cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of C3H3Cl with H2, C3H4, C2H2 and C2H4 Behind Reflected Shock Waves

Mixtures of propargyl chloride diluted in neon have been studied by dynamic sampling of the reflected shock zone by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For the C3H3Cl system, benzene is detected only in trace amounts as an expected product of reactions involving C3H3 radicals; only C2H2, C4H2 and HCl appear as major products. However, in mixtures of C3H3Cl containing H2, benzene is readily observed. Experiments on a 3% C3H3Cl - 5% D2 mixture reveal a constant temporal HCl/DCl product ratio that is approximately equal to 5. It is proposed that the major channel for C3H3Cl dissociation yields HCl and c-C3H2 (singlet cyclopropenylidene). In the presence of H2, c-C3H2 reacts exothermically to form the thermally excited adduct C3H4* which readily isomerizes to either allene or propyne as predicted by a bimolecular-QRRK calculation. The calculations reveal that formation of allene and propyne account for 89% of the product distribution in the reaction of c-C3H2 with H2. Benzene production is also recorded in mixtures of C3H3Cl + allene, C3H3CI + propyne, C3H3Cl + C2H2 and C3H3CI + C2H4. The products observed in these mixtures over the range 1350 - 1700 K are C2H2, C4H2, HCl, benzene and trace amounts of C6H2. The model utilizes a 36 step mechanism and yields satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental results.
Improved Process Control Through Multivariate Analysis

This paper argues that multivariate statistical analysis of operating data may provide the necessary information and insight needed to adequately control many of the complex industrial processes that do not lend themselves to rigid deterministic feedbac..
Monophily in social networks introduces similarity among friends-of-friends.

The observation that individuals tend to be friends with people who are similar to themselves, commonly known as homophily, is a prominent feature of social networks. While homophily describes a bias in attribute preferences for similar others, it gives limited attention to variability. Here, we observe that attribute preferences can exhibit variation beyond what can be explained by homophily. We call this excess variation monophily to describe the presence of individuals with extreme preferences for a particular attribute possibly unrelated to their own attribute. We observe that monophily can induce a similarity among friends-of-friends without requiring any similarity among friends. To simulate homophily and monophily in synthetic networks, we propose an overdispersed extension of the classical stochastic block model. We use this model to demonstrate how homophily-based methods for predicting attributes on social networks based on friends (that is, 'the company you keep') are fundamentally different from monophily-based methods based on friends-of-friends (that is, 'the company you’re kept in'). We place particular focus on predicting gender, where homophily can be weak or non-existent in practice. These findings offer an alternative perspective on network structure and prediction, complicating the already difficult task of protecting privacy on social networks.
Optimization of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Expression for Large Transgenes, Using a Synthetic Promoter and Tandem Array Enhancers

Abstract The packaging capacity of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors limits the size of the promoter that can be used to express the 4.43-kb cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA. To circumvent this limitation, we screened a set of 100-mer synthetic enhancer elements, composed of ten 10-bp repeats, for their ability to augment CFTR transgene expression from a short 83-bp synthetic promoter in the context of an rAAV vector designed for use in the cystic fibrosis (CF) ferret model. Our initial studies assessing transcriptional activity in monolayer (nonpolarized) cultures of human airway cell lines and primary ferret airway cells revealed that three of these synthetic enhancers (F1, F5, and F10) significantly promoted transcription of a luciferase transgene in the context of plasmid transfection. Further analysis in polarized cultures of human and ferret airway epithelia at an air–liquid interface (ALI), as well as in the ferret airway in vivo, demonstrated that the...
The automated white blood cell differential. A current perspective

The white blood cell differential continues to be one of the most widely performed clinical laboratory procedures. The manual differential is both labor intensive aand imprecise, because routinely only 100 cells are counted. In order to significantly improve the precision, the technologist would need to count and classify at least 1000 cells, an impractical amount in terms of time and efficiency. Until the availability of automated hematology instruments, it was not possible to obtain a differential count that could be regarded as statistically significant.
The Effect of Comprehensive Medical Care on the Long-Term Outcomes of Children Discharged from the NICU with Tracheostomy.

Background Survival of infants with complex care has led to a growing population of technology-dependent children. Medical technology introduces additional complexity to patient care. Outcomes after NICU discharge comparing Usual Care (UC) with Comprehensive Care (CC) remain elusive. Objective To compare the outcomes of technology-dependent infants discharged from NICU with tracheostomy following UC versus CC. Methods A single site retrospective study evaluated forty-three (N=43) technology-dependent infants discharged from NICU with tracheostomy over 5½ years (2011-2017). CC provided 24-hour accessible healthcare-providers using an enhanced medical home. Mortality, total hospital admissions, 30-days readmission rate, time-to-mechanical ventilation liberation, and time-to-decannulation were compared between groups. Results CC group showed significantly lower mortality (3.4%) versus UC (35.7%), RR, 0.09 [95%CI, 0.12-0.75], P=0.025. CC reduced total hospital admissions to 78 per 100 child-years versus 162 for UC; RR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.25-0.93], P=0.03. The 30-day readmission rate was 21% compared to 36% in UC; RR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.21-1.58], P=0.29). In competing-risk regression analysis (treating death as a competing-risk), hazard of having mechanical ventilation removal in CC was two times higher than UC; SHR, 2.19 [95% CI, 0.70-6.84]. There was no difference in time-to-decannulation between groups; SHR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.37-3.15]. Conclusion CC significantly decreased mortality, total number of hospital admissions and length of time-to-mechanical ventilation liberation.
Roll Back Malaria: an historical footnote

Prompted by the 20th anniversary of Roll Back Malaria, the author recalls hypotheses concerning a major new initiative to control malaria in Africa put forward by WHO AFRO and the World Bank in 1996. These hypotheses, and the reactions to them of a panel of 18 experts, are reviewed and contrasted to the rapid progress and high ambition that characterize the field of malaria today.
Posterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion: Assessing Risk Factors for Nonhome Discharge and the Impact of Disposition on Postdischarge Outcomes.

Background The purpose of this study was to identify predictors for postacute care facility discharge for patients undergoing posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCDF) and to determine if discharge placement impacts postdischarge outcomes. Methods Patients undergoing PCDF from 2012 to 2015 were queried from the NSQIP database (n = 8743) and separated by discharge placement. Outcomes included nonhome discharge, unplanned 30-day readmission, and adverse events (AEs), both before and after discharge. Demographics and comorbidities were analyzed using bivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors for nonhome discharge, readmission, and severe AE after discharge. Results Patients with nonhome discharges were significantly older (67.4 vs. 58.6 years; P 2; P 2 (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.5–2.05; P Conclusions Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that patients with PCDF discharged to a postacute care facility have a higher likelihood of having a severe AE after discharge as well as a higher likelihood of being readmitted.
The intrepid urban coyote: a comparison of bold and exploratory behavior in coyotes from urban and rural environments.

Coyotes (Canis latrans) are highly adaptable, medium-sized carnivores that now inhabit nearly every large city in the United States and Canada. To help understand how coyotes have adapted to living in urban environments, we compared two ecologically and evolutionarily important behavioral traits (i.e., bold-shy and exploration-avoidance behavior) in two contrasting environments (i.e., rural and urban). Boldness is an individual’s reaction to a risky situation and exploration is an individual’s willingness to explore novel situations. Our results from both tests indicate that urban coyotes are bolder and more exploratory than rural coyotes and that within both populations there are individuals that vary across both spectrums. Bolder behavior in urban coyotes emerged over several decades and we speculate on possible processes (e.g., learning and selection) and site differences that could be playing a role in this behavioral adaptation. We hypothesize that an important factor is how people treat coyotes; in the rural area coyotes were regularly persecuted whereas in the urban area coyotes were rarely persecuted and sometimes positively rewarded to be in close proximity of people. Negative consequences of this behavioral adaptation are coyotes that become bold enough to occasionally prey on pets or attack humans.
Residents as Key Effectors of Change in Improving Opioid Prescribing Behavior.

Objective There is a national imperative to curb the flow of opioids into our communities. In academic medical centers, the majority of discharge opioid prescriptions are written by residents who receive predominantly ad hoc, peer-to-peer education on perioperative analgesia. We aimed to reduce opioid overprescribing after common general surgical operations through a resident led quality improvement project that involved formal educational interventions and feedback on prescribing habits. Design A transdisciplinary team was formed to identify how current prescribing habits differed from best practices, and to identify the educational needs to bridge this gap. We then focused on multiple educational interventions, including department-wide grand rounds, case-based conferences with residents, and dedicated didactic sessions on opioid prescribing. Feedback reports of opioid prescribing habits of the residents were developed. Residents’ attitudes toward opioid prescribing were assessed using an anonymous survey before and after our interventions. Actual opioid prescribing data were abstracted from the electronic health record. Setting A single academic medical center. Participants A surgical resident led a transdisciplinary team consisting of faculty, anesthesiologists, pharmacists, advanced practice providers, and health informaticians within the Department of Surgery. Results After our educational intervention, residents’ impression of the appropriate number of opioid pills necessary after common general surgical operations decreased significantly, as measured by surveys pre- and postintervention. Electronic health record data regarding actual opioid prescribing behavior show significant discrepancy from the survey responses, but does show a significant decrease in the quantity of opioids prescribed for most evaluated operations following the educational intervention. Conclusions Opioid prescribing is an ideal target for resident led education and quality improvement. Residents’ attitudes toward appropriate opioid prescribing tend to differ from actual prescribing habits. Our results demonstrate that a well-scoped, resident-driven quality improvement program can lead to change in both attitudes and practice surrounding opioid prescribing.
Compressive mechanical properties of rat and pig optic nerve head

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), the primary risk factor for glaucoma, is thought to induce abnormally high strains in optic nerve head (ONH) tissues, which ultimately result in retinal ganglion cell damage and vision loss. The mechanisms by which excessive deformations result in vision loss remain incompletely understood. The ability of computational and in vitro models of the ONH to provide insight into these mechanisms, in many cases, depends on our ability to replicate the physiological environment, which in turn requires knowledge of tissue biomechanical properties. The majority of mechanical data published to date regarding the ONH has been obtained from tensile testing, yet compression has been shown to be the main mode of deformation in the ONH under elevated IOP. We have thus tested pig and rat ONH tissue using unconfined cyclic compression. The material constants C1, obtained from fitting the stress vs. strain data with a neo-Hookean material model, were 428 [367, 488] Pa and 64 [53, 76] Pa (mean [95% Confidence Interval]) for pig and rat optic nerve head, respectively. Additionally, we investigated the effects of strain rate and tissue storage on C1 values. These data will inform future efforts to understand and replicate the in vivo biomechanical environment of the ONH.
Lead Halide Perovskites Unlock Thin Film Upconversion

Triplet fusion upconversion has enormous potential to upend a number of applications, but upconversion in thin films has lagged behind. In this issue, Nienhaus et al. demonstrate upconversion from the organic material rubrene by pairing it with a film of lead halide perovskites as the sensitizer, enabling thin film upconversion at sub-solar power densities.
A Modal Free Lunch

The meaning and truth conditions for claims about physical modality and causation have been considered problematic since Hume’s empiricist critique. But the underlying semantic commitments that follow from Hume’s empiricism about ideas have long been abandoned by the philosophical community. Once the consequences of that abandonment are properly appreciated, the problems of physical modality and causal locutions fall away, and can be painlessly solved.
We Refuse to Hate

Watching children from diverse ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds play together peacefully makes for memorable moments; it renews faith in humanity and strengthens the belief that hatred is a learned human behavior and not something we are born with.
Characterising the potential for recall bias in anchor-based MCID calculation of patient-reported outcome measures for chronic rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE Anchor-based methods to calculate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) may suffer from recall bias. This has never been investigated for otolaryngic PROMs. We sought to identify evidence of recall bias in calculation of MCIDs of PROMs for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). DESIGN Retrospective analysis of data from two previous studies calculating the MCID of the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and 5-dimensonal EuroQol questionnaire (EQ-5D) in CRS patients. SETTING Tertiary rhinology clinic. PARTICIPANTS Adults with CRS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES SNOT-22 score, and EQ-5D visual analog scale scores (EQ-5D VAS) and health utility values (EQ-5D HUV) before and after medical treatment for CRS. After treatment, participants were asked to rate the change in sinonasal symptoms and general health (the anchor question) as "Much worse," "A little worse," "About the same," "A little better" or "Much better." Participants' responses to the anchor question were checked for association with post-treatment and pre-treatment scores using ordinal regression. RESULTS On univariate association, post-treatment SNOT-22 and EQ-5D scores were associated with respective participants' anchor question responses (P < .001 in all cases). Only pre-treatment SNOT-22 score was associated with anchor question responses (P = .017) on univariate association, in contrast to pre-treatment EQ-5D scores. Pre-treatment EQ-5D scores only associated with anchor question responses when controlling for post-treatment scores. CONCLUSION The anchor-based MCIDs of the SNOT-22, which reflects disease-specific QOL, and the EQ-5D, which reflects general health-related QOL, appear to be largely free of recall bias.
Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified with mammalian target of rapamycin mutation: A novel finding for targeted treatment.

Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (pcPTCL-NOS) is a rare, progressive, and often fatal disease with no specific treatment regimen that presents as rapidly enlarging plaques or nodules. Here, we present a case of progressive pcPTCL-NOS with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) mutation and variable T-cell antigen expression. mTOR mutation in pcPTCL-NOS may represent a new therapeutic target.
Evidence for Cancer Literacy Knowledge Retention among Kentucky Middle and High School Students after a Brief Educational Intervention.

OBJECTIVES Although cancer is seen in every state in the United States, it does not affect every geographic area and population equally. Kentucky has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates in the country, with an unusually high number of cases localized in its Appalachian region. Risk factors such as sun exposure, tobacco use, poor diet/exercise, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare centers contribute to this disparity. Because education levels in the area are low, cancer literacy (defined as how well a person can understand the advice of a healthcare professional and make appropriate lifestyle decisions) also is low. In this study, we examined the short-term and long-term effects of a brief cancer-related intervention on the cancer literacy of Kentucky middle and high school students. METHODS This study targeted middle and high school students in Kentucky. We administered an online 10-item cancer literacy pretest, followed by a brief educational intervention and a posttest to 164 students at six Kentucky middle and high schools. This posttest also included questions asking how likely students would be to change their habits or to encourage others to change their habits as a result of the intervention. All of the participating students also were sent a 3-month follow-up online survey with items identical to the pretest; 48 students completed the 3-month follow-up test, leading to a response rate of 29.2%. The data were summarized as frequencies, averages, median, and confidence intervals (CIs) of correctly marked answers. A paired t test was used to test for significance. RESULTS We observed an increase in the overall average test score from 50.2% (95% CI 47.8%-52.6%) on the pretest to 77.1% (95% CI 74.6%-79.7%) on the posttest immediately following the intervention. There also was an increase in the average number of correct responses on each item. The 3-month follow-up test similarly showed average test score improvement (75.4%). When asked how likely students would be to change their habits as a result of the intervention on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 = extremely unlikely, 10 = extremely likely), the median was 6. When asked how likely students would be to encourage another to change their habits, the median was an 8. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that a brief educational intervention can increase cancer literacy, improve cancer knowledge retention, and encourage behavior change in Appalachian Kentucky students. Increasing cancer literacy may result in increased participation in preventive cancer screenings and improved health habits, which could ultimately lower cancer rates in the region.
Investigating Sleep Disturbance and Its Correlates Among Formerly Homeless Adults in Permanent Supportive Housing.

Background Adults experiencing homelessness have a high burden of sleep disturbance, which may be reduced by accessing permanent supportive housing. Objectives To assess sleep disturbances and their correlates, including demographics, activity level, health status, age-related health issues (eg, functionality and cognitive impairment), substance use, and homelessness history in a sample of permanent supportive housing (PSH) tenants. Research design Cross-sectional survey design. Subjects A total of 237 formerly homeless adults between 45 and 80 years old. Measures The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance short form was used to measure sleep disturbance. Results Twenty-eight percent of our sample had PROMIS scores indicative of a moderate or severe sleep disturbance. Functional impairment, pain, and mental health comorbidities were associated with increased sleep disturbance in multivariable linear regression analyses. The number of years a person experienced homelessness was inversely associated with sleep disturbance. Conclusions This study supports the need to screen for sleep disturbances among PSH tenants. The findings suggest that supportive services in PSH may need to include integrated physical and behavioral health care, pain management, and interventions designed to address activities of daily livings to improve tenant sleep. They also suggest that improved sleep may help reduce PSH tenant pain, impairment, and mental health symptoms among PSH tenants.
The Influence of COVID-19 Vaccination on Daily Cases, Hospitalization, and Death Rate in Tennessee, United States: Case Study.

Background The COVID-19 outbreak highlights our vulnerability to novel infections, and vaccination remains a foreseeable method to return to normal life. However, infrastructure is inadequate for the immediate vaccination of the whole population. Therefore, policies have adopted a strategy to vaccinate older adults and vulnerable populations while delaying vaccination for others. Objective This study aimed to understand how age-specific vaccination strategies reduce daily cases, hospitalizations, and death rates using official statistics for Tennessee, United States. Methods This study used publicly available data on COVID-19, including vaccination rates, positive cases, hospitalizations, and deaths from the Tennessee Department of Health. Data from the first date of vaccination (December 17, 2020) to March 3, 2021, were retrieved. The rates were adjusted by 2019 data from the US Census Bureau, and age groups were stratified into 10-year intervals starting with 21 years of age. Results The findings showed that vaccination strategy can reduce the numbers of patients with COVID-19 in all age groups, with lower hospitalization and death rates in older populations. Older adults had a 95% lower death rate from December to March; no change in the death rate of other age groups was observed. The hospitalization rate was reduced by 80% for people aged ≥80 years, while people who were 50 to 70 years old had nearly the same hospitalization rate as prior to vaccination. Conclusions This research indicates that targeting older age groups for vaccination is the optimal way to avoid higher transmissions and reduce hospitalization and death rates.
PIM1 phosphorylation of the androgen receptor and 14-3-3 ζ regulates gene transcription in prostate cancer

PIM1 is a serine/threonine kinase over-expressed in prostate cancer. We have previously shown that PIM1 phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR), the primary therapeutic target in prostate cancer, at serine 213 (pS213), which alters expression of select AR target genes. Therefore, we sought to investigate the mechanism whereby PIM1 phosphorylation of AR alters its transcriptional activity. We previously identified the AR co-activator, 14-3-3 ζ, as an endogenous PIM1 substrate in LNCaP cells. Here, we show that PIM1 phosphorylation of AR and 14-3-3 ζ coordinates their interaction, and that they extensively occupy the same sites on chromatin in an AR-dependent manner. Their occupancy at a number of genes involved in cell migration and invasion results in a PIM1-dependent increase in the expression of these genes. We also use rapid immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins on chromatin (RIME), to find that select AR co-regulators, such as hnRNPK and TRIM28, interact with both AR and 14-3-3 ζ in PIM1 over-expressing cells. We conclude that PIM1 phosphorylation of AR and 14-3-3 ζ coordinates their interaction, which in turn recruits additional co-regulatory proteins to alter AR transcriptional activity.
Rotation Distance, Triangulations of Planar Surfaces and Hyperbolic Geometry

This paper extends the results of Sleator, Tarjan and Thurston to rotation distance problems of triangulations of planar surfaces. We give upper and lower bounds for this problem. The upper bound is obtained by looking at the triangulations in the universal covering space, and the lower bound is obtained by extending and applying the technique of volume estimate in hyperbolic geometry.
The Normal Coordinate Treatment for Molecules with C 2 v , C 3 v , T d , and O h , Symmetry

The selection rules for a molecule, based on a hypothetical model, were derived in Chapter 5. The normal modes of this model can be determined using the normal coordinate treatment (NCT) method, which also serves to check the frequency assignments for the model. This method, which illustrates a useful application of group theory, depends on the bond lengths and bond angles of the model. Knowledge of force constants (the restoring force between two atoms) is also necessary, and the molecule must possess a high degree of symmetry.
USES OF THE DIASPORA

This essay examines the significance the diaspora has acquired in Indian popular culture. Through an examination of popular magazines and prime time programming, the essay illustrates the manner in which India and Indians have imaginatively accommodated the diaspora, encompassing it within the folds of a globalised Indian identity. The presence of the diaspora in popular culture helps produce new subjectivities, especially that of the new Indian woman. In contemporary popular culture, the diaspora expands the terrain of India beyond the contours of the nation‐state. The Indian female body, however, remains a site where a range of anxieties about globalisation is encoded. The Indian woman's body continues to be shaped by and regulated by ‘tradition’ and Indian values. Simultaneously, she becomes a conduit through which concerns of national stability and economic globalisation are performed.
Role of isobars in nuclear independent particle motion

Multiple meson exchanges proceeding primarily via excitation of isobars can lead to strong many body interactions between nucleons. Three body interactions may be more important in most nuclei than the two body one pion exchange interaction.
Maciel, Gary E.: A Little Polarization Can be Good for You

The sections in this article are 1 The MIT Years, 1960–61 2 The University of California, Davis Years, 1961–70 3 The CSU Years, 1971–Present 4 Biographical Sketch
Teaching Augustine—Introduction

This introduction to the Special Issue “Teaching Augustine” summarizes the volume’s essays and discusses the conference at which they were initially presented.
Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen experiments: The structure of the probability space. II

In part I, we have described the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments in the framework of an axiomatic probability theory. In part II, we present the proofs of the results stated in part I.
Membrane topology of the Escherichia coli γ-aminobutyrate transporter: implications on the topography and mechanism of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transporters from the APC superfamily

The Escherichia coli gamma-aminobutyric acid permease (GabP) is a plasma membrane protein from the amine-polyamine-choline (APC) superfamily. On the basis of hydropathy analysis, transporters from this family are thought to contain 12, 13 or 14 transmembrane domains. We have experimentally analysed the topography of GabP by using the cytoplasmically active LacZ (beta-galactosidase) and the periplasmically active PhoA (alkaline phosphatase) as complementary topological sensors. The enzymic activities of 32 GabP-LacZ hybrids and 43 GabP-PhoA hybrids provide mutually reinforcing lines of evidence that the E. coli GabP contains 12 transmembrane segments that traverse the membrane in a zig-zag fashion with both N- and C-termini facing the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the resulting model predicts that the functionally important 'consensus amphipathic region' (CAR) [Hu and King (1998) Biochem. J. 330, 771-776] is at least partly membrane-embedded in many amino acid transporters from bacteria and fungi, in contrast with the apparent situation in mouse cationic amino acid transporters (MCATs), in which this kinetically significant region is thought to be fully cytoplasmic [Sophianopoulou and Diallinas (1995) FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 16, 53-75]. To the extent that conserved domains serve similar functions, the resolution of this topological disparity stands to have family-wide implications on the mechanistic role of the CAR. The consensus transmembrane structure derived from this analysis of GabP provides a foundation for predicting the topological disposition of the CAR and other functionally important domains that are conserved throughout the APC transporter superfamily.
Using taxometric analysis to distinguish a small latent taxon from a latent dimension with positively skewed indicators: The case of involuntary defeat syndrome

Joining the debate on the structure of depression, S. R. H. Beach and N. Amir (2003) analyzed college students' responses to 6 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) items with predominantly somatic content and concluded that they identified a small latent taxon corresponding to involuntary defeat syndrome. An exact replication of these analyses yielded virtually identical taxometric results, but parallel analyses of simulated taxonic and dimensional comparison data matching the intercorrelations and skewed distributions of the BDI items showed the results to be more consistent with dimensional than with taxonic latent structure. Analyses in a clinical sample with nonskewed indicators further supported a dimensional interpretation. The authors discuss methodological strategies for conducting and interpreting taxometric analyses under the adverse conditions commonly encountered in psychopathology research, including skewed indicators and small putative taxa.
EFFECT OF ESTRONE, PROGESTERONE AND PITUITARY MAMMOTROPIN ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS OF CASTRATED C3H MALE MICE

SINCE the incidence of mammary cancer in the C3H virgin may be as high as 97% in contrast to 0% in the male (Bittner and Huseby, 1946), a very important determinant would seem to be the hormonal factors influencing mammary growth. Many experiments have been performed in which estrogenic hormones in doses calculated to “feminize” the male mammary gland have raised the incidence of tumors to as high as 80% in males of this strain (Gardner, 1941). In the extensive literature of this field (Shimkin, 1945; Greenstein and Haddow, 1953) one may find reports on many tumor-inducing regimens employing different estrogens, dosages, methods of administration and periods of treatment. Only rarely have anatomical studies such as that of Trentin and Turner (1948) been made to determine the changes induced in the gland structure during the treatment period. And, insofar as we are aware, no one has worked out the shortest period during which the gland
DEATH AND DYING : Management of Patients with End-Stage Disease

The culture of nursing homes historically has been rehabilitative. This approach has been enforced by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (1987) regulations, which focus on "decline" as largely avoidable. With the passage of the Prospective Payment System, nursing homes have become increasingly a site of death. In the same way that no sharp transition exists between living and dying, no sharp transition exists between life-prolonging, disease-specific therapy and palliative therapy. Life-prolonging therapy can lead to symptoms that require palliation, and, in some instances, (e.g., end-stage heart failure) life-prolonging therapy and palliative therapy may be indistinguishable. Palliative care, with the control of symptoms, relief of suffering, and promotion of quality of life, is appropriate to all stages of disease, with an increasing proportion of palliative care relative to curative therapy as the disease progresses. The goals of symptom management and attention to potential sources of suffering in palliative care are components of quality end-of-life care and are discussed.
Enhancement of convective heat transfer in an air-cooled heat exchanger using interdigitated impeller blades

Abstract The enhancement of convective heat transfer through a finned heat sink using interdigitated impeller blades is presented. The experimentally investigated heat sink is a subcomponent of an unconventional heat exchanger with an integrated fan, designed to meet the challenges of thermal management in compact electronic systems. The close integration of impeller blades with heat transfer surfaces results in a decreased thermal resistance per unit pumping power. The performance of the parallel plate air-cooled heat sink was experimentally characterized and empirically modeled in terms of nondimensional parameters. Dimensionless heat fluxes as high as 48 were measured, which was shown to be about twice the heat transfer rate of a traditional heat sink design using pressure-driven air flow at the same mass flow rate.
Global information systems quality: key issues and challenges

The application of quality principles to information systems is a strategic necessity as customer perceptions of a companyâ€™s quality frequently depend on the way information systems perform their function. Quality management in global companies becomes much more complex because of the competing pressures for adaptation to the local environment versus those for consistency within the global firm. To organize the literature and to present an integrated view of the concept of global IS quality, a comprehensive framework is introduced which yields five dimensions of IS quality: data quality, information quality, IT quality, people, and organization. These dimensions are used to identify and examine the key issues and challenges that arise from the distinct national and cultural characteristics of a global companyâ€™s subsidiary nations. Finally, the issues are drawn into a taxonomy and empirical research questions and hypotheses are posed for further research.
Uncertainty-limited position measurement of moving atoms using optical fields

A method for measuring atomic spatial distributions is suggested, based on Raman transitions in an applied force field. This technique eliminates the Doppler effect and provides high-frequency resolution for long-lived states, leading to position resolution that is fundamentally limited by the uncertainty principle. The effects of atomic motion are discussed, and a simplified analysis of the method is presented.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE METABOLISM OF TWO PROTOZOANS.

1. The respiration of Amoeba proteus was measured. 10 c. mm. of cells were found to use about 1.6 mm.3 of oxygen per hour at 20°C. The respiratory quotient was found to be nearly unity. 2. No anaerobic metabolism was found for Amoeba. 3. The respiration of Blepharisma was found to be from 3 to 7 mm.3 oxygen per hour for 10 mm.3 cells. The respiratory quotient was about 1. 4. Blepharisma was shown to have a definite anaerobic metabolism. 80 mm.3 cells caused the evolution of 12.5 mm.3 carbon dioxide per hour at 20°C. in the presence of bicarbonate.
Microsurgical anatomy of the supracerebellar transtentorial approach to the posterior mediobasal temporal region: technical considerations with a case illustration.

Objective Surgical access to the posterior portion of the mediobasal temporal lobe presents a formidable challenge to neurosurgeons, and much controversy still exists regarding the selection of the surgical approach to this region. The supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach to the posterior mediobasal temporal region can be used as an alternative to the subtemporal or transtemporal approaches. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the surgical anatomy of the SCTT approach and review the gyral, sulcal, and vascular anatomy of the posterior mediobasal temporal lobe. The use of this approach in the resection of a ganglioglioma located in the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus is illustrated. Methods The SCTT approach to the posterior parahippocampal gyrus was performed on three silicone-injected cadaveric heads. The gyral, sulcal, and arterial anatomy of the posterior mediobasal temporal lobe was studied in six formalin-fixed injected hemispheres. Results The SCTT approach provided a direct path to the posterior mediobasal temporal lobe and exposed the posterior parahippocampal gyrus as well as the adjacent gyri in all of the cadaveric specimens. Through this approach, gross total resection of the ganglioglioma was possible in our patient. Conclusion The SCTT approach provided a viable surgical route to the posterior mediobasal temporal lobe in the cadaveric studies. This approach provides an advantage over the subtemporal and transtemporal routes in that there is less temporal lobe retraction.
Neighborhood-level LGBT hate crimes and current illicit drug use among sexual minority youth.

Objective To investigate whether past-30 day illicit drug use among sexual minority youth was more common in neighborhoods with a greater prevalence of hate crimes targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT, or sexual minority) individuals.
Effects of [3H]Udr On the Cell‐Cycle Progression of L1210 Cells

Tritium-labelled uridine [( 3H]UdR) perturbs progression of L1210 cells through the mitotic cycle. The main effect manifests as a slowdown or arrest of a portion of cells in G2 and is already observed 2 hr after addition of 0.5-5.0 microCi/ml of [3H]UdR into cultures. At 2.5-5.0 microCi/ml of [3H]UdR a slowdown of cell progression through S is also apparent. Additionally, there is an increase in the number of cells with DNA values higher than 4C in cultures growing in the presence of [3H]UdR for 8-24 hr. A pulse of [3H]UdR of 2 hr duration labels predominantly (95%) cellular RNA. The first cell-cycle effects (G2 slowdown) are observed when the amount of the incorporated [3H]UdR is such that, on average there are fewer than thirty-six [3H] decays per cell which corresponds to approximately 12-19 rads of radiation. The S-phase slowdown is seen at a dose of incorporated [3H]UdR twice as high as that inducing G2 effects. The specific localization of [3H]UdR in nucleoli, peripheral nucleoplasm and in cytoplasm, as well as differences in the kinetics of the incorporation in relation to phases of the cell cycle are discussed in the light of the differences between the effects of [3H]UdR and [3H]thymidine. Mathematical modelling of the cell-cycle effects of [3H]UdR is provided.
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profiles and sources in pine needles and particulate matter in Dayton, Ohio, USA

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in pine needles (passive sampling) and on high-volume particulate matter (PM) filters (active sampling) over a period of eight to ten months at two separate sites in the Dayton, Ohio, USA metropolitan area: Moraine and Yellow Springs. Total PAH concentrations for PM ranged from 77.4 μg g −1 to 837 μg g −1 (dry wt.) at both sites with high molecular weight PAHs being the predominant form that tended to be higher in concentration during the colder months. Total PAH concentrations for pine needles varied by tree species and location. With an average concentration of 4187 ng g −1 , Austrian pine ( Pinus nigra ) needles in Moraine ranged from 2543 ng g −1 to 6111 ng g −1 (dry wt.) with the lowest and highest concentrations occurring in October and August, respectively. The amount of phenanthrene was extremely high for August, 4200 ± 112, which could have resulted from the close proximity of the tree to the parking lot at a firehouse. White pine ( Pinus strobus ) needles in Yellow Springs had an average concentration of 384 ng g −1 and ranged from 127 ng g −1 to 589 ng g −1 (dry wt.) with September and November, respectively, having the lowest and highest PAH concentrations. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs were the predominant form in P. nigra , while the 4-ring PAHs predominated in P. strobus . Total PAH concentrations in P. nigra were an order of magnitude greater than for P. strobus . A bivariate plot of BaA/(BaA + Chry) versus Flt(Flt + Pyr) allowed the PM and pine needle data to be included in the same source analysis and indicated sources of PM at both sites were biomass and/or coal combustion. This plot also suggested PAHs in Yellow Springs P. strobus originated from petroleum combustion sources, whereas PAHs in Moraine P. nigra originated from petroleum combustion with some sources more aged or remote.
Toward Spatially Integrated Social Science

This article outlines the motivation for a spatial approach as a novel focus for cross-disciplinary interaction and research in the social and behavioral sciences. The authors review the emerging interest in space and place in the recent social science literature and develop a vision for a spatially integrated social science. This vision provides the conceptual basis for a program of six activities designed to promote a spatial perspective: learning resources, workshops, best-practice examples, place-based search, software tools, and a virtual community. The six programs will be informed by advances in the methods, technologies, and principles underlying spatial information science.
Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C Influences the Rates of MgADP Release and MgATP Binding Differently for the Two Cardiac Myosin Isoforms Expressed in Mouse Myocardium

Transgenic mouse models lacking myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) have been used extensively to examine the influence of cMyBP-C on myocardial performance. Mouse ventricles normally express predominately α-myosin heavy chain (α-MyHC), while cMyBP-C knockout models (-/- and t/t) express a mixture of α- and β-MyHC isoforms. Performance comparisons between control mice and these knockouts are complicated by differences in MyHC isoform profile. We tested whether cMyBP-C differentially affected MgATP-dependent kinetics in the two cardiac MyHC isoforms. We applied varying MgATP concentrations to chemically-skinned myocardial strips undergoing length perturbation analysis and were able to deduce acto-myosin crossbridge MgADP release rate (k-ADP) and MgATP binding rate (k+ATP). Knockout mice treated for 10 days with L-thyroxine (t/tT4) expressed 90/10% α/β-MyHC as did transgenic controls expressing wildtype cMyBP-C (WTt/t-T4). Values for k-ADP were not different between t/tT4 (95.7±3.5 s−1) and WTt/t-T4 (90.3±9.6 s−1), but k+ATP was significantly lower in the t/tT4(154±4 mM−1s−1) compared to WTt/t-T4 (302±18 mM−1s−1), P<0.01. Mice fed a diet of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) expressed 100% β-MyHC. Values for k-ADP were significantly higher in t/tPTU (24.8±1.0 s−1) compared to non-transgenic controls (NTGPTU, 15.6±1.3 s−1), P<0.01, but k+ATP was not significantly different in t/tPTU (77.5±14.5 mM−1s−1) compared to NTGPTU (99.8±20.0 mM−1s−1). These findings in the structural context of an intact cardiac sarcomere suggest that the presence of cMyBP-C influences MgATP-dependent kinetics differently for the two cardiac myosin isoforms. cMyBP-C does not influence MgADP release rate of α-MyHC, but effectively doubles the MgATP binding rate. In contrast, the presence of cMyBP-C reduces the MgADP release rate in the β-MyHC isoform, but does not change MgATP binding kinetics.
A Review Of Inventory Control Theory

In summary, we might say that an attempt has been made to trace the major thinking and the major contributions in the field of inventory-control analysis, from its inception in 1912 through the present. Raymond's monumental work, which effectively rounded out the “classical” approach, but left much to be desired, has been discussed. Also noted was the renewed interest in the subject, largely under the impetus of the work of Arrow, Harris and Marschak. The intervening and subsequent work has been traced in some detail
Decision-making in soil conservation: application of a behavioral model to potato farmers in Sri Lanka

Abstract Soil erosion is one of the most devastating problems in the upper watershed areas in Sri Lanka. Erosion-prone cultivation of vegetables (especially potatoes) on steep slopes, without soil conservation measures, has become a major problem in the recent past. Soil erosion has significant impacts on on-farm as well as off-farm activities. Although various institutions have launched programs to introduce soil conservation techniques, these have not yielded expected results mainly due to a lack of understanding of the potato farmers’ behavior on investment decisions on soil conservation. Hence the conceptual model on investment decisions on soil conservation was tested in this paper. The analytical results of the generalized least square model indicated the importance of personal and economic, as well as institutional, factors in decision-making in soil conservation. Therefore, obtaining farmer adoption of erosion-control practices will require the use of various implementation tools such as education, subsidies, and technical assistance. Low willingness to invest in soil conservation indicated the necessity for public installation of conservation structures if they are to be widely used in potato farmlands in the upper watersheds in Sri Lanka.
The redundancy of phonemes in sentential context.

Printed English is highly redundant as demonstrated by readers’ facility at guessing which letter comes next in text. However, such findings have been generalized to perception of connected speech without any direct assessment of phonemic redundancy. Here, participants guessed which phoneme or printed character came next throughout each of four unrelated sentences. Phonemes displayed significantly lower redundancy than letters, and possible contributing factors (task difficulty, experience, context) are discussed. Of three models tested, phonemic guessing was best approximated by word-initial and transitional probabilities between phonemes. Implications for information-theoretic accounts of speech perception are considered.
Miliary pulmonary neuroblastoma. A risk of autologous bone marrow transplantation

A case of miliary pulmonary neuroblastoma is described which occurred 8 months after autologous bone marrow transplantation for Stage IV neuroblastoma. The patient, a 4-year-old boy had pulmonary symptoms at this time. Disseminated metastatic disease was found, but there was no tumor at the primary site. This unusual pattern of relapse suggests that the patient's disseminated disease was related to infusion of malignant cells at the time of transplantation.