cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SBOX: put CGI scripts in a box

sbox is a CGI wrapper script that allows Web sites to safely grant CGI authoring privileges to untrusted or naive authors. The script increases security in several ways. It changes the process privileges of CGI scripts to match their owners, preventing one script from interfering with another's data files or operations. It establishes configurable ceilings on script resource usage, avoiding intentional or unintentional denial of service attacks. Most importantly, sbox can also be used to run untrusted CGI scripts within a chroot()-ed directory, thereby preventing CGI scripts from accessing sensitive portions of the file system. sbox can be used and redistributed freely. The complete package is available for download at http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/sbox/
Device-enabled authorization in the grey system

We describe the design of Grey, a set of software extensions that convert an off-the-shelf smartphone-class device into a tool by which its owner exercises and delegates her authority to both physical and virtual resources. We focus on the software components and user interfaces of Grey, highlighting the features of each. We also discuss an initial case study for Grey, in which we are equipping over 65 doors on two floors of office space for access control using Grey-enabled devices, for a population of roughly 150 persons. Further details of Grey, and this and other applications, can be found in a companion technical report.
Improving Correlations Despite Particle Loss

As a trapped quantum gas is slowly set free, pairs of colliding molecules escape, but these collisions actually help slow further losses.
The Evolution of Galaxies: A Metaphysics Viewpoint

This is the written version of an invited review talk for the 13 Feb 2004 AAAS Meeting in Seattle. The talk's goal is to present a philosophical view of extragalactic astronomy as it applies to the sub-field of galaxy evolution. The talk is divided into three parts: 1) How we got to where we are (technology drivers to our science goals), 2) What's new and special (how that technology has achieved our recent science results) and 3) How an improved worldview will help us in the near future. The intended audience for this talk is a generally knowledgeable scientist, but not an astronomer by training. This talk is also not intended to be a complete review of the field of galaxy evolution and only includes a few recent results extracted from the astro-ph archives to present the current state of our field.
Dolphin Bait-Balling Behaviors in Relation to Prey Ball Escape Behaviors

Delphinids frequently coordinate behaviors to contain or capture schooling fishes, but we know little about how these behaviors relate to prey escape behaviors, and corresponding costs and benefits. In this study, we described prey ball escape behaviors and investigated how prey ball behaviors related to dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, prey herding and capturing behaviors using above-water and underwater video methods. Prey balls exhibited horizontal and vertical movements, both of which would have increased feeding costs for dolphins compared with feeding on stationary prey at the surface. The only prey ball behavior that we observed to precede escape was ‘funneling’ or the brief formation of a prey ball shape where the height was at least twice the width. Funneling was observed most often for large prey balls, immediately before they descended. When prey balls ascended, there was an insignificant trend for dolphins to do a greater proportion of herding passes that did not include a prey capture (p = 0.094), and dolphins did a larger proportion of prey-capture attempts on the sides of prey balls (p = 0.017) and a smaller proportion through the edges of prey balls (p = 0.037). When prey balls ascended, dolphins also did a smaller proportion of attempts with a dorsal body orientation (p = 0.037); there were insignificant trends for them to do a smaller proportion with a side orientation (p = 0.100) but a larger proportion with a ventral body orientation (p = 0.081). Thus, funneling is an effective behavior by which large prey balls are able to vertically escape, and dolphins may counter vertical prey escape behaviors by doing herding passes that do not include a prey-attempt, and changing location or body orientation of prey-capture behaviors.
Electrical Conductivity and Oxygen Nonstoichiometry of La0.2Sr0.8Fe0.55Ti0.45O3-δ

The electrical conductivity of La 0 . 2 Sr 0 . 8 Fe 0 . 5 5 Ti 0 . 4 5 O 3 - δ (LSFTO) was measured in the temperature range 750 ≤ T ≤ 1000°C and at oxygen partial pressures of 1 X 10 - 1 8 ≤ po 2 ≤ 0.3 atm. The conductivity was measured on both increasing and decreasing po 2 to ensure that equilibrium was reached. Long equilibration times were required at intermediate oxygen partial pressures between 10 - 4 and 10 - 1 1 atm. The pressure dependence of the conductivity in this po 2 range differs from that previously reported for related compositions. The mobilities of the charge carriers were derived from the stoichiometry and conductivity data. The average hole and electron mobilities of LSFTO at 800 ≤ T ≤ 1000°C are 0.015 and 0.0017 cm 2 V - 1 s - 1 , respectively. The oxygen nonstoichiometry (8) as a function of po 2 was determined by solid-state coulometric titration. Data were obtained in the temperature range, 750 ≤ T ≤ 1040°C, and in the po 2 range, 10 - 1 7 ≤ po 2 ≤ 0.3 atm. A point defect model was used to fit the dependence of 8 on po 2 . The partial molar thermodynamic quantities for oxidation were calculated and the oxygen nonstoichiometry data were related to the electrical conductivity data.
Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia

Abstract Male and female outpatient agoraphobic clients were compared on a range of measures of personality and psychopathology related to agoraphobia. Few sex differences emerged. Women were slightly more avoidant when alone, and men reported more concern about hurting someone when anxious. Sex-role inventory measures of masculinity were inversely related to severity of avoidance behavior and other measures of psychopathology, and sex differences on avoidance were accounted for by sex differences on masculinity. Both male and female agoraphobics were lower on masculinity than a normative sample. When response to treatment was compared, men and women showed equivalent improvement with the exception of panic frequency on which women showed a poorer outcome.
Surface electromyography of superficial back muscles in human children: Functions during vertical climbing and suspension and implications for the evolution of hominid bipedalism

Surface electromyograms were taken of electrical activity in the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and caudal erector spinae muscles of human children as they elevated their superior extremities overhead and engaged in suspensory behaviors on a cargo net. Muscle activity patterns were determined and results were compared with electromyography (EMG) data derived from studies of juvenile pongid apes (Tuttle & Basmajian, 1976) in order to assess the problem of muscular economy and efficiency. Results from this preliminary investigation qualitatively verified Prost's (1980) hypothesis concerning the relative inefficiency of suspensory behaviors in man. Based on EMG data, these behaviors were less economical in Homo compared to pongid apes since selection presumably favored adaptations for efficient bipedalism at the expense of adaptations for efficacious climbing during the hominid evolutionary career. Some of these changes involved energy sparing regimes of superficial back muscle activity important for economical hanging and climbing. Relationships between the mode of attachment of the latissimus dorsi muscle and observed hominoid positional behaviors were elucidated within the context of lower back stability.
Comparative imaging of cardiac structures and function for the optimization of transcatheter approaches for valvular and structural heart disease

The detailed assessment of cardiac anatomy using multiple imaging modalities is essential to understand the high degree of variations that exist in human hearts (i.e., with and without pathologies). Additionally, such information should provide one with important insights regarding which imaging modality will best provide the required visualization of device placement via a given transcatheter approach. We describe here an unique set of such studies performed on either preserved heart specimens or within reanimated large mammalian hearts, including human (using Visible Heart® methodologies). Such anatomical and device-tissue interface knowledge is critical for both design engineers and clinicians that seek to develop and/or employ less invasive cardiac repair approaches for patients with acquired or congenital structural heart defects.
A Counterintuitive Mg2+-dependent and Modification-assisted Functional Folding of Mitochondrial tRNAs

Abstract Mitochondrial tRNAs (mtRNAs) often lack domains and posttranscriptional modifications that are found in cytoplasmic tRNAs. These structural and chemical elements normally stabilize the folding of cytoplasmic tRNAs into canonical structures that are competent for aminoacylation and translation. For example, the dihydrouridine (D) stem and loop domain is involved in the tertiary structure of cytoplasmic tRNAs through hydrogen bonds and a Mg2+ bridge to the ribothymidine (T) stem and loop domain. These interactions are often absent in mtRNA because the D-domain is truncated or missing. Using gel mobility shift analyses, UV, circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopies and aminoacylation assays, we have investigated the functional folding interactions of chemically synthesized and site-specifically modified mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNAs. We found that Mg2+ is critical for folding of the truncated D-domain of bovine mtRNAMet with the tRNA's T-domain. Contrary to the expectation that Mg2+ stabilizes RNA folding, the mtRNAMet D-domain structure was unfolded and relaxed, rather than stabilized in the presence of Mg2+. Because the D-domain is transcribed prior to the T-domain, we conclude that Mg2+ prevents misfolding of the 5′-half of bovine mtRNAMet facilitating its correct interaction with the T-domain. The interaction of the mtRNAMet D-domain with the T-domain was enhanced by a pseudouridine located in either the D or T-domains compared to that of the unmodified RNAs (Kd = 25.3, 24.6 and 44.4 μM, respectively). Mg2+ also affected the folding interaction of a yeast mtRNALeu1, but had minimal effect on the folding of an Escherichia coli cytoplasmic tRNALeu. The D-domain modification, dihydrouridine, facilitated mtRNALeu folding. These data indicate that conserved modifications assist and stabilize the formation of the functional mtRNA tertiary structure.
Calcium Quantitation with a Parallel Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy/Cooled Charge-Coupled Device/200 keV System.

We evaluated factors affected the accuracy and precision of quantitating trace concentration of Ca with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These factors include internal reflection in the spectrometer, precision of correlation between standards and experimental spectra, and radiation damage-induced spectral changes. We present methods of correcting for these effects and improving the reliability of trace Ca quantitation. A two-step fitting procedure is described that improves the retrieval of small Ca signals from the large background common to biological specimens. After optimizing the experimental conditions and data processing procedures, our current system can detect about 2.2 mmol/kg Ca in a 730-A thick specimen at a total dose of about 410 nA . sec at 95% confidence level by fitting the first difference spectra. Because of the 0.1% residual gain variation after gain normalization, the first difference spectrum fitting is still the preferred method for trace Ca quantitation. Our study also demonstrates the clear advantage of using a 200 keV system, instead of 120 keV or lower accelerating voltages, for EELS analysis of relatively thick biological cryosections.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 131

Nuclear structure data available through December 1975 are compiled, and adopted level properties are given. The bulk of the data is presented pictorially for easy comparison. Experimental details, references, and additional comments, where required, are given in the text. All drawings, tables, and comments are reproduced from the computerized Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF). Any additions or corrections desired by the users should be addressed to the compilers for maintenance and updating of the computer file.
Strain-eliminating chemical bonding self-organizations within intermediate phase (IP) windows in chalcogenide, oxide and nitride non-crystalline bulk glasses and deposited thin film binary, ternary and quaternary alloys

Abstract Transitions into, and out of intermediate phases (IPs) with minimal strain have been identified to date by Boolchand and co-workers, in bulk glasses, primarily by the extraordinary low values of the change in enthalpy, ΔHnr, associated with non-reversible heat flow, and by Lucovsky and coworkers in deposited thin films, and at dielectric–semiconductor interfaces by combining spectrographic characterizations, primarily synchrotron X-ray absorption and X-ray photoemission, and electrical measurements. This paper emphasizes chemical bonding self-organizations that minimize macroscopic strain within the IP windows, and identifies for the first time the necessary and sufficient conditions for IP windows to open, and to close, as a function of changes in the alloy composition. Percolation theory, and in particular competitive and synergistic double percolation provide a quantification of IP window first and second transition compositions that account for many of the experimentally determined IP window threshold transitions and IP window widths identified to date.
Provincial variation of carbon emissions from bituminous coal: Influence of inertinite and other factors

Abstract We observe a 1.3 kg C/net GJ variation of carbon emissions due to inertinite abundance in some commercially available bituminous coal. An additional 0.9 kg C/net GJ variation of carbon emissions is expected due to the extent of coalification through the bituminous rank stages. Each percentage of sulfur in bituminous coal reduces carbon emissions by about 0.08 kg C/net GJ. Other factors, such as mineral content, liptinite abundance and individual macerals, also influence carbon emissions, but their quantitative effect is less certain. The large range of carbon emissions within the bituminous rank class suggests that rank-specific carbon emission factors are provincial rather than global. Although carbon emission factors that better account for this provincial variation might be calculated, we show that the data used for this calculation may vary according to the methods used to sample and analyze coal. Provincial variation of carbon emissions and the use of different coal sampling and analytical methods complicate the verification of national greenhouse gas inventories.
Particle-gamma coincidence study of gross-structure peaks in 12 C+ 12 C inelastic scattering

Particle-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular correlations with forty $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ angles for a fixed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angle have been measured for the reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$)$^{12}\mathrm{C}$*(4.44 MeV) over the energy range $14.5l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~32$ MeV. Satisfactory agreement with a large body of experimental data is obtained using a simple distorted-wave Born-approximation calculation without introducing the idea of "quasimolecular" resonances.
Cruciate-retaining TKA Using a Third-generation System with a Four-pegged Tibial Component: A Minimum 10-year Followup Note

Background A third-generation TKA system was designed to address problems encountered with earlier designs including a high rate of patellofemoral complications. At a minimum of 5 years, we previously reported survivorship of 98.7% using revision for any reason as the endpoint for a cohort that includes the patients described in this report. That cohort was unique in that a tibial component that uses four short pegs for fixation was used in a subset of patients undergoing cruciate-retaining TKA and the tibial and femoral components were precoated with polymethylmethacrylate.
Circumventing anti-androgen resistance by molecular design.

Nuclear/steroid hormone receptors (NHRs) function as ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators of diverse sets of genes involved in development and homeostasis. Mutations to the androgen receptor (AR), a member of NHRs, have been linked to the failure of hormonal therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). It has been proposed that AR mutations such as Thr877 → Ala, Trp741 → Leu and Trp741 → Cys that cause anti-androgens such as flutamide and bicalutamide to function as agonists are likely associated with anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome in PCa therapy. The recently solved crystal structure of bicalutamide was used to design analogs that would complement the Trp741 → Leu mutation effectively restoring antagonist action of the ligand. Three out of the six designed analogs showed potent antagonistic activity in all three mutations as well as wild-type, suggesting that these analogs may be considered “pan-antagonists” of AR.
Rapid Development of Constrictive Pericarditis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A 28-year-old man presented with systemic lupus erythematosus manifested by nondeforming polyarthritis, lymphadenopathy, acute pericarditis with pericardial effusion, LE cells, and antibodies to native DNA. Constrictive pericarditis developed over the following seven weeks, although corticosteroids were being administered. Constrictive pericarditis in systemic lupus is quite rare, but this entity does occur, may develop rapidly, and may not be prevented by corticosteroid therapy.
Animal Communication A communication network model for languages is applied to signaling behavior in animals

Semiotics and ethology have converged in a new behavioral science, zoosemiotics. Those who are interested in the theoretical analysis of the complex problems of non-verbal behavior that arise where these two disciplines interact aim to treat comprehensively animal communication systems by the aid of representations that have proved illuminating in the study of sentences of human language. Students of zoosemiotics are concerned with codes and messages much as linguists are concerned with competence, or language, and performance, or speech. They thus face the twin tasks of constructing a model for the addresser to specify how a message is encoded and transformed into a signal carried by a variety of channels to the addressee; and of constructing a model for the addressee to specify the ways in which animals utilize their knowledge of their code to recognize the messages they receive. Finally, they assess the context of the communicative event in the hope of dissecting that which is relevant to the selection process from the rest of the background, a program for which there is as yet neither a procedural eliciting technique nor a satisfactory theoretical solution in sight.
Training for virtual teams: An investigation of current practices and future needs

Organizations are creating virtual teams at an ever-faster rate. Virtual team leaders and members from distant locations work together and communicate with each other using a variety of information technologies. Results from a survey of 440 training and development professionals identify current organizational training practices aimed at preparing leaders and members for virtual team assignments. Comparing organizations with more effective and less effective virtual team training programs allowed us to identify a set of “best practices.” We offer practical guidance regarding the effective use of training to promote high-quality virtual team performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of starvation on global gene expression and proteolysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Fast, efficiently growing animals have increased protein synthesis and/or reduced protein degradation relative to slow, inefficiently growing animals. Consequently, minimizing the energetic cost of protein turnover is a strategic goal for enhancing animal growth. Characterization of gene expression profiles associated with protein turnover would allow us to identify genes that could potentially be used as molecular biomarkers to select for germplasm with improved protein accretion. We evaluated changes in hepatic global gene expression in response to 3-week starvation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microarray analysis revealed a coordinated, down-regulated expression of protein biosynthesis genes in starved fish. In addition, the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism/transport, aerobic respiration, blood functions and immune response were decreased in response to starvation. However, the microarray approach did not show a significant increase of gene expression in protein catabolic pathways. Further studies, using real-time PCR and enzyme activity assays, were performed to investigate the expression of genes involved in the major proteolytic pathways including calpains, the multi-catalytic proteasome and cathepsins. Starvation reduced mRNA expression of the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin long isoform (CAST-L), with a subsequent increase in the calpain catalytic activity. In addition, starvation caused a slight but significant increase in 20S proteasome activity without affecting mRNA levels of the proteasome genes. Neither the mRNA levels nor the activities of cathepsin D and L were affected by starvation. These results suggest a significant role of calpain and 20S proteasome pathways in protein mobilization as a source of energy during fasting and a potential association of the CAST-L gene with fish protein accretion.
Teaching marine science to the next generation: Innovative programs for 6th”8th Graders gain momentum

Three educational outreach programs designed for middle school students (grades 6, 7, and 8) by faculty at the University of South Florida (USF) Department of Marine Science are turning kids onto science. The programs are bringing marine science research and its various technologies into the classroom, where students follow up with hands-on activities. Project Oceanography (PO) is an interactive broadcast that exposes students to the concepts and tools of current marine science research. The Oceanography Camp for Girls (OCG) boosts girls' curiosity and interest in science and nature. And teachers become better equipped to present current marine science topics and technology to their students at the Teachers Oceanography Workshop (TOW). All of the programs created by USF are provided at no cost to students or their institutions.
Mechanism of stereoselective production of trans-1-decalone by electrochemical catalysis in microemulsions

Abstract Microemulsions made from water, oil and surfactant are attractive alternatives to organic solvents for mediated electrochemical synthesis. Cyclization of 2-(4-bromobutyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one (1) to 1-decalone (2) mediated by an electrochemically generated cobalt(I) complex favored the trans- form over cis-1-decalone by about 93:7 in microemulsions, but poorer stereoselectivity was obtained in organic solvents. Microemulsion composition, surfactant type (cationic or anionic), or chirality of the mediator did not significantly influence the trans/cis ratio of 1-decalone. Selective formation of trans-1-decalone in microemulsions is attributed to equilibration of isomers via keto-enol tautomerization catalyzed by hydroxide ions formed by co-electrolysis of water during the reaction. Trans-1-decalone was efficiently produced in 2 h electrolyses in microemulsions with large volume fractions of water. Organic solvents with trace amounts of water gave little stereoselectivity over similar periods, but longer equilibration times produced larger proportions of trans-1-decalone.
Impact of Knowledge Management Practices on Task Knowledge: An Individual Level Study

Organizational level studies of knowledge management have been hampered by the lack of measures of individual level knowledge management practices and outcomes that can be used as success criteria to determine whether, or to what degree, specific organizational knowledge management practices enhance individual knowledge creation, sharing, and application at the individual level. This paper explores how the knowledge management practices of individuals are related to the task knowledge they use to complete their work processes. The measures presented can be used as one way to evaluate the success of organizational knowledge management practices. Specifically, the paper explores the individual practices of knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application and how these practices are related to the task knowledge conceptual, contextual, and operational knowledge of individuals. A model of the relationships among knowledge management practices and task knowledge components is proposed and tested. Structural equation modeling is used. Results suggest that engaging in knowledge creation enhances an individual's task knowledge through the practices of sharing and applying knowledge. Knowledge sharing and application enhance operational knowledge indirectly through changes in conceptual and contextual knowledge.
Medical Validity in Eastern and Western Traditions

When comparing biomedical treatments and traditional treatments from China and India, validity is established by a randomized placebo-controlled trial (RPCT). While the advantages of RPCT are uncontestable, its requirements handicap validation of treatments from Eastern traditions, which are integrated within a worldview that encompasses natural philosophy, theology, empirically based clinical experience, and spiritual and moral tenets. RPCT evolved during a time when comparatively little was known about Eastern medical traditions; about the effects of emotional, cognitive, and cultural factors on healing; or about the evolutionary biology and psychology of innate mind/body mechanisms, such as those producing placebo responses, which may constitute evolved adaptations naturally selected during human evolution. A fair way of both securing the advantages provided by RPCT and balancing them with a methodology that ensures safe and efficacious treatments from other traditions can be facilitated by examining medical validity in light of generalizations from evolutionary psychology and the cultural study of medicine.
Lotka-Volterra equations: Stability, decomposition, and aggregation

The major objective of this paper is to propose a new decomposition-aggregation framework for stability analysis of Lotka-Volterra equations employing the concept of vector Liapunov functions. Both the disjoint and the overlapping decompositions are introduced to increase flexibility in constructing Liapunov functions for the overall system. Our second objective is to initiate a study of Lotka-Volterra equations with non-linear time-varying coefficients, which may serve as more realistic models in applications. For this type of model, we derive stability conditions for nonnegative equilibria as well as outline a nonequilibrium analysis based upon the notion of ultimate boundedness of motions with respect to the nonnegative orthant of the state space. Both objectives of this paper are directed towards a better understanding of the intricate interplay between stability and structure in complex models represented by Lotka-Volterra equations.
Combined bladder neck reconstruction and epispadias repair for exstrophy-epispadias complex.

Purpose: The achievement of satisfactory continence in the management of classic bladder exstrophy remains a surgical challenge. During the last 20 years a staged approach to the management of the exstrophy-epispadias complex has been used at many exstrophy centers to attain this goal. In select cases repairs can be combined to reduce the number of mandatory operations to achieve continence. We retrospectively review our experience with, and long-term results and complications of combined bladder neck reconstruction and epispadias repair.Materials and Methods: A total of 19 boys with classic bladder exstrophy (17) and complete male epispadias (2) underwent combined bladder neck reconstruction and epispadias repair between 1982 and 1999. Primary closure was performed elsewhere in 16 cases and osteotomy was performed at primary closure in 8 (42%). All patients have undergone modified Cantwell-Ransley epispadias repair except for 2 who underwent a Young procedure.Results: At the time of combined bladder neck...
Gastric ischemic conditioning increases neovascularization and reduces inflammation and fibrosis during gastroesophageal anastomotic healing

The incidence of anastomotic leak and stricture after esophagectomy remains high. Gastric devascularization followed by delayed esophageal resection has been proposed to minimize these complications. We investigated the effect of ischemic conditioning duration on anastomotic wound healing in an animal model of esophagogastrectomy. North American opossums were randomized to four study groups. Group A underwent immediate resection and gastroesophageal anastomosis. Groups B, C, and D were treated with delayed resection and anastomosis after a gastric ischemic conditioning period of 7, 30, and 90 days, respectively. Gastric conditioning was performed by ligating the left, right, and short gastric vessels. An intraabdominal esophagogastric resection and anastomosis was performed, followed by euthanasia 10 days later. Outcome variables included anastomotic bursting pressure, microvessel concentration, tissue inflammation, and collagen deposition. Twenty-four opossums were randomized to groups A (n = 7), B (n = 8), C (n = 5), and D (n = 4). Subclinical anastomotic leak was discovered at necropsy in 5 animals: 3 in group A, and 1 each in groups B and C (p = 0.295). The anastomotic bursting pressure did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.545). A 7 day ischemic conditioning time did not produce increased neovascularity (p = 0.900), but animals with a 30 day conditioning time showed significantly increased microvessel counts compared to unconditioned animals (p = 0.016). The degree of inflammation at the healing anastomosis decreased significantly as the ischemic conditioning period increased (p = 0.003). Increasing delay interval was also associated with increased muscularis propria preservation (p = 0.001) and decreased collagen deposition at the healing anastomosis (p = 0.020). Animals treated with 30 days of gastric ischemic conditioning showed significantly increased neovascularity and muscularis propria preservation and decreased inflammation and collagen deposition at the healing anastomosis. These data suggest that an ischemic conditioning period longer than 7 days is required to achieve the desired effect on wound healing.
Almond ingestion at mealtime reduces postprandial glycemia and chronic ingestion reduces hemoglobin A1c in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cohort studies are equivocal regarding a relationship between regular nut consumption and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although acute trials show reductions in postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals ingesting 60 to 90 g almonds, trials have not been conducted using a single serving of almonds (28 g) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This randomized crossover trial examined the impact of one serving of almonds at mealtime on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 in healthy individuals and individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. On 2 occasions separated by at least 1 week, 19 adults (including 7 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus) consumed a standardized evening meal and fasted overnight before ingesting the test meal (bagel, juice, and butter) with or without almonds. A small pilot study (6-7 subjects per group) was also conducted to observe whether chronic almond ingestion (1 serving 5 d/wk for 12 weeks) lowered hemoglobin A(1c) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A standard serving of almonds reduced postprandial glycemia significantly in participants with diabetes (-30%, P = .043) but did not influence glycemia in participants without diabetes (-7%, P = .638). Insulinemia and glucagon-like peptide-1 at 30 minutes postmeal were not impacted by almond ingestion for either group. In the pilot study, regular almond ingestion for 12 weeks reduced hemoglobin A(1c) by 4% (P = .045 for interaction) but did not influence fasting glucose concentrations. These data show that modest almond consumption favorably improves both short-term and long-term markers of glucose control in individuals with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Abstract 4552: Naturally occurring osmolyte, trehalose induces a functionally active conformation in an intrinsically disordered transactivation function domain (AF1) of the Glucocorticoid Receptor

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Due to the ability of glucocorticoids to prevent the growth and to cause apoptotic death of malignant cells, they are a mainstay of therapy for many lymphomas and leukemias. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the biological effects of glucocorticoids at the level of gene regulation. To initiate transcription of target gene(s), GR interacts with its response element DNA, and/or with various coregulatory proteins. However, specific interaction surfaces of GR with its coregulators are not well understood. Consequently, precisely how transcription is regulated by GR is largely unknown. This is due, in part, to the lack of information about GR's major transactivation function region, AF1 located in the N-terminal domain. The major obstacle in determining the structure of AF1 has been due to its intrinsically disordered (ID) conformation, frequently found in the activation domains of many transcription factors, and it is believed that ID nature of these activation domains promote molecular recognition by creating large interaction surfaces suitable for interactions with their specific protein binding partners, which is a critical component of gene regulation by transcription factors. It has been hypothesized that conditional folding of these activation domains may be a prerequisite for their efficient interaction with specific coregulatory proteins, and subsequent transcriptional activity leading to the regulation of target gene(s). In this study, we tested whether a naturally occurring osmolyte, trehalose can promote functionally ordered conformation in the GR's major activation function domain, AF1, which is found to exist as an ID protein, and requires an efficient interaction with coregulatory proteins for optimal activity. Our data show that trehalose induces an ordered conformation in AF1 such that its interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), a critical coregulator of glucocorticoid receptor's activity, is greatly enhanced. Our results may provide a mechanism for cell-type specificity of the effects of GR in gene regulation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4552. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4552
Teaching the public relations campaigns course

Abstract This article argues for the inclusion of a Campaign Planning course in the undergraduate public relations major, and discusses suggested course objectives, structure, and content. Unique aspects of this applied public relations course are considered, and recommendations are given to prospective instructors in how to handle identifying (clients) and assisting students in developing effective client-team relationships. Finally, the article includes suggestions on assisting students with finalizing portfolios and assisting them with career preparation.
Comparative resistance of escherichia coli and enterococci to chlorination

Abstract Pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium were inactivated by free chlorine and monochloramine. Indigenous E. coli and enterococci in wastewater effluents were also inactivated. Selective bacteriological media specifically designed for the enumeration of the target microbes were utilized in the study. Results show that enterococci are more resistant than E. coli to chlorine disinfection.
Methylamine metabolism in a pseudomonas species

Abstract The mechanism by which a nonphotosynthetic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. (Shaw Strain MA) grows on the one-carbon source, methylamine, was investigated by comparing enzyme levels of cells grown on methylamine, to cells grown on acetate or succinate. Cells grown on methylamine have elevated levels of the enzymes serine hydroxymethyl transferase, serine dehydratase, malic enzyme, glycerate dehydrogenase and malate lyase (CoA acetylating ATP-cleaving). These enzymes, in conjunction with a constitutive glyoxylate transaminase, can account for the net conversion of two one-carbon units into acetyl CoA. Cells grown on acetate or methylamine, but not succinate, contain the enzyme isocitrate lyase; while cells grown on acetate or succinate, but not methylamine, contain significant levels of malate synthetase. These findings suggest that the acetyl CoA derived from one-carbon units in methylamine grown cells, condenses with oxalacetate to yield citrate and then isocitrate, followed by cleavage to succinate and glyoxylate. Thus, growth on methylamine is accomplished by the net synthesis of succinate from two molecules of methyamine and two molecules of CO2.
Particle-in-Cell Simulation Codes in High Performance Fortran

Particle-in-Cell (PIC) plasma simulation codes model the interaction of charged particles with surrounding electrostatic and magnetic fields. Its computational requirements made it to be classified as one of the grand-challenge problems facing the high performance community. In this paper we present the implementation of 1-D and 2-D electrostatic PIC codes in High Performance Fortran(HPF) on a IBM SP-2. HPF expands Fortran 90 with data distribution and alignment directives and data parallel statements. It is a powerful language for writing portable and high performance programs across many platforms. We used one of the most successful commerical HPF compilers currently available in the market and augmented the compiler's missing HPF functions with extrinsic routines when necessary. We obtained near linear speed-up in all of our test cases. The performance of the HPF programs is comparable to the native message passing implementations of the same codes on the SP-2.
Evaluation of transabdominal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis in the late gestational mare.

Summary Serial transabdominal amniocentesis was performed on eight mares in late gestation. Ultrasonography was used to identify the two placental fluid sacs and the foetus. A biopsy guide attached to the transducer allowed visualisation of the needle path during insertion. Amniotic fluid was obtained in 85 per cent of the attempts, although as mares approached parturition substantial pools of amniotic fluid were more difficult to locate. Two mares aborted during the study probably because of complications of the procedures, whereas six mares produced normal foals at term. The abortions preclude clinical use of this technique currently. However, there was sufficient success in retrieval of amniotic fluid and outcome of pregnancies to continue the study of amniocentesis in larger groups of mares to determine the clinical and research value of this technique.
Atomic spin polarization by Raman cooling

We have simultaneously spin polarized and subrecoil cooled sodium atoms trapped in a blue detuned optical dipole trap. Temperatures of 1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}K and less have been achieved for atoms which have been polarized into any of three $F=1$ ground-state magnetic sublevels of sodium. The final phase-space density is comparable to the best achieved by an all-optical cooling technique.
Actinide-loaded glass scintillators for fast neutron detection

Abstract Fast neutron detection has applications in a number of topic areas, including national security and nuclear fuel cycle safeguards. Ideally, these sensors would have high sensitivity to fission (fast) neutrons but be insensitive to thermal neutrons and gamma rays. This paper describes a study of actinide-loaded glass for fast neutron detection, wherein a threshold fission reaction in the actinide produces fission products depositing approximately 200 MeV of energy. The prominent advantage of this approach to fast neutron detection, when compared to fission chambers, is the potential for several orders of magnitude increase in the mass of fissionable atoms per unit volume—thereby improving the absolute detection efficiency and offsetting the small (approximately 1 barn) threshold cross-sections. The detectors tested to date are glass-matrix based, loaded with thorium and a rare-earth activator. The threshold cross-section for fission of 232 Th (100% natural abundance) provides insensitivity to thermal neutrons, but the primary research question is whether the 200 MeV of energy released per fission is sufficiently distinct, in terms of total scintillation light and/or scintillation decay time, to be clearly distinguished from gamma rays and the inherent alpha emissions in the actinide. The high density of ionization and resulting propensity for recombination is expected to reduce the scintillation production well below that corresponding to 200 MeV electron equivalent. Technical challenges to be overcome in the fabricating actinide-loaded glasses and the testing of these early samples are significant. These include making a glass containing thorium and the proper activator that will scintillate, discriminating fast neutron events from the natural radioactivity of 232 Th and its daughters and minimizing the severity of the non-linearity of energy to light conversion for the fission fragments. The first obstacle has been overcome; scintillating glass samples containing thorium have been produced and spectra on these samples have been acquired. These spectra as well as initial tests of fast neutron detection are presented here, along with a discussion of the research paths to be explored in the future.
Phasic behavior of EMG signals during gait: Use of multivariate statistics

Abstract The present study represents an attempt to ascertain whether there are some underlying trends that, in some combination, can explain all the variations in the linear envelopes of 16 EMG signals of selected leg muscles. Two kinds of analyses were performed: (a) a factor analysis of EMG data corresponding to 16 muscles of the lower limb and (b) a “multi-dimensional scaling” (MDS) procedure. The latter technique involved mapping the Cartesian coordinates for 16 points subject to the constraint that the distance between any two points reflected the degree of coactivity for the corresponding muscles. The results of these analyses showed that four factors could account for 91.5% of the variance in the original data set. These factors could be clearly demarcated on the “muscle map,” tending to support the notion that there are motor “programs” for groups of muscles that have to perform a given function during locomotion. Further analysis of the loading matrix (i.e., correlations between each EMG vector and each of the four factors) showed groups of muscles that acted in a similar manner. The muscle groups could be divided into those that act at the times of (a) heelstrike, (b) single limb loading response, (c) propulsion phase, or else (d) acted in a biphasic manner.
CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH

Effective international marketing requires collection of large amounts of data from diverse sources and sensitive use of such information in marketing strategy. While marketing information systems help managers incorporate some kinds of data into their planning, content analysis offers a different set of insights into cultural concepts, themes and trends not usually captured by traditional data systems. Content analysis has evolved as a research technique since the 1920s, largely in social science applications. Today, aided by new analytical techniques and optical scanners, which can read huge volumes of material inexpensively; and state‐of‐the‐art computer software, which can handle languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic, content analysis has great promise for international marketing applications.
Regolith properties in the south polar region of the Moon from 70-cm radar polarimetry

Abstract The south polar region of the Moon contains areas permanently shadowed from solar illumination, which may provide cold traps for volatiles such as water ice. Previous radar studies have emphasized the search for diagnostic polarization signatures of thick ice in areas close to the pole, but near-surface regolith properties and regional geology are also important to upcoming orbital studies of the shadowed terrain. To study regional regolith variations, we collected 70-cm wavelength, 450-m resolution, dual-circular polarization radar data for latitudes 60–90° S using the Arecibo and Greenbank telescopes. The circular polarization ratio, μ c , is sensitive to differences in rock abundance at the surface and up to tens of m below the surface, depending upon the regolith loss tangent. We observe significant variations in μ c , attributed to changes in the surface and subsurface rock population, across the south polar highlands. Concentric haloes of low polarization ratio surrounding Hausen, Moretus, and other young craters represent rock-poor ejecta layers. Values of μ c up to ∼1 occur in the floors and near-rim deposits of Eratosthenian and Copernican craters, consistent with abundant rocky ejecta and/or fractured impact melt. Enhanced μ c values also correspond to areas mapped as Orientale-derived, plains-forming material [Wilhelms, D.E., Howard, K.A., Wilshire, H.G., 1979. USGS Map I-1162], and similar polarization properties characterize the permanently shadowed floors of craters Faustini and Shoemaker. Small areas of very high (>1.5) circular polarization ratio occur on shadowed and seasonally sunlit terrain, and appear to be associated with small craters. We suggest that regolith in low-lying areas near the south pole is characterized by a significant impact melt component from Orientale, which provides a source for excavation of the block-rich ejecta around small craters observed in this and earlier radar studies. The lower portion of the interior wall of Shackleton crater, permanently shadowed from the sun but visible from Earth, is not significantly different in 70-cm scattering properties from diurnally/seasonally sunlit areas of craters with similar morphology.