cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2898: A biparatopic HER2xHER2 antibody drug conjugate with potent anti-tumor activity

A biparatopic HER2xHER2 antibody drug conjugate with potent anti-tumor activity. The antibody drug conjugate (ADC) Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) targets the well-characterized breast cancer oncogene HER2 and is active in tumors that express very high levels of HER2 protein. However, tumors expressing intermediate levels of HER2 remain resistant to T-DM1 therapy, apparently due to insufficient lysosomal trafficking of T-DM1. We generated a series of biparatopic HER2xHER2 antibodies in which each arm recognizes a distinct epitope of HER2. One of our HER2xHER2 antibodies bound to cells with greater avidity than Trastuzumab and formed visible cell surface clusters that were efficiently internalized. While some of the internalized HER2xHER2 antibody trafficked to lysosomes and promoted HER2 degradation, a significant fraction recycled back to the plasma membrane through recycling endosomes. To exploit the increased internalization and recycling of the HER2xHER2 antibody, ADCs were generated by site-specific conjugation of Tubulysin A payload through a protease-cleavable linker. Recent data suggest that cleavage of this linker does not require lysosomal trafficking, but can occur in recycling endosomes as well. HER2xHER2-Tubulysin killed cell lines expressing high (IHC3+) and intermediate (IHC2+) HER2 levels with subnanomolar IC50, while exhibiting very weak killing of cells expressing low (IHC1+) HER2 levels (IC50 greater than 10nM). HER2xHER2-Tubulysin induced complete and durable tumor regression and outperformed T-DM1 in a collection of IHC3+ and 2+ tumor xenograft models (including PDX). Our work shows that a detailed understanding of antibody trafficking can enable the design of more effective ADCs and suggests that HER2xHER2-Tubulysin is a potential clinical candidate for HER2 IHC2+ breast cancer. Citation Format: Andres Perez Bay, Devon Faulkner, Shiwani Tiwari, Carla Castanaro, Xiang Zheng, Arthur Kunz, Thomas Nittoli, Amy Han, William Olson, Gavin Thurston, Christopher Daly, Julian Andreev. A biparatopic HER2xHER2 antibody drug conjugate with potent anti-tumor activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2898.
A POMDP Treatment of Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction: Implicit Coordination via Uncertainty-Aware Planning

Drivers and other road users often encounter situations (e.g., arriving at an intersection simultaneously) where priority is ambiguous or unclear but must be resolved via communication to reach agreement. This poses a challenge for autonomous vehicles, for which no direct means for expressing intent and acknowledgment has yet been established. This paper contributes a minimal model to manage ambiguity and produce actions that are expressive and encode aspects of intent. Specifically, intent is treated as a latent variable, communicated implicitly through a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). We validate the model in a simple setting: a simulation of a prototypical crossing with a vehicle and one pedestrian at an unsignalized intersection. We further report use of our self-driving Ford Lincoln MKZ platform, through which we conducted experimental trials of the method involving real-time interaction. The experiment shows the method achieves safe and efficient navigation.
Alginate-based 3D cancer cell culture for therapeutic response modeling.

Summary Two-dimensional (2D) culture of tumor cells fails to recapitulate some important aspects of cellular organization seen in in vivo experiments. In addition, cell cultures traditionally use non-physiological concentration of nutrients. Here, we describe a protocol for a facile three-dimensional (3D) culture format for cancer cells. This 3D platform helps overcome the 2D culture limitations. In addition, it allows for longitudinal modeling of responses to cancer therapeutics. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lhuissier et al. (2017) , Lehmann et al. (2016) , Liu et al. (2016) , and Duval et al. (2011) .
Blind Carbon Copy on Dirty Paper: Seamless Spectrum Underlay via Canonical Correlation Analysis

The spectrum underlay concept promises enhanced spectrum utilization without disturbing legacy / licensed or scientific primary users, so long as their interference constraints can be met. Existing underlay schemes assume that both the primary signal to secondary interference plus noise ratio, and the secondary signal to primary interference plus noise ratio can be high enough at the primary and secondary receiver, respectively. Even if the cross-network channel state information is available at the secondary users, these two conflicting requirements are hard to achieve simultaneously in practice. This work proposes a practical data-driven approach that allows a pair of secondary users to reliably communicate in underlay mode while keeping the interference at the primary receiver close to its noise floor. The secondary transmitter merely has to transmit its signal twice, at very low power - above the noise floor, but well below the primary’s interference. It is shown here that reliable detection of the secondary signal is possible via canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Theoretical and experimental results reveal the remarkable detection performance of the proposed CCA-based approach, which does not require any cross-network coordination, or even channel state information.
Formaldehyde Analysis in Non-Aqueous Methanol Solutions by Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrospray Ionization

We present the analysis of formaldehyde (HCHO) in anhydrous methanol (CH3OH) as a case study to quantify HCHO in non-aqueous samples. At higher concentrations (C > 0.07 M), we detect a product of HCHO, methoxy methanol (MM, CH3OCH2OH), by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR. Formaldehyde reacts with CH3OH, CD3OH, and CD3OD as shown by FTIR with a characteristic spectral feature around 1,195 cm-1 for CH3OH used for the qualitative detection of MM, a formaldehyde derivative in neat methanol. Ab initio calculations support this assignment. The extinction coefficient for 1,195 cm-1 is in the order of 1.4 × 102 M-1cm-1, which makes the detection limit by FTIR in the order of 0.07 M. For lower concentrations, we performed the quantitative analysis of non-aqueous samples by derivatization with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The derivatization uses an aqueous H2SO4 solution to yield the formaldehyde derivatized hydrazone. Ba(OH)2 removes sulfate ions from the derivatized samples and a final extraction with isobutyl acetate to yield a 1:1 methanol: isobutyl acetate solvent for injection for electrospray ionization (ESI). The ESI analysis gave a linear calibration curve for concentrations from 10 to 200 µM with a time-of-flight analyzer (TOF). The detection and quantification limits are 7.8 and 26 μM, respectively, for a linear correlation with R 2 > 0.99. We propose that the formaldehyde in CH3OH is in equilibrium with the MM species, without evidence of HCHO in solution. In the presence of water, the peaks for MM become less resolved, as expected from the well-known equilibria of HCHO that favors the formation of methylene glycol and polymeric species. Our results show that HCHO, in methanol does not exist in the aldehyde form as the main chemical species. Still, HCHO is in equilibrium between the production of MM and the formation of hydrated species in the presence of water. We demonstrate the ESI-MS analysis of HCHO from a non-aqueous TiO2 suspension in methanol. Detection of HCHO after illumination of the colloid indicates that methanol photooxidation yields formaldehyde in equilibrium with the solvent.
The Birth of the Research Field of COVID-19: Factors Determining the Evolution Supporting Discoveries and Technological Paradigm Shift with New MRNA Vaccines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that appeared in late 2019 generating a high number of deaths and socioeconomic issues in human society. One of the fundamental questions in social studies of science is to analyze the evolution of new research fields during environmental threats, such as COVID-19 global pandemic crisis. This study analyzes the emergence and evolution of the research field of COVID-19 compared to other scientific fields concerning respiratory disorders, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Lung Cancer, to explain the dynamics of science that is generating scientific breakthroughs in a short period of time. This study shows that the scientific production of the research field of COVID-19 has increased from January 2020 with an unparalleled velocity generating manifold scientific advances, discoveries and innovative drugs for a paradigm shift in the treatment of infectious diseases with mRNA vaccines. In particular, results reveal that acceleration of science in the research field of COVID-19, measured with scientific production, is equal to a growth of 1.71% daily, which is a level much higher than evolution of a normal research field that has a growth of scientific production of about 0.5% daily (e.g., COPD and Lung Cancer). These findings are generalized in properties of the dynamics of science to explain the characteristics of science that generate scientific breakthrough in the presence of environmental threats. Overall, then, this study clarifies, as far as possible, some novel characteristics of the origin of new research fields, crisis-driven, that support discoveries and innovations for guiding scientific and technological progress in society.
An innovative digital image correlation technique for in-situ process monitoring of composite structures in large scale additive manufacturing

Abstract As additive manufacturing (AM) continues to develop and become a standardized manufacturing method, there will be a continued need to provide in-situ monitoring during the manufacturing of polymer composite printed components. Thermal residual stress is a primary cause of failures such as interlayer disbonds or delamination, micro cracking, and dimensional instability, which can occur during or after the build. This study reports a novel digital image correlation (DIC) adaptation to monitor thermal residual stresses during the entire print process for large-scale AM. In this work, DIC has been investigated (a) by the natural speckle produced by the polymer surface for correlation, (b) to monitor AM build, and (c) to evaluate the effect of thermal residual stress on warpage of the printed component. The natural speckle pattern of the AM material resulted in a respectable 3.57% error compared to the traditional painted speckle pattern of 3.05% error. DIC measured a 190% increase in vertical displacement at the edge of the wall compared to the center, indicating warpage during AM. This work is a step towards a non-intrusive residual stress measuring technique using DIC for large-scale AM.
EXPRESSION OF INVASIN AND MOTILITY ARE COORDINATELY REGULATED IN YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA

The Yersinia enterocolitica inv gene encodes the primary invasion factor invasin, which has been previously shown to be critical in the initial stages of infection. The expression of inv is influenced by growth phase and temperature and is maximal during late exponential-early stationary phase at 23°C. In addition, motility of Y. enterocolitica is regulated by temperature. Y. enterocolitica cells are motile when grown at lower temperatures (30°C or below), while bacteria grown at 37°C are nonmotile. This study was initiated to determine the molecular basis for the temperature regulation of inv expression. Two mutants were isolated that both showed a significant decrease in invasin expression but are hypermotile when grown at 23°C. The first mutant (JB1A8v) was a result of a random mTn5Km insertion into the uvrC gene. The uvrC mutant JB1A8v demonstrated a significant decrease in inv and an increase in fleB (encodes flagellin) expression. These results suggest that expression of inv and flagellin genes is coordinated at the level of transcription. The second regulatory mutant, JB16v, was a result of a targeted insertion into a locus similar to sspA which in E. coli encodes a stationary-phase regulator. The E. coli sspA gene was cloned and assayed for complementation in both of the regulatory mutants. It was determined that E. coli sspA restored invasin expression in both the uvrC mutant and the sspA mutant. In addition, the complementing clone decreased flagellin levels in these mutants.
The Effect of Magnesium Supply on the Quality of Aluminum Melts

Domestic aluminum producers are increasingly turning to alternate suppliers of alloying materials in order to lower costs and meet demand. Occasionally, problems arise due to this practice. One Alcoa facility had just such an issue with magnesium supply. The effects of magnesium concentration, temperature, and time on oxidation rate are quite well documented. This paper will present a comparison between the effects of commercially pure magnesium sources on a continuous casting process. Metal cleanliness data using LiMCA and PoDFA will be presented as well as TGA results, SEM, and visual documentation. Significant differences in oxidation behavior were observed among the three magnesium sources that were evaluated.
Property Profile of Lab-Scale Anodes Produced with 180 °C Mettler Coal Tar Pitch

The PAH-induced toxicity of coal tar pitch decreases with increasing softening temperature. The use of high- melting pitches is however restricted due to operational challenges. One critical limitation is high-temperature mixing. Temperatures up to 300 °C were now realized using a newly developed EIRICH mixer. A 180°C Mettler binder pitch resulted in lab-scale anodes having a higher baked density (+0.04 g/cm³). Electric resistivity and air permeability are reduced whereas compressive strength and Young’s modulus are increased. The significantly lower baking loss allows a faster carbonisation process in the low temperature range, potentially increasing the throughput of baking furnaces.
Large displacement nanopositioning flexure fabricated by direct 3D printing of Titanium

This paper reports the design, fabrication and testing of a piezoelectric actuated XY nanopositioning stage made up of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) fabricated for the first time through a 3D printing, namely Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM). It allows for improved mechanical stiffness, bandwidth of the stage, and light weight, compact structure. The resonant frequencies of x and y axes of the stage have shown to be almost identical 1.854 kHz and 1.858 kHz respectively, showing fabrication repeatability. The stage has been used in optical positioning utilizing a PID controller which enables 50µm translation with linear motion.
Investigation of the flat beam model of the beam-beam interaction

At the interaction point of a storage ring collider each beam is subject to perturbations due to the electromagnetic field of the counter-rotating beam. For flat beams, a well known approximation models the beam by a current sheet which is uniform in the horizontal plane, restricting the particle motion to the vertical direction. In this classical model a water-bag beam distribution is used to find working points and beam-beam tune shift parameters which lead to a stable beam distribution. We try to find stability criteria for a more realistic Gaussian equilibrium distribution. In order to analyze the instabilities, a linearized Vlasov equation is solved computing radial and angular modes to first order in the displacement from the design trajectory.
Higher-Order Modal Logic - A Sketch

First-order modal logic, in the usual formulations, is not sufficiently expressive, and as a consequence problems like Frege's morning star/evening star puzzle arise. The introduction of predicate abstraction machinery provides a natural extension in which such difficulties can be addressed. But this machinery can also be thought of as part of a move to a full higher-order modal logic. In this paper we present a sketch of just such a higher-order modal logic: its formal semantics, and a proof procedure using tableaus. Naturally the tableau rules are not complete, but they are with respect to a Henkinization of the "true" semantics. We demonstrate the use of the tableau rules by proving one of the theorems involved in Godel's ontological argument, one of the rare instances in the literature where higher-order modal constructs have appeared. A fuller treatment of the material presented here is in preparation
Igf1 promotes longitudinal bone growth by insulin-like actions augmenting chondrocyte hypertrophy

Longitudinal bone growth, and hence stature, are functions of growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) is reputed to augment longitudinal bone growth by stimulating growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. In this study, however, we demonstrate that chondrocyte numbers and proliferation are normal in Igf1 null mice despite a 35% reduction in the rate of long bone growth. Igf1 null hypertrophic chondrocytes differentiate normally in terms of expressing specialized proteins such as collagen X and alkaline phosphatase, but are smaller than wild-type at all levels of the hypertrophic zone. The terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes, which form the scaffold on which long bone growth extends, are reduced in linear dimension by 30% in Igf1 null mice, accounting for most of their decreased longitudinal growth. The expression of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter, GLUT4, is significantly decreased and the insulin-regulated enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK...
Effect of Electrostatic Space Charge on Reduction of Airborne Transmission of Salmonella and Other Bacteria in Broiler Breeders in Production and Their Progeny

Salmonella in birds is a concern because of the human foodborne illness associated with the consumption of poultry meat and eggs. One of the methods of transmission of Salmonella within a flock can be by the air. Therefore, we used reduction of transmission of Salmonella to monitor the effectiveness of the electrostatic space charge system (ESCS). During the average broiler breeder laying cycle of 40 wk, a large amount of dust becomes airborne and accumulates on walls, ceiling, and equipment. Many microorganisms adhere to these dust particles, making dust an excellent vector for horizontal disease transmission between birds. We used two environmentally controlled rooms containing commercial broiler breeders to evaluate the effectiveness of an ESCS that produced a strong negative electrostatic charge to reduce airborne dust and, subsequently, microorganism levels. The ESCS caused the dust to become negatively charged, therefore moving to the grounded floor in the treatment room. The use of the ESCS resulted in a significant reduction (P 0.05) in egg production, male or female body weights, mortality, or reproductive performance in the ESCS room compared with the control room.
Cortical interleukin-1β elevation after traumatic brain injury in the rat: no effect of two selective antagonists on motor recovery

Interleukin-1 is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in secondary responses to traumatic brain injury. We utilized a specific IL-β enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay to examine the expression of IL-β after lateral fluid percussion brain injury in the rat. IL-β was significantly elevated in the ipsilateral injured cortex at 4 h after injury. Increased levels of IL-β were also observed at 12, 24 and 72 h after injury, although such changes did not reach statistical significance. To determine whether injury-induced IL-β expression may contribute to subsequent neurological impairment, we treated rats with either of two structurally different, selective IL-1 antagonists and monitored neurological recovery 1, 7 and 14 days later. Intracerebroventricular treatment with either the endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (10 μg) at 15 min, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after injury or soluble IL-1 receptors (10 μg) at 15 min, 4 and 8 h after injury did not significantly alter outcome in a series of motor tasks. These data suggest that cortical elevations of IL-β follow traumatic brain injury, but they may not contribute to subsequent neurological impairment.
Enzyme optimization: moving from blind evolution to statistical exploration of sequence-function space

Directed evolution is a powerful tool for the creation of commercially useful enzymes, particularly those approaches that are based on in vitro recombination methods, such as DNA shuffling. Although these types of search algorithms are extraordinarily efficient compared with purely random methods, they do not explicitly represent or interrogate the genotype–phenotype relationship and are essentially blind in nature. Recently, however, researchers have begun to apply multivariate statistical techniques to model protein sequence–function relationships and guide the evolutionary process by rapidly identifying beneficial diversity for recombination. In conjunction with state-of-the-art library generation methods, the statistical approach to sequence optimization is now being used routinely to create enzymes efficiently for industrial applications.
Prophylactic Megadose Vitamin E for Lambs with Heat Stress Syndrome

Abstract White Muscle Disease (WMD) is a well-recognized degenerative muscle disease found in neonatal lambs. Pathogenesis is by deficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E. Morbidity and mortality in young lambs is common in areas where selenium and/or vitamin E are deficient. Arizona is not known as a deficient area yet older lambs are diagnosed with WMD during the hot summer months. Lambs affected with WMD cannot be brought to market and are a major economic concern for Arizona producers. We propose that the extreme heat experienced in central Arizona creates an unusually high demand for vitamin E not seen elsewhere. We propose this condition be termed Heat Stress Syndrome. Little is known about the prevention of heat induced WMD or Heat Stress Syndrome. This study will review the records of a local producer to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic megadose vitamin E treatment of vitamin E in reducing Heat Stress Syndrome (HSS). Specifically, the question of whether prophylactic treatment with vitamin E...
CSF prostaglandin-E in agoraphobia with panic attacks

Prostaglandins are thought to act as neuromodulators of both central catecholamine and endocrine systems. Abnormalities of these systems have been described in affective disorders, in general, and in agoraphobia with panic attacks, in particular. This study measured basal prostaglandin-E (PGE) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels in 20 patients with agoraphobia with panic attacks and 10 nonpsychiatric controls. In a subgroup of patients and controls, CSF levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were also measured. There was no significant difference in CSF PGE levels between patients and controls. However, patients with higher depression scores had lower CSF PGE levels. CSF PGE levels tended to correlate with CSF ACTH, but not CSF CRF in the patient group, in general, and in the female patients, in particular. These findings do not support an abnormality in basal CNS PGE production in agoraphobia with panic attacks, but suggest further study of the PGE modulatory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in this disorder.
An Editor’s Tips on Publishing in Library Literature

Writing for professional library literature can be a challenging experience, especially for new writers and new librarians. This article reviews a variety of how-to-write publications intended for librarians—those books and articles that provide advice and inspiration to aspiring library writers on how to publish in library literature. Applying his experience as a writer and as editor of the Journal of Library & Information Services in Distance Learning, the author also provides a list of tips on preparing article-length manuscripts to be submitted to library-related journals. When appropriate, special resources and tips are noted for writers working on distance learning subjects.
Stochastic finite element applications in rigid pavement performance

Rigid pavement structures have uncertainties and variability in their structural layers and components. These variations and uncertainties are seldomly included in performance assessment and evaluation in pavement systems. This paper proposes to use Stochastic Finite Element Method (SFEM) in rigid pavement faulting and load transfer efficiency. The SFEM uses random parameters, as stochastic process namely random fields. These random fields are characterized, quantitatively by spatial functions of statistical moment like the mean, variance and covariance.
Radiation Damage Effects in Microwave Dielctric Substrate Materials

Permanent radiation damage effects on the microwave properties of the alumina, sapphire, and teflon-glass substrate as employed in microstrip and stripline microwave circuits have been investigated by means of a simple bandpass resonator. No changes in the microwave properties of alumina and sapphire substrates were noted to 1.3 × 108 rads (H2O) and 2 × 1015 neutrons/cm2 (E > 10 KeV), although slight discoloration of the alumina substrates was noted for gamma fluences as low as 104 rads. Gamma irradiation produced gradual increases in the dielectric constant and loss tangent of teflon-glass substrates, but neutrons did not appear to affect the microwave properties of these substrates to levels of 2 × 1015 neutrons/cm2.
The lack of relationship between hepatotoxicity and lithocholic-acid sulfation in biliary bile acids during chenodiol therapy in the national cooperative gallstone study

To test whether hepatotoxicity occurring in National Cooperative Gallstone Study patients was caused by a toxic effect of chenodiol per se or of lithocholate caused by defective sulfation, bile samples were analyzed using a new high-performance liquid chromatography method that measures the proportions of the four individual lithocholate amidates (sulfated and unsulfated lithocholylglycine and lithocholyltaurine) and all common bile acid amidates. Samples were obtained from National Cooperative Gallstone Study patients (n = 17) with abnormal light microscopic liver biopsy results or major aminotransferase elevations and from a matched control group of patients (n = 14) who received similar chenodiol doses but had no evidence of liver injury. Bile samples from 45 healthy subjects were also analyzed. The analytical method was validated by showing that the percentage of chenodiol and cholic and deoxycholic acid obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography correlated highly (r greater than 0.94) with previous gas-liquid chromatography analyses of these samples by the National Cooperative Gallstone Study Reference Laboratory. No significant differences were seen between gallstone patients with and without evidence of liver injury for percent total lithocholate amidates, percent sulfated or unsulfated lithocholate amidates or percent chenodiol amidates. Lithocholate was partially sulfated in all bile samples (52% +/- 17% [mean +/- S.D., n = 50]), but the extent of sulfation varied widely between and within patients during the course of therapy. Mean values of healthy subjects were similar and also showed a wide range in the extent of lithocholate sulfation. It is concluded that (a) liver injury caused by these doses of chenodiol could not be attributed to the accumulation of unsulfated lithocholate per se in circulating bile acids; (b) liver injury appeared to be, directly or indirectly, caused by enrichment in circulating bile acids with chenodiol or chenodiol together with lithocholate, suggesting that the hepatocytes of those patients with hepatotoxicity were injured by the change induced in bile-acid metabolism by the feeding of chenodiol; and (c) about half of lithocholate amidates in bile samples were sulfated, but the extent of sulfation was highly variable both in gallstone patients and healthy subjects.
Gabor filter-based edge detection

Abstract It is common practice to utilize evidence from biological and psychological vision experiments to develop computational models for low-level feature extraction. The receptive profiles of simple cells in mammalian visual systems have been found to closely resemble Gabor filters. Daugman proved that Gabor filters achieve joint minimal joint uncertainty. These results led researchers to develop computational models based on Gabor filters for several low-level vision applications such as edge detection, texture classification, optical flow estimation and data compression. In this paper, the performance of a Gabor odd filter-based edge detector is investigated using the measures proposed by Canny. Based on this performance analysis a design criterion for one-dimensional (1D) Gabor filter-based edge detector is derived. It is shown that this design criterion also holds good for a two-dimensional (2D) Gabor filter-based edge detector. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the Gabor filter-based edge detector.
A 32 b 90 nm Processor Implementing Panoptic DVS Achieving Energy Efficient Operation From Sub-Threshold to High Performance

This paper presents a 32 b, 90 nm data flow processor capable of executing arbitrary DSP algorithms using fine grained Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) at the component level with rapid V DD switching and V DD dithering for near-ideal quadratic dynamic energy scaling from 0.25 V-1.2 V. This is the first full processor with Panoptic (all-inclusive) DVS, single clock cycle V DD switching, V DD dithering, and the ability to switch between high performance DVS operation and a sub-threshold mode of operation. This paper also explores V DD header switching and voltage selection considerations for additional savings. Measurements show up to 80% and 43% energy savings of using PDVS over single V DD ( SVDD) and multi- V DD ( MVDD), respectively. Additionally, PDVS shows area savings of up to 65% over MVDD given the same energy consumption.
Depression, stressful life events, social support, and self-esteem in middle class African American women

African American women, are at risk for development of depression because they are a racial minority and female, and often have multiple roles which affect their social supports and self-esteem. An exploratory study was conducted that examined relationships between depression, stressful life events, social support, and self-esteem in 100 middle class African American women aged 20 to 35 years. The conceptual framework for the study was derived from Beeber's (1987) model. Correlational analysis revealed a positive relationship between depression and stressful life events and a negative relationship between depression and social support. Regression analysis revealed that stressful life events and social support added significantly to the model whereas self-esteem did not.
Joint damage and inflammation in c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 knockout mice with passive murine collagen-induced arthritis

Objective Previous studies have demonstrated that inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) decreases joint destruction in the rat adjuvant arthritis model. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether selective loss of JNK-2 function decreases joint destruction in JNK-2 knockout mice, in order to determine the role of this isoform in inflammatory arthritis. Methods Passive collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in Jnk2−/− and wild-type mice by administering anti–type II collagen antibodies. Arthritis was assessed daily using a semiquantitative clinical scoring system. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from Jnk2−/− and wild-type mice, and JNK protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression was determined by Northern blot analysis, and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding activity by electromobility shift assay (EMSA). Results The JNK protein level in Jnk2−/− mice with CIA was 22% of that in wild-type mice with CIA (P < 0.001), and mainly the 46-kd isoform was expressed in the former group. Surprisingly, clinical arthritis was slightly more severe in the Jnk2−/− mice. Histologic scores for synovial inflammation were not significantly different. However, Safranin O–stained sections from the Jnk2−/− mice exhibited significantly less joint damage. Although joint destruction was decreased in Jnk2−/− mice with CIA, EMSA and Northern blot analysis of total joint extracts revealed similar levels of AP-1 binding and MMP-13 expression in Jnk2−/− and wild-type mice. The lack of correlation with AP-1 activity and MMP expression was probably because non-FLS cells in the joint may express more JNK-1 than do FLS. Conclusion JNK-2 is a determinant of matrix degradation, but it has little effect on inflammation in arthritis. Complete inhibition of MMP expression and joint destruction will likely require combined JNK-1 and JNK-2 inhibition.
Exploring the Motives and Retention Factors of Sport-For-Development Volunteers

Due to the importance of volunteers within the sport industry, there have been increased efforts to determine the motivation behind these acts of volunteerism. However, most research has focused on volunteers with professional sporting events and organizations, and very few studies have investigated volunteer motivations behind sport-for-development initiatives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the motivation of volunteers who chose to take part in the World Scholar-Athlete Games, a multinational sport-for-development event, and to identify factors related to their retention. This qualitative study was guided by the functional approach to volunteer motivation. Results revealed volunteers were motivated by values, social, understanding, career and self-enhancement factors. In addition, volunteers whose initial motivations for volunteering were satisfied continued to donate time to the event year after year. Implications for theory and practice, as well as future research directions, are discussed.
Recovery of lethally irradiated mice by treatment with bone marrow cells maintained in vitro.

Recovery of Lethally Irradiated Mice by Treatment with Bone Marrow Cells Maintained In Vitro
EDAP at Ford: a research note

The Employee Development and Assistance Programme (EDAP) is a unique new initiative launched jointly by the management and unions at Ford. Here the author outlines the scheme which provides a significant ‘model’ for adult and continuing education within commercial enterprises. It is attracting widespread interest and imitators.
Fermentation of starch to ethanol by a complementary mixture of an amylolytic yeast and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Synergistic coculture of an amylolytic yeast (Saccharomycopsis fibuligera) andS. cerevisiae, a non-amylolytic yeast, fermented unhydrolyzed starch to ethanol with conversion efficiencies over 90% of the theoretical maximum. Fermentation was optimal between pH 5.0 to 6.0. Using a starch concentration of 10% (w/v) and a 5% (v/v) inoculum ofS. fibuligera, increasingS. cerevisiae inoculum from 4% to 12% (w/v) resulted in 35–40% (w/v) increase in ethanol yields. Anaerobic or “limited aerobic” incubation almost doubled ethanol yields.
Exact periodic solution in the semiclassical Jaynes-Cummings model without the rotating-wave approximation.

In the semiclassical version of the Jaynes-Cummings model without the rotating-wave approximation, an exact periodic solution has been obtained and studied for some specific values of the coupling constant and the detuning.
Modeling and Simulation of Traction Drive Dynamics and Control

This paper presents an analytical model for the simulation of traction drive dynamics and control in ratio change processes. The model systematically incorporates the formulations on the kinematics, dynamics and control characteristics of traction drives. In the model, the motion parameters of traction drive components are coupled to CVT inputs and outputs, torque losses, as well as ratio variations. The characteristics of a dual-feedback ratio control system are formulated in Laplace transform and integrated into the overall CVT system. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink block diagrams and is capable of predicting traction drive performances under various ratio change conditions. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated in a numerical example by the comparison between the simulation and experimental data on key CVT performance parameters.
Early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection: implications for practice.

Abstract Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading bacterial infection associated with morbidity and mortality of newborns in the United States. Most neonatal infections can be prevented through the use of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis in women who are at increased risk for transmitting infection to their newborns. However, prevention strategies have not been implemented widely or consistently, and the incidence of neonatal GBS disease has not declined. An understanding of GBS epidemiology, clinical presentation, and prevention strategies enhances the PNP's decision-making skills in the nursery and strengthens the PNP's ability to evaluate and compare new approaches to GBS prevention. J Pediatr Health Care. (2000). 14, 264-269.
Model magnetosphere of Mercury

A three-dimensional quantitative model of Mercury's magnetosphere based on Mariner 10 data is presented. The model assumes that the Mercury surface magnetic field consists of a dipole, a quadrupole, and an octupole. The dipole moment is determined, noting that the intensity of the quadrupole moment is 45% of the dipole, and that of the octupole moment is 29% of the dipole. The model meets four critical tests: (1) it produces the smallest residuals, (2) it can reproduce the crossing of a tail current sheet by Mariner 10, (3) all planetary field lines are confined inside the model magnetosphere, and (4) the size of the model agrees with the magnetopause crossings observed from Mariner 10. In addition, the plasma characteristics and regions of quiet and disturbed signatures observed from Mariner 10 are discussed.
Expected browsing utility for web search evaluation

Most information retrieval evaluation metrics are designed to measure the satisfaction of the user given the results returned by a search engine. In order to evaluate user satisfaction, most of these metrics have underlying user models, which aim at modeling how users interact with search engine results. Hence, the quality of an evaluation metric is a direct function of the quality of its underlying user model. This paper proposes EBU, a new evaluation metric that uses a sophisticated user model tuned by observations over many thousands of real search sessions. We compare EBU with a number of state of the art evaluation metrics and show that it is more correlated with real user behavior captured by clicks.
Fibromyalgia: a new treatment option for fibromyalgia.

The FDA's approval of milnacipran reflects advances in the development of drugs aimed at modulating pain circuitry in fibromyalgia.
Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on the human standing potential.

We report that the human standing potential, measured by the EOG, rises slowly when oxygen saturation is lowered to near 80% by breathing a controlled oxygen-nitrogen mixture. The standing potential falls abruptly by 20–30% of its amplitude when the oxygen saturation returns to 100%. These changes can be generated reproducibly, with minimal discomfort, under conditions that could be adopted for clinical use. Animal experimental studies by Linsenmeier and Steinberg suggest that this hypoxia-hyperoxia response may be a delayed response to potassium concentration changes in the subretinal space. Since there is no requirement for light and no involvement of the Muller cells, the hypoxia-hyperoxia response may be more specific for pigment epithelial pathology than the c-wave.
Psychosocial Interventions for Women with HIV/AIDS A Critical Review

ObjectiveRecent research on psychosocial interventions addressing the well-being of women with HIV/AIDS has brought new options for practitioners. This study critically reviews the treatment features, methodological quality, and efficacy of these interventions.MethodsA comprehensive search between 2000 and 2011 identified 19 studies employing 10 different interventions.ResultsIn all, 11 studies were methodologically strong and 12 reported interventions superior to other treatments. Among those with positive results, Cohen’s effect sizes ranged from small (d = 0.33) to large (d = 1.50) across well-being outcomes. The Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management/Expressive Supportive and Structural Ecosystems Therapies ranked as probably efficacious. The Teaching, Raising and Communicating with Kids and the Maternal HIV Self-Care Symptom Management programs were ranked as promising treatments.
Finding best voltage and frequency to shorten power-constrained test time

In a digital test, supply voltage (VDD), clock frequency (ftest), peak power (PMAX) and test time (TT) are related parameters. For a given limit PMAX = PMAX func, normally set by functional specification, we find the optimum VDD = VDDopt and ftest = fopt to minimize TT. A solution is derived analytically from the technology-dependent characterization of semiconductor devices. It is shown that at VDDopt the peak power any test cycle consumes just equals PMAX func and ftest is fastest that the critical path at VDDopt will allow. The paper demonstrates how test parameters can be obtained numerically from MATLAB, or experimentally by bench test equipment like National Instruments' ELVIS. This optimization can cut the test time of ISCAS'89 benchmarks in 180nm CMOS into half.
Learning to Live with OCD: Labeling, the Self, and Stigma

Researchers have long questioned relationships among self-conceptions, “mental illness,” and stigma. This article looks at these issues through the lens of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), as minimal research has focused on the lived experience of OCD. We examine the impact of OCD on constructions of identity and the management/resistance of stigma. We do this through in-depth interviews with an untraditional Internet-based sample. We find respondents experience a crisis of self that leads them to a variety of strategies to deal with self-stigma, experienced stigma, and anticipated stigma.
Inflation forecasts, the expected real rate and information efficiency

Abstract This paper examines the inflation forecast accuracy and rationality of a time series predictor, an expected inflation series constructed from surveys undertaken by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, and the yield on U.S. Treasury bills. A quadratic loss function is assumed, and Theil's inequality ratios are used to decompose the mean squared foreast error (MSE). Although it is the only unbiased forecast, the time series predictor does not appear to be optimal during the recent period of turbulent inflation. As for bias in the other series, the surveys are inconsistent with weak-form rational expectations and the Treasury bill is reflecting variations in more than one factor. In an examination of the latter under the assumption of no liquidity premium, the results suggest that the forecast error is in part attribute to moderate variation in the expected real rate. Given the minimal cost of observing the Treasury bill yield, the findings of this study suggest that the market, although imperfect, has performed reasonably well in forecasting inflation.
WAS IT REALLY ‘SPACE JUNK’? US INTELLIGENCE INTEREST IN SPACE DEBRIS THAT RETURNED TO EARTH

ABSTRACT One part of the massive US intelligence effort to learn about Soviet missile and space programs during the Cold War was acquiring and analyzing Soviet space debris that had returned to Earth. Equally important was retrieving US fragments that had landed in foreign nations to prevent the Soviets from recovering and exploiting them. At times bitter jurisdictional battles among the interested government agencies plagued the undertaking. Additionally the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 limited the ability to obtain foreign debris in some circumstances. Despite these problems, however, the available record shows that in many cases the United States acquired and tested important Soviet fragments and also was able to retrieve its own.
Antioxidants of therapeutic relevance in COPD from the neotropical blueberry Anthopterus wardii

Four flavone C-glycosides, isoorientin (1), orientin (2), vitexin (3), and isovitexin (4), were isolated from the neotropical blueberry of Anthopterus wardii, a so-called "superfruit", using antioxidant activity-guided fractionation. A dose-response relationship of compounds 1-4 was determined for their anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-8 (IL-8) and for the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, an inflammatory marker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The four flavone C-glycosides exhibited inhibitory activity against IL-8 production and MMP-1 expression, with compounds 1, 3, and 4 having the most potent inhibitory activities in both assays at 100 μg/ml. The structures of compounds 1-4 were determined by spectroscopic methods. These flavone C-glycosides are reported for the first time in the Anthopterus genus.
Galvanic cell measurements on a fast proton conducting complex perovskite electrolyte

Abstract The proton conducting Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O9−δ complex oxide electrolyte is shown to have proton conductivity σH > 10−2 S/cm with transport number tH > 0.98 at 600 °C. Concentration cell measurements up to 800 °C with different gases show no sign of residual electronic conduction with a total ionic transport number, tH + to, that is nearly unity. Further, it is found that only 1 3 of the oxygen-ion vacancies, i.e. those that are replaceable by protons, participate in the conduction process, while the remaining deeply trapped Vo.. are virtually immobilized. With an electrolyte disc of 1.0 mm thickness, a hydrogen fuel cell operating at 500~600 °C is shown to generate an open circuit voltage of 1.0 V and short circuit current density near 130 mA/cm2. Also, no electrolytic degradation with respect to the cell EMF was detected after operation in O2 or CO/CO2 gases for more than 100 h. These qualities make the compound an excellent candidate as a solid oxide electrolyte for hydrogen fuel cells, humidity/hydrogen sensors and pumps.