cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to John Kinsella's PINK LAKE:

John Kinsella’s fiction emphasizes similar themes of environmental activism, political protest, and critique of Australian society, as does his widely acclaimed poetry. As in his verse, his orienta...
Patient-reported outcomes, physician-reported toxicities, and treatment outcomes in a modern cohort of patients with sinonasal cancer treated using proton beam therapy.

Abstract Background and purpose To report physician-assessed toxicities (PATs) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in a prospective cohort of patients treated using proton beam therapy (PBT). Methods and materials From 2011 to 2019, PBT-treated patients with a sinonasal malignancy were enrolled with a primary endpoint of toxicity assessment. PATs and PROs were assessed at baseline, acute (during PBT), subacute (within 90 days after PBT), and chronic time points. PATs were graded with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V4.0. PROs were assessed with the Xerostomia-Related Quality-of-Life Scale (XeQoLS), MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT). PRO changes from baseline to follow-up were defined as significantly different based on a paired t-test plus a minimal clinically important difference. Results Sixty-four patients had a median follow-up time of 33 months (interquartile range: 10–52 months). The most common histology was olfactory neuroblastoma (28%) and most patients had T4 disease (46%). One acute G3 neurologic PAT (blurred vision) resolved, and no late G3–4 neurologic PATs were observed. Feeding tube placement occurred in 6% of patients. No significant changes were noted in PROs from baseline to the chronic period. Significant worsening from baseline was noted in the XeQoLS acute-subacute physical functioning, pain, personal/psychological distress, and social function; acute-subacute MDADI physical function; and acute-subacute FACT head/neck subscale. The 3-year local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 88%, 76%, and 82%, respectively. Conclusions We demonstrate low grade ≥3 toxicity and encouraging disease outcomes with PBT. PROs suggest significant changes in the acute-subacute period but no chronic sequelae.
Sexual assault in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE To examine patient characteristics, patterns of injury, forensic evidence, and the frequency of sexual assault in postmenopausal rape victims from 1986-1991. METHODS Medical and forensic records were reviewed from 129 postmenopausal women (50 years of age or older) and 129 women from a comparison group (14-49 years of age) who reported having been sexually assaulted. Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test, chi 2, multiple logistic regression, or Fisher exact test. RESULTS Postmenopausal women represented 2.2% of women reporting sexual assault in Dallas County. The postmenopausal victim was more often white (64%), whereas the younger victim was more often black (53%). Drug or alcohol use within the previous 24 hours was more common in the younger group. Trauma, in general, was common, occurring in 67% of the postmenopausal women and 71% of the younger group (P = not significant). Genital trauma was more common in the postmenopausal group (43 versus 18%; P < .001). Nearly one in three postmenopausal women had genital abrasions or edema. Almost one in five older women had genital lacerations, with one in four severe enough to require surgical repair. In contrast, the frequency of extragenital trauma was more common in younger victims (66 versus 49%; P < .01). Forensic findings were similar in both groups; however, in postmenopausal women motile spermatozoa were seen only in those examined within 6 hours of the assault. CONCLUSION Postmenopausal women who have been sexually assaulted are more likely to sustain genital trauma than younger victims.
Development and application of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods with advanced polarizable potentials

Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations are a popular approach to study various features of large systems. A common application of QM/MM calculations is in the investigation of reaction mechanisms in condensed-phase and biological systems. The combination of QM and MM methods to represent a system gives rise to several challenges that need to be addressed. The increase in computational speed has allowed the expanded use of more complicated and accurate methods for both QM and MM simulations. Here, we review some approaches that address several common challenges encountered in QM/MM simulations with advanced polarizable potentials, from methods to account for boundary across covalent bonds and long-range effects, to polarization and advanced embedding potentials.
Preemptive Alcohol Septal Ablation Prior to Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement With Bioprosthetic Balloon Fracture.

Abstract A 78-year-old woman with bioprosthetic mitral valve degeneration at high risk for reoperation was referred for transcatheter mitral valve replacement. We describe the use of a preemptive alcohol septal ablation pre-procedurally to minimize the risk of acute left ventricular outflow tract obstruction given the anticipated need for a bioprosthetic valve fracture. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)
Flavors and Implied Reduced-Risk Descriptors in Cigar Ads at Stores Near Schools.

INTRODUCTION Although the FDA prohibits using inaccurate, reduced-risk descriptors on tobacco product advertising, descriptors that imply reduced risk or an enhanced user experience may be present on cigar product advertising in retail outlets near schools. Therefore, to inform the development of federal labeling and advertising requirements that reduce youth appeal of cigars, we conducted a content analysis of cigar ads in retailers near schools to document the presence of implied health claims and other selling propositions that may convey enhanced smoking experience. AIMS AND METHODS Up to four interior and exterior little cigar and cigarillo advertisements were photographed in a random sample of licensed tobacco retailers (n = 530) near California middle and high schools. Unique ads (n = 234) were coded for brand, flavor, and presence of implicit health claims, premium branding descriptors, and sensory descriptors. Logistic regressions assessed the association among flavored ads and presence of implicit health claims, premium branding, or sensory descriptors. RESULTS Seventeen cigar brands were advertised near schools; Black & Mild (20.1%) and Swisher Sweets (20.1%) were most common. Flavor was featured in 64.5% of ads, with explicit flavor names (eg, grape) being more prevalent than ambiguous names (eg, Jazz) (49.6% vs. 34.2%). Compared to ads without flavors, ads with ambiguous flavors were more likely to feature implicit health claims (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.06% to 3.19%) and sensory descriptors (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.39% to 5.04%); ads with explicit flavors were more likely to feature premium branding (OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.53% to 5.41%). CONCLUSIONS Cigar ads that featured implicit health claims and premium branding, and sensory selling propositions are present at retailer stores near schools. IMPLICATIONS We document the presence of implied health claims, premium branding, and sensory descriptors on cigar ads found in retail settings near schools. This study adds to the body of evidence that supports the development of federal labeling and advertising requirements for cigar products to reduce their appeal among vulnerable groups.
Cross-domain associations between mathematical and narrative abilities in preschool-aged children.

Abstract Both mathematical and narrative abilities are considered critical dimensions of children’s kindergarten readiness skills and are emphasized in developmental standards and readiness assessments during the prekindergarten period. Yet, despite considerable opportunities available to educators to leverage potential cross-domain associations in their instruction, little is known about how component math skills are associated with narrative skills. The current study extends prior theoretical and empirical work on cross-domain associations by examining the extent to which component math skills, constituting a kindergarten readiness assessment battery, are associated with narrative comprehension skills in children aged 4–6 years. Two geographically distinct samples of children enrolled in a summer kindergarten readiness program in the United States (N = 108) were used to explore how early numeracy skills (e.g., counting, cardinality), math language, and patterning skills individually and together contributed to variance in narrative comprehension skills. Zero-order correlations indicated that math and narrative skills were significantly and moderately correlated, with cardinality and math language skills showing the strongest associations, followed by patterning and counting skills. Furthermore, results from a multiple regression analysis indicated that cardinality and math language each explained a significant and substantial proportion of variance in narrative comprehension skills when controlling for the other math skills. Implications for theoretical models of cross-domain development of children’s cognitive skills are discussed.
Law, War, Imperial Competition, and the Colonial Foundations of the Sixteenth-Century Philippines

This article contributes to the understanding of the conquest and colonization of the Philippines, particularly the global and regional processes that molded the Spanish Empire throughout the sixteenth century. It suggests that the foundation of Spanish dominion in the archipelago involved the development of royal policies in line with imperial competition. Drawing upon Spanish legislation that legitimized the subjugation of natives and reports from colonial authorities on that matter, this article calls attention to the relationship between the development of law and imperial competition. Both processes influenced how the Philippine native elites were accommodated within Spanish rule.
Partial Central Diabetes Insipidus Following Endonasal Biopsy

In this chapter, we present the case of a 31-month-old girl who develops diabetes insipidus (DI) following an endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery for a suprasellar lesion. Her course highlights the need to monitor for the development of transient and/or permanent DI following pituitary procedures. The case also demonstrates the importance of the contextual interpretation of water deprivation testing results. Finally, we examine strategies in development to increase the diagnostic accuracy of provocative testing for DI with stimulated copeptin measurements.
Tauopathies as clinicopathological entities

Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal and/or glial inclusions composed of the microtubule-binding protein, tau. Several lines of evidence suggest tau aggregation is central to the neurodegenerative process in tauopathies. First, recent animal and cell model studies find abnormally-modified tau alone may be transmitted between adjacent neurons and spread to anatomically connected brain regions to recapitulate human disease. Further, staging efforts in human autopsy cases suggest a sequential distribution of tau aggregation in the central nervous system that could reflect this observed cell-to-cell transmission of pathogenic tau species in animal models. Finally, pathogenic mutations in the MAPT gene encoding tau protein cause hereditary forms of tauopathy. Clinically, tauopathies can present with a range of phenotypes that include both movement- and cognitive/behavioral-disorders (i.e. frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders) or non-specific amnestic symptoms in advanced age. A major limitation is that current clinical diagnostic criteria for these disorders do not reliably differentiate underlying tauopathy from other neurodegenerative diseases, such as TDP-43 proteinopathies. Thus, current research efforts are focused on improving the ante mortem diagnosis of tauopathies, including pre-clinical stages of disease, as many therapeutic strategies for emerging disease-modifying therapies focus on preventing abnormal folding and spread of tau pathology.
Economic, Financial, and Political Environment in Argentina

The first in a series of three papers focusing on Argentina, this paper analyzes issues pertinent to the relative advantages and disadvantages between the United States and Argentina for producing, transporting, processing, and marketing major agricultural commodities in the context of distribution to significant global markets. Designed as a tool for agribusiness students and prospective investment and trade partners, it outlines Argentina's economic, financial, and political history. The paper focuses on the past 15 years, with emphasis on the trade-related economic and political reforms in the presidencies of Carlos Menem and Fernando de la RAoa. Appendices give background on two wars, the "Dirty War" and the Falkland Islands War, and outline the participation of Argentina as a founding member of Mercosur, a customs union.
Closed‐form equations for coupling linear structures using stiffness and damping elements

SUMMARY Larger and more flexible structures are being constructed. As a result, there is an increasing need for more effective, efficient, and innovative displacement control strategies. One such method is the idea of connecting adjacent structures. This control method has the merit of generating sufficient control forces under low frequencies, a property that is necessary for minimizing the displacement response of high-rise structures. In the present work, closed-form equations are derived for solving the vibration control problem of connecting two adjacent structures. In this design method, the maximum absolute displacement transmissibility of each structure is reduced. The closed-form solution is derived for a passive control method, where the structures are coupled via stiffness and damping elements connected in parallel. The presence of the stiffness element allows for the simultaneous tuning of both structures. The method is demonstrated for passive control of adjacent connected buildings subject to the El Centro ground motion. It is shown that the passive connection method is effective in reducing the response of both structures compared with the uncontrolled (unconnected) case. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and characterization of a gene required for assembly of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat.

Abstract During endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis, approximately a dozen proteins are synthesized and assembled around the prespore to form a protective coat. Little is known about the assembly process, but several of the genes encoding these coat proteins are expressed in the mother cell compartment, where the proteins accumulate on the outer side of the developing endospore. Transcription of these genes is directed by the mother cell-specific sigma factor, sigma K, during the later stages of endospore development. sigma E may direct expression of the genes that encode proteins that function in the earliest stages of coat assembly. By screening for sigma E-dependent promoters, we cloned a gene, designated spoVID, required for assembly of a normal spore coat. Expression of spoVID was initiated at about the second hour of sporulation and continued throughout development from a sigma E-dependent promoter. The spoVID gene was located on the B. subtilis chromosome just downstream of the previously characterized hemAXCDBL operon and is predicted to encode an extremely acidic protein with 575 residues. Insertion mutants of spoVID produced refractile spores that were resistant to heat and to chloroform but were sensitive to lysozyme. Electron microscopic examination of sporulating spoVID mutant cells revealed normal morphological development up to about the third hour of sporulation. However, during the later stages of development the coat proteins assembled into aberrant structures that occurred freely in the mother cell cytoplasm and that consisted of reiterations of the single inner and outer layers that normally make up the spore coat.
A MODIFICATION OF THE LANGHOFF IMAGING TECHNIQUE

P. W. Langhoff1 has introduced Stieltjes and Tchebycheff imaging techniques for smoothing a discrete L2 approximation to the continuous photoionization cross section. These techniques are discussed at length in Langhoff’s accompanying presentation.
Pathogenesis of osteoporosis

Fractures, the clinical outcome associated with osteoporosis, have a complex pathogenesis involving, in most cases, both trauma to the bone and increased skeletal fragility. Recent evidence also suggests that the geometry of the bone is important in determining fracture risk, and geometric properties are in part genetically determined. Skeletal fragility is largely determined by bone mass and the microstructure of bone. Loss of trabeculae and their connections has been well documented and undoubtedly contributes to risk of some fractures. Microdamage has also been shown to occur within the skeleton and could contribute to fragility. Peak bone mass is a major factor in determination of subsequent fracture risk and it has both genetic and environmental determinants. Twin studies have suggested a major genetic contribution and that a few genes may be responsible, but these genes have not been clearly identified. Nutrition, especially calcium intake, and exercise also contribute to the determination of peak bone mass and are especially important during the major period of bone acquisition up to the age of 18. Bone loss among women begins in the perimenopausal period, although loss from the hip begins earlier. The loss is associated with both estrogen and androgen concentrations. Later in life other factors such as the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism may contribute to the continued loss of bone. Males lose bone at about half the rate of females, but the underlying contributing factors are not well documented. The pathogenesis of osteoporotic fractures is complex, but this allows for the development of multiple interventions, which may reduce the frequency of such fractures.
Competency v. responsibility: Competing standards, interests and the administration of justice

ABSTRACT The defendant who suffers from a mental disease or defect presents the criminal justice system with a special challenge. In addition to the usual balancing of the rights of the accused with the rights of the state and society, the legal system is called on to reconcile several additional problems. One of the primary problems is the confusion and interchangeable use of the terms “insanity” and “incompetence.” The article attempts to differentiate the two, with a brief overview of the development of each. The article also discusses the related issues of administration of psychotropic drugs involuntarily and the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision to prohibit the execution of the mentally retarded, two examples of a growing concern for the welfare and rights of criminal offenders of diminished capacity.
Endoscopic electrosurgical treatment for strictures of the gastrointestinal tract.

1. Freiman DB, Ring J, Oleaga JA, et al. Transluminal angio~lasty of the iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries. Radiology 1979;132:285-8. 2. London RL, Trotman BW, DiMarino AJ, et al. Dilatation of severe esophageal strictures by an inflatable balloon catheter. Gastroenterology 1981;80:173-5. 3. Merrel N, McCray RS. Balloon catheter dilation of a severe esophageal stricture. Gastrointest Endosc 1982;28:254-55.
An Improved Lunar Moment of Inertia Determination: A Proposed Strategy

The current error of 0.0025 on the lunar homogeneity parameterI/MR 2 is dominated by the uncertainties in theC 20 andC 22 gravity harmonics. This error level is equivalent to a 4.20 gm cm−3 density uncertainty for a lunar interior model having a core 300 km in radius. Covariance analyses are performed using Doppler data from the relay satellite of the proposed Lunar Polar Orbiter mission to determine an optimum reduction strategy which obtains an order of magnitude improvement in the gravity estimates. Error studies show the long-arc reduction method obtains results which are an order of magnitude more accurate than the short-arc technique. The nominal 4000 km circular orbit of the relay satellite is very sensitive to the unmodeled effects of gravity harmonics of degree 5 through 9. Results from this orbital geometry indicate that it may not be possible to achieve the desired order of magnitude accuracy improvement. A modified orbit having the identical orbital conditions as the nominal one, but with a larger semi-major axis of 7000 km is studied. Results show the desired order of magnitude improvement can be achieved when a complete fourth degree and order model and some fifth and sixth degree terms are estimated while considering the unmodeled effects of the remaining harmonics through degree and order eight. Studies also show a 50% additional improvement inC 22 can be achieved if differential differenced Doppler is also processed with the direct Doppler. The improved uncertainty inI/MR 2 reduces the core density error from 4.20 gm cm−3 to 0.1 gm cm−3 for the case of a lunar density model having a 300 km core radius.
Coordinating plug-in electric vehicle charging with electric grid: Valley filling and target load following

Abstract Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) shift energy consumption from petroleum to electricity for the personal transportation sector. This work proposes a decentralized charging protocol for PEVs with grid operators updating the cost signal. Each PEV calculates its own optimal charging profile only once based on the cost signal, after it is plugged in, and sends the result back to the grid operators. Grid operators only need to aggregate charging profiles and update the load and cost. The existing PEV characteristics, national household travel survey (NHTS), California Independent System Operator (CAISO) demand, and estimates for future renewable generation in California are used to simulate PEV operation, PEV charging profiles, grid demand, and grid net load (demand minus renewable). Results show the proposed protocol has good performance for overnight net load valley filling if the costs to be minimized are proportional to the net load. Annual results are shown in terms of overnight load variation and comparisons are made with grid level valley filling results. Further, a target load can be approached in the same manner by using the gap between current load and the target load as the cost. The communication effort involved is quite modest.
Schedule-induced and metabolic polydipsia

Two female albino rats, one (Rat FF) allowed free access to food throughout the experiment and the other (Rat FD) maintained at 80% of its free-feeding weight, were exposed to (1) baseline conditions with water freely available in both the home cage and test chamber and (2) baseline and free-reinforcement schedule (FFI-60-sec) conditions with free access to water in the test chamber and no access to water in the home cage. While home-cage water deprivation produced metabolic polydipsia in both subjects during test-chamber sessions, free-reinforcement schedule conditions produced schedule-induced polydipsia in Rat FD only. When under home-cage water-deprivation conditions (2), test-chamber water intakes of the subjects differed only during the free-reinforcement schedule condition even though both subjects had equal food-ingestion rates in the test chamber. Results were discussed with respect to previous explanations of schedule-induced polydipsia as a form of metabolic polydipsia.
Characterization of rhesus macaque natural killer activity against a rhesus-derived target cell line at the single-cell level

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells and NK cell activities in the rhesus macaque have been incompletely characterized. Using a recently developed rhesus NK target cell line with down-regulated MHC-I (B116 Lo ) as stimulators and FACS-sorted cells as effectors in a 4-h [ 51 Cr]-release assay we showed that the CD3 − CD8 lo subpopulation is the primary effector population for NK cell-mediated cytolysis. The majority of these cells co-express CD16, CD11b, NKG2D, and NKp46. To evaluate functional activity at the individual cell level, we employed intracellular cytokine staining and a flow cytometric assay for degranulation, based on cell surface CD107a expression. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that a greater proportion of NK cells degranulated than produced cytokines in response to B116 Lo stimulation; the frequency of CD107a-expressing cells within the total NK cell population ranging from 5 to 39%. Somewhat surprisingly, we did not find a significant correlation between lysis, measured by [ 51 Cr]-release assay, and the size of the degranulating NK cell population, implying that additional mechanisms may regulate lytic activity. Use of these approaches should facilitate an improved understanding of NK activity in the rhesus macaque.
Activation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase by pyoverdine☆

Abstract Pseudomonas mildenbergii , when grown without iron, produces a green fluorescent pigment, pyoverdine ( Love & Hulcher, 1964 ), which has a molecular weight of 2,380 and consists of a peptide of threonine, serine, glutamic acid and lysine (4:2:1:1, molar ratio) with an N-methyl phenylacetyl hydroxamic acid group bound to the peptide (Hulcher, 1968). The present work defines a possible physiological role for pyoverdine as an activator of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase.
Activation of membrane associated ATPase in hen's egg after ovulation.

WE have isolated the membrane complex (vitelline and plasma membrane1,2) from oocytes as small as 4 mm in diameter and through all subsequent stages of development in the ovary and the oviduct, including the freshly laid egg. Sixty-five membranes from ovarian oocytes, forty-five from oviducal eggs and fifty-four membranes from laid eggs have been examined. Three distinct isolation procedures are required depending on the developmental stage. Ovarian oocytes and their supporting follicles with diameters 8 mm do not eject outer membranes on release of the yolk. These are removed by microdissection following eversion of the ovarian follicle. In both cases the oocyte outer membrane is obtained devoid of follicular cells. The outer membranes of ovulated eggs are isolated by incising the ovum in water, cleaning by swirling and washing, and storage in 4° C buffer. Surface areas of spread membrane pieces are measured with a camera lucida.
Echocardiographic prevalence of mitral and/or aortic regurgitation in patients exposed to either fenfluramine-phentermine combination or to dexfenfluramine.

Abstract We evaluated the prevalence of valvular regurgitation in patients who have taken anorectic medications. Two-dimensional echocardiograms with color flow Doppler were recorded in 200 consecutive patients referred to a major metropolitan hospital for evaluation of cardiac function because of a history of anorectic medication use. Each patient filled out a questionnaire at the time of the visit or through telephone contact. Each echocardiogram was reviewed by 2 observers. The degree of valvular regurgitation was graded by a consensus of both observers. Significant valvular regurgitation was defined as at least moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) or at least mild aortic regurgitation (AR), as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For all patients having taken anorectic drugs, there was a 5% prevalence of at least moderate MR, a 12% prevalence of at least mild AR, and a 16% prevalence of significant MR and/or AR. Patients with significant AR and/or MR were older than those without significant valvular regurgitation (49 ±12 vs 44 ± 11 years, p = 0.03). Patients with significant MR and/or AR had a longer exposure duration (8 vs 6 months, p = 0.049) to anorectic drugs. There was no difference in weight loss between those with and without significant regurgitation (p = NS). The 2 largest subgroups were patients who took the fenfluramine-phentermine combination (n = 127) and those who took dexfenfluramine alone (n = 42). The prevalence of significant MR and AR was 5% and 9% for the fenfluramine-phentermine group and 0% and 14% for the dexfenfluramine group, respectively. There was also a high subthreshold level of MR and AR in these patients.
A STRONG TRUE‐SCORE THEORY, WITH APPLICATIONS*

A “strong” mathematical model for the relation between observed scores and true scores is developed. This model can be used The model has been tested empirically, using it to estimate bivariate distributions from univariate distributions, with good results, as checked by chi-square tests.
Selected other problematic testicular and paratesticular lesions: rete testis neoplasms and pseudotumors, mesothelial lesions and secondary tumors

The proximity and, in some instances, communication between several structures in the testis and paratestis (rete testis, epididymis, mesothelium, vestigial epithelium and paratesticular soft tissue) result in a plethora of interesting tumors and tumor-like lesions that together pose a formidable diagnostic challenge both because of their morphologic overlap and rarity. The occasional spread of tumors primarily at other sites to this region adds to the potential problem encountered. This review provides an overview of the pathology of nonmesenchymal paratesticular neoplasms and pseudotumors with a focus on the approach to tubulopapillary neoplasms for which diagnostic considerations may include carcinoma of the rete testis, malignant mesothelioma, ovarian-type epithelial tumors, epididymal carcinoma and metastatic carcinomas. The cornerstone of accurate characterization of these lesions is still a comprehensive, traditional clinicopathologic approach, clinical history (of another primary), gross examination (location) and routine light microscopy, but judicious incorporation of contemporary immunohistochemical markers may aid or in some instances be crucial in resolving the problems encountered.
B70-4 Theory of Scheduling

Scheduling and resource allocation have come to the forefront of the problems that confront the designers of computer systems. This is particularly true in time-sharing, multiprogramming, and real-time systems, but it is also the case for somewhat less sophisticated systems due to problems created by disk accessing. Theory of Scheduling is a very readable treatment of some of the "classical" solutions to scheduling problems, as well as some heuristic ad hoc approaches that are suitable in particular computer environments. The operating systems designer should not consider this book as the panacea for all of his ills, however, because the methodology that is given for solving his scheduling problems may be unsatisfactory in the context in which he chooses to use it. For example, in a real-time system the scheduling algorithm must satisfy constraints on maximum computation time which are not necessarily satisfied by the algorithms described in the text.
Components of female sex pheromone ofEoreuma loftini Dyar.

Three chemicals isolated from ovipositor rinses of virgin femaleEoreuma loftini Dyar (Mexican rice borer) moths were identified as (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate (I), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (II), and (Z)-13-octadecenal (III) in the approximate ratio 8∶1∶1.3, respectively. Preliminary tests indicate that in laboratory bioassays, these chemicals in the above ratio induce the same activity response as heptane extracts of rice borer ovipositors. Only one combination of two chemicals (I and III, 6.2∶1 ratio) elicited a similar response. Individual chemicals elicited no response. In field tests, the average number of male rice borer moths caught per night over a five-night period was the same in traps baited with 200–600-μg quantities of the 8∶1∶1.3 ratio of chemicals dispensed from strips of filter paper as with traps baited with virgin females. The two-component mixture (I and III, 6.2∶1 ratio) was not active in the field.
Preschool Children with Intellectual Disability: Syndrome Specificity, Behaviour Problems, and Maternal Well-Being

Summary Background Children with intellectual disability (ID) are at heightened risk for behaviour problems and diagnosed mental disorder. Likewise, mothers of children with ID are more stressed than mothers of typically developing children. Research on behavioural phenotypes suggests that different syndromes of ID may be associated with distinct child behavioural risks and maternal well-being risks. In the present study, maternal reports of child behaviour problems and maternal well-being were examined for syndrome-specific differences. Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of syndrome-specific behaviour problems in 215 preschool children belonging to 5 groups (typically developing, undifferentiated developmental delays, Down syndrome, autism, cerebral palsy) as well as the relation of syndrome group to maternal well-being. Results At age 3, children with autism and cerebral palsy showed the highest levels of behaviour problems, and children with Down syndrome and typically developing children showed the lowest levels. Mothers of children with autism reported more parenting stress than all other groups. These syndrome-specific patterns of behaviour and maternal stress were stable across ages 3, 4 and 5 years, except for relative increases in behaviour problems and maternal stress in the Down syndrome and cerebral palsy groups. Child syndrome contributed to maternal stress even after accounting for differences in behaviour problems and cognitive level. Conclusions These results, although based on small syndrome groups, suggest that phenotypic expressions of behaviour problems are manifested as early as age 3. These behavioural differences were paralleled by differences in maternal stress, such that mothers of children with autism are at elevated risk for high stress. In addition, there appear to be other unexamined characteristics of these syndromes, beyond behaviour problems, which also contribute to maternal stress.
Quantized phase effect and Josephson tunneling

By using properly defined sine and cosine phase variables, a model is proposed which yields a rigorous quantum-mechanical derivation of Josephson tunneling with exact current eigenstates. The model predicts that for dc tunneling the coherent fluids on both sides of the junction must be in the same state, and the "phase is quantized." This prediction can in principle be investigated experimentally, and may afford a fundamental test of quantum mechanics.
Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics – By Beth Baron

The disappearance of harem slavery in late Ottoman Egypt led the country's Turkish‐speaking ruling classes to marry increasingly with local Arabic‐speaking landowning families, whose offspring took...
Prognostic Value of Low Blood Glucose at the Presentation of E. coli Bacteremia

Abstract Purpose Septicemia is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States, and Escherichia coli is the most common isolate in blood cultures. Low blood glucose is a known complication of sepsis. The prognostic role of low blood glucose in E. coli bacteremia is unknown. The study's objective was to identify the incidence of low blood glucose at the presentation of E. coli bacteremia and determine its influence on prognosis and outcome. Subjects and methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in university-affiliated community hospitals. Subjects were consecutive patients diagnosed with E. coli bacteremia between 1997 and 2003. We identified 1060 patients with documented E. coli bacteremia. We excluded 105 patients who were younger than 18 years old or pregnant. We recorded demographic characteristics, discharge diagnosis, and outcome. Results Among the 955 patients with E. coli bacteremia, the average age was 64±19.4 years. Overall, 4.6% had documented low blood glucose (blood glucose E. coli bacteremia were more commonly associated with low blood glucose ( P E. coli -positive blood cultures and to the one hospital system. Conclusions Low blood glucose is present at the onset of E. coli bacteremia in 4.6% of patients. This represents a potentially large number of patients because E. coli is the most common blood culture isolate. Low blood glucose predicts poor outcome, especially in patients with abnormal hepatic and renal function. Low blood glucose should be considered an early clinical sign of E. coli bacteremia and aggressive therapy should be instituted to potentially save lives.
Structure and Dynamics of Blends of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes and Polyethylene by Atomistic Simulation

The influence of blending polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane substituted with cyclopentyl rings (CpPOSS) into a polyethylene (PE) matrix was probed using atomistic simulations. Composites of 5, 15, and 25 wt % CpPOSS were simulated. Interactions between POSS particles were found to promote organization of POSS within the polymer, where clear signs of aggregation were observed. Both particle and polymer dynamics were monitored. Particular attention was given to the structure and dynamics of the interface between particle and polymer. The interface was found to consist of a 3−5 A thick shell in which the structure of the matrix was altered from that of the bulk. In this region, the local polymer backbone orientation is biased toward a configuration parallel to the particle surface. Dynamically, the interface consists of a thick shell about 11 A thick in which polymer mobility is damped in the direction normal to and enhanced circumferentially to the surface of the CpPOSS particle. These results suggest th...
Synthesis of the C1-C9 fragment of callipeltoside-A.

The C1−C9 fragment of callipeltoside (17) was prepared in 12 steps and 7.2% overall yield from bicyclic lactone (+)-4. Key steps include a stereoselective epoxidation and further regiocontrolled nucleophilic opening of the oxirane ring to install two vicinal stereocenters (C5 and C6), and the use of bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide and a catalytic amount of Sn(IV) chloride for the chemoselective Baeyer−Villiger oxidation of unsaturated cyclopentanone 15.
Computation efficiency driven job removal policies for meeting end-to-end deadlines in distributed real-time systems

In distributed real-time systems, when resource cannot meet workload demand, some jobs have to be removed from further execution. The decision as to which job to remove directly influences the system computation efficiency, i.e., the ratio between computation contributed to successful completions of real-time jobs and total computation contributed to the execution of jobs that may or may not be completed. The paper presents two job removal policies which aim at maximizing system's computation efficiency for distributed real-time applications where the applications' end-to-end deadlines must be guaranteed. Experiments based on benchmark applications generated by TGFF [1] are conducted and compared with recent work in the literature. The results show clear benefits of the developed approaches - they can achieve as much as 20% computation efficiency improvement.
A Numerical Model of the Partitioning of Trace Chemical Solutes during Drop Freezing

Partitioning of volatile chemicals among the gas, liquid, and solid phases during freezing of liquid water in clouds can impact trace chemical distributions in the troposphere and in precipitation. We describe here a numerical model of this partitioning during the freezing of a supercooled liquid drop. Our model includes the time-dependent calculation of the coupled processes of crystallization kinetics, heat transport, and solute mass transport, for a freezing hydrometeor particle. We demonstrate the model for tracer partitioning during the freezing of a 1000 μm radius drop on a 100 μm ice substrate, under a few ambient condition scenarios. The model effectively simulates particle freezing and solute transport, yielding results that are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous experimental and theoretical work. Results suggest that the ice shell formation time is governed by heat loss to air and not by dendrite propagation, and that the location of ice nucleation is not important to freezing times or the effective partitioning of chemical solutes. Even for the case of nucleation at the center of the drop, we found that dendrites propagated rapidly to form surface ice. Freezing then proceeded from the outside in. Results also indicate that the solid-liquid interfacial surface area is not important to freezing times or the effective partitioning of chemical solutes, and that the rate aspects of trapping are more important than equilibrium solid-liquid partitioning to the effective partitioning resulting from freezing.
Ionic polymer–metal composite mechanoelectric transduction: effect of impedance

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) are commonly used as soft actuators due to their electromechanical response. However, the reverse phenomenon, i.e. IPMC's ability to generate charge on application of mechanical strain (mechanoelectric response), is not very well understood. The concept of mechanoelectric transduction and its dependence on complex IPMC architecture comprising of electrode, polymer and composite layer is illustrated with a phenomenological model. The impedance model takes into account the charge transport inside the polymer and layer properties in terms of their impedances. The model lucidly indicates the significance of capacitance in IPMC transduction. The impedance model is used for studying IPMC step and frequency response and the effect of IPMC capacitance on its application as energy harvester.
Hox genes and embryonic development

The hox genes specify regional differences along the anterior-posterior (A/P) axis of the vertebrate embryo. This function appears to reflect an ancestral role of the hox gene complex and is conserved across phyla. During the evolution of vertebrates, this gene complex has been recruited to perform other functions as well, many of which occur later in development. Although mutational analysis in the mouse is well-suited to the study of their early function, that same function limits the utility of mutational analysis in the investigation of later functions. The use of retroviral vectors to alter gene expression in the chick embryo has emerged as an effective way to address these later functions. This paper reviews that approach and its application to the study of the hox genes in the formation of the vertebrate limb.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Plays a Key Role in Lyme Arthritis but Not in Dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme arthritis, does not produce any exported proteases capable of degrading extracellular matrix despite the fact that it is able to disseminate from a skin insertion site to infect multiple organs. Prior studies have shown that B. burgdorferi induces the host protease, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and suggested that the induction of MMP-9 may allow the organism to disseminate and produce local tissue destruction. We examined the role of MMP-9 in dissemination of B. burgdorferi and pathogenesis of Lyme arthritis. In a MMP-9−/− mouse model, MMP-9 was not required for the dissemination of the spirochete to distant sites. However, MMP-9−/− exhibited significantly decreased arthritis compared to wild-type mice. The decrease in arthritis was not due to an inability to control infection since the spirochete numbers in the joints were identical. Levels of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines were also similar in MMP-9−/− and wild-type mice. We examined whether decreased inflammation in MMP-9−/− mice may be the result of decreased production of neoattractants by MMP-9-dependent cleavage of collagen. MMP-9 cleavage of type I collagen results in increased monocyte chemoattraction. MMP-9 plays an important role in regulating inflammation in Lyme arthritis, potentially through the cleavage of type I collagen.
Development of a Program in Innovative and Sustainable Design of Automotive and Building Technologies

This paper describes the development of a program in Innovative and Sustainable Design that focuses on transportation and building systems. Transportation and buildings consume approximately 75% of the energy used in the US and significantly contribute to the technical issues related to sustainable energy sources and the environment. The program will be organized into four areas that revolve around the nucleus of innovation, sustainability, and design processes: namely, research, educational, outreach, and collaborative arms. Research teams will design highly efficient buildings, vehicles, and mobility systems for the future. Students will learn design approaches to address the needs for energy-neutral building technologies and an efficient, environmentally friendly transportation system fueled by sustainable energy sources. Outreach efforts will recruit secondary school and community college students into engineering programs and expand visibility for the program. Collaborative projects will provide students and faculty with opportunities to work with engineers, designers, and scientists from other universities, government institutions, and industry on timely and technically important projects.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Bivariate estimates of giftedness

Abstract The bivariate normal probability distribution is presented as a method for estimating the prevalence of giftedness. The bivariate model requires the specification of two cutoff values for two selection variables and information regarding the size of the correlation between variables. The use and interpretation of bivariate estimates of the prevalence of giftedness is discussed.
Metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Methods: We evaluated relationships of MetS (as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults [Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII)], International Diabetes Foundation [IDF], and World Health Organization [WHO]) and individual MetS criteria with mortality between 1989 and 2004 among 4258 US adults 65 years or older and free of prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a multicenter, population-based, prospective cohort. Total, CVD, and non-CVD mortality were evaluated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the mortality hazard ratio (relative risk [RR]) predicted by MetS. Results: At baseline (mean age, 73 years), 31% of men and 38% of women had MetS (ATPIII). During 15 years of follow-up, 2116 deaths occurred. After multivariable adjustment, compared with persons without MetS, those with MetS had a 22% higher mortality (RR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.34). Higher risk with MetS was confined to persons having elevated fasting glucose level (EFG) (defined as110 mg/dL [6.1 mmol/L] or treated diabetes mellitus) (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.27-1.57) or hypertension (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.15-1.39) as one of the criteria; persons having MetS without EFG (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.11) or MetS without hypertension (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.71-1.19) did not have higher risk. Evaluating MetS criteria individually, we found that only hypertension and EFG predicted higher mortality; persons having both hypertension and EFG had 82% higher mortality (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.58-109). Substantially higher proportions of deaths were attributable to EFG and hypertension (population attributable risk fraction [PAR%], 22.2%) than to MetS (PAR%, 6.3%). Results were similar when we used WHO or IDF criteria, when we evaluated different cut points of each individual criterion, and when we evaluated CVD mortality. Conclusion: These findings suggest limited utility of MetS for predicting total or CVD mortality in older adults compared with assessment of fasting glucose and blood pressure alone.