cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on New Energetic Materials

The goal in this paper is to review progress in two emerging topics in energetic materials science. These emerging two areas are fluorine and oxygen rich energetic crystals and polymers and environmentally friendly energetic material classes.
Purification of Native Argonaute Complexes from the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Small interfering (si) RNAs, produced by the RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated processing of long double-stranded (ds) RNAs, can inhibit gene expression by post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing mechanisms. At the heart of all small RNA-mediated silencing lies the key RNAi effector protein Argonaute, which once loaded with small RNAs can recognize its target transcript by siRNA-RNA Watson-Crick base pairing interactions. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the formation of the epigenetically heritable centromeric heterochromatin requires RNAi proteins including the sole fission yeast Argonaute homolog, Ago1. Two distinct native Ago1 complexes have been purified and studied extensively, both of which are required for siRNA production and heterochromatin formation at the fission yeast centromeres. The purification and analysis of the Argonaute siRNA chaperone (ARC) complex and RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) complex have provided insight into the mechanism of siRNA-Ago1 loading and the cis recruitment of silencing complexes at fission yeast centromeres, respectively. These discoveries have been instrumental in shaping the current models of RNA-mediated epigenetic silencing in eukaryotes. Below, we describe the protocol used for affinity purification of the native Ago1 complexes from S. pombe.
Slavery and the slave trade in the Lower Senegal

In the late seventeenth century a new era began in the Lower Senegal. For the first time in the history of the region, the driving force of change came from outside of the region, from beyond the sea, as the Lower Senegal became a gateway to Africa for expanding colonial empires of the Atlantic world. The Atlantic economy literally reached into Senegambia, and became a dynamic force which put people and goods into motion, transforming the economy and reshaping the geography of wealth and power to suit its own needs and its own logic. The era of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa began in the sugar plantations of America. The sugar revolution drove the wheels of mercantilist capitalism like a mighty wind, propelling ships and cargoes of trade goods to the shores of West Africa, where the Atlantic world purchased the slaves whose sweat and blood fed the engines of economic growth. Ships from the Atlantic poured manufactures from Europe, Asia, and America into the ports and rivers that carried them further inland and gathered the harvest of men, women, and children that flowed with the floodwaters of the rivers towards the sea. It was the scale of the force exerted by the Atlantic trade which changed in the late seventeenth century. The great Atlantic powers, Britain and France, competed directly for the slaves of Senegambia for most of the eighteenth century, throwing not only their economic might, but also the power of their naval fleets into the balance. The result was the partition and repartition of the Senegambian coast into exclusive commercial spheres of influence, which were periodically redrawn in accordance with the fortunes of war.
Challenges for the sequential two-system model of moral judgement

ABSTRACTConsiderable evidence supports the sequential two-system (“default interventionist”) model of moral judgement, as proposed by Greene and others. We tested whether judgement speed and/or personal/impersonal moral dilemmas can predict the kind of moral judgements (utilitarian or deontological) subjects make for each dilemma, and whether personal dilemmas create difficulty in moral judgements. Our results showed that neither personal/impersonal conditions nor spontaneous/thoughtful-reflection conditions were reliable predictors of utilitarian or deontological moral judgements. Yet, we found support for an alternative view, in which, when the two types of responses are in conflict; the resolution of this conflict depends on both the subject and the dilemma. While thinking about this conflict, subjects sometimes change their minds in both directions, as suggested by the data from a mouse-tracking task.
Are decreases in drug use risk associated with reductions in HIV sex risk behaviors among adults in an urban hospital primary care setting

Abstract Drug use is associated with increased sexual risk behaviors. We examined whether decreases in drug use risk are associated with reduction in HIV-related sex risk behaviors among adults. Data was from a cohort of participants (n = 574) identified by drug use screening in a randomized trial of brief intervention for drug use in an urban primary care setting. Inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between decreases in drug use risk and sex-related HIV risk behavior reduction from study entry to six months. Weights were derived from propensity score modeling of decreases in drug use risk as a function of potential confounders. Thirty seven percent of the study participants (213/574) reported a decrease in drug use risk, and 7% (33/505) reported decreased sex-related HIV risk behavior at the six-month follow-up point. We did not detect a difference in reduction of risky sexual behaviors for those who decreased drug use risk (unadjusted: OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.65–2.70; adjusted OR [AOR] 1.12, 95% CI 0.54–2.36). Adults who screened positive for high drug use risk had greater odds of reducing sex risk behavior in unadjusted analyses OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.81–7.60; but the results were not significant after adjusting for confounding AOR 2.50, 95% CI 0.85–7.30). In this primary care population, reductions in HIV sex risk behaviors have complex etiologies and reductions in drug use risk do not appear to be an independent predictor of them.
1 – Industrial Structure and the American Worker

Publisher Summary The persistence of inequality among wage and salary employees in modern society is a central issue in theories of social stratification but an issue that has been incompletely resolved. In American sociology, previous explanations for the diversity of wage labor in modern society have most often been organized along the dimension of status. Economic explanations for the diversity of wage labor have typically focused on inequalities in the characteristics of individuals, their human capital. Other explanations for the diversity of wage labor focus on the dimension of social class. This chapter discusses processes of economic determination that operate at a more aggregate level than the returns to human capital studied by neoclassical economists or the family background basis of status attainment studied by many sociologists. It also explores the extent to which industrial structure helps to explain unequal economic returns to education and the earnings effects of race and sex. The chapter discusses the dual economy model, which has been used as a major conceptual tool in the areas of economic structure and the differentiation of outcomes at the workplace. The model divides the economy into two sectors and argues that the characteristics of these sectors result in different labor markets and in different outcomes for labor.
The Multiplier Effect: A Classroom Exercise:

Lowering taxes and raising government spending are both forms of expansionary fiscal policy. Often students mistakenly believe that their relative impact on GDP is equivalent, i.e. a dollar increas...
Interfacial engineering of InGaAs/high-k metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs)

The electrical properties of In x Ga 1-x As (x=0.53, x=0.65) MOSFETs have been studied for three different ex-situ surface passivation techniques (HF clean, (NH 4 ) 2 S clean and PECVD a-Si interlayer) with HfO 2 gate dielectric (4 nm and 8 nm) and Ni/Au gate metal. In 0.65 Ga 0.35 As devices demonstrate much higher drive current than In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As devices. Devices with an a-Si IPL exhibit the highest drive current and mobility, whereas (NH 4 ) 2 S surface cleaned devices show higher drive current, trans-conductance and mobility compared to HF cleaned devices. Also devices with a-Si IPL and (NH 4 ) 2 S clean shows the highest and the lowest sub-threshold swing, respectively. Furthermore charge pumping measurements show a similar average mid-gap D it indicating that mid-gap D it is not related to the improvement in transport characteristics.
Deposition of vaporized species onto glassy fallout from a near-surface nuclear test

Abstract In a near-surface nuclear explosion where the resultant fireball can interact with the surface, vaporized materials from the nuclear device can be incorporated into molten soil and other carrier materials from that surface. This mixed material becomes a source of glassy fallout upon quenching and is locally deposited. Fallout formation models have been proposed; however, the specific mechanisms and physical conditions by which soil and other carrier materials interact in the fireball, as well as the subsequent incorporation of device materials with carrier materials, are not well constrained. We observe a surface deposition layer preserved at interfaces where two aerodynamic fallout glasses agglomerated and fused, and characterized 11 such boundaries using spatial analyses to better understand the vaporization and condensation behavior of species in the fireball. Using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), we identify higher enrichments of uranium from the device (235U/238U ratio >7.5) in 8 of the interface layers. Major element analysis of the interfaces reveals the deposition layer to be enriched in Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na-bearing species and depleted in Ti and Al-bearing species. Most notably, the Fe and Ca-bearing species are enriched approximately 50% at the interface layer relative to the average concentrations measured within the fallout glasses, while Ti and Al-bearing species are depleted by approximately 20%. SiO2 is found to be relatively invariable across the samples and interfaces (∼3% standard deviation). The notable depletion of Al, a refractory oxide abundant in the soil, together with the enrichment of 235U and Fe, suggests an anthropogenic source of the enriched species or an unexpected vaporization/condensation behavior. The presence of both refractory (e.g., Ca and U) and volatile (e.g., Na) species approximately co-located in most of the observed layers (within 1.5 μm) suggests a continuous condensation process may also be occurring. These fallout formation processes deviate from historical models of fallout formation, and have not been previously recognized in the literature.
Implicit Solvent Model for Million-Atom Atomistic Simulations: Insights into the Organization of 30-nm Chromatin Fiber.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the implicit solvent generalized Born (GB) models can provide significant computational advantages over the traditional explicit solvent simulations. However, the standard GB becomes prohibitively expensive for all-atom simulations of large structures; the model scales poorly, ∼n2, with the number of solute atoms. Here we combine our recently developed optimal point charge approximation (OPCA) with the hierarchical charge partitioning (HCP) approximation to present an ∼n log n multiscale, yet fully atomistic, GB model (GB-HCPO). The HCP approximation exploits the natural organization of biomolecules (atoms, groups, chains, and complexes) to partition the structure into multiple hierarchical levels of components. OPCA approximates the charge distribution for each of these components by a small number of point charges so that the low order multipole moments of these components are optimally reproduced. The approximate charges are then used for computing electrost...
Driving force of organic fertilizer use in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia: Independent double hurdle approach

The objective of this study was to identify the important factors that influence both adoption and level of use of organic fertilizer among smallholder farmers in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia using a primary data collected from 161 sample respondents. An independent double hurdle model was used to address the objectives of the study on the assumption that adoption and level of organic fertilizer use by are two independent decisions influenced by different factors. Empirical estimates of the first hurdle reveals that literacy status of the head, livestock holding, frequency of extension contact, distance to market and slope of the plot are statistically significant decision variables that affect the probability of adopting organic fertilizer. Meanwhile, estimates of the second hurdle revealed that, the extent of use of organic fertilizer was determined by livestock holding, access to credit distance to the market and slope of plot. This indicates that factors that affect adoption are not necessarily the same as those that influence intensity. Therefore, it is important to consider both stages in evaluating strategies aimed at promoting the adoption and use of organic fertilizer.
The proximal-distal continuum of multiple health outcome measures: the case of cataract surgery.

This paper presents the concept of a proximal-distal continuum in health outcome measures. It indicates how this continuum can be used in the selection of outcome measures in health technology evaluation studies. Finally, it demonstrates several ways in which the placement of a specific health outcome measure in the proximal-distal continuum determines the overall statistical model of treatment and nontreatment variables. We identify five principles that relate to the above issues. The first three principles state that a larger effect of treatment on health outcomes will be seen when the following occur: 1) more proximal (e.g., signs and symptoms, disease-specific outcomes) measures are examined, 2) the initial illness is more severe; and 3) pretreatment distal (e.g., role functioning, life satisfaction) outcome measures show relatively high impairment. Principle four indicates that distal outcomes are influenced more heavily by external (i.e., nontreatment) factors. Principle five states that a causal chain links each outcome measure in the continuum to the next more distal outcome measure. This last principle enables the determination of indirect relationships between treatment and outcomes. These principles are illustrated with data from a study on the effects of cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation on patient outcome variables across the proximal-distal continuum.
‘The kids are alright’: political liberalism, leisure time, and childhood

Interest in the nature and importance of ‘childhood goods’ recently has emerged within philosophy. Childhood goods, roughly, are things (including kinds of activities) that are good for persons qua children independent of any contribution to the good of persons qua adults (although they may also be valuable in this way). According to Colin Macleod, John Rawls’s political conception of justice as fairness rests upon an adult-centered ‘agency assumption’ and thus is incapable of incorporating childhood goods into its content. Macleod concludes that because of this, justice as fairness cannot be regarded as a complete conception of distributive justice. In this paper I provide a political liberal response to Macleod’s argument by advancing three claims. First, I propose that political liberalism should treat leisure time as a distinct ‘primary good.’ Second, I suggest that leisure time should be distributed via (a) the ‘basic needs principle’ and (b) the ‘difference principle’ for all citizens over the course of their complete lives, including their childhoods. Third, the provision of leisure time in this way supports the realization of childhood goods for citizens.
Improving Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in a Student-run Free Clinic.

Introduction Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening with targeted treatment has been successful in eradicating tuberculosis (TB) as an endemic infection in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends screening for high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to increase LTBI screening, detection, and treatment in our student-run free clinic while providing an innovative platform for education in primary care topics. Methods A questionnaire for screening for LTBI was adapted from CDC guidelines. Medical students and providers received education on the screening process and administered questionnaires to patients. We analyzed the rate of performed LTBI screening, the rate of diagnostic testing for patients with positive screening, and the feasibility of implementing a preventive screening initiative. Results Fifty-two patients completed primary care visits. Forty patients were screened for LTBI. Of those screened, 42.5% were positive for the screening. Of those with positive screening, 70.6% were followed up via diagnostic testing, with the rest of them being lost for follow-up due to not attending the clinic for care. Conclusions This educational intervention combined with a screening tool was effective in increasing LTBI screening rates amongst patients in a student-run free clinic.
Spatial Pattern of Commercial Establishments in Two South Asian City Centers: Rajshahi and Madurai

Spatial patterns of retail and other commercial facilities arise directly out of the locational decisions of the distributors of retail goods and services and of the customers they serve. The clustering and dispersal of such establishments allow a certain pattern. Several theories have noted that some classes of retail establishments tend to cluster. Nelson’s (1958) “principle of cumulative attraction” holds that a group of stores carrying the same merchandise will do more business if they are clustered together than if they are widely scattered. There are, of course, also other commercial establishments that benefit from a diffused locational pattern; still others may be attracted to locations near to and governed by the proximity of other types of activities. This chapter analyzes the commercial activity pattern of two South Asian city centers: Rajshahi, Bangladesh (Figure 7:1) and Madurai, India (Figure 7:2).
The phosphaturic action of PTH in the steady state in patients with normal and impaired renal function.

The phosphaturic action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is mediated via stimulation of adenylate cyclase at the basal pole of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules, with a resultant increased synthesis of 3′, 5′ adenosine monophosphate (c’AMP).1 Some of the newly formed c’AMP enters the circulation but most passes into the cell. Together with increased entry of calcium, this decreases entry of phosphate into the luminal pole of the cell.2 We have examined the steady-state relationship between serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) and renal production of c’AMP (nephrogenous c’AMP or Nc’AMP) in subjects with varying levels of parathyroid function and normal renal function and in patients with chronic renal failure. We have also examined the steady-state relationship between these two independent indices of PTH secretion and the tubular maximum reabsorption of phosphate/unit of GF (TMP/GFR) as an index of phosphaturic action of PTH.
Middle Holocene Environmental Change at Mtwapa Creek, Kenya: Distinguishing Human Activity from Regional Ecological Processes

Very little is known about human occupation of the East African Coast prior to the Swahili period. Only a handful of pre-Swahili archaeological sites from this region have been investigated in any detail. The Holocene archaeology of the coastal region requires research attention if the role of indigenous African populations in later ethnic mosaics is to be understood. Pollen, fungal spores, and charcoal remains from a sediment core derived from Mtwapa Creek are presented with the goal of better understanding mid-to-late Holocene (c. 7500–4000 cal yr BP) occupations of the coast. Evidence for increased local burning, herbivore activity, and overall landscape disturbance possibly derived from cultivation activities characterizes the period between c. 6200–4000 cal yr BP. Intensive exploitation of riverine habitats was practiced in the neighboring hinterland during this period, and it is proposed that similar adaptations may have been at play in coastal drainages at Mtwapa Creek and elsewhere contemporaneously. A variety of investigative methods are proposed that may yield additional information on human activities during this time period.
Improving Self-Esteem With Motivational Quotes: Opportunities for Digital Health Technologies for People With Chronic Disorders.

Living with a chronic medical condition is often accompanied by low self-esteem, a diminished sense of personal worth, and lower self-efficacy, a diminished sense of one's ability to influence behavioral outcomes. This can significantly affect health-related quality of life and wellbeing, with low self-esteem and self-efficacy contributing to poor coping, helplessness, a decrease in positive health behaviors, and increased risk of comorbidities. Thus, it becomes important to promote self-esteem and empowerment over one's condition. Digital health technologies (also known as mobile health, mHealth, digital medicine, or digital therapeutics) have received increased recognition among chronically-ill patients and healthcare professionals as non-pharmacological treatment strategies for providing disease-specific, self-management content while also improving patient engagement. Since motivational quotes are increasingly used in various media and therapeutic programs to promote positive thinking and self-esteem, this article explores their medical applications and integration into digital health, with particular emphasis on tailoring different categories of motivational quotes to address specific causes of low self-esteem in chronically-ill adult populations.
Nondestructive characterization of chopped glass fiber reinforced composite materials

Quality control methods are insufficient for assuring defect-free composite materials, which are manufactured at the time of part fabrication. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques appear, potentially, to offer a means of identifying such defects. The techniques of ultrasonic C-scanning, X-ray radiography, vibrothermography, and acoustic emission monitoring are considered here. The materials of interest are E-glass and S-2 glass reinforced sheet molding compound. Results from ultrasonic C-scans clearly indicate areas of imperfections. Results of the vibrothermography and acoustic emission monitoring, however, suggest the need for additional work in these areas, while those of X-ray radiography are inconclusive.
H3.3 Barcoding of Nucleus Accumbens Transcriptional Activity Identifies Novel Molecular Cascades Associated with Cocaine Self-administration in Mice

Although numerous epigenetic modifications have been associated with addiction, little work has explored the turnover of histone variants. Uniquely, the H3.3 variant incorporates stably and preferentially into chromatin independently of DNA replication at active sites of transcription and transcription factor binding. Thus, genomic regions associated with H3.3-containing nucleosomes are particularly likely to be involved in plasticity, such as following repeated cocaine exposure. A recently developed mouse line expressing a neuron-specific hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged H3.3 protein was used to track transcriptionally active sites cumulatively across 19 d of cocaine self-administration. RNA-seq and H3.3-HA ChIP-seq analyses were performed on NAcc tissue collected following cocaine or food self-administration in male mice. RNA sequencing revealed five genes upregulated in cocaine relative to food self-administering mice: Fosb, Npas4, Vgf, Nptx2, and Pmepa1, which reflect known and novel cocaine plasticity-associated genes. Subsequent ChIP-seq analysis confirmed increased H3.3 aggregation at four of these five loci, thus validating H3.3 insertion as a marker of enhanced cocaine-induced transcription. Further motif recognition analysis of the ChIP-seq data showed that cocaine-associated differential H3.3 accumulation correlated with the presence of several transcription factor binding motifs, including RBPJ1, EGR1, and SOX4, suggesting that these are potentially important regulators of molecular cascades associated with cocaine-induced neuronal plasticity. Additional ontological analysis revealed differential H3.3 accumulation mainly near genes involved in neuronal differentiation and dendrite formation. These results establish the H3.3-HA transgenic mouse line as a compelling molecular barcoding tool to identify the cumulative effects of long-term environmental perturbations, such as exposure to drugs of abuse.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Histone H3.3 is a core histone variant that is stably incorporated at active sites of transcription. We used a tagged version of H3.3 expressed exclusively in neurons to delineate active transcription sites following extended cocaine self-administration in mice. This approach revealed the cumulative list of genes expressed in response to cocaine taking over the course of several weeks. We combined this technique with RNA sequencing of tissue collected from the same animals 24 h after the last cocaine exposure. Comparing these datasets provided a full picture of genes that respond to chronic cocaine exposure in NAcc neurons. These studies revealed novel transcription factors that are likely involved in cocaine-induced plasticity and addiction-like behaviors.
Effect of Laser-Matter Interaction on Molten Pool Flow and Keyhole Dynamics

In laser-based welding and additive manufacturing, the interaction of the laser with the metal leads to the formation of a cavity known as a keyhole, which can fluctuate unstably during the process. This work significantly advances our understanding of laser-induced keyholes and their dynamics, by combining state-of-the-art dynamic x-ray radiography with multiphase, multiphysics modeling. Numerical simulations of keyhole morphologies are validated by experiment, then leveraged to predict transient nonuniform distributions of laser absorption, temperature, and flow velocity in the complex multiphase process.
Direct imaging of the structural domains in the iron pnictides A Fe 2 As 2 ( A = Ca , Sr , Ba )

The parent compounds of recently discovered iron-arsenide superconductors, $A{\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ with alkaline earth $A=\text{Ca},\text{Sr},\text{Ba}$, undergo simultaneous structural and magnetic phase transitions at a temperature ${T}_{SM}$. Using a combination of polarized light microscopy and spatially resolved high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction we show that the orthorhombic distortion leads to the formation of $45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$-type structural domains in all parent compounds. Domains penetrate through the sample thickness in the $c$ direction and are not affected by crystal imperfections such as growth terraces. The domains form regular stripe patterns in the plane with a characteristic dimension of $10--50\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$. The direction of the stripes is fixed with respect to the tetragonal (100) and (010) directions but can change by $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ on thermal cycling through the transition. This domain pattern may have profound implications for intrinsic disorder and anisotropy of iron arsenides.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

This paper contains a review of the gross pathology and histopathology of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and a review of the theories of origin of this tumor. The relative merits of hormone therapy, carotid arteriography, external and interstitial radiation therapy, cryosurgery, and various surgical approaches are discussed. A plan for the management of these tumors has been developed: 1. Estrogen therapy is begun one month pre-operatively, if it is to be used. 2. The patient sees a prosthodontist so that he may have a temporary plastic plate made which will fit onto the teeth in such a manner that it will hold a transpalatal flap in place following surgery, without disturbing the suture line. 3. Arteriography is scheduled only if there is evidence of intracranial extension or an extensive recurrence. 4. Radon seeds, usually 10 in number and 1 me in size, are ordered for the day of surgery. 5. Liquid nitrogen is made ready for use with a closed cryo-probe system. 6. The expected blood loss and the possible use of planned hypotensive anesthesia are discussed with the anesthesiologist. An adequate supply of blood is to be available in the operating room at the start of the resection of tumor. 7. A plan is made for a transpalatal or transantral approach, or both, or occasionally for a lateral rhinotomy approach. Rarely has a transmandibular pterygoid approach been found necessary. The combined transpalatal-transantral approach is described in detail. Two. cases are presented.
Sleep-related eating disorder associated with zolpidem: cases compiled from a literature review

Abstract Objective Zolpidem is associated with sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). We compiled case reports and performed a descriptive study to identify etiology and aggravating factors. Methods A literature search on PubMed's MeSH search feature, CINAHL, and SciFinder was performed using search terms “Zolpidem,” “Feeding and Eating Disorders/chemically induced,” “Dyssomnias,” “sleep eating disorder,” and “sleep-related eating disorder.” Three reviewers examined all English and Spanish citations and extracted pertinent information. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was prepared. Results We identified 40 case reports of which 65% were female, and the mean age was 53 years. SRED onset was most commonly seen with daily zolpidem doses of 10 mg or higher (95% of patients). Prior medical history included obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (35%), depression (32.5%), and restless leg syndrome (RLS) (25%). Even with controlled RLS and OSA, SRED developed in some patients. All patients had either partial or full amnesia with compulsive eating. Onset of SRED occurred as early as the first dose to after 9 years of use. SRED symptoms occurred nightly in 57.5% of patients. Discontinuation of zolpidem resolved SRED in all patients (n = 36). Conclusion SRED associated with zolpidem can occur with any dose, but was most common with higher doses of zolpidem. Therefore, prescribers should initiate lower doses of zolpidem. Interestingly, many patients had underlying disorders known to affect sleep (RLS, OSA, depression). Although it is recommended to control these underlying disorders prior to initiating zolpidem, SRED may still occur. Zolpidem discontinuation resolved all cases of SRED.
The Role of Self-Regulated Learning in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Learning Analytics Dashboards

Learning technologies are generating a vast quantity of data every day. This data is often presented to students through learning analytics dashboards (LADs) with a goal of improving learners' self-regulated learning. However, are students actually using these dashboards, and do they perceive that using dashboards lead to any changes in their behavior? In this paper we report on the development and implementation of several dashboard views, which we call My Learning Analytics (MyLA). This study found that students thought using the dashboard would have more of an effect on the way they planned their course activity at pre-use (after a demo) than post use. Low self-regulated learners believed so significantly less post-use and used the grade distribution view the least. Students made several suggestions for ways to improve the grade distribution view and rated MyLA's usability more positively at pre- than post-use. Given the low use and low perceived impact of the current dashboard, we suggest that researchers use participatory design to illicit students' needs and better incorporate student suggestions.
Patient satisfaction with telemedicine in rhinology during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the rapid integration of telemedicine services across several specialties, especially in Otolaryngology where risk of transmission is very high. Studies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that Otolaryngology is generally amenable to telemedicine. However, few studies have assessed patient satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, and fewer have focused on patient satisfaction with telehealth in Rhinology. Objectives To determine if patients believe the benefits of virtual live synchronous telemedicine visits out-weigh the drawbacks when compared to in-person clinical visits. Methods Single center retrospective case series and survey study of patients presenting to a tertiary care Rhinology practice between 3/15/2020 and 6/1/2020. All patients had previous in-person encounters with Rhinology (n = 45). Results Twenty-nine participants (64.4%) had audio-video visits while 16 (35.6%) had audio visits. 36 (80%) patients stated that their needs were met during their telemedicine visit while 32 (71.1%) patients felt that nothing was missed or not addressed during the virtual visit. The most commonly cited advantage to telemedicine visits was convenience (22.2%) and provider availability (20.0%). While most participants did not disclose a disadvantage to a virtual visit besides the lack of a physical exam (68.9%), the most commonly cited disadvantage to a virtual visit was technological difficulties (17.8%). Conclusions Virtual telemedicine visits were shown to effectively meet the needs of established patients and address concerns in a convenient time efficient manner. However, patients indicated that limited technology and a less personalized feel hindered the telemedicine experience in Rhinology.
Biochemical and Proteomic Analysis of Ubiquitination of Hsc70 and Hsp70 by the E3 Ligase CHIP

The E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP is involved in protein triage, serving as a co-chaperone for refolding as well as catalyzing ubiquitination of substrates. CHIP functions with both the stress induced Hsp70 and constitutive Hsc70 chaperones, and also plays a role in maintaining their balance in the cell. When the chaperones carry no client proteins, CHIP catalyzes their polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Although Hsp70 and Hsc70 are highly homologous in sequence and similar in structure, CHIP mediated ubiquitination promotes degradation of Hsp70 with a higher efficiency than for Hsc70. Here we report a detailed and systematic investigation to characterize if there are significant differences in the CHIP in vitro ubiquitination of human Hsp70 and Hsc70. Proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that only 12 of 39 detectable lysine residues were ubiquitinated by UbcH5a in Hsp70 and only 16 of 45 in Hsc70. The only conserved lysine identified as ubiquitinated in one but not the other heat shock protein was K159 in Hsc70. Ubiquitination assays with K-R ubiquitin mutants showed that multiple Ub chain types are formed and that the distribution is different for Hsp70 versus Hsc70. CHIP ubiquitination with the E2 enzyme Ube2W is predominantly directed to the N-terminal amine of the substrate; however, some internal lysine modifications were also detected. Together, our results provide a detailed view of the differences in CHIP ubiquitination of these two very similar proteins, and show a clear example where substantial differences in ubiquitination can be generated by a single E3 ligase in response to not only different E2 enzymes but subtle differences in the substrate.
Student transformation through service learning in inner-city contexts: An assessment of student experience in the service-learning course Inner-City Families

This study provides a thematic analysis of student transformative experience regarding personal and social change in a service learning (SL) course wherein students volunteer in embedded inner-city...
Fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid synthase influence glial reactivity and promote the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina

The capacity for retinal regeneration varies greatly across vertebrates species. A recent comparative epigenetic and transcriptomic investigation of Muller glial (MG) in the retinas of fish, birds and mice revealed that Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) are among the most highly up-regulated genes in activated chick MG (Hoang et al., 2020). Herein we provide an in-depth follow-up investigation to describe patterns of expression and how FABPs and fatty acid synthase (FASN) influence glial cells in the chick retina. During development, FABP7 is highly expressed by embryonic retinal progenitor cells (eRPCs) and maturing MG, whereas FABP5 is gradually up-regulated in maturing MG and remains elevated in mature glial cells. PMP2 (FABP8) is expressed by oligodendrocytes and FABP5 is expressed by non-astrocytic inner retinal glial cells, and both of these FABPs are significantly up-regulated in activated MG in damaged or growth factor-treated retinas. In addition to suppressing the formation of MGPCs, we find that FABP-inhibition suppressed the accumulation of proliferating microglia, although the microglia appeared highly reactive. scRNA-seq analyses of cells treated with FABP-inhibitor revealed distinct changes in patterns of expression suggesting that FABPs are involved in the transitions of MG from a resting state to a reactive state and conversion from reactive MG to MGPCs. Inhibition of FABPs in undamaged retinas had a significant impact upon the transcriptomic profiles of MG, with up-regulation of genes associated with gliogenesis, decreases in genes associated with neurogenesis, and suppression of the ability of MG to become MGPCs. scRNA-seq analyses of microglia indicated that FABP inhibition enhances gene modules related to reactivity, proliferation and cytokine signaling. We find that the proliferation of retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) is unaffected by FABP-inhibitor. Upstream of FABP activity, we inhibited FASN in damaged retinas, which reduced numbers of dying cells, increased the proliferation of microglia, and potently suppressed the formation MGPCs in damaged retinas. We conclude that the activity of FASN and FABPs are required early during the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Fatty acid metabolism and cell signaling involving fatty acids are important in regulating glial homeostasis in the retina, and the dedifferentiation and proliferation of microglia and MGPCs.
Two Polymorphs of BaZn2P2: Crystal Structures, Phase Transition, and Transport Properties.

The novel α-BaZn2P2 structural polymorph has been synthesized and structurally characterized for the first time. Its structure, elucidated from single crystal X-ray diffraction, indicates that the compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic α-BaCu2S2 structure type, with unit cell parameters a = 9.7567(14) A, b = 4.1266(6) A, and c = 10.6000(15) A. With β-BaZn2P2 being previously identified as belonging to the ThCr2Si2 family and with the precedent of structural phase transitions between the α-BaCu2S2 type and the ThCr2Si2 type, the potential for the pattern to be extended to the two different structural forms of BaZn2P2 was explored. Thermal analysis suggests that a first-order phase transition occurs at ∼1123 K, whereby the low-temperature orthorhombic α-phase transforms to a high-temperature tetragonal β-BaZn2P2, the structure of which was also studied and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Preliminary transport properties and band structure calculations indicate that α-BaZn2P2 is a p-type, narrow-gap semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 0.5 eV, which is an order of magnitude lower than the calculated indirect bandgap for the β-BaZn2P2 phase. The Seebeck coefficient, S(T), for the material increases steadily from the room temperature value of 119 μV/K to 184 μV/K at 600 K. The electrical resistivity (ρ) of α-BaZn2P2 is relatively high, on the order of 40 mΩ·cm, and the ρ(T) dependence shows gradual decrease upon heating. Such behavior is comparable to those of the typical semimetals or degenerate semiconductors.
Analysis and characterization of large-scale Web server access patterns and performance

In this paper we develop a general methodology for characterizing the access patterns of Web server requests based on a time-series analysis of finite collections of observed data from real systems. Our approach is used together with the access logs from the IBM Web site for the Olympic Games to demonstrate some of its advantages over previous methods and to construct a particular class of benchmarks for large-scale heavily-accessed Web server environments. We then apply an instance of this class of benchmarks to analyze aspects of large-scale Web server performance, demonstrating some additional problems with methods commonly used to evaluate Web server performance at different request traffic intensities.
Differences That Matter: Overcoming Methodological Nationalism in Comparative Social Policy Research

AbstractWelfare states are often discussed as if they were territorially homogeneous state-wide institutions measurable by state-wide expenditure averages and explained by country-level variables. It is rare in comparative policy studies to investigate the role of territorial politics in the outcomes of even federal countries. This article argues, using social policy examples in the UK and US, that the impact of intergovernmental finance and division of labour profoundly shapes social investment and redistribution – producing almost as much expenditure variance within the US as within the OECD. The findings show the importance of incorporating territorial politics and intergovernmental arrangements into comparative welfare state and policy analysis.
PLANT AND CONTROL DESIGN USING CONVEXIFYING LMI METHODS

Abstract This paper presents a methodology in the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) framework to jointly optimize the linear control law and the linear parameters in the plant. The paper solves an integrated plant and control design problem which bounds the covariance of selected outputs. The method simultaneously designs the plant parameters and the controller. The proposed method also allows one to guarantee bounds on the peak response in the presence of bounded energy excitations. With minor modifications, the method can also guarantee bounds on the H ∞ performance and many other convex performance criteria. The nonconvex problem is approximated by a convex one by adding a certain function to make the constraint convex. This “convexifying” function is updated with each iteration until the added convexifying function disappears at a saddle point of the nonconvex problem.
Crystal structure of an FIV/HIV chimeric protease complexed with the broad-based inhibitor, TL-3

We have obtained the 1.7 A crystal structure of FIV protease (PR) in which 12 critical residues around the active site have been substituted with the structurally equivalent residues of HIV PR (12X FIV PR). The chimeric PR was crystallized in complex with the broad-based inhibitor TL-3, which inhibits wild type FIV and HIV PRs, as well as 12X FIV PR and several drug-resistant HIV mutants [1–4]. Biochemical analyses have demonstrated that TL-3 inhibits these PRs in the order HIV PR > 12X FIV PR > FIV PR, with Ki values of 1.5 nM, 10 nM, and 41 nM, respectively [2–4]. Comparison of the crystal structures of the TL-3 complexes of 12X FIV and wild-typeFIV PR revealed theformation of additinal van der Waals interactions between the enzyme inhibitor in the mutant PR. The 12X FIV PR retained the hydrogen bonding interactions between residues in the flap regions and active site involving the enzyme and the TL-3 inhibitor in comparison to both FIV PR and HIV PR. However, the flap regions of the 12X FIV PR more closely resemble those of HIV PR, having gained several stabilizing intra-flap interactions not present in wild type FIV PR. These findings offer a structural explanation for the observed inhibitor/substrate binding properties of the chimeric PR.
Physician Response to Prenatal Substance Exposure

Objectives: To examine physician responses to suspected prenatal substance exposure and the reasons underlying these responses. Methods: National mail survey of practicing obstetricians and pediatricians who see neonates. Response rate: 63%. Results: More than 70% of physicians reported having ever suspected prenatal substance exposure. Response rates did not vary by specialty. Twenty-seven percent reported that they had never suspected prenatal substance exposure. The most common lifetime pattern (60%) was some response whenever prenatal substance exposure was suspected; next most common was no suspicion (27%). Just over 10% had a discretionary response: acting in some cases of suspected prenatal substance exposure but ignoring others. Two percent consistently ignored their suspicions. Getting help for the patient and protecting the fetus were the most common reasons to act. Among those who had ignored their suspicions, lack of sufficient evidence of substance use was the most often cited reason. There were some important specialty differences in reasons for response and non-response and in specific responses likely to be taken. Obstetricians are far more likely to provide the patient with information and get a substance use history; pediatricians are more inclined to involve outsiders. Conclusions: Obstetricians and pediatricians seem quite willing to act on their suspicions of prenatal substance exposure, and generally respond by taking positive actions. Specialty differences are few and reflect practice differences.
Day as a Pathologist: Utilization of Technology to Guide Students in Exploring Careers in Breast Cancer Pathology

We developed an interactive laboratory that allows students to identify and grade tissue samples from human breast biopsies, using techniques similar to those used by actual pathologists. This unique lab develops a practical and intellectual understanding of basic tissue structures that make up living systems, utilizing technology to bring together pathology, cancer biology, genetics, and bioethics in a relevant and engaging way that leaves a lasting impression on students. The activities described are appropriate for students at all levels of high school and college, especially those with an interest in health care careers.
Zero Ground: Mapping Maritime Commemoration in the Age of Nelson

As the Napoleonic Wars ended, deceptively simple forms of commemorative militaria attuned Romantic writers to the overrepresentation of officers in victory culture. This article asserts that the ideological biases of battlefield maps prompted William Wordsworth's radical critique of naval commemoration in “Benjamin the Waggoner.” Although the campaigns of the army created travel destinations for battlefield tourism, the naval battlefield occupies a strange space in Romantic commemoration. Lacking a “place” for tourists to stand, naval commemoration induced geographic simulations from victory arboretums to dinner plates adorned with tactical maps. Inspired by the assumed objectivity of simulations such as these, Wordsworth's poem mocks the discharged sailor's reenactment of the Battle of the Nile for its revisionist geography. By overinvesting Nelson in the battle's history, Wordsworth's poem reveals the limits of patriotic nostalgia and its tendency to elide the memory of departed seamen and the families ...