cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Home Economics at Columbia and Chicago

This paper studies forty years of New Home Economics (NHE), a school of household economics started by Jacob Mincer and Gary Becker at Columbia University in the early sixties. Household economics is defined as economic research concerning decisions that household members make regarding any allocation of resources. These decisions may regard consumption, labor supply, transportation, fertility, or health. From studying the history of the NHE we learn that its growth benefited from the concentration of talent at Columbia, the diversity of a student body that included many talented men and women, a relatively high concentration of married students who tended to be more interested in household production, the proximity of research organizations in New York, an avoidance of political controversy, and a pleasant workshop atmosphere.
Consolidating user relevance criteria: A meta‐ethnography of empirical studies

The purpose of this study is to bring together empirical studies on user-based relevance criteria and to provide a conceptual framework for the organization of factors affecting relevance judgments and information selection. Through systematic analysis applying a meta-ethnographic approach we cluster compatible relevance criteria definitions and resolve semantic differences of the same named criteria with diverse definitions. The consolidated criteria are factored into four dimensions: situational factors pertaining to user's context, task, and cognitive and affective states, user criteria pertaining to users' perceptions and needs, document information elements (DIEs) pertaining to information attributes, and value judgments pertaining to what an information object means to the user). For further investigation, we propose a set of matrices to depict the relationships between dimensions as an effective tool for developing a better understanding of the relationship and interaction between users' relevance factors. These relationships can guide IR system design and improvements.
Determining the Elastic Modulus of Compliant Thin Films Supported on Substrates from Flat Punch Indentation Measurements

Instrumented indentation is a technique that can be used to measure the elastic properties of soft thin films supported on stiffer substrates, including polymer films, cellulosic sheets, and thin layers of biological materials. When measuring thin film properties using indentation, the effect of the substrate must be considered. Most existing models for determining the properties of thin films from indentation measurements were developed for metal and dielectric films bonded to semiconductor substrates and have been applied to systems with film-substrate modulus ratios between 0.1 and 10. In the present work, flat punch indentation of a thin film either bonded to or in contact with a substrate is examined using finite element modeling. A broad range of film-substrate modulus ratios from 0.0001 to 1 are investigated. As the substrate is effectively rigid compared to the film when the film-substrate modulus ratio is less than 0.0001, the results are also useful for understanding systems with lower film-substrate modulus ratios. The effects of the contact radius, film thickness, elastic properties, and friction between the film and the substrate on the measured stiffness were quantified using finite element modeling in order to understand how the elastic properties of the film can be extracted from indentation measurements. A semi-analytical model was developed to describe the finite element modeling results and facilitate the use of the results to analyze experimental measurements. The model was validated through analysis of indentation measurements of thin polyethylene sheets that were supported on substrates of various stiffness.
Decidual relaxins: gene and protein up-regulation in preterm premature rupture of the membranes by complementary DNA arrays and quantitative immunocytochemistry.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to show both decidual relaxin gene and protein up-regulation in preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Study Design: Membranes after preterm premature rupture (n = 4) have been matched in pairs with preterm intact membranes (n = 4). These tissues were from patients without infection, labor, preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction, and none of the patients had a latency period of more than 8 hours. The messenger RNAs from these tissues were used on complementary DNA expression arrays; 488 genes were analyzed. Relaxin gene expression was quantitated from the arrays and in additional tissues by Northern analysis. The two relaxin proteins, H1 and H2, in the decidual cells were immunolocalized and quantitated by microdensitometry with the use of specific antisera that were raised to decapeptides over the region of least homologic features. The expression of five other genes that were selected from the arrays were quantitated by Northern analysis. Results: Relaxin gene expression was up-regulated 3.4-fold on the complementary DNA arrays but was not confirmed on Northern analysis. On the other hand, protein analysis for relaxin H1 and H2 in the decidual cells showed them to be significantly up-regulated ( P Conclusion: Relaxin gene expression in the decidua is up-regulated, and its protein expression is significantly increased with preterm rupture of the fetal membranes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:785-97.)
Mechanistic insight into the h(2)o/d (2)o isotope effect in the proton transport of the influenza virus m2 protein.

The M2 proton channel is essential for the replication of the flu virus and is a known drug target. The functional mechanism of channel activation and conductance is key to both the basic biology of viral replication and the design of drugs that can withstand mutations. A quantitative model was previously developed for calculating the rate of proton transport through the M2 channel. The permeant proton was assumed to diffuse to the pore, obligatorily bind to the His37 tetrad, and then dissociate and be released to either side of the tetrad. Here the model is used to calculate the effect of a change in solvent from H2O to D2O on the rate of proton transport. The solvent substitution affects two parameters in the model: the proton diffusion constant and the pK a for proton binding to the His37 tetrad. When the known effects on these two parameters are included, the deuterium isotope effect calculated from the model is in quantitatively agreement with experimental results. This strict test of the theoretical model provides strong support for the hypothesis that the permeant proton obligatorily binds to and then unbinds from the His37 tetrad. This putatively essential role of the His37 tetrad in the functional mechanism of the M2 channel makes it a promising target for designing mutation-tolerant drugs.
Autoxidation in aqueous carotene-linoleate systems

Abstract Autoxidation of carotene and sodium linoleate has been studied in an aqueous system previously utilized in a study of the lipoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of these substances. The autoxidative reaction has been contrasted to the lipoxidase-catalyzed reaction. A minimum in carotene destruction was observed at the critical micelle concentration of sodium linoleate; below this concentration the oxidation of carotene does not appear to be coupled to that of linoleate. Above the critical micelle concentration, the rate of autoxidation of both carotene and sodium linoleate is increased by raising the level of either. At low levels of linoleate, the spectral absorption curve of carotene has an atypical shape and the wavelength of maximum absorbance is displaced to shorter wavelengths. The position of the maximum tends to shift toward longer wavelengths with time.
The SOD2 Val/Val genotype enhances the risk of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma by p53 and XRCC1 polymorphisms

BACKGROUND Exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces DNA damage. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals, a major type of ROS, into hydrogen peroxide. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene, and X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is involved in the base-excision repair of ROS-induced DNA damage. METHODS The authors investigated whether the SOD2 Ala16Val polymorphism modifies the associations between p53 Arg72Pro and XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms and the risk of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in a case–control study of 935 Caucasian patients with NSCLC and 1233 healthy control participants. The results were analyzed using logistic regression models that were adjusted for possible confounding variables. RESULTS There was no association between p53 or XRCC1 polymorphism and NSCLC risk for individuals with SOD2 Ala/Ala or Ala/Val genotype. For individuals with the SOD2 Val/Val genotype, greater risks were found in association with p53 (variant Pro allele vs. Arg/Arg), XRCC1 (variant Gln allele vs. Arg/Arg), and the combination of the two polymorphisms (“double variant” vs. “double wild type”), with the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.84 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.20–2.82), 1.39 (95% CI, 0.98–2.21), and 2.54 (95% CI, 1.38–4.68), respectively. Furthermore, the greater risk for the double variant of p53 and XRCC1 in the SOD2 Val/Val genotype group was specific only for patients with adenocarcinoma and not for patients with squamous cell carcinoma, with adjusted ORs of 3.31 (95% CI, 1.68–6.51) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.24–2.02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The SOD2 Val/Val genotype may increase the risk of NSCLC carried by XRCC1 and p53 polymorphisms, particularly for adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
TEENAGERS AND AGING: ADOLESCENT LITERATURE AS AN ATTITUDE SOURCE

A content analysis of 53 books that have won the Newbery Medal for Adolescent Literature was carried out to determine what images of older people are presented through these books. The analysis disclosed that while older people are adequately represented numerically, they are underdeveloped and consistently given peripheral roles within the plot. The average number of descriptive items per older character was 4.6, which was not sufficient to show the older person as complex, motivated, and interesting. Results are discussed in terms of formation of attitudes towards older people during adolescence, perpetuation of negative stereotypes of aging, and implications for writers, librarians, and others concerned with adolescent education.
On the photolysis of methanethiol and ethanethiol at 185 nm

Abstract Quantum yields for the formation of hydrogen and methane in the photolysis of methanethiol at 185 nm are 0.70 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.02, respectively. At the same wavelength ethanethiol gives quantum yields of 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.30 ± 0.01, and 0.07 ± 0.01 for hydrogen, ethane, and ethylene respectively. In both cases the sum of these quantum yields is unity, independent of thiol pressure. The data are treated in terms of a mechanism which also accounts for earlier work at 254 and 214 nm. Hot hydrogen atom reactions are invoked as a result of thermalization effects observed when n-butane or perfluorodimethylcyclobutane is mixed with the thiol. Decreases, with increasing photon energy, in the ratio of SH to CS bond cleavage are noted and correlated with earlier work on the spectra and molecular orbitals of the parent compounds. Satisfactory correlations are also noted between the average energy of the photochemically produced hydrogen atoms and the fraction of these atoms which undergo energy sensitive reactions.
Uniqueness of global positive solution branches of nonlinear elliptic problems

has been studied in many publications (the first global description was given in [19]). Nonetheless there were open questions some of which are answered in this paper. We motivate some of these questions now: For a suitable class of (smooth) fimctions f : IR+ ~ IR problem (1.1) has infinitely many solutions for 2 = 1. This was shown in [15] via the method of suband supersolutions which also gives an order of these solutions: 0 0 (which is not excluded in [15]) there is also a global branch ( = continuum) C + of solutions (2 ,u) bifurcating from the trivial solution line {(2, 0)} at 2 = 21 where #1 = 21 f ' ( 0 ) is the principal eigenvalue of the linearization
A Probabilistic Approach to Diagnose SETs

In recent work, the error latching probability due to an SET is calculated for a single observable point, and this help in hardening the design. This paper utilizes a recently proposed probabilistic framework for SET propagation in order to diagnose (on-line or off-line) the location and time of strike based on errors observed at multiple points. The proposed diagnostic framework requires a new approach to calculate the probability for SET propagation to multiple non-independent variables. It is shown experimentally that error appearances at multiple observable points help in SET diagnosis. The time performance of the proposed diagnostic framework is compared against an alternative implementation. This is particularly important in on-line diagnosis.
Chinese Americans' views of prenatal genetic testing in the genomic era: a qualitative study

Prenatal genetic testing (PGT) for early and accurate diagnosis of complex genomic diseases and traits, along with relatively rare and severe genetic disorders, is a growing trend in genomic medicine. To address the ethical, legal, and social issues regarding PGT use, the voices of racial/ethnic minorities should be heard. This first-of-its-kind qualitative study examined Chinese Americans' perspectives regarding PGT to diagnose their fetuses for various genetic/genomic diseases and traits. We conducted semi-structural, hypothetical-scenario-based interviews with 49 participants from two major Chinese-American communities in the South. Although approximately one fifth of participants refused to test their fetuses, most tended to favor PGT. The four most frequently identified diseases/traits mentioned by participants included family-history-related diseases, genetic disorders, intelligence quotient (IQ), and psychological/mental disorders. A few respondents, regardless of socio-demographic status, indicated they might terminate their pregnancies if their fetuses carried genes for family-history-related diseases, genetic disorders, low IQ, psychological/mental disorders, and/or physical defects. Participants' attitudes might reflect lack of genetic/genomic knowledge and unawareness of available resources for families with special needs. Moreover, some participants' attitudes appeared related to their cultural beliefs. Our findings represent an initial window to understand Chinese Americans' views regarding PGT. Additional quantitative studies on large samples are needed.
A competitive protein binding assay specific for prostaglandin E.

Abstract A competitive protein binding assay specific for the measurement of prostaglandin E is described. Cross reactivity with prostaglandin E metabolites is negligible. The sensitivity permits measurement in the low picogram range. The method was applied to measurement of prostaglandin E in platelet rich plasma and urine. It was confirmed that thrombin stimulates prostaglandin E synthesis in platelet rich plasma. Indomethacin reduced urinary excretion rate of prostaglandin in the dog by 90.7%.
Low-Technology Demonstrations of the Role of Peripheral Vision in Human Factors and Ergonomics:

This paper provides two demonstrations that highlight the importance of peripheral vision issues in system design. The first demonstration concerns the ability of the visual system to detect motion, while the second addresses the impact of reduction of visual field on the perception of optical flow data. Educators can use these demonstrations as the basis for discussions about the design implications for warning displays, attention gathering devices, optical flow, off-axis accidents, aging, attention, and night vision goggles. These demonstrations can be used at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Relevant research findings are also discussed, and references for further exploration of the topics are provided.
A glucose transport protein expressed predominately in insulin-responsive tissues

Using low-stringency hybridization to the rat brain glucose transporter (GT), a 2489-base-pair cDNA clone was isolated from a rat soleus lambda gt10 cDNA library. It encodes a 509-amino acid protein whose sequence and predicted membrane structure is very similar to those of the rat brain and liver GTs. The muscle GT-like protein is 65% identical in amino acid sequence to the rat brain GT and 52% identical to the rat liver GT; the major differences are in the NH2- and COOH-terminal hydrophilic segments. This GT-like mRNA is expressed predominately in tissues where glucose transport is sensitive to insulin, including striated muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue; low-level expression is also detected in smooth muscle and kidney mRNA. This GT-like cDNA is the fourth member of the mammalian GT-related gene family identified to date. We propose that it encodes an insulin-sensitive GT.
Reaction kinetics of CO2 absorption in to phosphonium based anion-functionalized ionic liquids

The reaction kinetics between CO2 and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P66614])-based ionic liquids (ILs) with prolinate ([Pro]), 2-cyanopyrrolide ([2-CNpyr]), and 3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolide ([3-CF3pyra]) anions are studied at temperatures from 22-60 °C. The absorption of CO2 is carried out in a stirred reactor under pseudo first order conditions. ILs are diluted to concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 M with tetraglyme--a nonreactive, low volatility solvent with much lower viscosity than the ILs. Physical solubility of CO2 in the mixtures is calculated using correlations developed from CO2 solubility measurements in tetraglyme and the N2O-analogy for ILs and dilute IL solutions. The diffusivity of CO2 is estimated from viscosity-dependent correlations chosen after a thorough literature review. The results indicate partial first order reaction kinetics with respect to IL with values ranging from 19,500 L mol(-1) s(-1) ([P66614][Pro]) to 3200 L mol(-1) s(-1) ([P66614][3-CF3pyra]) at 22 °C. The second order reaction rate constants follow Arrhenius behavior with the highest activation energy of 43 kJ mol(-1) measured for [P66614][Pro]. ILs with aprotic heterocylic anions (AHA), on the other hand, show small activation energies of 18 and 11 kJ mol(-1) for [P66614][3-CF3pyra] and [P66614][2-CNpyr], respectively. The ILs studied in this work exhibit reactivity comparable to or higher than common aqueous amines. High reaction rates and tunable capacity make ILs, and AHA ILs in particular, attractive solvents for CO2 separations.
The Constitutive Modeling of Thin Films with Randon Material Wrinkles

Material wrinkles drastically alter the structural constitutive properties of thin films. Normally linear elastic materials, when wrinkled, become highly nonlinear and initially inelastic. Stiffness' reduced by 99% and negative Poisson's ratios are typically observed. This paper presents an effective continuum constitutive model for the elastic effects of material wrinkles in thin films. The model considers general two-dimensional stress and strain states (simultaneous bi-axial and shear stress/strain) and neglects out of plane bending. The constitutive model is derived from a traditional mechanics analysis of an idealized physical model of random material wrinkles. Model parameters are the directly measurable wrinkle characteristics of amplitude and wavelength. For these reasons, the equations are mechanistic and deterministic. The model is compared with bi-axial tensile test data for wrinkled Kaptong(Registered Trademark) HN and is shown to deterministically predict strain as a function of stress with an average RMS error of 22%. On average, fitting the model to test data yields an RMS error of 1.2%
SU‐FF‐I‐102: Signal Dependence On Frequency in Magnetic Particle Imaging

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency dependence of signal detection in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) using heterodyne mixing of the odd harmonics down to DC for detection. Method and Materials: Magnetic particle imaging detects the odd numbered harmonics generated when a sinusoidal driving field saturates the nanoparticles. A solenoidal coil was used to generate the driving field of approximately 10 mT in a 3.2 cm inner diameter tube. Smaller diameter loops were connected to a phase‐lock amplifier to detect the harmonics. The difference in the third harmonic with and without a 1 ml sample of 300 microgram/ml, 40 nanometer, nanoparticles was measured over a one minute acquisition. The contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was calculated for frequencies between 500 Hz and 20 kHz. Results: The CNR increased linearly with frequency; the linear correlation coefficient was 0.993 (p‐value 10−7). Further, the CNR per cycle was essentially constant (p‐value 10−6) over the entire range of frequencies. The sensitivity allowed detection of nanoparticles down to 20 microgram/ml concentrations. The original work found that the best SNR was obtained using a swept low frequency excitation. However, filters were used to isolate the driving field from the harmonics. In contrast, the phase‐lock amplifierheterodyne mixes the harmonic frequencies to DC before filtering so the filtering is much more effective. The difference in detection is probably responsible for the different results. The harmonic signal is generated from the edges in the magnetization occurring when the nanoparticles saturate so the harmonics should increase linearly with the number of edges which would result in a linear increase with frequency. Conclusions: The CNR increases linearly with frequency. The constant CNR per cycle over all frequencies implies that distortion of the hysteresis curve that can reduce the harmonics for higher driving frequencies is not significant below 20 kHz for these nanoparticles.
Suckling- and sucrose-induced analgesia in human newborns

This experiment had three goals: 1. To identify the basis of sucking-induced analgesia in healthy, term, newborn humans undergoing the painful, routine, procedure of heel lance and blood collection. 2. To evaluate how taste-induced and sucking-induced analgesias combine to combat pain. 3. To determine whether facial grimacing was an accurate index of diminished pain, or whether it was linked to tissue trauma. We report that: 1. Sucking an unflavored pacifier was analgesic when and only when suck rate exceeded 30 sucks/min. 2. The combination of sucrose and nonnutritive sucking was remarkably analgesic; we saw no behavioral indication in nine of the ten infants that the heel lance had even occurred. 3. Grimacing was reduced to almost naught by procedures that essentially eliminated crying and markedly reduced heart rate during the blood harvesting procedure.
Salivary Mucins Protect Surfaces from Colonization by Cariogenic Bacteria

ABSTRACT Understanding how the body9s natural defenses function to protect the oral cavity from the myriad of bacteria that colonize its surfaces is an ongoing topic of research that can lead to breakthroughs in treatment and prevention. One key defense mechanism on all moist epithelial linings, such as the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, is a layer of thick, well-hydrated mucus. The main gel-forming components of mucus are mucins, large glycoproteins that play a key role in host defense. This study focuses on elucidating the connection between MUC5B salivary mucins and dental caries, one of the most common oral diseases. Dental caries is predominantly caused by Streptococcus mutans attachment and biofilm formation on the tooth surface. Once S. mutans attaches to the tooth, it produces organic acids as metabolic by-products that dissolve tooth enamel, leading to cavity formation. We utilize CFU counts and fluorescence microscopy to quantitatively show that S. mutans attachment and biofilm formation are most robust in the presence of sucrose and that aqueous solutions of purified human MUC5B protect surfaces by acting as an antibiofouling agent in the presence of sucrose. In addition, we find that MUC5B does not alter S. mutans growth and decreases surface attachment and biofilm formation by maintaining S. mutans in the planktonic form. These insights point to the importance of salivary mucins in oral health and lead to a better understanding of how MUC5B could play a role in cavity prevention or diagnosis.
A search for optical flashes from the “Perseus Flasher”

The results of an extended search for short-timescale optical flashes from a four square-degree area centered on the coordinates of the Perseus Flasher are reported. The photographed optical flash was of brightness mB = -1.7 and had a duration of roughly 0.5 s. In 70 hours of observation no celestial optical flashes were detected in the region of the Perseus Flasher to a limiting magnitude of 7.1 for a one-second flash. Neither X-ray nor optical flashes were seen. A survey of archived photographic images of the Perseus Flasher revealed no optical transients in over 700 hours of total exposure time to a limiting magnitude of mB about 4-5 for a one-second flash. Based on the ETC data base, possible terrestrial sources of optical flashes which might account for the phenomenon are discussed.
Apparent and Real Thermal Inhibition in Laser-Produced Plasmas

Laser-driven thermal-electron-transport inhibition is studied with use of a self-consistent Monte Carlo model for all the electrons. Comparison is made with the results of flux-limited single-group-diffusion calculations. The need for severe flux limiters is traced to deficiencies in the classical diffusion modeling that can excessively heat the overdense surface matter of a pellet, ignore coronal decoupling of the thermals electrons, and neglect the effects of electric-fields for a return current through density gradients.
Effects of Ro 15-4513 on schedule-controlled responding of pigeons

The partial inverse benzodiazepine agonist Ro 15-4513 has been found to antagonize some of the behavioral and physiological effects of ethanol, but relatively little is known about the behavioral effects of the drug alone. In the present study, pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 25 interresponse-time-greater-than-6-sec schedule of food delivery were exposed acutely and chronically to Ro 15-4513. Acute administrations of the drug (1.0, 1.8, 3.2, and 5.4 mg/kg) reduced response rates under the fixed-ratio component at some doses, although two birds were more sensitive to the drug than the third subject. Response rates under the interresponse-time-greater-than-6-sec component were not affected by acute administrations of Ro 15-4513. When 5.4 mg/kg Ro 15-4513 was administered prior to 15 consecutive sessions, tolerance developed to the rate-reducing effects of the drug under the fixed-ratio component. These findings, in contrast to those of early investigations in which gross measures of behavior were employed, suggest that Ro 15-4513 is behaviorally active at relatively low doses.
High-temperature thermal expansion and elasticity of calcium-rich garnets

We present new high temperature elasticity data on two grossular garnet specimens. One specimen is single-crystal, of nearly endmember grossular, the other is polycrystalline with about 22% molar andradite. Our data extend the high temperature regime for which any garnet elasticity data are available from 1000 to 1350 K and the compositional range of temperature data to near endmember grossular. We also present new data on the thermal expansivity of calcium-rich garnet. We find virtually no discernable differences in the temperatureT derivatives at ambient conditions of the isotropic bulkK S and shearμ moduli when comparing our results between these two specimens. These calcium-rich garnets have the lowest values of ¦(∂K S /∂T) P ¦ = (1.47,1.49) x 10-2GPa/K, and among the highest values of ¦(∂μ/∂T) P ¦ = 1.25 x 10-2GPa/K, when compared with other garnets. Small, but measurable, nonlinear temperature dependences of most of the elastic moduli are observed. Several dimensionless parameters are computed with the new data and used to illustrate the effects of different assumptions on elastic equations of state extra-polated to high temperatures. We discuss how dimensionless parameters and other systematic considerations can be useful in estimating the temperature dependence of some properties of garnet phases for which temperature data are not yet available. While we believe it is premature to quantitatively predict the temperature variation ofK S andμ for majorite garnets, our results have bearing on the amount of diopside required to explain the shear velocity gradients in Earth's transition zone.
A Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) Marker Associated with Root‐Knot Nematode Resistance in Sugarbeet

Resistance to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) previously was introgressed into sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) from wild beet [B. vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang] and was demonstrated to be dominant and simply inherited. Since resistance conferred by this gene was effective against six different Meloidogyne spp. tested, the locus was designated R6m-1. An interpollinated progeny population of resistant heterozygotes segregating for R6m-1, was exposed to nematodes in a greenhouse and rated for root knot disease symptoms. Resistance vs. susceptibility segregated at approximately a 4:1 ratio and 120 resistant roots and 48 susceptible roots were chosen for the generation of molecular markers linked to the resistance trait. Bulked DNA samples prepared from shoots sprouting from the selected plants were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and yielded a marker of 600 base pair (bp) that was highly associated with resistance. Sequence analysis of the 600-bp product led to the design of DNA primers for specific amplification of a 580-bp product, the generation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of which occurred in plants both susceptible and resistance to nematode. Comparison between the sequences generated from resistant plants and susceptible plants revealed numerous nucleotide substitutions. One base substitution assodated in repulsion with resistance conditioned the existence of a recognition site for deavage by the restriction endonuclease Msel. Amplification and cleavage of the product with Msel yielded a CAPS marker designated NEM06 that cosegregated with resistance to the root knot nematode. Computer-assisted translation and comparison with sequences in public databases indicates that the marker DNA sequence encodes a protein with high sequence similarity to a plant transcription factor.
Female alloimmunization with antibodies known to cause hemolytic disease

Objective To determine the current frequency of red blood cell antigen alloimmunizations that are capable of causing hemolytic disease and would be suitable for prenatal DNA studies. Methods We reviewed blood-bank records at a single large tertiary center to identify patients with a positive antibody screen between January 1993 and June 1995. Data were analyzed based on age, gender, and specific blood-group alloimmunizations. The incidence of antibodies as published in the literature was reviewed and compared with our data. Results We identified 452 women who had a positive antibody screen. The frequencies of specific alloimmunization relevant to the development of fetal hemolytic disease were: anti-D, 18.4%; anti-E, 14%; anti-c, 5.8%; anti-C, 4.7%; Kell group, 22%; anti-MNS, 4.7%; anti-Fy a (Duffy), 5.4%; and anti-Jk a , 1.5%. Compared with other populations, in our group the frequency of antibodies to RhD decreased and Kell alloimmunization increased between 1967 and 1996. Conclusions Despite the use of rhesus immune globulin, anti-D is still a common antibody identified in women presenting to a tertiary care center. The frequency of the Kell-group alloimmunization is higher among the central New York female population than in other populations. Rhesus and Kell antigen status can be determined by DNA studies. Research in prenatal determination of fetal antigen status should continue, as alloimmunization to these antigens is common.
Electric double hysteresis in annealed single crystals of strontium titanate

Abstract Low temperature measurements on carefully annealed single crystals of SrTiO 3 show electric double hysteresis over the temperature range from 3.5 to 40°K. The switching appears to be between two states which are probably non-polar at zero field.
Convergence analysis of P1 finite element method for free boundary problems on non-overlapping subdomains

Abstract The paper applies a conforming P1 finite element method to general variational inequalities derived from free boundary problems. The domain of the free boundary problem can be properly split into two non-overlapping subdomains where the free boundary is located in only one subdomain. The variational inequality is reduced to a partial differential equation in the subdomain which does not contain the free boundary but still keeps its original form in the other subdomain. Therefore, the original variational inequality can be discretized separately with P1 finite element in different subdomains. A non-overlapping domain decomposition method is introduced to solve these two discretized sub-problems by P1 finite element method iteratively while a Robin type boundary condition is utilized for the data transfer on the common boundary. We show that the sequence of such finite element solutions converges to the discretized solution of the original problem. Application to a free seepage problem verifies the theory.
Opportunities for pharmacists in public health

“They all have medicines,” I told the Haitian customs agent. I became frustrated and anxious, as he continued to rummage through my suitcases. Each was packed with over $2000 worth of donated medicines, mostly vitamins and antibiotics. He had found a bottle of ibuprofen and examined it as if it
The absorption of Ag on Ge(100)-(2 × 1)

Abstract The initial stages of interface formation for Ag deposited onto Ge(100)-(2 × 1) were studied with high-energy electron diffraction and high- resolution photoemission. The surface core-level energies for clean Ge(100)-(2 × 1) were not changed with the deposition of about one monolayer of Ag, indicating that there was no chemical reaction or atomic intermixing. The Ag nucleated at a coverage of about 1 3 monolayer and showed three-dimensional growth for higher coverages.
Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in a dog with structural heart disease using an esophageal-right atrial lead configuration.

Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia in dogs with structural cardiac disease and can result in significant clinical signs. Several methods of electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation have been described. Biphasic transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in dogs with naturally occurring heart disease has been described in veterinary medicine and has been shown to be highly successful. In humans and research animals intracardiac and transesophageal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation has been described as an alternative to transthoracic cardioversion. While transesophageal cardioversion is very successful in humans and research animals, this technique has not been previously described in a clinical patient with naturally occurring heart disease in veterinary medicine. This report describes the use of transesophageal cardioversion in a dog with atrial fibrillation and structural cardiac disease. Cardioversion was unsuccessful using two electrodes positioned within the esophagus. Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm was successfully achieved and maintained using one electrode positioned within the esophagus and one electrode positioned within the right atrium using a synchronized monophasic shock of 50 J.
A note on the stress intensity factor and crack velocity relationship for homalite 100

Abstract A series of dynamic experiments was performed to further investigate the relationship between the stress intensity factor and crack velocity for Homalite 100. Four different specimen geometries made out of the same sheet of Homalite 100 were studied using the technique of photoelasticity. The stress field around the crack tip was represented in terms of a series whose coefficients were evaluated with the multipoint over-deterministic method. The results indicate that the stress field solution depends on the number of terms in the series representation. The stress intensity factor versus crack velocity curves are distinct in the plateau and the transition region for each specimen geometry but merge in the vertical stem region. Finally the results are compared with similar results obtained with the method of caustics.
Desirable Characteristics Of A Frame Buffer For Multimodality Image Display

The basic goal of this paper is to present the characteristics of those frame buffers currently used to display images, versus those features which might more ideally suit frame buffers for this purpose. We use current and perceived needs and data based on our experience to identify the salient points which are useful and necessary. Over the last five years we have implemented the same image processing system on eight different frame buffers' (RAMTEK 9050 and 9400, Grinnell GMR-270, Hewlett-Packard 98710 and 98720, Nodecrest Ltd. TVN 256, Lexidata 3400, Pixar Image Computer). This paper extrapolates from these efforts on existing displays to determine what characteristics are desirable in a frame buffer used primarily for multimodality image display. Two case examples are presented: 1. A system developed for high quality computer graphics, as exemplified by the Pixar Image Computer (or in the future the AT&T PXM900 Pixel Machine). 2. A system developed for nuclear medicine and radiation therapy treatment planning as exemplified by the Nodecrest Ltd. TVN256 and TVN512 displays.
Inconsistencies in care of the pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient with respiratory failure: Opportunity for standardization and improved outcome

There is variability in critical care outcome of the HSCT recipient. One potential reason may be due to the inconsistent ventilation approaches. To quantitate this variability, we conducted a survey to assess self-reported use of ventilation and adjunctive strategies for the HSCT recipient. Electronic survey, open from June 2012 through January 201, distributed through the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators network electronic mailing list. Ninety-four individual responses were from 36 different institutions. The majority indicated that HSCT recipients requiring critical care were admitted to the general PICU. The vast majority (89%) endorsed routine practice of low-tidal-volume ventilation strategies. More than half stated that pressure-regulated volume control is the starting mode of choice. Eighty-three percent felt their group practiced early initiation of lung protective strategies. Eleven percent encouraged "early transition" to HFOV. Inhaled nitric oxide and milrinone were reported at the highest frequencies, but the majority used these empirically. Opinions regarding variables that affect outcomes of the HSCT were diverse. The estimated mortality of HSCT patients with respiratory was highly variable. Strategies for ventilation and oxygenation, use of HFOV, and adjunctive therapies are variable among pediatric intensivists.
Experimental demonstration of electron switching in a quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) cell

We present an experimental demonstration of electron switching in a quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) cell. The four-dot QCA cell is constructed of two capacitively-coupled double-dots. Polarization switching of the cell is accomplished by applying biases to the gates of the input double-dot and is experimentally verified from the conductances of electrometers capacitively coupled to the output double-dot. Theoretical simulations of the QCA switching show excellent agreement with experiment. We include preliminary results of a modified cell design that show improved performance.
Routine obstetric ultrasound

A detailed review of the literature reveals that routine obstetric ultrasound has value in providing more accurate gestational dating and in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. The recent RADIUS study, which has concluded that routine obstetric ultrasound is of no clinical benefit, is critically analyzed, focusing on four areas: the applicability of the results to the general population, the appropriateness of the outcome parameters, the quality of the ultrasound provided, and the issue of excessive cost. Finally, an ethical analysis of the role of routine obstetric ultrasonography is provided, focusing on the principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy. The offering obstetric ultrasound is necessary in both beneficence-based and autonomy-based ethical analyses, and the use of routine ultrasound is supported from an analysis of the scientific data.
Geometry of Affine Warped Product Hypersurfaces

The purpose of this article is the study of warped product manifolds which can be realized either as centroaffine or graph hypersurfaces in some affine space. First, we show that there exist many such realizations. Then we establish general optimal inequalities in terms of the warping function and the Tchebychev vector field for such affine hypersurfaces. We also investigate warped product affine hypersurfaces which verify the equality case of the inequalities. Several applications are also presented.
Concepts and measures of natural resource scarcity with a summary of recent trends

A general model of resource scarcity is presented from which previous models can be derived as special cases. Previous models of scarcity are compared and contrasted, refining the concept of scarcity and leading to a resolution of current disputes over the appropriate measure of scarcity. An update of the original work done by Barnett and Morse is summarized, leading to reconsideration of their original conclusions. It is found that energy and forest products experienced increasing scarcity during the 1970s.
Elucidation of the role of arginine-244 in the turnover processes of class A β-lactamases

The highly conserved arginine-244 of beta-lactamases has been postulated to play a role in their initial recognition of substrates, presumably through ion pairing interactions [Moews, P. C., Knox, J. R., Dideberg, O., Charlier, P., & Frere, J. M. (1990) Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 7, 156-171]. However, in the Michaelis enzyme-substrate complex, no direct function has been attributed to this residue. Two mutants with substitutions of this residue in the TEM-1 beta-lactamase (lysine-244 and serine-244) have been prepared to explore whether the guanidinium group of arginine-244 plays a critical role in the turnover processes. The mutant enzymes are effective catalysts for the hydrolysis of both penicillins and cephalosporins, and the lysine mutant enzyme behaves virtually identically to the wild-type beta-lactamase. Comparative kinetic characterization of the serine mutant and wild-type enzymes attributed apparent binding energies of 1.3-2.3 kcal/mol for the penicillins and 0.3-1.0 kcal/mol for the cephalosporins to the transition-state species by arginine-244. Furthermore, it was shown that arginine-244 also contributes equally well to ground-state binding stabilization. These results were interpreted to indicate the involvement of a long hydrogen bond between arginine-244 and the substrate carboxylate, both in the ground and transition states. A reassessed picture for substrate anchoring involving interactions of the substrate carboxylate with the side chains of Ser-130, Ser-235, and Arg-244 is proposed to accommodate these observations.
Synthesis and pharmacology of N-(4-diethylamino-2-butynyl)-succinimide (DKJ 21), A new central anticholinergic agent

Abstract Evidence has been presented which leads to the conclusion that DKJ 21 is an anticholinergic agent with a marked selectivity for the central nervous system. It also appears to block the stimulant effects of McN-A-343 on sympathetic ganglia, suggesting that these may be more closely allied to muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system than to those occurring peripherally.
Preliminary ZENO language description

The specification of ZENO, a programming language intended as the target language for a research project in advanced compiling, is presented. The language is strongly based on EUCLID, with modifications for message-based parallel processing and a somewhat different treatment of data types.
Geochemistry of sterols in sediments from Black Sea and the southwest African shelf and slope

Abstract Surface sediment samples from the shelf and continental slope off southwest Africa and sediment cores from the deepest part of the Black Sea were analyzed for sterols. Because the organic matter in these anoxic sediments is relatively well-preserved, the input from source organisms in the water column is important in controlling sterol distribution patterns. The sterol distribution on the Namibian shelf is complex, probably because of the great spatial and temporal variability of biological productivity caused by seasonal upwelling and changes in oxygen concentration. The Black Sea, perhaps because of greater physical stability of the water column, has sterol distributions which can be explained by microbial activity or chemical processes acting on a constant input of organic carbon from surface production.
Ferredoxin from the photosynthetic bacterium, Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. A link to ferredoxins from nonphotosynthetic bacteria.

Abstract 1. Ferredoxin from the green photosynthetic bacterium, Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum , was purified and certain of its properties were determined. The purest preparations showed a ratio of A 385 m μ / A 280 m μ of 0.71 and contained 4.5 iron and acidlabile sulfide groups per molecule. 2. Like ferredoxins from nonphotosynthetic anaerobic bacteria, Chlorobium ferredoxin showed a molecular weight of 6000 (based on amino acid composition and amino-terminal alanine) and lacked the full complement of amino acids. Chlorobium ferredoxin contained 13 different amino acids and was devoid of lysine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan and methionine. As for all ferredoxins examined, the aminoterminal end group of Chlorobium ferredoxin was alanine. 3. Chlorobium ferredoxin resembled Chromatium ferredoxin in its absorption spectrum (peaks at 385 and 280 mμ, shoulder at 300 mμ), in having glycine as C-terminal end group, and in its redox properties. Chlorobium ferredoxin was reduced photochemically with chloroplast suspensions but not with sodium dithionite. 4. The characteristics of Chlorobium ferredoxin are consistent with the view that it is a link between the ferredoxins of nonphotosynthetic anaerobic bacteria and those of photosynthetic bacteria of the Chromatium -type. The possible evolutionary significance of these findings is discussed.
An image copy detection scheme based on edge features

This paper presents a novel scheme to detect copied versions of digital images based on edge features of the images. The presented scheme is the first to explore the detection of ldquomerged copies.rdquo To successfully detect merged copies and shifted copies, a center detection mechanism is embedded in our scheme and two kinds of clustering approaches are adopted. Experimental results confirm that our scheme not only withstands most modifications of an original image but also offers good detection performance when dealing with various rotations, 32- or 64-pixels shifting, up to 66% cropping, or merged copies. Therefore, our presented scheme will be very helpful in detecting copies of digital images transmitted in an Internet environment.