cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Our Profession in Reverse: Teaching English to German Prisoners of War

HE problems which we language teachers faced during the war in the Army Specialized Training Program and in the Civil Affairs Training Schools have already been well described. Much less known is a far smaller program in which three of us were asked to apply our usual techniques in reverse. As in the AST and CAT programs, the students were soldiers in uniform, but there all similarity stopped. Instead of teaching a foreign language to American soldiers, we were to teach American English to foreigners; instead of the usual olive drab, the uniforms were motley in shape and color and had a large "PW" painted on the back of each shirt and on the seat of each pair of trousers; and instead of the dormitories and classrooms of a college, the "campus" consisted of the bare, drab barracks of a prisoner of war camp, set about with barbed wire. For these "students" were not Americans but carefully chosen anti-Nazi German and Austrian prisoners of war. The project at which we served was a small part of the whole reeducation program conducted by the Provost Marshal General throughout the prisoner of war camps in this country.' Our immediate objective was to train a selected few of these prisoners so that they could serve as administrative and police officials under American Military Government in their home countries. Hence a curriculum was established which included instruction in the aims, organization and methods of American Military Government and enough instruction in spoken American English to enable the prisoners to cooperate with their future employers. A much broader and, in the long run, more important objective was to strengthen these anti-Nazis' understanding of democracy; accordingly, a series of lectures and discussions was arranged on the democratic aspects of German history and on the workings of democracy in our own country. Language instruction was also expected to contribute to this larger objective since it was believed that a necessary prerequisite to acquainting students with the culture of a people is to have them study its language. With our objectives thus clearly defined, the three of us in charge of language instruction set about organizing our part of the curriculum.2 We
Responses of an aquatic isopod and amphipod to chemical alarm cues from damaged conspecifics

Alarm cues are produced by an organism when injury occurs, and serve to signal danger when detected by conspecifics or to attract other predators that may disrupt the predation event. We exposed aquatic isopods (Caecidotea intermedius) and amphipods (Crangonyx setodactylus) to chemical stimuli from macerated conspecifics to test for the presence of alarm cues in these taxa. Three variables were examined during this experiment: time spent moving, time in refuge, and time in open. Despite previous evidence for the presence of alarm cues in both taxa, we found that only amphipods responded to alarm cues by decreasing overall movement. Isopods did not display any differences in behavior following exposure to alarm cues, which may be due to degradation of the active compounds in the alarm cues due to preparation and not the absence of these cues in general.
"Triangle of safety": anatomic considerations in transvaginal natural orifice surgery.

The introduction of transvaginal (TV) natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) brings the loss of traditionally used cutaneous landmarks for safe peritoneal access. This video describes the use of landmarks within the posterior vaginal fornix to define a “triangle of safety” wherein the peritoneal cavity can be accessed while minimizing the risk of injury to surrounding structures. The triangle of safety is best identified in the following way. The cervix and posterior fornix are visualized. Then an imaginary clock located at the base of the cervix is envisioned. The superior two corners of the triangle are represented by the 4 and 8 o’clock positions on this imaginary clock. Sometimes the cervix needs to be grasped and elevated anteriorly so that the inferior apex of the triangle delineated by the center of the rectovaginal fold is better visualized. During hybrid TV NOTES, the rectovaginal pouch of Douglas is visualized from the umbilicus, and the vaginal port can then be safely passed through the center of the triangle. It is important that the vaginal port should be angled upward, aiming toward the umbilicus to avoid injury to the rectum. During pure TV NOTES, the incision is made with electrocautery from the 5 o’clock position to the 7 o’clock position within the triangle. The peritoneum is sharply entered, and the colpotomy is dilated with the surgeons’ fingers. The triangle of safety defines a set of landmarks between the base of the cervix and the rectovaginal fold. It allows for a safe TV access for hybrid and pure TV NOTES while minimizing the risk of injury to surrounding structures.
REALIZATIONS OF SYNTACTIC AGREEMENT IN AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE: SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE CLAUSE AND THE NOUN PHRASE

ASL syntax makes essential use of specific non-manual expressions of syntactic features (e.g., +neg, +wh) that co-occur with manual signs. These markings occur obligatorily with manual material contained in the node of origin and optionally extend over the c-command domain of that node, thus providing important evidence for hierarchical structure. In this article, we show that agreement features, both within the clause and the noun phrase, also have non-manual correlates that exhibit the predicted distribution. Interestingly, transitive IPs and possessive DPs pattern together in their manifestation of agreement marking, while intransitive IPs pattern with non-possessive DPs.
Legal Disposition of Inter‐Group and Intra‐Group Homicides

A study of the legal treatment of inter-group and intra-group homicides reveals that dispositional decisions are made on the basis of the sex and occupational prestige combinations of offender-victim pairs. Discriminant analysis of data concerning 444 defendants and 432 victims indicates that males accused of slaying females receive the most severe dispositions, while females held in the death of males are noticeably underpenalized. Final convictions are most severe for low status defendants alleged to have murdered high status victims. Contrary to earlier studies, there are no significant differences in legal treatment in terms of the racial combinations of the offender-victim pair. An interpretive approach to the legal process may explain these results: differential processing of homicides depends on the extent to which defendants and victims conform to the popular conception of violent criminality.
Firing patterns of nucleus accumbens neurons during cocaine self-administration in rats.

Abstract The firing patterns of neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NA) were recorded in rats trained to self-administer cocaine via response contingent intravenous drug infusions. Recordings were obtained from permanently implanted multiple electrode arrays (8 microwires) inserted bilaterally into the NA and/or ventral striatum (NA-VS) in animals exhibiting stable responding (inter-infusion intervals, INT) during test sessions consisting of 16–30 drug delivery episodes. Electronically isolated and identified NA-VS neurons showed distinct patterns of phasic increases in firing relative to the occurrence of the reinforced lever press. Two particular firing patterns, however, were repeatedly encountered in different animals. In one type, a marked increase was observed in discharge following response contingent drug delivery. A second firing pattern showed two distinct temporally separated brief firing peaks (bursts), one immediately prior to the initiation of responding, and the other a brief discharge commencing within 200 ms after the initiation of drug delivery. The time between firing peaks was found to be modifiable by changing the response/reward (FR) ratio for drug delivery. A third finding was that the correlates of the self-administration response were not solely the result of drug infusion since, (1) phasic firing increases were not observed when the drug was delivered non-contingently during the same session and, (2) the emergence of patterns was frequently delayed within the session until after drug self-administration behavior stabilized at regular INTs. The findings are discussed in terms of the significance of NA-VS neuron firing correlates for the initiation and maintenance of cocaine self-administration.
Quasielastic electron scattering

Data and interpretation are presented for inelastic electron scattering in the quasielastic region from nine target nuclei ranging from lithium to lead at an incident energy of 500 MeV and a scattering angle of 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The average kinetic and separation energies of nucleons in these nuclei are deduced. Results of and comments on the radiative correction procedures used in the data analysis are also discussed.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{6}\mathrm{Li}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{58.7}\mathrm{Ni}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{89}\mathrm{Y}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{118.7}\mathrm{Sn}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $E=500$ MeV, $\ensuremath{\theta}={60}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$; deduced nucleon separation and kinetic energies in Fermi gas model.]
Theoretical predictions of arsenic and selenium species under atmospheric conditions

Abstract Thermochemical properties of arsenic and selenium species thought to be released into the atmosphere during the coal combustion were examined using ab initio methods. At various levels of theory, calculated geometries and vibrational frequencies of the species were compared with experimental data, where available. Through a comparison of equilibrium constants for a series of gaseous arsenic and selenium oxidation reactions involving OH and HO 2 , five thermodynamically favored reactions were found. In addition, it was determined that all favored reactions were more likely to go to completion under tropospheric, rather than stratospheric, conditions.
Evaluating the psychometric properties of the AUDIT-C among college students

AbstractAims: Despite the various settings and diverse populations in which the utility of the AUDIT-C has been examined, college students have remained conspicuously absent from the vast majority of these studies. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the AUDIT-C with a sample of college student bar patrons.Methods: Intercept interviews were used to recruit currently enrolled college students (n = 347) exiting bars. A brief face-to-face interview assessed demographic data, alcohol-related behaviors (AUDIT-C), and breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). AUDIT-C responses were subjected to a principal component analysis. BrAC was used as a measure of concurrent validity against two distinct gender-based AUDIT-C cut-off scores.Results: All AUDIT-C items loaded on a single factor, accounting for 68% of total variance. Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficients between BrAC and both hazardous drinking AUDIT-C cut-offs (r = 0.32; r = 0.38) were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, those m...
Robotic Nudges: The Ethics of Engineering a More Socially Just Human Being

Robots are becoming an increasingly pervasive feature of our personal lives. As a result, there is growing importance placed on examining what constitutes appropriate behavior when they interact with human beings. In this paper, we discuss whether companion robots should be permitted to “nudge” their human users in the direction of being “more ethical”. More specifically, we use Rawlsian principles of justice to illustrate how robots might nurture “socially just” tendencies in their human counterparts. Designing technological artifacts in such a way to influence human behavior is already well-established but merely because the practice is commonplace does not necessarily resolve the ethical issues associated with its implementation.
Simulation of viscous flows with undulatory boundaries: Part II. Coupling with other solvers for two-fluid computations

We extend the direct numerical simulation (DNS) capability developed in [D. Yang, L. Shen, Simulation of viscous flows with undulatory boundaries: Part I. Basic solver, J. Comput. Phys. (submitted for publication) ] to the simulation of two-fluid interaction with deformable interface. Two approaches are used to couple the DNS of one fluid with the simulation of another fluid. In the first, the DNS is coupled with a potential-flow based wave solver that uses a high-order spectral (HOS) method. This coupled method is applied to simulate the interaction of turbulent wind with surface waves, including single wave train and broadband wavefield. Validation with previous theoretical and experimental studies shows the accuracy and efficiency of this coupled DNS-HOS method for capturing the essential physics of wind-wave interaction. In the second approach, both of the fluids are simulated by the DNS and are coupled by an efficient iterative scheme, in which the continuity of velocity and the balance of stress are enforced at the interface. The performance of this coupled DNS-DNS method is demonstrated and validated by several test cases including: interfacial wave between two viscous fluids, water surface wave over highly viscous mud flow with interfacial wave, and interaction of two-phase vortex pairs with a deformable interface. Comparison with existing theoretical and numerical results confirms the accuracy of this coupled DNS-DNS method. Finally, this method is applied to study the interaction of air and water turbulence. The nonlinear development of interfacial wave by the excitation of the air and water turbulence, and the wave effect on the instantaneous and statistical characteristics of the turbulence are elucidated.
Mid-infrared laser ablation of the cornea: a comparative study

The ablation thresholds and patterns of collateral damage in cornea produced by Er:YAG (2.94 microns) and Er:YSGG (2.79 microns) lasers were measured. Two different pulse durations, 200 microseconds (normal spiking mode) and 100 ns (Q-switched mode), were used at both wavelengths. In the normal spiking mode, damage zones of 16 +/- 2 microns and 39 +/- 7 microns and ablation thresholds of 250 +/- 20 mJ/cm2 and 420 +/- 35 mJ/cm2 were measured at 2.94 microns and 2.79 microns, respectively. In the Q-switched mode, damage zones of 4 +/- 2 microns and ablation thresholds of 150 +/- 10 mJ/cm2 were found irrespective of the laser used. The similarity between the results using the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG lasers in the Q-switched mode suggest that either laser can be used with equal effectiveness for corneal trephination.
Planning the Trajectories of Land and Development Rights Rents via Discrete Programming Models

The Koopmans and Beckmann assignment model approach to problems of urban economics has led to considerable discussion. In our recent papers some of the issues raised were reviewed and also extensions that resolve many of the dilemmas suggested by the original model were proposed. Most of the approaches surveyed in our previous paper make little use of the duality properties of the assignment model. In the present paper it is argued that, under certain circumstances, dual variables interpretable as site rents and other dual variables that suggest the values of transferable development rights (TDRs) appear with model solutions. This view enhances the importance of assignment models to city planners and sheds light on how planners can guide optimal development along with the implementation of TDR policies.
Effects of dual vaccination for bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Haemophilus somnus on immune responses

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Haemophilus somnus (H. somnus) co-infect to form a polymicrobial respiratory disease in calves. Both BRSV and H. somnus vaccinations have independently been shown to sometimes induce adverse IgE mediated responses. We hypothesized that combining these disease agents in vaccination would induce cytokine shifts resulting in greater IgE production and enhanced disease. Concurrent vaccination with subsequent infection with one or both pathogens in calves was conducted to evaluate the isotypic antibody responses, disease severity and cytokine response. BRSV-specific serum IgE levels were elevated for the most clinically diseased calves, while no difference was detected in the IgE levels to H. somnus among groups. The IFN-γ message and H. somnus-specific IgG2 antibodies were significantly elevated in calves with the lowest clinical scores. Vaccination preferentially stimulated higher levels of IgG1 antibodies to BRSV, but in contrast higher levels of IgG2 antibodies to H. somnus. Concurrent vaccination induced IgE antibodies to BRSV, which were directly correlated with disease severity whereas vaccine induced IgG2 antibodies to H. somnus were inversely correlated with disease severity.
Chitosan as a matrix for mammalian cell encapsulation

Cells encapsulated in a semi-permeable polymer membrane display enhanced viability and proliferation when sequestered along with a supportive matrix. In the present study, anionic sodium alginate and cationic chitosan were used as supportive matrices to study their influence on the growth of both anchorage dependent and independent cell types. A phaeochromocytoma-derived cell line, PC12, and two fibroblast cell lines, R208F and R208N.8, were encapsulated in sodium alginate microcapsules, crosslinked chitosan microcapsules and 60:40 acrylonitrile-vinylchloride copolymer (PAN/PVC) macrocapsules containing precipitated chitosan as an internal matrix. Microcapsules were maintained for 2 wk in vitro and macrocapsules were maintained for 4 wk. Both the PC12 and the R208F cells proliferated in the alginate microcapsules. Catecholamine release was detected from PC12 cell-loaded microcapsules. In contrast, the R208N.8 cells were not supported by the alginate and the only viable R208N.8 cells seen in this system protruded from the alginate matrix into the surrounding cationic poly-l-lysine lamina. All three cell lines grew poorly in crosslinked chitosan microcapsules yet they exhibited excellent viability when sequestered in PAN/PVC macrocapsules containing an internal matrix of precipitated chitosan. Significant catecholamine levels were detected from macroencapsulated PC12 cells while macroencapsulated R208N.8 cells released nerve growth factor (NGF) as demonstrated by a qualitative bioassay. This study shows that a cationic hydrogel, precipitated chitosan, supports attachment and spreading of fibroblasts when used as a matrix in the lumen of a PAN/PVC macrocapsule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Effects of Performance Feedback and Goal Setting on Oral Reading Fluency Within Curriculum-Based Measurement:

This study assessed the effects of two types of goal-setting graphing procedures used within curriculum-based measurement (CBM) to provide performance feedback to students regarding oral reading fl...
CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPHASE TITANIA PARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING IN SITU STERIC STABILIZATION

Ultrafine titania particles were synthesized from titanium tetraethoxide (TEOT) dissolved in ethanol. The concentration of water and of the soluble polymer hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) were varied to control particle size. The HPC adsorbed onto the titania particles during growth, providing a steric barrier to aggregation. Electron microscopy showed that particles smaller than 70 nm were formed at high water concentrations (R > 120 where R is the molar ratio [H2O]/[TEOT]) and in the presence of HPC. The annealing-induced, phase-transformation behavior of these particles (amorphous → anatase → rutile) from 100 to 1000 °C was characterized by x-ray, Raman, and infrared techniques. The conversion of anatase to rutile occurred more readily for particles made at high water concentrations and with HPC. For particles formed by premixing TEOT with HPC prior to hydrolysis at R = 155, an 800 °C anneal yielded a rutile fraction exceeding 95%; particles made at R = 5.5 with no HPC showed negligible conversion at this temperature.
Charge oscillations and structure for alkali-metal-doped polyacetylene.

Symmetry-breaking structural and charge oscillations are calculated for (C p H p ) - lattices (p=5 to 9) and used to predict Coulombic expansion coefficients, x-ray photoelectron spectra, and crystallographic features that can be compared with experimental results. Extension of these predictions to other dopant concentrations is provided by derived analytical expressions. The parameters for the infinite lattices are derived from oligomer-ion results obtained from modified neglect of differential overlap calculations
A subpopulation of peritoneal macrophages form capillary‐like lumens and branching patterns in vitro

Objective: We have previously shown that monocytes/macrophages (MC/Mph) influence neovascularization by extracellular matrix degradation, and by direct incorporation into growing microvessels. To date, neither the phenotype of these cells, nor the stages of their capillary-like conversion were sufficiently characterized. Methods: We isolated mouse peritoneal Mph from transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins either ubiquitously, or specifically in the myelocytic lineage. These Mph were embedded in Matrigel which contained fluorescent protease substrates, exposed to an MCP-1 chemotactic gradient, and then examined by confocal microscopy after various intervals. Results: Within 3 hrs after gel embedding, we detected TIMP-1 and MMP-12 dependent proteolysis of the matrix surrounding Mph, mostly in the direction of high concentrations of MCP-1. After 2 days, Mph developed intracellular vacuoles containing degradation product. At 5 days these vacuoles were enlarged and/or fused to generate trans-cellular lumens in approximately 10% of cells or more (depending on animal’s genetic background). At this stage, Mph became tubular, and occasionally organized in three-dimensional structures resembling branched microvessels. Conclusion: Isolated mouse peritoneal Mph penetrate Matrigel and form tunnels via a metalloprotease-driven proteolysis and phagocytosis. Following a morphological adjustment driven by occurrence, enlargement and/or fusion process of intracellular vacuoles, similar to that described in bona fide endothelium, a subpopulation of these cells end up by lining a capillary-like lumen in vitro. Thus we show that adult Mph, not only the more primitive ‘endothelial progenitors’, have functional properties until now considered defining of the endothelial phenotype.
Development, Dissemination, and Implementation of Evidence‐Based Treatments: Commentary

Clinical psychology's success at developing, disseminating, and implementing evidence-based treatments (EBTs) will determine our profession's ability to remain a highly regarded helping profession. Even though we have treatments demonstrated to work, currently most specific therapies used in applied settings have not been scientifically established. The gap between the science and the practice of clinical psychology is a significant problem. Arguments for and resistance to using EBTs are presented in detail. Changes in our field are needed. Researchers need to conduct effectiveness research and form partnerships with practitioners. Practitioners need to stay connected with clinical psychology's scientific roots and collaborate with researchers. Most importantly, American Psychological Association (APA) leadership needs to promote the dissemination and implementation of EBTs. Specific ideas about how to accomplish this are offered.
Congenital heart disease and acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract In the fist published case of congenital ventricular septal defect and acute myocardial infarction was made on clinical data only. 1 Recently the patient died at the age of 37 years, and a post-mortem examination was made. The purpose of the present communication is to give a progress report since the original publication and to describe the necrospy findings.
Safety and efficacy of intracoronary adenosine administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Studies evaluating intracoronary administration of adenosine for prevention of microvascular dysfunction and ischemic-reperfusion injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AM...
Behavior analysis and emotional disturbance

The present paper revies the theoretical formulations of behavior analysis as applied to students with behavior disorders and emotional disturbance. The major proponents of this approach are presented along with the characteristics of the behavioral approach. A discussion of a functional analysis as the methodology for understanding the possible etiology and maintenance of problem behavior is presented. Advances in cognitive behavior modification are presented.
Affine morphology and affine signal models

Affine signal transformations are useful for modeling self-similar structures in fractal images and shape deformations in visual motion. In the first part of this paper a theoretical framework, called affine morphology, is developed to analyze parallel and serial superpositions of affine image transformations. Affine morphology unifies and extends translation-invariant morphological image transformations and their rotation/scaling-invariant generalizations by using action of affine groups on lattices. Several theoretical aspects of affine morphology are explored for binary images. In the second part of the paper, the affine transformations are extended to gray-level images and arbitrary signals, and affine models are developed by using a sum superposition of affine signal transformations. A solution is then given to the problem of estimating the parameters of this sum-affine model using least squares algorithms, and some applications are outlined for image and speech signal processing.
Bending of DNA by gene-regulatory proteins: construction and use of a DNA bending vector

The binding of a protein to its specific sequence, borne on a DNA fragment, retards the mobility of the fragment in a characteristic way during gel electrophoresis. If the protein induces bending in the DNA, the contortion can also be monitored by gel electrophoresis, because the amount of retardation of the mobility of the DNA-protein complex is dependent upon the position and the degree of the bend induced in the DNA fragment [Wu and Crothers, Nature 308 (1984) 509-513]. We have constructed a plasmid, pBend2, which can generate a large number of DNA fragments of identical length in which the protein-binding nucleotide sequence is located in circular permutations. The vector contains two identical DNA segments containing 17 restriction sites in a direct repeat spanning a central region containing cloning sites. The protein-binding sequence is inserted at one of these cloning sites. To investigate the functional significance of bending, we have compared, using pBend2, the cAMP.cAMP-receptor protein (CPR)-induced bending of CRP-binding sites found in five different genes of Escherichia coli. We have also shown that the bacteriophage lambda 0R1 operator DNA is bent when complexed with the CI or Cro repressor of the phage.
Resonant Cavity Enhanced LWIR Sensing in Polycrystalline Pb1−xSnxTe

Polycrystalline Pb1-xSnxTe LWIR photodetectors have been fabricated in resonant cavity structures on Si platforms. We describe the fabrication process and report detector performance demonstrating the feasibility of monolithic LWIR detectors-on-ROIC.
Effects of Combined Phytochemicals on Skin Tumorigenesis in SENCAR Mice

The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of the combined action of phytochemicals on the early stages of skin tumorigenesis, i.e. initiation and promotion. We tested calcium D-glucarate (CG) given in the diet, while resveratrol (RES) and ursolic acid (UA) were applied topically. The 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted multistage skin carcinogenesis model in SENCAR mice was used. Mice received one topical dose of DMBA, then after one month, two weekly doses of TPA for 14 weeks until sacrifice. RES or UA were applied 20 min prior to DMBA or TPA treatment and 2% dietary CG was given from 2 weeks prior to 2 weeks after the DMBA dose or continually beginning 2 weeks prior to the first dose of TPA. UA applied alone and in combination with CG during the promotion stage was the only inhibitor of tumor multiplicity and tumor incidence. A number of combinations reduced epidermal proliferation, but only UA and the combination UA+CG applied during promotion significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia. DMBA/TPA application resulted in significant increases in c-jun and p50, which were reversed by a number of different treatments. DMBA/TPA treatment also strongly increased mRNA levels of inflammation markers COX-2 and IL-6. All anti-promotion treatments caused a marked decrease in COX-2 and IL-6 expression compared to the DMBA/TPA control. These results show that UA is a potent inhibitor of skin tumor promotion and inflammatory signaling and it may be useful in the prevention of skin cancer and other epithelial cancers in humans.
Developmental evolution of the delayed rectifier current IKs in canine heart appears dependent on the β subunit minK

Objectives We tested the hypothesis that the developmental changes occurring in I Kr and I Ks can be explained by changes in the expression of ERG encoding I Kr , and KCNQ1, the β subunit minK, and the recently reported subunit FHL2 encoding I Ks . Background The delayed rectifier current contributes importantly to the developmental evolution of the canine myocardial action potential. Specifically, in left ventricular epicardial myocytes, I Ks is absent and I Kr is the major repolarizing current until age 4 weeks. With subsequent development, I Ks density increases and I Kr decreases, resulting in an altered voltage-time course of repolarization. Methods We used Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction to compare the expression of ERG, KCNQ1, minK, and FHL2 in 1-week-old pups and adult dogs. Results ERG levels are high at 1 week and decrease significantly with age, consistent with developmental decrease in I Kr . Whereas expression of KCNQ1 and FHL2 is unchanged between the two age groups, minK is minimally expressed at 1 week and increases in adults, consistent with developmental increase in I Ks . Conclusions A reduction in ERG explains the developmental decrease in I Kr , whereas the accessory subunit minK appears to be the critical determinant of developmental evolution of I Ks .
Uncertainty Quantification of Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum for n(0.5 MeV) + 239Pu

AbstractUncertainties associated with the prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS) of n(0.5 MeV) + 239Pu evaluated for the ENDF/B-VII.0 library are estimated using known experimental information and model parameter uncertainties in the framework of the Madland-Nix model. The model parameters used for the ENDF/B-VII.0 evaluation are also used in the present work. A covariance matrix is obtained, and its eigenvalues are estimated. Sampled spectra are then used in PARTISN transport simulations to infer the impact of PFNS uncertainties on the calculation of the multiplication factor keff in the Jezebel critical assembly. The present evaluated PFNS uncertainties lead to ˜0.24% uncertainty in the Jezebel keff. Finally, multigroup covariance matrices are produced in 33- and 590-group structures.
Specific H-bonding of glutarimides and hydantoins to derivatives of RNA bases in chloroform solution

Abstract The constants of association between various biologically active molecules and four derivatives of RNA bases were measured in chloroform solution by means of their infrared absorption. The molecules were certain glutarimides (glutethimide, bemegride, thalidomide, cycloheximide), hydantoins (diphenylhydantoin, mephenytoin, ethotoin), ethosuximide, pemoline, primidone and methyprylon. The bases were 9-alkyladenine, 1-cyclohexyluracil, 2′, 3′-benzylidine-5′-tritylcytidine, and 2′, 3′-benzylidine-5′-tritylguanosine. Association was observed only between the adenine derivative and the drugs (association constants of about 50 M −1 ) except for the system pemoline-guanosine, where a very strong association ( K approx. 5000) was found.
The Relationship between Knowledge of Icraab, Lexical Knowledge, and Reading Comprehension of Nonnative Readers of Arabic

This article reports on an investigation into the role played by knowledge of both i[sup c] raab and vocabulary in the reading comprehension of American learners of Arabic as a foreign language (AFL). Two groups (46 participants), proficient and less proficient, of nonnative readers of Arabic read an expository text, wrote an immediate recall protocol in their first language to measure their overall reading comprehension, and completed a vocabulary task and an i[sup c] raab task. Whereas the analysis of the data revealed that vocabulary knowledge had a significant main effect, i[sup c] raab was found not to have a significant role in reading comprehension. Although the issue of i[sup c] raab needs further investigation, the results suggest that reading comprehension is independent of a knowledge of i[sup c] raab and depends mainly on vocabulary knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Minority Self-governance: Minority Representation in Flux for the Hungarian Roma

Abstract This paper discusses representation rights of the Roma in Hungary. Following a review of normative literature establishing the value of a group-specific rights paradigm, initial efforts to extend equal representation to the Roma are briefly outlined, addressing the positive and negative aspects first of the Minorities Law of 1993 and then of the minority self-governance (MSG) system that it created. Alternative institutions for securing Roma rights are discussed (e.g. heads of state and government, non-government organisations (NGOs), the judicial system, the parliament. The need to reform the Roma MSGs in Hungary in order to provide adequate representational rights for this marginalized ethnic minority, is then addressed. Here, the importance of embracing group-specific rights in the policies for Roma representation is emphasized.
The Alternatives to Residential Treatment Study: Initial Findings:

The Alternatives to Residential Treatment Study (ARTS) was initiated to investigate the efficacy of several innovative, community-based, child- and family-focused service programs that serve children with serious emotional disorders and their families. This article describes the methodology developed for the study and reports the preliminary findings from a sample of subjects in the first wave of a longitudinal outcome study. The data focus on the children and their families in terms of history of problems and services, cognitive and academic levels, clinical and social functioning, impact of the youth's disability on the family, and general family functioning.
An integrated voice and data multiple-access scheme for a land-mobile satellite system

A Land-Mobile Satellite System (LMSS) is a satellite-based communications network which provides voice and data communications to mobile users in a vast geographical area. By placing a "relay tower" at a height of 22300 mi, an LMSS can provide ubiquitous radio communication to vehicles roaming in remote or thinly populated area. LMSS is capable of supporting a variety of services, such as two-way alphanumeric service, paging service, full-duplex voice service, and half-duplex dispatch service. A Network Management Center (NMC) will handle the channel requests, channel assignments, and in general the network control functions. A pool of channels is managed at the NMC to be shared by all mobile users. An integrated demand-assigned multiple-access protocol has been developed for the experimental LMSS. The pool of channels is divided into reservation channels and information channels. The information channels can be assigned by the NMC to be either voice channels or data channels. Each mobile user must send a request through one of the reservation channels to the NMC via the ALOHA random-access scheme. Once the request is received and processed, the NMC will examine the current traffic condition and assign an information channel to the user. NMC will periodically update the partitions between the reservation channels, voice channels, and data channels to optimize system performance. Data channel requests are queued at the NMC while voice channel requests are blocked calls cleared. Various operational scenarios have been investigated. Tradeoffs between the data and voice users for a given delay requirement and a given voice call blocking probability have been studied. In addition, performance impacts of such technological advancements as satellite on-board switching and variable bandwidth assignment are discussed.
Neuritic pathology and dementia in alzheimer's disease

Previous studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have correlated the severity of dementia with either the number of senile plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. We used antibodies raised against amyloid beta/A4 protein of senile plaque cores and tau protein as well as thioflavine S and the Campbell-Switzer modification of the Hicks silver method to examine the hippocampal formation and five neocortical regions from 22 nondemented elderly control subjects and 34 demented patients with cerebral senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, without complicating disease processes. Ten control subjects (46%) had no beta/A4 protein deposition. Twelve control subjects (54%) had widespread beta/A4 protein deposition but no neocortical neuritic pathology. Of the 34 patients with AD-type changes, 27 (79%) had widespread senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, while 7 (21%) had neocortical senile plaques with few neurofibrillary tangles. All demented patients had widespread beta/A4 protein deposition and neocortical tau-immunoreactive, Hicks silver-positive dystrophic neurites. The neurites were found both free in the neuropil as well as surrounding senile plaques. Quantitative analysis showed that dystrophic neurites were significantly increased in patients with AD compared with control subjects and the number of dystrophic neurites and neurofibrillary tangles correlated with the clinical severity of dementia. Widespread cerebral beta/A4 protein deposition may be necessary but by itself is insufficient for the development of dementia in AD.
Electrical resistivity of amorphous metallic alloys

Abstract The unanomalous part of the resistivity of the amorphous metallic alloys varies as T 2 at low temperature and as T at high temperature. These findings seem to be consistent with the results of the quasi-gas model for amorphous solids.
Hands-On: Science Education Reform:

Dans la majorite des ecoles primaires, les sciences sont enseignees sans enthousiasme, sans reelle preparation de la part des enseignants. Cet article decrit une tentative de reforme de l'enseignement des sciences menee dans deux ecoles primaires en Caroline du Nord. Chaque enseignant apprehende l'enseignement des sciences de facon differente: les sciences comme un jeu, les sciences comme un probleme a resoudre, les sciences comme moyen d'apprendre du vocabulaire, de decouvrir la nature
Delayed complete repair of exstrophy with testosterone treatment: an alternative to avoid glans complications?

Since 1999, complete primary repair of exstrophy has represented a valid alternative in the treatment of exstrophy patients, offering one- stage reconstruction for all components of this malformation in newborns. The vast majority of cases are currently approached within 48/72 h of life, and risk of vascular injury to penile glans and/or corpora has been reported with increased frequency with this procedure. We report our initial experience with a delayed approach to complete repair, with bladder plate left intact and taken care at home by the parents, while awaiting for the patient to reach adequate weight. Delayed approach also enabled us to preoperatively stimulate phallic size with testosterone, a treatment which was so far confined only to redo or failed cases. Six male exstrophy patients were treated over a three-year (2007–2009) period. After initial workup, newborns were discharged home with bladder plate taken care by the parents. A weight of 4,500 g was arbitrarily deemed satisfactory for surgery. While at home, patients underwent preoperative testosterone stimulation (testosterone enanthate, four biweekly administrations of 100 mg/per square meter body surface). In each case biopsies of bladder mucosa were taken at time of surgery. Complications, age at surgery, increases in phallic size were extracted from clinical and surgical case notes. Weight at surgery ranged from 4,510 to 5,600 g. Age range was 43–91 days. Mean increase in phallic size after testosterone stimulation was 8.3 mm. Three complications were observed: two were suprapubic fistulas, of these, one closed spontaneously and one required surgery subsequently. In one fascial dehiscence emergency closure was needed. Hypospadias occurred in all patients. All histologic specimens demonstrated a mildly inflamed bladder mucosa. Delayed repair of bladder exstrophy allows to approach patients who have reached adequate weight and stabilization; if adequately cared for bladder plate shows minimal inflammation at surgery and can be managed by the parents at home. Deferring surgery also offers the advantages of preoperative testosterone stimulation, promotion of mother–baby relationship as well as of transfer to Centers with adequate experience and proficiency in all aspects of bladder exstrophy reconstruction.
The problem with and benefit of ventilations: should our approach be the same in cardiac and respiratory arrest?

Purpose of reviewRecent advances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation have led to greater understanding of cardio–cerebral–pulmonary interactions during the process. The purpose of this discussion is to update the physiologic understanding of these interactions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, revi
Histopathological and lymphangiogenic parameters in relation to lymph node metastasis in early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose Lymph node metastasis from oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) correlates with a poor prognosis. Therefore, accurate assessment of lymph node status is crucial in treatment planning. Furthermore, prediction of delayed neck metastasis (DNM), especially in early stage tumors with a clinically negative (N0) neck, will determine the need for neck dissection or irradiation. In this study, we assess various clinical, histopathological and lymphangiogenic parameters in early stage oral SCC and their association with DNM. Materials and Methods Clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were undertaken for 29 patients with T1N0M0 or T2N0M0 oral SCC affecting the tongue or floor of mouth and correlated with the development of DNM. Results Tumor thickness, nuclear pleomorphism, pattern of invasion, and immunohistochemical expression of the lymphangiogenesis-associated molecules VEGFR-3 and VEGF-C were associated with DNM. Conclusions Analysis of these parameters may help to identify patients who would benefit from a neck dissection or irradiation by predicting the likelihood of lymph node metastasis.
Influence of high-temperature heat treatment on surface order and faceting of some Mo, W, Ta and Re crystal surfaces☆

High temperature heat treatment effects on Mo, W, Ta and Re crystal surface order and faceting observed by electron diffraction, noting contamination role
Preoperative treatment planning with intraoperative optimization can achieve consistent high-quality implants in prostate brachytherapy

Abstract Advances in brachytherapy treatment planning systems have allowed the opportunity for brachytherapy to be planned intraoperatively as well as preoperatively. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each approach have been the subject of extensive debate, and some contend that the intraoperative approach is vital to the delivery of optimal therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-quality permanent prostate implants can be achieved consistently using a preoperative planning approach that allows for, but does not necessitate, intraoperative optimization. To achieve this purpose, we reviewed the records of 100 men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer who had been prospectively treated with brachytherapy monotherapy between 2006 and 2009 at our institution. All patients were treated with iodine-125 stranded seeds; the planned target dose was 145 Gy. Only 8 patients required adjustments to the plan on the basis of intraoperative findings. Consistency and quality were assessed by calculating the correlation coefficient between the planned and implanted amounts of radioactivity and by examining the mean values of the dosimetric parameters obtained on preoperative and 30 days postoperative treatment planning. The amount of radioactivity implanted was essentially identical to that planned (mean planned radioactivity, 41.27 U vs. mean delivered radioactivity, 41.36 U; R 2 = 0.99). The mean planned and day 30 prostate V100 values were 99.9% and 98.6%, respectively. The mean planned and day 30 prostate D90 values were 186.3 and 185.1 Gy, respectively. Consistent, high-quality prostate brachytherapy treatment plans can be achieved using a preoperative planning approach, mostly without the need for intraoperative optimization. Good quality assurance measures during simulation, treatment planning, implantation, and postimplant evaluation are paramount for achieving a high level of quality and consistency.
Near-field fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy: applications to single chromophores, single proteins, and photosynthetic membranes

Near-field fluorescence microscopy combines nanometer resolution with the ability to conduct optical measurements with high sensitivity. To illustrate the potential of the near-field technique, we summarize recent results from our laboratory which include the fluorescence imaging of single dye molecules and single proteins and picosecond fluorescent lifetime measurements on intact photosynthetic membranes, all done at room temperature with nanometric spatial resolution.