cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical fuel cells. Demonstration of an obligatory pathway involving an external circuit for the enzymatically catalyzed aerobic oxidation of glucose.

Abstract An in vitro biochemical fuel cell based upon the enzymatically catalyzed aerobic oxidation of glucose is described. The anodic half-reaction employs an electron transfer sequence consisting of the glucose oxidase reductive half-reaction and dichloroindophenol. The cathodic half-reaction involves reduction of molecular oxygen. A high Faradic efficiency for the intact cell approaching 100% has been experimentally demonstrated. The steady state current is exponentially related to the concentration of the terminal electron transfer species in the anodic chamber. The behavior is consistent with application of the Nernst relationship to define the cell potential and a simple resistance circuit. The discharge profile of the cell after complete oxidation of the primary fuel, glucose, can be modeled as a capacitor discharging through a resistor.
Insert, Update, and Delete Data from Databases

This chapter contains sections titled: Perform Data Manipulations to SQL Server Database Using JPA Wizards Perform Data Manipulations to Oracle Database Using JPA Wizards Perform Data Manipulations to SQL Server Database Using Java Runtime Object Perform Data Manipulations to Oracle Database Using Java Runtime Object Perform Data Manipulations Using Updatable ResultSet Perform Data Manipulations Using Callable Statements Chapter Summary Homework
Conversations with Supply Chain Managers

This paper documents the process of supply chain formation to bring a new product to market, based on phone and personal interviews with supply chain professionals and consultants from a range of industries including but not restricted to high tech, consumer products and services, entertainment, food, furniture, family and entertainment, consulting and other b-to-b services, automotive, and large complex engineered products. Most of these interviews were conducted between September 2009 and January 2010, but some earlier interactions have been incorporated as appropriate. Potentially identifying information has been removed to preserve anonymity, which was promised to the respondents.
Antisense RNA-Mediated Inhibition of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Replication in L2 Cells

We have successfully used antisense RNA to inhibit replication of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in a cell culture system. MHV is a single-stranded RNA virus of positive polarity. Mouse L2 cells were stably transfected with an antisense construct that targets regions of genes 5 and 6 of the virus. High levels of expression from this construct, which is under control of the human elongation factor 1α promoter, were found. After infection of the antisense cell lines with MHV, replication of the virus was significantly reduced compared with control cells. In a viral plaque assay, smaller plaques were found in the antisense cell lines. In addition, up to a 92% inhibition in the number of viral particles produced in one antisense cell line could be seen. This inhibitory effect decreased at longer (>16 hour) infection times. It was possible to both increase the amount of inhibition and prolong the inhibitory effect by reducing the multiplicity of infection. Our results suggest that antisense RNA may be an effe...
Easy as P.I.E.: Avoiding and Preventing Vicarious Liability for Sexual Harassment by Supervisors

In 1998, the Supreme Court in Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth and Faragher v. City of Boca Raton set forth a two-pronged affirmative defense for employers to avoid vicarious liability for sexual harassment by supervisors. Under both Ellerth and Faragher, when no tangible employment action is taken, an employer can raise an affirmative defense to liability or damages by establishing two prongs: “(a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior; and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise.” The Authors contend that careful analysis of the cases involving the Ellerth-Faragher affirmative defense evinces that satisfying both prongs can actually be as “easy as P.I.E.” if the employer has a sufficient antiharassment policy, it sufficiently implements that policy, and it sufficiently enforces that policy. Specifically, a sufficient policy contains an adequate definition of the proscribed behavior, assurances that employees who make complaints of harassment or provide information related to such complaints will be protected against retaliation, and reasonable complaint procedures that provide accessible avenues of complaint and identify to whom harassment need be reported. Implementation is sufficient if there is adequate dissemination of and training regarding the policy, and employees are required to sign that they have read the policy, understand it, and agree to abide by it. Enforcement is sufficient if the behavior complained of is properly investigated and the harassing behavior is promptly corrected. This Article provides an in-depth analysis of the three P.I.E. components,how they affect both prongs of the affirmative defense, and how their sufficiency and interplay with each other can, in a very real way, not only shield a company from vicarious liability for sexual harassment by its supervisors, but also prevent the underlying sexual harassment. After analyzing the conditions under which courts have found each of these three P.I.E. components sufficient, the Authors offer practical solutions using a fictional company, Noble Corporation, to illustrate how the P.I.E. model works.
Selecting behaviors using fuzzy logic

Behavior-based systems, i.e. systems that use behaviors as a way of decomposing the control policy needed for accomplishing a task, are very useful in making robots cope with the dynamics of real-world environments. However, these systems still need to be extended to design robots having multiple and possibly conflicting goals, requiring planning, and getting more out of their behaviors. One way of doing that is to allow behaviors to be selected dynamically and to blend their actions in order to get more complex behaviors. This paper addresses these issues by presenting a control architecture that, when using fuzzy logic, allows behaviors to be efficiently selected by different sources. A simulated world for mobile robots is used to illustrate these ideas.
Database recovery using redundant disk arrays

The authors propose a method for using redundant disk arrays to support rapid recovery from system crashes and transaction aborts in addition to their role in providing media failure recovery. A twin-page scheme is used to store the parity information in the array, making it possible to keep the old version of the parity along with the new version. The old version of the parity is used to undo updates performed by aborted transactions or by transactions interrupted by a system failure. Using an analytical model, it is shown that the proposed method achieves a significant increase in the throughput of database systems using redundant disk arrays by reducing the number of recovery operations needed to maintain the consistency of the database. >
Design and performance evaluation of linear and rotary surface-driven electrostatic microactuators

A series of surface-driven rotary and linear electrostatic microactuators are designed and prototyped. A finite element method is used to aid in the actuator design and analysis of the electrostatic drive mechanism. The actuators, with the major components being a double-side copper coated 200 /spl mu/m-thick glass epoxy stator board and a 34 /spl mu/m-thick carbon-coated polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) film slider/rotor, are fabricated by using modified printed circuit board techniques. Experiments have shown that for the linear actuators, the maximum force density achieved is 106 N/m/sup 2/, at a driving voltage of /spl plusmn/80 V. For the rotary actuator, a maximum force density of 82 N/m/sup 2/ is achieved. The maximum load carrying capability of the actuators, defined as the ratio of the load carried by the slider/rotor to its eigen weight, is 170 for the linear and 190 for the rotary actuators, respectively. At a driving voltage of /spl plusmn/400 V, a maximum translational speed of 240 mm/s is observed for the linear actuator. For the rotary actuator, the maximum rotational speed obtained is 425 rpm.
The role of exogenous testosterone in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and plasmalemmal or vesicular dopamine uptake in castrated rats.

The possible interaction between testosterone and cocaine on behavioral and neurochemical alterations was investigated. In castrated (CAST) rats, chronic administration of testosterone propionate (TP, 2 mg/kg, s.c.) delayed and reduced chronic cocaine-induced (24 mg/kg, i.p.) focused stereotypy sensitization measured by a force-plate actometer, while the absence of TP was associated with robust behavioral sensitization to cocaine. TP itself did not produce focused stereotypy. Postmortem assays revealed that TP administration to CAST rats partially, but significantly, restored the cocaine-induced reduction of striatal plasmalemmal dopamine (DA) uptake compared to CAST rats without TP. In contrast, TP treatment did not significantly differ from the oil treatment of CAST rats in cocaine-associated enhancement of vesicular DA uptake. Thus, testosterone may modulate cocaine-induced alteration of homeostasis between extracellular and cytosolic DA pools, which may play a role in behavioral sensitization.
Strabismus in Infancy

In order to prospectively study the development of strabismus in infancy, the ocular alignment of a large population of normal neonates was studied and follow-up examinations were obtained in a subset of these infants. The characteristic findings of congenital esotropia subsequently developed in three infants who were either orthotropic or exotropic at birth. Pathologic exotropia developed in two infants; both were exotropic at birth, but no more so than most normal neonates. In infants with congenital esotropia or pathologic exotropia, the characteristic deviation appears to develop between 2 and 4 months of age, a period during which normal infants are becoming increasingly orthotropic.
Reduced-order filtering of jump Markov systems with noise-free measurements

Abstract In continuous-time Kalman filtering for jump Markov systems, it is required that the measurement noise covariance be nonsingular. In this work, the case of noise-free measurements is considered and it is proposed that a reduced-order filter be used to overcome this singularity problem. This filter is optimal in the minimum variance sense and is of dimension (n−p) where n and p are the state and measurement vector dimensions, respectively. After the optimal filter equations are derived for the finite-time case, we focus on the infinite-time case and characterize the set of all assignable estimation error covariances and parametrize the set of all estimator gains. The conditions for the existence of the optimal steady-state filter are obtained in terms of the system theoretic properties of the original signal model.
Knowledge despite falsehood

I examine the claim, made by some authors, that we sometimes acquire knowledge from falsehood. I focus on two representative cases in which a subject S infers a proposition q from a false proposition p. If S knows that q, I argue, S's false belief that p is not essential to S's cognition. S's knowledge is instead due to S's belief that p′, a proposition in the neighbourhood of p that S (dispositionally) believes (and knows). S thus knows despite her false belief. The widely accepted and plausible principle that inferential knowledge requires known premises is unscathed.
Drug use and crime during a four-year posttreatment follow-up.

Follow-up interview data for 1,155 opioid addicts showed that about three-fourths of the sample reported some criminal behavior during a 4-year period after leaving drug abuse treatment. Males had ...
Effect of murine retroviral infection on hair and serum levels of cocaine and morphine.

LP-BM5 retrovirally infected female C57BL6J mice were administered cocaine, morphine or both by daily intraperitoneal injection for 9 weeks. Drug concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum and in hair extracts. Hair samples obtained from all drug-treated mice were positive for the drug injected, while none of the saline-treated mice had detectable drug levels in hair or serum. The average morphine concentration obtained from non-infected mice was 11 ng/mg hair whereas the amount found in the LP-BM5-infected mice was significantly higher (20 ng/mg hair). Mice injected with both morphine and cocaine were given 50% of the regular dose of each drug and drug levels in the hair of these animals were approximately half that of mice injected with the full dose of the single drug. Non-infected mice treated with both drugs had a mean value of 7 ng morphine/mg hair and 374 ng cocaine/mg hair while retrovirus -infected mice had significantly higher concentrations, 10 ng morphine/mg hair and 1160 ng cocaine/mg hair (P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of cocaine and morphine were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the retrovirus-infected animals from 40 min to 1.5 h. The increased concentrations of cocaine and morphine in serum during retrovirus infection are accompanied by a significant increase in the amount of drug incorporated into the hair matrix. This change indicates that retroviral infection may influence the disposition of these drugs in the systemic circulation.
Fostering Hope in the Elderly Congestive Heart Failure Patient in Critical Care

Abstract Abstract: This article presents a patient-centered framework applied to the elderly patient with congestive heart failure (CHF). Although the elderly have been the focus of numerous articles, the needs of the elderly CHF patient in the critical care setting, especially concerning hope versus hopelessness, have been neglected. Guidelines for the clinical management of patients experiencing hopelessness are explored. The four dimensions of hopelessness discussed herein are experiential, spiritual/transcendence, irrational, and relational processes. Nursing diagnosis, interventions, goal-setting, and family support also are discussed. Helping the elderly CHF patient maintain hope when confronted with repeated hospitalizations is a challenge for the critical care nurse. (Geriatr Nurs 1999;20:195-9)
Integrated interleaving SC power converters with analog and digital control schemes for energy-efficient microsystems

This paper addresses design strategies and tradeoffs of a series of newly developed interleaving switched-capacitor power converters. In such a design, a converter consists of multiple sub-cells in the power stage, and is regulated with interleaving power flow control. By splitting the power flow in a time-sequenced manner, the converter maintains a continuous power delivery flow to the output V OUT, with significant reductions on the in-rush input current and the output voltage ripples. System modeling and optimization focusing on power efficiency and z-domain closed-loop gain enhancement are discussed. An experimental prototype was successfully fabricated with a standard 0.35-μm digital CMOS N-well process. The entire die area, including fully integrated pads and power devices, is 3.84 mm2. Measurement results show that, with a supply voltage of 1.5 V and a load of 250 mA, the output of the converter is well regulated at 2.5 V with 16-mV ripple. The maximum efficiency of 82.3% is achieved at the output power of 625 mW.
Optimal error diffusion for computer-generated holograms

A probabilistic model is introduced to describe error diffusion (a method of binarization). This model is solved for general error-diffusion coefficients. The solution leads to an analytic error expression that is minimized to optimize the quality of binarization. It is shown that this procedure is useful in the production of computer-generated holograms. Simulations are presented to verify both the theoretical development and the optimization procedure.
Daniel O'Connell, The British Press and The Irish Famine : Killing Remarks

Contents: Preface Introduction The Times, O'Connell and repeal " 1843 Punch, 'rint' and 'repale' " 1843 Traversers and priests " 1844-1845 'The commissioner' " 1845 Imagining a famine/Imaginary famine " 1845 'The battlefield of contending factions' " January to June, 1846 Parsing Pharaoh's dream " July to December 1846 'A Transition of Great Difficulty' " January to March 1847 The death of Daniel O'Connell " May 1847 'A conspiracy against life': June to December 1847 Charles Trevelyan and the 'great opportunity' " January 1848 The uprising at Boulagh " 1848 A dream of the future "1849 Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Derivation of a spatially continuous transportation model

Abstract A geographically continuous movement model can be deduced from the quadratic transhipment problem by considering the transportation network as a discrete mesh. The resulting system of coupled Helmholz equations can be considered to solve simultaneously the spatially continuous versions of the traffic “distribution” and “assignment” problems. The associated Lagrangian functions are similar to the potentials of classical flow theory. Numerical methods implement the procedure.
Studies in organ preservation by actual freezing and reduction of the freezing point.

Abstract Methods of organ preservation under study at the University of Oregon Medical School have been briefly reviewed. It is possible to preserve organs in a viable state by actually depressing the freezing point. The best long-term method of preservation will probably be actual freezing. This important field, cryobiology , is just in its infancy and yet possible applications are immense. In this report, the primary pharmacological actions of dimethyl sulfoxide previously published have been listed.
Arsenic in ocean floors

A total of 66 pelagic sediments, 1 Red Sea hot brine sediment and 9 basic and ultrabasic deep sea rocks have been analyzed for As. All the highest As values in sediments are found on or close to active oceanic ridges. Average As content of pelagic sediments is estimated to be 40 ppm on a carbonate free basis. The content of As in oceanic rocks is low. The enrichment of As in deep sea sediments can be best explained as an adsorption process on colloidal matter. The source for As is probably, besides continental weathering products, emanations of deep seated origin on the active ridges.
Immunogenicity testing by electrochemiluminescent detection for antibodies directed against therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies.

Monitoring the immune response against human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is an important component of preclinical and clinical trials to assess drug exposure, efficacy, and safety (1)(2). Detection of antibodies (analyte) directed against therapeutic antibodies (drug) is difficult because of the similarity of structure between drug and analyte and the high concentrations of drug present in serum, particularly during preclinical toxicology studies (3)(4). The purpose of this study was to develop a robust assay format applicable across species and drug compounds for rapid method development and validation. We developed 5 assays to detect antibodies against 5 distinct monoclonal antibody therapeutic drug products. Detection was dependent on bivalent antibodies binding both biotin- and ruthenium-conjugated drug compounds (for a schematic of the assay, see Fig. 1 of the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this abstract at http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol51/issue10/). This “bridging” assay format eliminated the need for species–specific secondary antibodies and provided assay consistency in different serum matrices as a drug product moves from preclinical to clinical development. …
String theory path integral: Genus two and higher

The string theory path integral is discussed for surfaces of genus two and higher, for the bosonic spectrum in d=26. Techniques for the evaluation of the path integral for arbitrary values of the genus are presented.
Synthesis of the stable isotope labeled antiviral nucleoside analog [8‐13C–7,9‐15N2]‐ganciclovir

Ganciclovir, a nucleoside analog of 2′-deoxyguanosine, is a drug used in suicide gene therapy for the treatment of mesothelioma. We required a stable isotope analog of ganciclovir for use in pharmacokinetic studies in order to monitor the systemic exposure of patients to the drug. Therefore, a facile and efficient synthesis of [8-13C–7,9-15N2]-ganciclovir, was devised. The synthesis was achieved in 4 steps with 25% total yield using commercially-available [8-13C–7,9-15N2]-guanine, without the need for purification of intermediates. The key step of the synthesis involved the coupling of [8-13C–7,9-15N2]-guanine with 3-propionyloxy-2-propionyloxy-methoxypropyl propionate. The latter was synthesized from a commercially available dichlorohydrin. Each step of the reaction could be easily monitored by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The structure of the labeled ganciclovir was confirmed using 1H, 13C, and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valuing nature-based recreation in public natural areas of the Apalachicola River region, Florida.

Abstract As more people visit natural areas for tourism and recreation purposes, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the value they place on these natural resources. Specifically, tourists to Florida have been increasingly interested in visiting natural areas, forests, parks, and preserves—highlighting the importance of this new and growing phenomenon. We analyze visitors’ demand for nature-based recreation in the Apalachicola River region of Florida using the travel cost method. The results from a count data regression model reveal that on average visitors would pay $74.18 per visit-day for nature-based recreation resulting in a total economic value of $484.56 million attributable to nature-based recreation in the Apalachicola River region. Results of this study provide useful information for natural resources management in the region and a rationale to preserve Florida's unique ecosystems.
Historical Literacy of Advanced Undergraduate Psychology Students: Pedagogical Implications for Courses in the History of Psychology:

139 junior and senior students enrolled in courses in the history of psychology at two universities were tested on the first day of class to assess general historical literacy, literacy in the history of psychology, and recognition of 51 important figures in the history of psychology. Serious deficiencies in their historical knowledge present important pedagogical implications for the teaching of the history of the discipline.
High Performance Anistropic Conductive Adhesives for Lead-free Interconnects

To improve the electrical property of the anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) joints, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) compounds are introduced into the interface between the metal filler and the substrate bond pad. The formation of the SAM on gold and silver and the thermal stability were investigated by measuring the contact angles of SAM compounds with a hydrophilic or hydrophobic tail groups such as octadecanethiol (ODT), mercpatoacetic acid (MAA), 1,4-benzenedithiol (dithiol) and malonic acid (Acid M) on Au and/or Ag surfaces. Epoxy resins with two different curing temperatures were used as polymer matrices of the ACA formulations. SAM treated ACA joints showed much lower resistance at the same applied current than non-treated joints, and the effect on the low curing temperature epoxy matrices was more significant. Nano-Ag filled ACA showed more significant improvement of electrical properties due to the more surface area and higher surface energy of nano particles and consequently the higher thermal stability with SAM
Radionuclide ejection fraction and regional wall motion during atrial pacing in stable angina pectoris: comparison with metabolic and hemodynamic parameters.

To evaluate the effects of atrial pacing on radionuclide (RNA) ejection fraction (EF) and regional wall motion (RWM), transmyocardial lactate gradients and hemodynamics in stable coronary artery disease (CAD), 12 CAD patients underwent incremental atrial pacing during cardiac catheterization. EF declined from 0.60 ± 0.07 during control state to 0.51 ± 0.11 (p < 0.001) during submaximal pacing (Sub Max P) with 10 of 12 having decreased EF, six developing new RWM abnormalities, and five experiencing mild chest pain. During maximal pacing (Max P), EF declined further to 0.47 ± 0.10 (p < 0.001), with all patients having decreased EF and experiencing moderate to severe chest pain, and nine developing new RWM abnormalities. Percentage lactate extraction (Ex) decreased from +28.3 ± 9.4% to +17.4 ± 11.9% during Sub Max P (p < 0.01), with only one patient producing lactate. During Max P, percentage lactate Ex decreased to −0.1 ± 15.3% (p < 0.001) with eight patients producing lactate. Significant increases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance occurred during Max P, and in mean pulmonary artery pressure and mean systemic arterial pressure during both Sub Max and Max P. Significant decreases in stroke volume index and stroke work index occurred during both pacing levels and cardiac index did not change with pacing. This study demonstrates that RNA may be used to establish decreases in EF and RWM which occur in response to incremental atrial pacing in patients with stable CAD, and that these changes are more consistent and appear earlier than the metabolic consequences of myocardial ischemia induced by pacing stress.
Cellular basis of the genetic control of immune responsiveness to murine thyroglobulin in mice.

Cell transfer experiments were performed to determine the role of T and B lymphocytes in the genetic control of autoimmune thyroiditis. Adult female BALB/c mice H-2d), poor responders, were thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and reconstituted with T lymphocytes (thymus cell suspensions), B lymphocytes (bone marrow cells treated with anti-θ serum and complement), or T and B lymphocytes from (RF × BALB/c)F1 good responder mice. Chimeras were immunized with homologous thyroglobulin, and the thyroid antibody and pathology index were assessed. T lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes could transfer responsiveness to thyroglobulin. Adult thymectomized mice had a markedly decreased immune response to thyroglobulin. Homozygous nude (nu/nu) mice did not develop thyroiditis in contrast to heterozygous (nu/+) littermates.
Impurity effects on domain-growth kinetics. I. Ising model

The development of order for the Ising model in the presence of static, random impurities is studied following a quench from high temperature (T\ensuremath{\gg}${T}_{c}$) to T${T}_{c}$. We find that for quenches to T=0, the system becomes pinned for long times for any value of c0 and never reaches its final equilibrium ferromagnetic ground state. The average linear pinned domain size scales as the inverse square root of the concentration c. For quenches to a final T0, the long-time behavior of the correlation length R and the energy E are slower than a power law, suggesting a logarithmic growth law for long times. The time that is required to reach this asymptotic logarithmic behavior increases as the impurity concentration decreases and/or the temperature increases.
Increased immunosuppression, not anticoagulation, extends cardiac xenograft survival.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac xenograft function is lost due to delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) characterized by microvascular thrombosis and myocardial necrosis. The cause of DXR is unknown but may result from thrombosis induced by antibody-mediated activation of endothelial cells and/or by incompatibilities in thromboregulatory interactions. METHODS: To examine these issues, a series (Groups 1-6) of previous transgenic CD46 pig-to-baboon heterotopic cardiac transplants were reanalyzed for baseline immunosuppressive levels, graft survival and infectious complications with and without systemic anticoagulation. Groups 1-4 received low dose tacrolimus and sirolimus maintenance therapy, with splenectomy, anti-CD20 and daily alpha-Gal polymer. Group 1 recipients received no anticoagulation. Groups 2-4 were anticoagulated with aspirin and Plavix, Lovenox, or Coumadin, respectively. Group 5 was treated with Lovenox and high dose tacrolimus and sirolimus maintenance therapy. Group 6 recipients received no postoperative anticoagulation but the same immunosuppression as group 5. RESULTS: Median survival (15-22 days) within groups 1-4 was not significantly different. At rejection all tissues exhibited microvascular thrombosis, coagulative necrosis and similar levels of platelet and fibrin deposition. Groups 5 and 6 median survival (76 days) was significantly increased compared to groups 1-4. There was no significant difference in median survival between Lovenox treated recipients (68 days) and anticoagulant free recipients (96 days). Rejected tissues showed vascular antibody deposition, microvascular thrombosis, and myocyte necrosis. CONCLUSION: Significant prolongation in xenograft survival is achieved by improved immunosuppression. These results suggest that ongoing immune responses remain the major stimulus for DXR.
Modeling and Simulation of Microstructurally Small Crack Formation and Growth in Notched Nickel-base Superalloy Component

Studies on microstructurally small fatigue cracks have illustrated that heterogeneous microstructural features such as inclusions, pores, grain size distribution as well as precipitate size distribution and volume fraction create stochasticity in their behavior under cyclic loads. Therefore, to enhance safe-life and damage-tolerance approaches, accurate modeling of the influence of these heterogeneous microstructural features on microstructurally small crack formation and growth from stress raisers is necessary. In this work, computational micromechanics was used to predict the high cycle fatigue of microstructurally small crack formation and growth in notched polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys and to quantify the variability in the driving force for formation and growth of microstructurally small crack from notch root in the matrix with non-metallic inclusions. The framework involves computational modeling to obtain three-dimensional perspectives of microstructural features influencing fatigue crack growth in notched nickel-base superalloys, which accounts for the effects of nonlocal notch root plasticity, loading, microstructural variability, and extrinsic defects on local cyclic plasticity at the microstructure-scale level. This approach can be used to explore sensitivity of minimum fatigue lifetime to microstructures. The simulation results obtained from this framework were calibrated to existing experimental results for polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys.
Controlled Chemical Modification of Hyaluronic Acid: Synthesis, Applications, and Biodegradation of Hydrazide Derivatives

Controlled modification of the carboxylic acid moieties of hyaluronic acid with mono- and polyfunctional hydrazides leads to biochemical probes, biopolymers with altered physical and chemical properties, tethered drugs for controlled release, and crosslinked hydrogels as biocompatible scaffoldings for tissue engineering. Methods for polyhydrazide synthesis, for prodrug preparation, for hydrogel crosslinking, and for monitoring biodegradation are described.
The surface chemistry of alkyl and arylphosphate vapor phase lubricants on Fe foil

Abstract The surface chemistry of tributylphosphate (TBP) and tricresylphosphate (TCP) on a polycrystalline Fe surface was studied using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy to illustrate some of the initial steps in the reaction mechanisms of alkyl and arylphosphate vapor phase lubricants. During heating, TBP [(C4H9O)3P=O] adsorbed on the Fe surface decomposes via C–O bond scission to give butyl surface intermediates [C4H9–] that react via β-hydride elimination to desorb as 1-butene [CH3CH2CH=CH2] and H2 without appreciable carbon deposition onto the surface. The thermal decomposition of 1-iodobutane [I-C4H9] on Fe was observed to proceed via the same β-hydride elimination mechanism. In contrast to tributylphosphate, meta-tricresylphosphate (m-TCP) [(CH3–C6H4O)3P=O] decomposes on Fe via P–O bond scission to produce methylphenoxy intermediates [CH3–C6H4O–]. During heating to 800 K, methylphenoxy intermediates either desorb as m-cresol [CH3–C6H4–OH] via hydrogenation or decompose further to generate tolyl intermediates [CH3–C6H4–]. Some of the tolyl intermediates desorb as toluene [CH3–C6H5] via hydrogenation but the majority decompose resulting in H2 and CO desorption and carbon deposition onto the Fe surface. The P–O bond scission mechanism of m-TCP was verified by showing that the temperature programmed reaction spectra of m-cresol yield products that are almost identical to those of m-TCP. These results provide insight into the origin of the differences in the performance of alkyl and arylphosphates as vapor phase lubricants. The alkylphosphates decompose via alkyl intermediates that readily undergo β-hydride elimination and desorb into the gas phase as olefins, thus removing carbon from the surface. In contrast, the arylphosphates generate aryloxy intermediates by P–O bond scission and aryl intermediates by further C–O bond scission. Neither of these intermediates can undergo β-hydride elimination and thus they decompose to deposit carbon onto the Fe surface. The higher efficiency for carbon deposition may be the primary reason for the superior performance of the arylphosphates over alkylphosphates as vapor phase lubricants.
DNA strand breaks in Alzheimer's disease

The goal of this study was to investigate the presence of DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) utilizing independent assays for three different types of DNA strand breaks. Sections from hippocampi of AD brains, brains with Alzheimer neurofibrillary changes (Ch) from non-demented individuals, and controls (C) were labeled with (1) the TUNEL assay to identify blunt-ended and 3' protruding termini of breaks in double-stranded DNA, (2) the Klenow assay to detect single-stranded and double-stranded breaks with protruding 5' termini, and (3) the Apostain assay which utilizes a monoclonal antibody to single-stranded DNA and is based on the decreased stability of apoptotic DNA to thermal denaturation caused by DNA breaks. The highest incidence of nuclei positive for either molecular form of DNA strand breaks was detected in AD, followed by Ch, and controls (C). In either AD and Ch, the incidence of TUNEL- or Klenow-positive nuclei did not differ significantly, but was higher than the incidence of Apostain-positive nuclei. With all three assays, the highest incidence of positive nuclei was in the molecular layer of CA1. In the majority of nuclei positive for either the Klenow or the Apostain assay, the product of the labeling reaction was localized either to the periphery of the nucleus or to distinct clumps of chromatin (or both). With the TUNEL assay, the majority of positive nuclei were diffusely labeled. In both AD and Ch, the individual positive nuclei were labeled with both the Klenow and the TUNEL assays. The results indicate high incidence of nuclei with either double-stranded or single-stranded DNA breaks in AD, which, for the forms detectable with the Klenow or TUNEL assays, were colocalized.
Selective wet-etching of microcontact-printed Cu substrates with control over the etch profile

Employing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as resists necessitates highly selective etch systems: these resists, which can be patterned using mirocontact printing (µCP), are fragile systems because they cover a substrate with a molecular layer that is only a few nm thick and are prone to having defects such as missing molecules. Increasing the size of etchants helps ta tolerate such defects in monolayers and enables microcontact-printed substrates to be etched with very high selectivity. Adding monolayer-forming molecules to an etch bath that can 'heal' defects in a printed SAM is another practical method to achieve high selectivity, and provides a means to form tapered structures. The latter effect relies on the continuous propagation of a self-assembling etch barrier from the printed area competing with vertical etching. These improvements turn defective monolayers into robust resist systems, and extend the patterning possibilities of µCP, allowing, for example, repetitive printing and etching operations on substrates to shape the profile of structures, or to form multilevel patterns.
Activity of a non-hallucinogenic ergoline derivative, lisuride, in an animal behavior model for hallucinogens.

The behavioral effects of IP administration of lisuride, a non-hallucinogenic iso-lysergic acid amide analog structurally related to d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), were examined in 15 cats. Ten animals were given saline or 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 μg/kg of lisuride and observed for 1 h by a rater blind to dose. There was a statistically significant effect of lisuride dose on the frequency of occurrence of the behaviors limb flicking, grooming, and abortive grooming. A time-course study with five cats at the most effective lisuride dose, 50 μg/kg, revealed that the frequencies of occurrence of these behaviors reached a maximum during the first 2 h post dose, and were comparable to frequencies after saline by 6 h post dose. An acute tolerance study with four cats scored for 90 min post dose revealed no significant tolerance to a 50 μg/kg lisuride test dose administered 6, 24, or 72 h after an initial 50 μg/kg dose. Acute cross tolerance studies with four cats scored for 90 min after an initial dose of 50 μg/kg of LSD or of lisuride, followed 24 h later by 50 μg/kg of lisuride or LSD, revealed no significant cross tolerance. The potency of lisuride relative to LSD was evaluated in six cats that were scored for 60 min following 25 and 50 μg/kg of LSD and of lisuride. On a molar basis, scores after lisuride were 51% and 67% those after LSD for limb flicking and grooming. These results indicate that lisuride, a non-hallucinogenic iso-lysergic acid derivative, is a false positive in the animal behavior model for hallucinogens.
Rates of glycogen synthesis and the cellular levels of ATP and FDP during exponential growth and the nitrogen-limited stationary phase of Escherichia coli W4597 (K).

Abstract The cessation of growth in a culture of E. coli W4597(K) which occurs when the nitrogen source ( NH 4 + ) is exhausted in the presence of excess glucose is accompanied by a 4.17-fold increase in the rate of glycogen synthesis and the cellular ATP level increases 50% while the cellular FDP level decreases 76%. These data provide the first experimental evaluation concerning certain elements of the hypotheses of previous investigators to account for the increased accumulation of glycogen which occurs when bacterial growth is limited in the presence of an excess of a carbon and energy source.
INHIBITION OF ESTROGENIC EFFECTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE MALE RAT BY TESTOSTERONE INJECTIONS

IT HAS recently been reported (Weichert and Kerrigan, 1942) that injection of estrogen into lactating female rats has a profound effect upon the reproductive systems of the suckling young. Daily injections of .1 mg. of diethylstilbestrol begun on the day of parturition bring about, among other things, a striking cornification of the epithelium of the prostatic utricle, prostatic urethra and ejaculatory ducts. The lining of the bulbus urethra and duct of Cowper's gland becomes a highly stratified squamous epithelium. These reactions are very evident by the 14th day of life. Freud (1933), Lacassagne and Villela (1933), Burrows and Kenneway (1934), Burrows (1935a, b), deJongh (1935), Korenchevsky and Dennison (1935), Overholser and Nelson (1935), Weller, Overholser and Nelson (1936), Wells (1936), Burrows (1937), Rusch (1937) and Harsh, Overholser and Wells (1939) have injected estrogens directly into older normal and castrated male rats, mice and ground-squirrels and have observed metaplastic changes in the...
Effect of obesity on pulmonary function in children

The effect of obesity on pulmonary function was studied in 13 children, aged 8-15 years, with 147-300% ideal body weight (IBW). Measurements included lung volumes, airflow rates pre- and post-bronchodilator nebulization, diffusing capacity (DLCO), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), minute ventilation VE), and resting energy expenditure (REE). When compared with predicted normal values for sex, height, and body surface area (BSA), decreases (mean % predicted, +/- SE) were observed in expiratory reserve volume (ERV, 36 +/- 5); forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, 73 +/- 5); forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%, 70 +/- 6); DLCO, absolute (52 +/- 3) and corrected (DLCO/VA, 71 +/- 5); and MVV (62 +/- 5). Residual volume (RV), RV/total lung capacity (TLC), VE, and REE were elevated. Other lung volumes were normal. Thus, obese children have altered pulmonary function, which is characterized by reductions in DLCO and ventilatory muscle endurance and airway narrowing. These alterations may reflect extrinsic mechanical compression on the lung and thorax, and/or intrinsic changes within the lung. The reduced DLCO may result from decreases in alveolar surface area relative to lung volume.
Kinship Categories Across Languages Reflect General Communicative Principles

Languages vary in their systems of kinship categories, but the scope of possible variation appears to be constrained. Previous accounts of kin classification have often emphasized constraints that are specific to the domain of kinship and are not derived from general principles. Here, we propose an account that is founded on two domain-general principles: Good systems of categories are simple, and they enable informative communication. We show computationally that kin classification systems in the world’s languages achieve a near-optimal trade-off between these two competing principles. We also show that our account explains several specific constraints on kin classification proposed previously. Because the principles of simplicity and informativeness are also relevant to other semantic domains, the trade-off between them may provide a domain-general foundation for variation in category systems across languages.
Comparison of the effects of d-amphetamine and lysergic acid diethylamide in two strains of rats having different behavioral baselines

Fisher ( F ) and Sprague Dawley ( SD ) rats were trained to press a lever on a fixed interval (FI) schedule of food reinforcement or to postpone electric footshock on an unsignaled, continuous avoidance schedule. F strain rats responded on the Fl schedule at a lower rate than the SD rats. Responding of F rats was increased by low doses (0.075–0.10 mg/kg, ip) of d -amphetamine that had no effect on SD rats. However, linear regression analysis of successive quartiles of FI responding indicated little difference between strains in terms of the rate-dependent effects of d -amphetamine (0.075–1.0 mg/kg, ip). In the continuous avoidance procedure, F strain rats had a baseline response rate that was almost twice that of SD rats. However, F strain rats were more sensitive than SD rats to the rate-increasing effects of d -amphetamine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg). Under both schedules of operant responding, SD rats appeared to be more sensitive than F rats to the effects of LSD (0.01-0.8 mg/kg, ip). Strain-related differences in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of d -amphetamine and LSD were not predicted from the observed differences in control baseline.
Psychology at the beginning of World War II; meditations on the impending dismemberment of psychology written in 1942.

(1949). Psychology at the Beginning of World War II: Meditations on the Impending Dismemberment of Psychology Written in 1942. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 383-410.
A simplified prosthesis for the treatment of burns to the oral cavity

A simple procedure for construction of a splint for the treatment of burns to the oral cavity has been described. The splint prevents scarring and contracture of the oral opening during healing.
Diagnosis of urinary tract infections in children.

Purpose of reviewUrinary tract infections remain a significant cause of serious bacterial infections in children and can result in chronic kidney disease. Thus, prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment of urinary tract infections are paramount objectives.Recent findingsA number of advances in te
A practical dexamethasone suppression test to evaluate hirsute women.

Abstract Fifty five hirsute women were subjected to a 2-week dexamethasone (DXM) suppression test. The pre- and post-DXM plasma dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DS) and testosterone (T) were measured by radioimmunoassay to define the source of androgen excess in hirsute women. Four patients (7%) failed to have adequate adrenal suppression due to failure in medication. Among the 51 patients with adequate adrenal suppression, the source of androgen excess was clearly defined in 48 patients (94%). Seventeen patients (33%) showed ovarian source, 13 patients (26%) had adrenal source, while 18 patients (35%) revealed a mixed adrenal and ovarian source. Normal baseline DS and T levels were noted in 22% of hirsute women and more than half (55%) of them had ovarian androgen excess. Even in 17 patients with normal DS and elevated T, 6 patients (36%) suggested adrenal androgen excess. The source of androgen excess in hirsute women seems evenly distributed among the ovarian, the adrenal, and the mixed group.
Social Comparisons Among Women With Breast Cancer: A Longitudinal Investigation1

We examined social comparisons made by women with breast cancer who participated in peer-support interventions. This setting. in which participants were exposed to similar others, allowed for a longitudinal investigation of the frequency, antecedents. and consequences of social comparison. Consistent with the literature, the majority of comparisons were made to worse-off others (downward), and the majority of comparisons were associated with positive affect (positive comparisons). Low self-esteem. low internal locus of control, and high illness uncertainty were associated with making more negative comparisons. In addition, negative comparisons were associated with a decrease in perceived control and an increase in uncertainty over time. whereas positive doanbard comparisons were associated with an increase in self-esteem. Implications for support groups are discussed.
Urinary organic acid analysis in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia: Non-specific occurrence of free benzoic acid, due to a β-streptococcus infection

The presence of free benzoic acid in the urine of a patient with non-ketotic hyperglycinemia was demonstrated to be due to a urinary tract infection with beta-streptococci (group B), and was eliminated by treatment with Penicillin G. In addition, the continuous excretion of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was observed. The patient was also found to excrete small and variable amounts of tiglic acid during the period of observation. Except for benzoic acid, large excesses of any specific organic acid were not observed.
Teacing breadth-first depth-first

This paper argues that current approaches to teaching the introductory course for the CS major fail to provide students with an accurate sense of the nature of our field. We propose that an introductory course focused on a single sub-field of our discipline could better prepare potential majors by using that sub-field as a vehicle to present an overview of the techniques and principles fundamental to computer science. We discuss our experience with such a course based on the field of computer networks.