cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Money-egalitarian-equivalent and gain-maximin allocations of indivisible items with monetary compensation

Suppose that a certain quantity M of money and a finite number of indivisible items are to be distributed among n people, all of whom have equal claims on the whole. Different allocations are presented using various criteria of fairness in the special case where each player's utility function is additively separable. An allocation is “money-egalitarian-equivalent” (MEE) if each player's monetary valuation of his or her bundle is a fixed constant. We show that there is an essentially unique allocation that is MEE and Pareto-optimal; it is also envy-free. Alternatively, the “gain” of a player may be defined as the difference between how the player evaluates his bundle and an exact nth part of the whole according to his numerical evaluation of the whole. A “gain-maximin” criterion would maximize the minimum gain obtained by any player. We show that Knaster's procedure finds an allocation which is optimal under the gain-maximin criterion. That allocation is not necessarily envy-free, so we also find the envy-free allocation that is optimal under the gain-maximin criterion among all envy-free allocations. It turns out that, even though there exist allocations that are simultaneously envy-free and Pareto-optimal, this optimal allocation may fail to be Pareto-optimal, and it may also violate monotonicity criteria.
Increased Expression of Extracellular Glutathione Peroxidase in Mice with Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Experimental Colitis

Extracellular glutathione peroxidase (E-GPx) is a selenoenzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. All plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in humans is attributable to E-GPx. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract also synthesizes and secretes E-GPx into the extracellular milieu. Endogenously generated oxidants have been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated E-GPx levels in a mouse model of IBD using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Histologic lesions of the lower GI tract consisted of multifocal areas of mucosal erosion denuded of epithelial cells, reduction in goblet cells, dilated crypts, crypt collapse, submucosal edema, and transmural distribution of mixed inflammatory infiltrates. On d 7, plasma GPx activity in the DSS group increased by 61% compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis demonstrated a 64% increase in E-GPx protein in the plasma of the DSS group after 7 d of treatment (p < 0.01). As the major source of plasma GPx is the kidney, we determined whether the increase in plasma GPx activity and protein was caused by a change in E-GPx synthesis by the kidney. After 3 and 7 d of DSS treatment, E-GPx mRNA levels, relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased in the kidney (p < 0.05) without a concomitant increase in cellular GPx mRNA on d 7. These results suggest that the inflammatory injury in the intestine elicits an increase in E-GPx in the plasma that is associated with an increase in E-GPx mRNA in the kidney. This implies that renal production of E-GPx may be sensitive to insults distal to the kidney.
On the compatibility problem for the uniformization of asymptotic expansions

Power series uniformization by transformations of perturbation functions irregular part, considering compatibility problem
Sex-role and innovative major choice among college students

Abstract This study examined the relationship between sex-role and nontraditional major choice. The sample included 693 male and female students enrolled in traditional and nontraditional majors. In addition to exploring this relationship the study had a methodological intent: Could scales derived from previous factor analyses of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory delineate this relationship as readily as the traditional Bem scoring method. Results indicate significant distributional patterns in sex-role and choice of major, which vary by sex. Men tend to choose male-dominated majors, regardless of sex-role. Patterns for females are more complex. The factored scales used in cross-validated discriminate analysis procedures did demonstrate some power to discriminate students in the two majors, suggesting certain implications for sex-role transcendence in vocational settings.
Effect of electrode density on cycle performance and irreversible capacity loss for natural graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries

The effect of electrode thickness and density for unpressed and pressed natural graphite electrodes were studied using electrochemical characterization. Pressing the graphite electrode decreases the reversible capacity and the irreversible capacity loss during formation. As electrode density increased, the capacity retention at high rate increased until 0.9g/cm{sup 3}, and then decreased. The cycle performances of the pressed graphite electrodes were more stable than the unpressed one. Pressing graphite electrode affected on its electrochemical characterization such as irreversible capacity loss, high rate cycling and cycle performance.
A second-order projection method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in arbitrary domains

We present a projection method for the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in an arbitrary domain that is second-order accurate in both space and time. The original projection method was developed by Chorin, in which an intermediate velocity field is calculated from the momentum equations which is then projected onto the space of divergence-free vector fields. Our method is based on the projection method developed by Bell and co-workers which is designed for problems in regular domains. We use the continuity equation to derive a pressure equation to compute the gradient part of the vector field. An integral form of the continuity equation is used to give us a natural way to define the discrete divergence operator for cells near the boundary which ensures the diagonal dominance of the resulting pressure equation. We then use the restarted version of the GMRES method to solve the pressure equation.
Relationships between sons' feelings of being understood by their fathers and measures of the sons' psychological functioning.

Factor analysis of a questionnaire designed to measure a son's feeling of being understood by his father is reported. The questionnaire, which contained 12 paragraphs each purporting to be an aspect of the son's feeling of being understood by his father, was administered in small groups to a sample of 413 male college students along with three indices of son's level of general functioning--a self-concept scale, a somatic complaints inventory, and the degree of help-seeking behavior. Five interpretable factors were extracted from the data. The meaningfulness of the factors was substantiated by their significant correlations with certain of the other measures administered to the sample. Three of the factors were correlated positively (p less than .01) with Ss' self-concept, while two were correlated negatively (p less than .01) with the number of somatic complaints by the Ss'.
Exploring the Obligation to Inform: Disclosing the Purpose and Benefits of Research in an Increasingly Commercial Research Environment

This article draws on a subset of data from an empirical study supported by the National Science Foundation. The study explored how institutional review boards (IRBs) fulfill their obligations to oversee research that involves human subjects. The subset of data is used to discuss two themes that shed light on how IRBs approach issues that may have a bearing on protection of human subjects but that are not well covered by federal regulatory guidance. The authors conducted 40 semistructured, key informant interviews, over a 1-year period, with members of various types of IRBs, including independent, academic/university, hospital, medical school, and community/tribal IRBs. Among the 40 participants, there were 16 chairs (president, administrator) and 24 members, and 17 males and 23 females; most had served as IRB members for more than 5 years. The data from this study indicate that fulfillment of the IRBs’ oversight responsibilities may be undermined by a lack of regulatory guidance as to how much informatio...
Low-force AFM nanomechanics with higher-eigenmode contact resonance spectroscopy.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods for quantitative measurements of elastic modulus on stiff (>10 GPa) materials typically require tip–sample contact forces in the range from hundreds of nanonewtons to a few micronewtons. Such large forces can cause sample damage and preclude direct measurement of ultrathin films or nanofeatures. Here, we present a contact resonance spectroscopy AFM technique that utilizes a cantilever's higher flexural eigenmodes to enable modulus measurements with contact forces as low as 10 nN, even on stiff materials. Analysis with a simple analytical beam model of spectra for a compliant cantilever's fourth and fifth flexural eigenmodes in contact yielded good agreement with bulk measurements of modulus on glass samples in the 50–75 GPa range. In contrast, corresponding analysis of the conventionally used first and second eigenmode spectra gave poor agreement under the experimental conditions. We used finite element analysis to understand the dynamic contact response of a cantilever with a physically realistic geometry. Compared to lower eigenmodes, the results from higher modes are less affected by model parameters such as lateral stiffness that are either unknown or not considered in the analytical model. Overall, the technique enables local mechanical characterization of materials previously inaccessible to AFM-based nanomechanics methods.
A JOINT CHOICE MODEL OF THE DECISION TO SEEK DEPRESSION TREATMENT AND CHOICE OF PROVIDER SECTOR

Objectives.Using a community-based sample of currently depressed subjects, this research modeled the joint decision to seek depression treatment and choice of provider sector (primary care or specialty mental health). The objective was to identify those subject-specific casemix factors and those
Analysis of aged paint binders by FTIR spectroscopy

AbstractIn order to distinguish aged paint media by FTIR spectroscopy we have focussed on (1) the natural aging of well-defined macroscopic samples of paint media; (2) the modifying effects of typical artists' pigments on the aging of these media; and (3) the utility of these findings in the characterization of unknown media samples. Our key findings are that samples of linseed oil, egg yolk and an emulsion of linseed oil and egg yolk, prepared by R. J. Gettens in the 1930s, exhibit diagnostic IR spectral features well resolved from common inorganic pigment absorptions, thus enabling us to distinguish between these materials and also to detect their presence in authentic, renaissance paintings. Moreover, thermally accelerated aging of freshly prepared linseed oil films yields FTIR spectral features that agree closely with those obtained for the naturally aged Gettens samples of similar initial composition. Our results further demonstrate that the chemical changes associated with either natural or thermall...
Dopamine and L-Dopa: inhibition of Thyrotropin-Stimulated Thyroidal Thyroxine Release*

Previous studies had suggested that norepinephrine (NE) and its precursors dopamine (DA) and L-DOPA acted similarly on iodine metabolism of isolated thyroid cells. Present studies indicate that this similarity extends to the inhibition by catecholamines of TSH-stimulated T4 release by mouse thyroids incubated in vitro. DA (5 X 10(-4) M), like NE, shown previously, inhibits TSH-stimulated T4 release. This inhibition was reversed by the alpha-blockers phentolamine, prazosin, and yohimbine, but not by the beta-blocker L-propranolol. DU-18288 and diethyldithiocarbamate, inhibitors of DA beta-hydroxylase, did not reduce DA inhibition, suggesting that prior conversion to NE was not a condition for DA activity. Apomorphine, a dopaminergic agonist but not a NE precursor, acted like DA, and its inhibition was also reversed by alpha-blockers. Furthermore, sulpiride, a dopaminergic blocker, reversed DA and apomorphine inhibition of TSH stimulation. These results suggest that DA inhibits TSH-stimulated T4 release through both adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. On the other hand, L-DOPA, exerting an inhibition like that of DA, was also reversed by alpha-blockers, but its activity was greatly diminished by carbidopa, an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the enzyme converting L-DOPA to DA. This indicated that L-DOPA had to be converted to DA for activity. Both DA and L-DOPA inhibited stimulation of T4 release induced by (Bu)2cAMP, suggesting that their effect was exerted at a locus distal to cAMP generation. Indirect confirmation of a cAMP-independent pathway was obtained when DA inhibited TSH-stimulated cAMP formation, but, contrary to T4 release, this inhibition was not reversed by dopaminergic or adrenergic blockers. Presumably, therefore, DA inhibition of TSH-stimulated cAMP production was not related to T4 release. We conclude that 1) DA inhibits TSH-stimulated T4 release in mouse thyroids via alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors; 2) L-DOPA has to be converted to DA to produce inhibition; and 3) cAMP is unlikely to be an intermediary in DA inhibition.
Characterization of deep weathering and nanoporosity development in shale—A neutron study

aB stra C t We used small-angle and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS/USANS) to characterize the evolution of nanoscale features in weathering Rose Hill shale within the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Observatory (SSHO). The SANS/USANS techniques, here referred to as neutron scattering (NS), characterize porosity comprised of features ranging from approximately 3 nm to several micrometers in dimension. NS was used to investigate shale chips sampled by gas-powered drilling (“saprock”) or by hand-augering (“regolith”) at ridgetop. At about 20 m depth, dissolution is inferred to have depleted the bedrock of ankerite and all the chips investigated with NS are from above the ankerite dissolution zone. NS documents that 5–6% of the total ankerite-free rock volume is comprised of isolated, intraparticle pores. At 5 m depth, an abrupt increase in porosity and surface area corresponds with onset of feldspar dissolution in the saprock and is attributed mainly to peri-glacial processes from 15 000 years ago. At tens of centimeters below the saprock-regolith interface, the porosity and surface area increase markedly as chlorite and illite begin to dissolve. These clay reactions contribute to the transformation of saprock to regolith. Throughout the regolith, intraparticle pores in chips connect to form larger interparticle pores and scattering changes from a mass fractal at depth to a surface fractal near the land surface. Pore geometry also changes from anisotropic at depth, perhaps related to pencil cleavage created in the rock by previous tectonic activity, to isotropic at the uppermost surface as clays weather. In the most weathered regolith, kaolinite and Fe-oxyhydroxides precipitate, blocking some connected pores. These precipitates, coupled with exposure of more quartz by clay weathering, contribute to the decreased mineral-pore interfacial area in the uppermost samples. These observations are consistent with conversion of bedrock to saprock to regolith at SSHO due to: (1) transport of reactants (e.g., water, O2) into primary pores and fractures created by tectonic events and peri-glacial effects; (2) mineral-water reactions and particle loss that increase porosity and the access of water into the rock. From deep to shallow, mineral-water reactions may change from largely transport-limited where porosity was set largely by ancient tectonic activity to kinetic-limited where porosity is changing due to climate-driven processes.
Physiological factors limiting growth and yield ofOryza sativa under unflooded conditions

Rice grown under flooded conditions consistently produces better vegetative growth and higher grain yields than when grown in unflooded culture. Physiological and nutritional differences in rice grown under these two conditions were determined. Growth observations showed that plants under unflooded culture made an initial vigorous start, but soon showed poor tillering, depressed leaf growth, delayed flowering, low moisture content, foliar chlorosis, and 52.6 per cent lower yield than flooded plants.
Analysis of the Ulrich's Serials Analysis System from the perspective of journal coverage by academic databases

Purpose – Ulrich's Serials Analysis System (USAS) is based on Ulrich's Periodical Directory which has been an essential resource about periodical publications for 80 years, first in print, then later in CD‐ROM and online versions. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the content and software features of USAS, based on tests made between July 2011 and January 2012.Design/methodology/approach – In addition to depicting the overall profile of USAS, special emphasis was given to marketing‐focused and marketing‐related journals, and their coverage in academic multidisciplinary and business databases.Findings – In light of the apparently everlasting library budget crises, the incessant increases in the subscription costs of journals and database licensing, and – on the positive side – the impressive growth of full text digital availability of journals through various sources, it was found that USAS can be a great asset in discovering alternatives, negotiating prices, and making educated decisions in collecti...
Accessing evidence to inform public health policy: a study to enhance advocacy

Abstract Objectives Improving population health often involves policy changes that are the result of complex advocacy efforts. Information exchanges among researchers, advocates, and policymakers is paramount to policy interventions to improve health outcomes. This information may include evidence on what works well for whom and cost-effective strategies to improve outcomes of interest. However, this information is not always readily available or easily communicated. The purposes of this paper are to describe ways advocates seek information for health policy advocacy and to compare advocate demographics. Study design Cross-sectional telephone survey. Methods Seventy-seven state-level advocates were asked about the desirable characteristics of policy-relevant information including methods of obtaining information, what makes it useful, and what sources make evidence most reliable/trustworthy. Responses were explored for the full sample and variety of subsamples (i.e. gender, age, and position on social and fiscal issues). Differences between groups were tested using t -tests and one-way analysis of variance. Results On average, advocates rated frequency of seeking research information as 4.3 out of five. Overall, advocates rated the Internet as the top source, rated unbiased research and research with relevancy to their organization as the most important characteristics, and considered information from their organization as most reliable/believable. When ratings were examined by subgroup, the two characteristics most important for each question in the total sample (listed above) emerged as most important for nearly all subgroups. Conclusions Advocates are a resource to policymakers on health topics in the policy process. This study, among the first of its kind, found that advocates seek research information, but have a need for evidence that is unbiased and relevant to their organizations and report that university-based information is reliable. Researchers and advocates should partner so research is useful in advocating for evidence-based policy change.
Effects of metal-support interactions on the chemisorption of H2 and CO on Pd/SiO2 and Pd/La2O3

Abstract The adsorption of H 2 and CO was investigated on SiO 2 - and La 2 O 3 -supported Pd catalysts, and the structure of adsorbed CO was characterized by infrared spectroscopy. For each of the Pd SiO 2 catalysts, the ratio of adsorbed H atoms, or adsorbed CO, to surface Pd atoms is unity. The stoichiometry for atomic adsorption of H 2 on Pd La 2 O 3 is also unity, independent of Pd dispersion. By contrast, the adsorption stoichiometry for CO decreases linearly from 0.6 to 0 as the Pd dispersion decreased from 30 to 8%. The suppression of CO adsorption is attributed to patches of partially reduced support material, LaO x , transferred to the surface of the Pd crystallites during catalyst preparation. The fraction of the Pd crystallite surface covered by LaO x increases with Pd dispersion, in agreement with conclusions based on earlier XPS studies. Infrared studies indicate that the structures of CO adsorbed on Pd La 2 O 3 and Pd SiO 2 are similar, but that the strength of adsorption is weaker for Pd La 2 O 3 than for Pd SiO 2 . This is attributed to a weakening in the σ-bond component of the PdCO bond due to charge transfer from the LaO x patches to the Pd crystallites. The absence of any suppression of H 2 adsorption of Pd La 2 O 3 indicates that H 2 adsorption occurs both on the exposed Pd surface atoms as well as on the LaO x patches covering the balance of the surface Pd atoms.
Hypoalgesia following microinjection of noradrenergic antagonists in the nucleus raphe magnus

Abstract The influence of the noradrenergic input to the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) on the capacity of this nucleus to modulate nociceptive threshold was investigated in rat by microinjection of noradrenergic (NA) antagonist in the NRM. The distribution of NA terminals associated with the NRM was visualized histochemically using a glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence technique. Microinjection of 5.0 and 10.0 μg phentolamine at sites within the NRM, which was found to be densely innervated by NA terminals, produced a dose-related hypoalgesia as assessed by innervated by NA terminals, produced tests. Microinjection of these doses at sites close to yet outside the NRM, in areas less densely innervated with NA terminals, was either ineffective of produced hypoalgesia only after a substantial delay. Similar results were obtained following microinjection of 10.5 μg azapetine, another NA antagonist. The correspondence between the distribution of NA terminals associate? with the NRM and the distribution of active sites for hypoalgesia in this are suggests that hypoalgesia was caused by blockade of the NA input to the NRM. These results indicate that those cells of the NRM involved in the modulation of nociceptive threshold are themselves subject to a tonic inhibitory NA input, the suppression of which produces hypoalgesia.
The effect of formant trajectories and phoneme durations on vowel intelligibility

We examined how much listeners can benefit from listening to “clear” (CLR) speech compared to “conversational” (CNV) speech, both spoken at different speaking rates. Vowel intelligibilities of four front vowels (/i:/, /I/, /E/, and /ei/) in background noise were measured with four speaking styles (CNV/SLOW, CNV, CLR, and CLR/FAST). Results showed only tense vowels of CLR speech had a significant difference between CNV and CLR speaking styles, after energy and F0 contour were normalized. We synthesized hybrid (HYB) speech whose formant features were equal to those of CLR speech, while all other features were taken from CNV speech. Primary conclusions from this study are (1) naturally-spoken fast CLR speech was not as intelligible as CLR speech, (2) enhancing formant frequencies to resemble those of CLR speech was effective at improving vowel intelligibility, and (3) spectral tilt and formant bandwidths were not contributing factors to the CLR speech benefit.
A machine program for theorem-proving

The programming of a proof procedure is discussed in connection with trial runs and possible improvements.
The relationship of visible and ultraviolet light to sporulation of Alternaria chrysanthemi

Alternaria chrysanthemi Schmidt (not yet validly published) was exposed to monochromatic radiation (band width 132 A) of wavelengths from 2378 to 5461 A at constant intensities of 100 and 300 μW./cm.2 and exposures of 1/50 -20,000 sec. Photo-induction of sporulation occurred from 2378 to 3663 A inclusively, but not between 4046 and 5461 A. Dosages of radiation necessary to stimulate conidial production were least at the shorter wavelengths. Intensity studies at 2536 A and 3663 A (25–719 μW./cm.2) indicated that by increasing intensity decreased exposure was necessary to induce spore formation. Excessive dosages of radiation, particularly at the shorter wavelengths, inhibited sporulation. The qualitative and quantitative light requirements of A. chrysanthemi are similar to those reported for Ascochyta pisi Lib., Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh., and Helminthosporium dematioideum Bubak & Wrobl. It is postulated that photo-induced asexual reproduction in a number of fungi involves the same chemical mechanism, and that radiant energy is captured by a receptor pigment which absorbs ultraviolet radiation most effectively.
The Rise of the Cotton Industry in California: A Comparative Perspective

By 1950 cotton had emerged as one of California's leading crops and California had become an important cotton producing state. The institutional and environmental settings associated with cotton cultivation in California differed markedly from those found in the Cotton South. Both institutional conditions, such as the size of farms, and environmental factors, such as the region's dry weather during the harvest season, help explain the more rapid mechanization of picking in California.
Seasonal Variation in Response to Neighbors and Strangers by a Territorial Songbird

Reduced aggression toward territorial neighbors, termed the ‘dear-enemy’ effect, is thought to arise because territorial animals benefit by avoiding contests with neighbors with whom they have already established relationships. The dear-enemy effect has been described in many taxa, but few studies have considered whether or not neighbors’ relationships are affected by changes in the social environment. In this study, I tested whether Carolina wrens, Thryothorus ludovicianus, behaviorally discriminate between neighbors and strangers in two different social environments: in spring when territories have been established for several months, and in fall when an influx of new birds claiming territories might de-stabilize wren neighborhoods. Comparisons of responses of territorial males to playbacks of songs from neighbors and strangers showed that Carolina wrens show the dear-enemy effect in spring, but not in fall in this design. The apparent lack of a differential response to neighbors and strangers in fall might be due to a reduction in aggression toward strangers. This study provides evidence that seasonal changes in the dear-enemy effect coincide with seasonal changes in the social environment.
Differential leisure travel decision-making between spouses

Abstract Myers, Paul B. and Lewis W. Moncrief, “Differential Leisure Travel Decision-Making Between Spouses,· Annals of Tourism Research , Vol. V, No. 1 January/March 1978, pp. 157–165. Three hypotheses developed by Komarovsky on patterns of decision-making between spouses are examined using 1974 survey data. The leisure use choice analyzed is the selection of a pleasure travel destination, the route of the trip, and the commercial lodging utilized. None of Komarovsky's generalizations were supported by the authors' data. The three hypotheses were that wives in lower status families have comparatively greater influence in making choices; that joint decision-making is most frequent among couples in younger age categories; and that fewer joint decisions tend to be made at the bottom and top of the social hierarchy than among middle income groups. The data suggests that the destination decision is of greatest consequence to all parties concerned in that it is arrived at in more egalitarian fashion. Husbands dominate the route decision overwhelmingly while the lodging decision is shared in most cases, although husbands tend to have greater influence in the decision than wives if the decision is not shared.
The chemistry of allergens. XII. Proteolysis of the cottonseed allergen.

Abstract The effects of four crystalline enzymes were studied on CS-13-Endo, a purified fraction of CS-1A, the principal allergen of cottonseed. The enzymes were trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and carboxypeptidase. CS-13-Endo was digested by all of these enzymes. Skin-reacting capacity was destroyed by trypsin. Decreased activity remained after digestion with chymotrypsin. These results unequivocally show that allergenic activity is caused by protein and not by an unrecognized nonprotein contaminant in CS-13-Endo. Both pepsin and carboxypeptidase digested CS-13-Endo but to a lesser degree than did trypsin or chymotrypsin. The skin-reacting capacity was not destroyed by pepsin or carboxypeptidase. A dialyzable fraction of the pepsin digest was slightly more potent in skin-reactivity than the nondialyzable fraction. This indicated that the intact protein was not essential for allergenic activity. The peptic digest of CS-13-Endo was antigenic. No new specificity developed in the peptic digest.
A motion observable representation using color correlogram and its applications to tracking

This paper presents a special form of color correlogram as representation for object tracking and carries out a motion observability analysis to obtain the optimal correlogram in a kernel based tracking framework. Compared with the color histogram, where the position information of each pixel is ignored, a simplified color correlogram (SCC) representation encodes the spatial information explicitly and enables an estimation algorithm to recover the object orientation. In this paper, based on the SCC representation, the mean shift algorithm is developed in a translation-rotation joint domain to track the positions and orientations of objects. The ability of the SCC in detecting and estimating object motion is analyzed and a principled way to obtain the optimal SCC as object representation is proposed to ensure reliable tracking. Extensive experimental results demonstrate SCC as a viable object representation for tracking.
The effect of moisture content on the compression properties of maltodextrins.

— The effect of moisture content on the compression properties of maltodextrin powders obtained by different degrees of hydrolysis (depolymerization) of corn starch has been studied using the yield pressure determined from the Heckel plot and the compact tensile strength measured by the diametrical compression method. An increase in the moisture content of the powder reduced the yield pressure and improved the densification for all five maltodextrins evaluated. At the same moisture level, the extent of densification which occurred during compaction was greater for maltodextrins with a lower degree of polymerization. Compacts produced by maltodextrins with a lower degree of polymerization also exhibited a greater tensile strength for a given pressure at a moisture content below 8 0%. However, further increase in moisture content resulted in a decrease in compact tensile strength for maltodextrins having a lower degree of polymerization. Despite the significant difference in compression behaviour, the five maltodextrins did not show noticeable differences in crystallinity as revealed by their x-ray powder diffraction pattern.
Comprehensive Safety Evaluation of Roundabouts in Wisconsin

The modern roundabouts are proliferating rapidly in the United States and Wisconsin is no exception to this trend. The growing number of U.S.-specific research has played an important role in their acceptance in the United States. However, as new data become available, there is a need to continue the research to better understand roundabout safety in the United States. Moreover, the growing data sets also warrant the creation of localized models to better reflect ground conditions. The objectives of this research were to continue and enhance research efforts on the roundabout safety using current data sets. The aim was to analyze roundabout crash trend and patterns to further evaluate their performance under varying situations and develop crash prediction models. The results showed interesting observations as far as crash patterns at roundabouts were concerned. Even though crash severity was reduced, it is not the same situation for crash frequencies. Further research is required to assess the safety effe...
Codes of ethics

Partly as a result of much recent evidence of business and government crime, a large proportion of major corporations have adopted codes of ethics; government service is also making more use of them. The electrical manufacturing anti-trust conspiracy and 1973–1976 investigation of foreign and domestic bribery were immediate prods. There are also government codes of which the ASPA code is most widely distributed. Corporate codes discuss relations to employees, interemployee relationships, whistle blowing, effect on environment, commercial bribery, insider information, other conflicts of interest, anti-trust, accounting, consumer relations, and political activities. A discussion of use of codes shows partly favorable results. A number of corporation decisions have not yet become a subject of code provisions. Codes will be more useful if the reasons behind each order are stated and team work is encouraged.
Identification of Specific Transducin α Subunits in Retinal Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

Transducin is a guanyl nucleotide-binding protein that couples rhodopsin photolysis to hydrolysis of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rod photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retinas. Several complementary DNA clones encoding transducin subunits have recently been characterized. One clone, isolated from a bovine retina complementary DNA library, encodes a previously unidentified polypeptide with an amino acid sequence 78% identical to the sequence of the alpha subunit of bovine rod outer segment transducin. Antibodies to a synthetic peptide with amino acid sequence derived specifically from this novel polypeptide recognize a 41-kilodalton polypeptide in homogenates of bovine retina. Localization of this polypeptide in bovine retina by indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that it is expressed only in cone outer segments. Antibodies to specific sequences found only in the rod transducin alpha subunit recognize a polypeptide localized only in the rod outer segment. Therefore, bovine rod and cone cells each express structurally related yet significantly different forms of transducin.
Nonuniform effective temperatures in Ising models on tangled chains

Abstract Exact solutions are presented for the partition function of a tangled Ising chain in a magnetic field. The tangled geometry introduces additional bonds at knots that couple otherwise distant pairs of spins across (not along) the chain. These additional bonds are introduced as a form of perfectly correlated disorder, and then their effects on the spin correlation are studied.
Estimating soil potassium availability for processing tomato production

Alternative techniques to evaluate soil potassium (K) availability for processing tomato production were compared to the standard ammonium acetate extraction procedure. Ammonium acetate exchangeable K (Kex), solution-phase K (Ksol), and K fixation potential (Kfp) were evaluated on soils from 40 California fields in which processing tomatoes were grown in 1996–98, and on soils from six K fertilization trials conducted in 1997–98. Ksol was determined in the supernatant of 1:10 mixtures (w/v) of soil and 0.01 M CaCl2, either extracted after an initial 30-minute shaking, or after 7 days of incubation at 25°C. Kfp was estimated by enriching dry soil with 1.0 cmol K kg−1 as aqueous KNO3, air-drying, then either extracting immediately with 1 M NH4Cl or after a 7-day incubation in 0.01 M CaCl2 solution. In all tomato fields, the determinate cultivars ‘Halley’ or ‘Heinz 8892’ were grown. Crop K status was evaluated at full bloom growth stage by K concentration in whole leaves, and at harvest by K concentration in ...
A mutant plasma membrane protein is stabilized upon loss of Yvh1, a novel ribosome assembly factor.

Pma1-10 is a mutant plasma membrane ATPase defective at the restrictive temperature in stability at the cell surface. At 37°, Pma1-10 is ubiquitinated and internalized from the plasma membrane for degradation in the vacuole. YVH1, encoding a tyrosine phosphatase, is a mutant suppressor of pma1-10; in the absence of Yvh1, Pma1-10 remains stable at the plasma membrane, thereby permitting cells to grow. The RING finger domain of Yvh1, but not its phosphatase domain, is required for removal of mutant Pma1-10 from the plasma membrane. Yvh1 is a novel ribosome assembly factor: in yvh1Δ cells, free 60S and 80S ribosomal subunits are decreased, free 40S subunits are increased, and half-mer polysomes are accumulated. Pma1-10 is also stabilized by deletion of 60S ribosomal proteins Rpl19a and Rpl35a. We propose that changes in ribosome biogenesis caused by loss of Yvh1 or specific ribosomal proteins have effects on the plasma membrane, perhaps by producing specific translational changes.
Water associated with the bis(8-quinolinol) dioxouranium(VI) chelate extracted into chloroform

The number of molecules of water associated with the 8quinolinol chelate of uranium(VI) when it was extracted into chloroform was found to be 5 450 deg C in a 2 molecules. (auth)
Protonation, hydrolysis, and condensation of mono- and trifunctional silanes at the air/water interface

The protonation, hydrolysis, and condensation kinetics of octadecyldimethylmethoxysilane (OMMS) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) at the air/water interface were investigated using a monolayer trough. OTMS chemical condensation within physically condensed phases was observed in transferred monolayers using fluorescence microscopy. Molecular area increases and decreases attributed to protonation and hydrolysis, respectively, of silane methoxy groups were measured by a surface balance. These area changes at constant surface pressure suggested a stepwise protonation and hydrolysis of the three OTMS methoxy groups. In contrast, only a single protonation and hydrolysis event was observed for monofunctional OMMS. The influences of monolayer spreading time, silane packing density, and subphase pH on the reaction kinetics are presented.
Technology assessment in public policy: A new instrument for social management of technology

In a cultural tradition that man not lose control over his destiny, society must be the keeper of its technology. Toward that end, society already directs specialized technical knowledge to achieve its needs and wants, employing a host of public and private institutions. First in potency among these is the federal government. There is a problem, however, of conflicts in goals, policies and institutional aspirations in a pluralistic society, and inequitable representation in the decision process, that leads to an imbalance in costs and benefits or inequities in their social distribution. Correctives may be technically strenuous, economically expensive, or politically improbable. Thus to manage technology to gain consensual outcomes, society needs to focus its preferences, develop forecasts as to expected and unexpected social and environmental consequences of technological initiatives, and inject precrisis planning into the public decision making process. Achieving these goals is the task conferred on technology assesment. Technology assessment can thus help reduce uncertainty and widen the range of options, reduce arbitrariness and expediency of solutions, limit penalties of poor choices, and improve allocation of common resources, and with public involvement, it can increase accountability. Technology assessment based on technical fact thus comprises an early warning system to shorten lags in response to problems, or alter response, by meeting deficiencies in traditional institutions created to deliver technologically based goods and service. Examples are included.
Host-Pathogen Interactions: Redefining the Basic Concepts of Virulence and Pathogenicity

While preparing to teach the Microbial Pathogenesis graduate course at our institution, we found ourselves struggling to find basic definitions of virulence and pathogenicity that incorporated the contributions of both the host and the pathogen. The generally used definition of a pathogen as a microbe that causes disease in a host (Table 1) seemed inadequate, because some microbes do not cause clinically evident disease in all hosts. As we investigated the origins of the modern concepts of microbial pathogenesis, we found that while the importance of a host’s susceptibility for a microbe’s virulence was often recognized, the existing definitions did not account for the contributions of both pathogen and host. Historical definitions of pathogens were based on their ability to cause disease as an invariant trait. An integrated view of microbial pathogenesis accounting for the contributions of both host and pathogen has not been developed. In this article, we review historical concepts of microbial pathogenicity and virulence, propose new definitions, and suggest a classification system for microbial pathogens based on their ability to cause damage as a function of the host’s immune response.
CaO: II, Properties*

Strength and fracture properties of single and polycrystalline CaO are presented along with some optical and hydration properties. Single crystals have optical transmission from about 0.2 to 12 μm, wider than MgO in both the infrared and ultraviolet, but develop absorption, particularly at 2.75 μm, from atmospheric attack. They have the same cleavage and slip systems as MgO, but are softer. The yield stress, which is sensitive to impurities, is from 2 to 6 × 103 psi at room temperature for purer crystals and is about doubled at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Room temperature strengths of polycrystalline CaO as high as 30,000 psi appear to be primarily determined by dislocation phenomena and hence are sensitive to impurity content, state, and distribution. Lower temperature behavior appears to be determined more by flaws, whereas high temperature strengths can be severely limited by grain boundary sliding enhanced by small quantities of impurities. Sanding of both single and dense polycrystalline bodies can increase strength, apparently because of surface work hardening, but reduces crystal ductility. Testing in water or after exposure to moisture has at most a limited effect on strengths of dense polycrystalline CaO, whereas single crystals have the same or greater ductility in water as in air. Moisture attack on such bodies is usually quite slow, often taking several months or longer for serious attack, indicating some possibilities for applications without protection. Cracking from moisture attack proceeds by wedging action resulting from the larger volume of the hydrate forming in a pre-existing crack, flaw, or void.
Doing the right thing and knowing the right thing to do: why the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

This paper models the joint impact of two determinants of profitable resource advantages: the accuracy of managers' expectations about the future value of a resource, and the severity of agency problems that cause managers' interests to diverge from those of shareholders. While the impact of each of these factors on resource-investment decisions has been considered in isolation, their joint interaction effect has never been examined. The model generates the following set of testable hypotheses: Managers of firms with agency problems will, on average, tend to under-invest (relative to what shareholders would ideally like them to do) in resources of uncertain value. This under-investment will be most severe for those resources where managers' information indicates a low expected value (i.e., risky bets), and will actually be reversed (i.e., over-investment) for those resources where managers' information indicates a high expected value (i.e., safe bets). Two levers can be used to reduce the degree of this under-investment: reducing the severity of the agency problems, or improving the accuracy of managers' expectations. Based on their interaction effect, these two levers are shown to be complementary in the sense that they work better together at reducing under-investment than either one does in isolation. Therefore, future research on the genesis of competitive advantage should examine agency and governance issues along with, not apart from, resource-based issues. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating plant biodiversity measurements and exotic species detection in National Resources Inventory Sampling protocols using examples from the Northern Great Plains of the USA

A B S T R A C T Native plant biodiversity loss and exotic species invasions are threatening the ability of many ecosystems to maintain key functions and processes. We currently lack detailed plant biodiversity data at a national scale with which to make management decisions and recommendations based on current conservation challenges. We collected plant biodiversity and exotic species richness data from 4 sites in the Northern Great Plains using the modified Whittaker (MW) and Natural Resources Inventory (NRI) methods to evaluate any major differences between indicators generated from these methods and offer recommendations based on findings. Our data indicated that the NRI protocols underestimated both total plant species richness and exotic species richness compared with the MW approach. More importantly, however, results show that biodiversity indicators from the two methods showed similar trends. Increasing time spent on making species richness measurements and implementing a more systematic approach to detecting species within a plot could improve biodiversity inventory and monitoring efforts in NRI while also providing a link between existing long-term data and any new information collected. These adjustments would ultimately help those interested in adopting NRI methods and using plant biodiversity data to increase the amount and quality of information collected. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Determination of CPU use conditions

Use condition inputs to physics-of-failure models are required to use knowledge-based qualification of ICs. Modern CPUs have multiple voltage-frequency states which vary widely in reliability stress, but it is not obvious what time in the various states to use in product qualification. We present a methodology for developing a time in state model for CPUs which combines large scale user monitoring and lab-based studies. Results for a specific CPU family, including field validation and implications for knowledge-based qualification, are discussed.
Transcurrent and Transform Faults: A Problem of Terminology

Transform faults do not differ in any fundamental manner from ordinary transcurrent faults. They all must terminate on structures in which surface area is increased or decreased. This is a direct consequence of the occurrence of strike-slips on these faults. The apparent differences between oceanic ridge-ridge faults and transcurrent faults on continents are the result of the former being embedded in oceanic crust which is younger than the faulting process. The two terms are, therefore, synonymous, and also equivalent to the broader term “strike-slip fault.” Within this broad class of faults, distinctions may be made according to the magnitude of displacement, length of fault, size of blocks delimited by the faults, relations to other structures, and age relations between the faulting process and the rocks in which the fault, or fault segment, is embedded.