cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defective repair of oxidative damage in mitochondrial DNA in Down's syndrome

Recent evidence indicates that oxidative DNA damage may be a major cause of aging. One of the more sensitive targets is the mitochondrial genome which is 10 times more susceptible to mutation than is the nuclear genome. A number of age-related neuromuscular degenerative diseases also have been associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and progressive accumulation of oxidative damage in mtDNA from neuronal tissues over time has been shown. In support of the notion that oxidative stress leads to aging is the finding in Down's syndrome (DS), which is characterized by premature aging, that there is enhanced oxidative stress resulting from the aberrant expression of CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD). On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that there may be defective repair of oxidative damage in mtDNA which would ultimately lead to defective electron transport and concomitant enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This effect would heighten the oxidative burden in the cell and accelerate the development of phenotypes associated with aging. To evaluate repair of oxidative damage in mtDNA, fibroblasts from several DS patients were treated with the reactive oxygen generator menadione. Oxidative damage was assessed at 0, 2, and 6 h after exposure using a Southern-blot technique and a mtDNA specific probe. The results of these studies show that DS cells are impaired in their ability to repair oxidative damage to mtDNA compared to age-matched control cells. Therefore, this data supports the possibility that increased production of ROS from mitochondria plays a crucial role in the development of aging phenotypes.
Prediction and substantiation: A new approach to natural language processing

This paper describes a new approach to natural language processing which results in a very robust and efficient system. The approach taken is to integrate the parser with the rest of the system. This enables the parser to benefit from predictions that the rest of the system makes in the course of its processing. These predictions can be invaluable as guides to the parser in such difficult problem areas as resolving referents and selecting meanings of ambiguous words. A program, called FRUMP for Fast Reading Understanding and Memory Program, employs this approach to parsing. FRUMP skims articles rather than reading them for detail. The program works on the relatively unconstrained domain of news articles. It routinely understands stories it has never before seen. The program's success is largely due to its radically different approach to parsing.
Bayesian approach to life testing and reliability estimation using asymmetric loss function

Abstract In this paper we derive Bayes estimators of the mean lifetime and the reliability function in the exponential life testing model. The loss functions used are asymmetric to reflect that, in most situations of interest, overestimating is more harmful than underestimating. A number of prior distributions have been considered and Bayesian estimates have been compared with corresponding estimates with squared error loss function.
Development of criminal justice as an academic field

Thirty years ago Justice Robert Jackson persuaded the American Bar Foundation to conduct and the Ford Foundation to finance a major empirical study of criminal justice administration. That research demonstrated the importance and complexity of criminal justice and the inadequacy of then current university programs. This new field of criminal justice has demonstrated both strengths and significant weakness. The challenge for the future is to maintain the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses.
Evaluation of drape characteristics in fabrics

Purpose – To provide researchers with the details of developments in instruments to measure fabric drape and review the literature related to fabric drape.Design/methodology/approach – In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in investigating the aesthetic behavior of fabrics due to the developments in objective evaluation techniques. To understand drape behavior, it is essential to know how drape is measured quantitatively. This paper reviews research related to drape characteristics of fabrics, two‐dimensional instruments and analysis of drape by measuring stiffness, three‐dimensional instruments developed to measure drape, fabric mechanical properties and their influence on drape measurement, and the latest developments in the field including image analysis, the dynamic drape tester and other related research.Findings – Many instruments for measuring drape have been developed including the earliest that assessed stiffness of fabrics, later versions of drape meters and recent innovative instru...
Water Quality and Quantity Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing

The academic literature has lagged both industry and public opinion in measuring and characterizing potential water quantity and quality concerns related to hydraulic fracturing (fracking). However, the science behind fracking’s water impacts experienced its own boom during the 2010s. In this paper, we address this critical emerging environmental and energy issue, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge, with a particular focus on academic journal articles that have been published in the past five years. These studies have generally found that the water quantity impacts of shale gas and tight oil development are, on average, not significantly worse than for their conventional counterparts, though the specific location and timing of withdrawals for energy development matter. On the other hand, recent findings also suggest that the water quality concerns associated with fracking may be more serious than water quantity concerns.
Heat capacity changes associated with guanine quadruplex formation: an isothermal titration calorimetry study.

This study addresses the temperature dependence of the enthalpy of formation for several unimolecular quadruplexes in the presence of excess monovalent salt. We examined a series of biologically significant guanine-rich DNA sequences: thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) (d(G2T2G2TGTG2T2G2), PS2.M, a catalytically active aptamer (d(GTG3TAG3CG3T2G2)), and the human telomere repeat (HT) (d(AG3(T2AG3)3)). Using CD spectra and UV melting, we confirmed the presence of quadruplex structures and established the temperature range in which quadruplex conformation is stable. We then performed ITC experiments, adding DNA to a solution containing excess NaCl or KCl. In this approach, only several additions are made, and only the enthalpy of quadruplex formation is measured. This measurement was repeated at different temperatures to determine the temperature dependence of the enthalpy change accompanying quadruplex formation. To control for the effect of nonspecific salt interactions during DNA folding, we repeated the experiment by replacing the quadruplex-forming sequences with a similar but nonfolding sequence. Dilution enthalpies were also subtracted to obtain the final enthalpy value involving only the quadruplex folding process. For all sequences studied, quadruplex formation was exothermic but with an increasing magnitude with increasing temperature. These results are discussed in terms of the change in heat capacity associated with quadruplex formation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 302–309, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokines and Neurotrophic Factors in Human Chronic Pain Populations: A Comprehensive Review

Chronic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition, conveying immense human burden. Suffering is caused not only by painful symptoms, but also through psychopathological and detrimental physical consequences, generating enormous societal costs. The current treatment armamentarium often fails to achieve satisfying pain relief; thus, research directed toward elucidating the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain syndromes is imperative. Central neuroimmune activation and neuroinflammation have emerged as driving forces in the transition from acute to chronic pain, leading to central sensitization and decreased opioid efficacy, through processes in which glia have been highlighted as key contributors. Under normal conditions, glia exert a protective role, but in different pathological states, a deleterious role is evident--directly and indirectly modulating and enhancing pain transmission properties of neurons, and shaping synaptic plasticity in a dysfunctional manner. Cytokines and neurotrophic factors have been identified as pivotal mediators involved in neuroimmune activation pathways and cascades in various preclinical chronic pain models. Research confirming these findings in humans has so far been scarce, but this comprehensive review provides coherent data supporting the clear association of a mechanistic role of altered central cytokines and neurotrophic factors in a number of chronic pain states despite varying etiologies. Given the importance of these factors in neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain states, prospective therapeutic strategies, and directions for future research in this emerging field, are outlined.
Comparative demography of Burrowing Owls in agricultural and urban landscapes in southeastern Washington

Anecdotal evidence suggests that Burrowing Owls have declined in the state of Washington. We examined the status of these owls in agricultural and urban habitats to better understand the underlying causes of these declines. Nest density was higher in the area dominated by agriculture (0.67 nests/km 2 ) than in the urban area (0.28 nests/km 2 ), and re-use of nest burrows was more common in the agricultural area. We found no difference in mean clutch size between the two areas, but nesting success was higher in the agricultural area. The mean number of fledglings per nesting attempt was higher in the agricultural area (2.02 vs. 1.47), but we found no difference between the two areas in the mean number of fledglings per successful nest (3.2 vs. 3.1). Both natal recruitment (4% vs. 8%) and annual return rate of adults (30% vs. 39%) were lower in the agricultural area than in the urban area, suggesting that the owl population in the agricultural area may not be stable and may be a "sink" population. Due to high burrow fidelity from year to year, and the tendency of some owls in Washington to overwinter, we recommend that legal protection of nest burrows be extended to the nonbreeding season.
An empirical characterization of radio signal strength variability in 3-d IEEE 802.15.4 networks using monopole antennas

The wide availability of radio signal strength attenuation information on wireless radios has received considerable attention as a convenient means of deriving positioning information. Although some schemes have been shown to work in some scenarios, many agree that the robustness of such schemes can be easily compromised when low power IEEE 802.15.4 radios are used. Leveraging a recently installed sensor network testbed, we provide a detailed characterization of signal strength properties and link asymmetries for the CC2420 IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio using a monopole antenna. To quantify the several factors of signal unpredictability due to the hardware, we have collected several thousands of measurements to study the antenna orientation and calibration effects. Our results show that the often overlooked antenna orientation effects are the dominant factor of the signal strength sensitivity, especially in the case of 3-D network deployments. This suggests that the antenna effects need to be carefully considered in signal strength schemes.
A role for angiotensin II AT1 receptors in ureteric bud cell branching

Gene-targeting studies in mice demonstrate that the renin-angiotensin system is required for the proper development of the renal medulla. In the absence of angiotensin II (ANG II) or the ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor, mice exhibit poor papillary development and a severe urinary-concentrating defect. These findings imply that the ureteric bud (UB) and its branches are targets for ANG II actions during renal development. However, direct evidence linking ANG II with UB-branching morphogenesis does not exist. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that UB-derived epithelia express angiotensinogen (Ao) and the AT1 receptor during murine metanephrogenesis. Ao and AT1 receptors are expressed in the UB branches and to a lesser extent in the stromal mesenchyme. AT1 receptor expression in UB-derived epithelia increased from embryo day 12 to day 16 and was observed on both luminal and basolateral membranes. In accord with these findings, cultured murine UB cells express AT1 receptor protein and mRNA. Treatment of UB cells cultured in three-dimensional type I collagen gels with ANG II (10-7 to 10-5 M) elicits a dose-related increase in the number of cells that have primary and secondary branches. These effects of ANG II on UB branching are abrogated by pretreatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan. These data demonstrate a direct and independent role for ANG II acting via AT1 receptors on UB cell branching in vitro. The presence of Ao in the stroma and AT1 on UB cells supports the notion that cross talk between stroma and epithelial cells is crucial to epithelial branching morphogenesis in the developing kidney.
An Alanine Residue in the M3-M4 Linker Lines the Glycine Binding Pocket of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor

While attempting to map a central region in the M3-M4 linker of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit, we found that mutation of a single position, Ala-714, greatly reduced the apparent affinity for glycine. Proximal N-glycosylation localized this region to the extracellular space. Glycine affinities of additional Ala-714 mutations correlated with side chain volume. Substitution of alanine 714 with cysteine did not alter glycine sensitivity, although this mutant was rapidly inhibited by dithionitrobenzoate. Glycine protected the A714C mutant from modification by dithionitrobenzoate, whereas the co-agonist L-glutamate was ineffective. These experiments place Ala-714 in the glycine binding pocket of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a determination not predicted by previous structural models based on bacterial periplasmic binding protein homology.
Untreated psychiatric disorder in pregnancy: Weighing the risks

Though approximately 15 to 29% of pregnant patients have a psychiatric disorder during pregnancy, only about 5 to 14% seek treatment. Untreated mental illness during pregnancy has been associated with poor nutrition, failure to follow prenatal and medical guidelines, and alcohol or other substance misuse. The risks of untreated mental illness during pregnancy must be carefully evaluated along with the risks posed by medications. This review will evaluate consequences of untreated depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in the pregnant patient.
Therapy of Renal Artery Aneurysms in New York State: Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Open and Endovascular Repair

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changing trends in therapy and determinants of outcomes among patients with a renal artery aneurysm (RAA) undergoing surgical or endovascular repair in New York State (NYS). A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent therapy for RAA in NYS from October 1, 2000, to December 31, 2006, was identified from the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database. Regression models which included hospital and patient characteristics were created to identify predictors of untoward events following surgical or endovascular intervention. Over this time period 215 patients with RAA repairs were analyzed. In multivariate analysis, preoperative predictors of death included diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 57.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-1,430.1, p = 0.013), the presence of other aneurysms (adjusted OR = 18.5, CI 1.5-234.4, p = 0.024), and coagulopathy (adjusted OR = 16.9, CI 3.4-393.1, p = 0.03) but not repair type. Perioperative cardiac (adjusted OR = 16.7, CI 1.4-197.1, p = 0.026) and vascular device-related (adjusted OR = 11.1, CI 1.003-123.0, p = 0.049) complications were predictive of mortality. When patients with other aneurysms were excluded from analysis (n = 153), there were no significant predictors of death. Ninety-one endovascular and 124 open surgical repairs were performed with a significant increase in the proportion of endovascular repairs performed over time (p < 0.001), although since 2003 the proportion of both has been roughly equal. Diabetes (15.4% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.018), chronic anemia (5.5% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.04), and emergent admission (48.4% vs. 24.2%, p < 0.001) were more prevalent among those with endovascular repair. Endovascular therapy was associated with a lower incidence of complications, lower median length of stay (4 vs. 7 days, p < 0.001), and lower rates of discharge to skilled nursing facilities (18.9% vs. 39.2%, p = 0.001). There has been an increasing number of treated RAAs in NYS since 2000, with the increase being primarily in those treated by endovascular techniques. Whether this represents a true increase in RAA incidence requiring management or an extension of indications is unknown. Outcomes after endovascular repair were better than those after conventional surgery, although whether this was due to the technique of repair itself or preprocedural selection bias cannot be determined.
STUDIES OF OSMIUM DEPOSITS IN THE CAROTID BODY OF THE CAT

Double aldehyde fixed carotid bodies and small pieces of vagus nerve of cats were incubated in 3 mM copper sulfate and 0.5 mM potassium ferricyanide in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Several modifications of this procedure were also attempted. Tissues were then postosmicated with 2% unbuffered osmium tetroxide and heated to 50-55 C for ten minutes. Under the electron microscope carotid body cells exhibited fine osmium deposits within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, saccule and vesicles of Golgi complex, and cristae of mitochondria. Intense osmium precipitation was also noted in the mitochondria of nerve endings. In addition, much more intense, more conspicuous and more localized reaction wan noted in the intraperiod lines of the myelin sheath of nerves. Deposits here were rod-shaped, displaying considerable variation in length. These results are discussed in the light of previous findings on osmium deposits in various tissues. It was concluded that the osmium reacti...
Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Paradigm Shift

Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Paradigm Shift. Gail Anderson, ed. Marburg an der Lahn: Basilisken Press, 2004. 401 pp.
A spine of steel and a heart of gold: newspaper coverage of the first female Speaker of the House

Literature shows that politics remains associated with maleness in the American cultural discourse. For a female to be elected to office, she must balance common archetypical masculine characteristics that represent strong and capable leadership, with the nurturing expected of women. An in-depth qualitative analysis of Nancy Pelosi's news coverage in five major US dailies confirms these stereotypes. Portrayed as ‘very strong’ and ‘decisive’, the Speaker ‘knows what she wants’. But the woman with ‘the spine of steel’ also possesses a ‘heart of gold’. She is a mother of five and a grandmother of six, and, of course, wears Armani suits. The tension between the two opposite personalities – one predominantly ‘masculine’ and the other clearly ‘feminine’ – characterizes the coverage of the country's first female Speaker and reveals the implications of gendered news coverage on the way Pelosi is perceived as leader. The newspapers examined include the New York Times, the Washington Post, USA Today, the Los Angele...
Nutritional Consequences of Drugs Used in Pediatrics

Pediatric drugs may have significant nutritional consequences via their effects on appetite, nutrient absorption, nutrient metabolism, and nutrient excretion. Examples of common drugs and effects on nutrition include the inhibition of vitamin C storage by aspirin; impairment of folic acid utilization by phenobarbital; phenylalanine accumulation by trimethoprim; and lipolysis caused by caffeine. Nutritional consequences of drugs are of greater clinical significance in children who are malnourished and in those on drugs for prolonged periods. It is important that physicians consider possible deleterious consequences of drugs in making therapeutic choices.
Tuning nonlinear identifiers: networks of coupled oscillators

Adaptive identification methods for nonlinear systems obtain parameter estimates by allowing them to evolve according to an identifier dynamical system. Lyapunov-based methods can establish asymptotic convergence of estimates to the correct values as long as the data used is persistently exciting. However, it may occur that the asymptotic convergence is too slow to render useful results if the identifier system exhibits dynamics on multiple time scales. This phenomenon is illustrated for a class of identifiers that occur in identification of coupling strength parameters in coupled oscillator networks. Additionally, the analysis shows how the parameters of the identification system can be chosen to avoid this difficulty.
The presence of 3,4-dichloroaniline in rice grain hydrolysates

Summary. Identification of 3, 4-dichloroaniline in a hydrolysate of rice grain obtained from experimental plots treated with N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl) propionamide (propanil) and in rice grain purchased on the consumer's market is reported. Rice grain harvested before the introduction of pesticides that contain 3, 4-dichloroaniline but treated with isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate (chlorpropham) yielded rice cereal from which, after caustic hydrolysis of the rice grain, 3-chloroaniline was isolated. The presence of chloroaniline or chloroaniline-containing compounds raises the question as to the source of the contaminants.
Measurements relating fire radiative energy density and surface fuel consumption – RxCADRE 2011 and 2012

Small-scale experiments have demonstrated that fire radiative energy is linearly related to fuel combusted but such a relationship has not been shown at the landscape level of prescribed fires. This paper presents field and remotely sensed measures of pre-fire fuel loads, consumption, fire radiative energy density (FRED) and fire radiative power flux density (FRFD), from which FRED is integrated, across forested and non-forested RxCADRE 2011 and 2012 burn blocks. Airborne longwave infrared (LWIR) image time series were calibrated to FRFD and integrated to provide FRED. Surface fuel loads measured in clip sample plots were predicted across burn blocks from airborne lidar-derived metrics. Maps of surface fuels and FRED were corrected for occlusion of the radiometric signal by the overstorey canopy in the forested blocks, and FRED maps were further corrected for temporal and spatial undersampling of FRFD. Fuel consumption predicted from FRED derived from both airborne LWIR imagery and various ground validation sensors approached a linear relationship with observed fuel consumption, which matched our expectation. These field, airborne lidar and LWIR image datasets, both before and after calibrations and corrections have been applied, will be made publicly available from a permanent archive for further analysis and to facilitate fire modelling.
Short-term durability and improvement of function in traumatic brain injury: a pilot study using the Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) classification levels.

Primary objective : To describe the short-term durability and improvement of functional outcomes for children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) up to 6 months after discharge from i...
Dynamics of Retrograde Electrons Returning From the Output Cavity in Klystrons

Loss of efficiency and tube oscillations have been attributed to electrons returning from the output cavity in klystrons due to excessive output cavity voltages. It is generally believed that the retrograde electrons lead to a relatively large harmonic current component in the input cavity, which overwhelms the input drive. Here, for the first time, detailed simulations describing the dynamics of retrograde particles for a nominal klystron design and cases with the shunt impedance of the output cavity increased, which show persistent harmonic bunching induced by the penultimate cavity, are presented. The maximum retrograde harmonic current is comparable to the current induced in the input cavity without the retrograde particles and can significantly influence the overall klystron behavior
Housing, hospitalization, and cost outcomes for homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities participating in continuum of care and housing first programmes

This article compares two approaches to housing chronically homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities and often substance abuse. The experimental Housing First programme offered immediate access to independent housing without requiring psychiatric treatment or sobriety; the control Continuum of Care programmes made treatment and sobriety prerequisites for housing. A total of 225 participants were interviewed prior to random assignment and every 6-months thereafter for 2 years. Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Participants randomly assigned to the experimental condition spent significantly less time homeless and in psychiatric hospitals, and incurred fewer costs than controls. A sub-sample recruited from psychiatric hospitals (n = 68) spent less time homeless and more time hospitalized, and incurred more costs than a sub-sample (n = 157) recruited from the streets. Recruitment source by programme interactions showed that the experimental programme had greater effects on reducing hospitalization for the hospital sub-sample and reducing homelessness for the street sub-sample. Three-way interactions including time indicated that in the experimental group, hospitalization and homelessness declined faster for the hospital and street sub-samples, respectively, than for comparable controls. Overall results support the Housing First approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance based robust design optimization of steel moment resisting frames

Abstract The seismic design of steel-moment resisting frames is subjected to uncertainties originating from various sources including imprecisely known seismic load, inaccurate modeling assumptions, as well as uncertain material properties and connection behavior. These uncertainties must be considered in the structural design process to ensure that a safe design is achieved. Design codes based on reliability of performance are useful in providing safety margins for the performance objectives with quantifiable confidence levels considering various sources of uncertainties. In these design codes, although seismic demand is usually calculated with a suite of ground motions, only the median seismic demand is used in the subsequent calculation of acceptance criterion (i.e., confidence level), and variation in seismic demand is not used. In the present manuscript, the authors utilize a performance based design approach for seismic design optimization of steel moment resisting frames, where material weight, mean value of seismic demand and variation of seismic demand are treated as three design objectives representing the cost, safety and robustness measures, respectively. Through a case study application, the proposed methodology is demonstrated to be capable of providing a set of Pareto-optimal designs with competing cost, safety and robustness. The obtained Pareto front designs are utilized in the development of uniformity drift ratio as design efficiency indicator. Required uniformity drift ratio to ensure efficient designs for each range of maximum inter-story drift is suggested based on the obtained results. Finally, the influence of the selected connection model and the response modification factor on the obtained results is investigated.
Long-Term Treatment of Parkinsonism With Levodopa

Investigators all over the world have confirmed that levodopa not only relieves the akinesia and rigidity of parkinsonism but also ameliorates tremor in patients treated more than six months. An additional and unexpected benefit of the therapy is the improvement in intellectual function and memory in some patients. Although levodopa has some adverse side effects, it holds great promise in areas other than treatment of parkinsonism and has introduced an exciting new era of chemoanatomy.
Seasonal Abundance of Homadaula anisocentra (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Two Parasitoids, Elasmus albizziae (Hymenoptera: Elasmidae) and Parania geniculata (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), in an Urban Forest

Abstract Populations of mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick, and its parasitoids Elasmus albizziae (Burks) and Parania geniculata (Holmgren) were observed on thornless honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos variety inermis L., at the West Lafayette, IN, campus of Purdue University between 1998 and 2001. Mimosa webworm populations were quantified by visually estimating percentage of browning of each tree canopy. Average browning per tree varied from 10.1 to 13.7% in the first generation and from 19.7 to 32.5% in the second generation. Average parasitism per tree ranged from 9.3 to 15.2% in the first generation and from 28.1 to 30.2% during the second generation. During the course of the study 71.5% of all parasitized mimosa webworm pupae were attacked by E. albizziae. The remaining 28.5% were attacked by P. geniculata. Total numbers of E. albizziae collected per tree in a season were positively correlated with the percentage of canopy turned brown by the second generation of webworms. Annual estimate...
One centimeter spatial resolution temperature measurements in a nuclear reactor using Rayleigh scatter in optical fiber

We present the use of swept wavelength interferometry for distributed fiber-optic temperature measurements in a Nuclear Reactor. The sensors consisted of 2 m segments of commercially available, single mode optical fibers. The interrogation technique is based on measuring the spectral shift of the intrinsic Rayleigh backscatter signal along the optical fiber and converting the spectral shift to temperature.
Consultation — Liaison Funding: Issues for Service and Training

Methods to pay for both service and training for Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry (C-L), have confronted many obstacles since its inception as a recognized domain in psychiatry in the thirties (1-4). In fact, initial support for the first four university programs came from the Rockefeller Foundation that was intent on establishing psychiatric services within medical schools and teaching hospitals (5). With the development of more acute psychiatric inpatient units in the general hospital, the need for mental health service delivery to nonpsychiatric medical/surgical patients became even more apparent, and fostered the ascendency of the hospital wide psychiatric consultation services (6).
Hepatic tumor to normal tissue activity ratio comparison of two primary disease cohorts: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vs neuroendocrine disease (ND) with metastatic hepatic tumor

2132 Objectives Radioembolization using Yittrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres treatment for unresectable hepatic tumor requires image analysis using angiography and [Tc-99m] macro aggregated albumin (MAA) administered through a hepatic artery. The purpose of this research is to determine if the tumor to normal activity ratios (TN) from MAA SPECT varied with tumor vascular density by comparing the TN from two primary disease cohorts. Patients with hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) tumor have relatively less vascular density compared to the hepatic tumor of patient with neuroendocrine disease (ND) when viewed with angiography. Methods Fifty-five patients with HCC and 22 patients with ND with metastatic hepatic tumor were administered approximately 148 MBq of MAA. Following the administration, static and SPECT images were obtained. TN were calculated using the count data from region of interest (ROI) drawn on SPECT images and was calculated as the counts per voxel for an iso-contour ROI based on the FWHM from the tumor divided by the counts per voxel for adjacent normal tissue. The TN from the HCC group was compared to the TN from the ND group. Results The average TN from the HCC cohort was 5.2 ± 4.1 (range of 1.2 and 20). The average TN from ND cohort was 4.2 ± 3.9 (range of 2.3 and 20.3). The difference between the two cohorts is not statistically significant (p-value = 0.19). Conclusions In conclusion, TN within the liver of patients with HCC did not differ significantly from the TN found from patients with metastatic ND
Valproic Acid (Sodium Valproate, Depakote)

Valproate products are FDA-approved drugs to treat seizures and manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder) and to prevent migraine headaches.
Author Guidelines for Manuscripts Reporting on Qualitative Research

AbstractThis article describes author guidelines for developing qualitative manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals. The article explains the process used in the development of qualitative guidelines for JSSWR. The Journal sought to develop a set of guidelines, not as a prescribed checklist, but as benchmarks or, perhaps, touchstones to ensure that readers have sufficient information to fully understand qualitative research procedures. Qualitative research is diverse and guidelines—no matter how expertly crafted—will apply differentially. The guidelines presented here aim to offer authors practical advice toward increasing the clarity of reporting.
On the Torture Lawyers

This essay considers the morality and legality of the notorious 2002 memos authorizing the "enhanced interrogation" techniques that came to be used in the global "war on terror."
Epidemic situation of tuberculosis in Rongshui County of Guangxi from 2005-2011

[Objective]To reveal the dynamic change and epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis(TB) epidemic situation in Rongshui County of Guangxi from 2005-2011,provide the scientific evidence for investigating TB prevention and control strategy.[Methods]The data related to TB cases from the Notifiable disease reporting system during 2005-2011 were analyzed with descriptive epidemiology.[Results]A total of 4 115 TB cases were reported from 2005 to 2011,and the average annual reported incidence rate was 119.54 / lakh,which showed a downtrend.The male-to-female ratio was 2.56∶1.Most of cases were people aged 15-74 years old,which accounted for 93.54% of total cases.77.86% of cases were farmers.The cases were reported in every month,and there was no obvious seasonal feature.[Conclusion]TB epidemic situation in Rongshui County is not optimistic,and it is still necessary take measures to prevent and control TB.
A Case of Pediatric Ureteroscopic Lasertripsy

The standard treatment for ureteral calculi in children has been open surgical removal. Recently, we removed successfully a lower ureteral calculus in a young child with ureteroscopy and the pulsed dye laser. The improvements in smaller rigid and flexible ureteroscopes, in conjunction with lasertripsy, will expand its applications in the treatment of pediatric urolithiasis.
The Materialist Imagination

In April 1801, five years to the month since first striking up a correspondence with Thelwall, Coleridge wrote describing the gulf of mutual understanding that had formed between them: we are so utterly unlike each other in our habits of thinking, and we have adopted such irreconcilably different opinions in Politics, Religion, & Metaphysics, (& probably in Taste too) that, I fear—I fear—I do not know how to express myself — but such, I fear, is the chasm between us, that so far from being able to shake hands across it, we cannot even make our Words intelligible to each other.2
Phenotypic Complementation of Cells from Human Hereditary Diseases with Defects in Cellular Responses to DNA Damage, by Single Human Chromosomes

A better understanding of the molecular basis of human hereditary disease could be reached by the isolation and characterization of the genes involved. Some studies have approached this problem through genetic linkage analysis: localizing the gene to a particular area of a chromosome and then using techniques such as chromosome walking to identify the gene of interest. This type of analysis is time consuming and labor intensive, and requires access to large numbers of affected families and suitable DNA probes. Certain hereditary diseases offer an alternative approach for gene cloning because they exhibit correctable phenotypes in cultured cells. For example, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), ataxia telangiectasia (AT), Cockayne’s syndrome and Fanconi’s anemia all display hypersensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents which can be complemented in vitro (1). Unfortunately, attempts to clone these genes through the technique of DNA transfection have met with little success, probably due to the inefficiency of human cells in the uptake and stable expression of large amounts of exogenous DNA (2-4).
Influence of 2000–2050 climate change on particulate matter in the United States: results from a new statistical model

Abstract. We use a statistical model to investigate the effect of 2000–2050 climate change on fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) air quality across the contiguous United States. By applying observed relationships of PM2. 5 and meteorology to the IPCC Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archives, we bypass some of the uncertainties inherent in chemistry-climate models. Our approach uses both the relationships between PM2. 5 and local meteorology as well as the synoptic circulation patterns, defined as the singular value decomposition (SVD) pattern of the spatial correlations between PM2. 5 and meteorological variables in the surrounding region. Using an ensemble of 19 global climate models (GCMs) under the RCP4.5 scenario, we project an increase of 0.4–1.4 µg m−3 in annual mean PM2. 5 in the eastern US and a decrease of 0.3–1.2 µg m−3 in the Intermountain West by the 2050s, assuming present-day anthropogenic sources of PM2. 5. Mean summertime PM2. 5 increases as much as 2–3 µg m−3 in the eastern United States due to faster oxidation rates and greater mass of organic aerosols from biogenic emissions. Mean wintertime PM2. 5 decreases by 0.3–3 µg m−3 over most regions in the United States, likely due to the volatilization of ammonium nitrate. Our approach provides an efficient method to calculate the potential climate penalty on air quality across a range of models and scenarios. We find that current atmospheric chemistry models may underestimate or even fail to capture the strongly positive sensitivity of monthly mean PM2. 5 to temperature in the eastern United States in summer, and they may underestimate future changes in PM2. 5 in a warmer climate. In GEOS-Chem, the underestimate in monthly mean PM2. 5–temperature relationship in the east in summer is likely caused by overly strong negative sensitivity of monthly mean low cloud fraction to temperature in the assimilated meteorology ( ∼ −0.04 K−1) compared to the weak sensitivity implied by satellite observations (±0.01 K−1). The strong negative dependence of low cloud cover on temperature in turn causes the modeled rates of sulfate aqueous oxidation to diminish too rapidly as temperatures rise, leading to the underestimate of sulfate–temperature slopes, especially in the south. Our work underscores the importance of evaluating the sensitivity of PM2. 5 to its key controlling meteorological variables in climate-chemistry models on multiple timescales before they are applied to project future air quality.
Photosynthetic rates influence the population dynamics of understory herbs in stochastic light environments

Temporal variability in light from gaps in the tree canopy strongly influences the vital rates of understory plants. From 2012-2015, we estimated the size-specific vital rates of two herbs, Calathea crotalifera and Heliconia tortuosa, over a range of light environments. We estimated maximum photosynthetic capacity (Amax) for a subset of individuals each year during three annual censuses, and modelled future size as a linear function of current size (a plant trait that changes ontogenetically), canopy openness (an environmental variable), and Amax (a potentially plastic physiological trait). We estimated what the demographic success would be of a population comprised of individuals with a particular fixed Amax for each of several levels of canopy openness if the environment remained constant, by evaluating corresponding Integral Projection Models and their deterministic growth rates (λ). We then estimated their demographic success in the stochastic light environment (λS) and its elasticities. As light increased, deterministic λ increased for Calathea by 33% but decreased for Heliconia by 52%, and increasing Amax had no effect on λ for Calathea but increased λ for Heliconia in low light. As Amax increased, λS increased for Heliconia, but not Calathea. We also investigated whether photosynthetic rates would influence the elasticities of λS, including its response to perturbation of: vital rates in each environment (ESβ), vital rates over all environments (ES), and variability of vital rates among environments (ESσ). ES, ESσ, and ESβ were influenced by Amax for Heliconia but not Calathea. Events that affect some vital rates in high light have a greater impact on overall fitness than events that affect the same vital rates in shady environments, and there is greater potential for selection on traits of large individuals in high light than in low light for Heliconia, while the reverse was true for Calathea. Photosynthetic rates, through their effects on growth, can strongly influence the population dynamics of plants in random light environments, but the magnitude of this effect varies between species. In the species for which fitness was independent of Amax, Calathea, there would be little opportunity for selection on photosynthetic rates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Alexander Hamilton's Defense of Foreign Capital

Alexander Hamilton’s defense of the 1794 Jay Treaty contains parallels to contemporary arguments concerning the investment chapter of treaties like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a treaty that the Trump Administration appears to oppose. This essay surveys Hamilton’s rationales for protecting the interests of foreign investors.
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to Biomembrane Structure

In the seven years since the first observation of the Raman spectra of model membranes, the field has grown from early attempts at demonstrating the usefulness of the technique to the point at which Raman spectroscopy is now accepted as a powerful tool for the study of the structure of the components of membrane systems. This review offers selected examples which demonstrate the range of applications and future potential for the Raman spectroscopy of membranes.
A Small Case Series of Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Unexpected Findings: Subset of Cases with Concomitant Extravascular Central Nervous System (CNS) Involvement Mimicking Primary CNS Lymphoma.

Background Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma with growth mainly in the lumina of vessels. We studied a small series of IVLBCL and focused on its central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Methods Searching the medical records of Northwestern Memorial Hospital, we identified five cases of IVLBCL from January 2007 to January 2015. Clinical information, hematoxylin and eosin stained histologic slides and immunohistochemistry studies were reviewed for all cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain gene rearrangement was performed on all five cases. Results Three of the five cases of IVLBCL were autopsies. Patients' age ranged from 56 to 84. CNS involvement was present in two cases-in both patients, the CNS involvement showed an extravascular pattern with confluent sheet-like formation. PCR analysis confirmed that in one case the systemic intravascular and CNS extravascular components were clonally identical. Conclusions In a small case series of IVLBCL, we observed that CNS involvement by IVLBCL often has an extravascular morphology, but is clonally identical to the intravascular counterpart by PCR analysis. As IVLBCL can have a rapidly progressing poor outcome, it should be kept in the differential diagnoses for patients presenting with lymphoma of the CNS. The presence of extravascular growth patterns in the CNS should not exclude IVLBCL as a diagnosis.
Aneurysm size and the Windkessel effect: An analysis of contrast intensity in digital subtraction angiography.

Large cerebral aneurysms are considered more dangerous than their smaller counterparts, with higher risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Understanding the hemodynamics of large aneurysms has potential to predict their response to treatment. Digital subtraction angiography images for patients with intracranial aneurysms over a seven-year period were reviewed. Unruptured solitary aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) proximal to the terminus and posterior communicating artery were included. Contrast intensity over time was analyzed at the center of the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery distal to the aneurysm and compared to the contralateral side. Analysis included time to peak (TP)10%-100% (time needed for contrast to change from 10% intensity to 100%), washout time (WT)100%-10% (time for 100% intensity to 10%), and quartile time (QT)25%-25% (time for 25% intensity during vessel filling to 25% during emptying). Fifty patients met the inclusion criteria. Analysis over the ipsilateral M1 segment revealed a significant increase in QT25%-25% (8.5 vs 7.6 seconds, p = 0.006) compared to the contralateral side. There was a correlation between TP10%-100% and QT25%-25% with aneurysm size (Pearson's r = 0.37, p = 0.007 and r = 0.43, p = 0.001, respectively). Larger ICA aneurysms were associated with delayed contrast intensity times . A plausible mechanism is that large aneurysms act as a capacitance chamber (Windkessel effect) that slow the arrival of contrast distal to the aneurysm. This may be of significance for large aneurysms after treatment, where the loss of the Windkessel effect places the distal circulation at greater risk for hemorrhage, and warrants further study.
A Review and the Conservation Implications of Aquatic Behaviour and Drowning in Jumping Mice (Dipodidae: Zapodinae)

Jumping mice (Dipodidae: Zapodinae) have a generalized terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion with specializations for saltatory and scansorial locomotion. I reviewed first-hand accounts of aquatic behaviour in the literature and confirmed that jumping mice are semi-aquatic, using both primitive quadrupedal paddling on the surface as well as the more derived simultaneous bipedal pelvic paddling while swimming underwater. Although proficient swimmers, jumping mice are also prone to drowning, especially in human-made pools. Management of populations of jumping mice with conservation concern should consider potential hazards faced by jumping mice in an aquatic environment.