cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clustering effects on the recall of unrelated words

The purpose of this experiment was to examine directly how various numbers of clusters affect recall performance. Thirty subjects were presented 36 unrelated nouns for six study-recall trials. Each of six subjects was told to organize the words into 3, 7, or 11 clusters. Two control groups were also used: free recall (FR; no clustering instructions) and free cluster (FC; clustering instructions, but no specific number of clusters were assigned). The similarity between total recall and all other measures for the three-cluster, FC, and FR groups suggests that organizing the words into approximately three clusters optimizes recall performance. This study also supports a previous finding that recall increases over trials mainly due to increases in cluster size rather than increases in number of clusters.
Continuous recuperative mode parametric pumping

Abstract The local equilibrium model is used to study the cyclic steady state of open recuperative mode parametric pumps. When the thermal wave velocity is grea Also for these gas systems, a reverse separation is predicted with c hot c cold . Examples of chemical systems which should illustrate
Analytical prediction of transfer length in prestressed self-consolidating concrete girders using pull-out test results

Abstract While self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is comparable to conventional concrete (CC) in terms of strength, the comparability of SCC’s bond to steel is less well-defined. A keen understanding of SCC’s bond strength is essential to advance SCC within the prestressed concrete industry. This study presents an analytical method for predicting the transfer length of steel strands in prestressed girders using pull-out test results. The experimental data from a series of 56 pull-out tests is utilized to derive bond stress–slip relationships for 12.7 mm steel strands embedded in SCC and CC. Modification factors are used to correlate pullout bond stresses to transfer bond stresses in prestressed members, and the modified relationships are integrated in three-dimensional finite element models to predict transfer lengths in prestressed SCC girders. The analytical predictions correlate well with experimental results and transfer length requirements of current US design codes.
Stable solutions of some ill-posed problems

Stable solutions of equations of the first kind and equations of the second kind at a characteristic value are given. Iterative processes for solutions are constructed. Extension of operators is used to turn an ill-posed problem into a well-posed one.
Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Bacillus sp. in a Packed-Bed Bioreactor

The potential for fixed-film biorectors to reduce Cr(VI) was demonstrated using a Cr(VI)-reducing species, Bacillus sp. A bench-scale, packed-bed bioreactor was operated to steady-state conditions under a range of influent Cr(VI) concentrations (10−200 mg/L) and hydraulic detention times (6−24 h, clean bed) with near complete removal of Cr(VI). The steady-state Cr(VI) reduction efficiency was not affected by the influent Cr(VI) concentration or hydraulic detention time. Chromium mass balance analysis revealed that nearly all the Cr(VI) fed to the bioreactor was accounted for in the effluent as Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Total cell mass in the bioreactor decreased with increasing Cr(VI) loading rate, but it stabilized after a loading limit was reached (1016 mg of Cr(VI)/L·day) when operated under 24 h hydraulic detention time. The bioreactor showed strong resilience by recovering from Cr(VI) overloading through reduction in influent Cr(VI) concentration.
Effect of 30 Hz theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation on the primary motor cortex in children and adolescents.

Fourteen healthy children (13.8±2.2 years, range 10 to 16; M:F=5:9) received 30 Hz intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS) with a stimulation intensity of 70% of resting motor threshold (RMT) with a total of 300 (iTBS300) pulses. All volunteers were free of neurologic, psychiatric and serious medical illnesses, not taking any neuropsychiatric medications, and did not have any contraindications to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Changes in the mean amplitudes of motor-evoked potentials from baseline following iTBS were expressed as a ratio and assessed from 1 to 10 minutes (BLOCK1) and 1 to 30 minutes (BLOCK2) using repeated-measures analysis of variance. All 14 subjects completed iTBS300 over the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) without any clinically reported adverse events. ITBS300 produced significant M1 facilitation (F5,65=3.165, p=0.01) at BLOCK1 and trend level M1 facilitation at BLOCK2 (F10,129=1.69, p=0.089). Although iTBS300 (stimulation duration of 92 seconds at 70% RMT) delivered over M1 in typically developed children was well-tolerated and produced on average significant facilitatory changes in cortical excitability, the post-iTBS300 neurophysiologic response was variable in our small sample. ITBS300-induced changes may represent a potential neuroplastic biomarker in healthy children and those with neuro-genetic or neuro-psychiatric disorders. However, a larger sample size is needed to address safety and concerns of response variability.
SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION AND LOGISTICAL SERVICE PERFORMANCE

Collaboration with external supply chain entities influences increased internal collaboration, which in turn improves service performance. This relationship may be the key to helping managers understand how best to facilitate behavioral change. The implication is that collaborating with customers and suppliers is a first step toward effective collaboration within the firm.
Constitutive expression of ectopic c-Myc delays glucocorticoid-evoked apoptosis of human leukemic CEM-C7 cells.

Constitutive expression of ectopic c-Myc delays glucocorticoid-evoked apoptosis of human leukemic CEM-C7 cells
DNA Collisions with a Large, Conducting Post

We theoretically treat the problem of DNA collisions with large, ideally conducting posts during electrophoresis. We exploit a separation of time and length scales that allows the problem to be broken into two connected problems: (i) compression of a molecule against a flat wall by an applied transverse field and (ii) transport of a molecule across the post surface due to both tangential diffusion and convection. We address the former using a combination of statistical mechanics and blob theory and the latter utilizing a Fokker−Planck approach. The theoretical predictions are then compared with the results of Brownian dynamics simulations.
Universal decay in nonlinear parabolic equations

On considere le probleme aux valeurs initiales pour une equation d'evolution du/dt+A(u)=0, t>0, u(0)=u 0 . On deduit des taux de decroissance universel pour des problemes d'evolution de la forme: u t =△φ(u)−f(u), x∈Ω, t>0, φ(u(x,t))=0 x∈∂Ω, t>0, u(x,0)=u 0 (x), x∈Ω, ou Ω⊂R N est borne et φ et f sont des non-linearites satisfaisant certaines conditions de structure
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Induced by Dobutamine Infusion: A New Phenomenon or an Old Disease with a New Name

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy mimics acute myocardial infarction but is a separate clinical entity characterized by distinct wall motion abnormalities in the absence of obstructive coronary lesions. The prevalence of this condition is relatively uncommon yet has gained increasing recognition in recent years. It has rarely been associated with the use of dobutamine infusion during cardiac stress testing. We present in detail two cases of dobutamine-induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy from our case series, one from 2002 and the other from 2008. While both cases display the typical features of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, the former was initially diagnosed as dobutamine-induced vasospasm. These cases may provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of the condition and suggest that the increasing recognition of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy results from increasing familiarity of the condition.
Is cluster evaporation statistical? A comparison of simulation results for Ar13 with exact classical phase space theory

We have simulated the dissociation reactionA n →An−1+A for small clusters (L-J argon) with well defined internal energy and total angular momentum. Reaction rates and kinetic energy release distributions are compared to the predictions of several statistical theories, including RRK, the “Engelking” model, and phase space theory (PST). We have applied classical phase space theory in an essentially exact formulation using accurate anharmonic vibrational densities of states (and no adjustable parameters). We present a critical evaluation of the different theories and sensitivity of the results to the underlying assumptions.
Quadratic linear Keller maps

Abstract It is proved that a quadratic linear Keller map C n → C n is linearly triangularizable if its rank is at most 2 or corank at most 1.
Dopamine Affects Basal and Augmented Pituitary Hormone Secretion

Although the role of the neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), in the regulation of PRL has been well documented, controversy exists regarding its participation in the regulation of the other pituitary hormones. Consequently, we infused DA into six healthy male subjects (ages 19–32) and studied its effects on both basal pituitary hormone levels and augmented hormonal release induced by insulin hypoglycemia (ITT), TRH, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). DA alone produced a modest though significant increase in GH concentration from 2.2 ± 0.5 to 11.9 ± 3.7 ng/ml (P < 0.05) by 60 min, but the peak incremental GH response to ITT was significantly inhibited by DA (43.5 ± 5.0 vs. 16.3 ± 3.3 ng/ml; P < 0.01). PRL concentrations fell during the DA infusion (20.4 ± 3.0 to 10.6 ± 1.5 ng/ml; P < 0.02) at 235 min, and the PRL responses to both ITT and TRH were completely abolished. Although the basal LH and FSH concentrations were unaffected by DA, the incremental LH response to GnRH was inhibited (45.5 ± 10.6 to ...
Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene

Abstract The biogenic species α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene are among the most abundant monoterpenes emitted globally. They are also important precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere. This study involves the development of proposed oxidation mechanisms for these three species. Semi- and non-volatile oxidation products with the potential to lead to SOA formation are predicted explicitly. Simulation code that describes the gas-phase oxidation mechanisms including reactions that lead to ozone (O3) formation is coupled to an equilibrium absorptive partitioning code. The coupled model is used to simulate both gas-phase chemistry and SOA formation associated with oxidation of these three species in chamber experiments involving single as well as multiple oxidants. For the partitioning model, required molecular properties of the oxidation products are taken from the literature or estimated based on structural characteristics. The predicted O3 and SOA concentrations are typically within ±50% of measured values for most of the experiments except for the experiments with low initial hydrocarbon concentrations and the nitrate radical experiments with α-pinene. The developed model will be used to update a gas-phase chemical mechanism and a SOA formation module used in a three-dimensional air quality model.
The Effect of Defective Interfering RNAs on the Accumulation of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus Proteins and Implications for Disease Attenuation

Tombusviruses, of which tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is the type member, spontaneously generate defective interfering RNAs (DIs) that are known to interfere with viral accumulation and symptom development. We show that co-infection with TBSV and DIs causes a dramatic reduction in accumulation of TBSV subgenomic RNAs and corresponding TBSV proteins with a less dramatic reduced accumulation of the genomic RNA and the replicase proteins. Associated with this differentially regulated suppression was a greatly reduced expression of both the p19 protein, which is responsible for severe symptoms, and the p22 protein, which is associated with cell-to-cell movement of the virus. Therefore, the results suggest that the protective effect of DIs may be due to selective inhibition of p19 and p22 expression in addition to reduced replication of genomic RNA.
Building Capacity for Health Disparity Research at Minority Institutions

The science and technology enterprise of the United States has consistently produced seminal work and cutting-edge technologies. It has responded promptly to both new opportunities and urgent crises. The success of this enterprise derives largely from the diversity of the types of institutions doing the work and from the many sources of public and private funding available to accomplish it. To those who argue that public-sector funds should support only the best science at the premier research institutions on the nation’s East and West coasts, Dr. Rita Colwell, the director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) eloquently responds, “No one region, no one group of institutions, and no special communities have a corner on the market of good and great ideas, smart people, or outstanding researchers. Great ideas can come from just about anywhere.”
Strategic facility location: A review

Abstract Facility location decisions are a critical element in strategic planning for a wide range of private and public firms. The ramifications of siting facilities are broadly based and long-lasting, impacting numerous operational and logistical decisions. High costs associated with property acquisition and facility construction make facility location or relocation projects long-term investments. To make such undertakings profitable, firms plan for new facilities to remain in place and in operation for an extended time period. Thus, decision makers must select sites that will not simply perform well according to the current system state, but that will continue to be profitable for the facility's lifetime, even as environmental factors change, populations shift, and market trends evolve. Finding robust facility locations is thus a difficult task, demanding that decision makers account for uncertain future events. The complexity of this problem has limited much of the facility location literature to simplified static and deterministic models. Although a few researchers initiated the study of stochastic and dynamic aspects of facility location many years ago, most of the research dedicated to these issues has been published in recent years. In this review, we report on literature which explicitly addresses the strategic nature of facility location problems by considering either stochastic or dynamic problem characteristics. Dynamic formulations focus on the difficult timing issues involved in locating a facility (or facilities) over an extended horizon. Stochastic formulations attempt to capture the uncertainty in problem input parameters such as forecast demand or distance values. The stochastic literature is divided into two classes: that which explicitly considers the probability distribution of uncertain parameters, and that which captures uncertainty through scenario planning. A wide range of model formulations and solution approaches are discussed, with applications ranging across numerous industries.
Comment on the Paper “On the Influx of Small Comets into the Earth's Upper Atmosphere II. Interpretation” by L. A. Frank, J. B. Sigwarth, and J. D. Craven

Frank et al. (1986) argue that, on the basis of dayglow observations, about 20 small comets of mass roughly 100,000 g hit the earth each minute. The proposed comets appear to require dust mantles; for otherwise they would evaporate quickly and contribute to the solar wind. Such an enrichment is not observed. An order-of-magnitude argument based on comet sizes, densities, and meteoritic dust influx is used here to show that the dust mantles can have a maximum thickness of about 200 microns. A reasonable estimate gives a thickness of about 0.2 micron. The mantles are thus too thin to suppress evaporation.
Navier-Stokes analysis of a liquid rocket engine disk cavity

This paper presents a Navier-Stokes analysis of hydrodynamic phenomena occurring in the aft disk cavity of a liquid rocket engine turbine. The cavity analyzed in the Space Shuttle Main Engine Alternate Turbopump currently being developed by NASA and Pratt and Whitney. Comparison of results obtained from the Navier-Stokes code for two rotating disk datasets available in the literature are presented as benchmark validations. The benchmark results obtained using the code show good agreement relative to experimental data, and the turbine disk cavity was analyzed with comparable grid resolution, dissipation levels, and turbulence models. Predicted temperatures in the cavity show that little mixing of hot and cold fluid occurs in the cavity and the flow is dominated by swirl and pumping up the rotating disk.
Electrokinetic measurements of membrane capacitance and conductance for pancreatic β-cells

Membrane capacitance and membrane conductance values are reported for insulin secreting cells (primary β-cells and INS-1 insulinoma cells), determined using the methods of dielectrophoresis and electrorotation. The membrane capacitance value of 12.57 (±1.46) mFm−2, obtained for β-cells, and the values from 9.96 (±1.89) mFm−2 to 10.65 (±2.1) mFm−2, obtained for INS-1 cells, fall within the range expected for mammalian cells. The electrorotation results for the INS-1 cells lead to a value of 36 (±22) Sm−2 for the membrane conductance associated with ion channels, if values in the range 2–3 nS are assumed for the membrane surface conductance. This membrane conductance value falls within the range reported for INS cells obtained using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. However, the total ‘effective’ membrane conductance value of 601 (±182) Sm−2 obtained for the INS-1 cells by dielectrophoresis is significantly larger (by a factor of around three) than the values obtained by electrorotation. This could result from an increased membrane surface conductance, or increased passive conduction of ions through membrane pores, induced by the larger electric field stresses experienced by cells in the dielectrophoresis experiments.
Frequency response of Si–SiO2 interface states on thin oxide MOS capacitors

The frequency dependence of the impedance of interface states on thermally oxidized silicon has been measured using MOS capacitors with very thin (83 A) oxides on non-degenerate p-type silicon. Frequency response of the capacitance and conductance was measured from 10 Hz to 50 MHz at 142, 178, and 220 °K. The frequency response deviates significantly from that predicted by the Shockley-Read-Hall model applied to interface states. The high-frequency portion of the frequency response can be explained by the SRH theory if it is assumed that there exists a variation of oxide charge concentration over the area of the device. At low frequencies the conductance can be explained by a two-step model consisting of the SRH process plus elastic tunneling between interface states and traps located in the oxide. This model was previously employed by Fu and Sah in connection with I/f noise. The two-step model, modified to account for areal variation of oxide charge concentration, explains the observed frequency response at all three temperatures over six decades of frequency. Es wurde die Frequenzabhangigkeit der Impedanz der Energieniveaus in der Grenzflache von thermisch oxydiertem Silizium gemessen. Dabei wurden MOS-Kapazitaten mit sehr dunnem (83 A) Oxid auf nicht entartetem p-Silizium verwendet. Das Frequenzverhalten der Kapazitat und des Realteiles des Leitwertes wurden von 10 Hz bis 50 MHz bei 142, 178 und 220 °K gemessen. Dieses Frequenzverhalten weicht stark von dem Shockley-Read-Hall-Modell ab, wenn dieses auf Energieniveaus in der Grenzflache angewendet wird. Im Hochfrequenzbereich kann das Frequenzverhalten mit der SRH-Theorie erklart werden, wenn man eine raumliche Verteilung der Oxidladungen annimmt. Im Bereich niedriger Frequenzen kann der Realteil des Leitwertes mit Hilfe eines 2-Stufen Modells erklart werden, das aus dem SRH-Prozes und elastischem Tunneln zwischen Energieniveaus in der Grenzflache und im Oxid besteht. Dieses Modell war kurzlich von Fu und Sah im Zusammenhang mit dem l/f-Rauschen angewendet worden. Wenn die raumliche Abhangigkeit der Oxidladungen in das Zwei-Stufen Modell einbezogen wird, kann man mit ihm die beobachtete Frequenzabhangigkeit bei allen drei Temperaturen uber sechs Dekaden im Frequenzbereich erklaren.
What Type of Quality Information do Consumers Want in a Health Care Report Card

Health care report cards have emerged as a new tool to achieve better informed consumer choice and improved health plan performance. With this new emphasis on information dissemination, almost all ...
Observation of chaotic particle transport induced by drift-resonant fluctuations in a magnetic dipole field.

The chaotic radial transport of energetic electrons trapped in a magnetic dipole field has been observed in a laboratory terrella. This transport is driven by multimode, drift-resonant plasma instabilities which are excited by the hot electron population. A transport simulation of energetic electrons interacting with a spectrum of electrostatic waves modeled on the measured fluctuations reproduces temporal features of the experimentally observed radial particle flux.
Evidence-Based Education The Use of a DVD to Educate Parents on the Care of a Central Venous Catheter

More than 5 million central venous catheters (CVCs) are placed each year, which results in more than 200 000 nosocomial blood stream infections. Many of these infections are attributed to improper placement or substandard care of the CVC. Limiting the number of infections with proper training will improve a child’s quality of life and outcome. Children and their caregivers need education on the strict use of aseptic technique when changing CVC dressings and when accessing the line for medication and TPN administration. Creative educational strategies, such as delivering education by digital video disc (DVD), may increase knowledge while improving satisfaction, increasing compliance, and ultimately improving outcomes. This article will review the development of a DVD intended to educate parents on the care of a CVC in children with short-bowel syndrome. Quantitative and qualitative ratings from 4 experts were compiled. All ratings on the DVD were satisfactory or higher. Qualitative suggestions were made th...
Permeability-porosity transforms from small sandstone fragments

Numerical simulation of laboratory experiments on rocks, or digital rock physics, is an emerging field that may eventually benefit the petroleum industry. For numerical experimentation to find its way into the mainstream, it must be practical and easily repeatable — i.e., implemented on standard hardware and in real time. This condition reduces the size of a digital sample to just a few grains across. Also, small physical fragments of rock, such as cuttings, may be the only material available to produce digital images. Will the results be meaningful for a larger rock volume? To address this question, we use a number of natural and artificial medium- to high-porosity, well-sorted sandstones. The 3D microtomography volumes are obtained from each physical sample. Then, analogous to making thin sections of drill cuttings, we select a large number of small 2D slices from a 3D scan. As a result, a single physical sample produces hundreds of 2D virtual-drill-cuttings images. Corresponding 3D pore-space realizati...
Thickness Dependence of Microstructure in Semiconducting Films of an Oligofluorene Derivative

The measurement and optimization of microstructure development in organic semiconductor films is valuable because microstructure in many cases critically impacts electronic performance. We demonstrate a general method to measure microstructure thickness dependence in thin films using surface-sensitive near edge X-ray absorbance fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The method is applied to an oligofluorene derivative DDFTTF, which consists of a fluorene−bithiophene−fluorene core that is end-substituted with linear dodecyl groups. The substrate-relative orientations of the aromatic core and the aliphatic end chains are independently determined, and comparing these orientations to terrace heights from atomic force micrographs proves that the end chains are interdigitated or folded. By measuring microstructure development from 6 to 150 nm, we find that DDFTTF exhibits two different preferential microstructures: one with large terraces within which molecules exhibit a strongly vertical orientation, and one w...
TH‐C‐301‐04: Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeters (OSLDs) and Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLDs)

In this presentation, we will focus on two types of scintillators with trapping of excited electrons for dosimetric purposes. The conventional type is thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLDs), in which the electrons are trapped in excited status when exposed to ionizing radiation, and when later heated, the trapped electrons then fall to their ground state with light emission. By measuring the light emitted one can determine the radiationdose previously received. In recent years, optically stimulated luminescent (OSL)dosimeter has grown to be an alternative to TLDs due to the convenience of its usage. The OSLdosimeters also trap excited electrons when exposed to ionizing radiation. Instead of heat, stimulation light is used to release the stored energy in OSLdosimeters. The intensity of the emitted light depends on the dose absorbed by the OSLdosimeters and the intensity of the stimulation light. Its sensitivity, reproducibility, precision in responding to accumulative dose and its energy dependence have also been studied in order to demonstrate its potential. We will discuss both TLDs and OSLDs with regards to their dosimetric properties and applications in radiation therapydosimetry as well as in diagnostic imaging dose monitoring. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the basic principles of optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) and thermoluminescence(TLD)dosimeters. 2. To learn their physical properties and characteristics as dosimeters. 3. To compare the applications of OSL and TLDdosimeters in radiation therapydosimetery as well as in diagnostic imaging dose monitoring.
Strength and deformability of light‐toned layered deposits observed by MER Opportunity: Eagle to Erebus craters, Mars

[1] Quantifying host rock deformation is vital to understanding the geologic evolution and productivity of subsurface fluid reservoirs. In support of on-going characterization of fracture controlled fluid flow through the light-toned layered deposits on Mars, key parameters of strength and deformability are derived from Microscopic Imager and Rock Abrasion Tool data collected by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in Meridiani Planum. Analysis of 21 targets of light-toned layered deposits yields a median apparent porosity of 0.25. Additional physical parameters for each target are derived from these porosity measurements. The median value of unconfined compressive strength is 11.23 MPa, Young's modulus is 1.86 GPa, and the brittle-ductile transition pressure is 8.77 MPa.
The UBE2E Proteins as Conjugating Dispersers: Extending Function with Extended Extensions

In this issue of the Journal of Molecular Biology, Schumacher et al. investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of the members of Class II ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) to catalyze the formation of polyubiquitin chains [1]. In addition to the highly conserved catalytic domain (the core ubiquitin-conjugating domain, UBC, of ~150 residues), the human UBE2E proteins studied here contain N-terminal intrinsically disordered (ID) extensions of different lengths [2]. The authors suggest that these extended extensions are a key for extending the E2 functionality. The impact of this important observation goes far beyond the understanding of how the ubiquitination machinery acts, since (a) it argues that studying the intact proteins, not just their core catalytic domains, is important for complete understanding of protein functionality, and (b) it provides new clues on how the protein functionality can be controlled and modulated via non-catalytic and therefore seemingly useless extended extensions, ID regions. A brief description of what is extended (i.e., a short description of the protein intrinsic disorder phenomenon with the focus on disordered tails) from what (i.e., an overview of the ubiquitination machinery with the focus on UBE2E proteins) is given below to help better appreciate the importance of these conclusions. The last decade and a half witnessed an increased recognition that a biologically active protein is not obligated to possess a unique three-dimensional structure as a whole or in part and that many biologically important functions may originate from the lack of ordered structure in a protein molecule [3– 6], and these functions are complementary to the functions of ordered proteins [3,7–9]. Such structureless functional proteins andprotein domainsare known
Producing More Milk on Fewer Farms: Neoclassical and Neostructural Explanations of Changes in Dairy Farming1

Neoclassical theory in economics has served as the guiding paradigm for agricultural development in the United States. At one level, this model emphasizes the substitution of capital in the form of machinery and chemicals for land and labor. At another level, the paradigm calls for the introduction of mass production techniques, such as product standardization and the routinization of labor processes. Using data on dairy farms and dairy processors from the 50 states, the neoclassical model accounts for changes in productivity on dairy farms; however, the model is less useful in accounting for changes in dairy farm structure. To explain changes in structure, recent neostructural theory that links the structure of markets to the structure of production is used. It is concluded that persistence of family-size dairy farms may rest more on developing and protecting markets for the milk they produce than with tinkering with the neoclassical model.
A robust and accurate outflow boundary condition for incompressible flow simulations on severely-truncated unbounded domains

We present a robust and accurate outflow boundary condition and an associated numerical algorithm for incompressible flow simulations on unbounded physical domains, aiming at maximizing the domain truncation without adversely affecting the flow physics. The proposed outflow boundary condition allows for the influx of kinetic energy into the domain through the outflow boundaries, and prevents un-controlled growth in the energy of the domain in such situations. The numerical algorithm for the outflow boundary condition is developed on top of a rotational velocity-correction type strategy to de-couple the pressure and velocity computations, and a special construction in the algorithmic formulation prevents the numerical locking at the outflow boundaries for time-dependent problems. Extensive numerical tests for flow problems with bounded and semi-bounded physical domains demonstrate that this outflow boundary condition and the numerical algorithm produce stable and accurate simulations on even severely truncated computational domains, where strong vortices may be present at or exit the outflow boundaries. The method developed herein has the potential to significantly expedite simulations of incompressible flows involving outflow or open boundaries, and to enable such simulations at Reynolds numbers significantly higher than the state of the art.
Effects of cadmium on the sub-cellular localization of β-catenin and β-catenin-regulated gene expression in NRK-52E cells

The E-cadherin/β-catenin complex is a structural component of adherens-type junctions in epithelial cells. Moreover, β-catenin acts as an intracellular signaling molecule that can influence the expression of a variety of genes that regulate apoptosis and cell cycle control. Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant that causes renal dysfunction and disrupts cadherin-dependent cell–cell adhesion in various types of epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effects of Cd on the subcellular localization of β-catenin, the cadherin/β-catenin complex and β-catenin-mediated gene transcription in rat proximal tubule NRK-52E cells. Exposure to 5–10 μM Cd for 4 h caused the NRK cells to separate from each other without killing the cells or causing them to detach from the growing surface. This effect was associated with the loss of β-catenin and E-cadherin from the cell–cell contacts and apparent changes in the accumulation of β-catenin in the nuclear cell subfraction. The expression of the β-catenin-sensitive gene, c-jun was significantly increased in cells exposed to 5 μM Cd. However, there was no change in the expression of several other β-catenin-regulated genes including: c-myc, cyclin D1 and matrilysin. Additional studies utilizing the TOPFLASH β-catenin reporter gene construct showed that Cd caused a 2–3 fold increase in the expression of the luciferase reporter gene. Overall, these results indicate that Cd disrupts the cadherin/β-catenin complex in NRK-52E cells, but this effect leads to only partial activation of β-catenin-mediated gene transcription.
Optimization of commercial rooftop PV systems in the continental united states using angle-and-wavelength-resolved solar irradiance data

This paper presents a systematic approach for optimizing commercial rooftop PV system installations, estimating energy yields using more realistic angle-and-wavelength-resolved clear sky solar irradiance data and quantifying the economic benefits. In this paper's case study of Berkeley, the proposed semiannually-fixed tilt configuration of solar panels is found to increase the energy yield by 5.8% over the year and up to 15.6% during peak summer days. This study attempts to quantify both the energy yield and economic benefits of improved angular and spectral response of solar cells. We believe that these sets of information would be important for manufacturers to assess the cost-effectiveness of a certain technological improvement, and for developers to choose the more cost-effective products for installations at a given geographic location. 3 cities varying from N30° to N45° in latitude are covered in this study to represent the typical geographic variations in the lower continental United States. The north-south difference in energy yield due to geographic locations is most significant in winter by about 15%.
Corrigendum to “Pyridine containing M1 positive allosteric modulators with reduced plasma protein binding” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 657]

Corrigendum to ‘‘Pyridine containing M1 positive allosteric modulators with reduced plasma protein binding” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 657] Scott D. Kuduk *, Christina N. Di Marco , Victoria Cofre , Daniel R. Pitts , William J. Ray , Lei Ma , Marion Wittmann , Matthew A. Seager , Kenneth Koeplinger , Charles D. Thompson , George D. Hartman , Mark T. Bilodeau a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA Department of Alzheimer’s Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
Influence of Caregiver Punishment for Anger and Caregiver Modeling of Distributive Aggression on Adult Anger Expression in Romantic Relationships

This study used retrospective self-reports to compare two ways primary caregivers influence how their children grow up to express distributive aggression in their adult romantic relationships: the extent to which caregivers punished their children for anger and the overall amount of distributive aggression that was modeled by caregivers. In this college-aged sample, results revealed that males reported being punished by their caregivers more often for anger expression than females did and also perceived their recent romantic partners as being more aggressive. Controlling for the dyadic nature of aggression within romantic relationships, caregiver distributive aggression influenced the way romantic partners were perceived, and punishment for anger had a small impact on one's own self-reported distributive aggression.
Type curves and variability of annual snowfall: State of Washington

Some phases of the snow-cover of the State of Wash1ngton have been reported. These include the average depth on the ground on the 15th and last of each month of the snow season [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], the average duration of snow-cover [1,2], and curves representative of types and their areal distribution [2]. Certain features of the cover during the 1939–40 sea son in the Cascade Mountains [3] and particularly at Snoqualmie Pass have been published [4]. Other characteristics of the snow-cover are being studied and will be reported from time to time. These studies are similar in many respects to those being pursued by R. G. Stone for New York and New England [5,6] and by Eric Miller for Wisconsin [7] except that a shorter data period has been used for Washington.
A 20-Nucleotide (A + U)-rich Element of β2-Adrenergic Receptor (β2AR) mRNA Mediates Binding to β2AR-binding Protein and Is Obligate for Agonist-induced Destabilization of Receptor mRNA

The Mr 35,000 beta-adrenergic receptor mRNA-binding protein, termed betaARB protein, is induced by beta-adrenergic agonists and binds to beta2-receptor mRNAs that display agonist-induced destabilization. A cognate sequence in the mRNA was identified previously that provides for betaARB protein binding in vitro. In the present work, the sequence established in vitro for binding of betaARB protein to hamster beta2-adrenergic receptor mRNA was probed in vivo by site-directed mutagenesis of the 3'-untranslated region and expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A 20-nucleotide, (A + U)-rich region in the 3'-untranslated region consisting of an AUUUUA hexamer flanked by defined U-rich regions constitutes the binding domain for betaARB protein. U to G substitution in the hexamer region attenuates the binding of betaARB protein, whereas U to G substitution of hexamer and flanking U-rich domains abolishes binding of betaARB protein and stabilizes beta2-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in transfectant clones challenged with either isoproterenol or cyclic AMP. These results demonstrate that binding of betaARB protein to the 20-nucleotide, (A + U)-rich domain mediates the agonist and cyclic AMP-induced mRNA decay of G protein-linked receptors, such as the beta2-adrenergic receptor.
Flush-Wall, Diamond-Shaped Fuel Injector for High Mach Number Scramjets

Experiments on diamond-shaped injectors with sonic injection of heated helium into a nominal Mach 4 airflow are reported. The slender diamond was angled up 60 deg from the wall. These conditions correspond to a Mach 10 scramjet with helium to simulate hydrogen fuel. The diamond was tested at jet-to-freestream momentum flux ratios, q, of 1.04 and 0.49, aligned with the freestream and with 15 deg yaw. For comparison, round injectors angled up 30 deg from the wall with q = 1.75 were also examined. Previous studies have shown that diamond and round injectors each perform best at different values of q. A sampling probe was used for helium concentration with Pilot, cone-static, and total temperature probes for other flow properties. For q = 1.04, the diamonds penetrated about 50% higher than the round injector and produced a 30% wider jet. The diamonds exhibited 10-15 % lower mixing efficiency. The total pressure loss parameter of the aligned diamond was 22% lower, while the yaw angle improved the total pressure loss parameter to 34% lower than the round injector. For the lower q case, the diamond demonstrated 52 % higher penetration and a 39 % wider plume than the round injector, and the mixing efficiency was only 4% lower. The total pressure loss parameter was 32% lower than the round injector. These results confirm earlier, lower Mach number and heavier injectant studies that a slender diamond injector provides significant benefits for penetration and lower total pressure losses.
Homing behavior and site fidelity in intertidal sculpins (Pisces : Cottidae)

Abstract Field experiments were conducted on three species of intertidal sculpins ( Oligocottus snyderi Greeley, O. maculosus Girard and Clinocottus globiceps (Girard) to evaluate their locational behavior and homing ability to particular tidepools. Based on recapture rates of fishes experimentally displaced from their home tidepools, we found that all three species showed homing ability at the scale of displacement distances used in this study. For O. snyderi and O. maculosus , fishes that homed were significantly larger than those that did not. Recapture of fishes released into their home pools indicated that all three species have site fidelity to home ranges that encompass more than one tidepool. It is likely that home range size, site fidelity and homing success rate depend upon local topographic characteristics and other environmental factors (e.g., exposure to wave action, frequency of habitat perturbations). These locational and homing behaviors possibly serve to stabilize sculpin populations by distributing individuals widely over the physically rigorous and unpredictable intertidal environment.
Midwife training programs in highland Guatemala.

Abstract This paper examines the efficacy and acceptance of a government-sponsored midwife training program in two rural regions of highland Guatemala. I argue that conflicts arise primarily from the exportation of Western techniques and knowledge (some of which are already considered obsolete in our own culture) as ‘scientific truths’, and the dismissal of indigenous beliefs and practices as ‘primitive superstitions’. Instead, I maintain that for any health intervention to be effective, one must treat both indigenous and Western practices as cultural systems, which require mutual understanding and accommodation.
Solving discontinuity and distortion problems in boundary based image segmentation and representation

The boundary based image segmentation and representation system developed by Nobors and Ranganath has been found suitable for a wide range of image interpretation applications [10]. The segmentation system receives a thinned edge image as input and outputs a polyline for each open curve, and a polygon for each closed curve in the image. A novel representation scheme which uses both graph and tree data structures provides flexibility and permits hierarchical interpretation of the image. However, the approach does not address the effects of boundary discontinuity and distortion on the system's performance. This paper discusses these ill-effects and presents computationally efficient methods to bridge discontinuities and smooth distortions by directly post-processing the graph/tree hierarchical data structure that contains the boundary information produced by the segmentation system.
Emergence of Literacy in Preschool Children with Disabilities

The purpose of this investigation was to explore and document ways in which behaviors indicative of emerging literacy may be promoted in a group of preschool children (n=14; mean CA=5.2) with mild ...
The induction of prolonged resistance against a lethal staphylococcic infection in mice with a single injection of an emulsified lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract The toxicity of a purified endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), for mice can be modified by administering it in a water-in-oil emulsion. Two to 4 times the LD 50 dose can be given safely in this manner, owing to the slow and prolonged release of the toxin from the emulsion. Administered in this manner, there is a profound and prolonged stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system as demonstrated by the increase in the weights of the liver and spleen. The toxicity of LPS is also reduced by the addition of FeCl 3 . Mice treated with the emulsified LPS demonstrate marked and prolonged resistance against a lethal infection with a staphylococcus. A single injection of the emulsion induces variable degrees of heightened resistance for as long as 70 days. Evidence is also presented that, by emulsification of the LPS, the negative phase of reduced resistance to infection is shortened.
Ein Neuer Synthetischer Weg In Die Tropan‐Reihe

Durch Anlagerung von Ammoniak und primaren aliphatischen Aminen an die isomeren Cycloheptatrien-carbonsauren werden Tropanderivate erhalten; mit Methylamin ist das racem. Anhydroekgonin in guter Ausbeute zuganglich. Diese Reaktion stellt eine neue Totalsynthese der Tropa-Alkaloide dar. ausgehend von Benzol, Diazoessigester und Methylamin.
Mass spectrometric assessment and analytical methods for quantitation of the new herbicide aminocyclopyrachlor and its methyl analogue in soil and water.

Analytical methods have been developed for the detection and quantitation of a new herbicide active ingredient, aminocyclopyrachlor, and its analogue aminocyclopyrachlor methyl in environmental samples. The analytes were purified from soil extracts and water samples using solid phase extraction based on mixed-mode cation exchange/reverse phase retention. Analyte identification and quantitative analyses were performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry by an electrospray ionization source. External standards prepared in neat solvents were used for quantitation, providing acceptable accuracy, with no matrix effects observed during method validation. The method limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.10 ng/mL (ppb, parts-per-billion) in water and 1.0 ng/g in soil for both compounds. The limit of detection (LOD) in water was estimated to be 20 ng/L (ppt, parts-per-trillion) for aminocyclopyrachlor and 1 ng/L for aminocyclopyrachlor methyl, while LODs in soil were 100 ng/...
Sediment delivery linkages in a chaparral watershed following a wildfire

The purpose of this research is to study the temporal and spatial sediment delivery to and within the stream network following a wildfire on a chaparral watershed in Arizona, USA. Methods include interpretation of channel processes (aggradation, degradation) from sequential aerial photographs, field measurements of sediment delivery, and overland flow from ten microwatersheds having different vegetation cover (no vegetation, chaparral cover, and bare with vegetation buffer strips). The response of the watershed to the fire was very complex. The fire reduced the chaparral cover to zero in most locations and severe erosion led to filling of the channels by sediment. With vegetation recovery, sediment delivery from the watershed practically ceased. Vegetation buffer strips were mainly responsible for arresting the sediment delivered from bare hillslopes. Relatively clear water, entering the channels, caused degradation in the tributaries that delivered the sediment into the main stream at El Oso Creek. Due to high water infiltration by immense volumes of sediment deposits in the middle reach, the sediment from the tributaries was deposited as in-channel fans. In contrast, the upper reach of El Oso Creek behaved similarly to the tributaries. It aggraded after the fire and was followed by degradation. The low reach of El Oso Creek is degrading because it is still adjusting base level to the incision of the master stream. Implications of this study are that land managers, concerned to avoid severe erosion and sedimentation following disturbance, should concentrate on the establishment and enhancement of vegetation buffer strips along channel banks.