cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine triphosphatase activity of bovine milk fat globule membranes

Abstract 1. The occurence of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the bovine ( Bos typicus primigenius ) milk fat globule membrane was examined. All preparations investigated hydrolyzed ATP. In addition, the 5′-triphosphates of uridine, guanosine and cytidine were also hydrolyzed. 2. Globule membrane ATPase activity was strongly activated by Mg 2+ and was stimulated by K + . Sodium did not enhance hydrolysis and, in high concentrations, inhibited the reaction. 3. The fat globule membrane ATPase displayed a pH optimum at 8·5, a temperature optimum of 55°C and an activation energy of 10,200 cal/mole. The K m for ATP was 5·68 × 10 −5 M . 4. The lack of a Na + -dependent ATPase in the fat globule membrane coupled with the known plasmalemma derivation of this membrane suggests that sodium is not actively transported through the apical plasma membrane of mammary secretory cells during lactation.
Atomic Heats of Normal and Superconducting Thallium

The atomic heats of thallium have been measured in the liquid helium temperature range. In the normal state the atomic heat varies with temperature according to the form: ${C}_{n}=\ensuremath{\gamma}T+464.4{(\frac{T}{\ensuremath{\theta}})}^{3}$ cal/mole deg in which $\ensuremath{\gamma}=6.11\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cal/mole ${\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}=86.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. In the superconducting state, at temperatures below $0.9{T}_{c}$, the electronic specific heat obeys the relationship: ${C}_{\mathrm{SE}}=\ensuremath{\gamma}{T}_{c}A\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}{T}_{c}}{T})$ cal/mole deg, in which $A=5.8$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1.3$. These results lend support to the suggestion made in consequence of recent measurements of the atomic heats of aluminum, vanadium, and tin that the electronic specific heat may in general be an exponential function of temperature. They do not confirm, however, the suggestion that there exists a law of corresponding states among superconductors.
Silent boundary for time domain wave motion analyses based on direct energy deletion

A new specialized method to simulate the radiation condition of unbounded domains is developed. This method is of the so called ‘local type’ and it is designed for semi-discretized finite models analysed in the time domain, considering linear elastic behaviour of the exterior unbounded domain and arbitrary nonlinear behaviour of the interior. The principle of the proposed method is based on erasing the wave energy in an extended boundary region so that the front of reflected waves is continually held back from the interior of the finite model. This is achieved via a simple numerical scheme which maintains a wave field continuity that can be handled by the discretized system without creating numerical wave shocks. It has turned out that the accuracy of the method is a function of the size of the extended boundary region; the larger the bondary region, the better the accuracy.
Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of the Mammalian Cytoplasmic Dynein Intermediate Chain

Cytoplasmic dynein is a multisubunit protein complex responsible for the intracellular movement of membranous organelles and other cargo along microtubules. The heavy chains contain the motor domains, while the intermediate chain and other subunits are important for binding to cargo. There are at least five different intermediate chain polypeptides, the products of alternative splicing of two genes. The cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chains are also phosphorylated. The expression of the different intermediate chain mRNAs is characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions using oligonucleotide primers appropriate for the alternative splicing sites. The presence of the different intermediate chain polypeptide isoforms is determined by two-dimensional gel analysis of cytoplasmic dynein samples. The phosphorylation state of the polypeptides is determined by treatment of immunoprecipitated cytoplasmic dynein with protein phosphatase and analysis of changes in polypeptide spot distribution after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The Promotion of Linguistic Diversity in Multilingual Settings: Policy and Reality in Post-Apartheid South Africa.

The South African case raises a number of important issues of concern for those interested in language policy and language planning: issues of multilingualism, linguistic diversity, linguistic integration, linguistic equity, and language rights. South Africa is fascinating for those interested in matters of language because it is characterized by elements of both the ‘developed’ and the ‘developing’ worlds, and thus, to some extent, provides us with a microcosm of the broader international issues related to language. In the years since the 1994 election, South Africa has begun seriously and thoughtfully to address many of the challenges related to language and language policy that will face virtually all societies in the next century. Its experiences in this regard are both telling and significant, and have far broader implications for other societies. This article provides a brief discussion of the historical use of language policy and language planning in the South African context, and explores recent developments in South Africa with respect to language policy. Finally, it identifies and discusses possible lessons for efforts to promote linguistic diversity in multilingual settings.
Metabolic studies with a steroid isolated from the urine of patients with "salt-losing" congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

ABSTRACT 3β,16α-Dihyclroxy-allopregnan-20-one, isolated from the urine of patients with “salt-losing” virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, has been reported to induce sodium excretion in rats. Administration of this compound to 5 human subjects (with and without adrenocortical disease) in dosages up to 400 mg. per day failed to modify electrolyte excretion.
Vibrational averaging of chemical shift anisotropies in model peptides

The effects of chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) are evident in line-shapes or side-band analysis in solid-state NMR, in the observed line positions in partially oriented samples, and in relaxation effects in liquid-state studies. In all of these cases, the effective shielding tensor is influenced by fast vibrational averaging in addition to larger-amplitude internal motions and to overall libration or rotation. Here we compute the contributions of vibrational averaging (including zero-point motions) to the CSA relaxation strengths for the nitrogen and carbonyl carbon in two simple peptide models, and for snapshots taken from a path-integral simulation of a small protein. Because the 15N shielding tensor is determined by all the atoms of the peptide group, it is less influenced by vibrational motion than (for example) the N–H dipolar interaction, which is more sensitive to the motion of the light hydrogen atom. Computed order parameters for CSA averaging are hence much closer to unity than are N–H dipolar order parameters. This leads to a reduction by about 9% in the magnitude of the amide nitrogen CSA that is needed to fit liquid-state relaxation data. Similar considerations apply to the carbonyl carbon shielding tensor, but in this case the differences between dipolar and CSA averaging are smaller. These considerations will be important for making comparisons between CSA tensors extracted from various NMR experiments, and for comparisons to quantum chemical calculations carried out on static conformers.
Removal of Cu+2 Ions from Solution Using Cellulose–Poly (Acrylic Acid) and Poly (4-Vinyl) Pyridine Based Materials That Were Deposited Using Plasma Technique

ABSTRACT Filter paper (100% cellulose) was treated with either a 25% solution of polyacrylic acid (PAA) or poly (4-vinyl) pyridine powder (PVP). The dried paper was held under vacuum, treated with a 5% solution of PAA, heated and washed. The treated paper was then exposed to Ar-plasma to crosslink the PAA on the surface of the paper. The paper was dried, washed again and dried again. The treated paper was then tested for its ability to remove Cu++ from solution at different concentrations and different pH conditions. The PAA/Ar-plasma removed 350 mg Cu++ per gram of PAA while the PVP/Ar-plasma removed 19 mg Cu++ per gram of PVP. Untreated paper removed very little Cu++ from solution.
Rapid purification of topoisomerase I from human breast cancer cells by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The DNA regulatory enzyme topoisomerase I (TpI) from human breast cancer cells has been analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the first time. Cells were homogenized in Tris buffer and TpI activity was extracted with 0.5 M sodium chloride. Negatively supercoiled plasmid pBR322 was used as the substrate to monitor TpI activity, as judged by relaxed products, analyzed on 1% agarose gels. HPLC in the anion-exchange mode (HPIEC) provided an approximately 6-fold purification of the enzyme. Enhanced purification was subsequently obtained by chromatography of a HPIEC eluate on size-exclusion columns (30- to 60-fold). Recovery of TpI from size-exclusion columns, whether used in multistep analysis or as the first step, was dependent on inclusion of organic solvent, 1-propanol (0.5%, v/v), in the mobile phase. Marked resolution of TpI activity was observed with HPIEC on a SynChrom CM-300 column. Enzyme activity was noted in the void volume, at 150–200 mM phosphate and at 250–350 mM phosphate. TpI purification was 10- and 120-fold in the latter two peaks, respectively. Silver-stained polyacrylamide gels of TpI-containing activity, eluted from a CM-300 column, showed considerable purification of all but the void volume fraction. A distinct protein band at approximately 88–90 kD was seen in the peak eluted from the CM-300 column with 250–350 mM phosphate. These results indicate that HPLC is useful for rapid purification of the labile enzyme, TpI, in the analysis of its structure—function relationship.
Genome Mining To Identify New Plant Triterpenoids

Arabidopsis thaliana is a well-established model organism for plant genetics, and its recently sequenced genome reveals a wealth of enzymes similar to known examples that biosynthesize secondary metabolites. We describe experiments that exploit this genomic information to identify novel terpenoids. A predicted open reading frame with high similarity to known oxidosqualene cyclases was shown to convert 3(S)-oxidosqualene to the previously unknown triterpene alcohol (3S,13S,14R)-malabarica-8,17,21-trien-3-ol, which we named thalianol. Genome mining offers a systematic approach to exhaustively characterize the biosynthetic potential of an organism, and is considerably more sensitive than classical approaches. Because even rare transcripts can be heterologously expressed at high levels, genome mining coupled to heterologous expression may be more sensitive than classical extraction approaches for isolating and characterizing trace metabolites.
Ontogeny and effects of hypothalamic pituitary disconnection on formation of inositol trisphosphate in fetal sheep pituitary cells.

In late gestation fetal sheep, the pituitary becomes increasingly responsive to stimulation by arginine vasopressin (AVP). This change appears to be one important factor mediating the plasma cortisol surge, a critical developmental event. It is not known precisely why pituitary corticotropes become more responsive at this time. In this study we examined the possibility that changes in second messenger generation [inositol trisphosphate (IP3)] are responsible. Two studies were undertaken. The first was an ontogeny study, where pituitaries were isolated from 100-, 120-, and 140-d gestational age (dGA) fetal sheep. Cells were cultured, stimulated with AVP, and the formation of IP3 assessed. The amount of IP3 generated increased with gestational age (percent increases from unstimulated controls were 4.6, 11.5, and 21.5 for 100, 120, and 140 dGA, respectively), with significant differences between the 140-dGA group and both earlier groups apparent. The second study examined the impact of 120-dGA hypothalamo-pi...
Hybrids of [TSAO-T]-[foscarnet]: The first conjugate of foscarnet with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor through a labile covalent ester bond.

This paper describes the first example of combination of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as TSAO derivatives and foscarnet (PFA) in a single molecule through a labile covalent ...
Decision-making organization and pastoral nomad camp size

It is suggested on both theoretical and empirical grounds that both central tendency and maximum potential range of variation in camp size among a variety of pastoral nomad groups is heavily constrained by limitations on the ability of individuals and small groups to monitor and process information in decision-making contexts.
Relation Between Common Allergic Symptoms and Coronary Heart Disease Among NHANES III Participants

We investigated whether there is an increased risk of coronary heart diseases (CHD) in those with common allergic symptoms using the NHANES III, which is a representative sample of the United States population in 1988 to 1994. CHD was defined by Rose questionnaire and history of heart attack. Allergic symptoms were categorized into no symptoms (NO), rhinoconjunctivitis without wheezing (RC), and wheezing (WZ) based on symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) of CHD. Eight thousand six hundred fifty-three nonpregnant subjects ≥20 years old with overnight fasting ≥8 hours were included. CHD was present in 5.9% of the population; 36.5% did not have allergic symptoms (NO), 45.9% had RC, and 17.6% had WZ. The prevalence of CHD was 3.9% in NO, 4.8% in RC, and 12.8% in WZ (p
Selective Stabilization of a Partially Unfolded Protein by a Metabolite

When proteins fold in vivo, the intermediates that exist transiently on their folding pathways are exposed to the potential interactions with a plethora of metabolites within the cell. However, these potential interactions are commonly ignored. Here, we report a case in which a ubiquitous metabolite interacts selectively with a nonnative conformation of a protein and facilitates protein folding and unfolding process. From our previous proteomics study, we have discovered that Escherichia coli glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which is not known to bind ATP under native conditions, is apparently destabilized in the presence of a physiological concentration of ATP. To decipher the origin of this surprising effect, we investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of folding and unfolding of GAPDH in the presence of ATP. Equilibrium unfolding of the protein in urea showed that a partially unfolded equilibrium intermediate accumulates in the presence of ATP. This intermediate has a quaternary structure distinct from the native protein. Also, ATP significantly accelerates the unfolding of GAPDH by selectively stabilizing a transition state that is distinct from the native state of the protein. Moreover, ATP also significantly accelerates the folding of GAPDH. These results demonstrate that ATP interacts specifically with a partially unfolded form of GAPDH and affects the kinetics of folding and unfolding of this protein. This unusual effect of ATP on the folding of GAPDH implies that endogenous metabolites may facilitate protein folding in vivo by interacting with partially unfolded intermediates.
Serotonin model of schizophrenia: emerging role of glutamate mechanisms.

The serotonin (5-HT) hypothesis of schizophrenia arose from early studies on interactions between the hallucinogenic drug LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) and 5-HT in peripheral systems. More recent studies have shown that the two major classes of psychedelic hallucinogens, the indoleamines (e.g., LSD) and phenethylamines (e.g. , mescaline), produce their central effects through a common action upon 5-HT(2) receptors. This review focuses on two brain regions, the locus coeruleus and the cerebral cortex, where the actions of indoleamine and the phenethylamine hallucinogens have been shown to be mediated by 5-HT(2A) receptors; in each case, the hallucinogens (via 5-HT(2A) receptors) have been found to enhance glutamatergic transmission. In the prefrontal cortex, 5-HT(2A)-receptors stimulation increases the release of glutamate, as indicated by a marked increase in the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic potentials/currents (EPSPs/EPSCs) in the apical dendritic region of layer V pyramidal cells; this effect is blocked by inhibitory group II/III metabotropic glutamate agonists acting presynaptically and by an AMPA/kainate glutamate antagonist, acting postsynaptically at non-NMDA glutamate receptors. A major alternative drug model of schizophrenia, previously believed to be entirely distinct from that of the psychedelic hallucinogens, is based on the psychotomimetic properties of antagonists of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor (e.g., phencylidine and ketamine). However, recently it has been found that many of the effects of the NMDA antagonists may also (1) involve 5-HT(2A) receptors and (2) be mediated through excess activity at non-NMDA (i.e., AMPA/kainate) glutamate receptors. Moreover, pharmacological manipulations of glutamate transmission (e. g., by inhibitory metabotropic glutamate agonists) provide unexpected parallels between the actions of these two classes of drugs. Given an emerging recognition of the importance of alterations in glutamatergic transmission in the actions of both psychedelic hallucinogens an NMDA antagonists, this review concludes with of implications for the pathophysiology and therapy of schizophrenia.
Drug induced reversal of brain damage in the rat

Abstract Lesions in the medial forebrain bundle of the rat produced both an increased sensitivity to electric-foot shock and a decrease in the telencephalic content of serotonin. Administration of dl -5-hydroxytryptophan reversed the effects of the lesion on shock sensitivity. Only l -5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of serotonin in brain, was effective. Equimolar dosages of either d -5-hydroxytryptophan or l -dihydroxyphenylalanine had no effect. It was suggested that sensitivity to a painful stimulus is in part determined by the telencephalic content of serotonin.
Evaluation of distribution fault diagnosis algorithms using ROC curves

In power distribution fault data, the percentage of faults with different causes could be very different and varies from region to region. This data imbalance issue seriously affects the performance evaluation of fault diagnosis algorithms. Due to the limitations of conventional accuracy (ACC) and geometric mean (G-mean) measures, this paper discusses the application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in evaluating distribution fault diagnosis performance. After introducing how to obtain ROC curves, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Immune Recognition Systems (AIRS), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm are compared using ROC curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) on real-world fault datasets from Progress Energy Carolinas. Experimental results show that AIRS performs best most of the time and ANN is potentially a good algorithm with a proper decision threshold.
The role of vortices in the magnetization process of small dimension permalloy films

A micromagnetic model has been developed for small dimensional permalloy films, such as those being considered for high density recording. The results show that variations in the magnetization occur through the formation of vortices which give rise to Barkhausen noise in the transfer curve.
Involvement of Ca2+/CaM in the signal transduction of acetylcholine regulating stomatal movement

It has been known that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) also exists in plants and is able to regulate the movement of stomata. In another aspect, Ca2+/CaM as the second messengers have a critical role of signal transduction in stomatal guard-cell. Here we showed that Ca2+/CaM were also involved in the ACh regulated stomatal movement. In the medium containing Ca2+, the Ca2+ channel blockers (NIF and Ver) and CaM inhibitors (TFP and W7) could neutralize the ACh induced stomatal opening, however, they are ineffective in the medium containing K+. Those results indicated that Ca2+/CaM were involved in the signal transduction pathway of ACh regulating stomatal movement.
Anorexia nervosa with comorbid psychosis and borderline mental retardation: A case report

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is often associated with comorbid depression or anxiety, but rarely with mental retardation or psychosis. Methods The present report describes the case of a 22 year-old woman who met diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, borderline mental retardation, and schizoaffective disorder. Results and Discussion The case highlights the difficulties in differential diagnosis with these seemingly incompatible disorders. It also provides some insights into the unclear relationship between anorexia nervosa and these comorbid conditions. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 478–482, 2002.
Cytidine methylation in buds released from dormancy with 6-benzylaminopurine

Abstract This paper shows that the methylation of macromolecules of tobacco buds occurs during the early phases of bud release from dormancy by the exogenous application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). We also show by co-chromatography with authentic 5-methylcytidine that one of the methylated nucleosides recovered from macromolecules of stimulated buds is methylcytidine.
The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 regulates localization and function of the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax

HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent for ATL. The virally encoded regulatory protein Tax is critical to the oncogenic process and a variety of biological activities are attributed to the protein. Tax localizes to the nucleus where it has been reported to impair the cellular DNA damage response and activate viral and cellular gene transcription. Tax also exhibits nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and in response to DNA damage translocates to the cytoplasm where it initiates activation of anti-apoptotic NFκB signaling. Thus, subcellular compartmentalization drives Tax function and likely plays an important role in HTLV-1 biology and host disease development. Although it seems clear that post-translational modification of Tax by ubiquitin/SUMO dictates subcellular localization, it is not clear how this process is regulated. We present evidence that RNF4, a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL), mediates nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of Tax. Over-expression of RNF4 but not an RNF4 RING mutant resulted in a dramatic cytoplasmic enrichment of Tax. Concomitant with the RNF4-induced cytoplasmic accumulation of Tax was an increase in “cytoplasmic” (NFkB activation) and decrease in “nuclear” (HTLV-LTR activation) Tax functions. We demonstrated that RNF4 binds adjacent to the putative Tax ubiquitin/SUMO modification sites K280/K284 suggesting that Tax may be a substrate for RNF4. Indeed, we show that RNF4, but not RNF4 RING mutant, ubiquitylates Tax both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, depletion of RNF4 by RNAi prevents the nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of Tax following DNA damage. These results provide important new insights into STUbL mediated pathways that regulate the functional dynamics of viral oncogenes.
Hepatitis B vaccine.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a health problem that affects numerous infants and children in the United States. Approximately 4000 to 6000 new infections occur each year in children and adolescents; most often they become infected without obvious clinical manifestations. Some persons become chronically infected, and this asymptomatic chronically infected population serves as a reservoir for HBV. Immunization of all newborn infants and adolescents for HBV is a vital step toward eradicating HBV from the general population. Pediatric nurse practitioners are in a strategic position to provide education and the carry out immunization efforts that will dramatically decrease the morbidity associated with HBV.
A Case Study of the Alignment between Curriculum and Assessment in the New York State Earth Science Standards-Based System

In a standards-based system, it is important for all components of the system to align in order to achieve the intended goals. No Child Left Behind law mandates that assessments be fully aligned with state standards, be valid, reliable and fair, be reported to all stakeholders, and provide evidence that all students in the state are meeting the standards. This study reports an analysis of the alignment between the National Science Education Standards (NSES), New York State Physical Setting/Earth Science Core Curriculum (Core Curriculum) and New York State Physical Setting/Earth Science Regents Examination (Regents Exam)—the sources teachers use for creating Earth Science curricula in New York State. The NSES were found to have a 49 % overlap with the Core Curriculum and a 27 % overlap with the Regents Exam. The Core Curriculum and Regents Exam, represented by matrices consisting of performance indicators and cognitive demands, were compared using the Porter Alignment Index. The alignment was 0.35, categorized as slightly aligned, due to the different emphases on cognitive levels. The Core focused on cognitive skills of Understand and Apply while the Regents concentrated more on Apply followed by Understand and Remember. It is suggested that the NSES be revised and the Core updated to include quantifiable emphasis on the major understandings such as percentage of time.
Lessons for the Modern Campaign from the University of Virginia

This article chronicles the University of Virginia's first capital campaign and provides historical perspective into the evolution of higher education fund raising. It examines the important strategic components of effective capital campaigning, including goal-setting methods, the effect of national economic trends, the significance of the quiet phase, and the influence of institutional leadership. The first capital campaign of the University of Virginia offers reassurance that modern campaign techniques are firmly grounded in principles and techniques based on lessons of the past. It also demonstrates that future campaign success will require the same commitment to developing improved and more sophisticated approaches to capital campaigning.
Determination of trace concentrations of barium extracted from aqueous systems

Abstract A sensitive and reliable method for the determination of barium in aqueous systems has been developed. The combination of the solvent extraction of the barium hexafluoroacetylacetonate into isoamyl acetate with subsequent determination by atomic absorption has increased by 50%, the best sensitivity previously attained. The proposed method presents a simple, rapid method of determining barium at concentrations as low as 0.015 μg ml −1 with an ultimate sensitivity of 0.005 μg ml −1 for 1 % absorbance. The use of a high concentration of potassium ion in the aqueous system improves the sensitivity. The potassium is coextracted with the barium and acts to suppress the ionization and enhance the absorption of barium. Interference effects of 55 diverse ions were studied and their tolerance levels are summarized. No significant interferences were found.
Statistical issues in carcinogenic risk assessment.

Considerable progress has been made on the development of a variety of analytical methods to aid in the carcinogenic risk associated with exposure to both occupational and environmental agents. Alt...
Reactions of Monkeys to Experimental Respiratory Infections. VI. Spontaneous and Experimental Infections in Nutritional Deficiency States.

SummaryMonkeys on a vitamin B-free basic diet, supplemented by riboflavin, thiamine chloride, nicotinic acid amide, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxin hydrochloride, sodium paraminobenzoate, choline chloride, pimelic acid, glutamine and inositol, developed a striking granulopenic leucopenia, and manifested a markedly lowered clinical to spontaneous infections with creased in mortality. The susceptibility to experimental infections with Streptococcus hcmolyticus, Group C, and to influenza virus A, administered intranasally, was likewise inresistance contrast with the controls on norhigh mal diet.
Pollen Limitation and the Evolution of Androdioecy from Dioecy

Abstract: Androdioecy is an unusual breeding system in which populations consist of separate male and hermaphrodite individuals. The evolution of androdioecy is still poorly understood; however, there is evidence from several androdioecious species that the breeding system may have evolved from dioecy (males and females). This article presents a simple deterministic model showing that androdioecy can evolve from dioecy under a broad range of realistic conditions. For the evolution of androdioecy from dioecy, hermaphrodites must be able to invade the dioecious population. Then, males must be maintained, while females are eliminated. Hermaphrodite invasion is favored when females are pollen limited and hermaphrodites have high overall fertility and are self‐fertile. Male maintenance is favored when hermaphrodites resemble females, having high seed production and low pollen fitness, and when the selfing rate is not too high. These conditions were satisfied over a broad and realistic range of parameter values...
Update on Treatment of Essential Tremor

Essential tremor is one of the most common movement disorders in the world. Although millions of people worldwide are affected by ET, only one medication, propranolol, is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat it. None of the medications currently used as ET therapy were developed specifically for this purpose, and select antihypertensive and antiepileptic medications remain at the forefront of ET therapy. Propranolol and primidone are considered “effective” agents that treat ET; topiramate, atenolol, and alprazolam are “probably effective”, and nimodipine, nadolol, and clonazepam are “possibly effective”. Medications that probably do not adequately treat ET include levetiracetam and pregabalin. Gabapentin appears to improve ET when used as monotherapy, but not when used as adjunct therapy. Sotalol has been found to be “probably effective” in treating ET in previous reviews, but it may be associated with arrhythmias and should not be routinely recommended. Botulinum toxin A may reduce limb tremor, but may cause dose dependent weakness. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the VIM is used as an alternative to pharmacological therapy of ET in patients who fail to adequately respond to medical therapy. The magnitude of effect from DBS is greater than from medical management, but more severe side effects are possible with surgery. Future treatment options for ET will depend on valid animal models, and a better understanding of its pathophysiology.
Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase of HeLa cells.

Abstract 1. 1. A kinetically pure preparation of dUTPase was prepared from HeLa cells. 2. 2. dUTPase is a 62,500 dalton pyrophosphatase. The Km of dUTPase for dUTP is 1.22 × 10−5 M± 0.19. In the presence of Mg2+ the Km is 0.47 × 10−5M. 3. 3. dUTPase is highly specific for dUTP and will not hydrolyze any naturally occurring deoxynucleoside triphosphate nor UTP. 4. 4. dUTPase is activated by Mg2+ and K+ and inhibited by EDTA, Cu2+ and sodium polyphosphate.
MEASUREMENT OF EXPIRED ETHANE AND N-PENTANE DOES NOT PREDICT OXYGEN INDUCED DAMAGE TO THE LUNGS OF LAMBS

Measurement of the rate of excretion of ethane and n-pentane in expired gas has been suggested as a method of detecting oxygen induced injury to the lung. To test this theory, we made daily measurements of pulmonary arterial (PA) and left atrial (LA) pressures, lung lymph flow, the lymph:plasma protein ratio and concentrations of ethane and n-pentane in expired gas in 6 23±3 day old lambs as they continuously breathed 100% oxygen.
Robust object tracking via online informative feature selection

In this paper, we address the problem of online informative feature selection for a class of tracking techniques called “tracking by detection” which has been shown to give promising results at real-time speed. In tracking by detection methods, an online discriminative classifier is trained to separate the target object from the background. The classifier is incrementally updated using positive and negative samples from the current frame. How to select the most informative features to update the classifier is very important in order to avoid the drift problem. We propose a feature selection approach by minimizing the information entropy which is able to select more informative features than most state-of-the-art tracking algorithms. Experimental results on challenging sequences demonstrate that the proposed tracking framework is robust, effective and accurate.
The accuracy of diagnosis and procedural codes for patients with upper GI hemorrhage.

Abstract Background: Little is known about the accuracy of diagnostic and procedural codes for common gastrointestinal (GI) conditions and endoscopic procedures. Methods: Eight hundred eighty-two patients with upper GI hemorrhage admitted in 1994 to 1 of 13 regional hospitals were studied. Based on endoscopy reports, the source of hemorrhage, performance of upper endoscopy and use of endoscopic therapy were determined, and we assessed the sensitivity and positive predictive value of discharge codes for measuring the source of hemorrhage and use of upper endoscopy. Results: The sensitivity and positive predictive value of principal diagnosis coding for source of hemorrhage were typically 85% to 95%. The sensitivity and predictive value of coding for upper endoscopy were 97.7% and 99.9%, respectively, and were 72.3% and 99.4%, respectively, for endoscopic therapy. Accuracy did not differ between the 4 major teaching and 9 other hospitals. Conclusions: Hospital-based diagnostic and procedural codes are a reasonably accurate source of data for clinical and outcomes analyses of upper GI hemorrhage. In particular, it is possible to discern from these data the source of hemorrhage and the overall use of upper endoscopy. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:423-6.)
Internal‐external locus of control and response to influence attempts1

Summary It was hypothesized that subjects having external locus of control orientations (E's) would conform to both subtle and overt influence attempts, whereas internals (I's) would react against such attempts 144 undergraduate students (72 of each sex) rated a proposed grading procedure pre- and postinfluence Data were analyzed in a completely crossed and balanced 3-way factorial design, which included 3 levels of locus of control (I's, middles, and E's), 3 levels of influence (no, low, and high), and 2 levels of sex (male and female) Results showed that E's conformed to both levels of influence and I's reacted against high influence I's were not responsive to low influence
Notes on the compaction of a Florida peat and the Brandon lignite as deduced from the study of compressed wood

Abstract The elliptical cross sections of flat-lying compressed woods from a woody peat horizon in central Florida and the wood-rich Brandon lignite in Vermont have been used as “strain gauges” in order to estimate the amount of compaction in each deposit. The values attained by this method represent absolute minimum compression values. Nonetheless, these values can be used to: (1) better estimate the original thicknesses of the peats and (2) provide for a better estimate of the rate of accumulation (when radiocarbon dates are available). The 18 peatified woods revealed an average minimum autocompaction of 21% for the surrounding peat which is comparable to previous peat compaction values. The 31 lignitic woods displayed a mean minimum compaction of 30% (lower than previously reported compaction figures for lignites) suggesting that the Brandon lignite had apparently undergone little additional compaction during its consolidation. This suggests that the Brandon lignite was probably never covered by any significant thickness of inorganic sediments which may account in part for its abundant well-preserved plant tissues.
Sources of sulfate supporting anaerobic metabolism in a contaminated aquifer.

Field and laboratory techniques were used to identify the biogeochemical factors affecting sulfate reduction in a shallow, unconsolidated alluvial aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Depth profiles of 35S-sulfate reduction rates in aquifer sediments were positively correlated with the concentration of dissolved sulfate. Manipulation of the sulfate concentration in samples revealed a Michaelis−Menten-like relationship with an apparent Km and Vmax of approximately 80 and 0.83 μM SO4-2·day-1, respectively. The concentration of sulfate in the core of the leachate plume was well below 20 μM and coincided with very low reduction rates. Thus, the concentration and availability of this anion could limit in situ sulfate-reducing activity. Three sulfate sources were identified, including iron sulfide oxidation, barite dissolution, and advective flux of sulfate. The relative importance of these sources varied with depth in the alluvium. The relatively high concentration of dissolved sulfate at the water tab...
Postexercise Hypotension: Central Mechanisms

A single bout of exercise can lead to a postexercise decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, called postexercise hypotension. Compelling evidence suggests that the central baroreflex pathway plays a crucial role in the development of postexercise hypotension. This review focuses on the exercise-induced changes in brainstem nuclei involved in blood pressure regulation.
Shuffling with the Illiac and PM2I SIMD Networks

Two SIMD single-stage interconnection networks which have been proposed and studied in the literature are the Illiac type and PM2I. The ability of the Illiac and PM2I networks to perform the shuffle data permutation in an SIMD machine with N processors is examined. Two algorithms for an SIMD or multiple-SIMD machine with the PM2I network to perform the shuffle are given. One algorithm is used in the event that the SIMD machine is of the same size (in terms of number of processors) as the shuffle to be emulated. The other algorithm is used when the shuffle to be performed is of smaller size than the given machine with the PM2I network. It is proven that both algorithms require only one more network transfer than the previously published lower bound (which is log 2 S for a shuffle on S elements). Using the PM2I algorithm as a basis, an algorithm for the Illiac to emulate the shuffle is given. Its performance is 2?N - 1 transfers which is only three transfers more than the previously published lower bound of 2?N - 4.
Sensitivity and uncertainty of reaction mechanisms for photochemical air pollution

A sensitivity/uncertainty analysis is performed on a mechanism describing the chemistry of the polluted troposphere. General features of the photochemical reaction system are outlined together with an assessment of the uncertainties associated with the formulations of mechanistic details and rate data. The combined effects of sensitivity and uncertainty are determined using the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST) method. The results of this analysis identify the key parameters influencing the chemistry of NO_2, O_3, and PAN. Based on these findings, a series of recommendations are made for future experimental kinetic studies.
Influence of dephasing relaxation on the transient properties of parametric four-wave mixing

Transient parametric scattering is investigated theoretically using density matrix perturbation theory. Emphasis is placed on the effects of population and transverse or dephasing relaxation on the scattered parametric pulse durations. Pulse duration measurement provides important insight into the actual transient temporal behavior of four-wave mixing processes and is shown to be a potentially useful technique for the characterization of material time constants and incident pulse shape.
Treatment Paradigms in Psychology

This commentary describes my observations as the clinical supervisor of Dr. Hector Garcia’s (2008) second, psychodynamic phase of therapy with “Bridget,” which followed a first phase of successful cognitive-behavioral treatment for specific, obsessive-compulsive symptoms with religious content. The second treatment phase focused on less structured issues such as, in Dr. Garcia’s words, “the qualities and patterns of past relationships with men, her current social network, and dynamics within her family of origin.” This case raises a number of complex and highly important, general issues. The ones I have chosen to discuss are: (a) the meaning of “compulsive” versus “healthy” prayer; (b) the sequencing of the theoretical shift from cognitive-behavioral to psychodynamic therapy; (c) the utilization of countertransference phenomena and the “real” relationship in psychotherapy; and (d) the impact of eclecticism in the training of beginning therapists.
Large-scale genotoxicity assessments in the marine environment.

There are a number of techniques for detecting genotoxicity in the marine environment, and many are applicable to large-scale field assessments. Certain tests can be used to evaluate responses in target organisms in situ while others utilize surrogate organisms exposed to field samples in short-term laboratory bioassays. Genotoxicity endpoints appear distinct from traditional toxicity endpoints, but some have chemical or ecotoxicologic correlates. One versatile end point, the frequency of anaphase aberrations, has been used in several large marine assessments to evaluate genotoxicity in the New York Bight, in sediment from San Francisco Bay, and following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. - Environ Health Perspect 1 02(Suppl 12): 29-32 (1994)
Electronic Structure Methods for Predicting the Properties of Materials: Grids in Space

If the electronic structure of a given material is known, then many physical and chemical propertics can be accurately determined without resorting to experiment. However, determining the electronic structure of a realistic material is a difficult numerical problem. The chief obstacle faced by computational materials and computer scientists is obtaining a highly accurate solution to a complex eigenvalue problem. We illustrate a new numerical method for calculating the electronic structure of materials. The method is based on discretizing the pseudopotential density functional method (PDFM) in real space. The eigenvalue problem within this method can involve large, sparse matrices with up to thousands of eigenvalues required. An efficient and accurate solution depends increasingly on complex data structures that reduce memory and time requirements, and on parallel computing. This approach has many advantages over traditional plane wave solutions, e.g., no fast Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) are needed and, consequently, the method is easy to implement on parallel platforms. We demonstrate this approach for localized systems such as atomic clusters.
QUASI-ISOMETRIES AND BICOMBINGS

It is not known if bicombability of a group is invariant under quasi-isometry, although Hamish Short has shown that combability is. We give an alternative definition of a bicombable group (equivalent to Short’s), and show that bicombability is invariant under a certain kind of quasi-isometry. We apply our result to answer questions about certain extensions of bicombable groups.
Preoperative INTERMACS Profile and Rehospitalization in the First Year After Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device (CF-LVAD) Implant

Introduction: In the U.S., 8 million wireless wearable consumer sensors that track biometrics are in use and sales are expected to increase to 64 million by 2017. Some are readily adaptable for medical diagnostic and remote monitoring purposes. Methods: A real-time, wireless wearable biometric monitoring patch, also used for athletic and military training and recently FDA approved for patient monitoring, was placed on the chest (BioPatch, Zephyr Technology) of 31 patients with CRM devices during routine device evaluations at USC (Table). The BioPatch records ECG, respiratory rate, skin temperature and thoracic impedance (50kHz). Simultaneous ECG from the BioPatch and intracardiac recording from the devices were evaluated during CRM device testing. Results: There was no evidence of CRM device sensing of the BioPatch signal in any patient. Real-time BioPatch ECG recording integrity was maintained during threshold testing in every patient (Figure). Conclusions: The BioPatch wearable sensors are compatible with CRM devices.
Intellectuals, Rhetoric, and Context: The Move to Economic Arguments by Conservative Writers

On 7 December 1998, National Review published a short piece by Stephen Moore—one in a continuing stream of articles, reports, and books emerging from the network of conservative media outlets and think tanks. The article ostensibly addressed a then-raging public debate regarding what the Federal Reserve Board could do to keep America’s economy growing, but Moore quickly seized the opportunity to shift attention toward the actions available to Congress and the president. “If there is any single enduring economic lesson of the past twenty years,” Moore observed, “it is that loose monetary policy cannot offset the negative effects of a punitive tax and regulatory regime.” In Moore’s judgment, growing levels of taxation were quickly approaching the danger zone that historically had triggered recessions. A large tax cut “would not just stimulate the U.S. economy, but would serve as an antidote to the global economic crisis.” Those actions should be paired with relieving the domestic regulatory burden on business, for environmental, consumer, and workplace regulations have “a vise grip around the economy.”
Pleistocene Human Settlement in the Southeastern United States: Current Evidence and Future Directions

AbstractResearch into the earliest occupations in the southeastern United States has been underway since the 1930s, when a pattern of large-scale excavations combined with the reporting of surface finds was initiated that continues to this day. Work at Macon Plateau and Parrish Village, excavated during the New Deal, was followed by a series of stratigraphic excavations in floodplains, rockshelters, and other locales from the 1940s onward. These early studies produced a basic cultural sequence, portions of which were defined by cross-dating findings from the Southeast with discoveries made in other parts of the country. The Southeast is unique in that surveys of fluted projectile points have been conducted in every state, some since the 1940s. These surveys now encompass a wider range of projectile points and other tool forms, and the large numbers of Paleoindian artifacts found in the region suggest intensive occupation. Whether these quantities reflect the presence of large numbers of early people, or o...
Making contact in international virtual offices: an application of symbolic interactionism to online workplace discourse

The online work environment brings with it factors that can create problems in crosscultural interactions. Technical communicators, therefore, need to understand how cultural communication expectations can affect discourse in IVOs. This article overviews one area-contact-in which cultural differences could cause online communication problems. The article also uses the theory of symbolic interactionism to examine these problems and to posit strategies for avoiding them.