cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concerted Cultivation and Teachers' Evaluations of Students: Exploring the Intersection of Race and Parents' Educational Attainment

Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey and Lareau's concept of concerted cultivation—the idea that educational and financial resources result in different cultural logics in the approach to parenting—the authors examine racial and educational differences in the relationship between parenting practices during elementary school and teachers' evaluations of students' (1) language and literacy skills, (2) approaches to learning, and (3) interpersonal skills. The authors find that both race and education affect the relationship between parenting practices and teachers' evaluations. Children in college-educated white families whose parents volunteer receive higher scores on all dependent variables, while white children in high-school-educated families receive lower evaluations the more often their parents attend conferences. Children in college-educated African American families consistently experience negative academic consequences when their parents make special requests of the school. These ...
CATALYTIC MACROCYCLIZATION OF 3-METHYLTHIETANE BY RE2(CO)9(SCH2CHMECH2) AND W(CO)5(SCH2CHMECH2)

The new compounds Re{sub 2}(CO){sub 9}SCH{sub 2}CHMeCH{sub 2}) (2) and W(CO){sub 5}(SCH{sub 2}CHMeCH{sub 2}), 8, have been prepared by the reactions of Re{sub 2}(CO){sub 9}(NCMe) (1) and W(CO){sub 5}(NCMe) (7) with 3-methylthietane, (SCH{sub 2}CHMeCH{sub 2}, 3-MT). Compounds 1, 2, 7, and 8 have been found to react with SCH{sub 2}CHMeCH{sub 2} at reflux to yield substantial amounts of the polythioether macrocycle 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,5,9-trithiacyclododecane (Me{sub 3}12S3) by a macrocyclization process consisting of a metal-induced ring-opening cyclooligomerization of three molecules of 3-MT. Me{sub 3}12S3 is formed as two isomers, cis,trans,trans-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,5, 9-trithiacyclododecane (c,t,t-Me{sub 3}12S3, 3) and cis,cis,cis-3,7, 11-trimethyl-1,5,9-triacyclododecane (c,c,c-Me{sub 3}12S3, 4), due to different orientations of the methyl substituents in the ring. A comparison of the two catalysts shows that the rhenium catalyst exhibits a higher activity and higher selectivity for the formation of Me{sub 3}12S3 than the tungsten complex. The reactions of 1 with 3 and 4 have yielded the new compounds Re{sub 2}(CO){sub 9}(c,t,t-SCH{sub 2}CHMe(CH{sub 2}SCH{sub 2}CHMe){sub 2}CH{sub 2}) (5) and Re{sub 2}(CO){sub 9}(c,c,c-SCH{sub 2}CHMe(CH{sub 2}SCH{sub 2}CHMe){sub 2}CH{sub 2}) (6), respectively. The molecular structures (of the free molecule 3 and the complexes 5 and 6 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. 14 refs., 4 figs.
Scientific developments in indoor tanning and melanoma.

I n this month’s Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology online, Lim et al summarize a large body of evidence that relates to the regulation of indoor ultraviolet (UV) tanning. From a public health perspective, the most important aspect of this issue is the association of indoor tanning with melanoma, the leading cause of death among skin conditions. It is therefore particularly important for dermatologists to appreciate recent changes in the scientific documentation and strengthening of the evidence for this association. More than a decade ago we knew that UV radiation from the sun was a cause of melanoma, and on this basis the dermatology community counseled sun protection and advocated avoidance of indoor UV tanning. However, systematic review of the empirical verification that indoor UV exposure increased melanoma risk was quite weak, because of a variety of factors. Nevertheless, even in 1998 the concern was raised that indoor UV tanning could function as a ‘‘radiation multiplier,’’ resulting not only in damage from the artificial UV exposure in the tanning booth, but also from further damage from increased sun exposure subsequently as a result of the perceived protection from the tan obtained indoors. Hence, this results in a potentially substantial increased risk of melanoma. In the decade since that review, additional studies have been published, leading to another systematic review and meta-analysis by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which found a borderline association of melanoma with indoor tanning based on 19 published studies (odds ratio [OR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.31), although the subset of studies examining the association with exposure before the age of 35 years noted a statistically significant link to melanoma (OR 1.75; 95% CI 1.35-2.26). Largely on the basis of this analysis, the World Health Organization categorized tanning beds as carcinogenic to human beings in 2009. However, many of the studies reviewed in the analysis had important limitations such as poor information on sun exposure and other potential confounding variables, lack of dose-response relationships, and inability to distinguish among different types of tanning devices. Furthermore, industry advertisements criticized the ‘‘melanoma hype’’ and suggested substantial uncertainty about harmful effects. The year 2010 saw major changes. First, the Federal Trade Commission took action to limit the tanning industry’s health and safety claims. Then two important population-based case-control studies were published that addressed the major issues identified with prior work, and reports of melanoma incidence rates in general populations followed that suggested the potential magnitude of the effect of indoor tanning. In the population-based Skin Health Study, researchers collected information from 1167 Minnesotans ages 25 to 59 years who were given the diagnosis of melanoma between 2004 and 2007 and compared them with ageand gender-matched Abbreviations used:
The Use of Routine Process Capability for the Determination of Process Parameter Criticality in Small-molecule API Synthesis

During the development of a pharmaceutical chemical process, it is vital to establish a control strategy that will ensure the process performance and fitness for use of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which in turn is essential to the drug product performance and its fitness for use. As part of the control strategy, it is very important to understand and establish critical elements of the process, one of which is the establishment of the critical process parameters that impact the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the API. In this paper, we are proposing a method for determining the criticality of a process parameter and whether it should be listed in the common technical document as critical. By using routine process control capability across a variety of operating conditions and equipment configurations, a risk-based approach is used to identify parameters that could have a potential of impacting the CQAs of the API. Beyond establishing criticality, and understanding the operational variability, the knowledge gathered from these approaches can also be used to facilitate the efficient mapping of a multivariate design space.
Opiate-induced turning in rats after injection into the ventral tegmental area.

Abstract Morphine and ethylketazocine caused ipsilateral circling when injected unilaterally into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of rats. Systematic naloxone only slightly inhibited this effect while systemic diprenorphine completely prevented circling. Systemic haloperidol and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine also blocked circling. Rats made tolerant to morphine still turned after morphine injection into the VTA. Levorphanol, dextrorphan, methadone, DADLE, dynorphin(1–13), SKF 10,047 and phencyclidine were inactive when injected unilaterally into the VTA of naive rats; naloxone and naltrexone alone also were inactive. The opiate-induced circling appears to involve a non-mu opiate receptor as well as a dopaminergic neuronal system.
Development and Initial Validation of an Instrument To Measure Political Attitudes

The Opinionnaire on Political Institutions and Participation (OPIP) was designed to measure six dimensions of the overall con struct of political attitude. Three studies were conducted to deter mine the validity and reliability of the instrument. Validation and cross-validation studies indicated that the instrument was construct valid for measuring political attitudes. The reliability study revealed that the overall test-retest correlation was moderately high. Reliabil ity correlations for the six subtests ranged from moderate to moder ately low. Thus the OPIP was found to be a valid and reliable in strument for research and evaluation using multi-subject designs.
Pigmented Conjunctival and Scleral Lesions

Objective The multiple causes of pigmentations of the conjunctiva and sclera are reviewed, and the recommended therapeutic modalities are discussed. Design Information from personal experience and the recent literature is summarized to determine the optimal diagnostic and treatment approaches for suspicious pigmented conjunctival and scleral lesions. Material and Methods Clinical descriptions and illustrations are presented to characterize these ocular lesions. Results Pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva and sclera arise from either melanocytes or nonmelanocytes and have a diverse differential diagnosis. These lesions can be classified into congenital melanosis, conjunctival nevi, acquired melanosis (secondary or primary), and conjunctival melanomas. In secondary acquired melanosis, the increased conjunctival pigmentation is caused by irradiation, hormonal changes, chemical irritation, or chronic inflammatory conjunctival disorders. The biologic behavior of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva is a controversial topic with important implications because it may progress to melanoma. In patients with primary acquired melanosis, a biopsy is recommended in order to grade the disease, offer a prognosis, and direct further treatment. Conjunctival melanomas may arise from primary acquired melanosis, from nevi, or de novo, or they may be metastatic lesions. Conclusion Of the wide spectrum of melanocytic conjunctival lesions, those with malignant potential are melanosis oculi, nevus of Ota, junctional nevus, compound nevus, primary acquired melanosis, and melanomas.
Mapping of epitopes on the 86 kDa subunit of the Ku autoantigen

Patients with rheumatic disorders develop autoantibodies to a nuclear protein antigen termed Ku. The Ku antigen has been identified as a non-histone DNA-binding protein complex composed of two polypeptides: 86 kDa and 70 kDa. Initial competition experiments with four monoclonal antibodies specific for the 86 kDa subunit of Ku protein suggested there was more than one epitope on this polypeptide. To determine the region for these epitopes, cDNA deletions were made from both 5' and 3' ends. The immunoreactivity of the expressed proteins was assayed by immunoblotting. A 40 amino acids region located near the C-terminus of the polypeptide between amino acids 667-708 was essential for binding the monoclonal and autoimmune antibodies. Within this region, we differentiated three epitopes for the monoclonal antibodies. The sequence critical for binding of the autoimmune antibodies was in the same region, between amino acids 689-708. None of the four monoclonal antibodies blocked the binding of the autoantibodies. The implications of these results for the etiology of the anti-Ku autoantibody response are discussed.
Frequency of Bleeding Following Invasive Dental Procedures in Patients on Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Therapy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of bleeding complications after invasive dental procedures in patients on low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy. Materials and methods A chart review of patients who underwent invasive dental procedures while on LMWH therapy was conducted. The following information was obtained: demographics, medical history, social history, medications, relevant laboratory values, postoperative bleeding events, and use of local hemostatic agents and blood products. Results Forty-one patients (21 men) were identified with 42 dental appointments. The mean age was 48 years (range, 16 to 78 years). Thirty-seven patients (90%) were on LMWH therapy for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Thirty-one patients (76%) were on concomitant medications that may potentiate bleeding. Multiple dental extractions (range, 2 to 14 teeth) were performed during 19 dental appointments. Twenty-one appointments were for single-tooth extraction and 2 were for soft tissue biopsies. Three patients (7%) had postextraction bleeding events. All 3 patients were on LMWH (enoxaparin) and warfarin therapy concurrently. One patient had persistent bleeding after extraction of 4 teeth (international normalized ratio, 1.6), which was successfully controlled with topical thrombin, administration of vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma, and discontinuation of enoxaparin and warfarin. Postoperative bleeding in the other 2 patients was managed successfully with local hemostatic measures and home care instructions. Conclusion Our study suggests that, although postoperative bleeding in patients on LMWH therapy alone is rare to nonexistent, patients on warfarin and LMWH may be at increased risk of bleeding after invasive dental procedures.
PROBING BIOLOGICAL CELL NETWORKS USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS1

Abstract Mathematical methods that we have used to analyze and help to identify the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling mechanism in fly wings are described. Often, in modeling biological signaling circuits such as this, only incomplete abstracted hypotheses exist to explain observed complex patterning. Thus, the development of mathematical models usually proceeds in iterative fashion, in which the structure of the model is chosen to represent certain hypotheses about how the system operates, and then parameters for this model are selected. In protein regulatory networks, the number of states to model is typically large and depends on the number of proteins of interest, the parameter spaces are large, and the most appropriate models are nonlinear. Therefore it is becoming increasingly important to develop fast, efficient, scalable methods for modeling in systems biology. In this paper, we present an overview of the biological questions being asked about PCP, a review of our earlier results in building models for PCP, as well as an algorithm for performing automatic parameter identification on differential equation models of biological systems. In the conference talk, we will additionally present new biological results and we will show how this model can be used to test a developmental hypothesis about the relationship between cell geometry and polarity.
Toll-like receptor gene variants associated with bacterial vaginosis among HIV-1 infected adolescents.

Abstract Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age, especially among women with HIV-1 infection. Several bacterial products including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acids (LTA), and peptidoglycans (PGN) are stimulatory ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and recent evidence indicates the important role of variation in TLR genes for permitting overgrowth of gram negative and BV-type flora. We assessed whether genetic polymorphisms in five TLR genes ( TLR1 , TLR2 , TLR4 , TLR6 , and TLR9 ) could be determinants of differential host immune responses to BV in 159 HIV-1-positive African American adolescents enrolled in the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) study. BV was assessed biannually and diagnosed either by a Nugent score of at least 7 of 10, or using the Amsel criteria. Cox-proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for concurrent Chlamydia and Gonorrhea infections, douching, and absolute CD4 cell count, were used to identify host genetic factors associated with BV. Two SNPs were associated with BV as diagnosed by the Nugent score and the combined criteria: a minor allele G of rs4986790 (frequency=0.07), which encodes a His to Tyr substitution in TLR4 (HR=1.47, 95% CI 1.15–1.87) and rs187084 (frequency=0.24) on TLR9 . The minor allele of rs1898830 (frequency=0.13) was associated with an increased hazard of BV defined by the Amsel criteria (HR=1.86, 95% CI 1.17–2.95). Further studies are warranted to confirm the associations of TLR gene variants and also to understand the underlying pathways and immunogenetic correlates in the context of HIV-1 infection.
Measuring the zeta (electrokinetic) potential of reverse osmosis membranes by a streaming potential analyzer

Abstract The use of a novel streaming potential analyzer to measure the zeta potential of cellulose acetate and composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes is reported. Zeta potentials of these membranes were measured at various solution chemistries. These include effects of salt (NaCl) concentration, solution pH, and the presence of dissolved humic substances. It is demonstrated that streaming potential is a useful tool to measure zeta potential of reverse osmosis membrane surfaces. Results indicate that solution chemistry has a marked effect on the electrokinetic properties of reverse osmosis membranes. Humic substances strongly adsorb onto the surface of reverse osmosis membranes and thus alter the surface charge of the membranes. Furthermore, the zeta potential of reverse osmosis membranes becomes more negative as the NaCl concentration in solution increases, in a marked contrast to conventional electric double layer theories. It appears that the zeta potential of reverse osmosis membranes is strongly influenced by the presence of unreacted chemical substances or impurities on the membrane surface. Various explanations for the behavior of the membranes at the above solution chemistries are evaluated and discussed.
Differential regulation of individual late histone genes during development of the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Abstract The late histone gene family of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , comprises 6–12 copies each of genes encoding the five major histones. Molecular hybridization and DNA sequencing studies demonstrate that the members of each class are heterogeneous, showing substantial differences in DNA sequences in and around protein coding portions of genes. An S1 nuclease protection assay was used to map 5′ and 3′ termini of mRNAs on several of these heterogeneous late histone genes. They are located within cannonical sequences in which histone transcripts in other organisms are found. Using this same assay, developmental patterns of expression of several different late histone mRNAs have been analyzed and late histone transcripts have been detected as early as the unfertilized egg stage. Furthermore, results show that members of the late H2a and H2b classes of mRNAs accumulate with different kinetics during development. Some such transcripts reach a maximum amount by the mid to late blastula stage (14–16 hr postfertilization) and remain at this level at least until the pluteus stage; others do not reach a maximum level until the gastrula stage (36 hr) or later. More importantly, however, closely linked late histone genes show similar developmental profiles, indicating that they are subject to common regulatory mechanisms.
Estimation of the Persistence Length of DNA from the Torsion Elastic Constant and Supercoiling Free Energy : Effect of Ethylene Glycol

Two different methods are proposed to estimate the persistence length ( P) of DNA from the measured torsion elastic constant (alpha) and the twist energy parameter ( E T ) that governs the supercoiling free energy. The first method involves Monte Carlo simulations and reversible-work calculations of E T for model DNAs that possess the measured alpha and selected trial values of P. Comparison of the computed E T values with the experimental value allows estimation of P (or equivalently the bending elastic constant (kappa beta)) by interpolation. A far simpler, though less accurate, alternative is to solve a previously conjectured analytical relation connecting E T , alpha, kappa beta (or P), and an unknown "constant" ( B). The present simulations are used to ascertain the optimum value of B and to assess the validity and accuracy of that relation. Within the simulation errors, P values obtained from the measured alpha and E T via this analytical expression agree with those determined from the simulations and E T values reckoned from the input alpha and kappa beta by this analytical expression agree with the corresponding simulated values. Although B is found to be insensitive to variation in alpha, it appears to decline slightly with increasing kappa beta. The original analytical expression is modified to take this apparent variation of B with kappa beta into account. By using this modified analytical relation to estimate P (from the measured alpha and E T ) or E T (from the input alpha and kappa beta), much closer agreement is obtained respectively with the values of P or E T obtained from the simulations. As specific examples, these methods are applied to determine P in 0 and 20 w/v % ethylene glycol, which has been shown to induce a structural transition in duplex DNA.
Leadership Behavior and Sex Role Socialization: Two Sides of the Same Coin.

This study examined the relationship between leadership behavior and sex‐role socialization. Data were gathered from 208 non‐administrative supervisors and managers at a midwestern university. Psychological femininity is related to the consideration component of leadership behavior and psychological masculinity is related to the initiating structure dimension of leadership.
Comparative anti-corruption policy: the american, soviet and russian cases

In light of significant conceptual and methodological difficulties that face comparative corruption research, we propose to treat comparative anti-corruption policy as worthy of study in its own right. By using measures of enforcement activity as evidence of anti-corruption, rather than flawed proxy measures of corruption, we endeavor to surmount some of obstacles to comparing radically different political systems. We compare anti-corruption activity in the US and the USSR and elaborate three theoretical perspectives-emphasizing political, institutional, and symbolic factors--and show how each might improve our understanding of anti-corruption policy in the two nations. By applying these three frameworks to the Russian republic, we assess anti-corruption policy in an unsettled, emerging political system and suggest that the dynamics that underlie Russia's anti-corruption policy will more closely resemble US policy than was the case in the USSR.
Risky sexual behaviors among adolescents with alcohol use disorders

Little is known about risky sexual activity among adolescents with alcohol use disorders. This study of 371 adolescent drinkers found that those with alcohol disorders were more likely than other drinkers to be sexually active, to have greater numbers of partners, and to initiate sexual activity at slightly younger ages. Independent of alcohol group, females were more likely than males to have unprotected sexual encounters.
An NMR study of 1H and 31P relaxation and molecular dynamics in polycrystalline nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD

Abstract Proton spin-lattice relaxation times in the laboratory and rotating frames, dipolar relaxation time, and second moments have been measured as a function of temperature for samples of NAD+ · nH2O, where n varies between 0 and 3.6. The results show clearly that the water molecules execute twofold reorientations with activation energies varying between 11.5 and 22 kJ/mol. It seems that a model in which all crystallographically equivalent water molecules have the same correlation time is adequate in the case of three of the water molecules. The motion of the fourth water molecule is characterized by a distribution of correlation times. The twofold reorientations of the two NH2 groups have higher activation energies. The temperature dependence of T1(P), the phosphorus spin-lattice relaxation time in the laboratory frame, supports the interpretation of the proton spin-lattice relaxation results.
Neurological deficits in the rat resulting from x-irradiation in utero.

The effects of prenatal irradiation were investigated by exposure of pregnant rats to 20 or 100 r after 10 days of gestation or 50 or 185 r after 15 days. The incidence and severity of neurological deficits was greatest in the rats treated with 185 r after 15 days of gestation. The incidence was lower in the remaining groups, but of statistical significance in some cases. A higher percentage of defects was found among female than male offspring. In some animals, evidence of altered behavior was first seen at birth, while others appeared normal until more mature. The resulting neurological syndrome included loss of righting reflex or impairment of placing and hopping reactions. Some displayed hypersensitivity, manifested as exaggerated myoclonic jerks in response to sensory stimuli. Spasticity of hind limbs was found only in the 15-day, 185-r rats; at times this was accompanied by a hind-limb ataxia, which was also noted in other groups. Some animals displayed a convulsive disorder similar to the Jacksonian seizure of man. Other neurological deficits noted were gait defects, backing-up, and forced circling. At the time of puberty, many males developed priapism, which persisted until death. The neurological deficits correlate well with the morphological lesions.more » Radiation at 15 days of gestation produced a number of morphological abnormalities of the cerebrum, which included reduction in size, absence of certain structures, defective cell formations, as well as heterotopic development of various areas. It is suggested that radiation during embryonic life may act to produce biochemical alterations with associated metabolic defects, which are not necessarily associated with cell loss but may be associated wlth or result in malformations. (TCO)« less
A New Computable Achievable Rate Region for the Gaussian Interference Channel

A modified FDM/TDM method was first used by Sato to study the achievable rate region of degraded Gaussian interference channel. Recently Sason used this method to get an achievable rate region of Gaussian interference channel. In this paper, we generalize this method in terms of the transmission mode and frequency band allocation, and obtain an achievable rate region for Gaussian interference channel, which improves the existing computable rate regions for both the weak and moderate interferences. We note that this modified FDM/TDM is different to time sharing and the difference depends on the activeness and concavity of the constraints. The achievable sum rate of symmetric Gaussian interference channel is derived for a subregion of the classical Han-Kobayashi region, and subsequently, for the proposed new achievable rate region.
In vitro demonstration of tumor‐specific antigens in spontaneous mammary tumors of mice

The colony-inhibition test has been used to demonstrate cellular immunity against spontaneous murine mammary tumors, both in autochthonous, mammary tumor virus (MTV)-carrying BALB/cfC3H and in immunized, MTV-free, BALB/c mice. Immunity could be demonstrated in nearly all cases against a mammary tumor with lymph-node cells from mice which had experienced that tumor. One of eight tumors tested with lymph-node cells from BALB/cfC3H mice which had spontaneously developed mammary tumors showed evidence of immunological cross-reactivity, while seven of thirteen tumors did so when tested with immune cells from MTV-free BALB/c mice. The data, therefore, indicate the presence of at least two types of tumor-specific antigen (s) in mouse mammary tumors — a common one and an antigen specific for each neoplasm.
Structure and Reactivity of Chelating Imido−Amido Complexes of Tantalum. Mechanistic Studies on the Addition of Silanes to Ta−N Multiple Bonds

The synthesis, structural characterization, and reactivity of tantalum complexes with chelating imido−amido ligands are reported. The highly bent imido Cp* = η5-C5Me5), with a TaN−C bond angle of 116.3(4)°, was synthesized from Cp*TaCl4 and the lithiated bis(silylamino)biphenyl (C6H3Me)2(NLiSiMe3)2 (3). Compound 4 undergoes reactions with electrophiles at the nucleophilic imido nitrogen atom. The methyl reacts with xylyl isonitrile to give an insertion product, 6, which was structurally characterized. Addition of MeI to 5 gives a cationic diamide tantalum the ionic structure of which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Reactions of 4 and 5 with unhindered silanes result in addition of the silane Si−H bond across the TaN double bond. Addition of PhSiH3 to 4 and 5 gave the respectively. The crystal structure of 9 was determined. Compounds 8 and 9 are unstable and decompose via elimination of HSiMe3. In the presence of CH2Cl2 and PhSiH3, 4 was slowly converted to another hydrido A mechanism for this tran...
Structural Models of Voter Behavior in the 2000 Polish Presidential Election

Abstract The data of the 2000 Polish presidential election have been analyzed according to Newman and Sheth's model of voter's choice behavior (1985). Although this model was originally interpreted within the statistical perspective of discriminant analysis, it could be also extended within the framework of structural equation methodology. Namely, if the seven cognitive domains (Issues and Policies, Emotional Feelings, Candidate Image, Current Events, Epistemic Issues, Social Imagery and Epistemic Issues) are assumed to be distinct and separate, they can be treated as independent (predictive) variables with the voter's intention as a dependent or predicted variable. The three models were tested and the resuits of path analysis show the complex pattern of mutual interdependence between the cognitive domains and voter behavior. The specificity of the cause-effect relationship obtained by the structural equation methodology presented in the paper allows us to put forward some practical suggestions regarding ...
Hexafluoroacetone photochemistry: Internal conversion versus intersystem crossing

Abstract The hexafluoroacetone photodecomposition quantum yield is calculated as a function of pressure at 24° and 313 nm using the established mechanism of excited state processes and rate parameters determined by previous luminescence and photodecomposition studies. Agreement with experiment can be obtained if internal conversion increases relative to intersystem crossing as the excitation energy is increased.
Perfection and complexity in the lower Brazos River

Abstract The “perfect landscape” concept is based on the notion that any specific geomorphic system represents the combined, interacting effects of a set of generally applicable global laws and a set of geographically and historically contingent local controls. Because the joint probability of any specific combination of local and global controls is low, and the local controls are inherently idiosyncratic, the probability of existence of any given landscape is vanishingly small. A perfect landscape approach to geomorphic complexity views landscapes as circumstantial, contingent outcomes of deterministic laws operating in a specific environmental and historical context. Thus, explaining evolution of complex landscapes requires the integration of global and local approaches. Because perfection in this sense is the most important and pervasive form of complexity, the study of geomorphic complexity is not restricted to nonlinear dynamics, self-organization, or any other aspects of complexity theory. Beyond what can be achieved via complexity theory, the details of historical and geographic contexts must be addressed. One way to approach this is via synoptic analyses, where the relevant global laws are applied in specific situational contexts. A study of non-acute tributary junctions in the lower Brazos River, Texas illustrates this strategy. The application of generalizations about tributary junction angles, and of relevant theories, does not explain the unexpectedly high occurrence or the specific instances of barbed or straight junctions in the study area. At least five different causes for the development of straight or obtuse junction angles are evident in the lower Brazos. The dominant mechanism, however, is associated with river bank erosion and lateral channel migration which encroaches on upstream-oriented reaches of meandering tributaries. Because the tributaries are generally strongly incised in response to Holocene incision of the Brazos, the junctions are not readily reoriented to the expected acute angle. The findings are interpreted in the context of nonlinear divergent evolution, geographical and historical contingency, synoptic frameworks for generalizing results, and applicability of the dominant processes concept in geomorphology.
Comorbidity and the Limitations of Volume and Focus as Organizing Principles

Some scholars advocate for health care organizations designed around the principles of volume and focus, while others suggest that the complexity of patient care renders this approach to organizing care inefficient (and ineffective). This article attempts to reconcile these views, drawing on the idea of organizational capabilities as knowledge integration to motivate an empirical examination of the extent to which the efficiency benefits of hospital volume and focus depend on the degree of patient comorbidity. In doing so, the article has two aims: (a) to shed light on both the benefits and limitations of volume and focus as organizing principles and (b) to contribute to our understanding of the implications of comorbidity for the organization of health care delivery. Using data on U.S. hospitals, the author finds evidence that the efficiency benefits of volume and focus are diminishing in the level of patient comorbidity.
Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy: a novel technique for imaging the retina.

PURPOSE To image the cellular and noncellular structures of the retina in an intact mouse eye without the application of exogenous fluorescent labels using noninvasive, nondestructive techniques. METHODS Freshly enucleated mouse eyes were imaged using two nonlinear optical techniques: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and two-photon autofluorescence (TPAF). Cross sectional transverse sections and sequential flat (en face) sagittal sections were collected from a region of sclera approximately midway between the limbus and optic nerve. Imaging proceeded from the surface of the sclera to a depth of ∼60 μm. RESULTS The fluorescent signal from collagen fibers within the sclera was evident in the TPAF channel; the scleral collagen fibers showed no organization and appeared randomly packed. The sclera contained regions lacking TPAF and CARS fluorescence of ∼3 to 15 μm in diameter that could represent small vessels or scleral fibroblasts. Intense punctate CARS signals from the retinal pigment epithelial layer were of a size and shape of retinyl storage esters. Rod outer segments could be identified by the CARS signal from their lipid-rich plasma membranes. CONCLUSIONS CARS microscopy can be used to image the outer regions of the mammalian retina without the use of a fluorescent dye or exogenously expressed recombinant protein. With technical advancements, CARS/TPAF may represent a new avenue for noninvasively imaging the retina and might complement modalities currently used in clinical practice.
The implementation guidance for practicing network isolation by referring to ISO-17799 standard

In these years, the company budgets are raised dramatically for eliminating the security problems or mitigating the security risks in companies, but the numbers of incidents happening on computer systems in intranet or internet are still increasing. Many researchers proposed the way-to isolate the computers storing sensitive information for preventing information on these computers revealed or vulnerability on these computers exploited. However, there are few materials available for implementing network isolation. In this paper, we define ways of network isolation, ''physical isolation'' and ''logical isolation''. In ISO-17799, there is no implementation guidance for practicing network logical isolation but auditing network physical isolation. This paper also provides the implementation guidance of network isolation in two aspects. One is for the technique viewpoints. The other aspect is for management viewpoints. These proposed implementation outlines and security measures will be considered in revising the security plan, ''The Implementation Plan for Information Security Level in Government Departments'' [''The implementation plan for information security level in government departments,'' National Information and Communication Security Taskforce, Taiwan R.O.C., Programs, Jul. 20 2005].
Strike While the Iron Is Hot: Change Management in the Context of a New Political Administration

ABSTRACTIn 2013, the Missouri State Library was restructured due to the election of a new Secretary of State. This article evaluates the library's restructuring using interviews and an analysis of internal and external public records. Presented as a case study, changes to the library are examined in terms of change management and bureaucratic organization. Findings emphasize the value of communication and the impact of placing libraries within politically oriented organizational structures. It is recommended that administrators allow for more autonomy when making decisions that depend on professional knowledge.
Effect of Dielectric Capping Layer on TDDB Lifetime of Cu Interconnects in SiOF

In this study, intralevel dielectric breakdown is studied for copper interconnects in an SiOF dielectric, capped with either SiN or SiCN. The leakage current is higher and the failure time of dielectric breakdown is shorter for an SiCN capping layer compared to an SiN capping layer. It is proposed that the dielectric breakdown of the integrated structure is limited by the interface between the capping layer and the SiOF dielectric. Lower lifetime for dielectric breakdown is observed for structures with an SiCN cap compared to structures with an SiN cap, due to higher leakage current in the SiCN. The higher leakage for an SiCN cap is consistent with results from planar metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors.
Toward a unifying optimal approach to mine detection problems

Automatic mine detection has recently become a subject of great importance to U.S. Navy. A number of approaches to this problem have been suggested so far. Current algorithms however do not provide sufficiently high performance results, especially in cases where mines are embedded in clutter. A thorough and fundamental understanding of target detection and recognition techniques is needed in order to significantly enhance the capabilities of automatic detection systems. We discuss here a possible approach to this problem, based on a theoretical model for image acquisition, that allows mine detection to be formulated as an inverse problem. New and near optimal algorithms may be developed as attempts to solving this problem.
Enhanced droplet spreading due to thermal fluctuations.

The lubrication equation that governs the dynamics of thin liquid films can be augmented to account for stochastic stresses associated with the thermal fluctuations of the fluid. It has been suggested that under certain conditions the spreading rate of a liquid drop on a surface will be increased by these stochastic stresses. Here, an atomistic simulation of a spreading drop is designed to examine such a regime and provide a quantitative assessment of the stochastic lubrication equation for spreading. It is found that the atomistic drop does indeed spread faster than the standard lubrication equations would suggest and that the stochastic lubrication equation of Grun et al (2006 J. Stat. Phys. 122 1261–91) predicts the spread rate.
Comparison of the Luteinizing Hormone-Sensitive Adenylyl Cyclase of the Pig Ovarian Follicle and Corpus Luteum and Its Susceptibility to in Vitro Hormone-Dependent Desensitization*

The hormone responsiveness of the adenylyl cyclase of pig ovarian follicles or corpora lutea was examined. Adenylyl cyclase activity was assayed in 10,000 x g membrane fractions that had been prepared with or without (control) a urea extraction. In control luteal membranes there was little stimulation (less than 2-fold) or adenylyl cyclase by saturating ovine (o) LH, hCG, or (-)isoproterenol in the absence or presence of 10 microM GTP. However, in urea-treated luteal membranes, a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase was caused by saturating oLH or hCG, and a 4- to 5-fold stimulation by (-)isoproterenol; the marked stimulation by the gonadotropins was only observed if 10 microM GTP was added. In follicular membranes, a 3- to 4-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by gonadotropins was observed regardless of whether GTP was added or the membranes had been urea extracted. Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by (-)isoproterenol was always less than 2-fold in follicular membranes. The binding affinity for [125I]hCG was similar in control follicular and luteal membranes, but there were approximately 10-fold more [125I]hCG-binding sites in follicular compared with luteal membranes. The binding affinities and number of receptor sites were not significantly changed by urea treatment. The ED50 values for hCG or (-)isoproterenol were the same in follicular and luteal membranes and were uneffected by the addition of 10 microM GTP, but the ED50 for oLH was 3-fold lower in follicular than in luteal membranes. GTP caused a dose-dependent increase in adenylyl cyclase activity in luteal and follicular membranes, and both tissues had the same ED50. A saturating hormone concentration resulted in an approximately 2-fold decrease in the ED50 for GTP. In vitro hCG-induced desensitization of the hCG-responsive adenylyl cyclase was 31% in follicular membranes, but only 11-15% in luteal membranes. Hormone-induced desensitization was not increased in incubations of luteal homogenate or membranes plus cytosol. These results establish the existence of a LH/hCG-sensitive adenylyl cyclase in the pig corpus luteum and indicate that the G-protein and catalytic moieties of the follicular and luteal adenylyl cyclase complex are functionally the same, but some difference exists in the way the LH/hCG-receptor in the two tissues interacts with the G-protein/catalytic complex.
Identifying sources of methane in the Arctic

Methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change, enters the atmosphere from a variety of sources—it can leak from industrial gas fields or pipelines, escape from submarine hydrates that decompose with warming temperatures, or be released from decaying organic matter. Methanes from different sources have different isotopic compositions, allowing researchers to identify the source of methane in the air, as Fisher et al. have done in a new study. The researchers analyzed the isotopic composition of methane in the air off Spitsbergen, Norway, in 2008 and 2009. They found that in the summer, wetlands were the dominant methane source. Methane is being released to the water column from gas hydrates on the seabed, but so far, the study indicates, this methane has not reached the atmosphere. Wetlands are likely to release more methane as temperatures warm, feeding further climate change. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL049319, 2011)
GENOTYPIC VARIATION IN AGAMOSPERMOUS ERIGERON COMPOSITUS (ASTERACEAE)

Few integrative analyses of the structure of agamospermous plant populations have been conducted. Erigeron compositus occurs in montane western North America and comprises both sexual and agamospermous populations. Sexual E. compositus has previously been characterized as outcrossing and predominantly diploid (2n = 18). Agamic E. compositus is usually hexaploid (2n = 54), though counts herein range from 2n = 36 to 2n = 80. Starch-gel electrophoresis, cytology, and analysis of pollen production were used to evaluate variation within and among agamospermous populations. Fifteen enzyme loci were used to identify 24 unique multilocus genotypes in seven populations, an average of 3.4 genotypes per population. Proportion of distinct genotypes per population sample size (GIN) and measures of genetic diversity (D) and evenness (E) are 0.10, 0.48, and 0.61, respectively, which indicate that E. compositus maintains levels of diversity similar to other agamospermous taxa. Most agamospermous populations are mosaics comprising groups of genetically distinct individuals that are frequently distinguished by cytotype and capacity for pollen production. The geographical and ecological separation of sexual and agamospermous populations make it unlikely that gene flow from sexual populations is a direct source of genetic variation in agamospermous populations. Instead, crossing between genetically distinct facultative agamosperms probably accounts for most variation. Genetic and morphological evidence document one such putative crossing event. Agamospermous E. compositus is very similar genetically to sexual E. compositus. Allozyme analysis further shows that genetic variation in agamospermous populations is partitioned among a few highly heterozygous genotypes, whereas sexual populations maintain numerous genotypes of relatively low heterozygosity.
Unity in the Social Thought of Adolph Lowe: A Review of “Essays in Political Economics: Public Control in a Democratic Society”

. From the economist Adolph Lowe's voluminous-writings, Allen Oakleyh has selected eight essays which present the gist of Lowe's thought. It unifies his structural analyses and his instrumental analyses into the system Lowe calls “Political Economics.” This pre-orders desired ends or effects and then determines or applies goal-adequate means to achieve these ends. Lowe's Essays in Political Economics sketches the economic paradigm by which he expands the evolutionary way of thinking from the subject —economic behavior— to the object, the socioeconomic world. He argues that instability is fundamental, basic and inherent in contemporary industrial capitalism as it has evolved physically, technologically and socially and stability can be restored by an approach which reverses the continuum to end-means. He holds that if the world evolves, and it does, so must the goal-adequate methods and instrumentalities to deal with it.
Roadmap Based Pursuit-Evasion and Collision Avoidance

We study pursuit-evasion games for mobile robots and their applications to collision avoidance. In the first part of the paper, under the assumption that the pursuer and the evader (possibly subject to physical constraints) share the same roadmap to plan their strategies, we present sound and complete strategies for three different games. In the second part, we utilize the pursuit-evasion results to post-process the workspace and/or configuration space and obtain a collision probability map of the environment. Next, we present a probabilistic method to utilize this map and plan trajectories which minimize the collision probability for independent robots.
Abrasion Resistance of Field‐Assisted Ion‐Exchanged Glass

The fracture strength of HF-etched samples was measured as a function of field-assisted K-Na ion exchange depth, as well as the severity of abrasion. As expected, the more severe the abrasion, the greater the depth required to make the strength insensitive to abrasion. An abrasion-independent weakening mechanism that increased with exchange depth was also found to be operative.
Determination of the structural environment of the tyrosyl radical in prostaglandin H2 synthase-1: a high frequency ENDOR/EPR study.

The catalytically active tyrosyl radical which gives rise to the “wide doublet” (WD1) signal in ovine Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-1 has been studied using high frequency (HF) pulsed ENDOR and EPR. A hydrogen-bonded deuteron was directly detected in HFENDOR (130 GHz) spectra of 1H2O/2H2O-exchanged samples. The HFENDOR spectral simulations required a distribution in hydrogen bond distances to achieve proper fits. This range of distances was consistent with that used to model the distribution in gX values detected in pulsed HFEPR spectra. Possible hydrogen-bonding partners, as well as implications regarding the mechanism of self-inactivation for PGHS, are discussed.