cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Activation of Ipsilateral Motor Pathways in Intact Humans

It has been proposed that ipsilateral motor pathways play a role in the control of ipsilateral movements and recovery of function after injury. However, the extent to which ipsilateral motor pathways are engaged in voluntary activity in intact humans remains largely unknown. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the arm representation of the primary motor cortex, we examined ipsilateral motor-evoked potentials (iMEPs) in a proximal arm muscle during increasing levels of unilateral and bilateral isometric force in a sitting position. We demonstrate that iMEP area and amplitude decreased during bilateral contraction of homonymous (elbow flexor) muscles and increased during bilateral contraction of heteronymous (elbow flexor and extensor) muscles compared with a unilateral contraction, regardless of the level of force tested. To further understand the neuronal inputs involved in the bilateral effects, we examined the contribution from neck afferents projecting onto ipsilateral motor pathways. Medial (away from the muscle tested) and lateral (toward the muscle tested) rotation of the head enhanced bilateral iMEP effects from homonymous and heteronymous muscles, respectively. In contrast, head flexion and extension exerted nonspecific bilateral effects on iMEPs. Intracortical inhibition, in the motor cortex where iMEPs originated, showed modulation compatible with the changes in iMEPs. We conclude that ipsilateral projections to proximal arm muscles can be selectively modulated by voluntary contraction of contralateral arm muscles, likely involving circuits mediating asymmetric tonic neck reflexes acting, at least in part, at the cortical level. The pattern of bilateral actions may represent a strategy to engage ipsilateral motor pathways in a motor behavior.
Sex, handedness and side of nose modulate human odor perception.

Abstract Multidimensional scaling was used to analyze odor similarity judgments obtained by monorhinic (single nostril) stimulation from normal subjects ( N =52), equally by sex and handedness. Neither sex nor handedness nor side of nose appeared to alter the position of stimuli on a two-dimensional map of odor similarity. However, women produced significantly more consistent maps than men. This result was not due to differential utilization of axes in the multidimensional perceptual space, nor to differences in verbal labeling. Left versus right nostril asymmetries were significantly greater in dextrals.
Operant Reward Learning in Aplysia: Neuronal Correlates and Mechanisms

Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning through which an animal learns about the consequences of its behavior. Here, we report an appetitive operant conditioning procedure inAplysia that induces long-term memory. Biophysical changes that accompanied the memory were found in an identified neuron (cell B51) that is considered critical for the expression of behavior that was rewarded. Similar cellular changes in B51 were produced by contingent reinforcement of B51 with dopamine in a single-cell analog of the operant procedure. These findings allow for the detailed analysis of the cellular and molecular processes underlying operant conditioning.
Revisiting tunneling via Si-quantum dots

There is a significant increase in interaction when the individual quantum dot (QD) states are occupied consistent with Pauli's exclusion principle. Coupling of these QDs form a two-dimensional (2D)-like system and gives rise to steps in conductance. This important many-body effect, which explains why conductance steps are usually led by conductance peaks, was recognized only recently after LaFave and I solved the problem of the discrete nature of electrons on the capacitance of a dielectric sphere, a problem so similar to the QD. I think the spreading into a 2D system applies even to quantum wells (QWs), particularly when the number of electrons involved is drastically reduced when local inhomogeneity from traps enter the picture. Technologically, Nicollian and I spent 6 years and failed to create a nanoquantum device having a wide usage. In fact, most 'miracles' in modern technology such as the traveling wave tube, the MOSFET, the CCD, etc. are so special, almost as rare as winning a lottery.
OPTIMAL SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL USING COLLOCATION AND NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING

Introduction I N recent years, NASA has been able to retrieve disabled satellites from orbit and has even repaired one satellite, the Solar Maximum satellite, while in orbit. However, there are many satellites in orbits too high for the shuttle to reach. If such a satellite fails to deploy properly or malfunctions after some use is made of it, there is currently no way of retrieving it. A remotely operated satellite [or orbital maneuvering vehicle (OMV)] is needed for retrieval of such satellites. A prerequisite for retrieval is the detumbling of the satellite. Optimal open-loop controls for detumbling of a satellite were developed by Con way and Widhalm. A nonlinear feedback control for the same problem was developed by Widhalm and Conway. Webber improved the nonlinear feedback controller of Ref. 2 and was able to make the cost comparable to that of the open-loop control formulation. Here, a new method, direct collocation with nonlinear programming (DCNLP), is employed to find the optimal openloop control histories for detumbling a disabled satellite. The satellite system is assumed to have docked in such a way that the tumbling motion of the disabled satellite is not disturbed. The controls are torques and forces applied to the docking arm and joint and torques applied about the body axes of the OMV. The results of Ref. 1 have been reproduced, verifying the solution, but the method used for this work is simpler to implement and more robust. Solutions have been obtained for cases in which various constraints are placed on the controls and in which the number of controls is reduced or increased from that considered in Ref. 1.
Matrices That Commute with Their Conjugate and Transpose

It is known that if A∈Mn is normal (AA*=A*A) , then AA￣=A￣A if and only if AAT=ATA. This leads to the question: do both AA￣=A￣A and AAT=ATA imply that A is normal? We give an example to show that this is false when n=4, but we show that it is true when n=2 and n=3.
Analysis of knockout mice suggests a role for VGF in the control of fat storage and energy expenditure

Previous studies of mixed background mice have demonstrated that targeted deletion of Vgf produces a lean, hypermetabolic mouse that is resistant to diet-, lesion-, and genetically-induced obesity. To investigate potential mechanism(s) and site(s) of action of VGF, a neuronal and endocrine secreted protein and neuropeptide precursor, we further analyzed the metabolic phenotypes of two independent VGF knockout lines on C57Bl6 backgrounds. Unlike hyperactive VGF knockout mice on a mixed C57Bl6-129/SvJ background, homozygous mutant mice on a C57Bl6 background were hypermetabolic with similar locomotor activity levels to Vgf+/Vgf+ mice, during day and night cycles, indicating that mechanism(s) other than hyperactivity were responsible for their increased energy expenditure. In Vgf-/Vgf- knockout mice, morphological analysis of brown and white adipose tissues (BAT and WAT) indicated decreased fat storage in both tissues, and decreased adipocyte perimeter and area in WAT. Changes in gene expression measured by real-time RT-PCR were consistent with increased fatty acid oxidation and uptake in BAT, and increased lipolysis, decreased lipogenesis, and brown adipocyte differentiation in WAT, suggesting that increased sympathetic nervous system activity in Vgf-/Vgf- mice may be associated with or responsible for alterations in energy expenditure and fat storage. In addition, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP2 protein levels, mitochondrial number, and mitochondrial cristae density were upregulated in Vgf-/Vgf- BAT. Using immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques, we detected VGF in nerve fibers innervating BAT and Vgf promoter-driven reporter expression in cervical and thoracic spinal ganglia that project to and innervate the chest wall and tissues including BAT. Moreover, VGF peptide levels were quantified by radioimmunoassay in BAT, and were found to be down-regulated by a high fat diet. Lastly, despite being hypermetabolic, VGF knockout mice were cold intolerant. We propose that VGF and/or VGF-derived peptides modulate sympathetic outflow pathways to regulate fat storage and energy expenditure.
Two Polylingual Magazines

F OR those modern language teachers who take a postman's holiday in languages other than those that occupy them in the classroom the polylingual magazine is a convenient and stimulating publication. Even language teachers tend to forget the tongues they once studied but with which they no longer occupy themselves professionally. Through such magazines however, two of which I am about to describe, one can keep abreast of the once-studied languages and even, in a leisurely fashion, take up new ones. Furthermore, these monthlies are certain to offer much that is stimulating and suggestive in the languages that one teaches. The two magazines, a German and an Italian publication, are both, in their present form, four years old. The German magazine, Weltverkehrssprachen,' offers each month eight languages, viz: German, English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, and Russian. Each language has its own editor to whom questions may be directed and who corrects the themes of subscribers and assigns a prize to the best one. As may be deduced from the sub-title of this magazine, the commercial aspect of these languages receives consideration, but the commercial material in each month's issue and of every department occupies less than a quarter of all the reading matter. Each department is designed to fit the needs of beginners and advanced readers. No formal grammar instruction is offered although some editors regularly include small articles on the more thorny problems and the editor of the Italian section gives, each month, a synopsis of some verbi irregolari. Each department begins with a text written around a cut at the top of the page that concerns some aspect of contemporary life. This is the text for beginners and is printed so that its phonetic transcription falls below each word in the foreign language and below this, the literal translation in German. The international phonetic alphabet is used but it is modified for swifter recognition on the part of German readers. For the advanced readers then follow selections from newspapers and books, always so chosen as to make an interesting reading unit. Words that are irregular in their pronunciation and all difficult words and idioms are commented upon in footnotes. Interesting too are the lists the editors
Dual role of the activated epidermal growth factor receptor in renal tubular cells during stress

The paper by Sarro et al. raises the therapeutically important possibility that activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) after proximal tubule injury serves an unexpected death function and the EGFR-mediated survival signaling can be restored by identification of parallel and interacting pathways.
Cross-Cultural Second Order Factor Structures of the 16PF

Cross-cultural personality research has generated a great amount of data on individual difference patterns in diverse cultures. One of the major instruments used in this research has been Cattell's 16PF. A major question in this research is whether the underlying personality structure is equivalent for different cultures. The present study evaluated the second order factor structure of the 16PF in 101 subjects of European ancestry and 117 subjects of Japanese ancestry. The factor structure for the Japanese was significantly different from that of the caucasian group. The caucasian results did not differ from those reported by Cattell and his associates. The implications of these results for personality theory and for cross-cultural evaluation were briefly discussed.
Risk of persistent renal insufficiency in premature infants following the prenatal use of indomethacin for suppression of preterm labor.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of persistent renal insufficiency (RI) in premature infants following the use of antenatal indomethacin for suppression of preterm labor. STUDY DESIGN: This population-based, retrospective review consisted of infants admitted during a 5-year period (1994–1999) to a tertiary referral neonatal intensive care nursery. Data were reviewed on 37 infants whose mothers received indomethacin for tocolysis, and on 37 matched controls. Renal insufficiency was defined as infant creatinine (Cr) ≥1.5 mg/dl (133 μmol/l) for ≥1 day. RESULTS: Infants whose mothers had received indomethacin for tocolysis were more likely than matched controls to have RI (9 of 37 vs 2 of 37, p=0.04). Among infants of indomethacin-treated mothers with elevated Cr, serum Cr remained ≥1.5 mg/dl (133 μmol/l) for a median of 6 days and >1.0 mg/dl (88 μmol/l) for a median of 19 days. The peak Cr and length of elevation were closely correlated (r2=0.63, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Antenatal indomethacin can result in significant, prolonged RI in the infant. It may pose important risks to renal function and homeostasis in premature infants.
VISUALIZATION OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY FROM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

A computer visualization method is used to present the details of the imaging action by the surface scanning equipment—Atomic Force Microscope ~AFM! from the Molecular Dynamics ~MD! simulations. The purpose of the scanning process is to resolve ~image! the surface details, to observe the tip-substrate interactions, and to record the dynamics of transport processes in the film down to the atomic or molecular level. The device uses a nondestructive tip to probe the interatomic and intermolecular forces and is schematically shown in Fig. 1. Figures 2 through 5 show results of MD simulations of an AFM cantilever tip that probes a sample covered with the lubricant film. The cantilever tip is made of nickel ~Ni, shown in red color!, the sample is gold ~Au, shown in gold color!, and the lubricant film consists of several long chain molecules of the polymer ~shown in green color!. Figure 2 presents an instantaneous snapshot of the polymer molecular motion around the AFM tip induced by intermolecular interactions between the molecules of the substrate, film, and the cantilever tip. In Fig. 3, we show the topology of the surface atomic structure of the substrate via mapping the local height field by the color image to generate the rubbersheet-like surface. This is virtual representation of the instantaneous topographic image of the surface generated by AFM. Figure 4 presents computer imaging of the short range axial intermolecular forces ~i.e., atomic normal stresses! induced by atoms located nearby to the cutting plane, while the atomic level friction forces induced by the tip and polymer molecules on the sample surface are demonstrated in Fig. 5. For the purpose of visualization of the unstructured data irregularly located in space, the mapping surfaces are created to interpolate the scattering data points into correct field values on the mapping surface ~Fig. 4!.
Transport From a Volatile Meniscus in a Microtube

Transport at the meniscus of a volatile liquid evaporating inside a microtube is numerically investigated. Evaporation at the meniscus is coupled with the vapor diffusion into the ambient. The evaporation is found to be stronger at the corner of the meniscus than at its center, which creates a temperature gradient resulting in thermocapillary or Marangoni flow along the meniscus. The existence of either gravity or mild imposed temperature gradients results in asymmetric flow structures. For a meniscus in a horizontal microtube, a large vortex near the meniscus covers much of the diametric cross-section of the tube, with a small vortex present above. The simulations are consistent with experimental measurements.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Influence of Acth and Cortisone Upon Experimental Achorion Quinckeanum Infection and Upon Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs1

Experimental and clinical data which give evidence of the influence of cortisone and ACTH on allergic and immunologic phenomena are numerous (1-9). Diminution as well as increase of tuberculin sensitivity has been observed during and shortly after cortisone medication, not only in experimental animals (10) but also in man (11, 12). The present study deals with the effect of cortisone and ACTH on the course of Achorion Quinckeanum infection in guinea pigs as well as the influence of long-continued administration of these drugs upon anaphylactic shock.
Prolonged Activation of Prothrombin on the Vascular Wall After Arterial Injury

This study was designed to characterize the relative roles of bound Xa/Va and thrombin activity in vascular wall procoagulant activity after balloon-induced injury and the extent to which intravenous aspirin and heparin attenuate procoagulant activity associated with the vascular wall. Abdominal aortic injury was induced in rabbits by overinflation and multiple passages ofa 4F embolectomy catheter. Rabbits were killed 15 minutes or 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 hours after injury. Aortic segments were incubated ex vivo to define bound procoagulant activity. Thrombin activity bound to the aorta was detected by 4 hours after injury and was most marked over the first 24 hours, as estimated by increases in concentration of fibrinopeptide A during incubation of segments with recalcified barium-adsorbed plasma or activity against the thrombin-synthetic substrate S-2238. Based on comparison with purified human thrombin incubated under the same conditions, a maximum of 0.04 to 0.1 nmol/L per square centimeter of thrombin activity was associated with the vascular wall during the first 24 hours and remained detectable for 72 hours. In contrast, bound Xa/Va complex activity to injured segments was detected within 15 minutes and induced activation of prothrombin added to recalcified barium-adsorbed plasma incubated with injured segments for 96 hours. Aspirin (15 mg/kg) administered 30 minutes before injury attenuated 111In-platelet deposition at 4 hours by 67%, with an associated decrease in bound Xa/Va and thrombin activity at 15 minutes and 4 hours. However, intravenous heparin did not attenuate bound Xa/Va activity at 15 minutes or thrombin activity at 15 minutes and 4 hours. Platelet-dependent bound Xa/Va activity occurs rapidly after arterial injury and may promote thrombin elaboration for up to 96 hours. Bound thrombin activity and de novo thrombin elaboration on the vascular wall may play an important role in the progression of thrombosis and vascular wall remodeling.
GENES ENCODING HUMAN CAVEOLIN-1 AND -2 ARE CO-LOCALIZED TO THE D7S522 LOCUS (7Q31.1), A KNOWN FRAGILE SITE (FRA7G) THAT IS FREQUENTLY DELETED IN HUMAN CANCERS

The (CA)n microsatellite repeat marker D7S522 is located on human chromosome 7q31.1 and is frequently deleted in a variety of human cancers, including squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, prostate cancers, renal cell carcinomas, ovarian adenocarcinomas, colon carcinomas, and breast cancers. In addition, D7S522 spans FRA7G, a known common fragile site on human chromosome 7. Based on these studies, it has been proposed that an as yet unidentified tumor suppressor gene (or genes) is contained within or located in close proximity to this locus. However, the identity of the candidate tumor suppressor gene at the D7S522 locus remains unknown. Here, we show that the human genes encoding caveolins 1 and 2 are contained within the same human genomic BAC clones and co-localize to the q31.1-q31.2 region of human chromosome 7, as seen by FISH analysis. In addition, we determined the intron-exon boundaries of the human caveolin-1 and -2 genes. The human caveolin-1 gene contains three exons, while the human caveolin-2 gene contains two exons. Interestingly, the boundary of the last exon of the human caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 genes are analogous, suggesting that they arose through gene duplication at this locus. (CA)n microsatellite repeat marker analysis of these caveolin genomic clones indicates they contain the marker D7S522 (located at 7q31.1), but not other microsatellite repeat markers tested. The close proximity of caveolins 1 and 2 to the D7S522 locus was independently confirmed by using a panel of MIT/Whitehead human STS markers that are known to map in the neighborhood of the D7S522 locus. As it has been previously shown that caveolin 1 possesses transformation suppressor activity (Koleske, A.J., Baltimore, D. and M.P. Lisanti (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1381–1385; Engelman, J.A. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 16374–16381), we propose that the caveolin-1 gene may represent the candidate tumor suppressor gene at the D7S522 locus on human chromosome 7q31.1.
The Kinetic Mechanism of the Human Bifunctional Enzyme ATIC (5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide Ribonucleotide Transformylase/Inosine 5′-Monophosphate Cyclohydrolase) A SURPRISING LACK OF SUBSTRATE CHANNELING

5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC) is a bifunctional protein possessing two enzymatic activities that sequentially catalyze the last two steps in the pathway for de novo synthesis of inosine 5'-monophosphate. This bifunctional enzyme is of particular interest because of its potential as a chemotherapeutic target. Furthermore, these two catalytic activities reside on the same protein throughout all of nature, raising the question of whether there is some kinetic advantage to the bifunctionality. Rapid chemical quench, stopped-flow absorbance, and steady-state kinetic techniques were used to elucidate the complete kinetic mechanism of human ATIC. The kinetic simulation program KINSIM was used to model the kinetic data obtained in this study. The detailed kinetic analysis, in combination with kinetic simulations, provided the following key features of the enzyme reaction pathway. 1) The rate-limiting step in the overall reaction (2.9 +/- 0.4 s(-1)) is likely the release of tetrahydrofolate from the formyltransferase active site or a conformational change associated with tetrahydrofolate release. 2) The rate of the reverse transformylase reaction (6.7 s(-1)) is approximately 2-3-fold faster than the forward rate (2.9 s(-1)), whereas the cyclohydrolase reaction is essentially unidirectional in the forward sense. The cyclohydrolase reaction thus draws the overall bifunctional reaction toward the production of inosine monophosphate. 3) There was no kinetic evidence of substrate channeling of the intermediate, the formylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide, between the formyltransferase and the cyclohydrolase active sites.
Mitoxantrone/Ifosfamide/Etoposide Salvage Regimen with Rituximab for In Vivo Purging in Patients with Relapsed Lymphoma

Treatment with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab prior to stem cell collection may lead to tumor-free stem cell collections in patients with B-cell lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. To test the feasibility of obtaining polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-negative stem cell collection, 30 patients with a variety of B-cell lymphomas were enrolled in a protocol employing a common MINE (mitoxantrone/ifosfamide/etoposide) salvage regimen with rituximab (in vivo purging). Rituximab 400 mg/m2 was administered weekly for 3 weeks on days 1, 6, and 8 in relation to the last MINE cycle, which was followed by growth factor-stimulated peripheral stem cell collection. The median number of CD34(+) cells/kg was 2.5 million cells/kg collected over a median of 5 days. Polymerase chain reaction amplification for the t (14;18) or the heavy-chain gene rearrangement was performed prior to treatment and on the leukapheresis sample. Out of 15 patients who had a positive PCR signal prior to treatment, 10 had PCR-negative stem cell collections, whereas 5 had PCR-positive stem cell collections. After high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, all patients with a PCR-positive signal pretreatment became PCR negative. We conclude that rituximab may increase the yield of tumor-free stem cells. Higher rates of PCR negativity have been reported when more intense and protracted chemoimmunotherapy regimens have been employed. The magnitude of clinical benefit and the significance of the PCR analysis in stem cells after rituximab requires larger studies.
Production Decoupling under US Farm Programs

The loan rate and target price are key ingredients in US farm policy. Empirical models of the effect of US agricultural policy are based on different degrees of decoupling between price supports and production. Theoretically, rational producers will make decisions based on the loan rate rather than the target price. Therefore, models which are estimated based on a target price specification could significantly overestimate the distortionary impact of policy on resource use and production.
Type and duration of exogenous hormone use affects breast cancer histology.

It is unclear whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT), in addition to increasing risk for breast cancer, affects the type of breast cancer diagnosed. We conducted this investigation to assess whether the type of hormone used (none, estrogen, progesterone, or combined) and duration of use influences subsequent breast cancer histology. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis among women listed as incident cases of breast malignancy in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Cancer Registry during 2003 (n = 2830). Type and duration of hormone used (none, estrogen, progesterone, or combined) before breast cancer diagnosis was obtained from electronic pharmacy records. The association between type and duration of hormone use with characteristics of subsequent breast cancers was examined. Among women aged >50 years (n = 1701), any use of estrogen, progesterone, or combination therapy was not associated with an increased risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease. However, >6 months’ use of combined HRT increased the odds of ER-positive tumors (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–2.5; P = .02). Estrogen HRT patients were more likely than nonusers to present with low-grade (P = .05), and early-stage tumors (P = .03). This trend was not seen in combined HRT users. Short-duration HRT did not increase the likelihood of ER-positive breast cancer. However, prolonged duration of combined HRT, but not estrogen or progesterone alone, resulted in a marked increase in ER-positive disease. Our findings suggest that the effect of combined HRT on breast cancer incidence or progression is not immediate and that long-term use is more likely to affect breast cancer histology.
The fourth turning

As history has a way of repeating itself, looking at the past can offer some insight into the future. If, as the authors of the discussed book point out, the country is soon facing a crisis, we can prepare for it rather than waiting for it to happen. During the unraveling of an old culture when chaos is the order of the day, the opportunity for participating in the development of a new order is open to anyone willing to invest in the future.
Seasonal variation in detectability of butterflies surveyed with Pollard walks

Monitoring protocols should be designed to maximize the probability of detecting target species with limited resources. Most species are imperfectly detected, hence, they will often be overlooked at sites where they actually occur, resulting in false-negative errors (i.e. false absences). Uncertain detection of target species has profound implications for conservation, but can be dealt with by using adequate survey designs and statistical models. Butterflies often are monitored with repeated, fixed-route transect counts (Pollard walks). Even though this survey method is widely used in temperate regions, its efficiency in terms of detection probability has never been rigorously assessed in part owing to a lack of suitable analysis methods. Here, I use site-occupancy models to explore the seasonal patterns in detection probability of four California butterflies using Pollard walks. In an effort to inventory the butterfly fauna in two natural areas in the eastern foothills of the Santa Cruz mountains (California), I surveyed twelve 250 m long transects weekly for 22 weeks. I estimated the detection probability (the probability of recording a species during a single transect walk, given it is present) of four species. The probability of detecting each species depended mostly on the monitoring week. Average detection probability across the season was 64% for Cercyonis pegala, 56% for Limenitis lorquini, 76% for Euphydryas chalcedona, and 50% for Lycaena arota. Based on the mean detection probability, I then inferred the number of visits necessary to be statistically confident that a given species was indeed absent from a transect where it was not observed (i.e. obtaining a false absence rate <5%). Knowledge of detection probabilities is fundamental to the optimal design of monitoring programs and the interpretation of their results. The methods applied in this study provide an efficient and evidence-based method to optimally allocate butterfly monitoring resources across space (number of transects) and time (number and timing of visits).
Core curriculum illustration: isolated fracture of the greater trochanter

This is the 12th installment of a series that will highlight one case per publication issue from the bank of cases available online as part of the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) educational resources. Our goal is to generate more interest in and use of our online materials. To view more cases online, please visit the ASER Core Curriculum and Recommendations for Study online at: http://www.aseronline.org/curriculum/toc.htm..
In Vivo Electrochemical Measurements of Exogenously Applied Dopamine in Drosophila melanogaster

Carbon-fiber microelectrodes coupled with electrochemical detection have been used extensively for the analysis of biogenic amines. In order to determine the functional role of these amines, in vivo studies have primarily used rats and mice as model organisms. Here, we report on the development of these microanalytical techniques for in vivo electrochemical detection of dopamine in the adult Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system (CNS). A triple-barrel micropipet injector was used to exogenously apply three different concentrations of dopamine, and a cylindrical carbon-fiber microelectrode was placed in the protocerebral anterior medial brain area where dopamine neurons are densely populated. Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to measure dopamine concentration in the fly CNS. Distinct differences are shown for the clearance of exogenously applied dopamine in the brains of wild type flies versus fumin (fmn) mutants lacking a functional dopamine transporter. The current resp...
Insulin treatment enhances AT1 receptor function in OK cells.

Increased renal sodium retention is considered a major risk factor contributing to hypertension associated with chronic hyperinsulinemia and obesity. However, the molecular mechanism involved is no...
Modeling the Effects of Cosolvent-Modified Supercritical Fluids on Polymers with a Lattice Fluid Equation of State

A single Sanchez−Lacombe lattice fluid equation of state is used to model both phases for a polymer−supercritical fluid−cosolvent system. This method represents well over a wide pressure range both volumetric and phase equilibrium properties for a cross-linked poly(dimethyl siloxane) phase in contact with CO2 modified by a number of cosolvents. A single adjustable binary interaction parameter, obtained from swelling data of the polymer, is used to correlate both polymer dilation and solvent sorption.
Colorado Family Reading Study: Longitudinal Analyses.

a learning or reading disability do not catch up. In fact, their disability is likely to become worse with time" (p. 483). It was also noted, however, that such studies often yield contradictory results: "Some studies present a highly optimistic picture in contrast to the conclusions reached by many others" (p. 484). Several possible reasons for these contradictory results, including inadequate sample size, lack of appropriate control groups, and different selection criteria, were enumerated by Spreen (1982). Because of the paucity of well designed follow-up studies of children with reading disorders, we recently undertook a 5-year retest of 69 pairs of reading-disabled children and matched controls who had previously participated in the Colorado Family Reading Study (DeFries, Singer, Foch, and Lewitter, 1978). This longitudinal sample is unique because a factorially diverse psychometric test battery had also been administered to their parents and siblings. The overall design of the Colorado Family Reading Study has re cently been described in some detail (e.g., DeFries and Decker, 1982). In brief, psychometric test data were collected from 125 reading-disabled children, from their parents and siblings, and from members of 125 matched control families. The total number of subjects tested in these 250
The neural basis of deictic shifting in linguistic perspective-taking in high-functioning autism

Personal pronouns, such as ‘I’ and ‘you’, require a speaker/listener to continuously re-map their reciprocal relation to their referent, depending on who is saying the pronoun. This process, called ‘deictic shifting’, may underlie the incorrect production of these pronouns, or ‘pronoun reversals’, such as referring to oneself with the pronoun ‘you’, which has been reported in children with autism. The underlying neural basis of deictic shifting, however, is not understood, nor has the processing of pronouns been studied in adults with autism. The present study compared the brain activation pattern and functional connectivity (synchronization of activation across brain areas) of adults with high-functioning autism and control participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging in a linguistic perspective-taking task that required deictic shifting. The results revealed significantly diminished frontal (right anterior insula) to posterior (precuneus) functional connectivity during deictic shifting in the autism group, as well as reliably slower and less accurate behavioural responses. A comparison of two types of deictic shifting revealed that the functional connectivity between the right anterior insula and precuneus was lower in autism while answering a question that contained the pronoun ‘you’, querying something about the participant’s view, but not when answering a query about someone else’s view. In addition to the functional connectivity between the right anterior insula and precuneus being lower in autism, activation in each region was atypical, suggesting over reliance on individual regions as a potential compensation for the lower level of collaborative interregional processing. These findings indicate that deictic shifting constitutes a challenge for adults with high-functioning autism, particularly when reference to one’s self is involved, and that the functional collaboration of two critical nodes, right anterior insula and precuneus, may play a critical role for deictic shifting by supporting an attention shift between oneself and others.
Textural trends in turbidites and slurry beds from the Oligocene flysch of the East Carpathians, Romania

Deep-water sandstone beds of the Oligocene Fusaru Sandstone and Lower Dysodilic Shale, exposed in the Buza uu Valley area of the East Carpathian flysch belt, Romania, can be described in terms of the standard turbidite divisions. In addition, mud-rich sand layers are common, both as parts of otherwise ‘normal’ sequences of turbidite divisions and as individual event beds. Eleven units, interpreted as the deposits of individual flows, were densely sampled, and 87 thin sections were point counted for grain size and mud content. S3/Ta divisions, which form the bulk of most sedimentation units, have low internal textural variability but show subtle vertical trends in grain size. Most commonly, coarse-tail normal grading is associated with finetail inverse grading. The mean grain size can show inverse grading, normal grading or a lack of grading, but sorting tends to improve upward in most beds. Fine-tail inverse grading is interpreted as resulting from a decreasing effectiveness of trapping of fines during rapid deposition from a turbidity current as the initially high suspended-load fallout rate declines. If this effect is strong enough, the mean grain size can show subtle inverse grading as well. Thus, thick inversely graded intervals in deep-water sands lacking traction structures do not necessarily imply waxing flow velocities. If the suspendedload fallout rate drops to zero after the deposition of the coarse grain-size populations, the remaining finer grained flow bypasses and may rework the top of the S3 division, forming well-sorted, coarser grained, current-structured Tt units. Alternatively, the suspended-load fallout rate may remain high enough to prevent segregation of fines, leading to the deposition of significant amounts of mud along with the sand. Mud content of the sandstones is bimodal: either 3–13% or more than 20%. Two types of mud-rich sandstones were observed. Coarser grained mud-rich sandstones occur towards the upper parts of S3/Ta divisions. These units were deposited as a result of enhanced trapping of mud particles in the rapidly deposited sediment. Finer grained mud-rich units are interbedded with ripple-laminated very fine-grained sandy Tc divisions. During deposition of these units, mud floccules were hydraulically equivalent to the very fine sand- and silt-sized sediment. The mud-rich sandstones were probably deposited by flows that became transitional between turbidity currents and debris flows during their late-stage evolution.
The nucleon as a relativistic three-quark system

The free nucleon is treated as a relativistic three-quark system in light-front formalism. Coupled integral equations are derived for the three invariant momentum distributions of the nucleon for two-quark interactions with scalar, vector, and pseudoscalar vertices.
Trends in Cancer Mortality among Puerto Rican-Born Migrants to New York City

Age-standardized cancer death rates in Puerto Rican-born males and females residing in New York City have been calculated for 1979-81, and compared with those for white non-Puerto Rican-born people. For all population groups the rates in 1979-81 have been compared with rates in 1969-71. For some cancer sites, in particular cancers of the lung, breast and ovary, the Puerto Rican migrant population exhibited rates well below those of other residents of New York at both time periods. For other sites, most notably colon cancer (and to a lesser extent, prostate and bladder cancer), the rates for Puerto Ricans were somewhat lower than those of other New Yorkers in 1979-81, but had very markedly increased from levels shown in the earlier period. The Puerto Rican-born population at each time period had considerably higher rates of stomach cancer and cervical cancer than did 'other' white New Yorkers. Although substantial reductions in risk for these sites occurred among Puerto Ricans during the intercensal period examined, these corresponded to the reductions among 'other' white New York residents. The trends are discussed with reference to differences in lifestyle patterns, especially diet.
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax induces the expression of dendritic cell markers associated with maturation and activation

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of both adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I—associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the genesis of HAM/TSP likely involves several steps, the generation of a highly specific and effective population of Tax-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that migrate to the central nervous system (CNS) is of pivotal importance in this neuropathologic process. Presentation of Tax peptides by activated dendritic cells (DCs) to naive CD8+ T cells likely plays an important role in the induction of a Tax-specific CTL response and the eventual neurologic dysfunction observed in HAM/TSP. The immune response mounted during HTLV-I infection is primarily targeted against Tax with both Tax-specific antibodies and CTLs found in HTLV-I-infected individuals, indicating that Tax is available for immune recognition. Studies have suggested that Tax may be secreted from HTLV-I—infected cells and act as an extracellular cytokine, be internalized and processed for presentation, or be transported to the nucleus where it may act as a transcriptional activator. The authors report in this article that purified Tax induces DC activation involving an increase in the production of CD80 and CD86 mRNA in the absence of corresponding protein synthesis. Furthermore, intracellular Tax down-regulates the protein expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation. This implies a difference in the mechanism of Tax activity depending upon its location. Additionally, treatment of JAWS II DCs with extracellular Tax decreases the ability of DCs to present a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted peptide, indicating that Tax likely matures the DCs to the point where presentation of a secondary antigen is restricted. The implication of the experimental results with respect to the generation of a Tax-specific CTL compartment that participates in the genesis of HAM/TSP is discussed.
The mycobactericidal efficacy of ortho-phthalaldehyde and the comparative resistances of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium terrae, and Mycobacterium chelonae.

Objectives: To assess the mycobactericidal efficacy of an agent relatively new to disinfection, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and to compare the resistances of three Mycobacterium species. Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG) was compared with Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium terrae to investigate the feasibility of using either of the latter two species in tuberculocidal testing. M chelonae (a rapid grower) and M terrae (an intermediate grower) both grow faster and are less virulent than M bovis (a slow grower). Design: The quantitative suspension protocol specified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Tuberculocidal Activity Test Method (EPA test), was used throughout this study. Standard suspensions of all three species were prepared in a similar manner. Two suspensions of M bovis, created in different laboratories, were used. These were tested against two concentrations of alkaline glutaraldehyde to provide reference data. Two concentrations of OPA were evaluated against all mycobacterial test suspensions. Four replicates of each organism-disinfectant combination were performed. Results: Results were assessed by analysis of variance. M terrae was significantly more resistant to 0.05% OPA than either M bovis or M chelonae. At 0.21% OPA, M terrae was slightly more susceptible than one test suspension of M bovis, but not significantly different from the other. M chelonae was significantly less resistant than the other species at both OPA concentrations. At their respective minimum effective concentration, OPA achieved a 6-log10 reduction of M bovis in nearly one sixth the time required by glutaraldehyde (5.5 minutes vs 32 minutes). Conclusions: These data, along with other recent studies, lend support to the idea that M terrae may be a suitable test organism for use in the tuberculocidal efficacy testing of disinfectants. They also confirm the relatively rapid tuberculocidal activity of OPA.
Winter grazing can reduce wildfire size, intensity and behaviour in a shrub-grassland

An increase in mega-fires and wildfires is a global issue that is expected to become worse with climate change. Fuel treatments are often recommended to moderate behaviour and decrease severity of wildfires; however, the extensive nature of rangelands limits the use of many treatments. Dormant-season grazing has been suggested as a rangeland fuel treatment, but its effects on fire characteristics are generally unknown. We investigated the influence of dormant-season (winter) grazing by cattle (Bos taurus) on fuel characteristics, fire behaviour and area burned in Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis) shrub-grassland communities in south-eastern Oregon, USA. Winter grazing was applied for 5 years before burning and compared with ungrazed areas. Winter grazing decreased fine fuels and increased fine fuel moisture, which reduced flame height and depth, rate of spread and area burned. Winter-grazed areas also had lower maximum temperature and heat loading during fires than ungrazed areas, and thereby decreased risk of fire-induced mortality of important herbaceous functional groups. These results suggest that winter grazing may be a fuel management treatment that can be applied across vast shrub-grasslands to decrease wildfire risk and fire intensity to mediate climate change effects on wildfire activity.
Current Status of Bluetongue Disease, Its Vector and Pathogenesis in India

Bluetongue (BT) is a Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) borne, infectious, noncontagious, economically important viral disease of sheep and other domestic and wild ruminants. Humans are not affected although some species of Culicoides feed on human blood also. The disease has the potential to spread rapidly, which can cause serious socio-economic consequences in view of mandatory trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm, embryo and other animal products from BT endemic to BT free countries. The first outbreak of BT in sheep and goats in the country was recorded in 1964 in Maharashtra State. Since then, several outbreaks of BT have been reported in sheep in almost all states of the India. A serological survey has indicated the presence of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies in the Indian cattle, buffalos, goats, camels and some wild ruminants. However, clinical BT has not been observed in cattle or buffalo to date, whereas in goats, there are sporadic reports of occurrence of clinical BT either alone or as co-infection with peste des pestis ruminants. Although BTV has been isolated from Culicoides midges, the particular species responsible for transmission has not yet been identified. BTV is the prototypic member of the genus Orvivirus, family Reoviridae. BTV a non enveloped icosahedral virus consists of a ten segmented, double stranded RNA genome encapsidated in a double layered protein coat. Immunization programme is in progress in India and multivalent inactivated adjuvant vaccine containing BTV serotypes 1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 has been developed. Discovery of VLPs and CLPs has opened a new era of vaccination. The vector of BT is the Dipteran spp. Culicoides. About 60 spp. of Culicoides are reported from India. The early ecological study indicates that Culicoidesmonocoli Maheshwari may be the potential vector. The studies on BT in India are in primary stages, which may open several of vital fields for future investigation.
Cycloaddition Reactions of Butadiene and 1,3‐Dipoles to Curved Arenes, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes: Theoretical Evaluation of the Role of Distortion Energies on Activation Barriers

Diels-Alder cycloadditions of butadiene and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylide, fulminic acid, and the parent nitrone to polyacenes, fullerenes, and nanotubes have been investigated with density functional theory and ONIOM methods. Activation barriers obtained for cycloaddition reactions on planar and curved systems have been shown to be highly correlated to the energy needed to distort the reactants to the geometry of the transition state (TS).