cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Abscess as Complication of Hiatal Hernia

With the advent of newer antibiotics and improved surgical procedures, the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of pulmonary abscess assumes an increased importance. Since the prognosis in this disease is closely correlated with the promptness and accuracy of diagnosis, it has become imperative for the internist and surgeon, working In close cooperation, to be thoroughly f amiliar with the variable and often partially concealed signs and symptoms of this entity. The purpose and scope of this article is to review the saliant features of etiology, diagnosis, and therapy of lung abscess, and also to present a case of abscess secondary to a hiatal hernia. Lung abscess as a complication of hiatal hernia has not previously been described.
A note on methodology in linguistics

Evans & Levinson's (E&L's) critique of Universal Grammar fails because their methodology is flawed, as illustrated in their discussion of the Subjacency Condition. The lack of explicit analysis leads the authors to a false conclusion that is refuted by work published in this journal twenty years ago. They miss the point that unanalyzed data cannot disprove grammatical hypotheses.
A Framework for Data-Intensive Computing with Cloud Bursting

For many organizations, one attractive use of cloud resources can be through what is referred to as cloud bursting or the hybrid cloud. These refer to scenarios where an organization acquires and manages in-house resources to meet its base need, but can use additional resources from a cloud provider to maintain an acceptable response time during workload peaks. Cloud bursting has so far been discussed in the context of using additional computing resources from a cloud provider. However, as next generation applications are expected to see orders of magnitude increase in data set sizes, cloud resources can be used to store additional data after local resources are exhausted. In this paper, we consider the challenge of data analysis in a scenario where data is stored across a local cluster and cloud resources. We describe a software framework to enable data-intensive computing with cloud bursting, i.e., using a combination of compute resources from a local cluster and a cloud environment to perform Map-Reduce type processing on a data set that is geographically distributed. Our evaluation with three different applications shows that data-intensive computing with cloud bursting is feasible and scalable. Particularly, as compared to a situation where the data set is stored at one location and processed using resources at that end, the average slowdown of our system (using distributed but the same aggregate number of compute resources), is only 15.55%. Thus, the overheads due to global reduction, remote data retrieval, and potential load imbalance are quite manageable. Our system scales with an average speedup of 81% when the number of compute resources is doubled.
Polarization diversity for reduction of scattering from spatially periodic perfectly conducting surfaces

Detection of targets airborne above the ocean surface is difficult using conventional radar due to the strong clutter response of the ocean surface. It is thus desirable to find ways to reduce the strength of the scattering from the ocean surface relative to the target. One method for achieving this is to use polarization-diverse ultra-wideband signals, wherein the polarization states of transmitting and receiving antennas are varied to minimize the clutter response. This paper evaluates the effect of varying the polarization states of the transmitting and receiving antennas on the target and sea clutter responses. The ocean surface is modeled as a spatially periodic conducting surface and the target is a conducting missile with 4 orthogonal stabilizing fins. The response of the surface is calculated using the method of moments for both TE (horizontal) and TM (vertical) excitation. The polarimetric response of several realistic targets (aircraft and missiles) are measured and used to evaluate the best polarization state for target detection.
Estimating ice content and extinction in precipitating cloud systems from CloudSat radar measurements

[1] Relations between W band radar reflectivity and ice cloud water content and visible extinction coefficient are developed using a large microphysical data set. These relations are specifically tuned for CloudSat radar to derive ice content and optical thickness of ice parts of precipitating systems where other types of measurements have limitations. Accounting for nonsphericity is essential for larger particles, which produce higher reflectivities (Ze > 0 dBZ) and often dominate ice content of precipitating clouds. Typical values of median sizes in such clouds are about 1–2 mm, and they vary modestly. The modest particle size variability and strong non-Rayleigh scattering reduce data scatter in the derived relations and increase an exponent in best fit power law approximations for ice water content–reflectivity and extinction-reflectivity relations. The data scatter for high-reflectivity clouds is smaller than for low-reflectivity nonprecipitating clouds. It is about 33% for the reflectivity-ice water content relation, and it is about 50% for the reflectivity-extinction relation. For higher reflectivities, the temperature dependence of the ice water content-reflectivity relations is not very distinct, and uncertainties due to temperature variations are not expected to be high compared to possible errors due to particle shape variability. Uncertainties in particle aspect ratio, mass-size relation assumptions, and underrepresentation of smaller particles in samples can produce additional retrieval errors, so cloud ice content estimates can have uncertainties of about 50%, and extinction estimates can have uncertainties as large as a factor of 2.
Enhanced translation by Nucleolin via G-rich elements in coding and non-coding regions of target mRNAs

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate gene expression at many post-transcriptional levels, including mRNA stability and translation. The RBP nucleolin, with four RNA-recognition motifs, has been implicated in cell proliferation, carcinogenesis and viral infection. However, the subset of nucleolin target mRNAs and the influence of nucleolin on their expression had not been studied at a transcriptome-wide level. Here, we globally identified nucleolin target transcripts, many of which encoded cell growth- and cancer-related proteins, and used them to find a signature motif on nucleolin target mRNAs. Surprisingly, this motif was very rich in G residues and was not only found in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR), but also in the coding region (CR) and 5′-UTR. Nucleolin enhanced the translation of mRNAs bearing the G-rich motif, since silencing nucleolin did not change target mRNA stability, but decreased the size of polysomes forming on target transcripts and lowered the abundance of the encoded proteins. In summary, nucleolin binds G-rich sequences in the CR and UTRs of target mRNAs, many of which encode cancer proteins, and enhances their translation.
Altered Ig Hypermutation Pattern and Frequency in Complementary Mouse Models of DNA Polymerase ζ Activity

To test the hypothesis that DNA polymerase ζ participates in Ig hypermutation, we generated two mouse models of Pol ζ function: a B cell-specific conditional knockout and a knock-in strain with a Pol ζ mutagenesis-enhancing mutation. Pol ζ-deficient B cells had a reduction in mutation frequency at Ig loci in the spleen and in Peyer’s patches, whereas knock-in mice with a mutagenic Pol ζ displayed a marked increase in mutation frequency in Peyer’s patches, revealing a pattern that was similar to mutations in yeast strains with a homologous mutation in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of Pol ζ. Combined, these data are best explained by a direct role for DNA polymerase ζ in Ig hypermutation.
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIESSEN POLYGONS

(1963). AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIESSEN POLYGONS. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 24-26.
Using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to detect optic neuropathy in patients with craniosynostosis.

Background Detecting and monitoring optic neuropathy in patients with craniosynostosis is a clinical challenge due to limited cooperation, and subjective measures of visual function. The purpose of this study was to appraise the correlation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with indication of optic neuropathy based on fundus examination. Methods The medical records of all patients with craniosynostosis presenting for ophthalmic evaluation during 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The following data were abstracted from the record: diagnosis, historical evidence of elevated intracranial pressure, current ophthalmic evaluation and visual field results, and current peripapillary RNFL thickness. Results A total of 54 patients were included (mean age, 10.6 years [range, 2.4-33.8 years]). Thirteen (24%) had evidence of optic neuropathy based on current fundus examination. Of these, 10 (77%) demonstrated either peripapillary RNFL elevation and papilledema or depression with optic atrophy. Sensitivity for detecting optic atrophy was 88%; for papilledema, 60%; and for either form of optic neuropathy, 77%. Specificity was 94%, 90%, and 83%, respectively. Kappa agreement was substantial for optic atrophy (κ = 0.73) and moderate for papilledema (κ = 0.39) and for either form of optic neuropathy (κ = 0.54). Logistic regression indicated that peripapillary RNFL thickness was predictive of optic neuropathy ( P P = 0.002). Sensitivity and specificity of logMAR visual acuity in detecting optic neuropathy were 15% and 95%, respectively. Conclusions Peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by SD-OCT provides adjunctive evidence for identifying optic neuropathy in patients with craniosynostosis and appears more sensitive at detecting optic atrophy than papilledema.
DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE CONTROL MODULES FOR HIGH VOLUME PRODUCTION

Current high volume automotive engine control modules (ECM) are designed and manufactured for field quality and reliability. Their 50,000 miles or 5 year warranty provides strong product development incentives. These incentives are met using high technology microcomputer architecture, advanced product design testability features, and advanced manufacturing tests. After reviewing a basic automotive engine control system architecture, the architecture of a specific 1985 ECM provided by Delco Electronics is described along with its hardware and software testability features. The ECM's qualification program is then summarized and finally the production tests are described, including pans, assembly, and QC.
A Predictive Model for Lymph Node Involvement with Malignancy on PET/CT in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Introduction: Accurate assessment of lymph node (LN) involvement with malignancy is critical to staging and management of non–small-cell lung cancer. The goal of this retrospective study was to determine the tumor and imaging characteristics independently associated with malignant involvement of LNs visualized on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Methods: From 2002 to 2011, 172 patients with newly diagnosed non–small-cell lung cancer underwent PET/CT within 31 days before LN biopsy. Among these patients, 504 anatomically defined, pathology-confirmed LNs were visualized on PET/CT. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations between nodal involvement with malignancy and several clinical and imaging variables, including tumor histology, tumor grade, LN risk category in relation to the primary tumor location, pathologic findings from additional biopsied LNs, interval between PET/CT and biopsy, primary tumor largest dimension, primary tumor standardized uptake value (SUV max ), LN short-axis dimension, and LN SUV max . Results: On univariate analysis, adenocarcinoma histology ( p = 0.010), high LN risk category ( p p max ( p p = 0.003), high LN risk category ( p = 0.005), and higher LN SUV max ( p p = 0.180). A nomogram developed for clinical application based on this analysis had excellent concordance between predicted and observed results (concordance index, 0.95). Conclusion: Adenocarcinoma histology, higher LN SUV max , and higher LN risk category independently correlate with nodal involvement with malignancy and may be used in a model to accurately predict the risk of a node's involvement with malignancy.
Uses of Sociology in Studying “Consumption” Behavior:

Although there has been a growth in the amount of social science dealing with consumers, for the most part sociologists have not been concerned with the study of the AGGREGATE behavior of consumers...
Laser Enhanced Selective Epitaxy of ιii-V Compounds

Selective epitaxial growth of III-V compounds based on GaAs has been achieved using Ar + ion laser assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) on GaAs substrates. The growth rate, at carefully selected growth conditions, can be controlled to a few A/s at bias temperatures as low as 250°C by conventional LCVD multi-scan technique. Typical Gaussian thickness profiles are achieved by this growth technique. On the other hand, flat top thickness profiles are achieved with direct writing of GaAs mono-layers by laser assisted atomic layer epitaxy (LALE). X-ray topography is demonstrated as a powerful tool for characterizing the grown films and photoluminescence shows that the quality of the grown films are comparable with those grown by conventional MOCVD or ALE.
Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence: effects on stress-induced social alterations and social drinking in adulthood

We previously observed lasting and sex-specific detrimental consequences of early adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure (AIE), with male, but not female, rats showing social anxiety-like alterations when tested as adults. The present study used Sprague Dawley rats to assess whether social alterations induced by AIE (3.5g/kg, intragastrically, every other day, between postnatal days [P] 25-45) are further exacerbated by stressors later in life. Another aim was to determine whether AIE alone or in combination with stress influenced intake of a sweetened ethanol solution (Experiment 1) or a sweetened solution ("supersac") alone (Experiment 2) under social circumstances. Animals were exposed to restraint on P66-P70 (90min/day) or left nonstressed, with corticosterone (CORT) levels assessed on day 1 and day 5 in Experiment 2. Social anxiety-like behavior emerged after AIE in non-stressed males, but not females, whereas stress-induced social anxiety was evident only in water-exposed males and females. Adult-typical habituation of the CORT response to repeated restraint was not evident in adult animals after AIE, a lack of habituation reminiscent of that normally evident in adolescents. Neither AIE nor stress affected ethanol intake under social circumstances, although AIE and restraint independently increased adolescent-typical play fighting in males during social drinking. Among males, the combination of AIE and restraint suppressed "supersac" intake; this index of depression-like behavior was not seen in females. The results provide experimental evidence associating adolescent alcohol exposure, later stress, anxiety, and depression, with young adolescent males being particularly vulnerable to long-lasting adverse effects of repeated ethanol. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
Trajectory study of energy transfer and unimolecular dissociation of highly excited allyl with argon.

The influence of rotational excitation on energy transfer in single collisions of allyl with argon and on allyl dissociation is investigated. About 90 000 classical scattering simulations are performed in order to determine collision-induced changes in internal energy and in allyl rotational angular momentum. Dissociation is studied by means of about 50 000 additional trajectories evolved for the isolated allyl under three different conditions: allyl with no angular momentum (J = 0); allyl with the same microcanonically sampled initial conditions used for the collisions (J*); allyl evolving from the corresponding exit conditions after the collision. The potential energy surface is the sum of an intramolecular potential and an interaction one, and it has already been used in a previous work on allyl–argon scattering (Conte, R.; Houston, P. L.; Bowman, J. M. J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 14028–14041). Energy transfer data show that increased initial rotation favors, on average, increased relaxation of the exc...
Hydrogen-bubble-propelled zinc-based microrockets in strongly acidic media.

Tubular polyaniline (PANI)/Zn microrockets are described that display effective autonomous motion in extreme acidic environments, without any additional chemical fuel. These acid-driven hydrogen-bubble-propelled microrockets have been electrosynthesized using the conical polycarbonate template. The effective propulsion in acidic media reflects the continuous thrust of hydrogen bubbles generated by the spontaneous redox reaction occurring at the inner Zn surface. The propulsion characteristics of PANI/Zn microrockets in different acids and in human serum are described. The observed speed–pH dependence holds promise for sensitive pH measurements in extreme acidic environments. The new microrockets display an ultrafast propulsion (as high as 100 body lengths/s) along with attractive capabilities including guided movement and directed cargo transport. Such acid-driven microtubular rockets offer considerable potential for diverse biomedical and industrial applications.
Subject Analysis of the result of the primary and secondary school fresman's PPD test of Luohe city

Objective To master the immune status of the freshmen in primary and secondary schools of Luohe city and provid the basis for making new TB control work.Methods Total 13847 students who come from four primary schools,ten high schools and six high schools of Luohe straight receive the PPD test.Results The positive rate of PPD test is36.76 % in the freshman of primary school, 56.24 % in the middle school and 54.83 % in the high school. The difference is statistically significant(P0.05). The strong positive rate of PPD test is 3.19 % in the freshman of primary school,5.18 % in the middle school, 3.90 % in the high school. The difference is statistically significant(P0.05). The strong positive rate is 4.97 % and 3.41 % of the male and female respectively,The difference is statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusions In the Luohe city, the positive rate of PPD test in the freshman of middle school and high school is on the high side, the strong positive rate of middle school and the male is on the high side. The freshmen in the primary and secondary school of Luohe city have a certain degree of resistance to tuberculosis through the TB infection rate, but the positive rate of PPD test is on the high side. The prevention and control work on tuberculosis is still unoptimistic, we need to make a detailed plan for it.
A comparison of the penetration of human sperm into bovine and artificial cervical mucus.

Les auteurs ont teste un gel de polyacrylamide par rapport a un mucus cervical de bovin. Les concentrations en spermatozoides a 5 et 10 millimetres ne different pas significativement; la distance de penetration maximale est significativement superieure dans le mucus. Pour le sperme congele, il penetre en quantite significativement superieure le mucus, et la distance de penetration maximale dans le mucus est egalement significativement superieure a celle du polyacrylamide. La motilite des spermatozoides est toujours significativement superieure dans le mucus, et la decroissance de la motilite est plus rapide dans le gel
Failure of Bethanechol Denervation Supersensitivity as a Diagnostic Aid

AbstractA total of 33 patients who demonstrated detrusor areflexia during cystometry underwent the bethanechol denervation supersensitivity test. In each instance the presence or absence of a neurologic lesion was documented carefully by complete neurologic evaluation. Of the 21 patients with a neurogenic bladder there was a falsely negative rate of 24 per cent. Of the 12 patients without a neurogenic bladder the falsely positive rate was 50 per cent. It is concluded that a positive bethanechol test is not by itself indicative of neurogenic bladder nor does a negative test exclude this diagnosis.
Risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled pilot study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: Twenty-five children (ages 7-12 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and significant aggressive behaviors were randomized to risperidone or placebo for 4 weeks for this double-blind study. Subjects were already in treatment with a constant dose of psychostimulant medication. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline in the Children's Aggression Scale-Parent (CAS-P) and -Teacher (CAS-T) total scores. Results: The mean risperidone dose at endpoint was 1.08 mg/day. For the CAS-P total score, a significant difference was found (χ21 = 4.30, p Conclusions: Risperidone treatment appears to be well tolerated and modestly effective when used in combination with psychostimulants for treatment-resistant aggression in children with ADHD.
Rabbit Genetics and Transgenic Models

Publisher Summary Researchers using rabbit models to study diverse projects such as infectious diseases, atherosclerosis, antiviral treatments, toxicology, diabetes, transplantation, eye diseases (both inherited and infectious), milk production, breed sizes, quantitative traits, immunology, and transgenics will all benefit from the upcoming newly compiled Oryctolagus cuniculus genomic sequence. The Broad Institute's Rabbit Genome Project was designed to encompass a deep full coverage that will be both a comprehensive and powerful resource for rabbit researchers and the rabbit industry alike. Comparative genomics, disease traits, and the selection for resistance/susceptibility to important human pathogens are likely to benefit from this new database. In addition, the domestic rabbit is an important research tool to study other genetic predispositions including inherited hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, glaucoma, and diabetes, and for the production of polyclonal antibodies and biopharmaceuticals via transgenics. Transgenic rabbit models for studying the genetics of specific diseases continue to expand the knowledge of these processes in humans and provide excellent preclinical models for therapeutic treatments. Rabbits also are excellent models to study immune responses to various pathogens and are used extensively to make specialized antibody reagents for the research community.
Unsustainable Wind Turbine Blade Disposal Practices in the United States: A Case for Policy Intervention and Technological Innovation

Finding ways to manage the waste from the expected high number of wind turbine blades in need of disposal is crucial to harvest wind energy in a truly sustainable manner. Landfilling is the most cost-effective disposal method in the United States, but it imposes significant environmental impacts. Thermal, mechanical, and chemical processes allow for some energy and/or material recovery, but they also carry potential negative externalities. This article explores the main economic and environmental issues with various wind turbine blade disposal methods. We argue for the necessity of policy intervention that encourages industry to develop better technologies to make wind turbine blade disposal sustainable, both environmentally and economically. We present some of the technological initiatives being researched, such as the use of bio-derived resins and thermoplastic composites in the manufacturing process of the blades.
The Impact of “Display‐Set” Options on Decision‐Making

The way a choice set is constructed can have a significant influence on how individuals perceive and evaluate their options, and make decisions between them. Here, I examine whether a “display set” of visible but unavailable options can exert these same types of influences on whether or not to choose a single (target) item. Across a series of experiments, purchase intent is increased when the display set and target are drawn from the same category, but decreased when the display and target items are mismatched. This effect is shown to depend on perceived similarity, such that increasing display-target similarity increases purchase intent towards the target. Furthermore, contrary to the predictions made by previous neural and behavioral research on choice sets, the relative value and/or number of display-only items have no significant impact on these decisions. These findings reveal a novel choice behavior in commonly encountered settings such as online marketplaces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring necessary for primary hyperparathyroidism with concordant preoperative imaging

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine if intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring is necessary in patients with concordant ultrasound and sestamibi imaging. Methods Clinical factors, intraoperative findings and outcome were correlated with imaging results in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy with concordant ultrasound and sestamibi imaging. Results There were 127 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and concordant imaging who underwent parathyroidectomy. Seven patients (5.5%) had intraoperative findings that were discordant with imaging: 2 (1.6%) had an adenoma at a different location, 2 (1.6%) had double adenomas and 3 (2.4%) had asymmetric hyperplasia. Gland weight and preoperative PTH levels were greater for patients with concordant operative and imaging findings (p Conclusion Six percent of patients with concordant ultrasound and sestamibi imaging had unexpected intraoperative findings. Intraoperative PTH monitoring remains a necessary adjunct even with concordant imaging to ensure identification of abnormal parathyroid glands and cure of hyperparathyroidism.
Accounting Disclosures for User Decision Processes

Publisher Summary A user orientation for determining accounting disclosures has gained wide acceptance among accounting bodies. That is, these accounting bodies agree that use of accounting information by decision makers provide an ultimate test for determining accounting disclosures. One approach for determining use of accounting numbers provided for decision maker is their decision outputs. Relating accounting information inputs to user decisions focuses on the terminus of a decision process, the final act of choice. An approach that relates accounting inputs provided for decision makers to their decisions focuses upon determination of the effects of such information in altering such decisions. An alternative approach is to focus on use of accounting information in decision processes. A decision process approach includes activities of financial decision makers en route to and including final acts of choice. Centering research on decision processes allows for studying the importance of accounting information to functioning of financial decision processes. Accounting information serve multiple uses in decision processes as revealed by previous research. Accounting information is processed to serve organizational as well as individual decision making requirements during decision processes when decision makers are members of organizations.
IMPROVEMENT OF CHA2DS2-VASC RISK STRATIFICATION OF STROKE AND MORTALITY USING THE INTERMOUNTAIN RISK SCORE AMONG ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

Background: Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) guidelines recommend using CHA2DS2-VASc to determine OAC need in atrial fibrillation (AF). A usable tool, CHA2DS2-VASc is challenged by its predictive ability. Based on complete blood count and basic metabolic profile, the Intermountain Mortality Risk
What People Do on Yik Yak: Analyzing Anonymous Microblogging User Behaviors

In recent years, online microblogging services such as Yik Yak—an anonymous microblogging platform—have gained popularity. Yet these anonymous platforms spurred concerns and uneasiness among educators and parents. To many people anonymous online blogging equates to cyber-bullying, hate crimes, sex and drugs. In this study, we explore Yik Yak users’ blogging behaviors. From March 2016 to July 2016, we collected 5,437 message postings on Yik Yak. This research reports on the findings that we gained from conducting content and structural analyses on Yik Yak data. Our findings show that even though postings exist that can be categorized as hate-speech and criminal activity related, the numbers are minuscule. We report different Yik Yak usage patterns, and analyze Yik Yak posts’ thread structures.
Daclizumab: Development, Clinical Trials, and Practical Aspects of Use in Multiple Sclerosis

Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed towards CD25, the alpha subunit of the high-affinity interleukin (IL)-2 receptor. Daclizumab exerts its effects via multiple mechanisms, including reduction of IL-2-mediated lymphocyte activation and upregulation of CD56–bright natural killer cells. Intravenous daclizumab (Zenapax™) was initially approved for prevention of rejection in renal transplant. In subsequent early testing, followed by larger-scale phase II and phase III trials, both intravenous and subcutaneous daclizumab have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The subcutaneous daclizumab prepared by high-yield process was utilized in the advanced phase II and phase III trials (SELECT and DECIDE). High-yield process daclizumab is now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and is now formally termed daclizumab beta (DAC-beta; Zinbryta™). In this review, the early development of anti-IL-2 receptor alpha monoclonal antibodies and the properties of IL-2 and its receptor are discussed, and diverse mechanisms of action for daclizumab are presented. Results of the CHOICE, SELECT, and DECIDE clinical trials are discussed in detail. Adverse events observed in clinical trials included cutaneous reactions, liver enzyme elevations, infections, and autoimmune phenomena. DAC-beta is a monthly, patient-administered subcutaneous injection that requires enrollment in a safety monitoring (REMS) program for monthly liver function testing. Prescribers should be aware of the potential adverse events, as early recognition and management is important, particularly in cutaneous and hepatic reactions. Continued clinical experience with DAC-beta, including observations from the REMS program, will define its place in the armamentarium of immunotherapeutics for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Epitranscriptomic influences on development and disease

RNA contains over 150 types of chemical modifications. Although many of these chemical modifications were discovered several decades ago, their functions were not immediately apparent. Discoveries of RNA demethylases, along with advances in mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing techniques, have caused research into RNA modifications to progress at an accelerated rate. Post-transcriptional RNA modifications make up an epitranscriptome that extensively regulates gene expression and biological processes. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in the field that are shaping our understanding of chemical modifications, their impact on development and disease, and the dynamic mechanisms through which they regulate gene expression.
Should Tracking Error Prevent the Use of Leveraged ETFs in the Real Estate Portfolio

Tracking error is the deviation of a leveraged exchangetraded fund’s (ETF’s) return from the stated multiple of its benchmark index. Leveraged real estate and real estate–related ETFs, both long and inverse, are valuable tools for hedging risk and enhancing returns in the real estate portfolio. They enable the achievement of such results through timely, simple transactions that previously could be realized only through the use of complex trading tools. Tracking error poses a serious risk in the use of these leveraged ETFs, however. The issuers and regulators of leveraged ETFs warn that the returns to these funds over a period longer than one day will very likely differ from the fund’s target return. Academic researchers further warn that annual leveraged ETF returns fall well short of their stated daily objectives and, under volatile conditions in the benchmark index, can lead to eventual value destruction. The results of this research confirm the appropriate concern for caution in using leveraged ETFs. Naive buy-and-hold investment in leveraged real estate ETFs can result in value destruction. Nevertheless, balancing the advantages of leveraged ETFs with the risks, we conclude that the tracking error associated with using leveraged ETFs beyond a single trading day should not prevent investment managers from using these ETFs in real estate portfolios. To be sure, leveraged ETFs are valuable tools for use in hedging risk and enhancing returns and, under appropriate circumstances, with great care and frequent monitoring, can be judiciously employed for longer than a single trading day by skilled traders and well-informed portfolio managers.
Power excursion mitigation for flexgrid defragmentation with machine learning

Flexgrid optical networking relies on spectrum defragmentation to groom channel wavelengths and improve spectral efficiency. Various defragmentation methods—hop, make-before-break, and sweep—interact with the power dynamics of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) differently and result in undesired power excursions that exacerbate the post-EDFA power variance. We present a machine learning engine that characterizes the channel dependence of power excursions from historical data. We further demonstrate that post-EDFA power variance during hop, make-before-break, and sweep defragmentation methods can be greatly mitigated by the trained machine learning engine with automated and expedited power adjustment predictions.
Effects of Aging on General and Specific Memory for Impressions

Despite the number of documented declines in memory with age, memory for socioemotional information can be preserved into older adulthood. These studies assessed whether memory for character information could be preserved with age, and how the general versus specific nature of the information tested affected outcomes. We hypothesized that memory for general impressions would be preserved with age, but that memory for specific details would be impaired. In two experiments, younger and older adults learned character information about individuals characterized as positive, neutral, or negative. Participants then retrieved general impressions and specific information for each individual. The testing conditions in Experiment 2 discouraged deliberate recall. In Experiment 1, we found that younger performed better than older adults on both general and specific memory measures. Although age differences in memory for specific information persisted in Experiment 2, we found that younger and older adults remembered general impressions to a similar extent when testing conditions encouraged the use of “gut impressions” rather than deliberate retrieval from memory. We conclude that aging affects memory for specific character information, but memory for general impressions can be age-equivalent. Furthermore, there is no evidence for a positivity bias or differences in the effects of valence on memory across the age groups.
Circulating tumor DNA assessment in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma following CAR T-cell therapy.

With the recent FDA approval of Kite Pharmaceuticals CD19 targeting Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (KTE-C19, Axicabtagene ciloleucel, Yescarta, Kite Pharma—a subsidiary of Gilead, F...
Limitations & Implications for Research

As noted at the book’s beginning, this research takes it as axiomatic that the more educators know about “students as people,” the better educators will be able to teach “people as students” in their classrooms. In order to know students as people students must be allowed to speak for themselves. This research constructed a situation where students and their science teachers could freely express their thoughts and ideas about Nature. The previous pages are filled with those ideas as well as the lessons (in the form of assertions) drawn from what the students and teachers had to say. The research, however, raises a number of additional questions, questions that also serve to set the limitations of the research I have reported in this book. Viewed as limitations, it is appropriated to discuss these further research issues prior to the general discussion in Chapter 10 that brings together the various ideas and findings of the research. In the following paragraphs, I have identified nine areas of research implied by the present research project. This list is substantial, though surely not exhaustive.
Analog Multipliers, Mixers, Modulators

The multiplication of two analog, real-time signals is an important, required circuit function. A particular application concerns the translating of a frequency spectrum from one passband to another. This is often referred to by the term, mixing. In the early days of electronics, before the availability of reliable analog multipliers, two signals were combined (mixed) in a nonlinear device and the mixing (beating) of the two signals produced sum and difference components of the signals and their harmonics comparable to intermodulation distortion presented in Chapter 3. For IM2, the critical factor is the presence of the square-law term of the device transfer characteristic which leads to the (cross) product of the two signals. With a more complicated circuit, easily realizable in IC form, the multiplication can be achieved directly.
Ion-Pair Complexation in Moderately Strong Aqueous Acids

This paper is a continutaion of a discussion started in a previous Journal article [1989, 66, 148--153] by Russo and Hanania that addressed the fact that ion association in aqueous solution is often overlooked in undergraduate curriculum. Their discussion focused on solid ionic compounds where, the one here focuses on protonic acids, which need not be solids before dissolving in water.
PROGRESSING FIELDS, OSCILLATORY FIELDS, AND HYBRID COMBINATIONS

Progressing and oscillatory waves provide alternative time-harmonic or time-dependent descriptions of propagation in layered media, and of scattering phenomena. A progressing formulation characterizes the wave motion in terms of direct and multiple wavefronts or rays, and an oscillatory formulation in terms of resonances or modes. Each description is convenient and physically incisive when it requires few elements but inconvenient and physically less transparent when it requires many elements. In the latter event, it is desirable to express many inconvenient elements collectively as fewer convenient ones. For a variety of propagation and scattering environments, this can be done by expressing rays (wavefronts) collectively in terms of modes (resonances), or modes (resonances) collectively in terms of rays (wavefronts). When performed selectively, there emerges a hybrid representation combining progressing and oscillatory fields in uniquely defined proportions. Rigorous for coordinate separable guiding or scattering environments, the progressing-oscillatory equivalence can be extended approximately also to environments with weak departures from separability. The theory, based on Poisson summation and on alternative treatments of wave spectra, is summarized here, with references to diverse applications in the recent published literature.
Future-Sequential Regularization Methods for III-Posed Volterra Equations: Applications to the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem

Abstract We develop a theoretical context in which to study the future-sequential regularization method developed by Beck for the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem. In the process, we generalize Beck′s ideas and view that method as one in a large class of regularization methods in which the solution of an ill-posed first-kind Volterra equation is seen to be the limit of a sequence of solutions of well-posed second-kind Volterra equations, Such techniques are important because standard regularization methods (such as Tikhonov regularization) tend to transform a naturally sequential Volterra problem into a full-domain Fredholm problem, destroying the underlying causal nature of the Volterra model and leading to inefficient global approximation strategies. In contrast, the ideas we present here preserve the original Volterra structure of the problem and thus can lead to easily implemented localized approximation strategies. Theoretical properties of these methods are discussed and proofs of convergence are given.
Selective Array-Based Sensing of Anabolic Steroids in Aqueous Solution by Host-Guest Reporter Complexes

Arrayed complexes of a water-soluble deep cavitand and two fluorescent indicators show selective sensing of anabolic-androgenic steroids in aqueous environments. By combining the host-guest complexes with small amounts of heavy metal ions, discrimination between steroids that vary in structure by only a single π bond is possible. The sensing occurs through a triggered aggregation mechanism, which can be mediated by both the presence of metal ions and the steroids. The use of both "turn-on" and "turn-off" fluorophores is essential for good discrimination. As low as 10 μm steroid can be detected, and the discrimination is selective in steroid samples spiked into human urine.
Integrated Thin Film Silicon Detectors for Fluorescence Sensing

The design, fabrication and test of a thin film Si chip-scale fluorescence sensor designed for integration with microfluidic systems isG reported. The photodetector has low dark current (pA) and responsivity of 0.3 A/W at 532 nm. Droplets of 10 microliter with varying fluorophore concentrations were tested and the data is linear with a model fit with 95% confidence and signal to noise ratios greater than 20 dB.
Vitamin D and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Summary Context Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women in the US. Vitamin D status and intakes are thought to be inversely associated with BC occurrence. Objectives In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated evidence linking serum 25(OH)D (both in serum and diet) with breast cancer (BC) occurrence. Data sources and extraction Only observational studies from databases such as PubMed and Cochrane (January 1st 2000 through March 15th, 2018) were included using PRISMA guidelines. Publication bias and consistency upon replication were assessed, while harmonizing risk ratios (RR, 95% CI) of BC, per fixed increment of 5 exposures [10 ng/mL of 25(OH)D; 100 IU/d for total/dietary vitamin D intakes; vitamin D deficiency; supplement use). RRs were pooled using random effect models. Data analysis Pooled findings from 22 studies suggested a net direct association between 25(OH)D deficiency and BC, with RRpooled = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.51–2.41, P Conclusions 25(OH)D deficiency was directly related to BC while total vitamin D and supplemental vitamin D intakes had an inverse relationship with this outcome. Randomized clinical trials are warranted pending further evidence from primary meta-analyses of observational studies.
Laue diffraction and time-resolved crystallography: a personal history

A personal, historical view is presented of Laue X-ray diffraction and its application to time-resolved studies of dynamic processes, largely in light-sensitive biological systems. In Laue diffract...
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Neighborhoods where Youth in Out-of-Home Care Reside

In the U.S., little is known about the neighborhoods where youth in out-of-home care live prior to emancipation. This study describes the socioeconomic characteristics of such neighborhoods. Addresses for 229 youth aged 16-20 years and residing in out-of-home care in a single Midwest county were used. Addresses were geocoded and linked to U.S. Census' data at the census tract level. Neighborhoods, or tracts, with youth in out-of-home care were significantly more disadvantaged across five area-based socioeconomic indicators. Findings suggest that youth in out-of-home care live in neighborhoods with disproportionately high rates of socioeconomic disadvantage.
Associations between marijuana use patterns and recreational legislation changes in a large Colorado college student sample

Background: Many states in the U.S. have changed how they regulated medicinal and/or recreational marijuana. Understanding the impact of these policy changes on marijuana use and perceptions of acc...
Instagram's #JUUL: who's posting what

Exposure to e-cigarette (e-cig) marketing through traditional and online media can increase the risk of e-cig use among adolescents. Though popular e-cig brand JUUL has scaled back its social media promotions, outside vendors and individual users create posts about JUUL unregulated. Instagram's image-focus offers an opportunity to document promotions that may appeal to adolescents. To assess the visual representation of JUUL on social media, we systematically classified discussion topics and themes of posts to Instagram. Of 25,428 unique Instagram images using the hashtag #JUUL retrieved between June 18 and July 18, 2018, a random subsample of 3,000 images (approximately 12% of the full data set) was drawn for human coding and analyses. Coded categories included relevance to JUUL, type of image, image appeal, and user type. Based on the number of relevant images, percentages of image type and appeal for each user type were calculated. There were 583 images that were coded as relevant. The majority of image types (64%) were classified as product (n =; 374). The most frequently coded type of appeal was flavors, found in 54% of images with appeal (n =; 149), followed by cartoons, found in 21% (n =; 57). Vendors were responsible for posting most of the images (n =; 291), followed by e-cig enthusiasts (n =; 99). Continued surveillance of e-cig products, such as JUUL, remains necessary to provide a foundation for potential regulatory protections against marketing and promotions that may appeal to youth.