cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transparent object-oriented schema change approach using view evolution

When a database is shared by many users, updates to the database schema are almost always prohibited because there is a risk of making existing application programs obsolete when they run against the modified schema. This paper addresses the problem by integrating schema evolution with view facilities. When new requirements necessitate schema updates for a particular user, the user specifies schema changes to the personal view rather than to the shared base schema. Our view evolution approach then computes a new view schema that reflects the semantics of the desired schema change, and replaces the old view with the new one. We present algorithms that implement the set of schema evolution operations typically supported by OODB systems as view definitions. This approach provides the means for schema change without affecting other views (and thus without affecting existing application programs). The persistent data is shared by different views of the schema, i.e., both old as well as newly developed applications can continue to interoperate. In this paper, we present examples that demonstrate our approach. >
Replacement of Fish Meal with Ethanol Yeast in the Diets of Sunshine Bass

Abstract Increasing demand and rising costs of fish meal (FM) coupled with static landings of reduction fisheries have made continued use of FM-rich aquaculture feeds environmentally and economically unsustainable. Animal- and plant-derived proteins have been investigated as alternatives to FM, with variable success. Observed limitations of commonly used alternative proteins have led nutritionists to investigate new alternatives to FM. Ethanol yeast, a co-product of bioethanol production and potential new alternative protein source, was evaluated as a FM replacement in the diets of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis). Five diets were evaluated, including a control diet containing 30% FM and four experimental diets (22.5, 15, 7.5, and 0% FM) in which 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the FM content was replaced with ethanol yeast. Juvenile sunshine bass (∼16 g) were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 45 d. Production performance of sunshine bass was not impaired b...
Detecting Reliability Attacks during Split Fabrication using Test-only BEOL Stack

Split fabrication, the process of splitting an IC into an untrusted and trusted tier, facilitates access to the most advanced semiconductor manufacturing capabilities available in the world without requiring disclosure of design intent. While obfuscation techniques have been proposed to prevent malicious circuit insertion or modifications in the untrusted tier, detecting a pernicious reliability attack induced in the offshore foundry is more elusive. We describe a methodology for exhaustive testing of components in the untrusted tier using a specialized test-only metal stack for selected sacrificial dies.
A resonance measuring wire tension monitor for high-energy physics

The design, construction, and operation of a wire tension monitor is presented. The technique used is unique in that the electric force is used to excite the wire into harmonic resonance. The amplitude of the wire is in turn monitored using the variation of the oscillating wire's capacitance measured by a resonance circuit. Finally, the resonance is found electronically using phase lock loop techniques. Wire tension is measured to an accuracy of 0.3% with this device. >
Reflections on the Anopheles gambiae Genome Sequence, Transgenic Mosquitoes and the Prospect for Controlling Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases

The completion of the Anopheles gambiae Giles genome sequencing project is a milestone toward developing more effective strategies in reducing the impact of malaria and other vector borne diseases. The successes in developing transgenic approaches using mosquitoes have provided another essential new tool for further progress in basic vector genetics and the goal of disease control. The use of transgenic approaches to develop refractory mosquitoes is also possible. The ability to use genome sequence to identify genes, and transgenic approaches to construct refractory mosquitoes, has provided the opportunity that with the future development of an appropriate genetic drive system, refractory transgenes can be released into vector populations leading to nontransmitting mosquitoes. An. gambiae populations incapable of transmitting malaria. This compelling strategy will be very difficult to achieve and will require a broad substantial research program for success. The fundamental information that is required on genome structure, gene function and environmental effects on genetic expression are largely unknown. The ability to predict gene effects on phenotype is rudimentary, particularly in natural populations. As a result, the release of a refractory transgene into natural mosquito populations is imprecise and there is little ability to predict unintended consequences. The new genetic tools at hand provide opportunities to address an array of important issues, many of which can have immediate impact on the effectiveness of a host of strategies to control vector borne disease. Transgenic release approaches represent only one strategy that should be pursued. A balanced research program is required.
Differential Properties of the HFE Cryptosystem

Multivariate Public Key Cryptography (MPKC) has been put forth as a possible post-quantum family of cryptographic schemes. These schemes lack provable security in the reduction theoretic sense, and so their security against yet undiscovered attacks remains uncertain. The effectiveness of differential attacks on various field-based systems has prompted the investigation of differential properties of multivariate schemes to determine the extent to which they are secure from differential adversaries. Due to its role as a basis for both encryption and signature schemes we contribute to this investigation focusing on the HFE cryptosystem. We derive the differential symmetric and invariant structure of the HFE central map and that of HFE − and provide a collection of parameter sets which make these HFE systems provably secure against a differential symmetric or differential invariant attack.
Enhanced current flow through a plasma cloud by induction of plasma turbulence

Electrodynamic tethers have been proposed as a means of generating power in low earth orbit. One of the limitations on the power generated is the relatively low electron current that can be collected. It is proposed that the electron current can be significantly enhanced by means of current-induced plasma turbulence in a plasma cloud around the collecting anode. This is examined for the specific case of ion acoustic turbulence. An important conclusion is that the use of plasma clouds in the ionosphere will entail a high-impedance (no instability) and a low-impedance (ion acoustic instability) mode of operation. The low-impedance mode of operation will have two submodes, one steady state and one pulsed.
Vision Graph Construction in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

In Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), two graphs, communication network graph and vision graph, can be established. The camera nodes connected in the vision graph share overlapped field of views (FOVs) and they depend on the densely deployed relay nodes in the communication network graph to communicate with each other. Given a uniformly deployed camera sensor network with relay nodes, the problem is to find the number of hops for the vision-graph- neighbor-searching messages to construct the vision graph in an energy efficient way. In this paper, mathematical models are developed to analyze the FOV overlap of the camera nodes and the multi-hop communications in two dimensional topologies, which are utilized to analyze the optimal hop number. In addition, simulations are conducted to verify our models.
A Methodology for the Analysis of the Psychosocial Profiles of Low Literate Adults

This research reports the development and testing of a practical instrument-the Self-Description Questionnaire (ABE/ASE form)-that can readily be used by teachers to identify the psychosocial factors which may be major contributors to the learning problems experienced by low-literate adults. The instrument, which was developed from a methodology based on the epigenetic theory of Erik Erikson, gives psychosocial profiles of individuals. The study reports on the reliability and validity of the instrument. The report also provides some concrete examples to demonstrate how teachers can make use of the framework and the data obtained from the instrument.
Molecular biology of serotonin receptors

Serotonin (S-hydroxytryptamine; SHT) is a biogenic amine that functions as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. Within the brain, serotonergic neurons originate primarily in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem and project to most areas of the CNS, where they regulate a wide variety of sensory, motor, and cortical functions (Osborne 1982). In the periphery, serotonin is involved in such diverse functions as the regulation of enteric reflexes, the modulation of platelet shape change and aggregation, the modulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction, the initiation of activity in primary afferent nociceptors, and the regulation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (for review see Peroutka 1988, Richardson & Engel 1986). Pharmacological and physiological studies have shown that the multiple actions of serotonin are mediated by several distinct cell surface receptor subtypes, designated SHTl a, Ib, lc, Id, SHT2, SHT3, and SHT4 (Bradley et aI1986). For example, the hallucinatory actions of lysergic acid diethyl­ amide (LSD) and other psychotropic serotonin analogues are probably elicited by activation of cortical 5HT2 (Rasmussen & Aghajanian 1988) or 5HTIc receptors. In contrast, the pain that is produced from applying serotonin to a blister base results from activation of 5HT3 receptors on primary sensory nerve endings (Richardson & Engel 1986). Individual serotonin receptor subtypes exhibit characteristic ligand­ binding profiles and couple to different intracellular signaling systems.
Theory of Probability

The theory of probability is the mathematical framework for the study of the probability of occurrence of events. The first step is to establish a method to assign the probability of an event, for example, the probability that a coin lands heads up after a toss. The frequentist—or empirical—approach and the subjective—or Bayesian— approach are two methods that can be used to calculate probabilities. The fact that there is more than one method available for this purpose should not be viewed as a limitation of the theory, but rather as the fact that for certain parts of the theory of probability, and even more so for statistics, there is an element of subjectivity that enters the analysis and the interpretation of the results. It is therefore the task of the statistician to keep track of any assumptions made in the analysis, and to account for them in the interpretation of the results. Once a method for assigning probabilities is established, the Kolmogorov axioms are introduced as the “rules” required to manipulate probabilities. Fundamental results known as Bayes’ theorem and the theorem of total probability are used to define and interpret the concepts of statistical independence and of conditional probability, which play a central role in much of the material presented in this book.
Glutamate transport modulation of paracellular permeability across LLC-PK1-F+ monolayers.

Welbourne, T. C., D. Chevalier, and X. Mu. Glutamate transport modulation of paracellular permeability across LLC-PK 1 -F + monolayers. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (Endocrinol. Metab. 34): E889-E895, 1996.-The role of extracellular glutamate in modulating paracellular permeability was assessed in proximal tubulelike LLC-PK 1 -F + cells and the rabbit kidney-derived cell line RK13. The cells were grown to confluent monolayers on porous supports in a modified Dulbec-co's modified Eagle's medium containing 1.8 mM L-glutamine and 50 μM L-glutamate. Changes in paracellular permeability related to cellular glutamate uptake were inferred from measured transepithelial electrical resistance and L-glucose permeability. In LLC-PK 1 -F + monolayers, reducing glutamate uptake by blocking transport or eliminating extracellular production by inhibiting y-glutamyltransferase ( Υ -GT) resulted in decreased electrical resistance and increased L-glucose permeability. Supplementing Υ-GT-inhibited monolayers with 1 mM L-glutamate restored both cellular glutamate and electrical resistance. These results are consistent with glutamate transport playing a major role in maintaining paracellular permeability in the LLC-PK 1 -F + monolayers. On the other hand, in RK13 monolayers expressing <10% of the LLC-PK 1 -F + 's Υ-GT activity, blocking their low rate of glutamate transport resulted in a much smaller increase in paracellular permeability. These results are consistent with a role for Υ-GT and glutamate transport acting as a functional unit in the modulation of the paracellular permeability.
Analysis of in vivo somatic mutations at the APRT locus

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; E.C.2.4.2.7) catalyzes the synthesis of AMP from adenine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine stone formation in the kidney. The APRT gene is located at 16q24.3 and its genomic sequence size is 2.6 kb and coding sequence 0.54 kb. It has been used extensively to examine mammalian mutagenesis (1–4). Earlier studies have focused on spontaneous and induced mutations in cultured cells. We have recently analyzed germline mutations from more than 33 patients (5, 6). Germline mutations seem to cluster at the intron 4 splice site and few other sites different than the in vitro mutagenesis results in cultured cells. These studies suggested differences in mutagenesis pathways. Therefore, it was of interest to examine another group of mutations which also arise in vivo in human cells. We initiated studies to examine the nature of in vivo somatic mutations in T lymphocytes from heterozygote (APRT +/-) individuals.
Carcinogenic Response of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Aflatoxin Q1 and Synergistic Effect of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids

Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1), the major microsomal biotransformation product of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) formed in vitro by monkey and human liver preparations, was fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a semipurified diet at levels of 20 ppb for 1 year and 100 ppb for 10 months. As a test for carcinogenicity in hatched fish, it was also used at 1 ppm in a water solution and exposed for 1 hour to fertile trout eggs. The 20-ppb dietary exposure and 1-ppm egg exposure failed to elicit a carcinogenic response; however, the 100-ppb dietary exposure produced a 10.6% incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas at the end of 1 year. Administration of 50 ppm methyl sterculate, a cyclopropenoid fatty acid, in combination with 100 ppb AFQ1 resulted in a synergistic tumor response similar to that previously noted with administration of AFB1 plus aflatoxin M1. The tumor incidence was 89.1% in the fish on the combined diet. These results indicated that AFQ1 was approximately 100 times less carcinogenic than was AFB1. This comparison of carcinogenic potencies was very similar to the comparison of the relative mutagenicities of the two compounds in the Ames bacterial mutagen assay system.
Ethnic Identity, Procedural Justice, and Offending: Does Procedural Justice Work the Same for Everyone?

Identity judgments are central to the theoretical arguments of procedural justice theory. Perceptions of procedural injustice have been argued to compromise an individual’s social identity and contribute to disengagement from group values and norms. Thus, it is important to clarify the relationship between perceptions of procedural justice and specific facets of social identities, such as ethnic identity. This study attempts to evaluate the relationship between these concepts by examining the potential interaction effect between procedural justice and ethnic identity on two measures of offending, self-report and number of arrests, in a longitudinal study of serious juvenile delinquents.
Synthetic chemistry with periodic mesostructures at high pressure.

Over the last two decades, researchers have studied extensively the synthesis of mesostructured materials, which could be useful for drug delivery, catalytic cracking of petroleum, or reinforced plastics, among other applications. However, until very recently researchers used only temperature as a thermodynamic variable for synthesis, completely neglecting pressure. In this Account, we show how pressure can affect the synthetic chemistry of periodic mesoporous structures with desirable effects.In its simplest application, pressure can crystallize the pore walls of periodic mesoporous silicas, which are difficult to crystallize otherwise. The motivation for the synthesis of periodic mesoporous silica materials (with pore sizes from 2 to 50 nm) 20 years ago was to replace the microporous zeolites (which have pore sizes of <2 nm) in petroleum cracking applications, because the larger pore size of mesoporous materials allows for faster transport of larger molecules. However, these mesoporous materials could n...
The Economy of California: How It has Developed and How It is Related to the Educational System

California is large and rich. Were it not both, it could not have so comfortably developed the premier public higher education system of the United States within the span of a few decades. At present, secondary education is universal and about 90% of all graduates from the secondary schools enter some institution of higher education at least part time. These enrollment rates of high school graduates are considerably higher than the U.S. average (50%). Therefore, California is a unique case in the world.
Study on Workpiece Antirust in the Metalworking Industry under Paralic Environment

In order to improve the workpiece corrosion capacity under paralic environment,combined with practical production situation of Qingdao power train,the workpiece antirust in the metalworking industry in the coastal region was studied. Based on the corrosion mechanism of metal surface,the anticorrosive methods were researched,the main reason of workpiece corrosion was analyzed. According to the characteristics of metal corrosion in Qingdao power train,combined with the daily production experience,some measures to prevent metal rust were put forward,and it offers significant support for the quality improvement and cost control of the engine.
Suggestion on improvement of surveillance technique for chronic diseases and related risk factors in China

The chronic disease and related risk factor surveillance system in China covers the whole country,which is the powerful data source to understand the prevalence of major chronic diseases and related behavioral risk factors in adults in China.The surveillance technique has been improved greatly compared with that 10 years age.In order to further improve the surveillance technique,this paper put forward some suggestions on the sample representativeness,terminal sampling method,survey design,electronic manometer usage and subject age range in the surveillance.
Determination of Gene Expression Patterns by In Situ Hybridization in Sections

In recent years, in situ RNA hybridization technique has found a widespread application in developmental biology. This method has frequently been used to determine gene expression patterns, which is a first step toward understanding of a gene function. Here, we provide a reliable and sensitive method for in situ RNA hybridization on frozen sections of mouse embryo using digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes. This technique can be used to study gene expression patterns at all stages of odontogenesis.
Beverage Considerations for Persons with Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM), whether type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes, is a condition associated with significant metabolic dysfunction critically impacted by dietary intake. Macronutrient intake is a key concern in successfully managing DM and reducing the likelihood of acute and chronic complications of the disease. Carbohydrate quantity, composition, distribution through the day, and coordination with medication and/or exercise therapies are especially important. Beverages may enable quick overconsumption of concentrated macronutrients. This chapter will address the best use of different beverages for managing diabetes and the symptoms that are related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
The Science and Dangers of Outer Space

This chapter examines the outer space environment and specifically the dangers of long term flight, both unmanned and particularly manned missions. Threats due to space debris and the long term effects of different types of radiation are examined. The effects of microgravity on human physiology are discussed in terms of what space travel has taught us about bone loss, muscle atrophy, and other issues. The effects of isolation and microgravity on the brain and the psychology of the mind are summarized.
Bashful rash on a baby's cheek

An 11-month-old boy breaks out in a rash when he eats. Is it a food allergy or something else?
Footwear-Based Wearable Sensors for Physical Activity Monitoring

Monitoring of posture allocations and activities is important for such applications as physical activity management, energy expenditure estimation, stroke rehabilitation and others. At present, accurate devices rely on multiple sensors distributed on the body and thus may be too obtrusive for everyday use. This chapter presents an overview of a novel wearable footwear sensor (SmartShoe), which is capable of very accurate recognition of most common postures and activities while being minimally intrusive to the subject. SmartShoe relies on capturing information from patterns of heel acceleration and plantar pressure to differentiate weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing activities (such as for example, sitting and standing, walking/jogging and cycling). Validation results obtained in several studies demonstrate applicability to widely varying populations such as healthy individuals and individuals post-stroke, while achieving high (95%-98%) average accuracy of posture and activity classification, high (root-mean-square error of 0.69 METs) accuracy of energy expenditure prediction, and reliable (error of 2.6- 18.6%) identification of temporal gait parameters. High accuracy and minimal intrusiveness of SmartShoe should enable its use in a wide range of research and clinical applications.
How to examine a patient with skin cancer

Abstract The incidence of skin cancer is increasing dramatically worldwide, and with heightened public awareness, patients present with skin cancers at an earlier stage. Although most non-melanoma skin cancers occur on exposed sites, potentially lethal malignant melanoma tends to occur under clothing. Complete skin examination allows the detection of the lesion the patient presents with and any other the physician may find. The skin examination also allows for a ‘teachable moment' to educate the patient in self-examination.
Structural Characterization of the Short-Range Order in High Alkali Content Sodium Thiosilicophosphate Glasses.

The composition dependence of the short-range order (SRO) structure in highly modified mixed glass former sodium thiosilicophosphate glasses, yNa2S + (1 – y)[xSiS2 + (1 – x)PS5/2], were investigated using infrared (IR), Raman, and 29Si and 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopies. Both the y = 0.5 and 0.67 glasses undergo disproportionation reactions among the Si and P SRO structures, which lead to various and complex SRO structural units for the Si and P, as shown via the spectra used to characterize the glasses. In the y = 0.5 series, the compositionally expected and experimentally observed SRO units are the P1 and Si2 units in the two binary end-member glasses, where the superscript is the number of bridging sulfur atoms on the P or Si units. However, in the ternary mixed glasses, 0 < x < 1, these units were found to react to form P0 (more highly modified, y = 0.60) and Si3 (less highly modified, y = 0.33) units, indicating preferential association of Na+ ions with t...
Preventive Interventions in Infancy

This article addresses questions such as: What is preventive intervention during infancy? How does it differ from therapy? With what success has it been implemented? Illustrative risk conditions existing in infancy and intervention efforts to date are reviewed.
Native american food and medicinal plants 7

Abstract A pair of homologous 2-alkenyl-3-hydroxy-penta-2,4-dien-4-olides has been isolated from the umbellifer Lomatium dissectum and found to be the principal antimicrobial metabolites in the crude extracts of the whole plant. These unstable tetronic acids were partially characterized from spectroscopic data, but chemical transformations were required to secure the complete structures. Details of the isolation, identification and bioassay results are provided; a probable biosynthetic pathway to these compounds is discussed.
AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN EXTREME EVENTS: RUMOR THEORY AND TWITTER DURING THE HAITI EARTHQUAKE 2010

Due to its rapid speed of information spread, wide user bases, and extreme mobility, Twitter is drawing attention as a potential emergency reporting tool under extreme events. However, at the same time, Twitter is sometimes despised as a citizen based non-professional social medium for propagating misinformation, rumors, and, in extreme case, propaganda. This study explores the working dynamics of rumor mill by analyzing Twitter data of Haiti Earthquake 2010. For this analysis, two key variables of anxiety and informational certainty are employed from rumor theory, and their interactive dynamics are measured by both quantitative and qualitative methods. Our research finds that certain information with credible sources contribute to suppress the level of anxiety in Twitter community, which leads to rumor controlling and high information quality.
Biofilm on Tenckhoff Catheters: A Possible Source for Peritonitis

The inner portion of peritoneal catheters that had been removed from seven CAPD patients for a variety of reasons were examined. Biofilm was identified on all catheters. In patients that were clinically free of infection, catheters also showed coccoid forms and the majority grew Staphylococcus epidermidis from at least one segment. The colonization of indwelling Tenckhoff catheters may serve as a potential source for peritonitis.
Abstract 1006: Impact of a Change to Global Cardiovascular Risk Estimation in Lipid-Lowering Guidelines: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006

Background: Current ATP-III guidelines use absolute risk for hard coronary heart disease (CHD) to determine need for lipid-lowering therapy. It is unknown how many more US adults would potentially be eligible for therapy (i.e., 10-year risk ≥10%) with a broader focus on risk for global cardiovascular disease (CVD; all CHD, stroke, TIA, claudication and heart failure). Methods: We included 6,685 nonpregnant, nondiabetic, CVD-free participants aged 30 to 74 years from NHANES 2001–2006, representing 168 million US adults. We estimated 10-year predicted risk for hard CHD (using the Framingham risk score [FRS]) and global CVD (using the updated Framingham risk profile [UFRP]) in each participant. We compared the numbers of US adults in each of four predicted risk categories (0- 20%) by FRS vs. UFRP for ages 30 – 49 and 50 –74 years. Results: For those aged 50 –74 years (see Table), 27% have 10-year predicted risk for hard CHD ≥10% by FRS, whereas 47% have 10-year predicted risk for global CVD ≥10% using UFRP. In other words, 16 million men and women are changed from Conclusions: Use of an expanded endpoint of global CVD (rather than hard CHD) for risk estimation results in 20.2 million men and women moving from lower (
Information Retrieval: Concepts, Models, and Systems

Abstract This chapter presents a tutorial introduction to modern information retrieval concepts, models, and systems. It begins with a reference architecture for the current Information Retrieval (IR) systems, which provides a backdrop for rest of the chapter. Text preprocessing is discussed using a mini Gutenberg corpus. Next, a categorization of IR models is presented followed by Boolean IR model description. Positional index is introduced, and execution of phrase and proximity queries is discussed. Various term weighting schemes are discussed next followed by descriptions of three IR models—Vector Space, Probabilistic, and Language models. Approaches to evaluating IR systems are presented. Relevance feedback techniques as a means to improving retrieval effectiveness are described. Various IR libraries, frameworks, and test collections are indicated. The chapter concludes by outlining facets of IR research and indicating additional reading.
Pilot Study to Compare the Use of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide-Guided and Diastolic Blood Pressure-Guided Chest Compression Delivery in a Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest.

Background The American Heart Association recommends use of physiologic feedback when available to optimize chest compression delivery. We compared hemodynamic parameters during cardiopulmonary res...
A kinetic model for dissolution of metals — The role of heterogeneous reaction and mass transfer

A kinetic model for leaching of various metals with different lixiviants in a batch system has been developed. Material balances for reactants and products at the solid/liquid interface were formulated and solutions to these balances were obtained in view of practical conditions. Special emphasis has been given to examine mixed controlled reaction systems where both heterogeneous reaction and mass transfer play important role on the overall rate expression. The resulting kinetic expressions for either powder or rotating disc are discussed in light of experimental findings for various metals. Examples of the metal dissolution systems considered in this study include cobalt, nickel, copper and gold in acid, cyanide or ammoniacal solutions.
The Harmful Consequences of Increased Fitness in Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) describes clonal selection of a hematopoietic stem cell with a somatic mutation that confers increased fitness, influenced by a selective environment such as aging, inflammation, or therapeutic exposure. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Hsu et al. (2018) explore the role of cytotoxic therapy in disease-relevant CHIP.
Calcium Antagonist and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

There is a growing body of literature which indicates that calcium antagonists decrease the morbidity from vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage by attenuating delayed ischemic deficits. At present, the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nimodipine is approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration for treating patients suffering from aneurysmal hemorrhage. It is reasonable to anticipate that in the future additional calcium antagonists will be developed for treatment of neurological disorders. The mechanisms by which calcium antagonists exert a beneficial effect on subarachnoid hemorrhage remains controversial. For example, the initial concept for using calcium antagonists focused on the inhibition or reduction of vasospasm with resulting increases in cerebral blood flow. However, intensive angiographic studies, both in animal experiments and in patients, have failed to demonstrate consistent reversal of hemorrhage induced vasoconstriction. Thus, there is an apparent effect without an explanation. Alternative hypotheses for this beneficial effect have focused on vasodilatation of small surface-conducting arteries not visualized on angiography or on direct neuronal protection. Therefore, it seems reasonable to review the data within the framework of vascular versus neuronal effect. Accordingly, a brief overview of pertinent physiology will be discussed followed by a review of the major clinical studies which have tested the effects of calcium antagonists in subarachnoid hemorrhage.
The Russian National Subcommission of ICMI and the Mathematics Education Reform Movement

In this chapter, the history of the formation and functioning of the Russian National Subcommission is examined against the background of, and in connection with, the whole reform movement in mathematics education that developed in Russia and, even more broadly, the movement that sought political changes in the country. The following topics are addressed: the formation of the subcommission, the subcommission’s reports, Russian participation in international conferences and congresses, Russian commissions associated with reforms in mathematics education, and National Congresses of mathematics teachers. In writing this chapter, archival materials were used, as well as numerous articles from the journals and newspapers of the period.
Intersectional approaches to the study of confronting prejudice

Abstract Intersectionality theory states that social identities are interdependent and that the meaning of identities derives from their relationship to one another. In this chapter, we describe how taking an intersectional approach to the study of prejudice confrontations may advance our understanding of confrontations by targets and nontargets of prejudice. Given that the social identities of targets and nontargets shape prejudice confrontations, the intersectionality of identities may also be expected to affect confrontations. Using the intersectional frameworks of double jeopardy, ethnic prominence, and intersectional invisibility we develop hypotheses describing how intersectionality may be incorporated into future research on prejudice confrontations. We then preview findings from research in our lab that directly examined how race and gender intersect to predict whether women of color will confront racist and sexist evaluators. We conclude by considering the applications of findings in this area to policy and practices that encourage stigmatized individuals to confront prejudice.
Rapid alterations in neuroimmune gene expression after acute ethanol: Timecourse, sex differences and sensitivity to cranial surgery.

Abstract Prior work has established that that an acute ethanol challenge mimicking high intensity alcohol consumption increased IL-6 and suppressed IL-1β and TNFα mRNA in intoxication, with the opposite pattern seen in withdrawal. These experiments utilized Sprague-Dawley rats to further extend these results across time course (from 45 min to 6 h after ethanol), sex, and central versus peripheral expression. Furthermore, these data show that cannulation surgery may selectively modify the central neuroimmune response to ethanol. These findings highlight a unique plasticity of IL-6 that is specific to central structures and responsive to alterations by environmental factors.
Advanced nanotherapies to promote neuroregeneration in the injured newborn brain

Neonatal brain injury affects thousands of babies each year and may lead to long-term and permanent physical and neurological problems. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia is standard clinical care for term newborns with moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy. Nevertheless, it is not completely protective, and additional strategies to restore and promote regeneration are urgently needed. One way to ensure recovery following injury to the immature brain is to augment endogenous regenerative pathways. However, novel strategies such as stem cell therapy, gene therapies and nanotechnology have not been adequately explored in this unique age group. In this perspective review, we describe current efforts that promote neuroprotection and potential targets that are unique to the developing brain, which can be leveraged to facilitate neuroregeneration.
Pathogens causing central-line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals-United States, 2011-2017.

Objective:To describe pathogen distribution and rates for central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) from different acute-care locations during 2011–2017 to inform prevention efforts.Methods:CLABSI data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) were analyzed. Percentages and pooled mean incidence density rates were calculated for a variety of pathogens and stratified by acute-care location groups (adult intensive care units [ICUs], pediatric ICUs [PICUs], adult wards, pediatric wards, and oncology wards).Results:From 2011 to 2017, 136,264 CLABSIs were reported to the NHSN by adult and pediatric acute-care locations; adult ICUs and wards reported the most CLABSIs: 59,461 (44%) and 40,763 (30%), respectively. In 2017, the most common pathogens were Candida spp/yeast in adult ICUs (27%) and Enterobacteriaceae in adult wards, pediatric wards, oncology wards, and PICUs (23%–31%). Most pathogen-specific CLABSI rates decreased over time, excepting Candida spp/yeast in adult ICUs and Enterobacteriaceae in oncology wards, which increased, and Staphylococcus aureus rates in pediatric locations, which did not change.Conclusions:The pathogens associated with CLABSIs differ across acute-care location groups. Learning how pathogen-targeted prevention efforts could augment current prevention strategies, such as strategies aimed at preventing Candida spp/yeast and Enterobacteriaceae CLABSIs, might further reduce national rates.
Gauge Enhanced Quantum Criticality and Time Reversal Domain Wall: SU(2) Yang-Mills Dynamics with Topological Terms

We explore the low energy dynamics of the four siblings of Lorentz symmetry enriched SU(2) Yang-Mills theory with a theta term at $\theta=\pi$ in $(3+1)$d. Due to a mixed anomaly between time reversal symmetry and the center symmetry, the low energy dynamics must be nontrivial. We focus on two possible scenarios: 1) time reversal symmetry is spontaneously broken by the two confining vacua, and 2) the low energy theory is described by a U(1) Maxwell gauge theory (e.g. U(1) spin liquid in condensed matter) which is deconfined and gapless while preserving time reversal symmetry. In the first scenario, we first identify the global symmetry on the time reversal domain wall, where time reversal symmetry in the bulk induces a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ unitary symmetry on the domain wall. We discuss how the Lorentz symmetry and the unitary $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry enrich the domain wall theory. In the second scenario, we relate the symmetry enrichments of the SU(2) Yang-Mills to that of the U(1) Maxwell gauge theory. This further opens up the possibility that SU(2) QCD with large and odd flavors of fermions could be a direct second order phase transition between two phases of U(1) gauge theories as well as between a U(1) gauge theory and a trivial vacuum (e.g. a trivial paramagnet), where the gauge group is enhanced to be non-Abelian at and only at the transition. We characterize these transitions, and name them as Gauge Enhanced Quantum Critical Points.
Gallai-Ramsey Results for Other Rainbow Subgraphs

Recall that \(S_{3}^{+}\) is the star on 4 vertices with the addition of an extra edge between two of the leaves. This can also be seen as a triangle with an extra pendant edge. Fujita and Magnant proved the following result.
Impact of Architectural Asymmetry on Frank-Kasper Phase Formation in Block Polymer Melts.

In recent decades, the discoveries of complex low-symmetry phases in soft matter have inspired advances in molecular and materials design. However, understanding the mechanisms underlying symmetry ...
Another Attempt to Answer Our Question

This chapter discusses an alternative approach to our question “What is a Human?” that comes from the work of Michael Tomasello on normative rationality and normative morality. Tomasello argues that the goal of culture, and its outcome for most humans, is conformity.
Contraception decision-making and care among reproductive-aged women with autoimmune diseases.

Abstract Objective In this qualitative study, we sought to understand better the contraception-related experiences and decision-making of women with autoimmune diseases, a group at high risk for adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Study design We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with women ages 18 to 45 who had at least one autoimmune disease diagnosis. Our team recruited from outpatient rheumatology clinics in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We analyzed our data for content and themes, using inductive and deductive techniques and the constant comparison approach. Results The 30 women in the sample ranged from 25 to 44 years old; most were white (73%), married (52%), and had at least one child (53%). Four themes emerged from our interviews: (1) Women's decisions to use contraception were strongly influenced by their diseases and perceptions of their health; (2) Women felt that hormonal contraception was unsafe in the context of their diseases, even women without clear disease-related health risks; (3) Health care providers influenced women's consideration and selection of contraceptive methods; (4) Women rarely expected that their rheumatologists would prescribe their contraception, yet their contraception prescribers lacked knowledge about their disease-specific health risks. Conclusions Women perceived that hormonal contraception is unsafe in the context of their autoimmune diseases and cited medication fatigue and safety concerns as reasons why they did not use contraception. Some women did not appear to receive patient-centered contraception counseling from providers. Our interviews reveal areas for improving contraception care, including augmenting shared decision-making and educating patients and providers about contraception safety. Implications Our findings highlight potential tensions between patients’ preferences for contraception, safety considerations, and ethical and medically responsible contraception care by health care providers in the rheumatology context. Future work is needed to develop person-centered, medically-appropriate models for contraception care that meet the needs of medically vulnerable populations.
A Pilot Randomized Trial of Engage Psychotherapy to Increase Social Connection and Reduce Suicide Risk in Later Life.

ABSTRACT Background Targeting social connection to prevent suicide in later life shows promise but requires additional study to identify the most effective and acceptable interventions. This study examines acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy of Engage Psychotherapy to improve subjective disconnection (target mechanisms: low belonging and perceived burden), and improve clinical and functional outcomes (depression, suicide ideation, quality of life). Methods Pilot randomized trial with adults age 60 and older who reported feeling lonely and/or like a burden. Participants were randomly assigned to 10 sessions of ‘Social Engage’ (S-ENG; n = 32) or care-as-usual (CAU; n = 30), with follow-up assessments at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 10 weeks. Results S-ENG is feasible to deliver over 10 sessions and acceptable to older adults who report social disconnection—a population at risk for suicide. Participants were willing and able to focus each session on social engagement and demonstrated high levels of compliance. Social Engage did not show preliminary evidence of impact on belonging or perceived burden but was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving social-emotional quality of life. Discussion S-ENG holds promise for improving social-emotional quality of life and depressive symptoms. Future research is needed to identify and measure target mechanisms that account for clinical and functional improvement.
DNA methylation architecture of the ACE2 gene in nasal cells of children.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, highly expressed in nasal epithelium with parallel high infectivity.1,2 The nasal epigenome is in direct contact with the environment and could explain COVID-19 disparities by reflecting social and environmental influences on ACE2 regulation. We collected nasal swabs from anterior nares of 547 children, measured DNA methylation (DNAm), and tested differences at 15 ACE2 CpGs by sex, age, race/ethnicity and epigenetic age. ACE2 CpGs were differentially methylated by sex with 12 sites having lower DNAm (mean = 12.71%) and 3 sites greater DNAm (mean = 1.45%) among females relative to males. We observed differential DNAm at 5 CpGs for Hispanic females (mean absolute difference = 3.22%) and lower DNAm at 8 CpGs for Black males (mean absolute difference = 1.33%), relative to white participants. Longer DNAm telomere length was associated with greater ACE2 DNAm at 11 and 13 CpGs among males (mean absolute difference = 7.86%) and females (mean absolute difference = 8.21%), respectively. Nasal ACE2 DNAm differences could contribute to our understanding COVID-19 severity and disparities reflecting upstream environmental and social influences. Findings need to be confirmed among adults and patients with risk factors for COVID-19 severity.
Behavioral Simulation Educational Framework for 2-Terminal MTJ-based Analog to Digital Converter

The emergence of advanced non-uniform Compressive Sensing (CS) signal processing techniques and spin-based devices has led to the development of novel Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) architectures. Herein, a novel interactive simulation framework is developed to provide widespread access to the ADC architecture designed using commercially-available 2terminal Magnetic Tunneling Junction (MTJ) devices. The proposed ADC simulation framework utilizes CS techniques to provide insights for educational and technical purposes. The proposed framework provides simulation results spanning from the energy consumption required by each sample and MTJ device to the switching behavior of each MTJ device. Additionally, the results demonstrate the type of signal used along with the bias voltage required to switch each MTJ device. However, currently, 2-terminal MTJ devices and advanced signal processing techniques are not part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering undergraduate curriculum. To mitigate this challenge, the proposed framework has an educational resource site companion to distribute the interactive tool and further provide insights into the modeled Spin-based ADC by showcasing the research it was based on. Finally, the educational resources site also includes video tutorials to further engage the students and teach undergraduates the fundamental behavior of MTJ devices and utilization of the interactive simulation framework.