cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and response of a Pseudomonas fuorescens HK44 biosensor.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are persistent environmental contaminants that are toxic and carcinogenic. Hundreds of sites exist nationwide that are highly contaminated at concentrations greater than grams PAH per kilogram of soil. These sites range from 1 to over 100 acres. Indigenous soil organisms have demonstrated their ability to degrade these compounds. The reporter bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 (HK44), was characterized in an immobilized state to investigate utility for deployment as a remote sensor in the subsurface. A packed-bed reactor with alginate-immobilized HK44 simulated hydrodynamic conditions such as might be found in a subsurface environment. The reporter bacterium, HK44, harbors a reporter plasmid, pUTK21, which contains a transcriptional fusion between the nahG gene in the lower pathway of the catabolic plasmic NAH7 and a luxCDABE gene cassette. The upper nah pathway and the lux pathway in pUTK21 are induced by salicylate. The lux enzymes catalyze the light reaction. HK44 demonstrated a quantitative relationship between salicylate concentration and degradation. Light intensity mimicked salicylate concentration, whereas degradation was first order in biomass and first order in salicylate concentration, with a degradation constant of 2.23 {times} 10{sup {minus}2} dm{sup 3} g{sup {minus}1} min{sup {minus}1}.
Characterization of the near-surface region of glass implanted with light elements

Abstract Ion-implantation of glasses modifies physical properties such as density, refractive index, surface stress, hardness, and chemical durability. Compositional changes can also occur due, e.g., to radiation-enhanced diffusional losses of alkali ions, crystallization, phase separation, and H incursion. Quantitative depth-profiling of the implanted ion distributions and changes in elemental constituent concentrations can be accomplished by means of ion-beam analysis. Elastic recoil detection (ERD) is used for light elements (H to N) while Rutherford backscattering (RBS) is utilized for larger masses. Chemical information from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) supplements the compositional information obtained from ERD and RBS to supply detailed data about the surface region or in-depth after sputter etching. These techniques, have been utilized, in combination with optical spectroscopy, to study the effects of ion-implanted H, Li, B, N, O, and Si on fused silica. Evidence has been obtained for the chemical incorporation of these elements in the silica network. The results allow deeper understanding of the relationship of structure to implant incorporations, as is important for the application of ion implantation wave guide formation in optoelectronic applications.
Mass balance errors in modeling two-phase immiscible flows: causes and remedies

Mass balance accuracy of two-phase immisdble flow models used for contAmi~qnt hydrology applicatiom is c~amilled th.roush colnparisol~ of fsaile element add finite difference solutions of the pressure-based and pressure-saturation formulations. The influence of model formulation and initial conditions on mass balance performance is explored. Model s~muiations demonstrate that accurate solutions for multiphase flow prob]em~ can be obtained with either finite clement or finite difference, pressure-based or pressure-saturation formulations, if coei~mts and initial renditions are properly umted. In the pressure-based formulation, capacity mefEdmts arise from the ~ponsion of the saturation variables in tmns of capinary pressure. Mass b~tA-ce accuracy depends upon the proper evaluation of the capacity coef~ems when the capillary pressure--samrmion relation is nonlinear. Capacity coe~_ent approximations for finite element pressut~based models are developed which preserve elemental ~pansion of the saturation derivative. These approximations are shown to produce good mass balance results and aceutate solutions, in contrast with traditional finite element approaches. When the or runic liquid is initially absent from a domain, simulations reveal that mass balalge ~ is obtained only when the iuitial pressure distribution is established from a zero capillary pressure camdition. The influen~ of matrix mass lumping and the minimum value of the capacity coefficient on model performance is also investigated.
Chlorination and chloramination of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in drinking water.

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) are common components of epoxy coatings used in food packaging and in drinking water distribution systems. Thus, leachates from the epoxy may be exposed to the disinfectants free chlorine (Cl 2 /HOCl/OCl − ) and monochloramine (MCA, NH 2 Cl). Bisphenols are known endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) with estrogenic activity. Chlorination by-products have the potential to have reduced or enhanced estrogenic qualities, and are, therefore, of interest. In this work, chlorination reactions for bisphenols and BADGE were explored (via LC/MS/MS) and kinetic modeling (using a pseudo-first order approach) was conducted to predict the fate of these compounds in drinking water. The half-lives of BPA and BPF with 1 mg/L of free chlorine ranged from 3 to 35 min over the pH range from 6 to 11 and the temperature range of 10–25 °C. Half-lives for reactions of BPA and BPF with a nominal MCA concentration of 3.5 mg/L as Cl 2 were from 1 to 10 days and were greater at higher pH and lower temperature. Formation of chlorinated bisphenol A by-products was observed during the kinetic studies. BADGE was found unreactive with either oxidant.
Neuropsychological guidelines for aircraft control stations

Despite the rigorous process for selecting and training military pilots, they all too often succumb to spatial disorientation (SD) and loss of situation awareness (LSA) in flight. It is estimated that SD mishaps occur once every 300,000 hours and that an LSA mishap occurs about three times as often. Hence, an experienced pilot with 3,000 hours of flight experience has a 14% likelihood of being involved in an SD-related mishap and at least a 3% chance of being involved in either an SD- or LSA-related mishap. However, the likelihood of being involved in an SD-related incident that poses a serious risk to safety or mission success is much higher; for example, 26% of experienced fighter pilots flying F-16s reported that SD had caused a "near-accident" in their flying careers. Although the abnormal acceleratory environment of flight is inherently dangerous and unforgiving, the poor design of most aviation control stations arguably compounds the sensorimotor limitations of pilots in the aerial environment. The purpose of this article is to provide a set of guidelines for aircraft control stations (including cockpits), based on neuropsychological principles. These stations will exploit fully the information-processing capabilities of pilots and allow them to cope better with the demands of flying and enhanced tactical operations.
Plastic deformation of solid spheres

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study in which solid spheres of various materials were plastically deformed between parallel platens. During the experiments the variation in the contact area and the area of the central plane of symmetry with plastic deformation were monitored. From these ares, two normalized parameters could be defined that were independent of size as well as material, thus indicating that the deformation is controlled, for the most part, by the geometry. It was also observed that radial expansion at the centre of the sphere started relatively late during deformation (7% macroscopic compressive strain). Microhardness mapping through the depth of some specimens confirmed this observation and yielded information about the distribution of the deformation fields within the sphere. It was seen that the measured microhardness values (and, thus, the plastic deformation fields) were radially symmetric in the planes perpendicular to the direction of the compressive load...
Detection of Optogenetic Stimulation in Somatosensory Cortex by Non-Human Primates - Towards Artificial Tactile Sensation

Neuroprosthesis research aims to enable communication between the brain and external assistive devices while restoring lost functionality such as occurs from stroke, spinal cord injury or neurodegenerative diseases. In future closed-loop sensorimotor prostheses, one approach is to use neuromodulation as direct stimulus to the brain to compensate for a lost sensory function and help the brain to integrate relevant information for commanding external devices via, e.g. movement intention. Current neuromodulation techniques rely mainly of electrical stimulation. Here we focus specifically on the question of eliciting a biomimetically relevant sense of touch by direct stimulus of the somatosensory cortex by introducing optogenetic techniques as an alternative to electrical stimulation. We demonstrate that light activated opsins can be introduced to target neurons in the somatosensory cortex of non-human primates and be optically activated to create a reliably detected sensation which the animal learns to interpret as a tactile sensation localized within the hand. The accomplishment highlighted here shows how optical stimulation of a relatively small group of mostly excitatory somatosensory neurons in the nonhuman primate brain is sufficient for eliciting a useful sensation from data acquired by simultaneous electrophysiology and from behavioral metrics. In this first report to date on optically neuromodulated behavior in the somatosensory cortex of nonhuman primates we do not yet dissect the details of the sensation the animals exerience or contrast it to those evoked by electrical stimulation, issues of considerable future interest.
Magnetic Anomalies and Seafloor Spreading Rates in the Northern South Atlantic

A geomagnetic profile across the northern South Atlantic yields spreading rates for the last 70 m.y. which vary from 1.6 to 2.0 cm/year. There is evidence for three regional discontinuities in the spreading history of the South Atlantic.
A diagnostic study of wangara wind profiles in quasi-steady and near-neutral cases

Under the assumption of a geostrophic wind varying exponentially with height, profiles of four turbulence characteristics (Reynolds stress, eddy diffusivity, momentum mixing length, and energy dissipation rate) are evaluated for three cases of quasi-steady wind profile observations under near-neutral boundary layer conditions. These cases occurred during the Wangara Experiment organized by CSIRO at Hay, N.S.W., Australia, in 1967. It is shown that mean vertical motion and surface friction velocity significantly influence the evaluated profiles of the turbulence characteristics.
Television — A New Tool for the Ground‐Water Geologista

The television camera has become a tool of the ground-water geologist, enabling him to examine visually the inside of a well deep below the land surface. Using the camera, the rocks can be viewed in place. Of great importance to the ground-water studies in coastal Georgia, the camera enables the geologist to see the important water-bearing zones in a limestone aquifer, and to recognize cracks and solution cavities, the changes in geologic formations, and the irregularities in the well bore that indicate the relative hardness of the rocks. The engineer, well driller, and water developer can examine a well when “trouble shooting” to see whether the casing is broken, whether screens are eroded, or whether the well contains obstructions.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Within Undergraduate Programs

There has been a rapid increase over the past three decades in the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis by industry as a tool to design and manufacture products. It is currently a vital part of the engineering process for many companies around the world, and utilized in nearly every manufacturing industry. Employers of engineering students who perform this type of analysis have expressed the need for students at the undergraduate or B.S. level to have some CFD experience. As a result, engineering programs in the United States have begun to respond to this need by developing new curriculum and by exposing students to the use of CFD for research. The level of incorporation and implementation of CFD into the undergraduate curriculum and research at institutions varies widely. The objective of this paper is to conduct a survey of the current use of CFD in the undergraduate curriculum within mechanical engineering departments in the United States. Twenty ABET accredited U.S. schools that offer a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering are investigated in this study that are a representative sample of engineering schools in the U.S. today in terms of admission standards, private versus public, predominate terminal degree, size, and geographic location. Topics investigated include if CFD classes are offered to undergraduates whether they are required or optional, when they are first introduced into the curriculum, number of credit hours dedicated to CFD, types of courses that include CFD, and whether commercial or in-house codes are utilized.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
ElasticFlow: A Complexity-Effective Approach for Pipelining Irregular Loop Nests

Modern high-level synthesis (HLS) tools commonly employ pipelining to achieve efficient loop acceleration by overlapping the execution of successive loop iterations. However, existing HLS techniques provide inadequate support for pipelining irregular loop nests that contain dynamic-bound inner loops, where unrolling is either very expensive or not even applicable. To overcome this major limitation, we propose ElasticFlow, a novel architectural synthesis approach capable of dynamically distributing inner loops to an array of loop processing units (LPUs) in a complexity-effective manner. These LPUs can be either specialized to execute an individual loop or shared amongst multiple inner loops for area reduction. We evaluate ElasticFlow using a variety of real-life applications and demonstrate significant performance improvements over a widely used commercial HLS tool for Xilinx FPGAs.
Identification of an H-2Kb-related molecule by molecular cloning.

Based on the published amino-acid sequence of H-2Kb, we synthesized a mixture of eight 16-base long oligodeoxyribonucleotides representing all possible coding sequences for residues 51–56 (Trp-Met-Glu-Gln-Glu-Gly). The hexadecanucleotide mixture was used as a probe to screen recombinant DNA clones constructed from cytoplasmic PolyA+ RNA isolated from the murine thymoma cell line EL4 (b haplotype). Of the 30 000 independent clones screened, one clone was found to hybridize with the probe. DNA sequence analysis showed that the cDNA clone was derived from a portion of an H-2Kb-related mRNA. The clone encodes a protein sequence identical with a region of H-2Kb in 42 consecutive residues (50 through 91). The sequence then diverges from the H-2Kb sequence and, after a single Glu codon, a termination codon is encountered. It is possible that this mRNA codes for a small 92 amino-acid protein with a sequence identical (except for a carboxy-terminal Glu residue) with the amino terminus of H-2Kb It is further speculated that this mRNA is coded for by the H-2Kb gene and differs from the H-2Kb mRNA in the pattern of posttranscriptional splicing.
Breaking Away: A Study of First Generation College Students and Their Families

Detailed family histories were taken of students who were the first in their families to go to college. This paper utilizes the psychoanalytic and family systems theory of Helm Stierlin and others to explore (1) how college matriculation for first-generation students is linked to multigenerational family dynamics, and (2) how these students reconcile (or do not reconcile) the often conflicting requirements of family membership and educational mobility. The same modernity that creates the possibility of opportunity for these students is seen also to create the potential for biographical and social dislocation.
CONTRIBUTIONS CONCERNING MENTAL INHERITANCE; I—Of Intelligence

Resume UN ARTICLE RELATIF A L'HERITAGE DE L'INTELLIGENCE. L'on appliqua des tests d'intelligence aux parents et aux enfants de cent une familles, les tests etant adaptes en chaque cas a l'âge et au niveau d'instruction de l'individu. Des coefficients de correlation, corriges quant aux anomalies de l'echantillonnage et a l'attenuation, furent etablis entre parents et enfants, un parent et un enfant, mari et femme et entre jumeaux. Ces coefficients furent calcules et sur les donnees originelles et sur des donnees corrigees quant a la baisse, due a l'âge, des points obtenus par les adultes dans les tests. Il suit une discussion de l'influence du milieu sur le I.Q., qui conclut que la correlation de 0.9 entre la moyenne des deux parents et celle des enfants d'une famille s'explique en grande partie par l'heredite. L'on suggere un coefficient de regression pour calculer l'intelligence probable de la moyenne des enfants en partant de l'intelligence connue des parents. Zusammenfassung BEITRAGE ZUR VERERBUNG GEISTIGER ANLAGEN. 1.—UBER DIE INTELLIGENZ. Intelligenzprufungen wurden Eltern und Kindern bei 101 Familien gegeben. In jedem Falle wurden die Prufungen dem Alter und dem Bildungsgrad des Einzelnen angepasst. Korrelationskoeffizienten, die fur anomale Proben und fur Wertverminderung verbessert worden waren, wurden zwischen Eltern und Kindern, zwischen einem Vater (oder einer Mutter) und einem Kind, zwischen Gatte und Gattin, und Brudern und Schwestern berechnet. Diese Koeffizienten wurden nach den ursprunglichen Grundlagen und denen, worin die Altersabnahme in den von Erwachsenen bei den Intelligenzprufungen erzielten Resultaten ausgeglichen worden war, ausgearbeitet. Es folgt eine Besprechung des Einflusses der Umgebung auf den Intelligenzquotienten, wobei der Schluss gezogen wird, dass die Korrelation von 0,9 im Elterndurchschnitt und im Kinderdurchschnitt hauptsachlich auf die Vererbung zuruckzufuhren ist. Ein Repressionskoeffizient, mit dem man die wahrscheinliche Intelligenz des kinderdurchschnitts auf Grund der bekannten Intelligenz des Vaters orer der Mutter berechnen kann, wird gegeben.
The CS− effect in simple conditioning and stimulus selection during development

Changes in affect toward a particular stimulus can take place very rapidly through Pavlovian conditioning, if presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS+) paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) is accompanied by presentation of a “CS−,” another value of the same dimension as the CS+ but not paired with a US. This effect has considerable generality. It has been observed in terms of both olfactory and visual CSs, in terms of appetitive as well as aversive conditioning, and for adult as well as infant rats. The CS− effect has seemed especially important for infants, which may be related to the general tendency for infants to exhibit less stimulus selection than older animals. Finally, the CS− effect has enabled the development of a simple test of short-term retention that can quite effectively assess memory for either incidental or target events. These tests so far have indicated a clear ontogenetic decrease in rate of forgetting over short intervals, corresponding to the well-known development-related decrease in forgetting over long intervals (infantile amnesia). The tests also have shown that short-term forgetting of intentional and target events is surprisingly similar, with some indication of more rapid forgetting for the incidental events. Alternative interpretations of the CS− effect and some preliminary tests of these interpretations are discussed.
Feasibility study for a correlation electron cyclotron emission turbulence diagnostic based on nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations

This paper describes the use of nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations to assess the feasibility of a new correlation electron cyclotron emission (CECE) diagnostic that has been proposed for the Alcator C-Mod tokamak (Marmar et al 2009 Nucl. Fusion 49 104014). This work is based on a series of simulations performed with the GYRO code (Candy and Waltz 2003 J. Comput. Phys. 186 545). The simulations are used to predict ranges of fluctuation level, peak poloidal wavenumber and radial correlation length of electron temperature fluctuations in the core of the plasma. The impact of antenna pattern and poloidal viewing location on measurable turbulence characteristics is addressed using synthetic diagnostics. An upper limit on the CECE sample volume size is determined. The modeling results show that a CECE diagnostic capable of measuring transport-relevant, long-wavelength (kθρs < 0.5) electron temperature fluctuations is feasible at Alcator C-Mod.
Can We Prevent Future Enrons

Despite a rash of “underauditing” problems in recent years, the accounting profession has done little to stop their spread. The latest result is another disaster: Enron. Why has the United States had such a plague of questionable accounting? Exactly what went wrong at Enron? The author answers these questions and takes a sobering look at the implications—and what should be done. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variable-diameter refractive beam shaping with freeform optical surfaces.

We propose a refractive two-element system that converts the Gaussian irradiance of an incident laser beam into a nominally flat-top output spot at a given distance with the capability to vary the spot diameter. The elements are high-order freeform surfaces that, when laterally translated, form a variable composite beam shaper. The general approach for determining the required freeform surfaces is discussed, and example design results are presented.
Strategies for improving chronic illness care: some issues for the NHS

Chronic illness is the predominant disease pattern today; however, healthcare systems have been slow to adapt. This paper describes a number of strategies to enhance chronic illness care, now often termed ‘care for long-term conditions’, including targeting, prior authorization, guidelines, profiling, financial incentives, gatekeeping, subcapitation, case management, information systems, interdisciplinary teams and end-of-life care. It compares how such programs have been implemented in the UK, under the NHS framework, and in the USA.
UV fluorescence enhancement by Al and Mg nanoapertures

Aluminum and magnesium have a strong plasmonic response in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Due to the differences in their dielectric responses, however, there are qualitative differences in the fluorescence enhancement factors for Al and Mg nanoapertures. In order to make our results applicable to experimental studies, we further investigate fluorescence enhancement in these nanoapertures using UV emitters that excite near 270 nm and emit near 340 nm with both high and low quantum yields (QY). Our results suggest that Al nanoapertures may perform better for molecules with low QY, while Mg may perform better for molecules with high QY. We further consider the effects of bulk and surface oxidation of the two metals. In order to improve fluorescence enhancement, avoiding bulk oxidation during film deposition is important, although bulk oxidation could be used as an optimization parameter for some enhancement mechanisms.
The sensitivity of calculated short-circuit currents to selected irradiance distributions and solar cell spectral responses

Abstract Calculations of normalized differences in solar cell short-circuit currents are reported for a variety of solar cell materials and illumination sources. All results were referenced to the cell response under a standard air mass 1.5 irradiance distribution. Each solar cell and source combination was evaluated for two candidate source normalization procedures. The first is a photon flux normalization technique in the 300 – 1100 nm wavelength region and the second is an energy flux normalization procedure over the 300 – 2500 nm wavelength band. Practical laboratory approximations of these techniques can be implemented with a good silicon detector and a black detector respectively. Results are reported for 15 different solar cells and six illumination sources (two alternative solar spectra and four artificial sources). The results clearly indicate the importance of carefully selecting the illumination source and the source normalization procedure for the specific solar cell to be evaluated.
Phototaxis in a new Allomyces.

The zoospores of a new species of Allomyces are highly phototactic. An action spectrum of this phototaxis showed a broad peak in the 470 nm to 525 nm region of the spectrum, and the ultrastructure of the zoospores did not reveal any obvious structural basis for this mechanism. The findings are discussed in relation to phototaxis in Chlamydomonas and the rumposome or fibrous body previously found in several other watermold zoospores.
PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATION AMONG FEMALE SUBURBAN ADOLESCENTS

The female population of a suburban high school in a Northeastern metropolitan region (n = 837) was administered the MMPI-168 and additional surveys in order to explore the relationships between scale 4 (Psychopathic Deviate) and other variables, using multivariate techniques. Results of three multiple discriminant analyses between high and normal scorers on scale 4 suggest that high scorers are typified by a variety of delinquent experiences, low self-esteem, family and residential disruptions, and personality disorder. MMPI-168 response sets are not so influential as target variables in discriminating the criterion groups.
Understanding credibility across disciplinary boundaries

While credibility research is highly interdisciplinary, there is little interaction across researchers from various disciplines. This is unfortunate, as each disciplinary approach can inform the other, and together have potential to improve the corpus of credibility research. Researchers from fields as diverse as education, communication, psychology, library and information science, computer science, health informatics, and geography have tackled the issue of credibility of Web-based information-a topic that is growing in importance as more people rely on the Internet for information, and as more information is available online from more sources than ever before in human history.This presentation overviews research on credibility from a social scientific perspective, pointing out areas of overlap and disjuncture with work from other disciplines. For example, while most disciplines agree on basic dimensions of credibility (i.e., expertise and trustworthiness), there is substantial diversity in the specific dimensions and targets of credibility that are studied or emphasized by researchers in each field. Similarly, theoretical development within each field has proceeded in parallel fashion, without much cross-fertilization. As such, there are opportunties for better integration of credibility research across the social, information, and computer sciences from both theoretical and methodological standpoints.Toward that end, recent theories, models, and approaches to credibility research in the social sciences emphasizing the subjective and social elements of credibility evaluation may offer new insights to those studying credibility from more technical fields. User data from leading social scientific efforts to understand credibility, including the Credibility@UCSB project, will be presented as a way to promote interdisciplinary intellectual exchange and, ultimately, increase the credibility of credibility research.
Analysis of time-resolved interaction force mode AFM imaging using active and passive probes.

We present an in-depth analysis of time-resolved interaction force (TRIF) mode imaging for atomic force microscopy (AFM). A nonlinear model of an active AFM probe, performing simultaneous topography and material property imaging on samples with varying elasticity and adhesion is implemented in Simulink®. The model is capable of simulating various imaging modes, probe structures, sample material properties, tip–sample interaction force models, and actuation and feedback schemes. For passive AFM cantilevers, the model is verified by comparing results from the literature. As an example of an active probe, the force sensing integrated readout and active tip (FIRAT) probe is used. Simulation results indicate that the active and damped nature of FIRAT provides a significant level of control over the force applied to the sample, minimizing sample indentation and topography error. Active tip control (ATC) preserves constant contact time during force control for stable contact while preventing the loss of material property information such as elasticity and adhesive force. Simulation results are verified by TRIF mode imaging of the samples with both soft and stiff regions.
Contact damage as a failure mode during in vitro testing.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the failure mode(s) for all-ceramic crowns tested in vitro and to determine whether measured failure loads in this type of testing would be influenced by indenter radii (a classic Hertzian cone-crack variable) and specimen thickness. Materials & Methods Fracture surfaces and failure probability data from glass-ceramic cuspids (50 = n) tested in a previous in vitro study were examined to determine their mode of failure. To further evaluate the failure mode identified for the crowns, 100 ceramic platelets (50 glass-ceramic, 50 feldspathic porcelain) were loaded to failure beneath spherical indenters (radii, 0.75-94 mm). Results Glass-ceramic cuspids failed from blunt contact damage at the point of loading (with Hertzian stress-state damage evident). Ceramic platelets exhibited failure from either the indentation surface (Hertzian cone-cracking present) or from the supported surface (ie, mimicking bending failure). Failure-loads increased with the indenter radius for both failure modes. Failure from blunt contact damage occurred at markedly higher loads than did failure from support-surface sites. Conclusions Blunt indentation damage was identified as being the failure source for the glass-ceramic cuspid crowns and a major failure mode for both feldspathic porcelain and glass-ceramic platelets loaded beneath spherical indenters. This failure mode is not similar to that reported for clinically failed glass-ceramic crowns. Influential testing variables were contact radius, ceramic thickness, and the surface finish of both the ceramic specimen and test platen.
New Machine for Laboratory Evaluation of Fatigue of Rubber Compounds Flexed under Compression

Abstract THE failure of rubber compounds to resist fatigue when subjected to flexing under compression, or their tendency to “blow-out,” has always been a serious problem, and is becoming an even greater limiting factor in all phases of rubber technology. A new machine has been developed recently in the laboratories of The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company for the measurement of fatigue resistance of rubber compounds. Previous machines of this type have usually been large wheels or drums on which whole tires have been run to destruction; The laboratory machines have not been very numerous or very successful. The Schopper detrition tester (2) is a laboratory machine for testing the fatigue and abrasion resistance of rubber stocks in the shape of small balls. Abbott (1) obtained blow-outs in his laboratory work on testing rubber used to absorb vibration. Many suggestions have been advanced as to how correct laboratory evaluation of fatigue resistance might be accomplished. The design finally adopted (Figure...
Galileo preparing for Jupiter arrival

Abstract The most critical events of the Galileo mission occur on Jupiter arrival day, December 7, 1995. In chronological order, these one-time events are: a 1,000 km altitude flyby of the innermost Galilean satellite Io, the 75-minute Atmospheric Entry Probe mission, and the Orbiter's Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI) maneuver. In addition, extensive, unique Orbiter science observations are planned because this is the only time Galileo will encounter Io, fly through the Io torus, and will be so close to Jupiter—three times closer than at any of the perijove passes in the orbital mission. All of these events occur in what will be by far the most intense radiation environment Galileo will ever see. The focus of this Paper is the extraordinary preparations being made to maximize the reliability of the most critical events in order to ensure a successful Probe mission and Orbit Insertion while also gathering unique arrival day Orbiter science. The Paper also provides a mission status report including the return of the asteroid Ida data and the Galileo direct line-of-sight observations of Comet Shoemaker-Levy fragments impacting Jupiter in July 1994.
Cigarette smoking: Impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand

Smoking a single cigarette can reduce digital blood flow. Sarin (1974) showed a 42% reduction in digital blood flow in his series, and other investigators have shown similar findings (Ludbrook 1974, Rottenstein 1960). The focus of this paper is on the pharmacological effects of the various components of cigarette smoke and their potentials effects on wound healing in the hand. A case is described to illustrate the effect of stopping smoking upon a non-healing fingertip ulcer.
Assessment of cognitive distortion in a clinically depressed population

The Cognitive Bias Questionnaire, the Present State Examination, the Beck Depression Inventory, and an expectancy of success measure were administered to depressed and nondepressed psychiatric inpatients. The depressed subjects selected significantly more depressed distortions on the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire than did the nondepressed subjects. Results also revealed that depressed distortion scores from the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire correlated significantly with measures of cognitive distortion obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory, the Present State Examination, and an experimental task. Although primary and secondary depressed groups did not differ significantly in their responses to the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire, depressed subjects who endorsed high levels of depressed distortion revealed significantly more cognitive symptoms of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Present State Examination, and evidenced a nonsignificant trend to expect less success prior to an experimental task. Implications of these results for future research in this area are discussed.
Calcium and ischemic injury.

Abstract Ischemia increases [Ca 2+ ] i in cardiac myocytes despite the initial decrease in force development observed. This increased [Ca 2+ ] i contributes to myocyte injury by diverse mechanisms, including activation of proteases and phospholipases, and mitochondrial injury. Increased [Ca 2+ ] i may also contribute to reperfusion injury by causing hypercontracture when ATP is resynthesized to allow Ca 2+ -induced cycling of the myofilament cross-bridges. In addition, enhanced cellular Ca uptake by Na-Ca exchange, resulting in Ca 2+ loading of mitochondria or other intracellular organelles during reperfusion, may alter postreperfusion recovery. Thus, alterations in Ca 2+ homeostasis probably contribute to ischemic injury; however, other injury pathways not involving an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i or total cellular Ca content are also undoubtedly important.
Norfluoxetine enantiomers as inhibitors of serotonin uptake in rat brain.

Like fluoxetine, the N-demethylated metabolite norfluoxetine exists in R- and S-enantiomeric forms. S-Norfluoxetine inhibited serotonin (5-HT) uptake and Pillperoxetine binding to 5-HT uptake sites with a pKi of 7.86 and 8.88 or 14 and 1.3 nM, respectively, whereas R-norfluoxetine was 22 and 20 times, respectively, less potent. R-and S-Norfluoxetine were less potent than the corresponding enantiomers of fluoxetine as inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake and [3H]tomoxetine binding to norepinephrine uptake sites. Ex vivo studies showed that S-norfluoxetine inhibited 5-HT uptake with an ED50 of 3 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 4.7 mg/kg subcutaneously, and 9 mg/kg orally (7.3, 11.4 and 21.9 μmol/kg, respectively), while the ED50 for R-norfluoxetine exceeded 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (48.6 μmol/kg). Inhibition of 5-HT uptake in cerebral cortex ex vivo and decrease in 5-HIAA levels in hypothalamus persisted for 24 hours after administration of S-norfluoxetine as demonstrated with the administration of fluoxetine. Thus, S-norfluoxetine is the active N-demethylated metabolite responsible for the persistently potent and selective inhibition of 5-HT uptake in vivo.
Supercritical water synthesis and deposition of iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles in activated carbon

Abstract Iron oxide (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles were deposited on the surface and in the pores of activated carbon pellets using supercritical water to synthesize the particles from a precursor solution of ferric nitrate. The dispersion of the particles in the activated carbon was found to depend mainly on the immersion time in the precursor solution at room temperature. Two types of dispersions were obtained: egg-shell dispersions at low immersion times and uniform dispersions at high immersion times. The particle size and size distribution, on the other hand, were influenced mostly by precursor concentration. Although the catalytic properties of the α-Fe 2 O 3 in AC composites were not evaluated, the procedure of employing supercritical water to deposit metal oxide particles on hydrophobic surfaces inside support structures offers promise for carbon-supported catalyst preparation without the use of toxic or noxious solvents.
Cellular interactions in the generation of cytolytic T lymphocyte responses Analysis of the helper T cell pathway

Murine splenic lymphocytes exhibit a requirement for helper T cells for the induction of a cytolytic T lymphocyte response to suboptimal doses of allogeneic cells, membranes from allogeneic cells, or purified H-2 antigen in liposomes. The conditions where a requirement for help is apparent are the same conditions where a dependence on splenic adherent cells (SAC) has been demonstrated (Weinberger, O. et al., PROC. Natl. Acad, Sci, USA 1980. 77: 6091). Help can be provided in the form of primed, radioresistant, Ly-1+ spleen or lymph node cells or helper factor (interleukin 2, IL-2). A factor generated from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes, when added to culture in the presence of antigen, bypassed the requirement for Ia+ SAC and helper cells. IL-2 reconstituted the response to H-2K(k) in liposomes in cultures depleted of SAC, strongly suggesting that the helper cell must see antigen re-expressed by an antigen-presenting cell, whereas the prekiller does not. IL-2 could be generated by culturing Ly-1+ murine spleen cells with H-2K(k) pulsed on SAC.
Lap Dancer or Hillbilly Deluxe? The Cultural Constructions of Modern Country Music

Les enormes succes commerciaux de chansons country aux Etats-Unis, particulierement dans les annees 1990, ont entraine un debat quant a leur authenticite. L'A. montre que l'authenticite est une construction culturelle en constante evolution, et que de nombreux elements de la musique country proviennent de racines diverses, sans qu'il soit possible de definir une origine garantissant l'authenticite. C'est ainsi que le banjo, le bluegrass, le picking, le style Nashville, doivent cohabiter avec des formes empruntees a d'autres musiques, correspondant a un public diversifie
Textural, Elemental, and Isotopic Variations Among Constituents in Middle Devonian Limestones, North America

ABSTRACT Biogenic components (brachiopods, crinoids, and corals) in Middle Devonian limestones were manually separated from their enclosing matrix and analyzed by textural, elemental, and isotopic methods in order to assess the preservational state of these components. In general, brachiopods in these rocks are better preserved texturally than other constituents, as determined by SEM and cathodoluminescence observations. Elemental variations among the major components are compatible with a differential response to diagenesis governed by the relative stability of the original mineralogy of the component. However, among the most stable, low-Mg calcite brachiopods, the relationship between textural preservation and trace element content is complex. This apparent complexity may be due at least par ially to our method of textural characterization of whole brachipod samples. The nonluminescent portions of a set of well-preserved brachipods have textural characteristics and elemental contents which are virtually indistinguishable from modern representatives. Consequently, their 18O values (-3.7 ± 0.2) are assumed to represent primary biogenic calcite. These 18O values are in the heavy end of the range of values from texturally well-preserved whole brachiopods (-6.6 to -2.5), texturally altered whole brachiopods (-6.7 to -3.7), and texturally altered crinoids and cora s (-6.7 to -2.7). This comparison suggests that marine-derived pore waters were a predominant component during the principal phase of diagenesis. The relatively low l8O values of well-preserved brachiopods compared with modern representatives implies that Middle Devonian seawater was either warmer (by about 10°C) or depleted in 18O (by about 2-3) relative to modern seawater.
Planar GeOI TFET Performance Improvement With Back Biasing

Reverse back biasing of a planar germanium-on-insulator tunneling field-effect transistor provides for significant improvement in ION/IOFF, by over an order of magnitude for 0.25 V operating voltage. Optimization of the gate-to-source overlap and source doping gradient is key to maximizing the benefit of back biasing.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Breakdown Between a Recording Head and a Disk With an Asperity

The electrical breakdown behavior and damage mechanisms for a recording head flying over a charged hard disk with and without an asperity is studied. It was found that the breakdown voltage flying over a 30-nm-high asperity was as low as 1.4 V, a 50% reduction compared with a smooth disk without the asperity. Also, the read sensor was easily damaged physically and magnetically when breakdown occurred while flying over the asperity. It is concluded that the inclusion of asperities in electrical breakdown testing is critically important in determining the lowest breakdown voltage and assessing the likelihood of damage to the sensor
The Causes and Consequences of Ant Invasions

Invasions by non-native ants are an ecologically destructive phenomenon affecting both continental and island ecosystems throughout the world. Invasive ants often become highly abundant in their introduced range and can outnumber native ants. These numerical disparities underlie the competitive asymmetry between invasive ants and native ants and result from a complex interplay of behavioral, ecological, and genetic factors. Reductions in the diversity and abundance of native ants resulting from ant invasions give rise to a variety of direct and indirect effects on non-ant taxa. Invasive ants compete with and prey upon a diversity of other organisms, including some vertebrates, and may enter into or disrupt mutualistic interactions with numerous plants and other insects. Experimental studies and research focused on the native range ecology of invasive ants will be especially valuable contributions to this field of study.
Supporting English learners with participatory augmented reality simulations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the possible merits and difficulties of utilizing participatory augmented reality simulations (PARS) with English learners (ELs) in K‐12 science classrooms.Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyzed literature of PARS, sheltered English instruction (SEI), and other literature relevant to science instruction for ELs. Though the authors relied primarily on empirical research related to PARS and ELs, other papers were included to increase thoroughness.Findings – The authors identified elements of PARS that address requirements for effective instruction of ELs including the modality, engagement, collaboration, language use, and identity forming aspects. The findings indicate that future research into the use of PARS in science instruction may benefit ELs.Research limitations/implications – The literature synthesis was conducted to address a gap in the literature. Additional research specifically examining the impact of PARS on ELs is necessary.Origina...
Confronting Barriers to the Participation of Mexican American Women in Higher Education.

The purpose of this review was to identify and examine barriers purported to prevent the participation of Mexican American women in higher education as well as strategies to confront those barriers...
The effects of small dispersal rates on extinction times in structured metapopulation models.

Abstract: Habitat destruction is a critical factor that affects persistence in several taxa, including Pacific salmon. Salmon are noted for their ability to home to their natal streams for reproduction. Since straying (i.e., spawners reproducing in nonnatal streams) is typically low in salmon, its effects have not been appreciated. In this article, we develop both a general analytical model and a simple simulation model describing structured metapopulations to study how weak connections between subpopulations affect the ability of a species to tolerate habitat destruction and/or declines in habitat quality. Our goals are to develop general principles and to relate these principles to salmon population dynamics. The analytical model describes the dynamics of two density‐dependent subpopulations, connected by dispersal, whose growth rates fluctuate in response to environmental and demographic stochasticity. We find that, for moderate levels of environmental variability, small dispersal rates can significant...
Caveat Emptor: The Role of Suboptimal Bronchoscope Repair Practices by a Third-Party Vendor in a Pseudo-Outbreak of Pseudomonas in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens

Objective. To describe a pseudo-outbreak associated with loose bronchoscope biopsy ports caused by inadequate bronchoscope repair practices by third-party vendors and to alert healthcare personnel to assess bronchoscope repair practices. Design. Outbreak investigation. Setting. A 925-bed tertiary care hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Patients. Patients who underwent bronchoscopy with certain bronchoscopes after they had been repaired by a third-party vendor. Methods. An epidemiologic investigation was conducted to determine the cause of Pseudomonas putida growth in 4 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens within a 3-day period in May 2008. All bronchoscopes were inspected, and cultures were obtained from bronchoscopes and the environment. Bronchoscope cleaning and maintenance practices were reviewed. Microbiologic results from BAL specimens and medical records were reviewed to find additional cases. Results. All 4 case patients had undergone bronchoscopy with one of 2 bronchoscopes, both of which had loose biopsy ports. Bronchoscope cultures grew P. putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas. The P. putida strains from the bronchoscopes matched those from the patients. Specimens from 12 additional patients who underwent bronchoscopy with these bronchoscopes grew P. putida, P. aeruginosa, or Stenotrophomonas. No patients developed clinical signs or symptoms of infection, but 7 were treated with antibiotics. Investigation revealed that the implicated bronchoscopes had been sent to an external vendor for repair; examination by the manufacturer revealed irregularities in repairs and nonstandard part replacements. Conclusions. Third-party vendors without access to proprietary information may contribute to mechanical malfunction of medical devices, which can lead to contamination and incomplete disinfection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(3):224-229