cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Será que as laranjas e a cana-de-açúcar da Flórida azedam o livre comércio? uma análise de ratificação de nível II da política comercial dos Estados Unidos com o Brasil

The state of Florida and its orange and sugarcane producers stand at the center-stage of United States - Brazil economic relations and the Free Trade in the Americas (FTAA) drama. Powerful and persistent, the political importance of these modest economic interests is amplified by Florida's pivotal role in United States' presidential elections of late. Magnified by the the state's pivotal role in the Electoral College, Florida orange and sugarcane interests have effectively restricted the autonomy of the U.S. Executive. This paper employs Putnam's(1988) international agreement ratification theory and examines these industries campaign contributions to explore the Level II ratification challenges associated with the political influence of Florida's primary protectionist forces. This examination demonstrates how factional interests and political institutions can intersect to amplify the political importance of narrow, territorially prescribed industries under conditions of high electoral uncertainty. Lastly, the article explores the implications of these intractable interests upon U.S.-Brazil relations and Brazilian trade policy.
Dynamic approach to nonequilibrium molecular dynamics

Abstract We discuss the Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics techniques as applied to the study of transport coefficients. We underscore the features that are unique to such methods. We discuss the linear response regime and the convenient choices of perturbations. The subtraction technique is introduced and discussed. We report calculations on the shear viscosity, and show how NEMD performs in this case. The shear-rate dependence of the viscosity of a simple fluid is computed. Our results match with an analytic dependence ν ( ϵ )≈ 1.29–0.013 ϵ 2 .
The trigemincd nerve root with special reference to the central‐peripheral transition zone: An electron microscopic study in the macaque

The entry zone of trigeminal sensory root fibers displays a “glial dome” covered by a basal lamina. This zone constitutes the “fibrous cone” of gross descriptions of the root and demarcates a sharp transition from peripheral to central nervous system. The dome consists of closely interwoven astrocyte processes, and appears to be identical to the subpial astrocyte meshwork elsewhere in the central nervous system. In the peripheral portion of the root, axons are surrounded by Schwann cells; those associated with myelin sheaths display distinctive laminar inclusions and pinocytotic vesicles lacking in Schwann cells which surround unmyelinated axons. In the peripheral region, separate and distinct endoneurial and perineurial layers of collagen could not always be identified. In the central part of the root, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and collagen are absent and from the point of transition, the axons are principally surrounded by astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are relatively rare in the transitional zone. The axonal transition from central to peripheral, occurs at nodes of Ranvier where the basal lamina of the dome is continuous with the basal lamina of the Schwann cell of the last peripheral internode. Some “islands” of glial tissue are interspersed in the root and ganglion but it was not established if these are completely discontinuous with the central “glial dome.” No ganglion cells have been found in such “islands,” nor in the glial dome.
Photophores of Porichthys notatus: ultrastructure of innervation.

Photophores in Porichthys notatus are bioluminescent organs composed of a lens, photogenic tissue, and an underlying reflector. Nerves penetrate through the reflector and branch, free of their Schwann cells, among the photogenic tissue elements. The tortuous pathways of axons have been followed by electron microscopical serial sections. After giving off occasional terminal branches, the axons continue into pockets of connective tissue which penetrate among the photogenic, supportive, and lens cells. There they form tuft-like clusters of nerve endings, some of which contain dense-cored vesicles. None of these endings was seen to penetrate the basal lamina and make direct intercellular contact with either a supportive cell or a photogenic cell. From these observations, it is concluded that the nerves end outside of the basal lamina surrounding photogenic, supportive, and lens cells. Adhesion sites, which may indicate chemical synaptic contact, were occasionally observed among these neural components. The photophores of the California Porichthys notatus often bioluminesce following intraperitoneal injection of the fish with epinephrine. It therefore appears from experimental, anatomical and fine structural evidence, that these luminescent organs are innervated and controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
Adhesion formation associated with the use of absorbable staples in comparison to other types of peritoneal injury

Adhesion formation was assessed after inducing peritoneal injury with absorbable staples, absorbable suture, surgical excision or thermal injury. In addition, adhesion formation was assessed in the presence of Hyskon. Absorbable staples were associated with increased adhesion formation when compared to the other methods of injury. Hyskon appears to significantly reduce the formation of peritoneal adhesions at sites of peritoneal suturing, excision, and thermal injury, but did not reduce adhesion formation in the area of stapling.
Mifepristone (RU486): a review.

Abstract Objective: To review the literature concerning the mechanism of action and pharmacodynamics of mifepristone (RU486), potential new uses of RU486, and its current use not only as an abortifacient but also as therapy for endometriosis, leiomyoma, breast cancer, and meningioma. Data Identification and Selection: Studies that relate to RU486 were identified through a MEDLINE search. Conclusion(s): RU486 is an 11β-dimethyl-amino-phenyl derivative of norethindrone with a high affinity for P and glucocorticoid receptors. The receptor binding is not followed by transcription of P-dependent genes. Mifepristone effectively blocks P receptors in the placenta, resulting in the termination of pregnancy. In addition, it has been used in the treatment of leiomyomata, endometriosis, advanced breast cancer, and meningioma. It is a powerful tool to study the molecular action of P and in the future may be used as an estrogen-free contraceptive.
Electron states in a GaAs quantum dot in a magnetic field.

Self-consistent numerical solutions of the Poisson and Schr\"odinger equations have been obtained for electron states in a GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As heterostructure with confinement in all three spatial dimensions. The equations are solved in the Hartree approximation, omitting exchange and correlation effects. Potential profiles, energy levels, and the charge in the quantum dot are obtained as functions of the applied gate voltage and magnetic field. First, the zero-magnetic-field case is considered, and the quantum-dot charge is allowed to vary continuously as the gate voltage is swept. Then, in connection with the phenomenon of Coulomb blockade, the number of electrons in the quantum dot is constrained to integer values. Finally, the calculation is extended to examine the evolution of levels in a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the heterojunction. Our results indicate that the confining potential has nearly circular symmetry despite the square geometry of the gate, that the energy levels are quite insensitive to the charge in the quantum dot at a fixed gate voltage, and that the evolution of levels with increasing magnetic field is similar to that found for a parabolic potential.
Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy.

The hyperperfusion syndrome is a rare delayed postoperative complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) characterized by headache and seizure, with or without intracranial edema or hemorrhage. Between January 1996 and December 2003, 1,602 CEAs were performed. Six patients (0.4%) developed symptoms of hyperperfusion within 2 weeks of surgery. All patients had critical stenoses, five ≥90% and one 80-90%, with poor backbleeding from the distal internal carotid artery noted at operation in all cases. Five patients were asymptomatic prior to operation; one had a hemispheric transient ischemic attack. Three patients had severe contralateral internal carotid disease (two occlusions and one severe stenosis). Two patients developed severe, self-limiting headache that prolonged hospitalization. Three patients had ipsilateral intracranial bleeding, two occurring after an uneventful postoperative course. After initial discharge from the hospital, severe intracranial hemorrhage caused death in two patients. One patient experienced focal seizures 1 week after discharge. Hypertension did not appear to be related to the symptoms in any case. During the study period, the hyperperfusion syndrome caused three of five perioperative strokes (60%) and two of seven deaths (29%) in the entire endarterectomy population. Although rare, the hyperperfusion syndrome accounts for a significant percentage of the neurological morbidity and mortality following CEA.
Evidence for Contact between the Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein and the σ70 Subunit of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase

The loop at the 52-position of the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) has been suggested as a potential site for contacting RNA polymerase on Class II promoters where the CRP binding site is located at position -41.5 (Bell, A., Gaston, K., Williams, R., Chapman, K., Kolb, A., Buc, H., Minchin, S., Williams, J., and Busby, S. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 7243-7250). Using protein-protein photo-cross-linking, evidence is presented showing that the 52-loop of CRP is in physical proximity to the delta subunit of RNA polymerase holoenzyme. This interaction required the presence of a functional preinitiation complex. The CRP suppressor mutation, K52N, increased the efficiency of cross-linking, indicating an improved physical interaction between the CRP 52-loop and the delta subunit. Evidence for direct interaction between the CRP 156-162 loop and delta subunit of RNA polymerase on both gal and lac promoters are also provided. The data indicate that CRP bound to the gal promoter contacts both the alpha and delta 70 subunits of RNA polymerase.
Characterizing phosphorus in environmental and agricultural samples by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR) spectroscopy has advanced our knowledge of organic phosphorus (P) in soils and environmental samples more than any other technique. This paper reviews the use of (31)P-NMR spectroscopy for soil, water and other environmental samples. The requirements for a successful solid-state or solution (31)P-NMR experiment are described, including experimental set-up, sample preparation, extractants, experimental conditions, and post-experimental processing. Next, the literature on solid-state and solution (31)P-NMR spectroscopy in environmental samples is reviewed, including papers on: methods; P transformations; agricultural, forest and natural ecosystem soil studies; humic acid and particle size separations; manure, compost and sludge studies; and water research, including freshwater, estuary and marine studies. Future research needs are also discussed as well as suggestions to improve results, such as increased standardization among research groups.
Chylomicron, free fatty acid and ketone body metabolism of isolated liver cells and liver homogenates.

Abstract 1. 1. Fortified rat-liver homogenates oxidized a significant quantity of chylomicron lipid. 2. 2. A procedure for isolating and incubating isolated liver cells was devised which supports endogenous respiration for longer periods than previously described. 3. 3. Endogenous free fatty acids accumulated in the incubating liver cell system if bovine serum albumin was present. 4. 4. Isolated liver cells oxidized chylomicron fatty acid esters and converted both free fatty acids and chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids into phospholipids. Ca2+ promoted lipolysis and depressed oxidation of chylomicrons by isolated liver cells. Results suggest the importance of some type of direct uptake of chylomicron fatty acids by the liver. 5. 5. Removal of Kupffer cells from the isolated liver cell preparation did not alter ketogenesis in the system, suggesting that parenchymal cells produce most, if not all, of the ketone bodies generated by the liver.
The duodenal switch for morbid obesity: modification of cardiovascular risk markers compared with standard bariatric surgeries.

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid levels and increased levels of C-reactive peptide (CRP). We hypothesized that duodenal switch (DS) would show equivalent or superior risk reduction compared with standard bariatric surgeries. Methods Patients underwent DS, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), or gastric bypass (GB) over a 2-year period. Body mass index (BMI), lipid panel, and CRP were measured preoperatively and then 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results A total of 130 patients were identified; 42 underwent DS, 40 underwent SG, and 48 underwent GB. All groups had similar sex and comorbidity profiles, but the mean preoperative BMI was greatest in the DS group (mean = 52). At all intervals weight loss was greater in the DS group ( P P Conclusions The DS procedure resulted in a superior reduction in cardiovascular and proinflammatory risk markers compared with GB and SG.
TGF-β and cancer

The relationships between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and cancer are varied and complex. The paradigm that is emerging from the experimental evidence accumulated over the past decade or so is that TGF-β can play two different and opposite roles with respect to the process of malignant progression. During early stages of carcinogenesis, TGF-β acts predominantly as a potent tumor suppressor and may mediate the actions of chemopreventive agents such as retinoids and nonsteroidal anti-estrogens. However, at some point during the development and progression of malignant neoplasms, bioactive TGF-βs make their appearance in the tumor microenvironment and the tumor cells escape from TGF-β-dependent growth arrest. In many cases, this resistance to TGF-β is the consequence of loss or mutational inactivation of the genes that encode signaling intermediates. These include the types I and II TGF-β receptors, as well as receptor-associated and common-mediator Smads. The stage of tumor development or progression at which TGF-β-resistant clones come to dominate the tumor cell population in different types of neoplasm remains to be defined. The phenotypic switch from TGF-β-sensitivity to TGF-β-resistance that occurs during carcinogenesis has several important implications for cancer prevention and treatment.
Acute poisoning from over-the-counter sleep preparations

All cases received by the Rocky Mountain Poison Center involving over-the-counter (OTC) sleep preparations were studied during an 18-month period to elucidate 1) the range of toxicity; 2) characteristic symptoms, and 3) the time of onset of symptoms. In 155 cases reviewed retrospectively, the three most commonly ingested agents were Sominex, Nytol and Sleepeze. Multiple ingestions were also involved. Symptomatology was equally divided among no symptoms, mild symptoms and possible life-threatening symptoms. The least amount taken to produce possible life-threatening symptoms was 16 Sominex, 18 Nytol and 15 Sleepeze, although the average amount producing the same symptoms was approximately twice that. These symptoms were seen within six hours in all but three of the 39 cases presenting with these symptoms. There were no deaths.
Integrating accounting and computer programming education: An international study

Abstract In the spring of 1978, the author conducted a world-wide study of 35 universities and technical colleges to determine what is being done to provide hands-on experiences in Computer Programming for Accounting majors. Most institutes visited are in a continuous process of developing and re-vamping programs and subjects since so many Accounting occupations demand computer expertise. Attention was given to the following items. 1. Program objective(s): Faculties must initially decide what aspects of computer education their accounting graduates need —programming, control, data management, systems analysis or a broader perspective such as economics. 2. Subject(s) to be offered: Most institutions require at least two semesters of computer programming experiene. BASIC and COBOL are most useful for accountants. 3. Faculty considerations: Locating computer faculty with sufficient accounting education and experience is most difficult. 4. Course considerations: Attention must be given to course title, location in the curriculum. credit/contact hours and labs, time allocation of theory vs applications, text, projects, grading, and use of packaged programs. 5. Physical aspects of the program: Special problems arise concerning hardware. They involve the use of unit record (punch card) systems vs direct access terminals, centralized vs decentralized terminal locations, hours of availability, assistance available for students experiencing difficulties. From this study, the author developed specific recommendations regarding a one-semester computer programming course for accounting majors.
Diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: a population based case control study

Background: Diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in studies of referred patients. This is the first population based case control study in the USA to examine this association while adjusting for other major risk factors related to HCC. Methods: We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End-Results Program (SEER)-Medicare linked database to identify patients aged 65 years and older diagnosed with HCC and randomly selected non-cancer controls between 1994 and 1999. Only cases and controls with continuous Medicare enrolment for three years prior to the index date were examined. Inpatient and outpatient claims files were searched for diagnostic codes indicative of diabetes, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), alcoholic liver disease, and haemochromatosis. HCC patients without these conditions were categorised as idiopathic. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated in logistic regression analyses. Results: We identified 2061 HCC patients and 6183 non-cancer controls. Compared with non-cancer controls, patients with HCC were male (66% v 36%) and non-White (34% v 18%). The proportion of HCC patients with diabetes (43%) was significantly greater than non-cancer controls (19%). In multiple logistic regression analyses that adjusted for demographics features and other HCC risk factors (HCV, HBV, alcoholic liver disease, and haemochromatosis), diabetes was associated with a threefold increase in the risk of HCC. In a subset of patients without these major risk factors, the adjusted odds ratio for diabetes declined but remained significant (adjusted odds ratio 2.87 (95% confidence interval 2.49–3.30)). A significant positive interaction between HCV and diabetes was detected (p<0.0001). Similar findings persisted in analyses restricted to diabetes recorded between two and three years prior to HCC diagnosis. Conclusions: Diabetes is associated with a 2–3-fold increase in the risk of HCC, regardless of the presence of other major HCC risk factors. Findings from this population based study suggest that diabetes is an independent risk factor for HCC.
Tunable Acoustic Lens for Photoacoustic Microscopy

A tunable liquid acoustic lens is described for photoacoustic microscopy. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the zooming ability of this lens. Targets placed at different depths were photoacoustically imaged without axial scanning.
Recent Literature on Lichens—190*

AFOLAYAN, A. J., D. S. GRIERSON, L. KAMBIZI, I. MADAMOMBE & P. J. MASIKA. 2002. In vitro antifungal activity of some South African medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany 68: 72–76. 2 tab. [Includes testing of extract from Usnea barbata, which showed the second highest activity. This species is said to be used as a treatment for mammary infections in cattle and indigestion/catarrh in the human stomach.] AIDE, M. T. 1999. Entisol development on foreshore and aeolian dune sediments in the Hudson Bay lowlands near Churchill, Manitoba. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 33: 1–7. 2 fig. [Brief mentions of lichens and their role in pedogenesis.] AKCIN, G., O. SALTABAS, F. YESILCIMEN & A. ASLAN. 2001. Biosorption of heavy metal from aqueous solution by dried lichens. International Journal of Chemistry 11: 141–146. 3 fig. AKCIN, G., O. SALTABAS, F. YESILCIMEN & A. ASLAN. 2001. Biosorption of heavy metal from aqueous solution by dried lichens. In 1st Black Sea Basin Conference on Analytical Chemistry, Programme and Book of Abstracts. I.I. Michnikov Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine. [Abstract.] ALSTRUP, V. 2002. Revisions of some lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Antarctica [Parandusi monede Antarktika samblike ja lihhenikoolsete seente taksonoomias]. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 39: 1–2. 1 fig. [New: Polycoccum follmannii (Dodge) comb. nov.] ALVAREZ, J., M. J. SANCHEZ-BIEZMA & M. E. LOPEZ DE SILANES. 2001. Lista de los liquenes y hongos liquenicolas de Galicia [Checklist of lichens and liquenicolous (sic) fungi of Galicia]. Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana (Bioloxia) 11: 53–151. [This update of the 1995 list by Carballal et al. now lists 888 lichens and lichenicolous fungi.] ALVAREZ ANDRES, J. & R. CARBALLAL DURAN. 2001. The genus Dimerella (Gyalectales, Ascomycotina) in Peninsular Spain. Nova Hedwigia 73: 409–418. 3–4. [Notes are given for three species.] ALVAREZ ANDRES, J. & M. E. LOPEZ DE SILANES. 2002. The genus Gyalecta (Gyalectales, Ascomycotina) in the Iberian Peninsula. Nova Hedwigia 74: 257–273. 4 fig. 8 maps. [Notes on eight species, and a key is also provided.] APTROOT, A. 2001. Lichens from Gambia, with a new black-fruiting isidiate Caloplaca on savannah trees. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 22: 265–270. 2 fig. [Reports 27 species. New: Caloplaca gambiensis sp. nov. (Gambia).]
An Early Ethylene Up-regulated Gene Encoding a Calmodulin-binding Protein Involved in Plant Senescence and Death

35S-Labeled calmodulin (CaM) was used to screen a tobacco anther cDNA library. A positive clone (NtER1) with high homology to an early ethylene-up-regulated gene (ER66) in tomato, and an Arabidopsis homolog was isolated and characterized. Based on the helical wheel projection, a 25-mer peptide corresponding to the predicted CaM-binding region of NtER1 (amino acids 796-820) was synthesized. The gel-mobility shift assay showed that the peptide formed a stable complex with CaM only in the presence of Ca(2+). CaM binds to NtER1 with high affinity (K(d) approximately 12 nm) in a calcium-dependent manner. Tobacco flowers at different stages of development were treated with ethylene or with 1-methylcyclopropene for 2 h before treating with ethylene. Northern analysis showed that the NtER1 was rapidly induced after 15 min of exposure to ethylene. However, the 2-h 1-methylcyclopropene treatment totally blocked NtER1 expression in flowers at all stages of development, suggesting that NtER1 is an early ethylene-up-regulated gene. The senescing leaves and petals had significantly increased NtER1 induction as compared with young leaves and petals, implying that NtER1 is developmentally regulated and acts as a trigger for senescence and death. This is the first documented evidence for the involvement of Ca(2+)/CaM-mediated signaling in ethylene action.
Specular Reflection and Characteristics of Reflected Light

This paper concerns tables of Fresnel intensity reflectances which resulted from studies based on classical electrodynamics. The tables contain approximately 2500 indices of refraction N=n−ki; i.e., n=0.1(0.1)4.0, k=0(0.1)6.0 for angles of incidence θ0=0°(5°)85°. Series of graphs illustrate the solutions of the Fresnel equations. The supplementary discussion describes in detail the occurrence of reflection characteristics for which (a) the amplitude of the wave oscillating parallel to the plane of incidence is a minimum, (b) the degree of polarization is a maximum, and (c) the two amplitudes of the reflected wave have a 90° difference of phase. The numerical solutions are also presented in graphs that provide means, in addition to those already in general use, of determining the indices of refraction of solid materials.
Time-optimal network queue control: the case of a single congested node

The problem of time-optimal network queue control is solved: what are the input data rates that make network queue sizes converge to their ideal size in the least possible time after a disturbance while still maintaining maximum link utilization at all times, even in the transient? The problem is nontrivial especially because of the vast possible heterogeneity in packet propagation delays in the network. In this paper, we derive the time-optimal queue control for a single congested network node with a single finite queue shared by flows with arbitrary network delays. We neatly separate the derivation of the optimal arrival rate sequence from that of the feedback control protocol to achieve it. The time-optimal control is robust to bandwidth and queue size estimation errors. Its complexity is only a function of the size of the network delays and no per-flow computation is needed. The time-optimality and robustness properties are proven to hold under all queue operating regimes with no need for linearizing approximations.
Plagiarism: What Don't They Know?

The present economic environment is beneficial for universities and schools of business that are experiencing significant enrollment increases. But just as the U.S. economy is suffering from an economic recession, universities increasingly suffer from an integrity recession. Student academic misconduct, particularly plagiarism, is at an all-time high. Although a great deal of research examines attitudes, motives, and demographic factors related to academic dishonesty, there has been little empirical investigation regarding what students actually know about plagiarism. The authors identify significant and important gaps in this knowledge and discuss important implications for universities and society as a whole.
Evaluation of alveolar bone grafting: a survey of ACPA teams.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the management of alveolar clefts by cleft palate and craniofacial teams in North America. Design: An anonymous survey was mailed to 240 American Cleft Palate– Craniofacial Association teams across North America regarding alveolar bone grafting. The questionnaire included multiple questions about each team's approach to alveolar bone grafting and options for the missing tooth. Results: Consensus was achieved in three areas: 90% of centers performed secondary alveolar bone grafting, 78% performed grafting between ages 6 and 9 years, and iliac crest donor site was the most popular site (83%). There was no consensus with respect to dental criteria for the timing of grafting, follow-up x-rays, or the use of a grading system for evaluating results. In addition, there was no consensus on the management of the missing tooth. Conclusion: There is wide acceptance of secondary bone grafting and there is a consensus for the age of grafting (6 to 9 years) and donor site (iliac crest). ...
Experiments in parallel-text based grammar induction

This paper discusses the use of statistical word alignment over multiple parallel texts for the identification of string spans that cannot be constituents in one of the languages. This information is exploited in monolingual PCFG grammar induction for that language, within an augmented version of the inside-outside algorithm. Besides the aligned corpus, no other resources are required. We discuss an implemented system and present experimental results with an evaluation against the Penn Tree-bank.
Analytic considerations in economic evaluations of multinational cardiovascular clinical trials.

Objectives: The growing number of economic evaluations that use data collected in multinational clinical trials raises numerous questions regarding their execution and interpretation. Although recommendations for conducting economic evaluations have been widely disseminated, relatively little guidance has been given for conducting economic evaluations alongside clinical trials, particularly multinational trials. Methods: Building on a literature review that was conducted in preparation for an expert workshop, we evaluated a subset of methodological issues related to conducting economic evaluations alongside multinational clinical trials. Results: We found wide variation in the types of costs included as part of the analyses and in the methods used to assign costs to hospitalization events. Furthermore, we found that the extrapolation of costs and survival outcomes beyond the trial period is an inconsistent practice and is often not dependent on whether a survival benefit was observed in the trial or on the epidemiology or practice patterns in the country to which the findings are directed. Conclusions: Although the limited sample size precluded a quantitative analysis of trial characteristics and their associations with the methodologies employed, our findings highlight the need for more guidance to analysts regarding the execution of economic evaluations using data from multinational clinical trials. As the research community grapples with the complexities of methodological and logistical issues involved in multinational economic evaluations, the development of a standardized format to report the basic methodological characteristics of such studies would help to improve transparency and comparability for other analysts and decision-makers.
The effect of Bangerter filters on optotype acuity, Vernier acuity, and contrast sensitivity.

Purpose Bangerter filters are designed to cause progressive degradation of distance optotype acuity to predicted levels (density label indicating expected decimal acuity) and are used to treat amblyopia and diplopia. Few authors have reported data regarding induced acuity deficits. We investigated the effect of Bangerter filters on distance and near optotype acuity, vernier acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Methods Fifteen subjects with best-corrected optotype acuity of at least 20/25 in each eye were blurred sequentially in one eye with 7 Bangerter filters (densities Results The 1.0, 0.8, and 0.4 filters degraded distance optotype acuity to a similar degree (mean 0.22, 0.23, and 0.28 logMAR). Subsequent filters progressively degraded acuity: 0.44, 0.57, 0.93, and 1.69 logMAR. Near optotype acuity was reduced in a similar pattern. Vernier acuity was minimally degraded by 1.0, 0.8, and 0.4 filters (18, 19, and 20 arcsec), followed by progressive degradation with subsequent filters (31, 35, 113, and 387 arcsec). Contrast sensitivity was minimally reduced with filters 1.0 through 0.2 and then precipitously degraded with 0.1 and Conclusions The 1.0, 0.8, and 0.4 filters cause similar, minimal degradation of distance and near optotype and vernier acuity, whereas subsequent filters cause progressive degradation. Contrast sensitivity is not markedly reduced until the 0.1 filter. These results have important implications for the use of Bangerter filters therapeutically.
An Entropy-Based Approach to Detecting Covert Timing Channels

The detection of covert timing channels is of increasing interest in light of recent exploits of covert timing channels over the Internet. However, due to the high variation in legitimate network traffic, detecting covert timing channels is a challenging task. Existing detection schemes are ineffective at detecting most of the covert timing channels known to the security community. In this paper, we introduce a new entropy-based approach to detecting various covert timing channels. Our new approach is based on the observation that the creation of a covert timing channel has certain effects on the entropy of the original process, and hence, a change in the entropy of a process provides a critical clue for covert timing channel detection. Exploiting this observation, we investigate the use of entropy and conditional entropy in detecting covert timing channels. Our experimental results show that our entropy-based approach is sensitive to the current covert timing channels and is capable of detecting them in an accurate manner.
Personality Assessment with the MMPI‐2: Historical Roots, International Adaptations, and Current Challenges

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) is the most widely used personality test in psychological practice. Although originally developed during the middle of the last century in the United States, its use today extends around the world. The MMPI-2 is a robust measure given its strong empirical tradition and many innovations. Recent years have seen controversial changes to this standard of psychological assessment. New scales were added in 2003 (i.e. the Restructured Clinical or RC Scales) and the Fake Bad Scale (FBS) was included in the MMPI-2 in 2007. A new instrument called the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) was released in 2008 with the RC Scales replacing the well-validated MMPI-2 Clinical Scales; 40 per cent of its items eliminated; a shortened FBS included; and most of its 50 scales introduced for the first time. This article traces the history of the evolving MMPI-2 with special attention to its international applications, and offers a perspective on the radical departure from past MMPI-2 research represented by the RC Scales, FBS, the MMPI-2-RF, and other recent changes to this standard in the field.
Horizontal shareholding interlocks

Horizontal shareholding interlocks induce Cournot industries to restrict production. The cartelizing effects of horizontal shareholding interlocks are greater if firms are mindful of indirect shareholding links than if only attentive to direct links. Indirect shareholding exists when a firm A holds stock in B and B holds stock in C. Several algebraic examples of Cournot industries with shareholding interlocks are explored.
Development and Validation of a Fourfold Multiplexed Opsonization Assay (MOPA4) for Pneumococcal Antibodies

Opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPAs) are essential for developing and improving pneumococcal vaccines. There is a need for a high-throughput, reliable, standardized, and fully characterized OPA for pneumococcal antibodies. To meet the need, we have developed and characterized a fourfold multiplexed OPA (MOPA4) against 13 serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F) of pneumococci. Thirteen target bacteria were made resistant to only one of the following antibiotics: optochin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, and trimethoprim. Following optimization of assay conditions, accuracy of MOPA4 was determined by testing 30 sera from old adults in the MOPA4 and the single-serotype assays. The opsonization titers obtained with both assays agreed well (r2 > 0.95). Although 22 (out of 390; ∼6%) results differed more than twofold, the differences were not reproducible. The assay was specific: preabsorbing test sera with homologous polysaccharide (PS) completely abrogated opsonic activity, but a pool of unrelated PS (5 μg/ml of each) had no effect. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 10 and 22%, respectively. MOPA4 results were unaffected by having different target pneumococcal serotypes in each assay group. Also, HL60 cell-to-bacteria ratios could be varied twofold without affecting the results. We conclude that MOPA4 is sensitive, accurate, specific, precise, and robust enough for large-scale clinical studies. Furthermore, MOPA4 should allow evaluation of multivalent pneumococcal vaccines with the limited volume of serum typically available from young children.
Effects of hyperthyroidism on vascular contractile and relaxation responses

Previous research has shown that skeletal muscle blood flow, at rest and during muscular contractions, is elevated in the hyperthyroid state. We hypothesized that reduced vascular contractile and enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation responses contribute to these observations. To test these hypotheses, male rats were administered triiodothyronine (Hyper, n = 27; 300 micrograms/kg) for 6-12 wk. Compared with euthyroid control rats (Eut, n = 27), Hyper exhibited left ventricular hypertrophy (Eut, 2.01 +/- 0.04 mg/g body wt; Hyper, 2.70 +/- 0.06; P < 0.0005) and greater oxidative enzyme activity in several skeletal muscles (all P < 0.0005). Vascular rings, 2-3 mm in axial length, were prepared from abdominal aortas, and responses to vasoactive agents were determined in vitro. Compared with Eut, vascular rings with intact endothelium from Hyper exhibited reductions in contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE) across a range of NE concentrations (P < 0.05). Maximal tension developed in response to NE was reduced approximately 30% in hyperthyroidism (Eut, 3.8 +/- 0.2 g; Hyper, 2.6 +/- 0.4; P < 0.01). Contractile responses to NE were not different between Eut and Hyper in rings denuded of endothelium. Maximal vasorelaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh), after precontraction with NE (10(-7) M), were enhanced in the hyperthyroid state (Eut, 65.1 +/- 4.8%; Hyper, 84.0 +/- 7.1; P < 0.05). Enhanced vasorelaxation to ACh was also observed when precontraction was induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha. These findings indicate that vascular contractile and relaxation responses are altered in male hyperthyroid rats.
Physical and functional interaction between wild-type p53 and mdm2 proteins.

Abstract The mdm2 oncogene, which is often amplified in mammalian tumors, produces a number of transcripts that encode distinct protein forms. Previous studies demonstrating that overexpression of the mdm2 gene can activate its transforming potential, and can inhibit the transcriptional activation function of p53, prompted us to begin to explore possible functional differences among the various mdm2 products. Utilizing a transient transfection assay, we have evaluated four naturally occurring murine mdm2 forms for their ability to inhibit p53-mediated transcriptional activation of reporter genes regulated by p53 response elements. Three of these mdm2 forms were found to physically associate with the wild-type p53 protein and to possess the ability to inhibit its transactivation function. A fourth form failed to exhibit either of these functions. This last mdm2 form lacks the N-terminal protein domain that is present in the other three splice forms examined, pointing to this region as one that is critical for complex formation with the p53 protein. Identifying such differences among mdm2 proteins provides important clues for dissecting their functional domains, and emphasizes that defining the individual properties of these products will be critical in elucidating the overall growth control function of the mdm2 gene.
Testing a Model of Resistance to Peer Pressure Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents

This study examined the factors associated with resistance to peer pressure toward antisocial behaviors among a sample of Mexican-origin adolescents (n=564) living in a large Southwestern city in the U.S. A model examining the influence of generational status, emotional autonomy from parents, and self-esteem on resistance to peer pressure was tested independently for boys and girls. Gender differences emerged in the factors that influenced resistance to peer pressure. Results indicated that resistance to peer pressure was influenced by generational status and emotional autonomy from parents for both boys and girls. However, self-esteem was found to influence resistance to peer pressure only for boys.
Efficient scheduling of heterogeneous continuous queries

Data Stream Management Systems (DSMS) typically host multiple Continuous Queries (CQ) that process streams of data. In this paper, we examine the problem of how to schedule CQs in a DSMS to optimize for average QoS. We show that unlike standard on-line systems, scheduling policies in DSMSs that optimize for average response time will be different than policies that optimize for average slowdown which is more appropriate metric to use in the presence of a heterogeneous workload. We also propose a hybrid scheduling policy based on slowdown that strikes a fine balance between performance and fairness. We further discuss how our policies can be efficiently implemented and extended to exploit sharing in optimized multi-query plans and multi-stream CQs. Finally, we experimentally show using real data that our policies outperform currently used ones.
Assessing How Bankruptcy Prediction Models Are Evaluated

Since bankruptcy prediction became a popular research topic in the mid-1960s the model used for evaluating the research has remained largely unchanged. A matched-pair sample design combined with a dichotomous classification test has been the standard. This is quite useful from an academic perspective, but totally useless for any practical application. When evaluating the paired-sample, the assumption is that random chance will correctly classify 50% of the companies as bankrupt or not, and any model that exceeds this is doing better than chance. In the real world, of the 10,000 companies that trade on exchanges, only 600 will go bankrupt - this is a 6% failure rate, so any model should do better than 94% accuracy, not 50%. Some companies might be eligible for bankruptcy, but choose not to file. They might instead threaten to file, and negotiate concessions from creditors. If this company was classified as bankrupt, would that be a correct or incorrect prediction? The classic evaluation model would classify that as a miss, but is it really? This paper addresses the shortcomings of bankruptcy prediction evaluation models and suggests that bankruptcy is better represented as a continuum, rather than a dichotomous situation.
A NEW METHOD OF TASK SPECIFICATION FOR SPHERICAL MECHANISM DESIGN

In this paper we present a novel method for motion generation task specification for spherical mechanisms. This is accomplished with a new methodology for determining the optimal design sphere and the orientations on this design sphere for a finite set of desired spatial positions. In addition, we include a modification to the method which enables the designer to require that one of the n desired spatial positions be exactly preserved. The result is that designers can now specify spherical mechanism motion generation tasks without having to introduce into the design space an artificial design sphere. They are now free to work in unconstrained three-dimensional space. The application of this new task specification technique is discussed in a design case study.
Paracrine and endocrine modes of myostatin action

Myostatin (MSTN) is a secreted signaling molecule that normally acts to limit muscle mass. In adult animals, MSTN is made almost exclusively by skeletal muscle and circulates in the blood. A critical question is whether this circulating MSTN protein can enter the active pool to regulate muscle growth or whether all of the activity of MSTN results from locally produced protein. Here, we addressed this question in mice by using a Cdx2-Cre transgene in conjunction with a conditional Mstn-flox allele to generate mice in which Mstn was targeted in a regionally restricted manner. Specifically, we generated mosaic mice in which MSTN production was eliminated in posteriorly located muscles but not in anteriorly located muscles, resulting in mice in which circulating levels of MSTN were reduced roughly by half. Analysis of posteriorly located vs. anteriorly located muscles of these mice revealed clear differential effects indicative of an important paracrine role for MSTN in regulating muscle mass. Significant, albeit more subtle, effects consistent with an endocrine mode of MSTN action were also seen in these mice. These findings have important implications not only for the understanding of the physiological control of muscle mass but also for therapeutic strategies to target MSTN to treat patients with muscle loss.
A vertical rift in Saturn’s inner C ring

Abstract In 1988 Rosen and Lissauer identified an unusual wavelike feature in Saturn’s inner C ring as a bending wave driven by a nodal resonance with Titan (Science 241, 690). This is sometimes referred to as the − 1 : 0 resonance since it occurs where the local nodal regression rate is approximately equal to − n T , where n T = 22 . 577 ∘ d − 1 is Titan’s orbital mean motion. We have used a series of 44 stellar occultation profiles of this wave observed by the Cassini VIMS instrument to test their hypothesis. We find that, as predicted, this wave is an outward-propagating m = 1 spiral with a leading orientation and a retrograde pattern speed approximately equal to − n T . But the most intriguing feature associated with the wave is a narrow gap that lies ∼7 km outside the resonance. This gap varies noticeably in width and is seen in roughly 3/4 of the occultation profiles, appearing to rotate with the wave in a retrograde direction. We have developed a simple kinematical model that accounts for the observations and consists of a continuous but very narrow gap (radial width ≃ 0.6 km), the edges of which are vertically distorted by the propagating bending wave as it crosses the region. Differences in viewing geometry then largely account for the apparent width variations. We find vertical amplitudes of 3.8 km for the inner edge and 1.2 km for the outer edge in 2008, with nodes misaligned by ∼110°. Moreover, both edges of the gap are slightly eccentric, with pericenters aligned with Titan, suggesting that the eccentricities are forced by the nearby Titan apsidal resonance. We hypothesize that the gap forms because the local slopes in the bending wave become so great that nonlinear effects result in the physical disruption of the ring within its first wavelength, beyond which point the wave re-establishes itself with a reduced amplitude.
Adverse Possession in the State of Florida: Statutory Analysis and Considerations

It is a fact that title to land may be acquired by holding it adversely to its true owner for a certain period of time. This is known as “Adverse possession.” Adverse possession is a highly controversial practice that the law provides a pathway for, and when it occurs, individuals’ rights, specifically property rights, as well as other rights are affected. This paper examines adverse possession in the State of Florida and the state’s statute regarding the elements and requirements of adverse possession. The author discusses several topics and issues related to adverse possession by providing general definitions of adverse possession and examining the justifications or purposes for adverse possession. The general elements or requirements of adverse possession and those specific to Florida Statute are presented with examples of cases involving adverse possession. The advantages and disadvantages of the application of the Statute in the State of Florida in modern times are discussed and the author explores whether or not the Statute on adverse possession should be modified, and recommends potential changes or modifications to the Statute on adverse possession. Finally, a summary of the findings on adverse possession is presented and several important remarks regarding adverse possession in general are presented to engage the readers’ minds in thinking about this practice from personal and non-personal point of views.