cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using semantic content as cues for better scanpath prediction

Under natural viewing conditions, human observers use shifts in gaze to allocate processing resources to subsets of the visual input. There are many computational models that try to predict these shifts in eye movement and attention. Although the important role of high level stimulus properties (e.g., semantic information) stands undisputed, most models are based solely on low-level image properties. We here demonstrate that a combined model of high-level object detection and low-level saliency significantly outperforms a low-level saliency model in predicting locations humans fixate on. The data is based on eye-movement recordings of humans observing photographs of natural scenes, which contained one of the following high-level stimuli: faces, text, scrambled text or cell phones. We show that observers - even when not instructed to look for anything particular, fixate on a face with a probability of over 80% within their first two fixations, on text and scrambled text with a probability of over 65.1% and 57.9% respectively, and on cell phones with probability of 8.3%. This suggests that content with meaningful semantic information is significantly more likely to be seen earlier. Adding regions of interest (ROI), which depict the locations of the high-level meaningful features, significantly improves the prediction of a saliency model for stimuli with high semantic importance, while it has little effect for an object with no semantic meaning.
Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia. VIII. Temperature-induced changes in lipid composition and in thermal avoidance behavior

Abstract Transfer of a culture of Paramecium tetraurelia from 25 to 35°C produced several significant changes in membrane lipid composition within 4 h. The proportion of gg-linolenic acid (γ18:3) decreased, the ratio of 16:0 to 18:0 in sphingolipids decreased, and the ratio of 7-dehydrocholesterol to 7-dehydrostigmasterol increased at the higher temperature. When cultures were transferred from 35 back to 25°C, these changes were reversed within 4 h. The lipid alterations induced by a temperature shift occurred both in ciliary membranes and in deciliated bodies, but were most striking in ciliary membranes. The shift up in culture temperature caused a slight reduction in the proportion of ciliary unsaturated fatty acids within 8 h. However, after two days at 35°C the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of ciliary membranes was not different from that of ciliary membranes from cells cultured at 25°C. Coincident with the changes in membrane lipid composition, thermal avoidance behavior of paramecia also changed after a shift from 25 to 35°C. Cells incubated at the higher temperature showed less thermal avoidance, but reacquired it after being transferred back to 25°C. The changes in thermal avoidance behavior occur in parallel with changes in membrane lipid composition, suggesting that the membrane lipid may be involved in thermosensory transduction.
Native defect properties in β-SiC: Ab initio and empirical potential calculations

Abstract There is considerable ambiguity regarding the formation of native defects and their clusters in silicon carbide (SiC), since different empirical potentials give different results, particular for the stability of interstitial configurations. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to study the formation and properties of native defects in β-SiC. The DFT results are compared with those calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the Tersoff potentials, with modified cut-off distances and parameters obtained from the literature. The formation energy of vacancies and antisite defects obtained by DFT calculations are in good agreement with those given by the Tersoff potential, regardless of the cut-off distances, but for interstitials there is a disparity between the two methods, depending on the cut-off distances used in the Tersoff potential. The present results provide guidelines for evaluating the quality and fit of empirical potentials for large-scale simulations of irradiation damage (displacement cascades) and point defect migration (recombination or annealing) in SiC.
Expression and Efficient Export of Enzymatically ActiveMycobacterium tuberculosis Glutamine Synthetase in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Evidence That the Information for Export is Contained within the Protein

Abstract We have investigated the expression and extracellular release of active, recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), an enzyme that is a potentially important determinant of M. tuberculosisinfection and whose extracellular release is correlated with pathogenicity. The M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase gene encodes a polypeptide of 478 amino acids; 12 such subunits comprise the active enzyme. Northern blot, nuclease S1, and primer extension analyses revealed glutamine synthetase specific transcripts of ∼1,550 and 1,650 nucleotides produced under low and high nitrogen conditions, respectively. Expression of recombinant M. tuberculosis glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coliYMC21E, a glutamine synthetase deletion mutant, led to transcomplementation of the mutant but not to release of active enzyme. Expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis 1-2c, from the gene’s own promoter, resulted in the release of >95% of all recombinant enzyme. No hybrid molecules containing M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis glutamine synthetase subunits were detected. Native and recombinant exported and intracellular glutamine synthetase molecules were indistinguishable from one another by mass, N-terminal amino acid sequence, antibody reactivity, and enzymatic activity. Since M. tuberculosisglutamine synthetase is similar to other, strictly intracellular, bacterial glutamine synthetases and the DNA sequence upstream of the structural gene does not encode a leader peptide, the information to target the protein for export must be contained in its amino acid sequence and/or conformation.
Operative complications of combat-related transtibial amputations: a comparison of the modified burgess and modified Ertl tibiofibular synostosis techniques.

Background: The complications of bone-bridging amputations remain ill defined. The purpose of this study was to compare the early and intermediate-term complications leading to reoperation between the modified Burgess and modified Ertl tibiofibular synostosis in combat-related transtibial amputations. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive, contemporaneous cohorts of thirty-seven modified Ertl bone-bridge and 100 modified Burgess combat-related transtibial amputations. The primary outcome measure was the need for reoperation following definitive closure. Results: At a mean follow-up of two years (range, nine to forty-eight months), there was a 53% overall reoperation rate. The overall complications included infection (34%), neuroma excision (18%), heterotopic ossification excision (15%), myodesis failure (4%), and scar revision (7%). A significantly higher rate of overall complications (p = 0.008) was noted in the bone-bridge group. Additionally, there was an increased rate of noninfectious complications in the bone-bridge group (p = 0.02). A positive selection bias was also noted for performing bone-bridge amputations late (p = 0.0002) and outside the zone of injury (p < 0.0001). Bone-bridge-specific complications occurred in 32% of the modified Ertl group. Delayed union or nonunion of the synostosis (11%) and implant-related complications (27%) predominated. Three bone bridges were ultimately removed. Conclusions: Reoperations were needed at a significantly greater rate overall and for noninfectious complications following bone-bridge synostosis compared with modified Burgess transtibial amputations. Additionally, despite the positive selection bias favoring the bridge synostosis cohort, infection rates were not lower in that group. Detailed patient counseling and careful patient selection are indicated prior to performing modified Ertl amputations, particularly in the absence of convincing evidence regarding objective functional benefits from the procedure. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Estrogen dependent ciliogenesis in the chick oviduct.

Both the hormone dependency and the morphological details of estrogen-dependent ciliogenesis in the shell gland of the chick oviduct were investigated. Ciliogenesis was initiated on day 3 of estrogen treatment, and progressively more cells became differentiated until, on day 10, ∼ 55% ciliation occurred with 17β-estradiol (1 mg/day) and ∼75% ciliation occurred with diethylstilbestrol (1 mg/day). Simultaneous administration of progesterone with diethylstilbestrol (1 mg each/day for 10 days) caused a 50% depression in the number of ciliated cells on day 10. The rate of ciliogenesis was found to be affected by progesterone and the type of estrogen administered. The minimum stimulatory dose of estradiol was found to be between 0.01 mg/day and 0.05 mg/day. Ciliogenic cells were first recognized by the appearance of pro-basal bodies in the apical portion of the cell. Pro-basal body maturation and cilium formation were the same as those described for the chick trachea. Ciliogenesis in the chick was found to be homologous to estrogen-dependent ciliogenesis in various mammalian oviducts.
Cardiac output responses during exercise in volume-expanded heart transplant recipients.

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for immediate adjustments in cardiac output at onset of exercise, in the absence of neural drive, are not well defined in heart transplant (HT) recipients. Seven male HT recipients (mean ± SD 57 ± 6 years) and 7 age-matched sedentary normal control subjects (mean age 57 ± 5 years) performed constant load cycle exercise at 40% of peak power output (Watts). Cardiac output and plasma norepinephrine were determined at rest and every 30 seconds during the first 5 minutes of exercise and at minutes 6, 8, and 10. All subjects were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center for determination of plasma volume. After 3 days of equilibration to a controlled and standardized diet, plasma volume was measured using a modified Evans Blue Dye (T-1824) dilution technique. Heart rate at rest was higher in the HT group (105 ± 12 vs 74 ± 6 beats/min), but during submaximum exercise, heart rates in the control group increased more rapidly (p ≤0.05) and to a greater magnitude (54 ± 7% vs 17 ± 4% above rest). Stroke volume at rest was lower in HT recipients (45 ± 4 vs 68 ± 9 ml) but was significantly augmented immediately after onset of exercise (30 seconds) and the relative increase was greater than controls at peak exercise (61% vs 38% greater than baseline). Cardiac output at rest was within the normal range in both groups (4.58 ± 0.27 vs 4.94 ± 0.40 L/min). Relative increases in cardiac output were similar (p ≥0.05) for the HT (106 ± 12%) and control groups (97 ± 10%). Plasma norepinephrine did not become significantly greater than resting values until approximately 4 minutes after onset of exercise in both groups. Blood volume, normalized for body weight, was 12% greater in the HT group. Thus, HT recipients with expanded blood volume (12%) augment stroke volume immediately after the onset of exercise. Plasma norepinephrine levels contribute negligibly to the rapid adjustment in cardiac output. Rather, we speculate that abrupt on-transit increases in stroke volume are due to augmented venous return, secondary to expanded blood volume.
Influences of utterance length and complexity on speech motor performance in children and adults

The possible influences of utterance length and complexity on speech motor performance were examined by assessing the effects of increased processing demands on articulatory movement stability. Eig...
Absence epilepsy in apathetic, a spontaneous mutant mouse lacking the h channel subunit, HCN2

Abstract Analysis of naturally occurring mutations that cause seizures in rodents has advanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy. Abnormalities of Ih and h channel expression have been found in many animal models of absence epilepsy. We characterized a novel spontaneous mutant mouse, apathetic (ap/ap), and identified the ap mutation as a 4 base pair insertion within the coding region of Hcn2, the gene encoding the h channel subunit 2 (HCN2). We demonstrated that Hcn2ap mRNA is reduced by 90% compared to wild type, and the predicted truncated HCN2ap protein is absent from the brain tissue of mice carrying the ap allele. ap/ap mice exhibited ataxia, generalized spike–wave absence seizures, and rare generalized tonic–clonic seizures. ap/+ mice had a normal gait, occasional absence seizures and an increased severity of chemoconvulsant-induced seizures. These findings help elucidate basic mechanisms of absence epilepsy and suggest HCN2 may be a target for therapeutic intervention.
Thermal Characterization of a Microlayered Polycarbonate/Polymethyl Methacrylate Composite

Thermal behavior of a coextruded microlayer composite with 388 alternating layers of polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Two distinct glass transition temperatures were observed with DSC for the coextruded composite, however both were shifted very slightly towards each other, compared to the glass transition temperatures of the pure components, indicating limited miscibility. Adhesion between the alternating microlayers appeared to be very good; delamination did not occur after the microlayer composite was subjected to a high speed impact test. Adhesion is attributed to limited miscibility since little mixing resulted from the laminar flow which was required in the coextrusion process. DMA results revealed an additional damping peak, which was not observed with DSC, at a temperature between the glass transitions of the two components. This intermediate transition peak is more sensitive to change in frequency compared to the response for the individual pure components.
Diffusivity of Moisture in Thin Films

Absorption of moisture by thin films produces a volume increase which changes the film stress toward compression. This effect is the basis of a new technique for measuring water diffusivity. The diffusion coefficient is determined by a least squares fit of the stress data to the diffusion equation, with appropriate boundary conditions. This technique provides a fast, quantitative supplement to the traditional bias-temperature-humidity stress testing. The differences in diffusivities of common passivations are substantial; phosphosilicate glasses are orders of magnitude higher than plasma nitrides. Diffusivities for several passivation materials are given.
CAMT: new findings and new questions

Ballmaier and colleagues (page [137][1]) have identified the molecular cause of congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) in 9 patients: deficiency in expression or function of the thrombopoietin receptor c-mpl. Together with 2 earlier, smaller studies, this report adds CAMT to the growing
Comparison of nerve trimming with the Er:YAG laser and steel knife

Best outcome in nerve repair requires precise alignment and minimization of scar at the repair interface. Surgeons attempt to create the sharpest cut surface at the nerve edge prior to approximation. Pulsed laser modalities are being investigated in several medical applications which require precise atraumatic cutting. We compared nerve trimming with the Er:YAG laser (1375 J/cm 2 ) to conventional steel knife trimming prior to neurorrhaphy. Sprague- Dawley rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Under operating microscope magnification the sciatic nerve was dissected and transected using one of the test techniques. In the laser group, the pulses were directed axially across the nerve using a stage which fixed laser fiber/nerve distance and orientation. Specimens were sent for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at time zero. Epineurial repairs were performed with 10 - 0 nylon simple interrupted sutures. At intervals to 90 days, specimens were harvested and sectioned longitudinally and axially for histologic examination. Time zero SEM revealed clean cuts in both groups but individual axons were clearly visible in all laser specimens. Small pits were also visible on the cut surface of laser treated nerves. No significant differences in nerve morphology were seen during healing. Further studies to quantify axon counts, and functional outcome will be needed to assess this technique of nerve trimming. Delivery system improvements will also be required, to make the technique clinically practical.
Translational Research-Enhancing the Health of Children and their Parents.

Children's health is enhanced when the quality of care is improved through new evidence that has been translated into pediatric nursing practice. PEDIATRIC NURSING PRACTICE is focused on providing care for children and their families, as well as working with and through parents to help them become better parents. When parenting is enhanced, a more cohesive family creates a more supportive environment in which children thrive. With better parenting and family functioning, a sound foundation is created to foster children's ability to grow and develop to maximize their potential. Thus, pediatric nurses have the opportunity to improve children's health by translating research into evidence-based practice initiatives designed to enhance the care of children, their parents, and families. Evidence is generated through nursing research to improve the quality of nursing practice (Polit & Beck, 2012). Evidence-based practice improves outcomes and the quality of pediatric nursing care (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2011; Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2014). Therefore, when evidence from research is translated into practice, not only the quality of care for children and their families is improved, but the quality of pediatric nursing practice is also enhanced (Christian, 2011, 2013a, 2013b, 2014). In this way, the health of children and their parents is enhanced.
DNS and LES of decaying isotropic turbulence with and without frame rotation using lattice Boltzmann method

The objective of the paper is to assess the effectiveness of the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) as a computational tool for performing direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flows. Decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) in inertial and rotating frames is considered for this investigation. We perform three categories of simulations. The first category involves LBE-DNS of HIT. In the inertial frame of reference, the decay exponents of the kinetic energy k, the dissipation rate @e and the low wave-number scaling of the energy spectrum are studied. The LBE results agree well with established classical results. In the case of turbulence subject to frame rotation, the LBE simulations confirm that the energy decay rate decreases with Rossby number as the energy cascade is inhibited by rotation. Second, we carry out LBE-LES for decaying HIT in inertial frame. We compute kinetic energy decay, energy spectrum and flow structures. By comparing LBE-LES and LBE-DNS results, we observe that LBE-LES accurately captures prominent large scale flow behavior. We find that the Smagorinsky constant C"S in LBE-LES should be smaller than the typical value used in traditional Navier-Stokes (NS) LES approaches. Finally, we compare the LBE-LES and NS-LES (of comparable order of numerical accuracy) results for HIT and observe that the LBE-LES simulations appear to preserve instantaneous flow fields somewhat more accurately. Our results clearly indicate that the LBE method can accurately capture important features of decaying HIT and is potentially a reliable computational tool for turbulence simulations.
Status of HEP neural net research in the USA

Abstract Progress on tracking with recurrent neural network is presented. Applications of feed-forward networks to high energy physics are discussed. The situation regarding hardware implementations of neural networks is assessed.
Reinvestigation of proton threshold states in26Al

The27Al(3He,α)26Al reaction has been used to determine 1-transfers for states in26Al between 6.3- and 6.5- MeV excitation. Angular distributions of α-particles between 5° and 15°, when added to our previously published results confirm a strong 1=0 component for a state at 6363 keV but indicate pure 1=2 for states at 6410 and 6498 keV. We discuss implications for nucleosynthesis.
The splitting of thin liquid films. Kinematics

Abstract The kinematics of film splitting have been explored inside a role nip using a disc and cone apparatus especially developed for the purpose. High-speed photographs and cinematographs have been made of the action in the nip. Two regimes of flow have been discerned. At slow speeds, fluids have time to flow counter to the roll direction into the region of low pressure where separation begins. At high speeds, cavitation or bubble formation occurs in the low-pressure region. The number of bubbles formed has been counted as a function of speed, nip pressure, and film thickness: they increase with increases in the first and third of these variables, and decrease slightly with increase in the second. Pigmentation increases the number of bubbles formed. These cavitation studies have shed light on the mechanisms of film splitting and fluid transfer.
Migratory pathways of HNK-1-immunoreactive neural crest cells in the rat embryo

In avian embryos, the precursors of the peripheral nervous system, the neural crest cells, migrate along precise pathways limited to the anterior half of each somite and the intersomitic space. This segmental migration foreshadows the development of segmented peripheral ganglia and thus may be critical to normal neuronal development. We report here that a remarkably similar pattern of migration of HNK-1-immunoreactive cells, which we believe to be neural crest cells, exists in the rat embryo, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms of neural crest guidance may be the same in avian and mammalian embryonic development.
Macro-level Modeling of the Response of C. elegans Reproduction to Chronic Heat Stress

A major goal of systems biology is to understand how organism-level behavior arises from a myriad of molecular interactions. Often this involves complex sets of rules describing interactions among a large number of components. As an alternative, we have developed a simple, macro-level model to describe how chronic temperature stress affects reproduction in C. elegans. Our approach uses fundamental engineering principles, together with a limited set of experimentally derived facts, and provides quantitatively accurate predictions of performance under a range of physiologically relevant conditions. We generated detailed time-resolved experimental data to evaluate the ability of our model to describe the dynamics of C. elegans reproduction. We find considerable heterogeneity in responses of individual animals to heat stress, which can be understood as modulation of a few processes and may represent a strategy for coping with the ever-changing environment. Our experimental results and model provide quantitative insight into the breakdown of a robust biological system under stress and suggest, surprisingly, that the behavior of complex biological systems may be determined by a small number of key components.
Using humanist sociology in the classroom

This essay examines the nature, organization, and activities of humanist sociology from an interventionist perspective as I used it within my sociology and criminology classes. While sociological humanism stresses the role of human agency (Ballard 1987; Zald 1991), identity (Stone 1988), reflexivity (Friedrichs 1987; Homan 1986), and social structure in determining and defining a social activity such as teaching, standard discussions of sociological humanism neglect to discuss how social agency can be taught in the classroom and beyond (McClung Lee 1976, 1988). My argument is that sociological humanism should be understood as more than individual appreciation of identity or liberal reformist political perspectives. The future of sociological humanism must become part of a critical interventionism to attack social forms of domination and oppression both inside and outside of the classroom. I demonstrate how some of this can be accomplished while examining my own teaching practices.
Ultrasonic Control of Fastener Tightening Using Varying Wave Speed

A high precision ultrasonic technique and a test apparatus are developed for the real-time control of the fastener elongation during the tightening process of bolted joints. This is accomplished by monitoring the propagation of longitudinal ultrasonic waves through the fastener material and the reflection of these waves at the end of the fastener. The round trip time of the longitudinal waves is continuously measured and monitored in real-time. Using the wave speed in the fastener material, the change in the round trip time determines the fastener elongation, which creates fastener tension and joint clamp load. The wave speed through the bolt material is stress dependent; hence, it continuously changes as the fastener is being elongated during the tightening process. A varying wave speed algorithm is developed and utilized in order to compensate for wave speed variations. Because the torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners is highly sensitive to friction variations, the scatter in such relationship is often unacceptable, especially in critical applications. By contrast, the automatic control of the fastener elongation during the tightening process would eliminate the dependence on the torque value as a predictor for the bolt tension. Hence, the new ultrasonic technique for the real-control of the fastener tension, by monitoring its elongation, would significantly enhance the reliability of bolted assemblies.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Plasma urokinase levels measured by chromogenic assay after infusions of tissue culture or urinary source material.

Abstract A standard curve of urokinase activity versus optical density was established for high molecular weight and low molecular weight urokinase molecules using the chromogenic substrate L-pyroglutamyl-glycyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanalide (KABI S-2444) and a World Health Organization urokinase preparation. Plasma urokinase levels were determined on samples collected during and after infusions of tissue culture or urinary source urokinase. The urinary source material achieved a significantly higher plasma blood level at the first sampling interval (2 hours) and disappeared more rapidly after termination of the infusion, than did tissue culture material. There was no correlation of the plasma chromogenic assay level with the plasma fibrinogen or plasminogen concentration nor with any other parameter associated with the “lytic state”. Both urokinase materials achieved plasma levels in excess of that required to produce a fibrinogenolytic state, and it is likely that a lower dose could be used to achieve the “lytic state”.
Networked enabled combat for the enhancement of the underwater common operating picture

Defence RD as a vehicle to develop fusion technologies, as a means to improve underwater warfare effectiveness and to demonstrate that faster formation of the underwater common operating picture can be produced using networked shared information. One of the products that has been developed is the Networked Enabled Combat System (NECS).
The effect of multiple inseminations on the evolution of social behaviors in diploid and haplo-diploid organisms.

Abstract Using a classical population genetic model, the necessary conditions for the spread of genes that determine social behaviors and the rate of spread of these genes are derived. The influence of 1, 2, 3, or k inseminations per female on these conditions is investigated for both diploid and haplodiploid organisms. These results are then extended to a population in which there are arbitrary variations among females in their numbers of mates. These results do not depend upon assuming equal paternity by all inseminating males; the effects of sperm competition and unequal paternity are also derived. The rates and conditions for social evolution in these groups of complex composition are discussed in relation to Hamilton's rule. For all models, the total change in gene frequency, Δq, is partitioned into two components: (1) Δq I , the change in gene frequency caused by selection within groups; this component is always negative, illustrating that individual selection always operates against the evolution of social behaviors; and (2) ΔqG, the change in gene frequency caused by selection between groups; this component is generally positive. Hamilton's rule is shown to specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for Δq G > | Δq I | , that is, for selection among kin groups to over-ride individual selection within kin groups.
WE‐A‐134‐04: Comprehensive Evaluation of a Respiration‐Phase‐Matched Digital Tomosynthesis (DTS) Imaging Technique for Monitoring Moving Targets

Purpose: To develop a respiration‐phase‐matched DTS technique to monitor moving targets, and to evaluate its accuracy for various imaging parameters and anatomical characteristics Methods: Conventional methods, registering on‐board DTS(OB‐DTS, reconstructed from on‐board projections) to reference DTS(R‐DTS, reconstructed from DRRs of 3D‐planning‐CT), are inadequate to monitor moving targets. Our proposed technique registers OB‐DTS to R‐DTS reconstructed from DRRs generated by the same phase images of 4D‐planning‐CT as the corresponding on‐board projections. To evaluate the improved accuracy of our technique, we performed thoracic phantom studies using (1)simulation with the 4D Digital Extended‐cardiac‐torso(XCAT) phantom, and (2)experiments with an anthropomorphic motion phantom. The studies were performed for various: respiratory‐cycle(RC), scan angle and fraction of RC contained therein. Also, we assessed the accuracy of our technique relative to target size/location, and respiration changes from the planning‐CT scan to on‐board volume. Results: In both simulation and experimental studies the respiration‐phase‐matched DTS technique is significantly more accurate in determining moving target positions. For 324 different scenarios simulated by XCAT, the respiration‐phase‐matched DTS technique localizes the 3D target position to within 1.07±0.57mm(mean±S.D.), as compared to (a)2.58±1.37mm and (b)7.37±4.18mm, for traditional DTS using 3D‐planning‐CT of (a)average‐intensity‐projection(AIP) and (b)free‐breathing‐CT(FB‐CT). For the 60 scenarios evaluated through experimental study, the uncertainties corresponding to those above are 1.24±0.87mm, 2.42±1.80mm, and 5.77±6.45mm, respectively. For a given scan angle, the accuracy of respiration‐phase‐matched DTS technique is less dependent on RC and the fraction of RC included in the scan. Increasing scan angle improves its accuracy. Its accuracy is also minimally dependent on different tumor size/location combinations, or different respiratory cycle changes from planning‐CT to on‐board volume. Increasing the respiratory amplitude change will decrease its accuracy. Conclusion: The respiration‐phase‐matched DTS is more accurate and robust in determining moving target positions than traditional DTS. It has potential application in pre‐treatment setup, post‐treatment analysis and intra‐fractional target verification. Research partially supported by grant from Varian Medical Systems
The Present State of Sociological Theory

Sociology has fractured into a number of schools, each claiming to be distinct from the others and to have its own theory. The trouble with the theories is that most of them fail to make their gene...
Parental role participation and perceptions of responsibility for children's school adjustment

This research examined the effects of parental participation in work and family roles on perceptions of responsibility for their children's school adjustment. We hypothesized that mothers would be perceived as being more responsible than fathers, and that participation in nontraditional work and family roles would influence perceived responsibility. Contrary to the first hypothesis, college student subjects perceived fathers as being more responsible than mothers for good adjustment, but not for poor adjustment. Consistent with hypotheses, role participation influenced perceptions of responsibility, but only for mothers. Divorced mothers were credited less and blamed more for school adjustment than married mothers, especially when they worked outside the home. Implications of the findings for future research on role participation are discussed.
Networks: The Way Forward for Collectivistic Leadership Research

We applaud the move toward ‘‘we’’ approaches to leadership and agree that progress in this new area of inquiry may require new tools and techniques. Faster progress can come from taking a network analytic approach to collectivistic leadership research—but not necessarily the network approach described in the focal article. Yammarino, Salas, Serban, Shirreffs, and Shuffler (2012) offered too narrow a view into how ‘‘we’’ leadership research can draw from the social network field. The focal article presents one approach to leadership research that incorporates the network of social relationships a leader is embedded within: network leadership theory (Balkundi & Harrison, 2006; Balkundi & Kilduff, 2006). Although network leadership theory offers many valuable insights into the study of leadership, it is not collectivistic. Network leadership theory focuses on examining how a leader impacts and is impacted by the network he or she is embedded within. In other words, network leadership theory still focuses on single leaders, evaluating leaders in networks. In fact, leadership in a network is an evolutionary idea remnant held over from past views of leadership as formal and positional. To fully make the leap to ‘‘we’’ approaches and reap the benefits for theory and practice from doing so, we need to move from
Methylmalonic acidemia: A megamitochondrial disorder affecting the kidney

Background Classical (or isolated) methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a heterogeneous inborn error of metabolism most typically caused by mutations in the vitamin B12-dependent enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT). With the improved survival of individuals with MMA, chronic kidney disease has become recognized as part of the disorder. The precise description of renal pathology in MMA remains uncertain.
Reasons given by older people for limitation or avoidance of leisure time physical activity.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates reasons given by older people for limitation or avoidance of physical exercise. DESIGN: Community-based longitudinal study of free-living persons age 55 years or older in Sonoma, California. METHODS: Baseline standardized interviews were conducted (n = 2046) as part of a longitudinal study of aging and physical performance. Seventeen reasons for limitation or avoidance of physical activities were evaluated, with responses grouped as: no limitations, medical, non-medical, and combined medical and non-medical reasons. Patterns of physical activity and medical conditions and direct measures of physical function were evaluated in relation to reasons for activity limitation by multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Women reported more limitations/avoidance of physical activity than men (81.0% vs 73.5%). Medical reasons increased with age. Reduced walking speed and depressive symptomatology were associated with a combination of medical and non-medical reasons in both sexes. Living arrangements were associated with non-medical reasons for women but were not for men. Non-medical reasons were associated with a 20 to 30% reduction in the number of subjects who reported physical activity at recommended levels. DISCUSSION: Non-medical factors are important determinants of activity limitation and should serve as targets for patient care providers and future interventions to improve participation in physical activity by older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 505–512, 2000.
Biallelic expression of the H19 gene during spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in the albumin SV40 T antigen transgenic rat

Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that the earliest cytogenetic alteration in the development of hepatic neoplasms in a transgenic strain of rats bearing the albumin Simian virus 40 T antigen (Alb SV40 T Ag) construct was a duplication of the chromosome 1q4.1-1q4.2 band. In this region, in the rat genome a cluster of linked imprinted genes occurs. One of these imprinted genes, H19, which is expressed in fetal liver but not in adult liver, was found to be expressed in virtually all neoplasms investigated. A single-nucleotide polymorphic marker in the H19 coding sequence was identified in two rat strains and utilized for the investigation of H19 imprinting. Our results reveal monoallelic expression of the maternal gene in fetal liver, but biallelic expression of the H19 gene in liver neoplasms, thus demonstrating the basis for the deregulation of the imprinted gene expression during hepatocarcinogenesis. These results suggest that the loss of genomic imprinting of the H19 gene found in the liver neoplasms of the Alb SV40 T Ag rat may result not from allelic loss, but from adverse changes in the epigenetic imprints present in the 5′-upstream region of the H19 promoter of the parental alleles. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aging and uterine growth during implantation in C57BL/6J mice

Abstract Uterine growth during implantation was compared in C57BL/6J mice aged 3–7 mo vs. 11–12 mo. All mice had given birth to at least one previous litter. Older mice had smaller uteri during early gestation (3 to 10 days post coitum) as measured by DNA content, although wet weight and protein were generally similar in both age groups. However, there were no age effects on uterine growth during implantation, as measured by the increments of DNA, as well as protein and wet weight per implantation site (decidual swelling) on days 6–10. These data are discussed in terms of the major increase in fetal death and resorptions in older mice subsequently observed by day 12–13. Larger age-related impairment of the artificially-induced decidual response is also considered. We conclude that impairments of the artificially induced decidual response do not predict the extent of decidual responses during pregnancy in aging mice.
Meta-analysis of Proportions of Rare Events-A Comparison of Exact Likelihood Methods with Robust Variance Estimation.

The conventional random effects model for meta-analysis of proportions approximates within-study variation using a normal distribution. Due to potential approximation bias, particularly for the estimation of rare events such as some adverse drug reactions, the conventional method is considered inferior to the exact methods based on binomial distributions. In this article, we compare two existing exact approaches—beta binomial (B-B) and normal-binomial (N-B)—through an extensive simulation study with focus on the case of rare events that are commonly encountered in medical research. In addition, we implement the empirical (“sandwich”) estimator of variance into the two models to improve the robustness of the statistical inferences. To our knowledge, it is the first such application of sandwich estimator of variance to meta-analysis of proportions. The simulation study shows that the B-B approach tends to have substantially smaller bias and mean squared error than N-B for rare events with occurrences under ...
Sunk costs, entry, and the timing of cost-reducing investment

Abstract The traditional IO literature asserts that firms with monopoly power produce less efficiently than competitive firms and that they often reduce costs only after entry delivers a `wake-up call'. A model with sunk costs and uncertainty can explain this phenomenon. If becoming more efficient entails sunk costs, incumbents have an incentive to wait until a competitor's efficiency is revealed by actual entry before deciding whether to make the investment. This `uncertainty resolution' incentive can outweigh incumbents' incentives to attempt entry preemption.
Sustaining N2-Dependent Growth in the Presence of CO

ABSTRACT Low levels of carbon monoxide inhibit the N 2 -dependent growth of Rhodospirillum rubrum unless the ∼100-residue CowN protein is expressed. Expression requires the CO-responsive regulator RcoM and is maximal in cells grown in the presence of CO and a poor nitrogen source, consistent with the role of CowN in N 2 fixation.
Surface stress driven reorientation of gold nanowires

Atomistic simulations with modified embedded atom method (MEAM), embedded atom method (EAM) and surface embedded atom method (SEAM) potentials reveal that, at certain sizes, a face centered cubic (fcc) gold $⟨100⟩$ nanowire reorients into an fcc $⟨110⟩$ nanowire. In MEAM simulations, the reorientation consists of two successive processes. First, surface stress and thermal vibrations cause the fcc $⟨100⟩$ nanowire to transform into a body centered tetragonal (bct) nanowire. Second, the bct nanowire becomes unstable with respect to shear and transforms into an fcc $⟨110⟩$ nanowire. In EAM and SEAM simulations a different reorientation mechanism exists. The surface stress in the fcc $⟨100⟩$ nanowire induces slip on a ${111}⟨112⟩$ system. Progressive slip on adjacent ${111}$ planes changes the stacking sequence of these ${111}$ planes from ABCABC to ACBACB, and the nanowire reorients into an fcc $⟨110⟩$ nanowire. The difference in reorientation mechanisms is rooted in the differences in the unstable stacking fault energy and orientation dependence of electron density in the potentials. In spite of these differences, the final structures of the reoriented nanowires are the same, which helps to explain why uniform fcc $⟨110⟩$ nanowires are observed much more often in experiments than nanowires of other orientations.
The Samnite area between Abruzzo and Molise (Italy)

Abstract The territory of the Borrello Municipality is located in the Region Abruzzo, next to the Molise Region. Samnites remains are spread all over this area, up to the Sangro River; however, precise dating of archaeological remains attributable to Samnites is hard to perform because ancient fortifications were re-handled in later periods, specifically to build up rural houses, walls to contain roads, agricultural terraces, sheep barns, etc. This work is devoted to unexplored tombs.
Philosophical faith and its role in the activities of parenting

Abstract Developing Merleau-Ponty's notion of perceptual faith, philosophical faith is presented as a supplement to religious faith as a means of strengthening the ability of parents to effectively guide their children while also leading fulfilling lives. Philosophical faith is already present in our lives so we do not need to develop it from nothing. We strengthen it by raising our awareness of its role in our lives. For parents, this is an essential quality, akin to a sixth sense, that enables them to make sound decisions.
A planar micromachined spiral inductor for integrated magnetic microactuator applications

In this work, planar micromachined spiral inductive structures with relatively high inductance at low (Hz-kHz) frequencies are designed and fabricated for integrated magnetic microactuator applications and other purposes. Two types of multilayer micromachined inductors have been investigated. The first structure is a standard planar inductor spiral. To this structure we have added an electroplated high-permeability nickel-iron (Ni/Fe) magnetic core, which forms a central core to concentrate flux and completely encapsulates the windings, thus minimizing magnetic interference. For a typical 36-turn device 3 mm*3 mm in area, an inductance of approximately 20 mu H was obtained. The structure with a magnetic core has an inductance four to five times greater than a similar structure without a magnetic core. The specific inductance of our structure (inductance per unit area) is 2.2 mu H mm-2 at 10 kHz, which is one of the highest inductance values ever achieved in an integrated planar inductive component at low frequency. Since the structure of the spiral-type inductor is similar to those of planar magnetic microactuators such as micropumps, microvalves and microrelays, several low-frequency microactuator applications are expected to be possible with this inductor.
Photo-Elicitation and Visual Semiotics: A Unique Methodology for Studying Inclusion for Children with Disabilities.

The methodology in this paper discusses the use of photographs as an elicitation strategy that can reveal the thinking processes of participants in a qualitatively rich manner. Photo-elicitation te...
Towards an Airframe Noise Prediction Methodology: Survey of Current Approaches

In this paper, we present a critical survey of the current airframe noise (AFN) prediction methodologies. Four methodologies are recognized. These are the fully analytic method, CFD combined with the acoustic analogy, the semi-empirical method and fully numerical method. It is argued that for the immediate need of the aircraft industry, the semi-empirical method based on recent high quality acoustic database is the best available method. The method based on CFD and the Ffowcs William- Hawkings (FW-H) equation with penetrable data surface (FW-Hpds ) has advanced considerably and much experience has been gained in its use. However, more research is needed in the near future particularly in the area of turbulence simulation. The fully numerical method will take longer to reach maturity. Based on the current trends, it is predicted that this method will eventually develop into the method of choice. Both the turbulence simulation and propagation methods need to develop more for this method to become useful. Nonetheless, the authors propose that the method based on a combination of numerical and analytical techniques, e.g., CFD combined with FW-H equation, should also be worked on. In this effort, the current symbolic algebra software will allow more analytical approaches to be incorporated into AFN prediction methods.
Negotiating identity in the garhwali popular cassette industry

(1998). Negotiating identity in the Garhwali popular cassette industry. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 109-122.
Integrated Cryptographic Facility of the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390: design considerations

This paper reviews the considerations that shaped the design of the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390™ Integrated Cryptographic Facility. It describes design issues, alternatives, and decisions, and it provides the rationale behind some of the decisions. Issues related to performance, security, usability, and availability are covered.