cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methadone Suppresses Neuronal Function and Maturation in Human Cortical Organoids.

Accumulating evidence has suggested that prenatal exposure to methadone causes multiple adverse effects on human brain development. Methadone not only suppresses fetal neurobehavior and alters neural maturation, but also leads to long-term neurological impairment. Due to logistical and ethical issues of accessing human fetal tissue, the effect of methadone on brain development and its underlying mechanisms have not been investigated adequately and are therefore not fully understood. Here, we use human cortical organoids which resemble fetal brain development to examine the effect of methadone on neuronal function and maturation during early development. During development, cortical organoids that are exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of methadone exhibited suppressed maturation of neuronal function. For example, organoids developed from 12th week till 24th week have an about 7-fold increase in AP firing frequency, but only half and a third of this increase was found in organoids exposed to 1 and 10 μM methadone, respectively. We further demonstrated substantial increases in I Na (4.5-fold) and I KD (10.8-fold), and continued shifts of Na+ channel activation and inactivation during normal organoid development. Methadone-induced suppression of neuronal function was attributed to the attenuated increase in the densities of I Na and I KD and the reduced shift of Na+ channel gating properties. Since normal neuronal electrophysiology and ion channel function are critical for regulating brain development, we believe that the effect of prolonged methadone exposure contributes to the delayed maturation, development fetal brain and potentially for longer term neurologic deficits.
Lameness morbidity and association of locomotion score and diagnosis with case outcome in beef cattle in Great Plains feedlots

This was a dynamic population longitudinal study to determine the association of lameness diagnosis and locomotion score at time of initial lameness diagnosis with case outcome in feedlot cattle, and provide beef cattle feedlot lameness morbidity, mortality, and realizer incidence due to different lameness etiologies.
Glucagon transiently stimulates mTORC1 by activation of an EPAC/Rap1 signaling axis.

Abstract Activation of the protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in both complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) in the liver is repressed during fasting and rapidly stimulated in response to a meal. The effect of feeding on hepatic mTORC1/2 is attributed to an increase in plasma levels of nutrients, such as amino acids, and insulin. By contrast, fasting is associated with elevated plasma levels of glucagon, which is conventionally viewed as having a counter-regulatory role to insulin. More recently an expanded role for glucagon action in post-prandial metabolism has been demonstrated. Herein we investigated the impact of insulin and glucagon on mTORC1/2 activation. In H4IIE and HepG2 cultures, insulin enhanced phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates S6K1 and 4E-BP1. Surprisingly, the effect of glucagon on mTORC1 was biphasic, wherein there was an acute increase in phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1 over the first hour of exposure, followed by latent suppression. The transient stimulatory effect of glucagon on mTORC1 was not additive with insulin, suggesting convergent signaling. Glucagon enhanced cAMP levels and mTORC1 stimulation required activation of the glucagon receptor, PI3K/Akt, and exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC acts as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1. Rap1 expression enhanced S6K1 phosphorylation and glucagon addition to culture medium promoted Rap1-GTP loading. Signaling through mTORC1 acts to regulate protein synthesis and we found that glucagon promoted an EPAC-dependent increase in protein synthesis. Overall, the findings support that glucagon elicits acute activation of mTORC1/2 by an EPAC-dependent increase in Rap1-GTP.
Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous first-generation platelet concentrate that was initially created by hematologists to treat thrombocytopenia. Since then, it has been utilized across a variety of medical specialties due to its ability to accelerate wound healing and regenerate tissue. Upon platelet activation, the alpha granules release cytokines and growth factors, which modify the pericellular milieu. In recent years, PRP entered the dermatologic armamentarium for wound healing, hair restoration, skin rejuvenation, and dermal augmentation. It has additionally served as a useful adjunct to various therapies and procedures. However, PRP’s short-lived growth factor release in conjunction with its poor mechanical properties resulted in the development of a second-generation platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM). Though PRP has been shown to be safe and effective, it is not devoid of criticism as standardized guidelines and protocols are currently lacking.
A Visual Notation for Succinct Program Traces

Program traces are often used for explaining the dynamic behavior of programs. Unfortunately, program traces can grow quite big very quickly, even for small programs, which compromises their usefulness. In this paper we present a visual notation for program traces that supports their succinct representation, as well as their dynamic transformation through a structured query language. An evaluation on a set of standard examples shows that our representation can reduce the overall size of traces by at least 79%, which suggests that our notation is an effective improvement over the use of plain traces in the explanation of dynamic program behavior.
Competency-based medical education across the continuum: How well aligned are medical school EPAs to residency milestones?

INTRODUCTION Competency-based medical education (CBME) provides a framework for describing learner progression throughout training. However, specific approaches to CBME implementation vary widely across educational settings. Alignment between various methods used across the continuum is critical to support transitions and assess learner performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate alignment between CBME frameworks used in undergraduate medical education (UME) and graduate medical education (GME) settings using the US context as a model. METHOD The authors analyzed content from the core entrustable professional activities for entering residency (Core EPAs; UME model) and residency milestones (GME model). From that analysis, they performed a series of cross-walk activities to investigate alignment between frameworks. After independent review, authors discussed findings until consensus was reached. RESULTS Some alignment was found for activities associated with history taking, physical examination, differential diagnosis, patient safety, and interprofessional care; however, there were far more examples of misalignment. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight challenges creating alignment of assessment frameworks across the continuum of training. The importance of these findings includes implications for assessment and persistence of the educational gap across UME and GME. The authors provide four next steps to improve upon the continuum of education.
Clinical Experience with Repeated Ketamine Administration for Procedures Requiring Anesthesia

We have given Ketamine repeatedly to eight patients, ages 15 years and less. The frequency of administration of the anesthetic has varied from a daily basis to a schedule of 2 or 3 injections per week. The period of treatment has ranged from 13 to 40 days. Seven of the patients, ranging in age from 2 months to 4 years, were being treated for primary or metastatic neoplastic disease of the eyes. Four of them had retinoblastomas; two had metastatic neuroblastomas, and one a sarcoma. They were anesthetized to facilitate keeping them in proper position for radiation therapy of the eye. No further manipulation was needed.
Short channel effects in submicron self-aligned gate heterostructure field effect transistors

AlGaAs/GaAs self-aligned gate heterostructure FETs with gate lengths varying from 0.3 to 1.5 mu m were fabricated to study short-channel effects. Peak extrinsic transconductance as high as 360 mS/mm was achieved with this process. Short-channel effects such as increases in the output conductance, increases in the subthreshold current, and shifts in the threshold voltage are reported for temperatures ranging from 30 degrees C to 100 degrees C. The observations follow closely predictions from a simple model which attributes the effects to space-charge-limited electron injection into the GaAs buffer layer beneath the actual two-dimensional electron gas channel. >
Polymer films on electrodes: Part III. Digital simulation model for cyclic voltammetry of electroactive polymer film and electrochemistry of poly(vinylferrocene) on platinum

Abstract The electrochemistry of electrodeposited poly(vinylferrocene) (PVF) and poly(vinylferrocene acrylonitrile) (PVFAN) films on platinum electrodes was studied in acetonitrile solutions using perchlorate or p-toluenesulfonate as the counter ion by cyclic voltammetry. A model is proposed for the cyclic voltammetric behavior of polymeric films on electrode surfaces. The model incorporates non-equivalent redox sites with interconversion between such sites, electron-transfer kinetics at substrate/film interface and diffusion within the film. Parameters are obtained which yield a good fit to the experimental results.
Odious Discrimination and the Religious Exemption Question

Recently, claims have been asserted that religious exemptions should be afforded to individuals who object to providing public and commercial services to gay and lesbian individuals, as otherwise mandated by law (e.g., municipal clerks who must grant same-sex marriage licenses, or commercial vendors who are asked to serve at same-sex weddings). This article argues that just as religious exemptions of this sort are not granted for discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or gender, they should not be granted for discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or transgender status. Discrimination on the basis of an individual's identity, biology, or other immutable characteristics has been labeled odious by our laws, whether motivated by religious beliefs or not. There is no reason why odious discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or transgender status should be singled out for exemptions that no other civil rights permit.
Evolution of cancer genes as a mutation-driven process

Cancer is primarily a somatic genetic disease resulting from the accumulation of several precancerous mutations in a cell lineage. The evolution of highly oncogenic retroviruses has been used as a model for the evolution of a cancer cell. The properties of intermediates between one set of replication-competent retrovirus and protooncogene progenitors and the homologous highly oncogenic retrovirus were analyzed to differentiate between selection-driven and mutation-driven models of this evolution. In this case and in some other cases where sufficient data are available, it appears that the intermediates in the evolution of highly oncogenic retroviruses are not transforming, indicating that they were not formed in a purely selection-driven process. Furthermore, analysis of retrovirus mutation rates indicates that there is a high rate of mutation in retrovirus replication such that the evolution of highly oncogenic retroviruses could be mutation-driven. Other evidence is mentioned suggesting that oncogenesis in general is at least partially mutation-driven, although mutational mechanisms are involved that are different from those involved in the evolution of highly oncogenic retroviruses.
Analysis of Program Costs

After describing who is served and the services that are provided, the next most important evaluation task is to determine what the services cost. Being able to account for the resources used by a program is a crucial responsibility of any program management. It is also important for describing the intensity of the services provided, for budgeting program replications, and for evaluating whether the impacts produced by the program were sufficiently large to justify the program.
Navigating the Concrete Jungle: African American Children and Adolescents in Urban Public Housing Developments

Abstract The multi-methodological study examines behavioral and educational outcomes of children and adolescents who live in public housing in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The children (N = 46) were from 14 different families and ranged in age from 1-10 (60.8%), followed by 11-18 (30.4%). Almost 60% were males. The female heads of household were interviewed repeatedly from July 1997-March 2000. Results indicated high levels of parental stress. Adolescents (12–17 years of age) had substantially higher levels of negative school and behavioral outcomes, including those who became adolescents during the course of the research. Ethnographic analysis indicated that stressful life events and violence, child supervision issues, parent-child conflicts, and family health situations were key contributors to negative outcomes. Positive outcomes may be associated with child involvement in organized neighborhood activities.
COMMUNICATIVE ACTS PERFORMANCE OF AN INDONESIAN CHILD

This study attempts to describe the communicative acts of an Indonesian child by using the coding system of speech acts proposed by Ninio and Snow. The data are the subject's spoken utterances which were recorded. The findings show that the subject performed (in frequency of occurrence order) Questions and Responses (33.96%), Directives and Responses (25.15%), Statements and Responses (19.49%), Markings and Responses (7.54%0), Evaluations (5.66%), Commitments and Responses (5.66%), Declarations and Responses (1.25%), and Speech Elicitations and Responses (1.25%). The Performances and Demands for Clarifications were not performed by the subject at all.
A note on the use of the additive decomposition of the strain tensor in finite deformation inelasticity

Abstract This note explores some consequences of the assumption of the additive decomposition of the strain tensor in the formulation of constitutive equations for finite deformation inelastic analysis. It is shown that the incremental elastic response can depend on the prior inelastic deformations, and explicit formulas are given that quantify this effect.
Fully engineered 800-nm thulium-doped fluoride-fiber amplifier

Optical amplifiers have revolutionized the deployment of fiber-optic systems. Erbium-doped silica amplifiers operating in the 1500-nm third window have been commercially available for a number of years and are being deployed at an ever-increasing rate. In the 1300-nm window, praseodymium-doped fluoride amplifiers are now commercially available, opening up extra capacity in the millions of miles of already deployed, unamplified optical links. In this paper we present a fully engineered first-window thulium-doped fluoride amplifier, providing the last link in the chain toward practical amplification in all three low-loss optical windows.
Nanoclusters in Nanocages: Platinum Clusters and Platinum Complexes in Zeolite LTL Probed by 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy

Platinum nanoclusters and mononuclear platinum complexes in zeolite KLTL were characterized by 129Xe NMR spectroscopy at temperatures from 100 to 296 K; the chemical shift increased with decreasing temperature, consistent with xenon's increasingly strong interactions with the platinum. The room-temperature chemical shift of xenon characterizing the zeolite containing the platinum clusters was 148.7 ppm, but that of the zeolite containing the platinum complexes was only 98.3 ppm, slightly greater than the value representing the bare zeolite, 95.4 ppm. These data, combined with literature data characterizing similar samples, indicate that the 129Xe chemical shift increases with the size of the metal species in the zeolite, up to the point at which entry of the Xe atom into the space containing the metal is constrained by the geometry of the metal species and the zeolite cage; in the limiting case, the chemical shift is substantially reduced because a Xe atom interacts with an encaged nanocluster only throug...
Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects and Sensory Attributes of Chinese 5-Spice Ingredients in Cooked Ground Beef

This study determined antioxidant and sensory characteristics of cinnamon, cloves, fennel, pepper, and star anise (Chinese 5-spice ingredients) in cooked ground beef. Total aerobic plate counts were also measured. Mean thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were high (3.4 ppm) for control cooked ground beef samples. With 1% use level, all spice treatments had lower pooled mean TBA values than controls. At the lowest use level of 0.1% of meat weight, all spices except pepper had lower TBA values than controls. Treatments with 0.1% cloves had lower (P < 0.05) TBA values than 0.1% levels of other individual spices. Star anise, fennel, pepper, and cinnamon samples at 0.5% use level had lower mean TBA values than controls, but not different from 1.0% levels, respectively. Thus, the lowest effective spice level for cloves was 0.1% and 0.5% for the other spices. There was a high correlation (P < 0.01) between TBA values and panel scores for rancid odor and flavor (0.83 and 0.78, respectively). Spice flavor was inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with rancid odor and flavor (-0.57 and -0.61, respectively). The 5-spice blends did not affect microbial load of cooked samples compared with controls. In conclusion, all spices and blends had a dual effect, reducing rancid odor/flavor and imparting a distinctive flavor to cooked ground beef.
The influence of cognitive style on the teaching practices of elementary teachers

(1989). The influence of cognitive style on the teaching practices of elementary teachers. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 51, COGNITIVE STYLE AND EARLY EDUCATION, pp. 89-107.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase levels in Morris hepatomas with different growth rate

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity has been evaluated with respect to normal liver in 3 lines of Morris hepatomas (H), i.e. the highly differentiated H 9618A, the well differentiated H 44 and the poorly differentiated H 3924A. Assays of both total (PDHt) and active (PDHa) form show a progressive decrease of enzyme activity going from liver to the H 3924A. PDHa better correlates with the degree of hepatoma differentiation than does PDHt. Further enzyme analysis has been achieved in partially purified extracts from liver and H 3924A. The possible implications of such an enzymatic variation are discussed.
Cuban baseball: ideology, politics, and market forces.

The organization of baseball in Cuba offers a stark contrast with the organization of baseball in the United States. Whereas baseball in the United States is largely coordinated by market forces, i...
Orthogonal decomposition of interaction effect in analysis of variance

AbstractThe traditional definition of an interaction effect in analysis of variance makes it difficult to size up its magnitude because it entails the knowledge of all the cell means in the factorial design. We use orthogonal coding to decompose the interaction effect into distinctive components that are based on mean contrasts. The orthogonal decomposition of the interaction effect makes it easy for a scientist to estimate an interaction effect in planning a factorial design.
Network Catastrophe: Self-Organized Patterns Reveal both the Instability and the Structure of Complex Networks

Critical events in society or biological systems can be understood as large-scale self-emergent phenomena due to deteriorating stability. We often observe peculiar patterns preceding these events, posing a question of—how to interpret the self-organized patterns to know more about the imminent crisis. We start with a very general description — of interacting population giving rise to large-scale emergent behaviors that constitute critical events. Then we pose a key question: is there a quantifiable relation between the network of interactions and the emergent patterns? Our investigation leads to a fundamental understanding to: 1. Detect the system's transition based on the principal mode of the pattern dynamics; 2. Identify its evolving structure based on the observed patterns. The main finding of this study is that while the pattern is distorted by the network of interactions, its principal mode is invariant to the distortion even when the network constantly evolves. Our analysis on real-world markets show common self-organized behavior near the critical transitions, such as housing market collapse and stock market crashes, thus detection of critical events before they are in full effect is possible.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of a trinuclear copper(I) cluster

In this report, we describe the synthesis and the crystal structure of a trinuclear copper(I) cluster, [Cu 3 L(PPh 3 ) 2 ](PF 6 ) 3 •2CH 3 CN
An uncommon cause of acquired osteosclerosis in adults: hepatitis C-associated osteosclerosis

Hepatitis C-associated osteosclerosis (HCAO) is a rare sclerosing bone condition characterized by debilitating, predominantly lower extremity bone pain, accelerated bone turnover, and a generalized increase in histologically normal trabecular and cortical bone tissue. Herein we report the clinical presentation and imaging results of the 19th case of HCAO. Clinicians, particularly those caring for a population at risk for HCV infection, should be aware of this uncommon condition. The etio-pathogenesis of HCAO remains obscure but may bear important lessons in bone biology that could lead to new treatment options for osteoporosis.
A spatiotemporal coding mechanism for background-invariant odor recognition

Sensory stimuli evoke neural activity that evolves over time. What features of these spatiotemporal responses allow the robust encoding of stimulus identity in a multistimulus environment? Here we examined this issue in the locust (Schistocerca americana) olfactory system. We found that sensory responses evoked by an odorant (foreground) varied when presented atop or after an ongoing stimulus (background). These inconsistent sensory inputs triggered dynamic reorganization of ensemble activity in the downstream antennal lobe. As a result, partial pattern matches between neural representations encoding the same foreground stimulus across conditions were achieved. The degree and segments of response overlaps varied; however, any overlap observed was sufficient to drive background-independent responses in the downstream neural population. Notably, recognition performance of locusts in behavioral assays correlated well with our physiological findings. Hence, our results reveal how background-independent recognition of odors can be achieved using spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity.
Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of benene-air and toluene-air flames

Using the counterflow twin-flame technique, the laminar flame speeds of benzene-air and toluene-air mixtures were determined experimentally over an extensive range of equivalence ratios at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The minimization of stretch effects in the determination of the flame speed was accomplished through both linear and nonlinear extrapolations of the stretched reference flame speed to vanishing stretch, with the nonlinearly extrapolated values being typically 2 cm/s smaller. The laminar flame speeds of toluene were found to be lower than those of benzene, typically by 5–6 cm/s. Numerical simulations of the flame speeds were performed using two reaction mechanisms developed by Emdee, Brezinsky, and Glassman (EBG) and by Lindstedt and Skevis (LS), respectively. Predictions by using both mechanisms were close and were substantially lower than the experimental values. A modified EBG mechanism is then proposed, which adopts a recently measured rate constants of phenyl+O2→ phenoxy+O and takes into account the pressure fall-off for the rate coefficients of several key radical-radical recombination reactions. It is shown that these modifications substantially improve the flame-speed predictions, while minimally affect the available flow-reactor data of benzene and toluene oxidation. The present analysis suggests that the major oxidation pathways of benzene and toluene proposed in the flow-reactor study of Emdee, Brezinsky, and Glassman can account for their oxidation in flames and, therefore, serve as a foundation for a comprehensive model. It further indicates that the development of such a model requires additional studies on the reaction kinetics of phenol and cyclic C5 species.
Effects of nanocrystalline and ultrafine grain sizes on constitutive behavior and shear bands in iron

The mechanical behaviors of consolidated iron with average grain sizes from tens of nanometers to tens of microns have been systematically studied under uniaxial compression over a wide range of strain rates. In addition to the well-known strengthening due to grain size refinement, grain size dependence is observed for several other key properties of plastic deformation. In contrast with conventional coarse-grained Fe, high-strength nanocrystalline and submicron-grained Fe exhibit diminished effective strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. The observed reduction in effective rate sensitivity is shown to be a natural consequence of low-temperature plastic deformation mechanisms in bcc metals through the application of a constitutive model for the behavior of bcc Fe in this strain rate and temperature regime. The deformation mode also changes, with shear localization replacing uniform deformation as the dominant deformation mode from the onset of plastic deformation at both low and high strain rates. The evolution and multiplication of shear bands have been monitored as a function of plastic strain. The grain size dependence is discussed with respect to possible enhanced propensity for plastic instabilities at small grain sizes.
508: A retrospective comparison of cerclage alone vs cerclage and 17P for the prevention of preterm birth

mation were identified. The overall infection rate was 18.5% with 60% of the infections being mycoplasma/ureaplasma. The cervical length group and gestatational age group with the highest rate of infection was group 1 (25%) and group C (30%). CONCLUSION: The overall infection rate was higher than expected and mycoplasa/ureaplasma was the most common offending organism. The shortest cervical length (0-5mm) and the gestational age of 26-30 weeks had the highest infection rates. This study may provide more information as to when amniocenteses may be helpful in this setting.
On the Cumulative Distribution of Outgoing Quality: A New Criterion for Sampling Plans

A procedure is developed for designing rectifying sampling plans by attributes with a predetermined upper bound on the outgoing quality of the lots. These plans are derived so that the upper bound is satisfied with specified minimum probability regardless of the value of the process average. In addition, the average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) criterion is evaluated with respect to the probability bound concept. Computational procedures are presented that allow the design of sampling plans with user specified upper bounds with designated minimum probability 1 – α. A table is presented for determining sampling plans for the use of 1 – α = .95.
Effects of a preferred vs a nonpreferred CS in the establishment of a taste aversion

Following ingestion of either saccharin-flavored water (a preferred substance) or HCL-flavored water (nonpreferred), two groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with an illness inducer to establish a conditioned taste aversion. After 2 recovery days, the aforementioned procedure was repeated, followed by 2 more recovery days. An extinction trial was then introduced, which consisted of presenting the taste cues and omitting the injections. Results indicated that the aversion to the HCL was stronger in all cases than it was to the saccharin.
Gamma ray imaging probes. 1: Formalism.

A mathematical matrix formalism for a class of 1-D temporal coded aperture gamma ray imaging probes is developed. Various code categories are presented. Object estimation is discussed as well as the effect of noise on the reconstruction.
Protein design simulations suggest that side-chain conformational entropy is not a strong determinant of amino acid environmental preferences

Loss of side-chain conformational entropy is an important force opposing protein folding and the relative preferences of the amino acids for being buried or solvent exposed may be partially determined by which amino acids lose more side-chain entropy when placed in the core of a protein. To investigate these preferences, we have incorporated explicit modeling of side-chain entropy into the protein design algorithm, RosettaDesign. In the standard version of the program, the energy of a particular sequence for a fixed backbone depends only on the lowest energy side-chain conformations that can be identified for that sequence. In the new model, the free energy of a single amino acid sequence is calculated by evaluating the average energy and entropy of an ensemble of structures generated by Monte Carlo sampling of amino acid side-chain conformations. To evaluate the impact of including explicit side-chain entropy, sequences were designed for 110 native protein backbones with and without the entropy model. In general, the differences between the two sets of sequences are modest, with the largest changes being observed for the longer amino acids: methionine and arginine. Overall, the identity between the designed sequences and the native sequences does not increase with the addition of entropy, unlike what is observed when other key terms are added to the model (hydrogen bonding, Lennard-Jones energies, and solvation energies). These results suggest that side-chain conformational entropy has a relatively small role in determining the preferred amino acid at each residue position in a protein.
The Mount Wilson solar magnetograph: Scanning and data system

A description is given of a newly-installed computer-operated image scanning and data system for the 150-foot Tower Telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory. This new system provides improved flexibility, accuracy, and reliability in the magnetograph observations.
Notes on an Artifact in Measurement of the Acoustic Reflex

Measures of the acoustic reflex were obtained on 15 subjects with moderate to severe, long-term sensorineural loss. At high sound levels (105 dB SPL and above), the eliciting stimulus can cross ove...
Thermodynamic analysis and growth of ZrO2 by chloride chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Equilibrium calculations were used to optimize conditions for the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of zirconia. The results showed zirconia formation would occur at high oxygen to zirconium atomic ratios (> 4), low hydrogen to carbon ratios ( 800 °C). Using these calculations as a guide, single-phase monoclinic zirconia coatings were deposited onto 2-cm diameter α-alumina substrates. The maximum growth rate achieved was 2.46 mg cm − 2 h − 1 .
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone to estimate CYP2D6 subpopulations in children and adolescents.

Aim The study aims were to characterize risperidone and (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone pharmacokinetic (PK) variability in children and adolescents and to evaluate covariate effects on PK parameters. Methods Steady-state samples were drawn at predose, 1, 2, 4, and 7 hours postdose; cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotypes were available for 28 subjects. A nonlinear mixed-effects model (NONMEM) modeled the PKs of risperidone and (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone; covariates included age, weight, sex, and CYP2D6 phenotype. The model included 497 observations [risperidone (n = 163), (+) and (-)-9-hydroxyrisperidone (n = 334)] from 45 subjects aged 3-18.3 (mean 9.6 ± 3.7) years, weighing 16.8-110 (43 ± 20.2) kg. Results A 1-compartment mixture model described risperidone and (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone clearances for 3 CYP2D6 metabolizer subpopulations: extensive, intermediate, and poor. Weight significantly affected (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone clearance. Clearance estimates in the mixture model were poor metabolizer 9.38 L/h, intermediate metabolizer 29.2 L/h, and extensive metabolizer 37.4 L/h. Conclusion Active moiety [risperidone plus (±)-9-hydroxyrisperidone] PK variability and the covariate effects were better explained with the addition of metabolite PK parameters. This model may aid the development of individualized risperidone dosing regimens in children and adolescents.
Fabrication of trapezoidal-Index profile single-mode fiber

Fabrication of single-mode fibers with graded- index cores was first proposed as a means of producing dispersion-free single-mode fiber In the long-wavelength region near 1.3μm with relatively loose dimensional tolerances.1 A subsequent analysis of energy confinement indicated that low loss could also be achieved with these designs.2 The first reported results on triangular profile single-mode fibers3 exhibited low loss and zero material dispersion at 7.4μm. Subsequently, triangular profile fibers were reported4,5 with zero dispersion at 1.55μm and with a loss at that wavelength of <0.28 dB/km.
Direct interaction of the 170 kDa isoform of synaptojanin 1 with clathrin and with the clathrin adaptor AP-2

Abstract Synaptojanin 1, a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase, is expressed as two major alternatively spliced isoforms of 145 kDa (SJ145) and 170 kDa (SJ170) [1,2], which are thought to have pleiotropic roles in endocytosis, signaling and actin function [3–5]. SJ145 is highly enriched in nerve terminals where it participates in clathrin-dependent synaptic vesicle recycling [1,5]. SJ170, which differs from SJ145 by the presence of a carboxy-terminal extension, is the predominant isoform in developing neurons and is expressed in a variety of tissues [2]. The carboxy-terminal domain unique to SJ170 was previously shown to bind Eps15 [6], a protein involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here, we show that the same domain also binds clathrin and the clathrin adaptor AP-2. These interactions occur both in vitro and in vivo and are direct. Binding of AP-2 is mediated by the ear domain of its α-adaptin subunit and binding of clathrin by the amino-terminal domain of its heavy chain. Overexpression in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells of full-length SJ170 or its unique carboxy-terminal region caused mislocalization of Eps15, AP-2 and clathrin, as well as inhibition of clathrin-dependent transferrin uptake. These findings suggest a close association of SJ170 with the clathrin coat and provide new evidence for its physiological role in the regulation of clathrin coat dynamics.
Synthetic Tau Fibrils Mediate Transmission of Neurofibrillary Tangles in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's-Like Tauopathy

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathologies, are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprising filamentous tau protein. Although emerging evidence suggests that tau pathology may be transmitted, we demonstrate here that synthetic tau fibrils are sufficient to transmit tau inclusions in a mouse model. Specifically, intracerebral inoculation of young PS19 mice overexpressing mutant human tau (P301S) with synthetic preformed fibrils (pffs) assembled from recombinant full-length tau or truncated tau containing four microtubule binding repeats resulted in rapid induction of NFT-like inclusions that propagated from injected sites to connected brain regions in a time-dependent manner. Interestingly, injection of tau pffs into either hippocampus or striatum together with overlaying cortex gave rise to distinct pattern of spreading. Moreover, unlike tau pathology that spontaneously develops in old PS19 mice, the pff-induced tau inclusions more closely resembled AD NFTs because they were Thioflavin S positive, acetylated, and more resistant to proteinase K digestion. Together, our study demonstrates that synthetic tau pffs alone are capable of inducing authentic NFT-like tau aggregates and initiating spreading of tau pathology in a tauopathy mouse model.
Craniofacial and dental phenotype of Smith-Magenis syndrome.

The aim of this study was to assess and characterize dental and craniofacial findings in individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS). Extraoral and intraoral examination including dental and craniofacial radiographs and three-dimensional facial photoimaging were performed for 15 cases between ages 4 and 19 years old. Tooth agenesis (13/15 cases) affecting primarily the mandibular second premolars and taurodontism (13/15 cases) were common findings. Dilaceration of the tooth roots was present in one-third of the cases. At least one dental anomaly was present in each case. These findings occur with greater frequency than in the general population (P 90%) further expands the phenotype and indicates that dental evaluation may aid in the diagnosis of SMS.
8 Indications for, and use of, cytotoxic agents in SLE

Over the past decade, cytotoxic drugs have come to assume an increasingly important role in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Intravenous cyclophosphamide has become the standard treatment for lupus affecting major organs, in particular lupus nephritis. Cytotoxics with less potential for adverse side effects such as azathioprine and methotrexate are widely used in the management of non-major organ lupus and as an adjunct to reduce corticosteroid requirements. Recent clinical experience in lupus with newer cytotoxic drugs such as cyclosporin A, adenosine analogues, and mycophenolate mofetil appear promising and may offer improvements in lupus management in the future.
Deep inelastic scattering from quantum fluids

Abstract A simple and general argument is given for the deep inelastic behavior of the dynamic structure function of quantum fluids at zero temperature. The resulting high-energy tail is shown to give a reasonable fit to existing neutron data for liquid 4 He.
Evaluating agility in corporate enterprises

Abstract Being able to adapt successfully and efficiently to unexpected changes in the business environment or agile is key in gaining a competitive advantage in the global market. There has been little discussion in the open literature on measuring and quantifying agility. This paper is devoted to developing a framework and quantifying the notion of agility. We propose three techniques and associated metrics for determining enterprise agility. Lastly, the paper presents a case study related to Apple's® digital media to demonstrate the utility of the methodology and associated metrics.
Georges Bank Winds: 1975–1997☆

Abstract Twenty-three years (1975–1997) of anemometer records from the four NOAA buoys located near Georges Bank are examined. While the individual buoy records have occasional gaps due to instrument breakdowns and the buoys deployments were limited to certain years, the combination of the four buoys provides a nearly continuous series of observed wind. After correcting for different anemometer heights, sea-surface wind stress is calculated by the neutral stability method of Large and Pond J. Phys. Ocean 11 (1981) 324. Weekly mean stress is plotted for the entire period. Significant coherence (0.72–0.92) was found between sites with very little phase or gain for the 2–10 day storm-band period. An offshore increase of ∼0.006 Pa/100 km is detected in the mean stress for the Winter/Fall seasons. The complex correlation coefficients (calculated as a single measure of coherence across all frequency bands) ranges from 0.68 to 0.90. Other sources of wind data are discussed including the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center's (FNMOC) estimates from pressure observations, the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) from ship observations, and NOAA's National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) recent model/data assimilation. For purposes of representing storm-band frequency, the FNMOC winds account for more than 80% of the variability in the buoy record and they provide a continuous surface wind estimate for the Georges Bank region back to 1967. However, the intensified wind stress as a function of distance offshore, as detected by both the buoys and COADS , is not detected in the FMNOC records. Also, a counterclockwise rotation of 19max° is needed (in addition to the standard 15°) to correct the FMNOC winds for the atmospheric boundary layer. Recent NCEP products provide a finer scale spatial coverage of the wind field and are a potential source of boundary forcing for coastal ocean circulation models.
Highly structured internship and cooperative education program in computer science

Internships and Cooperative Education programs have existed in many fields for many years. One field that is yet to be dominated by programs of this type, is Computer Science. This paper will review the implementation of a very successful, competitively based, and highly structured Internship/Cooperative Education program. The advantages and disadvantages of such programs will be discussed, as well as the requirements that should be expected of students, industrial supervisors, and faculty supervisors. Results of research concerning the viability of such programs are also presented and analyzed.
Using Energy Methods to Derive Beam Finite Elements Incorporating Piezoelectric Materials

We apply the principle of virtual work to derive the equations of motion for arbitrarily shaped linear piezoelectric materials which are either embedded in or perfectly bonded to the surface of an ...
EVOLUTION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HELIUM ABUNDANCE, MINOR ION CHARGE STATE, AND SOLAR WIND SPEED OVER THE SOLAR CYCLE

The changing relationships between solar wind speed, helium abundance, and minor ion charge state are examined over solar cycle 23. Observations of the abundance of helium relative to hydrogen (A He ≡ 100 × n He/n H) by the Wind spacecraft are used to examine the dependence of A He on solar wind speed and solar activity between 1994 and 2010. This work updates an earlier study of A He from 1994 to 2004 to include the recent extreme solar minimum and broadly confirms our previous result that A He in slow wind is strongly correlated with sunspot number, reaching its lowest values in each solar minima. During the last minimum, as sunspot numbers reached their lowest levels in recent history, A He continued to decrease, falling to half the levels observed in slow wind during the previous minimum and, for the first time observed, decreasing even in the fastest solar wind. We have also extended our previous analysis by adding measurements of the mean carbon and oxygen charge states observed with the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft since 1998. We find that as solar activity decreased, the mean charge states of oxygen and carbon for solar wind of a given speed also fell, implying that the wind was formed in cooler regions in the corona during the recent solar minimum. The physical processes in the coronal responsible for establishing the mean charge state and speed of the solar wind have evolved with solar activity and time.
Carbon nanotube network-silicon oxide non-volatile switches

The integration of carbon nanotubes with silicon is important for their incorporation into next-generation nano-electronics. Here, the authors demonstrate a non-volatile switch that utilizes carbon nanotube networks to electrically contact a conductive nano-crystal silicon filament in silica.
Noise Control of High Volume Gas Handling Plants

Practical treatments for noise control are presented for sources common to high volume gas handling plants. Sources considered are: compressors and adjacent vibrating pipes; pressure reducing valves; electric motors; high speed drive gears; oil and gas burners; and steam turbines.
Time-resolved resonance raman spectra of dihalide radical anions in aqueous solution☆

Abstract Time-resolved resonance Raman spectra of pulse radiolytically produced dihalide radical anions in aqueous solution are reported. The harmonic frequency constants (ωc) for , and are found to be 273, 167 and 115 cm−1. The observated anharmonicities are low, implying bond dissociation energies of 1.6, 1.3 and 0.9 (±0.2) eV, respectively.
Dislocation—Misfit defect interaction in anisotropic diamond cubic crystals

Abstract Energy-distance and force-distance profiles of the interaction of a screw dislocation with various misfit defects, namely spherical and tetragonal , and , in silicon and germanium were computed. The effects of anisotropy and dissociation of dislocations on these profiles and on the maximum values of the interaction energy and the force opposing the dislocation motion were also examined. It is shown that the maximum values of interaction energy for various defects are of the same magnitude in silicon and germanium. The values of maximum interaction energy are expressed in terms of the volume and distortion parameter of the defects.
Persistent Emotional Disorder in Children with Neurological Soft Signs

Abstract Objective This paper provides clinical details in the form of case vignettes from a prospective epidemiological study that found the combination of childhood “soft‘’ signs and anxious behavior to be a strong risk factor for adolescent emotional disorders. Method The original study conducted a neuropsychiatric assessment of adolescents who had been followed through childhood. Results The at-risk subjects are shown to exhibit a persistent and specific pattern of both motor abnormalities and anxiety, obsessional compulsive, or depressive symptoms over time. Discussion The form of their neurological and psychiatric abnormalities is consistent with neuropsychiatric research linking motor system abnormalities to emotional disorders. It is recommended that children who present with anxious and depressive symptoms be examined for motor soft signs. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993, 32,6:1229–1236.
Role of angiographic coronary artery collaterals in transient ischemic left ventricular cavity dilatation during stress echocardiography.

Background: The role of coronary artery collaterals in transient ischemic left ventricular (LV) dilatation (TID) during stress echocardiography is not well defined. Hypothesis: Transient ischemic LV dilatation is a marker for extensive and severe coronary artery disease and represents patients without good collaterals. Methods: We evaluated 212 consecutive patients (57 ± 16 years, 70% male) who had coronary angiography and stress echocardiography within a 3-month period. This cohort of patients was divided into three groups based on type of collaterals: Group A: no collaterals; Group B: collaterals supplied by vessels without flow-limiting stenosis (good collaterals); Group C: collaterals supplied by vessels with flow-limiting stenosis (bad/jeopardized collaterals). In all patients, angiographic jeopardy score (AJS), ejection fraction (EF), and wall motion score index (WMSI) at rest and during stress were evaluated. Transient ischemic LV dilatation was defined as transient increase in the end-systolic dimensions from rest to peak stress. Results: Transient ischemic LV dilatation was present in 42 (20%) patients. Patients with TID had a lower EF, higher AJS, greater number of ischemic segments, and higher peak WMSI. Patients with TID in Group A (no collaterals) and Group C (jeopardized collaterals) had a greater percentage of multivessel disease than those in Group B (good collaterals). Presence of Group A or Group C collaterals was a predictor of TID even after controlling for multivessel disease, rest and peak WMSI, and left anterior descending artery disease. Conclusions: Transient ischemic LV dilatation on stress echocardiography is a marker for extensive and severe coronary artery disease and represents patients with angiographically absent collaterals or those with jeopardized coronary collaterals.