cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligence Communities, Peer Constraints, and the Law

Widespread disclosures about Western intelligence activities have shone a harsh spotlight on intelligence oversight. Many now doubt that the best-known overseers — legislatures and courts — can provide effective oversight to constrain and modulate intelligence collection and covert action. Yet the extent to which intelligence communities are and can be constrained is a critical question in today’s debates about counter-terrorism and the privacy-security balance.This article identifies and analyzes for the first time another important, law-driven source of constraint on intelligence services: their peers. Through various mechanisms — formal and informal, public and private — one state’s intelligence service affects how another intelligence service conducts interrogation, detention, and surveillance; the amount and type of intelligence the other service receives; and, less tangibly, the way in which the other service views its own legal obligations. These constraints complement the more public, transparent, and expected sources of oversight and offer unique benefits that include a granular understanding of operations and an ability to minimize the politicization that frequently accompanies intelligence critiques.Conventional wisdom suggests that interactions among intelligence services allow each actor to engage in legally prohibited actions with impunity and without accountability. This article tilts the prism to argue that, in some circumstances, these relationships impose peer constraints that result in increased individual rights protections. Peer constraints are likely to become more prevalent as intelligence services face more statutory and judicial regulation, more leaks, and more litigation. As a result, it is critical to understand when, where, and how these constraints can and do operate. This article seeks to initiate and inform that conversation.
The Impact of the Carceral State on Citizenship and Sense of the State

Contact with the criminal justice system is greater today than at any time in our history. While only three percent of the population is under correctional supervision, those who will experience the carceral state at some point in their lives is much higher at fifteen percent of the population, making veterans of prison more numerous than veterans of military duty at eight percent of the population in 2006. However, we know little about the impact of the carceral state on citizens' experience of government. This paper explores the consequences of the transformation in the use of punishment and surveillance for citizenship, arguing that punitive developments have had an important feedback effect for politics. Specifically, I argue that encounters with criminal justice institutions can be derivative of later perceptions of government and political engagement. Interactions with criminal justice are a type of political socialization, in which the lessons that are imprinted are antagonistic to democratic participation. To test this argument, I analyze three surveys that measure both disciplinary encounters and political perceptions, conducting the first systematic exploration of how criminal justice involvement shapes the citizenship, political capital, and political voice of current and former offenders. I find that custodial involvement carries with it a substantial civic penalty that is not explained by criminality or socioeconomic differences. Moreover, the depressing effects on political engagement were not confined to persons undergoing incarceration but to more routine disciplinary actions like being stopped and questioned by the police. The findings provide important insights into how citizens learn about politics and what they learn, how policy shapes citizens experience of government, and ultimately what the growth in the carceral state portends for American politics, given the impact it plays in shaping citizens’ political learning and participation. Given that the carceral state has become important and routine site of interaction between government and citizens, the institutions of criminal justice have emerged as an important place in defining citizen participation and understandings, with potentially dire consequences for democratic ideals.
Colonic graft-versus-host disease.

Purpose of review Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common, potentially life-threatening complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Gastrointestinal GVHD frequently involves the colon and complicates management of these seriously ill patients. This review updates the diagnosis and management of colonic GVHD. Recent findings Conditions are primed for development of GVHD when the pretransplant conditioning regimen generates substantial proinflammatory cytokines. This "cytokine storm" then acts on T cells in the graft, prompting them to attack host antigens. In its acute form, GVHD focuses on the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal manifestations include diarrhea, bleeding vomiting, and abdominal pain. Endoscopic biopsy can readily diagnosis GVHD. However, risk of endoscopy is higher in these ill patients and frequent thrombocytopenia complicates mucosal biopsy. Apoptosis is required to make the diagnosis of GVHD but is not a specific finding. Although gastrointestinal symptoms are common after the acute phase, chronic GVHD of the gut does not appear to be a major etiologic factor. Systemic steroids are the first line of therapy for GVHD. Infliximab or oral budesonide are helpful in patients with sternid-refractory disease, particularly in those with gastrointestinal tract involvement. Although colonic GVHD is readily diagnosed, advances in management await greater understanding of pathogenesis management await greater understanding of pathogenesis and more specifically targeted therapies.
Ethnic identity maintenance within the Latino-American church: a structuration perspective

AbstractThe Latino ethnic/immigrant church plays a significant role in maintaining the ethnic identity of its congregants. Through the perspective of structuration theory, this qualitative analysis investigates how the activities of the church impact its members and how an individual might contribute to the cultural structure of the Latino church (i.e., duality of structure). Interviews of 25 pastors from Spanish-speaking congregations in both urban and rural settings in Oregon resulted in several themes including the initial planting of the church, the denominational structure, the emergence of a new multi-ethnic cultural identity, generational differences, and the influence of Spanish.
Multiscale Modeling of Nanoscale Systems Based on Space/Time Formulation

There has been an increasing interest in developing concurrent simulation technique based on coupled atomistic/continuum representations. An important challenge in implementing this technique in studying the nanoscale material systems is the incompatibility between the continuum and atomistic descriptions at the interface, which sometimes leads to artificial reflections and numerical errors. In this work, we present a space/time enrichment approach in which the enrichment scales are introduced on top of the continuum approximation. Using the partition-of-unity concept, we establish multiscale approximation based on the fine-scale physics that are associated with the particular application. Following this, a coupled solution scheme is developed and the coupled continuum/atomistic simulation method is derived within the framework of space/time discontinuous Galerkin method. A unique advantage of the developed methodology is that it allows one to directly address multiscale phenomena that are coupled in space and time. After an outline of the basic formulation, we illustrate the robustness of the method by focusing on finite temperature material systems. We show that the wave transmitting boundary conditions can be achieved simultaneously with energy conservation.© 2008 ASME
Building Statistical Parametric Multi-speaker Synthesis for Bangladeshi Bangla

Abstract We present a text-to-speech (TTS) system designed for the dialect of Bengali spoken in Bangladesh. This work is part of an ongoing effort to address the needs of new under-resourced languages. We propose a process for streamlining the bootstrapping of TTS systems for under-resourced languages. First, we use crowdsourcing to collect the data from multiple ordinary speakers, each speaker recording small amount of sentences. Second, we leverage an existing text normalization system for a related language (Hindi) to bootstrap a linguistic front-end for Bangla. Third, we employ statistical techniques to construct multi-speaker acoustic models using Long Short-term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approaches. We then describe our experiments that show that the resulting TTS voices score well in terms of their perceived quality as measured by Mean Opinion Score (MOS) evaluations.
A Systematic Review of Spiritually Based Interventions and Psychoneuroimmunological Outcomes in Breast Cancer Survivorship

Objective This is a review of spiritually based interventions (eg, mindfulness-based stress reduction) that utilized psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) outcome measures in breast cancer survivors. Specifically, this review sought to examine the evidence regarding relationships between spiritually based interventions, psychosocial-spiritual outcomes, and biomarker outcomes in breast cancer survivors. Methods A systematic search of 9 online databases was conducted for articles of original research, peer-reviewed, randomized and nonrandomized control trials from 2005-2015. Data were extracted in order to answer selected questions regarding relationships between psychosocial-spiritual and physiological measures utilized in spiritually based interventions. Implications for future spiritually based interventions in breast cancer survivorship are discussed. Results Twenty-two articles were reviewed. Cortisol was the most common PNI biomarker outcome studied. Compared with control groups, intervention groups demonstrated positive mental health outcomes and improved or stable neuroendocrine-immune profiles, although limitations exist. Design methods have improved with regard to increased use of comparison groups compared with previous reviews. There are few spiritually based interventions that specifically measure religious or spiritual constructs. Similarly, there are few existing studies that utilize standardized religious or spiritual measures with PNI outcome measures. Findings suggest that a body of knowledge now exists in support of interventions with mindfulness-breathing-stretching components; furthermore, these interventions appear to offer potential improvement or stabilization of neuroendocrine-immune activity in breast cancer survivors compared to control groups. Conclusion From a PNI perspective, future spiritually based interventions should include standardized measures of religiousness and spirituality in order to understand relationships between and among religiousness, spirituality, and neuroendocrine-immune outcomes. Future research should now focus on determining the minimum dose and duration needed to improve or stabilize neuroendocrine-immune function, as well as diverse setting needs, including home-based practice for survivors who are too ill to travel to group sessions or lack economic resources.
Mirror perspective-taking with a humanoid robot

The ability to use a mirror as an instrument for spatial reasoning enables an agent to make meaningful inferences about the positions of objects in space based on the appearance of their reflections in mirrors. The model presented in this paper enables a robot to infer the perspective from which objects reflected in a mirror appear to be observed, allowing the robot to use this perspective as a virtual camera. Prior work by our group presented an architecture through which a robot learns the spatial relationship between its body and visual sense, mimicking an early form of self-knowledge in which infants learn about their bodies and senses through their interactions with each other. In this work, this self-knowledge is utilized in order to determine the mirror's perspective. Witnessing the position of its end-effector in a mirror in several distinct poses, the robot determines a perspective that is consistent with these observations. The system is evaluated by measuring how well the robot's predictions of its end-effector's position in 3D, relative to the robot's egocentric coordinate system, and in 2D, as projected onto it's cameras, match measurements of a marker tracked by its stereo vision system. Reconstructions of the 3D position end-effector, as computed from the perspective of the mirror, are found to agree with the forward kinematic model within a mean of 31:55mm. When observed directly by the robot's cameras, reconstructions agree within 5:12mm. Predictions of the 2D position of the end-effector in the visual field agree with visual measurements within a mean of 18:47 pixels, when observed in the mirror, or 5:66 pixels, when observed directly by the robot's cameras.
Fallopian Tube Cytology in Patients Undergoing Salpingo-Oophorectomy

Serous carcinomas of the ovary and pelvic peritoneum are a common cause of mortality in women. Evidence suggests that the fallopian tube is the site of origin of a majority of pelvic and ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. There is minimal information about the cytologic appearance of fallopian tube epithelium. In this preliminary study, we attempt to define whether cytology can …
Common skin diseases. 2.

This continuation of the discussion of common skin dermatoses includes the diagnosis and treatment of warts, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, seborrheic and actinic keratoses, and common skin malignancies. Skin cancers affect innumerable guises and may derive from various tissues. The family physician should be familiar with the more common types and be alert to the possibility of rarer kinds.
A priority based noise tolerant jet framework and algorithm

We introduce a new framework for jet definitions called p-jets that matches the computational speed of the currently used anti-k_T jet algorithm, but avoids combining much of the energy from background pileup events with signal jets. As a first illustration of the p-jet framework, we compare the effectiveness of a p-jet algorithm to the anti-k_T algorithm in reconstructing low energy jets from resonant Z boson production and 50 pileup events.
Recognizing the Range of Mood Disorders in Women

Depression strikes twice as many women as men. The dramatic changes in psychoactive hormones like estrogen and progesterone that occur during menstrual cycles and during pregnancy are believed to be key factors. According to the 4th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the diagnosis of depression requires that specific criteria be met: depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure of at least 2 weeks' duration plus at least 4 of the following additional symptoms: change in weight, altered sleep pattern, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and suicidal ideation. Several new drug therapies are available for treating major depressive illness.
PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT: A PROGRESS REPORT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses perceptual development. There are two sorts of ontogenetic change. Type-I phenomena change as a function of the physiological aging of receptor processes within the organism and are not related to higher complex functions. In contrast, Type-II phenomena change as a result of development and fall into two classes. The members of the simpler class undergo a single progressive change that occurs in middle childhood; it represents a shift from an egocentric mode of viewing to an object central mode. The more complex class of Type-II phenomena increases more continuously with increasing age, exhibiting a closer relationship to mental age than to chronological age. One of the basic assumptions made in the preceding theoretical position is that receptor sensitivity to intensity contrast declines as a function of age. The threshold for contour detection as a function of absolute contrast rises through childhood. Another consequence of declining sensitivity with increasing age can be a lessening of stimulus persistence, conceived as a kind of minimal afterimage activity.
Farewell, My Lindgren

“Concerning Freese's work, have you tried a letter to the mayor of Los Angeles, saying that from the bits of this work that you have seen, it would really be a great loss to the mathematical world were this outstanding work to be irretrievably lost to posterity? As far as I can see, it could not do any harm, and if you also rub in about the glory of the citizens of his illustrious city, it might produce results.” So is this the MacGuffin of a fast-paced melodrama? The product of a Hollywood script-writer's overactive imagination, destined to launch the career of a mathematical Philip Marlowe, to inaugurate a furious search across three continents, and to lay bare the power politics of a sprawling megalopolitan region?… [with apologies to Raymond Chandler] The trail was as cold as the Minnesota tundra that Ernest Irving Freese had fled so many years before. The faded letter from C. Dudley Langford to Harry Lindgren had a 1964 date. It outlined a strategy to obtain the Los Angeles architect's magnum opus on geometric dissections – a strategy as hopeless as announcing that all the sunbaked jurisdictions in Southern California should assemble into one coherent whole. Lindgren had never persuaded Freese's widow to share the manuscript with him. And Freese's blueprints, reportedly containing some 200 plates with over 400 figures, were certainly not on file at City Hall.
Opposing Effects of Fasting Metabolism on Tissue Tolerance in Bacterial and Viral Inflammation

Summary Acute infections are associated with a set of stereotypic behavioral responses, including anorexia, lethargy, and social withdrawal. Although these so-called sickness behaviors are the most common and familiar symptoms of infections, their roles in host defense are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of anorexia in models of bacterial and viral infections. We found that anorexia was protective while nutritional supplementation was detrimental in bacterial sepsis. Furthermore, glucose was necessary and sufficient for these effects. In contrast, nutritional supplementation protected against mortality from influenza infection and viral sepsis, whereas blocking glucose utilization was lethal. In both bacterial and viral models, these effects were largely independent of pathogen load and magnitude of inflammation. Instead, we identify opposing metabolic requirements tied to cellular stress adaptations critical for tolerance of differential inflammatory states. Video Abstract
Psychoacoustic Evaluation of the Effects of Aging

Many older adults experience difficulties in complex listening environments that exceed expectations based on their audiometric thresholds. Review of past study of the auditory abilities of older a...
Assessing Basal and Acute Autophagic Responses in the Adult Drosophila Nervous System: The Impact of Gender, Genetics and Diet on Endogenous Pathway Profiles

The autophagy pathway is critical for the long-term homeostasis of cells and adult organisms and is often activated during periods of stress. Reduced pathway efficacy plays a central role in several progressive neurological disorders that are associated with the accumulation of cytotoxic peptides and protein aggregates. Previous studies have shown that genetic and transgenic alterations to the autophagy pathway impacts longevity and neural aggregate profiles of adult Drosophila. In this study, we have identified methods to measure the acute in vivo induction of the autophagy pathway in the adult fly CNS. Our findings indicate that the genotype, age, and gender of adult flies can influence pathway responses. Further, we demonstrate that middle-aged male flies exposed to intermittent fasting (IF) had improved neuronal autophagic profiles. IF-treated flies also had lower neural aggregate profiles, maintained more youthful behaviors and longer lifespans, when compared to ad libitum controls. In summary, we present methodology to detect dynamic in vivo changes that occur to the autophagic profiles in the adult Drosophila CNS and that a novel IF-treatment protocol improves pathway response in the aging nervous system.
Cardiovascular screening in long-term Hodgkin lymphoma survivors.

e20592 Background: Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) is highly curable, with an 85% 5-year survival rate. HL survivors have higher mortality rates than their peers, in part due to increased rates of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Therefore, consensus and expert recommendations include aggressive management of CV risk factors and consideration of screening for CV disease, depending on exposure to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the frequency of compliance with these recommendations is not known. Methods: Patients treated for HL at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1998-2008 were identified. Those who received radiation therapy >25 Gy and/or anthracycline chemotherapy >240 mg/m2 and had follow-up medical records after 2010 were reviewed to determine provider specialty and if CV screening or counseling regarding CV risk factors was documented. P-values were calculated using Chi squared method. Results: 96 patients were identified who were a mean of 9.3 years (range 5-15) from HL diagnosis. 32 (33%) patients had documente...
Morality constrains the default representation of what is possible

The capacity for representing and reasoning over sets of possibilities, or modal cognition, supports diverse kinds of high-level judgments: causal reasoning, moral judgment, language comprehension, and more. Prior research on modal cognition asks how humans explicitly and deliberatively reason about what is possible but has not investigated whether or how people have a default, implicit representation of which events are possible. We present three studies that characterize the role of implicit representations of possibility in cognition. Collectively, these studies differentiate explicit reasoning about possibilities from default implicit representations, demonstrate that human adults often default to treating immoral and irrational events as impossible, and provide a case study of high-level cognitive judgments relying on default implicit representations of possibility rather than explicit deliberation.
The Diffusion of State Film Incentives: A Mixed-Methods Case Study

In 2000, only six states had tax incentives for film and video production, and by 2010, all but six states had film incentives. What accounts for this growth in popularity? This study combines quantitative event history analysis and qualitative interview methods to try to understand why states adopted film incentive programs and how they were influenced by the adoption of incentives in other states. The analysis suggests that the diffusion processes in state adoptions of film incentives can be largely explained by two factors: (a) the size and sophistication of the existing film industry in the state and (b) a competitive “bandwagon” effect based on the total number of states that had already adopted film incentives. The results emphasize the need to broaden the ways that competitive influences can be conceptualized and modeled in policy diffusion research, especially in economic development.
Creating Compliance: Exploring a Maturing Industry

Compliance is a legal field that is finally reaching maturity. The rise of the administrative state and the growth of regulation associated with it have created a myriad of obstacles that business entities must navigate. On October 7, 2016, The University of Toledo Law Review hosted "Creating Compliance: Exploring a Maturing Industry". This symposium brought together legal academics, practicing attorneys, compliance officers, and other individuals to reflect on the current state of the compliance field. This introduction summarizes various essays authored and co-authored by participants of that event.
Identification of Preoperative and Intraoperative Risk Factors for Complications in the Elderly Undergoing Elective Craniotomy

Background Neurosurgical patients are aging as the general population is becoming older. Methods A retrospective review of patients ≥65 years of age who underwent an elective craniotomy from 2007 to 2015 to identify risk factors for 30-day morbidity/mortality was conducted. Key preoperative variables included age, comorbidities, and functional status based on the Karnofsky Performance Status score and modified Rankin Scale score. Outcome variables included long-term care (LTC) complications, neurologic complications, systemic/infectious complications, length of stay, functional outcomes, and mortality. Results A total of 286 patients ≥65 years underwent elective craniotomy at Loyola University Medical Center over 8 years. Seventy-two patients had a preoperative neurologic deficit and 95 had a systemic morbidity before surgery. Postoperative neurologic and systemic morbidity was 14% and 23%, respectively. 7% of patients experienced a LTC complication and 5 patients (1.7%) died. Worse preoperative scores on both the Karnofsky Performance Status and modified Rankin Scale predicted increased length of stay and mortality ( P Conclusions This study identifies factors that predict perioperative complications for elderly patients undergoing elective craniotomies, particularly congestive heart failure, smoking history, chronic steroid use, anesthesia time, and estimated blood loss. Age alone should not preclude elective craniotomy.
21st Century Science Education: A Critical-Creative Social Constructivist Perspective

The dominant narrative of curriculum and educational reforms prevailing in many countries is identified, described, and critiqued and an analysis advanced from the philosophical anthropology of education. A constructivist theoretical perspective is both critical and creative in offering (a) insight into the implicit and explicit dangers of the privileged form of knowledge in education, and (b) alternatives that reduce threats of ecocide and promote socially just and sustainable democracies. Examined in the context of official curriculum, the commodification of knowledge via testing and standards, and students’ epistemological development are the social and political consequences of the (1) reification, (2) de-contextualization, and (3) technocratization of school knowledge. A significant mismatch is found between current education and the state of the world, beset with environmental degradation, rapid technological change, and global economy. The educative task now is how to educate students for democratic citizenship in a new social-ecological era, requiring student-centered school cultures that apply the principle of epistemological symmetry in terms of respecting local knowledges and revealing science as a human endeavor.
Curse or Cure? The Phenomenon of Obeah Pregnancy Among Belizean Maya

References to “obeah pregnancy” are widespread in southern Belize where the belief in supernatural forces combines with a conservative reproductive climate that influence how women construct a discourse of pregnancy, reproductive misfortunes, and maternal death. This chapter looks at informal discussions about obeah and its role in women’s reproductive health and cultural edicts surrounding unwanted and/or illegitimate pregnancy to help frame the multiple ways obeah emerges as a force both feared and harnessed by women in southern Belize to remedy culturally inappropriate reproductive states. Case studies cited in the chapter complicate the culturally disengaged narratives of maternal health in the midst of socioculturally influenced embodied experience.
Affinity Ultrafiltration for Purifying Specialty Chemicals

Purification from complex biological mixtures has traditionally been performed by combining techniques which resolve substances according to differences in their overall physicochemical properties. Extensive purification thus translates into a high yield loss and a high production cost. Innovative process development is thus critical to the successful commercialization of biotechnology and new purification techniques are an important aspect. Effective processes must possess high resolution, high recovery yield and ease of scale-up.
The Effect of Economic Integration with China on the Future of American Corporate Law

China's development into a world economic power and its continuing integration with the United States economy raise the question whether China's own history and the socialist context of its domestic corporate law may affect the meaning of business terms in use both internationally and in American domestic corporate law. Of particular interest is the question whether China's entry and impact may blunt the late-twentieth century effort in the United States to change the legal sense of the purpose of an American business corporation.
Comparison of three serological assays to measure antibody response to Chlamydia antigen Pgp3 in adolescent and young adults with pelvic inflammatory disease

Antibody-based epidemiologic surveillance to determine population-level exposure to sexually transmitted infections could help inform public health fertility preservation strategies. We compared the performance of three platforms to detect antibodies against the Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) antigen Pgp3 - multiplex bead array (MBA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and lateral flow assay (LFA) - on sera from adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Ninety-five of 118 AYAs diagnosed with PID (80.5%) had positive antibody response to Pgp3 antigen by at least one test, and 78 (66.1%) tested positive by all three tests. Among 27 individuals with infection detected using nucleic acid amplification testing, 92.6% were positive by MBA (25/27), 77.8% (21/27) were positive by ELISA, and 74.1% (20/27) were positive by LFA. These data suggest that the MBA was the most sensitive of the three tests and could be useful in seroepidemiologic studies designed to assess population-level exposure to CT.
Neonatal stress and resilience — lasting effects of antenatal corticosteroids1

Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are standard of care for women at risk of preterm delivery between 24 and 34 weeks gestation. Their use decreases preterm morbidities and mortality. However, ACS tre...
Could Probiotics Be Used to Mitigate Neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammatory processes promote a constellation of neurochemical and hormonal changes resulting in profound effects on motivational states (anhedonia), mood (depression and anxiety disorders), and cognitive function (decrements in learning and memory). The enhancement of immunoregulatory processes, such as increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS, is a highly effective strategy for curtailing neuroinflammation. Here, we explore recent evidence that probiotic treatment approaches might be an effective strategy to induce long-lasting immunoregulation in the CNS and thus mitigate the neural and behavioral effects of neuroinflammation.
Indexing the 'dark side of addiction': substance-induced affective symptoms and alcohol use disorders.

Background and aims The emergence of negative affective symptoms during the course of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) (e.g. 'dark side' symptoms) has been suggested theoretically; however, the description of their occurrence is limited. This study operationalized two negative affect symptoms and tested the strength of association between these phenotypes and (1) indicators of the clinical course of the severity of AUD, (2) comorbid Axis I psychiatric disorders, suicidal behaviors and trait neuroticism and (3) whether participants reported drinking to relieve the negative affective symptoms. Design A retrospective cross-sectional study was used to evaluate associations, using logistic regression, between the two negative affective symptoms and clinical measures of AUD severity and progression as well as comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders and conditions, adjusted for demographic characteristics. Setting US community-based studies. Participants A total of 2568 individuals with AUDs obtained from larger population studies that targeted individuals of European American (n = 1663), Mexican American and American Indian (n = 905) ancestry. Measurements Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism was used to ascertain the two 'dark side' phenotypes, clinical diagnoses, the clinical course of AUD and associated symptoms. The two phenotypes were: (1) being anxious or depressed when trying to cut down or stop drinking and (2) experiencing disabling depression for more than 24 hours while drinking. Findings Both phenotypes were found to be rare in mild and moderate use disorder and highly prevalent in severe AUDs. Having an independent anxiety or affective disorder and elevated scores on trait neuroticism were also associated significantly with the occurrence of both symptoms, as was alcohol 'craving', elevated treatment-seeking, suicidal behaviors and drinking to relieve the symptoms. Conclusions Affective symptoms are common in severe alcohol use disorders are associated with a history of independent affective/anxiety disorders, neuroticism and suicidal behaviors; and may promote further heavy drinking.
Obfuscated Built-In Self-Authentication With Secure and Efficient Wire-Lifting

Hardware Trojan insertion and intellectual property (IP) theft are two major concerns when dealing with untrusted foundries. Most existing mitigation techniques are limited in protecting against both vulnerabilities. Split manufacturing is designed to stop IP piracy and integrated circuit (IC) cloning, but it fails at preventing untargeted hardware Trojan insertion and incurs significant overheads when high level of security is demanded. Built-in self-authentication (BISA) is a low-cost technique for preventing and detecting hardware Trojan insertion, but is vulnerable to IP piracy, IC cloning, or redesign attacks, especially on original circuitry. In this paper, we propose an obfuscated BISA technique that combines and optimizes both the techniques so that they complement and improve security against both vulnerabilities, while at the same time minimizing design overheads to the extent that the proposed method does not incur prohibitive cost for designs of industrial-level sophistication. Our evaluation on advanced encryption standard and data encryption standard cores shows that the proposed technique can reach security levels more than two times higher, satisfying all existing layout-based security metrics, while reducing overheads from hundreds of percents to less than 13% in power, 5% in delay, and zero percent in area, as compared to best reported performance in existing techniques.
Brain lateralization of phonological awareness varies by maternal education

Socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to influence language skills, with children of lower SES backgrounds performing worse on language assessments compared to their higher SES peers. While there is abundant behavioral research on the effects of SES, whether there are differences in the neural mechanisms used to support language skill is less established. In this study, we examined the relation between maternal education (ME), a component of SES, and neural mechanisms of language. We focused on Kindergarten children, at the beginning of formal reading education, and on a pre-reading skill, phonological awareness-the ability to distinguish or manipulate the sounds of language. We determined ME-related differences in neural activity by examining a skill-matched sample of typically achieving 5-year-old children as they performed a rhyme judgment task. We examined brain lateralization in two language processing regions, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG). In the IFG, lateralization was related to ME but not skill: children with low ME showed bilateral activation compared to children with higher ME who showed leftward lateralization. In the STG, there was a skill by ME interaction on lateralization, such that children with high ME showed a positive relation between rightward lateralization and skill and children with low ME showed a positive relation between leftward lateralization and skill. Thus, we demonstrated ME is related to differences in neural recruitment during language processing, yet this difference in recruitment is not indicative of a deficit in linguistic processing in Kindergarten children.
Effects of fire and its severity on occupancy of bats in mixed pine-oak forests

Abstract Prescribed burning has become more common for the management of eastern forests in North America, so understanding if and how foraging bats respond to structural changes generated by fire is of increasing importance. Our objective was to investigate the effects of post-fire landscape conditions on the occurrence of foraging bats in mixed forests of the Cumberland Plateau physiographic region. We deployed Anabat II bat detectors in 164 paired burned and unburned forest sites for ≥2 nights from mid-May through August 2014 and 2015 to monitor bat foraging and commuting habitat use. We conducted vegetation surveys to quantify site-specific structural characteristics, which indicated that measures of structure were significantly lower in burned sites than unburned sites. We used Program Presence to test a priori hypotheses of species-specific probability of detection and site occupancy related to weather, burn history (i.e., site burned within the past 10 years or unburned), and site and landscape characteristics. Bats were detected at 94% of burned sites and 83% of unburned sites. Probability of detection was affected by weather conditions, vegetative structure, and burn history for most species. Occupancy for all species/species groups examined was positively associated with burning and generally associated with lower vegetative structure. Although burn severity did not affect most species groups, occupancy of Myotis species and tri-colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) was lower in sites that received moderate severity burns than in sites that received low severity burns. Therefore, while prescribed fire may provide vegetative structure conducive to efficient foraging for all bats of the Cumberland Plateau, our results demonstrate that retaining some unburned forests while creating mosaics of lower and higher severity burns across the landscape will result in favorable foraging conditions for all resident bat species.
EEG Decoding Reveals the Strength and Temporal Dynamics of Goal-Relevant Representations

Models of action control assume that attentional control settings regulate the processing of lower-level stimulus/response representations. Yet, little is known about how exactly control and sensory/response representations relate to each other to produce goal-directed behavior. Addressing this question requires time-resolved information about the strength of the different, potentially overlapping representations, on a trial-by-trial basis. Using a cued task-switching paradigm, we show that information about relevant representations can be extracted through decoding analyses from the scalp electrophysiological signal (EEG) with high temporal resolution. Peaks in representational strength—indexed through decoding accuracy—proceeded from superficial task cues, to stimulus locations, to features/responses. In addition, attentional-set representations were prominent throughout almost the entire processing cascade. Trial-by-trial analyses provided detailed information about when and to what degree different representations predict performance, with attentional settings emerging as a strong and consistent predictor of within-individual and across-individual variability in performance. Also, the strength of attentional sets was related to target representations early in the post-stimulus period and to feature/response representations at a later period, suggesting control of successive, lower-level representations in a concurrent manner. These results demonstrate a powerful approach towards uncovering different stages of information processing and their relative importance for performance.
The Effect of the Partial Pressure of H2S and CO2 on the Permeation of Hydrogen in Carbon Steel by Using Pressure Buildup Techniques

There are concerns in the industry about using an electrochemical technique for actual hydrogen permeation measurements where charging current is not a field condition. The objective of this work i...
Developing Affective Communication Skills in a Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program at a Small Liberal Arts College

This study evaluated the ability of simulated laboratory activities to develop affective skills, especially oral communication. Surveys were administered to students at the start and end of a clinical chemistry laboratory course at Nazareth College, a primarily liberal arts college that is not attached to a major medical center. These students included both clinical laboratory science majors and non-majors. Survey questions asked students to use a Likert scale to score their preparedness to properly identify patients, verbally communicate critical results, and discuss pre-analytical challenges that affect specimen integrity. During the course, students evaluated mock laboratory results and were required to orally discuss pre-analytical and post-analytical issues with a volunteer role-playing as an emergency department physician. Data indicates statistically significant (p
The roles of ingroup identification and implicit bias in assessing the effectiveness of an online diversity education program

Diversity education is increasingly recognized as important to the health of a university, however, little empirical work has examined the intergroup processes at play and the effectiveness of onli...
Realization of a stroboscopic optical lattice for cold atoms with subwavelength spacing

Optical lattices are typically created via the ac Stark shift and are limited by diffraction to periodicities $\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{\lambda}/2$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the wavelength of light used to create them. Lattices with smaller periodicities may be useful for many-body physics with cold atoms and can be generated by stroboscopic application of a phase-shifted lattice with subwavelength features. Here we demonstrate a $\ensuremath{\lambda}/4$-spaced lattice by stroboscopically applying optical Kronig-Penney-like potentials which are generated using spatially dependent dark states. We directly probe the periodicity of the $\ensuremath{\lambda}/4$-spaced lattice by measuring the average probability density of the atoms loaded into the ground band of the lattice. We measure lifetimes of atoms in this lattice and discuss the mechanisms that limit the applicability of this stroboscopic approach.
Improving the repeatability of the spectral bandwidth and diffraction efficiency of holograms formed in dichromated gelatin

Dichromated gelatin is a photosensitive material that has been used to make volume holographic elements for over 50 years. The film is an ideal material for many applications in volume holography, such as display technologies and photovoltaic systems. The material has high transparency, low scatter, high index modulation capacity, and has bandwidth broadening processes that can be controlled to extend the angular and spectral bandwidth beyond conventional films. The film is suitable for high-volume production since it is inexpensive and can be manufactured using roll-to-roll techniques. The film consists of gelatin interspersed with light-sensitive ammonium dichromate. After exposing with an interference pattern of light, the film selectively bonds in regions with bright fringes. A hologram is formed after a series of chemical baths removes unbonded chromate from the film and forms a modulation in the index of refraction. Unfortunately, the material has a reputation for inconsistency that has driven many researchers and engineers away from using the material more extensively. While many have commented that it is critical to control the environmental humidity and temperature conditions to achieve consistent hologram formation, little work has been done to systematically address the problem or report findings in literature. In this paper we use data taken from hundreds of hologram samples to quantify the “inconsistency” by measuring the variation in diffraction efficiency and Bragg wavelength. We use a partially controlled facility in which the humidity is controlled during the film drying process, but not in any other stage of the process. We show a strong correlation between drying humidity and repeatability and show that 55-65% drying humidity is optimal. Drying the film at 65% humidity compared to 25% improves the repeatability in both Bragg wavelength and diffraction efficiency by nearly 10X.
Imaging and its Impact on Defining the Oligometastatic State

Successful treatment of oligometastatic disease (OMD) is facilitated through timely detection and localization of disease, both at the time of initial diagnosis (synchronous OMD) and following the initial therapy (metachronous OMD). Hence, imaging plays an indispensable role in management of patients with OMD. However, the challenges and complexities of OMD management are also reflected in the imaging of this entity. While innovations and advances in imaging technology have made a tremendous impact in disease detection and management, there remain substantial and unaddressed challenges for earlier and more accurate establishment of OMD state. This review will provide an overview of the available imaging modalities and their inherent strengths and weaknesses, with a focus on their role and potential in detection and evaluation of OMD in different organ systems. Furthermore, we will review the role of imaging in evaluation of OMD for malignancies of various primary organs, such as the lung, prostate, colon/rectum, breast, kidney, as well as neuroendocrine tumors and gynecologic malignancies. We aim to provide a practical overview about the utilization of imaging for clinicians who play a role in the care of those with, or at risk for OMD.
Unsupervised Learning of Pavement Distresses from Surface Images

The most common asphalt pavement surface distress is cracking, manifested in various forms, such as transverse, longitudinal, and reflective cracks, governed by different initiation and propagation mechanisms. Being able to timely detect and classify different types of cracks provides critical information for properly maintaining and managing our invaluable road assets. In this paper, a series of classic image processing techniques were applied to pavement surface images to delineate crack patterns. The processed images were projected to a low-dimensional feature space through principal component analysis (PCA). A K-means algorithm is then applied to cluster images in the low-dimensional feature space. The results revealed a meaningful correlation between the crack patterns and the clusters derived.
MPFL Reconstruction in the Pediatric Population: Does Skeletal Maturity Matter?

Objectives: Patellar instability requiring medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFL) in the pediatric population poses a challenge in that the isometric point of femoral fixation (Schottle’s point) is in close proximity to the distal physis. As a result, various alternative fixation techniques have been described to avoid physeal damage, however the consequences of this are unclear. Continued growth and altered graft mechanics in the growing child are areas of concern. The objective of the current study was to evaluate short to midterm outcomes, including redislocation rates, following MPFL reconstruction in skeletally immature versus mature pediatric patients.
Effect of Soil Properties and Input Motion on Site Amplification Using Validated Nonlinear Soil Model

Three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear site response analyses are conducted using finite element models of actual soil profiles from ten nuclear power plant (NPP) sites in the United States to investiga...