cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Framework for Aggregating Highway Asset Performance Measures: Application to Resource Allocation Across Assets

Transportation infrastructure engineers and managers have realized the importance of appropriate performance assessment and its impact on overall infrastructure performance and condition. The need for robust, comprehensive, and informative performance measures requires further research and study. Recently, the Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure at the Transportation Institute of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University proposed a flexible framework to aggregate condition measures for different highway infrastructure assets and to translate the measures into corridor health indicators. Health indicators for one asset are aggregated into an associated asset health rating, and all asset health ratings are combined into a corridor health rating. This paper modifies this framework to develop a robust performance assessment method that can be used to determine the impact of investment decisions on various dimensions of performance at the corridor level. Instead of aggregating he...
SELF-CALIBRATION OF PUSH-PULL SOLENOID ACTUATORS IN ELECTROHYDRAULIC VALVES ∗

System parameters for solenoid actuators are important for high performance control and for self-sensing. Due to the non-linearities in the solenoid actuators, parameter identification procedures that aim to obtain the electro-mechanical property can be complex and time consuming. In this paper, a self-calibration procedure for solenoid actuators in push-pull configurations is proposed. Utilizing the fact that the inductances of the solenoids share the same parameters as those for the electromagnetic force, the parameters for the electromagnetic force can be obtained from the easily obtainable electrical signals such as the voltage and current signals, and two inexpensive on-off sensors. The calibration procedure involves only actuating the solenoid actuator back and forth. Simulation study is presented to verify the method.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Suppression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Using the Lowbush Blueberry Agroecosystem as a Model System

Wildlife as a source of microbial contamination is a food safety concern. Deer feces (scat) have been determined as a point source for Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of fresh produce. The ecological role of the scooped scarab (Onthophagus hecate (Panzer)), a generalist dung beetle species common in Maine blueberry fields, was explored as a biological control agent and alternatively as a pathogen vector between deer scat and food. A large-scale field survey of wildlife scat indicated that pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 was present, albeit at a low prevalence (1.9% of samples, n = 318), in the Maine lowbush blueberry agroecosystem. A manipulative field experiment verified that, should contact occur between deer scat and blueberry plants and fruit during the summer, contamination with E. coli O157:H7 can occur and persist for more than 72 h. For both the positive control and an experimental scat inoculation treatment, the levels of the bacterial population decreased over time, but at different rates (treatment x time interaction: F (1.9,18.8) = 358.486, P < 0.0001). The positive control inoculation, which resulted in a higher initial E. coli level on fruit, decayed at a faster rate than inoculation of fruit via scat in the experimental treatment. We conducted 2 laboratory studies to elucidate aspects of dung beetle feeding ecology as it relates to suppression of E. coli O157:H7 from deer scat to lowbush blueberry fruit. In both experiments, dung beetles buried the same amount of scat whether or not the scat was inoculated with the pathogen (F(1,6) = 0.001; P = 0.999 and (F (2,17) = 4.10, P = 0.147). Beetles feeding on E. coli inoculated deer scat were not found to vector the pathogen to fruit. In two studies, beetles lowered the amount of pathogenic E. coli persisting in soils compared to soils without beetles (F (2,9) = 7.757; P = 0.05 and F (2,17) = 8.0621, P = 0.004). Our study suggests that the dung beetle species, Onthophagus hecate, has the potential to contribute to the suppression of E. coli O157:H7 in agricultural landscapes.
Electron microscopy of viruslike particles associated with necrotic fleck of Lilium longiflorum

Typical elongated particles of lily symptomless virus (LSV) were observed in PTA preparations and in transverse and cross section in the cytoplasm of cells of necrotic fleck diseased Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Ace’ leaves. Particles were scattered or in parallel aggregates in cell cytoplasm. Cells containing LSV were found in leaf mesophyll, epidermis, and phloem. Particles thought to represent cucumber mosaic virus were found only in a phloem sieve element. No virus-like particles were detected in healthy lily controls.
Renoprotective benefits of RAS inhibition: From ACEI to angiotensin II antagonists

Renoprotective benefits of RAS inhibition: From ACEI to angiotensin II antagonists. In landmark clinical trials, pharmacological inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) attenuated the decline in renal function associated with chronic renal disease (CRD). Hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) attest to its central role in the pathogenesis of CRD. Angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonists (AT 1 RA) differ from ACEI in their effects on the RAS and on bradykinin metabolism. Elevations in bradykinin levels associated with ACEI and stimulation of angiotensin subtype 2 receptors resulting from AT 1 RA may produce therapeutic effects unique to each class of drug. Nevertheless, in animal models of CRD, ACEI and AT 1 RA exert equivalent renoprotection, implying that their renoprotective effects result primarily from inhibition of Ang II-mediated stimulation of angiotensin subtype 1 receptors. Clinical data comparing ACEI and AT 1 RA therapy in renal disease are limited to short-term studies, which indicate that AT 1 RAs have equivalent effects to ACEI on the major determinants of CRD progression, namely blood pressure and proteinuria. AT 1 RAs were well tolerated, with side-effect profiles similar to placebo. Taken together, available evidence suggests that AT 1 RAs will share the renoprotective properties of ACEI in human CRD. Nevertheless, the results of long-term clinical trials are required before AT 1 RA can be recommended as an alternative to ACEI in renoprotective therapy.
Wh interrogative production in agrammatic aphasia: an experimental analysis of auditory-visual stimulation and direct-production treatment.

The effects of auditory-visual stimulation treatment derived from principles associated with a stimulation approach for aphasia treatment and direct-production treatment derived from a behavioral o...
Large sample behavior in Bayesian analysis of nonlinear regression models

In this paper we examine the large sample behavior of Bayesian posterior distributions in a nonlinear regression model. In particular, we seek Bayesian forms of consistency for parameter estimation problems. We derive here convergence and rate of convergence results for independent, identically distributed error models. The rate of convergence results are based on large deviation ideas.
Theorizing Flow and Media Enjoyment as Cognitive Synchronization of Attentional and Reward Networks

This article suggests a reconceptualization of the psychological concept of flow as it pertains to mediated experiences. We specifically aim to further flow theory as applied to media entertainment in ways that highlight the necessity of reliable and valid operationalizations and measurements. The concept of flow originates in Csikszentmihalyi’s (1990) theory of human happiness, balance, and optimal experience. Its original formulation posits that an experience, such as media enjoyment, can be viewed as the source of flow states, which are characterized by intense attentional focus, pleasurable feelings, and emotional rewards. This article will argue that in the media context, flow can be viewed as a discrete, energetically optimized, and gratifying experience resulting from a cognitive synchronization of attentional and reward networks under condition of balance between challenge and skill. This concept of flow as a cognitive-synchronization process provides, for the first time, both a theoretical rationale for this concept and a direct measurement of flow states.
Toward balanced and sustainable job scheduling for production supercomputers

Job scheduling on production supercomputers is complicated by diverse demands of system administrators and amorphous characteristics of workloads. Specifically, various scheduling goals such as queuing efficiency and system utilization are usually conflicting and thus need to be balanced. Also, changing workload characteristics often impact the effectiveness of the deployed scheduling policies. Thus it is challenging to design a versatile scheduling policy that is effective in all circumstances. In this paper, we propose a novel job scheduling strategy to balance diverse scheduling goals and mitigate the impact of workload characteristics. First, we introduce metric-aware scheduling, which enables the scheduler to balance competing scheduling goals represented by different metrics such as job waiting time, fairness, and system utilization. Second, we design a scheme to dynamically adjust scheduling policies based on feedback information of monitored metrics at runtime. We evaluate our design using real workloads from supercomputer centers. The results demonstrate that our scheduling mechanism can significantly improve system performance in a balanced, sustainable fashion.
A 4-electrode analogue for estimating electrochemical reactions with bare metal surfaces at the crack TIP

Summary A 4-electrode in situ fracture technique has been developed as an analogue for estimating, under potentiostatic control, the kinetics of electrochemical reactions with a bare metal surface which is coupled to an “oxidized” surface of the same material. The technique simulates the equilibration reactions that occur at the tip of a growing crack. The relevance and effectiveness of this technique have been demonstrated by the good correlation between independently measured charge transfer data and corrosion fatigue crack growth rate data obtained under an externally applied cathodic potential. The results suggest that the electrode potential at the crack tip does not deviate substantially from the free corrosion potential. With the aid of this technique, a consistent and quantifiable picture of the role of electrochemical reactions in corrosion fatigue crack growth is beginning to emerge. Further quantitative understanding of corrosion fatigue crack growth of steels in aqueous environments is now possible, and is being fully explored.
Effect of acid value on the esterification mechanism of maleinized soybean oil with cotton

Aqueous solutions of maleinized soybean oil (MSO) were evaluated as formaldehyde-free reagents for cellulosic textiles. The reactivity of cotton cellulose with MSO reagents (having acid values of 156 and 230 mg KOH/g) neutralized with aqueous ammonia, in excess of functional groups, was studied using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The acid value of aqueous ammonia-neutralized MSO influenced the formation of protonated amide intermediates. Cyclic anhydride and protonated amide functional groups were identified as reaction intermediates, which resulted in carboxylic ester linkages between MSO and cellulose upon elevated temperature curing.
Understanding Criminals’ Thinking: Further Examination of the Measure of Offender Thinking Styles–Revised

The Measure of Offender Thinking Styles (MOTS) was originally developed to examine the structure of dysfunctional thinking exhibited by criminal offenders. In the initial investigation, a three-fac...
A Method of Computing Residual Anomalies from Bouguer Gravity Map by Applying Relaxation Technique; discussion and reply

On page 711 the author, after reference to previous users of the least-squares method for estimating residuals in a Bouguer gravity map, states, “All of them have used the method for estimating the residual field over the entire area under consideration, while in this case the method will be applied to obtain the same on the boundaries only.” He then proceeds to compute residuals on the boundaries from the second degree polynomial g R ( x , y ) = b 20 x 2 + b 02 y 2 + b 11 x y + b 10 x + b 01 y + b 00 , (10) representing the regional field over the entire region. However, by this procedure the residuals on the boundaries are influenced by all the gravity observations inside the region, as implied by equation (16) where the vector A is a function of the Bouguer map values over the whole area. In fact, equation (12) could be solved for the vector b, and the condition b20=-b02 arising from ( ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 ∂ y 2 ) g R ( x , y ) = 0 (A) could be introduced. The following expression for the regional over the entire area results: g R ( x , y ) = b 20 ( x 2 − y 2 ) + b 11 x y + b 10 x + b 01 y + b 00 , and there is no need for additional computations by the relaxation technique described.
Diagnosis of spatiotemporal chaos in wave envelopes of a nematic electroconvection pattern

In this paper we report and analyze complex spatiotemporal dynamics recorded in electroconvection in the nematic liquid crystal I52, driven by an ac voltage slightly above the onset value. The instability mechanism creating the pattern is an oscillatory (Hopf) instability, giving rise to two pairs of counterpropagating rolls traveling in oblique directions relative to the unperturbed director axis. If a system of nonlinear partial differential equations shows the same set of unstable modes, the pattern above the onset is represented in a weakly nonlinear analysis as a superposition of the traveling rolls in terms of wave envelopes varying slowly in space and time. Motivated by this procedure, we extract slowly varying envelopes from the space-time data of the pattern, using a four-wave demodulation based on Fourier analysis. In order to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics, we apply a variety of diagnostic methods to the envelopes, including the calculation of mean intensities and correlation lengths, global and local Karhunen-Loeve decompositions in Fourier space and physical space, the location of holes, the identification of coherent vertical structures, and estimates of Lyapunov exponents. The results of this analysis provide strong evidence that our pattern exhibits extensive spatiotemporal chaos. One of its main characteristics is the presence of coherent structures of low and high intensities extended in the vertical (parallel to the director) direction.
Comparison of a Rapid Readout Biological Indicator for Steam Sterilization With Four Conventional Biological Indicators and Five Chemical Indicators

Objective: In this study, we compare a new biological indicator that provides results within 3 hours with four conventional, 48-hour biological indicators and five chemical indicators.Design: Biological indicators tested included the conventional Attest 1262, Proof Plus, Assert, and Biosign, and the new Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator. Chemical indicators tested included Comply, Propper, Chemdi, Sterigage, and Thermalog S. Spore survival following 121°C in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change after incubation for 24 and 48 hours at 56°C for the conventional biological indicators, fluorescence at 3 hours for the Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator, and color change for the chemical indicators. Each exposure time was replicated 12 times with five samples of each indicator per run (ie, 60 replicates per indicator).Results: At 48 hours, the conventional biological indicators Attest 1262, Proof Plus, Assert, and Biosign showed 100%, 95%, 88%, and 93% spore survival at 5 minutes' exposure; 0%, 0%, 0%, and 8% at 10 minutes; and all showed 0% survival at 15 minutes' exposure. Following a 3hour incubation, the Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator showed fluorescence at 100%, 72%, and 0% at 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. The chemical indicators Comply, Propper, Chemdi, Sterigage, and Thermalog S revealed sterilization failure rates of 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% at 5 minutes' exposure; 0%, 0%, 0%, 92%, and 100% at 10 minutes; and, 0%, 0%, 0%, 3%, and 27% at 15 minutes' exposure, respectively.Conclusions: The sensitivity of the Attest 1292 Rapid Readout biological indicator parallels that of conventional biological indicators. These data suggest that a 3hour rapid readout biological indicator is equivalent to a standard 48-hour biological indicator. Some chemical indicators (eg, Thermalog S) failed to indicate adequate sterilization at 15 minutes' exposure. These chemical indicators have the potential of causing unnecessary recall of adequately sterilized items.
A Two-Way Street for Alcohol Use and Partner Violence: Who’s Driving It?

Using lifetime data from two waves of the National Epidemiologic Surveys on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study sought to examine sex- and race-specific risks in the temporal relationship between adult onset severe physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and alcohol misuse (binge drinking) and alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence) and whether or not childhood trauma moderated these relationships among U.S. non-Hispanic White and Black women and men. IPV predicted most alcohol outcomes among White and Black women and White men. Conversely, binge drinking among White and Black women and alcohol abuse among Black women and men predicted IPV. Childhood trauma moderated the relationship between IPV and alcohol misuse mainly among Black respondents, with an increased risk of either outcome among those without childhood trauma. These findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between IPV victimization and alcohol misuse, with implications for sex- and race-specific prevention and intervention efforts.
Phase-sensitivity measurement of a 10-sensor array with erbium-doped fiber amplifier telemetry.

We report what are believed to be the first measurements of the phase sensitivity of a fiber sensor array using multiple low-gain remotely pumped amplifiers with an interferometric sensor inserted. The measured phase sensitivities for individual rungs average 5.7 µradrms/Hz and exhibit no dependence on rung number, in agreement with predictions.
Thickness Sensing of Nerve Cells on Hydrophobic Polymer Networks With Distinct Mechanical Properties

Substrate stiffness is one key factor to influence cell behavior because cells constantly probe the mechanical properties of their environment by exerting traction forces and receive the resistance to the induced deformation.1 Therefore, besides the stiffness on the top surface, the depth of a material that cells are able to sense is important in understanding cellular mechanosensitivity and designing cell carriers and biomedical devices. Poly(e-caprolactone) triacrylate (PCLTA) recently developed in our group using a facile method is biodegradable and can be efficiently photo-crosslinked into hydrophobic networks with controllable mechanical properties.2 In this study, we used two PCLTAs with different molecular weights to prepare two-layer substrates for investigating nerve cell behavior. PCLTA2k was spin-coated and photo-crosslinked on the stiff network of crosslinked PCLTA20k with different coating thicknesses. A mirror system was fabricated in the same way. Rat Schwann cell precursor line (SpL201) cells with the glial nature was used to demonstrate the dependence of cell spreading and proliferation on the coating thickness. Besides the better support of SpL201 cells on stiffer substrate, the effective stiffness cells can respond depended on the coating thickness. A gradual change was found in SpL201 cell spreading and proliferation when the coating thickness increased. A critical coating thickness was required to completely screen the influence from the base layer and this value was higher for the softer top layer.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop evaluation of a GM Malibu

EcoCAR 2 is an Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition for collegiate level engineering students organized by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) with the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and General Motors (GM) as the headline sponsors. The goal of the competition is to re-engineer a GM- donated 2013 Malibu Eco as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) over the course of three years. Autonomie software developed by ANL and a mid-sized hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system with rapid controller prototyping (RCP) controllers have been used for simulation of vehicle fuel economy and performance prior to the actual vehicle modification. The results of these simulations are compared to reported values for the Malibu Eco, and an analysis of the expected PHEV fuel economy is reported. Current ongoing work includes updating the HIL system plant model to represent the PHEV architecture and a vehicle control strategy using the RCP controllers for vehicle integration.
Mini workshop — Exploration of the ethical development of engineering undergraduates

This workshop will be conducted by members of the Exploring Ethical Decision-making in Engineering (E3) Team. The workshop will be an interactive exploration of the meaning of “ethical development” for engineering students. We will introduce participants to a variety of teaching strategies and co-curricular activities that may enhance a students' ethical development as identified through the Survey of Engineering Ethical Development (SEED) project. The SEED project was a multi-year national holistic assessment of ethics education in engineering that included measurements of a students' ethical knowledge, ethical reasoning, and ethical behavior. The investigation included 19 diverse partner institutions and over 4000 engineering undergraduates. In addition to the presentation of research results and analysis, the audience will be asked to share personal experiences and discuss strategies for adapting identified best practices in different institutional settings. Finally, breakout groups will identify challenges and opportunities for improving ethical decision-making on a national scale.
COMMUNICATING STUDY RESULTS OF SCIENTIFIC TEAMS IN LARGE SPILLS

ABSTRACT A large oil spill is not simply a physical phenomenon. Those communicating scientific information about a major incident need to be keenly aware of the political, media, and legal conseque...
LOOKING BACKWARDS: ASSESSING THE PROJECTIONS OF A TRANSITION MATRIX MODEL

Analyses of population projection models are increasingly being used by conservation biologists and land managers to assess the health of sensitive species and to evaluate the likely effects of management strategies, harvesting, grazing, or other manipulations. Here I describe some of the limitations of this approach and illustrate how these limitations may affect its usefulness. I do this by comparing the results of such an analysis, performed in 1979 on two populations of a perennial plant, Arisaema triphyllum, with new information about the size and structure of these same populations gathered in 1994, 15 years later. While one population changed as the model projected it would, the other behaved quite differently from the projection. Instead of increasing in size, this population decreased between 1979 and 1994. Possible shortcomings in the data and in the model include: too few plants to provide accurate transition probabilities; too few years to capture accurately the complete range of year-to-year ...
Elevated creatine phosphokinase in patients with ureteral calculi Cause for unwarranted concern of coronary occlusion

Abstract Although slight to markedly elevated serum creatine phosphokinase activity in patients with ureteral stone colic is a common finding, it is not indicative of coronary occlusion. A retrospective study showed that one third of our patients with ureteral calculi also had elevated serum creatine phosphokinase activity. The origin of this increased enzyme activity might be from skeletal muscle. Our studies analyzing the creative phosphokinase content of the ureter indicate the contribution from the ureter would be negligible.
Responses of lactating cows to dietary sodium source and quantity and potassium quantity during heat stress.

Abstract Effects of heat stress and added dietary sodium bicarbonate (0 or 1.0% of dry matter), sodium chloride (0 or .73% of dry matter), and total dietary potassium (1.3 or 1.8% of dry matter) on acid-base status, production, and mineral metabolism of lactating Holstein cows were evaluated. Design was split-plot with 24 cows in shade or no shade environments; dietary treatments were arranged as a 2×2×2 factorial within each environment. Basal diet (38% corn silage:62% concentrate) contained .18% sodium; sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride treatments were in addition. All dietary treatments were equal in chloride content. Cows in no shade exhibited signs of respiratory alkalosis during the hot part of the day. Daily feed intake was lower in no shade than shade but milk yield and percent milk fat were not affected by environment. Sodium bicarbonate addition increased actual and 4% fat-corrected milk yields and percent milk fat. Sodium chloride addition increased actual and 4% fat-corrected milk yield when adjusted for amount of feed intake, and 1.8% dietary potassium increased feed intake and actual milk yield. Increasing total dietary sodium from .18 to .55%, from either supplemental source, enhanced 4% fat-corrected milk production, but combination of sources (.88% total sodium) showed no additional benefit over .55%.
A Systematic Assessment of Intoxication at University Parties Effects of the Environmental Context

Levels of intoxication among university students were assessed at two types of parties: fraternity and private (nonfraternity) parties. Participants' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels were assessed using hand-held breathalyzers at 19 parties (11 at fraternity houses and 8 at private residences). A total of 1,525 students (502 women and 1,023 men) participated. Results indicated that students were significantly more intoxicated at fraternity parties (mean BAC = .093) than at private parties (mean BAC = .082), and men (mean BAC = .093) were significantly more intoxicated than women (mean BAC = .080). These results support the common belief that parties hosted by fraternity groups set the occasion for the highest levels of intoxication found on college campuses. The failure to find a main effect for Greek-life status suggests the environmental context (i.e., fraternity house) is a critical determinant of excessive alcohol consumption.
On an Approximate Theory for Nonlinear Dynamics of Rods

In this paper, a nonlinear theory for a straight rod is presented in the Cartesian coordinate frame. The traditional treatises of nonlinear rods were based on the Cosserat’s theory (e.g., E. and F. Cosserat, 1896) or the Kirchhoff assumptions (e.g., Kirchhoff, 1859; Love, 1944). This paper extends the ideas of Galerkin (1915), and the nonlinear theory of rods is developed from the general theory of the 3-dimennsional deformable-body.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A new acquisition mode for 2D inflow refreshment angiography.

Time-of-flight angiography methods rely on blood/tissue contrast generated when fresh blood spins enter a partially saturated region. A series of projective angiographic views is generated by application of a maximum intensity projection algorithm to data acquired from a 3D volume. When the data are acquired as a set of 2D slices, the angiograms exhibit sensitivity to body motion, resulting in the generation of artifacts. We present a new 2D time-of-flight angiographic technique, STREAM, Suppressed Tissue with Refreshment Angiography Method. It exhibits low sensitivity to internal body motion, thus allowing acquisition of good quality, single average angiograms. To suppress the static tissue signal a unique “active” suppression strategy is employed. Additionally, to further suppress the lipid signal, the chemical-shift phenomenon is exploited in the STREAM sequence. © 1991 Academic Press. Inc.
Actions by the classical Banach spaces

The study of continuous group actions is ubiquitous in mathematics, and perhaps the most general kinds of actions for which we can hope to prove theorems in just ZFC are those where a Polish group acts on a Polish space.For this general class we can find works such as [29] that build on ideas from ergodic theory and examine actions of locally compact groups in both the measure theoretic and topological contexts. On the other hand a text in model theory, such as [12], will typically consider issues bearing on the actions by the symmetric group of all permutations of the integers. More generally [1] shows that the orbit equivalence relations induced by closed subgroups of the infinite symmetric group can be reduced to the isomorphism relation on corresponding classes of countable models.This paper considers a third category formed by the continuous actions of separable Banach spaces on Polish spaces. These examples cannot be subsumed under the two earlier headings, and it is known from [10] that the Borel cardinalities of the quotient spaces that arise from such actions are incomparable with the equivalence relations induced by the symmetric group or any locally compact Polish group action.One of the first things to be addressed concerns the complexity of these equivalence relations. This question for appears in [1].
The Origins of Pure and Applied Science in Gilded Age America

ABSTRACT“Pure science” and “applied science” have peculiar histories in the United States. Both terms were in use in the early part of the nineteenth century, but it was only in the last decades that they took on new meanings and became commonplace in the discourse of American scientists. The rise in their currency reflected an acute concern about the corruption of character and the real possibilities of commercializing scientific knowledge. “Pure” was the preference of scientists who wanted to emphasize their nonpecuniary motives and their distance from the marketplace. “Applied” was the choice of scientists who accepted patents and profits as other possible returns on their research. In general, the frequent conjoining of “pure” and “applied” bespoke the inseparable relations of science and capitalism in the Gilded Age.
Fabrication of large area 3D ‘fishnet’ optical metamaterial structures

We present a novel fabrication process for large-area multilayer ‘fishnet’ metamaterial structures for near IR applications. This fabrication method involves defining a complimentary template structure onto a quartz wafer using deep-UV lithography and conventional etching procedures, e-beam deposition of metal and dielectric layers on top of the patterned substrate, and a ‘lift-off’ process which removes the template structure along with the metal and dielectric layers overlying it to yield the ‘fishnet’ device structure. This fabrication process has led to the realization of ‘fishnet’ metamaterial structures, with multiple stacks of metallic–dielectric–metallic layers, over large areas. Since it utilizes processes which are compatible with current semiconductor processing technology, this fabrication approach is well suited for batch-fabrication.
A framework of frequency oscillation in power grid: Epidemic propagation over social networks

The oscillation of frequency in power grid is studied using the tool of epidemic propagation over social networks, as well as a set of real measurements of frequencies at multiple locations in the US power grid. A logical network is used for analyzing the propagation, instead of the physical power network. The topology of the logical network is obtained from Bayesian network structure learning using real frequency measurements. By using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it is demonstrated that the logical power network can be approximated by a small world structure model. Then, the model of susceptible-infectious-susceptible (SIS), which is widely used in the study of epidemic propagation, is applied to obtain the ordinary differential equation describing the evolution of the proportion of locations in power grid that have significant frequency deviations. The parameters of SIS model are then obtained from the logical network and measurements. The dynamics obtained from the SIS model are compared with the real measurements, which effectively demonstrates the validity of the epidemic modeling for the frequency oscillation in power grid.
LINE-1 methylation is inherited in familial testicular cancer kindreds

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most frequent cancers among young men. There is a clear familial component to TGCT etiology, but no high-penetrance susceptibility gene has been identified. Epigenetic aberrations of the genome represent an alternative mechanism for cancer susceptibility; and, studies suggest that epigenetic changes that influence cancer risk can be inherited through the germline. Global DNA hypomethylation has been associated with the risk of cancers of the bladder and head/neck. We performed a pilot study of global methylation at long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) in peripheral blood DNA isolated from 466 family members of 101 multiple-case testicular cancer families. Investigating the correlation of LINE-1 methylation levels among parent-child pairs independent of affection status (n = 355) revealed a strong positive association only between mother-daughter (r = 0.48, P = <0.001) and father-daughter pairs (r = 0.31, P = 0.02), suggesting gender-specific inheritance of methylation. Incorporating cancer status, we observed a strong correlation in LINE-1 methylation levels only among affected father-affected son pairs (r = 0.49, P = 0.03). There was a marginally significant inverse association between lower LINE-1 methylation levels and increased TGCT risk, compared with healthy male relatives (P = 0.049). Our data suggest that heritability of LINE-1 methylation may be gender-specific. Further, the strong correlation between LINE-1 methylation levels among affected father-affected son pairs suggests that transgenerational inheritance of an epigenetic event may be associated with disease risk. Larger studies are needed to clarify these preliminary observations.
Cavity quantum electro-optics

The quantum dynamics of the coupling between a cavity optical field and a resonator microwave field via the electro-optic effect is studied. This coupling has the same form as the optomechanical coupling via radiation pressure, so all previously considered optomechanical effects can in principle be observed in electro-optic systems as well. In particular, I point out the possibilities of laser cooling of the microwave mode, entanglement between the optical mode and the microwave mode via electro-optic parametric amplification, and back-action-evading optical measurements of a microwave quadrature.
Linking phase-field model to CALPHAD: application to precipitate shape evolution in Ni-base alloys

Abstract A three-dimensional phase-field model is proposed with the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters directly extracted from existing databases using the CALPHAD method. We modelled the γ′ precipitate microstructure evolution in a Ni-base alloy, particularly a single precipitate morphology at different sizes using independently assessed thermodynamic, kinetic and structural parameters.
Loss of Zona Pellucida Binding Proteins in the Acrosomal Matrix Disrupts Acrosome Biogenesis and Sperm Morphogenesis

Zona pellucida binding protein 1 (ZPBP1), a spermatid and spermatozoon protein that localizes to the acrosome, was originally identified in pigs and named for its binding to the oocyte zona pellucida. In an in silico search for germ cell-specific genes, Zpbp1 and its novel paralog, Zpbp2, were discovered and confirmed to be expressed only in the testes in both mice and humans. To study the in vivo functions of both ZPBP proteins, we disrupted Zpbp1 and Zpbp2 in mice. Males lacking ZPBP1 were sterile, with abnormal round-headed sperm morphology and no forward sperm motility. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that absence of ZPBP1 prevents proper acrosome compaction, resulting in acrosome fragmentation and disruption of the Sertoli-spermatid junctions. Males null for ZPBP2 were subfertile, demonstrated aberrant acrosomal membrane invaginations, and produced dysmorphic sperm with reduced ability to penetrate zona pellucida. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ZPBPs from amphibians, birds, and mammals suggests that these paralogous genes coevolved to play cooperative roles during spermiogenesis. Whereas ZPBP1 was discovered for an in vitro role in sperm-egg interactions, we have shown that both ZPBP proteins play an earlier structural role during spermiogenesis.
Behavioral Implications of Public Service Motivation Volunteering by Public and Nonprofit Employees

Research finds the behavioral implications of public service motivation (PSM) in prosocial behaviors such as volunteering, and explains the higher rate of volunteering among public and nonprofit workers with PSM. Although existing research focuses on the link between employee’s PSM and general volunteering, little is known about how workers’ volunteering activities differ across the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. This study examines differences between public and nonprofit employees’ volunteering focusing on the types of organizations where they volunteer. The results indicate distinctive patterns of volunteering between public and nonprofit sector workers: Nonprofit workers are more likely to volunteer in religious and social/community organizations, whereas public workers are more likely to volunteer in educational organizations. The findings of this study call for a more systematic and multifaceted approach to understanding the link between PSM and volunteering.
Design of wide-bandwidth envelope-tracking power amplifiers for OFDM applications

An efficiency-enhanced power-amplifier system design is presented based on wide-bandwidth envelope tracking (WBET) with application to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing wireless local area network systems. Envelope elimination and restoration (EER) and WBET are compared in terms of the time mismatch sensitivity between the base-band amplitude path and the RF path, and it is demonstrated that WBET is much less sensitive than EER to these effects. An adaptive time-alignment algorithm for the WBET system is developed and demonstrated. The analysis and algorithm are verified by experimental results. The measurement shows that the peak drain efficiency of the complete system was 30% at a 2.4-GHz orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing output power of 20 dBm.
Detection tools for disturbances and protective relay operations leading to cascading events

The power system cascading outage is quite often a complex phenomenon, which may finally result in a large area blackout. Detecting and preventing cascading blackouts is crucial to maintaining the power system reliability and security. This paper discusses implementation of a method used to detect the cascading events by coordinating the system-wide and substation-wide monitoring and control tools. The framework of the implementation is given first. The data requirements for the proposed system-wide and local substation algorithms are investigated in detail. Obtaining and handling data through integration of traditional Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and modern Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) is outlined. Case studies based on a real power system model shows the proposed algorithms are feasible. These detection tools could work as decision-making support for system operators to deal with cascading event situations.
Mechanism of Catalytic Water Oxidation by the Ruthenium Blue Dimer Catalyst: Comparative Study in D2O versus H2O

Water oxidation is critically important for the development of energy solutions based on the concept of artificial photosynthesis. In order to gain deeper insight into the mechanism of water oxidation, the catalytic cycle for the first designed water oxidation catalyst, cis,cis-[(bpy)₂(H₂O)RuIIIORuIII(OH₂)(bpy)₂]4+ (bpy is 2,2-bipyridine) known as the blue dimer (BD), is monitored in D₂O by combined application of stopped flow UV-Vis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and resonance Raman spectroscopy on freeze quenched samples. The results of these studies show that the rate of formation of BD[4,5] by Ce(IV) oxidation of BD[3,4] (numbers in square bracket denote oxidation states of the ruthenium (Ru) centers) in 0.1 M HNO₃, as well as further oxidation of BD[4,5] are slower in D₂O by 2.1-2.5. Ce(IV) oxidation of BD[4,5] and reaction with H₂O result in formation of an intermediate, BD[3,4]', which builds up in reaction mixtures on the minute time scale. Combined results under the conditions of these experiments at pH 1 indicate that oxidation of BD[3,4]' is a rate limiting step in water oxidation with the BD catalyst.
Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool: a guide for education and support of the breastfeeding dyad.

Objective To describe the development of the Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool to be used at the bedside by nurses to guide ongoing support and education for the mother-baby dyad. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Community hospital in a Midwestern city. Participants Sixty-two English-speaking mother-infant dyads. Methods Three nurse raters (two per session) independently scored the eight characteristics on the Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool during 81 breastfeeding sessions. Main outcome measure Percent agreement between raters and suggested modifications for the Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool. Results The results support the use of the tool as a checklist for assessment of the breastfeeding mother-infant dyad to guide education and support. Conclusions The interrater agreement was high for individual items of the Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool. The Mother-Infant Breastfeeding Progress Tool is useful as a checklist for assessing maternal and infant breastfeeding progress, though additional research is needed to support the validity of the tool.
The effect of interplant distance on mating success in federally threatened, self-incompatible Hymenoxys herbacea = H. acaulis var. glabra (Asteraceae).

We investigated large- and fine-scale effects of interplant distance on compatibility, seed set, and seed germination in a rare, self-incompatible perennial, Lakeside daisy ( Hymenoxys herbacea 5 H. acaulis var. glabra). Plants were collected at the Marblehead Peninsula, Ohio, and transplanted to a greenhouse where they were hand-pollinated. For the large-scale analysis, 110 crosses were classified in three categories: Near crosses (0.75‐6.70 m), Far crosses (17‐72 m), and Very Far crosses ( .900 m). There was no significant effect of interplant distance on compatibility, seed set, or seed germination in these crosses. For the fine-scale analysis, we made 44 crosses with interplant distances ranging from 0.75 to 10 m. At this scale, interplant distance explained 10.9% of the variance of the seed/floret ratio, suggesting that local genetic structure may result in a modest amount of biparental inbreeding. We found no fine-scale effects of interplant distance on compatibility or percentage of seed germination, but it is possible that biparental inbreeding could affect later stages of the life cycle not included in this study. For all distance classes, .80% of the crosses were compatible, indicating that lack of compatibility between mates is not likely to limit seed production. Apparently, presumed population bottlenecks have not been severe enough for genetic drift to eliminate substantial numbers of self-incompatibility alleles.
Throughput optimality of delay-driven MaxWeight scheduler for a wireless system with flow dynamics

We consider a wireless downlink shared by a dynamic population of flows. The flows of random size (bits) arrive at the base station at random times, and leave when they have been completely transmitted. The transmission rate supported by the wireless channel of each flow while the flow awaits transmission varies randomly over time and is independent of that of the other flows. The scheduling problem in this context is to select a flow for transmission based on the current system state (e.g., backlogs, wait times, and channel states of the contending flows). It has recently been shown that for such a system, the well-known (backlog-driven) MaxWeight scheduler is not throughput optimal. That is to say, the MaxWeight scheduler will not stabilize a given system even though it is possible to construct a stabilizing scheduler using the various flow- and channel-related statistics. However, in this paper, we show that the delay-driven MaxWeight scheduler is, nevertheless, throughput optimal for such a system. The delay-driven MaxWeight, like its backlog-driven version, does not require any knowledge of the flow- or channel-related statistics.
Characterization of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers and Their Complexes with Cu2+ by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 2−4 (Gn-OH, n = 2, 3, and 4; Mr ∼ 3.7, 6.9, and 14.3 kDa, respectively) and dendrimers encapsulating Cu2+ ions have been investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) and 2‘,4‘,6‘-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) were used as the matrices for dendrimers with and without Cu2+ in the interior. The MALDI-TOF results provide accurate molecular weight determinations of all dendrimers and some multiple copper complexes of G2-OH and G3-OH (accuracy <0.01%). More importantly, this approach provides direct characterization of multiple-cation adducts and quantitative evaluation of the complexing capacity of dendrimers hosting transition-metal ions. The results are used to determine dendrimer structure and evaluate polydispersity.
Evaluation of a Reconfigurable Architecture for Digital Beamforming Using the OODRA Workbench

This paper describes the application of the Object-Oriented Design of Reliable/Reconfigurable Architectures (OODRA) workbench to the performance simulation of an adaptive digital beamforming architecture. The performance effects due to chip partitioning and reconfiguration for fault tolerance and yield enhancement are presented. The experiments described illustrate the flexibility of the OODRA work-bench in architectural-level performance evaluation of algorithm-specific reconfigurable architectures.
Plasma Cell-Specific Transcription Factor XBP-1s Binds to and Transactivates the Epstein-Barr Virus BZLF1 Promoter

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in vivo is known to establish persistent infection in resting, circulating memory B cells and to productively replicate in plasma cells. Until now, the molecular mechanism of how EBV switches from latency to lytic replication in vivo was not known. Here, we report that the plasma cell differentiation factor, XBP-1s, activates the expression of the master regulator of EBV lytic activation, BZLF1. Using reporter assays, we observed that XBP-1s was able to transactivate the BZLF1 promoter, Zp, in a plasma cell line and other lymphoid cell lines but, interestingly, not in epithelial cell lines. We have identified an XBP-1s binding site on the ZID/ZII region of Zp, which when abolished by site-directed mutagenesis led to abrogation of XBP-1s binding and promoter activation. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we observed direct binding of XBP-1s to endogenous Zp in an EBV-infected plasma cell line. Finally, in the same cell line, we observed that overexpression of XBP-1s resulted in increased expression of BZLF1, while knockdown of XBP-1s with short hairpin RNA drastically reduces BZLF1 expression. We suggest that EBV harnesses the B-cell terminal differentiation pathway via XBP-1s as a physiological signal to reactivate and begin viral replication. We are currently investigating other signals, such as the endoplasmic reticulum stress response proteins, which act upstream of XBP-1s, to identify other interacting factors that initiate and/or amplify the lytic switch.