cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Analysis of Technological Advancements in Special Education

Abstract This article investigates the impact that technology and computers have had over the past 20 years in the field of special education. A review of the literature on technology and computers was conducted in the flagship journals in the areas of learning disabilities, mental retardation, deaf/hard of hearing, and gifted/talented. The analysis yielded a variety of trends that were specific to each subfield. Findings were compared to the general literature in technology and revealed that the literature in each field reflected the general advances in, and availability of, technology over time.
Receptor-type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase β (RPTP-β) Directly Dephosphorylates and Regulates Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (HGFR/Met) Function

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a ubiquitous, fundamental biochemical mechanism that regulates essential eukaryotic cellular functions. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation of specific proteins is finely tuned by the dynamic balance between protein tyrosine kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase activities. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (also known as Met), a receptor protein tyrosine kinase, is a major regulator of proliferation, migration, and survival for many epithelial cell types. We report here that receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTP-β) specifically dephosphorylates Met and thereby regulates its function. Expression of RPTP-β, but not other RPTP family members or catalytically inactive forms of RPTP-β, reduces hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated Met tyrosine phosphorylation in HEK293 cells. Expression of RPTP-β in primary human keratinocytes reduces both basal and HGF-induced Met phosphorylation at tyrosine 1356 and inhibits downstream MEK1/2 and Erk activation. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous RPTP-β increases basal and HGF-stimulated Met phosphorylation at tyrosine 1356 in primary human keratinocytes. Purified RPTP-β intracellular domain preferentially dephosphorylates purified Met at tyrosine 1356 in vitro. In addition, the substrate-trapping mutant of RPTP-β specifically interacts with Met in intact cells. Expression of RPTP-β in human primary keratinocytes reduces HGF induction of VEGF expression, proliferation, and motility. Taken together, the above data indicate that RPTP-β is a key regulator of Met function.
Prospects for a prophylactic HPV vaccine: Rationale and future implications for cervical cancer screening†

Cytologic screening in combination with ablative therapy has helped reduce cervical cancer mortality in the developed world. Despite the success of this approach, cervical cancer remains a major cause of death, especially among women with limited access to health care. Recognition that human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the main etiologic agent in cervical cancer suggests that a prophylactic vaccine could reduce the incidence of HPV infection and, therefore, achieve cancer control with reduced reliance on costly screening programs. In this review, the rationale for developing a prophylactic HPV vaccine and the potential impact that vaccination would have on cervical cancer screening are discussed.
Effects of time-varying exposures adjusting for time-varying confounders: the case of alcohol consumption and risk of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection

Objective Discuss issues related to time-varying exposures using as an example the recently meta-analyzed literature (Baliunas et al. in Int J Public Health, 2009) on alcohol consumption and risk of HIV infection.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Stimulates Hormone Release from Corticotropic Cells in Culture

The hypothalamic peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to stimulate the secretion of several pituitary hormones in vivo and PRL in vitro. We have examined the effects of VIP on ACTH and endorphin secretion by AtT20/D 16 v (D16) cells, a clonal strain of mouse pituitary tumor cells, and by primary cultures of rat pituitary cells. The addition of 100 nM VIP to D16 cells stimulated ACTH and endorphin secretion within 10 min, and stimulation continued for at least 24 h. However, treatment of cultures with VIP for18 h had no effect on the amount of [35S]methionine incorporated into immunoprecipitable ACTH precursors during a 15- min pulse. Therefore, VIP acts primarily to stimulate the release of presynthesized intracellular hormones and not to alter proopiocortin synthesis. VIP stimulation of ACTH and endorphin release was dose dependent and biphasic. In the first phase, halfmaximal stimulation occurred with 1.6 ± 0.9 nM VIP and remained constant at 5.6-fold above control values with 10–1...
Synergistic interactions between the dual serotonergic, noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor duloxetine and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen in inflammatory pain in rodents

Abstract Objectives The present study was undertaken to characterize whether the pharmacologic interaction between duloxetine, a balanced serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen was simply additive, less than additive, or greater than additive (i.e., synergistic) in preclinical models of visceral and inflammatory pain, specifically acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats. Methods In the writhing test, male CF-1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.55% acetic acid and 5 min later the number of writhes was counted over a 5-min period. In the carrageenan models, male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a 1.5% carrageenan solution into the ventral surface of the hind paw; hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli was subsequently evaluated 2 h post-carrageenan. Results Vehicle or a dose of duloxetine alone (1–100 mg/kg), ibuprofen alone (10–300 mg/kg), or duloxetine and ibuprofen in combination in a dose-ratio of 1:10 duloxetine:ibuprofen were orally administered 30 or 60 min before testing. Isobolographic analysis of the effects of duloxetine in combination with ibuprofen revealed a significant synergistic (greater than additive) interaction between duloxetine and ibuprofen both for reducing acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, but were additive for reversing mechanical allodynia. Conclusions Our data indicate that duloxetine and ibuprofen have synergistic efficacy in a visceral and an inflammatory pain model in rodents, and suggest that duloxetine and ibuprofen in combination may provide a useful approach to the clinical treatment of persistent pain, particularly inflammation-related pain.
Spatial Patterns and Processes in a Longitudinal Framework

This article explores the conceptual equivalence between hazard models applied to both temporal data and distance data by focusing on the `at-risk' concept, which is central to longitudinal models but has not received sufficient attention in the application of hazard models in spatial settings. A proper conceptualization in a spatial (distance) setting is based on distant-dependent Markovian transition probabilities describing the risk of switching between states. Such a conceptualization is possible for continuous spatial processes, as well as for point-generating processes leading to spatial point patterns. Hazard models for a series of scenarios simulating various point generation trajectories are compared. This process-oriented perspective is further augmented by explicitly accounting for temporal dimensions (speed) of point-generating processes.
Consumer Behavior and Unresolved Regulatory Issues in Electronic Marketing

Abstract Interactive media such as the World Wide Web are increasingly popular venues for marketers. These media differ from traditional forms of making information, products, and services available to consumers, thus creating potential regulatory issues. Before regulation can be determined and imposed, knowledge of how consumer behavior will be affected by the new media should be obtained. We discuss several theoretical issues in consumer behavior to illustrate potential effects of interactive media on decision-making, and we relate these effects to the potential issues created for marketers and policy makers.
Relationship of p53 mutations to epidermal cell proliferation and apoptosis in human UV-induced skin carcinogenesis.

Human skin is continually subjected to UV-irradiation with the p53 gene playing a pivotal role in repair of UV-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Consequently, p53 alterations are early events in human UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. We studied 13 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 16 actinic keratoses (AK), 13 samples adjacent to an AK (chronically sun-damaged), and 14 normal-appearing skin samples for p53 mutation, p53 immunostaining (IHC), apoptosis (in situ TUNEL and morphology), and proliferation (PCNA). The frequency of p53 mutation increased from 14% in normal skin, to 38.5% in sun-damaged skin, 63% in AK, and 54% in SCC. p53 IHC increased similarly. Apoptosis (TUNEL) increased from 0.06 ± 0.02%, to 0.1 ± 0.2, 0.3 ± 0.3, and 0.4 ± 0.3 in normal skin, sun-damaged skin, AK, and SCC, respectively. Apoptosis was strongly correlated with proliferation (i.e., TUNEL and PCNA, r = 0.7, P < 0.0001), and proliferation was significantly increased in the progression from normal skin to SCC. Bax was significantly increased in SCC compared to AK. These data imply that apoptosis in samples with a high frequency of p53 mutation may not necessarily be p53-dependent. We suggest that there is a mechanism for apoptosis in response to increased cellular proliferation that is p53-independent.
Anomalies, Gauss laws, and Page charges in M-theory

Anomalies, lois de Gauss, et charges de Page dans M-theorie. Nous rappelons le modele E 8 de la 3-forme de M-theorie, et ses applications pour l'annulation des anomalies, lois de Gauss, quantification de la charge de Page, ainsi que pour la fonction de partition de la 5-brane. Nous envisageons le comportement potentiellement problematique du modele sous la parite.
Interior Solution for a Finite Rotating Body of Perfect Fluid

An axially symmetric, stationary, type-$D$ solution of Einstein's field equations has been found which represents the superposition of a Kerr-NUT metric and a rigidly rotating perfect fluid in the same space-time region, analogous to the Newtonian superposition of the gravitational fields of a mass point, or ring, and a surrounding body of distributed matter. A fairly large family of old and new metrics are thus included as special cases: Schwarzschild, NUT, and Kerr exterior solutions, and new interior solutions for a stationary body of fluid, either spherical and nonrotating, or rigidly rotating with arbitrary angular velocity.
Production of thermotolerant entomopathogenic fungal conidia on millet grain

Thermotolerance of entomopathogenic (insect-killing) fungi should be seriously considered before industrialization. This work describes the feasibility of millet grain as a substrate for production of thermotolerant Beauveria bassiana (Bb) GHA and ERL1170 and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) ERL1171 and ERL1540 conidia. First, conidial suspensions of the Bb isolates, produced on millet grain in polyethylene bags, were exposed to five temperatures (43–47°C) at 15-min intervals for up to 120 min (experiment I). Agar-based quarter-strength (¼) Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with yeast extract (SDAY) and whey permeate media served as controls. Millet-grain-based culture was superior in producing the most thermotolerant Bb conidia, followed by whey permeate agar and ¼SDAY-based cultures. Secondly, to compare the thermotolerance of conidia produced at the same conditions, the Bb isolates were then produced on agar-based millet powder medium, with ¼SDAY and whey permeate agar media as controls, and the two Ma isolates were added (experiment II). They were then exposed to the same temperatures as above. More thermotolerant Bb and Ma conidia were produced on millet powder agar than on whey permeate agar and ¼SDAY overall. These results suggest that millet grain can be used as a substrate to produce thermotolerant conidia in a mass production system.
Disinfection and Solids Removal of Poultry Chiller Water by Electroflotation

In poultry processing, carcasses are chilled in water that is replenished at 1.9 L/bird. The high costs of water usage, wastewater treatment and refrigeration energy have raised the need for developing means for the safe reuse of processing water. An electroflotation device that concurrently disinfects and removes solids from overflow water was developed. At a charge of 280 C/L, electroflotation reduced aerobic bacteria and coliforms by 6 and 5 log CFU/mL, respectively, 1000-fold more efficient than dosing with 150 mg/mL chlorine. Electroflotation removed 82% of the suspended solids and 14% of the soluble organic matter without the use of flocculant, indicating its potential for treating overflow water for reuse.
Green Algae to Land Plants : An Evolutionary Transition

Studies focused upon the evolutionary transition from ancestral green algae to the earliest land plants are important from a range of ecological, molecular and evolutionary perspectives. A substantial suite of ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular data supports the concept that land plants (embryophytes) are monophyletically derived from an ancestral charophycean alga. However, the details of phylogenetic branching patterns linking extant charophytes and seedless embryophytes are currently unclear. Moreover, the fossil record has so far been mute regarding the algae-land plant transition. Nevertheless, an accurate reflection of major evolutionary events in the history of the earliest land plants can be obtained by comparative paleontological-neontological studies, and comparative molecular, cellular and developmental investigations of extant charophytes and bryophytes. This review focuses upon research progress toward understanding three clade-specific adaptations that were important in the successful colonization of land by plants: the histogenetic apical meristem, the matrotrophic embryo, and decay-resistant cell wall polymers.
Mesozoic magnetic lineations and the magnetic quiet zone off northwest Africa

An extensive compilation of recently acquired geophysical reconnaissance data has allowed the Mesozoic magnetic lineations (The Eastern Keathley sequence) to be identified and mapped in detail for the area off northwest Africa lying between Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands. These anomalies were generated as one limb of a symmetric spreading center (Paleo Mid-Atlantic Ridge) from about 107 to 153 m.y.B.P. Offsets in the lineation pattern serve to identify fracture zone traces whose trends are approximately east-west. The seaward boundary of the marginal quiet zone does not precisely define an isochron due to the presence of a variable width transition zone of intermediate amplitude magnetic anomalies. Crust underlying the marginal quiet zone was generated, at least in part, during the Jurassic, Graham normal polarity epoch. The quiet zone boundary is not offset significantly on opposite sides of the Canaries lineament as previously suggested. A possible counterpart of the U.S. east coast magnetic anomaly is observed in some areas near the shelf/slope break of Spanish Sahara and Mauritania. The presence of relatively high-amplitude (but not-correlatable) magnetic anomalies seaward of the Mesozoic sequence and presumably generated during the Cretaceous, Mercanton normal polarity epoch remains a paradox.
Isolation and partial characterization of a lectin from Vicia faba

A lectin present in the broad bean, Vicia faba, was isolated by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-150. The active lectin had a molecular weight of 50 000. The lectin contained about 3% neutral sugar and it contained two different subunits. The subunits had molecular weights of 17 300 and 14 300. The lectin was mitogenic to human peripheral lymphocytes with some reduction in activity upon acetylation. The lectin competed with pea lectin for binding to murine tumor cells. Binding to tumor cells was inhibited by methyl-alpha-D-mannoside but not by D-galactose; binding was not influenced by the presence or absence of Ca2+, Mn2+ or ethylenediaminetetraacetate.
The Biosocial Underpinnings to Adolescent Victimization: Results From a Longitudinal Sample of Twins

Behavioral genetic research has consistently revealed that antisocial behaviors are due partially to genetic factors and partially to environmental factors. Even in light of these findings, researchers have failed to examine the genetic and environmental contributors to adolescent victimization. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by analyzing a sample of twin pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The results of the statistical models revealed that genetic factors explained about 40% to 45% of the variance in adolescent victimization, with the remaining variance attributable to the nonshared environment. Moreover, additional analyses revealed that 64% of the variance in repeat victimization was due to genetic factors. The implications that these findings have for victimization researchers are discussed.
SU‐GG‐J‐140: Online Re‐Planning Using Direct Machine Parameter Optimization: A Non‐Human Primate Lung Irradiation Study

Purpose: Establish the feasibility of CBCT‐based, online re‐planning using direct machine parameter optimization (DMPO) to irradiate the total lung parenchyma in non‐human primates (NHPs). A study of acute‐radiation‐exposure‐ induced pneumonitis in NHPs involves total lung irradiation (TLI) to 12.5 Gy in a single session, where acute radiation exposure may also lead to the lethal hematopoeitic and gastrointestinal subsyndromes. The latter syndromes occur at 7–8 Gy and at 12–14 Gy, respectively, 1 and 2 weeks after irradiation. Hence, high dose conformity is essential to spare bone marrow, cord and bowel. Method and Materials: An offline DMPO plan is created on a CBCT scan of the NHP several days prior to the TLI session; using seven, 6MV photon beams. TLI targets a PTV from a 1 cm expansion of lung contours, sparing tissues outside the PTV. On the day of the irradiation a new CBCT is acquired, loaded into the planning system, and contours and DMPO dose objectives are propagated from the offline plan. DMPO is executed online using the original off‐line plan as starting points and the resultant on‐line plan is compared to the offline plan, on a Philips Pinnacle 8.1v workstation. Results: Online‐ and offline‐planned DMPO plans achieve V95 > 95% coverage of the PTV, and excellent bowel sparing. However, offline‐planned DMPO delivers > 7 Gy to more than 50% of the cord volume, while online‐planned DMPO delivers < 6 Gy to more than 50 % of the cord. Online DMPO re‐optimization from scanning to the start of irradiation takes less than 45 minutes. Conclusion: Online DMPO‐based re‐planning of NHP total lung irradiations is established in support of a study of radiation‐induced pneumonitis in non‐human primates. Online‐planning on NHPs is valuable experience prior to clinical implementation in human patients.
A Blind Zone Alert System Based on Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the increasing number of sensors deployed in modern vehicles, intra-vehicular wireless sensor networks (IVWSNs) have recently received a lot of attention in the automotive industry, as they can reduce the amount of wiring harness inside a vehicle. By removing the wires, car manufacturers can reduce the weight of a vehicle and improve engine performance, fuel economy, and reliability. In addition to these direct benefits, an IVWSN is a versatile platform that can support other vehicular applications as well. An example application, known as a side blind zone alert (SBZA) system, which monitors the blind zone of the vehicle and alerts the driver in a timely manner to prevent collisions, is discussed in this paper. The performance of the IVWSN-based SBZA system is evaluated via real experiments conducted on two test vehicles. Our results show that the proposed system can achieve approximately 95%–99% detection rate with less than 15% false alarm rate. Compared with commercial systems using radars or cameras, the main benefit of the IVWSN-based SBZA is substantially lower cost.
Arbitrariness of the pilot estimator in adaptive kernel methods

Abstract Consider estimating a smooth p-variate density f at 0 using the classical kernel estimator fn(0) = n−1 Σibn−pw(bn−1Xi) based on a sample {Xi} from f. Under familiar conditions, assigning b n = bn −1 (4 + p) gives the best MSE decay rate O(n −4 (4 + p) , but the optimal b, b∗ say, depends on f through its second derivatives, raising a feasibility objection to its use. By prescribing a pilot estimate of b∗ based on the same sample, Woodroofe has shown that there need be asymptotically no loss as against knowing the constant exactly, but his proposal is critically dependent on achieving a certain consistency rate for b∗ . Admitting a minor change in the risk function, we show by a tightness argument applied to the error process that any consistent estimator of b∗ may be used to achieve the same performance.
Sex Differences in Device Therapies for Ventricular Arrhythmias or Death in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT) Trial

Sex Differences in VT/VF or Death in MADIT-CRT Introduction Studies suggest that women with ischemic heart disease are less likely to experience appropriate ICD therapies for ventricular arrhythmias (VT/VF). We evaluated the influence of sex on arrhythmic events or death in subjects enrolled in MADIT-CRT. Methods and Results Arrhythmic event rates, defined as VT/VF treated with defibrillator therapy or all-cause death, were determined among 1,790 subjects enrolled in MADIT-CRT with documented 3-year follow-up. Predictors of VT/VF/death were identified using multivariate analysis. Ninety-one (21%) women and 466 (35%) men experienced VT/VF/death over the follow-up period. The overall probability of VT/VF/death was significantly lower in women versus men (HR 0.62; P < 0.001). The probability of VT/VF/death was the lowest in women with ischemic heart disease (HR 0.51; P = 0.003). In ICD subjects, the 3-year risk of VT/VF was lower in ischemic women versus men (P = 0.021), and in nonischemic women versus men (P = 0.049). The probability of VT/VF/death was significantly lower in women (HR 0.52; P = 0.007) and men (HR 0.74; P = 0.018) with LBBB who received CRT-D. Appropriate shock therapy strongly correlated with increased risk of death during postshock follow-up in women (HR 5.18; P = 0.001) and men (HR 1.63; P = 0.033); interaction P value of 0.034. Conclusion In this substudy of MADIT-CRT, sex, etiology of heart disease and type of device implanted significantly influenced subsequent risk for VT/VF or death. Women with ischemic heart disease and women with LBBB who received CRT-D had the lowest incidence of VT/VF or death when compared to men. Appropriate shock therapy was a strong predictor of death, particularly in women.
SWIR imaging for facial image capture through tinted materials

The use of short wave infrared (SWIR) imaging and illumination technology is at the forefront of system development for military and law enforcement in both night and daytime operational scenarios1 2 3 4 . Along with enabling nighttime operations, a secondary benefit of SWIR imaging is that it offers the possibility to capture images through tinted materials, such as tinted architectural or automotive glass and sunglass lenses5. The use of SWIR technology introduces challenges to facial recognition when comparing cross-spectrally from a visible gallery to images captured in the SWIR6. The challenges of SWIR facial recognition are further compounded by the presence of tinted materials in the imaging path due to varying material types, lighting conditions, and viewing angle. The paper discusses material and optical characterization efforts undertaken to understand the effects of temperature, interior and exterior light sources, and viewing angle on the quality of facial images captured through tinted materials. Temperature vs. spectrum curves are shown for tinted architectural, automotive, and sunglass materials over the range of -10 to 55C. The results of imaging under various permutations of interior and exterior lighting, along with viewing angle, are used to evaluate the efficacy of eye detection for cross-spectral facial recognition under these conditions.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rapid cold-hardening of Drosophila melanogaster in a field setting

Although laboratory studies demonstrate that cooling to ecologically relevant temperatures and/or at ecologically relevant rates induces rapid cold-hardening (RCH) in a variety of insects, little is known of the induction of RCH in nature. In the present study, caged Drosophila melanogaster (1–2 days posteclosion) from a colony established with flies collected locally are placed in a field setting (i.e. in approximately 4-cm deep leaf litter beneath an apple tree in Mount Pleasant, Michigan) during late afternoon (18.00 h EST; 05.00 h GMT). As the cage temperature falls from 22.1 ± 0.8 to 10.1 ± 0.1 °C between 18.00 and 06.00 h, the proportion of flies surviving a transfer to –6 °C for 1 h increases from 10.0 ± 6.2% to 68.1 ± 7.2%. When obtained from field cages, and then cooled from 23 °C at approximately 0.33 °C min−1, more female flies remain behaviourally responsive (clinging to surfaces, exhibiting an active righting response, and/or climbing) at temperatures of 8–12 °C (24.00 h samples) or 7–12 °C (06.00 h samples), than do those sampled from cages kept in an incubator (23 °C). Field cooling reduces chill coma temperature from 8.7 ± 0.2 °C at 06.00 h to 7.1 ± 0.2 °C at 24.00 h, and to 6.6 ± 0.2 °C at 06.00 h. These data demonstrate that, in a recently collected culture of D. melanogaster, natural changes in microenvironmental temperature induce RCH that can benefit the organism at temperatures encountered in nature.
Recent advances in structural dynamics of large space structures

Recent progress in the area of structural dynamics of large space structures is reviewed. Topics include system identification, large angle slewing of flexible structures, definition of scaling limitations in structural models, and recent results on a tension-stabilized antenna concept known as the hoop-column. Increasingly complex laboratory experiments guide most of the activities leading to realistic technological developments. Theoretical progress in system identification based on system realization theory resulting in unification of several methods is reviewed. Experimental results from implementation of a theoretical large-angle slewing control approach are shown. Status and results of the development of a research computer program for analysis of the transient dynamics of large angle motion of flexible structures are presented. Correlation of results from analysis and vibration tests of the hoop-column antenna concepts are summarized.
Most powerful invariant permutation tests

Abstract For testing that a distribution is invariant under the action of a finite group (e.g., the distribution is exchangeable) a most powerful test, against a specific alternative, among the class of tests invariant under a second, arbitrary group is obtained. After a class of permutation tests suitable for multivariate testing problems is described, application is made to a multivariate, nonparametric, two-sample problem.
Inappropriate drug prescribing and related outcomes for elderly medicaid beneficiaries residing in nursing homes.

Abstract Problems of drug prescribing are related to poor economic and clinical outcomes, and there is a common perspective that prescribing in nursing homes is suboptimal. This study purported to determine how prescribing of “inappropriate” drugs, health care provider—related factors, and patient demographics were related to the cost of pharmaceutical services and the mortality of elderly Medicaid beneficiaries in Louisiana's Intermediate Care Facilities I during 1994. Inappropriate drugs for this retrospective, observational, and cross-sectional study were identified using explicit criteria. Relevant data on the population of 19,932 beneficiaries were extracted from the state Medicaid files and analyzed using multiple linear and binomial logit regression procedures. Cost of pharmaceutical services for a beneficiary was positively correlated with the number of different inappropriate drugs prescribed, number of physicians and pharmacies used, and the geographic region. It was negatively correlated with the beneficiary's age. Probability of the beneficiary's mortality was positively correlated with the number of pharmacies used and negatively correlated with one geographic region. Minimizing the number of different inappropriate drugs prescribed, as well as the numbers of prescribers and pharmacies used, for an elderly beneficiary may reduce the cost of pharmaceutical services paid by Medicaid.
High-Q and wide dynamic range inertial MEMS for north-finding and tracking applications

We report high-Q and wide dynamic range MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers for development of an IMU capable of north finding and tracking. The vacuum sealed SOI gyroscope utilizes symmetric quadruple mass architecture with measured quality factors of 1.2 million and proven sub-°/hr Allan deviation of bias. The true north detection was accomplished in conventional amplitude modulated (AM) rate mode and showed 3 milliradian measurement uncertainty. The north (azimuth) tracking necessitates a wide dynamic range, for which the same QMG transducer is switched to a frequency modulated (FM) modality. The test results for FM operation experimentally demonstrated a wide linear input rate range of 18,000 °/s and inherent self-calibration against temperature changes. Vertical alignment is possible using resonant accelerometers with a projected bias error of 5 µg and self-calibration against temperature variations, enabled by differential frequency measurements. We believe the developed low dissipation inertial MEMS with interchangeable AM/FM modalities may enable wide dynamic range IMUs for north-finding and inertial guidance applications previously limited to optical and quartz systems.
A Field Study of Interviewer Effects on the Quality of Survey Data

A I949 Denver community survey on civic results of the survey in terms of the latter problems and voting habits had two hidden of these two purposes. primary purposes: to measure the truthfulness At the time this article was written, the of respondents' answers to questions of fact, authors were all on the staff of the National and to ascertain the differences in results on a Opinion Research Center at the University of wide range of questions obtained by interChicago. Herbert Hyman is now also a memviewers of known characteristics. The present ber of the Department of Sociology at Columarticle, the second in a series, examines the bia University.
The spindle checkpoint: two transitions, two pathways

The spindle checkpoint is an evolutionarily conserved mitotic regulatory mechanism that ensures that anaphase is not attempted until chromosomes are properly aligned on the spindle. Two different cell-cycle transitions must be inhibited by the spindle checkpoint to arrest cells at metaphase and prevent mitotic exit. The checkpoint proteins interact in ways that are more complex than was originally envisioned. This review summarizes the evidence for two pathways of spindle-checkpoint regulation in budding yeast. We describe how the proteins are involved in these pathways and discuss the ways in which the spindle checkpoint inhibits the cell-cycle machinery.
Base‐catalyzed solution polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane

A study has been carried out on the effect of solvent polarity on the base-catalyzed polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. The solvents used were decalin, p-chlorotoluene, o-dichlorobenzene, and nitrobenzene. In accordance with the ionic mechanism proposed by Grubb and Osthoff, it has been found that the polymerization rate increases with solvent polarity, presumably bp increasing the concentration of silanolate ions. In addition, a better correlation has been obtained between molecular weights and initiator concentration, and the effect of monomer concentration on equilibrium conversion has also been elucidated.
CAB: Citation-Assisted Background

*A chronically weak area in research papers, reports, and reviews is the complete identification of background documents that formed the building blocks for these papers. A method for systematically determining these seminal references is presented. Citation-Assisted Background (CAB) is based on the assumption that seminal documents tend to be highly cited. CAB is being applied presently to three applications studies, and the results so far are much superior to those used by the first author for background development in any other study. An example of the application of CAB to the field of Nonlinear Dynamics is outlined. While CAB is a highly systematic approach for identifying seminal references, it is not a substitute for the judgement of the researchers, and serves as a supplement.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Pinoyella simii) isolated from Dermatophytosis in the Monkey

A strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, [E. simii, Pinoy 1912; Pinoyella simii (Pinoy) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919], virulent for man, was isolated from a monkey. This fungus is a typical species of Trichophyton, and the report of ascospore production in a strain of similar origin was apparently based upon a misinterpretation of the macroconidia.
Scattering and surface recoiling TOF spectra of neutrals and ions from rare gas bombardment of Ge, GeO2, and H2O adsorbed on Ge

Abstract TOF spectra of scattered primary and surface recoiled neutrals and ions for He + , Ne + and Ar + bombardment of Ge, GeO 2 , H 2 O adsorbed on Ge are presented. Ion fractions are determined for scattered and recoiled particles and the role of scattering cross sections and surface charging effects on detection of recoiling hydrogen are considered.
The effect of elevated levels of herpes simplex virus α-gene products on the expression of model early and late genes in vivo

Abstract The rate of synthesis in vivo and the steady-state level of mRNA of four “model” herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genes were measured as a function of high levels of α-gene products. The genes studied were ICP4 (α), deoxy-UTPase (β), VP5 (βγ), and glycoprotein C (gC, γ). Accumulation of high levels of a proteins was accomplished either by infection with an HSV-1 mutant, temperature-sensitive in ICP4 ( ts 606) at the nonpermissive temperature then shiftdown to permissive temperature, or by infection with wild-type virus under cycloheximide blockage of protein synthesis followed by release. Compared to RNA expression in normal infections, βγ and γ transcription rates were both transiently stimulated under the experimental conditions employed. The greatest effect was seen with the γ-gC mRNA transcription rates. In addition, at nonpermissive temperatures with ts 606, the amount of expression of gC mRNA was significantly increased over normal early levels, in contrast to the case with the VP5 transcript. The impact of such results on models of HSV gene expression in vivo are discussed.
Arthroscopy of the ankle

Many lesions of the ankle joint can be treated arthroscopically, including synovitis, bony or soft-tissue impingement, osteochondral lesions, and osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. Debridement, curettement, synovectomy, drilling, and pinning can be performed arthroscopically with less morbidity and more cosmetically pleasing appearances than found with open procedures. However, ankle arthroscopy does require a thorough knowledge of ankle anatomy and considerable arthroscopic expertise.
THE DIFFERENTIAL OF A QUASI-CONFORMAL MAPPING OF A CARNOT-CARATHEODORY SPACE

The theory of quasi-conformal mappings has been used to prove rigidity theorems on hyperbolic n space over the division algebras ℝ, ℂ, ℍ, and \({\Bbb O}\), by studying quasi-conformal mappings on their boundary spheres S kn−1 at infinity, where k is the dimension of the division algebra. The notion of quasiconformal mappings for such spaces, first introduced in [Mo2]w, as subsequently reformulated by Pansu in terms of Carnot-Caratheodory spaces M, and Pansu studied quasi-conformal mappings for the special case of graded nilpotent groups M. Subsequently, Pansu’s definition was simplified in [Mo3], and this simpler definition was employed by Koranyi-Reimann in their study of quasi-conformal mappings of the nilpotent Heisenberg group operating on the boundary of complex hyperbolic n-space and transitive on the complement of one point.
Restoration of communities dominated by false hellebore

False hellebore (Veratrum californicum Durand) is a native component of high-elevation, meadow-riparian areas of the mountain West that has increased due to historic heavy grazing. In 1991, a study was established in dense stands of false hellebore to evaluate mechanical and chemical control methods to reduce false hellebore and increase the abundance of the other native herbaceous species in these tall-forb communities. Four control methods consisting of the herbicide glyphosate (Nphenophonomethylglycine), mow, mowing in 2 consecutive years (remow), and tillage were used in 1991-1992. Each method was evaluated based on (1) reduction of false hellebore stem densities; (2) response of residual understory species; and (3) effectiveness of seeding a perennial grass and forb mixture to sustain initial treatment control. Stem density of false hellebore and nested frequency data for all species were collected in 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1999. The glyphosate treatment was effective in reducing false hellebore stem density which allowed for recovery of the remnant tall-forb community. The till treatment, while effectively reducing false hellebore stem density, also eliminated the other species in the community, leaving it open to invasive weeds. The mow and remow treatments did not reduce false hellebore stem density, but did allow for recovery of other components of the tall-forb community. Seeding following control treatments had no effect on false hellebore stem densities due to poor establishment. The mechanical treatments were generally more cumbersome in application and limited to gentle topography and welldrained sites without surface rocks. The application of herbicides is much easier and is adaptable to all types of terrain. The use of the herbicide glyphosate gave the best balance of false hellebore control and recovery of the tall-forb community.
Sarcoidosis: the value of exercise testing.

Study objectives To evaluate exercise testing for theassessment of the extent of pulmonary disease in patients withsarcoidosis. Design Retrospective analysis ofconsecutive patients with sarcoidosis referred to the Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory between 1992 and 1997, who completed at least 6min of progressive bicycle exercise. Resting and exercise pulmonaryfunction measurements were compared to radiographic stage ofdisease. Setting Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory at Washington, DC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients Forty-eight outpatient veterans with biopsyspecimen-proven sarcoidosis. Results Across allradiographic stages of sarcoidosis, total lung capacity, restingdiffusing capacity, and exercise gas exchange measurements had asignificant variance with radiographic stage. Across the earlyradiographic stage disease (stages 0 to 2), the change inalveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient between rest and exercise, normalized for oxygen uptake, was the most significant measurement inits variation with radiographic stage. Conclusions Changes in gas exchange with exercise may be the most sensitivephysiologic measurements to assess the extent of disease in earlyradiographic stages of sarcoidosis.
Natural Language Processing Applications in Requirements Engineering

In the design process, the requirements serve as the benchmark for the entire product. Therefore, the quality of requirement statements is essential to the success of a design. Because of their ergonomic-nature, most requirements are written in natural language (NL). However, writing requirements in natural language presents many issues such as ambiguity, specification issues, and incompleteness. Therefore, identifying issues in requirements involves analyzing these NL statements. This paper presents a linguistic approach to requirement analysis, which utilizes grammatical elements of requirements statements to identify requirement statement issues. These issues are organized by the entity—word, sentence, or document—that they affect. The field of natural language processing (NLP) provides a core set of tools that can aid with this linguistic analysis and provide a method to create a requirement analysis support tool. NLP addresses requirements on processing levels: lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. While processing on the lexical and syntactic level are well-defined, mining semantic and pragmatic data is performed in a number of different methods. This paper provides an overview of these current requirement analysis methods in light of the presented linguistic approach. This overview will be used to identify areas for further research and development. Finally, a prototype requirement analysis support tool will be presented. This tool seeks to demonstrate how the semantic processing level can begin to be addressed in requirement analysis. The tool will analyze a sample set of requirements from a family of military tactical vehicles (FMTV) requirements document. It implements NLP tools to semantically compare requirements statements based upon their grammatical subject.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Enzymatic studies of changes in adenosinetriphosphate during contraction of isolated skeletal myofibrils.

Abstract Skeletal myofibrils, isolated from rabbit thigh muscle with a colloid mill in 0.15 M KCl, were purified by differential centrifugation at 0 °C and washed repeatedly with potassium phosphate — citric acid buffer solution (pH 8, μ 0.154) until the protein concentration in the supernatant was less than 20 micrograms per ml. The fibrils were then washed and suspended in a solution containing 9 parts of 0.15 M KCl, one part of 0.16 M succinate buffer (pH 6.1) and 0.5 g MgCl 2 per liter. These myofibrils contracted instantaneously on the addition of ATP. The degree of contraction was related to the amount of ATP added. The amount of nucleotide recovered in the supernatant of contracted myofibrils was determined by the ultraviolet absorption at 260 millimicrons and compared with controls. These conditions were modified by varying the pH of the suspending medium between 6.0 and 7.6 and by adding decreasing amounts of ATP down to an amount which failed to cause microscopically detectable contraction. Analyses using Kalckar's enzymatic and spectrophotometric methods for ATP, ADP and AMP were made on the ATP stock solution, the supernatant of myofibrils contracted with ATP, the supernatant of uncontracted myofibrils with ATP added in the absence of myofibrils, and the supernatant of ATP-contracted myofibrils to which additional ATP was added. There was no indication of permanent, large-scale binding of ATP or ADP to the contracted myofibril, since in all experiments 95 per cent or more of the added nucleotide was recovered in the supernatant. The structurally intact, purified myofibrils were free of myokinase activity. The added ATP was converted to ADP which could be recovered almost quantitatively in the supernatant. The ATPase which catalyzed this reaction was a part of the structure of the myofibril, since the supernatant of uncontracted myofibrils had no ATPase activity. There was no passage of ATPase or detectable amounts of protein into the suspending medium during contraction.
Abnormalities in Lung Surfactant in Horses Clinically Affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)

Background: Abnormalities in lung surfactant are well described in human respiratory diseases including asthma, but are poorly described in horses. Hypothesis: Lung surfactant is abnormal in horses with clinical signs of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Animals: Six healthy horses and 5 horses with RAO. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from all horses by standard procedures. Cell-free BALF was separated into crude surfactant pellets (CSP) and supernatant via ultracentrifugation. Phospholipid and protein content was analyzed from both of these fractions. Phospholipid composition of CSP was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scatter detector. Surface tension of CSP was measured with a pulsating bubble surfactometer. Results: Compared with healthy horses, surfactant from RAO-affected horses was characterized by significantly decreased phospholipid content in total surfactant (median; range: 23.2; 14.7–62.2 μg/mL BALF versus 172; 111–267 μg/mL BALF, P= .0062) and CSP (20.2; 6.4–48.9 μL/mL BALF versus 155; 94.4–248 μg/mL BALF, P= .0062), and a significantly lower percentage of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (4.5; 3.6–5.6% versus 6.6; 4.1–7.6%, P= .028). Furthermore, the ratio between the percentages of phosphatidylcholine and PG was significantly higher in RAO-affected horses than in healthy horses (20.9; 16.6: 25.9 versus 13.9; 11.8–22.8, P= .045). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study demonstrates that surfactant from RAO-affected horses is abnormal. Further studies are needed to determine if these abnormalities are related to an increased tendency for bronchoconstriction and to a decreased ability to clear airway mucus in RAO-affected horses.
Tenure of individual larval trematode infections in an estuarine gastropod

Ilyanassa obsoleta (Mollusca: Gastropoda) is an abundant inhabitant of salt marshes and tidal flats on the east coast of North America. Populations of this snail may be heavily infected by larval trematodes. Three species were observed in this work, Himasthla quissetensis, Lepocreadium setiferoides, and oogonus rubellus. Mostly as single-species infections, all occupy snail tissues as parthenitae that produce cercariae, which are released from the snail to infect the next host. By periodically testing snails for cercarial emission, single-species infections are here shown to persist over six summers and double-species infections are also noted to be long-lived. Among the 32 snails followed, 25 released the same (or no) cercariae throughout observation periods averaging three years. The other seven indicated infection changes, but only two of these are judged to reflect actual changes. The probability that a snail changed infection status in this study is thus 2.1% y -1 . Ilyanassa obsoleta individuals, and apparently their trematode infections, can persist for decades. Because species colonize and get evicted infrequently, sets of trematode species infecting I. obsoleta individuals (infracommunities) are concluded to be isolationist in character.
Genetics and CKD

The diagnosis of hereditary monogenic kidney diseases is frequently delayed, in part because of physicians' unfamiliarity with the relatively rare conditions or because of the late onset of symptoms in some patients. Molecular biology methods have clarified the underlying mutations in several types of CKD, and in the process have revealed previously unknown genes and pathogenetic pathways. Mutations affecting the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier cause proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome; different types of Alport syndrome are caused by mutations in glomerular basement membrane type IV collagen; dysfunction of the primary cilium of tubule cells may lead to a variety of inherited progressive tubulointerstitial diseases; atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome is frequently caused by inherited complement deficiencies; and progressive kidney injury develops in many inherited systemic or metabolic disorders. Some genetic diseases may not manifest until late childhood or adulthood. Accurate diagnosis is important for appropriate treatment, prognosis, genetic counseling, and possible renal transplantation.