cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Autonomy & Disruptive Transport in the United States: Benchmarking Urban Policy and Programs

Autonomous and automated vehicles (AV) have dramatic potential not only to reshape transportation but the built environment of our cities. While uncertainty remains about the technology itself and how individuals will respond to it, academics have suggested that policy action can be taken to support and adapt more quickly to disruptive innovations. There has been very little policy action taken to start the process of evolving the built environment to meet the demands of new mobility while upholding societal values like sustainability and social justice. In 2015 Guerra reported that only 2 of the 25 largest cities had mention of autonomy in their planning documents. This research extends that work, surveying 602 US cities in 2018 to investigate how they are preparing for urban autonomy. Using a benchmarking method established by Riggs, Steins & Chavan this study finds that roughly 12% of US cities have AV policy, 5% have an ordinance or general plan. Of these policies, the key themes were in management (of transit, systems, parking, curb, data, etc.) and design (primarily streets and electric vehicle infrastructure). No cities focused on travel behavior or efforts to speed the policy process. These offer an opportunity for planners, policy makers and innovators in the coming years.
Toxicity of Immunotherapeutic Agents.

As the cancer population increases and immunotherapy becomes widely utilized, severe toxicities from these treatments will become more prevalent. In cancer patients, the most common immunotherapies that lead to critical illness are chimeric antigen receptor T cells, monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Awareness of their toxicities by the intensive care unit team is of extreme importance. A multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and treatment is recommended. This article reviews the most common toxicities from immunotherapy and offers a therapy-specific and system-based approach for affected patients.
Design of Wireless Communication Network for the Karthoom Automated Control System

Many have argued that properly managed water supply infrastructure is crucial to citizens’ health, agriculture, and economic development, especially in developing cities such as in Rujban, Libya. To convert the manual operation system to a completely automatic system, the whole operating system is divided into three parts that are complementary to each other: the Karthoom Automated Control System (KACS), the Idref Automated Control System 1 (IACS1), and Idref Automated Control System 2 (IACS2) since water is pumped on three different stages. The wireless communication network for KACS consists of two main components: a tank that holds one million liters of water with a transmitter nearby, and on the other site of that, seven receivers for seven wells in the Khartoum area. The transmitter consists of the PLC controller, four level sensors, one flow meter for each water well, and an antenna for the transmitter. Each of the seven ends consists of an RF receiver to control the submersible water pump. An automatic controller will automate and control the system (e.g., Programmable Logic Controller). Each signal of the collecting tank that measures water level will turn on a certain number of the seven submersible pumps depending on the tanks’ water level. The water level sensors can determine this in the collecting tank. A crucial part of this coordination is the flow sensor/meter, which will indicate if a particular well is producing water or not. Thus, all of this data would be monitored by the operator at the Karthoom central station. This paper introduces a new design for the wireless communication network for the KACS.
Search for Optimal Systolic Arrays: A Comprehensive Automated Exploration Framework and Lessons Learned.

Systolic arrays have been widely used for accelerating HPC and deep learning applications. There is a plethora of previous works on the performance tuning of systolic arrays, but usually based on a number of oversimplified assumptions (e.g., only considering divisors for loop tiling, pruning based on off-chip data communication) to reduce the design space. In this paper, we present a comprehensive design space exploration tool named Odyssey for systolic array optimization. Odyssey does not rely on artificial assumptions to limit the design space, and yet it is highly efficient and scalable with a hybrid optimization technique. For example, for a 1024x1024x1024 matrix multiplication, it finds designs that reach 90% of the optimal performance in 5 seconds with a single CPU thread. Moreover, using Odyssey, we unveil and quantify the suboptimality introduced by multiple commonly used oversimplifications in prior studies for systolic array design space exploration. For example, Odyssey results show that limiting to divisors for loop tiling leads to a 39% performance loss, and pruning based on off-chip data movement results in a 45% performance loss. We applied Odyssey to explore the architecture trade-offs for matrix multiplication and convolutional neural network, providing inspiration into possible optimizations for these two applications.
Tris[2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenolato-κ2N,O]chromium(III) methanol tris­olvate

In the title complex, [Cr(C9H7N2O)3]·3CH4O, the Cr3+ ion is coordinated by three anionic 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenolate ligands. Each ligand provides one O atom and one N atom. The complex adopts octa­hedral geometry. The Cr3+ ion has site symmetry 3. A crystallographic threefold rotoinversion axis passes through the Cr atom.
A year of change

In weighty, burnished prose, naturalist John Lister-Kaye describes a year in the Scottish highlands, as seen through the diverse bird species that migrate through the region. He watches the greylag geese pass overhead in V-shaped formation on their way to Iceland to breed. They are a month late. The swallows arrive from Africa a month early. In the prologue, he admits that he had not planned to write this book; instead, he was compelled by the environmental changes has observed. Reviewer Christopher Kemp praises the book as a "lovely ode—both mournful and hopeful."
The voice of the shuttle: Mythical and organizational transformations

While the literature has emphasized the literal and the narrative within organizations, this article will consider the visual and the imaginal. Organizations are known and experienced through images, and these images must be considered if organizational culture is to be understood or changed. We look at the imaginal inventory provided by classical mythology, with special reference to Ovid’s Metamorphoses, and explore the potency and persistence of myth in imaginal terms and introduce the concept of the “voice of the shuttle”, which imprints events within the metaphorical weave of the mythical narrative. This “voice”, always present in organizations, leaves significant and revealing images on the cultural fabric. We try to understand these images through the experiences of an organizational participant and of students trying to make sense of their college culture.
Lifting wreath product extensions

Let G and H be finite groups and let K be a hilbertian field. We show that if G has a generic extension over K and H satisfies the arithmetic lifting property over K, then the wreath product GIH of G and H also satisfies the arithmetic lifting property over K. Moreover, if the orders of H and G are relatively prime and G is abelian, then any extension of G by H (which is necessarily a semidirect product) has the arithmetic lifting property.
Purification and characterization of inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase from rat liver using an inositol hexakisphosphate affinity column.

The metabolism of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate is a pivotal branch point of inositol phosphate turnover; its dephosphorylation replenishes cellular inositol pools, its phosphorylation at the 6-position supports the synthesis of inositol pentakisphosphate, and its phosphorylation at the 5-position produces inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Shears, S.B. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19879-19886). In order to increase understanding of the control of inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate kinase activity, the enzyme was highly purified from rat liver by precipitation with polyethylene glycol, MonoQ ion-exchange chromatography, heparin-agarose affinity chromatography, and a novel affinity chromatography procedure that utilized Affi-Gel resin to which InsP6 was coupled (Marecek, J.F., and Prestwich, G.D. (1991) Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 1863-1866). The final purification was about 26,000-fold, with a 6% yield. This final preparation performed both 5- and 6-kinase activities in the ratio of approximately 1:5. The affinity of the enzyme for inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate was 0.04 microM, the highest yet determined for an inositol phosphate kinase. Both inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate were competitive inhibitors of the kinase (Ki values of 2-4 microM). The enzyme was determined to have a molecular mass of 36 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinase activity was unaffected by Ca2+/calmodulin, protein kinase A, or protein kinase C.
Sequencing and analysis of the Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) soluble methane monooxygenase genes

The soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) hydroxylase is a prototypical member of the class of proteins with non-heme carboxylate-bridged diiron sites. The sMMO subclass of enzyme systems has several distinguishing characteristics, including the ability to catalyze hydroxylation or epoxidation chemistry, a multisubunit hydroxylase containing diiron centers in its α subunits, and the requirement of a coupling protein for optimal activity. Sequence homology alignment of known members of the sMMO family was performed in an effort to identify protein regions giving rise to these unique features. DNA sequencing of the Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) sMMO genes confirmed previously identified sequencing errors and corrected two additional errors, each of which was confirmed by at least one independent method. Alignments of homologous proteins from sMMO, phenol hydroxylase, toluene 2-, 3-, and 4-monooxygenases, and alkene monooxygenase systems revealed an interesting set of absolutely conserved amino-acid residues, including previously unidentified residues located outside the diiron active site of the hydroxylase. By mapping these residues on to the M. capsulatus (Bath) sMMO hydroxylase crystal structure, functional and structural roles were proposed for the conserved regions. Analysis of the active site showed a highly conserved hydrogen-bonding network on one side of the diiron cluster but little homology on the opposite side, where substrates are presumed to bind. It is suggested that conserved residues on the hydroxylase surface may be important for protein–protein interactions with the reductase and coupling ancillary proteins and/or serve as part of an electron-transfer pathway. A possible way by which binding of the coupling protein at the surface of the hydroxylase might transfer information to the diiron active site at the interior is proposed.
Potential cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, population suppression by arthropod predators in upland cotton

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, predation rate of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, was determined by assigning a single predator randomly to each of four prey density treatments in the laboratory. Prey densities included 25, 50, 100, and 200 aphids per Petri dish arena. Predation response was recorded at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h after assigning predators to their prey treatments. Rate of consumption increased through time, with all 25 aphids consumed during the first 4 h of the experiment. At the highest density, adult lady beetle consumed on average 49, 99, 131, 163, 183, and 200 aphids within 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Predators showed a curvilinear feeding response in relation to total available time, indicating that convergent lady beetles have the potential to suppress larger populations of aphids through continuous feeding by regulating their predation efficiency during feeding. The analysis of age-specific mortality in absence of prey revealed that lady beetles could survive for an extended period of time (more than 2 weeks) without prey. The ability of a predator to survive without prey delays or prevents the rebound of pest populations that is a significant factor in natural biological control. A two-year field sampling of 10 cotton arthropod predator species showed that spiders (27%) were the most dominant foliage dwelling predators in the Texas High Plains cotton followed by convergent lady beetles (23.5%), hooded beetles (13.5%), minute pirate bugs (11%), green lacewings (9.5%), bigeyed bugs (7.5%), scymnus beetles (3%), soft-winged flower beetles (2%), damsel bugs (1.5%), and assassin bugs (1.5%). A field cage study showed that one H. convergens adult per plant released at prey density of one aphid per leaf kept the aphid population below economic threshold for the entire growing season.
Monensin and Brefeldin A Inhibit High Density Lipoprotein- mediated Cholesterol Efflux from Cholesterol-enriched Cells IMPLICATIONS FOR INTRACELLULAR CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT

Mechanisms and pathways of excess cholesterol removal from intracellular sites of accumulation to extracellular cholesterol acceptors remain poorly defined. To gain further insights, compounds known to affect cellular protein transport pathways were tested for their effects on high density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux from cultured cells enriched with cholesterol. Monensin, nigericin, and brefeldin A inhibited the ability of HDL to decrease cellular cholesterol esterification, stimulate sterol biosynthesis, and promote the efflux of labeled cholesterol and cholesterol mass from fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. HDL-mediated decrease in cell cholesterol esterification was inhibited up to 80% by these compounds compared with control incubations over an HDL concentration of 5-100 μg/ml and up to 18 h of incubation. Up-regulation of sterol biosynthesis after depletion of cell cholesterol by HDL increased over 10-fold; however, inclusion of monensin or brefeldin A during the incubation completely prevented the increase of sterol biosynthesis by HDL. Efflux of [3H]cholesterol to HDL from prelabeled cells was inhibited up to 40% by these compounds, and this effect persisted when cholesterol esterification was blocked. Similarly, monensin and brefeldin A inhibited up to 50% of HDL-mediated cholesterol mass efflux relative to controls. Treatment of cells with cholesterol oxidase demonstrated an increase of intracellular cholesterol after exposure to monensin or nigericin and to a lesser extent with brefeldin A. These data show that monensin, nigericin, and brefeldin A sequester cholesterol from sites normally available for efflux by HDL. Since these compounds act by disruption of Golgi complex structure and function, a role for this intracellular organelle in transport of cholesterol between intracellular sites and the plasma membrane for eventual removal by extracellular acceptors such as HDL is suggested.
Small-signal theory of the high-power magnetron with intense electron flow

The authors have modified a linear stability analysis of the planar magnetron with intense electron flow to describe the case of a cylindrical magnetron. The eigendifferential equation for extraordinary mode oscillations was solved numerically over a range of parameters characterizing the electron flow and the magnetron geometry. The effect of the anode resonators was imposed through the boundary condition at the outer radius of the electron flow. Both the magnetron instability (doppler-shifted electron cyclotron resonance) and the dicotron instability were observed, with the latter being made possible by the anode resonators, even though the electron flow has only one free surface. The results have implications for the start-up of existing experimental high-power magnetrons. >
CsrA post‐transcriptionally represses pgaABCD, responsible for synthesis of a biofilm polysaccharide adhesin of Escherichia coli

The RNA-binding protein CsrA represses biofilm formation, while the non-coding RNAs CsrB and CsrC activate this process by sequestering CsrA. We now provide evidence that the pgaABCD transcript, required for the synthesis of the polysaccharide adhesin PGA (poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) of Escherichia coli, is the key target of biofilm regulation by CsrA. csrA disruption causes an approximately threefold increase in PGA production and an approximately sevenfold increase in expression of a pgaA'-'lacZ translational fusion. A DeltacsrBDeltacsrC mutant exhibits a modest decrease in pgaA'-'lacZ expression, while the response regulator UvrY, a transcriptional activator of csrB and csrC, stimulates this expression. Biofilm formation is not regulated by csrA, csrB or uvrY in a DeltapgaC mutant, which cannot synthesize PGA. Gel mobility shift and toeprint analyses demonstrate that CsrA binds cooperatively to pgaA mRNA and competes with 30S ribosome subunit for binding. CsrA destabilizes the pgaA transcript in vivo. RNA footprinting and boundary analyses identify six apparent CsrA binding sites in the pgaA mRNA leader, the most extensive arrangement of such sites in any mRNA examined to date. Substitution mutations in CsrA binding sites overlapping the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and initiation codon partially relieve repression by CsrA. These studies define the crucial mechanisms, though not the only means, by which the Csr system influences biofilm formation.
Sports Literature for the At-Risk Student

Elective courses rose in popularity in the midseventies, held forth, and then faded and fell below the horizon in the mid-eighties. For many of us a long night followed. But as we all know, day follows night. The sun also rises. The light is coming back. Electives, in reform movements and in local control initiatives, are returning. Such an elective came this way for twelve ninth-grade students at North Brunswick High School in southeastern North Carolina. Sports literature, sports articles, and sports columns in an elective English course greeted those students first thing every morning, not unlike reading at the breakfast table. They read willingly and consistently. The course made extensive use of the daily newspaper (The Wilmington Star News), young adult novels, and a sports anthology (Great Moments in Sports). A grant of four thousand dollars from North Carolina's Consortium for the Advancement of Public Education (C.A.P.E.) enabled us to purchase all of the above and allow the students to keep and carry home the young adult novels and the newspapers used. The novels, including Skeeter, The Contender, Yea Wildcats, All American, The Old Man and the Sea, The Other Victims, The Far Side of the Mountain, and The Kid From Tomkinsville, were the guts of the course. On Mondays we used the sports section for reading and discussing; on Fridays we discussed a relevant "great moment" from the anthology that related to the novel being read. In between, we read, discussed, and wrote about the novel of the day. The course was team taught by Charlene Porter, English Department head, and me. Mrs. Porter did the literature, we shared the newspaper lessons, and I did the Friday classwork, the great moment, and related material. It worked well. Skeeter by K. Smith begins the course. A more popular young adult novel has yet to be written. Skeeter, an
Chapter 3 The Nociceptive Membrane: Historical Overview

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the nociceptive membrane. Nociceptors are primary afferent neurons that signal tissue damage or the threat of tissue damage. Nociceptors are found in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, muscle, joints, and viscera. They also supply the meninges, although they do not intrude into the central nervous system (CNS). Nociceptors have unencapsulated terminals in the tissue that they innervate. The axons of cutaneous nociceptive afferents are either ﬁnely myelinated (Aδ) or unmyelinated (C) ﬁbers. Nociceptors that supply muscle or joints are also finely myelinated and unmyelinated afferents, but a different nomenclature is used; these are referred to as group III and group IV fibers. Although the terminals of nociceptors are often described as “free nerve endings,” much of the terminal membrane of nociceptors is covered by Schwann cells. However, there are membrane areas that are exposed to the extracellular space. The ability of an individual nociceptor to respond to different types of noxious stimuli would depend on the presence or absence of particular transduction molecules in its surface membrane.
Cenozoic paleoaltimetry of the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the region

Abstract An improved understanding of the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau is crucial in discriminating among the various tectonic models for the evolution of the India–Asia continental collision. We reconstruct the paleoelevation history for three Cenozoic sedimentary basins from SE Tibet and Yunnan, China, to provide more constraints on the tectonic processes for raising the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The results presented here, together with those of previous studies, indicate that (1) the plateau margin of NW Yunnan was near its elevation ( ∼ 2.6 km ) by the latest middle Eocene ( ∼ 40 Ma ); (2) the plateau margin of SE Yunnan reached its current elevation ( ∼ 1.6 km ) by the middle Miocene ( ∼ 13 Ma ). Interpretations of the tectonic processes responsible for this inferred surface uplift of the region are made in the context of well-documented surface geology. We conclude that high landscape ( ∼ 2.6 km elevation) in NW Yunnan may represent the remnants of the Eocene Tibetan plateau that originally formed in the northeastern Qiangtang Block by crustal thickening associated with the India–Asia continental collision. The near-modern elevation of SE Yunnan since ∼ 13 Ma probably reflects the initiation of lower crustal flow in this area by at least that time. Collectively, our paleoaltimetric interpretations disagree with previously proposed models of middle Miocene to Pliocene crustal flow acting as a sole tectonic process for raising the SE margin of the plateau, but support a protracted history of surface uplift that most likely involved crustal thickening during the Eocene, southeastward extrusion of a portion of Eocene Tibetan plateau during the Oligocene to early Miocene, and lower crustal flow beneath this region since at least the early Miocene.
Unto Thy Maker: The Fate of Church-Based Nonprofit Clinics in a Turbulent Health Care Environment:

Despite the explosive growth of the nonprofit sector in recent years, many charitable organizations have closed their doors. Evolution of the health care delivery system in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in Minnesota has favored large, integrated service networks at the expense of small, church-based nonprofit organizations that have long served as a means of neighborhood organizing, social outreach, and the proliferation of community values. Interviews with three defunct church-based health care organizations provide the basis for the authors' observations that relatively sudden and wide-scale changes in the health care environment have legislated against small health care organizations, selecting them out for extinction.
Epidemiology of the Homebound Population in the United States

Importance Increasing numbers of older, community-dwelling adults have functional impairments that prevent them from leaving their homes. It is uncertain how many people who live in the United States are homebound. Objectives To develop measures of the frequency of leaving and ability to leave the home and to use these measures to estimate the size of the homebound population in the US population. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study collected in 2011 in the contiguous United States. Participants were a nationally representative sample of 7603 noninstitutionalized Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older. Main Outcomes and Measures We defined homebound persons as those who never (completely homebound) or rarely (mostly homebound) left the home in the last month. We defined semihomebound persons as those who only left the home with assistance or had difficulty or needed help leaving the home. We compared demographic, clinical, and health care utilization characteristics across different homebound status categories. Results In 2011, the prevalence of homebound individuals was 5.6% (95% CI, 5.1%-6.2%), including an estimated 395 422 people who were completely homebound and 1 578 984 people who were mostly homebound. Among semihomebound individuals, the prevalence of those who never left home without personal assistance was 3.3% (95% CI, 2.8%-3.8%), and the prevalence of those who required help or had difficulty was 11.7% (95% CI, 10.9%-12.6%). Completely homebound individuals were more likely to be older (83.2 vs 74.3 years,P Conclusions and Relevance In total, 5.6% of the elderly, community-dwelling Medicare population (approximately 2 million people) were completely or mostly homebound in 2011. Our findings can inform improvements in clinical and social services for these individuals.
The error probability for the BPSK/BPSK and OQPSK/BPSK spread spectrum communication systems in the presence of single tone jammer

The error probability of BPSK/BPSK and OQPSK/BPSK direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication systems, in the presence of the single tone jammer, is developed using a simple technique. This technique clearly illustrates the same error probability for the OQPSK/BPSK and BPSK/BPSK systems. To measure the bit error probability, it is necessary to know the test statistics of the data, jammer, and noise signals at the output of the correlator. It is assumed that the noise is Gaussian with variance N/sup 0/B/sup 0/. If the power of the jammer signal is much higher than that of the noise signal at the output of the correlator, then only the jammer signal is considered as the noise signal. Coherent synchronization is assumed. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the analytical results. >
Does Formal Employment Reduce Informal Caregiving

Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine the impact of formal employment on informal caregiving. We instrument for individual work hours with state unemployment rates. We find that, among women of prime caregiving ages (40-64 years), working 10% more hours per week reduces the probability of providing informal care by about 2 percentage points. The effects are stronger for more time-intensive caregiving and if care recipients are household members. Our results imply that work-promoting policies have the unintended consequence of reducing informal caregiving in an aging society. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic vs. traditional textbook use: dental students' perceptions and study habits.

This descriptive study assessed dental students’ attitudes about computer use as it relates to study habits and use of e-textbook technology. Academic deans and student leaders at all accredited dental education programs in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Canada were asked to forward an e-mail to students explaining the purpose of the study and asking them to participate. The e-mail included an embedded URL link to the survey. A total of 703 complete responses from twenty-four dental schools were received and used in the final analysis. Because the number of students contacted could not be determined, the overall response rate cannot be calculated. Over 65 percent of the respondents reported spending >11 hours per week studying although over 75 percent said they spent little time studying from their textbooks. Over 55 percent were from schools that use e-textbooks exclusively, with 25 percent from schools that exclusively use print textbooks. One-fourth indicated they purchased a traditional printed textbook even when an e-textbook was provided; more than one-third printed information from the e-textbooks rather than reading on the computer. A majority (59 percent) preferred traditional textbook resources over e-textbooks, with over 50 percent reporting not using the required e-textbooks at all. E-textbooks were used by students in this study less frequently than materials/notes provided by dental school faculty. The majority preferred to use traditional resources as references and for augmenting lecture material.
CFD models for methanol synthesis three-phase reactors: reactor optimization

Abstract Two Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models have been developed for slurry bubble columns. The first model is based on the kinetic theory of granular flow with a measured restitution coefficient in a slurry bubble column. The model was used to predict Air Products/DOE La Porte reactor’s slurry height, gas hold-up and the rate of methanol production. It showed an unfavorable high solids concentration at the bottom of the reactor. The second model with a catalyst viscosity as an input has computed the measured flow patterns and Reynolds stresses in agreement with measurements in a laboratory slurry bubble column. Here, we have rearranged the heat exchangers in the La Porte unit and constructed a CFD model for a baffled reactor that has a higher concentration of the catalyst in the upper portion of the reactor. In this arrangement, the conversion to products is higher than in the La Porte unit, because there is more catalyst in the region of decreased reactant concentration. The baffled arrangement of the heat exchangers prevents the mixing of the catalyst from the upper stage, allowing continued operation of the reactor with a high concentration in the upper stage. Thus, an optimum catalyst concentration is maintained during the course of the production of the liquid fuels.
Temperature regulation in some Brazilian phyllostomid bats.

Abstract 1. 1. Body temperature cycles were measured in six frugivorous bats: Phyllostomus hastatus; P. discolor; Artibeus lituratus; A. jamaicensis; Sturnira lilium and Glossophaga soricina. 2. 2. Minima werer 34·5, 35·3, 36·4, 36·4, 37·1 and 37·2°C at 14.00 hr and maxima were 36·4, 38·2, 38·8, 39·1, 39·1, 39·3 and 39·5°C at 11.00 hr (respectively). The cycle amplitude correlated positively with increasing body size. 3. 3. In daily cycle and response to cold, phyllostomid bats resemble other mammals rather than thermolabile insectivorous bats. A few low temperatures were observed during the day (29–33°C). 4. 4. A small insectivorous species (Mollossus major) exhibited diurnal torpor with temperatures falling to within 2°C of ambient and showing maxima at dusk and dawn.
On the numerical solution of boundary value problems for linear ordinary differential equations

A numerical method is presented for the solution of boundary value problems involving linear ordinary differential equations. The method described is noniterative and makes use of any one-step numerical integration scheme to reduce the problem from one of boundary values to one of initial values. Comments are made concerning some numerical results of applying the method to a specific problem. In addition an extension of the algorithm described to more general problems is discussed.
On the presence of peripheral-like nervous and connective tissue within irradiated spinal cord

Cells with elongated nuclei resembling those of fibroblasts and/or Schwann cells had been noted previously in x-irradiated portions of rat spinal cords. The present experiment was undertaken to determine the identity and fates of these cells. For this experiment, a 5 mm length of lumbosacral spinal cord was irradiated (4000 R) in three-day-old Holtzman rats. Groups of these rats and their litter mate controls were killed at intervals from 11 through 60 days following irradiation. Most of the spinal cords were prepared for light microscopic examination; a few were prepared for ultrastructural studies. Light microscopic examination revealed that the cells in question became observable near the dorsal roots within and immediately caudal to the irradiated area in a few rats as early as 15 days post-irradiation and in all rats by 19 days following irradiation. The number of cells increased rapidly and in some cases filled the dorsal funiculi. Axons that were intermingled with these cells usually became myelinated approximately 25 days post-irradiation. The myelin that formed on these axons resembled peripheral rather than central myelin. Reticular fibers were also abundant in the cell aggregations. The ultrastructural studies confirmed these observations. The data indicate that these cells were involved in formation of peripheral-like nervous tissue within the spinal cord of all irradiated rats.
Mandibular range of motion versus arthrographic diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint

The range of mandibular movements has been correlated with arthrographic findings of the temporomandibular joint in 205 patients. Abnormalities of meniscus position and function have been found to influence mandibular movements in characteristic patterns. However, altered mandibular movements alone are insufficient for a definitive clinical diagnosis of the specific type of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint.
Challenging coronary artery revascularization paradigms

For over 30 years, the conventional wisdom in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) has been that high-risk coronary artery anatomy or myocardial ischemia increases the risk for death and myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, the treatment paradigm has emphasized coronary artery revascularization. In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), early reperfusion of totally occluded infarct arteries by fibrinolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, approximately 30% of eligible patients with STEMI do not receive reperfusion therapy, usually because of late presentation or contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy, and in others, fibrinolytic therapy is unsuccessful in restoring infarct artery patency. In patients with persistent total occlusion of the infarct artery late after MI, observational studies and small clinical trials have suggested treatment benefit with PCI. The mechanism by which late restoration of infarct artery patency might improve outcome has been called the Open Artery Hypothesis and includes reduction in adverse left ventricular remodeling with preservation of left ventricular function, increased electrical stability, and the potential provision of collateral circulation to other coronary beds for protection against future events. However, late PCI also has the potential for harm from procedure-related complications including bleeding, distal embolization resulting in periprocedural MI, and loss of recruitable collaterals from other coronary artery beds, hence reinfarction in the event of reocclusion. The Occluded Artery Trial (OAT) tested the hypothesis that routine PCI for total coronary occlusion over 24 hours to 28 days after MI would reduce the rate of death, reinfarction, or class IV congestive heart failure (CHF). The study randomized 2166 stable patients who met a high-risk criterion (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] of b50% or proximal occlusion of a major epicardial artery with a large risk region) to optimal
P‐111: Reflective Display Based on Total Internal Reflection and Grating‐Grating Coupling

We report on a novel reflection-type display based on total internal reflection and grating-grating coupling fabricated in H-PDLC materials. In this display, two symmetric slanted gratings are temporally multiplexed into a single film. A narrowband light is selected and diffracted from two coupled Bragg gratings creating a reflected image. These holographic pixels have switching voltages that are at least one-half that of H-PDLC reflective displays reported in the literature.
Characterization of titanosilicate ETS-4 crystals grown from synthesis mixtures of different alkalinity

Abstract The results of physicochemical characterization of the titanosilicate ETS-4 crystallized at 448 K from synthesis mixtures of alkalinity varied in the 11.50–12.90 initial pH range [Yilmaz et al., Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., this issue] are presented. The average geometric diameter of spherulites obtained decreased whereas the size of individual crystallites forming these spherulites increased upon the increase of the alkalinity of synthesis mixtures in the range 11.50–12.80. The high initial pH of 12.90 was necessary to grow monolithic ETS-4 crystals with average dimensions ∼1 × 15 × 2 μm and characterized by rectangular prism morphology and minimal intergrowth. The Si/Ti ratio decreased from value of ∼3 upon increasing the initial pH of synthesis mixture and approached an ideal value of 2.4 at the highest alkalinity investigated (12.9). This indicated the presence of significant number of framework defects in the form of missing Ti atoms in ETS-4 grown at lower alkalinities. A layered microstructure in the form of spiral hillocks with step height of ∼1.1 nm was observed on the {1 0 0} surfaces of monolithic ETS-4 crystals. This step height nicely coincides with the geometric dimension of two building units that form the ETS-4 framework: a titanosilicate chain containing octahedral titanium, and a bridging unit containing semi-octahedral titanium. The XRD analysis confirmed the crystallite size increase in the spherulitic products obtained from synthesis mixtures of increasing alkalinity, and was consistent with the EDX analysis, which suggested a smaller number of Ti vacancies in products grown from more alkaline synthesis mixtures.
Application of coherent antistokes Raman scattering (CARS) to imaging mammalian cells: a means for gaining molecular selectivity in multiphoton imaging

Virtually all laser based microscopy imaging methods involve a single laser, with ultrafast lasers emerging as the enabling tool for a variety of methods. Two-photon fluorescence is a high sensitivity method with selectivity depending on a chromophore that is either added or produced by genetic engineering. While there are fundamental advantages over white light or other fluorescence microscopies, there are unavoidable limitations such as bleaching, photoinduced damage to the cell, and the inability to label some major constituents of the cell, particularly the abundant species. Raman imaging affords chemical selectivity but application is limited due particularly to its low sensitivity and unavoidable fluorescence background. Adding a second laser beam, shifted from the first laser by a molecular vibrational frequency, increases the detected Raman signal by many orders of magnitude and in addition shifts the detected signal to the high energy (blue) side of both lasers, removing fluorescence artifacts. Signal levels sufficient to acquire high signal-to-noise ratio images of 200 by 200 pixels in one minute requires sub-nanojoule pulse energy. A convenient, tunable source of the Stokes-shifted beam is provided by an Optical Parametric Amplifier (OPA), which requires an amplified laser. 250-kHz sources have ample energy and in addition keep the average sample power on the order of 0.1 mW, a level that even sensitive biological systems tolerate at the focal spot diameter of 0.3 micrometers . Long-term viability of mammalian cells has been demonstrated during dozens of scans in a single plane. Two-photon fluorescence provides a useful complimentary data channel that is acquired simultaneously with the Raman image. Several dyes and green fluorescence protein have been used for this purpose. Interpretation of images, acquiring three dimensional images, and identification of cellular features are ongoing activities.
Aqueous oxidation-reduction kinetics associated with coupled electron-cation transfer from iron-containing silicates at 25°C

Mechanisms and kinetics of aqueous Fe+2Fe+3 oxidation-reduction and dissolved O2 interaction in the presence of augite, biotite and hornblende were studied in oxic and anoxic solutions at pH 1–9 at 25°C. Oxidation of surface iron on the minerals coincided with both surface release of Fe+2 and by reduction of Fe+3 in solution. Reaction with iron silicates consumed dissolved oxygen at a rate that increased with decreasing pH. Both Fe+3 and O2 consumption were shown to be controlled by coupled electron-cation transfer reactions of the form; [Fe+2, 1zM+z]silicate + Fe+3 → [Fe+3]silicate + Fe+2 + 1zM+z and [Fe+2, 1zM+z]silicate + H+ + 14O2 → [Fe+3]silicate + 1zM+z + 12H2O where M is a cation of charge +z. The spontaneous reduction of aqueous Fe+3in the presence of precipitated Fe(OH)3bracketed the surface oxidation standard half cell between +0.33 and +0.52 volts. Concurrent hydrolysis reactions involving cation release from the iron silicates were suppressed by the above reactions. Calculated oxidation depths in the minerals varied between 12 and 80A and were apparently controlled by rates of solid-state cation diffusion.
The epidemiology of placental features: Associations with gestational age and neonatal outcome

Objective To investigate the epidemiologic and pathogenetic significance of placental features and neonatal outcome in a high-risk population. Methods One pathologist examined 1252 placentas from clinically selected at-risk singleton pregnancies. Placental pathology features were analyzed relative to gestational age and status of the newborn, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), low 1-minute Apgar score, infection, liver disorder, anomalies, and death in the immediate postnatal period. Results The most frequent placental pathologic features were ischemic change, meconium staining, and chorioamnionitis. Only 8% of placentas were considered normal. The number of features per placenta increased with gestational age. Among preterm infants, chorioamnionitis occurred most frequently with low 1-minute Apgar score (40%), clinically apparent infection (43%), liver disorder (43%), and anomalies (42%), compared with healthy newborns (15%). Chorioamnionitis at term was most frequent among infants with low 1-minute Apgar score (26%), infection (30%), and liver disorder (23%), compared with healthy newborns (16%). Meconium and ischemic changes were most frequent in placentas from healthy newborns, compared with affected newborns, regardless of gestational age. Multivariable analyses revealed an independent association between chorioamnionitis and low 1-minute Apgar score (P Conclusion The frequency of many major pathologic placental features, especially ischemic changes and meconium, in the absence of immediately detectable abnormality is relatively high. Thus, continued follow-up is needed to determine their long-term clinical significance. In addition, associations of ischemic changes and infarction with FGR in term infants suggest the need for comprehensive investigations of the effects of histopathologically apparent low placental blood flow.
Analysis of a Static Start-up Control Strategy for Pumped Storage Power Plant Unit

Abstract A static start-up control strategy for pumped storage power plant unit is presented and the sensor less control to rotor position detecting is analyzed according to voltage and magnetism equations of ideal synchronous motor mathematics model. The simple-to-implement estimation technique of sensor less control to rotor position detecting in which operates over a wide speed range, including zero speed, is presented also. Control strategy of static start-up and its mathematical model is discussed in detail. Based on 500 kW synchronous motor, the test of static start- up control system for pumped storage power plant unit is developed. Test results show that pulse commutation, nature commutation and unit synchronous procedure of static start-up are realized. Then it is proved that the method presented in the paper is a practicable control strategy for static start-up control to pumped storage power plant.
Chemisorption on metal films on oxide surfaces

Abstract During the past year, great advances have been made in the preparation of smoother and more defect-free oxide surfaces. Metal particles have been prepared on these surfaces which are extremly well-defined with respect to particle thickness, lateral dimension, shape, electronic structure and energy. Chemisorption and catalytic reactions have been proven to depend on particle thickness, size and separation, and the nature of the oxide support surface; and these effects have been explained.
Visualization of NASA campaign mission vertical profiles using Google Earth

Google Earth, as the pioneer of Virtual Globes, is changing the way in which professionals acquire, assess, organize, manage, share, visualize, and utilize three-dimensional geospatial data in a virtual environment for scientific research. Google Earth is also changing how the public interacts with virtual globes to facilitate their daily life. Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is the key technology making this change possible. NASA campaign missions have collected large volumes of vertical profiles of the atmosphere for various experiments and validation of instruments to be loaded on satellites. This paper describes design and implementation of two solutions to visualizing those vertical profiles in Google Earth for facilitating the validation and testing of the instruments. The first is to read and process the scientific data into images by using Interface Description Language (IDL). Then, COLLAborative Design Activity (COLLADA) model is used to process and render these images in the form of three dimension. Finally, KML files are produced—the vertical profiles are visualized in the form of vertical curtains in Google Earth. The second way is to read the data values directly from the vertical profiles and use them to produce KML files that visualize the vertical profiles as vertical curtains in Google Earth. The vertical curtain is composed of a large number of small rectangles. The first way produces a high-resolution curtain quickly, but the positions of the vertical curtain in Google Earth are not accurate. For the second way, the positions of the vertical curtain can be very accurate in Google Earth, but the resolution is low and the speed is slow. Examples are given for both solutions.
Immune response of hamsters to experimental central nervous system infection with measles virus.

Abstract Forty-two 21-day-old Syrian golden hamsters were inoculated intracerebrally with a hamster-adapted Mantooth strain of measles virus. For the duration of the experiment, the animals demonstrated measles virus infection of the central nervous system documented by histology and detection of measles antigen by fluorescent antibody staining. The lymphocyte-rosetting response to infection in the hamsters was monitored for 25 days after inoculation utilizing a human cell line (HEp-2) persistently infected with the hamster-adapted measles virus. The rosetting response reached a peak on the third day after virus inoculation and then declined to a constant low level by the tenth day. This decline corresponded to the peak of the humoral immune response as measured by the measles hemagglutination-inhibition titer. The rosetting response appears in this model to be a response to the acute phase of infection.