cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of the Long-Term Effects of Transgender Hormone Therapy on Bone Markers and Bone Mineral Density and Their Potential Effects in Implant Therapy.

This study seeks to evaluate the long-term effects of pharmacologic therapy on the bone markers and bone mineral density of transgender patients and to provide a basis for understanding its potential implications on therapies involving implant procedures. Following the referred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and well-defined PICOT (Problem/Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) questionnaires, a literature search was completed for articles in English language, with more than a 3 year follow-up reporting the long-term effects of the cross-sex pharmacotherapy on the bones of adult transgender patients. Transgender demographics, time under treatment, and treatment received were recorded. In addition, bone marker levels (calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover markers (Serum Procollagen type I N-Terminal pro-peptide (PINP), and Serum Collagen type I crosslinked C-telopeptide (CTX)) before and after the treatment were also recorded. The considerable variability between studies did not allow a meta-analysis. All the studies were completed in European countries. Transwomen (921 men to female) were more frequent than transmen (719 female to male). Transwomen’s treatments were based in antiandrogens, estrogens, new drugs, and sex reassignment surgery, meanwhile transmen’s surgeries were based in the administration of several forms of testosterone and sex reassignment. Calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin levels remained stable. PINP increased in transwomen and transmen meanwhile, CTX showed contradictory values in transwomen and transmen. Finally, reduced BMD was observed in transwomen patients receiving long-term cross-sex pharmacotherapy. Considering the limitations of this systematic review, it was concluded that long-term cross-sex pharmacotherapy for transwomen and transmen transgender patients does not alter the calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin levels, and will slightly increase the bone formation in both transwomen and transmen patients. Furthermore, long-term pharmacotherapy reduces the BMD in transwomen patients.
Therapeutic Modulation of the Complement Cascade in Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and an increasing number of ischemic stroke patients are undergoing pharmacological and mechanical reperfusion. Both human and experimental models of reperfused ischemic stroke have implicated the complement cascade in secondary tissue injury. Most data point to the lectin and alternative pathways as key to activation, and C3a and C5a binding of their receptors as critical effectors of injury. During periods of thrombolysis use to treat stroke, acute experimental complement cascade blockade has been found to rescue tissue and improves functional outcome. Blockade of the complement cascade during the period of tissue reorganization, repair, and recovery is by contrast not helpful and in fact is likely to be deleterious with emerging data suggesting downstream upregulation of the cascade might even facilitate recovery. Successful clinical translation will require the right clinical setting and pharmacologic strategies that are capable of targeting the key effectors early while not inhibiting delayed repair. Early reports in a variety of disease states suggest that such pharmacologic strategies appear to have a favorable risk profile and offer substantial hope for patients.
The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs.

Objective To compare the dimensions and density of the tongue in brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dog breeds and to document the relative extents of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways occupied by the tongue and palatal tissues. Study design Case control study. Animals Sixteen brachycephalic dogs and 12 mesaticephalic dogs. Methods The volume of the tongue was measured with computed tomography in all dogs. Cross-sectional areas of tongue, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and palatal soft tissue were evaluated at two levels, the caudal aspect of the hard palate and the level of the hamulae of the pterygoid. Density of the tongue and soft palate were measured. All variables were compared between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs (P ≤ .05). Results Absolute tongue volumes did not differ between groups, the volume of the tongue was greater in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs when expressed relative to (a) body weight (median 5650, interquartile range [IQR] 4833-6522 vs median 4454, IQR 4309-4743, respectively), (b) ratio between skull length/width (70 833, IQR 62490-126 209 vs 48 064, IQR 22984-64 279, respectively), and (c) skull length (689.93, IQR 618.55-970.61 vs 460.04, IQR 288.77-561.69, respectively). The proportion of air (oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal)/soft tissue (tongue and palatal tissue) in brachycephalic dogs was decreased by approximately 60%, and the tongue was approximately 10 times denser in brachycephalic dogs than in mesaticephalic dogs. Conclusion A relative macroglossia was detected in brachycephalic dogs along with reduced air volume in the upper airway. Tongues of brachycephalic dogs were denser than those of mesaticephalic dogs. Clinical significance The relative macroglossia in brachycephalic breeds may contribute to upper airway obstruction.
An adaptive locally linear embedding manifold learning approach for hyperspectral target detection

Algorithms for spectral analysis commonly use parametric or linear models of the data. Research has shown, however, that hyperspectral data -- particularly in materially cluttered scenes -- are not always well-modeled by statistical or linear methods. Here, we propose an approach to hyperspectral target detection that is based on a graph theory model of the data and a manifold learning transformation. An adaptive nearest neighbor (ANN) graph is built on the data, and then used to implement an adaptive version of locally linear embedding (LLE). We artificially induce a target manifold and incorporate it into the adaptive LLE transformation. The artificial target manifold helps to guide the separation of the target data from the background data in the new, transformed manifold coordinates. Then, target detection is performed in the manifold space using Spectral Angle Mapper. This methodology is an improvement over previous iterations of this approach due to the incorporation of ANN, the artificial target manifold, and the choice of detector in the transformed space. We implement our approach in a spatially local way: the image is delineated into square tiles, and the detection maps are normalized across the entire image. Target detection results will be shown using laboratory-measured and scene-derived target data from the SHARE 2012 collect.
Computational holographic Maxwellian near-eye display with an expanded eyebox

The Maxwellian near-eye displays have attracted growing interest in various applications. By using a confined pupil, a Maxwellian display presents an all-in-focus image to the viewer where the image formed on the retina is independent of the optical power of the eye. Despite being a promising technique, current Maxwellian near-eye displays suffer from various limitations such as a small eyebox, a bulky setup and a high cost. To overcome these drawbacks, we present a holographic Maxwellian near-eye display based on computational imaging. By encoding a complex wavefront into amplitude-only signals, we can readily display the computed histogram on a widely-accessible device such as a liquid-crystal or digital light processing display, creating an all-in-focus virtual image augmented on the real-world objects. Additionally, to expand the eyebox, we multiplex the hologram with multiple off-axis plane waves, duplicating the pupils into an array. The resultant method features a compact form factor because it requires only one active electronic component, lending credence to its wearable applications.
Detection of Ransomware Attack: A Review

The ransomware is an extortion-based malware. As it is an extortion-based attack, it locks/encrypts the data on victim’s machine and asks for a ransom (money). Hence, its name is ransomware. From last four to five years, some high-profile ransomware attack were reported and got attention. Recently due to WannaCry attack, which affected the British Health care system, this type of attack got attention. Many solutions have been proposed and implemented for the detection and analysis depending upon type and size of the attack. Though there are different solutions implemented and explications given for the detection and analysis, we found that there are still some shortcomings and limitations for the solutions provided. This survey paper provides the overview of the solutions that are proposed or implemented as of now for the detection and analysis of ransomware attack. It also focuses on the shortcoming or limitations for the given solutions.
The Genesis of Rebellion: Governance, Grievance, and Mutiny in the Age of Sail

The Age of Sail has long fascinated readers, writers, and the general public. Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad, Jack London et al. treated ships at sea as microcosms; Petri dishes in which larger themes of authority, conflict and order emerge. In this fascinating book, Pfaff and Hechter explore mutiny as a manifestation of collective action and contentious politics. The authors use narrative evidence and statistical analysis to trace the processes by which governance failed, social order decayed, and seamen mobilized. Their findings highlight the complexities of governance, showing that it was not mere deprivation, but how seamen interpreted that deprivation, which stoked the grievances that motivated rebellion. Using the Age of Sail as a lens to examine topics still relevant today - what motivates people to rebel against deprivation and poor governance - The Genesis of Rebellion: Governance, Grievance, and Mutiny in the Age of Sail helps us understand the emergence of populism and rejection of the establishment.
Optimal Timing of First Abdominal Radiography after Gastrografin Administration for Small Bowel Obstruction.

Abstract Background Water-soluble contrast agent (WSCA) administration is commonly used to evaluate adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO) either via a challenge or follow-through study. This analysis aimed to determine optimal timing to first abdominal radiograph after WSCA administration. Materials and methods A post hoc review of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma SBO database was used to compare data from two institutions using different methodologies, either the small bowel follow through method or the challenge method, from March 2015-January 2018. The primary outcome was timing of contrast into the colon. Outcomes were also analyzed. A multivariate regression analysis controlled for age, sex, body mass index, previous SBO admissions, and abdominal surgeries. Results A total of 236 patients met inclusion and exclusion criteria (A, 119; B, 117). There were minor demographic differences between cohorts and no significant differences between institutions regarding the confirmed presence of WSCA in the colon, rates of operative intervention, length of operation, hospital length of stay, or 30-d readmission rates.Institution A, where the challenge method was practiced, had 95 (80%) patients with contrast to colon overall; four of 95 (4%) patients had confirmed contrast to colon at or before 7 h, and 89 of 95 (94%) patients had confirmed contrast to colon between 7.1 and 10 h. Institution B, where the small bowel follow through method was practiced, had 94 (80%) patients with contrast to colon overall; 73 of 94 (78%) patients had confirmed contrast to colon at or before 7 h, and 15 of 94 (16%) patients had confirmed contrast to colon between 7.1 and 10 h. Conclusions Either method is effective for evaluation of SBO. Adding a radiograph at 4 h is feasible, could promote earlier disposition, be conducted as part of an emergency department protocol, and possibly allow for the selection of patients who are candidates for outpatient treatment.
Comparison of Tc-99m MAA Planar Versus SPECT/CT Imaging for Lung Shunt Fraction Evaluation Prior to Y-90 Radioembolization: Are We Overestimating Lung Shunt Fraction?

To compare lung shunt fraction (LSF) prior to Y-90 radioembolization calculated using planar imaging versus SPECT/CT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A single institution retrospective analysis of technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (Tc-99m MAA) LSF studies for 293 consecutive patients with HCC between 2013 and 2018 was performed. LSF using planar imaging (PLSF) was compared to retrospectively calculated LSF using SPECT/CT (SLSF) via semiautomated segmentation using MIM v.6.9. Sub-analyses of patients were performed based on PLSF range, tumor size, BCLC stage, and Child–Pugh (C–P) score. Mean LSF absolute discrepancy between sub-groups was analyzed. Comparisons were performed using paired t tests and linear regression analysis. Mean PLSF, 8.27%, was greater than mean SLSF, 3.27% (p < 0.001). When categorizing patients by PLSF ranges of < 10%, 10–19.9%, and ≥ 20%, PLSF remained greater than SLSF in all subgroups (p’s < 0.001). Patients with PLSF ≥ 20% had a greater absolute discrepancy with SLSF (13.31%) compared to patients with PLSF < 20% (4.74%; p < 0.0001). LSF absolute discrepancy was greater for patients with a maximum liver tumor size ≥ 5.0 cm (5.59%) compared to a liver tumor size < 5.0 cm (4.40%; p = 0.0076). For all BCLC grades and C–P scores, PLSF was greater than SLSF. A greater LSF discrepancy existed for patients with a worse C–P score (C–P A: 4.78%, C–P B/C: 6.12%; p = 0.0081), but not BCLC stage (0/A/B: 4.87%, C: 4.56%; p = 0.5993). In patients with HCC, SLSF is significantly lower compared to PLSF, with a greater discrepancy among patients with a PLSF ≥ 20%, tumor size ≥ 5 cm, and worse C–P score. Level 3, Retrospective Study.
Bilateral Erector Spinae Blocks Decrease Perioperative Opioid Use After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Objective The present study examined the feasibility and efficacy of continuous bilateral erector spinae blocks for post-sternotomy pain in pediatric cardiac surgery. Design Prospective cohort study; patients were retrospectively matched 1:2 to control patients. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare dichotomous outcomes, and generalized linear models were used for continuous measures, both accounting for clusters. Setting Quaternary children's hospital, university setting. Participants The study comprised 10 children ages five-to-17 years undergoing elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions Ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae blocks at the conclusion of the cardiac surgical procedure, with postoperative infusion of ropivacaine until chest tube removal. Postoperative management otherwise followed standardized guidelines. Measurements and Main Results Patient characteristics were similar in the two groups. The median time to completion of the bilateral blocks was 16.0 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 14.8-19.3), and no major adverse events were identified. Pain scores were low in both groups. Postoperative opioid use at 48 hours, rendered as oral morphine equivalents, was significantly reduced in the patients receiving the blocks. Cluster-adjusted squared-root–transformed means ± standard error were 0.89 ± 0.06 mg/kg for patients receiving the blocks versus 1.05 ± 0.06 mg/kg for control patients (p = 0.04; raw medians 0.81 [IQR 0.41-1.04] v 1.10 [IQR 0.78-1.35] mg/kg, respectively). There were no differences in recovery metrics, length of stay, or complications. Conclusions Bilateral erector spinae blocks were associated with a reduction in opioid use in the first 48 hours after pediatric cardiac surgery compared with a matched cohort from the enhanced recovery program. Larger studies are needed to determine whether this can result in an improvement in recovery and patient satisfaction.
BEST APPROXIMATIONS FOR MULTIMAPS ON ABSTRACT CONVEX SPACES

In this article we derive some best approximation theorems for multimaps in abstract convex metric spaces. We are based on generalized KKM maps due to Kassay-Kolumban, Chang-Zhang, and studied by Park, Kim-Park, Park-Lee, and Lee. Our main results are extensions of a recent work of Mitrovic-Hussain-Sen-Radenovic on G-convex metric spaces to partial KKM metric spaces. We also recall known works related to single-valued maps, and introduce new partial KKM metric spaces which can be applied our new results.
Geographic Concentration of Industry

If I wanted to manufacture aluminum, I would set up a factory in Washington. Why? Aluminum production involves heavy use of electricity and Washington has the lowest electricity prices in the country. That brings us to the question: does natural advantage explain agglomeration? In other words, do industries become geographically concentrated due to locational proximity to inputs that contribute to higher and more efficient production?
Hydrologic consistency as a basis for assessing complexity of monthly water balance models for the continental United States

Methods to select parsimonious and hydrologically consistent model structures are useful for evaluating dominance of hydrologic processes and representativeness of data. While information criteria (appropriately constrained to obey underlying statistical assumptions) can provide a basis for evaluating appropriate model complexity, it is not sufficient to rely upon the principle of maximum likelihood (ML) alone. We suggest that one must also call upon a “principle of hydrologic consistency,” meaning that selected ML structures and parameter estimates must be constrained (as well as possible) to reproduce desired hydrological characteristics of the processes under investigation. This argument is demonstrated in the context of evaluating the suitability of candidate model structures for lumped water balance modeling across the continental United States, using data from 307 snow-free catchments. The models are constrained to satisfy several tests of hydrologic consistency, a flow space transformation is used to ensure better consistency with underlying statistical assumptions, and information criteria are used to evaluate model complexity relative to the data. The results clearly demonstrate that the principle of consistency provides a sensible basis for guiding selection of model structures and indicate strong spatial persistence of certain model structures across the continental United States. Further work to untangle reasons for model structure predominance can help to relate conceptual model structures to physical characteristics of the catchments, facilitating the task of prediction in ungaged basins.
Decision support systems engineering

Data--Base Management Systems. Model--Base Management Systems. Dialog Generation and Management Systems. Design and Evaluation of Decision Support Systems. Information Processing in Individuals and Organizations. Group and Organizational Decision Support Systems. Operational Implementation, System Integration, and Environments for Decision Support Systems. Index.
Identifying important explanatory variables for time-varying outcomes.

Many applications in modern biology measure a large number of genomic or proteomic covariates and are interested in assessing the impact of each of these covariates on a particular outcome of interest. In a study which follows a cohort of HIV-positive patients over time, for example, a researcher may genotype the virus infecting each patient to ascertain the presence or absence of a large number of mutations, in the hope of identifying mutations that affect how a patient’s plasma HIV RNA level (viral load) responds to a new drug regimen. Along with an estimate of the impact of each mutation on the time course of viral load, the researcher would generally like to have a measure of the statistical significance of these estimates in order to identify those mutations that are most likely to be genuinely related to the outcome. Such information could then be used to inform the decision of which drugs should be included in the regimen of a patient with a particular pattern of mutations.
Randomizing Immigration Enforcement: Exploring a New Fourth Amendment Regime

This Note draws upon immigration law to analyze a new Fourth Amendment regime put forth by criminal law scholars Bernard Harcourt and Tracy Meares. In Randomization and the Fourth Amendment, Harcourt and Meares propose a model for reasonable searches and seizures that dispenses with individualized suspicion in favor of random, checkpoint-like stops. Randomization, the authors contend, will ensure that enforcement is evenhanded and will alleviate burdens that result from discriminatory targeting. This Note explores randomization of immigration enforcement, a prime test context in that it exemplifies the ills the authors seek to address. Though analysis demonstrates that randomization falls far short of its goals, its failures are instructive. Indeed, the lens of immigration enforcement illuminates essential conditions that must exist in order for randomization to be viable.
Comments on “a Practical Method for Relating Scalar Concentrations to Source Distributions in Vegetation Canopies” by M. R. Raupach

This paper considers a modification to the localized near-field (LNF) theory for predicting scalar concentrations from source distributions in plant canopies. It is argued that the non-diffusive, near-field part of the transition probability Pn, and thus the near-field contribution of the scalar concentration Cn, in the original theory are simply errors. The (approximate) equality of the sum of Cn and the diffusive, far-field contribution Cf with the total scalar concentration C is not guaranteed in general by this theory. A revision is suggested.
The effect of intensive and prolonged therapy with cortisone and hydrocortisone in first attacks of rheumatic carditis.

Forty patients (39 children and 1 adolescent) with clinical evidence of carditis during first rheumatic attacks were treated with large doses of oral cortisone or oral hydrocortisone for periods varying from 9 weeks to 12 months. Twenty-nine of these forty patients received treatment within 3 weeks of onset. After follow-up observations ranging from 6 to 22 months, 24 of the 29 patients have no evidence of heart disease. Patients with severe as well as mild carditis responded equally well. Eleven patients treated later than 3 weeks after onset did less well: only 2 have normal hearts, 8 have rheumatic heart disease and 1 patient died. The results of this study suggest that cortisone given early in the course of the rheumatic attack in doses sufficiently large to suppress the inflammatory reaction completely and continued until the disease has run its course, may reduce the incidence of residual heart disease. Further studies based on a large series of cases with adequate controls are needed to establish the value of this regimen. Eleven of the forty patients developed serious side effects. In 4 the symptoms were of sufficient severity to necessitate cessation of therapy. In the remainder the untoward reactions were controlled by reducing the dosage of the steroid.
Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci.

Adequate separation of effects of possible multiple linked quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on mapping QTLs is the key to increasing the precision of QTL mapping. A new method of QTL mapping is proposed and analyzed in this paper by combining interval mapping with multiple regression. The basis of the proposed method is an interval test in which the test statistic on a marker interval is made to be unaffected by QTLs located outside a defined interval. This is achieved by fitting other genetic markers in the statistical model as a control when performing interval mapping. Compared with the current QTL mapping method (i.e., the interval mapping method which uses a pair or two pairs of markers for mapping QTLs), this method has several advantages. (1) By confining the test to one region at a time, it reduces a multiple dimensional search problem (for multiple QTLs) to a one dimensional search problem. (2) By conditioning linked markers in the test, the sensitivity of the test statistic to the position of individual QTLs is increased, and the precision of QTL mapping can be improved. (3) By selectively and simultaneously using other markers in the analysis, the efficiency of QTL mapping can be also improved. The behavior of the test statistic under the null hypothesis and appropriate critical value of the test statistic for an overall test in a genome are discussed and analyzed. A simulation study of QTL mapping is also presented which illustrates the utility, properties, advantages and disadvantages of the method.
Endotoxin-induced reduction in biliary indocyanine green excretion rate in a chronically catheterized rat model

Using a nonstressed chronically catheterized rat model in which the common bile duct was cannulated, we studied endotoxin-induced alterations in hepatic function by measuring changes in the maximal...
A Hands‐on Activity for Teaching the Poisson Distribution Using the Stock Market

Summary The number of increases a particular stock makes over a fixed period follows a Poisson distribution. This article discusses using this easily-found data as an opportunity to let students become involved in the data collection and analysis process.
Risk for Psychosocial Problems in Pediatric Cancer: Impact of Socioeconomics

The aim of this study was to investigate demographic and socioeconomic variables associated with risk for patient and family problems over the course of 1 year in a largely low-income and rural pediatric oncology population. Caregivers (n = 163) completed the Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 up to 4 times during regular clinic visits. Multilevel modeling examined change over time, as well as demographic and socioeconomic variables associated with psychosocial risk. Results suggest that pediatric oncology patients with caregivers of lower educational attainment and financial difficulties are at significantly greater risk for psychosocial problems, and should be offered early psychological intervention.
Peritoneal B cells govern the outcome of diabetes in non‐obese diabetic mice

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. Although T1DM is mediated by T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes are essential for insulitis and disease progression in the non-obese diabetic mouse model. We find that B cells invading the pancreas phenotypically resemble B1a B cells in the peritoneal cavity, including the presence of CD5+. To investigate the link between the peritoneal cavity and lymphocytes invading the pancreas, we used intraperitoneal hypotonic lysis to target these cells. B1a cells were eliminated from the peritoneal compartment by this treatment and were quickly replaced by B2 cells. Both B1a and B2 B cells were concordantly redistributed away from insulitis lesions, while pancreatic T cells showed little change. As a consequence of these events, the onset of diabetes was significantly delayed. These findings indicate that simple perturbations of the B cell-enriched peritoneal compartment can affect the disease process in the pancreas even after islet invasion has begun.
Improved error bounds for Newton-like iterations under Chen-Yamamoto conditions

Abstract New a posteriori error bounds are provided for Newton-like iterations under Chen-Yamamoto conditions, which improve earlier ones.
In Utero Exposure to Terbutaline: Effects on Infant Behavior and Maternal Self-Esteem

Objective Little is known about correlates of infant behavior after tocolytic intervention. This study investigated three related questions: (a) Are there any behavioral differences in infants exposed in utero to terbutaline and infants not exposed? (b) Is the mother's perception of her infant influenced by group status? (c) Is maternal self-esteem influenced by group status? Design Group comparison over time of infants exposed in utero to terbutaline and infants not exposed. Group mean cluster scores and recovery curves were compared. Mothers' responses to a series of questionnaires were compared according to group status. The first author remained blind to group status until all measures were completed on all participants. Setting Recruitment and first administration of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale occurred in two regional hospitals, at Minneapolis and St. Paul. Subsequent administrations took place in the infants' homes. Participants Forty-eight healthy, full-term (≥37 weeks gestational age) neonates and their mothers, 16 of whom had been given terbutaline, and 32 control subjects. Main Outcome Measures Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was administered three times to each neonate. Mothers completed the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire, the Neonatal Perception Inventories, and the Maternal Self-Report Inventory. Results Significant differences were found between the two groups of infants on the habituation cluster at Time 1 and the autonomic stability cluster at Time 1 and Time 2. No significant group differences were found in the mothers' responses to the questionnaires. Conclusions Nurses can assure parents that neonates exposed to terbutaline, although they may exhibit initial difficulties with behavioral organization, recover well over the course of the neonatal period. In addition, nurses can help mothers discover methods that will help calm their newborns.
Kinetics and interaction constants of protein adsorption onto mineral microparticles — measurement of the constants at the onset of hysteresis

Abstract The kinetics of desorption of human serum albumin from silica and talc microparticles are presented. The evolution of hysteresis, i.e. of the progressive bond strengthening between protein molecules and solid substratum, was monitored by calculating the Langmuir adsorption isotherms, as well as the desorption rates and desorbable protein amounts after various particle–protein contact times. The effect of parameters such as temperature, ionic strength, presence of cation-complexing and protein denaturation agents, on the desorption rate and maximum desorbable amount were also examined. The results help elucidate the mechanism of protein adsorption and also the strength of the formed bonds before and after the onset of hysteresis.
Public Attitudes Regarding a Pilot Study of Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy

A population-based pilot study of newborns screening for a rare genetic condition, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), is being conducted with funding from the National Institutes of Health. The first component of the study is to assess the ethical, legal, and social implications of population-based pilot studies with a focus on public engagement and parental decision-making for the proposed opt-out approach in this research. We conducted focus groups with members of the general public to ascertain attitudes about the pilot study and acceptability of an opt-out approach in two states, Colorado and Utah, where the pilot screening is being proposed (N = 70). We developed an informational video for the project and showed it to the groups prior to the discussion in order to inform participants about population-based research, newborn screening (NBS), permission/consent models, and SMA. Results indicated support for the conduct of pilot studies that is consistent with the current standard of practice for similar population-based programs. There was support for an opt-out approach for parental decision-making; however there was limited parental knowledge about population-based research, NBS and SMA. In general, our participants considered this pilot study to be low risk and of potential benefit to infants and families. The majority of participants were supportive of an opt-out approach with information delivered through various avenues
Representational fluency in HIV clinical practice: A model of instructor discourse

AbstractIntroduction:Clinicians treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients are expected to stay up-to-date with rapidly changing knowledge and practice. Continuing medical education (CME) programs are one source of new knowledge about HIV clinical management. Little is known about instruct
Word imagery modalities and learning in the deaf and hearing.

Summary The study explored the modality specific hypothesis of imagery concreteness. Twenty-four male and female deaf and hearing adolescents learned lists of paired associates that were either high visual and low auditory imagery words or the obverse. It was predicted that the deaf group would perform as well as the hearing group with pairs of high visual imagery, but worse with materials of high auditory imagery. The results failed to demonstrate the expected interaction. However, indirect support for the hypothesis was provided by a third order interaction trend analysis which suggested that the deaf group experienced difficulty in learning the high auditory imagery word pairs.
A method to determine the fracture toughness of unidirectional fibre reinforced composites in mode II (forward shear), using a thin tubular specimen

A method has been developed, using thin tubular specimens, to determine the fracture toughness of unidirectional fibre reinforced composites in Mode II. The tubular specimens were loaded under torsion and hence produced pure shear at the crack tips located on the circumference of the tube. The cracks were made parallel to the transverse axis and in the mid-length of the tube. Calibration factors for Mode II were obtained. The stress-intensity factors at instability, KIIR(INS) were obtained by experiments on thin tubular specimens through a compliance matching procedure. The crack growth resistance at instability and the corresponding initial strain energy release rates were independent of the initial crack in the range of crack length investigated. The stress-intensity factor obtained by the thin torsion tube method is slightly higher than the stress-intensity factor at instability, KIIR(INS) obtained by the method developed by Giare for end cracked beams [Engng. Fracture Mech.20, 11–21 (1984)]. This method may be applied to a different geometrical shapes and hence may be useful in determining the fracture toughness of any closed geometrical sections.
Systematic Study of (d,n) Reactions at Ed = 16 MeV Using a Deuterated Scintillator Array

We have developed a multi-element deuterated liquid scintillator array for the study of reactions involving neutrons utilizing high-speed digital signal processing. A systematic study of (d,n) reactions at Ed = 16 MeV on 9 Be, 11 B, 13 C, 14 N, 15 N, and 19 F has been conducted from 10 o to 160 o (lab). In addition to previously unmeasured back-angle cross sections, this data can complement existing and future ( 3 He,d) measurements as an analog to (p,γ) for astrophysics applications.
Fixture Variations When Evaluating ASTM F1717 Construct Stiffness: Pin Diameter and Material

The ASTM F1717 test standard describes the fixtures to be used when testing spinal implant construct, but leaves some room to interpret. As a result, the same device could be evaluated using different fixturing and it would not be considered a deviation because the standard does not specifically allow or prohibit the method used. Three potential variations in fixturing when conducting F1717 testing were selected for analysis in this study: changes to pin diameter, changes to pin material, and changes to test fixture hole configuration. To evaluate these parameters, a sample F1717 construct was designed and manufactured. Specimens, N = 6, were tested in six different configurations of pin diameter, material, and hole configurations. A review of all F1717 test batteries conducted at Empirical Testing Corporation during CY2009 was conducted to provide context for results from the sample F1717 construct. Differences noted in test results for axial compression bending stiffness occurred when sleeves were used to adapt 3/8 in. pins diam for use in 1/2 in. diam holes. Significant differences were noted in torsional stiffness when using a half-hole configuration, and when comparing 3/8 in. diam pins to using 1/2 in. diam pins. The torsional stiffness and compression yield load of the sample lumbar F1717 construct is within the range of F1717 constructs tested during CY2009, but outside the range for compression stiffness and yield torque. Users of the test standard are advised to not use 3/8 in. diam pins (which are prescribed for cervical construct tests) when testing lumbar constructs, and to avoid the use of half holes in torsion testing.
Bringing users back to the library: a case history

Purpose – To provide a description of renovation and promotional efforts applied by the Michigan State University Libraries during the 1990s in an attempt to bring users back into the physical library.Design/methodology/approach – A number of specific steps taken by the Michigan State University Libraries to reorient and refurbish the first floor of its main library are described in detail and supported with evidence from other studies and library renovation projects. Each section focuses on a different aspect of the renovation: relocating reference, adding a cafe, adding new carpeting and furnishings, expanding library hours, providing alternatives for coming to the library, and greatly increasing computer technology.Findings – Provides information about each step taken in the renovation project, along with considerations for taking each action. Recognizes that these actions may not ultimately alone result in increased patron usage of the library's physical location, but have increased patron activity an...
Tandem B1 elements located in a mouse methylation center provide a target for de novo DNA methylation.

A cis-acting methylation center that signalsde novo DNA methylation is located upstream of the mouseAprt gene. In the current study, two approaches were taken to determine if tandem B1 repetitive elements found at the 3′ end of the methylation center contribute to the methylation signal. First, bisulfite genomic sequencing demonstrated that CpG sites within the B1 elements were methylated at relative levels of 43% in embryonal stem cells deficient for the maintenance DNA methyltransferase when compared with wild type embryonal stem cells. Second, the ability of the B1 elements to signal de novo methylation upon stable transfection into mouse embryonal carcinoma cells was examined. This approach demonstrated that the B1 elements were methylated de novo to a high level in the embryonal carcinoma cells and that the B1 elements acted synergistically. The results from these experiments provide strong evidence that the tandem B1 repetitive elements provide a significant fraction of the methylation center signal. By extension, they also support the hypothesis that one role for DNA methylation in mammals is to protect the genome from expression and transposition of parasitic elements.
Melt transcrystallization of polyethylene on high modulus polyethylene fibers

A polytheylene composite was prepared and tested. It was consisted of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and uniaxial gel-spun high-modulus PE fiber. Aided by the similarity between matrix and fiber, transcrystallization of HDPE melt on the PE fiber surface was generated. Nucleating agents were not employed. The transcrystalline growth of HDPE on the PE fiber surface was found to consist of an inner and an outer zone. The inner zone, 2–3 μm thick, is composed of HDPE crystals nucleated on the PE fiber surface. Photomicrographs showed a well-defined region of row-nucleated HDPE on the surface of PE fiber. This means the fibrils of HDPE were found to grow out from the PE fiber axis and HDPE crystallites are oriented in planes perpendicular to the PE fiber axis. The fiber in the composite induced the transcrystalline growth of HDPE on the PE fiber surface at higher temperature than on cooling the melt. For 36 wt% fiber, the increase was 2.5°C, also resulting in ∼ 10% more crystals. Crystallization of a composite with 50 wt% fiber at 124°C involved two steps: The first a fast transcrystallization of HDPE on the PE fiber surface followed by the bulk crystallization of the HDPE.
Projection of sensory neurons from a homeotic mutant appendage, Antennapedia, in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Central projections of sensory neurons from homeotic mutant appendages (Antennapedia) of Drosophila melanogaster were compared with those of wild-type antennae and wild-type legs by means of degeneration and cobalt backfilling methods. Sensory axons originating from wild-type thoracic legs terminate within the ventral ipsilateral half of the corresponding neuropile segment and do not project to the brain. Sensory fibers from the third antennal segment (AIII) of wild-type animals project into the ipsilateral antennal glomerulus (AG) and to a lesser extent into the contralateral AG, whereas those from the second antennal segment terminate principally within the ipsilateral posterior antennal center. The sensory terminals of femur, tibia, and tarsi of the homeotic leg show a distribution very similar to that of the homologous wild-type antennal segment AIII, differing to a minor degree only in the size and precise localization of terminals within the antennal glomeruli. No degenerating axons were evident in ultrastructural examination of neck connectives after removal of homeotic legs. It is thus very improbable that any sensory fibers of the homeotic leg project to normal leg projection areas in the thoracico-abdominal ganglion. Several alternative explanations are offered for the apparent retention of antennal specificity by axons from the transformed appendage.
1798 HIGH DOSE PIPERACILLIN THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Piperacillin 600 mg/kg/day IV q 4 hrs was administered to fifteen children with cystic fibrosis over ten to fourteen days. Seven of these children also received tobramycin (8–13 mg/kg/day). The sputum titers of pseudomonas isolates from children treated with piperacillin plus tobramycin decreased significantly (p 102 cfu/ml vs 13 of 19 isolates in patients treated with piperacillin and tobramycin (p=0.025). All isolates had MICs to piperacillin of ≤128 mcg/ml prior to therapy. Development of resistance to piperacillin during therapy was not seen. The mean peak serum piperacillin concentration 15 minutes after a 30 minute infusion was 238 mcg/ml. The mean area under the curve was 250–300 micrograms/liter-hour. The mean volume of distribution (400–500 ml/kg) was larger and the t1/2 (0.60 hrs) shorter than reported for normal adults. Toxicity was minimal but included fever in one child and rash on one child. High-dose piperacillin therapy is well tolerated by cystic fibrosis patients. Although piperacillin has enhanced anti-pseudomonas activity, therapy for children with cystic fibrosis should include an aminoglycoside.
Model Discrimination and Criticism with Single-Response Data

The inverse probability theorem of Bayes is used, along with sampling theory, to obtain objective criteria for choosing among rival models. Formulas are given for the relative posterior probabilities of candidate models and for their goodness of fit, when the models are fitted to a common data set with Normally distributed errors. Cases of full, partial and minimal variance information are treated. The formulas are demonstrated with three examples (Example 1 treats linear models for data with a given variance; Example 2 treats a pair of nonlinear models, using a variance estimated by replication; and Example 3 treats a set of eighteen nonlinear models, using a variance estimated from residuals of a higher-order model (a kinetic study of hydrogenation of mixed isooctenes over a supported nickel catalyst))
Slim pickings: Fairtrade cotton in West Africa

Abstract This paper examines the extent to which certified fairtrade cotton programs in West Africa present an alternative to the conventional cotton economy. Two fairtrade programs operating in Burkina Faso and Mali serve as case studies. The paper argues that fairtrade cotton fails to offer an alternative to conventional cotton because it works within the same commodity chain that impoverishes farmers in the first place. Cotton grower organizations seek more power within the conventional cotton sector to increase incomes and improve the living standards of all cotton growers. They are also active at the international level to eliminate the inequities of international trade. It is in these arenas that cotton growers are struggling to improve their incomes and livelihoods. Fairtrade does not address these fundamental inequities and power relations. The slim pickings of these programs are further evident in the very small amount of cotton produced and marketed as fair trade. Plans to expand production from less than 1% to 10% by 2012 are unrealistic in light of the introduction of genetically modified cotton and the limited market demand for fairtrade cotton. Despite these limitations, fairtrade cotton programs are producing some positive effects, notably women’s participation in cash crop cultivation, higher cotton quality, and the diffusion of organic farming techniques. An innovative direct marketing agreement linking the National Cotton Growers’ Union of Burkina Faso with the US women’s apparel company Victoria’s Secret indicates that alternative trading relations can be constructed outside the conventional commodity chain.
Ventilation-perfusion inequality in lung disease.

Ce trouble est frequent et est cause d'un echange gazeux anormal. Il peut resulter d'une anomalie de la ventilation pulmonaire ou du debit sanguin pulmonaire. On le trouve dans la bronchopneumopathie obstructive chronique et l'embolie pulmonaire
Politicized Secularism in Israel: Secularists as a Party to Communal Conflict

Most of the attention paid to the religious–secular conflict in Israel has been devoted to the religious side. As a result, secular Israelis remain conceptualized as a residual category, as atomized individuals who share little but a lack of religiosity, and thus as passive subjects in the conflict. Drawing on lessons from identity politics, this article argues that secular fear of the religious, especially the ultra-orthodox, has led segments of the secular Israeli public increasingly to think of themselves as secularists, making their shared ‘non-religious’ identity politically relevant. To the extent that secularist social and political entrepreneurs succeed in bringing this about, the relationship between religious and secular is likely to resemble inter-communal conflict rather than tension between interest groups within a single community.