cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localized Sulfate-Reducing Zones in a Coastal Plain Aquifer

High concentrations of dissolved iron in ground water of coastal plain or alluvial aquifers contribute to the biofouling of public supply wells for which treatment and remediation is costly. Many of these aquifers, however, contain zones in which microbial sulfate reduction and the associated precipitation of iron-sulfide minerals decreases iron mobility. The principal water- bearing aquifer (Magothy Aquifer of Cretaceous age) hi Suffolk County, New York, contains localized sulfate-redudng zones hi and near lignite deposits, which generally are associated with clay lenses. Microbial analyses of core samples amended with [14C]-acetate indicate that microbial sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal-electron-accepting process (TEAP) in poorly permeable, lignite-rich sediments at shallow depths and near the ground water divide. The sulfate-reducing zones are characterized by abundant lignite and iron-sulfide minerals, low concentrations of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, and by proximity to clay lenses that contain pore water with relatively high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved organic carbon. The low permeability of these zones and, hence, the long residence time of ground water within them, permit the preservation and (or) allow the formation of iron-sulfide minerals, including pyrite and marcasite. Both sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) are present beneath and beyond the shallow sulfate-reducing zones. A unique Fe(HI)-reducing organism, MD-612, was found in core sediments from a depth of 187 m near the southern shore of Long Island. The distribution of poorly permeable, lignite-rich, sulfate-reducing zones with decreased iron concentration is varied within the principal aquifer and accounts for the observed distribution of dissolved sulfate, iron, and iron suit Ides in the aquifer. Locating such zones for the placement of production wells would be difficult, however, because these zones are of limited aerial extent.
Target conditioning: a practical multisensor fusion tool

Often one is interested in multisensor fusion to enhance the recognition of critical targets -- even though in isolation none of the sensors can supply sufficient information for detection. To recognize under such adverse conditions will require the best of techniques, e.g., Bayesian. Previously through careful target and sensor phenomenological modeling, we have overcome the main objection to single sensor Bayesian automatic target detection, i.e., the rigorous development of the necessary target probabilities. In this paper we show that one can further use a process of conditioning on target and sensor phenomenology to conditionally decouple the sensors. Optimal fusion will then proceed simply by combining the conditionally independent target probabilities arising from the individual sensors.
An application of expert systems in urban planning: Site selection and analysis

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain the workings and development process of a prototype Expert System for Site Analysis and Selection (ESSAS). It also discusses the implications of applying expert system techniques to site evaluation tasks. ESSAS is a prototype expert system with 240 decision rules in it and is designed to solve a portion of the problem undertaken to suggest that the approach is viable and a full system is achievable. To have practical values for practicing planners, however, an extensive field test will be needed. With an extensive field test, ESSAS may become an efficient and practical decision aid device for planners.
Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy studies of the organophosphorus acid anhydrolase langmuir monolayer.

The secondary structure of the organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA) Langmuir monolayer in the absence and presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in the subphase was studied by infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and polarization-modulated IRRAS (PM-IRRAS). The results of both the IRRAS and the PM-IRRAS indicated that the α-helix and the β-sheet conformations in OPAA were parallel to the air−water interface at a surface pressure of 0 mN·m-1 in the absence of DFP in the subphase. When the surface pressure increased, the α-helix and the β-sheet conformations became tilted. When DFP was added to the subphase at a concentration of 1.1 × 10-5 M, the α-helix conformation of OPAA was still parallel to the air−water interface, whereas the β-sheet conformation was perpendicular at 0 mN·m-1. The orientations of both the α-helix and the β-sheet conformations did not change with the increase of surface pressure. The shape of OPAA molecules is supposed to be elliptic, and the long axis of OPAA...
A preliminary analysis of the NRL airborne gravimetry system

The Naval Research Laboratory has developed an airborne gravimetry system for marine use. The system utilizes global positioning system navigation and high-resolution radar altimetry to overcome the major difficulties of Eotvos correction and vertical acceleration determination. Precise measurements of aircraft motions permit system operation in the noisy low-altitude environment and allow averaging data over fairly short periods. This results in good system response to short-wavelength gravity anomalies. Preliminary analysis indicates average errors of 4 mGals or less on three aircraft profiles over a gravity equipment evaluation range for a flight altitude of 150 m and air speed of 400 km/hr.
Regulation of dopamine synthesis in striatal synaptosomes during depolarization

Incubation of striatal synaptosomes under depolarizing conditions (veratridine or KCl) increased the release of dopamine (DA) and produced a small increase in DA synthesis. This was not accompanied by an activation of either soluble or membrane-bound tyrosine hydroxylase, but was associated with a large depletion of synaptosomal DA. Thus, depolarization may increase DA synthesis by reducing the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by end-product.
Ultraviolet radiation acts as an independent mitogen for normal human melanocytes in culture.

Identification of growth factors for normal human melanocytes has been significantly aided by the recent development of in vitro culture systems for this cell. Utilizing such a system, we studied the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on both melanocyte growth and melanization by incorporation of 3H-thymidine and 3H-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (3H-DOPA), respectively. 3H-thymidine incorporation was found to be significantly stimulated during the first 24 h following a single irradiation. 3H-DOPA incorporation was stimulated after a delay of 2 days postirradiation. Whereas UVR has long been known to induce melanocyte proliferation in vivo, these studies show that UVR can act as a mitogenic stimulus for this cell independent of the cutaneous environment. UVR can thus be added to a growing list of growth factors for epidermal pigment cells and is the only physical agent conclusively shown to act as a mitogen. Included in this list are substances that act via stimulation of the CAMP-kinase or protein kinase systems such as cholera toxin and phorbol esters. UVR is postulated to induce melanocyte proliferation by modulation of these second messenger pathways. With recent evidence linking growth factors, oncogenes and malignant transformation, this study supports the association between UVR exposure and the development of malignant melanoma,more » and suggests mechanisms whereby UVR may contribute to malignant transformation of this cell.« less
Refraction, convection, and diffusion flame effectsin combustion-generated noise

The effects of sound refraction by velocity and temperature discontinuities are investigated theoretically for simple turbulent jet flames. The theoretical directionality of the radiated sound field is shown to be reasonably weak due to these effects, although several qualitative features are in accord with experiment in this area. As a separate subject, scaling laws for the sound output and frequency content from turbulent diffusion flames are generated theoretically. These laws are shown to be in accord with available experimental data.
Stratified Kolmogorov flow

In this study we investigate the Kolmogorov flow (a shear flow with a sinusoidal velocity profile) in a weakly stratified, two-dimensional fluid. We derive amplitude equations for this system in the neighbourhood of the initial bifurcation to instability for both low and high Peclet numbers (strong and weak thermal diffusion, respectively). We solve amplitude equations numerically and find that, for low Peclet number, the stratification halts the cascade of energy from small to large scales at an intermediate wavenumber. For high Peclet number, we discover diffusively spreading, thermal boundary layers in which the stratification temporarily impedes, but does not saturate, the growth of the instability; the instability eventually mixes the temperature inside the boundary layers, so releasing itself from the stabilizing stratification there, and thereby grows more quickly. We solve the governing fluid equations numerically to compare with the asymptotic results, and to extend the exploration well beyond onset. We find that the arrest of the inverse cascade by stratification is a robust feature of the system, occurring at higher Reynolds, Richards and Peclet numbers - the flow patterns are invariably smaller than the domain size. At higher Peclet number, though the system creates slender regions in which the temperature gradient is concentrated within a more homogeneous background, there are no signs of the horizontally mixed layers separated by diffusive interfaces familiar from doubly diffusive systems.
Information Systems Success: The Quest for the Dependent Variable

A large number of studies have been conducted during the last decade and a half attempting to identify those factors that contribute to information systems success. However, the dependent variable in these studies-I/S success-has been an elusive one to define. Different researchers have addressed different aspects of success, making comparisons difficult and the prospect of building a cumulative tradition for I/S research similarly elusive. To organize this diverse research, as well as to present a more integrated view of the concept of I/S success, a comprehensive taxonomy is introduced. This taxonomy posits six major dimensions or categories of I/S success-SYSTEM QUALITY, INFORMATION QUALITY, USE, USER SATISFACTION, INDIVIDUAL IMPACT, and ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACT. Using these dimensions, both conceptual and empirical studies are then reviewed a total of 180 articles are cited and organized according to the dimensions of the taxonomy. Finally, the many aspects of I/S success are drawn together into a descriptive model and its implications for future I/S research are discussed.
Connotative structure of adjectives.

Strmmary.-Associa:ive structure of a set of adjectives was found by means of chained responses to each stimulus. These multiple responses were used to measure the general orgcnization of the stimuli and thereby indicate their affective relationships. Many adjectives which had appeared independent of each other when first responses only were considered, shared associative meaning when chained responses were given. Therefore, there is evidence for deep associative relations among words not revealed by single responses. A previous study (Deese, 1965) of associative structure in adjectives indicated chat correlations between common English adjective pairs in terms of responses given to them are very low, and that most pairs are orthogonal. The sets of pairs having the highest relationships were big-little; large-small; soft-hard; easy-hard; white-black; ligl~t-dark. In Deese's study, 64% of the words sampled were either polar opposites or words that fell on polar scales (e.g., big . . . huge; zuorst . . . best). First responses to common adjectives are generally limited to antonyms or other closely paired words, and intersubject response variability is low. An analysis of associative structure based on these responses usually produces word clusters consisting of reciprocal adjective pairs. The members within reciprocal pairs tend to appropriately modify similar subsets of nouns (Deese, 1965) and therefore correspond with each other quite closely in referential meaning. In contrast, the semanric differential (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957) suggests that a large number of adjective pairs can be summarized by three orthogonal dimensions (evaluation, potency, and activity). In the semantic differential, a series of descriptive scales (the anchors of which are defined by antonym pairs) are used to judge scimulus words. The antonym pairs are classified together when the ratings to them tend to covary. The three dimensions summarized by the semantic differential lead to a general strucnlre, though the general factors that emerge describe very little of the variation in words in a language at large. The semantic differential reduces measnrable meaning to scales based upon a fixed set of polar adjectives and is limited by the possible meaning within these pairs of adjectives. The semantic differential is not applicable to large numbers of verbal elements, in contrast with associative structure which depends simply on the relations within any sample of words chosen. The present study determines connotative meaning by using a method for 'This study was supported by Grant GB-1483 from the National Science Foundation. The author gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance given by Dr. James Deese in coonection with the research project.
Stem cell recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression requires the presence of CD4+ cells.

Summary Recently, we have reviewed studies regarding the growth-stimulating effect of CD4+ cells on haematopoietic cells in culture (Pantel & Nakeff, 1989a). In the present study we have tested the physiologic relevance of this interaction using a drug-perturbed mouse model. The long-term application of cyclophosphamide (CY, 30 mg/kg/d, five i.p. injections per week over 7 weeks) in B6D2F1 mice resulted in initial CY-induced cytotoxicity to CFU-S followed by the re-establishment to pretreatment values of the femoral content of CFU-S within 2–3 weeks of CY-treatment. An examination of CY-metabolism in these treated mice excluded a pharmacological explanation for the compensation of CY-cytotoxicity. However, a three-fold increase in the cycling fraction of CFU-S (determined by in vivo hydroxyurea suicide) was observed concomitant with a two-fold increase in the femoral content of L3T4+ cells (the murine equivalent to human CD4+ cells), as compared to the corresponding values in untreated mice. Ablating these L3T4+ cells in vivo by means of a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to the L3T4 determinant resulted in a decrease in the cycling fraction of CFU-S from 56.8% to essentially zero and a decrease in the femoral content of CFU-S when comparing mice receiving either CY alone or CY plus MoAb, respectively. It would appear that the CY-induced increase in the proliferative activity of CFU-S requires the presence of L3T4+ cells. These data constitute the first in situ evidence for the physiologic relevance of immunocompetent L3T4+ cells as regulators involved in the recovery of stem cells from drug-induced myelosuppression.
Variability in the enhancement of the normal central skull base in children

We studied the signal and enhancement characteristics of the central skull base prospectively in 40 children aged 13 days to 8 years, on a 1.5 T MRI system. Identical standard short TR/TE spin echo sequences in the sagittal plane were performed before and after intravenous gadolinium-DTPA. The sequences used for comparison were filmed at identical window and level settings. Three independent observers assessed (1) the intensity of contrast enhancement of the basisphenoid, basiocciput and presphenoid, (2) the signal intensity of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, (3) the degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus and (4) the uniformity of signal intensity reflecting fatty replacement of the marrow of the basisphenoid, basiocciput and presphenoid. In 16% and 28% respectively of cases there was no enhancement of the basisphenoid and basiocciput after gadolinium administration; in 42% and 44% there was mild enhancement, and moderate or intense enhancement was observed in 42% and 28% of cases. Even when there was irregular fatty replacement, residual hemopoietic clements could enhance intensely. When skull base neoplasms are being investigated, the normal signal irregularity and enhancement of the central skull base in children must not be confused with pathologic invasion of the marrow.
Study on Development of Circular Economy in Resource-Based City

In this study the relationship between cleaner production and circular economy was investigated, including discusses necessity and significance of developing circular economy as a whole and recommends feasible countermeasures for developing circular economy. Efficient theoretical basis for creating a sustainable developing road in resource-based city was established and the objective of this study is to develop a best way for implementing Cleaner Production in heavy industry city through analyzing industrial layout, industrial structure and economic development size in Fushun.
Happy 100th birthday to Dr. Richard John Bing.

Dr. Richard John Bing (Fig. 1) will be 100 years old on October 12, 2009. There are very few physicians, to my knowledge, who remain very active and extraordinarily productive at 100 years of age. Witness the article Dr. Bing wrote on surgery of the young heart and about Drs. William Glenn and Francis Fontan (Fig. 2) that was published earlier this year [1]. There are even fewer physicianswho are asmultitalented as Dr. Bing who is still productive at 100 years of age as a physician, scientist, musician, composer and author of medical and non-medical books, book chapters and articles. Indeed, Dr. Bing is a genius [2]. I will discuss these attributes in more details later on. I do not intend to write a biography on him, because there have been quite a few excellent ones already published [2–4]. What I intend to do in the following few pages is to describe briefly Dr. Bing's achievements — listed in alphabetical order — from my personal knowledge, recollection and research over the years so that your readers may get a glimpse of what this “Renaissance man” [3,4] is really like.
The carbonate system in the western Mediterranean sea

Abstract Measurements of the pH and total alkalinity have been made on waters collected in the western Mediterranean Sea. These results have been used to examine the elements of the carbonate system, HCO3−, CO32−, CO2, ΣCO2, PCO2, and specific alkalinity. The saturation of Mediterranean Gibraltar is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. Our results for the saturation state (Ω) for Mediterranean waters are in good agreement with the results of Alekin (Geochemistry, 206, 239–242, 1972) and those calculated from the GEOSECS (Geochemical Ocean Sections) test station in the eastern Mediterranean. The saturation state of calcite and aragonite in deep Mediterranean waters in higher than that of deep North Atlantic waters.
Kinetics of zinc absorption by excised roots of two sugarcane clones

Sugarcane clones differ in regard to susceptibility to zinc (Zn2+) deficiency in the field. Excised roots of clone H57-5174 actively absorbed Zn2+ at a rate twice that of H53-263 roots. The maximum rates of Zn2+ uptake (Vmax) and the Km values also differed markedly between these two clones. H53-263 roots have a 6-fold greater affinity for Zn2+ than do those of H57-5174. H57-5174 readily develops Zn2+ deficiency symptoms in the field but H53-263 rarely does so. A partial explanation for these varying responses appears to lie in these data.
Lattice location of Mn in the spin glass CuMn

Abstract The lattice location of Mn in a Cu10 at.% Mn single crystal has been determined using 4 He ion channeling and ion-induced X-rays. It is found that the Mn atoms are 100% in substitutional sites.
Synthesis and characterization of bridged dimeric and trimeric group 13/15 complexes containing primary phosphido [(tBu)PH]- and arsenido [(tBu)AsH]- units

Abstract Addition of the primary phosphine tBuPH2 or the primary arsine tBuAsH2 to tBu3 M (M  Ga, Al) followed by heating or photolysis affords the complexes [tBu2M(μ-E(tBu)H)]n, (1: M  Ga, E  P; n = 2; 2, M  Al, E  P, n = 2; 3, M  Ga, E  As, n = 3; 4, M  Al, E  As, n = 3). For each compound, the degree of association was assessed on the basis of 1H 31P, 13C NMR and mass spectroscope. The anti-isomer of 1 (1a) was also characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data for 1a: C24H56Ga2P2, monoclinic, space group C2/m, a 17.124(7), b 11.755(7), c 8.700(3) A, V 1561.94(15) A3, Z = 4, Dcalc, 1.157 g cm−3, μ(Mo Kα) 18.3 cm−1. A total of 1501 unique reflections was measured over the range 3.0 ≤ 2σ ≤ 50.0° (σ-2σ scan mode) and 1263 of these with I > 3σ,(I) were used in the refinement to afford final R and Rw values of 0.059 and 0.070, respectively.
A megahertz nanomechanical resonator with room temperature quality factor over a million

We demonstrate the fabrication and operation of high aspect ratio tensile stressed silicon nitride string resonators. We explore the parameter space of small cross sections, on the order of 100nm, and long lengths up to 325μm, demonstrating that such high aspect ratio resonators can be made with standard wet release processing using a material with internal tensile stress. Room temperature quality factors exceed one million at frequencies above 1MHz. The utility of such high quality factor flexural resonators to probe the interaction of high frequency nanoscale devices with rarefied gases is demonstrated.
Quantum-mechanical theory of stress and force.

The stress theorem presented previously by the present authors is derived in detail and is related to the virial and force theorems. Stress fields are considered in two alternative forms, both of which give the same macroscopic stress and forces on nuclei when integrated over appropriate surfaces. A crucial concept is interactions that ``cross'' surfaces. Explicit forms of the stress field within the local-density approximation are given, together with a generalization of the approximate Liberman form for pressure. Reciprocal-space expressions and ab initio calculations are considered in detail in an accompanying paper.
A Detailed in Vitro Characterization of the Basal Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Secretion Rates during the Rat Four-Day Estrous Cycle*

Studies were undertaken to determine the relative basal anterior pituitary gland FSH and LH release rates in vitro for rats killed by decapitation at 1 of 15 times during the 4- day estrous cycle and to ascertain if these basal release rates correlated with changes in serum gonadotropin concentrations. Trunk blood was collected, and serum was assayed for FSH and LH. Half of the anterior pituitary gland was homogenized and assayed for FSH and LH. The other half was placed in culture medium for a 30-min preincubation and then placed in fresh media for a 2-h incubation (basal FSH and LH release). Serum FSH concentration rose in association with a rise in serum LH levels during the afternoon of proestrus (first phase of FSH release). Whereas serum LH levels fell during the evening of proestrus, the serum FSH concentration remained elevated through 2400 h on estrus (second phase of FSH release). The basal FSH release into medium increased markedly during late proestrus and showed a highly significant positive ...
The effect of sulfur on the dissociative adsorption of methane on nickel

The dissociative adsorption of methane was carried out on a Ni(100) surface covered with various amounts of sulfur under the high incident flux conditions of 1 Torr methane. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to measure the rate of carbon buildup and thus to determine the initial methane decomposition rates on the surface. It was shown that the sulfur atoms poison this reaction by a simple site-blocking process. These results are consistent with the activated dissociative adsorption of methane on Ni(100) occurring via a direct adsorption process.
Purification and characterization of an intracellular N-terminal exopeptidase from Streptococcus durans

Abstract An intracellular N-terminal exopeptidase isolated from cell extracts of Streptococcus durans has been purified 470-fold to homogeneity (specific activity of 12.0 μmol/min per mg). In the absence of thiol compounds, the purified aminopeptidase undergoes a slow oxidation with a 70% loss of activity, which can be restored by the addition of 2 mM β-mercaptoethanol. The purified aminopeptidase (Mr 300 000) preferred L -peptide and arylamide substrates with small nonpolar or basic side chains. SDS electrophoresis yielded a single protein band corresponding to a molecular weight of 49 400, suggesting that the native enzyme is a hexameric protein. The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of L - alanyl -p- nitroanilide exhibited a bell-shaped pH dependence for log Vmax/Km(pK1 = 6.35; pK2 = 8.50) while the log Vmax versus pH profile showed only an acid limb (pK = 6.35). Methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation of the enzyme resulted in the complete loss of activity, while L -leucine, a competitive inhibitor, partially protected against this inactivation. Amino acid analysis indicated that this photooxidative loss of activity corresponded to the modification of one histidine residue per enzyme monomer. N-Ethylmaleimide (100 mM) caused a 78% reduction in enzyme activity. Treatment of the enzyme with 1.0 mM hydrogen peroxide resulted in the oxidation of two cysteine residues per enzyme monomer and caused a 70% decrease in the catalytic activity.
Relations between 2-D and multichannel linear prediction

A procedure for solving 2-D normal equations is derived by relating the 2-D linear prediction problem to a multichannel linear prediction problem and applying the multichannel Levinson recursion.
Attending to insects: Francis Willughby and John Ray

Francis Willughby and John Ray were at the forefront of the natural history of insects in the second half of the seventeenth century. Willughby in particular had a deep interest in insects' metamorphosis, behaviour and diversity, an interest that he passed on to his friend and mentor Ray. By examining Willughby's contributions to John Wilkins's Essay towards a Real Character (1668) and Ray's Methodus insectorum (1705) and Historia insectorum (1710), which contained substantial material from Willughby's manuscript history of insects, one may reconstruct how the two naturalists studied insects, their innovative use of metamorphosis in insect classification, and the sheer diversity of insect forms that they described on the basis of their own collections and those of London and Oxford virtuosi. Imperfect as it was, Historia insectorum was recognized by contemporaries as a significant contribution to the emerging field of entomology.
Ka-Band SiGe HBT Low Noise Amplifier Design for Simultaneous Noise and Input Power Matching

This letter presents the design and implementation of a Ka-band low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA is based on a cascode amplifier using 0.12 mum SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT). A new design procedure for simultaneous noise and input power matching is developed considering the collector-base feedback capacitance . At 33-34 GHz, the LNA results in a measured gain of 23.5 dB, a return loss of <-20 dB and a noise figure (NF) of 2.9 dB. The input return loss is <-10 dB and the NF is 2.6-3.2 dB for the entire Ka-band frequency range. The LNA is 300times300 mum2, consuming 6 mA from 1.8 V supply (11 mW). The output 1 dB compression power is -6 dBm. To our knowledge, these are state-of-the-art results and show the validity of the design technique.
Cocaine-induced ventricular fibrillation: protection afforded by the calcium antagonist verapamil.

There is increasing evidence that the use of cocaine can trigger lethal cardiac events, including ventricular fibrillation. The mechanism responsible for these lethal cardiac arrhythmias remains to be determined. Therefore, 13 mongrel dogs were instrumented so that heart rate, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and d(LVP)/dt could be measured. After a 3- to 4-wk recovery period, the left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 2 min, beginning with the last minute of an exercise stress test and continuing for 1 min after the cessation of exercise. None of the dogs developed cardiac arrhythmias during the control exercise plus ischemia test. On a subsequent day, the test was repeated after the injection of cocaine HCl (1.0 mg/kg). Cocaine significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated heart rate, systolic LVP, and d(LVP)/dt, and it elicited cardiac arrhythmias in 12 of the 13 animals during the exercise plus test. In fact, 11 animals developed ventricular fibrillation. Verapamil, a calcium channel antagonist ...
Impacts of ocean acidification on respiratory gas exchange and acid-base balance in a marine teleost, Opsanus beta

The oceanic carbonate system is changing rapidly due to rising atmospheric CO(2), with current levels expected to rise to between 750 and 1,000 μatm by 2100, and over 1,900 μatm by year 2300. The effects of elevated CO(2) on marine calcifying organisms have been extensively studied; however, effects of imminent CO(2) levels on teleost acid-base and respiratory physiology have yet to be examined. Examination of these physiological processes, using a paired experimental design, showed that 24 h exposure to 1,000 and 1,900 μatm CO(2) resulted in a characteristic compensated respiratory acidosis response in the gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta). Time course experiments showed the onset of acidosis occurred after 15 min of exposure to 1,900 and 1,000 μatm CO(2), with full compensation by 2 and 4 h, respectively. 1,900-μatm exposure also resulted in significantly increased intracellular white muscle pH after 24 h. No effect of 1,900 μatm was observed on branchial acid flux; however, exposure to hypercapnia and HCO(3)(-) free seawater compromised compensation. This suggests branchial HCO(3)(-) uptake rather than acid extrusion is part of the compensatory response to low-level hypercapnia. Exposure to 1,900 μatm resulted in downregulation in branchial carbonic anhydrase and slc4a2 expression, as well as decreased Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity after 24 h of exposure. Infusion of bovine carbonic anhydrase had no effect on blood acid-base status during 1,900 μatm exposures, but eliminated the respiratory impacts of 1,000 μatm CO(2). The results of the current study clearly show that predicted near-future CO(2) levels impact respiratory gas transport and acid-base balance. While the full physiological impacts of increased blood HCO(3)(-) are not known, it seems likely that chronically elevated blood HCO(3)(-) levels could compromise several physiological systems and furthermore may explain recent reports of increased otolith growth during exposure to elevated CO(2).
Cooling Enhancement Using Inhomogeneous Thermoelectric Materials

The maximum cooling temperature of a thermoelectric refrigerator made of uniform bulk material is limited by its dimensionless figure-of-merit ZT. Cascaded stages are typically needed in order to obtain a higher cooling temperature. Multiple stage configurations have disadvantages of device complexity, and reduced efficiency due to the non-ideal heat spreading between different stages. In this paper, we prove that the maximum cooling temperature can be increased by using a single stage made of inhomogeneous material. This optimization is different from conventional graded materials where there is a large temperature gradient and local material properties are optimized in order to achieve the highest ZT at the local temperature under operation. The new optimization is attributed to the redistribution of the Joule heating and Peltier cooling profiles along the current and heat flow directions. The cooling efficiency can also be increased by a moderate amount. Numerical simulations are used to optimize the doping profile for a thermoelectric cooler based on single crystal silicon.
Nurse turnover in substance abuse treatment programs affiliated with the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network.

Abstract Voluntary nurse turnover, which is costly and disrupts patient care, has not been studied as an organizational phenomenon within substance abuse treatment organizations. In this exploratory study, we examined the frequency and correlates of nurse turnover within treatment programs affiliated with the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. During face-to-face interviews conducted in 2005–2006, 215 program administrators reported the number of nurses currently employed. Leaders of programs with nursing staff then described the number of nurses who had voluntarily quit in the past year, the degree to which filling vacant nursing positions was difficult, and the average number of days to fill a vacant position. About two thirds of these programs had at least one nurse on staff. In programs with nurses, the average rate of voluntary turnover was 15.0%. Turnover was significantly lower in hospital-based programs and programs offering adolescent treatment but higher in facilities offering residential treatment. Most of the administrators indicated that filling vacant nurse positions was difficult and took more than 2 months to complete. These findings suggest that nurse turnover is a significant issue facing many substance abuse treatment facilities. Efforts to improve retention of the addiction treatment workforce should be expanded to include nursing professionals.
Interactive visualization software for exploring phylogenetic trees and clades

Summary: The Summary Tree Explorer (STE) is a Java application for interactively exploring sets of phylogenetic trees using two coupled representations: a node-and-link diagram and a textual list of common clades. Selection, pruning, filtering or re-rooting in one representation is immediately reflected in the other. While summary trees are more effective at showing the relationship among clades, they can only show a consistent subset of those that appear in the textual list. Working with both representations mitigates the disadvantages of having to choose just one. Availability: STE, along with several sample datasets, is available at http://cityscape.inf.cs.cmu.edu/phylogeny/ Contact: mad@cs.cmu.edu
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of a Posttraumatic Myocardial Infarction and Ventricular Septal Defect With a Closure Device in Place

A 16-year-old boy sustained blunt trauma as a passenger in a high-speed motor vehicle accident 2 years earlier. Before the accident, he was healthy with no known cardiac disease or murmur. On admission after the accident, he was noted to have a loud IV/VI holosystolic murmur along the left sternal border. One month after admission, an echocardiogram revealed a 1.5-cm muscular ventricular septal defect with a left-to-right shunt, enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle, elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, and moderate tricuspid regurgitation (Figure 1 and Movie I). Figure 1. Delayed contrast enhancement in the short-axis plane demonstrates both sides of the …
Materials science education: ion beam modification and analysis of materials

The Center for Irradiation of Materials (CIM) at Alabama A&M University (http://cim.aamu.edu) was established in 1990 to serve the University in its research, education and services to the need of the local community and industry. CIM irradiation capabilities are oriented around two tandem-type ion accelerators with seven beam lines providing high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, MeV focus ion beam, high-energy ion implantation and irradiation damage studies, particle-induced X-ray emission, particle-induced gamma emission and ion-induced nuclear reaction analysis in addition to fully automated ion channeling. One of the two tandem ion accelerators is designed to produce high-flux ion beam for MeV ion implantation and ion irradiation damage studies. The facility is well equipped with a variety of surface analysis systems, such as SEM, ESCA, as well as scanning micro-Raman analysis, UV–VIS Spectrometry, luminescence spectroscopy, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, IV/CV system...
Efficient importance sampling schemes for a feed-forward network

The aim of this article is to construct efficient importance sampling schemes for a rare event, namely, the buffer overflow associated with a feed-forward network with discontinuous dynamics. This is done through a piecewise constant change of measure, which is based on a suitably constructed subsolution to an HJB equation. The main task is to change the measure such that the logarithmic asymptotic optimality is achieved. To that end, we find an upper bound on the second moment of the importance sampling estimator that yields optimality. Numerical simulations illustrate the validity of theoretical results.
Palaeontological evidence for defining the Anthropocene

Palaeontologyformedthebasisfordefiningmostofthegeologicaleras,periods,epochs and ages that are commonly recognized. By the same token, the Anthropocene can be defined by diverse palaeontological criteria, in accordance with commonly accepted biostratigraphic practice. The most useful Anthropocene biostratigraphic zones will be assemblage and abundance zones based on mixes of native and non-native species in both the marine and terrestrial realms, although lineage zones based on evolution of crop plants may also have utility. Also useful are human-pro- duced trace fossils, which have resulted in prominent biohorizons that can mark the onset of the Anthropocene, especially the paved road system, widespread through terrestrial regions, and microplastics, ubiquitous in near-shore and deep-water marine sediments. Most of these palaeon- tological criteria support placing the Holocene-Anthropocene boundary near 1950. Continua- tion of current extinction rates would produce an extinction biohorizon on the scale of the Big Five mass extinctions within a few centuries, but enhanced conservation measures could prevent making mass extinction an Anthropocene signature. A grand challenge for palaeontologists now is to define Anthropocene biostratigraphic zones rigorously, not only as a necessary precursor to formalizing the epoch, but also to more fully understand how humans have restructured the biosphere.
THE QUASIHYPERBOLIC METRIC AND ASSOCIATED ESTIMATES ON THE HYPERBOLIC METRIC

In this paper we investigate the geometry of the quasihyperbolic metric of domains in R". This metric arises from the conformally flat generalized Riemannian metric d(x, aD)-'ldx I. Due to the fact that the density cl(x, aD) -t is not necessarily differentiable, the classical theories of Riemannian geometry do not apply to this metric. The quasihyperbolic metric has been found to have many interesting and varied applications in geometric function theory. In particular, quasiconformal mappings are quasi-isometries of this metric for sufficiently far-lying points, also bounds on the quasihyperbolic metric in terms of other metrics imply that a domain is uniform which then implies certain injectivity criteria for locally-Lipschitz mappings, amongst others. In fact there is quite a strong relationship between uniform domains and the quasihyperbolic metric. Most of these basic results on the quasihyperbolic metric can be found in [3], [2] and [5]. We note here that the quasihyperbolic metric is complete and generates the usual topology on a proper subdomain of R". Further, geodesics (length minimizing curves) always exist for this metric and these geodesics have Lipschitz continuous first derivatives, which is in fact best possible. We begin by calculating the quasihyperbolic metric, its curvature and geodesics for some nontrivial examples in R'. We also calculate the possible isometries and show that they are conformal mappings, and so when n > 2 are M6bius transformations. We then turn to the planar case for a more detailed investigation. Here it becomes possible to compute the Gaussian curvature of the quasihyperbolic metric in some basic examples and use these for comparison in more general cases. In particular, we show that the quasihyperbolic metric of a planar domain is an S-K metric, in the sense of Heins, if and only if the domain is convex. We denote euclidean n-space by R" and its one point compactification by R'.
L-selectin in inflammation, infection and immunity

L -selectin (CD62L) is an adhesion molecule expressed on most leukocytes. This article describes recent findings of L -selectin's role in the recruitment of T cells to sites of inflammation and its contribution to the acquisition of immunologic memory. We discuss the regulation of L -selectin expression during and after the activation of T cells and its physiological function during the course of inflammation. Different disease models and current approaches for drug development are reviewed.
Pathways to Drinking Among Hispanic/Latino Adolescents: Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Peer Affiliations

We examined whether discrimination experienced by Hispanic/Latino adolescents is associated (a) directly with adolescent alcohol use or (b) indirectly with adolescent alcohol use via mediation by ethnic identity and/or peer associations. Data were drawn from an NIAAA-funded randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a Guided-Self Change intervention for Hispanic/Latino youth with alcohol and interpersonal violence problems (R01 AA12180; see Wagner et al., 2014). The current sample included 371 Hispanic/Latino teenagers (mean age = 16.3 years [SD = 1.37]; 38% female). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), results revealed that perceived discrimination was indirectly related to alcohol consumption through positive (non-drinking) peer affiliations. Additionally, ethnic identity was found to moderate the relationship between discrimination and positive peer affiliation. These findings further our understanding about how discrimination and ethnic identity interact, as well as provide directions...
Effect of Decimalization on Market Equilibrium and Price Discovery

Recent crises have focused interest on methods to improve the functioning of financial markets. In this context it would be prudent to evaluate the effects of previous changes. Previous research on decimalization of tick size, a significant microstructure change, mostly examines its effects on spreads etc. This paper studies the effect of decimalization on the dynamics of market equilibrium in fragmented markets, when a single or identical assets are traded in several markets. Using cointegration analysis this study finds that when a price innovation enters one market, the time taken for new equilibrium to be reached by other markets is significantly longer after decimalization. This finding is important in the context of the current market environment of Direct Market Access (DMA). When markets are in disequilibrium even for a few additional micro seconds, high frequency trading algorithms can provide a trading advantage, and create new arbitrage opportunities.
Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry: In Reminiscence of Tom Ziegler

A personal perspective of Tom Ziegler’s influence on and vision of theoretical inorganic chemistry illustrated with selective but deemed representative examples taken from only one facet of the illustrious work of a great scientist.
Measuring Theta_13 at Daya Bay

We measured the neutrino mixing angle, theta13, presumably related to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in our universe with high precision. We determined theta13 by measuring the disappearance of neutrinos from a group of six nuclear reactors. The target, located inside a mountain at about 2 km from the reactors, is 80 tons of liquid scintillator doped with trace amount of Gadolinium to increase its neutron detection efficiency. The neutrino flux is measured by the inverse beta-decay reaction where the final-state particles are detected by the liquid scintillator. The measured value of theta13, based on data collected over 3 years, is large, around 8 degrees, rendering the measurement of the parameter related to matter-antimatter asymmetry in future long baseline neutrino experiments easier.
Experimental and theoretical study of molecular, continuum, and line radiation from planetary atmospheres.

Molecular, continuum and line radiation of planetary atmospheres, comparing molecular band structure models with spectral measurements of CN violet band
Bandwidth and phase margin of singularly perturbed multiple-time-scale Nested Loop control systems

This paper establishes some quantitative guidelines for designing, synthesis and tuning of Multiple-timescale Nested Loop (MNL) control systems based on the timescale separation principle. Singular perturbation theory is employed to model the MNL system; in particular, each loop is modeled by a two-timescale singularly-perturbed-module Investigation of the phase margin reduction of the nominal (slow) loop reveals a quantitative determination of the timescale separation, which can be applied in MNL design and synthesis in an iterative manner. Furthermore, an order reduction technique is developed in order to estimate the actuator phase frequency response so that the obtained quantitative relation is applicable even without the full knowledge of the actuator transfer function. Examples are provided to illustrate the applications of the proposed theorems.
Osmolarity and spectrophotometric property of brilliant blue green define the degree of toxicity on retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to surgical endoilluminator.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of brilliant blue green (BBG) and their different biochemical characteristics on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under xenon light source illumination at varying distances to identify safe parameters for intraoperative use. METHODS Human retinal RPE cells (ARPE-19) were exposed to two concentrations (0.25 and 0.50 mg/mL) of BBG and illuminated with a xenon surgical illuminator at varying distances (10 and 25 mm), intensity levels, and time intervals (1, 5, and 15 minutes). Additionally, the effect of osmolarity was examined by diluting BBG in different concentrations of glucose. Cytotoxicity of BBG and osmolarity effects on cell viability were evaluated using a WST-1 assay. Light absorption and emission characteristic of BBG in different solvents were measured using a plate reader at different wavelengths. Lastly, the activity of caspase-3 was also studied. RESULTS Cell viability of ARPE-19 cells was 77.4%±12.7%, 78.7%±17.0%, and 65.0%±19.7% at 1, 5, and 15 minutes to exposure of high illumination xenon light at 10 mm (P 0.05). Maximal light absorption of BBG was noted between 540 and 680 nm. Activated caspase-3 level was not significant in both the concentrations of BBG (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that BBG at 0.25 mg/mL during vitreoretinal surgery is safe and not toxic to RPE cells up to 5 minutes under focal high illumination (10 mm) and up to 15 minutes under medium diffuse illumination (25 mm). BBG was safe to be mixed with isotonic glucose solution at the concentration range of 2.5%-10%, regardless of the illumination status.