cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Guided Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification Over Ticket Data

Maximal automation of routine IT maintenance procedures is an ultimate goal of IT service management. System monitoring, an effective and reliable means for IT problem detection, generates monitoring ticket. In light of the ticket description, the underlying categories of the IT problem are determined, and the ticket is assigned to the corresponding processing teams for problem resolving. Automatic IT problem category determination acts as a critical part during the routine IT maintenance procedures. In practice, IT problem categories are naturally organized in a hierarchy by specialization. Utilizing the category hierarchy, this paper comes up with a hierarchical multi-label classification method to classify the monitoring tickets. In order to find the most effective classification, a novel contextual hierarchy (CH) loss is introduced in accordance with the problem hierarchy. Consequently, an arising optimization problem is solved by a new greedy algorithm named GLabel . Furthermore, as well as the ticket instance itself, the knowledge from the domain experts, which partially indicates some categories the given ticket may or may not belong to, can also be leveraged to guide the hierarchical multi-label classification. Accordingly, a multi-label inference with the domain expert knowledge is conducted on the basis of the given label hierarchy. The experiment demonstrates the great performance improvement by incorporating the domain knowledge during the hierarchical multi-label classification over the ticket data.
P089 Incorporating initial polarization in neural simulations for accurate modeling of brain stimulation

Introduction Accurate modeling of neural activation provides mechanistic understanding of non-invasive brain stimulation and means for optimization of stimulus parameters. The cable equation is commonly used to couple extracellular electric fields to neuronal models. However, its conventional form does not account for some aspects of the neuronal membranes’ response, such as polarization of soma or fibers by transverse electric fields, and has limitations in the theoretical foundation for coupling inductive magnetic stimulation. Until now, the membranes’ detailed interactions with the electric fields could only be modeled by computationally expensive finite element simulation of fine neural structures. Objectives This modeling study incorporates initial polarization into the cable equation to improve the accuracy of estimating neural activation of both electrical and magnetic stimulation. Materials and methods The initial polarization of axon segments and somas was derived analytically and incorporated into the cable equation. Test cases were simulated for neuron models with either linear or nonlinear membrane to evaluate the influence of initial polarization on polarization rate and action potential thresholds. Results Initial polarization can reduce the neural firing threshold by 5–50% for typical axon radii, electrode distances, and pulse widths. Short pulse widths and large electrode distance, such as those in non-invasive stimulation, result in larger decreases in threshold. The depolarization rates of nonlinear membrane models showed that the initial polarization mechanism has activation strength similar to the spatial gradient of the applied field, and contributes significantly to activating the soma and axon initial segment. Initial polarization reduces stimulation thresholds and may potentially shift the spike initiation site from axon terminals to the initial segments. This could be an important effect in transcranial stimulation due to the low spatial gradients of the applied fields. Conclusion Initial polarization may contribute significantly to neural activation. It is captured by the proposed modified cable equation, which could give more accurate estimation of the site and threshold for neural activation with exogenous electric fields. Download : Download high-res image (190KB) Download : Download full-size image
The Negative Exponential Decline of Density in Large Urban Areas in the U.S., 1950-2010

The monocentric model predicts the negative exponential decline of density with distance from the center, but employment in urban areas has become increasingly dispersed in multiple employment centers. Using census tract data from 1950 to 2010, the parameters of the negative exponential model are estimated for 43 large urban areas. Density gradients have declined consistently. Overall, central densities likewise declined, with exceptions for some areas that have seen more rapid growth. The average fit of the model across the areas, measured by R2, fell by nearly half after 1970, consistent with more polycentric employment patterns. Nevertheless, even for areas with extremely poor fit, negative exponential parameter estimates continued to be reasonable.
Analyses of Death Investigation Systems and Forensic Pathology: A Brief Historical Account:

Since 1928, there have been multiple analyses and reports issued about the status and needs of death investigation systems in the United States. Using references contained in the National Research ...
Hypertension: Does Polypharmacy Lead to Nonadherence or Nonadherence to Polypharmacy?

See related article, pp 1113–1120 As Gupta et al,1 Tomaszewski and collaborators describe that patient adherence is a major problem for controlling blood pressure (BP) and is difficult to accurately assess in practice and research. One method for assessing adherence is to biochemically detect prescribed BP medications or metabolites in blood or urine samples. There is increasing interest in this method because it has already identified very high levels of nonadherence in hypertension referral centers in Europe and the United States. The article by Gupta et al1 reports on the largest sample to date of patients tested biochemically for adherence. They found that the strongest predictor of nonadherence is the number of medications prescribed. Other predictors are being female and a younger age. On the basis of their data, the authors propose a predictive model for detecting nonadherence in settings where biochemical testing is unavailable, and they postulate that the use of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensives, which can reduce the numbers of pills prescribed, may alleviate nonadherence. These are all noble goals and, to many, seem both intuitive and benign. However, a few caveats and limitations emphasize that further study is critical before any clinical implementation is attempted. The generalizability of the model presented is severely limited by the sample from which it was derived. The key observation (ie, that nonadherence is associated with the number of medications) came from patients who were referred to a specialty center for suspected nonadherence, presumably because of poor BP control. What type of patients would typically be referred to this type of study? A practicing MD likely would not refer the following patients to …
A Cross-Sectional Study of Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization and the Nasal and Oropharyngeal Microbiomes

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of both infections globally. Colonization with the organism is known to increase the risk of developing infections and occurs in roughly one third of the general population. While many factors influence colonization, it has been demonstrated other members of the microbiome influence colonization with S. aureus. Here, we assessed the nasal and oropharyngeal microbiomes of healthy participants in relation to S. aureus colonization in a cross-sectional study using 16s rRNA sequencing of the v1-v3 region. As livestock workers have also been shown to be at an increased risk of carriage, we have also assessed microbiota differences in colonization status in a population of livestock workers. Results: In both the nares and oropharynx, there were no microbiota differentially abundant between colonized and non-colonized persons. However, there was a significant difference in the beta diversity (Bray-Curtis distances) between carriers and non-carriers (P=0.002). When considering carriage stratified by livestock exposure, there were a number of differences. Most notably, colonized livestock workers had significantly more Porphyomonas (2-fold change = -8.54, P = 0.03) than the non-colonized livestock workers. Conclusions: S. aureus is a frequent colonizer of the human upper respiratory tract, including the nares and oropharynx and causes a wide range of infections. Livestock workers are at increased risk for carriage. Interventions such as improving oral hygiene may lead to decreased S. aureus carriage by reducing other bacterial species such as Porphyomonas. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to better explore what microorganisms may be associated with S. aureus colonization.
The Sociality of Conscience and Rawls’s Liberalism

To what extent is individual conscience social in character? Anti-individualist critics have taken issue with the individualistic account of conscience that they find prominent in liberalism. I consider Rawls’s accounts of conscience and the liberty of conscience with a view to understanding the role that sociality might play in the formation and significance of conscience. I defend Rawls against these anti-individualist critics. However, I demonstrate that Rawls’s account of conscience remains bound to a specific metaphysics of the person that is at odds with the anti-foundationalist aims of political liberalism. I argue that, in place of this metaphysics, liberals should adopt a social ontology of the self.
Abstract 2472: Defining the role of the XAB2 complex during homologous recombination

Several factors associated with RNA processing are important for homologous recombination (HR), but the mechanistic links between these processes remain poorly understood. To this end, we have examined the function of the tetratricopeptide repeat factor XAB2 in HR, since this factor has a conserved function in RNA processing. We have found that XAB2 is important for chromosomal double strand break (DSB) repair via two pathways of HR that require end resection as an intermediate step, end resection of camptothecin (Cpt) induced DNA damage, and RAD51 recruitment to ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF). Furthermore, XAB2 mediates CtIP hyperphosphorylation induced by Cpt and BRCA1 IRIF, as well as histone acetylation events linked to HR proficiency. The capacity for XAB2 to promote HR correlates with its ability to form a complex with ISY1 and PRP19, which show a similar influence as XAB2 on HR. Our recent efforts include examining other members of the XAB2 complex, as well as the transcription unit aberrations caused by loss of this complex, which may contribute to the defects in HR. Citation Format: David O. Onyango, Jeremy Stark. Defining the role of the XAB2 complex during homologous recombination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2472. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2472
Perceptions of the laryngology Match: A survey of program directors and recent trainees.

Objectives/Hypothesis Evaluate program director and recent trainee perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of the laryngology Match. Study Design Web-based survey study. Methods A Web-based survey study was distributed to program directors and recent laryngology trainees to evaluate perceptions of the laryngology Match. A 15-item questionnaire with free-form, Likert, and multiple selection answers was emailed to 115 recent/current trainees and 22 laryngology directors. Results Fifty-nine percent (13/22) of the program directors and 47% (54/115) of the recent trainees responded to the survey. There were significant increases in the number of programs applied to, interview offers received, and interviews attended by laryngology trainees who applied after adoption of the Match compared to those who applied prior to the Match. Seventy-one percent (22/31) of applicants after 2012 participated in the Match; those who did not accepted positions outside of the Match. Ninety-five percent (21/22) who applied through the Match successfully matched. Two-thirds of recent trainees and three-quarters of directors believe the Match process primarily benefits the applicant. The number of candidates interviewed per program approximately doubled from three to six after institution of the Match. Conclusions Overall, both program directors and recent or current laryngology trainees have a positive perception of the laryngology match process. The Match process increased the number of applicants and interviews per year, which both directors and trainees believe increases an applicant's chance at successfully matching. Level of Evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 127:2818–2822, 2017
Long-Term Follow-Up of Lymphatic Malformations in Children Treated with Sildenafil.

Background/Objectives Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are challenging to treat. Reports on the benefits of sildenafil for LM management have been mixed. This study evaluated long-term clinical outcomes of pediatric LM patients after sildenafil treatment. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on pediatric LM patients treated with sildenafil in the past 5 years. Patients were also contacted to complete a survey of comprehensive questions about their LM after sildenafil and subsequent interventions. Results Of 12 patients identified, 10 (83.3%) participated in the follow-up survey. The average age was 8 years (range 4–16 yrs), median treatment duration was 9 months, and the average time of follow-up after sildenafil was 4 years; one patient is still taking sildenafil. Ten patients surveyed (83.3%) reported positive therapeutic response, with improvement in the size and compressibility of their LM during posttreatment clinical visits. Six received additional interventions (four sirolimus, one sclerotherapy, one surgery) after sildenafil was discontinued, with all but one reporting a positive response to subsequent interventions. Minor side effects at the time of sildenafil treatment included mild flushing, dizziness, and transient nausea, but no adverse effects were reported at the long-term follow-up. Conclusion This is the first report of long-term follow-up of pediatric LM patients treated with sildenafil. Our findings suggest that sildenafil is beneficial for the symptomatic treatment of LMs. Additional analysis on the role of sildenafil as adjuvant therapy is necessary to optimize the use of this medication in the management of complex LMs.
Design concepts for broadband antenna arrays with constant half-power beamwidth

This paper reports on the design of broadband antenna arrays with constant half-power beamwidth (HPBW). The proposed concept is based on non-uniformly spaced and non-uniformly-fed radiating elements using frequency-selective feeding networks. As opposed to conventional feeding schemes, it facilitates the realization of constant HPBW within two octaves of bandwidth. For proof-of-concept demonstration purposes, the radiation characteristics of a five-element array are studied for frequencies between 1–4 GHz. The proposed frequency-selective feeding scheme allows for HPBW of 45°±2° and HPBW variation of 9.3 % to be obtained within the entire 1–4 GHz range.
Comments on the Optical Constants of Metals and an Introduction to the Data for Several Metals

Publisher Summary This chapter presents tables and plots of the optical constants N = n - ik for the metals Ag, Au, Cu, Ir, Mo, Ni, Os, Pt, Rh, W, and Al as a function of wavelength from the soft x-ray region to the near infrared. Preceding each data set is a short critique that outlines the procedures used to obtain the constants and the conditions under which they are measured. It is observed that each critique has its own independent set of references. Of all the metals, aluminum appears to have the most widespread spectral application, being used in optical components from the infrared to the soft x-ray region. The chapter also briefly illustrates the methods used to obtain the optical constants. There are four general methods for obtaining experimental data from which the optical constants can be deduced. The first three methods are based on the Fresnel relations for the reflection and transmission of radiation at a flat, smooth interface between two media. The fourth method uses electron-loss spectrum.
A Statewide Scale up of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: A Description of the Development of Systems of Support and Analysis of Adoption and Implementation.

This study describes the process by which a statewide support system was developed in Maryland to promote high-quality implementation of a school-wide prevention model called Positive Behavioral In...
Countercontrol in behavior analysis.

Abstract Countercontrol is a functional class of behavior that is part of Skinner's analysis of social behavior. Countercontrol refers to behavioral episodes comprised of socially mediated aversive controlling conditions and escape or avoidance responses that do not reinforce, and perhaps even punish, controllers' responses. This paper suggests that neglect of countercontrol in modern behavior analysis is unfortunate because the concept applies to interpersonal and social relations the fundamental operant principle that human behavior is both controlled and controlling—humans are not passive and inflexible. Countercontrol is addressed here in terms of conceptual status, contemporary developments in behavior analysis, its importance in a behavior-analytic approach to freedom and cultural design, applications, and research. The main conclusion is that Skinner's formulation of counter-control is scientifically supported and worthy of increased prominence in behavior analysis.
The structural complexity of the Gammaproteobacteria flagellar motor is related to the type of its torque-generating stators

The bacterial flagellar motor is a cell-envelope-embedded macromolecular machine that functions as a propeller to move the cell. Rather than being an invariant machine, the flagellar motor exhibits significant variability between species, allowing bacteria to adapt to, and thrive in, a wide range of environments. For instance, different torque- generating stator modules allow motors to operate in conditions with different pH and sodium concentrations and some motors are adapted to drive motility in high-viscosity environments. How such diversity evolved is unknown. Here we use electron cryo-tomography to determine the in situ macromolecular structures of the flagellar motors of three Gammaproteobacteria species: Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, providing the first views of intact motors with dual stator systems. Complementing our imaging with bioinformatics analysis, we find a correlation between the stator system of the motor and its structural complexity. Motors with a single H+-driven stator system have only the core P- and L-rings in their periplasm; those with dual H+-driven stator systems have an extra component elaborating their P-ring; and motors with Na+- (or dual Na+-H+)- driven stator systems have additional rings surrounding both their P- and L-rings. Our results suggest an evolution of structural complexity that may have enabled pathogenic bacteria like L. pneumophila and P. aeruginosa to colonize higher-viscosity environments in animal hosts.
microRNA Let-7b: A Novel treatment for endometriosis.

Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent, chronic inflammatory disease that affects 10% of reproductive-aged women. Current treatment options depend on female sex steroid hormone modulation; however, all have side effects and are not useful in women who want to conceive. microRNAs treatments have provided promising results for some chronic diseases and cancers. We have previously shown the microRNA Let-7b is repressed in endometriosis and that loss of Let-7 contributes to the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we propose using microRNA Let-7b for the treatment of endometriosis in a murine model. Endometriosis was treated using microRNA Let-7b or a scrambled control microRNA. Let-7b treatment resulted in reduced endometriosis lesion size. Decreased gene expression was noted in several genes known to promote endometriosis growth including ER-α, ER-s, Cyp19a, KRAS 4A, KRAS 4B and IL-6. These results indicate that microRNA Let-7b has a pleiotropic role in endometriosis pathophysiology affecting oestrogen signalling, inflammation and growth factor receptors. Local treatment of endometriosis with Let-7b is a promising therapy for endometriosis that simultaneously affects multiple pathways driving endometriosis without systemic hormonal side effects.
A central-limit-theorem version of the periodic Little’s law

We establish a central-limit-theorem (CLT) version of the periodic Little’s law (PLL) in discrete time, which complements the sample-path and stationary versions of the PLL we recently established, motivated by data analysis of a hospital emergency department. Our new CLT version of the PLL extends previous CLT versions of LL. As with the LL, the CLT version of the PLL is useful for statistical applications.
Studying vocal fold non-stationary behavior during connected speech using high-speed videoendoscopy

Studying voice production during running speech can provide new knowledge about the mechanisms of voice production with and without disorder. Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) systems are powerful tools for studying laryngeal function and, if coupled with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes, they can provide unique possibilities to measure vocal fold vibration with high temporal resolution during connected speech. Hence, we can measure the non-stationary behaviors of the vocal folds, such as the glottal attack and offset times in running speech. In this study, a custom-built flexible fiberoptic HSV system was used to record a “Rainbow Passage” production from a vocally normal female. Automated temporal and spatial segmentation algorithms were developed to determine the time stamps of the vibrating vocal folds and the edges of the vocal folds during phonation. The glottal attack time and offset times were then measured from the temporally and spatially segmented HSV images. The amplification ratio was computed during the phonation onset and the damping ratio was calculated at the offset of sustained portion of phonation. These measures can be used to describe the laryngeal mechanisms of voice production in connected speech.Studying voice production during running speech can provide new knowledge about the mechanisms of voice production with and without disorder. Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) systems are powerful tools for studying laryngeal function and, if coupled with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes, they can provide unique possibilities to measure vocal fold vibration with high temporal resolution during connected speech. Hence, we can measure the non-stationary behaviors of the vocal folds, such as the glottal attack and offset times in running speech. In this study, a custom-built flexible fiberoptic HSV system was used to record a “Rainbow Passage” production from a vocally normal female. Automated temporal and spatial segmentation algorithms were developed to determine the time stamps of the vibrating vocal folds and the edges of the vocal folds during phonation. The glottal attack time and offset times were then measured from the temporally and spatially segmented HSV images. The amplification ratio was c...
ESPN’s Coverage of Intimate Partner Violence in the National Football League:

On September 8, 2014, a graphic video showing Ray Rice punch and render his fiancee unconscious was released to the public. This event was a catalyst for discussion into how the media cover intimat...
Medical and Surgical Management of ECLS as Bridge to Recovery and Transplantation for Pulmonary Hypertension: A Large Single Center Experience

Purpose Despite advanced targeted medical therapy, patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) can experience gradual or sudden progression of their symptoms due to an acute insult. Application of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for advanced PH is evolving. We examined our single-center experience using ECLS as bridge to recovery (BTR), non-transplant surgery (BTNTS), or lung transplantation (BTT) in patients with PH. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all adult patients with non-WHO group 2 PH who received ECLS at New York Presbyterian - Columbia University Medical Center between 2010 and 2018. We describe clinical characteristics and our specialized approach to medical and surgical management in this cohort. Results There were 98 PH patients in the cohort (54 female; median age 48 years (IQR 32-58)). Thirty-six (36.7%) patients received ECLS with intent to BTR (including 10 BTNTS) and 62 (63.3%) to BTT, including 8 who received ECLS during or immediately after lung transplantation. In the overall cohort, 58 (59.1%) patients received VA-ECLS, including upper body Sport Model (n=13), and upper body Central Sport Model (n=7). Nine (9.2%) patents received VVA-ECLS. Thirty-two (32.7%) patients received VV-ECLS including 4 via a congenital pulmonary-systemic shunt for “VA” physiology. Serum lactate, creatinine, brain natriuretic peptide, and arterial blood gas measures improved after ECLS cannulation. Sixty-eight (70%) patients were liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation while receiving ECLS. Management of PH medications followed an intentional strategy of de-escalation for BTT and ramp down and then ramp up for non-surgical BTR. PH medications including intravenous and inhaled prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors were used most often in BTR patients and in WHO group 1 PH BTT patients. Survival to decannulation in this cohort was 85.7%; 30-day survival was 71.4%. Conclusion ECLS instituted by a specialized, multidisciplinary PH/ECLS team has a growing role in the management of advanced non-WHO group 2 PH as BTR, BTNTS, or to BTT. Careful selection of cannulation configurations, patient-specific optimization of PH medical therapies, and avoidance of endotracheal intubation may be an effective strategy in managing these complex patients.
Synthetic Aperture Source Localization

Many state-of-the-art methods in source localization require large numbers of sensors and perform poorly or require additional sensors when emitters of interest transmit highly correlated waveforms. We present a new source localization technique which employs a cross correlation measure of the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) for signals recorded at two separate platforms, at least one of which is in motion. This data is backprojected through a process of Synthetic Aperture Source Localization (SASL) to form an image of the locations of the emitters in a region of interest. This method has the advantage of not requiring any a priori knowledge of the number of emitters in the scene. Nor does it rest on an ability to identify regions of the data which come from individual emitters, though if this capability is present it may improve image quality. We demonstrate that this method is capable of localizing emitters which transmit highly correlated waveforms, though complications arise when several such emitters are present in the scene. We discuss these complications and strategies to mitigate them.
P75 Improving Teacher Knowledge and Self-Efficacy to Promote Healthy Eating and Physical Activity in the Child Care Setting

Background Obesity prevention should begin in early childhood, when children are learning nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Early childhood education (ECE) teachers play a key role in obesity prevention. Teachers’ ability to encourage healthy habits is related to their knowledge and self-efficacy related to obesity prevention strategies. Objective To assess changes in knowledge and self-efficacy among teachers participating in the Healthy Child Care Georgia (HCCG) Intervention. Study Design, Settings, Participants The study design was a pretest-posttest design for ECE teachers (N = 22) in Clarke County, Georgia. The HCCG intervention focused on improving the wellness environment and implementing a six-week nutrition education curriculum, Eat Healthy, Be Active. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Teacher knowledge and self-efficacy were measured with the Confidence about Nutrition and Activity (CAN-Teach), containing four subscales. The survey was administered before, immediately after, and four weeks after the intervention. All data were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests to compare baseline scores with end-of-intervention scores and with follow-up scores. Scores were also compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results Teachers’ average knowledge scores were significantly higher at the end of the intervention (M = 67.4) and at four-week follow-up (M = 71.1, t = -4.1, P = .001) as compared to baseline (M = 59.5, t = -2.4, P = .02). Composite self-efficacy scores increased significantly between baseline (M = 12.0) and post-intervention (M = 12.9) (t = -2.3, P = .03). Teachers’ self-efficacy scores were also significantly higher at the 4-week follow up (M = 13.4, t = -2.0, P Conclusion The HCCG intervention shows evidence of improving teachers’ knowledge and self-efficacy related to early obesity prevention. These improvements may serve as an important first step in changing the ECE classroom, in order to help ensure that children develop healthy eating and physical activity habits during early childhood. Funding None.
ANALYSIS OF PRICE INFLATION OF EXPORTED CRAB AND CRAB PRODUCTS BY INDIA USING LASPEYRES PRICE INDEX

Crab is rich in protein and hence one of the finest dietary protein source. The crab protein is of high quality. The crab protein is easily digestible by people belonging to all ages. Crab meat is rich in vitamins, minerals and Omega – 3 polyunsaturated acids, it is low in fat content. Selenium is also in high amount in crab meat. Selenium plays a key role in the human’s antioxidant defence system, preventing damage to cells and tissues. Selenium also plays an important role in the function of the immune system, in thyroid hormone metabolism and synthesis in reproduction. Crab meat contains nearly 30 times the copper found in cod and 56 times that found in salmon and chicken. India is one of the leading exporters of crab and crab products. The crab and crab products export of India is increasing year after year also the export value is also increasing. But some of the Asian countries such as Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are giving a good competition to India in export of crab and crab products export. This research work mainly aims to determine the price inflation of exported crab and crab products by India using laspeyres price index. The laspeyres price index for the year 2006 and 2016 was 252.10 and 302.52 respectively. The findings of the present research exhibits that the percentage inflation in export prices of Indian Crab and Crab products from 1996 to 2006 was 152.10%, while the percentage inflation rate has increased from 2006 to 2016 by 50.42%. There is inflation in export prices of Indian Crab and Crab products every decades but it is tremendous in the decade of 1996 to 2006 as compared to that of the decade 2006 to 2016. The reason behind the decline of prices in the last decade being that now many Asia countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh etc., have entered into the market of crab and crab product export. Due to which Indian crab and crab products have many competitors. Some constructive measures need to be taken in respect to increase the price and demand of commercially important Indian Crab and Crab products in the international Market.
Total Chemical Footprint of an Experiment: A Systems Thinking Approach to Teaching Rovibrational Spectroscopy.

Rovibrational spectroscopy is a fundamental component of most physical chemistry curricula. This article describes an adaption of the rovibrational spectroscopy of carbon dioxide experiment that can be used as a stand-alone experiment or in conjunction with a traditional hydrogen chloride experiment. The case is made that the laboratory investigation of carbon dioxide provides students with an alternative learning experience to hydrogen chloride experiments alone because the spectroscopic properties of carbon dioxide facilitate a wider discussion and integration of important physical chemistry concepts either directly or peripherally related to rovibrational spectroscopy. However, the motivation to use carbon dioxide is driven by green chemistry considerations. By applying a systems thinking approach to the green chemistry principle of reducing or eliminating toxic reagents, the proposed experiments use only ambient atmospheric carbon dioxide to completely eliminate any purchased reagent. Additionally, without the need for vacuum lines, pumps, traps, and IR gas cells to prepare a sample, instructors can discuss with students the concept of the total chemical footprint of an experiment in relation to not only the reagents but the equipment used to perform the experiment. The use of carbon dioxide also facilitates a discussion of issues related to climate change that reinforces the systems thinking methodology to green chemistry.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Rhetorical Criticism

For a generation, the roughly once a decade special issue on rhetorical criticism in the Western Journal of Communication has strongly influenced the development of the field. The essays in the 202...
P58 Healthy Eating and Staying Active as We Age Curriculum: Pilot Initial Efficacy

Objective To assess changes in nutrition, physical activity, food safety, and food resource management practices as a result of participation in Healthy Eating and Staying Active as We Age (HESA). Use of Theory or Research Older adults are at a greater risk for malnutrition, chronic diseases, and falls. By 2034, older adults are projected to outnumber children for the first time in US history. Due to this shift in demographics, nutrition education and health-related resources for older adults has become increasingly critical. Target Audience Virginia SNAP-eligible adults (n = 278) ages 45 years and older. Program Description HESA is a nutrition education program developed by Virginia SNAP-Ed consisting of nine 60-minute lessons (including nutrition education, food tasting experiences, physical activity, and hands-on learning activities). Lessons were implemented by SNAP-Ed Peer Educators in community settings across Virginia. Evaluation Methods Paired t-tests were used to analyze pre- and post-intervention surveys rated on a Likert type scale. Participants’ food resource management, nutrition and physical activity, food safety behaviors, and perceptions of food accessibility and affordability were evaluated. Results A sample of HESA participants (n = 278) reported statistically significant (P Conclusions SNAP-Ed implementing agencies such as Virginia's FNP are required to use evidence-based curricula. This was the initial step in the process of creating an evidence-based curriculum to address the needs of older adults.
The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers: The Journal of Areological Education

(1997). The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers. Journal of Geoscience Education: Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 470-472.
Community College Student Perceptions of Remote Learning Shifts Due to COVID-19.

COVID-19 challenged higher education to rapidly shift to remote course delivery. This study surveyed community college students (N = 356) about their confidence in completing learning related tasks before and after the shift, access to technologies used in in remote learning, and disruptions that impacted their learning. Results indicated notable declines in confidence across all demographics with significant changes in those age 18-21and for those without prior online course experience. Technology use for remote courses was primarily laptops and smartphones. Students reported the most significant changes to work-life balance came through employment changes and mental health issues. Instructional changes were both positive and negative in workload organization, course delivery, communication and technology. Institutions can use this study’s findings to enact contingency planning, expand online and blended course options, refine academic and social support, and allocate resources to mental health.
Compartmental Differences in Macular Retinal Ganglion Cell Function.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate local differences of macular retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function by means of the steady-state pattern electroretinogram (SS-PERG). Methods SS-PERGs were recorded in healthy subjects (n = 43) in response to gratings (1.6 c/deg, 15.63 reversals/s, and 98% contrast) presented on an LED display (800 cd/m2, 12.5 degrees eccentricity at 30 cm viewing distance) partitioned in triangular sectors (inferior [I]; nasal [N]; superior [S]; and temporal [T]) or concentric regions (central [C] and annulus [A]). For each partition, response amplitude (nV), amplitude adaptation (% change over recording time), phase/latency (deg/ms), and oscillatory potentials (OPs) amplitude (root mean square [RMS] nV) were measured. Data were analyzed with Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) statistics. Results Amplitude differed (P T, I) as well as concentrically (C: 684 nV; A: 323 nV; and C>A). Latency did not differ between sectors (range = 53-54 ms, P = 0.45) or concentrically (range = 51-51 ms, P = 0.7). Adaptation did not differ (P = 0.66) concentrically (C: -19% and A: -22%) but differed (P = 0.004) between sectors (I: +25% and S: -29%). The OP amplitude did not differ (P = 0.5) between sectors (range = 63-73 nV) as well as concentrically (range = 82-90 nV, P = 0.3). Conclusions Amplitude profiles paralleled RGC densities from histological studies. Adaptation profile suggested greater autoregulatory challenge in the inferior retina. Latency profile may reflect axonal conduction time to the optic nerve head assuming a direct relationship between axon length and its size/velocity. Location-independent OPs may reflect preganglionic activity. Translational Relevance Normal macular RGC function displays local differences that may be related to local vulnerability in optic nerve disorders.
Quantity Bias in Comparison-Shopping of Multi-Item Baskets

Comparison-shopping applications are widespread and have been the subject of considerable research and development. There has been widespread recognition that people are predictably irrational when making shopping decisions. In this work, we combine these two facts to propose a new type of predicable irrational behavior that has important implications for comparison- shopping applications. In a series of three studies we demonstrate that even after controlling for relative and absolute savings, the number of items in a shopping trip is still an important consideration in the decision to make the trip. This is true of both actual trips in physical shopping in the real world, and virtual trips to other vendors in online shopping. We term this effect quantity bias.
UMA ÉTICA DA ESCUTA: A AUDIÇÃO DE SERMÕES EM CASSETE NO EGITO CONTEMPORÂNEO

Neste artigo, eu me concentro sobre a pratica de ouvir sermoes gravados em fita cassete entre muculmanos contemporâneos no Egito como um exercicio de autodisciplina etica. Analiso esta pratica em sua relacao com a formacao de um sensorium: as capacidades viscerais ativadas pela forma particular de devocao aspirada pelos praticantes. Ao destacar tanto as tecnicas homileticas dos pregadores quanto as tradicoes de audicao etica que informam o consumo midiatizado de sermoes, eu exploro como os ouvintes constroem seus proprios conhecimentos, emocoes e sensibilidades de acordo com modelos islâmicos de pessoalidade moral. Modelos normativos de pessoalidade moral fundamentados em tradicoes textuais e praticas islâmicas fornecem um ponto de referencia para a tarefa de auto-cultivo etico.
Deep Hubble Space Telescope/Planetary Camera Imaging of a Young Compact Radio Galaxy at z = 2.390

We present deep 63-orbit Hubble Space Telescope/Planetary Camera images at ~006 FWHM resolution in the filters B450, V606, and I814—as well as in redshifted Lyα—of the radio source 53W002, a compact narrow-line galaxy at z = 2.390 from the Leiden-Berkeley Deep Survey. These images allow us to distinguish several morphological components: (1) an unresolved nuclear point source (500 pc at z=2.390 for H0=75, q0 = 0), likely the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) that contains 20%-25% of the total light in BVI; (2) a compact continuum core (re 005); (3) a more extended envelope with an r1/4-like light profile and re 025 (~2 kpc); (4) two blue "clouds" roughly colinear across the nucleus, aligned with the radio source axis and contained well within the size of the radio source. The (B-I) color maps may suggest a narrow dust lane crossing between the nucleus and the smaller blue cloud. The radio source is not smaller than the distance between the blue continuum clouds and coincides with a bright Lyα "arc" in the western cloud, suggesting that jet-induced star formation could cause both blue clouds, except the outer parts of the western cloud. The shape of this larger blue cloud suggests reflected AGN continuum light shining through a cone (plus reradiated Lyα in emission). The Owens Valley Radio Observatory interferometric CO detection (Scoville et al.) on both sides of 53W002—and in the same direction as the continuum clouds and the radio jet—also suggests a star-bursting region induced by its radio jet, at least in the inner parts. Hence, both mechanisms likely play a role in the "alignment effect." Even at radio powers ~1.5 dex fainter than the 3CR sources, we thus find many of the same aligned features and complex morphology, although at much smaller angular scales and lower optical-UV luminosities. We discuss the consequences for 53W002's formation in the context of the 16 subgalactic objects at z2.40 around 53W002 (Pascarelle et al.).
Membrane association of PspA depends on activation of the phage-shock-protein response in Yersinia enterocolitica

Regulation of the bacterial phage-shock-protein (Psp) system involves communication between integral (PspBC) and peripheral (PspA) cytoplasmic membrane proteins and a soluble transcriptional activator (PspF). In this study protein subcellular localization studies were used to distinguish between spatial models for this putative signal transduction pathway in Yersinia enterocolitica. In non-inducing conditions PspA and PspF were almost exclusively in the soluble fraction, consistent with them forming an inhibitory complex in the cytoplasm. However, upon induction PspA, but not PspF, mainly associated with the membrane fraction. This membrane association was dependent on PspBC but independent of increased PspA concentration. Analysis of psp null, overexpression and altered function mutants further supported a model where PspA is predominantly membrane associated only when the system is induced. Activation of the Psp system normally leads to a large increase in PspA concentration and we found that this provided a second mechanism for its membrane association, which did not require PspBC. These data suggest that basal PspFABC protein levels constitute a regulatory switch that moves some PspA to the membrane when an inducing trigger is encountered. Once this switch is activated PspA concentration increases, which might then allow it to directly contact the membrane for its physiological function.
The PSLRA's Seventh Amendment Problem

This Article is the first to examine the proper role of the jury in private securities fraud litigation. In the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, Congress required that a securities fraud complaint plead "a strong inference" of scienter. The courts have disagreed on the standard that satisfies this requirement, and likewise, the involved parties disagree. Defendant corporations argue for a stringent standard that would result in the dismissal of many claims, while plaintiff investors support a flexible standard that would allow more claims to go forward. Indeed, the Supreme Court's resolution of this issue may have an impact beyond securities litigation. If a stringent standard is adopted, special pleading may be permitted in a whole variety of other cases, including employment discrimination cases, resulting in many dismissals before any discovery has even been conducted. In the present context, securities law experts have not addressed the constitutional issue posed by the special pleading requirement; whether this requirement violates the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial. The Supreme Court has held that a modern procedure must satisfy the substance of the English common law jury trial in 1791 to be constitutional under the Seventh Amendment. Accordingly, the special pleading rules developed in 21st century securities litigation must be viewed through an 18th century common law lens. This Article argues that the scienter standards developed by the courts in securities cases do not comport with substance of the common law jury trial and thus are constitutionally problematic. Contrary to the common law, the courts improperly engage in one or more steps of assessing the reasonableness of facts and corresponding inferences pled by the plaintiffs. This Article proposes a constitutionally permissible alternative standard to dismiss a securities fraud claim. The Article acknowledges the possible constitutional infirmity posed by the PSLRA's "strong inference" standard itself and its heightened pleading requirements and argues that because Congress sought to solve problems with the class action nature of securities fraud actions, the focus should have been class actions specifically, instead of the cause of action generally.
Horizontally Curved Girders — State of the Art

THERE HAS BEEN A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF WORK DONE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR ANALYZING CURVED BEAMS. CURVED GIRDER BRIDGES HAVE BEEN BUILT & ARE PROVEN TO BE AESTHETIC AND ECONOMICAL STRUCTURES. THE MAJOR ASPECTS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THESE BRIDGES ARE FAIRLY WELL UNDERSTOOD AND ATTENTION IS TURNING TOWARD THE INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY EFFECTS AND THE POSSIBLE ECONOMIC REFINEMENT IN COMPOSITE DESIGN. THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED GIRDERS IS REVIEWED IN THIS PAPER. AN EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SIGNIFICANT HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT ARE PRESENTED. FABRICATION PROBLEMS, MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, DESIGN AIDS, AND CURRENT RESEARCH IN THIS AREA ARE DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/
Marriage Gifts and Social Change in Ancient Palestine: Postexilic Evidence for Marriage Gifts

INTRODUCTION As stated in Chapter 1, none of the biblical texts that discuss bridewealth or dowry is definitively postexilic. The quintessentially Second Temple period texts in the Hebrew canon – Ezra-Nehemiah, Daniel, Esther, and so on – do not mention any sort of marital prestations. Yet, there is much postexilic evidence regarding this issue. This evidence is extrabiblical and is found in archives of marriage documents from Elephantine in Egypt and from the Judean desert, as well as in the book of Tobit, in some pseudepigraphic texts, and in texts by Philo and Josephus. Though the postexilic evidence, like that in the earlier, biblical material, is not always as straightforward as one might like, it is in many cases quite clear. As a whole, this evidence readily demonstrates that the situation concerning marital gifts was in many ways different from what it had been before the exile. While one finds a variety of marriage gifts in the Hebrew Bible, we saw that bridewealth was the most prevalent type of gift. In the postexilic evidence, however, the exact opposite is true: dowry has clearly become the predominant form of marital gift exchange. In fact, there is little evidence for bridewealth as it was known in the period before the exile. EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR MARRIAGE GIFTS: ELEPHANTINE Of the two sets of marriage contracts relevant to this issue – namely, that from Elephantine and that from the Judean desert – the former group is centuries earlier, dating to the fifth century BCE.