cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security Vs. Liberty: An Imbalanced Balancing

The metaphor of balancing and the use of “balancing tests” are dominant features in legal discourse. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that metaphor has been invoked regularly to explain the need for a trade-off between liberty and security. This Article focuses on challenges to balancing that are either unique or somehow exacerbated in the context of responding to violent crises. Drawing on cognitive theory of decision-making under conditions of uncertainty it suggests that balancing processes, in general, and those seeking to balance such interests as liberty and security, in particular, are likely to suffer from identifiable biases. This indicates that the outcomes of such delicate and complex balancing acts are likely to be distorted and thus sub-optimal. While the theory does not, necessarily, make claims as to what the equilibrium between the competing interests ought to be at any given context - for example, it does not seek to determine what an acceptable level of risk from terrorist attacks ought to be - it does suggest that once such a decision is made, the analysis that decision-makers perform in particular cases and in adopting specific counter-measures is likely to be significantly flawed. Perhaps even more importantly, it suggests that such flaws are systematic and that they are going to be tilted in one direction - i.e., towards more security - than the other, i.e., more liberty. The systematic nature of the biases that are identified suggests that failure to address them may turn the mistakes and errors that are discussed in the paper into cognitive pathologies, i.e., decision methods that are not only mistaken but irrational.
Ultrasonic wave propagation in EPS lightweight concrete and effective elastic properties

Abstract Although studies have been conducted to determine expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete properties from mechanical experiments, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is seldom applied to investigate this material. The present study uses ultrasound to evaluate lightweight EPS concrete. The first part of the study investigates EPS beads effect on ultrasonic pulse velocity and attenuation. It is demonstrated that the EPS beads strongly affect the waveforms, leading to a decrease in both longitudinal and shear pulse velocities, and shifting the frequency spectra to lower values. The second part of the research compares ultrasonically evaluated bulk and shear moduli of the mixtures with the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ISOLATE OF CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS THAT CAUSES SEVERE SYMPTOMS IN SWEET ORANGE

The complete sequence (19,249 nucleotides) of the genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolate SY568 was determined. The genome organization is identical to that of the previously determined CTV-T36 and CTV-VT isolates. Sequence comparisons revealed that CTV-SY568, a severe stem-pitting isolate from California, has more than 87% overall sequence identity with CTV-VT, a seedling yellows isolate from Israel. Although SY568 has an overall sequence identity of 81% with CTV-T36, a quick decline isolate from Florida, the sequence identity in the 3′ half of the genome is over 90% while the sequence identity in the 5′ half of the genome is as low as 56%. Based on the sequence alignments of these three isolates, sequences in the 3′ half of the genome are generally well conserved, while the sequences in the 5′ half are relatively divergent. Sequence data of independent overlapping clones from the CTV-SY568 genome revealed two regions with highly divergent sequences. In open reading frame 1b (RNA dependent RNA polymerase), there were 118 nucleotide differences that lead to 16 amino acid changes. In the open reading frame of the divergent coat protein gene, 5 amino acid changes result from 48 nucleotide differences. Most differences occurred in the third position of the codons, and resulted in silent amino acid substitutions. RNase protection assays demonstrated that most of the clones obtained are representative of the major RNA species of this isolate. Northern analysis indicated that CTV-SY568 accumulated more viral RNA including genomic and certain subgenomic RNAs than isolates VT or T36 in sweet orange.
Interlocking Enzymes in Graphene-Coated Cellulose Paper for Increased Enzymatic Efficiency

Abstract A simple method for interlocking glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in a network of cellulose fibers coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-exfoliated graphene (biographene) is reported here. The resulting paper reactor is inexpensive and stable. Biographene is expected to function as an electron shuttle, making the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate more efficient, and this hypothesis is examined here. The BSA used to separate the sheets of graphene provides extra carboxylic acid groups and primary amines to help interlock the enzymes and the graphene in between the fibers. The decrease in entropy associated with interlocking the enzymes on a solid support is likely responsible for the increase in enzymatic stability/activity observed. Each cellulose disk contained 5.2 mg of enzyme per gram of paper and 93% of the enzyme is retained after washing for 0.5–2 h. This simple methodology provides a low cost, effective approach for achieving high enzymatic activity and good loadings on a benign, versatile support.
A Prospective Study of Environmental Exposures and Early Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Design, Protocols, and Preliminary Data from the MARBLES Study.

Background: Until recently, environmental factors in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were largely ignored. Over the last decade, altered risks from lifestyle, medical, chemical, and other factors ha...
Mitigation of Crack Formation During Thermo-Mechanical Delamination of CdTe Solar Cells

Controlled thermo-mechanical delamination of thin-film solar cells offers a promising approach to drastically improve flexibility and specific power (power-to-weight ratio). However, the issue of film cracking during the delamination process must first be addressed. Here, we examine the causes of cracking during and after delamination, where it is found that cracking is heavily influenced by the material properties of the stressor layer used to induce delamination and the glass substrate that the solar cell is grown on. We then present several ways to reduce cracking during the delamination process.
A Case Study of Acute Stimulant-induced Psychosis.

Psychosis resulting from stimulant overuse is commonly observed in clinical practices today. This is in large part due to the significant increase in attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) diagnoses in recent years, the increase in methamphetamine trafficking, and the prevalence of stimulant use in the day-to-day activities by many of those living in today’s fast-paced society. The current inability to predict those users who will experience stimulant-induced psychosis from those users who will not needs further investigation. In this case study, we examine why one particular stimulant user experiences stimulant-induced psychosis. We give an account of a patient with an acute psychotic episode admitted to the emergency room at a local hospital. During initial evaluation, it was discovered that he had been diagnosed with ADHD one month ago and that the onset of his symptoms was likely related to an overuse of amphetamines. The patient had no personal history or family history of any psychiatric or mood disorders. He had no history of recreational drug use prior to this incident, and had no history of seizures or head trauma. After appropriate pharmacological intervention with antipsychotics and psychological intervention, the patient showed gradual improvement over the next five days of his hospitalization. After the five days, he was allowed to be discharged. We conclude with the cautionary advice that a patient’s susceptibility of experiencing stimulant-induced psychosis should be assessed before prescribing stimulants. In cases where stimulant use is not supervised by a physician, appropriate understanding of management of stimulant-induced psychosis is of utmost importance in order to provide the very best patient education and care.
Evaluation of Postnatal Sedation in Full-Term Infants.

Prolonged sedation in infants leads to a high incidence of physical dependence. We inquired: (1) “How long does it take to develop physical dependence to sedation in previously naive full-term infants without known history of neurologic impairment?” and (2) “What is the relationship between length of sedation to length of weaning and hospital stay?”. The retrospective study included full-term patients over a period of one year that were 72 hours. Quantification of fentanyl, morphine, and midazolam were compared among three time periods: 30 days using t-test or one-way analysis of variance. Identified full-term infants were categorized into surgical (14/44) or medical (10/44) groups, while those with neurological involvement (20/44) were excluded. Physical dependence in full-term infants occurred following sedation ≥5 days. Infants with surgical disease received escalating doses of morphine and midazolam when administered >30 days. A positive association between length of sedation and weaning period was found for both respiratory (p < 0.01) and surgical disease (p = 0.012) groups, while length of sedation is related to hospital stay for the respiratory (p < 0.01) but not the surgical disease group (p = 0.1). Future pharmacological directions should lead to standardized sedation protocols and evaluate patient neurocognitive outcomes.
Entrepreneurship as Creative Destruction

AS SOON AS I SAW THE TITLE, “The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative Entrepreneur,” I was intrigued. In this short essay, cultural critic William Deresiewicz (2015) charts the evoluti...
Short-term REM deprivation does not affect acquisition or reversal of a spatial learning task.

Abstract Although there is a general belief that rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is essential for spatial memory tasks such as the Morris water maze (MWM), there is conflicting evidence for this assertion. This study investigated the effects of short-term REM deprivation on acquisition and reversal of the MWM by varying the timing of REM deprivation and the degree of task acquisition in three separate experiments. There was no evidence for a detrimental effect of REM deprivation on acquisition, retention, or reversal in the MWM. These data add to a growing body of evidence that although REM is important for certain types of learning and memory, spatial memory, as assessed by the MWM, is not among them.
The Myth of d8 Copper(III).

Seventeen Cu complexes with formal oxidation states ranging from CuI to CuIII are investigated through the use of multiedge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) c...
A new class of flexible energetic salts, part 6: the structures of the hydrazinium and hydroxylammonium salts of dinitramide

The crystal structures of two amine base salts, the hydrazinium, 1, and the hydroxylammonium, 2, of dinitramide have been determined. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 21/c with cell dimensions a = 8.312(3), b = 5.654(1), c = 10.659(3) A, β = 93.73(3)°, while 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pcab (nonstandard setting of Pbca) with cell dimensions a = 6.439(2), b = 12.470(4), c = 30.816(14) A. The structures of 1 and 2 contain protonated amine cations and dinitramide anions linked by hydrogen bonding. In addition, in 2 there are both neutral and zwitterionic hydroxylamine moieties involved in the hydrogen bonding scheme. Thus in 2 the complete formula unit is (NH3 +OH)2[N3O4 −]2 · (NH2OH) middot; (NH3 +O−), and in this structure the hydroxylamine exists in its three possible forms: protonated, neutral, and zwitterionic. In both structures the conformations adopted by the dinitramine anions can be related to the types of hydrogen bonds it forms with the surrounding amine cations.
Evaluating a Community-Based Breast Cancer Prevention Program for Rural Underserved Latina and Black Women.

Persistent racial and ethnic disparities and rural–urban disparities in breast cancer mortality in North Carolina require attention. The Pitt County Breast Wellness Initiative—Education (PCBWI-E) provided culturally tailored breast cancer education and navigation to age-appropriate screening services (mammography and clinical breast exams) for uninsured and underinsured Black and Latina women age 25 and older in two rural counties in North Carolina (Pitt and Edgecombe Counties). Using a lay health model, the PCBWI-E trained 23 community members and public health undergraduate students as lay breast health educators. Breast health educators educated 735 women across the 2-year program. Baseline knowledge about breast health was low at year 1 and 2 (mean knowledge score = 59%, SD = 0.21 and 57%, SD = 0.22, respectively) and was higher at follow-up post-intervention for both years 1 and 2 (mean knowledge score = 78%, SD = 0.18 and 75%, SD = 0.19, respectively) (p < 0.001). In terms of navigation, almost three-quarters (72%) of those recommended to receive a mammogram, received one. Of the population served by the PCBWI-E who were aged 40 and above, 34% had never received a mammogram. Of those women who had never received a mammogram, 68% received one through the PCBWI-E program. The PCBWI-E was successful in increasing both breast health knowledge and access to age-appropriate breast cancer screening among uninsured and underserved Latina and Black women in rural eastern North Carolina. Future efforts should support the large-scale implementation of successful evidence-based culturally appropriate models like this one in the reduction of racial, ethnic, and rural breast cancer disparities.
Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric disorder that can be chronic and debilitating if not properly treated. Current first-line treatments for OCD include cognitive-behavioral...
Clearinghouse Margin Requirements

We model the decision problem faced by a profit-maximizing clearinghouse, which sets fee and margin requirements for heterogeneous traders who may default. We capture the main trade-offs underpinni...
Genetic and Usurpation Data Support High Incidence of Bumble Bee Nest Invasion by Socially Parasitic Bumble Bee, Bombus insularis

Cuckoo bumble bees (Psithyrus) (Lepeletier, 1832) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are a unique lineage of bees that depend exclusively on a host bumble bee species to provide nesting material, nutritional resources, and labor to rear offspring. In this study, we document usurpation incidence and population genetic data of Bombus insularis (Smith, 1861) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a bumble bee species in the Psithyrus subgenus, on field-deployed B. huntii colonies in northern Utah, United States. Within 12 d of deploying B. huntii Greene, 1860 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies at two field sites, 13 of the 16 colonies contained at least one established B. insularis female. Although our results demonstrate that field-deployed bumble bee colonies are highly susceptible to B. insularis usurpation, applying a fabricated excluder to prevent the inquiline from invading a colony was 100% effective. Sibship analysis using microsatellite genotype data of 59 B. insularis females estimates that they originated from at least 49 unique colonies. Furthermore, sibship analysis found siblings distributed between the field sites that were 7.04 km apart. Our result suggests that B. insularis females have the capacity to disperse across the landscape in search of host colonies at distances of at least 3.52 km and up to 7.04 km. Our study underscores the detrimental impact B. insularis usurpation has on the host bumble bee colony. As B. insularis significantly impacts the success of bumble bee colonies, we briefly discuss how the utilization of excluders may be useful for commercial bumble bee colonies that are used to pollinate open field crops.
O Peso do Luto: Um Estudo Sobre as Representações da Morte e o Processo do Luto na Sociedade Contemporânea

Tendo em vista que a morte pode ser considerada uma das fases do desenvolvimento humano, ainda permanece um tabu. No atual momento, em que enfrenta-se uma pandemia devastadora, tem se desencadeado um luto em massa, intensificando o medo dos individuos sobre este tema. A busca pelo controle de vida e morte que perpassa a sociedade, desde a antiguidade e o medo da morte que se instaurou no homem a partir das rupturas socio historicas, tornaram este medo uma representacao social da morte. O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender as representacoes sociais da morte e o processo de enfrentamento do luto. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as representacoes sociais da morte na sociedade contemporânea, expor a morte e sua historicidade e elucidar o processo de elaboracao do luto. Alem, de trazer formas de suporte psicologico no enfrentamento do luto. O estudo foi realizado sobre a otica da Teoria das Representacoes Sociais de Serge Moscovici, enquanto os aspectos da morte e do morrer foram articuladas entre os autores J. Willian Worden, Maria Julia Kovacs. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com uma metodologia baseada em um estudo bibliografico atraves de livros, artigos cientificos e documentos monograficos. A revisao da literatura apontou que as representacoes sociais da morte na sociedade contemporânea se constroem atraves dos eventos biologicos e psicossociais, e que, os fatores que interferem na construcao destas representacoes e o cultural, especialmente, a religiao, no qual forma-se as rupturas sociais. Alem disso, o processo de luto ocorre em diferentes vieses (luto normal e luto patologico) e e de suma importância o psicologo caracterizar o luto, compreender os fatores historicos pessoais para que se possa dar o suporte necessario no enfrentamento do luto.
Learning Symbolic Rules for Reasoning in Quasi-Natural Language

Symbolic reasoning, rule-based symbol manipulation, is a hallmark of human intelligence. However, rule-based systems have had limited success competing with learning-based systems outside formalized domains such as automated theorem proving. We hypothesize that this is due to the manual construction of rules in past attempts. In this work, we ask how we can build a rule-based system that can reason with natural language input but without the manual construction of rules. We propose MetaQNL, a "Quasi-Natural" language that can express both formal logic and natural language sentences, and MetaInduce, a learning algorithm that induces MetaQNL rules from training data consisting of questions and answers, with or without intermediate reasoning steps. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on multiple reasoning benchmarks; it learns compact models with much less data and produces not only answers but also checkable proofs. Further, experiments on a real-world morphological analysis benchmark show that it is possible for our method to handle noise and ambiguity. Code will be released at this https URL.
Correlates of Concurrent Sexual Partnerships Among Young, Rural African American Men.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the social, behavioral, and psychological factors associated with concurrent (i.e., overlapping in time) sexual partnerships among rural African American young men with a primary female partner. METHODS We recruited 505 men in rural areas of southern Georgia from January 2012 to August 2013 using respondent-driven sampling; 361 reported having a primary female partner and participating only in heterosexual sexual activity. Men provided data on their demographic characteristics and HIV-related risk behaviors, as well as social, behavioral, and psychological risk factors. RESULTS Of the 361 men with a primary female partner, 164 (45.4%) reported concurrent sexual partners during the past three months. Among the 164 men with a concurrent sexual partner, 144 (92.9%) reported inconsistent condom use with their primary partners, and 68 (41.5%) reported using condoms inconsistently with their concurrent partners. Having concurrent sexual partnerships was associated with inconsistent condom use, substance use before sex, and self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Bivariate correlates of concurrent sexual partnerships included incarceration, substance use, early onset of sexual activity, impulsive decision-making, and masculinity attitudes (i.e., men's adherence to culturally defined standards for male behavior). In a multivariate model, both masculinity ideology and impulsive decision-making independently predicted concurrent sexual partnerships independent of other risk factors. CONCLUSION Masculinity attitudes and impulsive decision-making are independent predictors of concurrent sexual partnerships among rural African American men and, consequently, the spread of HIV and other STIs. Developing programs that target masculinity attitudes and self-regulatory skills may help to reduce concurrent sexual partnerships.
Imaging around Orthopedic Hardware: Clinical Applications

Conventional radiography has been the traditional means by which to assess arthroplasty but is limited by two-dimensional acquisitions and poor tissue contrast. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that markedly decrease susceptibility artifact, MRI has been shown to be much more sensitive to adverse tissue reactions around orthopaedic implants and has been shown to be the most accurate means by which to assess bone loss. The ability to assess different types of synovial-based adverse tissue reactions is discussed, as well as neurovascular compression, heterotopic ossification and the quality of the muscle and tendon attachments. Both traditional and prototype strategies by which to effectively image around arthroplasty are discussed. For pain or weakness after arthroplasty, early use of optimized MRI is recommended. Keywords: MRI; arthroplasty; adverse tissue reaction; osteolysis; synovitis
Transforming a Moral Right into a Legal Right: The Case of School Finance Litigation and the Right to Education

Rights claims, in both theory and practice, convey a level of moral gravity that other types of public appeals do not possess. As Jeremy Waldron emphasizes, rights are weightier than need-based claims because they are not merely a list of demands for certain liberties or goods. More significantly, they invoke the moral status of claimants by expressing what citizens owe to each other, and thereby suggest a vision of society. To honor or deny a right, therefore, is not simply to acknowledge or dispute an alleged need: more seriously, it is to pass judgment on the view of humanity and of political obligations implied by a right. As Ronald Dworkin points out, political theories reflect different views of what constitutes a right, and how rights, goals, and duties are connected and ranked. The scope and importance of rights varies across theories; nonetheless, to invoke a right is to make a moral claim that commands special consideration, or as Dworkin has put it, to play one’s “political trump.”
Measured Strength: Estimating the Strength of Alliances in the International System, 1816-2000

Alliances play a critical role in the international system and understanding the determinants and consequences of their strength is an important task. Even though many have argued that the strength of an alliance is theoretically determined by both the power of the signatories involved and the formal terms of the agreement, using these insights to measure the strength of alliances is difficult for many reasons. Using a statistical measurement model, we estimate the strength of all alliances signed between 1816-2000 along two theoretically derived dimensions: the strength of the signatories involved, and the strength of the formal terms of the alliance. In addition to estimating the strength of every alliance in these two dimensions, our Bayesian latent variable model also allows us to: characterize the relationship between the two dimensions of alliance strength, identify how observable characteristics relate to each of the recovered dimensions, and, perhaps most importantly given the difficulty of the task, document how precisely we are able to use the measures to estimate alliance strength. By generating estimates of every alliance signed between 1816 and 2000, we not only provide scholars with an empirical characterization of alliance strength in two dimensions of conceptual interest that should prove vital for future studies of international alliances, but the flexibility of our measurement model also offers additional opportunities to refine and extend our measure.
Purification and characterization of a pilin specific for Brazilian purpuric fever-associated Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius (H. aegyptius) strains.

Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a recently described fatal pediatric disease caused by systemic infection with Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. Previous studies have shown that all H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius strains isolated from BPF cases and case contacts share several unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics that differentiate them from other H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius strains isolated from conjunctivitis cases in Brazil. One key characteristic of this BPF clone is reactivity in a BPF-specific monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We have purified and partially characterized a pilin, referred to as the 25-kilodalton (kDa) protein. Aggregates of this protein contain a heat-labile epitope which is recognized by a monoclonal antibody used in the BPF-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 25,000, is insoluble in most detergents, and fractionates with outer membrane vesicles after LiCl extraction. Biochemical analysis of the 25-kDa protein shows it to have an amino acid composition similar but not identical to that of the H. influenzae type b pilin. The sequence of 20 N-terminal amino acids of the 25-kDa protein shows almost complete homology with the N terminus of the H. influenzae type b pilin and the types 1 and P pilins of Escherichia coli. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of the purified protein shows the presence of filamentous structures similar in morphology to those of H. influenzae pili. Reactivity between the 25-kDa protein and the BPF-specific monoclonal antibody is demonstrated by Western blotting (immunoblotting) and colloidal gold-enhanced immunoelectron microscopy. Hemadsorption analysis shows that expression of this protein is associated with increases in piliated cells and enhanced binding of these cells to human erythrocytes. These studies indicate that expression of the 25-kDa protein is a characteristic unique to the BPF clone and suggest that this protein plays a role in the pathogenesis of BPF. Images
Authoring cases from free-text maintenance data

Automatically authoring or acquiring cases in the case-based reasoning (CBR) systems is recognized as a bottleneck issue that can determine whether a CBR system will be successful or not. In order to reduce human effort required for authoring the cases, we propose a framework for authoring the case from the unstructured, free-text, historic maintenance data by applying natural language processing technology. This paper provides an overview of the proposed framework, and outlines its implementation, an automated case creation system for the Integrated Diagnostic System. Some experimental results for testing the framework are also presented.
Novel methods for the measurement of the critical properties of thermally unstable fluids

Abstract Two novel methods for the measurement of the critical properties of thermally unstable fluids are described. The first is a rapid heating sealed ampoule method which can be used to measure the critical temperature and density of thermally stable and unstable fluids. The second is a low residence time flow method which can be used to measure the critical temperature and pressure. The two methods are complementary and allow the critical temperature data to be checked for consistency. Measurements using the two methods of the critical properties of the alkanes and alkanols are summarized, and several inconsistencies in the published data for these substances are noted. New correlations for the critical properties of members of homologous series are also presented.
Evidence that [3H]forskolin binding in the substantia nigra is intrinsic to a striatal-nigral projection: An autoradiographic study of rat brain

The neuronal localization of binding sites for the diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase, forskolin, has been determined. Kainic or ibotenic acid lesions were administered into the caudate-putamen or substantia nigra of Sprague—Dawley rats. The binding of 20 nM [3H]forskolin was examined autoradiographically and quantitated using computerized densitometry with tritium standards. Neurochemical lesions placed in the caudate-putamen markedly reduced [3H]forskolin binding in this structure and distal to the site of injection in the substantia nigra. Ibotenic acid lesions placed in the substantia nigra did not appreciably alter binding in the substantia nigra, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens or olfactory tubercle. These results indicate that ‘forskolin-identified’ adenylate cyclase in the substantia nigra is located in nerve terminals from the caudate-putamen. In addition, these sites are presumably located on cell bodies or interneurons in the caudate-putamen.
Lanthanide induced shifts in the NMR spectra of methyl methoxybenzoates and methoxybenzenes

Abstract Aromatic methyl ethers appear to bind strongly to the NMR shift reagent Eu(fod)3 only when there are at least two ether groups ortho to each other. Isolated or lone methyl ethers are very weakly bound to shift reagent as compared to an ester group. It is proposed that europium is involved in strong bidentate binding to ortho oxygens in veratrole, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, methyl veratrate, methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate and reserpine. The resultant shifts in molecules with several sites of comparable binding ability are subjected to population analysis using shifts from model compounds. Populations of individual substrate-lanthanide complexes are calculated and demonstrate the additivity of lanthanide induced shifts in these systems.
Control of a shape memory alloy actuator for mirror positioning

Shape Memory Alloy actuators offer solutions to many common actuation problems especially where space or weight is limited. However, practical applications for SMA actuators in the automotive industry are still relatively few. The design of a novel automotive mirror actuator is outlined. The actuator utilizes a spherical joint and a passive friction brake to translate the linear motion of SMA wires into the angular rotation required for the mirror. A simple and effective variable structure controller is developed for the control of the mirror actuator and experimental results are obtained showing the controller is effective with small perturbations.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Use and understand: the inclusion of services against texts in library catalogs and “discovery systems”

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to outline possibilities for the integration of text mining and other digital humanities computing techniques into library catalogs and “discovery systems”.Design/methodology/approach – The approach has been to survey existing text mining apparatus and apply this to traditional library systems.Findings – Through this process it is found that there are many ways library interfaces can be augmented to go beyond the processes of find and get and evolve to include processes of use and understand.Originality/value – To the best of the author's knowledge, this type of augmentation has yet to be suggested or implemented across libraries.
BIRTH ORDER: COMPLEMENTARITY VS HOMOGAMY AS DETERMINANTS OF ATTRACTION IN DATING RELATIONSHIPS

Summary.-Toman's duplication and homogamy theorems derive conflicting hypotheses for the relationship between birth order and attraction in dating relationships. The present investigation directly compared these two hypotheses for a sample of 123 dating couples. Members of each couple completed measures of birth order, liking, loving, time-period dating, probability of marrying partner, and satisfaction with relationship; birth orders were classified into five types according to Toman's system. The results did not support either duplication or homogamy. Although evidence exists for the effects of duplication on marital longevity and for homogamy on marital choice, birth order does not appear related ro the choice, longevity, or attraction between dating partners. Theoretical implications of these findings were discussed. Toman (1970, 1971) reports evidence supporting his duplication theorem, that partners in personal relationships prefer a complementary match, i.e., one in which each partner duplicates a former sibling for the other, e.g., an older brother of sisters with a younger sister of brothers. Toman found that low
Intensity Interpolation For Serial Cross-Sections

Reconstructing three-dimensional objects, both surface and interior intensities, from serial cross-sections not only makes slicing from any arbitrary angle possible but also provides accurate quantitative information for various purposes. However, the only technique available for intensity interpolation is the straightforward linear interpolation method which is technically unsound and groundless. In this paper, an intensity interpolation method for two regions of interest lying on two consecutive cross-sections is proposed. Although the intensity is interpolated linearly, the corresponding points involved in interpolation are carefully selected. The result is compared with the straightforward linear interpolation method.
All-optical particle trap using orthogonally intersecting beams [Invited]

We analyze the properties of a dual-beam trap of orthogonally intersecting beams in the geometrical optics regime. We derive analytical expressions for the trapping location and stability criteria for trapping a microparticle with uncollimated Gaussian beams. An upper limit for the beam waist is found. Optical forces and particle trajectories are calculated numerically for the realistic case of a microparticle in intersecting liquid-core waveguides.
Calorie and water intakes as a function of strain, age, and caloric-density of diet☆

Abstract There may be age-related differences in calorie intake, body weight and water intake in response to changes in the caloric-density of a diet and its palatability. These differences may depend on the strain of rat. An experiment was carried out according to a 2 by 3 by 4 by 5 doubly-multivariate design, repeated measures on the last factor, representing strain (ACI/Mai vs Fischer 344), age (169 days, 332 days, and 654 days), diet (powdered chow, 25% petrolatum, 25% shortening, 25% petrolatum-shortening), and daysets. The dependent variables were: Kcal/day, grams body weight/day, and grams water intake/day. Independently of strain, all age-groups changed their calorie and water intakes as rapidly and to the same degree in response to changes in calorie-density of the diet and its greasiness and equally maintained weight. Furthermore, independently of age and greasiness, calorie intake and body weight of Fischer rats responded to changes in the calorie density of the diets to a greater degree and longer than those of the ACI rats. These results suggest that the upper limit of adiposity is defended equally over a large segment of the life of the rat, but independently of age, less rapidly in the Fischer rats, and that the short-term mechanisms that mediate eating and drinking in response to changes in calorie density remain intact well into senescence.
TMFA: a Fortran Program for Three-Mode Factor Analysis and Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling:

TMFA, a FORTRAN program for three-mode factor analysis and individual-differences multidimensional scaling, is described. Program features include a variety of input options, extensive preprocessing of input data, and several alternative methods of analysis.
positron ionization mass spectrometry. II : Ionization by fast positrons

Abstract The ionization of polyatomic molecules in their interaction with positrons is discussed with respect to the likely mechanisms expected at various positron kinetic energies and the rationale behind the study of these processes. These mechanisms include impact ionization, those that involve the formation of positronium, and those that involve capture of the positron without positronium formation. Data are shown for ionization by fast positrons. These results constitute the first examples of the mass analysis of ions from polyatomic molecules ionized by fast (3-keV) positrons. Mass spectra derived from the bombardment of several different targets with 3-keV positrons, 70-eV electrons, and 2.7-keV electrons are compared. These comparisons support the expectation that the underlying mechanism for ionization in this collision energy region is very similar for electrons and positrons.
Rate characteristics for the reaction of carboxyl-modified polyamide with potassium hydroxide

Nylon 66 fiber, carrying 2.0 meq/g of carboxyl groups from radiation grafting of acrylic acid, was found to display chemical kinetics strongly first order with respect to the potassium hydroxide. The apparent rate constant k' remains nearly unchanged as the initial bath pH is varied from 8.3 to 10.5. At this point, the value of k' drops sharply, and continues to drop as the initial pH is increased. This discontinuity is attributed to a previously reported morphological transition indicated by a break in titration data at the corresponding equilibrium point of pH 9.2.
Inhibition of IκB Kinase Activity by Sodium Salicylate in Vitro Does Not Reflect Its Inhibitory Mechanism in Intact Cells

Sodium salicylate inhibits activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by blocking the phosphorylation and degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. We previously demonstrated that salicylate inhibits IκBα degradation induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but not by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and implicated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by salicylate in the inhibition of TNF-induced IκBα phosphorylation. Both TNF and IL-1 rapidly activate the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, containing the catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ, which directly phosphorylates IκB proteins. Others have recently suggested that salicylate inhibits NF-κB activation by directly binding to IKKβ. To clarify the mechanism whereby salicylate inhibits IKK activity, we examined its effects upon cytokine-induced IKK activity in intact cells and in vitro. Treatment of intact cells with salicylate inhibited TNF-induced but not IL-1-induced IKK activity, and this inhibition was prevented by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. In contrast, inhibition of IKK activity by salicylate in vitro was neither selective for TNF nor affected by SB203580. In vitro, salicylate treatment comparably inhibited the kinase activity of overexpressed IKKα and IKKβ and also decreased p38 kinase activity. Therefore, direct inhibition of IKK activity in vitro does not reflect the inhibitory mechanism of salicylate in intact cells, which involves interference with TNF signaling.
Recent progress in the biology and physiology of sirtuins

The sirtuins are a highly conserved family of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that regulate lifespan in lower organisms. Recently, the mammalian sirtuins have been connected to an ever widening circle of activities that encompass cellular stress resistance, genomic stability, tumorigenesis and energy metabolism. Here we review the recent progress in sirtuin biology, the role these proteins have in various age-related diseases and the tantalizing notion that the activity of this family of enzymes somehow regulates how long we live.
Hypercalciuria in children severely affected with osteogenesis imperfecta.

To investigate our impression that hypercalciuria is relatively common in children with osteogenesis imperfecta, we performed a retrospective study of data accumulated from our pediatric population with this skeletal disorder. Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (17 girls, 30 boys; mean (±SD) age 7.8±4.6 years; range 0.7 to 16.8 years) had undergone detailed inpatient evaluation of mineral homeostasis during periods of clinical stability and controlled dietary calcium intake. Hypercalciuria was found in 36% of the patients and averaged (±SEM) 6.1±0.3 mg/kg per 24 hours (0.15±0.01 mmol/kg per 24 hours) or 392±28 mg/gm of creatinine (1.10±0.07 mmol calcium/mmol creatinine) in the group with hypercalciuria. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, or dietary calcium intake (per kilogram of body weight) between the normocalciuric and hypercalciuric children. However, the group with hypercalciuria was shorter than the normocalciuric group and had a greater lifelong fracture rate. When patient height z scores were regressed against urinary calcium levels, a significant negative correlation was found in the group with hypercalciuria ( r =−0.76; p
An ultra-low-power analog memory system with an adaptive sampling rate

Sleep states are used in resource-constrained systems to conserve power, but they necessitate a wake-up circuit for detecting unpredictable events. In such systems, all information preceding a wake-up event will be forfeited. In this paper, we present an analog memory system that adaptively samples and records an input signal while the rest of the system sleeps, thereby preserving the information that would otherwise be lost. This system does so while consuming less than 3.52 µW. We also show how the adaptive sampling rate can be utilized to approximate the original signal using a minimal number of samples.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for adaptive human-computer interfaces

We present a brain-computer interface (BCI) that detects, analyzes and responds to user cognitive state in real-time using machine learning classifications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. Our work is aimed at increasing the narrow communication bandwidth between the human and computer by implicitly measuring users' cognitive state without any additional effort on the part of the user. Traditionally, BCIs have been designed to explicitly send signals as the primary input. However, such systems are usually designed for people with severe motor disabilities and are too slow and inaccurate for the general population. In this paper, we demonstrate with previous work1 that a BCI that implicitly measures cognitive workload can improve user performance and awareness compared to a control condition by adapting to user cognitive state in real-time. We also discuss some of the other applications we have used in this field to measure and respond to cognitive states such as cognitive workload, multitasking, and user preference. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In vitro hepatic insulin resistance in chronic pancreatitis in the rat

To investigate the effect of chronic pancreatitis (CP) on in vitro hepatic sensitivity to insulin, the suppression of glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose production (HGP) by insulin was examined during isolated liver perfusion (ILP) in CP and sham-operated rats. CP was induced at laparotomy by infusion of 50 microliters 99% oleic acid into the common bile duct during temporary occlusion of the proximal hepatic duct in 250- to 350-g Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight to sixteen weeks later, single-pass ILP was performed on fed animals. Glucagon (100 pg/ml) was infused for 30 min; the final 20 min of perfusion was performed with (a) no insulin, (b) 25 microU/ml insulin, or (c) 100 microU/ml insulin. CP and sham rats demonstrated comparable HGP responses to glucagon during the 0- to 10-min period (5.2 +/- 0.5 vs 5.9 +/- 0.5 mg/g/min, P = NS). CP rats demonstrated an HGP response to glucagon alone more evanescent than that in sham rats (20-30 min of HGP, 6.6 +/- 0.6 vs 9.5 +/- 0.4 mg/g/min, P less than 0.05). Sham rats showed a dose-dependent inhibition of HGP by insulin, however (percentage 20-30 min of HGP/0-10 min of HGP for 0, 25, and 100 microU/ml insulin: 166 +/- 12, 125 +/- 7, and 101 +/- 5%, P less than 0.01), whereas CP rats showed no effect of insulin (130 +/- 6, 123 +/- 7, 134 +/- 7%, P = NS). Pre- and postperfusion liver glycogen contents revealed comparable decreases in liver glycogen in both groups: insulin inhibition of HGP in sham rats was accompanied by higher postperfusion glycogen content. These data demonstrate a loss of insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production in livers obtained from pancreatitic rats. We conclude that CP is accompanied by a primary hepatic resistance to insulin; this defect may play a role in the etiology of pancreatogenic diabetes.
Novel reconstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree with a biosynthetic absorbable graft

Abstract Objectives The reference standard technique for the reconstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree is Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. This procedure is not without complications and may not be feasible in some patients. This project sought to evaluate a novel approach for repairing common bile duct injuries with a biosynthetic graft. This allows for the reconstruction of the anatomy without necessitating an intestinal bypass. Methods Study subjects were 11 mongrel hounds. Utilizing an open approach, the common bile duct was transected in each animal. A 1-cm graft of a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthesis was interposed over a 5-Fr pancreatic stent and sewn in place as an interposition tube graft with absorbable sutures. Intraoperative cholangiograms and monthly liver function tests were completed. Animals were killed at 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 months. Results The first five animals were killed early in the process of protocol development. One animal developed obstructive symptoms and was killed on postoperative day 14. The next five animals were longterm survivors without evidence of clinically significant graft stenosis. Mean alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were normal, at 140 U/l and 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. Histology showed the complete replacement of the graft with native tissue at 6 months. Conclusions Biliary reconstruction using a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthetic as an interposition tube graft is feasible based on initial results. Biliary reconstruction using a synthetic bioabsorbable prosthetic is possible
An Arabinogalactan from Extracellular Polysaccharides of Suspension-cultured tobacco Cells

The structure of an arabinogalactan, separated from extracellular polysaccharides of cultured tobacco cells, has been investigated by methylation analysis of the original polysaccharide and of the products obtained after mild acid hydrolysis and after controlled Smith degradation.The arabinogalactan consists of l-arabinose, d-galactose and l-rhamnose in the molar ratio of 47: 45: 8. The arabinogalactan has a main chain of (1→3)-linked d-galactopyranosyl residues, half of which are substituted at the 6-position. Most of the side chains consist of three (1→6)-linked D-galactopyranosyl residues, to which l-arabinose residues are attached at C-3. The l-arabinofuranosyl and pyranosyl residues are present as end groups, and l-arabinopyranosyl residues are attached to C-5 of l-arabinofuranosyl residues. Non-reducing terminal l-rhamnopyranosyl residues are also present.