cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Brain Mechanisms of Working Memory: An Evolving Story

Although pioneering studies on the neurobiology of working memory took place nearly eighty years ago, it is only in the last 30 years that this cognitive process has been the focus of intense research interest. This period has seen major evolutions in our understanding of the role of the prefrontal, parietal, and sensory cortex in working memory, and the neural mechanisms underlying its key properties are finally yielding to science's incessant scrutiny. In this Chapter, I present a brief overview of the field, from the first prefrontal cortex lesion studies of the 1930's to the most recent neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging advances in working memory.
Technical Report: Exploring Human Surrogate Characteristics

This report highlights some of the historical evolution of our research involving the characteristics that are essential for effective human-surrogate interactions. In this report, a consolidated glossary of terms related to human-surrogate interaction is described, following which an attempt at defining a consolidated space of surrogate characteristics is made. The rationale behind the space definition is to provide an easy way to categorize existing and future systems, and help identify areas in which the research community might focus its efforts.
Trichotillomania/Hair Pulling Disorder

Trichotillomania (TTM) is characterized by an inability to resist urges to pull hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, pubic region, or other bodily regions, resulting in noticeable hair loss. Episodes of pulling are often linked to stress. TTM is associated with psychiatric comorbidity and significant functional impairment. Habit reversal training, a form of cognitive behavioral therapy, is recognized as an empirically supported treatment for TTM in adults; several pharmacotherapy options appear to hold promise as well. Although pediatric onset appears to be the norm, the literature on treatment for TTM in children and adolescents remains sparse. Initial indications suggest that habit reversal training is efficacious for this age group, and relapse may be less common in youth than it appears to be in adults. Treatment in the community is often inadequate; dissemination of habit reversal training remains a public health priority. Keywords: psychopathology; adolescence; anxiety; children; hair; pediatric; pulling; trichophagia; trichotillomania
Biomass Supply Chains for Biofuel Production – Contracting Issues

The advances in technology, government grants and socio-environmental issues have caused a shift from corn to cellulose as ethanol feedstock, with more than 25 cellulosic ethanol plants being constructed in various parts of US (Ethanol RFA, 2008). Such a change in production and investment climate has implications for locating these biorefineries, and integrated production with locally available feedstocks, chosen technologies, size and scope of operations. This study analyzes questions such as ‘why a cellulosic ethanol pilot plant technology was located in a particular region (site specificity)?’ and ‘what role does the feedstock type (input specificity) and its opportunity costs could play in selecting a location?’ A database of these pilot plants is being built to identify the density and variation of biomass distribution (e.g. annual vs. perennial; multiple farmers vs. single large feedstock supply cooperative) together with qualitative inputs from the feedstock suppliers in that region. This helps identify synergies between competing technologies (among enzymatic, thermochemical and combined bioprocessing technologies) and how biomass supply infrastructure would evolve in North America. The study links the characteristics of regional feedstock supply (e.g. farmers in case of Voyager Ethanol in Iowa or landfills in case of New Planet Energy in Florida) and how that is tied to the success of proposed cellulosic ethanol pilot plants. The importance of captive farming of biomass for biofuel production is examined (OBC, 2008). Preliminary evidence suggests that the bioenergy firm’s size is inversely related to vertically integrated production (through captive plantations, Altman, et al, 2007) i.e. the captive plantations can be expected to be beneficial only for the smaller sized biomass plants.
The challenge of management education and development in Kazakhstan: Opportunities and threats in a changing environment

Kazakhstan is endowed with rich deposits of minerals, massive farmlands and a population of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Its independence in 1991 and adoption of a market‐oriented economy have brought new opportunities and challenges for efficient utilization of its abundant resources. The development process has been hampered by the low number of adequately qualified managers and business professionals who are familiar with the operation of a free‐market system. Reports the findings of field research in nine management training centres throughout Kazakhstan and examines their approaches to training qualified managers and business executives for public and private enterprises. Examines areas of strengths and weaknesses and offers suggestions for improvement.
Deletion of a proline-rich region and a transmembrane domain in fatty acid amide hydrolase1

Fatty acid amide hydrolase contains a proline-rich sequence matching a consensus sequence for SH3-binding domains as well as a transmembrane domain. In this study, deletion mutants lacking the proline-rich region and the transmembrane domain were generated. Transfection experiments demonstrated that the proline-rich deleted amidase was enzymatically inactive. While immunostaining of the wild-type was always punctate with strong perinuclear staining characteristic for endoplasmic reticulum, the staining of the mutant was diffuse and distributed throughout the cytoplasm and perinuclear region. These observations along with the loss of activity suggest that the proline-rich region may play a role in the subcellular localization and enzymatic function. The transmembrane domain-deleted mutant was indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme.
Information Technology and the Workplace: Implications for Persons with Disabilities

The Internet improves access to employment and community for many people. However, there is growing concern that many Web sites are inaccessible to people with certain disabilities. This article examines the impact on people with disabilities of online human resources processes used for employee recruitment, benefits, and training. In 2002, Cornell University staff reviewed the accessibility of 10 Job boards and 31 corporate e-recruiting Web sites. Human resource (HR) professionals are well positioned to report on key issues regarding these processes. A survey of 433 HR representatives was conducted regarding their organizations' use of information and Web technology in HR processes; knowledge of computer/Web barriers to employees with disabilities; and familiarity with assistive technology and resources. The authors summarize current literature and legislation relevant to Web accessibility, and discuss implications of their findings for businesses and people with disabilities in the workplace.
Choice under Uncertainty

The standard theory of individual choice under uncertainty consists of the joint hypothesis of expected utility risk preferences and probabilistic beliefs. Experimental work by both psychologists and economists has uncovered systematic departures from both hypotheses, and has led to the development of alternative, usually more general, models. Keywords: risk; uncertainty; expected utility; ambiguity; decision making
NDE of PWA 1480 single crystal turbine blade material

Cantilever bending fatigue specimens were examined by fluorescent liquid penetrant and radioactive gas penetrant (Krypton) Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) methods and tested. Specimens with cast, ground, or polished surfaces were evaluated to study the effect of surface condition on NDE and fatigue crack initiation. Fractographic and metallurgical analyses were performed to determine the nature of crack precursors. Preliminary results show that fatigue strength was lower for specimens with cast surfaces than for specimens with machined surfaces. The liquid penetrant and gas penetrant techniques both provided indications of a large population of defects on the cast surfaces. On ground or polished specimen surfaces, the gas penetrant appeared to estimate the actual number of voids more accurately than the liquid penetrant.
Purification and characterization of HeLa endonuclease R. A G-specific mammalian endonuclease.

We previously reported a double-stranded endonuclease from HeLa cells, endonuclease R (endo R), which specifically cleaves duplex DNA at sites rich in G.C base pairs. In this report we describe the purification of endo R to near homogeneity by conventional and affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the active form of endo R is approximately 115-125 kDa. SDS-gel electrophoresis reveals a major protein species of 100 kDa. The enzyme requires Mg2+ as a cofactor and is equally active on closed circular and linear duplex DNA substrates that contain G-rich sequences. A 50% reduction in cleavage activity is observed with Ca2+ ions and no double-stranded cleavage occurs with Zn2+. Use of Mn2+ causes an altered specificity at low concentrations of enzyme or divalent metal ion and nonspecific degradation of the substrate at higher concentrations. Endo R is strongly inhibited by sodium or potassium chloride and exhibits a wide pH optimum of 6.0-9.0. The pI of the enzyme is between 6.5 and 7.0. A 2-fold stimulation is observed with the addition of dGTP or dATP but specific cleavage is inhibited by ATP at an equivalent concentration. Cleavage activity is competitively inhibited 10-fold more efficiently by single-stranded poly(dG)12 than by other DNA competitors. The ends of endo R cleavage products contain 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl groups, and a significant portion of these products were substrates for T4 DNA ligase. Endo R appears to be a previously uncharacterized mammalian endonuclease.
Enhancing research and treatment of mental disorders with dimensional concepts: toward DSM-V and ICD-11.

The current versions of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR) and ICD (ICD-10) describe all mental disorders as polythetic-categorical concepts. Lists of symptoms are presented, and diagnostic category labels are assigned to patients based on observing specific patterns of symptoms. A number of notable conceptual problems emerge when using this strictly categorical system in research and in the clinic. When thorough structured diagnostic interviews are used, typical patients meet criteria for more than one specific diagnosis (a phenomenon termed “comorbidity”). In addition, groups of patients with the same putative categorical label are often heterogeneous with respect to key clinical features, such as severity and prognosis, and patients with symptomatology below diagnostic thresholds are often significantly impaired. Although categorical concepts will always be essential in official nosologies (e.g., in providing diagnostic labels for reimbursement purposes), many of the conceptual problems of a strictly categorical diagnostic system can be overcome by enhancing official nosologies with dimensional concepts. Specific dimensional approaches and directions that may be considered for upcoming revisions of both the DSM and ICD are discussed
Dietary Restriction and Presbyacusis: Periods of Restriction and Auditory Threshold Losses in the CBA/J Mouse

Dietary restriction was imposed on CBA/J mice, animals which develop presbyacusis late in their lives. Animals restricted for their whole lives, as well as those restricted after midlife, had less presbyacusis than did control mice fed ad libitum. Dietary restriction did not increase the life spans of these mice. Restriction until midlife did not protect from presbyacusis, nor did it increase life span. In this genotype, dietary restriction protects against hearing loss only if it occurs at the age of most rapid decline of cochlear function.
Multiple conformations of physiological membrane-bound cytochrome c.

One-tenth of cytochrome c (cyt c) remains bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) at physiological ionic strength (I; i.e., I ≈ 150 mM), exhibiting decreased electron transport (ET) activity. We now show that this form of membrane-bound cyt c (MB-cyt c) can be obtained in vitro and that binding to membranes at low I generates an additional conformation with higher ET activity. This low I bound form of MB-cyt c (MBL-cyt c) exhibited intrinsic ET rates similar to those of electrostatically bound cyt c (EB-cyt c). The ET activity of IMM-bound MB-cyt c approached slowly that of MBL-cyt c or EB-cyt c, suggesting that MB-cyt c converts to MBL-cyt c while bound to IMM. When maintained at physiological I, both forms of MB-cyt c were released from the membrane, indicating that they convert to an EB-cyt c-like form. This process may be very dynamic in cellular mitochondria, as binding and release for both MB-cyt c forms increased considerably with temperature. I-Dependent binding of MB-cyt c does not requir...
Short-lived, small RNAs in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells

Abstract Two methylated species of mammalian cytoplasmic RNA from HeLa cells are described. They migrate at about 74% (A) and 86% (B) of the speed of 5S rRNA on 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon continuous incubation with 3 H-uridine, when the rate of isotope incorporation into 5S rRNA ceases to be linear, the 3 H levels of these species quickly decrease, indicating their short life. By "chase" with 5μg of actinomycin D/ml, their half lives are about 10 min. A and B appear to be coded by the nuclear genome, as ethidium bromide has little effect on their transcription. There must be a very brief nuclear processing step, if any, because A and B can be detected in the cytoplasm after 4 min of incubation with 3 H-uridine, the shortest time tested. They do not seem to be part of the 45S precursor rRNA transcript, as their synthesis is not inhibited by 0.04 μg of actinomycin D/ml. Similar species have been found in hamster and mouse cells. Contamination by mycoplasmas could not be detected.
STEADY-STATE FREE PRECESSION IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

A steady-state free precession technique for observing nuclear magnetic resonance is described. A mathematical analysis is presented for certain special conditions, and initial experiments verifying the results of this analysis are reported. This technique provides two opportunities for improving the signal-to- noise ratio. First, it provides a mechanism, similar to that of the "spin echo," for eliminating the effect of the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field on signal strength. This permits the effective use of larger samples. In the second place it provides a steady-state signal which can be observed with a narrow-band detector. Under certain conditions the technique has a broad response as a function of frequency or field. The upper limit to the width of this response is determined by the electronic apparatus supplying the rf pulse; rather than the magnet or the nuclear sample. (auth)
Case Report: Parenchymal Pseudoaneurysm of a Renal Allograft After Core Needle Biopsy: A Rare Cause of Allograft Injury

There are multiple causes of worsening graft function after initial good function in cadaveric kidney transplant. In this report, we discuss a rare one: a traumatic pseudoaneurysm caused by a 14-gauge core needle biopsy in a 55-year-old woman. She had immediate graft function followed by rapid decline in the first postoperative week. Imaging studies showed an intraparenchymal 2-cm pulsatile mass with turbulent blood flow in the upper pole at the corticomedullary junction. Angiography the following morning confirmed the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm. It was coiled successfully, with restoration of graft function. Although development of a pseudoaneurysm is a rare event, transplant centers must be cognizant of allograft injuries like this one.
Breast-feeding and cognitive development

Eight-hundred fifty-five newborns were enrolled in a prospective study between 1978 and 1982 and then followed through school age. To determine whether the mode of infant feeding affected developmental scores or school grades, prospective data were collected on how the children were fed; 788 of the children had Bayley tests at 6 months, 720 at 12 months, 676 at 18 months and 670 at 2 years. McCarthy testing was done on 645 children at 3 years, 628 at 4 years and 636 at 5 years. Testers were not specifically blind to feeding method. The families provided report cards from grade 3 or higher for 366 children. There were statistically significant but small increases in scores among breast-fed children on at least some subscales of the Bayley and McCarthy at all time points from 2 years through 5 years and slightly higher English grades on report cards in both crude analyses and in multivariate analyses that allowed adjustment for the most plausible confounding variables. We conclude that, in a volunteer, 95% white sample of middle class children, those breast-fed scored slightly better than those bottle fed; the effect is small but still detectable at school age.
CO Dissociation at Elevated Pressures on Supported Pd Nanoclusters

In-situ polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRAS) is used to study CO adsorption at elevated pressures and temperatures on Pd nanoclusters deposited on crystalline SiO2 thin films. The PM-IRAS data indicate that CO dissociates on the Pd nanoclusters at 185 mbar and at temperature >600 K. Combined STM and PM-IRAS data show that the Pd nanoclusters are three-dimensional and consist predominantly of 〈111〉 facets with an average diameter and height of 3.5 and 0.7 nm, respectively. STM data indicate no change in the morphology or sintering of the Pd nanoclusters between 300 and 650 K. For comparison, CO adsorption was investigated on a Pd(111) single-crystal surface using PM-IRAS under similar conditions (PCO = 133 mbar, T = 175−750 K). Comparison of the PM-IRAS data for CO adsorption on Pd(111) and Pd nanoclusters indicate that in contrast to the Pd nanoclusters, CO adsorbs molecularly on the Pd(111) surface in a reversible manner, i.e., no dissociation.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms cause glomerulopathy

Myeloproliferative neoplasms are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders that can produce an undefined glomerulopathy. To better characterize the glomerular disease associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms, we evaluated features of 11 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-related glomerulopathy that included 8 patients with primary myelofibrosis, and 1 each with chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia. Indications for biopsy were nephrotic-range proteinuria (nephrotic syndrome in four) and chronic renal insufficiency. The mean time from diagnosis of the neoplasms to biopsy was 7.2 years. Histologically, mesangial sclerosis and hypercellularity were seen in all 11 cases, segmental sclerosis in 8, features of chronic thrombotic microangiopathy in 9, and intracapillary hematopoietic cells in 4. On follow-up, seven patients had persistent renal dysfunction and four progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Thus, glomerulopathy appears to be a late complication of myeloproliferative neoplasms, particularly primary myelofibrosis, with guarded prognosis. Greater awareness of this entity and larger studies are needed to define possible therapies.
Perphenazine (trilafon) and chlorpromazine in experimental shock.

Summary1) Pretreatment of rats with perphenazine or chlorpromazine (0.5 − 1.5 mg/kg, im) afforded significant protection against lethal effects of Noble-Collip drum trauma. Chlorpromazine was still effective at doses of 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg, whereas perphenazine was not protective in this dose range. Pretreatment of dogs with perphenazine (1 mg/kg, iv) significantly protected against lethal effects of hemorrhage under aseptic conditions. Chlorpromazine did not display significant protection at 1 mg/kg, but it did appear to be effective at 3 mg/kg in a limited study. Both drug treated groups (1 mg/kg) bled the same maximal volume as did the controls but at much slower rates when systolic pressure was maintained at 30 mm Hg. 2) Reduction of mortality in pretreated animals subjected to experimental shock may be due, at least in part, to adrenergic blocking activity of the test compounds.
The Comparative Validity of the California State University and Colleges English Placement Test (CSUC-EPT) in the Prediction of Fall Semester Grade Point Average and English Course Grades of First-Semester Entering Freshmen

The California State University and Colleges English Placement Test (CSUC-EPT) was designed to provide information about the performance levels in both reading and writing skills of newly admitted students (mostly freshmen) to any one of the campuses of the California State University and Colleges system (beginning with the Fall 1977 semester or quarter) (Educational Testing Service, 1977a, b). For a total sample of several hundred entering freshmen at one campus who had completed the CSUC-EPT and who had elected to take the general English Composition course (English 155) during the first semester as well as for nearly equal size subsamples of males and females, the major purpose of the investigation was to determine the comparative validity of the CSUC-EPT and of other measures in the prediction of each of two specific criterion variables—1977 Fall Semester Grade Point Average (GPA) and English 155 Grades.For the total sample as well as for subsamples of females and males, intercorrelations among 11 pre...
Mechanism of the Ferroelectric Phase Transformation in Rare-Earth Molybdates

Neutron scattering experiments on ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}$ ${(\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{3}$ show the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase to result from a phonon instability at the (\textonehalf{}, \textonehalf{}, 0) Brillouin zone corner of the parent tetragonal phase. Anharmonic coupling to these antiferroelectric displacements produces a spontaneous strain which in turn causes a spontaneous polarization through normal piezoelectric coupling. The rare-earth molybdates thus represent a new class of displacive ferroelectric materials without a soft polar mode.
Numerical studies of solute transport in a fracture surrounded by rock matrix: Effect of lateral diffusion and chemical reactions on the overall dispersion

Abstract In some approximations to the transport of radionuclides in geological media, it is assumed that the radionuclides are transported by advection-dispersion in a single fracture and diffusion in the surrounding rock matrix. The concentration in the main fracture is assumed to be constant in the direction transverse to groundwater flow, and the effect of this approximation is accounted for by use of the Taylor dispersion coefficient. Since in the calculations carried out to date this dispersion coefficient is based on Taylor's original analysis which had not considered interactions with a surrounding rock, the adequacy of the approximation needs to be examined carefully. For this purpose, we carry out a detailed numerical analysis of the problem by using an explicit finite difference technique. We find that indeed in the presence of the interactions with the surrounding rock, it would be necessary to modify the standard dispersion coefficient so that the solution of the laterally averaged equation produces agreement with the more detailed analysis.
Quadratic forms and quadrics of space over local rings

Relatively recent and new results on the enumeration of classes of projective congruent quadrics and classes of projective equivalent quadrics of projective spaces over a local ring R = 2R with nilpotent principal maximal ideal are reflected in the paper. For the case of the basic ring R with nonprincipal maximal ideal, the enumerations of quadrics of projective plane are given up to projective equivalence.
The modeling of the shock response of powdered ceramic materials

A two-cap constitutive model that incorporates inelastic yielding, frictional sliding, and densification was modified for shock-loading applications, and used to model shock-wave propagation of a powdered ceramic that is constrained by aluminum layers in a system, which is impacted by a flyer plate. The numerical results included analyses of the effects of shock stress amplitudes on densification, unloading behaviors, stress attenuation and dispersion, and stress and pressure distributions. An understanding of how interfacial impedances affect shock-front attenuation, dispersion, and propagation were obtained through modeling different shock-load conditions. The constitutive and computational models were validated with detailed simulations of shock-front experiments pertaining to powdered ceramics. It is shown how shock amplitude duration and rise time are related to stress evolution, and how physically limiting values result in inelastic damage. This analysis underscores how modeling with the appropriate constitutive description can provide insights on how powdered ceramics behave under impact-loading conditions.
DFT-Based Reaction Pathway Analysis of Hexadiene Cyclization via Carbenium Ion Intermediates: Mechanistic Study of Light Alkane Aromatization Catalysis

We conducted density functional theory calculations to identify the complete cyclization mechanism (ring formation and ring expansion) for protonated hexadiene in the gas-phase as a precursory mean...
Materials issues for quantum computation

The new field of quantum computing uses qubits (quantum bits) in place of classical bits to carry out certain types of computation. Physical systems that act as qubits encompass a wide range of technologies, from ions, to local defect states in crystals, and on to microelectronic devices addressable with wire interconnects. Materials issues arise in all of these, and this issue of MRS Bulletin describes how materials challenges and opportunities arise and have been used to make qubit-based quantum circuits using very different materials systems. In this overview article, we first review the universal ideas of how information is introduced and processed in a quantum computer. Comparing quantum to classical computers, for a given number of bits, the information content in a quantum computer is exponentially larger. But quantum computers face a daunting challenge: How do we keep the information from degrading and eventually disappearing? Maintaining the coherence of a quantum computer comes down to specific materials issues for all the approaches studied so far. Advances in materials design and processing have enabled enormous increases in performance, and we review the work described in each of the articles in this issue.
Studying Displacement: New Networks, Lessons Learned

In the opening piece in this special section, Kai Erikson argues that Katrina is likely to long remain the most telling disaster event in modern history because of all that it revealed about our society. Erikson, as well as Steve Kroll-Smith and Rachel Madsen (whose article follows this one), articulate a special kind of urgency in our need to understand the consequences of this catastrophe in the daily lives of those who were most affected by Katrina’s devastating winds and deadly floodwaters. This article describes an effort to document the experiences of people displaced by Katrina. The hurricane and the flooding that followed ultimately forced the evacuation of about 1.5 million people from across the Gulf Coast. And although the exact numbers will never be known, most researchers and practitioners working in this field now agree that the disaster led to the permanent dislocation of tens of thousands of people. A disproportionate number of those who were displaced over the long term were racial minorities, including over 119,000 African American residents who had not returned to New Orleans as of the 2010 Census count. Here, we describe the efforts of our group, the Research Network on Persons Displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Our goals as a network were to (1) learn what we could about the experiences of displaced Katrina survivors, and (2) consider the ways that the places where people landed—sometimes by choice, other times by force of circumstance—shaped various outcomes for displaced children and adults. Like the other contributions in this special section of Sociological Inquiry, we focus less on our specific findings and more on how we actually went about completing our research studies. Our hope is that by sharing some thoughts about our own process—and by describing how our projects fit under the larger umbrella of the Katrina Task Force—that readers might consider how this type of collaborative social science work could enhance their own scholarly practice.
Effect of physico-chemical and molecular mobility parameters on Staphylococcus aureus growth

Summary The role played by water activity, ‘mobility’ and physico-chemical properties of the media in modulating microbial response has been the object of large debate in the scientific community. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus growth parameters (lag phase and cell density at 24 h) in brain heart infusion (BHI) and BHI:NaCl (1:1) were analysed in their correlation with physico-chemical/mobility parameters descriptive of the media [solid content, aw, kinematic viscosity, 17O NMR (R2, Pbw and )]. In these high moisture content, liquid and ‘homogeneous’ media S.aureus growth related to all the physico-chemical and molecular mobility parameters analysed in a similar manner and it was found to be influenced more significantly by added NaCl than by the physico-chemical and molecular mobility of the media. Staphylococcus aureus growth parameters correlated better with aw (relatively independent of NaCl concentration) than with any other parameter considered in this study.
Antioxidative Properties of Cacao and Their Effect on Butteroil

Summary The antioxidant properties of cacao shell, cocoa powder, and certain extracts of these products were determined in butteroil by the use of two accelerated tests, namely, the modified Schaal test and the Swift fat stability test. Determinations were made for peroxide values, color, taste, and odor. This study substantiated the writer's previous (1938) observations that cacao shell and cocoa powder contain a natural antioxidant that is effective in retarding oxidative deterioration of milk fat. The cacao antioxidant was more effective when copper was added. The cacao antioxidant also was an inhibitor of the pro-oxidant effect of copper. The antioxidants in cacao shell were partly extracted with water or alcohol, and the concentrated water and alcohol extracts were more potent than cacao shell or cocoa powder. Drying the water and alcohol extracts to a powder did not significantly decrease their protective properties. In general, the dried water extract of cacao shell was more effective in retarding oxidative spoilage than Viobin but was less effective than caffeic acid or tannic acid. The dried water extract of cacao shell nearly equaled NDGA when the antioxygenic effect was evaluated by comparing the aeration time to produce the first slight oxidized flavor. The antioxidants in cacao shell and cocoa powder were not extracted with fat solvents. A cacao tannin-like material was isolated from cacao shell and was found to be less potent as an antioxidant than pure tannic acid. The cacao inhibitor at a concentration of 0.05% did not impart a foreign flavor to the butteroil. Whether the antioxidative materials derived from cacao are nontoxic has not been determined.
Enolization of aldosulose derivatives. 4-O-acetyl-1,6-anhydro-2-3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-threo-hex-3-enopyranose, the 3,4-enediol acetate of a fused-ring keto sugar, and formation of a branched-chain sugar derivative

Abstract 1,6-Anhydro-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- D - lyxo -hexopyranos-4-ulose ( 1 ), a keto sugar having a [3.2.1] bicyclic ring-system, is converted by acetic anhydride—triethylamine at room temperature into a crystalline dimer ( 5 ), a branched-chain sugar derivative apparently formed by attack of C-3 of the 3,4-enediolate anion of a molecule of 1 on the carbonyl group of a second molecule of 1 . Under more vigorous conditions, the reagent converts the dimer 5 into the crystalline 3,4-enediol acetate ( 2 ) of the ketone 1 ; no 4,5-enediol acetate is formed because of steric reasons (Bredt rule). The enediol acetate 2 is hydrolyzed readily to the parent ketone 1 , and is converted by ethanolic base into the crystalline, hydrated ketone 3 . Reduction of 2 with borohydride gives 1,6-anhydro-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- D -talopyranose ( 6 ). The n.m.r. spectrum of the enediol acetate 2 , analyzed with the use of spin decoupling, shows a long-range coupling between H-2 and the exo proton at H-6.
Pluto's atmosphere - Models based on refraction, inversion, and vapor-pressure equilibrium

Viking spacecraft radio-occultation measurements indicate that, irrespective of substantial differences, the polar ice cap regions on Mars have inversions similar to those of Pluto, and may also share vapor pressure equilibrium characteristics at the surface. This temperature-inversion phenomenon occurs in a near-surface boundary layer; surface pressure-temperature may correspond to the vapor-pressure equilibrium with CH4 ice, or the temperature may be slightly higher to match the value derived from IRAS data.
Primary manual aspiration thrombectomy (MAT) for acute ischemic stroke: safety, feasibility and outcomes in 112 consecutive patients.

Aim To describe procedural aspects and clinical outcomes in a consecutive series of patients in whom manual aspiration thrombectomy (MAT) was performed as the first treatment modality with other techniques used only in case MAT did not yield recanalization. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively acquired acute stroke intervention database was performed. Primary MAT was carried out with a preference for the largest catheter considered to be trackable into the target occlusive lesion. The catheter was wedged into the thrombus followed by manual aspiration with a 20 ml syringe. Results 112 consecutive patients were evaluated. The median age was 66 years and the median NIH Stroke Scale score was 17. Occlusion locations included the M1 (62%), M2 (8%), internal carotid artery terminus (19%) and the vertebrobasilar artery (11%). Patients with anterior occlusions had tandem extracranial/intracranial occlusive lesions in 18.7% Median time from symptom onset to groin puncture was 267 min, and from groin puncture to recanalization was 70 min. Successful recanalization (defined as Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b/3) with primary MAT was 59% with a median of two passes. 41% of patients required the use of adjunctive therapy yielding an overall recanalization rate of TICI 2b/3 (86%) and TICI 3 (30.6%). Parenchymal hematoma of any type (PH1/PH2) was seen in 9.8% of patients, with symptomatic hemorrhage in 6%. Favorable outcomes (90-day modified Rankin Scale ≤2) were 46%. Mortality at 3 months was 31%. Primary MAT was associated with faster procedural times (mean 63 vs 97 min, p Conclusions Primary MAT is an alternative endovascular recanalization technique with reasonable first pass efficacy that will likely improve with technology and experience.
Pseudocolor encoding with a white-light processing system

Abstract Pseudocolor encoding of black and white images utilizing a white-light processing system is described. The optical system can be used as a color parallel processor or a color serial processor to obtain various pseudocolor encoded images. Experimental results of pseudocolor processing are given.
A Network Approach to a Geometric Packing Problem

Abstract We investigate a geometric packing problem (derived from an industrial setting) that involves fitting patterns of regularly spaced disks without overlap. We first derive conditions for achieving a feasible placement of a given set of patterns and then construct a network formulation that facilitates the calculation of such a placement. A heuristic utilizing this network representation is also outlined. Additionally, we show a connection to the well-known Periodic Scheduling Problem.
"Holly wreath" morphology of feline erythrocytes--the effects of cyanate and 4,4'-dipyridyldisulfide.

SummaryFeline erythrocytes develop into “holly wreath” or acanthocytic forms upon deoxygenation. Prior reaction with KCNO or with the sulfhydryl modifying reagent, PDS, prevents the development of abnormal morphology. Cyanate causes irreversible modification of the terminal NH2-groups and PDS modifies the reactive -SH groups in the hemoglobins to profoundly alter the properties of the feline hemoglobins. A possible analogy with the human “sickle cell” system is indicated.We thank Mrs. S. L. Tsai, Mrs. Y. P. Huang, and Miss Colleen Counihan for technical assistance. We also thank Mr. Gene Putz for helpful discussions and Mr. Anthony Kuzma for expert help in preparations of the photomicrographs.
When We Don’t See Eye to Eye: Discrepancies between Supervisors and Subordinates in Absence Disciplinary Decisions

The present study provided a within-subjects assessment of the factors associated with absence disciplinary decisions for both supervisors and subordinates. In addition, this study examined discrepancies in disciplinary decisions between supervisors and their subordinates based on differences in psychological and demographic attributes. A sample of non-academic employees from 19 intact triads (one supervisor; two subordinates) at a large Midwest university responded to hypothetical scenarios describing factors that might contribute to absence disciplinary decisions. The results demonstrated that both supervisors and subordinates generally place similar weights on factors that are relevant to disciplinary decisions. Perhaps more importantly, a number of psychological and demographic differences between supervisors and subordinates related positively to discrepancies in disciplinary decisions.
The impact of website design on the perceived credibility of internet financial reporting

Marketing and information systems research show that surface features of a website can induce credibility effects. We conduct an experiment to examine the question of credibility effects induced by the surface features of web-based financial reporting. We predict that participants will perceive financial data from sites with surface flaws (poor style and incompleteness) to be of lower credibility. Consistent with our expectations, we find that surface features can significantly affect users' perceptions of the credibility of financial information. We present further analyses showing that website surface features also impact investment attractiveness, suggesting that website characteristics may adversely affect investor perceptions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remoxipride, a new selective D2 antagonist, and haloperidol in cebus monkeys.

Abstract 1. 1. Nine Cebus monkeys, 6 with mild spontaneous oral dyskinesia (tongue protrusions), were tested with two dopamine D2 antagonists, remoxipride (a new substituted benzamide) and haloperidol, and witn two dopamine agonists, methylphenidate and apomorphine. 2. 2. Remoxipride 4 and 8 mg kg and haloperidol 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg given alone induced identical dystonic-dyskinetic syndromes. 3. 3. Methylphenidate 0.5 mg kg caused increased arousal, but reduced oral dyskinesia, while apomorphine 0.25 mg kg slightly increased arousal and induced/aggravated oral dyskinesia. 4. 4. Remoxipride 2 and 4 mg kg and haloperidol 0.005 and 0.01 mg kg equally antagonized the methylphenidate- and apomorphine-induced arousal, but not oral dyskinesia. 5. 5. Marked sedation was seen when apomorphine was given together with either D2 receptor antagonists. 6. 6. It is concluded that remoxipride and haloperidol have a similar qualitative effect in motor behavior in Cebus monkeys, but the quantitative difference between the dystonia-inducing dose levels of the two drugs compared with the antipsychotic dose levels (estimated from clinical studies) suggests that remoxipride may cause relatively few extrapyramidal side-effects in human.
Performance improvement of long-wave infrared InAs/GaSb strained-layer superlattice detectors through sulfur-based passivation

Abstract We report on effective sulfur-based passivation treatments of type-II InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattice detectors (100% cut-off wavelength is 9.8 μm at 77 K). The electrical behavior of detectors passivated by electrochemical sulfur deposition (ECP) and thioacetamide (TAM) was evaluated for devices of various sizes. ECP passivated detectors with a perimeter-to-area ratio of 1600 cm −1 exhibited superior performance with surface resistivity in excess of 10 4 Ω cm, dark current density of 2.7 × 10 −3 A/cm 2 , and specific detectivity improved by a factor of 5 compared to unpassivated devices ( V Bias = − 0.1 V, 77 K).
Calcium Channels Link the Muscle-Derived Synapse Organizer Laminin β2 to Bassoon and CAST/Erc2 to Organize Presynaptic Active Zones

Synapse formation requires the organization of presynaptic active zones, the synaptic vesicle release sites, in precise apposition to postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor clusters; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these processes remain unclear. Here, we show that P/Q-type and N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) play essential roles as scaffolding proteins in the organization of presynaptic active zones. The neuromuscular junction of double knock-out mice for P/Q- and N-type VDCCs displayed a normal size but had significantly reduced numbers of active zones and docked vesicles and featured an attenuation of the active-zone proteins Bassoon, Piccolo, and CAST/Erc2. Consistent with this phenotype, direct interactions of the VDCC β1b or β4 subunits and the active zone-specific proteins Bassoon or CAST/Erc2 were confirmed by immunoprecipitation. A decrease in the number of active zones caused by a loss of presynaptic VDCCs resembled the pathological conditions observed in the autoimmune neuromuscular disorder Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. At the synaptic cleft of double knock-out mice, we also observed a decrease of the synaptic organizer laminin β2 protein, an extracellular ligand of P/Q- and N-type VDCCs. However, the transcription level of laminin β2 did not decrease in double knock-out mice, suggesting that the synaptic accumulation of laminin β2 protein required its interaction with presynaptic VDCCs. These results suggest that presynaptic VDCCs link the target-derived synapse organizer laminin β2 to active-zone proteins and function as scaffolding proteins to anchor active-zone proteins to the presynaptic membrane.
A Facile Method for the Bishomologation of Ketones to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes: Application to the Synthesis of the Cyclohexanoid Components of the Boll Weevil Sex Attractant

Abstract The acid-catalyzed isomerization of tertiary vinyl carbinols (2) to the corresponding primary allylic alcohols (5) has been reported numerous times in the chemical literature.1 In addition, the corresponding acetylenic carbinols (3) have been shown2 to rearrange to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (6) when treated with aqueous acid. Since yields are generally low under the conditions required for the latter transformation, a better method3 involves the isomerization of the corresponding tertiary acetylenic acetate (4) in the presence of silver ion to an allenic acetate, followed by hydrolysis to the desired α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (6).
On the application of quantum decision making to artificial life

In this paper we are interested in examining some of the benefits of combining artificial life with quantum decision making. After providing an introduction to quantum computing, we attempt to decompose and list those features of a quantum decision maker which we believe are important to an artificial life form, and, from this, we describe a simple abstract interface for such a decision maker. Following this, we describe how a quantum decision maker, supporting such an interface, may be used to operate artificial life forms. We conclude by describing our own experiments in this field including quantum flocking behaviors and robotics. In both cases we will observe complex and interesting behaviors arise from the quantum model despite being given very basic behavioral rules.
Facile biomimetic syntheses of the azaspiracid spiroaminal

Abstract The azaspiracid natural products display a common spiroaminal-containing terminal domain that has inspired the development of two new methods for spiroaminal syntheses—a Staudinger reduction–aza-Wittig process and a double intramolecular hetero-Michael addition. These effective laboratory approaches proceed through imine and enamine intermediates that may reflect transient biogenetic species.
Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Proximal Environmental Experiences, and Socioemotional and Academic Adjustment in Early Adolescence: Investigation of a Mediated Effects Model

This study investigated interrelations among conditions of household socioeconomic disadvantage, proximal environmental experiences, and adaptational outcomes in a sample of 398 middle grade, early adolescents from a predominantly poor, rural area. Findings indicated that levels of disadvantage were related to both socioemotional and academic adjustment, with those from relatively disadvantaged backgrounds faring most poorly. Specifically, youth from homes in which adults were employed in low-income, unskilled occupations were found to have lower levels of school performance and achievement compared to those from homes in which adults were employed in higher paying semi-skilled or skilled/professional occupations. Further, youth from families in which neither parent had graduated from high school exhibited significantly worse socioemotional and academic adjustment than did those whose parents had higher educational levels. Youth who lived in relatively disadvantaged homes also reported more negative experiences of proximal environmental conditions relating to family and school contexts and greater exposure to stressful life events. Most notably, findings provided support for employing an ecological-mediational perspective to understand patterns of linkage between socioeconomic disadvantage and levels of adjustment. Support for this viewpoint included the finding that proximal environmental experiences were significant predictors of adolescent adjustment, independent of shared variance with conditions of household disadvantage, whereas conditions of disadvantage in several instances were no longer related significantly to indices of adjustment once their association with proximal environmental conditions was taken into account. The discussion considers implications for the targeting and scope of ecologically oriented approaches to preventive intervention.