cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-thermal production and escape of OH from the upper atmosphere of Mars

Abstract We present a theoretical analysis of formation and kinetics of hot OH molecules in the upper atmosphere of Mars produced in reactions of thermal molecular hydrogen and energetic oxygen atoms. Two major sources of energetic O considered are the photochemical production, via dissociative recombination of O 2 + ions, and energizing collisions with fast atoms produced by the precipitating Solar Wind (SW) ions, mostly H + and He 2 + , and energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) originating in the charge-exchange collisions between the SW ions and atmospheric gases. Energizing collisions of O with atmospheric secondary hot atoms, induced by precipitating SW ions and ENAs, are also included in our consideration. The non-thermal reaction O + H2(v, j) → H + OH(v′, j′) is described using recent quantum-mechanical state-to-state cross sections, which allow us to predict non-equilibrium distributions of excited rotational and vibrational states (v′, j′) of OH and expected emission spectra. A fraction of produced translationally hot OH is sufficiently energetic to overcome Mars’ gravitational potential and escape into space, contributing to the hot corona. We estimate its total escape flux from the dayside of Mars for low solar activity conditions at about 1.1 × 1023 s − 1 , or about 0.1% of the total escape rate of atomic O and H. The described non-thermal OH production mechanism is general and expected to contribute to the evolution of atmospheres of the planets, satellites, and exoplanets with similar atmospheric compositions.
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: The Reversal in the Far Eastern Balance of Power

Japan has leaped, almost at one bound, to a place among the great nations of the earth. Her recent exploits in the war with China have focused all eyes upon her, and the world now comprehends the startling fact that this small island kingdom, so little taken account of heretofore in the calculations even of students and statesmen, has within a few decades stridden over ground traversed by other nations only within centuries. The Honorable Hilary A. Herbert, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, 1895 Those who most despair of China are those who know her best. Western missionary in China, late nineteenth century The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–5 is a seminal event in world history. Yet it has been virtually ignored in the Western literature. This is not the case in the East. Ever since this war, the focus of Chinese foreign policy has been to undo its results whereas the focus of Japanese foreign policy has been to confirm them. Japan used war to supplant Chinese regional primacy, but China refused to acknowledge the consequences of defeat. The war delivered a coup de grâce to the expiring traditional international order in the Far East: It shattered Chinese hegemony and demonstrated to an astonished West that Japan had become a modern great power. Such a seismic reversal in the traditional balance of power fractured the previous international harmony within the Confucian world and left an aftershock of enduring territorial and political fault lines that have embroiled China, Japan, Korea, and Russia ever since.
Fault Tolerance Assistant (FTA): An Exception Handling Programming Model for MPI Applications

Future high-performance computing systems may face frequent failures with their rapid increase in scale and complexity. Resilience to faults has become a major challenge for large-scale applications running on supercomputers, which demands fault tolerance support for prevalent MPI applications. Among failure scenarios, process failures are one of the most severe issues as they usually lead to termination of applications. However, the widely used MPI implementations do not provide mechanisms for fault tolerance. We propose FTA-MPI (Fault Tolerance Assistant MPI), a programming model that provides support for failure detection, failure notification and recovery. Specifically, FTA-MPI exploits a try/catch model that enables failure localization and transparent recovery of process failures in MPI applications. We demonstrate FTA-MPI with synthetic applications and a molecular dynamics code CoMD, and show that FTA-MPI provides high programmability for users and enables convenient and flexible recovery of process failures.
Relation of Eurasian Snow Cover and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall: Importance of the Delayed Hydrological Effect

AbstractThis observationally based study demonstrates the importance of the delayed hydrological response of snow cover and snowmelt over the Eurasian region and Tibet for variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall during the first two months after onset. Using snow cover fraction and snow water equivalent data during 1967–2003, it is demonstrated that, although the snow-albedo effect is prevalent over western Eurasia, the delayed hydrological effect is strong and persistent over the eastern part. Long soil moisture memory and strong sensitivity of surface fluxes to soil moisture variations over eastern Asia and Tibet provide a mechanism for soil moisture anomalies generated by anomalies in winter and spring snowfall to affect rainfall during the initial months in summer. Dry soil moisture anomalies over the eastern Eurasian region associated with anomalous heating at the surface and midtroposphere help in anchoring of an anomalous upper-tropospheric “blocking” ridge around 100°E and its persistence. T...
ANALYTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS AT SOCIAL ARITHMETIC IN PROJECT BASED LEARNING IN GRADE 3 SMP ISLAM ATHIRAH BUKIT BARUGA

This research is a descriptive qualitative approach which aims to uncover the problem solving ability of junior high school students in project-based learning. The subjects were students of class VII SMP Islam Athirah 3 Bukit Baruga consisting of 25 people. Indicators of problem-solving ability is revealed in this study were (1) the ability to understand the problem, (2) ability to problem-solving plan, (3) ability to carry out the plan, (4) the ability to re-examine the results obtained. The data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis technique with a deductive approach that consists of four stages: preparation, organization, presentation and assessment data. The results of this study were (1) On the indicator of the ability to understand the problem, the ability of students at the high category. Students have no difficulty in writing down the things that are known and asked although generally not written in detail. (2) On the indicator of the ability to plan penyesaian problem, the ability of students in middle category. In writing the students problem-solving plan looks much trouble, generally after they write things that are known and asked them straight into a stage of problem solving. (3) On the indicator of the ability to implement the plan, the ability of students in middle category. Students at this stage are generally able to perform the settlement in accordance with the procedures and rules applicable although some of them are still mengaalami error in the calculation process determines the final answer. (4) On the indicator of the ability to re-examine the results obtained, the ability of students in middle category. Students do activities to examine the results obtained, but there are some among them who only perform checks on the final result without re-check the correctness of each step and calculations performed
Internal Conversion Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews different types of electromagnetic transitions: (1) internal conversion processes, (2) gamma-ray emission, (3) internal pair formation, (4) nuclear excitation by photoabsorption or inelastic electron scattering, and (5) Coulomb excitation. Spin and parity assignments can be obtained from angular correlation of cascade radiations. It does not involve absolute rate measurements. Without a measurement of the linear polarization of a γ-ray, no parity assignments can be made. Nuclear excitation processes compete with the de-excitation processes only when the former involve the ground state as a final state. It is necessary to measure absolute cross sections in the case of photo- or electro-excitation. Internal conversion measurements constitute only one tool in the arsenal of nuclear spectroscopy. For deciphering decay schemes, the data of other processes like angular correlation and β-decay are indispensable.
National Trends in the Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children

Purpose: In September 2011 the AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) released updated guidelines for the evaluation of children 2 to 24 months old with a febrile urinary tract infection. We documented the impact of the guideline on diagnosis and surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux at U.S. children’s hospitals. We hypothesized that voiding cystourethrogram studies and the vesicoureteral reflux treatment rate decreased concurrent with the national guideline release.Materials and Methods: The Pediatric Health Information System was queried for children (younger than 18 years) with primary vesicoureteral reflux and their antireflux surgical history from January 2004 to June 2015. Voiding cystourethrogram orders were recorded. Interrupted time series analysis quantified trends surrounding several seminal vesicoureteral reflux publications (2007) and guideline publication (2011).Results: A total of 43,341 voiding cystourethrogram encounters (male 23,946 [55.3%]) were identified for patients at a median ...
The making of burnout: From social change to self-awareness in the postwar United States, 1970–82

The concept of burnout has become ubiquitous in contemporary discussions of work stress in the post-industrial, service economy. However, it originated outside of the market, in the counter-cultural human service institutions of the San Francisco Bay Area and New York City. This article explores the first decade of the development of the burnout concept, demonstrating how it represented a reaction against the counter-culture and the alternative institutions that emerged alongside it. Focused in particular on the work of psychoanalyst Herbert Freudenberger and social psychologist Christina Maslach, this article demonstrates how the burnout phenomenon inspired professional helpers to engage in self-care and reduce their commitment to clients. As burnout migrated from the human services into the broader business environment in the early 1980s, the dedication to social change through helping others would largely vanish, to be replaced by the idea that the best way to ‘serve’ customers and co-workers was by pr...
Franklin Roosevelt And The Forgotten History Of The Earned Income Tax Credit

On his 1934 income tax return, Franklin Roosevelt claimed an "earned income credit" of $1,400. We usually think of the Earned Income Tax Credit (ETIC) as a subsidy for the poor. This article recovers the original history of the credit back when it was a subsidy for the rich, or at least wealthy taxpayers who earned their wealth through their labor. The purpose of this credit, which lasted up until WWII, was to offset the huge tax preference given to wealthy taxpayers whose income came from capital. The article traces the credit from its inception to its demise and then links it to the current EITC to show some surprising connections between the two credits over time and social change. Both are linked to the foundational tax policy concept of "ability to pay" although in different ways.
Hole distortion and drift in extruded microstructured optical fiber glass preforms: Part II – Optimization

Abstract In Part I of this computational study, scalar variables were introduced to quantify the quality of the cross-sectional geometry of a glass preform used to draw Microstructured Optical Fibers (MOF). These non-dimensional variables measure the processing induced distortions that occur during extrusion of the preform. That study investigated flow through two die designs, and showed that the distortions, which can limit the use of this technology, are a strong function of friction that accompanies interface slip. Furthermore, it was observed that a short welding chamber length, while producing a complex flow, might allow for an optimization of the die to produce a desired final geometry. An extensive sensitivity analysis set the stage for the current optimization study, which includes two approaches. First, the radii of the circular feed holes in the two die designs were altered. Within the computational domain, there are 17 and 13 feed holes in the two designs. Second, the five circular pins that create the holes in the preform were modified in both shape and position. Results show that the DAP parameter, which quantifies the degree of circularity of the holes, can be used to guide optimization of the feed hole size and pin shape to drastically reduce hole distortion. Furthermore, for the examples considered, the drift of the holes from their desired positions was simultaneously improved.
Predictors of Readmissions and Reoperations Related to Venous Thromboembolic Events After Spine Surgery: A Single-Institution Experience with 6869 Patients.

Background Readmission and reoperation are used as hospital and surgeon quality metrics. Venous thromboembolic (VTE) events, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (PE), are a major cause of readmission, morbidity, and mortality after spine surgery. Specific procedural, perioperative, and patient characteristics may be associated with these outcomes. Methods We retrospectively examined records from 6869 consecutive spine surgeries at our institution. We collected data on patient demographics, surgery, hospital course, and 30-day rates of VTE, readmission, reoperation, and epidural hematoma. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of each outcome. Results Factors associated with VTE within 30 days of surgery include a history of VTE (odds ratio [OR] 3.92 [confidence interval 1.83–8.36], P Conclusions Transfusion and EBL are associated with numerous negative outcomes. Transfusion is an independent predictor of VTE, readmission, reoperation, and epidural hematoma requiring evacuation. Specific pathologies were associated with specific negative outcomes.
Empirical seismic site effect analysis for the city of Tehran using H / V and methods

This paper presents empirical seismic site effect analysis for Tehran city, the capital of Iran. Empirical methods using both spectral ratio of the horizontal components of sedimentary site to rock...
Ten conceptual models of large-scale legacy sedimentation - A review

Abstract Considerable interest has been directed toward the recognition and documentation of legacy sediment (i.e., anthropogenic sediment) in fluvial systems. Little has been written, however, to identify implicit or explicit theories about how these deposits form and evolve over decennial to centennial time scales. This review attempts to redress this void by examining conceptual models of the physical behavior and characteristics of catchment-scale anthropic fluvial sedimentation events. These concepts, which are not unique to anthropogenic sediment, include cascades, sediment delivery ratios, waves, aggradation-degradation episodes, residence times, budgets, connectivity, stream power, nonlinear dynamical systems, and geohistorical, geoarchaeological, and chronostratigraphic principles. A broad definition of legacy sediment as episodically produced anthropogenic sediment is adopted that includes early episodes of large-scale, human-induced sedimentation throughout the world. The models apply to a variety of environments, so the examples from North America following the introduction of European settlement can be related to other post-settlement sedimentation episodes elsewhere. During aggradation episodes, rates of erosion and sedimentation often increased an order of magnitude in response to land clearance for agriculture, timbering, or mining. These sediments may remain as a lasting geomorphic legacy that provides evidence of anthropogenic change and governs modern rates of sediment production and nonpoint source pollution.
Effects of the FcRn developmental pharmacology on the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal IgG antibody in pediatric subjects using minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling

The aim of this study was to investigate neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) concentration developmental pharmacology in adult and pediatric subjects using minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mP...
A Performance and Reliability Study of a Novel ICPC Solar Collector Installation

A novel integral compound parabolic concentrator evacuated solar collector (ICPC) array has been in continuous operation at a demonstration project in Sacramento California since 1998. This paper reports on recent progress in an ongoing reliability and degradation study of the changes in performance of the array over eight years of operation. The study addresses the impact of both optical and thermal factors on array performance. Recent progress in the study includes 1) development of an animated graphical ray tracing simulation tool to investigate changes to the incidence angle modifier of the ICPC and 2) the design of a device to measure the loss of reflectivity of the internal mirrored surfaces of the ICPC.
Genetic models of Insulin Resistance:Alterations in β-cell biology

One of the essential biological actions of insulin in mammals is the maintenance of euglycaemia. This is a complex process and involves the uptake, storage and oxidation of glucose in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues, as well as the suppression of hepatic glucose production. A significant blunting of these actions in spite of the presence of normal or even high circulating levels of insulin indicates the presence of an “insulin resistant” phenotype. A variety of pathological states including type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis and polycystic ovary disease are characterized by the presence of insulin resistance (1-6). In the case of type 2 diabetes it is generally accepted that insulin resistance must be accompanied by a β-cell defect for the full development of the disease. Although there is some debate as to which of these two defects is primary, longitudinal studies in several populations suggest that insulin resistance may be the first defect to be detected (2,7,8). The early insulin resistance observed in pre-diabetic individuals is initially compensated by an increase in insulin secretion by the islet β-cells that could represent either an enhanced secretory capacity or an increased islet/β-cell mass or a combination of both. Over a period of time, however, the β-cell compensation fails leading to uncontrolled hyperglycaemia and overt diabetes.
Brand Engagement and Co-creation in the Online Environments- Based on the Self-Determination Theory

Customer value co-creation nowadays is critical for marketing success. However, many firm-initiated co-creation activities face difficulties in attracting and activating promising community members. Based on self-determination theory, we developed a research model to understand the customers' motivation to voluntarily engage in value co-creation behaviors from the perspective of brand community engagement. An online survey on brand communities were employed to test the hypotheses derived from the research model. Partial Least Square Regression Analysis (PLS) approach is used to validate the measures and test hypotheses. Results indicated that highly-engaged customers tend to participate in co-creation activities and customer citizenship behaviors. In addition, feelings of brand community engagement are enhanced by customers' brand-self connection and perceived relatedness. And perceived relatedness is most important in predicting brand community engagement among the four antecedents. We draw on these findings to offer implications for researchers and practitioners.
Analytical Similarity Assessment in Biosimilar Product Development

This book focuses on analytical similarity assessment in biosimilar product development following the FDA’s recommended stepwise approach for obtaining totality-of-the-evidence for approval of biosimilar products. It covers concepts such as the tiered approach for assessment of similarity of critical quality attributes in the manufacturing process of biosimilar products, models/methods like the statistical model for classification of critical quality attributes, equivalence tests for critical quality attributes in Tier 1 and the corresponding sample size requirements, current issues, and recent developments in analytical similarity assessment.
Toward a Theory of Cyber Attacks

We provide a general methodology for analyzing defender-attacker based "games" in which we model such games as Markov models and introduce a capacity region to analyze how defensive and adversarial strategies impact security. Such a framework allows us to analyze under what kind of conditions we can prove statements (about an attack objective $k$) of the form "if the attacker has a time budget $T_{bud}$, then the probability that the attacker can reach an attack objective $\geq k$ is at most $poly(T_{bud})negl(k)$". We are interested in such rigorous cryptographic security guarantees (that describe worst-case guarantees) as these shed light on the requirements of a defender's strategy for preventing more and more the progress of an attack, in terms of the "learning rate" of a defender's strategy. We explain the damage an attacker can achieve by a "containment parameter" describing the maximally reached attack objective within a specific time window.
Controlling Thermoplastic Elastomer Optical Properties by Mechanical Processing

We demonstrate that the extrusion speed of thermoplastic urethane elastomer can modify its optical transmission by a factor of more than 100. Varying extrusion speed at constant temperature may tune optical properties along the axis of a filament, for example creating absorbent regions that are sensitive to length and diameter changes, surrounded by more transmissive segments that carry the sensor signal over long distances. Such waveguiding in a stretchable optical fiber requires a stretchable cladding with lower refractive index than the core. In experiments toward a rugged, stretchable fiber cladding, we investigated whether solvents could modify the outer structure of the filaments. Soaking the filaments in NMP (n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), then stretching the filaments while the solvent dried, turned out to modify the filaments in a way that solvents alone did not, creating porosity and reducing the appearance of optical clarity.
Ether-functionalized ionic liquids for nonaqueous biocatalysis: Effect of different cation cores

Abstract Ether-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) usually have low viscosities, and can be designed to be compatible with enzymes. However, there is a lack of understanding of the effect of different ether-functionalized structures on the enzyme activity. We systematically evaluated new ether-functionalized ILs carrying different cation cores (pairing with Tf2N− anions) in two Novozym 435-catalyzed reactions: (1) the transesterification of ethyl sorbate with 1-propanol at 50 °C; (2) the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of e-caprolactone at 70 °C. The lipase showed different activities: in the first reaction, [CH3OCH2CH2-Et3N][Tf2N] and [CH3OCH2CH2-Py][Tf2N] gave the highest reaction rates; in the second reaction, [CH3OCH2CH2-PBu3][Tf2N] produced the highest molecular mass (Mw up to 25,400 Da). The lipase’s thermal stability in [CH3OCH2CH2-Et3N][Tf2N] was found much higher than that in t-butanol. The fluorescence spectra of free lipase (excited at 280 nm) in these ILs reveal that the wavelength of the maximum emission peak occurred at 314 nm for both [CH3OCH2CH2PBu3][Tf2N] and [CH3OCH2CH2PEt3][Tf2N], which matched closely with that (313 nm) in aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 7.5, 20 mM), while other ether-functionalized ILs led to various degrees of red shifts. In summary, the lipase activity is not only dependent on the IL structure, but also on the substrate and other reaction conditions.
Safety Profiles of Fat Processing Techniques in Autologous Fat Transfer for Breast Reconstruction.

Background Autologous fat transfer is common in breast reconstruction because of its versatility for use in contour deformities. The authors examined three different fat grafting processing techniques for complications and safety profile using their institutional database. Methods Retrospective review was performed of patients from a single institution who had undergone autologous fat transfer following breast reconstruction from 2012 to 2016. Individuals were separated into three cohorts according to fat harvest technique: (1) centrifugation, (2) Telfa gauze, or (3) Revolve. Complications between the groups were assessed. Results A total of 267 cases of autologous fat transfer were identified (centrifugation, n = 168; Telfa, n = 44; and Revolve, n = 55). Grafting by means of centrifugation was associated with the greatest incidence of oil cysts (12.5 percent; p = 0.034), postoperative adverse events observed in the clinic (13.7 percent; p = 0.002), and total complications (25.6 percent; p = 0.001). The use of Telfa resulted in the lowest rates of oil cyst formation (0 percent; p = 0.002) and total complications (2.3 percent; p = 0.001). Grafting by means of centrifugation was also associated with the highest frequency of repeated injections among the three techniques after initial grafting (19.6 percent; p = 0.029). In contrast, Revolve demonstrated a repeated injection rate of just 5.45 percent, significantly lower when independently compared with centrifugation (p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher total graft volume (p = 0.002) and the use of centrifugation (p = 0.002) were significant risk factors for adverse events seen in the clinic postoperatively. Conclusions Significant differences in postoperative outcomes exist between varying fat transfer techniques. Autologous fat transfer by means of centrifugation harbored the highest rates of complication, whereas Telfa and Revolve exhibited similar safety profiles. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
A three-dimensional progressive damage model for drop-weight impact and compression after impact

In this paper, an enhanced three-dimensional continuum damage mechanics model is applied to predict the drop-weight impact response and compression after impact failure of a fiber-reinforced polyme...
Two randomized migraine studies of galcanezumab: Effects on patient functioning and disability

Objective To evaluate changes from baseline in patient-reported outcomes for measures of functioning and disability among patients with migraine treated with galcanezumab or placebo. Methods Patients with episodic migraine (4–14 monthly migraine headache days) were treated with either galcanezumab (Evaluation of LY2951742 in the Prevention of Episodic Migraine [EVOLVE]–1: 120 mg n = 210, 240 mg n = 208; EVOLVE-2: 120 mg n = 226, 240 mg n = 220) or placebo (EVOLVE-1 n = 425; EVOLVE-2 n = 450) during 6 months of treatment. Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire v2.1 (MSQv2.1) measured the effect of migraine on patient functioning (physical and emotional) in 3 domains, and the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) quantified headache-related disability associated with missed or reduced productivity at work or home and social events. Both were collected at baseline and during the treatment period (MSQv2.1 = monthly; MIDAS = months 3 and 6 only). Results Differences in MSQv2.1 total score least squares (LS) mean change from baseline (month 4–6) for galcanezumab (120 and 240 mg, respectively) were superior to placebo (EVOLVE-1 = 7.3 and 6.7 [both p Conclusions Patients with episodic migraine treated with galcanezumab reported significant and clinically meaningful improvements in daily functioning and decreased disability compared with patients who received placebo. Classification of evidence This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with migraine, galcanezumab (120 mg or 240 mg) given once monthly improved functioning and reduced disability.
LAMORE: A stable, scalable approach to latent vector autoregressive modeling of categorical time series

Latent vector autoregressive models for categorical time series have a wide range of potential applications from marketing research to healthcare analytics. However, a bruteforce particle filter implementation of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm often fails to estimate the maximum likelihood parameters due to the Monte Carlo approximation of the E-step and multiple local optima of the log-likelihood function. This paper proposes two auxiliary techniques that help stabilize and calibrate the estimated parameters. These two techniques, namely asymptotic mean regularization and low-resolution augmentation, do not require any additional parameter tuning, and can be implemented by modifying the brute-force EM algorithm. Experiments with simulated data show that the proposed techniques effectively stabilize the parameter estimation process. Also, experimental results using Medicare and MIMIC-II datasets illustrate various potential applications of the proposed model and methods.
A Conceptual Approach to Designing Transposition Flaps

Background The large number of transposition flap geometries available for cutaneous reconstruction often makes the design of these flaps difficult for less experienced dermatologic surgeons. Objective To present a conceptual approach to designing transposition flaps based on 2 elementary angles. Materials and methods First, a simplified framework for designing transposition flaps is presented, based on: (1) the takeoff point of the flap, (2) the angle between the primary limb and the primary defect (Angle A), and (3) the angle between the secondary limb and the primary limb (Angle B). Next, a comprehensive literature review highlights applications of the above conceptual approach in the design of z-plasties and single-lobed and multi-lobed transposition flaps. Results Different types of transposition flaps all share the same key design elements, and modifications to Angle A and Angle B predict flap biomechanics. Conclusion The design of transposition flaps can be simplified by understanding how 2 elementary angles influence the geometry and biomechanics of various transposition flaps.
Abstract P2009: Dysbiotic 1-Carbon Metabolism in Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling

Unless there is a genetic defect, most diseases start in our gut. Balance in gut’s microbiome; symbiosis vs dysbiosis need to be maintained during health, however; in diseases such metabolic syndro...
Utilization of Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Resected Colon Cancer and Its Effect on Outcome.

Adjuvant radiation is generally not recommended for colon cancer but may be considered in certain clinical scenarios [advanced local disease (pT4) and/or positive margins]. Guidelines in this area are lacking; thus we analyzed the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patterns of care in this regard and any predictors for outcome. We queried the NCDB from 2004 to 2016 for patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the colon having pT4 and/or had positive margins on final pathology and who received adjuvant multiagent chemotherapy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of adjuvant radiation. A propensity score was used to perform matched Kaplan–Meier analysis. Propensity-adjusted Cox regression was used to identify predictors of overall survival. We identified 23,325 patients meeting criteria, of whom 1711 (7%) received adjuvant radiation. Median follow-up was 36 months. The majority of patients were pT4 alone (65%). Predictors of adjuvant radiation were lower comorbidity score, younger age, more remote year of treatment, and both pT4 and positive margins. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed improved overall survival (OS) in patients with both pT4 and positive margins treated with radiation (median OS: 66 versus 47 months, p = 0.02). Receipt of adjuvant radiation was associated with improved OS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.86 (0.80–0.93) p = 0.0002] on Cox regression analysis. Increased age, higher comorbidity score, lower income, government insurance, and combined pT4/positive margins were indicative of worse survival. Expectedly, adjuvant radiation use was relatively low but was associated with improved OS in patients with both pT4 and positive margins.
Author Correction: New Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous haplotype resurrected from a 49-year-old specimen of Solanum umbelliferum: a native host of the psyllid vector.

Author(s): Mauck, Kerry Elizabeth; Sun, Penglin; Meduri, Venkata RamaSravani; Hansen, Allison K | Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Active Interventions for Behavioral and Cognitive Change

All psychotherapies are based on the processes of learning and directed behavioral change. However, the sectarian schools of traditional therapy differ considerably with regard to their emphases on these processes and the roles given to instruction and direction on the part of the therapist. Obviously, behavioral and cognitive therapies are the prototypes of active, directive, and didactic psychotherapy. From behavior therapy’s earliest days, when its ideology flaunted its roots in the laboratory and in learning theory, until today, the behavior therapist has been considered an educator, a director, and a guide to change. Overt behavioral change is both the method and the goal of this therapy, and it is almost impossible to think of a behavioral intervention about which this point is not true. Pioneering behavioral techniques such as systematic desensitization (Wolpe, 1958) were introduced openly as action-based substitutes for the then-current methods (experiential and psychodynamic), which were not focused on immediate change. The ongoing testing and refinement of interventions that are derived from classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning paradigms share this over riding concern (Glass & Arnkoff, 1992).
Social Vulnerability and Equity: The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19.

As the architect of racial disparity, racism shapes the vulnerability of communities. Socially vulnerable communities are less resilient in their ability to respond to and recover from natural and man-made disasters when compared to resourced communities. This essay argues that racism exposes existing practices and structures in public administration that, along with the effects of COVID-19, have led to disproportionate infection and death rates of Black people. Using the Centers for Disease Control's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) authors analyze the ways Black bodies occupy the most vulnerable communities, making them bear the brunt of COVID-19's impact. Findings suggest that existing disparities exacerbate COVID-19 outcomes for Black people. Targeted universalism is offered as an administrative framework to meet the needs of all people impacted by COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Loss of Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2 Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance despite Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Accumulation

Summary To assess the effects of acylcarnitine accumulation on muscle insulin sensitivity, a model of muscle acylcarnitine accumulation was generated by deleting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) specifically from skeletal muscle (Cpt2Sk−/− mice). CPT2 is an irreplaceable enzyme for mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation, converting matrix acylcarnitines to acyl-CoAs. Compared with controls, Cpt2Sk−/− muscles do not accumulate anabolic lipids but do accumulate ∼22-fold more long-chain acylcarnitines. High-fat-fed Cpt2Sk−/− mice resist weight gain, adiposity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impairments in insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Obesity resistance of Cpt2Sk−/− mice could be attributed to increases in lipid excretion via feces, GFD15 production, and energy expenditure. L-carnitine supplement intervention lowers acylcarnitines and improves insulin sensitivity independent of muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity. The loss of muscle CPT2 results in a high degree of long-chain acylcarnitine accumulation, simultaneously protecting against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
History of Lipidology

The history of lipidology started in the eighteenth century with the discovery of cholesterol crystals in bile. However, the linkage of blood cholesterol to atherosclerosis did not occur until early in the twentieth century with the seminal work by Nikolai Anitschkow documenting foam cell formation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. In the twentieth century, multiple Nobel prizes were awarded for delineating the cholesterol synthetic pathway, which led to the discovery of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, which ultimately yielded statin therapy; this has markedly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Human mutations resulting in modifications of lipid metabolism have now ushered in an era of novel therapeutics such as PSCK9 inhibitors as well as other potential targets that may ultimately provide the ability to eradicate the leading cause of global mortality, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Enaminones as building blocks in drug development: Recent advances in their chemistry, synthesis, and biological properties

Abstract The enaminone scaffold is a versatile building block used in organic synthesis. The amine – alkene – carbonyl conjugated system, having both nucleophilic and electrophilic characteristics, allows for a highly reactive center, that can serve as a pharmacophore for molecules in drug development. Analogs with this moiety have an array of pharmacological responses such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer and anticonvulsant activities. Herein, this review provides insight of current synthetic methodologies that employ enaminones as intermediates and their preparations. Structure activity relationship studies of various enaminone analogs will be examined in this review as well.
Influence of Neonatal Side Stream End Tidal CO2 Adaptor on Breathing/Ventilation in Infant Olive Baboons

Background: Neonatal end tidal CO2 adaptors for side stream air sampling have been introduced into practice with the assumption that the very small instrumental dead space of the adaptor does not influence ventilation of infants. We wished to test this assumption in an animal model. Methods: 7 infant olive baboons (Papio anubis) were sedated with a ketamine/acepromazine mixture, intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube and allowed to breathe spontaneously while been attached to AVEA ventilator. We used the FilterLine adaptor (A) for the experiment. The ventilation parameters were recorded as follows: spontaneous breathing with no A, with A placed between ETT and ventilator9s hot wire flow sensor (but with no air sampling), and with A sampling air at 50 mL/min. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Results: Average weight of baboons was 1.9 kg. Placement of A without sampling the air decreased frequency from 45 at baseline to 42.9 (by 4.7%) breaths/min (P Conclusions: Contrary to initial assumption, the adaptor showed small but statistically significant influence on the ventilation parameters. The changes are physiologically expected in this kind of intervention. Increasing VE in response to the increase in instrumental dead space and in response to the increase in resistance, the frequency decreased while the VT increased. Sampling the air from the circuit mitigated the influence of A mainly on MV, but not frequency. This is not surprising, taking in consideration that the sampling did not change resistance of the system, but reduced effective dead space by removing void air from the instrumental dead space. The results of this study could be confidently extrapolated to premature infants. The clinical significance of the changes in ventilation, imposed by the end tidal CO2 adaptors, needs to be evaluated.
Satellite remote sensing of pelagic Sargassum macroalgae: The power of high resolution and deep learning

Abstract In recent years, massive blooms of pelagic Sargassum have occurred in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico, and satellite imagery have been used operationally to monitor and track the blooms. However, limited by the coarse resolution and other confounding factors, there is often a data gap in nearshore waters, and the uncertainties in the estimated Sargassum abundance in offshore waters are also unclear. Higher-resolution satellite data may overcome these limitations, yet such a potential is hindered by the lack of reliable methods to accurately detect and quantify Sargassum in an automatic fashion. Here, we address this challenge by combining large quantities of high-resolution satellite data with deep learning. Specifically, data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI, 10–20 m), Operational Land Imager (OLI, 30 m), WorldView-II (WV-2, 2 m), and PlanetScope/Dove (3 m) are used with a deep convolution neural network (DCNN) to extract Sargassum features and quantify Sargassum biomass density or areal coverage. By utilizing the U-net architecture and the pre-trained weights from the VGG16 model, the DCNN (i.e., the VGGUnet model) can extract Sargassum features while discarding other confusing features (waves, currents, phytoplankton blooms, clouds, cloud shadows, or striping noise). For Sargassum biomass estimated from OLI and MSI images, results indicate an accuracy of ~92% and 90%, respectively, when evaluated using images from the same sensor. When Sargassum areal coverage is estimated from WV-2 and Dove images, there is an accuracy of ~98% and 82%, respectively. When different sensors are cross-compared, OLI reveals ~30% more Sargassum biomass than MODIS from 14 OLI images collected in the Caribbean Sea (path/row: 001/050) for their commonly viewed observable areas, and ~ 180% more Sargassum biomass than MSI (N = 15, path/row: 001/050); such differences appear systematic (R2 = 0.98 and 0.73, respectively). Compared to the quasi-simultaneous MSI, OLI, and MODIS images, Dove shows higher Sargassum coverage. Higher-resolution sensors tend to observe more Sargassum because they can detect smaller-scale features that are missed by the coarser-resolution sensors, although the difference varies with time and location. The morphological characteristics of Sargassum features from these high-resolution data are also reported to facilitate management actions. The findings here not only fill the knowledge gaps and coverage gaps from previous studies, but more importantly pave the road toward operational monitoring and tracking Sargassum features in nearshore waters.
The Epistemological Challenge of Motherhood to Patriliny

In this essay, I examine some Igbo communities that anthropologists have long described as patrilineal. The objective is, first, to determine the accuracy of the description and to ascertain if there is a correlation between patriliny and patriarchy; and second, to determine in what ways the notion and ideology of motherhood in Igbo society challenges the prevailing characterization of the society as patrilineal. Early anthropological studies of Igbo culture by G. T. Basden, Northcote E. Thomas, Sylvia Leith-Ross, Margaret M. Green and C. K. Meek hardly focused on the epistemological significance of motherhood and the social importance of being a mother.[1] While Basden, Thomas and Meek paid attention to husbands as fathers and to men’s activities because they viewed the society as “largely based on patriarchal lines,”[2] motherhood, for them, was something that happened to women after they were married. Since, in their mind, wives were structurally subordinate to husbands, they concluded in their descriptions of family relations that motherhood lacked social and epistemic significance.[3] By contrast, Leith-Ross and Green identified the importance of motherhood in the culture but failed to pursue its significance and of what it portends for the conventional understanding of so-called patrilineal families. Against the background of the 1929 women’s war, they were more interested in understanding the subjectivities of the Igbo woman, and in presenting her as an individual. Until Ifi Amadiume directly engaged the topic of motherhood in Igbo society in 1987, few anthropologists before her had done so in a comprehensive manner.[4] Prior to that most of the stimulating discussions had taken place in literature, notably in the novels of Onuora Nzekwu (Highlife for Lizards) and Flora Nwapa (Efuru).
A general scheme for breadth-first graph traversal

We survey an algebra of formal languages suitable to deal with graph algorithms. As an example of its use we derive a general scheme for breadth-first graph traversal. This general scheme is then applied to a reachability and a shortest path problem.
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance with systemic hypertension. Effect of minoxidil and other antihypertensive agents.

Recent case reports suggest that pulmonary hypertension could be caused by minoxidil, a new potent vasodilating antihypertensive drug. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in 110 patients with systemic hypertension. Fourteen patients were treated with minoxidil for 2 to 35 months (mean 19.9 months), 15 were treated with no drugs, and the remaining 81 patients received conventional antihypertensive agents of several types. Pulmonary vascular resistance correlated positively ( P
Understanding Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis

The intent of this paper is to explain nonmathematically the appropriate use and interpretation of canonical discriminant function analysis. The two primary purposes for which this multivariate statistical technique are employed are elucidated as (1) exploratory dimension-reduction, and (2) the testing of typological hypotheses. A heuristic discussion of the technique is provided emphasizing applied rather than theoretical issues presented via an empirical question relevant to social work. A detailed explanation of how the question was answered is provided in a discussion of the output from the SPSSx statistical package. Throughout the paper, the advantages and disadvantages of doing a discrminant function analysis on both SPSSx and SAS are explicated by an ongoing comparison of each package's features.
Small object classification performance of high-resolution imaging sonars as a function of image resolution

Several results from an investigation of the relationship between the classification performance of high-resolution imaging sonars and image resolution and image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are presented. The primary goal of this investigation has been to develop a capability to accurately estimate the classification performance of various high resolution imaging sonars used for minehunting. An additional goal has been to develop a baseline measure of classification capability that can enable more accurate evaluations of the relative performance capabilities of developmental CAD/CAC algorithms. The investigation is being conducted using synthetic sonar images, due to a severe lack of real ground-truthed image data sets with directly comparable object types, multiple resolutions, and multiple calibrated SNR values, Image data sets containing an equal number of synthetic images with equal range and cross-range resolutions of 1, 3, 6, and 9-inches were created. The individual image data sets for these four resolutions include the same mine and minelike objects at the same ranges and orientations to facilitate a direct performance comparison. The image backgrounds are Rayleigh distributed and the image SNR values range from 3 to 15 dB. The classification performance results were obtained using one of the advanced computer-aided detection and classification (CAC) algorithms that are currently in the process of transitioning to several U.S. Navy minehunting systems. Standard Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for the joint probability of detection and classification and probability of false alarm as a function of "effective SNR" are presented.