cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial bistability of Dpp–receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal–ventral patterning

In many developmental contexts, a locally produced morphogen specifies positional information by forming a concentration gradient over a field of cells. However, during embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning in Drosophila, two members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Screw (Scw), are broadly transcribed but promote receptor-mediated signalling in a restricted subset of expressing cells. Here we use a novel immunostaining protocol to visualize receptor-bound BMPs and show that both proteins become localized to a sharp stripe of dorsal cells. We demonstrate that proper BMP localization involves two distinct processes. First, Dpp undergoes directed, long-range extracellular transport. Scw also undergoes long-range movement, but can do so independently of Dpp transport. Second, an intracellular positive feedback circuit promotes future ligand binding as a function of previous signalling strength. These data elicit a model in which extracellular Dpp transport initially creates a shallow gradient of BMP binding that is acted on by positive intracellular feedback to produce two stable states of BMP-receptor interactions, a spatial bistability in which BMP binding and signalling capabilities are high in dorsal-most cells and low in lateral cells.
Enhancement of influenza virus multiplication by 5-methyl-2-D-ribobenzimidazole.

Abstract 5-Methyl-2- d -ribobenzimidazole increases the yield of influenza B virus in the chorioallantoic membrane in vitro . Increased yields are observed both in the membrane and in the medium. In embryonated chicken eggs 9 to 12 days old the yield of virus in untreated cultures decreases with the age of egg, whereas the degree of enhancement in the presence of 5-methyl-2- d -ribobenzimidazole increases. The degree of enhancement is directly proportional to the concentration of compound in the range from 0 to 4 m M . Further increase in concentration is not associated with increased enhancement. Membranes from some eggs may show greater than fifteenfold increase in yield of virus in the presence of the compound. The mean maximal increase in membranes from 10-day eggs is 425%. The degree of enhancement increases on prolonged incubation. 5-Methyl-2- d -ribobenzimidazole does not increase the yield of vaccinia virus in chorioallantoic membrane cultures in vitro . At a concentration of 3.7 m M , 54% inhibition of vaccinia virus multiplication was observed.
On-road vehicle emissions: US studies

Abstract Several recent events in mobile sources emissions measurements have caused a major reassessment of the amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the ambient air attributed to mobile sources. These include the comparison of real-world in-use vehicle emissions with those predicted by mobile emission factor models and the development of cross-road remote sensors for measuring emissions from in-use passing vehicles. The real-world measurements were generally higher than model predictions. A tunnel study in the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) found two-fold to seven-fold differences. Additional real-world studies, including the remote sensor, roadside I/M inspections and testing on the US Environmental Protection Agency portable dynamometer have shown that 50% of the tailpipe emissions come from only 10% of the vehicles and 80% come from 20% of the vehicles. This paper describes the portable dynamometer study and several tunnel studies.
Dynamics of plasma expansion and shockwave formation in femtosecond laser-ablated aluminum plumes in argon gas at atmospheric pressures

Plasma expansion with shockwave formation during laser ablation of materials in a background gasses is a complex process. The spatial and temporal evolution of pressure, temperature, density, and velocity fields is needed for its complete understanding. We have studied the expansion of femtosecond (fs) laser-ablated aluminum (Al) plumes in Argon (Ar) gas at 0.5 and 1 atmosphere (atm). The expansion of the plume is investigated experimentally using shadowgraphy and fast-gated imaging. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is also carried out. The position of the shock front measured by shadowgraphy and fast-gated imaging is then compared to that obtained from the CFD modeling. The results from the three methods are found to be in good agreement, especially during the initial stage of plasma expansion. The computed time- and space-resolved fields of gas-dynamic parameters have provided valuable insights into the dynamics of plasma expansion and shockwave formation in fs-pulse ablated Al plumes in ...
Interfaces in Perovskite Heterostructures

Recent advances in film synthesis have made it possible to investigate the properties of well-controlled interfaces in perovskite metal-oxides. A review of published experimental data and computational results indicate that so far most interfaces that have been analyzed in ferroelectric materials—while necessary to impose large lattice strain on the polar material—contribute little to the ferroelectricity and may instead be detrimental to the desired properties. In contrast, a very different situation arises at interfaces that show changes in the electronic configuration as a consequence of a compositional discontinuity. Data is shown for LaMnO3/SrTiO3 superlattices as an example of electronic effects that produce enhanced properties, further illustrating the richness of interfacial properties that can be obtained at interfaces (as shown in numerous published results for different but related interfaces).
Kindergarten Students' Organization of Counting in Joint Counting Tasks and the Emergence of Cooperation

The purpose of the study was to investigate and document possibilities for and manifestations of collaborative work with pairs of kindergarten students while they worked on tasks designed to promote early number development. Ten students, paired to be compatible with respect to their development of counting, were taught weekly for a period of 4 months. The students were addressed as pairs and provided with only one set of counting materials. The students generated 4 strategies to organize their counting: counting parts side by side, counting all at the same time, taking turns, and counting cooperatively. Cooperative counting was defined as a counting episode in which the counting acts of both students merged into a single activity with the partners working toward a common goal. Three themes emerged from the analysis of the cooperative solutions: (a) the relation between cooperation and the specific requirements of a counting task, (b) the relation between the ability to work cooperatively and the students' development of counting, and (c) the students' need to complement a cooperative venture with a solution of their own.
Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in Suicidal Patients: Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Dilemmas

Background The authors review the literature related to patients who obtain a Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order in preparation for a suicide attempt. Objective The authors review the ethical issues involved in making a decision to resuscitate or not in an attempted suicide with a DNR order. Method The authors address the potential legal consequences of action or inaction and clinical issues to consider before a DNR order is issued. Results DNR laws do not take into account the situation of the mentally ill person framing a DNR order as a preparation for suicide. Conclusion The article recommends screening for suicidal ideation before issuing DNR orders, having clear hospital policies regarding the honoring of DNR orders if suicide is attempted, and clarification of state DNR laws regarding suicide.
Endogenous Modulators and Pharmacological Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylases in Cancer Therapy

The class-I histone deacetylases (HDACs) HDAC1 and HDAC2 belong to a family of 11 zinc-dependent human HDACs and are overexpressed in many cancers. Inhibitors of these HDACs now in clinical trials show activity against several types of cancers. This review is focused on recent advances in both clinical and preclinical efforts to understand the basis for the actions of HDACis, with emphasis on implications for rational combinations with conventional or other targeted agents. We will address new perspectives on the molecular mechanisms by which HDACs act and how these actions relate to cancer. We will also review new evidence showing that HDACs are direct intracellular targets of the potent sphingolipid mediator S1P, the first identified endogenous nuclear regulator of these enzymes, linking sphingolipid metabolism in the nucleus to remodeling of chromatin and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Understanding how endogenous molecules regulate HDAC activity in vivo may facilitate the search for safer and more effective anticancer drugs capable of interfering with HDAC functions in a highly specific manner.
Protein kinase C(19–31) pseudosubstrate inhibition of insulin action in rat adipocytes

Treatment of intact adipocytes with the autoregulatory PKC pseudosubstrate PKC(19–31) inhibited insulin-stimulated hexose uptake and lipogenesis, with no effect on basal values. The effect was dose-dependent with respective IC10 values of 30 μM and 600 μM for insulin-stimulated hexose uptake in electroporated and intact adipocytes. These studies indicate that PKC may play a role in the mediation of insulin action in adipocytes.
The integration of STD/HIV services with contraceptive services for young women in the United States

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the national prevalence and predictors of sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus (STD/HIV) service receipt in the preceding year among young women who received contraceptive services. Study Design Weighted self-reported data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth was used to estimate the prevalence and multivariable odds ratios for the receipt of STD/HIV services among 1009 unmarried, sexually active 15- to 24-year-old women who received contraceptive services. Results Of the women who received contraceptive services, 35% (2.7 million) did not receive STD/HIV services. Predictors of the receipt of STD/HIV services included younger age at first sexual intercourse (≤ 14 years; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.0; 15-17 years; aOR, 1.7), having ever been pregnant (aOR, 2.2); having had ≥ 2 partners in the past year (aOR, 2.6), receipt of a pregnancy test or abortion in the past year (aOR, 2.3), and having visited a Title X clinic in the last 12 months (aOR, 3.3). Conclusion Interventions are needed to help integrate contraceptive and STD/HIV services.
The Single Molecule Imaging Approach to Membrane Protein Stoichiometry

Recent technical advances have enabled the imaging of single fluorescent molecules. The application of single molecule visualization techniques has opened up new avenues of experimentation in biology at the molecular level. In this article, we review the application of single fluorescent molecule visualization and analysis to an important problem, that of subunit stoichiometry in membrane proteins, with particular emphasis on our approach. Single fluorescent molecules, coupled to fluorescent proteins, are localized in the membranes of cells. The molecules are then exposed to continuous low-level excitation until their fluorescent emissions reach background levels. The high sensitivity of modern instrumentation has enabled direct observations of discrete step decreases in the fluorescence of single molecules, which represent the bleaching of single fluorophores. By counting the number of steps over a large number of single molecules, an average step count is determined from which the stoichiometry is deduced using a binomial model. We examined the stoichiometry of a protein, prestin, that is central to mammalian hearing. We discuss how we prepared, identified, and imaged single molecules of prestin. The methodological considerations behind our approach are described and compared to similar procedures in other laboratories.
Reduction of matrix interferences in furnace atomic absorption with the L'vov Platform

Abstract Use of a modified L'vov Platform and ammonium phosphate as a matrix modifier greatly reduced matrix interferences in a commercial Massmann-type atomic absorption furnace. Platforms were readily fabricated from furnace tubes and, once positioned in the furnace, caused no inconvenience in operation. Two volatile elements (Pb, Cd), two of intermediate volatility (Co, Cr) and two which form stable oxides (Al, Sn) were tested in natural water and selected synthetic matrices. In every case for which there was a significant matrix effect during atomization from the tube wall, the platform and platform plus modifier gave improved performance. With lead, for example, an average ratio of 0.48 ± 0.11 was found when the slope of the standard additions plot for six different natural water samples was compared to the slope of the standard working curve in dilute acid. The average slope ratio between the natural water matrices and the dilute acid matrix was 0.94 ± 0.03 with the L'vov Platform and 0.96 ± 0.03 with the platform and matrix modifier. In none of the cases studied did the use of the platform or platform plus modifier cause an interference problem where none existed while atomizing from the tube wall. An additional benefit of the platform was a factor of about two improvement in peak height precision.
Hierarchy levels in the control of blood flow to the hind limb of the dog. A new approach to the analysis of integrative neural cardiovascular control.

In order to quantitatively assess the dynamic interactions between different levels of the O2 transport system control hierarchy from the dynamics of the relative contribution by individual cardiovascular and respiratory variables to the response of the system to stress, flow perturbations were introduced in the hind leg of greyhounds by:1) passive motion of the biceps muscle, 2) electrical stimulation (el. stim.) of the muscle nerve, 3) el. stim. of the femoral and sciatic nerve, 4) el. stim. of the proximal end of both nerves, 5) el. stim. of the peripheral end of both nerves, 6) peripheral stimulation after autonomic blockers and 7) peripheral stimulation after Flaxedil. The following variables were continuously measured: upper and lower inflow in the biceps, inflows into the stimulated and the contralateral leg, O2 saturation of the venous outflow from the muscle and the leg, arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and tidal volume; and their responses to perturbations were characterized by four parameters [delay time, initial slope, maximum (or minimum) and average response]. Of these, the slope was found to be the most sensitive index of stimulus specificity, while the traditionally measured steady state response, although an important consideration for performance adaptation to stress, does not permit a differentiation between the various control mechanisms which mediate the response. These results indicate that the low frequency dynamics of cardiovascular and respiratory performance contain essential information about the type of control arrangement existing at a given moment. Marked differences in both time course and magnitude of flow responses in vascular beds arranged in parallel and in series were observed with corresponding differences in the changes of the O2 content of their respective venous outflows. From the ranking of the four parameters a numerical estimate of the overall response as well as of its peripheral and central components was obtained. Between the different experimental conditions the spectrum of the overall responses ranged from predominance of centrally mediated control mechanisms (as judged by the magnitude of the contribution by “central” indicators) to predominance of locally mediated control mechanism. The latter depended on the presence of increased metabolic activity. If hierarchy levels are defined functionally (rather than structurally) on the basis of the magnitude of the response of the different indicators our results show a complete reversal of the hierarchical ordering between stimulation of the proximal and peripheral end of the sciatic and femoral nerve. An appropriate choice of sufficient and adequate parameters for the characterization of integrated response pattern is a crucial prerequisite for this type of analysis.
First-principles investigation of perfect and diffuse antiphase boundaries in HCP-based Ti-Al alloys

First-principles thermodynamic models based on the cluster expansion formalism, Monte Carlo simulations, and quantum-mechanical total energy calculations are employed to compute short-range-order (SRO) parameters and diffuse-antiphase-boundary energies in hcp-based α-Ti-Al alloys. Our calculations unambiguously reveal a substantial amount of SRO is present in α-Ti-6 Al and that, at typical processing temperatures and concentrations, the diffuse antiphase boundaries (DAPB) energies associated with a single dislocation slip can reach 25 mJ/m^2. We find very little anisotropy between the energies of DAPBs lying in the basal and prism planes. Perfect antiphase boundaries in DO_(19)-ordered Ti_3Al are also investigated and their interfacial energies, interfacial stresses, and local displacements are calculated from first principles through direct supercell calculations. Our results are discussed in light of mechanical property measurements and deformation microstructure studies in α-Ti-Al alloys.
Structural Geologic Interpretations from Radar Imagery

Certain structural geologic features may be more readily recognized on sidelooking airborne radar (SLAR) images than on conventional aerial photographs, other remote sensor imagery, or by ground observations. SLAR systems look obliquely to one or both sides and their images resemble aerial photographs taken at low sun angle with the sun directly behind the camera. They differ from air photos in geometry, resolution, and information content. Radar operates at much lower frequencies than the human eye, camera, or infrared sensors, and thus “sees” differently. The lower frequency enables it to penetrate most clouds and some precipitation, haze, dust, and some vegetation. Radar provides its own illumination, which can be closely controlled in intensity and frequency. It is narrow band, or essentially monochromatic. Low relief and subdued features are accentuated when viewed from the proper direction. Runs over the same area in significantly different directions (more than 45° from each other), show that images taken in one direction may emphasize features that are not emphasized on those taken in the other direction; optimum direction is determined by those features which need to be emphasized for study purposes. Lineaments interpreted as faults stand out on radar imagery of central and western Nevada; folded sedimentary rocks cut by faults can be clearly seen on radar imagery of northern Alabama. In these areas, certain structural and stratigraphic features are more pronounced on radar images than on conventional photographs; thus radar imagery materially aids structural interpretation.
Direct Inhibition of Gcn5 Protein Catalytic Activity by Polyglutamine-expanded Ataxin-7

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion within the N-terminal region of the ataxin-7 protein, a known subunit of the SAGA complex. Although the mechanisms of SCA7 pathogenesis remain poorly understood, previous studies have shown perturbations in SAGA histone acetyltransferase function and transcriptional alterations. We sought to determine whether and how polyQ-expanded ataxin-7 affects SAGA catalytic activity. Here, we determined that polyQ-expanded ataxin-7 directly bound the Gcn5 catalytic core of SAGA while in association with its regulatory proteins, Ada2 and Ada3. This caused a significant decrease in Gcn5 histone acetyltransferase activity in vitro and in vivo at two SAGA-regulated galactose genes, GAL1 and GAL7. However, Gcn5 occupancy at the GAL1 and GAL7 promoters was increased in these cells, revealing a dominant-negative phenotype of the polyQ-expanded ataxin-7-incorporated, catalytically inactive SAGA. These findings suggest a dominant mechanism of polyQ-mediated SAGA inhibition that potentially contributes to SCA7 disease pathogenesis.
From hermeneutics in social science toward a hermeneutics of social science

standing of their age in terms of its being a product of world-historical progression, where each stage contained its own possibilities and limitations as well as being superceded in turn by another stage. Hegel constructed a grand philosophical edifice on this new ground of selfunderstanding. No one has ever transcended and no one will ever transcend, he contended, in action, thought, project, fantasy or utopia his own Time; we shall not be able to do so either. Yet, Hegel added, the past that we are able to recollect from the peak of our present is the Whole, that is, the whole History and the whole Truth.1 The Hegelian time capsule carries a dual paradox that only the Hegelian system was momentarily able to sublate. Reflected universalism had given birth to Faustian Man, who overthrows all taboos and transcends all limits, who is eager to know everything, to act out all his projects and desires. However, the same reflected universality publicly declared that we are captives of the prisonhouse of contemporaneity. Reflected universalism had transformed Truth into "historical Truth," robbing the world of the eternal, the timeless, without ever being able to quench the thirst for certitude both in the outer and inner worlds. Modern historical consciousness inherently encompasses this dual paradox, just as well as all the attempts to live with it and bear with it proudly.
Do franchised chains advertise enough

Abstract Evidence from the research literature and the trade press suggests that advertising is a common source of controversy among channel partners in franchised chains. A theoretical explanation for this controversy is that investment in an asset will be less when that asset is shared. Hybrid organizational forms such as franchised chains share a brand name among the franchisor and its franchisees, so advertising that brand name is predicted to be less in a franchised chain than in a corporate chain. To test the hypothesis, this paper analyzes empirically advertising levels based upon the extent of franchising in restaurant chains and in hotel chains. Advertising falls with the level of franchising in both industries, controlling for size of chain and other variables. Implications for theory and marketing practice are discussed.
ANÁLISE DA VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DO BIODIESEL: O CASO DA SOJA NA BAHIA

As energias renovaveis vem ganhando muita importância no cenario politico e economico mundial. Apesar da questao do biodiesel estar sendo amplamente investigada, as caracteristicas regionais de producao ainda nao foram suficientemente abordadas. Assim, este artigo analisa a viabilidade economica da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel produzido a partir do oleo de soja na Bahia, com base em um modelo de simulacao desenvolvido pelos autores. No total foram simulados 13 cenarios para a producao do biodiesel. A analise dos resultados aponta para uma grande competitividade dessa producao na Bahia.
The Folies Bergère in New York City in 1911

Nineteenth century American theatre managers generally sought to attract mass audiences. Toward this end they usually featured variety, novelty, and the spectacular in attempts to provide a little something for everyone on each evening's program. By the end of the century many managers had begun to alter this policy, choosing instead to offer entertainments which appealed to only a particular segment of the theatre-going public. Accordingly, the late nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century brought the development of many distinct strains of theatrical entertainment like vaudeville, the circus, the Little Theatre movement, and the beginnings of the night-club industry.
Complex polyamine effects on [3H]MDL 105,519 binding to the NMDA receptor glycine site.

Several studies have suggested that polyamines modulate the interaction of glycine with the NMDA receptor. We have further investigated the effects of polyamines using the NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist [(E)-3-(2-phenyl-2-carboxyethenyl)-4.6-dichloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid] ([ 3 H]MDL 105,519). [ 3 H]MDL 105,519 binding assays were performed using well washed membranes prepared from frozen rat brains. The polyamines spermine and spermidine increased the fraction of non-specific binding (determined by the addition of I mM glycine) in the [ 3 H]MDL 105,519 binding assay from 40-60% when spermine or spermidine concentration was increased from I to 100 μM. Polyamine agonists spermine, spermidine and 1.5-(diethylamino)piperidin (30 μM) did not have a significant effect on displacement of [ 3 H]MDL 105,519 binding by glycine or glycine site antagonists. Similarly. the polyamine antagonist arcaine did not have a significant effect on displacement of[ 3 H]MDL 105,519 binding by glycine or glycine site antagonists. However, spermidine significantly depressed the potency of MDL 105,519 in displacing [ 3 H]dizocilpine binding. These data suggest that [ 3 H]MDL 105,519 may preferentially bind to a polyamine insensitive form of the NMDA receptor.
Craniofacial skeletal defects of adult zebrafish Glypican 4 (knypek) mutants

The heparan sulfate proteoglycan Glypican 4 (Gpc4) is part of the Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, which is required for convergence and extension during zebrafish gastrulation. To observe Glypican 4-deficient phenotypes at later stages, we rescued gpc4(-/-) (knypek) homozygotes and raised them for more than one year. Adult mutants showed diverse cranial malformations of both dermal and endochondral bones, ranging from shortening of the rostral-most skull to loss of the symplectic. Additionally, the adult palatoquadrate cartilage was disorganized, with abnormal chondrocyte orientation. To understand how the palatoquadrate cartilage normally develops, we examined a juvenile series of wild type and mutant specimens. This identified two novel domains of elongated chondrocytes in the larval palatoquadrate, which normally form prior to endochondral ossification. In contrast, gpc4(-/-) larvae never form these domains, suggesting a failure of chondrocyte orientation, though not differentiation. Our findings implicate Gpc4 in the regulation of zebrafish cartilage and bone morphogenesis.
Analgesic efficacy of celecoxib in postoperative oral surgery pain: A single-dose, two-center, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled study

Abstract Background: Celecoxib 200 mg has been reported to reduce pain following dental extraction but to offer poorer pain relief than active comparators. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of celecoxib 400 mg, the recommended loading dose for treatment of acute pain, with that of ibuprofen 400 mg and placebo following oral surgery. Methods: This was a single-dose, 2-center, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled study in which patients with moderate to severe pain following third molar extraction were randomized to receive a single dose of celecoxib 400 mg, ibuprofen 400 mg, or placebo. Pain assessments were completed using a 4-point pain intensity scale where 0=no pain and 3=severe pain and a 5-point pain relief scale where 0=no pain relief and 4=complete pain relief at baseline and 18 time points over 24 hours. Primary efficacy outcome measures were time to onset of analgesia (the median time to perceptible pain relief in those patients who achieved meaningful pain relief), time-specific pain intensity difference (PID), time-specific pain relief (PR), time-specific sum of PID and PR, and time to use of rescue medication. Times to perceptible and meaningful pain relief (secondary efficacy outcome measures) were recorded using 2 stopwatches. Tolerability was assessed through recording of adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, and physical examinations (including collection of vital signs). Results: One hundred seventy-one patients were randomized to celecoxib 400 mg (30 women and 27 men; mean [SD] age, 21.4 [4.2] years); ibuprofen 400 mg (30 women and 27 men; mean [SD] age, 22.0 [4.7] years); or placebo (34 women and 23 men; mean [SD] age, 21.6 [5.0] years). Mean times to onset of analgesia with celecoxib 400 mg and ibuprofen 400 mg were rapid and comparable (median 28 minutes and 26 minutes, respectively) and were significantly shorter than with placebo (>24 hours) (both, P P P P P 24 hours) was significantly longer than with ibuprofen (10 hours, 58 minutes [8 hours, 30 minutes- 14 hours, 34 minutes]) or placebo (1 hour, 51 minutes [1 hour, 40 minutes-2 hours, 22 minutes]) (both, P Conclusions: In this postsurgical dental pain study, the onset and magnitude of pain relief with celecoxib 400 mg and ibuprofen 400 mg were found to be comparable. In addition, patients who received celecoxib 400 mg as a single dose had a significantly longer time to use of rescue medication and had higher pain relief scores later in the study than those who received ibuprofen 400 mg. Celecoxib was well tolerated compared with placebo.
Examining Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asian Adolescent Drug Use: The contributions of culture, background and lifestyle

Although statistics from various surveys differ, it is acknowledged that drug abuse is increasing among young Asian Americans. This increase is particularly noteworthy among those who reside in urban centres, where there is greater exposure to social influences (Lin, 1986). Extensive exposure of Asian adolescents to Western youth drug culture contributes to a higher risk of developing drug problems. The internalizing of Western culture puts young Asians at risk of engaging in delinquent acts that lead to drug arrests, school dropout, and a greater frequency and duration of drug use. In a nine-month tracking study of Asian youth, their drug use and cultural influences were assessed using the Adolescent Substance Battery. It is suggested that the transition to Western culture disrupts the hierarchical family structure, interdependence, and self-identity of young Asian Americans.
Predictive program synthesize

Program Synthesizers are becoming increasingly useful for program creation. However, a majority of these synthesizers are apparently not truly language sensitive. This is indicated by the fact that most of them use error-correcting parsers. We consider the Program Synthesizer as a formal predictive sentence generator with control given to the programmer. For the purpose of generating a (syntactically) correct sentence (or program), our method relies heavily on the underlying LL(k) parse-table for the corresponding programming language. The method demonstrates our 'Prevention is Better than Correction' notion and correspondingly the need for an error-correcting parser can be eliminated. Our method also eliminates the need for 'fetch-template' commands, thus accelerating the program entry. Finally an example session is shown with a non-trivial subset of Modula-2.
Organizational structures and strategic management of produce marketing in retail supermarkets

A conceptual framework is developed to describe the internal organization of produce marketing management within retail supermarket chains. The framework is applied to the analysis of a selective sample of 17 supermarket chains operating primarily in the southern mid-Atlantic region. Based on results of interviews with key management personnel, generalized models of the hierarchy of management and scope of responsibility for strategic planning relevant to the fresh produce section are constructed. Implications are drawn for strategic and operational control of the produce section. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement and modeling of propagation losses in brick and concrete walls for the 900-MHz band

The prediction of wall losses is a fundamental aspect in the planning of cellular systems. The broad variety of building materials and construction codes makes accurate attenuation prediction very difficult without the support of specific construction data or measurements. In this paper, the attenuation and equivalent electric parameters /spl epsiv/ and /spl sigma/ of brick and doubly reinforced concrete walls are estimated for the 900-MHz band by fitting simple ray tracing models to empirical transmission data. The measurement setup is described, and extensive experimental results justifying the quasioptical modeling are presented.
China at the Tipping Point? The Turn Against Legal Reform

What will be the future of China’s authoritarian political system? Many predicted that China’s rapid development over the past several decades would inevitably lead to gradual liberalization. Economic growth was expected to generate a cascade of changes — first to society, then law, and eventually politics. Events appeared to confirm these projections. As Chinese authorities opened up the economy in the late twentieth century, they also launched sweeping reforms of the nation’s legislative and judicial institutions.The events of the past decade, however, have called these assumptions into question. From 2000 to 2011, per capita GDP in China more than quintupled, skyrocketing from US$949 to $5,445. But one-party rule remains intact under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and Chinese authorities have turned against many of the legal reforms that they themselves enacted back in the 1980s and 1990s. Lawyers have come under increased pressure. Political campaigns warning against rule-of-law norms have rippled through the courts. And under new policies making “stability maintenance” (weiwen) a top priority, central authorities have massively increased funding for extralegal institutions aimed at channeling, curtailing, and suppressing citizen discontent.These shifts have choked off institutions for venting dissatisfaction and redressing ills that are key to the CCP’s continued resilience as an authoritarian regime. The changes have fueled social unrest, funneling citizen grievances into a rising tide of street protests instead of institutionalized legal or political participation. And they have led to new worries at the center regarding the danger posed by individual CCP of- ficials (such as disgraced Chongqing CCP boss Bo Xilai) seizing parts of the weiwen apparatus for their own ends. For precisely these reasons, an increasing number of officials, academics, and activists have called on central authorities to revive flagging legal reforms in the wake of the November 2012 leadership succession.China may indeed be at a tipping point. But it is not clear which way it will tip. Authorities may restart legal reform as part of a comprehensive program of political and institutional transformation. Or they may refuse, risking an escalating spiral of social and political turmoil.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on isolated cardiac nuclei: stimulation of RNA polymerase II activity

RNA polymerase activity was measured in isolated cardiac nuclei subjected to hydrostatic pressure. After 20 min of pressure, Mn2+ stimulated RNA polymerase II activity was increased. The response to pressure was inhibited by low concentrations of α-amanitin (1.1 μg·cm−3) an inhibitor of polymerase II activity. The data show that pressure applied to isolated nuclei stimulates RNA polymerase II activity, forming mRNA, and suggests that direct application of pressure to cardiac nuclei may be the stimulus which triggers the augmented protein synthesis seen in pressure overload.
The Alcoholism Generator

Alcohol exposure largely affects 3 populations: fetuses, adolescents, and adults. These 3 developmental stages are inextricably intertwined such that elevated alcohol exposure at any time increases the probability of exposure at the others. This circular interdependency is called the alcoholism generator. Furthermore, exposure to large amounts of alcohol at these 3 times can cause cognitive dysfunction, largely through mechanisms of alcohol-induced perturbations in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Breaking this cycle is key to reducing problem alcohol drinking and the associated sequelae.
On the equation for spherical-particle motion: effect of Reynolds and acceleration numbers

The existing model equations governing the accelerated motion of a spherical particle are examined and their predictions compared with the results of the numerical solution of the full Navier–Stokes equations for unsteady, axisymmetric flow around a freely moving sphere injected into an initially stationary or oscillating fluid. The comparison for the particle Reynolds number in the range of 2 to 150 and the particle to fluid density ratio in the range of 5 to 200 indicates that the existing equations deviate considerably from the Navier–Stokes equations. As a result, we propose a new equation for the particle motion and demonstrate its superiority to the existing equations over a range of Reynolds numbers (from 2 to 150) and particle to fluid density ratios (from 5 to 200). The history terms in the new equation account for the effects of large relative acceleration or deceleration of the particle and the initial relative velocity between the fluid and the particle. We also examine the temporal structure of the near wake of the unsteady, axisymmetric flow around a freely moving sphere injected into an initially stagnant fluid. As the sphere decelerates, the recirculation eddy size grows monotonically even though the instantaneous Reynolds number of the sphere decreases.
Exploiting large on-chip memory space through data recomputation

This paper presents a novel on-chip memory space utilization strategy for architectures that accommodate large on-chip software-managed memories. In such architectures, the access latencies of data blocks are typically proportional to the distance between the processor and the requested data. Considering such an on-chip memory hierarchy, we propose to recompute the value of an on-chip data, which is far from the processor, using the closer data elements instead of directly accessing the far data if it is beneficial to do so in terms of performance. This paper presents the details of a compiler algorithm that implements the proposed approach and reports the experimental data collected using six data-intensive applications programs. Our experimental evaluation indicates 8.2% performance improvement, on the average, over a state-of-the-art on-chip memory management strategy and shows consistent improvements for varying on-chip memory sizes and different data access latencies.
COD: online temporal clustering for outbreak detection

We present Cluster Onset Detection (COD), a novel algorithm to aid in detection of epidemic outbreaks. COD employs unsupervised learning techniques in an online setting to partition the population into subgroups, thus increasing the ability to make a detection over the population as a whole by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The method is adaptive and able to alter its clustering in real-time without the need for detailed background knowledge of the population. COD attempts to detect a cluster made up primarily of infected hosts. We argue that this technique is largely complementary to the existing methods for outbreak detection and can generally be combined with one or more of them. We show empirical results applying COD to the problem of detecting a worm attack on a system of networked computers, and show that thIs method results in approximately 40% lower infection rate at a false positive rate of 1 per week than the best previously reported results on this data set achieved using an HMM model customized for the outbreak detection task.
Role of Insulin in the Regulation of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9

Objective—Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which binds the low-density lipoprotein receptor and targets it for degradation, has emerged as an important regulator of serum chol...
Plant Diversity in an Imperiled Gamagrass Community in Northeastern Texas

Abstract Cowleech Prairie Preserve, located on the Cowleech Fork of the Sabine River, Hunt County, northeastern Texas, is a wet-to-mesic blackland prairie-wetland complex that represents a plant community currently undescribed by the National Vegetation Classification. However, it bears similarities with those globally imperiled communities having eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) as a first-order dominant. Objectives of this study were to document floristic composition and examine changes in composition and dominance of species from late spring to early autumn and to better define classification of this community as a recognized association. We collected data on species richness, composition, ground cover, and abundance of forbs during early autumn 2003 and late spring 2004. Total number of species (species richness) recorded was 56 in autumn and 61 in spring. However, these seasonal differences in species richness were not significant. Poaceae (grasses) was the most dominant family in autumn, wi...
Conceptualizing Short-Term Treatment A Comparative Review

Short-term and time-limited treatments have recently received increased interest in the counseling literature. Nevertheless, a great deal of ambiguity exists regarding the structure and substance of these treatments. A classification system is proposed that descriptively orders different types of brief treatments. This system is used to compare and contrast conceptually planned models of short-term therapy. Research and practice implications for counseling psychologists are discussed.
Novel Target Sites for Estrogen Action in the Dorsal Hippocampus: An Examination of Synaptic Proteins*

Structural studies have shown that estrogens increase dendritic spine number in the dorsal CA1 field of rat hippocampus using Golgi impregnation as well as the number of dorsal CA1 synapses visualized via electron microscopy. The present study was carried out to further these findings by examining changes in the levels of pre- and postsynaptic proteins using radioimmunocytochemistry (RICC). In this study, 2 days of estradiol-benzoate treatment produced significant and comparable increases in synaptophysin, syntaxin, and spinophilin immunoreactivity (IR) in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus of ovariectomized female rats. For spinophilin, IR was also increased in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus as well as CA3. In all cases, the nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist CI628, which has been previously shown to block spine formation, inhibited the effects of estrogen. However, these protein differences were not detected in whole hippocampus using Western blots. These findings add to a growing body of evi...
Color Psychology: Effects of Perceiving Color on Psychological Functioning in Humans

Color is a ubiquitous perceptual stimulus that is often considered in terms of aesthetics. Here we review theoretical and empirical work that looks beyond color aesthetics to the link between color and psychological functioning in humans. We begin by setting a historical context for research in this area, particularly highlighting methodological issues that hampered earlier empirical work. We proceed to overview theoretical and methodological advances during the past decade and conduct a review of emerging empirical findings. Our empirical review focuses especially on color in achievement and affiliation/attraction contexts, but it also covers work on consumer behavior as well as food and beverage evaluation and consumption. The review clearly shows that color can carry important meaning and can have an important impact on people's affect, cognition, and behavior. The literature remains at a nascent stage of development, however, and we note that considerable work on boundary conditions, moderators, and r...
Subproteomics in Analytical Chemistry: Chromatographic Fractionation Techniques in the Characterization of Proteins and Peptides

Abstract A review of liquid chromatography (LC) techniques for the subfractionation of complex protein mixtures into “subproteomes” is presented. Fractionation of protein mixtures into general subclasses based on physical, chemical, and biological attributes of proteins is an effective way of classifying and characterizing complex proteomes. Classical chromatographic techniques, such as reverse‐phase, ion‐exchange, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) are discussed, as well as a variety of affinity chromatography techniques such as immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and lectin affinity chromatography. Applications of these methods to proteomic endeavors are highlighted. Multidimensional chromatography methodologies are examined for combining orthogonal chromatographic formats interfaced with mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The versatility of liquid chromatography for proteomic analysis makes LC a valuable tool for the protein characterization of living systems.
mRNA and miRNA Regulatory Networks Reflective of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Induced Lung Inflammatory and Fibrotic Pathologies in Mice

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are known for their transient inflammatory and progressive fibrotic pulmonary effects; however, the mechanisms underlying these pathologies are unknown. In this study, we used time-series microarray data of global lung mRNA and miRNA expression isolated from C57BL/6J mice exposed by pharyngeal aspiration to vehicle or 10, 20, 40, or 80 µg MWCNT at 1, 7, 28, or 56 days post-exposure to determine miRNA and mRNA regulatory networks that are potentially involved in MWCNT-induced inflammatory and fibrotic lung etiology. Using a non-negative matrix factorization method, we determined mRNAs and miRNAs with expression profiles associated with pathology patterns of MWCNT-induced inflammation (based on bronchoalveolar lavage score) and fibrosis (based on Sirius Red staining measured with quantitative morphometric analysis). Potential binding targets between pathology-related mRNAs and miRNAs were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and the miRTarBase, miRecords, and TargetScan databases. Using these experimentally validated and predicted binding targets, we were able to build molecular signaling networks that are potentially reflective of and play a role in MWCNT-induced lung inflammatory and fibrotic pathology. As understanding the regulatory networks between mRNAs and miRNAs in different disease states would be beneficial for understanding the complex mechanisms of pathogenesis, these identified genes and pathways may be useful for determining biomarkers of MWCNT-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis for early detection of disease.