cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Underestimation of Pupil Size by Critical Care and Neurosurgical Nurses

BACKGROUND Early detection of pupillary changes in patients with head injuries can alert the care team to increasing intracranial pressure. Previous research has shown inconsistencies in pupil measurement that are most likely due to the subjective nature of measuring pupils without the assistance of technology. OBJECTIVES To evaluate nurses' abilities to assess pupil diameter accurately and detect unequal pupils. METHODS In a 3-part study, the accuracy of critical care and neurosurgical nurses' assessments of pupils was determined. The study included assessment of drawings of eyes with an iris and pupil, examination of photographs of human eyes, and bedside examination of patients with a head injury. RESULTS Subjective assessments of pupil diameter and symmetry were not accurate. Across all phases of the study, pupil diameters were underestimated and the rate of error increased as pupil size increased. Nurses also failed to detect anisocoria and misidentified pupil reactivity. In addition, nearly all nurses relied on subjective estimation, even when tools were available. CONCLUSIONS Critical care and neurosurgical nurses underestimated pupil size, were unable to detect anisocoria, and incorrectly assessed pupil reactivity. Standardized use of pupil assessment tools such as a pupillometer is necessary to increase accuracy and consistency in pupil measurement and to potentially contribute to earlier detection of subtle changes in pupils. If pupillary changes are identified early, diagnostic and treatment intervention can be delivered in a more timely and effective manner.
Analysis of the Advantages and Key Techniques Disadvantages of Big Tree Transplant for City Afforestation

As a way of quick landscaping,transplant of big tree was widely used in city afforestation.It has effects on quick landscaping to a certain degree.At the same time,it also brought us many ecological and economical problems.This article analysed the advantages and disadvantages of transplant of big tree,it also summarized the key techniques in transplant movement,the management after transplant,and how to make the maximization of ecological and economical utility.
Vasopressin resistance in potassium depletion: role of Na-K pump.

Resistance to the hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin has been described in K depletion. It is not clear whether other effects of vasopressin, notably its effects on the Na-K pump in the collecting duct, are similarly affected. Adrenalectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to either a normal K (NK) or low-K (LK) diet. Na-K pump activity (pmol.mm-1.h-1) in cortical collecting duct (CCD) and medullary collecting duct (MCD) was determined at 21 days after allocation to the dietary groups before and after exogenous vasopressin (0.1 U twice daily for 3 days). In animals on NK diet, vasopressin (AVP) led to a doubling of Na-K pump activity in the CCD from 502 +/- 47 to 1,144 +/- 41 pmol.mm-1.h-1 (P < 0.01). In K-depleted animals, which had a higher baseline Na-K pump activity, an increase was also observed from 1,056 +/- 97 to 1,239 +/- 65 pmol.mm-1.h-1 (P < 0.05), but this increase was quantitatively less, with the change being 183 vs. 642 pmol.mm-1.h-1 in K-replete rats. The findings in the MCD were...
Systematic Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy After Negative Digitally Directed Prostate Biopsy

The diagnostic accuracy of digitally directed prostate biopsies was evaluated by performing systematic ultrasound guided biopsies on 44 patients who had previously had a negative prostate biopsy by systematic digitally directed technique. All 44 patients still had palpable abnormalities. Core biopsies (2 to 4) were obtained from each lateral lobe of the prostate with 2 additional cores directed at hypoechoic lesions. Only 4 of the 44 ultrasound directed biopsies (9.1%) were positive for cancer. These results confirm the postulate that random systematic digitally directed biopsy is highly accurate in making the diagnosis of prostate cancer. They also suggest that performing biopsies in a systematic pattern is more important than the method used to guide the biopsy needle.
Simulations of Adsorption of CO 2 and CH 4 in MOFs: Effect of the Size and Charge Distribution on the Selectivity

Using the method of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo we have computed the adsorption of CO2 and CH4 in MOFs with a periodic cubic structure. We used a model of the MOF that allows systematic variations in the charge distribution, size and LJ parameters. We estimated the selectivity of CO2 over CH4 for different temperatures in MOFs with various sizes and charge distributions. The results show that inserting dipoles at the corners of the MOF’s unit cell would increase the selectivity of CO2; on the other hand adding quadrupoles to the structure is ineffective. The size of the cell strongly affects the adsorption of CO2 and selectivity: compressing the cell in only 10 % significantly increases the selectivity; expanding the cell by 20 % reduces it. Regarding thermal effects, we estimated that the selectivity drops from 250 to 2 when the temperature rises from 120 K to 300 K. Although this model is inspired by the IRMOF-1, which has a cubic unit cell, it can be adapted to represent other MOFs with noncubic structures by modifying the geometry accordingly. This work implies that MOFs suit gas separation.
Conclusions: Implications for Third-World Disarmament

Military expenditures undoubtedly absorb resources which are substantial enough to make a considerable difference both in the level of investment for civil purposes and in the volume of resources which can be devoted to improving man’s lot through social and other services. There is no doubt that a transfer of resources from military to civil uses would provide further possibilities for an increase in the rate of economic growth.1 This judgement is made in a 1972 United Nations report entitled: Economic and Social Consequences of the Arms Race and of Military Expenditures. ‘If there were no arms race’, the report concludes, ‘trade and other exchanges would most certainly be easier. One major effect of the arms race and military expenditure has been to reduce the priority given to aid in the policies of donor countries.’2 This logic has characterized the United Nations’ approach to disarmament over the years.3
Natural gradients for state and output feedback control

Policy gradient methods for approximate optimal control and reinforcement learning fix parameterized form of the controller and then perform gradient descent on the cost-to-go function. In reinforcement learning for stochastic state-feedback problems, it has been shown that the natural gradient of the cost-to-go function can be approximated via samples of the state and step-cost, using no information about the plant model. There, the natural gradient is the gradient with respect to the Riemannian metric defined by the Fisher information matrix of the controller parameters. We give a general method for approximating the natural gradient for nonlinear output-feedback stochastic control problems with dynamic controllers. For linear systems, we give explicit formulas to compute the natural gradient when plant matrices are known, in both state and output feedback cases.
Development of a psycho-educational support program for individuals with primary progressive aphasia and their care-partners:

Primary progressive aphasia is a language-based dementia that initially spares other cognitive domains; however, aphasia interferes with many life roles such as work and interpersonal relationships. Psycho-educational programs, such as support groups have been shown to be effective for persons with Alzheimer's dementia; however, little is known regarding their effectiveness for persons with primary progressive aphasia. This paper describes the development of a program that offers support, education and activities for persons with primary progressive aphasia and their care-partners and its feasibility. Development and structure of pilot and formal intervention groups are described. Thematic analysis of both groups included the following themes: (1) coping with limitations and language decline; (2) dealing with increased dependency; (3) expressing resilience and making adaptations; (4) experiencing stigma (pilot group) and confronting stigma (intervention group); (5) experiencing self-confidence; and (6) feeling a sense of belonging. The knowledge gained from this process may be useful in designing programs for individuals with aphasic dementia and preserved insight. Evidence-based data from supportive interventions for persons with primary progressive aphasia and their care-partners are needed.
Towards collaboration between unmanned aerial and ground vehicles for precision agriculture

This paper presents the work being conducted at Cal Poly Pomona on the collaboration between unmanned aerial and ground vehicles for precision agriculture. The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), equipped with multispectral/hyperspectral cameras and RGB cameras, take images of the crops while flying autonomously. The images are post processed or can be processed onboard. The processed images are used in the detection of unhealthy plants. Aerial data can be used by the UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for various purposes including care of crops, harvest estimation, etc. The images can also be useful for optimized harvesting by isolating low yielding plants. These vehicles can be operated autonomously with limited or no human intervention, thereby reducing cost and limiting human exposure to agricultural chemicals. The paper discuss the autonomous UAV and UGV platforms used for the research, sensor integration, and experimental testing. Methods for ground truthing the results obtained from the UAVs will be used. The paper will also discuss equipping the UGV with a robotic arm for removing the unhealthy plants and/or weeds.
A Comparison of Three Response-Elimination Procedures Following Vr Training with Institutionalized, Moderately Retarded Individuals

The present experiment attempted to assess the relative response-eliminating efficacy of extinction training, omission training, and graduated omission training following VR training with 30 institutionalized, moderately retarded males. The results indicated that graduated omission training led to significantly greater and more rapid response deceleration than either extinction training or omission training. In addition, extinction training was significantly more efficient in eliminating responding than omission training. The latter finding was not in accord with a majority of previous investigations. It was suggested that the presentation of reinforcement during omission training served as a discriminative stimulus for response resumption.
Introduction to Probability

The course is attended by a large number of undergraduate and graduate students with diverse backgrounds. Acccordingly, we have tried to strike a balance between simplicity in exposition and sophistication in analytical reasoning. Some of the more mathematically rigorous analysis has been just sketched or intuitively explained in the text, so that complex proofs do not stand in the way of an otherwise simple exposition. At the same time, some of this analysis and the necessary mathematical results are developed (at the level of advanced calculus) in theoretical problems, which are included at the end of the corresponding chapter. The theoretical problems (marked by *) constitute an important component of the text, and ensure that the mathematically oriented reader will find here a smooth development without major gaps.
Cultural Immersion Trip to Southeast Asia: A Study of Cross-Cultural Intelligence.

The primary purpose of this article is to demonstrate the execution of a successful short- term study trip to Southeast Asia and its influence on a student’s cultural intelligence. This article dis...
Abstract TP324: Mild Cognitive Impairment and Treatment for Ischemic Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and serious morbidity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), many of whom will not progress to dementia. It is unclear whether patients with pre-existing MCI (without dementia) get evidence-based treatments for CVD less often than patients without MCI. We compared treatment for acute ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between MCI patients and cognitively normal patients in a nationally representative sample. Methods: Prospective study of patients aged ≥65 years hospitalized with ischemic stroke (n=517) or AMI (n=509) from the Health and Retirement Study and Medicare data from 2000-2011. We compared receipt of CVD process measures (Table) within 12 months of the stroke or AMI hospitalization from Medicare claims between subjects with pre-existing MCI (modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status [TICS-m] score, 7-11, a valid measure of MCI) and those with normal cognition (TICS-m score, 12-27), and used logistic regression to adjust associations for age, sex, race, education, number of preexisting functional limitations, and comorbidity. Results: Compared with cognitively normal patients, patients with pre-existing MCI were significantly less likely to receive all 3 AMI process measures, and they got stroke process measures less frequently but results were not statistically significant (Table). MCI patients were less likely than cognitively normal patients to receive any post-MI revascularization (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33-0.88), but not the other CVD process measures, after adjustment (Table). Conclusion: Older MCI patients less frequently got process measures for AMI and ischemic stroke compared with cognitively normal patients. Patient factors explain some but not all of this reduced use. We need to better understand decision making for CVD treatment in older MCI patients and reasons for treatment differences.
Sources of distress among patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer: a qualitative study.

Abstract Background Distress is common among cancer and surgical patients and can lead to worse outcomes if untreated. The objective of this study was to explore sources of distress among colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery. Materials and methods This was a qualitative study using in-depth, semistructured, one-on-one interviews in an academic setting. Patients were recruited if they had a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer. Purposive sampling was used to recruit patients who were about to undergo (preoperative), or had recently undergone (postoperative), curative resection for colorectal cancer. Results All participants (n = 24) reported experiencing distress during treatment. Participants identified sources of distress preoperatively (negative emotional reaction to diagnosis, distress from preconception of cancer diagnosis, and distress interacting with healthcare system). Sources of distress during in-hospital recovery included negative emotional reaction to having a surgery and negative emotions experienced in the hospital. Postoperative sources of distress included mismatch of expectations and experience of recovery, dealing with distressing physical symptoms and complications after surgery, and distress worrying about recurrence. Participants identified other sources of distress that were not time-specific (distress related to social support network, from disruption of life, and worrying about death). Conclusions Our results highlight a potential role for a comprehensive screening program to identify which patients require assistance with addressing sources of distress during the surgical experience. Understanding how sources of distress may vary by time will help us tailor interventions at different time points of the surgical experience.
Size Characterization of EOR Polymers in Solution

To be successful in the flooding processes used in enhanced oil recovery, polymer molecules must have large hydrodynamic size in aqueous solution. Large hydrodynamic size permits high aqueous solution viscosity at low polymer concentrations. When high polymer concentrations are required to enhance solution viscosity reservoir flooding is not economically attractive. Typical flooding processes use polymer solutions having concentrations of one-half to one gram per liter (500 to 1000 ppm). At these concentrations, solution viscosities from 5 to 10 times that of water must be obtained for sufficient mobility control during flooding.
Diagnostic Imaging of Primary Pediatric Brain Tumors

Pediatric brain tumors are the most common type of solid tumor among children, the second most frequent childhood malignancy after leukemia [1], and the leading cause of death from solid tumors in this population. The incidence of brain tumors in children younger than 20 years of age was 27.4 cases per million children according to the NCI’s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer statistics reported in 2004 [2]. Approximately 9% of tumors included in the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) were diagnosed in children under the age of 20 [3].
Applications of emotion theory and research to stereotyping and intergroup relations.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses applications of emotion theory and research to stereotyping and intergroup relations. Specific emotions are associated with a limited number of general antecedents and related behaviors and are shared generally across situations and cultures. For example, fear is usually preceded by a stimulus that is considered dangerous and is typically followed by an escape behavior. This script-like nature of emotions may reflect a set of emotion-specific circuits in the brain. The identification of specific emotions that characterize the aspects of intergroup relations may point to particular features of the situation that elicit those emotions. The prediction of behavior toward others in intergroup settings is a core problem for this area of research; therefore, the study of emotions in such settings should improve behavioral prediction. Exclusive consideration of the cognitive basis of intergroup attitudes also neglects the potential benefit of tailoring attempts to change attitudes to features of their initial source. Newer attitudes that primarily have emotional origins are more impervious to influence by persuasive appeals that rely on rational argumentation than those that are more affectively based.
Moral Disagreements and Their Resolution

Considering the amount of moral discussion that goes on almost interminably, it might appear that making moral decisions ought not to be too difficult and that moral disagreements should be easily resolvable. Yet it is terribly clear that just the opposite is the case. Making moral decisions remains an extraordinarily difficult task at times and moral controversies rage on without anyone being able to offer a solution. Is it or is it not immoral to segregate Negroes? One would think this a simple question, easily answered. Yet unless one wants to “poison the wells” in the discussion there are honest people on both sides of the issue. Is one who believes war immoral making a moral decision that “holds water” or is he simply deluded? Again, there are people who believe war always immoral and some who do not. These are perhaps large issues, but the same basic disagreement and controversy rages between persons over lesser problems and often in one’s own soul.
RegMIL: Phenotype Classification from Metagenomic Data

Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have paved the way for Metagenomics; defined as the collective sequencing of co-existing microbial communities in a host environment. Several researchers and clinicians have embarked on studying the role of these microbes with respect to human health and diseases, whereas others are using metagenomics to monitor the impact of external factors (e.g., Gulf oil spill) on ecosystems. Lack of accurate and efficient analytical methods is an impediment for the identification of the function and presence of microbial organism within different clinical samples, reducing our ability to elucidate the microbial-host interactions and discover novel therapeutics. In this paper, we present a Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) based computational pipeline to predict clinical phenotype from metagenomic data. We use data from well-known metagenomic studies of Liver Cirrhosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) to evaluate our approach. We show that our proposed pipeline outperforms comparative MIL as well as non-MIL methods.
Hydration for Athletic Performance

Abstract Optimal fluid intake before, during, between, and after physical activity is a multifactorial problem that relies on many influences. As relative exercise intensity and duration increases, water loss from the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments increases, potentially placing exercise performance at risk. As endurance exercise initiates, greater competition for blood flow exists between skeletal muscle and skin due to increased muscular demand for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal and the need to dissipate metabolically produced heat, respectively. Compounding sweat losses can reduce blood volume, exacerbating cardiovascular strain and diminishing total body water, which decreases the body's ability to dissipate heat effectively. Within anaerobic exercise, suboptimal hydration or total body water can negatively impact short duration, high-intensity activity, although a physiological mechanism remains unclear. To optimize performance, endurance athletes should use personal sweat rate information specific to the goal exercise intensity and competition environment when designing individualized hydration plans. Perceived thirst can play a role in fluid intake volume but should not be the sole modulator of intake before, during, or after exercise. These guidelines are designed with the intention of limiting total body water loss to less than 2% of body mass, while minimizing the chance of excessive water consumption, which is a risk factor for developing potentially life-threatening hyponatremia. Athletes and scientists alike can monitor hydration status using urinary, hematological, perceptual, and/or anthropomorphic techniques.
The Effect of Prior Tennis Experience on Wheelchair Tennis Players’ Visual Search

The purpose of this study was to examine whether prior biped tennis playing experience results in different visual search strategies compared with no prior biped playing experience. A total of 32 wheelchair (WC) tennis players, 17 males and 15 females, ranked between 1 and 16 on the International Tennis Federation rankings participated in this study. Half the players had prior experience playing tennis as a biped player, and half had no prior experience in biped tennis. The athletes viewed 18 different serves from an expert WC player while their gaze was monitored using eye tracking. Results revealed significant differences between the groups in fixation duration and number of fixations. Differences were also found in fixation locations and durations across biomechanical phases of the serve. The WC only players had more fixations for shorter periods than did WC with biped players in the ritual phase. In the preparatory and execution phases, however, the WC only players had fewer fixations for longer duration than the WC with biped players. Results are discussed in terms of long-term memory structures, learning, and considerations when coaching and training WC tennis players.
La-mediated dehydrogenation and CC bond cleavage of 1,4-pentadiene and 1-pentyne: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C5H6) and La(C3H4) radicals

Abstract La atom reactions with 1,4-pentadiene and 1-pentyne are carried out in a laser-vaporization molecular beam source. Both reactions yield a predominant La(C5H6) radical from ligand dehydrogenation and a minor La(C3H4) species from C C bond cleavage. The metal-hydrocarbon radicals are characterized with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and quantum chemical computations. The MATI spectra of each species formed by the two reactions are essentially identical and consist of a single vibronic band system for La(C5H6) and two band systems for La(C3H4). Each band system exhibits a strong origin band and several weak vibronic ones. Adiabatic ionization energies, metal-ligand vibrational frequencies, and low-frequency ligand-based modes are measured for the two species. La(C5H6) is identified as a six-membered lanthanacycle [La(CHCHCHCHCH2)] (Iso A, C1), whereas two isomers of La(C3H4) are a four-membered metallacycle La(CHCHCH2) (Iso 1, C1) and a three-membered ring La(CHCCH3) (Iso 2, Cs). The ground electronic state of each radical is a doublet and that of the singly charged cation is a singlet. The remaining two electrons that are associated with the isolated La atom or ion are spin paired in a molecular orbital that is bonding combination between a La 5d orbital and a π* antibonding orbital of the C5H6 or C3H4 fragment. For the 1,4-pentadiene reaction, the formation of the six-membered metallacycle La(C5H6) involves La addition to a C=C double bond, La insertion into two C(sp3) H bonds, and concerted H2 elimination, whereas the formation of the three- and four-membered La(C3H4) rings involves two hydrogen migrations followed by C C bond breakage to eliminate an ethylene molecule. For the 1-pentyne reaction, the formation of each species requires isomerization of a La(1-pentyne) adduct to a La insertion species and then proceeds with the same elemental steps as those for the diene reaction.
Development of new amphiphilic bio-organic assemblies for potential applications in iron-binding and targeting tumor cells

Iron overload has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and thalassemia. In this work, we have developed new supramolecular assemblies as potential iron che...
Multilevel heuristic LED regime for stimulating lipid and bioproducts biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis under mixotrophic conditions

Enhanced biosynthesis and overproduction of lipid and high-value bioproducts endows microalgae as a promising feedstock for the cost-effective development of advanced bioenergy currently. In this study, multilevel heuristic LED regimes, designed with the coordination of light, nitrogen and carbons in terms of cell physiology and morphology, have been implemented to significantly induce the growth and bioproducts accumulation of Haematococcus pluvialis under mixotrophic conditions. The white-red regime with C5 organic carbon showed a good potential for enhancing microalgal biomass and lipid synthesis, especially for saturated fatty acids. The astaxanthin biosynthesis has been significantly enhanced and the highest content of 3.3% was achieved with gluconate at the white-blue regime. Additionally, white-blue regime enhanced the protein content of H. pluvialis up to 45%, increased by 40% over the white-red culture. The multilevel LED protocol can be developed synergistically with the different adaptation and tolerance of algal cell physiology and morphology for target bioproducts.
Estratégias didáticas para o ensino da língua inglesa na educação básica

O presente artigo investigou diferentes estrategias didaticas baseadas nas quatro habilidades – ouvir, falar, ler e escrever –, podem contribuir para a melhoria do processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Lingua Inglesa no Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa caracterizou-se por um estudo de caso, de carater exploratorio descritivo e abordagem qualitativa. Apos a realizacao do pre-teste, estrategias didaticas foram desenvolvidas na contacao da historia de Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Apos o desenvolvimento das estrategias aplicou-se o pos-teste. A analise realizada no pre-teste, pos-teste e no corpus constituido dos relatorios realizados em cada aula evidenciaram que diferentes estrategias didaticas usadas no ensino do Ingles podem contribuir para a melhoria nao somente do processo de aprendizagem dos alunos, mas tambem do processo de ensino.
Laser Surface Treatment

Experimental procedures and current state-of-the-art are presented for laser surface treating methods such as alloying, cladding, grain refining, and transformation hardening using a cw CO2 laser. Microstructural and x-ray analyses of the treated surfaces indicate that a laser beam can locally enhance surface properties. Laser alloying offers the possibility to selectively modify a low cost workpiece surface so that it has the desired high quality surface properties characteristic of high performance alloys. Laser cladding offers feasibility to apply high melting cladding alloys on low melting workpieces, to reduce the amount of dilution of cladding alloy with the workpieces, and the potential to apply dense ceramic claddings to metallic workpieces. Laser grain refining offers potential to either minimize or eliminate surface defects such as inclusions, intermetallic compounds, and pores, and to provide a refined grain structure. Laser transformation hardening provides the treated workpieces with a hard martensitic surface that has compressive stresses for enhanced fatigue life; in addition, reduction in wear rate of treated surfaces is achieved. This experimental study indicates that the use of lasers for surface treatment has several limitations. Further studies will provide better understanding for maximum utilization of laser surface treating processes.
Private and Byzantine-Proof Cooperative Decision-Making

The cooperative bandit problem is a multi-agent decision problem involving a group of agents that interact simultaneously with a multi-armed bandit, while communicating over a network with delays. The central idea in this problem is to design algorithms that can efficiently leverage communication to obtain improvements over acting in isolation. In this paper, we investigate the stochastic bandit problem under two settings - (a) when the agents wish to make their communication private with respect to the action sequence, and (b) when the agents can be byzantine, i.e., they provide (stochastically) incorrect information. For both these problem settings, we provide upper-confidence bound algorithms that obtain optimal regret while being (a) differentially-private and (b) tolerant to byzantine agents. Our decentralized algorithms require no information about the network of connectivity between agents, making them scalable to large dynamic systems. We test our algorithms on a competitive benchmark of random graphs and demonstrate their superior performance with respect to existing robust algorithms. We hope that our work serves as an important step towards creating distributed decision-making systems that maintain privacy.
Using Social Media to Communicate Sustainable Preventive Measures and Curtail Misinformation

Effective crisis and risk communication strategies are crucial to promote preventive measures, particularly during times of emergency such as the global SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. With its global reach, social media is a key source of news and information about COVID-19. However, the abundance of misinformation about personal protective measures that people post on social media, makes it imperative to develop a deeper understanding of effective messaging strategies. Improving the quality of information and strategy with which it is disseminated through social media is crucial to minimizing anxiety, panic and improving the adoption of sustainable preventive measures in addition to curtailing misinformation. Understanding the components of effective health communication strategies allows us to glean common methods to address misinformation which in turn lead to people adopting the appropriate preventive measures. The purpose of this article is to understand how effective social media communication strategies can be crafted to promote sustainable preventive measures and curtail wide-spread misinformation. Health organizations as well as communications organizations have made available information for effective social media messaging and more importantly serve as a gateway to other resources. We review their recommendations to identify common social media communication elements on the adoption of sustainable preventive measures and effective strategies for curtailing misinformation. We further review social media messaging during the Ebola and Zika outbreaks to evaluate the success of social media strategies and draw from lessons learned. We then create a set of best practices for developing and disseminating social media messaging regarding COVID-19.
The Spectral-Domain W 2 Wasserstein Distance for Elliptical Processes and the Spectral-Domain Gelbrich Bound.

In this short note, we introduce the spectral-domain $\mathcal{W}_2$ Wasserstein distance for elliptical stochastic processes in terms of their power spectra. We also introduce the spectral-domain Gelbrich bound for processes that are not necessarily elliptical.
Acetylene-Fueled Trichloroethene Reductive Dechlorination in a Groundwater Enrichment Culture.

In aquifers, acetylene (C2H2) is a product of abiotic degradation of trichloroethene (TCE) catalyzed by in situ minerals. C2H2 can, in turn, inhibit multiple microbial processes including TCE dechlorination and metabolisms that commonly support dechlorination, in addition to supporting the growth of acetylenotrophic microorganisms. Previously, C2H2 was shown to support TCE reductive dechlorination in synthetic, laboratory-constructed cocultures containing the acetylenotroph Pelobacter sp. strain SFB93 and Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain 195 or strain BAV1. In this study, we demonstrate TCE and perchloroethene (PCE) reductive dechlorination by a microbial community enriched from contaminated groundwater and amended with C2H2 as the sole electron donor and organic carbon source. The metagenome of the stable, enriched community was analyzed to elucidate putative community functions. A novel anaerobic acetylenotroph in the phylum Actinobacteria was identified using metagenomic analysis. These results demonstrate that the coupling of acetylenotrophy and reductive dechlorination can occur in the environment with native bacteria and broaden our understanding of biotransformation at contaminated sites containing both TCE and C2H2 IMPORTANCE Understanding the complex metabolisms of microbial communities in contaminated groundwaters is a challenge. PCE and TCE are among the most common groundwater contaminants in the United States that, when exposed to certain minerals, exhibit a unique abiotic degradation pathway in which C2H2 is a product. C2H2 can act as both an inhibitor of TCE dechlorination and of supporting metabolisms and an energy source for acetylenotrophic bacteria. Here, we combine laboratory microcosm studies with computational approaches to enrich and characterize an environmental microbial community that couples two uncommon metabolisms, demonstrating unique metabolic interactions only yet reported in synthetic, laboratory-constructed settings. Using this comprehensive approach, we have identified the first reported anaerobic acetylenotroph in the phylum Actinobacteria, demonstrating the yet-undescribed diversity of this metabolism that is widely considered to be uncommon.
Early life neuroimmune interactions modulate neonatal nociceptive priming

Young children perceive nociceptive stimuli and experience pain differently than adults, but the underlying mechanisms that cause these differential effects are unknown. The result of this uncertainty can lead to incomplete pain management for these patients. Further, a vulnerable period occurs during early life whereby aversive stimuli can be biologically encoded possibly through altered neuroimmune and endocrine interactions that influence sensory responsiveness later in life. We evaluated the role of neuroimmune and endocrine interactions in early life, and explored the effects on “neonatal priming.” We assessed pain-like behaviors, sensory neuron response properties with ex vivo electrophysiology, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and macrophage specific gene expression under normal and/or genetically altered conditions in both uninjured mice and in animals that experienced surgical hindpaw incisions. We first found that sensory neuron deletion of the receptor for the endocrine signaling molecule growth hormone (GH), induced pain-like behaviors in neonates. Acute peripheral sensitization after incision injury was prevented by local GH treatment, and macrophage ablation of GH receptor also prevented incision-related effects. Macrophages appear to sequester injury-site GH, which releases a tonic inhibition on the sensory neurons and drives primary afferent sensitization. Manipulations in GH signaling or ablating neonatal macrophages was found to be critical for the development of neonatal priming. New ATAC-seq data indicates differences in chromatin accessibility in immature macrophages that may underlie how early life neuroimmune interactions modulate neonatal priming effects. Results demonstrate that the periphery has unique modulators of neonatal nociception that often require distinct immune cell and endocrine signaling activities that influence sensory neuron function. We are currently investigating how altering this process may affect neonatal priming through epigenetic modifications in macrophages. R01NS105715.
Por um mundo comum | In defense of a common world

'Por um mundo comum' e um ensaio ao mesmo tempo convidativo e provocativo. A luz da intertextualidade, onde imagem e discurso cooperam heuristicamente, Jean Wyllys promove uma conversa entre seus recentes desenhos e montagens e suas reflexoes sobre a politica. A nocao de mundo comum, ou de comum, aparece em sua reflexao como a invencao central da politica, ao retomar, por exemplo, o pensamento de Arendt e sua nocao de inter homines esse [estar entre os humanos] como um trabalho de constante fundacao do lugar/coisa publica. Suas pesquisas recentes sobre as fake news, mobilizadas nos ultimos anos sobretudo por uma guinada radical a direita do status quo conservador e neoliberal e que atacam perversamente politicos da esquerda brasileira, procuram sugerir de que modo essa nova estrategia de construcao ideologica auxiliada pela tecnologia operam, ao nivel humano, uma descaracterizacao da propria capacidade de distincao e pensamento – algo que reserva, nesse sentido, tambem relacoes com a nocao arendtiana de banalidade do mal.
Diversity, Phylogenetic Profiling of Genus Penicillium, and Their Potential Applications

The genus Penicillium, part of the Trichocomaceae family, has been one of the most common and more studied fungi, found in soil, organic rotting material, plants, outdoor environments, and food products, among others. Penicillium spp. are known for the production of mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A and patulin, which affect the quality and physicochemical properties of diverse foods, such as cereals, apples, and grains. Also, it may induce allergies and mycotoxicosis. But members of the genus Penicillium can be used for cheese production and fermented sausages, and as a producer of secondary metabolites of pharmacological interest. The most known is the antibiotic penicillin, but there are also anticancer, antifungal, microbiocide, antitumor, and/or antiangiogenic activities. For this reason, several methodologies can be used to obtain a higher concentration of the desired metabolites, such as the correct selection of growth parameters, overexpression or repression of regulators controlling secondary metabolite gene clusters, and heterologous expression of partial and full extrolite gene clusters in bacteria, yeast, or fungal hosts. Also, members of this genus may be used in other instances, such as mycoremediation, demonstrating that Penicillium can be used in biomedical and biotechnology processes.
Algae-based feed ingredient protects intestinal health during Eimeria challenge and alters systemic immune responses with differential outcomes observed during acute feed restriction.

Compounds in microalgae-derived feed ingredients in poultry diets may improve intestinal physiology and immunity to protect against damage induced by physiological and pathogen challenges, but mechanisms are examined sparingly. The study objective was to evaluate changes to intestinal morphology, permeability, and systemic immunity in broilers fed a proprietary microalgae ingredient during 2 separate challenge studies. In study 1, two replicate 28 d battery cage trials used 200 Ross 308 broilers each (n = 400) fed a control diet ± 0.175% algae ingredient. Half of the birds were subjected to a 12 h feed restriction challenge and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-D) intestinal permeability assay on d 28. Study 2 used 800 broilers randomly assigned to the same dietary treatments and housed in floor pens for 42 d. At d 14, intestine and spleen samples were collected from 10 birds/ diet. Half of the remainder was orally inoculated with 10X Coccivac-B52 vaccine in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design (diet and Eimeria inoculation). The FITC-D assay was conducted at 1, 3, 7, and 14 d post-inoculation (pi) while intestinal and spleen samples were collected at 3, 7, 14, and 28 dpi for histomorphology and flow cytometric immune cell assessment. Study 1 validated intestinal leakage via FITC-D absorbance induced by feed restriction but showed no algae-associated protective effects. In study 2, algae preserved intestinal integrity during coccidiosis (P = 0.04) and simultaneously protected jejunal villus height as early as 7dpi (P < 0.0001), whereas intestinal damage resolution in control birds did not occur until 14 dpi. Algae inclusion increased splenic T cells in unchallenged broilers at d 14 by 29.6% vs. control (P < 0.0001), specifically γδ T cell populations, without impacting performance (P < 0.03). During Eimeria challenge, splenic T cells in algae-fed birds did not show evidence of recruitment to peripheral tissues, while control birds showed a 16.7% reduction compared to their uninoculated counterparts from 3 to 7 dpi (P < 0.0001). This evidence suggests the algae ingredient altered the immune response in a manner that reduced recruitment from secondary lymphoid organs in addition to protecting intestinal physiology.
On the etymology of the Japanese plural suffix and its possible connection to Korean

Abstract This paper presents an etymological analysis of the Japanese plural suffix tachi, Old Japanese tati. I propose that tati originates from a grammaticalization of an earlier Pre-Old Japanese phonological form *totwi, the non-bound reflex of which is the Old Japanese quasi-collective marker dwoti ‘fellow (person), everyone, together’. The reconstruction of a Pre-Old Japanese stem *totwi (Pre-Proto-Japanese /*tətəj/) with quasi-collective and plural function clarifies the possible connection of the Japanese plural suffix to the Korean plural suffix tul (Middle Korean tolh), which Whitman (1985, p. 217) proposed to be cognates but which has since been criticized on phonological and distributional grounds. I show that reconstructing the earliest form of the Japanese plural suffix as /*tətəj/ resolves each of the three phonological issues with the Japano-Koreanic comparison, creates a better morphosyntactic match between the two languages, and rules out a loanword relationship of the Japanese and Korean forms.
EPR Oxygen Imaging Workflow with MATLAB Image Registration Toolbox

Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging, EPROI, is established as a method for quantitative oxygen imaging. For tissue identification, in vivo oxygen images need to be paired with higher tissue contrast images such as MRI, CT, or ultrasound. All these images are acquired using different instruments and a method to represent them in a common coordinate frame, image registration, is required. Registered EPROI can be used for directing cancer treatment or validation of other oxygen-related imaging methods such as PET or histological staining. We present an image registration and analysis system comprised of two components: an animal bed with registration guides and an ArbuzGUI MATLAB toolbox developed in our laboratory. The toolbox includes components for image registration, segmentation, and oxygen analysis.
In-depth triacylglycerol profiling using MS3 Q-Trap mass spectrometry.

Abstract Total triacylglycerol (TAG) level is a key clinical marker of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, the roles of individual TAGs have not been thoroughly explored in part due to their extreme structural complexity. We present a targeted mass spectrometry-based method combining multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and multiple stage mass spectrometry (MS3) for the comprehensive qualitative and semiquantitative profiling of TAGs. This method referred as TriP-MS3 – triacylglycerol profiling using MS3 – screens for more than 6,700 TAG species in a fully automated fashion. TriP-MS3 demonstrated excellent reproducibility (median interday CV ∼ 0.15) and linearity (median R2 = 0.978) and detected 285 individual TAG species in human plasma. The semiquantitative accuracy of the method was validated by comparison with a state-of-the-art reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-MS (R2 = 0.83), which is the most commonly used approach for TAGs profiling. Finally, we demonstrate the utility and the versatility of the method by characterizing the effects of a fatty acid desaturase inhibitor on TAG profiles in vitro and by profiling TAGs in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Value of Online–Off-line Return Partnership to Off-line Retailers

Problem definition: This paper examines whether and, if so, how much an online–off-line return partnership between online and third-party retailers with physical stores (or “location partners”) gen...
The factor of anesthesia in the pathogenesis of asphyxia neonatorum

Abstract 1. 1. The problem of obstetric anesthesia has been approached by a new method, based upon the direct observation of intrauterine respiratory movements in animals. 2. 2. Most anesthetics of both nonvolatile and volatile type suppress intrauterine respiration long before surgical anesthesia is reached in the mother. 3. 3. The result with cyclopropane illustrates the attainment of one important objective of obstetric anesthesia, namely, the production of full surgical anesthesia of the mother without interruption of fetal respiration. 4. 4. Because of the peculiar sensitivity of the fetal respiratory system to depression by anesthetics, the factor of anesthesia must be regarded as an important one in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure at birth.
Site-directed mutagenesis of a conserved, extracellular aspartic acid residue affects the ouabain sensitivity of sheep Na,K-ATPase.

Abstract Site-specific mutagenesis was used to study the function of a conserved, extracellular aspartic acid residue from the sheep Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit. This amino acid, Asp-121, is the penultimate residue of the first extracellular domain of the alpha subunit. The border residues of this particular extracellular loop of the alpha subunit have been shown to be determinants of ouabain sensitivity (Price, E. M., and Lingrel, J. B. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 8400-8408). In order to determine if Asp-121 is involved in ouabain binding, five different amino acid substitutions at this position were generated. Four of the five mutant alpha subunits, containing either Asn, Ala, Glu, or Ser in place of Asp-121, conferred ouabain resistance to HeLa cells when expressed in those cells. Cloned sublines of cells selected in ouabain were characterized in terms of ouabain-inhibitable cell growth and Na,K-ATPase activity. The cells expressing the mutant Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit containing either Asn, Ala, Glu, or Ser in place of Asp-121 contained a component of Na,K-ATPase activity that was nearly 100-times more resistant to ouabain than the endogenous HeLa (human) or sheep enzyme. Apparently, conservative (Glu for Asp), isosteric (Asn for Asp), and nonconservative (Ala or Ser for Asp) substitutions all significantly decreased ouabain sensitivity. These data suggest that Asp-121 of the sheep Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit participates in the binding interaction between the enzyme and ouabain.