cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naïve regression requires weaker assumptions than factor models to adjust for multiple cause confounding.

The empirical practice of using factor models to adjust for shared, unobserved confounders, $\mathbf{Z}$, in observational settings with multiple treatments, $\mathbf{A}$, is widespread in fields including genetics, networks, medicine, and politics. Wang and Blei (2019, WB) formalizes these procedures and develops the "deconfounder," a causal inference method using factor models of $\mathbf{A}$ to estimate "substitute confounders," $\hat{\mathbf{Z}}$, then estimating treatment effects by regressing the outcome, $\mathbf{Y}$, on part of $\mathbf{A}$ while adjusting for $\hat{\mathbf{Z}}$. WB claim the deconfounder is unbiased when there are no single-cause confounders and $\hat{\mathbf{Z}}$ is "pinpointed." We clarify pinpointing requires each confounder to affect infinitely many treatments. We prove under these assumptions, a naive semiparametric regression of $\mathbf{Y}$ on $\mathbf{A}$ is asymptotically unbiased. Deconfounder variants nesting this regression are therefore also asymptotically unbiased, but variants using $\hat{\mathbf{Z}}$ and subsets of causes require further untestable assumptions. We replicate every deconfounder analysis with available data and find it fails to consistently outperform naive regression. In practice, the deconfounder produces implausible estimates in WB's case study to movie earnings: estimates suggest comic author Stan Lee's cameo appearances causally contributed \$15.5 billion, most of Marvel movie revenue. We conclude neither approach is a viable substitute for careful research design in real-world applications.
Depth-in-defense approach against DDoS

Distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) impose a great threat to the availability of resources. Not only is the attack difficult to carryout but also the methods and techniques used to prevent these attacks are so complex that it makes the job to protect the resources even harder. An analysis is carried out for various approaches of detection and prevention systems that can be deployed to reduce the effect of the attacks on the victim. In this paper a comparative analysis has been carried out amongst different techniques for prevention against DDoS attacks and at the end a novel solution is proposed.
Domain adaptation techniques for improved cross-domain study of galaxy mergers.

In astronomy, neural networks are often trained on simulated data with the prospect of being applied to real observations. Unfortunately, simply training a deep neural network on images from one domain does not guarantee satisfactory performance on new images from a different domain. The ability to share cross-domain knowledge is the main advantage of modern deep domain adaptation techniques. Here we demonstrate the use of two techniques - Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and adversarial training with Domain Adversarial Neural Networks (DANN) - for the classification of distant galaxy mergers from the Illustris-1 simulation, where the two domains presented differ only due to inclusion of observational noise. We show how the addition of either MMD or adversarial training greatly improves the performance of the classifier on the target domain when compared to conventional machine learning algorithms, thereby demonstrating great promise for their use in astronomy.
Thymus Factors and Immunity: Enhancement of Immunologic Maturation by a Purified Calf Thymus Extract

Studies in number of laboratories have suggested that the development of the capacity of a newborn animal to respond to antigenic stimulation is probably related to a number of factors. One of these factors appears to be the requirement for the presence of an intact thymus gland. It has been repeatedly demonstrated (1–4) that thymectomy of mice shortly after birth greatly diminishes immunocompetence to antigens such as sheep erythrocytes. In a number of studies (5) extracellular products of the thymus have been implicated as playing some role in enhancing immunologic competence or immunologic maturation.
High Power Pulsed C 13 H 3 F Laser

Far infrared (FIR) and millimeter-wave source and receiver development has grown significantly in recent years. The existence of atmospheric windows around the millimeter wavelength has stimulated interest in areas such as communications and radar design. The advantages to be gained by the use of the FIR in fusion plasma diagnostics is already being realized and should prove increasingly important in the future.
Frequency of oculomotor disorders in adolescents 11 to 17 years of age with concussion, 4 to 12 weeks post injury.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of vision diagnoses after concussion in adolescents and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of physician-administered screening for detecting convergence and accommodative disorders post-concussion. We enrolled participants 11 to 17 years old, assessed 4 to 12 weeks following a diagnosed concussion. During the initial concussion examination, a sports medicine physician measured the near point of convergence (NPC), monocular accommodative amplitude (AA), and symptoms using the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS). A comprehensive oculomotor evaluation was performed by an optometrist. One hundred and thirteen adolescents were enrolled, with a mean age of 15.2 years. Seventy-nine of the 113 (70%) participants had at least one oculomotor diagnosis after concussion, with the most common problems being vergence disorders (60%) and accommodative disorders (57%). The most common vergence disorder was convergence insufficiency (35%). Among accommodative disorders, the most common problem was accommodative insufficiency (35%). In all, 47% of the participants had more than one oculomotor diagnosis following concussion. The sensitivity of physician screening using measures of NPC, AA, and CISS for detecting convergence and accommodative insufficiency was 63%, 43%, 48%, respectively. The results of this study provide additional evidence that vision problems are common in adolescents with persistent concussion symptoms in the sub-acute phase 4 to 12 weeks post-concussion, and current physician screening methods using the NPC, AA, or the CISS underperform. Thus, it is prudent that adolescents with post-concussion symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks post injury receive a comprehensive oculomotor examination.
“Look at Our Country, We Treat Everyone as Equal”: College Student Perspectives on Culture

Only a few studies have investigated how college students who have limited exposure to other cultures (i.e., no traveling experiences, little cross-cultural social interaction) understand and defin...
What is the Environmental History of the Holocaust

For the last few years scholars have increasingly turned their gaze to the potential of applying the new perspectives offered by environmental studies to research on the Holocaust, its origins, and...
Nonparametric estimation of recursive point processes with application to mumps in Pennsylvania.

The self-exciting Hawkes point process model (Hawkes, 1971) has been used to describe and forecast communicable diseases. A variant of the Hawkes model, called the recursive model, was proposed by Schoenberg et al. (2019) and has been shown to fit well to various epidemic disease datasets. Unlike the Hawkes model, the recursive model allows the productivity to vary as the overall rate of incidence of the disease varies. Here, we extend the data-driven nonparametric expectation-maximization method of Marsan and Lengline (2008) in order to fit the recursive model without assuming a particular functional form for the productivity. The nonparametric recursive model is trained to fit to weekly reported cases of mumps in Pennsylvania during the January 1970-September 1990 time frame and then assessed using one week forecasts for the October 1990-December 2001 time period. Both its training and predictive ability are evaluated compared to that of other candidate models, such as Hawkes and SVEILR (susceptible, vaccinated, exposed, infected, lightly infected, recovered) compartmental models.
Characterization of cells from patient-derived fibrovascular membranes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PURPOSE Epiretinal fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) are a hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Surgical removal of FVMs is often indicated to treat tractional retinal detachment. This potentially informative pathological tissue is usually disposed of after surgery without further examination. We developed a method for isolating and characterizing cells derived from FVMs and correlated their expression of specific markers in culture with that in tissue. METHODS FVMs were obtained from 11 patients with PDR during diabetic vitrectomy surgery and were analyzed with electron microscopy (EM), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), immunohistochemistry, and/or digested with collagenase II for cell isolation and culture. Antibody arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to profile secreted angiogenesis-related proteins in cell culture supernatants. RESULTS EM analysis of the FVMs showed abnormal vessels composed of endothelial cells with large nuclei and plasma membrane infoldings, loosely attached perivascular cells, and stromal cells. The cellular constituents of the FVMs lacked major chromosomal aberrations as shown with CGH. Cells derived from FVMs (C-FVMs) could be isolated and maintained in culture. The C-FVMs retained the expression of markers of cell identity in primary culture, which define specific cell populations including CD31-positive, alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive (SMA), and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP) cells. In primary culture, secretion of angiopoietin-1 and thrombospondin-1 was significantly decreased in culture conditions that resemble a diabetic environment in SMA-positive C-FVMs compared to human retinal pericytes derived from a non-diabetic donor. CONCLUSIONS C-FVMs obtained from individuals with PDR can be isolated, cultured, and profiled in vitro and may constitute a unique resource for the discovery of cell signaling mechanisms underlying PDR that extends beyond current animal and cell culture models.
Performance Evaluation of Gang Scheduling for Parallel and Distributed Multiprogramming

In this paper we explore the performance of various aspects of gang scheduling designs. We developed an event-driven simulator of a vanilla gang scheduler that relies on the Distributed Hierarchical Control (DHC) structure. We also developed three variations of the vanilla gang scheduler that rely on a push-down heuristic and on two job-migration schemes to decrease response times by reducing processor idle time. We evaluated the gang schedulers on a compiled, one-month long history of jobs from the Cornell Theory Center that was scheduled by EASY-LL, a particular version of LoadLeveler with backfilling. Our results demonstrate the significant performance improvements that can be achieved with gang scheduling. They also show the performance impact of various aspects in the design of gang schedulers. We identify and discuss the potential benefits of several approaches for addressing a number of gang scheduling issues that, under certain workload conditions, become important in practice. Our techniques include heuristics for mapping jobs to processors and for choosing time quanta, block paging for reducing memory overheads, and the allocation of multiple time-slices to smaller jobs per timeplexing cycle.
Detection of differentially expressed genes in lymphomas using cDNA arrays: identification of clusterin as a new diagnostic marker for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas

This study reports the first use of gene array technology for the identification of a tumor-specific marker in lymphoid neoplasms. The differential gene expression of 31 hematopoietic cell lines, representing most major lymphoma subgroups of B- and T-cell origin, was assessed by hybridizing labeled complementary DNA to Atlas human expression arrays containing 588 genes. Genes known to be specific for B, T, or myelomonocytic lineages were appropriately identified in the arrays, validating the general utility of this approach. One gene, clusterin , not previously known to be expressed in lymphoid neoplasms, was specifically found in all 4 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines, but not in any of the 27 remaining tumor lines. Using a monoclonal antibody against clusterin, its differential expression was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. A total of 198 primary lymphomas (representing most major lymphoma subtypes), including 36 cases of systemic ALCL, were surveyed for clusterin expression by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. All of the 36 ALCL cases marked for clusterin, with most cases showing moderate to strong staining in the majority of neoplastic cells. Clusterin expression was not related to expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1. With 2 exceptions, none of the remaining 162 non-ALCL cases marked with the clusterin antibody, including Hodgkin disease and primary cutaneous ALCL. In reactive lymphoid tissues, only follicular dendritic cells and fibroblastic reticular cells exhibited staining. Clusterin is a highly conserved glycoprotein implicated in intercellular and cell matrix interactions, regulation of the complement system, lipid transport, stress responses, and apoptosis. Although its function in ALCL is unknown, the unique expression of clusterin within this category of lymphoma provides an additional marker for the diagnosis of ALCL. This study illustrates the enormous potential of gene array technologies for diagnostic marker discovery.
Fluid replacement and heat stress during exercise alter post-exercise cardiac haemodynamics in endurance exercise-trained men

It has been reported that endurance exercise-trained men have decreases in cardiac output with no change in systemic vascular conductance during post-exercise hypotension, which differs from sedentary and normally active populations. As inadequate hydration may explain these differences, we tested the hypothesis that fluid replacement prevents this post-exercise fall in cardiac output, and further, exercise in a warm environment would cause greater decreases in cardiac output. We studied 14 trained men ( 4.66 ± 0.62 l min−1) before and to 90 min after cycling at 60% for 60 min under three conditions: Control (no water was consumed during exercise in a thermoneutral environment), Fluid (water was consumed to match sweat loss during exercise in a thermoneutral environment) and Warm (no water was consumed during exercise in a warm environment). Arterial pressure and cardiac output were measured pre- and post-exercise in a thermoneutral environment. The fall in mean arterial pressure following exercise was not different between conditions (P= 0.453). Higher post-exercise cardiac output (Δ 0.41 ± 0.17 l min−1; P= 0.027), systemic vascular conductance (Δ 6.0 ± 2.2 ml min−1 mmHg−1; P= 0.001) and stroke volume (Δ 9.1 ± 2.1 ml beat−1; P 0.05). These data suggest that fluid replacement mitigates the post-exercise decrease in cardiac output in endurance-exercise trained men. Surprisingly, exercise in a warm environment also mitigates the post-exercise fall in cardiac output.
Making Sense of Integer Arithmetic: The Effect of Using Virtual Manipulatives on Students’ Representational Fluency

this study investigated how the use of virtual manipulatives in integer instruction impacts student achievement for integer addition and subtraction. of particular interest was the influence of using virtual manipulatives on students’ ability to create and translate among representations for integer computation. the research employed a quasi-experimental pretestposttest design. ninety-nine sixth-grade students participated over a four-week period. Six classes were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Students increased in integer computation achievement and demonstrated facility with pictures and written representations. Students had more difficulty creating symbolic representations and making connections among this and other representational forms.
The Magnetospheric Boundary

Magnetic fields deflect charged particles and the fields are somewhat impervious to charged particles not already trapped within them. Thus, as we should expect, the Earth’s magnetic field makes a bubble in the supersonic plasma flowing outward from the Sun and called the solar wind. This bubble in which the Earth’s magnetic field is largely confined and compressed is called the magnetosphere and the boundary between the Earth’s magnetic field on the inside and the turbulent interplanetary plasma and magnetic field on the outside is called magnetopause. The magnetopause is very thin when compared to its radius of curvature (about 10−3 to 10−5) and can be regarded as infinitesimally thin. Within this thin boundary layer electric currents flow which are created by the magnetically deflected plasma. The effect of these currents is to cancel or terminate the geomagnetic field outside the magnetosphere and to augment the geomagnetic dipole field inside since the effect of the outside pressure is to compress the geomagnetic field.
Phase formation and stability of polycrystalline NaxGa4 + xTi1 − xO8, (x ~ 0.7)

Abstract The formation and stability of polycrystalline Na x Ga 4 + x Ti 1 − x O 8 , ( x ~ 0.7) was examined. High temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD) showed that Na x Ga 4 + x Ti 1 − x O 8 , ( x ~ 0.7), begins to form from component oxides and carbonates at ~ 950 °C and shows complete reaction within 24 h while being held at 1050 °C. The desired Na 0.7 Ga 4.7 Ti 0.3 O 8 phase remains only nominally phase pure with residual gallium oxide identifiable. Further heating of the reacted material results in the decomposition of the material beginning at ~ 1200 °C in which Ga 2 O 3 and other intermediate phases are seen in the diffraction pattern.
Becoming a Capoeirista: A Situational Approach to Interpreting a Foreign Cultural Good*

In this manuscript, I examine an understudied mechanism that shapes audience reception and reinterpretation of foreign cultural objects—local interactional situations. I present a case study of how this situation of interaction shapes how one group of students in the United States constructs the meanings of capoeira—a Brazilian martial art. Participant observation data reveal that neither students’ personal motives as consumers nor broad “American” cultural codes fully explain capoeira culture in this group. Instead, capoeira students in this group reinterpret capoeira through a strict style of interaction, which produced a “preservationist” capoeira culture—hierarchical, conformist, and rigidly bound as “Brazilian.” This culture becomes concerned with preservation because it allows them to maintain their shared ground for interaction.
Developing cultural competence and social responsibility in preclinical dental students

Dental student development of cultural competence and social responsibility is recognized by educators as an important element in the overall shaping of minds and attitudes of modem dental practitioners. Yet training modalities to achieve these competencies are not clearly defined, and outcome measurements are elusive. This article shows an effective method to meet these desired outcomes. Sixty-one freshmen (class of 2005) participated in forty hours of nondental community service, and reflective journals were completed by the end of second year. Competency outcomes were measured by selecting key words and phrases found in the individual journals. Key phrases were related to compassion, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. Also, phrases had to be accompanied by written indications of direct program causation. The combination of active-learning (based upon service learning models) in public health settings outside of the dental realm, accompanied by reflective journaling, enhanced cultural understanding and community spirit in the majority of students.
Solution of the travelling-wave tube amplifier equations†

Abstract The coupled differential equations describing the travelling-wave tube amplifier are solved in power series form using properties of the generalized Lucas polynomials.
Daily Metabolic Patterns of Short-Tailed Shrews (Blarina) in Three Natural Seasonal Temperature Regimes

An automatic, continuous-flow gas analysis system was used to determine daily metabolic patterns of individual short-tailed shrews (Blarina) in three natural seasonal temperature regimes in eastern Tennessee. Average daily metabolic rates (ADMR) were lowest in the summer (0.426 kcal g/sup -1/day/sup -1/), approximately doubled under winter conditions (0.810 kcal g/sup -1/day/sup -1/) but were the highest under fall conditions (1.110 kcal g/sup -1/day/sup -1/) possibly due to incomplete acclimatization of the shrews. The shape of the daily metabolic pattern for Blarina does not change seasonally; however, summer metabolic rates are the least variable and are lower than most values previously reported in the literature. Polynomial multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relative influence of body mass, ambient temperature, and time of day on metabolic rates; only ambient temperature was significant in predicting metabolic rates of this shrew. Average daily metabolic rates of Blarina observed under summer and winter conditions further substantiate the general predictive equations of metabolic rates formulated for small mammals by French et al. (1976). Comparisons of metabolic patterns of Blarina with those of Peromyscus leucopus observed under nearly identical conditions indicate similar rates with strong seasonal influences.
Lactating cows become partially refractory to frequent intramammary endotoxin infusions: recovery of milk yield despite a persistently high somatic cell count.

Abstract Midlactation cows were infused with 10 μg endotoxin in the same two homolateral quarters after each of several consecutive milkings to study the effect of prolonged, endotoxin-induced mastitis on lactational performance. The initial infusion induced an acute response with systemic involvement. Inflammation developed in infused quarters, and milk production declined and milk composition was altered in all quarters. Subsequent infusions failed to induce systemic responses. Furthermore, milk yield and composition in uninfused quarters returned to pretreatment levels despite further infusions. In infused quarters, milk yield, protein percentage and serum albumin concentration showed partial recovery during the endotoxin infusion period. In contrast, decreased lactose concentration, and increased cell count, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and lactoferrin levels persisted throughout the infusion period. After infusions were stopped, all measurements returned to near pretreatment levels. These data demonstrate that systemic, but not local, responses become refractory to multiple intramammary endotoxin infusions, and that multiple infusions have continued but little progressive or permanent, inhibitory effects on lactational performance despite a persistent mammary leucocytosis.
Meta‐analysis: the impact of disease activity at conception on disease activity during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Background The rate of exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during pregnancy varies in the published literature. Aim We sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of disease activity at conception on disease course during pregnancy in women with IBD. Methods Published studies and abstracts from standard sources were screened for appropriate studies. Data were pooled and analysed using funnel and forest plots. Quality assessment scores were given using GRADE criteria. Results Fourteen studies were eligible for inclusion; ten studies contained patients with UC (N = 1130), and six studies contained patients with CD (N = 590). In patients with UC there was a significantly higher risk ratio of active disease during pregnancy in patients who commenced pregnancy with active disease (55%), when compared with those in remission at conception (36%) (RR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.5-3, P Conclusions Patients with IBD who conceive when their disease is active are more likely to have active disease during pregnancy than those who conceive when in remission. All studies used in this analysis had a high risk of bias therefore further studies are required.
The synthesis of a key intermediate en route to gelsemine: a program based on intramolecular displacement of the carbonoxygen bond of a strategic oxetane

The synthesis of key intermediate 30 en route to gelsemine has been accomplished from known aldehyde 10 via oxetane 19 featuring stereospecific Claisen rearrangement and Lewis acid-catalyzed oxetane ring opening.
The Single-Layer Solenoid as an RF Transformer

A set of curves is presented which makes it relatively easy to design air-core transformers satisfying a majority of engineering needs. Inductances in the range 0.1 ?h to 10 mh, coupling coefficients in the range 0.001 to 1.0, and inductance ratios up to 100:1 are covered directly. Certain arbitrary restrictions are placed upon the proportions in order to obtain a single set of charts, but the available electrical characteristics are not limited thereby. The proportions of the resulting coils are compatible with large values of Q, but this is seldom important because heavy damping must usually be provided by associated resistors. The derivation and use of the curves is explained.
Three-dimensional mapping of optimal left ventricular pacing site for cardiac resynchronization.

Background— The efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) depends on placement of the left ventricular lead within the late-activated territory. The geographic extent and 3-dimensional distribution of left ventricular (LV) locations yielding optimal CRT remain unknown. Methods and Results— Normal or tachypacing-induced failing canine hearts made dyssynchronous by right ventricular free wall pacing or chronic left bundle-branch ablation were acutely instrumented with a nonconstraining epicardial elastic sock containing 128 electrodes interfaced with a computer-controlled stimulation/recording system. Biventricular CRT was performed using a fixed right ventricular site and randomly selected LV sites covering the entire free wall. For each LV site, global cardiac function (conductance catheter) and mechanical synchrony (magnetic resonance imaging tagging) were determined to yield 3-dimensional maps reflecting CRT impact. Optimal CRT was achieved from LV lateral wall sites, slightly more anterior th...
Adenosine receptor antagonists and behavioral activation in NF-κB p50 subunit knockout mice

Aims Our previous work revealed that mice lacking the p50 subunit of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p50 KO mice) and genetically intact F2 mice have similar locomotion under basal conditions, yet p50 KO mice show greater locomotor activation after caffeine ingestion. In this report, we test whether KO mice display altered caffeine pharmacokinetics or increased caffeine-induced DA turnover relative to F2 mice, and evaluate the impact of intraperitoneal administration of specific adenosine and DA receptor antagonists on locomotor activity.
A comparison of resonance tuning with positive versus negative sensory feedback

We used a computational model of rhythmic movement to analyze how the connectivity of sensory feedback affects the tuning of a closed-loop neuromechanical system to the mechanical resonant frequency (ωr). Our model includes a Matsuoka half-center oscillator for a central pattern generator (CPG) and a linear, one-degree-of-freedom system for a mechanical component. Using both an open-loop frequency response analysis and closed-loop simulations, we compared resonance tuning with four different feedback configurations as the mechanical resonant frequency, feedback gain, and mechanical damping varied. The feedback configurations consisted of two negative and two positive feedback connectivity schemes. We found that with negative feedback, resonance tuning predominantly occurred when ωr was higher than the CPG’s endogenous frequency (ωCPG). In contrast, with the two positive feedback configurations, resonance tuning only occurred if ωr was lower than ωCPG. Moreover, the differences in resonance tuning between the two positive (negative) feedback configurations increased with increasing feedback gain and with decreasing mechanical damping. Our results indicate that resonance tuning can be achieved with positive feedback. Furthermore, we have shown that the feedback configuration affects the parameter space over which the endogenous frequency of the CPG or resonant frequency the mechanical dynamics dominates the frequency of a rhythmic movement.
O.R. in the Company Car Fleet: When Simple is Efficient

The management of a large fleet of company vehicles represents a significant administrative activity, particularly when the company is a motor vehicle manufacturer and the fleet consists of its own products. The approach taken by the Operational Research Group was to cross departmental boundaries to smooth vehicle ordering, reduce inventories of vehicles awaiting delivery and optimize resale values. The method steers between two potential pitfalls: that of ‘optimizing’ one affected department to the detriment of others, and that of developing sophisticated scheduling and forecasting algorithms which the users would not understand and therefore not trust.
Hormonal control of tanning in the American cockroach: Changes in blood cell permeability during ecdysis

Abstract The content of diuretic hormone (DH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and tanning hormone (bursicon) in the haemolymph have been determined for several periods during the moulting process in Periplaneta americana. ADH builds up immediately prior to the ecdysis and causes the blood volume to increase. DH and bursicon rise simultaneously after the ecdysis which results in a dramatic decrease in blood volume. Further investigations have shown that blood cell permeability to tyrosine is enhanced by post-ecdysis blood and by partially purified hormone preparations. From these data (and from separation procedures which indicate a similar molecular weight for DH and bursicon) it is postulated that DH and tanning hormone may be analogous. Tanning hormone or DH may serve the function of increasing the blood cell permeability to tyrosine and thus allowing the subsequent formation of N-acetyl dopamine.
Real-Time, Integrated, and Ergonomic Analysis of Dust Exposure During Manual Materials Handling

Abstract Past studies have shown that ventilation does not always provide complete dust control during the manual weigh-out and transfer of powders. However, these studies have not shown where the dust emission sources are located. A field study was conducted in a plastics manufacturing plant to evaluate factors affecting worker dust exposure at a ventilated booth which was used for the weigh-out and transfer of powdered materials. A unique study plan was formulated utilizing real-time air sampling and short-term air sampling in conjunction with an ergonomic evaluation to determine activities or factors associated with dust exposure. The factors and activities evaluated were depth of scooping, cleanliness of the workers' clothing, worker anthropometry, and work practices. Realtime air sampling and work cycle evaluation showed that dust concentrations were highest when the worker was scooping material out of the drum, and these levels increased dramatically when the worker placed his breathing zone inside ...
Genome‐wide screening of alpha‐tocopherol sensitive genes in heart tissue from alpha‐tocopherol transfer protein null mice (ATTP−/−)

Alpha tocopherol transfer protein (ATTP) null mice (ATTP−/−) have a systemic deficiency of alpha-tocopherol (AT). The heart AT levels of ATTP−/− are <10% of those in ATTP+/+ mice. The genomic responses of heart to AT deficiency were determined in 3 months old male ATTP−/− mice and compared with their ATTP+/+ littermate controls using Affymetrix 430A 2.0 high density oligonucleotide arrays. Differential analysis of ~13,000 genes identified repression of genes related to immune system and activation of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammation with no significant change in the expression of classical antioxidant genes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) in ATTP−/− as compared to ATTP+/+ mice. The present data identifies novel classes of AT sensitive genes in heart tissue.
Characteristics and educational support needs of underrepresented gifted adolescents

The purpose of this article is to present the characteristics and needs of adolescent students who are underrepresented in gifted programs. The specific populations of underrepresented gifted youth who will be addressed in this article include young women, students with learning disabilities, and students living in poverty. The academic and social-emotional needs of students from underrepresented populations will be presented, followed by strategies professionals can use to support these students. The importance of developing more sensitive identification and outreach programs for these youth is clearly illuminated by their social-emotional characteristics and academic underachievement. It is important to create support strategies for students at the secondary level, as this may be their last point of entry in the educational system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The magnetospheric response to the CME passage of January 10-11, 1997, as seen at geosynchronous orbit

The response of the magnetosphere to the passage of the January 10–11, 1997 coronal mass ejection (CME) is described from the vantage point of geosynchronous orbit. Salient aspects of the observed response include 1) the global compression of the magnetosphere, including plasma sheet density enhancements and geosynchronous magnetopause crossings; 2) strongly stretched magnetotail field, with attendant substorm activity; 3) enhanced magnetospheric convection, leading to plasmaspheric erosion and dayside drainage; 4) no detectable superdense plasma sheet; and 5) propagating plasma-sheet density fronts. The various aspects are related to the variations in the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field impinging on the magnetosphere.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Education on the College Campus: The Mandate and the Challenge

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is associated with developing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is increasing within the college population. College professionals share in the mandate to implement AIDS education programs designed to raise awareness and offer more effective decision-making and coping skills. One such program follows.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia and pregnancy. A case report

Background. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is an uncommon form of acute myeloid leukemia usually associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Pregnancy in patients with APL requires special consideration to maximize the probability of survival of both mother and fetus. Methods. A patient with APL diagnosed during pregnancy who developed DIC is described. Obstetric and oncologic management of this difficult patient is discussed, and a pertinent literature review of pregnancy in APL is presented. Results. Of 23 pregnancies in patients with APL reported in the literature (including the present patient), 19 yielded live births, including 8 of 12 who received chemotherapy during late pregnancy and all 3 patients who received all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) during late pregnancy. Chemotherapy or ATRA induced complete remission in 72% of treated patients. Conclusions. Proper management of pregnant patients with APL usually results in a live birth and complete remission of the mother's leukemia, despite the potentially devastating consequences of DIG, which is present at diagnosis in most patients.Cancer 1995; 76:2237–41.
Avian cholera and organochlorine residues in an American oystercatcher

Pasteurella multocida, the causative bacterium of avian cholera, was isolated from cultures of the liver and heart blood of a female, adult American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) found dead on the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, in May 1973. This is apparently the first record of avian cholera in the oystercatcher. Low levels of DDE were identified in tissues of the oystercatcher.
Theoretical investigation of mass transport to arterial walls in various blood flow regions— I. flow field and lipoprotein transport

Abstract A theoretical investigation was carried out to acquire an understanding of lipoprotein transport through blood and accumulation on arterial walls in various blood flow regions that occur in arteries. The analysis indicated the coupling relation between various hypotheses for atherogenesis (Part I) and in particular showed the relationship between the filtrate (Part I) and metabolic (Part II) hypotheses. The predicted elevation of lipoprotein density at the wall is believed to increase the driving potential for lipid transport into the wall. The parametric study indicated that higher filtrate velocities and smaller diffusion coefficients increase the accumulation of lipoproteins at the wall, with larger accumulation predicted in decelerated flow regions and separation locations on the back side of atheromas, at constrictions, and at arterial branches. The analysis provides a foundation for subsequent experimental investigations of various quantities that are hardly known in vivo , such as filtrate velocity, diffusion coefficient, atheroma size, and reduced flow rates associated with partial obstructions to blood flow. There is also little information in vivo on the chemical and mechanical processes that occur at the endothelial surface which determine the permeability of the vascular interface. Meaningful measurements are needed in vivo to determine the actual transport and accumulation of lipoproteins and to test some of the ideas that have emerged from the analysis that was based on the conservation principles of fluid dynamics and diffusing lipoproteins for laminar, boundary layer flow at a speed averaged over the cardiac cycle.
Clinical potential of AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists

Abstract Recent advances in the pharmacology and molecular biology of AMPA/kainate receptors have catalyzed an appreciation of the importance of these receptors in the pathogenesis of certain diseases of the nervous system. It appears likely that blockade of AMPA/kainate receptors will constitute a useful therapeutic strategy in selected clinical settings.
Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD

We present measurements of dust reddening using the colors of stars with spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We measure reddening as the difference between the measured and predicted colors of a star, as derived from stellar parameters from the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration Stellar Parameter Pipeline. We achieve uncertainties of 56, 34, 25, and 29 mmag in the colors u – g, g – r, r – i, and i – z, per star, though the uncertainty varies depending on the stellar type and the magnitude of the star. The spectrum-based reddening measurements confirm our earlier "blue tip" reddening measurements, finding reddening coefficients different by –3%, 1%, 1%, and 2% in u – g, g – r, r – i, and i – z from those found by the blue tip method, after removing a 4% normalization difference. These results prefer an RV = 3.1 Fitzpatrick reddening law to O'Donnell or Cardelli et al. reddening laws. We provide a table of conversion coefficients from the Schlegel et al. (SFD) maps of E(B – V) to extinction in 88 bandpasses for four values of RV , using this reddening law and the 14% recalibration of SFD first reported by Schlafly et al. and confirmed in this work.
Removable sets and approximation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions on combinatorial graphs

A new concept of a removable set of vertices on a combinatorial graph is introduced. It is shown that eigenfunctions of a combinatorial Laplace operator L on a graph G which correspond to small eigenvalues can be reconstructed as limits of the so-called variational splines. Spaces of such variational splines determined by uniqueness sets which are compliments of removable sets. It is important that in some cases this spaces have very small dimension and can be described explicitly. It is shown that small eigenvalues of L can be approximated by eigenvalues of certain matrices acting in spline spaces. The results have potential applications to various problems such as high-dimensional data dimension reduction, image processing, computer graphics, visualization and learning theory.
Deflections of desire in the rules of the game: Reflections on the theater of history

(1982). Deflections of desire in the rules of the game: Reflections on the theater of history. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 251-261.
Decision support for rule, and technique discovery in an uncertain environment

For many applications it is desirable to construct expert systems to be used as decision aids. It is often essential that the algorithm make decisions at least at the quality level of the best human experts according to some measure. The algorithm should not only incorporate human expertise and its related uncertainty, but also be able to exploit an opponent's uncertainty. In many instances, due to newly emerging paradigms, the necessary human expertise does not exist. Approaches based on fuzzy logic, fuzzy number theory, evolutionary algorithms, game theory, and fuzzy linear and nonlinear programming have been developed that allow the automatic inversion of rules from data bases. The rules discovered are shown to be equivalent to rules already developed by human experts or in the case, where no human being has expertise, to be original. Along with the theoretical basis, an application to electronic warfare, and related experimental results are given.
Graphic three-dimensional representations from serial sections*

SUMMARY A method is described whereby steric configurations and surface contours may be produced in schematic form from serial light or electron micrographs. The resultant illustration, similar to those used by cartographers, is easily prepared and obviates the necessity of publishing large numbers of half-tone micrographs to substantiate the analysis.
SOUND GENERATED BY TURBULENCE AND DISCRETE VORTICES INTERACTING WITH A PERFORATED ELASTIC PLATE IN LOW-MACH-NUMBER FLOW

An analytical model is developed of the production of sound by turbulence and discrete vortex structures in low-Mach-number flow over single or multiple apertures in a thin elastic plate. The aperture dimension is comparable to or larger than the length scale of the unsteady flow, and in the undisturbed state an aperture is spanned by a vortex sheet. This sheet is assumed to be linearly disturbed from its planar form by the hydrodynamic pressure field of the flow. The strength of the radiation is dependent on the generalized Rayleigh conductivity K R (k,ω), which defines the volume flux through an aperture when a pressure disturbance of frequency ω and wavenumber κ in the plane of the plate is applied to the vortex sheet. Detailed results are given for rectangular apertures of large aspect ratio, whose conductivity is known in closed form, and application made to determine the sound produced when a line vortex is swept over an isolated aperture in a rigid or elastic plate. The problem of noise generation by boundary-layer flow over a thin, perforated elastic plate is investigated for large apertures, where the aperture diameter exceeds the boundary-layer displacement thickness. The predicted sound power produced by turbulent wall pressures whose length scales are smaller than the streamwise dimension of the apertures is shown to be significantly larger than traditional estimates that ignore the shear layer. Numerical results are given for a rigid perforated plate, and for a perforated steel plate in water.
The prosodic expression of anger: Differentiating threat and frustration

A theory relating aggression and the pitch of vocalizations [Ohala, 1983, 1984] predicts that the expression of anger in humans should have a low pitch; however, experimentally anger is found to have a high pitch. A possible resolution of this discrepancy is that there are two different prosodic expressions of anger, one with low pitch and one with high pitch. To investigate this possibility, 27 different expressions of the phrase “Don't do that” were tape-recorded. Subjects first rated how angry each utterance sounded and then categorized each utterance as expressing either frustration, threat, disgust, advice, or emotional neutrality. Some utterances were rated as angry and categorized as frustration; other utterances were also rated as angry, but categorized as threat. Frustration correlated with higher fundamental frequency (F0). Threat did not correlate with lower F0, but it correlated with lower perceived pitch.
Bandwidth-optimal single shunt-capacitor matching networks for parallel RC loads of Q ≫ 1

In this paper we demonstrate an optimized matching network that maximizes the matching bandwidth for parallel RC loads with quality factors greater than unity. The matching network includes a transmission line and a single shunt capacitor. We systematically investigate the dependance of the network's bandwidth on the impedance and electrical length of the transmission line. Results show that high impedance lines always yield maximum bandwidth for parallel RC loads with Q ≫ 1. A 4.3∶1 MEMS varactor-based tunable matching network is measured as a vehicle to demonstrate these results. In particular, we find that up to a two-fold increase in the 10-dB reflection bandwidth is possible by utilizing high impedance lines. Wih a single 4.3∶1 MEMS varactor a measured bandwidth of over 136% is obtained.
Acute toxicity and gross behavioral effects of amphetamine, four methoxyamphetamines, and mescaline in rodents, dogs, and monkeys

Abstract Mescaline (MES) and d -amphetamine (AMP) served as reference agents in a study of acute toxic and behavioral effects of four methoxy derivatives of AMP: dl -4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), dl -2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA), dl -2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), and dl -2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). Acute (24-hr) LD50 values were determined in mice (iv and oral), rats (ip), and dogs (iv). Estimation of the iv lethal dose range for each agent was conducted in a small number of rhesus monkeys. In terms of millimoles per kilogram of the base, MES was consistently the least toxic, whereas DOB or DOM was the most toxic for all species except the mouse. AMP was the most toxic for the mouse and was third in toxicity for all other species. At lethal and sublethal doses of these agents, observations were made for their effects on automatic, motor, and CNS functions and on behaviors possibly correlating with human hallucinogenic effects. According to the resulting profiles, DMA, DOM, and DOB had effects most similar to those of MES, whereas PMA had more in common with AMP. Howeve, PMA, like the other three derivatives and mescaline, caused visual tracking in monkeys and dogs, a sign which may reflect a hallucinatory action.
Conversion of Succinic Acid to Glucose in the Phloridzinized Dog

SummaryIn the phloridzinized dog the changes in the D:N ratio indicate that small doses of succinic acid are entirely converted to dextrose (2 mols. succinic acid = 1 mol. glucose). When larger doses are given a smaller percentage is excreted in the urine as sugar but anti-ketogenic and nitrogen sparing activity indicate its conversion to dextrose before being burned.