cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of neural reward regions to food cues in autism spectrum disorders

One hypothesis for the social deficits that characterize autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is diminished neural reward response to social interaction and attachment. Prior research using established monetary reward paradigms as a test of non-social reward to compare with social reward may involve confounds in the ability of individuals with ASD to utilize symbolic representation of money and the abstraction required to interpret monetary gains. Thus, a useful addition to our understanding of neural reward circuitry in ASD includes a characterization of the neural response to primary rewards. We asked 17 children with ASD and 18 children without ASD to abstain from eating for at least four hours before an MRI scan in which they viewed images of high-calorie foods. We assessed the neural reward network for increases in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to the food images We found very similar patterns of increased BOLD signal to these images in the two groups; both groups showed increased BOLD signal in the bilateral amygdala, as well as in the nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula. Direct group comparisons revealed that the ASD group showed a stronger response to food cues in bilateral insula along the anterior-posterior gradient and in the anterior cingulate cortex than the control group, whereas there were no neural reward regions that showed higher activation for controls than for ASD. These results suggest that neural response to primary rewards is not diminished but in fact shows an aberrant enhancement in children with ASD.
Incidence of transient single metaphase chromosomal abnormalities identified by routine metaphase cytogenetics in bone marrow specimens

While the finding of a single metaphase abnormality by conventional cytogenetics is not considered a clonal change, the incidence and clinical significance of these changes in patients with a range...
Applying participatory design theory to designing evaluation methods

System evaluators face several challenges in designing evaluation methods, including measurement and relevance, context, establishing common ground with users, and eliciting users' tacit knowledge. To address these challenges, we propose applying participatory design theory to designing evaluation methods by increasing user involvement and by integrating this process into the overall process of system design.
Transfer Entropy Estimation and Directional Coupling Change Detection in Biomedical Time Series

Background: The detection of change in magnitude of directional coupling between two non-linear time series is a common subject of interest in the biomedical domain, including studies involving the respiratory chemoreflex system. Although transfer entropy is a useful tool in this avenue, no study to date has investigated how different transfer entropy estimation methods perform in typical biomedical applications featuring small sample size and presence of outliers. Methods: With respect to detection of increased coupling strength, we compared three transfer entropy estimation techniques using both simulated time series and respiratory recordings from lambs. The following estimation methods were analyzed: fixed-binning with ranking, kernel density estimation (KDE), and the Darbellay-Vajda (D-V) adaptive partitioning algorithm extended to three dimensions. In the simulated experiment, sample size was varied from 50 to 200, while coupling strength was increased. In order to introduce outliers, the heavy-tailed Laplace distribution was utilized. In the lamb experiment, the objective was to detect increased respiratoryrelated chemosensitivity to O2 and CO2 induced by a drug, domperidone. Specifically, the separate influence of end-tidal PO2 and PCO2 on minute ventilation ( ˙ VE) before and after administration of domperidone was analyzed. Results: In the simulation, KDE detected increased coupling strength at the lowest SNR among the three methods. In the lamb experiment, D-V partitioning resulted in the statistically strongest increase in transfer entropy post-domperidone for PO2 → ˙
Forgetting of Trauma Cues in Adults Reporting Continuous or Recovered Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse

According to betrayal trauma theory, adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) who were molested by their caretakers (e.g., a father) are especially likely to dissociate ("repress") their memories of abuse. Testing college students, some reporting CSA, DePrince and Freyd (2004) found that those scoring high on a dissociation questionnaire exhibited memory deficits for trauma words when they viewed these words under divided-attention conditions. Replicating DePrince and Freyd's procedure, we tested for memory deficits for trauma words relative to neutral words in adults reporting either continuous or recovered memories of CSA versus adults denying a history of CSA. A memory deficit for trauma words under divided attention was expected in the recovered-memory group. Results were inconsistent with this prediction, as all three groups exhibited better recall of trauma words than neutral words, irrespective of encoding conditions.
Cross-Layer Design with Adaptive Modulation: Delay, Rate, and Energy Tradeoffs

We present a cross-layer framework for optimizing the performance of wireless networks as measured by applications or upper layer protocols. The approach combines adaptive modulation with network utility maximization. We extend the approach to find optimal source rates and transmitter power and rate policies without explicit knowledge of the distribution of channel states. These optimal power and rate policies balance delay (backlog), transmission rate and energy to maximize network performance under constraints on average transmitter power and link buffer arrival and departure rates. Explicit policies are found for single links, and algorithmic methods presented to find optimal policies for complex interfering networks.
Why do we still page each other? Examining the frequency, types and senders of pages in academic medical services

Background Paging still represents an important form of communication within hospitals, but it results in interruptions, and other more modern approaches could be superior. This study aims to describe how paging is currently used in an academic medical centre, including the frequency, type, urgency and sender of pages, so that improvements in communication can be better informed. Study sample In order to understand what communication needs paging fulfils in a modern academic medical centre, we analysed a database of 1252 pages sent to internal medicine residents within an academic medical centre. We assessed all pages from 3 separate general medicine rotations over a total of 56 days encompassing 602 h. Results Residents were paged an average of 22.4 times per day, with a maximum of 50 pages per day. Most pages were deemed clinically relevant (76%) and important (76%) to patient care. Overall, 59% of pages required a response. A mean of 7.7 pages were sent per patient, up to a maximum of 70 pages for one patient. Nurses (28%), consultants (16%) and the clinical laboratory (15%) were responsible for the majority of pages. Almost all pages from nurses (82%) and consultants (82%) required a response. Regionalised services had significantly fewer pages per day than non-regionalised services (19 vs 37, p≤0.00001). Conclusions Paging remains widely used for communications within hospitals about patient care. Although the majority of pages were judged to be clinically relevant and important, they frequently required a response potentially leading to interruptions in workflow, and communication waste. Paging rate and volume has not decreased in 25 years despite significant penetration of newer technologies. For the majority of current uses of pages, we believe other approaches may now be more appropriate. Regionalisation significantly reduces the number and urgency of the pages.
Genetics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Metabolism

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as abnormal glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Women with a history of GDM are at long-term risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), raising the question to what extent GDM and T2DM share a common genetic architecture. Meta-analysis of candidate gene studies and genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) have identified a number of genes which are reproducibly associated with GDM, including TCF7L2, GCK, KCNJ11, KCNQ1, CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, MTNR1B, and IRS1. These genes are also associated with T2DM. Candidate gene and GWAS have also identified genes associated with maternal metabolic traits, most of which are also associated with metabolic traits in the general population. Two genes, BACE2 and HKDC1, are uniquely associated with maternal metabolic traits. These studies suggest that there are similarities and differences between the genetic architecture of GDM and T2DM and metabolic quantitative traits in pregnant and non-pregnant populations.
Reflections on the Right to Environmental Health as a Condition for Development

This piece, presented at the University of Lisbon in March 2008, explores the connections between environmental health and human development. In particular, it asks whether and to what extent, a safe environment is a human right and how international legal institutions and programs may foster the development of and protection for a safe environment.
Intersectionality in Interaction: Immigrant Youth Doing American from an Outsider-Within Position

Current sociological studies on children of immigrants largely focus on how well children integrate into U.S society. Working against this outcome-oriented framework, which undermines the importance of children’s social location and situated doings, this study employs an interactional, intersectional approach to examine how bilingual youth navigate multiple inequalities when they translate for their immigrant parents. Based on 72 interviews with Mexican American and Korean American youth, my findings demonstrate that these “language brokers” confront racialized nativism and develop different interactional strategies to negotiate power imbalances pertaining to age, race, and class in different institutional contexts. Paying particular attention to structural barriers that limit the effectiveness of these strategies while highlighting their considerable agency, I argue that children of immigrants do not simply become American. Rather, they strategically use their “outsider-within” position and perform “American” behaviors in an attempt to gain social citizenship rights. This study, therefore, calls attention to how the margin, as a social location, can create moments of resistance and empowerment.
"Family Planning and Public Policy: Who Is Misleading Whom?"

In rebuttal to a previous argument the author states that action to limit population growth is unchallenged as an official national goal. Population limitation was endorsed by President Lyndon Johnson John W. Gardner the Republican National Platform and Senator Tydings. If the federal program is to improve health and reduce proverty as is claimed is the program wanted and needed by the prospective recipients? Poor people do not prefer fewer or no more children than the wealthy. A 1965 National Fertility Study shows the average ideal family size for whites to be 3.24; desired 3.29 and intended 3.16. In 1960 approximately 40% of women with incomes under $3000 said they wanted 4 children. Only well-educated blacks want fewer children and smaller families. Federal programs in family planning have been based on the concept of children desired as opposed to children actually produced. If people have more than they intended the unintended births are counted as excess fertility. Many respondents to questions of intention actually wanted their children. The estimate of 5 million women who want and need contraception is overstated. The correct number is fewer than 2 million women. Government population control programs can be accused of genocide dissemination of dangerous drugs and subversion of moral standards. The impression that women would risk anything not to get pregnant is erroneous.
Electron Microscopy of Single Molecules

We report on the imaging of single C 60 molecules adsorbed on the surface of carbon nanotubes. In the course of the work, the efficacy of carbon nanotubes as substrates for the high signal-to-noise observation of molecules is examined. The stability of nanotubes as a function of temperature, chemical environment and irradiation environment is explored. Carbon nanotubes are found to have a threshold energy for ballistic irradiation damage of approximately 85 keV. Finally, the use of nanotubes as in-situ reaction chambers and for other in-situ experimentation is demonstrated.
Comprehensive Imaging in Women With Organic Mitral Regurgitation: Implications for Clinical Outcome.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare women and men with organic mitral regurgitation (MR) using pre- and post-operative comprehensive imaging and to analyze the effect on outcome. Background Management of organic MR has no sex-specific guideline recommendation, and sex differences on the basis of comprehensive imaging and links to outcome remain largely unknown. Methods Comprehensive imaging (MR cause, quantitation, ventricular and atrial measures, and post-operative reverse cardiac remodeling) was analyzed in 217 women and 447 men who underwent operations for organic MR from 1990 to 2000 with long-term follow-up analysis. Results Pre-operatively, women and men had similar age and ejection fraction. In women, a smaller left ventricle (LV) more often labeled as normal size (23% vs. 13%), left atrium size, and regurgitant volume (all p 0.06). During follow-up (10.4 ± 3.7 years) women had similar survival as men (p = 0.5) but experienced more heart failure (at 15 years: 36 ± 7% vs. 19 ± 3%; p = 0.03; adjusted hazard ratio 1.63 [95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 2.43]; p = 0.02) linked to more frequent pre-operative heart failure symptoms (p Conclusions Women who undergo mitral surgery for organic MR receive similar repair for similar degenerative lesions defined by echocardiography and enjoy similar survival and reverse cardiac remodeling, but they incur excess post-operative heart failure linked to worse pre-operative presentation. Imaging that does not account for body size shows smaller absolute cardiac dimensions and regurgitant volumes, which tends to underestimate MR severity in women.
A new explanation to the prompt spectra of gamma-ray bursts

The effects of the synchro-curvature mechanism of electrons with a power law energy distribution was studied in the physical conditions of gamma-ray bursts(GRBs),and the synchro-curvature mechanism was applied instead of the synchrotron mechanism to study the prompt spectra of GRBs,especially those with a turnoff point and a high-energy excess.Several spectra were fitted and very good results were obtained.It is shown that the synchro-curvature mechanism can give the whole prompt spectra a uniform and reasonable explanation.In addition,the synchro-curvature mechanism can give more detailed descriptions on the magnetic fields,especially the curvature radius.So,it can give strict constraints on the formation mechanism of magnetic fields and supports the model in which magnetic fields form in shocks.The synchro-curvature mechanism was used to fit and discuss the evolution of spectrum of GRB 941017.
STUDY ON GOR FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE MULTI-EFFECT DESALINATION OF SEA WATER WITH DIFFERENT WATER-INTAKING MODES

The technological process of three water-intaking modes,i.e.parallel intaking mode,backward intaking mode,and mixed intaking mode,for low-temperature multi-effect desalination (MED) of sea water has been presented,the influence of many factors,such as water-intaking temperature,concentration ratio of sea water,and temperature difference between effects etc.,upon the gained output ratio (GOR) being analysed.Study shows that the parallel intaking mode is suitably selected for MED of sea water with only several effects due to its high GOR and without necessity of using intermediate intaking pump;while the backward intaking mode and mixed intaking mode can be considered to use for MED of sea water with many effects (e.g.more than 10).The enhancement of sea water concentration ratio results in corresponding increase of GOR,but the risk of scaling in system increases at the same time.In case of backward intaking,the smaller temperature difference between effects,the higher GOR may be,but in case of parallel intaking and mixed intaking,greater temperature difference between effects can be adopted.
Correlation between in vitro and systemic effects of native and recombinant interferons-alpha on human natural killer cell cytotoxicity.

The relationship between interferon (IFN) stimulation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in vitro and changes in NK cell cytotoxicity resulting from systemic IFN administration was examined in 15 cancer patients in two clinical trials. Ficoll-Hypaque-separated peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC) were incubated 18-20 h with or without IFN on 2 different days prior to therapy initiation to determine in vitro responsiveness to IFN and unstimulated basal levels of NK cell activity, respectively. Three different preparations of IFN-alpha were tested, including native Cantell IFN-alpha and two recombinant DNA-generated species, IFN-r alpha A and IFN-r alpha D. Twenty-four hours after i.m. injection of IFNs, significant NK cell activity enhancement occurred (p = 0.003). The relative extent of cytotoxicity elevation in individual patients resulting from injection significantly correlated (p less than 0.01) with the degree of NK cell activity enhancement induced in vitro by treatment of PMC with the same IFN preparation. These results suggest that patients exhibited individual differences in acute responsiveness to systemic IFN administration, which could be predicted to a certain extent by in vitro testing prior to therapy.
Endogenous Digoxin-Like Immunoreactive Factor and Digitalislike Factor Associated with the Hypertension of Patients Receiving Multiple Alkylating Agents as Part of Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation

1. Hypertension is a complication of autologous bone marrow transplantation when therapy includes multiple alkylating agents. We have sought to identify the factors underlying this hypertension. We measured weight, serum creatinine, plasma renin activity, aldosterone and digoxin-like immunoreactive factor (DLIF), by digoxin radioimmunoassay, in 18 patients. Plasma catecholamines were also measured in five patients. 2. Of the 18 patients studied, 15 became hypertensive. The variable most consistently associated with these individuals' hypertension was DLIF activity which was increased in 14 of the 15 hypertensive patients (P = 0.055, Fisher exact test). Serum creatinine was increased at some point in seven of the 15 hypertensive patients, weight was increased in five and plasma renin activity and aldosterone were increased in one. Catecholamines were not increased in any of the five patients in which they were measured. 3. The association between changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and changes in DLIF for the group as a whole was assessed by analysing one data pair per patient, representing the maximal MAP. This correlation was significant (r = 0.75, P = 0.001). 4. Within individual patients, changes in MAP and changes in serum DLIF concentrations were significantly correlated (r greater than 0.50, P less than 0.05) in six of 15 hypertensive patients. 5. Digitalis-like factor (DLF) was measured by inhibition of (Na+,K+)-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase in five patients and DLF and DLIF were significantly correlated (r = 0.081, P = 0.0001). DLF and MAP were also significantly correlated (r = 0.59, P = 0.002). 6. This represents the first longitudinal study of the relationship between DLIF and blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, and the results suggest that DLIF may contribute to the increased blood pressure in some of these subjects.
Perceived Racism, Gender Role Conflict, and Life Satisfaction Among Latino Day Laborers

Despite Latino day laborers being a vulnerable population of immigrant men, limited research has examined their mental health, particularly within the context of ethnicity and masculinity. The current study examined associations among perceived racism, gender role conflict, and life satisfaction among Latino day laborers. Participants included 159 Latino day laborers recruited from various informal sites within Southern California. Findings indicated that perceived racism moderated the association between gender role conflict and life satisfaction. Implications for clinical practice and future research with Latino day laborers are provided.
Controlling the cooperative-competitive boundary in niched genetic algorithms

Niching can allow a diverse population to cooperatively represent a single, distributed solution to the problem at hand. Successful niching mechanisms must promote both cooperation (i.e., co-existence of separate "species" for each desired niche), and competition (i.e., intensive search for the best species for each niche). In this paper we seek to control the competitive-cooperative boundary in the space of possible niche relationships, so that we can choose which pairs of interacting niches will survive under GA selection and which niche pairs will be resolved to yield a single winner. We introduce the concept of resource replenishment period, τ, as a control on the relative importance of objective fitness over diversity pressure. We find that by varying τ between zero and one, we can smoothly transition between pure selection and full niching.
Spin-orbit torques in Ta/TbxCo100-x ferrimagnetic alloy films with bulk perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We quantified the bulk perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and spin-orbit torques (SOTs) in bilayer Ta/TbxCo100-x ferrimagnetic alloy films with varying Tb concentration. The coercivity increases dramatically with increasing TbxCo100-x thickness and is enhanced by the presence of a Ta underlayer. The Ta underlayer simultaneously serves as a source of SOT due to the spin Hall effect, which we show provides an efficient means to manipulate the magnetization in bulk PMA materials. It is further shown that the sign of the anomalous Hall voltage is different for rare-earth (RE) and transition-metal (TM) dominated alloy compositions, whereas the sign of the SOT effective field remains the same, suggesting that the former is related to the TM sublattice magnetization whereas the latter is related to the net magnetization. Our results suggest that Ta/TbxCo100-x is a potential candidate for spin-orbitronic device applications and give insight into spin transport and SOTs in rare-earth/transition-metal alloys.
Unusual social feeding and soaring by the Common Raven ( Corvus corax )

A flock of some 1000 ravens, not associated with night roosts, was seen during the breeding season. Some were feeding on the ground while others soared in the air above them. It is suggested that the large soaring flock acted as information transfers for feeding conditions.
Histopathology of Cutaneous Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Precise diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains elusive. The skin is one of the major organ systems affected by GVHD, but diagnosis of this entity in a timely manner is often hindered by clinical and histopathologic mimickers, such as drug hypersensitivity reactions, viral exanthema, and toxic erythema of chemotherapy. Microscopic findings in acute and chronic cutaneous GVHD are reviewed here, as are features of other entities in the clinical and histopathologic differential diagnosis.
Abstract 1886: mGluR1 drives invasion of proneural subtype of glioblastoma cells

A major cause for the therapeutic failure and subsequent morbidity and mortality of glioblastoma (GBM) is the aggressive invasion of malignant cells into the surrounding normal brain that effectively renders complete surgical resection impossible and virtually assures recurrent tumor growth. Multi-omic profiling of GBM led to their molecular sub-classification into two distinct molecular subtypes: proneural (PN) and mesenchymal (MES). However, very little is known about shared or distinct invasion processes of cells in these genomically different subtypes. Using Microarray gene expression profiles of microdissected paired stationary core and invasive rim samples from 19 patients, we demonstrated that invasive gene signature of MES subtypes differs from PN. Specifically, using three orthogonal but intersecting bioinformatic approaches, i.e. gene set variation analysis, causal network analysis, and iRegulon analysis; we discovered that genes differentially expressed between PN core and rim could, to a meaningful degree, be accounted for based on their annotation as “regulated by the transcription factor REST”. REST functions as a repressor of gene expression. Of the genes repressed by REST, mGluR1 (Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1) was significantly overexpressed at the rim of PN glioma cells as compared to the core. Finally, we also investigated the role of mGluR1 in glutamate induced glioma cell migration; our results show that glutamate stimulates migration of proneural-like glioma cells (A172) as compare to non-proneural-like glioma cell (T98G). mGluR1 activation by glutamate has shown to induce activation of Pyk2 and Src in astrocytes; knockout of mGluR1 is not embryonic lethal. In summary, our data demonstrate that glutamate-induced glioma cell migration of PN subtype of GBM is dependent on mGluR1 and thus raises the prospect that therapeutic targeting of mGluR1 may be a novel approach to controlling the invasion of this deadly disease. Citation Format: Alena Gladwin, Sen Peng, Jeff Kiefer, Seugchan Kim, Michael Berens, Harshil D. Dhruv. mGluR1 drives invasion of proneural subtype of glioblastoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1886. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1886
The economic origins of the postwar southern elite

Abstract The U.S. Civil War destroyed a substantial fraction of southern wealth and emancipation transferred human capital to the formerly enslaved. The prevailing view of most economic historians is that the southern planter elite was able to retain its relative status despite these shocks. Previous studies have been hampered, however, by limits on the ability to link individuals between census years, and scholars have been forced to focus on persistence within one or a few counties. Recent advances in electronic access to the Federal Census manuscripts now make it possible to link individuals without these constraints. In this paper, we exploit the ability to search the full manuscript census to construct a sample that links top wealth holders in 1870 to their 1860 census records. Although there was an entrenched southern planter elite that retained their economic status, we find evidence that the turmoil of the 1860s opened greater opportunities for mobility in the South than was the case in the North, resulting in much greater turnover among wealthy southerners than among comparably wealthy northerners.
The Ties That Bind: Asian American Communities without "Ethnic Spaces" in Southeast Michigan

According to the 2000 census, over 12 million Asian Americans, almost 70 percent of them either immigrants who came to the U.S. after 1970 or their children, comprised an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population that was more regionally dispersed throughout the U.S. than ever before. (Lai and Arguelles, 2003). Despite these transitions and increasing heterogeneity, discourses about Asian American communities have focused on ethnic enclaves such as Chinatowns, Koreatowns, and Little Saigons where coethnic residents, businesses, services, institutions and organizations exist and interact in urban or suburban physical spaces of the bicoastal United States (Fong, 1994; Li, 1999; Zhou and Bankston, 1988). According to Kathleen Wong (Lau), these tangible markers tied to space are often privileged as authentic Asian American communities while those without demographic concentrations and geographically bound enclaves are “less advanced” communities; as a result, “[w]hat is not recognized in the literature is the ‘localness9 of this production.’ [1997:83].
Exploring Adaptive Acculturation Approaches Among Undocumented Latinos: A Test of Berry’s Model

In the current study, we sought to (a) determine the extent to which the categories proposed within Berry’s acculturation typologies model could be empirically derived among a sample of undocumente...
Guided Soul-Searching for Multi-Criterion Decisions

Guided soul-searching includes confronting the decision maker, in an appropriate sequential questioning and discussion, with both (1) the objectively given relations between the variables he controls and his decision criteria (e.g., the revenue of an airline is related not to the weighted sum but to the product of speed and the number of passengers seats); (2) his own inconsistencies in the ordering of alternative combinations of criterion values as revealed by the proposed tradeoff (substitution) rates.
FAST NEUTRON DAMAGING IN NUCLEAR REACTORS. III. THE RADIATION DAMAGE DOSAGE

The portion of the neutron flux spectrum responsible for producing radiation damage in the light insulators is identified. A simplified method for describing the radiation damage dosage is devised ...
Racial and ethnic differences in a regular source of dental care and the oral health, behaviors, beliefs and services of low-income mothers.

Objective In a racial/ethnically-diverse sample of low-income mothers of children aged 3-6, we determine: (1) whether a regular source of dental care (RSDC), self-rated oral health, beliefs and behaviors differ by racial/ethnic group; (2) estimate whether a RSDC is associated with oral health, beliefs and behaviors, and whether these associations differ by racial/ethnic group; and (3) examine these relationships for mothers' dental utilization. Basic research design Cross-sectional survey. Participants From a population of 108,151 Medicaid children aged 3-6 in Washington state, U.S., 10,909 eligible children were sampled stratified by racial/ethnic group. Eligible mothers completed a mixed-mode survey in the following groups: Black (n=818), Hispanic (n=1310), or White (n=1382). Main outcome measures Measures were mothers' RSDC, personal characteristics, self-rated dental health, appearance of teeth, dental problems, brushing duration, flossing frequency, use of toothpicks or whiteners, belief that cleaning prevents cavities or loose teeth, and self-reported services at last dental visit. Results About 38-40% of mothers had a RSDC. For Black, Hispanic and White mothers, having a RSDC was associated consistently with better oral health, greater likelihood of a dental cleaning and less likelihood of tooth extraction. RSDC was not associated generally with oral health beliefs and behaviors. Oral health behaviors differ by racial/ethnic group. Conclusions Relationships between RSDC and self-reported oral health, health behaviors, beliefs and dental services are similar for Black, Hispanic and White low-income mothers of young children. Oral health behaviors differ across racial/ethnic groups, which may have implications for mother and child oral health.
Impeding automated malware analysis with environment-sensitive malware

To solve the scalability problem introduced by the exponential growth of malware, numerous automated malware analysis techniques have been developed. Unfortunately, all of these approaches make previously unaddressed assumptions that manifest as weaknesses to the tenability of the automated malware analysis process. To highlight this concern, we developed two obfuscation techniques that make the successful execution of a malware sample dependent on the unique properties of the original host it infects. To reinforce the potential for malware authors to leverage this type of analysis resistance, we discuss the Flashback botnet's use of a similar technique to prevent the automated analysis of its samples.
A new species of Alvinocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae) from Costa Rican methane seeps

A new caridean shrimp, Alvinocaris costaricensis, is described from methane seeps in the eastern Pacific off Costa Rica. The new species is the 16th described species of the genus, and by molecular analysis appears closest to Alvinocaris komaii from the Lau Basin, southwestern Pacific, but shares certain morphological characters with A. lusca from the Galapagos Rift and A. muricola from the West Florida Escarpment, as well as with A. kexueae from the Manus Basin in the Southwest Pacific.
Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Highlights •Tachycardias, AF, and PVCs are known to trigger a reversible dilated CM. •AiCM should be highly suspected in patients without an obvious etiology. •Ambulatory ECG monitors are key to screen and properly diagnose AiCM. •Reversal of CM by elimination of arrhythmia not only confirms the diagnosis but may significantly improve outcomes.
Variations in the distribution of local strain energy within different realizations of a representative volume element

Abstract Numerical simulations are used to study the variations in microscopic fields between different random realizations of representative volume elements (RVE) with the same macroscopic properties. We focus on the strain energy of the matrix in unidirectional fiber composites with Neo-Hookean components, considering linear and non-linear applied loading. The simulations show significant variations in the strain energy between different realizations of the RVEs, particularly for the regions of high strain and stress concentrations that often govern damage and failure initiation. Results show a strong dependence on the volume fraction, minimum fiber distance and RVE size, as well as poor correlation between the local and the global response, which is characterized using the homogenized stiffness. In the case of non-linear loading, the rearrangement of the microstructure results in even lower correlation with the macroscopic response, as well as very strong variations according to the loading direction. We also show very poor correlation between the response in the linear and non-linear regimes for the same RVE.
Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents.

Purpose of reviewCompared with adults, there is a two-fold to three-fold increased risk of malignancy for a pediatric patient undergoing evaluation of a thyroid nodule. In 2015, the American Thyroid Association published guidelines on the evaluation and management of pediatric patients with thyroid
Regulation of IRAK2 gene and innate immune response to tumor cells

6035 It was recently suggested that gastric cancer could originate from bone marrow-derived cells (Houghton et al., 2004). Another group demonstrated that diminished expression of Interleukin 1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 1 (IRAK1), a key protein facilitating immune response, is common in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with gastric cancer (Siedlar et al., 2004). Therefore, down-regulation of IRAK1 antagonists can be beneficial for treatment of gastric cancer. Here we investigated transcriptional regulation of IRAK2 gene, which counteracts the effects of IRAK1 on the Interleukin 1 Receptor signaling pathway (Ruckdeschel et al., 2002). Analysis of the IRAK2 promoter region reveals putative binding sites for several transcriptional factors, including ZIP (EGR1 and SP1), CTCF and AP-2beta. Deletion of the ZIP or AP-2 sites did not significantly affect IRAK2 promoter activity in mononuclear cells, in Jurkat T cells, in lung and kidney cells. In contrast, we found that CTCF plays a major role in IRAK2 transcription. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay of the DNA fragments containing the IRAK2 CpG island, revealed a single high affinity-binding site for the transcriptional regulator and a chromatin insulator protein, CTCF. We also identified CTCF binding site within the mouse Irak2 promoter. The presence of the CTCF protein in human IRAK2 promoter was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Specific residues, which interacted with the CTCF protein, were identified by methylation interference assay. In all analyzed cell lines, including cells of lung, renal, monocytic and T-cell origin; the IRAK2 luciferase reporter construct, containing an intact CTCF binding site, showed strong promoter activity. However, IRAK2 promoter activity was dramatically decreased for the constructs with a mutated CTCF binding site. Funded in part by NO1-CO-12400 and NO1-CO-56000.
Quadriceps Neuromuscular and Physical Function After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Context Persistent neuromuscular deficits in the surgical limb after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have been repeatedly described in the literature, yet little is known regarding...
OUTCOMES WITH IMPELLA IN NON-AMI CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is increasingly used in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). There is a paucity of data for the use of Impella devices (ABIOMED, Danvers, MA) in CS due to non-AMI etiologies. The majority of published data has been in the
14 – Tire Engineering

Publisher Summary A tire is an engineering marvel. Geometrically, a tire is a torus. Mechanically, a tire is a flexible, high-pressure container. Structurally, a tire is a high-performance composite built using elastomers, fibers, steel, and a range of organic and inorganic chemicals. Tire technology is a complex combination of science and engineering that brings together a variety of disciplines. In the development of a tire, knowledge in the areas of tire geometry, dynamic tire behavior, chemistry of component materials, and technology of composite structures is essential. The result is a broad range of products that satisfy vehicle manufacturers as well as end-consumer needs for optimum performance under a variety of service conditions. Three performance parameters govern a tire's functions: vehicle mission profile; mechanical properties and performance such as wear resistance and casing durability; esthetics, comfort, and behavioral characteristics such as vehicle steering precision. The mechanical properties of a tire describe the tire's characteristics in response to the application of load, torque, and steering input, resulting in the generation of external forces and deflection.
Leveling Felony Charges at Prosecutors for Withholding Evidence

The article addresses the intersection of the rule of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and ABA Model Rule 3.8. Prosecutors are rarely disciplined for Brady violations, in large part, because ethical rules impose different standards than the due process requirements under the Brady line of cases. Brady requires prosecutors to automatically disclose materially exculpatory evidence in the government’s possession to the defense. “Brady material” or evidence the prosecutor is required to disclose under this rule includes any evidence favorable to the accused, defined as evidence that negates the defendant’s guilt, reduces a defendant’s sentence, or could be used to impeach a witness. If the prosecution does not disclose materially exculpatory evidence under the Brady rule, and prejudice ensues, a conviction may be overturned. The Defendant must prove that: (1) the prosecution actively suppressed the evidence; (2) the evidence was exculpatory, mitigating, or had impeachment value; and (3) the evidence was material. The Defendant bears the burden of proof on materiality and must show a reasonable probability that there would have been a different outcome at trial had the evidence been disclosed. ABA Model Rule 3.8 requires a prosecutor in a criminal case “to make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information known to the prosecutor that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense.” The ABA issued a formal opinion in 2010 which concluded that the prosecutor’s ethical duty under 3.8 is broader in scope than the constitutional requirements under Brady. ABA Formal Ethics Op. 09-454. Essentially, Brady requires a determination that the evidence would likely produce a different outcome at trial (materiality), but the ethical rule requires disclosure without regard to the impact at trial. This Article addresses three issues related to the intersection between Brady and the ethical rules: (1) how are the prosecutor’s disclosure obligations different under Brady as compared to ABA Model Rule 3.8; (2) how many courts or state bar associations have initiated disciplinary charges against prosecutors under Rule 3.8 in the last 10 years and for what reasons; and (3) is a rule change in order to provide clarity for prosecutors regarding disclosure of potentially exculpatory evidence? The Article offers some empirical research into how often and under what circumstances prosecutors are disciplined under Rule 3.8 and to advocate that the ethical rules and Brady requirements impose the same standards on prosecutors.
Fatal central nervous system co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and tuberculosis in a healthy child.

Central and peripheral nervous system symptoms and complications are being increasingly recognized among individuals with pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infections, but actual detection of the virus or its RNA in the central nervous system has rarely been sought or demonstrated. Severe or fatal illnesses are attributed to SARS-CoV-2, generally without attempting to evaluate for alternative causes or co-pathogens. A five-year-old girl with fever and headache was diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2-associated meningoencephalitis based on the detection of its RNA on a nasopharyngeal swab, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Serial serologic tests for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA showed seroconversion, consistent with an acute infection. Mental status and brain imaging findings gradually worsened despite antiviral therapy and intravenous dexamethasone. Decompressive suboccipital craniectomy for brain herniation with cerebellar biopsy on day 30 of illness, shortly before death, revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cerebellar tissue using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019-nCoV Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Diagnostic Panel. On histopathology, necrotizing granulomas with numerous acid-fast bacilli were visualized, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA was detected by PCR. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid that day was negative for mycobacterial DNA. Tracheal aspirate samples for mycobacterial DNA and culture from days 22 and 27 of illness were negative by PCR but grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 8 weeks, long after the child’s passing. She had no known exposures to tuberculosis and no chest radiographic findings to suggest it. All 6 family members had normal chest radiographs and negative interferon-γ release assay results. The source of her tuberculous infection was not identified, and further investigations by the local health department were not possible because of the State of Michigan-mandated lockdown for control of SARS-CoV-2 spread. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cerebellar tissue and the demonstration of seroconversion in IgG and IgA assays was consistent with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous infection. However, the cause of death was brain herniation from her rapidly progressive central nervous system tuberculosis. SARS-CoV-2 may mask or worsen occult tuberculous infection with severe or fatal consequences.
The SZS is an efficient statistical method to identify regulated splicing events in droplet-based RNA sequencing

To date, the field of single-cell genomics has viewed robust splicing analysis as completely out of reach in droplet-based platforms, preventing biological discovery of single-cell regulated splicing. Here, we introduce a novel, robust, and computationally efficient statistical method, the Splicing Z Score (SZS), to detect differential alternative splicing in single cell RNA-Seq technologies including 10x Chromium. We applied the SZS to primary human cells to discover new regulated, cell type-specific splicing patterns. Illustrating the power of the SZS method, splicing of a small set of genes has high predictive power for tissue compartment in the human lung, and the SZS identifies un-annotated, conserved splicing regulation in the human spermatogenesis. The SZS is a method that can rapidly identify regulated splicing events from single cell data and prioritize genes predicted to have functionally significant splicing programs.
You talkin’ to me? An assessment of commands as play signals during dog–human play

During play with a dog, humans commonly command the dog to engage in particular activities. How effective are commands during play, and do they serve as play signals? To answer this question, I examined commands issued to dogs by 21 familiar and 17 unfamiliar persons who played with a dog, and the dog’s responses. Specifically, I examined dogs’ actions following commands containing the words (in decreasing order of frequency) come/come here, go get/get/go, give/gimme, bring, look, and drop, to see if they satisfied the commands and whether play followed the commands. Dogs more often ignored than satisfied most commands during play interactions, and more often played than not following commands. However, dogs playing after commands as often satisfied as ignored a command, suggesting that commands do not serve as play signals. Play activity dogs were engaged in following commands, most commonly object-keepaway and chase the object, resulted in actions (e.g., getting closer or farther away from the play partner) that could either satisfy or not satisfy a given command. Commands were likely a response to dogs’ activities, spoken to direct a dog to engage in a particular activity or exhort the dog to continue engaging in an activity that supported the human’s play activities, rather than a play signal.
Naming your own price mechanisms: Revenue gain or drain?

Abstract We experimentally study the profitability of pricing mechanisms that allow customers to quote their own prices, such as Priceline.com’s “Name-Your-Own-Price” (NYOP). Presumably firms find this sales method profit-maximizing despite the concerns that NYOP websites can cannibalize profit from standard distribution channels. Using a laboratory experiment we compare outcomes between NYOP and posted-price settings. We find that NYOP mechanisms that do not conceal information about products increase profit and consumer surplus. When NYOP channels conceal information about products there is no significant change in profit unless the threshold above which bids are accepted is set near marginal cost, whereby profit decreases.