cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erratum to: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor mediated tyrosine 845 phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in the presence of monoclonal antibody cetuximab.

BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and several other human cancers. Monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab that block EGFR signaling, have emerged as valuable molecular targeting agents in clinical cancer therapy. Prolonged exposure to cetuximab can result in cells acquiring resistance by a process that remains incompletely understood. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the immediate early molecular response of cetuximab on physical interactions between EGFR and Insulin growth factor 1 like receptor (IGF-1R) in head and neck cancer cells that are resistant to cetuximab. Co-immunoprecipitation, small molecule inhibitors against phospho-Src and IGF-1R, quantitative western blot of EGFR and Src phosphorylation, cell proliferation assays were used to suggest the role of IGF-1R mediated phosphorylation of specific tyrosine Y845 on EGFR via increased heterodimerization of EGFR and IGF-1R in cetuximab resistant cells. RESULTS Heterodimerization of EGFR with IGF-1R was increased in cetuximab resistant HNSCC cell line UMSCC6. Basal levels of phosphorylated EGFR Y845 showed significant increase in the presence of cetuximab. Surprisingly, this activated Y845 level was not inhibited in the presence of Src inhibitor PP1. Instead, inhibition of IGF-1R by picropodophyllin (PPP) reduced the EGFR Y845 levels. Taken together, these results suggest that heterodimerization of EGFR with IGF-1R can lead to increased activity of EGFR and may be an important platform for cetuximab mediated signaling in head and neck tumors that have become resistant to anti-EGFR therapy. CONCLUSIONS EGFR-IGF-1R interaction has a functional consequence of phosphorylation of EGFR Y845 in cetuximab resistant HNSCC cells and dual targeting of EGFR and IGF-1R is a promising therapeutic strategy.
Slow fusion pore expansion creates a unique reaction chamber for co-packaged cargo

A lumenal secretory granule protein, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), greatly slows fusion pore dilation and thereby slows its own discharge. We investigated another outcome of the long-lived narrow fusion pore: the creation of a nanoscale chemical reaction chamber for granule contents in which the pH is suddenly neutralized upon fusion. Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells endogenously express both tPA and its primary protein inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI). We found by immunocytochemistry that tPA and PAI are co-packaged in the same secretory granule. It is known that PAI irreversibly and covalently inactivates tPA at neutral pH. We demonstrate with zymography that the acidic granule lumen protects tPA from inactivation by PAI. Immunocytochemistry, total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, and polarized TIRF microscopy demonstrated that co-packaged PAI and tPA remain together in granules for many seconds in the nanoscale reaction chamber, more than enough time to inhibit tPA and create a new secreted protein species.
Preparation of fluorescently labeled silica nanoparticles using an amino acid-catalyzed seeds regrowth technique: Application to latent fingerprints detection and hemocompatibility studies

Abstract The efficiency of an amino acid catalyzed seed regrowth technique (ACSRT) in synthesizing twelve fluorescently labeled core-shell silica nanoparticles (FLSNPs) with tunable sizes, tailored hydrophobicity, low polydispersity as well as high labeling efficiency and minimized dye leakage using different combinations of organosilicate monomers and fluorophores have been systematically investigated in this report. The utilization of some of these FLSNPs in some applications that are facilitated by hydrophobicity such as developing and visualizing latent fingerprints (LFPs) on different surfaces was also investigated. The non-specific binding affinity of the developed nanoparticles to human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) has also been studied. Fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate and its more hydrophilic butenamine derivative (WA6) have been used in this study. Also, the alkoxysilane precursor, tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) and its binary mixture with phenyltriethoxysilane (PTEOS) or 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) have been used in preparing the FLSNPs with tailored compositions for the core and shell of the nanoparticles. The mean diameters of the PTEOS-coated FLSNPs were between 33.4 ± 5.9 and 42.2 ± 10.8 nm as shown by the SEM measurements. The obtained results highlight the advantages of having a hydrophobic surface along with proper selection of the monomers forming the core to match the properties of the fluorescent reporters for clear detection of LFPs even using dyes of low hydrophobicity such as fluorescein and WA6. Furthermore, some of the developed FLSNPs were compared with bare silica nanoparticles in terms of nonspecific protein adsorption and hemolysis. The obtained results proved that the selected FLSNPs had a superior hemocompatibility in comparison with bare silica nanoparticles. These FLSNPs could also be used in some bio-related and diagnostic applications such as immunoassays and cell imaging purposes.
Evaluation of the Chemstrip 9 as a screening test for urinalysis and urine culture in men.

The Chemstrip 9 (Biodynamics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN) was evaluated as a rapid screening method for urinalysis and quantitative urine culture. Of 469 urine specimens, 224 had an abnormal microscopic examination compared to 211 with an abnormal Chemstrip 9 (i.e., leukocyte esterase, nitrite, protein, or blood). The sensitivity and specificity of the dipstick test were 94.2% and 65.7%, respectively, while the predictive values of a positive and negative test were 71.5% and 92.5%, respectively. A total of 459 urine specimens were quantitatively cultured and tested by the Chemstrip 9. Either one or more tests (i.e., leukocyte esterase, nitrite, protein, or blood) were positive in 91.3% of the 115 specimens with greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/mL. The specificity was 43.6% and the predictive values of a positive and negative test were 35.1% and 93.8%, respectively. When the criterion for a positive test was greater than or equal to 10(4) CFU/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 86.8% and 45.5%, respectively. In contrast, the gram-stained smear of unspun urine was positive in 107 (93.0%) of specimens containing greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/mL and in 115 (76.2%) of specimens with greater than or equal to 10(4) CFU/mL. Only 9 (2.9%) of 308 specimens with less than or equal to 10(3) CFU/mL had a positive Gram smear.
A Probabilistic Assessment of the Next Geomagnetic Reversal

Author(s): Buffett, B; Davis, W | Abstract: Deterministic forecasts for the next geomagnetic reversal are not feasible due to large uncertainties in the present-day state of the Earth's core. A more practical approach relies on probabilistic assessments using paleomagnetic observations to characterize the amplitude of fluctuations in the geomagnetic dipole. We use paleomagnetic observations for the past 2nMyr to construct a stochastic model for the axial dipole field and apply well-established methods to evaluate the probability of the next geomagnetic reversal as a function of time. For a present-day axial dipole moment of 7.6 × 1022nAnm2, the probability of the dipole entering a reversed state is less than 2% after 20nkyr. This probability rises to 11% after 50nkyr. An imminent geomagnetic reversal is not supported by paleomagnetic observations. The current rate of decline in the dipole moment is unusual but within the natural variability predicted by the stochastic model.
Classifying “Micro” Routine Activities of Street-level Drug Transactions:

Objectives:Routine activities theory attempts to link the intersection of individuals’ everyday routine activities to crime events at particular places. This study examines crime events not just as the product of intersecting macroroutine activities but also microroutines (similar to crime “scripts”) that occur immediately before, during, and after a crime event occurs.Method:Closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage was accessed through Baltimore City Police Department from 2010 to 2011. Ethnographic techniques and systematic social observation of CCTV footage were used to categorize the microroutines of 74 street-level illicit drug transactions.Results:The findings illuminate eight microroutines of drug crime events that classify behaviors associated with illicit drug activity.Conclusions:This study advances our understanding of the link between routine activities and drug crime by examining how illicit transactions unfold from microroutines using a rarely employed, but fruitful source of data (CCTV foot...
On a constrained optimal location algorithm

In problems of optimal location, one seeks a position or location that optimizes a particular objective function; this objective function typically relates location and distances to a fixed point set. When one's search is restricted to a given set, we refer to this as a constrained optimal location problem. For a finite point set A, there exist numerous finite algorithms to solve optimal location problems. In this paper we demonstrate how an algorithm, solving optimal location problems in inner-product spaces, can be modified to solve certain constrained optimal location problems. We then apply this modification to a particularly simple (and easily implemented) algorithm and investigate the complexity of the result. In particular we improve a known estimate from exponential to polynomial.
Schwellung des Gesichtes

Zuvorderst mus man sich wohl merken, das ein geringer Grad von Schwellung um die Augen und eine geringe Aufgedunsenheit des ubrigen Gesichtes bei manchen Menschen fruh am Morgen, wenn sie erwachen, normalist.
Emerging Priorities in Ceramic Engineering and Science — Viewpoint of the Scientist-Engineer

This Conference is explicitly addressed to both ceramic engineering and ceramic science. Our sessions are concerned with national problems which are broad and complex in scope and with the role that ceramic engineers and ceramic scientists can play in the solution of these problems. Emphasis naturally falls on engineering because it is usually the engineer who works directly in helping to solve technical problems, but the scientist has a contribution to make also.
Stability, Equality, Balance, and Multivariate Risk

In multiobjective decisions a conflict often arises between reducing multivariate risk, exemplified by correlations among variables, and providing one of the following: stability (in the multiperiod problem) equality (in the multiperson problem) or balance (in the multivariate problem). Additive and multiplicative utility models either do not allow multivariate risk aversion or force a dichotomy between it and stability, equality, or balance. This paper develops a preference model to correct this deficiency. A definition of and conditions for inequality aversion in a measurable multiattribute value function and a measure of local inequality aversion are given as part of this development.
Target-Directed Self-Assembly of Homodimeric Drugs Against β-Tryptase

Tryptase, a serine protease released from mast cells, is implicated in many allergic and inflammatory disorders. Human tryptase is a donut-shaped tetramer with the active sites facing inward forming a central pore. Bivalent ligands spanning two active sites potently inhibit this configuration, but these large compounds have poor drug-like properties. To overcome some of these challenges, we developed self-assembling molecules, called coferons, which deliver a larger compound in two parts. Using a pharmacophoric core and reversibly binding linkers to span two active sites, we have successfully produced three novel homodimeric tryptase inhibitors. Upon binding to tryptase, compounds reassembled into flexible homodimers, with significant improvements in IC50 (0.19 ± 0.08 μM) over controls (5.50 ± 0.09 μM), and demonstrate good activity in mast cell lines. These studies provide validation for this innovative technology that is especially well-suited for the delivery of dimeric drugs to modulate intracellular ...
Challenges for the MD Physician-Scientist Upon Entering the Lab: From the Grand to the Practical

Physicians who seek to become laboratory-based physician-scientists, especially those without a PhD degree, face substantial challenges during the critical transition period between clinical and laboratory training. These challenges range from the complex process of adopting new logic structures and standards of proof to the more mundane but important challenges that accompany extending training in a new discipline when other career options are available. Discussion of these challenges can inform individual and institutional strategies to enhance entry and retention of physicians in the physician-scientist career path.
An Improved Analytical Solution for the Temperature Profile of Ice Sheets

An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright 2019 American Geophysical Union.
Motivational Theory of Lifespan Development

Abstract This chapter outlines how the motivational theory of lifespan development can be applied to individuals functioning in the work domain. We begin with an overview of the theory, including a discussion of central tenets and propositions. We then apply the theory to aspects of an individual’s work life, including: How work and career goals function as developmental goal pursuits that structure and direct individuals’ development; how control capacity and trajectories differ across career fields and career stages; how individuals organize their control strivings to capitalize on the opportunities provided within a career field and during a career stage; and the functional advantage and adaptive criteria of specific control strategies. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
A CASE OF INTERMITTENT PRE-EXCITATION AND RAPID AV CONDUCTION: IS IT TIME TO ABLATE ALL PATHWAYS?

It is commonly believed that intermittently conducting accessory pathways are not capable of rapid conduction and thus ablation is not necessary. A 74-year-old male with a prolonged first degree AV block and episodes of 2:1 AV block conduction on Holter with a relatively wide QRS presented to the
Stochastic Blockmodels with Edge Information

Stochastic blockmodels allow us to represent networks in terms of a latent community structure, often yielding intuitions about the underlying social structure. Typically, this structure is inferred based only on a binary network representing the presence or absence of interactions between nodes, which limits the amount of information that can be extracted from the data. In practice, many interaction networks contain much more information about the relationship between two nodes. For example, in an email network, the volume of communication between two users and the content of that communication can give us information about both the strength and the nature of their relationship. In this paper, we propose the Topic Blockmodel, a stochastic blockmodel that uses a count-based topic model to capture the interaction modalities within and between latent communities. By explicitly incorporating information sent between nodes in our network representation, we are able to address questions of interest in real-world situations, such as predicting recipients for an email message or inferring the content of an unopened email. Further, by considering topics associated with a pair of communities, we are better able to interpret the nature of each community and the manner in which it interacts with other communities.
High-performance building: Sensitivity analysis for simulating different combinations of components of a two-sided windcatcher

Abstract Traditional windcatchers with massive structures were used to capture the local wind stream to improve occupant thermal comfort. To obtain smaller configurations with enhanced/similar performance metrics, the individual components of a conventional windcatcher, i.e. inlet opening, divider, outlet, and height are widely studied in the literature. This work aims to (1) use an in-house developed and verified numerical model to explore the impact of combinations of components of a windcatcher on its performance and (2) introduce the implementation of nozzles with different configurations in obtaining a flexible design for an extended range of applications. A 3-dimensional steady-state computational fluid dynamics simulation with a shear-stress-transport k-ω turbulence model is used to explore the flow characteristics. The airflow distribution throughout the system and mass flow rate at the outlet of a reference case, a well-studied two-sided windcatcher design, are validated with published wind tunnel experimental data. The verified model is then used for the following analyses. The results highlight the role of different windcatcher individual components and their combinations on the developed pressure gradients inside the windcatcher. A desired combination of components to improve the aerodynamic performance of the reference case is introduced: the integration of a convergent-divergent nozzle with finned-curved inlet openings along with the longest dividers increase the induced air mass flow rate up to 13%. The maximum flow velocity is increased by 45% at the nozzle throat area for the identified windcatcher configuration. The outcomes of this research can be used by engineers and researchers to enhance building-integrated windcatcher designs.
Hypothesis and Theory: Collaborative Governance, Natural Resource Management, and the Trust Environment

Many natural resources are managed collaboratively by government agencies and affected stakeholders. Collaborative management is intended to reduce conflict, facilitate learning, and increase consensus among stakeholders. Previous work highlights the role of trust in developing a shared understanding and theory of change for participants in collaborations, but defines trust broadly. The presented work builds on a framework outlining four dimensions of trust important for collaborative natural resource management and argues there is a need to consider not only multiple forms of trust but multiple trust referents. In particular, it is proposed that the effect of individual trust on collaborative outcomes depends on the overall trust environment; when group trust is low individual trust has a limited effect on collaborative outcomes compared to when group trust is high. Measures to examine the multiple dimensions of trust and the trust environment are proposed. Practical implications for considering trust across dimensions and multiple trust referents are discussed.
Robotic-Assisted Versus Manual Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a feasible alternative to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for selected patients with severe single-compartment knee osteoarthritis. Robotic-assisted UKA (rUKA) has recently emerged as a complementary tool to ameliorate previous difficulties with manual UKA (mUKA). However, the influence of rUKA compared to mUKA on patient outcomes are still largely unknown. PURPOSE To compare outcomes of the manual technique and a single robotic-assisted system in patients undergoing unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PubMed-Medline was searched using terms: "robotic," "unicompartmental," "knee," and "arthroplasty" to identify all studies comparing outcomes of mUKA and rUKA. Data pertaining to the following outcomes were extracted: (1) studies comparing robotic-assisted UKA to manual UKA; (2) reports which only included the Mako UKA system (Mako Surgical Corporation, Fort Lauderdale, Florida) as the robotic-assisted system; and (3) studies which discussed implant survivorship, complications, early postoperative parameters, functional outcomes, or implant positioning. Review articles were excluded. RESULTS A total of eight publications with 337 patients who underwent rUKA and 481 who underwent mUKA were included in our analysis. Two studies reported that early postoperative pain was decreased with rUKA compared to mUKA. In one study, pain levels in the first eight postoperative weeks were 54% lower in the rUKA group and in the other, pain scores based on the numeric rating scale were significantly lower in rUKA (2.5) compared to mUKA (4.2) upon discharge (p<0.001). Furthermore, mean time to hospital discharge in this study was reduced with rUKA (42.5 ± 5.9 hours) compared to mUKA (71.1 ± 14.6 hours) (p<0.001). One study demonstrated a significant improvement in range of motion at two-year follow up in the rUKA group (15°, range, 5° to 25°) compared to the mUKA group (10°, range 0° to 20°; p=0.04). One study reported that at three-month follow up, mean Knee Society scores were significantly better in the rUKA group (164; interquartile range [IQR] 131 to 178) compared the mUKA group (143; IQR 132 to 166; p=0.04). Three studies reported more accurate implant positioning with rUKA compared to mUKA. Among the five studies that reported implant survivorship, four studies (including a randomized control trial) found no difference between techniques in implant survival rate, while one retrospective analysis reported improved survivorship with mUKA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty implants demonstrated comparable survivorship rates whether performed manually or with robotic assistance. However, compared to the manually performed procedure, robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty were found to offer benefits including shorter lengths of hospital stays, decreased postoperative pain scores, and improved functional outcomes.
Decomposition of Carboxylic PFAS by Persulfate Activated by Silver under Ambient Conditions

AbstractPerfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), widely used in many commercial and military products, have been notorious due to their environmental persistence. Even radical-based ad...
Embeddings of Hyperbolic Kac Moody Algebras into E 10

We show that the rank 10 hyperbolic Kac–Moody algebra E10 contains every simply laced hyperbolic Kac–Moody algebra as a Lie subalgebra. Our method is based on an extension of earlier work of Feingold and Nicolai.
Evolution of pressurized xenon bubble and response of uranium dioxide matrix: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract To explore the microstructure evolution of uranium dioxide (UO2) due to accumulation of xenon (Xe) atoms at high burnup, the growth of highly pressurized Xe bubbles has been simulated in molecular dynamics (MD) by sequentially inserting Xe into a pre-existing equilibrium Xe bubble in UO2 using five different interatomic potentials at 1500 K. The results reveal that the characteristics of Xe bubbles and the microstructure evolution of UO2 due to the bubble growth can be divided into two stages in terms of the maximum pressure (Pmax) of bubbles. Before the bubble reaches Pmax (stage I), the characteristics of bubbles and the microstructure evolution of UO2 are relatively independent of the interatomic potentials used. The bubble volume and pressure increase with inserting additional Xe atoms, and the Xe atoms in the bubble evolve from an initial gaseous state to a glassy/amorphous state, a nearly fcc solid structure and subsequently a high density amorphous or glassy state. Moreover, the high density, over-pressurized bubbles displace U and O atoms, creating a larger volume to accommodate Xe atoms and correspondingly produce self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) with increasing Xe atoms. Most of the SIAs within stage I are distributed at the center of six {100} facets around the Xe bubble. However, after the bubble pressure reaches Pmax (stage II), the bubble characteristics predicted by MD simulations depend on both the UO2 interatomic potential and the Xe-UO2 potential. However, the microstructure evolution of UO2 is mainly determined by the UO2 potential since it determines the mobility of self-interstitial defects and the stability of the UO2 fluorite structure. ½ dislocations (loops) or UO2 phase transitions along with incipient boundaries (or interfaces) appear due to the accumulation of Xe in over-pressurized bubbles.
Impact of ITV/GTV Ratio on Local Failure in Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) The free-breathing internal target volume (ITV) approach is a popular motion management strategy that covers the gross tumor volume (GTV) throughout respiration during stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) for lung cancer. A large ITV/GTV ratio suggests significant tumor motion during the respiratory cycle relative to the tumor's volume which may result in increased risk of geographic miss and local failure. We hypothesized that higher ITV/GTV ratio is associated with higher rates of local failure following SABR for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials/Methods Patients with early stage NSCLC archived in a prospective, IRB-approved tumor registry were identified and reviewed for treatment failure following SABR. All SABR plans utilized the ITV approach with a free-breathing 4DCT to account for tumor motion. Treatment failure was based on two criteria: persistent tumor growth on CT and evidence of tumor viability (confirmed by biopsy or FDG PET revealing uptake consistent with malignancy). Failure was categorized as primary at the treatment site, lobar if within the treated lobe (excluding primary site), or local if either primary or lobar. GTV, ITV, target min/mean/max doses, histology, T stage, lobe involved, and the use of abdominal compression were recorded. ITV/GTV ratio was calculated for each case. The effect of ITV/GTV on local failure was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model. The effects of ITV/GTV on primary and lobar failure were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Significance was set at P Results A total of 305 patients with complete dosimetric data were treated from 10/2005 to 3/2015 with a median follow up of 19.5 months (range, 0-168 months). Local, primary, and lobar failure were observed in 12.8%, 6.2%, and 6.6% of patients, respectively. No dosimetric or clinical factor, including the ITV/GTV ratio, was significantly associated with local failure on univariate Cox analysis. ITV/GTV ratio > 1.37 (median value) demonstrated a trend toward longer failure-free interval at the primary site (22.2 vs 18.1 months, P = 0.08) while no trend was observed between ITV/GTV ratio and lobar failure. Conclusion In this cohort, the ITV/GTV ratio was not significantly associated with local failure; however, ITV/GTV ratio > 1.37 demonstrated a trend toward longer failure-free interval at the primary site on subgroup analysis. This is the inverse of our initial hypothesis and suggests that capturing the entire motion envelope within the free-breathing ITV may be important for optimizing primary tumor control. Further investigation of the ITV/GTV ratio and its association with local failure is warranted in a larger cohort with a greater number of failures to allow for more comprehensive analysis of the primary and lobar components.
Driving with the Dead: Stories of Loss, Journey, and Wonder

We humans —across time, cultures, and geography— struggle with the awareness of our own mortality. Rather than accept finitude, we embrace ideas of boundlessness and perpetuity, and perceive ourselves as beings in constant motion, as travelers, in life as well as in death. We rely on metaphors of inner and outer journey to express life challenges and opportunities, and envision our deceased to be similarly en route: crossing over, passing on, ascending or descending, and, ultimately —hopefully— transcending to some higher realm. My culminating project explores the relationships between bereavement and journey, mourning and wonder. It is a collection of loosely-linked, non-fiction narratives using motifs of travel and transportation to consider the complex and creative ways in which the living interact with the dead. Managing loss and making peace with impermanence is a timeless and universal human pursuit. Story, art, memory, imagination, and metaphor are tools we can use to help traverse this unmappable terrain. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Friends troubleshooting network: towards privacy-preserving, automatic troubleshooting

Content sharing is a popular usage of peer-to-peer systems for its inherent scalability and low cost of maintenance. In this paper, we leverage this nature of peer-to-peer systems to tackle a new problem: automatic misconfiguration troubleshooting. In this setting, machine configurations from the peers are “shared” to diagnose the misconfigurations on a sick machine. A key challenge for such a troubleshooting system is privacy preservation. To this end, we construct Friends Troubleshooting Network (FTN), a peer-to-peer overlay network, where the links between peer machines reflect the friendship of their owners. To preserve privacy, we use historyless and futureless random-walk in the FTN, during which search along with parameter aggregation are carried out for the purpose of troubleshooting. Many of our techniques can be applied to other application scenarios that require privacy-preserving distributed computing and information aggregation. We have also identified a number of open challenges that remain to be addressed.
Sediment and water quality limit mayfly survivorship in an urban lake undergoing remediation

AbstractOnondaga Lake is a highly perturbed system undergoing a large-scale remediation effort. The benthic macroinvertebrate community in the lake is degraded and lacks mayfly diversity. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Onondaga Lake water and sediment on survivorship of indicator mayfly species to determine the potential for colonization before and after remediation. We performed a survivorship experiment in situ by incubating mayfly nymphs, Stenonema femoratum, (n = 20) that were given either Onondaga Lake or reference lake sediment in Onondaga Lake or the reference lake. We repeated this study in the laboratory using burrowing mayflies, Hexagenia spp. (n = 100). S. femoratum that were incubated in Onondaga Lake with Onondaga Lake sediment yielded 0% survival after 24 h. On higher quality substrate, survival after 24 h increased to 80%, indicating that Onondaga Lake's sediment significantly decreased survival and that survivorship probability after sediment remediation may be in...
The fast Householder filters-RLS adaptive filter

A fast Householder filter (FHF) QR-RLS algorithm is presented that requires significantly less (by a factor of at least three) computation than previous fast QR-RLS adaptive algorithms. The essential feature of the new method is that it replaces the Givens rotations used in these fast QR algorithms by Householder transformations. A set of filters that characterize the QR factorization of a data matrix is derived, and time updates on this set are determined using a generic Householder updating identity. The FHF requires 7N computations per iteration for the standard prewindowed case, which is the same as the FTF (fast transversal filter) and FAEST fast (non-QR) RLS. >
Temporal Considerations in Wireless Networks and Cyberphysical Systems

As we move towards cyberphysical systems, temporal considerations in information delivery will play an ever larger role. Timeliness of delivery of packets will be just as important as throughput or reliability. Accurate and consistent time-stamping of information will be necessary for information fusion. Temporal coordination of action over a network will be important for the safety and efficiency of the underlying physical systems. We will address these issues vis-a-vis wireless networks, sensor networks and cyberphysical systems.
Social epistemology and the digital divide

The digital divide refers to inequalities in access to information technology. One of the main reasons why the digital divide is an important issue is that access to information technology has a tremendous impact on people's ability to acquire knowledge. According to Alvin Goldman (1999), the project of social epistemology is to identify policies and practices that have good epistemic consequences. In this paper, I argue that this sort of approach to social epistemology can help us to decide on policies for dealing with the digital divide. I argue, however, that Goldman's specific proposals for evaluating policies are not adequate. I make an alternative proposal based on the work of John Rawls (1971) on distributive justice.
Exploring the Effects of a High-order Vertical Coordinate in a Non-hydrostatic Global Model☆

Abstract As atmospheric models are pushed towards non-hydrostatic resolutions, there is a growing need for new numerical discretizations that are accurate, robust and effective at these scales. In this paper we describe a new arbitrary-order staggered nodal finite-element method (SNFEM) vertical discretization motivated by flux reconstruction methods. The SNFEM formulation generalizes traditional second-order vertical discretizations, including Lorenz and Charney-Phillips discretizations, to arbitrary order-of-accuracy while preserving desirable properties such as energy conservation. Preliminary results are presented from applying this method to an idealized global baroclinic instability.
Mutational analysis of STE5 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Application of a differential interaction trap assay for examining protein-protein interactions

Ste5 is essential for the yeast mating pheromone response pathway and is thought to function as a scaffold that organizes the components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. A new method was developed to isolate missense mutations in Ste5 that differentially affect the ability of Ste5 to interact with either of two MAPK cascade constituents, the MEKK (Ste11) and the MEK (Ste7). Mutations that affect association with Ste7 or with Ste11 delineate discrete regions of Ste5 that are critical for each interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis, examining the binding in vitro of Ste5 to Ste11, Ste7, Ste4 (G protein, β subunit), and Fus3 (MAPK), confirmed that each mutation specifically affects the interaction of Ste5 with only one protein. When expressed in a ste5 Δ cell, mutant Ste5 proteins that are defective in their ability to interact with either Ste11 or Ste7 result in a markedly reduced mating proficiency. One mutation that clearly weakened (but did not eliminate) interaction of Ste5 with Ste7 permitted mating at wild-type efficiency, indicating that an efficacious signal is generated even when Ste5 associates with only a small fraction of (or only transiently with) Ste7. Ste5 mutants defective in association with Ste11 or Ste7 showed strong interallelic complementation when co-expressed, suggesting that the functional form of Ste5 in vivo is an oligomer.
The Shooting-Room Paradox and Conditionalizing on Measurably Challenged Sets

We provide a solution to the well-known “Shooting-Room” paradox, developed by John Leslie in connection with his Doomsday Argument. In the “Shooting-Room” paradox, the death of an individual is contingent upon an event that has a 1/36 chance of occurring, yet the relative frequency of death in the relevant population is 0.9. There are two intuitively plausible arguments, one concluding that the appropriate subjective probability of death is 1/36, the other that this probability is 0.9. How are these two values to be reconciled? We show that only the first argument is valid for a standard, countably additive probability distribution. However, both lines of reasoning are legitimate if probabilities are non-standard. The subjective probability of death rises from 1/36 to 0.9 by conditionalizing on an event that is not measurable, or whose probability is zero. Thus we can sometimes meaningfully ascribe conditional probabilities even when the event conditionalized upon is not of positive finite (or even infinitesimal) measure.
Closing the empathy gap in college students' judgments of end-of-life tradeoffs

When considering hypothetical end-of-life (EOL) scenarios involving 80-year-old intensive-care unit patients, young adults are more likely than older adults to judge that shorter lifespan would be a fair trade in exchange for a more pleasant death. This result has been interpreted in terms of an empathy gap, in which individuals fail to relate to the affective states of others. If so, the effect should be reduced when young adults consider scenarios involving patients similar to themselves. The present study examined college students' willingness to trade healthy lifespan for better death in EOL scenarios involving 80-year-old and 22-year-old cancer victims. Results indicated students under 30 were less likely to trade lifespan in the 22-year-old scenarios, and were less likely to trade lifespan in either set of scenarios when the 22-year-old scenarios were presented first. The findings are consistent with an empathy gap account of judgments concerning EOL care.
The Rubin Museum of Art: Re-Framing Religion for Aesthetic Spirituality

Opened in New York on October 2, 2004, the Rubin Museum of Art (RMA)'s mission is "to establish, present, preserve and document a permanent collection that reflects the vitality, complexity and historical significance of Himalayan art."1 The seed for the RMA was planted in 1979 when the founders, Shelley and Donald Rubin, purchased their first thangka painting—an image of White Tara. The museum's location, at 150 West 17th Street, was identified in 1998, and the museum was founded in 1999, as a 501(c) (3) not-for-profit trust. The RMA's collection of approximately 1,200 objects inc1udes paintings, sculptures, and textiles that reflect the major periods and schools of Himalayan art from the twelfth century onward and stretches from Afghanistan in the west to Burma in the east. Commenting on the scope of the Rubin collection, dealer Canton Rochell has described it as "a nearly encyclopedic collection [containing] every subject, every mahasiddha, lama, bodhisattva, and-deity in every form you could imagine" (Wallis 2005, 77).
Long steps in an O( n 3 L ) algorithm for linear programming

We consider partial updating in Ye's affine potential reduction algorithm for linear programming. We show that using a Goldstein--Armijo rule to safeguard a linesearch of the potential function during primal steps is sufficient to control the number of updates. We also generalize the dual step construction to apply with partial updating. The result is the first O(n3L) algorithm for linear programming whose steps are not constrained by the need to remain approximately centered. The fact that the algorithm has a rigorous "primal-only" initialization actually reduces the complexity to less than O(m1.5n1.5L).
Review essay: Dominant and muted discourses in popular representations of feminism

FIRE WITH FIRE: THE NEW FEMALE POWER AND HOW TO USE IT. By Naomi Wolf. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993; pp. xxix + 373; paper $12.00. THE MORNING AFTER: SEX, FEAR, AND FEMINISM. By Katie Roiphe. New York: Little Brown/Back Bay Books, 1993; pp. xxii + 180; paper $8.95. WHO STOLE FEMINISM?: HOW WOMEN HAVE BETRAYED WOMEN. By Christina Hoff Sommers. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994; pp. 320; paper $12.00.
Vacancy-impurity binding energy in aluminum

Abstract The vacancy-impurity binding energy B in aluminum can be found from C /(1- C ) = A exp {- aB (1–2 C )/ kT } where C is the solid solubility of the impurity, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The constants A and a are 2.7 and 1.82, respectively.
Evolutionary aspects of oncogenic herpesviruses.

Several of the γ-herpesviruses are known to have cellular transforming and oncogenic properties. The genomes of eight distinct γ-herpesviruses have been sequenced, and the resulting database of information has enabled the identification of genetic similarities and differences between evolutionarily closely related and distant viruses of the subfamily and between the γ-herpesviruses and other members of the herpesvirus family. The recognition of coincident loci of genetic divergence between individual γ-herpesviruses and the identification of novel genes and cellular gene homologues in these genomic regions has delineated a subset of genes that are likely to contribute to the unique biological properties of these viruses. These genes, together with γ-herpesvirus conserved genes not found in viruses outside the family, might be responsible for virus specific pathogenicity and pathogenic effects, such as viral associated neoplasia, characteristic of the subfamily. The presence of the γ-herpesvirus major divergent genomic loci and the apparent increased mutational frequencies of homologous genes (where they occur) within these regions, indicates that these loci possess particular features that drive genetic divergence. Whatever the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, it potentially provides the basis for the relatively rapid adaptation and evolution of γ-herpesviruses and the diversity of biological and pathogenic properties.
Immunopotentiating Role of IFN-γ in Early and Late Stages of Type 1 CD8 Effector Cell-Mediated Tumor Rejection

Type 1 cytolytic CD8 effector T cells (Tc1) characteristically secrete IFN-gamma. Using an OVA-transfected B16 melanoma lung tumor model, we show that OVA Ag-specific Tc1 cells mediate a reduction in tumor growth that significantly prolongs survival in tumor-bearing mice. Transfer of Tc1 cells from OT-I mice crossed to IFN-gamma-KO mice showed that IFN-gamma-deficient Tc1 effector cells were less therapeutically effective than corresponding cells from wildtype mice. Therapeutic effects were dependent, in part, on effector cell-derived IFN-gamma, which not only induced elevated levels of lung-derived IP-10 and RANTES chemokine message in vivo, but also increased the local accumulation of activated host-derived CD4(+)/CD44(High), CD8(+)/CD44(High), and non-T-immune cell populations at the tumor site. Over time, the numbers of host-derived immune cells increased in the lung, which correlated with an elevated production of IP-10 and RANTES and a continued reduction in tumor burden. Conversely, donor Tc1 cell numbers markedly diminished at corresponding times, suggesting that prolonged therapeutic responses were due to the presence of host-derived antitumor mechanisms. Moreover, adoptive transfer of IFN-gamma-deficient Tc1 cells into tumor-bearing IFN-gamma-KO recipients showed that both recipient and donor-derived IFN-gamma play a significant role in Tc1-mediated responses and that Tc1 effector cell immunotherapy is predominantly mediated by IFN-gamma-dependent mechanisms.
Transfer status is a risk factor for increased in-hospital mortality in patients with diverticular hemorrhage.

Gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage is a common problem accounting for approximately 1 % of hospital admissions. It is estimated that one third of the episodes of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage are secondary to diverticular disease. Inter-institutional transfer has been associated with delay in care and increased in-hospital mortality. We hypothesized that patients with diverticular hemorrhage that were transferred from an acute care hospital to tertiary care institutions have increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality when compared to primarily admitted patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for the year 2008. Patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of diverticular hemorrhage were selected. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between transfer status and in-hospital mortality. A total of 99,415 hospitalizations for diverticular hemorrhage were identified. Transferred patients had higher in-hospital mortality rates compared to primarily admitted patients (3.5 vs. 1.8 %, p < 0.001), as well as increased length of stay (8.4 vs. 5.4 days, p < 0.001) and a higher rate of total abdominal colectomy (1.2 vs. 0.6 %, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that transfer status was associated with increased in-hospital mortality [OR 1.8, 95 % CI 1.5–2.8, p < 0.001]. Inter-institutional transfer for diverticular bleeding is associated with increased in-hospital mortality, increased total abdominal colectomy rate, as well as increased economic burden including mean length of stay and total hospital charges. Further prospective studies are needed to analyze the clinical information of patients requiring transfer to another hospital in order to identify those patients who would truly benefit from inter-institutional transfer.
A general-purpose, geochemical reservoir simulator

A geochemical simulator for the analysis of coupled reaction and transport processes is presented. The simulator is based on the numerical solution of the equations of coupled multiphase fluid flow, species transport, energy balance and rock/fluid reactions. It also accounts for the effects of grain growth/dissolution and the alteration of porosity and permeability due to mineral reactions. The simulator can be used to analyze core floods, single-well scenarios and multiple production/injection well systems on the reservoir scale. Additionally, the simulator provides two flow options: the Darcy law for fluid flow in porous media and the Brinkman law that subsumes both free and porous medium flows. The simulator was tested using core acidizing data and results were in good agreement with laboratory observations. The simulator was applied to analyze matrix acidizing treatments for a horizontal well. The evolution of the skin factor was predicted and the optimal volume of acid required to remove the near-wellbore damage was determined. Reactive fluid infiltration was shown to lead to reaction-front fingering under certain conditions. Viscosity contrast in multiphase flow could also result in viscous fingering. Examples in this study also address these nonlinear fingering phenomena. A waterflood on the reservoir scale was analyzed and simulation results show that scale formation during waterfloods can occur far beyond injection wells. Two cases of waste disposal by deep well injection were evaluated and our simulation results were consistent with field measured data.
EUV mask inspection with 193 nm inspector for 32 and 22 nm HP

Reticle quality and the capability to qualify a reticle are key issues for EUV Lithography. We expect current and planned optical inspection systems will provide inspection capability adequate for development and production of 2X HP masks. We illustrate inspection technology extendibility through simulation of 193nm-based inspection of advanced EUV patterned masks. The influence of EUV absorber design for 193nm optical contrast and defect sensitivity will be identified for absorber designs of current interest.
Radiation damage in beryllium oxide single crystals

Abstract Radiation damage in single crystal BeO has been studied using 60Co gamma, 2 MeV electron, and epithermal neutron irradiations. The temperature of irradiation and the accumulated dose were kept within the range in which the change in the a lattice parameter has been found to predominate. The observed changes produced by 60Co irradiation are attributed to ionization of crystal impurities. Both electron and neutron irradiation produce optical absorption bands at about 5.25 and 6.5 eV. The energy at which the band peak occurs varies slightly with the conditions of irradiation and from sample to sample. No e.p.r. resonance could be correlated with either band. Neither F+ nor V− centers were observed. The data from the annealing of these two bands indicate that they arise from different but related defects and that they are not due to simple point defects.
Robustness analysis using singular value sensitivities

This paper introduces a linear time invariant system analysis tool, the singular value sensitivity function, which can be used in conjunction with singular value analyses to provide more complete estimates of system feedback properties. An important feature of this tool is the ability to analyze the effect of simultaneous variations in several system parameters.