cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Using Ultrasound Cavitation to Create Interconnected Porous Structures in Polymer Foams

Most of the existing fabrication techniques for tissue engineering scaffolds require the use of organic solvents that may never be fully removed even after long leaching hours. The residues of these organic solvents may reduce the ability of biological cells to form new tissue. In this study, interconnected porous structures were created using solid-state foaming and ultrasound. The interconnectivity was verified with dye test. The pore sizes of the foams ranged from 300 to 500 μm. Permeability measurements were also performed to quantify the interconnectivity using a system developed in house. The achieved average permeability of PLA foams with 300 μm pore size is 3.1×10-12 m2 . The bigger the closed pores are, the easier ultrasound can make them open. There is an optimum temperature range in which ultrasound will enhance the interconnectivity of the solid-state foam the most efficiently. An ultrasound cavitation model was proposed as the dominant pore opening mechanism and was used to explain the temperature effects and pore size effects. The combined solidstate foaming and ultrasound processing provides a way to fabricate porous polymer for potential tissue engineering applications.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Collision-free path planning for a three-degree-of-freedom robot

Abstract A safe trajectory for a point robot is determined by producing a sequence of edges which are alternately traversed (slides) and then linked by line segment paths (jumps), referred to herein as slide-jump trajectories. A slide-jump trajectory exists if any safe trajectory exists. Hence, if no slide-jump trajectories exist, then there is no solution. An σ (n2) algorithm (in path safety checks) is developed herein, where n is the number of edges in the environment. Heuristic algorithms are presented which relax the slide-jump trajectory towards a locally optimal, but not necessarily safe, trajectory. The relaxation process constantly maintains the safety of the trajectories as the sum of their path lengths squared is decreased. A 3 degree-of-freedom 3 DOF robot manipulator trajectory is handled through the use of pseudo-obstacles which converts the 3 DOF manipulator problem to a 3 DOF point robot problem.
Shear stress modulation of smooth muscle cell marker genes in 2-D and 3-D depends on mechanotransduction by heparan sulfate proteoglycans and ERK1/2.

Background During vascular injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (FBs/MFBs) are exposed to altered luminal blood flow or transmural interstitial flow. We investigate the effects of these two types of fluid flows on the phenotypes of SMCs and MFBs and the underlying mechanotransduction mechanisms. Methodology/principal findings Exposure to 8 dyn/cm(2) laminar flow shear stress (2-dimensional, 2-D) for 15 h significantly reduced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), smooth muscle protein 22 (SM22), SM myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), smoothelin, and calponin. Cells suspended in collagen gels were exposed to interstitial flow (1 cmH(2)O, approximately 0.05 dyn/cm(2), 3-D), and after 6 h of exposure, expression of SM-MHC, smoothelin, and calponin were significantly reduced, while expression of alpha-SMA and SM22 were markedly enhanced. PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and heparinase III (an enzyme to cleave heparan sulfate) significantly blocked the effects of laminar flow on gene expression, and also reversed the effects of interstitial flow on SM-MHC, smoothelin, and calponin, but enhanced interstitial flow-induced expression of alpha-SMA and SM22. SMCs and MFBs have similar responses to fluid flow. Silencing ERK1/2 completely blocked the effects of both laminar flow and interstitial flow on SMC marker gene expression. Western blotting showed that both types of flows induced ERK1/2 activation that was inhibited by disruption of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Conclusions/significance The results suggest that HSPG-mediated ERK1/2 activation is an important mechanotransduction pathway modulating SMC marker gene expression when SMCs and MFBs are exposed to flow. Fluid flow may be involved in vascular remodeling and lesion formation by affecting phenotypes of vascular wall cells. This study has implications in understanding the flow-related mechanobiology in vascular lesion formation, tumor cell invasion, and stem cell differentiation.
CFD Simulation and Validation of Phase Particle Entrapment

A cost-effective and efficient technology was developed to remove particulate and fibrous matter from a container while avoiding dispersing the particles in the environment. This paper presents the whole process of computationally developing a conceptual system which can efficiently remove particles in the size range of 5–1000 μm from the container. The present work offers the unique virtue that prototyping can be easily followed and it shows an efficient, safe, low-cost method in the early product design stage. In the presented system, a viscous medium was designed to capture and flocculate the particulate matter. One of the factors which will lower the operating costs is that the viscous medium can be easily recycled and the flocculated particles with minimal volume can be disposed of safely. The ANSYS FLUENT package was used to simulate our proposed design. The effects of various particle size, specific gravity, and pressure-velocity boundary conditions on separation efficiency of the design have been...
The Changes of Trunk Motion Rhythm and Spinal Loading During Trunk Flexion and Extension Motions Caused by Lumbar Muscle Fatigue.

Previous studies indicated that lumbar extensor muscle fatigue could potentially affect lumbar–pelvic rhythm and influence spinal loading during trunk motions. In this study, the effects of lumbar extensor muscle fatigue on the normalized lumbar–pelvic rotation rhythm and the associated L5/S1 joint loading during weight lifting and lowering tasks were investigated. Thirteen volunteers performed lifting and lowering of a 20-lbs box both before and after lumbar extensor muscle fatigue, which was generated through a static weight holding task. The normalized lumbar–pelvic motion ratio (L/P ratio) and the external moment on the L5/S1 joint were calculated and compared. Results showed that subjects demonstrated significantly larger normalized L/P ratios during both weight lifting and lowering tasks with the influence of fatigue. In addition, although the spinal loadings remain unchanged at the beginning and ending of both lifting and lowering motions, significantly larger L5/S1 joint moments were observed during both motions after fatigue. Such changes indicate potentially elevated risk of back injury. In a clinical setting, the current results demonstrated that lumbar muscle fatigue could cause transient changes in lumbar–pelvic motion rhythm. Therefore, lumbar muscle fatigue must be avoided when using lumbar–pelvic motion rhythms for patient diagnosis or rehabilitation assessment.
Thorium-Based Mixed Oxide Fuel in a Pressurized Water Reactor: A Beginning of Life Feasibility Analysis with MCNP

Abstract Thorium is an asset the nuclear industry does not use, and plutonium is a liability that much of the world would like to be rid of. By incorporating a thorium–plutonium mixed oxide fuel (Th-MOX) into the fuel cycle, pressurized water reactors could provide a means for the United States to address both of these issues – but only if key reactor safety parameters are not affected. The feasibility of utilizing Th-MOX fuel in a pressurized water reactor is examined under steady-state, beginning of life conditions. With a three-dimensional MCNP model of a Westinghouse-type 17 × 17 PWR, many possibilities for replacing one-third of the UO 2 assemblies with Th-MOX assemblies were considered. The excess reactivity, critical boron concentration, and centerline axial and radial flux profiles for several configurations and compositions of a one-third Th-MOX core were compared to a 100% UO 2 core. A blanket-type arrangement of 5.5 wt% PuO 2 was determined to be the best candidate for further analysis. Therefore, this configuration was compared to a 100% UO 2 core using the following parameters: delayed neutron fraction ( β eff ), temperature coefficient, shutdown margin (SDM), and axial and radial nuclear hot channel factors ( F Z N and F R N ). The one-third Th-MOX configuration showed an undesirable reduction in β eff from 0.00716 ± 4.60E−07 for the 100% UO 2 configuration to 0.00607 ± 4.30E−07. The reduction in β eff would perhaps be ameliorated by the one-third Th-MOX configuration’s temperature coefficient of reactivity, which at −2.05 ± 0.02 pcm °F −1 is more favorable than the corresponding value of −1.42 ± 0.02 pcm °F −1 for the 100% UO 2 configuration. The SDM of the one-third Th-MOX configuration is estimated to be 4079 ± 7 pcm, which is 28% lower than value of the 100% UO 2 configuration. The F Z N for the two cores were virtually identical. However, F R N for the one-third Th-MOX configuration (1.67 ± 0.28) was 20% higher than the corresponding value for the 100% UO 2 configuration (1.39 ± 0.23). These preliminary results are encouraging. However, additional investigations are required to study the impact of thermal fluid feedback and the effect of burnup and poison buildup.
TH‐C‐AUD C‐04: An Online Correction Method for Interfractional Variations in Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: Daily setup for head and neck (HN) radiotherapy (RT) can vary randomly due partially to neck rotation. This variation along with anatomy change can not be totally corrected by the current rigid translation. A full‐scope re‐optimization based on the daily CT takes too long to be practical with the current planning techniques. A novel rapid correction scheme that can be used online to correct for both inter‐fractional setup variation and anatomy change for HN RT is presented. Method and Materials: The scheme consists of two major steps after transferring planning contours to the CT of the day by means of deformable registration (MIMVISTA): (1) beam/segment apertures morphing (SAM) based on differences between planning contours and new contours, and (2) segment weight optimization (SWO) for the new apertures. SAM is accomplished by applying the spatial relationship between the planning target contour and the apertures to the new target contour. Dose distribution for each new aperture was generated using a planning system with a fast dose engine and hardware (Prowess), and was input into a newly‐developed SWO package using a fast sequential quadratic programming. The entire scheme was tested based on the daily kVCT images acquired for representative HN IMRT cases treated with a linac and CT‐on‐Rails combo (CTVision, Siemens). Results: The target coverage and/or OAR sparing degradation, arising from the current standard repositioning from rigid registration with the CT of the day, can be corrected by the present SAM/SWO scheme. The target coverage and OAR sparing for the SAM/SWO plans were found to be equivalent to the original plan. The SAM/SWO process took 5–8 min for the head and neck cases studied. Conclusion: The proposed aperture morphing with weight optimization is an effective approach for correcting inter‐fractional patient setup and anatomic changes for head and neck cancerradiotherapy.
Cracks in Martian boulders exhibit preferred orientations that point to solar-induced thermal stress

The origins of fractures in Martian boulders are unknown. Here, using Mars Exploration Rover 3D data products, we obtain orientation measurements for 1,857 cracks visible in 1,573 rocks along the Spirit traverse and find that Mars rock cracks are oriented in statistically preferred directions similar to those compiled herein for Earth rock cracks found in mid-latitude deserts. We suggest that Martian directional cracking occurs due to the preferential propagation of microfractures favourably oriented with respect to repeating geometries of diurnal peaks in sun-induced thermal stresses. A numerical model modified here with Mars parameters supports this hypothesis both with respect to the overall magnitude of stresses as well as to the times of day at which the stresses peak. These data provide the first direct field and numerical evidence that insolation-related thermal stress potentially plays a principle role in cracking rocks on portions of the Martian surface.
A heuristic algorithm for a network problem with variable upper bounds

We present a heuristic algorithm for the solution of a network problem with variable upper bounds. This algorithm is motivated by the desire to exploit the special structure of the variable upper bound (VUB) constraints and to maintain as much of the characteristics of pure network problems as possible. Our solution technique for the VUB problem consists of solving two sequences of pure network problems. One sequence yields tighter lower bounds on the optimal objective value by considering the Lagrangean relaxation in which the VUB constraints are dualized. The second sequence yields upper bounds on the optimal value for the problem. This sequence is obtained by considering a reformulation of the VUB problem based on parametric changes in the variable upper bound. The algorithm has been tested on problems with as many as 1500 nodes, 6600 arcs, and 3000 VUB constraints. Computational experience with the solution of randomly generated fixed-charge network problems, capacitated warehouse location problems, and production smoothing problems is also reported.
Unemployment and Social-Problems in the Post-War United States

This paper examines the impact of unemployment on social problems in the post-war United States. Working within a conceptual framework derived from sociological and economic theory, dynamic macro social indicator models are constructed for four social problems-rates of suicide, homicide, divorce and alcoholism. In general, the results do not indicate a strong and consistent relationship between the unemployment rate and these social problems. High or increasing unemployment rates tend to raise the suicide rate, but lower the alcoholism rate and have no appreciable effect on the divorce rate. High levels of unemployment lower the homicide rate, but increases in unemployment tend to raise it. For all social problems except the divorce rate, the level of economic inequality has a consistently positive influence.
Takeoff characteristics of turbofan engines

The present derivation of reliable formulas for the takeoff characteristics of turbofan-powered aircraft, encompassing ground-roll distance and time, fuel consumption, etc, incorporates ground effect-induced drag reduction. This drag reduction factor is varied according to type of aircraft; the turbofans in question may be of high-bypass transport-aircraft type or of low bypass and afterburner-employing configuration, as is typically the case in military aircraft. It is shown that bypass ratio variations have little influence on takeoff ground-rolling distance.
More than just a channel: provocative new features of protein traffic across the ER membrane.

In eucaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),is the site of topogenesis of most proteins destined for secretion or residence within membranes related to the secretory pathway. These events are directed by interactions between discrete regions of newly synthetized proteins of the ER. Translocation across the ER is envisioned to occur through an aqueous, proteinaceous channel. A very different view of translocation proposes that the hydrophobic domain of a signal sequence initiates the events of chain translocation by spontaneous insertion directly into the lipid bilayer as a helical hairpin.
Adverse selection in annuity markets: Evidence from the British Life Annuity Act of 1808

Abstract We study adverse selection using data from an 1808 Act of British Parliament that effectively opened a market for life annuities. Our analysis indicates significant selection effects. The evidence for adverse selection is strongest for a sub-sample of annuitants whose annuities were purchased by profit-seeking speculators, a sub-sample in which “advantageous selection” resulting from multi-dimensional heterogeneity is unlikely to have been significant. These results support the view that adverse selection can be masked by advantageous selection in empirical studies of standard insurance markets.
In Vitro Adsorption of Some Anticholinergic Drugs by Various Antacids

The adsorption of some anticholinergic drugs from aqueous solution by six different antacids was studied. The results obtained were plotted and interpreted according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorptive power of the six antacids varied with the anticholinergic drug being studied. Of the nine anticholinergics investigated, atropine sulfate, methantheline bromide, propantheline bromide, and oxyphenonium bromide were adsorbed to the greatest extent. Magnesium trisilicate showed the highest adsorptive capacity of the antacids studied. The reversibility of the adsorption process was studied using methantheline bromide and propantheline bromide. Magnesium trisilicate retained the largest amount of either of the two drugs. The effect of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of methantheline bromide and propantheline bromide was investigated.
New Modules Launch Planning for Evolving Modular Product Families

This paper presents a systematic methodology to optimize the module instance configuration of an evolving product family (PF). The proposed methodology seeks to maximize the total profit of a PF for a given planning horizon by taking into account the interdependencies of modules at both the product level and the PF level. The module configuration optimization problem can be viewed as a stage-wise sequential decision process. Dynamic programming (DP) is suitable for modeling such problems. The DP-based methodology proposed in this paper breaks up the PF module instance configuration optimization problem into smaller DP optimization problems involving module groups based on the independence assumption of profit change due to the module replacement strategies. The aggregation concepts of independent module groups and module clusters are used to decrease the state space in the DP model. A module group is defined as a group of interacting modules linked by the replacement dependence relationships in a PF. A module cluster is defined as the modules within a module group that are strictly inter-dependent on each other in replacement actions. A DP model is established for each of the module groups to optimize the PF through individually optimizing the module configuration of the individual module groups. In the DP model, the time points with equal intervals during the planning horizon are considered as stages; the decision of module configuration strategies is defined as the control variable; the feasible combinations for the modules within one module group are selected as the states at each stage; and profit change (benchmarked with respect to profit without any module replacements) is treated as the contribution function that needs to be maximized. In the deterministic model, the expected change in profits and expected time of module instance availability are assumed to be deterministic. In the stochastic model, the profit change and the time of module instance availability are treated as uncertain events. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the total profit change distributions subjected to the uncertainties of data and module instance availabilities. We use an illustrative PF example to demonstrate how the suggested models can be used to optimize the PF architecture.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Field solutions for two-dimensional frameworks

Abstract Closed form solutions are given for a variety of problems associated with the stress, deflection and buckling analysis of two-dimensional lattices of flexural members. The component frame of a multi-story building is one example of the type of system analyzed; that is, a regular orthogonal framework with rigid joint connections which is subject to in-plane loads only. The mathematical model in each case is a partial difference equation. The solutions are in the forms of single and double finite Fourier series and are general as regards loading and numbers of stories and bays. The formulas are in different categories depending upon the actions taken into account such as joint rotation, lateral displacement, in-plane buckling, etc. Various classes of boundary and support conditions are investigated and two of the solutions are numerically illustrated. In the Appendix, a basis for the extended use of general finite sinusoidal series is given. The characteristic functions and parameters are catalogued for all possible boundary conditions.
The treatment of regurgitant esophagitis by reconstruction of the cardiac sphincter mechanism in patients with no demonstrable hiatal hernia.

SUMMARY 1. The relationship of insufficiency of the cardiac sphincter mechanism and regurgitant esophagitis is discussed. 2. Surgical reconstitution of the cardiac sphincter mechanism as in hiatal hernia repair is suggested as proper therapy in selected individuals even though no hiatal hernia is demonstrated by x-ray. 3. Case reports of eight patients treated in this manner with good results are given.
Effects of maternal deprivation on later behavior in two inbred strains of mice

Mice from two inbred strains were deprived of maternal care for 12 h per day for 0, 4, 8, or 12 days during infancy. The relationship between emotional reactivity and amount of deprivation was described by a U-shaped curve for the BALB/c strain and by an inverted U-shaped curve for the JK strain. In avoidance learning, deprived Ss from the JK strain performed better than the non-deprived Ss. These results were not in accordance with predictions derived from theories dealing with the effects of infantile stimulation.
Unbalanced renormalization of tunneling in MOSFET-type structures in strong high-frequency electric fields

Two-dimensional electron gas coupled to adjacent impurity sites in high-frequency out-of-plane ac control electric field is investigated. Modification of tunneling rates as a function of the field amplitude is calculated. Nonlinear dependence on the ac field strength is reported for the conductivity of two-dimensional electron gas. It develops a periodic peak structure.
Blackophilia and Blackophobia: White Youth, the Consumption of Rap Music, and White Supremacy

This paper uses the phenomenon of White youth identification with rap music to argue that Blackophilia (manifested by White consumption of Black popular culture) is linked with Blackophobia (fear and dread of African Americans). Coexistent with White youth fascination with hip-hop culture and African American athletes and celebrities is the continuing manifestation of White youth resistance to programs that challenge institutional racism and the attraction of small but significant numbers of White youth to far-right White supremacist groups. The author argues that these phenomena may be best understood as interrelated aspects of White supremacy.
Plasma versus Thermal Effects in Flue Gas NOx Reduction Using Ammonia Radical Injection

Abstract A plasma-assisted ammonia injection technique was previously demonstrated as having the potential to remove NOx from combustion flue gases at SCR-comparable levels without the use of catalysts. However, these demonstrations did not prove the advantage of plasma assistance because they did not explicitly account for enhanced radical production by bulk thermal heating. An experiment using hot ammonia injection was performed to separate this thermal effect from the effect of radical production via interaction with a plasma. Under excess air conditions, results show that a thermal effect does provide improved NOx reduction, but not to the level achieved with the use of a plasma source. However, heating the injection gases provides only a minor improvement in NOx reduction at NH3/NOx ratios and temperatures typical of commercial cold SNCR applications. The plasma effect in ammonia radical injection was also found to be significant, accounting for an additional 15% to 35% of absolute NOx reduction beyo...
Mission to Mars's northern polar region

NASA's Phoenix Mars Mission, which launched on 4 August, is scheduled to arrive at Mars on 25 May 2008 to examine the surface of the planet's northern polar region, study the formation and melting histories of ice, monitor weather, and investigate the subsurface environment. “Our instruments are specially designed to find evidence for periodic melting of the ice and to assess whether this large region represents a habitable environment for Martian microbes,” said Phoenix Principal Investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona, Tucson. For more information, visit the Web site: http://www.nasa.gov/phoenix.
Monitoring process quality in off-shore outsourcing: A model and findings from multi-country survey

Abstract We investigate how recent advances in information technology and telecommunications have led to real-time monitoring of processes at the site of the provider by a buyer located across the globe. We construct a game-theoretic model of the dynamics of the buyer–supplier interaction in the presence of moral hazard and incomplete contracting. We derive the Minimum Quality Threshold (MQT) below which the provider's output will certainly be inspected. Our findings show that the buyer can pick a level of monitoring and thereby force the provider to exceed the quality level of the MQT in output quality and avoid costly and wasteful inspection. Finally, our model explains why the production of processes that are complex and more prone to errors are actually monitored less by the buyers. We furnish the results of a comprehensive, multi-year, multi-country survey of the efficacy of monitoring in off-shore outsourcing projects and demonstrate strong empirical support for the findings of the model.
Mechanisms of oxidative stress resistance in the brain: Lessons learned from hypoxia tolerant extremophilic vertebrates.

The Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging has had tremendous impact in research involving aging and age-associated diseases including those that affect the nervous system. With over half a century of accrued data showing both strong support for and against this theory, there is a need to critically evaluate the data acquired from common biomedical research models, and to also diversify the species used in studies involving this proximate theory. One approach is to follow Orgel’s second axiom that “evolution is smarter than we are” and judiciously choose species that may have evolved to live with chronic or seasonal oxidative stressors. Vertebrates that have naturally evolved to live under extreme conditions (e.g., anoxia or hypoxia), as well as those that undergo daily or seasonal torpor encounter both decreased oxygen availability and subsequent reoxygenation, with concomitant increased oxidative stress. Due to its high metabolic activity, the brain may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Here, we focus on oxidative stress responses in the brains of certain mouse models as well as extremophilic vertebrates. Exploring the naturally evolved biological tools utilized to cope with seasonal or environmentally variable oxygen availability may yield key information pertinent for how to deal with oxidative stress and thereby mitigate its propagation of age-associated diseases.
Cost-Effectiveness of Reducing Sulfur Emissions from Ships

We model cost-effectiveness of control strategies for reducing SO2 emissions from U.S. foreign commerce ships traveling in existing European or hypothetical U.S. West Coast SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs) under international maritime regulations. Variation among marginal costs of control for individual ships choosing between fuel-switching and aftertreatment reveals cost-saving potential of economic incentive instruments. Compared to regulations prescribing low sulfur fuels, a performance-based policy can save up to $260 million for these ships with 80% more emission reductions than required because least-cost options on some individual ships outperform standards. Optimal simulation of a market-based SO2 control policy for ∼4,700 U.S. foreign commerce ships traveling in the SECAs in 2002 shows that SECA emissions control targets can be achieved by scrubbing exhaust gas of one out of ten ships with annual savings up to $480 million over performance-based policy. A market-based policy could save the flee...
Surfactant Aging: A Possible Detriment to Tertiary Oil Recovery

Aqueous solutions (5 weight percent) of the type of sulfonates used in surfactant flooding were found to age in that the interfacial tension measured against a variety of hydrocarbons tends to rise with time (9 months). This aging depends on surfactant concentration, is physical in character, is reversible, and is not temperature dependent. The aging process was more detrimental to the interfacial tensions for alkanes than for alkyl benzenes. Alcohols used as cosurfactants can increase or reduce aging, but at higher concentrations form structures that exhibit birefringence in a few days. When surfactant/cosurfactant mixtures contact an oil phase, a more-dense liquid crystalline phase forms which, after a number of weeks, rises and coalesces with the oil phase. Measurements were not made using crude oils. The origin of the physical aging process was not determined.
Information mining from human visual reasoning about multi-temporal, high-resolution satellite imagery

Over time experts in image analysis learn to use visual cues to extract large amount of information from an image in a short period of time in comparison to novice viewers. This tacit knowledge of image search strategies develops through many years of experience. Efficient interpretation appears to be a gut instinct of analysts, and this ability is difficult to verbalise or teach to the next generation of analysts. To bridge the gap between experts and novices, we propose a method to attempt to uncover visual strategies in geospatial imagery through eye tracking. Going beyond typical feature-based and classification approaches, our research fuses measures of visual attention with image-based features to derive rules through associative mining. We study how the cognitive processing of an image relates to image content. This research may open the door to a better understanding of human reasoning about the analysis of multi-temporal VHR satellite imagery.
Content analysis of leadership variables in dance therapy

This study represents an analysis of the variables that constitute dance therapy leadership. Content analysis was employed to analyze leadership content in three major dance therapy books:Marian Chace: Her Papers (1975),Dance Therapy: Focus on Dance VII (1974), andEight Theoretical Approaches to Dance/Movement Therapy (1979). Content was collected and categorized into five topics: Terminology Describing the Dance Therapist, Personality Variables, Goals, Roles and Approaches. The data was analyzed to determine how dance therapists define and perceive the leadership process. The content suggests that there is consensus among the dance therapists reviewed concerning the variables describing themselves and the approaches, goals, roles and personality traits that comprise leadership in dance therapy. The discussion focuses on the implications of identifying leadership variables and on the shift from being specialists to generalists.
Impaction model for the aspiration efficiencies of aerosol samplers at large angles with respect to the wind

Abstract This paper starts off by recognising that the development of a full theoretical description of the aspiration efficiencies of samplers like those used in real-life situations is still some way off. As an interim contribution to solving the problem, it describes how the simple impaction model approach, which has previously been widely applied to thin-walled sampling probes and to blunt samplers under very idealized conditions, can be extended semi-empirically to describe the performances of contrasting types of sampler—thin-walled probes and the human head—oriented at 90° and 180° to the wind, respectively. Physically-based models for aspiration efficiency at these orientations are suggested and their coefficients found by non-linear regression against the limited amount of relevant data available in the literature. Agreement between such models and the experimental data is found to be quite good. Such models have the potential to provide useful insight into the performances of practical sampling devices. Furthermore they can provide valuable guidelines for the development of more rigorous approaches to blunt sampler theory.
Translation of poliovirus RNA in vitro: detection of two different initiation sites.

A cell-free system from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells, which initiates and synthesizes viral proteins, has been characterized. Replication of endogenous viral RNA occurs concomitantly with protein synthesis, and newly synthesized RNA appears to associate functionally with polysomes. Endogenous host cell messenger RNA is not translated by the cell-free system; only initiation of viral polypeptides can be detected. The incorporation of formyl-[35S]methionine into the amino terminus of newly synthesized polypeptides revealed the production of two labeled tryptic peptides, originating from two different initiation sites. Purified exogenous poliovirus RNA is translated in preincubated uninfected cell extracts, and is also shown to initiate at two sites, resulting in the formation of the same two tryptic peptides. The relative proportion of each initiation is highly dependent upon small variations in the magnesium concentration during protein synthesis, with individual optima at 2 m m and 3·5 m m . The results show that both purified poliovirus RNA and endogenous messenger ribonucleoprotein contain two sites capable of initiating protein synthesis. The possible significance of double initiation for poliovirus replication is discussed.
Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of rat MMP-12.

Macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) is implicated in the pathology of many diseases such as emphysema, aortic lesions and cancer. Recently, MMP-12 was cloned and purified from mouse and human macrophages. We report here the expression of the full-length and catalytic domain of rat MMP-12 in Escherichia coli and characterization of the purified enzyme. Inclusion bodies of expressed rat MMP-12 catalytic domain were denatured and refolded using a new method, and then affinity purified to near homogeneity with zinc-chelating Sepharose. The purified rat MMP-12 catalytic domain was highly active in digesting substrates, having a K(m) of 12 microM and optimal pH of 7.5--8.5. During investigation of natural substrate specificity, we found that rat MMP-12 catalytic domain was able to completely degrade collagen-V, partially degrade collagen-I, but it was unable to digest collagen-IV. The enzyme could also degrade osteonectin, vitronectin, and fibronectin, but not laminin and albumin. The catalytic properties and natural substrate specificity of rat MMP-12 catalytic domain differed from those of human MMP-12 catalytic domain.
Distribution of caloric densities among larvae feeding on black cherry tree leaves

Caloric densities (x=5795 cal g-1) of terminal lepidopteran larvae reared under constant conditions and fed excised leaves of black cherry were normally distributed. These data along with data reported in the literature suggest that while adaptive strategies are related to different energy storing tactics, no general hypothesis is applicable to insects.
GENTRIFICATION AND THE SPATIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE: THE RESTRUCTURING OF LONDON'S DOCKLANDS*

This paper argues that despite recent advances in research concerned with gentrification, the role of the state in this process has not been adequately conceptualised. Existing perspectives largely fail to provide a thorough analysis of the way in which the duality of the states ‘political’ and ‘economic’ functions are related, and how these are represented in concrete spatial situations. Through an empirical focus upon London's Docklands, the way in which the state, through the London Docklands Development Corporation, is spatially constituted and has influenced the gentrification process are examined. First, some conceptual and theoretical questions are discussed. Second, a brief historical context in which gentrification in the Docklands can be situated is provided, followed by an examination of how the restructuring of this area relates to the broader restructuring of state relations. The central role of the state in the gentrification of the Docklands is then considered by looking first, at how the LDDC has aided, through capital subsidisation, the production of a gentrified built environment giving rise to restructured patterns of socio-spatial polarisation. Second, the question of how this action and the inequalities arising from it have been legitimised, through political, ideological and socio-cultural means, is examined. Finally, some of the theoretical and political implications of this analysis are addressed.
EFFECT OF COLD STORAGE ON INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BY 313 nm IRRADIATION

. Data are presented showing that the inactivation response of exponential phase Escherichia coli to 313 nm irradiation is affected by previous storage of cells at 3°C in M9 buffer. A similar effect of cold storage on the far-UV inactivation response was not observed. Cold storage alone causes exponential loss in cell viability. After 0.95 days, cell viability is only about 15% of that observed immediately after exposure of cells to cold incubation. However, irradiation at 313 nm causes reactivation of these cold-inactivated bacteria.
The Public Health Workforce, 2006: New Challenges

Efforts to develop the public health workforce since 2001 have benefited from increased funding resulting from concerns over terrorism and other public health threats. This largesse has been accompanied by the need for greater accountability for results. The size, composition, and distribution of the public health workforce have long been policy concerns. Production and retention of public health workers remain important issues, although new dimensions of readiness are also taking center stage. We offer here policy recommendations in the areas of assessing the public health workforce and its needs, organizing development efforts around essential competencies for public health practice, credentialing workers, and accrediting agencies.
Practical symbolic differentiation of large expressions using PL/I Formac

The analytical differentiation of an arbitrary expression by means of PL/I Formac is modified in two ways: First, in order to economize on computer storage, the expression is partitioned into small segments that can be retained in memory throughout the processing, and can then be combined to form an expression that is equivalent to the original one. Secondly, extensive back substitution of lower-order derivatives into higher-order expressions is made in order to create more compact and efficient expressions. An extended example is printed out.
Lethal abdominal gunshot wounds at a level I trauma center: analysis of TRISS (revised trauma score and injury severity score) fallouts

Abstract Background: The TRISS methodology (composite index of the Revised Trauma Score and the Injury Severity Score) has become widely used by trauma centers to assess quality of care. The American College of Surgeons recommends including negative TRISS fallouts (fatally injured patients predicted to survive by the TRISS methodology) as a filter to select patients for peer review. The purpose of this study was to analyze the TRISS fallouts among patients with lethal abdominal gunshot wounds admitted to a level I trauma center. Study Design: All patients categorized as TRISS fallouts admitted from January 1995 through December 1996 were analyzed. Results: During the study period, 848 patients with abdominal gunshot wounds were admitted. Of the 108 patients with any sign of life on admission who subsequently died, 39 (36%) were TRISS fallouts. The patients were largely young (mean age, 29 years) and male (87%), received rapid transport (mean scene time, 11 minutes), and had an attending-led trauma-team response ( Conclusions: "TRISS fallouts" were predominantly patients who died despite receiving rapid prehospital transport, rapid senior-level trauma-team response, and surgical intervention for a serious complex of injuries. We conclude that without regional adjustment of coefficients used to predict the probability of survival, the TRISS methodology is of limited use in patients with abdominal gunshot wounds.
Remote sensing in the information age

Abstract A large percentage of the public today perceives the majority of applications of Earth observation data from satellite and aircraft altitudes to be focused on the understanding and management of the renewable and non-renewable resources of the Earth and its environment. Originally conceived as a tool for gathering intelligence information, remote sensing has just fully emerged from its military womb to the public domain. Advances in the technology, a variety of indirect benefits that could be derived from space exploration, commercialization of remote sensing and the drive of the value-added companies – all of these hold promise for new opportunities for many other novel applications of Earth observation data and related information. In the advent of the more advanced, user-friendly, cost effective, and problem solving operations being championed by the private sector, particularly in the industrialized countries, it appears that the commercial future for remote sensing programmes and related information generated in the process is promising. This paper examines how the information age is influencing the metamorphosis of remote sensing technology particularly through international legal instruments and converging technologies. In spite of the progress attained to-date, of international concern is possible radio frequency interference between remote sensing satellite and communication satellite services. There is also a major knowledge gap between the providers of raw remote sensing data and the user community, particularly those interested in the new high-level information. A resolution of these issues will enhance the contributions of remote sensing to the information economy.
Fractionation of cells on a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. Study of subpopulations of human T cells using anti-T-cell antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had a decrease in a subpopulation of cells (fraction D) when peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated on a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. Preincubation of SLE cells at 37 degrees C for 30 min led to a marked decrease in this fraction, composed primarily of thymus-derived (T) cells. Supernates of such preincubations were found to cause a reduction in fraction D cells from normal humans. The active factor in the supernate was found to be an IgG antibody. Similarly, serum from patients with active SLE produced a reduction in fraction D cells from normal donors. This activity was also found in the IgG fraction, and could be absorbed with a pure T-cell population. Depletion of macrophages and complement did not reduce the SLE anti-T-cell antibody-mediated loss of cells from fraction D; however, heat-aggregated human gamma globulin led to impairment of the reaction. These findings suggest that antibody-dependent direct lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity may play a role in T-cell lymphopenia of SLE. It was further noted that the SLE anti-T-cell antibodies, in contrast to rabbit antihuman thymocyte serum, recognized fraction D cells but not fraction E cells from normals. Since both fractions are largely T cells, it appeared that the SLE serum was directed against cell-membrane antigenic determinants present on fraction D T cells, which were absent or reduced in quantity on fraction E T cells. Thus, evidence was presented indicating the presence of at least two subpopulations of cells in man. This was supported by differential absorption of the anti-T-cell sera with fractions D and E.
Electrical conduction disturbance effects on dynamic changes of functional mitral regurgitation.

Electrical Conduction Disturbance Effects on Dynamic Changes of Functional Mitral RegurgitationShota Fukuda, Richard Grimm, Jong-Min Song, Takashi Kihara, Masao Daimon, Deborah A. Agler, Bruce L. W...
Commentary: A call to leadership: the role of the academic medical center in driving sustainable health system improvement through performance measurement.

Abstract As the government attempts to address the high cost of health care in the United States, the issues being confronted include variations in the quality of care administered and the inconsistent application of scientifically proven treatments. To improve quality, methods of measurement and reporting with rewards or, eventually, penalties based on performance, must be developed. To date, well-intentioned national policy initiatives, such as value-based purchasing, have focused primarily on the measurement of discrete events and on attempts to construct incentives. While important, the current approach alone cannot improve quality, ensure equitability, decrease variability, and optimize value. Additional thought-leadership is required, both theoretical and applied. Academic medical centers' (AMCs') scholarly and practical participation is needed. Although quality cannot be sustainably improved without measurement, the existing measures alone do not ensure quality. There is not enough evidence to support strong measure development and, further, not enough insight regarding whether the existing measures have their intended effect of enhancing health care delivery that results in quality outcomes for patients. Perhaps the only way that the United States health care system will achieve a standard of quality care is through the strong embrace, effective engagement, intellectual insights, educational contributions, and practical applications in AMCs. Quality will never be achieved through public policies or national initiatives alone but instead through the commitment of the academic community to forward the science of performance measurement and to ensure that measurement leads to better health outcomes for our nation.
High-Speed Recursive Digital Filter Realization

Pipeline techniques have been successfully applied to speeding up processing in both general- and special-purpose digital computers. Application of these techniques to nonrecursive (FIR) filters has been suggested and is quite straightforward. Application to recursive (IIR) filters has not previously been shown. In this paper, the technique for applying pipeline techniques to recursive filters is shown and the advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Using these techniques, recursive digital filters operating at hitherto impossibly high rates can be designed.
A Sublinear Algorithm of Sparse Fourier Transform for Nonequispaced Data

We present a sublinear randomized algorithm to compute a sparse Fourier transform for nonequispaced data. Suppose a signal S is known to consist of N equispaced samples, of which only L<N are available. If the ratio p=L/N is not close to 1, the available data are typically non-equispaced samples. Then our algorithm reconstructs a near-optimal B-term representation R with high probability 1-delta, in time and space poly(B,log(L),log p, log(1/delta), epsilon^{-1}, such that ||S-R||^2 < (1+epsilon) ||S-R_{opt}^B||^2, where R_{opt}^B is the optimal B-term Fourier representation of signal S. The sublinear poly(logL) time is compared to the superlinear O(Nlog N+L) time requirement of the present best known Inverse Nonequispaced Fast Fourier Transform (INFFT) algorithms. Numerical experiments support the advantage in speed of our algorithm over other methods for sparse signals: it already outperforms INFFT for large but realistic size N and works well even in the situation of a large percentage of missing data and in the presence of noise.