cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-linear optical materials and applications

Abstract A review is given of the present status of the non-linear optical materials and devices, and their applications for optical signal processing and computing. The primary motivation behind this review is to introduce the different areas involved, paying special attention to their interfaces. First, the optical non-linearities in semiconductor materials, semiconductor microstructures and photorefractive materials are introduced. For the semiconductors we discuss the third-order non-linear susceptibilities due to virtual transitions (e.g., bound electrons in intrinsic semiconductors and non-linear motion and energy relaxation of free carriers in doped semiconductors) and due to real transitions (e.g. valence-to-conduction-band transitions, free-carrier transitions, impurity transitions and transitions in excitons and excitonic complexes). Recent advances in engineering semiconductor microstructures are discussed and shown to enhance their third-order non-linear optical susceptibilities in comparison with the bulk semiconductors. The mechanism of the photorefractive effect is next introduced and analyzed in conjunction with several engineering approaches to enhance the performances of the photorefractive non-linearities (e.g., non-stationary recording, multiphoton excitation, combination of the photorefractive effect with the electrorefractive non-linearities near the band edge, etc.). Using the photorefractive materials as an example, we define a set of figures of merit based on the requirements from the optical devices for system applications. Using these figures of merit we evaluate and discuss the optimization of different photorefractive materials: ferroelectric oxides (e.g., LiNbO3, BaTiO3, KNbO3, tungsten bronze family, etc.), compound semiconductors (e.g., GaAs, GaP, InP, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, etc.), silenites (e.g., Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20), and ceramics. Finally, the applications of non-linear optical materials are discussed using the photorefractive materials as an example. Two types of devices are distinguished: passive devices that are based on volume holographic storage of information and active devices that are based on continuous two-wave and four-wave mixing of optical information carrying waves. These devices are evaluated and their optimization is discussed in conjunction with applications to analog and digital optical signal processing and computing. Examples of analog (e.g., inverse filter and linear algebra processor) and digital (e.g., parallel access optical memories and reconfigurable interconnects) optical computing applications will be also discussed.
A spin-labeled acetylcholine analog: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

Abstract 1. 1. A spin-labeled acetylcholine was synthesized to study drug interactions with acetylcholinesterase and its effect on electric eel acetylcholine hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.7) was examined. 2. 2. The compound was 2-[N,N-dimethyl-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxylamine)]-ethyl acetate iodide. 3. 3 Acetylcholinesterase was not capable of hydrolyzing the spin-labeled acetylcholine. This compound proved to be a reversible, competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. 4. 4. Kinetic constants were evaluated and the value of the reversible inhibition constant Ki was 3.34 × 10−4 M. 5. 5. The stability of the ester toward acetylcholinesterase is discussed in terms of the molecular perturbation theory of drug action.
An efficient approach to calculation of zero‐flux atomic surfaces and generation of atomic integration data

A new robust method for variational determination of atomic zero-flux surfaces is presented. The zero-flux surface sheets are expressed in terms of variational trial functions in prolate spheroidal coordinates. The trial functions are optimized with a Newton procedure to satisfy the zero-flux condition on a grid. The data required for radial integrations are generated by an adaptive quadrature procedure that employs model electron densities and utilizes an original third-order algorithm for linear search. Results of test calculations involving variational determination of atomic surfaces are presented for a representative set of 20 molecules. The new approach is both less time consuming and substantially more accurate than the previously published algorithms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiac Myosin Binding-Protein C (cMyBP-C) Phosphorylation affect Cross-Bridge Function

To understand the functional significance of phosphorylation that takes place in the M domain of cMyBP-C, chemically skinned papillary muscle fibers of transgenic mice were studied by sinusoidal length alterations and concomitant tension transients. Muscle fibers were maximally activated at pCa 4.55 in the solution that mimic physiological conditions (5 mM MgATP, 8 mM Pi, 200 mM total ionic strength with K-acetate) in myocytes. WT mice possess phosphorylation sites S273, S282, and S302. SAS is a single mutant S282A, and ADA and DAD are triple mutants S273A/S282D/S302A and S273D/S282A/S302D, respectively. D models for phosphorylation (phosphomimetic), and A models for non-phosphorylation (phosphor-ablation). Isometric tension and stiffness of DAD were respectively ∼0.5x of those of WT, but tension and stiffness of t/t (cMyBP-C null), ADA, and SAS were respectively similar to WT. The fast rate constant 2πc of DAD and t/t was ∼0.6x of WT, but that of ADA and SAS was similar to WT. The intermediate rate constant 2πb of DAD and SAS was ∼1.3x of WT, but that of ADA and t/t was similar to WT. These results demonstrate that cMyBP-C M domain phosphorylation affects the cross-bridge kinetics at ATP binding and phosphate release steps, indicating that phosphorylation affects myosin structure and its interaction with actin. However, pCa-tension and pCa-stiffness studies demonstrated that pCa50 (Ca2+ sensitivity) and nH (cooperativity) were respectively not different among mutants and WT groups, indicating that phosphorylation of cMyBP-C has a minimal effect on the regulatory system. The decreased amount of isometric tension only in DAD indicates that phosphorylation of S273 and S302 are most significant and they diminish the force generation capability, presumably owing to the extra electrostatic interaction of the M domain of cMyBP-C with actin thin filament, which may serve as a break.
The conservation status of Townsend's shearwater Puffinus auricularis auricularis

Abstract Townsend's shearwater ( Puffinus auricularis auricularis ) is an endangered seabird endemic to the Revillagigedo Archipelago. It nested on Socorro, Clarion, and San Benedicto Islands. It was extirpated by the Barcena volcano on San Benedicto in 1952, and there are no recent indications of nesting. Introduced mammals—pigs and rabbits—preyed on them and destroyed habitat at Clarion; shearwaters were extirpated by 1988, and no breeding attempts have been reported since. Our results confirm that Socorro holds the last breeding grounds. We found breeding colonies above 800 m and a minimum population of 1100 individuals. This represents a significant reduction in distribution and population size. Intensive cat predation at Socorro could potentially kill ca. 350 females per season, and sheep progressively destroy nesting areas. Population projections suggest that demographic instability could occur in less than 100 years under severe predation and habitat degradation. Only low predation rates would allow population persistence for more than 150 years in spite of a declining population. Thus, the immediate eradication of all introduced mammals is necessary to prevent the extinction of this seabird.
Trigonal bipyramidal 5d-4f molecules with SMM behavior.

A family of trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) 5d–4f cyanide bridged aggregates were synthesized that exhibit slow relaxation of the magnetization below 4 K as indicated by a signal in the out-of-phase ac susceptibility data under zero field.
Mechanism of Membrane Insertion of a Multimeric β-Barrel Protein: Perfringolysin O Creates a Pore Using Ordered and Coupled Conformational Changes

Perfringolysin O, a bacterial cytolytic toxin, forms unusually large pores in cholesterol-containing membranes by the spontaneous insertion of two of its four domains into the bilayer. By monitoring the kinetics of domain-specific conformational changes and pore formation using fluorescence spectroscopy, the temporal sequence of domain-membrane interactions has been established. One membrane-exposed domain does not penetrate deeply into the bilayer and is not part of the actual pore, but is responsible for membrane recognition. This domain must bind to the membrane before insertion of the other domain into the bilayer is initiated. The two domains are conformationally coupled, even though they are spatially separated. Thus, cytolytic pore formation is accomplished by a novel mechanism of ordered conformational changes and interdomain communication.
A Dyadic View of Support in Marriage: The Critical Role of Men’s Support Provision

This study examined how sensitive support provision and receipt were related to marital outcomes in a sample of 57 happily married, middle-class couples from the Midwestern U.S. To assess how observed supportive behaviors may be differentially associated with self-reported support satisfaction, marital love, and marital conflict for men and women, we utilized a series of Actor Partner Interdependence Models (APIM). This dyadic approach revealed significant gender differences regarding how the supportive role enacted (i.e., provider versus recipient) contributed considerably to marital outcomes. Specifically, husbands’ sensitive support provision significantly predicted both spouses’ support satisfaction. Additionally, husbands’ sensitive support provision was significantly associated with wives’ marital love. Wives’ reported conflict was predicted by the combination of both providing and receiving sensitive support. For husbands’ outcomes, husbands’ own sensitive support provision was most critically associated with their reporting greater love and less conflict. These findings reveal notable gender differences as men’s ability to provide sensitive support was critical not only to their wives’ marital outcomes, but to their own as well. Our results build upon and extend the literature implicating the importance of examining gender differences in supportive interactions in marriage. Moreover, our findings suggest that simultaneous consideration of spousal support receipt and provision is critical when seeking to understand how support is related to marital outcomes for men and women.
Factors affecting the concentration of sphingomyelin in bovine milk.

Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of most cells and is a component of the milk fat globule membrane. Sphingomyelin and its digestion products participate in several antiproliferative pathways that may suppress oncogenesis. Although milk and dairy products are important sources of sphingomyelin in the human diet, little is known about factors that influence sphingomyelin concentrations in milk fat or whether concentrations can be modified via the nutrition of cows. Sphingomyelin concentrations were determined in milk from Holstein and Jersey cows matched for parity and stage of lactation. Sphingomyelin was more concentrated in milk fat from Holstein cows than in milk fat from Jersey cows (1,044 vs. 839 μg/g of fat). Concentrations in whole milk did not differ because of greater milk fat content for milk from Jerseys. Differences between breeds may be related to the greater fat globule size in milk from Jerseys. Sphingomyelin content in whole milk increased with increasing days in milk because of associated increases in milk fat content. Regardless of breed, primiparous cows had greater amounts of stearic acid and less palmitic acid in sphingomyelin than did older cows. The sphingomyelin concentration in milk fat of cows in a commercial Jersey herd was lower for cows in their fourth or greater parity. Sphingomyelin content in whole milk was greater for cows in late lactation because of greater milk fat content. Feed restriction of multiparous Holstein cows to 37% of ad libitum dry matter intake increased milk fat content but did not affect milk sphingomyelin content or milk fat globule size. Supplementation of the diet with 4% soybean oil did not affect milk composition, sphingomyelin content, or milk fat globule size. Milk was sampled seasonally from 7 herds throughout Illinois during a 2-yr period. Sphingomyelin concentration in milk fat was greatest during summer and least during winter, but whole milk concentrations did not vary across seasons. We conclude that 1) sphingomyelin content of milk fat is greater in milk from Holsteins than that from Jerseys, 2) sphingomyelin content in whole milk increases with stage of lactation, and 3) sphingomyelin content of milk fat is greater during summer. However, efforts to produce milk with a greater sphingomyelin content through altering management and nutrition are unlikely to be successful.
Optimal Processes for Crystal Polystyrene

Abstract Styrenic polymers can be produced by many techniques, but relatively few have proven successful on a commercial scale. In recent years, the so-called bulk, continuous process has dominated industrial production and has largely replaced competitive routes such as suspension and emulsion. It is now used for most molding and extrusion grades of crystal polystyrene, for rubber- modified polystyrene, for styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, and for certain varieties of ABS. The historic definition of “bulk” supposed use of the neat, undiluted monomers, but more recent terminology follows industrial practice in allowing substantial amounts of solvents (e.g., ethylbenzene) as chain- transfer agents and processing aids [l].
SKINNER AS SELF‐MANAGER

B. F. Skinner was a remarkably productive, creative, and happy individual, in large part because of his expertise in self-management, a set of self-change skills that derive to some extent from his own scientific and theoretical work. Skinner's ardent defense of determinism appears to conflict with his views on self-control; although determinism can be reconciled with these views, we would be best served by dispensing with the “ism” and focusing instead on relevant data and data-driven theories. Contemporary research on self-control has diverged from Skinner's formulation in a number of ways, especially in focusing on cognition and choice. The extraordinary success Skinner had in applying self-management principles to his life should inspire us to take a closer look at the potential value such principles may have for society.
Second law analysis for free convection in non-newtonian fluids over a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium: (prescribed heat flux)

Second law characteristics of heat transfer and fluid flow due to free convection of non-Newtonian fluids over a horizontal plate with prescribed surface heat flux in a porous medium are analyzed. Velocity and temperature fields are obtained numerically using an implicit finite difference method under the similarity assumption and these results are used to compute the entropy generation rate Ns, irreversibility ratio φ and the Bejan number Be for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The effects of power-law index n, heat flux variation parameter λ , and modified duty parameter, G on the dimensionless entropy generation rate Ns, and the Bejan number Be are investigated and presented graphically.
The movement of sediment in rivers

Sediment movement in rivers is a complex phenomenon. The rate of sediment transport is related to many variables such as water discharge, average flow velocity, stream power, energy slope, shear stress, water depth, particle size, water temperature, and strength of turbulence. Different theories of sediment transport were developed by assuming different independent variables as the dominant variables. This survey provides a comprehensive review of the important theories of incipient motion and sediment transport. It discusses basic concepts and findings upon which knowledge of sediment transport is based and presents mathematical derivations and equations only in sufficient detail to illustrate some basic concepts. Data collected from natural rivers and laboratory flumes are used to compare the accuracy and applicability of different sediment transport equations. Finally, procedures are suggested for selecting sediment transport equations under different flow and sediment conditions.
Two-quasiparticle excited neutron levels in /sup 180/Ta

Excited neutron rotational levels have been observed in $^{180}\mathrm{Ta}$ up to an excitation energy of 1 MeV using the $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$(d,t)$^{180}\mathrm{Ta}$ reaction. New assignments have been proposed for levels in the ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}{[404]}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{[521]}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ and ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}[404]\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}[514]$ configurations. Levels in the latter are discussed with regard to configuration mixing between low energy ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={8}^{+}$ bands expected in $^{180}\mathrm{Ta}$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$(d,t)$^{180}\mathrm{Ta}$ with natural tantalum oxide target; ${E}_{\mathrm{d}}=17.4$ MeV; measured ${E}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ with QDDD spectrometer; DWBA analysis; deduced levels ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, $K$.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{180}\mathrm{Ta}$ assigned Nilsson configurations; failure to observe configuration mixing between expected low energy ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={8}^{+}$ bands.
Spacetime as a Multicursal Labyrinth in Literature with Application to Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle

Abstract We examine the narrative structure of The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick. We place the novel in the context of the alternate history genre of speculative fiction. Noting its complex plot with multiple timelines, we apply the theoretical ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin and Umberto Eco and show how its chronotope, or relationship between space and time, resembles that of a multicursal labyrinth. We connect this analysis with ideas in quantum physics, particularly the Many Worlds Interpretation, and show how it explains the ambiguity of the novel’s ending, and the failure of the characters to reach their goals. In particular, the characters’ search for truth is thwarted by the existence of multiple truths in a maze of competing realities.
Overcoming Methods Anxiety: Qualitative First, Quantitative Next, Frequent Feedback Along the Way

Political Science research methods courses face two problems. First is what to cover, as there are too many techniques to explore in any one course. Second is dealing with student anxiety around quantitative material. We explore a novel way to approach these issues. Our students began by writing a qualitative paper. They followed with a term paper, on the same topic, that incorporated material learned in the qualitative paper with quantitative data analysis. This helps students appreciate how different methods complement one another. By starting with more familiar qualitative techniques, then moving to the quantitative, and by writing the paper in stages, we help alleviate student anxiety. Students start within their comfort zone, then move outside it once their attention has been piqued by their research question. We offer a multimethod analysis of the advantages and limitations of this approach. While not perfect, it offers another option for teaching this challenging course. We conclude by discussing h...
Optimality conditions and duality for multiobjective measurable subset selection problems

Optimality conditions and several duality results are established under convexity and generalized ρ convexity assumptions for constrained multiobjective measurable subset selection problems
Analysis of DOA estimation performance of sparse linear arrays using the Ziv-Zakai bound

Sparse linear arrays (SLAs) provide similar performance to filled linear arrays in terms of angular accuracy and resolution with reduced size, weight, power consumption, and cost. However, they are subject to significant ambiguities due to high sidelobes in the array beampattern, which give rise to large estimation errors. In this paper, we study the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation performance of various SLA configurations using the Ziv-Zakai bound (ZZB) and simulation of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). The ZZB consists of three terms which correspond to the three types of estimation errors: small mainlobe errors, errors due to sidelobe ambiguities, and random errors. MLE simulations confirm the contribution of the different types of estimation errors predicted by the bound. The analysis shows that much of the performance degradation due to ambiguities are from random errors that cannot be controlled by array design, while additional degradation due to sidelobe errors depends strongly on the array configuration. Isolating the contributions of the three types of errors provides greater understanding of the behavior of sparse arrays, allowing for more effective system design and analysis.
Progressive internal waves on slopes

The refraction of progressive internal waves on sloping bottoms is treated for the case of constant Brunt—Vaisala frequency. In two dimensions simple, explicit expressions for the changing wavelengths and amplitudes are found. For small slopes, the solutions reduce to simple propagating waves at infinity.The singularity along a characteristic is shown to be removable, though the solutions are now inhomogeneous waves. The viscous boundary layers of the wedge geometry are briefly considered with the inviscid solutions remaining as interior solutions.A theory valid for small slopes is obtained for three-dimensional waves. The waves are refracted in the usual manner, turning parallel to the beach in shallow water.
Impact of ideal body weight dosing for all inpatient i.v. immune globulin indications

Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) therapy is given to replace low immune globulin stores and provide immune modulation.[1][1],[2][2] However, there is a lack of high-level evidence supporting its use, and serious adverse effects have been associated with IVIG therapy.[3][3]–[5][4] In September
Formation constants in C-H hydrogen bonding. 4. Effects of cyano, nitro, and trifluoromethyl substituents in aromatic compounds

Formation constants (K eq ) have been measured using 1 H NMR for H‐bond complexes with HMPA in CCl 4 of 35 aromatic compounds variously substituted with cyano, nitro, and trifluoromethyl groups; several compounds contained F and Cl. The three strongly polar groups enhance H‐bonding significantly, usually in the ord er NO 2 > CN > CF 3; all are superior to Cl and F. 1,3,5‐Trinitrobenzene fails to H‐bond at all ; however, TNT, its tert‐butyl analog, and trinitro‐m‐xylene show significant Keq values. Coplanarity of nitro groups with the ring blocks approach of HMPA, probably via intramolecular H‐bonds. The buttressing effect is evident in some crowded compounds.
Neuronal Apoptosis in an in Vitro Model of Photochemically Induced Oxidative Stress

In neurons, oxidative stress can be triggered by neurotransmitter-linked mechanisms and may lead to apoptotic cell death. A simple and reproducible model of inducing oxidative stress is needed to elucidate mechanisms which link oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. We report here a method of inducing apoptosis in cell cultures by loading them with a photosensitive dye, rose bengal, and exposing the cultures to light, a procedure which generates reactive singlet oxygen. We used this model in primary culture of rat cerebellar granule neurons, and in a nonneuronal human embryonic kidney 293 cell line. We have measured the following: (a) metabolic activity of the mitochondria by quantitative staining with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), (b) DNA fragmentation by quantitative in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay, and (c) cell viability by a trypan blue exclusion test. The oxidative stress caused an early impairment of mitochondrial function (MTT assay). This was followed by DNA fragmentation and ultimately by cell death. Protection was obtained with an inhibitor of macromolecular synthesis, anisomycin, and with antioxidant, vitamin E. This model can be used to study the mechanism of oxidative stress-triggered neuronal apoptosis, and it may help in discovering new targets for neuroprotective drugs.
Secure, Highly Available, and High Performance Peer-to-Peer Storage Systems

Storage system is an important component in many data intensive applications, including data grid. Security, availability, and high performance are important issues in the storage system design. In this paper we present a peer-to-peer (P2P) storage system design based on distributed hash table (DHT) and short secret sharing (SSS) to provide highly available, secure and efficient data storage services. Existing DHTs do not consider share location and search. Also, storage systems using data partitioning schemes (including SSS) does not consider the severe problems in share update. We develop three access protocols to maintain the share consistency in spite of concurrent update, partial update and compromised storage nodes by storing a limit number of history versions of the shares. We also conducted experimental studies to evaluate the performance and data availability and compare the behaviors of the schemes.
Percentage of Named Offenders on the Registry at the Time of the Assault: Reports From Sexual Assault Survivors

Sex offender registries were designed to protect the public from convicted sex offenders and future sexual violence. This study determines the percentage of clients seen at a sexual assault agency whose attacker was on the registry at the time the attack occurred. According to case files, only 3.7% of the identified offenders could possibly have been identified as a registered sex offender at the time of the attack. While considering the limitations of this methodology, the findings highlight a significant limitation of registries and support the idea that registries cannot be relied on exclusively to prevent sexual abuse.
Universal device pairing using an auxiliary device

The operation of achieving authenticated key agreement between two human-operated devices over a short-range wireless communication channel (such as Bluetooth or WiFi) is referred to as "Pairing". The devices in such a scenario are ad hoc in nature, i.e., they can neither be assumed to have a prior context (such as pre-shared secrets) with each other nor do they share a common trusted on- or off-line authority. However, the devices can generally be connected using auxiliary physical channel(s) (such as audio, visual, etc.) that can be authenticated by the device user(s) and thus form a basis for pairing.One of the main challenges of secure device pairing is the lack of good quality output interfaces as well as corresponding receivers on devices. In [13], we presented a pairing scheme which is universally applicable to any pair of devices (such as a WiFi AP and a laptop, a Bluetooth keyboard and a desktop, etc.). The scheme is based upon the device user(s) comparing short and simple synchronized audiovisual patterns, such as "beeping" and "blinking". In this paper, we automate the (manual) scheme of [13] by making use of an auxiliary, commonly available device such as a personal camera phone. Based on a preliminary user study we conducted, we show that the automated scheme is generally faster and more user-friendly relative to the manual scheme. More importantly, the proposed scheme turns out to be quite accurate in the detection of any possible attacks.
Unsupervised learning of micro-action exemplars using a Product Manifold

This paper presents a completely unsupervised mechanism for learning micro-actions in continuous video streams. Unlike other works, our method requires no prior knowledge of an expected number of labels (classes), requires no silhouette extraction, is tolerant to minor tracking errors and jitter, and can operate at near real time speed. We show how to construct a set of training “tracklets,” how to cluster them using a recently introduced Product Manifold distance measure, and how to perform detection using exemplars learned from the clusters. Further, we show that the system is amenable to incremental learning as anomalous activities are detected in the video stream. We demonstrate performance using the publicly-available ETHZ Livingroom data set.
Recent advances in polymer network liquid crystal spatial light modulators

Polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) spatial light modulators are attractive for display and photonic applications because they can achieve submillisecond response time while keeping a large phase change. However, their on-state scatter- ing caused by the grain boundary of LC multidomains hinders their applications. In this article, we review recent progress on the development of scattering-free PNLCs extending from short-wavelength infrared to visible region by reducing the domain sizes to � 200 nm through low temperature curing pro- cess. To reduce operation voltage, both transmissive and reflective modes, LC material properties (birefringence and dielectric anisotropy), polymer composition and concentration, and pretilt angle effect are analyzed. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 00, 000-000
Synchronous climate changes in Antarctica and the North Atlantic

Central Greenland ice cores provide evidence of abrupt changes in climate over the past 100,000 years. Many of these changes have also been identified in sedimentary and geochemical signatures in deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic, confirming the link between millennial-scale climate variability and ocean thermohaline circulation. It is shown here that two of the most prominent North Atlantic events-the rapid warming that marks the end of the last glacial period and the Bolling/Allerod-Younger Dryas oscillation-are also recorded in an ice core from Taylor Dome, in the western Ross Sea sector of Antarctica. This result contrasts with evidence from ice cores in other regions of Antarctica, which show an asynchronous response between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Parallel orders of reactivity in murine cells of mezerein and phorbol esters toward the mixed-lymphocyte response and promotion of tumorigenesis.

Abstract Mezerein and three phorbol diesters inhibit the murine mixed-lymphocyte response, the observed order of activity of these agents being the same as that found for their individual tumor-promoting activity on mouse skin. Mezerein has been found previously to elicit various responses to the same quantitive degree as the most powerful promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), although it is only as active in the mixed-lymphocyte response as a very weak one, mirroring its weak promoting activity in vivo. Tumor promotion has been found divisible into two stages, with TPA able to complete both, but mezerein only the second stage. This study thus suggests that the MLR may be useful for investigations into the mechanism of action of tumor promotion, and perhaps the first in vitro murine system for distinguishing between promoters active in one stage or the other.
Si se puede! Working for Obama at K and A

In recent issues, Sociological Forum has had much to say on issues such as politics and voting (see, e.g., Burstein and Hirsh, 2007; Fullerton and Borsch, 2008; Peoples, 2008; Prasad et al., 2009; Ruane and Cerulo, 2008). The journal has featured several ethnographic accounts as well (see, e.g., Anderson, 2009; Auyero and Swistun, 2009; Gamson, 2007). In this essay, I combine theme and method, yielding a personal account of my experiences as a volunteer for the Obama campaign.
Interactive deformation and visualization of level set surfaces using graphics hardware

Deformable isosurfaces, implemented with level-set methods, have demonstrated a great potential in visualization for applications such as segmentation, surface processing, and surface reconstruction. Their usefulness has been limited, however, by their high computational cost and reliance on significant parameter tuning. This paper presents a solution to these challenges by describing graphics processor (GPU) based on algorithms for solving and visualizing level-set solutions at interactive rates. Our efficient GPU-based solution relies on packing the level-set isosurface data into a dynamic, sparse texture format. As the level set moves, this sparse data structure is updated via a novel GPU to CPU message passing scheme. When the level-set solver is integrated with a real-time volume renderer operating on the same packed format, a user can visualize and steer the deformable level-set surface as it evolves. In addition, the resulting isosurface can serve as a region-of-interest specifier for the volume renderer. This paper demonstrates the capabilities of this technology for interactive volume visualization and segmentation.
Spectral analysis for bandpass nonlinearity with cyclostationary input

When a non-constant envelope signal goes through a nonlinear power amplifier, spectral regrowth (broadening) appears at the output of the power amplifier. To satisfy regulatory requirements on out-of-band emissions, spectral regrowth must be contained. We derive a novel closed-form expression for the output power spectral density when the power amplifier is quasi-memoryless and cyclostationarity of the digitally modulated input is taken into account. We compare our results with the conventional analysis where stationary input is assumed. We emphasize the importance of paying attention to the cyclostationary nature of the input when excess bandwidth is present.
Integrating multisensor noisy and fuzzy data

This paper discusses centralized integration of multisensor noisy and fuzzy data, which employs both Kalman filtering and fuzzy arithmetic. Due to the property of fuzzy arithmetic, fuzziness of the parameters in a system under the extended operation will unlimitedly increase and finally reach an unacceptable range. We have previously adopted a new compression technique to solve this problem. This paper extends our work on the filtering of single sensor noisy and fuzzy data to integrating multisensor noisy and fuzzy data. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm presented. >
Oncologic Outcomes Achieved by Radical Cystectomy

Invasive bladder cancer remains one of the more lethal malignancies managed by urologists. Early and definitive surgical intervention has proven curative for many patients with invasive lesions, including a significant minority of patients with regionally metastatic disease. Decades of clinical experience with the use of radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) have clarified the pathways by which invasive bladder tumors progress and have shaped the surgical approach used today. Adhering to the surgical principles of wide resection of the bladder and perivesical tissue and thorough removal of the regional pelvic lymph nodes has proven to optimize cancer control. We have learned that poor surgical quality, regardless of technique, has dramatic circumstances in patients with invasive bladder cancer. Local recurrence of disease within the pelvis is closely associated with the presence of a positive soft tissue margin and is nearly universally associated with a poor outcome. Surgical quality matters in the management of patients with invasive bladder cancer and must be of primary consideration when alterations in surgical technique are evaluated for patient care. Increased general experience using the robotic platform has led to extending this technology to robot-assisted RC (RARC), PLND, and urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer. Lower associated surgical morbidity and improved patient recovery are the presumed patient benefits potentially achieved from incorporation of the minimally invasive approach. Although large RARC series have not definitively proven lower perioperative complications [1], this perception has driven patient requests and physician acceptance. In this issue of European Urology, Khan et al. presented their experience with RARC, highlighting cancer outcomes in patients followed for a minimum of 5 yr [2]. Their retrospective analysis consists of 14 patients (13 bladder cancer, 1 urethral adenocarcinoma) treated over a 2-yr period and represented about a third of all RCs performed at their institution during the study period. All RARCs were performed by a single surgeon who had completed one prior robotic prostatectomy and no prior RARCs. Exclusion criteria for RARC included patients with clinical T4 lesions, any evidence of metastatic disease, and prior pelvic radiation. PLND, when performed, was limited proximally to the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels. The authors reported that organ-confined disease was pathologically confirmed in 77% (10 of 13) of those patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Three patients had extravesical disease, and none had involvement of the regional lymph nodes. All surgical margins were reported as negative, and, importantly, no pelvic recurrences were identified during follow-up. Recurrence-free survival was reported as 50%, with disease-specific survival of 75% at last follow-up. The authors [2] should be commended on reporting
Development of a Human-Murine Chimeric Immunoglobulin M Antibody for Use in the Serological Detection of Human Flavivirus Antibodies

Current diagnosis of human flaviviral infections relies heavily on serological techniques such as the immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). Broad application of this assay is hindered by a lack of standardized human positive-control sera that react with the wide variety of flaviviruses that can cause human disease, e.g., dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). We have created a human-murine chimeric antibody combining the variable regions of the broadly flavivirus cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6B6C-1 and the constant region of human IgM to produce a standardized reagent capable of replacing human positive-control sera in a MAC-ELISA for the diagnosis of all human flaviviral infections. The human-murine chimeric IgM antibody secreted from plasmid-transformed Sp2/0Ag14 cells had a level of serological activity identical to that of 6B6C-1 as measured by ELISA, immunoblotting, and MAC-ELISA for multiple members of the flavivirus genus, including WNV, SLEV, YFV, DENV, and JEV.
Protein utilization of mechanically deboned meat by growing rats.

The protein quality of mechanically deboned red meat was investigated using amino acid analysis, protein efficiency ratio and the slope ratio technique. Nine different meat products were studied utilizing Sprague- Dawley weanling albino rats. Protein quality of the mechanically deboned meat varied greatly with the amount of lean left on the bones prior to me chanical deboning. Deboned meat which contained more lean, and less col lagen, was superior in protein quality to the deboned meat obtained from bones which contained less lean and more collagen. Total sulfur amino acids ( cystine and methionine ) and isoleucine were the most limiting amino acids in all nine of the meat products when compared with lactalbumin. The contents of total sulfur amino acids and isoleucine, as well as the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids, reflected the protein quality of the meat. J. Nutr. 107.-1947-1953, 1977.
What's Missing from Sexual Assault Prevention and Response

This article examines the sexual assault prevention and response (SAPR) policy in the military over the last few years. Although focused primarily on the military policy, most of the concerns addressed in this article are equally applicable to how colleges and universities are dealing with SAPR. The article argues that civilian and military leadership have neglected to protect the wrongly accused. There are three sections to this article. The first section explains why we should be concerned about the wrongly accused, using examples of wrongful convictions, false accusations, the reasons they occur, and some research about the frequency of the problem. The next section discusses why we have not done so, demonstrates that false accusations are not rare, and exposes the significant flaws with the research that is driving our unbalanced policy. The last section identifies specific flaws with policy, the justice process, and with SAPR training and offers recommendations for how we can improve prevention and response while simultaneously protecting both victims and the wrongly accused.
Comparison of outcomes at 6 weeks following postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device insertions by doctors and nurses in India: a case–control study

Objective As part of a strategy to revitalize postpartum family planning services, Government of India revised its policy in 2013 to permit trained nurses and midwives to insert postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCDs). This study compares two key outcomes of PPIUCD insertions — expulsion and infection — for physicians and nurses/midwives to generate evidence for task sharing.
Differences in adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mucin glycopeptides from sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most prominent colonizer of the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis, but it is not known why this occurs. P. aeruginosa adheres to mucins from normal individuals, but mucins from cystic fibrosis patients have not been studied. To compare adhesion to mucins from cystic fibrosis with other mucins, we prepared highly glycosylated mucin glycopeptides from cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis patients by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography and measured the adhesion of P. aeruginosa 1244 to these glycopeptides. We found (i) that the most mucinlike glycopeptides from P. aeruginosa-infected cystic fibrosis sputa showed less bacterial adhesion than did the corresponding bronchitis samples, (ii) that the most adhesive activity in cystic fibrosis samples came from a fraction that contains O and N glycopeptides and may be in part a degradation product of P. aeruginosa infection, and (iii) that highly glycosylated glycopeptides of the most acidic species (sialylated and sulfated) showed no adhesion at all. A single cystic fibrosis sample not infected by P. aeruginosa showed better binding in the adhesion-positive fractions than did the infected sputa. These studies suggest that cystic fibrosis mucins may be altered after infection is established, resulting in less binding to some fragments. However, since the clinical picture shows heavy mucus colonization, other receptors, such as cellular glycolipids which have been shed into mucus, may be contributing to this colonization. Images
States and Phase Transitions in Soft Condensed Matter: An Introduction to the Interactions

What is meant by “soft condensed matter?” In the context of this NATO Advanced Study Institute, soft systems are those where the relevant interactions are weak and thermal fluctuations play an important role. However, this is not a sufficiently sharp definition because all materials that have higher order or weakly first order phase transitions, e.g., magnetic materials, superconductors, etc., have this property. I believe that “softness,” in addition, implies a relatively high bulk or osmotic compressibility. For a system with a transition temperature, TC, the elastic modulus, G, scales as $$G = {T_c}{L^{ - 3}}$$ (I.1) where L is the characteristic spatial scale which is typically the size of the relevant building blocks (not too near a second order phase transition). Thus, softness suggests L ≫ a, where a is an atomic dimension. With this in mind, we are led to the consideration of correlated systems composed of superatomic objects. These may be fluids (vanishing static shear modulus, or weak solids, e.g., colloidal crystals, ordered micellar phases, etc. For the most part, then, this Advanced Study Institute will focus on the physics of complex fluids, where the complexity is associated with the multiple energy scales required to adequately describe the systems. In this introductory lecture, I will attempt to set the stage by reviewing the fundamental interactions which control the ultimate physical properties.
Convergence and Complexity Analysis of Recursive-RANSAC: A New Multiple Target Tracking Algorithm

The random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm was developed as a regression algorithm that robustly estimates the parameters of a single signal in clutter by forming many simple hypotheses and computing how many measurements support that hypothesis. In essence, RANSAC estimates the data association problem of a single target in clutter by identifying the hypothesis with the most supporting measurements. The newly developed recursive-RANSAC (R-RANSAC) algorithm extends the traditional RANSAC algorithm to track multiple targets recursively by storing a set of hypotheses between time steps. In this technical note we show that R-RANSAC converges to the minimum mean-squared solution for well-spaced targets. We also show that the worst-case computational complexity of R-RANSAC is quadratic in the number of new measurements and stored models.
The Desire for Fame: An Extension of Uses and Gratifications Theory

Social network sites (SNSs) enable users to self-disclose to broad and anonymous audiences. Drawing on social cognitive theory (SCT) and the uses and gratifications (U&G) approach, this study investigates how reality television (RTV) cultivates desire for fame in its audience, which is operationalized as a human desire motivating nondirected self-disclosure (NDSD) online, a technique seeking fame. Results from an online survey (N = 221) show that whether watching RTV with friends interacted with time spent viewing RTV to affect desire for fame, which in turn affected the use of SNSs to pursue fame. In addition, exhibitionism, a motive of SNS use for the purpose of fame, fully mediated the relationship between desire for fame and NDSD. These results have implications for refining U&G and new media research.
Effect of ethanol on 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in rat brain.

SummaryIn rats which had received an intoxicating dose of ethanol, the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the brain were not different from concentrations in brains of normal rats. The turnover of cerebral 5-HT, determined from rates of increase in concentration of 5-HT or of decrease in concentration of 5-HIAA after the administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibiter, was modestly decreased during ethanol intoxication.
The North American Species of the Genus Anarete (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Eleven North American species of Anarete Haliday are recognized, keyed, discussed, and illustrated, with distributional data for each based on specimens examined by the author. A. iridis Cockerell is removed from synonymy under A. johnsoni (Felt), and A. pritchardi is described from Minnesota and Illinois as a new species closely related to A. felti Pritchard.
Modeling of Dopant Diffusion during Annealing of Sub-Amorphizing Implants

Ion implant annealing is a complicated process involving the interactions of point defects generated during the implantation, implanted or previously present dopants, and extended defects which form as a result of the implant damage. To effectively model the process, it is essential to determine the critical processes, assess the validity of assumptions and calculate appropriate parameter values. In addition, implant annealing is just one element in the VLSI fabrication process, and the model development must consider the process as part of the broad range of experimental observations, as it is only through consistent physical models that simulators can predict the multiple interactions and two and three-dimensional effects present in VLSI structures. This work focuses on enhanced diffusion following silicon implants below the amorphization threshold as a function of dose, energy and time.