cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Omega-3 fatty acids alter GTP-bound Ras both in vitro and in vivo in WiDr colon carcinoma

3744 Cancer of the colon is the third most common type of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in the US. Colorectal cancer evolves from a multi-stepprocess and is a disease that is heavily influenced by environmentalfactors, with diet being one of the most important causative agents. Among dietary factors, there is strong epidemiological,clinical, and experimental data indicating a protective effectfor fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) oncolon cancer. In general, dietary lipidsrich in linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), found in vegetableoils, have been shown to enhance the development of colon tumors, whereas n-3 PUFA-enriched diets, containing docosahexaenoicacid (DHA; 22:6n-3), have been shown to reduce colon cancer incidence. Ras proteins are critical regulators of cell function, including growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, with membrane localization and GTP activation of the protein being required for proliferation and malignant transformation. Because the biological activity of Ras is regulated by posttranslational lipid attachment and its interaction with stimulatory lipids being critical for its activation, we investigated whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found in Dhasco oil, compared with linoleic acid (LA), found in corn oil, alters Ras posttranslational processing, activation, and other effector protein functions. We have recently demonstrated that treatment with DHA in vitro compared with LA, decreases phosphorylated Shc, p38 MAPK, and ERK in WiDr colon carcinoma. These proteins are important effectors of the Ras signaling pathway and are involved in cell proliferation and growth. We show here that treating with DHA in vitro or feeding Dhasco oil in vivo, compared with LA or corn oil, decreases GTP-bound Ras and reduces cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in athymic nude mice injected subcutaneously with colon carcinoma. Preliminary data suggest that treating or feeding with DHA also lowers the level of phosphorylated EGFR, which is a membrane receptor in which Ras can receive signals for activation. In light of the central role of Ras in the development of colon cancer, the finding that n-3 (DHA) and n-6 (LA) PUFAs differentially alter Ras activation may partly explain why dietary fish oils and other sources high in omega-3 protects against colon cancer development and progression.
Beam Manipulation with an RF dipole

Coherent betatron motion adiabatically excited by an RF dipole has been successfully employed to overcome strong intrinsic spin depolarization resonances in the AGS, while a solenoid partial snake has been used to correct imperfection spin resonances. The experimental results showed that a full spin flip was obtained in passing through an intrinsic spin resonance when all the beam particles were forced to oscillate coherently at a large amplitude without diluting the beam emittance. With this method, we have successfully accelerated polarized beam up to 23.5 GeV/c. A new type of second order spin resonances was also discovered. As a non-destructive manipulation, this method can also be used for nonlinear beam dynamics studies and beam diagnosis such as measuring phase advance and betatron amplitude function.
Is executive dysfunction a potential contributor to the comorbidity between basic reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Our study is one of the few to analyze executive functioning (EF) in a comprehensive, multi-modal fashion as a potential contributor to the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disor...
Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms 2: The New Batch

In 2020, I paid Alvin Emoodo of youressaymaster.com $100 to ghostwrite a law review article for me titled “Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms.” Emoodo wrote a 10 page article for me in about 3 days. As far as I can tell, the article argues that plagiarism norms are legitimate. Undeterred by this deviation from my request, I posted the article to SSRN under my own name. On March 24, 2021, I discovered the website EssayBot.com, which uses an algorithm to automatically generate articles on any topic. It even adds citations! I bought a subscription, and asked EssayBot to generate an article titled “Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms 2: The New Batch.” EssayBot appears to work by using the title you provide as keywords to search the internet for potentially relevant paragraphs. I helped “write” the article by selecting from among the paragraphs EssayBot suggested. EssayBot then helped me avoid plagiarism detectors like Turnitin by automatically rephrasing the paragraph. EssayBot cautioned me that rephrasing is more of an art than a science. But I am a risk-taker, so I didn’t worry about it. I found it especially amusing that EssayBot rephrased “plagiarism” as “writing.” Anyway, here is the article. Best $3 I ever spent.
Improve Student Success with Classroom Technology Use by Applying the Five Gears for Activating Learning

In the age of over three million apps available in multiple app stores, and with more added every day, we often reach to technology to assist us with everything from creating our grocery lists to paying our bills. Similarly, we look to technology to improve the classroom experience for both teachers and students. However, we need to be careful to use the right tool for the job, rather than finding a job for the tool. So, how do we do that? By focusing our courses with the Five Gears for Activating Learning, we can integrate technology tools only if they assist in supporting student success and achieving student learning outcomes.
Ru catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 to formate under basic and acidic conditions

Abstract The hydrogenation of CO2 to MeOH is pertinent to advance future energy schemes. Towards this end, phosophine-ligated Ru catalysts have been shown to achieve this transformation under either acidic or basic conditions. In this manuscript, we screen catalytic conditions for a novel tris(phosphine) ligand with Ru to see if it can facilitate the conversion of CO2 to MeOH under both acidic and basic conditions. With both sets of conditions, we observe hydrogenation of CO2 to formate. This work shows that the same catalytic system can function under both reaction types but is limited to formate production.
Pediatric thyroglossal duct cyst excision: A NSQIP-P analysis of 30-day complications.

OBJECTIVE Identify and compare clinical risk factors, perioperative sequelae, and surgical complications of infants age 2 or younger to children above age 2 undergoing thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) excision. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement-Pediatric Database (2014-2018). Study population includes pediatric patients (≤18 years) who underwent excision of TGDC. Infants aged 2 years or younger were compared to children older than 2 years. RESULTS A total of 3052 cases were identified. There were 375 infants with an age of 2 years or younger and 2977 children who were older than 2 years. Mean age at time of surgery was 6.3 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 1:1.1. Following hospital discharge, there were 70 related readmissions and 3 related reoperations. There was no statistically significant gender (p = .270) or ethnic (p = .122) differences between groups. Additionally, a history of prematurity (p = .759) and postoperative admission status (ie, inpatient versus outpatient, p = .697) were not statistically significantly different between groups. Lastly, general complication rates between age groups including Clostridium difficile colitis, occurrences of bleeding and blood transfusion, surgical site infections, related readmission, and reoperation were not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSION TGDC excision was not shown to be associated with increased risk when performed in infants age 2 or younger compared to children older than age 2.
Poultry Waste Management: Agricultural and Environmental Issues

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of management programs that meet the increasing demand for poultry products, while minimizing the environmental effects of poultry wastes on soils, crops, surface waters, and groundwaters. A description of the types and compositions of poultry wastes, and a review of recent research addressing the agricultural and environmental aspects of poultry waste management are discussed in the chapter. Effective environmental management of any poultry waste begins with an understanding of its composition and the physical, chemical, and microbiological reactions that control the fate of potential pollutants in the waste following land application. The three most common poultry wastes are poultry manure or poultry litter, dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge originating from poultry processing plants, and composts produced from hatchery wastes and dead birds. The major poultry production operations include broiler chickens, turkeys, and eggs. Two types of confinement housing are commonly used for poultry operations: caged pit systems and floor/litter systems. Land application of animal waste is an important management practice to recycle nutrients, to improve or maintain soil fertility, and to improve soil biological and physical properties. The components of an effective waste management program for the agricultural use of organic wastes include site selection; production and collection; storage, handling, and treatment; transfer and application; and utilization.
Role of glutamate dehydrogenase in ammonia assimilation in nitrogen-fixing Bacillus macerans

Pathways of ammonia assimilation into glutamic acid in Bacillus macerans were investigated by measurements of the specific activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. In ammonia-rich medium, GDH was the predominant pathway of ammonia assimilation. In nitrogen-fixing cells in which the intracellular NH4+ concentration was 1.4 +/- 0.5 mM, the activity of GDH with a Km of 2.2 mM for NH4+ was found to be severalfold higher than that of glutamate synthase. The result suggests that GDH plays a significant role in the assimilation of NH4+ in N2-fixing B. macerans.
Improving the fixation method for preimplantation genetic diagnosis by fluorescent in situ hybridization.

Purpose:Our purpose was to modify a fixation method using Tween-20 and HCl (TH) and to compare it with a protocol using methanol and acetic acid (MA) for the improvement of preimplantation genetic diagnosis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Methods:Single blastomeres were allocated to either the TH or the MA procedure. The two methods were compared to evaluate efficiency of fixation and the intensities of FISH signals. Results:With the TH method, 123 (93.9%) of 131 blastomeres were fixed, while only 95 (78.5%) of 121 were fixed with MA. Average scores for the intensity of FISH signals were significantly stronger for TH than for MA (P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in signal intensity scores between the two methods for type-3 nuclei. Conclusions:Our results indicate that not only are fewer nuclei lost during fixation but also stronger FISH signals can be obtained with the TH method. Thus, modified TH can improve the overall efficiency of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
Serum testosterone concentrations in women throughout the menstrual cycle and following HCG administration

Abstract Serum testosterone (T) concentrations, measured by a specific, precise, and sensitive radioimmunoassay in 40 women with apparently normal menstrual cycles averaged 34.6 ± 10.3 (S.D.) ng. per cent and ranged from 14 to 59 ng. per cent. Mean serum T concentrations, assayed daily in eight women throughout an entire ovulatory cycle, were highest around the midcycle LH peak and higher during the follicular than during the luteal phase of the cycles. Averages of daily serum T concentrations, when determined for each individual woman for the entire cycle, varied significantly among the eight subjects studied, ranging from 23.1 to 39.0 ng. per cent. Coefficients of variation of serum T levels in these eight individual cycles averaged 22 per cent. HCG administration to three of these eight women during the luteal phase of their subsequent cycle resulted in a significant rise of serum T concentrations in only one subject. These data indicate that mean serum T concentrations in normal women are subject to small but significant changes during the course of the menstrual cycle. Despite these cyclic changes, as well as day-to-day variations, serum T concentrations in normal women largely fall into a relatively narrow range. Repeated serum T concentrations which consistently exceed 55 ng. per cent (2 S.D. above the mean) may be regarded as documentation of androgen excess.
Overview of the bump-magnet system at the LANSCE proton storage ring

An upgrade program for increasing the stored beam current in the proton storage ring is presently under way. A part of the upgrade is the design and installation of a four-magnet beam-bumping system used for phase-space painting and minimizing interaction of the stored beam with the injection stripper foil. This paper describes the bump-magnet system including the relevant beam requirements, magnet specifications, power-cable specifications, pulsed-modulator requirements, and beam-tube eddy-current effects. The magnets are ferrite window-frame magnets with saddle windings. Series-pass pulsed modulators are programmable both in rise and fall time as well as amplitude. The peak current can be varied between 50 and 300 A. Pulsed-current rise-time is fixed at 1 ms, and the linear fall-time during which the beam is injected into the ring can be varied between 0.5 and 1.5 ms.
Elementary Mathematics Teachers' Knowledge of Equity Pedagogy.

Currently, mathematics instruction in U.S. classrooms is far from achieving equity for African American students. This qualitative study reports the results of eight successful elementary mathematics teachers knowledge of equity pedagogy, specifically their knowledge of culturally relevant pedagogy, cultural competence, and critical consciousness. Teachers knowledge of equity pedagogy was examined using interview data. The results of this study revealed that successful mathematics teachers of African American students have knowledge of equity pedagogy. Implications for teacher preparation and professional development programs are discussed.
Development of droplet digital PCR for the detection of Babesia microti and Babesia duncani.

Babesia spp. are obligate protozoan parasites of red blood cells. Transmission to humans occurs through bites from infected ticks or blood transfusion. Infections with B. microti account for the majority of the reported cases of human babesiosis in the USA. A lower incidence is caused by the more recently described species B. duncani. The current gold standard for detection of Babesia is microscopic examination of blood smears. Recent PCR-based assays, including real-time PCR, have been developed for B. microti. On the other hand, molecular assays that detect and distinguish between B. microti and B. duncani infections are lacking. Closely related species of Babesia can be differentiated due to sequence variation within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNAs. In the present study, we targeted the ITS regions of B. microti and B. duncani to develop sensitive and species-specific droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays. The assays were shown to discriminate B. microti from B. duncani and resulted in limits of detection of ~10 gene copies. Moreover, ddPCR for these species were useful in DNA extracted from blood of experimentally infected hamsters, detecting infections of low parasitemia that were negative by microscopic examination. In summary, we have developed sensitive and specific quantitative ddPCR assays for the detection of B. microti and B. duncani in blood. Our methods could be used as sensitive approaches to monitor the progression of parasitemia in rodent models of infection as well as serve as suitable molecular tests in blood screening.
Developing concepts in neural stem cells

Abstract Stem Cells in the Mammalian Brain: the 4th Brain Research Interactive Symposium, at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA, USA from November 8–10 2001.
The Design of Easily Testable VLSI Array Multipliers

Array multipliers are well suited for VLSI implementation because of the regularity in their iterative structure. However, most VLSI circuits are difficult to test. This correspondence shows that, with appropriate cell design, array multipliers can be designed to be very easily testable. An array multiplier is called C-testable if all its adder cells can be exhaustively tested while requiring only a constant number of test patterns. The testability of two well-known array multiplier structures is studied in detail. The conventional design of the carry–save array multiplier is modified. The modified design is shown to be C-testable and requires only 16 test patterns. Similar results are obtained for the Baugh–Wooley two's complement array multiplier. A modified design of the Baugh–Wooley array multiplier is shown to be C-testable and requires 55 test patterns. The C-testability of two other array multipliers, namely the carry–propagate and the TRW designs, is also presented.
Non-prosthetic management of grade IV osteochondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint

Osteochondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint in early stages and in younger patients are an important problem and present a challenge during clinical decision making. Although prosthetic arthroplasty remains the gold standard for treatment in later stages of the disease, alternatives are desirable in the early stages and in young patients. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the results of arthroscopic debridement and capsular release in patients with grade IV osteochondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint and to determine the factors associated with their success. Sixty-one patients with grade IV osteochondral lesions of the glenohumeral articular surfaces were treated with arthroscopic debridement, with or without arthroscopic capsular release. Standardized data collection was performed at the initial office visit and at the time of final follow-up. Overall outcome was analyzed with regard to patients' self-assessment of pain, function, improvement, satisfaction, and duration of pain relief. Forty-five of the patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Time-to-event analysis was used to evaluate the duration of pain relief. The mean patient satisfaction score (0 = not satisfied; 10 = completely satisfied) improved from 0.67 preoperatively to 6.28 at final follow-up (P <.0001), with 87% of patients indicating that they would have the surgery again. Although workers' compensation patients obtained inferior results, significant improvement in pain and function was obtained in 88% of all patients (P <.0001). Most patients noted the onset of pain relief within 5 weeks of surgery and obtained a duration of pain relief of 28 months or greater (P <.05). The addition of concomitant procedures, such as acromioplasty, distal clavicle resection, labral debridement, or labral repair, did not have a negative impact on the functional results after arthroscopic debridement and capsular release. In well-selected patients with grade IV osteochondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint, significant improvements in pain relief and function follow arthroscopic debridement of the glenohumeral joint. Arthroscopic capsular release can be added in patients with a loss of passive arcs of shoulder motion. Osteochondral lesions greater than 2 cm2 appear to be associated with return of pain and failure of this procedure. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2002;11:25-32.)
Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in extracellular calcium homeostasis

Maintaining a constant level of blood Ca(2+) is essential because of calcium's myriad intracellular and extracellular roles. The CaSR plays key roles in maintaining [Formula: see text] homeostasis by detecting small changes in blood Ca(2+) and modulating the production/secretion of the Ca(2+)-regulating hormones, PTH, CT, FGF23 and 1,25(OH)2D3, so as to appropriately regulate Ca(2+) transport into or out of blood via kidney, intestine, and/or bone. When Ca(2+) is high, the CaSR suppresses PTH synthesis and secretion, promotes its degradation, and inhibits parathyroid cellular proliferation. It has just the opposite effects on the C-cell, stimulating CT when [Formula: see text] is high. In bone, Ca(2+), acting via the CaSR, stimulates recruitment and proliferation of preosteoblasts, their differentiation to mature osteoblasts, and synthesis and mineralization of bone proteins. Conversely, [Formula: see text] inhibits the formation and activity and promotes apoptosis of osteoclasts, likely via the CaSR. These actions tend to mobilize skeletal Ca(2+) during [Formula: see text] deficiency and retain it when Ca(2+) is plentiful.
Pushing and pulling

![][1] Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseasesby Michael Kremer & Rachel GlennersterPrinceton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA152 pages, $25/£16ISBN 0691121133 Scientific research in response to a public health crisis can occur relatively rapidly—such was the case with the rapid sequencing of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. Unfortunately, many other conditions that cause death and sickness in low‐income countries are largely neglected by the pharmaceutical industry. Although the three most prevalent infectious diseases—malaria, tuberculosis and HIV—which kill millions each year in the developing world, are the subject of private‐sector research & development (R&D), in another sense they are also ‘neglected’—patients suffering from them are not well served because basic research is not translated quickly enough into effective products. In Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases , Michael Kremer and Rachel Glennerster argue that vaccines offer the best hope of conquering many of these diseases. Vaccines are an international public good because scientific advances created during vaccine R&D and the consequent public health benefits spill over to broader society. The reality, however, is that R&D of medicines, including vaccines, to treat these diseases must be heavily subsidized in various ways. Many different R&D incentive systems have been suggested. … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
"And then there was the Down Low": introduction to Black and Latino male bisexualities.

Although a recent proliferation of mass media has drawn attention to “the new Down Low phenomenon” (presumably “secretive” homosexuality among married Black men), relatively little research has explored bisexual behavior and identity among ethnic minority men in the United States or elsewhere. Although the study of bisexuality in Black and Latino men is significant in its own right, disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS among these men make the current dearth of scientific information even more urgent and concerning. In this special section, we have compiled a diverse array of empirical and theoretical perspectives on Black and Latino male bisexualities. A wide range of information on the individual, social, and sexual lives of these men, and potential relations to risk behavior, are presented. This article introduces this new body of work and offers suggestions for future research directions for culturally appropriate interventions for Black and Latino bisexual men.
Fluorescent whole‐mount method for visualizing three‐dimensional relationships in intact and regenerating adult newt spinal cords

Adult newts have the remarkable ability to regenerate their spinal cords after a complete transection injury. To understand this process, we have developed a method for visualizing the cellular and molecular events during regeneration in whole-mount preparations using fluorescent probes (streptavidins and antibodies) and confocal microscopy. This method was optimized by varying parameters associated with fixation, tissue trimming, fluorescent probe penetration, and clearing and represents a significant advance in our ability to observe the intact and regenerating newt spinal cord. These methods should also be widely applicable to the study of other newt tissues and adult tissues from other model systems.
Clinical outcomes of patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation: can we safely transplant patients with impaired ejection fraction?

Experience with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or heart failure (HF) is limited. We identified 308 consecutive patients who underwent ABMT for Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at our institution (1996–2003). Patient characteristics, clinical course and overall survival were compared between patients with preserved (⩾50%) or impaired (<50%) LVEF. Of the 308 patients identified, 20 had baseline impaired LVEF (four with LVEF ⩽40%, all NYHA class I–II HF). None of the patients with post-ABMT echocardiogram had worsened LVEF (n=7). Among the 20 patients with impaired LVEF, four patients had reversible cardiac complications post-ABMT (including worsening HF). The two deaths observed in the impaired LVEF group were both due to noncardiac causes. The 5-year survival was similar between patients with preserved and impaired LVEF (P=0.43). Careful selection of patients with stable, mild-to-moderate HF and impaired LVEF for ABMT can achieve similar long-term survival. As medical care for HF and ABMT improves, the exclusion criteria for ABMT with regard to HF and impaired LVEF should be re-examined.
Cloning, Sequencing, Expression, and Purification of the C Isozyme of Mouse Phosphofructokinase

Abstract The cDNA of mouse phosphofructo-1-kinase isozyme C was cloned and sequenced. The coding region translates into a protein of 85,473 Da containing 785 amino acids. The cDNA includes 57 base pairs of a 5′-untranslated region and a 3′ untranslated region of 284 base pairs containing a polyadenylation signal, AUUAAA, located 17 bases upstream from the poly(A) tail. The cDNA was ligated into a pET vector and transformed into a pfk− strain of Escherichia coli (DF1020) that contained the pLysS plasmid and an integrated lambda DE3 prophage that includes a single copy of the gene for T7 RNA polymerase under control of the inducible LacUV5 promoter. Conditions for maximum induction of soluble enzyme activity was developed to produce up to 2400 units of soluble enzyme activity per liter of growth medium. The enzyme could be purified to homogeneity with a yield of approximately 60% by a single purification step on ATP-Sepharose.
Diagnostic Imaging of Hepatic Lesions in Adults

Multiphase contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current modality of choice for characterization of liver masses incidentally detected on imaging. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) performed in the portal phase is the mainstay for the screening of liver metastases. Characterization of a liver mass by CT and MRI primarily relies on the dynamic contrast-enhancement characteristics of the mass in multiple phases. Noninvasive MRI and CT imaging characteristics of benign and malignant liver masses, coupled with relevant clinical information, allow reliable characterization of most liver lesions. Some cases may have nonspecific or overlapping features that may present a diagnostic dilemma.
SU‐E‐J‐122: Quantification of Respiratory‐Induced Pancreatic Head Tumor Rotation and Deformation Using 4DCT and Fiducial Markers

Purpose: To quantify pancreatic head tumor rotation and deformation due to the respiration using 4DCT and fiducial markers. Methods: This study included seventeen pancreatic head tumor patients who were treated with gated SBRT using Novalis system in our institution. Each patient had two 5‐mm‐long fiducial markers placed in pancreatic head approximately 2 cm apart for the gating treatment. All patients had 4DCT scans of 3mm‐slice thickness using a CT scanner (SENSATION, SIEMENS) under free breathing condition to create the internal target volume (ITV). The respiratory curve was generated through a pressuresensor placed on the patient's abdomen. The 4DCT imagedata sets were binned into 8 phases: 0% inhale (end of exhale), 25% inhale, 50% inhale, 75% inhale, 100% inhale (end of inhale), 75% exhale, 50% exhale, and 25% exhale. The fiducial markers were contoured on each phase of 4DCT images, and the 3D coordinates (x,y,z) of centroid of the fiducial marker were recorded. The distance between two markers was calculated for each phase, and its variation on eight phases indicated the pancreatic head deformation. The orientation change of the two markers on eight phases indicated the pancreatic head rotation. Student t‐test was performed for the statistical analysis.Results: Pancreatic head rotation and deformation were observed through the breathing cycle. The largest rotation and deformation happened to the course from 0% inhale to 100% inahle. The rotation was 8.0±6.2 degree ranging from 2 to 20 degree. The deformation was 2.0±2.4 mm ranging from 0 to 6.6 mm. Both were statistically significant with p<10‐4 for rotation and p=0.0033 for deformation. Conclusions: The 4DCT images showed significant pancreatic head rotation and deformation due to respiration, and both rotation and deformation were highly variable between patients. For patients receiving SBRT with tight margin, rotation and deformation need to be considered, and individualized margin may be necessary.
Can professions contribute to the reduction of world‐wide poverty? A case in point: Organizational psychology and pay diversity

This article was downloaded by: [Lefkowitz, Joel]On: 2 August 2010Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 925052152]Publisher Psychology PressInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) replaces estradiol for the initiation of embryo implantation in the hypophysectomized rat

Summary Several studies have provided evidence that epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factor α (TGFα) mediate some of the physiological effects of estrogen. The object of the present study was to determine whether exogenous EGF could initiate embryo implantation in the rat, a response known to depend upon the action of estrogen in a progesterone-primed uterus. Immunocytochemical examination showed the presence of immunoreactive EGF, TGFα and the EGF receptor in luminal glandular epithelium of uteri on days 4,5 and 6 of pregnancy. EGF receptor was also present in the implanting embryo and in decidual cells of the uterine stroma. Attempts to initiate implantation by intravenous injection of murine EGF into ovariectomized or hypophysectomized delayed-implanting rats maintained with progesterone were unsuccessful. Implantation sites were found, however, in 24 of 33 (73 per cent) hypophysectomized progesterone-primed rats given 100 μg EGF immediately after intrauterine transfer of blastocysts from hypophysectomized delayed implanting animals. Although EGF is capable of initiating implantation in the delayed implanting rat model it remains to be determined whether this growth factor is responsible for the implantation inducing action of estrogen in vivo.
Polarized Raman scattering from single GaP nanowires

We report the systematic investigation of polarized Raman scattering on individual crystalline GaP nanowires (NWs) with diameters $40ldl600\text{ }\text{nm}$. At small diameter, $dl70\text{ }\text{nm}$, the NWs are found to act like a nearly perfect dipole antenna that leads to a polarized scattering intensity function $I(\ensuremath{\theta})\ensuremath{\sim}{\text{cos}}^{4}\text{ }\ensuremath{\theta}$ where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle between NW axis and the incident laser polarization. For larger diameter $(70ldl600\text{ }\text{nm})$ NWs, some other different polar patterns were found. A simple theoretical approach which takes into account the Raman tensor and photon confinement in NWs was used to understand the experimental data.
Plasma and pituitary luteinizing hormone in intact and castrated tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) during a photoinduced gonadal cycle

Plasma and pituitary levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in female, male, and castrated male tree sparrows during a photoinduced gonadal cycle. Our aims were to compare patterns of LH secretion, particularly during spontaneous gonadal regression, and to determine the testes' influence on the secretory pattern of males. Seven days after females were transferred from 8- to 20-hr daily photoperiods, the concentration of plasma LH had increased 11-fold. Two weeks later, it had declined to a level only 3-fold greater than that in short-day controls, where it remained until day 56, when ovarian growth culminated. The onset of ovarian regression between days 56 and 77 was accompanied by a reduction in plasma LH to the prestimulation level (ca. 0.5 ng/ml) and by a similar reduction in pituitary LH content, which, by contrast, had increased steadily through day 28. The plasma cycle of males was quantitatively similar, but it reflected the transition from photosensitivity to photorefractoriness less incisively. Pituitary cycles of males and females were qualitatively similar. The concentration of plasma LH in castrates, compared with that in intact males, was elevated through day 56. A 4-fold increase in pituitary LH preceded a reduction in the circulating level that paralleled the onset of testicular and ovarian regression. Qualitative similarity among plasma cycles plus the eventual reduction of plasma LH in castrates to the low level characteristic of chronically photostimulated birds of both sexes argues that the LH-release mechanism becomes refractory in castrates as in males and females. We, therefore, conclude that testicular steroids are not obligatory determinants of the temporal pattern of circulating LH in photostimulated males, yet they apparently inhibit the photoresponsive hypothalamohypophysial axis. An elevated plasma level in short-day castrates suggests that a functional relationship between the hypothalamohypophysial axis and the testes exists also in nonphotostimulated males.
The trace metal geochemistry of pore water brines from two hypersaline lakes

Abstract Pore water brines from modern hypersaline lake sediments have been analyzed to determine the nature of brine-trace metal interaction in these environments. Brine samples were collected from the surface waters and sedimentary pore waters of two hypersaline lakes; Solar Lake, eastern Sinai, and Goto Meer, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Metal concentrations in the oxic brines appear to be related to the strength of their respective chloride complexes, with Pb and Zn more enriched than Cu. Pore water Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations increased across the sediment-water interface in both lakes. All three metal profiles follow a similar pattern with depth in the pore water. Higher concentrations were observed in the Goto Meer brines. Strontium isotopes were utilized to qualify better the mixing of the brines in Solar Lake. Although these metals were observed at higher concentrations than sea water in these sulfidic brines, their concentrations are not close to what is needed for the formation of ore deposits.
GaN Schottky diode ultraviolet detectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Vertical geometry Schottky barrier photodiodes have been fabricated on n-GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Vertical mesas were fabricated by RIE and Schottky barriers were achieved by depositing Ni/Pt/Au metal contacts. I-V measurements show near ideal diode behavior, with reverse saturation current density of 1 X 10 9 A/cm 2 . Doping concentration and barrier height were determined to be 9 X 10 16 cm -3 and 1.0V respectively, using C-V measurements. The diodes were then evaluated as UV photodiodes. The responsivity was measured to be 0.18A/W, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 70 percent. Spectral response showed a sharp transition at 365 nm, and more than five orders of magnitude visible light rejection. Low frequency noise measurements indicate that 1/f noise is the dominant source of noise. The detectivity was determined to be 1.3 X 10 -9 W/Hz 1/2 .
Homocysteinylated fibrinogen forms disulfide-linked complexes with albumin

We have shown that homocysteinemic rabbits have altered fibrinogen that forms fibrin clots with increased resistance to fibrinolysis. Homocysteine thiolactone is a metabolite of homocysteine (Hcys) that can react with amines and introduce a new sulfhydryl group into proteins. Recent evidence suggests that Hcys thiolactone-lysine adducts form in vivo. We have shown that in vitro reaction of Hcys thiolactone with human fibrinogen (Hcys-fibrinogen) alters fibrinogen function in a manner similar to that in homocysteinemic rabbits. Several naturally-occurring mutations that introduce a new cysteine into fibrinogen are associated with clinical thrombosis due to increased resistance of clots to fibrinolysis. In those cases the new cysteine mediates disulfide formation between the mutant fibrinogen and albumin. We now report that Hcys-fibrinogen similarly forms disulfides with albumin in vitro, specifically through sites in its D-domain. However, fibrin clots formed from Hcys-fibrinogen-albumin show a similarly reduced ability to support plasminogen activation and a similar resistance to fibrinolysis as clots formed from Hcys-fibrinogen. Thus, fibrinogen-albumin conjugates may result from N-homocysteinylation of fibrinogen in vivo. However, there is no evidence that conjugation to albumin further impairs fibrinogen function above the defect induced by homocysteinylation of critical lysines. Similar to the utility of glycated hemoglobin as a marker for the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia, the level of fibrinogen-albumin complexes might possibly be a clinically useful marker for the level of homocysteine-associated damage in vivo.
Amphibians as research models for regenerative medicine

The ability to regenerate bone across a critical size defect would be a marked clinical advance over current methods for dealing with such structural gaps. Here, we briefly review the development of limb bones and the mandible, the regeneration of urodele limbs after amputation, and present evidence that urodele and anuran amphibians represent a valuable research model for the study of segment defect regeneration in both limb bones and mandible.
A dual-based optimization procedure for the two-echelon uncapacitated facility location problem

The two-echelon uncapacitated facility location problem (TUFLP) is a generalization of the uncapacitated facility location problem (UFLP) and multiactivity facility location problem (MAFLP). In TUFLP there are two echelons of facilities through which products may flow in route to final customers. The objective is to determine the least-cost number and locations of facilities at each echelon in the system, the flow of product between facilities, and the assignment of customers to supplying facilities. We propose a new dual-based solution procedure for TUFLP that can be used as a heuristic or incorporated into branch-and-bound procedures to obtain optimal solutions to TUFLP. The algorithm is an extension of the dual ascent and adjustment procedures developed by Erlenkotter for UFLP. We report computational experience gained by solving over 420 test problems. The largest problems solved have 25 possible facility locations at each echelon and 35 customer zones, implying 650 integer variables and 21,875 continuous variables.
MRI detection of tumor in mouse lung using partial liquid ventilation with a perfluorocarbon-in-water emulsion

Transverse relaxation time (T(2*))-weighted (1)H-MRI of mouse lungs has been performed using partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-in-water emulsion as a contrast modality for lung MRI. Significant sensitivity enhancement in MRI of mouse lungs has been demonstrated with the protocol. The results show that the T(2*) value in lung is approximately proportional to the infusion dose up to a dose of 5 ml/kg body weight (BW) (4.5 g PFC/kg BW) and becomes essentially constant beyond this dosage. T(2*) maps of lungs have been calculated and T(2*) in lungs is in the range of 10-35 ms with this technique, which is an order of magnitude greater than the T(2*) value of mouse lungs without using a PFC-in-water emulsion. T(2*)-weighted (1)H-MR images of mouse lungs have been obtained with good quality under our experimental conditions. We have applied this technique to detect tumors in mouse lungs. Our technique can detect small lung tumors of B16 melanoma, about 1 mm in diameter, in mice. With its significant MR sensitivity enhancement and technical simplicity, T(2*)-weighted (1)H-MRI using PLV with PFC-in-water emulsion offers a promising approach to investigate lung cancers using rodent models.
Toward the Quasi-Steady State Electrodynamics of a Neutron Star

We consider the electrodynamics of a rotating magnetized neutron star with allowance for the quasi-steady state regime of charged particle ejection from the polar cap into the inner magnetosphere. We derive basic equations within the framework of a general relativistic formalism and present the analytic solutions. We demonstrate that the quasi-steady state supply of electrons into the region of open field lines reduces the total power put into the acceleration of primary particles, although the total power corresponding to a steady state solution in general relativity is increased compared to the flat-space solution. Also, we illustrate that temporarily modulated ejection of electrons from the stellar surface results in substantial modulation of an accelerating electric field and charge density along the open field lines. We briefly outline the implications of this effect for the pulsars.
Phase diagram, structure, and electronic properties of (Ga 1 − x Zn x )(N 1 − x O x ) solid solutions from DFT-based simulations

We construct an accurate cluster expansion for the (Ga${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Zn${}_{x}$)(N${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$O${}_{x}$) solid solution, based on density functional theory (DFT). The subsequent Monte Carlo simulation reveals a phase diagram which has a wide miscibility gap and an $x=0.5$ ordered compound. The disordered phase displays strong short-range order (SRO) at synthesis temperatures. To study the influences of SRO on the lattice and electronic properties, we conduct DFT calculations on snapshots from the Monte Carlo simulation. Consistent with previous theoretical and experimental findings, lattice parameters were found to deviate from Vegard's law with small upward bowing. Bond lengths depend strongly on local environment, with a variation much larger than the difference of bond length between ZnO and GaN. The downward band gap bowing deviates from parabolic by having a more rapid onset of bowing at low and high concentrations. An overall bowing parameter of 3.3 eV is predicted from a quadratic fit to the compositional dependence of the calculated band gap. Our results indicate that SRO has significant influence over both structural and electronic properties.
Functional coupling between transient declines in blood glucose and feeding behavior: temporal relationships.

Abstract To assess the strength and time course of the functional coupling between transient declines in blood glucose and meal initiation, access to food was prevented throughout declines followed by restoration of access to food when glucose returned to baseline. Neither preventing access to nor the absence of food affected the time course of the decline in blood glucose and the latency to food seeking behavior. When access to food was restored six to eight minutes after the blood glucose returned to baseline, no food seeking behavior or feeding occurred until after a second decline in glucose had occurred about one hour later. However, when access to food was restored before glucose returned toward baseline, feeding began within two minutes. Blood glucose did not decrease following presentation of novel foods and feeding occurred rapidly without a prior decline in blood glucose. Therefore, transient declines in blood glucose strongly signalled food seeking and meal initiation but this functional coupling was of short duration (~ 12 min) and persisted less than six minutes after the blood glucose had returned to baseline. The transient decline in blood glucose appears to be an endogenous, glucose dependent cue for food seeking and meal initiation.
Transaction Routing and its Verification by Correct Model Transformations

This paper presents model transformations that are encountered in refining an abstract point-to-point transaction between two processes into a complex transaction, routed over the communication architecture, consisting of multiple busses and bridges. These transformations form part of synthesizing an abstract specification model into a detailed model representing the implementation of that specification onto a platform. We present these transformations in the context of a modeling formalism that has well defined execution semantics and a notion of functional equivalence. The transformations are proven correct using our notion of equivalence. We also present methods for deriving the proof of equivalence between the abstract model and the refined model. Based on these methods, we have implemented a tool that automatically proves whether or not the model generated after transaction routing is indeed equivalent to the input model. Experimental results for large industrial examples demonstrate the feasibility, utility and efficiency of our tool and the underlying methods.
The higher they are, the harder they fall: The effects of wrongdoer status on observer punishment recommendations and intentionality attributions

Abstract In two studies, we explore whether the status of a wrongdoer affects observers’ attributions for the wrongdoer’s actions and opinions about the wrongdoer’s deserved punishment. We find that observers attribute greater intentionality to the actions of high status wrongdoers than the identical actions of low status wrongdoers, and consequently recommend more severe punishments for the former than the latter. Additionally, we find that the relationship between a wrongdoer’s status and observers’ attributions is driven by observers’ perceptions of the wrongdoer’s underlying social motives: high status wrongdoers are presumed to be more interested in their own welfare (self-concerned), and less interested in the welfare of others (other-concerned), than low status individuals. These findings have implications for the psychology of retributive justice, and suggest that punitive reactions may be influenced as much by characteristics of the criminal as they are by characteristics of the crime.
The Bardeen-Stephen theory

The experimental situation that prompted the theory is reviewed, the essentials of the Bardeen-Stephen theory are sketched, and several extensions are mentioned, particularly those that are needed to understand the high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors.