cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Numerical Analysis of Stochastic Optimal Transmission Switching with DCOPF and ACOPF

Abstract Optimal transmission switching is proposed in recent years to optimize the power system operational cost. However, grid uncertainties are not included in the previous deterministic studies. With the rapid growth of renewable generations, the uncertainties in the grid have greatly increased, which cannot be ignored when making decisions in power system operations. This paper presents two mathematical formulations for stochastic optimal transmission switching with the direct current optimal power flow (DCOPF) and the alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF). The two stochastic formulations are analyzed and compared with the previous deterministic formulation. The ACOPF based stochastic optimal transmission switching is solved directly, while the DCOPF based stochastic optimal transmission switching is solved by the L-shaped algorithm based on the Benders decomposition. A comparative numerical study is conducted on the modified IEEE-118 bus system. In most cases, the ACOPF based stochastic optimal transmission switching achieves the lowest expected operational cost among the three methods and is faster than the DCOPF based stochastic method.
Abstract 505: Targeting FOXM1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Apoptotic Cell Death

Objectives: Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and dedifferentiation are key contributors to the initiation and progression of vascular diseases including restenosis. Forkhead Box M1 ...
Development of the Pan African burn services directory.

Abstract Background International burn societies in many parts of the world have created electronic registries of burn centers in their region. No such directory exists for the continent of Africa. Objective To create the first electronic directory of burn care providers in Africa. Methodology Emails were sent out to attendees of the Pan African Burn Congress and members of the Pan African Burn Society (PABS) asking if they would like to participate in the directory. Basic information about each burn site were obtained from respondents and compiled into the directory. An online interactive map was created and made available to the public. Results 40 burn sites were identified across 14 different countries. The majority of burn sites are located in only 5 countries. The most common language spoken is English, followed by French, Amharic, and Afrikaans. Conclusion This is the first known online directory of burn sites in Africa. Significant challenges exist identifying burn care providers in large portions of the continent.
Comparison of enhancement quantification from virtual unenhanced images to true unenhanced images in multiphase renal Dual-Energy computed tomography: A phantom study.

Multiphase computed tomography (CT) exams are a commonly used imaging technique for the diagnosis of renal lesions and involve the acquisition of a true unenhanced (TUE) series followed by one or more postcontrast series. The difference in CT number of the mass in pre- and postcontrast images is used to quantify enhancement, which is an important criterion used for diagnosis. This study sought to assess the feasibility of replacing TUE images with virtual unenhanced (VUE) images derived from Dual-Energy CT datasets in renal CT exams. Eliminating TUE image acquisition could reduce patient dose and improve clinical efficiency. A rapid kVp-switching CT scanner was used to assess enhancement accuracy when using VUE compared to TUE images as the baseline for enhancement calculations across a wide range of clinical scenarios simulated in a phantom study. Three phantoms were constructed to simulate small, medium, and large patients, each with varying lesion size and location. Nonenhancing cystic lesions were simulated using distilled water. Intermediate (10-20 HU [Hounsfield units]) and positively enhancing masses (≥20 HU) were simulated by filling the spherical inserts in each phantom with varied levels of iodinated contrast mixed with a blood surrogate. The results were analyzed using Bayesian hierarchical models. Posterior probabilities were used to classify enhancement measured using VUE compared to TUE images as significantly less, not significantly different, or significantly higher. Enhancement measured using TUE images was considered the ground truth in this study. For simulation of nonenhancing renal lesions, enhancement values were not significantly different when using VUE versus TUE images, with posterior probabilities ranging from 0.23-0.56 across all phantom sizes and an associated specificity of 100%. However, for simulation of intermediate and positively enhancing lesions significant differences were observed, with posterior probabilities < 0.05, indicating significantly lower measured enhancement when using VUE versus TUE images. Positively enhancing masses were categorized accurately, with a sensitivity of 91.2%, when using VUE images as the baseline. For all scenarios where iodine was present, VUE-based enhancement measurements classified lesions with a sensitivity of 43.2%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 78.1%. Enhancement calculated using VUE images proved to be feasible for classifying nonenhancing and highly enhancing lesions. However, differences in measured enhancement for simulation of intermediately enhancing lesions demonstrated that replacement of TUE with VUE images may not be advisable for renal CT exams.
Early voting, direct democracy, and voter mobilization

Abstract This study aims to evaluate whether direct democracy campaign contact can stimulate peripheral voter usage of early voting options, thereby helping to equalize rates of electoral participation between core and peripheral voter groups. Using voter survey data from the 2016 US presidential election in Escambia County, Florida, the analysis shows that while core voters tend to use early voting options, peripheral voters contacted by a direct democracy campaign can be mobilized into voting absentee. This result suggests that direct democracy reforms, and the ballot measure campaigns accompanying them, can help bring about a more representative electorate.
Contemporary ethical considerations in clinical otolaryngology

The practice of otolaryngology has been significantly challenged by the constraints of the novel virus pandemic, but the specialty has continued to provide clinical care for patients in a manner consistent with ethical principles and moral leadership. Continued attention to maintaining the ethical foundations for appropriate informed consent, provision of remote health care through telemedicine, and strengthening the patient-physician relationship while role modeling the highest level of professionalism will continue to be challenging for the specialty throughout and beyond the pandemic temporal boundaries. These contemporary elements of ethical clinical care, examined in the context of disruption of the traditional practice of otolaryngology, are foundational to the duties and responsibilities inherent to the profession of medicine. Level of evidence 5.
Children with ASD Show Impaired Item-Space Recollection, But Preserved Item-Color Recollection.

Although individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been often shown to display similar memory performance on semantic memory tasks compared to typically developing (TD) children, there is ongoing debate about whether and how their ability to remember specific past events (i.e., episodic memory) is impaired. We assessed a sample of 62 children with ASD and 72 TD children, ranging in age between 8 and 12 years on 2 memory tasks. Participants encoded a series of images and their association with either where they appeared on the screen (item-space association task) or with the color of an image's border (item-color association task). Children with ASD showed worse memory in the item-space association task compared to their TD peers, but comparable memory for the item-color association task. These differences persisted when age, intellectual quotient, and general item recognition memory were accounted for statistically. We interpret these results in light of evidence for specific deficits along the dorsal stream affecting processing of spatiotemporal information in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1985-1997. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC LAY SUMMARY: Episodic memory requires the ability to bind contextual details (such as color, location, etc.) to an item or event in order to remember the past with specific detail. Here, we compared children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children on tasks examining episodic memory. Children with ASD recalled more poorly previously seen items and their associated space-related details, but they performed comparably to TD children on color details. We discuss the possible mechanisms that contribute to worse spatial processing/recall in ASD.
Approximating Quasi-Stationary Distributions with Interacting Reinforced Random Walks

We propose two numerical schemes for approximating quasi-stationary distributions (QSD) of finite state Markov chains with absorbing states. Both schemes are described in terms of certain interacting chains in which the interaction is given in terms of the total time occupation measure of all particles in the system and has the impact of reinforcing transitions, in an appropriate fashion, to states where the collection of particles has spent more time. The schemes can be viewed as combining the key features of the two basic simulation-based methods for approximating QSD originating from the works of Fleming and Viot (1979) and Aldous, Flannery and Palacios (1998), respectively. The key difference between the two schemes studied here is that in the first method one starts with $a(n)$ particles at time $0$ and number of particles stays constant over time whereas in the second method we start with one particle and at most one particle is added at each time instant in such a manner that there are $a(n)$ particles at time $n$. We prove almost sure convergence to the unique QSD and establish Central Limit Theorems for the two schemes under the key assumption that $a(n)=o(n)$. When $a(n)\sim n$, the fluctuation behavior is expected to be non-standard. Some exploratory numerical results are presented to illustrate the performance of the two approximation schemes.
Investing in Peace: The Motivational Dynamics of Diaspora Investment in Post-Conflict Economies

Post-conflict economies often prove daunting for foreign investors. Many of these nations are reaching out to diasporans, emigrants, and their descen- dants living abroad, for much-needed foreign investment capital. Little is known about why diasporans invest in their countries of origin. Recent scholarly inquiry regarding investment decision making has suggested that non-pecuniary, psychological concerns often motivate investment decisions. We develop a conceptual model identifying three types of investment return expectations – financial, emotional, and those related to social status – that may drive diaspora investment interest. We contend that the psychological realities and social-status structure of the diaspora experience generate greater salience for non-pecuniary investment motivations, particularly when the origin country emerges from a period of conflict. We outline an agenda for future research and discuss the implications of our model for policies seeking to promote peace utilizing diaspora investment.
Think Alouds: Informing Scholarship and Broadening Partnerships through Assessment.

Think alouds are valuable tools for academicians, test developers, and practitioners as they provide a unique window into a respondent’s thinking during an assessment. The purpose of this special i...
Hysteroscopic Morcellation in Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis: Increased Risk?

ABSTRACT Study Objective Operative hysteroscopy requires elevated intrauterine pressures, which could lead to the spread of malignant cells into the peritoneal cavity. Currently, there is a paucity of data analyzing clinical outcomes in endometrial cancer after hysteroscopic morcellation with newer equipment. In this study, we sought to determine whether there are increased rates of positive peritoneal cytology, lymphovascular space invasion, or surgical upstaging in patients undergoing hysteroscopic morcellation compared with alternative endometrial biopsy methods. Design A retrospective chart review of patients from 2013–2018 was performed. The exclusion criteria included biopsy at outside institution, stage IV endometrial cancer known before biopsy, and missing data regarding biopsy method and histology. Peritoneal cytology results, lymphovascular space invasion, and surgical staging were compared by method of biopsy and histology using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Setting The patients included in this study were accrued from the Karmanos Cancer Insittute in Detroit, Michigan. Patients A total of 289 patients met the inclusion criteria: 184 patients were classified as low-grade (Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique grades 1 and 2) and 105 as high-grade (Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique grade 3, serous, clear cell, and carcinosarcoma) endometrial cancer. Interventions Fifty-three patients (18%) underwent hysteroscopy with morcellation. Alternative biopsy methods included hysteroscopy without morcellation, n = 81 (28%); endometrial biopsy, n = 112 (38.7%); and dilation and curettage, n = 43 (15%). Measurements and Main Results Positive peritoneal cytology was noted in 34 cases (12%) and negative cytology in 165 (57%). Cytology was not performed in 90 cases (31%). When comparing outcomes by histologic subtypes, no difference was seen in peritoneal cytology (p = .704 and .727 for low grade and high grade, respectively), stage (p = .773 and .053 for low grade and high grade, respectively) or lymphovascular space invasion (p = .400 and .142 for low grade and high grade, respectively). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that hysteroscopy with morcellation is a safe diagnostic method for low- and high-grade endometrial pathologic conditions and does not lead to increased dissemination of malignant cells, lymphovascular space invasion, or upstaging of patients.
Lethal impacts of selenium counterbalance the potential reduction in mercury bioaccumulation for freshwater organisms.

Abstract Mercury (Hg), a potent neurotoxic element, can biomagnify through food webs once converted into methylmercury (MeHg). Some studies have found that selenium (Se) exposure may reduce MeHg bioaccumulation and toxicity, though this pattern is not universal. Se itself can also be toxic at elevated levels. We experimentally manipulated the relative concentrations of dietary MeHg and Se (as selenomethionine [SeMet]) for an aquatic grazer (the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer) and its food source (diatoms). Under low MeHg treatment (0.2 ng/L), diatoms exhibited a quadratic pattern, with decreasing diatom MeHg concentration up to 2.0 μg Se/L and increasing MeHg accumulation at higher SeMet concentrations. Under high MeHg treatment (2 ng/L), SeMet concentrations had no effect on diatom MeHg concentrations. Mayfly MeHg concentrations and biomagnification factors (concentration of MeHg in mayflies: concentration of MeHg in diatoms) declined with SeMet addition only in the high MeHg treatment. Mayfly MeHg biomagnification factors decreased from 5.3 to 3.3 in the high MeHg treatment, while the biomagnification factor was constant with an average of 4.9 in the low MeHg treatment. The benefit of reduced MeHg biomagnification was offset by non-lethal effects and high mortality associated with ‘protective’ levels of SeMet exposure. Mayfly larvae escape behavior (i.e., startle response) was greatly reduced at early exposure days. Larvae took nearly twice as long to metamorphose to adults at high Se concentrations. The minimum number of days to mayfly emergence did not differ by SeMet exposure, with an average of 13 days. We measured an LC50SeMet for mayflies of 3.9 μg Se/L, with complete mortality at concentrations ≥6.0 μg Se/L. High reproductive mortality occurred at elevated SeMet exposures, with only 0–18% emergence at ≥4.12 μg Se/L. Collectively, our results suggest that while there is some evidence that Se can reduce MeHg accumulation at the base of the food web at specific exposure levels of SeMet and MeHg, Se is also toxic to mayflies and could lead to negative effects that extend across ecosystem boundaries.
Examining Early Childhood Teacher Candidate’s Perceptions of Diversity Regarding Material Selection:

Providing opportunities for reflection is one way to gain a deeper understanding of teacher candidate’s perceptions of diversity and how their perceptions regarding diversity evolve. We conducted a...
Monitoring for Analytes through LoRa and LoRaWAN Technology

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the use of a communication network utilizing Long Range (LoRa) low-power wide-area network protocol for the telemetry of detected target chemicals. The sensor platform under development allows traditional electrochemical techniques to be executed with a low Size, Weight, and Power (low SWaP) system that is deployable using an autonomous or remote-controlled vehicle. Once in the field, the sensors communicate target chemical concentrations to a centralized gateway through LoRa to an Internet of Things (IoT) network. Researchers are currently deploying the prototype network for field testing of each node’s sensing, meshing, and communication capabilities throughout all weather climates. Developing a robust and dynamic sensor network to monitor the environment and provide a live data feed to detect chemicals of interest in the environment eliminates the need for direct human interaction. The low power consumption of LoRa allows the network nodes to be deployed for an extended amount of time on a single battery supply.
Powering racial capitalism: Electricity, rate-making, and the uneven energy geographies of Atlanta:

In this paper, I bring together scholarship on racial capitalism and critical energy studies to investigate how electrification contributes to racialized uneven development. I work toward a theory ...
Ciclesonide Impacts Clinicopathological Features of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergen-mediated disease of the esophagus. Pharmacologic treatment has largely relied on repurposing corticosteroids. Ciclesonide (CIC) is a corticosteroid for the treatment of asthma with biochemical properties that improve topical potency. Objective To determine whether CIC decreased clinicopathological features of EoE. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with EoE treated with CIC at a pediatric hospital from 2010 to 2019. Data were extracted from the electronic health record. Patients who were prescribed CIC with pre- and post-CIC endoscopic and histological data available were included for analysis. Results A total of 281 patients were treated with CIC and 81 met criteria for inclusion. Use of CIC was associated with reduced symptoms including dysphagia (P Conclusions Patients with EoE treated with CIC experienced significant reductions in clinicopathological features of EoE. CIC can be considered an alternative therapy in patients with known adrenal insufficiency or at risk of developing adrenal insufficiency.
INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE AND CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: A REVIEW OF SUCCESS FACTORS FROM A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

Integrated Natural Resource and Conservation Development (INRCD) Projects is an umbrella term for a variety of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs), a concept first introduced by the World Wide Fund for Nature in the mid 1980s to target practice-oriented efforts in developing countries; and Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) research and development projects introduced as adaptive management for fisheries, wildlife, forest, and rangeland to target analysis-oriented efforts in developing and developed countries. Both efforts seek to balance economic development and natural resource conservation. This paper reviews the literature over the past four decades in an attempt to determine which planning and execution methods lead to greater success. A thematic analysis revealed three broad areas of importance: community inclusion and income diversification, inadequate training and management, and inability to properly quantify data. A systems design optimization approach for such projects is advocated to support project decision making in these areas of importance.
Luminance Thresholds and Their Correlation With Retinal Structure in X-Linked Retinoschisis

Purpose To provide a comprehensive analysis of light- and dark-adapted luminance thresholds and their associations with retinal structure in X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). Methods Nine subjects with XLRS and 10 visually-normal individuals participated. Threshold was measured at 15 locations along the horizontal meridian of the visual field at several adaptation levels (5 × 10-5 to 50 cd/m2) after dark-adaptation. The relationship between threshold and adaptation level across the field was described using a standard "threshold-versus-illuminance" model. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained and segmented to quantify outer nuclear layer (ONL+) and outer segment (OS+) thickness. A linear structure-function model was used to describe the relationship between threshold and the product of ONL+ and OS+ thickness. Results For peripheral field measurements, thresholds were generally normal for most subjects with XLRS. All subjects had perifoveal and parafoveal threshold elevations under dark-adapted and high illuminance conditions, with thresholds at moderate illuminances being closer to normal. For foveal measurements, seven of nine subjects with XLRS had normal dark-adapted thresholds, and all had abnormally elevated high illuminance thresholds. Threshold-versus-illuminance curves in the fovea, parafovea, and perifovea were abnormally steep for subjects with XLRS, appearing similar to the normal peripheral field shape. Under both dark- and light-adapted conditions, threshold was predicted by ONL+ × OS+ thickness at nearly all field locations. Conclusions Threshold elevation in XLRS is complex, depending on both the adaptation level and the visual field location. The pattern of threshold-versus-illuminance suggests that macular function in XLRS is similar to the periphery of controls.
Case 39: A Case of Myasthenia Gravis

Today you are assigned to anesthetize a 52-year-old man with myasthenia gravis (MG) for a neck exploration. You are in a medium-sized hospital in Peru. Myasthenia gravis was diagnosed 9 months ago. You meet the patient in the preoperative holding area. He weighs 68 kg and is 5′9″ tall. He tells you that, a week ago, his neurologist in Lima increased his pyridostigmine dose. The patient thinks he is less weak now than he was a week ago. He has no ptosis and/or diplopia. You do not detect any speech problems and the patient denies any swallowing difficulties. You review the lung function test that was taken 1 week ago in Lima. The tests were done before this dose was increased. The lung function test values are, as expected, reduced but they are acceptable to you. He is otherwise healthy. When you asked him to cough, you conclude he has a rather weak cough. The case is scheduled for 3 hours. You had hoped to do this anesthetic without paralysis, but the junior surgeon insists that he needs paralysis. You also know that the hospital has only one ICU bed available with one functioning ventilator.
Enzyme systems in the mycobacteria. IX. The reductive acetylation of lipoic acid.

Abstract The pyruvic dehydrogenase complex of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes the reductive acetylation of lipoic acid. The reaction is inhibited by N-ethyl-maleimide and not by arsenite. CoA does not participate in this reaction. A scheme is presented which attempts to unify these and other findings on the mechanism of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. If the oxidative decarboxylation of [2- 14 C]pyruvate is carried out in the absence of external oxidizing agents but in the presence of free acetaldehyde, the external acetaldehyde becomes labeled. This indicates that enzyme-bound acetaldehyde (or a compound which rearranges to acetaldehyde when it dissociates from the enzyme) is an intermediate in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.
What's New in Stroke? The Top 10 for 2004/05

During the past decade, stroke has emerged from the dark ages of therapeutic nihilism to the current dawn of treatment activism, fueled by an unprecedented amount of high-quality clinical research. Here, the choices for the "Top 10" studies of 2004/05 influencing the management of patients with stroke and threatened stroke are reviewed. Nine are randomized, clinical trials involving a total of 61,810 participants. Three studies involved intracerebral hemorrhage, an important stroke subtype in which few trials have previously been carried out. Three studies involved acute treatment of stroke, and their results emphasize that "time is brain," and minutes count, in management of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. The 10th study was a longitudinal cohort analysis of participants with atrial fibrillation pooled from six clinical trials that validated predictive schemes to identify those who benefit most from anticoagulation. The practical management implications of these studies refine and improve care of geriatric patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Advances in side-channel cryptanalysis: microarchitectural attacks

Cryptographic devices leak timing and power consumption information that is easily measurable, radiation of various levels, and more. Such devices also have additional inputs, other than plaintext and keys, like voltage, which can be modified to force the device to produce certain faulty outputs that can be used to reveal the secret key. Side-channel cryptanalysis uses the information that leaks through one or more side channels of a cryptographic system to obtain secret information. The initial focus of side-channel research was on smart card security. There are two main reasons why smart cards were the first type of devices that was analyzed extensively from the side-channel point of view. Smart cards store secret values inside the card and they are especially designed to protect and process these secret values. Therefore, there is a serious financial gain involved in cracking smart cards, as well as, analyzing them and developing more secure smart card technologies. The recent promises from Trusted Computing community indicate the security assurance of storing such secret values in PC platforms, c.f. [99]. These promises have made the side-channel analysis of PC platforms as desirable as that of smart cards. The second reason of the high attention to side-channel analysis of smart cards is due to the ease of applying such attacks to them. The measurements of side-channel information on smart cards are almost "noiseless", which makes such attacks very practical. On the other hand, there are many factors that affect such measurements on real commodity computer systems. These factors create noise, and therefore it is much more difficult to develop and perform successful attacks on such "real" computers within our daily life. Thus, until very recently the vulnerability of systems even running on servers was not "really" considered to be harmful by such side-channel attacks. This was changed with the work of Brumley and Boneh, c.f. [21], who demonstrated a remote timing attack over a local network. Because of the above reasons, we have seen an increased research effort on the security analysis of the daily life PC platforms from the side-channel point of view. Here, it has been especially shown that the functionality of the common components of processor architectures creates an indisputable security risk, c.f. [1, 2, 5, 14, 73, 80], which comes in different forms. In this thesis, we focus on side-channel cryptanalysis of cryptosystems on commodity computer platforms. Especially, we analyze two main CPU components, cache and branch prediction unit, from side-channel point of view. We show that the functionalities of these two components create very serious security risks in software systems, especially in software based cryptosystems.
Magnetic Monopoles in Grand Unified and Kaluza-Klein Theories

The apparent reluctance of the proton to decay into e+π°1 suggests that the superheavy gauge bosons that mediate this process must be heavier than the value predicted by minimal SU(5). Some ways of curing this difficulty within the SU(5) framework have recently been discussed2,3. Alternatively, one may resort to gauge groups larger than SU(5). Indeed, it was pointed out some years ago4 that in grand unified theories (GUTs) with intermediate mass scales, the decay rate for p → e+π° (and for other processes mediated by the superheavy gauge bosons) can be considerably lower than the value(s) given by SU(5).
A Reinvestigation of Ramsey's Theory of NMR Coupling

Abstract A systematic development of relativistic molecular Hamiltonians and various non-relativistic approximations are presented. Our starting point is the Dirac one-fermion Hamiltonian in the presence of an external electromagnetic field. The problems associated with generalizing ‘Dirac's one-fermion theory’ smoothly to more than one fermion are discussed. The description of many-fermion systems within the framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED) will lead to Hamiltonians which do not suffer from the problems associated with the direct extension of ‘Dirac's one-fermion theory’ to many-fermion system. An exhaustive discussion of the recent QED developments in the relevant area is not presented, except for cursory remarks for completeness. The non-relativistic form (NRF) of the many-electron relativistic Hamiltonian is developed as the working Hamiltonian. It is used to extract operators for the observables, which represent the response of a molecule to an external electromagnetic radiation field. In this study, our focus is mainly on the operators which eventually were used to calculate the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling constants.
Madness Alone Punishes the Madman: The Search for Moral Dignity in the Court's Competency Doctrine as Applied in Capital Cases

The purposes of the competency doctrine are to guarantee reliability in criminal prosecutions, to ensure that only those defendants who can appreciate punishment are subject to it, and to maintain moral dignity, both actual and apparent, in criminal proceedings. No matter his crime, the “madman” should not be forced to stand trial. Historically, courts viewed questions of competency as a binary choice, finding the defendant either competent or incompetent to stand trial. However, in Edwards v. Indiana, the Supreme Court conceded that it views competency on a spectrum and offered a new category of competency — borderline-competent. The Court held that borderline-competent defendants may proceed to trial so long as they are represented by counsel. This Article examines borderline- competent defendants in the context of capital prosecution and argues that those defendants, like mentally retarded defendants, pose a special risk that the death penalty will be imposed in spite of factors that may call for a less severe penalty. In the death penalty context where the proceedings are complex, the risks are enormous, and the demand for moral dignity is greatest, using competent counsel as a proxy for the capital defendant’s competency violates the defendant’s due process rights. This Article maintains that those defendants who are incompetent to proceed to trial without counsel should be categorically exempted from death.
Uterine receptivity and implantation: The regulation and action of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), HOXA10 and forkhead transcription factor-1 (FOXO-1) in the baboon endometrium

In primates, the phase of the menstrual cycle when the uterus becomes receptive is initially dependent on estrogen and progesterone. Further morphological and biochemical changes are induced as a result of biochemical signals between the embryo and the maternal endometrium. Blastocyst implantation in the baboon usually occurs between 8 and 10 days post ovulation and is similar to that described for the rhesus macaque. In the baboon, when chorionic gonadotropin is infused in a manner that mimics blastocyst transit, this has physiological effects on the three major cell types in the uterine endometrium. The luminal epithelium undergoes endoreplication and distinct epithelial plaques are evident. The glandular epithelium responds by inducing transcriptional and post-translational modifications in the major secretory product, glycodelin. The stromal fibroblasts initiate their differentiation process into a decidual phenotype and are characterized by the expression of actin filaments. Decidualization, is the major change that occurs in the primate endometrium after conception. During this process the fibroblast-like stromal cells change morphologically into polygonal cells and express specific decidual proteins. Studies in the baboon demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) gene expression is a conceptus-mediated response. Subsequent studies in vitro established that IGFBP-1 is transcriptionally regulated by FOXO1 and HOXA10 which together upregulate the IGFBP-1 promoter activity. A baboon endometriosis model was utilized to determine if the changes observed during uterine receptivity in normally cycling animals were compromised. The data suggests that in animals with disease, markers of uterine receptivity are not appropriately expressed in the eutopic endometrium. It is possible that these differences influence the fertility of the animals with disease and the baboon could be used as a primate model to study the causes of infertility as a result of endometriosis.
Patient Perceptions of Participating in the RSNA Image Share Project: a Preliminary Study

The purpose of this study was to gauge patient perceptions of the RSNA Image Share Project (ISP), a pilot program that provides patients access to their imaging studies online via secure Personal Health Record (PHR) accounts. Two separate Institutional Review Board exempted surveys were distributed to patients depending on whether they decided to enroll or opt out of enrollment in the ISP. For patients that enrolled, a survey gauged baseline computer usage, perceptions of online access to images through the ISP, effect of patient access to images on patient-physician relationships, and interest in alternative use of images. The other survey documented the age and reasons for declining participation for those that opted out of enrolling in the ISP. Out of 564 patients, 470 enrolled in the ISP (83 % participation rate) and 456 of these 470 individuals completed the survey for a survey participation rate of 97 %. Patients who enrolled overwhelmingly perceived access to online images as beneficial and felt it bolstered their patient-physician relationship. Out of 564 patients, 94 declined enrollment in the ISP and all 94 individuals completed the survey for a survey participation rate of 100 %. Patients who declined to participate in the ISP cited unreliable access to Internet and existing availability of non-web-based intra-network images to their physicians. Patients who participated in the ISP found having a measure of control over their images to be beneficial and felt that patient-physician relationships could be negatively affected by challenges related to image accessibility.
Identification of a Cell Surface Protein from Crandell Feline Kidney Cells That Specifically Binds Aleutian Mink Disease Parvovirus

Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) is the etiological agent of Aleutian disease of mink. The acute disease caused by ADV consists of permissive infection of alveolar type II cells that results in interstitial pneumonitis. The permissive infection is experimentally modeled in vitro by infecting Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells with a tissue culture-adapted isolate of ADV, ADV-G. ADV-G VP2 empty virions expressed in a recombinant baculovirus system were analyzed for the ability to bind to the surface of CrFK cells. Radiolabeled VP2 virions bound CrFK cells specifically, while they did not bind either Mus dunni or Spodoptera frugiperda cells, cells which are resistant to ADV infection. The binding to CrFK cells was competitively inhibited by VP2 virions but not by virions of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), another unenveloped virus similar in size to ADV. Furthermore, preincubation of CrFK cells with the VP2 virions blocked infection by ADV-G. The VP2 virions were used in a virus overlay protein binding assay to identify a single protein of approximately 67 kDa, named ABP (for ADV binding protein), that demonstrates specific binding of VP2 virions. Exogenously added VP2 virions were able to competitively inhibit the binding of labeled VP2 virions to ABP, while CCMV virions had no effect. Polyclonal antibodies raised against ABP reacted with ABP on the outer surface of CrFK cells and blocked infection of CrFK cells by ADV-G. In addition, VP2 virion attachment to CrFK cells was blocked when the VP2 virions were preincubated with partially purified ABP. Taken together, these results indicate that ABP is a cellular receptor for ADV.
Multicenter Phase II Trial of Weekly Paclitaxel in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer

PURPOSE: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of weekly paclitaxel therapy in women with metastatic breast cancer in a phase II multicenter trial. Entry criteria were relatively liberal to reflect the heterogeneity of metastatic breast cancer in clinical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients had histologically confirmed and measurable metastatic breast cancer. Up to two prior chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease, including prior therapy with anthracyclines and taxanes and prior high-dose therapy, were allowed. Paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 was administered weekly for 4 weeks per 4-week cycle. RESULTS: We enrolled 212 patients; 211 were assessable for toxicity and 177 were assessable for response. Ninety percent of patients had received prior chemotherapy (adjuvant, metastatic, or both), 46% of patients had three or more involved metastatic sites, and 60% of patients had visceral-dominant disease. Responses were documented on two occasions and were independently reviewed. The overall response rate (comple...
Interactions of intracellular pH and intracellular calcium in primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells

Homeostasis of intracellular calcium ([Ca++]i) and pH (pHi) is important in the cell's ability to respond to growth factors, to initiate differentiation and proliferation, and to maintain normal metabolic pathways. Because of the importance of these ions to cellular functions, we investigated the effects of changes of [Ca++]i and pHi on each other in primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Digitized fluorescence imaging was used to measure [Ca++]i with fura-2 and pHi with 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Resting pHi in these cells was 7.37 +/- 0.05 (n = 20 cells) and resting [Ca++]i was 129 +/- 10 nM (n = 35 cells) using a nominally bicarbonate-free Krebs Ringer HEPES buffer (KRHB), pH 7.4. On exposure to 20 mM NH4Cl, which rapidly alkalinized cells by 0.45 pH units, an increase in [Ca++]i to 215 +/- 14 nM occurred. Pretreatment of the cells with 100 microM verapamil or exposure to 1 mM ethylene bis-(oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) without extracellular calcium before addition of 20 mM NH4Cl did not abolish the calcium increase, suggesting that the source of the calcium transient was from intracellular calcium stores. On removal of NH4Cl or addition of 20 mM sodium lactate, there were minimal changes in calcium even though pHi decreased. Treatment of CE cells with the calcium ionophores, ionomycin and 4-bromo A23187, increased [Ca++]i, but produced a biphasic change in pHi. Initially, there was an acidification of the cytosol, and then an alkalinization of 0.10 to 0.11 pH units above initial values. When [Ca++]i was decreased by treating the cells with 5 mM EGTA and 20 microM ionomycin, pHi decreased by 0.35 +/- 0.02 units. We conclude that an increase in pHi leads to an increase in [Ca++]i in rabbit corneal epithelial cells; however, a decrease in pHi leads to minor changes in [Ca++]i. The ability of CE cells to maintain proper calcium homeostasis when pHi is decreased may represent an adaptive mechanism to maintain physiological calcium levels during periods of acidification, which occur during prolonged eye closure.
Hand pressure distribution during Oldowan stone tool production.

Abstract Modern humans possess a highly derived thumb that is robust and long relative to the other digits, with enhanced pollical musculature compared with extant apes. Researchers have hypothesized that this anatomy was initially selected for in early Homo in part to withstand high forces acting on the thumb during hard hammer percussion when producing stone tools. However, data are lacking on loads experienced during stone tool production and the distribution of these loads across the hand. Here we report the first quantitative data on manual normal forces (N) and pressures (kPa) acting on the hand during Oldowan stone tool production, captured at 200 Hz. Data were collected from six experienced subjects replicating Oldowan bifacial choppers. Our data do not support hypotheses asserting that the thumb experiences relatively high loads when making Oldowan stone tools. Peak normal force, pressure, impulse, and the pressure/time integral are significantly lower on the thumb than on digits 2 and/or digit 3 in every subject. Our findings call into question hypotheses linking modern human thumb robusticity specifically to load resistance during stone tool production.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND BIOMETRIC EVALUATION OF SHEEP AND CATTLE EYES

The normal ultrasonographic anatomy and biometry of 60 adult sheep and 60 adult cattle eyes were evaluated by saline immersion technique. Five intraocular dimensions were taken: corneal thickness, aqueous chamber depth, lens diameter, vitreous chamber depth and axis bulbi. The eyes were then frozen and cut in a sagittal plane and the same dimensions were measured directly. A- and B-mode measurements were compared with each other and with that of direct measurements. There was no difference between A- and B-mode measurements. However, there was a difference between ultrasound and direct measurements.
Mechanical characteristics of proximal femoral reconstruction after 50% resection

Six techniques of proximal femoral replacement were compared in vitro with the use of compression, bending, and torsional testing in a canine model. One femur of each pair was osteotomized in the midshaft region, and the proximal portion was replaced with one of six techniques. These techniques included (a) a segmental proximal femoral endoprosthesis cemented into the distal femur with no allograft (technique ES); (b) a long-stem endoprosthesis press-fit into an allograft and cemented into the distal femur with a transverse osteotomy (technique AT); (c) the same construct as technique AT, but with a step-cut at the osteotomy (technique AS); (d) a long-stem endoprosthesis interlocked into an allograft and cemented into the distal femur with a transverse osteotomy (technique AI); (e) a short-stem endoprosthesis cemented into an allograft combined with one plate laterally stabilizing the allograft to the distal femur with a transverse osteotomy (technique AP1); and (f) the same construct as technique AP1, but with an additional plate cranially (technique AP2). A long-stem endoprosthesis cemented into the contralateral intact femur served as the control. Techniques that involved a long-stem endoprosthesis and cementing distally (AT, AS, and AI) were more resistant in torsion than the plated replacement techniques (AP1 and AP2). The segmental replacement construct (ES) was equal to or stronger than all other techniques under each testing condition. In torsion, the addition of a step-cut (AS) significantly lowered angular displacement of the reconstruction when compared with the reconstruction with a transverse osteotomy (AT) (p < 0.05). Bones with one-plate fixation (AP1) were significantly weaker in torsional stiffness and maximum torque and in mediolateral bending (p < 0.05) than all other techniques. The addition of a second plate (AP2) increased the mechanical properties of the construct so that it was greater than the one-plate method and was equal to (bending and compression) or still weaker (torsion) than the other techniques. The results indicate that segmental replacement methods and allograft/endoprosthetic composites that involve long-stem endoprostheses fixed with cement are mechanically superior to methods that involve short-stem endoprostheses with single or double plating at the osteotomy sites.
Expression of genetically distinct superoxide dismutases in the maize seedling during development

Immunoassays for the cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutases (SOD) of maize were developed and used to study the expression of these proteins in the maize seedling. The genetically distinct proteins, SOD-3 and SOD-4, are preferentially expressed in the scutellum, comprising approximately 1% of the total water-soluble protein of that tissue. SOD-2, SOD-3, and SOD-4 are synthesized in the scutellum during early sporophytic development, probably on cytosolic ribosomes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of crude scutellar extracts indicates that significant changes occur in the protein composition of the maize scutellum following seed imbibition. Using the immunoassays, a maize line exhibiting a significant reduction in cyanide-sensitive SOD protein was identified.
knowledge and power: anthropology, policy research, and the green revolution1

The “Green Revolution” would seem to be an ideal topic for research by economic anthropologists and cultural ecologists, yet they have virtually ignored it. A classical example of the hazards in technological solutions to human problems, it has had a great impact, sometimes favorable but more often not, on peasants in some Third World nations. This paper assesses the new technology and associated economic constraints of the “Green Revolution” and criticizes the development strategies that have guided the introduction of the new technology. The sources of the anthropological disinterest are considered, and the potential role of anthropology in technology assessment is discussed.
Elliptic flow of deuterons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Using a dynamical model based on the NN{yields}d{pi},NNN{yields}dN, and NN{pi}{yields}d{pi} reactions and measured proton and pion transverse momentum spectra and elliptic flows, we study the production of deuterons and their elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. The results are compared with those from the coalescence model. The deviation of deuteron elliptic flow from the constituent nucleon number scaling expected from the coalescence model and the comparison with the experimental data are discussed in connection to the allowed nucleon phase space in these reactions.