cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design, construction, and initial testing of an autonomous surface vehicle for riverine and coastal reconnaissance

This paper outlines the development and initial testing of the Nereus autonomous surface vehicle. Conceived specifically as a system for riverine and coastal observation, the ASV is capable of transmitting real-time audio and visual surveillance to a shoreside base station. In addition, Nereus is designed to transmit situational awareness data including, but not limited to, vehicle speed, position, and heading, as well as water depth and basic bathymetry. The vehicle consists of a catamaran platform with brushless DC motors housed in each hull. Driving four bladed propellers contained within Kort nozzles, the two motors produce differential thrust for all maneuvering. Control is provided by an LPC 2138 development board interfaced with a student-designed RS-232 multiplexer and power distribution board, and an infrared security camera and directional long range microphone to provide operators with real-time observations of a desired target both day and night. This paper discusses the motivation and necessity for the project, comments on initial modeling, performance prediction, and key aspects of the design, and concludes by presenting preliminary test results.
MATISSE WITHOUT HISTORY

Matisse by Pierre Schneider, translated by Michael Taylor and Bridget Strevens Romer, London: Thames and Hudson, 1984, 752 pp., 230 colour plates, 650 b. & w. ills., £75 Henri Matisse: The Man and his Art, 1869–1918 by Jack Flam, London: Thames and Hudson, 1986, 528 pp., 101 colour plates, 396 b. & w. ills., £60
Learning from highly flexible tutorial instruction

Situated, interactive tutorial instructions give flexibility in teaching tasks, by allowing communication of a variety of types of knowledge in a variety of situations. To exploit this flexibility, however, an instructable agent must be able to learn different types of knowledge from different instructional interactions. This paper presents an approach to learning from flexible tutorial instruction, called situated explanation, that takes advantage of constraints in different instructional contexts to guide the learning process. This makes it applicable to a wide range of instructional interactions. The theory is implemented in an agent called Instructo-Soar, that learns new tasks and other domain knowledge from natural language instructions. Instructo-Soar meets three key requirements of flexible instructability: it can (A) take any command at each instruction point, (B) handle instructions that apply to either the current situation or a hypothetical one (e.g., conditionals), and (C) learn each type of knowledge it uses (derived from its underlying computational model) from instructions.
PL-detective: a system for teaching programming language concepts

The educational literature recognizes that people go through a number of stages in their intellectual development. During the first stage, called received knowledge or dualism, people expect knowledge to be handed to them by authority figures (thus "received") and think in terms of black and white (thus "dualism"). Our experience indicates that many computer science students are at this first stage of learning. To help students move beyond this stage, we describe a system and strategy, the PL-detective, to be used in a "concepts of programming languages" course. Assignments using this system directly confront students with the notion that there are often multiple equally good answers and that discussion with students (rather than asking the instructor) is an effective way of learning how to reason.
In-situ FPGA Debug Driven by On-Board Microcontroller

Often we are faced with the situation that the behavior of a circuit changes in an unpredictable way when a chassis cover is attached or the system is not easily accessible. For instance, in a deployed environment, such as space, hardware can malfunction in unpredictable ways. What can a designer do to ascertain the cause of the problem? Register interrogations only go so far, and sometimes the problem being debugged is register transactions themselves, or the problem lies in the FPGA programming. This work provides a solution; namely, the ability to drive a JTAG chain via an on-board microcontroller and support a read/write register interface running a logic analyzer core. This is achieved without the use of a JTAG cable or any external interface. We have demonstrated the functionality of the prototype system using a Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA and a Microchip PIC18f2550 microcontroller. This paper will discuss the implementation details as well as present case studies describing how the tools have aided satellite hardware development at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Audio-Visual Perception of Everyday Natural Objects - Hemodynamic Studies in Humans

Our ability to perceive and recognize objects, people, and meaningful action events is a cognitive function of prime importance, which is characterized by an interplay of visual, auditory, and sensory-motor processing. One goal of sensory neuroscience is to better understand multisensory perception, including how information from auditory and visual systems may merge to create stable, unified representations of objects and actions in our environment. This chapter summarizes and compares results from 49 paradigms published over the past decade that have explicitly examined human brain regions associated with audio-visual interactions. A series of meta-analyses compare and contrast distinct cortical networks preferentially activated under five major types of audio-visual interactions: (1) matching spatial and/or temporal features of nonnatural objects, (2–3) matching crossmodal features characteristic of natural objects (moving versus static images), (4) associating artificial audio-visual pairings (e.g., written/spoken language), and (5) an examination of networks activated when auditory and visual stimuli are incongruent. These meta-analysis results are discussed in the context of cognitive theories regarding how object knowledge representations may mesh with the multiple parallel pathways that appear to mediate audio-visual perception.
Geographic structure, genetic diversity and source tracking of Spartina alterniflora

Aim To examine the distribution and structure of genetic variation among native Spartina alterniflora and to characterize the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the success of non-native S. alterniflora. Location Intertidal marshes along the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts of North America. Methods amova, parsimony analysis, haplotype networks of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences, neighbour-joining analysis, Bayesian analysis of population structure, and individual assignment testing were used. Results Low levels of gene flow and geographic patterns of genetic variation were found among native S. alterniflora from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. The distribution of cpDNA haplotypes indicates that Atlantic coast S. alterniflora are subdivided into ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ groups. Variation observed at microsatellite loci further suggests that mid-Atlantic S. alterniflora are differentiated from S. alterniflora found in southern Atlantic and New England coastal marshes. Comparisons between native populations on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and non-native Pacific coast populations substantiate prior studies demonstrating reciprocal interspecific hybridization in San Francisco Bay. Our results corroborate historical evidence that S. alterniflora was introduced into Willapa Bay from multiple source populations. However, we found that some Willapa Bay S. alterniflora are genetically divergent from putative sources, probably as a result of admixture following secondary contact among previously allopatric native populations. We further recovered evidence in support of models suggesting that S. alterniflora has secondarily spread within Washington State, from Willapa Bay to Grays Harbor. Main conclusions Underlying genetic structure has often been cited as a factor contributing to ecological variation of native S. alterniflora. Patterns of genetic structure within native S. alterniflora may be the result of environmental differences among biogeographical provinces, of migration barriers, or of responses to historical conditions. Interactions among these factors, rather than one single factor, may best explain the distribution of genetic variation among native S. alterniflora. Comprehensive genetic comparisons of native and introduced populations can illustrate how biological invasions may result from dramatically different underlying factors – some of which might otherwise go unrecognized. Demonstrating that invasions can result from several independent or interacting mechanisms is important for improving risk assessment and future forecasting. Further research on S. alterniflora not only may clarify what forces structure native populations, but also may improve the management of non-native populations by enabling post-introduction genetic changes and the rapid evolution of life-history traits to be more successfully exploited.
Bioconjugated superstructures of CdTe nanowires and nanoparticles: multistep cascade Förster resonance energy transfer and energy channeling.

Nanoparticle/nanowire assemblies with a degree of radial organization were prepared around luminescent semiconducting CdTe nanowires using bioconjugation with streptavidin and D-biotin linkers. Red-emitting nanowires (6.62 ± 1.55 nm diameter, 512 ± 119 nm length) and green-emitting nanoparticles (3.2 ± 0.7 nm diameter) were surface-modified with biotin, while orange-emitting nanoparticles (4.1 ± 1.2 nm diameter) were decorated with streptavidin. CdTe nanocrystals produced two fuzzy layers around the nanowires in which the diameter of CdTe nanoparticles decreased with the distance from the nanowire axis. Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the outside layer of nanoparticles to the central nanowire was observed for nanowires conjugated with 4.1 nm CdTe. Addition of 3.2 nm CdTe resulted in a red−orange−green optical progression with band gaps of CdTe decreasing toward the axis of the superstructure. In this case, 4-fold luminescence enhancement of the nanowire luminescence was observed and was attr...
Multidimensional family therapy for young adolescent substance abuse: Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized controlled trial

Research has established the dangers of early onset substance use for young adolescents and its links to a host of developmental problems. Because critical developmental detours can begin or be exacerbated during early adolescence, specialized interventions that target known risk and protective factors in this period are needed. This controlled trial (n 83) provided an experimental test comparing multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) and a peer group intervention with young teens. Participants were clinically referred, were of low income, and were mostly ethnic minority adolescents (average age 13.73 years). Treatments were manual guided, lasted 4 months, and were delivered by community agency therapists. Adolescents and parents were assessed at intake, at 6-weeks post-intake, at discharge, and at 6 and 12 months following treatment intake. Latent growth curve modeling analyses demonstrated the superior effectiveness of MDFT over the 12-month follow-up in reducing substance use (effect size: substance use frequency, d 0.77; substance use problems, d 0.74), delinquency (d 0.31), and internalized distress (d 0.54), and in reducing risk in family, peer, and school domains (d 0.27, 0.67, and 0.35, respectively) among young adolescents.
Sentiment Propagation via Implicature Constraints

Opinions may be expressed implicitly via inference over explicit sentiments and events that positively/negatively affect entities (goodFor/badFor events). We investigate how such inferences may be exploited to improve sentiment analysis, given goodFor/badFor event information. We apply Loopy Belief Propagation to propagate sentiments among entities. The graph-based model improves over explicit sentiment classification by 10 points in precision and, in an evaluation of the model itself, we find it has an 89% chance of propagating sentiments correctly.
An assessment blueprint for the Advanced Medical Life Support two-day prehospital emergency medical services training program in the United States.

PURPOSE: Traditional approaches to blueprint creation may focus on fine-grained detail at the expense of important foundational concepts. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for constructing an assessment blueprint to guide the creation of a new post-test for a two-day prehospital emergency medical services training program. METHODS: In order to create the blueprint, we first determined the proportions of the total classroom and home-study minutes associated with the lower- and higher-order cognitive objectives of each chapter of the textbook and the two-day classroom activities during training courses conducted from January to April 2015. These proportions were then applied to a 50-question test structure in order to calculate the number of desired questions by chapter and content type. RESULTS: Our blueprint called for the test to contain an almost even split of lower- and higher-order cognitive questions. One-best-answer multiple choice items and extended matching-type items were written to assess lower- and higher-order cognitive content, respectively. CONCLUSION: We report the first known application of an assessment blueprint to a prehospital professional development education program. Our approach to blueprint creation is computationally straightforward and could be easily adopted by a group of instructors with a basic understanding of lower- and higher-order cognitive constructs. By blueprinting at the chapter level, as we have done, item-writers should be more inclined to construct questions that focus on important central themes or procedures.
Notes and Communications REPLANNING FREQUENCIES FOR MASTER PRODUCTION SCHEDULES

Updating production plans typically is achieved by rolling the planning horizon forward one period at a time, each time including the latest information in order to determine the best course of action to pursue in the present period. Theoretical planning-horizon studies have identified the conditions by which the production decisions in the current and some specified number of future periods remain optimal given some set of future demands. Motivated by these findings, this study addresses the replanning frequency in a hierarchical production planning problem where no planning-horizon theorems are available. In this problem the aggregate production plan and the master production schedule are linked by a rolling-horizon practice. Empirical experimentation indicates that under certain cost and demand conditions the master production schedule need not be updated every period. If a schedule does not need to be updated for several periods, the schedule for these periods can be frozen to provide stability for planning components at lower levels in the bill of material of the products. The results of this study thus provide some reference for the determination of the frozen portion of the master production schedule.
Postischemic hyperglycemia worsens neurologic outcome after spinal cord ischemia

Abstract Purpose: The neurologic effect of induced hyperglycemia in the postischemic period was investigated with a rat aortic occlusion model. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200 to 350 gm were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated with 1% to 1.5% halothane. Temperature was continuously monitored and maintained at 37° ± 0.5° C. The chest was opened, the thymus excised, and the aortic arch exposed. Snares were placed around the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery and the right and left subclavian arteries. The three vessels thus isolated were occluded for 8 minutes. With snare release and withdrawal, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 5% dextrose in water (2 gm/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution. In a second group of rats the administration of glucose or saline solution was delayed until 30 minutes after snare release. Blood samples for blood glucose determination were obtained before operation, before occlusion, immediately after occlusion, and 15, 30, 45, 60, and 240 minutes after occlusion. A neurologic deficit score was assigned at 1, 4, 18, and 24 hours after occlusion to quantify hindlimb neurologic deficit based on 15-point scale (0 = normal, 15=severe deficit). Sham-operated rats received the same operation and injection, but the snares were only manipulated and not made occlusive. Results: The rats that were administered glucose immediately after snare release showed a statistically significant exacerbation of lower extremity neurologic deficit at 24 hours after occlusion ( p ≤ 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The sham-operated rats were normal (0 score) at 24hours. Significant elevation of blood glucose (321 ± 33 mg/dl) was seen in the glucose-injected rats at 15 minutes and continued for up to 4 hours after occlusion ( p = 0.040 and 0.014, respectively; Student's t test). Conclusion: Postischemic hyperglycemia immediately after a standard spinal cord ischemic stress worsens neurologic outcome. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:661-8.)
Transport of nanoparticulate material in self-assembled block copolymer micelle solutions and crystals

Water soluble poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO–PPO–PEO] triblock copolymers self-assemble into thermoreversible micellar crystals comprised of periodically spaced micelles. The micelles have PPO cores surrounded by hydrated PEO coronas and the dimensions of the unit cell of the organized micelles is on the order of several to tens of nanometers. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is used to quantify nanoparticle transport in these nanostructured polymer micelle systems. Diffusivity of bovine serum albumin (BSA, Dh ∼ 7 nm) is quantified across a wide range of polymer, or micelle, concentrations covering both the disordered fluid as well as the structured micellar crystal to understand the effects of nanoscale structure on particle transport. Measured particle diffusivity in these micellar systems is reduced by as much as four orders of magnitude when compared to diffusivity in free solution. Diffusivity in the disordered micellar fluid is best understood in terms of diffusion through a polymeric solution, while transport in the structured micellar phase is possibly due to hopping between interstitial sites. These results not only show that the nanoscale structures of the micelles have a measureable impact on particle diffusivity, but also demonstrate the ability to tune nanoscale transport in self-assembled materials.
The presence of five nifH-like sequences in Clostridium pasteurianum: sequence divergence and transcription properties.

Abstract The nifH gene encodes the iron protein (component II) of the nitrogenase complex. We have previously shown the presence in Clostridium pasteurianum of two nifH-like sequences in addition to the nifH1 gene which codes for a protein identical to the isolated iron protein. In the present study, we report that there are at least five nifH-like sequences in C. pasteurianum. DNA sequencing data indicate that the six nifH (nifH1) and nifH-like (nifH2, nifH3, nifH4, nifH5 and nifH6) sequences are not identical and vary from each other to different extents with sequence identity ranging between 68 to 99.9% within the nifH coding regions. Under normal N2-fixing growth conditions (molybdenum-containing medium), transcripts of nifH1 and most of the nifH-like sequences accumulate. The above results suggest the functioning of more than one "nifH" gene under N2-fixing growth conditions for C. pasteurianum. A common sequence was found around the -100 regions of all nif or nif-like transcription units. Sequences identical to or very similar to the consensus Escherichia coli promoter were found in the -35 and -10 regions.
Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

Abstract This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.
Large Collection of Diverse Gene Set Search Queries Recapitulate Known Protein-Protein Interactions and Gene-Gene Functional Associations

Popular online enrichment analysis tools from the field of molecular systems biology provide users with the ability to submit their experimental results as gene sets for individual analysis. Such queries are kept private, and have never before been considered as a resource for integrative analysis. By harnessing gene set query submissions from thousands of users, we aim to discover biological knowledge beyond the scope of an individual study. In this work, we investigated a large collection of gene sets submitted to the tool Enrichr by thousands of users. Based on co-occurrence, we constructed a global gene-gene association network. We interpret this inferred network as providing a summary of the structure present in this crowdsourced gene set library, and show that this network recapitulates known protein-protein interactions and functional associations between genes. This finding implies that this network also offers predictive value. Furthermore, we visualize this gene-gene association network using a new edge-pruning algorithm that retains both the local and global structures of large-scale networks. Our ability to make predictions for currently unknown gene associations, that may not be captured by individual researchers and data sources, is a demonstration of the potential of harnessing collective knowledge from users of popular tools in the field of molecular systems biology.
Recreation for all: providing leisure and recreation services in multi-ethnic communities.

The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the multiple roles leisure and recreation play in the lives of ethnic and racial minorities, to examine constraints that affect minorities’ participation in leisure and their use of recreation resources and to provide strategies for recreation providers working in multi-ethnic communities. The review shows that leisure and recreation provide a number of benefits to minorities, including facilitating interracial/intergroup contacts, creating opportunities for learning and cultural exchange, helping to strengthen bonds with ethnic communities and families, facilitating preservation of ethnic culture, fostering socio-economic advancement and improving physical and mental health. Simultaneously, minorities are constrained by factors related to socio-economic status, including lack of time, money and overwork, limited access to quality recreation environments and resources, discrimination, lack of information and certain culture-related constraints. This pape...
Promises and Challenges in Light-Emitting Diodes for High-Power Lighting Applications

This presentation will discuss one of the formidable challenges of LED technology: We will discuss the origin of the efficiency droop as well as ways to reduce the droop. Article not available.
Conductive plastics

Plastics have been widely used for several decades, due to their many advantageous properties including moldability, ruggedness, and low cost. For applications in electricity and electronics, applications for plastics have always been as dielectrics, due to their inherent property as electrical insulators. The invention of conductive plastics has enabled the creation of many products that have previously not existed. This paper describes the invention of conductive plastics and several of the products they have made possible and some that will yet be possible.
Casual Video Games as Training Tools for Attentional Processes in Everyday Life

Three experiments examined the attentional components of the popular match-3 casual video game, Bejeweled Blitz (BJB). Attentionally demanding, BJB is highly popular among adults, particularly those in middle and later adulthood. In experiment 1, 54 older adults (Mage = 70.57) and 33 younger adults (Mage = 19.82) played 20 rounds of BJB, and completed online tasks measuring reaction time, simple visual search, and conjunction visual search. Prior experience significantly predicted BJB scores for younger adults, but for older adults, both prior experience and simple visual search task scores predicted BJB performance. Experiment 2 tested whether BJB practice alone would result in a carryover benefit to a visual search task in a sample of 58 young adults (Mage = 19.57) who completed 0, 10, or 30 rounds of BJB followed by a BJB-like visual search task with targets present or absent. Reaction times were significantly faster for participants who completed 30 but not 10 rounds of BJB compared with the search task only. This benefit was evident when targets were both present and absent, suggesting that playing BJB improves not only target detection, but also the ability to quit search effectively. Experiment 3 tested whether the attentional benefit in experiment 2 would apply to non-BJB stimuli. The results revealed a similar numerical but not significant trend. Taken together, the findings suggest there are benefits of casual video game playing to attention and relevant everyday skills, and that these games may have potential value as training tools.
Inhibition of liver aconitase isozymes by (-)-erythro-fluorocitrate.

A highly purified cytosol aconitase [citrate (isocitrate) hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.3] was isolated from pig liver. Whereas purified aconitase preparations previously reported in the literature require cysteine and Fe 2+ for maximal catalytic activity, the purified cytosol enzyme and the partially purified mitochondrial aconitase described here need no added activator. The molecular weight of the purified cytosol enzyme as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation was between 107,000 and 111,000. Inhibitory effects of (-)- erythro -fluorocitrate on both aconitase isoenzymes were studied in the absence and presence of Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ . Fluorocitrate was a competitive reversible inhibitor of both aconitases, as deduced from steady-state kinetic analyses (average K i = 22-45 µM). The bivalent cations Mg 2+ and especially Mn 2+ , when incubated with either aconitase isoenzyme, inhibited enzymatic activity, an effect which increased with time. A high concentration (30 mM) of citrate reversed the inhibition and protected the enzyme against inhibition by Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ . When (-)- erythro -fluorocitrate and Mg 2+ (or Mn 2+ ) were present simultaneously, as in the isocitrate dehydrogenase coupled assay system, the time-dependent inhibition which ensued was a result of competitive inhibition by fluorocitrate and the more complex inhibition of the enzyme by Mg 2+ or Mn 2+
Surgery for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma.

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type, is a recently recognised distinct subtype of lymphoid tumors (within the WHO classification) [1],[2]. It was previously included in the group of lethal mi...
Selection and Training of Patients for Outpatient Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy

Outpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy (OPIVAT) requires selection of patients who are medically and psychologically stable, are capable of being trained to administer iv medications, will not abuse the iv system, and have insurance coverage. Patients with conditions such as osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis, and skin and soft tissue infections are appropriate candidates. As clinical experience grows, patients with increasingly complex conditions are being successfully treated at home. Before OPIVAT can be utilized, mode of iv access, length of therapy, antibiotic selection, laboratory tests, and physician of record must be determined. Patients must be instructed how to handle emergencies. With appropriate training, such patients learn to properly manage drugs and equipment and to recognize complications. Patients who cannot be treated at home may be candidates for OPIVAT under direct medical supervision. Technical advances in pumps and catheters--as well as future changes in Medicare reimbursement--may greatly increase the number of patients who are capable of receiving OPIVAT.
Abstract A124: Genome‐wide association identified susceptibility loci as modifiers of colorectal cancer risk in Lynch syndrome

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether 5 common low‐penetrance variants identified in recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for colorectal cancer modify colorectal cancer risk in people with Lynch syndrome. People with Lynch syndrome are genetically predisposed to colorectal cancer owing to an inherited DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation; however, disease expression varies, pointing to the role of modifying factors. A study of Dutch Lynch syndrome families (Wijnen et al., 2009) examined 6 GWAS‐identified markers and found that 2 of them—rs16892766 (8q23.3) and rs3802842 (11q23.1)—were associated with colorectal cancer risk. However, other risk variants have yet to be characterized in Lynch syndrome. A replication study of 3 markers in subjects enrolled irrespective of whether they were MMR gene mutation carriers (Poynter et al., 2007) found that 2 risk variants in the 8q24 region (rs10505477 and rs6983267) and 1 variant in the 9p24 region (rs719725) were associated with colorectal cancer risk. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 278 people with Lynch syndrome and a confirmed MMR gene mutation from the M. D. Anderson Lynch syndrome registry. We genotyped the 5 aforementioned risk variants—rs16892766, rs3802842, rs10505477, rs6983267, and rs719725—and analyzed the association between each risk variant and colorectal cancer using Cox proportional hazards regression while adjusting for sex, MMR gene mutation status, and familial correlation. Results: Of the 278 subjects from 128 families with 11,702 person years of follow‐up, 146 subjects had colorectal cancer, and the remaining subjects were unaffected. In a codominant model, rs16892766 was significantly associated with colorectal cancer (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–2.35). Similarly, rs3802842 exhibited a marginally significant trend in an additive model (Ptrend = 0.07), and the association was most clearly evident among carriers of mutations in the MLH1 MMR gene in a codominant model (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.18–3.33). Conclusion: Our study replicates the previous finding of an association between 2 GWAS‐identified susceptibility loci and risk of colorectal cancer in people with Lynch syndrome. Although people with Lynch syndrome have a strong predisposition to colorectal cancer due to the underlying MMR mutation, these common genetic variants may further modify their colorectal cancer risk, particularly in carriers of multiple risk alleles. These and other low‐penetrance susceptibility loci are likely to have future application in personalized risk prediction in identifying individuals who are most susceptible so that they can be provided more rigorous cancer‐prevention strategies. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A124.
Contrast of English and Chinese,Chinese Crisis and Language Theoretical Discourse

Recently,it has been widely acknowledged in both academic circle and society that Chinese language is in crisis.When studing Chinese,researchers always bring English or other western language as an "other";what's more,their research is always within the framework of western grammatical theory and general linguistics.This article will discuss the "linguistic theory voice" reason of the crisis by contrastive study of English and Chinese.
Effect of Culture Environment on Activity of Amphotericin B Against Candida albicans

Objective To investigate the effects of various factors,such as medium type,pH value of the medium,and size of inoculum on the activity of amphotericin B(AmB) against Candida albicans,so as to provide the theoretical evidence for rational use of antibiotics. Method The broth dilution test was used in this study. Results The activity of AmB against Candida albicans was influenced by medium type.The minimum inhibition concentrations(MIC) increased with the increase of pH value and inoculum concentration. Conclusions The study of antifungal activity must establish and strictly implement unified standard.
Public Policy, Privacy, and Drone Technology

This chapter briefly describes the commercial and public service applications for drone technology in domestic society along with the desire on the part of law enforcement to acquire such capabilities that could be used for public safety. These coming transformations challenge traditional civil liberty notions of privacy and due process and even raise the specter of governments executing their own citizens with drones. The public policy and constitutional issues raised by drones in the domestic sphere are explored and the current status of unmanned aircraft in the United States and their forthcoming inclusion into the national airspace in 2015 are succinctly summarized.
Wage and Job Dynamics after Welfare Reform: The Importance of Job Skills

I use data from employers and longitudinal data from former/current recipients covering the period 1997 to early 2004 to analyze the relationship between job skills, job changes, and the evolution of wages. I analyze the effects of job skill requirements on starting wages, on-the-job training opportunities, wage growth prospects, and job turnover. The results show that jobs of different skill requirements differ in their prospects for earnings growth, independent of the workers who fill these jobs. Furthermore, these differences in wage growth opportunities across jobs are important determinants of workers’ quit propensities (explicitly controlling for unobserved worker heterogeneity). The determinants and consequences of job dynamics are investigated. The results using a multiplicity of methods, including the estimation of a multinomial endogenous switching model of wage growth, show that job changes, continuity of work involvement, and the use of cognitive skills are all critical components of the content of work experience that leads to upward mobility. The results underscore the sensitivity of recipients’ job transition patterns to changes in labor market demand conditions.
Abstract 4756: N-cadherin signaling predicts prognosis in medulloblastoma subtypes

Identification of signaling pathways that drive the clinical behavior of tumors will guide specific molecular therapies. Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric solid tumor, shows considerable clinical and molecular diversity, providing impetus for specific targeted therapies of predicted molecular drivers. Here we show a gene signature derived from in vitro experimental inhibition of N-cadherin in medulloblastoma (MB) cells predicts survival in human MB in two large independent patient cohorts. Patients with high N-cadherin signature scores had earlier death and reduced overall survival. We found novel heterogeneity in proposed MB molecular subgroups, with significant differences in survival predicted by the N-cadherin signature in sonic hedgehog (SHH) and c2 tumors. In cultured MB cells, N-cadherin cell-cell interactions activated beta-catenin signaling and increased expression of the cancer stem cell regulator Sox2, known to be critical in the growth and relapse of SHH MB. Inhibition of N-cadherin reduced beta-catenin signaling and Sox2. Together, these findings indicate N-cadherin activity predicts the survival of patients with MB and suggest that differential activity of cellular pathways can identify novel disease subgroups and reveal molecular mechanisms with therapeutic significance. Citation Format: Maria Sverdlov, Michael P. Downing, Shuqi Kang, Anjen Chenn. N-cadherin signaling predicts prognosis in medulloblastoma subtypes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4756.
The Virtue of Democratic Faith: A Recovery for Difficult Times

Democratic faith may seem like an ill-advised concept when the ills of democratic life are so glaring. This article claims that it is possible, even necessary, to recover and reinvigorate a notion of democratic faith that grapples with the flaws and intractabilities of the democratic condition. Conceived of as a virtue that inhabits uncertainty, I argue that democratic faith is well-tailored for democratic exchanges — particularly those involved in the risky business of building trust among citizens. Democratic faith's temporal orientation in the present girds the activist for the spade-work of democratic life, where future success often seems unlikely. On these terms, democratic faith can be distinguished from democratic hope. Jeffrey Stout's recent work exemplifies both hope and faith as democratic virtues, however Stout neglects the language of faith in favor of hope. I argue that Stout and other activists should consider the ways that democratic faith speaks to the dogged persistence required to face ...
Drug delivery into the cochlear apex: Improved control to sequentially affect finely spaced regions along the entire length of the cochlear spiral.

Abstract Background Administering pharmaceuticals to the scala tympani of the inner ear is a common approach to study cochlear physiology and mechanics. We present here a novel method for in vivo drug delivery in a controlled manner to sealed ears. New method Injections of ototoxic solutions were applied from a pipette sealed into a fenestra in the cochlear apex, progressively driving solutions along the length of scala tympani toward the cochlear aqueduct at the base. Drugs can be delivered rapidly or slowly. In this report we focus on slow delivery in which the injection rate is automatically adjusted to account for varying cross sectional area of the scala tympani, therefore driving a solution front at uniform rate. Results Objective measurements originating from finely spaced, low- to high-characteristic cochlear frequency places were sequentially affected. Comparison with existing methods(s): Controlled administration of pharmaceuticals into the cochlear apex overcomes a number of serious limitations of previously established methods such as cochlear perfusions with an injection pipette in the cochlear base: The drug concentration achieved is more precisely controlled, drug concentrations remain in scala tympani and are not rapidly washed out by cerebrospinal fluid flow, and the entire length of the cochlear spiral can be treated quickly or slowly with time. Conclusions Controlled administration of solutions into the cochlear apex can be a powerful approach to sequentially effect objective measurements originating from finely spaced cochlear regions and allows, for the first time, the spatial origin of CAPs to be objectively defined.
Where is U.S. Multilateral Leadership

U.S. leadership is essential for reconceptualizing global multilateral institutional cooperation. Yet, such leadership has by and large not been forthcoming in the post-Cold War period. There are three related political reasons for this. First, despite the victory in the Cold War the U.S. has become increasingly isolated in international organizations. Second, the new global institutional landscape is no longer structured favorably for the U.S. Third, domestic politics imposes strong constraints for delegating new authority to formal supranational institutions. I identify three ways forward. First, the U.S. can help repurpose the core institutions it helped establish in the aftermath of World War II. Second, the U.S. can adopt a more exclusionary approach to influence global rules through informal clubs, formal plurilateral institutions or the application of extraterritorial jurisdiction. Third, the U.S. can lead on inclusive multilateral initiatives without treaty commitments or meaningful delegation. I discuss the promises and pitfalls to these approaches using examples from various issue areas.
Tectonic evolution of the Syringa embayment in the central North American Cordilleran accretionary boundary

The Syringa embayment (Idaho, USA) is in the Mesozoic accretionary margin of western North America, where the north-south–oriented lithospheric boundary bends abruptly to an east-west orientation near the 46th parallel. New geologic mapping, structural analysis, and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon age data constrain the origin and prolonged evolution of this embayment. We agree with previous workers that the Syringa embayment may have initiated as an inherited Proterozoic rift boundary, producing a kink in the north-south–oriented continent margin. Structural analysis on the northwest-oriented Ahsahka shear zone that is adjacent to the accretionary boundary indicates dominantly reverse, southwest-vergent motion, as confirmed by crystallographic vorticity axis analysis on quartzites. New U-Pb zircon age dating brackets the age of deformation along the Ahsahka shear zone to between ca. 116 and 92 Ma. These dates indicate that deformation on the Ahsahka shear zone occurred simultaneously with deformation on the western Idaho shear zone to the south. Consequently, the Ahsahka and western Idaho shear zones are a continuous, albeit kinked, mid-Cretaceous shear zone system that maintained kinematic compatibility during oblique dextral convergence along the margin. The Syringa embayment has an additional younger structural history, specifically movement on a pair of northeast-trending dextrally transpressive structural zones, the Limekiln and Mount Idaho zones. The Mount Idaho deformation zone truncates the Ahsahka–western Idaho shear zone. Following truncation, continued orthogonal contraction was partitioned to the northeast of the Ahsahka shear zone in the northwest-trending Clearwater zone, which is bracketed by existing age data to ca. 73–54 Ma.
Acute Cerebellar Ataxia: Course and Outcome

A study of 73 consecutive children with acute cerebellar ataxia seen over a 23 year-period is reported from the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis Children’s Hospital.
Crosstalk between Breast Cancer Cells and Bone Marrow Endothelium Require the Engagement of PI3K/AKT Signaling.

The presence of breast cancer cells in the patient’s bone marrow (BM) at diagnosis is associated with resistance to treatment, disease relapse and poor prognosis. Identification of the factors implicated in the homing, survival and latency of breast cancer cells in the BM should contribute to the design of more efficient therapeutic strategies for breast cancer. There is evidence that breast cancer can recruit endothelial progenitors from the BM. Also, other epithelial tumors seem to preferentially adhere to BM endothelial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that BM endothelium may play a significant role in the biology of breast cancer cells residing in the BM. Co-cultures in Matrigel showed that breast cancer cells interact with BM endothelium to form heterotypic multicellular networks. Moreover, breast cancer cells migrate towards BM endothelium assembled as capillary-like structures, but not to structures of BM mesenchymal stem cells or BM stroma. This migration was abrogated by pertussis toxin-mediated blockade of chemokine receptor signaling, suggesting the involvement of endothelium-secreted chemokine(s). We then evaluated the impact of breast cancer cells in the survival and proliferation of BM endothelium. All breast cancer lines tested (n=4) promoted the proliferation of BM-derived endothelial cells. This effect is mediated through the engagement of the PI3K/Akt pathway (phosphorylation of Akt at Ser437 and Thr308, and activation of its downstream substrates GSK3β, PRAS-40 and FKHRL1) since its specific blockade abrogated the stimulatory effects of breast cancer on BM endothelium. We next determined whether, reciprocally, BM endothelium impacts on breast cancer cell survival. These experiments were performed in serum-free media to enhance dependency of breast cancer cells from microenvironmental stimuli. In all cases tested, BM endothelium promoted survival/proliferation of breast cancer cells. This stimulation was accompanied by the engagement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in breast cancer cells and, in three of the four lines, the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. These effects were also observed for breast cancer cells that showed constitutive activation of Akt (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells). Specific blockade of PI3K/Akt abrogated the BM endothelium-promoted survival of breast cancer cells, thus demonstrating the critical role of this pathway. These studies show that crosstalk between BM endothelial cells and breast cancer cells may impact on the survival of both cell types. These findings provide new light on the mechanisms that may facilitate the development of a tumor-permissive BM microenvironment in breast cancer, and the creation of breast cancer-supporting BM niches. Importantly, this study implicates BM endothelium as a therapeutic target in breast cancer and suggest that blockade of PI3K/Akt may impact the outcome of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Security considerations in PMR networks

Private Mobile Radio PMR the traditional two way radio service provides a vital communication service for government and professional users. Some PMR services are similar to those provided by cellular telephony systems, such as GSM. However, some services are very different; and this leads to differences in the way that security needs to be implemented to protect the services, and ultimately the network itself. This paper explores the similarities and differences between PMR systems and telephony services. It uses TETRA, the European standard for digital PMR systems, as its model, and compares this where relevant with the security mechanisms in GSM. (6 pages)