cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Fabrication of an Electric Basic Utility Vehicle

The design and fabrication of an electric basic utility vehicle (BUV) is described. Its main purpose is to serve as a research testbed and a teaching tool for undergraduate classroom projects in engineering and technology. Students adapted the basic design from an electric golf cart and an off-road work truck. Various components were acquired or assembled from stock metal and Unistrut. Various systems like the braking, steering, electrical wiring, passenger area, and pick-up bed were assembled separately for modularity: keeping ease of repair and future upgrades in mind. The final vehicle was tested, and some results are reported here. Besides its academic purpose, the BUV can be used as an outreach tool and, from a utility standpoint, to help with groundskeeping and landscaping activities on campus - helping to reduce the overall carbon footprint of the campus.
Enhanced thromboprophylaxis in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection

Abstract Background Patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection have been shown to have abnormal coagulation parameters and are at increased risk of thromboembolism. The optimal thromboprophylaxis regimen that minimizes thrombosis without increased risk of serious bleeding is uncertain. Objectives To describe the efficacy and safety of increased intensity (enhanced) thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU). Methods This is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to the MICU of an urban safety net hospital. With the exception of patients being supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or on chronic anticoagulation who received therapeutic dosing of anticoagulation, thromboprophylaxis was given as either enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in doses higher than those recommended for standard prophylaxis, but lower than those used for therapeutic anticoagulation. Main results Of the 120 patients managed with an enhanced thromboprophylaxis protocol, 6 (5%) experienced thromboembolism as a result of their COVID-19 disease (1 pulmonary embolus, 4 deep vein thromboses, and 1 arterial embolism). Four patients experienced major bleeding while receiving therapeutic anticoagulation. Conclusions In critically ill patients with COVID-19, increased intensity (enhanced) thromboprophylaxis appears to be effective at preventing clinically significant thromboembolic events without an increased risk of serious bleeding.
Optimality versus reality: Closing the gap between renewable energy decision models and government deployment in the United States

Abstract Energy decision models are widely used to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of renewable energy, as well as to help inform the deployment of these technologies. However, a gap exists between the optimal model solutions and what is deployed. This paper explores why these gaps exist in the public sector using the results of interviews with 20 federal, state, and city government agencies that have used the Renewable Energy Integration and Optimization (REopt™) model to inform energy decisions. We then propose adaptations to technical modeling capabilities, and communication of results, which may help increase clean energy deployment. This research may be useful to both analytical modelers and the organizations using such decision tools to inform policy, regulation, planning, and deployment of clean energy systems.
Executive pay dispersion: Reconciling the differing effects of pay inequality and pay inequity on firm performance

Debate persists regarding the effects of executive pay dispersion on firm performance given that conflicting findings have plagued the literature. We aim to reconcile previous inconsistencies by ta...
Physician Communication Coaching: How Psychologists can Elevate Skills and Support Resident Education, Professionalism, and Well-being.

Many factors influence resident physician communication, including rigorous training demands that can contribute to professionalism issues or burnout. The University of Rochester Physician Communication Coaching program launched for attendings in 2011, and expanded to residency programs within 11 clinical departments of our institution. In this model, psychologists serve as coaches, drawing on their expertise in communication skills, behavior change, and wellness promotion. These coaches conduct real-time observation of patient encounters, coding communication with an expanded Cambridge-Calgary Patient-Centered Observational Checklist. Residents receive a written report with individualized feedback. From 2013 to 2020, 279 residents were coached. Since 2018, residents have been formally surveyed for feedback (n = 70 surveys completed; 61% response rate), with 97% rating the experience Very Helpful or Helpful. Of the 70 completed surveys, 54 (77%) included qualitative feedback that has also been positive. Due to the feasibility and growing demand for communication coaching from other residency and fellowship programs, in 2018 two authors (SM and LD-R) developed a 2-year, part-time program to train communication coaches.
Effects of an Intermediate Mass Sterile Neutrino Population on the Early Universe

The hot and dense early Universe combined with the promise of high-precision cosmological observations provide an intriguing laboratory for Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics. We simulate the early Universe to examine the effects of the decay of thermally populated sterile neutrino states into Standard Model products around the time of weak decoupling. These decays deposit a significant amount of entropy into the plasma as well as produce a population of high-energy out-of-equilibrium active neutrinos. As a result, we can constrain these models by their inferred value of $N_{\rm eff}$, the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom. In this work, we explore a variety of models with $N_{\rm eff}{}$ values consistent with CMB observations, but with vastly different active neutrino spectra which will challenge the standard cosmological model, affect lepton capture rates on free nucleons, and may significantly affect Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN).
Cross-linguistic transfer between aspect in Cantonese and past tense in English in Cantonese-English bilingual preschool children.

Purpose: This study addresses the question of whether sequential bilingual children’s past tense marking development in their second language (L2) is affected by their knowledge of temporal marking...
SOFIA: first science highlights and future science potential

SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, is a joint project between NASA and the German Aerospace Agency (DLR) to develop and operate a 2.5 m airborne telescope in a highly modified Boeing 747SP aircraft that can fly as high as 45000 feet (13.7 km). This is above 99.8 % of the precipitable water vapor which blocks much of the midand far-infrared radiation from reaching ground-based telescopes. In this review, we briefly discuss the characteristics of the Observatory and present a number of early science highlights obtained with the FORCAST camera in 5–40 micron spectral region and with the GREAT heterodyne spectrometer in the 130–240 micron spectral region. The FORCAST images in Orion show the discovery of a new high-mass protostar (IRc4), while GREAT observations at 1 km s–1 velocity resolution detected velocity-resolved, redshifted ammonia spectra at 1.81 THz in absorption against several strong farinfrared dust continuum sources, clear evidence of substantial protostellar infall onto massive (non-ionizing) protostars. These powerful new data allow us to determine how massive stars form in our Galaxy. Another highlight is the stunning image taken by FORCAST that reveals the transient circumnuclear 1.5 pc radius (dust) ring around our Galactic center, heated by hundreds of massive stars in the young nuclear star cluster. The GREAT heterodyne spectrometer also observed the circumnuclear ring in highly excited CO rotational lines, indicative of emission from warm dense molecular gas with broad velocity structure, perhaps due to local shock heating. GREAT also made superb mapping observations of the [C II] fine structure cooling line at 158 microns, for example in M17-SW molecular cloud–star cluster interface, observations which disprove the simple canonical photodissociation models. The much better baseline stability of the GREAT receivers (compared to Herschel HIFI) allows efficient on-the-fly mapping of extended [C II] emission in our galaxy and also in other nearby spiral galaxies. Of particular note is the GREAT discovery of two new molecules outside the solar system: OD (the deuterated OH hydroxyl radical) as well as mercapto radical SH, both in absorption near 1.4 THz, a frequency gap where Herschel was blind. A special highlight was the 2011 June 23 UT stellar occultation by Pluto using the HIPO high speed photometer and the FDC fast diagnostic camera. This difficult but successful observation, which was both space-critical (within 100 km) and time-critical (within 1 min), proved that SOFIA can be in the right place at the right time, when important transient events occur. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment proteins (SNAPs) bind to a multi-SNAP receptor complex in Golgi membranes

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment proteins (SNAPs) are required for the binding of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) to Golgi membranes and are, therefore, required for intra-Golgi transport. We report the existence of distinct alpha/beta-SNAP and gamma-SNAP-binding sites in Golgi membranes that appear to be part of the same receptor complex. Cross-linking studies with alpha-SNAP demonstrate that an integral membrane protein of between 30-40 kDa is the alpha-SNAP binding component of the multi-SNAP receptor complex. These data suggest that SNAPs function by independently binding to a multi-SNAP membrane-receptor complex, thereby activating them to serve as adaptors for the targeting of NSF.
Field-Effect Transistor Switch (FET)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: field-effect transistor switch (FET); majority carrier device
Plasma membrane calcium ATPases as novel candidates for therapeutic agent development

Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPases (PMCAs) are highly regulated transporters responsible for Ca2+ extrusion from all eukaryotic cells. Different PMCA isoforms are implicated in various tasks of Ca2+ regulation including bulk Ca2+ transport and localized Ca2+ signaling in specific membrane microdomains. Accumulating evidence shows that loss, mutation or inappropriate expression of different PMCAs is associated with pathologies ranging from hypertension, low bone density and male infertility to hearing loss and cerebellar ataxia. Compared to Ca2+ influx channels, PMCAs have lagged far behind as targets for drug development, mainly due to the lack of detailed understanding of their structure and specific function. This is rapidly changing thanks to integrated efforts combining biochemical, structural, cellular and physiological studies suggesting that selective modulation of PMCA isoforms may be of therapeutic value in the management of different and complex diseases. Both structurally informed rational design and high-throughput small molecule library screenings are promising strategies that are expected to lead to specific and isoform-selective modulators of PMCA function. This short review will provide an overview of the diverse roles played by PMCA isoforms in different cells and tissues and their emerging involvement in pathophysiological processes, summarize recent progress in obtaining structural information on the PMCAs, and discuss current and future strategies to develop specific PMCA inhibitors and activators for potential therapeutic applications. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Engineering on-chip nanoporous gold material libraries via precision photothermal treatment

Libraries of nanostructured materials on a single chip are a promising platform for high throughput and combinatorial studies of structure-property relationships in the fields of physics and biology. Nanoporous gold (np-Au), produced by an alloy corrosion process, is a nanostructured material specifically suited for such studies because of its self-similar thermally induced coarsening behavior. However, traditional heat application techniques for the modification of np-Au are bulk processes that cannot be used to generate a library of different pore sizes on a single chip. Here, laser micro-processing offers an attractive solution to this problem by providing a means to apply energy with high spatial and temporal resolution. In the present study we use finite element multiphysics simulations to predict the effects of laser mode (continuous-wave vs. pulsed) and thermal conductivity of the supporting substrate on the local np-Au film temperatures during photothermal annealing. Based on these results we discuss the mechanisms by which the np-Au network is coarsened. Thermal transport simulations predict that continuous-wave mode laser irradiation of np-Au thin films on a silicon substrate supports the widest range of morphologies that can be created through photothermal annealing of np-Au. Using the guidance provided by simulations, we successfully fabricate an on-chip material library consisting of 81 np-Au samples of 9 different morphologies for use in the parallel study of structure-property relationships.
Generating war game strategies using a genetic algorithm

Unlike most games which have fixed rules, the rules for war games can contain uncertainty. This uncertainty makes war games difficult to address with methods typically used for playing games by machine. The characteristics of war games match well with the domain for which genetic algorithms are effective. We explore the use of genetic algorithms for generating war game strategies.
Collisions of ultracold trapped atoms

Collisions of ultracold atoms can now be investigated in the laboratory at temperatures below 0.001 K. Such collisions are qualitatively different in many ways from collisions at normal energies, where T ≫ 1 K, because of the long time and distance scales associated with such collisions. Spontaneous emission can strongly modify collision dynamics of excited-state species produced by near-resonant optical excitation if the temperature is less than the characteristic temperature TS, where the collision time is comparable with the spontaneous-emission lifetime. We also estimate the temperature TQ that is characteristic of the onset of quantum threshold behavior, where the WKB approximation fails to apply as the de Broglie wavelength becomes large. We find that TQ is generally larger than TD, the Doppler cooling limit, except for collisions controlled by long-range potentials varying as 1/R3.TQ may be larger or smaller than TS. Expressions for estimating the magnitude of rate coefficients in the T → 0 limit are given. As an example, a model for the threshold behavior of Penning ionization of two He 3S1 metastable atoms is given, and the threshold rate coefficient is estimated to be >5 × 10−10 cm3 sec−1.
A manual fluorometric paper disc method for detecting phenylketonuria.

A method is described for a spectrophotofluorometric determination of phenylalanine. The amino acid is extracted from a spot of blood which is found to be stable when dried on filter paper. The method is relatively simple and the analysis may be completed on the day the sample is received.
These Families, Those Families: The Impact of Researcher Identities on the Research Act

This article discusses the various, sometimes competing, self-identities of the qualitative researcher and the impact of these identities on decision making in the research process. The author proposes that while culture provides the backdrop to identity, various aspects of the microcultures to which a researcher belongs may result in varying “personas” that influence decision making about the research process. The author illustrates these points with examples from her ethnographic research with African-American/Latino, low- to middle-income families of children with disabilities.
Financing India's imperial railways, 1875-1914

Financing India's imperial railways, 1875–1914, by Stuart Sweeney, London, Pickering and Chatto, 2011, 272 pp., £60.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-84893-048-3 In Financing India's Imperial Railways, 187...
Analysis of chlorinated organic compounds in estuarine biota and sediments by chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Complex sample matrices of estuarine biota tissue and bed sediment extracts were analyzed for selected chlorinated compounds. By using gas chromatography/positive chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry, the coeluting interferences present in gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry were eliminated in the biota tissue and bed sediment extracts. The selected chlorinated compounds included chlorobenzene; 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene; 1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene; 1,2,3,4-, 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene; pentachlorobenzene; hexachlorobenzene; hexachloro-1,3-butadiene; octachlorostyrene; and octachloronaphthalene. Daughter ion spectra for these compounds are included. The detection limit for most of the compounds was 20 pg, and the instrument response was linear over five orders of magnitude, by using 13C-labelled hexachlorobenzene as the internal standard.
The multi-shift vehicle routing problem with overtime

In this paper, we study a new variant of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) with time windows, multi-shift, and overtime. In this problem, a limited fleet of vehicles is used repeatedly to serve demand over a planning horizon of several days. The vehicles usually take long trips and there are significant demands near shift changes. The problem is inspired by a routing problem in healthcare, where the vehicles continuously operate in shifts, and overtime is allowed. We study whether the tradeoff between overtime and other operational costs such as travel cost, regular driver usage, and cost of unmet demands can lead to a more efficient solution. We develop a shift dependent (SD) heuristic that takes overtime into account when constructing routes. We show that the SD algorithm has significant savings in total cost as well as the number of vehicles over constructing the routes independently in each shift, in particular when demands are clustered or non-uniform. Lower bounds are obtained by solving the LP relaxation of the MIP model with specialized cuts. The solution of the SD algorithm on the test problems is within 1.09-1.82 times the optimal solution depending on the time window width, with the smaller time windows providing the tighter bounds.
The relationship of perceptions of tap water safety with intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and plain water among US adults

Objective: Research is limited on whether mistrust of tap water discourages plain water intake and leads to a greater intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). The objective of the present study was to examine demographic differences in perceptions of tap water safety and determine if these perceptions are associated with intake of SSB and plain water. Design: The study examined perceptions of tap water safety and their cross-sectional association with intake of SSB and plain water. Racial/ethnic differences in the associations of tap water perceptions with SSB and plain water intake were also examined. Setting: Nationally weighted data from the 2010 HealthStyles Survey (n 4184). Subjects: US adults aged $18 years. Results: Overall, 13?0% of participants disagreed that their local tap water was safe to drink and 26?4% of participants agreed that bottled water was safer than tap water. Both mistrust of tap water safety and favouring bottled water differed by region, age, race/ethnicity, income and education. The associations of tap water mistrust with intake of SSB and plain water were modified by race/ethnicity (P ,0?05). Non-white racial/ethnic groups who disagreed that their local tap water was safe to drink were more likely to report low intake of plain water. The odds of consuming $1 SSB/d among Hispanics who mistrusted their local tap water was twice that of Hispanics who did not (OR 52?0; 95% CI 1?2, 3?3). Conclusions: Public health efforts to promote healthy beverages should recognize the potential impact of tap water perceptions on water and SSB intake among minority populations.
Subnanometer level model validation of the SIM interferometer

The Space Interferometer Mission (SIM) flight instrument will not undergo a full performance, end-to-end system test on the ground due to a number of constraints. Thus, analysis and physics-based models will play a significant role in providing confidence that SIM will meet its science goals on orbit. The various models themselves are validated against the experimental results of severl "picometer" testbeds. In this paper we describe a set of models that are used to predict the magnitude and functional form of a class of field-dependent systematic errors for the science and guide interferometers. This set of models is validated by comparing predictions with the experimental results obtained from the MicroArcsecond Metrology (MAM) testbed and the Diffraction testbed (DTB). The metric for validation is provided by the SIM astrometric error budget.
Farm Finance and National Economic Policy—Some Gaps in Knowledge

port on the status of knowledge to the profession. Emanuel Melichar, with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and this paper's author are involved in a review of agricultural finance literature. This paper builds on materials that have been reviewed. This paper does not fully treat the broad subject of farm finance as related to national economic policy. Omitted are issues of taxation, price stabilization, loan guarantees, business cycle relationships to agricultural credit markets, differential effects of inflation on agriculture and other sectors, and others. Although such issues merit further research and discussion, the purpose here is to focus on a relatively few important topics, to review research on those issues, and to suggest gaps in knowledge. The basic assertion made in this paper is that agricultural finance research is too heavily oriented toward micro economics and not sufficiently concerned with national economic policies. While micro economics is important and should receive reasonable emphasis, it is also true that national economic policies affect capital formation in agriculture, functioning of financial markets in rural areas, and the flows of funds between agriculture and other sectors. To the extent this assertion is valid, it is, perhaps, largely because of agricultural economists' training in economic theory. Undoubtedly most agricultural economists have received more exposure in micro theory than in macro theory. Another possible reason for this micro orientation is that micro theory suggests more easily tested hypotheses than macro theory. There is, perhaps, danger in overemphasizing the importance of economic theory with respect to research results. However, this position stems from the methodological importance of theory in specifying the main economic relationships of relevance in research. Economic theory provides the basis for delineating hypotheses to be tested and specifying the relationships to be measured. In many cases gaps in our knowledge of agricultural finance issues stem directly from gaps in he underlying economic theory. The four topic areas discussed here are: (1) capital formation in agriculture as affected by national economic policy; (2) the effect of national monetary and credit policies on investment and production in agriculture; (3) functioning of rural financial markets; and (4) the sources and uses of funds approach in the analysis of agricultural financing.
Unified forward+inverse transform architecture for HEVC

The upcoming HEVC video coding standard supports many transform sizes ranging from 4-point to 32-point in square and rectangular form. Multiple transform sizes improve coding efficiency, but also increase the implementation complexity. Furthermore both forward and inverse transforms need to be supported in various consumer devices. This paper presents a unified forward+inverse transform architecture for HEVC. The unified architecture makes use of symmetry properties that exist in the HEVC forward and inverse transform matrices to achieve hardware sharing across different transform sizes and also between forward and inverse transforms. It uses 43–45% less area than separate forward and inverse core transform implementations.
Lethal temperatures of citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi [Hom.: Aleyrodidae] and its parasite,Amitus hesperidum [Hym.: Platygasteridae]

Seasonally acclimatized citrus blackfly (CBF),Aleurocanthus woglumiAshby, and its parasite,Amitus hesperidumSilv. were exposed to extreme temperatures for 3-hour periods and survivorship measured. In summer experiments, the LD50 for CBF adults and 1st instar nymphs occurred between 40° and 45°C. The LD50 forA. hesperidum adults occurred between 35° and 40°C and increased with decreased humidity, although some adults could continue to emerge from parasitized CBF up to 45°C. In winter experiments, the LD50 for CBF eggs and adults occurred between −5° and −10°C and for other CBF stages between −10° and −15°C. The LD50 for adultA. hesperidum, and survival and emergence of the parasites from CBF both occurred between −10° and −15°C. Comparing data from the 2 seasons shows that adults are the most temperature sensitive stage of CBF and the parasite is more temperature sensitive than CBF, especially at higher temperatures. Correlating lethal temperature data with field meteorological conditions shows that short-term temperature exposures cannot be expected to stop the potential spread of CBF orA. hesperidum through Florida.
The Complexity of Monotone Boolean Functions

We study the realization of monotone Boolean functions by networks. Our main result is a precise version of the following statement: the complexity of realizing a monotone Boolean function ofn arguments is less by the factor (2/πn)1/2, whereπ is the circular ratio, than the complexity of realizing an arbitrary Boolean function ofn arguments. The proof combines known results concerning monotone Boolean functions with new methods relating the computing abilities of networks and machines.
Commonality of cusum, von Neumann and smoothing-based goodness-of-fit tests

SUMMARY Recent papers by Munson & Jernigan (1989) and Buckley (1991) propose nonparametric tests for the hypothesis of no predictor effect in regression. The Munson-Jernigan test is similar to the von Neumann (1941) test, while that of Buckley is based on a functional of cusums. These tests are shown to be special cases of a wider class of tests based on nonparametric function estimation ideas. Fourier analysis is used to qualitatively compare the Munson & Jernigan and Buckley tests with two new tests constructed from nonparametric smoothers. Their relative powers are then studied by means of large-sample analysis and simulation. The cusum test is the most powerful for very smooth departures from the no-effect hypothesis, while the new tests based on smoothing ideas are clearly superior when the alternative is high frequency.
Relationship marketing's strategic array

Abstract Relationship marketing should be planned and implemented within an array of other strategies that relate with and enhance one another. Supporting strategies are those necessary for achieving a relationship's full effectiveness. Augmented strategies are those whose effectiveness might be enhanced by relationship marketing if marketing planning and strategic planning are integrated. Consideration of relationship marketing's use as a strategy deserves attention from management because it may require significant resources, often leads to interfunctional activities, and augments certain overall market strategies.
The BRST cohomology of the N=2 string

In this paper, we prove by rigorous calculation that BRST cohomology and old covariant quantization give the same spectra for the N=2-supersymmetric string. This confirms an old conjecture, but the precise mechanism by which it happens is more subtle than assumed, and may shed new light on BRST at extended supersymmetry.
Meteorology of Air Pollution: The need to preserve our air resources challenges our understanding of the atmosphere's capacities.

Atmospheric diffusion is accomplished by the wind movement of pollutants, but the character of the source of pollution requires that this action of the wind be taken into account in different ways. These sources can be grouped into three classes: point sources, line sources, and area sources. Both vertical and horizontal turbulent diffusion are described in detail. Atmospheric transport is discussed with emphasis on topographical barriers and semipermanent subsidence inversions. Air pollution meteorology is discussed in relation to urban air pollution. As more is learned about the meteorology of cities and the distribution of pollutant emissions, it may be possible to predict expected concentrations routinely and to take into account the changes in the patterns that would occur if the emissions were changed.
Characterization of variable-band-gap thin-film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 : a simple model for the interdiffusion of In and Ga in alloy structures

Abstract Thin-film photovoltaic devices based upon the Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 material system continue to advance with total-area cell efficiencies approaching 16%. Fabrication processes have been developed that may easily be transferred to industrial scale systems. Device designs incorporating variable-band-gap absorbers have been successful in realizing the full potential of the alloy material system. The final In and Ga distribution and phase nature of the variable-band-gap absorber is highly dependent on the fabrication process. A growth model describes the interdiffusion of CuInSe 2 and CuGaSe 2 for three fabrication scenarios. The incorporation of the In and Ga has been accomplished in such a manner that a range of device parameters results. Higher open-circuit voltage devices offer the opportunity for lower interconnect losses at the module level. The highest efficiency device fabricated to date exhibits the following characteristics: area = 0.43 cm 2 , V oc = 650 mV, J sc (total-area) = 32.2 mA/cm 2 , FF = 76.1%, and ν = 15.9%. Our work at The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is presently focusing on realizing these improvements, scaling to 100 cm 2 submodule sizes, and transferring the processes to a non-physical vapor deposition equipment systems.
Technique for correcting effects of long CO 2 laser pulses in aerosol-backscattered coherent lidar returns

The convolution effect in aerosol backscattered CO2 coherent lidar returns caused by the long tail of the laser pulse is analyzed by modifying the original lidar equation and introducing a correction function Cr(R). The characteristics of the correction function and its effect on differential absorption lidar water vapor measurements are investigated for coherent lidars. A deconvolution technique is developed consisting of a leastsquares fitting and iteration procedure for retrieval of the mean value of the atmospheric backscattering coefficient β and a reverse filtering procedure for estimating the fluctuation components of the β profile. Data obtained with the WPL coherent CO2 lidar are reanalyzed using the above method, giving improved estimates of the structures and the mean water vapor content.
Improving historical research by linking digital library information to a global genealogical database

Journals, letters, and other writings are of great value to historians and those who research their own family history; however, it can be difficult to find writings by specific people, and even harder to find what others wrote about them. We present a prototype web-based system that enables users to discover information about historical people (including their own ancestors) by linking digital library content to unique PersonIDs from a genealogical database. Users can contribute content such as scanned journals or information about where items can be found. They can also transcribe content and tag it with PersonIDs to identify who it is about. Additional features provide tools for users to explore historical contexts and relationships. These include the ability to tag places and to create a historical social network by specifying non-family relationships or by using a mechanism we call rosters to imply participation in some group or event.
Contact-Probe Based Excitation Method for Mine Detection: Application on a VS1.6 Italian Landmine

Probe force and ground surface velocity measurements are obtained using laser Doppler vibrometry for one specific excitation contact point on the casing of the VS1.6 Antitank landmine for surface laid and buried scenarios. Probe contact force and ground velocity measurements were taken over a 1 KHz bandwidth (0 Hz to 1 KHz). Combined velocity magnitude and phase images are provided as laboratory results. The proposed excitation technique has the potential for significantly greater signal bandwidth and amplitude compared to remote acoustic and seismic excitation strategies.
Revolution in Field Science: Apollo Approach to Inaccessible Surface Exploration

The extraordinary challenge mission designers, scientists, and engineers, faced in planning the first human expeditions to the surface of another solar system body led to the development of a distinctive and even revolutionary approach to field work. Not only were those involved required to deal effectively with the extreme limitation in resources available for and access to a target as remote as the lunar surface; they were required to developed a rigorous approach to science activities ranging from geological field work to deploying field instruments. Principal aspects and keys to the success of the field work are discussed here, including the highly integrated, intensive, and lengthy science planning, simulation, and astronaut training; the development of a systematic scheme for description and documentation of geological sites and samples; and a flexible yet disciplined methodology for site documentation and sample collection. The capability for constant communication with a ‘backroom’ of geological experts who make requests and weigh in on surface operations was innovative and very useful in encouraging rapid dissemination of information to the greater community in general. An extensive archive of the Apollo era science activity related documents provides evidence of the principal aspects and keys to the success of the field work. The Apollo Surface Journal allows analysis of the astronaut’s performance in terms of capability for traveling on foot, documentation and sampling of field stations, and manual operation of tools and instruments, all as a function of time. The application of these analysis as ‘lessons learned’ for planning the next generation of human or robotic field science activities on the Moon and elsewhere are considered here as well.
Effect of elastic stresses on free oscillations in ferroelectric liquid crystals

It is shown experimentally that an elastic mechanical stress in a crystal structure is a necessary factor for the appearance of free oscillations of the director of a ferroelectric liquid crystal. Such a mechanical stress arises as a result of internal textural perturbations in the presence of regions with a different orientation of the director or is produced by external pressure applied to one of the cell plates in the appropriate direction.
Acid mucopolysaccharide changes in chick hatching muscle

Acid mucopolysaccharide levels in the Musculus complexus (hatching muscle) of the chick embryo progressively increase during the final 96 hours of incubation with the most marked increase occurring on the day of pipping. The significance of these changes in relation to the role this muscle plays in the hatching process remains obscure, but it is suggested that the mucopolysaccharides, together with the large amount of water simultaneously taken up by this tissue, form a spongy muscle mass which serves to cushion the skull when force is applied to the shell during pipping.
Alcohol-focused spouse involvement and behavioral couples therapy: Evaluation of enhancements to drinking reduction treatment for male problem drinkers

This study evaluated the effects of alcohol-focused spouse involvement and behavioral couples therapy (BCT) in group drinking reduction treatment for male problem drinkers. Sixty-four male clients and their female partners were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: treatment for problem drinkers only (PDO), couples alcohol-focused treatment, or the latter combined with BCT. Clients whose partners were included in treatment evidenced fewer heavy drinking days and more abstinent/light drinking days in the year following treatment, relative to PDO clients. The combination of alcohol-focused spouse involvement and BCT yielded no better outcomes than alcohol-focused spouse involvement alone. Drinking consequences, spouse behavioral support for drinking reduction, and relationship satisfaction showed no effects of treatment condition.
Neuroendocrine stress response after minimally invasive surgery in pigs.

Minimally invasive operations such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy appear to result in more rapid recovery of normal function, less physiological disturbance, and presumably less stress to the organism than open operation counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine the stress response associated with minimally invasive surgery compared to conventional laparotomy.
In-Flight Tuning of the Cassini RCS Attitude Controller

As the Cassini spacecraft continues to age, protecting the health of the Cassini reaction control system thrusters has become increasingly important. To decrease the hydrazine throughput to the aging hardware, the Cassini attitude and articulation control subsystem examines several flight software parameters in the thruster control logic that can be updated in flight to improve controller performance, thereby decreasing hydrazine consumption and total thruster on/off cycles. Extensive ground testing in Cassini dynamic simulation software is undertaken first to accurately recreate the environment experienced by the spacecraft, and then to test adjustments to attitude control logic parameters to identify settings that significantly improve controller performance. Several possible control parameter updates are identified in this investigation, and currently one is being implemented onboard the spacecraft.
The pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline orally administered to turkeys: influence of citric acid and Pasteurella multocida infection.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the absorption and disposition of chlortetracyline (CTC) in the healthy and diseased (fowl cholera) turkey. The CTC was given (with and without citric acid) as an oral (15 mg/kg) or i.v. (1 mg/kg) dose. When minerals (0.3 g/L Ca2+, 0.1 g/L Mg2+) were dissolved in the bird's drinking water, the model indicated that the addition of citric acid (mass ratio of 10 citrate: 1 CTC) increased the fraction of dose absorbed from 0.06 to 0.16; once absorbed, the fractions of drug eliminated by renal excretion, biliary secretion, and chemical decomposition were 50, 46, and 4%, respectively. The presence of fowl cholera appeared to increase plasma levels by increasing the intestinal permeability and lowering the hepatic and/or renal clearance.
Determination of 43 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate matter by use of direct elution and isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

We are reporting a method for measuring 43 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) in air particulate matter (PM) samples using isotope dilution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). In this method, PM samples were spiked with internal standards, loaded into solid phase extraction cartridges, and eluted by dichloromethane. The extracts were concentrated, spiked with a recovery standard, and analyzed by GC/HRMS at 10,000 resolution. Sixteen (13)C-labeled PAHs and two deuterated Me-PAHs were used as internal standards to account for instrument variability and losses during sample preparation. Recovery of labeled internal standards was in the range of 86-115%. The proposed method is less time-consuming than commonly used extraction methods, such as sonication and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and it eliminates the need for a filtration step required after the sonication extraction method. Limits of detection ranged from 41 to 332 pg/sample for the 43 analytes. This method was used to analyze reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The results were consistent with those from ASE and sonication extraction, and these results were also in good agreement with the certified or reference concentrations. The proposed method was then used to measure PAHs on PM(2.5) samples collected at three sites (urban, suburban, and rural) in Atlanta, GA. The results showed distinct seasonal and spatial variation and were consistent with an earlier study measuring PM(2.5) samples using an ASE method, further demonstrating the compatibility of this method and the commonly used ASE method.
Long Time Coming, Long time Gone: the Past, Present and Future of Social History

This article traces the past, present and future of social history since the field’s emergence in the mid-1960s until the present. It examines the origin and developmental trajectory of the field, analyzing the various challenges it has faced and how it has responded to them. It ends by suggesting one possiblway forward for the field in the 21 st century.
Approach to the abdominal retroperitoneum in patients with gynecologic malignancies

The treatment of patients with gynecologic malignancies is still widely dependent on clinical staging. The introduction of the concept of surgical staging has significantly altered treatment plans. Better staging allows better treatment and more accurate comparison of survival and cure rates. We describe a surgical technique to expose the abdominal retroperitoneum. Sixteen patients have been explored by this technique. There has been no apparent difficulty in this procedure, even when performed on obese patients.
Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development. I. Filaments with one-sided inputs.

Abstract A theory is proposed for the development of filamentous organisms, based on the assumptions that the filaments are composed of cells which undergo changes of state under inputs they receive from their neighbors, and the cells produce outputs as determined by their state and the input they receive. Cell division is accounted for by inserting two new cells in the filament to replace a cell of a specified state and input. Thus growing filaments are obtained which exhibit various developmental patterns, like constant apical pattern, non-dividing apical zone, and banded patterns. In this first part of this study the inputs are considered to pass only in one direction along the filament. Formal set-theoretical statement of the assumptions, and of some of the theorems derivable from them, is included.
Assessment of temporal state-dependent interactions between auditory fMRI responses to desired and undesired acoustic sources.

A confounding factor in auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments is the presence of the acoustic noise inherently associated with the echo planar imaging acquisition technique. Previous studies have demonstrated that this noise can induce unwanted neuronal responses that can mask stimulus-induced responses. Similarly, activation accumulated over multiple stimuli has been demonstrated to elevate the baseline, thus reducing the dynamic range available for subsequent responses. To best evaluate responses to auditory stimuli, it is necessary to account for the presence of all recent acoustic stimulation, beginning with an understanding of the attenuating effects brought about by interaction between and among induced unwanted neuronal responses, and responses to desired auditory stimuli. This study focuses on the characterization of the duration of this temporal memory and qualitative assessment of the associated response attenuation. Two experimental parameters — inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and repetition time (TR) — were varied during an fMRI experiment in which participants were asked to passively attend to an auditory stimulus. Results present evidence of a state-dependent interaction between induced responses. As expected, attenuating effects of these interactions become less significant as TR and ISI increase and in contrast to previous work, persist up to 18s after a stimulus presentation.
Capacitors and the method of moments

Abstract The inhomogeneous charge distribution in several plate capacitors is calculated using the Method of Moments. Effects of global and local “inhomogeneities” in the capacitor are simulated.
Superfluid helium nanodroplets: 2006 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to Giacinto Scoles and J. Peter Toennies

Abstract At very low temperatures, helium becomes superfluid, with properties significantly different from those of familiar substances. Although superfluid helium has been the subject of extensive investigations, until recently no practical applications have been found that would utilize its unusual properties. The main reason was that macroscopic samples of superfluid helium expel all other atoms or molecules. Only in the 1990s, Scoles and collaborators demonstrated that one can embed “impurities”, atoms and molecules, in low-temperature helium if it is in the form of small droplets. Such droplets contain only a few thousands atoms and therefore are called “nanodroplets”. Furthermore, Scoles and coworkers were able to measure spectra of the impurities. Subsequently, Toennies and collaborators have found that the spectral lines are very sharp, almost as sharp as in the gas phase, and demonstrated that this sharpness has to be due to the superfluidity of helium in the nanodroplets. The newly created technique of helium-nanodroplet spectroscopy allowed investigations of molecules or clusters that are unstable in gas phase and has significantly increased our understanding of superfluid helium at microscopic level.
Copper and sodium concentration in rat hair as related to dietary intake

Abstract The use of hair as an index of mineral status has received some criticism despite its wide use in research and its wider use as a diagnostic tool. This study evaluated the effect of dietary copper and sodium intake upon the concentration of these minerals in hair. Forty-eight Long-Evans rats were divided into 3 groups of 16 at weaning and fed one of three levels of copper; 1) low copper (LC), 2) marginal copper (MC) or 3 mg Cu/Kg feed, and 3) adequate copper (AC) or 8 mg/Kg feed. Rats were fed these diets ad libitum for 6 months. At day 100, half of the rats received 5% NaCl for 1 week followed by 1% NaCl for 11 weeks as drinking water. The other half received deionized-distilled water as drinking water. Results revealed that rats fed the AC diet had higher (p≤0.001) hair copper concentrations than rats fed the MC and LC diets. Rats fed the MC diet had higher (p≤0.001) hair copper concentrations than rats fed the LC diet. Higher hair sodium concentrations were found in rats consuming saline compared to rats consuming deionized-distilled water (p≤0.05). These results support the use of hair as a measure of mineral intake for populations.