cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short communication: A collocation-type method for linear quadratic optimal control problems

This communication presents a spectral method for solving time-varying linear quadratic optimal control problems. Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto nodes are used to construct the mth-degree polynomial approximation of the state and control variables. The derivative x(t) of the state vector x(t) is approximated by the analytic derivative of the corresponding interpolating polynomial. The performance index approximation is based on Gauss-Lobatto integration. The optimal control problem is then transformed into a linear programming problem. The proposed technique is easy to implement, efficient and yields accurate results. Numerical examples are included and a comparison is made with an existing result.
Thyroid function in healthy premature infants.

Thyroid function was studied in healthy premature and term infants between 12 hours and 3 months of age. T 4 and FT 4 I followed parallel courses in both groups; during the first 45 days, however, the values were significantly lower in premature infants under 34 weeks' EGA than in term infants ( P 3 concentration was not significantly different in premature and term infants.
Marketing's integration with other departments

Abstract Interdepartmental integration is very much a part of a marketing department’s activities, but what is meant by “integration” is not well defined. Some literature has ascribed to an interaction perspective, where meetings and documented information exchange predicate marketing’s relationships among departments. Other literature has ascribed to a collaboration perspective, where teams and collective goals are prescribed. And a third group of literature has suggested that integration is a composite of interaction and collaboration. An empirical study of 514 marketing, manufacturing, and R&D managers was undertaken to investigate which one of these perspectives may be more valid for achieving performance success. Findings indicate that collaboration distinguishes successful performance and promotes marketing’s satisfaction in working with other departments. Managerial and future research implications are discussed.
Characterization and temperature-programmed studies over Pd/TiO2 catalysts for NO reduction with methane

Abstract Characterization and temperature-programmed studies were performed over Pd/titania catalysts to examine their activity in the reduction of NO with methane. The catalyst was prepared using a wet impregnation technique and Pd-acetate was used as a precursor for palladium. Techniques such as BET surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used for the characterization of the catalyst before and after the reaction. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were also used to probe the surface to understand its adsorption/desorption characteristics and reducing capabilities. The results obtained from these studies together with the reaction investigations have given some important insight into the functionality of this catalyst.
Astrocyte Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Ischemic Brain Injury and Neuroprotection

Research on ischemic brain injury has established a central role of mitochondria in neuron death. Astrocytes are also damaged by ischemia, although the participation of mitochondria in their injury is ill defined. As astrocytes are responsible for neuronal metabolic and trophic support, astrocyte dysfunction will compromise postischemic neuronal survival. Ischemic alterations to astrocyte energy metabolism and the uptake and metabolism of the excitatory amino acid transmitter glutamate may be particularly important. Despite the significance of ischemic astrocyte injury, little is known of the mechanisms responsible for astrocyte death and dysfunction. This review focuses on differences between astrocyte and neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function, and on neuronal-glial interactions. The potential for astrocyte mitochondria to serve as targets of neuroprotective interventions is also discussed.
Pathways of d-fructose and d-glucose catabolism in marine species of Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas marina, and Alteromonas communis

Cell-free extracts of d-fructose grown cells of marine species of Alcaligenes as well as Pseudomonas marina contained an activity which catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of d-fructose in the 1-position as well as activities of the following enzymes: 1-P-fructokinase, fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase, PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, fructokinase, glucokinase, P-hexose isomerase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, 6-P-gluconate dehydrase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-P-gluconate aldolase. The presence of these enzyme activities would allow d-fructose to be degraded by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and/or the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In cell-free extracts of d-glucose grown cells, the activity catalyzing a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of d-fructose as well as 1-P-fructokinase activity were reduced or absent while the remaining enzymes were present at levels similar to those found in d-fructose grown cells. Radiolabeling experiments suggested that both d-fructose and d-glucose were utilized primarily via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Alteromonas communis, a marine species lacking 1-P-fructokinase and the PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, contained all the enzyme activities necessary for the catabolism of d-fructose and d-glucose by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway; the involvement of this pathway was also consistent with the results of the radiolabeling experiments.
An expert system for helping apple growers

Abstract Expert systems provide a technology that can help farmers run their businesses economically by using computer programs that encode expert-level knowledge. This paper reports the construction of an expert system, POMME, to help apple growers manage their orchards. POMME advises growers about when and what to spray on their apples to avoid infestations. The system also provides advice regarding treatment of winter injuries, drought control and multiple insect problems. The knowledge structures employed in the construction of the expert system are explained, and some sample interactions are provided. A model of the apple scab disease cycle is incorporated into POMME to give the system a more fundamental reasoning capability than available from the use of infection tables. Extension experts who have run many trial cases on the system have approved its performance.
Bank capital, firm liquidity, and project quality

Abstract We construct an economy where a two way interaction between bank capital and project quality propagates negative shocks to technology or regulation. By shrinking the available liquidity and the scale of their activity, a contraction in bank loans discourages entrepreneurs from sustaining the set-up effort of high quality projects, inducing them to shift to low quality ones. The deterioration in project quality erodes the value of bank assets and, hence, banks’ capitalization and loanable funds. Lack of information in the secondary market for bank assets amplifies the propagation.
The relationship between the Balanced Budget Act and length of stay for Medicare patients in US hospitals

Background The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 and Balanced Budget Refinement Act (BBRA) of 1999 led to deep financial cuts for hospitals and nursing homes.
Extremity heat loss in water in humans and macaques

Human hands and feet lose about the same amount of heat per unit time in cold water. This is somewhat strange since they are grossly different in size (volume). When corrected for size, the human hand loses far more heat per unit volume than the foot. This study attempted to see if macaques showed comparable hand-foot differences by repeating the human test situation as closely as possible on 20 macaques. The monkeys lose less total heat in cold water because their hands and feet are so much smaller, but on a volume basis they exceeded human heat losses. Even more important, the macaque hand and foot show very similar heat losses when the size difference is removed. The human hand and the macaque hand and foot are reasonably close in heat loss per unit volume; the human foot appears unique. Another sample of human subjects in which both extremity volumes and surface areas were measured showed closer heat loss correspondence between hands and feet on the basis of surface area, but the human foot still was lower. Pedal heat loss in man is apparently conditioned by a combination of the foot's special morphology and vascularity.
Semisynthesis and biological activity of taxol analogues: baccatin III 13-(N-benzoyl-(2′R,3′S)-3′-(p-tolyl)isoserinate), baccatin III 13-(N-(p-toluoyl)-2′R,3′S)-3′-phenylisoserinate), baccatin III 13-(N-benzoyl-(2′R,3′S)-3′-(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)isoserinate), and baccatin III 13-(N-(p-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-(2′R,3′S)-3′-phenylisoserinate)

Abstract The semisynthesis of the four novel taxol analogues baccatin III 13-(N-benzoyl-(2′R,3′S)-3′-(p-tolyl)isoserinate) ( 2 ), baccatin III 13-(N-(p-toluoyl)-(2′R,3′S)-3′-phenylisoserinate) ( 3 ), baccatin III 13-(N-benzoyl-(2′R,3′S)-3′(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)isoserinate) ( 4 , and baccatin III 13-(N-(p-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-(2′R,3′S)-3′-phenylisoserinate) ( 5 ) from 7-triethylsilyl baccatin III ( 6 ) and the N-acyl-3-ethoxyethyl-4-aryl-2-azetidinones ( 11–14 ) is descrived. Derivatives 2 , 3 , and 5 demonstrated activity comparable to taxol ( 1 ) in the microtubule assembly assay and cytotoxicity against B16 melanoma cells. Derivative 4 ), however, was found to be an unstable product.
Geomagnetically trapped antiprotons

[1] The distribution of geomagnetically trapped antiprotons from decay of cosmic ray albedo antineutrons is described theoretically. The calculation includes ionization energy loss, inelastic nuclear scattering and annihilation, radial diffusion, and solar cycle and geomagnetic secular variations. The trapped antiproton intensity at satellite altitudes is predicted to be significantly higher than the interplanetary cosmic ray antiproton intensity.
On the existence of components of the Hilbert scheme with the expected number of moduli

In the study of the geometry of families of algebraic curves one common tool is the comparison between the extrinsic geometry, represented by properties of their projective embeddings and of the Hilbert scheme and the intrinsic geometry, represented by abstract properties and the moduli space. This comparison is often best represented by the natural map π : Hn,g,r →Mg from the Hilbert scheme Hn,g,r of smooth curves in IP r of degree n and genus g (or the Hurwitz scheme for r = 1, the Severi variety for r = 2) to the moduli space of smooth curves of genus g. The behaviour of π is very strongly influenced by the nature of its fibers, the BrillNoether varieties. Now, whileMg is an irreducible variety, the Hilbert scheme Hn,g,r is in general reducible and has in fact many components for r ≥ 3. This difference has inspired many authors in the search of what could be a good component of the Hilbert scheme. One possible answer to such a question is to apply the above principle of comparison ([Ser],
John Newport 1951–2005

The news is so full of lives cut short that one might worry that we have become inured to the experience. But cold reality asserts itself when a premature death strikes within our own community, and the full tragedy and the wasted opportunity are exposed. We then pause to mark the singularity of human existence and the personal nature of science itself. John Newport, distinguished professor of biology at the University of California, San Diego, died on December 26th, 2005 after a few short months fighting pancreatic cancer.
Ultrastructure of layer IV of the primary auditory cortex of the squirrel monkey.

Abstract Ultrastructural studies reveal a columnar arrangement of granule cells within layer IV of the primary auditory cortex of the squirrel monkey. Juxtaposed granule cells exhibit specialized junctions between neuronal somata. The composition and distribution of perikaryal organelles are consistent with previous observations. The occasional presence of single dispersed ribosomes provides a convenient marker for identification of distal dendritic processes. The synaptic profiles within layer IV are consistent with the profiles described for other cortical areas. These results confirm the light-microscope cytoarchitecture of primary auditory cortex and present electron-microscopic data compatible with features observed in other primary sensory cortices. The juxtaposed neuronal somata and junctional specializations suggest a form of electrotonic coupling.
Making Olympic lizards: the effects of specialised exercise training on performance.

ABSTRACT Exercise training is well known to affect a suite of physiological and performance traits in mammals, but effects of training in other vertebrate tetrapod groups have been inconsistent. We examined performance and physiological differences among green anole lizards ( Anolis carolinensis ) that were trained for sprinting or endurance, using an increasingly rigorous training regimen over 8 weeks. Lizards trained for endurance had significantly higher post-training endurance capacity compared with the other treatment groups, but groups did not show post-training differences in sprint speed. Although acclimation to the laboratory environment and training explain some of our results, mechanistic explanations for these results correspond with the observed performance differences. After training, endurance-trained lizards had higher haematocrit and larger fast glycolytic muscle fibres. Despite no detectable change in maximal performance of sprint-trained lizards, we detected that they had significantly larger slow oxidative muscle fibre areas compared with the other treatments. Treatment groups did not differ in the proportion of number of fibre types, nor in the mass of most limb muscles or the heart. Our results offer some caveats for investigators conducting training research on non-model organisms and they reveal that muscle plasticity in response to training may be widespread phylogenetically.
Spectroscopic study of chromium-doped transparent calcium germanate glass-ceramics

Abstract The optical properties of transparent chromium-doped glass-ceramics with the chemical composition similar to that of cunyite (Cr4+:Ca2GeO4) laser crystal were investigated. Room and low temperature absorption, excitation, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, as well as lifetime measurements were used to develop a model for the optical centers in the glass and nanocrystals. Parent (as quenched) glass does not exhibit any fluorescence; after the heat treatment Cr4+ fluorescence band appears at ∼1280 nm. Optical properties of nanocrystals formed in the glass-ceramics differ from those in the bulk single crystal Ca2GeO4. By comparison of Ca2GeO4 – like glass-ceramics with the Ca2GeO4 bulk single crystals and Mg2SiO4 – glass-ceramics we concluded that the nanocrystal phase is a modified Ca2GeO4 structure. Broadband fluorescence and a high quantum efficiency of new glass-ceramics make the new Cr-doped glass-ceramics promising medium for fiber lasers and amplifiers.
Sleep apnea in patients with hemispheric stroke

Sleep pattern and breathing in humans are altered following cerebrovascular accidents involving the brainstem. Sleep apnea is a well-established complication of stroke involving the brainstem. On the other hand, the effect of cerebral stroke on sleep and breathing has not been well defined. The diffuse cerebral symptoms such as cognitive deficits, depression or fatigue, after hemispheric stroke mimic those present in patients with sleep apnea. To define the breathing pattern in patients with stroke involving cerebral hemispheres without brainstem lesion and without the prior history of sleep-disordered breathing, we studied 10 patients within 1 year of their stroke. The data collected during polysomnography from the stroke patients were compared with a group of subjects matched for age, body mass index, presence of hypertension, and smoking history without stroke. Patients with stroke had an abnormal sleep architecture with significantly lower slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep when compared with controls. Sleep was fragmented because of the presence of increased respiratory disturbances. Stroke patients had a respiratory disturbance index of 52 +/- 10 events per hour when compared with 3 +/- 1 in controls (p < .05). Majorities of respiratory events were obstructive apneas and were associated with arterial oxygen desaturations and arousals. The pathogenic mechanism of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with hemispheric stroke seems to be related to the physiological effect of sleep on already compromised upper airway muscle control. Patients with stroke and diffuse cerebral symptoms should be investigated for the possibility of sleep-disordered breathing.
Cavernous hemangioma of testis causing acute testicular infarction

The sixth case of cavernous hemangioma of the testis is reported. The patient presented with acute testicular infarction, consistent with the tendency of this benign tumor to cause testicular atrophy. The importance of this tumor is in the differential diagnosis of malignant testis tumor.
Lower extremity general muscle moment patterns in healthy individuals during recumbent cycling

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity generalized muscle moments across two workloads during recumbent bicycling in younger and older healthy adults. Design. The study design was a comparative investigation of cycling patterns. Background. Biomechanical data regarding muscle activation, kinematic, and kinetic patterns have been presented for upright cycling, but only a few studies have evaluated biomechanical patterns during the alternative configuration of recumbent cycling. Methods. Twenty-four healthy adults, classified by age into two different groups, under 35 and over 50 years of age, rode a recumbent bicycle at a constant cadence (60–65 rpm) and at two different resistances (0.5 and 1.0 kg m) while kinematic and kinetic data were recorded. General muscle moments were calculated using joint kinematic and kinetic data via inverse dynamic equations. Results. The ankle general muscle moment remained plantar flexor throughout the pedaling cycle; the knee general muscle moment remained flexor throughout the cycle, except during the power phase of the higher workload where an extensor general muscle moment was observed; and the hip general muscle moment was extensor with a transient flexor general muscle moment period during the recovery phase. Increased workload led to increases in ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor general muscle moment magnitudes, but no changes at the hip. Age had no effect on general muscle moment magnitudes or patterns. Conclusions. Configurational differences between the upright and recumbent bicycle do not affect patterns, but the total output requirements do affect the magnitudes of the general muscle moments. Relevance Based on previous studies, the recumbent bicycle appears to be a safe rehabilitation tool for post-cerebrovascular accident and cardiorespiratory patients, but in order to more properly and efficiently use the recumbent bicycle as a rehabilitation tool, normative biomechanical data are necessary. The current study is the first such investigation to report normative data of lower extremity general muscle moment patterns during recumbent cycling. Effects of age and workload were also demonstrated.
Lung Infections Associated with Cystic Fibrosis

While originally characterized as a collection of related syndromes, cystic fibrosis (CF) is now recognized as a single disease whose diverse symptoms stem from the wide tissue distribution of the gene product that is defective in CF, the ion channel and regulator, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Defective CFTR protein impacts the function of the pancreas and alters the consistency of mucosal secretions. The latter of these effects probably plays an important role in the defective resistance of CF patients to many pathogens. As the modalities of CF research have changed over the decades from empirical histological studies to include biophysical measurements of CFTR function, the clinical management of this disease has similarly evolved to effectively address the ever-changing spectrum of CF-related infectious diseases. These factors have led to the successful management of many CF-related infections with the notable exception of chronic lung infection with the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The virulence of P. aeruginosa stems from multiple bacterial attributes, including antibiotic resistance, the ability to utilize quorum-sensing signals to form biofilms, the destructive potential of a multitude of its microbial toxins, and the ability to acquire a mucoid phenotype, which renders this microbe resistant to both the innate and acquired immunologic defenses of the host.
The Cultural Politics of Islam in U.S. Reality Television

To a limited extent, post-9/11 U.S. media has begun to accommodate Middle Eastern identities that go beyond Orientalist binaries common to American film and television. By exploring 2 reality television shows, All-American Muslim and Shahs of Sunset, this article asks: How can we understand this increase in representations of Arabs, Iranians, and Muslims within U.S. popular culture? Examining how Islam is represented (or not represented) in each show provides a window onto different media representational strategies, highlighting the possibilities and limitations of inclusion afforded by liberal multiculturalism and revealing the still-thorny cultural politics of Islam in a post-9/11 context.
Effect of antibody-mediated neutropenia on the cardiopulmonary response to endotoxemia

Abstract An ovine anti-neutrophil antibody has been produced by immunizing rabbits with purified sheep neutrophils. Serial intraarterial infusions of anti-neutrophil antibody in awake instrumented sheep produced selective and profound neutropenia. Intravascular infusion of endotoxin ( Escherichia coli , 1.5 μg/kg/30 min) resulted in significant and equivalent increases in pulmonary artery pressure, peripheral vascular resistance, and protein-rich pulmonary lymph flow in an endotoxin group ( n = 9) and a depletion + endotoxin group ( n = 4). Changes in cardiopulmonary parameters were most pronounced 2 to 8 hr after endotoxin administration in both groups. Cardiac index (CI) showed a precipitous and transient fall in both experimental groups at 0.5 to 1 hr after endotoxin infusion; however, by 8 hr CI rose significantly in the endotoxin group, while it remained unchanged in the depletion + endotoxin group. A significant rise in the peripheral neutrophil count was associated with the increase in CI in the endotoxin group. Plasma and pulmonary lymph levels of thromboxane -B 2 were unchanged during the depletion period with a significant increase 1 hr after endotoxin infusion. In this study questions arise regarding the exclusive role of circulating neutrophils in the microvascular permeability changes seen in sepsis-mediated adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Frequency and Severity of Air Trapping at Dynamic Expiratory CT in Patients with Tracheobronchomalacia

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency and severity of air trapping in patients with and without tracheobronchomalacia using dynamic expiratory volumetric CT.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study group consisted of 20 subjects, including 10 patients with bronchoscopically proven tracheobronchomalacia and 10 control subjects of similar ages without tracheobronchomalacia. All 20 subjects underwent MDCT performed at the end of deep inspiration and during dynamic expiration. The images were analyzed at three lung levels, and the extent of air trapping was assessed visually using a 5-point scale. For each subject, a total air-trapping score was derived by summing the values for the three lung levels (possible range, 0–12). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test.RESULTS. In the tracheobronchomalacia group, 10 (100%) of 10 patients showed air trapping, with a median score of 5 (range, 2–12). In the control group, six (60%) of 10 subjects showed air trapping, with a...
Construct Equivalence of Multiple-Choice and Constructed-Response Items: A Random Effects Synthesis of Correlations

A thorough search of the literature was conducted to locate empirical studies investigating the trait or construct equivalence of multiple-choice (MC) and constructed-response (CR) items. Of the 67 studies identified, 29 studies included 56 correlations between items in both formats. These 56 correlations were corrected for attenuation and synthesized to establish evidence for a common estimate of correlation (true-score correlations). The 56 disattenuated correlations were highly heterogeneous. A search for moderators to explain this variation uncovered the role of the design characteristics of test items used in the studies. When items are constructed in both formats using the same stem (stem equivalent), the mean correlation between the two formats approaches unity and is significantly higher than when using non-stem-equivalent items (particularly when using essay-type items). Construct equivalence, in part, appears to be a function of the item design method or the item writer's intent.
An Automated Approach for Writing Alloy Specifications Using Instances

We present aDeryaft, a novel technique for automating the writing of specifications in Alloy---a first-order relational logic with transitive closure. Alloy is particularly suitable for specifying structural properties of software, and has steadily been gaining popularity due to the rapid feedback that its SAT-based analyzer provides fully automatically. Alloy users however, still have to manually write specifications in a declarative language and use a paradigm that is different from the commonly used imperative programming paradigm. aDeryaft assists Alloy users in writing their specifications by providing a novel specification-writing approach, which is particularly tailored to users, such as engineers or practitioners inindustry, who may not have much prior experience or proficiency inAlloy or similar logics. The user constructs by hand a few small concrete instances that represent the constraints of the software structure they want to specify. aDeryaft then fully automatically generates an executable Alloy specification, which represents the constraints that summarize the given structures. The generated specification is fully executable. For example, the Alloy Analyzer can use it to systematically enumerate a large number of concrete instances that satisfy the same constraints as the given instances. Indeed, a user may use aDeryaft to generate partial specifications while the user writes the rest of the specification by hand. To efficiently generate Alloy specifications, aDeryaft exploits the relational basis of Alloy and formulates graph properties that are likely to hold for the given instances. It then checks the properties for these instances and translates the valid properties into Alloy constraints, which it outputs as an Alloy specification. We illustrate aDeryaft's constraint generation on a variety of commonly used data structures.
Production and hormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bovine chondrocytes.

Linear growth results from proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes within the growth plates and is regulated, in part, by the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) also appear to play a significant, but yet unclear, role. To examine IGFBP production by chondrocytes, we isolated bovine chondrocytes from adult articular, fetal articular, and fetal growth plate cartilage, and maintained them in primary culture as high-density monolayers or encapsulated in alginate beads. Cells were cultured in serum-free conditions with human GH (hGH), insulin, hIGF-I, or hIGF-II. Human IGF-I resulted in higher DNA content in all three of the chondrocyte types. Conditioned medium samples were analyzed for IGFBPs by Western ligand blotting. Chondrocytes released IGFBPs of 24, 29, 33, 39, and 43 kilodaltons (kDa). Deglycosylation and immunoblotting identified the 39/43-kDa doublet as IGFBP-3 and the 33-kDa band as IGFBP-2. All chondrocyte types released 29- and 24-kDa IGFBP bands constitut...
Length-of-Day Variations Caused by El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation.

Two prominent interannual atmospheric fluctuations, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the troposphere-ocean system and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the equatorial stratosphere, account for most of the observed interannual length-of-day (LOD) variation from 1964 through 1987, with a relative contribution of about 2 to 1. Thus the atmosphere-LOD connection extends from seasonal and shorter periods to interannual periods up to about 10 years.
Recent progress in plasmonics

Plasmonics is an exploding new field of science and technology in which the flow of light can be molded at the nanoscale using metallic nanostructures. This newly found ability is rapidly impacting every facet of optics and photonics and is enabling a myriad of exciting new technologies. After providing an introduction to plasmonics, I will describe a number of interesting recent developments in the field, including chipscale interconnection, solar cells, nanoscale optical spectroscopy, metamaterials, nanoscale thermal engineering, non-linear optics, and quantum optics. Plasmonics is currently moving in many new directions and I will provide my personal assessment of the limitations and most exciting future opportunities for the field.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE GRACILARIACEAE (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA): A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT BASED ON rbcL SEQUENCE ANALYSES 1

Generic concepts in the economically important agarophyte red algal family Gracilariaceae were evaluated based on maximum parsimony, Bayesian likelihood, and minimum evolution analyses of the chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene from 67 specimens worldwide. The results confirm the monophyly of the family and identify three large clades, one of which corresponds to the ancestral antiboreal genera Curdiea and Melanthalia, one to Gracilariopsis, and one to Gracilaria sensu lato, which contains nine distinct independent evolutionary lineages, including Hydropuntia. The species currently attributed to Hydropuntia comprise a single wellsupported clade composed of two distinct lineages. The two most basal clades within Gracilaria sensu lato deserve generic rank: a new genus centered around G. chilensis Bird, McLachlan et Oliveira and G. aff. tenuistipitata Chang et Xia and a resurrected Hydropuntia encompassing primarily Indo-Pacific (G. urvillei [Montagne] Abbott, G. edulis [S. Gmelin] P. Silva, G. eucheumatoides Harvey, G. preissiana
Incorporating social preferences into the ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a case study in the Yampa‐White River basin, Colorado

1. River management involves satisfying societal preferences alongside environmental needs for a healthy river ecosystem. Environmental flows is a discipline that aims to define streamflow requirements that achieve desired social and ecological conditions in rivers. 2. The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA) framework takes a regional approach towards assessing relationships between human-caused river flow alterations and social–ecological benefits. ELOHA allows for, but does not specify, a social process with practical guidelines for incorporating social preferences into environmental flow management problems. Studies using the ELOHA framework are being performed around the world. 3. This study presents development of a decision support tool to prioritise river basin criteria and to rank river segments in order of combined hydro-ecological and social environmental flow needs. We integrate this tool with hydro-ecological components of an ELOHA application in the Yampa–White River basin in north-west Colorado. Stakeholder preferences were collected with a survey, and the analytic hierarchy process was applied to estimate the importance of five criteria identified as socially valued proxies of freshwater management in the basin. Analytical methods for multicriteria decision analysis were used to integrate the preference information with results from the ELOHA application to prioritise the basin river segments. 4. Our methods and results provide a means to facilitate stakeholder negotiation and future environmental flow policy analyses. By extending the existing ELOHA framework to include a social preference component, this approach is general and can be applied to environmental flow policy and management in other river basins.
Practical software reliability modeling

NASA is increasingly dependent upon software in systems critical to the success of NASA's mission. The capability to accurately measure the reliability of the software in these systems is essential to ensuring that NASA systems will meet mission requirements. The Software Assurance Technology Center at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center explored software reliability modeling as a practical measurement technique. This paper describes software reliability modeling, the effort required to use it, and potential improvements to the models to allow for fault correction.
The Female Executive's Perspective on Career Planning and Advancement in Organizations: Experiences With Cascading Gender Bias, the Double-Bind, and Unwritten Rules to Advancement

Gender bias continues to play a role in the gender discrepancy at executive levels in organizations across the United States, although women hold 51% of all middle management positions. Female middle managers may be overlooked for advancement to executive positions because of a lack of synergy between individual career planning and organizational development and advancement practices. This may have significant implications for organizations as they struggle to recruit and hire qualified senior leadership to close the widening leadership gap created as baby boomers leave the workforce in record numbers over the next decade. One way to retain talented, knowledgeable, female middle managers is to incorporate career planning and advancement programs, which increase visibility for both the individual and organizational leaders into potential advancement opportunities. This descriptive phenomenological study was designed to investigate and describe the lived experiences of female executives with career planning and advancement in organizations. Data collected from 16 female executives employed in organizations in Nashville, Tennessee, revealed that although individuals must make a commitment to career planning and take responsibility for executing the plan, successful career planning and advancement are dependent on others beyond the individual seeking advancement. The findings of this study are important for women who desire advancement to executive levels and to organizational leaders who want to hire and promote the right person for the job regardless of gender.
Electrochemical Properties of Mixed Conducting Perovskites La1 − x M x Co1 − y Fe y O 3 − δ (M = Sr, Ba, Ca)

Perovskite compositions in the system La{sub 1{minus}x}M{sub x}Co{sub 1{minus}y}Fe{sub y}O{sub 3{minus}{delta}} (M = Sr, Ba, Ca) exhibited high electronic and ionic conductivity. Substantial reversible weight loss was observed at elevated temperatures as the materials became increasingly oxygen deficient. This loss of lattice oxygen at high temperatures, which tended to increase with increasing acceptor content, resulted in a decrease in the electronic conductivity. In an oxygen partial pressure gradient, oxygen flux through dense sintered membranes of these materials was highly dependent on composition and increased with increasing temperature. The increase in oxygen flux with increasing temperature was attributed to increases in the mobility and concentration of lattice oxygen vacancies. The calculated ionic conductivities of some compositions exceeded that of yttria-stabilized zirconia. This material is an attractive candidate for several important applications, including solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.
Microtensile testing of dentin adhesives

Objectives. This study was conducted in order to compare the microtensile and shear bond strengths of five commercial dentin adhesive systems. Scotchbond Multipurpose with maleic acid (SM), Scotchbond Multipurpose with phosphoric acid (SP), Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (SBP), Clearfil Liner Bond System (CL), and Prime and Bond (PB) were tested.Methods. Thirty extracted unerupted third molars, in groups of six teeth per adhesive system, were prepared for microtensile testing. The specimens were tested following a 24 h incubation at 37°C in normal saline. Shear bond testing was performed on 35 additional teeth, using seven teeth per adhesive system. After testing, the fracture sites were observed using light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope to determine the type of failure involved.Results. The microtensile test results (mean±SD) were SM, 24.6±7.2 MPa; SP, 28.8±11.8 MPa; SBP, 22.7±6.5 MPa; PB, 25.5±9.4 MPa; and CL, 36.8±10.0 MPa. A Bonferroni post-hoc test showed significantly (p<0.05) greater strength for CL compared to SM, SP, SBP, and PB. The shear bond strength test results were SM, 19.4±4.4 MPa; SP, 24.5±8.4 MPa; SBP, 15.3±4.9 MPa; PB, 23.2±7.1 MPa; and CL, 24.8±3.5 MPa. No statistically significant differences were found among the shear bond strength test results. The shear bond test produced significantly more failures within dentin and composite than the microtensile method.Significance. It is concluded that the microtensile test produced a more definitive assessment of adhesive bond strength than the shear bond test. Microtensile testing showed CL to be significantly stronger than SM, SP, SBP, and PB (p<0.05).
Non-reflecting boundary flux function for finite volume shallow-water models

An approach to implement non-reflecting boundary conditions in finite-volume based shallow-water models is presented. Shallow-water models are routinely applied to sections of rivers, estuaries, and coastal zones, introducing computational boundaries where no physical control is present, and necessitating a condition that supplies information to the model while it simultaneously allows disturbances from the interior to pass out unhampered. The approach presented here builds upon the finite-volume convention of constructing a Riemann problem at the interface between cells and then solving it with a flux function. Hence, non-reflecting boundary conditions are achieved using a non-reflecting flux function on cell faces aligned with open boundaries. Numerical tests show that the non-reflecting flux function performs extremely well when waves advance toward the boundary with a small incident angle (approximately less than 45° from the boundary normal direction), while very minor reflections are present when the incident angle is larger. The presence of minor reflections, when the incident angle is large, is consistent with non-reflecting conditions previously implemented in finite-difference based schemes.
A TRANSCENDENTAL LOGARITHMIC COST FUNCTION: AN EMPIRICAL CASE

This is a first attempt to study the way imports interact with the primary factors in the Italian technology. We use a two-output, three-input transcendental cost function specification and reject the traditional functions as being inappropriate in explaining the production process. We conclude that value-added is not produced exclusively by capital and labor and, also, that all inputs are substitutes for each other. The model justifies the incorporation of imports as a factor input.
Clinical Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disordxer (PTSD) represents a chronic and debilitating condition that affects the health and well-being of millions of youth. Traditional approaches focus on psychopharmacologic treatments and psychotherapeutic interventions. Although psychopharmacologic treatments are designed to address underlying physiological manifestations (e.g., hyperarousal, mood instability), they are less effective in modifying the underlying, distorted cognitions that maintain the disorder. Psychotherapeutic interventions are effective in alleviating individual symptoms, but their benefits do not extend to the larger social system that the youth is embedded. Given the importance of social support in treatment prognosis, addressing the larger family system is needed. The most effective approach to PTSD prevention and treatments thus emphasizes a biopsychosocial framework, such as an empirically informed algorithm that incorporates psychopharmacologic treatments, individual interventions, and family intervention approaches in a systematic fashion.
Using POMDPs to control an accuracy-processing time trade-off in video surveillance

With rapid profusion of video data, automated surveillance and intrusion detection is becoming closer to reality. In order to provide timely responses while limiting false alarms, an intrusion detection system must balance resources (e.g., time) and accuracy. In this paper, we show how such a system can be modeled with a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), representing possible computer vision filters and their costs in a way that is similar to human vision systems. The POMDP representation can be optimized to produce a dynamic sequence of operations and achieve a tradeoff between time and detection quality, taking into account uncertainty in the filter predictions. In a set of experiments on actual video data, we show that our method can both outperform static "expert" models and scale to large dynamic domains. These results suggest that our method could be used in real-world intrusion detection systems.
Injuries and illnesses among armor brigade soldiers during operational training.

ABSTRACT This study describes injury and illness rates and some risk factors among soldiers from an armor division during a rotation at the National Training Center (Fort Irwin, California). Soldiers from a brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division were involved in a 5-week training exercise at the National Training Center. Health care visits were systematically recorded by the unit medics. Of 4,101 men and 413 women who participated in the exercise, 504 soldiers (409 men and 95 women) sought medical care at the main support medical clinic or Weed Army Community Hospital. The rates of injury and illness visits were 1.2% and 0.6% per week for men and 2.3% and 2.2% per week for women, respectively. Women had twice the risk of an injury and 3.5 times the risk of an illness, compared with men. Compared with other branches, combat service support soldiers had higher rates of injuries and illnesses. Enlisted soldiers of lower rank (E1–E4) experienced higher injury and illness rates than did noncommissioned officers a...
Linking the orthopaedic patient with community family violence resources

An early article on health system response to domestic abuse by Randall in JAMA stated that health providers may be the first and only professionals in a position to recognize violence in their patient's lives. Health providers see many more victims of domestic violence than they realize. In fact, victims of domestic violence will interact with their health providers for both routine and abuse-related care. Early, effective intervention can interrupt the cycle of violence, prevent more serious injuries and symptoms, prevent long-term mental health and psychiatric symptoms, and prevent abuse to children. The most important contribution health providers can make to end abuse and protect the health of its victims is to identify and acknowledge that abuse, because that alone can empower the victim to begin a progression toward safety.
Sleep-wake time perception varies by direct or indirect query.

Study Objectives:The diagnosis of insomnia rests on self-report of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. However, subjective reports may be unreliable, and possibly may vary by the method of ...
Wartime Adventures in Equitable Distribution Short of Rationing: Voluntary Allocation Systems:

WT 7AR BREEDS scarcity which in turn begets inequity in distribution. Scarcity does not manifest itself uniformly over the market but varies geographically, among types of dealers, groups of consumers, and even among individual dealers and consumers. This erratic behavior gives rise to the chief problem of controlling the distribution of consumers' goods during wartime, that of securing their equitable distribution. This discussion will deal with certain attempts of the War Production Board and other defense agencies to promote the equitable distribution of consumers' goods by methods short of rationing. The fear of rationing and the reluctance to use it were probably keener and more widely prevalent within the defense agencies than among the general public -almost as much so as among business men. Hence it probably was not employed as generally as it should have been.1
Human activities auto-detection based on spatial features from GPS data

Traditional method to human activities classification is based on the survey.But it is difficult to collect data and make the data reliable.This paper presented a method based on GPS data to recognize the three-human-behavior models such as static,walking and driving,through parameters of time,speed and direction.The spatial distribution features and neighborhood analysis were employed to contrust the model for GPS error elimination and Path tracking.
Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals--XXIX. 81,82mRb for positron emission tomography.

Abstract Cationic 81, 82 m Rb was produced via ( p, xn ) reactions with E p = 32 → 16 MeV on Kr in >99.95% radionuclidic purity at a EOB + 3 h combined production rate of 17.3 mCi/μAh. The 81, 82 m Rb was evaluated in dogs as a myocardial perfusion agent in combination with quantitative positron emission transaxial tomography, and with a planar positron camera for focal plane tomography. The 81, 82 m Rb radionuclides are promising substitutes for 38 K + at institutions which do not have an on-site accelerator.
Assessing HRM-Specific Knowledge

Due to a renewed emphasis on outcomes, business professors are expected to be more actively engaged in the assessment of knowledge and skills. The purpose of this paper is to assist in this endeavor by providing an e-mail in-basket exercise for the assessment of human resource management-specific knowledge. The study indicates that students in an upper-levelundergraduate human resource management course significantly outperformed students in the introductory human resource management course. Other human resource managementprofessors are free to adapt this exercise in order to assess the acquired knowledge of the students in their undergraduate human resource management programs.
The role of stem cell transplantation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma, which is highly chemosensitive, with an overall response rate over 90% to novel agents. However, most patients eventually relapse after response to first-line chemotherapy, necessitating further treatment. The possibility of long-lasting remission after high-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by stem cell rescue is high in WM due to the chemosensitive nature of the disease and lower proliferative activity compared to multiple myeloma. In this paper, we have reviewed current evidence on autologous (auto-) and allogeneic (allo-) stem cell transplantation (SCT) in WM. Auto-SCT can be safely performed in WM and is recommended as second-line treatment or beyond in eligible patients. It is associated with extremely low transplant-related mortality. Allo-SCT is effective in WM with incremental benefit due to graft-versus-WM effect, but is associated with high non-relapse mortality of 30%, hence should be preferably considered investigational as part of clinical trials in selected patients who have exhausted other treatment options.