cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SELF-FOCUSING STREAMS

Streams consisting of a mixture of ions and electrons in which the average velocity of the electrons in the direction of the stream is different from the average stream velocity of the ions can be magnetically self-focusing. The random velocities of the electrons and ions about their respective average stream velocities do not need to be Maxwellian. The only condition which must be met is that the total electric current in stream must exceed a critical value which can be calculated in terms of the stream velocities and the average kinetic energies of the particles due to components of velocity transverse to the axis of the stream. Streams containing both slow and fast particles of like kind tend to eject the slow particles and keep the fast ones. Streams of particles of one kind only, entering an ionized or ionizable region can be self-focusing. Axial asymmetries grow in arcs but disappear in low-density self-focusing streams.
Satellite DNAs in Crustacea: Two Different Components with the Same Density in Neutral CsCI Gradients

Satellite DNAs in Crustacea: Two Different Components with the Same Density in Neutral CsCI Gradients
Evaluation of Peer Training for Teaching Abduction Prevention Skills

Child abduction is a serious problem, with approximately 100 children killed each year by nonfamily abductors. Training programs to teach children the correct skills to use if they ever come into contact with a stranger can be effective when they incorporate behavioral skills training (BST) and in-situ training (IST) into their protocol. However, these methods can be rather time and energy consuming. The current study evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of a peer tutoring approach to teaching abduction prevention skills. Peer trainers implemented BST sessions and IST sessions with their younger peers. Children successfully acquired the target safety behaviors taught by the peer trainers, and use of the skills generalized to their natural environment.
Dynamics of stationary wave anomalies during the 1986/87 El Niño

The dynamics of the wintertime atmospheric response to the 1986/87 El Nino SST anomalies is studied. A GCM used for this purpose simulates a wave train over the Pacific/North American (PNA) region that agrees closely in amplitude with that observed, but phase shifted 30° to the east. Linear baroclinic model experiments are performed in order to determine the origin of the GCM and observed stationary wave anomalies, with particular focus on the cause for GCM failure. Diagnostics with the linear model reveal that the GCM and observed wave train anomalies are maintained by very different processes. In the GCM, the forcing due to tropical diabatic heating and transient vorticity fluxes are equally important over the PNA region. In the observations, the transient vorticity fluxes assume the primary role. The cause for these discrepancies is traced to the different dynamic influences of suppressed rainfall near Indonesia. The associated diabatic cooling is found to excite a large amplitude wave train over the PNA region in the GCM, while no significant extratropical response to cooling is found in the observations. The combined effects of the diabatic cooling and the reorganization of the storm track transients by the remotely forced wave train acts to shift the GCM's wave train well to the cast of that observed. Due to uncertainties in the observed diabatic forcing, however, it is not clear to what extent the GCM's failure is due to errors in the simulated anomalous forcing and/or to the GCM's mean climate error.
New Nonlinear Filters and Exact Solutions of the Fokker-Planck Equation

A new nonlinear filter is derived for continuous time processes with discrete time measurements. The filter is exact, and it can be implemented in real-time with a computational complexity that is comparable to the Kalman filter. This new filter includes both the Kalman filter and the discrete time version of the Bene? filter as special cases. Moreover, the new theory can handle a large class of nonlinear estimation problems that cannot be solved using the Kalman or discrete time Bene? filters. A new approximation technique is suggested for problems that do not satisfy the theoretical conditions exactly. This approximation is simple and straightforward, analogous to the extended Kalman filter.
Lester's getting a bottle.

After hospitalization for pancreatitis, Henry returns to the hotel where he lives and faces the challenge not to drink.
American adoptions of Chinese girls: The socio-political matrices of individual decisions

Abstract Although operating on an individual level, adoption may also be seen as organized and shaped by larger social institutions such as the state. This paper explores how adoption of Chinese girls by Americans is conditioned by the ideologies of motherhood, family, gender and adoption in these two societies. When viewed from this perspective, it is easier to understand how the differences between China and the United States—differences that range from access to resources to different types of state control to differences in the ideologies of motherhood—are the backdrop to the individual decisions about relinquishing or adopting a daughter that parents in either society make.
Novel Groove-Shaped Screen-Wick Miniature Heat Pipe

Miniature heat pipes (MHP) are passive heat transport devices mainly considered in electronics packaging for high heat flux acquisition and transport. Their applications could include thermal management of a variety of electronic devices such as computer processors and laser diodes. A novel screen-wick design suitable for MHP is described. The new design promises improved performance and ease of fabrication and is recommended in place of the familiar forms of rectangular groove design MHP. Design and fabrication details, along with steady-stale horizontal orientation performance test results of a proof-of-concept rectangular copper-water heat pipe are presented. Heat flux, temperature difference, and heat transfer coefficient data are compared with the literature data of a comparable flat MHP with a machined groove wick. The performance of the new design matches the comparable groove design. The highest applied evaporator heat flux at the heater surface was 115 W/cm 2 at an operating temperature of 90°C and evaporator-to-adiabatic temperature difference of 37°C. Results on the heat transfer coefficients are also presented.
Theoretical investigation of estimation of steady and pulsatile blood flow and blood vessel cross section by CW NMR excitation.

The author shows theoretically that when a magnetised blood bolus enters a CW NMR excitor coil of length Le at resonance and the signal from the T2-decaying, precessing transverse magnetisation of the flowing blood spins is subsequently detected by a detector coil of length L separated from the excitor coil by a distance Delta l, then by recording CW NMR signals at three positions such as Delta l=0, 0.5 and 1.0 cm one can eliminate the static tissue signal and measure non-invasively the steady component V0 as well as the total vessel cross section, beta accurately. The time dependent part of the CW NMR signal which depends on Vpulse(t), is also dependent on V0 non-linearly unless both L and Le are greater than 50 cm and Delta l is zero. Finally, methods of obtaining true Vpulse(t) from the CW NMR signal after applying proper correction due to the steady flow are discussed.
Exploring Entrepreneurship through the Lens of Spirituality

A two-stage research project utilizing grounded theory was conducted with 134 entrepreneurs to better understand their motivational factors. Utilizing spiritual concepts, researchers were able to discover a deeper understanding of the entrepreneurs. Initially, three distinct modalities of entrepreneurs were identified, which were expanded into five: ‘Make me Whole,’ ‘Soul Seekers,’ ‘Conflicting Goals,’ ‘Mostly Business’, and ‘Strictly Business’. Respondent comments that represent each of these modalities are presented and indicate various levels of dependency or independency on spiritually-oriented attributes.
ACTIVATION CROSS SECTIONS FOR 14.8-Mev NEUTRONS AND SOME NEW RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDES IN THE RARE EARTH REGION

Activation cross sections on 27 stable nuclides of elements Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, and Lu were measured for 14.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8-Mev neutrons. Highly enriched isotopes were used as targets in most cases, and in a few instances radiochemical separations were performed whenever it was necessary and possible in view of the product half-lives. The measured cross sections for ($n, 2n$) reactions were found to agree within an order of magnitude with predictions from statistical evaporation theory. However, experimental values of ($n, p$) and ($n, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) cross sections generally appear to be larger than calculated from continuum theory of the compound nucleus. The cross sections show no significant effects due to the 82-neutron closed shell and, furthermore, the Levkovskii effect, which is quite striking in the low $Z$ region, appears to be negligible for ($n, p$) and ($n, \ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions in the rare earth region. The ($n, 2n$) cross sections show little variation with mass number at constant $Z$, and they exhibit a decrease with increasing mass number at $N=82$.Several previously unreported activities were observed; their half-lives, assignment, and gamma radiations are as follows: 12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 min ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{148}$ from the ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{148}(n, p)$ reaction; 0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 min ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{157}$ from the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{160}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})$ reaction, 0.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 Mev gamma; 7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 min ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{163}$ from the ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{163}(n, p)$ reaction, 0.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05-Mev gamma; 3.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 min ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{168}$ from the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{168}(n, p)$ reaction, 0.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05-Mev gamma; 40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 sec ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{170}$ from the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{170}(n, p)$ reaction; 4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 min ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{167}$ from the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{170}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})$ reaction; 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 min activity with gammas at 0.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, 0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, and 0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 Mev which may be ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{176}$, ${\mathrm{Er}}^{173}$, or possibly isomeric ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{177m}$ from enriched ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{176}$ bombardments. Tentative assignment of a 5.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5-min activity to ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{174}$ is suggested from bombardment of enriched ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{174}$.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of chromosome 3 (3p) and the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human non-small cell lung carcinomas.

Abstract We have examined the possible loss of 3p alleles in lung tumor samples from 28 patients with non-small cell lung cancers (non-SCLC), using tumor adjacent lung tissue from the same patients as controls. Of the 14 patients with squamous cell carcinoma only 2 (14%) displayed constitutional heterozygosity at the 3p locus and the tumors of both of these cases did not show reduction to homozygosity. Of the 14 patients with adenocarcinomas, 50% had constitutional heterozygosity, and two of the tumors displayed a loss of heterozygosity. We have also examined restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene in 29 non-SCLC tumor samples and in the tumor adjacent lung tissue samples obtained from the same cases. Digestion of the DNA samples with the BstEll enzyme and hybridization to a HER-A64-3 probe revealed four different types of polymorphic patterns. We did not, however, detect significant differences in the specific polymorphic bands between tumor and paired non-tumor lung tissues or between the different types of carcinomas.
The influence of user affect in online information disclosure

Personal consumer data is the fuel for information driven programs that may differentiate a firm from its competitors and create strategic advantages. However, a tension exists between the user's desire to protect personal information and the needs of online businesses for consumer data that drive customer relationship and business intelligence applications. This study explores the roles of positive and negative affect on users' trust and privacy beliefs that relate to the online disclosure of personal information. A model is tested using the responses of 301 Internet users who visited one of two commercial websites. The results indicate that positive affect has a significant effect on users' website trust and privacy beliefs that motivate online information disclosure and this effect is more pronounced for users with high Internet security concerns. The idea that positive mood-inducing website features can motivate user behavior has the potential to guide the development of websites for effective information disclosure and data collection.
Developing a Paper Presentation

The purpose of this article is to provide suggestions for developing and presenting papers at an educational conference or other professional meeting. The authors offer suggestions on how to write an abstract, deal with rejection or success, develop an outline, construct a lecture, select audiovisual materials, and use public-speaking skills. The practical strategies described in this article are intended to enable rehabilitation nurses and other readers to develop and/or enhance their paper presentations.
Complementary Role of CD4+ T Cells and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues for Cross-presentation of Tumor Antigen to CD8+ T Cells

MHC class I–restricted tumor antigens can be presented to CD8+ T cells by two distinct pathways: via direct and indirect presentation. The relative contribution of these two pathways toward the initial activation of tumor antigen–specific CD8+ T cells and their subsequent tumor rejection is still vigorously debated. Using a tumor model able to dissect the relative contributions of direct and indirect presentation, we show unequivocally the inefficiency of direct presentation and the essential requirement of indirect presentation for the priming of naive tumor antigen–specific T cells leading to tumor rejection. Moreover, we characterize the essential environment under which indirect presentation occurs, and find efficient cross-priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the complete absence of secondary lymphoid tissues. The independence of this process from local lymph nodes is compromised, however, in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Therefore, our paper demonstrates that effective immune protection against tumors requires the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells under conditions that require either CD4+ T cell help, or draining lymph nodes.
Differential effects of interleukin-17 receptor signaling on innate and adaptive immunity during central nervous system bacterial infection

Although IL-17A (commonly referred to as IL-17) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease, its role during CNS bacterial infections remains unclear. To evaluate the broader impact of IL-17 family members in the context of CNS infection, we utilized IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) knockout (KO) mice that lack the ability to respond to IL-17, IL-17F and IL-17E (IL-25). In this article, we demonstrate that IL-17R signaling regulates bacterial clearance as well as natural killer T (NKT) cell and gamma-delta (γδ) T cell infiltrates during Staphylococcus aureus-induced brain abscess formation. Specifically, when compared with wild-type (WT) animals, IL-17R KO mice exhibited elevated bacterial burdens at days 7 and 14 following S. aureus infection. Additionally, IL-17R KO animals displayed elevated neutrophil chemokine production, revealing the ability to compensate for the lack of IL-17R activity. Despite these differences, innate immune cell recruitment into brain abscesses was similar in IL-17R KO and WT mice, whereas IL-17R signaling exerted a greater influence on adaptive immune cell recruitment. In particular, γδ T cell influx was increased in IL-17R KO mice at day 7 post-infection. In addition, NK1.1high infiltrates were absent in brain abscesses of IL-17R KO animals and, surprisingly, were rarely detected in the livers of uninfected IL-17R KO mice. Although IL-17 is a key regulator of neutrophils in other infection models, our data implicate an important role for IL-17R signaling in regulating adaptive immunity during CNS bacterial infection.
Cholesterol enrichment enhances expression of sterol-carrier protein-2: implications for its function in intracellular cholesterol trafficking.

Cholesterol enrichment of vascular smooth mus- cle cells, as occurs under conditions of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, is accompanied by specific changes in cholesterol metabolism and in intracellular cholesterol traf- ficking. Sterolcarrier protein-2 (SCPz), an intracellular lipid binding protein, enhances the activation of enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism. It may also enhance cholesterol efflux by regulating the size of the "fast" cholesterol pool available for efflux to high density lipoproteins. However, a definitive role for SCP2 in arterial cholesterol metabolism is unclear. Therefore, we examined the expression of SCP:! (13.1 kD), SCPx (58 kD), and p30 (30.8 kD) in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells under conditions of cholesterol enrichment. We found that SCP:!, SCPx, and p30 are localized principally in the cytosolic fraction, with lesser amounts asso- ciated with the nuclear/peroxisomal fraction; the expression of SCP2 protein and mWA, but not SCPx, is increased after exposure of smooth muscle cells to cationized LDL. In con- trast to the increased expression of SCP2, the expression of p30 decreases after cholesterol enrichment of smooth muscle ce1ls.l Coupled with previous studies demonstrating en- hanced cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-enriched smooth muscle cells in response to high density lipoproteins, our results suggest that increased expression of SCP2 may partly mediate the cholesterol trafficking process.-Kraemer, R, K. B. Pomerantz, S. Kesav, T. J. Scallen, and D. P. Hajjar. Cholesterol enrichment enhances expression of sterolxarrier protein-2: implications for its function in intracellular choles- terol trafficking. J. Lipid Res. 1995. 36: 2630-2638.
Analysis of photonic crystals for light-emitting diodes using the finite-difference time domain technique

The Finite Difference Time Domain method has been used to analyze the dispersion diagram of a photonic crystal comprised of a perforated dielectric slab and the properties of a micro-cavity formed by introducing a defect into such a crystal. Computational requirements of the method, its advantages and disadvantages, and results for the structure analyzed are discussed.
Activation and inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the neonatal rat: Effects of maternal deprivation.

These studies investigated the activation and inhibition (negative feedback) of the neonatal rat. The ACTH response of maternally deprived pups is persistently elevated for 30 min, suggesting a deficiency in the negative feedback system. In Experiment 1, we examined the time-course of corticosterone (CORT) and ACTH responses to a saline injection over a 120-min period during development. In deprived pups, CORT and ACTH were persistently elevated throughout the testing period, whereas only 15-day-old nondeprived pups showed ACTH and CORT elevations. Further nondeprived and deprived pups were exposed twice to ether (Experiment 2) or saline injections (Experiment 3) separated by a 1-h interval. Nondeprived pups showed an augmented ACTH response to double exposure to ether, but not to saline. No CORT response to either stimulus was observed. In response to one exposure of each stimulus, deprived pups showed increased ACTH and CORT values and no further elevation to repeated exposure. These results suggest the negative feedback system of neonates is immature, but partially functional in deprived pups. Moreover, nondeprived pups show a stressor-specific response to stress, whereas deprived animals show a similar response to different stimuli.
A simple antenna bandwidth augmentation technique for wireless devices

In today's electronics market, simple devices that perform only one function are rarely seen. The industry trend is towards multi-functional devices that include wireless communication links for peripheral-to-host communications. The antenna remains a critical component that enables reliable communication links (examples include Bluetooth, WiFi or proprietary wireless links) between a host and peripheral devices. Additionally, companies are always interested in cost reduction, especially when products are planned for mass production; hence, the board size for the antenna may be very limited and the placement of the antenna may be fixed. This size restriction often forces the bandwidth to be greatly suppressed. In addition, companies want to use cost effective components and substrates without compromising the necessary bandwidth for a given application. FR-4 is one of the most inexpensive substrates used in production, but it is not a suitable substrate for coupling energy from feedlines to antenna as well as radiating energy through the antenna's radiating slots due to the relatively high substrate loss (tan δ 0.025).
Number-between g-type statistical quality control charts for monitoring adverse events.

Alternate Shewhart-type statistical control charts, called “g” and “h” charts, are developed and evaluated for monitoring the number of cases between hospital-acquired infections and other adverse events, such as heart surgery complications, catheter-related infections, surgical site infections, contaminated needle sticks, and other iatrically induced outcomes. These new charts, based on inverse sampling from geometric and negative binomial distributions, are simple to use and can exhibit significantly greater detection power over conventional binomial-based approaches, particularly for infrequent events and low “defect” rates. A companion article illustrates several interesting properties of these charts and design modifications that significantly can improve their statistical properties, operating characteristics, and sensitivity.
Effect of Solid Subcooling on Natural Convection Melting of a Pure Metal

A combined experimental and numerical study is reported of melting of a pure metal inside a vertical rectangular enclosure with natural convection in the liquid and con­ duction in the solid. The numerical model is successfully verified by conducting a series of experiments covering a wide range of hot and cold wall temperatures. It is found that solid subcooling significantly reduces the melting rate when compared to melting with the solid at the fusion temperature. Because the cooled wall is held below the fusion temperature of the metal, the solid/liquid interface eventually reaches a stationary position. For moderate values of the subcooling parameter the steady-state interface is almost vertical and parallel to the cold wall. Strong subcool­ ing results in an early termination of the melting process, such that natural convec­ tion in the relatively small liquid region cannot fully develop. For moderate subcool­ ing, correlations have been derived for the steady-state volume and heat transfer rates. While many aspects of melting with solid subcooling appear to be similar to ordinary nonmetallic solids, important differences in the local flow structures and heat transfer mechanisms are observed.
A High Level of Patient Activation Is Observed But Unrelated to Glycemic Control Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

Objective. To measure patient activation and its relationship to glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes who had not participated in a formal diabetes self-management education program as a baseline assessment for tailoring diabetes education in a primary care setting. Research design and methods. Patient activation was assessed in a stratified, cross-sectional study of adults with controlled ( n = 21) and uncontrolled ( n = 27) type 2 diabetes, who were receiving primary care at a unique family practice center of Baylor Health Care System in Dallas, Tex. Results. The mean patient activation was 66.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 60.8–71.2) among patients with uncontrolled diabetes and 63.7 (55.9–71.5) among those with controlled diabetes ( P = 0.607). A significant association was observed between the self-management behavior score and activation among patients whose glycemia was under control (ρ = 0.73, P = 0.01) as well as among patients with uncontrolled glycemia (ρ = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusions. Although activation is correlated with self-management and may be important in tailored patient-centered approaches to improving diabetes care outcomes, the highest stage of activation may be necessary to achieve glycemic control. These findings reinforce the importance of conducting prerequisite needs assessments so diabetes educators are able to tailor their educational interventions to individual patients' needs and readiness to take action.
Design of the Glucose Rate Increase Detector: A Meal Detection Module for the Health Monitoring System

The Glucose Rate Increase Detector (GRID), a module of the Health Monitoring System (HMS), has been designed to operate in parallel to the glucose controller to detect meal events and safely trigger a meal bolus. The GRID algorithm was tuned on clinical data with 40-70 g CHO meals and tested on simulation data with 50-100 g CHO meals. Active closed- and open-loop protocols were executed in silico with various treatments, including automatic boluses based on a 75 g CHO meal and boluses based on simulated user input of meal size. An optional function was used to reduce the recommended bolus using recent insulin and glucose history. For closed-loop control of a 3-meal scenario (50, 75, and 100 g CHO), the GRID improved median time in the 80-180 mg/dL range by 17% and in the >180 range by 14% over unannounced meals, using an automatic bolus for a 75 g CHO meal at detection. Under open-loop control of a 75 g CHO meal, the GRID shifted the median glucose peak down by 73 mg/dL and earlier by 120 min and reduced the time >180 mg/dL by 57% over a missed-meal bolus scenario, using a full meal bolus at detection. The GRID improved closed-loop control in the presence of large meals, without increasing late postprandial hypoglycemia. Users of basal-bolus therapy could also benefit from GRID as a safety alert for missed meal corrections.
An overview of the competitive and adversarial approaches to designing dynamic power management strategies

Dynamic power management (DPM) refers to the problem of judicious application of various low-power techniques based on runtime conditions in an embedded system to minimize the total energy consumption. To be effective, often such decisions take into account the operating conditions and the system-level design goals. DPM has been a subject of intense research in the past decade driven by the need for low power consumption in modern embedded devices. We present a comprehensive overview of two closely related approaches to designing DPM strategies, namely, competitive analysis approach and model checking approach based on adversarial modeling. Although many other approaches exist for solving the system-level DPM problem, these two approaches are closely related and are based on a common theme. This commonality is in the fact that the underlying model is that of a competition between the system and an adversary. The environment that puts service demands on devices is viewed as an adversary, or to be in competition with the system to make it burn more energy, and the DPM strategy is employed by the system to counter that.
A formulation for vertically integrated groundwater flow in a stratified coastal aquifer

We present the comprehensive discharge potential for steady three-dimensional flow in horizontally stratified coastal aquifers with a horizontal base and a vertical coastline. The gradient of this comprehensive potential gives the vertically integrated discharge throughout the aquifer, i.e., the specific discharge vector as a function of three-dimensional space integrated over the saturated portion of the aquifer. The boundary values of the comprehensive potential along the coast can be computed precisely, given the geometry of the aquifer: the hydraulic conductivities of the strata, the elevations of the horizontal planes that separate the strata, and the elevation of the impermeable base of the aquifer relative to sea level. Boundary conditions of the comprehensive potential may either be given in terms of its gradient, or computed from given heads along the boundaries. The governing equation of the comprehensive potential is the Poisson equation in areas of infiltration and the Laplace equation elsewhere. The computation of interface elevations, piezometric heads, and the vertical distribution of flow, requires that an assumption be made regarding the relation between the comprehensive potential and piezometric heads. We adopt the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximation for this purpose and make use of the Ghyben-Herzberg equation. We present several applications of the approach, and find that the stratification may have a significant effect on the boundary value of the comprehensive potential, and thus on the flow rates in the aquifer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The influence of self-interest and ethical considerations on managers’ evaluation judgments

Abstract Recent empirical studies support self-interest as the sole basis for economic decisions (as predicted by agency theory). However, cognitive moral development (CMD) theory suggests that decision makers will allow ethical/moral considerations to constrain their economic behaviour. The purpose of this study is to resolve the essential conflict between the tenets of agency theory and CMD theory. The results of a laboratory experiment suggest that both moral reasoning level and adverse-selection conditions (self-interest) can have a significant effect on managers’ project evaluation decisions. Specifically, managers are likely to continue a project that is expected to be unprofitable only when adverse selection conditions are present and moral reasoning level is low. Thus, agency theory may not be generalizable to accounting-based economic performance.
Lightning protection of overhead lines rated at 3–35 kV and above with the help of multi-chamber arresters and insulator-arresters

Reported are results of research and development of multi-chamber arresters and insulators that combine characteristics of insulators and arresters. The devices permit to protect overhead power lines rated at 3 to 35 kV and above against induced overvoltages and direct lightning strokes without using shield wire.
Perspectives: methodologic issues in evaluating risk factors for osteoporotic fractures.

Techniques for measuring bone mineral content (BMC) were developed for the purpose of providing an objective and noninvasive indication of bone strength (or lack thereof) and fracture risk, to the extent that strength relates to bone mass. As such, BMC measurements could help to (1) identify those who are most likely to experience nonviolent fractures in the future and who would therefore benefit most from preventive measures, (2) improve their treatment compliance, and (3) monitor the efficacy of treatments intended to reduce bone loss. All these potential uses require that the measurement provide an indication of fracture risk (probability of fractures). During the past 10–15 years there have been conflicting reports regarding the association of reduced BMC with nonviolent fractures. Some authors have criticized the usefulness of BMC measurements, whereas others have questioned the value of one or more techniques. However, the epidemiology of osteoporosis has only recently been subjected to rigorous study. The use of appropriate statistical methods for relating fracture risk to bone mass may be no more widely practiced in osteoporosis epidemiology today than it was for studying risk factors (e.g., blood pressure) in cardiovascular epidemiology during the 1960s. The intent of this article is to explore three areas that may have contributed to controversy in the study of bone mass and fracture occurrence: (1) perspective of the investigators, (2) study design, and (3) analytic methodology. Although the focus of this paper is on bone mass, these considerations are equally applicable to some investigations of other risk factors for osteoporotic fractures (e.g., bone architecture, bone turnover and loss rate, or biochemical markers of bone loss).
Future Foreign Language Teachers' Social and Cognitive Collaboration in an Online Environment

Discussion boards provide an interactive venue where new and future language teachers can reflect, evaluate, solve problems or simply exchange ideas (e.g., Bonk, Hansen, Grabner-Hagen, Lazar, & Mirabelli, 1996; DeWert, Babinski, & Jones, 2003; Kumari, 2001; Pawan, Paulus, Yalcin, & Chang, 2003). In addition, encouraging future teachers to learn with technology before teaching with it allows them to become comfortable using various computer applications. This article examines transcripts from a semester-long asynchronous discussion between foreign language methodology classes at two different universities. Social and cognitive presence in the discussions was analyzed using Garrison, Anderson, and Archer’s Framework of a Community of Inquiry (2001). The results indicate that students engaged in a high degree of interactivity as well as all types of social and cognitive presence. These findings indicate that students not only progressed in their cognitive understanding of the pedagogical topics, but also employed social presence, the more dominant of the two, to aid their discussions. The topics seemed to play an important role in the type of cognitive activity evident in the discussions. These results differ from those of studies which found that students did not engage in interactivity (Henri, 1995; Pena-Shaff & Nicholls, 2004) and others which noted low levels of social presence (Garrison, et al. 2001; Meyer, 2003).
Maximizing Service Uptime of Smartphone-Based Distributed Real-Time and Embedded Systems

Smart phones are starting to find use in mission critical applications, such as search-and-rescue operations, wherein the mission capabilities are realized by deploying a collaborating set of services across a group of smart phones involved in the mission. Since these missions are deployed in environments where replenishing resources, such as smart phone batteries, is hard, it is necessary to maximize the lifespan of the mission while also maintaining its real-time quality of service (QoS) requirements. To address these requirements, this paper presents a deployment framework called Smart Deploy, which integrates bin packing heuristics with evolutionary algorithms to produce near-optimal deployment solutions that are computationally inexpensive to compute for maximizing the lifespan of smart phone-based mission critical applications. The paper evaluates the merits of deployments produced by Smart Deploy for a search-and-rescue mission comprising a heterogeneous mix of smart phones by integrating a worst-fit bin packing heuristic with particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm. Results of our experiments indicate that the missions deployed using Smart Deploy have a lifespan that is 20% to 162% greater than those deployed using just the bin packing heuristic or evolutionary algorithms. Although Smart Deploy is slightly slower than the other algorithms, the slower speed is acceptable for offline computations of deployment.
Effects of increased surgical trauma on rates of tooth movement and apical root resorption in foxhound dogs.

To cite this article: Cohen G, Campbell PM, Rossouw PE, Buschang PH: Effects of increased surgical trauma on rates of tooth movement and apical root resorption in foxhound dogs Orthod Craniofac Res 2010;13:179–190 Structured Abstract Authors – Cohen G, Campbell PM, Rossouw PE, Buschang PH Purpose – To experimentally determine the effects of increased surgical trauma on the rates of tooth movement and apical root resorption. Two surgical techniques for rapid protraction of multi-rooted teeth in foxhound dogs immediately following premolar extraction were compared. Methods – Split-mouth design to randomly assign two surgical techniques [periodontal ligament distraction (RAP side) and a modified form of dentoalveolar distraction (RAP+ side)] to the maxillary quadrants. First premolars were extracted, and second premolars were protracted 0.5 mm per day for 15 days using a custom made jack-screw distractor. Serial caliper and radiographic measurements were performed to quantify tooth movements and apical root resorption. Results – Both techniques demonstrated significant movement of the crown and apex. The second premolar crowns were protracted significantly more on the RAP+ side (2.9 mm) than on the RAP (1.8 mm) side. The premolars on both sides demonstrated significant tipping (4.3 and 3.9 degrees for the RAP+ and RAP sides, respectively). The distal root apex showed almost twice as much apical root resorption than the mesial root apex, but resorption was limited (<0.16 mm) and not statistically different between sides. Conclusions – Increased surgical trauma increased the rate and, ultimately, the amount of tooth movement. The heavy forces used to protract the teeth produced statistically, but not clinically, significant apical root resorption on the mesial and distal roots of the maxillary second premolars.
Understanding Network Saturation Behavior on Large-Scale Blue Gene/P Systems

As researchers continue to architect massive-scale systems, it is becoming clear that these systems will utilize a significant amount of shared hardware between processing units. Systems such as the IBM Blue Gene (BG) and Cray XT have started utilizing flat (i.e., scalable) networks, which differ from switched fabrics in that they use a 3D torus or similar topology. This allows the network to grow only linearly with system scale, instead of the super linear growth needed for full fat-tree switched topologies, but at the cost of increased network sharing between processing nodes. While in many cases a full fat-tree is an over estimate of the needed bisectional bandwidth, it is not clear whether the other extreme of a flat topology is sufficient to move data around the network efficiently. In this paper, we study the network behavior of the IBM BG/P using several application communication kernels, and we monitor network congestion behavior based on detailed hardware counters. Our studies scale from small systems to 8 racks (32,768 cores) of BG/P and provide insights into the network communication characteristics of the system. As researchers continue to architect massive scale systems, it is becoming clear that these systems will utilize a significant amount of shared hardware between processing units. Systems such as the IBM Blue Gene (BG) and Cray XT have started utilizing flat (i.e., scalable) networks, which differ from switched fabrics in that they use a 3D torus or similar topology. This allows the network to grow only linearly with system scale, instead of the super linear growth needed for full fat-tree switched topologies, but at the cost of increased network sharing between processing nodes. While in many cases a full fat-tree is an over estimate of the needed bisectional bandwidth, it is not clear whether the other extreme of a flat topology is sufficient to move data around the network efficiently. In this paper, we study the network behavior of the IBM BG/P using several application communication kernels, and we monitor network congestion behavior based on detailed hardware counters. Our studies scale from small systems to 8 racks (32,768 cores) of BG/P and provide insights into the network communication characteristics of the system.
Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures: A Critical Analysis Review.

Proximal humeral fractures are common in the elderly population, and the societal burden is expected to increase. These fractures represent 4% to 5% of all fractures and one-third of fractures among patients over the age of sixty years1,2. Epidemiological studies have indicated that the number of such fractures in women who are eighty years of age or older may nearly double within the next twenty years3. In his original description of proximal humeral fractures, Neer affirmed that most fractures are nondisplaced or minimally displaced and therefore can be treated nonoperatively4. Displaced fractures represent only 15% to 20% of all proximal humeral fractures4. Decision-making is influenced by many factors, including fracture pattern, comminution, bone quality, surgeon preferences, and the age and activity level of the patient5. Numerous options are currently available to the surgeon for the treatment of displaced fractures, including …
The optimization of DC fast charging deployment in California

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are important for reducing fuel consumption and vehicle operating cost, and have the potential to reduce GHG and pollutant emissions. However, the range limits and long recharging times serve as obstacles to mass deployment. Well planned Level 3 DC fast charging stations are a potential solution to satisfy long distance travel demand instead of an expansive Level 2 non-home charging infrastructure. This paper identifies candidate charging routes and uses freeway exits and highway intersections as approximate candidate charging locations, and consequently solves a set covering problem to minimize the number of charging stations. Results show that 290 Level 3 charging locations are required for the State of California based on the 2000 California Travel Survey and BEVs with 60 mile range. With this optimized station network, electric light duty vehicle miles travelled (VMT) can reach 92% and BEVs can be used by 98% of drivers. If BEVs with 100 or 200 mile range are used, 126 or 31 Level 3 charging locations are required, respectively. This study also assesses the temporal utilization of charging stations. Congestion at several stations suggests extra chargers are required. A reservation system can benefit both the BEV drivers and station operators by reducing the wait times, decreasing the extra chargers needed, and more evenly utilizing all the stations. Related policies are also discussed to better deploy fast charging stations.
Toward a Unified Negotiation Framework: Leveraging Strengths in Behavioral and Computational Communities

While there has been a large body of negotiation literature in both Behavioral Science (behavioral) and Artificial Intelligence/Game Theory (computational) communities, there has not been an attempt to bridge the two communities to our best knowledge. In this chapter, we compare and contrast the characteristics of behavioral and computational literature in negotiation. We propose that incorporating the strengths of two types of literature are valuable in expanding the horizon of research outlook.
Severe food allergies : review article

Severe food allergies can either be life-threatening shortly after exposure to the offending food (IgE-mediated) or cause nutritional, growth or circulatory compromise after repeated ingestion of the allergen (non-IgE-mediated). Such allergies can have a major impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. Severe food allergies appear to be increasing worldwide and peak in preschool years, though fatal food allergies peak in adolescence and early adulthood. Fatal food allergic reactions are most commonly described with nuts and seafood, and in many cases the patient had been diagnosed with a food allergy but had not previously had a severe reaction to the food. Asthmatics and adolescents are at particular risk of fatal or near-fatal food allergic reactions and should be offered specialist care. Effective management of the patient with severe food allergy requires a multidisciplinary approach involving allergists, emergency care physicians, dieticians, caregivers and school personnel. A comprehensive emergency plan is central. Early recognition and treatment of food allergy reactions can be lifesaving.
Comparison of a new beta adrenergic blocker (MK 950) and propranolol in man.

The effects of oral doses of MK 950 and propranolol on heart rate in the sitting and standing positions were measured in 6 volunteers. Although the response to beta blockade is related to the initial heart rate and to the log of the dose of the drug, multiple regression analysis made it possible to separate these interactions. In a dose of 2.5 mg. orally, MK 950 reduced heart rate to the same degree as did 20 mg. of propranolol. The regression lines relating dose to response of the heart rate was steeper for MK 950 than for propranolol. There was a fall of about 20 per cent in heart rate and cardiac output after 5 mg. of MK 950, with little change in stroke volume or blood pressure. MK 950 blocked the response to isoproterenol infusion in doses up to 8 µg per minute and reduced the heart rate response to tilting and amylnitrite inhalation and the pressure overshoot in Valsalva maneuver.
A Surgical Alternative to Internal Maxillary Artery Ligation for Posterior Epistaxis

Posterior epistaxis is a disease of varying magnitude and is associated with considerable morbidity. Surgical management often consists of transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery and its branches, with or without ligation of the ethmoidal arteries. Ten patients underwent an alternative surgical procedure in which the nasopharynx and posterior nasal cavity were indirectly examined for bleeding sites with a large laryngeal mirror. Nasal septal reconstruction with mobilization of the anterior cartilaginous septum from the maxillary crest allowed lateral displacement of the septum with excellent visualization of the lateral nasal walls. Hemorrhage was controlled by electrocoagulation of bleeding sites with a disposable, malleable suction electrocautery. No complications occurred in this group of 10 patients and no further epistaxis has been reported during a follow-up of 17 to 35 months.
Teratogenic effects of azaserine in the Syrian golden hamster

Azaserine is a potent pancreatic carcinogen in the rat, but not in the Syrian golden hamster. The present study shows, however, that the hamster shares with the rat susceptibility to the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of this drug.
Experience With Simulation/Gaming: 1960-2010

This article reviews the simulation/games that I have helped design and others that I have played or worked on. It is also an account of some of the simulation/gamers whom I have known and with whom I have worked with over the past 50 years.
Expanding Functionality of Commercial Optical Coherence Tomography Systems by Integrating a Custom Endoscope

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a useful imaging modality for detecting and monitoring diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures. The non-destructiveness of OCT enables time-serial studies in animal models. While turnkey commercial research OCT systems are plenty, researchers often require custom imaging probes. We describe the integration of a custom endoscope with a commercial swept-source OCT system and generalize this description to any imaging probe and OCT system. A numerical dispersion compensation method is also described. Example images demonstrate that OCT can visualize the mouse colon crypt structure and detect adenoma in vivo.