cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point source localization from de-ramped phase history bound on interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) accuracy

The almost unique ability of azimuth deramping to preserve a smooth phase function in azimuth is exploited here to link two disparate spatial processing methods, Direction of Arrival (DOA) localization and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) and explore the achievable accuracy inherent in their common measurement scenario. Deramping in range quickly provides a rst component for point source localization. Deramping in azimuth is phase preserving and provides an approximate localization in azimuth that is more accurate over narrower apertures and can be corrected in scenarios involving range migration and for its point source, azimuth location dependence. In cross-track IFSAR two antenna measurements azimuth/elevation DOAs can be calculated from their smooth azimuth functions at each range with a 1 D parametric estimate (exponential model) of point sources. Joint frequency estimates (both antennae) provide the azimuth DOA while the phase di¤erence between antenna amplitude estimates provides the elevation DOA. The cross track antenna measurements can also be processed via the IFSAR methodology producing two SAR images and the phase di¤erence between the two (an interferogram). This provides two images coordinates and a height for each pixel. The connection between the phase history DOA localization and the IFSAR is used to attain accuracy bounds for IFSAR. Extrapolation of the bounds is provided from two spatially un-aliased antennas to IFSAR scenarios with large baseline separations of the antennas. In addition imaging from the azimuth-elevation-range localization data and its ability to minimize layover (building tops imaged closer than their bases) is explored.
Leader development and the dark side of personality

The present study investigates the role of subclinical personality traits as determinants of leader development over time. In previous literature, subclinical traits have been identified as potential causes of leader derailment. However, leader development researchers have argued that developmental interventions based on increasing self-awareness may be effective at mitigating the negative effects of these character flaws. Using a multi-wave, multi-method longitudinal study of military school cadets we evaluate the impact of subclinical traits on externally-rated measures of leader development over a three year period. Results demonstrated that adding subclinical traits to models of development significantly increased model fit and that the relationship between “dark side” personality traits and performance and training is more complicated than originally thought. Moreover, subclinical traits were associated with different developmental trajectories over time. Implications for leadership development research and practice are discussed.
From domestication to mediated mobilism

Domestication is an approach which considers media appropriation processes in detail, looking at media technologies as doubly articulated and integrated into moral economies. Originally developed for the study of household contexts, the domestication framework has increasingly been used to study the appropriation of mobile media in diverse contexts. The article summarizes this development briefly to then suggest that another concept – of mediated mobilism – might be a useful extension to study mobile media and mobility in future.
Pharmacological versus sensory factors in the satiation of chocolate craving.

Abstract This is the first experimental study directed at differentiating between physiological or sensory accounts of the satiation of nondrug cravings, using chocolate craving, the most common craving in North America. At the onset of craving, chocolate cravers consumed a chocolate bar, the caloric equivalent in “white chocolate” (containing none of the pharmacological components of chocolate), the pharmacological equivalent in cocoa capsules, placebo capsules, nothing, or white chocolate plus cocoa capsules. Chocolate reduced self-rated craving. The cocoa capsules, placebo, and no treatment conditions had virtually no effect. White chocolate produced partial abatement, unchanged by the addition of all the pharmacological factors in cocoa. This result indicates no role for pharmacological effects in the satisfaction of chocolate craving. It also suggests a role for aroma independent of sweetness, texture, and calories.
‘Keep the best of you, “do” the rest of you’: passing, ambivalence and keeping queer time in gender performative negotiations of popular music

This article considers the integral role music plays in drag in general and ‘femme’ gender performance (or queer performances of femininity) in particular. Drawing from ethnographic interviews with performers and observations of their performances, I delineate some of the purposes music can serve in these contexts: a tool for character development, a musical lingua franca with which to establish a dialogue with the audience; a part of a nuanced intertext that troubles the cohesiveness of a musical plot or ideological discourse; a fan strategy for staking ownership over a beloved song or genre. I argue that femme gender performers critically stage their own consumption of the popular music they enjoy, interrupting its narratives and rhythms with their choreography and reterritorialising it with their dancing bodies.
Fabrication of large diameter external-diffusion processed Nb 3 Sn composites

Large diameter multifilamentary Nb 3 Sn composites have been fabricated by the external-diffusion process. Consideration of the phase relationship in the CuSn binary system, Sn diffusion kinetics and vacancy diffusion has led to the development of an appropriate Sn homogenization anneal. By correctly annealing the composites Sn flow and Kirkendall porosity may be controlled. The application of bronze electrodeposition has also been investigated and found to significantly reduce annealing times. These concepts have been applied successfully to 0.76 mm (0.030 in) diameter composites which have overall critical currents in excess of 7 × 103amps/cm2at 17 Tesla.
Molecular sieve chromatography of proteoglycans: a comparative analysis.

Abstract The separation of three major populations of proteoglycans (PG) by molecular sieve chromatography with either controlled-pore glass beads (CPG) or 1% agarose (A-150m) is compared. The resolving power and recovery on CPG or A-150m columns are comparable. However, CPG columns can be operated at a flow rate 50–100 times higher than those packed with 1% agarose. Chromatography on A-150m separates the purifled PG into three major peaks in a single run. Two sequential runs using material of two different pore sizes (CPG-10-1250, CPG-10-2500) are needed to obtain the same separation with CPG. CPG-10-1250 separates the ubiquitous peak (II) from the two peaks known to have an aggregate-subunit relationship. CPG-10-2500 resolves these two peaks allowing analysis of their interactions. Larger pore sized beads (CPG-10-2795) reveal size heterogeneity within the PG aggregate population.
A Model Membrane Protein for Binding Volatile Anesthetics

Earlier work demonstrated that a water-soluble four-helix bundle protein designed with a cavity in its nonpolar core is capable of binding the volatile anesthetic halothane with near-physiological affinity (0.7 mM Kd). To create a more relevant, model membrane protein receptor for studying the physicochemical specificity of anesthetic binding, we have synthesized a new protein that builds on the anesthetic-binding, hydrophilic four-helix bundle and incorporates a hydrophobic domain capable of ion-channel activity, resulting in an amphiphilic four-helix bundle that forms stable monolayers at the air/water interface. The affinity of the cavity within the core of the bundle for volatile anesthetic binding is decreased by a factor of 4–3.1 mM Kd as compared to its water-soluble counterpart. Nevertheless, the absence of the cavity within the otherwise identical amphiphilic peptide significantly decreases its affinity for halothane similar to its water-soluble counterpart. Specular x-ray reflectivity shows that the amphiphilic protein orients vectorially in Langmuir monolayers at higher surface pressure with its long axis perpendicular to the interface, and that it possesses a length consistent with its design. This provides a successful starting template for probing the nature of the anesthetic-peptide interaction, as well as a potential model system in structure/function correlation for understanding the anesthetic binding mechanism.
Anaesthesia for paediatric office-based surgery

Abstract General considerations for providing office-based anaesthesia to children are reviewed. These include monitoring and equipment, preoperative considerations, anaesthetic technique, emergence and recovery, and economic issues. Specific considerations for the haematology/oncology, gastroenterology, orthopaedic, dental and ophthalmologic clinics are also reviewed.
Cultural definitions of elder maltreatment in Portugal

ABSTRACT A small convenience sample of 34 participants (17 males, 17 females) from the Portuguese islands of the Azores and Madeira were asked to provide examples of how extreme, moderate, and mild maltreatment towards an elder would be defined in their culture and society. Neglect, especially psychological neglect, physical maltreatment, and psychological maltreatment were the most frequently reported types of maltreatment. References to neglect and physical maltreatment appeared most often as examples of extreme maltreatment. In general, men were somewhat more likely than women to provide examples of physical aggression in their examples of maltreatment. As examples of extreme maltreatment, females provided significantly more examples of abandonment than males. Although interpretations of the findings must be cautious because of the small sample size and limited statistical power, the study illustrates a procedure for assessing constructs of elder mistreatment in a way that attends to respondents' own c...
Theoretical Formulation of Finite-Element Methods in Linear-Elastic Analysis of General Shells∗

Abstract A systematic classification of the variational functional whose stationarity conditions (Euler equations) can be used alternately to solve for the various unknowns in a boundary-value problem in linear-shell theory is made. The application of these alternate variational principles to a finite-element assembly of a shell and thus, the development of the properties of an individual discrete element are studied in detail. A classification of the finite-element methods, formulated from the variational principles by systematically relaxing the continuity requirements at the interelement boundaries of adjoining discrete elements is made.
Visual Matrix Clustering of Social Networks

The prevailing choices to graphically represent a social network are a node-link graph and an adjacency matrix. Both techniques have unique strengths and weaknesses for different domain applications. This article focuses on how to change adjacency matrices from merely showing pairwise associations among network actors (or graph nodes) to depicting clusters of a social network. Node-link graphs supplement the discussion.
Absorption of polyethylene glycol 400 administered orally to mature and senescent rats

Absorption of polyethylene glycol 400 administered orally to mature and senescent rats. Lin, C.F., and Hayton, W.L. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), a probe for studying GI absorptive capacity, is a mixture of homologous compounds differing in molecular weight (mw). The bio-availability of PEG 400 was studied in senescent (age 32–37 months) and mature (age 17–20 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats, by giving PEG 400 both orally and intravenously and measuring the amounts of the component molecular species excreted into the urine. After intravenous administration, urinary recovery of the various components increased with an increase in mw. The pattern of urinary recovery was similar in both groups, and led to the conclusion that the urinary disposition of PEG 400 was not affected by senescence. After oral administration, the extent of absorption of the low mw components was higher but that of the high mw components was lower in senescent rats than in the mature animals. These senescence-related alterations in the bioavailability of PEG 400 were attributed to age-dependent changes in intestinal transit rate and mucosal permeability. Similar results were observed in a preliminary longitudinal study.
Potential for tumor therapy with iodine-125 labeled immunoglobulins.

Abstract Because of the high intranuclear toxicity of Auger-electron emitters, the use of radioiodinated ( 123 I, 125 I) 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR)-antibody conjugates for cancer therapy has been examined. The results have demonstrated that all the conditions necessary for labeling DNA in vivo are present: uptake of the radiolabeled immunoglobulin by target cells, its subsequent internalization, the degradation of the IUdR-protein conjugate by lysosomal enzymes, and the incorporation of the radionucleoside into DNA.
Applied Paleozoic Palynology: ABSTRACT

Delineation of specific segments of the Paleozoic geological column by palynological methods is based on the concept that plant composition throughout geological time underwent changes that are recorded in the recoverable spores and pollen grains. These changes are largely the result of plant evolution and paleoecology. The application of Paleozoic palynology originated 32 years ago with attempts to correlate economically important coals. In subsequent years, palynological data have been used in correlation studies of other strata, both non-marine and marine. Separate thresholds of guide fossils are required when plant microfossils from different environments are compared in attempting to establish correlation lines. The coal-swamp environment, at a given point in time, has a particular set of fossils not necessarily duplicated in other non-marine environments elsewhere. In recent years, palynological data have become available from many localities throughout the world. From these data it is possible to evaluate selected taxa potentially useful for correlation studies. Palynology has certain limitations inherent to the science and others common to biological methods of correlation. Although palynology can not be used in every correlation problem, it has been useful and practical for parts of the geological column, in some cases after other biological methods have failed to be definitive. End_of_Article - Last_Page 270------------
What Is Holography

The Research News article “Two versions of holography vie to show atoms in 3D” by Steve Nadis ([3 May, p. 650][1]) discusses exciting new developments in x-ray analysis at atomic resolution ([1][2]). Is it accurate, however, to describe these methods as holography? Coherent illumination is not
The Reformation of European Constitutionalism

Here is my own, more vulgar, way of giving expression to the same concept. The Community was conceived as a legal order founded by international treaties negotiated by the governments of states, the high contracting parties, under international law and giving birth to an international organization. The constitutionalism thesis claims that in critical aspects the Community has evolved and behaves as if its founding instrument were not a treaty governed by international law but, to use the language of the European Court of Justice, a constitutional charter governed by a form of constitutional law.
Light-induced changes in the conformation and configuration of the thylakoid membrane of Ulva and Porphyra chloroplasts in vivo

The ultrastructural basis of light-induced transmission and light scattering changes of thalli of Ulva and Porphyra were investigated by high resolution electron microscopy and microdensitometry. The results show that upon illumination of dark thalli (a) a reduction in thickness of thylakoid membranes (conformational change), (b) a more regular ordering, and (c) flattening of the thylakoids (configurational changes) have occurred. An explanation for the observed conformational and configurational changes was proposed in terms of correlated changes in ionic environment and osmotic properties of chloroplasts in vivo which are initiated by photosynthetic reactions.
Sea Level Pressure Patterns over Eastern North America, 1899–1976

Abstract Eigenvector analysis was carried out on monthly mean sea level pressure over eastern North America for the period 1899–1976 to determine whether the hemispheric circulation epochs since the turn of the century (as defined by others) also were periods with differing circulation patterns over the North American sector, and what the character of these regional circulation episodes has been. The results show that the episodes were significantly different from each other due to interannual and intraannual persistence of anomalous sea level pressure features. The most important anomalous features were similar to the circulation components characteristic of particular seasons. Consequently, the most important variations in sea level pressure over eastern North America have been variations in the shape of the seasonal cycle. The contribution of unusual circulation patterns to the differentiation between episodes has been small.
Monte Carlo modelling of electron beams from medical accelerators

Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport is considered to be one of the most accurate methods of radiation therapy dose calculation. With the rapid development of computer technology, Monte Carlo based treatment planning for radiation therapy is becoming practical. A basic requirement for Monte Carlo treatment planning is a detailed knowledge of the radiation beams from medical accelerators. A practical approach to obtain the above is to perform Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport in the medical accelerator. Additionally, Monte Carlo modelling of the treatment machine head can also improve our understanding of clinical beam characteristics, help accelerator design and improve the accuracy of clinical dosimetry by providing more realistic beam data. This paper summarizes work over the past two decades on Monte Carlo simulation of clinical electron beams from medical accelerators.
Urban Form and Extreme Heat Events: Are Sprawling Cities More Vulnerable to Climate Change Than Compact Cities?

BackgroundExtreme heat events (EHEs) are increasing in frequency in large U.S. cities and are responsible for a greater annual number of climate-related fatalities, on average, than any other form ...
The role of nitric oxide in cellular response to hyperbaric conditions

Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a regulator in cell proliferation and expression of growth factors and forms peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in oxidative conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of NO in cellular response to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). NO and nitrotyrosine (NT), biochemical marker for ONOO(-), cell proliferation and growth factors, were ex-vivo studied in cell cultures under HBO and normobaric (NOR) conditions. A549 (epithelial), L929 (fibroblast) and SVEC (endothelial) were exposed to 100% O(2), at P = 280 kPa for t = 60 min, once daily for five sessions. Cell proliferation was determined as the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into cells and NO as nitrates/nitrites (NO(3) (-)/ NO(2) (-)) Gries reaction product in cell culture supernatant (CCSP). NT, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFb1) were measured with enzyme-inked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in CCSP. The time course of total NO was opposite to that of cell proliferation in HBO conditions, peaking after the second HBO session, while cell proliferation showed a reverse trend, minimizing at the same time, suggesting a reverse and transient anti-proliferative effect. Released growth factors were significantly increased in late HBO sessions. NT peaked after second treatment, indicating the formation of ONOO(-). In control cultures (NOR), proliferation rate was downward and no significant differences were found for the other parameters. In conclusion, the data suggested a key role for NO in the beneficial HBO action, depending on its concentration, which fluctuated with the time of HBO exposure and the activation of oxidant-antioxidant (REDOX) mechanisms, regardless of cell type.
Wallace, Turner, and Perkins revisited

A quasi-replication of the often cited 1957 Wallace, Turner, and Perkins study failed to reproduce the striking performance of 99% and 95% recall of 500 and 700 PA nouns, after one “mental imagery ” learning trial, which was reported in the original study. One subject in the present study was, however, found to exhibit correct recall of 75.8% of 348 PA response members and 87.5% of 154 pairs involving two concrete nouns, while under instructions to use a mental imagery learning strategy.
BEARS: Radioactive Ion Beams at Berkeley

A light-isotope radioactive ion-beam capability has been added to the 88-in. Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory by coupling to the production cyclotron of the Berkeley Isotope Facility. The connection required the development and construction of a 350 m gas transport system between the two accelerators as well as automated cryogenic separation of the produced activity. The "rst beam developed, 11C, has been successfully accelerated with an on-target intensity of 1]108 ions/s at energies of around 10 MeV/u. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Changes in follicular endocrinology during final maturation of porcine oocytes.

Thirty-one gilts were ovariectomized between 21 and 34 hr after the onset of estrus to compare changes in follicular endocrinology with stages of oocyte maturation. Oocytes were recovered from 6 to 8 mm follicles and classified by stage of meiosis. Remaining follicular fluid was assayed for steroids and dermatan sulfate. Amounts of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and E2 (PGE2) were measured in intramural tissues. Coincident with germinal vesicle breakdown, the follicular content of all steroids except testosterone decreased (P less than .05). As oocytes approached metaphase II, the amount of progesterone within follicles increased (P less than .05), and estradiol continued to decrease (P less than .05). The pattern of dermatan sulfate content was biphasic and peaked at germinal vesicle breakdown and anaphase stages. Amounts of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 within intramural tissues increased (P less than .05) throughout oocyte maturation. Follicular atresia was evident during estrus; however, more (P less than .05) atretic follicles were recovered at germinal vesicle than metaphase II stages (20 vs 3%, respectively). Follicular development, within a gilt, was skewed (P less than .05) and classification of follicles by hormone content demonstrated that a majority were more mature than a minority of less mature follicles. These data suggest that follicular maturation and oocyte development are highly correlated in swine. Furthermore, partitioning the follicular variability by hour and stage of oocyte maturation allowed for more precise assessment of follicular endocrinology than previously reported.
Intestinal absorption and jejunal morphology in duodenal ulcer patients. With particular reference to the influence of subtotal gastric resection.

1. Impaired intestinal absorption manifested by a subnormal carotene-loading test may be demonstrated in some patients with duodenal ulcer who have not undergone gastric resection.
Crystallization and morphology of poly(arylene ether ether sulfide)s: Dual spherulitic morphology

Abstract Spherulitic growth rate and morphological studies carried out on a novel poly(ether ether sulfide) yielded dual spherulitic morphologies at all crystallization temperatures. Distinct populations of two kinds of spherulites were formed, with a population of coarse-textured spherulites exhibiting higher growth rate (Type II) than a population of fine-textured spherulites (Type I), at all temperatures studied. The growth rate dependence on temperature for the Type I spherulites was consistent with the theoretically predicted “bell-shaped” curve, indicating nucleation-controlled growth at temperatures close to the melting temperature and diffusion-controlled growth at temperatures closer to the glass transition temperature. The growth rate of the Type II spherulites, however, surprisingly did not exhibit any diffusion-controlled regime, with the growth rate increasing with decreasing temperature across the whole range of temperatures studied here. The above described phenomenon was found to be indepe...
Explicit and precise rate control for wireless sensor networks

The state of the art congestion control algorithms for wireless sensor networks respond to coarse-grained feedback regarding available capacity in the network with an additive increase multiplicative decrease mechanism to set source rates. Providing precise feedback is challenging in wireless networks because link capacities vary with traffic on interfering links. We address this challenge by applying a receiver capacity model that associates capacities with nodes instead of links, and use it to develop and implement the first explicit and precise distributed rate-based congestion control protocol for wireless sensor networks --- the wireless rate control protocol (WRCP). Apart from congestion control, WRCP has been designed to achieve lexicographic max-min fairness. Through extensive experimental evaluation on the USC Tutornet wireless sensor network testbed, we show that WRCP offers substantial improvements over the state of the art in flow completion times as well as in end-to-end packet delays.
Assessment of the Efficacy and Safety Profiles of Aspirin and Acetaminophen With Codeine: Results From 2 Randomized, Controlled Trials in Individuals With Tension-Type Headache and Postoperative Dental Pain

Abstract Background Aspirin is a widely used NSAID that has been extensively studied in numerous conditions. Nonprescription analgesics, such as aspirin, are frequently used for a wide variety of common ailments, including conditions such as dental pain and tension-type headache. Objective We sought to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of aspirin, acetaminophen with codeine, and placebo in the treatment of post-operative dental pain and tension-type headache. Methods These were 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose clinical trials that assigned participants (2:2:1) to receive either aspirin (1000 mg), acetaminophen (300 mg) with codeine (30 mg), or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was the sum of pain intensity differences from baseline (SPID) over 6 hours for the dental pain study and over 4 hours for the tension-type headache study. Other common analgesic measures, in addition to safety, were also evaluated. Results The results of the dental pain study for aspirin and acetaminophen with codeine suggest statistically significant efficacy for all measures compared with placebo at all time points. Aspirin provided statistically significant efficacy compared with acetaminophen with codeine for SPID 0–4 ( P = 0.028). In the tension-type headache study, aspirin and acetaminophen with codeine provided statistically significant efficacy compared with placebo for SPID 0–4 and SPID 0–6 ( P P P ≥ 0.070), complete relief ( P ≥ 0.179), or time to meaningful relief ( P ≥ 0.245). Regarding safety, there were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in the incidence of adverse events in the dental pain and tension-type headache studies. Conclusions These 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies demonstrate that treatment with aspirin (1000 mg) provides statistically significant analgesic efficacy compared with placebo use and comparable efficacy with acetaminophen (300 mg) with codeine (30 mg) therapy after impacted third molar extraction and in tension- type headache.
When feeling right leads to being right in the reporting of implicitly-formed attitudes, or how I learned to stop worrying and trust my gut

Abstract Previous research indicates that attitudes can form via the implicit (unconscious) detection of covariations between attitude objects and other valenced stimuli (Olson & Fazio, 2001, 2002). We posit that due to the lack of awareness of their origins, attitudes resulting from implicit evaluative conditioning are more affective in nature and resemble gut intuitions more than rational beliefs. This suggests that circumstances exist when individuals will be more likely to express implicitly-formed attitudes, and across a correlational study and 2 experiments, the present research demonstrates factors that increase conditioning-consistent decision-making. Specifically, we demonstrate that feelings of intuitiveness and expertise, both of which can foster a sense that one can “trust one's gut,” lead one to express attitudes recently formed through an implicit evaluative conditioning procedure. We conclude that while implicit attitude formation may be a pervasive phenomenon, implicitly formed attitudes may be expressed only under certain conditions.
Sino-atrial syncope

Abstract Thirteen patients are described in whom cardiovascular syncope occurred due to disorder of sino-atrial conduction and depression of the atrioventricular (A-V) junctional escape pacemaker system. Significant atrioventricular block was not present in these patients. Two mechanisms of cardiac slowing were observed. Type I sino-atrial syncope was characterized in six patients by severe sino-atrial block and bradycardia. Type II sino-atrial syncope was characterized in seven patients who experienced periods of bradycardia and tachycardia, with asystole and syncope occurring at the termination of the tachycardia. In one of these patients it occurred transiently after an acute myocardial infarction. In twelve patients, sinoatrial syncope was a chronic and recurrent problem, and in eleven of these it was treated successfully with ventricular demand pacing.
On entire functions with zero as a deficient value

We consider entire functions of finite order for which zero is a Nevanlinna deficient value. Estimates are determined for the ratio of the integrated moduli of the logarithmic derivative of the function on a circle of radius r to the Nevanlinna characteristic of the function at r.
Quinine inhibits multiple Na+ and K+ transport mechanisms in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

The interaction of quinine with K+ and Na+ transport mechanisms has been investigated in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Quinine affects both Ca2+-dependent K+ channel and total K+ influx. Activation of Ca+-dependent K+ channels by propranolol is abolished by quinine (1 mM). In addition, quinine inhibits the ouabain-sensitive component of K+ influx with an apparent Ki of 0.32 ± 0.02 mM and the furosemide-sensitive component with a Ki of 0.24 ± 0.01 mM. Furthermore, a significant fraction (52%) of Na+ influx is inhibited by quinine. The same component is sensitive to amiloride, suggesting that it represents Na+/H+ antiport. Concomitant with the inhibition of K+ and Na+ transport, quinine stimulates ATP hydrolysis by 57%. The results suggest that quinine exerts broad, nonspecific effects on cellular mechanisms which serve to regulate cation transport in Ehrlich cells.
A15 type structure of chromium films and particles

Abstract We have observed a metastable structure of chromium, being of the A15 type, both in thisn granular films and in fine single crystal particles. The new phase is not superconducting above 0.5K.
Opto-acoustic tomography of deeply embedded tumors and early subsurface lesions

Optical contrast between normal tissues and malignant tumors was shown to exceed other types of physical contrast currently employed by x-ray radiography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and other medical imaging modalities.
High-Temperature High-Efficiency Solar Thermoelectric Generators

Inspired by recent high-efficiency thermoelectric modules, we consider thermoelectrics for terrestrial applications in concentrated solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs). The STEG is modeled as two subsystems: a TEG, and a solar absorber that efficiently captures the concentrated sunlight and limits radiative losses from the system. The TEG subsystem is modeled using thermoelectric compatibility theory; this model does not constrain the material properties to be constant with temperature. Considering a three-stage TEG based on current record modules, this model suggests that 18% efficiency could be experimentally expected with a temperature gradient of 1000°C to 100°C. Achieving 15% overall STEG efficiency thus requires an absorber efficiency above 85%, and we consider two methods to achieve this: solar-selective absorbers and thermally insulating cavities. When the TEG and absorber subsystem models are combined, we expect that the STEG modeled here could achieve 15% efficiency with optical concentration between 250 and 300 suns.
Statistical judgments are influenced by the implied likelihood that samples represent the same population

When sample information is combined, it is generally considered normative to weight information based on larger samples more heavily than information based on smaller samples. However, if samples appear likely to have been drawn from different subpopulations, it is reasonable to combine estimates of these subpopulation means (typically, the sample means) without weighting these estimates by sample size. This study investigated whether laypeople are influenced by the likelihood of samples coming from the same population when determining how to combine information. In two experiments we show that (1) implied binomial variability affected participants’ judgments of the likelihood that a sample was drawn from a given population, (2) participants' judgments were more affected by sample size when samples were implied to be drawn randomly from a general population, compared to when they were implied to be drawn from different subpopulations, and (3) people higher in numeracy gave more normative responses. We conclude that when determining how to weight and combine samples, laypeople use not only the provided data, but also information about likelihood and sampling processes that these data imply.
FIRE GENERATES SPATIAL GRADIENTS IN HERBIVORY: AN EXAMPLE FROM A FLORIDA SANDHILL ECOSYSTEM

Disturbance can directly affect the interactions among species at different trophic levels. Because disturbances are typically localized, and many consumers are con- strained in their mobility, disturbances can generate spatial variability in trophic interac- tions. Here, we consider how fire alters plant-insect interactions in a longleaf pine ecosystem in central Florida, USA. We hypothesized that fire in the short term would directly depress herbivore abundance, and that the rate of re-colonization by herbivores would depend upon distance from the edge of the recently burned area. Thus, fire should generate spatially varying herbivory. Orthopterans are dominant insect consumers in our system, and many species are flightless, either as juveniles or adults; these species are particularly likely to show constrained post-fire mobility. We quantified insect abundance and herbivory levels on eight common understory plants in the edge and interior of three recently burned sites. As predicted, insect abundance at the edge of burned areas was much higher than in the interior. In addition, all plant species experienced at least twice the level of herbivory in the edge than in the interior of burned sites. This demonstrates that disturbance can create strong spatial variation in the magnitude of trophic interactions. We suggest that larger burns may aid in plant management by reducing herbivory, whereas the presence of un- burned refugia may be critical to insect conservation.
Demonstration of bicolor slow-light channelization in rubidium vapor

We experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-principle of a previously proposed ``channelization'' architecture for wideband slow-light propagation in atomic vapors using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We use two optical frequencies to generate a sine wave signal which is delayed in rubidium vapor. The optical frequencies were tuned near the EIT resonances of two Zeeman sublevels, which are shifted from each other well beyond the EIT linewidth by a uniform magnetic field. We varied the Zeeman shift between these two levels (relative to the optical frequency splitting) and measured the delay versus Zeeman shift. Significant delays were observed and were in agreement with a theoretical model treating each Zeeman sublevel as part of an independent three-level system. We achieved delay of a signal with a bandwidth 16 times the EIT linewidth and confirmed our earlier theoretical models that delay occurs only when the optical spectral separation slightly exceeds the Zeeman splitting.
Model for database reference strings based on behavior of reference clusters

The observation that references to a particular page are clustered (in time) in typical database reference strings is used as the intuitive motivation for a model of page reference activity in an interactive database system. The model leads to a two-parameter form for the (Denning) working-set functions associated with a page. Methods for estimating parameter values from measurements or from logical descriptions of applications are discussed. Results from the model are shown to agree well with measurements from two database systems.
Fibrates upregulate TRB3 in lymphocytes independent of PPARα by augmenting CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinβ (C/EBPβ) expression

Fibrates, which function by binding and activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), have been used successfully to treat hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to their lipid lowering activities these medications also function as immunosuppressive agents. Tribbles is a Drosophila protein that slows cell cycle progression, and its mammalian homolog, TRB3 interferes with insulin-induced activation of AKT. In these studies we demonstrate that fibrates upregulate TRB3 expression in mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Interestingly, in lymphocytes fibrates augment TRB3 expression in both PPARalpha wildtype and knockout mice, suggesting that upregulation of this protein occurs in a PPARalpha-independent manner. Fibrates activate a proximal TRB3 promoter construct and mutation or partial deletion of a potential PPAR response element does not alter the ability of fibrates to drive TRB3 expression. Subsequent studies reveal that fibrates upregulate C/EBPbeta and CHOP in lymphocytes and mutation of potential C/EBPbeta and CHOP consensus sequences abrogates the ability of fibrates to upregulate TRB3 promoter activity. Accordingly, fibrates enhance the recruitment of C/EBPbeta and CHOP to the proximal TRB3 promoter. Finally, TRB3 expression in lymphocytes induces G2 cell cycle delay and cellular depletion. These studies outline a novel PPARalpha-independent mechanism of action of fibrates and document for the first time the expression of TRB3 in activated lymphocytes.
Mathematical modeling of oxygen transport near a tissue surface: effect of the surface PO2

The effect of the surface oxygen tension on the oxygen-tension distribution in the tissue is considered. A mathematical formulation of the problem is presented, and the solutions are obtained numerically using a finite-element method. It is shown that the oxygen tension at the surface of the tissue may significantly affect the oxygen-tension distribution in layers of tissue situated within several intercapillary distances below the surface.
Face-infringement space: the frame of reference of the ventral intraparietal area

Experimental studies have shown that responses of ventral intraparietal area (VIP) neurons specialize in head movements and the environment near the head. VIP neurons respond to visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli, smooth pursuit eye movements, and passive and active movements of the head. This study demonstrates mathematical structure on a higher organizational level created within VIP by the integration of a complete set of variables covering face-infringement. Rather than positing dynamics in an a priori defined coordinate system such as those of physical space, we assemble neuronal receptive fields to find out what space of variables VIP neurons together cover. Section 1 presents a view of neurons as multidimensional mathematical objects. Each VIP neuron occupies or is responsive to a region in a sensorimotor phase space, thus unifying variables relevant to the disparate sensory modalities and movements. Convergence on one neuron joins variables functionally, as space and time are joined in relativistic physics to form a unified spacetime. The space of position and motion together forms a neuronal phase space, bridging neurophysiology and the physics of face-infringement. After a brief review of the experimental literature, the neuronal phase space natural to VIP is sequentially characterized, based on experimental data. Responses of neurons indicate variables that may serve as axes of neural reference frames, and neuronal responses have been so used in this study. The space of sensory and movement variables covered by VIP receptive fields joins visual and auditory space to body-bound sensory modalities: somatosensation and the inertial senses. This joining of allocentric and egocentric modalities is in keeping with the known relationship of the parietal lobe to the sense of self in space and to hemineglect, in both humans and monkeys. Following this inductive step, variables are formalized in terms of the mathematics of graph theory to deduce which combinations are complete as a multidimensional neural structure that provides the organism with a complete set of options regarding objects impacting the face, such as acceptance, pursuit, and avoidance. We consider four basic variable types: position and motion of the face and of an external object. Formalizing the four types of variables allows us to generalize to any sensory system and to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for a neural center (for example, a cortical region) to provide a face-infringement space. We demonstrate that VIP includes at least one such face-infringement space.
Antibody Arrays Prepared by Cutinase-Mediated Immobilization on Self-Assembled Monolayers

Antibody arrays hold considerable potential in a variety of applications including proteomics research, drug discovery, and diagnostics. Many of the schemes used to fabricate the arrays fail to immobilize the antibodies at a uniform density or in a single orientation; consequently, the immobilized antibodies recognize their antigens with variable efficiency. This paper describes a strategy to immobilize antibodies in a single orientation, with a controlled density, using the covalent interaction between cutinase and its suicide substrate. Protein fusions between cutinase and five antibodies of three different types (scFv, V HH, and FN3) were prepared and immobilized upon self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) presenting a phosphonate capture ligand. The immobilized antibodies exhibit high affinity and selectivity for their target antigens, as monitored by surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence scanning. Furthermore, by changing the density of capture ligand on the SAM the density of the immobilized antibody could be controlled. The monolayers, which also present a tri(ethylene glycol) group, are inert to nonspecific adsorption of proteins and allow the detection of a specific antigen in a complex mixture. The demonstration of cutinase-directed antibody immobilization with insert SAMs provides a straightforward and robust method for preparing antibody chips.
Patterns of Instructional Discourse that Promote the Perception of Mastery Goals in a Social Constructivist Mathematics Course

Elementary education students enrolled in an experimental mathematics course participated in this study. The course is taught using a social constructivist approach and is designed to improve students' mathematical problem-solving ability and deepen their understanding of mathematics. The research question for the present study is as follows: In what ways does the instructional discourse in a social constructivist college mathematics course influence the perception of mastery goals in the classroom? To determine the extent to which students perceived their classroom to be mastery goal focused, we matched anonymous student comments from end-of-semester course evaluations with items from the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS). Every class session was videotaped and transcribed, with an emphasis on instructor statements during whole group discussion. The transcripts were analyzed using the Observing Patterns of Adaptive Learning (OPAL) instrument. The present study suggests that social constructivist teacher practices promote mastery goals through instructional discourse that supports students as they move toward higher-order mathematical thinking. Specifically, the results suggest that this was realized through the instructional discourse pattern of scaffolding, pressing for understanding and higher-order-thinking.
A theoretical method to determine unstressed off-rate from multiple bond force spectroscopy.

Abstract Using dynamic force spectroscopy to measure the kinetic off-rates of intermolecular bonds currently requires the isolation of single molecules. This requirement arises in part because no tractable analytic method for determining kinetic off-rates from the rupture of a large number of bonds under dynamic forces is currently available. We introduce a novel method for determining the unstressed off-rate from dynamic force spectroscopy experiments involving a large number of bonds. Using both the Bell and Dembo models we show that the unstressed off-rate calculated using the proposed method is in good agreement with the prescribed unstressed off-rate used in Monte-Carlo simulations of multiple bond dynamic force spectroscopy experiments given initial number of bonds (50–500) and loading rate 10 3 –10 6 pN/s.
Immiscibility between Feldspathic and Gabbroic Magmas

Although laboratory experiments in the past have not encouraged hopes of finding terrestrial rocks showing textures resulting from liquid immiscibility, this article describes work suggesting such an origin for features in some alkaline rocks.
Effect of 0.64 ppm ozone on alveolar macrophage lysozyme levels in rats with chronic pulmonary bacterial infection.

A rat model of chronic pulmonary infection (CPI) initiated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa embedded in agar beads was used to test the effect of ozone on lysosomal enzyme levels in alveolar macrophages (AM). CPI was induced by intratracheal instillation of a 0.1-ml suspension of infected beads into the left lung. Ten days after infection half the rats were exposed to atmospheres of air and half to 0.64 ppm ozone for 4 weeks. Enzyme levels were measured using a scanning cytospectrophotometer linked to a PDP/11 computer. Measurement of lysozyme in individual rat AM in situ showed a significant decrease in cell size and enzyme content in ozone-exposed uninfected animals. Cell size and enzyme content of ozone-exposed animals with CPI were further reduced, suggesting a synergistic effect between ozone exposure and chronic infection.