cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Planetary Boundary Layer Physics on Frontal Structure in the Hoskins-Bretherton Horizontal Shear Model

Abstract A series of numerical experiments with the Hoskins-Bretherton horizontal shear model of frontogenesis in an, amplifying, two-dimensional baroclinic wave is performed. The analytic solutions from the Boussinesq, semi-geostrophic model provide initial conditions for numerical integrations with a two-dimensional, dry version of the fully compressible, hydrostatic primitive equation (PE) model of Anthes and Warner with 40 km horizontal resolution. The PE model is integrated 1) without planetary boundary layer (PBL) physics; 2) with a one-layer bulk-drag scheme; and 3) with a high-vertical-resolution PBL model. The lower boundary is thermally insulated in order to isolate the effect of the internal mixing of heat in the PBL. The simulation with the high-resolution PBL physics resolves several realistic features including 1) a narrow updraft at the top of the PBL above the sea-level pressure trough at the warm edge of the frontal zone; 2) a stable layer capping the PBL to the rear of the frontal zone; ...
The Role of Enzymatic Coupling of Drugs to Proteins in Induction of Drug Specific Antibodies

Isoniazid and hydralazine were covalently crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase to serum and cell nuclear proteins. Albumin and nucleohistones were excellent acceptors of these drugs in serum and nuclear extracts, respectively. Drug-albumin and drug-histone conjugates were highly antigenic in rabbits within 4 weeks, eliciting drug-specific antibodies in all immunized animals. A radioimmunoassay for antibodies to isoniazid was developed, using a standard drug-albumin conjugate. The methods described here of enzymatic crosslinking of drugs to proteins facilitate studies of drug-induced hypersensitivity in animals and man.
The Hidden System Costs of Wind Generation in a Deregulated Electricity Market

Earlier research has shown that adding wind capacity to a network can lower the total annual operating cost of meeting a given pattern of loads by displacing conventional generation. At the same time, the variability of wind generation and the need for higher levels of reserve generating capacity to maintain reliability standards impose additional costs on the system that should not be ignored. The important implication for regulators is that the capacity cost of each MW of peak system load is now much higher. Hence, the economic benefits to a network of using storage and controllable load to reduce the peak system load will be higher with high penetrations of wind generation. These potential benefits will be illustrated in a case study using a test network and the SuperOPF. An important feature of the SuperOPF is that the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to maintain Operating Reliability is determined endogenously, and as a result, it is possible to determine the net social benefits of relying more on an intermittent source of generation, such as wind capacity, that lowers operating costs but increases the cost of maintaining System Adequacy. The capabilities of the SuperOPF provide a consistent economic framework for evaluating Operating Reliability in real-time markets and System Adequacy for planning purposes. Basically, a financially viable investment requires that the reductions in the total annual costs of the existing system should be larger than the annualized cost of financing the addition of, for example, wind generation to a network. The scenarios considered make it possible to determine 1) the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to meet the peak system load and maintain System Adequacy, 2) the amount of missing money paid to generators to maintain Financial Adequacy, 3) changes in the congestion rents for transmission that are collected by the system operator, and finally, 4) the total annual system costs paid by customers directly in the Wholesale Market and, indirectly, as missing money. The results show that the benefits (i.e. the reduction in the total annual system costs) from making an investment in wind capacity and/of upgrading a tie line are very sensitive to 1) how much of the inherent variability of wind generation has to be accommodated on the network, and 2) how the missing money paid to conventional generators is determined (e.g. comparing a regulated market and a deregulated market).
Destroying nitrosamines in post-combustion CO2 capture

Nitrosamines formed in the CO2 capture process are considered potential environmental hazards and ways to minimize the formation of these degradation products are necessary. Here, a catalytic nitrosamine hydrogenation with amine recovery approach is proposed. Palladium-based heterogeneous catalysts were screened initially, and then alternative nickel- and iron-based catalysts were synthesized and evaluated for their performance towards nitrosamine destruction. An iron-based catalyst performed superior to the nickel catalyst with 65% destruction of nitrosamines, and using fly ash as a metal source for catalytic hydrogenation with >60% destruction of nitrosamines was observed.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of 2-Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide on TiO2−SiO2 Powders

The photocatalytic oxidation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES, a simulant for mustard gas) on high area TiO2−SiO2 powder has been studied by transmission infrared spectroscopy. It has been found that the photocatalytic oxidation of 2-CEES occurs on the surface of TiO2−SiO2 at 200 K with an appreciable rate, causing 40−50% depletion of the initial surface coverage before the photoreaction slows down appreciably. In addition to 2-CEES, we have also studied the photooxidation of diethyl sulfide (DES), as a comparison, to test the role of Cl substitution in the 2-CEES molecule. With both 2-CEES and DES, partially and fully oxidized products are observed. By comparison of the spectral developments during the photooxidation of 2-CEES and DES, it appears that the presence of the chlorine substituent in 2-CEES is not strongly influential in the photooxidation sequences for this molecule. The 2-CEES molecule is hydrogen-bonded to the Si−OH groups by both the Cl and the S moieties, and photooxidation leads to...
Control of III-V epitaxy in a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process : impact of source flow control on composition and thickness

Abstract A procedure for developing a real-time automated control system for improving epitaxial growth of semiconductors is presented and applied to GaInAs growth by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Vapor concentration variations of the gallium source are identified as a primary disturbance. An analog control system that regulates the supply of gallium is designed and implemented. Key issues in the controller synthesis are outlined. The controller performance is investigated by growing GaInAs InP superlattices. Results of growths performed under normal operating conditions and also under large perturbations are presented. These results include X-ray diffraction from the samples as well as real-time data from the concentration monitor and the flow measurement. High quality superlattices that display up to eight orders of satellite peaks are obtained under closed loop control, demonstrating improved layer-to-layer reproducibility of thickness and composition.
Gastric diverticula in infancy.

Summary 1. Two cases of gastric diverticulum in infancy have been presented. 2. The first case illustrates a true diverticulum with intussusception into the stomach causing gangrene, perforation and peritonitis. This is the first reported case with these complications, either in an adult or child, and is the only case reported in the newborn period. 3. The second case is an example of an acquired diverticulum secondary to pyloric stenosis which was unrelieved for nine weeks. 4. A review of the literature is presented.
Innovation and location in the multinational firm

This paper provides an overview of the relationship between multinational corporations (MNCs) and local economic systems. It examines the implications of a decentralisation of innovative activity within MNCs for their interaction with local networks. It is shown that this interaction depends upon the type of cluster, whether a general centre of excellence or a specialised centre. These two principal kinds of cluster are associated with different structures of local knowledge spillovers between firms. Localised science-technology linkages offer a further category of interaction. It is shown how locational hierarchies may affect the locational strategies of MNCs when they disperse innovative activity.
Photosolvolysis of a carboncarbon bond. The photolysis of n,n-dimethyl- 2,2-diphenylethylamine in methanol.1

Abstract The title compound is photolyzed in methanol to give good yields (ca. 50%) of diphenylmethane indicating that the CC bond undergoes a formal heterolytic cleavage from the excited state as predicted from the measured redox potentials of the two ions.
Advance and Retreat: Tobacco Control Policy in the U.S. Military

ABSTRACT This archival study explored why military tobacco control initiatives have thus far largely failed to meet their goals. We analyzed more than 5,000 previously undisclosed internal tobacco industry documents made public via an online database and additional documents obtained from the U.S. military. In four case studies, we illustrate how pressures exerted by multiple political actors resulted in weakening or rescinding military tobacco control policy initiatives. Our findings suggest that lowering military smoking rates will require health policymakers to better anticipate and counter political opponents. The findings also suggest that effective tobacco control policies may require strong, explicit implementation instructions and high-level Department of Defense support. Finally, policy designers should also consider ways to reduce or eliminate existing perverse incentives to increase tobacco consumption, such as allowing exchange store tobacco sales to fund Morale, Recreation, and Welfare Programs.
Algorithm 484: Evaluation of the modified Bessel functions K0(Z) and K1(Z)for complex arguments

This procedure evaluates the real and imaginary parts of the modified Bessel functions K_0(z) and K_1(z) for values of the complex argument z = x + iy in the half plane x ≥ 0. (The notation K_n(z) is fairly standard; the exact definition of the function is given in [1]).
Calculation of the Free Energy Profile of H2O, O2, CO, CO2, NO, and CHCl3 in a Lipid Bilayer with a Cavity Insertion Variant of the Widom Method

The excess free energy profile of H2O, O2, CO, CO2, NO, and CHCl3 has been computed across a fully hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer by a cavity insertion variant of the Widom test particle method. This Cavity Insertion Widom (CIW) method modifies the original Widom procedure in such a way that, analogously to the cavity biased particle insertions used in grand canonical and Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations, it inserts the test particle into cavities of suitable radius only. Results on aqueous systems show that this modification can make the Widom method considerably faster and also more accurate. The free energy profiles obtained are in accordance with the physiological properties of the investigated molecules. It is found that the interior of the membrane constitutes a free energy barrier of about 13 kcal/mol for H2O, and a free energy well of 3−4 kcal/mol for O2, CO, and NO. In contrast to these four free energy profiles, which change monotonically between the two phases of t...
Magnetic field modulation of intense surface plasmon polaritons

We present correlated experimental and theoretical studies on the magnetic field modulation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) in Au/Co/Au trilayers. The trilayers were grown by sputter deposition on glass slides with the Co films placed at different distances from the surface and with different thickness. We show that it is possible to tailor Au/Co/Au trilayers with the critical thickness needed for optimum excitation of SPPs leading to large localized electromagnetic fields. The modification of the SPP wave vector by externally applied magnetic fields was investigated by measuring the magneto-optical activity in transverse configuration. In addition, using magneto-optics as a tool we determined the spatial distribution of the SPP generated electromagnetic fields within Au/Co/Au samples by analyzing the field-dependent optical response, demonstrating that it is possible to excite SPPs that exhibit large electromagnetic fields that are also magneto-optically active and therefore can be modulated by externally applied magnetic fields.
Atomic Resolution X-ray Structure of the Substrate Recognition Domain of Higher Plant Ribulose-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Activase

The rapid release of tight-binding inhibitors from dead-end ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) complexes requires the activity of Rubisco activase, an AAA+ ATPase that utilizes chemo-mechanical energy to catalyze the reactivation of Rubisco. Activase is thought to play a central role in coordinating the rate of CO2 fixation with the light reactions of photosynthesis. Here, we present a 1.9 Å crystal structure of the C-domain core of creosote activase. The fold consists of a canonical four-helix bundle, from which a paddle-like extension protrudes that entails a nine-turn helix lined by an irregularly structured peptide strand. The residues Lys-313 and Val-316 involved in the species-specific recognition of Rubisco are located near the tip of the paddle. An ionic bond between Lys-313 and Glu-309 appears to stabilize the glycine-rich end of the helix. Structural superpositions onto the distant homolog FtsH imply that the paddles extend away from the hexameric toroid in a fan-like fashion, such that the hydrophobic sides of each blade bearing Trp-302 are facing inward and the polar sides bearing Lys-313 and Val-316 are facing outward. Therefore, we speculate that upon binding, the activase paddles embrace the Rubisco cylinder by placing their hydrophobic patches near the partner protein. This model suggests that conformational adjustments at the remote end of the paddle may relate to selectivity in recognition, rather than specific ionic contacts involving Lys-313. Additionally, the superpositions predict that the catalytically critical Arg-293 does not interact with the bound nucleotide. Hypothetical ring-ring stacking and peptide threading models for Rubisco reactivation are briefly discussed.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL BASED-AQUEOUS BIPHASIC SYSTEMS AS TECHNETIUM-99M GENERATORS

Abstract Polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems, which are inexpensive, nontoxic, and nonflammable, can be used to concentrate technetium-99m from low specific activity molybdenum-99 by extraction from solutions containing high concentrations of hydroxide and/or molybdate. Isolation of the technetium-99m can be achieved by chemical reduction and back extraction into a solution containing an imaging agent, which may be suitable for direct injection into the body.
Combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C.

Purpose We evaluated the effectiveness of combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in patients with coexisting cataract and glaucoma. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of the records of 21 consecutive patients who had combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Patients were selected for the combined procedure on the basis of the degree to which intraocular pressure was controlled, toleration of medical therapy, degree of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, and extent of visual impairment because of cataract. Nine (43%) of the 21 patients had previous incisional surgery and were at high risk of surgical failure. All patients had at least six months' follow-up. Sixteen (76%) of 21 patients had at least one year of follow-up. Results The mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 20.8 ± 5.0 mm Hg (range, 13 to 35 mm Hg), which decreased to a mean postoperative intraocular pressure of 15.1 ± 3.1 mm Hg (range, 9 to 21 mm Hg) as measured at last follow-up (P = .0002). The intraocular pressure was controlled between 6 and 21 mm Hg) in all patients at last follow-up. Seventeen (81%) of 21 patients had a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better at last follow-up. No patient had a decrease in visual acuity after surgery. Fifteen (71%) of 21 patients were using no antiglaucoma medications at last follow-up. Four of the remaining six patients were using one medication, and two were using two medications. A hyphema (less than 1.0 mm) was seen in seven (33%) of 21 patients and was the most common postoperative complication. No patient had a postoperative wound or bleb leak or a shallow anterior chamber. No patient developed symptomatic hypotony. Conclusions The glaucoma triple procedure with adjunctive mitomycin C appears to be a safe and effective surgical technique for treating selected patients with coexisting cataract and glaucoma.
Kidney stones are common after bariatric surgery

Obesity, a risk factor for kidney stones and chronic kidney disease (CKD), is effectively treated with bariatric surgery. However, it is unclear whether surgery alters stone or CKD risk. To determine this we studied 762 Olmsted County, Minnesota residents who underwent bariatric surgery and matched them with equally obese control individuals who did not undergo surgery. The majority of bariatric patients underwent standard Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB; 78%), with the remainder having more malabsorptive procedures (very long limb RYGB or biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch; 14%) or restrictive procedures (laparoscopic banding or sleeve gastrectomy; 7%). The mean age was 45 years with 80% being female. The mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 46.7kg/m 2 for both cohorts. Rates of kidney stones were similar between surgery patients and controls at baseline, but new stone formation significantly increased in surgery patients (11.0%) compared with controls (4.3%) during 6.0 years of follow-up. After malabsorptive and standard surgery, the comorbidity-adjusted hazard ratio of incident stones was significantly increased to 4.15 and 2.13, respectively, but was not significantly changed for restrictive surgery. The risk of CKD significantly increased after the malabsorptive procedures (adjusted hazard ratio of 1.96). Thus, while RYGB and malabsorptive procedures are more effective for weight loss, both are associated with increased risk of stones, while malabsorptive procedures also increase CKD risk.
On residual lifetimes of k-out-of-n systems with nonidentical components

In this article, mixture representations of survival functions of residual lifetimes of k-out-of-n systems are obtained when the components are independent but not necessarily identically distributed. Then we stochastically compare the residual lifetimes of k-out-of-n systems in one-and two-sample problems. In particular, the results extend some results in Li and Zhao [14], Khaledi and Shaked [13], Sadegh [17], Gurler and Bairamov [7] and Navarro, Balakrishnan, and Samaniego [16]. Applications in the proportional hazard rates model are presented as well.
Theory of Perovskite Ferroelectrics

A model Hamiltonian has been constructed for the ferroelectric transition in the perovskite structure in terms of localized-strain and soft-normal-mode coordinates and temperature-independent model parameters. No anharmonic interactions higher than fourth order are considered. The free energy for tetragonal, orthorhombic, and trigonal distortions is calculated in a molecular-field approximation with the cubic structure as a reference configuration. From the free energy, the polarization and the strain distortions are determined. The soft-mode frequencies and the shifts in the acoustic-phonon frequencies are calculated from linearized equations of motion describing the fluctuations about these average values. The soft-mode frequencies in cubic structure vanish at the supercooling temperature, as usually assumed. However, in the distorted structure they remain finite at the stability limit determining the superheating temperature. The model Hamiltonian describes first- or second-order transitions depending on the strength of the coupling with the strain. For suitable choice of model parameters, the model allows for transition from the cubic to the tetragonal phase as in PhTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, to the trigonal phase as in CsGe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ and various solid solutions, as well as a series of transitions from high- to low-symmetry structures, as in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Delaying execution of intentions: overcoming the costs of interruptions

In real-world settings, execution of retrieved intentions must often be briefly delayed until an ongoing activity is completed (delayed-execute prospective memory tasks). Further, in demanding work settings, the ongoing activity itself can be interrupted. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the delay length (5, 15, 40 s), the presence of an interruption within that delay, and the length of the interruption on prospective memory performance. Delay length did not significantly affect performance, but interruptions produced significant decrements in performance relative to a delay alone. The length of the interruptions (10 vs. 20 s) did not significantly affect performance. Experiment 2 replicated the negative effects of interruptions, and found that these effects could be overcome with a simple external mnemonic. We suggest that in demanding work environments where interruptions are likely, external cues are advisable, especially where prospective memory failures have critical consequences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated quantification of alveoli compliance in lung injury model of edema from SD-OCT images

Evaluation of structural changes in lung tissue provides diagnostic information about pulmonary diseases and quantifies the injury incident to the lung. We studied dynamic changes in lungs in real-time by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.
G Protein βγ Subunits Act on the Catalytic Domain to Stimulate Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia Tyrosine Kinase

Abstract G proteins are critical cellular signal transducers for a variety of cell surface receptors. Both α and βγ subunits of G proteins are able to transduce receptor signals. Several direct effect molecules for Gβγ subunits have been reported; yet the biochemical mechanism by which Gβγ executes its modulatory role is not well understood. We have shown that Gβγ could directly increase the kinase activity of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) whose defects are responsible for X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia in patients. The well characterized interaction of Gβγ with the PH (pleckstrin homology)/TH (Tec-homology) module of Btk was proposed to be the underlying activation mechanism. Here we show that Gβγ also interacts with the catalytic domain of Btk leading to increased kinase activity. Furthermore, we showed that the PH/TH module is required for Gβγ-induced membrane translocation of Btk. The membrane anchorage is also dependent on the interaction of Btk with phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, the product of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. These data support a dual role for Gβγ in the activation of Btk signaling function, namely membrane translocation and direct regulation of Btk catalytic activity.
Spina bifida: A diagnostic dilemma in paleopathology

This article provides information regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, and skeletal manifestation of spina bifida or spinal dysraphisms. On the basis of a review of the medical literature, it addresses discrepancies in documentation and interpretation of spina bifida in paleopathology. Furthermore, it offers suggestions for use of universal terminology and highlights the difficulties in the specific diagnosis of dysraphisms in skeletal remains. In addition, the necessity of examining the entire skeleton for abnormalities to distinguish simple delay/failure of fusion of the posterior neural arches from other occult spinal dysraphisms is emphasized, as it is the need for stratification of the sample by age and sex when reporting frequencies of sacral spina bifida occulta.
A Plague of Our Time: Torture, Human Rights, and Social Work

Social work provides services to refugees and immigrants, the groups most likely to have been tortured, and despite this, the professional literature contains little information on torture or torture treatment. In this article, the authors discuss the extent of torture worldwide, review the prevalence of torture survivors in the United States, and discuss populations most at risk and the effects of torture. In the heart of the article, they discuss treatment considerations and resources for social workers involved with torture survivors. Working with survivors requires knowledge about human rights violations; identification of symptoms of torture and survivors reluctant to reveal this part of their past; community context and treatment environments; skills in healing trauma; advocacy; and brokering necessary medical, mental health, legal, and social services.
The fine-scale mapping of grassland protein densities

A simple and accurate remote sensing technique for the fine-scale mapping of grassland protein densities was developed during a study of sward quality and antelope dispersion in Kenya, East Africa. Using measures of spectral reflectance and a vehicular navigation system, estimates of protein densities were recorded at rates exceeding 1000 samples per hour. Nitrogen analyses confirmed that reflectance measures were accurate predictors of protein density for a variety of grass swards but not for two species of sedge. Because the regression coefficients linking reflectance to protein density differed significantly between sward types, good estimates using this method will require a separate calibration for each type of grassland. By monitoring and correcting for variations in ambient light levels, the method can be used under a wide range of lighting conditions and for long periods. This facilitates sampling sufficiently systematically and intensively that contour plots of protein density can be constructed and then correlated with distributions of underlying abiotic factors, foraging activity of sympatric herbivores, or prior maps to characterize successional and historical change.
Mathematical study on gradient formation of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in centrifugal precipitation chromatography

Centrifugal precipitation chromatography (CPC) is a separation system that mainly employs a moving concentration gradient of precipitating agent along a channel. Solutes of interest undergo repetitive precipitation-dissolution, and fractionate at different locations, and finally elute out from the channel according to their solubility in the precipitant solution. In the practical apparatus, two channels are formed by inserting a piece of dialysis membrane between a pair of disks with mutually mirror-imaged spiral grooves. A sample is injected into one channel and the precipitant solution is fed into another one. When the precipitant travels across the membrane to the sample channel, its concentration gradient is formed. Gradient profile of precipitant inside the sample channel is crucial to the success of CPC; therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the formation of the precipitant concentration gradient. In this paper, an established mathematical model used to explain the steady-state gradient formation of ammonium sulfale, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , in CPC was adopted for studying the gradient formation of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Its concentration, velocity and pressure profile obtained from the model are discussed.
Transportation DSM: building on electric utility experience☆

Abstract Electric utility planning responded to difficulty in expanding generating capacity, and concerns about environmental effects of electricity generation, by considering demand-side management within a framework of integrated resource planning. Transportation planning may benefit from a similar approach. Strong parallels exist between transportation and electric utilities, but important differences exist in the nature of the services consumed, the roles of technology and end-user behavior, and institutions and decision making in the two sectors. Research is needed to determine whether key concepts and practices can be transferred effectively from utilities to transportation, and how they may need to be modified.
Teaching clinical management skills for genetic testing of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer using a Web-based tutorial.

Purpose: To pilot and evaluate an interactive Web-based continuing medical education tutorial on clinical management of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) and genetic testing. Methods: Gastroenterology fellows and genetic counseling trainees were asked to read standard written materials before taking the tutorial. A pretest/post-test assessment was used to measure change in subjects’ clinical management skills. Results: Subjects made the correct management decision 63.9% of the time before the tutorial and 81.1% of the time after the tutorial (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Supplementing written materials with an interactive program may assist medical professionals in integrating their knowledge of HNPCC and genetic testing into clinical practice.
Something Old, Something New: Adult Learning Theory for the Twenty‐First Century

This chapter summarizes the recent additions to the knowledge base of adult learning theory and concludes with some thoughts on how these contributions are expanding adult learning theory.
Evaluation of a GCM subgrid cloud‐radiation interaction parameterization using cloud‐resolving model simulations

[1] The mosaic approach of Liang and Wang (1997) for the general circulation model (GCM) parameterization of subgrid cloud-radiation interactions is evaluated against the validated cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulation of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) intensive observation period (IOP, June 22–July 17, 1997) at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The CRM-generated cloud statistics determines the required characteristic structure differences between three primary cloud genera (convective, anvil and stratiform). It is demonstrated that the mosaic approach with the CRM cloud statistics well simulates the CRM domain-averaged radiative quantities. The result indicates that the mosaic approach of the cloud overlap based on the cloud genera differing in formation mechanisms and of the optical inhomogeneity by cloud water path scaling can capture, respectively, the dominant effects of the cloud geometric association and optical property variability within a GCM grid.
Anecdotes of lithogenesis and atherogenesis conversely liable for cardiac dysfunction and kidney stone formation.

Dear Editor, Recently, Masterson et al. [1] reported that dyslipidemia increases the risk of kidney stone formation. Interestingly, in 2002 Khan et al. reported [2] that urolithic patients excrete more lipids such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, and some phospholipids [2]. The same study further suggested that lipids modulate the calcium oxalate crystal nucleation, aggregation and retention processes, which are the important steps for kidney stone development [2]. On the other hand, the association of kidney stones and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis has been observed in young adults implying that renal lithogenesis and atherogenesis share common pathophysiology both systemically and on a cellular level [3], where oxalate would act as a pro-atherogenic factor to increase the oxidative stress [2] as seen in atherosclerosis patients [3]. Injury and retention model explains the lithogenesis and atherogenesis [2, 3]. In kidney stones, retention of calcium oxalate crystals occurs in the injured urothelium, inducing accumulation of lipids, proteinaceous materials, such as calcium-binding protein and glycoproteins, which interact with crystals and modulate the nucleation and aggregation process leading to stone formation [1]. Vascular cell injury and retention of lipids in the arterial wall cause the atherosclerosis [3]. In humans, all these processes take place over a long period of time [2, 3] during which several metabolic changes occur finally ending in lithogenesis and switching on atherogenesis, or vice versa. Thus, even though patients have either kidney stone alone or cardiovascular disease alone, it would be ideal for physicians to screen for risk factors of both diseases periodically. Metabolic changes can also be altered due to transient food consumption. For example, it is well accepted that oxalate and purine rich foods can lead to hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria, respectively, while oil rich food increases plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Hence, to avoid a false diagnosis, it would be better to measure within different time frames. Further, identification of drugs inhibiting both atherogenesis and lithogenesis would enable the medical community to ease the pain of patients and be economically conservative.
Interpreting the Parameters of Log-Linear Models:

This article develops a straightforward approach to the interpretation of the parameters in log-linear models through a detailed consideration of examples. The focus is on models involving dependent variables, and the conventions of regression analysis are used to represent variables in models for the logit, or logarithm of the odds of the dependent variable. By simple manipulations, the parameters in logit models are related to such quantities as odds and odds ratios. The magnitudes of the effects conveyed by the parameters are also described in terms of typical percentage differences. The examples considered include models with complex interaction structures and for polytomous dependent variables. The mechanics of developing parameter estimates from the output of widely available computer programs are shown.
The effect of biogenic Fe(II) on the stability and sorption of Co(II)EDTA2− to goethite and a subsurface sediment

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted with suspensions of goethite (α-FeOOH) and a subsurface sediment to assess the influence of bacterial iron reduction on the fate of Co(II)EDTA2−, a representative metal-ligand complex of intermediate stability (log KCo(II)EDTA = 17.97). The goethite was synthetic (ca. 55 m2/g) and the sediment was a Pleistocene age, Fe(III) oxide-containing material from the Atlantic coastal plain (Milford). Shewanella alga strain BrY, a dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium (DIRB), was used to promote Fe(III) oxide reduction. Sorption isotherms and pH adsorption edges were measured for Co2+, Fe2+, Co(II)EDTA2−, and Fe(II)EDTA2− on the two sorbents in 0.001 mol/L Ca(ClO4)2 to aid in experiment interpretation. Anoxic suspensions of the sorbents in PIPES buffer at pH 6.5–7.0 were spiked with Co(II)EDTA2− (10−5 mol/L, 60Co and 14EDTA labeled), inoculated with BrY (1–6 × 108 organisms/mL), and the headspace filled with a N2/H2 gas mix. The experiments were conducted under non-growth conditions. The medium did not contain PO43− (with one exception), trace elements, or vitamins. The tubes were incubated under anoxic conditions at 25°C for time periods in excess of 100 d. Replicate tubes were sacrificed and analyzed at desired time periods for pH, Fe(II)TOT, Fe(aq)2+, 60Co, and 14EDTA. Abiotic analogue experiments were conducted where Fe(aq)2+ was added in increasing concentration to Co(II)EDTA2−/mineral suspensions to simulate the influence of bacterial Fe(II) evolution. The DIRB generated Fe(II) from both goethite and the Milford sediment that was strongly sorbed by mineral surfaces. Aqueous Fe2+ increased during the experiment as surfaces became saturated; Fe(aq)2+ induced the dissociation of Co(II)EDTA2− into a mixture of Co2+, Co(II)EDTA2−, and Fe(II)EDTA2− (log KFe(II)EDTA = 15.98). The extent of dissociation of Co(II)EDTA2− was greater in the subsurface sediment because it sorbed Fe(II) less strongly than did goethite. The post dissociation sorption behavior of Co2+ was dependent on pH and the intrinsic sorptivity of the solid phases. Dissociation generally lead to an increase in the sorption (e.g., Kd) of Co2+ relative to EDTA4− (form unspecified). Sorbed biogenic Fe(II) competed with free Co(aq)2+and reduced its sorption relative to unreduced material. It is concluded that cationic radionuclides such as 60Co or 239/240Pu, which may be mobilized from disposed wastes by complexation with EDTA4−, may become immobilized in groundwater zones where dissimilatory bacterial iron reduction is operative.
AC admittance measurements on stabilized zirconia with porous platinum electrodes

Abstract Polarization behavior of the air, Pt/8 m%Sc2O3-ZrO2 interfacial system has been studied by use of AC admittance techniques in the frequency range 40 Hz to 20 kHz between 600 and 900°C. The electrical response of this system is adequately represented by an equivalent circuit featuring a frequency-dependent interface impedance. Bulk and interface effects have been separated and analyzed individually. An activation enthalpy of 21.5 kcal/mole for bulk ionic conductivity was observed. A pure interface resistance was found that indicates a thermally activated process occuring at temperatures below 700°C with an activation enthalpy in excess of 56 kcal/mole. This is attributed to the show diffusion of adsorbed oxygen on Pt, although other processes may also be rate-determining. At temperatures above 700°C the interface resistance has the same activation enthalpy as the bulk electrolyte resistance. This is explained in terms of the arrival and removal of V∞0 at the electrochemical reaction site.
The Effect of Concentration, Temperature and Wave-Length of Light upon the Verdet Constant of Cerous Chloride Solutions

The Verdet constants of solutions of cerous chloride in water have been measured at concentrations varying from zero to an almost saturated solution. Measurements were made at temperatures from 10 to 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and for the wavelengths 5893, 5461 and 4481A. The results are given in the form of curves showing the Verdet constant as a function of temperature and as a function of concentration. Tabulated values of the concentration, density, index of refraction and Verdet constant of the solutions are also given. Attention is called to the point that the effect attributed by Allison and Condon to a time lag in the Faraday effect may have been due to a temperature change during the course of their observations.
Antiepileptic Drug Treatment: Outcomes and Adherence

The goal in treating patients with epilepsy is a cost-effective approach to the elimination of seizures or a reduction in their number and frequency while avoiding drug interactions and side effects, so as to achieve the best possible quality of life. Among the desirable outcomes are an enhanced understanding of epilepsy by patients, caregivers, and society, and a lessening of the psychosocial risks of this disease. Patients fail to achieve their goals and outcomes when they fail to adhere to the drug regimen or when a less-than-adequate drug regimen is prescribed. To help improve adherence, once- or twice-daily formulations should be used. New antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) increase the possibility of effective treatment for a patient who initially fails therapy. Working together, patients and clinicians can maximize the effectiveness of AED therapy and the potential for achieving desired goals and outcomes.
Group projects: issues and practices in computer graphics technology

Group projects are an important aspect of the unique and evolving discipline of Computer Graphics technology. In the workforce students of computer graphics technology are required to communicate and work effectively with art directors, computer science, business personnel, peers and the public. Simulating the "real life" experience within the group project is an optimal goal for the educator. [Andres 2000] Many issues face the professor when incorporating a group project. The evaluation process can be ambiguous, coordination among students with busy schedules and the distribution of skills within a student group is often mismatched. Below two professors explore some pros and cons implementing group projects in a portfolio building course and an advanced web course.
Marketing culture to service climate: the influence of employee control and flexibility

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explore how firm market orientation, as a culture, affects the service climate that develops in the firm. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical testing is performed at the managerial level and boundary-spanning employee level as part of this multilevel study. The sample includes participants from a US-based firm operating in the hospitality industry. Findings – Results indicate that a market-oriented firm culture interacts with other elements such as boundary-spanning employee flexibility and control to positively impact the service climate that develops. Research limitations/implications – This research provides theoretical implications for the development of a service climate within a market-oriented firm culture and the influence of managers on boundary-spanning employees in the development of the climate. Practical implications – As managers attempt to develop a service climate through a market-oriented firm culture, they will find success by providing bo...
X-ray transmission through low atomic number particles

Abstract Defect printability studies have been carried out using low atomic number particles mounted on thin silicon membranes. Transfer of the particle image to a resist-coated wafer was accomplished using synchrotron radiation from the VUV electron storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory and subsequent resist development. Residual resist images resulting from the particles on the membrane were measured with an SEM. A semi-empirical model has been developed that can approximately predict the size of the printed image on the wafer. Data is presented which shows that over-development of the photoresist, which removes the residual particulate images, can be achieved while maintaining exceptional line-width control in x-ray lithography.
Compensation Law in Thermodynamics and Thermal Death

THE isokinetic relationship or, more generally, the compensation law, a linear relation between enthalpy and entropy, has been debated for many years. Evidence for it occurs in phenomena such as chemical reactions, solubility, evaporation of metals, catalytic processes, thermal denaturation of macromolecules, thermal killing of unicellular organisms, and semiconduction processes. Such a widespread occurrence advises avoidance of ad hoc explanations, and suggests a common denominator on a thermodynamic or statistical mechanical basis.
Reduction in anastomotic strictures using bioabsorbable circular staple line reinforcement in laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Anastomotic stricture remains the most common complication after laparoscopic gastric bypass with a circular-stapled gastrojejunostomy. The present study examined the effect of the use of bioabsorbable circular staple line reinforcement on the incidence of gastrojejunostomy anastomotic strictures as a complication of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 851 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with circular-stapled gastrojejunostomy. Gore SeamGuard bioabsorbable circular staple line reinforcement was used in 596 consecutive patients subsequent to 255 consecutive patients without anastomotic reinforcement. The incidence of anastomotic stricture was compared after mean follow-up periods of 19 and 22 months for the two groups. Results Anastomotic stricture requiring intervention was identified in 28 patients (2.94%). Only four patients (.67%) in the SeamGuard group developed anastomotic stricture compared with 24 patients (9.41%) in the no SeamGuard group. The use of staple line reinforcement is consistent with a 94% risk reduction in stricture formation. Conclusion The results have shown that the use of bioabsorbable circular staple line reinforcement on gastrojejunal anastomoses in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass significantly reduces the incidence of anastomotic stricture. The standard use of the bioabsorbable reinforcement on circular staple line anastomoses could be a part of the solution to the most common complication of laparoscopic gastric bypass.
A modified basal outlining algorithm for identifying topographic highs from gridded elevation data, Part 1: Motivation and methods

A new approach is developed to improve the automated identification and characterization of topographic highs having quasi-elliptical basal shapes. It is designed for the study of volcanic edifices in subaerial and submarine environments, but may be applied to identify any enclosed topography feature within a digital elevation model. The procedure utilizes the results of a standard closed-contouring approach, but then adjusts the elevation of the volcanic base by evaluating the shape of the edifice along a series of topographic profiles. The algorithm overcomes the principal limitations of a stand-alone closed-contouring approach and provides improved estimates of edifice size that are less sensitive to topographic gradients and the choice of contour search interval.
Impact Mitigation for Buried Structures: Demolition of the New Haven Veterans Memorial Coliseum

We present an overview of the analysis and design of mitigation schemes for buried structures subjected to impact loading, with a focus on the hazard evaluation to underground utilities from the demolition by implosion of the Veterans Memorial Coliseum in New Haven, CT, due to implosion. We discuss analytical and numerical investigations validated by field testing conducted prior to the implosion and leading to the design of the mitigation schemes aimed at protecting the utilities buried under the roadway. The mitigation schemes were successful during the January 2007 implosion of the Veterans Memorial Coliseum.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Microchannel protein separation by electric field gradient focusing

A microchannel device is presented which separates and focuses charged proteins based on electric field gradient focusing. Separation is achieved by setting a constant electroosmotic flow velocity against step changes in electrophoretic velocity. Where these two velocities are balanced for a given analyte, the analyte focuses at that point because it is driven to it from all points within the channel. We demonstrate the separation and focusing of a binary mixture of bovine serum albumin and phycoerythrin. The device is constructed of intersecting microchannels in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) inlaid with hollow dialysis fibers. The device uses no exotic chemicals such as antibodies or synthetic ampholytes, but operates instead by purely physical means involving the independent manipulation of electrophoretic and electroosmotic velocities. One important difference between this apparatus and most other devices designed for field-gradient focusing is the injection of current at discrete intersections in the channel rather than continuously along the length of a membrane-bound separation channel.