cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BEANNA: A Binary-Enabled Architecture for Neural Network Acceleration.

Modern hardware design trends have shifted towards specialized hardware acceleration for computationally intensive tasks like machine learning and computer vision. While these complex workloads can be accelerated by commercial GPUs, domain-specific hardware is far more optimal when needing to meet the stringent memory, throughput, and power constraints of mobile and embedded devices. This paper proposes and evaluates a Binary-Enabled Architecture for Neural Network Acceleration (BEANNA), a neural network hardware accelerator capable of processing both floating point and binary network layers. Through the use of a novel 16x16 systolic array based matrix multiplier with processing elements that compute both floating point and binary multiply-adds, BEANNA seamlessly switches between high precision floating point and binary neural network layers. Running at a clock speed of 100MHz, BEANNA achieves a peak throughput of 52.8 GigaOps/second when operating in high precision mode, and 820 GigaOps/second when operating in binary mode. Evaluation of BEANNA was performed by comparing a hybrid network with floating point outer layers and binary hidden layers to a network with only floating point layers. The hybrid network accelerated using BEANNA achieved a 194% throughput increase, a 68% memory usage decrease, and a 66% energy consumption decrease per inference, all this at the cost of a mere 0.23% classification accuracy decrease on the MNIST dataset.
The cycle of life and story: Redemptive autobiographical narratives and prosocial behaviors.

Abstract Adults often understand their lives by constructing personal stories and then living into them. Time and time again, a positive relation has been found between the tendency to build redemptive personal stories wherein negative and challenging experiences ultimately give way to positive endings and prosocial behavior. Here, I review the relevant literature in the interest of advancing the notion that redemptive stories and prosociality exist in a virtuous cycle. Engaging in prosocial acts can stimulate the redemptive framing of one's past. By the same measure, once formed, individuals work to bring the story to life, and the ethos of redemption holds the potential to stimulate and sustain prosocial behavior.
Introduction (Ignotum Per Ignotius: A Motto)

For any display or constriction in the range of behavior from among the vast repertoire of possibilities available to the human organism and within its many settings or environmental contexts, there exists an equally large possibility of attributions and language descriptors to explain its origin and its meaning or lack thereof. In psychology, for example, the many theoretical positions within this one field have lead to a redundancy and exclusivity of languages, which separate our contributions and divide our scientific energies. Ultimately, this may hinder our progress in science and there is a need for a universal underlying construct and perhaps language to integrate and coordinate our accumulation of knowledge and progress toward a collective understanding. The fundamental basis for this integration may be found in neuroscience, and arguably languages, which are developed without a foundation in neuroanatomical bedrock, must ultimately undergo some degree of modification or transformation. This is the overriding perspective presented within this book.
Feedrate optimization for smooth minimum-time trajectory generation with higher order constraints

The generation of a time-optimal feedrate trajectory under various machine and process-related constraints has received significant attention in CNC machining and robotics applications. While most of the existing feedrate planning algorithms take velocity and acceleration into the consideration as capability constraints, the introduction of higher order dynamic states, such as jerk and/or jounce, makes the feedrate planning and optimization extremely challenging, as the dimension of the planning problem is increased accordingly. This paper proposes a heuristic trajectory planning algorithm that can provide a near-optimal minimum time trajectory for problems with higher order dynamic states. The algorithm starts with a non-time-optimal but feasible velocity trajectory, which is interpolated from a number of knot points by piecewise spline interpolation with high-order continuity. Then, the trajectory is improved by scanning and increasing the velocity at each knot points while maintaining the feasibility of the resulting trajectory. A near-optimal trajectory is achieved when the improvement in travel time from the last scan iteration is smaller than a given value. The algorithm supports the incorporation of higher order dynamic states (up to the fifth derivative of displacement) in constraints for optimization without sacrificing the computational efficiency. Examples including linear and curved toolpath are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm for high-speed contouring.
CMIF ECLS system test findings

During 1987 three Space Station integrated Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) tests were conducted at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Core Module Integration Facility (CMIF) as part of the MSFC ECLSS Phase II test program. The three tests ranged in duration from 50 to 150 hours and were conducted inside of the CMIF module simulator. The Phase II partial integrated system test configuration consisted of four regenerative air revitalization subsystems and one regenerative water reclamation subsystem. This paper contains a discussion of results and lessons learned from the Phase II test program. The design of the Phase II test configuration and improvements made throughout the program are detailed. Future plans for the MSFC CMIF test program are provided, including an overview of planned improvements for the Phase III program.
A Matrix Data Flow Language/Architecture for Parallel Matrix Operations Based on Computational Wavefront Concept

This paper focuses on revolutionary parallel architecture and language concepts for a class of matrix operations which are fundamental for signal processing computations. Based on the notion of computational wavefront, a data flow language for matrix array processors is developed and a new processor architecture tailored to this language is proposed. Simulations were done in global and local levels and both of them report encouraging success.
The Space Between: The Cooperative Regulation of Criminal Law and Family Law

In this article, I offer an account of two legal doctrines?criminal law and family law whose interaction is frequently overlooked. On the surface, criminal law and family law would appear to have little in common. Criminal law crafts a system of public regulation that is enforced by the threat of punishment or other sanction. Family law obviously has public import, but nonetheless is understood to involve the private sphere?the home and family. Moreover, while criminal law, which carries the threat of deprivation of liberty, is seen as punitive and coercive, family law generally is considered more ameliorative and attentive to the well-being of those involved. This article focuses on the relationship between criminal law and fam ily law in the regulation of marriage, sex, and intimate life. In doing so, it accomplishes two things. First, it challenges an ingrained narrative that argues that until quite recently, the home and family were impervious to criminal intervention. This article reveals that, in fact, criminal law, work ing in tandem with family law, has long played an important role in the legal construction of intimate life. It further argues that we have over looked, to our detriment, criminal law and family law's cooperative role in organizing intimate life. Historically, criminal law and family law have worked in tandem to produce a binary view of intimate life that catego rizes intimate acts and choices as either legitimate marital behavior or ille gitimate criminal behavior.
Attenuation and Breakage in the Continuous Glass Fiber Drawing Process

Work is in progress to define and demonstrate a more efficient glass fiber drawing process using a largely standard production drawing tower. The computer model is used to predict the forming cone shape, forming stress, and break rates for a specified set of process variables. The results of computations for cone shape and forming stress are found to be in agreement with literature data. Calculated break rates are in poor agreement with our data, so the work continues on both the model and the process.
Activation of thermosensitive RNA splicing and production of a heat-labile P85gag-mos kinase by the introduction of a specific deletion in murine sarcoma virus-124 DNA.

Abstract Murine sarcoma virus ts110 (MuSVts110) is a conditionally transformation-defective MuSV mutant lacking 1,487 bases found in its wild-type parent, MuSV-349 (MuSV-124). Expression of the MuSVts110 v-mos gene product, P85gag-mos, requires splicing of the viral transcript to align the gag and mos genes in frame. However, this splice event is restricted to growth temperatures of 33 degrees C or lower. No splicing of the viral RNA, no production of P85gag-mos, and, hence, no cell transformation is observed at growth temperatures above 33 degrees C. To determine whether thermosensitive splicing is an intrinsic property of To determine whether thermosensitive splicing is an intrinsic property of MuSVts110 RNA specified by the 1,487-base deletion or a result of a cellular defect, we examined an "equivalent" or MuSVts110 DNA (designated ts32 DNA) constructed by combining wild-type MuSV-124 DNA fragments with a synthetic oligonucleotide to yield an otherwise wild-type viral DNA containing the same 1,487-base deletion as authentic MuSVts110. As observed in control cells (6m2 cells) infected with the authentic MuSVts110 virus, NIH 3T3 cells transfected with ts32 DNA appeared morphologically transformed when grown at 33 degrees C, but were converted to a more normal, flattened shape within a few hours of a shift to 39 degrees C. In concert with these morphological changes, both the processing of the ts32 RNA transcripts and the production of ts32 p85gag-mos kinase were found to be optimal at growth temperatures from 28 to 33 degrees C, but dramatically reduced at 37 to 41 degrees C. Like authentic P85gag-mos, the ts32 P85gag-mos kinase activity was rapidly inactivated by brief exposure to 39 degrees C. These results suggested that the MuSVts110 equivalent is functionally indistinguishable from authentic MuSVts110 and that the novel temperature-sensitive splicing of MuSVts110 transcripts is specified by an intrinsic property of the viral RNA.
Multibody System Applications and Simulations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The historical development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of generic computer programs for solving the H-M-H equations of motion of point-connected sets of rigid bodies in a topological tree is traced, as well as the application of these programs and the multibody modelling approach to the design of spacecraft control systems. These include thrust vector control and science instrument articulation on such vehicles as Mariner 9, Mariner 10, Viking Orbiter, and Voyager.
Tropical Pacific–Atlantic climate-driven switching of thermocline nutrient content and export production

[1] In the modern tropics, thermocline nutrients upwell on the eastern sides of ocean basins and are used with varying efficiency in the different oceans. This leads to nutrient build-up as well as elevated CO2 efflux in the Pacific, something not seen in the Atlantic. We present evidence that thermocline nutrient and export production during the last glacial were reduced in the Pacific but were higher in the Atlantic. The evidence indicates an increased ice age supply of nutrients to the tropical Atlantic thermocline, but a reduction in the Pacific; thus, supply to a more efficient biological pump in the Atlantic was raised while that to the inefficient Pacific was diminished. Transformation to modern conditions was a two step process through the deglacial. The results demonstrate large-scale reorganization of nutrient flow in the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The observed changes had the potential for positive feedback on glacial–interglacial variation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Continuous measurement of caffeine and two metabolites in blood and skeletal muscle of unrestrained adult horses by semi-automated in vivo microdialysis.

Concentrations of caffeine (CA) and two metabolites were measured simultaneously in venous blood and splenius muscle of adult horses using a semi-automated in vivo microdialysis sampling technique. Dialysates from muscle and jugular vein were collected continuously for 48 h and drug levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following i.v. injection, CA (3 mg/kg) attained a peak blood level of nearly 5400 +/- 600 ng/mL and decreased with a half-life of 15.3 +/- 0.7 h. Pharmacokinetic and statistical comparisons between CA concentrations in jugular dialysates and plasma samples revealed no significant differences between these sampling techniques. However, measurements in muscle and blood revealed unexpected pharmacokinetic differences, including significantly elevated concentrations of CA in muscle for 4 h following drug administration. In contrast, the CA metabolites theophylline (TP) and theobromine (TB) exhibited delayed appearances in muscle and blood with peak concentrations of 300 +/- 60 ng/mL (TP) and 150 +/- 50 ng/mL (TB) detected in both tissues 1 day following CA administration. This study demonstrates that our novel semi-automated microdialysis procedure for continuous monitoring of drug and metabolite levels may be useful for related studies in other domesticated large animal species.
Azasteroids. v. approaches to the 14,16‐diazasteroidal ring system

Making use of Reissert compound II and Reissert compound analogue VI, benzo [f]quinoline has been converted into the 14,16-diazasteroidal ring system. A number of reactions in this ring system are discussed.
Linear plots in the analysis of chronopotentiometric kinetic data

Summary It is shown that a plot of 1/iτ1/2 vs. 1/τ1/2 is an attractive alternative to the conventional plot of iτ1/2 vs. i for the analysis of chronopotentiometric data from systems in which first-order homogeneous chemical reaction precedes charge-transfer. The advantage derives from the fact that the former plot is linear for a significantly larger range of data than the latter. Ranges of parameters are given for which the two plots are linear. It is also shown that a third alternative: linear plot of τ1/2 vs. 1/i, is equivalent to the conventional iτ1/2 vs. i plot.
Properties of mat reinforced reaction injection molded materials

Reinforced reaction injection molding, RRIM, using preplaced glass-fiber mats is an attractive method for production of composite materials. The effect of the glass-fiber mat on the properties of a styrene-dimethacrylate copolymer (SDM) is analyzed. Thermal conductivity as a function of porosity was measured. A simple method to obtain the thermal coefficient of linear expansion using the Rheometrics System Four is presented. Dynamic mechanical properties were measured using torsion and three-point bending of rectangular bars. Adding the glass-fiber mat increased the storage modulus (G′) by a factor of 5 below Tg and 100 above it. Empirical correlations for the composite modulus as a function of glass-fiber content below and above Tg are presented. The increase in glass-transition temperature with increasing glass-fiber content is discussed.
Validation of Scores/Measures from a K-2 Developmental Assessment in Mathematics

This study describes psychometric investigations of a developmental assessment in mathematics composed of 19 performance tasks. Techniques from classical and the many-faceted Rasch approaches were combined to analyze field test data from a mixedage sample (n = 110). Descriptive statistics on scores from the overall scale and subdomains indicated increased proficiency with age. Convergent validity coefficients of scores with scaled scores of the Stanford Achievement Test mathematics battery ranged from .22 to .57; internal consistency reliability of the total scores on proficiency and independence were .90 and .92, respectively; and median interrater reliability was .80. Classical item statistics and Rasch logit difficulties of tasks suggested an ordered scale structure, although eight tasks did not fit Rasch criteria. The original and calibrated task orderings were consistent at the extreme ends of the scale. Findings point to directions for future improvement of the scale and rater training programs.
Visual assessment of urethrovesical junction mobility

The aim of the study was to compare visual assessment of anterior vaginal wall descent with the Q-tip test in evaluating urethrovesical junction mobility. One hundred and eleven patients with prolapse and/or urinary incontinence were examined in the supine lithotomy position with an empty bladder. Maximum straining Q-tip tests and maximum descent of the anterior vaginal wall were measured. Using each centimeter of descent as a cutoff value, the sensitivities, specificities and positive and negative predictive values were compared to those of the Q-tip test. As the cut-off points were moved distally, specificity increased at the expense of sensitivity. There was no single cut-off point that provided adequate sensitivity and specificity to be clinically useful to replace the Q-tip test. It was concluded that visual assessment of anterior vaginal wall descent does not provide diagnostic accuracy and acceptable sensitivity and specificity to determine urethrovesical junction mobility. Other methods should be employed to assess support.
The use of ozone to improve solids removal during disinfection

Abstract In laboratory batch tests, ozonation improved the removal of suspended solids in a subsequent settling process compared with controls in which oxygen was the contacting gas. The amount of improvement (up to 55%) was dependent on raw water hardness and the initial suspended solids concentration. The particle size distributions observed both before and after treatment with ozone closely fit a power law model used by others. For the highest hardness water tested, the increase in particle size after ozonation was significant at the 5% level. A 4 liter/min test loop was used to treat part of a hatchery water supply in Alaska. The use of ozone prior to sedimentation or filtration improved the removal of suspended solids.
Thermomechanical damage by pulsed lasers

Equipment is under development to generate powerful laser pulses capable of producing fracture in metals. Since laser energy - in a continuous mode of operation - can also be used to induce thermal damage, the laser provides an excellent model to assess thermal as against mechanical damage potential. A simple one-dimensional theory is presented which combines energy absorption, shock formation and dynamic fracture phenomena in order to predict failure of metals in relation to laser characteristics. Conditions are indicated under which the destructive power of a pulsed laser becomes maximal.
Bupropion‐SR in treatment of social phobia

A 12-week, open label flexible dosing study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of bupropion-SR in the treatment of generalized social phobia. The primary outcome measures include the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) and the Brief Social Phobia Rating Scale (BSPS). A total of 18 subjects were enrolled. Five of the ten subjects who completed all 12 weeks were considered as responders. Response to treatment was defined as a CGI-I score of 1 or 2, (“much improved” or “very much improved,” respectively) and a >50% decrease in BSPS score. The final doses for the completers ranged between 200 and 400 mg/day (mean 366±68 mg/day). The medication was generally well tolerated. Findings from this open-label trial suggest that bupropion-SR may be useful in treating generalized social phobia. Depression and Anxiety 12:111–113, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hope and anxiety of individual family members of critically III adults

This correlational study describes levels of hope and states of anxiety of individual family members of critically ill patients and investigates the relationship between hope and state of anxiety. Forty-four family members of critically ill patients participated in the study and revealed a high level of hope and a high level of anxiety within 72 hours of the patient's hospitalization, regardless of personal or situational characteristics. Hope and anxiety were not significantly related in this sample; themes of hope focused on past and present experiences, whereas anxiety centered on death of the loved one. Participants looked to the past, recalling happy times, and to the future, in relation to goals and potential. Family members acknowledged feeling secure, self-confident, and steady, and were able to make decisions because they were not confused about the situation. Nurses are challenged to inspire the family's hope and decrease their anxiety.
Flood insurance, wealth redistribution, and urban property values

Abstract This paper examines the economics of the wealth transfer created by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). By its very nature, NFIP is unique in that it subsidizes existing homeowners but not new construction. Thus for comparable properties, the gain captured by existing homeowners is the difference between selling prices of equivalent qualified and nonqualified properties. Using standard hedonic pricing models, we empirically test the impact of subsidized and nonsubsidized flood insurance on property values.
Ground based preparation for microgravity growth of alloy semiconductors

Ground-based research conducted in order to prepare a microgravity space flight experiment is presented. The thermophysical properties of a PbSnTe alloy used for semiconductors are investigated, and furnace calibration and fluid-flow measurements are performed. The alloy has a zero energy crossing at approximately 40 percent SnTe in its band-gap vs composition diagram, which facilitates the design of long-wavelength IR detectors and lasers. The uniformity of devices made from this material depends on the ratio of PbTe and SnTe and requires the composition of the crystal growth to be closely controlled. The main obstacle to such control is the fact that liquid of this material is always solutally or thermally unstable, and, in a high-temperature gradient, the double convective instability cannot be made stable by balancing thermal and solutal expansion. In order to extend the science of crystal growth, the limits of suppression of convection have to be tested in low earth orbit.
Application of Microcomputers to Automatic Weld Quality Control

The demand for increased productivity of welding operations has led to the expanded use of computer control to allow higher production rates while maintaining weld quality. The charateristics of the gas metal arc welding process and the relationship between welding parameters, the desired output of the welding process, and the automation of the process are discussed. A strategy for two-axis welding torch positioning and velocity control is developed based on preview control techniques. To evaluate the applicability of the proposed control method the motion of heat source along different welding paths is simulated on an analog computer with on-line control of process time constants by an LSI-11 microcomputer. The simulation results show that high quality seam tracking can be accomplished by controlling the torch motion using the proposed method. The method appears to be suitable for on-line control of welding processes.
Combined Heart-Kidney Transplantation After Total Artificial Heart Insertion

We present the first single-center report of 2 consecutive cases of combined heart and kidney transplantation after insertion of a total artificial heart (TAH). Both patients had advanced heart failure and developed dialysis-dependent renal failure after implantation of the TAH. The 2 patients underwent successful heart and kidney transplantation, with restoration of normal heart and kidney function. On the basis of this limited experience, we consider TAH a safe and feasible option for bridging carefully selected patients with heart and kidney failure to combined heart and kidney transplantation. Recent FDA approval of the Freedom driver may allow outpatient management at substantial cost savings. The TAH, by virtue of its capability of providing pulsatile flow at 6 to 10 L/min, may be the mechanical circulatory support device most likely to recover patients with marginal renal function and advanced heart failure.
Knockout of Nuclear High Molecular Weight FGF2 Isoforms in Mice Modulates Bone and Phosphate Homeostasis

Abstract We previously reported that targeted overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in osteoblastic lineage cells in mice resulted in phenotypic changes, including dwarfism, rickets, osteomalacia, hypophosphatemia, increased serum parathyroid hormone, and increased levels of the phosphatonin FGF23 in serum and bone. This study examined the effects of genetically knocking out the FGF2HMW isoforms (HMWKO) on bone and phosphate homeostasis. HMWKO mice were not dwarfed and had significantly increased bone mineral density and bone mineral content in femurs and lumbar vertebrae when compared with the wild-type (WT) littermates. Micro-computed tomography analysis of femurs revealed increased trabecular bone volume, thickness, number, and connective tissue density with decreased trabecular spacing compared with WT. In addition, there was significantly decreased cortical porosity and increased cortical thickness and sub-periosteal area in femurs of HMWKO. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated increased osteoblast activity and diminished osteoclast activity in the HMWKO. In vitro bone marrow stromal cell cultures showed there was a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase-positive colony number at 1 week in HMWKO. At 3 weeks of culture, the mineralized area was also significantly increased. There was increased expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes and reduced expression of genes associated with impaired mineralization, including a significant reduction in Fgf23 and Sost mRNA. Normal serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone were observed in HMWKO mice. This study demonstrates a significant negative impact of HMWFGF2 on biological functions in bone and phosphate homeostasis in mice.
Resisting temptations to change a brand position/execution: The power of consistency over time

Consistency in a brand position and execution over time provides the potential to own positions and symbols and to achieve significant communication cost efficiencies. In the face of these advantages, why are there so few Marlboros and Maytags? One reason is that pressures on brand strategists to change positions and executions can lead to unwise decisions. These pressures can be caused by managers' mindsets and strategic misconceptions. Managers tend to be action oriented, to have high (sometimes unrealistic) aspirations, and to lack ownership of current strategies. Strategic misconceptions can include the beliefs that a newly developed strategy is ineffective, that a new paradigm has emerged, that a superior position/execution can be found, and that customers are bored.
Primary Cesarean Deliveries Prior to Labor in the United States, 1979–2004

Objectives: To provide for the United States yearly estimates of first-time (primary) cesareans prior to labor and to examine factors associated with 1979–2004 trends. Methods: We estimated the annual percent of total, primary, and repeat cesareans with and without labor for 15- to 44-year-old women with live births in the 1979–2004 National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS; N = 706,062). For women without prior cesareans (N = 628,064), we used logistic regression to examine whether trends in primary cesarean before labor are explained by changes over time in: (1) the frequency of pregnancy complications, women’s age, principal source of payment for delivery, hospital ownership, size, and region; and (2) the decision to deliver by cesarean when complications are present. Results: Annually 4.5–6.6% of women delivered by primary cesarean prior to labor in 1979–2004. Recently, there has been a rise. An increase in reported pregnancy complications contributed to more primary cesareans before labor in 1979–2004. Changes in women’s age, principal payment source, and hospital characteristics do not explain 1979–2004 trends. Changes in delivery practices with respect to seven complications increased primary cesareans before labor in the 1980s. Conclusions: From 1979 to 2004, primary cesareans before labor contributed less to total cesareans than primary cesareans during labor and repeat cesareans without labor. Since 1998, primary cesareans pre-labor have increased less than previously reported. The recent increase is not explained by changes in the frequency of pregnancy complications, women’s age, insurance, or delivery hospital characteristics. Changes in delivery practices regarding pregnancy complications may have contributed to the recent increase.
Exploring the Challenges and Prospects for Polycentricity in International Humanitarian Relief

The coordination of relief in international humanitarian crises has long been viewed as fraught with problems of inadequate oversight and coordination. Contrary to this claim, this article argues that the international relief system, viewed as interdependent actors, is better understood on the basis of the principle of polycentricity. The authors sketch the conditions necessary to secure a polycentric social order and compare these to the international humanitarian relief framework. They argue that polycentricity may be a more apt aspiration for participants in the international relief system than are calls for new and more stringent forms of monocentric coordination, but its conditions too may be difficult for the relevant participants to realize. The authors explore the tensions and possibilities implicit in this reframing at both the strategic and operating scales.
A Blueprint for Using the World Wide Web as an Interactive Teaching Tool

The combination of the World Wide Web and instructional software tools has the potential to create an educational environment that supports the knowledge building approach to learning. This article...
Isolation of two populations of myoblasts from porcine skeletal muscle.

Studies on the effects of time and passage on porcine primary muscle cell cultures and methods to purify myoblasts were conducted using flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Primary muscle cells cultured on single plates revealed a small cell ( or = 10 mm diameter) population containing desmin-positive myoblasts and nonmyoblasts. The small myoblasts were detectable up to 28 days but after cell sorting and passage, they became indistinguishable from the large myoblast population. This indicates that pig muscle contains small self-renewing myoblasts similar to humans, that become larger when induced to proliferate. A human myoblast-specific monoclonal antibody allows FACS of both large and small myoblasts from primary cells within 2 days of culture and independent of passage. These characteristics of porcine myoblasts indicate that the pig may be a suitable large animal model for myoblast-mediated gene transfer.
France establishes guidelines for treating neurobehavioral disorders following traumatic brain injury.

This paper comments on the report by a committee of La Societe Francaise de Medecine Physique et de Readaptation (SOFMER) in response to the Haute Autorite de sante in France concerning the classification and clinical management of disorders of comportment following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). In view of the large number of patients and families affected by these disorders, there is a strong rationale for these guidelines to ensure that clinical assessment and treatment is evidence-based. The report is viewed from the perspective of current research on disorders of comportment and in relation to recent reviews and meta-analyses on this topic. Comments on the classification draw on pathophysiology and brain imaging in addition to the clinical literature. The SOFMER report and recent projects in North America are compared for trends in the development of recommended assessment scales and standard, evidence-based treatment protocols for pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Collaborative, multinational investigations of TBI are also noted, which are advancing progress toward guidelines for clinical management.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF DIVALENT SALTS

Many divalent salts (e.g., calcium, iron, zinc), have important nutritional value and are used to fortify food or as dietary supplements. Sensory characterization of some divalent salts in aqueous solutions by untrained judges has been reported in the psychophysical literature, but formal sensory evaluation by trained panels is lacking. To provide this information, a trained descriptive panel evaluated the sensory characteristics of 10 divalent salts including ferrous sulfate, chloride and gluconate; calcium chloride, lactate and glycerophosphate; zinc sulfate and chloride; and magnesium sulfate and chloride. Among the compounds tested, iron compounds were highest in metallic taste; zinc compounds had higher astringency and a glutamate-like sensation; and bitterness was pronounced for magnesium and calcium salts. Bitterness was affected by the anion in ferrous and calcium salts. Results from the trained panelists were largely consistent with the psychophysical literature using untrained judges, but provided a more comprehensive set of oral sensory attributes.
Representation and interpretation of geometric tolerances for polyhedral objects—I. Form tolerances

This paper presents a scheme for representing form tolerances for polyhedral objects in solid modelers. This includes the development of a complete form tolerance zone definition based on a rigorous mathematical formulation in which derived algebraic constraints define the model variations. The paper also presents a procedure for the representation of the variant boundary surfaces that approximate the real world form variations and simulate the variations by planar surfaces (for tolerance analysis). The proposed scheme has been implemented in an object-oriented programming environment.
Impact of the bloodborne pathogens standard on vaccination of healthcare workers with hepatitis B vaccine.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations on the vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs), to assess interpretation of these regulations, and to evaluate changes in hospital vaccination policies. Design: Between June 1, 1992, and August 15, 1992, a telephone survey was conducted among 150 hospitals selected randomly from participants in the American Hospital Association 1991 annual survey. Results: Of the 150 hospitals, 96 (64%) provided information on hepatitis B vaccination coverage of their employees. Of the 103,419 employees in these hospitals, 77,302 (75%) were eligible to receive the hepatitis B vaccine, and 38,850 (51%) of these were vaccinated completely (had received 3 doses of vaccine). Following issuance of the final regulations, 73% of hospitals reported greater employee acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine, and hospitals were more likely to offer hepatitis B vaccine to maintenance workers, security personnel, dietary staff, and clerical personnel. Seventy-five hospitals (59%) reported conducting postvaccination serologic testing on all hospital employees, 12 (8%) as a result of OSHA regulations. Twenty-three hospitals (16%) reported administering routine booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 3, 5, or 7 years. Conclusions: The new OSHA standard resulted in a greater awareness of risk for HBV infection among HCWs and an increase in the number of HCWs receiving hepatitis B vaccine; however, vaccination coverage remained suboptimal. Postvaccination serologic testing of employees with negligible risk and the routine administration of vaccine booster doses may be diverting resources and preventing comprehensive coverage of high-risk employees.
Vulnerability and adaptation of distortion product otoacoustic emissions to endocochlear potential variation

The endocochlear potential (EP) was reversibly decreased in adult gerbils by the intraperitoneal injection of furosemide, while cochlear functioning was monitored by measurement of distortion production otoacoustic emissions (DPE) at a range of stimulus intensities. Stimulus frequencies for DPEs were f1 = 6.8 and f2 = 8 kHz (f2/f1 = 1.18). Emissions monitored in the ear canal and scala media were 2f1-f2, 3f1-2f2, 2f2-f1, and f2-f1. Typically, the EP decreased smoothly, reached a minimum one-half hour after injection, then recovered slowly over several hours. Emissions at 2f1-f2 and 3f1-2f2 at low stimulus levels were particularly vulnerable to the change in EP. These vulnerable emissions showed characteristic trajectories in which the amplitudes changed little with the initial EP decrease, then dropped sharply as the EP continued to decrease. However, the amplitudes then began to recover even before the EP reached minimum, and recovered completely while the EP remained subnormal. The trajectories of the other odd order emissions were similar, but lacked the abrupt decrease. The variation of the even order (f2-f1) component was completely different, but appeared related to the odd order trajectories in a complex fashion. During the initial decrease for the vulnerable components, the decrease in emission amplitude (in dB) was found to be proportional to the square of the change in EP (in mV). The recovery with a subnormal EP was interpreted as an adaptive effect with a time constant of about 15 min.
Speech Monitoring and Verbal Learning

The effects of interference with auditory feedback on two verbal learning tasks were studied. Twenty-seven adults without speech or hearing handicaps practiced two verbal tasks (reading comprehensi...
The transcription factor ATF5 is widely expressed in carcinomas, and interference with its function selectively kills neoplastic, but not nontransformed, breast cell lines

ATF5, a transcription factor important in differentiation, proliferation and survival, has been found to be highly expressed in neural progenitor cells and in certain tumors including glioblastomas (GBMs), but its expression in other normal and neoplastic tissues has not been extensively investigated. A tissue microarray immunostained for ATF5 showed diffuse nuclear expression (as defined by the presence in greater than 25% of cells) in 63% (117/186) of neoplastic samples, when compared to only 32% (20/62) in nonneoplastic tissues. When analyzed by histologic subtype, a significantly greater proportion of adenocarcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and metastatic carcinomas of various tissue origins had nuclear staining when compared to nonneoplastic tissues. There was no significant difference in ATF5 expression in renal cell carcinomas, lymphomas and seminomas, when compared to nonneoplastic tissues. An expanded series of nonarray breast resection specimens revealed a significantly greater proportion of ATF5 positivity in ductal and lobular carcinomas, when compared to normal breast tissue. Past work found that loss of ATF5 function triggers death of GBM cells, but not of normal activated astrocytes. Here, we observed that loss of ATF5 function caused significant apoptotic death of neoplastic breast cell lines, but not of nonneoplastic breast cell lines. Our data demonstrate elevated ATF5 expression in a wide variety of neoplasms and that interference with ATF5 function selectively triggers death of breast carcinoma cells. Such findings may have potential therapeutic application.
Posttrip Behavioral Differences Between First-Time and Repeat Guests: A Two-Phase Study in a Hospitality Setting

This study was designed to investigate posttrip behavioral differences between first-time and repeat hotel guests by examining causal relationships among delight, satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty, and behavioral loyalty. A two-phase study was conducted to validate actual future behavioral loyalty. The online surveys to measure satisfaction, delight, and attitudinal loyalty were completed by 1,573 hotel guests as Time 1. A follow-up study was used to identify those who rebooked and stayed in the same hotel within the year; behavioral loyalty as Time 2. A proposed model was tested in the hotel setting using structural equation analysis. The impact of delight on attitudinal loyalty was found to be greater for first-time guests than for repeat guests. Implications for management and future research are presented. Customer satisfaction was found to have a greater influence on attitudinal loyalty for repeat guests than for first-time guests.
VHF, UHF and microwave frequency nanomechanical resonators

Nanomechanical resonators with fundamental mode resonance frequencies in the very-high frequency (VHF), ultra-high frequency (UHF) and microwave L-band ranges are fabricated from monocystalline silicon carbide (SiC) thin film material, and measured by magnetomotive transduction, combined with a balanced-bridge readout circuit. For resonators made from the same film, we measured the frequency dependence (thus geometry dependence) of the quality factor. We have seen a steady decrease of quality factor as the frequency goes up. This indicates the importance of clamping losses in this regime. To study this source of dissipation, a free-free beam SiC nanomechanical resonator has been co-fabricated on the same chip with a doubly clamped beam resonator operating at similar frequencies. Device testing has been performed to directly compare their characteristics and performance. It is observed that a significant improvement in quality factor is attained from the free-free beam design. In addition, from studies of resonators made from different chips with varying surface roughness, we found a strong correlation between surface roughness of the SiC thin film material and the quality factor of the resonators made from it. Furthermore, we experimentally studied the eddy current damping effect in the context of magnetomotive transduction. A high-aspect ratio SiC nanowire resonator is fabricated and tested for this study. Understanding the dissipation mechanisms, and thus improving the quality factor of these resonators, is important for implementing applications promised by these devices.
Extremal graphs with prescribed circumference and cocircumference

Abstract Let G be a loopless 2-connected graph with circumference c and with largest bond of size c ∗ . In an earlier paper, the author proved that |E(G)|⩽ 1 2 cc ∗ . This paper determines all 2-connected graphs that attain equality in this bound showing that these graphs are certain special series–parallel networks.
Inverted fluvial features in the Aeolis/Zephyria Plana region, Mars: Formation mechanism and initial paleodischarge estimates

[1] A subset of the sinuous ridges (SRs) in the Aeolis/Zephyria Plana (AZP) region of Mars has been previously hypothesized to be inverted fluvial features, although the precise induration and erosion mechanisms were not specified. Morphological observations and thermal inertia data presented here support this hypothesis. A variety of mechanisms can cause inversion, and identification of the specific events that lead to fluvial SR formation can provide insights into the sedimentological, geochemical, and climatic processes of the region. Reconnaissance of two terrestrial lava-capped ridges suggests some criteria that may be used to identify inverted fluvial features formed by lava infill on Mars, but these criteria are not satisfied by the majority of the AZP fluvial SRs. Armoring also appears inconsistent with terrestrial analogs. Layering and surface textures of fluvial SRs indicate that the most likely induration mechanism was geochemical cementation of fluvial sediments, and that the primary erosional mechanism that exposed the fluvial SRs was aeolian abrasion. This analysis of formation mechanism provides a foundation for estimating paleodischarge using an empirical form-discharge approach, to which we have applied scaling, for Martian gravity. For those fluvial SRs meeting a set of criteria for accurate paleodischarge estimates, paleodischarge values generally range between 101 and 103 m3 s−1. The largest of these initial estimates are comparable to paleodischarge estimates for some late-stage Noachian fluvial channels on Mars, and provide a constraint on the atmospheric conditions at this equatorial location during the late Hesperian to early Amazonian time frame.
The Corneal Pain System. Part I: The Missing Piece of the Dry Eye Puzzle

The traditional model of dry eye disease based on tear deficiency has presented us with many unanswered questions. Recent studies support the notion that dry eye-like symptoms represent non-specific corneal pain and provide new insights into the mechanisms that sustain the integrity of the optical tear layer. Thus, this enigmatic disease can be viewed with a new perspective, which involves the dysfunctional corneal pain system as a central pathogenetic feature of a series of disorders collectively known today as dry eye.
Using argumentative agents to catalyze and support collaboration in design

Abstract Since the 1970s, we have created hypertext systems supporting Rittel's argumentative approach to design. Our efforts aim at improving design by encouraging argumentative, i.e., reasoned-discourse during projects. Despite the intrinsically group-oriented character of the argumentative approach, all of our past prototypes were single-user systems. The project reported here is the first in which we aim at supporting argumentation in group projects. To do this, we augmented our PHIDIAS hyperCAD system to show how argumentative agents can initiate and sustain productive collaboration in design. These agents catalyze collaboration among designers working at different times and/or places by (1) detecting overlaps in the concerns of different participants in a design process, including conflict and support relationships, (2) notifying these people of these overlapping concerns, and (3) enabling a synchronous communication among these people to deal collaboratively with the overlaps. We call these agents argumentative because they represent different personal and professional viewpoints in design and because they promote argumentative discourse among designers about various issues. In addition to identifying and dealing with crucial problems of coordination and collaboration, argumentative agents enable the capture of important design rationale in the form of communication among project participants about these crucial problems.