cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From enhanced collaborations to space advancements: technologies to bring libraries (and librarians) full circle and into the future.

Since the Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) Virtual Projects section was first announced in 2012, the virtual projects featured in the JMLA have expanded or improved library spaces, services, collaborations, connections, and future directions. Virtual projects selected by the JMLA Virtual Projects Section Advisory Committee have been both practical and responsive to library and patron needs and illustrate ways that librarians are leading their communities and services in new directions. Virtual projects highlighted in this year’s section demonstrate innovative adaptations of technology into the modern medical library that strengthen collaborative commitments and clinical and research partnerships. They also illustrate how technologies support the idea of “library as place” by providing spaces for users to explore new technologies, as well as tools for space and service planning. This year’s virtual projects fully embrace changes in learning, research patterns, technologies, and the role of the health sciences librarian and the library.
Reducing the PDEs to ODEs through lie vectors using the integrated factors

We reduce the PDEs to ODEs through Lie vectors as previously done through two reduction stages. Some of these ODEs have no solution. Some researchers in this step, use the SMM, power series method or Riccati equation method to solve non-solvable equations. We use the integrating factors as a tool to reduce the order and the nonlinearity in an ODE. This explores new solutions as it appears for the (2+1)-dimensional (CBS) and (3+1)-dimensional generalized BKP solutions compared results.
Design of a Miniature Reactive Beam Forming Network

This paper outlines the design and testing of a new highly optimized reactive beam forming network. The optimization technique produces beam forming networks that are smaller than traditional printed circuit lenses has more sidelobe and beam control than a Butler Matrix based lens.
The nurse's responsibilities in cardiac emergencies

(1966). The nurse's responsibilities in cardiac emergencies. Hospital Topics: Vol. 44, No. 11, pp. 59-61.
Explaining Data-Driven Decisions made by AI Systems: The Counterfactual Approach

We examine counterfactual explanations for explaining the decisions made by model-based AI systems. The counterfactual approach we consider defines an explanation as a set of the system's data inputs that causally drives the decision (i.e., changing the inputs in the set changes the decision) and is irreducible (i.e., changing any subset of the inputs does not change the decision). We (1) demonstrate how this framework may be used to provide explanations for decisions made by general, data-driven AI systems that may incorporate features with arbitrary data types and multiple predictive models, and (2) propose a heuristic procedure to find the most useful explanations depending on the context. We then contrast counterfactual explanations with methods that explain model predictions by weighting features according to their importance (e.g., SHAP, LIME) and present two fundamental reasons why we should carefully consider whether importance-weight explanations are well-suited to explain system decisions. Specifically, we show that (i) features that have a large importance weight for a model prediction may not affect the corresponding decision, and (ii) importance weights are insufficient to communicate whether and how features influence decisions. We demonstrate this with several concise examples and three detailed case studies that compare the counterfactual approach with SHAP to illustrate various conditions under which counterfactual explanations explain data-driven decisions better than importance weights.
Trends in Research and Graduate Programs in Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy, Part 1: Programs.

Objective. To examine the landscape of research and graduate education nationally and within schools and colleges of pharmacy. This report is part 1 of a three-part series and focuses on graduate programs’ research funding and science faculty composition and diversity. Findings. Between FY2008 and FY2017, the number of full-time faculty members in schools and colleges of pharmacy increased 36%. The number of pharmacy schools with National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards increased by 15%, while NIH grants per faculty principal investigator (PI) increased by 31%. However, unadjusted for inflation, the mean NIH dollar amount per-faculty member PI increased just 14% and the mean NIH dollar amount per-school declined 7%, indicating that number of funded faculty outpaced dollars available. Proportionately, the percentage of science faculty members at pharmacy schools decreased from 47% to 43%. Only 15 public, research-intensive schools and colleges of pharmacy received more than half of the combined FY2017 NIH funding and total funding, while all other public and private schools and colleges of pharmacy shared the remaining funds. Interdisciplinary programs are developing slowly, and may help to diversify and increase future funding. Proportions of tenured and tenure-track positions are declining, but biological sciences and social and administrative sciences disciplines are growing and women faculty are making significant gains in these fields and at the assistant professor rank. Summary. Research-intensive schools and colleges of pharmacy are best-positioned to lead the academy to reframe graduate education to build interdisciplinary team skills and attract more diverse funding and science faculty members.
New species of Protium sect. Tetragastris from the Andes, the Brazilian Cerrado, and Amazonia. Studies in Neotropical Burseraceae XXVIII.

Protium acrense, P. cerradicola and P. yanachagae are described and illustrated, and a key to the twelve species of Protium sect. Tetragastris is provided. Recent botanical exploration is revealing that the Andes constitute a minor center of the Burseraceae diversity that has yielded at least one new species in this section (described here). The other two, now that they have been distinguished from P. altissimum, segregate satisfactorily by geography and habitat.
Building upon synergies among self-regulated learning and formative assessment research and practice

The synergies that result from synthesising conceptual models and findings from self-regulated learning and formative assessment research are launching a new era of scholarship. They drive new ques...
Characterizing voiding experiences of men choosing seated and standing positions

Author(s): Namiri, Nikan K; Cheema, Bhagat; Lui, Hansen; Enriquez, Anthony; Rios, Natalie; Srirangapatanam, Sudarshan; Cohen, Andrew J; Mmonu, Nnenaya A; Breyer, Benjamin N | Abstract: AimsVoiding positions and preferences in men are not well characterized. In this study, we aim to understand the interplay of voiding characteristics and their impact on voiding position.MethodsWe designed a 27-item survey to assess voiding characteristics and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) severity in men seen in urology and other outpatient clinics. Participants included adult men patients and adult men accompanying patients at our institution's outpatient clinics. Data collected included demographics, International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire, stream type (single, split, and dribble), voiding behavior, positional stream quality, and voiding bother.ResultsWe received 195 completed surveys (80% response rate). Of men queried, 18% (35/195) preferred to sit while voiding. Overall, men who sit had a higher proportion of LUTS (66% [23/35] vs. 41% [66/160]; p = .01), more physical limitations affecting voiding choice (20% [7/35] vs. 3% [5/160]; (p = .001), and a lower desire to stand (6% [2/35] vs. 24% [38/160]; p = .02), compared to men who stand. Men who sit while voiding reported nearly double the amount of voiding associated bother (34% [12/35]) compared to men who stand (18% [28/160]; p = .04). Older aged men reported a similar rate of seated urination compared to younger men. The most common reasons to void seated included comfort and avoidance of spraying.ConclusionsOur findings discourage the use of anecdotal beliefs founded on generalizable characteristics, such as age and stream type, to infer a patient's voiding characteristics. Open dialog with patients regarding voiding preferences may garner important information regarding overall urologic health and better inform urologic care.
A superconducting-nanowire three-terminal electrothermal device.

Superconducting electronics based on Josephson junctions are used to sense and process electronic signals with minimal loss; however, they are ultrasensitive to magnetic fields, limited in their amplification capabilities, and difficult to manufacture. We have developed a 3-terminal, nanowire-based superconducting electrothermal device which has no Josephson junctions. This device, which we call the nanocryotron, can be patterned from a single thin film of superconducting material with conventional electron-beam lithography. The nanocryotron has a demonstrated gain of >20, can drive impedances of 100 kΩ, and operates in typical ambient magnetic fields. We have additionally applied it both as a digital logic element in a half-adder circuit, and as a digital amplifier for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors pulses. The nanocryotron has immediate applications in classical and quantum communications, photon sensing, and astronomy, and its input characteristics are suitable for integration with ex...
Electric Vehicle Charging Station Security Enhancement Measures

As the electric vehicle industry is growing, the security concerns for public charging stations is increasing for both manufacturers and consumers. A robust, well- uniformed process is essential to assess and enhance the current security measures and offer an executable mitigation plan. Security assessments of potential vulnerabilities should be performed more frequently due to technology changes as well as various parts being integrated into the infrastructure of both electric vehicle and charging station without security been considered. This paper discusses the implementation of the multi-layer authentication using ANPR and Loop technologies to provide an in-depth security and mitigate the cyber-attack risks for electric vehicle charging stations.
Modeling Supply-Side Dynamics of IT Components, Products, and Infrastructure: An Empirical Analysis Using Vector Autoregression

Prior IS research on technological change has focused primarily on organizational information systems and technology innovation; however, there is a growing need to understand the dynamics of supply-side forces in the introduction of new technologies. In this paper we investigate how the interdependencies among information technology components, products, and infrastructure affect the release of new technologies. Going beyond the ad hoc heuristic approaches applied in previous studies, we empirically validate the existence of several patterns of supply-side technology relationships in the context of wireless networking. We use vector autoregression (VAR) to model the comovements of new component, product, and infrastructure introductions and provide evidence of strong Granger-causal interdependencies. We also demonstrate that substantial improvements in forecasting can be gained by incorporating these cross-level effects into models of technological change. This paper provides some of the first research that empirically demonstrates these cross-level effects and also provides an exposition of VAR methodology for both analysis and forecasting in IS research.
Comments on the OECD's Public Discussion Draft BEPS Actions 8-10, 'Revised Guidance on Profit Splits', Issued on 4 July 2016

Commentary submitted to the OECD on the OECD's Discussion Draft on BEPS Action Items 8-10 - Guidance on Profit Splits. My comments focus on value chains and value chain analysis, allocation keys in profit splits, and problems inherent in the method of calculating the residual profit split method.
How Many Total Points Should Your Course Have

BackgroundInstructors often use a point-based system for grading students (e.g., 100 or 1000 total points). This system can impact student outcomes.ObjectiveThe purpose of this research was to exam...
Cutting Edge: Innovation and Improvement in Local TV News:

Innovation in local television news is hard to quantify but urgently required according to Andrew Heyward, one of the country’s leading experts on the topic. The former president of CBS News now di...
Quantifying the Severity of Adverse Drug Reactions Using Social Media: Network Analysis.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) affect the health of hundreds of thousands of individuals annually in the United States, with associated costs of hundreds of billions of dollars. The monitoring and analysis of the severity of ADRs is limited by the current qualitative and categorical systems of severity classification. Previous efforts have generated quantitative estimates for a subset of ADRs but were limited in scope because of the time and costs associated with the efforts. Objective: The aim of this study is to increase the number of ADRs for which there are quantitative severity estimates while improving the quality of these severity estimates. Methods: We present a semisupervised approach that estimates ADR severity by using social media word embeddings to construct a lexical network of ADRs and perform label propagation. We used this method to estimate the severity of 28,113 ADRs, representing 12,198 unique ADR concepts from the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. Results: Our Severity of Adverse Events Derived from Reddit (SAEDR) scores have good correlations with real-world outcomes. The SAEDR scores had Spearman correlations of 0.595, 0.633, and −0.748 for death, serious outcome, and no outcome, respectively, with ADR case outcomes in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. We investigated different methods for defining initial seed term sets and evaluated their impact on the severity estimates. We analyzed severity distributions for ADRs based on their appearance in boxed warning drug label sections, as well as for ADRs with sex-specific associations. We found that ADRs discovered in the postmarketing period had significantly greater severity than those discovered during the clinical trial (P<.001). We created quantitative drug-risk profile (DRIP) scores for 968 drugs that had a Spearman correlation of 0.377 with drugs ranked by the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System cases resulting in death, where the given drug was the primary suspect. Conclusions: Our SAEDR and DRIP scores are well correlated with the real-world outcomes of the entities they represent and have demonstrated utility in pharmacovigilance research. We make the SAEDR scores for 12,198 ADRs and the DRIP scores for 968 drugs publicly available to enable more quantitative analysis of pharmacovigilance data. Trial Registration:
Chapter 6 - Dissolved air flotation in drinking water treatment

This chapter discusses dissolved air flotation (DAF) applied to drinking water treatment. It was first applied to drinking water treatment in the late 1960s in Scandinavia and South Africa. The process is particularly efficient in removing low density particles and flocs. DAF is a good clarification process for treating supplies of low to moderate turbidity, and those containing algae and natural color. It has found increasing favor over sedimentation processes for treating these type supplies, and it is now widely used world-wide. The DAF reactor has two functions, to provide collisions or contact opportunities between air bubbles and flocs, and to provide removal of the floc-bubble aggregates. The chapter describes bubble properties, bubble suspension concentrations, and bubble characteristics, and contact zone model. Model variables are discussed beginning with the role of pretreatment coagulation chemistry and flocculation for successful bubble attachment and collisions of flocs with bubbles. The importance of bubble size and concentrations is addressed and the separation zone modeling is also summarized. Rise velocities of floc-bubble aggregates are compared to separation zone theory and hydraulics. Some applications are presented on the removals of algae and protozoa pathogens by DAF, and on recent trends of designing DAF plants with short flocculation times and high hydraulic loadings.
Invertebrate Blood Oxygen Carriers

The sections in this article are: 1 The Red Blood Cell Hemoglobins 1.1 Distribution and Localization 1.2 Molecular Structure 1.3 Respiratory Properties 1.4 Physiological Functions 2 The Hemerythrins 2.1 Distribution and Location 2.2 Molecular Structure 2.3 Respiratory Properties 2.4 Physiological Functions 3 The Extracellular Heme Proteins 3.1 Nematodes 3.2 Nemertines 3.3 Annelids, Pogonophorans, and Vestimentiferans 3.4 Molluscs 3.5 Arthropods 4 The Molluscan Hemocyanins 4.1 Distribution and Location 4.2 Molecular Structure 4.3 Respiratory Properties 4.4 Physiological Performance 5 The Arthropod Hemocyanins 5.1 Distribution and Location 5.2 Quaternary Structure 5.3 Molecular Relationships 5.4 Oxygen Carrying Capacity 5.5 Oxygen Binding Properties 5.6 Physiological Performance 6 Are There Unknown Functions of the Oxygen Carriers? 7 Conclusions
Population Biology: Concepts and Models

Part 1 Single species: density independent population growth population genetica density dependent population growth evolution of life histories. Part 2 Interacting species: interactions between species competition predator-prey interactions host-parasitoid interactions diseased and pathogens coda.
Instantiation of Existentially Quantified Variables in Inductive Specification Proofs

We present an automatic approach for instantiating existentially quantified variables in inductive specifications proofs. Our approach uses first-order meta-variables in place of existentially quantified variables and combines logical proof search with rippling techniques. We avoid the non-termination problems which usually occur in the presence of existentially quantified variables. Moreover, we are able to synthesize conditional substitutions for the meta-variables. We illustrate our approach by discussing the specification of the integer square root.
Derivative control in shaping antenna patterns

An antenna pattern synthesis method is presented that permits the approximation of desired patterns with arbitrarily prescribed error criteria. Thus smoothness, linearity, or curvature may be specified for any part of the pattern. If desired, an equal ripple approximation may also be very closely approached. The techniques developed are applicable to arrays with real excitation coefficients and to those capable of complex excitations. For the latter type of array the desired far field magnitude fit may be optimized by full use of both the magnitude and phase of the excitation. The method is semi-numerical in nature and may involve several perturbations depending on how closely one desires to approach the optimum. Several numerical examples are worked out in detail, and an experimental verification is also provided.
Characterization of the Fluid Deaeration Device for a Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle System

The attractiveness of the hydraulic hybrid concept stems from the high power density and efficiency of the pump/motors and the accumulator. This is particularly advantageous in applications to heavy vehicles, as high mass translates into high rates of energy flows through the system. Using dry case hydraulic pumps further improves the energy conversion in the system, as they have 1-4% better efficiency than traditional wet-case pumps. However, evacuation of fluid from the case introduces air bubbles and it becomes imperative to address the deaeration problems. This research develops a bubble elimination efficiency testing apparatus (BEETA) to establish quantitative results characterizing bubble removal from hydraulic fluid in a cyclone deaeration device. The BEETA system mixes the oil and air according to predetermined ratio, passes the mixture through a cyclone deaeration device, and then measures the concentration of air in the exiting fluid. Test results indicate the ability of the cyclone deaeration device to remove large bubbles with near 100% efficiency, while elimination of small (less than 1 mm diameter) bubbles proved to be a challenge. The explanation is provided through application of Stokes Law that shows a strong relationship between bubble size and bubble rise velocity. The theoretical analysis provides clear guidance regarding pathways towards improving the effectiveness of removing small bubbles.
The carboxyl region contains the catalytic domain of the membrane form of guanylate cyclase.

A polypeptide containing the catalytic domain of an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor guanylate cyclase has been produced using a bacterial expression system. A carboxyl fragment of the membrane form of guanylate cyclase from rat brain, which contains a region homologous to soluble guanylate and adenylate cyclases, was expressed in Escherichia coli with a double plasmid system that encodes T7 RNA polymerase (Tabor, S., and Richardson, C.C. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82, 1074-1078). Application of this expression system permitted exclusive radiolabeling of the cloned gene product, thereby providing a means to evaluate the level of expression and stability of encoded proteins. Fusion proteins were formed with the T7 bacteriophage gene 10 product and the 293 carboxyl-terminal residues of guanylate cyclase and two deletional mutants encoding 105 and 69 residues. Extracts prepared from bacteria expressing the carboxyl region, but not those expressing further deletions in this region, had substantial guanylate cyclase activity. There was no associated adenylate cyclase activity, suggesting that the catalytic domain retained its enzymatic specificity. These results provide direct evidence that the carboxyl portion of the membrane form of guanylate cyclase contains a catalytic domain. Homologous regions of the soluble form of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase are likely to have enzymatic properties.
Homoeosis in Drosophila. II. a Genetic Analysis of Polycomb.

Three dominant mutant alleles of the Polycomb locus of Drosophila melanogaster are associated with homoeotic transformations of meso- and metathoracic to prothoracic legs, a homoeotic transformation of antennae to legs, and abnormalities of wings and some thoracic bristles. Puro and Nygren (1975) localized Polycomb in the proximal left arm of chromosome 3 within salivary gland chromosome interval 77E,F-80. In the present study, the location and dosage relationships of this locus were examined, using translocation-generated segmental aneuploidy. The results indicate that Polycomb lies within interval 78C,D-79D, and that the locus is haplo-insufficient. Males hypoploid for this interval show meso- and metathoracic leg transformations, and both males and females show wing abnormalities. In addition, the legs of hypoploids of both sexes are shorter than those of wild-type flies, and show aberrancies of segmentation, chaetal number and distribution, and other morphological characteristics. Hypoploid flies do not express a homoeotic antennal-leg transformation, but the deficiency is associated with a Minute phenotype that is known to suppress this transformation in Polycomb flies; thus it cannot be ascertained whether the antennal-leg transformation is a haplo-insufficient phenotype. It is suggested that the expression of non-homoeotic pleiotropic effects provides a criterion for identifying homoeotic mutations that do not function directly in the establishment of determined states, but rather cause homoeosis indirectly. Polycomb is interpreted in this fashion, and it is suggested that the mutant syndrome may result from localized cell death.
Toxicity of Irradiated Media for Xenorhabdus spp

Bacterial isolates of the genus Xenorhabdus were shown to be extremely sensitive to photoproducts produced in a number of common media irradiated by fluorescent light. Two forms of toxic oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical, were produced in the media upon exposure to fluorescent light. The addition of pyruvate or catalase to the irradiated media eliminated the toxicity. The poor plating efficiencies previously reported for Xenorhabdus spp. are likely due to the uncontrolled exposure of media to ambient lighting.
Combinatorial Methods in Software Testing

Abstract Combinatorial methods have attracted attention as a means of providing strong assurance at reduced cost, but when are these methods practical and cost-effective? This talk explains the background, process, and tools available for combinatorial testing, with illustrations from industrial experience, plus approaches to integrating these methods into the development process.
1990 Arizona Repatriation Legislation

Arizona recently enacted two important pieces of legislation establishing broad repatriation rights for sensitive American Indian material. Section 844 of Arizona Revised Statutes, requires the state to repatriate human remains, funerary objects, sacred ceremonial materials, and items of tribal patrimony if these materials are either excavated on state land or in the control of state agencies. Section 865 of Arizona Revised Statutes, provides a right of repatriation if human remains or funerary objects are discovered on privately owned land. Both statutes confer repatriation rights on the governments of Indian tribes that have cultural or religious affinity to the materials whose repatriation is sought. The term affinity is generously defined in both laws. This article discusses the Arizona repatriation legislation in detail. Three main themes underlie both new pieces of Arizona legislation. The first is a recognition of the enormous value of cooperative discussion among all interested parties when a controversy arises over the treatment or disposition of sensitive Indian materials. The second pervasive underlying theme is that when cooperative discussions do not resolve repatriation issues, concern for human rights should receive primary weight in decisions about the disposition and treatment of culturally sensitive materials. Finally, the legislation rests on the related assumptions that American Indian tribal governments are ordinarily the proper representatives of Indian interests in repatriation controversies, and that such governments, once empowered to protect their tribal beliefs and heritage, will sensitively and responsibly limit their repatriation claims to materials that are truly central to those beliefs and heritage.
Collisions in Chiral Kinetic Theory.

Using a covariant formalism, we construct a chiral kinetic theory Lorentz invariant to order O(ℏ), which includes collisions. We find a new contribution to the particle number current due to the side jumps required by the conservation of angular momentum during collisions. We also find a conserved symmetric stress-energy tensor as well as the H function obeying Boltzmann’s H theorem. We demonstrate their use by finding a general equilibrium solution and the values of the anomalous transport coefficients characterizing the chiral vortical effect.
Factors influencing the expression of endogenous retrovirus‐like sequences in rat 6 cells

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated increased levels of expression of endogenous rat leukemia virus (RaLV) and 30S retrovirus-like sequences in liver and colon tumors induced by chemical carcinogens in rats. During the process of normal liver regeneration, the levels of RaLV RNA were dramatically increased, whereas the levels of 30S RNA did not change. The present study examined several factors that might influence the expression of these sequences in the Rat 6 embryo fibroblast cell line. Rat 6 cells in either log-phase or confluent cultures were treated with cycloheximide, the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or the activated carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) for various periods of time up to 48 h. Northern blot analyses of total RNA indicated that cells in untreated cultures in log phase had higher levels of RaLV and 30S RNAs than did confluent cells. Within 10 h cycloheximide (2 or 10 micrograms/mL) markedly increased the levels of RaLV and 30S RNAs in both log-phase and confluent cells. BPDE (100 ng/mL) induced a marked increase in the levels of RaLV RNA at 4 to 10 h, which returned to the basal level by 24 h in the log-phase cells; but no significant change was seen in the confluent cells. The level of 30S RNA also increased moderately in the BPDE-treated log-phase cells and was maximal at 24 h; but no change was seen in confluent cells. Treatment with TPA (100 ng/mL) induced no significant increase in either RaLV or 30S RNA levels in the log-phase or confluent cells. The exposure of Rat 6 cells to 5-azacytidine (3 microM for 24 h) led to a marked increase in the levels of both RaLV and 30S RNAs, which persisted during at least 15 subsequent passages in the absence of the drug. Thus, inhibition of protein synthesis, DNA damage, or hypomethylation can increase the expression of certain endogenous retrovirus-like sequences, but an activator of protein kinase C does not.
Human skin collagenase. Isolation and mechanism of attack on the collagen molecule.

Abstract 1. 1.A collagenolytic enzyme has been isolated from the culture medium of tissue cultures of normal human skin but not from tissue extracts. The enzyme is capable of reducing the specific viscosity of native collagen at 28° and neutral pH in addition to lowering the denaturation temperature by approximately 5° without altering its helical content. 2. 2.Enzymatic attack on the collagen molecule results in the appearance of new, faster moving bands on disc electrophoresis. Electron micrographs of segment long spacings prepared from the enzyme-collagen reaction mixtures reveal the presence of an “A” end fragment (TC A ) 75% the length of the collagen molecule and a “B” fragment (TC B ) representing the remaining one-quarter. 3. 3.Human skin collagenase also acts on collagen in the native fibrillar form at 37° with a pH optimum of 7 to 8. No enzyme activity is present below pH 5.0, above pH 8.0 activity falls off markedly. The enzyme is inhibited by low concentrations of EDTA, cysteine and human serum but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor.
The non-finite homotopy type of some diffeomorphism groups

THE SET of orientation-preserving self-diffeomorphisms of a closed, oriented, Cm n-manifold M” can be made into a locally-path-connected, metrizable, topological group Diff M” by endowing it with the C” topology and the operation of map-composition [34], [43]. For general n, the only global homotopy-theoretic fact known about the identity-component Diff,, M” is that it has the homotopy type of a countable CW complex [43].
Mixed valence gold chemistry: Stepwise oxidation of a cyclic trigold(I) complex

Abstract Oxidation of the cyclic complex Au 3 (CH 3 OCNCH 3 ) 3 by iodine or bromine produces three distinct complexes Au 3 (CH 3 OCNCH 3 ) 3 X n ( n = 2,4 or 6, X = Br or I) in which the gold atoms undergo stepwise oxidative halogen addition. The products have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations, proton magnetic resonance spectra and IR spectra. The complexes with n = 4 or 2 undergo spontaneous autodecomposition. In the case of Au 3 (CH 3 OCNCH 3 ) 3 Br 4 this decomposition produces gold metal, Au 3 (CH 3 OC NCH 3 ) 3 Br 6 , methyl bromide, and methyl isocyanate in an extremely clean reaction.
Change in Land Use Through Microsimulation of Market Dynamics: Agent-Based Model of Land Development and Locator Bidding in Austin, Texas

Various land use models are now available, but a market-based model with sufficient spatial resolution and defensible behavioral foundations remains elusive. The model system developed in the study described here emphasized the interactions of individual market agents (on both the demand and the supply sides) and enjoyed behavioral foundations for each of the key actors at the level of parcels. Auction (or competition between market agents) was used to simulate price adjustment, and market-clearing prices were endogenously determined by iterative adjustment of the bidding prices for residential and commercial properties. A series of models for households, firms, and land developers and owners was estimated with actual data from Austin, Texas. The estimation results revealed tangible behavioral foundations for the evolution of urban land uses. The model forecasts demonstrated the strengths and limitations of this market simulation approach. Although equilibrium prices in forecast years were generally lower...
Intra-septal infusions of glucose potentiate inhibitory avoidance deficits when co-infused with the GABA agonist muscimol

This experiment examined the effects of co-infusions of glucose with the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist muscimol into the medial septum on memory for inhibitory avoidance learning. Co-infusions of muscimol (3 nmol) and glucose (33 nmol) impaired memory, but neither drug did so when administered alone. Thus, although glucose typically reverses memory deficits, these results indicate that glucose potentiates the memory-impairing effects of a GABA agonist.
Elevated CO2 affects porewater chemistry in a brackish marsh.

As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise and impact plant communities, concomitant shifts in belowground microbial processes are likely, but poorly understood. We measured monthly porewater concentrations of sulfate, sulfide, methane (CH4), dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved organic carbon over a 5-year period in a brackish marsh. Samples were collected using porewater wells (i.e., sippers) in a Schoenoplectus americanus-dominated (C3 sedge) community, a Spartina patens-dominated (C4 grass) community and a mixed (C3 and C4) community within the marsh. Plant communities were exposed to ambient and elevated (ambient + 340 ppm) CO2 levels for 15 years prior to porewater sampling, and the treatments continued over the course of our sampling. Sulfate reduction was stimulated by elevated CO2 in the C3-dominated community, but not in the C4-dominated community. Elevated CO2 also resulted in higher porewater concentrations of CH4 and dissolved organic carbon in the C3-dominated system, though inhibition of CH4 production by sulfate reduction appears to temper the porewater CH4 response. These patterns mirror the typical divergent responses of C3 and C4 plants to elevated CO2 seen in this ecosystem. Porewater concentrations of nitrogen (as ammonium) and phosphorus did not decrease despite increased plant biomass in the C3-dominated community, suggesting nutrients do not strongly limit the sustained vegetation response to elevated CO2. Overall, our data demonstrate that elevated CO2 drives changes in porewater chemistry and suggest that increased plant productivity likely stimulates microbial decomposition through increases in dissolved organic carbon availability.
Role of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in endocannabinoid-mediated stress-induced analgesia

Recent work in our laboratories has demonstrated that an opioid-independent form of stress-induced analgesia (SIA) is mediated by endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors-anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) [A.G. Hohmann, R.L. Suplita, N.M. Bolton, M.H. Neely, D. Fegley, R. Mangieri, J.F. Krey, J.M. Walker, P.V. Holmes, J.D. Crystal, A. Duranti, A. Tontini, M. Mor, G. Tarzia, D. Piomelli, An endocannabinoid mechanism for stress-induced analgesia, Nature 435 (2005) 1108-1112]. The present study was conducted to examine the contribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to nonopioid SIA. SIA was induced by continuous footshock (3 min 0.9 mA) and quantified behaviorally using the tail-flick test. Microinjection of the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant (SR141716A) into the BLA, a limbic forebrain region with high densities of CB1 receptors, suppressed SIA relative to control conditions. By contrast, the same dose administered into the CeA, where CB1 immunoreactivity is largely absent, or outside the amygdala did not alter SIA. To examine the contribution of endocannabinoids in the BLA to SIA, we used selective pharmacological inhibitors of the anandamide-degrading enzyme fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the 2-arachidonoylglycerol-degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). The FAAH inhibitor URB597 and MGL inhibitor URB602, at doses that enhanced SIA following microinjection in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, did not alter SIA relative to control conditions. Our findings suggest that CB1 receptors in the BLA but not the CeA contribute to SIA, but pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation at these sites does not affect the expression of stress antinociception.
MNEMONIC SYSTEMS IN FREE RECALL

A variety of mnemonic instructions were compared in a final recall of 6 lists of 10 words each. Various types of imagery instruction were contrasted with verbal mnemonic techniques on both abstract and concrete words. None of the instructions influenced recall of abstract word lists. On concrete lists both imagery and story construction instructions led to improved recall. An analysis of clustering indicated a significant degree of organization on the basis of E-contrived lists which was directly related to recall performance. The several “peg-word” techniques did not produce strong recall effects even on concrete word lists. A possible explanation was offered in terms of potential conflict of retrieval strategies for the “peg-word” conditions. Arguments implicate imagery in all effective mnemonic techniques.
Testing Alternative Theories of Agenda Setting: Forest Policy Change in British Columbia, Canada

In an effort to add to our understanding of why government chooses to take actions in certain situations and not others, this article applies competing theories of agenda building to a specific environmental issue, forest policymaking in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Clearly, how well BC and the rest of Canadian provinces manage their forests and other natural resources will contribute to the ability of Canada as a whole to become a sustainable society. In the 1990s the BC government enacted the Forest Practices Code, a comprehensive approach to managing the province's forests. This study relies on several different theoretical approaches to explain how such an ambitious program was developed and implemented. How difficult and complex environmental issues manage to reach the political agenda is crucial to our understanding of policy change and is addressed in this study.
Wave measurements along the California coast

The heights and periods of waves were measured at Davenport, California, between July 1953 and November 1954, mostly by means of a surface-type wave gage. Certain results, expressed in terms of the ratios of maximum, average of the highest one-tenth, and mean wave heights to the average of the highest one-third of the waves for specified time intervals, are compared with similar published data obtained by bottom pressure recorders; these ratios were found to be lower than the ratios from the bottom pressure recorder records. In addition, a few months' wave records are presented for Pt. Arguello, Pt. Sur, and Pt. Pinos, California.
Self-assembly in the synthesis of ceramic materials and composites

Abstract The self-assembly process provides an effective and environmentally benign method for synthesizing novel ceramic and composite materials. Three different approaches are discussed in this article: (1) self-assembly of colloidal crystals, (2) self-assembled monolayers, and (3) three-dimensional self-assembly with amphiphilic molecules. The self-assembly of colloidal crystals allows the synthesis of periodic optical devices and quantum dots from simple monodispersed particles. Self-assembled monolayers provide a molecular template to control the nucleation and growth of ceramic thin films. The emphasis of this paper will be on the self-assembly process with amphiphilic molecules, which represents the latest breakthrough in the design and synthesis of tailored nanoscale materials and composites. In the past few years, self-assembled materials have become a very active research area. This article illustrates how the basic principles of self-assembly can be applied in the synthesis of ceramic materials and discusses the role of various inter-molecular and into-particular forces.
The addictive process

In order to understand and treat addictions one must go beyond the specific agent and practice, one must understand the addictive process. The author bases his conceptualization of an addictive process on twenty-five years of naturalistic observation, individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapeutic treatment and therapeutic trials of one hundred and thirty-three single and poly substance and behavior addicted patients. No single addictive personality (addict) exists. People become addictive because specific etiological and constitutional factors contribute to their vulnerability to the addictive process. This process can be defined and diagnosed. It involved common inter/intrapersonal psychodynamics. One must look for the addictive complement and trigger mechanisms which can initiate and perpetuate the process. The process has a life history and stages, which can be cyclic, periodic, or sporadic. The individual can shift from one addiction to another or sustain multiple addictions at different times. Understanding the above factors is essential to making an accurate diagnosis and to treatment.
Persistent elevation in GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs following social stress.

Abstract Stress is associated with alterations in GABA/benzodiazepine binding and function. We evaluated effects of social stress on GABA A receptor subunit (alpha1 and gamma2) mRNAs by Northern hybridization. In cortex, no change was observed in either subunit mRNA immediately after stress, but at 4 hours mRNAs for both subunits were increased. These changes persisted for 72 hours after stress, and returned to baseline levels at 7 days. No changes in mRNAs were observed in sham-treated mice. No changes in either subunit mRNA were observed in stressed or shamtreated mice in cerebellum or hippocampus. In undefeated resident mice, mRNAs for both subunits in cortex were unaffected at 24 hours after the stress episode. Social stress is associated with increases in GABA A receptor alpha1 and gamma2 subunit mRNAs in cortex.
Studying the individual within the peer context: are we on target?

The methodological and theoretical advances in this volume provide new perspectives on longstanding questions about the extent to which both complementarity and reciprocity underlie social relationships. These chapters highlight innovative approaches for clarifying the role of contextual and developmental variations in social structures and processes that are at the core of developmental social network science.
Quantitative microdialysis of neurotransmitters

Microdialysis methods for the quantitative determination of the extracellular concentration of neurotransmitters are described for basal and transient conditions. Measurements of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of the rat are used as examples. The factors affecting microdialysis recovery of neurotransmitters are reviewed. Computer simulation is used to examine the effect of release and uptake on microdialysis recovery. Several new applications of microdialysis are suggested.
Prognostic factors in ductal pancreatic cancer.

Introduction: The diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a devastating life event for most patients and their families. Many patients with this relatively common malignancy present at a stage of disease not amenable to cancer-directed resectional therapy, and are treated via nonoperative palliative measures, with median survival of 4 – 8 months post-diagnosis. Conclusion: A minority of patients present with disease limited to the pancreas and periampullary region and are candidates for resectional therapy. The prognosis for these patients is determined by several factors: clinicopathologic staging, tumor biology and molecular genetics, perioperative factors and the use of postoperative adjuvant therapy.
Structural Development and Adhesion of Acrylic ABA Triblock Copolymer Gels

Relationships between the structure, properties, and processing techniques of model polymer gels are investigated. The mechanical properties of the gels are determined by a thermally reversible aggregation of the syndiotactic PMMA end blocks of an acrylic triblock copolymer, which is diluted with a selective solvent for the center block. The adhesive and mechanical properties of these gels are related to their structural features, which are quantified by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. The gels are significantly strengthened by the addition of low molecular weight isotactic PMMA homopolymers. These polymers form complexes with the syndiotactic PMMA end blocks of the triblock copolymer. In addition, we employ an axisymmetric adhesion test to demonstrate that the equilibrium gelation process can be utilized to reproducibly control the structure and adhesive properties of “dried” polymers. Acrylic acid moieties increase the adhesive performance of these materials without affecting their structure. ...
Drainage on evolving fold-thrust belts: a study of transverse canyons in the Apennines

Anticlinal ridges of the actively deforming Umbria–Marche Apennines fold-thrust belt are transected by deep gorges, accommodating a drainage pattern which almost completely ignores the presence of pronounced anticlinal mountains. Because the region was below sea level until the folds began to form, simple antecedence cannot explain these transverse canyons. In addition, the fold belt is too young for there to have been a flat-lying cover from which the rivers could have been superposed. In 1978, Mazzanti & Trevisan proposed an explanation for these gorges which deserves wider recognition. They suggested that the Apennine fold ridges emerged from the sea in sequence, with the erosional debris from each ridge piling up against the next incipient ridge to emerge, gradually extending the coastal plain seaward. The new coastal plain adjacent to each incipient anticline provided a flat surface on which a newly elongated river could cross the fold, positioning it to cut a gorge as the fold grew. Their mechanism is thus a combination of antecedence and superposition in which folds, overlying sedimentary cover and downstream elongations of the rivers all form at the same time. A study of Apennine drainage, using the sequence of older-to-younger transected Apennine folds as a proxy for the historical evolution of drainage cutting through a single fold, shows that transverse drainage forms when sedimentation dominates at the advancing coastline. Longitudinal drainage forms when uplift dominates, the folds first emerge as offshore islands and the Mazzanti–Trevisan mechanism is suppressed. Complicating factors include several departures from steady-state growth of the fold-thrust belt, a possible case of precursory submarine drainage, early emergence of anticlinal culminations and the location of several transverse canyons at the structurally highest point along anticlinal axes.
Clock-like behavior of Jovian continuum radiation

Abstract Ulysses URAP observations of escaping Jovian continuum radiation show a persistent 10 h variation in amplitude which can best be explained by a clock like model. The continuum shows a moderately strong preference to reach maximum intensity when the 0°–90° System III longitude sector faces the Sun.