cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study on intrusion detection using neural networks trained with evolutionary algorithms

Intrusion detection has been playing a crucial role for making a computer network secure for any transaction. An intrusion detection system (IDS) detects various types of malicious network traffic and computer usage, which sometimes may not be detected by a conventional firewall. Recently, many IDS have been developed based on machine learning techniques. Specifically, advanced detection approaches created by combining or integrating evolutionary algorithms and neural networks have shown better detection performance than general machine learning approaches. The present study reports two new hybrid intrusion detection methods; one is based on gravitational search (GS), and other one is a combination of GS and particle swarm optimization (GSPSO). These two techniques have been successfully implemented to train artificial neural network (ANN) and the resulting models: GS-ANN and GSPSO-ANN are successfully applied for intrusion detection process. The applicability of these proposed approaches is also compared with other conventional methods such as decision tree, ANN based on gradient descent (GD-ANN), ANN based on genetic algorithm (GA-ANN) and ANN based on PSO (PSO-ANN) by testing with NSL-KDD dataset. Moreover, the results obtained by GS-ANN and GSPSO-ANN are found to be statistically significant based on the popular Wilcoxon's rank sum test as compared to other conventional techniques. The obtained test results reported that the proposed GS-ANN and GSPSO-ANN could achieve a maximum detection accuracy of 94.9 and 98.13 % respectively. The proposed models (GS-ANN and GSPSO-ANN) could also achieve good performance when tested with highly imbalanced datasets.
Role of Early-Season Wild and Naturalized Host Plants in the Buildup of the F 1 Generation of Heliothis zea and H. virescens in the Delta of Mississippi

Surveys from 1965 to 1977 of the native wild and introduced naturalized flora of the delta of Mississippi for F1 generation larvae of the overwintered population of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.) showed that H. zea larvae occurred at least 1 week earlier than H. virescens larvae. Eight plant species supported populations of both Heliothis species. Both crimson clover and Geranium dissectum L. were major hosts of H. zea . Although brief high populations of H. virescens occurred on several plant species, G. dissectum was the only early-season host that supported high populations of H. virescens over an extended period of time.
Electronic Personal Health Records and the Question of Privacy

Personal health records (PHRs), centralized places for consumers to electronically store, manage, and share their personal health information, offer new opportunities to help consumers manage their own health and health care. However, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of health information contained within PHRs is challenging. This paper analyzes the major properties of existing PHR systems and identifies specific privacy and security issues with each type of PHR. It proposes a consumer-controlled privacy protection approach that includes high-minded privacy principles such as independent consent management, independent privacy and security audits, and regulatory compliance requirements. It further presents a consumer-controlled system architecture that embodies these principles in the web-based PHR system.
Revision of Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass for Weight Regain: a Systematic Review of Techniques and Outcomes.

Weight regain has led to an increase in revision of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgeries. There is no standardized approach to revisional surgery after failed RYGB. We performed an exhaustive literature search to elucidate surgical revision options. Our objective was to evaluate outcomes and complications of various methods of revision after RYGB to identify the option with the best outcomes for failed primary RYGB. A systematic literature search was conducted using the following search tools and databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Clinical Trials Database, Cochrane Review Database, EMBASE, and Allied and Complementary Medicine to identify all relevant studies describing revision after failed RYGB. Inclusion criteria comprised of revisional surgery for weight gain after RYGB. Of the 1200 articles found, only 799 were selected for our study. Of the 799, 24 studies, with a total of 866 patients, were included for a systematic review. Of the 24 studies, 5 were conversion to Distal Roux-en-y gastric bypass (DRYGB), 5 were revision of gastric pouch and anastomosis, 6 were revision with gastric band, 2 were revision to biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch (BPD/DS), and 6 were revision to endoluminal procedures (i.e., stomaphyx). Mean percent excess body mass index loss (%EBMIL) after revision up to 1 and 3-year follow-up for BPD/DS was 63.7 and 76 %, DRYGB was 54 and 52.2 %, gastric banding revision 47.6 and 47.3 %, gastric pouch/anastomosis revision 43.3 and 14 %, and endoluminal procedures at 32.1 %, respectively. Gastric pouch/anastomosis revision resulted in the lowest major complication rate at 3.5 % and DRYGB with the highest at 11.9 % when compared to the other revisional procedures. The mortality rate was 0.6 % which only occurred in the DRYGB group. All 866 patients in the 24 studies reported significant early initial weight loss after revision for failed RYGB. However, of the five surgical revision options considered, BPD/DS, DRYGB, and gastric banding resulted in sustained weight loss, with acceptable complication rate.
Vascular hypertrophy in hypertension: role of the renin-angiotensin system

Angiotensin II is vasoconstrictor and antinatriuretic; it also stimulates cell growth and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle, resulting in hypertrophy or hyperplasia of conduit and resistance vessels. These actions are mediated through angiotensin II receptors (AT1 subtype), which activate several G-protein-dependent intracellular transduction pathways, such as the phospholipase C, diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of the transcription (STAT)-mediated pathway. These can all increase the expression of certain proto-oncogenes, particularly c-fos. Angiotensin II also stimulates the activity of certain growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor-A-chain and basic fibroblast growth factor. The cellular responses to angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle have been shown in different hypertensive vessels to be either hypertrophy alone, hypertrophy and DNA synthesis without cell division (polyploidy), or DNA synthesis with cell division (hyperplasia). In genetic hypertension, there is either cellular hyperplasia or remodeling, whereas in renovascular hypertension, there is hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent or reverse vascular hypertrophy in animal models of hypertension. In human hypertension, ACE inhibitors reduce the increased media/lumen ratio of large and small arteries and increase arterial compliance. These properties are also shared by AT1 receptor antagonists. The implications of these findings for morbidity and mortality in hypertension still await rigorous testing in prospective clinical trials.
Gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate immune response

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, children and older adults. The use of metallic nanoparticles as potential therapeutics is being explored against respiratory viruses like Influenza, Parainfluenza and Adenovirus. In this study, we showed that gold nanorods (GNRs) inhibit RSV in HEp-2 cells and BALB/c mice by 82% and 56%, respectively. The RSV inhibition correlated with marked upregulated antiviral genes due to GNR mediated TLR, NOD-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. Transmission electron microscopy of lungs showed GNRs in the endocytotic vesicles and histological analyses indicated infiltration by neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes correlating with clearance of RSV. In addition, production of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs indicates recruitment of immune cells to counter RSV replication. To our knowledge, this is the first in vitro and in vivo report that provides possible antiviral mechanisms of GNRs against RSV.
Gastrointestinal myoelectric correlates of vomiting in the dog

Prior to vomiting, two gastrointestinal contractile events occur in succession: a giant contraction that propagates retrograde from mid-small intestine to the antrum (RGC) and a series of phasic co...
Linkage Biomechanics and Evolution of the Unique Feeding Mechanism of Epibulus Insidiator (Labridae: Teleostei)

Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) possesses the most extreme jaw protrusion ever measured in fishes. Biomechanical models of the mechanisms of jaw protrusion and hyoid depression in Epibulus are proposed and tested. The models are designed using principles of four-bar linkages from engineering theory. The models calculate the geometry of the feeding mechanisms from morphometric data on cranial anatomy. Predictions made from the models about the feeding kinematics of Epibulus are tested by comparison with kinematic data. The model of the jaw mechanism is accurate in predicting the unique feeding mechanics of the jaws of Epibulus for most relationships between kinematic variables. A model of simultaneous cranial elevation and sternohyoideus muscle contraction is accurate in predicting hyoid depression during feeding. Biomechanical considerations limit the number of possible pathways of evolution of the jaw mechanism of Epibulus from that of its closest labrid relatives.
Randomized trial of epidural vs. subcutaneous catheters for managing pain after modified Nuss in adults.

Background: Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is now performed in adults. Managing adult patients’ pain postoperatively has been challenging due to increased chest wall rigidity and the pressure required for supporting the elevated sternum. The optimal pain management regimen has not been determined. We designed this prospective, randomized trial to compare postoperative pain management and outcomes between thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and bilateral subcutaneous infusion pump catheters (On-Q). Methods: Patients undergoing MIRPE (modified Nuss) underwent random assignment to TEA or On-Q group. Both groups received intravenous, patient-controlled opioid analgesia, with concomitant delivery of local anesthetic. Primary outcomes were length of stay (LOS), opioid use, and pain scores. Results: Of 85 randomly assigned patients, 68 completed the study [52 men, 76.5%; mean (range) age, 32.2 (20.0–58.0) years; Haller index, 5.9 (range, 3.0-26.7)]. The groups were equally matched for preoperative variables; however, the On-Q arm had more patients (60.3%). No significant differences were found between groups in mean daily pain scores (P=0.52), morphine-equivalent opioid usage (P=0.28), or hospital stay 3.5 vs . 3.3 days (TEA vs . On-Q; P=0.55). Thirteen patients randomized to TEA refused the epidural and withdrew from the study because they perceived greater benefit of the On-Q system. Conclusions: Postoperative pain management in adults after MIRPE can be difficult. Both continuous local anesthetic delivery by TEA and On-Q catheters with concomitant, intravenous, patient-controlled anesthesia maintained acceptable analgesia with a reasonable LOS. In our cohort, there was preference for the On-Q system for pain management.
The ethics of hacking back

Cyber breaches are increasing in frequency and scope on a regular basis. The targeted systems include both commercial and governmental networks. As the threat of these breaches rises, the public sector and private industry seek solutions that stop to the ones responsible for the attacks. While all would agree that organizations have the right to protect their networks from these cyber-attacks, the options for defending networks are not quite as clear. Few would question that a passive defense (i.e. the filtering of traffic, rejecting packets based on the source, etc.) is well within the realm of options open to a defender. What active defensive measures are ethically available to the defenders when passive options fail to stop a persistent threat is not as clear. This paper outlines the two (law enforcement and military) ethical frameworks commonly applied by cyber security professionals when considering the option of a cyber counter-offensive or “hacking back.” This examination includes current applicable literature in the fields of information security, international law, and information assurance ethics.
Facilitating Peer Support for Recovery from Substance Use Disorders

Twelve-step fellowships is an effective maintenance program for millions of people trying to recover from substance use disorders. Attending face-to-face and online twelve-step meetings is considered to play a vital role for exchanging support and for encouraging continued abstinence from addiction. Currently, there are very few technologies that effectively support this group in exchanging peer support through synchronous communication. I conducted a questionnaire and an interview study to better understand the challenges and needs of this group. This work discusses some design opportunities and ongoing work to facilitate peer support for recovery from substance use disorders.
Helping Others, Helping Myself: Collegiate Experiences and Graduates’ Altruistic and Wealth Aspirations:

National statistics disclose that college graduates are more prone to volunteerism than nongraduates. These statistics motivate the question of exactly what college experiences are most likely to c...
Introduction to Computer Science for Urban African American Students Using Sphero Robotics Workshop

This paper introduces the use of an all-day coding workshop as an intervention to introduce and expose African American high school students from a southeastern urban school district to coding and computing careers. The workshop is held at a local HBCU and led by African American undergraduates computer science majors who attend that HBCU. The workshop is focused on a robotic ball called an Sphero that allows users to control its motion and color by writing lines of code. Results from workshop showed an increase of interest in pursuing a career in computing after graduation compared to interest before the start of the workshop.
Rare clinically significant hepatic events and hepatitis B reactivation occur more frequently following rather than during direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C: Data from a national US cohort.

Recently, cases of hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) with direct acting antiviral therapy (DAAs) for HCV have been reported. However, few data exist from large, Western cohorts. The study objectives were to evaluate the incidence of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares, clinically significant hepatic events, and HBVr among a national cohort of US veterans with prior exposure to HBV (anti-HBc+) treated with DAAs. We used a national administrative database to identify patients treated with DAAs from January 2014 through November 2016 and obtained clinical and demographic as well as HBV and HCV treatment data. HBVr was defined as an at least 1-log increase in HBV DNA titer. Among 17,779 anti-HBc+ patients, 17,400 were HIV- and 379 were HIV+. Among the HIV- patients, 17,266 (99%) were HBsAg- prior to DAA therapy and 134 were HBsAg+. Among HIV-, HBsAg- patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations greater than 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) (≥300 IU/ml) were rare and occurred more frequently after treatment completion: 31 cases ( 100 IU/L with total bilirubin > 2.5 mg/dl occurred in 39 cases (0.3%), most often following DAA completion (n = 35 cases, 3/35 in setting of HCV relapse). Among 31 patients with post-DAA hepatic events without HCV relapse, 10 (32%) were confirmed unrelated to HBVr by HBsAg and/or HBV DNA testing, 1 (3%) confirmed due to HBVr, and 20 (65%) did not have documented HBV-related testing. One additional case of HBsAg- to + seroreversion was identified. Among HBsAg+ DAA recipients, 2/97 (2%), both with cirrhosis, experienced ALT elevations ≥ 300 IU/ml in the setting of HBVr. In conclusion, clinically significant hepatic events and HBVr were rare and much more likely among HBsAg-positive individuals. Anti-HBc + patients should be monitored for ALT flares and HBVr during and possibly for up to 6 months post DAA therapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Kant’s Mature Theory of Punishment, and a First Critique Ideal Abolitionist Alternative

This chapter has two parts, the first of which is exegesis and exposition, and the second where Vilhauer offer a reconstructive Kantian theory of punishment based on the notion of choosing the principles of punishment in the Rawlsian original position. He argues that we can get a distinctively Kantian theory if we focus on the idea of a Kantian social contract for punishment. Kantians ought to accept that we would rationally consent to universalizable principles of punishment. If we think Rawls is right that original position deliberation gives us a helpful model of how to identify universalizable principles, then we can get Kantian principles of punishment by choosing them in the original position.
Legal Issues in Consultation and Liaison Child Psychiatry

The legal issues involving child psychiatry discussed in this article include those concerned with committing a child to a hospital. Recent cases involving unjustified commitment of children to for-profit hospitals are discussed. Other issues discussed involve medical malpractice discovered by the child psychiatrist, psychiatric malpractice, confidentiality, and child abuse, including cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Lastly, the minor’s right to refuse treatment for such life-threatening illnesses as anorexia nervosa is considered.
Fourier Series and Integrals

The unit circle T consists of all complex numbers of modulus 1. It is a compact abelian group under multiplication. If ƒ is a function on T, we can define a periodic function F on the real line R by setting F(x) = f(e ix ). It does not matter whether we study functions on T or periodic functions on R; generally we shall write functions on T. Everyone knows that in this subject the factor 2π appears constantly. However most of these factors can be avoided if we replace Lebesgue measure dx on the interval (0, 2π) by dσ(x) = dx/2π. Since σ is a measure on that interval, we can also omit the limits of integration when integrating with respect to a; they are always 0 and 2π.
A modified digitonin-precipitation radioassay for 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid dehydrogenase☆

An improved digitonin-precipitation radioassay for 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase is presented. It is linear for enzyme protein concentrations up to 0.6 mg and for 37 degrees C incubation times up to 10 min. Sensitivity and reproducibility are improved nine- and sevenfold, respectively, over the method of Philpott and Peron. There is a good correlation with the Philpott and Peron assay (r = 0.958) and with a thin-layer chromatography method (r = 0.997). Beyond being faster, simpler, and more sensitive than other analyses, this radioassay uses one-tenth the quantity of (/sup 3/H)pregnenolone substrate and is, therefore, a safer and less expensive procedure.
“In [Them] We Will Find Very Desirable Tributaries for Our Commerce”: Cash Crops, Commodities, and Subjectivities in Siin (Senegal) During the Colonial Era

Located at the heart of Senegal’s old peanut basin, the small province of Siin was long regarded by French administrators as an ideal terrain for the advancement of colonial commercial interests. With its sophisticated agriculture and “peaceful” peasant population, Siin would supply cheap cash crops for international markets while receiving metropolitan products in return. To convert local peasants to commodity farming, however, required the deployment of colonial technologies promoting new ideas of property, social relations, and moral economies. The material world was a key theater in the fashioning of colonial subjects, as taxation, commodification, and monetization labored to bring local villagers within the fold of the market. At the same time, colonial projects were mediated by local institutions and cultural imaginations, revealing, beneath legal codifications and customary relations, the negotiated, tense character of colonial empire building. Written and archaeological archives afford an initial look at the emergence of cultural experiences in Siin among local institutions, market forces, and colonial governance and the materialities framing these encounters.
TITANIUM BLADING – INFLUENCE ON THE AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE FINAL L.P. STAGE

Some of the factors limiting the length of final stage LP blading are discussed. The advantages offered by titanium are considered. Titanium blades around 1350mm in length for 50 cycle Units are achievable and these will offer distinct performance advantages for highly rated machines. For many foreseeable applications an intermediate size blade around 1200mm may be suitable. In this case the benefits of titanium can be applied to improve the basic aerodynamics.
The History of the SOC Revolution

We cover SoC design from its roots in hardware design reuse and the movements in the mid-1990’s that led to the creation of a reuse guideline-based approach for block-based design, the formation of the Virtual Socket Interface Alliance (VSIA), and the development of the block-based approach to SoC composition. We discuss the early successes and failures of IP reuse and what has been learned from these approaches. We will study the most successful SoC design methodology seen to this date: the platform-based design approach. Finally, we conclude by looking ahead to new styles of SoC and new design approaches which may emerge in the future.
Taking Steps Backward to Move Forward: A Preliminary Feasibility Study in Stroke (P5.022)

Objective: Obtain preliminary data on safety, feasibility, and efficacy of backward locomotion training in chronic stroke. Background: Locomotor impairment after a stroke is due to the loss of adequate lower extremity function and is a major cause of disability in the United States. Despite continuing efforts to standardize and optimize the delivery of locomotor rehabilitation, nearly 66% of stroke survivors fail to achieve community independence. Recent studies have suggested that backward locomotor training (BLT) can improve forward walking; however, the safety and feasibility of BLT in stroke patients with residual gait impairment is unknown. Design/Methods: Herein, we enrolled five chronic stroke patients of varying severity levels (mild (N=1), moderate (N=3) severe (N=1)) to undergo six 30-minute BLT training sessions (3 sessions/week × 2 weeks). Participants were required to train at a minimum of 0.3 miles/hour or higher (based on comfort level) at 6-minute intervals, followed by 2-minute rest, for four blocks (30-minutes). Outcomes on safety, tolerability, and dropouts were collected. In addition, preliminary data on the change in over ground forward walking speed [(10-meter walk test) was collected at baseline, daily, and two weeks. Walking capacity (6-minute walk test) was also obtained at baseline and two weeks. Results: All study participants successfully completed the study. There was one adverse event, acute on chronic arthritic knee pain, following the 4th day of training in the severe stroke patient. All patients reported feeling stronger and more confident with forwarding walking. At two weeks, the mean improvement in walking speed was 0.31 m/s (±0.24, Median−0.3 m/s), and 64M improvement in walking capacity (±49.2, Median−56M). Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest BLT is safe, feasible and efficacious in chronic stroke patients with residual locomotor impairment. This ongoing study will help to determine the utility of BLT in stroke neurorehabilitation, and potentially highlight predictors and neuromodulatory pathways involved in locomotor recovery. Study Supported by: University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute Neurobiology Research Center Pilot Award Disclosure: Dr. Awosika has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wasik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pierce has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dunning has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kissela has nothing to disclose.
Decomposition of Wiring Diagrams

In this chapter we provide all the steps needed to establish the existence of a highly structured decomposition into generating wiring diagrams, called a stratified presentation, for each wiring diagram.
Impact of solids residence time on community structure and nutrient dynamics of mixed phototrophic wastewater treatment systems

Abstract Suspended growth, mixed community phototrophic wastewater treatment systems (including high-rate algal ponds and photobioreactors) have the potential to achieve biological nitrogen and phosphorus recovery with effluent nutrient concentrations below the current limit-of-technology. In order to achieve reliable and predictive performance, it is necessary to establish a thorough understanding of how design and operational decisions influence the complex community structure governing nutrient recovery in these systems. Solids residence time (SRT), a critical operational parameter governing growth rate, was leveraged as a selective pressure to shape microbial community structure in laboratory-scale photobioreactors fed secondary effluent from a local wastewater treatment plant. In order to decouple the effects of SRT and hydraulic retention time (HRT), nutrient loading was fixed across all experimental conditions and the effect of changing SRT on microbial community structure, diversity, and stability, as well as its impact on nutrient recovery, was characterized. Reactors were operated at distinct SRTs (5, 10, and 15 days) with diurnal lighting over long-term operation (>6 SRTs), and in-depth examination of the eukaryotic and bacterial community structure was performed using amplicon-based sequencing of the 18S and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. In order to better represent the microalgal community structure, this study leveraged improved 18S rRNA gene primers that have been shown to provide a more accurate representation of the wastewater process-relevant algal community members. Long-term operation resulted in distinct eukaryotic communities across SRTs, independent of the relative abundance of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in the inoculum. The longest SRT (15 days, SRT 15) resulted in a more stable algal community along with stable bacterial nitrification, while the shortest SRT (5 days, SRT 5) resulted in a less stable, more dynamic community. Although SRT was not strongly associated with overall bacterial diversity, the eukaryotic community of SRT 15 was significantly less diverse and less even than SRT 5, with a few dominant OTUs making up a majority of the eukaryotic community structure in the former. Overall, although longer SRTs promote stable bacterial nitrification, short SRTs promote higher eukaryotic diversity, increased functional stability, and better total N removal via biomass assimilation. These results indicate that SRT may be a key factor in not only controlling microalgal community membership, but community diversity and functional stability as well. Ultimately, the efficacy and reliability of NH4+ removal may be in tension with TN removal in mixed phototrophic systems given that lower SRTs may achieve better total N removal (via biomass assimilation) through increased eukaryotic diversity, biomass productivity, and functional stability.
Delayed implant infection with Cutibacterium acnes ( Propionibacterium acnes ) 30 years after silicone sheet orbital floor implant.

Purpose: To report a case of delayed implant infection with Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) 30 years after silicone sheet orbital floor implant.Methods: Case report with orbital imaging.Results: A 61-year-old male with a history of traumatic orbital floor fracture right eye (OD) repaired using a silicone sheet orbital floor implant 30 years prior, presented with 6 months of painless blepharoptosis and diplopia OD. On examination, there was 3 mm right upper eyelid blepharoptosis and hyperglobus. There was no globe proptosis, dysmotility, or compression and no cutaneous erythema, hyperthermia, discharge, or tenderness to palpation. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cystic mass in the inferior orbit in the region of the floor implant, measuring 25 mm in diameter and 10 mm in thickness. By MRI, T1-weighted images revealed a hypointense signal within the mass and T2-weighted images showed hyperintense signal with a flat hypointensity centrally representing the floor implant. Microbiologic cultures grew C. acnes.Conclusions: C. acnes can manifest several decades after placement of an orbital prosthetic implant, leading to delayed infection.
MicroCT imaging to determine coordination number and contact area of biomass particles in densified assemblies

Abstract Coordination number, denoting the number of neighboring particles contacting one central particle, and the corresponding contact area can provide crucial information about the arrangement of particles for the formation of a stable assembly. Towards that goal, two temperatures (75 °C and 90 °C) and two pressures (60 MPa and 100 MPa) were selected to form densified assemblies of biomass particles. Lengths of selected needle-shaped particles, that were chosen as central particles to determine the coordination number, were from 2.2 to 3.0 mm (2.66 ± 0.19 mm). The range of coordination number for switchgrass particles was from 9 to 12 for Treatment A (75 °C and 60 MPa), 12 to 14 for Treatment B (75 °C and 100 MPa), 6 to 7 for Treatment C (90 °C and 60 MPa), and 8 to 10 for Treatment D (90 °C and 100 MPa). The irregular shape of the biomass particle makes the standard scale of coordination number inapplicable, where the value of 14 tends to imply a fully densified assembly. The associated contact area of the particles can provide crucial complementary information leading to a thorough understanding of the arrangement of neighboring biomass particles. The percentage of contact area for Treatments A, B, C, and D were 58.3 ± 8.8, 81.7 ± 4.5, 36.2 ± 4.2, and 40.3 ± 2.1, respectively. Both, coordination number and associated percentage contact area, were highest for Treatment B and lowest for Treatment C. It was observed that higher pressure during the densification process results in higher coordination number and contact area, which also correlates to higher density and strength of assemblies. Coordination number and percentage contact area of all specimens were found to be positively correlated (R2 = 0.872). In addition, the correlation between microscale properties, i.e., coordination number and associated percentage area, and macroscale properties, i.e., densities and strength of assemblies, were also studied (R2 > 0.85).
Croon’s Bias-Corrected Factor Score Path Analysis for Small- to Moderate-Sample Multilevel Structural Equation Models:

Maximum likelihood estimation of multilevel structural equation model (MLSEM) parameters is a preferred approach to probe theories involving latent variables in multilevel settings. Although maximu...
Large Urban Developments and the Future of Cities: The Case of Neighborhoods

The production of neighborhoods on a large or mass scale has not been successful. Procuring the neighborhood ideal requires an attention to detail that few large corporations or government agencies seem capable of instituting. Yet planned neighborhoods have definite pluses: institutionalized leadership, clearly defined social and spatial boundaries, and a sense of control. What is needed is an approach that combines the best of both worlds—a dose of planning, with plenty of flexibility and local empowerment.
“Home by Michaelmas”: Yonge’s Tractarian Domestic

Chapter 5: “Home by Michaelmas: Yonge’s Tractarian Domestic” returns to the time of the Papal Aggression crisis, showing how some of Charlotte Yonge’s mid-century novels replace marriage with service to the church and affiliation to a redefined family as the culmination of a character arc. The vision of celibacy Yonge offers, however, is not so much a rejection of English domesticity as a reorienting of it: most of her unmarried protagonists, unlike Newman’s, do not need to leave either England or their homes in order to be active agents of change in the community. Instead, Yonge redefines both Anglican identity and the domestic sphere. At the same time, Yonge’s embrace of Anglican Catholicity is also the means of affiliating with the universal church.
A Delayed Diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Shock in a Patient with Alcoholic Cirrhosis and Ascites on Bedside Ultrasound.

Undifferentiated shock is a common and challenging problem in critical care. We present a case of hemorrhagic shock due to splenic and hepatic lacerations diagnosed by bedside paracentesis, initially misclassified as septic shock due to suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). Case. A 47-year old man with a history of reported alcoholic cirrhosis and ongoing heavy alcohol use was brought to the emergency room after a syncopal event. He was found to be anemic (hemoglobin 9.9 g/dl) and hypotensive with a blood pressure of 64/34. Despite crystalloid infusion he remained hypotensive and required vasopressor support with norepinephrine. Bedside ultrasound revealed moderate ascites and as there was no evidence of active bleeding, his shock was attributed to sepsis due to SBP. A bedside paracentesis was performed which revealed gross blood. A repeat hemoglobin returned at 4.4 g/dl. Massive transfusion protocol was initiated and interventional radiology was emergently consulted due to concerns for intraabdominal hemorrhage; general surgery deemed the patient too unstable for surgical intervention. Angiogram revealed a splenic laceration and possible hepatic laceration, both embolized successfully. Internal medicine practitioners should keep the differential of hemorrhagic shock due to intraabdominal organ injury in mind for patients with undifferentiated shock.
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Principal Component Analysis for an Exhaustive Understanding of Acidic Species Composition in Vacuum Gas Oil Samples

This article illustrates the study of the Ox-class composition of acidic species in different vacuum gas oil (VGO) samples by using electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI HR...
Adolescent Interventions to Manage Self-Regulation in Type 1 Diabetes (AIMS-T1D): randomized control trial study protocol

Self-regulation (SR), or the capacity to control one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to achieve a desired goal, shapes health outcomes through many pathways, including supporting adherence to medical treatment regimens. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is one specific condition that requires SR to ensure adherence to daily treatment regimens that can be arduous and effortful (e.g., monitoring blood glucose). Adolescents, in particular, have poor adherence to T1D treatment regimens, yet it is essential that they assume increased responsibility for managing their T1D as they approach young adulthood. Adolescence is also a time of rapid changes in SR capacity and thus a compelling period for intervention. Promoting SR among adolescents with T1D may thus be a novel method to improve treatment regimen adherence. The current study tests a behavioral intervention to enhance SR among adolescents with T1D. SR and T1D medical regimen adherence will be examined as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. We will use a randomized control trial design to test the impact of a behavioral intervention on three SR targets: Executive Functioning (EF), Emotion Regulation (ER), and Future Orientation (FO); and T1D medical regimen adherence. Adolescents with T1D (n = 94) will be recruited from pediatric endocrinology clinics and randomly assigned to treatment or control group. The behavioral intervention consists of working memory training (to enhance EF), biofeedback and relaxation training (to enhance ER), and episodic future thinking training (to enhance FO) across an 8-week period. SR and treatment regimen adherence will be assessed at pre- and post-test using multiple methods (behavioral tasks, diabetes device downloads, self- and parent-report). We will use an intent-to-treat framework using generalized linear mixed models to test our hypotheses that: 1) the treatment group will demonstrate greater improvements in SR than the control group, and 2) the treatment group will demonstrate better treatment regimen adherence outcomes than the control group. If successful, SR-focused behavioral interventions could improve health outcomes among adolescents with T1D and have transdiagnostic implications across multiple chronic conditions requiring treatment regimen adherence. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03688919; registered September 28, 2018.
Precarious Rhetorics: edited by Wendy S. Hesford, Adela C. Licona, and Christa Teston, Columbus. The Ohio State University Press, 2018, 312 pp., $89.95 (cloth); $29.95 (paper); $19.95 (e-book).

The presence of new materialism has been felt for some time in rhetorical studies. Through theoretical considerations of topics as diverse as historiography, animals, microbrews, the QWERTY keyboar...
Dementia Risk and Dynamic Response to Exercise: Methodology for an Acute Exericise Clinical Trial

Abstract Background Exercise likely has numerous, meaningful benefits for brain and cognition. However, those benefits and their causes remain imprecisely defined, especially in the context of cognitive disorders associated with aging, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). If the brain does benefit from exercise it does so primarily through exposure to brief, “acute” exposures to exercise over a lifetime. Methods: The Dementia Risk and Dynamic Response to Exercise (DYNAMIC) clinical trial seeks to characterize the acute exercise response in cerebral perfusion, and circulating neurotrophic factors in older adults with and without the apolipoprotein e4 genotype (APOE4), the strongest genetic predictor or sporadic, late onset AD. DYNAMIC will enroll 60 older adults into a single moderate intensity bout of exercise intervention. We will measure pre- and post-exercise cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling, and neurotrophic factors. We expect that APOE4 carriers will have poor CBF regulation, i.e. slower return to baseline perfusion after exercise, and will demonstrate blunted neurotrophic response to exercise, with concentrations of neurotrophic factors positively correlating with CBF regulation. If exercise-induced changes in perfusion and circulating factors can be detected, DYNAMIC will contribute to our understanding of exercise-induced brain change and potential biomarker outcomes of exercise interventions. Results: Preliminary proof-of-concept findings on 7 older adults and 9 younger adults. We have found that this experimental method can capture CBF and neurotrophic response over a time course, and best practices following exercise. Conclusions: This methodology will provide important insight into acute exercise response and potential directions for clinical trial outcomes. ClinicalTrials.govNCT04009629
A look around the West Indies: The spices of life are secondary metabolites

Natural products possess a wide range of bioactivities with potential for therapeutic usage. While the distribution of these molecules can vary greatly there is some correlation that exists between the biodiversity of an environment and the uniqueness and concentration of natural products found in that region or area. The Caribbean and pan-Caribbean area is home to thousands of species of endemic fauna and flora providing huge potential for natural product discovery and by way, potential leads for drug development. This can especially be said for marine natural products as many of are rapidly diluted through diffusion once released and therefore are highly potent to achieve long reaching effects. This review seeks to highlight a small selection of marine natural products from the Caribbean region which possess antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and antipathogenic properties while highlighting any synthetic efforts towards bioactive analogs.
Adaptive Approximate Computing on Hardware Accelerators Targeting Internet-of-Things

Internet of Things (IoT) has been recognized as the new computing paradigm for connecting smart devices. These devices are typically power constrained and as their number and the volume of generated data increases, new techniques are required to reduce power consumption. Recent research has shown that approximate computing and Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (GGRAs) are promising computing paradigms to reduce power consumption in a compute-intensive environment. CGRAs provide hardware acceleration and with the integration of approximate computing, there is substantial benefit in power and energy efficiency at the cost of arithmetic precision. In this paper, we present a methodology to support approximate computing on CGRAs, provide run-time error monitoring and control of distinct approximation levels on the CGRA. Experimental results show that CGRAs enhanced with approximate functional units provide more flexibility as they are able to adapt to error thresholds. Overall, with the proposed methodology we were able to satisfy specific error thresholds per evaluated use case and reduce power consumption up to 39% at best case.
A contact process with mobile disorder

I study the absorbing-state phase transition in the one-dimensional contact process with mobile disorder. In this model the dilution sites, though permanently inactive, diffuse freely, exchanging positions with the other sites, which host a basic contact process. Even though the disorder variables are not quenched, the critical behavior is affected: the critical exponents δ and z, the ratio and the moment ratio m = ρ2/ρ2 take values different from those of directed percolation, and appear to vary with the vacancy diffusion rate. While the survival probability starting from a single active seed follows the usual scaling, P(t)~t−δ, at the critical point, the mean number of active sites and mean square spread grow more slowly than power laws. The critical creation rate increases with the vacancy density v and diverges at a value vc<1. The scaling behavior at this point appears to be simpler than for smaller vacancy densities.
What Do We Know About Short and Long Term Effects of Early Life Exposure to Pollution

Pollution exposure early in life is detrimental to near-term health and an increasing body of evidence suggests that early childhood health influences health and human capital outcomes later in life. This paper reviews the economic research that brings these two literatures together. We begin with a conceptual model that highlights the core relationships across the lifecycle. We then review the literature concerned with such estimates, focusing particularly on identification strategies to mitigate concerns regarding endogenous exposure. The nascent empirical literature provides both direct and indirect evidence that early childhood exposure to pollution significantly impacts later life outcomes. We discuss the potential policy implications of these long-lasting effects, and conclude with a number of promising avenues for future research.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE A HISTÓRIA DA MATEMÁTICA NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES

Essas reflexoes sao baseadas em numerosas conversas com Ubiratan D’Ambrosio, sobre a historia da matematica e o programa de pesquisas em educacao matematica que enfocam a etnomatematica. Iniciei meus estudos de matematica sem entender nada da historia da matematica e sem me interessar muito por ela, alias, eu achava o estudo de historia muito chato e de pouca motivacao. Estudando para ser professora de matematica nunca me preocupei com a historia do conhecimento matematico, apenas aceitava a matematica como todos os jovens que estudavam comigo, uma disciplina bonita, intrigante, desafiadora e completa.
A profile and review of findings from the Early Markers for Autism study: unique contributions from a population-based case-control study in California.

The Early Markers for Autism (EMA) study is a population-based case–control study designed to learn more about early biologic processes involved in ASD. Participants were drawn from Southern California births from 2000 to 2003 with archived prenatal and neonatal screening specimens. Across two phases, children with ASD (n = 629) and intellectual disability without ASD (ID, n = 230) were ascertained from the California Department of Developmental Services (DDS), with diagnoses confirmed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria based on expert clinical review of abstracted records. General population controls (GP, n = 599) were randomly sampled from birth certificate files and matched to ASD cases by sex, birth month and year after excluding individuals with DDS records. EMA has published over 20 papers examining immune markers, endogenous hormones, environmental chemicals, and genetic factors in association with ASD and ID. This review summarizes the results across these studies, as well as the EMA study design and future directions. EMA enabled several key contributions to the literature, including the examination of biomarker levels in biospecimens prospectively collected during critical windows of neurodevelopment. Key findings from EMA include demonstration of elevated cytokine and chemokine levels in maternal mid-pregnancy serum samples in association with ASD, as well as aberrations in other immune marker levels; suggestions of increased odds of ASD with prenatal exposure to certain endocrine disrupting chemicals, though not in mixture analyses; and demonstration of maternal and fetal genetic influence on prenatal chemical, and maternal and neonatal immune marker and vitamin D levels. We also observed an overall lack of association with ASD and measured maternal and neonatal vitamin D, mercury, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Covariate and outcome data were limited to information in Vital Statistics and DDS records. As a study based in Southern California, generalizability for certain environmental exposures may be reduced. Results across EMA studies support the importance of the prenatal and neonatal periods in ASD etiology, and provide evidence for the role of the maternal immune response during pregnancy. Future directions for EMA, and the field of ASD in general, include interrogation of mechanistic pathways and examination of combined effects of exposures.