cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing state structures: Outside in

In explaining the development of institutional structures within states, social science analysis has focused on autochthonous factors and paid less attention to the way in which external factors, especially purposive agent-directed as opposed to more general environmental factors, can influence domestic authority structures. For international relations scholarship, this lacunae is particularly troubling or perhaps, just weird. If the international system is anarchical, then political leaders can pursue any policy option. In some cases, the most attractive option would be conventional state to state interactions, diplomacy, or war. In other instances, however, changing the domestic authority structures of other states might be more appealing. In some cases, domestic authority structures have been influenced through bargaining, and in others through power. Power may reflect either explicit agent-oriented decisions or social processes that reflect the practices, values, and norms of more powerful entities.
Providing End-to-End Secure Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks

In many Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), providing end to end secure communications between sensors and the sink is important for secure network management. While there have been many works devoted to hop by hop secure communications, the issue of end to end secure communications is largely ignored. In this paper, we design an end to end secure communication protocol in randomly deployed WSNs. Specifically, our protocol is based on a methodology called differentiated key pre-distribution. The core idea is to distribute different number of keys to different sensors to enhance the resilience of certain links. This feature is leveraged during routing, where nodes route through those links with higher resilience. Using rigorous theoretical analysis, we derive an expression for the quality of end to end secure communications, and use it to determine optimum protocol parameters. Extensive performance evaluation illustrates that our solutions can provide highly secure communications between sensor nodes and the sink in randomly deployed WSNs. We also provide detailed discussion on a potential attack (i.e. biased node capturing attack) to our solutions, and propose several countermeasures to this attack.
Eurygnathohippus woldegabrieli, sp. nov. (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), from the Middle Pliocene of Aramis, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Eurygnathohippus is a genus of hipparionine horse that evolved in and was confined to the African continent from the late Miocene to Pleistocene interval. Eurygnathohippus woldegabrieli is a new species from Aramis, Ethiopia, dated between 4.4 and 4.2 Ma. The hypodigm is currently restricted to 157 specimens from 14 Aramis localities and one nearby Gona locality. We nominate a mandible as the type and a maxillary dentition and two complete metacarpal IIIs as paratypes. Our analysis reveals that Eurygnathohippus woldegabrieli is derived compared with late Miocene Eurygnathohippus feibeli in its overall size, cheek tooth crown height, mandibular symphysis length, and robusticity of distal limb elements. It is primitive in mandibular symphysis length and robusticity of distal limb elements compared with the more advanced medial Pliocene species Eurygnathohippus hasumense. A study of Eurygnathohippus woldegabrieli's paleodiet as measured by two mesowear methods, corroborated by carbon isotope studies...
Ektacytometry of red cells.

The ektacytometer measures the deformation of a population of red cells or red cell membranes in response to shear. The basic configuration developed by Bessis and Mohandas (1974, 1975a) comprises a Couette viscometer, with two concentric cylinders constructed of an optically clear material (Figure 1). The cells are suspended in a viscous medium and introduced into the gap between the cylinders (typically 0.5 mm). Cell elongation under shear after cylinder rotation begins is monitored by the diffraction of a laser beam directed normal to the cylinder axis. Some distinctive features of the ektacytometer are (1) cell populations are observed rather than individual cells; (2) cell deformability can be monitored continuously rather than point by point; (3) the viscometer of the ektacytometer is constructed as a flow-though chamber, so that the cell response to varying conditions can be easily determined; (4) flow in the viscometer is laminar, so that the forces acting on the red cells are readily calculated; (5) the cells are sufficiently dilute to make both aggregation and cell-cell collisions negligible factors.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Developmental Disabilities in Children From Immigrant Families in the United States

OBJECTIVES Recent census data show that nearly one-quarter of US children have at least 1 immigrant parent; moreover, there has been a dramatic increase in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and select developmental disabilities (DDs). However, little is known about access to medical home and adequacy of insurance coverage for children with ASDs and select DDs from immigrant families. METHODS By using the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, we compared children with ASDs and select DDs from immigrant ( n = 413, foreign born or reside with at least 1 immigrant parent) and nonimmigrant ( n = 5411) families on various measures of medical home and insurance coverage. We used weighted logistic regression to examine the association between immigrant family and selected outcome measures while controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS Compared with nonimmigrant families, children with ASD and select DD from immigrant families were more than twice as likely to lack usual source of care and report physicians not spending enough time with family. Furthermore, multivariable analyses indicate that insurance coverage is an important factor in mitigating health care barriers for immigrant families. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates important areas of deficits in the health care experiences of children with ASD and select DD from immigrant households. Public policy implications include increasing access to existing insurance programs, augmenting public awareness resources for ASD and select DD, and offering assistance to immigrant families that are struggling with the medical needs of their children.
Electromagnetic Induction From Highly Permeable and Conductive Ellipsoids Under Arbitrary Excitation: Application to the Detection of Unexploded Ordnances

The secondary field produced by 3-D highly permeable and conductive objects is computed in the electromagnetic induction regime, with the purpose of modeling unexploded ordnances (UXOs) and surrounding clutter. The analytical formulation is based on the ellipsoidal coordinate system that is able to model real 3-D geometries as opposed to bodies of revolutions like within a spheroidal approach. At the frequencies of interest (tens of hertz to hundreds of kilohertz), conduction currents in the soil are negligible, and the fields are computed in the magnetoquasistatic regime based on the Laplace equation. Inside the objects, where the wave equation governs the field distribution, the currents are assumed to have a small penetration depth, allowing for the analytical simplification of the field components, which become decoupled at the surface. This approximation, which is valid across the entire frequency spectrum because of the high permeability and conductivity, avoids the necessity of using ellipsoidal wave functions and results in a considerable saving of computational time. Numerical results favorably compare with numerical and experimental data, which proves the usefulness of our method to model UXOs in clutter-contaminated soils. Finally, the optimization approach used to match our numerical predictions with experimental data demonstrates the possibility of remotely inferring the material properties of objects.
Association of brominated trihalomethane and haloacetic acid exposure with fetal growth and preterm delivery in Massachusetts.

Objectives:We examinedtherelationship between adversereproductiveoutcomes and exposure to several disinfection by-products including haloacetic acids (HAAs), trihalomethanes (THMs), and the brominated THMs sum (THMBr). Methods: Second- and third-trimester exposure scores were estimated from quarterly town-level average THM and HAA concentration data andwereexaminedrelativetomeanbirthweight(BWT),smallforgestational age (SGA), and preterm delivery (PTD). Results: We found an increased risk of PTD for second-trimester chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and all HAA exposure metrics (adjusted odds ratio range: 1.04 to 1.15), but detected no associations for SGA and third-trimester exposures. Mean BWT deficits were observed across all HAA (26 to 33 g) and THMBr (11 to 23 g) exposure categories. Conclusions: We detected consistent associations for adjusted mean BWT and THMBr exposures; these data reinforce the need to consider different disinfection by-product exposure metrics in epidemiological studies.
RIGHT SELF-INJECTIVE RINGS IN WHICH EVERY ELEMENT IS A SUM OF TWO UNITS

A classical result of Zelinsky states that every linear transformation on a vector space V, except when V is one-dimensional over ℤ2, is a sum of two invertible linear transformations. We extend this result to any right self-injective ring R by proving that every element of R is a sum of two units if no factor ring of R is isomorphic to ℤ2.
A High Resolution EEG Study of Dynamic Brain Activity during Video Game Play

A high resolution EEG study was conducted on healthy human subjects during video game play. Throughout the game playing experiment short time segments of spontaneous activity were recorded. Spectral analysis was performed on these segments for the theta-wave (4-8 Hz) and alpha-wave (8-13 Hz) bands to investigate the modulatory effects of long-lasting game play and the dynamic changes of spectral contribution in range of alpha- and theta-wave. The present results revealed that a) the frontal midline theta-wave activity increased over time relative to the eye open resting condition and b) the parietal alpha-wave activity initially decreased relative to the resting condition, then followed by a slow increase. These experimental results indicate the high resolution EEG provides a useful quantitative analysis tool for studying dynamic brain activity.
Mean reversion of size‐sorted portfolios and parametric contrarian strategies

Evidence of mean reversion in U.S. stock prices during the post‐World War II era is mixed. I find that using the standard portfolio formation method to construct size‐sorted portfolios is inadequate for detecting mean reversion. Using alternative portfolio formation methods and additional cross‐sectional power gained from size‐sorted portfolios during the period 1963 to 1998, I find strong evidence of mean reversion in portfolio prices. My findings imply a significantly positive speed of reversion with a half‐life of approximately three and a half years. Parametric contrarian investment strategies that exploit mean reversion outperform buy‐and‐hold and standard contrarian strategies.
Water Institutions, Incentives, and Markets

Because of its importance and the perceived inability of the private sector to supply water, many countries have relied on the public sector to provide water services. This heavy emphasis on public provision of water has resulted in many inefficient public water projects and in inadequate supplies of good quality water, especially for the poor. The unbundling of water service activities has helped make private incentive-based management a realistic option for providing water services. The same entity does not have to provide all elements of a water system from the capital to build reservoirs to the management that delivers the water services. Successful management models include water utilities that are financially autonomous and not subject to political pressure, management under service contracts that are made in a transparent contracting processes with a number of firms involved in the bidding, and water user associations that are given adequate responsibility and authority. Water markets also improve water use efficiency and provide a mechanism for reallocating water once tradable water rights are established and the management and infrastructure are in place to implement the trades.
Learning Optimized Or's of And's

Or's of And's (OA) models are comprised of a small number of disjunctions of conjunctions, also called disjunctive normal form. An example of an OA model is as follows: If ($x_1 = $ `blue' AND $x_2=$ `middle') OR ($x_1 = $ `yellow'), then predict $Y=1$, else predict $Y=0$. Or's of And's models have the advantage of being interpretable to human experts, since they are a set of conditions that concisely capture the characteristics of a specific subset of data. We present two optimization-based machine learning frameworks for constructing OA models, Optimized OA (OOA) and its faster version, Optimized OA with Approximations (OOAx). We prove theoretical bounds on the properties of patterns in an OA model. We build OA models as a diagnostic screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea, that achieves high accuracy with a substantial gain in interpretability over other methods.
Observations on the Buffalo Tree Hopper Ceresa Bubalus Fabr. (MembracidÆ, Homoptera), and the Bionomics of an Egg Parasite, Polynema Striaticorne Girault (MymaridÆ, Hymenoptera)

Polynema striaticorne Fabr. is one of the chalcid species known to parasitize the eggs of the buffalo tree hopper. The account of the host and of the parasite given below is based on observations made at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, in the spring, summer and autumn of 1927, and at Oak Harbor, Ohio, during the summer of the same year.
Dystopia is now: the threats to academic freedom

A series of intersecting trends now threatens fundamental changes in the character of higher education. The gradual replacement of full-time tenured faculty with part-time teachers is the bedrock change, but it simultaneously serves the political impulse to defund higher education and makes it easier to impose the corporate model of instrumental education devoted narrowly to skills acquisition and job training. Humanities education should resist these trends with an alternative educational model.
Integrated Pahl and Beitz and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving for the Conceptual Design of Multi-Domain Systems

ABSTRACT A key challenge facing designers creating innovative products is concept generation in conceptual design. Conceptual design can be more effective when the design space is broad and accelerated by including problem solving and solution triggering tools in its structure. The design space can be broadened by using an integrated design of product and material concepts approach. In this approach, Function Based:structured analogy is used to transfer underlying principles from a solution suitable in one domain (i.e., product or mechanical domain) to an analogous solution in another domain (i.e., materials domain). The nature of design analogy does not require as full of an exploration of the target domain as would otherwise be necessary; affording the possibility of a more rapid development. The addition of design outcome where the problem is solved without using problem solving and solution triggering tools also any resources. decreases the design time and/or improves the quality of the final solution.
Glucose metabolism by rat embryos in vitro.

SummaryDuring the somite stages of rat embryogenesis glucose metabolism was high. Its sharp decline with advancing age was associated with reduced lactate production. By comparison of 14CO2 evolution rates from I-14C and 6-14C-glucose the pentose shunt pathway was shown to be active.
Re-exploitation of Communication Interface of SIEMENS Computer

The article introduces the methods to re-exploitation of communication interface of SIEMENS computer in the automatic control system in H-beam of Maanshan IronSteel Ltd.Discussing of the significance that communication between PC and control computer.Describing the process of exploitation communication interface and hardware model and function of C51.Telling the detail of several important software model.In the last, give the effect of the communication interface.
Risk is for the rich? Childhood vaccination resistance and a Culture of Health

Childhood vaccination resistance has given rise to outbreaks of diseases, which had been virtually eliminated in the developed world. A parent's decision to forego vaccination for their child is a private choice that can have collective outcomes. This article takes a two-pronged approach to unraveling the puzzle of perceiving vaccines as dangerous in view of evidence that testifies to their effectiveness and relative safety. First, it draws on fifty-seven years of newspaper articles on vaccines to outline the public narratives. Second, it uses school-level data from New York and California to explore how these public narratives shape a geography of vaccination rates. We have two main findings. First, we find that while risk has always been a feature of vaccine narratives, the perception that the risks of vaccines out-weigh the benefits has grown. By the millennium, some began to view medical treatments as sources of risk rather than cure. Second, our geography of childhood vaccination reveals two distinct vaccine worlds. Affluence governs one world. Poverty governs the other. The geographic locales where vaccination rates are low enable us to contrast the difference between imagining risk, the prerogative of the affluent, and being at risk, the fate of the poor. Vaccination resistance speaks directly to a Culture of Health as it poses questions about the collective perception of risk and its relation to social inequality and solidarity.
The Comedy of the False Apperception: Wilde, Maugham, and Stoppard

Oscar Wilde had to recreate the tradition of British drama; he did so by a process that I will name “false apperception.” In the nineteenth century, Britain lost its tradition of drama. If a person is asked to name a few British poets of the nineteenth century, the names of literary masters floods his or her mind: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats among the Romantics, and Tennyson, Arnold, the Brownings, the Rossettis, among the Victorians. The same happens with fiction writers: Austen, the Brontes, Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, and Hardy come immediately to mind. In both poetry and fiction, these are only a few of the greatest names; and countless others wrote well and still find readers today. Other authors who are no longer represented on the shelves even of a good literary bookstore continue to receive attention in university graduate programs. But what about drama? Who were the great British dramatists of the nineteenth century? Asked this question, we are speechless; even people with doctorates in nineteenth-century British literature have difficulty naming a single author who wrote plays between 1800 and 1890.1
Graphs and spherical two-distance sets

Abstract Every graph G can be embedded in a Euclidean space as a two-distance set. The Euclidean representation number of G is the smallest dimension in which G is representable by such an embedding. We consider spherical and J-spherical representation numbers of G and give exact formulas for these numbers using multiplicities of polynomials that are defined by the Cayley–Menger determinant. One of the main results of the paper are explicit formulas for the representation numbers of the join of graphs which are obtained from W. Kuperberg’s type theorem for two-distance sets.
Wisdom of Crowds: Cross-sectional Variation in the Informativeness of Third-Party-Generated Product Information on Twitter

This paper examines whether third-party-generated nonfinancial information on Twitter, once aggregated at the firm level, is predictive of upcoming firm-level fundamentals, and if so, what factors determine the cross-sectional variation in the predictive power. First, this study finds that the predictive power of nonfinancial information on Twitter is greater for firms whose major customers are consumers than for firms whose major customers are businesses. Second, the predictive power of the volume and valence of Twitter comments about products and brands with respect to firm-level fundamentals varies with the level of advertising. However, professionals in the capital markets, such as analysts, do not fully incorporate the implications for upcoming sales of the collective wisdom on Twitter. Analysts do not revise their forecasts of sales in response to the change in Twitter information, and thus, the consensus forecast error is systematically biased conditional on nonfinancial information disseminated on Twitter.
Confessions of a Telephone Regulator: The FCC's AT&T Investigation of 1972–1977

A quarter of a century has elapsed since the Federal Communications Commission launched a massive investigation of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). In this study, known as Docket 19129, the Commission sought to determine whether the Bell operating companies (BOC's) were paying too much for equipment purchased from AT&T's supply affiliate, Western Electric. Stated as a question, did AT&T's integration of telephone service and telephone manufacturing benefit the telephone rate payer? AT&T's ownership of telephone service and equipment manufacturing was hardly a recent development in U.S. telecommunications. Western Electric had been a part of the Bell system since the early 1880s. Despite some one hundred years of supply ownership, the policy questions attending Bell's vertical relationship kept recurring over time. In 1 934, for example, the very first inquiry by the newly created Federal Communications Commission was none other than AT&T's ownership of Western Electric. The Commission's examination of Western's prices and costs ran through most of the 1930s and drew to a close as war clouds gathered over Europe. By 1939, the FCC essentially opted for AT&T's structural status quo. The FCC's intention to revisit AT&T's integration in 1972 was thus not an action without precedent. To a certain extent, the Commission backed into the Western Electric problem. Initially, the FCC sought to determine whether the price of long distance service was reasonable and prudent. That question inevitably triggered another. How could the FCC justify telephone rates without some knowledge of equipment costs? Equipment costs led the commission to look into Western Electric prices. The billing of equipment to the Bell operating companies constituted an internal corporate transaction. Did those transactions redound to the benefit of the telephone user?
Long-term use of antibiotics and risk of colorectal adenoma

Objective Recent evidence suggests that antibiotic use, which alters the gut microbiome, is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the association between antibiotic use and risk of colorectal adenoma, the precursor for the majority of colorectal cancers, has not been investigated. Design We prospectively evaluated the association between antibiotic use at age 20–39 and 40–59 (assessed in 2004) and recent antibiotic use (assessed in 2008) with risk of subsequent colorectal adenoma among 16 642 women aged ≥60 enrolled in the Nurses9 Health Study who underwent at least one colonoscopy through 2010. We used multivariate logistic regression to calculate ORs and 95% CIs. Results We documented 1195 cases of adenoma. Increasing duration of antibiotic use at age 20–39 (p trend =0.002) and 40–59 (p trend =0.001) was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma. Compared with non-users, women who used antibiotics for ≥2 months between age 20 and 39 had a multivariable OR of 1.36 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.79). Women who used ≥2 months of antibiotics between age 40 and 59 had a multivariable OR of 1.69 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.31). The associations were similar for low-risk versus high-risk adenomas (size ≥1 cm, or with tubulovillous/villous histology, or ≥3 detected lesions), but appeared modestly stronger for proximal compared with distal adenomas. In contrast, recent antibiotic use within the past four years was not associated with risk of adenoma (p trend =0.44). Conclusions Long-term antibiotic use in early-to-middle adulthood was associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma.
Networks of Ceramic Exchange: Comparing Homol'ovi Pueblo III Pithouse and Pueblo Communities

In the northern Southwest, archaeologists generally examine the pithouse-to-pueblo transition as a sequential change, with pueblos replacing pithouses by A.D. 1000, and argue that it reflects a fun...
Anthropogenic N Deposition Alters the Composition of Expressed Class II Fungal Peroxidases

ABSTRACT Here, we present evidence that ca. 20 years of experimental N deposition altered the composition of lignin-decaying class II peroxidases expressed by forest floor fungi, a response which has occurred concurrently with reductions in plant litter decomposition and a rapid accumulation of soil organic matter. This finding suggests that anthropogenic N deposition has induced changes in the biological mediation of lignin decay, the rate limiting step in plant litter decomposition. Thus, an altered composition of transcripts for a critical gene that is associated with terrestrial C cycling may explain the increased soil C storage under long-term increases in anthropogenic N deposition. IMPORTANCE Fungal class II peroxidases are enzymes that mediate the rate-limiting step in the decomposition of plant material, which involves the oxidation of lignin and other polyphenols. In field experiments, anthropogenic N deposition has increased soil C storage in forests, a result which could potentially arise from anthropogenic N-induced changes in the composition of class II peroxidases expressed by the fungal community. In this study, we have gained unique insight into how anthropogenic N deposition, a widespread agent of global change, affects the expression of a functional gene encoding an enzyme that plays a critical role in a biologically mediated ecosystem process.
Beyond the Theory-Practice Split in Instructional Design: The Current Situation and Future Directions

The authors provide an overview of the theory-practice split in instructional design by reviewing the nature and limits of six prominent attempts to connect these disparate aspects of the field. The authors then suggest an alternative viewpoint in which theory and practice are not fundamentally distinct, but rather two ways of interpreting experience, taking account of phenomena, and guiding action. While theory is primarily based on abstractions (e.g., explanatory constructs, variables, models), practice is primarily based on the concrete meanings of everyday life (e.g., implicit assumptions and values, tacit knowledge, and inarticulate “theories”). A re-conceptualized view of theory can help obviate the theory-practice split by emphasizing concrete meanings and avoiding abstractions that are difficult to apply. In conclusion, the authors offer several implications for theory and inquiry in the field.
Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Pheromone Component trans-Verbenol: Enantiomeric Specificity and Potential as a Lure Adjuvant

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) utilizes a multi-component aggregation pheromone to mediate mass-attacks and thereby colonize otherwise unsusceptible trees. Females produce the attractant frontalin and a synergist, trans-verbenol. We investigated trans-verbenol to determine whether enantiomeric composition, airborne concentration, and possibly other factors might affect its biological activity. Newly-emerged females from Mississippi populations produced 54-87% of the (-)-enantiomer; females initiating galleries in logs produced lower amounts and a wider range of enantiomeric ratios [12-92% (-)]. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) studies did not suggest large differences in the concentration threshold of olfaction for the two enantiomers. We examined the effect of adding trans-verbenol to traps located outside infested areas and baited with components of the aggregation attractant. Male attraction was similarly increased by lures with 3, 81, or 98% of the (-)-enantiomer of trans-verbenol, whereas females preferred 81 over 3%. When release rate of 81% (-)-trans-verbenol in traps was varied across three orders of magnitude (0.3, 3, and 30 mg/d), the data suggested a positive dose-response trend. A high release (i.e., 2-5 g/d) device of host-odor alpha-pinene had a much stronger enhancing effect on trap catches than a trans-verbenol device (~30 mg/d), and trans-verbenol did not further enhance attraction when alpha-pinene was present. Our results suggest that the weak attraction-enhancing activity of trans-verbenol reported previously cannot be improved by adjusting the enantiomeric composition or release rate of lures, and furthermore there are no anticipated benefits of adding trans-verbenol to the D. frontalis monitoring lure.
Mechanisms non-enzymatic browning in orange juice during storage.

The role of Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS) derived from the Maillard reaction and ascorbic acid degradation on brown color formation was investigated in orange juice during storage. Eight RCS were monitored in aseptic juice over an 8-week period under refrigerated (4 °C) and accelerated conditions (35 °C). Significant changes in RCS concentrations were reported and positively correlated with color formation. Recombination experiments demonstrated the significant role of 3-deoxyglucosone and acetol on color formation as well as their interactions with glyoxal and methylglyoxal that lead to an increase in browning. Isotopic enrichment techniques further identified fructose as the main precursor of RCS, indicating the important role of Maillard reaction as a mechanism of non-enzymatic browning during orange juice storage. Finally, among the amino acids, tryptophan and glutamine showed the largest percentage losses in orange juice during storage and were reported to significantly impact the RCS composition and color formation.
Electroplasticity in AZ31B subjected to short-duration high-frequency pulsed current

In this study, the plasticity behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy subjected to short-duration (100 μs), high-frequency (120–800 Hz) pulsed current was investigated using tensile tests. The key finding is that the effect of pulsed current on plastic deformation goes beyond the Joule heating effect. In our experiments, the frequency was adjusted to maintain a constant effective current density and, thus, the same Joule heating effect. A comparison with continuous current having the same Joule heating effect was made as well. It was observed that when the peak current density is higher than a critical value, a higher peak current density will yield a more significant reduction in flow stress even though the thermal heating effect is the same. This critical current density decreases with the increase in the effective current density. Pulsed current with a higher peak current density can more effectively reduce the dislocation density through electric-induced annealing, induce more severe grain rotation, and, thus, lower the resistance for dislocations to pass through barriers like grain boundaries, resulting in a more significant flow stress reduction. X-ray diffraction characterizations were also conducted for the deformed specimen to show that a higher peak current density induces more severe grain rotation and, thus, more effectively decreases dislocation density.
A “Team of Three” Practicum Standard for Emerging Coaches and Sport Psychology Practitioners

The transitioning from student to coach or sport psychology practitioner requires sufficient training and practice. A well-crafted and organized program allows for professional growth and promotes ...
Cross-sectional tongue shape and linguopalatal contact patterns in [s], [∫], [f], and [1]

The present study examined cross-sectional tongue shape and linguopalatal contact during [s], [∫], [1], [e], [c], [o] and [a] in CVC utterances. Three cross-sectional scans of the tongue, anterior, dorsal and posterior, were made using ultrasound imaging. Linguopalatal contact patterns were determined from electropalatography data. Results indicated that cross-sectional tongue shape is very different among consonants, and at different anterior-to-posterior locations, indicating that the vocal tract is neither circular in shape, nor uniform along its length. These results are due to the anisotropic nature of the tongue’s musculature. In addition, tongue surface shapes, and thus vocal tract shapes, were affected by the bracing of the tongue against the palate (during consonants). Cross-sectional tongue shapes varied due to the location of the contact and the speculated amount of force used in the contact.
Natural enemy or friend? Pneumonia in the very elderly critically ill patient.

Pneumonia is a common problem in the elderly with higher short- and long-term mortality than younger patients and similar age patients with other illnesses. Aggressive care may not be justified and broad-spectrum antibiotics may create antibiotic resistant pathogens that harm others.http://bit.ly/2P8LUNp
Offensive or Not: Examining the Impact of Racial Microaggressions

Although the literature suggests that there exist harmful consequences of microaggression, some researchers argue that the state of the current literature lacks evidence that these indignities are in fact offensive to individuals holding marginalized identities. To address this gap, researchers sought to examine the perspectives of university students, as individuals at a Predominantly White Institution provided ratings to indicate their experiences with and interpretation of verbal racial insults that had been previously identified as microaggressive by previous researchers. Results demonstrate that there are differences in how university students interpret microaggressions. Specifically, the obtained data suggest that race, gender, sexual orientation, and prior exposure to the microaggressions are significant predictors to one’s interpretation of them as offensive or insulting.
The effects of devaluation and solvability on crime clearance

Abstract Purpose Scholars suggest that clearance rates reflect (a) the solvability of cases ( Gottfredson & Hindelang, 1979 ; Roberts, 2007 ), and/or (b) the populations that the police choose to prioritize ( Black, 1976 ). But few studies consider the totality of contextual and situational characteristics that may explain clearance rates and contribute to important disparities among them. The current study presents a framework that considers the effect of various types of devaluation and solvability on clearance. Methods Linear probability modeling is used to test the framework's utility and whether complaint, neighborhood, and police district characteristics affect the clearance of violent crimes in St. Louis, MO. Results The findings suggest that while minority victims and neighborhoods may be devalued, specific crime features physically hinder crime-solving. Important interactions emerge between devaluation and solvability indicators, and crime types are found to have distinctive clearance predictors. The results suggest that witness and victim-offender relationship information might be particularly important in clearing crimes involving Black victims. Conclusions Overall, the results highlight the importance of comprehensively studying crime-solving. Future research should continue to work toward developing a comprehensive conceptualization to explain police case clearance.
Electronic structure and magnetism in infinite-layer nickelates R NiO 2 ( R = La − Lu )

Using first-principles calculations, we analyze the evolution of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of infinite-layer nickelates $R{\mathrm{NiO}}_{2}$ ($R=\text{rare}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{earth}$) as $R$ changes across the lanthanide series from La to Lu. By correlating these changes with in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameter reductions, we conclude that the in-plane Ni-O distance is the relevant control parameter in infinite-layer nickelates. An antiferromagnetic ground state is obtained for all $R{\mathrm{NiO}}_{2}$ ($R=\text{La-Lu}$). This antiferromagnetic state remains metallic across the lanthanide series and is defined by a multi-orbital picture with low-energy relevance of a flat Ni-${d}_{{z}^{2}}$ band pinned at the Fermi level, in contrast with cuprates. Other non-cuprate-like properties such as the involvement of $R\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ bands at the Fermi level and a large charge-transfer energy are robust for all $R{\mathrm{NiO}}_{2}$ materials.
Efflux pumps, NHE1, monocarboxylate transporters, and ABC transporter subfamily inhibitors

Abstract The transporter family of proteins play an essential role in normal physiology of the human body, as well as in many pathological states, generated by genetic or acquired diseases, including many forms of cancer. The chapter details the main classes of transporters, their natural substrates, and the drugs that can be transported in/out of various cells. It also details the classes of inhibitors developed against each type of transporter, their potency, selectivity and toxicity, alone and in combination with different other drugs, in vitro and in vivo. Whenever possible, we have presented the translational efforts made to move different transporter inhibitors into clinical use, as well as the representatives currently available in clinic, their advantages and limitations.
Predictive Factors for Patients' Failure to Show for Initial Outpatient Physical Therapist Evaluation.

Objective The objective of this study was to examine primary factors that may predict patients' failure to show at initial physical therapist evaluation in an orthopedic and sports outpatient setting. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients' demographic data for physical therapist evaluations between January 2013 and April 2015 was performed. A binary logistic regression model was used to evaluate the odds of a no-show at evaluation. Demographic variables of age, employment status, days waited for the appointment, payer source, and distance traveled to the clinic were analyzed. Independent variables were considered significant if the 95% CIs of the odds ratios (ORs) did not include 1.0. Results A total of 6971 patients were included in the final analysis, with 10% (n = 698) of the scheduled patients having a no-show event for their initial evaluation. The following factors increased the odds of patients having a no-show event: days to appointment (OR = 1.058; 95% CI = 1.042-1.074), unemployment status (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.41-2.73), unknown employment status (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.12-8.69), Medicaid insurance (OR = 4.87; 95% CI = 3.43-6.93), Medicare insurance (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.10-4.49), unknown payer source (OR = 262.84; 95% CI = 188.72-366.08), and distance traveled 8 or more kilometers (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.01-1.70). Female sex (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.57-0.95) and age 40 years or older (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.33-0.60) decreased the odds of a no-show event. Conclusions Results from this study indicate there may be some demographic factors that are predictive of patients failing to attend their first physical therapist visit. Impact Understanding the predictive factors and identifying potential opportunities for improvements in scheduling processes might help decrease the number of patients failing to show for their initial physical therapy appointment, with the ultimate goal of positively influencing patient outcomes.
The political allocation of green pork and its implications for federal climate policy

Abstract This paper examines how the simultaneous choice of an emissions cap and the allocation of permits to secure key votes affects the ability for climate policy to pass the U.S. Congress and the conditional efficiency and equity of such feasible policies. When permits are politically allocated, Congress selects a cap both for the external benefits it provides as well as the private green pork, or value of permits, it generates. Legislative bargaining in contexts when public and private goods are co-produced, such as climate change, induces trade-offs between policy passage and conditional efficiency and equity. Moreover, lowering the vote threshold or originating climate policy in the Senate results in a policy that is more vulnerable to unanticipated deviations in the winning coalition.
Long-range hydrogen-binding effects of carbide interfaces in iron

A micromechanics model was developed to evaluate the elastic binding energy between carbide precipitates and hydrogen interstitials using Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were performed to obtain the material-specific quantities, e.g., lattice constants and the elastic constants, for the continuum model. Using this model, we find that for coherent carbide precipitates, hydrogen atoms are more likely to bind on the broad surfaces of the disk-like precipitates, which is consistent with experimental observations. For semicoherent and incoherent precipitates, our model suggests that it is possible for semicoherent precipitates to have significant hydrogen binding capability while there is no hydrogen-binding capability of incoherent precipitates, which also agrees with experimental findings. In addition, several factors that influence the binding energies between hydrogen atoms and carbide precipitates were quantitatively analyzed, including the precipitate size, morphology, orientation, and interface. These collective results include both the position and the value of the strongest hydrogen-binding interaction for a wide range of carbide stoichiometries, which contributes to our understanding of hydrogen trapping in steel-based materials.
Adherence of a hyperelastic shell on a rigid planar substrate

Abstract A hyperelastic shell with spherical cap geometry is compressed to a rigid planar substrate. Using Maugis’ graphical method and a numerical approach, the quasi-static adhesion-detachment trajectory, the interrelation between applied load, approach distance and contact radius, and the critical pull-off parameters are determined for ranges of materials stiffness, shell thickness, shell depth and interfacial adhesion energy.
Building Solidarity in International Development Research and Practice

This research note is part of the thematic section, Giving Back in Solidarity, in the special issue titled “Giving Back in Field Research,” published as Volume 10, Issue 2 in the Journal of Research Practice.
Abstract 293: Endothelial Type B Endothelin Receptor is a Critical Microvascular Target in Placental Ischemia and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Mediated Hypertensive Pregnancy

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder (HTN-Preg) with unclear mechanism, and a role of cytokines and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been suggested. We have recently shown downregulation of endothelial type B ET-1 receptor (ETBR) in Preg rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP). To test if cytokines are a possible mechanism linking RUPP to downregulation of ETBR, day 14-Preg rats were either nontreated or infused with TNFα (200 ng/kg/day), and RUPP rats were either nontreated or infused with the TNFα decoy receptor etanercept (0.4 mg/kg/day) for 5 days by osmotic minipump. On day 19, BP was recorded and mesenteric microvessels were isolated for simultaneous measurement of diameter and [Ca2+]i (fura-2 340/380 ratio). BP was in TNFα-Preg (127±8) > Preg (97±5mmHg) and in etanercept-RUPP (113±2) Preg (58.1±5.2%), and in etanercept-RUPP (65.9±5.0) Preg (0.86±0.01), and in etanercept-RUPP (0.85±0.01) RUPP (10.17±2.9%). The NOS inhibitor L-NAME partially reduced ACh-induced and ETBR-mediated relaxation in Preg and etanercept-RUPP, but not TNFα-Preg or RUPP, suggesting decreased NO-dependent and ETBR-mediated vasorelaxation in HTN-Preg. Addition of the K+ channel blocker teraethylammonium (non specific), or apamin (SKCa) plus TRAM-34 (IKCa) abolished the remaining ETBR-mediated relaxation in all groups, suggesting equal role of EDHF. Thus similar to RUPP, increasing TNFα in Preg rats increases ET-1 microvascular constriction and decreases ETBR-mediated NO-dependent vasodilation, and counteracting TNFα reduces BP and ET-1 vasoconstriction, and enhances ETBR-mediated vasodilation in RUPP rats. The results support that endothelial ETBR is a major microvascular target in placental ischemia and TNFα-mediated HTN-Preg.
HYLIFE-II Reactor Chamber Mechanical Design

Mechanical design features of the reactor chamber for the HYLIFE-II inertial confinement fusion power plant are presented. A combination of oscillating and steady, molten salt streams are used for ...
The Struggle over Slavery in the Maritime Colonies

Cet article examine attentivement comment maitres et esclaves s’affronterent pour definir l’esclavage dans les provinces Maritimes. S’appuyant sur des recherches universitaires anterieures, il accorde une attention particuliere au role que jouerent des personnes d’ascendance africaine dans l’abolition de l’esclavage, avec l’aide d’abolitionnistes de la region et de juges sympathiques a leur cause. La fin de l’esclavage mit a l’avant-plan une nouvelle forme de racisme plus virulente qui limitait les perspectives des communautes de Noirs libres de la region.
THE EPITHELIAL ORIGIN OF THE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE THYMUS OF THE EMBRYONIC HAMSTER.

Detailed cytological studies of serial sections have been performed on 85 golden hamster embryos ranging between 9 and 16 days (4–27 mm) of embryonic development. Sequential cytological changes in the development of the thymus of the hamster into an active lymphocytopoietic organ indicate that lymphoblasts develop by the gradual proliferation and transformation of “undifferentiated” epithelial cells comprising the primordial thymus. The “undifferentiated” epithelial cells undergo two distinct lines of differentiation during early development of the thymus: into lymphoblasts and into stellate reticular-epithelial cells which form the organ parenchyma. Transformation, both of lymphoblasts and reticular-epithelial cells begins during the eleventh day of development prior to the separation of the thymus and parathyroid. That the lymphoblastic and lymphocytic elements appearing in the embryonic thymus of the hamster are of epithelial rather than mesenchymal derivation is indicated by the following: (1) the absence of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and hemopoietic activity in the connective tissue surrounding the embryonic thymus before and during the period of initial lymphoblastic formation; (2) the presence of a continuous basement membrane surrounding the developing thymus; (3) absence of cells passing through the basement membrane during this phase of development; (4) the absence of vascularity or vascular invasion of the thymus until after the appearance of lymphoblasts in the thymic parenchyma; (5) the demonstration of a sequential series of morphological transitions between “undifferentiated” epithelial cells and lymphoblasts and (6) the subsequent homoplastic proliferation and maturation of the lymphocytic elements from lymphoblasts in the developing thymus.
An Inconvenient School of Thought

While a core focus of Carrier’s book is the relation between patents and antitrust, the book leaves its reader entirely in the dark about the school of thought about that interface that actually motivated Congress in passing the present patent system into law and that shaped the next half century of development in the case law. It is good that the book is not designed to recount history, because it would in that endeavor be writing out of the history the very events that were controlling. It also is good that the book is not designed to help the reader engage in a fulsome intellectual enterprise, because it would fail in that endeavor as well by leaving the reader totally in the dark about a major school of thought in the field. The book’s success is in providing a nicely written and thoughtfully worded dissertation about the views of Carrier and his intellectual friends.