cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraperitoneal injection of JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 inhibits the expression of presenilin-1 and Notch signaling in mouse brain without induction of apoptosis

Presenilin-1 (PS1) is a multifunctional protein involved in many cellular functions including the processing of type 1 membrane proteins such as β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch 1 receptor. PS1 acts as the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex, and participates in Notch 1 processing to release Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in the cytoplasm. NICD subsequently migrates to the nucleus and causes Notch signaling by increasing the expression of the Hes1 gene. We have previously shown that inhibition of basal activity of c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) with JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 represses the expression of PS1 and γ-secretase activity by increasing p53 level in SK-N-SH cell line in vitro (Lee and Das, 2008, 2010). However, it is largely unknown whether PS1 can be effectively suppressed in vivo in adult mouse brains. In this report we showed that intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 decreased p-JNK level, and reduced PS1 expression by increasing p53 level in adult mouse brains. We also showed that suppression of PS1 expression by SP600125 reduced γ-secretase activity which decreased Notch 1 processing to reduce NICD in mouse brains. Furthermore, inhibition of Notch 1 processing by SP600125 decreased Notch 1 signaling by reducing the expression of the NICD target Hes1 gene in mouse brains without induction of apoptosis. These results provide insights for further study on PS1-mediated reduction of Notch 1 and APP processing for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Communication, Culture, Media, and the Middle East

The impetus for this issue was born out of a desire, and a necessity, to see communication and cultural studies scholars engage the Middle East and North Africa, communication therein, and their pl...
Scholarly Influence in the Field of Management: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Determinants of University and Author Impact in the Management Literature in the Past Quarter Century:

The purpose of this study is to identify the universities and research scholars who have had the greatest impact on the field of management during the past quarter century and the factors that influence their impact. Using bibliometric techniques, the authors examined 30 management journals to identify the 100 most-cited universities and 150 most-cited authors from 1981 to 2004. The analysis included more than 1,600 universities and 25,000 management scholars across five individual time periods. The findings showed that (a) a relatively small proportion of universities and scholars accounted for the majority of the citations in the field; (b) total publications accounted for the majority of the variance in university citations; (c) university size, the number of PhDs awarded, research expenditures, and endowment assets had the biggest impact on university publications; and (d) total publications, years in the field, graduate school reputation, and editorial board memberships had the biggest effect on a sc...
Principles of particle selection for dispersion-strengthened copper

Abstract A new fundamental approach to the design of high strength, high thermal conductivity dispersion-strengthened copper alloys for applications in actively cooled structures is developed. This concept is based on a consideration of the basic principles of thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanical properties. The design requirements for these materials include a uniform distribution of fine particles for creep and fatigue resistance, a high thermal conductivity, thermodynamic and chemical stability at temperatures up to 1300 K, a small difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the particle and matrix, and low particle coarsening rates at the processing and service temperatures. The theory for creep of dispersion-strengthened metals developed by Rosler and Arzt is used to predict the optimum particle size for a given service temperature and to illustrate the need for a high interfacial energy. Resistance to coarsening leads to a requirement for low diffusivity and solubility of particle constituent elements in the matrix. Based on the needs for a low difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion to minimize thermal-mechanical fatigue damage and low diffusivity and solubility of the constituent elements, several candidate ceramic phases are compared using a weighted property index scheme. The results of this quantitative comparison suggest that CeO2, MgO, CaO and possibly Y2O3 may be good candidates for the dispersed phase in a copper matrix.
Call for Change in Liberal Education

The national initiative that undergraduate students receive education in public health is well-aligned with the philosophy of liberal education which recommends that baccalaureate students receive a wide breadth of knowledge, adaptable skills, principled values, and a sense of societal responsibility. This article explores this new application of liberal education and its implications for the baccalaureate student and faculty. The author describes one university's response to this initiative by providing a relative framework for a course that may serve as a model for other liberal arts institutions that are attempting to heed this call for an educated public.
Ontogeny of medullary raphe nuclei in the rabbit brain stem: A golgi study

Nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus, and magnus, found in the midline and paramedian regions of the medulla, were examined in rabbits between day 22 of gestation and adulthood. At day 22 of gestation (total gestation period of 32 days), the neurons were small with sparsely branched processes. Between day 26 of gestation and 6 days of age, the dendrites expanded, increased the number and length of their branches, and developed abundant spines. During this period, the cell bodies grew in size. From postnatal day 6 to adulthood, a mature pattern of dendritic branching was achieved, and the number of spines on the dendrites was reduced. Nuclei raphe obscurus, pallidus and magnus each possessed cells with unique morphological appearances early in ontogeny, but showed a similar pattern of enhanced dendritic branching with numerous spines through early neonatal development, followed by a reduction in the number and size of the spines. Despite the morphological heterogeneity of the medullary raphe nuclei, their general pattern of dendritic development is similar, suggesting that afferent connections to these nuclei may be formed during cellular maturation by a process similar to that described for the reticular formation and other central neurons.
Comparison of iron analyses and iron chlorosis in Kentucky bluegrass cultivars

Abstract Iron chlorosis is a common problem for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) grown on calcareous soils. Iron concentrations are commonly used to assess cultivar differences to chlorosis. Iron concentrations in leaf clippings determined by x‐ray, O‐phenanthroline, and ferrozine were used to evaluate visual Fe chlorosis ratings of 12 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars over two years. Cultivar differences for Fe concentration were greater for total Fe (x‐ray and o‐phenanthroline) than for ferrous Fe (ferrozine). Total Fe concentrations determined by o‐phenanthroline were higher than by x‐ray; ferrous Fe concentrations were relatively low. Leaf Fe concentrations determined by each method did not correlate with cultivar leaf Fe chlorosis ratings. From visual chlorosis ratings, the cultivars Sydsport, Victa, and Glade were fairly tolerant and Park, Wabash, and Delta were fairly susceptible to Fe chlorosis when grown on a calcareous soil in the field.
Influence of Scribe Speed and Force on Chemomechanical Nanofunctionalized Features

Researchers at Brigham Young University have recently developed a new method for preparing monolayer films on silicon surfaces. The method consists of wetting the wafer with a reactive organic liquid, mechanically scribing a feature on the surface of the wafer while it is immersed, and cleaning the surface to remove the organic liquid and any silicon particles that are produced by scribing. The objective of this paper is to present preliminary results on understanding how the scribed features and their performance are affected by the mechanical characteristics of the scribing system. Performance is simply judged here by the amount of water a hydrophobic square (corral) can hold. Testing was performed to determine the influence of tip force and scribing speed on the geometry and performance of the scribed lines. Lower forces produced smoother lines, however the corrals that were formed using a high force were shown to hold the most water.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Metastatic malignant melanoma transplanted via a renal homograft: a case report.

A case of transplantation of a malignant melanoma via a cadaver renal homo-graft is presented. The recipient developed a widespread malignancy nineteen months after renal transplantation. At autopsy the tumor was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma. Autopsy of the donor had previously revealed a spindle cell malignancy in the spleen. It is postulated that the splenic tumor in the donor represents a spindle cell variant of malignant melanoma, and hence this malignancy was inadvertently transferred to the recipient via the renal homograft.
Ocular Myasthenia Gravis and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Two patients had ocular myasthenia gravis coexistent with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 37-year-old woman presented with diplopia and displayed a head tremor and thyroid enlargement. Thyroid function tests showed an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). A quantitative Tensilon test yeilded a "perverse" response and a needle biopsy indicated Hashimoto's disease. A 26-year-old woman presented with diplopia and subsequently developed blepharoptosis and thyroid enlargement. Examination revealed Cogan's eyelid twitch sign, a paradoxical quantitative Tensilon test, and laboratory studies revealed normal thyroid function tests. Treatment was directed at each disease entity separately. Ocular myasthenia gravis was managed with an anticholinesterase agent in combination with oral corticosteroids that provided additional control. Suppressive therapy with desiccated thyroid hormone reduced the size of the thyroid gland, diminished the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, and lowered the levels of TSH, possibly decreasing the risk of thyroid carcinoma. Both patients showed gratifying responses to therapy.
Spatial ability and handedness

Abstract The relationship between preferred handedness and spatial visualization was examined for 124 female and 229 male undergraduate students. Handedness and spatial ability were used in the design as continuous variables. Other variables examined were sex of subject and family history of sinistrality. Spatial ability was found to be systematically related to measured handedness, familial left-handedness, and sex of subject. Males outperformed females at all levels of handedness. The lowest performance was obtained by subjects who were either extremely left-handed or extremely right-handed. The highest scores were obtained by individuals with left-handed relatives and whose handedness scores were in the range considered mixed or slightly right-handed. The results suggest that decreased hemispheric specialization is associated with increased spatial ability.
A radioautographic study of proliferation in brown fat of the rat after exposure to cold

Radioautographs of the interscapular brown fat of six weeks old animals showed that within 24 hours after cold exposure at 4°–5°C, proliferation increased in endothelium of the already profuse capillary network and also that of arterioles and especially that of venules. This continued at a high level for 48 hours then declined. Extravascular fat precursor cells but not fat cells showed an increased proliferative activity at 48 hours cold exposure which continued until 96 hours. By eight days, adaptation to the cold occurred and proliferative activity was not increased thereafter nor did it occur significantly in animals seven months old. Animals exposed to cold 48 hours, given thymidine-H3, and then returned to a temperature of 23°C for a week or more showed a considerable number of labeled fat cells which presumably were precursor cells when the thymidine-H3 was given. When the interscapular brown fat was denervated on one side, there was no loss of lipid nor increased proliferative activity in the vascular or extravascular cells on that side after 48 hours cold exposure. The normally innervated opposite side, however, had more proliferating cells than usual, especially in the endothelium.
Male gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling : Testing a mediation model on college-aged men

Men who experience negative consequences of their socialized gender roles-that is, have greater gender role conflict-report less positive attitudes and willingness to seeking counseling. Using structural equation modeling with data from 575 undergraduate men, the authors examined 3 mediators (self-stigma associated with seeking counseling, tendency to disclose distressing information, and attitudes toward seeking counseling) regarding the link between gender role conflict and willingness to seek counseling for psychological and interpersonal concerns. Results indicated that this link was partially mediated by these 3 factors. Men experiencing greater gender role conflict were more likely to self-stigmatize and less likely to self-disclose. High self-stigma and less disclosure then led to less positive attitudes and subsequently to less willingness to seek counseling.
Sociality in a nocturnal “solitary” prosimian:Galago crassicaudatus

A 16-month field study of the nocturnal prosimianGalago crassicaudatus umbrosus in the Northern Transvaal, South Africa, revealed extensive homerange overlaps between adults of both sexes, age-graded male tolerance, and a high rate of direct affiliative contact between individuals of most age-sex classes. These results contrast with the general characterization of nocturnal lorisid sociality given by Charles-Dominique (1978). Nocturnal prosimians’ dispersion while foraging supports the predation model of group cohesion in diurnal primates. The problem of group size and cohesion should be divorced from that of social networks and social complexity. There may be benefits to social interactions which transcend group living. The more subtle differences in nocturnal prosimian sociality need to be reconsidered in the light of current sociobiological and socioecological theory.
Getting to the core of the matter.

Engineering chylomicron vesicles to target drugs to the liver may provide effective new treatments for hepatitis B and other liver diseases (pages 221–225).
Determination of the strained state of thin-walled cellular structures

By using Fourier series, we find the components of the vector of displacements of the middle surface of cellular cylindrical shells and compare the results with the corresponding averaged components. This enables us to justify the possibility of application of the averaged method to the analyses of the strained states of cellular pipelines on the engineering level. Two boundaryvalue problems of finding deflections in structures of this sort are solved.
A combined SIMS-AES/LEED study of the room-temperature oxidation of Ni(110) and Ni(111) surfaces

Abstract Results of kinetic studies of the interaction of oxygen with Ni(110) and Ni(111) obtained with both SIMS and AES are presented. An initial rapid chemisorption region, accompanied by the appearance of regular overlayers of oxygen, is followed by a region of nucleation and lateral growth of oxide nuclei, which proceeds appreciably faster on Ni(110) than on Ni(111). In-depth growth of oxide was found to be of minor importance on both surfaces at the oxygen pressures used. The final thicknesses of the oxide films, determined using the AES-oxygen uptake curves together with AES data obtained from NiO-bulk material, amount to two layers of NiO(100) on Ni(110) and three layers of NiO(111) on Ni(111). The SIMS yield of negative ions (O - , NiO - , NiO - 2 ) responds very sensitively to the formation and growth of oxide nuclei. The positive ion yields (Ni + , NiO + , Ni + 2 ) show a rather complicated behavior in the region of chemisorption and nucleation; this is tentatively attributed to an interplay of a chemical effect (due to the presence of oxygen) with a geometrical shielding effect (due to an overlayer of oxygen). A very slow increase of the positive ion yields above the exposures necessary to saturate the AES-oxygen signal suggests processes in the oxide film leading to its gradual perfection with respect to geometry and bonding. The results demonstrate that SIMS used in connection with other surface-sensitive methods can yield further important details on the oxidation stages of metal surfaces. On the other hand, reliable information concerning the sensitivity of SIMS yields to different bonding states of oxygen to metal, which is important for an understanding of the SIMS process, can be obtained.
Protection in a gerbil model of amebiasis by oral immunization with Salmonella expressing the galactose/N-acetyl D-galactosamine inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica

Abstract Infection with the enteric parasite Entamoeba histolytica can result in colitis and dysentery as well as abscesses at extra-intestinal sites. An effective vaccine must be able to protect against both mucosal and systemic disease. In this study an attenuated Salmonella strain that expressed a portion of the GalNAc lectin of E. histolytica was used to orally immunize gerbils. Animals were challenged by intrahepatic injection of amebic trophozoites. A significant decrease in size of amebic liver abscesses was observed in orally immunized animals. Oral immunization with a Salmonella -based vaccine was as effective as systemic immunization for protection against systemic challenge.
Seasonal dynamics of rotifer and crustacean zooplankton populations in a eutrophic, monomictic lake with a note on rotifer sampling techniques

The abundances, biomass, and seasonal succession of rotifer and crustacean zooplankton were examined in a man-made, eutrophic lake, Lake Oglethorpe, over a 13 month period. There was an inverse correlation between the abundance of rotifers and crustaceans. Rotifers were most abundant and dominated (>69%) the rotifer-crustacean biomass during summer months (June–September) while crustacean zooplankton dominated during the remainder of the year (>89%). Peak biomasses of crustaceans were observed in the fall (151 µg dry wt l−1 in October) and spring (89.66 µg dry wt l−1 in May). Mean annual biomass levels were 46.99 µg dry wt l−1 for crustaceans and 19.26 µg dry wt l−1 for rotifers. Trichocerca rousseleti, Polyarthra sp., Keratella cochlearis and Kellicottia bostoniensis were the most abundant rotifers in the lake. Diaptomus siciloides and Daphnia parvula were the most abundant crustaceans. Lake Oglethorpe is distinct in having an unusually high abundance of rotifers (range 217–7980 l−1). These high densities can be attributed not only to the eutrophic conditions of the lake but also to the detailed sampling methods employed in this study.
Developing Ratio and Proportion Schemes: A Story of a Fifth Grader.

There is a growing theoretical consensus that the concepts of ratio and proportion do not develop in isolation. Rather, they are part of the individual's multiplicative conceptual field, which includes other concepts such as multiplication, division, and rational numbers. The current study attempted to clarify the beginning of this developmental process. One fifth-grade student, Bruce, was encouraged to schematize his trial-and-error-based method, which was effective in solving so-called missing-value tasks. This study describes several advancements Bruce made during the teaching experiment and analyzes the challenges Bruce faced in attempting to schematize his method. Finally, the mathematical knowledge Bruce needed to further develop his ratio and proportion concepts is identified. The findings provide additional support for the view that the development of ratio and proportion concepts is embedded within the development of the multiplicative conceptual field.
The Impact of Cervical Cancer Treatment on Sexual Function and Intimate Relationships: Is Anyone Listening?

The purpose of this research was to describe women’s narrative accounts of the impact of cervical cancer treatment on their sexual function and intimate relationships, and to evaluate what changes in care and education are needed to enhance quality of life and intimacy after treatment. The research approach was a narrative design, using semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Narratives were examined within and across interviews, and thematic content analysis completed. The study was done in a gynecologic oncology clinic at a public hospital in the Midwest United States. The sample consisted of twelve women, ranging in age from 27 to 59, who had completed the cervical cancer treatment with chemo-radiation or radiation and surgery, and were now followed by their gynecologic oncologists. Across narratives, five major themes were identified, including unexpected physical complications, not “getting back to normal,” emotional pain and isolation, lack of available information, and inadequate health care provider response to treatment complications and sexual relationship problems. Women’s stories reveal that sex and intimacy issues for cervical cancer survivors remain within a culture of silence. In many situations, health professionals did not provide information that realistically prepared women and partners for probable consequences of treatment, did not assess sexual issues before or after treatment, did not recognize various symptoms as being complications of cancer treatment, did not make referrals, and/or recognized complications, but accepted them as “normal” and without solution. Ethical implications for health professionals and the need for education, communication, and the development of new lines of research are discussed.
The use of protocatechuate dioxygenase for maintaining anaerobic conditions in biochemical experiments

The study of redox-active systems often requires the maintenance of anaerobic conditions. The glucose oxidase system has often been used to maintain anaerobic conditions, but it has some drawbacks, such as the production of H(2)O(2) and limitations on stability. Protocatechuate dioxygenase from Burkholderia cepacia and the substrate, protocatechuate, constitute an alternate effective oxygen-scrubbing system that can be used in a wide variety of biochemical experiments. We have shown its suitability for maintaining rigorous anaerobic environments in solutions of pH 6-9, at temperatures from 4 to 35 degrees C, and for periods of time up to 15 months. The enzyme system was shown to be stable under these conditions and effective for maintaining anaerobic conditions in titrations of FAD. It is also suitable for scrubbing various types of apparatus such as stopped-flow instruments for anaerobic experiments.
Rethinking Retirement in the Context of an Aging Workforce

As the baby boomers begin to retire in great numbers later this decade, there will not be enough workers in younger age categories to replace them. In this review, an attempt is made to integrate the demographics of an aging workforce with the projected economic revitalization. Implications are discussed regarding the concept of retirement and the paradox of an oversized generation preparing to retire in the context of extended life expectancies and projected worker shortages.
A threshold theory of discretionary interaction behavior

Abstract There presently exists a gap between aggregate and disaggregate approaches to modeling spatial interaction behavior. This paper proposes a strategy for filling this gap by focusing on specific types of interaction behavior which share certain common characteristics. In the present case, a simple threshold theory is developed which establishes a link between various types of discretionary interaction behavior by individuals and the resulting macro distribution of interaction frequencies. In particular, it is shown that if the statistical population of potential interaction situations satisfies certain independence conditions over space, then the resulting macro interaction frequencies are always Poisson distributed with mean frequency levels representable by a classical gravity model.
Polarity induced by chloramphenicol and relief by suA.

Abstract The suA allele, known to relieve polarity in Escherichia coli, also relieves a unique polar effect on E. coli tryptophan operon messenger RNA produced by chloramphenicol.
Lipid Lowering Reduces Proteolytic and Prothrombotic Potential in Rabbit Atheromaa

: Thrombus formation at sites of atheromatous plaque disruption cause most acute coronary events such as myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Lesional macrophages and smooth muscle cells produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue factor (TF), the molecules likely contribute to plaque rupture and thrombus formation. Recent clinical studies have suggested that lipid lowering can reduce the incidence of acute coronary events. We have recently determined the effects of long-term dietary lipid lowering on atheroma of high-cholesterol-fed rabbits. Lipid lowering diminished macrophage accumulation, reduced expression and activity of MMPs, and increased interstitial collagen accumulation in rabbit atheroma. Expression and activity of TF in atheroma also substantially decreased during lipid lowering. Dietary lipid lowering also promoted accumulation of mature smooth muscle cells expressing less MMPs and TF in the plaque's fibrous cap. These results suggest potential mechanisms by which lipid lowering reduces acute coronary events in patients by decreasing proteolytic and prothrombotic activity within the atheroma.
Teaching Focus Group Interviewing: Benefits and Challenges

Focus group interviewing is widely used by academic and applied researchers. Given the popularity and strengths of this method, it is surprising how rarely focus group interviewing is taught in the undergraduate classroom and how few resources exist to support instructors who wish to train students to use this technique. This article fills the gap in the teaching and learning literature in sociology by addressing focus group research. I describe how to integrate a complete research project with student-led focus groups into a single semester course. I outline the various stages involved in the research process and then consider how this approach enhances three specific areas: learning, teaching, and scholarship. The effectiveness of the focus group project was assessed through a one-group pretest-posttest survey of the studentresearchers’ experiences. I conclude with a reflection on the practical limitations as well as the considerable advantages of training students to conduct focus group research.
Detecting Variance Reductions Using the Moving Range

For individual measurements, the standard chart for monitoring process variance is the moving-range chart. Although certain deficiencies of this chart have been mentioned, little research has been done to assess formally its capabilities or to resolve a..
Dinitrochlorobenzene contact hypersensitivity in the hamster cheek pouch.

. Stimulation of cell mediated immunity has been reported to be effective in bringing about clinical regression of carcinomas. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possibility of introducing cell mediated immunity into an experimental animal-chemical carcinogenesis system (dimethylbenzanthracene-hamster cheek pouch) to serve as a model for the study of immunotherapy of oral cancer in humans. Contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was induced in 17 Syrian hamsters via the abdominal skin. After secondary application of the allergen to the cheek pouch, local gross and histologic characteristics indicative of delayed hypersensitivity were observed. Control animals that had received only a primary or a secondary challenge with DNCB essentially showed no change. This study demonstrates that the buccal pouch of the Syrian hamster is capable of manifesting contact hypersensitivity to DNCB.
Proton-simulated irradiation-induced creep

Abstract This paper describes an experimental technique developed to measure the proton simulated irradiation-induced creep rate of metal specimens stressed in tension. A preliminary result employing this technique is presented for pure nickel specimens.
Cross sections of midgap surface states in silicon by pulsed field effect experiment

Abstract The cross sections and energy levels of surface states in silicon around midgap have been investigated by a pulsed field effect technique. Two energy levels have been found, one acceptor-like (A), the other one donor-like (D). The results are: (E c -E a ) = 0.52 eV, σ a n = 3×10−16cm2 (E a -E v ) = 0.72 eV, σ a p = 4×10−12cm2 (E d -E v ) = 0.54 eV, σ d p= 2×10−15cm2 (E c -E d ) = 0.63 eV, σ d n = 1×10−13cm2
Partial and Flexible Retirement: The Swedish System

This study examines the effects of the Swedish partial pension system, which has been in place for more than 10 years, on the pattern of work force participation among older workers. The findings suggest that implementation of the policy altered the pattern of work behavior among older men, but did not affect female labor force behavior. Changes in pension compensation rates appear to have affected several aspects of participation in the partial pension, including the number of participants and hours of work.
Vibrational spectra and structure of chloro-fluorozirconate glasses

Abstract A series of barium chloro-fluorozirconate glasses have been prepared. Their IR absorption, IR reflectivity and Raman spectra have been measured down to 33 cm−1. The glass transition and crystallization temperatures have also been measured. The high frequency IR absorption and Raman modes of the chloro-fluorozirconate glasses have been assigned as in fluorozirconate glasses. The IR reflection spectra of chloride-containing glasses differed from the fluorozirconates in that one band was clearly related to Cl atom motions. The structure of the glasses probably consists of zig-zag chains of ZrCl2F4 mixed halide octahedra plus a pure fluoride matrix whose structure is similar to that of a ZrF4BaF2 glass with the same composition.
Factor Structure of the WISC-III for Students with Learning Disabilities

The factor structure of the WISC-R for both regular and special education populations has been well documented. Published data also have indicated that the factor structure of the WISC-R is similar across special education populations. However, with the development of the WISC-III, comparable information is not yet well established. With the addition of a new subtest, and a hypothesized new fourth factor, additional data with regard to the psychometric properties of the WISC-III are required. This study examined the factor structure of the WISC-III, using an oblique method of rotation, in a sample of students with learning disabilities. Results provide support for the construct validity of the Verbal and Performance factors, but empirical support was less evident for the use of the other factor scores, Freedom from Distractability and Processing Speed. Implications for school psychologists are presented, and directions for future research are provided.
Quantitative prediction of transporter- and enzyme-mediated clinical drug-drug interactions of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 substrates using a mechanistic net-effect model.

Quantitative prediction of complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving hepatic transporters and cytochromes P450 (P450s) is challenging. We evaluated the extent of DDIs of nine victim drugs—which are substrates to organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 and undergo P450 metabolism or biliary elimination—caused by five perpetrator drugs, using in vitro data and the proposed extended net-effect model. Hepatobiliary transport and metabolic clearance estimates were obtained from in vitro studies. Of the total of 62 clinical interaction combinations assessed using the net-effect model, 58 (94%) could be predicted within a 2-fold error, with few false-negative predictions. Model predictive performance improved significantly when in vitro active uptake clearance was corrected to recover in vivo clearance. The basic R-value model yielded only 63% predictions within 2-fold error. This study demonstrates that the interactions involving transporter-enzyme interplay need to be mechanistically assessed for quantitative rationalization and prospective prediction.
Regenerable Field Emission Cathodes: Surface Morphology and Performance

This paper reports on a field-emission cathode for use in electric propulsion that has the potential for very long lifetime due to its ability to be regenerated when the emitter tip(s) become damaged. The field-emitting tips were formedby applying an ion-extracting electric potential to a heated indium-coated tungsten needle, knownas a liquidmetal ion source. The liquid-metal ion source was then cooled, freezing in a solid nanotip at the apex. When the modified emitter was then subjected to electron-extracting potentials, stable and long-lived electron emission was observed. The first goal of this investigation was to operate and quench a liquid-metal ion source at ion emission currents from 1 to 30 A to acquiremicrographs of the surfacemorphology as a function of the ion emission current at quench.Micrographs of the quenched emitter tips revealed Taylor-cone-shaped structures. Some of the quenched emitters exhibited multiple nanoprotrusions on the tapered surface of the microscale Taylor cone, which were capable of electronfield emission.The secondgoal of this investigationwas to compare regenerablefield emitterswith single-needle tungsten field emitters. Each type of emitter was used to obtain electron emission at a vacuum chamber pressure of 10 8 Torr, and then the emitters were exposed to increased pressure, up to 10 5 Torr, to observe how long they could sustain emission. In all cases, emission from the regenerable emitters lasted 10s of hours longer at increased pressure, and it was demonstrated that the tungsten emitters would eventually permanently fail, whereas the regenerable emitters could be repaired when they became damaged.
Understanding the germination of bulbils from an ecological perspective: a case study on Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya)

† Background and Aims Bulbils serve as a means of vegetative reproduction and of dispersal for many plants; this latter aspect making them analogous to seeds. However, germination of bulbils may differ considerably from seeds due to dissimilar anatomical structures and perhaps environmental cue perception. The few laboratory studies done on bulbils suggest that their germination is similar to that of seeds in the same habitats and to vegetative buds of winter-dormant plants. The present study is the first to examine how bulbil germination is controlled in nature in relation to dispersal (before vs. after winter of the same cohort) and to ambient temperatures. † Methods Under laboratory conditions, temperature and light requirements for root and shoot emergences from bulbils of Dioscorea polystachya collected in September, 2005, February, 2006 ( produced in 2005) and July, 2006 were determined. Effects of cold stratification and dry storage for releasing dormancy were tested on September and July bulbils. The phenology of dormancy release and of root and shoot emergences and the persistence of bulbils in soil were followed over time under field conditions. † Key Results Although a low percentage of bulbils collected in July or in September produced roots, but no shoots, in the laboratory and field, these roots died within approx. 1 month. Regardless of collection date, cold stratification markedly increased root and shoot emergences. Bulbils sown outdoors in October produced roots and shoots the following March and April, respectively. The soil bulbil bank is short lived. † Conclusions Bulbils of D. polystachya are similar to seeds of many temperate plants being mostly dormant when dispersed in summer or autumn and overcoming dormancy with cold stratification during winter. Adaptively, bulbil germination primarily occurs in spring at the beginning of a favourable period for survivorship and growth.
Total Length to Fork Length Relationships of Juvenile Hatchery-Reared Coho and Chinook Salmon

Abstract Total lengths (TL) and fork lengths (FL) of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were measured for 1 year. The regression relationship between TL and FL for Chinook salmon was TL = 1.1404(FL) – 0.3535; for coho salmon the relationship was TL = 1.0822(FL) – 0.0861.
Inversion domain boundaries in ZnO: First-principles total-energy calculations

We present first-principles total-energy calculations of domain wall energies for inversion domain boundaries and their interaction with point defects in ZnO. We find that the inversion domain boundaries (IDB's) with Zn-Zn and O-O wrong bonds are energetically unstable, and they transform into the so-called ${\mathrm{IDB}}^{*}$ structures. Although the ${\mathrm{IDB}}^{*}'\mathrm{s}$ do not induce electronic states in the bandgap, they are very attractive to electrically active compensating point defects. The segregation of such charged point defects builds up electrical potentials for minority carriers in doped ZnO, which are harmful to optoelectronic applications.
Modern peritoneal dialysis: concepts and approaches.

Taking stock of the achievements of a therapeutic discipline is a prerequisite to continuous advancement. Social scientists agree that defining the 'Modern' is the harbinger of the 'Future'. The collection of essays in this Supplement to Kidney International is an attempt to bring together contributions that define, each in a specific area, where the 'Modern' lies in peritoneal dialysis (PD).
Stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression in cultured cells by serum and growth factors.

The abundance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors (VDR) in bone cells has been shown to vary in direct relation to the rate of cell proliferation. In this study we further explored this upregulation of VDR as it relates to the mitogenic response using NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as model systems. Serum and growth factors, such as EGF, high concentrations of insulin (2 μM), and IGF-I, were mitogenic and stimulated the proliferation of both cells types. These factors also caused significant increases in VDR levels as measured by ligand binding assays, which preceded the rise in cell proliferation rate measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Serum and growth factors increased the abundance of VDR but did not affect the concentrations of other steroid receptors in MCF-7 cells. Mouse cells have been reported to have several VDR mRNA transcripts. Our northern blot analysis revealed three mRNA species at approximately 7.5, 4.4, and 3 kb of which the 4.4 kb species was the most prominent and the 7.5 kb the least. Serum and growth factor stimulation of quiescent 3T3 cells led to significant increases in all the transcripts, suggesting that the upregulation occurs at the level of VDR mRNA expression. A time course analysis of serum stimulation in 3T3 cells showed that the mRNA species reached peak levels 4 h after serum addition. When serum stimulation was carried out in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, the 3 kb transcript as well as the 7.5 kb transcript were superinduced but the stimulation of the 4.4 kb transcript was inhibited. Hydroxyurea (an inhibitor of DNA synthesis) and colchicine (a microtubule disruptive agent) had no effect on serum stimulation of the mRNA species, indicating that the enhanced expression of the VDR gene is not dependent upon the S, G2, or M phase of the cell cycle. The results suggest that the VDR gene appears to be one of a set of early genes activated when quiescent cells are stimulated by a mitogenic signal.
Fracture Of Solid State Lasers

The understanding of fracture in solid state lasers is reviewed, with an emphasis on fracture of high average power thin slabs. Methods for characterizing strength in the context of materials selection and device implementation are discussed. Progress in slab strengthening is analyzed; aggressive optical fabrication research (to give low damage surfaces), coupled with the implementation of existing schemes for placing the slab surfaces in compression, are recommended to reduce the problem of slab fracture.
Observing the spin Coulomb drag in spin-valve devices

The Coulomb interaction between electrons of opposite spin orientations in a metal or in a doped semiconductor results in a negative off-diagonal component of the electrical resistivity matrix---the so-called ``spin-drag resistivity.'' It is generally quite difficult to separate the spin-drag contribution from more conventional mechanisms of resistivity. In this paper I discuss two methods to accomplish this separation in a spin-valve device.
National identity and language: Class differences among youth in western Ukraine:

In Ukraine, promoting the Ukrainian language has been an important part of nation-building after post-Soviet independence. However, different regions of the country question this connection between language, identity, and the nation-state. In western regions, speaking Ukrainian is believed to be essential to legitimizing one’s Ukrainian ethnic identity. In practice, however, there are a variety of ideologies of language related to national identity. To date, little has been done to examine how young people in this region utilize competing discourses of identity at multiple spatial scales in defining their own notions of identity. Drawing upon ethnographic data, I examine how 13- to 15-year-olds interpret language use in relation to ethnic and national identity. Through this research, I aim to show how young people’s everyday engagements with local, national, and global ideologies complicate notions of a coherent, territorially based nation.
An Analysis of the Risk in Discretely Rebalanced Option Hedges and Delta-Based Techniques

The stochastic properties of discretely rebalanced option hedges have been studied extensively beginning with Black and Scholes 1973. In each analysis hedges were "delta-neutral" after rebalancing. We argue that the distributional properties of discretely rebalanced hedges are such that delta-based hedging is not the variance minimizing strategy. This paper obtains analytical expressions for the variance minimizing option hedge ratios. We also evaluate the hedge variance to assess the magnitude of the variance reduction over delta-based hedges. For representative parameter values, we show that systematic departures from delta-based hedges can yield significant reductions in hedge variance even for one day rebalancing intervals.
PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC INTERACTIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER NUTRIENTS IN MAIZE GROWN IN CHELATOR-BUFFERED NUTRIENT SOLUTION

Maize (Zea mays L.) is common in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cropping systems and is especially susceptible to zinc (Zn) deficiency, possibly related to induced potato demand for high phosphorus (P). Three chelator-buffered nutrient solution experiments were evaluated for maize response to establish ranges of deficient, sufficient, and excessive Zn and P and to evaluate interactions. Zinc concentrated in roots and manganese (Mn) accumulated in shoots as P increased, but only 32 μM P produced significantly lower shoot Zn than other treatments and there was not a decline in shoot Zn at high P levels. Deficient Zn levels promoted excessive P uptake. Root Mn increased dramatically above 0.05 μM Zn, peaked at 20 and 40 μM Zn, and then declined at higher solution Zn levels. The P-Zn interaction in maize may be explained by the combined impacts of increased available P on Zn precipitation in roots and increased Mn in shoots.
Flow Velocity and Pier Scour Prediction in a Compound Channel: Big Sioux River Bridge at Flandreau, South Dakota

The two-dimensional (2D) depth-averaged river model Finite-Element Surface-Water Modeling System (FESWMS) was used to predict flow distribution at the bend of a compound channel. The site studied was the Highway 13 bridge over the Big Sioux River in Flandreau, South Dakota. The Flandreau site has complex channel and floodplain geometry that produces unique flow conditions at the bridge crossing. The 2D model was calibrated using flow measurements obtained during two floods in 1993. The calibrated model was used to examine the hydraulic and geomorphic factors that affect the main channel and floodplain flows and the flow interactions between the two portions. A one-dimensional (1D) flow model of the bridge site was also created in Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) for comparison. Soil samples were collected from the bridge site and tested in an erosion function apparatus (EFA) to determine the critical shear stress and erosion rate constant. The results of EFA testing and 2D flow modeling were used as inputs to the Scour Rate in Cohesive Soils (SRICOS) method to predict local scour at the northern and southernmost piers. The sensitivity of predicted scour depth to the hydraulic and soil parameters was examined. The predicted scour depth was very sensitive to the approach-flow velocity and critical shear stress. Overall, this study has provided a better understanding of 2D flow effects in compound channels and an overall assessment of the SRICOS method for prediction of bridge pier scour.
Dynamic modelling of a shape memory alloy adaptive tuned vibration absorber

Abstract Shape memory alloy (SMA) adaptive tuned vibration absorbers show great potential for adaptive–passive vibration control. Heating the SMA spring element in an ATVA changes the SMA elastic modulus, which results in changing the device natural frequency. With proper design, SMA ATVA may be tuned to attenuate harmonic vibration of a primary system for a range of frequencies. Continuous tuning of the SMA ATVA is realized through modulating the temperature of the SMA spring elements. A perceived limitation of SMA in vibration control applications has been a potentially large temperature hysteresis accompanying the martensitic transformation in SMA. However, with appropriate heat treatment, a rhombohedral phase (R-phase) transformation may be achieved in the material without significant hysteresis. This paper discusses the development and modelling of a continuously tuned SMA ATVA utilizing an R-phase transformation to realize online variation of the ATVA natural frequency. The models are developed for use in feedback control of an SMA ATVA. An appropriate control goal for such controllers is defined and verified.
Pharmacokinetic Relationships Between Cinromide and Its Metabolites in the Rhesus Monkey I: 3-Bromocinnamamide, an Active Metabolite

Abstract Fifty percent of a cinromide dose was metabolized to an active metabolite in the rhesus monkey. The steady-state concentration of this metabolite was 3-6 times that of the parent drug, depending on the route of administration. Cinromide is a medium-extraction ratio drug with a short half-life (0.92 ± 0.23 hr) when compared with the active metabolite, which has a low extraction ratio and a longer half-life (4.43 ± 0.76 hr). Incomplete oral bioavailability of cinromide is a result of first-pass metabolism rather than incomplete absorption.