cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confidence in Law Enforcement When African-Americans are Underrepresented on the Force: An Exploratory Study

Confidence in Law Enforcement When African-Americans are Underrepresented on the Force: An Exploratory Study, Charles E. MacLean, 2019: Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice. This dissertation explores the prediction that when African-Americans are underrepresented among sworn officers in a community’s local law enforcement agencies compared to the African-American proportions in that community’s overall population, African-American civilians’ confidence in their local law enforcement agencies may suffer, leading to impaired respect for law, reduced civilian cooperation with law enforcement, and civilian impressions of weakened procedural justice and fairness. With low civilian confidence, the argument goes, one could expect an enhanced sense of disenfranchisement among the underrepresented sub-populations. The purpose of this study is to consider the impact of underrepresentation of African-Americans among sworn officers serving a local community, explore the key correlates of civilian confidence viewed through the lens of African-American perceptions and attitudes, and confront the superordinate roles that procedural justice and police effectiveness play in forming African-American civilian attitudes of confidence, trust, and satisfaction in local law enforcement. To quantify representativeness, this study expresses relative racial compositions of the police and the policed as a Racial Mirror Index (“RMI”). If the percent of a community’s police, who are African-American, exactly matches the percent of the policed in that community, who are African-American, the RMI-AA (“Racial Mirror Index-African-American”) would equal 100. RMI-AAs over 100 indicate African-Americans are overrepresented on the local law enforcement agency compared to the African-American share of the general population; RMI-AAs under 100 indicate African-Americans are underrepresented among sworn officers on the force. Despite expectations, as this study makes clear, RMI-AA is not a significant predictor of African-American civilian confidence, trust, and satisfaction in local law enforcement. Instead, African-American attitudes about local law enforcement are overwhelmingly driven by African-American perceptions of procedural justice and police effectiveness. African-American confidence, trust, and satisfaction in law enforcement remains far lower than for Whites regardless of RMI-AA and the degree of underrepresentation on the force. Thus, law enforcement agencies cannot hire their way out of this confidence gap through minority recruitment. Instead, improving African-American confidence in local law enforcement will require the agencies to engage with the far more substantive work of ensuring their officers deliver both procedural justice and effective policing.
Current management of retinopathy of prematurity in sub-Saharan Africa.

Abstract Purpose To survey current oxygen management, screening criteria, and methods for treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods An online survey was sent to ophthalmologists and neonatologists practicing in sub-Saharan Africa. Results Ophthalmologists and neonatologists from 15 of 49 countries (31%) in sub-Saharan Africa responded. Neonatologists reported treating a median of 15 infants with supplemental oxygen per week but only had a median of 3.5 oxygen-measuring devices and a median of zero oxygen blenders in their units. Ophthalmologists reported screening a median of 5 infants per week for ROP and treating 2 infants each month for ROP. Most ophthalmologists (24/27 [89%]) had access to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs to treat ROP, but only 13 of 27 (48%) had access to a laser. Conclusions Survey results reveal an urgent need for additional oxygen- management equipment in hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa.
When Evidence Goes "Missing in Action": Implications for Patient Management in Cardiac Surgery

Best-practice clinical decision-making for patient blood management (PBM) and transfusion in cardiac surgery requires high-quality, timely information. However, evidence will be misleading if published information lags too far behind evolving practice, or if trial results are biased, incomplete, or unreported. The result is that providers are deprived of accurate data, and patients will not receive best possible care. Publicly accessible trial registries provide information for structured audits of reporting compliance, and appraisal of evidence attrition and distortion. Trials related to blood management and transfusion in cardiac surgery and those registered in ClinicalTrials.gov were evaluated for relevance, reliability, transparency, timeliness, and prevalence of unreported trial results. Evidence was considered to have "disappeared" if no results were posted to the registry and no related PUBMED publications were available by July 2019. Data were summarized by descriptive statistics. A total of 181 registered trials were surveyed; 52% were prospectively registered. Most commonly reported primary outcomes were laboratory surrogate measures (34%). Patient- and practice-relevant outcomes-mortality/major morbidity (7%), transfusion (27%), and major bleeding (28%)-were less common. Only seven studies posted results to the registry within the mandated 12 months from study completion; median time to posting was 17 (interquartile range [IQR] 13, 37) months. Trial results for 58% were unreported 3-9 years after trial completion. A staggering amount of clinical trial evidence for PBM in cardiac surgery is missing from publicly accessible records and the literature. Investigators must be incentivized to promptly and completely report all results. Penalties for noncompliance are already in place and should be enforced. Simplified information linkage, centralized and routine audit cycles, and prioritization of robust "living" reviews may be more positive motivators. Implementation will require a sea change in the prevailing culture of research reporting, plus coordinated efforts of clinicians, applied statisticians, information technology specialists, and research librarians.
Using Twitter for Civic Education in K-12 Classrooms.

This paper is a report of a qualitative case study of two teachers who use the social media platform Twitter with their students to teach civic knowledge and skills. Although the use of Twitter in higher education has been studied, few studies have been done to understand the use of Twitter in K-12 education (Greenhow et al., 2020). This article adds to that literature on Twitter in K-12 education by examining the ways in which one elementary school teacher and one high school teacher use Twitter in their classrooms to prepare their students for lifelong civic engagement. This study showed the elementary teacher used Twitter to teach her students how to interact with others on social media, while the high school teacher used Twitter to increase student engagement and civic participation. For both, Twitter provided a space where each teacher and their students could learn and practice the knowledge and skills necessary to participate in civic life across the lifespan.
Iconic planned communities and the challenge of change, edited by Mary Corbin Sies, Isabelle Gournay and Robert Freestone: Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019

Some years ago I got to see a complete, intact, and original kitchen from a Levittown house. Not in the house, but in the off-site storage facility of the Mercer Museum (Bucks County Historical Soc...
Coordination dynamics of hopping on a mini-trampoline in adults and children.

Abstract Background While mini-trampolines have been used among a variety of groups including children as an intervention tool, the motor behavior children adopt while hopping on this soft, elastic surface is unknown. Identifying coordinative structures and their stability for hopping on a mini-trampoline is imperative for recommending future interventions and determining appropriateness to populations with motor dysfunctions. Research question Do children demonstrate similar biomechanical and coordination patterns as adults while hopping on a mini-trampoline? Methods Fifteen adults aged 18–35 years and 14 children aged 7–12 years completed bouts of continuous two-legged hopping in-place on a stiff surface for 10 s at a time and on a mini-trampoline for 30 s at a time. 3-D motion capture tracked whole-body movement. We evaluated whole-body vertical stiffness as a ratio of peak vertical force and peak vertical displacement, as well as spatiotemporal parameters of hopping. Coordinative structures were evaluated as continuous relative phase angles of the foot, shank, thigh, and pelvis segments. Results and significance Adults did not modify whole-body vertical stiffness on a mini-trampoline, while children increased whole-body vertical stiffness to compensate for the reduced surface stiffness. Both groups conserved the coordinative structure for hopping on a mini-trampoline by modulating hopping cycle timing. Moreover, children hopped with an adult-like coordinative structure, but required greater shank-thigh and thigh-pelvis out-of-phase motion. However, the consistency of their coordination was diminished compared to adults. Children aged 7–12 years old have formed a stable coordinative structure for spring-mass center-of-mass dynamics that is preserved on this soft, elastic surface. However, children might be developing control strategies for preferred whole-body vertical stiffness, particularly when required to dampen peak vertical forces. These results highlight the importance of evaluating the emerging motor behavior to manipulated environmental constraints, particularly when considering the utility and appropriateness of mini-trampoline interventions for children with motor dysfunctions.
Chemistry and biology of copper-chelatin.

Several years ago Vallee and coworkers isolated and characterized metallothionein from equine kidney (l-3). The presence of cadmium in high levels and a cysteine content of about 30 percent were unusual characteristics of the protein which had a molecular weight of about 10,000. Similar Cd-containing proteins were subsequently isolated from human kidney (3) and equine liver (4). While Cd is either not detectable or present in low levels in tissues of other animals accumulation of the metal in the liver and kidney of a variety of animals could be demonstrated after exposure to the metal. As a result, metallothionein-like proteins containing Cd and characterized by high cysteine content were identified in rabbit liver (5), chicken liver (6) and rat liver (7–11). The existence of two major variants of metallothionein in rabbit liver was shown by Nordberg et al. (5). Polymorphism has also been reported for the equine hepatic and renal proteins (4), the human renal protein (3) and rat liver metallothionein (7, 9). Kimura et al. (10) have recently resolved rat kidney metallothioneins into two forms with identifiable differences in amino acid composition.
Chapter 23 Linkages between diet and metal accumulation in crayfish

Abstract Crayfish plays an important role in the environmental biogeochemical cycling of metals in terrestrial aquatic ecosystems by processing sediments, organic matter, algae, and phytoplankton, as well as consuming detritus, carrion, and various fish species. Although their importance in biogeochemical cycling has been long established little is known of the fractionation of metals from food source to tissue. Understanding of elemental behavior at this level therefore provides critical insight into the role of sediment processors in the biogeochemical cycling of metals. Crayfish can potentially store metals in both soft and hard tissue. This has consequences for bioaccumulation. For example, if crayfish shed most accumulated metals through molting, and the exoskeleton is buried or otherwise left undisturbed, one can consider the exoskeleton a net sink for metals. To explore the partitioning of metals in crayfish tissue, crayfish were collected at the Spring River in Hardy, AR. Treatment groups were selected with each being fed a diet consisting of known concentrations of metals as well as two control groups which were fed standard, non-spiked diets. Metal concentrations in the gills, muscle, and exoskeleton over the duration of the experiment were analyzed by DRC-ICP-MS. In the case of tissues there is a consistent and predictable relation between diet and tissue chemistry. Certain metals such as Cd and Pb were found in the exoskeleton in amounts proportional to that of the diet. Concentrations in the exoskeleton increased over time as expected. Our data suggests that biomagnification of metals in crayfish tissue is directly related to environmental concentrations with crayfish acting as passive “processors” rather than “fractionators” of metals.
Male Aggregation by Solenopsis richteri Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Associated Mating Behavior in Argentina

An aggregation of male alates of Solenopsis richteri was observed in a grazed field in Argentina. Males flew in an ovoid-shaped cloud approximately 2 m from the ground and approximately 2 m wide and 5 m tall. Females entered the aggregation singly. Each female flew slowly into the center of the male aggregation, where she hovered in place until a male seized her. The pair immediately fell to the ground and most pairs were in copula by the time they hit the ground. This type of mating system fits the description of male-aggregation syndrome. Implications for application are discussed.
In Vitro reconstitution of human mismatch repair and identification of a novel mismatch excision-stimulatory factor

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3346 The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and defects in this system are the pathological basis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and other sporadic cancers with microsatellite instability. However, the molecular mechanism of human MMR is not fully understood. We report here the reconstitution of 5’ nick-directed MMR reaction using purified human proteins. The reconstituted system includes MutSα (MSH2/MSH6) or MutSβ (MSH2/MSH3), MutLα (MLH1/PMS2), RPA, EXO1, HMGB1, PCNA, RFC, DNA polymerase δ, and DNA ligase I. In this system, MutSβ plays a limited role in repair of base-base mismatches, but it processes insertion/deletion mispairs much more efficiently than MutSα, which efficiently corrects both types of heteroduplexes. MutLα reduces the processivity of EXO1 and terminates EXO1-catalyzed excision upon mismatch removal. In the absence of MutLα, mismatch-provoked excision by EXO1 occurs extensively. RPA and HMGB1 play similar but complementary roles in stimulating MutSα-activated, EXO1-catalyzed excision in the presence of a mismatch, but RPA has a distinct role by facilitating MutLα-mediated excision termination past mismatch. Evidence is provided that efficient repair of a single mismatch requires multiple molecules of MutSα-MutLα complex. These data suggest a model for human mismatch repair involving coordinated initiation and termination of mismatch-provoked excision. Given the fact that at least four exonucleases are involved in E. coli mismatch excision, we hypothesize that multiple exonucleases are involved in human mismatch repair. We have indeed identified a novel 5’-3’ mismatch excision activity. Unlike EXO1, the 5’-3’ excision activity is dependent on PCNA for its function. Extensive chromatography revealed that this excision activity contains an exonuclease and a nuclease-stimulatory factor, both of which are indispensable for efficient 5’ nick-directed repair. The stimulating activity was purified to near homogeneity, and appears to co-purify a heterotrimer consisting of 70-kDa, 36-kDa, and 30-kDa polypeptides. We are in the process of revealing the identity of the stimulating factor by mass spectrometry, and purifying and identifying the nuclease activity.
Mitochondrial ribosome assembly in Neurospora crassa: Chloramphenicol inhibits the maturation of small ribosomal subunits☆

Abstract Recent results suggest that, in Neurospora crassa , one small subunit mitochondrial ribosomal protein (S-4a, M r 52,000) is synthesized intramitochondrially (Lambowitz et al. , 1976). We now find that, when wild-type cells are treated with chloramphenicol to block mitochondrial protein synthesis, the maturation of 30 S mitochondrial ribosomal subunits is rapidly inhibited and there is an accumulation of CAP-30 S particles which sediment slightly behind mature small subunits. Electrophoretic analysis suggests that the CAP-30 S particles are deficient in several proteins including S-4a and that they are enriched in a precursor RNA species that is slightly longer than 19 S RNA. Chloramphenicol also appears to inhibit the maturation of 50 S ribosomal subunits, but this effect is much less pronounced. Continued incubation in chloramphenicol leads to a decrease in the proportion of total mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein present as monomers, possibly reflecting the depletion of competent subunits. After long-term (17 h) growth in chloramphenicol, mitochondrial ribosome profiles from wild-type cells show decreased ratios of small to large subunits, a feature which is also characteristic of the poky (mi-1) mutant. Pulse-labeling experiments combined with electrophoretic analysis show that the synthesis of mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs is relatively unaffected by chloramphenicol and that, despite the deficiency of small subunits, 19 S and 25 S RNA are present in normal ratios in whole mitochondria. By contrast, 19 S RNA in poky mitochondria is rapidly degraded leading to a decreased ratio of 19 S to 25 S RNA. The significance of these results with respect to the etiology of the poky mutation is discussed and a model of mitochondrial ribosome assembly that incorporates all available data is presented.
Orthonormal wavelets and shift invariant generalized multiresolution analyses

All wavelets can be associated to a multiresolution-like structure, i.e. an increasing sequence of subspaces of L 2 (R). We consider the interaction of a wavelet and the shift operator in terms of which of the subspaces in this multiresolution-like structure are invariant under the shift operator. This action defines the notion of the shift invariance property of order n. In this paper we show that wavelets of all levels of shift invariance exist, first for the classic case of dilation by 2, and then for arbitrary integral dilation factors.
Church and State in America: The First Two Centuries

1. The seventeenth century 2. To the American Revolution 3. The Confederation period 4. The Constitution and beyond.
The Effects of Triphenylethylene Antiestrogens on Parameters of Multistage Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat

Knowledge of environmental factors that are causative of human cancer has been gained primarily from epidemiologic studies. Since neoplastic disease occurs spontaneously in lower mammals and can be induced in at least one species by virtually all of the agents shown to be carcinogenic by epidemiologic studies (1), animals may be appropriate counterparts for the assessment of human disease. Since the earliest studies demonstrating the chemical induction of cancer in mice and rats, the use of such rodents for determining the carcinogenicity of chemical agents has represented the “gold standard” in classifying an agent as a carcinogen. However, since the numbers of new chemicals entering our environment every year are in the thousands (2), the “gold standard” cannot be applied to every chemical for reasons of expense and time.
Induction of a Mucosal Antitoxin Response and Its Role in Immunity to Experimental Canine Cholera

The induction of a jejunal antitoxin response was studied in dogs immunized with cholera toxin or toxoid. Single doses of toxoid given subcutaneously (s.c.) or of toxin given intraluminally (i.l.) were each effective in priming the mucosal immune system, whereas toxoid given i.l. was much less effective. In contrast, toxin and toxoid given i.l. were each effective as booster antigens. The local secondary response was rapid and brief, the peak occurring at about 7 days after i.l. boosting and declining by 90% after 2 more weeks. After s.c. priming and i.l. boosting with toxoid, antitoxin-containing plasma cells appeared predominantly in the portion of jejunum exposed to the i.l. booster. The appearance of antitoxin-containing plasma cells in jejunal lamina propria correlated with the amount of antitoxin recovered in jejunal washings which, in turn, correlated with protection against challenge with cholera toxin. Thus, lamina propria antitoxin-containing plasma cells appeared to be the source of protective antitoxin. However, after sequential s.c.-oral immunization with toxoid, protection against challenge with Vibrio cholerae far outlasted the major systemic and local antitoxin responses and was not obviously explained by either. These studies reveal methods for induction of a mucosal antitoxin response, but leave in question the mechanism of prolonged protection induced by s.c.-oral immunization of dogs.
RELEASING THE FEMININE VOICE: A CAVELLIAN EPISTEMOLOGY FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

How can we imagine anew the discipline of philosophy of religion, given the feminist critiques that it privileges thinking driven by the needs of male subject formation? I address this question first by arguing with Cavell that a specific masculine aversion of erotic reciprocity produces a particular skeptical epistemology. Overcoming this phallocentric thinking requires therefore a new eros. Secondly, I will argue that the fluidly gendered subjectivities I detect in Cavell's work on film enable such a new erotic and epistemic orientation. I conclude by outlining the consequences of this orientation for the pursuits of philosophy of religion.
Single-Step Radiosynthesis of “18F-Labeled Click Synthons” from Azide-Functionalized Diaryliodonium Salts

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an increasingly important biomedical imaging technique that relies on the development of radiotracers labeled with positron emitters to achieve biochemical specificity. Fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.7 min) is an attractive positron-emitting radiolabel for organic radiotracers, primarily because of its longer half-life and greater availability relative to those of the main alternative, carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min). Rapid, simple methods are sought for labeling prospective PET radiotracers with fluorine-18 from cyclotron-produced aqueous [18F]fluoride ion, which must often be converted first into a suitably reactive labeling synthon for use in a subsequent labeling reaction. The use of 18F-labeled synthons in “click chemistry” is attracting increasing attention for labeling PET radiotracers. Herein we describe rapid, single-step radiosynthesis of azido- or azidomethyl-bearing [18F]fluoroarenes from the reactions of diaryliodonium salts with no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride ion within a microfluidic apparatus to provide previously poorly accessible 18F-labeled click synthons in radiochemical yields of 15 % for 4-[18F]fluorophenyl azide and about 40 % for each of the [18F](azidomethyl)fluorobenzenes. The radiosynthesis of the latter synthons was possible under “wet conditions”, so obviating the need to dry the cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride ion and greatly enhancing the practicality of the method.
Reliability and failure mechanisms of oxide VCSELs in non-hermetic enviroments

High speed fiber optic transceiver modules using parallel optics require that oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) be moisture resistant in non-hermetic environments. Conventional storage 85/85 (85°C and 85% relative humidity) testing without a bias does not adequately characterize oxide VCSEL’s moisture resistance. Oxide VCSELs do not fail or degrade significantly under such conditions. With a bias, however, we have found that moisture can cause failure modes not seen in dry reliability testing. Without proper device design and fabrication, these failure modes lead to high failure rates in oxide VCSELs. In this paper, we first discuss the failure mechanisms we have identified, including dense dislocation network growth, semiconductor cracking and aperture surface degradation, all in high humidity and high temperature under operating conditions. We then report the results of environmental reliability tests on Agilent’s oxide VCSELs developed for the parallel optics modules. The results from a large number of wafers produced over an extended period of time have shown consistent, robust environmental reliability.
Parametric optics with whispering-gallery modes

We propose to fabricate a dielectric cavity sustaining high-Q whispering gallery modes from a periodically poled material possessing a quadratic nonlinearity to achieve an efficient interaction among the modes. We show that the periodical poling allows for compensation of both the material and the cavity dispersions that prohibits the nonlinear interaction otherwise. Such a cavity might be a basic element of a family of efficient nonlinear devices operating at a broad range of optical wavelengths.
Analysis and Optimum Design of Composite Grid Structures

An integrated equivalent stiffness model is developed to describe a grid structure with or without laminate skins. The in-plane bending and shear of ribs are included without introducing any extra degree of freedom so that Mindlin's plate theory can still be adopted. As a result, the model can be directly incorporated with the existing FEM technique and take advantage of commercial codes. The proposed model is demonstrated to be efficient and reasonably accurate. If high precision is required, the equivalent stiffness model can be incorporated with the exact FEM modeling to obtain a refined stress analysis. Hygrothermal behavior and local buckling are also taken into account. Using the model as a tool, the performance of composite grid structures can be compared to traditional laminates, sandwich plates and metal grid structures. A method of optimum design is established to design a grid structure with or without laminated skins. Multiple loads and multiple failure mechanisms are considered. Discrete desi...
A review of the effect of atypical antipsychotics on weight

Controlled research trials have shown that atypical antipsychotics have important advantages over standard antipsychotics, including a broader spectrum of efficacy and improved tolerability profile, particularly with regard to neurological adverse events such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Some atypical antipsychotics, however, tend to cause significant weight gain, which may lead to poor compliance and other adverse health effects. The mechanisms involved in antipsychotic drug-related weight gain are as yet uncertain, although serotoninergic, histaminic, and adrenergic affinities have been implicated along with other metabolic mechanisms. The atypical antipsychotics vary in their propensity to cause weight change with long-term treatment. Follow-up studies show that the largest weight gains are associated with clozapine and olanzapine, and the smallest with quetiapine and ziprasidone. Risperidone is associated with modest weight changes that are not dose related. Given the equivalent efficacy of atypical antipsychotics, weight-gain profile is a legitimate factor to consider when constructing an algorithm for treatment due to the serious medical consequences of obesity.
Platelet count and plateletcrit in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Greyhounds using the Advia 120 and 2120

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. January 2013. Major: Clinical Laboratory Science. Advisor: Leslie C. Sharkey. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 70 pages.
Collision tumor of colonic adenocarcinoma and EBV-driven large B-cell lymphoma: A case report and review of literature

Abstract Introduction Collision tumors of adenocarcinoma and lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract are especially rare with few reported cases in literature. We report a unique case of a collision tumor and perform a literature review. Presentation of case An 86-year-old patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis on chronic azathioprine and prednisone was found to have an invasive adenocarcinoma in the descending colon. A large atypical lymphocytic infiltrate was found at the base of this lesion, which demonstrated CD20, lambda and EBER positivity consistent with adenocarcinoma colliding with EBV-driven and lambda-restricted large B-cell lymphoma. Discussion With this report, there are now fifteen cases of this type of collision tumor although the true incidence may be higher. Our case is unique among previous reports as the collision developed within the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppression and tumor EBV positivity was demonstrated. The pathogenesis is unknown, and diagnosis requires a high-degree of suspicion. Conclusion It is important to consider immunosuppression in a patient with adenocarcinoma, as presence of atypical lymphoid cells may be indicative of lymphoma.
Criteria for the prediction of diffusional control within whole cells and cell flocs

Drawing on theory pertaining to diffusion and reaction within porous solids, criteria have been developed which allow the importance of substrate diffusional limitations within whole cells, or cell flocs to be gauged. These criteria are dependent on the rate law used to describe substrate consumption. Criteria have been developed specifically for Monod, substrate-inhibited, Teissier and maintenance-type kinetics. Application of these criteria merely requires that certain ‘observable’ physical and kinetic data be known. An example has been described to illustrate the application of these criteria.
Radionuclide analysis of right and left ventricular response to exercise in patients with atrial and ventricular septal defects

In patients with ventricular or atrial septal defect, the ventricle which is chronically volume overloaded might not appropriately respond to increased demand for an augmentation in output and thereby might limit total cardiac function. In this study we simultaneously measured right and left ventricular response to exercise in 10 normal individuals, 10 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD), and 10 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). The normal subjects increased both right and left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume to achieve a higher cardiac output during exercise. Patients with VSD failed to increase right ventricular ejection fraction, but increased right ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume did not increase in these patients but ejection fraction, stroke volume, and forward left ventricular output achieved during exercise were comparable to the response observed in healthy subjects. In the patients with ASD, no rest-to-exercise change occurred in either right ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, or stroke volume. In addition, left ventricular end-diastolic volume failed to increase, and despite an increase in ejection fraction, left ventricular stroke volume remained unchanged from rest to exercise. Therefore, cardiac output was augmented only by the heart rate increase in these patients. Right ventricular function appeared to be the major determinant of total cardiac output during exercise in patients with cardiac septal defects and left-to-right shunt.
Bony ankylosis following thermal and electrical injury.

Objective. Bony ankylosis has been described following trauma, paralysis, psoriasis, Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile chronic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Reports of bony ankylosis following thermal and electrical injury are limited. Design and patients. Thirteen cases of burn-related joint ankylosis in four patients are presented. Conclusion. Patients with burns from thermal or electrical injury may develop bony ankylosis among other radiographic manifestations. This bony ankylosis may result either from bridging extra-articular heterotopic ossification with preservation of the underlying joint or from intra-articular fusion due to joint destruction.
Multiformity of induced unifocal ventricular premature beats in human subjects: Electrocardiographic and angiographic correlations.

Abstract Single ventricular premature responses induced by strength-interval pacing were elicited at multiple sites in 30 patients undergoing cardiac catheterlzation to determine if and under what circumstances unequivocally unifocal stimulated ventricular premature beats could manifest multiformity of the QRS configuration. Multiformity was defined as unifocal responses whose mean frontal axes differed by greater than 15 ° with or without associated morphologic differences in the horizontal leads. Multiformity occurred in 12 (40 percent) of 30 patients. A statistically significant association was found between multiformity and the presence of a quantitatively defined left ventricular wall motion abnormality (p
Raman scattering measurements in flames using a tunable KrF excimer laser.

A narrow-band tunable KrF excimer laser is used as a spontaneous vibrational Raman scattering source to demonstrate that single-pulse concentration and temperature measurements, with only minimal fluorescence interference, are possible for all major species (O2, N2, H2O, and H2) at all stoichiometries (fuel-lean to fuel rich) of H2-air flames. Photon-statistics-limited precisions in these instantaneous and spatially resolved single-pulse measurements are typically 5 percent, which are based on the relative standard deviations of single-pulse probability distributions. In addition to the single-pulse N2 Stokes/anti-Stokes ratio temperature measurement technique, a time-averaged temperature measurement technique is presented that matches the N2 Stokes Raman spectrum to theoretical spectra by using a single intermediate state frequency to account for near-resonance enhancement. Raman flame spectra in CH4-air flames are presented that have good signal-to-noise characteristics and show promise for single-pulse UV Raman measurements in hydrocarbon flames.
A statistical model for concentration prediction at a mountain and valley station

An atmospheric statistical model for surface pollutant concentration prediction near Anderson Creek, California, has been constructed. The model can predict the surface pollutant concentration depending on meteorological variables very well. Under the assumption of constant emission rate and mixing depth, it is found from this study that the surface pollutant concentration at a mountain and valley station depends primarily on the surface wind speed, surface wind direction, geostrophic wind and surface thermal stability.
A case report of atypical magnetic resonance images of the hindfoot following cocaine injection in the foot and a review of osteonecrosis in calcaneus

Osteonecrosis in bones with a rich vascular supply, such as the calcaneus, is uncommon. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an isolated lesion in the calcaneus in the few cases of calcaneal osteonecrosis reported in the literature. Presented here is a hitherto unreported pattern of multiple serpigenous osteonecrotic lesions in the hindfoot on MRI, in a patient who injected cocaine in his foot.
Crystallographic study of cytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli

Abstract Three crystalline forms of cytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli have been grown. One form, suitable for a three-dimensional structure investigation, is triclinic, containing two molecules per cell, with the following parameters: a = 33·71 A, b = 50·51 A, c = 32·71 A, α = 102.62°, β = 86.67° and γ = 107.03°. X-ray data from the native crystals have been collected to 2.8 A resolution and a search for suitable heavy atom derivatives has begun.
Abdominal distention and shock in an infant

Acute abdominal distention in the pediatric patient may be attributable to extraperitoneal fluid, masses, organomegaly, air, an ileus, a functional or mechanical bowel obstruction, or injury and blood secondary to trauma. An infant who presents to the emergency department with acute abdominal distention and shock is a true emergency for which the differential diagnosis is extensive. An unusual case of abdominal distention, ascites, hematochezia, and shock in an infant, subsequently found to have spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct is reported. This uncommon cause of abdominal distention and shock in an infant is many times left out of the differential diagnosis of an acute abdomen. The presentation may be as an uncommon acute form or a classis subacute type. This patient had hematochezia, which had not been previously reported in association with this entity. Failure to recognize and treat an acute abdomen can result in high mortality.
Corrosion behavior of Ni + -Ion Irradiated NiTi Alloys

Corrosion behavior of Ni/sup +/-irradiated NiTi alloys was studied in chloride solutions, together with unirradiated NiTi material with different surface conditions. Ion irradiation with either 2.5 or 5 MeV Ni/sup +/ ions transformed the NiTi surface into an amorphous layer up to 1.5 micrometers thick. Studies of corrosion potential vs time and polarization behavior indicated a small enhancement of the passivation for the Ni/sup +/-irradiated NiTi over the unirradiated NiTi. The unirradiated NiTi with a mechanically polished, course surface was susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion attack in 1 N HCl solution. The homogeneous amorphous structure in the irradiated alloy retarded this type of localized corrosion.
Whole-body protein turnover in metabolically stressed patients and patients with cancer as measured with [15N] glycine

The whole-body protein synthesis rate (PSR) was measured in 5 control patients (group I) and 38 patients in various clinical states (group II). A single pulse of [15N]glycine was given and the PSR calculated from the 15N enrichment in the urinary ammonia excreted over the next 10 hr. The patients' results fell into three separate groups: group IIa patients were nonstressed and had uneventful recoveries (3.1 ± 0.6 g prot./kg/day), their PSRs were the same as the control group I, (3.1 ± 1.0 g prot./kg/day); group IIb patients were stressed, had higher PSRs (6.3 ± 0.9 g prot./kg/day), one of whom died, and the rest had more complications than group IIa; group IIc patients had very high PSRs (15.4 ± 6.1 g prot./kg/day), all of whom were seriously ill, and 8 out 12 died; Data are ± 1 SD. The PSR correlated with the serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT, P < 0.01). We concluded: (i) [15N]glycine cannot be used to measure the PSR in patients with evidence of liver disease; the results are best interpreted in terms of glycine metabolism; (ii) the “apparent” PSR correlated with clinical status; and (iii) an elevated PSR in a patient with a malignancy is not necessarily due to protein metabolism by the tumor.
Reconstructing estuarine conditions: oyster shells as recorders of environmental change, Southwest Florida

Abstract Live-collected shells of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, contain geochemical records of modern temperature and salinity, so records of prehistoric conditions may be obtained from subfossil shells. Restoration of channelized watersheds in Florida is receiving much attention, and plans for targeted watersheds require information about estuarine conditions before channelization. Lack of historical records necessitates alternative methods to understand pre-disturbance conditions. A 14C-calibrated, amino-acid geochronology based on racemization of glutamic acid yielded ages ranging from 190–1220 AD and from 1270–1860 AD for subfossil oysters from Blackwater River (near-natural watershed) and for Faka-Union Bay (channelized watershed), respectively. δ18O and δ13C values of subfossil shells from Blackwater River indicate salinity and summer temperatures similar to present. Winter temperatures recorded in shells from 190, 590, 720, and 1050 AD appear 1–5 °C colder than present winter temperatures, whereas the shell from 1220 AD records winter temperatures similar to modern winter temperatures. These temperature shifts may indicate change in climate or natural seasonal variation of winter temperature from year to year. Subfossils from Faka-Union Bay may reflect a complicated hydrology, which cannot be evaluated by isotopic compositions alone and demonstrates the need for development of independent elemental proxies for temperature and salinity. Decreases in δ13C from subfossil to modern shells may in part result from CO2 added to the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning (the Suess effect). Subfossil δ13C that is >1‰ more positive than modern shells suggest a change in the dominant carbon sources from terrestrial C4 or aquatic plants to C3 plants (mangroves).
Common signals control low density lipoprotein receptor sorting in endosomes and the Golgi complex of MDCK cells

Abstract The cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor bears two tyrosine-containing determinants that can independently target receptors from the Golgi to the basolateral plasma membrane of MDCK cells. We found that these determinants, localized to the membrane-proximal and -distal regions of the receptor's cytoplasmic domain, also control polarized sorting in endosomes. Inactivation of the distal determinant reduced receptors' ability to return to the basolateral domain following endocytosis, resulting instead in receptor transcytosis from basolateral endosomes to the aplcal plasma membrane. Similarly, receptors internalized from the apical surface were transported from apical endosomes to the basolateral surface, owing to the proximal basolateral targeting determinant. Thus, receptor recycling in endosomes is directed by the same signals as polarized sorting in the Golgi, indicating that sorting on the endocytic and biosynthetic pathways involves similar mechanisms. The observation that brefeldin A interfered with sorting but not transport in both endosomes and the Golgi further supports this.
Matching optimisation to interdigital surface-wave devices

Computer optimisation of simple matching networks to interdigital transducers using an equivalent-circuit model has been carried out. Low insertion loss and phase dispersion with wide bandwidth can be obtained even with seriously mismatched devices. The theory is verified experimentally for a 3-pair interdigital device at 30 MHz on lithium niobate.
Markov Chain Approximation Algorithm for Event-Based State Estimation

This brief presents a general framework for the continuous-time nonlinear event-based state estimation problem. Using the information from observations made by event-based sampling, the goal of the event-based estimation problem is to estimate the state of stochastic differential equations which represent the uncertain system dynamics. This problem is challenging because measurements are taken only if some events happen rather than with a fixed sampling interval. In this brief, a theoretical solution for the event-based state estimation problem is derived and a numerical algorithm based on Markov chain approximation is proposed. The proposed algorithm for the event-based state estimation is demonstrated with an illustrative example.
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND COLLEGE ENROLLMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE NATIONAL EDUCATION LONGITUDINAL STUDY

This paper uses nationally representative data on high school students to test for several types of social influences on the decision to enroll in college. An instrumental variable strategy is used in order to manage the well-known reflection problem in social interactions research. Additionally, I am able to incorporate several usually unavailable group-level factors to reduce the possibility of important group-level characteristics driving the relationships. I present evidence that a 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of high school classmates who attend college is predicted to increase an individual's probability of attending college by approximately 2–3 percentage points. (JEL I2, J24, J18)
Experiments in adaptive optical jitter control

Optical jitter, the centroid-shifting of a light image, concerns engineers and scientists working with lasers and electro-optical systems. Even micron-level relative motion between individual optical components such as mirrors and lenses causes optical jitter, resulting in pointing inaccuracy, blurred high-resolution images, and poor nanotechnology quality. Typical jitter control technology uses fast-steering mirrors to correct for structural and acoustic disturbances in the beam train. Unknown or time-varying disturbance characteristics necessitate a controller that can adapt its parameters in realtime. The application of one such adaptive feedback controller algorithm has been proposed by the authors. The algorithm uses a technique known as Q-parameterization to structure the controller as a function of plant coprime factors and a free parameter, Q. An inherent property of this structure is the formation of a disturbance estimate based on subtraction of the controller influence from the feedback signal. The free parameter, Q, filters this estimate to form a portion of the control signal. If the controller influence on the feedback signal is estimated from accurately modeled plant dynamics, the disturbance estimate contains no feedback information allowing Q to be designed in an open-loop fashion. A gradient descent Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm updates the coefficients of the filter Q in realtime to minimize the frequency-weighted RMS jitter. Experiments on an optical jitter control testbed with Q set to a 200-tap digital finite impulse response (FIR) filter resulted in jitter reductions of 35% - 50%, without requiring prior knowledge of the disturbance spectrum.
Food and Drug Administration surveillance of dermatology‐related and nondermatology‐related prescription drug advertising in the U.S.A., 2000–2003

Summary Background Spending on advertising of prescription medicines in the U.S.A. is increasing by nearly a billion dollars yearly. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is legally mandated to regulate pharmaceutical advertising in the U.S.A. Prior studies have documented inaccuracies in pharmaceutical advertisements, in the U.S.A. and the rest of the world. Objectives To assess trends in FDA surveillance of dermatology-related prescription drug advertising, and to investigate pharmaceutical companies’ responses to FDA regulatory actions. Methods We analysed all FDA citations of prescription drug advertisements issued during 2000–2003, and responses from cited companies to our mailed requests for follow-up information. Results Twenty-four dermatology-related drugs from 21 companies accounted for 30 (15·2%) of the 198 letters sent by the FDA; of these, 18 letters cited advertisements or promotions of these medications for dermatology-related uses. The most common violation cited overall was insufficient communication of risk (32·4% overall, 33·9% dermatology-related). Most FDA letters cited physician-targeted advertising (71·6% overall, 62·1% dermatology-related). The number of dermatology-related letters sent declined by 69·2% from 2000 (n = 13) to 2003 (n = 4), paralleling the 69·6% decline in the total number of letters sent (n = 79 in 2000, n = 24 in 2003). Compared with 2000, the FDA took longer to issue citation letters in 2003 for advertisements overall [hazard ratio (HR) 0·47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·27–0·72, P = 0·001], although this trend was not present for dermatology-related advertisements (HR 1·12, 95% CI 0·39–3·29, P = 0·83). Eight of the 16 companies (50%) that received requests from the authors for information replied. Seven of the eight (87·5%) reported complying with FDA requests to discontinue the cited advertisements, while one (12·5%) reported disagreeing with the citation and successfully clarifying the issue with the FDA. Conclusions Dermatology-related advertisements accounted for 15·2% of FDA citations of pharmaceutical advertisements between 2000 and 2003. Recent controversy over pharmaceutical advertising may lead to changes in pharmaceutical advertising practices and surveillance of pharmaceutical advertising in the U.S.A.