cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Changing Path to Adulthood

Emerging adulthood evolved as a distinct stage of the life course due to changes in several key areas. These areas include economic shifts, increased freedom for women, increased sexual freedom, and the Youth Movement. Each of these areas is examined, and the influence they have on emerging adulthood discussed and emerging adulthood formally defined. The emerging adulthood gap is presented as a conceptual idea that can help explain behaviors common in emerging adult populations.
Decrease in Photosensitivity of Erbium-Doped Fiber Under Tension: Implications for Distributed Feedback Fiber Lasers

Applying strain to a fiber prior to grating inscription is often used to provide some flexibility in the design wavelength for phase mask based grating fabrication systems. Although earlier studies have characterized germanosilicate fibers under strain, an analysis has never been performed on photosensitive erbium-doped fiber (EDF). For this experiment, arrays of 10-mm-long gratings were written in EDF under various strains and exposure conditions. As with studies performed in passive fiber, a decrease in the photosensitivity of the EDF was observed with increasing strain. The reduction in grating strength with strain was characterized and utilized to model the threshold of distributed feedback fiber lasers inscribed at various strains. Multiplexed arrays of fiber lasers were then fabricated to verify the simulations.
C, N, P, S Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Modeling of Global Change

During the last two decades, the global biogeochemical cycles of elements have been investigated in considerable detail (see Bibliography). Much effort has been invested in the carbon cycle, nutrient cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus, and in the sulfur cycle. Interest in these cycles and others, like those of trace metals, has been heightened by problems associated with global, regional and local environmental problems. These problems (Table 1) result in part from increased fluxes of C, N, P and S compounds into the natural biogeochemical cycles of these elements because of the activities of humankind.
Eigen Structure of Eddies; Continuous Weighting Versus Conditional Sampling

A weighting function is applied to potential samples of turbulence structures. Use of the weighting function requires less a priori commitment compared to conditional sampling and is less vulnerable to noise at the expense of loss of some structural detail. Eigenvectors of the resulting lagged covariance matrix are computed to examine different structural modes. Comparison with artificial data indicates a degree of independence from the choice of the weighting function.
Landscape context of rural residential development in southeastern Wisconsin (USA)

Private on-site sewage systems serve residential development in rural landscapes throughout the United States. In the State of Wisconsin, three major types of private sewage systems facilitate residential development on sites that span gradients in slope, soil permeability, depth to bedrock, and depth to water-table. Conventionalsoil-absorption sewage treatment systems are constructed on sites with minimal physiographic constraints; more highly engineered alternative sewage treatment systems are installed on sites with moderate to severe constraints; holding tanks provide no on-site sewage treatment and are employed on sites with the most severe physiographic limitations. An environmental impact statement (EIS), prepared in 1979 on the proposed widespread use of alternative private sewage systems, suggested that alternative systems might facilitate in-fill development on poor sites near existing cities and lead to compact, higher density development patterns. The research reported in this paper tested the validity of this EIS scenario by comparing development patterns associated with a sample of conventional systems, alternative systems, and holding tanks installed during the 1980s in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. Land use data, soils data, and other site attribute data were assembled and analyzed in a vector geographic information system (GIS). Because each type of private sewage system has a unique set of siting criteria, the three sets of sampled systems are located in significantly different physiographic regions within the County. Collectively, installations of all three systems facilitated scattered residential development throughout the rural landscape. This development consists of relatively small residential patches dispersed within an agricultural matrix. Wastewater management technology, if not constrained by public policies or other socioeconomic factors, can be an important anthropogenic factor influencing both the process and pattern of landscape change.
Nonlinear Theory of Control of Instability in a Liquid Film Flow

Recent developments in the linear theory of control of instability in a falling liquid film over an inclined plane is briefly introduced. The linear theory predicts that the onset of two- and three-dimensional waves can be suppressed within certain windows in the parameter space by imparting appropriate amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation to the incline. Whether these windows of stability stay open for finite amplitude disturbances remain unknown. A system of partial differential equations is derived for describing the weakly nonlinear evolution of the two-dimensional disturbances inside and outside of the windows of linear stability.
Kinetic properties of the partially purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of ox brain

The properties of a purified preparation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from ox brain have been compared with those of a similar preparation from ox kidney. A broad pH optimum around 7.8, similar dependence on ionic strength, and independence of the nature of the buffer anions or cations characterized preparations from both tissues. Michaelis constants for the binding of pyruvate, thiamin pyrophosphate, NAD+ and CoA were also similar. Enzyme from both tissues was inhibited by NADH, by copper and other heavy metals, by high concentrations of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates, and by preincubation with ATP. Acetyl-CoA itself did not appear to inhibit these preparations, although some commercial preparations of acetyl-CoA did contain an inhibitor. Although oxaloacetate and α-oxobutyrate were weak inhibitors, a number of other α-oxo acids including phenylpyruvate did not inhibit. The properties of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from brain and kidney appeared similar.
Estimation of Multiple Signals

Having been able to detect the total number of sources present in the scene, their arrival angles, power levels and crosscorrelations, often one may be specifically interested in the actual signal of one of these targets. Letting d(t) denote this desired signal \( {u_{{k_0}}}(t) \), the next objective is to attempt to estimate the actual waveform d(t) associated with \( {u_{{k_0}}}(t) \) by improving the overall reception of d(t) in an environment having several sources. To achieve this, ideally one must be able to suppress the undesired signals and enhance the desired signal. The desired signal may correspond to a friendly satellite signal in presence of hostile jammers, and in this case the second order characteristics themselves may change with time. This can happen because of physical motion or deliberate on-off jamming strategies of the smart opponent. In this case, capabilities for quick adaptive learning of the changing scene are required to maintain an acceptable level of the desired signal characteristics at the receiver.
PET/CT and regional brain metabolic changes associated with depression in metastatic breast cancer.

e21630Background: Cancer patients with undiagnosed depression have poorer quality of life and can negatively impact overall survival. Studies have shown that non adherence was three times higher in...
Integrating a Proactive Technique Into a Holistic Cyber Risk Management Approach

Cyber threats are an emerging risk posing a range of challenges to organizations of all sizes. Corporate risk managers need to understand that cyber risk management must not be a silo in the IT department. Cyber threats are the result of intelligent adaptive agents that cannot be managed by traditional risk management techniques only. The article describes the honeypot concept, which is a proactive measure for identifying and gathering information about attackers in order to develop suitable and effective countermeasures. In addition, this article proposes the integration of the honeypot concept into a cyber risk management approach based on the five preparedness mission areas of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Prescribing diamorphine in the United States: Insights from a nationally representative survey.

Abstract Background Some countries allow physicians to prescribe pharmaceutical-grade diamorphine to dependent users who have previously undergone treatment but are still using street-sourced heroin; this is not allowed in the US. This study provides the first nationally representative US data concerning public support for prescribing diamorphine to dependent users. We also test the hypothesis that calling it “diamorphine” instead of “heroin” increases support for this approach. Methods The RAND American Life Panel is a nationally representative, probability-based survey of US adults. Of the 3345 panel members invited to take the survey, 2530 (75.6%) provided a valid response to our question module. Respondents were randomly assigned to have the question refer to the prescribed drug as either “heroin” or “diamorphine.” The groups did not significantly differ on sex, age, race/ethnicity, or education. We compare the distribution of responses for the two groups and conduct Pearson’s chi-squared test with the Rao–Scott correction. Results For those asked whether the US should try prescribing pharmaceutical-grade “heroin,” the share answering “Yes” (20.8%) was 15 percentage points lower than those responding “No” (35.8%). When the question asked about “diamorphine,” the results were nearly reversed: the share answering “Yes” (30.6%) was almost 12 percentage points higher than those responding “No” (18.9%). The distributions of responses were significantly different (p Conclusions Support for prescribing diamorphine to dependent users is low in the US. While the results are consistent with the hypothesis that referring to heroin as diamorphine may reduce stigma associated with the substance and increase support for prescribing it, opinions may change as individuals learn they are different names for the same substance.
Novel intraoperative radiotherapy utilizing prefabricated custom three-dimensionally printed high-dose-rate applicators.

Abstract Background Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is an effective strategy for the delivery of high doses of radiotherapy to a residual tumor or resection cavity with relative sparing of nearby healthy tissues. This strategy is an important component of the multimodality management of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas, particularly in cases where patients have received prior courses of external beam radiotherapy. Purpose Tumor beds with significant topographic irregularity remain a therapeutic challenge because existing IORT technologies are typically most reliable with flat surfaces. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel strategy to create custom, prefabricated high-dose-rate (HDR)-IORT applicators designed to match the shape of an anticipated surgical cavity. Methods and Materials Silastic applicators are constructed using three-dimensional (3D) printing and are derived from volumetric segmentation of preoperative imaging. Results HDR preplanning with the applicators improves dosimetric accuracy and minimizes incremental operative time. In this report, we describe the fabrication process for the 3D-printed applicators and detail our experience utilizing this strategy in two pediatric patients who underwent HDR-IORT as part of complex base of skull sarcoma resections. Conclusions Early experience suggests that usage of the custom applicators is feasible, versatile for a variety of clinical situations, and enables the uniform delivery of high superficial doses of radiotherapy to irregularly shaped surgical cavities.
An EEG-fMRI-TMS instrument to investigate BOLD response to EEG guided stimulation

Depression is a serious mental illness that is frequently resistant to a first round of pharmacotherapy. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective even for such treatment resistant depression but is associated with significant adverse effects. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in comparison causes only mild discomfort but is less effective than ECT. We hypothesize that TMS treatment efficacy could be improved by locking TMS onset to a specific, potentially subject specific phase of the prefrontal alpha rhythm in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Here, we present an instrument that can track and predict phase of the alpha rhythm in the EEG to precisely target TMS while concurrently recording functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study local and distributed hemodynamic brain responses to stimulation. Tests of the instrument with three healthy adults indicate that EEG phase-locked TMS can be administered accurately enough to start testing systematically whether specific stimulation protocols can lead to clinically significant improvements in depression. To our knowledge, this is the first system that can deliver TMS phase-locked to the alpha rhythm while concurrently recording fMRI. For patients, such EEG guided TMS treatment could lead to better clinical outcomes and lower incidence of adverse effects.
"Not Just a Common Criminal": The Case for Sentencing Mitigation Videos

Sentencing mitigation or sentencing videos are a form of visual legal advocacy that is produced on behalf of defendants for use in the sentencing phases of criminal cases (from charging to clemency). The videos are typically short (5 to 10 minutes or so) nonfiction films that explore a defendant’s background, character, and family situation with the aim of raising factual and moral issues that support the argument for a shorter or more lenient sentence. Very few examples of mitigation videos are in the public domain and available for viewing. This article provides a complete analysis of the constituent elements of these videos, particularly their narrative structure. It raises strategic considerations that are pertinent to the decision to use a video during the sentencing process and explores questions of image ethics that can arise when a defendant’s children and parents are enlisted as video witnesses. Finally and most importantly, it addresses the hearsay challenges that not only present obstacles to the admission of sentencing videos in formal sentencing proceedings, but also impact the weight they are accorded in general.
Hardware-Assisted Simulation of Voltage-Behind-Reactance Models of Electric Machines on FPGA

This paper studies the acceleration of numerical simulations executed on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) for electric machines presented by voltage-behind-reactance (VBR) models. In VBR models, the stator dynamics are modeled in abc coordinates, while the rotor dynamics are formulated in qd reference frame. Both induction motors and synchronous generators, operating without and with magnetic saturation, are considered. Once VBR models of these machine types are reviewed, their dynamic models are discretized using Runge-Kutta numerical routines. The detailed mapping of such discrete models to FPGA is provided using High-Level Synthesis, which directly converts untimed descriptions into VHDL or Verilog. An automated method finds the fastest FPGA architecture by finding the best set of synthesis options. Experimental results show that our FPGA-based acceleration flow leads to about 92-168 times average simulation speed-up for various machine types compared to the MATLAB simulation.
Comparing Burnout in Sport-Specializing Versus Sport-Sampling Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis:

Background:The prevalence of adolescent athletes who specialize in sports has increased in recent years. Substantial literature on youth sports has linked early sport specialization to negative con...
Structural relaxation in amorphous Fe 40 Ni 40 P 14 B 6 studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction

The atomic structure and the structural relaxation of amorphous Fe40Ni40P14B6 alloy were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction method. It was demonstrated that the structure of the amorphous alloy can be determined self-consistently with high accuracy by this method. The results indicated that the structural relaxation is a highly collective process involving many atoms, and can be described in terms of the redistribution and transformation of the structural defects.
Utilizing porcupine (PORCN) and DKK1 inhibition to improve anti-tumor immunity in a murine model of ovarian cancer.

e18041Background: Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) are immunologically “cold” tumors and consequently have seen limited success with immunotherapy. Wnt-beta/catenin signaling is dysregulated in mul...
An adaptive controller for human lower extremity exoskeleton robot

Exoskeleton robot-assisted physical therapy has recently been studied extensively due to its proven effectiveness in providing different forms of physical therapy at any stage of physical recovery. The efficacy of robot-assisted physical therapy depends on the maneuverability of the robot during the rehabilitation application. Robot dynamics is inherently nonlinear. Often, robot control algorithms are developed based on an approximate robot dynamic model which leads to system instability and tracking errors. Accurately determining a rehabilitation robot's payload (human limb masses and inertial properties) is frequently impractical. An adaptive control scheme can handle modeling errors very efficiently. In this paper, a 7 degrees of freedom (DOF) human lower extremity dynamic model was developed using the Newton Euler’s method. To simulate joint friction, a realistic friction model is included. A direct adaptive controller is designed so that the robot can follow the prescribed trajectory with high speed and accuracy. A total of 31 model parameters were considered for adaption. To ensure system stability, the controller's adaptive gains are determined based on the Lyapunov stability approach. Simulation results show excellent tracking performance of the developed controller in the presence of joint friction.
“The rarest, most complex & most lately developed form of aestheticism”: Olive Schreiner, decadence, and the aesthetic education of the senses

This essay focuses on Olive Schreiner’s personal correspondence and the allegories collected in Dreams (1890) to explore her complicated relationship to late-Victorian Decadence. I argue that Schre...
Do Charter Schools Outspend Public Schools Online? Evidence from Texas

As open enrollment public charter school districts have continued to grow in Texas, researchers and policymakers have continued to question how these public charter school districts spend public ta...
Boulder Creek — An Environmental Status Report

Although a traditional channelization project was authorized for Boulder Creek in 1950, the study was later inactivated due to lack of local support. Recent flooding on Boulder Creek has renewed local awareness of potential flood problems. Because of the desires of Boulderites to keep the creek functions and appearance as natural as possible, traditional flood control alternatives were not acceptable. A citizen's committee on environmental planning was formed in 1970 to develop objectives and goals for necessary flood control, as well as protection of the amenities of the creek. Results of an environmental study were plotted on a matrix, matching 37 flood control alternatives against all known biological and cultural resources. These results will be used in future planning efforts.
Molecular Design of Highly Active Methanol Synthesis Catalysts

Abstract Active catalysts for the synthesis of methanol from H 2 /CO 2 and H 2 /CO can be prepared by dispersing Cu on ZrO 2 . Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that these catalysts are bifunctional. ZrO 2 serves to adsorb CO x and retain all carbon-containing intermediates, whereas Cu adsorbs H 2 dissociatively and provides H atoms to the surface of ZrO 2 by spillover. Methanol is formed by the stepwise hydrogenation of carbon-containing species on ZrO 2 . The adsorption capacity of monoclinic ZrO 2 (m-ZrO 2 ) is significantly higher than that of tetragonal ZrO 2 (t-ZrO 2 ). Correspondingly, the methanol synthesis activity of Cu/m-ZrO 2 is higher than that of Cu/t-ZrO 2 . However, the observed increase in the rate of methanol synthesis is less than that anticipated on the basis of the relative CO x adsorption capacities of m-ZrO 2 and t-ZrO 2 . A possible explanation for this is discussed.
Hydroacoustic events located at the intersection of the Atlantis (30°N) and Kane (23°40′N) Transform Faults with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

We investigate the characteristics of T-phase events located at the ends of two segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Our motivations for the study were to understand whether T-phase locations represent earthquake epicenters (and thus whether accurate geological inferences can be made from their spatial patterns) and to understand further the relationship between T-phase event characteristics and earthquake properties. We examine the characteristics of 158 T-phase events with respect to both event location water depth and source to receiver distance. The propagation paths of the T-phases are also modeled to study the effects of encountering seafloor topography. We find that existing models for T-phase excitation and propagation cannot explain adequately all of our observations. The amplitudes (Received Levels) of T-phases at the hydrophones show no dependence on event water depths, in contrast to current excitation models which predict a decrease in event magnitude with increasing water depth. The Received Levels are observed to decrease with increasing source to receiver distance, and events from the two study areas exhibit different trends in relative Received Levels between hydrophones, once attenuation is taken into account. Our acoustic ray trace model is able to reproduce similar trends in relative amplitudes at the hydrophones based on 1-D topography between the event and each hydrophone, but the variances in both the observed data and model are high. We observe a pattern of short T-phase onset times for shallow water events and long onset times for deep water events, where onset time is defined as the time interval between the appearance of the T-phase envelope above the ambient noise and its first peak. This suggests that the onset time may be a function of several variables, including efficiency of energy conversion based on local topography, efficiency of propagation based on event water depth, and hypocentral depth in the crust. The results of this study underscore the complexity of T-phase excitation and propagation and argue that current models of T-phase excitation and propagation need to be improved to explain the observed characteristics of T-phase data.
An experimental and computational evaluation of two dual-intake-valve combustion chambers

This paper reports on multi-dimensional computations that wle made of spark-ignited premixed-charge combustion in two engines having pent-roof-shaped combustion chambers and two intake valves per cylinder, one with a central spark plug and the other with dual lateral spark plugs. The basic specifications for the two engines were the same except for differences in the number of spark plugs and exhaust valves. The effects of swirl and equivalence ratio on combustion, wall heat transfer, and nitric oxide emission characteristics were examined using a global combustion model that accounts for laminar-kinetics and turbulent-mixing effects. The initial conditions on both mean-flow and turbulence parameters at intake valve closing (IVC) were estimated in order to simulate engine operation either with both intake valves active or with one valve deactivated. The predictions were compared with experimentally derived pressure-time, heat loss, and nitric oxide emission data. The model, consistent with experimental data, indicates that the dual lateral ignition engine responds more favorably to valve deactivation as charge dilution is increased, and shows flame convection to be the source of the dual lateral ignition engine's superior that when the effects of flame convection are considered, the model predicted top dead center (TDC) turbulence intensities are inmore » good agreement with experimentally derived apparent TDC turbulence intensities for both engines with the without valve deactivation.« less
RNA and nuclear fine structure

Ribose nucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) have been localized in micrographs of Triturus and Drosophila tissues, with the use of ferric ion binding. In Triturus liver and pancreas nuclei, RNA-containing material was distributed in the nucleoplasm, surrounding areas of compact DNA-containing chromatin. Where nucleoplasm was in contact with the nuclear membrane, discontinuities in the membrane (annuli) were apparent. RNA in the nucleoplasm was associated with a finely filamentous component. No structures of comparable morphology were evident in the RNA-containing structures of the cytoplasm. — RNA was also localized in specific bands of Drosophila salivary chromosomes. These areas were prepared for study by osmium fixation prior to smearing in acetic acid. Ferric binding demonstrated a finely filamentous or reticular structure in the RNA-containing regions. In the abscence of obvious morphological similarities between the RNA-containing components of nucleus and cytoplasm, we have concluded that these fractions are distinct, or that aggregation changes occur during nuclear — cytoplasmic exchange.
Dual Payoffs, Core and a Collaboration Mechanism Based on Capacity Exchange Prices in Multicommodity Flow Games

Given a network in which the edge capacities and the commodities are owned by the players, a cooperative multicommodity flow (MCF) game (N ,v ) can be defined such that v (S ), the value of a sub-coalition S , is the maximum profit achievable within S by shipping its commodities through the sub-network owned by its members. In this paper, we study MCF games under a partially decentralized setting where the players make their own routing and resource exchange decisions given a set of capacity prices determined by a central authority.
Obesity: Epidemiology of

This article will provide a summary of the epidemiology of obesity worldwide. In particular, methods to define and measure obesity will be briefly discussed. An overview of the burden of obesity and its complications will be briefly mentioned. A comparison of the causes of obesity among individuals and of the epidemic of obesity is included.
Courtship and spawning in the emperor angelfish Pomacanthus imperator, with comments on reproduction by other pomacanthid fishes

Courtship and spawning are described for Pomacanthus imperator and 4 Centropyge spp. at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, observed from 15 August to 15 September, 1981. In all species, courtship and spawning occur at dusk, continue throughout most of the lunar month, are preceded by male display to the female, and culminate in the pair's shedding gametes into the water column. The species differ in ascent height, details of courtship behavior, spawning location relative to prominent reef topography and degree and type of sexual dichromatism. Social organization in all species appears based on male defense of harems of 2 to 5 females. Observed behavior is compared to that of confamilials, and discussed relative to proposed theories concerning lunar periodicity of spawning activity, sexual dichromatism and the adaptive significance of spawning ascent behavior.
Parameter design with dynamic characteristics : A regression perspective

The data from a case study involving the optimization of the sealing function of an automobile door weatherstrip is modelled using multiple regression models. It is demonstrated that the experimental statistics which are needed to calculate signal-to-noise performance statistics may be readily obtained with the use of a linear statistical model.
Renal Tubular Dysgenesis in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

In twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), the disparity in circulation is reflected in discordant fetal growth, urine output, and amniotic fluid accumulation. The effect of uneven shunting of the growth factor and nutrient-rich vasculature on development and differentiation of the kidney has not been well studied. We analyzed renal tubular growth and differentiation in 25 fetal autopsies with TTTS (13 donors and 12 recipients, including 9 sibling pairs) between 18 and 33 weeks gestation. Immunohistochemical markers for fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), Leu-M1, and Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA) were used to identify proximal convoluted tubules, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was used to demonstrate distal convoluted and collecting tubules. FAH appeared to be more specific and reliable than either Leu-M1 or LTA in the identification of proximal tubules. Donors tended to demonstrate a paucity of proximal tubules with crowding of glomeruli characteristic of renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD). The degree of dysgenesis was greater in later gestations and associated with more severe growth restriction. Donors in TTTS are at risk for the development of RTD. Several authors suggest ischemia as the underlying cause of "acquired" RTD. However, in this setting there is no evidence of cell death or necrosis, and we suggest that hypoperfusion leading to decreased glomerular filtration is the underlying etiology, with the severity of RTD related to the degree of shunting.
A MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ECHINOCEREUS ENGELMANNII (CACTACEAE). VII. HOMOGENEITY OF ZONES IN THE SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM

Median longitudinal sections of shoot apical meristems of Echinocereus engelmannii were photographed such that the location of each cell was mapped. The maps of the peripheral zone and the pith-rib meristem were divided into upper, middle, and lower thirds, and then the upper and lower regions were analysed stereologically. Statistical comparisons of the upper regions vs. the lower regions within each zone indicate that there are no significant differences between them. The cells do not change detectably as they "flow" from the top of the meristem to the bottom.
In vitro induction of tetraploids in Arachis paraguariensis

In this study, an efficient procedure was established for successful induction of tetraploid Arachis paraguariensis by treating diploid explants with colchicine. Quartered-seed, callus and shoot-tips were treated with colchicine at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 % (w/v) for 4, 8, 16, 20 and 24 h before they were transferred unto modified Murashige and Skoog medium for either callus induction or shoot regeneration. Results showed that quartered-seed displayed the highest frequency of in vitro plantlet regeneration and tetraploid induction, as well as the lowest mortality rate. Flow cytometric analysis also confirmed that the induced tetraploids from quartered-seed were true-to-type. The 0.5 % colchicine treatment for 4 to 8 h gave the best results with 39 and 43 % of the explants yielding tetraploid plants, respectively. Two months following transfer to ex vitro environment, morphological and growth characteristics of the induced tetraploids were measured. Overall, increasing the ploidy level from 2× to 4× resulted in fewer stomata but more trichomes per unit leaf area. Tetraploid plants obtained in this study should expand the genetic base of Arachis, and can also be used in overcoming the existing hybridization barriers that may be due to ploidy differences within the genus Arachis.
Sharpness of Timan's converse result for polynomial approximation

Abstract We verify a conjecture of M. Hasson about the sharpness of Timan's converse result.
ONE-SIDED ACHROMATIC PHASE APODIZATION FOR IMAGING OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

We propose a new approach to direct imaging of extrasolar planets: one-sided phase apodization. It is based on a discovery that an antisymmetric spatial phase modulation pattern imposed over a pupil or a relay plane causes diffracted starlight suppression sufficient for imaging of extrasolar planets. Calculations with specific square-pupil (side D) phase functions, such as demonstrate annulling in at least one quadrant of the diffraction plane to the contrast level of better than 10-12, with an inner working angle down to 3.5λ/D (with a = 3 and = 10-3). Furthermore, our computer experiments show that phase apodization remains effective throughout a broad spectrum (60% of the central wavelength) covering the entire visible-light range. Phase-only modulation has the additional appeal of potential implementation via active segmented or deformable mirrors, thereby combining compensation of random phase aberrations and diffraction halo removal in a single optical element.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human U937 Macrophages Is Phosphatidic Acid Phosphohydrolase-1-dependent

Cyclooxygenase (CO11) has two isoforms, COX-1 and -2, which catalyze the key step in the conversion of cellular arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. In recent years, interest in COX-2 has significantly increased since it has been a target for the development of specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We report that COX-2 expression is up-regulated in phorbol ester (phorbol myristate acetate, PMA)-differentiated human U937 macrophage-like cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas COX-1 is not up-regulated. We show that the LPS-induced up-regulation of COX-2 depends on the activity of the Mg+2-dependent phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase 1 (PAP-1). Inhibition of PAP-1 by bromoenol lactone, propranolol, or ethanol resulted in a decrease in LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA transcript production, COX-2 protein expression, and prostaglandin E2 release from U937 macrophages. To ensure that these results did not arise because of PMA treatment of the U937 cells, similar experiments were conducted with the P388D1 cell line, which does not require PMA differentiation. LPS increased the levels of endogenous cellular diacylglycerol (DAG) within 2 min of stimulation. This increase was observed to be sensitive to the PAP-1 inhibitors. Furthermore, phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase activity assays showed that the bromoenol lactone-sensitive PAP-1 activity was translocated from the cytosolic fraction to the membrane fraction within 2 min of LPS exposure. Finally, DAG add-back experiments demonstrate that LPS-induced COX-2 expression is enhanced by the addition of exogenous DAG.
Independence Sequences of Well-Covered Graphs: Non-Unimodality and the Roller-Coaster Conjecture

A graph G is well-covered provided each maximal independent set of vertices has the same cardinality. The term s k of the independence sequence (s 0,s 1,?,s ?) equals the number of independent k-sets of vertices of G. We investigate constraints on the linear orderings of the terms of the independence sequence of well-covered graphs. In particular, we provide a counterexample to the recent unimodality conjecture of Brown, Dilcher, and Nowakowski. We formulate the Roller-Coaster Conjecture to describe the possible linear orderings of terms of the independence sequence.
Which stroke symptoms prompt a 911 call? A population-based study.

Abstract Introduction Many studies show that a major barrier to short-term treatment of stroke is patient or bystander delay in responding to stroke symptoms. Most studies have found that less than half of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) events result in a 911 call. We sought to determine which symptoms prompt the public to call 911. Methods A population of 1.3 million within a 5-county region was screened for TIA and all strokes in 1999 using all local hospital International Classification of Diseases , Ninth Edition , codes for stroke (430-436) during 1999. Documented stroke symptoms were abstracted from the medical record. Symptoms were grouped as weakness, numbness, speech/language, confusion/decreased level of consciousness, headache, visual changes, and dizziness/vertigo/coordination. Cases included in this analysis had their strokes at home or work and presented to an emergency department. Logistic regression assessed which symptoms predicted a 911 call, adjusting for age, race, sex, prior stroke, baseline disability, overall stroke severity, home vs work, and stroke subtype. Results Two thousand nine hundred seventy-five stroke/TIA patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 40% used emergency medical services. After adjustment, symptoms that increased odds of a 911 call were weakness, confusion/decreased level of consciousness, speech/language, and dizziness/coordination/vertigo. Numbness was less likely to result in a 911 call as were visual changes. The presence of headache was not associated with the decision to call 911. Discussion The public appears to respond differently based on the type of stroke symptom, independent of overall severity. Public awareness messages regarding stroke warning signs should be designed with this in mind.
Modeling charge collection and single event upsets in microelectronics

Abstract Single event upsets (SEU) result when modem microelectronic circuits are exposed to energetic charged particles in space, around accelerators and in the various natural or manmade radiation environments encountered by computers on earth. Estimating a circuit's SEU sensitivity at an early stage of system design requires detailed understanding of the physical phenomena through which upsets are induced, the localized generation of charge, its collection at the SEU-sensitive junction and the circuit's response. The amount of charge collected depends on the contribution from drift, field tunneling and diffusion as well the removal of charge through recombination. Decreasing the area of the junction through improvements in lithography increases the complexity of the charge collection in a way which significantly complicates modeling.
Requirement of the Fc receptor common γ‐chain forγδ T cell‐mediated promotion of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Immunoglobulin Fcγ receptors (FcγR) are comprised of a ligand-binding α-chain that sometimes associates with a cell signaling common γ-chain. These receptors comprise an important family of effector molecules that link humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity and regulate innate immunity. Recent animal studies suggest that FcγR in general, and FcR α-chains in particular, are required for full development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show here that deletion of the γ-chain renders mice resistant to EAE, whereas deletion of the α-chains of FcγRI, FcγRIIB and FcγRIII has no protective effect. Susceptibility to EAE is fully restored in common γ-chain–/– mice into which wild-type splenocytes are adoptively transferred, but EAE is not restored in common γ-chain–/– mice given wild-type splenocytes depleted of γδ T cells. These data indicate that although the common γ-chain is required for full development of EAE in mice, this requirement is likely FcγR α-chain-independent. Expression of the common γ-chain by γδ T cells, probably in conjunction with the T cell receptor/CD3 complex, is likely the key requirement for full development of EAE.
Sociology and History: A New Look at Their Relatioaships

. The working wife as a factor in the determination of family status has been universally ignored by students of stratification. In this plea for investigation, it is suggested that the employment or married women could affect the system of stratification in the following ways: (1) making pos-sible greater access to symbols of status; (2) implying that the husband has been unsuccessful in his own career; (3) identifying the wife with a particular occupation; and (4) identifying certain occupations with wives of high status.
Maternal milk reduces severity of necrotizing enterocolitis and increases intestinal IL-10 in a neonatal rat model

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease of premature infants. Maternal milk has been suggested to be partially protective against NEC; however, the mechanisms of this protection are not defined. The aim of this study was to examine the effect(s) of artificial feeding of rat milk (RM)-versus cow milk-based rat milk substitute (RMS) on the development of NEC in a neonatal rat model and elucidate the role of inflammatory cytokines in NEC pathogenesis. Newborn rats were artificially fed with either collected RM or RMS. Experimental NEC was induced by exposure to asphyxia and cold stress and evaluated by histologic scoring of damage in ileum. Intestinal cytokine mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR. Cytokine histologic localization was performed by confocal microscopy. Similar to human NEC, artificial feeding of RM reduces the incidence and severity of NEC injury in neonatal rats. Freezing and thawing of collected RM did not eliminate the protective effect of maternal milk. Ileal IL-10 expression was significantly increased in the RM group compared with RMS. Increased IL-10 peptide production was detected in the RM group with signal localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of villus epithelial cells. These results suggest that the protective effect of maternal milk is associated with increased production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in the site of injury. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these protective effects could be beneficial either in the prevention of NEC or in the development of future therapeutic strategies to cure NEC.
The moral of the story: Exemplification and the literary work

So in literature we have two (perhaps identical) syntactically articulate vocabularies, the terms of each taking the terms of the other as referents, with both of the resultant systems — the one a system of denotation, the other of exemplification — being syntactically articulate and semantically dense. Thus, even though a literary work is articulate and may exemplify or express what is articulate, endless search is always required here as in other arts to determine precisely what is exemplified or expressed.
Vitamin B 12 Content of Soft- and Hard-shell Clams

MICROBIOLOGICAL assays for vitamin B12 content were made on soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) and hard-shell clams or quahaugs (Venus mercenaria) from the waters off the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Assays were also made on commercially canned clams, both whole and minced, and on calf, beef, and pig livers obtained through normal retail outlets.
A stochastic logistic diffusion equation

Abstract A formal stochastic partial differential equation is introduced as a model for the diffusion of a biological population with a fluctuating birthrate in an environment with a finite local carrying capacity. A unique solution is constructed for a related integral equation, and a perturbation expansion is derived when the fluctuations in the birthrate are multiplied by a small parameter.
Evaluating sustainability of biofuels feedstocks: a multi-objective framework for supporting decision making.

Abstract Different economic and environmental theories and approaches have been used to date to evaluate effectiveness of biofuels policies, efficiency of biofuels production or sustainability of different biofuels technologies. The most commonly known approaches include, e.g., Life Cycle Analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, contingent valuation, GIS-based models, and market and price related analysis. This paper is focused on a multi-objective decision analysis that, although well established in economic and environmental evaluation theory, has not been widely used yet to assess biofuels production or policies. The paper presents a fuzzy set theory based multi-objective framework for evaluating conventional and advanced biofuels feedstocks in the US; considering uncertainties of decision-making processes. It incorporates fuzzy set theory, expert elicitation and the PROMETHEE approach to determine the sustainability potential of the feedstocks in terms of multiple economic, environmental and social policy objectives. The study shows algae and switchgrass to be the most sustainable feedstocks, while corn that is currently the most important feedstock for ethanol production in the US, has the lowest sustainability potential among the analyzed feedstocks. The study presents an example of a participatory approach and recommends its application for designing policy measures in an interactive process with policymakers.
Measurements of Rotordynamic Response and Temperatures in a Rotor Supported on Metal Mesh Foil Bearings

Gas bearings in power generation microturbomachinery (MTM) and for automotive turbocharger applications must demonstrate adequate thermal management without performance degradation while operating in a harsh environment. The paper presents rotor surface temperatures and rotordynamic measurements of a rigid rotor supported on a pair of metal mesh foil bearings (MMFBs) (L = 38.1 mm, D = 36.6 mm). In the tests, to a maximum rotor speed of 50 krpm, an electric cartridge heats the hollow rotor over several hours while a steady inlet air flow rate at ∼ 160 L/min cools the bearings. In the tests with the heater set to a high temperature (max. 200 °C), the rotor and bearing OD temperatures increase by 70°C and 25°C, respectively. Most rotor dynamic responses do not show a marked difference for operation under cold (ambient temperature) or hot rotor conditions. A linear rotordynamics structural model with predicted MMFB force coefficients delivers rotor response amplitudes in agreement with the measured ones for operation with the rotor at ambient temperature. There are marked differences in the peak amplitudes when the rotor crosses its (rigid body) critical speeds. The test bearings provide lesser damping than predictions otherwise indicate. Waterfalls of rotor motion show no sub synchronous whirl frequency motions; the rotor-bearing system being stable for all operating conditions. The measurements demonstrate that MMFBs can survive operation with severe thermal gradients, radial and axial, and with little rotordynamic performance changes when the rotor is either cold or hot. The experimental results, accompanied by acceptable predictions of the bearings dynamic forced performance, promote further MMFBs as an inexpensive reliable technology for MTM.© 2013 ASME
A scanning electron microscopy study of deformation and fracture in a Ni-18.1 a/o V alloy

9. D. Giucci (unpublished). 10. T. O. Ziebold and R. E. Ogilvie, Anal. Chem. 35, 621 (1963). 11. V. Suftkin and E. Ogilvie, Microscope Symp. I IT Res. Inst., Chicago (1969), p. 19. 12. J. L. Shaw, An Easily Used Computer Programme for Correcting EPM Data, AERE Metallurgy Div., Harwell, Berks. (1967). 13. R. L. Myklebust and K. F. J. Heinrich, A S T M S T P 485, 232, (1971). 14. D. R. Beaman and L. Solosky (to be published, quoted in [1]).