cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of innovation to enable the next era of intelligent systems

The pace of technological change has again reached an inflection point setting the stage for a new era of dramatic innovation in the electronics industry. This pace is driven by the growth of wireless communications from sensors throughout our everyday environment connecting and transmitting data across ever-expanding wireless networks. As a result, the demands upon computing for artificial intelligence and signal processing are also being aggressively pushed in order to act upon this tremendous growth of information. For the semiconductor industry, connectivity, the Internet of Things and high bandwidth data processing now promise to be the enablers for the next phase of growth. However, the industry has reached a new level of maturity that demands new innovations in computing, connectivity, system integration and ultra-low power applications. One technology doesn't fit all and many differentiated technologies are needed to meet all of these innovations. Although traditional Moore's Law scaling remains important, the complexity of this next inflection point requires a new perspective on silicon scaling. Changing market demands are also driving innovation in differentiated technologies and system-level integration approaches that will be combined with silicon technology scaling. This presentation will examine the economic trends reshaping the industry and explore the technology directions that can successfully produce the needed innovations. Collaborative innovation will be necessary across many industries and market segments and this presentation will also provide insight into GLOBALFOUNDRIES' vision to enable technology for a new digital era.
Conceptualising education quality in Zambia: a comparative analysis across the local, national and global discourses

ABSTRACTBuilding on the Education for All movement, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development re-emphasises quality education as a discrete goal. Contextualising the discussion surrounding this goal in Zambia, this study examines how education quality is conceptualised by educational stakeholders at local, national, and global levels. Triangulating teacher survey and interview data with policy documents from the government of Zambia and UNESCO, we found simultaneous convergence and divergence regarding the concepts of education quality espoused at each level. Convergence was shown in the critical influence of the economic tradition within education and the perceived role of schools in fostering resilient individuals and communities. Divergence was observed through the varying meanings assigned to similar concepts and the dissimilar influences of the humanistic and organisational management traditions at different levels. We discuss the implications of our findings for fostering collective efforts among ...
What do polymorphisms tell us about the mechanisms of COPD

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is characterized by irreversible lung airflow obstruction. Cigarette smoke is the major risk factor for COPD development. However, only a minority number of smokers develop COPD, and there are substantial variations in lung function among smokers, suggesting that genetic determinants in COPD susceptibility. During the past decade, genome-wide association studies and exome sequencing have been instrumental to identify the genetic determinants of complex traits, including COPD. Focused studies have revealed mechanisms by which genetic variants contribute to COPD and have led to novel insights in COPD pathogenesis. Through functional investigations of causal variants in COPD, from the proteinase–antiproteinase theory to emerging roles of developmental pathways (such as Hedgehog and Wnt pathways) in COPD, we have greatly expanded our understanding on this complex pulmonary disease. In this review, we critically review functional investigations on roles of genetic polymorphisms in COPD, and discuss future challenges and opportunities in discovering novel mechanisms of functional variants.
Acceptance and Effectiveness of Collision Avoidance System in Public Transportation

This study investigated the acceptance and effectiveness of a lane departure warning and forward collision warning in public transportation. Five professional drivers from the Older Adult Transportation Service (OATS) participated in this study. During the experiment, the total number of alarms for each day was collected from the testing vehicles, and survey responses were also gathered from the drivers. Questionnaires were designed to determine whether the collision avoidance system performed as expected and any potential crashes avoided due to the use of the devices. Our results indicated that 75% of drivers showed significant differences in driving behavior after they used the collision avoidance system. 60% of drivers reported positive feedback for the lane departure warning and 40% of drivers felt confident in the forward collision warning.
Conducting Multiple Comparisons

Previous chapters described how to choose and combine different independent ­variables and their conditions. When there are more than two conditions for these variables, additional statistical analysis is needed to verify which differences between conditions are significant. This chapter describes the steps that need to be taken when there are more than two conditions that are being compared with follow-up statistical tests.
Physics-Magnetics Trade Studies for Tandem Mirror Reactors #

We describe and present results obtained from the optimization package of the Tandem Mirror Reactor Systems Code. We have found it to be very useful in searching through multidimensional parameter space, and have applied it here to study the effect of choke coil field strength and net electric power on cost of electricity (COE) and mass utilization factor (MUF) for MINIMARS type reactors. We have found that a broad optimum occurs at B/sub choke/ = 26 T for both COE and MUF. The COE economy of scale approaches saturation at quite low powers, around 600 MW(e). The saturation is mainly due to longer construction times for large plants, and the associated time related costs. The MUF economy of scale does not saturate, at least for powers up to 2400 MW(e).
Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Eastern Himalayas

Abstract Himalayan high-altitude wetlands (HAWs) are some of the most iconic and hydrologically dynamic ecosystems in South and Central Asia. Yet little is known about their historical ecology; less is reported on their management. To address these gaps, this article leverages predictive modelling and multi-criteria decision analysis to evaluate HAWs for biological conservation. Specifically, it builds upon prior efforts to recognize HAW “complexes” as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. Results indicate that HAWs occupy 69 430 ha in the Sikkim Eastern Himalayas, with marginal, fringe, or seasonal extents expanding outward to 170 700 ha. Over 800 species are documented from these sites, including migratory birds of relevance to the Ramsar Convention. For example, species like the Black-necked Crane, Ruddy Shelduck, and Eurasian Widgeon depend on HAWs for breeding and layover. Although a third of identified HAWs occur within protected areas, those of highest conservation potential are located outside of these zones along India's trans-Himalayan frontier. Existing laws and state notifications largely support wetland conservation. However, both the Ramsar Secretariat and Government of India should further clarify legal terminology, such as the principal of “wise use”, to ensure that parties meet Convention obligations. Future efforts are needed to systematically survey HAW biodiversity and monitor their responses to global change.
Waveguide Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiodes for mmW Signal Generation: Space-Charge Impedance and Efficiency Limitations

Photonic generation of mmW signals using high-speed photodiodes is promising due to the potential for ultra-wide bandwidth [1]–[3]. Uni-traveling carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs) based on the InGaAs/InP material system have demonstrated measured RF output powers of 10 dBm, 6 dBm, and −2.2 dBm at frequencies of 100 GHz, 170 GHz, and 300 GHz respectively [4]–[6]. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is a metric that has seen relatively little investigation and is important for practical applications [7]. The PCE is given by the output RF power, $\frac{1}{2}R_{L}I_{RF}^{2}$ , divided by the sum of the input optical power, $P_{opt}$ , and the DC power, $I_{ph}\cdot V_{Bias}$ , applied to the diode. For the results in Refs. 4–6, the PCE is in the range of 1% to 10%. To investigate the efficiency limitations, we utilize the assumptions from Ref. 7 to write the PCE as $\eta_{RF}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{m^{2}R_{L}}{I_{DC}^{-1}(V_{th}+1/R)+\alpha^{-1}+m(R_{L}+\alpha^{-1})}(1)$ , where $R_{L}$ is the load impedance, $m$ is the optical modulation index, $I_{DC}$ is the average photocurrent, $V_{th}$ is the minimum bias to operate at high frequencies for low photo current, $\alpha^{-\mathit{1}}$ is the device series resistance, and $\mathscr{R}$ is the optical to electrical responsivity (A/W). The series resistance term, $\alpha^{-\mathit{1}}$ , includes resistances of the device such as contact resistance and sheet resistance, as well as an effective space-charge impedance. The space-charge impedance results from the electrical field of the photo-generated carriers in the junction that reduce the built-in field. Waveguide (WG) UTC-PDs were fabricated and here we characterize their space-charge impedance to demonstrate that this is the limiting factor for PCE and an important metric to quantify in state-of-the-art UTC-PDs.
Successful Treatment of Urinary Bladder Hemangiosarcoma by Partial Cystectomy in a Dog.

ABSTRACTA 6 yr old neutered male German shepherd dog was evaluated at a veterinary referral hospital following diagnosis of uroabdomen of unknown origin. A positive-contrast retrograde urethrogram ...
Climate Decision-Making

Climate change decision-making has emerged in recent decades as an area of research and practice, expanding on an earlier focus on climate policy. Defined as the study of decisions relevant for cli...
A Review of a Decade of Financial Behavior Research in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues

Thirty-three among 441 research articles published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues during the past decade (2010–2019) examined financial behavior. Through content analysis, we describe what these studies have discovered and discussed. Savings, wealth, and family issues were the keywords chosen most frequently. Studies primarily implemented quantitative analyses, such as regression and regression-like analysis, using secondary data collection methods, and the majority investigated financial behaviors of US individuals or households. Based on the findings, future research directions on financial behaviors are provided.
Quality Improvement Coaching for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage: A Process Evaluation in 3 States, 2018-2019.

PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES Quality improvement (QI) coaching improves human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage, but effects of coaching have been small, and little is known about how and when QI coaching works. To assess implementation outcomes and explore factors that might explain variation in outcomes, we conducted a process evaluation of a QI coaching intervention for HPV vaccination. INTERVENTION APPROACH QI coaches received tools and training to support 4 core coaching competencies: 1) expertise in using clinic-level adolescent vaccination data to drive change, 2) knowledge of the evidence base to support change in HPV vaccination practice, 3) familiarity with improvement strategies and action planning, and 4) skill in building relationships. EVALUATION METHODS Our mixed methods evaluation involved collecting quantitative data through effort-tracking logs and gathering qualitative data through in-depth interviews with QI coaches (N = 11) who worked with 89 clinics in 3 US states. Data were collected on implementation outcomes and on contextual factors that might explain variations in those outcomes. Implementation outcomes included adoption by clinics, reach to providers and staff (ie, participation in the coaching visit), and implementation fidelity. RESULTS States achieved either high adoption or high reach, but not both. For example, state A had high adoption with 94% of clinics accepting a coaching visit, but low reach with a median of 1 participant per clinic. In contrast, state C had lower adoption (29%, P < .01) than state A but higher reach (median of 4 participants per clinic, P < .01). Generally, states had high coaching protocol fidelity with the exception of advising on strategies and action planning. QI coaches described factors that might explain these variations, including strength of relationships with clinic staff and whether they recruited clinics directly or through large clinic networks. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Our findings have implications for the design of future QI coaching initiatives, including how coaches recruit clinics to ensure full clinic engagement, refinements to coaching visits, and how QI coaches can effectively engage with clinic networks. Findings could inform future QI coaching interventions to strengthen their impact on public health.
The Ice Cream Split: Empirically Distinguishing Price and Product Space Collusion

In a market for differentiated products, firms have the ability to collude on the choice of products offered in addition to or in lieu of colluding on the prices charged for those products. However, the empirical literature has only considered price collusion. This paper proposes a methodology to measure product space and price collusion. To do so, I model firms as competing in an infinitely repeated extensive form game. I show that a subset of equilibria to the dynamic game can be represented as subgame perfect Nash equilibria to a static game. The static equilibria index the degree to which firms collude through reduced-form parameters. I show that these parameters can be estimated using standard techniques when researchers have access to market level data. I then use this methodology to study competition in the market for super-premium ice cream during 2013. I find evidence that Ben & Jerry’s and Haagen-Dazs not only colluded on the prices they charged, but substantially colluded in the choice of flavors that were offered. Then, I construct counterfactuals to measure the impact of collusion on the set of products offered, the prices charged, and welfare. I find that conventional policy analysis that considers only price collusion understates the welfare effects.
Dear 1L: Five Guideposts for Your Future Professional Practice

Professors Love and Stipanowich address first year law students on the threshold of their career. Being an effective practitioner requires much more than a grounding in substantive law, legal research and writing, and (perhaps) trial advocacy. Law students today also need a broader range of knowledge and skills to prepare for the varying and evolving challenges of twenty-first century practice. Love and Stipanowich offer a number of precepts for 1L students to consider as guideposts for their career. It is possible—and even preferable—to be an effective and zealous advocate while still leaving the door open to cooperation and collaboration.
Three New Hosts for Phytophthora ramorum Confirmed in Washington State: Salal, Oregon Grape, and Red Huckleberry

Salal (Gaultheria shallon), Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), and red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium) are common shrubs in the understory of northwestern forests and are ecologically, cultura...
The Information Shortfalls of Prosecuting Irresponsible Executives

This Essay, written for the 2020 Clifford Symposium on Tort Law and Social Policy, focuses on the prosecution and conviction of three corporate executives under the responsible corporate officer (RCO) doctrine in connection with Purdue Pharma’s misbranding of OxyContin. The RCO doctrine relieves prosecutors of having to demonstrate a difficult-to-prove mental state such as purpose or knowledge and instead holds corporate officers criminally responsible for certain violations that take place on their watch. Although Purdue Pharma’s three executives suffered economic consequences from their 2007 convictions, they received no term of imprisonment. This result elicited a fair amount of criticism, which intensified after an internal report surfaced indicating career prosecutors would have preferred more serious charges. Critics deride plea bargaining because it places unfair pressures on defendants and deprives them of relevant information. Less attention has been paid to the formal charging instrument, the criminal Information (itself the product of a plea bargain), which deprives the general public of crucial information, even as is filed in court and freely accessible to the public. This Essay aims to remedy this gap by focusing attention on criminal charging documents that deliberately paint a sanitized and incomplete portrait of wrongdoing. This information-dampening dynamic poses greatest risks for the so-called “public welfare offense,” a category of crimes that arise in highly regulated settings and are often used to prosecute mid and high-level corporate executives. Relying on strict theories of liability, the public welfare offense purports to deter and incapacitate actors whose actions or omissions threaten the public’s safety. In precisely these cases, information-generation ought to be the government’s strongest priority. The public cannot protect itself from diffuse harms if it misunderstands their severity or scope; nor can it adequately oversee the public officials tasked with redressing these harms. Regrettably, however, the very feature that enables the government to convict high-level executives of public welfare offenses—the RCO doctrine—simultaneously generates opaque charging documents that fail to say what exactly the offenders did, said, or knew. That is the paradox of executive criminal liability: doctrines and laws designed to ease the government’s burden also weaken its information-producing function. As a result, the public learns too little, and too late, about practices that threaten its long-term health and welfare. After examining this dynamic and its relationship to the Purdue Pharma prosecutions, this Essay surveys several reforms and their corresponding tradeoffs.
Stiff Limb Syndrome: A Rare Variant of Stiff Person’s Syndrome (4487)

Objective: Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a spectrum of rare autoimmune neurological disorders with a manifestation of muscle rigidity and episodic muscle spasms. Stiff limb syndrome (SLS) is a rare variant of SPS that is more localized. These disorders are typically acquired, progressive, fluctuating, and commonly occur in young women aged 30–50 years. In this report, we present an atypical case of an elderly woman who presented with bilateral leg muscle rigidity and ultimately diagnosed with SLS. Background: A 79-year-old woman presented with progressive bilateral leg weakness and cramps for three days resulting in multiple falls. On physical examination she was found to have hyperreflexia, increased gastrocnemius tone, as well as spasticity and plantarflexion in both legs. Diagnostic work-up including imaging of the neuraxis and complete infectious and malignancy work-up was unremarkable. Titers of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were elevated at 124,000 U/mL (normal 0–5 U/mL). The patient was diagnosed with SLS and subsequently started on a benzodiazepine with significant improvement in her symptoms. Design/Methods: NA Results: SLS is an emerging entity that is considered a focal form of SPS in which the symptoms are confined to a distal limb, usually the legs. Our review of the literature revealed that the SPS-related spectrum disorders such as SLS has not been reported in the elderly. SPS and its variants are suspected to be related to autoantibodies to the GAD enzyme, although the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. SLS may potentially be a distinct entity from SPS with several overlapping clinical features and diagnostic findings. Conclusions: Our case report describes a patient who presented with focal neurological symptoms and eventually diagnosed with SLS, confirmed by autoimmune work-up. We advise clinicians to be aware of this rare entity and pursue the appropriate work-up when the clinical suspicion is high, including the elderly population. Disclosure: Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sivakumar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yacoub has nothing to disclose. Dr. Varrato has nothing to disclose. Dr. Walsh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Romano has nothing to disclose.
A 3-D Interactive Model for Peripheral Vestibular Signal Processing

We have developed a three dimensional graphical model as a representation for vestibular signal processing. The model is interactive and allows the user to make modifications to the anatomical structure of the model while it is running. This allows the user to evaluate the effects of the underlying anatomy on the behavior of the modeled system. The graphical interface allows the user to rotate, translate and scale the model so that specific portions may be viewed. This feature becomes increasingly important as the size of the system being simulated increases. In addition the user may choose specific component elements and see the associated temporal waveforms and (soon) receptive fields in separate windows. The model uses simple representations for anatomical elements, resulting in a computationally efficient system. With this system we hope to model the effects of altered gravity experiments on signal processing in the vestibular periphery.
Continuing Research in Job Performance Aids: The Interaction of Speed Stress and Media:

Twenty-seven male subjects were separated into one of four experimental groups and performed a series of five tasks using either an all-print JPA or an all-pictorial JPA. The task series was performed under both a speed stress condition and a non-stress condition. Subjects who completed the task series while referencing an all-pictorial JPA worked faster under speed stress (70 sec) than without speed stress (98 sec). Performance of the same task series with an all-print JPA was unaffected by stress. Accuracy of response decreased in both the print-stress and pictorial-stress conditions when compared to their respective non-stress conditions. The only differences between performances with print and pictorial JPAs occurred in the stress conditions. Results were compared to past research and related to the impact on JPA designers.
Patient Survey on Satisfaction and Impact of 123I-Ioflupane Dopamine Transporter Imaging

Patients were surveyed to assess the impact of dopamine transporter imaging on diagnostic confidence, change in treatment plan, effect on medication compliance, and subjective well-being. Surveys were sent to 140 patients who completed dopamine transporter imaging an average of 18 months prior. Sixty-five surveys from patients (46%) were returned. Questions assessed patients’ perceived impact of the imaging on their care. Increased diagnostic confidence following imaging was reported by 69% of patients. Changes to treatment plan from imaging were reported by 24% of patients. Overall satisfaction with the study and its impact was reported by 70% of patients. Dopamine transporter imaging increased diagnostic confidence among patients and overall patient satisfaction with the impact of imaging on clinical care was high.
Upgrading existing activated sludge treatment plants with fine pore aeration systems.

Over the past ten years aeration systems development in the United States has centered around fine pore diffuser upgrades to existing activated sludge plants. A variety of older aeration systems have been replaced with new diffuser systems which include full floor coverage systems, composed of ceramic or plastic discs, ceramic and plastic tubes, and membrane tubes or discs. This manuscript reports on aeration system upgrades at six different full scale treatment plants. Seven different devices were evaluated using the off-gas analysis technique. Diffuser cleaning methods were also evaluated. Results are presented which show the economic incentives for upgrading and the increased plant capacity which resulted from increased aeration efficiency. It was found that the effects of process operation, such as step feed, F/M, MLSS concentration, mean cell retention time and air flux had a major impact on transfer efficiency. The effects of diffuser fouling and cleaning methods are presented.
Analysis of spatial resonance in a small vessel to study vibration-induced digital vascular disorder

The vibration response of small arteries is studied by modeling the system as an elastic tube filled with incompressible fluid embedded in an elastic foundation. The entire artery system is represented by a series of circuits and the segments of the artery system is considered to be small oscillatory dynamic systems connected serially by the fluid impedance. The resonance frequency of the digital artery is calculated with 0.1mm thickness, 0.49 Poisson's ratio, 15 MPa Young's modulus and 50mm length of the vessel. When the cochlea are subjected to sound of a given frequency. the basilar membrane vibrates with large amplitude at a particular position, and the position depends on the frequency of the sound. A very interesting observation is that when the input is from the large diameter side, the same artery system does not show any spatial resonance.
FirmsA Demand for Employment-Based Mental Health Benefits

Employment-based health insurance is the main source of health coverage for the non-elderly. Few previous studies have examined the factors that impact employer decision-making in selecting the coverage to offer to their employees and none have examined generosity of mental health coverage. This paper uses cross-sectional data from a survey of medium to large firms, including information on employee characteristics, to examine the empirical determinants of mental health coverage choices. We find that the firm's demand for mental health coverage is strongly influenced by employee characteristics. We also find that certain state and local policy interventions directed at enhancing access to mental health care have impacts on coverage decisions. Specifically, public provision of mental health lowers mental health coverage generosity and parity legislation increases mental health generosity. Future research with panel data is warranted to examine the causal effects of these policies.
Stability of adaptive congestion-controllers for high bandwidth connections

In this paper we use fluid-models to look at the adaptation of congestion-controllers to achieve higher throughputs and utilizations in high bandwidth connections. We first parameterize the congestion-controllers using a parameter called the multiplicative decrease parameter and study the adaptation of the congestion-controllers in terms of adapting this parameter. We then linearize the system to study the local stability properties and provide design rules for choosing the parameters of the congestion-controllers. We assume a general network topology and arbitrary round-trip delays in the analysis. Simulations that show the throughput increase that can be achieved using such adaptive congestion-controllers are also presented.
Gangsters and wheelchairs: urban teachers’ perceptions of disability, race and gender

This investigation provides inquiry into Disability Critical Race Studies to analyze the intersecting attributes related to race, gender and disability. The application of Disability Critical Race Studies revealed the ways in which race/ethnicity and gender merge to erroneously typecast African-American men who are wheelchair users as reformed ‘gang bangers’ or ‘victims’ of neighborhood gun violence. This investigation examines urban pre-service teachers’ understandings of disability and underscores the challenging intersection of race, gender and disability within urban communities.
Nebular Spectra of Type IA Supernovae

Nebular spectra of Type Ia supernovae are modeled by including important atomic processes and reliable atomic data for a representative set of Type Ia explosion models. The calculated spectra are compared with the observed optical spectra of spectroscopically normal Type Ia supernovae, leading to strong constraints on the explosion models. It is concluded that sub-Chandrasekhar-mass models are favored, but Chandrasekhar-mass models might not be entirely ruled out.
The Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Family Member Mcl-1 Promotes T Lymphocyte Survival at Multiple Stages

T lymphocyte development and function are tightly regulated by the intrinsic death pathway through members of the Bcl-2 family. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the Bcl-2 family member Mcl-1 is an important anti-apoptotic protein in the development of multiple cell types including T lymphocytes. However, the expression pattern and anti-apoptotic roles of Mcl-1 in T lymphocytes at different developmental stages remain to be fully determined. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of Mcl-1 in different populations of T cells at the single-cell level and found that Mcl-1 protein is constitutively expressed in all T cell populations and up-regulated upon TCR stimulation. We then investigated the role of Mcl-1 in the survival of these different populations by conditionally deleting Mcl-1 at various T cell stages. Our results show that Mcl-1 is required for the survival of double-negative and single-positive thymocytes as well as naive and activated T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Mcl-1 functions together with Bcl-xL to promote double-positive thymocyte survival. Thus, Mcl-1 is a critical anti-apoptotic factor for the survival of T cells at multiple stages in vivo.
Rapid determination of glutethimide (Doriden) by gas-liquid chromatography.

A rapid simple gas liquid chromatographic technic has been developed for the identification and quantitation of glutethimide in biologic fluids. The method requires no evaporation of extracting fluid and will estimate glutethimide levels in the range of 1 mg./100 ml. or higher.
Activated stress response pathways within multicellular aggregates utilize an autocrine component.

Abstract Multicellular aggregates (spheroids) of primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-2) and a glioblastoma cell line (T98G) entered and exited from long term (2 weeks) metabolic arrest utilizing an autocrine response. Cytokine production (specifically IFN-γ) activated a Gadd45α/p38 pathway that led to increased AP-1 (c-jun and ATF3) transcription factor levels, augmenting cytokine production in an autocrine fashion. Whereas HFF-2 aggregates were capable of surviving long term arrest and recovery during NF-κB inhibition independent of JNK activation, T98G aggregates were not. Such endogenous processes are not easily observed with adherent monolayer cell culturing systems, strongly suggesting that more emphasis needs to be placed on determining the operational signal transduction cascades within multicellular aggregates. Extracellular inputs such as spheroid formation, arrest, and regrowth as monolayers invoke intracellular signaling responses converging at the AP-1 transcription factor level. Variations in responses are both cell type and transformation state dependent and require an autocrine cytokine component. The data are discussed in relation to the wounding response and avascular tumor growth mechanisms.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) after renal transplantation.

Abstract Background: Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) in the immunosuppressed patient is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Renal transplant recipients possess several comorbidities that increase the risk of acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon. The aims of this study were to present our experience with this syndrome and to evaluate the potentiating factors in these patients. A review of the literature for pseudo-obstruction following renal transplantation is presented. Methods: Seven patients who developed Ogilvie's syndrome were identified in a retrospective review of 550 kidney-only transplants. Pretransplant data, potential risk factors, presentation, management, and outcome details were retrieved. The medical literature was reviewed using Medline. Results: Seventy-eight patients with Ogilvie's syndrome in the early posttransplant period have been reported. The associated morbidity and mortality was heightened in this immunocompromised population. Obese transplant recipients (body mass index >30 kg/m 2 ) were at significantly increased risk for developing this syndrome. Conclusion: A broad armamentarium of treatment options is available, but the key to successful resolution lies in early recognition.
Rain scavenging of tritiated water (HTO): A field experiment and theoretical considerations

Abstract An HTO rain scavenging experiment was performed under measured atmospheric field conditions. Dry deposition was minimized and undercutting of the plume by sampled precipitation was avoided. The observed removal rates were 9.5 and 6.7% h −1 at downwind distances from the source point of 400 and 800 m, respectively. These results agreed well with theoretical calculations made using the EPAEC gas scavenging code.
MO-B-AUD C-01: Proton Therapy

The clinical advantages of protonbeams have become widely recognized and there has recently been a significant increase in interest for building additional proton therapy facilities. There are currently over 25 institutions worldwide treating patients with protonbeams and over 55,000 patients have been treated. There are at least 25 new facilities in various stages of planning and building. However, the fraction of patients treated with protons each year remains extremely small compared to the total number of cancer patients treated with external beamphotons and electrons. The advantage of protonbeams lies primarily in their excellent dose localization as compared to that which can be achieved using photonbeams. Due to the Bragg peak characteristic in the depth dose of protonbeams, the integral dose from proton therapy is, in general, about two times less that that for photontreatments. This allows higher doses to be delivered to target volumes, resulting in increased probabilities of local control, and lower doses delivered to critical normal tissues, resulting in decreased probabilities of treatment‐related morbidity. There are many challenges associated with increasing the accessibility of proton therapy not the least of which is the very limited number of clinical staff with knowledge of and training in proton therapy. The aim of the present Continuing Education Course is to provide a basic understanding of the rationale for proton therapy,physics of protonbeams, technology of protonbeam acceleration and transport,delivery of protontreatments,protontreatment planning and clinical results of proton therapy. Educational Objectives: 1. Understanding of the physical characteristics of protonbeams and interactions in tissues. 2. Understanding of the beam production and treatmentdelivery technology for protonbeams. 3. Understanding of the clinical commissioning of proton therapybeams. 4. Understanding of the basic principles of protontreatment planning. 5. Understanding of the clinical results for proton therapy.
Opposing roles for IL-13 and IL-13 receptor α2 in health and disease

Interleukin (IL)-13 is a key inducer of several type-2 cytokine-dependent pathologies. It regulates inflammation, mucus production, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis. Consequently, it has become an important therapeutic target for a number of debilitating illnesses, including asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, ulcerative colitis, as well as several other diseases in which IL-13 is believed to be overproduced. In the murine model of schistosomiasis, IL-13 has emerged as a central mediator of chronic infection-induced liver pathology. Although IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 each regulate distinct aspects of the granulomatous inflammatory response, IL-13 was identified as the primary mediator of liver fibrosis. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the production and function of IL-13 has become an intensive area of research. IL-13 signaling is mediated by the type-2 IL-4 receptor, which consists of the IL-4R alpha and IL-13R alpha 1 chains. However, another IL-13-binding chain, IL-13R alpha 2, appears to strongly inhibit the activity of IL-13. Animals deficient in IL-13R alpha 2 fail to downmodulate granuloma formation in the chronic phase of infection. They also develop severe IL-13-dependent fibrosis and portal hypertension and quickly succumb to the infection. Here, we summarize findings from the schistosomiasis model, which illustrate opposing activities for IL-13 and IL-13R alpha 2 in health and disease.
The microwave spectrum of 2, 5-dihydropyrrole

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 2, 5-dihydropyrrole has been measured up to J = 25 in both the ground and first vibrational excited states. The rotational constants for ν = 0 are A = 7650.61 ± 0.04 MHz, B = 7597.38 ± 0.04 MHz, C = 4085.63 ± 0.04 MHz and for ν = 1 the constants are A = 7650.65 ± 0.04 MHz, B = 7597.12 ± 0.04 MHz and C = 4085.71 ± 0.04 MHz. Centrifugal distortion corrections are included.
Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal femtosecond pulse shaping and coherent control

Coherent optical control over THz-frequency lattice waves that move at light-like speeds is achieved in an automated fashion through spatial-only, temporal-only, and spatiotemporal femtosecond pulse shaping. These methods are used to generate complex excitation light fields for THz wave amplification, timed array generation, and other objectives.
FLAP pharmacological blockade modulates metabolism of endogenous tau in vivo .

FLAP (5-lipoxygenase-activating protein) is a protein widely distributed within the central nervous system whose function is to regulate the activation of the 5-Lipoxygenase enzyme. Although previous works show that pharmacological blockade of FLAP improve the amyloidotic phenotype of the Tg2576, its contribution to tau pathology remains to be investigated. In the present paper, we studied the effect of FLAP pharmacological inhibition on the metabolism of endogenous tau in these mice. Total tau levels in the brains of mice receiving MK-591, a selective and specific FLAP inhibitor, were not changed when compared with controls. By contrast, treated animals had a significant reduction of tau phosphorylation at specific sites: Ser396; Ser396/Ser404; and Thr 231/Ser 235. This reduction was associated with a significant decrease in the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, but not other kinases. In addition, MK-591-treated mice had a significant increase in the post-synaptic density protein-95 and the dendritic protein microtubule-associated protein 2. These data establish a novel functional role for FLAP in the metabolism of tau, and together with its known Aβ modulatory effect they suggest that its pharmacological inhibition could represent a novel therapeutic opportunity for Alzheimer's disease.
Global measles elimination.

Safe and effective vaccines are available that could be used to eradicate measles, which is a primary cause of childhood vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. This article reviews the pathogenesis of this deadly disease and the prospects for its elimination. Measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable cause of child mortality worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where almost half of the estimated 454,000 measles deaths in 2004 occurred. However, great progress in measles control has been made in resource-poor countries through accelerated measles-control efforts. The global elimination of measles has been debated since measles vaccines were first licensed in the 1960's, and this debate is likely to be renewed if polio virus is eradicated. This review discusses the pathogenesis of measles and the likelihood of the worldwide elimination of this disease.
Thin-plate spline for deformations with specified derivatives

The thin-plate spline, originally introduced as a technique for surface interpolation, serves as a very useful image warping tool for maps driven by a small set of landmarks (discrete geometric points that correspond biologically between forms). Earlier work extended this formalism to incorporate about correspondence of edge-directions, or edgels, at the landmarks. The constrained maps are singular perturbations of a spline on the assigned landmarks corresponding to its augmentation by other landmarks at indeterminate, ultimately infinitesimal separation. The present manuscript recasts that earlier analysis in a new notation that greatly eases the extension to arbitrary linear (and linearizable) constraints on the derivatives of the warping function. We sketch the varieties of elementary warps to which these constraints lead and show some of their combinations. The algebra into which we have cast this extension seems capable of leading us even further beyond landmarks to incorporate information from derivatives of higher order than the first. This generalization may enrich the 'multiscale' approach to medical image analysis and may provide a bridge between two current approaches to the deformable-template problem--that of low-dimensional relatively global features and that of parameters distributed locally on a grid--that are not currently linked by any effective formalism.
Functional tolerance in an isoreticular series of highly porous metal-organic frameworks.

A series of highly porous University of Michigan Crystalline Material (UMCM-1) type Zn-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized from mono- and bi-functionalized benzenedicarboxylate (BDC) ligands. In total, 16 new functionalized UMCM-1 derivatives were obtained by a combination of pre- and postsynthetic functionalization. Through postsynthetic modification (PSM), amino–halo bifunctional MOFs were converted into amide–halo materials via solid-state acylation reactions. A series of bifunctional MOFs containing Cl, Br, and I groups revealed that PSM conversion is not affected by the size of the halide, only by the steric bulk of the reagent used in these solid-state organic transformations.
Overexpression of ADAMTS-7 leads to accelerated initiation and progression of collagen-induced arthritis in mice

The aim of the present study is to determine whether ADAMTS-7 contributes to the onset and severity of joint inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. ADAMTS-7 was found to be elevated in the course of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). ADAMTS-7 transgenic (TG) mice were more susceptible to the induction of CIA. The onset of CIA was accelerated and the arthritic severity was increased in TG mice compared to wild-type mice. The overall incidence was also significantly higher in TG mice. In addition, arthritic TG mice displayed significantly higher clinical and histological arthritis scores. The COMP degradative fragments were significantly elevated in articular cartilage and sera in CIA models of TG mice. Furthermore, the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-17 was also increased in serum and draining lymph nodes of arthritic TG mice. Therefore, these data provided the in vivo evidence, suggesting that ADAMTS-7 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, and that inhibition of ADAMTS-7 may be a potential target to ameliorate the severity of inflammatory arthritis.
Temporal and topographic changes in DNA synthesis after induced follicular atresia.

Hamsters were hypophysectomized on the morning of estrus (Day 1) and injected immediately with 30 IU pregnant mare's serum (PMS). This was followed on Day 4 by the injection of an antiserum to PMS (PMS-AS) that initiated follicular atresia (Time zero). From 0 to 72 h after PMS-AS, the animals were injected with (3H)thymidine and killed 4 h later. One ovary was saved for autoradiography and histology; from the other ovary, 5-10 large antral follicles were dissected and pooled, and incorporation into DNA was determined by scintillation counting. DNA synthesis dropped sharply between 12 and 18 h, coinciding with a fall in labeling index of the cumulus oophorus and thecal endothelial cells and a sharp fall in thecal vascularity. In contrast, for the mural granulosa cells bordering on the antral cavity, labeling index dropped sharply between 8 and 12 h when thecal vascularity was still high. The earliest sign of atresia was evident by 4 h in cumulus cells when, paradoxically, DNA synthesis was still high. It took 3 days for atresia of the antral follicles to progress to advanced stages, as evidenced by pseudo-pronuclei in the free floating ovum, further erosion of the mural granulosa, and minimal DNA/follicle. However,more » the theca still retained its histological integrity and contained no pyknotic cells. Although by 48 h the granulosal compartment was in disarray (DNA/follicle significantly different from earlier values), the egg was still viable, as judged by maximal fluorescence after the addition of fluoroscein diacetate.« less
The Portrayal of Children on Prime-Time Situation Comedies

Cette etude tente de verifier une hypothese selon laquelle les enfants americains d'aujourd'hui ne vivraient plus leur enfance et auraient des preoccupations d'adultes. Les travaux auxquels il est fait reference designent la television et particulierement les comedies de situation, comme coupables de la diffusion de ces modeles d' « enfants sans enfance » . Une etude des interactions apparaissant au cours de ces series televisees a permis d'evaluer la teneur des relations entre enfants et entre enfants et adultes. Il apparait que les enfants sont bien presentes comme l'indiquaient les previsions mais les influences en ce qui concerne le comportement sont multiples. Des correlations ne peuvent etre tirees de cette seule analyse de contenu et l'A. souligne la necessite d'etudes supplementaires
Electrification due to high-velocity liquids and mists: Experimental results for CHClF2 and CCl2F2 and their mixtures

Abstract Charge generation rates have been measured for two halocarbons and their mixtures, having electrical conductivities ranging from 7.5 × 10−12 to 2 × 10−15 ohm−1 cm−1. These fluids were passed through a 1.55 mm diameter tube as a liquid and as a mist at high velocity at ambient temperatures. Owing to the high vapor pressures of the materials, a closed system capable of operating at pressures up to 30 atm was utilized. In tubes 140 cm long, mist flow was found to produce significantly higher currents than liquid flow at the same mass flow rate. In a sequence of eight short tubes, insulated from one another and totaling 140 cm, the absolute magnitudes of the current generated by mist flow in each tube were comparable to the current magnitudes generated by liquid flow. However, the sum of currents from all eight segments was lower for liquid flow than for mist flow owing to the canceling effect of polarity changes along the length of the tube. Current generation rates by liquid flows were found to be comparable to values calculated with the equations of Gavis and Koszman.