cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward understanding novices' search process in programming problem solving

The usage of online search engine is growing rapidly not only in daily life, but also in education. We are interested in understanding what strategies students apply during search, especially the tactics they use to decompose a programming task. In this paper, we report a lab study to investigate students' programming information seeking behavior via Google search engine. Students were given a programming task with limited time, and they were also required to report their online search process including search query and web pages browsed. We analyze the web pages they browsed, model student's behavior, and cluster them into groups with different search tactics. The results show that the web pages they browsed during the task consisted of either conceptual knowledge or coding technical content. The students who performed better would browsed more about conceptual knowledge. Students who set more and smaller unit of subgoals outperformed the students with fewer and larger subgoals.
Doubly Invisible: Women’s Labor in the US Gulf of Mexico Offshore Oil and Gas Industry

Work and labor in the US offshore oil and gas industry has received little attention; where it has been examined, women have been largely ignored. Women always have been greatly outnumbered by their male co-workers. Though civil rights laws, equal opportunity employment guidelines, and fear of lawsuits forced companies to hire women beginning in the 1970s, neither the US federal nor state governments have done much to increase the proportion of women in the offshore workforce. Despite their small numbers, though, women, like their male counterparts, have entered the industry from a wide variety of backgrounds and have had diverse experiences. This essay provides a history of US women’s work offshore, covering the period from the 1940s through the 1990s, and explores women’s experiences there.
The digital divide: conveying subtlety in online communication

In this study, we tested the idea that people born after online technology became a part of daily life (“digital natives”) interpret online communication differently when compared with those born before the Internet age (“digital immigrants”). Specifically, across two experiments, 213 participants recruited from a crowdsourcing site were presented with 16 text messages that either included or did not include a line break or a period, in a fully crossed 2 × 2 design. Both immigrants and natives rated the messages on an affect scale and indicated their confidence in their rating. In a third experiment, 72 participants produced responses to 16 text message prompts each, and these responses were coded for line breaks and periods to test whether production of these cues varies between natives and immigrants. The results suggest that immigrants and natives are alike in how they interpret messages, but that natives are more sensitive to minor linguistic cues, especially the use or nonuse of a period in a text message, considering this cue to carry more negative affect than immigrants do. This suggests that, even in cases in which immigrants make use of the same communication technology to the same extent as natives, they still have a digital “accent,” and fail to make subtle distinctions that are meaningful to natives. We further discuss how such subtle differences could impact online classroom communication, particularly between students of different generations and between the students and the teacher. As texting becomes increasingly used as a classroom management or communication tool, older students and faculty must be sensitive to the fact that younger students may consider the use of periods to signal negative affect and may respond differently to such messages than intended by the writer. We issue a call for more research exploring how the use of technology, and even subtle cues, may impact classroom dynamics, particularly in classrooms made up of mixed age groups.
Pharmacotherapy Adherence for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: Predictors and Relation to Child Outcomes

Pharmacotherapy is considered an evidenced-based treatment for anxious youth. There is a need to better understand the relation between medication adherence and child outcomes. This study prospectively examined: (1) baseline predictors of adherence and (2) the relation between medication adherence and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Participants were 349 youth randomized to sertraline, pill placebo, or sertraline plus cognitive behavioral therapy in the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study and followed over 12 weeks. The measure of pharmacotherapy adherence used was pharmacotherapist (PT) ratings of adherence at each session. Four domains of baseline predictors were examined (demographics, child clinical variables, family/parent variables, and treatment variables). Multiple regression analyses revealed few significant predictors of adherence. The most robust predictors of greater adherence were living with two parents and parents’ positive expectations that medication would lead to better outcomes. PTs ratings of higher adherence predicted higher global functioning at post treatment and treatment responder status. In order to increase adherence, improving expectations and instilling hope for positive outcomes and problem solving ways to overcome pragmatic barriers associated with single parent families is recommended. NCT00052078.
The Mind-Body Problem in the Development of Logical Empiricism

The cluster of puzzles and perplexities that constitute the Mind-Body-Problem of modern philosophy owes its origin to a great variety of motives and considerations. The central issue, however, may justly be located in the disputes between Dualism and Monism. The dualistic doctrines have a twofold root: Firstly, there are the mythological, animistic, theological, and religious-moral contentions as to the sharp distinction, if not actual separability, of the mental and the physical. The deeper-seated and culturally fairly widespread wishful belief in some form of survival after bodily death, as well as the exaltation of the spirit and the deprecation of the flesh in so many Eastern and Western religions and moral codes may be regarded as the emotional root of dualism. The other, scientific, root of dualism may be found in the rise of science, most prominently beginning with the seventeenth century, although at least adumbrated in ancient thought. The striking success of the method of the physical sciences was, at least historically, contingent upon a clear-cut division of the physical and the mental, and the relegation of the latter to the limbo of a sort of secondary or epiphenomenal existence. But the development of modern psycho-physics and psycho-physiology from the nineteenth century on, culminating in present-day neuro-physiology, Gestalt-psychology, psycho-somatic medicine, and cybernetics, has revived the interest in monistic interpretations. One discrepant tendency may of course be seen in the dualistic claims of the researchers in the still highly questionable fields of Parapsychology (extra-sensory perception, psychokinesis, etc.). Another and very different kind of opposition comes from philosophers of various schools who either on the basis of their metaphysical commitments or simply in the name of clear thinking insist that the physical and the mental are toto genere and irreconcilably distinct and different, so that any monistic attempts at their identification must be rejected on purely logical grounds.
A Multi-Modal Analysis of Climate-Economics

We investigate the qualitative properties of the climate-economic growth model introduced by Brock et al., (2012). We assume that the mean annual distribution of solar radiation energy and the fraction of incoming radiation flux absorbed by the surface have a specific form, and perform a rigorous mathematical analysis when the time scale for temperature is taken to be faster than that of carbon. We analyze the impact of moving welfare weights away from Negishi weights by introducing a simple welfare weights function. We perform a qualitative analysis on the output elasticities of carbon and capital, and examine the way thermal diffusion affects local economic variables and taxes at the equilibrium. We then evaluate the robustness of the two- and four-mode forms in the context of the temperature model.
Albumin-Bilirubin Score: An Accurate Predictor of Hepatic Decompensation in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate validity of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade as a predictor of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) after transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with baseline moderate to severe liver dysfunction. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, serum albumin and bilirubin levels measured before chemoembolization were used to calculate ALBI score in 123 patients treated with 187 high-risk chemoembolizations. Procedures were considered high risk if Child-Turcotte-Pugh score before chemoembolization was ≥ 8. ACLF was objectively measured using chronic liver failure–sequential organ failure assessment score at 30 and 90 d. The 30-day mortality and morbidity from new or worsening ascites and/or hepatic encephalopathy (HE) were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify clinical and procedural predictors of ACLF in this high-risk population. Results ACLF occurred after 15 (8%) high-risk chemoembolizations within 30 days and an additional 9 (5%) procedures between 30 and 90 days. Overall 30-day mortality was 2.7%. New or worsened ascites and/or HE occurred after 52 (28%) procedures within 30 days. Significant prognosticators of ACLF at 90 days revealed by univariate analysis were bilirubin (P = .004), albumin (P = .007), and ALBI score (P = .002), with ALBI score remaining statistically significant on multivariate regression analysis (OR = 3.99; 95% CI, 1.70–9.40; P = .002). Conclusions Chemoembolization for HCC can be performed safely in patients with moderate to severe liver dysfunction. ALBI score before chemoembolization provides objective prognostication for ACLF after chemoembolization in this cohort and may be used for risk stratification.
From Cloistered to Connected: The Practical Turn in American Liberal Education

Liberal education has been, since the creation of the republic, America's “signature” higher learning curriculum. The founding fathers tied liberal education directly to the future of freedom and t...
Photoinduced, reversible phase transitions in all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals.

Significant interest exists in lead trihalides that present the perovskite structure owing to their demonstrated potential in photovoltaic, lasing, and display applications. These materials are also notable for their unusual phase behavior often displaying easily accessible phase transitions. In this work, time-resolved X-ray diffraction, performed on perovskite cesium lead bromide nanocrystals, maps the lattice response to controlled excitation fluence. These nanocrystals undergo a reversible, photoinduced orthorhombic-to-cubic phase transition which is discernible at fluences greater than 0.34 mJ cm−2 through the loss of orthorhombic features and shifting of high-symmetry peaks. This transition recovers on the timescale of 510 ± 100 ps. A reversible crystalline-to-amorphous transition, observable through loss of Bragg diffraction intensity, occurs at higher fluences (greater than 2.5 mJ cm−2). These results demonstrate that light-driven phase transitions occur in perovskite materials, which will impact optoelectronic applications and enable the manipulation of non-equilibrium phase characteristics of the broad perovskite material class. Lead trihalide perovskites are notable for their excellent optoelectronic properties and uncommon phase behavior. Here, Kirschner et al. show that cesium lead bromide nanocrystals experience a reversible orthorhombic-to-cubic phase transition at moderate excitation fluences and become amorphous at higher fluences.
IHI ID 15 Decreasing low-dose, rescue seizure medication prescriptions in neurology clinic

Background Children with seizures who are given incorrect dosing of rescue seizure medications may have a higher risk of emergency department visits, unplanned hospitalizations and even death. As such, it is critically important that children with seizures not only receive timely treatment but also treatment with the correct dose. However, due to a fear of complications, rescue medications are frequently under-dosed (low dose). Low dose treatment is often ineffective in halting seizures. Objectives Decrease the percentage of low dose prescriptions for rescue seizure medications placed in a Neurology clinic from 3.5% to 1.5% by December 2018 and sustain for one year. Methods We analyzed all rescue medication prescriptions from 2013–2015. We used 2015 data to determine a baseline rate of low-dose prescriptions, while using 2013–2015 data to identify the most commonly miss-prescribed medications. We developed a Key Driver Diagram and implemented the following interventions: Midazolam pre-filled syringe program, standardized dosing, electronic chart alerts, provider education, and pharmacy reviews of each low dose. Results The most commonly identified low-dose medication was rectal Diazepam. Our baseline rate of low-dose prescriptions using data was 3.5%. Interventions targeting efforts to eliminate low-dose prescribing resulted in a centerline shift from a baseline of 3.5% to 2.8% in January 2016. There was a second centerline shift to 1.59% in September 2017. Conclusions Using quality improvement methodologies, the team substantially decreased low dose rescue medication orders by an average of 54%. We are currently developing a tool within our EMR to auto-calculate the correct rescue medication dose for each patient.
On the discontinuity of the π1-action

Abstract We show the classical π 1 -action on the n-th homotopy group can fail to be continuous for any n when the homotopy groups are equipped with the natural quotient topology. In particular, we prove the action π 1 ( X ) × π n ( X ) → π n ( X ) fails to be continuous for a one-point union X = A ∨ H n where A is an aspherical space such that π 1 ( A ) is a topological group and H n is the ( n − 1 ) -connected, n-dimensional Hawaiian earring space H n for which π n ( H n ) is a topological abelian group.
Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using EMS run data.

Abstract Purpose The objective of our study was to incorporate stricter probable nonfatal opioid overdose case criteria, and advanced epidemiologic approaches to more reliably detect local clustering in nonfatal opioid overdose activity in EMS runs data. Methods Data were obtained using emsCharts for our study area in southwestern Pennsylvania from 2007 to 2018. Cases were identified as emergency medical service (EMS) responses where naloxone was administered, and improvement was noted in patient records between initial and final Glasgow Coma Score. A subsample of all-cause EMS responses sites were used as controls and exact matched to cases on sex and 10-year-age category. Clustering was assessed using difference in Ripley's K function for cases and controls and Kulldorff scan statistics. Results Difference in K functions indicated no significant difference in probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs across the study area compared to all-cause EMS runs. However, scan statistics did identify significant local clustering of probable nonfatal overdose EMS runs (maximum likelihood = 16.40, P = 0.0003). Conclusions Results highlight relevance of EMS data to detect community-level overdose activity and promote reliable use through stricter case definition criteria and advanced methodological approaches. Techniques examined have the potential to improve targeted delivery of neighborhood-level public health response activities using a near real-time data source.
Microbial Utilization of Gaseous Alkanes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the information on techniques used in isolation and growth of microorganisms that utilize gaseous hydrocarbons as sole energy and carbon sources. Gaseous hydrocarbons are abundant in nature and in various fractions produced in oil refineries. The advantages in employing gaseous alkanes as substrates for the growth of microorganisms in fermentation processes are their relatively low cost, abundance, and in the high degree of purity that is possible to obtain. Methane and propane constitute the largest volumes available of gaseous hydrocarbons. Microorganisms that are capable of utilizing methane or propane are common in soils and lake water. There have been a number of reports and reviews written regarding gaseous hydrocarbons as substrates for the growth of microorganisms, most of which deal with microbial transformation of the hydrocarbons. The potential applications for gaseous alkane-utilizing microorganisms are single-cell protein, biocatalyst for the production of chemicals, and the production of useful biopolymers. The gaseous hydrocarbon utilizers are generally slow growers and yield less economically feasible amounts of metabolic intermediates. Improvements can be expected through mutation or recombinant DNA techniques. The explosive nature of gaseous hydrocarbon substrates in fermentation processes presents a definite challenge to process engineers.
History in Memoriam: Analyzing Obituaries to Learn Historical Context

Understanding history involves being able to construct knowledge about the past from historical traces left behind. In this article, the author describes a five-step strategy using historical obitu...
‘A Test of Support’: British Policy Towards the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1914

When considering British foreign policy at the beginning of the First World War, it is only on rare occasions that the Ottoman Empire comes to mind. Even more uncommon, is the idea that the events that led to the Ottoman’s joining the Central Powers resulted from policies developed under British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey’s Russia policy (began in 1905) and the machinations of First Sea Lord Winston Churchill. Grey’s belief that the Anglo-Russian Entente served as the cornerstone of his foreign relations pushed him to place peace with Russia above allegiances to Ottoman integrity, changing the decade’s old position of maintaining the Ottoman Empire as ‘an independent and vigorous’ power. Significantly, Churchill’s seemingly unrelated decision to withhold delivery of the dreadnoughts Reshadieh and Sultan Osman I in the early days of the First World War must be included among the insults that drove the Ottomans into the arms of the Triple Alliance. Internal issues such as the financial concerns, or capitulations, certainly played a role in stirring the masses toward anti-British, French, and Russian feelings. It is also certain that the age-old rivalry between Russia and the Ottomans for control of the Bosporus Straits was a major factor in Ottoman decision making. The effects of both are not in question here. What this paper argues is that the final decision to join the Central Powers resulted from the British Foreign Office’s Russia policy, and the neglect that came from it. It will also argue that Churchill’s decision to withhold the dreadnoughts sufficiently outraged Turkish leaders to leave neutrality behind.
Fourier-transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) rapidly and non-destructively predicts daily age and growth in otoliths of juvenile red snapper Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860)

Abstract Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) has shown great promise as a rapid and non-destructive method for predicting age in years from a variety of ageing structures in fish. Herein we assess the utility of FT-NIRS to predict both daily age and otolith weight from whole otoliths of juvenile red snapper Lutjanus campechanus collected from the US Gulf of Mexico and southeastern US Atlantic Ocean. Spectral data from whole otoliths (n = 153) were collected with a FT-NIR spectrometer while manipulating otolith presentation with an external aperture to maximize signal to noise. Traditional daily age estimates and otolith weights were correlated to spectral data via partial least-squares regression to create age and otolith weight prediction models that were compared across aperture treatments and geographic region. FT-NIRS calibration models using apertured spectra were significantly better at predicting age than models using non-apertured spectra (model rank = 5 and 10, respectively) and yielded predicted age to within an average of six days relative to traditional estimates (R2 = 0.91, RMSECV = 6.08 days, bias = −0.04). Exponential growth models produced from FT-NIRS-predicted ages (Lt = 28.3*e0.01t) were not significantly different (likelihood ratio χ2 = 1.05, df = 2, p = 0.59) from those derived from traditional ages (Lt = 30.7*e0.009t). Additionally, FT-NIRS models were capable of predicting otolith weights that were not significantly different from direct measurements (t = 1.75, df = 147, p = 0.08). This study is the first to demonstrate successfully the potential of FT-NIRS to predict daily age and otolith weight in juvenile fishes, as well as the first to manipulate external apertures to optimize signal to noise. These findings support the potential for broad application of FT-NIRS in fisheries biology.
Tuberculosis: a focused review for the emergency medicine clinician

Abstract Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a common disease worldwide, affecting nearly one-third of the world's population. While TB has decreased in frequency in the United States, it remains an important infection to diagnose and treat. Objective This narrative review discusses the evaluation and management of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on those factors most relevant for the emergency clinician. Discussion TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is highly communicable through aerosolized particles. A minority of patients will develop symptomatic, primary disease. Most patients will overcome the initial infection or develop a latent infection, which can reactivate. Immunocompromised states increase the risk of primary and reactivation TB. Symptoms include fever, prolonged cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Initial diagnosis often includes a chest X-ray, followed by serial sputum cultures. If the patient has a normal immune system and a normal X-ray, active TB can be excluded. Newer tests, including nucleic acid amplification testing, can rapidly diagnose active TB with high sensitivity. Treatment for primary and reactivation TB differs from latent TB. Extrapulmonary forms can occur in a significant proportion of patients and involve a range of different organ systems. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus are high-risk and require specific considerations. Conclusions TB is a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The emergency clinician must consider TB in the appropriate setting, based on history and examination. Accurate diagnosis and rapid therapy can improve patient outcomes and reduce the spread of this communicable disease.
Data Augmentation with Generative Models for Improved Malware Detection: A Comparative Study*

Generative Models have been very accommodating when it comes to generating artificial data. Two of the most popular and promising models are the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Variational Autoencoder (VAE) models. They both play critical roles in classification problems by generating synthetic data to train classifier more accurately. Malware detection is the process of determining whether or not software is malicious on the host's system and diagnosing what type of attack it is. Without adequate amount of training data, it makes malware detection less efficient. In this paper, we compare the two generative models to generate synthetic training data to boost the Residual Network (ResNet-18) classifier for malware detection. Experiment results show that adding synthetic malware samples generated by VAE to the training data improved the accuracy of ResNet-18 by 2% as it compared to 6% by GAN.
Temperature and pressure dependence of the alpha relaxation in ortho-terphenyl

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of ortho-terphenyl using an all-atom model with the optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS) force field were performed both in the high temperature Arrhenian region and at lower temperatures that include the onset of the super-Arrhenian region. From the MD simulations, the internal energy of both the equilibrium liquid and crystal was determined from 300 K to 600 K and at pressures from 0.1 MPa to 1 GPa. The translational and rotational diffusivities were also determined at these temperatures and pressures for the equilibrium liquid. It is shown that within a small offset, the excess internal energy Ūx from the MD simulations is consistent with the experimentally determined excess internal energy reported earlier [Caruthers and Medvedev, Phys. Rev. Mater. 2, 055604, (2018)]. The MD mobility data {including extremely long-time 1 atm simulations from the study by Eastwood et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 12898, (2013)]} were combined with experimental data to form a unified dataset, where it was shown that in both the high temperature Arrhenian region and the lower temperature super-Arrhenian region, the mobility is a linear function of 1/Ūx(T,p), albeit with different proportionality constants. The transition between the Arrhenian and super-Arrhenian regions is relatively sharp at a critical internal energy Ūxα. The 1/Ūx(T,p) model is able to describe the mobility data over nearly 16 orders-of-magnitude. Other excess thermodynamic properties such as excess enthalpy and excess entropy (i.e., the Adam–Gibbs model) are unable to unify the pressure dependence of the mobility.Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of ortho-terphenyl using an all-atom model with the optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS) force field were performed both in the high temperature Arrhenian region and at lower temperatures that include the onset of the super-Arrhenian region. From the MD simulations, the internal energy of both the equilibrium liquid and crystal was determined from 300 K to 600 K and at pressures from 0.1 MPa to 1 GPa. The translational and rotational diffusivities were also determined at these temperatures and pressures for the equilibrium liquid. It is shown that within a small offset, the excess internal energy Ūx from the MD simulations is consistent with the experimentally determined excess internal energy reported earlier [Caruthers and Medvedev, Phys. Rev. Mater. 2, 055604, (2018)]. The MD mobility data {including extremely long-time 1 atm simulations from the study by Eastwood et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 12898, (2013)]} were combined with experimental data to form...
A pilot economic evaluation of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder as an addition and alternative to traditional therapy

BACKGROUND Computer-based delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be a less costly approach to increase dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, comprehensive evaluations of costs, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit of computer-delivered interventions are rare. METHODS This study used data from a completed randomized clinical trial to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of a computer-based version of CBT (CBT4CBT) for AUD. Sixty-three participants were randomized to receive one of the following treatments at an outpatient treatment facility and attended at least one session: (1) treatment as usual (TAU), (2) CBT4CBT plus treatment as usual (CBT4CBT+TAU), or (3) CBT4CBT plus brief monitoring. RESULTS Median protocol treatment costs per participant differed significantly between conditions, Kruskal-Wallis H(2) = 8.40, p = 0.02, such that CBT4CBT+TAU and CBT4CBT+monitoring each cost significantly more per participant than TAU. However, when nonprotocol treatment costs were included, total treatment costs per participant did not differ significantly between conditions. Median incremental cost-effective ratios (ICERs) revealed that CBT4CBT+TAU was more costly and more effective than TAU. It cost $35.08 to add CBT4CBT to TAU to produce a reduction of one additional drinking day per month between baseline and the end of the 8-week treatment protocol: CBT4CBT+monitoring cost $33.70 less to produce a reduction of one additional drinking day per month because CBT4CBT+monitoring was less costly than TAU and more effective at treatment termination, though not significantly so. Net benefit analyses suggested that costs of treatment, regardless of condition, did not offset monthly costs related to healthcare utilization, criminal justice involvement, and employment disruption between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Benefit-cost ratios were similar for each condition. CONCLUSIONS Results of this pilot economic evaluation suggest that an 8-week course of CBT4CBT may be a cost-effective addition and potential alternative to standard outpatient treatment for AUD. Additional research is needed to generate conclusions about the cost-benefit of providing CBT4CBT to treatment-seeking individuals participating in standard outpatient treatment.
Two-trajectory laser amygdalohippocampotomy: Anatomic modeling and initial seizure outcomes.

OBJECTIVE Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is typically performed with one trajectory to target the medial temporal lobe (MTL). MTL structures such as piriform and entorhinal cortex are epileptogenic, but due to their relative geometry, they are difficult to target with one trajectory while simultaneously maintaining adequate ablation of the amygdala and hippocampus. We hypothesized that a two-trajectory approach could improve ablation of all relevant MTL structures. First, we created large-scale computer simulations to compare idealized one- vs two-trajectory approaches. A two-trajectory approach was then validated in an initial cohort of patients. METHODS We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) to create subject-specific target structures consisting of hippocampus, amygdala, and piriform/entorhinal/perirhinal cortex. An algorithm searched for safe potential trajectories along the hippocampal axis (catheter one) and along the amygdala-piriform axis (catheter two) and compared this to a single trajectory optimized over all structures. The proportion of each structure ablated at various burn radii was evaluated. A cohort of 11 consecutive patients with mTLE received two-trajectory LITT; demographic, operative, and outcome data were collected. RESULTS The two-trajectory approach was superior to the one-trajectory approach at nearly all burn radii for all hippocampal subfields and amygdala nuclei (p < .05). Two-laser trajectories achieved full ablation of MTL cortical structures at physiologically realistic burn radii, whereas one-laser trajectories could not. Five patients with at least 1 year of follow-up (mean = 21.8 months) experienced Engel class I outcomes; 6 patients with less than 1 year of follow-up (mean = 6.6 months) are on track for Engel class I outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE Our anatomic analyses and initial clinical results suggest that LITT amygdalohippocampotomy performed via two-laser trajectories may promote excellent seizure outcomes. Future studies are required to validate the long-term clinical efficacy and safety of this approach.
Supporting Zoo Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Welfare and Herd Dynamics with a More Complex and Expanded Habitat.

Ensuring good health and welfare is an increasingly important consideration for conservation of endangered species, whether free-ranging or managed to varying degrees under human care. The welfare-based design of a new habitat for Asian elephants at the Oregon Zoo focused on meeting the elephants’ physical, physiological, psychological, and social needs 24 h a day and across life stages. The habitat was designed to encourage activity, promote species-typical behaviors, support changing social dynamics, offer increased opportunities for choice, and provide biologically meaningful challenges. In this 4-year study, we monitored elephant health and welfare indicators throughout the transition and acclimation from the previous habitat to the new habitat. Several welfare indicators obtained through longitudinal hormone analyses, behavior assessments, and GPS measurement of walking distance and space use provided evidence that these goals were achieved. The elephants were more active and walked farther on a daily basis in the new habitat, with an average walking distance of over 15 km per day. A switch from primarily caretaker-delivered food to seeking food on their own indicates that the disbursement of food with less temporal and spatial predictability increased foraging opportunities, which better satisfies appetitive motivations important for psychological well-being. All individuals showed adaptive and normal adrenal responses to change and challenge, with the highest fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations and variability during the construction phase, and a return to previous baseline concentrations in the new habitat, suggesting they acclimated well to the new environment. The elephants expressed a diverse range of species-typical behaviors and demonstrated social dynamics of a healthy herd in both habitats with transitions of individuals through life stages. They exhibited more autonomy in choosing whom to associate with socially and also by choosing different aspects of their environment with regular indoor/outdoor access and extensive resource use in the new habitat. Findings indicate that the complexity and flexibility of the new habitat and habitat management has been effective in improving overall welfare by providing meaningful challenges and the opportunity to express appetitive behaviors, by offering choice in environmental conditions, and by providing the space and resource distribution to support evolving herd dynamics and increased social equity for individuals.
The Close-Up Eye-Asymmetry Visual Metaphor Communicates the Abject: Evidence from Batman and Superman Comics

A distinctive theme of Gothic narratives is the abject. A character that is abject threatens to disrupt boundaries, both personal and societal. As such, the abject character must be rejected or destroyed by society. In this study, I provide evidence that the visual metaphor of Close-Up Eye Asymmetry (CUE-A) communicates the concept of the abject. I compare how often CUE-A is used when depicting Batman compared to Superman in comic books. Overall, I provide evidence that: (1) Batman is Gothic, (2) Batman is more Gothic than Superman, (3) Batman is abject, and (4) Batman is depicted with CUE-A more often than Superman. Taken together, this supports the conclusion that the CUE-A visual metaphor does, in fact, communicate the abject.
The Scientific Status of Psychoanalysis

Publisher Summary Every young science goes through a number of stages in its development from naturalistic observation—through the detection of areas of lawfulness and the construction of more limited theories—to more comprehensive, parsimonious, and elegant theories. For philosophers of science, the history of psychoanalysis provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of a science. Psychoanalysis has a special history, because it was dominated so long by Sigmund Freud, a man of great genius—who made most of the observations upon which psychoanalysis is built. To proceed with an assessment of the status of psychoanalysis as a science of current day, some choices have to be made. The chapter discusses what the analysts call their metapsychology rather than their theory and the technique of psychoanalytic treatment of patients. It has also been found that the status of the dynamic-economic metapsychology of contemporary psychoanalysis is very provisional. For philosophers of science, the history of psychoanalysis provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of a science.
Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy for Asthma in Preschool Children: Growth Issues

Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have emerged as the preventive treatment of choice for persistent asthma, few studies have been conducted in infants and very young children that assess the benefits and risks of ICS therapy, particularly with regard to growth. Oral glucocorticoids inhibit growth at multiple levels by blunting pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion, decreasing insulin-like growth factor-1 bioactivity, and directly inhibiting new collagen synthesis. Normal childhood growth can be divided conceptually into 3 phases according to primary growth-supporting factors: nutrition-dependent growth of infancy, GH-dependent childhood growth, and sex steroid/GH stimulation of pubertal growth. Susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced growth suppression appears to increase during periods of transition from one phase to another, particularly in the immediate prepubertal years. Studies using ICS at varying dosages demonstrate the possibility of short-term growth suppression, but long-term studies suggest a negligible effect, if any, on final adult height or bone mineral density. Although certain speculations regarding the safety of ICS use in infants and very young children can be made based on these data, age-specific studies are needed to account for effects of differences in oral versus airway deposition and growth axis resiliency, which may occur in these patients.
Lessons from Good Language Learners, edited by Carol Griffiths

In 1975, Joan Rubin revolutionized the field of second-language acquisition (SLA) when her seminal article, “What the ‘Good Language Learner’ can teach us,” appeared in TESOL Quarterly. This articl...
Linking DICOM pixel data with radiology reports using automatic semantic annotation

Improved access to DICOM studies to both physicians and patients is changing the ways medical imaging studies are visualized and interpreted beyond the confines of radiologists' PACS workstations. While radiologists are trained for viewing and image interpretation, a non-radiologist physician relies on the radiologists' reports. Consequently, patients historically have been typically informed about their imaging findings via oral communication with their physicians, even though clinical studies have shown that patients respond to physician's advice significantly better when the individual patients are shown their own actual data. Our previous work on automated semantic annotation of DICOM Computed Tomography (CT) images allows us to further link radiology report with the corresponding images, enabling us to bridge the gap between image data with the human interpreted textual description of the corresponding imaging studies. The mapping of radiology text is facilitated by natural language processing (NLP) based search application. When combined with our automated semantic annotation of images, it enables navigation in large DICOM studies by clicking hyperlinked text in the radiology reports. An added advantage of using semantic annotation is the ability to render the organs to their default window level setting thus eliminating another barrier to image sharing and distribution. We believe such approaches would potentially enable the consumer to have access to their imaging data and navigate them in an informed manner.
Electrocardiographic intervals in foetuses with CHD.

Objectives To assess foetal electrocardiographic intervals across gestational age among foetuses with and without congenital heart disease, and to investigate differences between groups. Design A prospective observational cohort study. Setting Center for Prenatal Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian. Population or sample A total of 92 participants with singleton pregnancies, 41 with normal anatomy and 51 with congenital heart disease were included in this study. Methods Using a maternal abdominal monitor, foetal electrocardiogram was obtained serially from foetuses with and without congenital heart disease at 20–24 weeks (F1), 28–32 weeks (F2), and 34–38 weeks (F3) of gestation. A signal-averaged waveform was calculated, and PR, QRS, and QT intervals were measured. Intervals from controls were compared with gestational age norms. Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, we analysed the relationship between gestational age and foetal electrocardiographic intervals. Intervals from control and congenital heart disease foetuses were compared by Student’s t-test. Results PR (r=0.333, p=0.02) and QRS (r=0.248, p=0.05) intervals correlated with gestational age only among controls. QRS intervals in foetuses with congenital heart disease were significantly longer than controls at F1 (63±6 versus 52±5 ms, p<0.001), F2 (61±8 versus 56±7 ms, p=0.02), and F3 (64±10 versus 56±9 ms, p=0.007). Conclusions PR and QRS intervals lengthen across gestational age among foetuses with normal cardiac anatomy but not in foetuses with congenital heart diseases. As early as 20 weeks of gestation, differences between foetuses with and without congenital heart disease are discernible, with congenital heart disease foetuses demonstrating longer QRS intervals compared with controls.
A new sampler for collection of interstitial water from sandy sediments

An inexpensive, easily constructed apparatus for collecting interstitial water from sandy substrates is described and evaluated against two other devices. Results indicate that these samplers yield comparable dissolved oxygen determinations, but vary in terms of repeatability, efficiency, construction complexity and sturdiness.
Stratospheric ozone in the lower troposphere—II. Assessment of downward flux and ground-level impact

Abstract Aircraft measurements of four stratospheric O3-intrusion events (two during spring and two during fall) are used in conjunction with concurrent meteorological analyses to estimate the downward 03 flux in the upper and lower troposphere. The aircraft measurements used are among those reported earlier in Part I of this paper (Johnson and Viezee, 1981). The calculated upper tropospheric fluxes for the four cases show good agreement with earlier estimates by Danielsen and Mohnen (1977) of O3 fluxes associated with tropopause folding events. The estimated lower-tropospheric O3 fluxes for the two spring events and for one fall event suggest that more than half of the O3 mass injected into the upper troposphere by these stratospheric intrusions is probably mixed and diluted into the troposphere above 700 mb (3 km ASL). Large, direct impacts of stratospheric O3 intrusions at ground-level are thus unlikely. A review and analysis of the limited number of published observations of high O3 in stratospheric intrusions, and of anomalously high O3 at ground level attributed to stratospheric intrusions, also suggests that direct ground-level impacts may be infrequent (less than 1 per cent of the time), and most likely are associated with O3 concentrations (v/v) of 100 ppb or less. Additional observational studies are required to conclusively quantify the ground-level impact of stratospheric O3.
Time-to-voltage converter for on-chip jitter measurement

In this paper, we present the concept and design of a time-to-voltage converter (TVC), and demonstrate its application to on-chip phase-locked loop (PLL) jitter measurement. The TVC operates in an analog, continuous mode without using a sampling clock. It compares the signal under measurement with a reference signal by charging and discharging a capacitor. First, the low-frequency reference signal charges the capacitor in one cycle. Then, the jitter signal discharges the same capacitor repeatedly until the voltage on the capacitor falls below a threshold. The number of times the jitter signal needs to discharge the capacitor is recorded on a binary counter. We demonstrated that a 160-ps injected jitter is successfully measured by the proposed TVC with a 2-MHz reference signal. We also demonstrated the successful measurement of a 14-ps average PLL jitter, without jitter injection. An 8% measurement error is found in both experiments, using four-bit counters. Finally, we analyze the relations between design parameters and show trade-offs between measurement resolution and measurement time.
Learning outside of the classroom: the Northeastern University research co-op fellowship program

Northeastern University has developed an educational philosophy that recognizes that the total educational experience extends well beyond the four walls of the classroom. Cooperative education is a model that educates students both within the academic and professional settings. The Northeastern University engineering co-op program consists of alternating periods of classroom study with work and career experiences. Most students graduate with 21 months of practical experience in their field of study.We have recently developed a Research Co-op Fellowship program, to further extend the professional experience beyond the walls of the workplace. A student works with a faculty member for a period of 6 months (2 academic quarters) on a research project, and is supported by his co-op employer while working on the project on-campus. The goal of the program is to develop ties between the professional workplace and the classroom, providing opportunities for undergraduates to participate in cutting-edge research projects, earn money, and receive academic credit.
The function of the post-pharyngeal glands of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren.

Abstract Using radiolabelled triglycerides and fatty acids we have shown that these 2 lipids are absorbed into the haemolymph of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren from the post-pharyngeal gland. The post-pharyngeal glands attain their greatest weight and contain the highest hexane extractable lipid in establishing queens which have just reared the first minum brood. The lipid content of the digestive system is greatest in queens initiating a mating flight with the majority of the lipid contained in the crop. During colony establishment by the queen the lipid content of the crop moves forward, some is fed to the developing larvae and some moves into the post-pharyngeal gland. The hexane extractable lipid from the postpharyngeal gland of newly mated queens consists of hydrocarbons, sterols. tri-, di-, and monoglycerides and free fatty acids with a trace of wax esters. Excision of the post-pharyngeal glands from mated established queens causes no noticeable change in their behaviour or the behaviour they elicit from the remainder of the colony. However, post-pharyngeal glandectomized females lost weight and died in ca. 2 months although their crop and midgut contained food. The post-pharyngeal glands therefore appear to function in much the same way as a gastric caecum.
Holding on and letting go: acculturation versus biculturalism among international medical graduates in residency training

Acculturation is perhaps the most difficult problem many international medical graduates (IMGs) face during their training in the USA. Yet little is known about how residents and fellows progress through this aspect in the adaptation process. This study is an attempt to understand the acculturation process in the USA for IMGs by using a demographic survey and the General Ethnicity Questionnaire. In our study, IMGs reported fewer struggles with general adaptation, perhaps due to pre-residency experience living in the USA. International medical graduates generally embrace a life blended from the best of their country of origin and appreciated qualities found in the USA. Training programs focusing on the celebration of diversity in communities may further enhance adaptation and acculturation to life in the USA.