cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mario Augusto Bunge and Scientific Metaphysics

Metaphysics became an exact science in 1977, the year of publication of Mario Bunge’s The Furniture of the World. Bunge, of German descent and born in Argentina in 1919, began his career as a physicist. He brought with him to philosophy the perspective of a practicing scientist (much as Buchanan came into political philosophy as an economist), and his chief goal is to develop a philosophy that is compatible both with the current body of science and with the ways scientists go about their work. While philosophers continue to debate the existence of external reality and the possibility of human knowledge, scientists proceed to learn about that reality.
Genetic and molecular analysis of starch synthases functions in maize and Arabidopsis

viii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Literature Review 2 Experimental Approach 22 Dissertation Organization 23 References 24 CHAPTER 2. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION DEMONSTRATES THAT THE Zea mays GENE sugary 2 CODES FOR THE STARCH SYNTHASE ISOFORM SSIIa Abstract 33 Introduction 34 Materials and Methods 37 Results 43 Discussion 57 Acknowledgements 60 References 60 CHAPTER 3. MUTATIONS AFFECTING STARCH SYNTHASE III IN ARABIDOPSIS ALTER LEAF STARCH STRUCTURE AND INCREASE THE RATE OF STARCH SYTNHESIS Abstract 65 Introduction 66 Results 69 Discussion 84 Materials and Methods 89 Acknowledgements 95 References 95 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS OF THE RELATED ROLES OF STARCH SYNTHASE II AND STARCH SYNTHASE III IN STARCH BIOSYNTHESIS IN ARABIDOPSIS LEAVES Abstract 98 Introduction 99 Results 102 Discussion 124
Templated Synthesis of Cuprous Chloride Networks: Synthesis and Characterization of [Hpy]Cu3Cl6 and {[H3NMe]6Cl}[H3NMe]2Cu9Cl16

Solvothermal reactions with a 1:1 ratio of cuprous chloride and alkylamonium salts as templating agents in acetonitrile or ethanol yield two new polyanionic chains. The trimeric chain [Cu3Cl6]3-, 1, templated by pyridinium cations, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m with a = 9.1274(8) A, b = 13.2831(5) A, c = 10.0923(7) A, β = 112.562(5)°, and Z = 2. [Cu9Cl16],7- 2, is templated by the complex cation {[H3NMe]6Cl}5+ and two independent [H3NMe]+ cations. The polyanionic chain of 2 is constructed from the condensation of tetrameric cuprous chloride building blocks and crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 10.091(2) A, b = 10.173(2) A, c = 23.723(3) A, α = 80.12(1)°, β = 80.99(1)°, γ = 70.68(2)°, and Z = 2. The targeted stoichiometry of [A][CuCl2], with A = pyridinium or methylammonium as templates, results in the formation of condensed oligomeric building blocks that are analogous to those observed for a variety of open-framework group 13 chalcogenides. The relationship between...
Preventing Hepatitis B Reactivation During Anti-CD20 Antibody Treatment in the Veterans Health Administration.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation may occur with high risk immunosuppression, such as anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)20 antibodies (Abs). Appropriate HBV prophylaxis during anti-CD20 Ab therapy averts hepatitis, chemotherapy disruption, and death. Serologic evidence of prior HBV exposure is present in one in nine veterans in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). In 2014, most (61%-73%) patients in the VHA who were receiving anti-CD20 Ab treatment underwent HBV testing, yet 90% and antiviral prophylaxis to >80%.
Theory of Institutional Change

This chapter provides the book with a theoretical framework applied to cases. It explores contemporary conceptualizations of fragility, corruption, and institution building. Building on previously established literature, the chapter explores why domestic institutions matter to international stability, as corruption tends to spread from weaker states to regional locations.
Large-scale heterogeneous feature embedding

Feature embedding aims to learn a low-dimensional vector representation for each instance to preserve the information in its features. These representations can benefit various offthe-shelf learning algorithms. While embedding models for a single type of features have been well-studied, real-world instances often contain multiple types of correlated features or even information within a different modality such as networks. Existing studies such as multiview learning show that it is promising to learn unified vector representations from all sources. However, high computational costs of incorporating heterogeneous information limit the applications of existing algorithms. The number of instances and dimensions of features in practice are often large. To bridge the gap, we propose a scalable framework FeatWalk, which can model and incorporate instance similarities in terms of different types of features into a unified embedding representation. To enable the scalability, FeatWalk does not directly calculate any similarity measure, but provides an alternative way to simulate the similarity-based random walks among instances to extract the local instance proximity and preserve it in a set of instance index sequences. These sequences are homogeneous with each other. A scalable word embedding algorithm is applied to them to learn a joint embedding representation of instances. Experiments on four real-world datasets demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of FeatWalk.
P1 A Qualitative Approach to Young Adults’ Perceptions of Local Food Based on a Multi-Theory Model

Background Local food consumption has the potential to improve the sustainability of current food systems. Objective To identify college students’ perceptions of local food based on a multi-theory model. Study Design, Settings, Participants In this qualitative study, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. The theory of planned behavior extended with self-identity and the health belief model were used as the framework for interview questions. This study took place at a university in the southeast region of the United States. Purposive sampling was employed to recruit a diverse sample totaling 30 participants, including in-state, out-of-state, and international students. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Behavioral beliefs (advantages and disadvantages), normative beliefs, control beliefs (barriers and facilitators), perceived threats, self-identity and cues to action regarding local food consumption were measured. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. A hybrid inductive and deductive content analysis was used to analyze interview transcriptions. Results Major themes related to behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, perceived threats, self-identity, and cues to action were identified. Trustworthiness, supporting the local community and economy, freshness, and health benefits were identified as advantages of consuming local food. Perceived disadvantages included the higher price of local food, limited variety, and inconvenience. Major themes related to normative beliefs included approval of family members and friends. Perceived barriers included cost, lack of availability, and lack of information regarding local food, while perceived facilitators included availability and clear advertisement. Poor dietary quality was a major threat. Local food consumers were typically viewed positively, often described as health conscious individuals. Major themes related to cues to action included presentation of information in a variety of forms. In addition, emotion emerged as a new theme that may potentially influence local food consumption. Conclusion The identified themes should be further explored and described when promoting local food consumption among this population. Funding The University of Alabama.
Identity Construction in Model Rocketry: How Newcomers Learn and Construct Identity in AIAA’s Rocket League

Students making the transition from college to the workplace usually find it difficult to fit in with their colleagues; there are underlying social norms and aspects that a newcomer may conflict with when entering a new community. However, joining an academic club while in school may help students learn how to enter a community by constructing a well-aligned identity. An ethnographic study of one particular club was conducted. Multiple textual analyses, analyses of field notes, and analyses of interviews were conducted to examine how a newcomer might construct their identity within a particular academic club. The analysis shows that identity construction occurs as a result of participation, communication, and collaboration within an assigned group project. Furthermore, the analyses show that academic clubs could potentially prepare students to enter new communities, including workplaces, thereby reducing time and energy spent adapting to new or conflicting ways of practice and increasing opportunities for the newcomer to succeed within the community.
Intraductal papillary squamous neoplasm of the pancreas: Cyto-histologic correlation of a novel entity

Abstract We correlate the cytologic and histologic features of a squamous-lined pancreatic cystic lesion with a complex papillary architecture and an associated KRAS mutation, which to our knowledge has not been previously described. A 69 year-old woman presented with intermittent left upper quadrant pain. CT imaging revealed a 1 cm solid lesion in the pancreatic tail with peripheral calcification. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy showed a proliferation of epithelial cells with fibrovascular cores. An immunohistochemical stain for p40 was positive in the lesional cells. A distal pancreatectomy revealed a unilocular, cystic, well-circumscribed, soft and friable mass measuring 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.8 cm. Histologically, the cyst was lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium with a complex papillary architecture, filling the cyst lumen. Molecular sequencing revealed a KRAS G12V missense mutation. While the lesion shared some histologic features with the previously described “squamoid cyst of the pancreatic ducts”, the complex papillary architecture and presence of a KRAS mutation are unique to the entity we describe herein and we propose the name “intraductal papillary squamous neoplasm of the pancreas.” Reporting the cytomorphologic features of this novel entity may help in identification of similar lesions and understanding of the clinicopathologic significance.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): A novel mechanism for reducing ethanol consumption and seeking behaviors in female alcohol preferring (P) rats

Abstract Atrial Naturietic Peptide (ANP) is a neuropeptide that regulates function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, immune and neuroimmune system, and epigenetic factors. Research has indicated that ANP may mediate alcohol intake, withdrawal, and craving like behaviors. ANP receptors are present in the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) reward pathway of the brain, which includes the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of ANP microinjected into Acb subregions (Shell (Sh), Core (Co), ventral to AcbSh) on operant ethanol (EtOH) self-administration and into posterior VTA (pVTA) on EtOH-seeking behavior of female alcohol-preferring (P) rats. In the first experiment, ANP (0, 10 μg, or 100 μg) was microinjected into subregions of the Acb to determine its effects on EtOH self-administration. In the second experiment, ANP was microinjected into pVTA to determine its effects on Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery (PSR) of responding, a measure of context-induced EtOH-seeking behavior. Administration of ANP directly into the AcbSh significantly reduced EtOH self-administration compared to vehicle, whereas ANP into the AcbCo or areas directly ventral to the AcbSh did not alter responding for EtOH. Microinjection of ANP into the pVTA significantly reduced responding on the EtOH-associated lever during the PSR test. The data indicate that activation of ANP systems in the (a) AcbSh can inhibit EtOH intake, and (b) in the pVTA can inhibit EtOH-seeking behavior. The results suggest that manipulations of the ANP system could be a potential target for pharmacotherapeutic intervention to treat alcohol use disorder. Supported in part by AA07462, AA07611, AA10717, AA10721, AA013522, AA019366, AA020908, AA022287, and AA024612.
Factors Determining Choice of Conventional Labour Among Yam Producers in Benue State of Nigeria

The present research empirically determined the factors that influenced the choice of combined labour for efficient yam marketable surplus in Benue State of Nigeria. 2016 cropping season cross-sectional data elicited by structured questionnaire complemented with interview schedule from a total of 120 farmers chosen through a multi-stage sampling technique was used. The instruments used for data analysis were descriptive and inferential statistics. The empirical evidences showed that decision for choice of efficiently combined labour that is supplemented by paid labour for efficient yam marketable surplus was affected by low yam productivity and low income which largely owed to poor proceeds from product marketing. Gender stereotype due to culture and religious barriers affected women access and control to productive access, thus hinders women active involved in yam entrepreneurship as they cannot carter for paid labour. Thus, it can be inferred that utilization of combined labour was affected by poor yield, gender stereotype and poor economic capital. Therefore, for farmers to be able to harness combined labour efficiently for a good marketable surplus, thus a better wellbeing for farmers, farmers need technical guided on potential yield; provision of buffer stocks for a remunerative price normalization; and, breaking the jinx of gender inequality through tacit sensitization in the studied area.
Three-Dimensional Stochastic Characterization of Shale SEM Images

Complexity in shale-gas reservoirs lies in the presence of multiscale networks of pores that vary from nanometer to micrometer scale. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope imaging are promising tools for a better understanding of such complex microstructures. Obtaining 3D shale images using focused ion beam-SEM for accurate reservoir forecasting and petrophysical assessment is not, however, currently economically feasible. On the other hand, high-quality 2D shale images are widely available. In this paper, a new method based on higher-order statistics of a porous medium (as opposed to the traditional two-point statistics) is proposed in which a single 2D image of a shale sample is used to reconstruct stochastically equiprobable 3D models of the sample. Because some pores may remain undetected in the SEM images, data from other sources, such as the pore-size distribution obtained from nitrogen adsorption data, are integrated with the overall pore network using an object-based technique. The method benefits from a recent algorithm, the cross- correlation-based simulation, by which high-quality, unconditional/conditional realizations of a given sample porous medium are produced. To improve the ultimate 3D model, a novel iterative algorithm is proposed that refines the quality of the realizations significantly. Furthermore, a new histogram matching, which deals with multimodal continuous properties in shale samples, is also proposed. Finally, quantitative comparison is made by computing various statistical and petrophysical properties for the original samples, as well as the reconstructed model.
Tropical water vapor variations during the 2006–2007 and 2009–2010 El Niños: Satellite observation and GFDL AM2.1 simulation

[1] Water vapor measurements from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS, above 300 hPa) and Aqua Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS, below 300 hPa) are analyzed to study the variations of moisture during the 2006–2007 and 2009–2010 El Ninos. The 2006–2007 El Nino is an East Pacific (EP) El Nino, while the 2009–2010 El Nino is a Central Pacific (CP) El Nino or El Nino Modoki. Results show that these two types of El Nino events produce different patterns of water vapor anomalies over the tropical ocean, approximately resembling the cloud anomalies shown in Su and Jiang (2013). Regression of water vapor anomalies onto the Nino-3.4 SST for the A-Train period shows a clear “upper tropospheric amplification” of the fractional water vapor change, i.e., the ratio of the change in specific humidity to the layer-averaged specific humidity. Furthermore, tropical water vapor anomalies in different circulation regimes are examined. It is shown that the variations of water vapor during the 2006–2007 El Nino are mainly controlled by the thermodynamic component, whereas both dynamic and thermodynamic components control the water vapor anomalies during the 2009–2010 El Nino. GFDL AM2.1 model simulations of water vapor and cloud anomalies for the two El Ninos are compared with the satellite observations. In general, the model approximately reproduces the water vapor anomalies on both zonal and meridional planes but it produces too strong a cloud response in the mid- and lower troposphere. The model fails to capture the dynamic component of water vapor anomalies, particularly over the Indian Ocean.
Purification of serine-specific transfer ribonucleic acid from bakers' yeast.

By a combination of partition chromatography and countercurrent distribution, serine-specific transfer RNA has been obtained in essentially pure form. The methods described permit the preparation of serine-specific transfer RNA in quantity, with a purity of 95% or better.
Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid-Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane on Release of the Acid-soluble Nucleotide Pool and on Breakdown of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli

Brief treatment of Escherichia coli with 2 x 10(-4)m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-0.12 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), pH 8.0, or 0.12 m Tris alone resulted in the release of the acid-soluble nucleotide pool at 3 or 23 C. Exposure to EDTA-Tris for up to 90 min at 3 C did not result in the release of increasing amounts of 260-mmu-absorbing material. At 23 and 37 C, EDTA-Tris resulted in a steady increase in acid-soluble 260-mmu-absorbing material. Previous growth environment did not alter the release. There appeared to be degradation of 23S ribonucleic acid (RNA) after 10 min of exposure at 23 C. In addition, there was degradation of nucleotides to nucleosides and bases. This occured either within the cells with altered permeability or in the periplasmic space. This occurred in the presence of EDTA and Tris but was not seen with EDTA-phosphate. The mechanism of this degradation is unclear, since it occurs in ribonuclease I-deficient strains. Exposure to Tris buffer for long periods of time at 23 C resulted in release of the nucleotide pool and in degradation of RNA and nucleotides. These studies point out that the EDTA-Tris effect on E. coli must be divided into two parts, an early (4 to 5 min) change in permeability and a later phase of actual RNA breakdown and nucleotide degradation. Studies utilizing EDTA and Tris as agents altering permeability must thus be viewed with caution. Although the cells are viable, they have lost their acid-soluble nucleotide pool and have undergone degradation of some ribosomal RNA.
Automatic Speech Recognition Procedures

This paper is concerned with the transformation of the varying acoustical parameters of speech to a discrete code to form the printed output of an automatic speech recognizer. The development of general automatic speech recognition procedures requires a definition of the linguistic code to be transcribed, and a statement of the dialectal and other conditions under which the recognition is to be achieved.Essential procedures in automatic speech recognition include: the analysis of the input speech wave into a series of basic acoustical parameters in frequency; the representation of the normalized parameters by a set of phoneme and prosodeme candidates by reference to stored linguistic information; and the print-out into words separated by spaces and grouped by means of a set of punctuation marks. The possibility is considered of employing values of conventional spelling and punctuation in the automatic representation of spoken American English.
Network and Internet security

From the Publisher: Addresses the problems of network & Internet security by teaching appropriate ways to combat intrusions & viruses. Begins with a background of client/server networks & an overview of security risks, exposures, & threats to both the single workstation & the network. Describes, more technically, the many different security elements & their uses, including user authentication, virus protection, & encryption. The book not only covers network & workstation security, but Internet security as well. Also covers secure e-mail, electronic commerce, & data transfer. Provides a broad understanding of data security topics & technologies.
Abstract T MP7: TICI 2B vs. TICI 3: Differences in Infarct Volumes and Clinical Outcomes in Proximal Intracranial Large Vessel Occlusions Treated With Endovascular Therapy

Introduction: Successful recanalization independently predicts good outcome following endovascular therapy for acute large vessel occlusions. Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) status 2B (near-complete revascularization) and 3 (complete revascularization) are routinely combined to reflect successful recanalization. Whether outcomes in these two groups are truly comparable, has not been demonstrated. Methods: In a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected patient cohort at our center (2008-2013), we identified adults with intracranial internal carotid and middle cerebral artery M1 occlusions who underwent endovascular therapy within 8 hours from symptom onset, achieved operator-measured TICI2B or TICI3 status and had a documented 90 day modified Rankin Score (mRS). Baseline characteristics (age, NIHSS score, time to groin puncture, ASPECTS, risk factors), final infarct volume, rate of good outcome (mRS 0-2), intracranial hemorrhage and mortality were assessed. Results: 99 patients (TICI2B...
Susceptibility of field populations of sugarcane borer from non‐Bt and Bt maize plants to five individual Cry toxins

Abstract Sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), is a major target of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins in South America and the US mid-south region. Resistance development in target pest populations is a major threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. In our field trials in 2009, a significant number of live borers and plant injury from D. saccharalis were observed in an experimental SmartStax™ maize line. The objective of this study was to assess the relative susceptibility of two field populations of D. saccharalis collected from non-Bt and Bt maize plants containing SmartStax™ traits to five individual Cry proteins. The five Bt proteins included two proteins (Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2) that were expressed in SmartStax™ maize plants and three other common Bt proteins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac) that were not produced in SmartStax™. Larval mortality and growth inhibition on Bt diet of the fourth generation after field collections were evaluated 7 days after release of neonates on the diet surface. The laboratory bioassays showed that 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values for Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 for the population originated from Bt plants were 3.55- and 1.34-fold greater, respectively, than those of the population collected from non-Bt plants. In contrast, relative to the population from non-Bt plants, the LC50 of the population sampled from Bt plants were 3.85-, 2.5- and 1.64-fold more sensitive to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, respectively. The results did not provide clear evidence to conclude that the observed field survival of D. saccharalis on Bt plants was associated with increased levels of resistance.
Abstract 20609: Abnormalities of Mitochondrial Number and Function in Pediatric Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Introduction: Impaired mitochondrial energy production and substrate utilization have been implicated in the development of heart failure (HF) in adults. Little literature exists describing mitocho...
A low-cost Audio Text system for rural communities

An AudioText system called CEVIS (call extension voice information system) has been provided for use in the county offices of the NDSU Extension Service. It runs on an IBM AT clone machine using two ProCAM cards supporting two phone lines and using about 70 megabytes of hard disk. Since one megabyte can hold about five minutes of digitized speech, the present CEVIS system can hold around five hours of speech in digitized form. A simple stateless user interface and a flexible hierarchical message structure are used. This message structure facilitates simple maintenance and easy expansion of the message base. It also allows use of the system without a printed guide to the messages it contains, by top-down exploration of topics. The system has been successfully tested at five different county extension offices, with a majority of calls coming outside business hours. >
Amiodarone and the thyroid

Among the drugs affecting the thyroid gland, no drug has puzzled, and at the same time fascinated, endocrinologists more than amiodarone. Amiodarone is a potent class III anti-arrhythmic drug that also possesses beta-blocking properties. It is very rich in iodine, with a 100-mg tablet containing an amount of iodine that is 250 times the recommended daily iodine requirement. Amiodarone produces characteristic alterations in thyroid function tests in euthyroid patients. Understanding these alterations is crucial in avoiding unnecessary investigations and treatment. Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction occurs because of both its iodine content and the direct toxic effects of the compound on thyroid parenchyma. Amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism is more common in iodine-deficient regions of the world, whereas amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism is usually seen in iodine-sufficient areas. In contrast to amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is a difficult condition to diagnose and treat. In this review, we discuss the alterations in thyroid function tests seen in euthyroid subjects, the epidemiology and mechanism of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction, treatment options available, and the consequences of amiodarone use in pregnancy and lactation; and finally, we propose a follow-up strategy in patients taking amiodarone.
Modeling of turbulent supersonic H2-air combustion with a multivariate beta PDF

Recent calculations of turbulent supersonic reacting shear flows using an assumed multivariate beta PDF (probability density function) resulted in reduced production rates and a delay in the onset of combustion. This result is not consistent with available measurements. The present research explores two possible reasons for this behavior: use of PDF's that do not yield Favre averaged quantities, and the gradient diffusion assumption. A new multivariate beta PDF involving species densities is introduced which makes it possible to compute Favre averaged mass fractions. However, using this PDF did not improve comparisons with experiment. A countergradient diffusion model is then introduced. Preliminary calculations suggest this to be the cause of the discrepancy.
ARAP2 Signals through Arf6 and Rac1 to Control Focal Adhesion Morphology

Focal adhesions (FAs) are dynamic structures that connect the actin cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix. At least six ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), including ARAP2 (an Arf6 GAP), are implicated in regulation of FAs but the mechanisms for most are not well defined. Although Rac1 has been reported to function downstream of Arf6 to control membrane ruffling and cell migration, this pathway has not been directly examined as a regulator of FAs. Here we test the hypothesis that ARAP2 promotes the growth of FAs by converting Arf6·GTP to Arf6·GDP thereby preventing the activation of the Rho family GTP-binding protein Rac1. Reduced expression of ARAP2 decreased the number and size of FAs in cells and increased cellular Arf6·GTP and Rac1·GTP levels. Overexpression of ARAP2 had the opposite effects. The effects of ARAP2 on FAs and Rac1 were dependent on a functional ArfGAP domain. Constitutively active Arf6 affected FAs in the same way as did reduced ARAP2 expression and dominant negative mutants of Arf6 and Rac1 reversed the effect of reduced ARAP2 expression. However, neither dominant negative Arf6 nor Rac1 had the same effect as ARAP2 overexpression. We conclude that changes in Arf6 and Rac1 activities are necessary but not sufficient for ARAP2 to promote the growth of FAs and we speculate that ARAP2 has additional functions that are effector in nature to promote or stabilize FAs. Background: ARAP2 is an ArfGAP that regulates focal adhesions (FAs) by an unknown mechanism. Results: ARAP2 activity controlled FA size and regulated cellular Arf6·GTP and Rac1·GTP. The effect of loss of ARAP2 on FAs was reversed by dominant negative Arf6 or Rac1. Conclusion: ARAP2 functions in part by inhibiting the Arf6/Rac1 pathway. Significance: We describe a mechanism by which an ArfGAP can regulate FAs.
Total synthesis of (+/-)-hedychenone: trimethyldecalin terpene systems via stepwise allenoate diene cycloaddition.

The total synthesis of hedychenone 1 is described. The cycloaddition of the hindered diene 2 and the allenecarboxylate 3 has been shown conclusively to proceed via the [2+2] cycloadduct 5 to give a...
Development of an integrated single-fiber SERS sensor

Abstract An integrated fiberoptic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor based on a single-fiber system is described and evaluated for remote and in situ measurements. The heart of the sensor consists of a unique single optical fiber designed to induce the SERS effect through the incorporation of alumina nanoparticles and silver coatings onto the probe tip. The unique design based on single-fiber for excitation/emission (SFEE) is practical for the fabrication of in situ sensors in microenvironments. Since the single fiber carries both the laser excitation and SERS signal radiation, optical parameters of the remote tip are simple and consistent. Depending on the tip size, the fiberoptic SERS sensor allows in situ measurements at microscale environments. Details of sensor tip fabrication and optical system design are described. Two detection schemes can be used: a “dip-and-dry” mode of detection and an in situ sensing mode are demonstrated for several compounds, including cresyl fast violet (CFV), brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), p -aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and 3-aminopyrene (3AP). To illustrate the effectiveness of this new SERS sensor for remote in situ analysis, SERS spectra of aqueous dye samples (CFV and BCB) are presented. A quantitative calibration curve for CFV in groundwater is established and a limit of optical detection of approximately 50 ppb CFV in groundwater is determined.
Estimating short-term PM effects accounting for surrogate exposure measurements from ambient monitors

We propose a framework for modeling short-term pollutant exposure effects of ambient source personal exposures using ambient monitoring data. We begin by outlining a model for the health effects of air pollutants on individuals given true pollutant exposure. This is aggregated to form a group-level model of pollutant effects. The aggregation preserves the individual-level interpretation of the exposure effect. However, only surrogate exposure data are available from ambient monitors. We therefore also consider the exposure distribution and measurement characteristics of the pollutant data. We combine these with the disease model of interest and discuss estimation of the exposure effect in the presence of the additional modeling. While the framework includes spatial variation of exposure, we simplify the implementation to ignore the spatial component. We examine the approach in simulations and apply it to asthma hospital admissions and particulate matter data from greater Seattle. The results indicate that adjustment for measurement error alone, without inclusion of spatial variation in ambient PM or fraction of ambient air exposure, does not alter the conclusions from the simpler ecologic time series regression analyses typically reported in the literature. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct method for determining dopamine synthesis and output of dopamine metabolites from brain in awake animals.

— A direct method for measuring the rate of dopamine (DA) synthesis and the DA metabolites by the brain of awake monkeys (Macaca arctoides) is described. The method utilizes a coupling of a measure of cerebral blood flow with the mass spectrometrically determined difference in the concentrations of the metabolite under study in plasma obtained from arterial and internal jugular bulb blood. For homovanillic acid (HVA) a consistent and highly significant veno-arterial (V-A) difference of 2.2 ± 0.4 ng/ml of plasma (P < 0.0005) was found. When this V-A difference was coupled with a measure of cerebral blood flow it was determined that, in the awake monkey, the average output of HVA by brain was 113.4 ± 19.1ng/100g brain min−1. There were large individual variations, however, between animals (range = 38-194 ng/100g brain min−1). In contrast to HVA, no consistent V-A difference for dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was found; i.e. the concentrations of DOPAC in plasma obtained from arterial and internal jugular bulb venous blood were essentially identical. These data indicate that, in contrast to the rat, in this non-human primate HVA is the major metabolic product of brain DA. Since HVA is the major metabolite of DA, production of HVA under steady state conditions gives a measure of DA synthesis by whole brain; i.e. the rate of DA synthesis by whole brain in the awake monkey is 113.4 ± 19.1ng/100g brain min−1. It is suggested that this technique may be of value in both basic and applied types of studies.
Social Disorganization on Bimini: Impact of the Drug Trade

The study reported here focuses on the impact of the drug trade on the island of Bimini, an island in the Bahamas about fifty miles from Miami, Florida. An anthropological model introduced by Beals (1953) and elaborated by Pelto (1973) was adapted to explain the findings. This model indicates that the introduction of new technology produces a shift in work patterns which can cause shifts in the economic system and social disorganization. The model was modified to include new factors other than technology which influence the economic structure and a mediating factor of change in the authority or power structure in the community. On Bimini, the drug trade was a non-technological new element which increased the economic resources available to the community. These new resources were controlled by members of the community who had had relatively low status. There was a shift in power or a reduction in the authority of the community leaders. The result has been an increased amount of social disorganization. Pote...
Surfactants for producing low interfacial tensions I: Linear alkyl benzene sulfonates

The synthesis of a variety of linear alkylbenzene-sulfonates is described. These materials have been examined for their ability to promote every low interfacial tensions between alkanes, alkylbenzenes, or alkylcyclohexanes and water. Each surfactant gives its lowest tension against a particular member of each of these homologous series. For these surfactant struc-tures, the magnitude of its minimum tension is determined by the oil phase equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) and structure and is largely independent of the particular surfactant used. The position of the minimum tension within the alkane series varies in a systematic and predictable manner. The significance of these results for tertiary oil recovery by surfactant flooding is discussed.
Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, a New Vector of Potato Virus Y in Potato

Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura), an exotic species first discovered in the North Central region of the United States in 2000, is a competent vector of severalPotyviridae. Soybean aphid has high fecundity and produces alatae (winged morphs) readily, characteristics typical of proficient virus vectors. When soybean aphids were exposed toPotato virus Y (PVY)-infected potato plants and then clip-caged on healthy potato plants in groups of five or as single aphids, PVY transmission ranged from 14% to 75% across all experiments. PVYo, PVYn, and PVPntn strains were transmitted by soybean aphid.
Hypothermia enhances the effects of morphine on hormonal and histamine release.

1. The effects of intravenous (i.v.) morphine on adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin (beta-END), total catecholamines (CA) and histamine (HIS) plasma concentrations, were determined in anaesthetized dogs at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C. 2. Hypothermia initially increased CA levels by 29%, but the values returned to baseline after 2 h. Morphine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a significant decrease in CA both at 37 degrees C and 30 degrees C (34% and 54%, respectively). Subsequent administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased CA levels in both groups. 3. Hypothermia per se had no effect on ACTH, beta-END, and HIS concentrations. Morphine produced a significant increase in pituitary hormones and HIS, in hypothermic but not in normothermic animals. Morphine concentrations were significantly higher at 30 degrees C during the first 45 min. 4. The results suggest that the effects of morphine on hormonal and histamine release observed at 30 degrees C are concentration-dependent and related to changes in morphine pharmacokinetics.
Dietary guidelines the rationale for intervention

The recommendations of most dietary guidelines include maintenance of desirable weight; eating a varied diet, including fruits, vegetables, and fiber; and reducing fat intake. After reviewing the influences of dietary components on carcinogenesis, the best current dietary advice would appear to be moderation and variety
The independence results of set theory: An informal exposition

This paper is an informal exposition of two significant results in the foundations of set theory: G?del's 1938 proof that the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (GCH) and the Axiom of Choice (AC) are consistent with the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF), and Cohen's 1963 proof of the consistency of the denial of GCH and AC. These theorems amount jointly to the independence of GCH and AC. It is our conviction that these results, and the novel methods they employ, occupy a position like that of the more celebrated incompleteness results for arithmetic. Adequately informed discussion of a broad range of issues in foundations of mathematics and epistemology generally is impossible without some idea of these independence proofs. Moreover, this work sheds retrospective light on much of the metamathematical work that preceded it. Philosophers are therefore obligated to acquire some knowledge of it. While these results are not 'recent' by the standards of a fast-moving discipline like logic, the formidable technicalities involved have kept them inaccessible to non-logicians. We hope to improve the situation. Important details have been relegated to an Appendix, to whose nth entry 'An' refers. Only A16 is strictly necessary for a full grasp of the text.
Preparation of acicular /spl alpha/-Fe nanoparticles in tubular lecithin colloids

Acicular /spl alpha/-Fe nanoparticles were prepared by borohydride reduction of Fe/sup 2+/ in tubular lecithin reverse micellular solutions. Reduction of low concentration (0.025 or 0.05 M FeCl/sub 2/) in the presence of a 1200 Oe magnetic field gave mostly spherical particles with about 20% acicular particles. The amount of acicular particles varied with reaction conditions. The acicular particles had lengths ranging from 100 to 600 nm and aspect ratios of at least 6:1.
Biological rhythms out of harmony

Biological Timekeeping. Edited by John Brady. Pp.197. Hbk ISBN 0-521-23307-0; pbk ISBN 0-521-29899-7. (Cambridge University Press: 1982.) Hbk £22.50, $39.50; pbk £9.95, $17.95.
The Role of Diplomatic Culture in International Disputes

The events surrounding the U.S. criminal complaint against the National Security Agency (NSA) whistleblower Edward Snowden and Bolivia's alleged intention to grant him political asylum have degener...
“The Cause of This Blackness”: The Early American Republic and the Construction of Race

Abstract Race is routinely defined as “socially constructed,” from which it follows that there was a time before its construction. What that time looked like, and how Africans were then viewed by white Americans, is difficult to perceive from a vantage point within the paradigm of race. This essay considers important but neglected cultural referents to argue that a binary distinction between black and white did not emerge on theoretical grounds until the 1780s, when Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia shrewdly redirected growing challenges to slavery into quasi-metaphysical reflections on the gulf between whites and blacks.
A mutagenic screening of various herbs, spices, and food additives

Abstract Chloroform and methanol extracts of various herbs and spices as well as food additives were screened for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/microsome assay of Ames and the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98. The results of this general screening, however, did not provide sufficient information to fully assess the mutagenic potential of certain herbs and spices since the assay of their respective extracts was accompanied by a growth inhibition of the bacterial tester strain. These findings were attributed to the effects of toxic compounds that were presumably contained within the complex mixtures that comprise both herbs and spices. An apparent reduction in the effects of toxicity was observed when separation methods were used as a means to obtain fewer compounds in each of the samples assayed for mutagenicity. Following a separation by column chromatography of the chloroform and methanol extracts of cumin, a dose related response of weak mutagenicity was demonstrated toward TA100 but no...
Race, sport and social mobility: Horatio Alger in short pants?

This article addresses sport as a vehicle of social mobility for athletes of all racial backgrounds. Utilizing two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we test two sociological models. The zero-sum model argues that any time spent on sports takes away from time that could be spent on academics, hindering performance in school and ultimately mobility. The developmental model suggests that participation in sport contributes in a variety of ways to the performance of student-athletes in school and in the labor market. We operationalize social mobility by years of education and educational attainment. We find limited support for the developmental model. The results indicate white men and African American men who participate at low and high-levels benefit. Sport participation has no statistically significant influence upon years of education and educational attainment for Hispanic men. We use a Heckman selection model and find that self-selection occurs among (American) football playe...
The 1930 eruption of Merapi in Middle Java

Merapi has bean in the past hundred years one of the most active volcanoes of Java. During this period it has had three outstanding eruptions which have been followed by intervals of somewhat diminished but nearly continuous activity. Domes were extruded during these intervals and were destroyed when the major eruptions took place. The surface of these domes was covered with large blocks of lava. The recent eruption took place during November and December of 1930; it reached its climax on December 19.
Prostaglandins in selected reproductive tissues in preterm and full term gestations

We investigated differences in maternal plasma and trophoblast prostaglandin metabolism associated with preterm births. Tissue prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2α and the stable plasma PGF2α metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α, were measured in preterm (<37 weeks) and term (≤ 37 weeks) births. Amnion PGE2 in preterm (106.1 ± 15.7 ng/g wet weight tissue; x ± SEM; n = 37) was lower than in term (176.6 ± 22.7 ng/g wet weight; x ± SEM; n = 34, P < 0.02). Placenta PGE2 was lower in preterm (34.7 ± 19.7 ng/g wet weight; x ± SEM) than in term (103.3 ± 28.0 ng/g wet weight; x ± SEM, P < 0.04). Preterm PGF2α was consistently lower in the amnion (106.8 ± 17.5 ng/g wet weight) and placenta (102.5 ± 8.7 ng/g wet weight) than in term amnion (188.2 ± 24.8 ng/g wet weight; P < 0.01) and placenta (128.9 ± 7.8 ng/g wet weight; P < 0.03). Chorionic PGE2 and plasma PGF2α metabolite followed this trend but did not reach significance. These findings suggest qualitative and quantitative differences in maternal and trophoblast eicosanoid metabolism between term and preterm parturition.
Model Reference Adaptive Control of a Tire Test Machine

Abstract A typical tire endurance testing machine (TTM) is described and a new digitally controlled TTM is proposed. Currently TTMs normally use an analog PID‐type servo loop to control the force with which a tire is pressed against a large turning road‐wheel (radial load control). The camber angle and steer angle of the tire are both normally constant and zero. This type of system does not perform well with changing radial loads because the system dynamics are influenced by the tire's weight and spring constant which varies from tire to tire. Analog electronic control cannot adapt to these parametric changes but digital control can. In this paper a model reference adaptive controller is proposed. This type of control allows specific loading dynamics (the reference model) to be programmed independently of tire weight and spring constant. This enables the user to emulate a specific suspension system on a bumpy road simply by specifying the suspension dynamics and the changes in load.
The separation of mercury from gold by ion exchange

Mixtures containing large amounts of gold and small amounts of mercury (50:1) can be quantitatively separated by passing a 2N hydrochloric acid solution of the chlorides through Dowex 50 resin. Mercury behaves as a cation and is quantitatively retained. Gold behaves as an union and is not retained by the resin. The gold is obtained spcctrobcopically free from all metals. The capacity of the resin is approximately 10 nig of mercury per gram of rebin. The rcyin is freed from mercury by washing with 2N liydroclonc acid and may be used over again.