cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trump, Trade and National Security: Will Federal Courts Rein in the President?

Ever since the inauguration of President Trump, I have written about President Trump’s trade policy. In part, I have focused on the president’s reliance on federal statutes. Especially those delegating congressional authority to him to take trade actions that rely upon his sole discretionary determinations of national security risks or national emergencies. We are now at a point where federal courts in the United States, the largest economy in the world, have been asked to review the validity of presidential trade actions. Specifically, the central legality of the broad delegation of congressional trade authority that has occurred over the last 75 years. While it is always dangerous to predict how a federal court or the Supreme Court will decide a case, I predict the federal courts will uphold the separation of powers in the face of the outrageous and unprecedented onslaught of presidential tariff and trade actions by a president relying upon dubious claims of national security and national emergency. Personal gripes can never be a basis for trade policy. My guess is that this will come from the steel importers’ case concerning Section 232.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Receipt of Lung Transplant and In-Hospital Mortality among Pediatric and Adolescent Patients in the United States

The purpose of this study was to analyze racial/ethnic disparity in inpatient mortality among pediatric and adolescent lung transplant recipients (≤19 years old) in the United States (US). The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) dataset from 2003-2017 was used for this analysis. Survey logistic regression model was utilized to find the association between lung transplant and inpatient mortality among various racial/ethnic groups. The overall inpatient mortality rate was 3.92 per 100 lung transplant hospitalizations. Overall, when adjusted for covariates, those who received lung transplants were 8.49 times as likely to experience inpatient mortality (95% CI: 5.66-12.73) compared to those who did not receive it. The likelihood of inpatient mortality was highest among Hispanics (OR=10.11, 95% CI=4.93-14.95) relative to the findings among other racial/ethnic groups. Our findings may guide healthcare providers when caring for pediatric and adolescent populations from different racial/ethnic backgrounds who need a lung transplant. Copyright © 2021 Salihu, et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.
Aristotle on the Problem of a Majority Poor

Aristotle stated that where a society had a majority poor, a democracy would be “speedily ruined.” For, the poor take the wealth to themselves, but do not know how to run the economy. The case of Venezuela illustrates Aristotle’s point. There, a growing middle-class was developing Venezuela’s oil-based economy quite well. But, when Hugo Chavez organized the poor and won elections, the poor took the money, but mismanaged the economy. This could occur in other poor nations, such as Bolivia and Peru, and many nations in Africa—exemplified by Zimbabwe. Even India, under Modi, is threatened.
Third-order photon cross-correlations in resonance fluorescence

We investigated third-order correlations between photons from a single quantum dot's resonance fluorescence in the strong excitation regime originating from opposite sidebands of the power spectrum. The three-time correlation measurements for photons filtered using three independent Fabry-Perot etalons resulted in correlation maps with ``antibunching'' features as a consequence of correlations originating from the same sideband, and ``bunching ridges'' due to opposite sideband correlated photons.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging predicts symptom severity in youth exposed to traumatic stress.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique with the potential to enable the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) brain biomarkers in an affordable and portable manner. Consistent with biological models of PTSD, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fNIRS studies of adults with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms suggest increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) in response to negative emotion stimuli. We tested this theory with fNIRS assessment among youth exposed to traumatic stress and experiencing PTSD symptoms (PTSS). A portable fNIRS system collected hemodynamic responses from (N = 57) youth with PTSS when engaging in a classic emotion expression task that included fearful and neutral faces stimuli. The General Linear Model was applied to identify cortical activations associated with the facial stimuli. Subsequently, a prediction model was established via a Support Vector Regression to determine whether PTSS severity could be predicted based on fNIRS-derived cortical response measures and individual demographic information. Results were consistent with findings from adult fMRI and fNIRS studies of PTSS showing increased activation in the dlPFC and vlPFC in response to negative emotion stimuli. Subsequent prediction analysis revealed ten features (i.e., cortical responses from eight frontocortical fNIRS channels, age and sex) strongly correlated with PTSS severity (r = 0.65, p < .001). Our findings suggest the potential utility of fNIRS as a portable tool for the detection of putative PTSS brain biomarkers.
Spectrum of Neurological Disorders Among 19th Century and Early to Mid-20th Century United States Presidents (P6.334)

Background: Presidential health has been the subject of great national interest, a source of media gossip and even security concern. While there have been biographies written about various presidents, a literature review documenting the various neurological disorders that have affected them is lacking. The objective of this study is to systematically present the neurological conditions affecting the United States presidents of 19th century and early to mid-20th century. Methods: This is a literature review from various sources including newspaper articles, presidential biographies, online literature resources and Pub-med review of English language literature of all types of articles from 1950-2013 with key words-president, health, neurological, disease and white house. Results: A total of 20 newspaper articles, 2 comprehensive presidential biographies, 3 online resources and 20 PubMed articles were reviewed. The first 40 presidents were included for the present analyses. 23 (58[percnt]) had from neurological conditions.11 presidents suffered from cerebrovascular events characterized by stroke/cerebral hemorrhage, 8 had headaches, 4 with dementia/cognitive decline, 1 tremor, 1 with concussion, 2 with paralysis, 2 with neurasthenia, 1 with tics, 2 vertigo, 1 with double vision, 1 with sleep apnea. 6 of them developed these neurological conditions while in office, 2 passed away from a massive stroke while in office and 1 completely recovered from sleep apnea after leaving office. Conclusion: Neurological conditions are common among presidents of the United States and sometimes have led to catastrophic events. These conditions also had a significant effect on their careers as well as the course of history. Recognizing and understanding the effects of these conditions on past presidency will lead to better management of the tenure of upcoming presidents. Disclosure: Dr. Govindarajan has nothing to disclose.
Use of Sub-bandgap Illumination to Improve Radiation Detector Resolution of CdZnTe

The performance of Cd1−x Zn x Te (CZT) materials for room-temperature gamma/x-ray radiation detection continues to improve in terms of material quality and detector design. In our prior publications, we investigated the use of multiple wavelengths of light (in the visible and infrared) to target charge carriers at various trap energies and physical positions throughout crystals. Light exposure significantly alters the charge mobility and improves carrier collection at the anode contact. This study presents an investigation of material performance as a radiation detector during such illumination. The decrease in charge trapping and increase in charge collection due to a higher probability of free electron release from traps contributed to an increase in the resolution-based performance of the detector through controlled illumination. We investigated the performance improvement of CZT crystals with previously known levels of intrinsic defects and secondary phases, at various voltages, light-emitting diode (LED) light wavelengths, and shaping times. Although our setup was clearly not optimized for radiation detector performance, it demonstrated substantial resolution improvements (based on full-width at half-maximum using 662-keV gamma rays from 137Cs upon illumination with 950-nm light) of 16% to 38% in comparison with unilluminated CZT under similar conditions. This manuscript includes discussion of the electrooptic behavior and its effect on performance. Additional testing and fabrication of a detector that incorporates such LED light optimization could lead to improved performance with existing detector-grade materials.
Statistical computation of salient iso-values

Detection of the salient iso-values in a volume dataset is often the first step towards its exploration. An error-and-trail approach is often used; new semi-automatic techniques either make assumptions about their data [4] or present multiple criteria for analysis. Determining if a dataset satisfies an algorithm's assumptions, or the criteria to be used in an analysis are both non-trivial tasks. The use of a dataset's statistical signatures, local higher order moments (LHOMs), to characterize its salient iso-values was presented in [10]. In this paper we propose a computational algorithm that uses LHOMs for expedient estimation of salient iso-values. As LHOMs are model independent statistical signatures our algorithm does not impose any assumptions on the data. Further, the algorithm has a single criterion for characterization of the salient iso-values, and the search for this criterion is easily automated. Examples from medical and computational domains are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
What Kind of Landing for the Chinese Economy

To sum up, we are not arguing either that preliminary signs of a slowing of Chinese economic activity in recent months are unwelcome or that administrative controls have been counterproductive. Nor can we estimate with great precision the sustainable investment rate or the amount of overshooting that could occur once the investment share begins to fall. But it appears that the needed unwinding of the current investment boom is far from over and that it is premature to herald a soft landing. A long landing is the more likely outcome.
Achieving Balance in Graduate Programs: Negotiating Best Practices

The narrative introduction to the graduate catalogue at the state university where I work probably reads pretty much like the one at your college or university. The program of study for the masters degree specifies that inservice graduate students are to engage in an extensive study of contentrelated literature, theory, and research. Despite the rhetoric of graduate catalogs, teachers who enter graduate school programs begin their advanced studies, expecting- and sometimes vociferously demanding- coursework that will provide them with a practical framework for teaching English language arts in secondary schools. Their interest in studying theory and research is often conditional. They scan my vita to see if, when, and how long I taught P 12 students, not just graduate students. They examine my sylla
Mass‐independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in the environment

[1] The toxicity of mercury's methylated species and its biomagnification in aquatic food chains and global dispersion by the atmosphere are the cause of worldwide health problems. Recent reports have observed natural mass-dependent fractionation in mercury isotopes, and recent theoretical work has demonstrated that isotopic separation in mercury is due primarily to nuclear field shifts (nuclear volume effect), and the magnetic spin effect gives rise to mass-independent fractionation (MIF) of odd neutron number isotopes. Now we present analytical evidence of mass-independent isotopic variations in mercury produced by both nuclear volume and magnetic isotope processes. Even mass number isotopes exhibit a pattern indistinguishable from that produced by mass-dependent fractionation, with both positive and negative 199Hg and 201Hg anomalies. MIF is easier to reliably determine in Hg isotopes than mass-dependent fractionation alone, and thus it provides a potentially important key in constraining models of mercury sources and pathways in the environment.
Does the median voter model explain the size of government?: Evidence from the states

Despite an attempt by its own authors, it is difficult to argue that the influential model of the size of government developed by Meltzer and Richard (1981) has had convincing empirical backing. In this paper, we adapt that model to a model of state government size. The main testable hypothesis is that as income inequality grows, government size (as measured by the percentage of income devoted to government redistribution) grows. We test the model using panel data from the US states from 1979–1991. In contrast to the results found by Meltzer and Richard (1983), we find little evidence to support the model. The results are robust to several model specifications and estimation techniques.
Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam, by Logevall, Fredrik

Embers of War is a most welcome addition to the growing body of scholarship that places America’s war in Vietnam in a wider context. Well written and deeply researched, especially in French sources...
Cracking of an orthotropic substrate reinforced by an orthotropic plate

Abstract A solution method is derived to determine the stress intensity factors for both an internal crack and an edge crack in an orthotropic substrate that is reinforced on its boundary by a finite-length orthotropic plate. The method utilizes the Green’s functions for a pair of dislocations and a concentrated force on the boundary while invoking the concept of superposition. Enforcing the traction-free boundary condition along the crack surfaces and the continuity of displacement gradients along the plate/substrate interface results in a coupled system of singular integral equations. An asymptotic analysis of the kernels in these equations for the region of the junction point between the plate corner and the substrate boundary reveals the strength of the singularity in the case of an edge crack. The numerical solution of the integral equations provides results for the stress intensity factors for both an internal crack and an edge crack perpendicular to the substrate boundary and aligned with one of the corners of the plate. The present results have been validated against previously published stress intensity factors for an internal crack and an edge crack in an isotropic substrate.
Method to measure flame index in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

This paper describes a new method to image the flame index in turbulent, partially-premixed flames. The flame index indicates the locations where premixed flames and where non-premixed flames exist. This information is needed to improve the modeling of gas turbine combustors. Using simultaneous acetone and NO2 Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF), flame index was measured in a gas turbine model combustor. The fluorescence linearity and saturation characteristics of acetone and NO2 with respect to volume fraction and laser spectral irradiance also were studied. © 2013 by David A. Rosenberg.
THE CULTURE OF FENGSHUI IN KOREA: An Exploration of East Asian Geomancy. By Hong–key Yoon

(2011). The Culture of Fengshui In Korea: An Exploration of East Asian Geomancy. By Hong–key Yoon. Geographical Review: Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 610-614.
SUCCESSFUL USE OF A HOME RESPIRATORY INDUCTANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY (RIP) MONITOR IN INFANTS AT-RISK OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS). † 829

SUCCESSFUL USE OF A HOME RESPIRATORY INDUCTANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY (RIP) MONITOR IN INFANTS AT-RISK OF SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS). † 829
Human placental hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene during early gestation and at term

Benzpyrene hydroxylase activity in human placental tissues was investigated during early gestation (8–16 wk) in order to determine whether cigarette smoking would produce increased hydroxylation capacity at this gestational stage. Particulate subfractions of term placental homogenates from women who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy exhibited relatively high levels of enzymatic activity. At 8–10 wk gestation, however, levels of enzymatic activity in homogenates of human placenta or fetal livers were undetectable regardless of maternal smoking habits. At 11–13 wk gestation, very low levels of hydroxylase activity were observed in placentas of smokers, and slightly higher levels were apparent in smoker placentas at 14–16 wk gestation. Hydroxylating capacity of placental homogenates from nonsmokers was not detected at 8–16 wk gestation. Steroids synthesized by human placental tissues, i.e., β-estradiol, estrone, and progesterone, markedly inhibited the placental-catalyzed hydroxylation of benzpyrene. Cholesterol, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and androstenedione, which serve as substrates for other placental mixed-function oxidase systems, however, exhibited comparatively minor inhibitory effects. Similar effects of these and other steroids (methyltestosterone and pregenolone) were observed on the placental hydroxylase of 3-methyl-cholanthrene pretreated rats.
Are emotion metaphors conceptual or lexical

Abstract A review of Metaphors of Anger, Pride and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts by Z. Kovecses (1986). Philadelphid/Amsterdam: John Benjamins, p. vii, 147. ISBN 1-55619-009-3 (US); ISBN 90-272-2558-3 (Europe). $34
Actions of noradrenaline on myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric antrum.

Abstract We used intracellular electrophysiological recording to study the actions of noradrenaline on myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric antrum. Noradrenaline caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the stimulus-evoked cholinergic fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Noradrenaline had no effect on the postsynaptic response to acetylcholine, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. The slow EPSP was also presynaptically inhibited by noradrenaline. In only 5% of the neurons, noradrenaline caused a postsynaptic depolarization, accompanied by increased input resistance and enhanced excitability. Studies with adrenergic antagonists and agonists revealed that the presynaptic inhibitory effect was mediated by an α 2 -receptor, while the postsynaptic excitatory effect seemed to be mediated by an α 1 receptor. We conclude that noradrenaline inhibits neurotransmitter release from cholinergic and non-cholinergic nerve terminals in the myenteric plexus of the antrum and that it excites a subpopulation of antral neurons. Both mechanisms may contribute to the neurally mediated inhibitory action of noradrenaline on gastric contractility.
Test of 3He-based neutron polarizers at NIST

Abstract Neutron spin filters based on polarized 3 He are useful over a wide neutron energy range and have a large angular acceptance among other advantages. Two optical pumping methods, spin-exchange and metastability-exchange, can produce the volume of highly polarized 3 He gas required for such neutron spin filters. We report a test of polarizers based on each of these two methods on a new cold, monochromatic neutron beam line at the NIST Center for Neutron Research.
The Teacher as a Service Professional

Abstract The belief that teachers are professionals has become so pervasive during the past one third century that it is increasingly viewed as a fact. This article reviews the 13 characteristics of a profession advanced by sociologists of occupations, and it provides evidence that teachers fall far short of achieving them. However, it is noteworthy that teachers in general are not concerned with professionalization; instead, their movement is being fueled primarily by National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education and deans of colleges of education. The article proposes that teachers abandon the push to achieve the traditional characteristics of professions because such characteristics are unattainable and, more important, inconsistent with the true motive of teachers, which is to serve their clients (i.e., to help their students). This article proposes a service professional model that would require changing the focus from the goals of professions—which are elitism, power, and autonomy—to w...
Characterization of the Phd Repressor-Antitoxin Boundary

The P1 plasmid addiction operon (a classic toxin-antitoxin system) encodes Phd, an unstable 73-amino-acid repressor-antitoxin protein, and Doc, a stable toxin. It was previously shown by deletion analysis that the N terminus of Phd was required for repressor activity and that the C terminus was required for antitoxin activity. Since only a quarter of the protein or less was required for both activities, it was hypothesized that Phd might have a modular organization. To further test the modular hypothesis, we constructed and characterized a set of 30 point mutations in the third and fourth quarters of Phd. Four mutations (PhdA36H, V37A, I38A, and F44A) had major defects in repressor activity. Five mutations (PhdD53A, D53R, E55A, F56A, and F60A) had major defects in antitoxin activity. As predicted by the modular hypothesis, point mutations affecting each activity belonged to disjoint, rather than overlapping, sets and were separated rather than interspersed within the linear sequence. A final deletion experiment demonstrated that the C-terminal 24 amino acid residues of Phd (preceded by a methionine) retained full antitoxin activity.
Identification of neuroendocrine cells producing a diuretic hormone in the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta

Separate antisera were raised to the N- and C-terminal half of the diuretic hormone from Manduca sexta. Antisera against the two halves of this peptide recognized the same cells in M. sexta, and preabsorption of the antisera with the peptides used as antigens abolished the immunoreactivity, confirming their specificity. The antisera reacted with two median neurosecretory cells on each side of the protocerebral groove in larvae, and with a group of about 80 small median neurosecretory cells in the adult, as well as their axons to, and their axon terminals in, the corpora cardiaca. During the early pupal stages, small cells, which are possibly derived from a common neuroblast, differentiate into immunoreactive neurosecretory cells, which explains the large increase in cell numbers in the adult. In the sleepy sulphur butterfly, Eurema nicippe, homologous median neurosecretory cells in the adult were immunoreactive with both antisera.
Preventing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Shocks Improves Survival

Implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) reduce sudden cardiac death and all-cause mortality in patients at an elevated risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Patients with ICDs who receive shocks for VA have an increased mortality primarily due to worsening heart failure. Although VA and ICD shocks are a marker of progression of the underlying cardiomyopathy and disease process, there is evidence suggesting that ICD shocks are directly harmful to the myocardium and may contribute to the increase in mortality. Thus, although ICD shocks are a lifesaving therapy, they are also harmful and should be avoided whenever possible.
Forecasting CPI Food Prices: An Assessment

The Principle Paper Session of the 1997 American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting in Toronto, Canada, brought together three consumer price index (CPI) food price forecasters: one from ERS, one private consultant, and one academic food price forecaster. Robert E. Young II from the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at the University of Missouri, Annette Clauson from ERS, and John Urbanchuk from AUS Consultants presented papers at the session. The objective was to share economic models, methodologies, and techniques for predicting retail food price movements. This paper summarizes the primary drivers of food prices by the forecasters, compares the forecasts for 1997 and 1998, and discusses three scenarios that the forecasters were asked
A quantitative comet infection assay for influenza virus.

The virus comet assay is a cell-based virulence assay used to evaluate an antiviral drug or antibody against a target virus. The comet assay differs from the plaque assay in allowing spontaneous flows in 6-well plates to spread virus. When implemented quantitatively the comet assay has been shown to have an order-of-magnitude greater sensitivity to antivirals than the plaque assay. In this study, a quantitative comet assay for influenza virus is demonstrated, and is shown to have a 13-fold increase in sensitivity to ribavirin. AX4 cells (MDCK cells with increased surface concentration of α2–6 sialic acid, the influenza virus receptor) have reduced the comet size variability relative to MDCK cells, making them a better host cell for use in this assay. Because of enhanced antiviral sensitivity in flow-based assays, less drug is required, which could lead to lower reagent costs, reduced cytotoxicity, and fewer false-negative drug screen results. The comet assay also serves as a readout of flow conditions in the well. Observations from comets formed at varying humidity levels indicate a role for evaporation in the mechanism of spontaneous fluid flow in wells.
The effects of vitamin A deficiency on hepatic folate metabolism in rats

Abstract The effects of severe vitamin A deficiency (liver retinol less than 2 μg/g) on hepatic folate metabolism in rats were studied. The oxidation of a [ ring -2- 14 C]histidine load or a [ 14 C]formate load to 14 CO 2 was significantly depressed in vitamin A-deficient rats and those given histidine also excreted more urinary formiminoglutamic acid (FiGlu) than pair-fed controls. The increase in FiGlu excretion was not due to augmented production from histidine, implicating an impairment of FiGlu catabolism. FiGlu formiminotransferase activity was unaltered in vitamin A-deficient rats, but hepatic tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) concentration was decreased by 58% in vitamin A-deficient rats given a histidine load while 5-methyl-THF concentration was increased by 39%. Formyl-THF and total folate levels were similar to controls. A redistribution of folate coenzymes was not found in vitamin A-deficient rats not force fed histidine. A 43% decrease in 10-formyl-THF dehydrogenase activity, which generates both THF and the 14 CO 2 from the labeled substrates, and an 81% increase in 5,10-methylene-THF reductase activity, which generates 5-methyl-THF, were found in vitamin A-deficient rats. It appears that the production of severe vitamin A deficiency results in selective changes in the activities of hepatic folate-dependent enzymes, so that when a load of a one-carbon donor is given, THF concentration decreases and metabolism of the load is impaired.
Development of Design Vehicles for Hang-Up Problem:

Design vehicles were developed to evaluate the operation of low-ground-clearance, long-wheelbase, overhang vehicles on extreme hump or sag profile alignments. The literature review indicated that although formal studies had been conducted to develop design vehicles, these vehicles did not include the information needed to assess hang-up susceptibility on a particular vertical alignment. Relevant design vehicle dimensions for 17 vehicle types prone to hang-up were developed. Relevant dimensions included wheelbase, ground clearance, and front and rear overhang. These vehicles can be used in conjunction with the HANGUP software or other tools in designing vertical alignments that reduce the likelihood of hangup problems. Because they are based on representative samples of both field-collected and manufacturers' data and have been evaluated using the HANGUP software, the design vehicles are reasonable and have a rational basis. The proposed vehicles should receive broad review with an eye toward inclusion in ...
Design and synthesis of highly potent and isoform selective JNK3 inhibitors: SAR studies on aminopyrazole derivatives.

The c-jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is expressed primarily in the brain. Numerous reports have shown that inhibition of JNK3 is a promising strategy for treatment of neurodegeneration. The optimization of aminopyrazole-based JNK3 inhibitors with improved potency, isoform selectivity, and pharmacological properties by structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies utilizing biochemical and cell-based assays, and structure-based drug design is reported. These inhibitors had high selectivity over JNK1 and p38α, minimal cytotoxicity, potent inhibition of 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and ROS generation, and good drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties for iv dosing. 26n was profiled against 464 kinases and was found to be highly selective hitting only seven kinases with >80% inhibition at 10 μM. Moreover, 26n showed good solubility, good brain penetration, and good DMPK properties. Finally, the crystal structure of 26k in complex with JNK3 was solved at 1.8 A to exp...
Key research issues in the pulsed fast-neutron analysis technique for cargo inspection

Non-invasive inspection systems based on the use of fast neutrons are being studied for the inspection of large cargo containers. A key advantage of fast neutrons is their sensitivity to low-Z elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, which are the primary constituents of explosives and narcotics. The high energy allows penetration of relatively large containers. The pulsed fast-neutron analysis (PFNA) technique is currently the baseline system. A workshop on the PFNA technique involving industrial, government, and university participants was held at Argonne National Laboratory in January 1994. The purpose of this workshop was to review the status of research on the key technical issues involved in PFNA, and to develop a list of those areas where additional modeling and/or experimentation were needed. The workshop also focused on development of a near-term experimental assessment program using existing prototypes and on development of a long-term test program at the Tacoma Testbed, where a PFNA prototype will be installed in 1995. A summary of conclusions reached at this workshop is presented. Results from analytic and Monte Carlo modeling of simplified PFNA systems are also presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surface hardness and abrasive wear resistance of nitrogen‐implanted steels

The hardness of nitrogen‐implanted steel surfaces has been determined indirectly by a surface‐sensitive abrasive wear technique using micrometer‐size diamond particles. Wear rates were measured, as a function of depth, for implanted and unimplanted steel discs, and surface hardness was obtained from a verified relationship between wear rate and hardness. Tempered carbon steel implanted with nitrogen ions was significantly hardened to a depth commensurate with the implantation depth. Nitrogen‐implanted 304 steel surfaces were softer than unimplanted ones, possibly due to interference with the work hardening which normally occurs during wearing. This softening effect persisted to depths several times the depth of implantaton. Composition‐vs‐depth profiles of implanted 304 steel obtained with Auger electron spectroscopy, indicated nitrogen migrated inward during wear.
Variation in mitochondrial DNA among vegetatively compatible isolates ofFusarium oxysporum

Abstract Thirty-nine isolates of Fusarium oxysporum , obtained from agricultural field soils in California, were examined for variability in mitochondrial DNA. Thirteen isolates belonging to the same vegetative compatibility group all had the same mitochondrial DNA haplotype (C). Among 11 isolates in a second vegetative compatibility group, there were two mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, A (8 isolates) and B (3 isolates). At least three changes in length appear to be necessary to inter-convert mitochondrial DNA haplotypes A and B. To assess the potential for exchange of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between isolates in different vegetative compatibility groups, we examined 15 isolates of F. oxysporum which collectively represented 11 pairs of weakly compatible isolates in otherwise distinct vegetative compatibility groups. In 8 of these 11 pairs the 2 isolates had different mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, either A or B; in the remaining 4 pairs both isolates had the same mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Our data indicate that weak vegetative interactions may permit transfer of mitochondria between isolates in different vegetative compatibility groups.
Students' and Faculty Members' Perceptions of the Importance of Business Ethics and Accounting Ethics Education: Is There an Expectations Gap?

Despite a wealth of prior research (e.g., Wynd and Mager, 1989; Weber, 1990; Harris, 1991; Harris and Guffey, 1991; McCabe et al., 1991; Murphy and Boatright, 1994; Gautschi and Jones, 1998), little consensus has arisen about the goals and effectiveness of business ethics education. Additionally, accounting academics have recently been questioned as to their commitment to accounting ethics education (Gunz and McCutcheon, 1998). The current study examines whether accounting students' perceptions of business ethics and the goals of accounting ethics education are fundamentally different from the perceptions of accounting faculty members. The study uses a survey instrument to elicit student and faculty responses to various questions concerning the importance of business ethics and accounting ethics education. Statistical analyses indicate that students consider both business ethics and the goals of accounting ethics education to be more important than faculty members. Implications of these results for accounting faculty members interested in accounting ethics education are discussed.
Outcome differences between young children and adolescents undergoing kidney transplantation

Abstract Background/Purpose Although graft loss remains the biggest challenge for all pediatric kidney transplant (KT) recipients, unique challenges exist within different age groups. We aim to evaluate the different characteristics and graft survival outcomes of young children and adolescents undergoing KT. Methods Children who underwent isolated KT between 2000 and 2013 at our institution were included in this retrospective analysis. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared using student's t-test, chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox proportional hazards model. Results Of 73 children who underwent KT, 31 were Conclusion Adolescents undergoing KT have inferior graft survival compared to younger children. In adjusted modeling, children with older age, female gender, and acute rejection episodes have inferior graft survival.
Selective dissolution in copper-tin alloys: Formation of corrosion- resistant patina on ancient Chinese bronze mirrors

Many ancient Chinese bronze mirrors have survived with a patina that leaves the delicate relief surface decorations intact. The microstructure of these ancient mirrors is two-phase and consists of acicular {alpha}-phase (Cu-rich) regions encased in a {delta}-phase (Sn-rich) matrix. At the surface, there is evidence of selective dissolution of the ct phase; the cc-phase regions are replaced pseudomorphically by a mineral product with the {delta} phase remaining metallic. Electrochemical polarization has been used to drive the copper dealloying process in modem, cast bronze. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction was employed to compare the ancient samples with those that were prepared potentiostatically. Poorly crystallized tin oxide (SnO{sub 2}) was found in the {alpha} replacement products of both sample types. The corrosion-resistance of the potentiostatically-treated bronze samples was tested by atmospheric exposure. Comparison with exposed, untreated samples indicated that the treatment was protective.
Surgery versus snacking as treatment of insulinoma.

From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa. A 19-year-old man presented with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure and serum glucose of 19 mg/dL. The seizure was aborted with dextrose and resolution of hypoglycemia. The patient had begun experiencing episodes of lightheadedness, fatigue, and seizures at age 16. Physicians in Mexico attributed his symptoms to poor nutritional intake and instructed him to increase his meal frequency and intake of soda and candy. He remained symptomatic for 3 years despite consuming 8 to 12 sodas daily supplemented by candy bars. Laboratory testing showed elevated serum insulin (200.8 mlU/mL), C-peptide (13.7 ng/ mL), proinsulin (296 pmol/L), and betahydroxybutyrate (0.3 mg/dL) levels. The sulfonylurea panel results were negative, and the serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, corticotropin, thyrotropin, and cortisol levels were within the normal range. A 72-hour fast revealed a glucose level of 30 mg/dL at 5 hours without neuroglycopenic or adrenergic symptoms. Computed tomography of the abdomen
Observations on four rare marine microalgae from Hawaii

Rhodosorus marinus, Coccolithus neohelis, Ochrosphaera verrucosa, and Sarcinochrysis marina were isolated into culture from coral fragments and are recorded as new for the benthic marine algal flor...
Clinical course and management of inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation

Background Previous reports investigating the clinical course and management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) have revealed conflicting results. Methods To determine the natural history and course of therapy for liver transplant patients with IBD, we reviewed the records of 35 patients, who underwent OLT between 1985 and 1996 and who had a history of either IBD (29 patients) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) without evidence of IBD before OLT (6 patients). Of 29 patients with IBD before OLT, 25 had a history of ulcerative colitis (UC) and 4 had Crohn's disease. Six patients had undergone total colectomy, one subtotal colectomy, and three partial colectomy before OLT. Mean follow-up after OLT was 37+/-6.4 months. Immunosuppression included cyclosporine, prednisone, and azathioprine in 34 patients and tacrolimus and prednisone in 1 patient. Results After OLT, 17 patients (49%) had quiescent disease and were receiving no additional medications other than standard immunosuppression to prevent organ rejection. Five patients (14%) had mild flares controlled with initiation of 5'-aminosalicylates (5'-ASA), and two patients (6%) required an increase in oral prednisone. Only one patient with PSC, without evidence of IBD before OLT, developed IBD after OLT. No patients required intravenous steroids or surgical intervention for active IBD. Conclusions (1) Standard postOLT immunosuppressive agents in patients undergoing OLT with IBD were able to adequately control disease activity after OLT in the majority of patients. (2) IBD flares after OLT were generally well controlled with aminosalicylates or oral steroids. (3) Aminosalicylates were helpful in the clinical management of IBD, even when patients were taking standard doses of steroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine.
Analysis of the matrix metalloproteinase family reveals that MMP8 is often mutated in melanoma

A mutational analysis of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene family in human melanoma identified somatic mutations in 23% of melanomas. Five mutations in one of the most commonly mutated genes, MMP8, reduced MMP enzyme activity. Expression of wild-type but not mutant MMP8 in human melanoma cells inhibited growth on soft agar in vitro and tumor formation in vivo, suggesting that wild-type MMP-8 has the ability to inhibit melanoma progression.
Ventilatory chemoreceptor response in parents of children at risk for sudden infant death syndrome.

We postulated that parents of infants who sustain near-death episodes associated with defective chemical regulation of breathing might share a similar defect. We, therefore, measured the ventilatory responses to progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia individually in eight sets of parents of infants who had sustained at least one near-death episode (apnea, cyanosis, pallor, limpness, and responsive only to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation); each infant had a ventilatory response to CO2 which was more than 2 S.D. below the mean normal. Ventilatory function measured by vital capacity forced expiratory volume 1.0 and flow curves was normal in each group. Responses to hypercapnia and hypoxemia in both fathers and mothers were similar to 11 pairs of controls. Ventilation during CO2 rebreathing normalized for surface area increased 0.87 liter/min/mm Hg in fathers, 0.94 in controls, 0.87 in mothers, and 0.75 in controls. Ventilation during progressive hypoxemia increased 88 liter/min/1 divided by mm Hg in fathers, 92 in controls, 86 in mothers, and 101 in controls. None of these differences was significant.
Order preservation of PEST determined certainty equivalents: a test based on lotteries with a fixed preference strength

A major assumption of many utility theories is that preferences over lotteries are monotonic in consequences. Under additional reasonable conditions, this means that the choice certainty equivalent (CE) of a lottery should be substitutable for the lottery, but some empirical evidence has suggested otherwise. So several reasonable conditions need to be studied. They are monotonicity of consequences, order preservation of CEs, and bias in estimates of CEs. This paper addresses the second assumption. To do this an algorithm is devised that generates pairs of lotteries with exactly the same preference probability of choice. This permits one to average over both subjects and lotteries. With a sample size of 102, there was no evidence that order preservation of CEs is violated.
Enhancement in the safety of immune globulins prepared from high-risk plasma.

Hyperimmune γ-globulins have proven efficacious in the prevention and treatment of viral infections, including those caused by hepatitis A and B viruses, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus. Interest in the prevention and/or treatment of infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to clinical trials with anti-HIV immune plasma and purified immune globulin prepared from donors who are actively infected with HIV. The handling and fractionation of this or other infectious plasma requires the construction and operation of virus containment facilities designed to protect fractionation employees and the immediate environment. This requirement would be reduced substantially by applying virucidal procedures prior to or during plasma pooling. We have shown that heating plasma at 56°C for 1 h followed by treatment with 1% tri(n-butyl) phophate (TNBP) and 1% Triton X-100 for 4 h at 30°C resulted in the inactivation of ≥ 1012.1 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of HIV. With this treatment, the recovery of IgG was 87±3%. Fractionation of treated plasma by cold ethanol precipitation proceeded normally, and overall recovery, purity, and potency against selected viral markers were unaffected. The additional treatment of plasma with 15 g/l Aerosil for 4 h at 45 °C removed 104.5 TCID50 of HIV but resulted in substantial IgG losses both prior to and following fractionation. We conclude that potentially infectious plasma can be treated at 56°C for 1 h and by TNBP/Triton X-100 at 30°C for 4 h prior to fractionation. These steps appear sufficient to assure safety and to permit routine fractionation of plasma. Aerosil treatment, under the condition evaluated, was less satisfactory, although lower concentrations or temperatures than those evaluated may prove advantageous.
μ-Synthesis Control of Systems With Unknown Hysteresis Nonlinearity and Parametric Uncertainties

This paper deals with μ-synthesis control approaches for a class of uncertain dynamic systems with unknown comple multi-loop hysteresis nonlinearity. By decoupling the hysteresis from the system dynamics, an uncertain linear dynamic system subjected to a static hysteretic input is achieved. A bound of uncertainty for the parameters of the dynamic system is considered and the hysteresis is reduced to a line with a known slope plus a varying function representing the difference of the approximate line and the hysteresis response. For the described uncertain system, μ-synthesis method is used to achieve both stabilization and tracking performance within a desired precision and bandwidth. Simulation performed on a perturbed nonlinear plant demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach when compared to other methods.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Differential Movement of Paraquat in Resistant and Sensitive Biotypes of Conyza

Abstract Previous indirect evidence indicates that paraquat resistance in hairy fleabane ( Conyza bonariensis [L.] Cronq.) is correlated with restricted movement in the resistant (R) biotype. Experiments were conducted to further characterize the mobility of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4-4′bipyridinium ion) in R and sensitive (S) biotypes of Conyza . The lateral movement of [ 14 C]paraquat from the point of application on he adaxial surface of intact leaves incubated in darkness was significantly restricted in the R relative to the S biotype. This restricted movement of paraquat may result from a mechanism of sequestration that conveys resistance to the R biotype. Autoradiographs of treated, intact leaves as well as leaf disks floated in an aqueous solution containing [ 14 C]paraquat (dark incubation) revealed a distinctive pattern of black spots very similar to the density and distribution of unicellular and multicellular leaf hairs (trichomes). Paraquat accumulated in trichomes on the abaxial surface of leaf disks of both biotypes even though this surface was not in direct contact with the incubation solution. Microautoradiography and paradermal sectioning studies were conducted following the treatment of the adaxial surface of intact leaves of both biotypes with [ 14 C]paraquat for 4 hr in darkness. Analyses of the data indicated a 10- to 100-fold increase in the amount of paraquat associated with trichomes (relative to other leaf cells) on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of both biotypes. It is unlikely that the accumulation of paraquat in abaxial trichomes within 4 hr after treatment can occur solely by diffusion. A 20% increase in the density of multicellular trichomes was observed in leaves of the R biotype. This small increase may contribute slightly to the 100-fold level of resistance typically observed in intact leaves of the R biotype. These data further support the hypothesis that paraquat resistance in Conyza is correlated with restricted movement (sequestration) in the R biotype.
A method for characterizing mechanical properties of sugar films using a piezoelectric-excited millimeter sized cantilever (PEMC) sensor

Abstract Resonant-mode cantilevers have been investigated widely for detection of target analyte mass. We examine its application for measuring mechanical property of an organic film. A cantilever resonant frequency depends both on its mass and its spring constant. A change in either one of them causes resonant frequency shifts. Piezoelectric excited millimeter sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors exhibit high mass-change sensitivity (2 fg/Hz) at high-order resonant modes present in the frequency range of 800–1000 kHz. The response of this high-order mode to the formation of a sugar film membrane provides experimental data for characterizing the mechanical properties of the sugar film. Sugar film formation, surprisingly, caused a significant resonant frequency increase of greater than 20 kHz. The high-order mode was highly sensitive to spring constant changes caused by the sugar film and was characterized by varying thickness and temperature of the sugar films.