cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Musical Cultures of Children

Children's engagement in music beyond school is explored, including the manner by which the various folkways, technologies, and institutional settings help them to perpetuate and preserve particular musical expressions and experiences. Discussion of music in children's play. the use and function of music in their lives, and the means by which they are musically enculturated will lead to a consideration of music's place in their schooling.
Poly(ferrocenylenevinylene) from Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of ansa-(Vinylene)ferrocene

The vinylene-bridged ansa-ferrocene complex [(η5-C5H4)CHCH(η5-C5H4)]Fe (1) was synthesized by the McMurry coupling of 1,1‘-ferrocenedicarbaldehyde (2). The ring opening metathesis polymerization (R...
Complete inverted files for efficient text retrieval and analysis

Given a finite set of texts S = {w1, … , wk} over some fixed finite alphabet S, a complete inverted file for S is an abstract data type that provides the functions find(w), which returns the longest prefix of w that occurs (as a subword of a word) in S; freq(w), which returns the number of times w occurs in S; and locations(w), which returns the set of positions where w occurs in S. A data structure that implements a complete inverted file for S that occupies linear space and can be built in linear time, using the uniform-cost RAM model, is given. Using this data structure, the time for each of the above query functions is optimal. To accomplish this, techniques from the theory of finite automata and the work on suffix trees are used to build a deterministic finite automaton that recognizes the set of all subwords of the set S. This automaton is then annotated with additional information and compacted to facilitate the desired query functions. The result is a data structure that is smaller and more flexible than the suffix tree.
The WHIM-like CXCR4 S338X somatic mutation activates AKT and ERK, and promotes resistance to ibrutinib and other agents used in the treatment of Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia

CXCR4(WHIM) somatic mutations are common Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia (WM), and are associated with clinical resistance to ibrutinib. We engineered WM cells to express the most common WHIM (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections and Myelokathexis), CXCR(S338X) mutation in WM. Following SDF-1a stimulation, CXCR4(S338X) WM cells exhibited decreased receptor internalization, enhanced and sustained AKT kinase (AKT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, decreased poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase 3 cleavage, and decreased Annexin V staining versus CXCR4 wild-type (WT) cells. CXCR4(S338X)-related signaling and survival effects were blocked by the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100. SDF-1a-treated CXCR4(S338X) WM cells showed sustained AKT and ERK activation and decreased apoptotic changes versus CXCR4(WT) cells following ibrutinib treatment, findings which were also reversed by AMD3100. AKT or ERK antagonists restored ibrutinib-triggered apoptotic changes in SDF-1a-treated CXCR4(S338X) WM cells demonstrating their role in SDF-1a-mediated ibrutinib resistance. Enhanced bone marrow pAKT staining was also evident in CXCR4(WHIM) versus CXCR4(WT) WM patients, and remained active despite ibrutinib therapy in CXCR4(WHIM) patients. Last, CXCR4(S338X) WM cells showed varying levels of resistance to other WM relevant therapeutics, including bendamustine, fludarabine, bortezomib and idelalisib in the presence of SDF-1a. These studies demonstrate a functional role for CXCR4(WHIM) mutations, and provide a framework for investigation of CXCR4 inhibitors in WM.
Self-Management as a Substitute for Leadership: A Social Learning Theory Perspective

Kerr [1976] has coined the term “substitutes for leaders hip” in reference to nonleader sources of task structure and direction. We focus on one such substitute, the capability of the follower for self-management Individuals manage their own behaviors by setting personal standards, evaluating their performance in terms of these standards, and by self-administering consequences based on their self-evaluations. Specific techniques such as self-observation, goal specification, cueing strategies, incentive modification, and rehearsal can be used to exercise self-management behavior. Organizational leaders can help subordinates develop self-management skills.
Unique Proteomic Signatures Distinguish Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

Monocytes differentiate into heterogeneous populations of tissue macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) that regulate inflammation and immunity. Identifying specific populations of myeloid cells in vivo is problematic, however, because only a limited number of proteins have been used to assign cellular phenotype. Using mass spectrometry and bone marrow-derived cells, we provided a global view of the proteomes of M-CSF-derived macrophages, classically and alternatively activated macrophages, and GM-CSF-derived DCs. Remarkably, the expression levels of half the plasma membrane proteins differed significantly in the various populations of cells derived in vitro. Moreover, the membrane proteomes of macrophages and DCs were more distinct than those of classically and alternatively activated macrophages. Hierarchical cluster and dual statistical analyses demonstrated that each cell type exhibited a robust proteomic signature that was unique. To interrogate the phenotype of myeloid cells in vivo, we subjected elicited peritoneal macrophages harvested from wild-type and GM-CSF-deficient mice to mass spectrometric and functional analysis. Unexpectedly, we found that peritoneal macrophages exhibited many features of the DCs generated in vitro. These findings demonstrate that global analysis of the membrane proteome can help define immune cell phenotypes in vivo.
Failure of a chemical spray to significantly reduce stereotypic licking in a captive giraffe

The repetitive licking of nonfood substrates is a common stereotypic behavior in captive giraffes. In this study we attempted to reduce stereotypic licking in a Masai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) by applying a bitter chemical (marketed as a taste deterrent to prevent the unwanted licking and chewing of substrates) to the areas of the fence licked most frequently by the giraffe. We hypothesized that this treatment would reduce stereotypic licking. However, there were no significant overall changes in stereotypic licking following treatment with the chemical spray. Although licking of the treated area was observed to decrease, the behavior increased in nontreated areas. These results suggest that the underlying motivation driving the behavior was not affected by the aversive stimulus. Because stereotypic licking in giraffes may be based on a motivation to use their tongues in foraging, more effective techniques for reducing stereotypic fence-licking in giraffes may include increasing feeding duration by increasing the quantity, processing time, or distribution range of food. Zoo Biol 22:601–607, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Unladylike Strike Fashionably Clothed: Mexicana and Anglo Women Garment Workers Against Tex-Son, 1959––1963

A conflict that rocked San Antonio from 1959 to 1963, the Tex-Son garment workers9 strike was the first International Ladies9 Garment Workers9 Union (ILGWU) struggle led by a Mexican American woman and the first strike in which Mexican-origin and Anglo women picketed together in Texas. Responding to the city press9s focus on the violence of the strike, the women of Tex-Son strategically used Cold War-era ideologies of femininity and domesticity to revise public notions of their "unladylike" struggle. By literally refashioning themselves through their physical appearance and emphasizing their dual role as mothers and workers, the mostly Mexicana Tex-Son strikers gained tremendous support in the traditionally anti-union city of San Antonio. Situated between the end of World War II and the Chicano movement, the Tex-Son strike represents an important, transitional form of Mexican and Mexican American women9s activism not yet fully explored by historians.
Plotting and Scheming with Wavelets

Wavelets are acquiring a visibility and popularity that may soon be on the scale first enjoyed by fractals a few years back. Like fractals, wavelets have attractive and novel features, both as mathematical entities and in numerous applications. They are often touted as worthwhile alternatives to classical Fourier analysis, which works best when applied to periodic data: wavelet methods make no such assumptions. However, the mathematics of wavelets can seem intractable to the novice. Indeed, most introductions to wavelets assume that the reader is already well versed in Fourier techniques. Our main goal is simple: to convince the reader that at their most basic level, wavelets are fun, easy, and ideal for livening up dull conversations. We demonstrate how elementary linear algebra makes accessible this exciting and relatively new area at the border of pure and applied mathematics. In Plotting, we explore several ways of visually representing data, with the help of Matlab software. In Scheming, we discuss a simple wavelet-based compression technique, whose generalizations are being used today in signal and image processing, as well as in computer graphics and animation. The basic technique uses only addition, subtraction, and division by two! Only later, in Wavelets, do we come clean and reveal what wavelets are, while unveiling the multiresolution setting implicit in any such analysis. In Averaging and Differencing with Matrices, which may be read independently of Wavelets, we provide a matrix formulation of the compression scheme. In Wavelets on the World Wide Web we mention a natural form of progressive image transmission that lends itself to use by the emerging generation of web browsers (such wavelet-enhanced software is already on the market). In Wavelet Details, we attempt to put everything in context, while hinting at the more sophisticated mathematics that must be mastered if one wishes to delve deeper into the subject. Finally, in Closing Remarks, we mention some other common applications of wavelets. Along the way we find ourselves trying out an adaptive plotting technique for ordinary functions of one variable that differs from those currently employed by many of today's popular computer algebra packages. While this technique, as described here, is limited in its usefulness, it can be modified to produce acceptable results. We were much inspired by Stollnitz, DeRose, and Salesin's fine wavelets primers ([15, 16]), which, along with [17], [18], [19], we recommend heartily to beginners wlho
Equitable decision making is associated with neural markers of intrinsic value

Standard economic and evolutionary models assume that humans are fundamentally selfish. On this view, any acts of prosociality—such as cooperation, giving, and other forms of altruism—result from covert attempts to avoid social injunctions against selfishness. However, even in the absence of social pressure, individuals routinely forego personal gain to share resources with others. Such anomalous giving cannot be accounted for by standard models of social behavior. Recent observations have suggested that, instead, prosocial behavior may reflect an intrinsic value placed on social ideals such as equity and charity. Here, we show that, consistent with this alternative account, making equitable interpersonal decisions engaged neural structures involved in computing subjective value, even when doing so required foregoing material resources. By contrast, making inequitable decisions produced activity in the anterior insula, a region linked to the experience of subjective disutility. Moreover, inequity-related insula response predicted individuals’ unwillingness to make inequitable choices. Together, these data suggest that prosocial behavior is not simply a response to external pressure, but instead represents an intrinsic, and intrinsically social, class of reward.
Glowing seashells: diversity of fossilized coloration patterns on coral reef-associated cone snail (Gastropoda: Conidae) shells from the Neogene of the Dominican Republic.

The biology of modern Conidae (cone snails)—which includes the hyperdiverse genus Conus—has been intensively studied, but the fossil record of the clade remains poorly understood, particularly within an evolutionary framework. Here, ultraviolet light is used to reveal and characterize the original shell coloration patterns of 28 species of cone snails from three Neogene coral reef-associated deposits from the Cibao Valley, northern Dominican Republic. These fossils come from the upper Miocene Cercado Fm. and lower Pliocene Gurabo Fm., and range in age from about 6.6-4.8 Ma. Comparison of the revealed coloration patterns with those of extant species allow the taxa to be assigned to three genera of cone snails (Profundiconus, Conasprella, and Conus) and at least nine subgenera. Thirteen members of these phylogenetically diverse reef faunas are described as new species. These include: Profundiconus? hennigi, Conasprella (Ximeniconus) ageri, Conus anningae, Conus lyelli, Conus (Atlanticonus?) franklinae, Conus (Stephanoconus) gouldi, Conus (Stephanoconus) bellacoensis, Conus (Ductoconus) cashi, Conus (Dauciconus) garrisoni, Conus (Dauciconus?) zambaensis, Conus (Spuriconus?) kaesleri, Conus (Spuriconus?) lombardii, and Conus (Lautoconus?) carlottae. Each of the three reef deposits contain a minimum of 14–16 cone snail species, levels of diversity that are similar to modern Indo-Pacific reef systems. Finally, most of the 28 species can be assigned to modern clades and thus have important implications for understanding the biogeographic and temporal histories of these clades in tropical America.
Asymmetric Predictability of Conditional Variances

We show that there is an asymmetry in the predictability of the volatilities of large versus small firms. Using both univariate and multivariate ARMA-GARCH-M parameterizations, we find that volatility surprises to large market value firms are important to the future dynamics of their own returns as well as the returns of smaller firms. Conversely, however, shocks to smaller firms have no impact on the behavior of either the mean or the variance of the returns of larger capitalization companies. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
106 Responses of pancreatic cancer cells under cryoablative conditions

Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) incidence and mortality rates continue to increase, driving the need for improved diagnostics and more effective therapies.Combinatorial approaches in PaCa have focused on the use of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs, while cryotherapeutic options have been underutilized.Given past success in prostate cancer, in this study we investigated the potential for multi-modal treatment utilizing cryoablation in conjunction with low dose chemotherapy for the treatment of PaCa.Both standard tissue culture models and the 3-D tissue engineered (PaCaTEM) approach were studied, providing a more robust assessment of the cellular responses to cryotherapy and the associated adjuncts.The human PaCa cell line (Bx-PC3) was evaluated in vitro and in a vivo-like tissue engineered model (PaCaTEM). Bx-PC3 were exposed to a range of freezing temperatures from −10 °C to −20 °C and compared to non-frozen controls with and without pretreatment with 0.025 μg/ml 5-FU. PaCaTEM models were frozen in situ following a single 5 min freeze protocol using the supercritical nitrogen (SCN) cryoablation system with a 1.5 mm × 3 cm cryoprobe.Cell survival following the treatment regimes were assessed in the in vitro studies using the metabolic activity indicator, alamarBlue and microfludic flow cytometry (MFC). Assessment of PaCaTEM samples included monitoring of iceball size and isothermal distribution during the freezing process followed by fluorescence microscopic examination of cell death at 1 and 24 h (Vybrant apoptosis assay).Freezing exposure to −10 °C did not impact overall Bx-PC3 viability, however exposure to −15 °C and −20 °C resulted in a significant loss of viability (90% and 98%, respectively), which was found to be more effective with concomitant 5-FU . At temperatures of −25 °C and colder in vitro, no metabolic activity remained throughout the observational period.Temporal analysis of the cell death response to freezing by MFC revealed that an initiation and sustained levels of both apoptosis and necrosis.Focusing on the −15 °C isotherm, apoptotic cell death was found to peak at 4 h and necrosis at 8 h post-thaw.Within the PaCaTEM samples, a 3.0 cm (±0.2 cm) diameter iceball was observed.Fluorescence imaging of the PaCaTEM revealed complete PaCa cell ablation to a diameter of 1.9 cm (±0.2 cm)’ correlating with the −25C isotherm.A transitional zone of cell death extending to the margin of the iceball was also observed.The results of this study indicate that cryoablation, alone or as a combinatorial therapy, may serve as an effective tool for the targeted ablation of pancreatic cancer.At minimum, −25 °C should be achieved as a target tissue temperature at the margin of a tumor to assure complete PaCa destruction. Source of funding: CPSI Biotech. Conflict of interest: None declared. ksnyder@cpsibiotech.com
Distinct modulations of human capsaicin receptor by protons and magnesium through different domains

The capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel that integrates multiple painful stimuli, including capsaicin, protons, and heat. Protons facilitate the capsaicin- and heat-induced currents by decreasing thermal threshold or increasing agonist potency for TRPV1 activation (Tominaga, M., Caterina, M. J., Malmberg, A. B., Rosen, T. A., Gilbert, H., Skinner, K., Raumann, B. E., Basbaum, A. I., and Julius, D. (1998) Neuron 21, 531–543). In the presence of saturating capsaicin, rat TRPV1 (rTRPV1) reaches full activation, with no further stimulation by protons. Human TRPV1 (hTRPV1), a species ortholog with high homology to rTRPV1, is potentiated by extracellular protons and magnesium, even at saturating capsaicin. We investigated the structural basis for protons and magnesium modulation of fully capsaicin-bound human receptors. By analysis of chimeric channels between hTRPV1 and rTRPV1, we found that transmembrane domain 1–4 (TM1–4) of TRPV1 determines whether protons can further open the fully capsaicin-bound receptors. Mutational analysis identified a titratable glutamate residue (Glu-536) in the linker between TM3 and TM4 critical for further stimulation of fully liganded hTRPV1. In contrast, hTRPV1 TM5–6 is required for magnesium augmentation of capsaicin efficacy. Our results demonstrate that capsaicin efficacy of hTRPV1 correlates with the extracellular ion milieu and unravel the relevant structural basis of modulation by protons and magnesium.
Fault tolerance in hypercube-derivative networks (preliminary version)

We present algorithms which reconfigure faulty deBruijn and Butterfly networks. We show that, with high probability, an N-node deBruijn (resp., Butterfly) network with uniformly distributed faulty processors can simulate a fault-free N-node deBruijn (resp., Butterfly) network with a slowdown factor of O(log log N). Our configuration algorithm is deterministic, operates in a distributed fashion, uses only local control, and takes time O(log2N).
Fat free mass and obesity in relation to educational level

The aim of the study was to describe the body composition of Finnish adults, especially by education, and to investigate whether fat-free mass (FFM) can explain educational gradients relating to body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Data for this cross-sectional study were based on data collected in 2000-2001 for the Health 2000 Survey. Of the nationally representative sample of 8,028 Finnish men and women aged 30 years and older, 6,300 (78.5%) were included in the study. Body composition measurements were carried out in the health examination, where FFM was assessed with eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis. Questions on education were included in the health interview. The mean FFM varied by education in older (≥ 65 y.) men only. In the middle-aged group (30-64 y.), highly educated men were less likely to belong to the lowest quintile of FFM (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.48-0.93) compared with the least educated subjects. The level of education was inversely associated with the prevalence of high BMI and WHR in middle-aged men. In women, the respective associations were found both in middle-aged women and their older counterparts. Adjustment for FFM slightly strengthened the associations of education with BMI and WHR. The association between education and FFM is weak. Educational gradients of high BMI and high WHR cannot be explained by FFM.
xDOC: a system for XML based document annotation and searching

XDoc is an XML based annotation tool and document repository. An annotator uses a tool to add annotations to a document, highlighting the most important parts. The annotation tool allows an annotator to select areas of text within a document and then select an annotation type. The annotations are then uploaded into a document repository. A document repository uses these electronically captured annotations as the basis for searching. From the document repository users can build queries based on the annotations to locate relevant documents. A user can specify the type of annotations that should be included in the search. Because searches are only performed over the selected annotations searches can be performed faster. Additionally, search queries can be specified using traditional keyword based approaches or by more powerful query languages such as XPath.
Evidence of spatially inhomogeneous pairing on the insulating side of a disorder-tuned superconductor-insulator transition

Measurements of transport properties of amorphous insulating ${\text{In}}_{x}{\text{O}}_{y}$ thin films grown on ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrates have been interpreted as evidence of the presence of superconducting islands on the insulating side of a disorder-tuned superconductor-insulator transition. Although the films appear not to be granular, their behavior is similar to that observed in granular films. The results support theoretical models in which the destruction of superconductivity by disorder produces spatially inhomogeneous pairing with a spectral gap.
Elastic and inelastic scattering of slow positrons from a LiF(100) surface

The intensity profile for the elastic specular reflection of 5–100 eV positrons from a LiF(100) surface (ang1e of incidence 45°) has been measured using a simple time-of-flight spectrometer. The profile exhibits strong maxima below 25 eV and a smaller peak at 57 eV. Positron energy loss spectra have also been measured for a range of incident energies by retarding field analysis of the scattered beam. The mean energy loss appears to increase with increasing incident beam energy. Both the elastic and inelastic results are compared with similar data for slow-electron scattering obtained with the same apparatus.
Structural characterization of the PCO/O2 compound of cytochrome c oxidase

Abstract The structural properties of a key transient oxygen intermediate of cytochrome c oxidase, PR, remain an enigma, although inferences have been drawn from its equilibrium analogues, P CO / O 2 , PH and PM. With resonance Raman spectroscopy, an oxygen isotope-sensitive band at 806 cm−1 was observed in P CO / O 2 produced by adding CO and O2 to the resting enzyme. The vibrational band shifted to 771 cm−1 upon isotopic substitution of 16O2 with 18O2. The same modes at 806 and 771 cm−1 were present simultaneously when the mixed isotope, 18O16O, was employed, indicating that in P CO / O 2 the O–O bond is cleaved, resulting in a Fe4+ O2− structure. This result unifies the nature of the three equilibrium analogues of the PR intermediate.
Sensegiving and the role of cognitive shifts in the work of leadership

Abstract Sensegiving—shaping how people understand themselves, their work, and others engaged in that work—is critical to the work of organizational leadership. We propose the “cognitive shift,” a change in how an organizational audience understands an important element of the organization's work, as a desired outcome of the sensegiving process. Organizations try to spur these shifts in two categories: about their issue and about their primary constituency, the population it is designed to serve or mobilize. This approach makes two contributions: It re-directs attention from individual leaders' behaviors and characteristics to the work of leadership, as opposed to the agents through which it is carried out. Second, it operationalizes the intangible process of meaning-making by breaking it down into discrete units that are relatively equivalent and, therefore, comparable, providing a systematic way to analyze and map cognitive leadership processes.
Sleep quality in people with HIV disease

This study examined sleep quality in HIV infected people. The research explored the incidence of the study variables (sleep quality, anxiety, well-being, and symptom severity) and found differences on the variables between subjects who reported HIV infection through male/male sex ( n =18) as compared to injecting drug use ( n =23). The instruments were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the HIV Assessment Tool (HAT), and the Spielberger State/Trait Anxiety Tool. The average subject ( N =56) was male, 48 years old, a person of color and reported HIV infection through injecting drug use. General well-being was significantly correlated (Pearson product moment correlations) with sleep quality ( r =.46, p =.01). Significant differences on the global PSQI ( t =−3.22, p =.003) and on the well-being factor of HAT ( t =−2.05, p =.04) were found in that injecting drug users reported worse sleep quality and well-being. No significant differences were determined between the two groups on any of the other study variables.
Gauge conditions in dual resonance models

Simplifying the arguments of Chang and Mansouri, we show that the Virasoro conditions in dual resonance models are related to geometrical and mechanical properties of classical two-dimensional media.
Aqueous droplet manipulation by optically induced Marangoni circulation

The manipulation of picoliter droplets is demonstrated using optically induced microscale circulatory flows. The circulation results from Marangoni effects induced by optical heating from light patterns created by a computer projector. Manipulation of single droplets and parallel manipulation of multiple droplets are achieved with induced forces of up to 1 nN and an average resolution of 146.5 μm.
Only Skin Deep: Inkjet-Printed Zero-Power Sensors for Large-Scale RFID-Integrated Smart Skins

The ability to monitor and sense environmental conditions in real time over large areas is a difficult and expensive task, especially when it comes to monitoring in harsh environments. Whether it is monitoring suspension bridges that experience immense forces from storms and earthquakes for structural integrity, detecting noxious gases in manufacturing facilities, or making sure the vegetables on the supermarket shelf are still fresh and being kept at the correct temperature and humidity level, these sensors and sensor networks have the ability to greatly improve cognitive intelligence and knowledge of the environment around us, that is, as long as they come at the right price. Current methods for deploying large-scale sensor networks involve miles of cabling that source power and collect data, or battery operated wireless sensors, which pose a serious environmental risk with the disposal of billions of batteries every year. While these methods are necessary in some situations where real-time data or harsh environments prohibit manual monitoring of critical environment parameters, the cost, installation difficulty, and maintenance rarely justify their use over manual inspections and monitoring. This is where the concept of smart skins comes in. Smart skins are cognitive, intelligent skins that sense, wirelessly communicate, and, in the future, will be able to modify environmental parameters using simple passive RFID technology. These skins can be applied everywhere be it a shelf lining in a grocery store or the outside of a Boeing 787, all while maintaining an unobtrusive and lightweight form factor similar to the application of a decal sticker. Smart skins are zero-power devices meaning they scavenge their own energy using ambient electromagnetic, solar, thermal, mechanical, or RFID/Radar-based interrogation techniques. In short, smart skins could prove to be the ultimate sensing tool that could potentially allow for the mass implementation of perpetual wireless networks even in extremely rugged environments. The system overview of a conventional smart skin is shown in Figure 1, which shows a skin consisting of several types of sensors that can be uniquely identified in a sensing matrix, and an interrogation network that is used to poll/interrogate the sensors and relay the data back to a processing hub. This allows realtime knowledge of various sensed parameters, such as the stress gradients due to trucks passing over bridges, or of the propagation rate of a gas leak or fire within a building. The smart skin concept can also be extended to that of body-wearable skins for continuous monitoring and reporting of critical biosignals utilizing novel liquid antenna principles. Biocompatibility and wearability requirements further push the need for autonomous, self-powering sensors.
Robotic workcell for quality sorting of somatic embryos

Somatic embryogenesis is a process considered very promising in mass regeneration of plant materials. Quality evaluation of embryos' viability is deemed necessary during the process. Machine vision techniques have been or are being developed for quality sorting of embryos immediately before germination. In this project, a robotic workcell has been conceptually designed for quality sorting of somatic embryos employing machine vision system. The configuration of the workcell has been modeled using a 3D graphic modeling software package. The workcell component requirements, layout, and materials flow have been investigated for its workability. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the productivity of a workable layout. Some stochastic factors affecting the workcell productivity were considered in the numerical model. Engineering economic analysis was performed on the workcell for evaluating its cost-effectiveness.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ON THE PROBLEM OF TRAINING THE COULOMB ENERGY NETWORK

The Coulomb Energy network offers a unique perspective towards nonlinear transformations. However, its training as it was originally proposed by C. Scofield [1] presented difficulties that prevented its general use. We have investigated this model and we present here the reasons for its shortcomings. Further we propose refinements to the model and its training algorithm, and we present the study and results of various other modifications. We address these problems by constraining its architecture (topology) and present a derivation of the associated training algorithm. We also discuss further refinements of this algorithm. Existing genetic algorithms and simulated annealing are also evaluated as training techniques. Simulation results are also presented.
Circuit Neuroscience: The Road Ahead

It is difficult to write about grand challenges in our field without pontificating or pretending to show a degree of certainty in assessing the field that I do not possess. I would rather comment on a few of the issues that particularly worry me. Therefore, this article is just a snapshot of our field now, as I see it, and encourage readers to read it as the opinion of just one of their colleagues. My comments are aimed at Circuit Neuroscience. What exactly is Circuit Neuroscience? As stated in the mission statement of Frontiers in Neural Circuits, I follow the definition of Circuit Neuroscience as the understanding of the computational function of neural circuits, linking this function with the circuit micro-structure. Within this field, I will address three different types of challenges: scientific, methodological and sociological ones.
Limits to buprenorphine dosing: a comparison between quintuple and sextuple the maintenance dose every 5 days

Abstract The relative efficacy of quintuple and sextuple buprenorphine dosing in abating withdrawal symptoms for 120 h was compared in opioid-dependent outpatients. Fourteen subjects received buprenorphine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Daily sublingual maintenance doses were 4 mg/70 kg ( n =4) and 8 mg/70 kg ( n =10). After a stabilization period of daily maintenance administration, subjects received quintuple (5× daily maintenance dose) and sextuple (6× daily maintenance dose) doses every 120 h. Measures of opioid agonist and withdrawal effects were assessed daily. Subjective ratings of withdrawal were significantly greater than baseline ratings beyond 96-h post dosing under both regimens. There was no evidence, however, that those subjective ratings of withdrawal differed between the two regimens. Thus, these data suggest that sextuple buprenorphine dosing, administered every 5 days, does not abate opioid-withdrawal beyond 96 hours.
Physiological Performance of Young-of-the-Year Atlantic Croakers from Different Atlantic Coast Estuaries: Implications for Stock Structure

Abstract Geographic variation in life history traits and population dynamics of Atlantic croakers Micropogonias undulatus found north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, suggests the possibility of two stocks along the U.S. Atlantic coast. The basis for this variation (i.e., genetic versus ecophenotypic) is unclear. Young-of-the-year Atlantic croakers were collected from three Atlantic coast estuaries (Delaware Bay, Delaware; Cape Fear River, North Carolina; and Indian River Lagoon, Florida) that represent the center and extreme distributional limits of the species' U.S. Atlantic coast range. Intrinsic growth capacity and cold tolerance were measured under common laboratory conditions to test for adaptive genetic variation in these traits. Results were used to evaluate the two stock hypothesis for the Atlantic croaker and to examine the integrity of Cape Hatteras as a possible genetic stock boundary. Growth capacity, feeding rate, growth efficiency, and cold tolerance were similar across geographic location...
Tumor resection cavity administered iodine-131-labeled antitenascin 81C6 radioimmunotherapy in patients with malignant glioma: neuropathology aspects

Introduction The neurohistological findings in patients treated with targeted β emitters such as 131I are poorly described. We report a histopathologic analysis from patients treated with combined external beam therapy and a brachytherapy consisting of a 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) injected into surgically created resection cavities during brain tumor resections.
Atomic Structure and Vibrations in Zinc Crystals. IV. Diffuse Scattering of X-Rays at Different Temperatures

Further experiments have shown that in diffuse scattering experiments from single crystals of zinc the surfaces of the artificial crystals must be plane to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ cm if the measurements are to be reliable. Methods of annealing and polishing the crystals are described in which this degree of planeness is obtained without producing a Beilby layer. The diffuse scattering was measured for orientations of 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at a scattering angle of 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at temperatures of 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 298\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 370\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A method of obtaining the ratio of the mean square displacement parallel to that perpendicular to the principal axis is described. In this method there is no need to know the spectral distribution of the radiation used. Further discussion is deferred to paper VI.
Representations of bounded harmonic functions

An open subsetD ofR d ,d≧2, is called Poissonian iff every bounded harmonic function on the set is a Poisson integral of a bounded function on its boundary. We show that the intersection of two Poissonian open sets is itself Poissonian and give a sufficient condition for the union of two Poissonian open sets to be Poissonian. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for an open set to be Poissonian are also given. In particular, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a GreenianD to be Poissonian in terms of its Martin boundary.
A Framework For Organization Assessment

A theoretical framework for analyzing the context, structure, process, and performance of complex organizations is developed. An attempt is made to (1) define and relate selected properties of macro and micro organization design and performance, (2) identify and compare different design patterns within a complex organization, and (3) explore how these differentiated patterns are linked as an intra-organizational network.
Purification and properties of an unusual NADPH-dependent ketose reductase from the silverleaf whitefly

Abstract Sorbitol accumulates in the silverleaf whitefly when this insect is exposed to elevated temperatures. Synthesis of sorbitol in the silverleaf whitefly is catalyzed by an unconventional enzyme that converts fructose to sorbitol using NADPH as the coenzyme. In the present study, the NADPH-dependent ketose reductase from adult whiteflies was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The NADPH-dependent ketose reductase was tetrameric, composed of 38.7 kD subunits, and catalyzed both fructose reduction and sorbitol oxidation. The purified whitefly enzyme exhibited an almost exclusive requirement for NADP(H) for ketose reduction/sorbitol oxidation. The pH and temperature optima for fructose reduction and sorbitol oxidation were 7°C and 45°C and >9°C and 50°C, respectively. The affinity of the enzyme for fructose was very low, but physiological considering the high concentrations of carbohydrate available to this phloem-feeding insect. Edman degradation analysis of three peptides from the enzyme showed that their amino acid sequences matched internal sequences of NAD + -dependent sorbitol dehydrogenases. Thus, the NADPH-dependent ketose reductase responsible for sorbitol synthesis in the silverleaf whitefly is structurally similar to the sorbitol catabolic enzyme NAD + -dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase, but differs in its coenzyme requirement. Antibodies directed against the purified whitefly enzyme showed that this novel ketose reductase occurs in whitefly eggs and nymphs, as well as in the adults.
Epistemic instrumentalism, exceeding our grasp

In the concluding chapter of Exceeding our Grasp Kyle Stanford outlines a positive response to the central issue raised brilliantly by his book, the problem of unconceived alternatives. This response, called "epistemic instrumentalism", relies on a distinction between instrumental and literal belief. We examine this distinction and with it the viability of Stanford's instrumentalism, which may well be another case of exceeding our grasp.
Proposed Method for Determining Biological Value of Protein in Ruminants

SummaryA method for predicting comparative values of nitrogen sources and anabolic protein stimulation by drugs in ruminants has been proposed. The method requires determination of urinary creatinine N% divided by the apparent N digested (expressed as a decimal) in animals with similar N intake per unit body weight.
Acute Pseudo-Obstruction of the Colon as a Postoperative Complication of Hip Arthroplasty*

Acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie syndrome) results in massive colonic dilatation that may lead to a life-threatening perforation. This complication is known to occur after arthroplasty of the hip, yet the prevalence of the complication and its effects on the outcome of the procedure are unknown. We reviewed the records of thirty patients (mean age, 74.3 years; range, fifty-six to ninety years) in whom acute colonic pseudo-obstruction developed after hip arthroplasty between 1984 and 1993. During this ten-year period, 10,468 hip arthroplasties were performed at our institution; therefore, the prevalence of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction was 0.29 per cent. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal distention, which occurred a mean of 3.5 days (range, one to eleven days) postoperatively and was noted in twenty-seven of thirty patients. Nausea (fourteen patients), vomiting (eight patients), and abdominal pain (two patients) were observed less frequently. Twenty-one associated medical complications, including pulmonary embolism (four patients), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (three patients), and deep infection (not evident intraoperatively) at the site of the arthroplasty (two patients), developed in fifteen patients. Eighteen of the twenty-one complications occurred after the onset of colonic pseudo-obstruction. The associated medical problems resulted in four deaths (13 per cent). Recognition by the orthopaedic surgeon of the presenting features of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is important in order to facilitate prompt initiation of treatment, which may hasten recovery and reduce the morbidity and the mortality associated with this complication.
Mixed-frequency Cointegrating Regressions with Parsimonious Distributed Lag Structures

Parsimoniously specified distributed lag models have enjoyed a resurgence under the MIDAS moniker (Mixed Data Sampling) as a feasible way to model time series observed at very different sampling frequencies. I introduce cointegrating mixed data sampling regressions. I derive asymptotic limits under substantially more general conditions than the extant theoretical literature allows. In addition to the possibility of cointegrated series, I allow for regressors and an error term with general correlation patterns, both serially and mutually. The nonlinear least squares estimator still obtains consistency to the minimum mean-squared forecast error parameter vector, and the asymptotic distribution of the coefficient vector is Gaussian with a possibly singular variance. I propose a novel test of a MIDAS null against a more general and possibly infeasible alternative mixed-frequency specification. An empirical application to nowcasting global real economic activity using monthly financial covariates illustrates the utility of the approach.
Circuit simulation and modeling

This editor's column includes the readers' comments and questions, as well as any other short material on simulation and modeling. In the following, abbreviated versions of the correspondences I have received are presented, and answers are provided wherever possible. For questions I donot know the answers to, I will forward to experts in that field and also would like to encourage readers to send in their answers.
Ascorbic acid degradation in a model apple juice system and in apple juice during ultraviolet processing and storage.

Abstract: Ultraviolet radiation induced degradation of ascorbic acid in a model apple juice system and in apple juice was studied using a collimated beam batch UV reactor. In the model system, ascorbic acid degradation was more rapid at higher dose levels and the reaction accelerated with increasing exposure time. Ascorbic acid degradation significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the pH was raised from 2.4 to 5.5, although no difference was observed between 2.4 and 3.3. Increasing malic acid concentration between 0.1 and 1%, increased ascorbic acid degradation (P < 0.05) although there was no difference between 0.5 and 1.0%. Solution absorbance, varied by addition of tannic acid, decreased ascorbic acid degradation with increasing concentration due to absorption of UV radiation. Fructose at levels found in apple juice significantly increased ascorbic acid degradation while glucose and sucrose did not. Factors identified that accelerate ascorbic acid degradation may at least partially explain why ascorbic acid degradation occurred more rapidly in UV-treated apple juice than in the 0.5% malic acid model system. Ascorbic acid degradation continued after UV treatments during dark storage. Storage decreases were faster at higher initial UV dose levels and higher storage temperature. Practical Application: The present study shows the effect of UV processing on ascorbic acid, a key vitamin found in many fruit juices. Process developers and researchers can use this study as a model for designing experiments to identify factors that influence the stability of vitamin C and other bioactive compounds during UV processing.
The Effect of Fire Reintroduction on Endemic and Rare Plants of a Southeastern Glade Ecosystem

Open habitats dominated by herbaceous plants on thin, rocky soils occur within the forests of eastern North America. Although these habitats vary in origin, structure, geology, and species composition, all contribute greatly to regional biodiversity by harboring endemic and/or rare plants. Little is known about how disturbances affect plant populations in these ecosystems. Fire once was a frequent natural disturbance in the Ketona dolomite glades of Alabama, an ecosystem harboring eight endemic taxa and numerous other species of conservation concern. We designed an experiment to determine how the reintroduction of fire into the glades and surrounding longleaf pine forests affects populations of rare glade plant species. Experimental and control plots were established within the glades. Experimental plots were burned in April 2004, and all plots were surveyed during two subsequent growing seasons (2004 and 2005). Populations of three of 14 species of conservation concern declined significantly after the initial fire but recovered the next year. Among other herbaceous species, only five and two differed in population size in 2004 and 2005, respectively. In 2004, more species were more abundant in control than burned plots, but this difference was not detected in 2005. Multivariate community-level analyses of species presence‐absence suggested that the effects of fire were negligible by the 2005 survey. Populations of young trees that had invaded the glades declined dramatically as a result of treatment fires. These results suggest that the reintroduction of fire will not harm glade species and may help prevent encroachment of the surrounding forest.
Stimulated lymphocyte cultures: responder recruitment and cell cycle kinetics.

Lymphocytes, stimulated with different doses of plant mitogens or allogeneic cells, incorporate varying amounts of [3H]thymidine. Theoretically, this may be due to different numbers of responding cells, to earlier proliferative response of these cells, and/or to their more or less rapid transit through the cell cycle. Dog peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with different doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or with allogeneic lymphocytes. After their synchronization by incubation with hydroxyurea (4 mM), the mean durations of the cell cycle, and of the different cell cycle phases were constant and unrelated to strength or type of stimulation. PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures were maintained in the presence of colchicine, to prevent clonal proliferation of responding lymphocytes. DNA uptake in this setting, attributed to first generation responders, was related to the strength of proliferative lymphocyte response in control cultures without colchicine. Furthermore, cell proliferation occurred earlier with greater stimulation. It is concluded that higher [3H]thymidine uptake in vitro by stimulated lymphocytes is due to greater numbers of responding cells, which are triggered into proliferative response earlier, and not to a more rapid transit of the responding cells through the cell cycle.