cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Organohalide-Respiring Processes and the Bacteria Involved

Hazardous halogenated organic compounds are produced industrially for a variety of uses, are highly resistant to degradation by aerobic organisms, and are now widely distributed throughout the natural environment. Discovered in the 1960s were, anaerobic organisms that can transform chlorinated pesticides such as DDT and lindane. In the 1980s, other halogenated organics, the chlorinated solvents, were found to be major contaminants of groundwaters, and were found degradable by anaerobic organisms as well. While reductive dehalogenation, the process involved, was believed initially to be a fortuitous enzymatic or cometabolic process, organisms were found in the 1980s that could use halogenated compounds as electron acceptors in an energy-yielding process. Numerous species, both facultative and anaerobic, were then found capable of obtaining energy from reductive dehalogenation, but generally were very restricted in the particular halogens and particular halogenated compounds that they could dehalogenate. Some could dehalogenate tetrachloroethene (PCE) to trichloroethene (TCE) and cis-dichloroethene, and some even to vinyl chloride. An organism found in the late 1980s could even anaerobically convert PCE and TCE all the way to ethene. This organism was isolated in the late 1990s and named Dehalococcoides. Several strains of Dehalococcoides have now been isolated and their genomes have been sequenced. Each has different dehalogenases and dechlorinating abilities, but collectively they are capable of dehalogenating a broad variety of halogenated organic compounds. These organisms are now finding wide application in the engineered remediation of natural environments contaminated with halogenated compounds.
The cardinality-constrained paths problem: Multicast data routing in heterogeneous communication networks

In this paper, we present two new problems and a theoretical framework that can be used to route information in heterogeneous communication networks. These problems are the cardinality-constrained and interval-constrained paths problems and they consist of finding paths in a network such that cardinality constraints on the number of nodes belonging to different sets of labels are satisfied. We propose a novel algorithm for finding said paths and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on networks of various sizes.
Presumptive Inclusion and Legitimate Exclusion Criteria

This chapter presents an ethics framework for decisions about whether to exclude pregnant women from a clinical research trial. It begins by articulating several background assumptions about the care of pregnant women in the clinical setting and the involvement of pregnant women in clinical research. The uncontroversial truth of these background assumptions supports the idea that pregnant women should be presumed to be included in clinical research, and that their exclusion requires justification. After making the case for the presumptive inclusion of pregnant women, I outline the ethics framework for the legitimate exclusion of pregnant women from clinical research. This framework consists of nine factors that researchers and research ethics committees should consider when deciding whether to exclude pregnant women. Details about research ethics committee review, the nature of risks in pregnancy, the balance between risk and potential benefit, and the context of clinical care are addressed by the framework.
The Interaction of Lexical Characteristics and Speech Production in Parkinson's Disease

Purpose This study sought to investigate the interaction of speech movement execution with higher order lexical parameters. The authors examined how lexical characteristics affect speech output in ...
Aesthetics of Acquisition: Notes on the Transactional Life of Persons and Things in Gabon

Based on a historical study of older and newer visual regimes in Gabon, Equatorial Africa, this paper examines spectacles as world-manufacturing processes that produce and circulate assets. Visual and aesthetic strategies have often been analyzed as technologies of the self that transform and manifest people's identities. I show here that they also work as a means to create resources and put them into motion. The notion of “aesthetics of acquisition” helps to capture the dynamic energy of visual events and reinsert them into the realms of economic production and material exchange. If spectacles allow people to acquire riches, produce new statuses, and circulate resources, I argue, the process through which this occurs cannot be analytically reduced to a mere commodification of the person. Instead, I explain how aesthetics of acquisition enable institutional and social actors to assume temporary commodity status, a moment and a strategy that I call “transactional life.”
Violence Against Women and Household Ownership of Radios, Computers, and Phones in 20 Countries.

Objectives. To examine the relationship between household ownership of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and justifications for wife beating.Methods. Women aged 15 to 49 years in 20 countries were surveyed via UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys between 2006 and 2014. Multivariate logistic regressions accounted for individual-, household-, and structural-level variables.Results. Household ownership of any ICT (radio, computer, fixed phone, or mobile phone but not television) was associated with increased odds of women rejecting wife beating. The largest association was with computer ownership: women in homes with a computer were more likely to reject wife beating (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.81; 97.5% confidence interval [CI] = 1.69, 1.93). Number of ICTs was important: women in households with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ICTs (vs 0) were more likely to reject wife-beating justifications (AOR = 1.10 [97.5% CI = 1.03, 1.17]; AOR = 1.10 [97.5% CI = 1.03, 1.18]; AOR = 1.19 [97.5% CI = 1.11, 1...
Size Controlled Copper (I) Oxide Nanoparticles Influence Sensitivity of Glucose Biosensor

Copper (I) oxide (Cu₂O) is an appealing semiconducting oxide with potential applications in various fields ranging from photovoltaics to biosensing. The precise control of size and shape of Cu₂O nanostructures has been an area of intense research. Here, the electrodeposition of Cu₂O nanoparticles is presented with precise size variations by utilizing ethylenediamine (EDA) as a size controlling agent. The size of the Cu₂O nanoparticles was successfully varied between 54.09 nm to 966.97 nm by changing the concentration of EDA in the electrolytic bath during electrodeposition. The large surface area of the Cu₂O nanoparticles present an attractive platform for immobilizing glucose oxidase for glucose biosensing. The fabricated enzymatic biosensor exhibited a rapid response time of <2 s. The limit of detection was 0.1 μM and the sensitivity of the glucose biosensor was 1.54 mA/cm². mM. The Cu₂O nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
Co-Operative Action

1. Introduction Part I. Co-operative Accumulative Action: 2. Co-operative accumulation as a pervasive feature of the organization of action 3. The co-operative organization of emerging action 4. Chil and his resources 5. Building complex meaning and action with a three word vocabulary: inhabiting and reshaping the actions of others through accumulative transformation 6. The distributed speaker Part II. Intertwined Semiosis: 7. Intertwined knowing 8. Building action by combining different kinds of materials 9. Intertwined actors 10. Projection and the interactive organization of unfolding experience 11. Projecting upcoming events to accomplish co-operative action Part III. Embodied Interaction: 12. Action and co-operative embodiment in girls' hopscotch 13. Practices of color classification 14. Creating professional vision co-operatively 15. Environmentally coupled gestures Part IV. Co-operative Action with Predecessors: Sedimented Landscapes for Knowledge and Action: 16. Co-operative action with predecessors 17. The accumulation of diversity through co-operative action 18. Seeing in depth 19. Co-operative action as the source of, and solution to, the task faced by every community of creating new, culturally competent members with specific forms of knowledge and skill Part V. Professional Vision, Transforming Sensory Experience into Types, and the Creation of Competent Inhabitants: 20. The emergence of conventionalized signs within the natural world 21. Calibrating experience and knowledge by touching the world 22. The blackness of black: color categories as situated practice 23. Environmentally coupled gestures and the social calibration of professional vision 24. Professional vision 25. Conclusion.
Perceptions of a Principal Mentoring Initiative

The daily demands on school principals require clear and consistent feedback, and without a mentor, a new principal may not have this type of assistance. This phenomenological study explores the pe...
Strength, Fracture, Fatigue, and Design

We discussed in Chap. 10 the prediction of elastic and thermal properties, knowing the component properties. A particularly simple but crude form of this is the rule of mixtures, which works reasonably well for predicting the longitudinal elastic constants. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for the strength of a fiber composite. It is instructive to examine why the rule of mixtures approach does not work for strength properties.
The Intermediary Function in Evidence Production, Promotion, and Utilization: The Case of Educational Incentives

An increased role for the federal government and philanthropic organizations in education over the last decade, along with a growing demand for evidence by public and private policymakers, has invigorated an already vibrant sector of intermediary organizations that seek to package and promote research on educational policies and programs for policymakers, typically around a specific policy agenda. Educational reforms that promise to incentivize school improvement—charter schools, vouchers, teacher compensation incentives, and student pay-for-performance, for example—are of particular interest to intermediary organizations. This chapter examines how national and local intermediary organizations function to shape evidence on the benefits and drawbacks of incentivist educational reforms through funding, production, and dissemination in New Orleans, Denver, and New York City and at the national level. We find evidence of national-local coalitions through which a variety of evidences—academic, journalistic, anecdotal, think tank, and advocacy oriented—are produced and disseminated. We are also witnessing the ways in which intermediary organizations, through their coalitions, are providing a political function to a host of policy actors and the public writ large.
Retrospective analysis of temozolomide (TMZ) plus BCNU wafers and TMZ alone in the primary treatment of glioblastoma multiforme

11519 Background: GBM is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival around 1 year. Two agents have shown promise and received recent approval by the Food and Drug Adm...
Rural General Education Teachers' Opinions of Adaptations for Inclusive Classrooms: A Renewed Call for Dual Licensure.

The process of including students with learning disabilities (LD) into general education classes has afforded these children the opportunity to learn alongside their same-age peers. Often, LD stude...
This Rock Will Not Be Forgotten: Whiteness and the Politics of Memorial Art

Commemorative art dilutes social complexities and conveys a fairly universal message: that whatever is being memorialized is worth remembering. This chapter questions how we might reconcile contemporary discourses and lived practices at public artworks with the inherited legacy of racial violence that inspired their creation. This chapter locates one Southern sculpture within a broader sociohistorical context, and draws parallels between racialized meanings of memorial carvings and other remnants of American Civil War and Jim Crow memory in order to demonstrate how memorials reflect key developments in Southern identity politics. Ultimately, the chapter engages ongoing debates about the future of Confederate monuments as an effort to answer the following question: what are we to do with public art relics of our racist past?
Viewpoint Bias and Cultural Competency Advocacy Within Applied Psychology

This chapter argues that cultural competence advocacy is characterized by a palpable viewpoint bias. This bias is rooted in the distinction between the “unconstrained” versus “constrained” sociopolitical visions as articulated by Sowell (A conflict of visions: ideological origins of political struggles. William Morrow, New York, 1987). This bias has palpable effects on students in graduate school, academic publishing, grant reviews, and professional organizations representing psychology. Seven anonymous interviewees, representing accomplished scholars and/or higher education administrators with backgrounds in school psychology, counseling psychology, clinical psychology, and psychiatry, provide comments related to their experiences with viewpoint bias throughout their professional careers.
Modularizing deep neural network-inspired recommendation algorithms

This tutorial reviews recent developments of deep neural network-based recommendation algorithms and demonstrates how to extend and adapt such algorithms for diverse application scenarios. The customization is supported by OpenRec framework that modularizes neural recommenders. The tutorial consists of a lecture and two hands-on sessions. It targets intermediate and advanced audiences who already possess knowledge of deep neural networks and are interested in applying those knowledge to the domain of recommendation. Materials are available at: http://openrec.ai/
On live load impact factors for railroad bridges

Dynamic loads crossing a bridge cause a structural response greater than if the same loads were static, a fact that has been known to structural engineers for over 125 years. This review paper pres...
429-P: Therapeutic Inertia: Gap between Goals and Achievement between the T1DX and DPV Registries

Despite increased cardiovascular (CV) mortality in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), treatment of CV risk factors may not be optimized. International registry comparisons highlight opportunities to improve clinical care and improve outcomes. We analyzed data from 28,494 patients from the German/Austrian DPV registry and 19,442 patients from the U.S. T1D Exchange (T1DX) Clinic registry with data between 01/2016 and 03/2018. Percent of patients by age category with HbA1c 30 mg/g, BMI >30 kg/m 2 , and current smoking are reported. Logistic regression models by age group adjusted for sex and diabetes duration were used to calculate whether registry differences existed. The prevalence of obesity is lower in the DPV than the T1DX registry (Table). In those age 50 years. Dyslipidemia was more prevalent in DPV for those Disclosure D.M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Consultant; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. J. Hermann: None. N.C. Foster: None. W. Karges: None. K. Miller: None. A. Dost: None. R.S. Weinstock: Consultant; Self; Insulogic LLC. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Jaeb Center for Health Research, Kowa Pharmaceutical Europe Co. Ltd., Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Oramed Pharmaceuticals. Other Relationship; Self; Unitio, Inc. M. Pavel: None. V.N. Shah: Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi US. Consultant; Self; Dexcom, Inc. R.W. Holl: None. Funding The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust; German Center for Diabetes Research; German Diabetes Association; European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes; INNODIA
Cultivating Young Women's Leadership for a Kinder, Braver World

As a part of its collaboration with the Born This Way Foundation, the Berkman Center is publishing a series of papers that synthesize existing peer-reviewed research or equivalent scholarship and provide research-grounded insight to the variety of stakeholders working on issues related to youth empowerment and action towards creating a kinder, braver world. This series, called the The Kinder & Braver World Project: Research Series (danah boyd, John Palfrey, and Dena Sacco, editors), is presented by the Born This Way Foundation & the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, and supported by the John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. This set of papers involves topics related to the Role of Youth Organizations and Youth Movements for Social Change.There is not much research exploring leadership development and civic participation among youth, and even less among young women. Policymakers and others seeking to better serve youth in pursuit of a “kinder, braver world” should take into account the research that does exist. This research indicates that youth who engage in service to their communities learn leadership skills through civic action and may be more likely to vote and be civically engaged as adults. Youth who demonstrate leadership skills can, and should, be considered current assets to their communities.
The Formation, Alteration and Preservation of Flood Deposits on the Pacific Northwest Continental Margin

Abstract : The ultimate objective of this research program is to obtain a predictive understanding of the physical and biological processes responsible for the formation, alteration and preservation of marine sedimentary deposits. The general approach of this research program is the development and testing of theory mainly through field observations and measurements. This is a proposal, within the STRATAFORM Shelf Program, to study the formation, post-depositional alteration and preservation of flood deposits on the Pacific Northwest continental margin. Five related activities are being pursued: (1) continuation of time series measurements of the areal distribution and small-scale properties of the 1995 and 1997 flood deposits, (2) statistical analysis of the small-scale spatial variability of flood bed thickness and geometry at stations K60 and S60, (3) x-radiographic examination of piston cores for past flood deposits, (4) testing of simple conceptual ideas of event layer alteration and preservation using the above data sets, and (5) examination of patterns of sediment accumulation and event layer preservation offshore of other Pacific Northwest rivers.
Effects of 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate on metabolism of 1,3-butadiene in smokers

2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a natural product found as a conjugate in cruciferous vegetables. It has been reported to have preventative properties against lung cancer and to inhibit metabolic activation of tobacco carcinogens. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PEITC to influence the metabolism of the human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene in current smokers in a phase II clinical trial with a crossover design. Urinary mercapturic acids of 1,3-butadiene were quantified at baseline and during PEITC treatment. Seventy-nine smokers were randomly assigned to one of two arms: PEITC followed by placebo or placebo followed by PEITC. During the 1-week treatment period, each subject took PEITC (10 mg in 1 mL of olive oil, 4 times per day). There was a 1-week washout period between the PEITC and placebo periods. Oral ingestion of PEITC increased urinary levels of BD-mercapturic acids (MHBMA and DHBMA) by 11.1% and 3.7%, respectively, but these increases were not statistically significant (P = 0.17 and 0.64, respectively). A much stronger effect was observed among subjects with the null genotype of both GSTM1 and GSTT1: in these individuals, PEITC increased urinary levels of MHBMA by 58.7% (P = 0.004) and 90.0% (P = 0.001), respectively, but did not have a significant effect on urinary DHBMA. These results reveal a potentially protective effect of PEITC treatment with respect to the detoxification of 1,3-butadiene in cigarette smokers, specifically in those null for GSTT1, and provide further evidence in support of stronger chemopreventive effects from consumption of dietary isothiocyanates in these individuals.
Pelvic Vertical Shear Injuries and Sacroiliac Joint Disruptions

High-energy pelvic ring fractures are potentially devastating injuries associated with high morbidity and mortality. The importance of institutional multidisciplinary protocols in the acute setting improves survival and is crucial to a successful management of such patients. The purpose of our chapter is to present practical solutions to enhance quality of care and optimize surgical strategies.
Critical Revolutionary Pedagogy’s Relevance Today

In this chapter, Peter McLaren shares his ideas about the relationships among critical revolutionary pedagogy, students, schools, and society.
Associations among Discharge Opioid Prescribing and Inpatient Postpartum Opioid Usage after Delivery

Objective The aim of the study is to identify an association between inpatient opioid consumption and prescription at discharge after vaginal delivery (VD) and cesarean delivery (CD). Methods This retrospective cohort study included women with an active inpatient opioid order after VD or CD between July and October of 2018 at a single academic tertiary hospital. Women with opioid use disorder, 3rd or 4th degree lacerations, wound complications, and peripartum hysterectomy were excluded. Oxycodone 5-mg (mg) tablets consumed postpartum and prescribed at discharge and sociodemographics were recorded. Primary outcome was the number of oxycodone 5-mg tablets prescribed at discharge. Outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression between quartiles of inpatient opioid consumption. Results A total of 437 patients were included: 169 patients underwent VD, and 268 underwent CD. For VD and CD, women in the highest quartile of inpatient opioid consumption were more likely Black compared with the lowest quartile ( p = 0.006 and p = 0.004, respectively). No association existed between inpatient opioid use and number of tablets prescribed at discharge for VD or CD (odds ratio [OR] 0.22 [95% confidence interval or CI 0.02-2.17] and OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.85-1.32], respectively). Conclusion The number of opioid tablets prescribed at discharge had no association with inpatient postpartum consumption after VD or CD.
Nonfatal Strangulation (NFS) and Intimate Partner Violence: a Brief Overview

Approximately 1.3 million women in the United States will experience various forms of aggression by an intimate partner, per year. The clinical implications of “choke-holds” and lethal outcomes have recently garnered national attention. Nonfatal strangulation (NFS) and blows to the head or face resulting in traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent forms of aggression that create short and long-term sequelae for the victim. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview for health care providers, mental health clinicians and advocates regarding the physical, neurological and psychological sequelae following NFS, post-Intimate Partner Violence. A search of databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO, SocIndex, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) was conducted regarding the clinical, physical, neurological, and legal issues for women who have experienced NFS and IPV. The authors identified 55 research, mental health, and clinical articles as well as legal reviews, addressing the short-term and long-term outcomes of NFS in IPV. The current manuscript discusses the primary sequelae and challenges facing those who experience NFS. Many health care practitioners will interface with IPV survivors who have experienced NFS; it is a high priority to identify, assess, and intervene. Universal screening methods, safety and referral resources for IPV/NFS survivors, and legal considerations are primary components of successful intervention and treatment with this population.
Potential Roles of O-GlcNAcylation in Primary Cilia- Mediated Energy Metabolism.

The primary cilium, an antenna-like structure on most eukaryotic cells, functions in transducing extracellular signals into intracellular responses via the receptors and ion channels distributed along it membrane. Dysfunction of this organelle causes an array of human diseases, known as ciliopathies, that often feature obesity and diabetes; this indicates the primary cilia’s active role in energy metabolism, which it controls mainly through hypothalamic neurons, preadipocytes, and pancreatic β-cells. The nutrient sensor, O-GlcNAc, is widely involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Not only does O-GlcNAc regulate ciliary length, but it also modifies many components of cilia-mediated metabolic signaling pathways. Therefore, it is likely that O-GlcNAcylation (OGN) plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis in primary cilia. Abnormal OGN, as seen in cases of obesity and diabetes, may play an important role in primary cilia dysfunction mediated by these pathologies.
Developmental Variation in the Associations of Attention Bias to Emotion with Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology.

Attention biases to emotion are associated with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. It is unknown whether attention biases to emotion and their associations with different symptoms of psychopathology vary across development from early childhood through young adulthood. We examine this age-related variation in the current study. Participants (N = 190; ages: 4–25) completed survey-based psychopathology symptom measures and a dot-probe task to assess attention bias to happy, sad, and angry relative to neutral faces. We tested whether linear or non-linear (e.g., spline-based models) associations best characterized age-related variation in attention to emotion. We additionally examined whether attention biases were associated with depression, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms and whether these associations varied by age. No age-related differences in attention biases were found for any of the emotional faces. Attention biases were associated with psychopathology symptoms, but only when examining moderation by age. Biased attention to angry faces was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents and young adults, but not children. Similarly, biased attention to happy faces was associated with externalizing symptoms in adolescents and young adults, but not in children. In contrast, biased attention to happy faces was associated with greater anxiety symptoms in children, but not in adolescents or young adults. Biased attention toward social threat and reward becomes more strongly coupled with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively, during the transition to adolescence. These findings could inform when interventions such as attention bias modification training may be most effective.
Icosapent ethyl: scientific and legal controversies.

Icosapent ethyl (Vascepa) is a purified preparation of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid, which is marketed by Amarin Pharma based in Ireland. The product was initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the use of a high dose (4 g/day) in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. On the basis of the results of the REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl Intervention Trial), the agency later granted a label extension to include the additional indication of a reduction in risk of cardiovascular events in persons with serum triglyceride levels of 150 mg/dL or greater and established cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Data supporting the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disease have been inconsistent and controversial. The story of the development of icosapent ethyl has been fraught with challenges, including the invalidation of six core patents on the product, and recently, the completion of a new clinical trial, STRENGTH (Long-Term Outcomes Study to Assess STatin Residual Risk Reduction With EpaNova in HiGh CV Risk PatienTs With Hypertriglyceridemia), that directly contradicts REDUCE-IT and calls into question whether icosapent ethyl is actually effective in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. This article traces the course of the development of this fascinating product and discusses its complex medical, regulatory and legal history, which is still continuing to unfold.
Incremental CFG patching for binary rewriting

Binary rewriting has been widely used in software security, software correctness assessment, performance analysis, and debugging. One approach for binary rewriting lifts the binary to IR and then regenerates a new one, which achieves near-to-zero runtime overhead, but relies on several limiting assumptions on binaries to achieve complete binary analysis to perform IR lifting. Another approach patches individual instructions without utilizing any binary analysis, which has great reliability as it does not make assumptions about the binary, but incurs prohibitive runtime overhead. In this paper, we introduce Incremental CFG Patching, a general binary rewriting approach, to balance the runtime overhead and binary rewriting generality. The basic idea is to utilize code patching to catch control flow that we cannot accurately rewrite and use binary analysis to rewrite as much control flow as possible. A key feature of our approach is that we opportunistically utilize binary analysis and binary meta-data to reduce runtime overhead; but for cases where binary analysis failed or there is no sufficient meta-data to support binary analysis, we can still correctly rewrite the binary with small, additional runtime overhead, or achieve partial instrumentation by skipping certain challenging functions. Our approach supports multiple architectures (x86-64, ppc64le, and aarch64), and multiple source programming languages (C/C++ including C++ exceptions, Fortran, Rust and Go), and works with both position dependent and independent code. The evaluation shows that our new approach on average incurs little runtime overhead with SPEC CPU 2017 (
The Relationship Between Serum β-Carotene Concentrations and Reported Dietary β-Carotene Intakes Is Moderated by BMI in U.S. Adults

Objectives Serum β-carotene (BC) concentrations are not reflective of dietary BC status as serum concentrations can vary as a result of intake, lifestyle factors, adiposity, and physiological factors related to digestion and absorption. Longitudinal studies have shown a positive relationship between serum carotenoids and dietary BC intake, but the role of body mass index (BMI), as a surrogate for adiposity, in predicting serum BC concentrations is not well understood. The primary objective was to determine the role of BMI in the association between reported dietary BC intakes and serum BC concentrations.
A chimeric nuclease substitutes a phage CRISPR-Cas system to provide sequence-specific immunity against subviral parasites

Mobile genetic elements, elements that can move horizontally between genomes, have profound effects on their host's fitness. The phage-inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE) is a mobile element that integrates into the chromosome of Vibrio cholerae and parasitizes the bacteriophage ICP1 to move between cells. This parasitism by PLE is such that it abolishes the production of ICP1 progeny and provides a defensive boon to the host cell population. In response to the severe parasitism imposed by PLE, ICP1 has acquired an adaptive CRISPR-Cas system that targets the PLE genome during infection. However, ICP1 isolates that naturally lack CRISPR-Cas are still able to overcome certain PLE variants, and the mechanism of this immunity against PLE has thus far remained unknown. Here, we show that ICP1 isolates that lack CRISPR-Cas encode an endonuclease in the same locus, and that the endonuclease provides ICP1 with immunity to a subset of PLEs. Further analysis shows that this endonuclease is of chimeric origin, incorporating a DNA-binding domain that is highly similar to some PLE replication origin-binding proteins. This similarity allows the endonuclease to bind and cleave PLE origins of replication. The endonuclease appears to exert considerable selective pressure on PLEs and may drive PLE replication module swapping and origin restructuring as mechanisms of escape. This work demonstrates that new genome defense systems can arise through domain shuffling and provides a greater understanding of the evolutionary forces driving genome modularity and temporal succession in mobile elements.
Wildfire Risk Prediction and Detection using Machine Learning in San Diego, California

Wildfires are the most deadly and dangerous accidents across the United States, especially in California. Many lives are lost, and billions of dollars’ worth of property damages occur in wildfire every year. Wildfires are fueled and accelerated by several different factors, such as weather, climate, vegetation types, land cover, and human activities. This research aims to develop a machine learning and big data-based fire risk prediction model considering the different geographical factors outlined above. We propose a systematic way to make fire risk prediction and detection models that analyzes satellite data, weather data, and historical fire data to predict fire. We got an accuracy of 100% using ensemble model and 93% using Faster R-CNN for wildfire risk prediction and fire detection, respectively, using machine learning models.
Interpretations and Recommendations

The original Survey plan called for a terminal conference to consider the findings of the study and to make recommendations which, as refracted through the Committee, would cap the report from the Survey office. This did not happen, and final responsibility for this report reverted to the Chairman of the Committee. Most of this volume, nonetheless, is simply factual or carries such interpretations as flow from the facts or reflects attitudes on which there has been wide consensus. This closing chapter could be restricted to conclusions from the Survey data or could range more widely, on the basis of additional information and, inevitably, of individual bias, to present a picture and a program. The more hazardous but meaningful course has been chosen. There is some reassurance in the fact that many recommendations presented informally during the course of this Survey have already been acted upon by the APS and its officers and committees with good outcomes; and have influenced the plant and bacterial, the biological and medical groups.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enhances lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tissue factor in human monocytes and monocyte-derived microvesicles

Immunomodulatory effects in humans of Δ9−Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana are controversial. Tissue factor (TF), the activator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade, is increased on circulating activated monocytes and is expressed on microvesicles released from activated monocytes during inflammatory conditions, which perpetuate coagulopathies in a number of diseases. In view of the increased medicinal use of marijuana, effects of THC on human monocytes and monocyte-derived microvesicles activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. Peak levels of TF procoagulant activity developed in monocytes or microvesicles 6 h following LPS treatment and were unaltered by THC. After 24 h of LPS stimulation, TF activity declined in control-treated or untreated cells and microvesicles, but persisted with THC treatment. Peak TF protein occurred within 6 h of LPS treatment independent of THC; by 24 h, TF protein declined to almost undetectable levels without THC, but was about 4-fold greater with THC. Steady-state TF mRNA levels were similar up to 2 h in the presence of LPS with or without THC, while 10-fold greater TF mRNA levels persisted over 3–24 h with THC treatment. Activation of MAPK or NF-κB pathways was unaltered by THC treatment and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 levels were unchanged. In contrast, TNF and IL-8 levels were enhanced by 20–50 %. THC enhances TF expression in activated monocytes resulting in elevated procoagulant activity. Marijuana use could potentiate coagulopathies in individuals with chronic immune activation such as HIV-1 infection or inflammatory bowel disease.
Mobile Radio Communications

Mobile communications has been of interest since the earliest days of wireless communications. First applications involved ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship telegraphy as well as telegraphy to moving trains. The development of AM radio, and later FM radio, resulted in mobile voice communication systems. The development of the cellular radio concept gave to rise to mobile telephones that were both practical and inexpensive. The growth of the cellular telephone industry exceeded all expectations and, in many environments, the bulk of telephone traffic is now handled by wireless cellular systems. This article details this history and describes the essential features of mobile radio systems, including the cellular concept, mobile radio channels, and multiple access techniques. First, second and third generation commercial cellular systems are discussed and their capabilities are compared. Keywords: wireless communications; mobile communications; cellular systems; multiple access systems; CDMA; time-division multiple access; frequency-division multiple access
Thermonuclear reaction rate of 18 O( p , γ ) 19 F

For stars with 0.8 M${}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ $\ensuremath{\le}$ M $\ensuremath{\le}$ 8.0 M${}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, nucleosynthesis enters its final phase during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stage. During this evolutionary period, grain condensation occurs in the stellar atmosphere, and the star experiences significant mass loss. The production of presolar grains can often be attributed to this unique stellar environment. A subset of presolar oxide grains features dramatic ${}^{18}$O depletion that cannot be explained by the standard AGB star burning stages and dredge-up models. An extra mixing process, referred to as cool bottom processing (CBP), was proposed for low-mass AGB stars. The ${}^{18}$O depletion observed within certain stellar environments and within presolar grain samples may result from the ${}^{18}$O+$p$ processes during CBP. We report here on a study of the ${}^{18}$O($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{19}$F reaction at low energies. Based on our new results, we found that the resonance at ${E}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{lab}}=95$ keV has a negligible affect on the reaction rate at the temperatures associated with CBP. We also determined that the direct capture $S$ factor is almost a factor of 2 lower than the previously recommended value at low energies. An improved thermonuclear reaction rate for ${}^{18}$O($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{19}$F is presented.
Model Checking: Progress and Problems

Model checking is an automatic method of verifying finite state concurrent programs. The use of temporal logic and related frameworks to specify correctness has greatly facilitated simply thinking about the verification problem. Despite early worries about the intractability of state explosion, nowadays it can often be ameliorated, permitting verification of enormously large systems in practice. Important techniques include abstraction and compact (symbolic) representation. Unfortunately, none of these techniques scale well beyond a certain range. Nor is temporal logic universally viewed as a natural specification framework. We will discuss some possible ways to enhance efficiency and expressiveness of model checking.
Is erosion by deforming subglacial sediments significant? (Toward till continuity)

A glacier moving by deformation of subglacial sediments will tend to exhaust its own sediment supply, unless new sediment is generated subglacially. We explore the potential for deforming sediments to overcome this difficulty and replenish themselves by abrading their beds. We review abrasion experiments and theory for brittle materials and conclude that a theoretical calculation of abrasion is not possible yet. Instead, we use fault-gouge production data to estimate a likely upper bound to abrasion rates, and conclude that sufficient erosion to maintain a steady deforming-layer thickness is difficult to achieve, and will only be possible if the substrate is very soft and if there is a moderate rate of slip at the base of the deforming layer. Slow abrasion, which can leave a geologic signature, is possible under most deforming layers that are deforming at the sediment/bedrock interface.
The Making of an Economic Historian

My two predecessors assure me that our association is too young to possess any precedents or traditions. In the matter of themes for presidential addresses the only foreshadow of a tradition seems to be the cult of variety and free choice. My own choice of subject is therefore influenced by the fact that during the past year I have been writing a biography of our first president and America's first native-born thoroughly trained economic historian, Edwin F. Gay. As I followed the career of one member of our guild in the making, comparisons with others would persist in cropping up, and the question took shape: â€œWhat are economic historians made of?â€
Relating juvenile migration timing and survival to adulthood in two species of threatened Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Summary 1. Migration timing in animals has important effects on life-history transitions. Human activities can alter migration timing of animals, and understanding the effects of such disruptions remains an important goal for applied ecology. Anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) inhabit fresh water as juveniles before migrating to the ocean where they gain >90% of their biomass before returning to fresh water as adults to reproduce. Although construction of dams has delayed juvenile migration for many populations, we currently lack a synthesis of patterns in migration timing and how they relate to subsequent survival to adulthood for Pacific salmon, especially for at-risk populations. 2. We studied two groups of Pacific salmon from the Columbia River basin in the northwestern United States currently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We examined how the proportion of juveniles surviving to return as adults varied with year of migration, date of arrival in the estuary, water temperature and coastal ocean upwelling using data from over 40 000 individually tagged Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. 3. In general, models with year, day and day2 had much better support from the data than those with temperature and upwelling. For Chinook salmon, we also found a residual effect of temperature after controlling for day, but the effect was small for steelhead. 4. For both species, juveniles migrating from early to mid-May survived 4–50 times greater than those migrating in mid-June. As expected, however, the estimated peak in survival varied among years, presumably reflecting interannual variation in the nearshore physical environment and trophic dynamics that affect salmon during the critical juvenile life stage. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a possible management objective would be to speed arrival to the estuary by increasing springtime river flows. These findings also provide some insight into the mechanisms underlying seasonal differences in survival patterns, but additional studies are needed to better resolve the issue. Future changes to river flow and water temperature associated with climate change and human activities may further alter migration timing, and thus this phenomenon deserves further attention.
Organization of NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons and catecholaminergic fibers in human intermediolateral cell column

We studied the distribution of NADPH-d-reactive sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive fibers at T1, T4, T8, and T10 of human thoracic cord. NADPH-d-reactive SPNs were present at all segments. TH-immunoreactive fibers were distributed within the NADPH-d neuropil and appeared to contact SPNs. These interactions may be important for normal and pathological control of arterial pressure.
A Multidisciplinary Ethics Teaching Conference on a Geropsychiatric Service

This article describes an ethics case conference on a multidisciplinary geropsychiatric service, and its unique clinical, training, and research benefits. We describe the structure of the conference, the major topics addressed, the perceived advantages, and the research implications. We conclude that the care of older patients, the education of students and trainees interested in aging issues, and cutting-edge geriatric research are all advanced by such a conference.
Characteristics of gender subtypes: group and individual differences

Basic level, “subtype” stereotypes of women and men were investigated in this study. Students from two dissimilar college campuses were given 2 minutes to generate highly accessible types of men and women. One purpose of the study was to obtain descriptive information—evaluative valence, stereotypicality, and complexity—about the subtype representations of women and men in our culture. Additional purposes of the study were to ascertain differences in the representations of male and female subtypes as a function of individual differences (the gender-role of subjects) and as a function of group differences (i.e., ingroup/outgroup differences due to subjects' gender and regional/institutional differences due to campuses). Subjects generated a greater number of male than female subtypes. However, female subtypes tended to be more evaluatively positive than male subtypes. Although group and individual differences influenced the characteristics of the subtypes generated, these characteristics mirrored the general patterns of attributes associated with the gender subtypes. These patterns of subtype attributes are compared to those documented in previous research and are discussed from feminist and cognitive perspectives.
Hybrid digital-optical cross correlator for image and feature classification

We describe a complex optical system consisting of a 4f optical correlator with programmable filters that operates at video rates. Filter generation storage and management is under control of a digital on-board computer.