cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Kant and Bentham: How Ethical Theories are being used in Artificial Moral Agents

From robots to autonomous vehicles, the design of artificial moral agents (AMAs) is an area of growing interest to HCI, and rising concern for the implications of deploying moral machines raises questions about which ethical frameworks are being used in AMAs. We performed a literature review to identify and synthesize key themes in how ethical theories have been applied to AMAs. We reviewed 53 papers and performed a thematic analysis to describe and synthesize the current conversation across HCI. We found many describe the value of ethical theories and implement them as technical contributions, but very few conduct empirical studies in real settings. Furthermore, we found AMA development is dominated by two ethical theories: deontology and consequentialism. We argue that the focus on deontology and consequentialism risks creating AMAs based on a narrow set of Western ethical values and concepts at the expense of other forms of moral reasoning.
The Episodic Kneel: Racial Neoliberalism, Civility, and the Media Circulation of Colin Kaepernick, 2017–2020

Despite his absence from National Football League (NFL) fields, Colin Kaepernick has exerted an ongoing resonance in American sport-media discourse over the last few years. This article addresses such resonance through three “flashpoints”: President Donald Trump’s inflammatory comments on Kaepernick at a 2017 rally, Nike’s Kaepernick advertising campaign in 2018, and the 2020 resurgence of Black Lives Matter within which Kaepernick, and the act of kneeling, remained central. It is argued that these flashpoints indicate, in varied ways, the hegemony of racial neoliberalism and civility as structuring ideologies in the twenty-first-century United States. Kaepernick amplified his voice through the endorsement of racial-neoliberal discourse (Nike ad), while Trump’s comments and the recent wave of high-profile killings of Black Americans generated condemnation largely focused on acts of (in)civility rather than deeper roots of systemic inequality. Yet recent events also point to signs of the cracking, if not fundamentally de-hegemonizing, of racial neoliberalism, particularly through a turn (if only temporary) away from colorblind “antiracialism” in sport.
Phase Memory of Optical Vortex Beam Scattered by Random Phase Screens

Properties of vortex beams are significantly affected upon interaction with random phase screens. We provide a quantitative description of the measurable vorticity as a function of variance and spatial correlation properties of distorting media.
Using Cluster Analysis to Examine Husband-Wife Decision Making.

Cluster analysis has a rich history in many disciplines and although cluster analysis has been used in clinical psychology to identify types of disorders, its use in other areas of psychology has been less popular. The purpose of the current experiments was to use cluster analysis to investigate husband-wife decision making. Cluster analysis was selected to illustrate the point that it can be a beneficial multivariate technique when researching husband-wife decision making by examining similar decision-making strategies used by couples and comparing joint decisions to individual decisions. For the current experiments, participants (26 couples) watched 6 movie trailers and viewed 6 sample restaurant menus. After viewing each, participants indicated how likely they would be to go to view the movie or to eat at the restaurant. Participants completed the task first independently and then jointly. Cluster analysis was used to provide the desired information by (a) forming clusters of couples in general who used common decision-making strategies and (b) forming clusters to show which spouse’s decision-making strategy independently was more similar to the joint strategy. Results from the cluster analysis are discussed in light of other statistical procedures commonly used to examine husband-wife decision-making strategies.
Analysis of Meaning Making in Online Learning

This paper reports on our efforts to deepen the analysis of online collaborative learning. Most studies of online learning use quantitative methods that assign meaning to contributions in isolation and aggregate over many sessions, obscuring the actual procedures by which participants accomplish learning through the affordances of online media. Methods for studying the interactional construction of meaning are available, but have largely been developed for brief episodes of face-to-face data, and do not scale well to online learning where media resources, time scale, and synchronicity all differ. In order to resolve this tradeoff, we are developing an analytic method that scales up sequential and interactional analysis to longer term distributed and asynchronous interactions. The paper describes applications to data derived from asynchronous interaction of dyads and small groups. Our long-term objective is to obtain a deep understanding of how learning is accomplished in technology-mediated interactions that take place at multiple time scales in different media.
Measurement of KLL and KNN in pd → npp at 500, 650 and 800 MeV

Abstract Measurements of the spin transfer parameters, KNN and KLL, at 500, 650 and 800 MeV are presented for the reaction p d → n pp at 0°. The data are useful input to the NN data base and indicate that the quasi-free charge exchange (CEX) reaction us a useful mechanism for producing neutrons with at least 40% polarization at energies as low as 500 MeV.
Differential prediction of C0₂challenge response as a function of the taxon and complement classes of anxiety sensitivity.

Background Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a trait-like characteristic capturing fears of the experience of anxiety and the potential psychological, somatic, or social consequences associated with anxiety. Recently, research has provided evidence for the latent structure of AS suggesting two discrete types, i.e. a taxonic class and a complement class. Investigations have identified combinations from the 16-items of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) that are able to predict the taxon class of AS, referred to as the ASI taxon scales. Method The current study investigated the ability of a new ASI taxon scale, comprised of the seven overlapping items of the previously identified ASI taxon scales, to predict CO2 challenge responses. This was examined in a sample of 387 nonclinical participants presenting for an AS treatment program. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires and a 20% CO2 challenge as part of the program. Results Analyses indicated that the ASI taxon scale uniquely predicted CO2 challenge response, whereas the complement scale did not have a significant association. Conclusions The present study provides the first evidence of the AS taxon having the ability to predict an exaggerated fear response to a novel stressor known to be associated with anxiety psychopathology. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Experimental Design: Bayesian Designs

This article provides an overview of experimental design using a Bayesian decision-theoretic framework. Scientific experimentation requires decisions about how an experiment will be conducted and analyzed. Such decisions depend on the goals and purpose of the experiment, but certain choices may be restricted by available resources and ethical considerations. Prior information may be available from earlier experiments or from conjectures which motivate the investigation. The Bayesian approach provides a coherent framework where prior information and uncertainties regarding unknown quantities can be combined to find an experimental design that optimizes the goals of the experiment.
A System for Rapid Interactive Training of Object Detectors

Machine learning approaches have become the de-facto standard for creating object detectors (such as face and pedestrian detectors) which are robust to lighting, viewpoint, and pose. Generating sufficiently large labeled data sets to support accurate training is often the most challenging problem. To address this, the active learning paradigm suggests interactive user input, creating an initial classifier based on a few samples and refining that classifier by identifying errors and re-training. In this paper we seek to maximize the efficiency of the user input; minimizing the number of labels the user must provide and minimizing the accuracy with which the user must identify the object. We propose, implement, and test a system that allows an untrained user to create high-quality classifiers in minutes for many different types of objects in arbitrary scenes.
Finding Social Capital: The French Revolution in Italy

If social capital were sharply defined, the term would be less usefully suggestive. It seems to refer to those social practices, customs, groups, and institutions that strengthen civil society. In a sense, the concept is always retrospective. We acknowledge the presence of "social capital" whenever we attribute collective (essentially political) behavior more to established patterns of social behavior than to immediate requirements, interests, or tactical calculations. The term is temptingly residual, a signifier for social behaviors not simply selfish, and it tends to be used in notably judgmental ways, treating as social capital those practices considered beneficial to society's smooth functioning. Logically, this usage seems somewhat circular and historically rather deterministic. I propose to make this loose term looser, by expanding it to include cultural capital. By cultural capital, I mean the customs of public behavior (a part of culture in the anthropological sense) and the content of shared values (as communicated through the literature and arts of high culture). This definition extends the idea of social capital as used by Putnam and his associates. They measured social capital primarily in terms of voluntary organizations, on the grounds that associational life may, as Tocqueville thought it did, build habits of cooperation and trust that facilitate effective, democratic government. Thinking in the broader terms of cultural capital invites attention to less institutionalized habits
Craniomaxillofacial Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Brief Review

Tissue specific mesenchymal stem cells are of great scientific interest across diverse fields in stem cell biology and medicine. Sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton are numerous and are of significant interest to craniofacial and oral surgeons, among other medical and dental specialties. Mesenchymal stem cells are defined by their characteristic cell surface marker expression, multipotentiality and ability for self-renewal. Bone marrow derived MSC (BMSC) are most commonly studied, but are of low abundance in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeleton. Alternative CMF sources of MSC are diverse and include dental pulpal stem cells (DPSC), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), suture-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (SMC), gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC)and adipose-derived MSC (ASC). This brief review will introduce various MSC sources derived from the head and neck, along with a discussion of their identity, characteristics and results of preclinical studies in tissue engineering.
Enhanced intraband transitions with strong electric-field asymmetry in stacked InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots

Electronic properties and conduction intersubband optical transitions in vertically aligned double InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAD's) are studied theoretically by using an eight-band strain-dependent $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ Hamiltonian. Because of the strain field extension into the barrier region between the stacked double SAD's, the conduction-valence band mixing induces a very different composition of the basis $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ wave functions in the conduction band states from those in single dots. This effect enhances the oscillator strengths of the transitions between the ground 1s states and excited 2p states in conduction band compared with single SAD's. We also show that the asymmetric dependence of the composition of the conduction band states on the applied longitudinal electric field would induce a strong field asymmetry of intraband transitions.
Theory‐based nursing practice

Theory provides nurses with a perspective with which to view client situations, a way to organize the hundreds of data bits encountered in the day-to-day care of clients, and a way to analyse and interpret the information. A theoretical perspective allows the nurse to plan and implement care purposefully and proactively. When nurses practice purposefully and systematically, they are more efficient, have better control over the outcomes of their care, and are better able to communicate with others. Health care agencies can designate a specific nursing theory to guide the nursing practice within the entire organization. The critical component in choosing a nursing theory for an organization is the 'fit' between the philosophical assumptions of the organization and the theory. Modelling and role-modelling, a theory and paradigm for nursing, can be implemented in any setting. Hospice is a concept of care, not a place. Hospice care illustrates the excellent 'fit' between an existing philosophy of care and theory-based nursing practice. The 'fit' is based on the similarity of the philosophical assumptions of hospice and the nursing theory of modelling and role-modelling.
Active learning in computer science education using meta-cognition (abstract only)

Courses that involve problem solving provide an opportunity to incorporate meta-cognition as an active learning strategy, where students reflect on their confidence levels on their solutions to problems. As compared to other typically used active learning strategies, meta-cognition provides concrete and comprehensive feedback about the students' learning. The data about confidence levels is potentially useful to both the instructor and the student: an instructor can utilize the data about confidence levels as a second measure of student learning (this is in addition to the scores obtained); a student gets valuable feedback with regards to his/her own comprehension of the topics when he/she examines the confidence levels. We have incorporated meta-cognition techniques in four computer science courses over two semesters at University of Michigan, Flint, including CS1, and also graduate level courses. By analyzing the data obtained, we are able to infer conclusions about (a) How correlated are the scores obtained to the confidence levels reported (b) Is meta-cognition assisting in learning, and (c) Are students more satisfied with a course that incorporates meta-cognition.
Genetic Characterization of the Drosophila jaguar322 Mutant Reveals That Complete Myosin VI Loss of Function Is Not Lethal

Myosin VI is an actin-based motor that has been implicated in many cellular processes. Studies in vertebrates have demonstrated that animals lacking this ubiquitously expressed myosin are viable. However in Drosophila, myosin VI loss of function has been thought to be lethal. We show here that complete loss of myosin VI is not lethal in flies and that the previously reported lethality of the null mutation (jar322) is most likely due to deletion of a neighboring gene. Maternally provided myosin VI does not account for the survival of myosin VI null animals. Mutant animals are recovered at a lower than expected Mendelian frequency, suggesting that myosin VI participates in processes which contribute to normal development, but its participation is not essential.
Restraint of angiogenesis by zinc finger transcription factor CTCF-dependent chromatin insulation

Angiogenesis is meticulously controlled by a fine balance between positive and negative regulatory activities. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a predominant angiogenic factor and its dosage is precisely regulated during normal vascular formation. In cancer, VEGF is commonly overproduced, resulting in abnormal neovascularization. VEGF is induced in response to various stimuli including hypoxia; however, very little is known about the mechanisms that confine its induction to ensure proper angiogenesis. Chromatin insulation is a key transcription mechanism that prevents promiscuous gene activation by interfering with the action of enhancers. Here we show that the chromatin insulator-binding factor CTCF binds to the proximal promoter of VEGF. Consistent with the enhancer-blocking mode of chromatin insulators, CTCF has little effect on basal expression of VEGF but specifically affects its activation by enhancers. CTCF knockdown cells are sensitized for induction of VEGF and exhibit elevated proangiogenic potential. Cancer-derived CTCF missense mutants are mostly defective in blocking enhancers at the VEGF locus. Moreover, during mouse retinal development, depletion of CTCF causes excess angiogenesis. Therefore, CTCF-mediated chromatin insulation acts as a crucial safeguard against hyperactivation of angiogenesis.
A population model with nonlinear diffusion

Abstract A model is presented for a single species population moving in a limited one-dimensional environment. The birth-death process is specialized by assuming a constant death modulus and a birth modulus which is an exponential in the age. The diffusion mechanism is nonlinear and results in a problem for the space population density which has a degenerate parabolic form and is similarly to the porous media equation. It is shown that the effect of the nonlinearity in the diffusion is to produce an approach to steady state even when the process is birth dominant. The interaction of the birth-death and diffusion processes is studied and is shown to yield a modified birth-death mechanism which is both time and space dependent.
Keeping Time: Memory, Nostalgia, and the Art of History

Using his own life as a case study, Carroll strives to locate himself and the people he has known in their respective historical times and places. He demonstrates the ways in which history defines individual lives and sets boundaries around them.
Evaluating the medical literature, Part III: Results and discussion

Summary This series has addressed the basic segments of a research publication and discussed critical considerations that a reader should make as he progresses through the segments. The questions listed in Figure 3 may be helpful to guide the reader through the evaluation process.
Diffractive dissociation using nuclear targets

We have compared our data for nuclear coherent dissociation of neutrons into (p..pi../sup -/) systems with a production model which was used previously to investigate the nature of the diffractive process on a hydrogen target. The decay and production characteristics observed for (p..pi../sup -/) systems produced on nuclear targets at Fermilab energies are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the model.
Involvement of cork cells in the secretion of epicuticular wax filaments on Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Tubular epicuticular wax (EW) filaments on Sorghum bicolor were shown to be secreted from smooth conical papillae within the apical walls of epidermal cork cells. Ultrastructural changes during light-induced EW secretion were examined in wild-type plants and near-isogenic mutants with reduced total EW deposition. Our results indicated that cork cell ER membranes were involved in the production of epicuticular wax precursors (EWPs). The density of ER increased during light exposure and preceded EW synthesis. The increase in ER was directly related to total EW deposition on wild-type and mutant abaxial sheaths. The orientation of ER membranes toward papillae secretion sites indicated that EWP may undergo ER-mediated directional transport. The high vesicle density in cytoplasmic extensions under papillae indicated that EWPs were vesiculated for exocytosis at the papillar secretion sites. Osmiophilic globules did not appear to be direct EWPs as previously reported. Osmiophilic globules in cork cells were neve...
The impact of missing data on estimation of health-related quality of life outcomes: an analysis of a randomized longitudinal clinical trial

Missing responses for health-related quality of life (HRQL) outcomes are common in clinical trials and may introduce bias as such data are often not missing at random. To evaluate the missingness (dropout) effect when comparing two treatment groups in a longitudinal randomized trial, we analyzed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Trial Outcome Index (TOI) change over 12 months for newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. HRQL assessment was expected at baseline and months 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12. We defined completers as those with baseline and month 12 TOI, and dropouts as all others as long as they had a baseline score. We defined censoring time as the time interval between baseline and the scheduled month 12 visit dates and approximate time-to-dropout as the time interval from baseline to the midpoint between date of the last reported TOI and the scheduled next visit date. A mixed-effects model was first built to assess treatment effect; a pattern-mixture model and a joint model were then built to account for non-ignorable dropout. Intermittent missing data were assumed to be missing at random. A square root transformation of TOI scores was taken to fulfill the normality and homogeneity assumption at each time point in all the models. The mixed-effects model revealed significant (P < 0.001) between-group differences at each visit except for baseline. The joint model generated similar parameter estimates as the separate longitudinal and survival sub-models with a significant association parameter (P = 0.039) indicating negative association between slope of TOI and hazard of dropout and thus non-ignorable dropout. The pattern-mixture model parameter estimates were fairly similar to those generated from the joint model. When non-ignorable missing data exist in longitudinal studies, a joint model is useful to quantify the relationship between dropout and outcome. In addition, it is important to examine underlying assumptions and utilize multiple missing data models including the pattern mixture model to assess sensitivity of model based inference to assumptions about missing mechanisms.
Enhanced cold tolerance of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae through genetic selection

Summary. Cold sensitivity of entomopathogenic nematodes severely restricts their biological control potential in some environments. We selected the SN strain of Steinernema feltiae together with its bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus bovenii, for improved cold tolerance by repeated passage through the wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae at 15°C. Nematode virulence (total insect mortality and speed of kill) and establishment (initiation of nematode development following penetration) were evaluated after six (= 12–24 generations) and 12 passages (= 24–36 generations). Cold selection enhanced nematode virulence at the cooler temperatures. Virulence measured as total insect-mortality at 8°C improved by 5.3- and 6.6-fold after six and 12 passages, respectively. Only small improvements (1.2–1.5-fold) were observed in speed of kill. Nematode establishment improved at all temperatures after 12 passages; the highest increase of 9-fold was observed at 8°C. Our results lend support to the hypotheses that functional traits along a continuously distributed environmental variable are genetically correlated and that the area under the fitness function is not always constant. Trade-offs in percentage mortality and speed of kill by the selected nematodes were observed at the warmer extreme after six passages of selection only. The implications of rapid changes in thermal sensitivity for economic mass-production of nematodes are discussed.
Calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce preterm delivery in high-risk populations

Results are presented of a randomized, double-blinded controlled clinical trial of calcium supplementation (2.0 gm of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate) and a placebo. All participants were 17 years of age or less and clinically healthy. Patients were enrolled by the twenty third week of gestation. The mean duration of calcium supplementation or placebo was approximately 14 weeks. Treatment consisted of 2.8 (±1.5) tablets per day in the placebo group ( N = 95) and 3.0 (±1.4) tablets per day in the calcium group ( N = 94). Dietary calcium intake was similar in both groups at about 1200 mg/day. The calcium group had a lower incidence of preterm delivery ( p = 0.007); spontaneous labor and preterm delivery (6.4% vs 17.9%; p = 0.01); and low birth weight (9.6% vs 21.1%; p = 0.03). This effect was also present after stratified analysis by level of treatment compliance, urinary tract infection, and chlamydial infection. Life-table analysis demonstrated an overall shift to a higher gestational age in the calcium group compared with the placebo group (log-rank test, p = 0.02). As suggested previously, the observed effect could be mediated by a reduction in uterine smooth muscle contractibility. If confirmed by future research, these results could represent an important preventive intervention for prematurity in high-risk populations.
Oxidation Behavior of Rare-Earth-Containing Pb-Free Solders

We have previously shown that small additions of the rare-earth (RE) element La to Sn-Ag-Cu alloys significantly increases their ductility, without significant loss in the overall strength. However, due to the high reactivity of La with oxygen, oxidation of the La-containing phases can affect the mechanical performance of the solder. In this work, we have investigated the effect of the addition of 2 wt.% Ce, La and Y on the oxidation behavior of Sn-3.9Ag-0.7Cu. Oxidation kinetics were established by heating samples in ambient air to 60� C, 95� C or 130� C for up to 250 h. Microstructural characterization of the samples, before and after oxidation, was conducted in order to determine the influence of RE-containing phases on the oxidation kinetics. The oxidation mechanism, including the phenomenon of Sn whiskering during oxidation, is also discussed.
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF SUPPORT FOR A NUCLEAR WEAPONS FREEZE

Support for a Freeze on nuclear weapons is greatest in the East with pockets of support in the Middle West and Pacific Coast States. Factors influencing the spatial pattern are Walker's innovativeness rankings, the number of peace/Freeze activist groups and the pattern of defense employment.
Stoplight Quizzes: A Multilevel Assessment Strategy for Lecture and Laboratory Courses

A multilevel assessment strategy, called the stoplight quiz, has been developed and implemented in analytical chemistry courses. Stoplight quizzes are given in three phases, individual, group, and instructor, with three different ink colors that mimic a traffic light. In the individual phase, students record answers in green ink. This is followed by group work during which students can modify their answers with orange ink. The instructor later marks the work in red ink. Correct work in green receives full credit, correct work in orange earns half credit, and red marks receive no credit. This assessment technique has many positive outcomes including increasing student motivation and student understanding of material. Stoplight quizzes can be used in any chemistry course and applied in other disciplines as well.
BRST cohomology in superstring theories

Abstract Following the work of Freeman and Olive, it is shown that the operators counting the number of non-transverse modes of the superstrings in the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond formalism are expressed as the anticommutators of the BRST charges Q with other operators. Also the cohomology of Q and the transverse state projection operators are discussed in terms of Q.
Was the North Pacific Wintertime Climate Less Stormy during the Mid-Holocene?

Abstract Model evidence is presented to make the case that the midlatitude North Pacific wintertime transient eddy activity may have been significantly weaker during the mid-Holocene (∼6000 yr BP). A simulation of the mid-Holocene climate in an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a reduced gravity ocean model showed significant reduction to transient eddy activity, up to 30% in the main storm-track region. The reduced baroclinic eddy activity is associated with basinwide climate changes over the northern and tropical Pacific, including a deepening of the Aleutian low, colder SSTs in the western and central North Pacific, a strengthening and southward shift of the subtropical jet, and a strengthened South Pacific convergence zone. These associated climate changes are consistently simulated across a range of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase II (PMIP2) coupled models forced with mid-Holocene climate forcings, suggesting they are a robust response to mid-Holocene orbital forcin...
Cultural influences on seeking quality health information: An exploratory study of the Korean community

Abstract Consumer health information-seeking behavior of members of a local Korean community in Tallahassee, Florida, was explored through semi-structured interviews. Questions explored how this community assessed the quality of health information, and what cultural values influenced their understanding of its quality. Accuracy and reliability were identified as the two most valuable quality characteristics. A commercial type of webpage was considered as a negative indicator for reliability, while information described in detail or displayed reiteratively was a positive indicator. In addition to functional quality criteria, nonfunctional characteristics such as sympathy were found. Above all, findings highlighted that cultural differences limited the use of health information. Quality based selection of information is an important part of a health information seeking process. Findings can give the designers of Web-based consumer health information systems important insights into how to support evaluation of the quality of health information by consumers, and how to reduce barriers to health information seeking and use caused by cultural differences.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome studies after transfusion in newborns: is a waiting period necessary?

Fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome studies after transfusion in newborns: Is a waiting period necessary?
Metabolism of benzene and trans, trans-muconaldehyde in the isolated perfused rat liver

Abstract Perfusate from rat livers perfused with benzene (∼0.7–7 × 10 −4 M) or trans , trans -muconaldehyde (MUC) (10 −4 M) was extracted and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. Based on retention time and co-elution experiments, benzene was found to be metabolized to trans , trans -muconic, acid, a urinary ring-opened metabolite of benzene and a major in vivo and in vitro metabolite of MUC. These data demonstrate that benzene ring-opening occurs in the liver. Following perfusion with MUC (a microsomal hematotoxic metabolite of benzene), trans , trans -muconic acid and three other MUC metabolites were detected in the perfusate extract, suggesting that these metabolites would be present in the circulation following metabolism of MUC.
Elastic moduli of alpha, beta and gamma polycrystalline uranium☆

Abstract A series of measurements of Young's modulus and shear modulus was made on well-characterized, isotropic, polycrystalline uranium using thin-rod resonance techniques. Data were obtained over the temperature range from 20 to 1120 K. The results agree with single crystal uranium moduli, reported by Fisher and McSkimin, when these have been averaged by suitable techniques. Young's and shear modulus values for α-uranium were 29.1 and 11.8 × 106 psi, respectively at 300 K; those for β-uranium were 13.3 and 4.5 × 106 psi at 1000 K; and Young's modulus for γ-uranium, was 3.3 × 106 psi at 1010 K. It appears that texture may be developed by repeated thermal cycling from room temperature to high in the alpha-phase region (860 K). It appears, further, that heating the textured specimen into the beta-phase or gamma-phase regions removes the texture, restoring the original isotropy.
Cognitive effects of ACTH 4-10 in the elderly.

Abstract The polypeptide ACTH 4–10 has been shown to facilitate learning in animals, and possibly to improve attention and memory in normal human subjects. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ACTH 4–10 in cognitively impaired elderly subjects. In a double blind, cross over design, 24 cognitively impaired geriatric outpatients (mean age = 71.4, 12 with mild and 12 with severe impairment) received injections of 30 mg or 15 mg ACTH 4–10 or matched placebo on 3 successive days. A cognitive test battery of memory and nonmemory tests was administered each day both before and after treatment. The 30 mg dosage produced a slowing of simple visual RT, a nonsignificant improvement trend in verbal associative memory, and significant, severity dependent facilitation or impairment in day later visual memory. The results suggest that the ACTH 4–10 effects on cognitively impaired elderly are dependent on the dosage and on the baseline cognitive level of the subjects.
A Review of Learning Through Theatre: The Changing Face of Theatre in Education, Third Edition, edited by Anthony Jackson and Chris Vine

Since the first edition in 1980, Anthony Jackson’s Learning Through Theatre has been a staple for theatre in education (TIE) studies. Now, two decades after the second edition in 1993, Chris Vine j...
Pars Plana Vitrectomy in the Management of Endogenous Candida Endophthalmitis

A 27-year-old white man had endogenous Candida endophthalmitis with fungi in the vitreous cavity, presumably caused by hematogenous spread related to drug abuse, and was treated by pars plana vitrectomy and antifungal medications administered systemically after surgery. There was no evidence of other systemic involvement, and excision of fungi from the vitreous cavity confirmed the clinical diagnosis and determined the sensitivity of this fungus to antifungal medications. The fungus was sensitive to flucytosine (5-FC), which the patient received orally since it was less toxic to body tissues than amphotericin B. The intraocular infection cleared rapidly after vitrectomy, and visual acuity returned to 6/5 (20/15).
Surface Science Studies of Gas Sensing Materials: SnO2

This review is an attempt to give an overview on how surface science studies can contribute to a fundamental understanding of metal oxide gas sensors. In here tin dioxide is used as a model system for metal oxide gas sensor materials and we review surface science studies of single crystal SnO2. The composition, structure, electronic and chemical properties of the (110) and (101) surfaces is described. The influence of compositional changes as a function of the oxygen chemical potential on the electronic surface structure and the chemical properties is emphasized on the example of the (101) surface. The surface chemical properties are discussed on the example of water adsorption. It is shown the chemical and gas sensing properties depend strongly on the surface composition.
Electoral studies and democratic theory reconsidered

In recent years, political theorists and social scientists have sought to assess the contemporary relevance and validity of a so-called classical doctrine of democracy in light of empirical evidence emphasizing the apathy, ignorance, incompetence, and/or authoritarian inclinations of ordinary citizens. Elite or revisionist theories have urged a drastic attenuation of the participatory commitments of classical democratic theory in light of this evidence. Defenders of classical democratic theory have often accepted this evidence as substantially accurate, staking their hopes upon future possibilities for the development of mass political competence in the democratically reconstituted structures of a “participatory society.” This article suggests that a critique of revisionist democratic theory can be developed solely on the basis of currently available findings. After reviewing an important body of evidence, we conclude that the distribution of political competence between mass and elite is far less unequal than has been assumed by revisionist proponents of elite democratic theory and conceded by their participatory critics.
Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data.

This study examines African papionin phylogenetic history through a comprehensive cladistic analysis of extant and fossil craniodental morphology using both quantitative and qualitative characters. To account for the well-documented influence of allometry on the papionin skull, the general allometric coding method was applied to characters determined to be significantly affected by allometry. Results of the analyses suggest that Parapapio, Pliopapio, and Papio izodi are stem African papionin taxa. Crown Plio-Pleistocene African papionin taxa include Gorgopithecus, Lophocebus cf. albigena, Procercocebus, Soromandrillus (new genus defined herein) quadratirostris, and, most likely, Dinopithecus. Furthermore, S. quadratirostris is a member of a clade also containing Mandrillus, Cercocebus, and Procercocebus; ?Theropithecus baringensis is strongly supported as a primitive member of the genus Theropithecus; Gorgopithecus is closely related to Papio and Lophocebus; and Theropithecus is possibly the most primitive crown African papionin taxon. Finally, character transformation analyses identify a series of morphological transformations during the course of papionin evolution. The origin of crown African papionins is diagnosed, at least in part, by the appearance of definitive and well-developed male maxillary ridges and maxillary fossae. Among crown African papionins, Papio, Lophocebus, and Gorgopithecus are further united by the most extensive development of the maxillary fossae. The Soromandrillus/Mandrillus/Cercocebus/Procercocebus clade is diagnosed by upturned nuchal crests (especially in males), widely divergent temporal lines (especially in males), medially oriented maxillary ridges in males, medially oriented inferior petrous processes, and a tendency to enlarge the premolars as an adaptation for hard-object food processing. The adaptive origins of the genus Theropithecus appear associated with a diet requiring an increase in size of the temporalis, the optimal placement of occlusal forces onto the molar battery, and an increase in the life of the posterior dentition. This shift is associated with the evolution of distinctive morphological features such as the anterior union of the temporal lines, increased enamel infoldings on the premolars and molars, a reversed curve of Spee, and delayed molar eruption.
The prediction of drug dependence from expectancy for hostility while intoxicated.

Three hundred seventy-one male substance-abusing volunteers for drug studies were administered the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (B-D). One hundred nineteen of these subjects were readministered the B-D with the instruction to answer the items in terms of their behavior while drinking alcohol, with 67 of these subjects also completing a heroin use condition. Expectancies for hostility under alcohol or heroin were generally un-correlated with other measures of personality, psychopathology, antisocial personality, impulsiveness, or criminality; but expectancies for hostility under alcohol were predictive of diagnoses of alcohol, opioid, and marijuana abuse and dependence over and above the influence of these other measures.
Prediction of urinary protein markers in lupus nephritis.

Prediction of urinary protein markers in lupus nephritis. Background Lupus nephritis is divided into six classes and scored according to activity and chronicity indices based on histologic findings. Treatment differs based on the pathologic findings. Renal biopsy is currently the only way to accurately predict class and activity and chronicity indices. We propose to use patterns of abundance of urine proteins to identify class and disease indices. Methods Urine was collected from 20 consecutive patients immediately prior to biopsy for evaluation of lupus nephritis. The International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) class of lupus nephritis, activity, and chronicity indices were determined by a renal pathologist. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Artificial neural networks were trained on normalized spot abundance values. Results Biopsy specimens were classified in the database according to ISN/RPS class, activity, and chronicity. Nine samples had characteristics of more than one class present. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the trained networks demonstrated areas under the curve ranging from 0.85 to 0.95. The sensitivity and specificity for the ISN/RPS classes were class II 100%, 100%; III 86%, 100%; IV 100%, 92%; and V 92%, 50%. Activity and chronicity indices had r values of 0.77 and 0.87, respectively. A list of spots was obtained that provided diagnostic sensitivity to the analysis. Conclusion We have identified a list of protein spots that can be used to develop a clinical assay to predict ISN/RPS class and chronicity for patients with lupus nephritis. An assay based on antibodies against these spots could eliminate the need for renal biopsy, allow frequent evaluation of disease status, and begin specific therapy for patients with lupus nephritis.
Blood flow increases linearly in rat somatosensory cortex with increased whisker movement frequency

It has long been known that the level of neuronal activity is correlated to the level of localized blood flow. Despite the importance of functional hyperemia in the brain, the relationship between blood flow and electrical activity has not been clearly demonstrated parametrically in a single region of cerebral cortex. We investigated both the magnitude and temporal characteristics of the blood flow response in somatosensory cortex while varying the frequencies of whisker movement. The full whisker pad on one side of the rat's face was repeatedly moved for 13 s at frequencies of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10.5 Hz, and the resulting changes in blood flow were quantified using Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The magnitude of the blood flow response increased linearly with increasing frequency while the temporal parameters of time to half maximal value and time to return halfway to baseline after stimulus termination did not vary. Baseline blood flow levels were elevated by breathing rats on a 5% CO2 mixture. No significant alteration in the LDF plateau response to whisker movement was observed compared to normal air, suggesting sustained vasodilation reserve capacity remained after CO2-induced vasodilation. These data demonstrate linear blood flow responses to presumptive linear increases in neuronal activity with sufficient vascular reserve capacity to overcome moderate CO2-induced dilation, and support the use of blood flow changes in neuroimaging studies. They provide a framework to study the neurobiological signal transduction mechanisms coupling neuronal electrical activity with regional alterations in blood flow.
Conditions for optimal electron transfer activity of cytochrome c oxidase isolated from beef heart mitochondria.

Summary The electron transfer activity of cytochrome c oxidase in disrupted but unfractionated beef heart mitochondria has been measured as close to 400 sec−1. Published reports of the activity of the isolated enzyme have been very variable and consistently much less than this value (i.e. 30–300 sec−1). Here we show that the apparent loss of activity upon isolation of cytochrome c oxidase is because less than optimal conditions have been used for assaying the enzyme. We describe an assay procedure which gives cytochrome c oxidase activities as high as those seen in unfractionated mitochondria. This involves dispersing the enzyme in Triton X-100 before assaying in mixed micelles of asolectin and lysophosphatidylcholine-1-oleoyl.
The role of edge and screw dislocations on hydrogen embrittlement of Fe–40Al

Abstract Tensile tests were performed in air and vacuum on Fe–40Al single crystals oriented so that predominately edge or screw dislocations accommodated the plastic strain. It was found for both orientations that ductility was less in air than in vacuum. However, no discernible correlation was found between the character of the dislocations, and the effect of environment.
Preparation and structural characterization of Os2Cl4(Ph2Ppy)2(O2CCH3): A mixed-ligand compound with an Os5+2 core and a bond order of 2.5

Abstract Dichlorotetraacetatodiosmium(III) reacts with 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (abbreviated Ph2Ppy) in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride to yield the title compound (1) as determined by X-ray crystallography. The molecule contains a cisoid arrangement of two Ph2Ppy ligands which are distorted from the ideal eclipsed conformation by 30°. A single bridging acetate is also present, and it is twisted about the dimetal unit by 34°. The OsOs distance of 2.395(1) A, representing a formal bond order of 2.5, is the longest distance reported for a diosmium multiple bond. An investigation of the electrochemistry of 1 by cyclic voltammetry reveals two processes: a reversible oxidation at E 1 2 = +0.95 V and a quasi-reversible reduction at E 1 2 = −0.34 V vs Ag-AgCl.
Nonlinear feedback models for the tuning of auditory nerve fibers

The tuning of auditory nerve (AN) fibers is generally characterized by an increase in bandwidth and, for mid- to high-frequency fibers, a downward shift in the center frequency as sound level increases. Changes in bandwidth are accompanied by changes in the phase properties of the fibers; thus the timing of neural discharges also changes as a function of sound level. This study focuses on the magnitude and phase properties of models designed to reproduce the nonlinear properties of AN fibers that were studied electrophysiologically. The forward path of each model consisted of a linear second-order resonance, and each feedback path contained a saturating nonlinearity. In model 1, the feedback path was a simple memoryless, saturating nonlinearity. In model 2, a low-pass filter was added after the feedback nonlinearity. The ability of each model to simulate aspects of the nonlinear tuning of AN fibers is discussed. Model 2 was able to simulate a wider range of nonlinear behavior for different AN fibers and thus has promise for use in simulations of populations of fibers tuned to different frequencies.
One-sided adaptation for infinite-horizon linear quadratic N -person non-zero-sum dynamic games and sensitivity analysis

In this paper, we consider a class of infinite-horizon discrete-time linear quadratic N-person games, in which one of the players lacks complete information about the game. With the assumptions of a perfect state information pattern and steady state feedback strategies, we convert the original game problem into a multivariable adaptive control problem by making use of the concept of fictitious play and the scheme of adaptive control. For the proposed adjustment procedure, we prove that each element of the estimates converges to its corresponding true value under the condition of persistent excitation. We also carry out a sensitivity analysis of performance indices with respect to the embedded unknowns by using multiple models.