cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of free-surface flow instability and bedforms in shallow flows

Abstract To test erosion and development of bed sculpture in unstable, pulsating shallow flow, three series of experiments were performed in a 10-m flume with flows of Reynolds Number (Re) up to 103, Froude Number (Fr) up to 3.0, and slope up to 2%. In the first series of experiments (59 runs), the bed was rigid (glass flume-bottom), in the second (50 runs) and third (10 runs) series, planar beds were made from well-sorted and poorly sorted sand, respectively. Development of flow surface instability above the rigid bed showed the following stages: smooth surface; small wavelets; well-developed waves; and rough flow. Development of bedform morphology in the second series of tests showed the following sequence: smooth bed; flow-aligned ridge and trough pattern; combined ridge and rhomboid pattern; and rhomboid configuration. In presence of flow instability, ridge patterns form in flows with mean values indicative of laminar-subcritical regime, combined ridge and rhomboid patterns in laminar-supercritical regime, and rhomboid patterns in flows with mean values indicative of transitional turbulent-supercritical regime. The third series of experiments demonstrated transverse segregation of the bed material across the ridges. The results, in line with stability theory, show that laminar and transitional flows already become unstable when Fr = 1 2 and suggest that pulsations may appear in sheet-floods and overland flow, intensifying erosion and transport of sediment. The precise mechanism of origin of the parent kinematic flow configurations instrumental in generation of the ridge and the rhomboid patterns is not yet clear. It may be related to the mechanism operating in transition and generation of turbulence in parallel flows, or flows with a superimposed fluctuation, but other types of hydrodynamic instability are also possible.
Extension of Personal Time in TAT and Story Completion Stories

Summary In Study I, 42 5s responded to a variety of TAT and Story Completion (SC) stimulus cues. Eight sets of cues were constructed by empirically matching personal time scores. Study II, using these 8 sets, compared the reliability, stability, and magnitide of extension and its components under varying conditions of stimulus cue, order of presentation, and structure of the TAT administration, in a test-retest design with an interval of a week. The Ss were 160 men and women whose stories were scored reliably by independent observers. Results supported the bi-directional (past-future) and cognitive-empirical distinctions. Empirical pretension emerged as a quite stable variable that is the most important root common to both the SC and TAT methods. Later order and structured TAT administration tended to lengthen retrotension and pretension scores.
The Cryosar-A New Low-Temperature Computer Component

The cryosar is a high-speed two-terminal computer component whose operation, at liquid helium temperature (4.2°K), is based on impact ionization of impurities in germanium. Two types of cryosars are discussed: the first, fabricated using uncompensated germanium, exhibits a high resistivity (~107 ohm-cm) until a critical field (~10 volts/cm) is reached, after which the current increases by as much as seven orders of magnitude; the second, fabricated using compensated p-type germanium, has similar electrical characteristics except that a negative resistance region occurs between the high- and low-impedance states, making bistable operation possible. These properties are due to bulk effects, and since both contacts are ohmic, the device is bilateral. The first type of cryosar can perform the functions of an ordinary diode; the bistable cryosar can be used as a memory element, multivibrator or flip-flop. Both types are very fast, the speed being limited by the turn-on time of 10-8 seconds or less. Since the active region of each cryosar is limited to the volume directly between its two contacts, a large number of independent cryosars may be placed on one wafer of germanium. Present results point to excellent reliability and reproducibility of the individual elements, making feasible the plating or evaporation of large arrays, possibly integrated into microprinted circuits. If one requires the cryosars alone, it should be possible to fit 200,000 into a cubic inch.
Situational Awareness in Construction and Facility Management

Engineers and managers involved in construction and facility/infrastructure operations need situational aware- ness about the as-is conditions when making daily decisions and developing short- and long-term plans. Yet, currently situational awareness of engineers is often challenged due to missing data and the available data not being in a format that is easily accessible and actionable. Advances in reality capture technologies, such as 3-dimensional (3D) imaging, in-situ sensing, equipment on-board instrumentation and electronic tagging, streamline the capturing of the as-is con- ditions on job sites. The data collected from these technolo- gies, integrated with building information models depicting the as-planned conditions, can help in creating and storing the history of as-is conditions of a facility to support a vari- ety of decisions that engineers and managers need to make. While the opportunities associated with integrating build- ing information models and data capture technologies are compelling, several challenges need to be addressed through research for effective usage of these technologies. Such chal- lenges include assessing the accuracy of the data collected at the field, developing and evaluating data processing and data fusion approaches, formalizing integrated representation of building information models and sensor and other relevant data, and investigating and developing approaches for ana- lyzing and visualizing such integrated information models. This paper provides examples of recent research studies done at the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University that demonstrate opportunities associated with integrating building information models and sensor information for facility operations.
Five-hole pressure probe analysis technique

Abstract A refined calibration technique is presented for five-hole pressure probes operating in the non-nulling mode. The four 3D calibration surface equations required to reduce data obtained from the probe are curve-fit using a 3D curve-fitting program. The relatively simple equations are quick and easy to use for data reduction. The shape of the 3D surfaces are useful in determining if a probe should not be used due to any machining abnormality or damage a probe has sustained. The contours can also be used to determine the range of flow angles a particular probe can measure.
Books for Black Children: Public Library Collections in Louisville and Nashville, 1915-1925.

In the early twentieth century, both Louisville, Kentucky, and Nashville, Tennessee, provided racially segregated public library collections and services. In each case, children became a central focus of the work. Librarians who developed the children's collections in library branches staffed and used exclusively by African Americans were limited by the need to educate as well as entertain, the dearth of books published for and about African-American children, and the professional practice of relying on standard selection guides. The children's collections in Louisville's and Nashville's black branch libraries held many of the same books available in other public libraries, and some of those books included demeaning characterizations and images of African Americans. Branch librarians mediated between the children and the collections, creating services, such as story hours and reading clubs, that supported interpretive communities of young African American readers.
Nitric oxide reduction by ethylene over Pt-ZSM-5 under lean conditions: steady-state activity

Steady-state activity of Pt-ZSM-5 catalysts has been investigated experimentally for the NO + C2H4 + O2 reaction under highly oxidizing conditions, typical of lean-burn gasoline engine exhaust. Effects of temperature, space velocity, feed concentration, Pt loading and water vapor on the catalytic activity have been examined using a packed-bed laboratory reactor. The catalytic activity of Pt-ZSM-5 is discussed in comparison with that of Cu-ZSM-5 and Pt/Al2O3. Results show that Pt-ZSM-5 catalysts are much more active than Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts for lean-NOx reduction at low temperatures, while the kinetic behavior of Pt/Al2O3 is very similar to that of Pt-ZSM-5. Conversion of both NO and C2H4 during the NO + C2H4 + O2 reaction over Pt-ZSM-5 around the reaction lightoff temperature is strongly inhibited by the presence of NO. The NO/C2H4 ratio in the feedstream is an important factor determining the NO reduction activity of the catalyst, and there exists an optimum value of this ratio for a maximum conversion of NO. Based on the steady-state NO conversion data, a correlation between the reactor performance and the feed concentration has been developed, and the feasibility of Pt-based catalysts for lean-NOx reduction is discussed in terms of their activity, selectivity and durability.
The secondary averaging approach to the weakly nonlinear van der Pol oscillator driven by a quasiperiodic force

Abstract We show that, under appropriate conditions, the quasiperiodic response of the weakly nonlinear oscillator may be obtained in the form of a system of algebraic equations. The conditions for various bifurcations of the quasiperiodic response are also derived. These analytical results are in good agreement with numerical ones.
Ratios of Community Respiration to Photosynthesis and Rates of Primary Production in Lake Erie Via Oxygen Isotope Techniques

Abstract To evaluate levels of primary production and community metabolism in Lake Erie, we conducted incubations with 18 O-labelled water and determined the ratio of respiration to primary production (R:P) during the summer and early fall of 2002. The epilimnion of Lake Erie was characterized by δ 18 O values less than 0.7‰ at all times that reflects a strong contribution of O 2 from primary production. High δ 18 O values (maximum of 6.6‰) were common in the O 2 depleted waters of the hypolimnion as a consequence of isotope fractionation during respiration. Hypoxic conditions were evident in the central basin in August when the fractional abundance of O 2 reached a minimum value of 0.04. Rates of primary production varied from 0.23 to 1.76 mmol-O 2 .m –3 .h –1 , decreased from west to east in August, and were at a minimum in the central basin in September. Ratios of respiration to photosynthesis (R:P) (determined from the abundance and isotopic composition of dissolved O 2 ) in the epilimnion as low as 0.45 in July were strong evidence of net autotrophy and preceded the development of hypoxia in August. Net heterotrophy prevailed in August and September. The absolute values of R:P ratios were not indicative of trophic state, however, the wide range of R:P ratios (0.45 to 20.40), fraction of O 2 saturation (0.04 to 1.36), and δ 18 O-O 2 (−6.0 to 7.5‰) values were all indicative of a eutrophic system. An average isotope fractionation factor for respiration of 7.9‰ was determined from samples in the hypolimnion in July and August. Based on unique fractionation factors for respiration in the water column (23.5‰) and in sediments (3‰) we calculate that 61% of hypolimnion O 2 respiration occurs within sediments and 39% occurs within the water column.
The unusual cometary star-forming region G110-13

We present far-IR, radio continuum, and spectral line observations of an unusual, highly elongated, comet-shaped molecular cloud, located about 100 pc from the Galactic plane. The presence of three late B-type stars embedded within, or adjacent to, this low-mass cloud implies a star-forming efficiency that may be as high as 30 percent. Several mechanisms that may have been responsible for its unusual morphology and high star-forming efficiency will be described and evaluated. Although ram-pressure resulting from the rapid motion of this cloud through the interstellar medium could explain its streamlined appearance, there is evidence that G110-13 is the compression front formed by a recent cloud collision.
Missense and splice site mutations in tau associated with FTDP-17: Multiple pathogenic mechanisms

Recent identification of mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule-associated protein tau in the inherited frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) has demonstrated that tau dysfunction can lead to neurodegeneration. At least nine missense mutations and one deletion mutation (DeltaK280) have been identified in exons 9 through 13 that encode the microtubule-binding domains of tau. In addition, five mutations have been found close to the 5' splice site of exon 10. The FTDP-17 missense and splice site mutations have multiple effects on the biology and function of tau. It is likely that these varied pathogenic mechanisms explain the wide range of clinical and neuropathologic features observed in the FTDP-17 tauopathies.
The Research Review on Operational Mechanism in Enterprise Technology Innovation Alliance

Based on the analysis of present literature of overseas and domestic scholars, the new connotation and main characteristics of Enterprise Technology Innovation Alliance (ETIA) are promoted, and this paper summarizes the research results about ETFA from three important aspects, including trust mechanism, risk management mechanism and interests distribution mechanism. Finally, some future research focuses are proposed according to the deficiency of the available research for further research foundation.
Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip Inspection With Incoherent Optical Processing

In this paper, we propose the use of an incoherent optical image subtraction technique for automatic micro-circuit board inspection. We believe that this proposed technique would have profound effect on automatic inspection scheme in the application of faulty detection and identification of micro-circuitries. The technique would provide the capability of rapid identification, inspection, and possibly utilizing for synthesis and fabrication. Experimental simulation of the IC chip inspection is provided.
Bascule shelters: A novel erection strategy for origami-inspired deployable structures

Abstract Rapidly deployable shelters are critical for housing on forward operating bases and for relief following natural or anthropogenic disasters. In addition to meeting structural performance criteria specified by design code, key design priorities include a low self-weight (preferably being person-portable), deployability (i.e., capable of being packaged in a small volume to enable transportation by air, rail, ship, or truck), and an erection strategy that does not require heavy lifting equipment. Due to the high cost of fuel, energy efficiency in heating and cooling these structures is also a priority. Existing military soft wall (canvas) shelters provide a low self-weight and high deployability (defined by volume expansion ratio), but offer little thermal insulation for energy efficiency. Rigid wall counterparts provide enhanced insulation but have high self-weights, limited deployability, and require heavy lifting equipment for placement. The art of origami can be harnessed as a source of inspiration for a hybrid solution: offering deployability through folding, while providing insulation through rigid panels. A key challenge in implementing rigid wall origami-inspired deployable shelters, however, is an erection strategy that does not require heavy lifting equipment. This paper presents a novel erection strategy for origami-inspired shelters based on the principle of counterweighting. More specifically, loads are applied to a detachable lever to balance the mass of the shelter as it is rotated into position (analogous to the behavior of a bascule movable bridge). This paper first reviews existing soft wall and rigid wall solutions. Then it presents a series of origami-inspired concepts which meet the design priorities and implement this novel erection strategy. One concept will be highlighted in detail, including finite element analyses as the structure deploys and in its deployed form under loads prescribed by the United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development & Engineering Center. This highlighted shelter concept is demonstrated through a small-scale prototype. Applications for this erection strategy extend beyond deployable origami-inspired shelters, including temporary storage facilities and modular homes.
Artifact patterns in multiple scanning beam radiography

A limitation of the use of multiple scanning beams for scatter reduction in radiography is the possible creation of artifactual aperture patterns which can be caused: (1) by a synchronization between the pattern scanning frequency and the radiation waveform ripple frequency, or (2) by the fractional overlap of the scanning beams during the final beam pass. An analysis of the stages of artifact formation and the implications for various scanning beam approaches is presented.
Chemical determination of histamine in blood in health and disease.

H ISTAMINE, isolated by Barger and Dale’ in 1910, was first studied under normal and pathologic conditions by Dale and Laidlaw.* The relationship of histamine and a histamine-like (“H”) substance to anaphylaxis and allergy has been investigated by means of a bio-assay method for quantitative assay developed in 1935 by Barsoum and Gaddum.” Release of histamine has been observed in connection with antigen-antibody reactions and in conditions resulting in tissue breakdown. The question whether or not histamine is a factor in rheumatic fever seemed to be of interest because it has been postulated that this disease may be allergic in nature.4 This assumption is based mostly upon analogies with serum sickness” and studies on experimental animals.‘j The blood histamine level of nonallergic individuals in health, studied by bio-assay, was found to be remarkably stable,’ having a range from 2 to 7 gamma per cent. Determinations of blood histamine by bio-assay in patients with various allergic conditions yielded conflicting results. In asthma, increases during attacks were noted by some observer+ but not by others.g An age factor was mentioned by RoselO who found the blood histamine of 15 adult asthmatic patients to be within normal limits while 10 of 15 juveniles of less than 16 years of age had elevated levels. During acute attacks of urticaria, high blood histamine was reported8” but not confirmedl”; elevated levels in 7 of 11 patients with eczema were noted.‘O No reports on blood histamine levels of patients with rheumatic fever were published, as far as could be ascertained.
FOOD ENJOYMENT SCALE FOR OLDER ADULTS : DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION IN A WISCONSIN POPULATION

ABSTRACT This paper presents the rationale behind the development of a food enjoyment scale for use with older adults, describes the scale, and summarizes the scale's performance in a Wisconsin survey. Domains of food enjoyment included in the scale are sensory changes, restrictive effects of dietary recommendations, oral problems, financial limitations, mealtime social interactions, and functional limitations. Potential uses of the scale include quantifying food enjoyment in populations for comparison and associative purposes, and detecting special needs of groups of older adults.
The Item Veto and Fiscal Responsibility

Based on the perceptions of 99 of 100 legislative and executive budget officials at the state level, this article concerns variation among the states in the impact of the item veto on fiscal responsibility That impact varies by the type of item veto and by level of usage Governors having the authority to reduce budgetary items and to delete narrative provisions in appropriations bills can and do use the item veto to promote fiscal responsibility.
Spatial scale of GIS‐derived categorical variables affects their ability to separate sites by community composition

ABSTRACT Questions: How well do GIS-derived categorical variables (e.g., vegetation, soils, geology, elevation, geography, and physiography) separate plots based on community composition? How does the ability to distinguish plots by community composition vary with spatial scale, specifically number of patch types, patch size and spatial correlation? Both these questions bear on the effective use of stratifying variables in landscape ecology. Location: Arctic tundra; Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, northwestern Alaska, USA. Methods: We evaluated the strength of numerous alternative stratifying variables using the multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP). We also created groups based on lichen community composition, using cluster analyses, and evaluated the relationship between these groups and groupings within categorical variables using Mantel tests. Each test represents different measures of community separation, which were then evaluated with respect to each variable's spatial characteristics. ...
A distributed deadlock detection and resolution algorithm and its correctness proof

The key idea of the algorithm is to let one transaction controller be in charge of all transactions in a set of interacting transactions. Two transactions are interacting if they are both interested in (accessing) the same resource. In addition, the controller is in charge of all the resources allocated to any of the transactions in the set. Having one controller in charge of all the transactions in a set of interacting transactions and all the resources allocated to them makes it easier to detect deadlocks and avoid them. The main problem dealt with is how a controller takes charge of another transaction when the transaction tries to access one of the resources currently in the control of the controller and how a controller releases a transaction back to its original controller when the transaction is no longer interested in any of the resources in which one or more of the other transactions are also interested. Communicating sequential processes (CSP) is used to code the algorithm. The correctness of the algorithm is proved in a semiformal manner. >
TinyBench: the case for a standardized benchmark suite for TinyOS based wireless sensor network devices

The growing wireless sensor network research community lacks a standard method for evaluating hardware platforms. Traditional benchmark suites do not sufficiently address the needs of sensor network designers. This work provides motivation for a benchmark suite and details an approach for benchmarking TinyOS compatible hardware. To aid the development of future hardware architectures, we propose the creation of a standard single node benchmark suite, based on both real applications and "stressmarks." We present sample benchmark results and call for further work in this area.
The mechanism of corneal accommodation in chicks

Cornea1 accommodation can account for up to 9 D of accommodation in a freely behaving chick. We have explored the possibility that changes in cornea1 curvature are due to changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) during accommodation. In an in &o preparation we demonstrate that increasing the pressure will tend to flatten the cornea. We have used electrical stim~ation of the anger-Withal (EW) nucleus to further test the pressure hypothesis in t&o by recording IOP changes in the eye during EW-stimulated accommodation and by artificially modulating the IOP to assess the effects on cornea1 curvature. During EW stimulation there is an increase in IOP on the order of l-3 mmHg which tends to llatten the curvature of the cornea, thus e~minating changes in IOP as a possible rn~ha~~ of cornea1 accommodation. Slit-lamp observations of accommodative changes at the corneo-scleral margin and electrical stimulation of dissected eyes in vitro indicate that cornea1 accommodation is mediated by a contraction of the ciliary muscles, which exerts a pull on the inner lamella of the cornea, flattening the peripheral cornea and increasing the curvature of the central cornea. ~stological examination of the ciliary region of the eye confirms the appropriate positioning of the cillary muscles. We conclude that cornea1 accommodation in the chick eye is accomplished by a ciliary musclemediated mechanism. Chick Intraocular pressure Ciliary muscle Edinger-WestphaI nucleus Slit-lamp
Using text mining to handle unstructured data in semiconductor manufacturing — Yan-Hsiu Liu

In the field of semiconductor manufacturing, people usually focus on the data of well-designed databases, such as values from tool sensors, inline metrology data, or WAT data. These data are well structured and easily handled by engineers for further analysis. For example, integration engineers can compared CD metrology data to WAT data to catch out the root cause of abnormal device current, or equipment engineers can check FDC data to judge PM success or not.
Sarcoidosis in a young child with Alagille syndrome: a case report

We report a now 6-year-old African-American male with both Alagille syndrome and pediatric sarcoidosis. With a prior JAG1 mutation positive diagnosis of Alagille syndrome, he presented to the hospital with a subacute, predominantly respiratory febrile condition, eventually diagnosed as sarcoidosis. A liver biopsy revealed paucity of bile ducts and scattered epithelioid granulomas, while a skin biopsy showed granulomatous angiitis, a manifestation of sarcoidosis not yet reported in a pediatric patient. He has subsequently been treated with corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, and infliximab with clinical response. Alagille syndrome and sarcoidosis have not yet been reported in the medical literature in the same patient to the best of our knowledge. We briefly review these two seemingly unrelated conditions and propose a possible common pathogenic mechanism.
A dual BIE approach for large‐scale modelling of 3‐D electrostatic problems with the fast multipole boundary element method

A dual boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation is presented for the analysis of general 3-D electrostatic problems, especially those involving thin structures. This dual BIE formulation uses a linear combination of the conventional BIE and hypersingular BIE on the entire boundary of a problem domain. Similar to crack problems in elasticity, the conventional BIE degenerates when the field outside a thin body is investigated, such as the electrostatic field around a thin conducting plate. The dual BIE formulation, however, does not degenerate in such cases. Most importantly, the dual BIE is found to have better conditioning for the equations using the boundary element method (BEM) compared with the conventional BIE, even for domains with regular shapes. Thus the dual BIE is well suited for implementation with the fast multipole BEM. The fast multipole BEM for the dual BIE formulation is developed based on an adaptive fast multiple approach for the conventional BIE. Several examples are studied with the fast multipole BEM code, including finite and infinite domain problems, bulky and thin plate structures, and simplified comb-drive models having more than 440 thin beams with the total number of equations above 1.45 million and solved on a PC. The numerical results clearly demonstrate that the dual BIE is very effective in solving general 3-D electrostatic problems, as well as special cases involving thin perfect conducting structures, and that the adaptive fast multipole BEM with the dual BIE formulation is very efficient and promising in solving large-scale electrostatic problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stretched horizon and black hole complementarity.

Three postulates asserting the validity of conventional quantum theory, semiclassical general relativity, and the statistical basis for thermodynamics are introduced as a foundation for the study of black-hole evolution. We explain how these postulates may be implemented in a "stretched horizon" or membrane description of the black hole, appropriate to a distant observer. The technical analysis is illustrated in the simplified context of (1+1)-dimensional dilaton gravity. Our postulates imply that the dissipative properties of the stretched horizon arise from a course graining of microphysical degrees of freedom that the horizon must possess. A principle of black-hole complementarity is advocated. The overall viewpiont is similar to that poineered by 't Hooft but the detailed implementation is different.
Self-Report of Psychological Function Among OEF/OIF Personnel Who Also Report Combat-Related Concussion

MMPI-2 RF profiles of 128 U.S. soldiers and veterans with history of concussion were examined. Participants evaluated in forensic (n = 42) and clinical (n = 43) settings showed significantly higher validity and clinical elevations relative to a research group (n = 43). In the full sample, a multivariate GLM identified main effects for disability claim status and Axis I diagnosis across numerous MMPI-2 RF scales. Participants with co-morbid PTSD and concussion showed significant Restructured Clinical and Specific Problem scale elevations relative to those without Axis I diagnosis. Participants with PTSD and active disability claims were especially prone to elevate on FBS/FBS-r and RBS. Implications for neuropsychologists who routinely administer the MMPI-2/RF in the context of combat-related concussion are discussed.
Role of the Legionella pneumophila rtxA gene in amoebae.

Legionella pneumophila infects humans, causing Legionnaires’ disease, from aerosols generated by domestic and environmental water sources. In aquatic environments L. pneumophila is thought to replicate primarily in protozoa. A ‘repeats in structural toxin’ (RTX) gene, rtxA, from L. pneumophila was identified recently that plays a role in entry and replication in human macrophages and also has the ability to infect mice. However, the role of this gene in the interaction of L. pneumophila with environmental protozoa and its distribution in different Legionella species has not been examined. Southern analyses demonstrated that rtxA is present in all L. pneumophila isolates tested and correlates with species that have been shown to cause disease in humans. To evaluate the importance of rtxA in the interaction with protozoa a series of studies was carried out in an environmental host for L. pneumophila, Acanthamoeba castellanii. The L. pneumophila rtxA gene plays a role in both adherence and entry into A. castellanii similar to that observed in human monocytic cells. Furthermore, it was found that rtxA is involved in intracellular survival and trafficking. In addition to demonstrating involvement of rtxA in the interaction of L. pneumophila with host cells, these data support a role for this gene both during disease in humans and in environmental reservoirs.
Characterizing and mapping forest fire fuels using ASTER imagery and gradient modeling

Abstract Land managers need cost-effective methods for mapping and characterizing forest fuels quickly and accurately. The launch of satellite sensors with increased spatial resolution may improve the accuracy and reduce the cost of fuels mapping. The objective of this research is to evaluate the accuracy and utility of imagery from the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) satellite sensor, and gradient modeling, for mapping fuel layers for fire behavior modeling with FARSITE and FLAMMAP. Empirical models, based upon field data and spectral information from an ASTER image, were employed to test the efficacy of ASTER for mapping and characterizing crown closure and crown bulk density. Surface fuel models (National Forest Fire Laboratory (NFFL) 1–13) were mapped using a classification tree based upon three gradient layers; potential vegetation type, cover type, and structural stage. The final surface fuel model layer had an overall accuracy of 0.632 ( K HAT = 0.536). Results for the canopy fuel empirical models developed here suggest that vegetation indices incorporating visible wavelengths (i.e. the green red vegetation index (GRVI)) are suitable for predicting crown closure and crown bulk density ( r 2 = 0.76. and 0.46, respectively).
Biofilm accumulation on endotracheal tubes following prolonged intubation

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that patients who have been intubated for prolonged periods of time will have an increased likelihood of developing bacterial biofilm on their endotracheal tubes. METHODS We collected endotracheal tubes from patients at the time of extubation, and analysed representative sections with scanning electron microscopy for morphologic evidence of biofilms. RESULTS From September 2007 to September 2008, 32 endotracheal tubes were analysed with electron microscopy. Patients who had been intubated for 6 days or longer had a significantly higher percentage of endotracheal tubes that exhibited bacterial biofilms, compared with patients intubated for less than 6 days (88.9 versus 57.1 per cent, p = 0.0439). CONCLUSIONS Longer duration of intubation is associated with a higher incidence of bacterial biofilm. Further research is needed to link the presence of bacterial biofilms to acquired laryngotracheal damage.
EFFECT OF WATER ON ACCURACY OF M-DINITROBENZENE REACTION IN THE QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF URINARY KETOSTEROIDS1

ZIMMERMANN'S m-dinitrobenzene reaction has been generally accepted as the simplest and most expedient chemical procedure available at present for the quantitative assay of ketosteroids (1, 2). The obscurity of the chemistry involved in this colorimetric reaction, the instability of the reaction due to the numerous physical factors which affect it, and the use of several different types of colorimeters have led to the development by various laboratories of a number of arbitrary adaptations of this procedure (3–10). It was demonstrated in a previous investigation (11) that the essential difference between these various modifications of the Zimmermann reaction is in the water content of the reaction mixture. As a result of experience with the original Zimmermann procedure and all of its currently available adaptations (9–13), we suggested the desirability (13) of replacing it by some other chemical method which obviates its undesirable features.
Impact of New Rainfall Patterns on Detention Pond Design

A new set of dimensionless rainfall hyetographs has been developed for the state of South Carolina. The new hyetographs show trends similar to those developed recently in other states and in general have milder intensities and lower peak rainfall than the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) rainfall hyetographs. This paper evaluates the impact the new hyetographs have on rainfall runoff and detention pond design and compares the results with those using the SCS hyetographs. Peak discharges for basin runoff were reduced up to approximately 20% of the predicted peak runoff rate using the current SCS hyetographs. Detention pond peak stage was also reduced by 25–50% of the predicted SCS stage. This analysis suggests that design hyetographs should be regularly updated to incorporate recent rainfall data.
Reconstructing CAD models of articulated objects

We present an algorithm for recovering a CAD model from a time sequence of range images of an articulated object. Each recovered part is described using an augmented boundary representation which includes the actually observed surfaces of the object part, implied surfaces between it and other connected parts, and occlusion limits to the unseen portion of the part. The algorithm first develops feature correspondences across the frames of the input sequence. Then, after potential connections are inferred between parts based on relative motion, the boundary of each part is computed. This is followed by the calculation of the parameters of validated connections, including any potential causal relations. >
The relationship between overactive bladder and sexual activity in women.

PURPOSE: We assessed the relationships between bladder symptoms, demographic, and medical history variables and sexual dysfunction in women with overactive bladder (OAB) disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-eight women diagnosed with OAB completed self-administered questionnaires related to overall heath status, bladder function, and sexual function. Data were compiled for questionnaire responses, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of sexual dysfunction. RESULTS: Bothersome bladder symptoms were reported by ³ 60% of the sample. Sixty-percent of the sample was sexually active in the past month. Difficulty with sexual arousal, orgasm, and sexual enjoyment were reported by about 25% of the women. Sexual partner status was the best predictor of sexual arousal, orgasm, and sexual enjoyment. Menopausal status emerged as an important predictor of arousal and sexual enjoyment. CONCLUSION: The majority of women with symptoms of OAB viewed these symptoms as bothersome. However, the extent of symptom bother did not predict aspects of female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Instead, menopausal and partner status emerged as the best predictors of FSD in our sample.
Perspectives on university teaching in the US Professing the profession

Higher education in the United States is in crisis. Though powerful, the financial maelstrom that has consumed many institutions may not be the vortex of most significance. We argue that colleges and universities have forsaken their fundamental mission and purposes, and particularly the role of religion in those purposes. We first examine three primary arguments about the relationship between religion and higher education: what may be loosely characterized as explicit separation; the inculcation of ‘academic virtues’; and authentic integration founded upon principles of piety, robust pluralism, and the Reformed tradition. The article concludes by advancing what the last of these relationships might look like, identifying ways teacher—scholars in the arts and humanities might invoke a more authentic integration and collaboratively engage in the necessary conversations about our mission and purposes.
Phosphorus and Aluminum Gettering of Gold in Silicon: Simulation and Optimization Considerations

Using thediffusion-segregation equation, modeling and simulations of gettering Au (a substi-tutional-interstitial species in Si) away from the Si bulk have been performed. Threeexternal gettering schemes have been considered: wafer frontside P indiffusion gettering, wafer backside Al deposition gettering, and a combination of the two processes. Under the same processing conditions, it has been shown that P indiffusion gettering is faster than Al gettering, but P gettering has a lower gettering capacity and is less stable than Al gettering for longer gettering times. The combined P and Al gettering process is as fast as P gettering in reaching an optimum gettered state, and possesses the capacity and stability of the Al gettering process.
Safety during breastfeeding: Drugs, foods, environmental chemicals, and maternal infections

Summary The two ultimate goals of using maternal medications during breastfeeding are (i) to provide definitive therapy for maternal conditions for which the drugs have been prescribed, and (ii) to assure protection of the nursing infant from any adverse event related to his/her mother's treatment. Fortunately there are only a few drugs that have been identified as potentially causing harm to the infant. Analytic techniques exist to measure compounds in concentrations as small as nanograms per liter of milk. For nearly all compounds these very small amounts would not be able to exert pharmacological activity, even if absorbed by the infant via the oral route. For environmental chemicals, this ability to measure very small amounts exceeds our knowledge of any biological activity. Concern over any possible adverse event to the nursing infant should take into account the drug, its dose, the age of the infant, recognition of the interindividual variation in drug response and the role of pharmacogenetics. The latter two variables are closely linked.
Adenomyomatous hamartoma causing ileoileal intussusception in a young child.

Abstract An unusual case of adenomyomatous hamartoma of ileum leading to ileo-ileal intussusception in a 22-month-old child is reported.
Destruction of Isolates from the Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Laboratory

The Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs hospital administration closed the research laboratory directed by Victor Yu and Janet Stout and destroyed isolates collected as part of a series of clinical studies over 25 years. This article discusses the implications and protests such destruction as an affront to science and scientific study. A petition signed by 243 individuals accompanies this article.
Abstract B48: Gastric cancer presentation and survival among California Asians

Gastric cancer (GC) is the 4th cause of cancer death worldwide. In the US, GC results in more than 10,000 cancer related deaths annually. Furthermore, it is associated with significant morbidity in the affected individuals. The disease has a high incidence in Asian and Hispanic population. In the US, California has the highest number of GC cases per year, possibly due to high number of Asian and Hispanic population. We designed a study to explore the disparities in the presentation and outcome of GC in the Asian population. Using data from the California Cancer Registry (CCR), we investigated the GC incidence and survival rates among Asians in California from 2000-2010. We explored the significance of demographics in the anatomic presentation of gastric cancer and survival in the Asian population compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW). We identified 18,377 GC cases (inclusive of NHW and Asians) in this time period. In this population 70% were NHW, 8% Chinese, 7% Korean and 5% Japanese, the rest included Filipino, Vietnamese and other Asian sub-groups. Koreans have the highest age adjusted incidence rate of GC compared to NHW and all other Asian groups. Moreover, the frequencies of stomach cancer by anatomical subsites were statistically significantly different between Asians and NWH for both males and females (p Despite higher incidence, Koreans have better survival than NHW when adjusted for age, gender, SES, nativity, stage, anatomical subsite, and type of treatment received. Prognostic factors for death from gastric cancer included age > 65 and immigration status, with immigrants doing better than US born. The differences in the anatomical distribution of GC and outcome in the Asian population may be due to differences in etiologic factors that deserve further exploration. In Japan and Korea, early detection had resulted in a dramatic decline in mortality and morbidity. Although overall low incidence of the disease in US is prohibitive for a generalized screening program, there are subpopulations that may benefit from screening. Given that early detection has proven to be effective and cost saving in Asian countries with high incidence of gastric cancer consideration of screening for this population is intriguing and should be explored. Citation Format: Afsaneh Barzi, Mariana Stern, Juanjuan Zhang, Dennis Deapen, Lihua Liu. Gastric cancer presentation and survival among California Asians. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B48. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-B48
A comparison of three hydraulic parameter optimization schemes for Las Vegas Valley

Las Vegas Valley has had a long history of groundwater development and subsequent surface deformation. Much research has been done to estimate parameters within the Las Vegas Basin, but this research represents the first effort to use parameter estimation techniques to inversely calibrate hydrogeologic aquifer parameters for the principal aquifer of the entire basin. Three different inversion strategies are invoked to determine the most accurate and computationally efficient method for estimating transmissivities T and elastic and inelastic skeletal storage coefficients ( S ke and S kv ) at the basin scale: the zonation method (ZM), the adaptive multi-scale method, and the differential evolution adaptive metropolis Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme (DREAM MCMC). The three inversion methods are compared and contrasted based on quantitative measurements of model fit, computational efficiency, and user flexibility. The results indicate that overall, the adaptive multi-scale method, which is able to efficiently reconstruct the T , S ke , and S kv zones while providing more flexibility and accuracy than the other two methods, is the best strategy for calibrating optimal model parameters and providing a framework for developing an accurate hydrogeologic model for Las Vegas Valley.
The meiostagmin reaction

The first work on the meiostagmin reaction was done by Ascoli,3 who determined the surface tension lowering that occurred when an alcoholic extract of typhoid bacilli, properly diluted, was mixed with a diluted typhoid immune serum, in the proportion of 1 part of the former to 9 of the latter. The surface tension was determined immediately after mixing, and again after 2 hours' incubation at 37 C. Normal serum, used in the same dilutions as the immune serum and mixed with the same alcoholic antigen, served as a control. The alcoholic antigen was prepared as follows : A washed, agar grown culture of B. typhosus was first allowed to undergo autolysis by heating in salt solution, and was then passed through a Berkefeld filter. Part of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness, and from the residue a saturated alcoholic extract was made. This was employed as antigen in Ascoli's first work and was found to be more potent than (a) the filtrable aqueous products of autolysis, (b) the precipitate obtained by adding alcohol to (a), (c) the filtrate obtained in the preparation of (b). Various dilutions of the antigens were used, ranging from 1: 100 to 1: 100,000. With a 1: 100 dilution of the antigens, and a 1: 20 patient's serum the surface tension lowering during the 2 hours' incubation caused the drop count to increase 3.2 drops, from a stalagmometer delivering 60 drops of water. Greater dilutions of the antigens caused increases of less than
Earth Charter Education for Sustainable Ways of Living

This introductory article frames the sustainability challenges we face and explores the meaning of sustainable development and education for sustainable development through the lens of the Earth Ch...
Debunking the ‘new normal’: Why world food prices are expected to resume their long run downward trend

Abstract Contrary to the opinions expressed by many commentators, the recent episode of higher prices for agricultural commodities is likely a transitory phenomenon. When compared to the last half-century, population growth is expected to be much slower in the coming decades, with nearly all of the growth occurring in lower income countries, where added population places less pressure on global markets. The impact of the recent surge in growth rates in the developing world, and the associated dietary upgrading, will be insufficient to overcome the population effect. Further, earlier projections of biofuels growth are proving overly enthusiastic in the wake of lower oil prices and environmental concerns. Consequently, our projections using the SIMPLE model of global agriculture suggest that, in the long run, food prices are expected to be slightly lower at mid-century than they were prior to the food price crisis (2006). However, this outcome is shown to depend critically on the rate of productivity growth in agriculture. Our projections involve expected global productivity growth over the 2006–2050 period which is only 60% as fast as over the historical period: 1961–2006. If total factor productivity growth slows more than this, perhaps due to adverse climate impacts or reduced investment in R&D, then prices could rise in the coming decades. Also, we cannot rule out the possibility of a steeper price decline in the wake of recent signs of robust productivity growth in the developing world.