cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remodeling of the lung in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat. An immunohistochemical study of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin.

Intratracheal injection of bleomycin in rats results in the development of patchy pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated events associated with remodeling of lung structure by light and electron microscopic immunolocalization of fibronectin, laminin, and type IV collagen. Animals were studied from 2 to 60 days after injection of bleomycin. In the acute phase of injury, staining of fibronectin was prominent in fibrinous exudates, whereas during healing it was mainly associated with the surface of fibroblasts. The early accumulation of fibronectin in alveolar exudates is probably the result of leakage of plasma. During the reparative phase, fibronectin may be synthesized locally since it is selectively associated with the fibroblast surface. Staining with antibodies to type IV collagen and laminin identified the basal lamina and also helped to define the tissue boundaries despite the presence of intense exudation. It highlighted two processes in the acutely injured lung that lead to abnormal lung architecture:...
Spin-Correlation Functions for Heisenberg Antiferromagnets in the Callen Decoupling Approximation

The linear-response theory and the Green's-function method in the Callen decoupling approximation are used to study the spin-correlation functions for Heisenberg antiferromagnets with general spin value $S$. This work is a generalization of a previous calculation for $S=\frac{1}{2}$. As in the case of $S=\frac{1}{2}$, the results are consistent with a sum rule for spin operators and the isotropy condition above the N\'eel temperature.
An Efficient Tool for Screening for Maladaptive Family Functioning in Adolescent Drug Abusers: The Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers

The assessment of maladaptive family functioning among adolescent drug abusers is particularly important because maladaptive family functioning has been linked to adolescent drug abuse/delinquent behaviors, and there are now highly effective family interventions available for treating these family dysfunctions. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to investigate the degree to which the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers screen for the family domain provides useful information regarding family functioning when used with clinic-referred youths with behavior problems. Participants in this study were 135 Hispanic and African-American youth referred for the treatment of severe behavior problems, including drug use. Our findings provide support for the usefulness of the 11-item POSIT family functioning screen. Data supporting the criterion validity of the POSIT Family screen, its ability to classify families correctly in terms of their family functioning, and its significant loading on the latent variable resulting from a confirmatory factor analysis all lend support to the usefulness of this screen of family functioning. In addition, analyses designed to explore the relationships between gender and race/ethnicity and the POSIT Family subscale showed that differences in scores by gender and race/ethnicity are not unique to the POSIT, but rather reflect similar differences in family functioning reported by the adolescent on more extensive family measures.
Efficiency-Droop Suppression by Using Large-Bandgap AlGaInN Thin Barrier Layers in InGaN Quantum-Well Light-Emitting Diodes

The electrical and optical characteristics of InGaN quantum-well light-emitting diodes with large-bandgap AlGaInN thin barriers were analyzed with the consideration of carrier transport effect for efficiency droop suppression. The lattice-matched AlGaInN quaternary alloys with different compositions, thicknesses, and positions were employed as thin barrier layers (1-2 nm) surrounding the InGaN QW in LED structures. The increased effective barrier heights of AlGaInN thin barrier led to suppression of carrier leakage as compared to conventional InGaN QW LEDs with GaN barrier only. The current work provides a comprehensive simulation taking into consideration the carrier transport in self-consistent manner, and the finding indicated the use of thin layers of AlGaInN or AlInN barriers as sufficient for suppressing the droop in InGaN-based QW LEDs. The efficiency of InGaN QW LED with the insertion of lattice-matched Al0.82In0.18N thin barrier layers showed the least droop phenomenon at high current density among the investigated LEDs. The thickness study indicated that a thin layer (<; 2 nm) of large-bandgap material in the barrier region was sufficient for efficiency droop suppression.
Effects of placement and bereavement on psychological well-being and cardiovascular risk in Alzheimer's caregivers: a longitudinal analysis

Abstract Objective We examined the impact of Alzheimer caregiver transitions (i.e., placement and bereavement) on psychological outcomes and on plasma D-dimer levels, an end product of the coagulation cascade associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Methods This was a prospective study in which 126 spousal caregivers of Alzheimer's patients were assessed each year for 5 years. We used random regression models to evaluate discontinuous change in our outcomes over time, with emphasis on the impact of caregiver transitions on psychological and physical well-being. Results Caregivers experienced immediate improvement in overload and mastery following transitions, and these improvements were maintained over time. There was also a significant drop in depressive symptoms immediately following placement of spouses. D-dimer rose significantly over time but began to significantly decline at 6-months posttransitions. Conclusions Caregiver transitions appear to produce immediate and long-term “normalization” of psychological health in caregivers. This normalization also appears related to “downstream” reductions in D-dimer.
Containment tables for initial attack on forest fires

Long-range planning of forest fire initial attack systems requires a method for evaluation of force effectiveness against an assumed pattern of fire occurrence on the planning unit.
The change in excess risk of lung cancer attributable to smoking following smoking cessation: an examination of different analytic approaches using CPS-I data

Lung cancer risk is modified by smoking cessation. However, the inclusion in the group of former smokers of those who quit after developing symptoms or being diagnosed with lung cancer distorts the apparent risk in the first several years following cessation. This bias is termed the quitting ill effect. Lung cancer mortality data from the American Cancer Society’s CPS-I were used to calculate the excess mortality among white male former smokers compared to the predicted risk had those individuals continued to smoke. Alternate approaches to minimizing the quitting ill bias were investigated. Goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed graphically and formally. Poisson models were built for the absolute lung cancer risk for never smokers and the excess risk, over never smokers, for continuing smokers. The decrease in excess risk in former smokers was modeled by a negative exponential function. The models for the three smoker subgroups (continuing, never, and former), all fit the data well. Assuming that the fraction of excess risk remaining for former smokers does not decline for the first two years following cessation and that the quitting ill effect does not influence those who are five or more years post-cessation allowed a reasonable estimation of the change in risk of lung cancer with increasing duration of abstinence. The reduction in the excess risk of lung cancer in former smokers can be estimated, and the quitting ill effect minimized, by the inclusion of a lag between cessation and onset of reduction in risk.
Breast cancer control and African American women: a review.

The beginning of the new millennium finds breast cancer to be a continuing public health problem for women in the United States. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United St...
Oral mucosal lipids are antibacterial against Porphyromonas gingivalis, induce ultrastructural damage, and alter bacterial lipid and protein compositions

Oral mucosal and salivary lipids exhibit potent antimicrobial activity for a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; however, little is known about their spectrum of antimicrobial activity or mechanisms of action against oral bacteria. In this study, we examine the activity of two fatty acids and three sphingoid bases against Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important colonizer of the oral cavity implicated in periodontitis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations, minimal bactericidal concentrations, and kill kinetics revealed variable, but potent, activity of oral mucosal and salivary lipids against P. gingivalis, indicating that lipid structure may be an important determinant in lipid mechanisms of activity against bacteria, although specific components of bacterial membranes are also likely important. Electron micrographs showed ultrastructural damage induced by sapienic acid and phytosphingosine and confirmed disruption of the bacterial plasma membrane. This information, coupled with the association of treatment lipids with P. gingivalis lipids revealed via thin layer chromatography, suggests that the plasma membrane is a likely target of lipid antibacterial activity. Utilizing a combination of two-dimensional in-gel electrophoresis and Western blot followed by mass spectroscopy and N-terminus degradation sequencing we also show that treatment with sapienic acid induces upregulation of a set of proteins comprising a unique P. gingivalis stress response, including proteins important in fatty acid biosynthesis, metabolism and energy production, protein processing, cell adhesion and virulence. Prophylactic or therapeutic lipid treatments may be beneficial for intervention of infection by supplementing the natural immune function of endogenous lipids on mucosal surfaces.
Reliability of Silicon and Gallium Arsenide KA-Band Impatt Diodes

Fixed junction temperature operating tests have been conducted on two types of Ka-band IMPATT diodes: commercially available silicon devices, and gallium arsenide devices fabricated in-house. Median operational life of 106 hours at a junction temperature of 200°C has been predicted for the silicon devices, and the dominant failure mechanism has been identified as a localized penetration weakness of the platinum barrier layer. Experiments on the metallization layers of the GaAs devices have produced diodes with lower operating temperatures for a given added power, and longer life at the only operating temperature where the two devices have been compared, 350°C.
Metallized Ultrathin Porous Membranes for Biological and Chemical Sensing

Metallized ultrathin porous silicon and oxidized silicon membranes provide a free standing platform for sensing using transmission mode SPR. Simulation results are supported by transmission experiments. SPR excitation is measured and used in sensing.
Transformational leadership: moving total quality management to world-class organizations

Transformational values and competencies will become critically important by the year 2001 if we are to achieve a health system that fosters community well-being and basic care for all, financed through a combined public-private partnership that is cost effective and uses treatments that unite body, mind and spirit. This article will focus on the use of transformational leadership as a strategy to move health-care organizations beyond traditional values and approaches by building upon the core values of total quality management (TQM). Learning organizations will emerge and finally world-class organizations will evolve, combining the characteristics of total quality and learning organizations, and more. A world-class organization can be described as being the best in its class or better than its competitors in the community, state, nation or world.
Gluconeogenesis by parenchymal cells isolated from livers of carbon tetrachloride-treated rats

Abstract Gluconeogenesis was measured in parenchymal cells isolated from livers of rats 24 hours after carbon tetrachloride treatment. Glucose production from alanine and pyruvate was depressed, but glucose synthesis from lactate, glycerol, and fructose was unchanged by the haloalkane. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was reduced 45%, but P-pyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate carboxylase were not altered in activity. These results establish the gluconeogenic capabilities of cells which survive CCl 4 treatment and suggest that the cells isolated are representative of damaged cells rather than a normal population.
Effects of a Low-Element Challenge Course on Abstinence Self-Efficacy and Group Cohesion

Substance abuse researchers identify self-efficacy and group cohesion as important components in alcohol and other drug-dependency treatment. Objectives: The purpose of this single-group, pretest–posttest study is to explore the therapeutic value of a challenge course intervention on the self-efficacy and group cohesion of nine chemically dependent, adult females. Methods: Data were collected using two validated outcome measures administered before and after the intervention. Focus groups provided insight into the experiences of participants and were examined using manifest and latent theme analysis. Results: Findings indicate statistically significant improvements on both outcome measures with medium to large effect sizes. Several themes were identified including group unity, trust, interpersonal growth, and self-confidence. Conclusions: Suggestions for practice and future research are provided.
An exactly soluble model with tricritical points for structural-phase transitions

We present and study a lattice-dynamical model whose static and dynamic properties can be described exactly for all dimensionsd≧3 (d an integer) and which, in addition, exhibits tricritical points. For certain model parameters, the tricritical behaviour is found to be identical to that of the spherical model. By changing the model parameters continuously however, the transition suddenly becomes of first order at a tricritical point (TCP). The order parameter and the susceptibility are given explicitly ford≧3. The tricritical exponents are Gaussian. The critical dynamics is also discussed.
Real-time measurement of glutamate release from the ischemic penumbra of the rat cerebral cortex using a focal middle cerebral artery occlusion model

Following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, extracellular penumbral glutamate levels, measured by a real-time glutamate electrode, increased in two different patterns. In 7/11 rats, glutamate increased from baseline levels of 19+/-4 (mean+/-SEM) to 208+/-29 microM and then declined towards baseline levels. Blood flow in the penumbral area declined to 30% of pre-ischemic levels with recovery to 60 and 70% of baseline values by 3 and 6 h, respectively. Four of 11 rats in the study also exhibited late peaks of glutamate release (120+/-40 microM ) 2 h after the onset of ischemia. There were no changes in the EEG recordings or cerebral blood flow during these late glutamate peaks.
Fourier Plane Modeling Of The TI Deformable Mirror Device

The results of a computer model of the far field diffraction pattern of the Texas Instruments cantilever beam inverted cloverleaf deformable mirror device (DMD) are presented. Both amplitude and phase in the Fourier transform plane are studied using a variety of input DMD phase objects. Changes in the Fourier plane phase and amplitude produced by changes at the input (including random leaflet-to-leaflet input phase errors) are investigated. The phase in the Fourier plane was found to be very sensitive to even slight variations in the deflections of the individual mirror leaflets. This could limit its usefulness as an input device.
Understanding analysts' use of stock returns and other analysts' revisions when forecasting earnings

Abstract We investigate analysts' use of stock returns and other analysts' forecast revisions in revising their own forecasts after an earnings announcement. We find that analysts respond more strongly to these signals when the signals are more informative about future earnings changes. Although analysts underreact to these signals on average, we find that analysts who are most sensitive to signal informativeness achieve superior forecast accuracy relative to their peers and have a greater influence on the market. The results suggest that the ability to extract information from the actions of others serves as one source of analyst expertise.
Does space competition regulate density of juvenile Dungeness crab Cancer magister Dana in sheltered habitats

Abstract Field experiments were performed to test the short-term response of juvenile Dungeness crab Cancer magister Dana to the density of conspecifics in intertidal shell habitats of the Grays Harbor estuary (46 ° N, 124°W). The experiments were conducted using oyster shell habitats constructed in the intertidal zone. First we tested whether crab losses from intertidal shell habitat were due to density-dependent emigration, density-dependent predation, or both. Our results show that although both processes account for crab losses, predation is not density-dependent, and most crabs had emigrated rather than being eaten at high crab density. Field experiments were also conducted to test the effect of crab density, food availability and conspecific physical contact on crab emigration. Treatments were different densities of free crabs to allow physical contact between them or individually caged crabs to prevent physical contact, with or without enhanced food (small clams). Emigration of crabs from experimental shell habitat increased with density of free crabs, irrespective of whether food was enhanced or risk of predation increased. Our results suggest that physical interactions regulate density because: (1) the per capita consumption rate of clams in the artificial shell plots was significantly lower at high crab density, and (2) density of enclosed crabs did not affect the immigration rate of conspecifics. Although the ultimate cause may be competition for food or avoidance of cannibalism, we suggest that when crab recruitment to epibenthic shell substratum has been successful, crab density over the short term is regulated primarily by space competition mediated by physical interactions.
Measurement and prediction of sympathetic nervous system activity in humans.

Abstract The measurement of norepinephrine (NE) kinetics has broadened our understanding of sympathetic nervous system activity involvement in energy expenditure, blood pressure regulation and substrate utilization. This methodology, however, has several disadvantages that include administration of radioactivity to volunteers, its expense, and time consuming laboratory analyses. Thus, we developed an equation to predict plasma NE appearance rate (NEAP) derived from infusions of tritiated norepinephrine performed in 113 healthy men (18–78 yr.). The accuracy of the equation was tested using cross-validation procedures. Age, fat mass, plasma [NE], waist circumference, and body weight (BW) correlated significantly with plasma NE appearance rate. The resulting prediction equation in the validation group was: NEAP = 0.00003148 BW [NE], with R 2 = 0.76 and was successfully cross-validated. Using pooled data from both groups the prediction equation was: NEAP (gm/min) = 0.00003108 x [NE (pg/ml)]x[Body weight (kg)] with an R 2 = 0.70 and SEE = 0.096 gm/min. The magnitude of error associated with this equation allows for detection of ageassociated, exercise-induced changes and blood pressure-related differences in plasma NE appearance rate published in the literature. We provide an equation that offers a relatively simple and accurate alternative to estimate plasma NE appearance from the measurement of arterialized plasma [NE] and body weight.
THE EFFECT OF INFERIOR VENA CAVA FILTER PLACEMENT ON IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS FOR LOWER EXTREMITY DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

The use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement to reduce the theoretical risk of iatrogenic morbidity and mortality during catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is controversial and its impact on outcomes are unknown. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample
Surface modification of sapphire by ion implantation

The range of microstructures and properties of sapphire (single crystalline Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) that are produced by ion implantation are discussed with respect to the implantation parameters of ion species, fluence, irradiation temperature and the orientation of the ion beam relative to crystallographic axes. The microstructure of implanted sapphire may be crystalline with varying concentrations of defects or it may be amorphous perhaps with short-range order. At moderate to high fluences, implanted metallic ions often coalesce into pure metallic colloids and gas ions form bubbles. Many of the implanted microstructural features have been identified from studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical spectroscopy, Moessbauer spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering-channeling. The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties reflect the microstructures.
Univariate Classification of Differentiated International Markets

Hotelling initiated the use of spatial analogies in assessing market differentiation. In this paper, this line is followed to analyze differentiated international markets. Most of the economies in the world are arrayed as if they are a continuum of points of demand. In this paper, this continuum of demand points is partitioned into homogeneous segments by use of a classification algorithm that minimizes within-group variation. The criteria used for classifying are two indicators of market overlap that have been suggested as important by the new trade theory, proximity of gross national product (GNP), and proximity of per capita GNP. Several of the derived market partitions are compared with other classifications of international markets in the form of existing and planned geographically discriminatory trade arrangements.
Abstract A19: Ecrg4 downregulation in glioma enables transformed cells to escape immunosurveillance by tumor-associated macrophages/microglia

Tumor-associated microglia generally promote tumor invasion, adopting an immunosuppressive phenotype that is distinct from their pro-inflammatory functions. Based on bioinformatic mining of novel sentinel genes encoding biologically active peptides, we have recently identified Ecrg4, as a novel secreted pro-inflammatory mediator of macrophage activation. While downregulation of Ecrg4 expression occurs in various tumor cells, in this study, we demonstrate that the biological activity of Ecrg4 in cancer functions through a paracrine mechanism, where tumor cell-exposed Ecrg4 acts upon tumor-associated microglia. In orthotopic glioma models, tumor cells expressing Ecrg4 induce proliferation and morphological changes in tumor-associated microglia. These Ecrg4-mediated effects on microglia correlate with a reduction in tumor burden and prolonged survival. Together, these results identify Ecrg4 as a novel mediator of glioma progression functioning through a paracrine mechanism that regulates the inflammatory state of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages. Citation Format: Jisook Lee, Xitong Dang, Alexandra Borboa, Raul Coimbra, Andrew Baird, Brian Eliceiri. Ecrg4 downregulation in glioma enables transformed cells to escape immunosurveillance by tumor-associated macrophages/microglia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A19.
The Effects of Augmented Information on Motor Learning: A Multidimensional Assessment

Abstract Subjects performed trials of a two-hand coordination task involving the manipulation of a small, steel ball through a maze. During the acquisition phase, control subjects received no augmented information while subjects in two experimental groups were provided with visual aids or a cognitive strategy. One day later, subjects performed under control conditions on familiar (relearning phase) and unfamiliar (transfer phase) sections of the maze. A3 × 3 (Group x Phase) repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant phase differences for all dependent measures but no significant group effects. Chi-square analysis of ratings of cue usage as well as postexperimental interviews suggested, however, that practice conditions differentially influenced the search strategies of subjects. Implications of the findings for contemporary theories of motor learning are discussed.
Bounds on Absorption Probabilities for the m -Dimensional Random Walk

Abstract Simple procedures are given for computing an upper bound on the probability that an m-dimensional random walk has not been absorbed by step n. The increments of the walk are multivariate normal, independent, but not necessarily identical. The upper bound may be computed without knowledge of the means of the increment, the shapes of the nonabsorbing regions, or the starting point of the walk. The absorbing regions may also change with time. Under certain regularity conditions the upper bound is shown to be a geometrically decreasing sequence. An application to the nonstationary stochastic cash balance problem is suggested.
The Influence of Chemical Treatment on the Properties of Wool: I. Alkali Solubility as a Measure of Sulfuric Acid Degradation

The view that the cortex of the wool fiber consists of a resistant fraction, the paracortex, and a less resistant fraction, the orthocortex, which extend in the form of two twisted hemi cylinders from one end of the fiber to the other, is used to explain the mechanism of the alkali- solubility test on acid-damaged wool. The effects of acid damage on several single-fiber prop erties and on the resistance of fabrics to flex abrasion have been measured for correlation with alkali-solubility data.During the initial exposure of the wool to acid damage, alkali solubility is observed to in crease rapidly, corresponding to damage chiefly to the orthocortex; during the later stages, as the damage proceeds into the paracortex, the alkali solubility increases at a much slower rate with time of exposure. The decreases observed in the values for physical properties of the wool with increasing exposure to acid correspond generally with the changes in alkali solubility.Wool treated with formaldehyde, either preceding or...
Inverse Relationship between 15-Lipoxygenase-2 and PPAR-γ Gene Expression in Normal Epithelia Compared with Tumor Epithelia

15-Lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) synthesizes 15-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-S-HETE), an endogenous ligand for the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). Several studies have described an inverse relationship between 15-LOX-2 and PPAR-gamma expression in normal versus tumor samples. To systematically determine if this is a ubiquitous phenomenon, we used a variety of epithelial and nonepithelial cells and some tissues to further evaluate the extent of this inverse relationship. The levels of mRNA or protein were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or Western gray level intensity, whereas distribution was determined by in situ hybridization or immunofluorescence. 15-S-HETE was measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Normal epithelial cells/samples generally expressed high levels of 15-LOX-2 along with the enzyme product 15-S-HETE, but both levels were reduced in cancer cells/samples. In contrast, most cancer cells expressed high levels of PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein, which were absent from normal epithelial cells. Overall, the inverse relationship between these two genes was primarily restricted to epithelial samples. Forced expression of PPAR-gamma reduced 15-LOX-2 protein levels in normal cells, whereas forced expression of 15-LOX-2 in tumor cells suppressed PPAR-gamma protein levels. These results suggest that feedback mechanisms may contribute to the loss of 15-LOX-2 pathway components, which coincide with an increase in PPAR-gamma in many epithelial cancers.
Assessment of a prototype computer colour matching system to reproduce natural tooth colour on ceramic restorations.

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a prototype computer colour matching (CCM) system for dental ceramics targeting the colour of natural maxillary central incisors employing a dental spectrophotometer and the Kubelka–Munk theory.
Electricity use in the developing countries: Changes since 1970

Abstract We describe changes in electricity use between 1970 and 1986 for 13 of the largest developing countries. Average annual growth in electricity consumption ranged from 4.4% in Argentina to 13% in South Korea. Combined electricity consumption for the 13 study countries averaged growth of 10.0%/year in the 1970s, but only 7.1%/year in the 1980–1986 period. Electricity consumption grew much faster than GDP in most of the countries. The industrial sector continues to dominate electricity consumption, but its share of total consumption has declined in the face of faster growth in the residential and commercial sectors. Industrial electricity intensity rose significantly in Latin America during the 1970–1986 period but did not increase greatly in most of the Asian countries. Growth in residential electricity use per capita , caused by increased ownership of appliances in already-electrified homes and by increase in the number of homes that have electricity, has been most rapid in Asia; however, most Latin American countries still have higher use per capita than most Asian ones.
Propagation of uncertainties in measurements using generalized inference

The ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) recommends the use of a first-order Taylor series expansion for propagating errors and uncertainties. The GUM also endorses the use of 'other analytical or numerical methods' when the conditions for using the Taylor expansion do not apply. In this paper we propose an alternative approach for evaluating measurement uncertainty based on the principle of generalized inference. The proposed approach can be applied to measurement models having any number of input quantities and a vector-valued measurand. We use several examples from the GUM to illustrate the implementation of the proposed approach for the calculation of uncertainties in measurement results.
Role of Endogeneous Nitric Oxide (NO) in Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) Regulation in Preterm Neonates

Role of Endogeneous Nitric Oxide (NO) in Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) Regulation in Preterm Neonates
Response of Deep Tropical Cumulus Clouds to Mesoscale Processes

Abstract The two-dimensional cloud ensemble model developed by Soong and Ogura (1980) is used to simulate the response of deep clouds to mesoscale lifting using data obtained in the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The input to the model includes the mesoscale vertical velocity, horizontal advections of temperature and mixing ratio of water vapor, radiative cooling and sea surface temperature. The cloud ensemble feedback effects due to the condensation and evaporation of cloud liquid drops and vertical fluxes of heat and moisture are determined by the model. The simulated upward mass flux inside the model clouds is about three times the mass flux due to mesoscale lifting. The downward mass flux inside clouds is also large, leaving a small downward mass flux in the cloud-free area. The major portion of the heat flux is produced by the updraft inside clouds. On the other hand, the moisture fluxes due to both updraft and downdraft are important. In the cloud-fre...
Management of coronary shock.

Abstract 1. (1) Hemodynamic studies of clinical and experimental severe coronary shock have shown that the total peripheral resistance frequently does not rise as the cardiac output falls. This failure of homeostasis contributes to the development of coronary shock. 2. (2) The use of vasopressor drugs, particularly levophed and aramine, has reduced the mortality rate from 80 per cent to one of 60 per cent. 3. (3) In addition to vasopressor drugs, therapeutic measures include relief of pain, use of oxygen, control of cardiac failure, and the elimination of ectopic tachycardias or severe bradycardias. 4. (4) No decrease in the mortality rate has resulted from intravenous or arterial transfusions, or from the intravenous administration of adrenal corticoids. 5. (5) Preliminary experience with thoracic epidural analgesia suggests that this measure may be of value in otherwise intractible coronary shock.
PROTESTANT FUNDAMENTALISM AND THE RETRIBUTIVE DOCTRINE OF PUNISHMENT

In Gregg v. Georgia in 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that public opinion, including the public's presumed desire for retribution, can be a legitimate basis for penal policy. Subsequently, the retributive doctrine has guided sentencing reform across the nation. But variation among the public in support for retribution as the goal of punishment and the effects of religion in shaping public sentiments about punishment have received little attention from researchers. Drawing from recent work on attribution theory and religion, this paper proposes and reports evidence that public support for the retributive doctrine is closely linked to affiliation with fundamentalist Protestant denominations and fundamentalist religious beliefs. The normative implications of such a connection are addressed.
Efficient per-nonlinearity distortion analysis for analog and RF circuits

An efficient distortion analysis methodology is presented for analog and RF circuits that utilizes linear-centric circuit models to generate individual distortion contributions due to each nonlinear component in a circuit. The per-nonlinearity distortion results are obtained via a straightforward post-simulation step that is simpler and more efficient than the Volterra series-based approaches and does not require high-order device-model derivatives. For this reason, the order of analysis can be significantly higher than that for a Volterra series-based implementation while fully accounting for all distortion effects using most existing device models. Moreover, the proposed methodology can also analyze per-nonlinearity distortion for active switching mixers and switch capacitor circuits when they are modeled as periodically time-varying weakly nonlinear systems. The proposed methodology provides important design insights regarding the relationships between design parameters and circuit linearity, hence, the overall system performance. Circuit examples are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, and interesting insights are observed for RF switching mixers in particular.
The nature of straight-chain aliphatic structures in green river kerogen

Abstract Previous studies of the Green River kerogen only provide apparently contradictory conclusions about the size of the straight-chain aliphatic structures as well as the manner in which these structures form part of the kerogen matrix. The present investigation is an attempt to resolve this contradiction. A mild stepwise oxidation procedure was followed so that extensive degradation of kerogen-derived intermediates could be prevented. Products isolated from each oxidation step were analyzed by conventional GLC techniques, GC-MS, and proton-NMR measurements in order to ascertain the significance of the straight-chain aliphatic structures present in the Green River kerogen. The following results were obtained: (a) Green River kerogen contains a substantial portion ( ca 2–4 carbons out of every 10) of straight-chain aliphatic structures which are longer than C 4 , (b) the kerogen matrix forms a three-dimensional network of non-straight-chain clusters interconnected by long polymethylene cross-links, (c) the ‘core’, in comparison with the ‘periphery’ of the kerogen matrix, contains a greater proportion of straight-chain and branched aliphatic structures which are attached to the kerogen matrix at one terminus, (d) some of the straight-chain structures may exist as physically entrapped components in the kerogen matrix.
Comparison of College Students’ Current Eating Habits and Recollections of Their Childhood Food Practices

Abstract In order to investigate the stability of food habits from childhood into late adolescence, we compared the current eating habits of college students and their recollections of their childhood caregivers’ feeding practices.The 546 subjects responded to a questionnaire sent to 1000 18- to 23-year-old college students. Subjects’ current eating habits were related to their recollections of their caregivers’ feeding practices and their own food habits when the subjects were children. For example, current habits such as eating all food on the plate, using food as an incentive, eating dessert, and eating regularly scheduled meals were dependent on those feeding practices being used by caregivers during the respondent's childhood. In addition, current consideration of nutrition when selecting food was dependent on caregivers talking about nutrition. This study contributes to existing literature that links parent-child feeding relationships to the development of an individual's relationship with food.
Construction and Corporeality Theoretical Psychology and Biomedical Technologies of the Self

One of the most compelling but difficult questions raised by contemporary poststructuralist theory concerns what remains of `the body' if social, linguistic structures are granted primacy in determining its formation and representation. While some argue that poststructuralism renders `the body' passe, poststructuralist theory can be understood as framing a call to retheorize the body's relation to cultural and sociopolitical structures and practices. This call seems particularly urgent in light of the distribution and impact of new, biomedical `technologies of the self' (see Foucault). These technologies appear destined to become one of the most powerful new forms of subject-making to emerge in Western culture in centuries. In spite of the centrality of questions concerning the `materialized' body as a unique social, cultural and political object in other disciplines, such questions have yet to catch the disciplinary imagination of theoretical psychology in a sustained way. Theorizing the body in its mate...
Geo-archeological interpretation of Acheulian calc-pan sites at Doornlaagte and Rooidam (Kimberley, South Africa)

Abstract Two Acheulian occupation sites of the Kimberley District, Doornlaagte and Rooidam, are found geologically sealed and in semi-primary context within complex sequences of calcareous and arenaceous sediments. The sedimentary columns are analyzed and interpreted in terms of sedimentology and stratigraphy, indicating major occupation along the margins of shallow, seasonal lakes; sporadic visits to the fluctuating shoreline are also indicated thereafter, until the Doornlaagte playa began to dry out, and at Rooidam until the whole depression was submerged. The evolution of the related calcareous pans is discussed and attributed to cycles of alternating erosion (aeolian, chemical and fluvial) and deposition (lacustrine and colluvial, including reworked aeolian components). In addition to pedogenetic “calcretes,” most of the limestones of the pan sedimentary sequences are lacustrine in origin. Palaeosols also include fersiallitic soils. The various geomorphologic events indicate repeated and appreciable environmental changes during the mid-Pleistocene. The detailed climatic oscillations recorded at Doornlaagte and Rooidam cannot be correlated, and the latter site is appreciably younger, with a provisional Th U date of 115,000 BP for the late Acheulian (“Fauresmith”) occupation.
Harvesting and preparing Drosophila embryos for electrophysiological recording and other procedures.

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of <8 hours (at 25°C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.
A potential-theoretic method for far-field sound radiation calculations

Abstract The far-field acoustic radiation due to the interaction of upstream, unsteady vortical disturbances with an airfoil in subsonic, compressible flow is calculated using potential theory. A Kirchhoff surface is placed in the near field surrounding the airfoil and the pressure on this surface is calculated from the unsteady flow field, obtained using a second-order finite-difference code. The governing equation is reduced to the Helmholtz equation in the frequency domain and the solution is written in terms of an integral over the Kirchhoff surface involving the free-space Green's function and an unknown single-layer density function. The single-layer density is then determined from the boundary condition on the Kirchhoff surface. This method is presented as an alternative to classical Kirchhoff methods. It has the advantage of being able to accommodate arbitrarily shaped Kirchhoff surfaces and is also readily extendable to three-dimensional problems. Numerical results are presented for thin, symmetric, and loaded airfoils. Thin-airfoil results are compared to the analytical solution, and thick-airfoil results are checked for numerical convergence and compared to results obtained from a time-domain Euler solver.
Genetics of programmed cell death in C. elegans: past, present and future

Genetic studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have defined a variety of single-gene mutations that have specific effects on programmed cell death. Analyses of the genes defined by these mutations have revealed that cell death is an active process that requires gene function in cells that die. Specific genes are required not only to cause cell death but also to protect cells from dying. Gene interaction studies have defined a genetic pathway for the execution phase of programmed cell death in C. elegans. Molecular and biochemical findings are consistent with the pathway proposed from these genetic studies and have also revealed that the protein products of certain cell-death genes interact directly. This pathway appears to be conserved among organisms as diverse as nematodes and humans. Important questions remain to be answered about programmed cell death in C. elegans. For example, how does a cell decide to die? How is cell death initiated? What are the mechanisms of action of the cell-death protector and killer genes? What genes lie downstream of the cell-death execution pathway? The conservation of the central cell-death pathway suggests that additional genetic analyses of programmed cell death in C. elegans will help answer these questions, not only for this nematode but also for other organisms, including ourselves.
Microwave, infrared and Raman spectra, conformation, and vibrational assignment of isopropylisocyanate

Abstract The low resolution microwave spectrum of isopropylisocyanate, (CH 3 ) 2 CHNCO, has been recorded from 18.0 to 39.0 GHz. From the spacing of the major transitions it is shown that the value of 4031 MHz for B + C is consistent with the skew conformer with a CNC angle of ca. 139° where the NCO moiety is eclipsing one of the methyl groups, although the trans conformer where the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is eclipsing the hydrogen atom cannot be entirely ruled out. The infrared (3200-50 cm −1 ) and the Raman (3300-20 cm −1 ) spectra have been recorded for gaseous and solid isopropylisocyanate. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been obtained and qualitative depolarization values measured. There is little indication of the presence of a second conformer at ambient temperature from a comparison of the vibrational data for the fluid and solid phases. A complete vibrational analysis, based on infrared band contours, depolarization values and group frequencies, is proposed. The two methyl torsions have been observed in the Raman spectrum of the solid at 278 and 257 cm −1 and from these data the barrier to internal rotation was calculated to be 1620 cm −1 (4.63 kcal mol −1 ). These results are compared with similar quantities for some corresponding molecules.
A finite element analysis of generalized Newtonian fluids through spiral mandrel dies

A method is described which calculates the fluid flow pattern for any generalized Newtonian fluid forced through the narrow annular space between two concentric cylindrical surfaces. The inner surface is engraved with a number of identical equally spaced spiral channels of small constant pitch angle but of varying cross-sectional area. For equal flow into the spiral passages, the pressure distribution along them is described by a quasi-linear ordinary difference-differential equation. A finite element approximation is employed to solve this equation for the pressure and resultant flow field. The method is illustrated by calculating and comparing flow patterns through two different spiral geometries.
Ready, set, fuse! The coronavirus spike protein and acquisition of fusion competence

Coronavirus-cell entry programs involve virus-cell membrane fusions mediated by viral spike (S) proteins. Coronavirus S proteins acquire membrane fusion competence by receptor interactions, proteolysis, and acidification in endosomes. This review describes our current understanding of the S proteins, their interactions with and their responses to these entry triggers. We focus on receptors and proteases in prompting entry and highlight the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) known to activate several virus fusion proteins. These and other proteases are essential cofactors permitting coronavirus infection, conceivably being in proximity to cell-surface receptors and thus poised to split entering spike proteins into the fragments that refold to mediate membrane fusion. The review concludes by noting how understanding of coronavirus entry informs antiviral therapies.