cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating vegetation and surface topographic parameters from multibase radar radar interferometry

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) data are sensitive to characteristics of the vertical distribution of vegetation and the underlying surface topography, both of which are of critical importance in successional ecological modeling and hydrology. However, even with the simplest scattering model, the number of parameters describing the vegetation and surface topography needed to characterize the INSAR response exceeds the number of independent INSAR observations. Introducing INSAR measurements across two baselines extends the observation set and potentially enables the estimation of all the parameters in a homogeneous-layer scattering model described in this article. The baseline lengths and INSAR accuracies needed for multibaseline INSAR parameter estimation are discussed. A demonstration of multibaseline INSAR with TOPSAR data over the BOREAS Southern Test Site yields estimates of the vegetation layer depths and extinction properties.
POLAR: portable, optical see-through, low-cost augmented reality

We describe POLAR, a portable, optical see-through, low-cost augmented reality system, which allows a user to see annotated views of small to medium-sized physical objects in an unencumbered way. No display or tracking equipment needs to be worn. We describe the system design, including a hybrid IR/vision head-tracking solution, and present examples of simple augmented scenes. POLAR's compactness could allow it to be used as a lightweight and portable PC peripheral for providing mobile users with on-demand AR access in field work.
Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in tilapia and human health: a review

A recent publication questions the nutritional value of tilapia in the human diet following the movement to eat fish for their omega fatty acid (FA) content. It suggests that tilapia have an elevated amount of omega-6 FAs (n-6) and a deficient amount of omega-3 FAs (n-3), a possibly unhealthy proportion for humans. A high n-6:n-3 ratio is problematic because too much arachidonic acid, an n-6 FA, promotes inflammation, which aggravates heart disease and other illnesses. This paper analyzes the numbers from different tilapia composition studies in an effort to understand the range of n-6 and n-3 totals and ratios present in both farmed and wild tilapia. Generally, wild tilapia have more n-3 FAs than farmed tilapia, but diet adjustments can alter the body composition of the domesticated variety. Consumers should consider fish as part of a balanced diet and evaluate their FA needs on an individual basis.
Increased reabsorptive capacity after ureteral obstruction reduces the ability of glucose to inhibit phosphate reabsorption in rat kidney.

Background. Proximal tubular reabsorption of glucose (G), phosphate (P i ) and amino acids is energized by the transmembrane Na + gradient, which explains why decreased concentration of one solute can enhance the transport of another. Accordingly, we postulated that the consistent increase in P i reabsorption seen in the post-obstructed kidney (POK) could be caused, in part, by the low filtered load of glucose and reversed by glucose loading. Methods. Renal function was examined before and after i.v. glucose loading in POKs (after release of 24 h of unilateral ureteral obstruction) and control kidneys (CK) of 10 adult rats. Brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) transports of P i and glucose were assessed in POKs and CKs. Results. In POKs GFR, urine flow and Na + excretion were significantly reduced and tubular reabsorption of both P i (T P /GFR) and glucose (TG/GFR) were significantly increased: T P /GFR, 2.0+0.2 vs 1,36±0.1; T m G/GFR, 23.4+1.7 vs 18.9±1.1 mmol/l. Glucose loading inhibited T P /GFR only in the CK. Initial Na + gradient-dependent uptakes of D-glucose and P i were similar in BBMVs from POK and CK. Conclusions. The increases in T P /GFR and TG/GFR seen in the POK do not result from decreased glucose delivery or from alterations in BBM P i and glucose transporters. The reduced ability of glucose to inhibit P i reabsorption in the POK results primarily from a generalized increase in proximal tubular reabsorption of Na + and cotransported P i and glucose. A specific rise in distal P i transport capacity may be an additional adaptive response to the low filtered load of P i in the POK. In addition, absent distal glucose reabsorption may further facilitate P i reclamation at these sites.
Layered manufacturing for prototyping of novel transducers

Layered Manufacturing (LM) technology has been implemented to prototype novel piezoelectric ceramics and composites for sensor and actuator applications. Piezoelectric actuators in the form of tubes, telescoping, spirals and ovals have been manufactured. Among actuators, spirals have shown giant tangential displacements up to several millimeters at moderate electric field. Multimaterials actuators have also been prototyped to study field-induced strain in these structures. In addition to actuators, piezocomposite sensors with oriented 2-2 and 3-3 composites were prototyped, in which the ceramic phase was oriented with respect to the poling direction. Various piezoelectric properties were measured and calculated. The hydrostatic figure of merit at an orientation angle of 45 degrees was significantly (50-80 times) larger than those of the conventional piezocomposites. Recently, we have fabricated net shape grain-oriented/single crystal components by integration of LM and Templatcd Grain Growth techniques. Grain oriented PMN-PT, bismuth titanate, and lead niobate components were also made using LM feedstock containing small amounts of platelet or needle-like seeds, resulting in improved piezoelectric properties.
Transcriptional Control of Skeletogenesis

The skeleton contains three specific cell types: chondrocytes in cartilage and osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone. Our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms that lead to cell differentiation along these three lineages has increased considerably in the past ten years. In the case of chondrocytes and osteoblasts advances have been made possible largely through the molecular elucidation of human skeletal dysplasias. This review discusses the key transcription factors that regulate skeletogenesis and highlights their function, mode of action, and regulation by other factors, with a special emphasis on how human genetics has contributed to this knowledge.
The bloodstained spear: public reason and declarations of war

States rarely declare war. For many international law scholars, just war theorists, and moral philosophers, the declaration of war is a moribund tradition that serves no important purpose. When declarations of war are defended, the argument is situated in the war powers debate about executive authority. In contrast, I argue that declaring war – making conditional and reasoned moral demands – continues to be an important requirement for just wars. States should declare war because states should make explicit (formal) moral demands before fighting. Declaring war is procedurally important because it ensures that a state makes a formal moral case, showing respect to innocent third parties whose interests are affected and providing targets the right to confront their accusers and hear evidence. While not a panacea, requiring declarations is a significant improvement on the ad hoc politics of wartime justification that plagues wars such as Iraq. Further, declarations, as ultimatums, are the only reasonable interpretation of the ‘last resort’ requirement in just war theory. A final section extends the argument to contemporary wars against non-state actors, showing that a politics of recognition underlying declarations of war may prove especially fruitful today.
Development of the Mouse B‐Cell Repertoirea

The mouse B-cell repertoire early in ontogeny contains B cells with receptor immunoglobulins exhibiting high connectivity, multi/self-reactivity, and generally low affinity. This is due structurally to extensive restriction in the germline components used to generate the B-cell receptor. The selective pressure acting on the nascent repetoire has both negative and positive components as seen in our in vivo models. VH81X-bearing B cells from the VH81X transgenic mice (and probably from normal mice) are subject to self-selective pressure with two components: a positive one favoring a certain (self-reactive) specificity in the CD23-IgM+ population and a negative one preventing the entry of B cells with this specificity into the CD23+IgM+ compartment.
Building Microcomputing Skills in Public Administration Graduate Education An Assessment of MPA Programs

Practitioners and academics alike acknowledge the very rapid diffusion of microcomputers in government agencies, yet the implications of this trend for graduate education in public administration are a matter of controversy. This article assesses the response of MPA programs to the demands of the public sector workplace for skills in microcomputing. Based on a national survey of these programs conducted in 1989, the study finds that about 90%o of the MPA programs have incorporated microcomputers into instruction, but only about 30% have a required course in microcomputing. While statistical analysis and research methods remain the primary courses in which microcomputers are used, a majority of the institutions integrate them into the teaching of substantive courses. Thus, despite the continuing dominance of statistical applications in the computing education of public managers, most of the schools also appear to recognize the importance of providing their students with other, more practical skills in micr...
The ATM Inhibitor KU-55933 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis by Blocking Akt In Cancer Cells with Overactivated Akt

Aberrant activation of Akt plays a pivotal role in cancer development. ATM, a protein deficient in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia disease, is traditionally considered as a nuclear protein kinase that functions as a signal transducer in response to DNA damage. It has recently been shown that ATM is also a cytoplasmic protein that mediates the full activation of Akt in response to insulin. Our study shows that a specific ATM inhibitor, KU-55933, blocks the phosphorylation of Akt induced by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in cancer cells that exhibit abnormal Akt activity. Moreover, KU-55933 inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing G(1) cell cycle arrest. It does so through the downregulation of the synthesis of cyclin D1, a protein known to be elevated in a variety of tumors. In addition, KU-55933 treatment during serum starvation triggers apoptosis in these cancer cells. Our results suggest that KU-55933 may be a novel chemotherapeutic agent targeting cancer resistant to traditional chemotherapy or immunotherapy due to aberrant activation of Akt. Furthermore, KU-55933 completely abrogates rapamycin-induced feedback activation of Akt. Combination of KU-55933 and rapamycin not only induces apoptosis, which is not seen in cancer cells treated only with rapamycin, but also shows better efficacy in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation than each drug alone. Therefore, combining KU-55933 with rapamycin may provide a highly effective approach for improving mammalian target of rapamycin-targeted anticancer therapy that is currently hindered by rapamycin-induced feedback activation of Akt.
Medical information systems: a reformulation of the problems as perceived by a hospital administrator

Much has been said in recent years of the inefficiencies of hospital management and patient care, and of the opportunities for automating the recording of nurses' notes, scheduling of drug administration, recording of doctors' orders, dietary menu planning, diagnosis by computer, and the like. The hospital business office and revenue accounting have often been singled out as the only areas in hospitals where modern data processing equipment has been at all effectively used.
SCALING OF ATP-SUPPLYING ENZYMES, MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS AND BUFFERING CAPACITY IN FISH MUSCLE: RELATIONSHIP TO LOCOMOTORY HABIT

Pelagic fishes with an ability to swim in strong bursts have previously been shown to have large size-dependent increases (positive aUometric scaling exponents) in the activities of glycolytic enzymes in white skeletal muscle. This scaling of glycolytic activity has been hypothesized to provide the anaerobic power upporting the size-independence of relative burst swimming speeds (body lengths s −1 ) in these fishes. This paper presents tests of several predictions of this hypothesis, using different-sized individuals of two pelagic teleosts, the kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus) and the freshwater rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ), and a flatfish, the Dover sole ( Microstomus pacificus ). In the two pelagic species, an increase in body size was accompanied by an increase in activities in white muscle (i.u.g wet mass ofmuscle −1 ) of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an indicator of potential for anaerobic glycolysis, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), an enzyme that helps maintain stable ATP concentration during muscular activity. Activities of citrate synthase (CS), an indicator of the potential for aerobic metabolism, decreased with size. In the flatfish, activities of all enzymes in white muscle decreased with body size, a trend proposed to reflect lack of adaptive value of strong burst swimming ability in this benthic fish. Activities of LDH and CS were size-independent in brain of flatfish, indicating that the scaling patterns observed in the muscle of this species were related to muscle function, not to common, organism-wide changes with size. In white muscle of P. clathratus , total protein and soluble protein concentrations and buffering capacity increased with body size in parallel, but myofibrillar protein was size-independent. These results suggest that the capacity for anaerobically powered work and the maximal potential to generate force scale only modestly in relation to total body mass and therefore do not appear to be functionally related to the pattern of glycolytic scaling. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that the functional role of the strongly positive scaling of glycolytic enzymes in the white muscle of pelagic fish is to provide increased power during burst swimming in larger-sized fishes.
Disciples of the State? Historical Legacies and State Control of Social Discipline in Turkey and Greece

Through a detailed case study of late Ottoman and early Republican Turkey, this paper presents an argument for why Mustafa Kemal’s founding regime was able to assert control over institutions of social discipline so decisively in the 1920s. The argument is built around an understanding of two historical legacies that had a substantial impact on founding regimes’ ability to consolidate state control throughout the former Ottoman World: 1) the “deep” cultural legacy of Ottoman administration via the millet system; and 2) the more immediate institutional legacy of early modernizing reforms. I question the prevailing assumption that Turkey’s process of modernization and secularization was unique to the region. Instead of juxtaposing the Turkish case against failed attempts at secularization and state centralization in the Muslim majority countries to its east, I argue that a relevant comparative case exhibiting similar dynamics can be found by looking west. Through a brief and stylized comparative case study of modernizing reforms in 19th century Greece, I highlight a number of generalizable conclusions about the conditions necessary for the successful state consolidation of institutions of social discipline in the former Ottoman world.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Cell Type-Specific Nuclear RNA From Neurons and Glia of the Brain.

Abstract Background Studies in psychiatric genetics have identified >100 loci associated with disease risk, yet many of these loci are distant from protein coding genes. Recent characterization of the transcriptional landscape of cell lines and whole tissues has suggested widespread transcription in both coding and noncoding regions of the genome, including differential expression from loci that produce regulatory noncoding RNAs that function within the nucleus; however, the nuclear transcriptome of specific cell types in the brain has not been previously investigated. Methods We defined the nuclear transcriptional landscape of the three major cellular divisions of the nervous system using flow sorting of genetically labeled nuclei from bacTRAP mouse lines. Next, we characterized the unique expression of coding, noncoding, and intergenic RNAs in the mature mouse brain with RNA-Seq and validation with independent methods. Results We found diverse expression across the cell types of all classes of RNAs, including long noncoding RNAs, several of which were confirmed as highly enriched in the nuclei of specific cell types using anatomic methods. We also discovered several examples of cell type–specific expression of tandem gene fusions, and we report the first cell type–specific expression of circular RNAs—a neuron-specific and nuclear-enriched RNA arising from the gene Hnrnpu . Conclusions These data provide an important resource for studies evaluating the function of various noncoding RNAs in the brain, including noncoding RNAs that may play a role in psychiatric disease.
Distance-Resolving Voltage Clamp Fluorometry (drVCF) Quantifies Intramolecular Transitions in the Human BK and CI-VSP Voltage Sensors Under Physiologically-Relevant Conditions

The BK channel voltage-sensing domain (VSD) exhibits important differences from the canonical VSD model: an additional helix (S0), a decentralized distribution of voltage-sensing charges throughout S2-S3-S4 and cooperative S2/S4 activation transitions. To understand the voltage-evoked conformational rearrangements of this unique voltage sensor, and address the unmet need of quantifying short-range intramolecular distances in conducting channels under physiological conditions, we have been developing a new theoretical and experimental framework: distance-resolving Voltage Clamp Fluorometry (drVCF).drVCF exploits state-dependent collisional quenching of site-specifically conjugated tetramethylrhodamine fluorophores of different length by tryptophan. Firstly, voltage-evoked, Trp-dependent fluorescence deflections of each label are acquired from the VSD of conducting human BK channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes using VCF-enabled cut-open oocyte voltage clamp. The labeling site/tryptophan distance in the resting and active states is determined by fitting VCF data to quenching probability density over distance, generated by fluorophore molecular dynamics simulations. Simultaneous fitting of data from multiple fluorophores results in well-constrained solutions. Confidence intervals are established using bootstrap resampling.At rest, S0, S1 and S2 are approximately equidistant from S4: S0-S4 mean=12.5A; 95% CI [12.4-12.8A]; S1-S4=11.9A [10.4-12.9A]; S2-S4=11.5A [8.8-12.3A]. Upon VSD activation, S4 diverges from S0 (22.0A [21.4-23.1A]) and S1 (18.4A [17.7-20.0A]), while the S2-S4 distance exceeds 24A. Using this information, we constructed a structural model for the BK voltage sensor in the resting and active states. Applying drVCF in Ci-VSP, we resolved that positions 137 (S1) and 212 (S4) are 19-24A apart in the active state, as in the atomic structure (22A: Li et al., 2014; PDB#4G7V). Thus, the new drVCF approach complements FRET-based techniques for distance measurements of short-range transitions under physiologically-relevant conditions.
Effectiveness of three just-in-time training modalities for N-95 mask fit testing.

Objective: To compare and contrast three different training modalities for fit testing N-95 respirator face masks. Design: Block randomized interventional study. Setting: Urban university. Participants: Two hundred eighty-nine medical students. Interventions: Students were randomly assigned to video, lecture, or slide show to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods for fit testing large groups of people. Main outcome measures: Ease of fit and success of fit for each instructional technique. Results: Mask 1 was a Kimberly-Clark duckbill N-95 respirator mask, and mask 2 was a 3M™carpenters N-95 respirator mask. “Ease of fit” was defined as the ability to successfully don a mask in less than 30 seconds. “Success of fit” was defined as the ability to correctly don a mask in one try. There were no statistical differences by training modality for either mask regarding ease of fit or success of fit. Conclusion: There were no differences among video presentation, small group demonstration, and self-directed slide show just-in-time training modalities for ease of fit or success of fit N-95 respirator mask fitting. Further study is needed to explore more effective fit training modalities.
Dynamic state variable models for parental care: I. A submodel for the growth of the chicks of passerine birds

As part of a larger modeling effort to understand the evolution of parental care in birds, we develop a model to predict the masses of developing passerine chicks based on assumptions about the amount of food fed to the chicks and published estimates of their metabolic costs, efficiencies and requirements as functions of chick mass and/or age. The model predicts sigmoid trajectories similar to those observed in nature. The model fails to predict post-peak declines in mass in some species, and we suggest that one reason for this failure is that the model does not account for parent-offspring conflict over food deliveries late in the chick's development.
A Computerized Text Analysis can Detect Deception

Detecting deception is an important skill, yet reviews of the psychological literature on the detection of deception typically find accuracy rates between 45 and 60% (cf., DePaulo & Friedman, 1998). A computerized text analysis, the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), offers one technological solution. Newman et al. (2003) used the LIWC to detect deception in five studies. Deceptive communications were characterized by fewer first person singular pronouns, third person pronouns, and more negative emotion words. In this study, 49 students delivered a deceitful and a truthful communication regarding their preference for music. Results from the 2 (importance of music in participants' life: high or low) x 3 (communication medium: type, write, or talk) x 2 (communication type: lie or truth) design indicated that technological tools may be useful in detecting deception; however, communication medium and topic importance mediate the relationship.
A Human -in -the -Loop Evaluation of Air -Ground Trajectory Negotiation

An integrated air ground simulation with commercial airline pilots a nd certified professional controllers was conducted at NASA Ames Research Center to evaluate a concept for air -ground trajectory negotiation. This concept was developed as part of the Distributed Air -Ground Trajectory Negotiation Project, which explores us e of new technology, including CPDLC and flight deck and ATC decision support tools, to accommodate user preferred trajectories. Two human -in -the -loop simulation studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003. The first study in 2002 focused on how an integration of air and ground side decision support tools (DSTs) with data link can potentially improve efficiency, capacity, and workload distribution. The second study in 2003 focused on pilot/controller interactions during a trajectory negotiation. The results fro m the 2002 study suggested that this concept allowed for more precise delivery, efficient flight paths, and lower controller workload, while the 2003 study demonstrated the feasibility of trajectory negotiation via data link. This paper summarizes these re sults, discusses critical factors that contribute to the success of the concept, and open issues that need to be understood in order to further the concept. Overall, integration of DSTs and data link seems to show great potential. The trajectory negotiatio n concept appears feasible but its potential for benefits needs further research.
Exploring the Cultural Connotation of the Chinese Characters(She Jian) from the Angle the Evolvement of their Forms

Toxophily is one of our traditional athletic sports items with a long history.From the evolvement of its Chinese character form,we can see the specifically culture meaning.Toxophily was used as a be military skill and a kind of method of survival and was listed in the content of education.In the Zhou Dynasty,it became a carrier of a social system and was endured with broad cultual meaning.
Elasticity and internal friction in a long column of granite

Abstract The forced resonant vibrations of a long column of Quincy granite have been studied with the object of discovering the effect of frequency upon the velocities of elastic waves. Longitudinal, flexural, and torsional modes were used, covering the frequency range 140-4500 cycles per second. For these frequencies the velocities were independent of frequency to within 1 per cent or less. The internal friction was also roughly independent of frequency, with Q = 150. The damping of seismic waves is considered with reference to these results.
Targeting the use of pooled HIV RNA screening to reduce cost in health department STD clinics: New York City, 2009-2011.

OBJECTIVE Staff at public New York City sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics screen patients for acute HIV infection (AHI) using pooled nucleic acid amplification tests. AHI screening is expensive but important for populations at high risk of acquiring HIV. We analyzed if targeting AHI screening in STD clinics could reduce program costs while maintaining AHI case detection. METHODS From January 2009 through May 2010, we screened all patients with negative rapid HIV tests for AHI. Using risk information on cases detected during this universal screening period, we developed criteria for targeted AHI screening and compared case yields and testing costs during 12 months of universal screening (June 2009 through May 2010) vs. 12 months of targeted screening (June 2010 through May 2011). RESULTS During the defined period of universal screening, we identified 40 AHI cases, and during targeted screening, we identified 35 AHI cases. Because of targeting efforts, the number needed to test to find one AHI case dropped from 1,631 to 254. With targeted screening, it cost an average of $4,535 per case detected and 39.3 cases were detected per 10,000 specimens; using universal screening, $29,088 was spent per case detected and 6.1 cases were detected per 10,000 specimens processed. CONCLUSION Targeted screening identified similar numbers of AHI cases as when screening all clinic patients seeking HIV testing, but at one-seventh the cost.
Exit-Slot Orientation on Pumping Blades for a Rotor in Ground Effect

High-resolution particle image velocimetry measurements were taken to document the evolution of the tip vortices trailed from a rotor system operating in ground effect, with centrifugal-driven (i.e., pumping) spanwise blowing blade designs. All pumping blade designs used the same intake and internal slot, with exit slots oriented at angles of 0, 30, 45, and 60 deg above the horizontal axis. Each blade set was tested in a hovering state in ground effect at a blade loading coefficient of 0.080. Additional measurements were also performed to examine the effect of mass flow rate on tip vortex diffusion. Each pumping blade designs incurred a power penalty, resulting in part from the increased profile losses associated with the exit slots. The 30, 45, and 60 deg pumping blade designs had a degraded performance when compared to that of the 0 deg pumping blade, which was hypothesized to result from negative thrust effects. At the higher thrust condition, the tip vortices trailed from the pumping blade designs per...
Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the “Hebraic monster”

“HEBREW ROOTS ENOUGH … TO FRIGHTEN”: THE DOUBLE EDGE OF HEBRAIC KNOWLEDGE Although she [Miss Barrett] has read Plato, in the original, from beginning to end, and the Hebrew Bible from Genesis to Malachi (nor suffered her courset to be stopped by the Chaldean), yet there is probably not a single good romance of the most romantic kind in whose marvellous and impossible scenes she has not delighted … All of this, our readers may be assured, that we believe to as strictly authentic as the very existence of the lady in question, although, as we have already confessed, we have no absolute knowledge of this fact. But lest the reader should exclaim, “Then, after all , there really may be no such person!” we should bear witness to having been shown a letter of Miss Mitford's to friend, from which it was plainly to be inferred that she had actually seen and conversed with her. (Richard Horne, A New Spirit of the Age , 339–40) So he has exalted me personally with all manner of devices … with the aid of “charming notes to fair friends”, – & Hebrew roots & Plato enough to frighten away friends fair and brown … the circumstance of your name being mentioned (as it is once) in connection with me, goes very far to reconcile me to my position as an Hebraic monster who lives in the dark. […]
Fingertip beta imager based on the SiPM technology

We have implemented the low-profile SENSL 16ch SPMArray2 module in a small prototype of a beta/positron imager. The SiPM sensor has a 0.5–1mm thick plastic scintillator optically coupled via thin (1–2mm) glass window for better light spread between the sixteen 3mm SiPM pads to allow center of gravity position calculations of the scintillation light flashes. In the initial studies, aluminized Mylar foil and Teflon tape were used for a top surface reflector, and black Tedlar foil for a light-tight mechanical barrier. Sensitivity of 3–5 counts/sec per nanoCi was measured with one layer of 50 micron Teflon and 50 micron Tedlar each. For two Tedlar layers the sensitivity was lower by about 10 percent with the applied broad energy window. Intrinsic spatial resolution was estimated at approximately 2.5mm, with the un-collimated positron beam distribution limiting the measurement. The position information can be used as a finer indication when the hot spots are located within the ∼10mm×10mm useful FOV of the device. According to the initial plans, the imager will be evaluated as a tool assisting with checking the cancer margin adequacy in breast cancer excision (lumpectomy). Before surgery, the patient will obtain systemic injection of positron biomarker, such as F18-FDG, the same that was used to detect the cancer in the PET procedure. Attached to the surgeons fingertip, the imager will be used to scan the surface of the post-extraction cavity for residual positron activity as an indication of non-sufficient cancer margins, to allow for immediate in-situ correction. The imager is planned as another instrument in the set of complementary imaging and non-imaging tools to assist with breast cancer surgeries, not to replace other tools.
Simulation of Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure with Time-Dependent Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Theory.

An explicitly time-dependent (TD) approach to equation-of-motion (EOM) coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD) is implemented for simulating near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure in molecular systems. The TD-EOM-CCSD absorption line shape function is given by the Fourier transform of the CCSD dipole autocorrelation function. We represent this transform by its Pade approximant, which provides converged spectra in much shorter simulation times than are required by the Fourier form. The result is a powerful framework for the blackbox simulation of broadband absorption spectra. K-edge X-ray absorption spectra for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in several small molecules are obtained from the real part of the absorption line shape function and are compared with experiment. The computed and experimentally obtained spectra are in good agreement; the mean unsigned error in the predicted peak positions is only 1.2 eV. We also explore the spectral signatures of protonation in these molecules.
Where is critical theory? Eurocentrism and marginalization in European and American Critical Theory

In this paper I will examine the marginalization of certain forms of critical theory in US. I will argue that the real Great Refusals have been refused by much of what calls itself critical theory. What gets accepted as critical theory in the academy is often connected to the social position of those doing the theory. That is, quite often critical theory is constructed by those who enjoy a certain degree of social comfort and have created a gap between themselves and the “wretched of the earth” who suffer daily. Critical Theory becomes Ivory Tower theorizing. Finally, I will argue that Herbert Marcuse was a critical theorist who tried to stay connected to those who suffer. I will make some proposals based on Herbert Marcuse’s critical theory of education, the black feminist framework of intersectionality, and what I call democratic attunement.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA AND THE PRESENCE AND SEVERITY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.

Purpose:To evaluate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods:Three hundred seventeen patients with International Classification of Diseases diagnoses of both DR and OSA were evaluated retrospectively. Diabetic retinopat
Cheatgrass Die-Offs: A Unique Restoration Opportunity in Northern Nevada

On the Ground The phenomenon of cheatgrass die-off is a common and naturally occurring stand failure that can eliminate the presence of this annual grass for a year or more, affecting tens of thousands of hectares in some years. We designed a study to determine if the temporary lack of cheatgrass caused by die-offs is a restoration opportunity. We seeded native perennial species at three die-offs in the Winnemucca, Nevada, area. Native grass establishment in die-offs was almost three times higher in the first season at all sites, relative to adjacent areas without die-off. Establishment was five times higher in the die-off at two sites in the second season, and plants produced dramatically more culms in the die-off at the third site in the third season. Increasing seed rates led to more seedlings establishing in both die-offs and controls, with the strongest effect in the second season. We suggest that landowners and managers consider targeting die-offs as efficient locations to focus native restoration e...
The Differential Diagnosis of Somatoform Disorders

Somatoform disorders lie on the boundary between medicine and psychiatry and have been relatively ignored by both. Though quite common, these disorders have received little systematic research. Misdiagnosing these disorders results in morbidity, expense, and the possibility of missing more treatable medical or psychiatric diagnoses. The differential diagnosis of somatoform disorders is a difficult but important task that we will discuss in some detail.
Some perspectives on nonparametric statistical process control

Statistical process control (SPC) charts play a central role in quality control and management. Many conventional SPC charts are designed under the assumption that the related process distribution is normal. In practice, the normality assumption is often invalid. In such cases, some articles show that certain conventional SPC charts are robust and can still be used as long as their parameters are properly chosen. Some other articles argue that results from such conventional SPC charts would not be reliable and that nonparametric SPC charts should be considered instead. In recent years, many nonparametric SPC charts have been proposed. Most of them are based on the ranking information in process observations collected at different time points. Some of them are based on data categorization and categorical data analysis. In this article, we give some perspectives on issues related to the robustness of conventional SPC charts and to the strengths and limitations of various nonparametric SPC charts.
Interlocking Kerr-microresonator frequency combs for microwave to optical synthesis.

We report accurate phase stabilization of an interlocking pair of Kerr-microresonator frequency combs. The two combs, one based on silicon nitride and one on silica, feature nearly harmonic repetition frequencies and can be generated with one laser. The silicon-nitride comb supports an ultrafast-laser regime with three-optical-cycle, 1-picosecond-period soliton pulses and a total dispersive-wave-enhanced bandwidth of 170 THz, while providing a stable phase-link between optical and microwave frequencies. We demonstrate nanofabrication control of the silicon-nitride comb’s carrier-envelope offset frequency and spectral profile. The phase-locked combs coherently reproduce their clock with a fractional precision of <6×10−13/τ, a behavior we verified through 2 h of measurement to reach <3×10−16. Our work establishes Kerr combs as a viable technology for applications like optical-atomic timekeeping and optical synchronization.
Escape of Listeria monocytogenes from a Vacuole

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to escape from vacuoles of infected cells and subsequently to replicate in the cytosol and spread from cell to cell is one of the distinctive features of this facultative intracellular pathogen. The process of escape is mediated by several proteins that are encoded by genes in the PrfA regulon cluster. These include listeriolysin O, a pore-forming, cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, a phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), and a broad range phospholipase whose proteolytic activation is mediated by a metalloprotease. These proteins are described and their specific roles in escape from the vacuole are
The psychology of stalking : clinical and forensic perspectives

Publisher Summary Diana, Princess of Wales, was killed in an automobile accident on August 31, 1997. Millions grieved at the loss of what they felt to be a personal relationship with a woman they had never met. This chapter emphasizes that recognizing the force of fantasy as a central component of intense emotion and inexplicable behavior is the first step in understanding the psychology of stalking. Stalking is a crime involving acts of pursuit of an individual over times that are threatening and potentially dangerous. Clinical definitions of stalking vary, but tend to be more easily operationalized and measurable than legal definitions. In 1997 the Center for Policy Research in Denver published a study that reported the results of a telephone survey of 8000 men and 8000 women concerning their experiences with stalking. The findings of this survey indicate that stalking is a substantial criminal justice and public health concern. This chapter also discusses cyberstalking. Although there is no research on cyberstalking at present, there are legal cases, in which the Internet has been utilized as a means of unwanted communication to stalk someone.
The interface crack with a contact zone (an analytical treatment)

An analytical treatment is made of the problem of an interface crack with a contact zone. It is shown that the unrealistic oscillatory singularities are removed independent of the contact zone size. The model of Comninou [1, 2, 3, 4] leads to an equation for the contact zone length with possibly an infinity of solutions. However, only the largest of these appears to satisfy all the subsidiary conditions of the problem posed i.e. that of a single contact region. The singular shear stress field at the crack tip is effectively independent of the precise (small) contact zone length. An alternative model, illustrated in Fig. 3, is suggested. Each of these models leads to the same energy release rate.
Simulation of typical physiological systems

An example of a mathematical model of a typical physiological system is presented in this chapter. The example is followed by a description of several mathematical tools which we have found to be useful in the study of such systems.
Max Born and Wiener’s Thoughts on Quantum Mechanics and Unified Field Theory

From 1922 to 1927 Wiener traveled to Europe practically every summer. He found these trips intellectually refreshing and enjoyed the company of interesting people he met. During the 1920s his work was much better appreciated in Europe than in America, and he got considerably more encouragement from mathematicians abroad than he did from those at home, most of whom hardly knew him. During these visits, Wiener worked. The words: “The kind of work I do can be done anywhere. Why should I be less capable of reflecting about my problems on the Potsdam bridge than at home?” are Einstein’s (cf. P. Frank {F4, p. 147}), but could have been Wiener’s. His ideas on quantum mechanics were formed in the course of such travels and participation in seminar discussions in Europe.
Similarities and Differences in the Formal and Informal Mathematical Cognition of African, American, and Asian Children: The Roles of Schooling and Social Class

Abstract This study investigated the roles of schooling and social class in the development of formal and informal mathematical thinking in 3 to 8 year old African, American, and Asian children. U.S. middle income children exhibited strong performance in early informal mathematics, but over time all groups seemed to demonstrate proficiency in this area. After a few years of schooling, Koreans surpassed Americans in formal mathematics. U.S. lower income children lagged one or two years behind schooled children from the other countries, and U.S. middle class children performed at about the same level as the Africans.
The ‘low-volume acetabulum’: dysplasia in disguise

Although there are well described radiological criteria for diagnosing DDH, our experience has highlighted that a new sub-category of hips exists in which the classic radiographic characteristics for DDH may be normal but the coverage of the femoral head is compromised. The purpose of this study was to validate a simple radiographic measurement method for calculating the depth of the acetabulum in order to detect individuals with ‘low-volume’ acetabuli and under-covered femoral heads. We identified 24 patients who were suspected of having low-volume acetabuli and compared their radiographs with those of 150 patients with non-dysplastic hips. The radiographic indices measured included the lateral center-edge (CE) angle, the anterior CE angle, the femoral neck-shaft angle, the extrusion index, integrity of the Shenton’s line, the crossover sign, and ischial spine sign. We have developed a novel, but a simple method, named the ‘coverage index’ (CI) to identify the presence of a low-volume acetabulum on plain radiographs. Comparisons were made between the low-volume hips and the non-dysplastic hips. The radiographic parameters indicative of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) were within normal limits in all patients with low-volume acetabuli and therefore these hips could not be classified as ‘dysplastic’ based on the traditional radiological parameters. There was no difference between the mean radius of the femoral head in two groups. The mean CI was significantly greater in the non-dysplastic group compared with the low-volume acetabula cohort (1.62 ± 0.117 in non-dysplastic group versus 1.07 ± 0.11 in low-volume hips) (P = 0.0001). Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware of a hip abnormality in which the femoral head coverage is deficient, yet all the conventional parameters for measuring coverage, including the center edge angle, are within normal limits. We have introduced a simple radiographic measurement method that may help surgeons identify these patients using the anteroposterior radiographs of the hip.
Frames and Erasures

Frames have been useful in signal transmission due to the built in redundancy. In recent years, the erasure problem in data transmission has been the focus of considerable research in the case the error estimate is measured by operator (or matrix) norm. Sample results include the characterization of one-erasure optimal Parseval frames, the connection between two-erasure optimal Parseval frames and equiangular frames, and some characterization of optimal dual frames. If iterations are allowed in the reconstruction process of the signal vector, then spectral radius measurement for the error operators is more appropriate than the operator norm measurement. A complete characterization of spectrally one-uniform frames (i.e., one-erasure optimal frames with respect to the spectral radius measurement) in terms of the redundancy distribution of the frame is obtained. The characterization relies on the connection between spectrally optimal frames and the linear connectivity property of the frame. The linear connectivity property is equivalent to the intersection dependence property, and is also closely related to the concept of \(k\)-independent set.
Wettability effects of thin titanium liquid/gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

Abstract Wettability of titanium thin/tunable liquid/gas diffusion layers (TT-LGDLs) may affect the oxygen bubble dynamics and detachment process, and impact the performance (cell voltage) in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs). In this study, a silane monolayer is applied to tune the TT-LGDL wettability for the first time. The ultra-fast and micro-scale oxygen gas bubble dynamics and the two-phase flow in the channel are studied in situ for hydrophobically treated and hydrophilic titanium thin/tunable LGDLs (TT-LGDLs) with a high-speed and micro-scale visualization system (HMVS). The HMVS shows that the micro oxygen bubbles occur only along the CL/TT-LGDL interfaces at the rim of pores on TT-LGDLs. Bubbles more easily coalescence to form a large one in hydrophobic TT-LGDLs. Pore-scale analysis on the single bubble evolution process shows that the detachment diameter and frequency of oxygen bubbles in the hydrophobic TT-LGDLs are much larger than those in the hydrophilic TT-LGDLs. The PEMEC performance with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic TT-LGDLs are very close under 2.0 A/cm2, which means that the wettability has limited effect on TT-LGDLs mainly due to their thin features and unique structures with straight pores.
Nanocalorimetry: Exploring materials faster and smaller

This review explores the development of microchip-based nanocalorimeters for small scale and high rate thermal measurements. Nanocalorimetry is a growing field of importance given the ability to investigate the thermal behavior of thin films and nanomaterials. It can reveal how thermal properties scale with size and provide direct measurements of high rate and multistep reactions, nucleation in complex environments, and surface effects, even on samples below a monolayer.
Conclusions and Notes to the Reader

The book aimed to evaluate international public health issues, with a particular focus on diseases and disasters, policies and practices in low-, middle- and high-income countries. The magnitude of the disease burden is heavier in the low- and middle-income countries, and the picture is further exacerbated by resource constraints. While donor governments have committed funding and technical assistance to support low- and middle-income countries deal with the heavy burden of diseases, such support presents a threat to health systems in the context of sustainable leadership and sustainable financing in the recipient countries, if the donor funding is terminated or reduced. Inequality is a sore point, both internationally and intra-nationally, as it undermines the realisation of health as a human right for all people. Effective and sustainable disease control requires a holistic approach that goes beyond clinical medicine. The international public health impact of globalisation, climate change and disasters are key issues that need urgent attention in the context of a changing world.