cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A precocious adult visual center in the larva defines the unique optic lobe of the split-eyed whirligig beetle Dineutus sublineatus

Introduction: Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are aquatic insects living on the water surface. They are equipped with four compound eyes, an upper pair viewing above the water surface and a lower submerged pair viewing beneath the water surface, but little is known about how their visual brain centers (optic lobes) are organized to serve such unusual eyes. We show here, for the first time, the peculiar optic lobe organization of the larval and adult whirligig beetle Dineutus sublineatus. Results: The divided compound eyes of adult whirligig beetles supply optic lobes that are split into two halves, an upper half and lower half, comprising an upper and lower lamina, an upper and lower medulla and a bilobed partially split lobula. However, the lobula plate, a neuropil that in flies is known to be involved in mediating stabilized flight, exists only in conjunction with the lower lobe of the lobula. We show that, as in another group of predatory beetle larvae, in the whirligig beetle the aquatic larva precociously develops a lobula plate equipped with wide-field neurons. It is supplied by three larval laminas serving the three dorsal larval stemmata, which are adjacent to the developing upper compound eye. Conclusions: In adult whirligig beetles, dual optic neuropils serve the upper aerial eyes and the lower subaquatic eyes. The exception is the lobula plate. A lobula plate develops precociously in the larva where it is supplied by inputs from three larval stemmata that have a frontal-upper field of view, in which contrasting objects such as prey items trigger a body lunge and mandibular grasp. This precocious lobula plate is lost during pupal metamorphosis, whereas another lobula plate develops normally during metamorphosis and in the adult is associated with the lower eye. The different roles of the upper and lower lobula plates in supporting, respectively, larval predation and adult optokinetic balance are discussed. Precocious development of the upper lobula plate represents convergent evolution of an ambush hunting lifestyle, as exemplified by the terrestrial larvae of tiger beetles (Cicindelinae), in which activation of neurons in their precocious lobula plates, each serving two large larval stemmata, releases reflex body extension and mandibular grasp.
Association between Upper Digestive Tract Microbiota and Cancer-Predisposing States in the Esophagus and Stomach

Background: The human upper digestive tract microbial community (microbiota) is not well characterized and few studies have explored how it relates to human health. We examined the relationship between upper digestive tract microbiota and two cancer-predisposing states, serum pepsinogen I/pepsinogen II ratio (PGI/II; predictor of gastric cancer risk) and esophageal squamous dysplasia (ESD; the precursor lesion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC) in a cross-sectional design. Methods: The Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray was used to test for the presence of 272 bacterial species in 333 upper digestive tract samples from a Chinese cancer screening cohort. Serum PGI and PGII were determined by ELISA. ESD was determined by chromoendoscopy with biopsy. Results: Lower microbial richness (number of bacterial genera per sample) was significantly associated with lower PGI/II ratio ( P = 0.034) and the presence of ESD ( P = 0.018). We conducted principal component (PC) analysis on a β-diversity matrix (pairwise difference in microbiota), and observed significant correlations between PC1, PC3, and PGI/II ( P = 0.004 and 0.009, respectively), and between PC1 and ESD ( P = 0.003). Conclusions: Lower microbial richness in upper digestive tract was independently associated with both cancer-predisposing states in the esophagus and stomach (presence of ESD and lower PGI/II). Impact: These novel findings suggest that the upper digestive tract microbiota may play a role in the etiology of chronic atrophic gastritis and ESD, and therefore in the development of gastric and esophageal cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(5); 735–41. ©2014 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 685][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/23/685?iss=5
GreenGPS: a participatory sensing fuel-efficient maps application

This paper develops a navigation service, called GreenGPS, that uses participatory sensing data to map fuel consumption on city streets, allowing drivers to find the most fuel efficient routes for their vehicles between arbitrary end-points. The service exploits measurements of vehicular fuel consumption sensors, available via the OBD-II interface standardized in all vehicles sold in the US since 1996. The interface gives access to most gauges and engine instrumentation. The most fuel-efficient route does not always coincide with the shortest or fastest routes, and may be a function of vehicle type. Our experimental study shows that a participatory sensing system can influence routing decisions of individual users and also answers two questions related to the viability of the new service. First, can it survive conditions of sparse deployment? Second, how much fuel can it save? A challenge in participatory sensing is to generalize from sparse sampling of high-dimensional spaces to produce compact descriptions of complex phenomena. We illustrate this by developing models that can predict fuel consumption of a set of sixteen different cars on the streets of the city of Urbana-Champaign. We provide experimental results from data collection suggesting that a 1% average prediction error is attainable and that an average 10% savings in fuel can be achieved by choosing the right route.
Organizing Against Multinational Corporate Power In Cancer Alley The Activist Community as Primary Stakeholder

This article documents how a small, oppressed, and seemingly powerless community in Louisiana persevered to defeat the strategic plans of a multinational chemical company that was supported by local and state government elites. The evolving construct of environmental justice played a significant part in this battle as community groups formed coalitions with local, state, and national agents and organizations to challenge the decision to site a hazardous facility. Lawsuits resulted in costs, lengthy delays, and uncertainty for the corporation, leading Shintech to abandon its original site of choice. Data were gathered from media archives and coded and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Implications of the study are discussed for stakeholder theory, environmental justice scholars, and community advocacy groups, as it is even more clear from this landmark case that noxious industries can be thwarted as they attempt expansion, start-up, or even permit renewal, especially in minority or economically d...
ADEPTS: space-based power system management using parallel architecture

A serial architecture was developed which would run on a single processor and perform the functions of state estimation, unit dispatch, and load-flow. Node profiling was done on the serial architecture to check for the total time spent in calculations, input/output (I/O) communications, and internode communication. Different parallel architectures were developed and tested which also performed the functions of state estimation, unit dispatch, and load-flow. Node profiling was done on these parallel architectures to check for the total time spent in calculations, I/O communications, and internode communication. Timing analysis revealed that some of these parallel architectures provided increases in speed and efficiency. >
Epilogue: Rome Speaks

Dated February 22, 1987, and issued March 10, 1987, the Vatican released its “Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day” over the signature of the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger.66 Abortion and experiments on fetuses were condemned as well as all forms of artificial fertilization (i.e., in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer) for married couples, as being unnatural interferences with the physical act of intercourse. Given the fact of previous rejections by Rome of donor artificial insemination (AID) and even husband artificial insemination (AIH), the current sweeping condemnations of all reproductive technologies and their use was not unexpected.67 In addition to insisting on the total inviolability of germinating life at the very instance of fertilization, the document rejects absolutely surrogate mothers.68 When asked why the sweeping denunciation of all new reproductive technologies and specifically the use of surrogate mothers, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfers within a marital relationship of love and affection, Cardinal Ratzinger termed their use as unloving and egoistic. A prominent Jesuit theologian termed the Cardinal’s response as “utter nonsense.”69
The Groupoid C*-Algebras of Inverse Semigroups

In Chapter 3, we investigated the relationship between r-discrete groupoids and inverse semigroup actions (in the form of localizations (X, S)). We showed in particular (Theorem 3.3.1) that for every r-discrete groupoid G, there is an inverse subsemigroup S of G op such that C*(G) is isomorphic to the covariance algebra C0(G0) × β S. Conversely, under reasonable conditions, covariance C*-algebras are r-discrete groupoid C*-algebras (Corollary 3.3.2). So r-discrete groupoids are essentially the same as localizations.
Breaking the ontology taboo: Reply to Monestès and Villatte

Abstract Monestes and Villatte take issue with our contention that, contra strong claims of “a-ontology” associated with functional contextualism, science requires the assumption of a world, independent of our theories of it, with its own specific character. However, their primary criticism confounds the goals of science and associated criteria to evaluate those goals on the one hand with the forces that shape the behavior of the phenomena of interest on the other. We clarify this and other issues, and stand by our criticisms of stronger versions of a-ontology.
Fermat's Last Theorem, the Four Color Conjecture, and Bill Clinton for April Fools' Day

1. INTRODUCTION. We often fool our students. We fool them by stating and proving theorems that are in a polished and final form. As a result, students are often unaware of the evolution of ideas, strategies, statements, proofs and even important mistakes that inevitably lead to the beautiful theorems and proofs they encounter. There is much value in understanding early ideas and mistakes. In some cases, mistakes lead to the discovery of powerful and deep new mathematical truths. Thus we believe that it is occasionally appropriate to celebrate mathematical mistakes and we cannot imagine a better time for such a celebration than on April Fools' Day. Here we describe and outline three erroneous proofs from the l9th century. We provide "proofs" of Fermat's Last Theorem, the Four Color Conjecture, and the fact that one of us is Bill Clinton. This paper is based upon a special undergraduate mathematics colloquium the authors gave on April 1, 1996. 2. FERMAT'S LAST THEOREM. The problem that was to become one of the most infamous open problems in mathematics had a most inauspicious beginning. Circa 1637, Pierre de Fermat (Figure la), while studying Bachet's Latin translation of Arithmetica by Diophantus, came upon a discussion of the Pythagorean theorem. This inspired Fermat to write the following, now famous, lines in the margin:
Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematode Species, Rate, Soil Moisture, and Bacteria on Control of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Larvae in the Laboratory

Several strains or species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema Carpocapsae Weiser (All and Mexican strains), S. feltiae (=bibionis ) (Filipjev) (Biosys #27), S. glaseri (Steiner) (Biosys #2), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (= heliothidis ) Poinar (HP88 and Cl strains) were tested in the laboratory for their effect on larvae of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Mean larval mortality ranged from 17.8 to 99.4% depending upon nematode strain and rate of application. S. glaseri caused a greater percentage of mortality of P. japonica larvae than any other species or strain of nematode tested. No interactions between nematode strains, application rates, and soil moisture were significant. Larval mortality generally increased with increased nematode rates. In separate experiments, nematode symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus luminescens Thomas & Poinar, X. nematophilus (Poinar & Thomas), and X. poinarii (Akhurst) were injected into Galleria mellonella (L.) and P. japonica larvae to determine pathogenicity. X. luminescens was the most pathogenic bacterium to both species, followed closely by X. nematophilus. X. poinarii demonstrated low pathogenicity to both insect species.
Understanding network neutrality

The idea of network neutrality has dominated telecommunication policy discussions over the past few years to an extent unprecedented in the history of that subject matter. In March 2015, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) issued a detailed scheme of regulation that makes network neutrality the law of the land, via a regulatory framework called the Open Internet Order. The path by which the FCC arrived at the Order was anything but direct, and the fate of the Order is yet to be decided by the courts. This chapter offers a guide through the thorny paths of network neutrality. The chapter begins with a review of the historical precursors to network neutrality regulation, starting with a 1956 court decision that disapproved an effort by AT&T to ban the attachment of non-harmful devices to the phone system, and continuing through FCC rulemakings in the 1960s and 1970s that governed the participation of telephone companies in the provision of services that involved processing of data. These competition-enhancing rules led to a 2005 FCC policy statement that set forth a set of principles that the FCC would apply to ensure that Internet service providers would not be able to distort competition by discriminating against particular content, applications, or non-harmful devices. The principles underlying the policy statement were then implemented in a 2010 rule. In a 2014 decision, the D.C. Circuit invalidated the Order as inconsistent with the FCC's statutory authority. The FCC thereupon initiated a new rulemaking, which resulted in its issuance of a new Open Internet Order in 2015. As of the writing of this chapter, a challenge to the 2015 Order is pending before the D.C. Circuit.The chapter continues by analyzing the content of the 2015 Order, placing it in the context of its historical antecedents. It concludes by addressing several objections that opponents of network neutrality regulation have raised to network neutrality regulation.
"Meth's Not My Cup of Tea": Perceptions of Methamphetamine Among Black Women

Recent media portrayals of methamphetamine (meth) suggest that its use is relatively rare among Black drug users. Our aim with the current research is to explore the reasons why Black women stimulant users abstain from using meth. We rely on semi-structured interviews with 33 Black women whose drug of choice was cocaine and who had never or rarely used meth. These women said that they did not use meth because they had limited access to the drug, feared the chemicals used in production, disliked the immediate sensations, and feared the long-term consequences on their health. The limited access to meth led these stimulant users to rely on stereotypes of meth that the drug is made from toxic materials and that it causes rapid deterioration in users’ appearances. We argue that these factors contribute to meth use being stigmatized in Black communities, thereby acting as a protective factor in discouraging use among Black stimulant users.
Molecular analysis of T-cell receptor repertoire in bone marrow transplant recipients: evidence for oligoclonal T-cell expansion in graft-versus-host disease lesions

We have analyzed the T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta repertoire using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a cohort of eight patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from related and unrelated donors at the City of Hope. Results of PCR studies from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) skin lesions show a bias in the usage of TCR V beta families, whereas examination of peripheral blood (PB) withdrawn at the same time did not reveal a similar phenomenon. In one such family, TCR V beta 2 is predominantly expressed in 7 of 7 biopsy specimens examined. V beta 2 TCR expression from these patients was analyzed more extensively using a combination of individual TCR gene cloning, followed by sequence analysis. We found evidence of oligoclonal expansion of single V beta 2-bearing TCRs in GVHD lesions, and in the PB of some patients after diagnosis of GVHD. In contrast, GVHD-negative biopsy samples showed no evidence for clonotypic TCR amplification. Sequence-specific TCR CDR3 region probes were derived from analysis of the predominant expressed TCR in GVHD lesions, and used to probe Southern blots of amplified V beta 2 TCR mRNA from PB and tissue from BMT recipients and their respective donors. In most cases the probes are highly specific in detecting TCR expression from GVHD lesions alone, although in several instances expression could be detected in PB after GVHD diagnosis. These data provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis that acute GVHD is associated with expansion of T-cell clones expressing antigen-specific TCRs that may contribute to the disease pathology.
86 PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MITOCHONDRIAL EXONUCLEASE

Mitochondria have been shown to contain a potent DNA endonuclease (endonuclease G) in their intermembrane space (1). Endonuclease G is Mg2+-dependant, inhibited by high salt concentrations and is released during apoptosis to help degrade nuclear DNA (2). While studying this endonuclease our lab also noticed exonuclease activity in our preparations. This exonuclease activity has similar properties to endonuclease G It is Mg2+-dependant, inhibited by salt but is more active in a lower pH than endonuclease G. It has been partially purified and is currently being analyzed by Maldi-Tof mass spectrometry. Supported in part by the NIH Short Term Training Grant 5 T35 DK07496-19
Adverse Impact of Fibrin Clot Inhibitors on Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy for Superficial Bladder Tumors

AbstractAlthough intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy has proved to be efficacious in the treatment and prophylaxis against tumor recurrence of superficial bladder tumors, its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Previous work has suggested that bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms attach to the matrix protein, fibronectin, during fibrin clot formation at sites of urothelial disruption and that this attachment was required for the antitumor effect of bacillus Calmette-Guerin to be expressed. Furthermore, drugs inhibiting clot formation were found to abrogate the antitumor effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy in a murine bladder tumor model.To examine the effect of inhibitors of fibrin clot formation on the results of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy, a retrospective analysis of 149 evaluable patients receiving intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for superficial bladder tumors was performed. The over-all response rate free of tumor for 29 patients who ...
BARN OWL DIET INCLUDES MAMMAL SPECIES NEW TO THE ISLAND FAUNA OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE

An investigation of the diet of the Common Barn-owl ( Tyto alba ) on Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, yielded four mammal species not previously known to occur on any island in the Great Salt Lake ( Microtus pennsylvanicus, M. montanus, Ondatra zibethicus , and a Sorex sp.). Two other species, known from other islands, were added to the list of fauna of Antelope Island ( Perognathus parvus and Reithrodontomys megalotis ). The barn owl diet on Antelope Island was remarkably like that of barn owls feeding in farmlands adjacent to the Great Salt Lake despite major vegetational differences.
Propagating mixed uncertainties in cyber attacker payoffs: Exploration of two-phase Monte Carlo sampling and probability bounds analysis

Cyber-system security on a continual basis against a multitude of adverse events is a challenging undertaking. Cybersystem administrators operating with limited protective resources need to account for uncertainties associated with system behavior and types of attackers targeting a system. These uncertainties may arise due to inherent randomness or incomplete knowledge about system behavior and events affecting the system. As a result, uncertainty quantification of attacker payoff functions within stochastic cybersecurity games is a critical area of research interest. This study focuses on operationalizing a probabilistic framework for quantifying attacker payoffs, within a notional case study, through: (1) representation of uncertain attacker and system-related modeling variables as probability distributions and mathematical intervals, and (2) exploration of uncertainty propagation techniques including two-phase Monte Carlo sampling and probability bounds analysis. Enhanced uncertainty representations of payoffs may contribute to further understanding of dynamics between cyber attackers and defenders and advance the state-of-the-art in proactive cyber-system defense and strategic decision-making.
102: Trophic Dynamics

The carbon (C) and water cycles are intimately linked in terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, an understanding of the processes regulating transfers of water in terrestrial ecosystems requires an understanding of the carbon cycle, and in particular, the factors constraining carbon movement in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and through trophic levels in ecosystems. The linkages between the C and the water cycles are mediated primarily through biological processes, and are bidirectional in nature. For example, precipitation (and hence ecosystem water availability) strongly regulates plant growth and biogeochemical cycling in soils. Subsequently, plant growth and soil biogeochemistry strongly influence evaporation and atmospheric water vapor (and hence precipitation). Plant growth and soil processes are also cyclically linked. Thus, plant and soil interactions can have important implications for water cycling. However, while major climatic variables (including precipitation) may drive biological patterns and processes at large scales, other ecological interactions also regulate both plant and soil processes. An appreciation of these ecological factors is important to understanding the relationship between C and water, and to predicting how global environmental change is likely to affect the interactions between the C and water cycles. Keywords: carbon cycle; water cycle; biogeochemistry; primary production; decomposition; energy flow; global change
The logic of design research

ABSTRACTSince the first descriptions of design research (DR), there have been calls to better define it to increase its rigour. Yet five uncertainties remain: (1) the processes for conducting DR, (2) how DR differs from other forms of research, (3) how DR differs from design, (4) the products of DR, and (5) why DR can answer certain research questions more effectively than other methodologies. To resolve these uncertainties, we define educational design research as a meta-methodology conducted by education researchers to create practical interventions and theoretical design models through a design process of focusing, understanding, defining, conceiving, building, testing, and presenting, that recursively nests other research processes to iteratively search for empirical solutions to practical problems of human learning. By better articulating the logic of DR, researchers can more effectively craft, communicate, replicate, and teach DR as a useful and defensible research methodology.
The acute ischemic penumbra: topography, life span, and therapeutic response.

Recent advances in computerized image-averaging, used in conjunction with refined techniques for engendering highly reproducible rodent models of focal ischemia, now make it possible to derive topographically precise, quantitative descriptors of the ischemic penumbra — its localization, lifespan, metabolic and hemodynamic features, and responses to therapy. Physiologically monitored normothermic rats received 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by means of a poly-L-lysine-coated intraluminal suture. In matched groups, local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) or glucose utilization (LCMRglc) were measured autoradiographically at either 2-h MCAo or at 1-h recirculation and were correlated on a pixel-by-pixel basis with histopathological infarction after 3-day survival. A large, consistent ischemic penumbra (defined as LCBF 20–40% of control) surrounded the core (0–20% of control). Penumbral LCMRglc at 2-h MCAo was near-normal, and its metabolism/flow ratio was elevated 4-fold above normal. By 1-h recirculation, however, LCMRglc throughout the prior zone of ischemia was depressed. Infarctive his-topathology was precisely determined by the antecedent LCBF decrement during ischemia: 70% and 89% of infarcted pixels had antecedent LCBF values below the upper-core and upper-penumbral ranges, respectively, at 2-h MCAo. High-dose albumin therapy at the onset of recirculation dramatically attenuated cortical infarction and brain edema and appeared, by LCBF analysis at 1-h re-circulation, to increase postischemic LCBF primarily in the former penumbra.
Numerical analysis of helical dielectric elastomer actuator

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) are known for its capability of experiencing extreme strains, as it can expand and contract based on specific actuation voltage applied. On contrary, helical DEA (HDEA) with its unique configuration does not only provide the contractile and extendable capabilities, but also can aid in attaining results for bending and torsion. The concept of HDEA embraces many new techniques and can be applied in multiple disciplines. Thus, this paper focuses on the simulation of HDEA with helical compliant electrodes that is a major factor prior to its application. The attributes of the material used to build the structure plays a vital role in the behavior of the system. For numerical analysis of HDEA, the material characteristics are input into a commercial grade software, and then the appropriate analysis is performed to retrieve its outcome. Applying the material characteristics into numerical analysis modeling, the functionality of HDEA for various activations can be achieved, which is used to test and comply with the fabricated final product.
Resurrection: Cooper v. Harris and the Transformation of Racial Gerrymandering into a Voting Rights Tool

The United States Supreme Court, like the Lord, sometimes works in mysterious ways. Back in the 1990s, a group of conservative activists convinced a majority of conservative Justices on the United States Supreme Court to create a new cause of action under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause for “racial gerrymandering.” Unlike claims of “vote dilution” — where redistricting authorities draw lines for electing members of Congress, or state or local legislators to order to diminish someone’s political power — “racial gerrymandering” was said to be about an “expressive harm,” or the message sent by government action. In the 1993 case, Shaw v. Reno, the Court held that the “bizarre” shape of two North Carolina congressional districts sent a message to the public that the government was separating voters on the basis of race without adequate justification. The Court later refined the claim to focus less on a district’s shape and more on a legislature’s “predominant motive” in taking race into account in constructing districts. Some liberals and others objected that the racial gerrymandering claim made no sense either as an empirical matter, because people did not get any “message” from the shape of district lines in these racially integrated districts, or normatively, because “expressive harms” were not real harms. For a variety of reasons, racial gerrymandering claims mostly disappeared after the early 2000s. More than two decades after Shaw, the racial gerrymandering claim has been resurrected, but in a form almost beyond recognition. By the 2016 Supreme Court term, minority voters and Democrats regularly used the racial gerrymandering cause of action to attack Republican gerrymanders in states with large minority populations. It had become another tool for voting rights activists. The transformation became complete in the Supreme Court case of Cooper v. Harris, where the Court recognized that a state’s strong use of race in districting to achieve partisan ends or suppress minority voters’ power violated the Constitution. Harris reveals the malleability of Supreme Court constitutional doctrine, especially in the area of election law. But again, like the Lord, what the Supreme Court giveth, it could also taketh away, and it would not be surprising to see a new, more conservative Supreme Court revert to its original treatment of the gerrymandering claim as a tool to limit minority voting power.
Self-Interest and the Self-Reference Fallacy

Before going further with the microanalysis started in Chapter 13, I want to make a short detour. I think the detour topic is timely and important The topic concerns the well-known animal behavior or ethological phenomenon of defense of territory in the face of change. Both aspects—resistance to change and defense of territory are common among academicians as well as other higher primates. Economists are no exception.
Multiple Contextual Levels of Risk for Peer Victimization: A Review with Implications for Prevention and Intervention Efforts

Overview In this chapter we will discuss the importance of considering risk— and alternatively, protective—factors for peer victimization that occur at multiple levels of children’s ecological context, with the goal that this review will be useful for both basic research and prevention and intervention efforts. We will begin by defining peer victimization and identifying several well-established personal characteristics that place children at greater or lesser risk for being the targets of their peers’ aggression. However, the majority of our review of risk and protective factors will focus on features of the child’s context, and we will separate these contextual influences into those occurring across five levels of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological taxonomy. We will then discuss the implications of these ecological risk and protective factors for prevention and intervention efforts and review prior prevention and intervention studies that have considered multiple contextual levels. We will conclude that studies that have failed to consider higher levels of contextual risk factors have been less effective than is desired and will offer suggestions for considering these ecological factors in future empirical and applied work.
!? (Where’s the Ban on Imperative Questions?)

This paper argues for a re-evaluation of the common assumption that imperatives cannot appear in (true information seeking) questions. This is challenged based on new data from Slovenian, which show that imperatives can occur in scope marking questions. It is proposed that instead of a categorical exclusion of imperative questions based on clause type, the ban on imperative questions is the result of a matrix clause version of subject obviation. The proposed analysis not only reduces the putative "ban on imperative questions" to another independent phenomenon, but also correctly predicts the behavior of imperatives in scope marking questions.
Efficient and Fast Approximate Consensus with Epidemic Failure Detection at Extreme Scale

This paper proposes a memory efficient failure detection and consensus algorithm, for fail-stop type process failures, based on epidemic protocols. It is suitable for extreme scale systems with reliable networks (no message loss) and high failure frequency. Communication time dominates the execution time at scale. The redundant failure detections and non-uniform information dissemination speed of epidemic algorithms make approximate epidemic-based consensus detection a useful way to trade communication overhead for accuracy. An approximate technique to the consensus detection is also proposed in this paper for faster consensus detection. Results show that the algorithm detects consensus correctly on failed processes with logarithmic scalability. The algorithm is tolerant to process failures both before and during the execution and the number of failures (occurring both before and during execution) have virtually no effect on the consensus detection time at scale. Comparison with similar deterministic consensus detection technique shows that the algorithm detects consensus at the same time with high probability. Further, benefits of the proposed approximate technique increase as system size increases. Compared to the non-approximate version, for a system size of 218 processes, the communication saved is 34% with accuracy loss of the order of 10^-4 in consensus detection.
DELAYED-GAMMA SIMULATION USING MCNPX

Monitoring issues related to activation and fission processes occur in many health physics, instrumentation and equipment design, nuclear forensics, and homeland security applications. Gamma radiation that is emitted during these processes as a result of the radioactive decay of reaction by-products [delayed gammas (DGs)] provides unique signatures that are useful for interrogation and information acquisition. Thus, it is of compelling interest to have a simulation tool that can be used to conduct studies to provide insights into the activation and fission processes. Beginning with version 2.5.0, MCNPX has been undergoing major upgrades to facilitate DG simulations. We illustrate the upgrades for a simple multiparticle reaction model involving 60 Ni and for 235 U photofission caused by 12-MeV photons.
Effect of Intracarotid administration of BCNU in rats

Female Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 212±21gm (SD) were used in the experiments. A chronic polyethylene cannula (PE 10) was inserted in the left common carotid artery and aortic arch for systemic BCNU administration and blood sampling. Besides a chronic cannula, an acutely placed PE 10 cannula in the internal carotid was used for BCNU administration into the brain. This cannula was removed after BCNU injection. The experimental animals received 10 mg/kg (0.68 ml) BCNU either into the internal carotid artery or systemically. The cannulated control animals received no drugs. Another group of the animals received only the BCNU solvent ethanol (0.6 ml of 10% solution). BCNU when injected either systemically or into the internal carotid artery decreased total white blood count (total WBC) with the largest drop occurring on the second day, reaching a level significantly lower than in control animals. Total WBC came back to normal values in both experimental groups after seven days. No thrombosis was found in the small vessels of the brain which we could interpret as being caused by the administration of the BCNU. A few vessels contained agglutinated erythrocytes both in the treated and in the control animals. This was interpreted as a post mortem change. After treatment with BCNU liver tissue was normal. The kidney tissue was necrotic, more so in systemically treated animals. Necrosis of the brain tissue was observed only after the internal carotid administration. Ethanol injected into the internal carotid did not induce any pathological changes in the brain tissue. The results indicated that the brain tissue in rats is more affected by intracarotid BCNU administration than when injected systemically and that internal carotid administration is less toxic to other tissues.
Psychological Syndrome Evidence

This chapter will explore the sometimes uneasy intersection of syndrome evidence and legal constructs. Syndromes are a grouping or constellation of symptoms used to identify an underlying undesirable condition. Psychiatric or psychological syndrome evidence can be helpful in legal settings in different ways. For example, expert testimony on psychological syndromes can be used to explain the behavior of offenders or victims. Three areas of syndrome evidence will be considered with specific attention afforded to their scientific status and current legal use. First, the use of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder evidence will be examined. The potential misuse of this relatively well-established psychiatry construct will also be discussed. Second, the controversies surrounding Rape Trauma Syndrome evidence will be considered. Third, the controversy surrounding Parental Alienation Syndrome will be explored. This syndrome is being used in family law despite a lack of scientific evidence to support it. The chapter will conclude with potential limitations of expert psychiatric or psychological witnesses, and will offer suggestions for more appropriate use of syndrome evidence.
Identification of fluorinated (R)-(−)-aporphine derivatives as potent and selective ligands at serotonin 5-HT2C receptor

Abstract A series of novel aporphine derivatives were synthesized for initial screening at the 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. Among them, Compounds 11a and 11b were identified as potent 5-HT2C hit ligands with high selectivity over other 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. Molecular docking study revealed that compounds 11a and 11b formed two key interactions with the binding site of 5-HT2C receptor, including a salt-bridge to D3.32 and a H-bond interaction with N6.55.
High Burden of In-Person Kidney Cancer Surveillance in a Low Resource Population

AbstractIntroduction:Postoperative kidney cancer surveillance is predominantly based on imaging and laboratory evaluation rather than physical exam. We sought to characterize the burden of kidney c...
Adverse Childhood Experiences and E-Cigarette Use During Young Adulthood.

Background and objectives E-cigarette use among young people is highly prevalent. Individuals exposed to adverse childhood experiences such as childhood maltreatment (CM) may be at particular risk, as CM has been linked to nicotine dependence. Studies testing the association between CM and e-cigarette use are lacking, including research that examines pathways linking CM to e-cigarette use. Methods Using a community sample of young adults (N = 208; ages 18-21), we examined the relationship between CM and e-cigarette use and explored the potential role of impulsivity in linking CM to e-cigarette use via a series of structural equation models controlling for demographic characteristics. Results CM was significantly associated with lifetime e-cigarette use. Furthermore, CM was associated with negative urgency (NU), whereas NU and sensation seeking were significantly related to lifetime e-cigarette use. NU fully mediated the relationship between CM and lifetime e-cigarette use. Conclusions and scientific significance Our results suggest that young adults with a history of CM might be vulnerable to e-cigarette use and that NU played a significant role in linking CM to lifetime e-cigarette use. Addressing NU in young adults with a history of CM might be a useful avenue for preventing e-cigarette use in this population. (Am J Addict 2019;28:303-310).
New Technologies for Studying Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Plant and Arthropod Hosts

The plant viruses in the phylum Negarnaviricota, orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales, have common features of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes and replication in the biological vector. Due to the similarities in biology, comparative functional analysis in plant and vector hosts is helpful for understanding host-virus interactions for negative-strand RNA viruses. In this review, we will highlight recent technological advances that are breaking new ground in the study of these recalcitrant virus systems. The development of infectious clones for plant rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses is enabling unprecedented examination of gene function in plants and these advances are also being transferred to study virus biology in the vector. In addition, genome and transcriptome projects for critical nonmodel arthropods has enabled characterization of insect response to viruses and identification of interacting proteins. Functional analysis of genes using genome editing will provide future pathways for further study of the transmission cycle and new control strategies for these viruses and their vectors.
Conclusion: Moving Forward in Neuroergonomics

This book was motivated to provide experienced researchers and practitioners, including those with no formal training in neuroergonomics, with a synopsis of key findings and theoretical and technical advances in neuroergonomics. Fortunately, we could deliver 22 chapters, including an introduction to the evolution of neuroergonomics, in the following five main themes which supported and drove the important opportunities for neuroergonomics research: neuroimaging methods (Part I), computational approaches (Part II), neuroergonomics assessments of cognitive and physical performance (Part III), and brain–computer interfaces (Part IV), and everyday emerging applications (Part V).
Guaranteeing Performance SLAs of Cloud Applications under Resource Storms

In modern data centers, enterprise cloud instances run not only foreground applications like web and databases, but also different background services (e.g., backup, virus/compliance scan, batch) to manage the cloud instances securely and improve the overall resource utilization. These background services often incur resource storms that suddenly consume a lot of shared resources on cloud instances. The resource storms significantly degrade the performance of foreground applications by interfering in the preemption of the shared resources, resulting in frequent SLA violations. However, stock OS schedulers are not designed to handle these situations, and prior works are insufficient to address such resource storms under highly dynamic cloud workloads. This work presents Orchestra, a cloud-specific framework for controlling multiple applications in the user space, aiming at meeting corresponding SLAs. Orchestra takes an online approach with lightweight monitoring and performance models for both applications on the fly. It optimizes the resource allocations to meet corresponding SLAs. We evaluate the performance of Orchestra on a production cloud with a diverse range of SLAs. Orchestra guarantees the foreground application's performance SLAs at all times. At the same time, Orchestra maintains the background's performance by minimizing its performance penalty with proper allocation of the shared resources.
Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Gut of Patients With IBD.

Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have intestinal inflammation and are treated with immune-modulating medications. In the face of the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic, we do not know whether patients with IBD will be more susceptible to infection or disease. We hypothesized that the viral entry molecules angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are expressed in the intestine. We further hypothesized that their expression could be affected by inflammation or medication usage. Methods We examined the expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 by quantitative polymerase chain reacion in animal models of IBD. Publicly available data from organoids and mucosal biopsies from patients with IBD were examined for expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. We conducted RNA sequencing for CD11b-enriched cells and peripheral and lamina propria T-cells from well-annotated patient samples. Results ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were abundantly expressed in the ileum and colon and had high expression in intestinal epithelial cells. In animal models, inflammation led to downregulation of epithelial Ace2. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was not increased in samples from patients with compared with those of control patients. In CD11b-enriched cells but not T-cells, the level of expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the mucosa was comparable to other functional mucosal genes and was not affected by inflammation. Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and steroids were linked to significantly lower expression of ACE2 in CD11b-enriched cells. Conclusions The viral entry molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the ileum and colon. Patients with IBD do not have higher expression during inflammation; medical therapy is associated with lower levels of ACE2. These data provide reassurance for patients with IBD.
Low hemoglobin levels are independently associated with neonatal acute kidney injury: a report from the AWAKEN Study Group.

BACKGROUND Studies in adults showed a relationship between low hemoglobin (Hb) and acute kidney injury (AKI). We performed this study to evaluate this association in newborns. METHODS We evaluated 1891 newborns from the Assessment of Worldwide AKI Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) database. We evaluated the associations for the entire cohort and 3 gestational age (GA) groups: <29, 29-<36, and ≥36 weeks' GA. RESULTS Minimum Hb in the first postnatal week was significantly lower in neonates with AKI after the first postnatal week (late AKI). After controlling for multiple potential confounders, compared to neonates with a minimum Hb ≥17.0 g/dL, both those with minimum Hb ≤12.6 and 12.7-14.8 g/dL had an adjusted increased odds of late AKI (aOR 3.16, 95% CI 1.44-6.96, p = 0.04) and (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.05-3.93; p = 0.04), respectively. This association was no longer evident after controlling for fluid balance. The ability of minimum Hb to predict late AKI was moderate (c-statistic 0.68, 95% CI 0.64-0.72) with a sensitivity of 65.9%, a specificity of 69.7%, and a PPV of 20.8%. CONCLUSIONS Lower Hb in the first postnatal week was associated with late AKI, though the association no longer remained after fluid balance was included. IMPACT The current study suggests a possible novel association between low serum hemoglobin (Hb) and neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI). The study shows that low serum Hb levels in the first postnatal week are associated with increased risk of AKI after the first postnatal week. This study is the first to show this relationship in neonates. Because this study is retrospective, our observations cannot be considered proof of a causative role but do raise important questions and deserve further investigation. Whether the correction of low Hb levels might confer short- and/or long-term renal benefits in neonates was beyond the scope of this study.