cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Web Data Record Extraction

This paper describes a Web Service that automatically parses and extracts data records from Web pages containing structured data. The Web Service allows multiple users to share and manage a Web data record extraction task to increase its utility. A recommendation system, based on the Probabilistic Latency Semantic Indexing algorithm, enables a user to find potentially interesting content or other users who share the same interests with the user. A distributed computing platform improves the scalability of the Web Service in supporting multiple users by employing multiple server computers. A Web Service interface allows users to access the Web Service, and allows programmers to develop their own applications and, thus, extend the functionality of the Web Service.
Shape-based matching of heart sounds

In this paper, we present an approach to matching heart sounds based on modeling the morphological variations of audio envelopes through a constrained nonrigid translation transform. Similar heart sounds are then retrieved by recovering the corresponding alignment transform using a variant of shape-based dynamic time warping. Results of comparison with other audio retrieval methods are reported on a large database of heart sounds.
Data Mining and Visualization of Forest Cover Type Data Using SAS Enterprise Miner

This paper illustrates the use of data mining and data visualization techniques to mine multidimensional database for the selected data of forest cover type consisting of 63,377 records each with 54 attributes. Using SAS® Enterprise Miner, The paper performs analysis of such data mining functionalities as decision tree, regression analysis, neural network, clustering analysis, and association analysis. The results are useful for intelligent and effective decision making. Some screen shots and analysis are presented.
Architecture of the Personal Interactive Homepage: Constructing the Self through MySpace

From a symbolic interactionist perspective, this work looks at the construction of self and identity through MySpace. Using ethnographic methods, I look to answer two questions: (1) how does the physical architecture of the personal interactive homepage (PIH) facilitate interaction and self presentation in particular ways? (2) How does self presentation through the PIH impact processes of negotiated self construction more largely? I discuss three architectural aspects of MySpace which influence the self construction process in particular ways. First, self presentation is predominately overt rather than covert. Second, the structure of MySpace allows for actor contextualization of ambiguous symbols. Third, MySpace facilitates a presentation created temporally prior to negotiation. These findings imply that through the PIH, actors may be granted greater control over the ways in which their self presentation is received, negotiated and interpreted.
Adenosine-anchored triphosphate subsite probing: distinguishing between HER-2 and HER-4 tyrosine protein kinases

A strategy of full-site occupancy and stereospecific recognition in the triphosphate subsite was used to specifically inhibit two protein kinases HER-2 and HER-4 from the EGFR family. The SAR profiles of a panel of adenosine-anchored bicyclic heterocycles against HER-2 and HER-4 indicated that specificity can be derived for highly homologous protein kinases from stereospecific recognition in the triphosphate-subsite.
Oxygen Dependence of Glucose and Acetylcholine Metabolism in Slices and Synaptosomes from Rat Brain

Previous studies have shown that a reduction in the O2 tension of the blood from 120 torr to 57 torr (hypoxic hypoxia) decreases brain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. To determine if this decrease is due to a direct impairment of ACh metabolism or to an indirect effect mediated by other neurotransmitter systems, we studied ACh formation in rat brain slices and synaptosomes. At O2 tensions ranging from 760 to less than 1 torr, 14CO2 production and [14C]ACh synthesis from [U-14C]glucose, the levels of lactate and ATP, and the ATP/ADP ratio were determined. In slices, the first decreases were observed in the rate of 14CO2 production and [14C]ACh synthesis at an O2 tension of 152 torr. The ATP level started to decline at 53-38 torr, and a reduction in the ATP/ADP ratio was first found at and below 19 torr. Lactate formation was maximally stimulated at 38-19 torr. Synaptosomes responded differently than brain slices to reduced O2 tensions. In synaptosomes, 14CO2 production and [14C]ACh synthesis from [U-14C]glucose, the levels of lactate and ATP, and the ATP/ADP ratio were unaltered if a minimum O2 tension of 19 torr was maintained. Despite the difference in sensitivities to decreases in O2 levels, there is a curvilinear relationship between [U-14C]glucose decarboxylation and [14C]ACh synthesis at various O2 tensions for both tissue preparations with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.970). The difference in the metabolic sensitivity of slices and synaptosomes to a reduced O2 level may be explained by the greater distance O2 must diffuse in slices. The results are discussed in comparison with hypoxia in vivo.
AN ALMOST LINEAR TIME ALGORITHM FOR A GENERAL HAPLOTYPE SOLUTION ON TREE PEDIGREES WITH NO RECOMBINATION AND ITS EXTENSIONS

We study the haplotype inference problem from pedigree data under the zero recombination assumption, which is well supported by real data for tightly linked markers (i.e. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) over a relatively large chromosome segment. We solve the problem in a rigorous mathematical manner by formulating genotype constraints as a linear system of inheritance variables. We then utilize disjoint-set structures to encode connectivity information among individuals, to detect constraints from genotypes, and to check consistency of constraints. On a tree pedigree without missing data, our algorithm can output a general solution as well as the number of total specific solutions in a nearly linear time O(mn · α(n)), where m is the number of loci, n is the number of individuals and α is the inverse Ackermann function, which is a further improvement over existing ones. We also extend the idea to looped pedigrees and pedigrees with missing data by considering existing (partial) constraints on inheritance variables. The algorithm has been implemented in C++ and will be incorporated into our PedPhase package. Experimental results show that it can correctly identify all 0-recombinant solutions with great efficiency. Comparisons with other two popular algorithms show that the proposed algorithm achieves 10 to 105-fold improvements over a variety of parameter settings. The experimental study also provides empirical evidences on the complexity bounds suggested by theoretical analysis.
Statistical-based approach to word segmentation

This paper presents a text word extraction algorithm that takes a set of bounding boxes of glyphs and their associated text lines of a given document and partitions the glyphs into a set of text words, using only the geometric information of the input glyphs. The algorithm is probability based. An iterative, relaxation-like method is used to find the partitioning solution that maximizes the joint probability. To evaluate the performance of our test word extraction algorithm, we used a 3-fold validation method and developed a quantitative performance measure. The algorithm was evaluated on the UW-III database of some 1600 scanned document image pages. An area-overlap measure was used to find the correspondence between the detected entities and the ground-truth. For a total of 827, 433 ground truth words, the algorithm identified and segmented 800, 149 words correctly, an accuracy of 97.43%.
The path dependence of dynamic traditions and the illusion of cultural AIDS

Analyses of cultural change routinely turn on observations or evaluations regarding what some institution, system of belief, or technology is doing to "us," but it can be obscure how one is supposed to fix the meaning of such claims. This essay explores such analyses, calling attention to their reliance on the rhetorical force of the first person plural when the literal meaning of their claims strongly suggests the third person would be more literally appropriate. In many cases, "we" has to mean "them---not us." The essay describes how this rhetorical move invites readers to conceive the relation between individuals and the cultures they inhabit as legitimizing a dubious paternalism, how pluralism undermines confidence in the paternalist attitude entwined within that conception, and finally sketches an alternative in which individuals are vested with ultimate cultural authority.
Role of Phosphorylcholine in Respiratory Tract Colonization

The majority of the homologous sequences were “housekeeping genes” that are widely distributed among both respiratory and nonrespiratory tract bacterial species. It appears that the expression of choline phosphate (ChoP) phosphorylcholine among respiratory tract organisms is an example of convergent evolution since ChoP is present on distinct bacterial structures in different species. An additional consideration is that in each of these species, ChoP is exposed on the bacterial cell surface, suggesting that it plays a role in host-bacterium interaction. The chapter focuses on phosphorylcholine expression. Exchanging the licD genes between the two strains with ChoP on different chain extensions was sufficient to switch its position. Therefore, in addition to the mechanism involving phase variation, structural rearrangements within the oligosaccharide have the potential to aid the evasion of an immune response targeting ChoP. The chapter also discusses the role of ChoP in the host-bacterium interaction and the advantages and disadvantages that expression of this host-like structure may confer on bacterial survival. A series of experiments examined whether bacteria are predominantly ChoP phase-on or phase-off during colonization and systemic infection. The efficacy of the human anti-ChoP IgG was assessed by using in vitro assays that correlate with protection against H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae infection. The surface expression of ChoP appears to be particularly common among species that colonize predominantly the upper respiratory tract. This allows for bacterial mimicry of the host cell surface since choline is a prominent feature of the host cell membrane.
Andersen’s Tolerance Toward Aggressive Financial Reporting: Are They Different?

Over the last two years, the public press has expressed differing views on whether the demise of Arthur Andersen is an anomaly or a systematic problem in the profession. Some authors have asserted that Arthur Andersen was a firm somehow different than the other Big Five accounting firms while others in the public press believe that the failure of Andersen is the outcome of a systematic problem in the accounting profession. In this study, I examine whether there is a difference between the tolerance of Arthur Andersen and the tolerance of the other Big Five accounting firms toward aggressive financial reporting. I find that there is no difference between the tolerance of Arthur Andersen and the tolerance of the other Big Five accounting firms toward aggressive financial reporting.
A Human Factors Tool Kit

The variety of tools and techniques available to help the human factors professional apply basic research data to the real world is constantly increasing. Despite this, there are few available sources of objective information about tools. Most of the information available to practitioners comes in the form of advertisements and professional contacts. Unfortunately, the emphasis is often on newest or latest when less expensive ‘low tech’ solutions may work just as well. Moreover, there are likely tools or techniques known to practitioners in one area of the human factors that are unknown to individuals in other areas of the discipline. The current effort seeks to identify tools useful to the human factors professional and to increase awareness of existing tools which can facilitate the application of Human Factors data to the real world. An added emphasis was placed on those tools which can be employed easily and inexpensively.
Proctoring of New Emergency Radiologists to Promote Clinical Excellence and Ensure Quality of Care

Abstract Purpose The authors' institution provides 24/7 attending radiologist final interpretations for all emergency, urgent, and inpatient studies. As a supplement to the existing emergency radiology faculty, the institution relies on two groups of radiologists to provide final imaging interpretations after hours: radiology fellows (RFs) and newly hired subspecialty radiologists (NRs). For both groups, subspecialty services provide overreads the following day to improve the skills of the staff members and ensure clinical excellence. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical significance and rate of discrepancies between RFs and NRs. Methods A retrospective review of all overreads from July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2015, was performed. Discrepancy rates for RFs and NRs were calculated. Error significance for cases requiring addenda was categorized as follows: acute, likely malignant, indeterminate, unlikely to be of clinical significance, insignificant typographic error, or significant typographic error. Results In total, 10,796 studies were rechecked, of which 1.9% (n = 205) required addenda, 3.6% (n = 384) were deemed addendum-optional, and 94.5% (n = 10,207) required no comments. There was no significant difference in cases requiring addenda (RFs, 1.7% [119 of 6,847]; NRs, 2.2% [86 of 3,949]; P = .11). Of the 205 cases requiring addenda, 21.0% (n = 43) were deemed to be acute, 4.9% (n = 10) likely malignant, 28.3% (n = 58) indeterminate, 32.7% (n = 67) unlikely to be of clinical significance, and 13.1% (n = 27) secondary to typographic errors (66.7% [n = 18] deemed to be significant). Conclusions After-hours coverage with RFs and NRs allows high-quality final, actionable interpretations with low discrepancy rates and no significant difference between both groups for addendum-needed cases. The program strikes a balance between the need for timely interpretations and the need to continually monitor and improve the quality of interpretations through subspecialist feedback.
STUDY ON THE ELECTROPLATING WASTEWATER BY CONCENTRATED WATER OF MEMBRANE PROCESSING

In this paper,the electroplating wastewater treated by physical-chemical pretreatment and reverse osmosis(RO) processing.The heavy metals and COD removal method of RO concentrated water which broken-complexation by micro-electrolysis fenton reaction has been researched.The results showed that the best conditions of broken-complexation are pH 4,hydrogen peroxide dosage 3 ‰ and the reaction time 60 min.After the processing of broken-complexation reaction,pH adjusting and dosing 50 mg/L sodium sulfide and 10 mg/L heavy metal capture agent,the RO concentrated water which has low concentration of heavy metals and COD reaches the national emission standard
Reason and history as guides for hospital pharmacy practice leaders.

Leadership has certainly become a well-discussed topic in hospital pharmacy and, indeed, in all of society. America’s obsession with celebrity has fostered interest in the charismatic, colorful leaders in various fields, including business, religion, politics, diplomacy, and war. I suspect that
The Renal Quantitative Scintillation Camera Study for Renal Determiantion of Renal Function after Anatrophic Nephrolithotomy

AbstractThe effect of hypothermic anatrophic nephrolithotomy was evaluated in 13 patients by comparing preoperative and postoperative renal quantitative scintillation camera studies. Total renal function as measured by effective renal plasma flow remained normal postoperatively. However, the operated kidney had a significant loss of function with a proportionate compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney. This finding explains the normal total renal function, the good end result of the operation being stable renal function if stones do not recur.
Depth dependence of source parameters at Monticello, South Carolina

Three estimates of stress differences, which include Brune stress drop, stress drop from rms of acceleration ( arms ), and the apparent stress, have been determined for 13 earthquakes at Monticello, South Carolina, a site of reservoir-induced seismicity. Data for nine of the events come from digitally recorded three-component seismograms at four or five stations that were deployed around the Monticello Reservoir in May and early June 1979. The data from the other four events come from a strong-motion accelerograph located on the dam abutment at the southwest end of the reservoir. Estimates of the seismic moment ( M o) range from 4.6 × 1017 to 3.4 × 1020 dyne-cm ( S waves) and radiated energy from about 1011 to 3 × 1016 dyne-cm ( S waves). Brune stress drops ranged from 0.5 bars to about 90 bars and show a strong dependence on depth (focal depths range from 0.07 to 1.4 km) and a moderate dependence on M o. Arms stress drops from the direct S -wave span a similar range of values and also exhibit a strong dependence on depth. Apparent stresses are usually lower than the other estimates of stress differences by a factor of 2 to 4. Seismic stress differences are highest in the topmost 0.2 to 0.3 km, a depth range for which the in situ measurements of stress and pore pressure suggest that the rock is in a state of incipient failure. In this depth range, where the four largest events occurred, the stress drops are of the same order as the ambient shear stress. These data suggest that at Monticello, where pore fluids have a strong influence on the failure process, the largest stresses released seismically are in regions most conducive to failure and that the seismic efficiencies for events at Monticello are larger than have been reported for other tremors in different tectonic settings.
Industrial Plasma Engineering : Volume 1: Principles

This book will provide the necessary theoretical background and a description of plasma-related devices and processes that are used industrially for physicists and engineers.It is a self-contained introduction to the principles of plasma engineering with comprehensive references. This volume also includes the terminology, jargon and acronyms used in the field of industrial plasma engineering - indexed when they first appear in the text - along with their definitions and a discussion of their meaning. It is aimed at assisting the student in learning key terminology and concepts, and providing the in-service engineer or scientist with a technical glossary. An extensive index and appendices enhance the value of this book as a key reference source. These incorporate a list of the nomenclature used in mathematical expressions in the text, physical constants, and often-used plasma formulae. SI units are used throughout.Intended for students from all engineering and physical science disciplines, and as a reference source by in-service engineers.Coverage:* basic information on plasma physics and the physical processes important in industrial plasmas* sources of ion and electron beams and ionizing radiation used in industrial applications* physics and technology of DC and RF electrical discharges.
The Language of Life.

Science is our best current approximation of the way things work. You cannot do science unless you believe there is a discernable truth inherent to the arrangement of our tangible world. The problem is, we in our given time never know where exactly the asymptote lies or how far we are from it. My curiosity about the natural world is innate, but fate has variously gifted me with outstanding personal opportunities to indulge that curiosity through the study of viruses. To a woman of the boomer generation, professional paths were not always open-door, and to a certain extent they still aren't. Whether such points should now be viewed as obstacles or stepping stones is a matter of perspective. RNA viruses, and the multiple, seminal mentors who taught me their secrets, have defined my career. Some of their stories are told here as they dovetail with mine. If there is any unity to this, it would be a pursuit of the language of life, or sequence analysis, as taught to us by natural selection. The intent here is ...
High performance GaSb p-channel MODFETs

GaSb p-channel MODFETs based on an AlSbAs-AlSb barrier and GaSb channel have been fabricated and studied. High transconductances and low gate leakage currents have been obtained. Peak transconductances as high as 50 mS/mm at room temperature and in the range of 220-283 mS/mm at 77 K have been achieved. The 77 K peak transconductance for a compound p-channel HFET clearly demonstrates the superior transport properties of holes in GaSb. In addition, gate leakage currents three orders of magnitude lower than the maximum drain saturation current have been achieved at 77 K. Variations in the transconductance characteristics of the devices are also studied and attributed to parallel conduction in the barrier layers. >
Nogo Receptor 1 Confines a Disinhibitory Microcircuit to the Critical Period in Visual Cortex.

A characteristic of the developing mammalian visual system is a brief interval of plasticity, termed the “critical period,” when the circuitry of primary visual cortex is most sensitive to perturbation of visual experience. Depriving one eye of vision (monocular deprivation [MD]) during the critical period alters ocular dominance (OD) by shifting the responsiveness of neurons in visual cortex to favor the nondeprived eye. A disinhibitory microcircuit involving parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons initiates this OD plasticity. The gene encoding the neuronal nogo-66-receptor 1 ( ngr1/rtn4r ) is required to close the critical period. Here we combined mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and circuit mapping with laser-scanning photostimulation to investigate whether disinhibition is confined to the critical period by ngr1 . We demonstrate that ngr1 mutant mice retain plasticity characteristic of the critical period as adults, and that ngr1 operates within PV interneurons to restrict the loss of intracortical excitatory synaptic input following MD in adult mice, and this disinhibition induces a “lower PV network configuration” in both critical-period wild-type mice and adult ngr1 −/− mice. We propose that ngr1 limits disinhibition to close the critical period for OD plasticity and that a decrease in PV expression levels reports the diminished recent cumulative activity of these interneurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Life experience refines brain circuits throughout development during specified critical periods. Abnormal experience during these critical periods can yield enduring maladaptive changes in neural circuits that impair brain function. In the developing visual system, visual deprivation early in life can result in amblyopia (lazy-eye), a prevalent childhood disorder comprising permanent deficits in spatial vision. Here we identify that the nogo-66 receptor 1 gene restricts an early and essential step in OD plasticity to the critical period. These findings link the emerging circuit-level description of OD plasticity to the genetic regulation of the critical period. Understanding how plasticity is confined to critical periods may provide clues how to better treat amblyopia.
Case 5: Abdominal Pain, Nausea, and Vomiting in a 14-year-old Boy

1. Mohinder R. Vindhyal, MD, MEd* 2. Stephanie Kuhlmann, DO* 3. Shravani Vindhyal, MD* 4. Jeff Kao, MD* 5. Ragneel Bijjula, MD* 6. K. James Kallail, PhD* 1. *KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Wichita, KS A 14-year-old boy presents with nausea, vomiting (3–4 times per day), and abdominal pain lasting 7 days. The abdominal pain is sharp and rated 6 of 10 without radiation. The patient and his mother deny fever and weight loss. He had a bowel movement 4 days before presentation and has had decreased urination for the past 3 days. His medical history includes kidney disease, and his surgical history is unremarkable. He plays basketball at school and has no history of recent travel or excessive exercise. His Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score reveals no evidence of depression, and his psychiatric history rules out an eating disorder. His temperature is 96.1°F (35.6°C), heart rate is 92 beats/min, respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min, blood pressure is 134/90 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. His weight is 117.7 lb (53.4 kg), height is 70.0 in (177.8 cm), and BMI is 16.8, which is at the 9th percentile, with no significant change from his previous visits to his primary care physician. On physical examination, he is alert and oriented with no distress but reports some abdominal discomfort. His mucous membranes are dry, with delayed capillary refill and poor skin turgor. His abdomen is distended, with diffuse tenderness …
Ovarian Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology Including Normal Menstrual Physiology

The anatomy, embryology, and physiology of the ovary are reviewed in detail in this chapter. Familiarity with the anatomy and development of the ovary is essential to appreciate many of the pathological findings and malformations of the ovary discussed in other chapters. Knowledge of ovarian anatomy and development is also critical to understand the conduct of operations involving the ovary. A brief review of ovarian and menstrual physiology provides the foundation to understand normal and abnormal ovarian function.
Terrestrial biosphere models underestimate photosynthetic capacity and CO2 assimilation in the Arctic

Summary Terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are highly sensitive to model representation of photosynthesis, in particular the parameters maximum carboxylation rate and maximum electron transport rate at 25°C (Vc,max.25 and Jmax.25, respectively). Many TBMs do not include representation of Arctic plants, and those that do rely on understanding and parameterization from temperate species. We measured photosynthetic CO2 response curves and leaf nitrogen (N) content in species representing the dominant vascular plant functional types found on the coastal tundra near Barrow, Alaska. The activation energies associated with the temperature response functions of Vc,max and Jmax were 17% lower than commonly used values. When scaled to 25°C, Vc,max.25 and Jmax.25 were two- to five-fold higher than the values used to parameterize current TBMs. This high photosynthetic capacity was attributable to a high leaf N content and the high fraction of N invested in Rubisco. Leaf-level modeling demonstrated that current parameterization of TBMs resulted in a two-fold underestimation of the capacity for leaf-level CO2 assimilation in Arctic vegetation. This study highlights the poor representation of Arctic photosynthesis in TBMs, and provides the critical data necessary to improve our ability to project the response of the Arctic to global environmental change.
Design of majority logic based approximate arithmetic circuits

The increasing amount of circuit density possible in CMOS technology has the consequence of also increasing the power consumption of circuits using the technology. One possible method of offsetting these increased power demands is to use approximate computing designs in circuits where complete accuracy is not a strict requirement. These circuits use fewer logic gates which reduces power consumption at the cost of accuracy. Another possible method for reducing power consumption is to use an emerging nanotechnology which is already low power in nature. Combining approximate computing with an emerging nanotechnology has the potential to further cut power consumption. Unfortunately, existing approximate computing circuits were designed using standard logic gates found in CMOS technology which in turn can limit their effectiveness when implemented with the majority based logic used by some emerging nanotechnologies. For that reason, we propose designs of approximate arithmetic units which are specifically designed for use in majority logic based technologies.
Prototypical Cases for Knowledge Maintenance in Biomedical CBR

Representing biomedical knowledge is an essential task in biomedical informatics intelligent systems. Case-based reasoning (CBR) holds the promise to represent contextual knowledge in a way that was not possible before with traditional knowledge-based methods. One main issue in biomedical CBR is dealing with the rate of generation of new knowledge in biomedical fields, which often makes the content of a case base partially obsolete. This article proposes to make use of the concept of prototypical case to ensure that a CBR system would keep up-to-date with current research advances in the biomedical field. Prototypical cases have served various purposes in biomedical CBR systems, among which to organize and structure the memory, to guide the retrieval as well as the reuse of cases, and to serve as bootstrapping a CBR system memory when real cases are not available in sufficient quantity and/or quality. This paper presents knowledge maintenance as another role that these prototypical cases can play in biomedical CBR systems.
Magnetized environs of a repeating radio burst

One of the astrophysical sources that gives rise to the mysterious transients known as fast radio bursts is embedded in a highly magnetized environment, such as the vicinity of an accreting massive black hole or the birth nebula of a highly magnetized neutron star.
Coupled theory of heat, moisture and deformation

Empirical studies [1] in recent time have shown that mechanically applied stress can significantly alter the moisture and temperature distribution in solid media. Such findings are not unexpected and suggest the need to analyze the coupling between mechanical deformation and diffusion due to moisture and temperature. Because of the complexities of the theoretical treatment and procedures involved in determining the physical constants, only a few cases have been treated up to this date. In order to obtain an in-depth insight into the physical phenomenon, it is necessary to rely on the disciplines of mechanics and thermodynamics for analyzing the combined interaction of heat, moisture and mechanical deformation. Based on suitable postulates, a coupled system of governing equations is derived that contain both space coordinates and time as independent variables. Simplification prevails when diffusion and deformation take place quasi-statically. The results also reduced to those obtained earlier when deformation is uncoupled while the classical coupled equations of thermoelasticity are recovered if moisture effects are further neglected. A method of solution is presented that makes use of a hygrothermoelastic potential.
Effects of Heat of Reaction on Homogeneous Compressible Turbulence

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous compressible turbulent reacting flows are conducted to investigate the effects of heat of reaction on the solenoidal and the dilatational turbulent motions. Consistent with the previous theoretical results, it is shown that the heat of reaction does not have a significant effect on the low order moments of the solenoidal velocity. However, the variances of dilatation, pressure, temperature, and density, increase significantly due to heat release. Also, the magnitudes of the skewness and the kurtosis of dilatation increase significantly as a result of heat of reaction. The high negative values of the dilatation correspond to localized structures with low probability of existence. The heat of reaction also enhances the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillations of the pressure-dilatation correlation. Examination of the energy transfer among rotational and compressive components of the kinetic energy and the internal energy indicates that the energy of the reaction is transferred to the compressive component of the kinetic energy by the pressure-dilatation correlation. The advection term then transfer the energy from the compressive component of the kinetic energy to its rotational component. While the interactions between compressive component of the kinetic energy and the internal energy are significant, those between the rotational and the compressive components of the kinetic energy are relatively weak.
Epidemiology of Adhd in School-Age Children

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a relatively common condition of childhood onset and is of significant public health concern. Over the past two decades there have been 19 community-based studies offering estimates of prevalence ranging from 2% to 17%. The dramatic differences in these estimates are due to the choice of informant, methods of sampling and data collection, and the diagnostic definition. This article provides a critical review of the community-based studies on the prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents. Based on the 19 studies reviewed, the best estimate of prevalence is 5% to 10% in school-aged children. The review also examines age and gender effects on the frequency of ADHD. The article closes with a discussion of psychosocial correlates and patterns of comorbidity in ADHD.
Motor neuron biology and disease: A current perspective on infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy

Infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a prototypical disease in which to investigate selective neurodegenerative phenotypes. Caused by low levels of the ubiquitously expressed Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, the disease mainly targets the spinal motor neurons. This selective phenotype remains largely unexplained, but has not hindered the development of SMN repletion as a means to a treatment. Here we chronicle recent advances in the area of SMA biology. We provide a brief background to the disease, highlight major advances that have shaped our current understanding of SMA, trace efforts to treat the condition, discuss the outcome of two promising new therapies and conclude by considering contemporary as well as new challenges stemming from recent successes within the field.
Open-Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds and Competing Quasiaromaticity.

The delocalization of electron density upon tautomerization of a proton across a conjugated bridge can alter the strength of hydrogen bonds. This effect has been dubbed resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB) and plays a major role in the energetics of the tautomeric equilibrium. The goal of this work was to investigate the role that π-delocalization plays in the stability of RAHBs by engaging other isomerization processes. Similarly, acid–base chemistry has received little experimental attention in studies of RAHB, and we address the role that acid–base effects play in the tautomeric equilibrium. We find that π-delocalization and the disruption of adjacent aromatic rings is the dominant effect in determining the stability of a RAHB.
Clarifying the interpretation of carbon use efficiency in soil through methods comparison

Abstract Accurate estimates of microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) are required to predict how global change will impact microbially-mediated ecosystem functions such as organic matter decomposition. Multiple approaches are currently used to quantify CUE but the extent to which estimates reflect methodological variability is unknown. This limits our ability to apply or cross-compare published CUE values. Here we evaluated the performance of five methods in a single soil under standard conditions. The microbial response to three substrate amendment rates (0.0, 0.05, and 2.0 mg glucose-C g−1 soil) was examined using: 13C and 18O isotope tracing approaches which estimate CUE based on substrate uptake and growth dynamics; calorespirometry which infers growth and CUE from metabolic heat and respiration rates; metabolic flux analysis where CUE is determined as the balance between biosynthesis and respiration using position-specific 13CO2 production of labeled glucose; and stoichiometric modeling which derives CUE from elemental ratios of microbial biomass, substrate, and exoenzyme activity. The CUE estimates we obtained differed by method and substrate concentration, ranging under in situ conditions from 0.6 for the substrate-specific methods that trace glucose use (13C method, calorespirometry, metabolic flux analysis). We explore the different aspects of microbial metabolism that each method captures and how this affects the interpretation of CUE estimates. We recommend that users consider the strengths and weaknesses of each method when choosing the technique that will best address their research needs.
Predicting Channel Transition for MU-MIMO Beamforming

Legacy beamforming procedure for multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) requires periodic explicit feedback mechanism for channel estimation resulting in high control overhead with increasing number of users. Often, these procedures are redundant, especially if the channel remains static between two successive measurements. Projected increase in number of users in emerging 5G network, necessitates us to rethink the channel sounding technique to reduce overhead as well as increase aggregate throughput of the network. In this paper, we propose to use changes in channel to trigger the channel assessment procedure at Access Point (AP). This technique is generic enough to be used either in the AP of IEEE 802.11ac or in the eNodeB of LTE systems. The experimental results using Software Defined Radios (SDRs) on the ORBIT testbed show more than 96% classification success of channel transition and a significant difference in error vector values for different types of channel variations. This leads to a need-based CSI collection, which will improve aggregate throughput of the network.
MG53 promotes corneal wound healing and mitigates fibrotic remodeling in rodents

The cornea plays an important role in transmitting light and providing protection to the eye, but is susceptible to injury and infection. Standard treatments for corneal wounds include topical lubricants, antibiotics, bandage contact lens, and surgery. However, these measures are often ineffective. Here we show that MG53, a protein with an essential role in cell membrane repair, contributes to the corneal injury-repair process. Native MG53 is present in the corneal epithelia, tear film, and aqueous humor, suggesting its potential function in corneal homeostasis. Knockout of MG53 in mice causes impaired healing and regenerative capacity following injury. Exogenous recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) protein protects the corneal epithelia against mechanical injury and enhances healing by promoting migration of corneal fibroblasts. Using in vivo alkaline-induced injury to the rat cornea, we show that rhMG53 promotes re-epithelialization and reduces post-injury fibrosis and vascularization. Finally, we show that rhMG53 modulates TGF-β-mediated fibrotic remodeling associated with corneal injury. Overall, our data support the bi-functional role of MG53 in facilitating corneal healing and maintaining corneal transparency by reducing fibrosis and vascularization associated with corneal injuries. Heather Chandler, Tao Tan, Chunlin Yang et al. find that the cell membrane repair protein MG53 plays a key role in repairing cornea injury. Using mouse and rat models, they show that recombinant human MG53 protects the cornea against injury and enhances healing.
Electromigration-induced leakage current enhancement and its anisotropy in single crystal TiO 2

Time-dependent increases in electrical conductivity in dielectrics exposed to a direct-current voltage bias can be detrimental to device reliability and lifetime, while the same phenomenon may be exploited for resistive switching functionality. The applied electric field induces the electromigration of charged point defects, resulting in spatially inhomogeneous stoichiometry and modifications in the electrode electrostatics. Herein, we monitor the time-dependent changes in leakage current in rutile TiO 2 with platinum electrodes. Current–voltage measurements before and after the extended electrical biasing demonstrate that changes in the electrostatics of the cathode Schottky barrier are responsible for the time-dependent increases in leakage current. We also find that electromigration is accelerated along the ⟨001 ⟩ relative to the ⟨010 ⟩ crystallographic direction in contrast to what would be predicted by high-temperature diffusion kinetics. We find the observed anisotropic behavior to be consistent with a change in the defect charge state of the titanium interstitials and dominant transport path at lower temperatures. A comparison of optical color front migration kinetics to the temporal evolution of leakage current further supports the interpretation that ionic electromigration near the cathode interface is responsible for the increased leakage current in the electrically degraded state.
Elevation-related differences in the age structure of breeding birds suggest stronger selection at harsher elevations

How environmental variation affects the strength of selection is important for understanding phenotypic variation within a population. An indirect method to evaluate differences in selection pressures is to compare the age composition of a breeding population. A larger adult/first-year breeding ratio, due to higher juvenile mortality, may indicate stronger selection. We investigated the adult/first-year breeding ratios of food-caching mountain chickadees inhabiting different elevations. Chickadees at high elevations experience harsher winter conditions and cache more food items and have better spatial cognition to recover caches compared with their low-elevation counterparts. Cache recovery and spatial cognition are critical for overwinter survival and individuals with better spatial cognitive abilities are more likely to survive their first winter; therefore, these differences are likely a result of stronger selection pressures on spatial cognition and caching behavior at higher elevations. In support of this hypothesis, we found a significantly larger adult/first-year breeding ratio at high elevations compared with low elevations. This may suggest higher overwinter juvenile mortality and hence stronger selection pressures on survival-related traits at high elevations, consistent with elevation-related phenotypic differences. The strength of selection on survival-related traits varies across heterogenous environments. One way to assess the strength of selection is to measure the traits of individuals that are able to survive a particular selection event. Here we assessed the adult/first-year breeding ratios of resident, food-caching birds experiencing differentially harsh winter climates. These birds rely on spatial cognition to retrieve food caches and survive the winter; the largest annual selection event. At the individual level, those with better cognitive ability have demonstrated higher overwinter survival. However, at the population level, it remains unclear whether or not the strength of selection differs between harsh and mild winter climates. By assessing the age of breeders, we found a significantly larger adult/first-year breeding ratio in birds inhabiting harsher, high elevations compared with milder, low elevations. This suggests higher overwinter juvenile mortality and hence stronger selection pressures on survival-related traits at high elevations.
Systemic Bias in Federal Performance Evaluations: Does Hierarchy Trump a Performance Management Process?

Individual performance evaluations provide the link between individual and organizational performance. Employees expect to be rated based on their success in meeting their individual performance objectives regardless of their grade or position in the agency or other nonperformance-related criteria. This study examines performance appraisal ratings from three federal agencies (U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency) to learn whether the evaluation processes are free of a systemic bias based on an individual's position in the hierarchy. The analysis suggests that such a bias does exist and that this bias presents challenges to those who design, implement, and use performance evaluations to support their performance management systems and overall organizational performance. The importance of these exploratory findings goes to the question of fairness and equity in performance management systems, both real and perceived, and the ...
A model for standardizing manipulation terminology in physical therapy practice.

Synopsis We propose describing a manipulative technique using 6 characteristics: Rate of force application: Describe the rate at which the force was applied. Location in range of available movement: Describe whether motion was intended to occur only at the beginning of the available range of movement, towards the middle of the available range of movement, or at the end point of the available range of movement. Direction of force: Describe the direction in which the therapist imparts the force. Target of force: Describe the location to which the therapist intended to apply the force. 5. Relative structural movement: Describe which structure or region was intended to remain stable and which structure or region was intended to move, with the moving structure or region being named first and the stable segment named second, separated by the word “on.” Patient position: Describe the position of the patient, for example, supine, prone, recumbent. This would include any premanipulative positioning of a region of ...
Unmet social needs among low-income adults in the United States: Associations with health care access and quality.

Objective To describe social needs among low-income adults and estimate the relationship between level of unmet social needs and key indicators of health care access and quality. Data source National survey data from 12 states from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which added a "Social Determinants of Health" Module in 2017. Study design We examined differences in eight measures of health care access and quality (eg, check-up in last 12 months, inability to see doctor due to cost, receipt of eye examination for diabetics) for low-income adults with 0, 1, 2-3, and 4+ unmet social needs based on 7 social needs measures. We used adjusted logistic regression models to estimate the association between level of unmet need and each outcome. Principal findings Most common unmet social needs included not having enough money for balanced meals (33 percent) or food (32 percent). After adjusting for observable characteristics, higher levels of unmet social need were associated with poorer access and quality. Compared to those with no reported unmet needs, having 4+ unmet needs was significantly associated with reduced probability of having a yearly check-up (65 percent vs 78 percent, adjusted difference = -7.1 percentage points (PP)), receiving a flu vaccine (33 percent vs 42 percent, adjusted difference = -5.4 PP), having a personal doctor (74 percent vs 80 percent, adjusted difference = -3.1 PP), and having a foot (63 percent vs 80 percent, adjusted difference = -12.8 PP) or eye examination (61 percent vs 73 percent, adjusted difference = -12.6 PP) for diabetic patients, and increased probability of being unable to see a doctor due to cost (44 percent vs 9 percent, adjusted difference = 27.9 PP) and having diabetes affect the eyes (22 percent vs 19 percent, adjusted difference = 8.0 PP) at α = 0.05. Conclusions Higher levels of unmet social needs were associated with poorer access to and quality of care among low-income adults. Addressing social needs both inside and outside of health care settings may help mitigate these negative effects. Additional research on if and how to effectively do so is critical.