cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Lipid-Mediated Transmembrane Protein Aggregation

Many transmembrane proteins play crucial roles in cell signaling, and lipid-mediated association of these proteins may well have a role to play in these pathways in addition to protein-specific interactions. We seek to gain insight into the large-scale aggregation effects induced by lipid-mediated hydrophobic driving forces previously revealed in coarse-grained molecular simulations [de Meyer, Venturoli, and Smit. Biophys J. (95) 2008]. The molecular coarse-grained model of transmembrane peptides and lipid bilayers focused on the impact of hydrophobicity and of simple molecular structures on the association between small numbers of peptides. We build on this previous work by developing a computationally feasible model of protein-protein interaction which captures the driving forces relevant for aggregation of small numbers of peptides as well as the highly non-additive effect of the surrounding lipid as the peptides further aggregate. Such a model is better able to capture large-scale aggregation and organization of proteins via the lipid bilayer and to explore the consequences of the driving forces of aggregation at the experimentally relevant time scales and length scales.
High performance silicon multi-ring filters

Silicon photonics is an active area of research, enabling chip-scale miniaturization of various desired optical functionalities. The focus of the discussion here is on add/drop filtering i.e., a compact device that can add or remove a band of wavelengths from a “bus” channel. In this context, a single microring filter is intrinsically limited in terms of the tradeoff between passband width and on-off extinction i.e., contrast.
PGD7 Consequences of High Hematocrit Maintenance Among Hemodialysis Patients.

EPO was approved for the treatment of anemia in renal dialysis patients in 1989. In 1991, Medicare changed the way it reimbursed for EPO, and, in response, there was an increase in average EPO dosages from 2,793 units to 3,200 units in the six-month period following the policy change, This change, while meant to improve apparently low EPO dosing, may have had the unintended consequence of maintaining some patients at unnecessarily high hematocrit levels. These patients may experience problems associated with relatively high hematocrits. Thus, while some patients may have received too little EPO prior to the policy change, now they may be receiving too much. Another recent change in EPO reimbursement policy indicates this may be the case. After July 1, 1997 Medicare will reimburse EPO based on a 90-day rolling average hematocrit measurement. If the average is above 36.5%, Medicare will not pay for the EPO. This policy implicitly assumes that high hematocrit levels are directly related to inapropriately high doses of EPO. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of complications resulting from abnormally high hematocrits, such as vascular shunt thrombosis, among patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). METHODS:This study uses data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) and logistic regression to model the incidence of adverse events as a function of hematocrit level while controlling for confounding factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, weight, comorbidities, facility characteristics, dialysis modality, and dialysis history. RESULTS:Preliminary results suggest that the incidence of VST has increased since 1991. CONCLUSION:This study provides Medicare with information concerning the appropriateness of the 36.5% cutoff and the projected impact of the change in reimbursement.
The current state of geospatial modeling

Geospatial modeling has evolved since it was first introduced in the early 80s. In the past few years, the geospatial environment has exploded, providing previously unattainable high-resolution statistical data. Gone are the days of archaic topographic two-dimensional maps, and introduced are highly developed systems displaying ubiquitous geospatial data. Time and money are being saved as crews of experts are no longer data-collecting in the field. This increased currency and precision created through technological changes is directly impacting the decisions planners are making day-to-day. Desktop-based software is making way for cloud computing, allowing increased user base and data sharing across the globe. Mr. Berman will discuss the evolution of geospatial modeling, how we got here, and future advancements. What are the benefits of this new geospatial environment? How can we leverage these new tools to more accurately analyze data sets, and what environmental benefits will this create?
Bayesian analysis of identification performance in monkey visual cortex: Nonlinear mechanisms and stimulus certainty

The identification performance of single neurons in the primary visual cortex was quantified by measuring how accurately one could know the stimulus based upon the neuron's response. We found that for a typical neuron a response of 10 action potentials, following one brief stimulus presentation, was sufficient to classify the stimulus as belonging to a relatively small region in stimulus space, with a high degree of confidence. The performance was better than that which could be attained through linear summation of excitation and inhibition alone. The results suggest that the enhanced performance is a consequence of two nonlinear mechanisms: contrast gain control and expansive response exponent.
Maternal and child attributions in ADHD versus non-ADHD populations.

Objective: This study explores child and maternal attributions in ADHD and non-ADHD populations. Participants included children with ADHD (N = 26) and without ADHD (N = 24) and their mothers.Method...
Probabilistic model for discovering topic based communities in social networks

Social graphs have received renewed interest as a research topic with the advent of social networking websites. These online networks provide a rich source of data to study user relationships and interaction patterns on a large scale. In this paper, we propose a generative Bayesian model for extracting latent communities from a social graph. We assume that community memberships depend on topics of interest between users and the link relationships between them in the social graph topology. In addition, we make use of the nature of interaction to gauge user interests. Our model allows communities to be related to multiple topics and each user in the graph can be a member of multiple communities. This gives an insight into user interests and topical distribution in communities. We show the effectiveness of our model using a real world data set and also compare our model with existing community discovery methods.
Reticulated Lipid Probe Fluorescence Reveals MDCK Cell Apical Membrane Topography

High spatial resolution confocal microscopy of young MDCK cells stained with the lipophilic probe 1,1'-dihexadecyl-3,3,3',3'- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiIC(16)) revealed a reticulated fluorescence pattern on the apical membrane. DiIC(16) was delivered as crystals to live cells to minimize possible solvent perturbations of the membrane lipids. The ratio of the integrated fluorescence intensities in the bright versus dim regions was 1.6 +/- 0.1 (n = 13). Deconvolved images of the cells were consistent with exclusive plasma membrane staining. Multi-spectral and fluorescence anisotropy microscopy did not reveal differences between bright and dim regions. Bright regions coincided with microvilli and microridges observed by differential interference contrast microscopy and were stable for several minutes. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching yielded similar diffusion coefficients (pooled D = 1.5 +/- 0.6 x 10(-9) cm(2)/s, n = 40) for both bright and dim regions. Line fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that the reticulated pattern was maintained as the fluorescence recovered in the bleached areas. Cytochalasin D did not affect the staining pattern, but the pattern was eliminated by cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. We conclude that the reticulated fluorescence pattern was caused by increased optical path lengths through the microvilli and microridges compared with the flat areas on the apical membrane.
The elastic energy-momentum tensor in special relativity

Abstract We consider the standard nonrelativistic theory of a continuous, elastic medium with finite deformations, according to which the elastic energy is a function only of the state of strain, and the elastic stress tensor is proportional to the strain gradient of the elastic energy in appropriate coordinates. We derive a special relativistic, energy-momentum tensor, which yields the standard class of theories in the nonrelativistic limit, from the requirement that it depend only on the state of deformation (including the minimal dependence on velocity consistent with covariance), plus conservation laws. The result agrees with an earlier theory proposed by B. DeWitt (in “Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research” (L. Witten, Ed.), pp. 305–318, Wiley, New York, 1962) , who generalized the nonrelativistic Lagrangian to general relativity. The elastic momentum density turns out to be of order v c 2 , and therefore absent in the nonrelativistic theory.
Victimización por Corrupción por la Policía

La corrupcion se ha convertido en uno de los problemas mas relevantes en las democracias emergentes porque puede conducir a la erosion de la creencia en la legitimidad del sistema politico. Este reporte ha encontrado que tanto las caracteristicas individuales como una caracteristica a nivel nacional son importantes para explicar la victimizacion por corrupcion policial. Especificamente, los individuos que habitan en paises ricos tienen menos probabilidad de ser victimas de la corrupcion, mientras la probabilidad es notablemente mas alta para el ciudadano promedio de paises pobres. Por lo mismo, los programas anticorrupcion tienen mas probabilidad de ser exitosos cuando combinen acciones locales, como la profesionalizacion de las fuerzas policiales, con intentos mas generales de mejorar el desarrollo economico de los paises pobres.
Flow injection hydride generation electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with in-atomizer trapping for the determination of lead in calcium supplements

Abstract Lead hydride was generated from acid solution, containing potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing agent, by the reaction with alkaline borohydride solution. The effects of reaction conditions (hydrochloric acid, ferricyanide and borohydride concentrations), and the lengths of reaction and stripping coils were studied. The effects of trapping temperature and argon flow rate were also investigated. Under the conditions giving the best peak area sensitivity, the detection limit (concentration giving a signal equal to three S.D. of the blank signal) was 0.12 μg l−1 for a 1000 μl injection volume. The detection limit was improved to 0.03 μg l−1 when the ferricyanide was purified by passage through a cation-exchange resin. Two calcium supplement materials were analyzed by the flow injection (FI)-hydride generation (HG)-electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method, giving values of 0.55 and 0.66 μg g−1, in agreement with results obtained by previously validated methods. For a 500-mg sample the limits of detection and quantification were 0.006 and 0.02 μg g−1, respectively.
Neuroimaging and geriatric psychiatry: the story of an interdisciplinary science and mental illness in the elderly.

It has been called “a window into the brain,” a “photograph of neurobiology,” and a “snapshot of biochemical and functional changes in the brain.” Reduced to its essentials, human neuroimaging is a nexus of intersecting, complementary disciplines— neurosciences, physics, and computer science—all broadly defined. The conceptual approach is neuroscientifically based, whereas the methodological approaches are driven by computer sciences and allied basic science disciplines such as physics, biophysics, and chemistry. In human neuroimaging, modern physics and computer science-based approaches are applied to both normal and abnormal behavioral states/syndromes to better understand and clarify the biological correlates of mental disorders and to “map”/localize both cognitive and noncognitive behavioral functions to critical brain regions. Emotional and cognitive domains, unlike sensorimotor functions, are more widely dispersed in the brain and not localized to circumscribed focal areas. Modern neuroimaging has made it possible to examine neuronal circuits that regulate and modulate mental processes that underlie human behavior. Although the complexities of neuronal circuitry and mental disorders are becoming increasingly apparent, neuroimaging has helped us make meaningful inroads into the study of human neurobiology and the major mental disorders.
Positionality in Teaching Culturally Diverse Students: Implications for Family and Consumer Sciences Teacher Education Programs

This survey research study was designed to identify FCS teachers' beliefs about their experiences with cultural diversity, with particular interest in identifying implications for FCS teacher education programs. The sample consisted of 83 FCS teachers who together taught students from 37 cultural backgrounds including many with limited English proficiency. Respondents' ratings of selected experiences and beliefs regarding cultural diversity were analyzed using descriptive statistics. More than 70% of teachers adapted teaching strategies, time/instructions for assignments, student grouping patterns, and communication. Fewer than 20% adapted teaching goals, texts, or classroom rules. Teaching strategies used most frequently and perceived as most effective were visual aids, cooperative learning, and alternative assessments. It is recommended that teacher education programs provide an encompassing study of cultures, a repertoire of appropriate teaching adaptations, reflective and critical thinking, and multiple experiences with culturally diverse people.
Critical small-angle X-ray scattering of the liquid sodium-lithium system☆

Abstract Small-angle X-ray scattering of the liquid sodium-37 w/o lithium system in the range 1.034 × 10 -4 ⪕ (T−T c )/T c ⩽ 1.503 × 10 -2 yields the critical exponents v = 0.655 ± 0.030 and λ = 1.296 ± 0.061 for the temperature dependence of the correlation length η and of the coefficient (∂ c /∂μ) T, P respectively.
Salting out the polar polymorph: Analysis by alchemical solvent transformation

We computationally examine how adding NaCl to an aqueous solution with α- and γ-glycine nuclei alters the structure and interfacial energy of the nuclei. The polar γ-glycine nucleus in pure aqueous solution develops a melted layer of amorphous glycine around the nucleus. When NaCl is added, a double layer is formed that stabilizes the polar glycine polymorph and eliminates the surface melted layer. In contrast, the non-polar α-glycine nucleus is largely unaffected by the addition of NaCl. To quantify the stabilizing effect of NaCl on γ-glycine nuclei, we alchemically transform the aqueous glycine solution into a brine solution of glycine. The alchemical transformation is performed both with and without a nucleus in solution and for nuclei of α-glycine and γ-glycine polymorphs. The calculations show that adding 80 mg/ml NaCl reduces the interfacial free energy of a γ-glycine nucleus by 7.7 mJ/m2 and increases the interfacial free energy of an α-glycine nucleus by 3.1 mJ/m2. Both results are consistent with experimental reports on nucleation rates which suggest: J(α, brine) < J(γ, brine) < J(α, water). For γ-glycine nuclei, Debye-Huckel theory qualitatively, but not quantitatively, captures the effect of salt addition. Only the alchemical solvent transformation approach can predict the results for both polar and non-polar polymorphs. The results suggest a general “salting out” strategy for obtaining polar polymorphs and also a general approach to computationally estimate the effects of solvent additives on interfacial free energies for nucleation.
The Effects of Severe Thermal Injury on the Glycosaminoglycans of Guinea Pig Skin

The central purpose of the present investigation was to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the glycosaminoglycans of guinea pig skin at 2hr after a third-degree burn injury. The data obtained from uronic acid determinations, fractionation by column chromatography and cellulose acetate electrophoresis indicate no significant alterations in the glycosaminoglycans at 2hr postburn. The data presented in this study support the concept that the glycosaminoglycans are not immediately damaged by the heat of the burn.
Two-grid analysis of minimal residual smoothing as a multigrid acceleration technique

We analyze the two-level method accelerated by a minimal residual smoothing (MRS) technique. The two-grid analysis is sufficient for our purpose because our MRS acceleration scheme is only applied on the finest level of the multigrid method. We prove that the MRS acceleration scheme is a semi-iterative method with respect to the underlying two-level iteration and that the MRS accelerated two-level method is a polynomial acceleration of first order. We explain why MRS may not effectively accelerate standard multigrid method for solving Poisson-like problems. The iteration matrices for the MRS accelerated coarse-grid-correction operator and the MRS accelerated two-level operator are obtained. We give bounds for the residual reduction rates of the accelerated two-level method. Numerical experiments are employed to support the analytical results.
Electron transfer. Part 148. Reactions of corrin-bound cobalt(III) with s2 metal-ion reducing centers

Abstract The cobalt(III)–corrin complex, aquacobalamin (vitamin B 12a ) is readily reduced to the corresponding Co(II) derivative (B 12r ) by the s 2 metal-reducing centers, tin(II), germanium(II), and indium(I) in aqueous chloride solutions at low pH. Sn ( II )+2 Co ( III ) →Sn ( IV )+2 Co ( II ) In ( I )+2 Co ( III ) →In ( III )+2 Co ( II ) Reactions with Sn(II) proceed through chlorocobalamin which has acquired an additional proton (presumably at an imidazole nitrogen), whereas reductions with Ge(II) involve both this protonated form and a species which has assumed still another H + . Kinetic [Cl − ]-dependencies indicate the principal reducing species to be SnCl 3 − and GeCl 4 2− . Reductions by In(I) take competing paths involving the aqua and chloro forms of the oxidant. Excess Ge(II) forms a yellow 1:1 Co(II)–Ge(II) complex ( λ max 447 nm). The corrin-free complexes, Cl(NH 3 ) 5 Co 2+ and its bromo analog, are readily reduced by In(I) but are inert to Ge(II) and Sn(II). Arguments are presented that these reductions of cob(III)alamin by Ge(II) and Sn(II) are initiated by a chloro-mediated 2e − transfer, forming cob(I)alamin (B 12s ), which is rapidly oxidized by Co(III), yielding 2Co(II). Reactions of In(I) more probably entail successive le − transactions, in which the initial transfer (In(I)→In(II)) is rate-determining.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Farmer's Lung

Serum levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme were measured in a group of patients with farmer's lung and a group of precipitin-positive subjects with no history of farmer's lung. The levels did not differ significantly from control subjects matched for age and smoking history. The mean serum level of angiotensin-converting enzyme in a group of acutely ill patients with farmer's lung was significantly reduced. An acute challenge of three patients with Micropolyspora faeni did not produce an increase in serum levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme. These studies suggest that an increased serum level of angiotensin-converting enzyme can be a diagnostic aid in making a differential diagnosis between sarcoidosis and farmer's lung.
Neuronal expression of Fos protein in the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure.

Abstract We sought to identify the areas that have altered neuronal activity within the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure (HF) by mapping neuronal staining of c-Fos protein (Fos) 6–8 weeks following coronary artery ligation (HF group; n =17) or sham surgery (sham-operated control group, n =15). Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), anterior hypothalamus (AH) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) using a standard ABC immunocytochemical protocol. The rats in the HF group displayed infarcts averaging 34±2% of the outer circumference and 41±1% of the inner circumference of the left ventricular wall. Sham-operated control rats had no observable damage to the myocardium. Rats with chronic heart failure ( n =5) but no manipulation (no surgery) had a similar number of Fos-staining cells in PVN SON, MnPO, AH and PH compared to sham-operated rats. Acute surgery for isolation of vagus nerves and anesthesia for 90 min increased the number of Fos positive cells in PVN, SON and MnPO of both sham-operated rats and rats with HF. Furthermore, rats with heart failure ( n =5) had significantly higher number of Fos-staining cells in PVN (four times), SON (4.5 times) and MnPO (1.5 times) compared to sham-operated rats after acute surgery for isolation of the vagus. The number of Fos-staining cells remained unaltered in AH and PH in both groups of rats. However, in a third series of experiments vagotomy reduced the number of Fos-staining cells in the PVN, SON or MnPO of rats with HF ( n =5) to those observed in sham-operated vagotomized rats. This study shows that: (1) there is augmented neuronal activity as indicated by increased number of Fos staining neurons in the PVN, SON and MnPO due to acute surgical stress in rats with HF, and (2) vagal afferents are responsible for the increased neuronal activity in PVN, SON and MnPO of rats with HF during acute surgical stress. These data support the conclusion that vasopressin producing neurons and autonomic areas within the hypothalamus influenced by vagal afferents are activated during HF and are sensitive to ‘acute surgical stress’ and may contribute to the elevated levels of vasopressin and sympatho-excitation commonly observed in heart failure.
The role of induction chemotherapy before radiation therapy in non-operative management of Stage III NSCLC

Abstract Radiation therapy alone has been ‘standard’ management of patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer for several decades. Palliative benefits are routinely achieved but significant survival benefits have not been documented. Patterns of failure in Stage III patients emphasize the need to pursue better treatment for both local macroscopic disease and distant micrometastatic sites. Improved control in both areas will be necessary to meaningfully enhance outcome for the universe of Stage III NSCLC patients. Several randomized trials show a significant survival benefit when cisplatin-containing induction chemotherapy is administered prior to locoregional treatment. In the favorable subset of Stage III patients selected for study by CALGB, the surviving fraction at 2–5 years post-therapy was ≥ 2-fold larger in the chemoradiation group than in the cohort treated with radiation alone. The French trial documented a significant decrease in distant metastases rate among the chemotherapy treated patients. In all the trials where patterns of failure are discussed, local disease persistence is the overwhelming rule. Future trials must evaluate improved induction chemotherapy approaches. Stage III patients are an ethical population in which to test induction therapy with new drug combinations randomized against already ‘active’ regimens for comparative efficacy. End points would be initial response rates, patterns of failure, and overall survival. The feasibility of high-dose chemotherapy regimens with growth factor and hematopoietic support followed by aggressive radiation must be tested. If feasible, trials randomizing high dose versus conventional dose induction programs within the context of sequential multimodality therapy should follow. Intensified radiation approaches such as hyperfractionation or CHART should be paired with active concurrent chemotherapy following induction chemotherapy alone. Pursuit of these approaches over the next several years will hopefully produce major improvements in treatment efficacy and lead to enhanced survival expectations for the large group of patients worldwide with Stage III NSCLC.
DNA-Directed Protein Immobilization for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Analytes by Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

A versatile multichannel biosensor surface is prepared by site-directed immobilization of single-stranded DNA-protein conjugates onto a patterned self-assembled monolayer composed of ssDNA thiols and oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated thiols. The conjugates each consist of an antibody chemically linked to a unique ssDNA target with a sequence complementary to the surface-bound ssDNA probes and are immobilized on the surface via sequence-specific hybridization. The exceptional specificity of DNA hybridization combined with the diversity of available sequences makes this platform perfect for multichannel sensors. Once the surface is patterned with the appropriate probe sequences, sequence-specific hybridization sorts out the target conjugates and directs them to the appropriate spots on the surface. Previously (Boozer, C. L.; Ladd, J.; Chen, S.; Yu, Q.; Homola, J.; Jiang, S. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 6967-6972), we performed proof-of-concept experiments demonstrating the feasibililty of using DNA-directed protein immobilization to produce a single channel biosensor. In this work, we extend this technique and employ DNA-directed protein immobilization to functionalize a multichannel biosensor, which was used for the simultaneous detection of a set of three fertility hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin, human luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone by surface plasmon resonance sensor.
The chemistry and catalysis of the toluene hydrodealkylation reaction: II. Kinetic analysis

Abstract The toluene hydrodealkylation (THD) reaction may be considered to be a selective hydrogenolysis reaction since a single CC bond is selectively broken in the presence of hydrogen. It was demonstrated, however, in the first paper of this series that the kinetic parameters and periodic trends observed for THD show little resemblence to those trends expected for typical paraffin hydrogenolysis reactions such as ethane hydrogenolysis. For example, the dependence of the THD reaction on hydrogen partial pressure for Group VIII metals varies from slightly negative on Pt and Pd to about first order on Os and Ru, whereas for these same metals the rate of ethane hydrogenolysis shows a strong negative dependence on hydrogen partial pressure. Reasons for these differences are presented in this present paper. A reaction sequence is presented that includes both CC bond-breaking and product desorption steps in the overall reaction sequence. This analysis leads to a simple power rate law expression of the form: r = kPTolnPH21 −n (a + 1). The kinetic parameters presented in Part 1 of this series agree well with those predicted from this rate expression.
Design and Synthesis of Non-Peptide Ras CAAX Mimetics as Potent Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors

Cysteine farnesylation of the ras oncogene product Ras is required for its transforming activity and is catalyzed by farnesyltransferase (FTase). The Ras carboxyl terminal tetrapeptide CAAX (C is c...
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities.

Paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which affects about 40 children per million below the age of 15 years [1], is highly curable with contemporary widely available treatment approaches. ...
Pharmacological modulation of stress reactivity dissociates general learning ability from the propensity for exploration

It has previously been reported that general learning ability (GLA) correlates positively with exploratory tendencies in individual outbred mice. This finding suggests the possibility that variations in stress reactivity modulate GLA and thus its relationship to exploratory tendencies. Here, the authors investigated the potential role of stress reactivity in regulating this relationship by assessing the effects of the anxiolytic chlorodiazepoxide (CDP; 10 mg/kg) on subjects' performance in a battery of diverse learning tasks as well as exploratory behaviors and stress reactivity. CDP-treated mice exhibited reductions in stress-induced corticosterone levels and behavioral reactivity to mild stressors and a corresponding increase in exploration. However, CDP-treated mice did not exhibit facilitated acquisition of any of the learning tasks and expressed GLA comparable to controls. Results indicate that although reduced stress reactivity promotes exploration, this does not translate into an up-regulation of GLA, suggesting that the relationship between GLA and exploration is not mediated by stress reactivity. The authors propose that variations in GLA reflect individuals' propensity for novelty seeking, whereas exploration reflects both stress reactivity and novelty seeking, the latter of which may underlie the relationship between exploration and GLA.
Histone H3 and H4 Ubiquitylation by the CUL4-DDB-ROC1 Ubiquitin Ligase Facilitates Cellular Response to DNA Damage

Posttranslational histone modifications play important roles in transcription and other chromatin-based processes. Compared to acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, very little is known about the function of histone ubiquitylation. Here, we report the purification and functional characterization of a histone H3 and H4 ubiquitin ligase complex, CUL4-DDB-ROC1. We demonstrate that CUL4-DDB-ROC1-mediated H3 and H4 ubiquitylation occurs both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, CUL4-DDB-ROC1-mediated H3 and H4 ubiquitylation is regulated by UV irradiation. Reduction of histone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation by knockdown of CUL4A impairs recruitment of the repair protein XPC to the damaged foci and inhibits the repair process. Biochemical studies indicate that CUL4-DDB-ROC1-mediated histone ubiquitylation weakens the interaction between histones and DNA and facilitates the recruitment of repair proteins to damaged DNA. Thus, our studies uncover CUL4-DDB-ROC1 as a histone ubiquitin ligase and demonstrate that histone H3 and H4 ubiquitylation participates in the cellular response to DNA damage.
Corrigendum: A correction to “Nonmonotonic inconsistency” [Artificial Intelligence 149 (2003) 161--178]

This note corrects an error in the statement and proof of Propositions 9 and 10 of [C. Cross, Nonmonotonic inconsistency, Artificial Intelligence 149 (2) (2003) 161-178]. Both results turn out to depend on the postulate of Consistency Preservation.
Kinetic Chains: A Review of the Concept and Its Clinical Applications

During the past decade, our understanding of biomechanics and its importance in rehabilitation has advanced significantly. The kinetic chain, a concept borrowed from engineering, has helped us better understand the underlying physiology of human movement. This understanding, in turn, has facilitated the development of new and more rational rehabilitation strategies. The kinetic chain concept has application in a wide spectrum of clinical conditions, including musculoskeletal medicine, sports medicine, and neurorehabilitation, as well as prosthetics and orthotics. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into the biomechanics related to the concept of kinetic chains, with a specific focus on closed kinetic chains and its clinical applications in rehabilitation.
A High Current Radio Frequency Proton Source with Radial Extraction

A theory outlining the mechanism of the low pressure hydrogen plasma used in radio frequency proton sources is given. Taking into account secondary emission from surfaces of plasma vessel it is shown that the electron density is maximum at the tube's center. This is confirmed experimentally, and a source is designed with its extraction electrode positioned radially near the plasma center. Compared with axial extraction used in conventional r.f. sources, radial extraction yields beam currents over 20% higher, and allows the application of higher extraction voltages. Beam currents up to 150 Ma. can be extracted, of which more than 85%, is proton current. Two methods are used for the measurement of the emittance of the accelerated beam.
Renewing Research Practice

The article reviews the book “Renewing Research Practice,” edited by Ralph E. Stablein and Peter J. Frost.
Lagrangian formulation for arbitrary spin. I. The boson case

An explicit form is obtained for the Lagrangian of an arbitrary-spin boson field. This is achieved by introducing auxiliary field variables which are required to vanish in the free-field limit. For $s\ensuremath{\le}4$ the results are found to be in agreement with those obtained by Chang. Canonical commutation rules are derived and the equations of motion are brought to first-order form, thereby facilitating the introduction of minimal electromagnetic coupling. It is found that, upon taking the Galilean limit, the ($6s+1$)-component Galilean-invariant theory of Hagen and Hurley results. The $g$ factor is found to be $\frac{1}{s}$, thereby confirming a long-standing conjecture.
Aligning alignments exactly

A basic computational problem that arises in both the construction and local-search phases of the best heuristics for multiple sequence alignment is that of aligning the columns of two multiple alignments. When the scoring function is the sum-of-pairs objective and induced pairwise alignments are evaluated using linear gap-costs, we call this problem Aligning Alignments. While seemingly a straightforward extension of two-sequence alignment, we prove it is actually NP-complete. As explained in the paper, this provides the first demonstration that minimizing linear gap-costs, in the context of multiple sequence alignment, is inherently hard.We also develop an exact algorithm for Aligning Alignments that is remarkably efficient in practice, both in time and space. Even though the problem is NP-complete, computational experiments on both biological and simulated data show we can compute optimal alignments for all benchmark instances in two standard datasets, and solve very-large random instances with highly-gapped sequences.
Electrostatic Effects on Dispersion, Transport, and Deposition of Fine Pharmaceutical Powders: Development of an Experimental Method for Quantitative Analysis

Currently, there is no standard method for testing the electrostatic properties of pharmaceutical powders. The objective of this study was to develop a method of characterizing the dispersion, charging, and transport properties of fine powder flowing through tubes of different materials. Powders of known composition and size distribution were dispersed pneumatically and transported through a short section of tubing containing spiral baffle inserts of the same material to simulate powder flow in long sections of horizontal and vertical tubes with bends. The test powder was dispersed using ring jet suction and passed through the baffled tube to a sampling chamber, from which the powder cloud was sampled for particle size and electrostatic charge distribution measurement using an Electrical Single Particle Aerodynamic Relaxation Time (E-SPART) analyzer. Experimental data on the tribocharging and transport properties of different powders are presented along with an explanation of the charging mechanisms. Anal...
Informal health and legal rights education in rural, agricultural communities using mobile devices

The focus of this work is on the design of a system for informal education in rural, farmworker populations using mobile devices. We have conducted needs assessment with farmworkers in the California Central Valley in conjunction with engineering and industrial design students as part of a service learning initiative. The community, working with the students, identified key needs related to accessing information, emphasizing health and legal rights. We propose the possibility of wireless access to digital libraries for access to this information. We discuss an appropriate system design using mobile phones and future plans for user testing with the community. We stress the importance of continually working with the community to develop relevant and sustainable solutions.
Monocarboxylate 4 mediated butyrate transport in a rat intestinal epithelial cell line.

Background Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are absorbed by carrier mediated uptake in the small intestine by pH-dependent SCFA/HCO3− exchangers on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Conventional assumption is that MCT1 mediates SCFA/HCO3− exchange in the intestine. Further, due to the presence of multiple such anion exchangers, the identity of the intestinal SCFA/HCO3− has been controversial.
Solid state optical crycoolers: Developments and prospective

Optical refrigeration (solid-state laser cooling) is based on the principle of anti-Stokes fluorescence where incident light from a coherent (low entropy) source such as laser is upconverted into high entropy fluorescence via absorption or removal of vibrational energy (phonons) [1]. This phenomenon has been termed “a laser running in reverse” as it mimics the reverse operation of a solid-state laser. Since its first experimental observation in 1995 [2], optical refrigeration in a variety of rare-earth doped glasses and crystals has been demonstrated [3]. A major milestone was achieved in 2010 by cooling a 5% Yb:YLF crystal to an absolute temperature of 155K from room temperature [4]. This represented the first demonstration of an all-solid-state cryocooler, whereby achieving lower temperatures than that of standard multi-stage Peltier coolers. Exploiting the E4-E5 electronic resonance in the Yb 3+ Stark manifold was essential in achieving these results [4]. Subsequently, the Yb:YLF cooler was employed to cool a semiconductor load (GaAs) to 165K [5]. Most recently, we have cooled a 10% doped Yb:YLF to115K from room temperature. Figure 1(a) reflects this progress history since 1995 by depicting the lowest temperature achieved in Yb doped glasses and crystals versus year. Fig. 1(b) shows the expected cooling efficiency in the record 10% doped Yb:YLF sample as a function of excitation wavelength and temperature. The minimum achievable temperature in this sample is ~<;90K and is expected to be further lowered towards 70K by improving the purity during crystal growth [6].In this talk, we present an overview of the recent advances in optical refrigeration and outline a prospective study for practical application of this technology. Various pumping schemes (intracavity [7] and external cavity [8] enhancements), implementation of a practical thermal link, and various techniques for improving the overall efficiency will be discussed. As the only all-solid-state cryocooling technology with no moving parts (vibration free), and immune from electromagnetic interference, it can boost numerous applications ranging from spaceborne sensors to high-Tc superconducting electronics prevalent, for example, in the medical devices.
Design and implementation of a portable amagnetic shape memory rotary actuator

Actuators based on standard technologies often do not comply with environmental constraints on electromagnetic noise. Even though shape memory actuators are not ferromagnetic, activation by Joule’s effect poses a question about magnetic compatibility. This article presents a new concept design of a rotary actuator based on a double coil of NiTi wire, which permits to abate dramatically the electromagnetic fields generated. A particular implementation of the idea was devised as a case study to investigate feasibility. The desired torque and stroke were 83 N cm and 40°, respectively, and mechanical tests confirmed that a maximal stroke of 38° can be achieved for resisting torques ranging from 33 to 122 N cm. The built prototype proved appropriate to respond to the needs of a neuroscience study requiring mobilization of the ankle. So, this device was tested during measurement of brain activity in healthy subjects with both magnetoencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, that is, diagnostic ...
PHOTO-PROPERTIES OF A SILICON NAPHTHALOCYANINE: A POTENTIAL PHOTOSENSITIZER FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY*

— The photoproperties of derivatized silicon naphthalocyanine have been investigated in order to assess its potential as a photosensitizer for photo-dynamic therapy. Absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence and triplet absorption spectra have been measured. Oxygen quenching of the triplet state formed singlet oxygen in significant yields.
Optimized conditions for measuring lipolysis in murine primary adipocytes.

The current literature on lipolysis in murine primary adipocytes is rife with experiments performed under conditions not optimized for reproducible and reliable results. Here, we present conditions for optimizing the measurement of lipolysis in murine adipocytes. We demonstrate that adenosine management is of paramount importance in evaluating the lipolytic response under basal and stimulated conditions. Also, adipocyte concentrations in the 10,000–15,000 cells per milliliter range produce a greater increase in stimulated lipolysis than higher concentrations, and the response is further enhanced by agitating the cells.
New systems for fabrication of wafer scale interconnections in multichip packages

Wafer-scale hybrid packaging (WSHP), multichip modules (MCM), high-density interconnect (HDI), thin-film multilayer (TFML) packaging, and advanced VLSI packaging (AVP) are different terms used to refer to an approach for fabricating chip-to-chip connections using semiconductor technology. However, persistent yield problems have made successful scale-up of the technology to full-sized, system-oriented wafer-scale packages difficult. Most of these problems can be traced to stress resulting from the different thermal properties of the various materials used in fabrication and the high-temperature processing steps involved. The authors explore use of focused-electron-beam and ion-beam repair strategies for coping with residual faults in a model high-yield liftoff process for fabricating wafer-scale interconnections in multichip packages. >
Applying Controller and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation in Designing and Prototyping Apparatuses for Future All Electric Ship

Power hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) simulation is not plug-and-play. Stability and accuracy issues must be well investigated before concluding anything from the simulation result. This paper describes a simulation based pre-evaluation sequence which has been followed in performing a PHIL simulation for a notional electric ship study. In the pre-evaluation, it is found that the interface time delay causes large error in the ship bus power. A compensation method is then proposed and applied to the final PHIL simulation to improve the accuracy.
Resistivity and Hall Effect in Liquid Metals

We assume a liquid metal in which the unscreened electron-ion interaction is the sum of spherically symmetric potentials. Using an exact expression for the conductivity tensor in a magnetic field H, we obtain expressions for the Hall constant $R$ and for the zero-magnetic-field frequency-dependent conductivity tensor ${{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{0}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in the form of power-series expansions in the potential. Effects due to the electron spin are ignored. Calculations are done for Zn, Li, and Na using the pseudopotentials calculated by Harrison. For Zn it is shown that the series for ${{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{0}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ converges slowly if it converges at all. It is concluded that the small-pseudopotential approximation is not convenient for, and possibly not valid for, dealing with electrical transport in liquid metals.
Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Selectively Attenuate, Not Terminate, T Cell Signaling by Disrupting NF-κB Nuclear Accumulation in CD4 T Cells

A key consequence of regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression of CD4 T cells is the inhibition of IL-2 production, yet how Tregs attenuate IL-2 has not been defined. Current models predict a termination of TCR signaling, by disrupting T-APC contacts, or TCR signal modification, through mechanisms such as cAMP. To directly define Treg effects on TCR signaling in CD4 T cell targets, we visualized changes in nuclear accumulation of transcription factors at time points when IL-2 was actively suppressed. Nuclear accumulation of NFAT was highly dependent on sustained TCR signaling in the targets. However, in the presence of Tregs, NFAT and AP-1 signals were sustained in the target cells. In contrast, NF-κB p65 was selectively attenuated. Thus, Tregs do not generally terminate TCR signals. Rather, Tregs selectively modulate TCR signals within hours of contact with CD4 targets, independent of APCs, resulting in the specific loss of NF-κB p65 signals.
Analysis of autonomous deconfliction in Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Testing and Evaluation

Autonomous deconfliction capability is crucial to the successful deployment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in most of their envisioned application scenarios. Civil and military applications of UAS demand ever-decreasing levels of human involvement and oversight, hence, UAS need to grow in autonomy. Autonomous deconfliction is a capability that is not only essential for the UAS's self-preservation, but also for avoiding damage to static infrastructure and/or to friendly and civilian aircraft flying contiguously. It is also key to the successful completion of the missions assigned to the UAS. Numerous solutions to partial aspects of autonomous deconfliction have been proposed. However, there is an enormous gap in systematic approaches that may be used for Testing and Evaluation (T&E) of autonomous capabilities such as deconfliction. This paper focuses on application of Systems Engineering-oriented tools to the analysis of autonomous deconfliction capability in UAS. The Systems Capability Technical Reference Model (SC-TRM) presented in this work helps in identifying the different aspects of a deconfliction solution. Besides presenting the Systems Engineering-oriented tools and the analysis of the deconfliction problem based on those tools, this paper also proposes venues that may enable concrete implementation and development of T&E methods that are applicable to civil as well as military applications.
An axiomatic characterization of continuous-outcome market makers

Most existing market maker mechanisms for prediction markets are designed for events with a finite number of outcomes. All known attempts on designing market makers for forecasting continuous-outcome events resulted in mechanisms with undesirable properties. In this paper, we take an axiomatic approach to study whether it is possible for continuous-outcome market makers to satisfy certain desirable properties simultaneously. We define a general class of continuous-outcome market makers, which allows traders to express their information on any continuous subspace of their choice.We characterize desirable properties of these market makers using formal axioms. Our main result is an impossibility theorem showing that if a market maker offers binary-payoff contracts, either the market maker has unbounded worst case loss or the contract prices will stop being responsive, making future trades no longer profitable. In addition, we analyze a mechanism that does not belong to our framework. This mechanism has a worst case loss linear in the number of submitted orders, but encourages some undesirable strategic behavior.