cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of density perturbations through cosmological phase transitions

We study the evolution of energy density perturbations through a "new inflationary" phase transition using the gauge-invariant formalism developed by Bardeen. Pre-existing perturbations on spatial scales larger than the Hubble radius at the onset of the transition are expanded to very large sizes, but enter the "horizon" during the subsequent radiation-dominated era with an amplitude un-changed by the occurrence of the transition. Since inflation simply postpones the epoch at which such perturbations enter the "horizon," long-wavelength perturbations present prior to a long de Sitter phase would still be present today, but on unobservably large scales. We discuss the relevance of this result to cosmological scenarios with multiple phase transitions, and to the conjecture that inflationary models result in a universe whose present state is locally insensitive to initial conditions.
Keeping an open mind: what legal safeguards are needed?

“They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.” rightline Benjamin Franklin 1759 In this post-9/11 era of color-coded elevated secu...
Cosmopolitanism, Ethnicity and American Identity: Randolph Bourne's "Trans-National America"

This paper examines the contestation over otherness – in the form of ethnicity and national identity – that arose in the U.S. during World War I, culminating in the Red Scare of the 1920s. In the narrative of “Americanization,” immigration policies were joined with a militant nationalism, aiming to eliminate “enemies within” and from without, through a process of deportation, the criminalization of dissent and military interventionism. The demonization of immigrant-otherness became a means of strengthening solidarity among Anglo-Saxons, at a time when their cohesiveness was being challenged internally. As such, the history of America's internal control over its immigrant self is the familiar one of the limits of liberalism.
Multiphoton excitation of fluorescent DNA base analogs

Multiphoton excitation was used to investigate properties of the fluorescent DNA base analogs, 2-aminopurine (2AP) and 6-methylisoxanthopterin (6MI). 2-aminopurine, a fluorescent analog of adenine, was excited by three-photon absorption. Fluorescence correlation measurements were attempted to evaluate the feasibility of using three-photon excitation of 2AP for DNA-protein interaction studies. However, high excitation power and long integration times needed to acquire high signal-to-noise fluorescence correlation curves render three-photon excitation FCS of 2AP not very useful for studying DNA base dynamics. The fluorescence properties of 6-methylisoxanthopterin, a guanine analog, were investigated using two-photon excitation. The two-photon absorption cross-section of 6MI was estimated to be about 2.5 x 10(-50) cm(4)s (2.5 GM units) at 700 nm. The two-photon excitation spectrum was measured in the spectral region from 700 to 780 nm; in this region the shape of the two-photon excitation spectrum is very similar to the shape of single-photon excitation spectrum in the near-UV spectral region. Two-photon excitation of 6MI is suitable for fluorescence correlation measurements. Such measurements can be used to study DNA base dynamics and DNA-protein interactions over a broad range of time scales.
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis: a neurocutaneous syndrome.

Abstract The neurocutaneous pattern syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by congenital abnormalities involving both the skin and the nervous system for which no identifiable cause has been isolated. 1 Ophthalmologic manifestations of these syndromes are common. These rare syndromes often have overlapping ophthalmic and systemic findings. Examples include encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL), oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome (OCC), and linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNS). Clarifying the diagnostic criteria for these syndromes is a worthy goal because it will help elucidate the phenotypic spectrum of these poorly understood diseases as well as possibly facilitate genetic counseling. 1 In this short report, a case of ECCL is used to illustrate the clinical manifestations of neurocutaneous syndromes.
Charts for Calculating Average Temperature of Thermally Conductive Food in a Cylindrical Can during Heat Processing

Summary A procedure was developed for calculating the average temperature of conductive food in a cylindrical can during the cooling phase of heat processing. To assist this calculation, charts were prepared by using a formula for temperature distribution in a finite cylinder. A sample calculation is given for a can of 9.09% bentonite suspension.
The 3.6 kb DNA fragment from the rat Col1a1 gene promoter drives the expression of genes in both osteoblast and osteoclast lineage cells.

Abstract The type I collagen promoter has been used to develop transgenic constructs that are able to mark different stages of osteoblastic differentiation. The pOBCol3.6 promoter is active in early mesenchymal progenitors, including preosteoblasts and osteoblasts, while the pOBCol2.3 promoter is more restricted, showing expression in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes. Transgenic mouse lines have been created that express various GFP reporters under the control of both promoters. These transgenic mice permit the tracking of osteoblastic lineage progression in vitro . They also represent a system to test lineage progression in vivo after the transplantation of progenitors. A parabiosis system was used in which pOBCol3.6GFP transgenic mice were surgically joined with mice bearing a Col2.3ΔTK transgene. The Col2.3ΔTK transgenic mouse bears a herpes thymidine kinase gene driven by the pOBCol2.3 promoter, and upon treatment with gancyclovir (GCV) displays extensive destruction of the bone lining cells. After a common circulation was established, parabiotic pairs were treated with GCV for 15 days. Histological analysis of their bones showed the clear presence of GFP positive cells in the Col2.3ΔTK parabionts, around trabecular bone and on the endosteal and periosteal surfaces. Stromal cell cultures from these Col2.3ΔTK parabionts did not display mineralized colonies coexpressing GFP. In contrast, scattered GFP positive clusters that contained large cells with morphology similar to osteoclast like cells (OCLs) were observed. These cells were also TRAP positive. They were readily detected in Col2.3ΔTK mice treated with GCV and transplanted with purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) isolated from pOBCol3.6GFP mice. OCLs were also generated in vitro from osteoclast progenitor cells obtained from pOBCol3.6GFP mice that were defined by the B220 − CD3 − CD11b − c-fms + phenotype. Molecular analysis showed that OCLs did not express type I collagen indicating that the Col3.6 promoter contains elements that are active during osteoclastogenesis and are not strictly related to collagen transcription. In summary, we demonstrate that pOBCol3.6 unexpectedly directs the expression of transgenes in the osteoclast lineage and this effect must be considered when utilizing this promoter to study of mesenchymal progenitor cells.
Structure-activity studies on methoxy-substituted phenylisopropylamines using drug discrimination methodology

Eighteen rats were trained to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg of (+)-amphetamine sulfate from saline in a two-lever operant procedure. Once responding was stable, these animals were administered various doses of sixteen different methoxy-substituted phenylisopropylamines in tests of stimulus generalization. Of three possible mono-methoxyphenylisopropylamines, all three produced amphetamine-appropriate responding, but none was as potent as racemic amphetamine. The amphetamine-stimulus did not completely generalize to any of the di- or tri-methoxyphenylisopropylamines.
Daily modes of South Asian summer monsoon variability in the NCEP climate forecast system

The leading modes of daily variability of the Indian summer monsoon in the climate forecast system (CFS), a coupled general circulation model, of the National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) are examined. The space–time structures of the daily modes are obtained by applying multi-channel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) on the daily anomalies of rainfall. Relations of the daily modes to intraseasonal and interannual variability of the monsoon are investigated. The CFS has three intraseasonal oscillations with periods around 106, 57 and 30 days with a combined variance of 7%. The 106-day mode has spatial structure and propagation features similar to the northeastward propagating 45-day mode in the observations except for its longer period. The 57-day mode, despite being in the same time scale as of the observations has poor eastward propagation. The 30-day mode is northwestward propagating and is similar to its observational counterpart. The 106-day mode is specific to the model and should not be mistaken for a new scale of variability in observations. The dominant interannual signal is related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and, unlike in the observations, has maximum variance in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. Although the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode was not obtained as a separate mode in the rainfall, the ENSO signal has good correlations with the dipole variability, which, therefore, indicates the dominance of ENSO in the model. The interannual variability is largely determined by the ENSO signal over the regions where it has maximum variance. The interannual variability of the intraseasonal oscillations is smaller in comparison.
Isometric Tension Differences in Fibers of Red and White Muscles

Measurements of maximum isometric tension and rate of onset of tension in fibers of glycerinated rat muscle indicate that the red soleus fibers develop significantly higher tensions than do white medial gastrocnemius fibers. Gastrocnemius fibers develop tension at a significantly faster rate than soleus fibers, however. These differences seem to be related to formation of actinmyosin cross-links.
Does Use of Student Samples Affect Results of Studies in Cross-Cultural Training? A Meta-Analysis

A 1992 meta-analysis by Deshpande and Viswesvaran of studies of cross-cultural training using a combination of both students' and nonstudents' data indicated that cross-cultural training allows participants to adjust more rapidly to a new culture. But this research did not examine the equivalence of samples of students and nonstudents with respect to effects of cross-cultural training. Meta-analysis indicated that the use of student samples may underestimate the effectiveness of the cross-cultural training. The implications for both practitioners and researchers are discussed.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF A LOW pH EGG SALAD

A low-pH egg salad was formulated as an attempt to control microbial growth and to minimize public health hazards associated with egg salads. Three formulations of salad were developed with different levels of acidity, ranging from pH 4.25–4.30. Commercially prepared hard-cooked eggs and acidic salad dressings were used in the formulation as well as an experimentally prepared soy-based salad dressing. Consumer acceptance was evaluated using a six-member sensory panel composed of persons with prior sensory evaluation experience. The low-pH egg salads were given favorable ratings by the sensory panel, using a hedonic rating scale and triangular testing. After sensory evaluation, the preferred formulation was inoculated with Salmonella seftenberg to determine whether or not bacterial inhibition was exerted by the low-pH egg salad. A commercial sample of egg salad also was inoculated and bacterial growth in the two salads was studied for 60 hr, at storage temperatures of 5°C and 22°C. Samples taken from all acidic egg salad samples at 12-hr intervals showed dramatic decreases in Salmonella numbers, especially during storage at room temperature (22°C). Shelf life of the product was determined to be in excess of 5 wk under refrigeration at 5°C.
Lamellar inhomogeneities in a uniform stress field

Abstract Solutions for lamellar inhomogeneities in an infinitely extended isotropic solid subjected to a uniform stress field at infinity are obtained by using Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method. First, two limiting cases are studied: cracks (i.e. inhomogeneities with elastic moduli identically zero), and anticracks (i.e. inhomogeneities with infinitely large elastic moduli). Solutions are obtained for different modes of uniform loading in plane strain (biaxial load and in-plane shear), and anti-plane strain. It is observed that the stress field of an anticrack under biaxial load has an inverse square root singularity at the tip of the anticrack. The stress field arises from the contribution of a planar dislocation distribution and a dislocation dipole distribution. Finally the most general case of inhomogeneities with finite non-zero elastic moduli, which here are called quasicracks, is considered and new solutions are provided. Quasicracks are useful to model fibers in fiber-reinforced materials. Analytical solutions are provided for the stress field in the matrix, including the interface shear stress.
Design of Lone-Scale Indicating Instruments

FROM the viewpoint of utility, the scale length of an indicating instrument bears somewhat the same relationship to its dimensions as does the output of a motor to its frame size. The end product of an instrument is quantitative information. The longer and more legible the scale, the more definite the resulting scale readings, through reduction of observational errors both in the initial calibration and in subsequent use. Thus, instrument designers have endeavored to produce maximum scale lengths within a given space, examples of which are 5-inch scales of 6-inch rectangular switchboard instruments, and the 3 1/2-inch scales of 4-inch rectangular instruments. In general, however, the movements of such instruments have been restricted to an angular deflection of about 90 degrees, with consequent limitation in scale lengths as compared to the scale lengths of non-electrical instruments such as steam and pressure gauges. A study of these fundamentals leads the authors, who attacked the problem of designing a new line of switchboard instruments, to the conclusion that a definite contribution to measurement technique could best be made by designing such instruments for long-range indication, and the smallest practicable panel space.
Epidemiological approach to the control of horse strongyles.

Summary An investigation of the spring rise in strongyle egg output of grazing horses on two commercial horse farms in northern USA in 1981 and 1982 revealed two distinct spring and summer rises in faecal egg counts, with peaks in May and August/September. There was a marked rise in the concentration of infective larvae on pasture two to four weeks after the peaks in egg output, so that grazing horses were at serious risk from June onwards and pasture larval counts on one farm did not fall to low levels until June of the following year. The spring and summer rises in faecal egg counts appeared to be seasonal in nature, to be derived largely from worms developing from previously ingested larvae, rather than from newly ingested larvae, and to be unrelated to the date of foaling. An epidemiological approach to strongyle control based on prophylactic treatments in the spring successfully eliminated the spring rise in egg output but was inadequate to control the summer rise or subsequent escalation of pasture infectivity in September. It was, nevertheless, superior to a conventional treatment programme at eight week intervals, using the same drug, pyrantel pamoate. Prophylactic spring/summer treatments proved to be much more effective. Both pyrantel pamoate at four week intervals and ivermectin at eight week intervals kept faecal egg counts at low levels during spring and summer. As few as two ivermectin treatments (11 May, 6 July) resulted in a sixfold reduction in pasture larval counts on 9 November and 3 January for the treated group (8872, 8416 stage three larvae [L3]/kg) compared to the control group (52,824, 50,984 L3/kg). This strategy had far reaching prophylactic effects in preventing the late season rise in pasture infectivity and ensuring a low level of residual pasture infectivity at the start of the next grazing season.
Functional redundancy of R7 RGS proteins in ON-bipolar cell dendrites.

Purpose. In the Gβ5−/− mouse, the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave is absent, and the R7 subfamily of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS), which includes RGS6, -7, -9, and -11, is downregulated. Mutant mouse strains deficient in RGS7 or -11 were characterized, and the SG711 strain which is deficient in both proteins was examined, to learn whether the loss of some of these RGS proteins causes the absence of the ERG b-wave.
Use of bone scan during initial prostate cancer workup, downstream procedures, and associated medicare costs

Purpose For patients with a high likelihood of having metastatic disease (high-risk prostate cancer), bone scan is the standard, guideline-recommended test to look for bony metastasis. We quantified the use of bone scans and downstream procedures, along with associated costs, in patients with high-risk prostate cancer, and their use in low- and intermediate-risk patients for whom these tests are not recommended. Methods and Materials Patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database diagnosed with prostate cancer from 2004 to 2007 were included. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, and clinical T stage were used to define D'Amico risk categories. We report use of bone scans from the date of diagnosis to the earlier of treatment or 6 months. In patients who underwent bone scans, we report use of bone-specific x-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and bone biopsy within 3 months after bone scan. Costs were estimated using 2012 Medicare reimbursement rates. Results In all, 31% and 48% of patients with apparent low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer underwent a bone scan; of these patients, 21% underwent subsequent x-rays, 7% CT, and 3% MRI scans. Bone biopsies were uncommon. Overall, Conclusions There is overuse of bone scans in patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancers, which is unlikely to yield clinically actionable information and results in a potential Medicare waste. However, there is underuse of bone scans in high-risk patients for whom metastasis is likely.
Effects of Ca+2 and Mg+2 deprivation on cell shape in cultured ovarian granulosa cells

After 3 days in culture, rat ovarian granulosa cells assume a flattened epitheloid organization. Ca+2 and Mg+2 deprivation results in cellular rounding which is reversible and was monitored by phase-contrast time-lapse cinematography. Concomitant with the shape change is a dispersion of the structural proteins actin and alpha-actinin. The arrays of large actin-containing bundles (stress fibers) are converted to a diffuse network as observed by electron microscopy. Alpha-actinin, which was observed by immunocytochemistry to be in a periodic array along the actin bundles, is disrupted also and redistributed in the periphery of the cell upon rounding. Measurements made of the culture medium during the rounding process indicate that there is a loss of Ca+2 and Mg+2 from the cell interior. These data led us to speculate that Ca+2 and/or Mg+/ are necessary in order to maintain the integrity of stress fibers and/or restrict the movement of alpha-actinin anchoring sites within the membrane.
Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levels in residents living in industrial and nonindustrial communities

Abstract Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin concentrations were compared in residents living in an industrial (Cleveland, Ohio) and a nonindustrial community (Elyria, Ohio). Carboxyhemoglobin levels were significantly higher among both male and female smokers and nonsmokers in Cleveland as compared to their counterparts in Elyria. Male smokers at both sites had significantly higher carboxyhemoglobin values than did the females. Methemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the nonindustrial site for all breakdowns even though ambient NO 2 and NO 3 levels were higher in the industrial site. The high methemoglobin levels are attributed to the higher nitrate levels in the drinking water in the nonindustrial city. In the industrial city, both male and female smokers had significantly higher methemoglobin values than nonsmokers. These differences were not found in the nonindustrial site. It is suggested that methemoglobin has physiological importance and in combination with carboxyhemoglobin elevated values could be a health factor.
Mössbauer studies of DNF and FMA in a smectic B liquid crystal

Abstract The FE-57 Mossbauer effect (ME) was used to study two solutions 0.4 wt% of ferrocenyl-4′-methoxyaniline (FMA) in the liquid crystalline material 4-n-butoxybenzylidene-4′-n-octylaniline (40.8) and 0.4 wt% of 1,1′-dinonanoyl-ferrocence in 40.8. The ME parameters were determined for the temperature range 40-300 K in the crystalline solid phase and 40–220 K in the cold smectic B phase of 40.8 for both samples. The ‘cold smectic B’ is defined as the smectic B glass and the supercooled smectic B phase. For T < 60 K the DNF-40.8 system exhibited a ME spectrum that was composed of two quadrupole split doublets. This four-line spectrum was observed for both the crystal phase and the smectic B glass phase of the DNF-40.8 system. The FMA-40.8 system exhibited a single quadrupole doublet. The In (recoil-free intensity f) versus T data exhibited linear Debye behaviour for the solid phase over the entire temperature range. The cold smectic In f versus T data also exhibited Debye behaviour for this system. The ...
Tracing the Growth of U.S. Navy Aviation

The first acknowledged flight of a manned, powered aircraft took place in the United States in November 1903. However, several years went by before the airplane was accepted in the U.S. as having any practical applications. Then in 1907, the U.S. military recognized aviation with the establishment of an Aeronautical Division in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The U.S. Navy acknowledged a role for aviation in September 1910 with the designation of an officer to receive all correspondence relative to aviation. The concept of shipboard operation of aircraft began in November 1910. The Navy acquired its first airplane in 1911 and the first Navel aviator was trained in 1911. Naval aviation was slowed by World War I but significant advances were then to begin. This paper will trace that growth from the early days of airships and balloons to the modern Aircraft Carriers and aircraft of today.
Unification of MLSE receivers and extension to time-varying channels

Forney (1972) and Ungerboeck (1974) have each developed maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) receivers for intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. The Forney receiver uses a whitened matched filter, followed by a sequence estimation algorithm using the Euclidean distance metric. The Ungerboeck receiver uses a matched filter, followed by a sequence estimation algorithm using a modified metric. A unified development of both receivers is given, in which each receiver is derived from the other. By deriving the Ungerboeck receiver from the Forney receiver, we show that the whitening operation is cancelled in the Euclidean distance metric, leaving the modified metric. In addition, the Ungerboeck receiver is extended to the case of a time-varying known channel. When the channel is unknown, decision-directed channel estimation is assumed, which requires channel prediction to account for the decision delay. It is shown that the Ungerboeck receiver requires additional channel prediction, degrading performance due to prediction uncertainty. To solve this problem, two alternative receiver forms are developed which do not require additional prediction, though the computational complexity is increased. Performance and complexity of the receiver forms are compared for the IS-136 digital cellular time-division multiple-access (TDMA) standard.
Endotoxemia alters tight junction gene and protein expression in the kidney

Intact tight junctional (TJ) proteins are required for tubular ion transport and waste excretion. Disruption of TJs may contribute to a decreased glomerular filtration rate in acute kidney injury (AKI) via tubular backleak. The effect of LPS-mediated AKI on murine TJs has not been studied extensively. We hypothesized LPS endotoxin administration to mice would disrupt tubular TJ proteins including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudins. ZO-1 and occludin immunofluorescence 24 h post-LPS revealed a marked change in localization from the usual circumferential fencework pattern to one with substantial fragmentation. Renal ZO-1 expression was significantly reduced 24 h after LPS (decrease of 56.1 ± 7.4%, P < 0.001), with subsequent recovery. ZO-1 mRNA expression was increased 24 h post-LPS (4.34 ± 0.87-fold, P = 0.0019), suggesting disruption of ZO-1 protein is not mediated by transcriptional regulation, but rather by degradation or changes in translation. Similarly, claudin-4 protein expression was decreased despite elevated mRNA. LPS administration resulted in dephosphorylation of occludin and fragmented tubular redistribution. Protein expression of claudin-1, and -3 was increased after LPS. ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1, -3, and -4 gene expression were increased 48 h after LPS, suggesting a renal response to strengthen TJs following injury. Interestingly, reduced mRNA expression was found only for claudin-8. This study provides further support that LPS-induced AKI is associated with structural injury and is not merely due to hemodynamic changes.
Frequency of Functionally Graded Plates with Three-Dimensional Asymptotic Approach

The harmonic vibration problem of functionally graded plates is studied by means of a three-dimensional asymptotic theory formulated in terms of transfer matrix. Instead of using multiple time scales expansion, the frequency is determined in a much simpler way that renders the asymptotic method to be practically validated for finding any higher-order solutions. This is illustrated by applying the refined formulation to a functionally graded rectangular plate with simply supported edges. The locally effective material properties are estimated by the Mori–Tanaka scheme. Accurate natural frequencies associated with flexural, extensional, and thickness-stretching modes are provided.
A fast distributed shortest path algorithm for a class of hierarchically structured data networks

A distributed algorithm is presented which finds the shortest path from every node in the network to a given destination node. The network topology is assumed to be organizable into a generalized balanced-tree hierarchy (BH). The BH topology is introduced and characterized, and it is shown that most large interconnected data networks are of this type. It is also shown that the algorithm converges in an asynchronous environment. Therefore, some of the difficulties associated with synchronizing the order of events can be avoided in the actual implementation of the proposed algorithm. >
Second Language Composition Teaching At The Intermediate Level

With the emphasis among linguists in second language teaching on the oral-aural approach, the attention given to composition work has been negligible. The neglect is understandable for first things come first but it is to be recalled that Fr ies has said, "In the first stage of learning a new language, the end is that the basic structural patterns, with a limited vocabulary, a r e to be learned so well that they can be produced orally, automatically, and without hesitation, when the learner is confronted with the appropriate situation. To the accomplishment of this end, not only oral practice is used but also every other means of learning, including writing and reading. ?I1 Then follows the admonition, "After the first stage of language learning in accord with this approach the teacher or the student may devote himself entirely to reading and writing.lI2 From these remarks it can be gathered that composition together with reading can play a relevant role in the second language learning process. It is also clear that an initial oral stage should be well under way if not completed before formal composition work begins. The term composition in this discussion wil l be taken to mean "free composition, that is, an original discourse created by the student about some given subject matter. Further, this discussion will assume that the learners a r e adults of the freshman college level type, or , in other words, the typical foreign student who has come to the States to receive or extend his college educatiow. With a good oral course completed or well in progress-and this involves a basic vocabulary and all of the basic structures-the student is ready for formal composition work.
Synthetic, spectroscopic, and DFT studies of iron complexes with iminobenzo(semi)quinone ligands: implications for o-aminophenol dioxygenases.

The oxidative C-C bond cleavage of o-aminophenols by nonheme Fe dioxygenases is a critical step in both human metabolism (the kynurenine pathway) and the microbial degradation of nitroaromatic pollutants. The catalytic cycle of o-aminophenol dioxygenases (APDOs) has been proposed to involve formation of an Fe(II)/O2/iminobenzosemiquinone complex, although the presence of a substrate radical has been called into question by studies of related ring-cleaving dioxygenases. Recently, we reported the first synthesis of an iron(II) complex coordinated to an iminobenzosemiquinone (ISQ) ligand, namely, [Fe((Ph2)Tp)((tBu)ISQ)] (2a; where (Ph2)Tp=hydrotris(3,5-diphenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate and (tBu)ISQ is the radical anion derived from 2-amino-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol). In the current manuscript, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and a wide variety of spectroscopic methods (electronic absorption, Mossbauer, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman) were employed to obtain detailed electronic-structure descriptions of 2a and its one-electron oxidized derivative [3a](+). In addition, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a parallel series of complexes featuring the neutral supporting ligand tris(4,5-diphenyl-1-methylimidazol-2-yl)phosphine ((Ph2)TIP). The isomer shifts of about 0.97 mm s(-1) obtained through Mossbauer experiments confirm that 2a (and its (Ph2)TIP-based analogue [2b](+)) contain Fe(II) centers, and the presence of an ISQ radical was verified by analysis of the absorption spectra in light of time-dependent DFT calculations. The collective spectroscopic data indicate that one-electron oxidation of the Fe(II)-ISQ complexes yields complexes ([3a](+) and [3b](2+)) with electronic configurations between the Fe(III)-ISQ and Fe(II)-IBQ limits (IBQ=iminobenzoquinone), highlighting the ability of o-amidophenolates to access multiple oxidation states. The implications of these results for the mechanism of APDOs and other ring-cleaving dioxygenases are discussed.
INTERRATER CORRELATIONS DO NOT ESTIMATE THE RELIABILITY OF JOB PERFORMANCE RATINGS

Interrater correlations are widely interpreted as estimates of the reliability of supervisory performance ratings, and are frequently used to correct the correlations between ratings and other measures (e.g., test scores) for attenuation. These interrater correlations do provide some useful information, but they are not reliability coefficients. There is clear evidence of systematic rater effects in performance appraisal, and variance associated with raters is not a source of random measurement error. We use generalizability theory to show why rater variance is not properly interpreted as measurement error, and show how such systematic rater effects can influence both reliability estimates and validity coefficients. We show conditions under which interrater correlations can either overestimate or underestimate reliability coefficients, and discuss reasons other than random measurement error for low interrater correlations.
Joint association and power adaption in WiFi community networks

Traditional WiFi community networks are uncoordinated and provide ubiquitous wireless access to all mobile stations (STAs) by sharing wireless bandwidth. However, in such unplanned wireless environments, once there is a new arrival of STA or access point (AP), the steady state of the network would break, which results in the increase of the interference and the decrease of the network throughput. To overcome the aforementioned problems, we propose a distributed joint association and power adaption scheme to maximize the throughput of entire network. First, we define different utility functions for STAs, APs, and the network, which can reflect users satisfactory to their throughput. Then, each STA selects candidates from their neighboring APs based on the estimated utility. Meanwhile, the APs adaptively adjust power to maximize their utility or to minimize the interference with their neighbors according to the change of the network. To validate the performance of our proposed scheme, we consider different network conditions, and simulation results show that the average utility of the network using our scheme can greatly increase throughput than the existing work.
Seismic Testing and Analysis of Main Frame Computer Structure

Designing a mainframe computer structure that can withstand seismic events requires significant testing and analysis. The computer frame and anchorage system must have adequate strength and stiffness to counteract earthquake-induced forces, thereby preventing human injury and potential system damage. However, this same frame and anchorage system must also meet the requirement of ensuring continued system operation by limiting overall displacement of the structure to accepted levels. Therefore, the test and analysis scope need to include the mainframe structure and its anchorage attachment to the building’s concrete floor via a raised floor structure. This paper discusses the numerical modeling and its verification to quantify the robustness of a high end computer server structure subjected to a severe seismic event. The frame of the computer is the structure where components are installed (e.g., the central processing unit, the input-output drawer, the power supply component, etc.). The dynamic response of this structure is highly related to the weight of the components, the assembly’s inherent natural frequency, and the location of the structure’s center of gravity. The natural frequency of various mainframe configurations were analyzed and measured by either changing the weights (i.e., adding or eliminating components) or by changing the structural stiffness (e.g., adding reinforcement brackets). The main objective of the modeling was to ensure structural integrity following a seismic test of a functional server system. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed as part of the overall frame’s structural robustness design verification, whereby the simulated modal analysis results were compared to both the experimental modal data of the frame structure as well as measured swept sine data. This design study builds toward the objective of constructing a verified model of the server frame and components, which lead to a guideline for implementing optimized reinforcement. As part of the verification, the mainframe structures were subjected to horizontal table vibration tests simulating the loads and environmental conditions endured during seismic events. During experimental verification, the dynamic responses were recorded and analyzed in both the time and frequency domains.
Computational Modeling of the Dehydrogenation of Methylamine

The reaction sequence early in the metabolism of methyl- amine by the dehydrogenase cofactor tryptophan tryptophyl quinone (TTQ) is investigated by a large series of density functional theory calculations. Free energy corrections are calculated at the reactant and intermediate geometries, and solvation effects are estimated by use of the semi-empirical COSMO-RS solvent model. Two competing reac- tion paths are found to have very similar reaction free energies, and the free energies of activation are found to depend heavily on adequate modeling of the solvent.
Review of novel methods for carbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gases

This paper reviews some of the more novel methods for carbon dioxide separation from flue and fuel gas streams. These methods include electrochemical pumps, membranes, and chemical looping approaches to CO2 separation. Electrochemical pumps discussed include carbonate and proton conductors. Selective membranes for hydrogen separation are discussed as a method for carbon dioxide concentration in fuel gas streams. The selective membranes include mixed ionic–electronic (solid electrolyte–metal) films as well as palladium-based materials. Chemical looping combustion is briefly discussed. The fundamental mechanisms behind these techniques will be explained, and recent advances in these methods are emphasized. Future research directions are suggested and an extensive list of references is provided. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Two-tensor streamline tractography through white matter intra-voxel fiber crossings: Assessed by fMRI

An inherent drawback of the traditional diffusion tensor model is its limited ability to provide detailed information about multidirectional fiber architecture within a voxel. This leads to erroneous fiber tractography results in locations where fiber bundles cross each other. In this paper, we present a deterministic two-tensor extended Streamline Tractography (XST) technique, which successfully traces through regions of crossing fibers. The method has been evaluated on simulated and in-vivo human brain data, and compared with the traditional single tensor, and a probabilistic tractography technique. By tracing the corticospinal tract we demonstrate that when compared to the two methods, our technique can accurately identify fiber bundles known to be consistent with anatomy. When compared to the dense connectivity maps generated by probabilistic tractography, the method is computationally efficient and generates discrete geometric pathways that are simple to visualize and clinically useful.
On the effective viscoelastic moduli of two-phase media. I. Rigorous bounds on the complex bulk modulus

The dynamic response of isotropic composites of two viscoelastic isotropic phases mixed in fixed proportions is considered in the frequency range where the acoustic wavelength is much larger than the inhomogeneities. The effective bulk-modulus bounds of Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole are extended to viscoelasticity in this quasi-static regime, where the properties of the isotropic composite can be described by complex bulk and shear moduli. The effective bulk modulus is shown to be constrained to a lens-shaped region of the complex plane bounded by the outermost pair of four circular arcs (three circular arcs in the case of two-dimensional elasticity). This is proved using a new variational principle for viscoelasticity together with two established techniques for deriving bounds on effective moduli, namely the translation method and the Hashin-Shtrikman method. In this application the Hashin-Shtrikman method needs to be generalized to allow the reference tensor to have an associated quasiconvex energy. Microstructures are identified which have bulk-moduli that correspond to various points on each of the circular arcs. Thus these microstructures have extremal viscoelastic behaviour when the associated arc forms one of the outermost pair. The bounds and the extremal microstructures are similar to those obtained for the complex dielectric constant, but the methods used here are entirely different.
The Berlin definition: real change or the emperor's new clothes?

Th e Berlin consensus group met recently after 18 years of defi ning acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using the American European Consensus Committee (AECC) criteria because, in their words, ‘a number of issues regarding various criteria of the AECC defi nition have emerged, including a lack of explicit criteria for defi ning acute, sensitivity of PaO 2 /FiO 2 to diff erent ventilator settings, poor reliability of the chest radiograph (CXR) criterion, and diffi culties distinguishing hydrostatic edema’ [1]. Save for defi ning acute, they arrived at a new defi nition using nearly these exact same criteria and thus did not answer their original concerns. When defi ning ARDS, as the late Daniel Schuster championed for years, the defi nition should include some direct measure of lung injury, at once eliminating much of what confounds the AECC and now the Berlin criteria – atelectasis, aspiration, eff usion, pneumonia, left ventricular dysfunction, and the eff ects of ventilator settings on the PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and CXR. Th is idea has been dismissed for years on grounds of feasibility – and dismissed yet again in Berlin – but given the very poor predictive value of the Berlin criteria for outcome and poor correlation with postmortem fi ndings as regards severity classifi cation and proper identifi cation [2], I would argue it is indeed time to take another look. If we are to progress in our research eff orts, it becomes imperative to identify homogeneous treatment groups – specifi c to a treatment strategy. Berlin criteria do not have the reliability, sensitivity or specifi city to do so or even to properly prognosticate. An area under the receiver operating charac teristic curve of 0.577 (95% confi dence interval, 0.561 to 0.593) regarding the predictive validity for mortality found for the Berlin defi nition is abysmal, and should not be pointed to as progress. Quite the contrary, it is a rallying call for change. Th e idea that hydrostatic and permeability causes of edema and hypoxemia are mutually exclusive, as implied by the AECC and now by the Berlin group, should be abandoned. Cardiomyopathy of sepsis and acute heart failure are common in ARDS – occurring in upwards of 60% of patients with severe sepsis – the number one cause of ARDS [3]. Considering that left ventricular dysfunction and cardiomyopathy of severe systemic infl am matory response syndrome/sepsis have better prognoses than diff use alveolar injury, some measure of the relative contribution to CXR and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio changes of hydrostatic versus pulmonary injury causes in ARDS then becomes important for identifi cation, severity classifi cation, prognostication and treatment. Increased extravascular lung water is at the center of the pathophysiologic changes in ARDS. Indexing extravascular lung water to pulmonary blood volume – the
Exploiting machine learning to subvert your spam filter

Using statistical machine learning for making security decisions introduces new vulnerabilities in large scale systems. This paper shows how an adversary can exploit statistical machine learning, as used in the SpamBayes spam filter, to render it useless--even if the adversary's access is limited to only 1% of the training messages. We further demonstrate a new class of focused attacks that successfully prevent victims from receiving specific email messages. Finally, we introduce two new types of defenses against these attacks.
Rectal cancer : the influence of tumor proliferation on response to preoperative irradiation

Purpose: Regression of rectal carcinoma after preoperative irradiation is variable, likely reflecting differences in the physical and biologic properties of these tumors. This study examines the assocation between the pathologic response of rectal cancer after irradiation and its pretreatment proliferative state as assayed by the activity of the proliferative dependent antigens (Ki-67, PCNA) and mitotic counts. Methods and Materials: One hundred and twenty-two patients with locally advanced rectal cancer received preoperative irradiation followed by surgery. Pretreatment tumor biopsies were scored for the extent of Ki-67 and PCNa immunostaining and the number of mitoses per 10 high-powered fields. Postirradiation surgical specimens were examined for extent of residual disease. Results: The tumors of 38 of 122 patients (31%) exhibited marked pathologic downstaging (no residual tumor or cancer confined to teh rectal wall) after preoperative irradiation. Two features were associated with the likelihood of marked pathologic regression after preoperative irradiation: tumor proliferative activity and lesion size. When stratified by lesion size, marked tumor regression occurred most frequently in smaller tumors with high Ki-67, PCNA, and mitotic activity compared to larger tumors with lower Ki-67, PCNA, and mitotic activity. Intermediate downstaging rates were seen for small or large tumors with moderate Ki-67, PCNA, and mitotic activity. Conclusion: Tumor Ki-67, PCNA, and mitotic activity predicts the likelihood of response to irradiation, which may aid in formulating treatment policies for patients with rectal cancer.
Mortality among Pennhurst class members, 1978 to 1989: a brief report.

Abstract Pennhurst Center closed in 1987, and the closure was one of the most intensely studied of all deinstitutionalizations. Because of recent interest in mortality after deinstitutionalization,...
Risk-Based Resource Allocation Models for Aviation Security

The events of September 11, 2001 led to sweeping nationwide changes in aviation security policy and operations. The piecemeal and reactive nature of many of these changes has resulted in large increases in costs and inconvenience to travelers. The August 2006 arrest in London of several suspected terrorists plotting to blow up 10 US-bound transatlantic flights, and the ensuing changes in airport security procedures, serve to further illustrate this point.
Impacts of a Redesigned Virtual Internship Program on Preservice Teachers' Skills and Attitudes.

An important issue in teacher education is how to design and implement effective virtual internships for future educators. Today, these experiences should reflect best practices (as found in more traditional programs) by infusing constructivist values and strategies into the process. Interns can develop needed content knowledge and delivery skills through active learning in authentic, real-world environments. In this study, teacher specialists redesigned a virtual internship for senior physical education majors after evaluating a prior program considered inadequate (due to poor student outcomes and satisfaction levels). Using the literature, the specialists redesigned the experience to reflect constructivist assumptions during a summer orientation seminar and fall internship. Eight of 16 interns volunteered to participate in the research project to identify changes in their attitudes and expectations for the internship. During the summer seminar, interns served as curricular evaluation teams to review, analyze, and reconstruct the course they would be delivering to high school students. During the fall internship, pairs of interns met twice weekly with cooperating teachers. Using a web-conferencing program, they experienced authentic learning featured in these sessions. Results indicated that, after these experiences, interns felt more knowledgeable, capable, and enthusiastic about online teaching.