cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black holes are almost optimal quantum cloners

Black holes are quantum objects with intriguing characteristics. They are formed in the stellar collapse of stars with sufficient mass because such objects become relativistically unstable. While classically no signal can emerge from within the event horizon, Hawking showed that in curved-space quantum field theory, black holes must emit thermal radiation with a temperature T that is inversely proportional to the black hole’s mass M: T = 1/(8�M), in convenient units [2]. But Hawking’s calculation also created an apparent paradox. Because the eponymous radiation takes its energy from the mass of the black hole, the latter might ultimately evaporate. And if the emitted radiation is strictly thermal as the calculation suggests, the initial data about the formation of the black hole would have to be erased with the concomitant evaporation, something the laws of physics simply should not permit. The same appears to hold true for information directed at the event horizon after the formation of the black hole (this means “at late times” in the parlance of gravity, because according to stationary observers the black hole only forms for t → ∞). If the black hole final state does not depend on whether Shakespeare’s or Goethe’s works are absorbed by the black hole–given that both œuvres have the same mass–then space time dynamics would appear to be irreversible even if black holes never evaporate at all. Recently, we found that from the point of view of quantum communication theory, black holes are not so special after all [3]. Rather, they appear to be relatively ordinary noisy quantum communication channels, with a capacity to transmit classical information given by the expression proposed by Holevo [4], because any matter or radiation absorbed by the black hole must stimulate the emission of exact copies outside of the event horizon [5]. Because the absorbed particles are quantum states, we may wonder whether stimulated emission at the black hole horizon violates the quantum no-cloning theorem [6, 7]. It does not: the spontaneously emitted Hawking radiation prevents precisely that. But we may ask how well quantum states are copied by black holes, because this will shed light on how black holes treat quantum–rather than classical–signal states. We find that a black hole’s cloning fidelity depends on the probability with which quantum states are absorbed by the black hole, 0, with a cloning fidelity ranging from the classical measurement limit to the universal optimal cloner [8, 9].
Review of To Right These Wrongs: The North Carolina Fund and the Battle to End Poverty and Inequality in 1960s America

Jim Seroka, a professor at Auburn University and a member of the Poverty & Public Policy editorial board, examines and offers his thoughts regarding To Right These Wrongs.
Low von Willebrand factor: sometimes a risk factor and sometimes a disease

A sufficiently low level of von Willebrand factor (VWF) predisposes to bleeding that can be quite serious, and low VWF is a diagnostic feature of von Willebrand disease (VWD) type 1, which is characterized by partial quantitative deficiency of VWF. Recent groundbreaking studies of patients with VWD type 1 have delineated several pathophysiologic mechanisms that determine the plasma concentration of VWF, but the relationship between VWF level and the likelihood of bleeding remains less well understood. In part, this problem reflects the broad range of VWF levels in the population, so that the distinction between "normal" and "low" is arbitrary. The risk of bleeding certainly increases as the VWF level decreases, but the relationship is not very strong until the VWF level is very low. Furthermore, mild bleeding symptoms are common in apparently healthy populations and have many causes other than defects in VWF, which can make it impossible to attribute bleeding to any single factor, such as low VWF. These difficulties might be resolved by an epidemiologic approach to VWF and other risk factors for bleeding, analogous to how physicians manage multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease or venous thromboembolism.
Manipulability, force, and compliance analysis for planar continuum manipulators

Continuum manipulators, inspired by the natural capabilities of elephant trunks and octopus tentacles, may find niche applications in areas like human-robot interaction, multiarm manipulation, and unknown environment exploration. However, their true capabilities will remain largely inaccessible without proper analytical tools to evaluate their unique properties. Ellipsoids have long served as one of the foremost analytical tools available to the robotics researcher, and the purpose of this paper is to first formulate, and then to examine, three types of ellipsoids for continuum robots: manipulability, force, and compliance.
Effects of aerodynamic interactions on the motion of heavy particles in a bidisperse suspension

The effect of local aerodynamic interactions on the motion of heavy particles in a bidisperse suspension in both quiescent and turbulent air is studied by a hybrid simulation and a theoretical treatment. The particles are assumed to be small in size compared to the Kolmogorov length of the carrier air turbulence, and Stokes disturbance flows are used to represent the effect of particles. We first consider the case of no background air turbulence to validate the numerical and theoretical approaches by comparing with previous results in suspension mechanics. In a bidisperse suspension with background air turbulence, in addition to the previously known increase due to preferential sweeping, aerodynamic interactions contribute to a second augmentation in mean settling rate which depends on the flow dissipation rate. This additional increase in settling rate due to local aerodynamic interactions is also coupled with preferential concentration, in agreement with the experimental observations of Aliseda et al. (...
Social, spatial and temporal segregation in an ant society

1 Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, 2 Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, 3 Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, 4 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA 5 Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Complex, Degradable Polyester Materials via Ketoxime Ether-Based Functionalization: Amphiphilic, Multifunctional Graft Copolymers and Their Resulting Solution-State Aggregates

Degradable, amphiphilic graft copolymers of poly- (e-caprolactone)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide), PCL-g-PEO, were synthesized via a grafting onto strategy taking advantage of the ketones presented along the backbone of the statistical co- polymer poly(e-caprolactone)-co-(2-oxepane-1,5-dione), (PCL- co-OPD). Through the formation of stable ketoxime ether link- ages, 3 kDa PEO grafts and p-methoxybenzyl side chains were incorporated onto the polyester backbone with a high degree of fidelity and efficiency, as verified by NMR spectroscopies and GPC analysis (90% grafting efficiency in some cases). The resulting block graft copolymers displayed significant thermal differences, specifically a depression in the observed melting transition temperature, Tm, in comparison with the parent PCL and PEO polymers. These amphiphilic block graft copolymers undergo self-assembly in aqueous solution with the P(CL-co- OPD-co-(OPD-g-PEO)) polymer forming spherical micelles and a P(CL-co-OPD-co-(OPD-g-PEO)-co-(OPD-g-pMeOBn)) forming cylindrical or rod-like micelles, as observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3553-3563, 2010
ELM suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations at DIII-D

Edge localized mode (ELM) suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is being studied at DIII-D with ITER-similar plasma shapes and edge collisionalities. Suppression at low collisionality correlates with overlap of vacuum magnetic field islands in a quantified edge layer at moderate q. Suppression is successful with n=3 perturbations from one or two rows of internal coils, but it fails for n ≫ 3 and for poloidally-tall and distant coil arrays. These observations are interpreted in terms of differences of spatial helical harmonic spectra the different magnetic perturbations: excessive nonresonant harmonics may brake plasma rotation before the RMP is large enough to suppress ELMs.
Computational Lipidomics: A Multiplexed Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Membrane Lipid Composition during Signal Transduction

Recent successes in defining the roles of lipids in cell signaling have stimulated greater interest in these versatile biomolecules. Until recently, analysis of these molecules at the species level has required labor-intensive techniques. The development of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has made possible the detection and identification of thermally labile biological molecules, such as phospholipids. The "soft" ionization does not cause extensive fragmentation, is highly sensitive, accurate, and reproducible. Thus, this method is well suited for analyzing a broad range of phospholipids without elaborate chromatographic separation. Evaluating the vast amounts of data resulting from these measurements is a rate-limiting step in the assessment of phospholipid composition, requiring the development and application of computational algorithms for mass spectrometry data. Here we describe computational lipidomics, a novel analytical technique, coupling mass spectrometry with statistical algorithms to facilitate the comprehensive analysis of hundreds of lipid species from cellular extracts. As a result, lipid arrays are generated to indicate qualitative changes that occur in lipid composition between experimental or disease states, similar to proteomic and genomic analyses. This review presents a methodological strategy for using ESI-MS combined with a high-power computational analysis to profile time-dependent changes in cellular phospholipids after the addition of an agonist or to evaluate changes promoted by pathophysiological processes. As an illustration, we describe the methods and approaches used to generate lipid arrays for The Alliance for Cellular Signaling (AfCS). These arrays are contributing to a more complete understanding of the participants of cellular signaling pathways after activation of cell surface receptors.
The Plane-parallel Albedo Bias of Liquid Clouds from MODIS Observations

In our most advanced modeling tools for climate change prediction, namely General Circulation Models (GCMs), the schemes used to calculate the budget of solar and thermal radiation commonly assume that clouds are horizontally homogeneous at scales as large as a few hundred kilometers. However, this assumption, used for convenience, computational speed, and lack of knowledge on cloud small scale variability, leads to erroneous estimates of the radiation budget. This paper provides a global picture of the solar radiation errors at scales of approximately 100 km due to warm (liquid phase) clouds only. To achieve this, we use cloud retrievals from the instrument MODIS on the Terra and Aqua satellites, along with atmospheric and surface information, as input into a GCM-style radiative transfer algorithm. Since the MODIS product contains information on cloud variability below 100 km we can run the radiation algorithm both for the variable and the (assumed) homogeneous clouds. The difference between these calculations for reflected or transmitted solar radiation constitutes the bias that GCMs would commit if they were able to perfectly predict the properties of warm clouds, but then assumed they were homogeneous for radiation calculations. We find that the global average of this bias is approx.2-3 times larger in terms of energy than the additional amount of thermal energy that would be trapped if we were to double carbon dioxide from current concentrations. We should therefore make a greater effort to predict horizontal cloud variability in GCMs and account for its effects in radiation calculations.
Attitude toward Human Nature

Viewpoints concerning man and his nature can be sorted into four categories: 1) Man is primarily rational and good; 2) man is primarily irrational and bad; 3) man is neither good nor bad intrinsically but merely a product of his environment; and 4) man is a combination of the qualities that characterize the first three categories (1).
Learning the Meaning of Verbs: Insights from Quechua

Largely based on observations of English-speaking children, investigators have proposed constraints on verb learning, e.g., syntactic bootstrapping, the principle of uniqueness, and innate semantic-conceptual categories. Children produce overgeneralization errors as they acquire verb meaning, and data from some languages reveal an intriguing asymmetry: children use intransitive verbs transitively, while seldom using causative-transitive verbs intransitively. This study presents experimental evidence corroborating the author’s earlier finding that Quechua-speaking children’s overgeneralization errors observe the same asymmetry. The transitive variants of change-of-state verbs were elicited from 30 Peruvian children, aged 2;8—4;11. The ensuing discussion considers how Quechua-speaking children recover from this pattern of overgeneralization in light of constraints that have been proposed for children acquiring English, which is typologically very different from Quechua.
NGF Controls Axonal Receptivity to Myelination by Schwann Cells or Oligodendrocytes

Axons dictate whether or not they will become myelinated in both the central and peripheral nervous systems by providing signals that direct the development of myelinating glia. Here we identify the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) as a potent regulator of the axonal signals that control myelination of TrkA-expressing dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs). Unexpectedly, these NGF-regulated axonal signals have opposite effects on peripheral and central myelination, promoting myelination by Schwann cells but reducing myelination by oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate a novel role for growth factors in regulating the receptivity of axons to myelination and reveal that different axonal signals control central and peripheral myelination.
Community Organization in the Parroquia de Yaxcaba, Yucatan, Mexico, 1750–1847

The following paper examines archaeological variability in community organization of sites in the parroquia de Yaxcaba. Yucatan, Mexico, from a.d. 1750 to 1847. Using historical and archaeological evidence, the course of political-economic change in Yucatan is followed from the recovery of the Indian population in 1750, through the Bourbon reforms and Independence from Spain, to the Caste War of Yucatan in 1847 in order to assess its implications for continuity or discontinuity of Maya adaptive patterns. Three settlements—a pueblo, a hacienda, and an independent rancho—were intensively mapped to reveal patterns of house lots, streets, features, plazas, and public architecture. Differences in spatial organization among the settlements can be specifically linked to variation in population growth, tax structure, and land stress coincident with changes in the colonial regime. Variation in household production strategies and the choice of tactics that minimize subsistence risk were largely dependent on the community's degree of integration with the colonial system. The evidence from Yaxcaba suggests that two key processes are particularly important in determining articulations between rural and urban areas: disenfranchisement from the means of production and the extension of credit. These two processes affect variation in the relations of production that partly explain how communities either become entangled in or remain apart from political-economic change.
In vivo modulation of nonphotochemical exciton quenching (NPQ) by regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase

Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of excitation energy, which protects higher plant photosynthetic machinery from photodamage, is triggered by acidification of the thylakoid lumen as a result of light-induced proton pumping, which also drives the synthesis of ATP. It is clear that the sensitivity of NPQ is modulated in response to changing physiological conditions, but the mechanism for this modulation has remained unclear. Evidence is presented that, in intact tobacco or Arabidopsis leaves, NPQ modulation in response to changing CO(2) levels occurs predominantly by alterations in the conductivity of the CF(O)-CF(1) ATP synthase to protons (g(H)(+)). At a given proton flux, decreasing g(H)(+) will increase transthylakoid proton motive force (pmf), thus lowering lumen pH and contributing to the activation of NPQ. It was found that an approximately 5-fold decrease in g(H)(+) could account for the majority of NPQ modulation as atmospheric CO(2) was decreased from 2,000 ppm to 0 ppm. Data are presented that g(H)(+) is kinetically controlled, rather than imposed thermodynamically by buildup of DeltaG(ATP). Further results suggest that the redox state of the ATP synthase gamma-subunit thiols is not responsible for altering g(H)(+). A working model is proposed wherein g(H)(+) is modulated by stromal metabolite levels, possibly by inorganic phosphate.
A Method for Evaluation of Carbon Blacks and Correlation with Road Wear Ratings

Abstract Prediction of tread wear from laboratory tests can be a valuable guide in the development of improved carbon blacks and controlling the quality of normal production. We have developed two tests which give good correlation with actual road wear data on over 100 experimental blacks. One test involves running Akron angle abrasion on a compound with only 30 phr of carbon black where differences in abrasion resistance are magnified. The other test measures surface activity towards the polymer by determining bound rubber content of a heat‐treated nonproductive mix. By using both tests together, tread wear ratings of blacks used in this study could be predicted almost as well as by a single, controlled, multisectional road test with five tires run for 8000–10,000 miles.
Dual-basis analytic gradients. 1. Self-consistent field theory.

Analytic gradients of dual-basis Hartree-Fock and density functional theory energies have been derived and implemented, which provide the opportunity for capturing large basis-set gradient effects at reduced cost. Suggested pairings for gradient calculations are 6-31G/6-31G**, dual[-f,-d]/cc-pVTZ, and 6-311G*/6-311++G(3df,3pd). Equilibrium geometries are produced within 0.0005 A of large-basis results for the latter two pairings. Though a single, iterative SCF response equation must be solved (unlike standard SCF gradients), it may be obtained in the smaller basis set, and integral screening further reduces the cost for well-chosen subsets. Total nuclear force calculations exhibit up to 75% savings, relative to large-basis calculations.
Current trends in inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators in sepsis

Sepsis refers to severe systemic inflammation in response to invading pathogens. An overwhelming immune response, as mediated by the release of various inflammatory mediators, can lead to shock, multiple organ damage, and even death. Cytokines, proteases, lipid mediators, gaseous substances, vasoactive peptides, and cell stress markers play key roles in sepsis pathophysiology. Various adhesion molecules and chemokines sequester and activate neutrophils into the target organs, further augmenting inflammation and tissue damage. Although the anti-inflammatory substances counterbalance proinflammatory mediators, prolonged immune modulation may cause host susceptibility to concurrent infections, thus reflecting enormous challenge toward developing effective clinical therapy against sepsis. To understand the complex interplay between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenomenon in sepsis, there is still an unmet need to study newly characterized mediators. In addition, revealing the current trends of novel mediators will upgrade our understanding on their signal transduction, cross-talk, and synergistic and immunomodulating roles during sepsis. This review highlights the latest discoveries of the mediators in sepsis linking to innate and adaptive immune systems, which may lead to resolution of many unexplored queries.
How to reduce aliasing in linear analog testing

Aliasing is a difficult problem that needs to be handled carefully, due to its effects on the test quality of analog circuits. In this paper, we first give the evidence of aliasing occurrence in the summation-based method, and then propose the concept of bound curve and derive the bound equation for finding the aliasing-reduced region and we present a case study of how to reduce aliasing. Finally we expand the aliasing study to obtain an optimal sampling frequency.
Hospital Pharmacy Pulse - Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy

Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest will be abstracted monthly regarding a broad scope o...
Gay Affirmative Practice: A Model for Social Work Practice with Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth

Gay affirmative practice has recently been introduced into the social work literature as a culturally sensitive model for working with gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) adults, however, this model has rarely been applied to practice with GLB youth. In this article, the authors review the literature to present the main tenets of gay affirmative practice, outline the challenges that GLB youth face, and delineate the environmental and individual strengths that can be enhanced to promote well-being. The authors then apply the gay affirmative practice model to GLB youth, offering concrete information about the specific knowledge, attitudes, and skills that social workers should acquire to better serve the unique, yet diverse, needs of GLB youth.
A stake in the fight: When do heterosexual employees resist organizational policies that deny marriage equality to LGB peers?

Abstract Many organizations in the United States have articulated positions to support or oppose marriage equality for LGB individuals. To date, minimal research has considered how employees react to these positions, and none has considered the conditions that encourage heterosexual employees to stand in solidarity with LGB peers in favor of equal treatment. Two experiments grounded in social identity theory, the social identity model of collective action, and intergroup emotions theory examine these processes. Study 1 found that heterosexual employees’ intentions to neglect work, quit, and engage in other acts of resistance in response to organizational marriage equality positions are highly contingent on identification with the LGB community. Study 2 replicated this pattern of results and found that this interaction was additionally contingent on identification with the organization itself. Further, the effects of the three-way interaction on behavioral intentions were fully mediated by the emotional experience of moral outrage.
NMR Study of Gramicidin Cation Transport Across and Integration into a Lipid Membrane

Gramicidin is a 15 amino acid linear polypeptide which forms cation conducting channels in lipid membranes (Meyers and Haydon, 1972; Anderson, 1983). The gramicidin channel in a lipid bilayer membrane is shown in Figure 1. The amino acid sequence of gramicidin is: formyl-L-Val1-Gly2-L-Ala3-D-Leu4-L-Ala5-D-Val6- L-Val7-D-Val8-L-Trp9-D-Leu10-L-Trp11-D-Leu12-L-Trp13-D-Leu14-L-Trp15-ethanolamine The channel consists of two monomeric beta helices joined by hydrogen bonds at their NH2 terminal ends. The dimmer’s length is 26 A and forms a 4 A pore. The three naturally occurring analogs Gramicidin A, B, and C differ by one amino acid, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine respectively, at position 11 (Sarge amp; Witkop, 1965). Here we report the preliminary results of the Na-23 NMR investigation of the thermal integration of gramicidin analogs into large unilamellar vesicles under ionic equilibrium conditions. This technique is potentially useful for exploring the effect of single amino acid substitution in gramicidin on the rate of incorporation in and formation of a viable channel in a lipid membrane. The effect of different lipids on the incorporation process can also be studied using this technique. The only requirement for a peptide to be studied in this way is for the peptide to conduct ions at a rate sufficient to cause a change in the linewidth of the NMR signal of the conducting ion. The incorporation of gramicidin into lysolecithin micelles has been investigated previously by C-13 NMR (Spisni et al., 1979). This technique, however, is less amiable to studying the rate of incorporation. The incorporation of gramicidin into lysophosphatidylcholine micelles was also studied using fluorescence measurements (Cavatorta et al., 1982). However, with our system the peptide does not have to have a fluorescence or absorbance spectrum.
Investigation of the Flow Behavior of Participate Filled Fluids

Underfill encapsulants, used in direct‐chip‐attachment (DCA) packaging of electronics, consist of an epoxy resin in which a high concentration of solid particles are suspended. As a fluid mixture key features of these encapsulants are their relatively large particle sizes and large particle‐to‐liquid density ratios (ρ s /ρ 0 ?2.4). Experiments have been conducted to characterize the flow behavior of model mixtures of negatively buoyant, spherical particles suspended in Newtonian liquids. Capillary flow in a parallel surface channel is used to simulate the underfill flow process. The effects of varying the channel spacing, particle size and liquid carrier are reported here. The flow behavior is contrasted with a linear fluid, effective viscosity model. Particle settling appears to be linked to the more complex behavior observed in both our model suspensions and measurements using an actual commercial encapsulant.
The FBI and the Politics of the Riots, 1964–1968

Lyndon B. Johnson was the thirty-sixth president of the United States; J. Edgar Hoover was merely the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). If the two men had been prizefighters, they would have been in different weight classes and they would never have fought. But they were politicians, not prizefighters. And when they clashed during the 1960s over ways to respond to the civil disorders that swept the urban North, the director won and the president, surely one of the most adept politicians ever to occupy the Oval Office, lost., For Hoover, a fixture in American politics since he organized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's famous raids in 1919-1920, the riots offered a series of bureaucratic and political opportunities. He welcomed the law-and-order climate of opinion that developed in the wake of rioting in New York in 1964, Los Angeles in 1965, and especially Newark and Detroit in 1967. Law and order meant more agents and more money, and therefore a more powerful base from which he could advance his bureaucracy's larger political objectives. Johnson, on the other hand, was threatened by the new climate of opinion. For the president, law and order signified the efforts of his Republican party adversaries to mobilize the "white backlash" vote. He believed, White House Special Counsel Harry C. McPherson wrote, that the words "law and order" were simply the new "code words for racism."2
10 PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME MOSAICISM DUE TO ADDITIONAL CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA MIGHT ADVERSELY AFFECT PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO IMATINIB.

Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is invariably associated with the reciprocal translocation of BCR and ABL to form the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), t(9;22)(q34;q11). At diagnosis, a small proportion of patients display additional cytogenetic abnormalities and/or a variable proportion of cytogenetically normal metaphases that coexist with Ph-positive metaphases. The objective of the current study was to examine the prognostic relevance and therapy implications of this scenario. Methods The study population consisted of 65 (47.7% female) consecutive, newly diagnosed, untreated CML patients seen at the Mayo Clinic with a median age of 59 years; 44.5% were initially treated with interferon (IFN)-α, resulting in complete cytogenetic remission in 10.7%, for a median length of 5.83 years, whereas partial cytogenetic remission was achieved in 3.57%, for a median length of 2 years; 55.5% were treated with imatinib (Gleevec), resulting in complete cytogenetic remission in 54.1%, for a median length of 3.08 years, whereas partial cytogenetic remission was achieved in 13.5%, for a median length of 1.08 years. All statistical analysis was completed using SAS software (SAS Inc., Cary, NC), and statistical significance was set at the level of p ≤ .05. Results Survival at 5 years through Kaplan-Meier analysis was approximately 92% in patients demonstrating only the Ph chromosome (n = 53) versus 60% in patients with additional chromosomal abnormalities (n = 12; p Conclusion Although it is tempting to speculate that Ph-chromosome mosaicism and/or additional cytogenetic abnormalities at presentation of CML is a surrogate for the presence of Ph-negative imatinib-resistant clones, the preliminary results from the current study require validation from a larger study, which is currently under way. It is possible that patients who present with less than 90% Ph-positive metaphase cells at diagnosis may harbor chromosomal abnormalities in other metaphase cells that are undetectable by conventional cytogenetics. Indeed, this clonal population might be resistant to imatinib therapy and negatively impact survival.
The Judicial Resolution of Conflicts Between Trade and the Environment

The 1991 Tuna-Dolphin decision by a GATT arbitral panel implied that a variety of domestic environmental laws and international environmental agreements conflicted with international trade law, and that the conflicts would be resolved by trade tribunals biased against environmental concerns. In response, critics proposed moderate reforms to the international trade regime to address environmental concerns. Rather than incorporate the proposals into the World Trade Organization agreements and the North American Free Trade Agreement, however, governments left the conflicts to the trade tribunals that had created them, and at the same time strengthened the tribunals' independence from political control. Environmental critics predicted disaster. Surprisingly, however, the most important of these tribunals - the WTO Appellate Body - has done what governments failed to do: it has reached a comprehensive resolution of trade/environment legal conflicts that incorporates most of the critics' proposed reforms. This Article argues that the Appellate Body has greened trade jurisprudence not to appease its environmental critics, but to attract political support from governments. While its approach is legally flawed, it is politically defensible and successful in practice; although governments continue to debate trade/environment issues, they have begun to accept, or at least acquiesce in, almost all of the elements of the judicial resolution. As a result, critics and governments may find their way clear to focus their attention on the most fundamental issue underlying the trade/environment debate: how best to reconcile economic growth and environmental protection.
Complementarity: “This New Feature of Natural Philosophy”

This chapter considers Bohr’s argument concerning, in his phrase, “the epistemological lesson of quantum mechanics,” an argument advanced under the general heading of complementarity, the term that initially referred to a concept and a principle but that eventually came to designate Bohr’s interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics. While centered on Bohr’s ultimate, RWR-principle-based, interpretation, the chapter will address the development of Bohr’s thinking, in part under the impact of his debate with Einstein, leading Bohr to this interpretation. Sect. 3.1 offers a general introduction. Sects. 3.2 and 3.3 consider the concept and principle of complementarity. Sect. 3.4 discusses the EPR experiment and what I shall call “the EPR complementarity,” which grounded Bohr’s analysis of the experiment in his reply to EPR’s paper. Sect. 3.5 discusses Bohr’s ultimate, RWR-principle-based, interpretation. Sect. 3.6 considers Bohr’s view of quantum probability and statistics.
Do Elderly Patients Receive Optimal Care at Certified Stroke Centers? (P05.215)

OBJECTIVE: Determine discrepancies in health care delivery among Elderly stroke patients. BACKGROUND: Although studies have evaluated use of intravenous thrombolysis,gender and race-based disparities in stroke care delivery in JC certified and non-certified hospitals, there is a paucity of data about disparities associated with age. DESIGN/METHODS: 5 JC-certified and 5 non-certified hospitals were selected. Dataset was analyzed to compare risk factors, delivery of acute stroke-care variables and outcomes in elderly (age>75) and non-elderly patients (age RESULTS: 602 patient charts were reviewed. Mean age was 70.4 years. The ratios of elderly were not statistically different in certified and non-certified centers (42.7%vs49.7%,p=0.08). Among the elderly, 60.4% were males and 80.2% were Caucasians while 46.9% males, 63.9% Caucasians in non-elderly group. More elderly patients arrived by EMS (73.7%). Elderly patients were more likely to have hypertension (83.1%), atrial fibrillation (23.4%), less likely to have diabetes (26.3%), history of smoking (27.7%) and be ambulatory (49.4%) prior to admission. Delay in arrival to the hospital to be eligible for thrombolysis was more frequent among the non-elderly group(72.4%vs59.9%,p=0.001). 2.7% of the elderly patients at non-certified hospitals and 3.1% of the elderly patients at JC-certified centers received IV t-PA. However, more non-elderly patients received antiplatelets (88.8%), statins (61.2%), endovascular intervention (8.1%) compared to elderly. After adjustment for AF, there was no significant difference between two groups in JC-certified centers in antiplatelet use. Also elderly patients received statins less often at non-certified centers but not in JC-certified centers. Elderly were more likely to be DNR by day 2 and be discharged to sub-acute rehabilitation or nursing home than non-elderly patients CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients arrived more often by EMS but still had poorer outcomes. Rates of thrombolysis were similar but fewer received endovascular intervention. Some secondary prevention measures were underutilized at non-certified centers in elderly patients. Supported by: Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Doshi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bhattacharya has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chaturvedi has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech, Inc., Abbott Vascular, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Thornhill Research. Dr. Rajamani has nothing to disclose.
Flow Cytometry Analysis and Quantitative Characterization of Tau in Synaptosomes from Alzheimer’s Disease Brains

Synaptosomes, resealed nerve terminals that form when tissue is homogenized in isotonic medium, are a model system that has been a key source of knowledge about neurotransmission. Synaptosomes contain mitochondria, cytoskeletal proteins, and release neurotransmitters; many have postsynaptic elements. Cryopreservation at the time of autopsy makes it possible to prepare synaptosomes from human samples. Flow cytometry is a powerful analytic technique that precisely measures fluorescence on a cell-by-cell basis, and also indicates particle size and complexity with a routine parameter that measures light scattering. We describe here a procedure for flow cytometry analysis of tau in synaptosomes, a procedure that enables (1) "purification" of synaptosomes from the P-2 fraction (crude synaptosomes) by gating on particle size, and (2) quantitative measure of tau immunofluorescence in individual terminals. Application of flow cytometry to study of synaptosomes has yielded important information, not possible with routine biochemistry, about synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease.
Evaluation of Two Standard and Two Chromogenic Selective Media for Optimal Growth and Enumeration of Isolates of 16 Unique Bacillus Species.

ABSTRACT The genus Bacillus is a group of gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria that can cause food poisoning and diarrheal illness in humans. A wide range of food products have been linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with these opportunistic pathogens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends (in their Bacteriological Analytical Manual) the use of Bacara or mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar plates and the most-probable-number (MPN) method for enumeration and confirmation of Bacillus cereus and related species isolated from foods, sporadic cases, outbreaks, and routine environmental surveillance samples. We performed a comparative analysis of two chromogenic media (Bacara and Brilliance) and two traditional media (MYP and polymyxin egg yolk mannitol bromothymol blue agar [PEMBA]) for the isolation and enumeration of 16 Bacillus species under modified growth conditions that included pH, temperature, and dilution factor. A total of 50 environmental, food, and American Type Culture Coll...
Women on corporate boards: Do they advance corporate social responsibility?:

Do women board directors change how companies do business? Firms face growing pressure to appoint more women to their boards of directors, yet little is known about the factors that enable female directors to impact their organizations. This study analyzes the representational thresholds that facilitate women’s leadership in the area of corporate social responsibility. We test the predictions of token theory and critical mass theory to evaluate the ability of women to impact firm outcomes based on their numerical representation on the board of directors. Our analysis focuses on board composition and organizational outcomes in the Fortune 500 from 2001 to 2010. Our findings challenge the theoretical assumptions that solo and token women are unable to exert significant influence over their organizations, and underscore the importance of board diversity for today’s firms.
Ultrathin Metallic Nanowire-Based Architectures as High-Performing Electrocatalysts.

Fuel cells (FCs) convert chemical energy into electricity through electrochemical reactions. They maintain desirable functional advantages that render them as attractive candidates for renewable energy alternatives. However, the high cost and general scarcity of conventional FC catalysts largely limit the ubiquitous application of this device configuration. For example, under current consumption requirements, there is an insufficient global reserve of Pt to provide for the needs of an effective FC for every car produced. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary in the future to replace Pt either completely or in part with far more plentiful, abundant, cheaper, and potentially less toxic first row transition metals, because the high cost-to-benefit ratio of conventional catalysts is and will continue to be a major limiting factor preventing mass commercialization. We and other groups have explored a number of nanowire-based catalytic architectures, which are either Pt-free or with reduced Pt content, as an en...
Supporting K-12 computer science education

The Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA) supports and promotes the teaching of computer science and other computing disciplines at the K-12 educational level. During this presentation we will explore the issues for K-12 computer teachers, the move by the CSTA to promote a national computer science curriculum for K-12, and resources in place to assist with K-12 computing education. We will also consider why each one of us must commit to support K-12 computing education. The ACM K-12 Computer Science Model Curriculum was developed to provide a broad outline from which a K-12 computer science curriculum can be developed. The Model Curriculum was a response to the view that computer science education is not clearly defined or well-established at the K-12 level. With an ultimate goal of standardizing computer science content at the K-12 level and providing support for the computer science educational community, the ACM established the Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA). "The Computer Science Teachers Association provides opportunities for K-12 teachers and students to better understand the computing disciplines and to more successfully prepare themselves to teach and to learn." The ongoing effort of ACM's Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA) to improve computer science teaching and learning for American students is critically important. A national computer science curriculum which stabilizes the objectives and content of high school computer science has implications beyond K-12 education. It will assist students with further study in computer science / information technology / information systems / engineering and will help with the larger national effort to build America's position as a global leader in technological knowledge and expertise. The following topics will be discussed in this session: • Why did ACM create a task force to review CS education? • The task force recommendations -- The ACM Model; the CSTA • Endorsements / how is the Model being used • The 4 levels of the Model • Resources in the form of supporting documents, the Web Repository, and opportunities for professional development • How do we help move computer education forward?
The Nature of Containment, 1945-1953

In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed, abandoned communism, and the Cold War ended. In 2001 the United States was attacked by terrorists and subsequently invaded a state that was not a serious threat to its security. No two events have impacted the United States, and arguably the international system, in the past twenty years as profoundly.
Reply to Bailey et al.: New perspectives on the novel role of the Poldip2/ACSM1 axis in a functional mammalian lipoylation salvage pathway

We appreciate Bailey et al.’s (1) interest in our publication (2), in which we define a role for polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) in controlling a salvage pathway of lipoylation. Our study builds on a substantial body of evidence, indicating that the mammalian mitochondrial lipoyltransferase LIPT1 lipoylates using lipoyl-AMP. While sharing sequence homology with the bacterial lipoate-protein ligase A (lplA), LIPT1 is distinct in that it catalyzes only the last of the two-step reaction that involves activation of lipoate (yielding lipoyl-AMP as an intermediate), followed by transfer to the apoenzyme (3). Thus, in contrast to lplA, LIPT1-dependent protein lipoylation occurs only when provided with lipoyl-AMP, indicating that it uses activated … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: asanmartin{at}emory.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Advances in River Water Quality Modelling and Management: Where We Come from, Where We Are, and Where We’re Going?

The historical roots of environmental engineering and water-quality management are traced to mid-19th century London when engineers and public health workers worked to control and manage the major water-quality problems derived from urbanization. This is followed by a brief review of the field’s subsequent century-plus evolution. The talk then turns to the current state of the art and a delineation of key research issues and frontiers. These include the modelling of “black water”, scum formation, the nepheloid layer, floatables (plastics & weeds), macrophytes, zooplankton, and uncertainty analysis of large model frameworks. Beyond specific research needs, global warming and mega-urbanization mean that, in the future, water-quality management must be expanded beyond the traditional reduction of pollutant inputs with novel approaches essential to maintain acceptable water quality in a sustainable fashion. Several case studies are used to illustrate possible approaches including dissolved oxygen bubblers, pure oxygen injection, lake hypolimnetic electron acceptor injection, boom deployment to capture floatables, flushing flows for oxygen and pathogen control, and deep lake siphons. Many of these schemes will be facilitated by coupling improved observational technology such as drones, robots, and sensors with water quantity and quality models. Real time, model-based distributed control could allow the development of “smart waters” where in situ interventions could be implemented in a sustainable fashion.
Statutory originalism and LGBT rights

In the wake of marriage equality, LGBT claims to employment rights have taken center stage in the struggle for LGBT equality. Raising claims under federal sex discrimination law, advocates have argued that anti-LGBT discrimination is, necessarily, also sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”). Such claims have seen increasing success in the federal courts as biases against the LGBT community have receded, allowing courts to recognize the textual and doctrinal logic of such sex discrimination claims. As victories in the lower courts have accumulated, the LGBT employment discrimination issue has increasingly seemed poised to be the next major LGBT equality issue to reach the Supreme Court. But a new argument has also arisen to dispute LGBT Title VII claims, sounding in “statutory originalism.” Arguing that the meaning of Title VII ought to be judged by reference to its “original public meaning”—and that the original public in 1964 would not have thought that anti LGBT discrimination was proscribed—opponents of LGBT inclusion have contended that such sex discrimination claims cannot be allowed. In making these arguments, opponents have endeavored to sidestep well-established textualist case law that rejects virtually identical arguments when made under the rubric of Congressional expectations or intent. This Article contends that the “original public meaning” approach raised by opponents of LGBT inclusion is neither so distinctive, nor so uncontroversial, as its proponents have suggested. “Original public meaning” itself is a modality of statutory interpretation that has almost no pedigree in the federal statutory interpretation case law. And yet the arguments of its proponents do bear a striking resemblance to another well-established, but now discredited approach: looking to the expectations or intent of Congress to limit broad and unambiguous statutory text. Moreover, the specific approach to “original public meaning” taken by opponents of LGBT inclusion—looking to “original expected applications”—is one that should concern both civil rights advocates and originalists alike. Thus, courts ought to reject the novel “original public meaning” arguments that have been raised in opposing LGBT employment equality claims.
PT-Symmetry and Non-Hermitian Wave Transport in Microwaves and RF Circuits

Many novel concepts in \(\mathcal {PT}\)-symmetric wave transport were initially explored and demonstrated in the conceptually simpler and experimentally more accessible framework of active electronic circuits. These include eigenmode analysis and spatio-temporal dynamics of the stored energy in static and in periodically driven (Floquet) \(\mathcal {PT}\)-symmetric circuits, and \(\mathcal {PT}\)-symmetric scattering in both the linear and nonlinear regime. We review several of these advances – often stretching the borders of investigation to the most general area of non-Hermitian wave transport where concepts like coherent perfect absorbers, gain-induced lasing shut-down, and asymmetric transport are naturally emerging.