cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Riparian shade and stream temperature: a perspective.

R eductions in salmon populations over the past 20 years have created a sense of urgency for improved management of watersheds, fish habitat and water quality within the Columbia River Basin. One management approach that has gained in popularity is to increase woody vegetation in riparian zones. The intent behind these plantings is to increase bank stability, stream debris and provide shade for stream temperature control (Beschta 1991) Oregon Department of Forestry (1994) has established forest rules and regulations for riparian zones of 40 live conifer trees per 1,000 feet along large streams and 30 live conifer trees per 1,000 feet along medium streams. Similarly, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality is developing water temperature standards for streams throughout the state. In northeastern Oregon the Upper Grande Ronde River Plan established watershed standards that require meadows to have at least 80% of the banks covered with shrubs, of which, at least 50% should be more than 8 feet tall (Anderson et. al. 1993). These approaches reflect the view that streamside forests profoundly influence habitat structure and food resources of stream systems. Additionally, tree height and distance away from the stream are considered meaningful indicators of aquatic habitat components including wood recruitment and degree of shade (Thomas et. al. 1993). Activities by man that modify the amount of shade over streams have been associated with changes in water temperature (Brown et. al. 1971). Some researchers have concluded that loss of vegetation in a riparian area due to grazing, logging, or overuse by other activities can be directly linked to undesirable water temperatures due to the loss of shade (Anderson et. al. 1993). The establishment of vegetation shade along streams to control stream temperature may seem reasonable upon first review. However this is a simplistic view of a complex and dynamic system. The purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion of energy exchange within a body of water and to consider the contribution of vegetation shade to that process. This discussion will occur in two sections: 1) Characteristics of water, water heating, and water cooling, and 2) The creation of woody vegetation shade in riparian areas. This paper is not intended to provide a complete review of the physics of energy exchange, nor will it provide discussions of more complicated forms of energy exchange in streams. Four equations (boxed) are provided as reference material in this paper. They are not required to read the text of this paper.
Foliage discrimination using a rotating ladar

An outdoor environment presents to a robot objects that are drivable, such as tall grass and small bushes, and non-drivable, such as trees and rocks. Due to the difficulty of discriminating between these classes, traditionally a robot searches for paths free of any objects, drivable or not. Although this approach prevents collisions with objects misclassified as drivable, it also eliminates a large number of drivable paths and by doing so, it may eliminate the only path to a desired destination. We present a real time algorithm that detects foliage, using a range from a rotating ladar. Objects not classified as foliage are conservatively labeled as nondrivable obstacles. In contrast to related work that uses range statistics to classify the objects, we exploit the expected localities and continuities of an obstacle, in both space and time. Also, instead of attempting to find a single accurate discriminating factor for every ladar return, we hypothesize the class of some few returns and then spread the confidence (and classification) to other returns using the locality constraints. The Urbie robot is presently using this algorithm to discriminate drivable grass from obstacles during outdoor autonomous navigation tasks.
Feedback Regulation of Arginine Biosynthesis in Blue-Green Algae and Photosynthetic Bacteria

Hoare, D. S. (The University of Texas, Austin), and S. L. Hoare. Feedback regulation of arginine biosynthesis in blue-green algae and photosynthetic bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 92:375-379. 1966.-A number of blue-green algae and photosynthetic bacteria synthesize arginine from glutamate via acetylated intermediates. Cell-free extracts of these photosynthetic microorganisms contain an N-acetyl glutamate phosphokinase, which is specifically inhibited by arginine. They also contain a transacetylase which forms ornithine from alphaN-acetyl ornithine and glutamate. The transacetylase appears to be specific for l-glutamate. Arginine synthesis and its regulation by feedback inhibition in photosynthetic microorganisms differ from that in Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae.
Invited talk: ab initio gene finding engines: what is under the hood

I will revisit the statistical and computational foundations of ab initio gene finding algorithms that best fit current challenges in analysis of genomic data. With the number of new sequenced genomes rapidly growing, there is a need to generate high quality gene annotations in less time.
African American literature beyond race : an alternative reader

Acknowledgments Introduction: "Not Necessarily Race Matter" Part I: Postbellum Period,1865-19001 Frank J. Webb2 Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 3 Paul Laurence DunbarPart II: Between the World Wars,1919-19404 Nella Larsen 5 Jean Toomer 6 Wallace Thurman Part III: After World War II,1945-19607 Frank Yerby 8 Ann Petry 9 Zora Neale Hurston 10 Chester B. Himes 11 Richard Wright 12 James Baldwin 13 Samuel R. Delany 14 Toni Morrison 15 Octavia E. Butler Select Bibliography About the ContributorsIndex
Quantitative muscle ultrasound measures rapid declines over time in children with SMA type 1

Muscles are small in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). It is not known if muscle size changes over time in SMA type 1. We quantified changes over time in muscle size and echointensity during two repeated ultrasound examinations of unilateral proximal (biceps brachii/brachialis and quadriceps) and distal (anterior forearm flexors and tibialis anterior) muscles in three children with SMA type 1. We compared muscle thickness (MT) to body weight-dependent normal reference values. Children were 1, 6, and 11months old at baseline and had 2, 2 and 4 months between ultrasound examinations, respectively. At baseline, MT was normal for weight in all muscles except an atrophic quadriceps in the oldest child. MT decreased and echointensity increased (worsened) over time. At follow up, MT was below normal for weight in the quadriceps in all three children, in the biceps/brachioradialis in two, and in the anterior forearm in one. Tibialis anterior MT remained normal for weight in all three children. Muscle echointensity increased over time in all muscles and, on average, more than doubled in two children. In children with SMA type 1, muscle atrophies and becomes hyperechoic over time. Quantitative muscle ultrasound measures disease progression in SMA type 1 that warrants additional study in more children.
Combinatorics of KP Solitons from the Real Grassmannian

Given a point A in the real Grassmannian, it is well-known that one can construct a soliton solution u A (x,y,t) to the KP equation. The contour plot of such a solution provides a tropical approximation to the solution when the variables x, y, and t are considered on a large scale and the time t is fixed. In this paper we give an overview of our work on the combinatorics of such contour plots. Using the positroid stratification and the Deodhar decomposition of the Grassmannian (and in particular the combinatorics of Go-diagrams), we completely describe the asymptotics of these contour plots when y or t go to ±∞. Other highlights include: a surprising connection with total positivity and cluster algebras; results on the inverse problem; and the characterization of regular soliton solutions—that is, a soliton solution u A (x,y,t) is regular for all times t if and only if A comes from the totally non-negative part of the Grassmannian.
Chemoprevention of Cancer by Isothiocyanates, Modifiers of Carcinogen Metabolism

Substantial quantities of isothiocyanates are released upon consumption of normal amounts of a number of cruciferous vegetables. Some of these naturally occurring isothiocyanates such as phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and sulforaphane are effective inhibitors of cancer induction in rodents treated with carcinogens. A large amount of data demonstrate that isothiocyanates act as cancer chemopreventive agents by favorably modifying carcinogen metabolism via inhibition of Phase 1 enzymes and/or induction of Phase 2 enzymes. These effects are quite specific, depending on the structure of the isothiocyanate and carcinogen. One of the most thoroughly studied examples of isothiocyanate inhibition of rodent carcinogenesis is inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis by PEITC. This occurs because PEITC blocks the metabolic activation of NNK, resulting in increased urinary excretion of detoxified metabolites. Similar effects on NNK metabolism have been observed in smokers who consumed watercress, a source of PEITC. On the basis of these observations and knowledge of the carcinogenic constituents of cigarette smoke, a strategy for chemoprevention of lung cancer can be developed.
Increased Airways Resistance in School Age Children Following Neonatal ECMO. 1152

Introduction: We have shown increased reactive airways disease(RAD) among ECMO survivors <4 yrs (Peditr Res 1995;37:253A). However, there are no data regarding pulmonary health at school age.
Evaluation of a pilot program for rheumatic disability in an urban community.

A program for the systematic detection and management of arthritis disability was developed for an urban population. A survey identified 601 persons with rheumatic disability in a population of 9,500–10,550. Seventy-eight persons were evaluated and given recommendations. An ombudsman assisted the clients in obtaining health services and coordinated care. An evaluation 6–8 months later showed increased utilization of and referrals to relevant services but, on the whole, little improvement in functional capacity was noted. However, the small numbers do not permit more definite conclusions.
An open problem in the numerical analysis of systems of Volterra integral equations of the second kind in two space-like variables

Abstract Consider the following six coupled Volterra integral equations of the second kind for the unknown functions ϱ+(r, λ) and ϱ−(r, λ) defined in the two-dimensional plane of independent variables r and λ. Define D to be the domain in the (r, λ) plane within which the solution to (1) is desired, and ∂ D to be the boundary about which conditions on the unknown functions ϱ±(r, λ) are prescribed. The boundary conditions on the unknowns are that: (a) along the line r = r0 (constant) the function ϱ+(r0, λ) = 1 for all λ > 0, and (b) along the line r = δ (a small positive constant) the functions are equal, ϱ+(δ, λ) = ϱ−(δ, λ), for all λ. The boundary, ∂ D , of the domain in the fourth quadrant of the (r, λ) plane is defined by the condition φ(r) = λ, where φ is the solution of Poisson's equation: Δφ = 4πϱ. The final boundary condition (c) is that along the curve defined by φ(r) = λ, the functions are again equal: ϱ+(rE, λ) = ϱ−(rE, λ) for all λ ≤ 0, where rE is the solution of the equation φ(r) = λ for a given energy λ.
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF ETHYL CARBAMATE AND UREA IN CHINESE YELLOW RICE WINE BY HPLC-FLD

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a naturally occurring component in fermented products, especially in Chinese yellow rice wine. A rapid and simple HPLC method is proposed for the simultaneous analysis of EC and urea in Chinese yellow rice wine. EC and urea reacted with xanthydrol (9H-xanthen-9-ol) under hydrochloric acid solution to produce fluorescent substances that could be quantified using FLD (λex = 234 nm, λem = 600 nm) after chromatographic separation from interferences. The determination results proved that such a method had good linear relationship (the correlation coefficient, R2 > 0.999), good repeatability (RSD < 3.4%), and good recovery (94.4%–101%). The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 7.00 µg/L and 20.7 µg/L, respectively, for EC; whereas, 100 µg/L and 300 µg/L, respectively, for urea. The new HPLC-FLD procedure is suitable for the fast, reliable, convenient, and inexpensive determination of EC and urea in Chinese yellow rice wine.
Postinjury abdominal compartment syndrome does not preclude early enteral feeding after definitive closure.

Abstract Background Critically injured patients are susceptible to the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), which requires decompressive laparotomy with delayed abdominal closure. Previous work by the University of Texas Houston group showed impaired gut function after resuscitation-associated gut edema. The purpose of this study was to determine if enteral nutrition was precluded by the intra-abdominal hypertension and bowel edema of the ACS. Methods Patients developing postinjury ACS from January 1996 to August 2003 at our level-I trauma center were reviewed. Patient demographics, time to definitive abdominal closure, and institution and tolerance of enteral nutrition were evaluated. Results Thirty-seven patients developed postinjury ACS during the study period; 26 men and 11 women with a mean age of 36 ± 4 and injury severity score of 33 ± 4. Mean intra-abdominal pressure before decompression was 32 ± 3 mm Hg, and concurrent mean peak airway pressure was 50 ± 4 cm oxygen. Enteral feeding was never started in 12 patients; 4 died within 48 hours of admission, 7 required vasoactive agents until their death, and 1 developed an enterocutaneous fistula requiring parenteral nutrition. Enteral feeding was initiated in the remaining 25 patients: 13 had feeds started within 24 hours of abdominal closure; 5 were fed with open abdomens; and 7 had a delay because of vasopressors (n = 2), multiple trips to the operating room (n = 2), paralytics (n = 2), and increased intra-abdominal pressures (n = 1). Once advanced, enteral feeding was tolerated in 23 (92%) of the 25 patients with attainment of goal feeds in a mean of 3.1 ± 1 days. Conclusions Despite the bowel edema and intra-abdominal hypertension related to the ACS, early enteral feeding is feasible after definitive abdominal closure.
Redefining parenthood: surviving the death of a child.

Background Although dying children are often aware of their impending death, parents are reluctant to communicate with their dying child about death. Objective The objective of this study was to examine how parents of children in the advanced stage of a life-threatening disease trajectory communicated about death. Methods Using grounded theory methods, data were collected via interviews with 18 parents of children who had died of an advanced life-threatening disease. Results Ways in which parents communicated with their dying child were impacted by the degree of threat to the parental role. From the onset of their child's life-threatening illness, the sense of parental self was threatened, resulting in "Parental Vulnerability." To endure parental vulnerability, parents confronted a process of "Redefining Parenthood." Before the child's death, parents experienced (1) Protecting From Fears, (2) Protecting Normalcy, (3) Protecting Faith, (4) Experiencing Protection From Their Child, and (5) Bookmarking Memories. After the child's death, parents experienced (1) Telling the Story, (2) Making Meaning, (3) Protecting the Child's Memory, (4) Defining a New Normal, and (5) Learning to Live With Regret. Conclusions Results provide new information about the experiences of parents of dying children as they communicated with their child during the dying process and as they found ways to go on with life after their child's death. Implications for practice Findings can be used by healthcare professionals to help support families of dying children. The field of pediatric oncology nursing would benefit from exploration of the dying child's perspective.
Melanocytic nevus-like hyperplasia and melanoma in transgenic BRAFV600E mice

BRAF, a cellular oncogene and effector of RAS-mediated signaling, is activated by mutation in ∼60% of melanomas. Most of these mutations consist of a V600E substitution resulting in constitutive kinase activation. Mutant BRAF thus represents an important therapeutic target in melanoma. In an effort to produce a pre-clinical model of mutant BRAF function in melanoma, we have generated a mouse expressing BRAF V600E targeted to melanocytes. We show that in these transgenic mice, widespread benign melanocytic hyperplasia with histological features of nevi occurs, with biochemical evidence of senescence. Melanocytic hyperplasia progresses to overt melanoma with an incidence dependent on BRAF expression levels. Melanomas show CDKN2A loss, and genetic disruption of the CDKN2A locus greatly enhances melanoma formation, consistent with collaboration between BRAF activation and CDKN2A loss suggested from studies of human melanoma. The development of melanoma also involves activation of the Mapk and Akt signaling pathways and loss of senescence, findings that faithfully recapitulate those seen in human melanomas. This murine model of mutant BRAF-induced melanoma formation thus provides an important tool for identifying further genetic alterations that cooperates with BRAF and that may be useful in enhancing susceptibility to BRAF-targeted therapeutics in melanoma.
Growing up programming: democratizing the creation of dynamic, interactive media

Young people interact with games, animations, and simulations all of the time. But few of them are able to create interactive media. The obstacle: traditional programming languages are too difficult to learn and understand. This panel brings together a group of researchers, developers, and educators who are aiming to democratize the activity of programming. They are developing a new generation of programming environments that enable children and teens to create their own interactive games, stories, animations, and simulations. Panelists will discuss and critique their programming environments, then set up interactive demonstration stations for focused exploration and small-group discussion. Audience members will also have the opportunity to download the environments onto their own laptops, so that they can experiment in greater depth.
The amino acid motif L/IIxxFE defines a novel actin-binding sequence in PDZ-RhoGEF

PDZ-RhoGEF is a member of the regulator family of G protein signaling (RGS) domain-containing RhoGEFs (RGS-RhoGEFs) that link activated heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits of the G12 family to activation of the small GTPase RhoA. Unique among the RGS-RhoGEFs, PDZ-RhoGEF contains a short sequence that localizes the protein to the actin cytoskeleton. In this report, we demonstrate that the actin-binding domain, located between amino acids 561 and 585, directly binds to F-actin in vitro. Extensive mutagenesis identifies isoleucine 568, isoleucine 569, phenylalanine 572, and glutamic acid 573 as being necessary for binding to actin and for colocalization with the actin cytoskeleton in cells. These results define a novel actin-binding sequence in PDZ-RhoGEF with a critical amino acid motif of IIxxFE. Moreover, sequence analysis identifies a similar actin-binding motif in the N-terminus of the RhoGEF frabin, and as with PDZ-RhoGEF, mutagenesis and actin interaction experiments demonstrate an LIxxFE motif, consisting of the key amino acids leucine 23, isoleucine 24, phenylalanine 27, and glutamic acid 28. Taken together, results with PDZ-RhoGEF and frabin identify a novel actin-binding sequence. Lastly, inducible dimerization of the actin-binding region of PDZ-RhoGEF revealed a dimerization-dependent actin bundling activity in vitro. PDZ-RhoGEF exists in cells as a dimer, raising the possibility that PDZ-RhoGEF could influence actin structure in a manner independent of its ability to activate RhoA.
The visible ingredient

I am honored to be the 65th person recognized with the Harvey A. K. Whitney Award. To be counted among this small group representing many of my pharmacy heroes is truly humbling. I have been influenced in large and small ways in life and career by 40 of the 64 previous recipients, and though this
Propagation of ripples on pyrochlore induced by ion beam bombardment

The morphological evolution of ripples formed on the surface of ${\text{Cd}}_{2}{\text{Nb}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}$ pyrochlore single crystals by focused ion beam bombardment was investigated using in situ electron microscopy. At high ion fluences and off-normal bombardment angles, faceted surface ripples with a ``terracelike'' structure were observed. The ripple propagation direction was oriented along the projected ion beam direction at incident angles ranging from 35 to $65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ under high-dose ion bombardment. One side of the terrace was found to be perpendicular to the incident ion beam direction, while the other side was parallel to the ion beam. The terrace propagation velocity and direction were determined and interpreted on the basis of this asymmetric structure. A model based on the propagation of a shock wave that effectively ``self-selects'' a stable slope was developed in order to explain the observed faceted ripple formation.
Physicochemical aspects of the action of general anaesthetics.

THE physicochemical aspects of the action of anaesthetics have been studied for many years, with general agreement on the following conclusions. No chemical reaction seems to take place as in the extreme case of rare gases anaesthesia can be realized under proper conditions1. Observations favour the membrane as the site of anaesthetic action2, and the anaesthetic receptor seems to be of finite size and the anaesthetic agents molecules of limited size. It has been suggested that narcosis occurs when a critical fraction of space in the membrane is occupied by the volatile anaesthetic agent and it is generally agreed that narcosis is due to physical rather than chemical action of the molecule3. Relatively weak physical forces are involved and these are frequently thought to be associated with the London dispersion force4. Not surprisingly there is good correlation between anaesthetic potency and molar refraction5, polarizability of the anaesthetic agent6, molal volume, solubility in olive oil7–10, boiling points, and other properties of the molecules that are decided by the relatively weak long range interactions. Correlation of anaesthetic activity with the van der Waals a and b constants11 is of particular interest here. The constant a is associated with the cohesive forces between molecules, and b with their volumes. The qualitative correlation of the van der Waals constants with anaesthetic potency has been discussed by Wulf and Featherstone11. Wilson et al.12 demonstrated the correspondence between isonarcotic pressure of inert gases and increased hydrolysis of choline esters expressed as a function of √a.
Free will, determinism, and criminality: The self-perception of prison inmates

Abstract This study investigated the criminal self-perception of adult offenders, using the free will/determinism dichotomy. Inmates in a medium-custody institution were surveyed and asked to identify themselves as having committed offenses due to “free will” or “deterministic” reasons and to indicate, on the same dichotomy, how they believed their criminality was viewed by fellow inmates, the public, judges, police, correctional officers, treatment personnel, etc. The results indicate that these offenders could place themselves and the perceptions of others on this dichotomy. The correlates of the offenders' self-perceptions of criminality were identified using discriminant analysis. Age, type of offense, indeterminate /determinate sentence, participation in counseling, and perceptions of the views of treatment staff, other inmates, custodial staff, and the police all were found to be important. The implications of this study for corrections and the literature are discussed.
Risk of corneal inflammatory events with silicone hydrogel and low dk hydrogel extended contact lens wear: a meta-analysis.

ABSTRACTPurpose.High Dk silicone hydrogel (SH) lenses have been shown to significantly decrease the risk of hypoxic complications compared to traditional low Dk hydrogels. However, the risks of inflammatory complications with SH compared to low Dk lenses are not as clear. A meta-analysis was perform
Attitude extremity as a determinant of attitude change in the forced-compliance experiment

Ss, holding either extreme or moderate initial attitudes, wrote counterattitudinal essays in a test of contradictory hypotheses derived from Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory and Bem’s self-perception theory. The results indicated, as predicted by dissonance theory, that Ss holding extreme initial attitudes showed more attitude change after counterattitudinal advocacy than Ss holding moderate initial attitudes. It was demonstrated that the results were not due to regression effects, to the production of differentially persuasive essays across the extremity conditions, or to the fact that Ss holding extreme attitudes had more ’’room for
The associations between family disengagement, support, loneliness, and stress in young adults attending college

Grounded in Olson’s Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems (1993), the associations between family disengagement, different sources of social support, loneliness, and stress for young adults were examined. Data were collected from 241 college students at three different time points: semester week 2, week 8, and week 14. Results indicated that students experienced increased levels of family disengagement as the semester progressed. Furthermore, a serial multiple mediation analysis indicated that family disengagement at T1 and T3 could be explained by perceptions of less family support, greater loneliness, and increased stress. Finally, a parallel multiple mediation analysis indicated that social support provided by friends (not family or special person support) significantly mediated loneliness over time. The results suggest that family disengagement is a natural process that young adults experience throughout college and provide a greater understanding of the role that social support plays with lo...
The scaling characteristics of remotely-sensed variables for sparsely-vegetated heterogeneous landscapes

With increasing interest in airborne and satellite-based sensors for mapping regional and global energy balance, there is a need to determine the uncertainty involved in aggregating remotely-sensed variables [surface temperature (Tk) and reflectance (π)] and surface energy fluxes [sensible (H) and latent (λE) heat flux] over large areas. This uncertainty is directly related to two factors: (1) the nonlinearity of the relation between the sensor signal and Tk, π, H orλE; and (2) the heterogeneity of the site. In this study, we compiled several remotely-sensed data sets acquired at different locations within a semi-arid rangeland in Arizona, at a variety of spatial and temporal resolutions. These data sets provided the range of data heterogeneities necessary for an extensive analysis of data aggregation. The general technique to evaluate uncertainty was to compare remotely-sensed variables and energy balance components calculated in two ways: first, calculated at the pixel resolution and averaged to the coarser resolution; and second, calculated directly at the coarse resolution by aggregating the fine-resolution data to the coarse scale. Results showed that the error in the aggregation of Tk and π was negligible for a wide range of conditions. However, the error in aggregation of H and λE was highly influenced by the heterogeneity of the site. Errors in H larger than 50% were possible under certain conditions. The conditions associated with the largest aggregation errors in H were: • sites which are composed of a mix of stable and unstable conditions; • sites which have considerable variations in aerodynamic roughness, especially for highly unstable conditions where the difference between surface and air temperature is large; and • sites which are characterized by patch vegetation, where the pixel resolution is less than or nearly-equal to the diameter of the vegetation ‘element’ (in most cases, the diameter of the dominant vegetation type or vegetation patch). Thus, knowledge of the surface heterogeneity is essential for minimizing error in aggregation of H and λE. Two schemes are presented for quantifying surface heterogeneity as a first step in data aggregation. These results emphasized the need for caution in aggregation of energy balance components over heterogeneous landscapes with sparse or mixed vegetation types.
The demand for local access to coastal recreation in southern New England

Coastal lands provide popular outdoor recreation opportunities including beach recreation, fishing, boating, and wildlife viewing. Published studies measuring the demand for access to coastal lands generally have focused on the recreational value of intensively used beaches, which comprise only a portion of the New England coastline. This article examines the recreational demand for coastal access to a local, free‐access site in southern New England. The study uses data obtained from on‐site interviews conducted during the summer of 1995 at Gooseberry Island, Massachusetts. The estimated average value of a visitor‐day during the summer season is $3.06 for weekdays and $4.18 for weekends and holidays. While these values are at the low end of the range of values published in existing literature addressing beach recreation, the aggregate value of recreation benefits derived from public access to undeveloped coastal areas likely are significant.
Legal and Economic Rights of Holders of Government Allotments

Property rights of holders of tobacco and other crop allotments are explored. A decrease in demand induced by government action resulting in a decrease in allotment value is analyzed from the standpoint of a legal "taking." Such losses are contrasted with noncompensable losses due to regulatory powers of government.
Impact of Morphological Orientation in Determining Mechanical Properties in Triblock Copolymer Systems

In contrast to other types of segmented multiblock thermoplastic elastomers, simple ABA block copolymers represent a class of well-defined nanostructured materials. Due to the inherent block lengths built in during the polymerization, the microdomain structure of block copolymers exhibits a size scale of typically 10−100 nm. The ability to control the individual chemistry of each block as well as the size and the shape of the domains in a block copolymer affords enormous advantages to tailor physical properties. By globally orienting the microdomains, a well-defined initial morphological state aids greatly in the interpretation and modeling of mechanical deformation and allows for exploitation of the inherent anisotropy of the cylindrical and lamellar structures. Several types of orientation techniques are reviewed. Experiments investigating structure−mechanical properties in styrene−diene triblock copolymers with spherical, cylindrical, and lamellar morphologies are discussed, with emphasis on the clarif...
A NEW METHOD FOR INCORPORATING THIOLATE DONORS INTO A METAL COORDINATION SPHERE. SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF THE FIRST NICKEL COMPLEXES OF AN N3S LIGAND

A new method for the synthesis of metal complexes with thiolate coordination is described which eliminates the need for protection/deprotection of the thiol. The reaction in methanol of 2,2‘-dithiodibenzaldehyde with nickel(II) complexes containing coordinated primary amines results in the concomitant Schiff-base condensation and cleavage of the disulfide bond to form a chelating amine/thiolate ligand. This method is used to synthesize nickel(II) complexes with varying N/S donor sets, including the first structurally characterized nickel complexes of tetradentate N3S ligands. [Ni(C11H16N3S)]BPh4 crystallizes in monoclinic P21 (a = 9.128(2) A, b = 15.219(5) A, c = 10.317(4) A, β = 110.23(2)°, Z = 2); [Ni(C14H22N3S)]BPh4 crystallizes in orthorhombic P212121 (a = 9.894(2) A, b = 16.687(4) A, c = 21.807(7) A, Z = 4).
Evaluation of the ascorbic acid status of two estuarine crustaceans. The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrations of ascorbic acid in field and lab populations of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio were examined. 2. 2. Tissue distribution studies with Callinectes sapidus indicated that the highest concentrations of ascorbate were found in the gonad followed by hepatopancreas, gill and muscle, respectively. 3. 3. Sex and size had no significant effect on ascorbic acid concentrations in Callinectes sapidus. 4. 4. There was a seasonal difference in ascorbate concentration in Callinectes sapidus hepatopancreas. 5. 5. There was an ontogenetic difference in ascorbic acid concentration in Palemonetes pugio with earlier life stages having higher concentrations.
Resistance exercise training-induced decrease in circulating inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage without weight loss in older adults

Exercise training reduces systemic inflammation in weight-stable people, but concurrent diet-induced body weight loss is not well studied. We hypothesized that resistance training would decrease inflammatory monocyte percentage and improve biomarkers associated with disease risk, independent of weight loss. Forty physically inactive (PI) subjects (58.0 ± 5.7 years; BMI 30.1 ± 4.3 kg m−2) completed baseline testing, and 26 of these subjects completed 12-week of resistance training exercises while consuming either their usual, weight-maintenance diet (RE, n = 14) or an energy-restricted diet (RE–ER, n = 12). Nine physically active (PA) subjects served as a comparison group (60.1 ± 6.1 years; BMI 25.8 ± 3.1 kg m−2). At baseline, circulating CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage, C-reactive protein, and cholesterol were higher in PI vs. PA. Post-intervention, RE subjects had a ~35 % decrease in circulating CD14+CD16+, and a lower LPS-stimulated TNFα and IL-6 production, while RE–ER subjects had lower cholesterol than RE. These findings indicate that resistance training is an effective means for older, overweight adults to reduce systemic inflammation. The unexpected lack of response with concurrent energy restriction underscores the need for further research on the use of resistance training and diet to reduce inflammation.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation of Gastrointestinal Transit Effects on Plasma Concentrations of Drugs from Mixed Immediate-Release and Enteric-Coated Pellet Formulations

Effects of gastrointestinal transit on plasma concentrations of drugs from mixed immediate-release and enteric-coated pellet formulation were simulated with models developed by including gastric emptying time and lag time of emptying. Models were evaluated by comparing simulated plasma concentrations of amphetamine from Monte Carlo simulations to available published data of a commercial mixed pellet formulation (Adderall XR). Results show that the plasma profile from the mixed pellet formulation does not mimic that from two immediate-release doses administered at different times. Instead, the plasma profile from the mixed pellets of amphetamine is similar to a typical sustained-release formulation. The pharmacokinetic models presented herein describe plasma concentrations of amphetamine from mixed pellet formulation quite well. The models and assumptions are general and can be applied to other drugs in similar mixed pellet dosage forms.
Synthesis of nitrate sodalite: An in situ scanning calorimetric study

Abstract The formation of nitrate sodalite, an important constituent of the resilient heels at DOE nuclear waste storage sites, was closely followed by oven synthesis, in situ calorimetry as a function of heating rate from 0.01 to 0.1 °C/min and X-ray diffraction. A transition sequence of amorphous–zeolite A–sodalite–cancrinite was confirmed. For in situ synthesis calorimetry, the heat flow peaks related to zeolite A formation are shifted to higher temperatures as heating rate increases. Although the end products are mostly nitrate sodalite, no calorimetric signals associated with zeolite A to sodalite conversion are detected. This suggests that the enthalpy of formation of zeolite A and sodalite are very similar and the zeolite A to sodalite conversion enthalpy is small. This conclusion is in accord with previous measurements by oxide melt solution calorimetry.
Mechanisms of Carbon Tetrachloride Hepatotoxicity

CCI4 has long served as a model compound for study of hepatotoxicity. While its simple chemical structure held the allure of a simple mechanism of action, decades of study have disclosed a complex series of responses. Significant early damage following CCI4 administration includes: (1) A number of alterations affecting Ca2+ homeostasis, which conspire to redistribute cellular Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to cytosol, and (2) hypomethylation of ribosomal RNA, which disrupts protein synthesis. The genesis of the injury in vivo appears to encompass early 'metabolism-dependent' effects (which appear to be largely independent of CCI4 concentration at the levels studied) and later 'metabolism-independent' effects, which parallel CCI4 concentration. The inability of injured hepatocytes to respond anabolically to early damage may be a critical feature in CCI4 hepatotoxicity.
Effect of Concentrate Source and Amount in Diets on Plasma Hormone Concentrations of Prepubertal Heifers

Abstract Effects of concentrate source (corn or soybean hulls) and amount (40 or 80% of DMI) on plasma hormone concentrations were evaluated for 32 prepubertal Holstein heifers in a 2×2 factorial design. Blood samples were collected every other day from d −4 through d 28 of the experiment and were analyzed for growth hormone, prolactin, IGF-1, and glucose. Ruminal samples were collected by esophageal tube on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 and were analyzed for VFA content. Serial blood samples were collected on either d 25 or 26 at 20-min intervals for 8h and were used for profile analysis of growth hormone and prolactin. Heifers fed 80% concentrate had higher IGF-1 concentrations in serum (158.1 vs. 131.9ng/ml) than did heifers fed 40% concentrate, and heifers fed corn tended to have higher IGF-1 concentrations than heifers fed soybean hulls. Prolactin concentrations in samples that were collected every other day were higher for heifers fed the 80% soybean hull diet than for those fed 40% concentrate diets or the 80% corn diet. Effects of source and amount of concentrate on plasma prolactin concentrations were not evident in serial samples. Concentrate source or amount had no effect on plasma growth hormone or glucose. At high concentrate intakes, the source (soybean hulls vs. corn) affected intake parameters, ruminal VFA content, and prolactin concentrations.
Developmental models of social cognition in assessing the role of family stress in relatives' predictions following traumatic brain injury

The present study extended the utilization of developmental models of social cognition to the investigation of stress and relatives' perception of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors. Structured interviews were conducted with 21 TBI survivors utilizing interpersonal negotiation strategies (INS) and self understanding (self) in the framework of Selman's model of social perspective-taking and Damon and Hart's multidimensional model of self understanding. A relative group composed of 21 participants was interviewed and their predictions of the responses of the TBI survivors to the action domain of the INS stories were obtained. The relative participant group was also administered the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories and Leeds Scales of Depression and Anxiety. The relationships among relative groups' predictive scores, INS and self domains and stress levels were analysed. The result of the survivor groups responses on INS and self were in agreement with the previous findings that TBI survivors respond at psychosocially immature levels. Comparison of INS action scores obtained by the survivor group and predicted by relative group were within one developmental level of each other in 87.4% of the cases. Fifty-two per cent of the relative group scored in mild to moderate or greater depression and 48% scored in the mild to moderate range of anxiety on the Beck scales. Person correlation coefficients indicated significant negative correlations between Beck scores and predictive INS scores. ANOVA indicated significantly higher Beck depression scores in relatives of TBI survivors living in residential facilities than relatives of TBI survivors in an outpatient treatment programme. The study supports the view that developmental social cognition methods appear to advance our understanding of psychosocial adjustments and relatives' perceptions of social cognition in TBI survivors.
Secure distribution of heterogeneous multimedia content on the internet

This paper presents an architecture for a distributed conditional access system with multiple service providers. The standard XML digital signature and XML encryption techniques are applied to ensure secure distribution of audio, video, image and data on the web. The proposed approach seamlessly integrates the payment transactions with content delivery in a secure environment.
Patterns of λ Int Recognition in the Regions of Strand Exchange

Int protein has two classes of binding sites within the phage att site: the arm-type recognition sequences are found in three specific sites that are distant from the region of strand exchange; the junction-type recognition sequences occur as inverted pairs around the crossover region in both attP and attB. During recombination between attP and attB each of the four DNA strands is cut at a homologous position within each of the junction-type Int binding sites. In all four junction-type sites Int protein interacts primarily with the same face of the DNA helix, as determined by those purine nitrogens that are protected against methylation by dimethylsulfate. Efficient secondary attachment sites for λ contain sequences with partial homology to the junction-type binding sites. In addition, the sequence between, but not part of, the two junction-type sites (the overlap region) is strongly conserved in secondary att sites. Thus, in the vicinity of strand exchange, attP and a recombining partner, such as attB, are very similar; each comprises two junction-type Int recognition sites and an overlap (crossover) region.
Severe Gastroenteritis in Cincinnati: Role of Rotavirus |[diams]| 546

A rotavirus vaccine is likely to be licensed in the near future but the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine remains an issue. Recent advances in the outpatient management of diarrhea and the use of short (<24 hour) stay care may have altered the cost of medical care for rotavirus. To examine the impact of rotavirus infection prior to the licensure of a rotavirus vaccine, we conducted active rotavirus surveillance from March 16-September 17, 1997 on all hospitalized children <5 years of age with signs and symptoms of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Stool samples were tested by ELISA for rotavirus antigen. Positive specimens were then serotyped using type-specific monoclonal antibodies directed against G-serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Of the 148 children admitted with AGE, 39.2% were admitted to the short-stay unit and 15% were<6 months of age. Overall, 84.5% of AGE patients shed rotavirus. Short-stay patients were more likely to have rotavirus compared to inpatients (94.8% vs. 77.8%; p=.005). Children ≥.6 months of age were more likely to have rotavirus than those <6 months (88.9% vs. 59.1%;p<.001). Of the 125 specimens available for typing, 92% were typable. Of those infections with a known serotype, G1 was the predominant serotype accounting for 72.2% of infections, but unlike previous evaluations in Cincinnati, all 4 serotypes were identified [G4 (12.2%), G3 (10.4%), G2 (5.2%)]. There was no significant difference of the mean age by serotype. Rotavirus still accounts for a large proportion of cases of severe AGE, many of which are admitted to short-stay units which would be missed in hospital discharge surveys. Each of the four major serotypes were found during one season, indicating a need for a vaccine which provides protection against multiple serotypes.
Letter to Liberals: Liberalism, Environmentalism, and Economic Growth

Many American progressives consider themselves both liberals and environmentalists, and, though the organisations representing these two causes should be working together, they rarely do. Moreover, the emerging split over the role of economic growth could push liberal and environmentalist leaders further apart. This lecture discusses how to bridge the gap between liberals and environmentalists by fusing progressive causes into a common agenda. The two causes are not, as many believe, mutually exclusive, but are instead mutually supportive: liberals need environmentalists to succeed and environmentalists need liberals to succeed.
Open Book: A Socially-inspired Cloaking Technique that Uses Lexical Abstraction to Transform Messages

Both governments and corporations routinely surveil computer-mediated communication (CMC). Technologists often suggest widespread encryption as a defense mechanism, but CMC encryption schemes have historically faced significant usability and adoption problems. Here, we introduce a novel technique called Open Book designed to address these two problems. Inspired by how people deal with eavesdroppers offline, Open Book uses data mining and natural language processing to transform CMC messages into ones that are vaguer than the original. Specifically, we present: 1) a greedy Open Book algorithm that cloaks messages by transforming them to resemble the average Internet message; 2) an open-source, browser-based instantiation of it called Read Me, designed for Gmail; and, 3) a set of experiments showing that intended recipients can decode Open Book messages, but that unintended human- and machine-recipients cannot. Finally, we reflect on some open questions raised by this approach, such as recognizability and future side-channel attacks.
Motion planning in time-varying domains: the case of cyclic motions

Motion planning is studied in a time-varying environment. The environment contains a set of obstacles that have cyclic (i.e. repeated) motions. Cyclic motion is a generalization over simpler motion patterns such as straight-line motions and is capable of representing much more complex and realistic time-varying environments than those previously considered. In our model, the destination point is also allowed to have a cyclic motion. Two methods are presented for generating a collision-free path and their convergence property is established. The first method is suited for sensor-based navigation while the second method is an algorithm for gross motion planning. Computer simulation is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome.

Summary A classical case of Laurence-Moon-Biedlsyndrome in a 6-year-old child is presented. It satisfies the five cardinal diagnostic criteria of Warkany,3 namely: (1) obesity, (2) mental retardation, (3) polydactylism, (4) retinitis pigmentosa, (5) genital hypoplasia.
Biography, Narrative, and Lives: An Introduction

ABSTRACT The purpose of this special issue of the Journal of Personality is to spotlight some of the more fruitful ways in which contemporary personality psychologists are collecting, analyzing, and discerning stories about persons' lives The issue focuses both on current approaches to psychobiography and on new uses of life narratives in social research