cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flexible scheduling framework for heterogeneous CPU-GPU clusters

In the last few years, thanks to their computational power and progressively increased programmability, GPUs have become part of HPC clusters. As a result, widely used open-source cluster resource managers (e.g. TORQUE and SLURM) have recently been extended with GPU support capabilities. These systems, however, treat GPUs as dedicated resources and provide scheduling mechanisms that often result in resource underutilization and, thereby, in suboptimal performance. We propose a cluster-level scheduler and integrate it with our previously proposed node-level GPU virtualization runtime [1, 2], thus providing a hierarchical cluster resource management framework that allows the efficient use of heterogeneous CPU-GPU clusters. The scheduling policy used by our system is configurable, and our scheduler provides administrators with a high-level API that allows easily defining custom scheduling policies. We provide two application- and hardware-heterogeneity-aware cluster-level scheduling schemes for hybrid MPI-CUDA applications: co-location- and latency-reduction-based scheduling, and use them in combination with a preemption-based GPU sharing policy implemented at the node-level. We validate our framework on two heterogeneous clusters: one consisting of commodity workstations and the other of high-end nodes with various hardware configurations, and on a mix of communication- and compute-intensive applications. Our experiments show that, by better utilizing the available resources, our scheduling framework outperforms existing batch-schedulers both in terms of throughput and application latency.
The ‘Dutch’ disease in a developing country: Oil reserves in Cameroon☆

Abstract Noting that most of the literature on the ‘Dutch disease’ refers to developed countries, this paper looks at the impact of an oil boom on a developing country. When certain features of developing countries – particularly the imperfect substitutability between domestic and imported goods – are incorporated, one of the standard Dutch disease results can be reversed: not all the traded goods sectors will contract. A simulation with a computable general equilibrium model of Cameroon reveals that the agricultural sector is most likely to be hurt, whereas some of the manufacturing sectors will benefit. This suggests possible areas for government intervention, should it be warranted, and may explain the differential performance between the agricultural and industrial sectors of oil exporting countries in the post-1973 period.
Breast structural noise in digital breast tomosynthesis and its dependence on reconstruction methods

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is being investigated to overcome the obscuring effect of overlapping breast tissue in projection mammography To quantify the effectiveness of DBT in reducing overlapping breast structures, it is important to investigate how breast structural noise propagates during the reconstruction process Others have found that breast structure may be characterized as power law noise of the form κ/ fβ We investigate how the power law exponent, β, varies as a function of reconstruction methods Clinical DBT data sets were used to analyze breast structural noise in both projection and reconstructed domains using different filter schemes of a filtered back projection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm The dependence on filter settings was compared with cascaded linear system theory The goal this work is to combine frequency domain analysis of breast structural noise with previous work on quantum noise in DBT and develop a generalized framework to optimize DBT for breast lesion detection.
The Politics of Protection: State Minimum Wage and Maximum Hours Laws for Women in the United States, 1870–1930

This article examines the factors influencing the enactment of protective legislation for women, specifically maximum hours and minimum wage laws, by state lawmakers in the United States between 1870 and 1930. Traditional class theories of the state argue that employers are generally able to shape state policies to suit their interests. Yet, although employers staunchly opposed protective laws, most states enacted such laws. This article seeks to understand the conditions under which social groups, such as the women's reform groups who supported protective laws, are able to win legislative reforms in the face of employer resistance. Four conditions are found that allowed a gendered movement to counter the economic interests of employers: the women's groups' ability to form organizations and coalitions with powerful political actors, their use of a legitimating ideology, historically specific circumstances that reduced employer opposition, and the nature of the particular form of legislation being demanded.
Data Analysis Methods for Stereo PIV of a High Aspect Ratio Flexible Cylinder

Stereo Particle Image velocimetry data was collected over high aspect ratio flexible cylinders (L/a = 1.5 to 3 × 105 ) to evaluate the axial development of the turbulent boundary layer where the boundary layer thickness becomes significantly larger than the cylinder diameter (δ/a>>1). The flexible cylinders are approximately neutrally buoyant and have an initial length of 152 m and radii of 0.45 mm and 1.25 mm. The cylinders were towed at speeds ranging from 3.8 to 15.4 m/sec in the David Taylor Model Basin. The analysis of the SPIV data required a several step procedure to evaluate the cylinder boundary flow. First, the characterization of the flow field from the towing strut is required. This evaluation provides the residual mean velocities and turbulence levels caused by the towing hardware at each speed and axial location. These values, called tare values, are necessary for comparing to the cylinder flow results. Second, the cylinder flow fields are averaged together and the averaged tare fields are subtracted out to remove strut-induced ambient flow effects. Prior to averaging, the cylinder flow fields are shifted to collocate the cylinder within the field. Since the boundary layer develops slowly, all planes of data occurring within each 10 meter increment of the cylinder length are averaged together to produce the mean boundary layer flow. Corresponding fields from multiple runs executed using the same experimental parameters are also averaged. This flow is analyzed to evaluate the level of axisymmetry in the data and determine if small changes in cylinder angle affect the mean flow development. With axisymmetry verified, the boundary flow is further averaged azimuthally around the cylinder to produce mean boundary layer profiles. Finally, the fluctuating velocity levels are evaluated for the flow with the cylinder and compared to the fluctuating velocity levels in the tare data. This paper will first discuss the data analysis techniques for the tare data and the averaging methods implemented. Second, the data analysis considerations will be presented for the cylinder data and the averaging and cylinder tracking techniques. These results are used to extract relevant boundary layer parameters including δ, δ* and θ. Combining these results with wall shear and momentum thickness values extracted from averaged cylinder drag data, the boundary layer can be well characterized.© 2007 ASME
Angiotensin II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-beta 1 and endothelin-1 from fibroblasts.

Objective : We sought to determine whether angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes directly or via paracrine mechanisms mediated by cardiac fibroblasts. Methods : We studied neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts in culture as a model system. Paracrine effects of Ang II were identified using conditioned medium and co-culture experiments. Results : Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors responsible for myocyte growth localized to fibroblasts in radioligand binding, emulsion autoradiography, Western analysis, and immunofluorescence staining experiments. The bulk of AT1 receptor binding in myocyte cultures (1343±472 sites/cell) was to Ang II receptors on contaminating fibroblasts (9747±2126 sites/cell). Ang II induced significant paracrine trophic effects on myocytes in conditioned medium (40% increase in protein synthesis over control) and co-culture (4-fold increase over control) experiments. TGF-β1 and endothelin-1 were paracrine mediators of hypertrophy in neutralization experiments. Conclusions : Ang II stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy via paracrine release of TGF-β1 and endothelin-1 from cardiac fibroblasts in a neonatal rat cell culture model.
The Role of the Proline Rich Domain in the Structural Organization of Dynamin

Dynamin is a mechanochemical enzyme involved in numerous membrane vesiculation events including endocytosis. During these processes, dynamin self assembles into small spirals at the necks of budding pits and facilitates membrane fission following GTP hydrolysis. Dynamin consists of five distinct domains: a N- terminal GTPase domain, a middle domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a GTPase effector domain (GED), and a C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD). To date, the structure of a PRD deletion mutant of human dynamin 1 (ΔPRD) has been solved using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and 3D reconstruction methods (Zhang and Hinshaw, 2001, Chen et al., 2004). Crystal structures of the GTPase and PH domains from various species have been fitted to the structure of the ΔPRD dynamin phospholipid tube in its constricted and non constricted states (Mears et al., 2007). The PRD interacts with the SH3 domains of several proteins involved in signaling pathways. We are using cryo-EM and a single particle approach to solve the structures of the full length protein-lipid tubes in the constricted and non-constricted states. In both states, we have observed a decrease in the number of subunits per turn compared to previous structures of ΔPRD dynamin tubes. This suggests that the presence of the PRD changes the arrangement of the dynamin domains around the phospholipid tube. Further evidence of a direct interaction between the GTPase domain and the PRD is provided by simultaneous immunogold labeling of the two terminal domains.References:[1] Zhang, P. & Hinshaw, J.E. Nat Cell Biol. 3, 922-926 (2001).[2] Chen, Y.J., Zhang, P., Egelman, E.H. & Hinshaw, J.E. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11, 574-575 (2004).[3] Mears, J.A., Ray, P. & Hinshaw, J.E. Structure 15, 1190-1202 (2007).
Substance use disorder (SUD) morbidity versus number of parents with SUD.

Abstract Objectives To assess the association between numbers of parents (i.e., 0, 1 or 2) with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and proband's SUD severity and morbidity. Design Descriptive, cross-sectional. Settings Alcohol–drug treatment programs in two university medical centers. Subjects 597 voluntary patients aged 18 and older with SUD; adoptees excluded. Results On univariate analysis, parental SUD was associated with ten characteristics. On logistic regression analysis, having any parental SUD was associated with lower socioeconomic status, younger age at using tobacco, more severity on M-SAPS, and lower psychosocial function in the last year (Axis 5) as threshold effects. Logistic regression analysis comparing 1 versus 2 parents with SUD showed that those with 2 SUD parents began using alcohol at an earlier age as compared with having 1 SUD parent; this was an additive effect. Conclusions Parental SUD affects the proband's SUD severity in a threshold fashion.
Using a Spreadsheet for Active Learning Projects in Operations Management

This paper describes a set of active learning strategies using or supplemented by spreadsheets that enables students to learn the logic behind software packages, to gain experience using a spreadsheet to solve real problems, to have a more clear view of the dynamics of business systems, and to learn to organize and manage small scale projects.
Nipplelike protrusions in endocervical and other cells: further observations.

Objective To explore the possibility that artifact, such as externally applied mechanical stress, may contribute to the formation of nipplelike nuclear protrusions in certain predisposed cells. Study design The following specimens were examined for the presence and morphology of nipplelike protrusions: 100 endocervical smears, 40 bronchial specimens (brushings, washings and bronchoalveolar lavage) and fine needle aspirates of seven lactating adenomas and 10 fibroadenomas of the breast. Results Nipplelike nuclear protrusions in endocervical cells were present in the majority of gynecologic endocervical smears showing abundant endocervical cells virtually regardless of menstrual status. They were observed frequently in bronchial specimens and fine needle aspirates of lactating adenoma of the breast. Conclusion It appears that nippling in cytologic preparations is a common phenomenon, particularly in benign endocervical and bronchial columnar cells, and may be found in other tissues and some neoplasms as well. The apparent nonspecificity of nippling, together with the association with other phenomena, such as nuclear "holes", stripped nuclei, nuclear distortion and cellular degeneration, strongly suggests that nippling may be largely the result of mechanical stress during smearing, brushing or other phases of specimen procurement or preparation. Nucleoli may serve as a nidus for nipple formation. Other qualities of a cell, including fragility and cytoplasmic features, may predispose it to the formation of nippling.
Characterization of joint wind–snow hazard for performance-based design

Abstract Load combinations involving wind and snow load (effects) govern in the design of some types of structures located in heavy snow regions, such as long-span bridges or roof systems in cases where snow drifts could become significant. While load standards such as ASCE 7 provide guidance on combining design loads for design for life safety, guidance is not yet available for other performance levels (limit states). This is expected to become more significant as performance based-design procedures continue to evolve and gain acceptance in the design community. This paper presents an approach to statistically characterize the joint wind–snow hazard for use in performance-based design. Wind loads and snow loads are modeled as renewal pulse processes and combined within a numerical simulation. The results are then used to construct the joint wind–snow hazard level contours corresponding to different annual exceedance probabilities. The procedure described herein, along with the results for the specific cases considered, provide a useful context for relating design loads associated with specific hazard levels to those established for use in life safety design, such as those found in ASCE 7. This enables a discussion on the relationship between strength-based and hazard-specific design values, and between limit state design and performance-based design load combinations.
Direction finding in multipath environment using method of alternating projection

In a coherent environment the problem of direction finding using arbitrary antenna array geometries always seems to be a multivariate optimisation problem. An estimator derived using suboptimal eigen techniques and optimised using the method of alternating projection (AP) is shown to be superior to the maximum likelihood method.
FIXED-EFFECTS METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NONREPEATED EVENTS

For repeated events, fixed-effects regression methods—which control for all stable covariates—can be implemented by doing Cox regression with stratification on individuals. For nonrepeated events, we consider the use of conditional logistic regression to estimate fixed-effects models with discrete-time data. Known in the epidemiological literature as the case-crossover design, this method fails when any covariate is a monotonic function of time. Hence, no control for time itself can be included, leading to potentially spurious estimates. As an alternative, we consider the case-time-control method for estimating the effect of a dichotomous predictor. This method allows for the introduction of a control for time by reversing the role of the dependent and independent variables. In contrast to earlier work, we show that the method can be applied to data that contain only uncensored cases, and that it is possible to control for additional covariates, both categorical and quantitative. Simulation studies indica...
The effect of clomid and other triphenylethylene derivatives during pregnancy and the neonatal period.

Abstract Clomid, Tamoxifen and Nafoxidine are triphenylethylene derivatives which act as estrogen agonists and/or antagonists. When these drugs are injected during the neonatal period of the rat they cause extensive estrogenic stimulation of the uterine epithelium. The stimulatory effect of these drugs on the epithelium appears to be a cell specific one since minimal stimulation of the stroma or myometrium was observed. A single injection of either Clomid or Nafoxidine during the neonatal period causes multiple abnormalities of the reproductive tract of the adult female rat. These abnormalities include cystic ovaries, ovarian hypoplasia, oviductal and uterine hyperplasia, pyometria, uterine metaplasia, uterine cystic hyperplasia and tumors of the uterus. Likewise, a single injection of Clomid during pregnancy (day 5 and 12) caused similar abnormalities to develop in both the offspring and the mothers. Nafoxidine treatment in the neonate results in nuclear accumulation and long-term retention of the estrogen receptor similar to that which has been observed in immature and adult rats. Therefore, we conclude that the abnormalities which we have observed are due to the long-term estrogenic effects of these drugs. Although triphenylethylene derivatives are used clinically as anti-estrogens, it is clear from these results that these drugs can be powerful estrogens and may be potentially dangerous for human use.
Random damage and characteristics of debris particles are two important and yet ignored factors in the mechanical integrity of the stem-cement interface of a total hip replacement: influence of the surface finish of the metal stem

The importance of the conditions at the stem-cement interface in cemented total joint replacements (THRs) with regard to the in vivo longevity of the implant is well recognized. In the present study, we used a simplified model of one part of a cemented THR (alloy rectangular beam bonded to rectangular cement plate) to study the influence of surface finish of the alloy beam (stem) on two measures of the evolution of random damage at the alloy beam-cement plate interface (stem-cement interface), under quasi-static direct shear load. Three surface finishes of the beams were used: satin-finish, grit-blasted, and plasma-sprayed. The random damage events were monitored from the emitted acoustic signals, with the two measures computed from these signals being the intensity of random damage events (IRDE) and the mean damage event energy (MDEE). Large number of random damage events (higher values of IRDE and low value of MDEE) occurred with grit blasted specimens, suggesting a high probability for the generation of debris particles at the interface. These findings, in conjunction with details on the size and shape of the debris particles, obtained using scanning electron microscopy, lead to the suggestion that satin-finish stems are desirable for use in cemented THRs.
Muscular Catholicism: Nationalism, Masculinity and Gaelic Team Sports, 1884–1916

This article examines the highly gendered nature of the games of hurling and Gaelic football as propagated by the Gaelic Athletic Association from 1884 to 1916 and the relationship of these games to conceptions of nationalism, the body, anti-colonialism, and memories of the Great Famine. Through the discourses surrounding these games, and other facets of the Irish renaissance, a nationalist conception of Irish masculinity emerged which distinguished Irish men from English men, Irish boys and Irish women. In this moment of self-definition, nationalist goals were sought not in parliament or on the battlefield but on the playing fields.
A stochastic description of wall sources in a turbulent field. Part 1: Verification

Abstract A stochastic model for the dispersion and deposition of particles in a turbulent field is explored. The trajectories of particles originating from a wall source in a horizontal channel are considered. The fluid turbulence seen by the particles is modeled by a Langevin equation that is modified to account for spatial nonhomogeneities. The results of these studies are used to describe a simplified version of an annular flow in which particles, admitted to the field at the two walls, mix and deposit downstream. In these calculations the walls are represented as arrays of point sources. The relative strengths of the sources at the two walls are adjusted so as to realize a stationary state. The results are compared with calculations done in a direct numerical simulation of the turbulence. Considering the simplicity of the model, the agreement is quite good. The work described in this paper opens the possibility of carrying out studies of the diffusion and deposition processes over a wide range of conditions. The development of a physical understanding of the concentration distribution and of the rate of deposition is of particular interest.
Urea-requiring lactate dehydrogenases of marine elasmobranch fishes

The kinetic properties — apparentKm of pyruvate, pyruvate inhibition pattern, and maximal velocity — of M4 (skeletal muscle) lactate dehydrogenases of marine elasmobranch fishes resemble those of the homologous lactate dehydrogenases of non-elasmobranchs only when physiological concentrations of urea (approximately 400 mM) are present in the assay medium. Urea increases the apparentKm of pyruvate to values typical of other vertebrates (Fig. 2), and reduces pyruvate inhibition to levels seen with other M4-lactate dehydrogenases (Fig. 3). Urea reduces the activation enthalpy of the reaction, and increasesVmax at physiological temperatures (Fig. 4).
Flow Visualization in Artificial Porous Media From Microfluidic PMMA Devices

Microfluidic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) devices for study of particle transport in artificial porous media were designed and microfabricated using hot embossing with a brass mold insert containing a microchannel network with eight layers. After thermal bonding to enclose the microchannel network, a process protocol was applied to successfully remove bubbles in the PMMA device. Characterization protocols were developed for study of fluorescent particle tracking, accumulation, and retention in these microfluidic chip artificial porous media. Particle accumulation and retention was observed throughout the microfluidic network domain and predominantly at the inlet section of the PMMA device due to entrance effects. Particle Image Velocimetry of the PMMA device allowed for generating velocity profiles in the chip microchannel networks.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Rolling-Circle RNA Synthesis: Circular Oligonucleotides as Efficient Substrates for T7 RNA Polymerase.

The synthesis of ribonucleic acid strands by RNA polymerase enzymes has long been known to initiate specifically at well-defined promoter sequences.1 For example, the T7 RNA polymerase enzyme initiates RNA strand synthesis with a pppG residue immediately downstream from a conserved ~17-base-pair duplex DNA sequence.2 This fact has been used in the “runoff transcription” method for laboratory synthesis of sequence-defined oligoribonucleotides, in which DNA strands which contain the double-stranded promoter at one end serve as templates for RNA synthesis.3
Haloperidol-induced increase in striatal concentration of the tripeptide, Tyr-Gly-Gly, provides an index of increased enkephalin release in vivo.

: A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the tripeptide, Tyr-Gly-Gly, which has been shown previously to be an extraneuronal metabolite of opioid peptides derived from proenkephalin A. Using this assay, we found a regional variation in Tyr-Gly-Gly immunoreactivity in rat brain, with highest levels in striatum and lowest in cerebral cortex. Intracerebroventricular administration of the aminopeptidase inhibitor, bestatin, produced a threefold increase in Tyr-Gly-Gly immunoreactivity in rat striatum, whereas thiorphan, an enkephalinase inhibitor, produced a 45% reduction in striatal Tyr-Gly-Gly immunoreactivity. These data suggest that the tripeptide, Tyr-Gly-Gly, is in a dynamic state in the brain, and provide further support for the hypothesis that its concentration in specific brain areas may reflect the release of endogenous enkephalins in these brain areas. Further confirmation of the validity of measurements of brain Tyr-Gly-Gly as indices of enkephalin release under conditions of altered neuronal activity was provided by our demonstration that chronic dopamine receptor blockade with haloperidol increased striatal concentrations of both Met-enkephalin and Tyr-Gly-Gly.
A fast inversion analysis algorithm for the spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) method

Spectral Analysis for Surface Wave (SASW) is a widely practiced NDT method due to its ability to identify the shear velocity profile of subsurface layers. However, the SASW method is limited to point-to-point inspection because all data has to go through an inversion process, which is iterative and manual. Some automated iteration techniques were developed to improve the efficiency of inversion analysis. These attempts did not change the situation much because they were still based on the guess-and-check procedure incorporated with a forward analysis. In this paper, a new inversion analysis algorithm is proposed to estimate the shear velocity profile rapidly without performing conventional forward analysis. Unlike conventionally determining the dispersion curve with a stiffness matrix or something similar, the dispersion curve of a layered structure is assumed to be a weighted combination of the shear velocity profile. The weighting factors are determined according to the variation of particle displacement with depth for a specified wavelength of surface wave. Based on this assumption, a fast inversion algorithm is established to estimate the shear velocity profile from a given dispersion curve. No prior knowledge of the test site or personal expertise is needed because this method does not require the initial values of the layer depths and shear velocities. This new method allows the SASW method to be a fully automatic or even real-time reporting method for highway pavement detection. The accuracy of this fast inversion algorithm is verified by comparing the results to those of the conventional algorithm.
Dike complexes in American Samoa

Abstract Coherent dike complexes in which dikes make up more than 50% of the total rock occur in American Samoa in two volcanoes on Tutuila and in Ofu-Olosega volcano in the Manu'a Islands. The dikes are remarkably narrow (median width 0.24–0.36 m; average width 0.46–0.56 m, based on 860 measured dikes), significantly narrower than dikes in the Koolau volcano (Oahu, Hawaii), the most closely comparable volcano for which quantitative data are available. The vesicularity of these narrow dikes indicates that they were injected at shallow depths below the land surface: depths of 200–900 m are inferred from the topography. Many dikes have prominent bands of vesicles parallel with their margins. They tend to form clusters where the weakness of the vesicular rock favored center injection of one dike up the center of another. Examples are found of center injection repeated up to eight times. Local breccias, often composed largely of dike fragments evidently brecciated in situ, occur where irregular dikes were accommodated by deforming the host rocks. We see evidence for two dike facies: (1) narrow and vesicle banded, early formed and shallow-injected “clustered” dikes in the dike complexes, which are cut by (2) scattered broad and almost nonvesicular deep-injected “solitary” dikes. Surface eruptions were fed by solitary dikes. The ENE-trending dikes and elongation of Tutuila Island contrast with the WNW trend of rift zones and island elongation elsewhere in Samoa. Tutuila is nearly in line with the North Fiji transform fracture zone suggesting that at 1.5-1.0 Ma, when Tutuila was formed, the volcanism of Tutuila was guided by a temporary extension of this fault zone into the Pacific Plate. Fault movement offset the Samoan hotspot trace by 45 km. The en-echelon arrangement of dike exposures on Tutuila is consistent with left-lateral transcurrent motion above this concealed fracture zone.
A Method to Rapidly and Accurately Compare the Relative Efficacies of Non-invasive Imaging Reporter Genes in a Mouse Model and its Application to Luciferase Reporters

Purpose Our goal is to develop a simple, quantitative, robust method to compare the efficacy of imaging reporter genes in culture and in vivo. We describe an adenoviral vector–liver transduction procedure and compare the luciferase reporter efficacies.
Quantitative Forecasting of Major Solar Flares

We define the effective connected magnetic field, Beff, a single metric of the flaring potential in solar active regions. We calculated Beff for 298 active regions (93 X- and M-flaring, 205 nonflaring) as recorded by SOHO/MDI during a 10 yr period covering much of solar cycle 23. We find that Beff is a robust criterion for distinguishing flaring from nonflaring regions. A well-defined 12 hr conditional probability for major flares depends solely on Beff. This probability exceeds 0.95 for M-class and X-class flares if Beff > 1600 G and Beff > 2100 G, respectively, while the maximum calculated Beff-values are near 4000 G. Active regions do not give M-class and X-class flares if Beff < 200 G and Beff < 750 G, respectively. We conclude that Beff is an efficient flare-forecasting criterion that can be computed on a timely basis from readily available data.
Comparisons In Back-Scatter And Radial-Scatter Of Incident Linearly And Circularly Polarized Light

A newly developed, computer controlled experimental facility to measure two-dimensional multiple scattering of light at three different positions outside of a large cylindrical scattering volume is discussed. The light is produced by a laser beam and is incident normal to the center of the flat, top surface of the cylinder. Data acquired at all three positions, back-scatter from the top, radial-scatter at the side and transmitted through the bottom of the scattering volume, are presented. Of the three, the back-scatter and radial-scatter are discussed in more detail. In particular, comparisons are made in the measured scattered powers in the case of the incident light being linearly and circularly polarized. Preliminary experiments indicate that for both back-scatter and radial-scatter more power is detected for circularly polarized incident light than for vertically polarized. That is, in the case of light back-scattered from the top of the volume at any radial position meas-ured from the incident laser beam more power is detected when the light is circularly polarized. Similarly there is more power scattered radially for circularly polarized incident light at any position measured down from the top surface.
Notes on Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia in Ethiopia

Precursory notes on Euphorbia subgen. Euphorbia for the Flora of Ethiopia are given. Revised synonymies are given for E. abyssinica, E. ampliphylla and E. polyacantha . Six species: E. burgen M.G. Gilbert, E. nigrispinoides M.G. Gilbert, E. sebsebei M.G.Gilbert, E. bitataensis M.G. Gilbert, E. baleensis M.G. Gilbert and E. awashensis M.G. Gilbert, and one subspecies: E. septentrionalis subsp. gamugofana M.G. Gilbert, are described as new.
A unified sequential identification structure based on convergence considerations

This paper presents a unified approach to sequential identification methods, via identification-convergence considerations, such that a fixed-structure identifier of stable and unstable processes is derived. It is shown that various identification algorithms can be derived by a proper choice of identifier parameters subject to simple constraints. Specifically, stochastic approximation and sequential learning identification algorithms are shown to be special cases of the above unified sequential structure, as are other algorithms.
Computer systems in libraries: Have we considered the tradeoffs?

Abstract Computer-based access systems have created new potential for achieving the objectives of librarianship: access to and delivery of information. The author of this article, however, suggests that librarians have not adequately considered the tradeoffs imposed by the new technologies, and have not been proactive enough in shaping their design and function. She examines the problems posed by online and CD-ROM-based tools and proposes several areas for librarian involvement.
Microscopic Method for Calculating Memory Functions in Transport Theory

It is shown how the method of thermodynamic Green's functions can be used to approximate the memory function associated with the equilibrium-fluctuation function ${S}_{c}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}\ensuremath{-}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}}^{\ensuremath{'}},t\ensuremath{-}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}})\ensuremath{\equiv}〈[f(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}t)\ensuremath{-}〈f(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}t)〉][f({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}})\ensuremath{-}〈f({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{t}^{\ensuremath{'}})〉]〉$, where $f(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}t)$ is the phase-space distribution operator. We obtain an approximation for the memory function for a gas, in the low-density limit, that is valid for all distances and times, satisfied various relevant symmetry conditions and sum rules, reduces for long times and distances to the Boltzmann collision operator, and gives results completely consistent with the conservation laws governing the system. We also indicate how these methods can be extended to treat other types of systems.
Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster XII. Evidence for temperature selection of Est 6 and Adh alleles

Changes in allele frequencies at the esterase 6 (Est 6) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) enzyme loci of Drosophila melanogaster and simulans are examined in natural populations and artificial populations maintained at two temperatures. Results from cage populations at 18 °C and 25 °C provide evidence for temperature selection at both loci. Seasonal population samples show no significant change in gene frequencies for either locus, a reasonable outcome given the small selection coefficients found in cage populations. The temperature effect for the Adh locus appears to be direct: natural selection of the fast allele in cool environs and of the slow allele in warm environs. The temperature effect for Est 6 is weaker and complicated by sex differences and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectation. This evidence and different Est 6 frequencies found for melanogaster and simulans, in conjunction with evidence of the male reproductive function of this enzyme, suggest that Est 6 polymorphisms are maintained in natural populations by a complex form of sexual selection.
Synthetic Wavelength-Based Phase Unwrapping in Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Phase-sensitive adjuncts to optical coherence tomography (OCT) including Doppler and polarization-sensitive implementations allow for quantitative depth-resolved measurements of sample structure and dynamics including fluid flows and orientation of birefringent structures. The development of Fourier-domain OCT (FDOCT), particularly spectrometer-based spectral-domain systems with no moving parts (spectral-domain OCT or SDOCT), have greatly enhanced the phase stability of OCT systems particularly when implemented in a common-path geometry. The latter combination has given rise to a new class of nm-scale sensitive quantitative phase microscopies we have termed spectral domain phase microscopy. However, the phase information in all of these techniques suffers from a 2π ambiguity that limits resolvable pathlength differences to less than half the source center wavelength. This is problematic for situations such as cellular imaging, Doppler velocimetry, or polarization sensitive applications where it may be necessary to monitor sample profiles, displacements, phase differences, or refractive index variations which vary rapidly in space or time. A technique previously introduced in phase shifting interferometry uses phase information from multiple wavelengths to overcome this limitation. We show that by appropriate spectral windowing of the broadband light source already used in OCT, particularly by reshaping the source spectrum about two different center wavelengths, the resulting phase variation may be cast in terms of a much longer synthetic wavelength chosen to span the phase variation of interest. We show theoretically that the optimal choice of synthetic wavelength depends upon a tradeoff between the minimum resolvable phase and the length of unambiguous phase measurement. We demonstrate this technique using a broadband source centered at 790 nm by correctly reconstructing the phase profile from a phantom sample containing multiple 2π wrapping artifacts at the center wavelength and compare our result with atomic force microscopy.
Cardiac Perforation Following Left Ventricular Cineangiocardiography

A case of perforation of the left ventricle during selective cineangiocardiography in a 27-month-old child with aortic stenosis is reported. Perforation was visualized during the power injection, and subsequent cardiac tamponade developed. Immediate pericardiocentesis resulted in rapid improvement and the child made an uneventful recovery. At cardiac surgery for aortic valvotomy 5 days later no abnormalities of the pericardium were noted but there was a small area of discoloration on the posterior left ventricular free wall. Prevention of poor catheter positioning is suggested as the major preventive measure to avoid such complications during selective ventricular angiocardiography.
Sperm maturation in the male and female genital tracts of Anagasta kühniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae)

Abstract In the testes of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta (= Ephestia) kuhniella (Zeller), a thick sheath forms around the plasma membrane, replacing a series of laminate projections, the radial mantle; but another projection, the satellite body, is retained as an appendage of the sheath. This sheath quickly differentiates into an outer part made up of a series of rings 150 A wide, covered by a thin sleeve, and interrupted on one side by a narrow, dense plate to which the satellite body is attached, and an inner part made up of a mass of lamellae lacking definite orientation. Once the sperm are transferred to the female tract in spermatophores, marked changes occur in the sheath; the satellite body disappears, dense material appears between the inner margins of the radial discs, and the inner sheath differentiates into two distinct portions, both of which have a paracrystalline structure. Once the females deposit their eggs, most of the remaining sperm degenerate and leave empty sheaths. Evidence was found of a normal separation of sheaths and core components within the spermathecal duct, perhaps in preparation of the sperm for fertilization. During this separation, the sheath splits along the line of the dense plate. The sheath of the apyrene sperm was similar to the outer sheath of the eupyrene sperm.
Impact of an active educational video game on children's motivation, science knowledge, and physical activity

Background Active educational video games (AVGs) appear to have a positive effect on elementary school students' motivation leading to enhanced learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of an AVG on elementary school students' science knowledge learning, physical activity (PA) level, and interest-based motivation.
Social support strategies in adult patients with diabetes: a review of strategies in the USA and Europe

Improvement of adherence in patients with a chronic disease state such as diabetes can be facilitated through well-crafted social support strategies. Family and friends are support options for many individuals living with diabetes. A systematic search of three databases was conducted to evaluate literature published from 2006 to April 2013 regarding social support in adults with diabetes conducted in the USA and Europe. While various studies had different findings, the overall trend shows that social support can result in a positive influence on both the ability of the patient to initiate and sustain diabetes management that can potentially result in positive health outcomes. This appears true even when the patient has low psychosocial skills and a small social support network. Healthcare professional involvement also correlates with patient improvement in specific outcomes not overlapped by the patient's social network. Support facilitated by peers can be a viable option along with the multitude of electronic options to help with social support.
Supercomputers and biological sequence comparison algorithms

Comparison of biological (DNA or protein) sequences provides insight into molecular structure, function, and homology and is increasingly important as the available databases become larger and more numerous. One method of increasing the speed of the calculations is to perform them in parallel. We present the results of initial investigations using two dynamic programming algorithms on the Intel iPSC hypercube and the Connection Machine as well as an inexpensive, heuristically-based algorithm on the Encore Multimax.
The development of a model of culturally responsive science and mathematics teaching

This qualitative theoretical study was conducted in response to the current need for an inclusive and comprehensive model to guide the preparation and assessment of teacher candidates for culturally responsive teaching. The process of developing a model of culturally responsive teaching involved three steps: a comprehensive review of the literature; a synthesis of the literature into thematic categories to capture the dispositions and behaviors of culturally responsive teaching; and the piloting of these thematic categories with teacher candidates to validate the usefulness of the categories and to generate specific exemplars of behavior to represent each category. The model of culturally responsive teaching contains five thematic categories: (1) content integration, (2) facilitating knowledge construction, (3) prejudice reduction, (4) social justice, and (5) academic development. The current model is a promising tool for comprehensively defining culturally responsive teaching in the context of teacher education as well as to guide curriculum and assessment changes aimed to increase candidates’ culturally responsive knowledge and skills in science and mathematics teaching.
Noninformative nonparametric Bayesian estimation of quantiles

Abstract In 1981 Rubin introduced the Bayesian bootstrap and argued that it was the natural Bayesian analogue to the usual bootstrap. We show here that when estimating a population quantile in a nonparametric problem it yields estimators that are often preferred to the natural naive estimators based on the order statistic.
An evaluation of the reinforcing effects of memantine in cocaine-dependent humans

Abstract The purpose of this double-blind, outpatient study was to evaluate the reinforcing and subjective effects of the uncompetitive N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) antagonist memantine in cocaine-dependent humans. Eight participants (two females, six males) completed this study which consisted of three blocks of seven sessions; each block tested a different dose of memantine. During the first two sessions of each block, participants “sampled” the memantine capsule (10, 20, or 30 mg) and the placebo capsule that were available for the next five sessions. During the five subsequent sessions, participants had an opportunity to self-administer either the active or placebo capsule. Memantine was not reinforcing and subjective-effects ratings were not altered as a function of dose. Results suggest that these doses of memantine do not have abuse liability in cocaine-dependent individuals.
An empirical analysis of management challenges in service factories, service shops, mass services and professional services

This study presents an empirical snapshot of management challenges among different types of service industries (Service Factory, Service Shop, Mass Service, and Professional Service). Based on data collected (sample size = 273; response rate 97.5 percent) from the managers of four services (Fast Food, Auto Repair, Retail Sales, Legal Services) we show how management challenges change with customer contact/customization and labour intensity. These results have important implications for understanding “real life” service operations, for process improvement, and for service design.
A neutron spectrometer based on temperature variations in superheated drop compositions

Abstract The response of superheated drop detectors (SDDs) to neutron radiation varies in a self-consistent manner with variations in temperature and pressure, making such compositions suitable for neutron spectrometry. The advantage of this approach is that the response functions of candidate materials versus energy as the temperature or pressure is varied are nested and have distinct thresholds, with no thermal neutron response. These characteristics permit unfolding without the uncertainties associated with other spectrometry techniques, where multiple solutions are possible, thus requiring an initial guess of the spectrum. A spectrometer was developed based on the well-established technology for acoustic sensing of bubble events interfaced with a proportional-integral-derivative temperature controller. The active monitor for neutrons, called REMbrandt™, was used as the platform for controlling temperature on a SDD probe and for data acquisition, thereby automating the process of measuring the neutron energy spectrum. The new instrument, called REM-SPEC™, implements and automates the original BINS approach: it adjusts the temperature of the SDD vial in increasing steps and measures the bubble event rate at each step. By using two distinct SDD materials with overlapping responses, the 0.1–20 MeV range of energies relevant to practical spectrometry is readily covered. Initial experiments with an Am–Be source validate the operational protocols of this device.
Radiation of cylindrical duct acoustic modes with flow mismatch

Motivated by the problem of Mach number and temperature discontinuity mismatch between the tailpipe and the surrounding medium, and the effect of this flow mismatch on aircraft engine noise, the radiation of spinning turbo-acoustic modes from a round duct is investigated. The model, based on a plug flow exhaust jet, solves the convected wave equations using Fourier transforms, inversion being accomplished via a coupled Wiener-Hopf and Carrier-Koiter technique. It is concluded that the Mach number discontinuity results in a conflict between convection and refraction effects, while the temperature mismatch results in a sharp beaming of sound off to the side.