cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intellectual property service variations: The PTO and PTDL

Abstract The article describes the result of a research project involving a study of the differences in service obtainable at the USPTO and the Patent and Trademark Depository Libraries (PTDL). In the project three techniques were investigated: 1. (1) Performing a field of search and a prior art search; 2. (2) Locating 14 common patent search tools; 3. (3) Comparing the responses to the same questions about patents. The conclusion was that the PTO is much more efficient for making a search through patents but that a novice receives much more help at a PTDL about how to make a search.
Homologous recombination of a flanking repeat gene cluster is a mechanism for a common contiguous gene deletion syndrome

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), caused by del(17)p11.2, represents one of the most frequently observed human microdeletion syndromes. We have identified three copies of a low-copy-number repeat (SMS-REPs) located within and flanking the SMS common deletion region and show that SMS-REP represents a repeated gene cluster. We have isolated a corresponding cDNA clone that identifies a novel junction fragment from 29 unrelated SMS patients and a different-sized junction fragment from a patient with dup(17)p11.2. Our results suggest that homologous recombination of a flanking repeat gene cluster is a mechanism for this common microdeletion syndrome.
Forced convective heat transfer across a pin fin micro heat sink

Abstract This paper investigates heat transfer and pressure drop phenomena over a bank of micro pin fins. A simplified expression for the total thermal resistance has been derived, discussed and experimentally validated. Geometrical and thermo-hydraulic parameters affecting the total thermal resistance have been discussed. It has been found that very low thermal resistances are achievable using a pin fin heat sink. The thermal resistance values are comparable with the data obtained in microchannel convective flows. In many cases, the increase in the flow temperature results in a convection thermal resistance, which is considerably smaller than the total thermal resistance.
The Effect of Intensive Antibacterial Therapy on the Sulcular Environment in Monkeys: Part I. Changes in the Bacteriology of the Gingival Sulcus

The changes induced in the bacteriology of the gingival sulcus were evaluated as part of a study considering the keratinizing potential of the sulcular epithelium when bacterial plaque was essentially eliminated. Two Rhesus monkeys were scaled and placed on a daily therapeutic regimen which included a prophylaxis, systemic tetracycline, and topical chlorhexidine. Over the 40 day experimental period and 74 days post-therapy, subgingival plaque samples were taken periodically. The plaque samples were cultured anaerobically and aerobically to determine the predominant bacterial flora. The total cultivable bacterial flora decreased from initial levels by greater than 99.9% with the antibacterial therapy. The flora shifted with therapy from one dominated by anaerobic organisms, including Bacteroides melaninogenicus (18%) and Fusobacterium species (13.9%), to a flora dominated by organisms growing aerobically. During treatment B. melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium species were not detected in any sample. After cessation of all therapy the anaerobes increased to dominance again, but B. melaninogenicus remained undetectable through 74 days post-therapy.
Biochemical lesions in DNA associated with the antiproliferative effects of mitoxantrone in the hepatoma cell.

Abstract The H-35 rat hepatoma cell was markedly more sensitive to the anthracenedione mitoxantrone ( ic 50, 0.05 μM) than to the anthracycline antibiotics daunorubicin ( ic 50, 0.5μM) and Adriamycin® ( ic 50, 2.5μM). In the rat hepatoma cell, mitoxantrone inhibited DNA and protein syntheses, with minimal effects on RNA synthesis. In contrast to daunorubicin, mitoxantrone induced both DNA strand breaks and DNA-protein cross links. The capacity of mitoxantrone to induce more extensive DNA cleavage than anthracycline antibiotics such as daunorubicin may be related to the sustained cellular retention of mitoxantrone (62% of accumulated drug) as compared to that for daunorubicin (32% of accumulated drug). Protein-associated DNA cleavage is likely to be one of the primary lesions contributing to the antiproliferative activity of mitoxantrone in the hepatoma cell, although marked growth inhibition was observed without corresponding alterations in DNA integrity.
Adhesive repair of bismaleimide/carbon fiber composites with bisphenol E cyanate ester

Abstract The adhesive strength and repair efficiency of bisphenol E cyanate ester (BECy) is investigated for the injection repair of high temperature polymer–matrix composites (PMCs) by lap shear (LS), short beam shear bending (SBSB), and double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests. Bismaleimide/carbon fiber (BMI–cf) composites were chosen as a model substrate. The BECy resin showed similar strength at room temperature to a benchmark epoxy adhesive and outperformed the epoxy at high temperature (200 °C) in all mechanical tests performed. The influence of moisture content of the PMC substrate on the adhesive strength of BECy was systematically investigated. Drying of PMC before repair was necessary for excellent repair performance. Both the flexural strength of repaired SBSB specimens and the inter-laminar fracture toughness of repaired DCB specimens were significantly higher than that of the control composites and stable over a broad temperature range.
Potent aroma compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese studied using a dynamic headspace (purge-trap) method

The aroma-active compounds potentially important to Parmigiano Reggiano cheese were studied using a dynamic headspace–gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O–DH) technique. The aroma contribution was evaluated by both Osme and AEDA technique. The Osme values were based on a 10 point scale, while the ﬂavour dilution values of AEDA were obtained by sequentially reducing the sample size at a ﬁxed purge gas volume. In general, aroma compounds with high Osme values also had high FD values. Among the aroma compounds identiﬁed in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, acetaldehyde, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, methional, dimethyl trisulphide, diacetyl, and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine were considered the most odour-potent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of lysine and lysine peptide utilization in bacteria by peptides of S-(β-aminoethyl)-cysteine☆

Abstract 1. 1. The preparation and properties of L -thiosylglycine [S-(β-aminoethyl)- L -cysteinyl-glycine] and glycyl- L -thiosine[glycyl-S-(β-aminoethyl)- L -cysteine] and several other thiosine derivatives are reported. 2. 2. The effects of these thiosine peptides as inhibitors of lysine utilization in bacteria has been compared to those previously reported for thiosine. 3. 3. Reversal of thiosine peptide growth inhibition by lysine and peptides of lysine in two strains of microorganisms has been studied.
An advanced numerical model for the assessment of airborne transmission of influenza in bus microenvironments

A CFD-based numerical model was integrated with the Wells-Riley equation to numerically assess the risk of airborne influenza infection in a popular means of public transportation, e.g. the bus microenvironment. Three mixing ventilation methods, which are widely used in current bus configurations, and an alternative displacement ventilation method were numerically assessed in terms of their ability to limit the risk of airborne influenza infection. Furthermore, both the non air-recirculation and air-recirculation with filtration ventilation modes were investigated in terms of the influenza infection probability. According to the simulation results, air-recirculation mode with high efficiency filtration was found to cause almost the same infection risk as non air-recirculation mode (100% outdoor air supply), which indicated a potential benefit of filtration in reducing the infection risk. Additionally, for the commonly used mixing ventilation methods, air distribution method, location of return/exhaust opening and seat arrangement affected the airborne transmission of influenza between passengers. The displacement ventilation method was found to be more effective in limiting the risk of airborne infection. Overall, the developed numerical model can provide insights into how the micro-environmental conditions affect airborne infection transmission in buses. This numerical model can assist in developing effective control strategies related to airborne transmitted diseases for other frequently used public transportation systems, such as trains and airplanes.
O-018 Magnetically Assisted Remote-controlled Endovascular Catheter for Interventional MRI: In Vitro Navigation at 1.5 T versus X-ray Fluoroscopy

Purpose To advance the field of endovascular interventional MRI, which could allow real-time assessment of brain tissue viability during acute ischemic stroke interventions, we have developed a prototype MRI compatible magnetically assisted remote controlled catheter (MARC). We sought to compare navigation of a MARC catheter under real-time MRI with manual navigation under MRI and standard x-ray guidance in endovascular catheterization procedures in vitro . Materials and Methods A custom clinical-grade micro catheter prototype with a solenoid coil at the distal tip was deflected with a foot pedal actuator used to deliver current of 300 mA. Investigators navigated the catheter into branch vessels in a cryogel abdominal aortic phantom. This was repeated under MR imaging guidance without magnetic assistance and under conventional x-ray fluoroscopy. MR experiments were performed at 1.5T using a balanced steady-state free precession sequence. The mean procedure times and percentage catheterization success data were determined and analyzed with a linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results The catheter was clearly visible under real-time MRI. One hundred ninety-two (80%) of 240 turns were successfully completed with magnetically assisted guidance versus 144 (60%) of 240 turns with non-assisted guidance (P = 0.001) and 119 (74%) of 160 turns with standard X-ray guidance (P = 0.028). Mean procedure time was shorter with magnetically assisted than with non-assisted guidance under MRI (37 seconds vs 55 seconds, P = 0.001), and time was similar between magnetically assisted and standard x-ray guidance (37 seconds vs 44 seconds, P = 0.045). When stratified by angle of branch vessel, magnetic assistance was faster than nonassisted MRI guidance at turns of 45°, 60°, and 75°. Conclusion In this study, a MARC catheter for endovascular navigation under real-time MRI guidance was developed and tested. For catheterization of branch vessels arising at large angles, magnetically assisted catheterization was faster than manual catheterization under MR imaging guidance and was comparable to standard x-ray guidance. This represents a significant advance in MRI guided catheterization and brings the performance of MRI guided stroke interventions closer to clinical reality. Disclosures S. Hetts: 1; C; NIH-NIBIB, NIH-NCI, Siemens, Covidien. 2; C; Stryker, Penumbra, Silk Road Medical, Medina Medical. 4; C; Medina Medical, ChemoFilter. A. Losey: None. P. Lillaney: None. D. Cooke: 1; C; Siemens. 4; C; Viket. B. Thorne: None. M. Saeed: None. R. Arenson: None. M. Wilson: None.
Patterns of failure following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation with involved field radiotherapy for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease.

Purpose : To evaluate the patterns of failure and outcome of patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease with emphasis on the impact of involved-field radiotherapy. Method and Materials : Fifty-four adult patients with refractory (25) or relapsed (29) Hodgkin's disease underwent high-dose chemotherapy with either autologous bone marrow (32) or peripheral stem cell (23) transplantation. Twenty patients received involved-field radiotherapy either prior to (7) or following (13) high-dose chemotherapy. Patients treated prior to the high-dose chemotherapy received radiation to bulky or symptomatic sites, and those treated following the transplantation were treated to sites of disease persistence (10) or to consolidate a complete response (3). Twenty-six patients had purely nodal disease, 10 had lung involvement, 7 liver, 5 bon, and 3 bone marrow. A total of 147 sites were present prior to high-dose chemotherapy. Nineteen were bulky (≥5 cm), and 42 arose in a previous radiotherapy field. Results : Twenty-five of the 54 patients (46.3% relapsed. Seventeen (68.0%) relapsed in sites of disease present prior to high-dose chemotherapy. Patients treated with involved-field radiotherapy had a lower rate of relapse in sites of prior disease involvement (26.3 vs. 42.8%) (p < 0.05) than those not treated with radiotherapy. Twenty-one patients had disease persistence following high-dose chemotherapy, of which 10 received involved-field radiotherapy and were converted to a complete response. Patients with disease persistence who received involved-field radiotherapy had a better progression-free survival (40.0 vs. 12.1%) (p = 0.04) than those who did not. Moreover, the patients converted to a complete response had similar progression-free and cause-specific survival as those patients achieving a complete response with high-dose chemotherapy alone. Of the initial 147 sites, 143 (97.3%) were amenable to involved-field radiation therapy. The addition of involved-field radiotherapy improved the 5-year local control of all sites (p = 0.008), nodal sites (p = 0.01), and sites of disease persistence (p = 0.0009). Conclusions : Patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin's disease undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow rescue have a high rate of relapse in sites of prior disease involvement Involved-field radiotherapy is capable of improving the control of these sites, the majority of which are amenable to radiotherapy. In addition, the use of radiotherapy to sites of disease persistence following high-dose chemotherapy may improve the outcome of these patient.
Sex differences in stress-induced social withdrawal: Independence from adult gonadal hormones and inhibition of female phenotype by corncob bedding

There is compelling evidence for important sex differences in behavioral and hormonal responses to psychosocial stress. Here we examined the effects of gonadal hormones on behavioral responses to social defeat stress in monogamous California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Three episodes of social defeat induced social withdrawal in intact females but not males. Gonadectomy blocked corticosterone responses to defeat in females and sensitized male corticosterone responses. However, gonadectomy had no effects on social interaction behavior, suggesting that social withdrawal is not dependent on gonadal hormones in the adult California mouse. In contrast, defeat reduced exploratory behavior in the open field test for intact but not castrated males. We also examined the effects of social defeat on social interaction behavior when California mice were raised on corncob bedding, which has estrogenic properties. In this dataset of over 300 mice, we observed that social defeat did not induce social withdrawal when females were raised on corncob bedding. This finding suggests that the use of corncob in rodent studies could mask important sex differences in the effects of stress on brain and behavior. Although gonadal hormones do not affect social withdrawal behavior in adults, our data suggest that hormones may act earlier in development to induce a more resilient social phenotype.
The representations of the euclidean group E2 in the description of unequal mass scattering amplitudes

Abstract We have expressed the t = 0 unequal mass scattering amplitude, in terms of irreducible representations of the group E2, the light-like little group of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. The representation exhibits neatly the analytic properties of the scattering amplitude without the difficulties of the usual Regge pole analysis around cos θt = 1, at t = 0 unequal mass scattering. Various characteristic features of the representation, as the exponential or oscillatory asymptotic behaviour in s are discussed for their theoretical and experimental implications.
Assignment of Psoriasin to Human Chromosomal Band 1q21: Coordinate Overexpression of Clustered Genes is Psoriasis

Psoriasin is an abundant low molecular weight protein in keratinocytes from psoriatic lesions. Because of similarities in gene structure and expression to other genes on human chromosomal band 1q21, we hypothesized that psoriasin might also map to this region. To test this hypothesis, we identified and used a genomic λ clone ( λ 9.2) as a probe for fluorescent in situ hybridization. λ 9.2 detected the 1q21 region in 81% of 52 chromosomes 1 examined, although it also hybridized to acrocentric chromosomes. A 9.2 DNA yielded polymerase chain reaction amplification of a 121-bp sequence colinear with psoriasin cDNA, as did genomic DNA from hybrid cell lines containing all or part of chromosome 1. The psoriasin gene was present on a 380-kb yeast artificial chromosome clone that was previously mapped to 1q21 and shown to contain calcydin; here it is also shown to contain MRP8 and CaN19. Psoriasin and several other tightly linked 1q21 genes were markedly overexpressed in psoriatic lesions, suggesting a role for these clustered genes in the regulation of epidermal proliferation.
Sculptured thin films—I. Concepts

A report on the conceptualization of sculptured thin films (STFs), as well as on recent theoretical advances thereon, is presented. The morphology of a STF is described in terms of a spatially varying unit vector called the director, whose piecewise specification assists in setting up frequency-dependent constitutive relations of the STF. These relations lead in turn to a 4×4 matrix differential equation for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the STF. Optical, suboptical, infrared and even millimeter-wave applications are possible, as well as acoustic and piezoelectric ones.
Guniting the lining of 300-ton steelcasting ladles

The practice of guniting the lining of steelcasting ladles has been introduced for the 300-ton ladles of the open-hearth division of the Cherepovetsk Metallurgical Plant. The guniting parameters are as follows: the temperature of the lining of the ladle wall should be 60–120°C; the amount of wetting agent (sodium silicate solution) for the optimal adhesion of the G unite layer to the brick masonry should give the G unite mix a moisture content of 8–15%, and the density of the aqueous sodium silicate solution should be 1.15–1.30 g/cm3.
Dynamic behavior of a porous char particle burning in an oxygen‐containing environment: Part I: Constant particle radius

In Part I of the paper (pp. 537-549), the transient combustion of porous char particles in an oxidising environment is modelled. It reveals strong effects of the intraparticle thermal gradients and of the pore structure evolution scheme on the burning time and predicts an optimum particle size that gives minimum burning time. In Part II (pp. 549-556) the diffusion and reaction model is extended to allow for shrinkage of the char particles. It is shown that possible shrinkage modifies severely the extinction behaviour of the reacting particles. However, particle shrinkage does not affect the ignition phenomena.
Comparison of Covalency in the Complexes of Trivalent Actinide and Lanthanide Cations

The complexes of trivalent actinide (Am(III) and Cm(III)) and lanthanide (Nd(III) and Sm(III)) cations with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid, and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid in n-dodecane have been studied by visible absorption spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements in order to understand the chemical interactions responsible for the great selectivity the dithiophosphinate ligand exhibits for trivalent actinide cations in liquid-liquid extraction. Under the conditions studied, each type of ligand displays a different coordination mode with trivalent f-element cations. The phosphinate ligand coordinates as hydrogen-bonded dimers, forming M(HL2)3. Both the oxygen and the sulfur donor of the monothiophosphinate ligand can bind the cations, affording both bidentate and monodentate ligands. The dithiophosphinate ligand forms neutral bidentate complexes, ML3, with no discernible nitrate or water molecules in the inner coordination sphere. Comparison of the Cm(III), Nd(III), and Sm(III) XAFS shows that the structure and metal-donor atom bond distances are indistinguishable within experimental error for similarly sized trivalent lanthanide and actinide cations, despite the selectivity of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid for trivalent actinide cations over trivalent lanthanide cations.
Meta-attention: The development of awareness of the attentional process

Summary Meta-attention, or an individual's understanding of the attentional process, was investigated. Recent evidence was reviewed suggesting that maturity would alter an understanding of attention, with young children viewing attention as controlled by external forces, such as distraction or contingent reward, while older children would value internal factors, such as interest level. The question was posed whether, given the assumption of the existence of such a pattern, meta-attention would be correlated with academic achievement. A meta-attentional task was devised which required four age groups of children to make forced choices concerning the relative importance of distraction, interest, and reward. Results clearly supported the assumption that meta-attention is developmentally sensitive. A significant, but weak relationship was detected between meta-attention and achievement.
Structure and stability of SiBn+ AND CBn+ (n = 1–4)

Abstract The structures and binding energies of small boron-rich clusters are studied using correlated wave functions and polarization basis sets. Carbon is the central atom in CB n + , while SiB n + prefers planar boron networks with silicon as one of the edge atoms. These ground state structures can be explained by differences in the electronegativities of the component elements. The various fragmentation channels of SiB n + are also examined using binding energy differences.
The Garden Centipede, Scutigerella Immaculata (Newport), a Pest of Economic Importance in the West

The garden centipede, Scutigerella immaculate (Newport), is found widely distributed throughout the world and has been studied by zoologists for many years in relation to the supposedly ancestral characters of insects, chilopods and diplopods. In recent years it has been considered by economic entomologists of California, Oregon and Utah as among the most important and destructive pests in many truck crop sections of these States. In California it is particularly destructive to asparagus shoots and seedlings of beans, peas, melons, etc., the injury being due to the pest's eating numerous small holes in the host. All stages in the life history of the little animals have been found in the intensively cultivated asparagus fields. Para dichlorobenzene and calcium cyanide as soil fumigants have given encouraging results in controlling the symphylid and other soil pests and more extensive experiments with these chemicals are in progress. In the asparagus fields of the Delta region of the Sacramento River, flooding has proven quite practical as a control in several cases. Best results from flooding have been obtained where the fields were kept thoroughly and continuously covered to a depth of a foot or more for from two to three weeks.
How Business Families Manage the Transition from Owner to Professional Management

This article summarizes the findings of a qualitative study of twenty large family businesses (above $100 million) from the United States, Europe, and Latin America. The study focuses on family businesses that have successfully completed the transition from founder to professional management, and it identifies many of the emotional and managerial dilemmas that arise as companies move from one generation to the next. The author outlines the specific steps these companies have taken in order to constructively manage succession and continuity.
A note on odds in the cattle futures market

This paper investigates the odds of generating a 100-fold return in the cattle futures market. We employ cattle futures data for the period October 11, 1978, through July 31, 1979, to compute the probability of obtaining such a return. The tests are constructed to give the investor the benefit of the doubt whenever doubt exists. The most conservative finding is that the probability is one in approximately thirty-one trillion. Assuming that the return is made in the most efficient way possible, this probability falls to approximately 1.5×10−16.
Rapid E2-E3 assembly and disassembly enable processive ubiquitylation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase substrates

Degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system requires assembly of a polyubiquitin chain upon substrate. However, the structural and mechanistic features that enable template-independent processive chain synthesis are unknown. We show that chain assembly by ubiquitin ligase SCF and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 is facilitated by the unusual nature of Cdc34-SCF transactions: Cdc34 binds SCF with nanomolar affinity, nevertheless the complex is extremely dynamic. These properties are enabled by rapid association driven by electrostatic interactions between the acidic tail of Cdc34 and a basic ‘canyon’ in the Cul1 subunit of SCF. Ab initio docking between Cdc34 and Cul1 predicts intimate contact between the tail and the basic canyon, an arrangement confirmed by crosslinking and kinetic analysis of mutants. Basic canyon residues are conserved in both Cul1 paralogs and orthologs, suggesting that the same mechanism underlies processivity for all cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases. We discuss different strategies by which processive ubiquitin chain synthesis may be achieved.
Uncommon non-Hodgkin lymphomas of childhood: pathological diagnosis, clinical features and treatment approaches.

Summary We provide a review of the pathological and clinical features for uncommon B-cell and T-cell lymphomas of childhood with a specific focus on advances in treatment approaches and outcomes. There is clearly a need for prospective investigation of both the clinical and biological features of the uncommon non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes in childhood. These results should lead to more uniform and more effective treatment approaches.
Injuries and use of protective equipment among college in-line skaters

In-line skating injuries and protective gear use were explored in a sample of college students (n = 217). A minority of respondents wore protective gear. One third of skaters had experienced at least one minor injury, and a smaller percentage had experienced fractures or head injuries. Most minor injuries occurred during the first 1-2 times skating, while more serious injuries tended to occur after at least 50 times on in-line skates. Psychosocial predictors of protective gear use were explored. Four major Health Belief Model constructs (perceived barriers to wearing gear, perceived susceptibility to injury, perceived severity of injury, and perceived benefits of wearing gear) were significant predictors of protective gear use. The Health Belief Model, tested using regression and structural equation modelling, predicted gear typically worn, frequency of gear use, and injuries received while in-line skating. Implications for increasing protective gear use are described.
Enabling role of hybrid simulation across NEES in advancing earthquake engineering

Hybrid simulation is increasingly being recognized as a powerful technique for laboratory testing. It offers the opportunity for global system evaluation of civil infrastructure systems subject to extreme dynamic loading, often with a significant reduction in time and cost. In this approach, a reference structure/system is partitioned into two or more substructures. The portion of the structural system designated as \'physical\' or \'experimental\' is tested in the laboratory, while other portions are replaced with a computational model. Many researchers have quite effectively used hybrid simulation (HS) and real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) methods for examination and verification of existing and new design concepts and proposed structural systems or devices. This paper provides a detailed perspective of the enabling role that HS and RTHS methods have played in advancing the practice of earthquake engineering. Herein, our focus is on investigations related to earthquake engineering, those with CURATED data available in their entirety in the NEES Data Repository.
Reforming Mathematics Instruction: The Role of Curriculum Materials

The crisis in mathematics education is likely to grow. One of the targets for reform is the math textbook, which largely defines the math curriculum. Several aspects of math textbooks that strongly influence student learning are explained: the organization of lessons, the use of time, the rate of introducing new concepts, the quality of instructional activities, the nature of the examples, and the provision of guided and independent practice. Excerpts from math texts illustrate these factors. Research findings on an alternative to basais, represented by the Direct Instruction math curriculum, illustrate how conceptual understanding and proficiency can be developed for a full spectrum of students.
Quantum electrodynamics within the framework of a new four-dimensional symmetry

We discuss quantum electrodynamics within the framework of a new four-dimensional symmetry in which the concept of time, the propagation of light, and the transformation property of many physical quantities are drastically different from those in special relativity. However, they are consistent with experiments. The new framework allows for natural developments of additional concepts. Observers in different frames may use the same grid of clocks, located in any one of the frames, and hence have a universal time.
The Taxonomic Position of Pylopagur Us Liochele Barnard (Decapoda, Paguroidea)

Un nouvel examen des specimens de "Pylopagurus liochele" a montre que Barnard (1947) a inexactement attribue l'espece au genre Pylopagurus. Les premiers pleopodes pairs manquent chez les femelles. Par consequent cette espece est transferee au genre Pagurus. Le trait que Barnard a cru diagnostique est plutot variable, et l'espece est de nouveau decrite et figuree.
Stability of yeast iso-1-ferricytochrome c as a function of pH and temperature

Absorbance-detected thermal denaturation studies of the C102T variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-ferricytochrome c were performed between pH 3 and 5. Thermal denaturation in this pH range is reversible, shows no concentration dependence, and is consistent with a 2-state model. Values for free energy (delta GD), enthalpy (delta HD), and entropy (delta SD) of denaturation were determined as functions of pH and temperature. The value of delta GD at 300 K, pH 4.6, is 5.1 +/- 0.3 kcal mol-1. The change in molar heat capacity upon denaturation (delta Cp), determined by the temperature dependence of delta HD as a function of pH (1.37 +/- 0.06 kcal mol-1 K-1), agrees with the value determined by differential scanning calorimetry. pH-dependent changes in the Soret region indicate that a group or groups in the heme environment of the denatured protein, probably 1 or both heme propionates, ionize with a pK near 4. The C102T variant exhibits both enthalpy and entropy convergence with a delta HD of 1.30 kcal mol-1 residue-1 at 373.6 K and a delta SD of 4.24 cal mol-1 K-1 residue-1 at 385.2 K. These values agree with those for other single-domain, globular proteins.
Fanon and the Devourers

ion and that it is not rooted in historical phenomena. All in all, Zahar's preconceptions of literature in general, and of what works like Fanon's should include, and what they should advocate, hinder her attempts to see Fanon in a light other than that of a second-hand copier of historical phenomena. In the last analysis, she places Fanon in the phenomonological tradition of Hegel, inplying that his work is more concerned with creating an idealist utopia, than it is with providing one with an analytical tool which will help in formulating a better understanding of social and political forces. All of this is to say that Zahar does see Fanon as a maker, as a creator, but she does not value this aspect of him. In this way, Zahar criticizes Fanon for the very thing I wish to
Long Life Testing of Oxide-Coated Iridium/Rhenium Rockets

22-N class rockets, composed of a rhenium (Re) substrate, an iridium (Ir) coating, and an additional composite coating consisting of Ir and a ceramic oxide, were tested on gaseous oxygen/gaseous hydrogen (GO2/GH2) propellants. Two rockets were tested, one for nearly 39 hours at a nominal mixture ratio (MR) of 4.6 and chamber pressure (Pc) of 469 kPa, and the other for over 13 hours at a nominal MR of 5.8 and 621 kPa Pc. Four additional Ir/Re rockets, with a composite Ir-oxide coating fabricated using a modified process, were also tested, including one for 1.3 hours at a nominal MR of 16.7 and Pc of 503 kPa. The long lifetimes demonstrated on low MR GO2/GH2 suggest greatly extended chamber lifetimes (tens of hours) in the relatively low oxidizing combustion environments of Earth storable propellants. The oxide coatings could also serve as a protective coating in the near injector region, where a still-mixing flowfield may cause degradation of the Ir layer. Operation at MR close to 17 suggests that oxide-coated Ir/Re rockets could be used in severely oxidizing combustion environments, such as high MR GO2/GH2, oxygen/hydrocarbon, and liquid gun propellants.
The big medical data miss: challenges in establishing an open medical resource

I call for an international open medical resource to provide a database for every individual's genomic, metabolomic, microbiomic, epigenomic and clinical information. This resource is needed in order to facilitate genetic diagnoses and transform medical care.
Glucose transporters and insulin action: Some insights into diabetes management

Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and adipose cells primarily by recruiting GLUT4 from an intracellular storage pool to the plasma membrane. Dysfunction of this process known as insulin resistance causes hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes and obesity. Thus the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process at the molecular level may give, an insight into the prevention and treatment of these health problems. GLUT4 in rat adipocytes, for example, constantly recycles between the cell surface and an intracellular pool by endocytosis and exocytosis, each of which is regulated by an insulin-sensitive and GLUT4-selective sorting mechanism. Our working hypothesis has been that this sorting mechanism includes a specific interaction of a cytosolic protein with the GLUT4 cytoplasmic domain. Indeed, a synthetic peptide of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of GLUT4 induces an insulin-like GLUT4 recruitment when introduced in rat adipocytes. Relevance of these observations to a novel euglycemic drug design is discussed.
Cover and Pack Inequalities for (Mixed) Integer Programming

We review strong inequalities for fundamental knapsack relaxations of (mixed) integer programs. These relaxations are the 0-1 knapsack set, the mixed 0-1 knapsack set, the integer knapsack set, and the mixed integer knapsack set. Our aim is to give a unified presentation of the inequalities based on covers and packs and highlight the connections among them. The focus of the paper is on recent research on the use of superadditive functions for the analysis of knapsack polyhedra.
Thermoelectric power in single-layer copper oxides.

The temperature variation of the thermoelectric power has been measured and used as a diagnostic tool to determine the character of the charge carriers in the normal state of the superconductive copper oxides and in the overdoped compositions. We used copper oxides with single ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ sheets separated by nonsuperconductive layers that are not charge reservoirs in order to simplify interpretation of the data. Both the superconductive and the overdoped samples are characterized by a ``hump'' in the variation of the Seebeck coefficient \ensuremath{\alpha} with temperature T that is superposed on a weakly temperature-dependent background term ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{0}$ that decreases systematically with increased doping in the superconductive phase to a small, doping-independent value in the overdoped samples. Perturbation of the periodic potential in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ sheets and increasing the separation between the sheets suppresses both the hump in \ensuremath{\alpha} versus T and superconductivity. The maximum in the hump occurs at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{max}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}140 K, which requires a characteristic energy for any enhancement mechanism that is higher than can be provided by acoustic phonons. It is difficult for theoretical models of the normal state that are based only on electron-electron and/or conventional electron-phonon interactions to explain these data. However, we can interpret the hump with a mass-enhancement phenomenon that utilizes vibronic coupling of electrons to optical-mode lattice vibrations. From a first-principles analysis of the thermopower data, we distinguish two closely related types of the itinerant-particle state: one is applicable to the normal state of the copper-oxide superconductor compositions in the temperature range ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$T300 K and the other to the overdoped phase.
Price, Weather, and “Acreage Abandonment” in Western Great Plains Wheat Culture

Abstract Multivariate analyses of acreage abandonment patterns in the U.S. Great Plains winter wheat region indicate that the major mode of variation is an in-phase oscillation confined to the western half of the overall area, which is also the area with lowest average yields. This is one of the more agroclimatically marginal environments in the United States, with wide interannual fluctuations in both climate and profitability. We developed a multiple regression model to determine the relative roles of weather and expected price in the decision not to harvest. The overall model explained 77% of the spatial and temporal variation in abandonment. The 36.5% of the non-spatial variation was explained by two simple transformations of climatic data from three monthly aggregates—September–October, November–February and March–April. Price factors, expressed as indexed future delivery quotations,were barely significant, with only between 3 and 5% of the non-spatial variation explained, depending upon the model. T...
The carotenoid zeaxanthin and 'high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence.

The possibility that zeaxanthin mediates the dissipation of an excess of excitation energy in the antenna chlorophyll of the photochemical apparatus has been tested through the use of an inhibitor of violaxanthin de-epoxidation, dithiothreitol (DTT), as well as through the comparison of two closely related organisms (green and blue-green algal lichens), one of which (blue-green algal lichen) naturally lacks the xanthophyll cycle. In spinach leaves, DTT inhibited a major component of the rapidly relaxing high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was associated with a quenching of the level of initial fluorescence (F′0) and exhibited a close correlation with the zeaxanthin content of leaves when fluorescence quenching was expressed as the rate constant for radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll. Green algal lichens, which possess the xanthophyll cycle, exhibited the same type of fluorescence quenching as that observed in leaves. Two groups of blue-green algal lichens were used for a comparison with these green algal lichens. A group of zeaxanthin-free blue-green algal lichens did not exhibit the type of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching indicative of energy dissipation in the pigment bed. In contrast, a group of blue-green algal lichens which had formed zeaxanthin slowly through reactions other than the xanthophyll cycle, did show a very similar response to that of leaves and green algal lichens. Fluorescence quenching indicative of radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll was the predominant component of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ in spinach leaves under conditions allowing for high rates of steady-state photosynthesis. A second, but distinctly different type of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was not inhibited by DTT (i.e., it was zeaxanthin independent) and which is possibly associated with the photosystem II reaction center, occurred in addition to that associated with zeaxanthin in leaves under a range of conditions which were less favorable for linear photosynthetic electron flow. In intact chloroplasts isolated from (zeaxanthin-free) spinach leaves a combination of these two types of rapidly reversible fluorescence quenching occurred under all conditions examined.
Quantitative proteomics to decipher ubiquitin signaling

Ubiquitin signaling plays an essential role in controlling cellular processes in eukaryotes, and the impairment of ubiquitin regulation contributes to the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases. During the last decade, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has emerged as an indispensable approach for identifying the ubiquitinated proteome (ubiquitinome), ubiquitin modification sites, the linkages of complex ubiquitin chains, as well as the interactome of ubiquitin enzymes. In particular, implementation of quantitative strategies allows the detection of dynamic changes in the ubiquitinome, enhancing the ability to differentiate between function-relevant protein targets and false positives arising from biological and experimental variations. The profiling of total cell lysate and the ubiquitinated proteome in the same sets of samples has become a powerful tool, revealing a subset of substrates that are modulated by specific physiological and pathological conditions, such as gene mutations in ubiquitin signaling. This strategy is equally useful for dissecting the pathways of ubiquitin-like proteins.
AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSES IN JAUNDICED NEWBORNS

This study was designed to determine whether Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) may reveal brainstem dysfunction caused by hyperbilirubinemia, whether exchange transfusion (ET) may have a beneficial effect on this dysfunction and if ABR is a rebiable test for assessingthe risk of bilirubin encephalopathy. In 18 full term jaundiced infants who needed an ET a total of 96 ABRs were evoked:33 before and 33 after the ET; 14 ABRs (9 neonates) one week after the ET and 16 ABRs (9 neonates) at a mean age of 6 months. The pre -ET bilirubin values were not very high(23.2±2.6mg/dl). From the 33 pre-ET ABRs 23 (16 newborns) were abnormal:only 2 out of the 18 newborns had normal pre-ET ABRs bilaterally. From the 23 abnormal pre-ET ABRs 19 (13 newborns) became normal immediately after the ET; 3 ABRs (2 newborns) were normal one week after the ET and the remaing ABR(1newborn) was still abnormal at the age of 6 months. At that age this baby was hypertonic.Abnormal ABR showed absence of waves V and I and an increased brainstem transmission time (5.10±0.33ms before vs 4.86±0.51ms after ET, p<0.005). Our data indicate thar a)hyperbilirubinemia even at levels not very high may cause brainstem dysfunction which in most cases is reversible with ET b)ABR may detect this dysfunction and c)babies with an abnormal post-ET ABR are at high risk for developing bilirubin encephalopathy.
Feasibility study of splitting pitch technology on 45nm contact patterning with 0.93 NA

As semiconductor process technology moves to smaller generations (65nm and beyond), the contact pattern printing becomes the most difficult challenge in the lithography field. The reason comes from the smaller feature size and pitch of contact/via pattern printing that is similar to 2D (two-dimensional) patterning. Contact and via patterns need better image contrast than line/space patterns in pattern printing. Hence, contact/via printing needs a higher k1 value than others. In 65nm generation experience, the k1 is ~0.44 on a 0.85 NA exposure tool. A larger NA exposure tool is expensive and developed slower than the motivation of generation. Hence, the process is difficult to achieve by obtaining larger NA exposure tools. The k1 requirement of 45nm (logic) contact pattering (minimum pitch: 140nm) is ~0.34 on a 0.93 NA exposure tool that is available currently. RET (resolution enhancement technology) is necessary to achieve the difficult process goal. Splitting pitch technology is an RET approach to solving 45nm contact pattering. In this paper, we use a 2P1E (2 photo exposure and 1 etching) approach to meet our process requirements. The original layout is split into dense pitch pattern and semi-iso to iso pattern parts by software. Utilizing strong OAI (off-axis-illumination) on dense pattern part and weak OAI on semi-iso to iso pattern part can obtain better process results.
Policing in Korea: Why Women Choose Law Enforcement Careers

Although women account for over 50% of employed persons in South Korea, women in policing comprise approximately 3.8% of all sworn law enforcement positions throughout the country. Clearly, women are underrepresented in policing in many countries, but the relatively small number in law enforcement careers in Korea provides an opportunity for research about the demographic and attitudinal factors that motivate them to pursue such a career. In this study, we focus on a sample of 220 Korean female police officers. The present study sought to address 3 central research questions: (a) the background of the respondents, (b) the major reasons for career selection expressed by female police officers, and (c) the relationship of years in policing to the reasons for the respondents’ career selection. Results suggested that women are in policing not only because it is an exciting profession but also because they feel that they have the ability to do the job and do it well. These data illustrated the importance of su...
Calcium channel blockers as antihypertensive agents.

Because of their unique action on the cardiovascular system, the calcium channel blockers have generated a great deal of excitement among pharmacologists, physiologists, and clinicians. One obvious potential application for these drugs is in anti hypertensive therapy and, although experience with these agents for this indication is limited in the United States, it is considerable in Europe and Japan. These agents' ultimate role in anti hypertensive therapy, however, has not been established. Since the available calcium channel blockers are structurally diverse, it is uncertain whether they will have comparable effects in hypertension. The rationale for the use of calcium channel blockers in treating hypertension and the relevant pharmacologic actions of these agents is discussed, along with a summary of some of the clinical trials, observations from our own experience with these drugs, and speculation about their future role in anti hypertensive therapy.