorded in 1 h with >10:1 signal:noise ratio and ∼150 kHz resolution. This high resolution, high spectral velocity experiment promises new strategies for rapid measurements of structural and dynamical information, such as the electric structure (multipole moments and polarizabilities) of the molecular ion-core and the strengths and mechanisms of resonances between Rydberg electron and ion-core motions. Direct measurements of Rydberg–Rydberg transitions with kilo-Debye dipole moments support efficient and definitive spectral analysis techniques, such as the Stark demolition and polarization diagnostics, which enable semi-automatic assignments of core-nonpenetrating Rydberg states. In addition, extremely strong radiation-mediated collective effects (superradiance) in a dense Rydberg gas of barium atoms are observed.
Molecular gradients along the proximal-distal axis of embryonic insect legs: possible guidance cues of pioneer axon growth

It has been proposed that gradients of environmental cues direct the proximal growth of pioneer axons in embryonic insect legs. Hybridoma techniques have been used to produce 3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to components associated with the basal lamina/extracellular matrix that are non-uniformly distributed along the proximal-distal axis of cockroach legs at the time of pioneer axon growth. Two of these mAbs, PROD-1 and PROD-2, label the proximal parts of the leg more intensely than the distal ends. The other mAb, DIP-1, has the reverse pattern of binding with the distal parts of the leg labeled more intensely. The graded distribution of these antigens only occurs just prior to and during the growth period of the Ti1 pioneer axons. Western blot analyses and immunoprecipitations have identified the protein antigens recognized by these mAbs. The spatial and temporal distributions of these molecules in the legs and the CNS make them good candidates for environmental guidance cues of pioneer axon growth.
Robber Barons: 'If the Shoe Fits Wear It'

Robber Barons, is a phrase used by a number of historians to characterize a particular group of unscrupulous American businessmen, who, by themselves, significantly transformed the late nineteenth century into their private game of “survival of the fittest”. To simply say that these men were parasitic thieves absorbed in self-interest alone was for years the accepted interpretation of the facts. However, today two distinctive views have emerged from two distinctive generations of writers. Clearly, historians that first tried to explain the unique personalities and behavior of the business leader of the late 19th century saw them as unprincipled swindlers that bribed legislatures, suppressed trade unions, defeated strikes and “choked off rivals” so to monopolize their business interest . On the other hand, revisionists have essentially tried to abandon the “robber baron” concept, replacing it with the more positive term “captains of industry”, suggesting that they provided new markets, more jobs, higher wages, lower prices, and more goods of better quality . Technically, it could be possible for both definitions to fit these so-called robber barons. Even the worst of the bunch, might appear to have contributed to the economic growth which marked the Industrial Revolution in America. However, evidence to substantiate such a claim is marginal at best. This study will not only question the term “Captains of Industry,” but in addition, provide evidence supporting the claim that these men were greedy, corrupt, manipulative and profit-seeking vultures, who wanted to eliminate all competition by creating a monopoly regardless of the methods used.
Laboratory tests recommended by pharmacists in a skilled-nursing facility

The types of laboratory tests recommended by pharmacists in a 185-bed skilled-nursing facility, the rate of physician acceptance of the recommendations, the reasons for and costs of the tests, and the outcomes of the tests were determined. Patients for whom laboratory tests had been recommended by a pharmacist from 1982 to 1987 were identified; this information had been taken from patients' charts during routine review by a pharmacist and entered into a computer database. The following information was recorded: type of laboratory test recommended, physician response to the recommendation, cost of the test, and outcome of the test. The investigator determined reasons for the recommendations by using the Department of Health and Human Services list of apparent irregularities that, if present, could indicate problems with drug therapy. During the study period, pharmacists requested 99 tests for 63 patients; physicians ordered 87 (87.9%) of those tests. Tests done most frequently were the SMA-6 (serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), serum concentrations of various drugs, and anticoagulation studies. The reasons given most frequently for requesting the tests were routine monitoring, the most recent results being more than six months old, suspected drug toxicity or drug-drug interactions, and the need for information to determine whether drug therapy should continue. Results of 36 of the tests prompted a change in drug therapy, whereas 56 tests indicated that the current therapy was appropriate and safe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)