cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A manageable web software architecture: searching for simplicity

Instruction on web programming at an advanced level in computer science has been in high demand in recent years. The topics and technologies in this area are so vast and diverse that designing and teaching a course requires vast knowledge and the ability to select coherent topics and technologies that can be presented in a semester. The students should learn enough of the underlying fundamental concepts along with the selected technologies so that they can practise in the real world setting while being able to adapt and expand beyond what was taught in class. Very few courses of this kind if any have been taught. We describe such a course, called Web Software Architecture, that we created and have taught successfully last Spring. It is a junior/senior level computer science elective course that uses Java, Servlets, JavaServer Pages, HTML, JavaScript, JDBC, and the Apache-Tomcat web server as key technologies. Our experience supports the assertion that such a web programming course has a legitimate place in a computer science curriculum.
Energy transport model with full band structure for GaAs electronic devices

Electronic band structure is incorporated into a versatile energy transport model that treats heat flow between mobile electron ensembles with the thermodynamic identity for ideal gases instead of an electron thermal conductivity. This alleviates the closure issue common to thermal conductivity models and is amenable to different forms of charge gas transport. This flexibility allows the model to accommodate band dispersions typical of semiconductors. A simulation scheme and the device equations for a generalized band structure are presented. The model is then implemented for GaAs using a band structure calculated with the empirical pseudopotential method. Comparisons to Monte Carlo for certain bulk GaAs test cases indicate that the model may capture hot electron effects with sufficient accuracy and reduced computational cost suitable for larger scale device simulation and design.
Epitaxial growth and time-resolved photoluminescence studies of AIN epilayers

AlN epilayers with high optical qualities have been grown on sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Deep ultraviolet (UV) photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been employed to probe the optical quality as well as optical transitions in the grown epilayers. Two PL emission lines associated with the donor bound exciton D0X, or I2 and free exciton (FX) transitions have been observed, from which the binding energy of the donor bound excitons in AlN epilayers was determined to be around 16 meV. Time-resolved PL measurements revealed that the recombination lifetimes of the I2 and free exciton transitions in AlN epilayers were around 80 ps and 50 ps, respectively. The temperature dependencies of the free exciton radiative decay lifetime and emission intensity were investigated, from which a value of about 80 meV for the free exciton binding energy in AlN epilayer was deduced. This value is believed to be the largest free exciton binding energy ever reported in semiconductors, implying excitons in AlN are an extremely robust system that would survive well above room temperature. The PL emission properties of AlN have been compared with those of GaN. It was shown that the optical quality as well as quantum efficiency of AlN epilayers is as good as that of GaN. It was shown that the thermal quenching of PL emission intensity is greatly reduced in AlN over GaN, which suggests that the detrimental effect of impurities and dislocations or non-radiative recombination channels in A1N is much less severe than in GaN. The observed physical properties of AlN may considerably expand future prospects for the application of III nitride materials.
Racism, Disable-ism, and Heterosexism in the Making of Helen Keller

In his paper "Racism, Disable-ism, and Heterosexism in the Making of Helen Keller" Andy Prettol offers an analysis of prevailing narratives about Helen Keller. Prettol focuses on the dynamic interplay of race, (dis)ability, sexuality, and gender inherent to all Keller stories of triumph that are so popular in elementary schools across the U.S. He examines three specific works: William Gibson's playscript The Miracle Worker, written in 1956; the film of the same title directed by Arthur Penn in 1962; and the compiled letters of Anne Sullivan in Helen Keller's The Story of Life. Prettol's analysis works to unpack the articulations of race, ability, and sexuality on the formulation of the modern subject narrative. Andy Prettol, "Racism, Disable-ism, and Heterosexism in the Making of Helen Keller." page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.2 (2008): Thematic Issue, Racialized Narratives for Children. Ed. C. Richard King and John Streamas
Are patient-administered attention deficit hyperactivity disorder scales suitable for adults?

Objective: This primary purpose of this study was to examine cognitive complexity and readability of patient-administered ADHD scales. The secondary purpose was to estimate variation in readability of individual ADHD scale items. Method: Using comprehensive search strategies, we identified eight English-language ADHD scales for inclusion in our study. A complete copy of each ADHD scale was obtained from the most current publication. Cognitive complexity of individual ADHD scale items were assessed using three techniques (number of items, number of words, and linguistic problems), while readability was calculated using the Flesch-Kinkaid formula. Results: Total number of ADHD scale items ranged from 6 to 66. The ADHD scale items averaged from a low of 4.4±2.9 to a high of 18.7±4.4 words. Most individual ADHD scale items had between 1 to 3 linguistic problems. Although readability of ADHD scales ranged from approximately 5th to 8th grade, there was notable variation in readability across individual statemen...
Attenuation of acute morphine withdrawal in the neonatal rat by the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959.

The present study examined the ability of LY235959, a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, to attenuate behaviors and c-fos mRNA expression associated with acute morphine withdrawal in the infant rat. Rat pups were given a single dose of morphine (10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline. Two hours later, pups were removed from the dam and injected with either LY235959 (10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline. Fifteen minutes later acute morphine withdrawal was precipitated with naltrexone (10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) and behaviors were recorded every 15 s for the next 60 min. Immediately after behavioral testing, brain and spinal cord were assayed for c-fos mRNA analysis by solution hybridization. The intensity of the morphine withdrawal syndrome was reduced in pups pre-treated with LY235959. Withdrawal behaviors such as head moves, moving paws, rolling, and walking were decreased, and vocalizations were completely eliminated in pups pre-treated with LY2359559. Acute morphine withdrawal increased c-fos mRNA expression in the brain and the spinal cord, which was attenuated by pre-treatment of LY235959. Thus, in the 7-day-old rat, as in the adult, NMDA receptors play a role in the behavioral and molecular manifestations of acute morphine withdrawal.
Endovascular procedures for aorto-iliac occlusive disease are associated with superior short-term clinical and economic outcomes compared with open surgery in the inpatient population.

Objectives There has been a rapid increase in the number of endovascular procedures performed for peripheral artery disease, and especially aorto-iliac occlusive disease (AIOD). Results from single-center reports suggest a benefit for endovascular procedures; however, these benefits may not reflect general practice. We used a population-based analysis to determine predictors of clinical and economic outcomes following open and endovascular procedures for inpatients with AIOD. Methods All patients with AIOD who underwent open and endovascular procedures in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2004 to 2007, were identified. Independent patient- and provider-related characteristics were analyzed. Clinical outcomes included complications and mortality; economic outcomes included length of stay (LOS) and cost (2007 dollars). Outcomes were compared using χ 2 , ANOVA, and multivariate regression analysis. Results Four thousand, one hundred nineteen patients with AIOD were identified. Endovascular procedures increased by 18%. Patients who underwent endovascular procedures were more likely to be ≥65 years of age (46% vs 37%), female (54% vs 49%), and in the highest quartile of household income (20% vs 16%), all P P ≤ .05. In bivariate analysis, endovascular procedures were associated with lower complication rates (16% vs 25%), shorter LOS (2.2 vs 5.8 days), and lower hospital costs ($13,661 vs $17,161), all P Conclusions Endovascular procedures have superior short-term clinical and economic outcomes compared with open procedures for the treatment of AIOD in the inpatient setting. Further studies are needed to examine long-term outcomes and access-related issues.
RESPIRATORY BLOCK IN THE DORMANT SPORES OF NEUROSPORA TETRASPERMA.

Shear and Dodge (26) have shown that the ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma are dormant, but that they may be induced to germinate by a short period of heating. This process of heat activation was studied by Goddard (7), who found that heating the dormant spores to temperatures of over 50? C. for a few minutes induced germination two to three hours after returning them to room temperature. Further, he found that the activation is reversible. If the respiration of the activated spores was prevented for several hours by anaerobic conditions or the addition of cyanide, upon returning to conditions favorable for respiration, the spores failed to germinate; that is, they had been de-activated. If the de-activated spores were re-activated by a second heat treatment, they germinated normally. The activation of the spores induced a large increase in the respiratory rate (8 to 40 times), and this high rate of respiration had to continue for two to three hours if germination was to occur. Upon germination, a second increase in the respiratory rate was found, nearly doubling that of the activated spores. Thus, he recognized three phases in the rate of respiration of the ascospores: (1) that of dormant spores, (2) that of activated spores (one-half hour to two hours after the heat treatment), and (3) that of germinating spores (the spores in which germ tubes may be seen under the microscope). In this paper we have tried to determine what constitutes the respiratory block of dormant ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma, or, conversely, what part of the respiratory mechanism undergoes heat activation. It is to be realized that activation and germination occur readily in distilled water, so that an external substrate is not essential for activation or germination. We may assume concerning the respiratory systems of dormant and activated spores, either (a) that the dormant and activated respiratory mechanisms are qualitatively dissimilar or even independent, and that heat treatment causes a de novo appearance of a system inactive in dormant spores, or (b) that the same mechanism is functional in dormant and activated spores, but that in dormant spores the rate is limited by the slowest process in the total reaction chain, and that this slow reaction is greatly accelerated by the heat treatment, allowing the total respiratory chain to proceed at the rate found in activated spores. If the first assumption is correct, the respiratory block is the inactivity of the reaction which prevents the second 241
Attractive and repulsive pairing interaction vertices for the two-dimensional Hubbard model.

Particle-hole-magnetic and particle-particle-pairing susceptibilities can be expressed in terms of dressed Green's functions and interaction vertices. Using quantum Monte Carlo simulation techniques, the effect of the interaction vertices is examined to determine the sign and relative magnitude of the effective pairing interaction in various channels for the two-dimensional Hubbard model. Near half filling we find that the singlet ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ pairing interaction is the most attractive. The extended near-neighbor $s$ interaction is also weakly attractive, while the singlet ${s}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ and ${d}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ and the triplet ${p}_{x}$ interactions are repulsive.
Safety and Efficacy of Dronedarone in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter

Dronedarone is an amiodarone analog but differs structurally from amiodarone in that the iodine moiety was removed and a methane-sulfonyl group was added. These modifications reduced thyroid and other end-organ adverse effects and makes dronedarone less lipophilic, shortening its half-life. Dronedarone has been shown to prevent atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFl) recurrences in several multi-center trials. In addition to its rhythm control properties, dronedarone has rate control properties and slows the ventricular response during AF. Dronedarone is approved in Europe for rhythm and rate control indications. In patients with decompensated heart failure, dronedarone treatment increased mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations. However, when dronedarone was used in elderly high risk AF/AFl patients excluding such high risk heart failure, cardiovascular hospitalizations were significantly reduced and the drug was approved in the USA for this indication in 2009 by the Food and Drug Administration. Updated guidelines suggest dronedarone as a front-line antiarrhythmic in many patients with AF/Fl but caution that the drug should not be used in patients with advanced heart failure. In addition, the recent results of the PALLAS trial suggest that dronedarone should not be used in the long-term treatment of patients with permanent AF.
A survey of health professions students for knowledge, attitudes, and confidence about tuberculosis, 2005.

In 2003 the NIH perceived a need to strengthen teaching about tuberculosis (TB) to health professions students. The National Tuberculosis Curriculum Consortium (NTCC) was funded to meet this need. The purpose of this study was to survey students enrolled in NTCC schools prior to NTCC-developed educational materials being made available to faculty. A self-administered survey for students in NTCC schools to establish a baseline level of knowledge, attitudes, and confidence about tuberculosis. 1480/2965 (50%) students in 28 programs in 20 NTCC schools completed the survey. If public health students are eliminated from totals (only 61 respondents of 765 public health students), the overall response proportion for the seven clinically-related disciplines was 64.5%. The majority (74%) were in schools of medicine (MD/DO), undergraduate nursing (BSN), and pharmacy (PharmD); others were in programs for physician assistants (PA), advanced practice nursing (NP/APN), respiratory therapy (RT), clinical laboratory sciences (MT/CLS), and public health (MPH). Almost 90% had attended at least one lecture about TB. Although 91.4% knew TB was transmitted via aerosols, about one-third did not know the method for administering tuberculin, or that Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was not a contraindication to TB skin testing. Fewer than two-thirds knew that about 10% of people in the U.S.A. who have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and a normal immune system will develop TB disease, or that BCG is not part of the routine vaccination program in the U.S.A. because it complicates surveillance for new TB infection. There is room for improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and confidence about TB by health professions students surveyed. The NTCC-developed educational products may be used by faculty to improve student performance to be assessed with future surveys.
Selective Use of Arteriography in the Assessment of Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Routine preoperative arteriography is advocated by many vascular surgeons before abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. We have used a selective approach based on the facts that arteriography is expensive, time-consuming, potentially hazardous, and often unwarranted. Based on preoperative indications, arteriography was used selectively in 41 of 100 consecutive patients prior to abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Many patients had more than one indication. A total of 82 specific indications were recognized. The most frequent indications were diminished lower extremity pulses (24), claudication (20), severe coronary artery disease (11), cerebrovascular disease (7), prior arterial reconstruction (8), hypertension in patients 60 years of age or less (5), evidence of other aneurysms (4), major renal anomaly (1), blue toe syndrome (1), and thoracic aneurysm (1). The 41 arteriograms produced 125 specific arteriographic abnormalities with an average of three per study. The most arteriographic abnormalities were in those patients with claudication and the least for those with hypertension. The arteriogram revealed information that would not have been obvious at operation, nor would it have led to operative procedure modification in only 10 patients. In the 59 patients not having arteriography, three had intraoperative findings which demanded a modification of the operative procedure. Thus, in only 13 patients was arteriography definitely useful. Presumably it was not indicated in the other 87. By comparing the cases in which the operation was modified with the presence of a specific indication, we have developed a predictability index as a guide for performing arteriography. Multiple indications increased the likelihood of operation modification only if four or more indications were present.
We Teach Too: What are the Lived Experiences and Pedagogical Practices of Gay Men of Color Teachers

Over the past decade, increased attention to the marginalization of queers of color across educational context in North America has forced urgent reevaluations of the legal, political, and pedagogical implications of exclusionary politics (Brockenbrough, 2012, 2013; McCready, 2013). The research done by Brockenbrough (2013) cites the absences of queer of color perspectives in the educational literature and more specifically for this research their perspectives on teaching and learning. An experience that requires the participants to cross-epistemological boundaries and examine their experiences within the intersections of race and gender and in some instances class; which will become evident in the narratives of Malcolm, Carlos and Victor. Following the work of Brockenbrough (2013), McCready (2013) and others this article centers the pedagogical practices of three gay men of color. It is my intent with this line of research to bring to the forefront the lived and pedagogical experiences of gay teachers of color.
Review of Critical Care and Emergency Approaches to Stroke

The past year has brought steady progress in our understanding of the emergent treatment of stroke. Substantial clinical information has come from post hoc and hypothesis-generated analyses of prior trials, as well as population-based ischemic stroke experiences. The main focus of ischemic stroke investigations in the past year has been to realize the benefits apparent in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA trial on much broader routine care. Clearly, this involves developing a professional consciousness regarding the precise requirements of emergency stroke management. In addition, human studies have explored therapeutic and pathophysiological mechanisms in the major form of untreated stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The present overview will focus on the evolving knowledge in these 2 areas as pertains to emergency and intensive care unit (ICU) management. A population-based, state-wide assessment of diagnostic and treatment capabilities for the state of Illinois was performed by Ruland et al.1 Although this survey demonstrated that 93% of Illinois residents lived in a county with at least one acute care facility using a rt-PA treatment protocol, almost 30% of hospitals did not have such a protocol, and many were lacking in specialized personnel and equipment for stroke diagnostic technology such as MRI, transcranial Doppler, and consultation from Neurology and Neurosurgery. This survey demonstrates that substantial barriers to stroke care continue to exist at the personnel, diagnostic technology, and programmatic level. It remains clear that a systematic approach to emergency care for stroke has the potential to improve these deficits greatly. Two evaluations of the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) have suggested some potential alterations in this important emergency stroke evaluation tool. First, Tirschwell et al2 have identified a subset of the NIHSS tests that can lead to a more rapid evaluation in the prehospital setting. This set …
Comparison of TCP Reno and Vegas in wireless mobile ad hoc networks

We investigate and evaluate the performance of these two TCP variants in a wireless mobile ad hoc network. The results in this paper are based on simulations using the NS2 network simulator from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), with extensions from the MONARCH project at Carnegie Mellon. We present our experimental results in two parts. The first part of the experiments does not include node movement. The effect of mobility and the link breakage are considered in the second part experiments. We consider one type of topology in the first part experiments: a string topology with 8 nodes as shown. The distance between any two-neighbor nodes is equal to 200 m, which lets a node can only connect to its neighbor node. In other words, only those nodes between which a line exists can directly communicate. In this performance study, we set up a single TCP connection between a chosen pair of sender and receiver nodes and measured the successively received packets over the lifetime of the connection. The TCP good-put result was measured for each connection, averaged over ten runs. We compare these two TCP variants and discuss the effect of TCP maximum window size window.
A unified unsigned/signed binary multiplier

Multiplication is a very important operation in digital computing systems. Both signed and unsigned multiplications are required in many computing applications. A unified implementation of signed/unsigned multiplier using redundant binary number representations is proposed in this paper.
Laparoscopic cystotomy for removal of a large bladder polyp in a juvenile alpaca with polypoid cystitis.

Objective: To describe a method for laparoscopic cystotomy in an alpaca. Study Design: Case report. Animals: Female alpaca. Methods: An 8-month-old female alpaca was admitted with a 6-week history of straining to urinate and vulvar swelling. Transrectal ultrasound examination revealed a 1.5 × 1.5 × 2 cm polyp within the bladder. Results: The mass was excised using laparoscopic cystotomy. Leakage from the cystotomy site resolved over 12 days using a Foley catheter. The alpaca was healthy and urinating normally at 9 months after surgery. Conclusion: Minimally invasive surgery by laparoscopic cystotomy can be used to remove large urinary polyps in alpacas. Clinical Relevance: Urinary bladder polyps should be considered as differential diagnosis in alpacas with stranguria.
Segmental mediolytic arteriopathy of the splenic and hepatic arteries mimicking systemic necrotizing vasculitis

Segmental mediolytic arteriopathy, a rare, noninflammatory arterial disease, is fundamentally a variant of fibromuscular dysplasia. The characteristic angiographic findings of segmental mediolytic arteriopathy include the "string of beads" and microaneurysms which are indistinguishable from those of vasculitis, and the correct diagnosis can be made only after histopathologic evaluation of the arterial lesions. Thrombosis, arterial wall hemorrhage, and dissection are among the complications of segmental mediolytic arteriopathy. We describe herein a patient with segmental mediolytic arteriopathy who presented with hemoperitoneum. The patient underwent urgent surgical repair of a ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm. The postoperative visceral arteriography findings led to a clinical diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa, and immunosuppressive therapy was initiated. This treatment was stopped as soon as the correct biopsy diagnosis of segmental mediolytic arteriopathy was obtained through outside consultation. The patient recovered without drug treatment and was spared the potentially life-threatening complications of immunosuppression.
Saturation of the high-temperature normal-state electrical resistivity of superconductors

The high temperature, normal state resistivity of strong coupled superconducting transition metal compounds and other materials with high resistivities saturates at a value corresponding to an electron mean free path of order the interatomic spacing. This accounts for the nonlinear temperature dependence of the resistivity observed in these compounds at high temperature.
Fluorescence and viscometry study of complexation of poly(acrylic acid) with poly(acrylamide) and hydrolysed poly(acrylamide)

Interpolymer complexation of poly(acrylic acid) with poly(acrylamide) and hydrolysed poly(acrylamide) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and viscometry in dilute aqueous solutions. Changes in chain conformation and flexibility due to the interpolymer association are reflected in the intramolecular excimer fluorescence of pyrene groups covalently attached to the polymer chain. Both poly(acrylamide) and hydrolysed poly(acrylamide) form stable complexes with poly(acrylic acid) at low pH. The molecular weight of poly(acrylic acid) and solution properties such as pH and ionic strength were found to influence the stability and the structure of the complexes. In addition, the polymer solutions mixing time showed an effect on the mean stoichiometry of the complex. The intrinsic viscosity of the solutions of mixed polymers at low pH suggested a compact polymer structure for the complex.
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IN MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS WITH EXTREMELY LIMITED RESOURCES

In many microcontroller based embedded system projects the object oriented programming is not considered because of the extremely limited resources and relatively large code generated by the compilers. Usually C, assembly and mixed C-Assembly language programming is dominating these applications. In some cases even the size of the code generated by a very efficient C compiler is unacceptable. So in many projects the advantages of the object oriented programming are not realized. In this paper, the use of object oriented programming techniques in the absence of sufficient resources is emphasized. There are significant driving factors limiting the cost of the microcontrollers and limiting their resources. On the other hand consumers expects more functions from the microcontroller applications. It is shown that object oriented analysis/design techniques and programming can still be used to the extent that most of the benefits of object-oriented programming can be realized if the suitable mechanisms are employed.
The Long-run Effect of Abortion on Sexually Transmitted Infections

There is a growing literature on the effects of abortion legalization on a range of fertility outcomes. The now-famous paper by Donohue and Levitt [2001. “The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime,” 116 Quarterly Journal of Economics 379‐420], linking abortion to the decline in crime in the 1990s, has shifted the focus to non-fertility outcomes. We focus on STIs, specifically gonorrhea, exploiting the states that legalized abortion prior to Roe v. Wade as a quasi-experiment. Using data from the CDC, we present difference-in-difference estimates showing gonorrhea incidence fell among 15‐19-year-olds in early-repeal states 15‐19 years after legalization. The effects are most pronounced and precisely estimated for Black women. The basic findings hold up under triple-differencing with an untreated older cohort that was not in utero during abortion repeal.
Marine bird aggregations associated with the tidally-driven plume and plume fronts of the Columbia River

Freshwater discharge from large rivers into the coastal ocean creates tidally-driven frontal systems known to enhance mixing, primary production, and secondary production. Many authors suggest that tidal plume fronts increase energy flow to fish-eating predators by attracting planktivorous fishes to feed on plankton aggregated by the fronts. However, few studies of plume fronts directly examine piscivorous predator response to plume fronts. Our work examined densities of piscivorous seabirds relative to the plume region and plume fronts of the Columbia River, USA. Common murres (Uria aalge) and sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) composed 83% of all birds detected on mesoscale surveys of the Washington and Oregon coasts (June 2003–2006), and 91.3% of all birds detected on fine scale surveys of the plume region less than 40 km from the river mouth (May 2003 and 2006). Mesoscale comparisons showed consistently more predators in the central plume area compared to the surrounding marine area (murres: 10.1–21.5 vs. 3.4–8.2 birds km
Application of rehabilitation ethics to a selected burn patient population's perspective.

Background Flame injury confers significant physical and psychologic stress on burn patients. Because most patients and their surrogates lack an understanding of burn injury, and these injuries preclude the meaningful exercise of patient autonomy, informed consent is a challenge for physicians. To better promote patient autonomy, this project collected patient perspectives on the proper duties of patients and physicians after severe burn injury and throughout the recovery phases. Study design Ten survivors of severe burn injury were prospectively identified to represent different causes of injury, support systems, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Six persons participated (4 men, 2 women). Personal interviews with these individuals discussed their perspective and experience regarding physician and patient duties after severe burn injury as they relate to patient autonomy. Results All participants thought that informed consent was unrealistic at the time of their injury, but that this capacity developed over time as their understanding and level of functioning improved. In addition, all believed that the burn physicians' role was to do whatever was medically best for their patients in an emergency situation, but that this duty included the physician educating the patient or surrogates about what these treatments entail. Conclusions Patient autonomy may be an unrealistic goal acutely for patients with severe burn injuries. Educational approaches to consent may facilitate patient autonomy, participation in decision making, and adherence to care plan over time. The ethical framework for this approach has been accepted in rehabilitation literature, but this is the first demonstration that relevant patient populations agree with this approach.
Bispectrum analysis of EEG of a dog to determine the depth under halothane anesthesia

The solution of the problem of finding the depth of anesthesia or the level of unconsciousness by monitoring the electroencephalogram (EEG) is considered. The bispectrum analysis of the EEG of a dog is studied to determine any trends with increasing depth of anesthesia. Of the four channels of EEG analyzed, channel 1 (L/sub r/-L/sub 0/) seems to show a strong coupling between frequencies in the range of 6-10 Hz around 78% of the time when the dog is asleep (depth = 1.0) and a weak or no coupling between frequencies in the same range around 67% of the time when the dog is awake (depth = 0.0). >
Rous sarcoma virus RNA stability requires an open reading frame in the gag gene and sequences downstream of the gag-pol junction.

Abstract The intracellular accumulation of the unspliced RNA of Rous sarcoma virus was decreased when translation was prematurely terminated by the introduction of nonsense codons within its 5' proximal gene, the gag gene. Subcellular fractionation of transfected cells suggested that nonsense codon-mediated instability occurred in the cytoplasm. Analysis of constructs containing an in-frame deletion in the nucleocapsid domain of gag, which prevents interaction between the Gag protein and viral RNA, showed that an open reading frame extending to approximately 30 nucleotides from the natural gag termination codon was needed for RNA stability. Sequences at the gag-pol junction necessary for ribosomal frameshifting were not required for RNA stability; however, sequences located 100 to 200 nucleotides downstream of the natural gag termination codon were found to be necessary for stable RNA. The stability of RNAs lacking this downstream sequence was not markedly affected by premature termination codons. We propose that this downstream RNA sequence may interact with ribosomes translating gag to stabilize the RNA.
World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity

Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course. Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for human society and the plant and animal kingdoms, and may so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know. Fundamental changes are urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present course will bring about.
STRATEGIC SURPRISE AND THE SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

▪ Abstract This essay examines the failure to anticipate the terrorist attacks of September 11 from four perspectives: cognitive biases of government analysts and policy makers concerned with terrorism, organizational pathologies of key bureaucracies such as the CIA and the FBI, political and strategic errors of senior government officials, and the unusual nature of al Qaeda. Drawing on past studies of strategic surprise, it argues that agencies such as the CIA at times did impressive work against the terrorist organization, but that in general the U.S. government, and the U.S. intelligence community in particular, lacked a coherent approach for triumphing over the skilled terrorists it faced. In hindsight, it is clear that numerous mistakes at all levels of the U.S. government and the broader U.S. analytic community made strategic surprise more likely.
Ext3cow: a time-shifting file system for regulatory compliance

The ext3cow file system, built on the popular ext3 file system, provides an open-source file versioning and snapshot platform for compliance with the versioning and audtitability requirements of recent electronic record retention legislation. Ext3cow provides a time-shifting interface that permits a real-time and continuous view of data in the past. Time-shifting does not pollute the file system namespace nor require snapshots to be mounted as a separate file system. Further, ext3cow is implemented entirely in the file system space and, therefore, does not modify kernel interfaces or change the operation of other file systems. Ext3cow takes advantage of the fine-grained control of on-disk and in-memory data available only to a file system, resulting in minimal degradation of performance and functionality. Experimental results confirm this hypothesis; ext3cow performs comparably to ext3 on many benchmarks and on trace-driven experiments.
APPROXIMATE-COOPERATIVE DESIGN FORMULATIONS FOR ENTERPRISE DESIGN AND INTEGRATION

Enterprise design is embodied by the notion of integrating the processes of product design, manufacturing process design, and organization design to enhance manufacturing competitiveness. However, because of cognitive and computational limitations, the integration of the enterprise design activities based on large and complex enterprise models is not efficacious. In this paper, we examine how to achieve an efficacious integration by promoting a common decision support model across the enterprise and using approximate- cooperative formulations of individual design decisions. The preliminary embodiment of a flywheel produced in a forging process is used to illustrate this perspective. Keywords: Enterprise design and integration, decision- based design, explicit-coordination, approximate cooperation. NOMENCLATURE
So-Called ‘Foot-Drop’ Post-stroke: Not a Dorsiflexor Impairment

Our recent work suggests so-called ‘foot-drop’ post-stroke results from dysfunction of dynamic hip-knee coupling during swing rather than impaired dorsiflexion. Here our aim was to examine the mutability of hip-knee coupling to identify possible mechanisms of gait recovery following therapeutic intervention. By investigating joint powers and muscle activation patterns our results revealed improvements including increased power production from the hip and knee, but not the ankle. Further, activation patterns for hip muscles demonstrated reorganization resembling controls. Taken together, these findings suggest the notion of foot-drop post-stroke should be reconsidered and the focus of treatment for hemiparetic walking dysfunction be redirected.
From Mobsters to Memos: Editing Key to Good Writing

This article is part of a regularly-occurring column published in Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly. The article discusses large-scale and small-scale editing techniques for legal writers.
Abstract WMP26: Endovascular Arterial Deconstruction with a Combination of Onyx and Coils: Technique, Feasibility, and Complications

Object: Permanent vessel deconstruction has become routine for the management of aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms, tumors, and carotid blowouts. We describe a new technique for carotid and vertebral artery deconstruction using a combination of Onyx and coils, and assess its feasibility, safety, and efficacy. Methods: Between 2008 and 2012, a total of 41 patients underwent carotid or vertebral artery deconstruction with a combination of Onyx and coils in our institution. A few coils were initially deployed in the parent vessel under proximal flow arrest followed by Onyx embolization directly into the coil mass. Results: A total of 26 internal carotid arteries and 15 vertebral arteries were treated. In all but one patient, a balloon test occlusion was performed prior to permanent arterial occlusion. The mean number of coils used was only 6.8 (range, 2-19). The total volume of Onyx used was 1.3 ml on average (range, 0.2-5.2 ml). All 41 (100%) parent arteries were successfully occluded. No distal migration of Onyx or coils was noted. Periprocedural complications occurred in 14.6% (6/41) of cases causing permanent morbidity in 7.3% (3/41). All were the result of delayed ischemic events after vessel deconstruction; none were related to the occlusion technique. No patient developed a recurrence during the follow-up period (mean, 14 months). Conclusions: Parent vessel occlusion with a combination of Onyx and coils is feasible, safe, and effective and results in significant savings in terms of cost, operative time, and fluoroscopy time. Importantly, no complications related to the technique itself were encountered in the series. This new technique should replace the traditional deconstruction technique with coils alone.
Biological Physics of the Developing Embryo: Epithelial morphogenesis: gastrulation and neurulation

In the previous chapters we have followed the process of rapid cell divisions in the early embryo until the formation of the blastula, initially a solid mass of cells poised to develop into the structurally and functionally differentiated organism. Adhesive differentials along the surfaces of individual cells of the early blastula, the blastomeres, drive the formation of spaces or lumens (see Fig. 4.2) within the embryos of most species. As a result, the typical blastula acquires a geometrically simple closed spheroidal structure that consists of a single cell layer enclosing the hollow blastocoel. By the time the blastula has developed, the embryo already contains, or begins to generate, a number of differentiated cell types (see Chapter 3). Insofar as these cell types have or acquire distinct physical (adhesive, contractile) properties, compartmentalization or other forms of regional segregation start taking place. This regionalization, accompanied by the collective movement of the resulting cell masses, gives rise in most cases to embryos consisting of two major cell layers, referred to as “germ layers,” along with some subsidiary populations of cells. The various modes of cell rearrangement by which a solid or single-layered blastula becomes multilayered are known collectively as gastrulation . In “diploblastic” animals, such as sponges and coelenterates (hydra, jellyfish), gastrulation is complete when the two germ layers, the outer ectoderm , and inner endoderm , are established. Further cell specialization occurs within these two main layers and any subsidiary cell populations.
From inert to explosive, the hydrolytic reactivity of R-NSO compounds understood: a computational study.

We present a computational study on the concerted hydrolysis of several classes of N-sulfinylamines of generic formula R−N═S═O, such as the -amines themselves (R−NSO), -hydrazines (R−NH−NSO), -hydrazides (R−CO−NH−NSO) and -amides (R−CO−NSO), as these species are known to possess a wide range of hydrolytic reactivity. Two possible mechanisms of hydrolysis, with a water dimer across the S═O and N═S bonds, in the gas phase are investigated. The reactivity is discussed with respect to the electronic structures, established with the use of the quantum theory of Atoms in Molecules, Natural Bond Orbital and Natural Resonance Theory approaches. For the inert N-sulfinylhydrazines and the keto tautomers of N-sulfinylhydrazides, extended π-conjugation adds a sulfide-like resonance structure that is responsible for their insensitivity toward moisture. Activation barriers for hydrolysis, where water acts as a nucleophilic reagent, decrease with increasing positive charge on the NSO sulfur atom, a finding that might pr...
Treatment of the integral divergence in computations of vacuum polarization for photons with the method of approximate values of Dirac δ function

With the extension rule of the method of approximate values of Dirac δ function a new regularization equation of vacuum polarization(self-energy) for photons is developed with(n↑) as the regularization parameter which has the same dimension as 4-momentum,the equation is similar to that in reference books such as that of dimensional regularization.The separate amplitudes of tree-level and l-loop contributions of the system are determined,the counterterm and the renormalized amplitudes are further derived while the latter is all the same to that in reference books.Finally the counterterm Lagrangian is determined.
Robust blind source separation in a reverberant room based on beamforming with a large-aperture microphone array

Large-Area Electronics (LAE) technology has enabled the development of physically-expansive sensing systems with a flexible form-factor, including large-aperture microphone arrays. We propose an approach to blind source separation based on leveraging such an array. In our algorithm we carry out delay-sum beamforming, but use frequency-dependent time delays, making it well-suited for a practical reverberant room. This is followed by a binary mask stage for further interference cancellation. A key feature is that it is fully "blind", since it requires no prior information about the location of the speakers or microphones. Instead, we carry out k-means cluster analysis, to estimate time delays in the background from acquired audio signals that represent the mixture of simultaneous sources. We have tested this algorithm in a conference room (T60 = 350 ms), using two linear arrays consisting of: (1) commercial electret capsules, and (2) LAE microphones, fabricated in-house. We have achieved high-quality separation results, obtaining a mean PESQ MOS improvement (relative to the unprocessed signal) for the electret array of 0.7 for two sources and 0.6 for four simultaneous sources, and for the LAE array of 0.5 and 0.3, respectively.
Structure of the Adenovirus Type 4 (Species E) E3-19K/HLA-A2 Complex Reveals Species-Specific Features in MHC Class I Recognition

Adenoviruses (Ads) subvert MHC class I Ag presentation and impair host anti-Ad cellular activities. Specifically, the Ad-encoded E3-19K immunomodulatory protein targets MHC class I molecules for retention within the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells. We report the x-ray crystal structure of the Ad type 4 (Ad4) E3-19K of species E bound to HLA-A2 at 2.64-A resolution. Structural analysis shows that Ad4 E3-19K adopts a tertiary fold that is shared only with Ad2 E3-19K of species C. A comparative analysis of the Ad4 E3-19K/HLA-A2 structure with our x-ray structure of Ad2 E3-19K/HLA-A2 identifies species-specific features in HLA-A2 recognition. Our analysis also reveals common binding characteristics that explain the promiscuous, and yet high-affinity, association of E3-19K proteins with HLA-A and HLA-B molecules. We also provide structural insights into why E3-19K proteins do not associate with HLA-C molecules. Overall, our study provides new information about how E3-19K proteins selectively engage with MHC class I to abrogate Ag presentation and counteract activation of CD8(+) T cells. The significance of MHC class I Ag presentation for controlling viral infections, as well as the threats of viral infections in immunocompromised patients, underline our efforts to characterize viral immunoevasins, such as E3-19K.
Responder Technology Alert Monthly (Oct-Nov 2014)

As part of technology foraging for the Responder Technology Alliance, established by the Department of Homeland Science and Technologies First Responders Group, this report summarizes technologies that are relevant in the area of “wearables,” with the potential for use by first responders. The content was collected over the previous month(s) and reproduced from a general Internet search using the term wearables. Additional information is available at the websites provided. This report is not meant to be an exhaustive list nor an endorsement of any technology described herein. Rather, it is meant to provide useful information about current developments in the areas wearable technology.
A circumscriptive theorem prover: preliminary report

We discuss the application of an assumption-based truth maintenance system to the construction of a circumscriptive theorem prover, showing that the connection discovered by Reiter and de Kleer between assumption-based truth maintenance and prime implicants relates to the notions of minimality appearing in nonmonotonic reasoning. The ideas we present have been implemented, and the resulting system is applied to the canonical birds flying example and to the Yale shooting problem. In both cases, the implementation returns the circumscriptively correct answer.