cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration-Type Identification in Educational Datasets.

Identifying collaboration between learners in a course is an important challenge in education for two reasons: First, depending on the courses’ rules, collaboration can be considered a form of cheating. Second, it helps one to more accurately evaluate each learner’s competence. While such collaboration identification is already challenging in traditional classroom settings consisting of a small number of learners, the problem is greatly exacerbated in the context of both online courses or massively open online courses (MOOCs) where potentially thousands of learners have little or no contact with the course instructor. In this work, we propose a novel methodology for collaboration-type identification, which both identifies learners who are likely collaborating and also classifies the type of collaboration employed. Under a fully Bayesian setting, we infer the probability of learners’ succeeding on a series of test items solely based on graded response data. We then use this information to jointly compute the likelihood that two learners were collaborating and what collaboration model (or type) was used. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods on both synthetic and real-world educational data; for the latter, the proposed methods find strong evidence of collaboration among learners in two non-collaborative takehome exams.
Mono-Ion Oscillator for Ultimate Resolution Laser Spectroscopy

The 1965 experiment [1] of FORTSON, MAJOR and DEHMELT in which the 0-0 hyperfine transition in the ground state of 3He+ near 8 GHz was observed with a linewidth of ~ 10 Hz or a resolution of about 1 part in 109 marked the advent of high resolution microwave spectroscopy of stored ions proposed earlier by the author [2]. Samples of ~ 107 ions were used in these experiments. Already then in our 1966 publication we pointed out the potential usefulness of ion storage for laser spectroscopy. In 1973 MAJOR and WERTH [3], now with NASA, reported the record resolution of 2 parts in 1010 in an optical pumping experiment [4] on the hyperfine structure transitions near 40 GHz on ~ 105 stored 199Hg+ ions. Also in 1973 I proposed laser fluorescence spectroscopy on a highly refrigerated, individual T1+ ion stored in an rf quadrupole trap, “The T1+ Mono-Ion Oscillator,” [4] with a projected resolution of 1 part in 1014. In 1975 I added a laser double resonance scheme for effectively amplifying about million-fold the fluorescence intensity used for the detection of the forbidden transition of interest [5]. This scheme also made the study of the similar ions In+, Ga+, Al+ attractive. Incorporation into the T1+ experiment of the side band cooling mechanism [6], searched for by WINELAND and DEHMELT in 1974 in experiments on stored electron clouds and found in 1976 by VAN DYCK, EKSTROM and DEHMELT in their geonium experiment [7], was proposed by WINELAND and DEHMELT in 1975. Also in 1974 the award bf a HUMBOLDT prize enabled me to initiate a Ba+ mono-ion oscillator [8] experiment at the Universitaet Heidelberg in collaboration with P. TOSCHEK and his group to prepare the ground for the more difficult Tl+ work. At the same time, I proposed a Sr+ mono-ion oscillator experiment [9] together with H. WALTHER, then at the Universitaet Koln.
Does roomware matter ?: investigating the role of personal and public information devices and their combination in meeting room collaboration

We report about an empirical study that investigates the role of different "roomware" configurations on the products and processes of meeting room collaboration. The configurations were realized by different combinations of providing computers and a large interactive electronic whiteboard. In this study, 48 subjects working in teams of four were assigned to three experimental conditions: four workstations networked and mounted in the table (WS), a LiveBoard (LB), and a networked combination of computers and LiveBoard (WS+LB). The results show that the teams in the WS+LB condition produced better quality work, in particular, generating more ideas than in the other two conditions. They also employed a more effective distribution of different cooperation modes.
The effect of concentrator field layout on the EE-1 small community solar power system

The point-focusing distributed receiver (PFDR) concept is employed by a number of solar thermal power systems currently under development. One type of PFDR system which shows particular promise incorporates distributed energy generation. According to this concept each parabolic dish collector is a self-contained power generation module, and a conventional electrical system is used to interconnect the modules. The concept is thus modular, and any number of power modules can be combined to achieve the required plant size. Given the benefits of mass production, it appears that this type of system can produce electricity at lower cost than is projected for conventional (fossil) power systems over the next decade. An employment of organic Rankine cycle heat engines is considered.
Cross‐Cultural Study of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes During Math Problem Solving

The purpose of this qualitative study was: (a) to explore the cognitive and metacognitive processes of mathematics problem-solving discourse of 10-year-old students in Russia, Spain, Hungary, and the United States; and (b) to explore the patterns of social interactions during small group work. Data were analyzed using a cognitive/metacognitive framework adopted from Artzt and Armour-Thomas. The analysis of think-aloud transcripts, students' reflective journals, and field observation notes revealed similar patterns of cognitive/metacognitive processes of the problem-solving discourse at the four research sites and distinct patterns of social interactions. Implications of how children used metacognition to impact learning during mathematics problem solving are discussed.
The effect of intrauterine hypoxia on the child surviving to 4 years

Abstract Intrauterine hypoxia/asphyxia is an unchallenged cause of perinatal death, but whether sublethal degrees of hypoxia result frequently in brain damage in surviving infants is less certain. To test this hypothesis, obstetric patients with abruptio placentae, placenta previa, and prolapse of the umbilical cord were computer matched on several factors with normal control patients to determine the degree of risk of lower 4 year Stanford-Binet I.Q. scores or abnormalities on the 4 year fine motor and gross motor testings. The mean I.Q. score of babies born of mothers with one of these complications was no different from that of the normal controls. Similarly negative results were recorded on the 4 year fine motor and gross motor testings. Children of low birth weight in either group experienced lower I.Q. scores and higher risk of abnormal findings on the motor tests at 4 years than the babies of mature birth weight. Intrauterine hypoxia/asphyxia apparently is not a major cause of neurologic dysfunction in the surviving child.
Role of Immunoglobulins in Protection Against Shigella-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis

Various immunoglobulin preparations were tested for their ability to protect guinea pig eyes from infection by a virulent strain of Shigella flexneri. Secretory immunoglobulin A was effective in delaying or preventing keratoconjunctivitis in eight guinea pigs when it was used to precoat the organism, and was also placed in the eye with the inoculum. Neither immunoglobulin G nor immunoglobulin M gave any protection when used in the same way. Protection by secretory immunoglobulin A appeared to be related to the antishigella antibody content of the immunoglobulin since a low-titered preparation gave less protection than a higher-titered one.
A MEMS sensor for low-frequency vibration energy harvesting

This paper reports ongoing work in development of a MEMS electrostatic sensor for self-powered detection of mechanical vibrations of less than 1000 Hz. The sensor is an in-plane overlapping comb configuration. Six different variants on a common design were fabricated on a single die using the commercial SOI-MUMPS process. Additional masses were manually added to lower the resonant frequency.
Laboratory and field experiments on the feeding ecology of the cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclops edax

SUMMARY. 1. Gut contents of Mesocyclops edax consisted of rotifers. cladocerans, copepods and algae, the importance of each varying seasonally. 2. Functional response experiments using two soft-bodied rotifers as prey showed an increase in ingestion rate with increasing prey density up to a threshold, followed by a decline. 3. Enclosure experiments with natural assemblages of prey from two lakes indicated that Mesocyclops edax is a selective feeder and may ingest fifty or more prey per predator per day, accounting for up to 17% of the standing crop of its preferred prey species per day in nature.
GABAA RECEPTORS AND ACTIONS OF NEUROSTEROIDS

GABA acting via GABAA receptors exerts inhibitory actions on neurons. Certain endogenous steroids (neurosteroids) are modulators of GABAA receptors. Tetrahydroprogesterone (THP) and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) behave as allosteric agonists of the GABAA receptors, while pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) act as antagonists. The neurosteroids alter ligand binding, chloride transport and electrophysiological responses to GABA, acting at unique steroid recognition sites at the GABAA receptors. Certain behavioral effects of the neurosteroids are consistent with their GABA-agonistic or -antagonistic properties. For example, THP and THDOC manifest hypnotic and anxiolytic actions, while PS reduces barbiturate-induced sleep time. Physiologically changing levels of GABAergic steroids, during development, stress, phases of ovarian cycle or pregnancy may alter GABAA receptor function, thus influencing neuronal excitability and CNS arousal. For example, pregnancy and puerperium are associated with alterations of GABAA receptor function that seem attributable to steroid actions. GABA-ergic steroids also regulate uterine contractibility. This phenomenon may play a role in quieting the uterus during pregnancy and in its activation during parturition. (Review: Majewska, Prog.Neurobiol.38:379, 1992.)
Response retrieval in a go/no-go priming-of-popout task

Priming of popout is the finding that singleton search is faster when features of a target and of nontargets are repeated across trials than when the features switch. Theoretical accounts suggest that intertrial repetition influences perceptual and attentional selection processes, episodic retrieval processes, or both. The present study combined a popout search task with a go/no-go task. In Experiment 1, the nontarget distractors in each display carried the go/no-go feature, and in Experiment 2, the texture of all items carried the go/no-go feature. Results showed that the go/no-go task moderated the intertrial repetition effects. In Experiment 1, the target color elicited retrieval of the preceding distractor color and associated no-go response, resulting in larger interference effects. In Experiment 2, the target color elicited retrieval of the preceding target color and no-go response, resulting in reduced facilitation effects. Additional results from both experiments showed that the colors in a search display also influenced target selection on the following trial. Taken together, the results of both experiments suggest that intertrial repetition influences both early selection and postselection retrieval processes.
The plasma environment, charge state, and currents of Saturn's C and D rings

The charge state and associated currents of Saturn's C an D rings are studied by modeling the flow of ionospheric plasma from the mid- to low-latitude ionosphere to the vicinity of the rings. It is found that the plasma density near the C and D rings, at a given radial location, will experience a one to two order of magnitude diurnal variation. The surface charge density (SCD) of these rings can show significant radial and azimuthal variations due mainly to variation in the plasma density. The SCD also depends on structural features of the rings such as thickness and the nature of the particle size distribution. The associated azimuthal currents carried by these rings also show large diurnal variations resulting in field-aligned currents which close in the ionosphere. The resulting ionospheric electric field will probably not produce a significant amount of plasma convection in the topside ionosphere and inner plasmasphere.
Stream Invertebrate Communities, Water Quality, and Land-Use Patterns in an Agricultural Drainage Basin of Northeastern Nebraska, USA.

We used invertebrate bioassessment, habitat analysis, geographic information system analysis of land use, and water chemistry monitoring to evaluate tributaries of a degraded northeast Nebraska, USA, reservoir. Bimonthly invertebrate collections and monthly water chemistry samples were collected for two years on six stream reaches to identify sources contributing to reservoir degradation and test suitability of standard rapid bioassessment methods in this region. A composite biotic index composed of seven commonly used metrics was effective for distinguishing between differentially impacted sites and responded to a variety of disturbances. Individual metrics varied greatly in precision and ability to discriminate between relatively impacted and unimpacted stream reaches. A modified Hilsenhoff index showed the highest precision (reference site CV = 0.08) but was least effective at discriminating among sites. Percent dominance and the EPT (number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa) metrics were most effective at discriminating between sites and exhibited intermediate precision. A trend of higher biotic integrity during summer was evident, indicating seasonal corrections should differ from other regions. Poor correlations were evident between water chemistry variables and bioassessment results. However, land-use factors, particularly within 18-m riparian zones, were correlated with bioassessment scores. For example, there was a strong negative correlation between percentage of rangeland in 18-m riparian zones and percentage of dominance in streams (r2= 0.90, P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that standard rapid bioassessment methods, with some modifications, are effective for use in this agricultural region of the Great Plains and that riparian land use may be the best predictor of stream biotic integrity.
Dynamical theory of spontaneous breakdown for chiral-invariant quantum chromodynamics: Resolution of the U(1) problem

We show how Nambu's dynamical theory of spontaneous breakdown can be applied to the quantum-chromodynamic pion and kaon but not to the U(1) eta/sub 0/. We therefore suggest that the eta/sub 0/ is not a Nambu-Goldstone boson.
Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal Structures of Benzene-1,2-dithiolato Complexes of Thallium(I) and -(III).

The syntheses, molecular structures and properties of homoleptic 1,2-S2C6H4 complexes of thallium(I) and thallium(III) with four-coordinated metal centers are described. Anaerobic treatment of TlCl, TlNO3, or Tl2CO3 with solutions of sodium methanolate and 1,2-(HS)2C6H4 in methanol gave after metathesis with [NEt4]Br yellow solutions of [NEt4]2[{Tl(1,2-(μ-S)2C6H4)}2] ([NEt4]21). Yellow single crystals were obtained from saturated acetone solutions at −10 °C and the crystal data for [NEt4]21 are monoclinic, P21/c, with Z = 2, a = 7.440(1) A, b = 16.373(3) A, c = 13.201(2) A, and β = 97.08(1)°. Complex 12-, the first structurally characterized homoleptic ionic thiolate complex of thallium(I), contains rectangular bipyramidal [TlS4Tl] cages with the four sulfur atoms defining the equatorial plane and the two thallium atoms in axial positions. The S2C6H4 fragments are almost coplanar with the S4 plane. In the crystal lattice, nearly linear Tl···Tl chains align along the a-axis (offset ca. 3.0°) with the ligan...
Sending smoke signals

A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race. By Carl Sagan Richard Turco. Random/Century: 1991. Pp.499. $27.95, £20.
Community stories and their relevance to planning

The conception of planning as a technical, problem solving activity has increasingly given way to what has been called the argumentative turn in planning theory and practice. From this perspective, the ways in which issues and problems are represented and communicated can seriously affect community planning process and policy outcomes. In this article, I examine this process by focusing on the role that heritage narratives play in community planning. Heritage narratives are selective representations of the past that provide a framework within which the meaning of contemporary events can be placed and decisions about the future made. Case study data from three communities are used to illustrate how heritage narratives are implicated in the planning process. The article concludes with suggestions for planning practice.
Potentiation of apomorphine and d-amphetamine effects by naloxone

Abstract The effects of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, on the stereotypic behavior and locomotor activity induced by apomorphine and d-amphetamine were studied. Groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were first tested for stereotypy and locomotor activity after apomorphine (0.0 – 2.0 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (0.0 – 10.0 mg/kg). Groups were subsequently tested with saline or naloxone (1.0 – 4.0 mg/kg) plus the previously used dosage of apomorphine or d-amphetamine. Naloxone alone did not produce stereotypy, but did significantly reduce locomotor activity. Naloxone potentiated apomorphine and d-amphetamine induced stereotypy. Apomorphine-induced activity was increased by naloxone, but d-amphetamine-induced activity at 2.5 mg/kg was reduced. The results are compatible with the suggestion that naloxone may potentiate both apomorphine and d-amphetamine by inhibiting an opiate receptor mechanism which normally interacts with catecholamine neuronal action.
Creating the Kingdom of Ends

Part I. Kant's Moral Philosophy: 1. An introduction to the ethical, political, and religious thought of Kant 2. Kant's analysis of obligation: the argument of Groundwork I 3. Kant's formula of universal law 4. Kant's formula of humanity 5. The right to lie: Kant on dealing with evil 6. Morality as freedom 7. Creating the kingdom of ends: reciprocity and responsibility in personal relations Part II. Comparative Essays: 8. Aristotle and Kant on the source of value 9. Two distinctions in goodness 10. The reasons we can share: an attack on the distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral values 11. Skepticism about practical reason 12. Two arguments against lying 13. Personal identity and the unity of agency: a Kantian response to Parfit.
An Adaptation of the Diabetes Prevention Program for Use With High-Risk, Minority Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of an edited Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Lifestyle Resources Core Teaching Plan for managing patients with type 2 diabetes in an urban underserved setting. Modifications were made to attempt to cut to the bare essentials to work within the constrained budgets of safety net providers. The primary aim was to achieve a mean absolute reduction in HbA1c level of 1 percentage point. Methods The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial of 9 months' duration for patients with type 2 diabetes with an HbA1c>or=8.0%. A total of 67 patients randomized into usual-care and case management groups were evaluated with an intention-to-treat analysis. A modified DPP workbook was used during 7 monthly visits with a nurse case manager. Results As compared with the usual-care group, those in the case management group experienced a greater reduction in HbA1c level (-1.87 vs -0.54; P=.011) and weight (-2.47 kg vs +0.88 kg; P=.011). Conclusion Use of an edited version of the DPP workbook in an urban, low-income, minority population with type 2 diabetesproduced a significant absolute reduction in HbA1c percentage and weight.
The "Developing" Achievement Gap: Colombian Voucher Reform.

The achievement gap in many developing countries is defined in terms of rich/poor and public/private. The prevailing explanation for the “developing” achievement gap is an underfunded, inefficient, and/or inadequately supplied public school sector. Via an analysis of a Colombian voucher experiment, this article examines the extent to which income-contingent vouchers can narrow the achievement gap and provide a cost-effective method for increasing secondary school enrollments. Despite structural and implementation flaws, which diminish the program's impact on achievement and enrollments, its successes strengthen the argument that implementing an income-contingent voucher program can help narrow the achievement gap in developing countries. To cost-effectively increase enrollments, however, significant modifications and expansions to the program would be necessary—as explained in the conclusion of this article.
ESPI with synchronized pressure stressing

Optical detection of disbonds in aluminum composites is demonstrated using electronic speckle pattern interferometry combined with synchronized pressure stressing. The surface on the test specimen is periodically pressure stressed in synchronization with the image acquisition rate of an image processor. This is achieved by using a two-port, low volume, transparent vacuum chamber mounted on the specimen. One of the ports of the vacuum chamber is connected to a constant vacuum source, and the other is connected to the ambient via a solenoid valve that is periodically opened and closed in synchronization with the image acquisition. Furthermore, illumination of the specimen is also synchronized with the stressing. Speckle images of the surface of the specimen undergoing high and low pressure stressing are combined with a reference speckle image and acquired at the image acquisition frequency of the detecting CCD camera. Every two consecutive images are then subtracted in the image processor and displayed in real-time. In this manner, excellent noise reduction is achieved, rejecting the effects of low frequency noise contributions such as slow object drift, air current, and thermal gradients in/around the specimen found in typical industrial environments.
Science as a Favorite or Least Favorite Subject.

This study determined the percentage of third through sixth grade students selecting science as their favorite, second favorite, or least favorite subject in school and compared the results to Kyle, Bonnstetter, and Gadsden (1988). Additionally, this study determined the percentage of third through sixth grade teachers who recalled science as their favorite, second favorite, or least favorite subject when they were in school (K-12) and compared the results for students (N=1605) and teachers (N=75) in each of the categories. Comparison of all students to all teachers revealed that: a significantly higher percentage of students chose science as their favorite subject; a significantly greater percentage of students also chose science as either their favorite or second favorite subject; and a significantly greater percentage of teachers chose science as their least favorite subject.
Thermodynamic energy balance equations for Space Shuttle Orbiter gas compartment during ascent and re-entry

Thermodynamic energy balance equations are derived and applied to midsection Orbiter-payload atmospheric thermal math models (TMMs) to predict Orbiter component, element, compartment, internal insolation and structure temperatures in support of NASA/JSC mission planning, postflight thermal analysis and payload thermal integration planning. The equations are extended and applied to the forward section, midsection, and aft section of the TMMs for five Orbiter mission phases: prelaunch on pad with purge, lift-off to ascent, re-entry to touchdown, post landing without purge, and post-landing with purge. Predicted results from the 390 node/DFI atmospheric TMM are in good agreement with STS-1 flight measurement data.
Resonance Neutron Radiography Using an Electron Linac

It has been shown that resonance neutron radiography is a technique that can provide information on the amount and distribution of individual isotopes in samples with a complex matrix. The technique is applicable for a wide range of purposes, from the examination of industrial components to the analysis of nuclear materials that are highly radioactive. Although presently instrumented in a research laboratory, the technique can be realized in a small device for field applications using a small industrial linac, as pointed out in an earlier paper of this conference by C. D. Bowman.
Optical absorption of the VOH center in MgO

Abstract An optical absorption band which peaks at 2.21 eV at room temperature has been assigned to the VOH center in MgO, a linear defect consisting of the array O+ [=] HO+, where only deviations from the normal site charge are shown. This band is very similar to that of the V− center. The relative oscillator strengths of the transitions is estimated to be f(V OH ) f(V − ) = 0.70 ± 0.1 .
Management of primary cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck: The University of Colorado experience and a review of the literature.

Background While elective lymph node dissection (ELND), adjuvant radiation therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy have all been advocated in the routine management of primary cutaneous melanoma arising in the head and neck, the optimal management has not been defined. Methods We have reviewed our experience of 273 patients with primary melanoma of the head and neck entered into a prospective database at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (UCHSC) from 1978 through 1998 and contrasted this with other reports in the literature. Results A total of 168 patients were identified that received their initial management at UCHSC and had no clinical evidence of distant disease. Only nine patients (5%) underwent ELND, and no patients received adjuvant radiation therapy. The local recurrence rate and 5-year melanoma specific survival, according to Breslow thickness, were similar to centers where adjuvant radiation therapy or ELND are routinely performed. Our preliminary experience and a review of the literature suggests that the technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy is an accurate and low risk procedure that provides valuable prognostic information useful in the further management of these patients. Conclusions There is no clear indication that either ELND or adjuvant radiation therapy impacts on the outcome of patients with primary melanoma of the head and neck. Sentinel lymph node biopsy, in appropriate cases, is becoming the standard of care. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:179–185. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Translocation Strategy and Management Practices on the Genetic Variability of a Reestablished Elk (Cervus elaphus) Population

Reintroduction of terrestrial vertebrates with the goal of ecosystem restoration typically establishes small and isolated populations that may experience reduced genetic variability due to founder effects and genetic drift. Understanding the genetic structure of these populations and maintaining adequate genetic diversity is important for long-term restoration success. We quantified genetic variability at six microsatellite loci for a reintroduced population of Cervus elaphus (elk) restored to the tallgrass prairie ecosystem of northeastern Kansas. Allelic richness, observed and expected heterozygosity were intermediate to levels reported in other North American elk populations. Current levels of genetic variability in restored North American elk populations were not well explained by founding population size, number of founding populations, or number of years since the last translocation. Simulation results suggest that the retention of genetic variability in isolated populations is strongly influenced by mating system while also being impacted by temporal variability in population size and population growth rate. Our results have implications for understanding how translocation strategies and post-reintroduction management may influence genetic variability in restored populations.
The use of radiography, urodynamic studies and cystoscopy in the evaluation of voiding dysfunction.

Purpose: Children with dysfunctional voiding disorder often undergo radiological, cystoscopic or urodynamic evaluation to identify an anatomical or organic cause. We determined the role of these studies in the evaluation, management and ultimate outcome of a large patient population with voiding dysfunction at a single institution.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the records of 1,153 children with dysfunctional voiding disorder treated from 1990 to 1999. A thorough history and physical examination with specific emphasis on voiding patterns were done and urinalysis was performed in all cases. Ultrasound of the urinary system and excretory urography were done in 1,050 (91%) and 24 (2%) patients, respectively, while voiding cystourethrography was performed in 672 (58%), including 564 with a history of nonfebrile urinary tract infection. Cystoscopy and a formal urodynamic study were performed in 61 (5%) and 40 (3.5%) cases, respectively.Results: Mean patient age at referral was 6 years (ran...
Lesbian Studies in Thailand

Abstract This piece provides an overview of the state of Lesbian Studies and women who love women in Thailand. It reflects on the cross-cultural limitations of the term ‘lesbian’ and Thai ambivalence towards Western sex and gender categorizations.
Dynamical spin correlations in Oguchi ferromagnet

Abstract Exact expressions are obtained for dynamical spin correlations and their wavevector dependent frequency transforms in the Oguchi model of Heisenberg ferromagnet at any temperature.
Polarization electron beams in high energy storage rings Part I. Convergence of perturbation theory

Abstract The spin resonances in high energy electron storage rings are calculated using perturbation theory, for various model storage rings, and the results are compared against analytical formulas (in the case of higher order synchrotron resonances), to elucidate the convergence of the perturbation series. A new analytical formula for synchrotron resonances centered on an integer is also derived, because it is shown that the older formula contains approximations not always valid in modern storage rings. The perturbation series is shown to converge and to agree with the analytical formulas, and the number of term required for convergence is estimated. Some other pedagogical results are also presented.
Management of facial fractures in children and adolescents

The surgical management of facial fractures in children has evolved gradually. Children sustaining facial fractures have not benefited equally as their adult counterparts from the rapid refinements in the management of facial trauma. Only recently have the distinct advantages of accurate primary repair of facial fractures been applied to the rehabilitation of the injured child. The pattern of craniomaxillofacial fractures seen in children and adolescents varies with their evolving skeletal anatomy and socioenvironmental factors. A personal philosophy for the effective management of the craniomaxillofacial injuries that tend to occur in facially traumatized children and adolescents is reviewed.
Microtitrimetric determination of organic fluorine: Arsenazo as the indicator

A simple titrimetric method for determination of fluorine in organic compounds is described. Arsenazo I is proposed to be the indicator for thorium-fluorine titration since it is superior to alizarin red-S. The electrically heated combustion flask is used, providing a means to control the temperature and the duration of heating. The carbonaceous sample carriers are eliminated, reducing the amount of oxidant required for combustion of polyfluoro compounds and minimizing the danger of violent combustion.
In vivo influences of phorbol ester and calcium ionophore on lymphocyte traffic, lymph flow and efferent lymph levels of thromboxane B2 in sheep.

Abstract In vitro systems have provided increasing evidence of significant lymphocyte transmembrane signalling by plasma membrane receptors which utilize antigen and other ligand activation of the inositol phosphate dual second messenger system of intracellular signalling. Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and activation of protein kinase C are important products of these signals and appear to provide a complete set of mitogenic signals for both T and B cells. Calcium inophore and phorbol ester have been found to mimic these events in vitro and are here employed in vitro to study their effects on lymphocyte traffic and efferent lymph flow through primary peripheral lymph nodes of sheep and on the output into efferent lymph of the arachidonic acid metabolite, thromboxane B2. Calcium ionophore and phorbol ester were given alone or in combination to popliteal lymph nodes of sheep by drainage area injection or by acute infusion into cannulated afferent lympatics of study popliteal lymph nodes whose efferent lymphatic was chronically cannulated for study. The findings resembled those of drainage area immunization with an early increase in efferent lymph flow and prompt and marked depressions in the output into efferent lymph of both small recirculating and blast lymphocytes (‘shutdown’,‘recruitment’), followed by a marked increase in the output into efferent lymph of both small recirculating and blast lymphocytes. The greatest elevation in both small recirculating and blast lymphocyte outputs was at 24 and 48 h following phorbol ester and calcium ionophore administration. Acute phorbol ester and calcium ionophore administration was associated with a prompt and marked elevation in efferent lymph levels of thromboxane B2 which were of short duration. The findings observed here with lymph node drainage area infusion/injection of both phorbol ester and calcium ionophore are quite similar to those encountered in this sheep lymphocyte traffic model following popliteal lymph node drainage area immunization with killed Salmonella muenchen antigen.
The Lived Experience of Student Veterans Transitioning to Higher Education: A Narrative Analysis

This article uses qualitative narrative researcher analysis to distill main themes of veteran students transitioning to higher education with special focus on the female veteran students. Conclusions determine support structures and educational practice enhancements to improve academic outcomes for student veterans.
Assessment of Analytic Methods for the Prediction of Supersonic Flow over Bodies

Trends toward the automation of the design process for airplanes and missiles accentuate the need for analytic techniques for the prediction of aerodynamic characteristics. A number of computer codes have been developed or are under development that show promise of significantly improving the estimation of aerodynamic characteristics for arbitrarily-shaped bodies at supersonic speeds. The programs considered range in complexity from a simple linearized solution employing slender body theory to an exact finite-difference solution of the Euler equations. The results from five computer codes are compared with experimental data to determine the accuracy, range of applicability, ease of use, and computer time and cost of the program. The results provide a useful guide for selecting the appropriate method for treating bodies at the various levels of an automated design process. However, it is clear that the need still exists for a code that can account for the predominant nonlinear effects, operate from an easily-generated and manipulated geometry data set of the surface panel type, and execute in a reasonable time.
Tactile sensing and control of robotic manipulation

—This paper reviews the current state of the art and predicts the outlook in robotic tactile sensing for real-time control of dextrous manipulation. We begin with an overview of human touch sensing capabilities and draw lessons for robotic manipulation. Next, tactile sensor devices are described, including tactile array sensors, force-torque sensors, and dynamic tactile sensors. The information provided by these devices can be used in manipulation in many ways, such as finding contact locations and object shape, measuring contact forces, and determining contact conditions. Finally, recent progress in experimental use of tactile sensing in manipulation is discussed, and future directions for research in sensing and control are considered.
ARRANGEMENT OF SUBSTRATES AT THE ACTIVE SITE OF AN AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC 3'-PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE AS DETERMINED BY NMR

The arrangements of the antibiotics amikacin and butirosin A at the active site of an aminoglycoside antibiotic 3‘-phosphotransferase (APH(3‘)-IIIa), which mediates resistance to a broad spectrum of aminoglycoside antibiotics, were determined. APH(3‘)-IIIa phosphorylates a wide range of aminoglycoside antibiotics in an ATP-dependent manner. β,γ-Bidentate CrATP, a stable exchange-inert metal−nucleotide analog, was used as a paramagnetic probe to determine the arrangement of amikacin and butirosin A in the respective enzyme·CrATP·antibiotic complexes. The paramagnetic effects of Cr3+ on the longitudinal relaxation rates (1/T1p) of the 1H nuclei of amikacin and butirosin A were examined to determine the distances between enzyme-bound CrATP and various protons of these aminoglycoside antibiotics in the ternary APH(3‘)-IIIa·CrATP·antibiotic complexes. From these distances, models were constructed that represent possible enzyme-bound arrangements and conformations for these aminoglycosides. These models show th...
Assessing the effectiveness of intensive outpatient care for Christian missionaries and clergy

In the limited number of studies published to date, intensive outpatient programmes (IOPs) have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and financial benefits over higher continuum of care interventions. In this study, we sought to extend this research using a sample of full-time Christian workers (missionaries and clergy) admitted to an IOP specifically designed for religious professionals. We employed the Outcome Questionnaire – 45 (Lambert et al., 2004) as the dependent variable in this longitudinal analysis. A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted for pre-arrival, pre-treatment, post-treatment, and three-month follow-up assessments with an N of 142. Results indicated an effect for time of assessment, suggesting a significant treatment response. Follow-up, planned contrasts supported the interpretation of the time of assessment effect as stemming from IOP treatment. Participants’ response sets appeared to contribute to more favourable self-presentations at pre-arrival, pre-treatment, and, to a les...
Organization and Fine Structure of a Pacemaker Derived from Fetal Rat Myocardium

ABSTRACT: At an unknown point in mammalian development, cardiac precursor cells become committed to the cardiocyte phenotype. Certain of these are believed to specialize further into pacemaker cardiocytes. By culturing explanted embryonic ventricles into in vivo organ culture (Tucker DC, Snider C, Woods WT Jr: Pediatr Res 23:637–642, 1988), we observed pacemaker cells arising apparently from cardiocytes. We hypothesized that this event can be triggered by intercellular attachments, innervation, vascularization, or other factors. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that primitive ventricular cells in the tubular heart can organize into an anatomically and electrophysiologically distinct pacemaker structure in the absence of innervation or vascularization from extrinsic sources. Developing ventricles of tubular hearts from 10-d-old rat embryos (n = 22) were excised and incubated in culture dishes. Within each explant, a group of cells organized into a uniform cluster (diameter, 150 ± 50 µm) after 8 ± 2 d in culture. These cells resembled immature conduction system cells and had electrophysiologic features similar to those of mature pacemaker cells. Single-cell action potentials and impulse conduction patterns proved that the pacemaker cluster was the dominant pacemaker for the entire explant. These results confirm that, in the absence of extrinsic nerves and blood vessels, culture of the tubular ventricle elicits formation of an organized pacemaker, resembling the mature cardiac pacemaker and suggesting that contact with the culture dish surface or some other factor triggers conversion of cardiocytes to the pacemaker phenotype.
Continuous monitoring of a restriction enzyme digest of DNA on a microchip with automated capillary sample introduction.

Continuous analysis of a DNA restriction enzyme digest on a microfabricated device is demonstrated with minimal intervention and enhanced time resolution. A 62-base-pair fragment of dsDNA containing a KpnI site was used to demonstrate this process. A capillary was used to transfer sample from a single reaction mix to a microfabricated chip with parallel separation lanes. The 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled DNA fragments were detected with a CCD camera as they separated in the lanes, which were filled with linear polyacrylamide. The products of the restriction enzyme digest were monitored for up to 60 min at an average sampling rate of 1 injection/46 s, with consecutive injections as short as 1 injection/14 s. The digest was injected directly into the chip, eliminating the need for any sample-handling steps after addition of the enzyme to the reaction mix. The effects of temperature and restriction enzyme concentration were briefly examined, as well. This work shows the potential of this method to provide val...
The pattern of MAP-2 binding on microtubules: visual enhancement of MAP attachment sites by antibody labeling and electron microscopy.

We used affinity-purified rabbit antibody to hog brain microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) to examine the pattern of attachment of MAPs to microtubules purified by cycles of in vitro assembly and disassembly. Microtubules were fixed, deposited on EM grids, and labeled with antibody and protein A—gold colloid followed by negative staining. We observed that: (1) The sites of MAP attachment were greatly enhanced by antibody binding in negatively stained preparations. (2) The axial repeat revealed by antibody (100 ± 5 nm) was greater than the previously reported value of 32 nm based on thin sectioning and negative staining procedures. (3) The antibody was arranged in a broad band and revealed a helical pattern of binding. (4) Microtubules with and without treatment with α-chymotrypsin to remove the projection portion of MAP-2 looked similar, suggesting that the antibody-enhanced pattern may reflect the sites of MAP attachment on microtubules. (5) Microtubules with an increased MAP:tubulin ratio exhibited the same 100-nm periodicity.
Kinetics of Dehydroxylation of Kaolinite and Halloysite

Previous studies of the kinetics of dehydroxylation of kaolinite and halloysite point to first-order reactions, in approximate conformity with the Arrhenius relation. Isothermal weight-loss measurements have shown that the rate constants are markedly dependent on factors such as specimen size, shape, and compaction. A technique has been developed for determining the reaction kinetics of infinitely thin disk-type specimens. The reactions are then strictly first order and the Arrhenius relation is obeyed. Activation energies of 65 and 55 kcal. per mole are obtained for kaolinite and halloysite, respectively. Comparison is made between the behavior of kaolinite and halloysite on the one hand and of macrocrystalline anauxite on the other. For anauxite, nucleation and growth of nuclei produce a sigmoid-type reaction curve, but for the fine-grained minerals it is believed that nucleation alone is the rate-controlling process. The dependence of the reaction rate on geometrical factors is attributed to the retention of water vapor within the powder specimen. The influence of water vapor on these reactions is discussed generally.
Kinetics of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Binding with Brush Border Membrane Vesicles from Susceptible and Resistant Larvae of Plutella xylostella

Abstract An optical biosensor technology based on surface plasmon resonance was used to determine the kinetic rate constants for interactions between the CryIA(c) toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis and brush border membrane vesicles purified from susceptible and resistant larvae of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). CryIA(c) association and dissociation rate constants for vesicles from susceptible larvae were determined to be 4.5 103M s and 3.2 10 s, respectively, resulting in a calculated affinity constant of 7 nM. CryIE toxin did not kill susceptible or resistant larvae and did not bind to brush border vesicles. Contrary to expectations based on previous studies of binding in resistant P. xylostella, the binding kinetics for CryIA(c) did not differ significantly between susceptible larvae and those that were resistant to CryIA(c). Determination of the number of CryIA(c) receptors revealed an approximately 3-fold decrease in total CryIA(c) receptor numbers for resistant vesicles. These results suggest that factors other than binding may be altered in our resistant diamondback moth strain. They also support the view that binding is not sufficient for toxicity.
Finite Self —Energies in Radiation Theory. Part II

The “cutting-off method” proposed in Part I is equivalent to a field theory basedon Maxwell’s equations supplemented by Yukawa’s equations, both fields having the samepoint charges as sources. The chief result is a finite self-energy W=e 2/2r o and a modified Coulomb potential (e/r)[1-exp (-r/r o)], also derivable from a Hamiltonian in Fourier form. For accelerated motions the field theory yields a finite force of inertia (—mx) together with the universal damping term in first approximation. Small additional terms reflect the “structure” of the electron. Radiation and self-force of a vibrating electron are discussed, and the perturbation problem is formulated. The exact integration of Yukawa’s field equation is given in Section 9. Our results are related to Born-Infeld’s unitary field theory and Dirac’s theory of the classical electron, in particular with respect to waves of velocity larger than c. The electronic mass m is the result of photons of rest mass zero and mesons of rest mass M=m. 2-137 = 274m.
Decided and Undecided Students: Career Self-efficacy, Negative Thinking, and Decision-Making Difficulties

The career concern differences between undecided and decided college students (N = 223) are examined. Undecided college students (n = 83) reported lower career decision-making self-efficacy, higher incidences of negative career thoughts, and more career decision-making difficulties than their decided peers (n = 143). Results reveal that undecided students are as ready to make a career-related decision as their decided counterparts but may lack or be receiving inconsistent career information. Academic advising implications include ways to more effectively serve these populations. Practical suggestions from social-cognitive career theory and the cognitive information-processing approach are provided.
Metacognition: Theory or chapter heading?

Abstract The four articles in this series are analyzed within the framework of Pintrich's classification system for metacognition, consisting of knowledge states, judgments and monitoring skills, and control processes. This scheme is used to locate the strengths and/or limitations of each article. A developmentally-based model is proposed to help integrate the conceptually diverse components of metacognition; to extend it to additional domains, such as motivation; and to argue for more longitudinal, interactive research in this field.