cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory: 20 years of synchrotron light

The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) is now operating as a fully dedicated light source with low emittance electron optics, delivering high brightness photon beams to 25 experimental stations six to seven months per year. On October 1, 1993 SSRL became a Division of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, rather than an Independent Laboratory of Stanford University, so that high energy physics and synchrotron radiation now function under a single DOE contract. The SSRL division of SLAC has responsibility for operating, maintaining and improving the SPEAR accelerator complex, which includes the storage ring and a 3 GeV injector. SSRL has thirteen x-ray stations and twelve VUV/Soft x-ray stations serving its 600 users. Recently opened to users is a new spherical grating monochromator (SGM) and a multiundulator beam line. Circularly polarized capabilities are being exploited on a second SGM line. New YB{sub 66} crystals installed in a vacuum double-crystal monochromator line have sparked new interest for Al and Mg edge studies. One of the most heavily subscribed stations is the rotation camera, which has been recently enhanced with a MAR imaging plate detector system for protein crystallography on a multipole wiggler. Under construction is a new wiggler-based structural molecular biology beammore » line with experimental stations for crystallography, small angle scattering and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Plans for new developments include wiggler beam lines and associated facilities specialized for environmental research and materials processing.« less
Two-Dimensional Resistivity of Ultrathin Metal Films

Extremely thin (monolayer to 100 \AA{}) continuous metallic films of Pt can be formed on Si substrates. In the thinnest films the conductance is found to be $S={S}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{1}(\frac{{e}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\hbar}})$ $\mathrm{ln}T+\ensuremath{\delta}{T}^{2}$, with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{1}=0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ from liquid-He temperatures up to $Tg~390$ K. Thicker films show a transition as a function of temperature from two- to three-dimensional behavior, with a corresponding resistivity minimum. The negative magnetoresistance is in good agreement with predictions of localization theory.
Estimating cellular network performance during hurricanes

Cellular networks serve a critical role during and immediately after a hurricane, allowing citizens to contact emergency services when land-line communication is lost and serving as a backup communication channel for emergency responders. However, due to their ubiquitous deployment and limited design for extreme loading events, basic network elements, such as cellular towers and antennas are prone to failures during adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes. Accordingly, a systematic and computationally feasible approach is required for assessing and improving the reliability of cellular networks during hurricanes. In this paper we develop a new multi-disciplinary approach to efficiently and accurately assess cellular network reliability during hurricanes. We show how the performance of a cellular network during and immediately after future hurricanes can be estimated based on a combination of hurricane wind field models, structural reliability analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, and cellular network models and simulation tools. We then demonstrate the use of this approach for assessing the improvement in system reliability that can be achieved with discrete topological changes in the system. Our results suggest that adding redundancy, particularly through a mesh topology or through the addition of an optical fiber ring around the perimeter of the system can be an effective way to significantly increase the reliability of some cellular systems during hurricanes.
Evaluation of salt-tolerant forages for sequential water reuse systems: III. Potential implications for ruminant mineral nutrition

Abstract Reuse of drainage waters is an attractive management option that has been proposed for many irrigated agricultural areas. In California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV), however, drainage effluents are not only saline, but may also contain potentially toxic trace elements such as selenium and molybdenum. Crop suitability for reuse systems depends on the influence the sodium sulfate-dominated waters have on biomass production, plant sustainability, and mineral elements that are critically important for forage quality. Ten promising forage crops were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with synthetic drainage waters dominated by Na 2 SO 4 with an EC of either 15 or 25 dS/m each containing 500 μg/L Se and Mo as SeO 4 2− and MoO 4 2− . Plant material was analyzed three times for mineral content and selected trace elements that may have a profound influence on ruminant health. Trace element concentrations indicate Se toxicity is of little concern, but that high concentrations of both Mo and S in the herbage may lead to Cu deficiency in ruminants. Similarly, high K/Mg and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios in many of the legume and grass forages, respectively, indicate that there may be potential for development of sub-normal Mg levels (hypomagnesaemia) in ruminants. However, each of these disorders can be avoided or corrected with dietary supplements. The most concern regarding ruminant nutrition based on these data is sulfur toxicity. Sodium-sulfate dominated drainage waters will likely elevate forage S concentrations to levels that might cause excessive sulfide concentrations in the rumen and potentially lead to serious neurological disorders affecting animal health.
Classification of Robot Form: Factors Predicting Perceived Trustworthiness

Many factors influence perceived usability of robots, including attributes of the human user, the environment, and the robot itself. Traditionally, the primary focus of research has been on performance- based characteristics of the robot for the purposes of classification, design, and understanding human-robot trust. In this work, we examine the human perceptions of the aesthetic dimensions of a variety of robot domains to gain insight into the impact of physical form on perceived trustworthiness that occurs prior to human-robot interaction. Results show that the physical form does matter when predicting initial trustworthiness of a robot, primarily through the perceived intelligence and classification of the robot.
New observations of the A1Πu-X1Σg+ transition (Phillips system) of C2

Abstract We have reanalyzed the infrared part of the A 1 Π u - X 1 Σ g + (Phillips system) of C 2 . Improved molecular constants were derived and the v ″ = 5 and v ″ = 6 vibrational levels of the X 1 Σ g + state were observed for the first time. RKR curves and A 1 Π u - X 1 Σ g + Franck-Condon factors were calculated from the equilibrium molecular constants.
Characteristics of Mercury Vapor–Metallic Iodide Arc Lamps

Arc lamps with efficiencies in the range from 70 to 110 lm/W, with good color rendition, have been made by a combination of metallic iodides and mercury in a medium-pressure vapor arc. Sodium iodide and thallium iodide with mercury were found to give the highest efficiency although other compounds such as indium iodide also provide improved color rendition. Careful control of the vapor pressure of the components, attained by control of lamp temperature and correct proportion of the iodides, is necessary in order to attain good color balance and efficiency. In case of arc tubes similar in dimensions to the 400-W mercury lamp, the new lamps operate with similar volt–ampere characteristics.Data on the luminous efficiency, spectral characteristics, chemical reactions, and arc performance are shown and discussed. Several effects such as reduction of excitation temperature by the iodides appear to be responsible for increased efficiency.
ANTIBODIES TO INTESTINAL MICROVILLOUS MEMBRANES II. INHIBITION OF INTRINSIC FACTOR-MEDIATED ATTACHMENT OF VITAMIN B12 TO HAMSTER BRUSH BORDERS

Microvillous membranes isolated from the distal, but not proximal, half of hamster small bowel induced in rabbits the formation of antisera which inhibited intrinsic factor-mediated uptake of vitamin B12 by hamster brush borders. The extent of inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration of antiserum, and an excess of IF-bound vitamin B12 could overcome the inhibitory effect. The inhibitory factor was absorbed from antisera by brush borders isolated from the distal, but not proximal, half of the hamster intestine. Fractionation of antisera by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography established that immunoglobulin G contained the inhibitory factor. Antisera capable of completely blocking uptake of IF-bound vitamin B12 did not react with hamster IF or with the IF-vitamin B12 complex, did not inhibit brush border disaccharidase activity and did not impair glucose transport by everted sacs of hamster intestine. These results demonstrate that an antibody to distal microvillous membranes competes with the IF-vitamin B12 complex for a specific binding site or receptor located on the surface of distal hamster intestine.
Bandwidth of linearized ring resonator assisted Mach-Zehnder modulator

The intermodulation-free dynamic range and the modulation frequency properties of the linearized ring resonator assisted Mach-Zehnder electrooptic modulators are analyzed. The linearization bandwidth of the modulators is limited by the resonant nature of a ring resonator.
Susceptibility to bystander DNA damage is influenced by replication and transcriptional activity

Direct cellular DNA damage may lead to genome destabilization in unexposed, bystander, cells sharing the same milieu with directly damaged cells by means of the bystander effect. One proposed mechanism involves double strand break (DSB) formation in S phase cells at sites of single strand lesions in the DNA of replication complexes, which has a more open structure compared with neighboring DNA. The DNA in transcription complexes also has a more open structure, and hence may be susceptible to bystander DSB formation from single strand lesions. To examine whether transcription predisposes non-replicating cells to bystander effect-induced DNA DSBs, we examined two types of primary cells that exhibit high levels of transcription in the absence of replication, rat neurons and human lymphocytes. We found that non-replicating bystander cells with high transcription rates exhibited substantial levels of DNA DSBs, as monitored by γ-H2AX foci formation. Additionally, as reported in proliferating cells, TGF-β and NO were found to mimic bystander effects in cell populations lacking DNA synthesis. These results indicate that cell vulnerability to bystander DSB damage may result from transcription as well as replication. The findings offer insights into which tissues may be vulnerable to bystander genomic destabilization in vivo.
INSITU NICK TRANSLATION, AN ALTERNATIVE TO CYTOGENETICS IN ANALYZING MUTAGEN EFFECTS ON HUMAN-CELLS

A chromosomal break indicates a double-stranded DNA break of the chromatin fiber. Cytogenetic observations can enumerate chromosome breaks but cannot detect single-stranded DNA breaks (nicks). When a high frequency of chromosomal breaks occurs in a cell population, whether spontaneously occurred or mutagen induced, a higher frequency of nicks is expected. In order to correlate these two type of DNA lesions, we used human lymphoblastoid lines known to be either hypersensitive or relatively resistant to the genotoxicity of bleomycin. The frequency of nicks was estimated by grain counts over interphase nuclei in autoradiographs following the technique of in situ nick translation. Good agreement was found between these two sets of data, viz, hypersensitive lines showed a high frequency of chromatid breaks as well as a high frequency of grain counts, and vice versa. These results suggest that the phenomenon of differential bleomycin sensitivity is genetically determined.
Hemodynamic Changes of Aortic Regurgitation

Hemodynamic changes associated with acute AR include a rapid increase in LV pressures during diastole, markedly elevated pressures at end diastole, and premature closure of the mitral valve. Systemic diastolic pressures may be low, but there is a minimal increase in pulse pressure. In very severe cases of acute AR, cardiac output may decrease, leading to hypotension. In chronic AR, the LV remodels to accommodate the regurgitant volume flow, and stroke volume increases to maintain effective forward blood flow. These adaptations lead to a dilated LV, a widened pulse pressure, and a low diastolic blood pressure, which are the classic findings of chronic AR.
The dependence of magnetic domain structure upon magnetization state in polycrystalline pyrrhotite

Abstract The dependence of domain pattern on magnetization state is studied in polycrystalline pyrrhotite, using the Bitter technique. Domain patterns for thermal demagnetization and thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) acquired in a 0.5 Oe field are characterized by undulating, non-planar domain walls, portions of which can be moved reversibly by DC fields of less than 10 Oe. Upon alternating field (AF) demagnetization in progressively higher peak fields, this complex pattern is gradually transformed into a simple pattern of parallel, 180° walls. A similarly simple structure is observed for saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) acquired in an AF field of 1000 Oe with a DC bias field of 0.5 Oe. In contrast to the magnetically soft behavior of domain walls after thermal demagnetization and TRM, the domain walls present after AF demagnetization, SIRM, and ARM require several tens of Oe to move visibly. In addition, the weak-field susceptibility is significantly lower after AF demagnetization than after thermal treatment in a low or null field. These observations indicate that the domain wall geometry of highly multidomain material can be critically dependent upon magnetization state and therefore should be considered in models of magnetization processes such as TRM.
Smooth dense subalgebras of reduced group C∗-algebras, Schwartz cohomology of groups, and cyclic cohomology

Abstract We introduce the notion of Schwartz (co)homology of a discrete group with a length function which is the natural generalization of the bounded cohomology of a discrete group. We prove that if the length function is chosen to be a word length on a group of polynomial growth, then its Schwartz cohomology is canonically isomorphic to the usual group cohomology with complex coefficients. Using this result we will show that the group cohomology of a discrete group of polynomial growth is of polynomial growth in the sense of Connes and Moscovici, and that there are no nontrivial idempotents in the group C∗-algebra of a torsion free group of polynomial growth by the method of cyclic cohomology of Connes.
A negative tyrosine aminotransferase gene element that blocks glucocorticoid modulatory element-regulated modulation of glucocorticoid-induced gene expression.

Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) is the prototypic steroid-inducible gene. Recently, we have found that the modulation of TAT induction properties is reproduced by a novel cis-acting TAT gene element, the glucocorticoid modulatory element (GME). This GME lies about 1 kb upstream of the glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) of the TAT gene and binds a heterooligomer of two recently defined proteins. We now report the existence of an additional TAT gene element between the GME and the GREs that blocks the action of the GME and thus prevents the left shift in the glucocorticoid dose-response curve caused by the GME. This negative element has the properties of a silencer because its activity is relatively position- and orientation-independent. The interaction appears to be stoichiometric in that the effects of a single negative element can be overcome by a second GME. This negative element also has an intrinsic inhibitory activity in the absence of the GME. The majority of the negative element activity could...
Outcomes after pneumonectomy for benign disease: the impact of urgent resection.

Background Pneumonectomy for benign disease is often complicated by inflammatory processes that obscure operative planes. We reviewed our experience to evaluate the impact of requiring urgent or emergent pneumonectomy on outcomes. Study Design All pneumonectomies for benign conditions from 1997 to 2012 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Mortality was assessed using multivariable logistic regression that included laterality, age, and surgery status, which was emergent if performed within 24 hours of initial evaluation, urgent if performed after 24 hours but within the same hospital stay, and otherwise elective. Results Among 42 pneumonectomies, completion pneumonectomy after previous ipsilateral lung resection was performed in 14 patients (33%). Resection was elective in 22 patients (52%), urgent in 12 (28%), and emergent in 8 (19%). The most common indication was for necrotic lung (n = 12; 29%). Muscle flaps were used in 26 patients (62%). Perioperative mortality for the entire cohort was 29% (n = 12) and was significantly higher when surgery was urgent (5 of 12; 42%) or emergent (5 of 8; 62.5%) compared with elective (2 of 22; 9.1%) (p = 0.03). Requiring urgent or emergent surgery remained a significant predictor of mortality in multivariable analysis (odds ratio 10.4, p = 0.01). Conclusions Pneumonectomy for benign disease has significant risk for mortality, particularly when not performed electively. Although surgery cannot be planned in the setting of trauma or some situations of acute infection, patients known to have conditions that are likely to require pneumonectomy should be considered for surgery earlier in their disease course, before developing an acute problem that requires urgent or emergent resection.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium and Zirconium Oxides Using Metal Amide Precursors

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of smooth and highly conformal films of hafnium and zirconium oxides was studied using six metal alkylamide precursors for hafnium and zirconium. Water was used as an oxygen source during these experiments. As deposited, these films exhibited a smooth surface with a measured roughness equivalent to that of the substrate on which they were deposited. These films also exhibited a very high degree of conformality: 100% step coverage on holes with aspect ratios greater than 35. The films were completely uniform in thickness and composition over the length of the deposition reactor. The films were free of detectable impurities and had the expected (2:1) oxygen-to-metal ratio. Films were deposited at substrate temperatures from 50 to 500 °C from precursors that were vaporized at temperatures from 40 to 140 °C. The precursors were found to be highly reactive with hydroxylated surfaces. Their vapor pressures were measured over a wide temperature range. Deposition reactor design and ...
On the solution of the open-loop Nash Riccati equations in linear quadratic differential games†

Abstract A simplified method for solving the asymmetric, coupled, Riccati-type matrix differential equations occurring in the solution of open-loop Nash controls in linear quadratic differential games is discussed m this paper. This method offers considerable savings in the computational requirements of the sampled-data Nash solution in time-invariant linear quadratic differential games where the open-loop Nash Riccati equations must be solved repeatedly several times for different boundary conditions. A simple example is presented to illustrate the results
Electron Microscopic Evidence Suggesting Secretory Granule Formation within the Golgi Apparatus

Secretory granules have been seen within components of the Golgi bodies of rat pituitary acidophils and mouse pancreatic acinar cells. The fact that secretory granules are much more frequently encountered within Golgi components under conditions of increased secretory activity suggests that granule formation may occur within the Golgi apparatus in these two types of cells.
Dynamics and quenching of non-premixed edge-flames in oscillatory counterflows

Abstract The dynamics of non-premixed edge-flames, including the generation of cellular structures, in an unsteady, symmetric counterflow are examined for positive rates of strain. A one-step reaction is assumed, ν Y F + ν X O → ν p P , in which the oxidizer Lewis number is 1. For a variety of Damkohler numbers, we examine the edge-flame evolution for two values of the fuel Lewis number Le Y , 0.3 and 1, and two values of the initial mixture fraction γ, 0.36 and 1, representing fuel lean and stoichiometric supply conditions. For Le Y = 0.3 and γ = 0.36 , unsteady forcing can convert non-cellular edge-flames into ones containing various characteristics of near- or sub-limit cellular structures, including drifting, splitting and stationary flame strings. The transition regimes between the different edge-flame structures are examined as a function of the amplitude and frequency of the strain rate variations in the unsteady counterflow and also as a function of the instantaneous and equivalent strain rate functions. For Le Y = 0.3 and γ = 1 , while no cellular edge-flames can be generated for steady counterflows, we show that cellular structures can be observed in the presence of unsteady forcing. For Le Y = 1 and γ = 1 , it is shown that unsteady forcing can significantly modify the mean propagation speeds of both ignition and failure waves. Finally, the quenching boundaries of two-dimensional edge-flames induced by the unsteady counterflow are examined for Le Y = 0.3 , γ = 0.36 and Le Y = 1 , γ = 1 .
Comparative characterization of human and rat liver glycogen synthase.

Abstract Glycogen synthase from human liver was studied, and its properties were compared with those of rat liver glycogen synthase. The rat and human liver glycogen synthases were similar in their pH profile, in their kinetic constants for the substrate UDP-glucose and the activator glucose 6-phosphate, and in their elution profiles from Q-Sepharose. The apparent molecular weight of the human synthase subunit was 80,000–85,000 by gel electrophoresis, which is similar to that of the rat enzyme. In addition, antibodies to rat liver glycogen synthase recognized human liver glycogen synthase, indicating that the enzymes of these two species share antigenic determinants. However, there were significant differences between the two enzymes. In particular, the total activity of the human enzyme was higher than that of the rat. The human enzyme, purified to near homogeneity, had a specific activity of 40 U/mg protein compared with 20 U/mg protein for the rat enzyme. The active forms of the rat enzyme had greater thermal stability than those of the human enzyme, but the human enzyme was more stable on storage in various buffers. Last, amino acid analysis indicated differences between the enzymes of the two species. Since glycogen synthase is an important enzyme in liver glycogen synthesis, the characterization of this enzyme in the human will help provide insight regarding human liver glycogen synthesis.
FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCIBILITY OF FLOW‐BUTTON TEST

Pellets formed from dry-milled ground-coat frits of the conventional cobalt type were used to study the factors influencing the flow characteristics of enamel fusion buttons at temperatures above their softening points. To insure reproducible results it was necessary to control accurately (1) the materials being tested, (2) the temperature, (3) the time, and (4) the weight of the sample. Reasonable variations in the gauge of the metal holding plate and the coating applied to protect the plate did not greatly affect the dimensions of the fired buttons. Little difference in the flow of ground-coat fusion buttons was noted for variations in either particle size, fineness distribution, forming pressures, or height of the pellets.
THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF METHYLENE BLUE BY AMINES—II. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DECAY OF SEMIREDUCED METHYLENE BLUE

— The decay of semireduced methylene blue (MB') formed in the photoreduction of the dye by aryl- and alkylamines was examined by flash photolysis. The second order decay of MB in methanol produced using arylamines and 1,4-diazabicyclooctane as photoreducing agents led to complete regeneration of the dye and amine. The rate constants for a series of N.N-dimethylanilines showed a small substituent effect (p= 0.69 ± 0.16) compatible with recombination of MB' with arylamine derived radical cations. A study of the solvent effect on the recombination process revealed the importance of the stability of the radical cation toward the solvent and also indicated that the reaction approaches the rate of diffusion. The photoreduction of the dye by most alkylamines examined resulted in permanent bleaching of methylene blue. The second order decay of MB' produced using tertiary aliphatic amines led exclusively to formation of the leuco-dye with no apparent regeneration of methylene blue; this process was tentatively assigned to a reaction of MB' with α-amino radicals formed from the amine radical cation. It was concluded that the methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation of amines involves a Type I process and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Thermodynamics of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate association with human oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin

Abstract The association of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate with oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin was studied by means of ultrafiltration and microcalorimetry. It was found that in addition to parameters that are known to influence the binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to both species of hemoglobin (such as pH, temperature and concentration of competing anion), the association is also strongly dependent on the hemoglobin concentration. The difference between the apparent association constants for the formation of the complex of the organic phosphate with oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin is relatively small. At pH 7.3, 25° C and 0.154 M chloride this difference is only 0.6 kcal/mole of free energy favoring the Hb·DPG complex. This free energy difference increases with decreasing pH but is not strongly affected by hemoglobin concentration. The enthalpy change for the formation of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate complex with deoxyhemoglobin is 8–10 kcal/mole more exothermic than the complex with oxyhemoglobin.
Cervical corpectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Abstract Cervical corpectomies are efficacious in the management of progressive, cervical spondylotic myelopathy. They are ideal for alleviating anterior spinal cord compression because of osteophytes of the posterior vertebral body, central disk herniations, and hypertrophy or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. It is invaluable if there is cervical kyphosis. A detailed description of the operative technique is presented, covering both the decompression and the reconstruction. Alternative forms of strut fusion are considered. Results and potential complications are briefly discussed.
Introduction of Carboxyl Functional Groups onto Platinum by RF Plasma Deposition

Radio frequency (RF) plasma deposition of acrylic acid was used to generate carboxyl functional groups on a platinum surface serving as a model of a platinum electrode. The groups were retained at around 11% of the carbon content of the surface as measured using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) following challenges of water soaks and acidic and basic conditions. Angle-dependent ESCA showed the percentage of carboxyl groups decreased with depth and supported our hypothesis that the plasma deposited acrylic acid bonds to the platinum by penetrating into the uppermost layer of the platinum. The carboxyl groups were generated on the platinum surface in sufficient number to be used for further modification of the surface.
Characterization of Hantaan Virions, the Prototype Virus of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Hantaan virus, strain 76-118, was propagated to high titer in a clone of Vero cells, and infectious virions were successfully concentrated and purified. Infectivity and virus antigenic activity were closely associated with a virus particle that exhibited a sedimentation rate indistinguishable from a representative member of the Bunyaviridae. Purified virions sedimented to a density of 1.16-1.17 in sucrose and 1.20-1.21 in cesium chloride. Detergent disruption of virions resulted in a nucleocapsid structure (density, 1.18 in sucrose and 1.25 in cesium chloride) and soluble protein antigens. Three separate nucleocapsids were resolved by rate-zonal centrifugation and contained a single but common polypeptide of 50,000 daltons. Electrophoresis of radiolabeled RNA extracted from purified virions yielded a profile of three RNA species with apparent molecular weights of 2.7, 1.2, and 0.6 X 10(6). These data support earlier electron microscopy reports which suggested that Hantaan virus has characteristics similar to some members of the virus family Bunyaviridae.
COMPARATIVE THERMAL RELATIONSHIPS OF FLIGHT FOR SOME BATS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Abstract 1. 1. Nine of eleven species of desert bats tested demonstrated the ability to initiate and maintain flight at reduced body temperatures. This ability is associated with periodic activity throughout the winter. 2. 2. Of the two species studied most intensively, Pipistrellus hesperus demonstrated a stronger relationship between ambient and body temperatures than did Myotis californicus . It is hypothesized that differences in total body insulation are responsible for the difference in this relationship. 3. 3. Pipistrellus hesperus shows seasonal shifts in actual flight body temperature with a difference of 8–10°C between summer and winter. Spring and fall represent transition periods where the body temperature responds more directly to ambient temperature. Myotis californicus shows the same patterns only to a lesser extent. 4. 4. Low temperature flight appears to be an inherent physiological mechanism with no significant differences observed during laboratory experiments on a sexual or seasonal basis. 5. 5. Some variability is observed which appears to reflect the body condition and caloric and water balance. 6. 6. It is proposed that low temperature flight associated with winter activity is a mechanism adaptive for maintenance of water balance; but only incidentally of value as a feeding strategy.
IV Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Stroke in the Community What We Know and Don’t Know 10 Years After FDA Approval

Bateman et al1 use the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for 1999 to 2002 to gain insights into the use of IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute stroke across a wide range of community hospitals. It is important to note that this was a 20% random sample from NIS and that the ICD 99.10 thrombolysis code is only 50% sensitive for identifying thrombolysis patients. Also, significant variables including baseline stroke severity, neuroimaging data, stroke etiologies, and hospital transfer patterns, as well as 90 day functional outcomes, are not available, which severely limits the conclusions which can be drawn from the database. Thus, although this is the largest “snapshot” we have for IV tPA use in the …
Bubble‐size distribution in Fischer‐Tropsch‐derived waxes in a bubble column

Bubble sizes were measured for molten wax-nitrogen systems using photography and dynamic gas disengagement. The effects of operating conditions, system geometry and wax type were studied in 0.05- and 0.23-m-diameter by 3-m-tall bubble columns. Both techniques were used with FT-300 wax, while only the dynamic gas disengagement technique could be used with reactor waxes due to their dark color. For FT-300 wax, Sauter mean diameters obtained from photographs taken near the column wall were significantly lower than those obtained from photographs taken near the center. The ds values obtained from dynamic gas disengagement and photographic (near the column center) methods, for this noncoalescing medium, were in the range 0.5–1.6 mm in the large-diameter column. For reactor waxes, ds values were significantly higher (1–2 mm for Sasol and 1–5.5 mm for Mobil's reactor wax) and are in agreement with results reported in earlier studies with similar waxes (ds = 2–4 mm), where different experimental techniques (light transmission or hot wire anemometry) were employed.
CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase associates with the WW domain-containing protein, CD45AP, through the transmembrane region.

CD45 is a transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase required for antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. CD45 activates the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases, p56lckand p59fyn, by dephosphorylating a negative regulatory tyrosine in the carboxyl terminus. Immunoprecipitation of CD45 precipitates p56lck and CD45AP. Although the function of CD45AP is unknown, it has been proposed to be an adapter between p56lck and CD45. To assess the ability of CD45AP to function as an adapter, we determined the regions required for the interaction with CD45 by expressing chimeric proteins in HeLa cells. CD45AP has a region similar to a potential protein-protein interaction domain, the WW domain. Surprisingly, this domain was not necessary for the association with CD45. Rather, a 40-amino acid sequence encompassing the putative transmembrane domain of CD45AP was sufficient to mediate binding to CD45. Similarly, a 39-amino acid sequence encompassing the CD45 transmembrane region was sufficient to direct the interaction with CD45AP. Expression of p56lck with CD45AP resulted in an interaction that could only be detected by in vitro kinase reaction, suggesting that the association of p56lck and CD45AP is weak. These data support a model in which CD45AP links CD45 with other proteins but not necessarily p56lck.
Two Types of Moral Dilemmas

In recent years the question of whether moral dilemmas are conceptually possible has received a fair amount of attention. In arguing for or against the conceptual possibility of moral dilemmas authors have been almost exclusively concerned with obligation dilemmas, i.e., situations in which more than one action is obligatory. Almost no one has been concerned with prohibition dilemmas, i.e., situations in which no feasible actions is permissible. I argue that the two types of dilemmas are distinct, and that a much stronger case can be made against the conceptual possibility of obligation dilemmas than against the conceptual possibility of prohibition dilemmas.
Crystal and molecular structure of the photocatalyst tris(2,2′-bipyrazine)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate

The X-ray structure determination of the complex tris(2,2′-bipyrazine)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate, [Ru(C8N4H6)3](PF6)2, has shown that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c witha=13.459(5),b=23.486(8),c=17.913(10) A,β=139.85(1)°, andZ=4. Each asymmetric unit also contains one dimethylformamide and one water molecule. Least-squares refinement led to an R factor of 0.074 based on 3463 reflections for which I>2σ(I). The [Ru(C8N4H6)3]2+ cation has no crystallographic symmetry, but the requirements for point symmetry 32 are nearly met. The six Ru-N bond lengths agree within experimental error and have an average length of 2.05(1) A.
Computation of Rarefied Hypersonic Flows Using Modified Form of Conventional Burnett Equations

This paper describes the computations of hypersonic flows in a diatomic gas in rotational nonequilibrium using a newly developed simplified set of Burnett equations designated as simplified conventional Burnett equations. Since the original formulation by Burnett, a number of variations to the original Burnett equations have been proposed, and the differences among these variants and their merits/shortcomings have been described in the literature. A new variant is created based on the conventional Burnett equations for hypersonic flows by neglecting higher-order terms that are inversely proportional to the Mach number. This set of simplified conventional Burnett equations is linearly stable for small disturbances in contrast to the conventional Burnett equations that suffer from Bobylev instability. To simulate the rotational nonequilibrium effect in a diatomic gas, both the Navier–Stokes and the simplified conventional Burnett equations are modified by including a rotational nonequilibrium relaxation mod...
Escherichia coli Habitats, Cell Types, and Molecular Mechanisms of Gene Control

Escherichia coli cycles between two principal habitats-intestines of warm-blooded animals and water, sediment, and soil-that are shown to be quite distinct with respect to physical conditions and the spectrum and level of available nutrients. Elementary calculations suggest that, on the average, an E. coli cell is "born" in the intestine of a warm-blooded animal and spends about half its life there, is excreted onto the surface of the earth where it spends the second half of its life, and then dies or, with a small probability, colonizes a new host. From this information one can predict that E. coli will have at least two phenotypically distinct cell types and that these will have dual molecular control mechanisms of opposite type for the regulation of certain functions. In cases for which the molecular data are available for comparison, they are in agreement with the predictions.
A Study of the Formation and Scaling of a Synthetic Jet

Abstract : The broad goal of this study was to gain an improved understanding for how synthetic jet actuators perform as flow control devices. This improved understanding is motivated by a need for enhancing and optimizing the design and operation of these devices for transition of the technology to larger scales. The term synthetic jet is generally used to describe the steady, turbulent flow that appears at some distance downstream of an orifice when an oscillating pressure gradient is applied across the orifice. Between the orifice, where the flow is purely oscillatory, and the point downstream, where an apparently steady jet exists, there exists one or more vortex rings. In the region of transition from an unsteady, periodic flow to a steady, turbulent flow, individual vortex rings are rapidly distorted by interactions with neighboring rings. The defining features of the vortex rings and how they interact with their neighbors are established during the time-periodic formation of the rings at the actuator orifice. These factors are also presumed to be closely linked to the defining characteristics of the ensuing steady, turbulent jet. Past work has shown quite convincingly that synthetic jets are tremendously useful for controlling flow at scales much larger than the synthetic jet itself (Amitay et al. 2001; Smith and Glezer 2002). However, despite numerous demonstrations of synthetic jets in flow control applications, the mechanisms by which a synthetic jet effects control are still not well understood.
Evolutionarily conserved organization and sequences of germline diversity and joining regions of the rabbit T-cell receptor β2 chain

Abstract We previously reported that there are three different copies of T-cell receptor β chain constant region (Cβ) genes in some rabbits, two of which are present on an ~ 16-kb and one on an ~6-kb Eco RI fragment. We also reported that one of the Cβ genes on the ~ 16-kb fragment was chimeric, with a 5' cluster of Jβ2 segments and a 3' untranslated region of β1 type. Here we report the complete genomic sequences of the Dβ2 and Jβ2 segments associated with the chimeric Cβ gene. The rabbit Dβ2 gene segment has very strong similarity to both its human and mouse counterparts. The sequence similarity also extends rather far from the coding region in both 5' and 3' directions. The content and organization of rabbit Jβ2 gene segments is similar to those found in both human and mouse. The rabbit Jβ2 cluster has six functional segments and one pseudogene, as well as a remnant of another pseudogene between Jβ2.2 and Jβ2.3 equivalent to the one found in man in the same location. The Jβ2.5 gene segment of rabbit has lost the splice signal and is a pseudogene unlike its counterparts in man and mouse. Overall analysis of the rabbit Dβ2–Jβ2 region reveals a closer similarity to human than mouse. However, the general organization of the gene segments in the Dβ2–Jβ2 regions of all three species is remarkably conserved over long stretches of DNA sequence.
Birth order, personality development, and vocational choice of becoming a Carmelite nun.

Summary This study was undertaken to determine whether there is a relation between birth order, as described by Konig and Very, and becoming a Discalced Carmelite nun. Questionnaires were sent to the United States population of fully professed Discalced Carmelite nuns, and return data compared with the United States Vital Statistics for female live births by birth order. Chi square analysis showed a significant difference (p = .01) supporting the hypothesis that the distribution of Carmelite nuns by birth order is different from the expected distribution. A greater proportion of third borns than expected became nuns. Other birth orders came closer to chance. It appears that there is a relationship betwen birth order and personality development, and that personality is a factor in an individual's vocational choice.
Biological availability of isoleucine

Abstract Biological availability of isoleucine in eight different proteins was determined using a blood meal diet low in isoleucine. Isoleucine in zein was available to the extent of 30%; in casein and gelatin, around 60–70%; and in fibrin, beef, egg albumin, and Drackett, over 90% of the isoleucine was available to the rat. In the case of zein, there was an increase of from 30 to 60% in the availability of isoleucine, when the acid-hydrolyzed zein was fed. No such effect was observed with the hydrolyzates of casein and fibrin.
Re-forming relationships in health care. Papers from the ninth biennual Regenstrief Conference.

From September 29 to October 1, 2004, the Regenstrief Institute, a free-standing research institute of Indiana University School of Medicine, held its ninth bi-annual conference on health care research. The conference, entitled, “Re-Forming Relationships in Health Care: Creating A National Research Agenda for Relationship-Centered Care,” was attended by almost 100 invited participants and presenters who gathered to hear and discuss current concepts and research in relationship-centered care (RCC) and to help shape an agenda for research in this arena. Here, we present a brief background to the conference, a description of its organization and the agenda for research in RCC that emerged from dialog among the participants. The remainder of this issue of the Journal is devoted to the plenary papers that were presented at the conference.
Optical signatures of lightning-induced heating of the D region

Lightning-induced heating of the nighttime D region leads to the excitation of a number of lines of O, O[sub 2], N[sub 2], O[sup +][sub 2], at intensities of 10-10[sup 9] Rayleighs (R) for vertical observations. For example, the 5577 [angstrom] emission from O has intensity [approximately]60 R lasting for [approximately]350 ms while the 1st and 2nd positive bands of N[sub 2] are at [approximately]10[sup 9] R but last only [approximately]50[mu]s. 17 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Replicating statement execution for fault detection on distributed memory multiprocessors

A compiler-assisted methodology is proposed for fault detection on distributed-memory systems. Selected instances of program statements are replicated in a way that ensures appropriate coverage. Replication strategies for the detection of permanent and transient faults are presented. These strategies use idle processor times for replicating statement execution whenever possible. Two approaches are also discussed for implementing the proposed strategies on single-program multiple-data parallel execution platforms. The first approach replicates program statements through source-to-source program transformations while the second approach achieves the replication of program statements indirectly by replicating data on multiple processors.
A model of riskless choice

Current researches on how we arrive at decisions concentrate on utility functions. This article deals with individuals' choices among pairs of dternatives involving only two components, in situations where no risks are incurred. For instance, Alice's father announces he will buy her a Ford coupe for graduation. Sheispermitted toselect between blue and yellow, and to decide whether or not it is to be convertible. A model for choices of this type is detailed here and a test of it reported.
Acceptability of Fudge Prepared Using Tofu as a Fat-Ingredient Substitute

The palatability and overall acceptability of fudge prepared using pureed tofu as a replacement for 50%, 75%, and 100% of the fat ingredient were determined by a sensory panel. Eighty-three percent to 89% of the sensory panelists gave the 50% tofu substitution an acceptable score (< 5) for all the parameters (appearance, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability), 85% to 91% of the panelists gave the 75% tofu substitution an acceptable score for all parameters, and 73% to 89% of the panelists gave the 100% tofu substitution an acceptable score. This study showed that using pureed tofu as a partial fat replacement resulted in acceptable fudge, even when tofu was substituted for the entire fat ingredient.
Physical Scale Model Alternators as a Pulsed-Power Source Simulator

Pulsed alternators configured as counter-rotating pairs are being considered as a potential pulsed-power source for electromagnetic launchers. The Institute for Advanced Technology is interested in studying the electrical and mechanical characteristics of such a pair of counter-rotating pulsed alternators; however, implementation and experimentation have only been attempted on a single subscale alternator machine that requires extensive laboratory support for operation. As a first step toward testing the electromechanical effects of counter-rotating alternators, two iron-core wound field alternators driven by dc motor prime movers were obtained and implemented as a scale model pulsed-power source simulator. These alternators were originally designed and fabricated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as physical scale models of 900-MVA utility alternators, which exhibit the same per-unit reactance and time constants as the full-scale machines. A digital signal processor was integrated into a real-time control system designed to maintain the two generators as an electrically coupled, counter-rotating generator pair. This paper documents the control system design, the incorporated control algorithm, and the automated test setup implemented for experimental data collection
The agrarian myth and policy responses to farm safety.

Agriculture's status as one of the nation's most hazardous occupations has been an impetus for a reexamination of the federal role in agricultural safety and for various proposals to make farming safer. During the 1970s congressional debate and farm group testimony that led to agriculture's current exemption from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's enforcement efforts, regulation foes made use of the "Agrarian Myth." The myth portrays farmers as the bedrock of democracy, suffering so that society may prosper and living a natural life away from the artificiality and evils of cities. Despite the inaccuracy of its images, the myth is a potent symbol in American culture, and its influence could arise again in current policy debates. This paper examines specific issues that may be obscured by the myth but that must be addressed in any agricultural safety policy debate. It then recommends that responses to agricultural safety be carefully considered and that value judgements about what the issue...