cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ritual, Rejuvenation Practices, and the Experience of Aging in Early Chinese Religion

Scientific advances in the field of biomedicine have fundamentally changed the ways in which we think about our bodies. Disease, aging, and even death, are no longer seen as inevitable realities but as obstacles that can be controlled, and in some cases even reversed, by technological means. The current discourse, however, can be enriched by an investigation of the various ways in which the aging process was perceived and explained throughout human history. In this article, I argue that in early China, the experience of aging and the challenges and anxieties it produced played a constitutive role in the shaping of religious culture. Drawing on a variety of medical, philosophical, and liturgical sources, I outline two models of aging: one that presented aging, and especially the loss of virility, as an undesirable but solvable condition that can be reversed with the aid of various rejuvenation techniques, and a more socially conscious model that depicted aging as a process of gradual social ascension, a natural but fundamentally unalterable condition that should be accepted, marked, and even celebrated through ritual. I conclude by demonstrating the legacy and lasting influence of these models on two of the most fundamental tenets of Chinese religion: the pursuit of longevity and the ideal of filial piety.
Association between caregiver engagement and patient-reported healthcare utilization after stroke: a mixed-methods study.

Background: Caregivers (CGs) are critical in helping stroke survivors (SSs) retain function and receive adequate healthcare. Objectives: We aimed to identify the activities that CGs are engaged in ...
Phenotypic variation and targeted therapy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using genetic animal models

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a variable clinical presentation due to the diversity of causative genetic mutations. Animal models allow in vivo study of genotypic expression through non-invasive imaging, pathologic sampling, and force analysis. This review focuses on the spontaneous and induced mutations in various animal models affecting mainly sarcomere proteins. The sarcomere is comprised of thick (myosin) filaments and related proteins including myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein-C; thin (actin) filament proteins and their associated regulators including tropomyosin, troponin I, troponin C, and troponin T. The regulatory milieu including transcription factors and cell signaling also play a significant role. Animal models provide a layered approach of understanding beginning with the causative mutation as a foundation. The functional consequences of protein energy utilization and calcium sensitivity in vivo and ex vivo can be studied. Beyond pathophysiologic disruption of sarcomere function, these models demonstrate the clinical sequalae of diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and arrhythmogenic death. Through this cascade of understanding the mutation followed by their functional significance, targeted therapies have been developed and are briefly discussed.
End-Stage Kidney Disease Is Overlooked as a Proximate Cause of Death at Autopsy.

OBJECTIVES To determine how often end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is implicated as a cause of death (COD) at autopsy. METHODS We searched our autopsy database (2007-2017) using queries "end-stage renal disease," "end-stage kidney disease," "ESRD," "chronic renal disease," and "chronic kidney disease." Final diagnosis and summaries were reviewed to determine if ESKD was appropriately correlated with the COD. Cases in which the COD was unrelated to kidney function were excluded. RESULTS Eighty-five patients with a history of ESKD and histologic confirmation thereof were identified. Their CODs were cardiovascular (36%), infection/sepsis (41%), pulmonary (6%), gastrointestinal/hepatic (2%), central nervous system (3%), other systemic disease (7%), and unspecified (5%). ESKD was implicated as a contributing COD in 24 (28%) cases. CONCLUSIONS ESKD is often overlooked at autopsy, particularly in patients with cardiovascular or infectious disease. Accurate documentation of ESKD contributing to mortality is important for education, counseling, record maintenance, and directing research efforts.
Cellular expression and functional roles of all 26 neurotransmitter GPCRs in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit

Summary Maps of the synapses made and neurotransmitters released by all neurons in model systems such as C. elegans have left still unresolved how neural circuits integrate and respond to neurotransmitter signals. Using the egg-laying circuit of C. elegans as a model, we mapped which cells express each of the 26 neurotransmitter G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of this organism and also genetically analyzed the functions of all 26 GPCRs. We found that individual neurons express many distinct receptors, epithelial cells often express neurotransmitter receptors, and receptors are often positioned to receive extrasynaptic signals. The egg-laying circuit appears to use redundancy and compensation to achieve functional robustness, as receptor knockouts reveal few defects; however, increasing receptor signaling through overexpression more efficiently reveals receptor functions. This map of neurotransmitter GPCR expression and function in the egg-laying circuit provides a model for understanding GPCR signaling in other neural circuits.
Optimal Capacity and Placement of Microgrids for Resiliency Enhancement of Distribution Networks Under Extreme Weather Events

When a fault or a series of faults occur in a distribution network, it is of considerable significance to feeding loads, most importantly critical loads. Although network reconfiguration by switching operations has been usually considered as a relatively low-cost method for load restoration, it alone may not able to restore critical loads under extreme weather events such as hurricanes where multiple faults can happen within the network. Under such severe circumstances, one of the complementary methods for service restoration is benefiting from existing installed microgrids. In this paper, the idea of planning future microgrids -in terms of optimal location and capacity- in combination with switching operations to restore critical loads, for the first time, is considered. To this planning-operation concept end, a graph-theoretic method is developed to find optimal switching operations coupled with a heuristic optimization method developed to determine future microgrids' location and capacity to maximize the resiliency of the network while keeping the associated cost with distributed generations (DGs) in microgrids as low as possible. Simulations results on the modified IEEE 37-node distribution network show the effectiveness of the proposed idea. Moreover, using appropriate reduction techniques, the computational efficacy of the method has also been greatly improved.
Meaningful, Manageable, and Moveable: Lessons Learned from Building a Local Poverty Index

Community indicators projects often involve efforts to “move the needle” with respect to local challenges related to community well-being. However, in charting their progress, many of these efforts are based on estimates that are untimely and characterized by large ranges of error (particularly when focusing on small geographic areas like neighborhoods). This can cause frustration and make it difficult for community groups to see meaningful change as a result of their efforts. In 2015, Syracuse, New York, was identified as having the worst concentrated poverty among Black and Latino residents, and among the worst for White residents, in the country. To address this challenge, a poverty index was constructed using locally collected data. In this chapter we recount how the index came to be and the infrastructure needed for its success. Key advantages of the index include that it is: (1) Meaningful, constructed with indicators of community conditions that residents can see in their everyday lives; (2) Manageable, by tracking local neighborhoods that are small enough for modest interventions to make a difference; and (3) Moveable, because an intervention can be tracked with timely counts rather than delayed estimates. We conclude with possible uses and future improvements.
Incidence and Predictors of Very Late Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation Following Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation.

Background - A very late recurrence (VLR) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered present when the first recurrence of AF occurs ≥ 12 months following ablation. Prior studies characterizing VLR h...
The PERT Concept: A Step-by-Step Approach to Managing Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a major source of morbidity and mortality. The presentation of acute PE varies, ranging from few or no symptoms to sudden death. Patient outcome depends on how well the right ventricle can sustain the increased afterload caused by the embolic burden. Careful risk stratification is critical, and the PE response team (PERT) concept offers a rapid and multidisciplinary approach. Anticoagulation is essential unless contraindicated; thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, and catheter-directed approaches are also available. Clinical consensus statements have been published that offer a guide to PE management, but areas remain for which the evidence is inadequate. Although the management of low-risk and high-risk patients is more straightforward, optimal management of intermediate-risk patients remains controversial. In this document, we offer a case-based approach to PE management, beginning with diagnosis and risk stratification, followed by therapeutic alternatives, and finishing with follow-up care.
#FollowMe: An investigation into the relationship between social media behaviors and online harassment among adolescents

Social media is a relatively new global phenomenon. Virtual places provide criminogenic motivators like financial gain, access to suitable targets, and massive amounts of information all under one virtual roof. Additionally, social media sites host large amounts of people in one space, generating significant opportunities for victimization. Despite the Internet’s theoretical relevance to understanding victimization, scholarly research into the effects of social media activity in victimization is scarce. Using data from the Pew Research Center, I investigated the relationship between Facebook use and online harassment among adolescents between 13 and 17 years of age. The results showed that an adolescent’s behavior on Facebook contributed to the likelihood of experiencing online harassment. Additionally, parental monitoring of their adolescent’s Facebook activity did not have a significant moderating effect on adolescents’ risk of online harassment. This research contributed to the literature by identifying specific behaviors in adolescents that increase their risk of online harassment.
Evaluating the problem-solving skills of graduating chemical engineering students

Abstract Research has shown that engineering students may not be learning to solve the kinds of complex problems they will be required to solve as practicing engineers (“authentic problems”). Though it is widely believed that we teach engineering problem-solving throughout the undergraduate chemical engineering curriculum, this has not been tested. In this study we use a new instrument for measuring the authentic problem-solving skills of graduating seniors in chemical engineering at two different universities in the context of chemical process design. We find large variations across different areas of process design problem solving as to how expert-like students are in general, and variations between the two institutions. Students were able to identify the same safety issues as experts, but they were conspicuously “nonexpert” in other areas, such as in identifying the important features of a design problem. By examining the respective curricula at the two institutions, we are able to show how the variations both within and across institutions in the specific problem-solving skills students master matches with the practice they get during their undergraduate careers. The results imply that more thoroughly integrating practice in authentic design and problem-solving decisions into the undergraduate curriculum would result in students graduating with capabilities more comparable to those of skilled engineers.
Harry Potter and the Osteopathic Medical School: Creating a Harry Potter-Themed Day as a High-Yield Review for Final Exams.

Incorporating contemporary fiction into educational activities that are interactive and memorable creates a positive learning environment for students. The current article describes how our medical school created a Harry Potter-themed educational event to review didactic material before a final exam. Students were sorted into Hogwarts houses and collected house points in the 8 themed classrooms that reviewed material for the individual disciplines. The event also included a Quidditch tournament and a Yule Ball. The event received positive feedback from students, encouraging the school’s faculty to look for other opportunities to create similar educational experiences during preclinical medical education.
Effects of a Collaborative Planning and Consultation Framework to Increase Participation of Students with Severe Disabilities in General Education Classes

Although many students with severe disabilities are enrolled in general education classrooms, general educators rarely receive strong training and guidance on supporting the academic and social par...
Pitx genes in development and disease

Homeobox genes encode sequence-specific transcription factors (SSTFs) that recognize specific DNA sequences and regulate organogenesis in all eukaryotes. They are essential in specifying spatial and temporal cell identity and as a result, their mutations often cause severe developmental defects. Pitx genes belong to the PRD class of the highly evolutionary conserved homeobox genes in all animals. Vertebrates possess three Pitx paralogs, Pitx1, Pitx2, and Pitx3 while non-vertebrates have only one Pitx gene. The ancient role of regulating left-right (LR) asymmetry is conserved while new functions emerge to afford more complex body plan and functionalities. In mouse, Pitx1 regulates hindlimb tissue patterning and pituitary development. Pitx2 is essential for the development of the oral cavity and abdominal wall while regulates the formation and symmetry of other organs including pituitary, heart, gut, lung among others by controlling growth control genes upon activation of the Wnt/s-catenin signaling pathway. Pitx3 is essential for lens development and migration and survival of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Pitx gene mutations are linked to various congenital defects and cancers in humans. Pitx gene family has the potential to offer a new approach in regenerative medicine and aid in identifying new drug targets.
Runtime monitoring of stochastic cyber-physical systems with hybrid state

Correct functioning of cyber-physical systems is of critical importance. This is more so in the case of safety critical systems such as in medical, automotive and many other applications. Since verification of correctness, in general, is infeasible and testing is not exhaustive, it is of critical importance to monitor such system during their operation and detect erroneous behaviors to be acted on. A distinguishing property of cyber-physical systems is that they are described by a mixture of integer-valued and real-valued variables. As a result, approaches that assume countable number of states are not applicable for runtime monitoring of such systems. This paper proposes a formalism, called Extended Hidden Markov systems, for specifying behavior of systems with such hybrid state. Using measure theory, it exactly characterizes when such systems are monitorable with respect to a given property. It also presents monitoring algorithms and experimental results showing their effectiveness.
Quantitative assessment of tariff endogeneity

Abstract The paper provides a quantitative assessment of the tariff endogeneity hypothesis in the macro context for the interwar and postwar U.S. economy. There is an almost unidirectional causality running from unemployment and trade deficit to the average tariff rate during the interwar period while more interactive relationships hold in the postwar period. Compared with the interwar era, there is a decline in the dependence of tariff on unemployment and trade deficit. But the individual effect of unemployment on tariff has increased and that of trade deficit has decreased. Furthermore, unanticipated shocks exert smaller and less persistent effects of tariff.
Hydride-transfer reactions of borine—I: Synthesis of boron-carbon bonds from the fluoroethylenes

The effect of diborane on four fluoroethylenes: tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, 1 : 1-difluoroethylene and vinyl fluoride, was studied at ordinary and higher temperatures. The reactions follow an essentially similar course, and in all cases complex mixtures are obtained. Fluorine in the ethylenes is first replaced by hydrogen, and boron in the products appears mainly as boron trifluoride, ethylboron difluoride, diethylboron fluoride and triethylboron. In the dibornnetetrafluoroethylene reaction polymerization of the olefin takes place with incorporation of some boron in the polymer. Moreover, distribution of boron ln the volatile products is in the order BF/sub 3/>>EtBF/ sub 2/>> EtBF/sub 2/) Et/sub 2/BF. This order changes as the fluorine content of the olefin decreases. Thus with vinyl fiuoride it is, EtBF/sub 2/) Et/sub 2/BF >> BF/sub 2/ -- Et/sub 3/B. The ethylboron fluorides are the main product of the reaction between tetrafluoroethylene, diborane and triethylboron. Under conditions similar to those in which fluoroethylenes underwent complete reaction, diborane failed to react with saturated fluorocarbons such as ethyl fluoride. A possible mechanism for the reactions between diborane and the fluoroethylenes is discussed. (auth)
Encore Une Histoire d’Harlin Quist:The Print-to-Pixel Remix of Guy Billout’s Number 24

In 1973, Guy Billout’s wordless picture book Number 24 was published under the imprint of Harlin Quist. In the course of that year alone, three editions of the picture book were issued, and Number 24 quickly became one of the most successful of Quist’s curious publications for children, receiving much acclaim for its conceptual and narrative power. In this study of the text, Paley explores this power in relation to reversioning and revisions of the text, through reminiscences and interviews, and through its presentation in other media.
“There Was No Money Left to Save”: Financial Literacy and the Lives of Low-Income People

Despite the popularity of financial literacy programs intended to benefit low-income families, little research explores how families experience and interpret their own participation in these programs. In-depth interviews with participants in one such program revealed participants’ complex analyses of financial literacy and their own poverty. Their analyses simultaneously affirm and challenge hegemonic ideologies and neoliberal practices and, as such, provide an opportunity for social workers to respond in ways that address not only the immediate financial needs of low-income families but also the structures and ideologies that contribute to those needs.
Siting Sudaneseness: Territory, Practice, and Identity in Aragi

The word “aragi” refers to a type of crude, distilled alcoholic drink brewed by Sudanese people throughout Sudan and bordering countries as well as in smaller Sudanese communities around the world. To the people of Sudan residing in neighbouring Egypt, however, aragi is more than a simple beverage; it is a cultural artifact whose value lies in its material and empirical embeddedness in social practice. This paper investigates the symbolic role that aragi plays in the production of identity among displaced Sudanese living in Cairo, Egypt. For Sudanese migrants in Egypt, aragi acts as a signifier, both linguistic and cultural, of their identity. This migrant identity is inhabited and generated through various practices involving aragi, within the social, spatial, and material spheres. In Egypt, Sudanese identity and aragi (as a cultural object) are ethnographically observed to be contextually and semiotically bound through their mutual signification in the word “aragi.” Herein, I will explore how the word “aragi” reflects and articulates social domains of inclusion and exclusion within an identity construed as distinctly Sudanese.
Randomized Trial of Filgrastim, Sargramostim, or Sequential Sargramostim and Filgrastim After Myelosuppressive Chemotherapy for the Harvesting of Peripheral-Blood Stem Cells

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of filgrastim, sargramostim, or sequential sargramostim and filgrastim on CD34+ cell yields and morbidity after myelosuppressive mobilization chemotherapy (MC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-six patients were randomized to receive filgrastim (n = 51), sargramostim (n = 52), or sargramostim for 5 days followed by filgrastim (n = 53) after MC with either cyclophosphamide and etoposide (n = 75) or paclitaxel and cyclophosphamide (n = 81). RESULTS: Compared with those who received sargramostim, patients who received filgrastim had faster recovery of an absolute neutrophil count of 0.5 × 109/L or greater (a median of 11 v 14 days; P = .0001), with fewer patients requiring RBC transfusions (P = .008), fewer patients with fever (18% v 52%; P = 0.001), fewer hospital admissions (20% v 42%; P = .013), and less intravenous antibiotic therapy (24% v 69%; P = .001). Patients who received filgrastim yielded more CD34+ cells (median, 7.1 v 2.0 × 10...
Kinetically Tunable Photostability of Fluorogen‐Activating Peptide–Fluorogen Complexes

Ease of genetic encoding, labeling specificity, and high photostability are the most sought after qualities in a fluorophore for biological detection. Furthermore, many applications can gain from the fluorogenic nature of fluoromodules and the ability to turn on the same fluoromodules multiple times. Fluorogen-activating peptides (FAPs) bind noncovalently to their cognate fluorogens and exhibit enhanced photostability. Herein, the photostabilities of malachite green (MG)-binding and thiazole-orange-binding FAPs are compared under limiting- and excess-fluorogen conditions to establish distinct mechanisms for photostability that correspond to the dissociation rate of the FAP-fluorogen complex. FAPs with slow dissociation show evidence of dye encapsulation and protection from photo or environmental degradation and single-step bleaching at the single molecule level, whereas those with rapid dissociation show repeated cycles of binding and enhanced photostability by exchange of bleached fluorogen with a new dye. A combination of generalizable selection pressure based on bleaching, flow cytometry, and site-specific amino acid mutagenesis is used to obtain a modified FAP with enhanced photostability, due to rapid dissociation of the MG fluorogen. These studies shed light on the basic mechanisms by which noncovalent association can effect photostable labeling, and demonstrate novel reagents for photostable and intermittent labeling of biological targets.
GLC of trimethylsilyl derivatives of pantothenyl alcohol and pantothenates.

Abstract The trimethylsilyl ester-ethers of pantothenic acid, calcium pantothenate, and sodium pantothenate and the trimethylsilyl ethers of pantothenyl alcohol were prepared readily and quantitatively by using a mixture of bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylsilylimidazole, and dimethyl sulfoxide. GLC column packings of 5% SE-30 and 3% OV-1 were demonstrated to yield symmetrical, resolved peaks for the trimethylsilyl derivatives. Quantitatively, 25ng. of the trimethylsilyl derivatives, based on the starting materials, was effectively measured with the flame-ionization detector; GLC responses were linear as the quantity of the compound increased. The structures and molecular weights of the derivatives were confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometry.
Feeding Response of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Ester Extracts of Host Plants

Feeding response of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, to extracts of freeze-dried buds of several malvaceous plants revealed that Hibiscus coccineus (Medic.) Walt., Sphaeralcea lindheimeri Gray, and Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland were preferred over cultivated cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. The ester fraction of the hexane extract was responsible for eliciting this response in cotton and the other species tested. Evidence presented indicates that there exists a quantitative relationship between esters in the hexane extracts and feeding response regardless of plant species.
Densely aligned graphene nanoribbons at ∼35 nm pitch

We demonstrate the fabrication of high-density aligned graphene nanoribbon (GNR) arrays by plasma etching of graphene sheets through a nanomask derived from self-assembled poly (styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-PDMS) diblock copolymer films. This approach produces parallel GNR (∼12 nm wide) arrays at ∼35 nm pitch. Microscopy and polarized Raman spectroscopy are used to reveal the high-degree of alignment of GNRs. Electrical measurements show that parallel GNRs in a 1 μm wide region can deliver ∼0.38 mA current at a source-drain bias of 1 V. This novel patterning approach allows for the fabrication of densely aligned GNR arrays on various substrates and could provide a route to large scale integration of GNRs into nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and biosensors.
The glucocorticoid dexamethasone and the tumor-promoting artificial sweetener saccharin stimulate protein kinase C from T51B rat liver cells.

Abstract Diacylglycerols, such as 1,2-diolein, and tumor-promoting phorbol comoounds, such as TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate), stimulate the Ca 2+ phospholipid -dependent protein kinase C from T51B rat liver cells, probably by sensitizing it to activation by Ca2+, and they reduce the liver cells' content of EDTA-extractable (i.e., soluble) protein kinase C activity. Evidence is presented that indicates that the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and the tumor-promoting artificial sweetener, saccharin, also trigger a Ca2+-dependent increase in the activity of the protein kinase C from T51B liver cells and reduce the cells' content of EDTA-extractable protein kinase C activity. However, these novel stimulators do not activate the enzyme by binding to the same site as diacylglycerols and TPA, although they do alter this site as indicated by an increase in the binding of the TPA analogue PDBu (phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate).
THERM : a computer code for estimating thermodynamic properties for species important to combustion and reaction modeling

A computer package has been developed called THERM, an acronym for THermodynamic property Estimation for Radicals and Molecules. THERM is a versatile computer code designed to automate the estimation of ideal gas phase thermodynamic properties for radicals and molecules important to combustion and reaction-modeling studies. Thermodynamic properties calculated include heat of formation and entropies at 298 K and heat capacities from 300 to 1500 K. Heat capacity estimates are then extrapolated to above 5000 K, and NASA format polynomial thermodynamic property representations valid from 298 to 5000 K are generated. This code is written in Microsoft Fortran version 5.0 for use on machines running under MSDOS. THERM uses group additivity principles of Benson and current best values for bond strengths, changes in entropy, and loss of vibrational degrees of freedom to estimate properties for radical species from parent molecules. This ensemble of computer programs can be used to input literature data, estimate data when not available, and review, update, and revise entries to reflect improvements and modifications to the group contribution and bond dissociation databases. All input and output files are ASCII so that they can be easily edited, updated, or expanded. In addition, heats of reaction, entropy changes, Gibbs free-energy changes, and equilibrium constants can be calculated as functions of temperature from a NASA format polynomial database.
Purine nucleoside kinases in mouse tissues and human lymphoid cells in culture

Abstract 1. 1. Purine nucleoside kinase activities (adenosine kinase, deoxyadenosine kinase and arabinosyl adenine kinase) in mouse tissues were in the following order: liver > kidney > heart > lung > brain > spleen > intestine. 2. 2. Ratios of deoxyadenosine or arabinosyl adenine kinase to adenosine kinase were significantly higher (10–200 fold) in human lymphoid cells than in mouse tissues. 3. 3. Leukocytes from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemic patients had 5–20 fold elevated adenosine deaminase as compared to normal T-cells.
Phase plate to extend the depth of field of incoherent hybrid imaging systems

A hybrid imaging system combines a modified optical imaging system and a digital postprocessing step. We describe a spatial-domain method for designing a pupil phase plate to extend the depth of field of an incoherent hybrid imaging system with a rectangular aperture. We use this method to obtain a pupil phase plate to extend the depth of field, which we refer to as a logarithmic phase plate. Introducing a logarithmic phase plate at the exit pupil of a simulated diffraction-limited system and digitally processing the detector's output extend the depth of field by an order of magnitude more than the Hopkins defocus criterion. We also examine the effect of using a charge-coupled device optical detector, instead of an ideal optical detector, on the extension of the depth of field. Finally, we compare the performance of the logarithmic phase plate with that of a cubic phase plate in extending the depth of field of a hybrid imaging system with a rectangular aperture.
Guided group discussion and the reported use of toxic products: The persuasiveness of hearing others’ views

Abstract Guided group discussion ( Lewin et al., 1952 , Werner, 2003 , Werner and Adams, 2001 ) was used to persuade groups to replace their toxic home and garden chemicals with nontoxic alternatives. We hypothesized that discussion would allow participants to hear others endorse the new information, and this normative information would facilitate persuasion. Approximately two months after the group discussion, we obtained questionnaires from the organizer of the meeting and a member of the group who had missed the meeting because of another obligation (i.e., not because of disinterest in the topic). Most organizers were female and analyses were limited to females. This quasi-experimental matched control group design indicated that those who attended the meeting were more favorable towards using nontoxics and more interested in sharing leftover toxic products with friends (instead of discarding them). Path and mediation analyses showed that the organizer’s evaluation of the meeting predicted her final attitude, and perceptions that the group endorsed the material (perceived group norm) partially mediated this relationship. A second mediation analysis showed that evaluation of the meeting predicted intention to share leftover toxics and this relationship was fully mediated by the organizer’s impression that the group would also share leftovers. The results support the idea that persuasion is based both on individual evaluation and normative influence, especially when people are not confident others will accept the behavior, such as sharing leftover toxic products.
Optical Design With Only Two Surfaces

A wide variety of designs are described, using only two optical surfaces, that can perform useful functions with good aberration correction. Several use no aspherics.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 response to injury involves a rapid decrease in DNA binding and transactivation via a JAK2 signal transduction pathway

The injury response is a complex set of events, which represents the reaction of a biological system to a perceived change in its environment in an attempt to maintain system integrity. Isolation of individual events or components of this response cannot describe the overall process, but may reflect general mechanisms that have evolved over time to solve the complex requirements of the injury response. The process, generally termed the acute phase response, is a series of organ-specific responses that begin shortly after a systemic injury. In the liver, this response involves both dramatic inductions and reductions in specific sets of genes, and an overall widespread global change in proteins produced. This can be thought of as a phenotypic change or 'reprogramming' of the liver. These changes in protein production are modulated and regulated at the level of transcription and involve significant manipulations of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) is a liver enriched transcription factor that regulates a large number of liver-specific genes, which play important roles in the critical pathways modulated by the response to injury. HNF-4 also performs an essential role in overall development and is critical for the normal expression of multiple genes in the developed liver, as well as being upstream of HNF-1 in a transcriptional hierarchy that drives hepatocyte differentiation. The role of HNF-4 in regulating liver-specific transcriptional changes directed by injury remains to be defined. In our cell-culture and whole-animal models, we demonstrate that the binding activity of HNF-4 decreases quickly after injury due to post-translational modification by phosphorylation. The mechanisms by which HNF-4 is modified after injury involve the activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) signal transduction pathways, but the direct or indirect interaction of JAK2 with HNF-4 remains to be defined.
The Role of Attractive Interactions in Self-Diffusion

Recently, an alternative approach to self-diffusion in atomic liquids was proposed by one of us [Vergeles, M.; Szamel, G. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 3009]. This approach is applicable where the concept of binary collisions breaks down and the self-diffusion coefficient is small. Predictions from this method are in quantitative agreement with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, over a broad range of densities and temperatures, for an atomic liquid interacting with a repulsive r-12 potential. Here we extend this approach to include attractive interactions; we study a liquid interacting with the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. Theoretical predictions are compared to MD simulations results. To clarify the role of attractive interactions, we compare LJ results with those obtained with the repulsive part of the LJ potential. Conclusions about the role of the attractive forces in self-diffusion are discussed.
Surprisingly Large Generation and Retention of Helium and Hydrogen in Pure Nickel Irradiated at High Temperatures and High Neutron Exposures

Hydrogen and helium measurements in pure nickel irradiated to 100 dpa in HFIR at temperatures between 300 and 600C show higher gas concentrations than predicted from fast-neutron reactions and the two-step 58Ni(n,g)59Ni(n,p and n,a) reactions. This additional gas production suggests previously unidentified nuclear sources of helium and possibly hydrogen that assert themselves at very high neutron exposure. The elevated hydrogen measurements are especially surprising since it is generally accepted that hydrogen is very mobile in nickel at elevated temperatures and therefore is easily lost, never reaching large concentrations. However, it appears that relatively large hydrogen concentrations can be reached and retained for many years after irradiation at reactor-relevant temperatures. These new effects may have a significant impact on the performance of nickel-bearing alloys at high neutron fluences in both fission and fusion reactor irradiations.
An in vitro system for the quantitative measurement of chitin synthesis in the cockroach: Inhibition by TH 6040 and polyoxin D

Abstract The β-ecdysone-dependent in vitro synthesis of chitin by cockroach leg regenerates was confirmed by chemical analysis and provides a sensitive, quantitative bioassay for inhibitors of chitin synthesis or materials with molting hormone activity via 14 C-N-acetylglucosamine incorporation. Chitin synthesis in insect tissue was inhibited (I 50 ) by TH 6040 at 6·11 × 10 −10 M and by polyoxin D at 7·53 × 10 −7 M. An investigation of the low I 50 of TH 6040 showed that it partitions out of culture medium into tissue. This suggests that this compound may be magnified in food chains.
Electromagnetic Field Due to a Magnetic Dipole in a Medium Containing Both Planar and Cylindrical Boundaries

An approximate method based on perturbation theory is used to calculate electromagnetic fields due to a vertical magnetic dipole in an Earth formation having both horizontal and cylindrical boundaries. The medium is first assumed to have a constant background permittivity. Any deviation from the background permittivity is treated as a perturbation. Correction terms are then found and expressed in multiple integrals. The first and the second correction terms involve threefold and sixfold integrations, respectively. An efficient integration technique is used to compute these multiple integrals. As an example, this method is used to calculate the field due to a vertical magnetic dipole over a layered Earth containing a cylindrical cavity. In another example, the response of a two-coil induction tool is calculated when it is located in a rugose borehole.
Effects of primary ion polyatomicity and kinetic energy on secondary ion yield and internal energy in sims

The translational energy, mass, and polyatomicity of the bombarding ion affects the yield and extent of fragmentation of secondary ions in molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These effects are examined using Ar+, N+2, CO+2, CF+3, and SF+5 primary ions with analytes which include ammonium, arsonium, and phosphonium salts. Increased yields, but decreased fragmentation, of secondary ions are observed as the primary ion energy is increased from 0.5 to 5.0 keV. The observed secondary ion yield also increases with the mass of the primary ion in the order N+.2 < Ar+. < CO+.2 < CF+3 < SF+5. The extent of fragmentation of the secondary ions, however, is dependent upon the polyatomicity of the bombarding ion and follows the order Ar+. < N+.2 < CO+.2 < CF+3 <SF+5 at a given energy. This latter effect may be due to the independent action of the constituent atoms of the projectile. For example, a 5-keV N+.2 ion appears to act like two 2.5-keV N+ ions during internal energy deposition, thus promoting increased fragmentation of the desorbed ions. It is shown that the degree of fragmentation is roughly proportional to the factor n/v, where n is the number of constituent atoms in the primary ion and v is the velocity of the primary ion.
High-level expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in an aphthous ulcer.

Background: Aphthous ulcers are an extremely common disorder of unknown etiology. These ulcers cause significant morbidity through pain and interference with eating. Thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, is efficacious for the treatment of aphthous ulcers. Methods:In situ hybridization was performed on an idiopathic aphthous ulcer using probes specific for the angiogenesis factor vascular endothelial growth factor, and its receptors, in order to determine whether these ulcers are highly angiogenic. Conclusions: Aphthous ulcers are highly angiogenic. Thalidomide may act to heal aphthous ulcers by inhibiting angiogenesis and promoting reepithelialization. Excess angiogenesis may inhibit reepithelialization in certain types of ulcers, and angiogenesis inhibitors may actually promote wound healing if ulcers are caused by excess angiogenesis.
InP-on-CdS thin film heterostructures

Thin films of InP were deposited on single crystals and thin films of CdS by the planar reactive deposition technique. Good local epitaxy was observed on single crystals of CdS as well as InP and GaAs. The electrical evaluation of unintentionally doped films on semi-insulating InP substrates show them to be n-type with room temperature electron concentrations ranging from 5 × 1016 cm−3 to 5 × 1017 cm−3 and mobilities up to 1350 cm2/Vsec. For films intentionally doped with Mn and Be, p-type films were obtained. For Mn doping (deep acceptor level), room temperature mobilities as high as 140 cm2/Vsec and free carrier concentrations as low as 5 × 1016 cm−3 (with dopant level of 3 × 1018 cm−3) were obtained. For Bedoped films, free carrier concentrations of about 5 × 1018 cm−3 and mobilities of 20 cm2/Vsec were found. Scanning electron microscope and microprobe pictures show appreciable interdiffusion between the InP/CdS thin-film pair for InP deposited at 450°C. The loss of Cd from the CdS and the presence of an indium-cadmium-sulfur phase at the InP/CdS interface were observed. Interdiffusion is alleviated for InP deposition at lower temperatures.
Design and Development of an Optical Path Difference Scan Mechanism for Fourier Transform Spectrometers Using High Displacement RAINBOW Actuators

A new piezoelectric drive mechanism has been developed for optical translation in space-based spectrometer systems. The mechanism utilizes a stack of RAINBOW high displacement piezoelectric actuators to move optical components weighing less than 250 grams through a one centimeter travel. The mechanism uses the direct motion of the piezoelectric devices, stacked such that the displacement of the individual RAINBOW actuators is addictive. A prototype device has been built which utilizes 21 RAINBOWs to accomplish the necessary travel. The mechanism weighs approximately 0.6 kilograms and uses less than 2 Watts of power at a scanning frequency of 0.5 Hertz, significantly less power than that required by state-of-the-art motor systems.
Coproduction, Equity, and the Distribution of Safety

In response to decreases in federal funding affecting a number of urban services and substantial reductions in other fiscal resources, municipal governments have developed several new methods to de...
Transient IL-7/IL-7R Signaling Provides a Mechanism for Feedback Inhibition of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangements

Abstract Production of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) protein feeds back to terminate further V H gene recombination, a phenomenon also referred to as allelic exclusion. Here we provide evidence to support the proposition that allelic exclusion is the consequence of terminating signals that activate V H genes for recombination. For the largest V H J558 family of genes, this occurs by attenuating IL-7/IL-7R signals in pre-B cells. Loss of these signals reverts the V H locus to a chromatin state that is associated with hypoacetylated histones and is less accessible to nucleases. Furthermore, hyperacetylation and accessibility of unrearranged V H genes can be restored in allelically excluded splenic B cells by activating this pathway. Thus, transient signals mediate V H gene activation and inactivation during development.
Arrangement techniques for archives and manuscripts

Arrangement is the process of gaining physical and intellectual control over archives and manuscripts, in accordance with archival principles. Throughout the arrangement process, two goals must be kept in mind: protecting the integrity and identity of the records, and making them accessible for research. Archivists base arrangement decisions on provenance and original order, and they establish control over groupings of materials rather than individual items. Up to five levels of control may be established, based on provenance and filing structure. The most critical level, the series, identifies records with common characteristics based on function, activity, form, or use. When manuscripts and archives are disorganized, the archivist must bring order out of chaos.
Everything old is new again? Processes and theories of immigrant incorporation.

After three decades of renewed large-scale immigration to the United States social scientists are increasingly turning their attention to processes of immigrant incorporation and reexamining the perspectives of social scientists who studied similar processes in the past. This essay reviews the insights and questions raised by the foregoing articles in this special issue of the International Migration Review and assesses their theoretical contributions to understanding relations between immigrants and native-born Americans in contemporary processes of incorporation. (EXCERPT)
Manual urine microscopy versus automated urine analyzer microscopy in patients with acute kidney injury.

Objective: To examine whether a significant difference exists between the reported ranges of granular and muddy brown casts in urine specimens using manual microscopy compared with an automated urine analyzer in a cohort of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods: Freshly voided urine specimens from 25 consecutive patients who were under evaluation by the Department of Nephrology for AKI were simultaneously examined using the iQ200 automated microscopy system and manual microscopy performed by a trained observer. We coded the results according to the number of pathological casts identified and performed a 3 × 2 Freeman-Halton extension of the Fisher exact probability test. Results: Overall, the number of casts identified via manual microscopy differed significantly (P <.001) from the number identified via the automated microscopy system. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the importance of performing a manual microscopic examination of urine sediment in patients with AKI. Further studies are needed to assess whether manual microscopy provides prognostic implications regarding renal recovery, hemodialysis dependency, and mortality. * RBCs : red blood cells WBCs : white blood cells AKI : acute kidney injury RIFLE : risk, injury, failure, loss, and end stage AKIN : Acute Kidney Injury Network LPFs : low power fields
A collaboration of school administrators and a university faculty to advance school administrator practices using appreciative inquiry

Purpose – An appreciative inquiry (AI) collaborative study with 11 school administrators in a highly diverse suburban school district sought to understand if observing and sharing successful school practices/events in a whole group setting led to change in their perceptions, attitudes, and administrative practice. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The study took place over a ten-week period with a group of self-selected (voluntary participation) school administrative participants. Findings – There were two findings: the AI focus of inquiry on successful practices/events shapes school administrator perceptions, attitudes, and application of craft knowledge to practice; and the school administrators’ sharing of successful practices/events in a whole group setting generated new forms of practice during the ten-week study. Originality/value – The findings suggest that reflection and integration of successful practices/events are a source of craft knowledge advancing changes...