cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Eyes Open Approach to Teen Sleep Problems

The issue of adolescents and poor sleep has been vexing experts in public health for over a century. This is not a new problem for well-being, but despite longstanding recognition, the pattern of the preceding century has been a steadily decreasing amount of childhood sleep (Matricciani LA, Olds TS, Blunden S, Rigney G, Williams MT, Pediatrics 129(3):548–556, 2012). Paradoxically, the extent and severity of this problem is perhaps easiest to ignore because of how widespread it is – sleep deprived teenagers are regarded as normal. Some 33% of young Australians report difficulties falling asleep, and on average Australian teenagers are thought to get 8 hours of sleep per night, an hour short of the recommended amount of adolescent sleep (Short MA, Gradisar M, Lack LC, Wright HR, Dohnt H, J Adolesc 36(1):103–110, 2013). It is worth reflecting on the causes of this lost hour and the potential consequences of widespread chronic sleep deprivation. This is not an individual problem, but a public health issue that schools are well placed to take part in addressing.
Finite-precision effects on graph filters

Graph filters play a fundamental role in graph signal processing. In practice, however, the finite precision nature of digital computers introduces numerical errors that can hinder their performance and jeopardize their usefulness. To mitigate these effects, this work investigates the numerical behavior of graph filters in finite-precision arithmetic. It derives a closed-form expression for the variance of the quantization noise at the filter output and shows how the filter coefficients interact with the spectrum of the shift operator to affect the numerical performance of graph filters. Based on these results, the paper then provides an optimally weighted shrinkage regularizer that can be used to design filters robust to quantization errors. Bit-accurate experiments illustrate the performance of different designs and show the importance of considering numerical effects when designing graph filters.
Migrant Remittances and Development

The movement of people across national borders has now become an integral part of global development, alongside international trade and investment flows. There are currently more than 215 million international migrants worldwide, about 3% of the world's population. Unlike common belief, around half of the official international migration from the South is to other developing countries rather than wealthier countries in the North.
Efficient Processing of Probabilistic Group Nearest Neighbor Query on Uncertain Data

Uncertain data are inherent in various applications, and group nearest neighbor (GNN) query is widely used in many fields. Existing work for answering probabilistic GNN (PGNN) query on uncertain data are inefficient for the irregular shapes of uncertain regions. In this paper, we propose two pruning algorithms for efficiently processing PGNN query which are not sensitive to the shapes of uncertain regions. The spatial pruning algorithm utilizes the centroid point to efficiently filter out objects in consideration of their spatial locations; the probabilistic pruning algorithm derives more tighter bounds by partitioning uncertain objects. Furthermore, we propose a space partitioning structure in order to facilitate the partitioning process. Extensive experiments using both real and synthetic data show that our algorithms are not sensitive to the shapes of uncertain regions, and outperform the existing work by about 2-3 times under various settings.
Experimental Demonstration of a Spin Logic Device with Deterministic and Stochastic Mode of Operation

Spin based logic devices have attracted a lot of research interest due to their potential low-power operation, non-volatility and possibility to enable new computing applications. Here we present an experimental demonstration of a novel spin logic device working at room temperature without the requirement of an external magnetic field. Our device is based on a pair of coupled in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) magnet and a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) magnet. The information written in the state of the IMA magnet is transferred to the state of the PMA magnet by means of a symmetry breaking dipolar field, while the two layers are electrically isolated. In addition to having the basic tenets of a logic device, our device has inbuilt memory, taking advantage of the non-volatility of nanomagnets. In another mode of operation, the same device is shown to have the functionality of a true random number generator (TRNG). The combination of logic functionality, nonvolatility and capability to generate true random numbers all in the same spin logic device, makes it uniquely suitable as a hardware for many new computing ideas.
Collegiate Recovery Students and Programs: Literature Review from 1988-2017

Objectives: To present a review of the existing research on college students living in recovery, including the research on students in recovery participating in collegiate recovery programs. Methods: Studies were included if they: a) were peer-reviewed or archived dissertations, b) were published between 1988 and 2017, c) directly involved students in recovery on campus, either with or without involvement in a collegiate recovery program. Results: From 1988 to 2017, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. These included 7 studies on students living in recovery within the general framework of higher education and 18 studies involving students in collegiate recovery programs. Qualitative reports and quantitative descriptive studies were both included. Conclusions: Findings identify the gaps in currently available research, and support rationale for increasing longitudinal and quantitative studies of collegiate recovery programs and the students they serve.
Against Harmony: Progressive and Radical Buddhism in Modern Japan, by James Mark Shields, New York, Oxford University Press, 2017, x + 416 pp., US$105 (hardback), ISBN 978 0 1906 6400 8

In Against Harmony, James Mark Shields offers an insightful analysis of a vast number of Japanese Buddhist thinkers and activists from the 1880s to the 1930s, who engaged with the challenges of mod...
Sexually experienced, but not naïve, female rats show a conditioned object preference (COP) for mating after a single training trial.

Abstract Female rats with mating experience spend more time with the male rat, exhibit shorter contact-return latency to intromission, and display more proceptive behaviors in the male rat's compartment than during the first mating experience. The present study tested 1) whether mating induced conditioned object preference (COP) is possible with a single conditioning trial and 2) whether a preference is induced for an object associated with the first mating encounter or the fifth mating encounter in female rats. Ovariectomized, Long-Evans female rats were primed with estradiol benzoate + progesterone and either exposed to an empty paced mating chamber for 15 min (Naive) or received a 15 intromission test of paced mating behavior (Experienced) on four separate occasions before undergoing the COP procedure. Experienced, but not Naive, female rats developed a COP for a single mating bout, indicating that mating is highly rewarding for sexually experienced female rats. The findings raise questions about the effect of sexual experience on reward regions in the brain, the responsiveness of genital tissue, and learning mechanisms.
Toxoplasma: Immunity and Pathogenesis

Toxoplasma gondii infection induces a strong immunity in the host. Although the response is manifested by innate response during early infection, adaptive immunity is critical for long-term protection. Amongst the adaptive immune response CD4 T cells play an important helper role for CD8 T cells which are the primary effector cells responsible for controlling the infection. Notwithstanding the induction of robust CD8 T immunity during acute infection, the parasite is not eradicated. One of the reasons for this is the functional exhaustion of CD8 T cells during latent infection. Recent studies from our laboratory have reported that primary cause of CD8 T cell exhaustion is compromised CD4 T cell help during latent toxoplasmosis. CD8 T cell dysfunctionality is preceded by CD4 exhaustion and effector immunity is severely compromised.
Jammer Blind Estimation of a Third-Party OFDM Channel

Novel, computationally simple and deterministic blind channel estimation schemes for PSK-OFDM and QAM-OFDM are proposed from legitimate transceivers as well as pilot-jammer's perspective. Their effectiveness in formulating the pilot-nulling attacks against OFDM is investigated. The estimators are based on the Least Squares (LS) principle and capitalize on the finite alphabet property of the information symbols. Phase ambiguity resolution requires no reference symbols while scalar ambiguity is resolved at the expense of a single pilot tone. The multipath characteristics of the channel between the target and the jammer are assumed to be Time Division Duplex (TDD) reciprocal. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods in channel estimation at the pilot locations as well as designing effective pilot-nulling attacks. The proposed methods estimate the jammer channel to the target perfectly to launch precise pilot-nulling attacks on OFDM in very low noise environment. The performance degrades with increasing noise.
The first preparation of the α-iodo-β,β-difluorovinylzinc reagent (CF2CIZnCl) and a high-yield one-pot synthesis of α-iodo-β,β-difluorostyrenes

Abstract The α-iodo-β,β-difluorovinylzinc reagent (CF 2 CIZnCl) was synthesized in >87% yield via room-temperature metallation of the commercially available CF 3 CH 2 I with LDA in the presence of ZnCl 2 . This novel zinc reagent upon palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with aryl iodides produced α-iodo-β,β-trifluorostyrenes (ArCI CF 2 ) in 62–80% isolated yield.
The Mainline in Late Modernity: Tradition and Innovation in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: by Maren Freudenberg, Lanham, MD & London: Lexington Books, 2018, 233 pp., US$95.00, £65.00 (hb), ISBN 978–1–4985–5584–5 (hb), ISBN 978–1–4985–5585–2 (eb)

Maren Freudenberg provides the first detailed sociological study of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), a relatively young denomination (1988) formed by a merger of three previous Am...
Vehicle ergonomics contributing to a diabetic foot ulcer.

Diabetes mellitus continues to be a rising concern in the United States. It affects an estimated 9.4% of the population and approximately 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed annually. Approximately 85% of diabetic foot ulcers are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and an infected diabetic foot ulcer is often the first sign of diabetes. There are countless studies within the literature that investigate how insensate feet and the manifestation of a foot ulcer further decrease quality of life and increase risk for mortality. Literature focuses on gait and kinematics that contribute to the formation of a diabetic foot ulcer. While pressure and shear forces are etiologic factors that may lead to the formation of diabetic foot ulcers, the position of the foot while driving an automobile has been ignored as a possible risk factor. The clinical case will describe the events of healing a neuropathic diabetic foot ulcer beyond the standard of care treatment plan. It is one of the first case reports to describe vehicle ergonomics as an etiologic factor contributing to a diabetic foot ulcer. Once the patient becomes aware of the unnecessary source of pressure, education and care is provided to manage this likely source of daily pressure to the neuropathic foot. The article emphasizes the importance of a complete assessment, including nontraditional factors, which may lead to diabetic complications.
7T MRI cerebral leptomeningeal enhancement is common in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and is associated with cortical and thalamic lesions:

Background:Meningeal inflammation may contribute to gray matter (GM) involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is proposed to manifest as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) leptomeningeal enhancemen...
Brain on Art Therapy-Understanding the Connections Between Facilitated Visual Self-expression, Health, and Well-Being

This chapter provides an overview of processes and outcomes of art therapy using both personal experiences and professional examples of art-making. Along with acknowledging scholarship on the purpose and impacts of visual art-making, the focus of this chapter is specifically on the components of art therapy, including art-making, the art product, the patient/client, and the art therapist and how we might approach research by integrating findings from imaging technologies and neurobiological approaches.
Low Loss Photodielectric Materials for 5G HS/HF Applications

Abstract Fifth generation network technology, often referred to as 5G, holds great potential for higher communication speeds, higher data transmission rates and improved connectivity, however, curr...
On Intercultural Theology and the Future of Interreligious Dialogue: A View from Los Angeles, California

Discussion of a project recently funded by a grant from the Martin Gang Institute for Intergroup Relations, an institute jointly administered by the American Jewish Committee Los Angeles and Loyola Marymount University Extension along with personal reflections.
Clinical significance of blue-green neutrophil and monocyte cytoplasmic inclusions in SARS-CoV-2 positive critically ill patients.

Identification of blue‐green cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils and/or monocytes on peripheral blood smears is a rare, and likely underreported, finding described in few case reports and small case series studies in critically ill patients with acute liver dysfunction and lactic acidosis (Courville, et al 2017, Gorup, et al 2018, Haberichter and Crisan 2017, Harris, et al 2009, Hodgkins and Jones 2019, Hodgson, et al 2015, Jazaerly and Gabali 2014, Patel, et al 2017, Sin, et al 2019, Soos, et al 2019, Vicente‐Steijn, et al 2020). As these inclusions are thought to herald poor prognosis and death shortly after identification, they have been referred to as “green crystals of death” or “critical green inclusions”.
The Contribution of Physical Education to Physical Activity Within a Comprehensive School Health Promotion Program.

Purpose: Little is known about the role of physical education (PE) in a school health promotion model, particularly where wellness is placed at the forefront. The purpose of this study was to under...
Smoking Cessation Counseling in the Inpatient Unit: A Survey of Pediatric Hospitalists.

OBJECTIVES: To determine practices and beliefs of pediatric hospitalists regarding smoking cessation counseling for caregivers of hospitalized children. METHODS: An electronic survey was distributed to 249 members of the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings Network over 6 weeks in 2017 (83 responses [33%]). Questions explored beliefs regarding the impact of tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and practices in TSE screening, provision of counseling, resources, and pharmacotherapy. Nonparametric tests were used to compare groups on numeric variables, χ2 tests were used to compare groups on nominal variables, and McNemar’s test was used to compare dichotomous responses within subjects. RESULTS: All respondents were familiar with the term “secondhand smoke,” and >75% were familiar with “thirdhand smoke” (THS). Familiarity with THS was associated with more recent completion of training (P = .04). Former smokers (7%) were less likely to agree that THS has a significant impact on a child’s health (P = .04). Hospitalists ask about TSE more often than they provide counseling, resources, or pharmacotherapy to caregivers who want to quit smoking. Hospitalists are more likely to ask about TSE and provide cessation counseling when patients have asthma as opposed to other diseases. Time was identified by 41% of respondents as a barrier for providing counseling and by 26% of respondents as a barrier for providing resources. Most respondents never prescribe pharmacotherapy (72%), nor do they follow-up with caregivers after hospitalization regarding cessation (87%). CONCLUSIONS: Although most respondents ask about TSE, opportunities are missed for counseling and providing support to caregivers who want to quit smoking. Providers should be educated about THS, and systems should be streamlined to facilitate brief counseling sessions.
Organization of an Acute Pain Service: Training and Manpower

Summary New services developed to improve the treatment of acute pain in hospitalized patients have been described and are of current interest to anesthesiologists. To establish such a service, a considerable administrative commitment is necessary. It includes a close liaison with nursing staff to develop appropriate educational and procedural standards, and important interactions with surgeons, hospital pharmacists, and those providing the surgical anesthetics. A well-planned and organized service should be seen as beneficial to patients, physicians, nurses, and hospitals.
Predicting the spectral domain optical coherence tomography point spread function rolloff without an interferometer

Measuring the point spread function (PSF) rolloff is a time-consuming part of spectral/Fourier domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) system characterization. Here, we introduce a method that predicts the PSF (sensitivity and axial resolution) rolloff without an interferometer. Instead, the method analyzes correlations of incoherent excess noise from the light source across the detector array to characterize the spectrometer response. We demonstrate this technique using supercontinuum and superluminescent diode sources, showing that a noise time course of just 0.5 seconds predicts axial imaging performance, as confirmed by meticulous measurements using a Michelson interferometer. This approach promises to facilitate SD-OCT system development.
Perceived self-efficacy among nursing students during a pandemic: A pilot study

Abstract In March 2020, prelicensure nursing programs quickly transitioned from traditional, face-toface instruction to remote online learning for classroom, lab, and clinical requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, many nursing students ready to graduate or recently graduated missed their last opportunity to prepare for the national registered nurse licensing exam, NCLEX-RN, in a familiar academic setting. In addition, direct clinical experiences with assigned clients were lost due to COVID-19 safety concerns for students, faculty, and clients. This created a challenge for nurse educators to provide instructional experiences that would engage students in ways to promote learning and result in acceptable NCLEX-RN pass rates. This study describes associate degree nursing students' perceptions of self- efficacy regarding the ability to pass NCLEX-RN and perform clinical skills after being transitioned from traditional, face-toface instruction to remote online learning during the pandemic.
Bile Acid Malabsorption in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Chronic diarrhea in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET) may be caused by bioactive products of NET, bile acid malabsorption (BAM), ileal resection (IR) or steatorrhea. To quantitate BA and fat malabsorption in NET with diarrhea. Part of evaluation in medical oncology clinical practice, 67 patients [42F, 25 M; median age 64.0 y (17.0 IQR)] with well-differentiated NET and diarrhea underwent clinically indicated measurements of 48-h fecal BA [(FBA), fecal weight (normal 2337 µmol/48 h) or > 10% primary FBA or combination > 4% primary FBA plus > 1000 µmol total FBA/48 h. We also measured fecal elastase (for pancreatic insufficiency) in 13 patients. BAM was present in 48/52 (92%) patients with NET. There were significant correlations between total FBA and 48-h fecal weight (Rs = 0.645, P 10% in 69%. In 22 patients with no IR, 13/15 tested (87%) had BAM. Among 6 patients with pancreatic NET and no IR, 80% had BAM. Fecal fat was ≥ 15 g/day in 18/42 (43%). In 4/17 (24%) with IR 25 cm fecal fat was 44.0 (40.5) and 38.0 (38.0)g/day, respectively. A majority of patients with NET and diarrhea had BAM, even with < 25 cm or no IR.
Drug Abuse: Concepts, Prevention, and Cessation

Drug Abuse: Etiology, Prevention, and Cessation serves as a comprehensive source of information on the topography of, causes of, and solutions to drug problems. The text covers conceptual issues regarding definitions of drug use, misuse, abuse, and dependence. Importantly, the text addresses a variety of theoretical bases currently applied to the development of prevention and cessation programs, specific program content from evidence-based programs, and program processes and modalities. Information regarding etiology, prevention, and cessation is neatly delineated into (a) neurobiological, (b) cognitive, (c) micro-social, and (d) macro-social/physical environmental units. The book is ideally suited as a primary source for students and professionals in chemical dependence programs, clinical and health psychology, public health, preventive medicine, nursing, sociology, and social work, among other fields, on the nature, causes, prevention, and cessation of the abuse of legal and illegal drugs.
The influence of sustained magnesium deficiency on muscle potassium repletion.

Abstract The changes in electrolyte composition effected in serum and muscle by simultaneous repletion of K and Mg were contrasted to those changes occurring following K repletion alone in rats initially made deficient in both Mg and K. It is concluded that: (1) Sustained Mg deficiency can impair repletion of muscle K. (2) The azotemia accompanying Mg and K deficiency is entirely reversible by restoration of both K and Mg, but not by K repletion alone. This change may be ascribable in part to an amelioration of the intensity of nephrocalcinosis in the doubly repleted group. (3) There is no increase in mortality rate associated with K repletion alone as contrasted to K and Mg replacement in rats initially depleted of both cations. (4) There is an apparent dissimilarity in the rate of muscle depletion of the principal intracellular cations, a deficit of K being more readily achieved than for Mg.
Massive obstetric hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy

Abstract Eight cases of massive obstetric hemorrhage are reported that have been treated by hysterectomy. They occurred among 5,620 deliveries during a period of nine years. The fetal mortality was 50 per cent and there were no maternal deaths. Large volumes of blood and other fluids suitable for replacements were needed to sustain these patients through their hemorrhages and the operation of hysterectomy.
Testing of Fault-Tolerant Hardware

The problem of testing fault-tolerant redundant digital systems is investigated. In order to test redundant systems through normal voter outputs, independent control of the output of each replicated unit is required. In the past it was assumed that independent control of the output of a replicated unit requires independent control of all of its inputs. We show that partial control of inputs is actually required, and present experimental evidence that demonstrates achievement of complete testing by independently controlling only a subset of the inputs to the replicated units.
Nonnegative Lagrangian relaxation of k -means and spectral clustering

We show that K-means and spectral clustering objective functions can be written as a trace of quadratic forms. Instead of relaxation by eigenvectors, we propose a novel relaxation maintaining the nonnegativity of the cluster indicators and thus give the cluster posterior probabilities, therefore resolving cluster assignment difficulty in spectral relaxation. We derive a multiplicative updating algorithm to solve the nonnegative relaxation problem. The method is briefly extended to semi-supervised classification and semi-supervised clustering.
Exploring a technology strategy for stabilizing atmospheric CO2

The goal of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels which avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate (United Nations, 1992). Work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1995; WG1) and others (Wigley et al., 1996; WRE) have explored the issue of stabilizing the concentration of atmospheric CO2. This work developed emissions trajectories consistent with various atmospheric concentration ceilings. Since an emissions path is not uniquely prescribed by a concentration ceiling, various criteria have been added to shape trajectories, including implied climate impacts and costs.
Laser Induced Unipolar Arcing

High power laser beams interact with targets by a variety of thermal, impulse and electrical effects. The laser heated plasma causes surface ablation by thermal evaporation, ion sputtering, and unipolar arcing. While the first two are purely thermal and mechanical effects, the last one, unipolar arcing, is an electrical plasma-surface interaction process which leads to crater formation, usually called laser-pitting, a process which was often observed but not well understood.
A boundary integral equation approach to three dimensional electromagnetic wave scattering problems

Electromagnetic scattering models are finding increasing interest in many applications ranging from nondestructive evaluation (NDE) to design of optical systems. The availabiUty of a computational scattering model characterizing the underlying system serves several purposes. First, it serves as an inexpensive test bed to simulate a variety of test situations. For instance, the forward model can be used to evaluate various polarizations and incidence angles of the incident source fields and the corresponding spatial distribution of the scattered fields which in turn provides information useful for optimizing the measurement of scattered fields. By preserving some of the realism that is usually possible in purely analytical methods, it provides valuable insight into the physics of actual problems. Second, forward scattering models are important in solving the inverse problem where the scattered fields are used for characterizing the size, the shape and the constitution of the scatterer. The development of theoretical models largely relies on the use of numerical techniques such as boundary element method (BEM), finite element method (FEM), or finite difference method (FDM). However, no single numerical method has emerged as the optimal method for solving all electromagnetic scattering problems. One numerical method might be preferred over others, depending on the nature of the problem. For instance, problems which involve homogeneous scatterers and propagation of waves in an infinite medium are typically solved using the BEM whereas problems which involve a naturally truncated region are modeled using FEM and FDM. This dissertation presents a boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation for the problem of electromagnetic scattering due to homogeneous dielectric scatterers. The governing BIEs are then evaluated numerically using the BEM. Several fundamental electromagnetic scattering geometries are considered. The first problem involves solving for
Comparison of HLA-A and HLA-B ligandomes

Aim Advances in mass spectrometry and HLA protein availability have allowed for very a detailed look at the self-peptides naturally presented by HLA. To date, there is considerable variation among studies such that a comparison of the ligands presented by HLA-A and HLA-B has been difficult. Here we set out to characterize the self-ligandome of 5 HLA-A and 3 HLA-B molecules representing various peptide binding supertypes with highly controlled methods - varying only the HLA molecule. Methods HeLa cells were separately transfected with 5 different HLA-A (A1, A2, A3, A11, A24) and 3 HLA-B (B7, B27, B51) as soluble class I gene constructs. HLA-complexes were affinity purified and the eluted ligands were characterized by two-dimensional LCMS. Sequences were identified from the fragment spectra using PEAKS v7.0 at a 1% FDR. Results We find that nonamers are the preferred length for all alleles, however there is wide diversity in the ligand length distributions between allomorphs. For example, HLA-B51 shows a high tolerance for 8-mers while HLA-A11 equally prefers 11mers and nonamers. However there is no overall length bias when comparing HLA-A to HLA-B. For both HLA-A and HLA-B, one or two ligands are typically sampled per protein. However, proteins like GAPDH, alpha-enolase 1, carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, and dynenin provide on average approximately 20 ligands per allomorph. For all allomorphs there is an uneven sampling of proteins in the genome with biases shown towards particular proteins. Especially noteworthy is that proteins involved in translation, particularly ribosomal RNA binding proteins, are extensively represented by HLA-A and HLA-B. For both HLA-A and HLA-B there is also a significant enrichment of proteins localized to the lumen of the nucleus including histones, proteins involved in RNA splicing, and factors for biogenesis of ribosomes in the nucleolus. Conclusion The ligands sampled by HLA-A and HLA-B vary in length between the allomorphs in a manner that is highly diverse and independent of locus. Overall, there is little to no difference in the source proteins sampled by HLA-A and HLA-B with all allomorphs showing a ligand sampling bias in RNA binding proteins and nuclear proteins. W. Hildebrand: Scientific/Medical Advisor; Company/Organization; Pure Protein LLC. 5. Employee; Company/Organization; Pure Protein LLC.
Who Governs Transatlantic Relations

In this conclusion to our book Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy, we address the question “who governs” in transatlantic relations, in both theoretical and empirical terms, on the basis of the evidence presented in the book’s substantive chapters. In Part I, we explain the rise of new forms of transatlantic governance during the 1990s and beyond, addressing three core questions: what’s new about these transatlantic governance mechanisms, why are they developing now, and why have the various actors in the new governance networks chosen to organize at the transatlantic level, rather than in some other international fora? In Part II, we examine the evidence of transatlantic governance across a wide range of issue-areas, ranging from trade and standard-setting to food safety, consumer protection, labor and the environment, and we assess the relative explanatory power of the intergovernmental, transgovernmental, and transnational models of governance laid out in the book’s introduction. In Part III, we conclude that transatlantic governance is increasingly governance by mixed networks of all three types of actors, albeit with a leading intergovernmental role played by the European Commission and U.S. executive. Transgovernmental regulatory networks have proven highly variable in their effectiveness, ranging from the technocratic collaboration of competition policy to the more conflictual efforts to coordinate regulatory actions in areas such as genetically modified foods and the mutual recognition of regulations. Transnational relations through officially sanctioned “civil-society dialogues” have proven to be a disappointment, with most of the dialogues falling into disuse within a decade of their creation.
Aldrin epoxidation and dihydroisodrin hydroxylation as probes of in vivo and in vitro oxidative metabolic capability of some caterpillars.

Comparative biochemical studies are productive means to study factors that limit both beneficial and harmful effects of chemicals. Reactions such as aldrin epoxidation and dihydroisodrin hydroxylation are valuable assays of oxidative metabolism in scientific studies of chemical biology in insects, subhuman primates and other living things. The tissue distribution of activity in caterpillars may have functional significance. Localization of relatively high concentrations of these cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in gut tissue of lepidoptera may represent an important means to minimize absorption of lipophilic foreign chemicals in food. Some polychlorocycloalkanes permit in vivo and in vitro studies owing to their stability, acceptable toxicity and relatively simple pattern of metabolism. In vivo studies to assess the significance of in vitro findings are feasible with substrates such as aldrin, dihydroisodrin (DHI) and oxidative methylenedioxyphenyl inhibitors such as piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or carbon monoxide. Biphasic dose-dependent decreased and increased DHI-OH formation resulted from PBO pretreatment by gut, fat body, head and Malpighian tubule homogenates of cutworms and gut and fat body (the only tissues tested) of cabbage looper Trichplusia ni (Hubner) and black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). The biphasic in vivo responses of caterpillars to PBO are a reminder of the complexity of biochemical and physiological responses of organisms coexposed to chemicals that are classified, often glibly, as toxic substances and metabolic inhibitors and inducers. Knowledge of dose and time relationships demands very careful evaluation in living things in the environment. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The null distribution of stochastic search gene suggestion: a Bayesian approach to gene mapping

Bayesian methods continue to permeate genetic epidemiology investigations of genetic markers associated with or linked to causal genes for complex diseases. The attraction of these methods is an ability to capitalize on Bayesian priors to model additional complexity and information about the disease outside the specific data analyzed. It is well known that the larger the sample size, the more the Bayesian method with uninformative priors can be approximated by its Frequentist analogue. However, what is not known is how much impact the priors have on a Bayesian method when analyzing a null region of the chromosome. Here, we look at the impact of various prior values on stochastic search gene suggestion (SSGS) when analyzing a region of simulated chromosome 6 known to be unassociated with the simulated disease. SSGS is a recently developed Bayesian variable selection method tailored to investigate disease-gene association using case-parent triads. Our findings indicate that the prior probability values do affect false positives, and this study suggests values to calibrate the prior. Also, the sensitivity of the results to the prior probability values depends on two factors: the linkage disequilibrium between the marker loci examined, and whether this dependence is included in the model. In order to assess the null distribution we used the simulated data with the "answers" known.
The stability of the regional share component: some further evidence

The shift and share method of regional analysis has definite appeal as a projection device, and has received both considerable attention in the literature and wide usage in recent years. One of the principal criticisms of the technique is that the regional share component of the model is unstable over time. The purpose of this paper is to provide further evidence on the debate regarding the stability of the share component using correlation analysis. This paper provides a test of the hypotheses of James and Hughes that (1) the component is possibly unstable for certain industries while being stable for others and (2) the stability varies across state or other geographic regions.
Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulations of cytidine deaminase: From stabilization of transition state analogues to catalytic mechanisms

Cytidine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of cytidine to uridine and accelerates the rate of the reaction by 1011-fold. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by the transition state analogue inhibitor zebularine 3,4-hydrate, and a fraction of transition state stabilization is captured by the interaction of this inhibitor at the active site. QM/MM molecular dynamics and free energy simulations are performed for Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase (CDA) complexed with zebularine 3,4-hydrate to understand the origin of the structural stability of zebularine 3,4-hydrate in the active site and elucidate the mechanism of the CDA-catalyzed reaction. It is shown that the existence of Glu-104 is essential for the structural stability and integrity of zebularine 3,4-hydrate. The simulations also reveal that the covalent bond between C4 and the 4-OH group in ZEB−H2O undergoes transient bond-breaking and -making in the active site, resembling the process of the nucleophilic attack by the zinc hydroxide group...
Confucianism and Feminist Concerns: Overcoming the Confucian “Gender Complex”

Soulevant le paradoxe du complexe des genres au sein du confucianisme contemporain, l'A. montre que l'avenir de la philosophie orientale depend de la resolution de trois problemes : 1) le confucianisme a-t-il oppresse les femmes ? ; 2) Si oui, combien de femmes en ont ete victimes ? ; 3) comment reagir a cette faute historique ?
Mitochondrial permeability transition in the diabetic heart: contributions of thiol redox state and mitochondrial calcium to augmented reperfusion injury.

Abstract Mitochondria from diabetic hearts are sensitized to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening, which may be responsible for the increased propensity for cardiac injury in diabetic hearts. The purpose of this study was to determine if redox-dependent PTP opening contributes to augmented injury in diabetic hearts, and if compounds targeted at mitochondrial PTP, ROS, and calcium influx protected diabetic hearts from injury. Hearts from control or streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were excised for either whole-heart or isolated mitochondria experiments. Myocardial glutathione content was oxidized in diabetic hearts when compared to control, and this translated to increased oxidation of the adenine nucleotide translocase in diabetic hearts. Diabetic mitochondria displayed significantly greater sensitivity to PTP opening than non-diabetic counterparts, which was reversed with the thiol-reducing agent dithiothreitol. The thiol-oxidant diamide increased calcium sensitivity in control, but not diabetic mitochondria. Diabetic animals treated with the mitochondria-targeted ROS suppressing peptide MTP-131 also showed improved resistance to PTP opening. In separate experiments hearts underwent ex vivo ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Diabetic hearts were more susceptible to IR injury, with infarct sizes of 60 ± 4% of the area-at-risk (vs. 46 ± 2% in non-diabetics; P
Learning and memory impairment in PTSD: relationship to depression

Memory function was studied in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), combat veterans without PTSD, and noncombat veterans. The Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests of the WAIS and Logical Memory (LMS) and Verbal Paired Associates (VPAS) subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale III were administered. Combat veterans with PTSD showed impaired memory on the LMS and VPAS compared to combat veterans without PTSD or noncombat veterans. Veterans with PTSD also showed lower WAIS Vocabulary subtest scores--but not digit span subtest scores--than combat veterans without PTSD or noncombat veterans. Medication status, co-morbid diagnosis, and age all failed to account for these memory differences, but when self-assessed depression--as measured by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale--or anxiety--as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale--was statistically removed, group differences on these memory measures were no longer significant. However, using a stepwise regression procedure, in which both anxiety and depression were employed to predict the LMS and VPAS scores, only the Zung scale reliably predicated performance. The present results, showing that PTSD is associated with general learning and memory impairments, is an important finding, but the specific effects of depression as a mediator of these deficits should be further studied.
Remote triggering of tremor along the San Andreas Fault in central California

Received 30 August 2008; accepted 16 April 2009; published 18 July 2009. [1] We perform a systematic survey of triggered tremor along the San Andreas Fault in central California for the 31 teleseismic earthquakes with Mw � 7.5 since 2001. We identify 10 teleseismic events associated with clear triggered tremor. About 52% of the tremor is concentrated south of Parkfield near Cholame, where ambient tremor has been identified previously, and the rest is widely distributed in the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault north of Parkfield. Tremor is generally initiated and is in phase with the Love wave particle velocity. However, the pattern becomes complicated with the arrival of the Rayleigh waves, and sometimes tremor continues after the passage of the surface waves. We identify two cases in which tremor is triggered during the teleseismic PKP phase. These results suggest that while shear stress from the passage of the Love waves plays the most important role in triggering tremor in central California, other factors, such as dilatational stresses from the Rayleigh and P waves, also contribute. We also examine the ambient tremor occurrence rate before and after the teleseismic events and find a transient increase of stacked tremor rate during the passage of the teleseismic surface waves. This observation implies that the occurrence time of tremor is temporally advanced by the dynamic stresses of the teleseismic waves. The amplitude of the teleseismic waves correlates with the occurrence of triggered tremor, and the inferred tremor-triggering threshold is � 2–3 kPa. The relatively low triggering threshold indicates that the effective stress at the tremor source region is very low, most likely due to near-lithostatic fluid pressure.
Scaling Interpersonal Checklist items to a circular model

The items of the Interpersonal Checklist (ICL) were scaled to a circular model by two different procedures: (1) the items were sorted by two differ ent samples into categories corresponding to the la bels of the eight ICL octants and (2) each item was scaled twice by a third sample, first on the 9-point bipolar scale Hate-Love, and second on the 9-point bipolar scale Dominance-Submissiveness. The two sets of ratings were found to correlate -.09, indicat ing that the two postulated dimensions presumed to underly the circular order are orthogonal. The items were then plotted into the plane formed by using the two scales as axes. The circular scale values calculated for the two sorting procedures correlated .95. The scale values obtained from the sorting procedure and those from the two-dimen sional procedure correlated .89. In general, the plotted items followed a circular order from close synonymity to antonymity and back. Several gaps on the circle were found, indicating an inadequate sampling of items. S...
Fuzzy logic applications in electric utility power plants

Electric Power Research Institute has conducted a survey of recent advances and trends in Japanese thermal power plants during summer 1991. This paper summarizes the survey, and introduces success stories and lessons learned in Japan. The survey has found many applications and wide-spread implementations of fuzzy logic technology such as: fuzzy-logic schedulers for plant transient operations, fuzzy-expert tuners of dynamic control systems, and fuzzy- algorithmic operation guidance systems for major plant equipment. It has been also found that applications of fuzzy logic technology caused drastic changes in functions of human operators in the loop [man-machine interface], database management and preventive plant maintenance, and control room design.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of kinetic parameters of plasma very-low-density, intermediate-density and low-density lipoproteins

A method for determining kinetic parameters of the protein moiety of plasma very-low-density (VLDL), intermediate-density (IDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is described. Formulas for calculating production rates of VLDL, IDL and LDL, and for calculating conversion rates of VLDL into IDL and LDL are presented. An example illustrates the method of analysis.
SU-GG-T-92: Gamma Dose Near a New Miniature Cf-252 Brachytherapy Source

Purpose: A new generation of high‐activity miniature 252Cf sources for interstitial brachytherapy has recently been encapsulated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The neutron and gamma doses in water near the source were measured. The measured gamma doses were found to be slightly greater than the neutrondoses, contradicting the established rule of thumb that neutron‐to‐gamma dose ratio is approximately 2:1. The current study was conducted to resolve this discrepancy. Method & Materials: Previous report suggests that the source gamma spectrum used by the Monte Carlo (MCNP code) calculations may have underestimated the intensity of low‐energy photons. These photons can be direct emissions from prompt fissions or fission product decays. They can also be produced indirectly via bremsstrahlung from slowing down of the beta particles emitted from fission products. To thoroughly account for the low‐energy photons, we updated the ORIGEN‐S (an ORNL code) data library to include the experimentally measured 252Cf prompt fission gamma spectrum and explicitly simulated the production and decay of fission products using spontaneous 252Cf fission yield data. We also employed the code BETA‐S in conjunction with ORIGEN‐S to generate a beta spectrum from the fission products. This beta spectrum was then used as an input to MCNP to calculate the bremsstrahlung photons and the corresponding doses in water. Results: The inclusion of beta emissions in MCNP calculations doubles the gamma doses in water, and therefore, the MCNP‐predicted gamma doses now closely match the measured results. Conclusions: The aforementioned discrepancy is now resolved. The gamma doses near the new 252Cf source are indeed slightly greater than the neutrondoses. This is because the new source capsule is so thin that many bremsstrahlung photons are able escape the capsule.
Projective identification as a defense mechanism in group counseling and therapy

Abstract Projective identification as a defense mechanism is a complex interaction in group counseling and therapy. A group leader's understanding of theoretical and processing cansiderations aids in effectively responding to this challenging member behavior.
Interleukin-10 immunoadhesin production by a replication-defective adenovirus

The present study examined the use of replication-defective adenovirus for in vitro production of an immunoadhesin. A recombinant adenovirus, rendered replication defective by deletion of the E1 gene, was constructed to contain the murine interleukin-10 gene fused in frame with the hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains of the murine immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy chain constant region gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter. The resultant recombinant virus, Ad5.hCMV.mIL-10:HFc, was used to transduce several cell types. The expressed protein, mIL-10:HFc, is secreted as a disulfide-bonded homodimer. In vitro, a murine pro-B-cell line expressing transfected recombinant murine interleukin-10 receptor proliferated in response to purified mIL-10:HFc. The results obtained demonstrate the relative ease of production of an immunoadhesin using replication-defective adenovirus.