cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing primary and secondary generalized anxiety disorder in a long-term naturalistic study of anxiety disorders.

This study explores the potential differences in comorbidity and course between primary generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which develops before other anxiety disorders, and secondary GAD. As part of the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP), a naturalistic, long-term, longitudinal study of 711 subjects from a variety of clinic settings with DSM III-R defined anxiety disorders, 210 subjects with GAD were identified. Of these, 78 (37%) had primary GAD, and 84 (40%) had secondary GAD; of the remainder, 28 (13%) had no other anxiety disorder and 20 (10%) developed GAD within a month of another anxiety disorder and were excluded from the analysis. All subjects were comorbid for at least one other anxiety disorder. Primary GAD subjects were more likely to be in episode at intake (90% vs. 77%, P = .04) and less likely than secondary GAD subjects to have current or past agoraphobia without panic disorder (3% vs. 11%, P = .04), social phobia (19% v. 52%, P = .001), simple phobia (14% v. 30%, P = .02), or post traumatic stress disorder (5% vs. 20%, P = .01). Subjects with primary GAD were also less likely to have current or past alcohol use disorders (17% vs. 37%, P = .004) or major depressive disorder (60% vs. 76%, P = .03). There were no significant differences in either treatment approaches or remission rates for primary compared to secondary GAD. Whether GAD first occurs before or after another anxiety disorder, it is similar in terms of prevalence, treatment, and course. The only significant differences between primary and secondary GAD lie in the rates of comorbidity of both other anxiety disorders and non-anxiety disorders, including major depression and substance abuse. These results support the concept of GAD as a valid, separate and distinct entity, whether it occurs primarily or secondarily.
Calcium of A-currents in perfused Aplysia neurons

Transient outward currents were studied in neurons in the visceral ganglion of Aplysia californica, using intracellular perfusion and voltage-clamp techniques. The early outward currents in response to depolarizations from holding potentials near −90 mV were activated in the range −60 to −20 mV, below the threshold for the delayed outward current. Resting inactivation of the early outward currents was removed by prehyperpolarizations in the range −130 to −70 mV. A-currents produced in this manner were blocked by external application of CoCl2 and augmented by increasing external Ca-concentration. They were also blocked by treatment with 4-aminopyridine. The currents were reduced by treatment with verapamil hydrochloride, further suggesting a role for calcium in the current-generating mechanism. A model with a fourth-power activation process and first-power inactivation process could fit the early outward currents reasonably well. The effect of application of Ca-free, cobalt-containing solution was modeled as a decrease in peak conductance and an increase in the time constants of activation and inactivation.
Steady state solutions in a model reacting flow problem

This paper examines the existence of steady state solutions in the Fickett-Majda model of detonation-combustion when heat sources are present and the chemical kinetics is governed by a single, reversible reaction. The problem reduces to studying the bifurcations of a nonlinear algebraic equation, and conditions for existence are obtained in terms of the heat release parameter and total energy of the source
Negative ames tests of epoxide fatty methyl esters derived from homolysis of linoleic acid hydroperoxides

Five isomeric epoxyhydroxyene and epoxyoxoene fatty esters derived from hemolytic decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide were tested for mutagenicity by the "Ames' top-agar incorporation method using S-9 mix derived from livers of male rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254. The epoxide fatty esters tested--methyl trans-12,13-epoxy-erythro-11-hydroxy-cis(trans)-9-octadecenoate and methyl trans-12,13-epoxy-threo-11-hydroxy-cis(trans)-9-octadecenoate (each composed of approximately 80% cis-9-ene and 20% trans-9-ene), methyl trans-12,13-epoxy-9-oxo-(trans-10-octadecenoate, methyl trans-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoate and methyl cis-12,13-epoxy-9-oxo-trans-10-octadecenoate--had structural characteristics similar to certain potent mutagens. However, these esters were not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98 or TA1537 at concentrations up to 2000 micrograms/test plate. Under the same test conditions, the methyl ester of hydroperoxy linoleic acid, from which these epoxides were derived, was weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 and possibly also in strain TA98.
Site-Specific N- and C-Terminal Labeling of a Single Polypeptide Using Sortases of Different Specificity

The unique reactivity of two sortase enzymes, SrtAstaph from Staphylococcus aureus and SrtAstrep from Streptococcus pyogenes, is exploited for site-specific labeling of a single polypeptide with different labels at its N and C termini. SrtAstrep is used to label the protein’s C terminus at an LPXTG site with a fluorescently labeled dialanine nucleophile. Selective N-terminal labeling of proteins containing N-terminal glycine residues is achieved using SrtAstaph and LPXT derivatives. The generality of N-terminal labeling with SrtAstaph is demonstrated by near-quantitative labeling of multiple protein substrates with excellent site specificity.
Supermultiplets of elementary particles

The notion of supermultiplets first developed by Wigner for the theory of nuclear structure is applied to the structure of elementary particles. The group structure is assumed to be S${\mathrm{U}}_{6}$. The quark model is assumed for the entire discussion, although some of these results can be obtained from other models. It is found that the octet of pseudoscalar mesons along with the octet and the singlet of vector mesons form a supermultiplet. Okubo's speculated mass form for the vector mesons is derived. It is also found that the octet of baryons along with a singlet particle of spin $\frac{3}{2}$ form a supermultiplet. The type of baryonic coupling for the electro-magnetic and weak current is derived.
On the fetal origin of asthma: Effect of maternal allergen exposure on the airway responses of the guinea pig offspring later in life

ON THE AIRWAY RESPONSES OF THE GUINEA PIG OFFSPRING LATER IN LIFE EGLE BYTAUTIENE, YURI VEDERNIKOV, WILLIAM MANER, MONICA LONGO, GARY DV HANKINS, GARLAND D. ANDERSON, GEORGE SAADE, University of Texas Medical Branch, Obstetrics & Gynecology/Maternal Fetal Medicine, Galveston, Texas OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological and experimental studies support a fetal origin for cardiovascular adult diseases. The familial and epidemiological characteristics of asthma may also be explained by a fetal origin. Our objective was to determine the effect of maternal exposure to allergens on the airway responses of offspring later in life using a well-characterized animal model for asthma research. STUDY DESIGN: 3 months old guinea pig offspring born to ovalbuminsensitized and nonsensitized mothers were tested for sensitivity to ovalbumin by intracutaneous injections. They were then anesthetized and ventilated via an endotracheal cannula connected to an ultrasonic nebulizer for antigen delivery, and to a transducer for measurement of pressure at the airway opening (PAO). After obtaining basal PAO, ovalbumin was nebulized for 1 min. After stabilization, ovalbumin was nebulized again after pretreatment with ketotifen (histamine H1 receptor antagonist). PAO was expressed as a percent change from basal PAO. Bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) was collected 3 hours after first exposure to ovalbumin and eosinophil count was obtained. Student t test was used for analysis (significance: p!0.05). RESULTS: Skin thickening and erythema at the site of ovalbumin injection developed in all the offspring born to sensitized mothers, indicating an acute hypersensitivity reaction to antigen, but in none of the offspring of nonsensitized mothers. Exposure to aerosolized ovalbumin significantly increased PAO in the offspring born to sensitized mothers, indicating bronchoconstriction, and this response was completely abolished by ketotifen. Ovalbumin and ketotifen had no effect in pups of nonsensitized mothers. The number of eosinophils was significantly increased in BALF from offspring born to sensitized mothers compared with offspring born to non-sensitized mothers. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to allergen programs the fetus for hypersensitivity reaction to the same allergen later in life. Adult conditions related to environmental exposure to allergens, such as asthma, may have a fetal origin. SMFM Abstracts S175
A RELATIVE MAXIMUM IN THE DECAY OF LONG-TERM DELAYED LIGHT EMISSION FROM THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS.

Abstract The time course of long-term (0.5–60 sec) delayed light emission from the photosynthetic apparatus of living cells depends on wavelength and intensity of the exciting light, growth stage of the cells, and temperature. For saturating intensities of exciting light and at temperatures between 15° and 35°, exponential phase algal cultures emit delayed light with two distinct time courses of decay: (1) after excitation of accessory pigments the decay decreases monotonically with time, and (2) after excitation of chlorophyll a the decay shows a relative maximum in which the emission actually increases for a short period; that is, the first derivative changes sign twice. These two decay curves cross each other. Simultaneous excitation of accessory pigments and chlorophyll a results in a decay which is similar to that after excitation of chlorophyll a alone, but displaced so as to be intermediate (except near the crossover point) between the individual decays. Temperature effects suggest the involvement of enzymes in the light emission. The observations are interpreted as evidence for coupling between enzymes and chlorophyll systems having solid state properties.
Certificate of Need Regulations and the Availability and Use of Cancer Resections

Several states use certificate of need regulations (CON) to control the growth of acute-care services, but the possible association between these restrictions and the provision of cancer surgery has not been assessed. This study examines the association between acute-care CON, the availability of cancer surgery hospitals, and provision of six cancer operations. Medicare data were collected for beneficiaries treated with one of six cancer resections and an associated cancer diagnosis from 1989 to 2002. Hospital, procedure, and incidence rates for each cancer diagnosis were stratified by state and year. The number of hospitals performing each operation per cancer incident, the number of procedures performed per cancer incident, and hospital volume were compared between states with and without CON, and those that discontinued CON during the sample period were noted. The number of hospitals per cancer incident was lower in CON states versus non-CON states for colectomy (P = .022), rectal resection (P = .026), and pulmonary lobectomy (P = .032). Hospital volume was significantly higher in CON states versus non-CON states for colectomy (P = .006) and pulmonary lobectomy (P = .043). There were no differences between states with and without CON in the number of procedures per cancer incident. Although use of cancer procedures was similar in CON and non-CON states, those with acute-care CON had fewer facilities performing oncologic resections per cancer patient. Correspondingly, average hospital procedure volume tended to be higher in CON states. These differences may have important implications for patient outcomes and costs.
“But How Do I Know About Their Attitudes and Beliefs?”: A Four-Step Process for Integrating and Assessing Dispositions in Teacher Education

Abstract Recently, schools of education throughout the country have struggled with how to infuse, teach, and assess dispositions in systematic ways within their teacher education programs. This necessary and important work has proved to be time-consuming challenging. The following article describes the four-step process that the authors are currently engaged in, which includes clearly defining dispositions; determining how this definition is best operationalized; determining the types of assessments needed to evaluate the desired degree of competence; and analyzing the data on these assessments for the purpose of program revision. Throughout each of these steps, the critical process of communication and support is discussed.
Some observations on the modeling of laminated composite beams with general lay-ups

Abstract In this paper the modeling of laminated beams has been considered by a systematic reduction of the constitutive relations of the three-dimensional anisotropic body. The basic equations of the beam theory here are those of the parabolic shear deformation theory. Numerical results for natural frequencies and the Euler buckling load have been presented using the present modeling of the constitutive relations and those of the conventional type modeling. It has been observed from the numerical results that the two approaches differ little in the case of cross-ply laminates but there exists a considerable difference (by a multiple factor of 3 in some cases) in the case of angle-ply laminates. The correctness of the present modeling has been further verified by modeling the same beam as a plate. It has been concluded that one should adopt the constitutive relations as given in this paper while modeling the laminated, especially angle-ply, composite beams.
Photoaligned Liquid Crystal Polymers for Space Variant Polarization Control

We present developments using photo-aligned liquid crystal polymers for creating space variant polarization control. We demonstrate novel components which create both systematic and random polarization orientation profiles. Theoretical and experimental properties of vortex retarders and speckle control components are presented.
The return of “visiting relatives”: Pragmatic effects in sentence processing

Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of syntactic and pragmatic cues on the disambiguation of noun phrases of the form VERB+ing NOUN+s, like visiting relatives, that can be interpreted as either singular or plural noun phrases. Both experiments used a self-paced reading task in which reading times were measured for two words, a verb and an adverb, immediately following the potentially ambiguous noun phrase. The interpretation of the noun phrase as singular or plural was biased by pragmatic cues in the first experiment and by syntactic cues in the second experiment. In both experiments, subjects were faster to read the adverb following the verb when the interpretation biased by the cues agreed in number with the verb that immediately followed the target noun phrase than when it did not agree with the verb. These results suggest that pragmatic cues, like syntactic cues, can be utilized rapidly in sentence processing.
Mechanical stretch and PI3K signaling link cell migration and proliferation to coordinate epithelial tubule morphogenesis in the zebrafish pronephros.

Organ development leads to the emergence of organ function, which in turn can impact developmental processes. Here we show that fluid flow-induced collective epithelial migration during kidney nephron morphogenesis induces cell stretch that in turn signals epithelial proliferation. Increased cell proliferation was dependent on PI3K signaling. Inhibiting epithelial proliferation by blocking PI3K or CDK4/Cyclin D1 activity arrested cell migration prematurely and caused a marked overstretching of the distal nephron tubule. Computational modeling of the involved cell processes predicted major morphological and kinetic outcomes observed experimentally under a variety of conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that kidney development is a recursive process where emerging organ function “feeds back” to the developmental program to influence fundamental cellular events such as cell migration and proliferation, thus defining final organ morphology.
Effect of hypotension severity on hippocampal CA1 neurons in a rat global ischemia model

Neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 subregion has been shown to occur in a delayed manner after transient global ischemia. The 2-vessel occlusion model is one of the most frequently used global ischemia paradigms in rodents. Although researchers often fail to induce bilateral delayed CA1 neuronal death, the importance of hypotension severity has not been fully discussed. We induced 10 min of global ischemia with 2-vessel occlusion and various severities of hypotension in rats, and the subsequent neuronal damage and neurogenesis in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell layer were immunohistochemically studied. Neuronal apoptosis after global ischemia was also characterized by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). The mean arterial blood pressure of 31-35 mmHg was the most appropriate range of hypotension in this model because of low mortality and consistent bilateral CA1 injury. Most of the neurons in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer lost neuron specific nuclear protein and became TUNEL-positive 3 days after ischemia. There was no evidence of apoptosis or neurogenesis at 7-28 days. There were ischemia-tolerant neurons in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer that survived delayed neurodegeneration, however, further studies are necessary to characterize the property of these neurons.
Deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced renin suppression in the absence of antidiuretic hormone.

AbstractSprague-Dawley rats and Brattleboro rats homozygous and heterozygous for hereditary diabetes insipidus were treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA; 100 mg/kg) for periods of up to 2 weeks and the activities of renin in plasma (PRA) and kidney tissue (RRA) were measured. PRA decreased dramatically in all groups within 4 days of DOCA treatment, suggesting that the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not necessary for DOCA-induced renin suppression. After 11 and 14 days of treatment, PRA was suppressed less in the homozygous diabetes insipidus rats than in the other two groups, suggesting that the lack of ADH alters the response of PRA to DOCA treatment in the chronic state. RRA was not changed by DOCA treatment in any group, thus demonstrating that the initial response of the renin-angiotensin system to DOCA treatment is a suppression of secretion. These results suggest that the initial response of the renin-angiotensin system to DOCA is not dependent on the presence of ADH.
Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi ospC genotypes in canine tissue following tick infestation: Implications for Lyme disease vaccine and diagnostic assay design

In endemic regions, Lyme disease is a potential health threat to dogs. Canine Lyme disease manifests with arthritis-induced lameness, anorexia, fever, lethargy, lymphadenopathy and, in some cases, fatal glomerulonephritis. A recent study revealed that the regional mean for the percentage of seropositive dogs in the north-east of the USA is 11.6%. The outer surface protein C (OspC) of Lyme disease spirochetes is an important virulence factor required for the establishment of infection in mammals. It is a leading candidate in human and canine Lyme disease vaccine development efforts. Over 30 distinct ospC phyletic types have been defined. It has been hypothesized that ospC genotype may influence mammalian host range. In this study, Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from the field in Rhode Island were assessed for infection with B. burgdorferi. Ticks were fed on purpose bred beagles to repletion and infection of the dogs was assessed through serology and PCR. Tissue biopsies (n = 2) were collected from each dog 49 days post-tick infestation (dpi) and the ospC genotype of the infecting strains determined by direct PCR of DNA extracted from tissue or by PCR after cultivation of spirochetes from biopsy samples. The dominant ospC types associated with B. burgdorferi canine infections differed from those associated with human infection, indicating a relationship between ospC sequence and preferred host range. Knowledge of the most common ospC genotypes associated specifically with infection of dogs will facilitate the rational design of OspC-based canine Lyme disease vaccines and diagnostic assays.
Abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in psychiatric long-term care patients.

The objective of the study was to find the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in long-term care patients referred to psychiatry. We reviewed 868 charts of long-term care residents referred for psychiatric consultation to the university-based psychiatry outreach service. Data obtained were demographics, psychiatric and thyroid diagnoses, and TSH data. Of 868 patients, 10.8% had elevated TSH, 8% in those with a prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism. TSH was low in 0.07%. Elevated TSH was associated with female gender (p < 0.001) and a trend with psychosis (p = 0.056). No association was found with depression or behavioral disturbance in this study.
Electrospun Composite Nanofiber Fabrics Containing Uniformly Dispersed Antimicrobial Agents As an Innovative Type of Polymeric Materials with Superior Antimicrobial Efficacy

Herein we report that electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics containing uniformly dispersed antimicrobial agents and having large surface-to-mass ratios are an innovative type of antimicrobial polymeric materials with durable, nonleachable, and biocompatible characteristics, and more importantly, superior antimicrobial efficacy. Specifically, electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofiber fabrics containing an N-halamine antimicrobial agent of bis(N-chloro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (Cl-BTMP) were prepared and evaluated; the results of antimicrobial efficacy indicated that the electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics substantially outperformed the control samples that were solution-cast films containing identical amounts of CA and Cl-BTMP. Additionally, the results of trypan blue assay test suggested that the electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics also had excellent mammal cell viability. The developed electrospun composite nanofiber fabrics with superior antimicrobial efficacy are expected to find vital applications in biomedical, hygienic, and many other fields.
High performance solar-selective absorbers using coated sub-wavelength gratings

Spectral control of the emissivity of surfaces is essential for efficient conversion of solar radiation into heat. We investigated surfaces consisting of sub-wavelength V-groove gratings coated with aperiodic metal-dielectric stacks. The spectral behavior of the coated gratings was modeled using rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). The proposed absorber coatings combine impedance matching using tapered metallic features with the excellent spectral selectivity of aperiodic metal-dielectric stacks. The aspect ratio of the V-groove can be tailored in order to obtain the desired spectral selectivity over a wide angular range. Coated V-groove gratings with optimal aspect ratio are predicted to have thermal emissivity below 6% at 720K while absorbing >94% of the incident light. These sub-wavelength gratings would have the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of concentrated solar thermal systems.
An anatomical study of some somesthetic afferents to the intercollicular terminal zone of the midbrain of the opossum.

Following lesions of the dorsal column nuclei, spinal cord and sensorimotor cortex, anterograde degeneration was traced to a common target in the central midbrain: the intercollicular terminal zone. Although not all the midbrain projections of the three pathways are contained within this zone, it receives overlapping projections from each of the three body-related somesthetic pathways studied. The intercollicular terminal zone covers the entirety of the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus and the intercollicular nucleus of Mehler, spilling over into adjacent parts of the central gray and deep layers of the superior colliculus. Little evidence of somatotopy in the somesthetic projections was disclosed, and bilateral input was found in each experimental case, regardless of the type of lesion. Golgi-stained material was examined to explore the basis of the extensiveness of the terminal zone. These materials showed that the dendritic spread of neurons in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus and the intercollicular nucleus, taken together, covers the entirety of the intercollicular terminal zone. That is, the dendrites invade the same portions of the central gray and deep layers of the superior colliculus which are covered by the terminal field. We conclude that a tripartite division of the sensory midbrain may be justified: with the somesthetic modality being represented anatomically in a fashion at least roughly analogous to that of vision and audition.
Heterogeneous nucleation of alkaline earth feldspars in glasses

Though suitable conditions of structural geometry favouring epitaxy were demonstrated, yet it was observed that epitaxy was not a dominant and, possibly, not even an important factor in the nucleation processes studied. Indeed, the mere presence of close structural geometrical fit between the catalyst and the nucleus does not necessarily lead to epitaxy. Other factors such as the concentration of the nucleating agent in the glass and variations in the chemical composition of the glass, and their effects on the nucleation are discussed. Also the effect of the feldspar structure on the kinetic barrier for its nucleation, and several specific liquid phase separation phenomena, are evaluated.
No Child Left Behind: Values and Research Issues in High-Stakes Assessments.

High-stakes testing and mandated assessments, which are major outcomes of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB; 2002) contain multiple embedded values that affect the lives of students, their families, teachers, and counselors. A primary embedded value within the NCLB is the privileging of quantitative science over other methods of inquiry and assessment. Thus, accountability, a cornerstone of NCLB legislation, has come to be understood in a narrow way and is valued primarily as a feature of quantitative assessment. This restricted view of accountability has had significant effects on how teachers and counselors organize their work with students.
A comparison of consumer-directed and agency-directed personal assistance services programmes.

Purpose: To compare a consumer-directed personal assistance services (PAS) programme with an agency-directed PAS programme.Method: A convenience sample was used for this cross-sectional study with one data collection point. Outcomes were compared for consumer-directed and agency-directed PAS. Hierarchical regressions were also used to determine the predictors of outcomes across PAS programmes. In-home interviews were conducted by a trained data collector from April 2000 to December 2001.Results: Participants in the consumer-directed programme reported more choices over PAS and satisfaction with PAS. Self-reported outcomes were primarily predicted by the following variables: service arrangement, type of provider, importance of directing PAS, health status, number of personal assistants used in past 12 months, sufficient PAS hours received, and social support.Conclusions: Consumer-directed PAS enhances outcomes for many persons with disabilities. Self-reported outcomes are affected by many factors that coul...
Two halide exchange in copper(II) halide dimers : (4,4'-bipyridinium)Cu2Cl6-xBrx

Abstract The structural and magnetic properties of the series of (4,4′-bipyridinium)Cu2Cl6 − xBrx salts are investigated. All of the compounds are isomorphous, triclinic, space group P 1 ¯ . Structurally, the compounds contain pseudo-planar Cu 2 X 6 2 - dimeric species that form stacks due to weak coordination of adjacent dimer anions via semi-coordinate Cu⋯X bonds. Hydrogen bonding from the 4,4′-bipyridinium dications tie the stacks together into a two-dimensional structural framework. Secondary C–H⋯X hydrogen bonds force short X⋯X contacts between the dimers on adjacent layers, with X⋯X distances of 3.645–3.690 A. In this manner, magnetic chains are expected to exist with alternating exchange pathways: the intradimer exchange coupling and the X⋯X pathway. An additional pathway exists within stacks of dimers via the semi-coordinate Cu⋯X bonds, although this pathway is expected to be relatively weak and is ignored for simplicity. Magnetic studies indicate that these systems behave as alternating AFM chains with very strong coupling, demonstrating that the halide⋯halide contacts are effective exchange pathways. The AFM coupling is observed to increase monotonically as the bromide content increases. The values for the Cu 2 Cl 6 2 - salt are J1/k = −57.2(6) K and J2/k = −27(4) K while those of the Cu 2 Br 6 2 - salt are −162(2) and −93(5) K, respectively. Analysis of the pathways suggests that J2 value corresponds to the intradimer coupling while the J1 value is assigned to the two-halide pathway.
Cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training

The cross-sectional and longitudinal data available indicate that the following conclusions are warranted concerning the effects of resistance training on the cardiovascular system. Resistance training causes increased absolute left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass. These increases are not as evident when expressed relative to body surface area or lean body mass. There is little or no change in left ventricular internal dimensions, in absolute terms or relative to body surface area, resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, and diastolic function of the left ventricle due to resistance training. No change or slight positive effects are noted in systolic function of the left ventricle with training. During resistance training exercises, a large pressor response occurs and is attenuated in resistance trained athletes as compared to control subjects. Resistance training does result in adaptations of the cardiovascular system, with further research needed to elucidate its nature.
Passivation and Performance of Inorganic Aqueous Solutions in a Grooved, Aluminum Flat Heat Pipe

Aluminum heat pipes have traditionally been incompatible with water and water-based fluids because they quickly react with the casing to generate non-condensable hydrogen gas (NCG). The NCGs inhibit the operation of evaporation and condensation based devices, eventually plugging the condenser end of the heat pipe. The heat pipe is then unable to remove heat from the condenser and the device fails. Terdtoon [1] found that these events often happen so rapidly between aluminum and water that measurements cannot even be taken. The present work tested two different, patented inorganic aqueous solutions (IAS) in a flat heat pipe setup. Grooved aluminum plates were used as the heat pipe wick and the tests were run with the heating section raised above the condenser. Compatibility between the working fluid and aluminum heat pipe was established by running the device to dryout and then reducing the heat flux to check for hysteresis. De-ionized water (DI water) was also tested, as a baseline, to establish that it did indeed fail as expected. Operating performance of each mixture was obtained from zero heat input until dryout was reached for multiple angles of inclination. The data show that both IAS mixtures are compatible with aluminum heat pipes and exhibit performance similar to that of a copper and water heat pipe. IAS and aluminum heat pipes could replace existing copper and water devices and deliver similar performance while reducing overall weight by more than three times. An IAS and aluminum heat pipe could also replace existing aluminum and ammonia combinations, currently favored in aerospace applications, to allow for increased performance and a larger operating temperature range while maintaining low device weight.© 2013 ASME
Rapid cation-exchange chromatography of hemoglobins and other proteins.

Abstract A new, weak cation exchanger (MA7C) is useful for the very rapid resolution of protein mixtures. MA7C columns (30 × 4.6 mm I.D.) are packed with non-porous spherical particles (7-μm in diameter) having carboxylic acid ion-exchange groups. These columns can readily separate human hemoglobin A 1c from other hemoglobin species in 7 min. Quantitative results agree well with those of accepted techniques. Other separations are possible with flow-rates up to 5 ml/min. Chromatography on MA7C columns is characterized by very narrow bandwidths, even at high flow-rates.
Overexpression of the human vitamin D3 receptor in mammalian cells using recombinant adenovirus vectors.

The human vitamin D3 receptor (hVDR) cDNA was cloned into the E1 region of the adenovirus genome to generate recombinant viruses which were used to infect 293 (adenovirus-transformed human fetal kidney) cells. High salt extracts from cells infected with the recombinant viruses were subjected to immunoblot analysis using a monoclonal antibody to chicken VDR and were shown to contain large quantities of a protein of approximately 50 kDa with a migration identical to that of the hVDR in T47D (human mammary adenocarcinoma) cells. Scatchard analysis showed that the infected cells express approximately 100-fold more receptor than T47D cells and that this receptor binds 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with high affinity. The overexpressed hVDR also binds to DNA-cellulose and is eluted with a KCI concentration similar to that determined for fully active endogenous VDR. Nuclear extracts from cells infected with the hVDR-expressing adenoviruses contain an activity that specifically binds an oligonucleotide with sequences ...
Regulation of Oscillations in Filamentous Actin Content in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Stimulated with Leukotriene B4 and Platelet-Activating Factor

Abstract Stimulation of neutrophils with LTB4 or PAF results in the production of a rapidly oscillating actin polymerization/depolymerization response. Treatment of neutrophils with inhibitors of PKC prior to stimulation with ligand resulted in a masking of the F-actin oscillations. Because myosin has been shown to be a substrate for neutrophil PKC, this protein was investigated as a potential downstream mediator of F-actin oscillations. Stimulation of neutrophils with LTB4 resulted in myosin light chain being serine phosphorylated in a PKC-dependent manner. This phosphorylation was shown to occur in a manner that is kinetically distinct from the myosin phosphorylation induced by FMLP, a potent activator of actin polymerization that alone does not induce F-actin oscillations. Additionally, disruption of intracellular actin-myosin interactions resulted in inhibition of LTB4- as well as PAF-induced F-actin oscillations. These data suggest that PKC and downstream phosphorylation of myosin as well as actin-myosin interaction may play roles in mediating the production of neutrophil F-actin oscillations.
Retinal Blood Vessel Positional Shifts and Glaucoma Progression

Purpose To determine the characteristics and significance of retinal blood vessel (RBV) positional shifts over time in a cohort of patients with progressive glaucoma. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Baseline and serial stereophotographs from 1 eye of 125 patients with open-angle glaucoma with ≥8 reliable Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard visual fields (VFs) were included. On the basis of global rates of threshold sensitivity change, patients with glaucoma were divided into groups of minimal ( Methods Masked graders reviewed serial photographs aligned with automated alternation flicker (EyeIC, Narbeth, PA) and assessed them for the presence of any discrete RBV positional shifts (2 graders) and for traditional measures of structural progression (2 graders), including neuroretinal rim loss, parapapillary atrophy progression, and disc hemorrhage (DH). Main Outcome Measures Presence or absence of RBV positional shifts, rates of VF progression, and presence or absence of traditional measures of structural progression. Results A total of 158 image sets (125 longitudinal and 33 same-day controls) from patients with glaucoma were included. Retinal blood vessel shifts were noted in 33 of 125 (26.4%) longitudinally followed glaucomatous eyes and 2 of 33 (6%) same-day control patients ( P = 0.01). Agreement between graders I and II was 90.4% (kappa=0.77; P 0.001). Eyes with RBV positional change progressed more rapidly than those without (−0.55 vs. −0.29 dB/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03–0.48); P = 0.03). Retinal blood vessel shift was present in 12.1% of minimal progressors versus 31.5% of moderate and fast progressors ( P = 0.04). Rate of VF progression was statistically associated with RBV shift (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.5; P = 0.03). Other variables significantly associated with RBV shift included neuroretinal rim loss (OR, 21.9; 95% CI, 5.7–83.6; P 0.001) and DH (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.5–15.5; P 0.01). A multivariable model revealed that rim loss and DH, but not rate of functional change, were significantly associated with RBV shift. Conclusions Retinal blood vessel positional shifts occurred in eyes with functionally progressive glaucoma, neuroretinal rim loss, and DH. This is a novel clinical finding that could help identify glaucoma progression or individuals at higher risk for future progression.
Software Testing and Verification in Climate Model Development

Over the past 30 years, most climate models have grown from relatively simple representations of a few atmospheric processes to complex multidisciplinary systems. Computer infrastructure over that period has gone from punchcard mainframes to modern parallel clusters. Model implementations have become complex, brittle, and increasingly difficult to extend and maintain. Verification processes for model implementations rely almost exclusively on some combination of detailed analyses of output from full climate simulations and system-level regression tests. Besides being costly in terms of developer time and computing resources, these testing methodologies are limited in the types of defects they can detect, isolate, and diagnose. Mitigating these weaknesses of coarse-grained testing with finer-grained unit tests has been perceived as cumbersome and counterproductive. Recent advances in commercial software tools and methodologies have led to a renaissance of systematic fine-grained testing. This opens new possibilities for testing climate-modeling-software methodologies.
Expression of ALK1 and p80 in Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor and Its Mesenchymal Mimics: A Study of 135 Cases

Abnormalities of chromosome 2p23 with expression of ALK1 and p80 occur in both inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. This immunohistochemical study investigates whether the ALK family of neoplasms includes fibroblastic-myofibroblastic, myogenic, and spindle cell tumors. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues from 10 IMTs and 125 other soft tissue tumors were stained for ALK1 and p80 with standard immunohistochemistry. ALK1 and/or p80 reactivity was observed in a cytoplasmic pattern in IMT (4/10; 40%), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (4/10; 40%), rhabdomyosarcoma (6/31; 19%), leiomyosarcoma (1/10; 10%), and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (1/11; 9%). No staining was observed in nodular fasciitis, desmoid, infantile myofibromatosis, infantile fibrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, leiomyoma, or myofibrosarcoma. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (4/16; 25%) displayed a distinctive dot-like cytoplasmic positivity. No cases displayed nuclear reactivity. Fluorescent in situ hybridization on 12 of the positive cases revealed a combination of abnormalities including ALK break-apart signals, nucleophosmin (NPM)/ALK fusions, or extra copies of 2p23. This study demonstrates that in addition to IMT, abnormalities of ALK1 and p80 expression with a variety of structural chromosomal changes are found in several sarcomas, especially rhabdomyosarcoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Although immunoreactivity in non-IMTs cannot distinguish between structural abnormalities involving 2p23 or additional copies of 2p23, it supports the concept of ALK involvement in a larger group of neoplasms, some of which have other documented clonal abnormalities. In IMT, immunohistochemistry for ALK1 and p80 is useful as an indicator of a 2p23 abnormality, but it must be interpreted in the context of histologic and other clinicopathologic data if used as an adjunct to differential diagnosis.
Conjugate direction methods in non-Hilbert spaces

Abstract One purpose of this paper is to extend conjugate direction methods to minimize functions defined on linear spaces that are not Hilbert spaces. An application of such methods provides direct numerical computations for variational problems relative to the norms for weak and strong extremums. The method described in this paper is referred to as the conjugate Gram–Schmidt algorithm with function evaluations only. For functions defined on finite-dimensional spaces, the method is described on pp. 201–202 in a book by Hestenes (Conjugate Direction Methods in Optimization, Springer, Berlin, 1980). For the infinite-dimensional case, numerical computations are provided in this paper for a problem in the calculus of variations to illustrate how the procedure works.
Relationship between religious orthodoxy and three personality variables.

The Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy and three personality measures were administered to 82 students in introductory psychology. The Manifest Anxiety Scale, Manifest Hostility Scale, and a variation of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were utilized to determine a profile for individuals with orthodox religious beliefs. The correlation between the Thouless test and the Manifest Hostility Scale was significant in that highly orthodox individuals scored lower than other subjects on the Manifest Hostility Scale. There were significant but small correlations among the personality variables but no other trends were noted in relation to religious orthodoxy.
Action Plans To Make Your Vision a Reality

This—another in an ongoing series of articles in a series on school- based management—empha— sizes that the only way to achieve your vision of "what should be" for your school is by developing detailed road maps.
Mating disruption or mass trapping? Numerical simulation analysis of a control strategy for lepidopteran pests

I have constructed a simulation model applicable to both mass trapping and mating disruption for lepidopteran insect pests. The basic structure of the model is based on mass trapping model proposed by Knipling and McGuire (Agric Info Bull 308:1–20 1966), but this was modified to include mechanistic competition among females and lures. Several new implications are derived from the model. (1) Long-living pests are hard to control. (2) Protandry does not improve control efficiency for pests with low survival rates. (3) Sexual communication across large distances is more difficult to control than that across a short range. (4) There is an upper limit to improvement which can be achieved by increasing the number of pheromone traps. (5) Improving the catching efficiency of traps does not improve mating suppression although improvement of lure efficiency does substantially. The last implication, in particular, has practical importance. If an efficient lure attracts males or inhibits their ability to locate females and mate, mating disruption works as well as mass trapping with the same number of lures. In such circumstances mating disruption should be preferred to mass trapping because the former does not incur the cost of the trapping devices. Mass trapping should, however, be considered in preference to mating disruption if the lure is not efficient enough and no other methods are available.
Simulations and physical measurements of glass spheres flowing down a bumpy incline

Abstract An inclined chute facility and its associated diagnostics has been developed and utilized to study the flow of granular materials. A variety of flow regimes and flow phenomena were observed. Fully developed flows were observed over a bumpy base for a range of slopes. Under some conditions, these flows were dominated by friction and under other conditions, collisions played a dominant role. A variety of unsteady flows were also observed. These include decelerating flows, accelerating flows, and wavy (periodic) flows. The characteristics of the base strongly influenced the flow regime and flow dynamics. Discrete particle simulation model parameters were determined from individual particle tests and particle impact experiments. Simulations of nominally steady flows at two fixed angles showed relatively good agreement with experimental values for particle velocities near the side-walls and on the top surface. The mass flow rate and the flow depth were also consistent with the experiments; however, both experiments and simulations exhibited significant fluctuations about the nominal mean values. The simulations were utilized to interpret flow parameters interior to the flow (i.e., in regions that cannot easily be measured non-intrusively). Far from the side-walls, the granular temperature was found to have a maximum near the bumpy base and to decrease toward the top surface — consistent with granular kinetic theory predictions for flows on bumpy inclines, without side-walls. Near the side-walls the behavior was substantially different with granular temperature decreasing from the top to a minimum at the lower `corners' of the chute. This behavior is consistent with experimental measurements of fluctuation velocities near the side-walls. The simulations confirm that the previous discrepancy in the variation of the granular temperature with depth between kinetic theory and near-side-wall measurements was a result of the side-walls, which cause strong three-dimensional structure in the flow.
Written prayers and religious coping in a paediatric hospital setting

Hospitalised children represent a threatened future to parents. Such stressors call forth people's coping styles. Some individuals cope religiously or spiritually, and religious coping through prayer may be utilised. A sample of prayers written in a paediatric hospital chapel was coded by styles of religious coping evident within them. Styles associated with coping to gain control of their situation and with coping by seeking comfort from God were present. Seeking to cope for gaining control of a situation was more common than seeking comfort from God during the event. Written prayers did not contain evidence of coping by making meaning. Regression analysis showed that the probability of writing a prayer to gain control decreased over time and a trend towards increasing probability of writing a prayer expressing coping by seeking God's comfort. Clinical implications are discussed. Future research should include a larger sample and cognitive interviews with prayer writers.
High performance graphene FETs with self-aligned buried gates fabricated on scalable patterned ni-catalyzed graphene

For the first time, we report a scalable technique to fabricate graphene transistors with self-aligned buried gates process. The high performance buried-gate graphene transistor has excellent field-effect mobility of 6,100cm2/V·s and 24,000 cm2/V·s before and after subtraction of contact resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest room temperature mobility for CVD graphene FETs reported to date. This result paves the way for manufacturable high quality graphene transistor technology.