cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Formal and Shared Leadership: the Moderating Influence of Role Ambiguity on Innovation

This research seeks to integrate traditional formal leadership structures and emerging shared leadership approaches to team leadership to examine how they jointly relate to innovative outcomes in teams. To reconcile contradictory theory and research that views formal leadership as both beneficial and detrimental to informal leadership, we take a contingency-based approach and hypothesize and find that a designated, nominal formal leader is positively related to shared leadership emergence when role ambiguity is high. Additionally, high role ambiguity enhances the indirect effect of designated formal leadership on team innovation via shared leadership. Alternatively, low ambiguity neutralizes the effect of designated formal leadership on shared leadership and the indirect effect on team innovation via shared leadership. These findings help to address conflicting perspectives regarding the linkage of formal leadership and shared leadership and their respective influence on team innovation.
Decision making with limited feedback:Error bounds for predictive policing and recidivism prediction

When models are trained for deployment in decision-making in various real-world settings, they are typically trained in batch mode. Historical data is used to train and validate the models prior to deployment. However, in many settings, feedback changes the nature of the training process. Either the learner does not get full feedback on its actions, or the decisions made by the trained model influence what future training data it will see. In this paper, we focus on the problems of recidivism prediction and predictive policing. We present the first algorithms with provable regret for these problems, by showing that both problems (and others like these) can be abstracted into a general reinforcement learning framework called partial monitoring. We also discuss the policy implications of these solutions.
Catastrophic Production of Slow Gravitinos

We study gravitational particle production of the massive spin-$3/2$ Rarita-Schwinger field, and its close relative, the gravitino, in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological spacetimes. For masses lighter than the value of the Hubble expansion rate after inflation, ${m}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}H$, we find catastrophic gravitational particle production, wherein the number of gravitationally produced particles is divergent, caused by a transient vanishing of the helicity-$1/2$ gravitino sound speed. In contrast with the conventional gravitino problem, the spectrum of produced particles is dominated by those with momentum at the UV cutoff. This suggests a breakdown of effective field theory, which might be cured by new degrees of freedom that emerge in the UV. We study the UV completion of the Rarita-Schwinger field, namely $\mathcal{N}=1$, $d=4$, supergravity. We reproduce known results for models with a single superfield and models with an arbitrary number of chiral superfields, find a simple geometric expression for the sound speed in the latter case, and extend this to include nilpotent constrained superfields and orthogonal constrained superfields. We find supergravity models where the catastrophe is cured and models where it persists. Insofar as quantizing the gravitino is tantamount to quantizing gravity, as is the case in any UV completion of supergravity, the models exhibiting catastrophic production are prime examples of four-dimensional effective field theories that become inconsistent when gravity is quantized, suggesting a possible link to the swampland program. We propose the gravitino swampland conjecture, which is consistent with and indeed follows from the Kachru-Kallosh-Linde-Trivedi and large volume scenarios for moduli stabilization in string theory.
Minimizing Venous Thromboembolism in Feminizing Hormone Therapy: Applying Lessons From Cisgender Women and Previous Data.

Abstract Objective To review he impact of estrogen-containing feminizing hormone regimens on transgender individuals’ risk for VTE. Methods We evaluated VTE risk by screening 1170 relevant studies published from 1994 to 2020, focusing on meta-analysis data. Results The type of oral estrogen, route of administration, patient demographics, and comorbidities may affect the risk of VTE. Venous thrombosis is the most common vascular complication associated with HT. Conclusion Conjugated equine estrogens and 17-β estradiol appear to be safer than oral ethinyl estradiol. Transdermal estrogen formulations appear to be the least thrombogenic estrogens. Estrogens used concomitantly with progestins increase the risk of VTE compared to estrogens alone. To date, there are no data to demonstrate the benefit of holding HT prior to vaginoplasty or other gender affirming surgeries. For most young, healthy transgender women, there is little risk of VTE with HT, while older patients with risk factors should be discussed case by case.
Concomitant Embolization and Microsurgical Resection of a Giant, Hypervascular Skull Base Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Some skull base tumors can be extremely hypervascular, incorporating multiple vascular territories and demonstrating arteriovenous shunting. Devascularization is a critical step undertaken early in meningioma surgery, necessary before the debulking that is required in skull base tumors. While devascularization can often be achieved with appropriate approach selection, bony drilling, and microsurgical cautery, preoperative embolization of meningiomas has an invaluable role in selected cases.1,2 Embolization, however, does have added risk, magnified in large tumors by the potential infarction with subsequent edema that can potentially lead to acute deterioration and neurosurgical emergency. Hence, to achieve devascularization of an extremely vascular tumor, embolization and surgical resection should be performed concomitantly, as one operation, in which embolization might be the first stage, or might be performed after the craniotomy flap is raised, if necessary.3 Naturally, this requires the multifaceted neurosurgical expertise of embolization and microsurgical resection, and the facility to perform such. We present a case of a giant, hypervascular, radiation-induced, skull base meningioma with internal and external carotid artery supply in a young patient with deteriorating vision in his only eye. Selective embolization of the internal maxillary, middle meningeal, and middle cerebral artery blood supplies was performed. Microsurgical interruption of the ethmoidal artery blood supply was then performed. This hybrid approach safely and effectively devascularized the tumor and allowed for a complete resection of this high-risk tumor4 while minimizing risk to the ophthalmic artery and optic nerve. The patient was consented for surgery.
Vigilance: the behavioral impact of quantitative monitoring on administration and antagonism of neuromuscular blocking agents

The aim of this study was to determine whether use of acceleromyography (1) changes dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), and (2) increases the time between neostigmine administration and extubation, when compared with subjective assessment of neuromuscular blockade. For this retrospective study, data were collected from patient electronic medical records. Patients were included if they had received an NMBA as part of a general anesthetic in 2013 and 2014. Data were analyzed by category of monitoring device: quantitative monitor (acceleromyograph [AMG]) or subjective device (peripheral nerve stimulator [PNS]). Outcomes measured were the total dose of NMBA administered and, the timing of the last dose of NMBA and anticholinesterase relative to tracheal extubation. Results from multivariate models showed that use of acceleromyography was not associated with a change in the total dose of NMBA administered. In contrast, the number of times any monitor was used, as determined by the frequency with which the train-of-four count (TOFC) was recorded, correlated with the administration of greater amounts of rocuronium (P < 0.01) and vecuronium (P < 0.01). The use of acceleromyography did not prolong the time interval between neostigmine administration and tracheal extubation. The number of times any monitor was used during an anesthetic was associated with a decrease in this time interval. The interval decreased an average of 2.7 min each successive time the TOFC was recorded (P < 0.01). The data presented provides insight about the behavioral engineering inherent to the practice of anesthesiology. Introduction of neuromuscular blockade assessment appeared to increase provider vigilance in dosing of NMBAs—regardless of assessment method. The frequency of intraoperative monitoring (quantitative or subjective) was associated with an increased total dose of NMBA administered and decreased time interval between the last dose of neostigmine and extubation.
Listening to Cambodian Rock Band: An Interview with Lauren Yee and Chay Yew

An interview with playwright Lauren Yee and director Chay Yew about Cambodian Rock Band, a memory play that uses music to call back to traumatic memories of the Khmer Rouge.
Effects of assistive devices on postural control following a balance disturbance along the anterior-posterior direction.

Abstract Background Assistive devices provide balance and stability to those who require a greater base of support, especially during ambulation or in tasks essential to functional daily living. In ambulatory assistive device use, center of pressure (COP) movement as one of the measurements of postural control is a factor when assessing fall risk, with an overall goal of maintaining postural equilibrium. There is a lack of research on assistive devices, such as walkers, regarding measurable outcome variables related to fall risk. The purpose of this study was to determine how much the postural control in single limb stance during a balance perturbance is affected by utilizing three different walker types designed to promote stability: the standard walker, the front-wheeled walker with straight wheels and the front-wheeled walker with caster wheels. Research question Is postural sway control in single limb stance during a balance perturbance affected by walker type? Methods Twenty-three healthy adults participated and gave consent. The NeuroCom® SMART EquiTest® system was utilized to simulate forward falls. Subjects stood on the system’s force plate, which was tipped backwards quickly, forcing subjects to attempt to maintain balance. Each participant experienced 18 simulated perturbations, during which they were asked to maintain balance while using one of three walkers in single-limb stance. Each trial was completed using random assignment of three different walker types. Leg dominance of the stance leg was also randomized for each trial. Results The type of walker and the leg dominance in the standing limb significantly affected postural control in a balance perturbance in the A-P direction. The walker type significantly affected the COP maximum displacement in anterior-posterior (AP) direction. However, the leg dominance significantly affected COP maximum displacement in AP and medio-lateral (ML) directions and COP velocity in AP direction. Significance The findings suggest that when fully grounded, a standard walker is more stable than the front-wheeled walker. However, this does not indicate that the standard walker is more stable than other types of walkers when it is being picked up and moved forward during normal use.
Living with Chronic Disease: The Importance of Cognitive Appraisal

The plight of the chronically ill patient covers a wide array of potential life interruptions and psychological changes as well as illness-related factors such as permanent changes in physical functioning and in physical appearance. Patients with various chronic illnesses may face separation from families, friends, and other sources of gratification, the loss of social and vocational roles, disruption of plans for the future, assaults on self-image and self-esteem, uncertain and unpredictable futures, and distressing emotional reactions (Turk, 1979). Moreover, by nature of the disease, chronic illnesses unlike acute diseases have an extended time course of months or years with repeated demands recurring throughout the adjustment process.
Structural basis for mutation-induced destabilization of profilin 1 in ALS

Mutations in profilin 1 (PFN1) are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, the pathological mechanism of PFN1 in this fatal disease is unknown. We demonstrate that ALS-linked mutations severely destabilize the native conformation of PFN1 in vitro and cause accelerated turnover of the PFN1 protein in cells. This mutation-induced destabilization can account for the high propensity of ALS-linked variants to aggregate and also provides rationale for their reported loss-of-function phenotypes in cell-based assays. The source of this destabilization is illuminated by the X-ray crystal structures of several PFN1 proteins, revealing an expanded cavity near the protein core of the destabilized M114T variant. In contrast, the E117G mutation only modestly perturbs the structure and stability of PFN1, an observation that reconciles the occurrence of this mutation in the control population. These findings suggest that a destabilized form of PFN1 underlies PFN1-mediated ALS pathogenesis.
Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) isoenzymes of Opuntia stem tissue. Mitochondrial, chloroplast, and soluble forms.

Abstract Three malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) ( l -malate:NADP oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40) isoenzymes were separated from a partially purified Opuntia extract by anion-exchange column chromatography and starch-gel electrophoresis. One isoenzyme (C-MDH) corresponded chromatographically to a malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) isolated from non-aqueously prepared chloroplasts while another (M-MDH) corresponded with a form isolated from mitochondria purified by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. An additional form, not associated with an organelle, was designated as a soluble isoenzyme (S-MDH). Some differences were noted among kinetic and enzymatic properties such as pH optima, heat of activation (ΔH), thermostability, Km's for l -malate, manganese, and NADP. Differential inhibition by substrate analogs such as d -malate, citraconate, and citramalate was observed. d -Malate was a competitive inhibitor with respect to l -malate for the mitochondrial enzyme while a non-competitive inhibitor for the chloroplast and the supernatant forms. Thus three distinctly different proteins with malic enzyme activity are present in green tissue of Opuntia, viz, a mitochondrial form (M-MDH), a chloroplast form (C-MDH), and a soluble or non-particulate form (S-MDH).
Concept Level Web Search Via Semantic Clustering

Internet search engine techniques have evolved from simple web searching using categorization (e.g., Yahoo) to advanced page ranking algorithms (e.g., Google). However, the challenge for the next generation of search algorithms is not the quantity of search results, but identifying the most relevant pages based on a semantic understanding of user requirements. This notion of relevance is closely tied to the semantics associated with the term being searched. The ideal situation would be to represent results in an intuitive way that allows the user to view their search results in terms of concepts related to their search word or phrase rather than a list of ranked web pages. In this paper, we propose a semantic clustering approach that can be used to build a conceptual search engine.
Outcomes after surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors make up approximately one percent of all pulmonary tumors, and controversy exists regarding management and prognosis. We undertook a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors at our institution. From 1992 through 2014, 121 patients who underwent surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, pathologic data and long-term outcomes were recorded. There were 96 patients with typical carcinoid tumors and 25 patients with atypical carcinoid tumors. All patients received complete resection of their tumors, with 90 % (109/121) of patients undergoing anatomic resection. There were no peri-operative mortalities. Eighty-one percent (98/121) of patients were female. Mean age was 60.7 years. Five and ten year survival rates were 96 % and 88 % respectively for typical carcinoid tumors, as compared to 87 % and 69 % respectively for atypical carcinoid tumors. Tumor size was not associated with survival (p = 0.98). Nodal metastases were evident in 8 % (8/96) of typical carcinoid tumors and 28 % (7/25) percent of atypical carcinoid tumors. Among typical carcinoid cases, the presence of nodal metastases were not associated with overall survival (p = 0.55). Among atypical carcinoid cases, the presence of nodal metastases also was not associated with survival (p = 0.53). No patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemoradiation treatment. Excellent long-term outcomes can be achieved following surgical resection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors. The presence of nodal metastases was not associated with overall survival. Tumor size was not associated with either recurrence rates or survival.
The Speed, Density, and Flux Variations in Large-Scale Solar Wind Disturbances

The large-scale structure of the solar wind is a topic of considerable interest in the field of solar-terrestrial physics. In fact, the existence of such a structure was inferred from studies of geomagnetic activity long before direct interplanetary observations became possible. Two distinct classes of interplanetary ‘disturbances’ were suggested by these studies — (a) transient, flare-associated shock waves that produced the classical SSC geomagnetic storms, and (b) long-lived, localized plasma streams that produced recurrent geomagnetic activity (see Chapman and Bartels, 1950). The existence of such disturbances has been confirmed by modern in situ observations and the study of the detailed properties of these structures, their solar origins, and their magnetospheric effects has been an important and active area of solar wind research. This paper will concentrate on some recent results in this area that suggest a unified view of large-scale solar wind structures and has some interesting implications regarding the energetics of the related magnetospheric processes.
Non-degenerate nanomechanical parametric amplifier

We present a nanomechanical parametric amplifier system, which consists of two electrostatically coupled resonators, and operates using 3 frequencies (non-degenerate amplifier). The use of 3 frequencies eliminates phase sensitivity between the signal and pump voltage. We observed the amplification of small signals by up to 43 dB. The width of the response of the resonator is tuned by varying the pump voltage. The resonant frequencies of the individual oscillators can be slightly tuned by adjusting the bias voltages. To our knowledge, this is the first reported mechanical parametric amplification scheme using two separate resonators.
Diffusion tensor imaging of subcortical brain injury in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to derive in vivo tissue status measurements of subcortical brain regions that are vulnerable to injury in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Quantitative measurements, including the mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA), were determined in lateralized basal ganglia (caudate and putamen) and centrum semiovale in 11 well-characterized HIV patients and in 11 control subjects. DTI measurements were examined for patterns of relationship with markers of clinical and cognitive progression. DTI measures acquired in subcortical regions were significantly correlated with loss of function in specific cognitive domains. Significant relationships were identified between measures for putamen and verbal memory (MD), visual memory (FA), working memory (FA), and overall cognitive impairment (MD). Measures for caudate (FA) were significantly correlated with visual memory. Measures for centrum semiovale were significantly correlated with visual memory deficits (MD) and visuoconstruction (FA). Relationships between anisotropy measures and anemia (basal ganglia) and CD4 counts (centrum semiovale) were also observed. Findings from this investigation indicate that DTI is a sensitive tool for correlating neuroanatomic pathologic features with specific cognitive deficits in patients with HIV infection.
Ternary Mutual Diffusion Coefficients of NH4Cl-(NH4)2SO4-H2O at 298.15 K by Optical Interferometry

Isothermal ternary diffusion coefficients measured by optical methods are reported at twelve sets of mean concentrations for the NH4Cl+(NH4)2SO4+H2O system at 298.15 K. Results are given for electrolyte solute concentration fractions of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 at total solute concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mol⋅dm−3. Also included are values of the densities, concentration derivatives of the densities, and the partial molar volumes. Results are compared with values for similar systems.
C.N.S. effect of nicotine as the discriminative stimulus for the rat in a T-maze.

Abstract Rats were trained to make a specific behavioral response in a T-maze apparatus conditional upon whether they were injected subcutaneously with 400 μg/kg nicotine or saline. This differential response was dose- and time-related. Pretreatment with 750 μg/kg hexamethonium had no effect on the rats' ability to discriminate the cueing effect of nicotine, whereas, pretreatment with 500 μg/kg mecamylamine significantly inhibited this effect. It appears that whatever the cues were to which the rats differentially responded, the effect is mediated by nicotine's action on the central nervous system.
Auditory and Visual Feedback of Nasalization Using a Modified Accelerometric Method

A method of providing auditory and visual feedback of nasalization to hypernasal speakers using the Horii Oral-Nasal Coupling (HONC) technique is described. This noninvasive method appears promisin...
Asymmetrical ClO3: its possible formation from ClO and O2 and its possible reactions

An analysis of recent accurate experimental studies of Cl2-photosensitized O3 decomposition, in which O3 disappearance and OClO formation were directly monitored, suggests the possibility that the suppression of the quantum yield in the presence of O2 may be due to the formation of asymmetrical chlorine trioxide (ClO.O2). Other intermediaries, such as Cl2O2, which may also form in the system are not thought to explain the observations. In addition to its capacity to oxidize, which it shares with other peroxo compounds, asymmetrical ClO3 appears to undergo an interesting class of reactions in which the loosely bound O2 adduct is relatively easily displaced by reactive atoms and radicals such as chlorine.
A comparison of leverpress and head-poke discriminated Sidman avoidance

A discriminated Sidman avoidance procedure used by Forgione (1970) was replicated using a head-poke response instead of a leverpress as the avoidance operant. The resultant data were described in terms of the five dependent measures reported by Forgione. Head-poke avoidance was found to be more efficient than its leverpress counterpart and compared very favorably with the lever-disabling (or shock-timer-on) procedure used by Forgione to break up inefficient leverpress behavior patterns.
Intrasubjectivity in the philosophy of Wilson Harris

This essay focuses on the concept of intrasubjectivity explored both in relation to Wilson Harris’s concept of the self and his larger philosophical vision of human existence. Drawing on a wide range of Harris’s novels, most notably The Infinite Rehearsal (1987), part of The Carnival Trilogy, this essay attempts to make clear the importance that Harris attributes to intrasubjectivity as a source of “innermost feuding reality” and the “foundations of religious hope” that can be reached with the silencing and overcoming of these intrasubjective conflicts. Furthermore, this essay addresses how the concept of intrasubjectivity has changed over the course of Harris’s oeuvre from Palace of the Peacock (1977) to The Ghost of Memory (2006).
A Systolic Design for Connectivity Problems

In this paper we present a design, suited to VLSI implementation, for a one-dimensional array to solve graph connectivity problems. The computational model is relatively primitive in that only the two end cells of the array can interact with the external environment and only adjacent cells in the array are allowed to communicate. However, we show that an array of n + 1 cells can be used for a graph with n vertices to find the connected components, a spanning tree, or, when used in conjunction with a systolic priority queue, a minimum spanning tree. The area, time, and I/O requirements compare favorably with other models proposed for this problem in the case of sparse graphs.
Non-Fermi Liquid Effective Field Theory of Dense QCD Matter

We introduce an effective field theory for quasi-particles in dense QCD matter. Unscreened magnetic gluon exchanges lead to non-Fermi liquid behavior. Non-Fermi liquid effects manifest themselves in low energy Green functions that depend on logarithms and fractional powers of energy. We discuss the validity of some standard theorems of Fermi liquid theory.
3-D effects of polarization switching on interdigitated electroded ferroelectrics

Interdigitated electrodes are used to obtain an in-plane d33 coupling from patch actuators. Existing design tools do not take into consideration the three dimensional effects of polarization reorientation. This work presents a 3-D finite element code that utilizes a micromechancial constitutive law with full ferroelectric switching. The code is used to explore the design of interdigitated electrode devices. The results point to several parameters that are important to the design of these devices. These include electrode spacing, electrode width, specimen thickness, and specimen depth.
Effect of lithium citrate on adrenocortical activity in manic-depressive illness.

Abstract Twelve manic-depressive patients were treated with lithium citrate on a research ward where fluid and electrolyte intake was controlled. The following findings were noted: Four of the five depressed patients became symptom free as did all seven manic patients. The substitution of placebo during the symptom-free period was associated within 24–48 hr with recurrence of depressive or manic symptomatology in three manic and two depressed patients. In addition to its well established effect upon mania, lithium, in these cases, had a specific therapeutic effect upon depression as well. The introduction of lithium was associated with a temporary increase in 17-OHCS excretion along with an increased excretion of water, sodium, and potassium. These effects were not sustained, in some instances, beyond 24 hr. The substitution of placebo for lithium during the course of treatment resulted in changes in excretion which were in the opposite direction. The direction of the changes in steroid excretion suggests that lithium's effect upon electrolyte metabolism is not secondary to its action upon the adrenal cortex. Manic patients whowed a tendency to retain lithium while symptomatic and to excrete amounts in excess of that administered after becoming symptom-free. This retention of lithium tended to differentiate the manic from the depressed patients. Manic patients treated with lithium showed a higher rate of 17-OHCS excretion after they had become symptom-free than before administration of lithium. This increase may have been secondary to clinical improvement or to retention of lithium. The depressed patients did not show this trend towards increased steroid excretion.
An artificial regeneration system for establishing northern red oak on dry-mesic sites in the Lake States, USA

La regeneration artificielle du chene rouge est difficile a realiser dans la region des lacs (Etats-Unis). Une experimentation a ete mise en place en 1990 dans le Nord Wisconsin, afin de determiner les effets de la densite du couvert et de la competition du sous-etage sur les performances de plants de chene rouge (a racines nues ou en containers) plantes dans des stations seches. Les relations entre les performances des plants et le nombre de leurs racines laterales d'ordre 1 ont aussi ete etudiees. Les performances des plants furent evaluees sous 3 densites de couvert: 0%, 25% et 50% (placettes de 0,3 ha) en combinaison avec (ou sans) un sous-etage controle par herbicide (.)
On superflow in solid {sup 4}He

Kim and Chan have recently observed nonclassical rotational inertia (NCRI) for solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in Vycor glass, porous gold, and bulk. Their low $T$ value of the superfluid fraction, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}∕{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}0.015$, is consistent with what is known of atomic delocalization in this quantum solid. Upon including a lattice mass density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{L}$ distinct from the normal fluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$ (which is zero at $T=0$), the superfluid hydrodynamics becomes consistent with Galilean transformations. From its microscopic definition, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{L}$ is temperature dependent. As a consequence, determination of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}∕{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ from ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}∕{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ is not trivial, although a characteristic excitation energy of about $0.35\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ can be extracted from the data. The macroscopic phase inferred from the observation of NCRI suggests quantum vortices, whose properties we discuss. Searches for quantum vortex lines and rings are proposed.
Computational Thermodynamics Analysis of Vaporizing Fuel Droplets in the Human Upper Airways

The detailed knowledge of air flow structures as well as particle transport and deposition in the human lung for typical inhalation flow rates is an important precursor for dosimetry-and-health-effect studies of toxic particles as well as for targeted drug delivery of therapeutic aerosols. Focusing on highly toxic JP-8 fuel aerosols, 3-D airflow and fluid-particle thermodynamics in a human upper airway model starting from mouth to Generation G3 (G0 is the trachea) are simulated using a user-enhanced and experimentally validated finite-volume code. The temperature distributions and their effects on airflow structures, fuel vapor deposition and droplet motion/evaporation are discussed. The computational results show that the thermal effect on vapor deposition is minor, but it may greatly affect droplet deposition in human airways.
Crystal and Magnetic Structure of the Orthorhombic Perovskite YbMnO3

The perovskite polymorph of YbMnO3 has been revisited. The orthorhombic phase is obtained through a high-pressure (HP) reconstructive transformation from the hexagonal sol−gel-synthesized YbMnO3 by means of HP annealing at 5 GPa and 1100 °C. Neutron powder diffraction shows that the HP form crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbnm. At 298 K, the refined values for lattice parameters a, b, and c are respectively 5.2208(3), 5.8033(3), and 7.3053(4) A. The average Mn−O−Mn angle is 141.9°, indicative of a strong tilting of the MnO6 octahedra. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate antiferromagnetic order of Mn3+ spins at TN = 43 K and of Yb3+ spins at 4 K. The magnetic structure is commensurate Ay with an ordered moment 3.45(5) μB at 9 K. The magnetic susceptibility obeys the Curie−Weiss law, χ = C/(T − θ), in two temperature regions, that is, above 240 K and 6−30 K. The obtained effective paramagnetic moments μeff are 6.37 μB and 4.83 μB for the two temperature ranges, respectively. The forme...
An examination of perceived risk, information search and behavioral intentions in search, experience and credence services

Though the marketing literature offers an abundance of research on the topics of perceived risk, information search, and purchase intentions, very few researchers have empirically examined these constructs in the context of services. This research explores the linkages among these three constructs when services are classified on the basis of search, experience, and credence attributes. Specific hypotheses are developed and tested. The results of this study indicate that perceived risk increases along a continuum from search to experience to credence service purchases. Other hypotheses relating to information search length, information sources, behavioral intentions, and service attributes, received moderate support. Finally, managerial implications of the study were provided, along with directions for future research.
Comparison of Human Eosinophil and Neutrophil Ligands for P-Selectin: Ligands for P-Selectin Differ from Those for E-Selectin

Eosinophils (EOS) and neutrophils (PMN) display different patterns of accumulation during various inflammatory reactions. We hypothesized that EOS and PMN may differ in their ligands for P-selectin, and that these ligands may differ from those previously identified for E-selectin. Recombinant human P-selectin was immobilized on plastic surfaces and adhesion of 51Cr-labeled human EOS or PMN was compared. EOS and PMN adhered in a concentration-dependent fashion, with similar maximal net adhesion. Preincubation with a blocking P-selectin antibody inhibited adhesion of both cell types, whereas a non-blocking antibody did not. To determine if the counterligands were sialylated proteins, cells were treated with various glycosidases and proteases before testing adhesion. Neuraminidase treatment markedly inhibited binding of both cell types, while endo-beta-galactosidase had no significant effect. Pretreatment with several proteases reduced adhesion of both cell types, although they consistently caused a greater inhibition of PMN binding than EOS binding. To determine whether the P-selectin ligands were surface structures whose expression or function may be altered by cell activation, leukocytes were pretreated with various stimuli; only platelet-activating factor (PAF) treatment reduced the capacity of leukocytes to adhere to P-selectin. Thus, the counterligands for P-selectin on EOS and PMN are similar sialylated, protease-sensitive, endo-beta-galactosidase-resistant structures, whose function and/or expression is reduced following treatment with PAF. These characteristics are clearly different than those reported for EOS and PMN ligands for E-selectin, and suggest disparate roles for P-selectin and E-selectin during EOS and PMN recruitment during inflammatory responses in vivo.
The fundamental structures of human reflexion

Abstract In this paper, we put forth the hypothesis that a special inner inborn ‘computer’ for modeling the self and others exists in human beings. The operation of this computer can be described with the help of an algebraic model of human reflexion. Certain data obtained in personality theory, social psychology, and musicology can be explained as a result of the work on this computer. The paper describes this model and its specific applications, as well as possibilities for its future development.
Inventing the female self in Greenwich Village, 1900–1930: Mabel Dodge's encounter with science and spirituality

Through the case study of Mabel Dodge, the mystic of Greenwich Village, this article shows how new forms of knowledge and free love converged in a turn to interrogating the female self. Mabel Dodge's practice of subjectivity is an early twentieth-century example of what Michel Foucault called the ‘hermeneutics of the subject’, a form of spirituality grounded in the pursuit of the ‘truth’ of the self. Dodge's efforts to grasp her ‘secret concentrated essence’ reveal an early twentieth-century invention of a new feminist spirituality at the crossroads of occultism, social reform, and sciences of psychology and biology.
Incorporating invertebrate predators into theory regarding the timing of invertebrate drift

Theory concerning the timing of lotic invertebrate drift suggests that daytime-feeding fish cause invertebrates to restrict their drift behavior to the nighttime. However, there is growing evidence that the nighttime foraging of invertebrate predators also contributes to the nocturnal timing of drift, though it is unclear whether the nocturnal behavior of invertebrate predators is innate or proximately caused by fish. In two experiments, one conducted in a fish-bearing stream and a second in a fishless stream, we compared the drift patterns of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) from channels with and without benthic invertebrate predators. We tested whether invertebrate predators affect the timing of drift, either as a proximate cause of nocturnal drift in the fishless stream (diel periodicity) or as a proximate cause of a pre-dawn peak in drift in the fish-bearing stream (nocturnal periodicity). In the fish-bearing stream experiment, a pre-dawn increase of baetid drift occurred independently of invertebrate predators, indicating that invertebrate predators were not the proximate cause of nocturnal periodicity in the stream. In the fishless stream experiment, invertebrate predators caused more baetid drift at night than during the day, indicating that invertebrate predators caused the nocturnal drift pattern we observed in the stream, and that invertebrate predators can influence drift timing independently of fish. Therefore, we suggest that both visually feeding fish and nocturnally foraging benthic predators, when present, affect the timing of invertebrate drift; visually feeding fish by reducing daytime drift, and benthic predators by increasing nighttime drift.
Cardioactive steroid poisoning: a comparison of plant- and animal-derived compounds.

Introduction Cardioactive steroids (CASs) are found in plants, animals, and insects. Their affinity for Na+−K+ ATPase is attenuated by the type of lactone at carbon 17 (C17) of the steroid backbone: those with 5-membered lactone rings, or cardenolides, are derived mostly from plants with 6-membered rings or from animals with bufadienolides. A systematic review of CAS poisoning was performed to compare the mortality rate of cardenolides and bufadienolides.
Boundary conditions in small-deformation, single-crystal plasticity that account for the Burgers vector

This paper discusses boundary conditions appropriate to a theory of single-crystal plasticity (Gurtin, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 (2002) 5) that includes an accounting for the Burgers vector through energetic and dissipative dependences on the tensor G=curlHp, with Hp the plastic part in the additive decomposition of the displacement gradient into elastic and plastic parts. This theory results in a flow rule in the form of N coupled second-order partial differential equations for the slip-rates γ˙α(α=1,2…,N), and, consequently, requires higher-order boundary conditions. Motivated by the virtual-power principle in which the external power contains a boundary-integral linear in the slip-rates, hard-slip conditions in which (A) γ˙α=0 on a subsurface Shard of the boundary for all slip systems α are proposed. In this paper we develop a theory that is consistent with that of (Gurtin, 2002), but that leads to an external power containing a boundary-integral linear in the tensor H˙ijpɛjrlnr, a result that motivates replacing (A) with the microhard condition (B) H˙ijpɛjrlnr=0 on the subsurface Shard. We show that, interestingly, (B) may be interpreted as the requirement that there be no flow of the Burgers vector across Shard. What is most important, we establish uniqueness for the underlying initial/boundary-value problem associated with (B); since the conditions (A) are generally stronger than the conditions (B), this result indicates lack of existence for problems based on (A). For that reason, the hard-slip conditions (A) would seem inappropriate as boundary conditions. Finally, we discuss conditions at a grain boundary based on the flow of the Burgers vector at and across the boundary surface.
The eco-min model

In existing electric energy markets, the bidding structure for the bid curves do not reflect the true operating characteristics of the generator. Often, the true minimum operating level of the generators is below the minimum level represented in bidding curves submitted by generator owners to the ISOs. One of the major factors for this inconsistent representation is attributed to operational efficiency. This paper introduces a new model called the eco-min model, which discusses the possibility of modifying the existing bid curve structure. The benefits of this model include improved market efficiency combined with the capability to obtain more reserve from the existing, committed resources as compared to the existing bid curve structure. The percentage of total electric energy coming from renewable resources is increasing day by day. Thus, the amount of reserve required for running the power systems reliably has increased as well because of the inherent variable and uncertain nature of renewable resources, e.g., wind and solar. As a result, there is the challenge of increasing the procured ancillary services while maintaining market efficiency. This model provides an effective approach for this issue. The eco-min model is presented and results are provided corresponding to the RTS96 system.
Association of functional polymorphisms from brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin-related genes with depressive symptoms after a medical stressor in older adults.

Depressive symptoms are common in older adults after a disabling medical event and interfere with rehabilitation and recovery from the disability. This prospective study examined the role of genetic polymorphisms implicated in synaptic integrity and stress-associated depression as predictors of depressive symptoms after hip fracture. We recruited healthy comparisons from the community and participants with hip fracture after surgical fixation from Saint Louis, Missouri hospitals. We examined the valine (Val) to methionine (Met) polymorphism in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1a-rs6295) polymorphism, and the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) interaction with the rs25531 A to G single nucleotide polymorphism (5HTTLPR-rs25531) as predictors of depressive symptoms. We also examined whether depressive symptoms mediate the influence of BDNF genotype on functional recovery. Among 429 participants with hip fracture, BDNF Met/Met carriers developed significantly more depressive symptoms than Val/Val carriers during a four-week period after the fracture (p=.012). BDNF genotype also predicted functional recovery over the ensuing year, mediated by its effects on depressive symptoms (CI: 0.07-3.37). Unlike prior studies of stressful life events, the S′ 5HTTLPR-rs25531 variant did not predict higher levels of depressive symptoms; instead, we report an exploratory finding of an epistatic effect between BDNF and 5HTTLPR-rs25531 whereby the compounded effects of two LA alleles and BDNF Met/Met genotype elevate risk of depressive symptoms after hip fracture (p=.006). No differences between 5HT1a genotypes were found. Our findings suggest plasticity-related genetic factors contribute to the neural mechanisms of mental and functional well-being after a disabling medical stressor.
Mapping of Thermal Injury in Biologic Tissues Using Quantitative Pathologic Techniques

Qualitative and quantitative pathologic techniques can be used for (1) mapping of thermal injury, (2) comparisons lesion sizes and configurations for different instruments or heating sources and (3) comparisons of treatment effects. Concentric zones of thermal damage form around a single volume heat source. The boundaries between some of these zones are distinct and measurable. Depending on the energy deposition, heating times and tissue type, the zones can include the following beginning at the hotter center and progressing to the cooler periphery: (1) tissue ablation, (2) carbonization, (3) tissue water vaporization, (4) structural protein denaturation (thermal coagulation), (5) vital enzyme protein denaturation, (6) cell membrane disruption, (7) hemorrhage, hemostasis and hyperhemia, (8) tissue necrosis and (9) wound organization and healing.
Analysis of diffusion/dispersion and mass transfer phenomena in multiphase-multicomponent systems: application to heterogeneous processes with interfacial effects

Phase interaction that occur during multiphase flow through porous media give rise to pressure, drag-force, solid-stress and porosity profiles. The in situ measurement and prediction of these profiles completely characterized phase flow through the medium. Multicomponent effects of diffusion and mass transfer are superimposed on the phase effects, and the emphasis in this paper is to develop and quantify the effects in terms of interfacial excess terms. Application of averaging concepts to multiphase and multicomponent systems in a representative elementary volume consisting of three-dimensional interfaces directly results in heterogeneous-scale equations with interfacial excess terms. The excess terms reveal the transport mechanisms at interfaces, and together with the bulk-phase transport mechanisms completely describe diffusion, dispersion, mass transfer, and heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions. The heterogeneous-scale multiphase equations enable one to handle both phase and multicomponent effects when solving multiphase problems. The modeler has to generate only the constitutive and material functions, and parameters by in situ experiments.
Triggering of Pneumococcal Autolysis by Lysozyme

Lysozyme had no effect on the rate of multiplication of growing cultures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it greatly reduced the lag period that precedes autolysis of these bacteria in stationary phase. Several experiments were done to understand the mechanism of this effect. Lysozyme had no hydrolytic activity on intact cell walls, and cell walls of pneumococci grown with or without lysozyme had identical composition and susceptibility to the pneumococcal autolysin. The acceleration of stationary-phase autolysis by lysozyme involved triggering of the pneumococcal autolytic enzyme since lysozyme had no detectable effect on nonautolysing (LytA-) mutants and heat-inactivated lysozyme completely lacking enzymatic activity was as effective as the nondenatured enzyme in facilitating stationary-phase autolysis. The role of lysozyme in host defense against pneumococcal infection remains elusive.
Integration of germanium quantum well structures on a silicon-on-insulator waveguide platform for optical modulator applications

An approach is proposed, analyzed, and demonstrated to integrate selectively grown germanium quantum well structures onto a silicon-on-insulator waveguide platform. This approach is promising for compact, ultra-low power optical waveguide modulators in optical interconnects.
Novel in-situ production of smooth diamond films

We have developed a unique method to produce smooth diamond films using a modified microwave plasma process system. This method consists of sequential in situ deposition and planarization in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma system. Diamond films were deposited to a thickness of 3.0 μm in this system at a pressure of 1.000 Torr from gas mixtures of methanol and hydrogen. Deposition was followed by planarization using a two-grid ion beam extraction process with a pure oxygen plasma at 10 mTorr. The average roughness of the diamond films so produced was as low as 30 nm, which was a factor of two lower than that of the as-deposited diamond films.