cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Pathogenicity of Pythium on Soybean in North Dakota

The oomycete Pythium comprises one of the most important groups of seedling pathogens affecting soybean. There has been limited research on Pythium spp. pathogenic on soybean in the northern Great Plains. The objectives of this research were to isolate and identify Pythium spp. infecting soybean in North Dakota and to test their pathogenicity. Identification of Pythium spp. was achieved using molecular techniques and morphological features. A total of 26 known Pythium spp. and three unknown species were recovered from soybean seedling roots collected from 125 fields between 2011 and 2012. In 2011, the three most abundant species isolated were P. ultimum, Pythium sp. (unknown; GenBank HQ643777.1), and P. heterothallicum, representing 21, 16, and 12% of 2,675 isolates, respectively. More species and isolates were obtained in 2011, a wet and cool year, compared with 2012, which was dry and warm. The majority of Pythium spp. caused pre-emergence damping-off on soybean with less than 50% emergence in a 2-week test using infested soil at 23°C. In contrast, in the presence of P. orthogonon, P. nunn, or P. rostratifingens there was approximately 80% or greater emergence and most plants survived for several weeks, although lesions were observed on roots. Mortierella spp., a zygomycete, was commonly isolated along with Pythium spp. in 2012, but not in 2011. This is the first report of P. kashmirense, P. minus, P. periilum, P. rostratifingens, P. terrestris, P. viniferum, and P. violae as pathogens of soybean seedlings. In addition, this is the first report of P. kashmirense, P. viniferum, and P. terrestris in the United States.
Perceived stress and emotional social support among women who are denied or receive abortions in the United States: a prospective cohort study

Examining women’s stress and social support following denial and receipt of abortion furthers understanding of the effects of unwanted childbearing and abortion on women’s well-being. This study investigated perceived stress and emotional social support over time among women who were denied wanted abortions and who received abortions, and compared outcomes between the groups. The Turnaway Study is a prospective cohort study of women who sought abortions at 30 abortion facilities across the United States, and follows women via semiannual phone interviews for five years. Participants include 956 English or Spanish speaking women aged 15 and over who sought abortions between 2008 and 2010 and whose gestation in pregnancy fit one of three groups: women who presented up to three weeks beyond a facility’s gestational age limit and were denied an abortion; women presenting within two weeks below the limit who received an abortion; and women who received a first trimester abortion. The outcomes were modified versions of the Perceived Stress Scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Longitudinal mixed effects models were used to assess differences in outcomes between study groups over 30 months. Women denied abortions initially had higher perceived stress than women receiving abortions near gestational age limits (1.0 unit difference on 0-16 scale, P = 0.003). Women receiving first-trimester abortions initially had lower perceived stress than women receiving abortions near gestational age limits (0.6 difference, P = 0.045). By six months, all groups’ levels of perceived stress were similar, and levels remained similar through 30 months. Emotional social support scores did not differ among women receiving abortions near gestational limits versus women denied abortions or women having first trimester abortions initially or over time. Soon after being denied abortions, women experienced higher perceived stress than women who received abortions. The study found no longer-term differences in perceived stress or emotional social support between women who received versus were denied abortions.
Seasonality and survival associated with three outbreak seasons of West Nile virus disease in Oklahoma—2003, 2007, and 2012

West Nile virus (WNV) activity has fluctuated in the south-central United States since its introduction. Seasonal outbreaks are common, with three in Oklahoma during 2003, 2007, and 2012. Morbidity and mortality rates vary during each outbreak. Long-term neurologic sequelae in association with West Nile virus disease (WNVD) are well-described, but limited information is available about delayed mortality among acute WNV infection survivors. A retrospective cohort analysis of all confirmed and probable WNVD cases reported to the Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH) during 2003, 2007, and 2012 was performed. OSDH surveillance data and mortality data from Oklahoma's vital statistics database were used to construct a descriptive epidemiologic analysis of the geography, temporality, severity, and associated mortality for each outbreak season. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to measure survival of the 2003 and 2007 WNVD cohorts. Seventy-nine cases during 2003, 107 cases during 2007, and 180 cases during 2012 met inclusion criteria. Median ages of the 2003, 2007, and 2012 cohorts were 48, 58, and 59 years, respectively; race, sex, and symptom information were not substantially different. Each outbreak season had a different severity, temporality, and geography. Age- and sex-adjusted SMRs for the combined 2003 and 2007 cohorts censored at 5 years was 0.9 (95% confidence interval 0.51-1.75); no substantial difference was observed between the survival curves. Although similar patterns of long-term mortality were evident on the survival curves, SMRs did not demonstrate increased 5-year cumulative risk for death for patients surviving acute WNV infection.
Within-patient temporal variance in MELD score and impact on survival prediction after TIPS creation.

Background. To assess within-patient temporal variability in Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores and impact on outcome prognostication after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation. Material and methods. In this single institution retrospective study, MELD score was calculated in 68 patients (M:F = 42:26, mean age 55 years) at 4 pre-procedure time points (1, 2-6, 7-14, and 15-35 days) before TIPS creation. Medical record review was used to identify 30- and 90-day clinical outcomes. Within-patient variability in pre-procedure MELD scores was assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance, and the ability of MELD scores at different time points to predict post-TIPS mortality was evaluated by comparing area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves. Results. TIPS were successfully created for ascites (n = 30), variceal hemorrhage (n = 29), hepatic hydrothorax (n = 8), and portal vein thrombosis (n = 1). Pre-TIPS MELD scores showed significant (P = 0.032) within-subject variance that approached ± 18.5%. Higher MELD scores demonstrated greater variability in sequential scores as compared to lower MELD scores. Overall 30- and 90-day patient mortality was 22% (15/67) and 38% (24/64). AUROC curves showed that most recent MELD scores performed on the day of TIPS had superior predictive capacity for 30- (0.876, P = 0.037) and 90-day (0.805 P = 0.020) mortality compared to MELD scores performed 2-6 or 7-14 days prior. Conclusions. In conclusion, MELD scores show within-patient variability over time, and scores calculated on the day of TIPS most accurately predict risk and should be used for patient selection and counseling.
Characteristics of Lipase Catalysis During Ester Synthesis in Reversed Micellar Systems

The ability of lipase from Candida cylindracea to catalyze ester synthesis from a long chain fatty acid (palmitic acid) and alcohols of varying chain length, is examined. The enzyme is located in the minimal-water environment of reversed micelles. Lipase activity is a strong function of the mode of encapsulation. Direct solid lipase addition to reversed micelles leads to encapsulation in an inactive state unless the enzyme is contacted with the acyl substrate. The alcohol inhibits activity, with low molecular weight alcohols tending to denature the enzyme. Implications to reversed micelle based biocatalyst preparation are briefly discussed.
The kidney and acid-base regulation.

Since the topic of the role of the kidneys in the regulation of acid-base balance was last reviewed from a teaching perspective (Koeppen BM. Renal regulation of acid-base balance. Adv Physiol Educ ...
First-principles Raman spectra of MoS2, WS2 and their heterostructures

Raman spectra of MoS2, WS2, and their heterostructures are studied by density functional theory. We quantitatively reproduce existing experimental data and present evidence that the apparent discrepancy between intensity ratios observed experimentally can be explained by the high sensitivity of the Raman-active modes to laser polarization. Furthermore, MoS2/WS2 heterostructures up to four layers are considered in every possible combination and stacking order. Each heterostructure configuration possesses a unique Raman spectrum in both frequency and intensity that can be explained by changes in dielectric screening and interlayer interaction. The results establish a set of guidelines for the practical experimental identification of heterostructure configurations.
The maximum squared correlation, sum capacity, and total asymptotic efficiency of minimum total-squared-correlation binary signature sets

The total squared correlation (TSC), maximum squared correlation (MSC), sum capacity (C/sub sum/), and total asymptotic efficiency (TAE) of underloaded signature sets, as well as the TSC and C/sub sum/ of overloaded signature sets are metrics that are optimized simultaneously over the real/complex field. In this present work, closed-form expressions are derived for the MSC, C/sub sum/, and TAE of minimum-TSC binary signature sets. The expressions disprove the general equivalence of these performance metrics over the binary field and establish conditions on the number of signatures and signature length under which simultaneous optimization can or cannot be possible. The sum-capacity loss of the recently designed minimum-TSC binary sets is found to be rather negligible in comparison with minimum-TSC real/complex-valued (Welch-bound-equality) sets.
Comparative Evaluations of Rice and a sorghum–sudangrass Hybrid as Crawfish Forage Crops

Abstract Comparisons were made among experimental ponds of red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii that were planted with either rice Oryza sativa, a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense, or a mixture of rice and sorghum–sudangrass. sorghum–sudangrass produced the greatest forage biomass and also exhibited the best biomass persistence. Ponds planted in rice, the industry standard, had the highest dissolved oxygen, but were depleted of forage by the end of the production season. The rice and sorghum–sudangrass mixture maintained an intermediate profile of standing forage over the crawfish production season and exhibited the lowest dissolved oxygen values. Crawfish production was similar among all treatments and averaged 1,185; 1,135; and 1,107 kg/ha for ponds planted in rice, sorghum–sudangrass, and the rice and sorghum–sudangrass mixture, respectively. Size grade distributions of harvested crawfish were also similar. Crawfish growth trials conducted in enclosures placed over forage subs...
Kallistatin in human ocular tissues: reduced levels in vitreous fluids from patients with diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose. Kallistatin is a serine proteinase inhibitor, which binds to tissue kallikrein and inhibits its proteolytic activity. This study is to determine the expression, cellular localization and the potential function of kallistatin in the eye.Methods. Tissue kallikrein-kallistatin complex formation was performed to detect the kallikrein-binding activity in ocular tissues. Immunoreactive kallistatin was detected and quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibody specific to human kallistatin. In situ hybridization histo-chemistry was employed to localize the kallistatin mRNA in human eyes using an antisense riboprobe of kallistatin.Results. We have identified active kallistatin in the cornea, ciliary body, sclera, choroid, optic nerve, retina, vitreous and aqueous fluids. Kallistatin binds to tissue kallikrein and forms an SDS-stable complex. Immunoreactive kallistatin was identified in these tissues. Linear dose-dependent curves of the tissue extracts of the retina and chor...
Locus of Control Measures among American Indians Cluster Structure Analytic Characteristics

To study locus of control (LOC) with American Indians, LOC scales were administered to 740 American Indian adults at five sites. Responses were analyzed by factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Both analyses substantiate previous findings with Blacks of a separation of personal control- the control an individual has in his own life-from ideological control, a generalized societal control that people in general possess. Clusters obtained with American Indians relate to trust, personal control, race ideology, ideological control, and a residual fate ideology.
Choice of animal feed can alter fetal steroid levels and mask developmental effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals

Exposure of fetuses to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as the estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES), disrupts development of the reproductive system and affects other aspects of adult phenotype including diseases, consistent with the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis. To determine whether diet could influence the effects of DES, we compared mice fed a commonly used combination of soy-based Purina 5008 (breeding and lactation) and 5001 (post-weaning) with mice fed soy-based Purina 5002 throughout life. We exposed fetal CD-1 mice (F1) in utero on different feeds to a 0 (controls), low (0.1 mg/kg/day) or high (50 mg/kg/day) dose of DES via feeding the dam (F0) on gestation days 11–17. Compared to 5008, 5002 feed significantly increased serum estradiol in control fetuses. On 5008 (but not 5002) feed, DES significantly increased fetal serum estradiol at a low dose and reduced it at a high dose. Diet influenced the effects of in utero DES on F1 female onset of puberty and the uterine response to estradiol (an inverted-U dose–response relationship seen for DES on uterine weight with 5008/5001 feed was not observed with 5002). Both low- and high-dose DES reduced daily sperm production (DSP) in adult F1 males on 5008/5001 feed, whereas males fed 5002 showed no DES-induced reduction in DSP. Thus, we observed a number of low-dose effects of in utero DES exposure on Purina 5008/5001 feed that were not observed using Purina 5002, a feed commonly used in industry-funded toxicological studies conducted for regulatory purposes. Received 24 August 2010; Revised 26 October 2010; Accepted 2 December 2010; First published online 28 January 2011
DISCIPLINARY ADAPTATION AND UNDERGRADUATE DESIRE: Anthropology and Global Development Studies in the Liberal Arts Curriculum

Like most disciplinary scholars, anthropologists have been reluctant to reorganize their undergraduate programs to speak directly to student concerns. Yet, students are oriented, both intellectually and proto-professionally, to issues like global development, about which anthropologists have much to teach. This article examines student assumptions about development and about the interdisciplinary knowledge they think they need to understand it. I outline a critical pedagogy to respond to student ideas about development. I then sketch the cultural assumptions and bureaucratic structures that work to marginalize interdisciplinary programs. I conclude by suggesting ways anthropologists could adapt their undergraduate programs to “colonize” new curricular territories frequently defined in interdisciplinary terms.
Distinctions Without a Difference The Utility of Observed Versus Latent Factors From the WISC-IV in Estimating Reading and Math Achievement on the WIAT-II

This study employed observed factor index scores as well as latent ability constructs from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003) in estimating reading and mathematics achievement on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test—Second Edition (WIAT-II; Wechsler, 2002). Participants were the nationally stratified linking sample (N = 498) of the WISC-IV and WIAT-II. Observed scores from the WISC-IV were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Although the factor index scores provided a statistically significant increment over the Full Scale IQ, the size of the improvement was too small to be of clinical utility. Observed WISC-IV subtest scores were also subjected to structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. Subtest scores from the WISC-IV were fit to a general factor (g) and four ability constructs corresponding to factor indexes from the WISC-IV (Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed). For both readin...
Temperature-Dependent Vector Hysteresis Model for Permanent Magnets

Irreversible thermal demagnetization effects can sometimes play a significant role in, for instance, rotating Preisach model (PM) machines. Modeling such phenomena requires field simulation methods such as finite element (FE) analysis in combination with a temperature-dependent vector hysteresis model. This paper explores the feasibility of applying a formalism for temperature-dependent structural hysteresis to magnetics. The net magnetization is expressed as a superposition of contributions from plays. By allowing the anhysteretic curve and the coercivity to depend on temperature, irreversible thermal effects resembling experiments emerge automatically without additional assumptions or adjustable parameters. Incorporating this temperature dependence has negligible impact on the computational efficiency or complexity of the model.
Negative pressure pulmonary hemorrhage

Abstract Negative pressure pulmonary edema is a well-described complication of acute upper airway obstruction. It occurs as a result of a markedly negative intrathoracic pressure generated by forced inspiration against a closed glottis, leading to extravasation of fluid into the alveolar spaces. Capillary blood-gas barrier stress failure may ensue resulting in alveolar hemorrhage. We report a case of negative pressure pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to partial strangulation. The patient's symptoms rapidly abated within 48 h with supportive therapy.
Music as an Apprenticeship for Life: John Dewey on the Art of Living

Megan J. Laverty’s paper focuses on rhythm or the patterned and recurrent alternation of sound and silence that we find in music and its relation to education. She considers the broader existential significance of this phenomenon using Dewey’s aesthetic philosophy. Laverty argues that if Dewey is right that (a) music exemplifies artfulness and (b) to live well is to live artfully, then an education in music—formal and informal—constitutes an education in how to live well. Artfulness, according to Dewey, involves, the intelligent harmonizing of the precarious, novel and irregular with the settled, assured and uniform. Laverty explains what Dewey means by intelligent harmonization and contrasts it with those occasions when individuals act from enforced necessity, routine or blind impulse. Laverty offers an intrinsic justification for arts education that focuses on a quality not previously highlighted by Maxine Greene and others. Clearly humanist, Laverty thereby aligns Greene with other post-humanist contributions by focusing on an iterative process constitutive of our material condition. The aim, as with so much of post-humanism, is not to control or direct this process in the interest of a telos, but to vibrate possibility.
Thermal Transport Properties of Dry Spun Carbon Nanotube Sheets

The thermal properties of carbon nanotube- CNT- sheet were explored and compared to copper in this study. The CNT-sheet was made from dry spinning CNTs into a nonwoven sheet. This nonwoven CNT-sheet has anisotropic properties in in-plane and out-of-plane directions. The in-plane direction has much higher thermal conductivity than the out-of-plane direction. The in-plane thermal conductivity was found by thermal flash analysis, and the out-of-plane thermal conductivity was found by a hot disk method. The thermal irradiative properties were examined and compared to thermal transport theory. The CNT-sheet was heated in the vacuum and the temperature was measured with an IR Camera. The heat flux of CNT-sheet was compared to that of copper, and it was found that the CNT-sheet has significantly higher specific heat transfer properties compared to those of copper. CNT-sheet is a potential candidate to replace copper in thermal transport applications where weight is a primary concern such as in the automobile, aircraft, and space industries.
A Class of Rings Which Are Very Nearly Associative

(1986). A Class of Rings Which Are Very Nearly Associative. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 9, pp. 720-722.
“Dopa Oxidase” in Melanocytes of X-Irradiated Quiescent (Telogen) Hair Follicles

Summary“Dopa oxidase” activity was absent in melanocytes of telogen hair follicles of non-irradiated mice. Following partial-body exposure to 200 r week of X-radiation for 3 or 4 weeks, numerous dopa reactive dendritic cells were observed in the epithelial germ regions of irradiated quiescent hair follicles. Cells of the dermal papillae in irradiated and non-irradiated telogen hair follicles failed to exhibit “dopa oxidase” activity. The results thus support the view that melanocytes normally are restricted to the epithelial germ regions of hair follicles during telogen stage of hair growth cycle.
Initiatives within Representative Government: Political Competition and Initiative Use in the American States

Why are statewide ballot initiatives used more frequently in some states relative to others? Using Gerber as a theoretical baseline, I argue that groups use initiatives in response to conditions su...
Host Index to the Second Supplement of the Synoptic Catalog for the Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico

This host index for the Second Supplement to the Synoptic Catalog of the Hymenoptera (Krombein and Burks 1967) follows the general format of the index prepared by Butler and Santana for Monograph No.2 and its First Supplement (Muesebeck et al. 1951, Krombein 1958). Entries are included for both plant and animal host associations; plant hosts are preceded by an asterisk (*). Where genus and subgenus of the host were given in the Supplement, the entry appears in the index under both taxa. When only the family of the host was given, the entry appears after the capitalized family name. In some cases index entries differ from the Supplement citation, e.g., “siricid larvae” would appear under SIRICIDAE, “tortricid larvae” would appear under TORTRICIDAE, etc. In searching for the index entries for a particular arthropod or plant host it is advisable to begin with the genus and proceed through the taxa, particularly subfamily, family, superfamily, and order. Commonly, a host entry will appear more than once on a particular page, so it is worthwhile to scan the entire page for additional entries. Quotation marks (“ ”) indicate a misspelling.
Studies on a strain of vaccinia virus defective in surface antigen production.

SummaryA strain of vaccinia, V1-010, was discovered which is defective in surface antigen production as detected by mixed agglutination. Evidence for existence of major and minor surface antigens on vaccinia-infected cells was obtained. Minor surface antigen could be distinguished from the major antigen serologically as well as by the pattern of mixed agglutination reactions. V1-010 was capable of producing minor surface antigen and hemagglutinin.
Capitalist Family Values: Gender, Work, and Corporate Culture at Boeing. By Polly Reed Myers

Capitalist Family Values: Gender, Work, and Corporate Culture at Boeing . By Polly Reed Myers. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. xxi + 262 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $50.00, CAN$65.00, £36.00.) C apitalist Family Values is both an account of gender and racial attitudes on the part of Boeing’s labor and management from the 1930s to the present in the Pacific Northwest and a description of corporate transformation in an era of globalization. Quite simply, Polly Reed Myers sets out to “explain how ideas of a workplace family have shaped the work environment and been challenged over time by social and economic pressures” (p. 2). To make her case, Myers …
Light availability regulates the response of algae and heterotrophic bacteria to elevated nutrient levels and warming in a northern boreal peatland

Summary Light attenuation associated with elevated levels of dissolved organic matter (i.e. browning) is likely to affect the response of benthic biofilms to nutrient enrichment and warmer temperatures expected for northern aquatic ecosystems with climate change. To examine how these factors will interact to regulate the association between algae and heterotrophic bacteria in northern peatlands, we manipulated light (100%, 60%, 30%, 20% and 5% of ambient), nutrients (unenriched, enriched) and temperature (ambient, warming), in a full factorial design by shading nutrient diffusing substrates inside mesocosms with or without warming (3 °C) in an Alaskan fen. After 12 days of experimental conditions, there was no effect of light or temperature on the abundance of algae or bacteria in the absence of nutrient enrichment. Enrichment with a combination of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased the abundance of algae and heterotrophic bacteria at ambient light levels (418 μmol m−2 s−1), and warming significantly enhanced the positive effects of nutrients on algal accrual. Although warming enhanced the effects of nutrient enrichment on bacterial growth, the magnitude of the effect was not statistically significant compared to nutrient enrichment alone. The positive influence of nutrient enrichment and the synergistic effects of nutrients and warming on algae and bacteria were lost at ≤30% ambient light (below 125 μmol m−2 s−1). We conducted a separate laboratory incubation using recirculating water baths maintained at either ambient or elevated water temperature (warming of 5 °C) to evaluate the effects of warming on the use of algal exudates by heterotrophic bacteria. During the 16-day assay, the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria increased rapidly in the presence of a common solution of algal exudates and the rate of exudate assimilation by bacteria was significantly enhanced by warming compared with ambient temperature. The positive association between light availability and heterotrophic bacteria, coupled with accelerated bacterial growth in the presence of algal exudates, support bacterial dependence on algal subsidies in the presence of recalcitrant organic substrates in this northern peatland. Within a predictive context, our results demonstrate that greater light attenuation associated with browning of surface water may reduce the positive influence of warmer temperatures and elevated nutrient levels on the microbial loop by reducing algal production on submerged surfaces in northern peatlands.
Intraoperative Histopathologic Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer: An Evaluation of Institutional Protocol

Frozen section (FS) for evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) can be used to detect metastasis. However, there is no standard protocol concerning histopathologic analysis of SLNs on FS. Diverse methods have been proposed. Nonetheless, several issues such as cost, potential loss of micrometastasis, and sampling error, among other factors arose. This study highlights our institutional protocol in evaluating …
Intraoperative Frozen Section in Breast Pathology: 10 Years of Experience at an Academic Referral Center

Historically, frozen section procedure has been the routine method of establishing malignancy in the breast, which in turn leads to immediate mastectomy. Excluding axillary sentinel lymph nodes, it is now uncommon to examine frozen sections from breast surgeries. We sought to characterize the role of the frozen section procedure in the current era of preoperative core biopsy by reviewing pathology reports and medical records from …
Palliser Agonistes: A Backward Glance

“No one is so critical as a lover,” says Cockshut in his summary discussion of Trollope’s political novels,1 and this aptly characterizes the duality of their treatment of political themes. One satirizes to cure; loving the folly he mocks — or at the very least fascinated by it — Trollope shows how deeply he cares, how he reveres even as he slashes.
Abstract 144: Breakfast Habits and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Middle School Children

Background: Previous studies have found that children and adolescents who skip breakfast are at greater risk of developing obesity and other chronic diseases. This study seeks to examine the relationship between breakfast consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle school children involved in Project Healthy Schools (PHS), a school-based wellness program. Methods: Data was collected from 1,651 sixth-grade students who consented to a health screening which collected physiologic data including blood pressure (BP), heart rate, lipids, and body mass index (BMI). Students also completed a survey evaluating their diet and other health behaviors. This study used data from the follow-up screening post-PHS intervention. Though PHS does not encourage students to fast on the day of the health screening, some students reported to be fasting. Based on this question, students were divided into two cohorts: breakfast eaters (non-fasting) and non-breakfast eaters (fasting). Results: Of the students in the study, 85.4% (1410 of 1651) had eaten breakfast on the day of the screening. Students who ate breakfast had lower BMIs than non-breakfast eaters (20.87 vs. 22.24) (p≤0.001). Breakfast eaters reported healthier diet choices, consuming less regular soda (p≤0.001) and high-fat meat (p=0.003), while eating more servings of fruits (p=0.010), vegetables (p≤0.001), and milk (p≤0.001). These students also reported higher levels of various physical activity sessions (p<0.05), and less time in front of the television (p≤0.001) and computer (p=0.016) screen. Students who ate breakfast also had significantly lower BP and LDL-cholesterol (Figure). Conclusions: Students who ate breakfast had lower BMIs, were more active, and made better diet choices. These students also had lower BP and LDL-cholesterol. These results suggest that students who eat breakfast may be at lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and the importance of breakfast as part of a healthy lifestyle should be emphasized among children and adolescents. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Patient Sex, Reproductive Status, and Synthetic Hormone Use Associate With Histologic Severity of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Background & Aims Sex and sex hormones can affect responses of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to metabolic stress and development of hepatocyte injury and inflammation. Methods We collected data from 3 large U.S. studies of patients with NAFLD (between October 2004 and June 2013) to assess the association between histologic severity and sex, menopause status, synthetic hormone use, and menstrual abnormalities in 1112 patients with a histologic diagnosis of NAFLD. We performed logistic or ordinal logistic regression models, adjusting for covariates relevant to an increase of hepatic metabolic stress. Results Premenopausal women were at an increased risk of lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, and Mallory-Denk bodies than men and also at an increased risk of lobular inflammation and Mallory-Denk bodies than postmenopausal women (P Conclusions Being a premenopausal woman or a female user of synthetic hormones is associated with increased histologic severity of hepatocyte injury and inflammation among patients with NAFLD at given levels of hepatic metabolic stress.
Peer Interaction and the Behavioral Development of the Individual Child

Experience with peers is commonly assumed to make numerous contributions to child development. Such experiences are believed to provide a context for sex-role learning, the internalization of moral values, the socialization of aggression, and the development of cognitive skills. The research literature, however, contains relatively little hard data concerning the functional contributions of peer interaction to the development of the individual child. There is little evidence that the give-and-take occurring during peer interaction actually determines the moral structuring that occurs in middle childhood, as Raget (1932) suggested; there is no direct evidence that rough-and-tumble play contributes to the effectiveness with which the human child copes with aggressive affect (Harlow, 1969); and the contributions of peer attachments to social and intellectual development are largely unspecified.
Polycystic Kidney Disease

A 42-year-old woman presented for additional evaluation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). She was initially diagnosed with ADPKD at age 36 after developing fever and flank pain. At that time, ultrasonography showed bilateral renal cysts, and liver and ovarian cysts. The serum creatinine level was normal. Hypertension was diagnosed at the age of 32 years and has since been controlled by treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. There have been multiple, uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but no history of kidney stones or abdominal wall hernia. Episodes of abdominal and flank discomfort were treated successfully with non-narcotic medications. She was not screened for intracranial aneurysm. There have been no pregnancies, by choice, and there was no history of oral contraceptive drug use. Although the patient was unaware of a family ­history of ADPKD, her mother underwent unilateral nephrectomy during childhood for an unknown indication. The patient had three siblings; both sisters had negative screening renal ultrasonography after age 40 and her 36-year-old brother had not been evaluated. There was a three pack-year history of tobacco use that ceased at age 26.
Language learning is hands-on: Exploring links between infants’ object manipulation and verbal input

Abstract Research demonstrates that object manipulation may provide infants’ with optimal sensory input for successful word learning to occur (Yu & Smith, 2012). Thus, it may be important to understand the relation between infant object manipulation and caregiver labeling in a naturalistic environment. The present study examined 13 parent-infant dyads longitudinally at 10, 12, and 14 months in their homes. The frequency and context of ideal labeling moments—wherein infants are holding and visually attending to an object when the label is presented—were examined. Results revealed that when infants were holding objects, caregivers’ verbal input was less frequent but contained a significantly greater proportion of labels relative to moments when infants were not holding objects. Additionally, ideal labeling moments were more likely to occur during particular infant actions than during passive holding alone. Findings have implications for understanding the role that manual motor behavior plays in infants’ early language environment.
Substantial hepatic necrosis is prognostic in fulminant liver failure.

Aim To evaluate if any association existed between the extent of hepatic necrosis in initial liver biopsies and patient survival. Methods Thirty-seven patients with fulminant liver failure, whose liver biopsy exhibited substantial necrosis, were identified and included in the study. The histological and clinical data was then analyzed in order to assess the relationship between the extent of necrosis and patient survival, with and without liver transplantation. The patients were grouped based on the etiology of hepatic necrosis. Each of the etiology groups were then further stratified according to whether or not they had received a liver transplant post-index biopsy, and whether or not the patient survived. Results The core tissue length ranged from 5 to 44 mm with an average of 23 mm. Causes of necrosis included 14 autoimmune hepatitis, 10 drug induced liver injury (DILI), 9 hepatitis virus infection, and 4 unknown origin. Among them, 11 showed submassive (26%-75% of the parenchymal volume) and 26 massive (76%-100%) necrosis. Transplant-free survival was worse in patients with a higher extent of necrosis (40%, 71.4% and 100% in groups with necrosis of 76%-100%, 51%-75% and 26%-50%, respectively). Additionally, transplant-free survival rates were 66.7%, 57.1%, and 25.0% in groups of autoimmune hepatitis, DILI, and viral hepatitis, respectively. Even after liver transplantation, the survival rate in patients as a result of viral hepatitis remained the lowest (80%, 100%, and 40% in groups of autoimmune hepatitis, DILI, and viral hepatitis, respectively). Conclusion Adequate liver biopsy with more than 75% necrosis is associated with significant transplant-free mortality that is critical in predicting survival.
FIJI: A Framework for the Immersion-Journalism Intersection

As journalists experiment with developing immersive journalism—first-person, interactive experiences of news events—guidelines are needed to help bridge a disconnect between the requirements of journalism and the capabilities of emerging technologies. Many journalists need to better understand the fundamental concepts of immersion and the capabilities and limitations of common immersive technologies. Similarly, developers of immersive journalism works need to know the fundamentals that define journalistic professionalism and excellence and the key requirements of various types of journalistic stories. To address these gaps, we have developed FIJI—a Framework for the Immersion-Journalism Intersection. In FIJI, we have identified four domains of knowledge that intersect to define the key requirements of immersive journalism: the fundamentals of immersion, common immersive technologies, the fundamentals of journalism, and the major types of journalistic stories. Based on these key requirements, we have formally defined four types of immersive journalism that are appropriate for public dissemination. In this paper, we discuss the history of immersive journalism, present the four domains and key intersection of FIJI, and provide a number of guidelines for journalists new to creating immersive experiences.
Sparse Nested Cylindrical Sensor Networks for Internet of Mission Critical Things

In this paper, two new structures of sparse cylindrical sensor network are proposed, which are 1-D nested cylindrical sensor network (1-D NCSN) and 2-D NCSN. Considering the development of Internet of Mission Critical Things, numerous of devices need to be interconnected and sharing information. Sparse structures of sensor networks will not only reduce the cost of deployment, but also decrease the quantity of data. The reason of choosing cylindrical sensor network is that cylindrical array has been widely used in wireless communication and underwater target detection. According to the characteristic of cylindrical array, the 1-D and 2-D nested array is extended to build the 1-D and 2-D sparse cylindrical sensor networks, respectively. Comparing with the 1-D NCSN, the 2-D structure could save more elements, while it is hard to derive the beampattern expression of the 2-D NCSN. Simulation results show that the 1-D NCSN has a higher resolution than the uniform cylindrical sensor network (UCSN). In addition, through augmented matrix MUSIC approach, 2-D NCSN could detect all targets in the range, even if the number of targets is larger than the number of real elements in the network. However, both the UCSN and the 1-D NCSN could not find all the sources.
Parallel Algorithms for the Computation of Cycles in Relative Neighborhood Graphs

We present parallel algorithms for computing cycle orders and cycle perimeters in relative neighborhood graphs. This parallel algorithm has wide-ranging applications from microscopic to macroscopic domains, e.g., in histopathological image analysis and wireless network routing. Our algorithm consists of the following steps (sub-algorithms): (1) Uniform partitioning of the graph vertices across processes, (2) Parallel Delaunay triangulation and (3) Parallel computation of the relative neighborhood graph and the cycle orders and perimeters. We evaluated our algorithm on a large dataset with 6.5 Million points and demonstrate excellent fixed-size scalability. We also demonstrate excellent isogranular scalability up to 131K processes. Our largest run was on a dataset with 13 billion points on 131K processes on ORNL's Cray XK7 Titan supercomputer.
On the extension of connected irregular (λ, μ)-graphs

AbstractLet λ and μ be any nonnegative integers. A graph G is called a (λ, μ)-graph if every pair of adjacent vertices have λ common neighbors, and every pair of non-adjacent vertices have μ common neighbors. Thus, (λ, μ)-graphs are generalization of strongly regular graphs obtained by lessening the regularity property on vertex degrees. In this paper, we will show that a (λ, 1)-graph, with n vertices, is of type K1 ∨ (s2K2 ∪ s3K3 ∪ … ∪ st Kt) such that si ≥ 0, for all i = 1, … , t and 1 + 2s2 + … + tst = n. Note that λ can take several values in the same graph.
Agroecosystem tradeoffs associated with conversion to subsurface drip irrigation in organic systems

Abstract Subsurface drip (SSD) irrigation is becoming increasingly prevalent in drought-prone irrigated agroecosystems thanks to greater yields and irrigation water productivity (IWP) and decreased weed pressure. However, potential tradeoffs for soil health and biogeochemical cycles remain unclear, especially in organic systems that rely on soil ecosystem services and biological processes for productivity. Gains in IWP and weed control were evaluated with respect to shifts in soil biological and physicochemical parameters in an organic processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) agroecosystem. Yield, IWP, and spatial distribution of soil resources and microbial processes were measured in furrow and SSD irrigated organic processing tomato on long term organic fields. Higher IWP and lower weed density under SSD confirm known benefits, while altered distributions of inorganic N, salinity, microbial activity, and C/N cycling enzyme activities as a function of shifts in soil moisture highlight the far-reaching impacts of irrigation management on soil organic C (SOC) and N dynamics regulating resource availability. Decreased macroaggregate formation and greater unprotected C under SSD indicate that altered soil wetting patterns may reduce the C sequestration potential of irrigated land. Previously unknown tradeoffs should be integrated to develop irrigation strategies that maintain current and future sustainability and productivity of organic tomato agroecosystems.
Anomalous scattering in supercooled ST2 water

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of systems containing up to 256,000 molecules were performed to investigate the scattering behaviour of the ST2 water model at deeply supercooled con...
Nonlinear Transformations in Organizational Research: Possible Problems and Potential Solutions:

We examined the use of nonlinear transformation of variables in a random sample of 323 articles published in six top journals during 2012-2017. Coding categories included the number of transformed ...
Combat fluid resuscitation: introduction and overview of conferences.

Fluid resuscitation of injured combatants in a tactical setting has special challenges which standard civilian protocols do not address. Over a period of a year, four conferences on combat fluid resuscitation were held. The purpose of these conferences was to develop a consensus regarding contemporary practice and to identify and energize a research agenda. The conferees made specific recommendations for institution of, and endpoints for, resuscitation in the combat setting. They recommended that combat fluid resuscitation in these settings should be initiated with low volume colloid (for U.S. Forces) and hypertonic saline dextran (for those not constrained by U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations). A specific research agenda was defined. Since that time, these recommendations have been implemented in many North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces and a variety of other activities have served to provide expert support and research focus for the special needs of injured combatants.
Nutritional state and abnormal metabolism of nutrients

As a primarily metabolic organ, the liver orchestrates a mosaic of physiologic and biochemical processes, one of which is the regulation of protein-energy metabolism. Consequently, it is not surprising that abnormal protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) is a common complication of advanced liver disease. Furthermore, increasing information suggests that PCM may itself accelerate deteriorating liver function and adversely affect clinical outcome. Nutritional therapy has been proposed as a means to correct PCM and thereby improve clinical outcomes. The rationale for aggressive nutritional therapy in patients with advanced liver disease is based on promising but nascent clinical trials and the following nutritional axioms relevant to liver disease: Malnutrition is common but underdiagnosed. Alterations in energy metabolism and nutritional status are similar to those observed in starvation. Hepatic encephalopathy, sepsis, and muscle wasting occur pari passu with a negative nitrogen state. Correction of malnutrition may improve the clinical outcome of these patients. The occasional need for protein and sodium restriction in these patients conflicts directly with nutritional requirements.
The Binomial Theorem in Characteristic p

The binomial theorem describes how to expand the sum of two terms raised to a positive integer power. It implies that the pth power map is a ring homomorphism on rings of characteristic p. One consequence of this fact is new proofs of Fermat’s and Euler’s theorems.
Memory and the Microinvertebrates

The choice of an experimental organism in biology often determines what experiments can be performed, and thus may set limits on the physical level at which information can be gained. If the human brain with its 1010 neurons were chosen as the experimental object, the specification of all the neuronal interconnections would be too difficult and information about it at this level could not be obtained. Electron microscopy of the rat’s brain has been done, but an electron microscopic mapping of the entire rat’s brain is not feasible. Also, it is not convenient to use the smallest metazoan (50 μ) to study the gross chemical composition of a brain, nor is it convenient to insert electrodes in the smallest protozoan (5 μ). This is to say the experimental level one is working at eliminates certain organisms because of size restraints.