cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytoprotective Nrf2 Pathway Is Induced In Chronically Txnrd 1-Deficient Hepatocytes

Background Metabolically active cells require robust mechanisms to combat oxidative stress. The cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin (Txnrd1/Txn1) system maintains reduced protein dithiols and provides electrons to some cellular reductases, including peroxiredoxins. Principal Findings Here we generated mice in which the txnrd1 gene, encoding Txnrd1, was specifically disrupted in all parenchymal hepatocytes. Txnrd1-deficient livers exhibited a transcriptome response in which 56 mRNAs were induced and 12 were repressed. Based on the global hybridization profile, this represented only 0.3% of the liver transcriptome. Since most liver mRNAs were unaffected, compensatory responses were evidently effective. Nuclear pre-mRNA levels indicated the response was transcriptional. Twenty-one of the induced genes contained known antioxidant response elements (AREs), which are binding sites for the oxidative and chemical stress-induced transcription factor Nrf2. Txnrd1-deficient livers showed increased accumulation of nuclear Nrf2 protein and chromatin immunoprecipitation on the endogenous nqo1 and aox1 promoters in fibroblasts indicated that Txnrd1 ablation triggered in vivo assembly of Nrf2 on each. Conclusions Chronic deletion of Txnrd1 results in induction of the Nrf2 pathway, which contributes to an effective compensatory response.
Algebraic theory of finite fourier transforms

The finite Fourier transform is discussed from the viewpoint of finite dimensional algebras over commutative rings. Three main consequences of this approach are developed. First we assume, G to be an arbitrary finite Abelian group of order n and R to be a commutative integral domain. It is shown that the group algebra R[G] is isomorphic to the ''pointwise multiplication'' algebra R^n if and only if R contains 1/n together with a primitive m-th root of unity, where m is the exponent of G. Matrix representations of the isomorphisms are derived and each is called a generalized finite Fourier transform. The finite Walsh and Hadamard transforms are of course special cases. More important is the result that Fourier transforms may be defined over finite fields of appropriate characteristic. The second development involves the systematic use of tensor products of algebras in order to induce factorization of the fourier trans-form matrix. This results in a general decomposition formula from which all possible versions of the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm may be derived. Specifically both the Cooley-Tukey and Good algorithms are induced by a single functional congruence, the solutions to which define all algorithms of the Fast Fourier Transform type.
A congenital abnormality in the arrangement of muscle bundles in a segment of the distal ileum, producing obstruction: A variant of the so‐called “giant meckels's diverticulum”

This 4-year-old male child was diagnosed at birth as having several minor congenital anamolies. X-rays taken during the first year of his life showed a single, massively dilated loop of bowel in the upper abdomen, not appreciated at the time. In 1980 he was admitted to Jackson Memorial Hospital with the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. An upper gastrointestinal series showed one tremendously dilated loop of distal ileum. At laparotomy, the patient was found to have extreme segmental dilatation of one loop of distal ileum which ended abruptly; there was no evident external cause for obstruction. The resected loop contained in excess of 200 cc of watery brown liquid. The mucosal folds and underlying smooth muscle bundles, in the dilated portion only, were not arranged circumferentially but rather in a distinctive finger-print-like pattern with trifurcations, whorls, and intricate interdigitations which had probably produced contractions of a circus type rather than normal peristalic waves. We have been able to find only three reports in the literature in which, as was the case here, the so-called “giant Meckel's diverticulum” presented as a single tremendously dilated segment of ileum, sharply demarcated at its distal end. In none of them is there any description of the orientation of muscle bundles. We believe that the abnormal arrangement of smooth muscle in the muscular coat in this specimen, and perhaps in the others, probably represents the underlying cause for the extreme localized dilatation.
Polyelectrolyte-mediated non-micellar synthesis of monodispersed ‘aggregates’ of gold nanoparticles using a microwave approach

Abstract ‘Aggregates’ of monodispersed gold nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time in large quantities. Those particles were made in presence or in absence of gold seed in a polyelectrolyte solution using microwave heating for about 30–60 s. The average diameters of the particles calculated from TEM and SEM analysis were 22 ± 2 nm. Our analysis found that the polyelectrolyte acted as a reducing as well as a stabilizing agent. It controlled the growth of particles by aligning them on the polymeric chain and the nanoparticles were subsequently self-assembled to form an ‘aggregate’ structure. The synthetic procedure is very fast and the particles are stable for at least 6 months under ambient conditions.
Solar energy conversion using photochemical molecular devices: photocatalytic hydrogen production from water using mixed-metal supramolecular complexes

Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from water is an integral part of the next generation clean fuel technologies. The conversion of solar energy into useful chemical energy is of great interest in contemporary investigations. The splitting of water is a multi-electron process involving the breaking and making of chemical bonds which requires multi-component photocatalytic systems. Supramolecular complexes [{(TL)2Ru(BL)}2RhX2](Y)5 (where TL = terminal ligand, BL = bridging ligand, X = Cl− or Br−, and Y = PF6− or Br−) have been synthesized and studied for their light absorbing, electrochemical and photocatalytic properties. The supramolecular complexes in this investigation are multi-component systems comprised of two ruthenium based light absorbers connected through bridging ligands to a central rhodium, which acts as an electron collecting center upon excitation. These complexes absorb light throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions of the solar spectrum. The supramolecular complexes possess ruthenium based highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and a rhodium based lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). These molecular devices have been investigated and shown to function as photoinitiated electron collectors at the reactive rhodium metal center, and explored as photocatalysts to generate hydrogen from water in an aqueous solution in the presence of an electron donor.
The Iowa radon lung cancer study — phase I: residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer

Exposure to high concentrations of radon (222Rn) progeny produces lung cancer in both underground miners and experimentally-exposed laboratory animals. The goal of the study was to determine whether or not residential radon exposure exhibits a statistically significant association with lung cancer in a state with high residential radon concentrations. A population-based, case-control epidemiologic study was conducted examining the relationship between residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer in Iowa females who occupied their current home for at least 20 years. The study included 413 incident lung cancer cases and 614 age-frequency-matched controls. Participant information was obtained by a mailed-out questionnaire with face-to-face follow-up. Radon dosimetry assessment consisted of five components: (1) on-site residential assessment survey; (2) on-site radon measurements; (3) regional outdoor radon measurements; (4) assessment of subjects' exposure when in another building; and (5) linkage of historic subject mobility with residential, outdoor, and other building radon concentrations. Histologic review was performed for 96% of the cases. Approximately 60% of the basement radon concentrations and 30% of the first floor radon concentrations of study participants' homes exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency action level of 150 Bq m(-3) (4 pCi l(-1)). Large areas of western Iowa had outdoor radon concentrations comparable to the national average indoor value of 55 Bq m(-3) (1.5 pCi l(-1)). Excess odds of 0.24 (95% CI = -0.05-0.92) and 0.49 (95% CI = 0.03-1.84) per 11 WLM(5-19) were calculated using the continuous radon exposure estimates for all cases and live cases, respectively. Slightly higher excess odds of 0.50 (95% CI = 0.004-1.80) and 0.83 (CI = 0.11-3.34) per 11 WLM(5-19) were noted for the categorical radon exposure estimates for all cases and the live cases. A positive association between cumulative radon gas exposure and lung cancer was demonstrated using both categorical and continuous analyses. The risk estimates obtained in this study indicate that cumulative radon exposure presents an important environmental health hazard.
Fabrication of oriented polymeric nanofibers on planar surfaces by electrospinning

We present a method for the formation of oriented polymeric nanofibers using electrospinning deposition from an integrated microfluidic device. The source includes a microfabricated triangular shaped tip, integrated at the exit of a microfluidic channel to form a source that can be brought close to a counter electrode and scanned over surface features. Using the ability to orient the nanofiber deposition, we formed a 140 nm diameter suspended nanofiber over etched trenches on a silicon wafer, a configuration that allows for electrical and mechanical measurements of deposited nanofibers.
Methylation of the FSHD syndrome-linked subtelomeric repeat in normal and FSHD cell cultures and tissues

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has an unusual molecular etiology. In a putatively heterochromatic subtelomeric region of each chromosome 4 homologue (4q35), unaffected individuals have 11 to about 95 tandem copies of a complex 3.3-kb repeat (D4Z4). Most FSHD patients have less than 10 copies at one allelic 4q35. This has been proposed to lead to the loss of heterochromatinization and, thereby, inappropriate gene expression by position effects, explaining the dominant nature of FSHD and the role of a decreased number of copies of D4Z4 at 4q35 but not at 10q26. Consistent with the proposed heterochromatinization of this repeat, by Southern blot analysis, we found that SmaI, MluI, SacII, and EagI sites in D4Z4 are highly methylated in normal and FSHD cell lines and somatic tissues, including skeletal muscle. Like repeated DNA sequences in the juxtacentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, D4Z4 was hypomethylated at numerous CpGs in sperm and in cell lines from patients with an unrelated DNA methyltransferase deficiency syndrome (ICF; immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies) in contrast to its hypermethylation in non-ICF postnatal somatic tissues. Our data on FSHD samples suggest that the disease-associated 4q35 D4Z4 repeats, which constitute a small percentage of the total D4Z4 repeats, are not generally hypomethylated relative to the other repeats of this sequence. However, in individuals not affected with FSHD, the hypermethylation of tandem, high-copy-number D4Z4 repeats might help stabilize heterochromatinization at allelic 4q35 regions just as hypermethylation elsewhere in the genome has been linked to chromatin compaction.
Growth characteristics of human glioma-derived and fetal neural cells in culture

Growth characteristics of human fetal neural cells (CH) and human glioblastoma multiforme-derived cells (12-18) in culture were compared. Cells were grown to confluent densities of 38,000 to 42,500 cells/cm2 for CH and 85,800 to 87,100 for 12-18. Population doubling times were 40.0 +/- 5.1 hr and 66.5 +/- 9.8 hr for CH and 12-18 cells, respectively. The mean DNA content per cell of the glioma-derived cells was twice that of the fetal brain cells at sparse, log, and confluent cell densities. High concentrations (40%) of serum in growth medium increased DNA contents in confluent CH, but not 12-18, cells. The amount of protein per cell also was consistently higher in glioma cells than CH cells, but, as cell densities increased, protein contents decreased for both: 1200 to 700 pg/cell in glioma cells, and 840 to 560 pg/cell in CH cells. In each cell line, initial rates of [3H]ThdR incorporation into TCA precipitable material decreased as cell density increased, but confluent glioma-derived cells incorporated 10 times more [3H]ThdR than confluent fetal cells. Almost all CH cells had a normal diploid chromosome number of 46. A histogram showing the relative frequencies of chromosome numbers of glioma-derived cells had peaks of 52, 79, and 105 chromosomes per metaphase, indicating a haploid number of 26 for most cells. Lengths of cell cycle phases, determined using autoradiographic techniques, indicate that glioma-derived cells had a longer generation time and S period than fetal neural cells. These data demonstrate several biological differences between glioblastoma-derived cells and non-neoplastic fetal neural cells, indicating that this system is of potential value for comparative studies on growth control and contact inhibition.
Fundamental limits of susceptibilities

In previous work, we showed that there is indeed a fundamental limit to the off-resonant nonlinear susceptibility in the dipole approximation. This limit is calculated using sum rules. We stress that there are no approximations used in deriving the sum rules and they are equivalent to the Schroedinger equation. As such, the sum rules must be obeyed if quantum mechanics is correct. Over the years, complex quantum expressions have been simplified with two and three state models that consider the competition between excited states, symmetry, and bond length alternation. We can show that while such models are good approximations to the measured susceptibilities, since the matrix elements and energy levels may not be independently adjusted, they serve limited usefulness in understanding when the susceptibility is maximum. A large set of measurements form the literature shows that all molecules fall below the susceptibility horizon calculated buy many are close. Further improvements in susceptibilities can be made with the sum rules as a guide. Significant additional improvements will require radically more creative approaches than are presently used.
A new in vivo model for the study of potential fibrinolytic agents. I. Action of the biguanide phenformin

An in vivo model is described for the screening of potential fibrinolytic agents. The model is based on the use of animals with plasma fibrinolytic activity depressed by insulin prior to the administration of test compounds. The model revealed the fibrinolytic-enhancing effect of phenformin not demonstrated previously by more conventional in vitro and in vivo test systems.
Performance analysis and characterisation of micro-nanopositioning systems

Separation and quantification of error components in micro-nanopositioning systems are presented with theoretical analysis and experimental characterisation, which are illustrated with a single-axis nanopositioning stage. The concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic repeatabilities are proposed.
Microcephaly Disease Gene Wdr62 Regulates Mitotic Progression of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells and Brain Size

Human genetic studies have established a link between a class of centrosome proteins and microcephaly. Current studies of microcephaly focus on defective centrosome/spindle orientation. Mutations in WDR62 are associated with microcephaly and other cortical abnormalities in humans. Here we create a mouse model of Wdr62 deficiency and find that the mice exhibit reduced brain size due to decreased neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Wdr62 depleted cells show spindle instability, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation, mitotic arrest and cell death. Mechanistically, Wdr62 associates and genetically interacts with Aurora A to regulate spindle formation, mitotic progression and brain size. Our results suggest that Wdr62 interacts with Aurora A to control mitotic progression, and loss of these interactions leads to mitotic delay and cell death of NPCs, which could be a potential cause of human microcephaly.
Field studies on coliphages and coliforms as indicators of airborne animal viral contamination from wastewater treatment facilities

The occurrence of animal viruses in the aerosol emissions of wastewater treatment facilities was evaluated by direct assay and by the use of coliforms and coliphages as indicator organisms. Coliforms and coliphages were compared and evaluated with regard to their suitability as indicators of airborne animal viral contamination from wastewater treatment facilities. Two plants, one with treatment by activated sludge and the other by trickling filtration, were studied. Field air sampling procedures used large-volume air samplers, with recirculation devices, and Andersen samplers. Airborne viruses were enumerated by a most probable number (MPN) procedure. Partially treated liquid sewage contained about 1.0x 102 pfu 1-~ of animal viruses assayed on Buffalo Green IVlonkey (BGM) cells, 3.6 x 105 and 5.0 x 105 pfu I - t of coliphages, depending upon the E. coli host strain used for assay, and 2.0 x 10 9 colonies 1-~ of coliform bacteria. No airborne animal viruses were recovered, airborne coliphage levels averaged 2.3 x 10 -t and 3.0 x 10 -t MPNm -3, coliforms from aerosol emissions were 2.1 x 102 colonies m -3. Ratios of coliphages to animal viruses indicate that wastewater treatment plants may be continuous sources of low level concentrations of animal virus aerosols. Evidence shows coliforms to be much less stable than coliphages in the airborne state. Coliphages may be a more acceptable indicator of airborne animal viral contamination than coliforms.
Aeolian Deposition in Martian Craters

THE “yellow clouds” observed telescopically on Mars have been attributed to wind-blown dust and the role of aeolian erosion and deposition in the development of Martian surface markings and topographic features has been considered1–5. Photographs from Mariners 6 and 7 have allowed a more direct and realistic approach to the questions thus raised and initial studies led to mention of suggested sites for aeolian effects, particularly in the Meridiani Sinus region6,7. Here I examine this region in greater detail with results that are applicable to interpretation of Mariner 9 photography.
Decision making and probabilistic risk assessment

Abstract Several questions have been posed, in advance, to members of a panel on Decision Making held at the International Post-Conference Seminar on the Role of Data and Judgment in Probabilistic Risk and Safety Analysis, (SMiRT-8, August 1985). The relationship between probabilistic risk assessment and decision making is discussed with emphasis on: the role of judgment; verification of results of probabilistic risk assessments; the review process; safety goals and standards.
Estimation of Adrenomedullary Reserve by Infusion of 2-Deoxy-d-glucose

Infusions of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), in concentrations of 50 mg/kg body wt, produced a consistent and pronounced increase in urinary epinephrine output in subjects with intact adrenal glands. They also produced a significant rise in urinary epinephrine in patients with Addison's disease classified as idiopathic by clinical criteria, but not in those whose disease was considered tuberculous in origin, or in subjects with adrenalectomy or thoracolumbar sympathectomy. A rise in blood glucose has been demonstrated to correlate well with the increase in urinary epinephrine that follows 2-DG administration. Measurement of these substances affords a clinically useful means for evaluating the functional capacity of the adrenal medulla.
Intra- and interspecific embryo transfer

The procedures that are collectively referred to as embryo transfer (ET) have many uses. They were first used as research tools to study fetal-maternal physiology. Since the first successful mammalian embryo transfer in 1890, ET has been utilized for enhancement of genetic selection; diagnosis and treatment of infertility; control of infectious disease transmission; screening for genetic defects; propagation of rare and endangered species; and the study of developmental biology. Most of the embryo transfers have been intraspecific. A listing of the species includes rabbit, rat, sheep, mouse, goat, cattle, pig, hamster, ferret, mink, horse, baboon, cat, dog, water buffalo. In two species, rhesus monkey and humans, the successful embryo transfers have been limited to within-animal, homologous replacement of the embryos. There have been a few successful interspecific embryo transfers. The most common were between Bos taurus and B. indicus cattle. Other interspecific transfers involved Bos gaurus and B. taurus, cattle; Ovis musimon and O. aries, sheep; Equus asinus and E. caballus, horses. There are several examples of intergeneric embryo transfers in which embryos implanted but did not develop to term: sheep and goat, mouse and rat. The factors that determine the degree of compatibility between embryos and uteri of various species and genera are not clearly understood. The ability to hybridize successfully is probably a dependable indication of compatibility for embryo transfer. The limits of tolerance for differences between the donor and recipient in such factors as placental structure and gestation length have not been defined, but the recently developed technique of inner cell mass transfer will be very useful in such studies.
The tumor voluem and clonogen number relationship: Tumor control predictions based upon tumor volume estimates derived from computed tomography

Abstract Purpose : While tumor volume is an important parameter predicting clinical outcome, its relationship to clonogen number remains uncertain. This uncertainty is related to many factors, among them treatment response heterogeneity, which obscures the influence of patient and treatment-related parameters. In this study, we analyze the effect of tumor volume on local and regional recurrence in a setting tightly controlled for dose, treatment time, and patient selection. The hypothesis that changes in clonogen number scale directly with changes in tumor volume is tested. Methods and Materials : Using digital reconstruction of diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans, primary and total tumor volumes were estimated in 51 cases of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. All patients were managed with a concomitant boost accelerated superfractionated schedule to a median dose of 70.2 Gy. Clinical data were fitted to a mixture model to relate tumor volume parameters to control probability where volume and clonogen number were related by the relationship m = a · Vb, where m is initial clonogen nubmer, a is a proportionality constant, V is tumor volume, and b is the volume exponent. Results : Tumor volume estimates for primary tumor ranged from 3–196 cm3 and for total tumor volume 5–196 cm3. Actuarial local-regional control is 63%. The estimated volume exponent b is 0.85 (95%, confidence interval (c.i.): 0.40 – 1.29) for primary tumor volume and 1.1 (95%, c.i.: 0.33 – 1.85) for total tumor volume. Conclusion : This study quantifies the e adverse influence of tumor volume on local-regional disease control in advanced head and neck cancer. The derived volume exponent approximates to one, the theoretcal expectation if the growth fraction is roughly constant and clonogen number increases linearly with volume. Finally, these results suggest that radiobiological parameters are more reliably estimated from clinical data with narrowly define strata.
Surrogate Alcohols and Their Metabolites Modify Histone H3 Acetylation: Involvement of Histone Acetyl Transferase and Histone Deacetylase

Background: Ethanol increases histone H3 acetylation in the rat liver. However, the effect of other carbon chain length alcohols, consumed as surrogate alcohols and used in industry, on H3 acetylation is unknown. Hence, we investigated the effect of these alcohols on histone H3 acetylation, cell toxicity and HAT and HDAC activity. Methods: Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were incubated with selected concentration (40 mM) of different chain length alcohols with or without inhibitors of alcohol metabolizing enzymes. Cells were also treated with low concentration (2.5 mM) of 1-propanol or 1-butanol or isopentanol, with or without 40 mM ethanol for 24 hours. Effects of the metabolites of these alcohols were also studied. Cytotoxicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and mitochondrial activity (MTT assay). The degree of histone H3 acetylation at specific lysine residues were monitored by western bloting using site specific antibodies. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and colorimetric assay respectively. Results: Alcohols with increasing carbon chain length exhibited a variable effect on the ratio of acetylated lys9 histone H3 to β-actin. A graded increase (methanol 1-pentanol > 1-hexanol > 1-octanol) in the ratio was observed. Other lysine sites were not affected. HAT activation also corresponded to the acetylation profile. These alcohols or their metabolites did not significantly alter HDAC activity in the hepatocytes. Low concentration (2.5 mM) of 1-propanol alone did not affect acetylation, but sensitized the ethanol induced H3 acetylation at lysine 9 (H3AcK9). 1-Butanol and isopentanol also increased the response of ethanol induced H3AcK9. Alcohol metabolizing inhibitors attenuated ethanol and propanol induced increase in H3AcK9. Carboxylic acid metabolites of these alcohols also increased HAT activity and histone H3 acetylation at lysine 9. Propionate and butyrate modestly inhibited HDAC activity in an in vitro assay. Conclusions: Surrogate alcohols modulate H3AcK9 via increasing HAT activity and this is dependent on their metabolism. Furthermore, alcohol metabolites also increased H3AcK9, but in contrast, exhibit both HAT activation and HDAC inhibition.
360‐degree feedback: an integrated perspective

Uses a case‐study approach. Asserts that for successful implementation multi‐source feedback must be viewed from an integrated perspective and that 360‐degree feedback must be seen as more than a data collection and feedback system. Suggests that the measured characteristics and behaviours must be related to the organization’s strategic objectives and culture and that the feedback process must be supported by tools which facilitate the analysis and interpretation of the data and developmental planning.
Csurf: a context-driven non-visual web-browser

Web sites are designed for graphical mode of interaction. Sighted users can "cut to the chase" and quickly identify relevant information in Web pages. On the contrary, individuals with visual disabilities have to use screen-readers tobrowse the Web. As screen-readers process pages sequentially and read through everything, Web browsing can become strenuous and time-consuming. Although, the use ofshortcuts and searching offers some improvements, the problem still remains. In this paper, we address the problemof information overload in non-visual Web access using thenotion of context. Our prototype system, CSurf, embodyingour approach, provides the usual features of a screen-reader.However, when a user follows a link, CSurf captures thecontext of the link using a simple topic-boundary detectiontechnique, and uses it to identify relevant information onthe next page with the help of a Support Vector Machine, astatistical machine-learning model. Then, CSurf reads the Web page starting from the most relevant section, identifiedby the model. We conducted a series experiments to evaluate the performance of CSurf against the state-of-the-artscreen-reader, JAWS. Our results show that the use of context can potentially save browsing time and substantiallyimprove browsing experience of visually disabled people.
ATTITUDES OF NURSING STUDENTS TOWARD THE ELDERLY

Attitudes of nursing students in an R.N. diploma program toward the elderly were assessed. Eighty‐six students entering their nursing program volunteered and participated in the study. The Oberleder Attitude Toward Aging Scale was completed by the students before any course work which included gerontology content had begun. Each student also completed a five‐week clinical experience that focused on the elderly. The Oberleder scale was completed again at the end of the semester. Pretest and posttest responses were assessed and a dependent t‐distribution was calculated which revealed that change in attitudes toward the elderly was associated with the gerontological content coursework and clinical experience. Findings provide implications and recommendations for program and curriculum development in nursing education programs.
The value of “routine tests” in the staging evaluation of gynecologic malignancies: a cost effectiveness analysis

Abstract The value of tests employed in the clinical staging of patients with carcinomas of the cervix and enodmetrium has been examined in a retrospective review of 739 consecutive patients seen at Tufts-New England Medical Center. The yield of positive results of the barium enema (0%) and proctosigmoidoscopy (0.8%) in carcinoma of the cervix suggests that some of these studies may be omitted in asymptomatic patients with early disease on pelvic examinations. Similarly, for carcinoma of the endometrium, the yields from barium enema (0.9%) cytoscopy (0.9%) and proctosigmoidoscopy (0.6) are low. It is concluded that optimal patient care (with respect to morbidity and costs) may be provided without routinely performing these studies in staging asymptomatic patients with cervical and endometrial carcinomas.
Anatomical variations in the articular masses of the seventh cervical vertebra simulating fracture

The articular masses of the seventh cervical vertebra are variable in that about 87% of patients the superior and inferior facets are not parallel. In addition, the inferior facets are often posteriorly placed in relation to the superior facets. These factors contribute to a notched undulating articular mass seen bilaterally on the lateral and oblique projections simulating fracture. The difference in inclination of the superior and inferior facets may cause either the superior or inferior facets to be obscured on the AP view angled caudad — the posterior arch view. Since these anomalies are bilateral and fractures are almost always unilateral, the differentiation is most easily made on this posterior arch view.
Quantifying Drosophila food intake: comparative analysis of current methodology

This Analysis compares four commonly used assays to measure food intake in flies and identifies radioisotope-labeling and the capillary feeder (CAFE) as the most reproducible and sensitive.
A bacterial mutant with impaired potassium transport.

THE transport of substances across cell membranes against electrochemical potential gradients is attributed to the operation of energy-dependent pumps in the cell membrane. However, the exact chemical nature of these pumps and their link to metabolic energy sources remain unknown. The purpose of the present communication is to report the isolation of a genetic variant of the bacterium Escherichia coli (strain K-12) which differs from the original strain (prototroph) with respect to the accumulation and metabolism of intracellular potassium. (Since this communication was submitted, M. Lubin and D. Kessel, Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Comm., 2, 249 (1960), have discussed a similar topic.) Preliminary evidence demonstrates that, whereas the prototroph transports potassium into the cell with a half-time of 3½ min., the potassium mutant transports potassium at a rate so slow as to be scarcely detectable.
Aerosolization of cyanobacteria as a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with no known cause. There are many clues to suggest an environmental trigger for the disease, including reports of conjugal couples and co-localized employees that developed sALS. On the island of Guam,a very high incidence of sALS occurred among the Chamorro natives back in the 1940s and 1950s and has been linked to the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino- l -alanine (BMAA) that is produced by cyanobacteria that live symbiotically in the roots of the cycad plant, the seeds from which were a staple of the Chamorro diet. It has been shown that BMAA was biomagnified up the food chain from the cycad seeds to the now largely extinct, indigenous flying foxes, a former delicacy of the Chamorro natives. Recent evidence suggests that long term, chronic exposure to low levels of BMAA might cause ALS in genetically predisposed individuals. Many exposure routes to BMAA have been implicated thus far, including consumption of contaminated food and exposure to water harboring cyanobacterial blooms which have the capability of producing BMAA. Aerosolization is a well documented means for bacterial or toxin exposure causing subsequent illness, as in the case of brevetoxins and pulmonary disease and Legionnaire’s disease. We hypothesize that some cases of ALS may be related to chronic exposure to the aerosolization of cyanobacteria derived BMAA from cooling towers and might explain the observation of conjugal ALS couples.
Alternative adaptive regimes for integrating foraging and farming activities

Abstract There are two distinct forager-farmer adaptive regimes evidenced in the ethnographic record: an ancillary and surplus cultivation regime. Societies characterized by these different regimes define different systems for allocating time to the production of domesticated plants. Cross-cultural patterns support the proposition that two socioecological conditions are logically necessary in order for an ancillary cultivation regime to develop and persist within a population of foragers. Wild resources must be sufficiently available, and farmers who produce a surplus of crops must be available to exchange with, live with or raid to redistribute crops after an episode of crop loss. The cross-cultural presence of two empirically distinct regimes for integrating foraging and farming is a useful frame of reference for evaluating how prehistoric foragers first integrated foraging and farming activities in archaeological contexts of secondary crop acquisition. A preliminary examination indicates that the ethnographic patterns are most consistent with the interpretation that the earliest farmers to inhabit the American Southwest produced at least a minimal surplus of domesticated plants. It is postulated that the adoption of a surplus cultivation regime by a population creates the adaptive opportunity for ancillary cultivation to develop and persist on a landscape.
Prevalence of dysfunction in sensory integration in kindergarten children

Background Children with dysfunction in sensory integration (DSI) have difficulty effectively and efficiently interacting with their environment. It has been estimated that 5 to 10% ofchildren without disabilities have DSI. Late assessment and intervention in children with this problem may significantly impact further development. To date, there is no available data on DSI prevalence in Indonesian children, which is crucial for better understanding of the DSI burden in the community. Objective To estimate the prevalence of DSI in North Jakarta children using standardized screening tools. Methods Parents of kindergarten children from two private schools in N orth Jakarta were given questionnaire packets including the Family Information Questionnaire and Winnie Dunn's Short Sensory Profile (SSP) to assess demographic data and parents' perceptions of their children with regards to DSI. Results Of 264 questionnaire packets distributed, 117 packets were returned (44.3%). Most children were of Chinese ethnicity and aged 3 to 5 years. Of the 117 children, 49 children ( 41.9%) met the criteria for DSI (definite difference), 33 children (28.2%) were in the probable difference category for DSI, and 35 children (29.9%) were in the category of typical performance. The scores for the parameters of under-responsive and visual/auditory sensitivity were the most commonly observed in subjects in the definite difference category. From all questionnaire packets, a total of 18.56% of children in selected kindergartens in North Jakarta met the screening criteria for DSI, while an additional 12.5% were likely to have the disorder. Conclusion Based on parental reports, we find that 18.56% of children from two private kindergartens in North Jakarta had DSI, while an additional 12.5% are likely to have the disorder.
An SU(3) analysis of 2Ne

Abstract Shell model wavwfunctions for 22 Ne have been analysed in terms of states classified according to the Wigner-Elliott SU(4)×SU(3) scheme. The K 1 π = 4 1 + band identified by Preedom and Wildenthal can be associated with states of less than maximal symmetry and S = 1, while the first excited band ( K 1 π = 2 1 + ) does not have the expected structure, but instead displays a strong mixing of many SU(3) representations.
Observation of Pyroelectricity in Chiral Smectic-C and -H Liquid Crystals

Pyroelectricity has been observed in the smectic-$C$ and smectic-$H$ phases of $l\ensuremath{-}p$-decyloxybenzylidene-${p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-amino-2-methylbutylcinnamate after the material is poled in a dc field. The observed pyroelectric coefficient is consistent with an estimate of its theoretical value.
Deformation in a Zr57Ti5Cu20Ni8Al10 bulk metallic glass during nanoindentation

Abstract Nanoindentation experiments of a Zr 57 Ti 5 Cu 20 Ni 8 Al 10 bulk metallic glass were performed with indentation loads ranging from 200 to 2000 μN. Both the indentation hardness and the reduced contact modulus decreased with the increase in the indentation load due to the propagation of shear bands underneath the indenter – the occurrence of a softening effect. The ratio of the indentation hardness to the reduced contact stiffness was a function of the reciprocal of the indentation depth. Based on the concept of diffusion-induced stresses, a one-dimensional constitutive relation between the change of the excessive free volume and the flow stress was proposed. The indentation-size effect as observed in the indentation tests was explained through the consideration of the contribution of the strain gradient in the constitutive relation.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A SCALE FOR ASSESSING THE FUNCTIONING OF GERIATRIC PATIENTS

A simple, objective rating scale for geriatric patients was developed and used to evaluate a sample of 207 patients at Bronx State Hospital. Evaluations were made mainly by ward attendants. Interjudge reliability based on independent assessments was +.87. Female patients were significantly older than male patients; however, there was no difference between males and females with regard to their impairment scores. Geriatric patients had significantly higher impairment scores than non-geriatric patients. Clinical ratings by psychiatrists of the average level of ward functioning correlated closely with the mean rating scores. The scale appears to be a highly reliable and relatively valid measuring instrument for assessing the status of geriatric patients.
Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis.

Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the latest approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with strongyloidiasis, with an emphasis on infection in the immunocompromised host and the risk for disseminated strongyloidiasis.Recent findingsThe differences in acute, chronic, accelerated auto
High Frequency of Submicroscopic Hemizygous Deletion Is a Major Mechanism of Loss of Expression of PTEN in Uveal Melanoma

Purpose Although cytogenetic aberrations at 10q have been reported in up to 27% of uveal melanomas, the role of PTEN in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma is largely unknown. Our aim was to determine the frequency and clinical significance of PTEN alterations in uveal melanomas. Patients and Methods We examined PTEN expression using immunohistochemistry in 75 sporadic uveal melanomas, with an average follow-up of 89 months. Molecular cytogenetic alterations were studied using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Genotyping was carried out using an intragenic PTEN marker and two flanking markers. Mutational analysis of PTEN was also carried out. Results Of the 75 tumors, 12 (16%) showed no PTEN immunostaining, 32 (42.7%) showed weak to moderate staining and the remaining 31 (38.2%) showed staining similar to the normal internal controls. Using CGH, only two (15.4%) of 13 samples showed any loss of 10q. However, in the 38 tumors with informative genotyping, we found that 29 (76.3%) had loss of heterozyg...
Methodology for the extraction and analysis of hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids in atmospheric particulate matter

Abstract Particulate organic atmospheric pollutants collected in ambient air sampling are quantitatively analyzed for specific aliphatic hydrocarbons, and mono-, and dicarboxylic acids by gas chromatography (GC) of trimethylsilyl-derivatized high-volume air filter extracts. Atmospheric particulate filters are Soxhletextracted for 24 h using the benzene/methanol azeotrope. Liquid scintillation spectrometric (LSS) measurements of radio-labeled benzo[a]pyrene, dotriacontane, stearic acid and succinic acid tracers indicated near-quantitative extraction recoveries. Tritiated palmitic acid and 14C-labeled benzo[a]pyrene were selected for routine monitoring of extraction recoveries after the fidelity of the 3H-label during Soxhlet extraction was demonstrated. Trimethylsilyl-derivatization of an aliquot of the crude extract allows carboxylic acids and paraffins to be determined readily by GC.
Ethanol suppression of naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats

Abstract The technique of morphine pellet implantation was used to produce physical dependence on morphine in male rats. The number of “wet dog” shakes occurring within a period of 30 minutes during naloxone-precipitated (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) withdrawal in four-day morphine implanted rats was determined after either acute or chronic treatment with ethanol. An acute dose of ethanol administered prior to withdrawal had no significant effect on the withdrawal response whereas chronic administration of ethanol during the development of dependence on morphine significantly suppressed the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal response to 44–57 percent of the control response. Analysis of brain and plasma for morphine concentration four days following dependence development showed no significant differences between morphine controls and those animals treated with both morphine and ethanol. Pentobarbital, another central nervous system depressant, demonstrated no effect on the withdrawal response, whether administered acutely or chronically during the development of dependence.
Venous System Associated with the Liver of a 6 mm. Pig Embryo

This report is based chiefly upon a sagittal series of a 6-mm. pig embryo, first used by Professor Allen in the preparation of a pedagogical paper. The sections are 10 p thick and are stained with carmine. Serial sections of other pig embryos of 3.5 to 12 mm. in length were examined to determine the constancy of structures. Blotting-paper models of the liver region were constructed from the 6-mm. series, somewhat after the methods of Gage and Schaeffer. The model shown in the plates represents the blood vessels cast solid. The portal vein with its branches was removed before photographing the model. Photographs of a model of hepatic tissue and adjacent structures, used in tracing the course of some of the smaller vessels; are not shown.'
Changing catalyst performance by varying the distribution of active catalyst within porous supports

Abstract Uniform and nonuniform distribution of catalyst on porous supports are compared with regard to: (1) the catalyst selectivity in a series reaction A → B → C , (2) the catalyst deactivation under a self-fouling reaction A → B → C . The nonuniform distribution considered is one in which the catalyst concentration decreases towards the center of pellets. It is found that this distribution gives a better selectivity to B and decreases the average rate of deactivation by C . In studying the fouling of catalyst pellets, the accuracy and usefulness of simplified poisoning models were evaluated.
Genetic analysis of iron uptake in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Objective: We used the methods of yeast genetics to identify genes involved in acquisition of iron by eukaryotic cells. Methods: Mutants were identified with defects in cellular iron uptake. These were organized into an upstream group and a downstream group. The upstream group was involved in the delivery of copper to the multicopper oxidase FET3. Mutants of this group were characterized by defective iron uptake that could be corrected by exposure of the cells to large amounts of copper. The downstream group was more directly involved in iron uptake. Mutant phenotypes from these genes could not be corrected by copper exposure. Results: Genes in the upstream group encoded the regulator of copper transport, MAC1, and two copper transporters, CTR1 and CCC2. Genes in the downstream group encoded the multicopper oxidase FET3 and its partner the iron permease FTR1. In addition, the downstream genes encoded the surface reductases FRE1 and FRE2 and the iron regulatory protein AFT1. Conclusions: The iron and copper uptake processes in yeast intersect because the FET3 gene encodes a multicopper oxidase that is required for iron transport. In human beings, an analogous function may be served by ceruloplasmin, a multicopper oxidase with a role in iron homeostasis. (J Pediatr 1998;132:S24-S29.)
Social functioning of artificial kidney patients.

Abstract After an average of two years of living with a home maintenance hemodialysis regime, 23 couples report that work, friendship, and the companionship aspects of family life constitute high areas of satisfaction. In relation to finances, they report living more comfortably than they did 2 years ago, i.e. after 2 years of treatment, the initial crisis has subsided and the patient is medically stabilized. Significantly more patients feel financially secure than do their spouses and significantly more spouses feel vaguely insecure. Common concerns of the patient group pertain to health, feelings of depression and frustration. The spouse group reports feelings of depression, frustration, and vague insecurity as common areas of discomfort. About one-third of the patients have, or perhaps have, wished they were dead. This ambivalence about their existence is associated with feeling circumstances are against them, feeling extremely depressed at times, and not achieving ambitions in life. The spouse group presents a different picture in relation to depression. For spouses, feeling extremely depressed at times is associated with feelings vaguely insecure, feeling circumstances are against them, and feeling that people are unappreciative of their efforts. For 45 per cent of the couples, both patient and spouse report they enjoy sex much in marriage. When sexual enjoyment is diminished, there is a highly significant association with extremely depressed feelings on the part of one or both spouses.