cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In‐situ calibrated sound signals and hearing sensitivity.

The acoustic input impedance of the ear provides data on the acoustico-mechanical function of the ear and can be used diagnostically to assess outer and middle ear function. Sound signals delivered to the ear canal can be quantified in-situ if the complex reflectance of the ear has been determined. Hearing sensitivity can be expressed in terms of the forward-going sound pressure wave, or after correcting for acoustic delay, the fraction of the forward-going sound pressure wave transmitted to the middle ear. The latter is an estimate of the signal the cochlea receives. Data is presented examining the virtues of expressing hearing sensitivity in terms of an in-situ calibrated sound signal.
Developmental neurobehavioural toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene in rats

Abstract Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was fed to rats throughout development (from before conception through to day 90 of postnatal life) at levels of 0, 0·125, 0·25 or 0·5% (w/w) in the diet. A similarly treated positive control group was injected on day 12 of gestation with 550 mg/kg of the antimitotic/embryotoxic drug hydroxyurea for reference. Offspring from all groups were reared by their natural dams and were evaluated in a battery of behavioural tests from day 3 to day 90 after birth. BHT at 0·5% in the diet reduced the body weights of dams and of offspring during early development and increased offspring mortality (to 39%) up to 30 days of age. This dose delayed eyelid opening, surface-righting development and limb co-ordination in swimming in males, and reduced female open-field ambulation; however, no significant effects were found after weaning. The lower doses of BHT produced some irregularities in maternal weight (0·25% an increase and 0·125% a decrease) but had no effect on the body weights of offspring. BHT at 0·25% of the diet increased pre- and periweaning mortality (23%), but neither this dose nor the 0·125% dose had any effect on physical or behavioural development or on post-weaning behavioural performance. The positive control group treated with hydroxyurea showed reduced growth prior to weaning, reduced adult brain weight and a slight but nonsignificant increase in pre- and periweaning mortality (10%). This group also exhibited delayed eyelid opening, delayed forward locomotor development and limb co-ordination during swimming, but showed no effects on postweaning behavioural performance. The BHT findings are consistent with the existing toxicological literature that BHT is toxic to growing rodents at doses of 0·25 or 0·5% of the diet with marginal effects at 0·125% of the diet. The behavioural data expand the picture of BHT's toxicity, but do not suggest any disproportionate or special toxicity of BHT for the central nervous system.
Conceptualizing Anti-Gay Violence

Anti-gay violence is here viewed as being the result of immature males fulfilling sexual status needs. Through such violence they reaffirm their commitment to heterosexuality in a way visible to their peers. Anti-gay offenders are divided into activists, who seek out homosexual victims; opportunists, who victimize gays and lesbians as occasions arise; and a much larger number who abandon any helping-citizen role when faced with such violence by others. Activists resort to gay-defined places to find victims; opportunists use other cues to identify victims. Chief among the cues used by offenders are behaviors and deportments that depart from traditional gender roles. Visibility of the victim as homosexual plays a dominant role in distinguishing gays or lesbians who have been assaulted from those who have not.
Development of Circadian Oscillators in Neurosphere Cultures during Adult Neurogenesis

Circadian rhythms are common in many cell types but are reported to be lacking in embryonic stem cells. Recent studies have described possible interactions between the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks and the signaling pathways that regulate stem cell differentiation. Circadian rhythms have not been examined well in neural stem cells and progenitor cells that produce new neurons and glial cells during adult neurogenesis. To evaluate circadian timing abilities of cells undergoing neural differentiation, neurospheres were prepared from the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ), a rich source of adult neural stem cells. Circadian rhythms in mPer1 gene expression were recorded in individual spheres, and cell types were characterized by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy at early and late developmental stages in vitro. Circadian rhythms were observed in neurospheres induced to differentiate into neurons or glia, and rhythms emerged within 3–4 days as differentiation proceeded, suggesting that the neural stem cell state suppresses the functioning of the circadian clock. Evidence was also provided that neural stem progenitor cells derived from the SVZ of adult mice are self-sufficient clock cells capable of producing a circadian rhythm without input from known circadian pacemakers of the organism. Expression of mPer1 occurred in high frequency oscillations before circadian rhythms were detected, which may represent a role for this circadian clock gene in the fast cycling of gene expression responsible for early cell differentiation.
A computational model of driving for autonomous vehicles

Driving models are needed by many researchers to improve traffic safety and to advance autonomous vehicle design. However, existing models of driving maneuver selection are generally too abstract and do not describe the computation needed to select actions after observing objects. In this paper we present a dynamic task analysis and use it to develop a computational model of driving in traffic. This model has been implemented in a driving program called Ulysses as part of our research program in robot vehicle development. Ulysses encodes legal, safe and practical driving rules as constraints on acceleration and lane selection. The application of constraints depends on particular objects in the world; thus, when constraints are evaluated, they show exactly where the driver needs to look at that moment. We explain the specific knowledge in Ulysses with illustrations from a series of driving scenarios of increasing complexity. We also briefly discuss the computer perception system that Ulysses needs. Finally, we describe how Ulysses drives a robot in a simulated environment provided by our new traffic simulator called PHAROS, which is similar in spirit to previous simulators (such as NETSIM) but far more detailed. Our new driving model is a key component for developing autonomous vehicles and intelligent driver aids that operate in traffic, and provides a new tool for traffic research in general.
Anesthetic considerations for robotic prostatectomy: a review of the literature

Since the first robotic prostatectomy in 2000, the number of prostatectomies performed using robot-assisted laparoscopy has been increasing. As of 2009, 90,000 robotic radical prostatectomies were performed worldwide, and 80% of all radical prostatectomies performed in the United States were performed robotically. Robotic prostatectomy is becoming more common globally because of the many advantages offered to patients, primarily due to the minimally invasive nature of the procedure. Several new perioperative concerns and challenges for anesthesiologists and are described.
Feasibility of audit methods to study access to substance use treatment.

Abstract Audit studies represent an emerging method for examining disparities in access to care, like substance use treatment, whereby fake patients (i.e., actors) attempt to procure a service with one or more characteristics isolated across condition. This allows for manipulation of variables, like insurance status, that are normally fixed or impossible to standardize with precision when studying actual patients. This pilot study explored whether these methods were feasible for the examination of community-based substance use treatment access. Masked telephone calls ( n =48) were made to providers ( k =8) in a single city seeking an appointment. A male and female "patient" made calls in three insurance status conditions: no insurance, state-funded insurance, and private insurance. All other subject characteristics were held constant. Results showed an audit design to be a feasible method for examining disparities in access and demonstrated substantial barriers to voluntary treatment. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Multiple Benefits of Videotaping for Teaching Skills in Communication

The myriad technical advantages of videotaping presentations are identified, including the opportunity to: edit, use graphics, perform location taping, include interviews with those who can provide unique information and perspective, store taped work which has archival value, evaluate and field-test an effort prior to its formal presentation, etc. Educational benefits are also provided to those involved in the development of a videotaped presentation; for example, videotaping allows one to improve his/her communication skills with increased self-confidence and enthusiasm while reducing one's anxiety during a formal presentation. Minimal financial investment is required in order to acquire these benefits. The use of this emerging technical capability for effective communication can be expected to increase in the academic, industrial and commercial worlds.
A class of scattering media which generate Doppler-like frequency shifts of spectral lines

Abstract It has been known for some time that under certain circumstances scattering from fluctuating media can generate shifts of spectral lines which are indistinguishable from those due to the Doppler effect, even though the source of the radiation, the scatterer and the observer are at rest with respect to each other. In this Letter a class of correlation functions of scattering media is introduced, each of which can generate such Doppler-like shifts. Red shifts as well as blue shifts can be produced by this mechanism, depending on the scattering geometry. We illustrate the results by an example involving diffusion in the presence of a random source.
Preschoolers' practical thinking and problem solving: The acquisition of an optimal solution strategy

Abstract This study is an investigation of the strategies used by preschool-aged children (ages 3 and 4) to accomplish a practical task. For the main part of the study, 24 children were engaged on three separate occasions in a mathematically oriented activity designed to test their problem-solving skills and their ability to learn from and increase their efficiency in relation to a repeated task. The exercise required participants to satisfy customer requests for orders of vegetables in a “play store” setting. Each order request in the task could be successfully satisfied by a variety of different solution strategies. The number of moves used to satisfy each order, as well as the strategy type employed, were recorded and coded. Participants also took part in extensive arithmetic pre- and posttests. After repeated exposure to the task, participants became significantly more efficient in their choice of a solution strategy: that is, they increasingly chose solution strategies requiring fewer physical moves.
Effect of clomiphene citrate on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone in rams and wethers.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of clomiphene citrate (clomid) on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in rams and wethers. Doses of 200 mg clomid per ram and 1 μg GnRH per 50 kg body weight were used in studies on 12 rams and 4 wethers. The experimental design involved bleeding each animal at 15-minute intervals for 6.5 hours. At the end of the first hour, GnRH was injected IV. The second GnRH challenge was administered 0.5 hours after an injection of clomid or vehicle (4.5% sorbitol solution) which was given on the third hour. The relative response to clomid or vehicle was calculated as the mean increase in concentration of LH during the two-hour period after the second GnRH injection. Each treatment (clomid and vehicle) was given to all animals with a 14-day recovery period between treatment days. The relative response for the rams receiving vehicle (1.80 ± 0.65) was greater (P 0.05) following vehicle (0.40 ± 0.16). The results suggest that clomid at this dosage inhibits GnRH-induced release of LH from the pituitary of rams but not of wethers.
Satisfaction with support given and its association with subsequent health status.

Objectives: This study investigates health outcomes of older individuals who reported on their level of satisfaction with support given to family, friends, or community organizations. Methods: A 3-...
The upper critical field of superconducting polysulfur nitride, (SN) x

Abstract A measurement of the temperature and angular dependence of the upper critical magnetic field Hc2 in crystals of polymeric (SN)x is reported. A large anisotropy is observed at all temperatures with Hc2‖ = 8.1 ± 0.4 kOe parallel to, and Hc2⊥ = 870 ± 80 Oe perpendicular to, the polymer axis at 0°K. The results are explained in terms of the polymeric crystal structure and fibrous morphology of (SN)x.
Is it All About Competence? The Human Capital of U.S. Presidents and Economic Performance

This paper explores the extent to which human capital improves the economic policy competence of U.S. presidents. Several recent studies have used international data to test similar hypotheses. However, international studies suffer from a variety of comparability issues, not all of which can be avoided through fixed effects and error correction. The U.S. results developed in this paper suggest that both career paths and education have significant effects on a president's economic policy judgment, particularly in the period after the Civil War. However, the paper also suggests that more than good economic management skills are required to win office.
Towards the three-dimensional structure of voltage-gated potassium channels

Electrical excitability is a fundamental property of the neuromuscular systems of metazoans. The varied response of neurons to electrical excitation is largely accounted for by a diverse set of voltage-gated potassium (KV) channels in the excitable membrane. The complete structure of a KV channel is not yet available. However, recent structural biological experiments have begun to provide new insight into how specific KV channels are formed and regulated, and how they function and interact with other proteins. In particular, the selectivity of KV channels for K+ and suggestions as to how these structural elements might assemble into a functional KV channel are discussed.
Involvement of a GABAergic mechanism in the anticonvulsant effect of pentobarbital against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats

The interaction between pentobarbital and other modulators of GABAergic transmission (diazepam, ethanol and progabide) was investigated on maximal electroshock seizures and on the loss of righting reflexes in rats. Pentobarbital, diazepam and ethanol produced a dose-dependent protection against electroshock seizures, with pentobarbital being more potent (3- and 50-times) than diazepam and ethanol. Progabide neither provided protection nor caused loss of righting reflex. Subprotective doses of pentobarbital and diazepam, together or when combined with a single ineffective dose of ethanol or progabide, caused protection against seizures and loss of righting reflex for variable durations, while ethanol and progabide combination did not provide protection. The protective effect of diazepam was antagonized by RO15-1788, picrotoxin and bicuculline pretreatments. The antagonism of pentobarbital protection by a specific GABA receptor antagonist, bicuculline suggests involvement of the GABAergic system in the anticonvulsant effect of pentobarbital. These results indicate that, like diazepam, the anticonvulsant effect of pentobarbital appears to be mediated through a GABAergic mechanism.
Natural Kinds, Natural History and Ecology

What are the objects of study in ecology and where do we get them? The answers to these questions are important both for the understanding of how ecology is currently functioning as a science and for the acquisition of a view of how ecology may progress and develop into a more mature science.
Selective Observation of Species in High-Voltage Spark Discharges Based on Transient Magnetic Field Perturbation

The behavior of an analytical spark discharge in a pulsed external magnetic field is described. Time-resolved spectroscopic data indicate the spatial isolation of ionic species. Time-integrated, spatially resolved data further demonstrate that the region of maximum emission intensity (for ionic species) is shifted 1100 μm, with respect to the interelectrode axis, when the magnetic field is energized. Emissions from neutral species are influenced to a lesser extent.
Plasma membrane‐microfilament interaction in animal cells

Microfilament interactions with the plasma membranes of animal cells appear to vary with cell type and localization. In the erythrocyte, actin oligomers are associated with the membrane via spectrin and ankyrin. The ends of stress fibers in cultured cells, such as fibroblasts, are attached to the plasma membrane at focal adhesion sites and may involve the protein vinculin as a linking protein. In intestinal brush border microvilli a 110,000 dalton protein links the microfilament bundles to sites on the microvillus. A transmembrane complex containing actin stably associated with a cell surface glycoprotein can be isolated from ascites tumor cell microvilli and can be obtained still associated with microfilaments by gentle extraction and gradient centrifugation of the microvilli. These varied interaction mechanisms are believed to be needed to satisfy the different structural and dynamic requirements of the particular systems.
Small sample efficiency gains from a first observation correction for hatanakafs estimator of the lagged dependent variable-serial correlation regression model

Evidence presented by Fomby and Guilkey (1983) suggests that Hatanaka's estimator of the coefficients in the lagged dependent variable-serial correlation regression model performs poorly, not because of poor selection of the estimate of the autocorrelation coefficient, but because of the lack of a first observation correction. This study conducts a Monte Carlo investigationof the small sample efficiency gains obtainable from a first observation correction suggested by Harvey (1981). Results presented here indicate that substantial gains result from the first observation correction. However, in comparing Hatanaka's procedure with first observation correction to maximum likelihood search, it appears that ignoring the determinantal term of the full likelihood function causes some loss of small sample efficiency. Thus, when computer costsand programming constraints are not binding, maximum likelihood search is to be recommended. In contrast, users who have access to only rudimentary least squares programs wou...
A Saturnian gas ring and the recycling of Titan's atmosphere

Atoms which escape Titan's atmosphere are unlikely to possess escape velocity from Saturn and can orbit the planet until lost by ionization or collision with Titan. It is predicted that a toroidal ring of between 1 and 1,000 atoms or molecules per cubic centimeter exists around Saturn at a distance of about 10 times the radius of the visible rings. This torus may be detectable from earth orbit and detection or nondetection of it may provide some information about the presence or absence of a Saturnian magnetic field, and the exospheric temperature and atmospheric escape rate of Titan. It is estimated that, if Titan has a large exosphere, 97% or more of the escaping atoms can be recaptured by Titan, thereby decreasing the effective net atmospheric loss rate by up to two orders of magnitude. It is shown that, if Saturn has a magnetic field comparable to Jupiter's the magnetospheric plasma can supply Titan with hydrogen at a rate comparable to the loss rates in some of the models of Trafton (1972) and Sagan (1973).
Registration of ‘CL151’ Rice

Journal of Plant Registrations, Vol. 5, No. 2, May 2011 177 ‘CL151’ (Reg. No. CV-133, PI 654463), a Clearfi eld (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) long-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center at the Rice Research Station near Crowley, LA, and approved for release by the director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2008 based on superior agronomic characteristics, including herbicide resistance, high yield potential, good milling quality, and improved disease resistance. Registration of ‘CL151’ Rice
The use of energy information in plastic scintillator material

Plastic scintillator material is often used for gamma-ray detection in many applications due to its relatively good sensitivity and cost-effectiveness compared to other detection materials. However, due to the dominant Compton scattering interaction mechanism, full energy peaks are not observed in plastic scintillator spectra and isotopic identification is impossible. Typically plastic scintillator detectors are solely gross count detectors. In some safeguards and security applications, such as radiation portal monitors for vehicle screening, naturally-occurring radioactive material (NORM) often triggers radiation alarms and results in innocent or nuisance alarms. The limited energy information from plastic scintillator material can be used to discriminate the NORM from targeted materials and reduce the nuisance alarm rate. An overview of the utilization of the energy information from plastic scintillator material will be presented, with emphasis on the detection capabilities and potential limitations for safeguards and security applications.
Susceptibility of Microweids in Hybrid Microcincuits to Corrosion Degradation

Analysis of broken ultrasonic Al-Ag bonds involving SEM electron microprobe, ion microprobe, and Auger electron spectroscopy indicated that failure was due to corrosion. Subsequent environmental tests demonstrated that Al-Ag bonds are highly susceptible to corrosion, but Al-Au and Au-Al bonds are less so. No evidence of corrosion of Au-Ag bonds was found.
Simulation of aircraft crash and its validation

A joint FAA/NASA program is discussed which is aimed at developing a reliable technology for the design of crashworthy light aircraft. This program encompasses the development of analytical methods, the definition of a survivable crash envelope, and the design of improved seat and restraint systems. A facility for full-scale crash-simulation testing is described along with the test method and results of five full-scale crash tests of twin-engine light aircraft. The major goals of the analytical portion of the program are outlined, including the development and validation of the analytical technique using simplified structural specimens that approximate aircraft components, as well as the mathematical modeling of the complete airframe and its subsequent dynamic analysis by substructuring and matrix reduction techniques.
Echocardiographic findings during stress-induced ST-segment elevation in lead aVR in ostial left main, left anterior descending stenosis.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 63-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and nicotine abuse underwent an echocardiogram stress test to investigate a recent history of chest pressure at rest. Baseline echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (A) were
CD20, AIF-1, and TGF- β in graft-versus-host disease: a study of mRNA expression in histologically matched skin biopsies

Graft-versus-host disease is the leading cause of non-relapse mortality after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The cell-mediated immune mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease remain unclear. In this study, 47 skin biopsies representing graft-versus-host disease grades 0-III, lichenoid, and sclerodermoid were included from 31 allogeneic bone marrow transplantation recipients. RNA from paraffin-embedded tissue was harvested. Transcript levels of the following markers were assessed and correlated with grade and survival: CD3, CD20, FoxP3, IL-17, gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), IL-6, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), allograft inflammatory factor-1(AIF-1), and IL-13. Levels of three markers significantly correlated with the length of survival (TGF-beta, correlation coefficient -20.8, P=0.016; AIF-1, 13.2, P=0.016; and CD20, 66, P=0.027). CD20 expression was limited to lichenoid cases. Levels of TGF-beta, AIF-1, and IFN-gamma appeared to correlate with histological progression, but did not reach statistical significance. Expression of FoxP3 correlated with worse survival, and approached statistical significance (P=0.053). Two potential mechanistic pathways were identified: the 'scleroderma' group (AIF-1 and TGF-beta) and the 'B-cell' group (CD20). Transcript levels of these markers were implicated in the progression from acute to chronic disease, and also correlated significantly with the duration of survival. Identification of these three markers may direct therapy selection with targeted agents, including the use of rituximab when B-lymphocytes are implicated.
Cylindrical transmitting antenna: Tapered resistivity and multiple impedance loadings

A general formulation is presented which treats with accuracy the perfectly conducting antenna, the uniformly resistive antenna, the tapered resistive antenna, and the multiple impedance loaded antenna. The current distribution is obtained in analytic form that is easily used to obtain the effective length and radiated field. The presented theory has application in traveling-wave antenna design. Traveling-wave antennas are of interest for broadband and directional communication. Extensive numerical results are obtained, and comparisons are made with experimental data. The results indicate the feasibility of cylindrical traveling-wave antennas.
Thiazolidinedione use and ulcerative colitis-related flares: An exploratory analysis of administrative data†

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects nearly 500,000 Americans.1,2 The clinical course is typically relapsing and remitting: patients experience flares of their illness with symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and extra-intestinal manifestations, followed by periods of remission. Thus, the goals of therapy are twofold: 1) to treat disease flares (induction of remission) and 2) to prolong the length of time between flares (maintenance of remission). Despite the morbidity and mortality associated with UC,3 limited treatment options exist and additional therapeutic agents are needed. Thiazolidinediones, inhibitors of PPAR gamma,4 were introduced to the US market in 1997. Although currently indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (“diabetes”),5 preclinical data and a recent randomized controlled trial have demonstrated the efficacy of rosiglitazone (one member of the thiazolidinedione class) for the induction of remission in UC patients with active disease.6–9 Yet the effectiveness of thiazolidinediones in the maintenance of UC remission has not been comprehensively evaluated. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the US, with a prevalence of 8%.10 Based on the combined prevalence of UC and diabetes, a substantial percentage of Americans may be affected by both conditions. UC may be particularly problematic in patients with coexisting diabetes because oral steroids, a mainstay of UC treatment, can exacerbate hyperglycemia. Therefore, preventing UC flares in these patients is of particular importance. Thiazolidinediones are considered second-line oral medications, reserved for diabetics who fail to achieve metabolic goals on metformin therapy. However, if thiazolidinediones are effective in maintaining UC remission in diabetic patients, there would be a strong argument to move this class to first-line therapy in diabetic patients with UC. Additionally, since few medications have been shown to maintain remission in UC, thiazolidinediones could have a role in the primary treatment of UC patients with or without diabetes. Therefore, we performed an exploratory retrospective cohort study using administrative data to examine the association between thiazolidinedione use and UC flares in patients with UC and diabetes.
Full-wave reduced-order models for local computational analysis

An important class of electromagnetic design problems involves a fixed platform structure, which dominates the problem size, and a fixed design region that contains variable design structures. It has previously been observed that such problems can be efficiently modeled using a single frequency modular fast direct analysis (MFD) method. When the current distribution on the whole structure is needed, the MFD method has a solution complexity of at least O(N) at low frequencies, where N is the total number of unknowns. It is shown in this paper that the complexity of the design cycle can be reduced to be less than O(N) (i.e., o(N) ) if only the current and/or field distributions within the design region are of interest, and the incident fields are pre-specified and/or excited by sources localized to the design region.
Surface Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 on Epithelial Cells in the Human Adenoid

Human rhinoviruses enter the host by way of the nose and conjunctiva. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is the cellular receptor for the majority of rhinoviruses. ICAM-1 expression on the luminal surface of epithelial cells in the upper airway may be an important determinant of virus localization in the airway. Eighteen adenoids and 5 nasopharyngeal biopsies were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for surface expression of ICAM-1. Heavy immunoreactivity of ICAM-1 was found on the surface of a small number of single nonciliated cells in the lymphoepithelium. Squamous epithelial cells showed minimal to no staining, and ciliated epithelium had positive ICAM-1 staining of the basal cells but not on the ciliated border. The localization of ICAM-1 expression to specific, limited areas of the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx may have important implications in the pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections, especially initiation of the host response to rhinovirus.
Term clustering of syntactic phrases

Term clustering and syntactic phrase formation are methods for transforming natural language text. Both have had only mixed success as strategies for improving the quality of text representations for document retrieval. Since the strengths of these methods are complementary, we have explored combining them to produce superior representations. In this paper we discuss our implementation of a syntactic phrase generator, as well as our preliminary experiments with producing phrase clusters. These experiments show small improvements in retrieval effectiveness resulting from the use of phrase clusters, but it is clear that corpora much larger than standard information retrieval test collections will be required to thoroughly evaluate the use of this technique.
Spontaneous Angina in the Coronary Care Unit: 2. Electrocardiographic Changes during and after Chest Pain

Serial ECGs of 16 patients with repetitive attacks of spontaneous angina in the CCU were studied from admission to the hospital to the follow-up phase at the cardiac clinic. Transient repolarization ECG changes occurring during unprovoked angina included ST-segment elevation and ST-segment depression, alterations of T-wave amplitude and polarity, and pseudonormalization of previously inverted T-waves. In addition, QRS complexes were altered transiently during chest pain. Such changes comprised augmentation or reduction of amplitude of R and S waves, widening of QRS complexes and a merging of R waves with the elevated STsegments. Occasionally the ECG during attacks of angina did not show any change. During asymptomatic periods, between attacks of spontaneous angina, the ECG either returned to baseline, or displayed minor ST-segment shifts, and/or T-wave alterations of varying durations. However, such changes became either persistent or were replaced in the late course of hospitalization by ECG alterations diagnostic of transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarction. Twelve patients suffered an acute myocardial infarction. Four patients died within one month of admission. During follow-up of the 12 surviving patients in the cardiac clinic, amelioration of T-wave changes was noted in the ECGs of patients who remained asymptomatic, but new ischemic alterations were seen in the ECG of patients who had recurrent angina, or were readmitted to the hospital for evaluation. Increase in the amplitude of R-waves, disappearance of Q-waves, or reduction of Q-wave depth were noted at follow-up, in comparison with the discharge ECG, in some patients who had suffered primarily an anterior myocardial infarction.
Characteristics of auto-ignition in a stratified iso-octane mixture with exhaust gases under homogeneous charge compression ignition conditions

Ignition and propagation of a reaction front in a counterflow system of an iso-octane/air stream mixing with an exhaust gas stream is computationally investigated to understand the fundamental characteristics of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) auto-ignition. Various mixing rates are imposed on the system and the effects of dissipation rates on auto-ignition are studied. Ignition delay and front propagation speed across the mixing layer are determined as a function of a local mixture fraction variable. The results show that mixture inhomogeneity and dissipation rate have a significant influence on ignition. Diffusive transport is found to either hamper or advance ignition depending on the initial reactivity of the mixture. Based on the relative importance of diffusion on ignition front propagation, two distinct ignition regimes are identified: the spontaneous ignition regime and the diffusion-controlled regime. The transition between these two regimes is identified using a criterion based on...
Development of an Intrabiliary MR Imaging-monitored Local Agent Delivery Technique: A Feasibility Study in Pigs

This interventional technique may be of value for managing pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, the two most common intractable malignancies causing obstruction of the common bile ducts.
Designing studies to investigate the relationships between genes, environments, and developmental language disorders

This paper focuses on designing studies that will compare children with developmental language disorders (DLD) drawn from several syndromes in which there are primary impairments in the acquisition of language. This kind of research can be used to address four key questions: (a) What are the developing language phenotypes that characterize specific disorders? (b) What factors are key precursors and predictors of language acquisition in DLD? (c) What are the genes that contribute to DLD in different syndromes? (d) What environmental factors influence the trajectories of language development in DLD? Several design issues are discussed including an overall study design, subject selection and recruitment, matching and comparisons across groups, and methodologies. A number of important challenges to the design and implementation of these kinds of studies are presented in the final section of the paper.
Can behavioural constraints alter the stability of signalling equilibria

In traditional models of signalling one class of individual, the signaller, presents a signal which another class of individual, the receiver, examines. Receivers are typically assumed to have fitness returns that depend on their ability to determine the utility of the signaller to them. Each signaller must decide what level to signal at, which is a function of the quality of the signaller. In addition, a signaller's quality is assumed to be synonymous with the signaller's utility to a receiver. However, there is no reason to believe that signalling costs are incurred in the same currency as the receivers are paid and, thus, no reason to believe that the relationship between signaller quality and utility is linear or even increasing. For instance, in signalling between prey and predators, the utility of a prey item may be its fat reserves, whereas an individual prey pays for signalling (and thus measures quality) in terms of increased risk of capture; quality and utility are synonymous only if a high risk of capture is associated with high fat reserves. In addition, several recent studies have documented increased signalling as utility decreases. If utility and quality are decoupled, so that increasing quality does not always mean increasing utility, then traditional signalling models predict that no signalling equilibrium will exist. I show that if receiver fitness is modelled by a set of behavioural responses, which have both costs and benefits, then a signalling equilibrium can sometimes be recovered. An example of signalling between mates is presented in order to demonstrate this equilibrium.
Supramolecular photochemistry in zeolites: From catalysts to sunscreens

Zeolites are nanoporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials comprised of a series of strictly uniform channels and cavities repeating along the tri-directional structure of the lattice. Over the last 30 years, researchers have increasingly recognized the desirable prop- erties of these materials as hosts for photochemical reactions. This review will endeavor to draw attention to the properties of zeolite materials that make them appealing substrates for hosting guest molecules during photochemical reactions. An overview of some classical ex- amples in zeolite host-guest photochemistry will be presented along with a brief description of a new use for zeolite materials as protective encapsulators.
(Mis) Representations of the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse in the Courts

SUMMARY This study addresses the (mis) representations made by pro-false memory attorneys and expert witnesses in court regarding the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Five pro-false memory positions were identified: (1) there is no causal connection between CSA and adult psychopathology; (2) the evidence is insufficient; (3) CSA does not cause specific trauma-related outcomes like borderline and dissociative identity disorder; (4) other variables than CSA explain the variance of adult psychopathology; and (5) the long-term effects of CSA are general and non-specific. Examining the testimony revealed that such pro-false memory testimony was based solely on a partial understanding of retrospective data and that pro-false memory experts do not cite the more recent prospective data. Reviewing the totality of the scientific evidence demonstrates that such pro-false memory testimony is inaccurate and has the potential of misleading the jury. Prospective studies provide sufficient evidence to c...
Genetic and Morphological Variation Between Populations of the Pascagoula Map Turtle (Graptemys gibbonsi) in the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers with Description of a New Species

Abstract Cryptic or undescribed species pose a major problem in conservation biology. Managing multiple unresolved taxa collectively as a single entity could precipitate the loss of unrecognized genetic variation and unique populations and, possibly, lead to extinction of undiscovered or unrecognized taxa. In contrast to other species in its clade, the Pascagoula map turtle (Graptemys gibbonsi), as currently recognized, is not confined to a single major river system (or a cluster formed by a major river and adjacent minor drainages) but occurs in two major river systems, the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers. We analyzed G. gibbonsi samples from both rivers for the first time in a morphological and molecular assessment of the taxonomic status of this poorly studied species. We compared the extent of genetic differentiation (mitochondrial DNA; mtDNA) between G. gibbonsi populations with members within the pulchra clade and between Graptemys oculifera and Graptemys flavimaculata. We found significant carapace pat...
Normal and Short Circuit Operating Characteristics of Metallic Shielded Solid Dielectric Power Cable

Experimental results are presented on the normal and short circuit operating characteristics of metallic shielded solid dielectric power cable. Test data on thermal runs of single conductor shielded power cable under typical installation conditions confirm published ampacity data1, and hence the theoretical procedure2 employed for calculating the ampacity of single conductor cable with circulating current losses. The thermal runs also point out the possible adverse effect on the cable of operating at a high interface temperature for an extended period of time.
Beneficial Complexity: A Field Experiment in Technology, Institutions, and Institutional Change in the Electric Power Industry 1

This paper presents and analyzes the results of a recent field experiment in which residential electricity customers in Washington State with price-responsive in-home devices could use those devices to change their electricity consumption autonomously. Doing so also required an important institutional change: the regulatory institutions had to change to allow dynamic pricing. Customers could choose a retail pricing contract from a portfolio of contracts, instead of the fixed, regulated retail rate. Here we focus on the results of the real-time contract, under which homeowners participate in a double auction with a market clearing occurring every five minutes. These customers saved money, and their peak demand (and pressure on infrastructure at peak capacity) fell by 15 percent. Moreover, this combination of technology and institutional design enabled decentralized coordination, and we use complexity science to interpret results that show that the real-time market outcomes were those of a self-organizing and scalable complex adaptive system. We also draw policy implications from these results.
Characterization of Zebrafish Larval Inflammatory Macrophages

Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful model system to study leukocyte recruitment and inflammation. Here we characterize the morphology and function of inflammatory macrophages in zebrafish larvae. These macrophages can be distinguished from neutrophils by immunolabeling of L-Plastin without MPO co-expression and by an elongated morphology. Live imaging of transgenic zMPO:GFP larvae demonstrate that GFPlo macrophages migrate to wounds by extension of thin pseudopods and carry out phagocytosis of tissue debris, and FACS analysis of leukocyte markers indicates expression of CSF1R in these macrophages. These findings identify distinct functional and morphological characteristics of inflammatory macrophages in zebrafish larvae.
A high carbohydrate versus a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet lowers the atherogenic potential of big VLDL particles in patients with type 1 diabetes

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of two diets on the atherogenic potential of two VLDL subfractions harvested from fasting subjects by measuring the number and composition of particles and the amount of esterified cholesterol accumulated in macrophages. A high (25%) monounsaturated fatty acid (Mono) diet and a high (61%) carbohydrate (CHO) diet were provided for 4 wk in a randomized crossover design to 19 normolipidemic, nonobese patients with type 1 diabetes. The two diets were matched for protein, polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and fiber content. The number of circulating big VLDL (S:(f) 100-400) particles was greater during the high Mono than during the high CHO diet based on the levels of apolipoprotein B (means +/- SEM): 31.4 +/- 7.4 versus 20.0 +/- 3.8 mg/L (P: < 0.025, paired t test). The following variables did not differ during the diet periods: number of small VLDL (S:(f) 20-100) particles, esterified cholesterol accumulated in THP-1 macrophages incubated with the same number of big and small VLDL particles and particle composition. We conclude that a high CHO diet might be preferable to a high Mono diet, on the basis of the premise that more big VLDL particles could increase the atherosclerotic risk in patients with diabetes.
Oseltamivir Dosing in Premature Infants

We conducted a 2-sample pharmacokinetic study of oseltamivir in 12 premature infants. Oseltamivir 1 mg/kg/dose twice daily in infants 38 weeks postmenstrual age (born prematurely but chronologically past term, n=4) resulted in similar oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate exposure. Although these results suggest persistence of immature renal function in this subgroup, further pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic description is required to confirm the appropriateness of this regimen.
Active immunizations with peptide-DC vaccines and passive transfer with antibodies protect neutropenic mice against disseminated candidiasis

We previously report that peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccination, which targeting two peptides (Fba and Met6) expressed on the cell surface of Candida albicans, can induce high degree of protection against disseminated candidiasis in immunocompetent mice. Passive transfer of immune sera from the peptide immunized mice or peptide-related monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that protection was medicated by peptide-specific antibodies. In this study the efficacy of active and passive immunization against disseminated candidiasis was tested in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia. Peptide-DC vaccines were given to mice prior to induction of neutropenia. We show active immunization with either Fba or Met6 peptide-DC vaccine significantly improved the survival and reduced the fungal burden of disseminated candidiasis in those immunocompromised mice. Importantly, we show that administration of two protective monoclonal antibodies also protect neutropenic mice against the disease, implying possibility of developing a successful passive immunotherapy strategy to treat the disease and protect against disseminated candidiasis. The results of this study are crucial as they address the fundamental questions as to whether the synthetic peptide vaccine induced immunity protects the host during a neutropenic episode. We anticipate that this peptide-vaccine study will serve as the foundation of future investigations into new peptide vaccines comprised of cell surface peptides from other medically important Candida species, as well as other fungi.
Vapor toxicity of three prototype volatile insecticidal compounds to house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

ABSTRACT Vapor toxicities of two prototype formate esters, ethylene glycol di-formate (EGDF) and heptyl formate, and the prototype heterobicyclic menthofuran were determined against laboratory-reared adult house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Toxicities were compared between house flies and other dipteran species tested previously. The organophosphate fumigant insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) was used as a positive control. Although less toxic than DDVP, all three prototype compounds were toxic to house flies. Most toxic was menthofuran (LC50 = 3.70 mg/liter air), followed by EGDF (LC50 = 9.27 mg/liter air) and heptyl formate (LC50 = 32.62 mg/liter air). The toxicity of menthofuran when applied after piperonyl butoxide increased 1.5-fold. The toxicities of heptyl formate and EGDF when applied after S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate decreased by 1.5-and 2-folds, respectively. These results are slightly different from results obtained for other dipterans, further supporting previous hypotheses...