cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A peptide of the N terminus of GRK5 attenuates pressure-overload hypertrophy and heart failure

Aberrant changes in gene expression underlie the pathogenesis and progression of pressure-overload heart failure, leading to maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling, and contractile dysfunction. Signaling through the G protein Gq triggers maladaptation and heart failure, in part through the activation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). Hypertrophic stimuli induce the accumulation of GRK5 in the nuclei of cardiomyocytes, where it regulates pathological gene expression through multiple transcription factors including NFAT. The nuclear targeting of GRK5 is mediated by an amino-terminal (NT) domain that binds to calmodulin (CaM). Here, we sought to prevent GRK5-mediated pathology in pressure-overload maladaptation and heart failure by expressing in cardiomyocytes a peptide encoding the GRK5 NT (GRK5nt) that encompasses the CaM binding domain. In cultured cardiomyocytes, GRK5nt expression abrogated Gq-coupled receptor-mediated hypertrophy, including attenuation of pathological gene expression and the transcriptional activity of NFAT and NF-κB. We confirmed that GRK5nt bound to and blocked Ca2+-CaM from associating with endogenous GRK5, thereby preventing GRK5 nuclear accumulation after pressure overload. We generated mice that expressed GRKnt in a cardiac-specific fashion (TgGRK5nt mice), which exhibited reduced cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary congestion, and cardiac fibrosis after chronic transverse aortic constriction. Together, our data support a role for GRK5nt as an inhibitor of pathological GRK5 signaling that prevents heart failure.
On the Mutual Coupling Matrix in Array Signal Processing

We discuss some of the issues associated with the Mutual Coupling Matrix (MCM) which is used extensively to model the antenna array manifold. We show that the MCM does not have the correct structure to provide an accurate mathematical model of the true array manifold. The MCM is not based on physical parameters and this makes it difficult to determine its numerical values for a given antenna array. The MCM is usually treated as an unknown quantity which needs to be estimated. Numerical examples in array processing papers use arbitrary values of the MCM which do not correspond to any physical array. Consequently the observations and conclusions presented in those papers must be treated with some care.
Resistin levels decrease as insulin resistance increases in a Mexican-American cohort.

Abstract Aims Links between resistin, insulin resistance (IR), and resistin-stimulated cytokine signaling remain unknown in Mexican-Americans. A Mexican-American cohort was examined to determine (1) relationships between circulating resistin and IR, (2) resistin’s associations with cytokines and demographic and anthropometric variables, and (3) similar measurements with other adipokines. Methods For cross sectional analyses, 953 adults (367 males and 586 females) in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) were stratified into three groups: normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus. Differences in resistin and other adipokine levels were examined using linear regression via unadjusted model (Model 1), model adjusted for cytokines (Model 2), and model further adjusted for demographic and anthropometric variables (Model 3). Results HOMA-IR increased with worsening glucose tolerance (p Conclusions Resistin unexpectedly decreased as IR increased while supporting evidence of a resistin-stimulated cytokine pathway in this Mexican-American cohort. Leptin fell with elevated IR after adjusting for cytokines, demographic and anthropometric variables. Adiponectin nonsignificantly decreased as IR increased while showing significant associations with sex, BMI, and lipids.
Hemoglobin assay for validation and quality control of medical device reprocessing

Hemoglobin (Hb) is an important analyte in medicine, forensics, and research. One area of crucial need for real-world Hb quantitation is the validation and quality control (QC) of reprocessed medical device cleaning. Here, we show how a microplate reader and colorimetric blood test strips can be used to quantitate nanogram (ng) quantities of Hb in a 1-min assay. The assay had a linear range of 0–50 ng (0–370 ng on a log scale) for Hb, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.3 ng, which was ∼500-fold more sensitive than the micro-BCA reagent (LOD = 1.6 μg) and on the same order of magnitude as detection of labeled Hb with fluorescence (LOD = 1.9 ng). For validation of medical device cleaning, the assay was specific for Hb in the presence of artificial test soil and was unaffected by interferences from common cleaning reagents at 10 ppm. Lubricant and sodium dodecyl sulfate did not significantly affect the assay at 10 ppm but affected the assay at 1 % g/g. The method showed 100 % recovery of hemoglobin in extracted soils, with extraction from silicone having the greatest variability in recovery, while Teflon and stainless steel had <10 % RSD. The assay makes it possible for medical device companies and health-care providers to obtain crucially needed information on the cleanliness of reused devices.
Transverse Zero Sound in Normal 3He

We have measured the complex acoustic shear impedance of liquid 3He by observing the decay of a transiently excited AC cut quartz transducer. Comparison with recent theories suggests that our results at low temperatures can only be due to the excitation of transverse zero sound. We have also observed the direct transmission of transverse excitations between two closely spaced transducers in the vicinity of 3 mK. These results are analyzed in terms of the propagation of transverse zero sound although theory suggests that a single-particle contribution must also be present.
Voter ID - 1965 Voting Rights Act - Enfranchisement or Disenfranchisement

The 1965 Voting Rights Act was implemented to eradicate the issues of voter discrimination in state and federal elections. It was designed to ensure that African Americans and other minorities could exercise their constitutional rights. However, in 2012, 2013, states have begun to implement Voter ID requirements. The paper looks at the guidelines as set forth in the 1965 VRA and the application of Voter ID in various states to assses whether or not the implementation of Voter ID is in fact a disfranchisement to African American voters. The paper will discuss whether or not the Voter ID requirement is actually designed to reduce voter fraud, or has it become an institutionalized means of reducing the amount of African American registered voters. It was suggest that in Pennsylvania it was designed to reduce voter fraud when in actuality, Pennsylvania does not have an significant stastically hight incidents of voter fraud. The paper will review a comparative analysis of randomly selected states to determine whehter or not Voter ID is a vioation of the 1965 VRA as well as the 14th Amendment's guarantee of "Equal Protection Under the Law."
Incorporation of a Decorin Biomimetic Enhances the Mechanical Properties of Electrochemically Aligned Collagen Threads

Damaged tendons often do not heal completely and lack full functionality. Tissue engineering employing collagen based biomaterials is a viable option to repair damaged tendons. However, most existing constructs lack the desired mechanical strength needed to reconstruct such load bearing tissues. We have previously reported a novel methodology to synthesize highly ordered electrochemically aligned collagen (ELAC) threads that are mechanically stronger and more amenable to cell migration compared to randomly oriented collagen constructs. While the ELAC mimics the orientational anisotropy of tendon it can be further improved by the incorporation of small leucine rich proteoglycans like decorin. Decorin consists of a protein core that binds to collagen and a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. The GAG chains of adjacent collagen fibrils associate with one another to form crosslinks and are suggested to enhance the mechanical properties of tendon by allowing fibrillar slippage. Based on the structure of natural decorin, we have previously synthesized a novel peptidoglycan (DS-SILY) containing a collagen binding peptide (SILY) and a dermatan sulfate (DS) GAG chain. DS-SILY mimics decorin both structurally and functionally. In this study, we investigated the effects of the incorporation of DS-SILY on the mechanical properties and structural organization of ELAC threads by monotonic mechanical testing, swelling ratio and differential scanning calorimetry.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A novel micromachined planar filter on Si substrate at 45 GHz based on electromagnetic bandgap structures for wireless applications

A novel micromachined 2-pole Chebyshev filter at 45 GHz with 1.4% 0.2 dB equiripple bandwidth and 3.8 dB loss using coupled defects in a periodic electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBG) is presented in this paper. The periodic bandgap structure is realized on a 400 /spl mu/m thick high-resistivity silicon wafer using deep reactive ion etching techniques. The filter can be accessed via coplanar waveguide feeds. We first describe the geometrical, physical, and electrical characteristics of the periodic structures and then present simulated and measured results for the filter. The filter is simulated with the Finite Element Method (FEM). The measurements agree fairly well with the simulations.
A conceptual model of the cognitive processing of environmental distance information

I review theories and research on the cognitive processing of environmental distance information by humans, particularly that acquired via direct experience in the environment. The cognitive processes I consider for acquiring and thinking about environmental distance information include working-memory, nonmediated, hybrid, and simple-retrieval processes. Based on my review of the research literature, and additional considerations about the sources of distance information and the situations in which it is used, I propose an integrative conceptual model to explain the cognitive processing of distance information that takes account of the plurality of possible processes and information sources, and describes conditions under which particular processes and sources are likely to operate. The mechanism of summing vista distances is identified as widely important in situations with good visual access to the environment. Heuristics based on time, effort, or other information are likely to play their most important role when sensory access is restricted.
Evolutionary History of CI and CM Chondrites

It is now clear that several different processes have acted upon various components of carbonaceous chondrites, and that at least some of those processes occurred very early in solar system history. Because these meteorites are breccias, petrographic relationships are seldom informative about the order in which those processes took place. Nonetheless, information about such an evolutionary sequence would be of potential value in defining the nature of the source region for these meteorites. Implantation of solar wind derived noble gases into CI magnetite apparently postdated the period of aqueous activity believed to be responsible for magnetite production. Carbonate crystallization roughly coincided with one or more episodes of impact driven brecciation.
AAT-Taiwan: toward a multilingual access to cultural objects

This paper reports on current collaborative work between Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program (TELDAP) and Getty Research Institute (GRI) in developing the Chinese-language Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT-Taiwan) which supports the unification of terminology used by various archiving institutions for describing identical concepts. This work aims to establish a conceptual framework for the digital library by providing controlled vocabularies to index and catalogue the collection. With its multilingual nature, AAT Taiwan is able to bridge Western and Eastern culture in an integrated framework, and make our resources accessible worldwide. With its hierarchical structure, it also enhances the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of information retrieval in digital libraries.
Gli anni della cupola. Archivio digitale delle fonti dell'Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore. Edizione di testi con indici analitici e strutturali

This article outlines the criteria, structural characteristics (as for indexing and searching), and prospects for development in the software edition of the archival records concerning the Works of Florence’s cathedral between 1417 and 1436.
The pill at 40--a new look at a familiar method. Mothers, daughters and the pill.

This article discusses the role of the birth control pill in establishing mother-daughter relationships. Today’s mothers know that their daughters can obtain oral contraceptives without parental involvement much as they themselves did back in the 1960s and 1970s. This knowledge serves as a basis for them to guide their daughters in a proper way based on their own experiences as adolescents. As part of good parenting mothers have decided that they want to do a better job of communicating with their children about healthy sexuality--more than what they got from their own parents. Most mothers of adolescents today recognize that knowledge is power and because of this they want to provide adequate information to their daughters especially when it comes to contraceptive options. Most often the pill becomes the focus of mother-daughter discussions relating to adolescent growth and development achievement of independence individualization and responsible choices. In general the interactions that exist between todays mothers and their adolescents seem healthier than those of generations ago.
Rhizoplane colonization of pea seedlings by Rhizobium leguminosarum and a deleterious root colonizing Pseudomonas sp. and effects on plant growth

Some pseudomonads produce a toxin that specifically inhibits winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root growth and the growth of several microorganisms. The toxin does not inhibit pea (Pisum sativum) root growth, but the organisms are aggressive root colonizers and their effect on Rhizobium leguminosarum growth, colonization, and nodulation of peas was not known. Peas were grown in Leonard jars in the greenhouse. Pea roots were inoculated with R. leguminosarum, a toxin-producing Pseudomonas sp., both, or neither (control). The Pseudomonas sp. colonized pea roots more rapidly and in greater number than R. leguminosarum after ten days. In the presence of the Pseudomonas sp., the R. leguminosarum population on the rhizoplane was less at ten days. When the roots were inoculated with both R. leguminosarum and Pseudomonas sp., the number of nodules were greater than when R. leguminosarum was inoculated alone, but nodule dry weight and pea shoot biomass were similar to plants inoculated with only R. leguminosarum. Although these results need confirmation with non-sterile soil and field studies, these preliminary results indicate that peas will not be affected by wheat root-inhibitory rhizobacteria.
Exercise thermoregulation after 14 days of bed rest.

Rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures and sweating responses were measured during 70-min submaximal supine exercise (relative VO2 43-48%) in seven men (19-22 yr) during an ambulatory-contro...
Vulnerability to cavitation of central California Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae): a new analysis

A recent study, ‘Influence of summer marine fog and low cloud stratus on water relations of evergreen woody shrubs (Arctostaphylos: Ericaceae) in the chaparral of central California’ by M. Vasey, M.E. Loik, and V.T. Parker (2012, Oecologia, in press), presented data on the vulnerability to cavitation of eight Arctostaphylos species. We reanalyzed the vulnerability data presented in this manuscript using a different statistical model and have arrived at different conclusions than those reported previously. We suggest that regional differences have not lead to differentiation in cavitation resistance among populations of an Arctostaphylos species and, contrary to the conclusions of Vasey et al., the xylem of maritime species appears to be “overbuilt” for their current environment and do not appear to be especially vulnerable to water stress. Importantly, data on vulnerability to cavitation are limited for Arctostaphylos species from these sites. More specifically, treatment factors of site and region were not replicated and therefore conclusions drawn from these data are necessarily limited.
Edge Detection Using Maximum Likelihood Estimate Of Change Point: The One-Dimensional Case

This paper presents a method of edge detection incorporating maximum likelihood estimates of intensity change points in the noisy digital data. The method is developed in the context of the line scan where a sliding window of a reasonable size is used, and is applicable to edge detection in 2-D images by scanning both horizontally and vertically. With the proper choice of detector parameters, i.e., contrast threshold across an edge and count threshold of each estimate, the method can provide an accurate determination of edge locations for dimensional measurement in automated inspection.
Neoadjuvant progesterone therapy for primary breast cancer: rationale for a clinical trial

The hormonal milieu at the time of surgery may influence mortality and disease-free survival in patients with primary breast cancer. Indeed, there is evidence that circulating unopposed estrogen is detrimental and that the presence of circulating progesterone results in an improved disease-free and overall survival rate. Thus patients who receive neoadjuvant progesterone therapy may have a better outcome. A randomized controlled trial in which women with primary breast cancer receive either progesterone or placebo before surgery is urgently needed to confirm this hypothesis.
SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 coordinate spermatogonial differentiation.

Spermatogonial self-renewal and differentiation are essential for male fertility and reproduction. We discovered that germ cell specific genes Sohlh1 and Sohlh2, encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional regulators that are essential in spermatogonial differentiation. Sohlh1 and Sohlh2 individual mouse knockouts show remarkably similar phenotypes. Here we show that SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 proteins are co-expressed in the entire spermatogonial population except in the GFRA1+ spermatogonia, which includes spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 are expressed in both KIT negative and KIT positive spermatogonia, and overlap Ngn3/EGFP and SOX3 expression. SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 heterodimerize with each other in vivo, as well as homodimerize. The Sohlh1/Sohlh2 double mutant phenocopies single mutants, i.e., spermatogonia continue to proliferate but do not differentiate properly. Further analysis revealed that GFRA1+ population was increased, while meiosis commenced prematurely in both single and double knockouts. Sohlh1 and Sohlh2 double deficiency has a synergistic effect on gene expression patterns as compared to the single knockouts. SOHLH proteins affect spermatogonial development by directly regulating Gfra1, Sox3 and Kit gene expression. SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 suppress genes involved in SSC maintenance, and induce genes important for spermatogonial differentiation.
Psychosocial and hormonal aspects of hierarchy formation in groups of male squirrel monkeys.

Accounts of primate social dominance hierarchies often imply that the achievement of superior status is a "goal", akin to a valued resource or commodity, and that hierarchies emerge in multimale groups from prolonged competitive conflicts over social status. This possibility is not consistent with our observations of five newly formed triads of adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Stable linear hierarchies based on clear asymmetries in the direction of intermale agonism and genital displays were established quickly, with virtually no reciprocal fighting, and in the absence of rank-related differences in plasma cortisol or testosterone. Although affiliative social overtures were initiated more often by high-ranking and middle-ranking males, affiliative overtures were directed equally often toward all members of each group. From the outset of the study all males, regardless of rank, spent an average of 33% of their time huddling in affiliative contact with male cagemates. These results suggest that in newly formed groups of adult male squirrel monkeys, social hierarchies reflect an expedient convention that reduces conflict and facilitates the formation of small cohesive groups. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
M1 and M4 receptors modulate hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

Acetylcholine (ACh), acting at muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs), modulates the excitability and synaptic connectivity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. CA1 pyramidal neurons respond to transient (...
Assessment to guide placement, plan care, and track change in individuals with Alzheimer's disease:

Appropriate placement of residents is of critical concern. Multi-dimensional assessment is a complexprocess that could more precisely guide the placement and care of elderly persons withAlzheimer's disease. The use of the HaycoxDementia Rating Scale with 11 individuals withAlzheimer's disease in a closed unit, has assisted staf in the placement of residents in a protective unit at a tine when such a unit could increase or deter functional loss in selected areas of functioning. Moreover, the assessment tool has helped to identify the impact of dementia in the functional capabilities of individuals. Dressing and grooming was most impaired on admission to the unit, but changed very little during the ensuing 12 months. Functions dealing with social skills and awareness tended to increase. Increase of motor coordination impairment heralded a decrease in function for three residents.
Self Organization, Association, And Categorization In A Phase Conjugating Resonator

We present a theory of and a design for a new kind of optical computer employing a phase-conjugating resonator loaded with a volume-holographic recording medium. Coupled Mode equations are derived and solutions presented showing error-correcting content-addressable and associative memory. Multiple scattering in the volume enables the reconstruction of associative chains and cycles, permitting the sequential readout of time-sequences of images and the classifications of images into groups. Applications to invariant pattern recognition, goal seeking by optimization of a path product, and sentence disambiguation are discussed.
The effect of pinealectomy on non-shivering thermogenesis and hibernation of the wyoming ground squirrel, Spermophilus elegans

Abstract 1. 1.|Pineal gland removal (PX) performed on Wyoming ground squirrels ( Spermophilus elegans ) during the summer significantly lowered their non-shivering thermogenic (NST) response and impaired their ability to hibernate the subsequent winter. 2. 2.|This impairment was not observed in previous studies on squirrels PX'd later in the season. A period of responsiveness for involvement of the pineal gland in NST and hibernation is, therefore, presented. 3. 3.|Environmental signals translated by the pineal gland which influence the NST response do not appear to be thermal cues but are more than likely photic information. 4. 4.|Reduced impairment of the NST response was observed in squirrels PX'd for 3 yr compared to the 1st PX'd group. However, this may simply be a result of the 3-yr PX'd group being tested later in the hibernation cycle.
‘No painting on earth would be more beautiful’: an analysis of Giovanna degli Albizzi's portrait inscription

Domenico Ghirlandaio has been accepted as the author and speaker of the epigram written on the fictive parchment posted behind Giovanna degli Albizzi in her profile portrait, lamenting the limit of his skills to fully represent her. However, the patronage context of this work, processes of composing art, as well as the realities of artistic education and social status in Quattrocento Florence suggest that another speaker uttered these words and intended a different meaning. An analysis of inscriptions in the small sorority of women's portraits bearing a text demonstrates that these epithets carry three messages: to name the women, declare their virtues or mourn their death. Examining her likeness within the patronage context of her conjugal family and her early death, this essay gives a new interpretation of Giovanna's epigram, arguing that her portrait and inscription, a slightly modified version of a verse by Martial, convey all three messages. Giovanna's husband, the learned and poetic Lorenzo Tornabuoni, is identified as the probable speaker of the portrait's lines, which he may have written with the assistance of his friend, the humanist Angelo Poliziano, to express his wistful desire for his deceased wife's return.
Unique capping activity of the recombinant RNA polymerase (L) of vesicular stomatitis virus: association of cellular capping enzyme with the L protein.

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a prototype of non-segmented negative strand RNA viruses, packages an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) which, together with an associated phosphoprotein (P), transcribes the genome RNA, in vitro and in vivo, into mRNAs that are capped at the 5 0 -ends. However, unlike cellular guanlylyltransferase (GT), the RNA polymerase incorporates GDP in the capped structure, as Gp a p b –p a A. In an effort to characterize the capping activity of the RNA polymerase, we have purified recombinant L (rL) protein expressed in insect cells. The rL, like the virion L polymerase, also caps transcribed mRNAs with identical unique cap structure. Interestingly, the purified rL is found to be tightly bound to the GT of the insect cell during all stages of purification. VSV grown in baby hamster kidney cells also packages cellular GT of the murine cell, suggesting that VSV L protein or its associated proteins may have a strong affinity for the cellular GT. The GT bound to rL, however, formed E–GMP complex, whereas no such complex was detected with the rL protein. It appears that the L protein may contain the putative active site for the unique capping reaction or the tightly bound cellular GT may by some unknown mechanism participate in the unique capping reaction. 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Effects of content and particle size of Si crystal on damping property of powder forged Al–Si alloy

AbstractThe effects of the Si content and Si crystalline size on the damping properties of powder forged (PF) Al–Si alloys has been investigated using a fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analyser. A quantitative image analysis method was used successfully to determine the mean diameter and distribution of Si crystals in the aluminium alloy. The damping capacity greatly depends on the mean diameter of Si crystals. The value of δ for heat treated specimens with Si crystals of 2–5 μm is 4 to 25 times less than that for the as forged specimens with Si crystals of 1–5 μm. This indicates that the vibration is absorbed at the interface between the Si particles and the aluminium matrix by a mechanism of internal friction. Therefore, a fine distribution of Si crystals and/or elimination of crystal coarsening should contribute to improved damping.
Rapid Increase in Both Plasma Fibronectin and Serum Triiodothyronine Associated with Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Plasma fibronectin and serum thyroid parameters were determined in 6 hyperglycemic nonketoacidotic patients (HNK) and 12 subjects with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The DKA patients showed a marked increase in both plasma fibronectin and serum T3 over 5 days of insulin treatment [175.2 ± 18.1% (±SEM) and 208.7 ± 17.6% of initial values respectively], while these parameters did not change in the HNK patients despite equivalent control of diabetes. Serum rT3 levels declined, as expected, to 65.8 ± 10.9% of the initial values in the DKA patients, but did not change in the HNK patients. There was a significant positive correlation between changes in plasma fibronectin and serum T3 values in the DKA patients (r = 0.5; P < 0.005). Other reports have shown a decrease in plasma fibronectin concentrations in fasted patients, a well known low T3 state; therefore, the association between changes in plasma fibronectin and serum T3 values may be a widely observed phenomenon. The parallel changes in fibronectin and T3 m...
Alkylation of aromatics with ethylene and propylene: recent developments in commercial processes

Abstract This paper provides an overview of current industrial alkylation processes for the production of ethylbenzene and cumene. In recent years, zeolite catalysts have begun to displace the conventional aluminum chloride and solid phosphoric acid (SPA) Friedel–Crafts catalysts used in both ethylbenzene and cumene processes. This transformation has been particularly rapid in the case of cumene technology, where more than 50% of the worldwide cumene capacity has converted to zeolite catalysts in the last 5 years.
Combustion Properties of Amino-Substituted Guanidinium 4,4',5,5'-Tetranitro-2,2'-biimidazolate(N4BIM) Salts

This paper describes the combustion properties of the amino-substituted guanidinium 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazolate (N4BIM) series, including the bis-mono, di and triaminoguanidinium salts. These salts are of interest as propellant ingredient additives, and in particular, the bis-triaminoguanidinium salt of N4BIM displays excellent burn rate and combustion behavior. Our combustion studies have shown that TAGN4-BIM displays a fast burning rate and has the lowest pressure dependence exponent yet measured for a triaminoguanidinium salt.
RENAL RESPONSE OF THE FETAL LAMB TO ASPHYXIA

Fetal lambs chronically catheterized & intact in utero, were asphyxiated by partial occlusion of the umbilical cord. A standard asphyxial insult was given in 4 experiments by inflating the occluder sufficiently to lower fetal heart rate 35±5 BPM, raise blood pressure 18±2mmHg, & lower pH by 0.15 units; these changes were maintained for 1 hour. This asphyxial stress caused a marked fall in urine output from a control rate of 0.17 to 0.03 ml/kg/min; release of the cord was followed by a diuresis. The fall in urine output was accompanied by a rise in solute concentration which continued for 1 to 2 hours following the release of the cord: osmolality rose from 133 to a maximum of 462 mOsm/kg, sodium from 21.5 to 66.8mEq/L, potassium from 6.8 to 35.8 mEq/l, chloride from 17.0 to 52.5 mEq/L, urea nitrogen from 35.5 to 125.0 mg%, ammonia from 1.2 to 4.2 mEq/L & titratable acid from 3.4 to 17.4mEq/L. Because of the low urine output, there was a fall in solute, electrolyte & acid excretion during the occlusion; however, the increase in excretion of these components with diuresis during recovery exceeded the amount retained during occlusion. These experiments show that while the kidney is capable of contributing to acid elimination, this is accompanied by a net loss of water & electrolytes in the urine during recovery from asphyxia. These observations provide an explanation for the hyponatremia seen in infants recovering from severe intrapartum asphyxia.
Understanding product migration to the electronic marketplace: A conceptual framework

Abstract We present a conceptual framework that organizes current thinking regarding increased interactivity in the electronic marketplace and its implications for product migration . Product migration refers to the extent of reliance by buyers and sellers on the electronic marketplace for activities pertaining to information search, purchase, acquisition, use, and disposal of a product. We posit that value outcomes derived by buyers and sellers from increasing interactivity mediate the relationship between interactivity and product migration. The relationship between interactivity and value outcomes for buyers and sellers is moderated by three sets of product-related characteristics: the core characteristics of the product, its purchase and use-related characteristics, and market characteristics. Inertia and resistance exhibited by buyers and sellers negatively impact product migration to the electronic marketplace and also attenuate the impact of value outcomes on product migration. In addition to guiding theoretical and empirical work in this emerging area, the proposed framework can also be employed to structure a firm's strategic discussions related to the electronic marketplace.
Differential expression of D1 and D2 dopamine and m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor proteins in identified striatonigral neurons

Large families of genetically distinct G-protein coupled receptor subtypes mediate dopamine's (D1-D5) and acetylcholine's effects (m1-m5). A functional balance of dopamine and acetylcholine may be based in part on the differential expression of receptor subtypes by distinct neuron subpopulations. The localization of the D1 and D2 receptors, the predominant dopamine receptors in neostriatum, to distinct subpopulations of striatal projection neurons has been controversial. In addition, m4 receptor localization to specific striatal projection neuron subpopulations is also at question. To determine whether rat striatonigral neurons differentially express D1, D2, and m4 receptor proteins, we combined immunocytochemistry by using receptor subtype specific antibodies and retrograde tracing with cholera toxin-colloidal gold. D1 and m4 receptor immunoreactivity was visualized in 95% and 92% of identified striatonigral neurons, respectively. By contrast, D2 receptor immunoreactivity was visualized in only 1% of these neurons. These findings support models of basal ganglia in which D1 and D2 receptors are segregated, as well as indicate that D1 and m4 are colocalized. These cellular distributions may be important substrates for the putative DA/ACh balance that is implicated in certain movement disorders.
Photoelastic observations using tolylene di-isocyanate polyurethane: Qualitative determinations of the photoelastic characteristics and the effect due to inclusions in a viscoelastic material

A need exists for a birefringent material having phenomenological characteristics similar to solid propellants, which can be used in photoelastic studies for grain design of rocket engines. Comparisons of the isoclinics and the isochromatics in several segmentally cast specimens and continuous cast specimens of various geometries and loading conditions were made. Some of the specimens contained oriented or random inclusions. The investigations indicated that tolylene di-isocyanate polyurethane would be a satisfactory and a useful photoelastic material for grain-design applications.
The Protective Antigen Component of Anthrax Toxin Forms Functional Octameric Complexes

The assembly of bacterial toxins and virulence factors is critical to their function, but the regulation of assembly during infection has not been studied. We begin to address this question using anthrax toxin as a model. The protective antigen (PA) component of the toxin assembles into ringshaped homooligomers that bind the two other enzyme components of the toxin, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), to form toxic complexes. To disrupt the host, these toxic complexes are endocytosed, such that the PA oligomer forms a membrane-spanning channel that LF and EF translocate through to enter the cytosol. Using single-channel electrophysiology, we show that PA channels contain two populations of conductance states, which correspond to two different PA pre-channel oligomers observed by electron microscopy—the well-described heptamer and a novel octamer. Mass spectrometry demonstrates that the PA octamer binds four LFs, and assembly routes leading to the octamer are populated with even-numbered, dimeric and tetrameric, PA intermediates. Both heptameric and octameric PA complexes can translocate LF and EF with similar rates and efficiencies. Here, we report a 3.2-A crystal structure of the PA octamer. The octamer comprises ∼20–30% of the oligomers on cells, but outside of the cell, the octamer is more stable than the heptamer under physiological pH. Thus, the PA octamer is a physiological, stable, and active assembly state capable of forming lethal toxins that may withstand the hostile conditions encountered in the bloodstream. This assembly mechanism may provide a novel means to control cytotoxicity.
π0 azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at sNN=39–200GeV from PHENIX: collision energy and path-length dependence of jet-quenching and the role of initial geometry

The azimuthal anisotropy of high pT particle production in heavy ion collisions is a sensitive probe of the jet quenching mechanism. Recent PHENIX measurements for Au+Au collisions at sNN=200GeV show a π0 v2 signal that exceeds the pQCD energy loss calculations up to pT∼10GeV/c, challenging the traditional perturbative picture of the energy loss process. Here, we present an update and details of that measurement, as well as new high pT measurements at sNN=62 and 39 GeV. These measurements not only provide an important constraint for understanding the path-length dependence of jet energy loss and the role of initial collision geometry, but also allow a search for the onset of jet quenching as sNN is varied.
Serotonin syndrome following methylene blue administration during cardiothoracic surgery.

Introduction:Despite its favorable safety profile, there have been reports of methylene blue-induced encephalopathy and serotonin syndrome in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy. We report a case of serotonin syndrome following methylene blue administration in a cardiothoracic surgery patient.Case Report:A 59-year-old woman taking preoperative venlafaxine and trazodone was given a single dose of 2 mg/kg methylene blue (167 mg) during a planned coronary artery bypass and mitral valve repair. Postoperatively, she was febrile to 38.7°C and developed full-body tremors, rhythmic twitching of the perioral muscles, slow conjugate roving eye movements, and spontaneous movements of the upper extremities. Electroencephalography revealed generalized diffuse slowing consistent with toxic encephalopathy, and a computed tomography scan showed no acute process. The patient’s symptoms were most consistent with a methylene blue-induced serotonin syndrome. Her motor symptoms resolved within 48 hours and she was eventuall...
The fate of external candidates when inside candidates vie for administrative positions in higher education

Summary.-Three methods were employed to assess how the presence of one or more inside candidates affects the outcome of the search process for administrative positions in higher education. Methods included an analysis of appointments and resignations in the Chronicle of Higher Education, a survey questionnaire sent to chairs of search committees, and an analysis of data from the College and University Personnel Association (CUPA) annual surveys. Results indicated a strong preference for king inside candidates for most administrative positions, with the exception of the presidency. The higher the level of the administrative position, the stronger the preference to appoint an inside candidate. The CUPA data indicated that an inside candidate will be hired between one-third and one-half the time for positions ranging from chair to vice president. The questionnaire data suggested greater preference towards inside candidates in doctoral degree-granting institutions than institutions that grant only master's or bachelor's degrees. The present paper deals with the outcome of the search-and-screen process for an administrative position when one or more inside (i.e., internal) candidates vied for the position. Conventional wisdom among many who are in the job market for administrative positions contends that one's chances are significantly reduced if an inside candidate is among the finalists to be interviewed. Many such individuals, including this author, can relate unpleasant stories of instances in which they were caught up in what they perceived to be a "wired" search, that is, cases where the hiring decision had been predetermined to favor an inside (or possibly an outside) candidate. As ~a~iowitz (1986) points out, ". . . faculty cynicism can (legitimately) abound in what seem likely to be 'wired searches' " (p. 6). This cynicism is likely to be shared by the external candidate caught up in such a process. Bisesi (198.5), Felicetti (1984), and Kaplowitz (1973) discuss the importance of avoiding either the appearance or reality of such wired searches. Not only do the external candidates have negative feelings about the process but the institutional image can suffer, as well. Surprisingly little research has been reported, probably due in part to the difficulty of obtaining data on the prevalence of the practice. Few search committees would admit to being part of such a process. From this author's experiences of having served on numerous search committees, such an admission or even belief is unlikely. Even when inside candidates are vying
Chemical composition and in‐vitro digestibility of biologically degraded peanut hulls

Changes in the chemical composition of peanut hulls inoculated with the white-rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor, the brown-rot fungus, Poria placenta, the imperfect mould, Trichoderma reesei, the bacterium Arthrobacter sp. KB-1, a mixture of the four organisms, and the natural microflora associated with freshly shelled hulls were monitored over a 90 day period. At the conclusion of the incubation period, the in-vitro digestibility of the hulls was determined. Although there was a substantial increase in protein content of all samples, there was drastic reduction in the in-vitro digestibility. Of the four components monitored, lignin content was found to be significantly negatively correlated with digestibility. These results suggest that pretreatment of peanut hulls with microorganisms alone will not increase the ruminant digestibility of the hulls.
The psychological reality of the paragraph

Three experiments were carried out (a) to assess the degree of agreement with which S s identify paragraph boundaries in unindented prose passages, (b) to determine whether a significant proportion of the cues to paragraph structure are formal in nature, (c) to ascertain whether the identification of paragraphs in different kinds of prose differentially depends on semantic, as distinct from formal, cues, and (d) to study developmental changes in paragraphing ability. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in 10 English prose passages were replaced by nonsense paralogs and S s identified paragraph boundaries in both English and nonsense versions. The median reliability for paragraphing English passages was .86; for nonsense, .75. The median correlation between paragraphing of English and nonsense versions of the same passage was .71. Children approach adult levels of paragraphing more quickly with nonsense passages than with English.
Simulations of allosteric transitions

Allosteric transitions are one of the subtler mechanisms used by nature to fine tune protein activity. Effector binding to a specific site on the protein surface induces significant activity change, and initiates a conformational transition that frequently includes domain motions and is very large. From a theoretical and biophysical perspective two problems are particularly intriguing. The first is the way in which a launching signal, which is spatially confined and includes only a few interacting atoms, is propagated to a large-scale conformational transition we frequently see in allosteric transitions. Hence, there is the question of how a small perturbation is magnified to yield motions of thousands of atoms. The second puzzle is of focus, coherence, and efficiency. The impact of the binding of the effector is sometimes extended over tens of angstroms. How the signal is transmitted and kept significant over such large distances in the 'noisy' molecular environment is another major direction of investigation. In the present review we examined different theoretical and computational attempts to solve the questions.
A re-examination of the effects of response-contingent aversive tones on gastrointestinal activity.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of response-contingent and random aversive auditory stimulation on gastrointestinal motility. Ss were presented with four consecutive 10-min treatment periods in the following order: response-contingent (R-C), random, R-C, random. During R-C, S could avoid the 5-sec 90 db tone, which was programmed to come on every 30 sec, by pressing a key once during the 5 sec preceding the tone. During the random period, S had no control over the presentation of the tone. The results indicated that during R-C, amplitude of gastrointestinal motility was significantly greater and latency briefer than under random conditions. These results are accounted for in terms of the dual role of the tone in the R-C condition, i.e. it is aversive and it signifies to S that his time estimation was incorrect.
Topological social choice: Reply to Le Breton and Uriarte

In a recent paper Le Breton and Uriarte (1990), hereafter LBU, offer a critique of Chichilnisky's (1979, 1980, 1982) impossibility theorem. Of the many statements of Chichilnisky's theorem, they single out Baigent's (1984, 1985) as incorrect. The first purpose of this note is to reply to this claim and argue that Baigent's formulation is not only formally correct, but also the most expeditious for its purpose. Furthermore, it will be argued that the approach advocated by LBU is not justified. Finally, it will be argued that, contrary to both Chichilnisky and LBU, the topological framework itself should be replaced by the "old fashioned" finte framework for the analysis of the underlying issue which Chichilnisky's theorem attempts to address. In what follows, especially concerning the appropriateness of different frameworks, it will be important to distinguish between a claim and the formal expression ofthat claim. Given the former, there may be several alternatives for the latter. The central claims in this area of social choice theory include the following:
A message passing algorithm for haplotype assembly

Homologous chromosome pairs have similar DNA sequences and encode the same type of information but are not identical. The most common form of variations between them are the so-called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), where two chromosomes in a homologous pair differ at individual corresponding positions. The problem of haplotype assembly is concerned with finding an ordered sequence of SNPs associated with each one of the chromosomes in a pair. The information about genetic variations (i.e., SNPs) is inferred using short reads provided by the high-throughput DNA sequencing systems. The reads are potentially erroneous and haplotype assembly can thus be interpreted as the process of separating fragments into two potentially inconsistent (due to noise) classes, each corresponding to one of the haplotypes in a pair. Solving this problem is known to be NP-hard, and hence practical haplotype assembly typically involves heuristics and low complexity approximations. In our work, we propose novel graphical models of the hap-lotype assembly problem and design efficient message passing algorithms for solving it. The developed algorithms perform close to the existing state-of-the-art techniques while being more computationally efficient.
Comparison of volcanic features of Elysium /Mars/ and Tibesti /Earth/

The summit caldera and flank morphologies of Elysium Mons on Mars and Emi Koussi in the Tibesti region in northern Chad are similar in many ways. In both cases the large central caldera is about 12 km in diameter and from 500 to 1000 m deep; both calderas contain numerous craters and large irregular pits. Crater size/frequency analysis of Elysium Mons is thought to indicate that most of the craters are of endergonic origin. The flanks, characterized by subdued hummocky terrain, differ from those of the younger Tharsis Ridge and show little if any sign of recent material flow. Evidence against pluvial episodes within 100,000 or 1,000,000 years is provided by the lack of aqueous erosional forms. It is suggested that the source of the Elysium volcanics has been chemically evolved and probably involves silicic magma. The data are consistent with the view that the martian crust has been stable and essentially motionless for an extended period of martian geologic time.