cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analgesic use in contemporary burn practice: Applications to burn mass casualty incident planning

Abstract Background Determining the amount of analgesics required will help burn centers improve their ability to plan for a burn mass casualty incident (BMCI). We sought to quantify the amount of analgesics needed in an inpatient burn population. We hoped that assessing the analgesic use in daily burn care practice will potentially help estimate opioid needs in a burn mass casualty incident (BMCI). Methods We included patients with burns covering equal to or less than 30% total body surface area (TBSA), admitted from spring 2013 to spring 2015. Patient records were reviewed for analgesics and adjuncts, pain scores, age and TBSA. The doses of the different opioids administered were converted into morphine equivalent doses (MED). Results We enrolled 141 acute burn survivors with a mean TBSA of 8.2 ± 0.6%. The lowest daily average MED per person was 24.6 ± 2.0 mg MED, recorded on the day of injury. The daily average MED per person increased until it peaked at 52.5 ± 5.6 mg MED at day 8 post-burn. Then, it declined to 24.6 ± 3.4 mg MED by day 14. Bivariate regression analysis of average MED by TBSA showed a significant positive correlation (p Conclusion Our study quantified opioid requirements in an inpatient burn population and identified TBSA (positively) and age (negatively) as significant predictors.
Contribution to knowledge of the Balkan Lepidoptera II (Lepidoptera: Macrolepidoptera)

Perizoma obsoletata (Herrich-Schaffer, 1838) is shown to be a part of the Balkan fauna. Pabulatrix pabulatricula (Brahm, 1791) is new for the Western Balkans. One genus and 12 species are new and 20 species are reported for the second time for Albania. For Montenegro, one genus and eight species are new and two species are recorded for the first time. One genus and four species are new for the Republic of North Macedonia and another five species are reported for the second time from that country. One genus and three species are new for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Four species are reported for the second time and two for the third time for Serbia. Localities for Charissa pfeifferi (Wehrli, 1926) in Bulgaria are recorded for the first time. Data for some other interesting species from these countries and Greece are also presented. Most specimens were collected at light in 2019. Illustrations of specimens and their genitalia are given when necessary. Everted vesicas of some Geometridae species are illustrated for the first time.
Lipopolysaccharide administration alters extracellular vesicles in human lung-cancer cells and mice

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a fundamental role in cell and infection biology and have the potential to act as biomarkers for novel diagnostic tools. In this study, we explored the in vitro impact of bacterial lipopolysaccharide administration on a cell line that represents a target for bacterial infection in the host. Administration of lipopolysaccharide at varying concentrations to this A549 cell line caused only modest changes in cell death, but EV numbers were significantly changed. After treatment with the highest concentration of lipopolysaccharide, EVs derived from A549 cells packaged significantly less interleukin-6 and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1. We also examined the impact of lipopolysaccharide administration on exosome biogenesis and cargo composition in BALB/c mice. Serum-isolated EVs from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice showed significantly increased lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 and toll-like receptor 4 levels compared with EVs from control mice. In summary, this study demonstrated that EV numbers and cargo were altered using these in vitro and in vivo models of bacterial infection.
Prevention and Treatment of Bleeding with Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Anticoagulant-related bleeding carries considerable morbidity and mortality. Major or life-threatening bleeding is among the most severe of these complications. As the number of patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) continues to increase, so does the number of DOAC-related bleeding events. The incidence of CRNM bleeding related to DOAC therapy ranges from 15 to 18% per 100-year patients, while the incidence of major bleeding ranges from 2.71 to 3.6%. Many of these bleeding events can be prevented with tailored dosing regimens or proper peri-procedural management. When unable to be prevented, DOAC-related bleeding can lead to significant long-term disability or death. Management with newer reversal agents such as andexanet alfa and idarucizumab, as well as prothrombin complex concentrates, may improve outcomes for patients with DOAC-related bleeding. The purpose of this review is to explore strategies for preventing and treating bleeding in patients receiving DOACs for anticoagulant therapy.
Diffraction efficiency of a small-period astronomical x-ray reflection grating fabricated using thermally activated selective topography equilibration

We have fabricated a blazed x-ray reflection grating with a period of 160 nm using thermally activated selective topography equilibration (TASTE) and electron-beam (ebeam) physical vapor evaporation. TASTE makes use of grayscale ebeam lithography to create three-dimensional (3-D) structures in resist, which can then be thermally reflown into a desired profile. A blazed grating profile can be fabricated by selectively reflowing a periodic staircase structure into a wedge. This was done for the first time at a grating period of 160 nm, 2.5 times smaller than previous x-ray gratings fabricated using TASTE. The grating was patterned over a 10 mm by 60 mm area in a 147-nm-thick layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) resist and coated with 5 nm of chromium and 15 nm of gold using ebeam evaporation. The diffraction efficiency of the grating was measured using beamline 6.3.2 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Light Source. The results show a total absolute diffraction efficiency ≳40 % at lower energies, with maximum single-order diffraction efficiency ranging from 20% to 40%. The total diffraction efficiency was ≳30 % across the measured bandpass of 180 to 1300 eV.
Improved methods to characterize the length and quantity of highly unstable PolySialic acids subject category: (Carbohydrates, chromatographic techniques).

Abstract Polysialic acid (polySia) is a linear homopolymer of α2-8-linked sialic acids that is highly expressed during early stages of mammalian brain development and modulates a multitude of cellular functions. While degree of polymerization (DP) can affect such functions, currently available methods do not accurately characterize this parameter, because of the instability of the polymer. We developed two improved methods to characterize the DP and total polySia content in biological samples. PolySia chains with exposed reducing termini can be derivatized with DMB for subsequent HPLC analysis. However, application to biological samples of polySia-glycoproteins requires release of polySia chains from the underlying glycan, which is difficult to achieve without concurrent partial hydrolysis of the α2-8-linkages of the polySia chain, affecting its accurate characterization. We report an approach to protect internal α2-8sia linkages of long polySia chains, using previously known esterification conditions that generate stable polylactone structures. Such polylactonized molecules are more stable during acid hydrolysis release and acidic DMB derivatization. Additionally, we used the highly specific Endoneuraminidase-NF enzyme to discriminate polysialic acid and other sialic acid and developed an approach to precisely measure the total content of polySia in a biological sample. These two methods provide improved quantification and characterization of polySia.
Governance in Critical Stand Point to Implement Post-Disaster Initiatives in Nepal

The key question of this study is how governance leverages the post-disaster recovery process and scrutinizes the prospects of aid effectiveness in communities that were economically, physically, and psychologically devastated by the 2015 Nepal catastrophic earthquake. Considering the situation, 10 focus group discussions, and 50 in-depth interviews was administered to earthquake victim households in Rasuwa district. The finding suggests that a total of 619 people were killed and 694 injured, more than 446 service facilities, including hospital, schools, health posts, drinking water supply schemes, and administrative structures of the services were destroyed. The severe effect of the earthquake affected 82 percent of the population, with more than 10 million USD economic loss on the one hand. On the other, to the humanitarian actors engaged in the recovery and reconstruction process through aid mobilization. Governance was in the critical position to implement the post-disaster initiatives such as aid mobilization, capacity development of actors and integrity of governance due to the lack of clarity of reconstruction, unclear role of local governments and lack of interagency coordination.
Light/Dark Modulation of Enzyme Activity in Plants1

Publisher Summary It is now widely accepted that light/dark modulation of enzyme activity in green plants is an important regulatory process that directs metabolism toward synthesis of sugars and storage products in the light and toward the breakdown of these compounds in the dark. This chapter discusses the extent and distribution of what is thought to be light-dependent posttranslational modification of chloroplastic and cytosolic enzymes. Various mechanisms have been proposed for this kind of light modulation, and functions have been suggested for this process. Since it has not yet been demonstrated that the light-activated and light-inactivated enzymes are actually covalently modified, the chapter refers to this process by the more general (and more ambiguous) term light modulation. Light modulation is used to refer to those effects which clearly do not involve covalent modification, that is, pH effects, Mg2+ effects, metabolite effects. Light does, of course, also control enzyme activity through the alteration of stromal pH, and ion and metabolite levels.
The Relationship Between Crime Reporting and Police: Implications for the Use of Uniform Crime Reports

Empirical studies that use reported crime data to evaluate policies for reducing crime will understate the true effectiveness of these policies if crime reporting/recording behavior is also affected by the policies. For instance, when the size of the police force increases, changes in the perceived likelihood that a crime will be solved may lead a higher fraction of victimizations to be reported to the police. In this paper, three data sets are employed to measure the magnitude of this reporting bias. While each of these analyses is subject to individual criticisms, all of the approaches yield similar estimates. Reporting bias appears to be present but relatively small in magnitude: each additional officer is associated with an increase of roughly five Index crimes that previously would have gone unreported. Taking reporting bias into account makes the hiring of additional police substantially more attractive from a cost–benefit perspective but cannot explain the frequent inability of past studies to uncover a systematic negative relationship between the size of the police force and crime rates.
Making Law School More Useful

This paper offers suggestions for how law schools might better serve students in the increasingly competitive environment in which most schools operate. It treats the central problem as how to share among schools, firms, and clients the cost of training new lawyers. The paper proposes that schools may increase their competitiveness by bearing a greater fraction of the cost of turning college graduates into lawyers than they have in the recent past. In more concrete terms, it proposes propose that to become more useful schools should focus on two objectives: Increasing the fraction of conceptual and analytic training that translates well to practice environments, including by tempering the possibly counterproductive elements of traditional analytical training, and by increasing the degree to which incentives within schools reward work that increases a school’s value as a hub in a network of professional relationships.
Genetically Encoded Spy Peptide Fusion System to Detect Plasma Membrane-Localized Proteins in vivo

Membrane proteins are the main gatekeepers of cellular state, especially in neurons, serving either to maintain homeostasis or instruct response to synaptic input or other external signals. Visualization of membrane protein localization and trafficking in live cells facilitates understanding the molecular basis of cellular dynamics. We describe here a method for specifically labeling the plasma membrane-localized fraction of heterologous membrane protein expression using channelrhodopsins as a case study. We show that the genetically encoded, covalent binding SpyTag and SpyCatcher pair from the Streptococcus pyogenes fibronectin-binding protein FbaB can selectively label membrane-localized proteins in living cells in culture and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. The SpyTag/SpyCatcher covalent labeling method is highly specific, modular, and stable in living cells. We have used the binding pair to develop a channelrhodopsin membrane localization assay that is amenable to high-throughput screening for opsin discovery and engineering.
Perceiving the Past: Renaissance Humanism after the “Cognitive Turn”

IN HIS AHA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TWO DECADES AGO, William J. Bouwsma sought to redefine the "Renaissance" in a way that freed it from its mooring to traditional teleological narratives of the "rise of the West" that had fallen into disrepute. While resisting the temptation to portray the "Renaissance" as the font of modernity, he did identify in Renaissance thought anticipations of late twentieth-century tenets about the constructedness of language and culture. In so doing, Bouwsma reaffirmed the abiding historical significance of Renaissance humanism, the subject on which his own scholarship had long focused.1 We may find it startling, then, that the word "humanism" does not appear in the body of the essay, an omission that can scarcely have been accidental.2 Perhaps, in 1978, Bouwsma finessed mention of the term because of a desire to reach beyond traditional categories? Yet since "humanism" continues to appear in the titles of academic articles and monographs, one may inquire into its durability. How has a concept long considered part and parcel of the "history of ideas" fared in the past twenty years, as the triumphant social history of the 1970s has given way to forms of "cultural" history? As we enter a new millennium, what approaches to the study of Renaissance humanism promise the firmest methodological purchase and the most heuristic value? On what grounds, finally, might such a seemingly unfashionable subject still merit the attention of the broader community of historians? This essay will argue that Renaissance humanism provides an especially rich site for exploring the power of the past to shape and even to transform its students. It urges intellectual historians, in particular, to deepen the exploration of questions raised by the "linguistic turn" by drawing on recent scholarship in the field of cognitive psychology, particularly as it has been elaborated by Jerome Bruner.3
Growth and recombination of phage λ in the presence of exonuclease V from Bacillus subtilis

When expressed in Escherichia coli, the AddAB exonuclease/recombinase from Bacillus subtilis blocks the growth of phage λ. Mutants of λ that are deleted for ea47, a gene of unknown function which is expressed early in the lytic cycle, are not blocked for growth. The blocked-growth phenotype of λ ea47+ in the presence of AddAB is expressed only when phage DNA replication is permitted.
The consequences of larval aggregation in the butterfly Chlosyne lacinia.

1. Females of Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Melitaenae), the bordered patch butterfly, clump eggs in a few large clusters on their host plant, Helianthus annuus. Resulting larvae form sibling aggregations to at least the third instar. 2. The effect of group size on survival and development of C. lacinia larvae was tested experimentally in the field. Larvae developed faster and survived better in larger groups. 3. The effects of various predator guilds (ground-dwelling arthropods, aerial arthropods and avian predators) on survival of larvae was then tested while controlling group size. Ground-dwelling arthropods, mainly fire ants Solenopsis xyloni, reduced larval survival greatly but other solitary invertebrate and avian predators did not alter survival. Group defences and aposematism of C. lacinia larvae are probably ineffective against predatory ants that attack en masse and recruit other colony members. 4. In laboratory experiments, two possible mechanisms underlying faster development of larvae in larger groups were tested: (i) overcoming the physical toughness of host plant leaves, and (ii) social stimulus to feed. Results support the physical toughness hypothesis but not the social stimulus hypothesis. 5. Feeding in large groups by C. lacinia larvae confers multiple advantages, including protection from solitary predators and increased feeding efficiency because grouped, early-instar larvae can initiate feeding wounds on tough sunflower leaves. These advantages of larval gregariousness, coupled with reduced desiccation at the egg stage, apparently outweigh disadvantages of aggregation, such as interference and exploitative competition among larvae.
Motivations of post-baccalaureate students seeking teacher certification: A context for appropriate advising strategies

Changing careers is more commonplace today than in the past when adults remained in the same job throughout their working lives. Individuals may move through different careers dispelling the myth that there is only one right career (Lemme, 1995). Change is becoming a natural part of the adult career pattern and commonplace for both men and women (Evans & Laumann, 1983; Jacobs, 1983; Keating, N., & Jeffrey, B., 1983; Treiman, 1985). An overview of research reveals several of the following themes related to changing careers: (a) individuals often reevaluate life during a transition period at about the age of 30 (Levinson, 1978; Ornstein, & Isabella, 1990; Phillips, 1982) (b) this transition period often prompts changes in lifestyle or career (Dean, Eriksen, & Lindamood, 1987; Schlossberg, 1984); (c) adults in transition explore the job market, take stock of skills, and identify a career matched to the exploration (Riverin-Simard, 1988); and (d) adults begin to place great value on the relationship between their personal identity and career identity (Perosa & Perosa, 1987). For individuals choosing to make a career change specifically to teaching, the transition can be precipitated by various motivators including but not limited to evaluation of personal lifestyle, desire to
Les of compressible turbulent annular pipe flow with a rotating wall

Flow in an annular pipe with and without a wall rotating about its axis was investigated at moderate Reynolds numbers. The compressible filtered Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a second order accurate finite volume method. Low Mach number preconditioning was used to enable the compressible code to work efficiently at low Mach numbers. A dynamic subgrid-scale stress model accounted for the subgrid-scale turbulence. When the outer wall rotated, a significant reduction of turbulent kinetic energy was realized near the rotating wall and the intensity of bursting effects appeared to decrease. This modification of the turbulent structures was related to the vortical structure changes near the rotating wall. It has been observed that the wall vortices were pushed in the direction of rotation and their intensity increased near the non-rotating wall. The consequent effect was to enhance the turbulent kinetic energy and increased the intensity of the heat transfer rate there.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Determinants of Gas-Phase Disassembly Behavior in Homodimeric Protein Complexes with Related Yet Divergent Structures

The overall structure of a protein–protein complex reflects an intricate arrangement of noncovalent interactions. Whereas intramolecular interactions confer secondary and tertiary structure to individual subunits, intermolecular interactions lead to quaternary structure—the ordered aggregation of separate polypeptide chains into multisubunit assemblies. The specific ensemble of noncovalent contacts dictates the stability of subunit folds, enforces protein–protein binding specificity, and determines multimer stability. Consequently, noncovalent architecture is likely to play a role in the gas-phase dissociation of these assemblies during tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). To further advance the applicability of MS/MS to analytical problems in structural biology, a better understanding of the interplay between the structures and fragmentation behaviors of noncovalent protein complexes is essential. The present work constitutes a systematic study of model protein homodimers (bacteriophage N15 Cro, bacteriopha...
Provider reminders. Changing information format to increase infant immunizations.

Various efforts to reach parents with information concerning the necessity for early immunizations have been only moderately successful. Efforts to influence parental behavior regarding immunizations have included outreach visits,1'2 mass media,3 mailed reminders,4 and parent education.4 Alternative approaches to increasing immunization rates have been suggested. These approaches rely on changing provider behavior rather than parental behavior and include: 1) use of a mild illness visit for immunization, especially during the first year of life5-10; and 2) revision of current immunization schedules to require fewer visits.11-13 Changes in methods of providing patient information may also result in changes in provider behavior.14 Studies that have focused on technological improvements in the presentation of medical information emphasize immediacy of access to information,15 information format,16-19 and depth of information given.15'20
Research Note: Effect of Supplemental Dietary Phosphorus on the Reproductive Capacity and Bone Integrity of Broiler Breeder Males Fed a Corn-Soybean Diet

Abstract A 16-wk study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary phosphorus on the reproductive capacity and bone integrity of broiler breeder males (BBM). Forty-five Arbor Acres BBM 32 wk of age were randomly divided into 3 treatments receiving either 0, .05 or .13% supplemental P. Each treatment had three replicates with five birds/replicate. Males were housed in individual cages. Birds were provided with 110 g feed/bird per day of a corn-soybean meal diet containing approximately 12.4% CP and providing 3,260 kcal ME/kg. Birds were ejaculated weekly and their reproductive capacity evaluated by determining semen volume, sperm per ejaculate, intact sperm cells, and fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs. Bone integrity was evaluated by tibia bone ash at the end of the experiment. No significant treatment differences (P>.05) were observed among any criteria of semen quality, hatch of fertile eggs, bone integrity and body weight change. The results from this study indicate that BBM kept in cages, from 32 to 48 wk of age, can be maintained on a corn-soybean meal diet containing no supplemental P and with a daily intake of 300 mg total P/bird, without affecting their reproductive capacity and bone integrity.
Analysis of enzymatic activities of subcellular and chromatographic fractions by an automated colorimetric microassay system

Abstract A simple, automated colorimetric microassay system has been designed to quantitate enzyme activities commonly used as markers for subcellular compartments. This system relies on the spectrophotometric reading of microtiter wells containing the chromophore products. The microassay allows rapid, economical, and quantitative analysis of enzyme activities associated with sucrose or Percoll gradient fractions used for subcellular fractionation studies as well as the screening of a large number of fractions derived from HPLC and other separation columns used for enzyme purification. We describe its use for the quantitation of activities associated with acid and alkaline phosphatases, alkaline phosphodiesterase, β-glucuronidase, α-N-acetylglucosaminidase, α-mannosidase, α- l -fucosidase, glycosidases, serine esterases, and succinate dehydrogenase, and give the range of their sensitivities. This microassay system has been applied to the isolation of granules of cytolytic lymphocytes and to the identification and purification of a serine esterase from the isolated granules of these cells.
Nano-Structured Beta-Gallia-Rutile Surfaces as Substrates for DNA Self-Assembly

A nano-structured beta-gallia-rutile (BGR) substrate capable of binding DNA was synthesized. Beta-gallia groups diffuse into [001] single crystal rutile along {210} r planes, generating hexagonally shaped tunnel sites between the beta-gallia subunits (repeating ∼1 nm). The tunnel sites, approximately 2.5 A in diameter, are preferred regions for cation incorporation. Divalent cations have been used previously to adsorb DNA to mica surfaces. For the BGR system, the site selectivity of the cations for tunnel sites could lead to controllable / tailor-able DNA adsorption. DNA buffers containing Cu (II), Fe (II), and Ni (II) cations were deposited on BGR substrates. The DNA adsorption was investigated with tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the suitability of using BGR substrates as a means to self assemble DNA constructs for nano-electronic applications. At the concentrations tested, only solutions containing Ni (II) ions were capable of binding DNA sufficiently for AFM imaging; there was no evidence of site specific attachment.
Distribution and Volatilization of Organic Compounds Following Uptake by Hybrid Poplar Trees

ABSTRACT Hybrid poplar trees were exposed to eleven organic compounds in hydroponic systems. The eleven contaminants were common pollutants with a wide range of physio-chemical properties such as the octanol-water partition coefficient, Henry's constant, vapor pressure, and molecular weight. Contaminants, 14C-labeled, were introduced into the root zone, and contaminant transport and fate were examined. Aqueous concentrations were monitored throughout each experiment as was vapor phase concentrations in the air stream passing over the leaves. At experiment conclusion, plant tissues were oxidized to determine 14C concentrations. The uptake, distribution, and volatilization of these contaminants varied greatly among the 11 contaminants in the study. Uptake and translocation of the contaminants ranged from < 0.3% (of the applied 14C-labeled compound) for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 20% for benzene. Volatile compounds were volatilized from the leaves. Volatilization in the transpiration stream was related to the...
Effects of nutritional status and the pituitary on the acute plasma free fatty acid and glucose responses of rats to growth hormone administration

Abstract Normal and hypophysectomized rats, either in the fed or fasted state, were treated with bovine growth hormone (BGH) to determine whether the acute decline in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose in response to growth hormone (GH) administration could be modified by nutritional status and the presence of the pituitary. Both 1- and 3-mg. doses of BGH caused a plasma FFA diminution at 30 and 22 minutes, respectively, in hypophysectomized rats fasted for 24 hours. The hypolipemia observed with either dose of BGH was associated with an early fall in plasma glucose. The plasma glucose, however, did not subsequently return to normal levels during the 1-hour experimental period, as was the case with plasma FFA. At the higher dose of BGH plasma, FFA were markedly elevated above control levels at 1 hour, a condition indicative of the well-documented, secondary, hyper-lipemic response to GH treatment. The acute hypolipemic and hypoglycemic responses to BGH were not altered when hypophysectomized rats were used following a 42-hour fast. Hypophysectomized rats, which were not fasted, however, only exhibited the hypoglycemic response to BGH treatment; no alterations in plasma FFA levels were observed in these animals. Normal rats, either fed or fasted, showed neither the decline in plasma FFA nor of glucose following treatment with BGH. The time course of the acute hypolipemic and hypoglycemic effects of BGH in rats, when determined under the appropriate conditions of hypophysectomy and fasting, were further demonstrated to be functions of the preparation of BGH used.
Brown-Séquard syndrome associated with posttraumatic cervical epidural hematoma: case report and review of the literature.

Post-traumatic cervical epidural hematoma is an uncommon entity. A case is presented in which such a lesion developed after chiropractic manipulation of the neck. The patient presented with a Brown-Sequard syndrome, which has only rarely been reported in association with cervical epidural hematoma. The correct diagnosis was obtained by computed tomographic scanning. Surgical evacuation of the hematoma was followed by full recovery.
Further experiments on the influence of afferent stimulation on cortical strychnine discharges.

Abstract Experiments were performed on anesthetized cats provided with cortical convulsive discharges through topical application of 3 per cent strychnine pledgets. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus and the ascending reticular formation leads to suppression of strychnine spikes with weak stimuli and to an aggravation of the convulsive discharges with strong stimuli. It is suggested that the suppression is accompanied by asynchrony and the aggravation of the convulsive discharges by asynchrony plus recruitment of previously inactive neurons. The effects are reversible. It was further shown that the effect of hypothalamine or reticular stimulation is determined by the degree of convulsive activity which is present before the stimulation. A cortical site at which the convulsive activity is weak tends to show a suppression in response to a stimulus which intensifies convulsive discharges in an area showing a strong convulsive activity in the control period. Moreover, an area undergoing changes in the degree of convulsive activity with time reacts to a given stimulation in correspondence with this rule. An attempt was made to explain certain deviating findings reported in the literature and to evaluate this work for the clinic of epilepsy.
Exposure of embryos to an aromatization inhibitor increases copulatory behaviour of male quail.

Abstract This experiment examined the possibility that endogenous embryonic androgen contributes to sexual differentiation of behaviour in male or female quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ), and that it does so via aromatization (conversion to oestrogen). Eggs were injected on day 9 of incubation with oil or ATD (an aromatization inhibitor). As adults, males and females were exposed to short days, injected with testosterone propionate, tested for male-typical behaviour, then injected with oestradiol benzoate and tested for female-typical receptivity. ATD increased the level of male-typical copulatory behaviour in males. Male-typical behaviour in females was not affected, nor was female-typical behaviour in either sex. Thus normal male quail are actually slightly demasculinized by their own androgen during embryonic development, and this process is mediated by aromatization.
Maximum-likelihood density modification for x-ray crystallography

A likelihood-based approach to density modification for macromolecular crystallography is presented. The approach can be applied in many cases where some information is available about the electron density at various points in the unit cell. The most important aspect of the method consists of likelihood functions that represent the probability that a particular value of electron density is consistent with prior expectations for the electron density at that point in the unit cell. Such likelihood functions are combined with likelihood functions based on experiment and with any prior knowledge about structure factors to form a combined likelihood function for each structure factor. An approach for maximizing the combined likelihood function that is simple and rapid is developed.
Element constitution of selected aquatic vascular plants from Pennsylvania: Submersed and floating leaved species and rooted emergent species☆

Abstract Thirty species of submersed and floating leaved Aquatic Vascular Plants (AVPs) and fifteen species of rooted emergent AVPs were collected from fourty-four and forty-two locations, respectively, in the Delaware, Susquehanna and Allegheny river watersheds in Pennsylvania (USA) and analysed by emission spectrometry for element constitution of eleven potentially-polluting ions including: phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), boron (B), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn) and sodium (Na). Nine species of submersed and floating leaved AVPs were collected from four or more locations including: Elodea canadensis , thirteen locations; Potamogeton crispus , ten locations; Vallisneria americana , seven locations; Myriophyllum exalbescens , five locations; Nuphar variegatum , five locations; Potamogeton illinoensis , five locations; Ceratophyllum demersum , four locations; Eleocharis acicularis , four locations and Elodea Nuttallii , four locations. Seven species of rooted emergent AVPs were collected from three or more locations including; Typha latifolia , four locations; Sparganium americanum or S. chlorocarpum , twenty-one locations; Sagittaria latifolia , seven locations; Dulichium arundinaceum , three locations; Eleocharis palustris , four locations; Pontederia cordata , four locations and Justicia americana , eleven locations. These species were characterised according to intraspecific variation in element constitution, significant statistical variation for each ion within each species between locations and species potential for monitoring nutrient pollution.
Airflow and Moisture Budget Beneath a Northeast Colorado Hailstorm

Abstract A case study is presented of a persistent thunderstorm of moderate intensity which occurred in northeast Colorado, and which produced a light hailfall at the ground. The storm was intensively monitored by aircraft, radar, dropsondes, and surface and upper air networks involved in the National Hail Research Experiment. The present study emphasizes the measurements obtained by instrumented aircraft in examining the properties of the subcloud airflow. Large-scale analysis shows that the storm formed on a surface confluence line and subsequently moved toward the region of surface moisture. A brief radar analysis of the storm during the mature stage of its ∼5-hr lifetime is presented, and identifies the general features as belonging to the category termed “supercell” by previous workers. A precipitation analysis is carried out, and rain and hailfall are correlated with the track of the storm. Liberal use of a time-space conversion technique results in detailed mesoscale pressure, temperature, moisture...
Assessing the CAM5 physics suite in the WRF-Chem model: implementation, resolution sensitivity, and a first evaluation for a regional case study

Abstract. A suite of physical parameterizations (deep and shallow convection, turbulent boundary layer, aerosols, cloud microphysics, and cloud fraction) from the global climate model Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1 (CAM5) has been implemented in the regional model Weather Research and Forecasting with chemistry (WRF-Chem). A downscaling modeling framework with consistent physics has also been established in which both global and regional simulations use the same emissions and surface fluxes. The WRF-Chem model with the CAM5 physics suite is run at multiple horizontal resolutions over a domain encompassing the northern Pacific Ocean, northeast Asia, and northwest North America for April 2008 when the ARCTAS, ARCPAC, and ISDAC field campaigns took place. These simulations are evaluated against field campaign measurements, satellite retrievals, and ground-based observations, and are compared with simulations that use a set of common WRF-Chem parameterizations. This manuscript describes the implementation of the CAM5 physics suite in WRF-Chem, provides an overview of the modeling framework and an initial evaluation of the simulated meteorology, clouds, and aerosols, and quantifies the resolution dependence of the cloud and aerosol parameterizations. We demonstrate that some of the CAM5 biases, such as high estimates of cloud susceptibility to aerosols and the underestimation of aerosol concentrations in the Arctic, can be reduced simply by increasing horizontal resolution. We also show that the CAM5 physics suite performs similarly to a set of parameterizations commonly used in WRF-Chem, but produces higher ice and liquid water condensate amounts and near-surface black carbon concentration. Further evaluations that use other mesoscale model parameterizations and perform other case studies are needed to infer whether one parameterization consistently produces results more consistent with observations.
The lower implant denture: a review of the literature

The subperiosteal metal implant, as with all new approaches of any importance, has its rabid followers, its more cautious enthusiasts, and finally a good number of severe critics who back up their argu­ ments with rather convincing histopatho­ logic studies on animals. The idea is not a revolutionary or a new one, as has been stated. There have been periods when interest in metal im­ plantation flared up and then just as suddenly died down. The inference is that becausc of an initial surgical success the interest mounted, and then lagged when implants failed (because of the inetals used or the technics followed). This rising and falling of interest can be noted best in the nineteenth century when many physicians, including the eminent surgeon, Joseph Lister,1 advocated the use of implanted metal in surgery. He embedded a silver wire to fix a fractured patella. A brief perusal of the illustration might give a better over-all picture of the in terest and activity in metal implantation since 1876. Up to the first decade shown in the illustration, the literature was crammed with articles on implantation, replantation and transplantation. The articles referred not only to human teeth, but also to animal teeth and bits of bone and cartilage of every size and descrip­ tion. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, references are beginning to be made to metal implantation. Metallic implantations were made with capsules which were merely placed into sockets left by the extraction of teeth or into holes drilled into the mandible. If heal­ ing took place around these foreign bodies, individual artificial teeth were fitted or screwed into them. There must have been a modicum of success because in the second and third decades there was a flurry of activity. The metals used at that time were gold, silver and lead. By the fourth decade there were two influences beginning to be felt. First, it became obvious that metallic implanta­ tion began to fall off. There was a hint at this time, though, pointing to the causes of failure. Casto2 in 1914 implanted three iridioplatinum roots. The important inference is that scientists at this time were thinking that perhaps the more inert metals held the secret to tolerance of metal by bone. This eventually proved to be so. From 1920 to 1940 the implantation of metals suffered a severe setback, however. The professions began to blame almost every­ thing on the dental focus of infection, and the interest in metal implantation in dentistry dropped down to nearly zero.
A New Genus of Leeuwenhoekiinae (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Cricetid Rodents in Paraguay

Paraguacarus callosus , n. gen. & n. sp., is described from specimens collected from a Vesper Mouse, Calomys callosus , taken in Paraguay.
Solid phase peptide synthesis on JandaJelTM resin

Abstract A comparative synthesis of the classic difficult sequence ACP(65–74) on 2% crosslinked J anda J el and 1% crosslinked polystyrene–divinylbenzene, (PS–DVB, Merrifield resin) by Boc/benzyl chemistry is presented. The J anda J el batch used was of nearly double the loading of PS–DVB, yet 12.2% less of the des -Val 65 contaminant was observed in the J anda J el synthesis. These results suggest that the increased swelling of the J anda J el resin relative to traditional Merrifield resin afforded a higher yield of the pure peptide by permitting greater solvent-mediated disruption of secondary structure in the resin-bound peptide.
Developmental and individual differences in preschoolers' recognition memories: The influences of gender schematization and verbal labeling of information

Eighty-three 37-92-month-old children's gender schematization and recognition memories for gender-typed content were assessed. Verbal labeling of stimuli and age were positively associated with children's memories. Highly gender schematic children displayed better memories for gender-role consistent information and committed more gender transformation errors than less gender schematic children. Interactions between children's gender schematization, age, and labeling condition were observed. Labeling of stimuli facilitated less schematic children's memories for gender-role consistent information. Gender schematization was positively associated with younger children's memories, suggesting younger children's memories are more strongly mediated by gender schematization than older children's. Results support the position that studies of gender schema development require an integrated approach recognizing individual and developmental differences in gender schematic processing.
Copper doped alkali halides for computed radiography and digital imaging

We report here the results of our x-ray fluorescence, photostimulated luminescence, and time resolved laser spectroscopy studies in KCI:Cu. This material seems to possess some desirable properties for being used as an imaging plate in computed radiography.
Search for new radiation potentiators.

Abstract The methodologies and objectives involved in the search for new radiation potentiators, as in the search for new drugs and combinations of drugs, are aimed at obtaining enhanced therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of the tumorous host. A distinction may be made betwen radiation potentiation (with radiosensitization as a special case) and therapeutic radiation potentiation. With radiation potentiation a single parameter of response is generally employed, such as tumor cell destruction, and account is not taken of the host-tumor relationship, so that there is no measure of any enhancement of selective antitumor action. Therapeutic radiation potentiation is a form of therapeutic synergism in which treatment with a combination of radiation plus antitumor agent provides an enhanced therapeutic response which cannot be duplicated with radiation alone or drug alone. The search for new radiation potentiators may be conducted in two phases. In the initial phase, radiation potentiators may be identified employing simplified screening methodology in vitro or in vivo, which may permit the examination of a large number of candidate materials. In the second phase of the study, investigation can tie conducted to determine whether the radiation potentiator is capable of eliciting an enhanced therapeutic response (therapeutic radiation potentiation) when employed in combination with radiation. Examples of therapeutic radiation potentiation are presented utilizing standardized experimental tumor systems.
Theory knitting: An integrative approach to theory development

Abstract A close scrutiny of the psychological literature reveals that many psychologists favor a ‘segregative’ approach to theory development. One theory is pitted against another, and the one that accounts for the data most successfully is deemed the theory of choice. However, an examination of the theoretical debates in which the segregative approach has been pursued reveals a variety of weaknesses to the approach, namely, masking an underlying theoretical indistinguishability of theoretical predictions, causing psychologists to focus unknowingly on different aspects of the same phenomemon, and locking the theorist into a particular way of looking at a phenomemon. Although recent work in the philosophy of science has sought to develop a more satisfactory approach to theory development, this work also suffers from a variety of shortcomings. Work on intentionality and constructionism by philosophers of mind suggests an alternative to the segregative approach to theory development. We call this alternativ...
A critique of slip and stick hydrodynamics for ellipsoidal bodies

Translational friction coefficients of hard prolate ellipsoids (having aspect ratios of 1–10) have been calculated by solving the linearized Navier-Stokes equations of hydrodynamics, using the method of Faxen's theorem. When the stick boundary condition was used, the present results reproduce the famous work of Lamb. The new information derived from this study arises from the analysis of the friction under the influence of the slip hydrodynamic boundary condition. It was found that the slip friction perpendicular to the long axis of the prolate ellipsoid increases monotonically with aspect ratio, whereas the parallel component of the friction decreases monotonically to an apparent limiting value. The ratio f ⊥/f ‖ of friction coefficients perpendicular and parallel to the long axis of the particle, calculated using slip hydrodynamics, scales roughly as the aspect ratio of the ellipsoid, in accord with the findings from an Enskog (uncorrelated binary collision) kinetic theory of hard ellipsoids and from th...