cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended characterization of combustion-generated aggregates: Self-affinity and lacunarities

Abstract A large population of combustion-generated soot aggregates (more than 3000 samples) was thermophoretically extracted from a variety of laminar and turbulent flames and analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was shown that the scaling structural properties of these fractal aggregatescannotbe exclusively characterized by a single mass fractal dimension. Asymmetric properties of the aggregates were considered here by first assuming and then demonstrating theirself-affinityvia affinity exponents reflecting different scaling with respect to the length and width of the aggregate projections. In addition to the conventional fractal dimension,Df, determined by using the geometrical mean of the longitudinal and transverse sizes as the characteristic length, the affinity exponent,H, and two complementary fractal dimensions, one longitudinal,DL= [(1 +H)/2]Df, and one transverse,DW= [(1 +H)/2H]Df, were introduced. By fitting the TEM data for the entire population of aggregates, the values ofDf= 1.75 andH= 0.91 were obtained. To classify the density and crossover scales of aggregates having the same fractal dimensions, lacunarities of the first and second order were also defined as prefactors in the scaling relationships among aggregate mean mass, rms mass and linear sizes. Analysis of the second moment of the mass-size distribution confirmed that the scaling properties of flame-generated aggregates cannot be consummately characterized by a single fractal dimension; it is necessary to introduce a set of scaling exponents. This more precise description of aggregate morphologies in terms of self-affine scaling and lacunarities is not captured by previous idealized cluster–cluster aggregation models. Current investigations of the reasons for this are expected to lead to a deeper understanding of the coagulation dynamics, transport properties, and restructuring kinetics of flame-generated aggregates.
Nonlinear optical response of liquid crystals to nanosecond laser radiation

The present work aims at understanding how preparation of liquid crystal layers with rod-like molecules influences their transient nonlinear response to nanosecond laser radiation.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Turning off the Ras switch with the flick of a finger.

Structural and biochemical analysis of the interaction of Ras with GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) explains the stereochemical basis for the GAP mediated GTPase stimulation.
Characterization of Hysteresis Loop Evolution in Aged Lead Free Solders

Solder joints in electronic assemblies are typically subjected to thermal cycling, either in actual application or in accelerated life testing used for qualification. Mismatches in the thermal expansion coefficients of the assembly materials leads to the solder joints being subjected to cyclic (positive/negative) mechanical strains and stresses. This cyclic loading leads to thermomechanical fatigue damage that involves damage accumulation, crack initiation, crack propagation, and failure. While the effects of aging on solder constitutive behavior (stress-strain and creep) have been examined in some detail, there have been no prior studies on the effects of aging on solder failure and fatigue behavior. In this investigation, we have examined the effects of aging on the cyclic stress-strain behavior of lead free solders. Uniaxial SAC lead free solder specimens were subjected to cyclic (tension/compression) mechanical loading. Samples were cyclically loaded under both strain control (constant positive and negative strain limits) and stress control (constant positive and negative stress limits). The hysteresis loop size (area) was calculated from the measured cyclic stress-strain curves for a given solder alloy and temperature. This area represents the strain energy density dissipated per cycle, which can be typically correlated to the damage accumulation in the joint. The tests in this investigation were performed with SAC105 solder alloy. Prior to cyclic loading, the specimens in this study were aged (preconditioned) at 125 °C for various aging times (0–6 months). From the recorded cyclic stress-strain curves, we have been able to characterize and empirically model the evolution of the solder hysteresis loops with aging. Similar to solder stress-strain and creep behaviors, there is a strong effect of aging on the hysteresis loop size (and thus the rate of damage accumulation) in the solder specimens. The observed degradations in the fatigue/cyclic behavior of the lead free solders are highly accelerated for lower silver content alloys (e.g., SAC105), and for aging and testing at higher temperatures. In our current work, we are also subjecting aged solder samples to cyclic loading until failure occurs. Our ultimate goal is to understand the effects of aging on the thermomechanical fatigue life.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Merit: who, what, and why

This article looks back at the innovations and ingenuity, trials and tribulations that went into the marketing of Merit Network, Inc., Michigan’s pioneering Internet provider. Merit was one of the first organizations in the nation to attempt what was then a daunting task: to link the computing facilities of three universities by a common network. Initially formed in 1966 to provide services to its then‐three member institutions–Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University (Detroit)–Merit subsequently became a major service provider and manager of “the Internet.” Today, Merit is serving as the GigaPoP organization for its two current Internet2 members, Michigan State University and the University of Michigan, and will provision a vBNS connection for Wayne State University. The more things change, the more Merit’s role remains strategically focused.
Costs of asynchronous distance ventures

Abstract A simple mathematical model is described which provides estimation procedures for comparing college-level, distance teaching costs with on-campus operations. It distinguishes content distribution from interaction costs, where cost equals work time required of teachers. In ordinary classroom teaching, content distribution costs rise with student throughput in quantal units that depend on class size. Interaction costs rise only moderately with the number of students. In asynchronous distance courses with asynchronous interactions with students, content distribution expenses are independent of throughput, but the costs of instructive interactions rise sharply with the number of students. As a consequence, distance teaching costs can become high when interactive procedures are very time-demanding. High-quality institutions, that rely heavily on tuition income, will be more likely to survive in the competitive world of distance education, if scientific research and technological developments succeed in making the interactive components of instruction less effortful for teachers and in making content development more efficient.
Assessing the correlation between bus stop densities and residential crime typologies

Crime and disorder surrounding public transit is a serious problem for most public and private policing agencies. Although terrorism targeting public transportation continues to receive appropriate attention, transit users are far more likely to be impacted by typical UCR crime and general disorder. This study mapped out over 600 bus stop locations throughout a midsize Midwest city and conducted a quasi-experimental design to measure the impact of concentrated bus stop locations on crime. The findings indicate highly concentrated bus stop locations may be facilitating crime statistics in targeted locations. Policy implications are discussed debating the spatial responsibility for public transit security and police strategies that include important community-driven solutions. As part of larger gentrification movements, urban planners are encouraged to look at the availability of potential victims within high-crime areas and determine whether routine pathways of these victims are unnecessarily encountering a large clustering of motivated potential offenders because of where public transportation is located.
Analysis of progressive failure in composites

Abstract An incremental failure accumulation technique is presented for angle-ply, cross-ply and uniaxial composite laminates. Piecewise smooth failure criteria that distinguish between the failure modes are implemented in a finite element analysis with shear deformable elements. For each load increment, these criteria are checked within each lamina. As failure is detected, the material properties of the lamina are modified. Equilibrium iterations are performed before incrementing the load to track further damage in the laminate and, finally, the ultimate failure of the laminate. This technique of progressive failure is illustrated for uniaxial tension and four-point bending problems.
Heterotopic Hepatic Polyp Identified in the Right Atrium

Heterotopic liver tissue has been described in the literature, more commonly observed in the abdominal cavity than in the thoracic cavity. In most reported supradiaphragmatic ectopic liver cases, there was a pedicle passing through the diaphragm and connecting the liver with the ectopic tissue. We report a case of heterotopic liver tissue misdiagnosed preoperatively as atrial myxoma. A 40 year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with recurrent acute nocturnal respiratory distress. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a 2 x 2.5 cm floating mass in right atrium at the junction of inferior vena cava. The patient underwent sternotomy for resection of the atrial mass based on presumed diagnosis of cardiac myxoma. Pathologic examination demonstrated polypoid encapsulated benign hepatic tissue. We presented this case because it is an extremely rare condition that is commonly misdiagnosed, and is the second case to date, to the best of our knowledge, of supradiaphragmatic heterotopic liver polyp identified inside the cardiac chambers in a living adult person. J Med Cases. 2012;3(4):274-276 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/jmc652w
Efficient placement and routing in grid-based networks

This paper presents an efficient technique for placement and routing of sensors/actuators and processing units in a grid network. Our system requires an extremely high level of robustness and efficient power optimization techniques. By modeling the faults, we evaluate the probability of having failures in network. Then we study two problems of placement and routing in the sensor networks such that the fault tolerance is maximized while the power consumption is minimized. We develop efficient methodology to address these problems and perform both placement and routing simultaneously. This ensures that the solution is a lower bound for both problems. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed techniques on a variety of benchmarks.
The band spectra of CdIn and HgIn

Abstract The band spectrum of CdIn excited by a 100 Mc/sec oscillator has been obtained with a dispersion of 5A/mm. It showed two diffuse bands at 4102 and 4511 and two groups of bands with intensity maxima at 5544 ( B - A ), and 5760 ( D - C and E ), which were previously attributed to the HgIn molecule. These bands are now shown to be due to CdIn, and a possible vibrational analysis as three systems is given. Probable electronic states are 2 Π- 2 Σ for B - A and 2 Σ- 2 Σ for D - C . Constants obtained are: For B 2 Π 1 2 -A 2 Σ , ν e = 18 008.8, ω e ′ = 212.2, ω e ″ = 167.5, ω e ′ x e ′ = 0.15, and ω e ″ x e ″ = 0.7; for B 2 Π 3 2 -A 2 Σ , ν e = 18 017.0, ω e ′ = 210.4; for the D - C system, ν e = 17 326.7, ω e ′ = 103.8, ω e ″ = 67.3, ω e ′ x e ′ = 0.3, and ω e ″ x e ″ = 0.1; and for the E system, ν e = 17 549.3, ω e ′ =76.2, ω e ″ = 104.5 cm −1 . A revised analysis has been given for the HgIn band system at 5226 ( B - A ). Constants obtained are: ν e = 19 106, ω e ′ = 198, and ω e ″ = 151 cm −1 .
Injury in late life: Part I. Epidemiology

Epidemiologic studies show that injury is a nonrandom event of considerable consequence to older people. Even though children have the highest injury rates for all injuries combined, the elderly have the highest death rates and the highest dysfunction and disability rates from falls, fires and contact with hot substances, and vehicular crashes. There are notable race and sex differences in injuries in the elderly. Women have higher rates of injury from falls than men. Men have higher injury rates from burns and motor vehicle crashes (including pedestrian injuries), and for each of the three categories of injury men have higher death rates than women. Before the age of 75, nonwhite males have the highest rates of death from injury. At 75, however, white males cross over to have a much higher rate of death from injury than do nonwhite males. More than half the deaths due to unintentional injury in persons 65 and older are caused by falls. White men have the highest death rates from falls, followed by white women. More than a fourth of the injury fatalities for people 65 and older are from motor vehicle crashes. More than 9.3 per cent of all licensed drivers are 65 or older. Older drivers drive fewer miles than other people, and they tend to limit their driving to daytime and to relatively less stressful conditions. Nonetheless, when miles driven by drivers over 64 are taken into account, the relatively small number of crashes is equivalent to a crash rate exceeded only by the under-25 age group. Pedestrian deaths account for more than a third of motor vehicle deaths to people 65 and older. The death rate from burns is higher in the elderly than in any other age group, including young children. In the event of thermal injury, old people are much less likely to survive. Diminished ability to perceive hazard and to respond effectively contributes to higher injury rates among the elderly, as does lower injury threshold.
Influence of Loading Conditions and the Superficial Tangential Zone in Contact Models of Articular Surfaces

Engineering tissue to repair articular surface defects remains a challenge. Normal zonal characteristics of articular cartilage throughout its thickness, particularly the superficial tangential zone (STZ), and normal material properties have not been reproduced in vitro in scaffolds nor in vivo in repairing defects. Without sufficient quality, such transplanted scaffolds in vivo may be doomed mechanically from the outset. The importance of the STZ in normal function [1–3] and deficient behavior of repair tissue [4–5] is well documented in the literature. Studies have modeled higher tensile properties in the STZ via transverse isotropy [6–9] or tension-compression nonlinearity [10] to better predict experimental results. Models incorporating an STZ with strain-dependent permeability [11–13] have indicated protection of underlying repairs. Permeable and impermeable rigid contact models [12] have been thought to bracket in vivo conditions. Recent efforts have been to create more complex models to better represent in vivo conditions [13]. This finite element study compares permeable and impermeable rigid contact models with a more realistic model to determine if the added complexity is warranted.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
HIV-1 Tat Protein Decreases Dopamine Transporter Cell Surface Expression and Vesicular Monoamine Transporter-2 Function in Rat Striatal Synaptosomes

The dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) proteins interact as a biochemical complex to regulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. We have reported that HIV-1Tat1–86 decreases the specific [3H]DA uptake and [3H]WIN 35,428 binding sites without a change in total DAT immunoreactivity in rat striatum (Zhu et al., 2009b). The present study determined the effects of Tat on DAT phosphorylation and trafficking, and vesicular [3H]DA uptake. Pre-incubation of rat striatal synaptosomes with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (1 μM) completely blocked Tat1–86-induced reduction of [3H]DA uptake, indicating that Tat regulates DAT function through a PKC-dependent mechanism. After exposure of synaptosomes to Tat1–86 (1 μM), DAT immunoreactivity was decreased in plasma membrane enriched fractions (P3) and increased in vesicle-enriched fractions (P4) relative to controls without change in total synaptosomal fractions (P2), suggesting that Tat-induced inhibition of DA uptake is attributable to DAT internalization. Although both DAT and VMAT2 proteins are essential for the regulation of DA disposition in synapse and cytosol, Tat inhibited the specific [3H]DA uptake into vesicles (P4) and synaptosomes (P2) by 35 % and 26 %, respectively, inferring that the inhibitory effect of Tat was more profound in VMAT2 protein than in DAT protein. Taken together, the current study reveals that Tat inhibits DAT function through a PKC and trafficking-dependent mechanism and that Tat impacts the dopaminergic tone by regulating both DAT and VMAT2 proteins. These findings provide new insight into understanding the pharmacological mechanisms of HIV-1 viral protein-induced dysfunction of DA neurotransmission in HIV-infected patients.
Introduction of Dr. A. Ashley Weech for the John Howland Award. From the American Pediatric Society, April 27, 1977, San Francisco, California.

Introduction of Dr. A. Ashley Weech for the John Howland Award: From the American Pediatric Society, April 27,1977, San Francisco, California
INFLUENCE OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE UPTAKE OF OXYGEN AND PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE AORTA OF MALE RATS.

GONADAL regulation of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in arterial vessels has already been reported1,2. Castration increases the uptake of oxygen both in male and in female rats3, and sex hormones which normally depress the oxidative enzymes of the vessels4 return these high values to normal. Furthermore, cyclic changes in the uptake of oxygen of the aorta have also been described in female rats. The oxidative activity was lower during œstrus and higher during diœstrus5; these findings may be correlated with opposite circulating levels of sex hormones.
The Dangers of Dependence: Christian Marriage Among Elite Women in Lagos Colony, 1880-1915

Repatriated slaves and Christian missionaries introduced Christian marriage into colonial Lagos, and spread new values about polygyny and conjugal relationships and roles. Women among the educated elite strove to marry in church and conform to foreign marital norms, in part because Christianity, European education, and colonial legal and economic changes had altered their opportunities. When they embraced Christian marriage, elite women sacrificed the autonomy and economic independence of illiterate Yoruba women for the privileges associated with membership in the elite. As elite women experienced disappointment and vulnerability created by trying to conform to foreign ideals, some began rethinking aspects of Christian marriage, particularly the wife's economic dependence.
A Slice of the American Pie

Here I am, once again, at the bakery and Uncle Sam's been waving his hand to me. I guess that's my cue to come inside and baking sheets of sweets keep me standing in this long line. I think I would...
Antennal sensilla of the decapitating phorid fly, Pseudacteon tricuspis (Diptera: Phoridae)

Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier is a parasitic decapitating phorid fly (Diptera: Phoridae), which has been released in the southern United States in the last decade for biological control of invasive imported fire ants, Solenopsis spp. In a previous study, we demonstrated that P. tricuspis uses fire ant semiochemicals to locate host worker ants. To provide a solid background in support of our research on mechanisms of host location and olfaction in phorid flies, we studied the morphology of the antennal sensilla of both sexes of P. tricuspis using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Antennae of P. tricuspis show strong sexual dimorphism in structure and shape: the female has a feathered arista which is located distally on the flagellum and has three sub-segments that bear small spinules of microtrichia. The first two antennal segments, scape and pedicel, bear no sensillum, but were densely covered by microtrichia. Three major types of sensilla were found on the flagellum (funicle) of both sexes: sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla coeloconica. Two of these, s. trichodea and s. basiconica were differentiated into three (short, medium, and long) and two (blunt-tip and sharp-tip) subtypes, respectively, for a total of six morphologically different sensilla subtypes. Ultrastructural studies revealed multiple wall pores on s. trichodea and s. basiconica, possibly suggesting chemoreceptory functions. The third and least abundant sensilla type, s. coeloconica, had no wall pores and may function as thermo-hygroreceptors. With the exception of the long subtype of s. trichodea which was recorded only on the male antennae, no other marked sexual differences were recorded in the number and distribution of antennal sensilla in P. tricuspis. These results are discussed in relation to the host location behavior of P. tricuspis, and could facilitate future studies on the neurobiology of olfaction in decapitating phorid flies.
De novo genesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Background There is inadequate information regarding the neuropsychiatric aspect of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Objective To determine the neuropsychiatric profile of MCI, and compare this with normal controls and patients with mild Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Design Cross-sectional assessment of psychiatric symptoms in subjects that are enrolled in Mayo Clinic's longitudinal study of normal aging, MCI and dementia. Methods and participants The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was administered to normal control subjects, MCI subjects and patients with early AD. Individual NPI domain scores and total NPI scores were compared among the three groups after controlling for age, educational status, Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Statistical analysis was performed by utilizing ANOVA, chi2 and Fisher's exact test. Results Data were analyzed on 514 normal controls, 54 MCI subjects, and 87 subjects with mild AD (CDR of 0.5 or 1); females consisted of 60.3%, 53.7% and 57.5%; and, the average ages (SD) were 77.8 (1.95), 79 (4.6), 80.5 (14.6) respectively. ANOVA pair-wise comparison revealed that both MMSE and DRS differences among the three groups were significantly different at (p = 0.05). The total NPI scores were significantly different (p =0.0001, F = 107.93) among the three groups using ANOVA. Pair-wise comparison of individual behavioral domain of NPI showed statistically significant differences between MCI and normals; and MCI and AD (p = 0.001). Group differences on NPI remained after controlling for age and education at p = 0.0375 and p = 0.0050 respectively. Conclusion The neuropsychiatric pattern is reminiscent of the clinical, neuroimaging and neuropsychological profile of MCI. It gives further credence to the view that MCI is indeed the gray zone, with overlap on both ends of the pole.
Course of depression in patients with comorbid anxiety disorders

This study examined the extent to which the presence of comorbid anxiety disorder affected the course of depression. 650 depressed outpatients visiting general medical clinicians and mental health specialists were followed for 1 or 2 years. All types of anxiety increased the probability of a new depressive episode among patients with subthreshold depression. Co-occurring panic and phobia decreased the likelihood of remission. The initial number of depressive symptoms was greatest among depressed patients with comorbid anxiety and this relatively higher level persisted over two years. The findings emphasize the poor clinical prognosis associated with comorbid anxiety disorder.
Walk Score(TM), Perceived Neighborhood Walkability, and walking in the US.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate both the Walk Score(TM) and a self-reported measure of neighborhood walkability ("Perceived Neighborhood Walkability") as estimators of transport and recreational walking among Americans. METHODS: The study is based upon a survey of a nationally-representative sample of 1224 American adults. The survey gauged walking for both transport and recreation and included a self-reported measure of neighborhood walkability and each respondent's Walk Score(TM). Binary logistic and linear regression analyses were performed on the data. RESULTS: The Walk Score(TM) is associated with walking for transport, but not recreational walking nor total walking. Perceived Neighborhood Walkability is associated with transport, recreational and total walking. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived Neighborhood Walkability captures the experiential nature of walking more than the Walk Score(TM). Language: en
Patterns of Use of Prophylaxis for Stress-Related Mucosal Disease in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit

Background:Morbidity associated with stress ulcer–related bleeding, the cost of medications, and the possible complications associated with stress ulcer prophylaxis are important considerations whe...
Mutual benefit societies in Hungary, 1830‐1941

In Hungary for most of the nineteenth century mutual benefit societies played a key role in providing various social groups with aid in case of illness, accident, disability or death. The majority were linked to the burgeoning working-class movement and were voluntary associations whose members had no other recourse in times of adversity. Hungary was undergoing transformation in the nineteenth century. Changes in goods production and the craft guilds accelerated the establishment of workers’benefit societies, and so did the lack of a coherent system of social insurance in the new industrial order. They grew in tandem with the expansion of Hungary's economy and the return of constitutional government in 1867, and flourished from the 1870s to the decade preceding the First World War. Austria and Germany provided theoretical justifications and practical models. By the 1890s voluntary mutual benefit societies faced increasing competition from the State. As the economy and social structures evolved, successive governments sponsored their own insurance programmes. By the turn of the century, private companies were also offering life and accident insurance and the appeal of mutual benefit societies to both workers and the middle class diminished. Between the two world wars, they continued to serve a substantial segment of the population.
Preparation and Characterization of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3−δ (LSM) Thin Films and LSM/LSCF Interface for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Uniform, dense, and conformal coatings of (La,Sr)MnO3−δ (LSM) have been successfully deposited on a silicon wafer and a dense (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3−δ (LSCF) substrate using a stable LSM sol consisting of metal acetate and nitrate precursors dissolved in a mixed organic solvent of 2-methoxyethanol and acetic acid with enhanced wettability. The processing conditions are optimized for precise control of composition, morphology, microstructure, and thickness of the LSM films to examine the microstructure and chemical stability of an LSM film as a catalytic coating for an LSCF cathode. The thicknesses of the LSM films are controlled within the range of 5–60 nm by spin-coating of LSM sol with different concentrations. The LSM films grow epitaxially on the LSCF substrate grains after annealing at 800°C for 1 h due to their structural similarity. The LSM coatings show good stability on LSCF substrates and may suppress strontium oxide segregation on LSCF surface during annealing at 850°C for 900 h, implying that LSM-coated LSCF surfaces have better structural and chemical stability under typical fuel cell operating conditions.
Key Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Motivators for Research Participation Among Individuals Who Are Incarcerated:

Understanding motivations of research participants is crucial for developing ethical research protocols, especially for research with vulnerable populations. Through interviews with 92 institutional review board members, prison administrators, research ethicists, and researchers, we explored key stakeholders' perceptions of what motivates incarcerated individuals to participate in research. Primary motivators identified were a desire to contribute to society, gaining knowledge and health care, acquiring incentives, and obtaining social support. The potential for undue influence or coercion were also identified as motivators. These results highlight the need for careful analysis of what motivates incarcerated individuals to participate in research as part of developing or reviewing ethically permissible and responsible research protocols. Future research should expand this line of inquiry to directly include perspectives of incarcerated individuals.
Modification of cirrus clouds to reduce global warming

Greenhouse gases and cirrus clouds regulate outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and cirrus cloud coverage is predicted to be sensitive to the ice fall speed which depends on ice crystal size. The higher the cirrus, the greater their impact is on OLR. Thus by changing ice crystal size in the coldest cirrus, OLR and climate might be modified. Fortunately the coldest cirrus have the highest ice supersaturation due to the dominance of homogeneous freezing nucleation. Seeding such cirrus with very efficient heterogeneous ice nuclei should produce larger ice crystals due to vapor competition effects, thus increasing OLR and surface cooling. Preliminary estimates of this global net cloud forcing are more negative than −2. 8Wm −2 and could neutralize the radiative forcing due to a CO2 doubling (3. 7Wm −2 ). A potential delivery mechanism for the seeding material is already in place: the airline industry. Since seeding aerosol residence times in the troposphere are relatively short, the climate might return to its normal state within months after stopping the geoengineering experiment. The main known drawback to this approach is that it would not stop ocean acidification. It does not have many of the drawbacks that stratospheric injection of sulfur species has.
Man's role in changing the face of the ocean: biological invasions and implications for conservation of near-shore environments

: Human activities, primarily the global movement of organisms associated with ocean-going vessels and with commercial fishery products, have lead to the redistribution of a vast number of marine organisms over the past five centuries. Most biological surveys postdated these transport events, so the distribution of many of these now cosmopolitan species has been interpreted as the result of natural processes, leading to underestimates of the role of humans in altering patterns of natural diversity and distribution of marine organisms along the coastal margins of the world Perceptions of the natural state of some systems versus their recent ecological alteration are illustrated by the National Estuarine Reserve Research System, within which many “natural” sanctuaries have been highly altered by exotic species The modern scale and rate of new human-mediated invasions in the ocean are difficult to recognize due to the lack of communication among scientists working with different groups of organisms, different habitats, and different regions. Available evidence suggests that introductions continue unabated on a large scale throughout the world Despite the existence since 1973 of a number of international conventions to control the movement of exotic marine organisms adequate control still occurs largely at the regional and local levels.
Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome

Background Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) studies from our laboratory and others have described cytokine abnormalities. Other studies reported no difference between CFS and controls. However, methodologies varied widely and few studies measured more than 4 or 5 cytokines. Multiplex technology permits the determination of cytokines for a large panel of cytokines simultaneously with high sensitivity and with only 30 ul of plasma per sample. No widely accepted laboratory test or marker is available for the diagnosis or prognosis of CFS. This study screened plasma factors to identify circulating biomarkers associated with CFS.
PhiSpy: a novel algorithm for finding prophages in bacterial genomes that combines similarity- and composition-based strategies

Prophages are phages in lysogeny that are integrated into, and replicated as part of, the host bacterial genome. These mobile elements can have tremendous impact on their bacterial hosts’ genomes and phenotypes, which may lead to strain emergence and diversification, increased virulence or antibiotic resistance. However, finding prophages in microbial genomes remains a problem with no definitive solution. The majority of existing tools rely on detecting genomic regions enriched in protein-coding genes with known phage homologs, which hinders the de novo discovery of phage regions. In this study, a weighted phage detection algorithm, PhiSpy was developed based on seven distinctive characteristics of prophages, i.e. protein length, transcription strand directionality, customized AT and GC skew, the abundance of unique phage words, phage insertion points and the similarity of phage proteins. The first five characteristics are capable of identifying prophages without any sequence similarity with known phage genes. PhiSpy locates prophages by ranking genomic regions enriched in distinctive phage traits, which leads to the successful prediction of 94% of prophages in 50 complete bacterial genomes with a 6% false-negative rate and a 0.66% false-positive rate.
A high efficiency linear power amplifier for portable communications applications

The class AB power amplifier has been used widely in conjunction with non-constant envelope modulation systems such as QPSK, QAM and CDMA. Unfortunately, the "peak envelope power to average power" ratio (PEP/Pavg) of such systems combined with the need to maintain PEP below saturation generally results in poor DC to RF conversion efficiency. Techniques such as envelope tracking, envelope elimination and restoration (EER), or linear amplification using nonlinear components (LINC) are available to improve efficiency. However, these methods involve complex architectures, representing revolutionary as opposed to evolutionary efficiency solutions. Among manufacturers, the competition to extend the talk-time of portable communication products involves a careful weighing of cost, size and reliability trade-offs. As a result, the high efficiency power amplifier method of W. H. Doherty (1936) has experienced renewed interest, more than 60 years after its introduction. This paper describes a practical Doherty power amplifier using GaAs HBT devices. An overview of the deficiencies of common Class AB designs and a brief tutorial of the Doherty concept follows.
Scanning microarrays at multiple intensities enhances discovery of differentially expressed genes

Motivation: Scanning parameters are often overlooked when optimizing microarray experiments. A scanning approach that extends the dynamic data range by acquiring multiple scans of different intensities has been developed. Results: Data from each of three scan intensities (low, medium, high) were analyzed separately using multiple scan and linear regression approaches to identify and compare the sets of genes that exhibit statistically significant differential expression. In the multiple scan approach only one-third of the differentially expressed genes were shared among the three intensities, and each scan intensity identified unique sets of differentially expressed genes. The set of differentially expressed genes from any one scan amounted to <70% of the total number of genes identified in at least one scan. The average signal intensity of genes that exhibited statistically significant changes in expression was highest for the low-intensity scan and lowest for the high-intensity scan, suggesting that low-intensity scans may be best for detecting expression differences in high-signal genes, while high-intensity scans may be best for detecting expression differences in low-signal genes. Comparison of the differentially expressed genes identified in the multiple scan and linear regression approaches revealed that the multiple scan approach effectively identifies a subset of statistically significant genes that linear regression approach is unable to identify. Quantitative RT--PCR (qRT--PCR) tests demonstrated that statistically significant differences identified at all three scan intensities can be verified. Availability: The data presented can be viewed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ under GEO accession no. GSE3017. Contact: schnable@iastate.edu Supplementary information: Data from these experiments can be viewed at http://www.plantgenomics.iastate.edu/microarray/data/
Radical Prostatectomy for Long-Term Functional and Oncologic Outcomes

The management of prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial and is under intense public scrutiny. PCa deserves the limelight because it is the most common cancer diagnosed and the second most common cause of cancer mortality for men living in the developed world. Its impact on the health and well-being of men and the economics of health care policy is astounding. In addition, there is a paucity of level 1 evidence to definitively influence guidelines for screening, diagnosis, or treatment. It is unimaginable that in 2012, there are no contemporary randomized studies comparing functional or oncologic outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP) versus radiation therapy and only one published randomized study with long-term follow-up comparing RP and watchful waiting (WW). Unlike other common yet deadly cancers of the lung and the pancreas, the natural history of PCa is often protracted and the impact of treatment often requires decades to elucidate. Because of this protracted natural history, even properly designed studies would be relegated to historical interest as advances in the field change the diagnostic and treatment standards of care. Moreover, complications of RP affecting quality of life (QoL) are common, even when RP is performed by experienced surgeons. Although there are validated instruments for capturing continence and sexual function preand postoperatively, there are no accepted end points for defining how treatment affects QoL. PCa is the only malignancy for which the tumor is not visualized, palpated, or imaged. Based on an elevated nonspecific serum tumormarker, between 10 and 12 tissue cores are randomly targeted in a ‘‘systematic’’ manner. We have reported that half of the ‘‘low risk’’ cancers that are deemed candidates for active surveillance based on
Unraveling a Revealing Paradox: Why Major Histocompatibility Complex I–signaled Thymocytes “Paradoxically” Appear as CD4+8lo Transitional Cells During Positive Selection of CD8+ T Cells

The mechanism by which T cell receptor specificity determines the outcome of the CD4/CD8 lineage decision in the thymus is not known. An important clue is the fact that major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I–signaled thymocytes paradoxically appear as CD4+8lo transitional cells during their differentiation into CD8+ T cells. Lineage commitment is generally thought to occur at the CD4+8+ (double positive) stage of differentiation and to result in silencing of the opposite coreceptor gene. From this perspective, the appearance of MHC-I–signaled thymocytes as CD4+8lo cells would be due to effects on CD8 surface protein expression, not CD8 gene expression. But contrary to this perspective, this study demonstrates that MHC-I–signaled thymocytes appear as CD4+8lo cells because of transient down-regulation of CD8 gene expression, not because of changes in CD8 surface protein expression or distribution. This study also demonstrates that initial cessation of CD8 gene expression in MHC-I–signaled thymocytes is not necessarily indicative of commitment to the CD4+ T cell lineage, as such thymocytes retain the potential to differentiate into CD8+ T cells. These results challenge classical concepts of lineage commitment but fulfill predictions of the kinetic signaling model.
Laser-based plasma sources at 6.6 and 60 nm

Potential high power laser-based xenon and terbium plasma sources are identified based on the reflectivity profiles of the available LaN/B4C, LaN/B, and Al/Yb/Sio multilayer mirrors for applications such as surface processing and semiconductor industry.
MPI as a coordination layer for communicating HPF tasks

Data-parallel languages such as High Performance Fortran (HPF) present a simple execution model in which a single thread of control performs high-level operations on distributed arrays. These languages can greatly ease the development of parallel programs. Yet there are large classes of applications for which a mixture of task and data parallelism is most appropriate. Such applications can be structured as collections of data-parallel tasks that communicate by using explicit message passing. Because the Message Passing Interface (MPI) defines standardized, familiar mechanisms for this communication model, we propose that HPF tasks communicate by making calls to a coordination library that provides an HPF binding for MPI. The semantics of a communication interface for sequential languages can be ambiguous when the interface is invoked from a parallel language; we show how these ambiguities can be resolved by describing one possible HPF binding for MPI. We then present the design of a library that implements this binding, discuss issues that influenced our design decisions, and evaluate the performance of a prototype HPF/MPI library using a communications microbenchmark and application kernel. Finally, we discuss how MPI features might be incorporated into our design framework.
The Formerly Wealthy Poor: From Empathy to Ambivalence in Rabbinic Literature of Late Antiquity

Students of poverty in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim social, literary, and legal contexts in late antiquity and the Middle Ages have noted the phenomenon of wealthy people who fall into poverty and the provision of charitable assistance to them. This essay's principal purpose is to point out an important difference between the development of attitudes toward the formerly wealthy poor in rabbinic literature of late antiquity and in other religious and legal contexts. Peter Brown notes evidence of late Roman empathy for the wellborn poor, hypothesizing that this empathy can be attributed to a desire to preserve these remnants of the old, proud plebs romana in the uncertain sixth century. Ingrid Mattson demonstrates that between the eighth and tenth or eleventh centuries CE, Islamic jurists moved in the direction of taking the “social and economic context” of a poor person into account in determining that person's legitimate needs. By contrast, as this essay will show, rabbinic literature of late antiquity moved in the opposite direction, from third-century empathy for the formerly wealthy poor to growing ambivalence in the fourth through the seventh centuries.
Equity for Children: Linking Education and Children's Services:

Education equity needs to be reconceptualized and merged with both the conditions of children and a broader concept of children's services than schooling. Differences in spending on children's prog...
A prospective analysis of lymphocyte phenotype and function over the course of acute sepsis

Introduction Severe sepsis is characterized by an initial hyper-inflammatory response that may progress to an immune-suppressed state associated with increased susceptibility to nosocomial infection. Analysis of samples obtained from patients who died of sepsis has identified expression of specific inhibitory receptors expressed on lymphocytes that are associated with cell exhaustion. The objective of this study was to prospectively determine the pattern of expression of these receptors and immune cell function in patients with acute sepsis.
Infrared optical constants of aerosols at some locations.

Spectra of absorption indices and data on gross chemical composition for two size classes of water soluble and dust fractions of high-volume aerosol samples are presented for several locations (mainly Bedford, Massachusetts; Meppen in Germany; Riverside and San Nicolas Island in California and some maritime locations). The absorption data were obtained by the KBr-pressed disk method. It has been found that regrinding of the pellets increases the absorption by salt samples considerably.
Differences in Cause-specific Infant Mortality among Chinese, Japanese, and White Americans

Although black-white differences in infant mortality have received much attention, information is limited about mortality differentials among Asian Americans. This study investigated racial differences in infant mortality in a sample of 21,288 Chinese, 11,882 Japanese, and 65,818 white resident singleton livebirths obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics 1983 and 1984 linked birth/infant death files. The crude infant mortality rates were 8.03, 6.56, and 8.46 per 1,000 livebirths for Chinese, Japanese, and white births, respectively. Cause-specific mortality varied considerably among the three racial groups. While the Japanese had lower rates of infant deaths and deaths from perinatal conditions for firstborn infants, they had higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome, as did Chinese females. The results of a logistic regression analysis indicate that the racial differences in total and cause-specific mortality persist when adjustment is made for demographic factors, use of prenatal care, infant sex, and birth weight. The effect of these latter variables on infant mortality varied by causes of death. The relations between infant mortality and variables such as marital status, maternal education, and birth interval appear indirect, operating partially through birth weight. While birth weight was the single strongest determinant of infant mortality, its relative importance varied by cause of death. The study findings suggest that policy decisions surrounding racial differences in infant mortality should not only be considered in light of specific races, but also with regard to cause-specific mortality. Moreover, additional research is needed to understand the cultural, biological, and behavioral factors that give rise to the racial differences.
A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SKILLS IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

Educational interventions based on the principles of behavior analysis are highly effective for establishing skills in young children with autism. As a first step in program development, the child’s current skill level is determined by evaluating performance on tasks drawn from a preestablished curriculum. However, few specific guidelines have been delineated for conducting these skills assessments or interpreting the results. In this study, we evaluated an efficient methodology for conducting skills assessments. Six children who had been diagnosed with autism participated. The relative efficacy of two assessment packages—one containing several reinforcement procedures and one containing several potentially effective prompts—was evaluated across two to three skills for each child using multiple baseline and reversal designs. Results suggested that the methodology was useful for matching targeted skills to appropriate interventions. DESCRIPTORS: autism, differential reinforcement, instructional strategies, noncompliance, skills assessment
Wave and Bubble Characteristics in the Surf Zone

Attention is given to the shape of the bubble cloud produced during breaking of shallow water solitary waves in a sloping tank. The growth and collapse of the bubble cloud on the front face of the breaking wave is evaluated. The noise generated by these bubble clouds after breaking is investigated in an exploratory manner.
The Early Stages of Female Psychosexual Development

There is no such thing as an official Kleinian position and therefore no such creature as a Kleinian spokesperson. My qualifications for accepting the task of writing this chapter are that I am a child psychiatrist, and a former pediatrician, trained in the Kleinian technique of analyzing children and adults, a method I have been using in psychoanalytic practice for nearly 20 years.