cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The lift force on a charged sphere that translates and rotates in an electrolyte.

The distortion of the charge cloud around a uniformly charged, dielectric, rigid sphere that translates and rotates in an unbounded binary, symmetric electrolyte at zero Reynolds number is examined. The zeta potential of the particle ζ is assumed small relative to the thermal voltage scale. It is assumed that the equilibrium structure of the cloud is slightly distorted, which requires that the Peclet numbers characterizing distortion due to particle translation, Pe t = U a / D , and rotation, Pe r = Ω a 2 / D , are small compared to unity. Here, a is radius of the particle; D is the ionic diffusion coefficient; U = | U | and Ω = | Ω | , where U and Ω are the rectilinear and angular velocities of the particle, respectively. Perturbation expansions for small Pe t and Pe r are employed to calculate the nonequilibrium structure of the cloud, whence the force and torque on the particle are determined. In particular, we predict that the sphere experiences a force orthogonal to its directions of translation and rotation. This "lift" force arises from the nonlinear distortion of the cloud under the combined actions of particle translation and rotation. The lift force is given by F lift = L ( κ a ) ( e a 3 ζ 2 / D 2 ) U × Ω [ 1 + O ( Pe t , Pe r ) ] . Here, e is the permittivity of the electrolyte; κ - 1 is the Debye length; and L ( κ a ) is a negative function that decreases in magnitude with increasing κ a . The lift force implies that an unconstrained particle would follow a curved path; an electrokinetic analog of the inertial Magnus effect. Finally, the implication of the lift force on cross-streamline migration of an electrophoretic particle in shear flow is discussed.
Molecular Design of Stable Sulfamide- and Sulfonamide-Based Electrolytes for Aprotic Li-O2 Batteries

Electrolyte instability is one of the most challenging impediments to enabling Lithium-Oxygen (Li-O2) batteries for practical use. The use of physical organic chemistry principles to rationally design new molecular components may enable the discovery of electrolytes with stability profiles that cannot be achieved with existing formulations. Here, we report on the development of sulfamide- and sulfonamide-based small molecules that are liquids at room temperature, capable of dissolving reasonably high concentration of Li salts (e.g., LiTFSI), and are exceptionally stable under the harsh chemical and electrochemical conditions of aprotic Li-O2 batteries. In particular, N,N-dimethyl-trifluoromethanesulfonamide was found to be highly resistant to chemical degradation by peroxide and superoxide, stable against electrochemical oxidation up to 4.5 VLi, and stable for > 90 cycles in a Li-O2 cell when cycled at < 4.2 VLi. This study provides guiding principles for the development of next-generation electrolyte components based on sulfamides and sulfonamides.
Two-year diagnostic stability in a real-world sample of individuals with early psychosis

Objectives Diagnostic shifts in first episode psychosis (FEP) are not uncommon. Many studies examining diagnostic stability use structured diagnostic interviews. Less is known about the stability of FEP diagnoses made clinically. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients enrolled in a transdiagnostic FEP clinic. For the 96 patients followed clinically at least 2 years, we compared diagnoses at intake and 24 months. Results Diagnostic stability was high for bipolar disorder (89%), schizoaffective disorder (89%), and schizophrenia (82%). Psychosis not otherwise specified (13%) was more unstable, with limited baseline differences that would enable clinicians to predict who would convert to a primary psychotic vs affective psychotic disorder. Conclusions Our real-world clinical sample shows that FEP diagnoses, with the exception of unspecified psychosis, are diagnostically stable, even without structured diagnostic interviews.
Cyber Security Social Engineers An Extensible Teaching Tool for Social Engineering Education and Awareness

This Work in Progress in the Research to Practice Category paper will discuss the design and implementation of an extensible teaching tool for social engineering education and awareness. With the bulk of recent research within the field of computer and information security being focused squarely on the implementation or theory of security controls and mechanisms at the application, operating system, network, and physical layers, there has been relatively little attention has been paid to the user layer by contrast, especially from a sociotechnical perspective. Thus, while the technical countermeasures for data security grow increasingly sophisticated, user education and awareness has not kept up by comparison. This leaves them a far more attractive avenue of attack, susceptible to social engineering attacks such as phishing, computer virus hoaxes, and so on. Here then, we will endeavor to present a concise overview of the necessary background as well as discuss some of the design decisions that went into our implementation of an extensible teaching tool in the form of a serious game designed to help instill practical and relevant computer security practices to users who might not necessarily have a technical background, in an effort to guard against some of the more common social engineering attacks.
Recycling Infrastructure Development under Extended Producer Responsibility in Developing Economies

To tackle the severe pollution caused by electronic waste (e‐waste), several developing countries have introduced e‐waste legislation based on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). A major challenge to implement EPR in developing countries is the lack of formal recycling infrastructure. In this paper, we study if a collective form of EPR implementation where producers may jointly invest in recycling facilities can promote their incentives to do so. We develop a Nash bargaining model that captures the decision dynamics underlying joint recycling facility investment. We show that despite its advantage in reducing producers’ fixed investment costs, joint investment in the collective system may lead to a worse recycling infrastructure development outcome than independent investment in an individual system. This can particularly happen when the collective system involves products whose recycling costs are highly differentiated. We further show that cost sharing based on the principle of Individual Producer Responsibility (IPR) may undermine the recycling infrastructure development outcome in the collective system compared to simple proportional cost sharing rules. In practice, it is generally believed that IPR leads to better design incentives than proportional cost sharing rules. Accordingly, our result indicates that there exists a tradeoff between these two cost sharing rules, and promoting recycling infrastructure development via collective systems may come at the expense of design incentives and vice versa.
The far infrared dielectric properties of conducting polymers

Dielectric properties of polypyrrole films in the FIR, 10–200 cm1, are investigated. Control of these properties, in particular the conductivity, is achieved by changing the level of doping through oxidation-reduction during synthesis of the polymer. The dielectric constants of the conducting polymer films studied were found to exhibit a large frequency dependence in this spectral region.
What drives ecotourism: environmental values or symbolic conspicuous consumption?

Despite an influx of ecotourism research since the term was first coined, it is still not entirely clear why tourists choose ecotourism over other tourism experiences. While most of the previous li...
Selective, cofactor-mediated catalytic oxidation of alkanethiols in a self-assembled cage host.

A spacious Fe(II)-iminopyridine self-assembled cage complex can catalyze the oxidative dimerization of alkanethiols, with air as stoichiometric oxidant. The reaction is aided by selective molecular recognition of the reactants, and the active catalyst is derived from the Fe(II) centers that provide the structural vertices of the host. The host is even capable of size-selective oxidation and can discriminate between alkanethiols of identical reactivity, based solely on size.
Introduction – The Evolution of This Book

This chapter introduces this book with a transcribed conversation among the three editors—Gayle Gliva-McConvey, Cate Nicholas, and Lou Clark. During this dialogue which took place on Friday, June 7, 2019 in Orlando, Florida the night before the start of the 18th annual Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) Conference, they discuss why they wrote this book together and how they hope readers will benefit from this volume. They share what they have learned from the 2-year journey of collaborating with one another and the many contributors who have shared their time, talents, and selves in the making of this book. Following the conversation, highlights from each chapter are provided to assist the reader when reading this book. The span of topics ranges from a historical perspective in Chapter 3 on how a revolution took hold to a futuristic reimagining of the SP Methodology and profession in Chapter 17 to the reimagined methodology that is Human Simulation online in Chapter 18.
Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Model Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Identify Scaphoid Fractures in Radiographs.

Importance Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal fracture, but as many as 20% are not visible (ie, occult) in the initial injury radiograph; untreated scaphoid fractures can lead to degenerative wrist arthritis and debilitating pain, detrimentally affecting productivity and quality of life. Occult scaphoid fractures are among the primary causes of scaphoid nonunions, secondary to delayed diagnosis. Objective To develop and validate a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) that can reliably detect both apparent and occult scaphoid fractures from radiographic images. Design, setting, and participants This diagnostic study used a radiographic data set compiled for all patients presenting to Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Taipei, Taiwan) and Michigan Medicine (Ann Arbor) with possible scaphoid fractures between January 2001 and December 2019. This group was randomly split into training, validation, and test data sets. The images were passed through a detection model to crop around the scaphoid and were then used to train a DCNN model based on the EfficientNetB3 architecture to classify apparent and occult scaphoid fractures. Data analysis was conducted from January to October 2020. Exposures A DCNN trained to discriminate radiographs with normal and fractured scaphoids. Main outcomes and measures Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, and specificity. Fracture localization was assessed using gradient-weighted class activation mapping. Results Of the 11 838 included radiographs (4917 [41.5%] with scaphoid fracture; 6921 [58.5%] without scaphoid fracture), 8356 (70.6%) were used for training, 1177 (9.9%) for validation, and 2305 (19.5%) for testing. In the testing test, the first DCNN achieved an overall sensitivity and specificity of 87.1% (95% CI, 84.8%-89.2%) and 92.1% (95% CI, 90.6%-93.5%), respectively, with an AUROC of 0.955 in distinguishing scaphoid fractures from scaphoids without fracture. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping closely corresponded to visible fracture sites. The second DCNN achieved an overall sensitivity of 79.0% (95% CI, 70.6%-71.6%) and specificity of 71.6% (95% CI, 69.0%-74.1%) with an AUROC of 0.810 when examining negative cases from the first model. Two-stage examination identified 20 of 22 cases (90.9%) of occult fracture. Conclusions and relevance In this study, DCNN models were trained to identify scaphoid fractures. This suggests that such models may be able to assist with radiographic detection of occult scaphoid fractures that are not visible to human observers and to reliably detect fractures of other small bones.
Finding Fields: Locating Archaeological Agricultural Landscapes Using Historical Aerial Photographs

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, over 450 precolumbian and historic Indigenous agricultural fields were documented across the state of Wisconsin. Today, the vast majority of these features are generally assumed to have been destroyed. Focusing on the Wisconsin River basin, which has the highest concentration of known archaeological field systems in the Midwest, this study explores the potential of using historical aerial photographs to identify and interpret archaeological agricultural features. Relying on state site records, an archive of high-resolution 1930s aerial images, and modern lidar data, we carefully examine the region surrounding 59 sites where fields had previously been documented. At a quarter of the sites we investigated, we successfully identified both known and unrecorded archaeological features—including agricultural fields, effigy mounds, earthworks, and house basins—most of which have been destroyed by recent land use practices. Our analysis sheds light on the complexity and richness of the archaeological landscape, with vast agricultural spaces situated beyond traditional site boundaries, and suggests that precolumbian and historic Indigenous agricultural fields may have been much larger and more widespread than conventionally understood.
Emergence and maintenance of different sized actin filaments in a common pool of building blocks

Actin is one of the key structural components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton that regulates cellular architecture and mechanical properties. Dynamic regulation of actin filament length and organization is essential for the control of many physiological processes including cell adhesion, motility and division. While previous studies have mostly focused on the mechanisms controlling the mean length of individual actin filaments, it remains poorly understood how distinct actin filament populations in cells maintain different size using the same set of molecular building blocks. Here we develop a theoretical model for the length regulation of multiple actin filaments by nucleation and growth rate modulation by actin binding proteins in a limiting pool of monomers. We first show that spontaneous nucleation of actin filaments naturally leads to heterogeneities in filament length distribution. We then investigate the effects of filament growth inhibition by capping proteins and growth promotion by formin proteins on filament length distribution. We find that filament length heterogeneity can be increased by growth inhibition, whereas growth promoters do not significantly affect length heterogeneities. Interestingly, a competition between filament growth inhibitors and growth promoters can give rise to bimodal filament length distribution as well as a highly heterogeneous length distribution with large statistical dispersion. We quantitatively predict how heterogeneity in actin filament length can be modulated by tuning F-actin nucleation and growth rates in order to create distinct filament subpopulations with different lengths.
Joint Spectrum Access and Power Control in Air-Air Communications - A Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Approach

This paper considers the dynamic spectrum access and power control problem in a single-hop point-to-point Air-Air Communication Network (AACN). Due to spectrum scarcity, we assume the number of Aircraft-to-Aircraft (A2A) communication links is greater than that of the available channels, such that some communication links need to share the same channel, causing co-channel interference. We formulate the joint channel selection and power control optimization problem to maximize the Weighted Sum Spectral Efficiency (WSSE). A distributed and dynamic deep Q learning-based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal solution. Specifically, we design two different policies that are trained by conducting a trial-and-error scheme. Each communication link can achieve the optimal policy by exploiting the local information from its neighbors, and this distributive approach make it scalable to large networks. Finally, our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution in various AACN scenarios.
Knowledge Management: Why Learning from the Past Is Not Enough!

Traditional knowledge management (KM) approaches aim to archive information from the past so lessons will not be forgotten, implying that the information needs of the future are expected to be the same as they were in the past. The basic assumption underlying our approach is that knowledge is not a commodity to be consumed but is collaboratively designed and constructed, emphasizing innovation, continuous learning, and collaboration as important processes.
Resection of Pelvic Tumors with Visceral Involvement

The abdominoinguinal incision is in a sense a derivative of the radical groin incision, in which the retroperitoneal space in entered through a lateral incision dividing the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and then the inguinal ligament lateral to the femoral artery. Division of the inferior epigastric artery and vein at their origin follows, and the iliac fossa and the iliac vessels are exposed. The exposure is not nearly as adequate as in the abdominoinguinal incision, however. With the radical groin incision, the approach is from lateral to medial, in terms of ligating and dividing the inferior epigastric vessels, whereas in the abdominoinguinal incision, the approach is from medial to lateral, and of course with the abdominal part of this incision, one can get ample exposure in the abdominal cavity and extend the incision as proximally as needed, all the way up to the xiphoid.
Categorizing Fetal Heart Rate Variability with and without Visual Aids.

Objective This study examined the ability of clinicians to correctly categorize images of fetal heart rate (FHR) variability with and without the use of exemplars. Study Design A sample of 33 labor and delivery clinicians inspected static FHR images and categorized them into one of four categories defined by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) based on the amount of variability within absent, minimal, moderate, or marked ranges. Participants took part in three conditions: two in which they used exemplars representing FHR variability near the center or near the boundaries of each range, and a third control condition with no exemplars. The data gathered from clinicians were compared with those from a previous study using novices. Results Clinicians correctly categorized more images when the FHR variability fell near the center rather than the boundaries of each range, F (1,32) = 71.69, p F (2,64) = 5.44, p = 0.007, partial η2 = 0.15. Compared with the novices, the clinicians were more accurate and quicker in their category judgments, but this difference was limited to the condition without exemplars. Conclusion The results suggest that categorizing FHR variability is more difficult when the examples fall near the boundaries of each NICHD-defined range. Thus, clinicians could benefit from training with visual aids to improve judgments about FHR variability and potentially enhance safety in labor and delivery.
Stimulation of Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Hydrolysis by Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate

Abstract Guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) increased the rate of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) hydrolysis by phosphodiesterase preparations from several tissues. Stimulation of cyclic AMP hydrolysis occurred with initial concentrations of cyclic GMP as low as 0.08 µm and was seen with particulate phosphodiesterase preparations from rat liver, brain, kidney, heart, and thymus and with soluble preparations from liver and thymus. Higher concentrations of cyclic GMP (g 50 µm) were inhibitory to cyclic AMP hydrolysis in rat liver extracts. Inosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic IMP) also stimulated the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP but was somewhat less effective than cyclic GMP. 5'-GMP,5'-IMP, uridine 3',5'-monophosphate, thymidine 3',5'-monophosphate, and guanosine had no effect. Cyclic AMP and cyclic IMP inhibited the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP by liver supernatant fractions. Fractionation of rat liver extracts with ammonium sulfate yielded one fraction of phosphodiesterase activity that was stimulated by cyclic GMP and one that was not. The stimulatory effect of cyclic GMP on cyclic AMP hydrolysis by soluble and particulate liver phosphodiesterases was not seen in the presence of the nonionic detergents Triton X-100 or Lubrol PX.
SSI benefits and functional assessment.

To the Editor.— Perrin and Stein1 have done a commendable job of informing the pediatric community about the recent changes in the adjudication of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) claims for children. The process of assessing disability in children has been streamlined further since the publication of this article. It now involves sequential analysis of medical impairments followed by analysis of functional limitations in five domains of development: cogntive, communicative, motor, personal-social, and behavioral. The later is called individual functional assessment (IFA), and involves comparing a child9s function in various domains with an average child of that age.
Time Sequence of Changes in Hepatic Fatty Acid Synthesis in Rats Meal-Fed Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Rats were meal-fed once daily methyl esters of palmitate (Ci6:o); stA©arate(Ci8:0); linoleate (C18:2) and linolenate (Ci8:3) to de termine the influence of these fatty acids on glucokinase and fatty acid synthetase activities and on in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Addition of 1% Ci6:0 or 3% C18:3to a fat-free basal diet did not alter the rate at which the diet was removed from the stomach and small intestine. Consumption of a diet containing Ci8:2 for eight meals significantly re duced hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity and in vivo rates of fatty acid synthesis by 40%, but did not alter glucokinase activity. At least three meals of a diet containing C18:2 or Ci8:3 were required to inhibit hepatic fatty acid synthesis. Conversely, after rats consumed Ci8:2, more than two meals of a fat-free diet were required to increase hepatic rates of fatty acid synthesis. Dietary C18:o and C18:0did not alter rates of fatty acid synthesis in rat liver. Glucokinase was not influenced by any of the methyl esters fed in all trials except one. The results of this study suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids can specifically influence hepatic fatty acid syn thesis and fatty acid synthetase activity without altering glucokinase activity, and that meal-fed rats must consume at least three meals con taining polyunsaturated fatty acids before hepatic fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid synthetase activity is altered. J. Nutr. 107: 1468-1476, 1977. INDEXING
'Hood Work: Hip‐Hop, Youth Advocacy, and Model Citizenry

This study isolates the phenomenon of “'Hood Work,” encompassing street-level youth advocacy agencies employing hip-hop's core elements (b-boying, aerosol art, DJing, and MCing) to engage disenfranchised teens in urban environments. By mobilizing hip-hop's popular practices and inculcating critical media literacy in an attempt to guide and “empower” teens, 'Hood Workers seek to assist their young wards in interpreting, deconstructing, and challenging mainstream or commercial media representations of urban youth. Yet while 'Hood Work agencies occupy an intermediary role, navigating the complex relationships between urban youth and adult entities, they also emerge as agencies of neoliberal expediency, assuming responsibilities—and authority—once assumed by other formal institutions and social actors.
Two-dimensional, antiplane, building-soil-building interaction for two or more buildings and for incident planet SH waves

Two-dimensional SH-type vibration of several shear walls erected on an elastic, homogeneous, half-space has been studied. The choice of the cylindrical coordinate system, suitable for analysis of rigid foundations with semi-circular cross section, has lead to the exact infinite series solution, which is ideal for the analysis of the physical nature of this problem and its dependence on several key parameters. It has been shown that the presence of neighboring buildings may change the nature of the single soil-structure interaction problem appreciably and that scattering, diffraction, and interference of waves from and around several foundations with the incident SH waves can lead to significant shielding, as well as amplification of input motion for any of the buildings in a group. The effects of relative size of two, three and several foundations and their separation distances have been studied and presented in some detail.
Cellular Changes in Lungs of Mice Infected with Influenza Virus: Characterization of the Cytotoxic Responses

Transpleural lavage of lungs from uninfected C3H mice yielded an average of 300,000 leukocytes per mouse. This number increased eightfold within 6 days after intranasal inoculation with virulent influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus. Macrophages and lymphocytes in approximately equal numbers comprised 90% or more of the leukocytes both before and during infection. B, T, and null lymphocytes comprised, respectively, 9, 21, and 18% of the leukocytes before infection and 7, 26, and 5% by day 6. In absolute numbers, macrophages and T lymphocytes provided the major increments during infection. Cytotoxic activity of mononuclear cells from lung lavages was compared in a chromium release assay using syngeneic L929 target cells with the activity of mediastinal lymph nodes, spleens, and peripheral blood of uninfected and infected C3H mice. Nonspecific cytotoxicity for target cells infected with H3hkNeq1 or B/Lee influenza virus was found with mononuclear cells from uninfected mice. This activity tended to be highest with lavage leukocytes and was associated with adherent cells, presumably macrophages. Increased virus-specific cytotoxicity was detected with lavage cells by day 6 and persisted through day 9, the period of maximal pneumonia. Similar cytotoxic activity also appeared in cells from the nodes and spleen at this same time but was not detected in peripheral blood cells. The virus-specific cytotoxicity of lavage cells was due largely to a nonadherent cell possessing Fc receptors and theta antigen but lacking C3 receptors; these properties are compatible with actively cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The cytological characteristics of the infiltrating leukocytes and the cytotoxicity data suggest that the local T cell response to influenza virus infection in the lung is a major contributor to the pneumonia observed in this mouse model.
Design and Commissioning of a Community Scale Solar Powered Membrane-Based Water Purification System in Haiti

This paper presents the design and commissioning of a solar powered water purification system at the Ryan Epps Home for Children (REHC) in Michaud, Haiti. This systemsupplies clean drinking water to the 200 children who live and go to school at REHC and also tothe community in the form of a micro-business. This micro-business is the mechanism for incomegeneration for sustainable system operation. The purifier uses a three stage filtration system witha disc-type sediment filter, a 0.1 micron ultrafiltration membrane, and an ultraviolet light fordisinfection. The backwash cycle extends the life of the ultrafiltration membrane to 4 – 7 yearsbefore a new filter is required. Simplicity in operation was an important design considerationbecause it facilitates local operator training, and understanding. To further ensure completeunderstanding of operation, a pictorial quick-start manual was developed so that operators onlyneed to follow the diagrams laid out on the manual. The design folder with CAD drawings,schematics, datasheets, and troubleshooting guide are left with the local operators. Testingbefore shipping and after installation to ensure proper operation upon installation and on-sitewater quality testing ensures it will promote improved community health.
ISOLATION AND EXAMINATION OF PUTATIVE TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE PRECURSORS

Type II alveolar epithelial cells exhibit a membrane antigen, designated p146, that is not present on other adult lung cells. This monoclonal antibody-identified marker enables these cells to be identified in sections of rat lung and to be isolated from other lung cells by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS IV). We now have adapted this latter technology to fetal rat lung and in so doing have obtained data supporting the contention that the fetal cells expressing p146 are precursors of Type II cells. Lungs from fetal rats 15 to 19 days of gestation were isolated and the cells dispersed with trypsin. The cells were incubated with the monoclonal antibody JBR-1, and then with fluorescein-tagged goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin. Analysis by FACS IV revealed a population of p146 positive fluorescent cells at all gestational periods examined. The fluorescent cells from 19 day fetal lungs were sorted and examined. Approximately 30% exhibited lamellar bodies by electron microscopy. Essentially all contained surfactant apoprotein (SAP) as indicated by immunological analysis. The p146 negative cells did not react with antibody to SAP Because SAP is synthesized at 19 days gestation only in p146 positive cells and essentially all positive cells synthesize SAP we conclude the fetal cells expressing p146 are precursors of Type II pneumocytes.
Molecular basis of interactions of cholinesterases with tight binding inhibitors

Abstract Among the large variety of reversible inhibitors that bind to cholinesterases (ChE), only a few exhibit exquisitely strong binding reflected in low femtomolar to picomolar equilibrium dissociation constants. These tight binding inhibitors owe their high affinity to distinctive modes of interaction with the enzyme: naturally occurring snake toxins, the fasciculins, share a large 1000 A 2 complementary surface for its complex with acetylcholinesterases (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7); transition state analogs trifluoroacetophenones form a covalent bond with the active serine; disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole inhibitors formed in situ are selected by AChE for optimal interaction surface over the length of the active center gorge. All these inhibitors bind with higher affinity to AChEs than to the closely related butyrylcholinesterases (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8). Selectivity of individual inhibitors towards BuChE increases with increasing their molecular size. Interaction kinetics for all three classes of compounds reveal very slow rates of dissociation of the AChE-inhibitor complexes or conjugates combined with very fast association rates. The influence of conformational flexibility of the active center gorge on the affinity of inhibitor binding was demonstrated by comparing binding properties of a series of disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles having systematically varied structures. Analysis of the linear free energy relationships of binding to both mouse and Electrophorus AChE reveals independent contributions of individual structural elements of inhibitors to their binding with the triazole ring emerging as an independently contributing pharmacophore. These tight binding inhibitor interactions reveal useful information not only on the conformational flexibility of ChEs, but also on the diversity of modes of interaction that achieve inhibition.
Effects of split doses of X rays or neutrons on lung tumor formation in RFM mice

The effect of localized thoracic doses of x rays of fission neutrons delivered either as single doses or two equal doses separated by 24-h or 30-day intervals on lung tumor formation in RFM mice was examined. Animals were killed 9 months after localized irradiation, their lungs were cleared, and the tumors were counted to determine both percentage incidence and tumors/mouse. After x irradiation, recovey was observed during the 24-h fractionation interval only when the total dose was on the dose-squared region of the dose-response curve obtained with single doses. At lower doses no effect (recovery or enhancement) was observed when the dose was split. Further, no significant increase in the split-dose effect was obtained by increasing the interval between doses from 24 h to 30 days. After neutron irradiation, no efect of splitting the dose was observed at any dose, whether the interval between doses was 24 h or 30 days. These data suggest that the primary mechanisms involved in the development of these tumors and in recovery are intracellular in nature and not influenced by intercellular interactions.
Effects of Urea and Isoacids on in vitro Fermentation of Diets Containing Formaldehyde-Treated or Untreated Soybean Meal

Abstract Effects on microbial fermentation were determined when buffer containing urea, branched-chain volatile fatty acids, a combination of these infusates or buffer only was infused into fermenters fed diets containing soybean meal treated with .3% formaldehyde or untreated. Fermentations were conducted at a solids retention time of 16h and a liquid dilution rate of 12%/h. When buffer only was infused, the diet containing formaldehyde-treated soybean meal depressed digestibilities of NDF and ADF and fat-free organic matter compared with diets containing untreated soybean meal. In cultures fed treated soybean meal, digestibilities were partially restored by either infusion of urea or branched-chain acids and were increased to control levels by the combined infusates. Nitrogen digestion (35 vs. 69%) and microbial protein production (1.27 vs. 1.60g/d) were depressed in fermenters fed the treated soybean meal, and neither was improved by the infusions. The data suggest microbial growth 5 have been impaired by a wide ratio of nonstructural carbohydrate to degradable protein when the formaldehyde-treated protein was fed.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of skeins of wild geese

We performed a spatiotemporal analysis of a one-dimensional array of airborne geese. The one-dimensional structure of individuals exhibits large fluctuations with backward propagation. In field measurements, we measured properties such as the phase velocity, the dispersion relation, and effective interactions. We also proposed a simplified model for nonlinear wave propagation, which is identical to that for highway traffic flow. Our results strongly imply that fluctuations in the array originate from the excitation of collective modes in its intrinsic dynamics.
Der ROPO-Effekt im Online-Reisebuchungsprozess

In relativ kurzer Zeit hat das Internet die Tourismusbranche nachhaltig verandert. Jahrelang vorherrschende Distributionsstrukturen und Wege der Kundenansprache wurden infrage gestellt und adaptiert. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die zentrale Aufgabenstellung der touristischen anbieter, gesuchte Leistungen zu finden sowie die Nachfrager bis zur Buchung zu binden, um den Geschaftserfolg nachhaltig zu steigern. Der Online-Reisebuchungsprozess umfasst samtliche Such- und Buchungsaktivitaten des Kunden im Internet und unterteilt sich in sieben aufeinander aufbauende Stufen. Suchmaschinen spielen dabei eine fuhrende Rolle. Sie nehmen die Rolle des »Gatekeepers« zu den relevanten Marktinformationen in Kombination mit dem hohen Nutzervertrauen in ihren Fahigkeiten ein und sind entscheidend bei der Praferenzbildung des Kunden fur einen Reiseanbieter. Eine Studie zu Suchen und Buchen im Tourismus wurde durchgefuhrt: Als ein wesentliches Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, dass ein Wechsel zwischen Anbietern am ehesten beim ubergang der Aktivitaten »Prasentation« zu »auswahl« auftritt.
Social reform through mobile gaming (seed.genesis)

Team Seed is a group of friends who banded together to address the problem of inadequate rainforest awareness in recent times. In the 1990's, rainforest protection education was often touted as being one of the most pressing of global issues. Currently, however, energy usage and the world's depleting oil reserves have nearly overshadowed the rainforest awareness movement. If this trend continues, our global climate will be changed for the worse and future medicines may forever be out of our reach.
Aerosol transmission of infectious disease.

Objective: The concept of aerosol transmission is developed to resolve limitations in conventional definitions of airborne and droplet transmission. Methods: The method was literature review. Results: An infectious aerosol is a collection of pathogen-laden particles in air. Aerosol particles may deposit onto or be inhaled by a susceptible person. Aerosol transmission is biologically plausible when infectious aerosols are generated by or from an infectious person, the pathogen remains viable in the environment for some period of time, and the target tissues in which the pathogen initiates infection are accessible to the aerosol. Biological plausibility of aerosol transmission is evaluated for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and norovirus and discussed for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza, and Ebola virus. Conclusions: Aerosol transmission reflects a modern understanding of aerosol science and allows physically appropriate explanation and intervention selection for infectious diseases.
Relationship between content of pharmacological components and grade of Japanese Angelica radixes

Abstract Aim of the study Japanese Angelica radix (Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa radix; Yamato-toki), is classified into one of the three grades: excellent-, middle- and low-grade. Even though herbal doctors and Kampo pharmacists have observed that radix grades correspond to their pharmacological response in clinical experience, these observations has not been documented with supporting scientific evidence in the literature. In the current study, relationship between content of pharmacological components and the grade of radixes was reported. Materials and methods Pharmacological effect of methanol extracts of excellent- and low-grade radixes was compared using assay of inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum. Pharmacological contents of the radix were quantitatively measured by HPLC analysis. Results Excellent-grade radixes showed lower activity than low-grade radixes on the inhibition assay for ileum contraction. (Z)-Ligustilide content of the excellent-grade radixes was statistically significantly lower than that of other grades of radixes (p-value by Student's t-test: 6.9 × 10−4). A regression equation was obtained from assessing the inhibitory activity of a (Z)-ligustilide standard at various concentrations. Comparison of the inhibitory activity values, which were estimated by the regression equation, and the actual activity values, which were determined using the assay, indicated that ligustilide is the factor that dominantly affects the activity. The ligustilide concentration of hot water extracts of radixes was determined. The concentration in the hot water extracts and the content of the radixes was positively correlated based on a Pearson correlation test. This result suggests that ligustilide extracted by infusion depends on its radix content. Conclusions There are differences in (Z)-ligustilide content and its pharmacological activity depending on the grade of Japanese Angelica radix.
IL28B testing in a rapidly changing world: Still relevant?

In 2009, a now seminal genome wide association study led to the discovery of a nucleotide polymorphism, rs12979860, upstream of the interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene. The CC IL28B genotype was associated with an over twofold improvement in response to treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [1]. In an intention-to-treat analysis evaluating on-treatment virologic response and sustained virologic response (SVR) in a large cohort of genotype 1 HCV infected patients, the CC IL28B genotype was associated with an improved SVR in Caucasians of 69% as compared to 33% for the CT and 27% for the TT genotypes. These findings were similar across other ethnic groups. The CC IL28B genotype was the strongest pretreatment predictor of SVR. Rapid virologic response (RVR) was a strong predictor of SVR regardless of IL28B genotype, and in non-RVR patients, the CC IL28B genotype was associated with a higher rate of SVR [2]. Given the lack of alternative therapies, the multiple side effects of dual therapy, and the prolonged course of treatment with overall low rates of cure, IL28B testing held promise as a prime example of applying pharmacogenomics to the planning of antiviral therapy. However, the discovery came at a time when HCV treatment was undergoing significant evolution with the development of direct acting antiviral (DAA) agents. In 2011, the first generation HCV protease inhibitors, telaprevir, and boceprevir, were approved in combination with PR for genotype 1 HCV infection. With a nearly twofold increase in SVR compared to PR alone, the utility of IL28B genotyping could be called into question. Would the improved outcome for all comers accompanying telaprevir and boceprevir effectively nullify the predictive value of IL28B genotype? Or, could IL28B genotyping be used to determine which patients should succeed equally well receiving standard dual therapy versus triple therapy, especially given the cost of the DAAs? Could IL28B genotyping identify those patients who could receive an abbreviated course of therapy or could this question be answered with ontreatment virologic milestones alone? While IL28B genotyping was not available during the prospective randomized trials for
The irony of measurement by subjective estimations

In 1948 S. S. Stevens, in his famous Science article, proposed a theory of measurement that radically differed from the dominate theory of the time. The dominate theory held that all strong forms of scientific measurement--for example, those that yielded ratio scales--had to be based on an observable ordering and an observable commutative and associative operation. Stevens proposed different criteria and introduced his method of magnitude estimation. Stevens as well as measurement theorists considered his method to be radically different from those based on commutative and associative operations. Although his method was controversial, it became a standard tool in the behavioral sciences. This article argues that Stevens' method, together with implicit assumptions he made about the scales of measurement it generated, is from a mathematical perspective the same as the measurement process based on commutative and associative operations. The article also provides a theory of qualitative numbers and shows an interesting relationship between qualitative numbers and Stevens' method.
The nucleotide composition of pentose nucleic acids in different cellular fractions.

Abstract The nucleotide composition of pentose nucleic acids of nucleic from rat liver and ox liver and kidney as well as of cytoplasmic fractions from rat and frog liver and kidney has been studied. While no significant differences either between organs or, with one doubtful exception, between species were found, the hepatic nuclear and cytoplasmic pentose nucleic acids of the rat did differ in composition.
Design considerations of trunked radio systems

The design of the Motorola Trunked Radio System in use in the 800 MHz band in the United States is reviewed. The performance of the Message, Transmission, and Quasi-Transmission trunked channel assignment strategies is compared. Based on studies of trunked systems in operation in the US, Transmission and Ouasi-Transmission trunking are shown to be more efficient than Message trunking. The signaling channel of the Trunked System is used to receive service requests from mobile and portable units and transmit back channel assignments. If all voice channels are busy, requests are queued. Capacity requirements for the signalling channel used in Transmission Trunked-based systems are shown to be higher than those for Message Trunked Systems.
Future climate of the north Pacific Ocean

Major changes in species distribution and abundance in North Pacific marine ecosystems are often correlated with climatic shifts in the twentieth century. Species affected in the past include halibut in the Gulf of Alaska, sardine near Japan, and various species along the Oregon/California coast [Chen and Hare, 2006; Zhang et al., 2004; Peterson and Schwing, 2003]. Because these changes can affect the fishing industry, we have investigated possible future climate patterns in the North Pacific based on the evaluation of 22 coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs). These GCMs were made available to the science community for independent evaluation in preparation for the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
INTERACTIONS FOR POLLINATION BETWEEN TWO SYNCHRONOUSLY BLOOMING HEDYSARUM SPECIES (FABACEAE) IN ALASKA

In interior and arctic Alaska, Hedysarum boreale and H. alpinum (Fabaceae) occur sympatrically, bloom nearly synchronously, have similar floral morphology and color, and require pollination by insects to set seed. I studied the pollination ecology of these species at a site where they occur sympatrically near Fairbanks, Alaska, to determine if pollination interactions play a role in maintaining overlapping blooming times. Seed set in each species was apparently neither enhanced nor reduced by the presence of the other species. Seed set of H. boreale was positively related to visitation rates by female Megachile giliae, the most abundant visitor to H. boreale. This bee showed no preference between the two Hedysarum species. However, worker Bombusflavifrons, the most abundant visitor to H. alpinum, preferred to forage on H. alpinum. The exhibition of strong floral constancy by visitors to the two Hedysarum species suggests that interspecific pollination may not be strong enough to cause divergence in blooming times. I found no evidence that the presence of one Hedysarum species enhances visitation to the other species. Instead, because visitation by worker B. flavifrons to H. alpinum was reduced on sympatric plots, H. alpinum may have to tolerate overlap with H. boreale to take advantage of worker B. flavifrons activity. The results of this study suggest that the two Hedysarum species may simply bloom when their best pollinators are most active. Pollination interactions between plant species may be responsible for maintaining relationships of blooming time in animal-pollinated communities. Dissimilar blooming time may be maintained by reproductive interference (Armbruster and Herzig, 1984), i.e., those interactions for pollination that reduce the reproduction of one or more interacting species. Reproductive interference may be caused by competition for pollinator visits or by interspecific pollination (Waser, 1983; Armbruster and Herzig, 1984). Similar blooming time may be maintained by facilitation for pollinator visits (Rathcke, 1983), i.e., those interactions that increase pollinator visits so that reproduction is enhanced. The maintenance of dissimilar flowering time has been experimentally investigated in several studies (Waser,
An Analysis of Home and Hospital Medical Device Incidents in the MAUDE Database

A review of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database (MAUDE) was performed to identify medical device incident trends relating to the type of device involved, incident location, injury severity, the nature and/or cause of the event, and human factors issues involved. A total of 317,931 medical device incident reports submitted by manufacturers between the years 1997 and 2002 were reviewed. The analysis revealed that 203,021 (64%) of these reports did not contain useful event location information. Of the remaining reports, 102,303 (89%) incidents occurred in hospitals, 6,153 (5%) incidents occurred in outpatient treatment facilities, 2,511 (2%) incidents occurred in ambulatory surgical facilities, and 3,157 (3%) incidents occurred at home. The majority of the incidents that occurred at home involved blood glucose meters (42%), defibrillators (10%), ventilators (8%), and wheelchairs (5%). Home incidents resulted in 108 fatalities and 776 injuries. The...