cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
17 – Serological diagnosis

Publisher Summary Agents that do not replicate well in cell culture or for which there are as yet no good reagents for direct detection of virus are routinely diagnosed using antibody measurement. Routine testing for ARBOviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T lymphotropic viruses, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and measles and rubella is performed by serologic techniques. Serologic testing is performed for both the screening of susceptible populations and the diagnosis of acute or chronic diseases. The serologic assessment of antibodies and antigens using commercially prepared and marketed kits is commonplace. These kits are available for most of the common viruses and are highly reputable for the most part. The use of serology requires excellent quality assurance and control, and when it is combined with other viral detection techniques, it provides the laboratory with the ability to assist the physician in the identification of etiologic agents and to monitor the progression of infection and the success of therapeutic intervention.
Intra-tumoral microbes and overall survival in colorectal cancer patients.

4083Background: The presence of certain bacteria among or adjacent to tumor cells may contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) development. However, the effect of the tumor microbiome on survival in C...
Distant-Supervised Slot-Filling for E-Commerce Queries.

Slot-filling refers to the task of annotating individual terms in a query with the corresponding intended product characteristics (product type, brand, gender, size, color, etc.). These characteristics can then be used by a search engine to return results that better match the query's product intent. Traditional methods for slot-filling require the availability of training data with ground truth slot-annotation information. However, generating such labeled data, especially in e-commerce is expensive and time-consuming because the number of slots increases as new products are added. In this paper, we present distant-supervised probabilistic generative models, that require no manual annotation. The proposed approaches leverage the readily available historical query logs and the purchases that these queries led to, and also exploit co-occurrence information among the slots in order to identify intended product characteristics. We evaluate our approaches by considering how they affect retrieval performance, as well as how well they classify the slots. In terms of retrieval, our approaches achieve better ranking performance (up to 156%) over Okapi BM25. Moreover, our approach that leverages co-occurrence information leads to better performance than the one that does not on both the retrieval and slot classification tasks.
Hepatic Metastasis from Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and breast cancer liver metastasis may be associated with poor outcomes. Emerging locoregional therapies can be given in outpatient settings or with short hospital stays, to provide local control, support quality of life, preserve liver function, and potentially prolong survival. This review discusses retrospective studies suggesting potential benefits of locoregional treatment of breast cancer liver metastasis. Future prospective studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy and optimize patient selection.
Locoregional and Distant Outcomes in Women With cT1-3N1 Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Adjuvant Radiotherapy.

Abstract Background We evaluated the impact of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) or supraclavicular radiation therapy (SCV RT) in women with cT1-3N1 breast cancer (BC) who became node negative (ypN0) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 485 women treated with NAC for BC between 2005 and 2019. Radiation treatment fields were reviewed in detail. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was defined as ypT0/Tis ypN0. Patients who had residual nodal disease were defined as ypN+. Those who achieved complete response in the lymph nodes but not in the breast were defined as ypT+ypN0. Results After excluding patients with cT4 and cN0 disease at diagnosis, a total of 185 patients with cT1-3N1 BC were included. Patients were more likely to receive PMRT if they had ypN+ disease (P Conclusion Recommendations for or against PMRT or SCV RT after NAC vary based on final pathologic response. We await the results of ongoing randomized clinical trials to help guide clinical decision making in this context.
Disruption of Tonofibrils and Intercellular Bridges by Disulfide-Splitting Agents1

Disulfide groups have been shown by Van Scott and Flesch to be present in significantly high and relatively uniform concentrations throughout the epidermis (1). In view of the work of Rudall (2), Giroud (3), and Dirksen (4), which relates the tonofibrils to keratin by similarities in molecular configuration, the possibility that the fibrillary cytoplasm (tonofibrils) and intercellular bridges contain disulfide groups was investigated. If it be the case that the submicro-scopic organization of these fibrillary structures is due, at least in part, to disulfide linkages, then disulfide-splitting agents might cause their disruption. Should the adherence of one epidermal cell to another be a function of the intercellular bridges, the resultant disruption would lead to the separation of cells or to what might be termed “in vitroblister formation. Since sulfhydryl compounds are known to cause disulfide reduction, thioglycollic acid, cysteine, and reduced glutathione were used for this purpose. * Our interest in the problem of the adherence of epidermal cells to one another led us to investigate the in vitroeffect of heat on fresh human epidermis with and without subsequent incubation at 37°C., and the effect on fresh human epidermis of extremes in pH.
Recovering social networks from contagion information

Many algorithms for analyzing social networks assume that the structure of the network is known, but this is not always a reasonable assumption We wish to reconstruct an underlying network given data about how some property, such as disease, has spread through the network Properties may spread through a network in different ways: for instance, an individual may learn information as soon as one of his neighbors has learned that information, but political beliefs may follow a different type of model We create algorithms for discovering underlying networks that would give rise to the diffusion in these models.
Simultaneous determination of first-, second-, and third-order nonlinear optical properties of photorefractive polymers

Summary form only given. Using the variable-frequency ellipsometric technique, we measure the total refractive index modulation as a function of the frequency of the applied electric field. From these measurements we deduce the relative contributions of the poling birefringence, the Pockels, and the Kerr effects. The experimental setup for the variable frequency ellipsometric technique is presented. We show experimental data for two high-diffraction efficiency photorefractive polymer composites, DMNPAA:PVK:ECZ:TNF and FDEANST:PVK:ECZ:TNF.
Reconsidering the lessons of the lottery for knowledge and belief

In this paper, I propose that one can have reason to choose a few tickets in a very large lottery and arbitrarily believe of them that they will lose. Such a view fits nicely within portions of Lehrer’s theory of rational acceptance. Nonetheless, the reasonability of believing a lottery ticket will lose should not be taken to constitute the kind of justification required in an analysis of knowledge. Moreover, one should not accept what one takes to have a low chance of being true. Accordingly, one should take care not to believe of too many tickets that they are to lose. Finally, while arbitrariness is no absolute barrier to epistemic reasonability, one may not be able to believe that one’s lottery ticket will lose if one cannot regard oneself as knowing it will lose.
RIGHT-UNITARY TRANSFORMATION THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

We develop a transformation theory in quantum physics, where the transformation operators, defined in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, have right-unitary inverses only. Through several theorems, we discuss the properties of state space of such operators. As one application of the right-unitary transformation (RUT), we show that using the RUT method, we can solve exactly various interactions of many-level atoms with quantized radiation fields, where the energy of atoms can be two levels, three levels in \ensuremath{\Lambda}, V, and \ensuremath{\equiv} configurations, and up to higher (g3) levels. These interactions have wide applications in atomic physics, quantum optics, and quantum electronics. In this paper, we focus on two typical systems: one is a two-level generalized Jaynes-Cummings model, where the cavity field varies with the external source; the other one is the interaction of a three-level atom with quantized radiation fields, where the atoms have \ensuremath{\Lambda}-configuration energy levels, and the radiation fields are one-mode or two-mode cavities. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Molecular Scale Electronics: A Synthetic/Computational Approach to Digital Computing

This paper outlines a design paradigm for molecular scale electronic systems. The contrast between the present bulk devices and potential molecular systems is presented along with the limitations of using bulk design philosophies for molecular-sized components. For example, the overwhelming considerations of heat dissipation on molecular scale electronic architectures are shown which demonstrate the need for dramatically different information transfer methods if these ultradense molecular devices are to be used for computation. The use of changes in electrostatic potential for information coding is suggested. The issue of signal restoration is addressed using a periodic external potential through the underlying substrate. Several convergent synthetic routes are shown to conjugated molecules with various potential digital device applications including a two-terminal molecular wire with a tunnel barrier, a molecular wire with a quantum well to serve as a resonant-tunneling diode, three-terminal systems with...
The utilization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae HUG1P-GFP promoter-reporter construct for the selective detection of DNA damage.

Abstract In this study, we report the creation and characterization of a yeast-based promoter–reporter construct for the detection of genotoxic compounds within a cell's local environment. We have synthesized a fusion containing the HUG1 promoter and GFP and incorporated this cassette into the yeast genome creating a stable, sensitive genotoxicity indicator. To quantify biosensor performance, HUG1P -GFP cells were exposed to multiple doses of a wide variety of genotoxins, including alkylating agents, an oxidative agent, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, a UV mimetic agent, an agent that causes double strand breaks, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and ionizing radiation, all of which triggered a detectable and reproducible level of GFP production by the HUG1P -GFP strain. Furthermore, GFP was not induced by general cell stresses including starvation, heat shock, and acidic pH. These results suggest this system will be a valuable supplement to traditional genotoxicity assays.
The efficacy of topical anesthetics in reducing intraoral discomfort

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of three gels in reducing discomfort due to denture irritation. Forty-five subjects experiencing denture soreness were randomly selected. A double-blind format was used. Two of the gels contained 20% of the known pain reliever, while the third gel contained 10%. An unweighted-means and a least-squares analysis of variance were done for the type of gel and pretreatment pain. The results show that the gels were effective in reducing perceived pain for 66% of the subjects. As a result of the analyses, no significant differences were found between gels.
Timing-based anomaly detection in embedded systems

Recent research has demonstrated that many systems are vulnerable to numerous types of malicious activity. As the pervasiveness of embedded systems with network connectivity continues to increase, embedded systems security has become a critical challenge. However, most existing techniques for detecting malware utilize software-based methods that incur significant performance overheads that are often not feasible in embedded systems. In this paper, we present an overview of a novel method for non-intrusively detecting malware in embedded system. The proposed technique utilizes timing requirements to improve detection performance and provide increased resilience to mimicry attacks.
Long-Term Care Service Use by Frail Elders: Is Ethnicity a Factor?

Using data from the 1982-84 National Long-Term Care Channeling Demonstration, this study examines factors associated with long-term care service use by African American, Hispanic, and white frail elders living in the community. Findings indicate that in addition to predisposing, enabling, and need factors, race/ethnicity is a significant predictor of each type of service use.
An aberration control of projection optics for multi-patterning lithography

In order to realize further improvement of productivity of semiconductor manufacturing, higher throughput and better imaging performance are required for the exposure tool. Therefore, aberration control of the projection lens is becoming more and more important not only for cool status performance but also heating status. In this paper, we show the improvements of cool status lens aberration, including scalar wavefront performance and polarization aberration performance. We also discuss various techniques for controlling thermal aberrations including reduction of heat in the lens, simulation, compensating knob, and adjusting method with actual imaging performance data during heating and cooling.
A New Rapid Method for Direct Typing of Pneumococcus in Sputum of Pneumonia Cases.

SummaryA new rapid method for the direct typing of pneumococci in sputum is outlined. In this method, saponin is used to dissolve the bacteria and liberate the type-specific antigen. Aluminum hydroxide was employed for clarifying the sputum.
Downregulation of propranolol‐sensitive β‐adrenoceptor signaling after inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis

The β-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline, elicits vasodilation and tachycardia in anesthetized rats via activation of propranolol-sensitive β1- and β2-adrenoceptors and also by propranolol-insensitive β1- and β3-adrenoceptors. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relative contribution of propranolol-sensitive and -insensitive β-adrenoceptors to the changes in heart rate (HR) and vascular resistances elicited by isoprenaline is altered after blockade of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The hemodynamic responses elicited by isoprenaline (0.1 and 0.5 μg kg−1, i.v.) were determined before and after injection of saline or the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, 50 μmol kg−1, i.v.), and again after injection of the β1- and β2-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (1 mg kg−1, i.v.). The responses elicited by the above doses of isoprenaline were also determined before and during infusion of the α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (3 μg kg−1 min−1, i.v.), and again 15–20 min after injection of propranolol (1.0 mg kg−1, i.v.). Both doses of isoprenaline elicited tachycardia and reductions in vascular resistances. Propranolol eliminated the responses elicited by the lower dose of isoprenaline and substantially diminished the responses elicited by the higher dose of the β1-, β2- and β3-adrenoceptor agonist. The maximal vasodilator responses elicited by both doses of isoprenaline were not diminished whereas the maximal increases in HR were higher after injection of L-NAME. The ability of propranolol to diminish the hemodynamic actions of isoprenaline was substantially diminished in L-NAME-treated rats, whereas propranolol retained its potency in rats that received an equi-pressor infusion of the α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine. The finding that the maximal vasodilator responses elicited by isoprenaline were not diminished by L-NAME suggests that the vasodilation elicited by this drug was due to direct activation of β-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle and that the full compliment of isoprenaline-sensitive receptors was not changed after inhibition of NO synthesis. However, these results suggest that the activities of propranolol-sensitive β-adrenoceptors are downregulated, whereas propranolol-insensitive β-adrenoceptors are upregulated upon the loss of exposure to endothelial nitrosyl factors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 755–764. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706675
NONLINEAR MODELING AND SURFACE MOUNTING OPTIMIZATION FOR EXTREMELY LARGE DEPLOYABLE MESH ANTENNA REFLECTORS

Adaptive Surface Control (ASC) technologies are being developed to enable extremely large deployable high RF mesh antenna reflectors for future NASA missions. This paper presents the results that are obtained from an initial study on the ASC technologies for the mesh reflector. A three-dimensional nonlinear truss model is developed to describe large deformation of the reflector during deployment. The deployment process of the reflector involves mounting a network of truss elements on a rigid frame through use of tension ties. An initial profile of the undeformed truss structure is to be determined to achieve required surface accuracy after deployment. The mathematical description of this surface mounting leads to a nonlinear optimization problem. An iterative algorithm is devised to obtain the initial profile of the undeformed reflector. The proposed model and surface optimization algorithm are applied to an 835-node reflector. Numerical simulation shows that the algorithm converges fast at low computational costs, and that the solutions obtained are accurate to computer’s digits. The reflector model and surface optimization algorithm are readily applicable to adaptive surface control of the antenna reflector under thermal loads.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Bridging structure with function: Structural, regulatory, and developmental role of laminins

The basement membrane is a highly intricate and organized portion of the extracellular matrix that interfaces with a variety of cell types including epithelial, endothelial, muscle, nerve, and fat cells. The laminin family of glycoproteins is a major constituent of the basement membrane. The 16 known laminin isoforms are formed from combinations of alpha, beta, and gamma chains, with each chain containing specific domains capable of interacting with cellular receptors such as integrins and other extracellular ligands. In addition to its role in the assembly and architectural integrity of the basement membrane, laminins interact with cells to influence proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration, processes activated in normal and pathologic states. In vitro these functions are regulated by the post-translational modifications of the individual laminin chains. In vivo laminin knockout mouse studies have been particularly instructive in defining the function of specific laminins in mammalian development and have also highlighted its role as a key component of the basement membrane. In this review, we will define how laminin structure complements function and explore its role in both normal and pathologic processes.
Indications for arterial blood gas analysis

Arterial blood gas analysis is used to evaluate oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange and acid-base status. Few studies identify indications for arterial blood gas analysis, especially with regard to optimizing the quality of patient care. General indications in severely ill adults usually include pathophysiologic abnormalities that can alter gas exchange or acid-base disturbances. Most commonly identified general indications have not been prospectively studied to determine if this analysis is necessary for diagnosis or management. Clinical settings where analysis is indicated involve patients with acute asthma in the emergency room, postoperative treatment of patients who have had coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stable patients in the intensive care unit, and patients receiving prophylactic supplemental low-flow oxygen by nasal cannula. Advances in noninvasive monitoring have suggested other possible clinical settings. However, further prospective, controlled clinical studies are needed to establish indications for arterial blood gas analysis and the role of noninvasive monitoring.
Shock and subjectivity in the age of globalization: Marginalization, exclusion, and the problem of resistance

This article considers the nature of `shock' as both an experiential category and as a strategy used in the processes of globalization. I examine the trope of shock in the lives of coal miners in Romania's Jiu Valley region. The argument contrasts two definitions of shock — the `mimetic' view and the `productive' view (the latter embodied in Ferenczi's notion of Erschutterung) — and shows that, while the strategic goals of globalizing economic institutions (IMF, World Bank) and empire-building states strive for a `productive' shock, what global processes tend to produce in communities marginalized from global flows is a `mimetic' shock and a `shocked subjectivity'.
The association between persistent occiput posterior position and neonatal outcomes.

Objective To examine the effect of persistent occiput posterior position on neonatal outcome. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 31,392 term, cephalic, singleton births. Women with neonates born in persistent occiput posterior position at delivery were compared to those with occiput anterior position. Women with occiput transverse position were excluded. The association between occiput posterior position and neonatal outcomes, including 5-minute Apgar scores, umbilical cord gases, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, meconium aspiration syndrome, birth trauma, admission to the intensive care nursery, and length of stay were examined using chi(2) and Student t tests. Potential confounders (maternal age, ethnicity, parity, gestational age, epidural anesthesia, labor induction, length of labor, meconium, chorioamnionitis, birth weight, and year of delivery) were controlled for by using multivariable logistic regression and linear regression analyses. Results There were 2,591 (8.2%) neonates delivered in occiput posterior position of the total cohort of 31,392 deliveries. Compared with occiput anterior, neonates delivered in occiput posterior position had higher risks for adverse outcomes, including 5-minute Apgar score less than 7 (odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.91), acidemic umbilical cord gases (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.52-2.77), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.42), birth trauma (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.22-2.57), admission to the intensive care nursery (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.28-1.92), and longer neonatal stay in the hospital (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.22-3.25). Conclusion Persistent occiput posterior position at delivery is associated with higher risks of adverse neonatal outcomes compared with neonates delivered in the occiput anterior position. This information may be important in counseling women who experience persistent occiput posterior position in labor. Level of evidence II-2.
A quantum mechanical approach to an analytical expression of the single-molecule-single-nanoparticle surface enhanced raman scattering

A quantum mechanical theory elucidating the single- molecule-single-nanoparticle surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) process is proposed. The theory attributes the principal mechanism of the process to an increase of the spontaneous emission rate of a molecule adsorbed to a nanoparticle due to the enhanced local electromagnetic field and the Purcell effect. The result is a first-ever analytical expression for the single-molecule- single-nanoparticle SERS enhancement factor in good agreement with experiment.
Seasonal estimation of organic mass to organic carbon in PM2.5 at rural and urban locations in New York state

Abstract Estimates of the seasonality of the ratio of fine particulate organic matter (OM) to fine particulate organic carbon (OC) are determined for data collected at the Pinnacle State Park (PSP) in rural upstate New York and at Queens College (QC) in New York City over a 3 year period from 2002 through 2004. The reconstructed mass balance method, which assigns as organic matter all of the fine particulate matter mass that cannot be attributed to sulfate ion, nitrate ion, ammonium ion, elemental carbon, water and metal oxides, is used for estimating the OM/OC ratio and assessing the seasonal variations in OM/OC ratio. The organic mass concentrations measured by an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) for a much shorter period are compared to organic mass by the reconstructed mass balance as a check on the method. The time series of the seasonal estimates for the OM/OC ratio indicates that the 3-year-average falls between 1.5 and 1.9 at the PSP site for this period. The warm season average OM/OC ratios of 2.1 are slightly higher than cold season. The urban site OM/OC ratio does not vary systematically with season and falls between 1.3 and 1.6.
Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring.

In preparation for pandemic vaccine safety monitoring, we assessed adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System following receipt of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines among adults from 1990 through 2005. We calculated reporting rates for nonserious, serious, and neurological adverse events. We reviewed reports of recurrent events and deaths, as well as reports identified through advanced signal detection. The most frequently reported events were local reactions and systemic symptoms. Guillain-Barre syndrome was the most frequently reported serious event (0.70 reports per million vaccinations). Adverse event reporting rates have been reasonably constant over time. No new safety concerns emerged after our review of 15 years of post-licensure surveillance data. These findings provide useful information if pandemic vaccine is rapidly distributed and pre-licensure data are limited.
Pronestyl (procaine amide) therapy in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract A case of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with atrioventricular interference and dissociation refractory to quinidine and other methods of treatment was reverted with Pronestyl (procaine amide hydrochloride). A method of treatment outlining oral maintenance dosage has been described. The drug appeared to be effective in ventricular tachycardia and deserves further trial. Possible toxicity, producing agranulocytosis and purpura, has been noted.
Defining a clinically significant adverse impact of diagnosing Barrett's esophagus.

Background:Diagnosing a potentially life-threatening disease may adversely affect patient quality of life (QOL) independent of biologic effects. It is unknown whether the mere diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) adversely impacts patients' preferences (health-state utility) sufficiently to impair
Station-keeping method for libration point trajectories

Three-dimensional orbits in the vicinity of the interior libration point (Li) of the Sun-Earth/Moon barycenter system are currently being considered for use with a number of missions planned for the 1990s. Since such libration point trajectories are, in general, unstable, spacecraft moving on these paths must use some form of trajectory control to remain close to their nominal orbit. The primary goal of this effort is the development of a Stationkeeping strategy applicable to such trajectories. A method is presented that uses maneuvers executed (impulsively) at discrete time intervals. The analysis includes some investigation of a number of the problem parameters that affect the overall maneuver costs. Simulations are designed to provide representative station- keeping costs for a spacecraft moving in a libration point trajectory, and preliminary results are summarized. RAJECTORY planning for a number of scientific mis- sions scheduled for launch in the 1990s includes the possi- ble use of three-dimensi onal halo or Lissajous orbits in the vicinity of the interior L! libration point of the Sun-Earth/ Moon barycenter system.1 This effort is directed toward the development of a Stationkeeping strategy that can be used to maintain spacecraft near such nominal libration point trajec- tories. A significant number of analyses have been completed that involve Stationkeeping methods for Earth orbiting satel- lites; maintaining a spacecraft on a libration point orbit, how- ever, has received limited attention. In the late 1960s, Far- quhar2 developed a number of possible Stationkeeping strat- egies for libration point orbits. Later, in 1974, a station- keeping method for spacecraft moving on halo orbits in the vicinity of the Earth-Moon translunar libration point L2 was published by Breakwell et al. 3 In contrast, specific mission requirements influenced the design of the Stationkeeping strat- egy for the first libration point mission. When the Interna- tional Sun-Earth Explorer-3 (ISEE-3) satellite was injected into a halo orbit associated with the interior L! libration point of the Sun-Earth system in 1978, a series of maneuvers exe- cuted at approximately three-month intervals was used for Stationkeeping.4 More recently, a series of papers have pre- sented results from studies that use Floquet and invariant manifold theories to develop a ''loose" Stationkeeping strat- egy for halo-type orbits.5"8 Similar to ISEE-3, the method also uses discrete maneuvers, applied at varying time intervals, that control the trajectory near the nominal path. A significant goal of this study is the development of a potentially ''tight" control strategy for Stationkeeping that can be applied to both halo and Lissajous trajectories (as well as other possible types of libration point paths). In this approach, the allowable deviation of the actual trajectory relative to the nominal path can be varied over a wide range depending on mission require- ments. Of course, low costs are desirable as well.
A new human immunoglobulin VH family preferentially rearranged in immature B-cell tumours.

The prevalent forms of adult and childhood B-cell neoplasia are chronic lymphocytic (CLL) and acute lymphocytic (ALL) leukaemia, and are typified by a nearly monoclonal accumulation of cells expressing a single heavy (H) and light (L) chain variable (V) region. V gene selection could be random, or quite biased if the disease or the developmental status of the transformed cell somehow influenced DNA rearrangement. We have cloned and sequenced three germ-line VH gene segments that constitute a new human VH family (subgroup V) linked within 160 kilobase pairs of the DH-JH complex. One VH(V) member is rearranged in about 30% of patients with CLL and ALL, but not in IgM-expressing B-cell lines from peripheral blood. In some tumours, we detect a truncated ( VH(V) RNA devoid of constant regions that originates from unrearranged VH(V) genes. In other tumours and in resting splenocytes, we detect large amounts of normally sized VH(V)-associated mRNA, although stimulation by mitogen of splenic B cells results in loss of VH(V)-hybridizing RNA. These features suggest that biased rearrangement of subgroup V may be under developmental selection.
Enhanced penetration of low energy (25eV–5000eV) helium along the 〈100〉 channel in tungsten

Abstract The trapping of injected helium at annealed xenon impurity atoms has been used to deduce the average penetration of helium ions into tungsten as a function of crystallographic angle near 〈100〉. The results show that strongly enhanced penetration occurs along the 〈100〉 axis for all ion energies ⩾50 eV. With increasing energy above 1 keV, the angular half-widths ψ 1 2 of the penetration peaks approach 0.8 of the Lindhard critical angle ψ2, and show the E − 1 4 dependence expected from channeling theory. With decreasing energy below 1 keV, ψ 1 2 goes through a maximum of 10° at ∼250 eV and then decreases to 8° at 50 eV. At 25 eV, no penetration enhancement is observed. The qualitative departure of ψ 1 2 from the ψ2 prediction at low energy is probably associated with the change from channeling primarily via collisions with isolated strings to “proper” channeling in which the particles are confined to individual lattice channels. The ration of the channeled-to-random values of η d m (the product of the diffusion qualification factor and the average penetration) is 5–6 in the region 250–1000 eV and decreases to ∼4.5 at 5000 eV. Below 250 eV this ratio falls rapidly as the fraction of the ions channeled decreases and approaches 1 at 25 eV. Comparison of the random values of η d m with computations of average penetration and reflection coefficient [18, 20] suggests that the apparent radius of the xenon impurity trap is ∼3 A.
The effect of organic acids on plagioclase dissolution rates and stoichiometry

The rates of plagioclase dissolution in solutions containing organic acids are up to ten times greater than the rates determined in solutions containing inorganic acids at the same acidity. Initial rates of dissolution are poorly reproduced in replicate experiments. After a day, however, the rates of plagioclase dissolution calculated from the rates of silicon release are reproducible and constant for up to nineteen days. Steady-state rates of dissolution are highest (up to 1.3 [times] 10[sup [minus]8] mol/m[sup 2]/sec) in acidic solutions (pH [approximately] 3) and decrease (to 1 [times] 10[sup [minus]11] mol/m[sup 2]/sec) as acidity decreases toward neutral pH. The polyfunctional acids, oxalate, citrate, succinate, pyruvate, and 2-ketoglutarate, are the most effective at promoting dissolution. Acetate and propionate are not as effective as the other organic acids but are nonetheless more effective than solutions containing only inorganic acids. The degree of ligand-promoted enhancement of dissolution rate (rate in organic-containing solution/rate in inorganic solution at the same pH) decreases as acidity increases, indicating that the ligand-promoted dissolution mechanism becomes relatively more important as the rate of proton-promoted dissolution decreases. The stoichiometry of release to solution indicates that dissolution is selective even after the rates of dissolution become constant. As in previouslymore » published studies, Na and Ca are rapidly released from the plagioclase feldspar, leaving a surface enriched in Si and/or Al. The ratio of Al/Si released to solution indicates that the stoichiometry of the residual plagioclase surface is a function of pH and the nature of the organic ligand. The ligands which remove Al in preference to Si from the dissolving mineral surface are also those which enhance overall plagnoclase dissolution rates.« less
Changes in microbiological metabolism under chemical stress.

Abstract Chemical stress may alter microbiological metabolism and this, in turn, may affect the natural and engineered systems where these organisms function. The impact of chemical stress on microbiological metabolism was investigated using model chemicals 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and N -ethylmaleimide (NEM). Biological activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was measured in batch systems, with and without stressors at sub-lethal concentrations. Stressor DNP, between 49 and 140 mg l −1 , and PCP, at 15 and 38 mg l −1 , caused decreases in biomass growth yields, but did not inhibit substrate utilization rates. These effects increased with stressor concentrations, showing as much as a 10% yield reduction at the highest DNP concentration. This suggests that a portion of carbon and energy resources are diverted from growth and used in stress management and protection. Stressor DNP, between 300 and 700 mg l −1 , and PCP at 85 mg l −1 caused decreases in growth yields and substrate utilization rates. This suggests an inhibition of both anabolism and catabolism. Stressor NEM was the most potent, inhibiting biological activity at concentrations as low as 2.7 mg l −1 . These findings will ultimately be useful in better monitoring and management of biological treatment operations and contaminated natural systems.
Spontaneous verbal repetition: A performance-based strategy for language acquisition

This study is a descriptive investigation of spontaneous verbal repetition in the speech of normal and language disordered children. Four language disordered children between the ages of two years eight months and four years two months were studied at the following linguistic stages: II, III, Early IV, and Late IV (deVilliers and deVilliers, 1973). For comparison, four children developing language normally between the ages of 20 and 30 months and at equivalent language levels also served as subjects.The major findings of this study include the following: both the normal and language disordered subjects in the study demonstrated high proportions of spontaneous repetition in their speech. There was no evidence that the proportion of repetition observed was related to language stage for either group. However, there was a tendency for children in both the normal and disordered groups to add morphological complexity in repeated segments compared to spontaneous utterances. Similarly, repeated segments tended to...
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

Since the description of the first case of dermatomyositis over a century ago, our understanding of myositis has evolved. Bohan and Peter in 1975 established diagnostic criteria for polymyositis and d
Capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of organophosphates with a phosphorus stereogenic center using the sodium salt of octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin as resolving agent

The sodium salt of the single-isomer, chiral resolving agent, octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin (ODAS-γCD) has been used for the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of alkylarylphosphates which carry a phosphorus-based stereogenic center. The effective mobilities and separation selectivities were measured at different ODAS-γCD and methanol concentrations to find the conditions under which the minor enantiomers could be adequately quantitated in samples obtained by chemical resolution of the racemic mixtures. This work extends the utility of ODAS-γCD to a hitherto unexplored field, the capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of organophosphorus compounds.
DETERMINISTIC QUANTUM INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENTS.

We explain why quantum interference may pertain to a single degree of freedom and demonstrate how it can be exhibited by deterministic experiments involving a single particle.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues Within Native American Grandparenting Families

Substance abuse and mental health problems among Native Americans are associated with a variety of general health, social, and economic problems. This current study examined Native American grandparents who are raising their grandchildren and found that a child, parent, or grandparent had an alcohol or drug problem in 36% of families. Substance abuse on the part of a parent was correlated with the reasons grandparents were raising their grandchildren. Native American grandparents raising grandchildren cope with a variety of challenges and receive little state-funded assistance or help from others.
A switched systems approach to image-based localization of targets that temporarily leave the field of view

Vision sensors provide rich information about the environment and can be utilized for tracking the position of moving objects from a moving camera. This paper presents the development of dwell time conditions to guarantee convergence to an ultimate bound of state estimation errors for a class of vision based observers with intermittent measurements. Bounds are developed on the unstable growth of the estimation errors during the periods when the object being tracked is not visible. A Lyapunov analysis for the switched system is performed to develop an inequality in terms of the duration of time the observer can view the moving object and the duration of time the object is out of the field of view.
Immediate Management of Epistaxis

Epistaxis typically originates from the nasal septum when the nasal mucosa overlying a dilated blood vessel is injured. Epistaxis may, however, signal an underlying condition such as a coagulation disorder, so the treating physician must be alert for signs of serious illness. Most nosebleeds stop spontaneously within 5 minutes with or without pressure to the forehead, nose, or upper lip. Some require anterior nasal packing. A few arise from posterior arteries and require anterior-posterior nasal packing and a referral.
A one-dimensional gravitationally interacting gas and the convex minorant of Brownian motion

The surprising connection between a one-dimensional gravitationally interacting gas of sticky particles and the convex minorant process generated by Brownian motion on [0,1] is studied. A study is made of the dynamics of this 1-D gas system by identifying three distinct clustering regimes and the time scales at which they occur. At the critical moment of time the mass distribution of the gas can be computed in terms of functionals of the convex minorant process.
Designing the world as your palette

"The World as your Palette" is our ongoing effort to design and develop tools to allow artists to create visual art projects with elements (specifically, the color, texture, and moving patterns) extracted directly from their personal objects and their immediate environment. Our tool called "I/O Brush" looks like a regular physical paintbrush, but contains a video camera, lights, and touch sensors. Outside of the drawing canvas, the brush can pick up colors, textures, and movements of a brushed surface. On the canvas, artists can draw with the special "ink" they just picked up from their immediate environment. We describe the evolution and development of our system, from kindergarten classrooms to an art museum, as well as the reactions of our users to the growing expressive capabilities of our brush, as an iterative design process.
Three-cluster states in reaction theory

In recent work it was shown how a rigorous subsidiary minimum principle of the Rayleigh-Ritz type could be used as an aid in the construction of the closed-channel part of the scattering wave function, thereby making available a potentially powerful new tool in the variational approach to multiparticle scattering problems. The earlier discussion, which was restricted to scattering below the threshold for target breakup, is generalized here to the case where both two-body and three-body channels are open. The scattering problem is formally reduced to an equivalent three-body problem. Effective two-body and three-body potentials are defined explicitly (without the use of projection operators) and integral equations of the Faddeev type are derived. This analysis, which suggests a variety of cluster approximations, is used here as the basis for a decomposition of the wave function into an open-channel part, which contains the two-body and three-body outgoing scattered waves, and a decaying closed-channel part. The closed-channel part is shown to satisfy a minimum principle whose rigor can be maintained even when the target bound-state wave functions are imprecisely known. A calculational procedure which combines this minimum principle with the Kohn variational construction of the scattering amplitude is described.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Scattering theory. Effective three-body formulation. Derivation of extremum principle for the wave function.
Behavioral ecological implications of early hominid body size

Abstract Opinions vary but one interpretation of the vastly expanded hominid postcranial sample from 4 to 1·3 M.Y. hominids leads to the following working hypotheses: (1) The average female of the earliest known species of Hominidae, Australopithecus afarensis , weighed about 29 kg and the male, 45 kg. (2) Average female body weight remains between 29 and 34 kg in all species of hominids before the appearance of Homo erectus at 1·7 M.Y. (3) Average male body weight ranged between 40 and 52 kg in these pre- erectus species. (4) The origin of H. erectus marked a dramatic increase in body size especially in the female. (5) The brain size increase from A. afarensis to A. africanus to the "robust" australopithecines does not appear to be an artifact of body size increase but reflects progressive encephalization. (6) The expansion of absolute brain size with the appearance of Homo is beyond what would be expected from body size increase alone. These working hypotheses have implications for how members of early hominid species behaved to enhance their chances of survival and reproduction within the constraints and requirements of their environments. For example, the relatively high level of body size sexual dimorphism in the earliest species implies a polygynous mating system and a ranging pattern in which females foraged in smaller territories than the males. Although one might expect from analogy with Pan to have social groups consisting of closely related males and less closely related females, the high level of sexual dimorphism is not expected. Perhaps the substantial body size increase and reduction in sexual dimorphism apparent in Homo by 1·7 M.Y. is related to a significant expansion in ranging area. The energetic requirement of the expanded brain may imply altered feeding strategies in both the "robust" australopithecine and Homo lineages.
Apoptotic index by Annexin V flow cytometry: adjunct to morphologic and cytogenetic diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes.

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematologic malignancies characterized by pancytopenia, dysplastic hematopoiesis, and a propensity to leukemic transformation. Increased apoptosis has been noted in MDS as a possible explanation for ineffective hematopoiesis, with lower levels in progression to and in de novo acute leukemia. Apoptosis can be measured by binding of Annexin V to exposed membrane phosphatidylserine. We postulated that the apoptotic index would aid in the differential diagnosis of MDS versus other hematopoietic diseases. We examined 33 bone marrow aspirates suspected of hematopoietic malignancy for apoptotic index by Annexin V analysis using a Becton Dickinson FACStar+ flow cytometer. The apoptotic index was expressed as the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells divided by total mononuclear cells in the gate. By standard morphologic analysis, 16 cases were diagnosed as MDS (9 refractory anemia [RA], 2 refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts [RARS], 1 refractory anemia with excess of blasts [RAEB], 3 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia [CMML], and 1 unclassified), 11 as acute leukemia (AL), 6 as myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Eight cases (uninvolved marrow of five patients with lymphoproliferative disorders [LPD], one patient with multiple myeloma, and two patients with anemia of chronic disease) served as nonneoplastic controls. A higher degree of apoptosis was observed in MDS (mean = 44.7%; range = 29.5--60%) compared with MPD (mean = 8.2%; range = 2.3--15.4%), AL (mean = 16.1%; range = 5.1--29.4%), and control marrow samples (mean = 11.6%; range = 1.5--21%). Additionally, the apoptotic index was significantly higher in MDS compared with MPD (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, a high apoptotic index occurs in MDS, supporting previous reports and suggesting that Annexin V analysis can be used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of MDS versus MPD. This would be particularly useful for the often-difficult distinction between early MDS and early MPD cases with equivocal morphology.
Overgroups of primitive groups, II

We continue our study of the overgroup lattices of subgroups of finite alternating and symmetric groups, with applications to the question of Palfy and Pudlak as to whether each finite lattice is an interval in the lattice of subgroups of some finite group.