cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Specification Error Tests: A Comparative Study

Abstract This article compares the power of the test RESET to that of a number of autocorrelation tests in detecting the errors of omitted variables or incorrect functional form in regression analysis. The autocorrelation tests considered are the Durbin-Watson test and a chi-squared test on the first H autocorrelations in the residual vector. Monte Carlo experiments reveal that the RESET test is the most powerful test for detecting specification errors and is robust to autocorrelation.
Growth and characterization of epitaxial layers of Ge on Si substrates

Thin single crystalline layers of Ge with atomically sharp boundaries have been formed epitaxially on (100) Si substrates. This was done by /sup 74/Ge ion implantation into Si followed by steam oxidation. Using both Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have found that a Ge layer forms as a result of Ge segregated at the moving SiO/sub 2/ interface during steam oxidation. For a SiO/sub 2/ layer that has swept through the implanted region, essentially all of the Ge is snow-ploughed and no Ge is lost to the oxide layer. The Ge layers and its two bounding interfaces, i.e., Ge/SiO/sub 2/ and Ge/Si, have been characterized as a function of the implantation dose and energy. The thickness of the Ge layer formed is dependent on the implantation dose. Thicknesses from a fraction of a monolayer to greater than 50 monolayers of Ge can be formed on Si by this mechanism. Initially the Ge layer forms a coherent interface with the underlying Si with no misfit dislocations, and misfit dislocations only appear as the thickness of the film is increased.
Portrait of a Robber Baron: Charles T. Yerkes

Chicago's traction king was a master of corruption and financial legerdemain, but his contempt for public opinion proved at last to be his undoing. Out of such flamboyant transgressions great reform movements grew, and the character of all big business operators was made suspect.
Psychosocial stress and its relationship to illness behavior and illnesses encountered commonly by family practitioners.

Abstract Computerized, clinical data, pertaining to 21,000 patients at 4 family health centers, were used to examine possible relationships between psychosocial stress and physically manifested illnesses. Statistical tests revealed a significantly higher age-sex standardized prevalence rate of somatic complaints (e.g. arrythmia, chest pain, cystitis, cellulitis, obesity, abdominal pain, lower back pain, hypertension, headaches, dizziness, malaise, acute bronchitis, osteoarthritis, acute upper respiratory tract infections) in patients diagnosed with 1 of 4 selected indicators of psychosocial stress (i.e. anxiety, depression, couple conflict, child abuse/neglect) compared with the patient population which was not diagnosed as stressed. The findings are discussed in the context of the case-control research design used in the study. Although causal relationships cannot be established as a definitive outcome of the study, the findings lend further support to the mounting evidence that psychosocial stress is a contributing factor in a wide variety of physical complaints encountered by Primary Care physicians.
Tropical Marine Fungi

. Marine Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes were collected in tropical and subtropical regions (Australia, Belize, Fiji, Hawaii, Marshall Islands, Mexico, New Zealand, Palau, Thailand), and the known range of distribution for these fungi was extended. Exclusively tropical are 27 taxa, 9 are probably restricted to the tropics also, and 11 are cosmopolitan. Distribution maps are given for 5 taxa. New species (4), varieties (3), and combinations (2) of Ascomycetes are proposed, and keys to the taxa of Halosarpheia and Lulworthia are presented. Most of the species are decomposers of mangrove parts or of detritus in sandy beaches. Nine new host plants were found. Marine Ascomycetes were discovered for the first time living in shells of foraminifera.
Where lies the blame for resistance--tumor or host?

Cytokine signaling from the tumor microenvironment can allow leukemia cells to survive targeted imatinib therapy, in the first report of a non-autonomous resistance mechanism.
Information-optimized phase diversity speckle imaging

Fisher-information-based optimization of a conventional phase diversity speckle imaging system is presented. I demonstrate how Fisher information can be used to determine the optimum value of defocus in the diversity channel for estimating the mid-frequency integrated object power spectrum. This approach is likely to be useful in optimizing the design and performance of a general imaging system.
Current Developments in Computer-Assisted Careers Guidance in the USA

Abstract Four factors associated with the design and use of computer-assisted careers guidance (CACG) systems in the USA are reviewed, and likely future developments in the field are described. The four major factors include trends in CACG system development, problems related to system development, trends in system use, and problems related to system use. International collaboration in the design and use of CACG systems is identified as one possible strategy for dealing with problems in this area.
Bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency in an infant with cystic fibrosis

Abstract With the wide implementation of newborn screening for Cystic Fibrosis, infants are being diagnosed in the presymptomatic phase of the disease. Nutritional deficiencies (hypoalbuminemia) and fat soluble vitamins A, D and E deficiencies, due to pancreatic insufficiency and malabsorption, have been reported in the past at the time of diagnosis. 1,2 Rarely, infants with CF present with severe bleeding disorder, secondary to vitamin K deficiency, in the first months of life. 3 To our knowledge, this is the first case report illustrating bleeding diathesis in a one month old infant with CF. He was diagnosed by newborn screening and presented with a gastrointestinal bleeding due to vitamin K deficient coagulopathy.
Introduction of a dynamic, idiographic model for identifying panic

A brief review of biological and psychological classification systems reveals that existing taxonomies have focused on discrete, static classifications of panic. Our paper introduces a dynamic, idiographic phenomenological system to characterize panic as it occurs across the anxiety disorders. The model consists of four grids, each with four quadrants, that focus on the degree and specificity of physiological change, catastrophic cognitions, and somatic sensations, as well as the extent and type of affect experienced. Preliminary data from an ambulatory home monitoring study are presented to demonstrate the utility of the model. A primary contribution of the model is that it increases precision and emphasizes assessment across measurement domains. The proposed system may provide the basis for future research in a number of areas, which are delineated.
Histopathologic and clinical features of vesical diverticula.

Objective To study the histopathology changes and clinical features of vesical diverticula, focusing on the neoplastic entities. Materials and Methods We retrieved data for 108 patients with vesical diverticula from the archives of our institute during the past 15 years (1998 to 2012) and reviewed their clinical and pathologic characteristics. Results Diverticula most often involved the lateral wall, followed by the posterolateral and posterior walls of the urinary bladder. Nonneoplastic processes were found in 70 of 108 patients (65%), including inflammation, metaplasia, and urothelial hyperplasia, with or without atypia/dysplasia. Primary carcinomas arising within the diverticula were found in 36 patients (33.3%), of which 33 were urothelial carcinoma, including 5 with divergent differentiation, 2 with squamous carcinoma, and 1 with adenocarcinoma. Patient follow-up for neoplastic diverticula (mean, 59 months; range, 1-108 months) showed that no patients died of disease progression. Concurrent or subsequent urothelial carcinoma was present in the nondiverticular bladder in 19 of 36 patients (53%). Four patients with subsequent extradiverticular urothelial carcinoma showed progression, with pathology upstaging. Conclusion Inflammation, metaplasia, and dysplasia are commonly seen in vesical diverticula. In our series, which includes patients who underwent endoscopic or surgical intervention and microscopic examination, those with vesical diverticula appeared to have a significantly higher risk for development of urothelial carcinoma, which can occur synchronously or precede carcinoma of the nondiverticular bladder. Compared with their non-diverticulum-associated counterparts, a significantly higher percentage of diverticulum-associated bladder carcinomas are high-grade and invasive. Conservative approaches are suggested for tumors confined within diverticula, after extensive investigation of the nondiverticular bladder.
Influence of hormones on N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene transformation of mammary cells in organ culture

Abstract Influence of estrogen and progesterone on the inhibitory action of N -(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) was examined during the promotional stage of 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA) transformation of the epithelial cells in culture of the whole mammary organs of BALB/c mice. In medium containing insulin, prolactin, hydrocortisone, and aldosterone, 4-HPR caused 68% inhibition of transformation as determined by the presence of nodule-like alveolar structures in the glands exposed to DMBA in vitro. Addition of estrogen and progesterone to the medium reduced this pronounced inhibitory action of 4-HPR to only 15%. While the medium containing insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, estrogen and progesterone was highly conducive to DMBA transformation, 4-HPR inhibition of transformation was limited to only 21%. The antagonistic action of the ovarian steroid hormones was present also at the level of frequency of nodule-like alveolar lesions (NLAL) per gland. Although both ovarian hormones reduced the inhibitory action of 4-HPR, on mammary cell transformation, the antagonistic action of estrogen was noticeably more pronounced.
P450c11B3 mRNA, Transcribed from a Third P450c11 Gene, Is Expressed in a Tissue-specific, Developmentally, and Hormonally Regulated Fashion in the Rodent Adrenal and Encodes a Protein with Both 11-Hydroxylase and 18-Hydroxylase Activities

The rat genome contains four P450c11 genes. One of these (CYP11B1) encodes P450c11β, which is the steroid 11β-hydroxylase found solely in the adrenal zona fasciculata/reticularis, and is responsible for the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone. A second P450c11 gene (CYP11B2) encodes P450c11AS, which is the aldosterone synthase found solely in the adrenal zona glomerulosa. P450c11AS has three activities, 11β-hydroxylase, 18-hydroxylase, and 18-oxidase, and is responsible for the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone. Recently, two more rat P450c11 genes, P450c11B3 and P450c11B4, were cloned. P450c11B4 appears to be a pseudogene, as two exons are replaced by unrelated DNA. P450c11B3 closely resembles P450c11β in mRNA and encoded amino acid sequences, predicting a protein of 498 amino acids. However, the expression of this mRNA and protein have not been demonstrated to date. We now demonstrate that this P450c11B3 mRNA is expressed in the adrenal gland several days after birth and is not expressed during fetal development or in the adult rat adrenal. Like P450c11β mRNA, P450c11B3 mRNA is expressed in the zona fasciculata/reticularis and not in the zona glomerulosa. However, the regulation of P450c11B3 mRNA expression is different from that of P450c11β mRNA, in that its abundance is decreased by ACTH in a sex-dependent fashion. Transfection of eukaryotic cells with a vector expressing P450c11B3 shows that this form of P450c11 can convert 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) to corticosterone and thus has the same enzymatic activity as P450c11β. In addition, P450c11B3 can convert DOC to 18-OH DOC and corticosterone to 18-OH corticosterone and thus has 18-hydroxylase activity similar to P450c11AS, but it lacks detectable 18-oxidase activity. Thus, P450c11B3 catalyzes 11β- and 18-hydroxylation and thus has a spectrum of activities midway between P450c11β and P450c11AS.
130. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase mediates inflammation-induced behavioral despair behavior in mice

Patients suffering from chronic diseases are 5–10 times more likely to develop depression than the general population. Clinical data suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines are important contributors to the pathogenesis of comorbid depression. Research into mechanisms potentially involved in this association have implicated the cytokine-inducible enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). This is the rate limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway, and preclinical studies have demonstrated that IDO is critical for the development of inflammation-associated behavioral changes. Consistent with previous reports, we found that IDO expression is uniformly up-regulated in distinct brain regions, including amygdala, striatum, and hippocampus, following immune challenge. However, the expression profile of downstream kynurenine pathway enzymes was brain region-dependent. The metabolism of kynurenine by kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) yields neurotoxic metabolites, and previous work supports the hypothesis that an elevation in these metabolites during neuroinflammation precipitates the resultant depression behaviors. To test this hypothesis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered intraperitoneally to wild-type (WT), KMO heterozygous (KMO +/−) or KMO knockout (KMO −/−) mice. Depressive-like behaviors were measured 24 h after LPS or saline treatment. LPS induced a decrease in sucrose preference (anhedonia) and in open field central area duration (anxiety-like behavior) in all three genotypes. However, KMO +/− and KMO −/− mice were protected from LPS-induced increase in immobility during the tail suspension test indicating that neurotoxic kynurenine metabolism is an important mediator of behavioral despair.
Temperature Dependence of the Raman Spectrum and the Depolarization Spectrum of Amorphous As 2 S 3

The polarized Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectrum of amorphous ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ has been measured at several temperatures in the range 20-448 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a He-Ne laser, and at room temperature with a c.w. dye laser. Using the Shuker-Gammon data-reduction method, the approximate density of vibrational states has been determined from the Raman spectra and has been found to be temperature independent. A new type of spectrum, the depolarization spectrum, has been measured for amorphous ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$. The depolarization spectrum has been defined to be the dispersion of the Raman depolarization ratio. The measured Raman and depolarization spectra have been used to test the validity of the two structural models of vitreous ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ proposed to date, namely: the planar-random-network model of Bermudez and the molecular model of Lucovsky and Martin. It has been shown that both models can be used to calculate Raman spectra in reasonable agreement with experiment while only the molecular model is compatible with the observed depolarization spectrum. Further, it has been demonstrated that the depolarization spectrum, not the Raman spectrum, provides a test of the applicability of the Shuker---Gammon data-reduction technique to a given amorphous solid. The low-temperature ($\ensuremath{\sim}20$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) Raman and room-temperature infrared transmission spectra of orpiment, the crystalline form of ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$, have been measured. Several lines unresolved in previously reported room-temperature Raman spectra of orpiment have been resolved in the low-temperature spectra. The envelope of the approximate density of vibrational states of orpiment has been found to resemble remarkably the approximate density of vibrational states of amorphous ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$. This resemblance has been explained using the molecular model.
Coordination chemistry of a chelating amidoximato ligand.

A potentially general strategy for accessing the rarely encountered coordination of amidoximates through both oximato O and amido N atoms was developed. The new amidoxime (Z)-R(1)C(=NOH)NR(2)H (R(1) = mesityl, R(2) = 2-[[dimethylamino]methyl]phenyl), H(2)L, was prepared by reaction of equimolar amounts of the appropriate nitrile oxide and primary amine. Treatment of H(2)L with 1 equiv of AlMe(3) produced the dimeric species (MeAlL)(2) (1) possessing the formally dianionic ligand L(2)(-) bound to the aluminum via the oximato oxygen and the amido and amino nitrogens. The oximato oxygen atoms serve to link the two monomeric organoaluminum units together. Reaction of (ON)Cr(N(i)Pr(2))(3) with H(2)L provided the diamagnetic complex (ON)Cr(N(i)Pr(2))(eta(3)-L) (2). Interaction of 2 with excess methanol led, in particular, to the oxidative loss of NO and yielded the paramagnetic dimer [Cr(LH)(OMe)(mu-OMe)](2) (3) containing the eta(3)-bound amidoximato ligand protonated at its oximato nitrogen. In addition to spectroscopic characterizations of the new substances, single-crystal X-ray structures of H(2)L, 1.(4)/(3)C(6)H(6), and 3.MeOH were obtained.
A theoretical and experimental study of Sb4O6: vibrational analysis, infrared, and Raman spectra.

The first ab initio theoretical study of tetraantimony hexoxide (Sb4O6) is reported. The normal mode frequencies, intensities, and the corresponding vibrational assignments of Sb4O6 in T(d) symmetry were calculated using the GAUSSIAN 98 set of quantum chemistry codes at the Hartree-Fock (HF)/CEP-121G, Moller-Plesset (MP2)/CEP-121G, and density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP/CEP-121G levels of theory. By comparison to experimental data deduced by our laboratory and others, correction factors for the calculated vibrational frequencies were determined and compared. Normal modes were decomposed into three non-redundant motions (Sb-O-Sb stretch, Sb-O-Sb bend, and Sb-O-Sb wag). Percent relative errors found for the HF, DFT, and MP2 corrected frequencies when compared to experiment are 5.8, 6.1, and 5.7 cm(-1), respectively. Electron distributions for selected molecular orbitals are also considered.
A study of fretting on steel

Abstract This paper is an investigation of lubricated and unlubricated fretting of hardened steel balls on twenty-four common carbon and alloy steel platens. For unlubricated conditions, wear rates were obtained and scar profiles are classified into three types: (A) even wear with little or no transfer; (B) heavy transfer to the ball and (C) buildup on the platen surface occasioned either by plowing or transfer from the ball. For lubricated conditions, two distinct scar configurations were observed and correlated with the shear stress occurring on the surface of contact. Further, for lubricated conditions, relationships involving stresses and material properties were developed to predict conditions for “zero” wear.
Knowledge structures and retail sales performance: An empirical examination.

Abstract Retailers are constantly trying to improve the performance of their salespeople. In this research, we suggest that elements of knowledge structures held by salespeople enhance their understanding of the antecedents to retail sales effectiveness. These structures also provide information that can help retail sales managers select, train and supervise salespeople more efficiently. For better salespeople, such knowledge structures contain useful insights about customers and how to respond to their needs effectively. We examine retail salespeople’s knowledge structures and find strong relationships between the complexity of knowledge structures of salespeople and their performance.
Recent Advances in Solid-State NMR of Alkaline Earth Elements

Abstract Recent developments in the solid-state NMR of 25 Mg, 43 Ca, 135,137 Ba, and 87 Sr are discussed in a context of contemporary applications to inorganic, organometallic, and biological materials. While each alkaline earth nucleus presents its own unique combination of NMR challenges, together they are characterized by low intrinsic sensitivity due to their small magnetic moments and low natural abundance. Solid-state NMR advances of the last decade, particularly the increased availability of very high magnetic field beyond 17 T, the development and implementation of signal enhancement techniques for quadrupolar nuclei, progress in methods for obtaining wideline and ultra-wideline NMR spectra of solids, together with the widespread use of computational techniques, have all contributed immensely to the accelerated growth of solid-state NMR of alkaline earth nuclei and extension of the method into biology and material science. The specifics and the experimental challenges of each nucleus in solid-state NMR applications are discussed.
Joint optimization of freight facility location and pavement infrastructure rehabilitation under network traffic equilibrium

Establishment of industry facilities often induces heavy vehicle traffic that exacerbates congestion and pavement deterioration in the neighboring highway network. While planning facility locations and land use developments, it is important to take into account the routing of freight vehicles, the impact on public traffic, as well as the planning of pavement rehabilitation. This paper presents an integrated facility location model that simultaneously considers traffic routing under congestion and pavement rehabilitation under deterioration. The objective is to minimize the total cost due to facility investment, transportation cost including traffic delay, and pavement life-cycle costs. Building upon analytical results on optimal pavement rehabilitation, the problem is formulated into a bi-level mixed-integer non-linear program (MINLP), with facility location, freight shipment routing and pavement rehabilitation decisions in the upper level and traffic equilibrium in the lower level. This problem is then reformulated into an equivalent single-level MINLP based on Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions and approximation by piece-wise linear functions. Numerical experiments on hypothetical and empirical network examples are conducted to show performance of the proposed algorithm and to draw managerial insights.
Performance of a Digital Ad-Hoc Chip Rate Estimator (ACRE) Given a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Pulse Shaped Signal

In this paper the development of the digital ad-hoc chip rate estimator (ACRE) is explained in relation to its similarities and contrasts to the chip rate detector (CRD). The effect of half-sine pulse shaping on chip rate detection is investigated. The components of the ACRE are described. The ACRE's performance for three categories of simulations are presented and briefly discussed. The three simulation categories are: standard-ACRE, ACRE with additional filtering, and ACRE with incrementing. ACRE with additional filtering trades chip rate search range for estimation performance. ACRE with incrementing combines subsets of processed data that overlap each other. This simulation approach shows the potential for parallel processing without loss of performance.
Effects of Mixed-Action κ/μ Opioids on Cocaine Self-Administration and Cocaine Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys

kappa-Opioid agonists may functionally antagonize some behavioral effects of cocaine, but the role of mixed kappa/mu receptor activity is unclear. The effects of three mixed kappa/mu agonists (MCL-101, (-)cyclorphan, and Mr2034) and one kappa-selective agonist (enadoline) on cocaine self-administration and cocaine discrimination were compared in rhesus monkeys. Acute treatment with all kappa agonists dose dependently reduced cocaine-maintained responding and produced a downward shift in the cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve (0.001-0.32 mg/kg/inj, i.v.). During 7 days of chronic treatment, (-)cyclorphan (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/h) and MCL-101 (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/h) each dose dependently reduced cocaine self-administration maintained by a dose near the peak of the cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve. MCL-101 (0.032 mg/kg/h) produced selective and sustained decreases in cocaine self-administration, whereas (-)cyclorphan (0.032 mg/kg/h) had selective but transient effects. In addition, these mixed kappa/mu agonists produced fewer side effects (some salivation) than the kappa-selective agonist (sedation, salivation, emesis). However, none of these kappa agonists substituted for or antagonized cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects in monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine (0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) from saline. Thus, kappa and mixed kappa/mu-opioid agonists may reduce cocaine self-administration without altering cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects. Mixed kappa/mu agonists appear to offer some advantages over selective kappa agonists as potential treatments for cocaine abuse.
Effect of dietary inclusion of wet or modified distillers grains plus solubles on performance of finishing cattle1

ABSTRACT Two experiments evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of corn wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) or partially dried modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Experiment 1 used 288 steers (BW = 351 ± 11 kg). Cattle were weighed, stratified within block, and assigned randomly to pens (8 steers/pen; 6 pens/treatment) to evaluate 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% (DM basis) dietary inclusion of WDGS replacing a blend of high-moisture and dry-rolled corn. Experiment 2 used 288 steers (BW = 332 ± 17 kg) to evaluate the effects of MDGS inclusion with similar methodology as Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, quadratic responses (P
A strong metal-support interaction between mononuclear and polynuclear transition metal complexes and oxide supports which dramatically affects catalytic activity

The interaction of carbonyl complexes with catalyst supports, primarily ..gamma..-alumina, has been studied by temperature-programmed decomposition. In all cases, including cluster complexes and complexes of noble metals, after heating to 600/sup 0/C in flowing He the catalysts are significantly oxidized due to a redox reaction between surface hydroxyl groups and the initially zero-valent metal. Contrary reports are probably incorrect and likely reflect the insensitivity of the experimental techniques used. For all but the most thermally unstable complexes, the oxidation occurs during the latter stages of decarbonylation indicating that there is no significant accumulation of bare zero-valent metal. Hence, decomposition does not in general provide a direct route to supported metals and, contrary to some claims, molecular cluster complexes cannot necessarily be used as precursors to supported metal clusters. Further, knowledge of this redox reaction is critical for understanding patterns of activity and for the development of improved catalysts.
Hydrogen sensing with Pt-functionalized GaN nanowires

Abstract Pt-coatings sputtered on to multiple GaN nanowires is shown to enhance their sensitivity for hydrogen at the hundreds of ppm level at 25 °C. GaN nanowires without a metal coating showed no detectable change in current when exposed to hydrogen under the same conditions. Pt-coated multiple GaN nanowires gave non-linear relative responses of ∼1.7% at 200 ppm up to ∼1.9% at 2000 ppm H 2 in N 2 after a 10-min exposure. More than 80% of the initial GaN conductance was recovered within 2 min after removal of hydrogen from the measurement medium. At higher temperatures, larger resistance changes and faster response and recovery were obtained. The adsorption activation energy of the sensor was 7.3 kcal mol −1 at 2000 ppm H 2 in N 2 . Pt-coated GaN nanowire sensors resulted in much lower relative response than Pd-coated sensors.
A case study of hybrid WCET analysis for Xen virtulization

Virtualization technologies have become a new trend in embedded real-time systems. However, due to the extra layers introduced by virtualization, the worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis for the real-time tasks becomes more complicated as compared to systems that without virtualization. In this paper, we study the timing characteristics of virtualization system and propose a hybrid timing analysis method for the para-virtualization X86 platform with Xen [17], which provides a simple and fast WCET analysis solution to the target system. Our experiments indicate that the proposed hybrid timing analysis method can provide safe upperbound for real-time programs running on Xen [17], with an average of 17% overestimation as compared to the worst-case observed execution time.
Major glacier surge continues

The 1993 surge of Bering Glacier (first reported in Eos, July 20, p. 321) continues, with more than half of its ∼5175 km2 surface area displaying a variety of surge-generated features, including deeply crevassed bulges and pressure ridges, extensional fractures with intricate patterns of intersecting and sinuous crevasses, tear faults, ephemeral lakes, grabens, and a myriad of other stress-generated features. The area affected by the surge continues to expand and has increased from about 150 km2 in early June, to ≥1000 km2 on July 28, to ≥2500 km2 on October 5. Surging is defined as periodic, very rapid movements of large quantities of ice within a glacier, alternating with much longer periods of near stagnation. Surging is frequently accompanied by major advances of the glacier's terminus. The surge of Bering Glacier began between mid March and late May and did not reach the terminus until late August. During the period after the expanding surge reached the central part of the glacier's terminus and September 10, part of the terminus advanced more than 1500 m into Vitus Lake, the ice-marginal lake surrounding much of the terminus, advancing at a velocity approaching 100 m/day.
The influence of brand recognition on retail store image

Investigates the relationship between brand characteristics ‐ awareness level and image ‐ and their influence on consumers’ perceptions of retail image. Proposes a model of relationships between the number of recognizable brands carried by a retail establishment, the presence/absence of an anchor brand, and perceptions of retail image. Presents the analysis and results of a study designed to test the model. In addition, develops and tests a measure of retail store image. Indicates that one tactic for ensuring a favorable retail store image is a merchandise mix composed of a relatively high number of brands possessing high brand awareness, and one or more brands with a strong brand image. Offers recommendations for both brand and retail managers.
An Improved Chest Dressing

Abstract An improved and more comfortable method for holding a chest dressing in place is described.
Production of branched-chain alkylprodiginines in S. coelicolor by replacement of the 3-ketoacyl ACP synthase III initiation enzyme, RedP

The enzyme RedP is thought to initiate the biosynthesis of the undecylpyrolle component of the antibiotic undecylprodiginine produced by Streptomyces coelicolor. RedP has homology to FabH, which initiates fatty acid biosynthesis by condensing the appropriate acyl-CoA starter unit with malonyl ACP. We have generated a redP-deletion mutant of S. coelicolor M511 (SJM1) and shown that it produces reduced levels of prodiginines and two new analogs, methylundecylprodiginine and methyldodecylprodiginine. Incorporation studies with perdeuterated valine were consistent with these being generated using methylbutyryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA as starter units, respectively. Plasmid-based expression of a streptomycete fabH in the SJM1 mutant led to restoration of overall prodiginine titers but the same overall ratio of undecylprodiginines and novel prodiginines. Thus, the redP FabH can be replaced by FabH enzymes with different substrate specificities and provides a method for generating novel prodiginines.
Has radiotherapy become too expensive to be considered a treatment option for early glottic cancer

Background External beam radiotherapy and surgery produce equivalent long-term survival and tumor control in early glottic cancer. The expense and cost of radiotherapy have been challenged. Methods A retrospective review was performed for 57 patients undergoing radiotherapy for glottic cancer. End points included local tumor control, relapse-free survival, cause-specific survival, medical charges, and costs. The results were compared with those of 265 patients who underwent transoral endoscopic removal or an open laryngeal procedure at the same institution. Results The local control, larynx preservation, re-treatment, voice quality, relapse-free survival, and cancer death results and medical charges and costs are reported by treatment. Conclusions Radiotherapy provides at least equivalent, if not superior, local tumor control, larynx preservation, voice quality, and survival, compared with the surgical options. Overall medical charges and costs for radiotherapy are similar to transoral endoscopic resection and less than partial vertical laryngectomy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 692–700, 1997.
Manton scattering of string solitons

Abstract In the low-velocity limit, multi-soliton solutions trace out geodesics in the static solution manifold with distance defined by a metric on moduli space. We compute this metric for heterotic string soliton solutions of the supergravity equations with the structure of fivebranes. We use the metric to calculate the scattering angle for a two-soliton interaction to leading order in the impact parameter.
Preparation of a mixed human diet material for the determination of nutrient elements, selected toxic elements and organic nutrients: A preliminary report

Using 201 foods from the United States Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (FDA TDS), a mixed diet composite (USDIET-I) was prepared to represent the intake of 25-30-year-old males in the United States. Proximate analyses, phytate determination, and assays for nutrient elements and selected toxic elements, as well as organic nutrients were carried out on this composite. As part of a quality control exercise for a coordinated research program, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry, colorimetry and neutron activation analysis were used to determine up to 30 elements in this diet material. A comparison of the daily intakes of As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn from the composite USDIET-I shows excellent to good agreement with FDA TDS values calculated from results of single food analyses. These USDIET-I results demonstrate the feasibility of the mixed diet concept as a viable approach for a reliable assessment of daily intakes, especially for a number of elements such as Cd, Cr, Hg and Mo that occur at low concentrations in individual food products. Simultaneously, stability of some organic nutrients during storage was also investigated. Initial findings suggest that this program may also be useful in the development of reference materials for organic nutrients, for which there is a great need. These aspects are discussed.
Fermented Colostrum or Milk Replacer for Growing Calves

Abstract Holstein calves were assigned to experimental diets of milk replacer or fermented colostrum to measure the effects of these diets on growth, health, and feed intake. Calves were fed .32 kg dry milk replacer reconstituted with warm water or 2.27 kg fermented colostrum once daily. Calf starter (17% crude protein) was offered ad libitum beginning at 4 days of age. Calves were weaned at 28 days of age or continued on liquid feed until they consumed .45 kg starter/day. Weight gains during 0 to 4 wk were less for calves fed replacer (2.8 versus 6.3 kg), but weight gains during 4 to 6 wk (5.1 versus 5.1 kg) and the 0 to 12 wk gains (22.5 versus 25.5) did not differ. Calves fed sour colostrum were weaned at 29.8 days whereas those fed milk replacer were weaned at 33.2 days. Starter intake for calves fed colostrum was greater during 0 to 6 wk. The incidence of diarrhea did not differ between treatments.
A requirement for ankyrin binding to clathrin during coated pit budding.

Recent studies suggest that the mobility of clathrin-coated pits at the cell surface are restricted by an actin cytoskeleton and that there is an obligate reduction in the amount of spectrin on membranes during coated pit budding. The spectrin-actin cytoskeleton associates with membranes primarily through ankyrins, which interact with the cytoplasmic region of numerous integral membrane proteins. We now report that the fourth repeat domain (D4) of ankyrinR binds to the N-terminal domain of clathrin heavy chain with high affinity. Addition of peptides containing the D4 region inhibited clathrin-coated pit budding in vitro. In addition, microinjection of D4 containing peptides blocked the endocytosis of fluorescent low density lipoprotein (LDL). AnkyrinR peptides that contained repeat domains other than D4 had no effect on either in vitro budding or internalization of LDL. Finally, immunofluorescence shows that ankyrin is uniformly associated with endosomes that contain fluorescent LDL. These results suggest that ankyrin plays a role in the budding of clathrin-coated pits during endocytosis.
Safe and easy route for the synthesis of 1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3-triazolium salt and investigation of its anticancer activities

We have developed a new safe and easy route for the synthesis of 1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3-triazolium derivatives. We have reported the synthesis of 4,9-dioxo-1,3-dimethylnaphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazol-3-ium chloride from methylation of 1-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione. The synthesis of 1-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazole-4,9-dione is inefficient as a significant amount of by-product is formed that is difficult to separate and also unsafe as it requires the use of hazardous methylazide as a starting material. It is, however, important to develop an improved method for the synthesis of 4,9-dioxo-1,3-dimethylnaphtho[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazol-3-ium salt due to its significant anticancer activities. Herein, we report a safe and convenient route for the synthesis of this compound, which lead to more detailed exploration of its profound anticancer activities. The improved method can be applicable for the synthesis of other 1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3-triazolium salts of interest without the use of potentially explosive methylazide. The compound synthesized in this new method shows significant anticancer activities against melanoma, colon cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and central nervous system (CNS) cancer with GI50 values ranging from low μM to nM.
Rice (Oryza sativa) as a Remediation Tool for Nutrient Runoff

ABSTRACT Hypereutrophication of U.S. surface waters is one of the leading causes of impairment for water quality. With nutrient criteria development and total maximum daily load (TMDL) issues looming for regulators, agricultural research is focusing on practices aimed at decreasing nutrient contributions to receiving aquatic ecosystems. This study examined the use of rice (Oryza sativa) for luxury uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus components associated with agricultural storm runoff. Mesocosms (379 L) planted with rice were exposed to two concentrations (5 and 10 mg/L) of nitrate, ammonia, and orthophosphorus. Results from these mesocosms were compared to unvegetated controls (also amended with 5 or 10 mg/L nitrate, ammonia, and orthophosphorus) to determine efficiency of rice in remediating nutrient runoff. Statistically significant differences in ammonia and nitrate retention of vegetated mesocosms amended with 5 mg/L versus vegetated mesocosms amended with 10 mg/L were noted after the first exposure. A...
Indications for the Ross operation in children and adults

Abstract The Ross operation is a technically challenging procedure due to its inherent difficulties and crucial need for attention to detail. Establishment of a systematic approach to the procedure, in addition to an overall improvement in surgical technique, has led to favorable outcomes. These successful outcomes have created a resurgence in interest in this procedure, thus providing an alternative approach to patients who may have otherwise required placement of a mechanical valve, requiring lifelong anticoagulation that might have had an adverse affect on their quality of life. The increasing acceptance of this procedure led to expansion of inclusion criteria for subjects suitable for this procedure. At present, indications to perform the Ross procedure include patients with single valve pathology, mechanical or homograft failure, endocarditis, rheumatic valvular disease, and congenital critical aortic valve stenosis. Over the years, the absolute contraindications have remained the same and include multi-vessel coronary artery disease, primary pulmonary valve disease or pulmonary valve disease that exists due to an underlying connective tissue disorder. The purpose of this article is to summarize the current indications, contraindications and newer modifications of the Ross procedure.
Intra-document structural frequency features for semi-supervised domain adaptation

In this work we try to bridge the gap often encountered by researchers who find themselves with few or no labeled examples from their desired target domain, yet still have access to large amounts of labeled data from other related, but distinct source domains, and seemingly no way to transfer knowledge from one to the other. Experimentally, we focus on the problem of extracting protein mentions from academic publications in the field of biology, where the source domain data are abstracts labeled with protein mentions, and the target domain data are wholly unlabeled captions. We mine the large number of such full text articles freely available on the Internet in order to supplement the limited amount of annotated data available. By exploiting the explicit and implicit common structure of the different subsections of these documents, including the unlabeled full text, we are able to generate robust features that are insensitive to changes in marginal and conditional distributions of classes and data across domains. We supplement these domain-insensitive features with automatically obtained high-confidence positive and negative predictions on the target domain to learn extractors that generalize well from one section of a document to another. Finally, lacking labeled target testing data, we employ comparative user preference studies to evaluate the relative performance of the proposed methods with respect to existing baselines.
Error Analysis and Comparison of Two Algorithms Measuring Compensated Income

We analyze and compare the errors of two numerical approaches for measuring compensated income. We prove that Vartia's algorithm and Breslaw and Smith's algorithm both converge quadratically; when the price change within each partition step is small, the error of Vartia's algorithm is approximately half that of Breslaw and Smith's algorithm. A theorem and the appropriate simulations with three different demand systems correct the existing error analysis of the two algorithms, and demonstrate that Vartia's algorithm is more accurate than Breslaw and Smith's.
Transverse vibration of multi-segment shaft system joined with multiple hinges

A driveshaft with discontinuities (i.e., joints) is a major component in various industries including marine and automotive ones. The segments of a multi-piece driveshaft in automotive applications are joined using constant velocity or universal joints or a combination of both. The design of the driveshaft of an automotive system is primarily driven by its natural frequency. This paper presents an exact solution for the vibration of a three-piece driveshaft with multiple intermediate hinges. Each joint is modelled as a frictionless internal hinge. The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is used. Lumped masses are placed on each side of the joint to represent the joint mass. Equations of motion are developed using the appropriate boundary conditions and then solved exactly. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained. Numerical results obtained here are compared with those obtained using experimental and analytical tools (e.g., finite elements). The solution should be of value to engineers interested in the design and optimisation of the driveline systems.
Sample size for two‐stage studies with maintenance therapy

An adaptive treatment strategy (ATS) is defined as a sequence of treatments and intermediate responses. ATS' arise when chronic diseases such as cancer and depression are treated over time with various treatment alternatives depending on intermediate responses to earlier treatments. Clinical trials are often designed to compare ATSs based on appropriate designs such as sequential randomization designs. Although recent literature provides statistical methods for analyzing data from such trials, very few articles have focused on statistical power and sample size issues. This paper presents a sample size formula for comparing the survival probabilities under two treatment strategies sharing same initial, but different maintenance treatment. The formula is based on the large sample properties of inverse-probability-weighted estimator. Simulation study shows strong evidence that the proposed sample size formula guarantees desired power, regardless of the true distributions of survival times.
Demonstration of Raman–Ramsey fringes using time delayed optical pulses in rubidium vapor

We report observation of high contrast Raman–Ramsey fringes using time delayed optical pulse pairs in a rubidium vapor cell. The width of these fringes are not limited by saturation and provides a simpler means to produce narrow atomic linewidths using a thermal vapor medium for compact atomic clock applications. We also demonstrate phase-scanned Raman–Ramsey fringes, with potential application to sensitive detection of trace vapors.
Reduction of Variation-Induced Energy Overhead in Multi-Core Processors

Core-to-core variability in future many-core chip multi-processors (CMPs) negatively impacts energy. Under-performing cores necessitate increasing the system voltage to maintain homogeneous core performance, introducing an energy overhead. Multiple supply voltages can be used to mitigate the impact of delay variation in CMPs. In this paper, we carefully analyze the use of a local search algorithm to pick near-optimal supply voltages while meeting a fixed performance target. With two system voltages, we prove our algorithm selects the global optimum and in the more general multiple voltage case we develop quantitative bounds. Using a custom simulation methodology on a real processor core, we show that two system voltages provide the most incremental benefit, reducing the energy overhead relative to a single voltage by 59-75% and total energy by 6-16%. Additionally, the worst 5-15% of cores in such systems necessitate increasingly larger amounts of incremental energy for a constant incremental performance gain. Therefore, turning off or disabling these cores is beneficial to a joint performance-energy metric.
A New Measure of Genetic Distance

In recent years, several authors have proposed different measures of genetic distance between populations (CAVALLI-SFORZA and EDWARDS 1967, MLAKRISHNAN and SANGHVI 1969, HEDRICK 1971, and others). In many of them, however, it is not clear what biological unit they are going to measure. From the standpoint of genetics, the most appropriate measure of genetic distance would be the number of nucleotide or codon differences per unit length of DNA.