cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomistic simulation of silicon beam deposition.

The mechanisms controlling low-energy (10\char21{}100 eV) beam deposition of silicon onto a relaxed (111) silicon substrate have been studied using a molecular-dynamics technique. The atomic interaction was modeled using a many-body empirical potential so that the effects of the covalent Si\char22{}Si bonding could be accurately included. 10-eV silicon atoms with near-perpendicular incidence were studied to determine the energy-loss mechanism resulting in capture and subsequent difffusion of excess vibrational energy away from the impact point. Shallower angles of incidence (5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\char21{}30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) were studied for beam energies of 20\char21{}100 eV. For incidence angles less than an energy- and orientation-dependent critical value, a new phenomenon of ''surface channeling'' is observed, in which the trajectory of the incoming particle is steered parallel to, and roughly 2 A\r{} above, the surface of the substrate by inelastic interaction with the surface atoms. The rate of energy loss in surface channeling trajectories is very slow, so that ranges of thousands of angstroms along the surface are possible. The phenomena observed in low-energy beam deposition offer considerable promise for precision control of the growth of nonequilibrium semiconductor structures.
Reexamination of Input and Process Factor Effects on Public School Achievement

Abstract This study examined the direct effects on, and contribution of, several input and process factors on public school achievement in Louisiana. Socioeconomic status and minority status were the strongest predictors of school achievement in every model. The discrepancy between the achievement of White students and Black students increased with grade level of school. School size did not have any meaningful effect on school achievement, nor was the effect of class size significant for every subpopulation. However, student attendance had a more substantial (p < .001) effect in every model on school achievement. Input factors accounted for as much as 68% of the variance of achievement, whereas process factors contributed no more than an additional 6 1/2% To of explained variance.
Orthogonal groups of nonsingular forms of higher degree

In a study [6] of the equivalence of forms, Jordan derived the finiteness of the orthogonal group of a form defined over the complex number field whose degree is at least three and whose discriminant is not zero. Herein we demonstrate the validity of Jordan’s result for any field, with the usual restriction that the characteristic of the field, if not zero, dominate the degree of the form. Jordan’s proof rests on an ingenious inequality argument applied to the coefficients of the form. Our argument begins with a proposition of Bott and Tate [3] which focuses attention on unipotent isometries. The proof provided here (due to Harrison [Sj) is regardless of the characteristic of the underlying field, as is the subsequent elimination of unipotent isometries. The argument is completed by showing the group under consideration to be periodic of bounded period with exponent relatively prime to the characteristic of the field, if it is nonzero. Finiteness then follows from a theorem of Burnside. Rather than a theorem of forms we adopt throughout the equivalent setting of symmetric multilinear maps on a vector space in the hope of achieving greater clarity of exposition and with the risk of obscuring the elementary nature of the argument. Let 0 denote a symmetric multilinear map of degree Y 2 3 on a vector space V of dimension n over a field F whose characteristic p, if nonzero, is greater than r. Let 0 = o(8) denote the orthogonal group of 0 in GL(n,F). Employing the standard extension of the scalar field to its algebraic closure, we may assume that F is algebraically closed. Recall that B is singular if and only if for some 0 # z E V, 0(X,..., z, v) = 0 for all 0 E V.
Comparison of Length of Hospital Stay Between Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy and Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy

Purpose: Minimally invasive surgery has been shown to decrease postoperative morbidity and length of stay for a number of surgical procedures. Furthermore, length of stay after open radical prostatectomy has decreased dramatically during the last decade. We examined differences in length of stay between a prospectively evaluated cohort of patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Between January 2003 and March 2006, 1,003 radical prostatectomies were performed at our hospital. Data were collected in prospective fashion and a comparison was made between 374 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and 629 who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Length of stay, factors influencing length of stay, readmission rates and unscheduled clinic or emergency room visits were evaluated. Patients in the 2 groups were treated using the same clinical care pathway.Results: Overall 94.3% of patients in the ra...
Evaluating Posed and Evoked Facial Expressions of Emotion from Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Though many studies have examined facial affect perception by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little research has investigated how facial expressivity in ASD is perceived by others. Here, naive female observers (n = 38) judged the intensity, naturalness and emotional category of expressions produced by adults with ASD (n = 6) and typically developing (TD) adults (n = 6) in both a posed condition and an evoked condition in which emotions were naturalistically elicited and validated. ASD expressions were rated as more intense and less natural than TD expressions but contrary to prediction were identified with greater accuracy, an effect driven primarily by angry expressions. Naturalness ratings of evoked expressions were positively associated with identification accuracy for TD but not ASD individuals. Collectively, these findings highlight differences, but not a reduction, in facial expressivity in ASD that do not hinder emotion recognition accuracy but may affect social interaction quality.
An approach to defining a product market

Abstract This paper posits an approach to defining the extent of a product market relying on the notion of instantaneous causality. The market for rice in the United States is used to implement the approach empirically. The results, based on three types of rice and flour milling centers, suggest that there is, in fact, a single rice product market in the United States.
Air Handling Unit Level Fault Signature Development Using EnergyPlus

In the effort to create more energy efficient buildings, an effective fault detection process must be developed for monitoring and diagnosing malfunctions in the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. This study provides energy loss signatures that can be used to diagnose a specific faulty component at the unit level. An analysis has been performed on a single air handling unit (AHU) to determine how faulty HVAC components effect the overall energy consumption of the unit.To begin the process, the Engineering Laboratory building on the campus of the University of Oklahoma was modeled for the simulation, using EnergyPlus 7.0, Google Sketchup 8, and OpenStudio 0.6.0. The building has an existing single duct system with a 3hp AHU with a forward curved fan that discharges 2500 cfm (1.175 m3/s) that covers approximately 2809 square feet (261 m2). Inputs into the simulation included building constructions, architecture, internal loads, and external loads from weather, sun, and shade objects. Simulations were run using the stated software, and a base case was established for energy consumption. Next, components and variables on the AHU, such as minimum outside air intake, economizer outside damper control, cooling coil valve, duct work pressurization, and various sensors were individually modified to reflect a malfunction or inefficiency. The energy loss caused from these changes in inputs was quantified and analyzed for the purpose of establishing a graphical range of energy loss signatures associated with each faulty component. Building Engineers and operators will be able to not only detect the exact malfunction faster, but also to ascertain the associated energy loss cost associated with the fault. The results of the study will be used to automate an online energy monitoring fault detection and diagnosis process.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Observations of dissolved iron concentrations in the World Ocean: implications and constraints for ocean biogeochemical models

Abstract. Analysis of a global compilation of dissolved iron observations provides insights into the controlling processes for iron distributions and some constraints for ocean biogeochemical models. The distribution of dissolved iron is consistent with the conceptual model developed for the scavenging of Th isotopes, whereby particle scavenging is a two-step process of scavenging mainly by colloidal and small particulates followed by aggregation and removal on larger sinking particles. Much of the dissolved iron ( ~0.02 μm) and, thus, likely subject to aggregation and scavenging removal. Only the iron bound to soluble ligands ( Inputs from dust deposition and continental sediments are key drivers of dissolved iron distributions. The observations provide several strong constraints for ocean biogeochemical models: 1) similar deep ocean concentrations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific (~0.6–0.8 nM), and much lower deep ocean dissolved iron concentrations in the Southern Ocean (~0.3–0.4 nM); 2) strong depletion of iron in the upper ocean away from the high dust deposition regions, with significant scavenging removal of dissolved iron below the euphotic zone; and 3) a bimodal distribution in surface waters with peaks less than 0.2 nM and between 0.6–0.8 nM. We compare the dissolved iron observations with output from the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) ocean model. The model output was in general agreement with the field data (r=0.76, for depths 103–502 m), but at lower iron concentrations (
Shared Agents and Competition in Laboratory English Auctions

At livestock auctions, the same purchasing agent can represent more than one processor. Repeated multiple-unit English auctions are created in a laboratory to measure the impact of shared agents on trade prices under alternative treatments with six, and as few as two, agents representing six principals. Treatments are constructed in which the agents either know or do not know quantity for sale, and in which there are progressively fewer agents bidding. Knowledge of quantity for sale can be anticompetitive. Evolution toward increased market concentration leads to consistent anticompetitive pricing, resulting in prices significantly lower than the predicted competitive equilibrium prices.
Tissue hydrogen ion concentration in ischemic muscle: effects of gradual and acute arterial occlusion with and without acute venous hypertension.

Accurate assessment of extremity &hernia is often a prerequisite to the successful completion of complex arterial reconstructions. Muscle surface pH, reflecting the status of local tissue metabolism, offers a means for continuously monitoring limb perfusion. The present investigation was designed to evaluate muscle surface pH measurements in ischemic canine hindlimbs. These measurements, subjected to careful statistical analysis, were related to extremity blood flow, perfusion pressure, effluent blood pH, and arteriovenous oxygen differences.
Contraceptive choices of women 35-44 years of age: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system.

Purpose With an estimated 3.1 million unintended pregnancies in the United States each year, patterns of contraceptive use have significant public health importance. Little literature has focused on these patterns in women over age 35. Methods Using data from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we conducted a population-based analysis of 22,890 women between the ages of 35–44 years who completed information on family planning. Lifestyle, demographic, and medical history covariates were assessed and multinomial logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Female sterilization was the most popular contraceptive method among women aged 35–44 years (28.5%). Relative to non-Hispanic white women, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women were less likely to use effective methods of contraception such as male sterilization (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.46; and OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.16, respectively) and oral contraceptives (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.73; and OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.57, respectively) after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and medical factors. Conclusions Although fecundity is reduced in women of this age group, increased rates of maternal and fetal complications make unintended pregnancies riskier. This study demonstrates opportunities for targeted counseling and increased awareness of the diversity of contraceptive choices for older women.
Quantification of Atrazine, Phenylurrea , and Sulfonylurea Herbicide Metabolites in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) method to measure metabolites of atrazine, phenylurea, and sulfonylurea herbicides in human urine. The metabolites measured in the method include atrazine mercapturate, desethyl atrazine, and desisopropyl atrazine as markers of atrazine exposure; dichlorophenyl urea, dichlorophenylmethyl urea, diuron, and linuron as markers of phenylurea herbicide exposure; and dimethoxypyrimidine, dimethylpyrimidine, and methoxymethyl triazine as markers for sulfonylurea herbicide exposure. The metabolites were extracted from urine by simple solid-phase extraction using a mixed-bed cartridge and were analyzed by HPLC-MS-MS. Quantification of the atrazine metabolites was achieved using isotope-dilution calibration. The remaining metabolites were quantified using similarly structured chemicals as internal standards. Extraction recoveries ranged from 88% to 104% (n = 5). Limits of detection for the entire method ranged from 0.125 to 1 ng/mL, and the average relative standard deviation of repeat measurements was about 13% (n = 30).
Implementing Fuzzy Reasoning Petri-Nets for Fault Section Estimation

Fuzzy reasoning Petri-nets (PNs) is a promising technique to tackle the complexities of power system fault section estimation. This paper addresses several key issues in implementing fuzzy reasoning PNs for fault section estimation, which include optimal design of structure of diagnosis models to avoid large matrix size, utilization of fuzzy logic parameters to effectively handle uncertainties, realization of matrix execution algorithm to achieve parallel reasoning and adaptability, and integration of more reliable input data to enhance estimation accuracy. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the estimation capability under complex scenarios. An implementation solution residing in a control center is proposed.
High-efficiency heterojunction solar cells on crystalline silicon and germanium substrates enabled by low-temperature epitaxial growth of silicon

We demonstrate high-efficiency heterojunction (HJ) solar cells realized by epitaxial growth of thin layers of highly-doped Si on crystalline Si (c-Si) and crystalline Ge (c-Ge) substrates using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at temperatures as low as 150°C. We have achieved a conversion efficiency of 21.4% on p-type c-Si substrates textured by random pyramids and Al-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) electrodes sputtered at room-temperature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest conversion efficiency reported for HJ solar cells on p-type c-Si substrates. We have achieved conversion efficiencies of 5.9% and 6.4% on n-type and p-type c-Ge substrates, respectively, which are comparable with efficiencies reported for conventional c-Ge cells requiring process temperatures up to 600°C.
Grain-Boundary Chemistry of Barium Titanate and Strontium Titanate: II, Origin of Electrical Barriers in Positive-Temperature-Coefficient Thermistors

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of positive-temperature-coefficient (PTC) BaTiO3 thermistors shows that the grain-boundary oxygen content in as-received (oxidatively cooled) materials is slightly enriched compared to quenched samples, and the acceptor-rich space-charge present at high temperatures is retained upon cooling. The defect density of the space charge is approximately equal to the acceptor state density at PTC boundaries determined by electrical measurements. Accordingly, it is proposed that the electrical barrier forms when acceptor defects already segregated in the ionic space charge at high temperature become active interface states when compensating donor defects in the grain-boundary core are oxidized. These acceptor defects appear to be primarily barium vacancies, but need not form upon cooling in the manner proposed by Daniels and Wernicke. Acceptor solutes when present can also contribute to barrier formation through space-charge segregation; the increase in interface state density upon addition of Mn is consistent with the magnitude of the expected segregation.
Prior exposure to medical and dental x-rays related to tumors of the parotid gland.

Findings from this population-based study in Los Angeles County suggest, for the first time, that tumors of the parotid gland are related to prior exposure to diagnostic medical and dental radiography. Responses to interviews with 408 patients with a parotid tumor (269 benign tumors and 139 malignant tumors) were compared to responses of 408 neighborhood controls. Cumulative exposure of the parotid gland from diagnostic radiography was associated with a dose-related increase in risk of malignant tumors (P for trend less than .05; relative risk for exposure to greater than or equal to 50 rad = 3.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.02-11.46). Benign tumors showed a weaker positive association, and exposure before age 20 to a major diagnostic examination (full-mouth or panoramic dental radiography or medical radiography to the head) increased risk (relative risk = 1.8; confidence interval = 1.13-2.91). This study also confirmed the association of malignant tumors with prior radiation treatment to the head or neck; 28% of these tumors are attributable to exposure of the parotid gland from diagnostic and therapeutic radiation.
Transesophageal echocardiography-guided aortic thrombectomy in a patient with a mobile thoracic aortic thrombus

Thoracic aortic thrombi are a well-known cause of distal embolic phenomena. There is a paucity of case reports because of the rarity of this condition, and thus clear management guidelines are lacking. The authors present a case of a mobile thoracic aortic thrombus managed by a surgical approach. This report demonstrates how intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) proved to be critical in guiding surgical management. The utility of TEE in the diagnosis and management of aortic thrombi is also discussed. In addition, currently reported management strategies for this complex condition are reviewed.
Optimizing the Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection

The best laboratory diagnostic approach to detect Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the subject of ongoing debate. In the United States, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) have become the most widely used tests for making this diagnosis. Detection of toxin in stool may be a better predictor of CDI disease and severity. Laboratories that have switched from toxin-based to NAAT-based methods have significantly higher CDI detection rates. The important issue is whether all NAAT-positive patients have CDI or at least some of those patients are excretors of the organism and do not have clinical disease.
Group routing without group routing tables: an exercise in protocol design

We present a group routing protocol for a network of processes. The task of the protocol is to route data messages to each member of a process group. To this end, a tree of processes is constructed in the network, ensuring that each group member is included in the tree. To build this tree, the group routing protocol relies upon the local unicast routing tables of each process. Thus, group routing is accomplished by composing two protocols: an underlying unicast routing protocol, whose detailed behavior is unknown but its basic properties are given, and a protocol that builds a group tree based upon the unicast routing tables. The group routing protocol is developed in three steps. First, a simple protocol is obtained, and is proven correct. Then, the protocol is refined twice. Each refined protocol improves upon its predecessor by satisfying all of the predecessor's properties plus some additional stronger properties. The final protocol has the property of adapting the group tree to changes in the unicast routing tables without compromising the integrity of the group tree, even in the presence of unicast routing loops.
The Science of Qualitative Research: Calls for Interpretive Social Science

We cannot measure such sciences against the requirements of a science of verification: we cannot judge them by their predictive capacity. We have to accept that they are founded on intuitions which we all do not share, and what is worse that these intuitions are closely bound up with our fundamental options. These sciences cannot be wertfrei [value-free]; they are moral sciences in a more radical sense that the eighteenth century understood. Finally, their successful prosecution requires a high degree of self-knowledge, a freedom from illusion, in the sense of error which is rooted and expressed in one’s way of life; for our incapacity to understand is rooted in our own self-definitions, hence in what we are. Taylor, 1971, p. 57 In the 1970s, a number of calls were made for a new kind of interpretive social science that would have ethnography at its center (e.g., Bernstein, 1976; Dallmayr & McCarthy, 1977; Rabinow & Sullivan, 1979). In this chapter I will examine three of these calls: Charles Taylor’s proposal for an interpretive approach to political science, Anthony Giddens’s hermeneutically informed sociology, and Clifford Geertz’s interpretive anthropology. In each case, interpretation – hermeneutics – was regarded as an important, even central, element. In each case, immersion in the social practices of a community – that is to say, ethnographic fieldwork – was considered crucial (though at the same time, as we shall see later, ethnography itself was in crisis). In each case – in sociology, political science, and anthropology – it was claimed that the new approach would resolve core dualisms that had plagued the discipline. And, in each case, it was said that this would be because we would study the key relationship of constitution between humans and the world. This chapter begins our exploration of this notion of constitution, a notion that will lead us to a new way of practicing fieldwork. Once again, it will turn out to be important to get the ontology right.
基於會計盈餘資訊性的融資限制 (Financial Constraints Based on the Informativeness of Accounting Earnings)

Chinese Abstract: 融資限制指的是：公司無法按照最適投資所要求的條件來取得外部資金， 以致無法達到最適投資。本研究建構一個基於盈餘資訊性的融資限制之理論模 型，說明盈餘資訊性與投資現金流量敏感度（融資受限程度指標）之間的關係， 並運用領域交替迴歸模型進行實證。實證結果顯示：當公司融資未受限時，盈 餘資訊性本身與融資限制無關；但當公司融資受限時，此融資受限程度會隨盈 餘資訊性的增加而減少。此外本研究亦發現高成長機會的公司有較高的融資限 制。本研究的結論對財務工作的重要義涵在於：管理當局應增加其會計盈餘的 情報量，進而擴大融資乘數以提高投資上限，以避免公司產生融資限制而成長 受限。English Abstract: Financial constraint refers to the situation under which the firm cannot obtain the required external funds to achieve the optimal investment. In this study, I construct a theoretical financial constraint model based on informativeness of accounting earnings to explore the relationship between the informativeness of accounting earnings and investment cash flow sensitivity (a measure for the degree of financial constraints). Using the regime switching regression model, this study empirically tests the proposition derived from the above theoretical financial constraint model. The empirical result indicates that investment cash flow sensitivity is irrelevant to the informativeness of accounting earnings itself for a firm without financial constraint. However, when a firms is financially constrained, the investment cash flow sensitivity decreases as the informativeness of accounting earnings increases. In addition, the evidence also indicates that firms with higher growth opportunity have higher financial constraints. The important implication of this study to financial management is that management should increase the informativeness of accounting earnings to enhance the investment upper limit through financing multiplier, so that the firm would not suffer financial constraints and thus affect its growth.
Intrathecal delivery of frataxin mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles to dorsal root ganglia as a potential therapeutic for Friedreich's ataxia.

In Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) patients, diminished frataxin (FXN) in sensory neurons is thought to yield the predominant pathology associated with disease. In this study, we demonstrate successful usage of RNA transcript therapy (RTT) as an exogenous human FXN supplementation strategy in vitro and in vivo, specifically to dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Initially, 293 T cells were transfected with codon optimized human FXN mRNA, which was translated to yield FXN protein. Importantly, FXN was rapidly processed into the mature functional form of FXN (mFXN). Next, FXN mRNA, in the form of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), was administered intravenously in adult mice. Examination of liver homogenates demonstrated efficient FXN LNP uptake in hepatocytes and revealed that the mitochondrial maturation machinery had efficiently processed all FXN protein to mFXN in ~24 h in vivo. Remarkably, greater than 50% mFXN protein derived from LNPs was detected seven days after intravenous administration of FXN LNPs, suggesting that the half-life of mFXN in vivo exceeds one week. Moreover, when FXN LNPs were delivered by intrathecal administration, we detected recombinant human FXN protein in DRG. These observations provide the first demonstration that RTT can be used for the delivery of therapeutic mRNA to DRG.
Effect of single wrist exercise on fibroblast growth factor-2, insulin-like growth factor, and growth hormone

Anabolic effects of exercise are mediated, in part, by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and growth hormone (GH). To identify local vs. systemic modification of these mediators, 10 male subjects performed 10 min of unilateral wrist-flexion exercise. Blood was sampled from catheters placed in basilic veins of both arms. Lactate was significantly increased only in the exercising arm. FGF-2 decreased dramatically (P < 0.01) in both the resting (from 1.49 +/- 0.32 to nadir at 0.11 +/- 0.11 pg/ml) and exercising arm (1.80 +/- 0.60 to 0.29 +/- 0.14 pg/ml). Small but significant increases were found in both the resting and exercising arm for IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). GH was elevated in blood sampled from both the resting (from 1.04 +/- 0.68 to a peak of 2.57 +/- 0.53 ng/ml) and exercising arm (1.04 +/- 0.66 to 2.43 +/- 0.42 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Unilateral wrist exercise was not sufficiently intense to increase circulating lactate or heart rate, but it led to systemic changes in GH, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and FGF-2. Low-intensity exercise involving small muscle groups can influence the circulating levels of growth factors.
Toward an Objective Measure of Automation for the Electric Grid

Abstract The impact of automation on human performance has been studied by human factors researchers for over 35 years. One unresolved facet of this research is measurement of the level of automation across and within engineered systems. Repeatable methods of observing, measuring and documenting the level of automation are critical to the creation and validation of generalized theories of automation's impact on the reliability and resilience of human-in-the-loop systems. Numerous qualitative scales for measuring automation have been proposed. However these methods require subjective assessments based on the researcher's knowledge and experience, or through expert knowledge elicitation involving highly experienced individuals from each work domain. More recently, quantitative scales have been proposed, but have yet to be widely adopted, likely due to the difficulty associated with obtaining a sufficient number of empirical measurements from each system component. Our research suggests the need for a quantitative method that enables rapid measurement of a system's level of automation, is applicable across domains, and can be used by human factors practitioners in field studies or by system engineers as part of their technical planning processes. In this paper we present our research methodology and early research results from studies of electricity grid distribution control rooms. Using a system analysis approach based on quantitative measures of level of automation, we provide an illustrative analysis of select grid modernization efforts. This measure of the level of automation can be displayed as either a static, historical view of the system's automation dynamics (the dynamic interplay between human and automation required to maintain system performance) or it can be incorporated into real-time visualization systems already present in control rooms.
Synthesis, Structure, and Basic Magnetic and Thermoelectric Properties of the Light Lanthanide Aurobismuthides

We report the crystal structures and elementary properties of the new aurobismuthides La3Au3Bi4, Ce3Au3Bi4, Pr3Au3Bi4, Nd3Au3Bi4, Sm3Au3Bi4, and Gd3Au3Bi4. These ternary compounds are found only for the large lanthanides and crystallize in the cubic Y3Au3Sb4 structure type, which is a stuffed Th3P4-type derivative. The compounds are electron-precise, leading to semiconducting behavior, and display magnetic properties arising from localized lanthanide f states. Resistivity data, Seebeck coefficient measurements, and electronic structure calculations suggest that these phases are heavily doped, p-type semiconductors. Nd3Au3Bi4 and Sm3Au3Bi4 have Seebeck coefficients of 105 and 190 μV/K at 350 K, respectively, making them worthy of further thermoelectric studies.
STATURE AND THE RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WOMEN

An inverse association between height and coronary heart disease has been observed in several prospective studies of men, but the reasons for the association have not been established. The relation of stature to the risk of first nonfatal myocardial infarction in women was evaluated in data from a hospital-based case-control study of women under 65 years of age carried out in 1985-1988; 910 cases were compared with 1,140 controls. The risks of myocardial infarction for tall and short women relative to women of average height (63-64 inches (160-163 cm] were estimated, with control for body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), years of education, religion, and the major known risk factors. There was a significant inverse relation of height to myocardial infarction risk (p = 0.003). The relative risk estimate for women greater than or equal to 69 inches (175 cm) tall was 0.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.8); for women less than or equal to 59 inches (less than or equal to 150 cm) tall, it was 1.5 (95% CI 0.9-2.6). The results were consistent within strata of age, body mass index, educational status, and religion, and they suggest that among women, as among men, those of tall stature have a lower risk of myocardial infarction than shorter individuals. Factors which might explain the association, such as early nutrition, genetic endowment, and artery size, could not be directly evaluated.
Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ

Rosalinda Alvarado is a board‐certified General Surgeon specializing in breast surgical oncology. She is Assistant Professor in the Department of Surgery at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (MD, USA) and is in practice at the Suburban Hospital Breast Center in Bethesda (MD, USA). Her research focuses on decreasing the morbidity of breast cancer surgery, breast cancer in very young women, and ductal carcinoma in situ. About the Author
Optimization of inspection for dual contraband using a genetic algorithm

Explosives, weapons of mass destruction and other contraband smuggled via cargo containers present a significant threat to national security. To combat this threat cargo containers are inspected for various types of contraband upon entering the country. This article presents a genetic algorithm-based technique for developing an optimum inspection strategy capable of detecting two different types of contraband. Experimentation on the behavior of the optimization algorithm is presented, demonstrating how this technique can be used to optimize an inspection strategy for detecting chemical explosives and radiological material, the components of either a nuclear or “dirty” bomb.
Thermal convection induced byg-jitter in space environment

The article discusses thermal convection in an enclosure induced by spacecraft vibrations (g-jitter). Two theoretical investigations are described. The conclusions are that if theg-jitter is decomposed into a time-mean part and an oscillatory part, the mean part is more important than the oscillatory part, in determining the flow field and heat transfer rate. Under normal circumstances (no manoeuvres, no intentional spinning of the spacecraft) theg-jitter generates predominantly oscillatory velocity and temperature fields with zero time-mean values. Theg-jitter can also generate secondary flows with non-zero mean but they are of much smaller order. Some implications of theg-jitter on materials processing in space are also discussed.
Bad Ac-etylated Tau

By using a tau construct with two mimicked acetylation sites as identified in AD brains, Tracy et al. (2016) found that acetylated tau promotes synaptic dysfunction through disruption of postsynaptic KIBRA signaling pathways, actin dynamics, and AMPA receptor trafficking.
Relationship of Cancer and Aging

The major risk factor for cancer is progressive age. Molecular advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis and the aging process are helping to clarify this relationship. The magnitude of cancer in the elderly warrants institution of an active prevention program by clinicians caring for this population.
USE OF THE THORACIC AORTA FOR RENAL REVASCULARIZATION

SUMMARY A new technique for renal revascularization has been developed that involves placement of an interposition saphenous vein bypass graft from the lower thoracic aorta to the renal artery. The initial clinical results with this approach have been excellent. Thoracic aortorenal bypass has several advantages and can be useful in the management of selected older patients with severe atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries.
Temporal Logic Inference with Prior Information: An Application to Robot Arm Movements

Abstract Temporal logics are widely used to express (desired) system properties in controller synthesis and verification. In linear temporal logics, the semantics of the formulae are defined on the execution trajectories of the system. Recently, there have been a lot of interest in using dense-time linear temporal logic, such as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) in characterizing system trajectories. In this paper, we present a new method to derive an STL formula that characterizes the motion of a robot arm. Our work generalizes earlier work in this area by (i) allowing the use of polyhedral predicates, and (ii) incorporating a priori knowledge about the predicates. The formula is defined by a set of parameters, whose values are determined by minimizing a cost function that balances the trade-off between the formula's match with the trajectories and the the similarity between its predicate and an a priori known predicate. We apply our algorithm on experimental trajectories generated using a PHANToM Omni robot.
A Sociology of Power: My Intellectual Journey

This is an autobiographical review of the published research that I did over five decades of my academic life, from 1965 to 2015. It highlights the common thread that brings together my intellectual project through a great diversity of topics: the quest for a grounded theory of power. The review presents the gradual emergence of this theory without disguising the difficulties and contradictions in its development. I consider power relationships to be the foundational relationships of society in all domains. Here, I show how my research used this approach to study urban structure and spatial dynamics; the uses and consequences of information technologies; the process of globalization; the formation of a new social structure, the network society; and the interaction between communication and power in a digital environment. Finally, I propose a network theory of power in the network society, the society we are in.
Introduction: Russia’s Reading Myth

Anyone who has spent much time with urban educated Russians over recent years can testify that they tend to get rather emotional about reading. One often hears (even from people with no great love of the Soviet system) that the Soviet people was the ‘best-read’ (samyi chi-taiushchii) in the world. According to most accounts, Moscow students of the 1970s chose their friends not for their drinking capacity, or for the brand of their jeans, but for their ability to hold conversations on a range of ideas and authors that provided a lingua franca for the intelligentsia of the time. And now, in the 1990s, the rhetoric of cultural crisis — with its particular reference to ‘the death of the book’ — is heard with much greater insistence than in the West.
Application of anti-Sclerostin therapy in non-osteoporosis disease models

Sclerostin, a known inhibitor of the low density lipoprotein related protein 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6) cell surface signaling receptors, is integral in the maintenance of normal bone mass and strength. Patients with loss of function mutations in SOST or missense mutations in LRP5 that prevent Sclerostin from binding and inhibiting the receptor, have significantly increased bone mass. This observation leads to the development of Sclerostin neutralizing therapies to increase bone mass and strength. Anti-Sclerostin therapy has been shown to be effective at increasing bone density and strength in animal models and patients with osteoporosis. Loss of function of Sost or treatment with a Sclerostin neutralizing antibody improves bone properties in animal models of Osteoporosis Pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG), likely due to action through the LRP6 receptor, which suggests patients may benefit from these therapies. Sclerostin antibody is effective at improving bone properties in mouse models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta, a genetic disorder of low bone mass and fragility due to type I collagen mutations, in as little as two weeks after initiation of therapy. However, these improvements are due to increases in bone quantity as the quality (brittleness) of bone remains unaffected. Similarly, Sclerostin antibody treatment improves bone density in animal models of other diseases. Sclerostin neutralizing therapies are likely to benefit many patients with genetic disorders of bone, as well as other forms of metabolic bone disease.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Pelvic Pain After Mesh Implant Surgery for the Treatment of Pelvic Floor Disorders

Study Objective Our aim was to assess incidence and risk factors for pelvic pain after pelvic mesh implantation.
A transcriptomic study suggesting human iPSC-derived hepatocytes potentially offer a better in vitro model of hepatotoxicity than most hepatoma cell lines

Hepatocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise as an in vitro liver model by virtue of their unlimited long-term supply, stability and consistency in functionality, and affordability of donor diversity. However, the suitability of iPSC-derived hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps) for toxicology studies has not been fully validated. In the current study, we characterized global gene expression profiles of iPSC-Heps in comparison to those of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and several human hepatoma cell lines (HepaRG, HuH-7, HepG2, and HepG2/C3A). Furthermore, genes associated with hepatotoxicity, drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and nuclear receptors were extracted for more detailed comparisons. Our results showed that iPSC-Heps correlate more closely to PHHs than hepatoma cell lines, suggesting that iPSC-Heps had a relatively mature hepatic phenotype that more closely resembles that of adult hepatocytes. HepaRG was the sole exception but nonetheless suffers from lack of donor diversity and poor prediction of hepatotoxicity. The effects of sex differences and DMSO treatment on gene expression of the cellular models were also investigated. Overall, the results presented in the current study suggest that iPSC-Heps represent a reproducible source of human hepatocytes and a promising in vitro model for hepatotoxicity evaluation. Further studies are needed to develop a robust protocol for hepatocyte differentiation towards a more mature adult phenotype.
Correcting Mirowski's Errors concerning Samuelson's Contributions to Economics

Mirowski’s 2012 HES Presidential address on Samuelson as a historian of economics and economist contains a number of errors of omission and commission. This paper corrects these errors, be they partial or total errors. One example is Mirowski’s contention that it was Samuelson and his student, Klein, who started the myth that Keynes was technically incompetent. It is quite easy to show that the source of these errors are the Robinsons, Joan and Austin, and Richard Kahn.
Dynamics and Precision Control of Uncertain Tumbling Multibody Systems

This paper deals with the precision control of tumbling multibody systems with uncertainties present in the descriptions of their mathematical models. A generic tumbling multibody system consisting of a rigid body with internal degrees of freedom is used. A two-step control methodology is developed. First, a nominal system is conceived that best approximates the actual physical system. An analytical dynamics-based control methodology is used to obtain the nominal control force that ensures that this nominal system satisfies the control requirements. This is done using the control methodology proposed by Udwadia (“Optimal Tracking Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 464, 2008, pp. 2341–2363). Second, an additional compensating generalized control force is designed to ensure that the actual controlled (uncertain) system tracks the trajectories of the nominal system so that the control requirements are also me...
Measurement of Ocean Wave Directional Spectra Using Airborne HF/VHF Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Theoretical Evaluation

Currently, images obtained with microwave synthetic aperture radars (SARs) are widely used for measuring directionality of ocean waves on a global and continuous scale. However, with all the advantages of the microwave SAR systems, the effectiveness of wave spectrum retrieval from SAR images is still debated. In this paper, we demonstrate how the directional spectrum of relatively long sea waves can be measured using aperture synthesis method in conjunction with relatively low radio frequencies (HF and VHF bands). This approach has advantages over HF ground-based radars used for ocean wave studies in coastal zones. In this paper, we theoretically evaluate this technique for the system mounted on aircraft. A favorable combination of the parameters for both ocean surface waves and HF electromagnetic waves allows an accurate analytical description of scattering from the sea surface based on the first approximation of the small perturbation method. In this case, scattered electromagnetic field becomes a linear functional of sea surface wave elevations. An analysis of the signal processing pertaining to this situation is presented, and a practical example is discussed. The proposed approach can be used even in the case when the radar platform is moving nonsteadily and/or along the curvilinear trajectory.
Immunomodulatory effects of whole yeast cells and capsicum in weanling pigs challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli

An experiment was conducted to evaluate growth performance, fecal bacterial counts, frequency of diarrhea, and clinical blood parameters in weanling pigs inoculated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) who were fed a whole yeast cell (WYC) product and capsicum, a plant essential oil. Weanling pigs (34 barrows and 30 gilts, 21 d of age, 5.90 ± 1.03 kg BW) were allotted to experimental treatments in a randomized complete block design based on litter, sex, and initial BW. Four pigs were individually housed within each containment chamber and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, which included a control diet without or with 0.2% WYC (CitriStim; ADM, Decatur, IL) or 10 ppm of capsicum (XTract 6933; Pancosma, Geneva, Switzerland), provided either alone or in combination. After receiving diets for 13 d, pigs were orally inoculated with F18+ ETEC and maintained on their assigned diets for an additional 10 d; a separate cohort of 12 pigs receiving the control diet was sham-inoculated using PBS. Body and feeder weights were recorded, and fecal swabs collected, on 0, 5, and 10 d postinoculation (DPI), with blood sampled at 0, 2, 7, and 10 DPI for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Pigs challenged with ETEC and fed diets containing WYC or capsicum alone had a higher frequency of diarrhea when compared with pigs receiving diets without those compounds (P < 0.05). Total fecal bacterial counts in pigs fed the combination of additives were highest when compared with either additive alone (interaction, P = 0.03) at 10 DPI. Blood leukocyte counts were increased in challenged pigs receiving the combination of additives compared with all other challenged treatment groups (interaction, P = 0.04). The addition of WYC increased (main effect, P = 0.01) lymphocyte counts at 7 DPI. Proportions of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ cells were lower in pigs fed the combination of additives compared with pigs fed either additive alone at 0 and 7 DPI. In conclusion, these data indicate that the combination of the 2 additives elicited higher ETEC shedding and circulating leukocyte counts, and reduced the proportions of cytotoxic and memory T-cells than either additive alone.
Chapter 5 Vector Bundles and Characteristic Classes

Following Chern and Weil, we will associate to a vector bundle E over M global differential forms on M constructed from the curvature matrix of a connection E. These forms turn out to be closed; moreover, their cohomology classes are independent of the connection and so are diffeomorphism invariants of the vector bundle E. They are called characteristic classes of E. Specializing to the tangent bundle TM, we obtain in this way new diffeomorphism invariants of the manifold M, among which are the Pontrjagin classes and Pontrjagin numbers of M.
Quantum dots as inorganic DNA-binding proteins

Semiconductor quantum dots of cadmium sulfide, CdS, are approximately the size of proteins and are photoluminescent in the red, yellow, or green, depending on surface preparation. This photoluminescence is very sensitive to the Nature and amount of adsorbates. We have found that DNAs with intrinsic curvature adsorb more strongly to the surface of 47 A CdS quantum dots, as judged by concentration-dependent changes in photoluminescence. The binding constants we obtain are similar to those found for nonspecific protein-DNA interactions. The surface groups of the CdS substrate also influence DNA adsorption. Thus these protein-sized colloidal particles can be used in chemical sensing applications for curved or kinked DNA; DNA with unusual structures is thought to influence biological function such as transcription.
Joining the Global Village: Teaching Globalization with Wikipedia.

This paper presents an analysis of my experiences with a teaching activity that engages students in publishing in Wikipedia on issues relating to globalization. It begins with a short overview of s...