cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory threshold variations during periods of induced high and low heart rates.

The study was designed to test Lacey's and Callaway's contention that individuals respond differently to sensory sensitivity tasks under conditions of high and low heart rates. A Bekesy audiometry threshold tracing was obtained from subjects after a period of inactivity and after a period of activity. The results indicated that the subjects' auditory thresholds for the 1000 Hz tone were significantly less acute under the condition of induced higher heart rates. Although the data collected is correlational in nature the possibility that the higher rate results in reduced sensory sensitivity from a causal point of view is suggested. Although Lacey's and Callaway's formulations are not synonymous with the traditional theories of activation, it is highly probable that their formulations may be merely delineating the mechanisms by which extreme arousal results in impaired performance.
Effect of intestinal tract irradiation on serum proteins of the rat.

SummaryThe results show that irradiation of the gastrointestinal tract affects albumin content of rat serum in the same manner as does whole body irradiation. This effect has been attributed to irradiation of the liver during whole body exposure. Since only the intestinal tract was irradiated in these experiments, decreased albumin production caused by indirect action of some substance originating in the irradiated tissue is suggested. Another possibility is loss of albumin because of increased capillary permeability in the irradiated intestinal tract.
Crossover from Fermi-Pasta-Ulam to normal diffusive behavior in heat conduction through open anharmonic lattices.

We study heat conduction in one-, two-, and three-dimensional anharmonic lattices connected to stochastic Langevin heat baths. The interatomic potential of the lattices is double-well type, i.e., ${V}_{\mathrm{DW}}(x)={k}_{2}{x}^{2}/2+{k}_{4}{x}^{4}/4$ with ${k}_{2}l0$ and ${k}_{4}g0$. We observe two different temperature regimes of transport: a high-temperature regime where asymptotic length dependence of nonequilibrium steady state heat current is similar to the well-known Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattices with an interatomic potential, ${V}_{\mathrm{FPU}}(x)={k}_{2}{x}^{2}/2+{k}_{4}{x}^{4}/4$ with ${k}_{2},{k}_{4}g0$, and a low-temperature regime where heat conduction is most likely diffusive normal, satisfying Fourier's law. We present our simulation results for different temperature regimes in all dimensions.
Observations of departures from equilibrium in a nitrogen arc

Abstract Atmospheric-pressure wall-stabilized arcs in nitrogen are found to exhibit molecular band intensities which are incompatible with the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Mechanisms to account for the departure from equilibrium are suggested.
One Pot Phase Transfer Synthesis of Trithiocarbonates from Carbon Bisulphide and Alkyl Halides

Abstract Symmetrical and cyclic alkyl trithiocarbonates were synthesized by reacting CS2 and 33% aqueous NaOH with alkyl hal-ides under phase transfer catalysis conditions
Evaluation of Elite Wheat Germ Plasm for Resistance to Tan Spot

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is a serious foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in North America. Control of tan spot through management practices and fungicide application is possible; however, the use of resistant varieties is the most effective and economical means of controlling tan spot. This study was conducted to determine the disease reaction of 126 elite hard red spring, white, and durum wheat varieties and advanced breeding lines collected from the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada to individual races/toxins of P. tritici-repentis. Seedling evaluation of the 126 genotypes was done under controlled environmental conditions with virulent races 2, 3, and 5 of P. tritici-repentis and toxins Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB. Based on disease reactions, two resistant varieties and two advanced breeding lines adapted to the northern Great Plains were found to be resistant to all the races and insensitive to the toxins tested. Additionally, six genetically diverse lines/varieties were identified to be resistant to tan spot; however, these sources may not be well adapted to the northern Great Plains. These results suggest that the wheat germ plasm contains a broad genetic base for resistance to the most prevalent races of P. tritici-repentis in North America, and the resistant sources identified in this study may be utilized in wheat breeding programs to develop tan spot resistant varieties.
AIDS vaccine efficacy trials: expand capacity and prioritize. 'Throughout Africa, Asia and Latin America state-of-the-art clinics and laboratories...exist where, 4 years ago, there were none'.

Since the beginning of the HIV pandemic, almost 70 million people have been infected and over 40 million people today are living with HIV infection, with 5 million new infections and 3.1 million AI...
A study of the contribution of solvent transport to liquid junction potentials between electrolytes in different solvents

Abstract Measurements have been made on cells which contain liquid junctions between two solutions containing different solvents. By employing cells in which the two solutions are saturated with the same salt, it has been possible to directly measure the contribution to the liquid junction potential of the transfer of solvent species across the solution—solution interface. This solvent—solvent junction potential has been measured for junctions between water and methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and propylene carbonate solutions and for some junctions between pairs of these nonaqueous solutions. The values obtained for the solvent contributions to the liquid junction potentials were somewhat smaller than the corresponding values obtained indirectly by other workers using cells with junctions between salt solutions in different solvents. The potentials were found to depend greatly on the particular salt employed, but to be independent of the method of forming the liquid junction. A possible explanation of the mechanism giving rise to these potentials is given. The possible formation of solid solvates of lithium, potassium, thallium, and mercurous chlorides in these solvents was also investigated.
Life in the Mindful Classroom: Nurturing the Disposition of Mindfulness

In this article, we review the appropriateness of “mindfulness” as an educational goal and explore what it means to cultivate mindfulness as a disposition, that is, as an enduring trait, rather than a temporary state. We identify three high-leverage instructional practices for enculturating mindfulness: looking closely, exploring possibilities and perspectives, and introducing ambiguity. We conclude by exploring what it might look like to cultivate the trait of mindfulness within individual classrooms. This report includes a review of an experimental study of “conditional instruction,” which explores mindfulness as a state, and then draws on a series of qualitative case studies of “thoughtful” classrooms to provide an example of conditional instruction as it might serve to develop a disposition of mindfulness.
Activation of the locus coeruleus induced by selective stimulation of the ventral tegmental area

Abstract The effects of selective stimulation of perikarya, but not axons of passage, within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic system were examined. Anterograde and combined retrograde-immunohistochemical studies indicated botdopaminergic and non-dopaminergic projections to the region of the LC originating from the VTA. Kainic acid (KA) stimulation of the VTA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the levels of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the prefrontal cortex, and also elevated levels of the norepinephrine (NE) metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolglycol (MHPG). Prefrontal cortical MHPG levels did not increase in response to vehicle injection or KA infusion into the hippocampus, nor did concentrations of this metabolite increase in the prefrontal cortex in response to intra-VTA KA in animals witneurotoxic lesions of the VTA. KA injection into the VTA resulted in inreased MHPG levels in the hippocampus, but not the hypothalamus. Dorsal noradrenergic bundle knife cuts prevented the KA-elicited prefrontal cortical MHPG increase. These data suggest that stimulation of the mesocoeruleo dopaminergic projection arising from the VTA results in selective excitation of the LC-derived dorsal bundle noradrenergic system.
Multivalent effects of RGD peptides obtained by nanoparticle display.

The binding of RGD peptides to integrins offers an excellent system to study the multivalent mediated changes in affinity that arise when peptides, displayed on the surface of a nanoparticle carrier, bind to integrins displayed on the cell membrane. The IC50 of an RGD nanoparticle for endothelial adhesion was 1.0 nM nanoparticle or 20 nM peptide (20 peptide/nanoparticle) and was associated with strong multivalent effects, defined as a multivalent enhancement factor (MVE) of 38 (MVE = IC50 (peptide)/IC50 (peptide when displayed by nanoparticle)). The attachment of RGD peptides to nanoparticles resulted in an extension of the peptide blood half-life from 13 to 180 min. Based on the multivalent enhancement of affinity and extension of blood half-life, multivalent RGD nanoparticle-sized materials should be potent inhibitors of the alpha(V)beta(3) function on endothelial cells in vivo.
Pyrolysis and combustion of cellulose. VII. Thermal analysis of the phosphorylation of cellulose and model carbohydrates during pyrolsis in the presence of aromatic phosphates and phosphoramides

Thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and derivative thermal gravimetric analysis were utilized to characterize the thermal interactions between cellulose, 1-6, anhydro β-D-glucopyranoside, and D-glucose and model phosphate and phosphoramide flame retardants. The phosphoramides induced higher char yields than the phosphates during the pyrolysis of the mixtures of carbohydrates and organophosphorus compounds. Exothermic reactions attributed to phosphorylation and char formation were observed with each of the phosphoramide/carbohydrate mixtures and were absent with the phosphates. The individual phosphorus compounds studied showed similar thermal behavior with each of the carbohydrates indicating that the mode of interaction for these mixtures was similar. Isothermal gravimetric analysis of the organophosphorus/carbohydrate mixtures was used to measure the rate of decomposition weight loss from isothermal conditions. This weight loss was used as an indication of rate of fuel formation. The kinetics observed for these measurements indicated that the phosphoramide mixtures underwent a rapid weight loss to a final char with an effective Eact of about 55 kcal/mol while the phosphate mixtures exhibited effective Eact′s for decomposition lower than those observed for the pure carbohydrates. Mixtures of glucose with selcted arylphosphoramide esters were pyrolysed in order to determine the effect of lability of the leaving group on char formation. Gas chromatographic analysis of the pyrolysis products indicated that phenol was the favored leaving group in comparison with aniline units, but char promotion appeared to be dependent on the number of P-N bonds present in the original phosphoramide. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis indicated that chemically similar chars were obtained from the different organophosphorus/carbohydrate combinations.
Realization of Systematic Reliability Analysis of Decomposable Systems

In addition to the ever increasing software complexity, there has been a significant increase in the demand for more flexible and dependable software systems. Therefore, it is necessary to be able not only to achieve high quality but also to rigorously demonstrate that high quality has been achieved. While relatively mature techniques exist for certifying hardware systems, methods of certifying software systems are still being actively researched. More importantly, even though substantial research has been carried out to reduce the complexity of the software system through decomposition, one major hurdle is the need to certify the overall system on the basis of the component properties. Our early research introduced a novel approach that enhances the "accessibility" of each component, so that the properties of a system can be mathematically inferred from those of its components. In this paper, we show the validity of these mathematical inference expressions through different classes of components and system using Java?s exception handling, an implementation of pipes-and-filters architecture, and a simple sorting selector.
When Women Run Against Women: The Hidden Influence of Female Incumbents in Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, 1956–2002

Although it is well known that “when women run, they win as often as men,” the literature on women and campaigns suggests that we should see significant differences in races involving male and female incumbents. Do female incumbents face the same competitive environment as their male counterparts in elections for the U.S. House of Representatives? Using the existing literature on the role of stereotypes and gender traits in campaigns, we formulate two hypotheses to explain the relationship between gender and incumbency. The Competition Hypothesis asserts that compared to male incumbents, women running for reelection will face more competition in retaining their seats. The Gender Effect Hypothesis predicts that female incumbents will induce other women to enter the race. On the basis of an analysis of House elections from 1956 to 2002, we find considerable support for both hypotheses. In House elections, female incumbents have a “hidden influence”: Not only do they face more competition but they also increase the participation of female candidates in their own party as well as the opposition party. Although female incumbents win at the same rates as male incumbents, they face a much more competitive environment.
Tunnel vision induced by a foveal load manipulation

In a tachistoscopic dual-task study, the foveal load of a primary task was varied, and subjects were required to report the orientation of a simultaneously presented peripheral line that could occu...
Spectacle correction versus no spectacles for prevention of strabismus in hyperopic children

Background Hyperopia (far-sightedness) in infancy requires accommodative effort to bring images into focus. Prolonged accommodative effort has been associated with an increased risk of strabismus (eye misalignment). Strabismus makes it difficult for the eyes to work together and may result in symptoms of asthenopia (eye strain) and intermittent diplopia (double vision), and makes near work tasks difficult to complete. Untreated strabismus may result in the development of amblyopia (lazy eye). The prescription of spectacles to correct hyperopic refractive error is believed to prevent the development of strabismus.
On Enhancing Power Benefits in 3D ICs: Block Folding and Bonding Styles Perspective

Low power is widely considered as a key benefit of 3D ICs, yet there have been few thorough design studies on how to maximize power benefits in 3D ICs. In this paper, we present design methodologies to reduce power consumption in 3D ICs using a large-scale commercial-grade microprocessor (OpenSPARC T2). To further improve power benefits in 3D ICs on top of the traditional 3D floorplanning, we study the impact of block folding and bonding styles. We also develop an effective method to place face-to-face vias for our 2-tier 3D design for power optimization. With aforementioned methods combined, our 3D designs provide up to 20.3% power reduction over the 2D counterpart under the same performance.
Cadherin-4 plays a role in the development of zebrafish cranial ganglia and lateral line system.

We previously reported that cadherin-4 (also called R-cadherin) was expressed by the majority of the developing zebrafish cranial and lateral line ganglia. Cadherin-4 (Cdh4) function in the formation of these structures in zebrafish was studied using morpholino antisense technology. Differentiation of the cranial and lateral line ganglia and lateral line nerve and neuromasts of the cdh4 morphants was analyzed using multiple neural markers. We found that a subset of the morphant cranial and lateral line ganglia were disorganized, smaller, with reduced staining, and/or with altered shape compared to control embryos. Increased cell death in the morphant ganglia likely contributed to these defects. Moreover, cdh4 morphants had shorter lateral line nerves and a reduced number of neuromasts, which was likely caused by disrupted migration of the lateral line primordia. These results indicate that Cdh4 plays a role in the normal formation of the zebrafish lateral line system and a subset of the cranial ganglia. Developmental Dynamics 236:893–902, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The cost of choosing the wrong model in object recognition by constrained search

Many current recognition systems use variations on constrained tree search to locate objects in cluttered environments. If the system is simply finding instances of an object known to be in the scene, then previous formal analysis has shown that the expected amount of search is quadratic in the number of model and data features when all the data is known to come from a single object, but is exponential when spurious data is included. If one can group the data into subsets likely to have come from a single object, then terminating the search once a “good enough” interpretation is found reduces the expected search to cubic. Without successful grouping, terminated search is still exponential. These results apply to finding instances of a known object in the data. What happens when the object is not present? In this article, we turn to the problem of selecting models from a library, and examine the combinatorial cost of determining that an incorrectly chosen candidate object is not present in the data. We show that the expected search is again exponential, implying that naive approaches to library indexing are likely to carry an expensive overhead, since an exponential amount of work is needed to weed out each incorrect model. The analytic results are shown to be in agreement with empirical data for cluttered object recognition.
A 10-year study of steady employment and non-vocational outcomes among people with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders

Abstract Objective Employment promotes recovery for persons with serious mental illness by providing extra income and a valued social role, but the impact of employment on other psychosocial and clinical outcomes remains unclear. This study examined non-vocational outcomes in relation to steady employment over 10 years among people with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. Methods Researchers interviewed people with co-occurring disorders at baseline and yearly for 10 years and tracked employment in relation to five non-vocational outcomes: independent living, psychiatric symptoms, substance use disorder, healthy (non-substance-abusing) relationships, and life satisfaction. Latent class trajectory analysis identified steady workers, and mixed-effects regression models compared steady workers with non-workers. Results Both steady workers (n = 51) and non-workers (n = 79) improved substantially; for example, a majority of each group achieved independent housing and stable remission of substance use disorders. Steady workers achieved independent housing and higher quality of life during the first 5 years of follow-up, but the two groups achieved similar outcomes by 10 years. Conclusions People with co-occurring disorders can improve markedly. Those with steady employment may improve faster, but those without employment may achieve similar long-term outcomes at a slower pace.
Fourth and Fifth Step Groups: A New and Growing Self-Help Organization for Underserved Latinos with Substance Use Disorders

This article reports results from a preliminary ethnographic study of a new and largely unknown self-help organization for Latinos with substance use disorders, known as “4th and 5th Step Group” (in Spanish, Grupo de Cuarto y Quinto Paso, “CQ”). It describes the nature of CQ, aspects of group membership, and members' experiences of the organization. Although findings are preliminary, they provide critical information on a potentially important therapeutic resource. More rigorous research with larger and more diverse samples of Latinos participating in CQ is warranted.
An observational comparison of natalizumab vs. fingolimod using JCV serology to determine therapy.

Background:The lack of prospective trial data comparing certain multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies could be addressed with observational research.Objective:The objective of this paper is to investigate outcomes of natalizumab versus fingolimod treatment in an MS cohort using a novel method of patient selection.Methods:We reviewed entries from our clinic’s database for all relapsing–remitting MS patients started on fingolimod and natalizumab where JCV serology was used to determine treatment. We analyzed each group for time to first relapse and in a second analysis, time to first relapse or gadolinium-enhancing lesion.Results:Sixty-nine patients on natalizumab and 36 on fingolimod met our inclusion criteria and had adequate follow-up for analysis. The baseline clinical characteristics at the time of treatment switch were similar. With a mean follow-up of 1.5 years for both treatment groups, there was a trend favoring natalizumab in time to first relapse, although this was not statistically significant (2.20...
Evaluation of remotely sensed indices for assessing burn severity in interior Alaska using Landsat TM and ETM

Abstract We evaluated 13 remotely sensed indices across four wildfire burn sites in interior Alaska. The indices included single bands, band ratios, vegetation indices, and multivariate components. Each index was evaluated with post-burn and differenced pre/post-burn index values. The indices were evaluated by examining the correlation between each remotely sensed index and field-based Composite Burn Index (CBI) values. Radiant temperature was strongly correlated with field-based CBI when a post-fire image from autumn was used. Indices that used red and near-infrared bands performed poorly relative to indices that incorporated mid-infrared bands. The Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), which incorporates near- and mid-infrared bands, was ranked within the top three indices for each of the four burns using post-burn images, and for three of the four burns using pre- and post-burn images. When indices were summed based on ranked correlations, the NBR was highest for both the post-burn and pre/post-burn approaches. The NBR had high correlations with the field-based CBI in closed needleleaf, mixed, and broadleaf forest classes. However, the NBR was useful as an index of burn severity only for forested sites. The correlation between NBR and field-based CBI was low in non-forested classes such as woodland, scrub, and herb land cover classes.
High electromechanical coupling MEMS resonators at 530 MHz using ion sliced X-cut LiNbO 3 thin film

This paper reports on a new type of micro-resonators enabled by micromachining of ion sliced X-cut LiNbO 3 thin films. In operation, the device is excited into lateral vibrations, thus allowing the center frequency to be determined by the lithographically defined dimensions of the excitation electrodes. This configuration enables highly integrated single-chip multi-frequency solutions for future wireless communications. The demonstrated devices have shown a high electromechanical coupling (k2t) of 8.23% the highest attained for laterally vibrating MEMS resonators. Device orientation was also varied to investigate its impact on k2t and experimental data have shown good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Multi-ontology Based Multimedia Annotation for Domain-specific Information Retrieval

Recent advances in computer power, network bandwidth, information storage, and signal processing techniques have led to a proliferation of multimedia data. As a result, multimedia has become one of the most important information sources. To ensure effective utilization of multimedia assets by a variety of users, we propose a multi-ontology based multimedia annotation model, in which domain independent multimedia ontology is integrated with multiple domain ontologies in an effort to provide multiple, domain-specific views of multimedia content such that multimedia access can better address different users' information needs. We have developed a multimedia ontology (MO) based on MPEG-7 multimedia content description tools, proposed a strategy to integrate multiple domain ontologies, and designed a term extraction procedure to automatically extract domain-specific ontological terms from textual resources of multimedia data. To evaluate multi-ontology based multimedia annotation, we have developed a multi-ontology based multimedia access platform with a Web-based interface. The preliminary evaluation suggests that multi-ontology based multimedia annotation can better meet different users' information needs
Patient acuity rating: quantifying clinical judgment regarding inpatient stability.

BACKGROUND: New resident work-hour restrictions are expected to result in further increases in the number of handoffs between inpatient care providers, a known risk factor for poor outcomes. Strategies for improving the accuracy and efficiency of provider sign-outs are needed. OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a judgment-based scale for conveying the risk of clinical deterioration. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: Internal medicine clinicians and patients. MEASUREMENTS: The Patient Acuity Rating (PAR), a 7-point Likert score representing the likelihood of a patient experiencing a cardiac arrest or intensive care unit (ICU) transfer within the next 24 hours, was obtained from physicians and midlevel practitioners at the time of sign-out. Cross-covering physicians were blinded to the results, which were subsequently correlated with outcomes. RESULTS: Forty eligible clinicians consented to participate, providing 6034 individual scores on 3419 patient-days. Seventy-four patient-days resulted in cardiac arrest or ICU transfer within 24 hours. The average PAR was 3 ± 1 and yielded an area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0.82. Provider-specific AUROC values ranged from 0.69 for residents to 0.85 for attendings (P = 0.01). Interns and midlevels did not differ significantly from the other groups. A PAR of 4 or higher corresponded to a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 68% for predicting cardiac arrest or ICU transfer in the next 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical judgment regarding patient stability can be reliably quantified in a simple score with the potential for efficiently conveying complex assessments of at-risk patients during handoffs between healthcare members. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Positron annihilation lifetime evaluation of thermal cycling effects in atactic polystyrene

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is an atomic-level probing technique that has been shown to be extremely sensitive to vacancy-type defects in a wide variety of solids. In amorphous and semicrystalline polymers this technique is uniquely sensitive to free-volume-based structural changes such as the glass transition. As such, PALS complements conventional macroscopic polymer characterization techniques. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was used to investigate the thermal-cycling characteristics of two different-molecular-weight atactic polystyrene reins. Annealed compression-molded samples were thermally cycled over the temperature range 253 to 393 K with PAL spectra taken in 10 K increments upon both cooling and heating. The longest-lived component lifetime and intensity, indicative of orthopositronium pick-off, exhibit thermal dependencies that can be interpreted in a manner consistent with anticipated free-volume changes associated with structural transitions.
Evolving methods of glenoid fixation: brave new worlds

Abstract Since Neer first introduced the glenoid component in 1972, many changes in component design and fixation technique have evolved. Not surprisingly, over the 30 years, there have been some "misfires." With the application of biomechanical principles there has been an improved understanding of force and load transmissions across the glenohumeral joint. Through these analyses, the failures of linked glenoid components, hooded components, and highly constrained components were learned. Attempts to improve load transmission to bone through metal-backed glenoid components were met with very high failure rates and are no longer considered. Fixation technology has also evolved recognizing the very high rates of early radiographic loosening even though clinical loosening rates are much lower. Peg design has also changed in an attempt to provide better fixation for longer periods of time. The newest concepts in glenoid resurfacing recognize the critical importance of congruency and mating between the component and the host bone. Improved instrumentation, better exposure, and concentric reaming have each contributed to improved fixation. The latest advance recognizes that host bone fixation and bioingrowth provide superior fixation. Glenoid components that depend on ingrowth to secure a highly cross-linked polyethylene component are now available. Two-year results are most encouraging with an extremely low incidence of lucent lines.
Metamodels and Phylogenetic Replication: A Systematic Approach to the Evolution of Developmental Pathways

Molecular genetic analysis of phenotypic variation has revealed many examples of evolutionary change in the developmental pathways that control plant and animal morphology. A major challenge is to integrate the information from diverse organisms and traits to understand the general patterns of developmental evolution. This integration can be facilitated by evolutionary metamodels—traits that have undergone multiple independent changes in different species and whose development is controlled by well-studied regulatory pathways. The metamodel approach provides the comparative equivalent of experimental replication, allowing us to test whether the evolution of each developmental pathway follows a consistent pattern, and whether different pathways are predisposed to different modes of evolution by their intrinsic organization. A review of several metamodels suggests that the structure of developmental pathways may bias the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution, and highlights phylogenetic replication as a value-added approach that produces deeper insights into the mechanisms of evolution than single-species analyses.
Burden of potentially pathologic copy number variants is higher in children with isolated congenital heart disease and significantly impairs covariate-adjusted transplant-free survival.

Abstract Objectives Copy number variants (CNVs) are duplications or deletions of genomic regions. Large CNVs are potentially pathogenic and are overrepresented in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to determine the frequency of large CNVs in children with isolated CHD, and to evaluate the relationship of these potentially pathogenic CNVs with transplant-free survival. Methods These cases are derived from a prospective cohort of patients with nonsyndromic CHD (n = 422) identified before first surgery. Healthy pediatric controls (n = 500) were obtained from the electronic Medical Records and Genetic Epidemiology Network, and CNV frequency was contrasted for CHD cases and controls. CNVs were determined algorithmically; subsequently screened for >95% overlap between 2 methods, size (>300 kb), quality score, overlap with a gene, and novelty (absent from databases of known, benign CNVs); and separately validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Survival likelihoods for cases were calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling to evaluate the joint effect of CNV burden and known confounders on transplant-free survival. Results Children with nonsyndromic CHD had a higher burden of potentially pathogenic CNVs compared with pediatric controls (12.1% vs 5.0%; P = .00016). Presence of a CNV was associated with significantly decreased transplant-free survival after surgery (hazard ratio, 3.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-7.09; P = .00090) with confounder adjustment. Conclusions We confirm that children with isolated CHD have a greater burden of rare/large CNVs. We report a novel finding that these CNVs are associated with an adjusted 2.55-fold increased risk of death or transplant. These data suggest that CNV burden is an important modifier of survival after surgery for CHD.
Potential for carbon offsets from anaerobic digesters in livestock production

a b s t r a c t Methane from livestock manure accounts for ∼6.6% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States, and 1.1% of total emissions in Canada. Methane is 25 times more potent than CO2 as a GHG and is emitted into the atmosphere from enteric emissions and manure. Livestock operators can reduce CH4 emissions and may qualify for credits for its capture by utilizing manure management practices such as anaerobic digesters. Thus, livestock producers can play a role in reducing GHG emissions while also earning C offset credits. This paper has two related objectives. First, using data from Canada, we explore the economics of adoption of anaerobic digesters for Canadian dairy and hog producers. Second, using this example, we explore the institutional framework in place for livestock based GHG emissions and the sources of uncertainties facing both producers and consumers with regard to C offsets. From these two objectives we hope to better understand the potential gains for livestock producers, and consumers of CH4 based offsets, and identify potential institutional
Effect of integrated pest management strategies on chlorothalonil, metalaxyl, and thiophanate-methyl runoff at a container nursery

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. container plant production, fungicide, runoff water ABSTRACT. Field research was conducted at a container nursery to investigate fungicide movement in runoff water. Fungicides were applied as either a preventative treatment to all container plants, or as a component of an integrated pest management (IPM) program in which fungicides were only applied to plants showing signs of pathogen infestation. Thiophanate-methyl and chlorothalonil were applied in July and August 1998, and metalaxyl was applied in September 1998. Runoff water was sampled on the day after application (first irrigation after pesticide application) through three pulse irrigation cycles. Total amounts of thiophanate-methyl and chlorothalonil in runoff water were 7% and 4%, respectively, of applied amount in July. In August, 2% and 4% of thiophanate-methyl and chlorothalonil were found from the preventative treatment. Of the applied metalaxyl, 25% was detected in runoff water for the first irrigation event after application from the preventative treatment. Metalaxyl is a highly water soluble pesticide and nontarget losses from the granular application contributed to the large amounts detected. Total amounts of thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil and metalaxyl detected in runoff from the IPM treatment were 25% of amounts from the preventative treatment. No treatment differences were found in container plant salability or in the number of culls at the end of the study. 2000 varieties of ornamental plants, extensive training of person- nel is required to implement an IPM approach and it is very time intensive in practice. This project investigated the impact of IPM on fungicide amounts transported in runoff water from application site at a container nursery. Specific goals of the study were 1) comparison of fungicide amounts in runoff water from IPM vs. preventative applications; 2) quantification of movement of three fungicides in runoff water from applications at a container plant nursery; and 3) documentation of marketable container plants under IPM and preventative pesticide application management strategies.
PVT Anomalies in He 3 Near its Melting Curve

The PVT melting properties were measured for highpurity He/sup 3/ down to 0.3 deg K. A melting curve is given for the molar volume of liquid amd solid in the baih. Thermal expansion and compressibility coefficients are shown along the melting curve. The results gave P/sub min/ = 28.91; 0.02 atm and T/sub min/ =0.330 plus or minus 0.005 K. (B.O.G.)
PRPH2/RDS and ROM-1: Historical context, current views and future considerations

Peripherin 2 (PRPH2), also known as RDS (retinal degeneration slow) is a photoreceptor specific glycoprotein which is essential for normal photoreceptor health and vision. PRPH2/RDS is necessary for the proper formation of both rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments, the organelle specialized for visual transduction. When PRPH2/RDS is defective or absent, outer segments become disorganized or fail to form entirely and the photoreceptors subsequently degenerate. Multiple PRPH2/RDS disease-causing mutations have been found in humans, and they are associated with various blinding diseases of the retina such as macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, the vast majority of which are inherited dominantly, though recessive LCA and digenic RP have also been associated with RDS mutations. Since its initial discovery, the scientific community has dedicated a considerable amount of effort to understanding the molecular function and disease mechanisms of PRPH2/RDS. This work has led to an understanding of how the PRPH2/RDS molecule assembles into complexes and functions as a necessary part of the machinery that forms new outer segment discs, as well as leading to fundamental discoveries about the mechanisms that underlie OS biogenesis. Here we discuss PRPH2/RDS-associated research and how experimental results have driven the understanding of the PRPH2/RDS protein and its role in human disease.
Farmers and Frontiers. Exploiting and Defending the Countryside of Roman Tripolitania

The past two decades have seen dramatic changes of perspective and an explosion of new information in the broad fields covered by this overview. Within the constraints of space allowed it is not possible to cover all aspects or to mention all relevant publications. References to pre-1969 work have been kept to a minimum, except where dramatic revision of older views is now necessary.The traditional picture of the Roman frontier in Tripolitania owes an incalculable debt to the pioneering work of Richard Goodchild. Much of his observation remains of the highest value (accessible particularly through the volume of collected articles (edited by Joyce Reynolds), Goodchild 1976), but in the 40 years since his initial work on the limes Tripolitanus (1949a/b; 1950a/b; Ward-Perkins and Goodchild 1949) the available body of data has increased greatly and the conceptual framework for interpreting it has changed considerably (the scale of the reappraisal may be judged by comparing Brogan and Smith 1957 and 1985). The most controversial aspects of Goodchild's work concern the date of the development of a frontier in Tripolitania and the interpretation of the fortified farms which are so characteristic of the zone: ‘…no traces of a pre-Severan limes have yet been found. In this respect it may be significant that the linear fossata which Baradez has proved to constitute the central feature of the Numidian limes, and which he tentatively dated to the Hadrianic period, have not yet been found in the area of modern Tripolitania … Apart from … the outer fortresses of Gheriat el-Garbia and Bu Ngem … the military works of the limes Tripolitanus seem to have consisted almost exclusively of fortified farmhouses occupied by Libyan limitanei.’ (Goodchild 1950 = 1976, 44).
Intravenous Triglycerides Fail to Elicit Satiety in Sham-Feeding Rats

The satiating effect of intravenous fat infusions was investigated in sham-feeding rats. Intralipid infusions at loads of 2.5-10.0 kcal were administered into either the inferior vena cava or the hepatic-portal vein during sham feeding. Intravenous infusions of Intralipid by either route had no effect on sham feeding during 60-min tests. In earlier work we found that duodenal infusions of Intralipid rapidly inhibited sham feeding and elicited behaviours typical of satiety under test conditions identical to those of the present study. The lack of effect of intravenous infusions of Intralipid on sham feeding is further evidence for a preabsorptive site of action for the satiety effect of Intralipid.
Does Being Angry Lead to Good Research

Where do good research projects come from? And does being angry about something lead to good legal research? This helpful flow chart walks you through a number of steps to be sure that your anger, frustration, or concern is channeled into successful projects. Is your anger enough to sustain you, can it be researched, does it fit with what you are doing, and what will be your product? Use this flow chart to keep you on track!
Optical investigation of defects in semi-insulating Tl 6 I 4 S single crystals

Native defect levels in ternary compound ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{6}$${\mathrm{I}}_{4}\text{S}$ single crystals were studied by low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and photoconductivity (PC) measurements. From the PL measurements, a broad emission band centered at 1.64 eV was observed at low temperatures. The peak can be decomposed using two standard Gaussian functions to reveal two emission bands at 1.55 and 1.66 eV. The PL peak at 1.55 eV is attributed to donor-acceptor pair recombination between a sulphur vacancy $({\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{S}})$ deep donor $({E}_{d}=0.57\text{eV})$ and an antisite defect $({\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{I}})$ shallow acceptor $({E}_{a}=20\text{meV})$. The 1.66-eV emission band is attributed to self-activated luminescence involving a defect complex and is described using a configuration coordinate model. Within this framework, the 1.66-eV emission band is associated with a S vacancy donor bound to a Tl vacancy acceptor that forms a ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{Tl}}$ Schottky pair. The photoconductivity spectra show the presence of a deep donor level located at 0.46 eV below the conduction-band edge, in good agreement with that measured by PL spectroscopy.
Induction of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase during erythroid differentiation of cultured leukemia cells.

SummaryA cloned line of Friend erythroleukemia cells (T-3-Cl-2) can be induced to produce hemoglobin when grown in the presence of 1%-2% DMSO. Such DMSO-treated cells become 30%-60% benzidine-positive in 5-7 days. The control enzyme for hemoglobin synthesis, Δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase becomes elevated after 28 hr in DMSO-treated cells. Furthermore, this synthetase activity increased 2-6 times the level of control cells during the following 3 days. Maximal ALA synthetase activity was found when the culture media contained 2% DMSO. Allylisopropylacetamide alone was found to be as effective an inducer of ALA synthetase as 1% DMSO, and could augment enzyme activity when present with DMSO.
Infection of female and male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) with the filarial parasite Waltonella flexicauda.

Males and females of 4 strains of Aedes aegypti were inoculated with microfilariae of Waltonella flexicauda , a filarial parasite of the bullfrog. Development of this worm in Ae. aegypti females had previously been shown to be under the control of a single gene, fm2. Both sexes of a genetically selected, highly susceptible strain, FOLEY-S, were susceptible to infection. However, the males permitted 3 times as many worms to develop. Increasing age was shown to reduce the proportion of developing W. flexicauda in male FOLEY-S, but this could not be demonstrated conclusively in the females. Females of 3 strains, FOLEY-R, BAHAMA, and GANDA, had similar low susceptibilities when infected either by inoculation or by blood-feeding on an infected frog. The males of these strains were 65% 100%, and 14%, susceptible, respectively, and differed significantly from their female counterparts. The 2 strains demonstrating the extremes in male susceptibility were crossed and the F1 male progeny infected. Susceptibilities of 67% and 47% intermediate to those of the parental males, were obtained. No correlation between male and female Ae. aegypti susceptibility to W. flexicauda was evident. Knowledge of male susceptibility in no way aids in selection of genes for female susceptibility.
Investigation and Analysis on the status of Immunization program in Nanning City

Objective To analysis on development situation of Immunization program,discussion on the influence factors of immunity planning quality,to provide scientific basic for the measures to immunity planning work. Methods To examine the staffs,the expenditure guarantee,and immunity planning execution,immunity planning management and the rate of vaccination etc index for 12 County,Nanning City. Results The immunity planning work of nanning city was implemented well,but short of funds,low rate of strengthen immunization vaccines,non-standard on vaccine administration,are the main factors that influence the quality of EPI Nanning city. Conclusion Increase immune planning efforts and funds,strengthen technical guidance and training of personnel,standardize vaccine management,to ensure the sustainability of EPI of Nanning City development.
Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin: two new fluoroquinolone antimicrobials.

The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of lomefloxacin and temafloxacin, two new antimicrobials, are presented. Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin exhibit activity comparable to that of ciprofloxacin against the Enterobacteriaceae. Lomefloxacin has only modest activity against common gram-positive organisms. Temafloxacin exhibits increased activity against the streptococci and moderate activity against many anaerobes, as compared with ciprofloxacin. Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin have only moderate antipseudomonal activity. Their elimination half-lives are 6-10 hours and they have good oral absorption, excellent penetration into many tissues and fluids, and a better drug-interaction profile than other similar agents. Lomefloxacin has demonstrated comparable efficacy to other therapies in the treatment of lower respiratory-tract infections and urinary-tract infections (UTIs) and for prophylaxis before surgical procedures in the urinary tract. Temafloxacin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of lower respiratory-tract infections, infections of the skin and associated structures, uncomplicated and complicated UTIs, bacterial prostatitis, and gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. The most frequent adverse effects with lomefloxacin are gastrointestinal upset and headache; with temafloxacin, gastrointestinal complaints. Lomefloxacin's dosage is 400 mg p.o. daily for 10 days for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations in chronic bronchitis or simple cystitis and for 14 days for treatment of complicated UTIs. Lomefloxacin is a new oral fluoroquinolone that is indicated for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Temafloxacin, another new fluoroquinolone, appeared to have some favourable characteristics but was withdrawn from the market.