cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the iterative latent-class analysis approach to improve attribute accuracy in diagnostic classification models

The focus of diagnostic classification models is on investigating a respondent’s mastery status of the attributes required for completing tasks and/or solving problems. Recent advances in model development have produced saturated model variants such as the log-linear cognitive diagnostic model (LCDM), but works focusing on improving the accuracy of their attribute estimates have not been accomplished commensurably. This article proposes an iterative latent class analysis (ILCA) approach to estimating attributes, such that the accuracy can be higher than that of traditional approaches. Particularly, the needs for the ILCA approach are illustrated within a literature review, the detailed procedures of the ILCA are presented via both pseudo-codes and verbal explanations, a simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the estimation accuracy, and finally, a discussion containing limitations and future research directions is provided. The results of this article show that ILCA outperforms its competitors in many conditions. Thus, it can be used to produce score reports.
Teacher Readiness to Work With English Language Learners: Arizona Context

Arizona is one of six states leading the nation in English language learner (ELL) student enrollments and requiring all teachers to complete coursework in methods of teaching ELLs. This policy requ...
Contributions of Health Care to Longevity: A Review of 4 Estimation Methods

PURPOSE Health care expenditures and biomedical research funding are often justified by the belief that modern health care powerfully improves life expectancy in wealthy countries. We examined 4 different methods of estimating the effect of health care on health outcomes. METHODS We reviewed the contributions of medical care to health outcomes using 4 methods: (1) analyses by McGinnis and Schroeder, (2) Wennberg and colleagues’ studies of small area variation, (3) Park and colleagues’ analysis of County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, and (4) the RAND Health Insurance Experiment. RESULTS The 4 methods, using different data sets, produced estimates ranging from 0% to 17% of premature mortality attributable to deficiencies in health care access or delivery. Estimates of the effect of behavioral factors ranged from 16% to 65%. CONCLUSIONS The results converge to suggest that restricted access to medical care accounts for about 10% of premature death or other undesirable health outcomes. Health care has modest effects on the extension of US life expectancy, while behavioral and social determinants may have larger effects.
Three‐dimensional printing for surgical planning in complex congenital heart disease

Surgical management of complex congenital heart disease (CHD) is challenging. Three-dimensional (3D) printing can improve multidisciplinary team decision-making, patient and family understanding, and education of medical professionals. We describe 3D printing for surgical management of five patients with complex CHD. The anatomical details of the 3D printed models were instrumental in planning surgical techniques especially in determining between single ventricle, 1.5 ventricle, and biventricular repair.
Development and validation of a cumulative exposure shoulder risk assessment tool based on fatigue failure theory

To present a new risk assessment tool for shoulder intensive occupational tasks based on fatigue failure theory. The tool estimates cumulative damage (CD) based on shoulder moments and loading cycl...
PRE-TREATMENT AORTOILIAC CALCIFICATION IS MORE SEVERE IN PATIENTS WHO DEVELOP CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY AFTER IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR THERAPY

Clinical predictors of cardiovascular (CV) toxicity after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) are unknown. Consecutive patients referred for Cardio-Oncology consultation at our medical center with a history of ICI were included. Demographic and clinical data at the time of ICI initiation was
IoT: Smart City Parking Solutions with Metric-Chisini-Jensen-Shannon Divergence based Kernels

Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD) is an effective method for measuring the distance between two probability distributions, but it is not a metric. In particular, JSD does not satisfy the triangle inequality, thus raising concerns over robustness issue for qualifying as a valid distance measure. JSD's square root is a metric while preserving all other characteristics of JSD. However, it does not provide adequate separation when the difference between input distributions is subtle. We extend metric version of JSD by reformulating it using alternate operators that provide different properties concerning robustness. Furthermore, we prove a number of important mathematical properties for this extension. Finally, we propose a family of new kernels, based on metric JSD and Chisini mean. We explore the utility of proposed technique, Metric-Chisini-Jensen-Shannon Divergence (M-CJSD), in SVM classification for IoT sensor data which presents data nuances challenges making it difficult to discriminate distributions with discernible differences. Additionally, we build a deep neural network (DNN) for performance benchmark, and explore an optimization approach to improve k-Means clustering. We found that while clustering is unable to detect visually identifiable clusters, M-CJSDs were able to capture underlying data regularity and give statistically significant improvement over DNN model.
Association between CNVs of BMI-related gene and survival status of LUAD and LUSC patients.

e20524Background: In recent decades, many GWAS studies help to discover the gene related to BMI or obesity. FTO, BDNF, LEPR, MC4R, SH2B1, GNPDA2, INSIG2, KCTD15, LEP, MTCH2, NEGR1, NPC1, PCSK1, POM...
Online Appendix to 'Competition and Manipulation in Derivative Contract Markets'

This is the online appendix for the paper "Competition and Manipulation in Derivative Contract Markets".
Neuronal mechanism of a BK channelopathy in absence epilepsy and movement disorders

A growing number of gain-of-function (GOF) BK channelopathy have been identified in patients with epilepsy and paroxysmal movement disorders. Nevertheless, the underlying pathophysiology and corresponding therapeutics remain obscure. Here we utilized a knock-in mouse model carrying human BK-D434G channelopathy to investigate the neuronal mechanism of BK GOF in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and movement disorders. We found that the BK-D434G mice manifest the clinical features of absence epilepsy and exhibit severe motor deficits. BK-D434G mutation causes hyperexcitability of cortical pyramidal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, which contributes to the pathogenesis of absence seizures and the motor defects, respectively. A BK channel blocker paxilline potently suppresses BK-D434G-induced hyperexcitability and effectively mitigates absence seizures in mice. Our study thus uncovered a neuronal mechanism of BK GOF in absence epilepsy and provided the evidence that BK inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate BK GOF-induced neurological disorders. SignificanceDysfunction of BK channels or BK channelopathy has been increasingly implicated in diverse neurological disorders including epilepsy, movement, cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, precision medicine to treat BK channelopathy is lacking. Here we characterized a mouse model carrying a gain-of-function BK channelopathy D434G from a large family of patients with absence epilepsy and involuntary movement disorders. The BK-D434G mice resemble the clinical manifestations of absence seizures and exhibit severe motor defects. The hyperexcitability in BK-D434G cortical neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells underscores the neuronal mechanism of BK gain-of-function induced absence epilepsy and movement disorders. The effectiveness of a BK channel blocker on preventing absence seizures suggests that BK inhibition is a promising strategy to treat gain-of-function BK channelopathy.
The Evolution of Devices and Techniques in Endovascular Stroke Therapy

ABSTRACT This chapter discusses the evolution of devices and techniques in endovascular stroke therapy, beginning with the development of effective intra-arterial thrombolysis in the late 1990s. We discuss the subsequent rise of early mechanical devices such as the Merci Retriever and Penumbra System, which, despite culminating in a series of failed trials in 2013, set the stage for the modern thrombectomy era. These first-generation devices gave way to the stent retriever, which would change the standard of care for acute large vessel occlusion stroke following a series of landmark trials in 2015. Finally, we discuss the more recent establishment of aspiration thrombectomy as an alternative to stent retrievers, as well as current investigations into novel devices and techniques that might further improve patient outcomes. Throughout, attention is paid to the regulatory landscape and evidentiary standards that shaped the field during its development in order to better understand how lessons from this history can guide future studies.
DC faults in HVDC: Detection, identification, and handling

Abstract In the last decade, multiterminal HVDC (MTDC) systems have gained much attention as they represent the most economically effective solution to transfer bulk power over long distances. MTDC systems are HVDCs that consist of three or more terminals. This solution suits certain applications such as the large-scale integration of remote renewable sources and the interconnection of asynchronous AC regions. One of the most desirable features of meshed MTDC systems is the ability to increase the reliability of power transfer; for example, when a DC fault occurs in an MTDC system, there is a rapid fault propagation to the rest of the system, and the power transfer could be interrupted if measures are not taken. To provide alternative transmission paths, a proper overall protection system must be designed. Therefore the protection system for MTDC plays a fundamental role to minimize the impact of DC faults and warrants reliable power transfer in MTDC systems.
Perceived threats and the trade-off between security and human rights:

It is well established that exposure to threats causes citizens to prioritize security considerations and accept restrictions on civil liberties. Yet most studies on which these findings are based ...
Statistical Knowledge and Gambling Decisions

In the previous chapter, we analyzed insurance decisions and found that the nature of the decision rule (i.e., whether it is intuitive or calculative) affects choices. We also found that statistical knowledge has an effect on whether people base their decisions on intuition or calculation. Those who were familiar with statistics (particularly such concepts as expected value, random variable, and expected utility theory) were significantly more calculative (i.e., less intuitive) than were those who did not know any of these concepts.1
Alternative Splicing of the Latency-Related Transcript of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Yields RNAs Containing Unique Open Reading Frames

The latency-related transcript (LRT) of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is the only abundant viral RNA detected during latency. A previous study (A. Hossain, L. M. Schang, and C. Jones, J. Virol. 69:5345–5352, 1995) concluded that splicing of polyadenylated [poly(A)+] and splicing of nonpolyadenylated [poly(A)−] LRT are different. In this study, splice junction sites of LRT were identified. In trigeminal ganglia of acutely infected calves (1, 7, or 15 days postinfection [p.i.]) or in latently infected calves (60 days p.i.), alternative splicing of poly(A)+ LRT occurred. Productive viral gene expression in trigeminal ganglia is readily detected from 2 to 7 days p.i. but not at 15 days p.i. (L. M. Schang and C. Jones, J. Virol. 71:6786–6795, 1997), suggesting that certain aspects of a lytic infection occur in neurons and that these factors influence LRT splicing. Splicing of poly(A)− LRT was also detected in transfected COS-7 cells or infected MDBK cells. DNA sequence analysis of spliced LRT cDNAs, poly(A)+ or poly(A)−, revealed nonconsensus splice signals at exon/intron and intron/exon boundaries. The GC-AG splicing signal utilized by the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript in latently infected mice is also used by LRT in latently infected calves. Taken together, these results led us to hypothesize that (i) poly(A)+ LRT is spliced in trigeminal ganglia by neuron-specific factors, (ii) viral or virus-induced factors participate in splicing, and (iii) alternative splicing of LRT may result in protein isoforms which have novel biological properties.
858 Findings of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections in Infants Admited to a Level Iii Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

858 Findings of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections in Infants Admited to a Level Iii Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
ROSAT HRI and ASCA Observations of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 6946 and Its Northeast Complex of Luminous Supernova Remnants

Analysis of 80 ks ASCA (Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics) and 60 ks ROSAT HRI (High Resolution Image) observations of the face-on spiral galaxy NGC 6946 are presented. The ASCA image is the first observation of this galaxy above approximately 2 keV. Diffuse emission may be present in the inner approximately 4' extending to energies above approximately 2-3 keV. In the HRI data, 14 pointlike sources are detected, the brightest two being a source very close to the nucleus and a source to the northeast that corresponds to a luminous complex of interacting supernova remnants (SNRs). We detect a point source that lies approximately 30" west of the SNR complex but with a luminosity -1115 of the SNR complex. None of the point sources show evidence of strong variability; weak variability would escape our detection. The ASCA spectrum of the SNR complex shows evidence for an emission line at approximately 0.9 keV that could be either Ne IX at approximately 0.915 keV or a blend of ion stages of Fe L-shell emission if the continuum is fitted with a power law. However, a two-component, Raymond-Smith thermal spectrum with no lines gives an equally valid continuum fit and may be more physically plausible given the observed spectrum below 3 keV. Adopting this latter model, we derive a density for the SNR complex of 10-35 cm(exp -3), consistent with estimates inferred from optical emission-line ratios. The complex's extraordinary X-ray luminosity may be related more to the high density of the surrounding medium than to a small but intense interaction region where two of the complex's SNRs are apparently colliding.
Giardiasis: clinical spectrum and functional--structural abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa.

We studied 17 adult and 11 pediatric patients with giardiasis in order to examine the clinical spectrum and the functional-structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa. The most common clinical manifestations were diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal cramps, and, in children, failure to thrive. Giardiasis was frequently associated with hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) and intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (47% and 41% of adults, respectively). Malabsorption of D-xylose and vitamin B12 occurred in 55% and 60% of patients, respectively, steatorrhea in 64%, and hypocarotinemia and low serum folate in 36%. No or only slight mucosal abnormalities were present in pretreatment jejunal biopsies of 75% of those adults on whom biopsies were performed, whereas 25% (all with HGG) had marked inflammation and changes of the villus-crypt architecture. Marked structural changes were seen in 43% of subjects with HGG. Estimates of brush border enzymes showed a significant reduction in lactase, sucrose, and leucyl-naphthylamidase specific activity in about 80% of patients assayed, whereas maltase, isomaltase, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected. Five patients were studied prospectively and absorption tests and jejunal mucosal biopsies were repeated after treatment with metronidazole or quinacrine. Resolution of symptoms with restoration of the morphologic and functional abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa occurred after treatment in all but 1 patient. These observations indicate that Giardia cause brush border damage, which, is usually reversible with eradication of the parasite. Other factors, alone or in combination with Giardia, may be responsible for the cell damage beyond brush border injury found in some patients.
Bringing Everyday Mind Reading Into Everyday Life: Assessing Empathic Accuracy With Daily Diary Data

Individual differences in empathic accuracy (EA) can be assessed using daily diary methods as a complement to more commonly used lab-based behavioral observations. Using electronic dyadic diaries, we distinguished among elements of EA (i.e., accuracy in levels, scatter, and pattern, regarding both positive and negative moods) and examined them as phenomena at both the day and the person level. In a 3-week diary study of cohabiting partners, we found support for differentiating these elements. The proposed indices reflect differing aspects of accuracy, with considerable similarity among same-valenced accuracy indices. Overall there was greater accuracy regarding negative target moods than positive target moods. These methods and findings take the phenomenon of "everyday mindreading" (Ickes, 2003) into everyday life. We conclude by discussing empathic accuracies as a family of capacities for, or tendencies toward, accurate interpersonal sensitivity. Members of this family may have distinct associations with the perceiver's, target's, and relationship's well-being.
Some basic concepts for magnet coil design

In the united States and abroad there is intensive activity in thermonuclear research.1 A major part of this effort is directed toward containment, in strong magnetic fields, of plasma of the necessary high-particle energies, corresponding to temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees Kelvin. Magnetic field design in thermonuclear research has already been developed to a relatively broad field of electrical engineering.2 The purpose of this paper is to discuss some theorems which are of special interest for the design of large d-c magnet coils as used, for instance, in the DCX (d-c experiment) thermonuclear research program of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.3
Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E): Prognostic Marker and Potential Therapeutic Target

(eIF4E) is the rate-limiting factor for translation. eIF4E overexpression causes preferential translation of certain oncogenic mRNAs and is also involved in nuclear-cytoplasmic export and RNA processing. eIF4E overexpression enhances growth, proliferation and survival in vitro and has been shown to act as an oncogene in vivo. 2–4 In this prospective trial, Holm et al. 5 evaluated the prognostic role of eIF4E in node-negative breast cancer. The trial accrued 242 patients and eIF4E levels were classified based on previously defined tertile distribution: 14-fold elevation. The patients with high eIF4E had statistically higher rates of cancer recurrence and cancer-related death (P = 0.0001 and P £ 0.0001, respectively). In fact, for both endpoints, eIF4E expression was the only variable that predicted outcome on multivariate analysis. Most patients in the study received adjuvant chemotherapy, endocrine therapy or both, raising the possibility that eIF4E may modulate response to systemic therapy, and may be a predictor of response rather than prognostic factor per se. However, a subset of 57 patients did not receive any adjuvant systemic therapy, and in spite of the small sample size with limited number of events, patients with eIF4E overexpression in this subset had a statistically significantly higher rate of cancer recurrence and cancer death. This suggests that eIF4E overexpression is a bone fide prognostic
The effect of quinidine on tolerance to digoxin.

Abstract The infusion of quinidine hydrochloride does not significantly alter the mean lethal dose of digoxin in acute experiments in animals. In some dogs a reduction in tolerance to digoxin was observed with the sudden development of slow idioventricular rhythms and sinoatrial arrest. These data in acute experiments in the dog would appear to illustrate the potential danger of quinidine therapy for digitalis intoxication, and the failure of quinidine to protect against ectopic rhythms induced by digitalis.
Progestin stimulation of thymidine kinase in the human breast cancer cell line T74D

Abstract Our laboratory has previously reported that progestins stimulate growth of the human breast cancer cell line T47D. In an attempt to probe further into this stimulation, we are investigating progestin effects of thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21), an enzyme known to be involved in growth regulation. This report relates our finding that progestins stimulate thymidine kinase activity, at physiological progestin concentrations, in a dose-responsive manner. Estradiol-17β also stimulates, but testosterone, hydrocortisone and aldosterone do not. The antiprogestin RU486 inhibits progestin stimulation, but also stimulates on its own. Maximal by 24 h, the progestin stimulation then falls off with time. Experiments with actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggest that the thymidine kinase stimulation depends on new RNA and protein synthesis. These data shed further light on progestin stimulation of the growth of human breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of progestin stimulation of thymidine kinase in human breast cancer cells.
Tracking the historical development of biomedical engineering: the 1960s and 1970s

Biomedical engineering has evolved with unique multidisciplinary characteristics. In its lifespan this discipline has grown to encompass an ever-widening array of clinical, scientific, and engineering areas. This field offers a picture of an engineering science that has matured in an alternative direction from other scientific areas in the 20th century. This article proposes a historic research overview or matrix (3D) of biomedical engineering in the 1960s and 1970s. A derivative methodology is presented that was utilized to create this matrix. The immediate goals are to see what practitioners of that time were defining as biomedical engineering and the nature of its expansion. The primary concern of this preliminary assessment is to determine the general direction of research for the early community. The disciplinary or institutional organization of this body of knowledge is also an important key. While other questions about the dynamics of the community are also important, the first step is to understand the types of problems that were focused on.
Corrections for the polarization-dependent efficiency and new neutron-proton analyzing power data at 7.6 MeV

We present new corrections for the polarization-dependent efficiency (PDE), which introduces a false asymmetry into measurements of $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ analyzing power ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ caused by double scattering in the neutron side detectors. To accomplish this, we created a new database of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$(\mathrm{nP\vec},n)$ ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ by using a combination of fits to data, phase-shift analysis, and $R$-matrix analysis. Our recorrection for PDE of previously reported $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ data at 7.6 and 12.0 MeV and new data at 7.6 MeV indicate that we have achieved a superior representation of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$(\mathrm{nP\vec},n)$. Our results continue to suggest a possible charge dependence of the pion-nucleon coupling constant.
Effects of forage level in broiler litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate in Holstein steers at different live weights

Abstract Sixteen Holstein steers were used in a split-plot experiment to determine influences of dietary inclusion of broiler litter and level of forage in litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate at different body weights. Body weight (BW) at the end of four 3 week periods, separated by periods of 3 weeks or more, was 151 ± 2.3, 190 ± 3.1, 252 ± 3.7 and 298 ± 3.8 kg in Period 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. All steers consumed approximately 1% BW (dry matter) of ground corn; bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) hay (76% neutral detergent fiber) was consumed ad libitum (Control) or at 0.3 (L), 0.6 (M) or 0.9% BW (H; dry matter); and L, M and H steers consumed ad libitum deep-stacked broiler litter (29% crude protein, 19% ash and 43% neutral detergent fiber). Intake of organic matter (OM) was increased ( P −1 for Control, L, M and H, respectively). Digestible OM intake did not differ between Control and litter diets but increased linearly ( P −1 for Control, L, M and H, respectively; SE 0.067). Particulate passage rate for Yb-labeled hay was greater ( P P = 0.05) as hay level in litter diets increased (3.45, 5.42, 4.31 and 4.85% h −1 for Control, L, M and H, respectively). In conclusion, optimal forage level in broiler litter-based diets for high digestible OM intake by growing Holstein steers appeared to be at least 0.6% BW (i.e. 15% of dry matter intake).
Phenology and reproductive biology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) at Bahia Kino, sea of Cortez, Mexico

Abstract At Bahia Kino, Mexico, seeds of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) germinate in October and early November. By January seedlings are widespread throughout the area. A very rapid vegetative growth ensues. By March all eelgrass at the depth limit (7 m) is flowering; and most is flowering in shallow water (low tide to 4 m depth). In April all plants are in flower; a few plants display mature seeds. Windrows of detached plants occur on the beaches. In May all reproductive plants have mature seeds, and few attached plants remain. In July all eelgrass in the area has disappeared. All reproductive activities and plant detachment are completed before the lethal upper limit for the species is reached (30°C). Thus, eelgrass at Bahia Kino is a true annual and represents an ultimate response to high water temperatures.
EFFECT OF A TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE PARTON MODEL.

The parton model for the inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering is generalized to include a realistic momentum distribution of the partons. In this formalism each parton is given a component of momentum which is orthogonal in a four-vector sense to the nucleon momentum. An approximation scheme is developed to take into account the effect of this orthogonal (transverse) momentum distribution of the partons. It is found to generate an additional scale-invariant contribution to the structure function $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}(\ensuremath{\nu}, {Q}^{2})$ as well as a non-scale-invariant contribution, as is expected. The scale-invariance-breaking term is found to be a power series in $\frac{{Q}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}}$ and vanishes as $\ensuremath{\nu}$ or ${Q}^{2}$ goes to infinity for a fixed $\ensuremath{\omega}=\frac{2M\ensuremath{\nu}}{{Q}^{2}}$. The effect of the transverse momentum distribution is explicitly displayed and discussed for a few momentum distribution functions. The data on inelastic $e\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering are then analyzed for any significant deviations from scale invariance, and it is concluded that there is evidence for such deviations. On the assumption that the systematic errors in the data are small, we make some fits which display the dependence on ${Q}^{2}$. Finally, an attempt is made to fit the data with the formalism developed in the initial part of the paper. For this purpose use is made of a model for the partons, proposed previously by the authors to explain the data in the approximation that scale invariance is satisfied. Some comments are made on the properties of partons which are necessary to fit the data and on the present status of scale-invariance breaking.
Compartmental biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody against human lung adenocarcinoma grown in athymic mice.

Abstract The biodistribution of the radioiodinated monoclonal antibody KS 1 4 and of its F(ab) and F(ab′)2 fragments were studied in tumor-bearing nude mice. Intravenous administration of the intact antibody resulted in the highest tumor retention and tumor/blood ratios. No metabolites or antigen-antibody conjugates were detectable, in serum, by HPLC analyses. Reasonable correlations were obtained between the estimated time-course of KS 1 4 and experimental biodistribution data using an eight-compartment linear radiopharmacokinetic model, suggesting that such models may be useful in predicting the biodistribution and effective targeting of this monoclonal antibody.
The domain model for heterogeneous catalysis

Abstract A domain theory inspired by non-uniformity of catalytic surfaces is introduced and a rigorous mathematical formulation is presented. This new analysis allows the classification of hysteresis systems into two distinct classes with qualitatively different behaviors for the first time. Heretofore unexplainable behaviors such as multistage extinction process, “memory” effects during induction period and discontinuous hysteresis can now be accounted for by the theory. Predicted hysteresis behaviors in an oscillating scan experiment, which has never been carried out, are also delineated by the theory. The classifications, verifications and predictions facilitated by the present formulation enhance the understanding of underlying system nonlinearities which are the origins of hysteresis as well as oscillatory and aperiodic dynamic behaviors.
Rice hull ash adsorbent performance under commercial soy oil bleaching conditions

Rice hull silica and a rice hull carbon ash were evaluated as adsorbents for the soy oil bleaching process under commercial temperature and pressure conditions. Their performance in adsorbing pigment, phospholipid, free fatty acids, and peroxides was compared with that of a commercial bleaching clay and silica hydrogel. With the exception of phospholipid binding, rice hull-derived adsorbents were ineffective. Rice hull silica showed potential as a phospholipid adsorbent but was not as effective as the synthetic silica hydrogel on an adsorbent weight basis. However, it was a superior adsorbent when the data were expressed as adsorbate bound per unit surface area. The low surface area of the rice hull silica limits its commercial viability. It may have value in areas of the world where rice hulls are plentiful and an inexpensive phospholipid adsorbent is required for oil processing. Research is in progress to increase the surface area of rice hull silica for commercial oil processing.
STOVL Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control: Current Successes and Remaining Challenges

This paper will focus in the area of Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control development issues and challenges that were addressed during the Concept Demonstration Phase of the Joint Strike Fighter Program. The JSF program is developing a family of vehicles using a performance -based specification as opposed to traditional flying qualities specification requirements. A review of this procurement philosophy along with the strengths and weaknesses of this process will be explored. Also, large strides were accomplished in Advanced STOVL Control concepts, modeling of both propulsion system and it’s interaction on the airframe aerodynamics, which affect the control of the vehicle. This paper will highlight successes in these areas as well as discuss where there are avenues for future investigations and research.
Spin-frustrated organic-inorganic hybrids of lindgrenite.

We report the syntheses and magnetic properties of hybrid organic−inorganic materials that represent layer-expanded versions of the rare mineral lindgrenite (Cu3(OH)2(MoO4)2). The structures of these compounds feature one-dimensional chains of alternating corner- and edge-sharing Cu(II) triangles. By expanding the inorganic layers of lindgrenite with 4,4‘-bipyridine, spin-frustrated antiferromagnetism is revealed by a change of the spin frustration parameter f from 1.2 in lindgrenite to 19.4 in (4,4‘-bpy)Cu3(OH)2(MoO4)2.
Urinary Excretion of Steroid Metabolites after Chronic Androstenedione Ingestion

Urinary steroid excretion after androstenedione intake has been examined after a single dose of 50 mg and single doses of 100 or 300 mg/d for 7 d. We evaluated the effects of 28 d of 100 mg three times a day (t.i.d.) androstenedione intake on urinary steroid excretion. Twenty healthy men, ages 30-39 yr (33.5 +/- 0.6), consumed 100 mg androstenedione t.i.d. or placebo for 28 d. Urine samples were analyzed for testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, and etiocholanolone via HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry on d 0 and 28. Androstenedione intake increased (P 6.0) for a positive drug test. Chronic intake of 100 mg androstenedione t.i.d. increases the urinary excretion of steroid metabolites. Due to inconsistent increases in the T/E ratio, the T/E ratio may not effectively detect androstenedione use.
Sex Differences in Socialization and Family Dynamics of Female and Male Heroin Users

This article examines gender differences in socialization experiences and family dynamics of heroin addicted women and men. While problems do exist in the families of drug addicts, these data indicate a lack of severe pathology in family functioning. However, the existing familial conflicts suggest important gender differences in retrospective perceptions. Initial drug use for women was more closely related to interpersonal affiliative issues. Women who use heroin are more likely to seek out an addict peer group because of poor self-image and as a reaction to an unhappy family situation. Men, in contrast, experienced the greatest difficulty in their early years with extra-familial forces, such as school, poverty and peers. Peer group activity was a more important influence on the male addicts' initial drug use. Men were also significantly more likely to report using alcohol and illegal drugs for peer acceptance. Both groups described their mothers more positively than their fathers, with men reporting the most postitve attitudes towards mother. Both addicted men and women need assistance in working through early relationships and in developing realistic vocational goals. These results also indicate the need for family members to participate in drug rehabilitation.
Parenting services for mothers involved with child protective services: Do they change maternal parenting and spanking behaviors with young children?

Abstract The most common service provided to parents involved with Child Protective Services (CPS) is parenting training. Nevertheless, most of the programs currently in use with CPS families lack empirical research documenting the effect of parenting training. Moreover, studies of these programs lack observational data with independent reports about changes in parent–child behaviors. Using a nationally representative sample of families investigated by CPS, the authors assessed whether parenting training was related to changes in parenting practices 18 months after training, controlling for maternal, child, and family characteristics. Mothers who received parenting services were compared with mothers who did not receive services even though they had a similar need for services as determined by Propensity Score Matching. This study found some modest benefits in maternal responsiveness and total parenting scores for mothers of 3- to 5-year-old children when these mothers received parenting services, as compared with mothers that did not receive parenting services. However, these findings could not be confirmed with multivariate analysis. These results parallel previous findings that parent training obtained through the Child Welfare System lacks the requisite features to significantly change parenting practices, and they highlight the need for cohesive, national, evidence-based effective parenting training for families involved with CPS.
Approaches to the Fully Functionalized DEF Ring System of Ristocetin A via Highly Selective Ruthenium-Promoted SNAr Reaction

Ruthenium-promoted intramolecular SNAr reaction has allowed the construction of the fully functionalized 16-membered DEF macrocycle 4 of ristocetin A that incorporates the required arylglycine and arylserine residues as the F and E ring, respectively.
IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), an RNA virus related to the flaviviruses and pestiviruses, is characterized by a predominance of infections lasting lifelong. Only about 20% to 30% of infections terminate after the acute phase.6 Hepatitis C virus infections exist in humans throughout the world, with the prevalence of chronic infection in adults varying from 0.5% to as high as 25% (in Egypt).'T2r4 The number of chronically HCVinfected people has been estimated as between 200 and 700 million. These estimates are not exact, because the actual prevalence remains unknown in large parts of the world. The medical importance of HCV infection is primarily the risk of development of cirrhosis and liver cancer in persons with chronic infections.31, 4o It has been estimated that about 25% of chronic carriers who live for at least 20 years after infection will develop cirrhosis, and that 1% to 4% of those with cirrhosis will develop hepatocellular carcinoma annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma has been estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be the world's most common cancer, accounting for more than 18% of all cancers worldwide. An epidemic of HCV infection occurred in Japan after World War I1 because of the introduction of parenterally administered antibiotics without the availability of disposable needles and syringes and also because of widespread pulmonary surgery for tuberculosis requiring massive transfusions. Twenty to 30 years later, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma increased two- to threefold, and the proportion of cases which
GRB spectral turnover and the saturated Compton cooling model

We revisit the dierent physical interpretations of the spectral break in GRB continuum and the low en- ergy turnover, especially at the beginning of pulses. We ar- gue that optically thin synchrotron emission can be ruled out in many cases. Alternative models are discussed. We then concentrate on one paricularly attractive model: sat- urated Comptonization of soft photons. We summarize the various predictions of this model and highlight the critical tests of this model that may be provided by existing and future data.
Phase-Shifting Interferometry and Maximum-Likelihood Estimation Theory. II. A Generalized Solution.

A novel means of quantitatively assessing the performance of a phase-shifting interferometer is further investigated. We show how maximum-likelihood estimation theory can be used to estimate the surface profile from the general case of M noisy, phase-shifted measurements. Monte Carlo experiments show that the maximum-likelihood estimator is unbiased and efficient, achieving the theoretical Cramer–Rao lower bound on the variance of the error. We then use Monte Carlo experiments to compare the performance of the maximum-likelihood estimator with that of two conventional algorithms.
Generic dark matter signature for gamma-ray telescopes

We describe a characteristic signature of dark matter (DM) annihilation or decay into gamma rays. We show that if the total angular momentum of the initial DM particle(s) vanishes, and helicity suppression operates to prevent annihilation/decay into light fermion pairs, then the amplitude for the dominant 3-body final state ${f}^{+}{f}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ has a unique form dictated by gauge invariance. This amplitude and the corresponding energy spectra hold for annihilation of DM Majorana fermions or self-conjugate scalars, and for decay of DM scalars, thus encompassing a variety of possibilities. Within this scenario, we analyze Fermi LAT, PAMELA, and HESS data, and predict a hint in future Fermi gamma-ray data that portends a striking signal at atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes.
Direct Demonstration of Instabilities in Oxygen Concentrations within the Extravascular Compartment of an Experimental Tumor

To test the hypothesis that temporal variations in microvessel red cell flux cause unstable oxygen levels in tumor interstitium, extravascular oxygenation of R3230Ac mammary tumors grown in skin-fold window chambers was measured using recessed tip polarographic microelectrodes. Red cell fluxes in microvessels surrounding pO2 measurement locations were measured using fluorescently labeled red cells. Temporal pO2 instability was observed in all experiments. Median pO2 was inversely related to radial distance from microvessels. Transient fluctuations above and below 10 mm Hg were consistently seen, except in one experiment near the oxygen diffusion distance limit (140 μm) where pO2 fluctuations were
Potentiation of opioid — Induced cataracts by catecholamines injected into the mouse brain

The cataractogenic effect of parenteral levorphanol was increased by the injection of catecholamines into the mouse brain. Although l-epinephrine potentiated this effect most strongly, the potency of dl-isoproterenol unexpectedly equaled that of l-norepinephrine. Phenoxybenzamine, however, blocked the effect of l-norepinephrine, whereas pronethalol failed to inhibit dl-isoproterenol. That dl-isoproterenol may act indirectly is supported by the finding that treatment of the mouse with reserpine blocked the potentiation induced by dl-isoproterenol but did not inhibit the action of the pressor catecholamines.
Comparison of Soil Washing Using Conventional Surfactant Solutions and Colloidal Gas Aphron Suspensions

Abstract Surfactants have proven to be an effective way of augmenting the removal and mobilization of organics from contaminated soil. A more recent and innovative technology to aid the removal of contaminants from soil is the use of colloidal gas aphron (CGA) suspensions. The performance of CGAs and surfactant solutions in washing soils contaminated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) was investigated and compared with the process of washing soils with aqueous solutions of surfactants as in conventional surfactant flushing. In general it was observed that there was no significant difference in the performance of the two processes of soil washing for a highly soluble compound like 2,4-D. However, the surfactant consumption per gram of 2,4-D recovered from the soil was higher for conventional washing than for CGA solutions. CGAs also had a significant advantage over surfactant solutions in that at low flow rates, the pumping of CGAs showed lower pressure drops across the soil column.
Strain in YBCO Double-Pancake Coil With Stainless Steel Overband Under External Magnetic Field

This paper deals with the mechanical strain issue in a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) insert for a GHz-class (> 23.5 T) LTS/HTS NMR magnet. We present results, experimental and analytical, of hoop strains in a double-pancake (DP) test coil, wound with 6-mm wide YBCO coated conductor (CC) and equipped with strain gauges at their innermost and outermost turns. To keep the YBCO CC to within a 95% Ic retention, the conductor tensile strain must be limited to 0.6%. To satisfy this strain limit in our test DP coil, we wrapped 0.08-mm thick, 6-mm wide stainless steel strip over its outermost turn of an 4.8-mm overband radial build deemed sufficient by our stress analysis based on force equilibrium and generalized Hooke's law with plane stress approximation. A control test DP coil, actually the same test DP coil, without overbanding, was run under the same experimental condition. In each case the test DP coil was energized up to 350 A at 4.2 K in a background field of 4 T. We report the experiment and analysis, with discussion on the merit of overbanding as a means to limit hoop strain in high-field HTS inserts.
OH-initiated oxidation of sub-micron unsaturated fatty acid particles.

The heterogeneous reaction of OH radicals with sub-micron unsaturated fatty acid particles in the presence of H2O2 and O2 is studied to explore how surface OH addition reactions initiate chain reactions that rapidly transform the chemical composition of an organic particle. In the presence of 20.7 ppm [H2O2] in a 10% mixture of O2 in N2, the effective uptake coefficients of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid are found to be 1.72 ± 0.08, 3.75 ± 0.18 and 5.73 ± 0.14, respectively. These effective uptake coefficients are larger than unity, providing clear evidence for particle-phase secondary chain chemistry. The effective uptake coefficient increases linearly with the number of CC double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acid molecule. Elemental composition analysis reveals that there is an addition of, on average, 0.57 ± 0.02, 0.61 ± 0.01 and 0.73 ± 0.04 O atoms per reactive loss of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, respectively, which suggests that OH addition to the CC double bond is not the sole reaction pathway that consumes the molecular species. These results suggest the potential presence of secondary reactions that consume the unsaturated fatty acid molecular species without increasing the particulate oxygen content. As the unsaturated fatty acid particles become more oxygenated, volatilization also becomes significant. The magnitudes of the effective uptake coefficients are found to be dependent on the concentrations of OH, O2 and H2O2 in the flow reactor. A plausible reaction mechanism is presented to show how surface OH addition reactions initiate chain reactions that rapidly transform an unsaturated organic particle's physicochemical properties.
Estimating seasonal values of thermal diffusivity in thawed and frozen soils using temperature time series

Abstract Various methods have been developed to estimate the thermal diffusivity in soils from temperature time series, but all have limitations. The method described here is designed to obtain a bulk estimate of thermal diffusivity representative of the soil column during a season, or period of around three months. Hourly precision temperature measurements were recorded between August 1993 and August 1994 at eight probes in the active layer and near-surface permafrost at two sites in northern Alaska. Hourly temperature changes were calculated during the period when the soil was thawed, and used to compute the average temperature change rate (°C h−1) at each probe level. The diffusivity was estimated by relating the rates at each level using the ratio amplitude method. Bulk values for the thawed soils above permafrost were 1.5 and 2.1 × 10−7 m2 S−1 at Happy Valley and Barrow, respectively. Several strategies were employed to verify the methodology. The results indicate that this method is most effective in the upper part of the soil column in summer where hourly temperature variations are fairly large. Thermal diffusivity has strong time and depth dependence. By reducing this inherent variability to a single value representing the thawed soil column over the entire season, information is lost. However, it does provide an estimate as input for modeling active layer thaw at high latitudes given similar soils, vegetation cover and topography.