cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professor brian randell and the history of computing

Professor Brian Randell had an enormous impact on the creation of the discipline of the history of computing. His publication, in 1975, of The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, set a high standard of scholarship. It also established a paradigm of the history of computing, which began with the work of Charles Babbage and ended with the introduction of several stored-program, electronic computers in the U.K. and the United States around 1950. That paradigm was not comprehensive, but Professor Randell played a role in filling the gaps that remained, including the history of software, and information about the once-secret British "Colossus." It has remained a task for subsequent generations of historians to chronicle the development of computing science and technology in the following decades.
Nausea and vomiting remain a significant clinical problem: trends over time in controlling chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in 1413 patients treated in community clinical practices.

Abstract Data from 1413 outpatients in community-based clinical practices were collected in order to characterize the use and effectiveness of 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists for control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (NV). Patients were divided by treatment starting date into six cohorts for trend analysis. In addition, NV symptoms were compared in 252 patients treated prior to the commercial introduction of the 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist antiemetics, and an equal number of patients treated after their introduction. A comparison of cohorts revealed a significant (P = 0.027) downward trend over time for the frequency of post-treatment vomiting episodes, but not for frequency of post-treatment nausea (P = 0.69). The average duration of nausea following treatment increased significantly over time (P = 0.003). Although the introduction of 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist antiemetics has apparently led to a significant reduction in the frequency of post-treatment vomiting, there has been an accompanying increase in the duration of post-treatment nausea.
Probabilistic Prediction of Riverine Bathymetry

Abstract : The goal of this effort is to develop methods for imaging riverine flows that can be applied under operational Naval scenarios to aide in the prediction of relevant riverine conditions (e.g. hydraulic depth, thalweg position, etc.) and that are consistent with related efforts to develop analytic and probabilistic forecasting models for the riverine environment. The objectives of this effort are to develop advanced methods of analysing motion imagery to estimate riverine flows in conjunction with the assessment of existing and newly developed riverine modeling frameworks. These frameworks include a probabilistic system being developed to predict the value and uncertainty of variables that are relevant to riverine operations, such as water depth. As such models are proceeding as related efforts outside the scope of this award, the focus of this work is to assure that the coverages, resolutions, accuracies and overall quality of estimated flow speeds and directions are consistent with use in these frameworks and applicable to operational scenarios. In addition, we seek to compare this optical approach to additional methods of estimating flows such as with GPS-equipped surface drifters or Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV). The focus of the probabilistic design is to rigorously incorporate uncertainty in natural river conditions relating to river width, surface flow speeds, discharge ranges, and/or river path into an operational decision aide for estimating river depths.
Rift evolution in regions of low magma input in East Africa

Abstract Magmatism is often invoked as critical for assisting strain focusing during continental rift development, and in driving lithospheric thinning and continental rupture. Accordingly, models of rift basin evolution in the East African Rift System (EARS) have previously focused on magma-rich basins; however, a complete understanding of how magmatism drives rift evolution requires analyses of both magma-rich and magma-poor extensional environments. We investigate a ∼10-million-year history of fault development in the magma-poor Lake Tanganyika Rift of the Western branch of the EARS, utilizing reprocessed legacy and high-resolution commercial seismic reflection datasets. Unlike the magma-rich Eastern branch, fault-strain does not focus into the basin floor along the rift axis within the first ∼10 million years of rift development. Instead, large rift-bounding faults (border faults) accommodate the majority of extensional strain (∼90% of an estimated 11.5 km of extension over the 52 km-wide rift) from rift inception through to present-day rifting. The Western branch of the EARS is also characterized by crustal structure and fault geometries that differ from those observed for successfully rifted magma-poor margins (e.g., listric normal faulting with mid-crustal detachments). In the absence of voluminous magmatism, we suggest that either (1) complete continental rupture cannot be achieved in the Western branch of the EARS, or (2) continental break up in the Western branch will proceed under a model that contrasts with that invoked for both the Eastern branch and magma-poor rifted margins generally.
Use of LesionQuant® to Measure Cerebral White Matter Lesion Distribution in Neuromyelitis Optica and Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (P3.372)

Objective: We performed a pilot study to determine differences between cerebral white matter (CWM) lesion distribution in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) using LesionQuant®. Background: The distribution of CWM lesions in NMO and RMS is incompletely understood. With the advent of LesionQuant®, a fully computerized method can now be employed for automated quantification of the distribution of CWM lesions. Design/Methods: Subjects were selected from a University of Colorado Hospital database if they had NMO or RMS, and a recent brain MRI scan with appropriate sequences for analysis (T2 FLAIR, T1 3D). From 34 NMO patients identified, 9 were selected. From 99 RMS patients, 18 were randomly matched for age and gender. Results: There were 6 women and 3 men (mean age 44.56 years) with NMO and 15 women and 3 men (mean age 46.56 years) with RMS. Using an unpaired, 2-tailed t-test with α Conclusions: LesionQuant® analysis demonstrates significantly greater CWM lesion volume in periventricular and deep WM regions in RMS compared to NMO. Together with decreased brain volume in RMS, these data are consistent with previous studies that found more WM lesions and brain atrophy in MS relative to NMO. Our results suggest that 1) LesionQuant® is a feasible and convenient method to measure CWM lesions, 2) differences in lesion distribution exist between NMO and RMS, and 3) a lesion “fingerprint” may exist that can readily discriminate between these diseases. Study Supported by: NA Disclosure: Dr. Schubert has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alvarez has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Actelion, Biogen, Celgene, EMDSerono, Genzyme, Genentech, Novartis, Teva, and TG pharmaceuticals. Dr. Honce has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Genentech. Dr. Honce has received research support from Novartis, Biogen. Dr. Filley has nothing to disclose.
Brief (<4 hr) sleep episodes are insufficient for restoring performance in first-year resident physicians working overnight extended-duration work shifts.

Study Objectives: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) recently reinstated extended-duration (24-28 hr) work shifts (EDWS) for postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) resident physicians. This study examined the relationship between overnight sleep duration during EDWS and subsequent â��post-callâ�� performance in PGY-1 resident physicians. Methods: Thirty-four PGY-1 resident physicians (23 males; 24-32 years) were studied between 2002 and 2004 during 3-week Q3 â��on-callâ�� rotation schedules in the Medical and Cardiac Intensive Care Units at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Daily sleep logs (validated by ambulatory polysomnography) were collected and the 10 min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) was administered every ~6 hr during each EDWS. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the relationship between overnight sleep duration and PVT performance â��post-callâ�� (0500-1900 hr). Postcall performance during EDWS was compared with sessions matched for time-of-day and weeks-into-schedule in the same resident physician during an intervention schedule that eliminated EDWS. Results: Resident physicians obtained an average of 1.6 Â± 1.5 hr cumulative sleep overnight during EDWS ( 4 hr sleep (p = 0.027 versus no sleep). Despite this apparent improvement, the odds of incurring >1 attentional failure were 2.72 times higher during postcall following >4 hr sleep compared with matched sessions during non-EDWS. Conclusions: Even with >4 hr sleep overnight (8% of EDWS), performance remained significantly impaired. These findings suggest that even â��strategic napping,â�� a recommendation recently removed from ACGME guidelines, is insufficient to mitigate severe performance impairment introduced by extending duty beyond 16 hr. Â© Sleep Research Society 2019. Published by Oxford University Press [on behalf of the Sleep Research Society].
Problems in the detection of fatty acid oxidation defects: experience of a quality assurance programme for qualitative urinary organic acid analysis.

An external quality assurance scheme for qualitative urinary organic acid analysis was started in 1992 with 23 participants, mostly from the United Kingdom (Bonham et al 1994), and has steadily grown under the ERNDIM (European Research Network for Evaluation and Improvement of Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Metabolic Disorders) initiative to the current 111 participants from 28 countries worldwide. Eighty-nine per cent of participants use GC-MS, 10% use GC only and there is one HPLC user. Ether and/or ethyl acetate extraction with trimethylsilyl derivatization is used by > 90% of laboratories. Twelve samples are circulated annually. Each sample comprises 2 ml heat-treated urine (not spiked but sometimes pooled) from children who have a known disorder or who are normal. Brief clinical details are supplied and participants are asked to report in the usual way used in that laboratory and to include an annotated chromatogram. Urine samples from patients with 26 different disorders have been circulated to date and there has been an improvement in the rate of recognition of some of these conditions, supporting the educational value of this scheme. However, the identification of fatty acid oxidation defects is a continuing problem for some laboratories, from both an analytical and an interpretational standpoint.
Revisiting Imiquimod for Treatment of Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (FMF) is an aggressive variant of mycosis fungoides (MF) characterized by infiltration of the hair follicle epithelium by neoplastic T cells. FMF demonstrates poor response rates to standard skin-directed therapies such as phototherapy and topical corticosteroids. Imiquimod, an immunomodulatory agent that stimulates the antitumor immune response, has been used successfully in treatment of early-stage MF. We report a 21-year-old patient with unilesional FMF who achieved clinical remission with imiquimod application. This case highlights a potential for use of imiquimod as a treatment option for patients with FMF and limited skin involvement.
Prospects for Venetoclax in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

BCL-2 is an antiapoptotic protein that plays a critical role acute and chronic leukemias. Venetoclax is an orally selective BCL-2 inhibitor and BH3 mimetic approved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in combination with low dose cytarabine or hypomethylating agent in acute myeloid leukemia for the treatment of patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. This article reviews the biology of BCL-2, focusing on its relationship to the myeloid microenvironment, and discusses the rationale for BCL-2 inhibition in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Clinical trials testing venetoclax in MDS patients are under way. Potential biomarkers for clinical response to BCL-2 inhibition are discussed. Therapeutic opportunities for venetoclax in the therapeutic landscape of MDS are explored.
Electric Vehicles Batteries: Requirements and Challenges

Jie Deng is a research engineer in the Department of Electrification Subsystems and Power Supply at Ford Motor Company. He has extensive experience in computer-aided engineering analysis (structural, fluid, and thermal), battery simulations, and material characterization. He got his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Florida State University and has published over 30 papers. His current research mainly focuses on battery array design and multi-physics modeling and testing of battery behaviors under various abuse conditions. Chulheung Bae is a high-voltage battery systems group supervisor at Ford Motor Company, where his research activities focus on lithium ion battery system development and validation for automotive applications. Dr. Bae has over 22 years of experience in advanced battery materials and various energy storage devices, including Lithium Ion, NiZn, Lead-Acid and redox flow batteries, and ultra-Capacitors. Dr. Bae has a Doctorate in Chemical Engineering from University of Manchester in the UK. Adam Denlinger is manager of high-voltage systems research and development at Ford Motor Company. Adam’s team is responsible for delivering high-voltage battery system innovations—including packaging, durability, thermal, management and controls, and EMC—as well as human-centered technologies targeting an enhanced electrified vehicle ownership experience. The team also leads multiple collaborations in this field with industry, university, and national lab partners. Adam has worked with Ford for 22 years, with experience delivering powertrain technologies, including Ford’s first Ecoboost engine application, industry-first hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle fleet, and multiple high-voltage battery systems for battery electric (BEV) and plug-in electric (PHEV) vehicles. Ted Miller is manager of electrification subsystems and power supply research. His team is responsible for Ford global electrification subsystem and power supply research, delivering battery system design innovations in advanced cell technology, packaging, thermal, EDS, EMC, charging, power conversion, and energy management and modeling. They provide subject matter expertise from raw materials to end-of-life recycling. The team also leads collaboration with university, industrial, and National Lab partners. Mr. Miller is chairman of the United States Advanced Battery Consortium and a member of the Idaho National Laboratory Strategic Advisory Committee and the University of Michigan Energy Institute External Advisory Board.
Using solar energy to generate power through a solar wall

Abstract In this study, a novel solar application is presented to transform the sun rays into heat energy based on the black body. By assuming a wall that contains units of a Thermo-Magnetic-Electrical-Generator (TMEG), the movement of the generator depends on the thermomagnetic properties of the ferromagnetic metals. Gadolinium (Gd) was chosen as the ferromagnetic material due to its convenient Curie point (TC). A Gd disk horizontally moves under the influence of two variables and opposing forces. A permanent magnet (PM) force arises when Gd is in its ferromagnetic state, while it vanishes in a paramagnetic state. In contrast, a spring force always tries to drag Gd opposite the PM force direction. Gd moves in a space between two different temperature zones: hot and cold walls. The hot wall temperature rises due to the solar radiation hitting the black body. In contrast, the cold wall dissipates heat that transfers through the TMEGs to the atmosphere. The thermal balance in the system depends on the solar radiation value, so when the solar radiation changes it is accompanied by a change in temperatures of hot and cold walls.
Optical microangiography reveals temporal and depth-resolved hemodynamic change in mouse barrel cortex during whisker stimulation.

Significance: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation at neurovascular coupling (NVC) plays an important role in normal brain functioning to support oxygen delivery to activating neurons. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of CBF adjustment is crucial for the improved understanding of brain activity. Aim: We investigated the temporal profile of hemodynamic signal change in mouse cortex caused by neural activation and its variation over cortical depth. Approach: Following the cranial window surgery, intrinsic optical signal imaging (IOSI) was used to spatially locate the activated region in mouse cortex during whisker stimulation. Optical microangiography (OMAG), the functional extension of optical coherence tomography, was applied to image the activated and control regions identified by IOSI. Temporal profiles of hemodynamic response signals obtained by IOSI and OMAG were compared, and OMAG signal was analyzed over cortical layers. Results: Our results showed that the hemodynamic response to neural activity revealed by blood flow change signal signal through IOSI is slower than that observed by OMAG signal. OMAG also indicated the laminar variation of the response over cortical depth, showing the largest response in cortical layer IV. Conclusions: Overall, we demonstrated the development and application of dual-modality imaging system composed of IOSI and OMAG, which may have potential to enable the future investigations of depth-resolved CBF and to provide the insights of hemodynamic events associated with the NVC.
Amitraz toxicosis in 3 dogs after being in a rice field.

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical course and novel biochemical findings in 3 dogs with amitraz toxicosis. CASE SERIES SUMMARY Three Labrador Retrievers developed acute onset obtundation to stupor after being in a rice field. On admittance to the hospital, they all displayed bradycardia, hyperglycemia, hyperlactatemia, respiratory acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. All clinical signs resolved in 18-48 hours with supportive care. One dog represented with similar clinical signs and biochemical abnormalities 3 days after discharge following spending time in a different rice field owned by the same owner. Toxicological analysis of serum from all 3 dogs and vomitus from 1 dog returned positive for amitraz and one of its metabolites. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first case series of dogs with confirmed amitraz toxicosis following an environmental exposure. Novel biochemical findings of hyperlactatemia, respiratory acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis were documented in all 3 dogs. Clinicians should be concerned for amitraz toxicosis when presented with an animal with the constellation of signs including decreased mental status, bradycardia, and hyperglycemia, particularly if relevant acid-base abnormalities are also detected.
Janus kinase inhibitors in dermatology: Part II. A comprehensive review.

The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) intracellular signaling pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory dermatoses. Clinical trials and other studies have demonstrated the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of a variety of dermatologic conditions. Here we review JAK inhibitors currently under investigation for the treatment of alopecia areata, vitiligo, sarcoidosis, necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, and systemic lupus erythematosus with a special emphasis on safety and the implications of JAK inhibitors during the novel coronavirus 2019 pandemic.
A Model for a Quantum Level System-Apparatus Interaction

A quantum system is investigated which consists of a two-state spin which interacts with a model apparatus consisting of a large number of bosons. The Hamiltonian which describes the interaction of system and apparatus is defined and the evolution of an initial state of the two by means of an evolution operator over time is calculated. Some insights into the nature of such measurement processes can be made.
Risk Assessment Tools for Osteoporosis Screening in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review

Osteoporotic fractures are common in postmenopausal women. Tools are available to estimate the risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture. This systematic review retrieved articles that evaluated osteoporosis risk assessment tools among postmenopausal women in North America. For identifying BMD T-score ≤-2.5, most studies of the Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation tool (SCORE) and Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI) reported sensitivity ≥90 %. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was usually <0.75 for SCORE and ≥0.75 for ORAI. Among women 50-64 years old, a Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) threshold ≥9.3 % had a sensitivity of 33 % for identifying BMD T-score ≤-2.5 and 26 % for predicting major osteoporotic fracture (MOF). For predicting MOF, sensitivity was higher for SCORE and Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool equation (OST), and higher in women ≥65 years old. For predicting BMD T-score ≤-2.5 in women ≥65 years old, the sensitivities of SCORE; ORAI; and Age, Body Size, No Estrogen (ABONE) were very high. No optimal osteoporosis risk assessment tool is available for identifying low BMD and MOF risk.
Topical Prostaglandin Analogues

Topical prostaglandin analogue drops such as latanoprost and bimatoprost are considered potent agents for reducing intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma.
Defining the Mechanism of O-GlcNAc Signaling in Stress-Induced Autophagy and Cardioprotection

Ischemic heart disease causes global morbidity and mortality. Therapies for treating myocardial infarction and ischemia reperfusion injury (IR/I) have remained elusive. Current research demonstrate...
A Procedure for Uncovering Acceptable and Nonacceptable Mortgage Applications through Discriminant Analysis Using Ranked Data

The procedure developed in this paper uses a less biased statistical technique than conventional discriminant analysis and parallels the ranking procedure used by loan officers. A variety of univar...
Classical and bayesian estimation of exponential reliability under time censoring with replacement

In this paper four classical and four Bayes estimators of the exponential reliability function are compared under time censored sampling with replacement. The classical estimators studied are the maximum likelihood and minimum variance unbiasedand two so-called shrunken estimators, the K and a estimators. Two kinds of Bayes estimators, for each of the gamma and inverted gamma prior distributions for exponential parameter, are studied. Comparisons are made based on mean square errors,and it is shown that no classical estimator is best over the entire parameter space. In a special, though artificial sense,the Bayes estimators for gamma priors perform generally best among all estimators
Characterization of the extracellular cellulase from a mesophilic clostridium (strain C7).

Abstract An extracellular, 700,000-Mr multiprotein complex that catalyzed the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose (Avicel) was isolated from cultures of Clostridium sp. strain C7, a mesophile from freshwater sediment. In addition to cellulose (Avicel, ball-milled filter paper), the multiprotein complex hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose, cellodextrins, xylan, and xylooligosaccharides. Hydrolysis of cellulose or cellotetraose by the complex yielded cellobiose as the main product. Cellopentaose or cellohexaose was hydrolyzed by the complex to cellotriose or cellotetraose, respectively, in addition to cellobiose. Xylobiose was the main product of xylan hydrolysis, and xylobiose and xylotriose were the major products of xylooligosaccharide hydrolysis. Activity (Avicelase) resulting in hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose required Ca2+ and a reducing agent. The multiprotein complex had temperature optima for Avicelase, carboxymethylcellulase, and xylanase activities at 45, 55, and 55 degrees C, respectively, and pH optima at 5.6 to 5.8, 5.5, and 6.55, respectively. Electron microscopy of the 700,000-Mr enzyme complex revealed particles relatively uniform in size (12 to 15 nm wide) and apparently composed of subunit structures. Elution of strain C7 concentrated culture fluid from Sephacryl S-300 columns yielded an A280 peak in the 130,000-Mr region. Pooled fractions from the 130,000-Mr peak had carboxymethylcellulase activity but lacked Avicelase activity. Except for the inability to hydrolyze cellulose, the 130,000-Mr preparation had a substrate specificity identical to that of the 700,000-Mr protein complex. A comparison by immunoblotting techniques of proteins in the 130,000- and 700,000-Mr preparations, indicated that the two enzyme preparations had cross-reacting antigenic determinants.
Diagnostic Utility of the Relative Intensity of 3C to 3D in Fe XVII

The relative intensity R of the resonance and intercombination line in neon-like Fe XVII, located at 15.01 and 15.26 A, respectively, has been measured at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory electron beam ion trap EBIT-II as a function of the relative abundance of sodium-like Fe XVI. Our measurements identify several Fe XVI lines and one Fe XV line in this region. We show that an Fe XVI inner shell satellite line coincides with the intercombination line and can significantly reduce the apparent R. We measure R = 1.90 ± 0.11 when the relative abundance of Fe XVI to Fe XVII is ~1. This explains the anomalously low ratios observed in the solar and stellar coronae. The fact that the apparent relative intensity of the resonance and intercombination line in Fe XVII is sensitive to the strength of an Fe XVI inner shell satellite, and therefore, the relative abundance of Fe XVI to Fe XVII, makes the line ratio a diagnostic of temperature.
Model-checking ω-regular properties of interval Markov chains

We study the problem of model checking Interval-valued Discrete-time Markov Chains (IDTMC). IDTMCs are discrete-time finite Markov Chains for which the exact transition probabilities are not known. Instead in IDTMCs, each transition is associated with an interval in which the actual transition probability must lie.We consider two semantic interpretations for the uncertainty in the transition probabilities of an IDTMC. In the first interpretation, we think of an IDTMC as representing a (possibly uncountable) family of (classical) discrete-time Markov Chains, where each member of the family is a Markov Chain whose transition probabilities lie within the interval range given in the IDTMC.We call this semantic interpretation Uncertain Markov Chains (UMC). In the second semantics for an IDTMC, which we call Interval Markov Decision Process (IMDP), we view the uncertainty as being resolved through non-determinism. In other words, each time a state is visited, we adversarially pick a transition distribution that respects the interval constraints, and take a probabilistic step according to the chosen distribution. We introduce a logic ω-PCTL that can express liveness, strong fairness, and ω-regular properties (such properties cannot be expressed in PCTL). We show that the ω-PCTL model checking problem for Uncertain Markov Chain semantics is decidable in PSPACE (same as the best known upper bound for PCTL) and for Interval Markov Decision Process semantics is decidable in coNP (improving the previous known PSPACE bound for PCTL).We also show that the qualitative fragment of the logic can be solved in coNP for the UMC interpretation, and can be solved in polynomial time for a subclass of UMCs.We also prove lower bounds for these model checking problems. We show that the model checking problem of IDTMCs with LTL formulas can be solved for both UMC and IMDP semantics by reduction to the model checking problem of IDTMC with ω-PCTL formulas.
Impact of thin resist processes on post-etch LER

While evaluating 193 nm, and early versions of 157 nm and EUV resists, the lithography community has focused on post-develop LER values derived from image analysis of top-down SEM micrographs. These numbers, however, do not capture the tendency of a resist to facet and roughen during plasma etching processes. They also do not convey any information about the role of the anti-reflective coatings/hard masks in the transfer of resist roughness into the underlying substrate. From a manufacturing perspective, it is the "LER" of the final etched substrate that is more important. This paper systematically studies the impact of resist polymer platform and thickness, etching conditions, and presence of organic and inorganic anti-reflective coatings/hard masks on substrate roughening. An AFM technique, previously developed by Reynolds and Taylor, is used to measure the feature sidewall roughness as a function of etch depth. This technique enables us to calculate the sidewall roughness of the resist, ARC/hard mak and substrate surfaces simultaneously, and determine correlations that may exist between these values. The paper identifies and demonstrates patterning methodologies that can be used to achieve "smooth" substrate surfaces even when the resist is "thin".
Effect of magnesium on lipid-induced calcification: an in vitro model for bone mineralization.

The effect of Mg on hydroxyapatite proliferation induced by phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, and calcium-acidic phospholipidphosphate complexes has been studied in metastable calcium phosphate solutions of constant ionic strength and variable Mg/Ca ratio. Mg inhibits formation of the Ca-acidic phospholipid phosphate complexes, probably by competing with Ca for sites on the phospholipid molecules. Once the complexed acidic phospholipids are present, Mg has no effect on the proliferation of hydroxyapatite. This is shown by the invariant first-order rate constant for the disappearance of Ca during hydroxyapatite proliferation (kCa=0.0037 h−1) in solutions with Mg/Ca weight ratios ranging 0/1 to 10/1. These studies suggest that the presence of Mg does affect in vivo calcification and that the initiation of calcification by means of a Ca-PL-PO4 complex may be dependent on the Mg/Ca ratio in the calcifying tissue.
Fibroblast Response to Lanthanoid Metal Ion Stimulation: Potential Contribution to Fibrotic Tissue Injury

The purpose of this study was to compare each of the 14 naturally occurring lanthanoid metal ions for ability to stimulate pro-fibrotic responses in human dermal fibroblasts. When fibroblasts were exposed to individual lanthanoids over the concentration range of 1–100 μM, increased proliferation was observed with each of the agents as compared with control cells that were already proliferating rapidly in a growth factor-enriched culture medium. Dose–response differences were observed among the individual metal ions. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels were also increased in response to lanthanoid exposure but type I procollagen production was not. A dose–response relationship between induction of proliferation and increased MMP-1 was observed. Non-lanthanoid transition metal ions (aluminum, copper, cobalt, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and zinc) were examined in the same assays; there was little stimulation with any of these metals. When epidermal keratinocytes were examined in place of dermal fibroblasts, there was no growth stimulation with any of the lanthanoids. Several of the lanthanoid metals inhibited keratinocyte proliferation at higher concentrations (50–100 μM).
Plant biology. Mobile protein signals cell fate.

In plant roots, different cell types are organized in a well-defined pattern: each cell knows exactly where it is and what it should do. A molecule that tells cells where they are has now been discovered.
Synthesis and characterization of tricarbonylchlororhenium(I) complexes bound to the novel bridging ligand dipyrido(2,3-a;2′,3′-h)phenazine (dpop)

Abstract Rhenium(I) tricarbonylchloride complexes with the novel planar bis-bidentate ligand dipyrido(2,3- a ;2′,3′- h )phenazine (dpop) have been prepared and characterized. Electronic absorption spectra show solvatochromic MLCT absorptions in the visible spectrum that are red shifted from tricarbonylchlororhenium(I) complexes with similar bis-bidentate ligands. Electrochemical results show dpop centered reversible reductions in the [Re(CO) 3 Cl] 1,2 (dpop) complexes to be at less negative potentials than for similar pyridyl ligands in tricarbonylchlororhenium(I) complexes. Both electronic absorption and electrochemical data suggest that the effects of the cyclized dpop bridging ligand, in comparison with bipyridyl coordinating type bridging ligands, are lower energy electronic absorptions and less negative reversible bridging ligand reduction potentials.
Effect of GABA agonists on the neurotoxicity and anticonvulsant activity of benzodiazepines.

Abstract Progabide (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a GABA receptor agonist, significantly decreases the median minimal neurotoxic dose (TD50) of clobazam, chlordiazepoxide, and diazepam; the receptor binding of these substances is highly enhanced by muscimol. Progabide has no significant effect on the TD50 of clonazepam and triazolam; the receptor bindings of these subtances is either only slightly enhanced or not altered by muscimol. Progabide also significantly decreases the median antimaximal electroshock dose (MES ED50) of all the benzodiazepines tested. However, progabide has no effect on the median antipentylenetetrazol dose (PTZ ED50) of the benzodiazepines. Likewise, THIP (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) ignificantly decreases the TD50 of chlordiazepoxide but not that of triazolam. THIP significantly decreases the MES ED50 of chlordiazepoxide and triazolam but has no effect on the PTZ ED50 of these two substances. The above data suggest that benzodiazepine receptors linked to GABA receptors contribute to the minimal neurotoxicity and anti-MES activity but not to the anti-PTZ activity of benzodiazepines.
Preparation of Polyimides Utilizing the Diels−Alder Reaction. 1,4-[N,N‘-Bis(butadienyl-2-methyl)diamido]-2,3,5,6- tetramethylbenzenes with Bismaleimides

Bis(amide-1,3-diene) monomers were prepared from 1,4-[N,N‘- bis(butadienyl-2-methyl)diamino]-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene and several alkyl and aryl acid chlorides. The corresponding poly(amide imide)s were prepared by the Diels−Alder reaction involving these bis(amide-1,3-diene)s with bismaleimides. The polymers exhibited inherent viscosities of 0.21−0.81 dL/g and glass transition temperatures ranging from 202 to 269 °C. Moderate thermal stability was observed by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis, with 10% weight loss occurring between 318 and 350 °C in helium. The polymers were soluble in N,N-dimethylacetamide and chlorinated solvents. Creasable films were obtained by solution casting from chloroform. The chemistry and physical properties of the monomers and polymers are discussed.
Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy Near 10 Microns

Molecules that absorb 10.5-μm CO2 laser radiation are important as candidates for laser isotope separation and as possible saturable absorbers, passive mode lockers, and subjects for various non-linear optics experiments. Two such molecules are SF6 and OsO4, which have dense and complex absorption features that were not resolved until the development of tuna-ble diode lasers (resolution <10-5 cm-1). The spectra of these two compounds have been ex-amined in the region 940-970 cm-1 and will be discussed, with special attention to calibra-tion techniques. Full assignments and analyses of the bands have been carried out, isotope shifts measured, and the molecular constants determined. Application of these results to the analysis of non-linear optics experiments will be discussed.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The DNF exception problem

Given a disjunctive normal form (DNF) expression ϕ and a set A of vectors satisfying the expression, called the set of exceptions, we would like to update ϕ to get a new DNF which is false on A, and otherwise is equivalent to ϕ. Is there an algorithm with running time polynomial in the number of variables, the size of the original formula and the number of exceptions, which produces an updated formula of size bounded by a certain type of function of the same parameters?We give an efficient updating algorithm, which shows that the previously known best upper bound for the size of the updated expression is not optimal in order of magnitude. We then present a lower bound for the size of the updated formula in terms of the parameters, which is the first known lower bound for this problem. We also consider the special case (studied previously in the complexity theory of disjunctive normal forms) where the initial formula is identically true, and give efficient updating algorithms, providing new upper bounds for the size of the updated expression.
Clinical and biological significance of an isozyme tumor marker--PLAP.

Abstract In 1930 the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with bone or liver disease ushered in the era of clinical enzymology. The association of elevated (bone) alkaline phosphatase in serum of patients with osteogenic sarcoma was the first evidence that tumor cells themselves produced the enzyme. It became clear, however, in the 1960s that the serum alkaline phosphatase was not a single enzyme but consisted of a family of isozymes originating from liver, bone, intestine, and placenta. This was a consequence of the introduction of a combination of electrophoretic separations, heat inactivation, and organ-specific amino acid inhibitors. This combination of measurements made possible the demonstration of a serum alkaline phosphatase of lung cancer origin, as confirmed by the histochemical visualization in lung cancer of the Regan Isozyme (placental alkaline phosphatase-PLAP). At present, the measurement of PLAP has its greatest utility as a tumor marker in seminoma and ovarian cancer. A PLAP-like isozyme in normal testis and ovary is expressed in these and other neoplasias and appears to be related to rare alleles of placental alkaline phosphatase. Current studies have utilized a panel of monoclonal antibodies to detect useful epitopes that suggest that PLAP and PLAP-like isozymes are coded by different genes. The PLAP gene has now been cloned and sequenced by Millan and others. This fundamental new information is providing a base line that will make it possible to explain the overlapping specificities of intestinal and placental isozymes, the degree of uniqueness of the PLAP-like isozyme, the precise mechanism of uncompetitive inhibition by L-phenylalanine and the evolutionary history of the alkaline phosphatases. Tumor PLAP is an example of oncotrophoblast gene expression.
A Transactional View: Occupation as a Means to Create Experiences that Matter

This article examines the relation between occupation and experience and explores the potentiality of occupation as means to create experiences that matter. First, a transactional view is used to explicate the nature of occupation and experience. Second, a plausible way in which occupation can be powerfully positioned as catalyst for transformation is explored. By paying attention to the ‘ends-in-view’, possible courses of action surrounding occupational choices are envisaged to anticipate desirable experiences. Such an approach can be used to reinforce a positive and meaningful occupational trajectory that promotes health and well-being. The limitations and implications of employing such an approach are also discussed.
High Frequency Pulsed Injection into a Supersonic Duct Flow

A study is presented of the effect of pulsation (100% modulation) of a sonic jet of helium into a supersonic (ducted) crossflow on its mixing. An injector was developed to provide a high-speed high-frequency (up to 13 kHz) pulsed jet. The injector nozzle is formed between fixed internal passages and a three- or four-sided wheel embedded within the device that rotates due to the flow in the nozzle. For a given geometry the pulsation frequency is repeatable, constant above a certain pressure ratio, and scales with the speed of sound of the gas. The pulsed jet in the crossflow was visualized in a side view by schlieren photography. The plume of injected helium was visualized in a cross section, 69 effective jet diameters downstream of injection, by seeding the helium with a small amount of ethanol, which condensed as tiny particles and illuminated with a laser light sheet. Results indicate a modest reduction in mean plume cross-sectional size (and, therefore, reduction of mixing) with pulsation and an increa...
Simple model for the binding of a polyelectrolyte to an oppositely charged curved surface

We present a simple model for the binding of persistence-length segments of a polyelectrolyte to an oppositely charged spherical macroion with radius of the same order as the polymer persistence length. The polyelectrolyte is taken as a rod with elastic bending capacity. The macroion is abstracted as an absolutely rigid circular arc. In the bound state, the polyelectrolyte bends onto the macroion, and some of the opposite charges are mutually neutralized. The curvature of the macroion imposes stability limits on the bound state. The model predicts transitions to bound-state stability in the same conditions (polyelectrolyte charge density and bare persistence length, macroion radius, salt concentration) under which they are observed in experimental studies of the binding of polyelectrolytes to oppositely charged micelles. The calculations also suggest why macroscopic phase separation occurs in experiments below a critical salt concentration but not above.
Effects of birth order upon personality development of twins.

(1969). Effects of Birth Order upon Personality Development of Twins. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 114, No. 1, pp. 93-95.
Design and fabrication of a microfluidic device for near-single cell mRNA isolation using a copper hot embossing master

We describe investigations toward a disposable polymer-based chip for the isolation of eukaryotic mRNA. This work focuses here on the improvement of the fabrication methods for rapid prototyping and the actual application at lowest RNA concentrations with total channel volumes of 3.5 μL. Messenger RNA isolation was achieved using paramagnetic oligo (dT)25 beads within a microfluidic channel which incorporated a sawtooth microstructured design to aid in mixing. The structures were shown to facilitate mixing beteen two fluids in parallel flow when compared to a channel without structures. The chip was fabricated by means of hot embossing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using a copper master. Copper was used as the master material due to its excellent thermal, mechanical, and electroplating properties. Fabrication of the master consisted of the structuring of a polished copper plate using KMPR 1050 as an electroplating mold for forming the microchannel structures. The copper master was found to be much more robust than traditional silicon masters used for prototyping. The use of KMPR enabled the generation of high straight walls in contrast to SU-8 masters. In addition, embossing times were able to be decreased by a factor of 3 due to improved heat conduction and avoidance of a lengthy and delicate de-embossing step.
Effects Of Strain On The Band Structure Of Diamond

There are several extreme properties) of diamond which make it a desireable material for technological applications. Its hardness, which is related to its large elastic moduli, is well known. Less widely recognized are its high thermal conductivity and its low thermal expansion coefficient, which suggest its use in high temperature applications. Its large bandgap of 5.5 eV suggests uses in optical electronics in the VUV region, but the indirect nature of the gap has contributed to the lack of active investigation of diamond as an optical component. More important in this regard is the problem of fabrication of diamond components: the stable form of carbon is graphite, with the cubic (and hexagonal) forms of carbon being metastable. This metastability is primarily a limitation only in the fabrication process; once tetrahedrally-bonded carbon is formed it is exceedingly "stable", even up to high temperatures. The recent progress in the area of vapor deposition of diamond has been encouraging. An overview of the various methods which have been used has been given by Moustakas et al. 2 Moreover, fabrication of operating p-n diodes on the related material BN by Mishima et al.,3 constructed by growing n-type BN on p-type seed crystals, suggests that the construction of diamond-based electronic components may not be far away. For applications involving the epitaxial growth of diamond on nearly lattice-matched materials, it is crucial to understand the effects of the various uniaxial strains which may occur. A question of special importance is: are there physically realizable strains which will lead to an indirect-to-direct gap inversion, making it more amenable to application in electronic/optical devices. In this paper we provide the initial results of our investigation of these questions. Several studies of the shifts in band energies due to infinitesimal strains ("deformation potentials") have appeared. Most of these 4-8 have dealt only with homogeneous strains, although uniaxial strains have received some attention. 9, 10 Nielsen ll has carried out extensive studies of the stress-strain relationship in diamond under uniaxial deformations, but reported very little (recounted below) on the effects on the band structure.
The synthesis and pH-dependent behaviour of Re(CO)3 conjugates with diimine phenolic ligands.

In this report we present a study of a series of Re(CO)3 pyridine–imine complexes with pendant phenol groups. We investigated the effects of the position of the phenol hydroxyl group (para, meta or ortho to the imine) on the steric and electronic characteristics of a series of Re(CO)3X(pyca-C6H4OH) compounds, where X = Cl, Br and pyca = pyridine-2-carbaldehyde imine. These compounds can be generated either via ligand synthesis followed by metal chelation (compound 4) or via a one-pot method (compounds 2, 3, 5 and 6). All six compounds show striking differences in pH-dependent UV-visible absorption based on the position of the phenol hydroxyl group.
Plantlet multiplication from white pine (Pinus strobus L.) embryos in vitro: bud induction and rooting

White pine embryos were grown on 4 different media with 6 different benzyladenine (BA) concentrations. Maximum adventitious shoot initiation and growth were obtained on a modified Lepoivre medium with 20 μM BA. Modified Schenk and Hildebrandt, Murashige and Skoog, and Gresshoff and Doy media were also tested. Shoot elongation was achieved on half-strength basal medium lacking growth regulators. Three rooting experiments involving indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sucrose concentration, shoot orientation, IBA pulse length, and light or dark were carried out. Treatment of shoots in an upright position with 50 μM IBA for eight days followed by culture in a medium with 3% sucrose in the light produced the most rooting (50% at 3 months). Rooted shoots were transplanted to the greenhouse for further growth.