cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Wearable Ultrasonic Neurostimulator—Part II: A 2D CMUT Phased Array System With a Flip-Chip Bonded ASIC

A 2D ultrasonic array is the ultimate form of a focused ultrasonic system, which enables electronically focusing beams in a 3D space. A 2D array is also a versatile tool for various applications such as 3D imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound, particle manipulation, and pattern generation. However, building a 2D system involves complicated technologies: fabricating a 2D transducer array, developing a pitch-matched ASIC, and interconnecting the transducer and the ASIC. Previously, we successfully demonstrated 2D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays using various fabrication technologies. In this paper, we present a 2D ultrasonic transmit phased array based on a 32 × 32 CMUT array flip-chip bonded to a pitch-matched pulser ASIC for ultrasonic neuromodulation. The ASIC consists of 32 × 32 unipolar high-voltage (HV) pulsers, each of which occupies an area of 250 $\mu$ m × 250 $\mu$ m. The phase of each pulser output is individually programmable with a resolution of $1/f_{\mathrm{C}}/16$ , where $f_{\mathrm{C}}$ is less than 10 MHz. This enables the fine granular control of a focus. The ASIC was fabricated in the TSMC 0.18- $\mu$ m HV BCD process within an area of 9.8 mm × 9.8 mm, followed by a wafer-level solder bumping process. After flip-chip bonding an ASIC and a CMUT array, we identified shorted elements in the CMUT array using the built-in test function in the ASIC, which took approximately 9 minutes to scan the entire 32 × 32 array. A compact-form-factor wireless neural stimulator system—only requiring a connected 15-V DC power supply—was also developed, integrating a power management unit, a clock generator, and a Bluetooth Low-Energy enabled microcontroller. The focusing and steering capability of the system in a 3D space is demonstrated, while achieving a spatial-peak pulse-average intensity ( $\mathrm{I_{SPPA}}$ ) of 12.4 and 33.1 W/ ${\rm cm^{2}}$ ; and a 3-dB focal volume of 0.2 and 0.05 ${\rm mm^{3}}$ —at a depth of 5 mm—at 2 and 3.4 MHz, respectively. We also characterized transmission of ultrasound through a mouse skull and compensated the phase distortion due to the skull by using the programmable phase-delay function in the ASIC, achieving 10% improvement in pressure and a tighter focus. Finally, we demonstrated a ultrasonic arbitrary pattern generation on a 5 mm × 5 mm plane at a depth of 5 mm.
The Pioneer Developmentalists

The first person to lay a foundation for the field of adult development was not a psychiatrist or psychoanalyst but an anthropologist. In 1908, Arnold Van Gennep originally published his monograph The Rites of Passage (Van Gennep, I960), one of the first works to describe the importance and meaning of life events and rituals throughout the life span, making for his time a unique contribution to the social sciences. Examining the activities associated with such ceremonies in terms of their order and content, Van Gennep distinguished three major phases constituting the scheme of all rites of passage: separation from the group or society; transition, an intermediate learning stage; and incorporation, merger or return to the group in a new status or role. He commented upon the disturbances that changes in adult status produce in individuals, and saw rites of passage as social devices facilitating the reintegration of the individual with the group. Rites of passage help individuals with the critical tasks of becoming sexual beings, with changes in family or work relations, and with aging and death. With each life crisis these unique social rituals help an individual achieve his or her maximum potential and obtain group support in the adjustment.
Association of TGFB1 -509C/T polymorphism gene with clinical variability in cystic fibrosis patients: A case-control study.

Abstract Purpose In this work, we are interested to study the implication of −509C/T polymorphism, located in the promoter region of TGFB1 (transforming growth factor β1), in the phenotypic variability of CF patients. Patients and methods The present study enrolled 111 CF patients and 100 healthy control subjects. The study of the −509C/T polymorphism was performed using PCR-RFLP method. Results We found that patients carried non-F508del homozygous mutation with TT genotype was associated to lung symptoms ( P = 0.04). This association was not found in the sub-groups of patients with F508del at homozygous state P = 0.145. No association was found between this polymorphism and the variability of digestive, pancreatic and ileus meconial symptoms. Conclusion On the basis of our results, the −509C/T polymorphism of the TGFB1 gene seems to be a modulator factor of cystic fibrosis.
Theoretical basis for higher vector mesons

The existence of vector mesons of higher mass is an interesting theoretical and experimental question. In this paper, we review the predictions and implications for this problem of a number of currently interesting theoretical approaches.
Communication Between Physician and Physical and Occupational Therapists: A Neurodevelopmentally Based Prescription

Children with neuromuscular handicaps require the coordinated services of physicians and physical and occupational therapists. Physicians must be familiar with at least one therapy framework along with its major treatment techniques in order to understand how therapy can help a specific child and to follow that child9s progress. The physician can use that same framework to structure his or her own motor system observations. Physician-therapist coordination is formalized in a written referral communication (prescription) which must be logical and clear. It should include these six elements: diagnosis, family picture, description of observed movement abnormalities, functional goals, precautions, and intensity of therapy. The description of movement abnormalities can be based on neurodevelopmental treatment principles. Such a description will contain information on three focal areas: postural tone, movement patterns, and reflexes and reactions.
Growing a software quality culture in an educational environment

The technical skills students must acquire in a typical computer science program are often mandated through standards or curricular requirements. How are nontechnical skills assessed? computer science educators must teach and encourage the development of other critical skills needed in the workplace such as personal accountability, a strong work ethic and an ability to deliver on-time and correct work. This paper describes the results of a student survey designed to provoke some thoughts about the evolving work ethic and work culture of today's students. Along with the survey results, the importance in asking the questions and a brief analysis of how the behavior or activity fits into the quality cycle are presented. Finally, a section on continuous improvement strategies is proposed.
Structural studies on induced antibodies with defined idiotypic specificities—VIII.: NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the heavy and light chain variable regions of monoclonal anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice differing with respect to a cross-reactive idiotype

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the hapten p -azophenyl arsonate (Ar) ∗ were generated by somatic cell hybridization of A/J spleen cells and the non-secreting cell line, Sp2/0-Ag14, derived from a Balb/c myeloma. Of four hybridoma products examined, only one bore the previously described A/J anti-Ar cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). The heavy and light polypeptide chains of this CRI positive molecule along with one of of the CRI negative molecules were subjected to amino-terminal sequence analysis and compared with the induced CRI positive antibodies produced upon immunization of A/J mice. The results confirm the extremely restricted expression of V H and V L frameworks in the A/J anti-Ar population. Unexpectedly, when the hybridoma proteins were compared to the induced population of antibodies, from one to three amino acid substitutions were detected within the first framework segment (1–30) of each chain of both hybridoma products. The complete covalent structure of two monoclonal antibodies known to differ serologically only with respect to idiotype should prove useful in defining the exact structural basis of an idiotypic determinant.
Absence of Immunity to Superinfection in Spheroplasts of a Lysogen

Penicillin-induced spheroplasts of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 lysogenic for bacteriophage P22, appear to lose immunity to superinfection by homologous phage.
Addendum to exactly solvable one-dimensional transport

The solution to the steady-state transport in a prism containing fixed scattering centers and bounded by partially absorbing walls of emissivitye and different temperatures has previously been expressed in terms of a singular integral equation. This equation contains parameters to be evaluated from the boundary equations. A plausible solution to the boundary equations is obtained here.
MOLECULAR, ENZYMATIC AND ULRASTRUCURE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYRENOID OF THE SCALY GREEN MONAD MICROMONAS SQUAMATA1,2

Pyrenoid material of micromonas squamata Manton & Parke was obtained free of cell and subcellular particle conamination by differential centrifugation of brei from osmoically lysed cells. The isolated pyrenoid particles were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pyrenoid extracts revealed a compled polypeptide composition with major components of 12, 54 and 66 kilodalton mol wt. Whole pyrenoids possessed the enzymatic properties of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase and fixed carbon dioxide with specific activity 10 times greaer than that of a pyrenoid-free high speed supenaant fracion of cell brei. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed he presence of copper in masses of cryo-impacted pyrenoid material. Ultrastrucural cytochemistry was employed o determine he chemical nature of the reserve carbohydrate shell. Also, the pyrenoid of the intact cell was characterized by transmission electron microscopy.
Frequency Sweeping in Plasmas due to Phase‐Space Structures

Abstract This review examines the nonlinear dynamics of a plasma near marginal stability where there is a balance between the destabilizing resonant kinetic drive and the stabilizing dissipation in the background plasma. Depending on the degree of extrinsic stochasticity of the resonant particles, different saturated states are analytically described. At low enough stochasticity, an explosive self‐similar solution is predicted. Numerical simulation shows this explosive behavior is a precursor to the formation of phase space structures in the form of holes and clumps, which cause up an down shifted frequency sweeping due to plasma dissipation. Experimental evidence for the predicted behavior is discussed.
Front tracking and two dimensional Riemann problems

A substantial improvement in resolution has been achieved for the computation of jump discontinuities in gas dynamics using the method of front tracking. The essential feature of this method is that a lower dimensional grid is fitted to and follows the discontinuous waves. At the intersection points of these discontinuities, two-dimensional Riemann problems occur. In this paper we study such two-dimensional Riemann problems from both numerical and theoretical points of view. Specifically included is a numerical solution for the Mach reflection, a general classification scheme for two-dimensional elementary waves, and a discussion of problems and conjectures in this area.
Hip instability: anatomic and clinical considerations of traumatic and atraumatic instability.

Hip instability is uncommon because of the substantial conformity of the osseous femoral head and acetabulum. It can be defined as extraphysiologic hip motion that causes pain with or without the symptom of hip joint unsteadiness. The cause can be traumatic or atraumatic, and is related to both bony and soft tissue abnormality. Gross instability caused by trauma or iatrogenic injury has been shown to improve with surgical correction of the underlying deficiency. Subtle microinstability, particularly from microtraumatic or atraumatic causes, is an evolving concept with early surgical treatment results that are promising.
Effect of cure history on dynamic mechanical properties of an epoxy resin

The effect of cure history on the dynamic thermomechanical properties of a high temperature curing epoxy resin has been studied using torsional braid analysis. In isothermal cures “full cure” is not possible except at temperatures above the maximum glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured resin, hence the necessity of a “post-cure” after lower temperature isothermal cures. The highest Tg and maximum cross-linking in the cured resin was for a linear heating rate of 0.05°C/min from 30 to 200°C; higher heating rates lead to lower glass transition temperatures.
Expression patterns of chick Musashi-1 in the developing nervous system

Vertebrate homologues of musashi have recently been referred to as neural stem cell markers because of their expression patterns and RNA-binding interactions. In the context of the notch signaling pathway, Musashi-1 (Msi-1) is a regulator of neural cell generation, cooperating with notch to maintain mitosis. In an effort to identify definitive stem cell markers of the neural retina, a portion of the Msi-1 cDNA was cloned, and the expression of Msi-1 in the chick eye was analyzed. Using an Msi-1-specific antibody and RNA probe, we show that expression of Msi-1 in the early neural tube is consistent with neural stem identity. In the neural retina, expression starts shortly before embryonic day 3 (E3) and continues up to and including E18. A BrdU incorporation assay shows Msi-1 to be found in both proliferating and differentiating cells of E5 neural retina. At E8 (when proliferation is complete in the fundus of the retina) and E18 (mature retina) Msi-1 expression was found in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) as well as in a subpopulation of differentiated cells, including photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
The decay of 124Sb to the levels of 124Te

Abstract The decay of 124 Sb → 124 Te was studied with curved-crystal and Ge(Li) spectrometers and with γ-γ coincidence techniques. Energy and intensity measurements on 38 γ-rays are reported. A partial decay scheme is proposed which incorporates 34 of the observed γ-rays. Levels at 2483.27 keV, 2701.78 keV and 2710.65 keV are added to the most recently published decay scheme.
Biochemical differences between dystrophic calcification of cross-linked collagen implants and mineralization during bone induction

Ectopic calcification of diseased tissues or around prosthetic implants can lead to serious disability. Therefore, calcification of implants of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked collagenous tissues and reconstituted collagen was compared with mineralization induced by demineralized bone matrix (DBM). Whereas implants of DBM accumulated large amounts of calcium and a bone-specific γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein (BGP or osteocalcin) following implantation in both young and older rats, implants of cross-linked pericardium calcified with only traces of BGP. Glutaraldehyde-cross-linked DBM failed to calcify after implantation in 8-month-old rats for 2–16 weeks. Implants of cross-linked type I collagen exhibited small calcific deposits 2 weeks postimplantation but calcium content eventually dropped to levels equal to those of soft tissues as the implants were resorbed. The calcium content of DBM implanted in 1- and 8-month-old rats reached comparable levels after 4 weeks, but the BGP content was approximately twice as high in the younger animals than in the older ones. Glutaraldehyde-cross-linked implants of DBM, tendon, and cartilage calcified significantly in young but not in old animals. This form of dystrophic calcification was associated with only trace amounts of BGP. Alkaline phosphatase activity was high in implants of DBM and undetectable in implants of cross-linked collagenous tissues. These results show that implants of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked collagenous tissues and reconstituted collagen calcify to different extents depending upon their origin and the age of the host, and that the mechanism of dystrophic calcification differs significantly from the process of mineralization associated with bone induction as reflected by alkaline phosphatase activity and BGP accumulation.
A methodology for solvng multi-objective simulation-optimization problems

Abstract For many practical and industrial optimization problems where some or all of the system components are stochastic, the objective functions cannot be represented analytically. Due to the difficulties involved in the analytical expression, simulation may be the most effective means of studying these complex systems. Furthermore, many of these problems are characterized by the presence of multiple and conflicting objectives. The goal of this paper is to introduce a new methodology through an interactive algorithm for solving this multi-objective simulation optimization problem.
Concurrent crystallization and interdiffusion in microlayers of polycarbonate and a copolyester

Concurrent crystallization and interdiffusion of two miscible polymers, polycarbonate (PC) and a copolyester (KODAR), was studied in microlayers with 657 alternating layers. Minimal mixing of the two components during processing was indicated by separate glass transitions of the PC and KODAR layers. Changes in the glass transitions after the microlayers were annealed above the glass transition of PC were determined by DSC and DMTA. When the annealing temperature was 200°C or higher, interdiffusion was much faster than crystallization and the glass transitions gradually shifted closer together until they merged into a single transition. An analysis based on Fick's law of diffusion described the relationship between the glass transition temperatures and the annealing time. At 195 °C, the rates of interdiffusion and crystallization were comparable. Annealing at this temperature resulted in more complex changes in the glass transitions, including the persistence of two transitions after long annealing times. This behavior was understood by considering an interlamellar amorphous phase that was trapped in the spherulites and not available for interdiffusion. Models were developed from the spherulite morphology observed in the optical microscope. Two cases were considered : a continuous layer of impinged spherulites in the PC/KODAR 20/80 (w/w) composition, and isolated spherulites aligned with the center of the KODAR layer in PC/KODAR 40/60 and 60/40. These models satisfactorily reproduced the principal features of concurrent crystallization and interdiffusion.
The Cost of Avoiding Research: a view from the USA

Abstract Like many others, the author believes that any reforms in teacher preparation should be based on the findings of empirical research, and she notes the political importance of a scientific base to the teaching profession. Current policies and procedures in USA vary across states and across campuses, with no empirical justification for any. The evaluation tools used in most teacher training programs are inadequate, in light of what we are beginning to understand about the cognitive skills that underlie the observable classroom behaviors of teachers. The author outlines one possible agenda inspired by studies of teachers' cognitions and by research on problem‐solving. However, if the professional experiences of the author are typical, the majority of the faculty in ‘teaching’ colleges of education are apathetic or resistant to participation in applied research. Ironically, the most important consumers and the chief beneficiaries of applied research on teacher preparation ‐‐ i.e. teacher educators ‐‐...
Extensive solubilization and depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides during avocado (Persea americana) ripening involves concerted action of polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase

During the ripening of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit, water-soluble polyuronides increased dramatically, concomitant with marked downshifts in molecular mass. Treatment of cell walls from pre-ripe fruit with purified avocado polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) promoted the release and molecular mass downshift of polyuronides. The polyuronides released by PG were similar in size distribution to water-soluble polyuronides from fruit at intermediate stages of ripening. Polyuronides released from pre-ripe fruit by PG, although of relatively high molecular mass, were not further degraded upon additional incubation with fresh enzyme. Similarly, water-soluble polyuronides prepared from fruit at intermediate stages of ripening were largely resistant to the action of purified PG in vitro. When polyuronides derived from fruit at intermediate stages of ripening were treated with weak alkali or pectinmethylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11), extensive molecular mass downshifts occurred in response to incubation with PG. These results suggest that PG plays the central role in polyuronide degradation in ripening avocado fruit cell walls and that partial de-esterification is necessary for the increase in the susceptibility of polyuronides to PG. Differences in the patterns of polyuronide depolymerization in avocado fruit compared with the more thoroughly characterized tomato fruit are discussed.
Mechanism design for arbitrary type spaces

Abstract This note shows how to solve a mechanism design problem and how to obtain revenue equivalence in a multi-agent quasilinear environment, where each agent's type space is a measurable subset of the real line, not necessarily convex nor finite.
The Integration of Mission Theology and Practice: Zinzendorf and the Early Moravians

This paper explores the key characteristics of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf's mission theology that influenced the early Moravian missional practice. After discussing the early eighteenth century European historical context and the Spirit-renewal of the Herrnhut community, the paper considers Zinzendorf's theology on the death of Christ, the prominent role of the Holy Spirit, and harvesting the "first fruits." These theological distinctives contributed in determining the motivation and message of these pioneer Protestant missionaries. It then takes into account some of the subsequent methods such as working with the marginalized, practicing the love of Christ in cultural humility, and preaching the gospel in the vernacular. The main contributions of the early Moravians to mission were that they brought an understanding that spiritual renewal preceded mission renewal, the atoning death of Christ is central to mission theology, and a Protestant recognition that it had an obligation to do mission. On the other hand, the foremost negative aspects of Moravian mission were their obsession with the physical death of Christ and an ignorance of the broader social issues that at times resulted in a lack of contextualization, religious syncretism, indifference to social justice, and extreme subjectivism.
Rebelling Against Research Methods? Using Frank Sulloway's Born to Rebel to Teach Research Methods

This article proposes the use of Frank Sulloway's Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives to teach standards for good and bad research. It describes ways the book can be employed to assess an assiduous but perhaps overambitious researcher's use of such devices as coding, expert ratings, significance testing, etc, and offers references to critical assessments of Sulloway's book which can guide the students as they draw their own conclusions about the quality and durability of his methods and findings.
Usability and hardcopy manuals: evaluating research designs and methods

For the past decade, testing the usability of print software manuals has become a mature area of study, characterized by a wide range of qualitative and quantitative methods. Some of the most common methods include field observations, surveys, interviews, protocol analyses, focus groups, iterative testing, and quasi-experimental lab simulations [1]. Such diverse approaches to usability testing offer an opportunity for complementary inquiries and analyses. For example, findings from focus groups can provide key questions for experimental researchers to pursue in greater depth and with greater possibility for generalizability. Essentially, this complementary approach envisions an interaction between the academy, with its propensity toward pure, experimental research, and industry, with its more applied approaches for alpha and beta testing.Patricia Wright, a specialist in usability studies, has long argued that integrating pure and applied research is the best means for expanding our knowledge about effective document design [2; 3]. Such integration reveals both the immediately applicable aspects of effective manuals and the more theoretical boundaries in textual features that make a difference for general types of tasks, readers, and contexts of use.In order to realize the potential of conducting a conversation between pure and applied research, documentation researchers and practitioners must clearly understand the limitations that exist in the conclusions that investigators derive from specific methods of inquiry. In this article, I look solely at experimental usability tests that rely on quantitative methods of analysis. I analyze the ways in which the research designs and questions of the past ten years of experimental studies affect the strength of cumulative conclusions and the confidence we can have in those conclusions. My purpose is not to give preference to experimental research as the most important approach to usability testing. Far from it. Rather my critical review has two purposes: (1) to facilitate the dialogue between academic and industrial researchers by identifying the limits of current experimental findings; and (2) to propose research agendas and designs for future experimental usability tests that can strengthen the conclusions that such researchers offer for practical consideration.My evaluation of ten years of experimental usability studies shows that many of the conclusions of these studies are not strong enough to serve as valid, generalizable, and replicable foundations for subsequent research, be it pure or applied. These conclusions can be strengthened by designing studies that pay more attention to the sequencing and integration of related investigations and that institute better controls for sample selection, size, and composition. This article discusses my overall findings, the details of which I will develop more fully in my presentation.
MRO Ka-band Demonstration: Cruise Phase Lessons Learned

NASA's mars reconnaissance orbiter (MRO) was launched on August 12, 2005 and was inserted into Mars orbit successfully on March 10, 2006. From September 2005 through January 2006, the Ka-band signal from the spacecraft was tracked several times by NASA's deep space network (DSN). During these tracks a number of Ka-band functions for both the spacecraft and the ground systems were tested. These tests were performed to assess the readiness of the ground system and spacecraft to support Ka-band demonstration activities during MRO's primary science phase (PSP). As a result of these tests a number of important lessons were learned regarding the performance of the Ka-band link and the performance of the ground equipment. This paper presents the performance of the ground antenna pointing, delta differential one-way ranging (DeltaDOR) performance and the telemetry performance of the Ka-band link. These results indicate that the extra effort for pointing calibration of the ground antennas at Ka-band is extremely useful; Ka-band shows potential for improved DeltaDOR performance and the models for Ka-band performance of the ground station microwave noise temperature are very accurate.
Accuracy in perceptions of consensus: Differential tendencies of people with majority and minority positions.

When people are interested in how common one or more of their attributes is in a reference population, they must often generate their own comparison information based on a limited sample of acquaintances and experiences. Subjects in the present research were asked to describe themselves in terms of a variety of attributes, and were also asked to estimate the percentage of other college students who would indicate possession of each attribute. For each attribute, subjects were assigned a majority or minority status, depending on whether the majority of the population did or did not share their attribute. The principle findings were (1) the majority subjects generated more accurate comparison information than did the minority; (2) the majority subjects were better than chance and better than minority subjects in distinguishing between attributes for which there was high versus moderate consensus; and (3) the minority subjects tended to overestimate the consensus for their attributes, while the majority subjects tended to err in the direction of underestimation of their Consensus. The discussion focused on possible causes of these tendencies, and on research implications involving attributional biases and intergroup conflict.
Active immunization of boars against gonadotrop in releasing hormone. I. Effects on reproductive parameters.

Sexually mature boars were actively immunized against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to characterize endocrine and gametogenic changes associated with immunoneutralization of endogenous GnRH. Injections of GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) given five times over 24 wk induced production of antibodies against GnRH in all animals (n = 5). Active immunization against GnRH reduced serum concentrations of testosterone (P < 0.05) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (P < 0.05), testes volume (P < 0.01), paired testis weights (P < 0.05), paired epididymis weights (P < 0.05), sperm per testis (P < 0.01) and seminiferous tubule diameters (P < 0.001) when compared with controls (n = 4). These results indicate that both steroidogenic and spermatogenic functions are impaired in testes of mature boars actively immunized against GnRH.
Use of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to Measure Hypersaline Bidirectional Discharge

The U.S. Geological Survey measures the exchange of flow between the north and south parts of Great Salt Lake, Utah, as part of a monitoring program. Turbidity and bidirectional flow through the breach in the causeway that divides the lake into two parts makes it difficult to measure discharge with conventional streamflow techniques. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) can be used to more accurately define the angles of flow and the location of the interface between the layers of flow. Because of the high salinity levels measured in Great Salt Lake (60-280 parts per thousand), special methods had to be developed to adjust ADCP-computed discharges for the increased speed of sound in hypersaline waters and for water entrained at the interface between flow layers.
Effects of amantadine hydrochloride on catecholamine metabolism in the brain of the rat.

Abstract We have examined the effects of the cyclic amine, amantadine, on the metabolism of catecholamines in the rat. Large doses of the drug had minimal effects on cardiac norepinephrine stores, but produced small decreases in concentrations of norepinephrine in the brain, while having less effect on dopamine and no effect on serotonin. The drug altered the metabolism of previously intrathecally administered [ 3 H]norepinephrine: there were small decreases of [ 3 H]norepinephrine, but clear decreases of [ 3 H]deaminated catechol metabolites and marked increases of [ 3 H]normetanephrine for 1–6 hr, at times paralleling decreases in endogenous norepinephrine levels. Later, smaller increases of [ 3 H ] deaminated -O- methylated products appeared. These metabolic changes were not due to inhibition of monoamine oxidase by this drug, as amantadine had no effect on the deamination of [ 14 C]serotonin or [ 3 H]norepinephrine even at high concentrations in vitro or doses in vivo . Amantadine decreased the retention by isolated nerve endings in vitro of previously intrathecally injected [ 3 H]norepinephrine by a very small amount and competitively inhibited the initial uptake of [ 3 H ]d,l- norepinephrine by nerve endings of whole brain, with a K i of approximately 1.5 × 10 −5 M. This inhibition of uptake was somewhat greater in the cerebral cortex than in the corpus striatum. There was much less inhibition of the uptake of [ 3 H]dopamine in both regions. Thus, part of the action of this drug in Parkinson's disease may be due to inhibition of uptake and retention of catecholamines at central nerve terminals. However, since the doses required to produce changes in vivo were much higher than those used clinically, these findings may reflect non-specific or toxic effects of the drug.
Anatomical Adaptations for Olfaction in the Snow Petrel

THE accompanying photographs show the exceptional development of the olfactory apparatus of the snow petrel, Pagodroma nivea. As we have previously pointed out1, all Procellariiformes (tube-nosed birds, or tubinares) have great olfactory equipment. The snow petrel, however, is the peer of them all. In four other tube-nosed species, Dr. Stanley Cobb2 has found that the ratio of the diameter of the olfactory bulb to the diameter of the hemispheres is 29–30 per cent. He measured the snow petrel shown in Fig. 2 and found the corresponding ratio to be 34 per cent. Not only is the receptor surface area of tubinares much enlarged by an additional concha which arises from the septum and interdigitates with the olfactory concha proper (Fig. 2), but the whole nasal fossa is apparently engineered for optimum olfactory reception. Using the snow petrel as a model, I would like to point out two structures in the entry area of the tubinarial fossa which I believe are directly concerned with olfaction, yet the function of which in this respect has been obscured by having other functions attributed to them in the literature. These are the anterior concha and the anterior valve.
Nutrient losses in field-scale surface runoff from claypan soil receiving turkey litter and fertilizer

Abstract Information is lacking on nutrient runoff losses from poultry wastes and commercial fertilizers from claypan soils such as those found in southeastern Kansas. The objectives of this study were: (i) to compare field-scale surface runoff losses of nutrients from turkey (Melleagris gallopavo) litter manure and fertilizer and (ii) to compare the influence of tillage incorporation of turkey litter with no tillage on nutrient losses in surface runoff. The experiment was conducted from 2005 through spring 2008 near Girard, KS. The soil was a low-slope Parsons silt loam overlying a claypan B horizon. A high litter rate (N-based) resulted in high flow-weighted concentrations of N and P in runoff, and also resulted in carry-over P losses. N losses were inorganic and organic, whereas P losses were mainly the soluble, ortho-P form partially influenced by low sediment losses. Nutrient losses from fertilizer-only applications were usually lower than from N-based and similar to P-based turkey litter applications. Incorporation appeared to reduce nutrient losses in runoff, but was not always significant. A high litter rate built up soil P levels, and annual P runoff losses appeared to accelerate when soil P values exceeded 30 mg kg−1 in a 0–15 cm sample.
Permanents of doubly stochastic matrices

Abstract A conjecture on the permanents of doubly stochastic matrices is proposed. Some results supporting it are presented.
Steroidal regulation of portal arginine-vasopressin levels in aged Fischer 344 rats.

Levels of hypophysial portal arginine-vasopressin (AVP), plasma ACTH and plasma corticosterone (B) were measured in four and 24 month old Fischer 344 rats. Portal levels of AVP were lower in older rats whereas plasma ACTH levels were elevated. Older rats given adrenalectomies with physiologic replacement doses of B exhibited levels of AVP, but not ACTH, which were comparable to that observable in younger rats. The findings suggest that altered AVP, but not ACTH, can be accounted for by higher B levels which are commonly demonstrable in aging rats.
MRI monitoring of the thermal ablation of tissue: Effects of long exposure times

MRI-derived thermometry based on the temperature-dependence of the proton resonant frequency (PRF) is extremely sensitive to changes in tissue unrelated to temperature changes, including tissue swelling. This study investigated the maximum amount of time that this phase-subtraction-based method can be used to accurately monitor temperature changes in vivo. Long-duration focused ultrasound sonications were delivered in rabbit thigh muscle with a phased-array transducer, and the time that tissue swelling began was monitored. Tissue swelling began to occur at about one minute. The temperature correlated well with an implanted thermocouple up to this time. After this time, severe artifacts in the phase-difference maps were observed. The thermal dose model predicted the extent of tissue damage well for subsequent one minute sonications. These results will have implications for MRI guidance of thermal therapies with long exposure times. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:421–427. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hydroxylamine Treatment Differentially Inactivates Purified Rat Hepatic Asialoglycoprotein Receptors and Distinguishes Two Receptor Populations

We previously showed that two subpopulations of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-Rs), designated State 1 and State 2 ASGP-Rs, are present in intact cells and that State 2 ASGP-Rs can be inactivated in permeable rat hepatocytes in a temperature- and ATP-dependent manner. These inactivated ASGP-Rs can be quantitatively reactivated by the addition of palmitoyl-CoA (Weigel, P. H., and Oka, J. A.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 27186-27190). Here we show that ~50% of purified rat ASGP-Rs are inactivated by treatment with hydroxylamine under mild conditions. The activity of affinitypurified ASGP-Rs was assessed by measuring the specific binding of 125I-asialo-orosomucoid (ASOR) in a dot-blot assay after immobilization onto nitrocellulose. Treatment of ASGP-Rs in solution with 0.0125-1.0 M NH2OH, pH 7.4, at 4°C for 4 h resulted in a progressive loss of ASOR binding activity. ASGP-R inactivation with NH2OH occurred more readily at basic pH or at room temperature. Similar treatment with Tris had no effect on ASGP-R activity. The kinetics of ASGP-R activity loss and the dose-response for this inactivation were both biphasic, indicating the presence of two equal populations of ASGP-Rs with different sensitivities to NH2OH. The more sensitive population of ASGP-Rs (~50%) was inactivated by treatment with 0.2 M NH2OH (4°C, 4 h) or with 1.0 M NH2OH (4°C, 1 h) without detectable peptide cleavage as assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. State 1 ASGP-Rs, purified from chloroquine- or monensin-treated hepatocytes, showed significantly less sensitivity to NH2OH treatment (both in kinetics and dose dependence). Furthermore, under mild conditions NH2OH caused dissociation and inactivation of ~50% of the total ASGP-Rs (State 1 and State 2) that were prebound to ASOR-Sepharose, whereas the same treatment caused dissociation of only
A technique for modal identification of interfering modes

Abstract In this work, the examination of the distorted Nyquist plots of the frequency response functions of two interfering modes is carried out. With the frequency being restricted to close to the natural frequency of the “perturbed” mode, an analytic modeling of the distortions in the spacing of points in the resonance region caused by the presence of a closely spaced “perturbing” mode is carried out. In the sequence, a refined modal identification algorithm is developed that takes into account mode interference and leads to improved modal estimates compared with those obtained by existing methods. The limitations of the proposed algorithm are discussed and applications with theoretical and experimental data are given.
Predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis: is it time to concentrate on the hematocrit?

Predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis: is it time to concentrate on the hematocrit?
The basic course in speech at U.S. colleges and universities: III

The basic course has changed its orientation substantially in the past five years moving toward a more pronounced public‐speaking emphasis with increased attention to performance activities and instruction based on topics which stress the return to public speaking. Growth is greater than that of either the department or the institution, but the course is staffed with a greater percentage of graduate teaching assistants and junior faculty than five years ago.
Extension of 3p→3s Ion Lasers into the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region

The feasibility of extending existing near-ultraviolet ion lasers into the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region is analyzed with a simplified three-state model. Single-pass amplification in a laser-produced plasma of reasonable length, pump power, and rise-time requirements is predicted, especially for high electron temperatures. The results are intended to serve as a basis and incentive for detailed numerical modeling and for experiments.
Microstructural rearrangement during heat treatment of drawn nylon 66 fiber

Melt-spun nylon 66 fibers were drawn and subsequently heat treated isothermally and quenched. The heat-treated fibers were then examined by wide-and small-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS), by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and by static mechanical testing. These measurements allow one to follow microstructural changes taking place during the course of the heat treatment. WAXS results show that as the treatment progresses, the crystallites become both more perfect and more disoriented with respect to the fiber axis. SAXS results show crystallite thickening. DSC results show that the melting point increases, goes through a maximum, and then decreases as the heat treatment progresses. The tensile modulus decreases with time to an asymptotic level. The changes in crystallite perfection and thickness occur more rapidly than do the changes in crystallite orientation, modulus, and melting point. A model is proposed whereby the two time frames are related to intracrystalline and intercrystalline processes, respectively.
Acid–Base Titration: Analysis of Phosphoric Acid Anodizing Solutions. A Problem-Based Learning Approach

Phosphoric acid anodizing solutions are routinely titrated to monitor their concentrations; however, after successive anodizations of aluminum metal, increasing amounts of dissolved aluminum interfere with the neutralization titration. The true concentration of phosphoric acid is determined by a correction factor based on the concentration of the dissolved aluminum, which is determined industrially by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The academic determination of a correction factor for aluminum as well as copper can be designed as a traditional or a problem-based learning exercise.
Privatizing medicaid-funded mental health services: Trading old political challenges for new ones

States have aggressively pursued privatizing the management of Medicaid-funded mental health services. Although privatized managed care addresses many concerns, it brings several challenges. This article evaluates the impact of privatization on Medicaid-funded mental health services and highlights several contracting issues that should be considered to ensure high-quality mental health care.
Cross-sectional analysis of nonhomogeneous anisotropic active slender structures

A general formulation for the reduction of the three-dimensional problem of electrothermoelasticity in slender solids to an arbitrarily defined reference line is presented. The dimensional reduction is based on a variationalasymptotic formulation, using the slenderness ratio as small parameter. In the proposed scheme, the coupled linear electroelastic equations are solved at the cross-sectional level using the finite element method. Furthermore, modal components of the displacement field are added to introduce arbitrary deformation shapes into the onedimensional analysis, and arbitrary electric modes are used to define applied electric fields at the cross section. This results in a general definition of a coupled electroelastic stiffness, which can be used in virtually all composite and active beam formulations, as well as in the development of new low-order high-accuracy reduced models for active structures. Finally, the formulation also yields recovery relations for the elastic and electric fields in the original three-dimensional solid, once the one-dimensional problem is solved. The method has been implemented in a computer program (UM/VABS) and numerical results are presented for active anisotropic beam cross sections of simple geometries, which are shown to compare very well with three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Simulation and Analysis of Natural Rain in a Wind Tunnel via Digital Image Processing Techniques

It is desired to simulate natural rain in a wind tunnel in order to investigate its influence on the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft. Rain simulation nozzles have been developed and tested at JPL. Pulsed laser sheet illumination is used to photograph the droplets in the moving airstream. Digital image processing techniques are applied to these photographs for calculation of rain statistics to evaluate the performance of the nozzles. It is found that fixed hypodermic type nozzles inject too much water to simulate natural rain conditions. A modification uses two aerodynamic spinners to flex a tube in a pseudo-random fashion to distribute the water over a larger area.
Synthesis of a new sulfonated monomer for poly(aryl ether)s

A new sulfonated monomer suitable for polyarylether synthesis was made. 1,1'-(p-Phenylenedioxy)bis[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)]benzene was prepared from phosphorus pentoxide/methanesulfonic acid (PPMA), 1,4-diphenoxybenzene, and p-fluorobenzoic acid in good yield. This compound was selectively monosulfonated on the most activated ring with fuming sulfuric acid and isolated as the sodium salt. Poly(aryl ethers) made from this monomer may find use as proton exchange membranes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:553–556, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20137
Simulations of High Reynolds Number Air Flow Over the NACA-0012 Airfoil Using the Immersed Boundary Method

Abstract The Immersed-Boundary Method is coupled to an incompressible-flow RANS solver, based on a two-equation turbulence model, to perform unsteady numerical simulations of airflow past the NACA-0012 airfoil for several angles of attack and Reynolds numbers of 5.0x10 5 and 1.8x10 6 . A preliminary study is performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the calculations to the computational mesh and to guide the creation of the computational cells for the unsteady calculations. Qualitative characterizations of the flow in the vicinity of the airfoil are obtained to assess the capability of locally refined grids to capture the thin boundary layers close to the airfoil leading edges as well as the wake flow emanating from the trailing edge. Quantitative analysis of aerodynamic force coefficients and wall pressure distributions are also reported and compared to experimental results and those from body-fitted grid simulations using the same solver to assess the accuracy and limitations of this approach. The Immersed-Boundary simulations compared well to the experimental and body-fitted results up to the occurrence of separation. After that point, neither computational approach provided satisfactory solutions.