cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern evaluation for in-plane displacement measurement of thin films

Ultra-lightweight spacecraft incorporating “gossamer” structures are extremely compliant, which complicates control, design, and ground testing in full scale. One approach to model the behavior of a full-scale gossamer structure is to construct a small-scale model test article that can be used to verify a corresponding small-scale computer model. Once the predictions of the computer model have been verified by measurement of the physical test article, it can be scaled up to allow computation of the full-scale structure behavior. As model verification requires accurate deflection measurements at multiple points along the surface of the structure, a sensing system that provides full-field data without changing the dynamic response of the structure must be developed. Hence, an optical approach is taken. Since the thin films used in gossamer space structures are typically smooth and featureless, targets must be incorporated into the film surface to enable tracking of both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. A krypton fluoride excimer laser system was used to etch 35 μm wide linear features approximately 0.1 μm into the surface metallization of both 50.8 μm polyester and 127 μm polyimide films. These optically diffuse surface features, designed mainly to investigate the precision of the laser etching method, were used as targets for ultra-close-range photogrammetry, the method chosen for displacement tracking. A force applied to the surface of the etched mirror (test article) produced in-plane and out-of-plane deformations that were resolved via ultra-close-range photogrammetry. To measure the in-plane tracking resolution, 1.5 and 3.0 mm circular dots were added (using ink) to the surface of the thin film, and some of these targets were tracked as the test article was translated on a precision linear stage. In-plane tracking resolution using ultra-close-range photogrammetry was related to the ground sample distance of the camera, which in this case was 51.25 μm pixel−1 (equal to the ratio of sample dimension to number of pixels in the field of view). Using a manual technique to identify features of the etched pattern for tracking, the mean tracking error was about 13 μm (σ=43 μm). Using an automated, subpixel marking technique to identify the 1.5 mm circular targets, the mean tracking error was 22 μm (σ=13 μm). Neither of these methods achieved the desired 10 μm tracking resolution.
Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 12F Isolates Associated with Rural Community Outbreaks in Alaska

Outbreaks of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F were observed in two neighboring regions of rural Alaska in 2003 to 2006 and 2006 to 2008. IPD surveillance data from 1986 to 2009 and carriage survey data from 1998 to 2004 and 2008 to 2009 were reviewed to identify patterns of serotype 12F transmission. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed on all available isolates, and selected isolates were characterized by additional genetic subtyping methods. Serotype 12F IPD occurred in two waves in Alaska between 1986 and 2008. While cases of disease occurred nearly every year in Anchorage, in rural regions, 12F IPD occurred with rates 10- to 20-fold higher than those in Anchorage, often with many years between disease peaks and generally caused by a single predominant genetic clone. Carriage occurred predominantly in adults, except early in the rural outbreaks, when most carriage was in persons <18 years old. In rural regions, carriage of 12F disappeared completely after outbreaks. Different 12F clones appear to have been introduced episodically into rural populations, spread widely in young, immunologically naive populations (leading to outbreaks of IPD lasting 1 to 3 years), and then disappeared rapidly from the population. Larger population centers might have been the reservoir for these clones. This epidemiologic pattern is consistent with a highly virulent, but immunogenic, form of pneumococcus.
Projective geometry and its applications to computer graphics

The goal of the book is to support the design of solutions to computer graphic problems through an understanding of the underlying elements of projective geometry. Some of the topics discussed are: How to view the structure of two and three dimensional graphic libraries, how to create two dimensional perspective and parallel images of a three dimensional object, how to draw the graph of a function of two real variables, and more
Secretory responses of the rat submandibular and parotid glands to sequential stimulation with pilocarpine and isoproterenol

Abstract Administration of a maximal secretory intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of pilocarpine (10mg/kg body wt) resulted in a four-fold increase in the volume of saliva secreted by the rat submandibular gland in response to a subsequent i.p. injection of isoproterenol (10 mg/rat), compared to the volume elicited by isoproterenol alone. The enhanced response was inhibited when atropine (5 mg/kg body wt, i.p.) was administered after the pilocarpine, but before the isoproterenol. In contrast, previous stimulation with isoproterenol significantly inhibited the response to subsequent pilocarpine and only 34 per cent of the volume of saliva elicited by pilocarpine alone was observed, an inhibition not modified by intervening injection of propranolol (5 mg/kg body wt). The mean protein concentration of submandibular saliva was similar (≈ 11 mg/ml) when the two secretagogues were administered sequentially in alternating order. Total protein output correlated with saliva volume under each condition. Thus, protein output during the response to isoproterenol administered after a previous pilocarpine injection was similar to that observed with isoproterenol alone (2453 and 2674 μg/30 min, respectively). Protein output was 1826μg/30 min when pilocarpine was administered following isoproterenol. Atropine between sequential pilocarpine and isoproterenol stimuli resulted in a protein output of 2033 μg/30 min; propranolol between successive isoproterenol and pilocarpine stimuli reduced protein output to 792 μg/30 min. Observations in respect of parotid gland were similar. Previous administration of either secretagogue did not modify the Na, K and Ca excretory patterns of submandibular saliva elicited by the second agent, compared with the second stimulant alone.
Separation of Gases by Flow under Pressure through Porous Membranes

THE separation of gases by permeation through membranes has been reviewed by several authors1–4. Since the observed separations do not always follow Graham's law, the mechanism is explained on the basis of solubility, diffusion and re-evaporation in the case of flow through ‘non-porous’ plastic films, and sorbed-flow through porous media.
Intercostal and abdominal muscle afferent influence on pneumotaxic center respiratory neurons.

Abstract The experiments were performed on mid-collicular decerebrated, vagotomized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated cats. Phrenic (PA) and pneumotaxic center (PC) respiratory neuron (extracellular) activities were recorded during electrical stimulation of intercostal nerve proprioceptor afferents (external, internal of lateral intercostal nerves). Intercostal nerve stimulation (INS) of sufficient intensity to reduce PA also reduced the activity of phasic PC I-neurons and the I-modulated portion of tonic firing I-neurons. The stimulus-response latency for the reduction in PA was always shorter than the latency for the reduction in I-neuron activity. Baseline tonic activity (during E-phase) was unaffected by INS in most tonic I-neurons. The predominant response of PC IE- and E-neurons to INS was augmentation of their activity. Stimulus-response latency studies showed that the increase in IE- and E-neuron activity occurred after the decrease in PA. It is concluded that: (1) the reduced PC I-neuron activity following INS is due primarily to disfacilitation resulting probably from decreased activity in medullary I-neurons that drive the PC I-neurons, (2) PC IE- and E-neurons are not the primary neurons mediating the inspiratory inhibitory effects of intercostal and abdominal muscle proprioceptors on medullary I drive, (3) the changes in PC IE- and E-neuron activity is not due secondarily to changes in DRG and VRG IE- or E-neuron activities, and (4) the reflex effects are due to stimulation of low threshold Group I afferent fibers.
Microglia produce and hydrolyze palmitoylethanolamide

Microglial cell activation and migration play an important role in neuroinflammation propagation. While it is known that the lipid transmitter palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) regulates microglial migration by interacting with a cannabinoid-like receptor, the production and inactivation of this lipid by microglia has never been addressed directly. Here we show that the mouse microglial cell line BV-2 produces and hydrolyzes PEA. The carbamate compound URB602 inhibits PEA hydrolysis in BV-2 cell homogenates and increases PEA levels in intact cells, whereas the FAAH inhibitor URB597 and serine-hydrolase inhibitor MAFP do not affect PEA levels in intact cells. This unique pharmacological profile of inhibitors on PEA hydrolysis suggests the involvement of a previously undescribed enzyme that degrades PEA. This enzyme expressed by microglia constitutes a promising target for controlling the propagation of neuroinflammation.
Human immunodeficiency virus isolated from a serum sample collected in 1976 in Central Africa.

The screening of 454 serum samples from northern Zaire for antibodies to the Ebola virus has revealed the earliest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolated identified to date. The serum tested in this study were collected in 1976; previously an HIV isolate collected in 1983 was believed to be the 1st such case. 5 (1%) of the 454 serum samples from 1976 were positive by ELISA and Western blot. 1 of the positive samples was obtained from a 26-year-old unmarried woman who died in 1978 of an illness suggestive of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Her symptoms included prolonged fever substantial weight loss headaches oral lacerations dysphagia and persistent cough with hemoptysis. The women was from a small village in Northwest Zaire but had lived in Kinshasa in 1971-1975. The isolates obtained in this series were compared to HIV isolates from other populations in terms of viral proteins antigenic cross-reactivity and Southern hybridization. A unique pattern of reactivity was found for all 5 Zairian isolates. Homologous radioimmunoassay indicated that the major core proteins of Zairian HIV (CDC451) and HZ 321 were identical. All 5 isolates showed major bands at molecular bands of 18000 24000 and 41000. In addition the strains showed reactivity with the p65 polymerase gene product. The distinct nature of HZ 321 was further confirmed by the production of hybridization patterns different from human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III). This study suggests that HIV was circulating in rural Zaire several years before its recognition in Kinshasa. The finding that HIV can be isolated from serum frozen initially at minus 70 C and later at minus 20 C should encourage additional analyses of serum samples collected in the 1970s in rural Africa.
Compound word effects differ in reading, on-line naming, and delayed naming tasks

Bimorphemic compound words (e.g.,blueberry), bimorphemic suffixed words (e.g.,ceaseless), and monomorphemic controls (e.g.,arthritis) were read in neutral sentence contexts in Experiment 1. The main result revealed longer first fixation durations on compound words than on control and suffixed words. Different effects emerged when naming tasks were used. An on-line naming task revealed substantially shorter naming latencies for compound words than for control and suffixed words. Naming latencies for compound and control words were equivalent in a delayed naming task. These results indicate that on-line naming latencies and word-viewing durations may yield diverging results. They also suggest that activation of constituent words of compound words occurs independently from the specification of conventional word meanings.
Quantification of substitutional carbon loss from Si0.998C0.002 due to silicon self-interstitial injection during oxidation

The empirical reaction of substitutional carbon with silicon self-interstitials in Si0.998C0.002 layers pseudomorphically grown on Si (100) substrates has been quantified at 850 °C. During annealing of a sample with a thin Si0.998C0.002 layer capped with a thin crystalline silicon layer, in either oxygen or nitrogen ambient, carbon diffuses from the surface edge of the Si0.998C0.002 layer towards and out of the silicon surface. The extra number of carbon atoms lost during oxidation is found equal to the number of silicon interstitials injected by the oxidation process, strongly suggesting that each substitutional carbon reacts with a single self-interstitial to form a mobile interstitial carbon, whereby it diffuses to the surface. The mechanism appears the same in Si1−x−yGexCy and Si1−xCx films.
X-ray fluorescence of layered synthetic materials with interfacial roughness.

Measurements of x-ray fluorescence versus grazing incidence angle at fixed incoming photon energy can provide useful information on surface and interfacial microstructure. A matrix formulation suitable for analysis of radiant energy flow inside a layered material, and hence angular fluorescence emission, is presented, and a vector scattering model is employed to account for the effect of interfacial roughness. Good agreement between experimental results of x-ray fluorescence yield and the model calculations has been obtained in a semiconductor heterostructure and a superlattice system.
Modulation of attractive colloidal interactions by lipid membrane-functionalization

Achieving simple, effective control of interactions between microparticles is an important goal of colloidal science, due both to its widespread technological relevance and its potential to illuminate the fundamental mechanisms governing structure and dynamics in complex fluids. Such control has remained elusive, however, especially with respect to attractive forces between microparticles. The studies described here adopt a biomimetic approach, functionalizing inorganic microparticles with biomolecular membranes. We provide the first reported measurements of the pair interaction energy, the key determinant of colloidal behavior, for such particles. The data demonstrate strong, tunable attractive interactions. Moreover, control of lipid composition enables a striking insight into the long-standing paradox of “like-charge attraction” observed in confined colloidal systems: G. M. Kepler and S. Fraden, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1994, 73, 356–359; D. G. Grier, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2000, 12, A85–A94; M. Polin, D. G. Grier and Y. Han, Phys. Rev. E, 2007, 76, 041406–041407. Decomposing the measured interactions into charge-dependent and -independent terms, we find that the charge-dependent term in the interaction is purely repulsive, while the attraction is independent of particle charge.
Nuclear DNA-like RNA of regions of developing frog embryos

A comparison of equal amounts of labeled nuclear RNA of dorsal ectodermmesoderm and endoderm cells of frog neurulae by DNA-RNA hybridizations revealed more kinds of DNA-like RNA in the ectoderm-mesoderm nuclei.
Can We Control Cheating in the Classroom

(1999). Can We Control Cheating in the Classroom? The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 331-343.
Progressive Dyspnea After CABG: Complication of Retained Epicardial Pacing Wires

We report a case of progressive dyspnea and recurrent pneumonia after uneventful coronary artery bypass graft surgery caused by migration of retained epicardial pacing wires into the right upper lobe of the lung. Removal of the wires by open thoracotomy resulted in significant improvement in dyspnea and near complete resolution of the bronchiectasis and consolidation.
Pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity is increased by sustained, heavy exercise in humans

Exercise presents a considerable stress to the pulmonary system and ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) heterogeneity increases with exercise, affecting the efficiency of gas exchange. In particular, pr...
10% Povidone-iodine may be a practical field water disinfectant.

Objective A paucity of data exists regarding the use of iodophores such as povidone-iodine (PVI) to disinfect water. We sought to determine a practical minimal disinfecting concentration of 10% PVI over different contact times and temperatures when added to water inoculated with E. coli. Methods 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000 dilutions of 10% PVI were created. Escherichia coli was exposed to these dilutions for 5, 15, and 30 minutes at 10, 20, and 30°C. Bactericidal activity was neutralized with 0.5% sodium thiosulfate. Mean viable colony forming units (CFUs) was determined after triplicate plating on Luria-bertani agar and 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. Effective bactericidal activity was defined as a 5-log reduction. Results Of the 200,000 E. coli plated, no CFUs were observed after exposure to the 1:100 dilution. After 5 minutes of contact time with the 1:1,000 dilution, at 10°C CFUs were too numerous to count (TNTC), at 20°C the mean CFU count was 92 (standard error ±11), and at 30°C the mean CFU count was 25 (standard error ±8). No CFUs were observed after 15 minutes of exposure to the 1:1,000 dilution across experimental temperatures. The 1:10,000 dilution always yielded CFU growth that was TNTC. Conclusions The lowest disinfecting concentration of 10% PVI was the 1:1,000 dilution at 15 minutes of contact time. This supports the use of PVI for water disinfection against E. coli, the organism most commonly responsible for traveler's diarrhea. Further studies may assess its effectiveness against more virulent water borne pathogens.
Hierarchical time-dependent shortest path algorithm for dynamic traffic assignment systems

This paper proposes a Hierarchical Time-Dependent Shortest Path (HTDSP) algorithm system that applies the hierarchical search strategy in dynamic traffic networks with discrete and deterministic travel costs. Four types of TDSP query experiments, namely, quasi-normal one-to-one queries, random one-to-one queries, one-to-all queries and all-to-one queries, were conducted on an urban street network of Tucson, Arizona. The numerical results suggest that the proposed algorithm provides near optimal solutions at low computational cost for both single and multiple sources TDSP queries. The flexibility and efficiency of the proposed HTDSP system implies its suitability for large-scale dynamic traffic assignment and online routing applications in which origin destination and departure time are required in a highly disaggregate manner.
Experimenting with classroom formats to encourage problem solving

In this article, I describe how modifying familiar classroom formats in a college geometry class helped to encourage student problem solving. These modified formats, which resemble the problem-solving settings of mathematicians, are described in the context of problems my students and I explored. It is hoped that this paper's success stories encourage the reader to consider experimenting with classroom formats as a resource for encouraging student problem-solving.
Activation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell suppressor function by analogs of the selecting peptide

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells can undergo both thymic selection and peripheral expansion in response to self peptides that are agonists for their T cell receptors (TCR). However, the specificity by which these TCR must recognize peptide:MHC complexes to activate Treg cell function is not known. We show that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells can mediate suppression in response to peptides that are only weakly cross-reactive with the self peptide that induced their formation in vivo. Moreover, suppression could be efficiently activated by peptide analogs that were inefficient at inducing CD69 up-regulation, and that also induced little or no proliferation of naive CD4+CD25–Foxp3– T cells expressing the same TCR. These findings provide evidence that self peptide-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells can exert regulatory function in response to self- and/or pathogen-derived peptides with which they are only weakly cross-reactive.
Evidence for the breakdown of cecropin B by proteinases in the intercellular fluid of peach leaves

Abstract Peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) leaves were found to tolerate relatively high levels of the bacteriocidal polypeptide cecropin B as determined by infiltration tests. Detached leaves showed no symptoms when infiltrated with 25 μM cecropin B, and only infrequent necrotic symptoms with 50 μM. Incubation of cecropin B with intercellular fluid (ICF) extracted from peach leaves reduced its biotoxicity toward the peach pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae . The reduction in toxicity was lessened by adding proteinase inhibitors to ICF — and prevented by boiling ICF prior to incubation with cecropin B. Electrophoretic evidence suggested that ICF constituents caused endopeptidase cleavage of cecropin during the first hour of incubation followed by complete digestion of the cleavage products during the following 8 h. Incubations of various levels of cecropin B and ICF indicated that as much as 90% of the activity could be destroyed in 10 min, but that levels adequate for lethality against P. syringae pv. syringae would remain. We conclude that peach trees transgenic for cecropin B could feasibly produce a wide range of cecropin levels sufficient to control pathogenic bacteria without damaging the leaf tissue.
The South African Problem as a View of Imperialism

mpire-building has been prevalent over long stretches of history, but the use of the term imperialism to cover all such activity leads to definitions that stress the superficial and avoid the essential. The imperialism we are interested in is that which Lenin describes as a special stage in the development of the international politicoeconomic system which arose among capitalist nations toward the end of the nineteenth century. The expansion of capitalism to Africa, Asia, and Latin America created relationships in those areas that involved the very means of existence of capitalist nations, who became obligated to protect the markets and source of raw materials upon which their internal economics increasingly relied. Imperialism in this sense provided the broad structural underpinnings of capitalism (Cox, 1964: 9).
SmartPark placement and operation for improving system reliability and market participation

Abstract In this paper, SmartParks placement (SPP) problem as seen by a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) aggregator is formulated and solved. SmartParks refer to parking lots for charging/discharging PEVs. The objective of the SPP is to cooperate with the local distribution company (DISCO) in order to improve system reliability, and also to participate in energy market transactions considering several economic and technical aspects over a definite planning horizon. Herein, the behavior of PEVs fleet is modeled from the aggregator's viewpoint. In addition, the percentage of PEVs’ owners participating in SmartPark programs based on the amount of charging cost discount (as an incentive) is modeled and then the optimal value of the discount is investigated. Furthermore, in order to be realistic, time-varying load and realistic customers’ load type are applied in the system load modeling, and load model-based power flow is performed rather than a simplified power flow. Results obtained illustrates that optimal SPP and smart decision-making on the incentive value can remarkably raise the aggregator's profit and improve the system reliability.
Synchrony of Corticostriatal-Midbrain Activation Enables Normal Inhibitory Control and Conflict Processing in Recovering Alcoholic Men

Background Alcohol dependence is associated with inhibitory control deficits, possibly related to abnormalities in frontoparietal cortical and midbrain function and connectivity. Methods We examined functional connectivity and microstructural fiber integrity between frontoparietal and midbrain structures using a Stroop Match-to-Sample task with functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging in 18 alcoholic and 17 control subjects. Manipulation of color cues and response repetition sequences modulated cognitive demands during Stroop conflict. Results Despite similar lateral frontoparietal activity and functional connectivity in alcoholic and control subjects when processing conflict, control subjects deactivated the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), whereas alcoholic subjects did not. Posterior cingulum fiber integrity predicted the degree of PCC deactivation in control but not alcoholic subjects. Also, PCC activity was modulated by executive control demands: activated during response switching and deactivated during response repetition. Alcoholics showed the opposite pattern: activation during repetition and deactivation during switching. Here, in alcoholic subjects, greater deviations from the normal PCC activity correlated with higher amounts of lifetime alcohol consumption. A functional dissociation of brain network connectivity between the groups further showed that control subjects exhibited greater corticocortical connectivity among middle cingulate, posterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortices than alcoholic subjects. In contrast, alcoholic subjects exhibited greater midbrain-orbitofrontal cortical network connectivity than control subjects. Degree of microstructural fiber integrity predicted robustness of functional connectivity. Conclusions Thus, even subtle compromise of microstructural connectivity in alcoholism can influence modulation of functional connectivity and underlie alcohol-related cognitive impairment.
A system for monocytic differentiation of leukemic cells HL 60 by a short exposure to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

The human promyelocytic cell line HL 60 can be induced to differentiate toward more mature myeloid or monocytic forms by a variety of agents. This process is thought to require several days of exposure to the inducer, thus making it difficult to identify the early cellular changes which are fundamental to the differentiation program, and to relate the induction to phases of the cell cycle. In order to study the kinetics of leukemic cell differentiation we have developed a system for the induction of rapid monocytic maturation in a subpopulation of HL 60 cells. The cells are exposed to lo-' M 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for 4 hr in serum-free medium. Subsequent incubation in a complete medium results in cellular differen- tiation recognizable by several criteria (phagocytosis, nonspecific esterase reaction, adherence to substratum, cell morphology) beginning at 10 hr from the exposure to the inducer. Approximately 20 hr later 30-40% of the cells in culture show the differentiated phenotype and are capable of phagocytosis. The proportion of differentiated cells in culture decreases thereafter. This system has been utilized to study the expression of c-myc oncogene in relation to the kinetics of maturation, and it was found that the inhibition of the expression of this gene precedes the onset of phenotypic differentiation by approximately 8 hr, is transient, and is accompanied by a brief retardation of cell proliferation, which resumes the normal rate within 24 hr of the exposure to the inducer. GI 1985 Society for Expenmental Biology and Medicine.
Proposal of an integrated framework of biological taxonomy: a phylogenetic taxonomy, with the method of using names with standard endings in clade nomenclature

An integrated framework of biological taxonomy (IFBT) is proposed, in which the advantages of phylogenetic taxonomy and traditional, Linnaean nomenclature, together with the temporal banding methods (Hennig, 1966; Avise & Johns, 1999) are synthesized, without deteriorating the strength of theoretical coherence. The IFBT aims at achieving a completely rank-free reference system of the organismal group in question (i.e., phylogenetic arrangements of the names of clades as parts of timetrees); here, the whole area (all taxon names) of a reference system is called “general domain”, while its part (basic clade names) is called “particular domain”. Thus, the major task of IFBT is to precisely give names to those clades whose times of evolutionary origin are known; here, the categories of evolutionary clades that I recognize are “basic clade”, “holoclade” and “synclade”. Taxon names with standard endings can be used as components of a rank-free system created under the IFBT, when we interpret those taxon names as “meaningless symbols” under the Millian philosophy of language. Thus, introducing the method of using “names with standard endings” into the present clade nomenclature is logically possible. That is, by adopting the temporal bands of geological episodes (non-standard; standard) as the unique criteria for assigning the standard endings to some clade names in naming clades, we name the clades, so that we can create a particular domain of reference system that takes basically the same style as the Linnaean system (of taxon names), in that taxon names with standard endings are arranged in a hierarchical manner. The particular domain can be created by giving “names with standard endings” only to basic clades, out of the clades whose origins are located in one particular temporal band. The reference system is first reconciled with the evolutionary world view, because the taxon names precisely refer only to clades; and second, it also functions well as a convenient system for information storage and retrieval, because the mutual exclusivity of taxon names with standard endings in the particular domain is certain. The best way of practicing the IFBT at the present time is to create only the particular domain, by naming only the basic clades (extant, extinct), using non-standard temporal banding method. The IFBT can construct the particular domains of (rank-free) reference systems, upon the particular Linnaean (ranked) systems of clade names . The IFBT is proposed as the new framework for future biological taxonomy.
Docetaxel-induced extravasation injury: a report of three cases:

Extravasation of chemotherapy drugs may cause serious adverse effects in cancer patients. The clinical course and preferred treatment of some of the newer chemotherapy drugs has not been well descr...
Performance Evaluation of Video Codecs in the Space Environment

In human missions to other planets and natural satellites (e.g., return to the Moon and future missions to Mars), there will be a need to provide video services for such functions as monitoring analysis, personal private video conversations and general public outreach. There is a desire to provide these services by leveraging terrestrial Internet concepts and technology. In this work we focus on the video performance mechanisms as they are impacted in a space environment where long range latencies and bit errors arise in the wireless/RF links. We provide results from experiments using open source implementations of commercial video standards. Both Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity (SSIM) are used as a performance metrics.
Estimating Nonlinearity Using Volterra Kernels in Feedback with Linear Models

Aeroelastic dynamics must be accurately known to ensure safe and efficient flight testing. Unfortunately, most models of aircraft systems typically describe only the linear dynamics. These models are inadequate for predicting behaviors, such as limit cycle oscillations, resulting from nonlinearities. This paper presents an approach to augment a linear model by identifying associated nonlinear operators. Essentially, the difference between a flight data measurement and a simulated measurement indicates the unmodeled dynamics. Volterra kernels are computed to represent the difference in measurement and, consequently, represent the unmodeled dynamics. The approach is applied to a nonlinear pitch–plunge system for which only a linear model is assumed available. The method is able to characterize errors due to incorrect parameters in the linear model and errors due to unmodeled nonlinearities of the dynamics.
Modeling global scene factors in attention.

Models of visual attention have focused predominantly on bottom-up approaches that ignored structured contextual and scene information. I propose a model of contextual cueing for attention guidance based on the global scene configuration. It is shown that the statistics of low-level features across the whole image can be used to prime the presence or absence of objects in the scene and to predict their location, scale, and appearance before exploring the image. In this scheme, visual context information can become available early in the visual processing chain, which allows modulation of the saliency of image regions and provides an efficient shortcut for object detection and recognition.
AI integration for enhanced decision support

The topic of integration of artificial intelligence with traditional MIS and DSS has generated interest and attention over the past few years. As applied AI has matured and developed beyond expert systems to include neural nets, genetic algorithms, model based systems, fuzzy logic, natural language and case-based reasoning, the need to provide perspective for the integration of these AI technologies with each other has become an issue of interest and concern. This paper provides a perspective that is problem driven and suggests that AI integration is a matching process of problems/sub-problems with appropriate AI or other problem support technologies which then can be integrated to provide enhanced decision support. AI integration is demonstrated within the context of internal control evaluation where the emphasis is on detecting/preventing financial fraud. >
Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control

This article reviews research on political repression by social movement scholars. Four topics are discussed: (a) debates over the conceptualization of repression, the breadth of the concept, whether distinctions within the concept are productive and/or forms of repression are directly comparable, and the relationship between repression and political opportunities; (b) recent research on different types of repression, particularly protest policing; (c) an evaluation of research on different explanations of repression; and (d) an evaluation of research on the consequences of repression. Attention is also paid to areas where future research effort might be most productively spent, including identifying substantial gaps where more research is needed, where important debates exist that need research to push toward their resolution, where robust results exist but could be furthered by refinements, and where a more inclusive conceptualization of repression may link the study of repression to other significant l...
Nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal trauma

Penetrating abdominal trauma is prevalent in most urban settings in the United States; for instance, 25% of trauma cases in Los Angeles are penetrating. Selective nonoperative management is practiced routinely for blunt abdominal trauma, but in most institutions laparotomy is still considered the standard of care for abdominal gunshot wounds. The traditional treatment of these injuries has been exploratory laparotomy for all gunshot wounds to the abdomen and for all stab wounds where peritoneal violation has been proven. Nonoperative versus surgical management The implementation of selective nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal trauma can decrease the rate of unnecessary laparotomy and thus avoid the complications associated with nontherapeutic surgery. In addition, it significantly shortens hospital length of stay, resulting in cost savings. 1 One reason cited for aggressive surgical management has been the high incidence of intra-abdominal injuries in cases of penetrating trauma, previously reported to be as high as 98%. 2 However, the studies reporting this number do not distinguish between therapeutic and nontherapeutic laparotomies, making it difficult to accurately assess which cases could have been managed without surgery. 2,3 In addition, other studies have found the incidence to be only about 70% to 80%, leaving 20% to 30% of cases that can be managed nonoperatively. 4-7 Clinicians have been hesitant to move to nonoperative management because many consider negative exploratory laparotomy to be a harmless procedure. However, it is not without complications. Any surgery involves exposure to anesthesia, whose risks include idiosyncratic reactions and aspiration; other risks of surgery are bleeding, infection, iatrogenic injuries, and
Visual tracking of a moving target by a camera mounted on a robot: a combination of control and vision

The authors present algorithms for robotic (eye-in-hand configuration) real-time visual tracking of arbitrary 3D objects traveling at unknown velocities in a 2D space (depth is given as known). Visual tracking is formulated as a problem of combining control with computer vision. A mathematical formulation of the control problem that includes information from a novel feedback vision sensor and represents everything with respect to the camera frame is presented. The sum-of-squared differences (SSD) optical flow is used to compute the vector of discrete displacements each instant of time. These displacements can be fed either directly to a PI (proportional-integral) controller or to a pole assignment controller or discrete steady-state Kalman filter. In the latter case, the Kalman filter calculates the estimated values of the system's states and the exogenous disturbances, and a discrete LQG (linear-quadratic Gaussian) controller computes the desired motion of the robotic system. The outputs of the controllers are sent to the Cartesian robotic controller. Performance results are presented. >
Comparison of SIR-based closed loop TPC in W-CDMA considering closed loop transmit diversity mode 1

This paper compares signal-to-interference power ratio (SIR) measurement techniques for SIR-based closed loop transmit power control (CL-TPC) assuming closed loop transmit diversity (CL-TD) mode 1 in forward link of wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) FDD mode. Traditionally, SIR measurement is performed by exploiting dedicated pilot symbols. This method, however, has inherent measurement error in it since the data symbols are coherently combined (assuming ideal feedback channel) while the dedicated pilot symbols are not. We show that SIR measurement exploiting data symbols is capable of improving the average bit error rate (BER) performance. This improvement can be achieved with relatively little effort which is attractive from implementation perspective.
Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. XVIII. Conformational sensitivity of the alpha-helix spectrum: alpha I- and alpha II-poly(L-alanine).

The αII-helix (ϕ = −70.47°, ψ = −35.75°) is a structure having the same n and h as the (standard) αI-helix (ϕ = −57.37°, ψ = −47.49°). Its conformational angles are commonly found in proteins. Using an improved α-helix force field, we have compared the vibrational frequencies of these two structures. Despite the small conformational differences, there are significant predicted differences in frequencies, particularly in the amide A, amide I, and amide II bands, and in the conformation-sensitive region below 900 cm−1. This analysis indicates that αII-helices are likely to be present in bacteriorhodopsin [Krimm, S. & Dwivedi, A. M. (1982) Science216, 407–408].
Pain does not suffer misprision: an inquiry into the presence and absence that is pain

The reigning questions of metaphysics generate passion. These are questions such as concern death, a hereafter, and the meaning of suffering. They are questions that haunt us. Philosophical inquiries into these topics are often constructed Socratically. In turn, such logical machinations are founded upon the belief that a discernible outcome or answer to metaphysical questions exists. Western thought labours under the tenet that the impasse of “unknowableness” can be bridged with the brute force of intellect. Pain is not only the motivation for metaphysical inquiry; it becomes the universal metaphor for loss. It absorbs displaced fears and becomes a vehicle for expressing a “lack”. The essence of pain, therefore, is negative. It is absence (and hence not an existence). Even though pain is a lack, however, we relate to it as if it were a presence that denies us of our passion for life.
Perceived complexity of care, perceived autonomy, and career satisfaction among primary care physicians.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine relationships of both perceived autonomy and perceived complexity of care with career satisfaction. Methods: This secondary analysis used 3 consecutive surveys of family physicians, internists, and pediatricians from the Community Tracking Survey. Two-way analysis of variance assessed interaction effects of perceived complexity of care and perceived autonomy on satisfaction. Logistic regression analysis identified physician characteristics, practice characteristics, practice improvement strategies, perceived complexity, and perceived autonomy that accounted for variance in career satisfaction among physicians. Results: Although 24% to 27% of physicians felt perceived complexity of care expected was greater than it should be, 83% to 86% felt free to make clinical decisions. Approximately 80% of physicians were satisfied with their careers. Differences in probability of career satisfaction were highly significant (P Conclusion: Higher perceived autonomy and lower perceived patient complexity as higher than desirable were associated with high career satisfaction among primary care physicians.
The gains from duty free zones

Abstract Duty free zones have been established in many countries and duty free shops can be found in every major international airport. This paper investigates their welfare effect, in the tradition of the Pareto gains from trade literature. Using the dual approach developed in Dixit and Norman (1980) , we show that the introduction of a duty free zone leads to Pareto gains over autarky. Compared to free trade, its welfare impact depends on the redistribution mechanism accompanying free trade. We show that with a Dixit–Norman tax scheme free trade is Pareto-inferior to a duty free zone regime. The opposite holds true for lump sum redistribution.
Information assurance: a cyber security storm map

Cyber-security issues affect organisations at all levels. In this article, we will discuss how to apply a visualisation and event correlation tool to facilitate the analysis of data, understanding of data, and dissemination of information to all affected parties. The visualisation shows an overall view of security events or storms that are occurring on a network while providing information in reference to severity and a propagation pattern. The tool can potentially provide an early warning so that events or storms can be proactively mitigated. Thus, organisations can make business decisions by determining or understanding the relationship between the computing devices and the business/information technology services they make-up.
The transconjunctival deep-plane midface lift: a 9-year experience working under the muscle.

Background: Rejuvenation of the midface with a natural-looking, safe, and long-lasting result is a challenge in aesthetic surgery. The ideal approach should be easy to perform, with minimal risk and significant benefit. The combination of transconjunctival exposure and preservation of the periosteum may result in lower morbidity than traditional midface rejuvenation. Objectives: The authors present their 9-year experience with the transconjunctival deep-plane midface lift (TDML) and discuss the benefits and limitations of this procedure relative to traditional approaches. Methods: A retrospective review (2000–2009) was conducted of 124 consecutive patients treated by the same surgeon (JWF) with the TDML approach. The technique combines transconjunctival and preperiosteal dissection under direct vision. Collected data included patient demographics, operative technique, concomitant procedures, and postoperative results. Complications and revisions were reviewed to assess safety and long-term efficacy. Results: Patients included 97 women and 27 men, with a minimum of 13 months of postoperative follow-up (median, 56 months). The mean operating time for upper blepharoplasty with TDML was less than 150 minutes. No significant complications occurred. One patient required reexcision of redundant lower eyelid skin, and another patient underwent secondary excision via traditional midface lift. Conclusions: The TDML procedure is safe and effective. The technique is readily applicable and more “forgiving” than the traditional midface lift. With proper patient selection, the limited soft-tissue dissection reduces surgical morbidity. Patients with excessive skin redundancy or festoons should be treated with more traditional techniques. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Prosocial effects of MDMA: A measure of generosity.

BACKGROUND: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces "prosocial" effects that contribute to its recreational use. Few studies have examined the cognitive and behavioral mechanisms by which MDMA produces these effects. Here we examined the effect of MDMA on a specific prosocial effect, i.e. generosity, using a task in which participants make decisions about whether they or another person will receive money (Welfare Trade-Off Task; WTT). METHODS: The project included one study without drug administration and one with MDMA. In Study 1, we administered the WTT to healthy adults (N = 361) and examined their performance in relation to measures of personality and socioeconomic status. In Study 2, healthy volunteers with MDMA experience (N = 32) completed the WTT after MDMA administration (0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg). RESULTS: As expected, in both studies participants were more generous with a close friend than an acquaintance or stranger. In Study 1, WTT generosity was related to household income and trait Agreeableness. In Study 2, MDMA (1.0 mg/kg) increased generosity toward a friend but not a stranger, whereas MDMA (0.5 mg/kg) slightly increased generosity toward a stranger, especially among female participants. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the WTT is a valuable, novel tool to assess a component of prosocial behavior, i.e. generosity to others. The findings support growing evidence that MDMA produces prosocial effects, but, as with oxytocin, these appear to depend on the social proximity of the relationships. The brain mechanisms underlying the construct of generosity, or the effects of MDMA on this measure, remain to be determined. Language: en
Structure and function of histone acetyltransferase MOF

MOF was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as an important component of the dosage compensation complex. As a member of MYST family of histone acetyltransferase, MOF specifically deposits the acetyl groups to histone H4 lysine 16. Throughout evolution, MOF and its mammalian ortholog have retained highly conserved substrate specificity and similar enzymatic activities. MOF plays important roles in dosage compensation, ESC self-renewal, DNA damage and repair, cell survival, and gene expression regulation. Dysregulation of MOF has been implicated in tumor formation and progression of many types of human cancers. This review will discuss the structure and activity of mammalian hMOF as well as its function in H4K16 acetylation, DNA damage response, stem cell pluripotency, and carcinogenesis.