cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence tasks of the set-size effect in memory-search in the absence of a preprobe delay

In the traditional Sternberg (1966) paradigm, response latency increases linearly with increases in the size of the positive set (the set-size effect). The results of four experiments converge on the conclusion that this set-size effect depends on a delay before the presentation of the memory probe. In Experiment 1, subjects were required to respond as soon as a repetition occurred in a series of digits. Despite the similarity of this task to memory-search tasks that invariably show set-size effects, there was no increase in response latency with increasing series length. Neither the inclusion of negative trials (Experiment 2) nor the explicit designation of the test digit (Experiment 3) resulted in the typical set-size effect. However, the introduction of a 1-sec preprobe delay (Experiment 4) resulted in a set-size effect of 31 msec/item.
Transmural left ventricular shear strain alterations adjacent to and remote from infarcted myocardium.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY In some patients, dysfunction in a localized infarct region spreads throughout the left ventricle to aggravate mitral regurgitation and produce deleterious global left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Alterations in transmural strains could be a trigger for this process, as these changes can produce apoptosis and extracellular matrix disruption. The hypothesis was tested that localized infarction perturbs transmural strain patterns not only in adjacent regions but also at remote sites. METHODS Transmural radiopaque beadsets were inserted surgically into the anterior basal and lateral equatorial LV walls of 25 sheep; additional markers were used to silhouette the left ventricle. One week thereafter, 10 sheep had posterior wall infarction from (obtuse marginal occlusion, INFARCT) and 15 had no infarction (SHAM). Four-dimensional marker dynamics were studied with biplane videofluoroscopy eight weeks later. Fractional area shrinkage, LV volumes and transmural circumferential, longitudinal and radial systolic strains were analyzed. RESULTS Compared to SHAM, INFARCT greatly increased longitudinal-radial shear (mid-wall: 0.07 +/- 0.07 versus 0.14 +/- 0.06; subendocardium: 0.03 +/- 0.07 versus 0.20 +/- 0.08) in the inner half of the lateral LV wall and increased circumferential-radial shear (mid-wall: 0.03 +/- 0.05 versus 0.10 +/- 0.04; subepicardium: 0.02 +/- 0.05 versus 0.12 +/- 0.10) increased in the outer half of the LATERAL wall. In the ANTERIOR wall, INFARCT also increased longitudinal-radial shear (midwall: 0.01 +/- 0.05 versus 0.12 +/- 0.04; subendocardium: 0.04 +/- 0.09 versus 0.25 +/- 0.20) in the inner layers. CONCLUSION Increased transmural shear strains were found not only in an adjacent region, but also at a site remote from a localized infarction. This perturbation could trigger remodeling processes that promote the progression of ischemic cardiomyopathy. A better understanding of this process is important for the future development of surgical therapies to reverse destructive LV remodeling.
Lung cancer: new developments point the way to reduced mortality.

Ganti et al have described the most recent negative lung cancer chemoprevention trial, which compared selenium to placebo.
Chemical abrasion-SIMS (CA-SIMS) U-Pb dating of zircon from the late Eocene Caetano caldera, Nevada

Abstract Zircon geochronology is a critical tool for establishing geologic ages and time scales of processes in the Earth's crust. However, for zircons compromised by open system behavior, achieving robust dates can be difficult. Chemical abrasion (CA) is a routine step prior to thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) dating of zircon to remove radiation-damaged parts of grains that may have experienced open system behavior and loss of radiogenic Pb. While this technique has been shown to improve the accuracy and precision of TIMS dating, its application to high-spatial resolution dating methods, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is relatively uncommon. In our efforts to U-Pb date zircons from the late Eocene Caetano caldera by SIMS (SHRIMP-RG: sensitive high resolution ion microprobe, reverse geometry), some grains yielded anomalously young U-Pb ages that implicated Pb-loss and motivated us to investigate with a comparative CA and non-CA dating study. We present CA and non-CA 206 Pb/ 238 U ages and trace elements determined by SHRIMP-RG for zircons from three Caetano samples (Caetano Tuff, Redrock Canyon porphyry, and a silicic ring-fracture intrusion) and for R33 and TEMORA-2 reference zircons. We find that non-CA Caetano zircons have weighted mean or bimodal U-Pb ages that are 2–4% younger than CA zircons for the same samples. CA Caetano zircons have mean U-Pb ages that are 0.4–0.6 Myr older than the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar sanidine eruption age (34.00 ± 0.03 Ma; error-weighted mean, 2σ), whereas non-CA zircons have ages that are 0.7–1.3 Myr younger. U-Pb ages do not correlate with U (~ 100–800 ppm), Th (~ 50–300 ppm) or any other measured zircon trace elements (Y, Hf, REE), and CA and non-CA Caetano zircons define identical trace element ranges. No statistically significant difference in U-Pb age is observed for CA versus non-CA R33 or TEMORA-2 zircons. Optical profiler measurements of ion microprobe pits demonstrate consistent depths of ~ 1.6 μm for CA and non-CA Caetano, R33 and TEMORA-2 zircons, and do not indicate variations in secondary ion sputtering rates due to chemical or structural changes from the CA treatment. Our new data underscore the potential for cryptic Pb-loss to go unrecognized in other geologically young magmatic centers that do not have zircons with high U, statistically discordant isotope ratios, high common Pb, or metamict textures.
TH-E-202-02: The Use of Hypoxia PET Imaging for Radiotherapy

PET/CT is a very important imaging tool in the management of oncology patients. PET/CT has been applied for treatment planning and response evaluation in radiation therapy. This educational session will discuss: 1.Pitfalls and remedies in PET/CT imaging for RT planning 2.The use of hypoxia PET imaging for radiotherapy 3.PET for tumor response evaluation The first presentation will address the issue of mis-registration between the CT and PET images in the thorax and the abdomen. We will discuss the challenges of respiratory gating and introduce an average CT technique to improve the registration for dose calculation and image-guidance in radiation therapy. The second presentation will discuss the use of hypoxia PET Imaging for radiation therapy. We will discuss various hypoxia radiotracers, the choice of clinical acquisition protocol (in particular a single late static acquisition versus a dynamic acquisition), and the compartmental modeling with different transfer rate constants explained. We will demonstrate applications of hypoxia imaging for dose escalation/de-escalation in clinical trials. The last presentation will discuss the use of PET/CT for tumor response evaluation. We will discuss anatomic response assessment vs. metabolic response assessment, visual evaluation and semi-quantitative evaluation, and limitations of current PET/CT assessment. We will summarize clinical trials using PET response in guiding adaptive radiotherapy. Finally, we will summarize recent advancements in PET/CT radiomics and non-FDG PET tracers for response assessment. Learning Objectives: 1.Identify the causes of mis-registration of CT and PET images in PET/CT, and review the strategies to remedy the issue. 2.Understand the basics of PET imaging of tumor hypoxia (radiotracers, how PET measures the hypoxia selective uptake, imaging protocols, applications in chemo-radiation therapy). 3.Understand the basics of dynamic PET imaging, compartmental modeling and parametric images. 4.Understand the basics of using FDG PET/CT for tumor response evaluation. 5.Learn about recent advancement in PET/CT radiomics and non-FDG PET tracers for response assessment. This work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute Grants R01CA172638.; W. Lu, This work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute Grants R01CA172638.
The Rotten Wilderness: The Sinai

On a blazing summer day in 1916, a little party of 15 English soldiers, including a chaplain and medical officer Major O. Teichman, labored their way across the high sand hills of the northern Sinai Desert, their horses plodding slowly through the deep sand. In the depressions between the high dunes all around them were small hods, tiny oases of brackish water, common in the area around the Katia Oasis. Finding the water in the hods too salty, they stopped in an Australian camp to fill their bottles with the water that camels had hauled from miles away and to ask for a guide to lead them deeper into the desert. They “tried to get some sleep,” Teichman remembered, “but the extreme heat down in the hollow and the enormous number of flies made this difficult.”2 As they journeyed onward, they hid behind a sand ridge as a Turkish patrol crossed the dunes far in the distance. Then they finally reached their destination, the large sand hill and oasis of Oghratina, one third of the way across the Sinai Desert and near the very outer outposts of the British army.
Probing Nanoscale Ion Dynamics in Ultrathin Films of Polymerized Ionic Liquids by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy

Continuous progress in energy storage and conversion technologies necessitates novel experimental approaches that can provide fundamental insights regarding the impact of reduced dimensions on the functional properties of materials. Here, we demonstrate a nondestructive experimental approach to probe nanoscale ion dynamics in ultrathin films of polymerized 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide over a broad frequency range spanning over 6 orders of magnitude by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The approach involves using an electrode configuration with lithographically patterned silica nanostructures, which allow for an air gap between the confined ion conductor and one of the electrodes. We observe that the characteristic rate of ion dynamics significantly slows down with decreasing film thicknesses above the calorimetric glass transition of the bulk polymer. However, the mean rates remain bulk-like at lower temperatures. These results highlight the increasing influence of the pol...
Leading the Way on Diversity: Community Psychology's Evolution from Invisible to Individual to Contextual.

To take up the AJCP editor's call to think forward in this article, I offer up three challenges that revolve around further contextualizing our understandings of diversity, i.e., reconsidering the notion of “difference” between discrete categories; more fully emphasizing diversity as socially situated; and further delving into local, setting-specific practices that shape the meanings of diversity. Enhanced attention to these three challenges can transform theory, research, and action about diversity as we move into community psychology's next 50 years.
Application of the amplification matrix latency insertion method to circuits with dependent sources

This paper applies the amplification matrix latency insertion method (LIM) to the circuits including dependent sources. The formulation derivation for the general circuits and the stability conditions of the amplification matrix LIM are presented in detail. Compared with the conventional scalar LIM, the amplification matrix LIM need much larger time step, so it can dramatically improve the performance. The simulation results validate the conclusion.
The detection of DNA using a silicon nanopore

We have developed a novel strategy for producing nanopores in inorganic, CMOS-compatible membranes using a tightly focused, high energy electron beam. We are able to characterize the nanopores physically (TEM, AFM) as well as electrically (ionic conductivity and "wetting" curves). Subsequently, we used the nanopore as a molecular Coulter counter to detect the size of a DNA molecule. This is the first report of the use of an inorganic nanopore for discriminating DNA molecules.
Feeling the pressure: Attitudes about volunteering and their effect on civic and political behaviors.

This article examines the evolving nature of volunteering among American youth, ages 12 to 17, focusing on emergent pressures to volunteer, as required by high schools or to improve one's employment or education prospects after graduation. Using survey data (N = 736, mean age = 14.78, 75.1% white, 49.1% female), it finds these pressures are prevalent, related to a desire to volunteer, and both of these motivations are positively associated with volunteering. It further concludes that volunteering supplements, rather than replaces or subsumes both online and offline political behaviors among youth. This has important implications for how we understand the role of volunteering in the youngest American age cohorts, and practical implications for educators and civic proponents in terms of determining what actually increases volunteering activity.
Longitudinal associations between body mass index, physical activity, and healthy dietary behaviors in adults: A parallel latent growth curve modeling approach.

Background Physical activity (PA) and healthy dietary behaviors (HDB) are two well-documented lifestyle factors influencing body mass index (BMI). This study examined 7-year longitudinal associations between changes in PA, HDB, and BMI among adults using a parallel latent growth curve modeling (LGCM). Methods We used prospective cohort data collected by a private company (SimplyWell LLC, Omaha, NE, USA) implementing a workplace health screening program. Data from a total of 2,579 adults who provided valid BMI, PA, and HDB information for at least 5 out of 7 follow-up years from the time they entered the program were analyzed. PA and HDB were subjectively measured during an annual online health survey. Height and weight measured during an annual onsite health screening were used to calculate BMI (kg·m2). The parallel LGCMs stratified by gender and baseline weight status (normal: BMI 30) were fitted to examine the longitudinal associations of changes in PA and HDB with change in BMI over years. Results On average, BMI gradually increased over years, at rates ranging from 0.06 to 0.20 kg·m2·year, with larger increases observed among those of normal baseline weight status across genders. The increases in PA and HDB were independently associated with a smaller increase in BMI for obese males (b = -1.70 and -1.98, respectively), and overweight females (b = -1.85 and -2.46, respectively) and obese females (b = -2.78 and -3.08, respectively). However, no significant associations of baseline PA and HDB with changes in BMI were observed. Conclusions Our study suggests that gradual increases in PA and HDB are independently associated with smaller increases in BMI in overweight and obese adults, but not in normal weight individuals. Further study is warranted to address factors that check increases in BMI in normal weight adults.
Perverse International: Modern War and World Imaginings in Pablo de la Torriente Brau's Aventuras del soldado desconocido cubano

ABSTRACTThis article examines Pablo de la Torriente Brau's 1936 novel, Aventuras del soldado desconocido cubano, which was unfinished at the time of Brau's death and remains little known to this day. The novel's use of magical realism, proletarian narrative, and satire make it an important work for consideration in contemporary discussions of cosmopolitanism and world literature. I will show how the novel exposes the limits and epistemological implications of nationalist and internationalist models of community during the period between the First and Second World Wars, a crucial juncture both in world history and in the history of the concept of “world.” I argue that the novel's brand of magical realism allows it to represent its particular form of cosmopolitan critique, a cosmopolitanism of the undocumented.
A Study of Performance Appraisal at IBM, Bangalore

In this study the operative function in the human resource department are analyzed with respect to performance evaluation system of the company. Performance appraisal system is considered as a significant tool in all organizations for achieving goals effectively and efficiently. The study recommends the need to ensure fairness so that it does not demotivate an employee or have a negative impact on goal accomplishment. The findings revealed that the company has a very well designed Performance appraisal system, which involves feedback as well as reward system and the employees, are satisfied with the existing Performance appraisal system. But, more efforts are to be made to make the approach more effective to ensure increased productivity and high morale among the employees, which would lead to further growth of the company in all respects.
Elastography techniques in the evaluation of deep vein thrombosis

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a significant medical problem with an incidence of 1 in 1,000 adults and greatly reduces quality of life through post-thrombotic syndrome. Treatment choice for DVT can be influenced by the age of the clot. While new endovascular catheter techniques treat venous clots to potentially prevent post-thrombotic syndrome, they require improved imaging techniques to accurately determine clot age. This review investigates experimental and clinical evidence of elastography techniques for aging DVT. Strain elastography and shear wave elastography are the most common techniques to age thrombus. These elastography techniques can distinguish between acute and chronic clots by characterizing tissue stiffness. When clot age cannot be determined with ultrasound duplex analysis, elastography may offer a helpful adjunct. However, further investigation is required to validate accuracy and reproducibility for clinical implementation of this novel technique.
The Good Life versus Consumerism and Greed: Reaching a Better Understanding of Barriers and Motivators for Sustainability

Abstract A wide range of global problems are connected to the need for more sustainable thinking and actions. For example, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals provide templates for cha...
Africa, International Courts/Tribunals and Dispute Settlement: Year in Review 2015

This article reviews recent decisions and opinions of international and regional courts and tribunals that are pertinent to countries in Africa. The decisions and opinions analyzed arise out of cases brought by or against African States and governments, as well as cases that, although not brought by or against African States and governments, are nonetheless relevant to these countries. Altogether, the decisions and opinions of six international and regional courts are reviewed: the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Criminal Court, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the General Court of the European Union, which is a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Improvement of blast resistance of the popular high-yielding, medium slender-grain type, bacterial blight resistant rice variety, Improved Samba Mahsuri by marker-assisted breeding

Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) is a popular, high-yielding, bacterial blight resistant rice variety possessing medium-slender grain type. As ISM is highly susceptible to blast disease of rice, through the present study we have transferred two major blast resistance genes, Pi2 and Pi54 into the elite variety by marker-assisted backcross breeding. The two blast resistance genes were transferred to ISM through sets of backcrosses. In every backcross generation, PCR-based markers, specific for the blast resistance genes (Pi2 and Pi54) and bacterial blight resistance genes (Xa21, xa13 and xa5) were utilized for foreground selection, while a set of 144 parental polymorphic SSR markers were used for background selection and backcrossing was carried out until BC2 generation. A solitary BC2F1 plant possessing Pi2 or Pi54 along with Xa21, xa13 and xa5 and > 90% recovery of ISM genome was selected from the two sets of backcrosses were crossed and the intercross F1s (ICF1s) thus obtained were selfed to generate ICF2s. Homozygous ICF2 plants carrying all the five resistance genes were identified through markers and advanced through selfing till ICF5 generation by adopting pedigree method of selection. Three best lines at ICF5, possessing excellent resistance against bacterial blight and blast and closely resembling or superior to ISM in terms of grain quality: yield and agro-morphological traits have been identified and advanced for multi-location trials.
Four-Wave Mixing in a Multi-Layer SiN x /a-Si:H Photonic Chip

We demonstrate four-wave mixing (FWM) in a-Si:H waveguides in a multi-layer integrated photonic chip. The a-Si:H waveguides are accessed through interlayer couplers from waveguides composed of SiN x and exhibit 0.45±0.05 dB loss per transition.
Race and Ethnicity in the Field of Adult Education

The article examines race and ethnicity in adult education by providing general definitions of race and ethnicity and by presenting historical and contemporary discussions and comparisons of race and ethnicity in the North and the South. Further, it compares and contrasts the North's intransient focus on race to the South's emphasis on nationality, culture, and more class-based parameters regarding the learner's position to adult education. A critique of how globalization drives the adult education market is also included.
Continuous exponents of spin correlation functions of inhomogeneous layered ising models

In this note we consider the inhomogeneous layered Ising model and we present a general formalism for expressing as a Toeplitz determinant the correlation of two spins in a row possessing reflection symmetry. For the special case where there is one altered row of horizontal bonds E1′ in an otherwise homogeneous lattice we discuss the correlations in detail and show that the critical exponents β and ν depend on E1′.
Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism Reduces the Probability of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Abstract Background Aldosterone excess is hypothesized to worsen obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) symptoms by promoting peripharyngeal edema. However, the extent to which primary aldosteronism (PA), hypertension, and body mass index (BMI) influence OSA pathogenesis remains unclear. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of PA patients from our endocrine database to retrospectively evaluate OSA probability before and after adrenalectomy or medical management of PA. A control group of patients undergoing adrenalectomy for nonfunctioning benign adrenal masses was also evaluated. We categorized patients as high or low OSA probability after evaluation with the Berlin Questionnaire, a validated 10-question survey that explores sleep, fatigue, hypertension, and BMI. Results We interviewed 91 patients (83 PA patients and eight control patients). Median follow-up time was 2.6 y. The proportion of high OSA probability in all PA patients decreased from 64% to 35% after treatment for PA (mean Berlin score 1.64 versus 1.35, P Conclusions Both surgical and medical treatments of PA reduce sleep apnea probability independent of BMI and are associated with improvements in hypertension and fatigue. Improved screening for PA could reduce OSA burden.
Chemistry of the consumption and excretion of the bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a coral reef mega-consumer

Bolbometopon muricatum are ecologically unique mega-consumers in coral reef ecosystems. They primarily divide their dietary intake between living scleractinian corals and coral rock, a substrate richly colonized by non-coral biota. Here we examine how the chemical, structural, and energetic content of these two main classes of forage material may influence B. muricatum feeding behavior and selectivity. We then also examine nutrient content, pH, and alkalinity of the carbonate-rich feces of B. muricatum as a step toward understanding how B. muricatum defecation could affect reef nutrient dynamics and localized seawater chemistry. Our results suggest that by most measures, coral rock constitutes a richer food source than living corals, exhibiting higher levels of eight biologically relevant elements, and containing approximately three times greater caloric value than living corals. Additionally, the two forage types also presented distinct mineralogy, with the coral rock resembling a Mg-enriched carbonate phase in contrast to the primarily aragonitic live corals. Despite the fact that individual B. muricatum excrete tons of macerated coral annually, the low measured concentrations of N and P in feces suggest that this excretion may have relatively minor effects of reef macronutrient budgets. We also observed negligible local-scale impacts of B. muricatum feces on seawater pH and alkalinity. The approaches applied here integrate perspectives from marine biogeochemistry, materials science, and ecology. Collectively, these results provide preliminary insight into how reef chemistry could shape foraging of this dominant and vulnerable coral reef consumer and how it, in turn, might affect the chemistry of these reefs.
The Effect of Product Failure on Corporate Innovation and Ownership: The Case of Automotive Recalls

Product recalls represent a critical issue for firms as they reflect product market failures. While existing research has documented the adverse effects of product recalls on firm value and performance, understanding the broader corporate implications of recalls is limited. Using a sample of more than 3,500 recalls announced by automotive manufacturers during 1980-2016, we show that product recalls are associated with a subsequent increase in corporate innovation. We also observe significant changes in the investor mix of the firms following product recalls, with firms experiencing an increase in institutional ownership, especially by dedicated investors. Overall, our analysis suggests that despite the dark side of product recalls, there could also be a silver lining.
Understanding Harm and its Moral Significance

The paper explores how harm must be understood if intuitively attractive deontological principles concerning the infliction and prevention of harm are to be vindicated. It focuses especially upon how harm must be understood if it is to be plausible that preventing people from undergoing harm takes priority over improving the conditions of badly-off people who have not suffered harm.
Studies Targeting Ryanodol Result in an Annulation Reaction for the Synthesis of a Variety of Fused Carbocycles

An annulation reaction is described to access a range of polycyclic and highly oxygenated carbocycles. First developed in an approach to the synthesis of ryanodol, metallacycle-mediated annulative diketone-alkyne coupling defines a framework for realization of new retrosynthetic relationships for complex molecule synthesis. In addition to demonstrating this reaction in the context of forging distinct carbocyclic systems, including those featuring a seven-membered ring, the choice of quenching reagent leads to unique reaction outcomes.
Does Gender Affect Work? Evidence from U.S. Patent Examination

Does gender affect work quality and quantity? We study this question by leveraging the quasirandom assignment of patent applications to examiners, and micro-data on examiners’ work characteristics at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Under the USPTO’s incentive scheme that primarily rewards examination quantity, we document that female examiners exert more diligence in examining applications, and their average work quality is higher than that of male examiners. Women scrutinize each application more, but examine six percent fewer applications per quarter, and are four percent less likely to be promoted than men. These gender differences grow stronger as examiners become more senior and incentives increasingly reward examination quantity over quality. Additional tests suggest gender-based differences in work preferences, rather than differences in innate ability or discrimination, explain our findings.
Differences in gene-expression profiles in breast cancer between African and European-ancestry women

African American (AA) women have an excess breast cancer mortality than European American (EA) women. To investigate the contribution of tumor biology to this survival health disparity, we compared gene expression profiles in breast tumors using RNA sequencing data derived from 260 AA and 155 EA women who were prospectively enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS) and developed breast cancer during follow-up. We identified 59 genes (54 protein-coding genes and 5 long intergenic non-coding RNAs) that were expressed differently between EA and AA at a stringent false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01. A gene signature was derived with these 59 genes and externally validated using the publicly available Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data from180 AA and 838 EA breast cancer patients. Applying C-statistics, we found that this 59-gene signature has a high discriminative ability in distinguishing AA and EA breast cancer patients in the TCGA dataset (C-index = 0.81). These findings may provide new insight into tumor biological differences and the causes of the survival disparity between AA and EA breast cancer patients.
Children avoid inefficient but fair partners in a cooperative game

Human adults use a range of social cues to obtain information about potential partners in cooperative contexts: we prefer partners who are competent, wealthy and generous, and those who abide by moral and social rules. One factor that carries particular weight is whether a prospective partner is fair. Here we ask whether children share this preference for fair partners and, if so, whether a prospective partner's past fair behaviour influences children's behaviour in a cooperative dilemma. Six- to nine-year-olds chose between partners who accepted or rejected resource allocations that were either strongly advantageously unequal, strongly disadvantageously unequal, or equal. They then played a one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma Game with their chosen partner. Children overwhelmingly preferred to play with the partner who accepted rather than rejected allocations. Regardless of their partner choice decisions, children tended to defect in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game, yet expected that their partners would be relatively more cooperative. Finally, children were more likely to cooperate with those they believed would cooperate. Together, these findings shed new light on the links between partner choice, fairness and cooperation in child development.
MAMBA: A Multi-armed Bandit Framework for Beam Tracking in Millimeter-wave Systems

Millimeter-wave (mmW) spectrum is a major candidate to support the high data rates of 5G systems. However, due to directionality of mmW communication systems, misalignments between the transmit and receive beams occur frequently, making link maintenance particularly challenging and motivating the need for fast and efficient beam tracking. In this paper, we propose a multi-armed bandit framework, called MAMBA, for beam tracking in mmW systems. We develop a reinforcement learning algorithm, called adaptive Thompson sampling (ATS), that MAMBA embodies for the selection of appropriate beams and transmission rates along these beams. ATS uses prior beam-quality information collected through the initial access and updates it whenever an ACK/NACK feedback is obtained from the user. The beam and the rate to be used during next downlink transmission are then selected based on the updated posterior distributions. Due to its model-free nature, ATS can accurately estimate the best beam/rate pair, without making assumptions regarding the temporal channel and/or user mobility. We conduct extensive experiments over the 28 GHz band using a 4x8 phased- array antenna to validate the efficiency of ATS, and show that it improves the link throughput by up to 182%, compared to the beam management scheme proposed for 5G.
Substituent effects in 13C NMR spectroscopy

Abstract The 13 C chemical shifts of the 28 carboxylic esters have been determined by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy with the aid of proton decoupling. A linear relationship is shown to exist between the 13 C chemical shifts of the carbinyl carbon (C-1) of the esters and the p K a values of the acids from which they are derived. This is a consequent of the polar character of the bond. Similarly, if the carboxyl group is kept constant, but the alcoholic part of the ester is varied from primary to secondary and tertiary alcohols, the esterification effect on C-1 can be correlated with the increasing stability of the +δ charge on the carbinyl carbon. The smallest esterification effect at C-1 (1.3 ppm, relative to the parent alcohol) is observed for methyl pivalate (p K a 5.03 for the parent acid), and the highest effect (17.7 ppm) for 2-methyl-2-propyl trichloroacetate (p K a 0.70). In contrast, the C-2 esterification effect has been found to be essentially constant (−3.8±0.7 ppm), which is in agreement only with a conformation of the ester group in which the carbinyl carbon is cis with respect to the CO group.
Variational Auto-Decoder: A Method for Neural Generative Modeling from Incomplete Data

Learning a generative model from partial data (data with missingness) is a challenging area of machine learning research. We study a specific implementation of the Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes (AEVB) algorithm, named in this paper as a Variational Auto-Decoder (VAD). VAD is a generic framework which uses Variational Bayes and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to learn a generative model from partial data. The main distinction between VAD and Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) is the encoder component, as VAD does not have one. Using a proposed efficient inference method from a multivariate Gaussian approximate posterior, VAD models allow inference to be performed via simple gradient ascent rather than MCMC sampling from a probabilistic decoder. This technique reduces the inference computational cost, allows for using more complex optimization techniques during latent space inference (which are shown to be crucial due to a high degree of freedom in the VAD latent space), and keeps the framework simple to implement. Through extensive experiments over several datasets and different missing ratios, we show that encoders cannot efficiently marginalize the input volatility caused by imputed missing values. We study multimodal datasets in this paper, which is a particular area of impact for VAD models.
What maximizes productivity and impact in political science research

What contributes toward academic productivity and impact in political science research publications? To consider this issue, Part I of this article describes the core concepts and their operationalization, using the h-index. The study theorizes that variations in this measure may plausibly be influenced by personal characteristics (like gender, career longevity, and formal qualifications), working conditions (academic rank, type of department, and job security), as well as subjective role perceptions (exemplified by the perceived importance of scholarly research or teaching). Part II sets out new evidence used for exploring these issues, drawing upon the ECPR-IPSA World of Political Science survey. This study gathered information from 2446 political scientists in 102 countries around the globe. Part III presents the distribution and analysis of the results, as well as several robustness tests. Part IV summarizes the key findings and considers their broader implications. In general, several personal characteristics and structural working conditions prove significant predictors of h-index scores, whereas motivational goals and role perceptions add little, if anything, to the models. Thus, who you are and where you work seems to predict productivity and impact more than career ambitions and social psychological orientations toward academic work.
Early‐life environmental exposures associate with individual and cumulative allergic morbidity

Several early-life environmental factors have been associated with altered risk for the development and/or severity of individual allergic conditions. These include exposures implicated in the modulation of the microbiome, such as infant delivery mode, diet, and exposure to antibiotics and antacids. The impact of these early-life factors on allergic multimorbidity remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we used electronic medical records for a birth cohort of 158,510 children to track development of atopic dermatitis (AD), IgE-mediated food allergy (IgE-FA), asthma, and allergic rhinitis (AR) in individual children over time. We measured hazard ratios (HRs), adjusted for birth year, race, ethnicity, sex, and insurance payer type, to assess how development of both individual and multiple allergic conditions is influenced by birth mode, feeding practice during the first year of life, or exposure to antibiotics and/or antacids during the first six months of life. We found that vaginal delivery (VD; HR 0.89, 0.83, 0.84, 0.79 for at least 1, 2, 3, 4 conditions, respectively; p≤0.001) and exclusive breastmilk (BM) feeding (HR 0.74, 0.75, 0.89, for at least 1, 2, 3 conditions, respectively; p≤0.001) are associated with reduced cumulative allergic burden, while antibiotic exposure (HR 1.40, 1.44, 1.48, 1.63 for at least 1, 2, 3, 4 conditions, respectively; p≤0.001) and antacid exposure (HR 1.26, 1.35, 1.32 for at least 1, 2, 3 conditions, respectively; p≤0.001) are associated with increased cumulative allergic burden during childhood. This work expands our understanding of how a child’s early-life environment may influence their risk of allergy development and progression.
Method for Syetem Risk Prediction with Load Dependency Based on Nataf Transformation

An un-empirical model for probability quantitative analysis of common cause failures is demonstrated that utilizes Nataf transformation approach based on safety margin variables of components in a common cause group.The joint failure probability is figured out by multiplying the products of the individual integration in an independent, normal space.In view of the fact that the data of system low-order common cause failure are known while the system load distribution and components strength distribution are unknown, a practical method for risk prediction of load-dependency systems is put forward.The proposed model and method embody the inherent mechanism of common cause failures and overcome the limitation of traditional model which excessively relies on historical data or subjective experience while neglects the occurrence and action rule of common cause failures.The proposed method provides complicated systems with a new way to risk data analysis and failure probability prediction.
The Hysteresis Thesis: An Empirical Study of Copyright Injunctions After eBay

The Supreme Court’s 2006 decision in eBay v. MercExchange seemingly heralded a major change in not only patent law but also copyright law. The Court ruled that injunctions for patent infringement should no longer be granted automatically; instead, plaintiffs must establish the need for injunctive relief in particular and that such relief would be in the public interest. Although eBay concerned a patent claim, its reasoning relied on three copyright decisions, making its application to copyright cases compelling. Nevertheless, lower courts in some early post-eBay copyright cases rebuffed arguments that the Court’s ruling affected grants of injunctive relief. A 2012 empirical study of the first four years of post-eBay copyright cases seemed to show that those early cases were not aberrations, reporting that courts rarely cited eBay and continued to grant injunctions in a high percentage of copyright cases. Those conclusions were broadly accepted by the field. This Article tests these claims and finds statistically significant differences in the grant rate for both preliminary and permanent injunctions in copyright cases after the eBay decision. The impression of eBay lacking effect appears to be a product of hysteresis—a time lag between cause and effect, as lower courts initially delayed but eventually embraced eBay. This study reveals, moreover, that the earlier empirical study was flawed by biased sampling, most notably by including a large number of unreported cases and default judgments. This Article offers a corrective analysis and provides a more accurate understanding of the copyright injunction landscape, both pre- and post-eBay. It shows that eBay was in fact a landmark case for copyright law, both in terms of jurisprudence—it is highly cited—and real-world effect— it has a dramatic impact on case outcomes.
The accurate judgment of social network characteristics in the lab and field using thin slices of the behavioral stream

Abstract When deciding whom to ally with or avoid, people benefit from assessing the quantity and quality of strangers’ relationships with others. How accurately do people make such social network assessments? Across three lab studies and one preregistered field study, we tested whether people (total N = 1545) could make accurate judgments about a stranger’s (total N = 709) social network characteristics after watching brief thin slice videos of the stranger or negotiating with them. The findings consistently demonstrated that perceivers accurately detected the size of a stranger’s social networks and their gender and family composition, based on theoretically relevant social-behavioral tendencies and traits (e.g., extraversion, gender), but not how interconnected these social networks were. Perceivers also missed cues that could have facilitated greater accuracy. These data advance theory about adaptive social decision making in psychology, network science, sociology, and organizational behavior. We also provide the freely available Social Network Accuracy Test (SNAT) for future research: ( https://osf.io/zgbse ).
Biological Predispositions to Learn Language

Language learning clearly is an outcome of specific exposure conditions, but just as clearly requires specific biological adaptations. There is no controversy about this claim as stated, for it is obvious to the point of banality. To believe that special biological adaptations are a requirement, it is enough to notice that all the children but none of the dogs and cats in the house acquire language. To believe that language is nevertheless learned, it is sufficient to note the massive correlation between living in France and learning French, and living in Germany and learning German. Controversy does arise, however, on the issue of whether language knowledge is based on a specific and segregated mental faculty or, instead, utilizes the same machinery in the head that is implicated in the acquisition of all complex cognitive functions. Many linguistic theories postulate not only a distinct mental representation or faculty of language (a “language organ,” in Chomsky’s wording, functioning as autonomously as, say, the liver), but a highly modularized system internal to language itself (13). Proponents of such positions expect that language learning will be largely maturationally determined, that the maturation functions may be quite separate from those in other cognitive domains, and that different modules within the language system may mature quasi-independently. In clear contrast, most developmental psycholinguists hold that language acquisition is best described by a global learning procedure that is responsible for the acquisition of, e.g., knitting, arithmetic, and ancient history as well as, say, English (e.g., (3, 50)).
Electronic Structure: Basic Theory and Practical Methods

Preface Acknowledgements Notation Part I. Overview and Background Topics: 1. Introduction 2. Overview 3. Theoretical background 4. Periodic solids and electron bands 5. Uniform electron gas and simple metals Part II. Density Functional Theory: 6. Density functional theory: foundations 7. The Kohn-Sham ansatz 8. Functionals for exchange and correlation 9. Solving the Kohn-Sham equations Part III. Important Preliminaries on Atoms: 10. Electronic structure of atoms 11. Pseudopotentials Part IV. Determination of Electronic Structure, The Three Basic Methods: 12. Plane waves and grids: basics 13. Plane waves and grids: full calculations 14. Localized orbitals: tight binding 15. Localized orbitals: full calculations 16. Augmented functions: APW, KKR, MTO 17. Augmented functions: linear methods Part V. Predicting Properties of Matter from Electronic Structure - Recent Developments: 18. Quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) 19. Response functions: photons, magnons ... 20. Excitation spectra and optical properties 21. Wannier functions 22. Polarization, localization and Berry's phases 23. Locality and linear scaling O (N) methods 24. Where to find more Appendixes References Index.
SURGICAL SPECIALIZATION IN A LIMITED HEALTH CARE PROFESSION: COUNTERVAILING FORCES SHAPING HEALTH CARE DELIVERY

This study investigated correlates of surgical specialization among a group of no~hysician specialistspodiatrists. Placed in the context of a countervailing powers perspective, we investigate one research question not previously examined among a group of limited-health professionals: Is the current world environment ofpodiatrists (e.g., practice locations, world in a hospital, physician referrals), as compared to their prior education and sociodemographic characteristics, more likely to be associated with surgical specialization? Results show that respondents who practiced in more than one office location, who made referrals to endocrinologists, and who had full medical-staff privileges in a hospital had the greatest likelihood of claiming specialization in surgery. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of how developments in podiatry are related to a reconfiguration of health care delivery by involving podiatrists increasingly with the traditional world and authority of physicians.
A retrospective view of advances in heterogeneous catalysis: 1956–1996, Science

Publisher Summary Most of the large number of acronyms added to BET between ICC 1 in 1956 and ICC 11 in 1996 represent new techniques for analyzing the products of reaction, for characterizing catalysts and for determining the structure of chemisorbed species. Use of these techniques has substantially altered the practice of catalysis. Only the elderly will remember the great improvement in the quality of life that resulted from the fulfillment of Emmett's prophecy, that gas chromatography appeared “destined to provide a rapid, accurate method for the analysis of complicated mixtures of products in a relatively simple, straightforward manner.” Adequate description of many catalysts will require a large number of bits of data as they are usually rather complicated materials rather than simple chemicals. Attempts at this were just beginning by ICC 1, but now, one expects authors to give specific surface areas and some details of the porosity of their catalysts. Automation of the former tedious point by point measurement of the N 2 adsorption isotherm has greatly facilitated this. Use of chemisorption to measure specific site numbers has become much more common, for example, CO for Cr 2 O 3 , and H 2 to measure H/M (usually equated to M S /M where M is an atom of a supported Group VIII metal). If the metal particles are roughly spherical, the H/M can be converted into an average particle size, but modern high resolution electron microscopy and wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) provide particle size distributions rather than mere averages. Further, in favorable cases, the first can provide atomic level resolution and lattice details and the second can diagnose the degree of strain in metallic particles larger than about 2 nm. However, most of these techniques require significant funding.