cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of sparse signals from ℓ 1 dimensionality-reduced Cauchy random-projections

Dimensionality reduction via linear random projections are used in numerous applications including data streaming, information retrieval, data mining, and compressive sensing (CS). While CS has traditionally relied on normal random projections, corresponding to l 2 distance preservation, a large body of work has emerged for applications where l 1 approximate distances may be preferred. Dimensionality reduction in l 1 use Cauchy random projections that multiply the original data matrix B ∈ 葷D×n with a Cauchy random matrix R ∈ 葷n×k (k « min(n,D)), resulting in a projected matrix C ∈ 葷D×k. This paper focuses on developing signal reconstruction algorithms from Cauchy random projections, where the large suite of reconstruction algorithms developed in compressive sensing perform poorly due to the lack of finite second-order statistics in the projections. In particular, a set of regularized coordinate-descent Myriad regression based reconstruction algorithms are developed using, both l 0 and Lorentzian norms as sparsity inducing terms. The l 0 -regularized algorithm shows superior performance to other standard approaches. Simulations illustrate and compare accuracy of reconstruction.
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of isotopomers of an alanine rich α-helix

The two-dimensional infrared spectra of a series of doubly isotopically substituted 25-residue α-helices were measured with femtosecond three pulse infrared time domain interferometry. The insertion of 13C16O and 13C18O labels at known residues on the helix permitted the vibrational couplings between different amide I‘ modes separated by one, two, and three residues to be measured. The 2D IR signal of one residue in 25 was readily studied, confirming this approach is applicable to labeled proteins. We identified the couplings between each pair of isotopomer levels and between them and the helix exciton band states: the 2D IR spectra proved that the amide vibrations of the α-helix are delocalized. Cross-peaks, originating from the coupling of the isotopomer pairs, were systematically analyzed. Besides the separated pair modeling and second-order perturbation theory estimates, the experimental results were compared in detail with a full matrix diagonalization simulation based on averaged Hamiltonian matric...
Clinical simulation: measuring the efficacy of training.

Purpose of reviewSimulation is frequently cited as the ideal method to improve the training of health care professionals. Studies from specialties such as anesthesia and intensive care report that life-sized mannequins reliably measure acute care skills. Task trainers, such as laparoscopic simulator
Reflecting Ito Processes in a Stochastic Control Problem

Let Xi¾· be an Ito process with reflection at 0 and state space [0, â and with nonanticipating infinitesimal coefficients µi¾· and Ii¾·. Let LXi¾· be the process of local time at 0 for this X. Suppose that, for each t, It, µt are restricted to be in the set AXt where {Ay; 0 â¤ y < ∞} is a given family of sets in R+ × R. Let Σx be the class of all such Ito processes satisfying X0 = x. Consider the stochastic control problem of maximizing PLXTa â¤ y|X0 = x over all X in Σx where Ta = inf{t : Xt = a}. It is shown here under a natural hypothesis on the family Ai¾· that for all a, y in R+ × R+ and all x in [0, a the optimal solution is a reflecting diffusion which maximizes µ/I2.
Evidence of multiple allelomorphy at the incompatibility locus in Sorosporium consanguineum

Mating experiments between monosporidial lines ofSorosporium consanguineum from Mexico and the Pacific Northwest indicate that incompatibility in theAristida smut is controlled by multiple alleles at one locus. Alleles a1 a2 were demonstrated in a collection from Chihuahua, Mexico onAristida ternipes. It is hypothesized that these alleles also control incompatibility in collections of the smut from western United States. Alleles a1 a3 were detected in a collection from Durango Mexico onAristida divaricata. Apparently, this is the first time multiple alleles have been shown to control heterothallism inS. consanguineum.
Paradoxic action of amyl nitrite in coronary patients.

Amyl nitrite inhalation in patients with sclerotic coronary vessels is followed by electrocardiographic changes typical of temporary coronary insufficiency. It is suggested that, in such cases, a slight increase of cardiac work (tachycardia) together with a decrease of blood supply (fall in blood pressure), leads to myocardial ischemia. Comparison between an exercise test and amyl nitrite inhalation in the same patients indicates similar results. Amyl nitrite inhalation may be used as a simple functional test in borderline or questionable cases of coronary heart disease.
Amino acid substrate preloading and postischemic myocardial recovery.

Abstract During induced myocardial ischemia for cardiac surgery, myocardial stunning occurs and aerobic metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and lactate is inhibited as anaerobic pathways predominate. Even following reperfusion, stunned myocardium uses oxygen and substrate inefficiently leading to poor functional recovery as less mechanical work is developed per oxygen utilized. Amino acids potentially can act as cardiac metabolic substrates during and after ischemia, utilizing the transamination of amino acids by the malate-aspartate shuttle to form high energy phosphates via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We investigated if “preloading” hearts with a physiologic spectrum of amino acids could increase postischemic myocardial recovery. Isolated perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to 120 min of 34°C cardioplegic ischemia. Hearts received cardioplegia alone as controls or were “preloaded” with a 0.05% amino acid perfusion for 30 min prior to cardioplegic ischemia. Following reperfusion, analysis of functional recovery revealed that contractility and cardiac efficiency were improved with amino acids substrate preloading. The mechanism of this may be due to uptake of amino acids prior to ischemia, which are later utilized for internal reparative work during ischemia and external contractile work after ischemia.
Skeletal Casein Kinase Activity Defect in the HYP Mouse

The Hyp mouse, a model for human X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), is characterized by phosphate wasting and defective mineralization. Since osteopontin (OPN) is considered pivotal for biological mineralization, we examined the biosynthesis of OPN in osteoblasts of +/Y and Hyp/Y mice. Immunoprecipitation analyses using a specific antibody to OPN revealed that Hyp/Y and +/Y osteoblasts secrete similar levels of OPN as determined by [35S]-methionine biosynthetic labeling, but a reduced phosphorylation was noted after 32P-PO4 biosynthetic labeling. Northern blot hybridization analysis of +/Y and Hyp/Y mice osteoblast mRNAs, using a cDNA probe for mouse OPN, revealed no difference in the steady state levels of osteopontin mRNA. Analysis of casein kinase II activity in +/Y and Hyp/Y mice osteoblast, kidney, heart and liver membrane fractions revealed that casein kinase II activity in the Hyp/Y mice osteoblasts and kidney is only 35%-50%, respectively, of that of the +/Y mice tissues. The accumulated data are consistent with a post-translation defect in the Hyp/Y mouse osteoblast which results in the under-phosphorylation of osteopontin and subsequent under-mineralization of bone matrix.
Room temperature and cryogenic performance of self-aligned AlInAs-GaInAs HEMTs with 0.15-um gate length

A novel self-aligned technique for 0.15 ?m gate length AlInAs-GalnAs HEMTs has been demonstrated. Devices with an oxide sidewall yielded an fT of 177 GHz whereas devices with no sidewall exhibited an fT greater than 250 GHz. The difference has been related to process damage during plasma deposition of SiO2. An extrinsic fT of 292 GHz was measured at 77K.
Effect of beliefs about weather conditions on tipping.

Research has shown that greater degrees of sunshine experienced directly are associated with greater amounts of compliance and tipping. This paper describes two studies that investigated beliefs about sunshine and tipping. The studies were conducted at a casino hotel in Atlantic City; a male server who delivered food and drinks to guests' rooms acted as the confederate. In Study 1, the server reported to guests the actual sky conditions: sunny, partly sunny, cloudy, or rainy. Tip percentages increased linearly from the worst to the best conditions. Study 2 used an experimental design. The server informed guests that the weather was either warm and sunny, cold and sunny, warm and rainy, or cold and rainy. Guests were gullible because their rooms shielded them from the actual conditions. Belief in sunny skies produced greater tip percentages. The temperature belief manipulation had no effect. This research extended previous research by showing that beliefs about weather, in addition to actual weather, can affect behavior.
How Did China Take Off

economic growth to take off. The fi rst view gives the pride of place to globalization. According to this view, Chinese growth started when Deng globalization. According to this view, Chinese growth started when Deng Xiaoping liberalized trade and foreign investments by setting up special economic Xiaoping liberalized trade and foreign investments by setting up special economic zones in the coastal provinces. In this view, China’s export-oriented manufacturing, zones in the coastal provinces. In this view, China’s export-oriented manufacturing, largely foreign-funded, employed millions of rural migrants, boosted their income, largely foreign-funded, employed millions of rural migrants, boosted their income, and reduced poverty far and wide. The second perspective emphasizes the imporand reduced poverty far and wide. The second perspective emphasizes the importance of internal reforms—especially in rural, interior regions—of the agricultural tance of internal reforms—especially in rural, interior regions—of the agricultural pricing system; land contracting; and the entry of rural businesses known as townpricing system; land contracting; and the entry of rural businesses known as township and village enterprises. ship and village enterprises. China’s early external reforms are politically important. Special economic China’s early external reforms are politically important. Special economic zones were ideologically controversial at the time they were introduced and their zones were ideologically controversial at the time they were introduced and their establishment signaled a triumph of the reformist leaders over conservatives. Also, establishment signaled a triumph of the reformist leaders over conservatives. Also, the infl ows of foreign investments were not spontaneous; they required an explicit the infl ows of foreign investments were not spontaneous; they required an explicit shift in policies and legal practices. Politically, the 1979 passage of the Law on shift in policies and legal practices. Politically, the 1979 passage of the Law on Chinese–Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, only three years after the Cultural RevoluChinese–Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, only three years after the Cultural Revolution and committing the Chinese government to the protection of foreign property tion and committing the Chinese government to the protection of foreign property rights, was pathbreaking. rights, was pathbreaking.
Accuracy of capillary whole blood international normalized ratio on the CoaguChek S, CoaguChek XS, and i-STAT 1 point-of-care analyzers.

We evaluated the accuracy of capillary whole blood international normalized ratio (INR) on the CoaguChek S (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN), CoaguChek XS (Roche Diagnostics), and i-STAT 1 (i-STAT, East Windsor, NJ) point-of-care (POC) analyzers compared with venous plasma INRs determined by a reference laboratory method. Overall agreement between POC and laboratory plasma INR was very good, with median bias between capillary whole blood and laboratory plasma INRs varying from 0.0 to –0.2 INR units on all devices. More than 90% of results on the CoaguChek XS and i-STAT 1 and 88% of CoaguChek S results were within 0.4 INR units of the reference laboratory method. The CoaguChek XS and i-STAT 1 demonstrated greater accuracy than the CoaguChek S as measured by the number of results that differed by more than 0.5 INR units from the reference method. Median bias between CoaguChek S capillary whole blood and laboratory plasma INRs changed over time, demonstrating the need for ongoing quality assurance measures for POC INR programs. Point-of-care (POC) measurement of the international normalized ratio (INR) is increasingly common in outpatient, inpatient, nursing home, and home care environments. Multiple devices exist for measurement of INR from a capillary finger-stick sample, making real-time measurement and adjustment of warfarin dosages possible at sites where testing is undertaken. However, the accuracy, reliability, and safety of INR measurement by capillary finger stick remains controversial. Studies of POC INR accuracy are divided into those comparing INR measurement by capillary finger stick with matched venous plasma samples tested on a laboratory reference analyzer and those that use carefully prepared reference plasma or whole blood materials to test POC INR devices. 1-7 Some previous studies comparing capillary finger stick with laboratory plasma INR values have found significant differences between results of POC and laboratory plasma INR. In these studies, the mean bias varied from –0.2 to 0.8 INR units, and percentage results within 0.5 INR units of the reference method varied from approximately 50% to approximately 80%. 1-3 Systematic bias between POC and laboratory plasma INRs existed for all POC methods, especially at INR values of more than 3.0. 1-3 In contrast, 2 other studies found nearly perfect agreement between POC and laboratory plasma INRs (mean bias less than 0.1 INR unit), with 85% to 100% of values matching the reference method within 0.5 INR unit. 4,5 These various studies are difficult to compare owing to different POC devices used, differing laboratory reference methods used, and the patient populations (ie, range of INR values measured) studied. Other investigators have prepared external quality assessment material to assess consistency between results of different POC INR devices or consistency of results from the same
The role of linear and voltage-dependent ionic currents in the generation of slow wave oscillations

Neuronal oscillatory activity is generated by a combination of ionic currents, including at least one inward regenerative current that brings the cell towards depolarized voltages and one outward current that repolarizes the cell. Such currents have traditionally been assumed to require voltage-dependence. Here we test the hypothesis that the voltage dependence of the regenerative inward current is not necessary for generating oscillations. Instead, a current I NL that is linear in the biological voltage range and has negative conductance is sufficient to produce regenerative activity. The current I NL can be considered a linear approximation to the negative-conductance region of the current---voltage relationship of a regenerative inward current. Using a simple conductance-based model, we show that I NL , in conjunction with a voltage-gated, non-inactivating outward current, can generate oscillatory activity. We use phase-plane and bifurcation analyses to uncover a rich variety of behaviors as the conductance of I NL is varied, and show that oscillations emerge as a result of destabilization of the resting state of the model neuron. The model shows the need for well-defined relationships between the inward and outward current conductances, as well as their reversal potentials, in order to produce stable oscillatory activity. Our analysis predicts that a hyperpolarization-activated inward current can play a role in stabilizing oscillatory activity by preventing swings to very negative voltages, which is consistent with what is recorded in biological neurons in general. We confirm this prediction of the model experimentally in neurons from the crab stomatogastric ganglion.
Interparticle gap distributions on one-dimensional lattices

We analyse the successive binding of two species of particles on a one-dimensional discrete lattice, where the second variety is deposited only after complete adsorption of the first. We consider the two extreme cases of a perfectly irreversible initial deposition, with non-sliding particles, and that of a fully equilibrated one. For the latter we construct the exact gap distribution from the Tonks gas partition function. This distribution is contrasted with that obtained from the random sequential adsorption process. We discuss implications for the kinetics of adsorption of the second species, as well as experimental relevance of our results.
Designing Hi-Facsimile Briefing Remote-Controller with Bluetooth and Speech-Recognition Processor

This paper was mainly exploring the important tool for many people who were exchanging knowledge especially proceeding power-point presentation as one auxiliary tool. Thelecturer’s most proper position should be between the audience and screen of power-point and this location is far away the mouse or keyboard, so if we have designed one facility with wireless control and speech-recognition function so that users need not rush between the screen and computer. Today some identical products with RF and push function on the power point pen that needs users to pre-learn the functions and those usage often caused errors especially in the dark environment, so in this paper we combined Bluetooth modules with speech recognition function MPU to design the creative product, so to called “Hi-TEC BT remote-controller of Power-Pointpresentation”
Cubic H 3 S around 200 GPa: An atomic hydrogen superconductor stabilized by sulfur

The multiple scattering-based theory of Gaspari and Gyorffy for the electron-ion matrix element in close packed metals is applied to $Im\overline{3}m\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$, which has been predicted by Duan et al. and Bernstein et al. to be the stable phase at this stoichiometry around 190 GPa, thus is the leading candidate to be the phase observed to superconduct at 190 K by Drozdov, Eremets, and Troyan. The nearly perfect separation of vibrational modes into those of S and of H character provides a simplification that enables identification of contributions of the two atoms separately. The picture that arises is basically that of superconducting atomic H stabilized by strong covalent mixing with S $p$ and $d$ character. The reported isotope shift is much larger than the theoretical one, suggesting there is large anharmonicity in the H vibrations. Given the relative unimportance of sulfur, hydrides of lighter atoms at similarly high pressures may also lead to high temperature superconductivity.
Application of the Cloze Procedure to Evaluate Comprehension and Demonstrate Rewriting of Pharmacy Educational Materials

Background:Written materials are commonly used to communicate pharmacy-relevant information to patients. However, they are often composed at a level that limits comprehension, mitigating a well-intended effect.Objective:To (1) use the cloze procedure (a test designed to assess reading comprehension) to evaluate an individual's understanding of a pharmacy-relevant educational pamphlet; (2) compare results of the cloze procedure with the reading comprehension component of the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA); and (3) use results to demonstrate rewriting of the educational pamphlet.Methods:The cloze procedure was applied to a pharmacy-relevant educational pamphlet describing safe medication practices. A total of 162 subjects were recruited from university faculty, staff, and students; a local adult literacy center; and community senior centers. Subjects completed a background interview, the S-TOFHLA. and cloze procedure for the pharmacy-relevant educational pamphlet. S-TOFHLA and...
Multi-layered PZT/polymer composites to increase signal-to-noise ratio and resolution for medical ultrasound transducers

Increasing transducer bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is fundamental to improving the quality of medical ultrasound images. In previous work, the authors have proposed the use of multi-layer 1-3 PZT/epoxy composites to increase both but have encountered significant fabrication challenges. These difficulties include making the bond thickness between the layers extremely small relative to the ultrasound wavelength and aligning the posts of the composite to increase the coupling coefficient. The authors have routinely achieved a bond thickness of less than 5 /spl mu/m but aligning the posts is more complicated. Finite element (PZFlex; Weidlinger, Assoc., New York, NY and Los Altos, CA) simulations show that the pulse-echo SNR and bandwidth degrade significantly with misalignment of the posts. Alignment of greater than 90% of the post pitch (i.e., tolerance of 10 to 20 /spl mu/m) is required to obtain significant increases in SNR and bandwidth relative to conventional transducer arrays. This will be a difficult tolerance for large-scale production. Thus, the authors have developed a multi-layer composite hybrid array that will not require post alignment. This structure consists of a layer of 5 MHz 1-3 composite material on top of conventional 5 MHz PZT, which will provide greater SNR relative to conventional composites and increased bandwidth over multi-layer PZT. PZFlex simulations show that for a 2 MHz linear array element, the 2 layer hybrid structure increases the pulse-echo SNR by 7.5 dB over that from a single layer PZT element. Even without a matching layer, an increase in the -6 dB pulse-echo fractional bandwidth from 22% for the PZT element to 35% for the hybrid element was also predicted. Experimentally, in a 32 element array, the authors achieved an increase of 5.2 dB in SNR and an increased -6 dB bandwidth from 23 to 30%. In vitro and in vivo images showed corresponding improvements.
Upper esophageal sphincter during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation: effects of reflux content and posture.

Although some studies show that the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) contracts during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR), others show that it relaxes. We hypothesized that the ...
Injection of 99mTc-labeled sulfur colloid the day before operation for breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping is as successful as injection the day of operation

Abstract Background We investigated whether the timing of injection of 99m Tc-labeled sulfur colloid (radiocolloid) significantly influenced the success of breast cancer sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. Methods Review of a prospective SLN database. Five hundred forty-six consecutive breast SLN mapping patients were analyzed. A dual radiocolloid/blue dye technique was used in all patients. Results The SLN identification rate was similar among those patients injected the day prior (100%) and those injected the day of operation (99%, P = 0.14). A “hot” SLN was identified in 99% of patients injected the day prior and in 97% ( P = 0.17) injected the day of operation. The mean number of SLNs was greater among those injected the day prior (2.71) than among those injected the day of operation (2.33, P = 0.01). There were no differences in the rates of SLN metastases. Conclusions Radiocolloid injection the day before operation is an acceptable and logistically advantageous technique for breast cancer SLN mapping.
Prevalence of depression and use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy among ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus in the United States.

Background: Persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibit a higher rate of depressive illness than does the general US population. Despite this finding, previous research has documented a low rate of diagnosis and/or treatment with antidepressant pharmacotherapy among persons with DM. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the current rate of diagnosis of depression and use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy among persons with DM. Results: We examined data from the 2005 US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. In 2005, there were an estimated 35,345,845 persons with an office-based visit for DM and, of these, 3,823,508 (10.8%) had a concomitant diagnosis of depression. Within this subset, 1,830,620 (47.9%) were prescribed antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: Our findings serve to quantify the prevalence of a diagnosis of depression and use of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for its treatment among persons with DM in the United States.
Comparisons of Run Timing, Spatial Distribution, and Length of Wild and Newly Established Hatchery Populations of Steelhead in Forks Creek, Washington

Abstract In Washington State, the approach to management of wild and hatchery steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has been to separate the timing of return and spawning by the two groups through selective breeding for early timing in hatchery fish. However, overlap in timing and spatial distribution could permit genetic and ecological interactions. To evaluate this management approach, we compared the timing, spatial distribution, and size of adult steelhead in the wild and newly established hatchery populations of Forks Creek, Washington. Hatchery fish tended to return and spawn about 3 months before wild fish but there was some temporal overlap. Radio-tracking indicated that the spatial distributions of the populations overlapped considerably, permitting interbreeding and ecological interactions. However, the hatchery fish tended to stay closer to the hatchery, consistent with olfactory imprinting on the hatchery's water supply. Wild females were larger than hatchery females (median fork lengths were 67...
High Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Facelift with Finger-Assisted Facial Spaces Dissection for Asian Patients

Background Few facelift methods are designed specifically for Asian patients. Because of their characteristic thick skin and flat, wide facial geometry, satisfactory facelift results can be difficult to achieve in these patients. Objectives The authors evaluated outcomes achieved with a high superficial musculoaponeurotic system (high-SMAS) facelift with finger-assisted facial spaces dissection to rejuvenate the aging Asian face. Methods Fifty-three patients underwent this facelift procedure. The indication for surgery was typical sagging of the face associated with aging; the relative contraindications were previous facelift and severe facial atrophy. Results Mean patient age was 50.7 years. Patients received follow-up for a mean of 19 months. In all cases, improvement was seen in soft-tissue sagging of the midface and lower face. One patient experienced unilateral temporal nerve injury, 3 experienced hematoma, and 2 had wound dehiscence. Conclusions Understanding surgical anatomy including facial layers, spaces, and retaining ligaments is crucial for stable application of facelift techniques in Asian patients. Because of the small number of patients evaluated in this study and the limited follow-up period, more research is needed to define suitable facelift methods for these patients. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Specifying and verifying safety-critical software systems

With respect to safety-critical systems, specific techniques do exist for statically analyzing such systems. However, with respect to dynamic analyses (i.e., testing techniques), no specific techniques exist; instead, developers must use general-purpose testing techniques such as branch testing, path testing, and boundary-value testing. While certain other areas, such as real-time systems, have specific testing techniques (e.g., thread testing), safety-critical systems still lack such techniques. This paper, therefore, presents some initial research that addresses this problem. The techniques focus on using fault trees and event trees as oracles for testing safety-critical software systems. The goal is to allow the developer to focus the usually limited amount of testing time on the detection of critical faults. These techniques also have applications to other subsets of high-integrity systems (both software- and hardware-based systems). The effect of these techniques is to develop test cases that will reveal only critical faults (i.e., they ignore non-critical faults). >
The meme metaphor.

In 1976, Richard Dawkins published The Selfish Gene, arguing that natural selection must be understood from the perspective of the genes because they alone—not individuals, not groups, not species—are the replicators on which selection ultimately acts. He also stressed that the concept of the replicator, not the gene per se, is the key to this understanding: “The gene, the DNA molecule, happens to be the replicating entity which prevails on our own planet. There may be others” [1]. In his concluding chapter, Dawkins speculated that human culture might actually be hiding another such replicator, which he dubbed the “meme,” a neologism combining memory and mimetic with gene to suggest “a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation.” [1] Dawkins was by no means the first or last theorist to speculate about an entity akin to a social gene [2]. However, his coinage has proved the catchiest, and the meme-gene analogy as he presented it is not only memorable, but ideologically appealing: on the one hand, it holds out the tantalizing prospect of an elegant, universal theory of cultural evolution; on the other, it evades genetic determinism by offering a parallel cultural process with interests of its own. The meme provides a second replicator, which, though as “selfish” as any replicator, is at least independent of the interests of our selfish genes. As a “just-so story,” it comforts us: “So that’s why we’re different from the other animals. So that’s why we feel like we exercise a measure of precarious control over our bodies. So that’s why we do such counterproductive things and feel so ill-at-ease in our own skins. We’re the product of a conflict of interest between our memes and our genes.” Still, the concept of the meme didn’t really blossom until the 1990s. Its championing by cognitive philosopher Daniel Dennett in a pair of books (1991’s Consciousness Explained and 1995’s Darwin’s Dangerous Idea), cou-
Practical modeling for circuit simulation

There is much more to modeling for circuit simulation than deriving a set of I(V), and perhaps Q(V), equations and extracting a SPICE MODEL card. Unfortunately, some practical aspects of modeling are often overlooked. This paper details common-sense guidelines for modeling and highlights common modeling problems. Particular emphasis is given on understanding accuracy requirements and numerical requirements, on ensuring that compact models are asymptotically correct, and on highlighting the real goal of modeling for circuit simulation: getting complete models for allowable device layouts working in the CAD system on a designer's desk.
Selective Release of Aromatic Heterocycles from Ruthenium Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine with Visible Light.

Three complexes of the general formula [Ru(TPA)L2](PF6)2 [TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine], where L = pyridine (1), nicotinamide (2), and imidazole (3), were prepared and characterized spectroscopically. X-ray crystallographic data were obtained for 1 and 3. Complexes 1–3 show strong absorption in the visible region and selective release of heterocycles upon irradiation with visible light. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations are consistent with the presence of singlet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands in the visible region in 1–3. Caged heterocycles 1–3 are highly stable in solution in the dark, including in cell growth media. Cell viability data show no signs of toxicity of 1–3 against PC-3 cells at concentrations up to 100 μM under light and dark conditions, consistent with Ru(TPA) acting as a nontoxic and effective photocaging group for aromatic heterocycles.
The Acquisition of Evidentiality and Source Monitoring

ABSTRACTEvidentiality in language marks how information contained in a sentence was acquired. For instance, Turkish has two past-tense morphemes that mark whether access to information was direct (typically, perception) or indirect (hearsay/inference). Full acquisition of evidential systems appears to be a late achievement cross-linguistically. Currently, there are two distinct hypotheses about why this is so. According to the first hypothesis, the acquisition of evidentiality is delayed by conceptual factors related to source monitoring (the process of identifying and evaluating information sources). According to a different hypothesis, a substantial part of the learning difficulty comes from mapping evidential markers onto the underlying source concepts (even if these concepts are already available to the child), most likely because source concepts do not correspond to observable referents in the world. Here we tested these two hypotheses in a series of experiments comparing the acquisition of evidentia...
Hyperglucagonemia and hepatic glucose metabolism during infection in the conscious dog

The chronic and acute roles of hyperglucagonemia in sustaining the increased glucose production observed in the conscious infected dog were examined. Three groups of dogs were studied: a sham group (SHAM; n = 10), an infected group (INFXN; n = 11), and a sham group in which the chronic (42-h) increase in glucagon observed in INFXN was simulated (SimGGN; n = 5). INFXN and SimGGN were studied in the presence of hyperglucagonemia. In addition, glucagon was selectively decreased for 180 min in INFXN by use of somatostatin with basal intraportal insulin replacement and in SimGGN by discontinuing the exogenous glucagon infusion. Tracer and arteriovenous difference techniques were used to assess hepatic glucose metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Whereas the rate of glucose appearance (Ra) was increased by 30% (3.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1) in INFXN vs. SHAM, Ra did not increase in SimGGN (2.4 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1). In addition, the 30% increase in net hepatic gluconeogenic precursor uptake seen in INFXN did not occur in SimGGN despite an augmented net hepatic alanine fractional extraction (0.62 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.47 +/- 0.05, SimGGN vs. INFXN). With acute removal of hyperglucagonemia, endogenous Ra decreased in SimGGN and INFXN by 1.0 +/- 0.2 and 1.4 +/- 0.3 mg.kg-1.min-1, respectively. Net hepatic alanine fractional extraction in INFXN, leading to a greater rise in arterial blood alanine levels. In summary, chronic hyperglucagonemia alone cannot explain the increase in Ra observed during an infection. The marked hyperglucagonemia seen during infection plays an essential role in sustaining normal net hepatic fractional alanine extraction to compensate for an impairment in glucagon-stimulated hepatic amino acid transport activation.
Comparison Between Multilayer Ceramic and Organic Package Substrates Based Upon Signal and Power Integrity

Comparisons between organic and ceramic packaging is a difficult task given the considerable number of differences in material properties and potential tradeoffs between cost, electrical performance, thermal performance, and environmental factors. This paper presents a power and signal integrity comparison between a select set of multilayer organic technologies (HDBU and CPCore) and multilayer ceramic technologies (HTCC and LTCC). The geometry and material property impact on electrical performance for the flip-chip first level interconnect are qualitatively discussed and compared. The broadband frequency performance for the ball grid array (BGA) second-level interconnect to a PWB is simulated and characterized to 40 GHz for a differential pair using full-wave simulation. The impedance of the power distribution network (PDN) for a ceramic package is characterized by measurement to correlate with full-wave simulation to then subsequently compare with an organic substrate PDN.
Giant J Waves and ST-Segment Elevation Associated With Acute Gastric Distension

A 34-year-old woman was transferred to our institution because of suspected small-bowel obstruction and abnormal ECG. The patient presented to a rural hospital emergency department with progressive abdominal pain, nausea, and emesis that began 9 hours earlier. The patient had paraplegia with subsequent colostomy after a motor vehicle accident 17 years earlier. Initial evaluation revealed heart rate 99 beats/min, blood pressure 124/84 mm Hg, oxygen saturation 96%, temperature 36.8°C, and distended abdomen with hypoactive bowel sounds. Laboratory evaluation revealed hemoglobin 13.4 g/dL, white blood cell count 14 400/mm3, creatinine 0.48 mg/dL, sodium 135 mmol/L, potassium 3.7 mmol/L, carbon dioxide 28 mmol/L, chloride 94 mmol/L, anion gap 13 (normal, 5–18), calcium 10.3 mg/dL, magnesium 1.9 mg/dL, and amylase 48 IU/L. An initial ECG, 3 hours after admission, demonstrated sinus tachycardia and prominent J waves with inferolateral ST-segment elevation (Figure 1, Top). An abdominal computed tomography scan demonstrated possible …
Hybrid aortic arch repair: The ultimate solution or a stop along the way to a total endovascular arch reconstruction?

In their article in this issue of The Journal, Faure and colleagues 1 report their single-center experience with hybrid repair of chronic dissection-related aortic arch aneurysms. They combined aortic great vessel debranching with thoracic endovascular aortic repair to address the aortic arch pathology completely. In this series of 33 patients, there were no in-hospital deaths. At a respectable mean follow-up of 20 months, the overall mortality was 12% at last follow-up. Therewas a 24% incidence of endoleak overall, and 8 patients required some form of major reintervention, not all of which were for endoleak. Given this high-risk group of patients, Faure and colleagues 1 are to be commended on their excellent outcomes. Surgical treatments to address aortic arch pathology traditionally have involved open techniques of total arch replacement with circulatory arrest and reimplantation of the great arteries. Even in a high-risk patient population, excellent results can be achieved, and many centers continue to advocate this open surgical approach as the criterion standard. 2 The rapid expansion of thoracic endovascular technology in the past 15 years, however, is transforming traditional open repair paradigms. Furthermore, innovative hybrid repair approaches, such as those described by Faure and colleagues, 1 with a combination of open and endovascular techniques, have expanded the risk profile of patients and scope of aortic pathologies amenable to surgical therapies. 3-6 With continued evolution in this field, we need to reassess critically the current status of surgical options for treating aortic arch pathologies. It is also imperative that we seek collaborative approaches to studying aortic arch aneurysm
Bovine Pituitary LH and Prolactin Release During Superfusion in Vitro

SummaryExplants were taken from central and peripheral regions of the anterior pituitary, cut into small (1 × 1 × 2 mm) or large (1 × 1 × 10 mm) pieces, and incubated by continuous superfusion in TC-199 with 0.035 or 0.224% NaHCO3 for 6 hr. Explants from cows released 137% more LH than those from steers but 65% less prolactin. Average LH concentration 2 and 6 hr postculture was 49% greater in explants from cows. Prolactin release but not LH release was greater into medium containing 0.224% than 0.035% NaHCO3 and postculture concentration in the pituitary tissue inversely reflected this pattern. Release and postculture tissue concentration of LH and prolactin was greatest for explants from the central and peripheral pituitary regions, respectively. Explant size did not influence release of prolactin or LH but release of both hormones was increased significantly during the incubation period.
A Causal Model of Neutralization Acceptance and Delinquency Making the Case for an Individual Difference Model

Traditionally, neutralization theory has been conceptualized as a situational strategy employed by offenders to preemptively assuage the guilt they anticipate from contemplated offending and delinq...
The relation between bile-secretion and bile-pressure

In the course of our work on the pressure of bile secretion in different animals, Herring and the author1 found that in some cases the rate of bile flow was greater after the pressure was removed than it had been at the beginning of the experiment. The cystic duct having been clamped, a cannula was tied into the common bile duct and connected by means of rubber tubing to a drop recorder which marked the rate of bile flow on a slowly moving drum. A vertical glass tube mounted on a millimeter scale was introduced by means of a T-piece between the bile duct and the drop-recorder, so that by closing the exit to the drop-recorder the pressure of the secretion could be observed in terms of a column of bile.In the course of some observations which I have since been making on bile pressure in the sheep, using the same method, I have observed on several occasions that after the bile had risen to its maximum height in the manometer, when the clamp was removed from the outflow tube the rate of flow was much greater ...
THE EVOLUTION OF INFLORESCENCE SIZE IN ASCLEPIAS (ASCLEPIADACEAE).

A major feature of floral display in many species is the aggregation of individual flowers into inflorescences. Inflorescences containing different numbers of flowers are likely to be differentially successful as pollen donors and receivers, and thus inflorescence size may influence the fitness of the plant on which an inflorescence is borne. We begin with the premise that inflorescence size is fundamentally an evolved trait and attempt to show or suggest some of the selection pressures and environmental limitations that may influence inflorescence size. In particular, this study centers on three sources of reproductive failure: failure of pod initiation, failure of fruit maturation, and failure to donate pollen. We emphasize intraspecific comparisons, in view of our interest in possible adaptive consequences. Our interest in the question of the evolution of inflorescence (umbel) size in Asclepias was sparked by the general observation that the number of fruits matured per inflorescence was commonly far smaller than the number of flowers in the inflorescence, and often much smaller than the number of young pods initiated (see also Woodson, 1941; Stevens, 1945; Moore, 1946, 1947; Sparrow and Pearson, 1948; Stebbins, 1951). We then asked what might be the adaptive value of producing so many flowers with such a low probability of producing seeds.
Parasites of the Leaf Rollers Archips argyrospilus and A. griseus In Connecticut

Twenty-five species of parasites were recovered from larvae and pupae of the fruit tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), and A. griseus (Robinson) from 1964 to 1966. New host records are reported here for 7 of the parasites recovered from A. argyrospilus and all 9 parasites recovered from A. griseus . Percentages of parasitism, as determined for the host collections from Mt. Carmel, Conn., in 1966. revealed that pupal parasitism occurred at a much higher rate than larval parasitism in both host species. Morphological characters by which the 4th- and 5th-instar larvae and pupae of A. argyrospilus were separated from those of A. griseus are described. An artificial food on which 93% of A. argyrospilus larvae and 94% of A. griseus larvae developed to adulthood or parasite emergence is discussed.
Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis: A Decade of Experience in a Community-Based Teaching Hospital.

Introduction Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis. The current evidence on the management of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis (HTGP) is mainly derived from case series. It has been suggested that insulin, and plasmapheresis have a role in the management of acute HTGP. We present a retrospective review of patients seen at a community-teaching hospital between 2005 and 2015. Results Out of the 549 admissions for acute pancreatitis, fourteen patients met our inclusion criteria. The mean age of presentation was 39± 8 years and there was a predominance of men (57%). More than two-thirds of the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. The majority of the patients were treated with insulin drip (n=8), and the rest by subcutaneous insulin (n=3) and insulin drip + plasmapheresis (n=3). In the insulin drip group we noted a gradual decrease of the admission serum triglycerides by 50.6 ±16.0 % at 24 hours, 65.9±16.9% at 48 hours, and then 85.2± 7.1% at discharge. Serum triglycerides decreased by 79.8% and 92.6%, at discharge in the subcutaneous insulin and insulin + plasmapheresis cohorts, respectively. The insulin + plasmapheresis cohort stayed in the hospital longer (20.7±3.1 days) compared to the insulin drip (10.3±5.4 days) and subcutaneous insulin (5.7 ± 1.2 days) cohorts. Conclusion Our study strengthens the evidence for using insulin (infusion or subcutaneous) with or without plasmapheresis in the treatment of hypertriglycerimia-induced pancreatitis.
Empirical Research on the Pertinency of Urbanization and County-wide Development

This paper,mainly with principal components analysis for establishing a comprehensive evaluation index system of urbanization,compared the indexes of development and urbanization of different counties in Zhejiang,Hebei,Henan,Anhui and Heilongjiang provinces,so as to discuss the pertinency and its degree of regional economic progress in our country.It came to a conclusion: the higher development an area,the more urbanization it has;developing county-wide economy can promote the progress of urbanization in an all-round way,and vice versa.
Research and discussion on the four methods of biprism interference experiment

Theorical and experimental analysis and comparison of the four methods of biprism interference experiment are presented.The advantages and disadvantages of the four methods are pointed out,and the best experiment method is obtained.Two suggestions that can increase the measurement accuracy are proposed.
School Aged Children of Incarcerated Parents: the Effects of Alternative Criminal Sentencing

Psychological folklore and empirical evidence suggest children of incarcerated parents are at risk for a range of adverse outcomes throughout life. While researchers and practitioners have aimed to understand and mitigate these risks, no study to date has examined how alternative sentencing affects child outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine if maternal alternative criminal sentencing affected children’s behavior and parent–child attachment as reported by children. Children ages 8–14 whose mothers were recently released from an alternative criminal sentencing program were compared with children whose mothers had been recently released from prison. One hundred and two mothers and their children participated in this study. Results revealed statistically significant differences with children of alternatively sentenced mothers performed better on externalizing behavioral problems, total behavioral problems, parental trust, parental alienation, parental communication, and total parent–child attachment.