cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid induction of voluntary alcohol choice in rats

Rats were intragastrically infused with 10% alcohol for 72 hr. Infusion was switched off when rat's temperature dropped 3°C. The rats were then placed for 7 days with continuous access to two different tastes, the consumption of one of these being accompanied by an intragastric infusion of 20% alcohol. The experimental rats self-infused alcohol in about the same amount as had been pumped in in the first 72 hr for the 7 days. When the consumption of the alcohol-paired flavor was accompanied by an intragastric infusion of 10% alcohol for some of the experimental animals on Day 7, there was no significant decrease in the amount of alcohol self-infused, as the rats compensated by increasing the amount of alcohol-paired flavor drunk. Controls learned to avoid the taste associated with alcohol infusion.
The β-cell specific transcription factor Nkx6.1 inhibits glucagon gene transcription by interfering with Pax6

The transcription factor Nkx6.1 is required for the establishment of functional insulin-producing beta-cells in the endocrine pancreas. Overexpression of Nkx6.1 has been shown to inhibit glucagon gene expression while favouring insulin gene activation. Down-regulation resulted in the opposite effect, suggesting that absence of Nkx6.1 favours glucagon gene expression. To understand the mechanism by which Nkx6.1 suppresses glucagon gene expression, we studied its effect on the glucagon gene promoter activity in non-islet cells using transient transfections and gel-shift analyses. In glucagonoma cells transfected with an Nkx6.1-encoding vector, the glucagon promoter activity was reduced by 65%. In BHK21 cells, Nkx6.1 inhibited by 93% Pax6-mediated activation of the glucagon promoter, whereas Cdx2/3 and Maf stimulations were unaltered. Although Nkx6.1 could interact with both the G1 and G3 element, only the former displayed specificity for Nkx6.1. Mutagenesis of the three potential AT-rich motifs within the G1 revealed that only the Pax6-binding site preferentially interacted with Nkx6.1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed interaction of Nkx6.1 with the glucagon promoter and revealed a direct competition for binding between Pax6 and Nkx6.1. A weak physical interaction between Pax6 and Nkx6.1 was detected in vitro and in vivo suggesting that Nkx6.1 predominantly inhibits glucagon gene transcription through G1-binding competition. We suggest that cell-specific expression of the glucagon gene may only proceed when Nkx6.1, in combination with Pdx1 and Pax4, are silenced in early alpha-cell precursors.
Fiber optic chemical/environmental sensors based on active coatings

ABSTRACT Three optically active organic indicators were evaluated for monitoring 02, dissolvedH2S and CO. By combining a sol-gel coating with porous fiber technology, a fluorescencesensor was developed for oxygen concentrations less than 1 ppm. A second sol-gelmaterial also possessing fluorescence properties was examined for possible H2S sensingapplications. In this instance, the fluorescence of thionin-doped, sol-gel film wasquenched upon exposure to ppm-levels of dissolved H2S. Finally, preliminary resultsconcerning the advancement of a potential CO sensor were initialized by directlyadsorbing the organometallic indicator onto a porous fiber substrate. Even though theminimum sensitivity was a few percent, these results were encouraging since the complexresponded reversibly to CO. 1. INTRODUCTION Over the past five years, sol-gel glasses doped with organic indicators receivedconsiderable attention for optical sensor applications'3. Theseorganic species representseveral classes of compounds which include fluorescent dyes, absorption dyes (i.e. pHindicators), organometallic molecules and bioactive molecules. When these opticallyactive organics are exposed to a particular chemical analyte, a change in their opticalproperties results (i.e. fluorescence intensity, absorption, refractive index and phase shift).Therefore, the change in absorption or fluorescence, for example, is readily calibrated tothe concentration of the chemical analyte.These indicators, however, were previously limited to solvents or polymeric hosts.Obviously, dissolving the organic dye into a solvent does not provide an effective meansfor optical sensors that require in-situ or remote detection. On the other hand, polymerssometimes fail to preserve the optical integrity of organic dopants since they tend to bethermally, chemically and photochemically unstable. To overcome these difficulties, arigid, inorganic matrix is desired so that the optical properties of the organic dyes arepreserved. Thus, the low temperature processing offered by sol-gel methodology lendsthis technique as a viable candidate for caging incorporating organic molecules into aninorganic matrix.The feasibility of the sol-gel approach was first explored in 1984 by Avnir, et. al.4 inwhich the laser dye, rhodamine 6G, was immobilized in a silica gel matrix. In thefollowing years Badini, et. al.5 showed the potential for an optical sensor configuration by
Development of a Homogeneous Pulse Shape Discriminating Flow-Cell Radiation Detection System

Abstract A homogeneous flow-cell radiation detection system which utilizes coincidence counting and pulse shape discrimination circuitry was assembled and tested with five commercially available liquid scintillation cocktails. Two of the cocktails, Ultima Flo (Packard) and Mono Flow 5 (National Diagnostics) have low viscosities and are intended for flow applications; and three of the cocktails, Optiphase HiSafe 3 (Wallac), Ultima Gold AB (Packard), and Ready Safe (Beckman), have higher viscosities and are intended for static applications. The low viscosity cocktails were modified with 1-methylnaphthalene to increase their capability for alpha/beta pulse shape discrimination. The sample loading and pulse shape discriminator setting were optimized to give the lowest minimum detectable concentration for alpha radiation in a 30 s count time. Of the higher viscosity cocktails, Optiphase HiSafe 3 had the lowest minimum detectable activities for alpha and beta radiation, 0.2 and 0.4 Bq/ml for 233 U and 90 Sr / 90 Y , respectively, for a 30 s count time. The sample loading was 70% and the corresponding alpha/beta spillover was 5.5%. Of the low viscosity cocktails, Mono Flow 5 modified with 2.5% (by volume) 1-methylnaphthalene resulted in the lowest minimum detectable activities for alpha and beta radiation; 0.3 and 0.5 Bq/ml for 233 U and 90 Sr / 90 Y , respectively, for a 30 s count time. The sample loading was 50%, and the corresponding alpha/beta spillover was 16.6%. HiSafe 3 at a 10% sample loading was used to evaluate the system under simulated flow conditions.
Backward-Angle Electron-Proton Elastic Scattering and Proton Electromagnetic Form Factors

Elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections were measured at backward angles (80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) in the laboratory for four-momentum transfers between 7 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and 45 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Experimental errors range from 3.1% to 5.3%, including a systematic error estimated to be 1.9% added in quadrature. Electric and magnetic form factors are computed from all the recent data in this ${q}^{2}$ range, with allowance made for possible normalization differences. The results show a deviation from the scaling law.
Reduced bacterial adhesion to heparin-surface-modified intraocular lenses

Bacterial adherence to intraocular lenses (IOLs) could be the cause of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery and lens implantation. There are previous reports that heparin bound to the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOLs reduces cell adhesion. In this study, the in vitro adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to regular PMMA IOLs and to heparin-surface-modified (HSM) PMMA IOLs was investigated. The three bacterial strains attached in significantly lower numbers to HSM-PMMA IOLs than to PMMA IOLs (P < .01). Heparin in solution also inhibited attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to regular PMMA IOLs. Heparin may reduce adherence by placing a highly hydrated layer between the bacteria and the IOL surface. Therefore, the use of HSM-PMMA IOLs could diminish the incidence of endophthalmitis.
Publication Bias in Empirical Sociological Research : Do Arbitrary Significance Levels Distort Published Results?

Despite great attention to the quality of research methods in individual studies, if publication decisions of journals are a function of the statistical significance of research findings, the published literature as a whole may not produce accurate measures of true effects. This article examines the two most prominent sociology journals (the American Sociological Review and the American Journal of Sociology) and another important though less influential journal (The Sociological Quarterly) for evidence of publication bias. The effect of the .05 significance level on the pattern of published findings is examined using a ``caliper'' test, and the hypothesis of no publication bias can be rejected at approximately the 1 in 10 million level. Findings suggest that some of the results reported in leading sociology journals may be misleading and inaccurate due to publication bias. Some reasons for publication bias and proposed reforms to reduce its impact on research are also discussed.
Frequency-dependent polarization of light scattered near the Na D 2 resonance line

We report measurements of the degree of linear polarization of scattered light as a function of excitation frequency near the Doppler-broadened $\mathrm{Na} D2$ resonance line. For resonant excitation of the $D2$ line, the hyperfine interaction strongly depolarizes the emitted light due to precession of the electronic angular momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ prior to spontaneous emission. However, as the laser frequency is tuned away from resonance, the polarization degree sharply rises to the level predicted using a simple $J{M}_{J}$ basis, i.e., neglecting any coupling of the electronic angular momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$ with the nuclear spin $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}$. Roughly speaking, there is a transition from $F$ selection rules ($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{F}}=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}+\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}$) for resonant excitation to $J$ selection rules for off-resonant excitation. We present a rigorous calculation of the polarization degree with the use of multipole moments of the density matrix which agrees quantitatively with our data and also predicts complicated interference structure when Doppler broadening is negligible. We show that this structure may shift peaks observed in precision laser-spectroscopy experiments. For Doppler-broadened transitions we discuss a simplified approach (based on an approximation to the Voigt profile) which treats separately the contributions of resonant and off-resonant scattering.
Atomic photoionization in a strong magnetic field

The photoionization of hydrogen atoms in a strong magnetic field is formulated as a multichannel problem by representing the asymptotic electron wave function in cylindrical coordinates. Departures from cylindrical symmetry close to the nucleus are incorporated by an $R$-matrix treatment at short range, which then merges with standard quantum-defect procedures. The $R$-matrix calculation utilizes the eigenchannel approach, recast in noniterative form. At the field strength treated here, $B=4.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ G, the photoionization cross section displays narrow "autoionizing" resonances near the excited Landau thresholds.
Flexor tendon ruptures secondary to hamate hook fractures

Four patients with flexor tendon ruptures secondary to hook of the hamate fracture are described. None of the patients had the diagnosis of fracture made before tendon rupture. All patients were treated with excision of the fractured hook and tendon repair. The tendon repair was usually an end-to-side (Y junction) of the profundus of the small to the profundus of the ring finger. After operation, all patients were free of pain and returned to their preinjury activity levels, but most had some limitation of motion in the digit with the tendon repair. The complication of tendon rupture not uncommonly follows basilar hook of the hamate fractures. Treatment by excision of the fracture and end-to-side tendon repair produces satisfactory results. Range of motion after tendon repair seems to depend more on the patient's age and the amount of inflammation at the site of repair rather than on the method of tendon repair.
THE CUTICULAR ANATOMY OF FRENELOPSIS VARIANS FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF CENTRAL TEXAS

Stem fragments identified as Frenelopsis varians Fontaine have been found in the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) of central Texas. The cuticle is extremely thick and characterized by 5-6 subsidiary cells with papillae overarching the stomatal chamber. Guard cells are deeply sunken below the epidermis. Stomatal complexes are arranged in axial rows extending from the base of an internode to its apex. The rows of stomata continue into the sheathing leaf where the rows curve towards the leaf apex. The epidermis of F. varians was apparently long persistent and underwent prolonged growth. Axial rows of stomata are frequently disrupted resulting in a random pattern of stomata. A single, highly reduced, sheathing leaf is present at each node. The margin of the leaf has numerous unicellular trichomes and extends to form a slightly triangular blade.
Electromagnetic detection of a 410-km-deep melt layer in the southwestern United States

A deep-seated melt or fluid layer on top of the 410-km-deep seismic discontinuity in Earth's upper mantle, as proposed in the transition-zone 'water filter' hypothesis, may have significant bearing on mantle dynamics and chemical differentiation. The geophysical detection of such a layer has, however, proved difficult. Magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding are geophysical methods sensitive to mantle melt. Here we use these methods to search for a distinct structure near 410-km depth. We calculate one-dimensional forward models of the response of electrical conductivity depth profiles, based on mineral physics studies of the effect of incorporating hydrogen in upper-mantle and transition-zone minerals. These models indicate that a melt layer at 410-km depth is consistent with regional magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding data from the southwestern United States (Tucson). The 410-km-deep melt layer in this model has a conductance of 3.0 x 10(4) S and an estimated thickness of 5-30 km. This is the only regional data set that we have examined for which such a melt layer structure was found, consistent with regional seismic studies. We infer that the hypothesized transition-zone water filter occurs regionally, but that such a layer is unlikely to be a global feature.
Treatment of a cyclodialysis cleft by means of ophthalmic laser microendoscope endophotocoagulation.

PURPOSE: To report on the repair of a cyclodialysis cleft by means of endolaser photocoagulation. METHOD: Case report. We describe treatment of a cyclodialysis cleft by means of endolaser photocoagulation with a diode laser. RESULTS: In a 8-year-old boy with pseudophakia and secondary glaucoma in the right eye, combined trabeculectomy/trabeculotomy was performed. Ten months later, the patient was seen with persistent hypotony with a flat filtration bleb. The hypotony was unresponsive to all forms of medical therapy. Reformation of the anterior chamber along with synechialysis revealed a 2.5 clock–hour cyclodialysis cleft by means of gonioscopy. A laser microendoscope probe was used and laser was applied to both the internal scleral and external ciliary body surfaces within the depths of the cleft. Within 3 weeks after treatment, intraocular pressure increased to 15 mm Hg and has remained at that level as of 9 months after the endolaser photocoagulation procedure. CONCLUSION: Endolaser photocoagulation with the ophthalmic laser microendoscope may be an appropriate procedure, after failure of medical therapy, for the diagnosis and repair of a cyclodialysis cleft, especially in the pediatric population.
Simultaneous determination of velocity, turbulence and particle concentration of a turbulent flow using laser cross-beam photon-correlation spectroscopy

Abstract A turbulent velocity model is proposed to describe certain types of turbulent flows. An expression of the photon correlation function for laser cross-beam light scattering based on this model is presented, and it is found to give excellent agreement with experimental data. With least-square fitting, the measured spectrum allows the simultaneous determination of the mean flow velocity, turbulent velocity, and the number of scatterers.
Wireless digital map coding and communication for PDA (personal digital assistant) applications

The transmission of multi-scale digital map information via a wireless link of the personal digital assistant (PDA) system is investigated in this work. We consider a digital map representation of the vector model consisting of 29 layers, in which the road layer plays the most important role. Based on the street segment length, the road layer is classified into different scales. A multi-scale map database can be constructed by adding the classification information without modifying the original database. Unlike the conventional digital map service, where the retrieved map data is first generated as a bitmap image, compressed at the server side and then transmitted to the remote client via wired link, we propose a new approach that can overcome the narrow bandwidth of the wireless channel. The basis idea is to transmit the map drawing commands rather than the rendered bitmap data by assuming that the PDA has the sufficient computational power to render the map at the client side. Preliminary experiments have been done to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. It is demonstrated that the acceptable transmission through the wireless channel of 8 Kbps can be achieved.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Xylella fastidiosa genotype differentiation by SYBR® Green-based QRT-PCR

Pathotype differentiation within Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) is necessary to accurately identify the causal agents of several leaf scorch diseases in agronomic crops and ornamentals. Three strain groups, Pierce's disease (PD), almond leaf scorch (ALS), and oleander leaf scorch (OLS), have been described in California and inhabit multiple hosts with varied severity. An SYBR® Green-based quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) protocol with a single primer set was developed for X. fastidiosa genotype differentiation utilizing melting temperature (Tm) analysis. The goal of this work was to develop a rapid diagnostic tool that could separate X. fastidiosa strains from one another similar to the placement in previous reports. Placement of eight PD, six ALS, and six OLS strains into respective strain groups was consistent with Tm curve analysis using a single primer set. These groupings were consistent with published data on the phylogenetic placement of the strains.
Identifying Soil Properties that Influence Cotton Yield Using Soil Sampling Directed by Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity

Crop yield inconsistently correlates with apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC a ) because of the influence of soil properties (e.g., salinity, water content, texture, etc.) that may or may not influence yield within a particular field and because of a temporal component of yield variability that is poorly captured by a state variable such as EC a . Nevertheless, in instances where yield correlates with EC., maps of EC, are useful for devising soil sampling schemes to identify soil properties influencing yield within a fleld. A west side San Joaquin Valley field (32A ha) was used to demonstrate how spatial distributions of EC a can guide a soil sample design to determine the soil properties influencing seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.; 'MAXXA' variety) yield. Soil sample sites were selected with a statistical sample design utilizing spatial EC, measurements. Statistical results are presented from correlation and regression analyses between cotton yield and the properties of pH, B, NO 3 -N, Cl - , salinity, leaching fraction (LF), gravimetric water content, bulk density, percentage clay, and saturation percentage. Correlation coefficients of -0.01, 0.50, -0.03, 0.25, 0.53, -0.49, 0.42, -0.29, 0.36, and 0.38, respectively, were determined. A site-specific response model of cotton yield was developed based on ordinary least squares regression analysis and adjusted for spatial autocorrelation using maximum likelihood. The response model indicated that salinity, plant-available water, LF, and pH were the most significant soil properties influencing cotton yield at the study site. The correlations and response model provide valuable information for site-specific management.
Exploring the concept of climate surprise

This paper examines the concept of climate surprise and its implications for environmental policymaking. Although long-term, incremental changes in climate can have serious consequences, it is usually the extreme, surprising events that cause the most damage to human health and property. Different taxonomies of surprise are explored, drawing from literature concerning diverse aspects of human society. Surprise is revealed to be a subjective concept in many respects, triggered by such factors as prior experience, belief systems, and media exposure. How policymakers have reacted to climate surprises in the past is considered, particularly with regard to choices made between pro-active and reactive measures. It is concluded that, while some kinds of surprise are truly unpredictable, there are other types that could be anticipated and their adverse effects forestalled.
A Comparative Perspective on Settlement and Bargaining in Personal Injury Cases

Ross's study of the work of claims adjusters in settling personal injury' and Rosenthal's analysis of the relationship between lawyers and clients in those same kinds of cases2 represent two seminal pieces of research on the process of civil justice in the United States. Hazel Genn's new study of the settlement of personal injury cases in England represents a major addition to our understanding of that process. It illuminates how incentive structures and rules governing legal procedure influence the processes and relationships that affect case processing. The research described in Genn's book follows up her major contributions to the "misfortunes" study done by a team at Oxford's Centre for Socio-Legal Studies.3 That earlier study included a discussion of negotia-
Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service

Abstract A fresh approach toward the solution of many of the debatable problems in complete denture construction consists of simply recording, as guided by muscle memory, the extent of the downward and forward mandibular movements made during speech. This automatically restores the patient's original horizontal and vertical overlaps which can be used to control seven factors of occlusion. The values derived by progressive function refinement of this information, through the controlled use of diagnostic treatment dentures incorporating tissue treatment material, and a free running occlusal scheme have been reviewed.
Plasma cell dyscrasias (except myeloma).

T HE PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS are a group of related diseases that are characterized by proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone or strain. These cells secrete immunoglobulins or their components as a homogenous protein detectable by serum protein electrophoresis as a single spike (designated M-protein for monoclonal), or by urine protein electrophoresis as a peak (urinary light chains). Synonyms for these disorders are monoclonal gammopathy, dysgammaglobulinemia, and paraimmunoglobulinopathy. In this paper, we will review the clinical and laboratory aspects and bone radiology of three disorders of this group, macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, and heavy chain disease.
56 ANXIETY IN MOTHERS OF MONITORED INFANTS (MOMI) AND FATHERS OF MONITORED INFANTS (FOMI)

A prospective study was undertaken to assess anxiety in parents whose infants were monitored at home for apnea. An adapted version of the “State” portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was employed to assess parent's anxiety pertaining to their infants sleeping alone in another room and sleeping in the same room with the parents. The Trait portion of the STAI served as a measure of general anxiety. Twenty-five MOMI, as well as 9 mothers of full-term or premature nonmonitored infants (NonMOMI), were asked to complete the questionnaire at discharge and at 1 and 3 months post discharge. Six FOMI also completed the questionnaire at discharge. The preliminary results indicate the following: l)At discharge, MOMI reported significantly higher anxiety than the NonMOMI, around the issue of infants sleeping alone (t=2.73, p <.01), and higher anxiety around the issue of infants sleeping under their direct supervision. 2)For both situations, differences in anxiety between groups decreased at 1 month and nearly disappeared at 3 months. 3)Groups did not differ on “Trait” or general anxiety at any of the 3 intervals, and the general level of anxiety; remained stable across trials. 4)Father's anxiety level for the situations namely, the child with him and the child sleeping alone, correlated with the mothers anxiety in all situations (r=.78–.99) and mothers anxiety of the same situation (r=.99), rerespectively. However, the father's general anxiety level did not correlate with any measures of the mother's anxiety.
Nafcillin implicated in a case of cutaneous and gastrointestinal leukocytoclastic vasculitis

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV) is a rare hypersensitive reaction involving the small vessels, which is usually mediated by drugs. Very few cases of nafcillin -associated LV have been reported. Here, we reported a case of LV with the presentation of skin rashes and gastrointestinal bleeding after receiving nafcillin, evidenced by endoscopy and skin biopsy. The symptoms resolved after withdrawal of nafcillin and the addition of prednisone treatment. LV should be considered in the differential diagnosis of erythematous rash, especially with gastrointestinal symptoms after the exposure.
A general expression for electrostatic induction and its application to semiconductor devices

Abstract A new formula is deduced, under rather general conditions, for the charges induced upon a system of conductors by the motion of a small charge nearby. The conditions are found under which this result can be simplified to yield various previously derived formulas applicable to the problem of collector transit time in semiconductor devices.
Intermittent Claudication: New Targets for Drug Development

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the result of extensive atherosclerosis in the arterial supply to the lower extremities. PAD is associated with increased systemic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as well as substantial disability due to walking impairment. Claudication is the classic symptom of leg pain with walking that is relieved by rest, but patients with PAD without typical claudication also have a walking limitation. Treatment of the patient with PAD is directed towards reducing cardiovascular risk and improving exercise capacity. The pathophysiology of the physical impairment is complex as changes in the muscle distal to the arterial stenoses contribute to the limitations. Current treatment options to improve exercise performance have limitations emphasizing the need for new pharmacotherapies for this highly prevalent condition. The multifactorial contributors to the exercise impairment in PAD suggest potential targets for novel drug therapies. Advances in understanding angiogenesis make pharmacologic revascularization possible. However, ensuring that new blood vessels develop in a distribution relevant to the clinical impairment remains a challenge. Skeletal muscle metabolism and its regulation are altered in patients with PAD and strategies to improve the efficient oxidation of fuel substrates may improve muscle function. PAD is associated with increased oxidative stress which may result in injury to the muscle microvasculature and myocyte. Minimizing this oxidative stress by enhancing cellular defense mechanisms, administration of anti-inflammatory agents or by providing antioxidants, could prevent oxidative injury. Given the central role of atherosclerosis in the flow limitation, therapies to induce regression of atherosclerotic lesions could result in improved blood flow and oxygen delivery. Drugs targeting the distribution of blood flow in the microcirculatory environment of the muscle have the potential to better match oxygen delivery with working myocytes. The physical disability and flow limitations contribute to a loss of leg muscle mass in patients with PAD. Drugs to increase muscle mass and strength could enhance walking ability in these patients. Pharmacotherapies that recapitulate the muscle adaptations induced by preconditioning may result in improved physical performance in patients with PAD. Adjunctive therapies combined with exercise training or revascularization may be important given the complexity of integrative muscle function and the multiple pathologic changes induced by PAD. New research into the pathophysiology of the physical impairment associated with PAD has identified potential new targets for drug therapy, and will likely continue to do so in the years to come. Translation of these opportunities into effective therapeutics will be important as the already high prevalence of PAD is expected to increase as the population ages.
Redeveloping a high-Performance computing framework

This paper describes our experience in redeveloping an object-oriented system. Experience working with the system along with new requirements that were introduced as the system matured motivated a significant redesign and reimplementation effort. The initial object-oriented design helped to allow extension as well as restructuring of system objects. Experience in integrating new objects into the system and reimplementing objects in different languages drove a refactoring process. The Web interface to the system was reimplemented as a Grid portal.
Numerical resolution of discontinuous Galerkin methods for time dependent wave equations

Abstract The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is known to provide good wave resolution properties, especially for long time simulation. In this paper, using Fourier analysis, we provide a quantitative error analysis for the semi-discrete DG method applied to time dependent linear convection equations with periodic boundary conditions. We apply the same technique to show that the error is of order k + 2 superconvergent at Radau points on each element and of order 2 k + 1 superconvergent at the downwind point of each element, when using piecewise polynomials of degree k . An analysis of the fully discretized approximation is also provided. We compute the number of points per wavelength required to obtain a fixed error for several fully discrete schemes. Numerical results are provided to verify our error analysis.
Splenomegaly and Haematologic Disorders of the Gunn Rat

Summary. Erythrocyte values, leucocyte counts, haemoglobin components and erythropoietin levels were determined in Wistar and Gunn rats. Spleen and bone marrow examinations were also performed. Erythrocyte values and leucocyte counts in Gunn rats were lower than in Wistar rats. Females of both strains of rats showed lower haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentrations, erythrocyte counts, and erythropoietin levels than did the males. Female Gunn rats also had leucopenia when compared with the males. The leucopenia disappeared after castration. The erythrocyte abnormalities were particularly marked in homozygous female Gunn rats which manifested anaemia, shortened erythrocyte survival time and splenomegaly. After splenectomy and/or ovariectomy, the erythrocyte survival time became normal and the anaemia improved. However, ovariectomy alone did not influence the splenomegaly nor the enhanced splenic sequestration of erythrocytes. Microscopic examination of the bone marrow of Gunn rats revealed normal overall cellularity. In contrast, hyperplasia of the white and red pulp was observed in the spleens of Gunn rats of both sexes. These findings suggest that the anaemia of homozygous female Gunn rats is caused by enhanced sequestration of erythrocytes in the spleen and by a possible disturbance of oestrogen metabolism.
Cognitive ability and motivational interventions: Their effects on performance outcomes

A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the effects of cognitive ability, task interests, goal setting, and feedback on perceived competence, intrinsic motivation, performance, and satisfaction with performance. Data were collected from 90 introductory psychology students performing one of two computer-based tasks. Results indicated that the motivational interventions interacted with cognitive ability in relation to intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, and satisfaction with performance. Implications are discussed within the framework of cognitive resources theory and goal-setting theory.
The hardness of PbO-ZnO-B2O3 glasses

Glasses were prepared within the ternary PbO-ZnO-B2O3 system and their microhardnesses were measured. Maxima in the hardnesses were found at about the 60 mol % B2O3 composition and were related to the glass structure. Trends of the hardnesses were explained in terms of the coordination of the boron and the effects of the PbO and ZnO on the structure as well as the void fraction within the glass. The hardnesses and the Young's elastic moduli were observed to be related and are also discussed.
Template-enhanced ring-opening metathesis polymerization

The template-enhanced ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a norbornene-based thymine monomer was examined. The template, based on diaminopyridine functionalized norbornenes that are designed to recognize thymine substrates with high fidelity, was synthesized via ROMP. The resulting template was used to harness the polymerization of the thymine monomer producing a bis-poly(norbornene) complex. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, we determined that the polymerization conditions do not disrupt the hydrogen bonding. In addition, the template enhances the rate of the polymerization by inducing an increase in local monomer concentration. To examine whether the polymerization is controlled, we synthesized a solid-supported diaminopyridine template. After the polymerization off this solid-supported template, we extracted the daughter polymer from the support. Detailed analysis of the daughter template proved that the templated polymerization was controlled and that the supported template produces a well-defin...
Pion-nucleus total cross sections in the (3,3) resonance region

The results of total cross section measurements are presented for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ on targets of natural Li, C, Al, Fe, Sn, and Pb in the region of 65-320 MeV laboratory kinetic energy. The data are fitted with a simple phenomenological model, which allows one to extract the $A$ dependence of the peak energy and width which characterize the pion-nucleus interaction.
Amperometric Determination of N-Nitrosamines in Aqueous Solution at an Electrode Coated with a Ruthenium-Based Inorganic Polymer

The diffusion-limited electrochemical oxidation of N-ni-trosamines in an aqueous pH 1.5 buffer is demonstrated at a glassy carbon electrode which is coated with a film of mixed valent ruthenium oxides that are stabilized by cyano cross-links (mvRuCN). The process occurs at 1.080V vs Ag/AgCl, 3M Nacl where Ru(VI) is the electron-transfer mediator in the film. The mvRuCN electrode was used in a potentiostatic amperometric detector for flow injection analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography to allow the determination of representative compounds such as N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NNDPA), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NNDPhA)
The frontal aging hypothesis evaluated

That the human frontal lobes are particularly vulnerable to age-related deterioration has been frequently invoked as an explanation of functional decline in aging. This "frontal aging hypothesis" is evaluated in this review by examining evidence of selectively reduced frontal lobe function in aging. The frontal aging hypothesis predicts that functions largely dependent on frontal regions would decline in aging, while functions largely independent of frontal lobes would remain relatively spared. The hypothesis further predicts that age-related brain change would selectively impact frontal regions. The literatures on working memory, visuospatial attention, face recognition, and implicit memory were reviewed as exemplars of functions dependent on prefrontal, parietal, temporal and occipitotemporal cortices, respectively, with a view to establishing mediating structures and effects of aging. Age sensitivity was seen both in functions dependent on frontal integrity as well as in functions apparently independent of frontal integrity. Further, although prefrontal areas exhibit age-related decreases in regional volume, blood flow and metabolism, nonfrontal cortical regions undergo similar declines. It is concluded that while the frontal lobes are subject to age-related changes reflected in both behavior and pathology, there is only weak and conflicting evidence that frontal regions are selectively and differentially affected by aging. It is argued that a network-based theory of cognitive aging has advantages over the localizationist approach inherent in the frontal aging hypothesis.
Centrifugation during the Manhattan Project

Manhattan Engineer District documents from 1942 to early 1944 reveal that consideration of centrifugation as a means of enriching uranium-235 during World War II was more extensive than is commonly appreciated. A full-scale prototype centrifuge was fabricated and tested at near-production speeds; enrichments at close to levels expected theoretically was demonstrated with pilot-plant units; and plans for production plants were developed. By January 1944 most of the engineering problems encountered with high-speed centrifuges had been overcome, but the project was dropped in the face of growing confidence in the eventual success of the competing electromagnetic-separation and gaseous-diffusion enrichment techniques, which already had received significant funding.
Bioresponsive hydrogels for sensing applications

This Highlight presents some of the recent efforts in the design of bioresponsive hydrogels, and their application to biosensing. These efforts extend philosophically from early work on glucose responsive gels, with current studies being focused both on gel responsivity and transduction of that response such that true sensor applications can be realized. The future outlook for the field is also discussed.
Modeling of the energy savings of variable recruitment McKibben muscle bundles

McKibben artificial muscles are often utilized in mobile robotic applications that require compliant and light weight actuation capable of producing large forces. In order to increase the endurance of these mobile robotic platforms, actuation efficiency must be addressed. Since pneumatic systems are rarely more than 30% efficient due to the compressibility of the working fluid, the McKibben muscles are hydraulically powered. Additionally, these McKibben artificial muscles utilize an inelastic bladder to reduce the energy losses associated with elastic energy storage in the usual rubber tube bladders. The largest energy losses in traditional valve-controlled hydraulic systems are found in the valving implementation to match the required loads. This is performed by throttling, which results in large pressure drops over the control valves and significant fluid power being wasted as heat. This paper discusses how these throttling losses are reduced by grouping multiple artificial muscles to form a muscle bundle where, like in skeletal muscle, more elements that make up the muscle bundle are recruited to match the load. This greatly lessens the pressure drops by effectively changing the actuator area, leading to much higher efficiencies over a broader operation envelope. Simulations of several different loading scenarios are discussed that reveal the benefits of such an actuation scheme.
Shell model scheme for quadrupole phenomena in heavy deformed nuclei

Abstract The microscopic collective model, which extends the seminal work of Elliott on the SU(3) model for describing the structure of light deformed nuclei to include multiple 2hω shell-model excitations of the monopole (l=0) and quadrupole (l=2) type, is shown to be a logical extension of the pseudo SU(3) scheme for heavy deformed nuclei. The main advantage of this extended theory is that E2 transition strengths, intraband as well as interband, can be reproduced without introducing effective charges. Results for both 24Mg and 168Er are presented. The symmetry algebra of this extended theory is that of the symplectic group Sp(3,R) which contains SU(3) as a subgroup. It is therefore also called the symplectic model and in the case of the pseudo SU(3) extension, the pseudo-symplectic model. Basic premises of the theory are reviewed.
Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase regulates folate turnover and accumulation

Cellular folate deficiency impairs one-carbon metabolism, resulting in decreased fidelity of DNA synthesis and inhibition of numerous S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation reactions including protein and DNA methylation. Cellular folate concentrations are influenced by folate availability, cellular folate transport efficiency, folate polyglutamylation, and folate turnover specifically through degradation. Folate cofactors are highly susceptible to oxidative degradation in vitro with the exception of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, which may be a storage form of folate. In this study, we determined the effects of depleting cytoplasmic 5-formyltetrahydrofolate on cellular folate concentrations and folate turnover rates in cell cultures by expressing the human methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase cDNA in human MCF-7 cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma. Cells with increased methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity exhibited: 1) increased rates of folate turnover, 2) elevated generation of p-aminobenzoylglutamate in culture medium, 3) depressed cellular folate concentrations independent of medium folic acid concentrations, and 4) increased average polyglutamate chain lengths of folate cofactors. These data indicate that folate catabolism and folate polyglutamylation are competitive reactions that influence cellular folate concentrations, and that increased methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity accelerates folate turnover rates, depletes cellular folate concentrations, and may account in part for tissue-specific differences in folate accumulation.
Effect of Growth Stage on Susceptibility of Grape Berry and Rachis Tissues to Infection by Phomopsis viticola.

Intact 'Seyval' grape clusters in the greenhouse and 'Catawba' clusters in the field were inoculated with conidia of Phomopsis viticola at seven Eichorn-Lorenz growth stages between 12 (prebloom) and 35 (veraison) in 1998. Five pots (10 clusters) were used per inoculation, and the experiment was repeated three times. Also, 10 to 20 randomly selected Catawba clusters were inoculated in the field for each of three replications at each growth stage. Studies were repeated in 1999. In addition, Chambourcin clusters were also inoculated at four growth stages in the greenhouse in 1999. Results obtained in the greenhouse and field during both years and for all cultivars indicate that berry and rachis infections can occur at all growth stages between 12 and 35 with no evidence of decreasing susceptibility over time. Results disagree with some literature reports that indicate that berry infection occurs primarily during bloom and shortly after bloom, and susceptibility decreases as fruit matures.
The Effect of Impurities on the Properties of Ceramic Materials

The effects of impurities on structural properties, such as diffusion, sintering, grain growth, and crystal growth, and mechanical properties, such as plastic deformation, creep, brittle fracture and internal friction, and electrical and optical properties of ceramic materials are discussed. It was concluded that ceramic materials differ markedly from metals in that impurities promote the formation of vacancies that are stable at low temperatures, and impurities form donor and acceptor levels in the energy gap between the conductions and valence band. (P.C.H.)
Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder

Prior magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies report both medial and lateral cortical temporal changes and disturbed temporal lobe asymmetries in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy controls. The specificity of temporal lobe (TL) changes in schizophrenia is unknown. We determined the occurrence and specificity of these TL changes. Forty-six schizophrenic patients were compared to 60 normal controls and 27 bipolar subjects on MRI measures of bilateral volumes of anterior and posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG), amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and multiple medial temporal structures, as well as global brain measures. Several regional comparisons distinguished schizophrenia from bipolar disorder. Entorhinal cortex, not previously assessed using MRI in schizophrenia, was bilaterally smaller than normal in schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder. Schizophrenic but not bipolar patients had an alteration of normal posterior STG asymmetry. Additionally, left anterior STG and right amygdala were smaller than predicted in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Left amygdala was smaller and right anterior STG larger in bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia.
Human oligosaccharyltransferase: isolation, characterization, and the complete amino acid sequence of 50-kDa subunit.

Abstract Oligosaccharyltransferase (OT) catalyzes the glycosylation of asparagine residues in nascent polypeptides in the endoplasmic reticulum. In a previous communication we reported the purification and characterization of this enzyme from chicken oviduct. Here we describe the purification and sequence analysis of OT from human liver microsomes. Oligosaccharyltransferase copurified with three proteins designated 50-kDa, 65-I and 65-II based on their molecular weights by gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal sequence of the 50-kDa component was homologous to the 50-kDa subunit of avian OT. The N-terminal sequences of 65-I and 65-II were identical to the primary structures of human ribophorins I and II, respectively, predicted by cDNA sequencing. The complete amino acid sequence of the 50-kDa subunit of human OT was determined by chemical sequencing of peptides isolated from chemical and enzymatic digests. The 50-kDa subunit of human OT is 98% identical to its canine homolog, 93% identical to its avian homolog, and 25% identical to the β subunit of yeast OT. These data indicate that structural features of oligosaccharyltransferase are conserved in all eukaryotes.
The data mining advisor: meta-learning at the service of practitioners

In order to make machine learning algorithms more usable, our community must be able to design robust systems that offer support to practitioners. In the context of classification, this amounts to developing assistants, which deal with the increasing number of models and techniques, and give advice dynamically on such issues as model selection and method combination. This paper briefly reviews the potential of meta-learning in this context and reports on the early success of a Web-based data mining assistant.