cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minority Report: Halo of Interminable Treatment

The concept of the sexually violent predator (SVP) steers professional focus to the treatability of the least treatable. Fewer than one in ten sex offenders meet SVP criteria, but public policy is inordinately impacted by these spellbinding outliers. This paper argues that sexually violent predators have become a costly distraction from the treatability, and relatively low recividivistic risk, of most sex offenders. The full impact of this skewed focus on the SVP is not limited to jurisdictions with civil commitment. By means of the increasing use of indeterminate maximum sentencing, the human and fiscal impact extends to jurisdictions that manage sex offenders exclusively by means of criminal sanctions. Legal and budgetary analysis of civil commitment fails to account for the extent to which this skewed focus has influenced sentence structures and parole board practices. These costs result largely from public perception and political rhetoric regarding sex offenders, but they also result from failure to balance a forensic research on the SVP with proportional research on the correctional needs of treatable offenders. For purposes of evidence-based public policy, it is important to accurately describe the relationship between risk of recidivism and benefit from treatment. An inverted, curvilinear relationship between the risk of recidivism and treatment effect is offered as an alternative to a linear relationship that might justify such extravagant commitment of resources to those at ultrahigh risk. This approach humanizes the dimension of risk by reaffirming its connection with rehabilitative needs and successful interventions.
Detection and characterization of Epstein-Barr virus in clinical specimens

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a wide spectrum of benign and malignant diseases. Recent additions to the list include oral hairy leukoplakia; a subset of Hodgkin's lymphomas, particularly those with mixed cellularity histology or those occurring in underdeveloped countries; a subset of diffuse large cell/immunoblastic lymphoma in the immunocompromised, particularly primary central nervous system lymphoma; a subset of peripheral T cell lymphomas; and a subset of gastric carcinomas, particularly undifferentiated carcinomas. There are several distinctive aspects of the biology of the virus that are important in investigations of virus in clinical specimens. The presence of repeated elements in the genome facilitates detection of viral nucleic acids by a variety of hybridization techniques as well as the characterization of the clonality of virus-infected tissues. Latent viral infection is associated with several different patterns of viral gene expression in infected cells. Latent gene products are important because of their growth-regulating and -transforming properties as well as the potent cytotoxic T cell response they elicit. The abundant expression of the EBER RNA transcripts makes possible the sensitive detection of latent infection in EBV-associated tumors. Lytic infection can be inhibited by antiviral nucleoside analogues. Two lytic gene products are of special interest because of their homology to the cellular proteins BCL-2 and interleukin-10. Two viral biotypes or strains with different properties in terms of lymphocyte immortalization and transformation have recently been characterized. Current evidence suggests a differential biotype association with particular malignancies. Characterization of the association of EBV with various disease processes promises to be important for diagnosis and treatment as well as for a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these diabetes.
Performance Projection of 500V – 5kV AlGaAs/GaAs Vertical Polarization and Doped Superjunction (PDSJ) Devices

We have quantitatively evaluated the performance of AlGaAs/GaAs vertical polarization and doped superjunction (PDSJ) devices in 500V – 5kV range. AlGaAs/GaAs vertical PDSJ devices have 500x and 10000x lower drift region R on, sp than GaAs unipolar 1D limit, and 10x and 400x lower than 2H-GaN unipolar 1D limit at blocking voltages of 500V and 5kV, respectively. Compared to conventional doped p/n superjunction (SJ) devices in GaAs and 2H-GaN, 25x and 5x lower drift region R on, sp are demonstrated in AlGaAs/GaAs vertical PDSJ devices respectively. Actual AlGaAs/GaAs vertical PDSJ diodes and field effect transistors, are demonstrated to have 8x and 4x lower R on, sp than 2H-GaN conventional doped SJ, and 5x and 3x lower than AlGaN/GaN vertical PSJ devices, with breakdown voltage of 500V and 5kV respectively.
Intraindividual variability in sleep and perceived stress in young adults.

Abstract Objectives Research suggests strong associations between habitual sleep parameters (eg, mean duration, timing, efficiency), perceived stress, and insomnia symptoms. The associations between intraindividual variability (IIV; night-to-night within-person variation) in sleep, perceived stress, and insomnia have not been explored. This study examined associations between IIV in subjectively and objectively determined sleep parameters and to perceived stress in young adults with and without insomnia. Design Prospective longitudinal. Setting and participants Participants were 149 college students (mean age = 20.2 [SD = 2.4], 59% female) either with insomnia (n = 81; 54%) or without insomnia (n = 68; 46%). Measurements Participants completed 1 week of daily sleep diaries and actigraphy (to assess total sleep time [TST], sleep efficiency [SE], and circadian midpoint [CM]), the Perceived Stress Scale, and a diagnostic interview for determination of insomnia as part of a parent study. Results Greater IIV in actigraphy-determined TST (but not SE or CM) was independently associated with greater perceived stress, regardless of insomnia status. Greater IIV in sleep diary–determined TST, SE, or CM was not associated with perceived stress. Insomnia status was the most robust predictor of elevated perceived stress. There was a significant interaction between IIV in sleep diary–determined TST and insomnia status on perceived stress: Only in those without insomnia was greater IIV in sleep diary–determined TST associated with higher perceived stress. Conclusion Maintaining a more consistent sleep duration may be associated with lower stress in college students. Future research is needed to clarify the directionality and implications of this association for treatment.
η -pairing states as true scars in an extended Hubbard model

The $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing states are a set of exactly known eigenstates of the Hubbard model on hypercubic lattices, first discovered by Yang [C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2144 (1989)]. These states are not many-body scar states in the Hubbard model because they occupy unique symmetry sectors defined by the so-called $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing SU(2) symmetry. We study an extended Hubbard model with bond-charge interactions, popularized by Hirsch [J. E. Hirsch, Physica C 158, 326 (1989)], where the $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing states survive without the $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing symmetry and become true scar states. We also discuss similarities between the $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing states and exact scar towers in the spin-1 XY model found by Schecter and Iadecola [M. Schecter and T. Iadecola, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 147201 (2019)], and systematically arrive at all nearest-neighbor terms that preserve such scar towers in one dimension. We also generalize these terms to arbitrary bipartite lattices. Our study of the spin-1 XY model also leads us to several scarred models, including a spin-1/2 ${J}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{J}_{2}$ model with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, in realistic quantum magnet settings in one and two dimensions.
Chapter 219 – Recruitment Communication

Publisher Summary This chapter focuseson the receuitment behavior in social insects. Cooperative labor defines life in the social insects. Workers receive instructions from chemical signals to travel to sites where work needs to be done. Because individual workers are relatively small, energetically rewarding food sources can be profitably harvested by groups of individuals. Nest conditions may deteriorate, and more attractive, alternate nests found. Nest emigration requires communication about the quality and location of the new nest. Territorial disputes and attacks on nests abound, and cooperative defense is the most effective way to cope with threats. The behavior that mobilizes nestmates is termed recruitment communication, commonly used by social insects to organize and accomplish work. The mechanisms that mediate recruitment communication can be understood by analyzing the behaviors of individuals and the signals they produce. Descriptions of how pheromones and other signals organize cooperation are ubiquitous. Social coordination depends on these signals. Although systems as “linguistically” elaborate as the honeybee waggle dance have evolved to communicate information about the location of food sources or nest sites, it is pheromones that serve the primary signaling role in wingless social species such as ants and termites.
C-H Amination Mediated by Cobalt Organoazide Adducts and the Corresponding Cobalt Nitrenoid Intermediates.

Treatment of (ArL)CoBr (ArL = 5-mesityl-1,9-(2,4,6-Ph3C6H2)dipyrrin) with a stoichiometric amount of 1-azido-4-(tert-butyl)benzene N3(C6H4-p-tBu) furnished the corresponding four-coordinate organoazide-bound complex (ArL)CoBr(N3(C6H4-p-tBu)). Spectroscopic and structural characterization of the complex indicated redox innocent ligation of the organoazide. Slow expulsion of dinitrogen (N2) was observed at room temperature to afford a ligand functionalized product via a [3 + 2] annulation, which can be mediated by a high-valent nitrene intermediate such as a CoIII iminyl (ArL)CoBr(•N(C6H4-p-tBu)) or CoIV imido (ArL)CoBr(N(C6H4-p-tBu)) complex. The presence of the proposed intermediate and its viability as a nitrene group transfer reagent are supported by intermolecular C-H amination and aziridination reactivities. Unlike (ArL)CoBr(N3(C6H4-p-tBu)), a series of alkyl azide-bound CoII analogues expel N2 only above 60 °C, affording paramagnetic intermediates that convert to the corresponding Co-imine complexes via α-H-atom abstraction. The corresponding N2-released structures were observed via single-crystal-to-crystal transformation, suggesting formation of a Co-nitrenoid intermediate in solid-state. Alternatively, the alkyl azide-bound congeners supported by a more sterically accessible dipyrrinato scaffold tBuL (tBuL = 5-mesityl-(1,9-di-tert-butyl)dipyrrin) facilitate intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition as well as C-H amination to furnish 1,2,3-dihydrotriazole and substituted pyrrolidine products, respectively. For the C-H amination, we observe that the temperature required for azide activation varies depending on the presence of weak C-H bonds, suggesting that the alkyl azide adducts serve as viable species for C-H amination when the C-H bonds are (1) proximal to the azide moiety and (2) sufficiently weak to be activated.
Predictive policing and the performativity of data

Predictive policing—the use of algorithms and machine learning to make statistically-driven predictions about the locations and/or perpetrators of crimes—has been roundly criticized by civil rights and social justice advocates for its propensity to exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, existing inequalities in criminal justice. In this paper, I examine how the producers of one predictive policing suite, HunchLab, understand the limits and dangers of prediction, and respond to them through software and algorithm design. I describe three strategies by which HunchLab seeks to mitigate these issues: randomization, diversification of data, and experimentalization. I argue that these technical responses can be understood as a problematization of data's performativity—data's ability not only to accurately represent social worlds, but also to affect the conditions in which the statistical-representational apparatus is situated. I conclude with a discussion of the problematics of data performativity, considering whether it suggests a progressive antidote to problematic patterns in prediction and in policing historically or signs of a more finely-tuned predictive and prescriptive apparatus for law enforcement agencies to police the poor.
Medical students in distress: The impact of gender, race, debt, and disability.

Background In 2012, over half of US medical students experienced burnout and depression. Since that time, there have been many changes to student demographics, school resources and awareness of burnout in the medical field altogether. New tools are also available to screen for student distress, a condition that correlates with low mental quality-of-life, suicidal ideation and serious thoughts of dropping out. Despite increased attention on wellbeing and improved screening methods, no large-scale studies have evaluated student distress in the modern era of medical education. The objective of this study was to determine the current prevalence of medical student distress and contributing risk factors. Methods Student wellbeing from a national cohort of US medical students was measured with an electronic survey in a prospective, observational survey study from 2019–2020. Medical student distress was defined as a Medical Student Wellbeing Index (MS-WBI) of ≥4. Demographic details including age, race, gender, marital status, disability, desired specialty, and debt burden were evaluated in a multivariate logistic regression model to determine possible risk factors for the development of distress. Results A total of 3,162 students responded to the survey, representing 110 unique medical schools. Of these respondents, 52.9% met criteria for distress and 22% had either taken or considered taking a leave of absence for personal wellbeing. Independent risk factors for distress included involvement in the clinical phase of medical school (OR 1.37); non-male gender (OR 1.6); debt burden >$20,000 (OR 1.37), >$100,000 (OR 1.81), and >$300,000 (OR 1.96); and disability status (OR 1.84). Conclusions Medical student wellbeing remains poor in the modern era of medical education despite increased attention to wellbeing and increased availability of wellbeing resources. Disability status is a novel risk factor for distress identified in this study. The persistence of previously identified risk factors such as non-male gender, debt burden and clinical phase of school suggest that efforts to curb medical student distress have been inadequate to date.
Medical Treatment of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of diseases that exhibit a characteristic optic neuropathy which, untreated, initially causes loss of peripheral and ultimately central vision. It is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is estimated to affect over three million people in the United States. Although vision loss due to glaucoma is irreversible, blindness can typically be prevented when it is detected and treated in its earlier stages. A number of different medication classes are currently in use to treat glaucoma, including prostaglandin analogues, B-adrenergic antagonists, adrenergic agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, parasympathomimetics, and hyperosmotic agents. In general, these medications reduce IOP either by reducing aqueous humor secretion from the ciliary body or by increasing aqueous outflow from the eye.
An unmet need for paediatric LGBTQ training

BACKGROUND Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) youth have increased health risks, exacerbated by discrimination and lack of provider training. Currently, no graduate medical education requirements address the need for LGBTQ health training, particularly for paediatric providers. We aimed to perform a needs assessment of provider knowledge, comfort and awareness of community resources regarding LGBTQ youth. METHODS We administered two anonymous surveys from May to October 2017. The first survey of 73 residents assessed awareness of community resources and comfort providing referrals. A second survey of 110 trainees and faculty assessed comfort and knowledge regarding paediatric LGBTQ health. RESULTS In the first survey of residents regarding community resources (n = 30, 41% response rate), most did not know where to refer LGBTQ patients for mental health care (67%), transgender care (73%), support groups (87%), emergency shelters (86%) or family resources (87%). Ninety-seven per cent would refer to the social worker. In the second survey of trainees and faculty (n = 78, 71% response rate), most had little or no knowledge regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis (60%), post-exposure prophylaxis (54%), strategies for coming out (68%), homelessness/environmental risks (59%), gender dysphoria (63%), puberty blockade (77%), hormonal (78%) and surgical (81%) transitioning, domestic violence (58%), EMR logistics (89%) and community resources (80%). Only 33% felt very comfortable eliciting a history about sexual orientation, 13% about gender identity and 14% about sexual practices. CONCLUSION There is a clear need and desire for dedicated paediatric LGBTQ health training in graduate medical education. Residents and faculty need resources and training to better care for LGBTQ youth.
Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Cluster-Decorated Titanium Carbide is a Durable and Inexpensive Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst.

Clusters of nitrogen- and carbon-coordinated transition metals dispersed in a carbon matrix (e. g., Fe-N-C) have emerged as an inexpensive class of electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Here, it was shown that optimizing the interaction between the nitrogen-coordinated transition metal clusters embedded in a more stable and corrosion-resistant carbide matrix yielded an ORR electrocatalyst with enhanced activity and stability compared to Fe-N-C catalysts. Utilizing first-principles calculations, an electrostatics-based descriptor of catalytic activity was identified, and nitrogen-coordinated iron (FeN4 ) clusters embedded in a TiC matrix were predicted to be an efficient platinum-group metal (PGM)-free ORR electrocatalyst. Guided by theory, selected catalyst formulations were synthesized, and it was demonstrated that the experimentally observed trends in activity fell exactly in line with the descriptor-derived theoretical predictions. The Fe-N-TiC catalyst exhibited enhanced activity (20 %) and durability (3.5-fold improvement) compared to a traditional Fe-N-C catalyst. It was posited that the electrostatics-based descriptor provides a powerful platform for the design of active and stable PGM-free electrocatalysts and heterogenous single-atom catalysts for other electrochemical reactions.
Universal solutions for temporal data exchange

Abstract During the past two decades, data exchange has been explored in depth and in a variety of different settings. Even though temporal databases constitute a mature area of research studied over several decades, the investigation of temporal data exchange was initiated only very recently. We first present a chase algorithm for temporal data exchange settings with multiple temporal variables in the context of concrete time and show that this chase algorithm produces universal solutions, provided it does not fail. After this, we examine the relationship between universal solutions in the context of concrete time and universal solutions in the context of abstract time. We show that challenges arise even in the setting in which the data exchange specifications involve a single temporal variable, but also identify cases in which these challenges can be overcome.
A modern medical examiner facility.

Within the past several years a number of new medical examiner facilities have been completed in Washington, D.C., Phoenix, Arizona, and Los Angeles, California. In July 1976, the Office of the Medical Investigator, an integral part of the Department of Pathology of The University of New Mexico, relocated into a newly completed facility located on The University of New Mexico Health Sciences campus. Within this combined structure, in addition to the offices and laboratories of the state medical investigator (examiner), are all the laboratories supporting the state health and environmental program and shared conference and teaching laboratories. The structure, completed at a cost of $4.1 million in 1976, contains 740 m2 (8000 ft2) for present medical investigator and medical school autopsy functions, pathology functions, and related teaching and research, and 2700 m2 (29 000 ft2) for other laboratory services. The building is connected by a tunnel with the medical school and affiliated hospital. The area is officially designated the morphology suite because morgues as traditionally designed were repugnant not only to the public but to hospital personnel as well. There is 280 m2 (3000 ft2) of unimproved interior space designated for future expansion, some of which is already being completed for the computer suite.
Influence of solar flares on the X-ray corona

Sequences of X-ray images of solar flares, obtained with the Hard X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (HXIS) on the SMM spacecraft, reveal many dynamical phenomena. Movies of 20 flares recorded with 6-sec time resolution were examined. We present here a preliminary analysis of the events as a group, and discuss some new aspects of the well-studied 1980 May 21 flare and a 1980 November 6 flare.
Atmospheric Radiowave Propagation

This article is a brief summary of the mode of radio wave propagation that is used in wireless communication systems operating at frequencies between 300 MHz and 30 GHz. It begins with a discussion of line-of-sight propagation in free-space, then examines the effects on the propagating waves of reflection from the earth's surface, the earth's curvature, and atmospheric refraction and attenuation. Next we discuss the effects of surface roughness and the presence of natural and man-made obstacles in the propagation path, which causes diffraction and scattering of the waves. The remaining portion of the article covers propagation models which have been useful in prediction of path losses for planning and design of wireless links, and which contain many of the phenomena mentioned above. The article includes many references on the topics covered and on some topics that are only briefly mentioned. Keywords: radio waves; propagation; reflection; refraction; diffraction; troposphere; scattering; VHF; UHF; SHF; line-of-sight
Species, elevation, and diameter affect whitebark pine and lodgepole pine stored resources in the sapwood and phloem: implications for bark beetle outbreaks

Stored resources in trees reflect physiological and environmental variables and affect life history traits, including growth, reproduction, resistance to abiotic stress, and defense. However, less ...
The role of gray and white matter segmentation in quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging

Since the brain's gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) metabolite concentrations differ, their partial volumes can vary the voxel's ¹H MR spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) signal, reducing sensitivity to changes. While single-voxel ¹H-MRS cannot differentiate between WM and GM signals, partial volume correction is feasible by MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) using segmentation of the MRI acquired for VOI placement. To determine the magnitude of this effect on metabolic quantification, we segmented a 1-mm³ resolution MRI into GM, WM and CSF masks that were co-registered with the MRSI grid to yield their partial volumes in approximately every 1 cm³ spectroscopic voxel. Each voxel then provided one equation with two unknowns: its i- metabolite's GM and WM concentrations C(i) (GM) , C(i) (WM) . With the voxels' GM and WM volumes as independent coefficients, the over-determined system of equations was solved for the global averaged C(i) (GM) and C(i) (WM) . Trading off local concentration differences offers three advantages: (i) higher sensitivity due to combined data from many voxels; (ii) improved specificity to WM versus GM changes; and (iii) reduced susceptibility to partial volume effects. These improvements made no additional demands on the protocol, measurement time or hardware. Applying this approach to 18 volunteered 3D MRSI sets of 480 voxels each yielded N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline and myo-inositol C(i) (GM) concentrations of 8.5 ± 0.7, 6.9 ± 0.6, 1.2 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.6 mM, respectively, and C(i) (WM) concentrations of 7.7 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.5, 1.4 ± 0.1 and 4.4 ± 0.6mM, respectively. We showed that unaccounted voxel WM or GM partial volume can vary absolute quantification by 5-10% (more for ratios), which can often double the sample size required to establish statistical significance.
Nramp1 and Other Transporters Involved in Metal Withholding during Infection

During the course of infection, many natural defenses are set up along the boundaries of the host-pathogen interface. Key among these is the host response to withhold metals to restrict the growth of invading microbes. This simple act of nutritional warfare, starving the invader of an essential element, is an effective means of limiting infection. The physiology of metal withholding is often referred to as "nutritional immunity," and the mechanisms of metal transport that contribute to this host response are the focus of this review.
Information Flow in Chaos Synchronization: Fundamental Tradeoffs in Precision, Delay, and Anticipation

We use symbolic dynamics to examine the flow of information in unidirectionally coupled chaotic oscillators exhibiting synchronization. The theory of symbolic dynamics reduces chaos to a shift map that acts on a discrete set of symbols, each of which contains information about the system state. Using this transformation we explore so-called achronal synchronization, in which the response lags or leads the drive by a fixed amount of time. We find fundamental tradeoffs between the precision to which the drive state is detected, the quality of synchronization attained, and the delay or anticipation exhibited by the response system. To illustrate these tradeoffs, we provide a physical example using electronic circuits.
The IgA Mucosal Immune System

This report reviews the immunophysiology of the mucosal immune system, the principal antibody of which is a special form of IgA, termed secretory IgA. This IgA is produced locally by mucosal plasma cells that are descended from precursors initially stimulated in organized, mucosal lymphoid organs designed for antigen sampling. After the initial triggering, the precursor cells pass via regional lymph nodes, lymph, and blood to disseminate widely among mucosal sites. After secretion from a local plasma cell, IgA binds to an epithelial cell surface receptor and the complex passes through the epithelial cell into the secretions where it serves as a nonphlogistic immunologic barrier to inhibit uptake of antigens. The production of IgA is facilitated by particular regulatory T cells. At the same time, the synthesis of other classes of antibody, such as the phlogistic IgG, is dampened. This differential regulation of individual antibody classes after exposure to mucosal antigen plus the interrelatedness of the various mucous membranes of the body have important implications for host defense, pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including IgA nephropathy, and strategies of immunization.
A new approach to iris pattern recognition

An iris identification algorithm is proposed based on adaptive thresholding. The iris images are processed fully in the spatial domain using the distinct features (patterns) of the iris. A simple adaptive thresholding method is used to segment these patterns from the rest of an iris image. This method could possibly be utilized for partial iris recognition since it relaxes the requirement of using a majority of the iris to produce an iris template to compare with the database. In addition, the simple thresholding scheme can improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm. Preliminary results have shown that the method is very effective. However, further testing and improvements are envisioned.
The role of the basolateral amygdala in stimulus-reward memory and extinction memory consolidation and in subsequent conditioned cued reinstatement of cocaine seeking.

The consolidation of cue-cocaine associations and extinction learning (i.e. cue-no cocaine associations) into long-term memory probably regulates the long-lasting control of conditioned stimuli (CS) over cocaine-seeking behaviour, and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) may play a role in this phenomenon. To test this hypothesis, rats previously trained to self-administer cocaine underwent a single classical conditioning (CC) session, during which they received passive pairings of cocaine infusions and a novel light + tone stimulus complex. After additional self-administration sessions in the absence of CS presentation and subsequent extinction training sessions, the ability of the CS to reinstate cocaine-seeking on five test days was assessed. Rats received intra-BLA microinfusions of vehicle or the Na + -channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) immediately after CC (consolidation of CS-cocaine associations) or immediately after reinstatement testing (consolidation of extinction learning). TTX administered immediately after CC attenuated subsequent CS-induced reinstatement. In contrast, TTX administered after the first reinstatement test impaired the extinction of cocaine-seeking behaviour during a second reinstatement test by disrupting extinction memory. Overall, these findings suggest that Na + channel-mediated mechanisms within the BLA mediate the consolidation of both cocaine-stimulus association and extinction learning, two processes that have opposite effects on subsequent cue-induced cocaine-seeking behaviour.
Experiments to determine effects of predator releases on populations ofOligonychus punicae [Acarina: Tetranychidae] on avocado in California

To determine the effect of predator releases in suppressing populations ofOligonychus punicae (Hirst), 9 species ofPhytoseiidae were released in single-tree replicated plots in an avocado orchard at rates of 1200 mites/tree over a 4-week period. The releases did not significantly affect average densities ofO. punicae or total phytoseiids. However, the percentages of the released species in the total phytoseiid populations reached 40, 38, 29, 28, and 22 forPhytoseiulus macropilis (Banks),Amblyseius limonicus (Garman & McGregor),Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese),Amblyseius californicus (McGregor), andTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, respectively.Phytoseiulus longipes Evans,Euseius concordis (Chant),E. stipulatus (A.-H.), andE. tutsi (Pritchard & Baker) increased little following the releases.
Leading with emotional labor

Purpose – This paper seeks to argue that leaders perform emotional labor whenever they display emotions in an attempt to influence their subordinates' moods and motivations.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper that integrates the literature on leadership with the research on emotional labor.Findings – This paper develops 15 propositions that distinguish emotional labor performed by leaders from that performed by front‐line service workers.Research limitations/implications – The paper suggests that leading with emotional labor is a fruitful research topic, and that considerable research could be done in this area.Practical implications – Instead of conducting business in a non‐emotional, “business‐like manner”, leaders would benefit by expressing their emotions in the workplace. Emotionally expressive leaders are more charismatic and are better motivators.Originality/value – This is the first paper to develop a theoretical model that describes how leaders perform emotional labor; thus t...
Vigilance behavior of a tropical bird in response to indirect and direct cues of predation risk

Animals use a variety of cues to evaluate their risk of predation when foraging, including direct cues of predator presence such as vocalizations or scent, and indirect cues, or environmental correlates of predation risk, such as vegetation structure. Research took place in a large-scale forest restoration experiment where habitat patches of different sizes were planted. I examined the effects of predator vocalizations (direct cues) on the vigilance behavior of Cherrie's Tanagers (Ramphocelus costaricensis) foraging in three different locations with varying amounts of vegetation cover (indirect cues): small patches and the centers and edges of large patches. Results show that the indirect cue of predation risk mediated birds' response to the direct cue. The increase in time birds spent alert in response to the predator call was significantly greater in the presumably riskier small patches and large patch edges compared to the relatively safe large patch centers. The increase in frequency of head-turns also was significantly greater in small patches compared to the large patch centers in response to the predator call. Although birds recognized the threat of the predator call and reacted by fleeing more quickly than after the non-predator call, this response did not differ between locations. Birds appeared to integrate information from both types of cues to evaluate their predation risk and determine their vigilance response. Individuals responded more strongly to the direct cue of predation risk when foraging in the presumably riskier smaller patches and large patch edges by increasing vigilance. These results highlight the importance of investigating behavioral responses to the characteristics of forest restoration sites, many of which consist of small patches of habitat.
A Search for Variability in the Spectral Line Shapes of τ Bootis: Does This Star Really Have a Planet?

An analysis is made of the spectral line shapes of τ Bootis using high-resolution (0.026 A) and high signal-to-noise (S/N ≈ 400) data in an effort to confirm the planet hypothesis for this star. Changes in the line shape are quantified using spectral line bisectors and line residuals. We detect no variations in either of these quantities above the level of the noise in the data. One spectral line, Fe I λ6213, does show a hint of sinusoidal variations in the bisector velocity span when phased to the radial velocity period of 3.3 days, but this is not seen in the bisectors for two other lines nor in the line residuals. Comparisons of the data to the bisector and residual variations expected for nonradial pulsations indicate that we can exclude those sectoral nonradial modes having m > 2 and all sectoral modes with k > 1, where k is the ratio of the horizontal to vertical velocities for the pulsations. The lack of line shape variability and the 469 m s-1 radial velocity amplitude is still consistent with nonradial sectoral modes m = 1 and possibly with m = 2, but with k ≈ 1, which is at least 3 orders of magnitude less than the predicted value given the 3.3 day period of τ Bootis. Such low values of k can probably be excluded given the lack of photometric variations for this star. Although the measurements presented here do not prove beyond a doubt that τ Boo has a planetary companion, they do add significantly to the increasing body of evidence in favor of this hypothesis.
Configuration Change in [14]Annulene Requires Möbius Antiaromatic Bond Shifting

For both [4n] and [4n + 2]annulenes, cases of configuration change in which the number of trans CC bonds changes by 1 must involve a Mobius π-bond shifting step. The known configuration change in [14]annulene (1, CTCTCTT → 2, CCTCTCT), for which Δtrans = 1, is thus predicted to involve a Mobius antiaromatic transition state for bond shifting. Using unrestricted density-functional theory (DFT), we have located the key transition state for this process, as well as other stationary points involved in the mechanism. CASPT2(14,14)/cc-pVDZ//(U)BH&HLYP/6-311+G** results provide a barrier of 19.3 kcal/mol for the overall process 1 → 2, in good agreement with the known experimental barrier (21.3 kcal/mol). The bond-shifting transition state has substantial singlet diradical character and is strongly antiaromatic on the basis of its large positive NICS value. [14]Annulene thus represents the first example of a concerted reaction for which a Mobius antiaromatic transition state provides the only possible pathway.
Clinical and Cognitive Insight in a Compensatory Cognitive Training Intervention.

The impact of limited insight is a crucial consideration in the treatment of individuals with psychiatric illness. In the context of psychosis, both clinical and cognitive insight have been described. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between clinical and cognitive insight and neuropsychological functioning, psychiatric symptom severity, and everyday functioning in patients with a primary psychotic disorder participating in a compensatory cognitive training (CT) intervention. Sixty-nine individuals diagnosed with a primary psychotic disorder were randomized to a 3-month CT intervention or to standard pharmacotherapy, and they completed a comprehensive neuropsychological, clinical, and functional battery at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. The CT intervention focused on habit formation and compensatory strategy learning in four domains: prospective memory, attention and vigilance, learning and memory, and problem-solving/cognitive flexibility. At baseline, better clinical insight was signific...
Associations of student characteristics to measures of introductory Pascal computer programming achievement for suburban community college students (abstract only)

The purpose of the study was the construction and testing of student characteristic models for predicting the performance of 162 students on several dependent measures of computer programming achievement under generic setting and treatment conditions. The dependent measures were tests for program reading and writing, lab problems, composite performance and relative course success categories. Student characteristics were measured within the categories of demography, academic background, ability and personality; ability measures included iconic pattern detection, vocabulary, analogies and algorithmic and quantitative problem solving; personality measures included self-assessments of abilities, motivations and computer attitudes, and Gittenger's cognitive style.The predictor models accounted for 59%, 56%, 27% and 64% of the variance for the reading, writing, lab and composite measures of programming achievement, respectively. The composite achievement model also placed students into course success categories with 87% accuracy.The analysis results led to the following conclusions: Different sets of student characteristics were associated with the dependent measures; the strongest linkages were quantitative ability and high school grades to reading, verbal ability, negative computer attitudes inverse and achievement motivation to writing, age, introvert/regulated cognitive style and female gender to lab, and a blend of ability and personality measures to composite performance.Ability and personality were more effective than previous academic performance in predicting course achievement.Both iconic pattern detection ability and self-assessed math ability enhanced performance.Students with basic introvert/regulated cognitive style performed significantly better than students with extrovert/flexible style.High school computer coursework, positive computer attitudes and self-assessed programming ability were all unrelated to performance.Both students who dropped and those who finished with low achievement had similar characteristics; low ability levels and negative computer attitudes were the primary predictors of poor performance.
AIDS rumors, imaginary enemies, and the body politic in Indonesia

Rumors about disease and illness draw on the rich symbolism of the body and are a way for social groups to express concerns about their relationships to the community and state. The Indonesian "AIDS Club" rumors are part of a corpus of contemporary legends about AIDS that have circulated globally. In their local form, however, they speak to particular concerns that urban Indonesians have about modernity and the power of the Indonesian state. [AIDS, rumors, Indonesia, New Order, disease and illness, violence, body politic, somatization]
Anthropologists and Issues of Public Concern: The Iran Crisis

Recent crises in Iranian-U.S. affairs, highlighted by the Islamic Revolution and the hostage incident, provided an unusual opportunity for the relevance of anthropological knowledge and perspectives to be demonstrated. While some anthropologists took this opportunity to speak and/or write for the general public, and a few were consulted by government officials, neither their perspectives nor those of most Iran scholars had a visible impact on U.S. government decision-making. An informal survey of anthropologists of Iran, supplemented by a review of their presentations for general audiences, indices to nonscholarly literature, accounts of government decision-making, and other public sources, reveals several factors which limit the contribution of anthropologists to the formation of foreign policy. Among these are insufficient training and experience in communicating with non-specialists; lack of professional rewards for such activities; and widespread ambivalence toward direct consultation with government ...
Time Dependent Absorption of Fragments During Dissociation

The development of methods of generation of very short pulses of light with widths about or below 100 fs has enabled the measurement of the rate of direct photodissociation of a bond. The experiment measures absorption as a function of both time and the degree to which the probing light is off resonance with one of the fragments. A classical model with an exponential repulsion is used to relate experimental observables to the dissociation time and properties of the potential surface. The delicateness of the probe will improve as the photon energy approaches the threshold energy for dissociation.
Biophysical characterization of HRC peptide analogs interaction with heptad repeat regions of the SARS-coronavirus Spike fusion protein core

The Spike (S) protein of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mediates viral entry into host cells. It contains two heptad repeat regions, denoted HRN and HRC. We have identified the location of the two interacting HR regions that form the six-helix bundle (B. Tripet, et al, J. Biol. Chem., 279: 20836-20849, 2004). In this study, HRC peptide (1150-1185) was chosen as the region to make structure-based substitutions to design a series of HRC analogs with increased hydrophobicity, helical propensity and electrostatic interactions, or with a covalent constraint (lactam bridge) to stabilize the alpha-helical conformation. Effects of the substitutions on alpha-helical structure of HRC peptides and their abilities to interact with HRN or HRC have been examined by biophysical techniques. Our results show that the binding of the HRC analogs to HRN does not correlate with the coiled-coil stability of the HRC analogs, but their interactions with HRC does correlate with their stability, except for HRC7. This study also suggested three types of potential peptide inhibitors against viral entry can be designed, those that simultaneously inhibit interaction with HRC and HRN and those that are either HRC-specific or HRN-specific. For example, our study shows the important role of alpha-helical structure in the formation of the six-helix bundle where the lactam bridge constrained analog (HRC5) provided the best interaction with HRN. The importance of alpha-helical structure in the interaction with native HRC was demonstrated with analog HRC4 which binds best to HRC.
Plant cell wall elasticity II: Polymer elastic properties of the microfibrils

Plant cell walls are composed essentially of two polymer constituents, a network of highly structured microfibrils embedded in a relatively unstructured matrix. The first polymer analysis by Wu et al. (1985; Plant, Cell Environ. 8, 563) was adequate to describe elastic properties of the matrix only, but further analysis is required to describe the contribution of the microfibrils in maintaining cell wall integrity, restraining cell expansion, and regulating the direction of expansion. In this further analysis of plant cell wall elasticity, as the walls stretch, the microfibrils come under stress and resist further cell expansion. The structural and mechanical integrity of the cell wall is maintained despite increasing internal cell pressure. A test of the nonlinear pressure-volume relationship makes use of previously published plant-water relations data depicted on Hofler diagrams.
The Late Cambrian (Steptoean; Furongian) trilobite Pseudokingstonia Palmer, 1965 in North America

The poorly known Late Cambrian (Steptoean; Furongian) genus Pseudokingstonia Palmer is revised using new material from the type area in west-central Utah. Previously undocumented features of pygidial morphology, including patterns of segmentation of the axis and pleural fields, and articulating flanges on the anterior margin, confirm that the genus is closely related to the dameselloidean Cheilocephalus Berkey and that together they constitute the family Cheilocephalidae Shaw. Pseudokingstonia is diagnosed by a high degree of cranidial and, especially, pygidial effacement, an exceedingly short anterior border on the cranidium, and steeply sloping pygidial borders. In addition to the Great Basin of Nevada and Utah, the genus is also known from Alberta, Arkansas, and Pennsylvania, and all occurrences are confined to the lower half of the late Steptoean Elvinia Zone.
Use of a fluorescent internal protein standard to achieve quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

2-DE is a powerful separation method for complex protein mixtures. However, large intergel variations in spot intensity limit its use for quantitative proteomics studies. To address this issue, we developed a fluorescent internal protein standard for use in 2-DE analysis. Protein samples are spiked with an Alexa-labeled internal standard (ALIS) prior to separation with 2-DE. Due to the high extinction coefficient of the Alexa-fluor, incorporation of 0.1% of total protein is sufficient to allow visualization of the internal standard yet low enough to avoid interference in subsequent quantification and identification steps. Following 2-DE, total proteins are visualized with fluorescent postelectrophoretic stains spectrally separated from ALIS. Four protein stains, Deep Purple, Sulforhodamine G, ruthenium II-tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate) (RuTBS), and SYPRO Ruby, including improved purification and staining protocols for RuTBS and ten-fold dilutions of SYPRO Ruby were evaluated. All staining protocols were compatible with the ALIS method and had similar LODs (1-4 ng) and dynamic ranges (10 3 ). ALIS is a powerful normalization method for quantitative 2-DE which avoids potential problems associated with dual spot migration patterns observed in the DIGE method. Furthermore, ALIS provides significantly improved normality in the distribution of spot abundance-variance compared to normalization through division by the total spot volume.
Incore neutronic fluctuation measurements in a large graphite moderated power reactor

Abstract Neutronic fluctuation measurements were made in various locations in the N Reactor core. Although the reactor is very quiet, some interesting features were observed: 1. 1) autospectra that increase in amplitude at low frequencies and exhibit a relatively broad resonant peak at about 0.3 Hz, 2. 2) coherence between all measured locations that shows a relatively broad peak with a value of about 0.8 at 0.3 Hz, 3. 3) zero phase shifts between detectors placed at a common position along the flow stream, 4. 4) linear phase shifts at low frequencies for detectors placed in an upstream/downstream configuration whether or not the detectors are in the same radial location and regardless of the radial locations of the detectors, and 5. 5) a space and time dependent resonant feature at about 1.4 Hz which has strong coherence between selected detectors. Computer calculations were made to explain some of these observations with only limited success. This paper discusses the results achieved up to this time.