cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observing MODIS ocean color patterns under severe sun glint

Observing eddies and other oceanographic patterns in the subtropical and tropical oceans during summer time can be problematic, because sea surface temperature often lacks spatial contrast and satellite altimetry provides coarse resolution data with some time lag. MODIS ocean color observations are supposed to provide timely information, but they suffer from sun glint contamination when the glint reflectance, Lg, is > 0.01 sr -1 . Here, an empirical approach is demonstrated to remove sun glint and clouds using MODIS Rayleigh-corrected reflectance (Rrc) at 469, 555, 645, 859, and 1240-nm. A color index (CI) is derived from the 469-555-645 bands using a baseline subtraction. The CI color patterns appear consistent from adjacent days when different glint and aerosol patterns are present, suggesting the validity of the approach. Applications of the approach over the Gulf of Mexico and other tropical and subtropical regions further validate the approach's general applicability. The new products at 1-km and 500-m resolutions make it possible to observe ocean eddies at both large and small scales. The simple design of the approach also makes it straightforward to implement for other regions when a qualitative MODIS CI is desired to infer circulation patterns and to detect eddies under severe sun glint.
Novel Sample Holder for Solid and Liquid Luminescent Samples

Several instrumental modifications for sample-retaining and sample-positioning devices for spectrofluorimeters for solid-surface room-temperature fluorescence (RTF) or solid-surface room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) analyses have been described. In our laboratory, experiments in which a large number of samples adsorbed on thin-layer chromatoplate sections were examined for RTF and RTP prompted the development of a sample holder device incorporating several unique design features.
Mutagenesis analysis of the membrane-proximal ligand binding site of the TGF-beta receptor type III extracellular domain

There are two TGF-beta binding subdomains in the extracellular domain of receptor type III (proximal and distal in relation to the transmembrane domain). Here we present an extension of our analysis of the proximal binding site of receptor type III. Due to the original deletion mutagenesis strategy, our proximal binding site contained 19 amino acids from the N-terminal part of the receptor. By deleting these, we demonstrated that they did not contribute to the binding ability of the proximal binding site. We also produced a soluble, secreted form of the proximal binding site and demonstrated that it was able to bind TGF-beta. Finally, we analyzed the role of the three asparagine residues (580, 591, 595) that are located in the region of the receptor that is necessary for expression of a functional proximal binding site, and found that mutation of these residues individually to alanine did not affect ligand binding.
Changes in sodium transport induced by the injection of proteases into squid axons.

EXTERNAL application of proteases to axons has no effect on their electrophysiological properties1. Recently, enzymes such as pronase have been introduced into squid axons either to liquefy axoplasm as an aid in starting internal perfusion2, or to affect the system that inactivates Na conductance3. We have tested the effects of injecting various crystalline proteolytic enzymes of high purity; here we report the effect that injected trypsin has on the Na efflux from squid giant axons.
Gaussian-mixture modeling of lattice-based spherical vector quantization performance in transform audio coding

A block-based Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is used to model the distribution of transform audio data to be encoded using lattice-based spherical vector quantization (LSVQ). The expectation-maximization algorithm is used to design the GMM to model the marginal density of the transform coefficients and the vector energy density. A GMM-based rate-distortion function is derived and shown to closely match the observed spherical VQ performance. The LSVQ transform audio coding performance is characterized for the best lattices known in 4, 8, 16, and 32 dimensions.
Research into guidelines for the wider use of AGDS in traffic control applications

The Driver Information and Traffic Management Division of the Department of Regions (DETR) commissioned a wide-ranging investigation into the potential to extend the use of above ground detectors (AGDs) as an alternative to inductive loops in non-motorway vehicle detection applications. At its final stages, the project has drawn on the views of existing and potential users, information from AGD manufacturers and data from independent technology evaluations in an attempt to match the rapidly developing capabilities of AGDs to the applications in which they offer benefits. The ultimate goal of the project information that will enable the DETR to provide guidance to AGD users. A final report has been prepared, covering the principal issues associated with the use of AGDs. This includes an AGD applications guide - a source of reference information covering the practical details and cost benefits of using AGDs in the most important non-motorway vehicle detection applications.
Waves of ionization in a CO2 discharge

Abstract The detection and identification of waves of ionization in a nominal CO 2 discharge are reported. Influences of the molecular gas discharge properties on the dispersion are indicated.
Measurement of the fracture toughness of Ni3Ge using small disk-shaped specimens

Abstract The fracture toughness of the ordered intermetallic compound Ni3Ge (Ll2) was measured using the controlled-flaw method in conjunction with the miniaturized disk-bend test. The specimens used in these experiments were 3 mm in diameter and varied in thickness from 150 to 450 μm. They were indented using a Vickers pyramid indenter to indention loads varying from 9.8 to 88.2 N. Ni3Ge does not experience indentation cracking at any indentation load, but postmortem examination of the fractured specimens indicated that fracture generally started at the indentation for indentation loads exceeding 38.2 N. The fracture toughness was determined using a straightforward graphical procedure involving an empirical R-curve equation and established fracture-mechanics equations, in conjunction with a few measurements of critical crack lengths to obtain values of several important constants required for the analysis. The fracture toughness is 7.9 ± 1.0 MPa m 1 2 . The significance of this value is discussed in the context of data on other Ll2 ordered intermetallic compounds. It is demonstrated that the influence of the residual stress produced by indentation is crucial to the success of the method.
Research opportunities in electronic commerce

Abstract The Web technology will move the whole economy to be information-based because of the greater efficiency it can help achieve. The rate of technology change is so rapid that emerging electronic commerce is already making fundamental changes in the economic landscape, affecting every aspect of how business is and will be conducted. The Web has made the need for decision support ever more ubiquitous because of the vast amount of business information made available by the global Web, which helps bring together the information passed between businesses, between a business and its customers, and among different departments of a business. We, who are entering a new era of enterprise computing and research in the decision support systems field, must consider this ubiquitous network business model. This paper lays out the dimensions of electronic commerce and develops a framework for identifying the important research issues associated with electronic commerce. The emphasis is on taking an interdisciplinary view that integrates technology and business modeling.
Infrared spectroelectrochemistry of [Rh(TM4)4M(CO)5]22+ (TM4=2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane; M=Re, Mn): electrontransfer-promoted metal-metal bond cleavage and formation

Abstract Two tetranuclear complexes of the form Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (M(CO) 5 ) 2 2+ (TM4=2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane; M=Mn or Re) have been studied by electrochemical (CV) and IR spectroelectrochemical methods. In 0.1 M TBA + PF 6 − /CH 3 CN (TBA + = tetrabutylammonium), 1 e − oxidation of Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Re(CO) 5 ) 2 2+ produces a stable radical (Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Re(CO) 5 ) 2 3+ ) that has been characterized by EPR and IR spectroscopy. Upon further oxidation, one RhRe bond is cleaved, resulting in the formation of Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Re(CO) 5 ) 3+ and Re(CO) 5 (CH 3 CN) + . The trimetallic fragment Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Re(CO) 5 ) 3+ is reduced by a net 2 e − process to yield free Rh 2 (TM4) 4 2+ and Re(CO) 5 − . These successive 2e − oxidation/reduction reactions of Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Re(CO) 5 ) 2 2+ ultimately yield a solution containing Rh 2 (TM4) 4 2+ , Re(CO) 5 (CH 3 CN) + and Re(CO) 5 − . For Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Mn(CO) 5 ) 2 2+ , oxidation occurs via a net 2e − process to form the tetranuclear tetracation, Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Mn(CO) 5 ) 2 4+ Further oxidation of this species results in RhMn bond cleavage, giving Rh 2 (TM4) 4 4+ and two equivalents of Mn(CO) 5 (CH 3 CN) + . The initially formed, 1e − - oxidized radical, Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Mn(CO) 5 ) 2 3+ , has been observed transiently via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. These ET-induced bond cleavage reactions are paralleled in the reduction chemistry of Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Mn(CO) 5 ) 2 2+ and Rh 2 (TM4) 4 (Re(CO) 5 ) 2 2+ . Reduction of both complexes occurs by a net 2e − process, yielding free Rh 2 (TM4) 4 2+ and M(CO) 5 − . Interestingly, upon oxidation at the coupled return for this irreversible process, the tetranuclear starting materials are regenerated in quantitative yield (i.e. no M 2 (CO) 10 is produced). This chemistry stands in sharp contrast to the oxidations of M(CO) 5 − anions, which produce M 2 (CO) 10 in the absence of Rh 2 (TM4) 4 2+ . We suggest that oxidation of Rh 2 (TM4) 4 2+ , M(CO) 5 − tight ion aggregates produce M(CO) 5 radicals that are entirely scavenged by Rh 2 (TM4) 4 2+ to form the tetranuclear species.
Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress

How important is intelligence to financial success? Using the NLSY79, which tracks a large group of young U.S. baby boomers, this research shows that each point increase in IQ test scores raises income by between $234 and $616 per year after holding a variety of factors constant. Regression results suggest no statistically distinguishable relationship between IQ scores and wealth. Financial distress, such as problems paying bills, going bankrupt or reaching credit card limits, is related to IQ scores not linearly but instead in a quadratic relationship. This means higher IQ scores sometimes increase the probability of being in financial difficulty.
Deformation microstructure of neutron-irradiated pure polycrystalline vanadium

The effects of neutron-irradiation near 80 °C on the deformation behavior of pure polycrystalline metals vanadium (body centered cubic, BCC), copper (face centered cubic, FCC) and zirconium (hexagonal close packed, HCP) have been investigated. Dislocation channel deformation is observed in all metals, and is coincident with prompt plastic instability at yield. Dislocation pileup was observed at grain boundaries in the deformed vanadium irradiated to 0.012 dpa, indicating that channel formation could lead to dislocation pileup and the resulting stress localization could be a source of grain boundary cracking. TEM analysis suggests that the loss of work hardening capacity in irradiated V, Cu, and Zr at higher doses is mainly due to dislocation channeling in local regions that experience a high resolved shear stress.
An elastic-perfectly plastic analysis of the bending of the lithosphere at a trench

A number of authors have modeled the flexure of the lithosphere at an oceanic trench using a thin elastic plate with a hydrostatic restoring force. In some cases good agreement with observed topography is obtained but in other cases the slope of the lithosphere within the trench is greater than that predicted by the elastic theory. In this paper the bending of a thin plate is considered using an elastic-perfectly plastic rheology. It is found that the lithosphere behaves elastically seaward of the trench, but that plasticity decreases the radius of curvature within the trench. The results are compared with a number of observed trench profiles. The elastic-perfectly plastic profiles are in excellent agreement with those profiles that deviate from elastic behavior.
Frequency and sites of sister chromatid exchanges in rat kangaroo chromosomes.

Abstract The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in the chromosomes of a cell line from the Tasmanian rat kangaroo was determined to be 0.79 exchanges per chromosome for two cell cycles. Twenty-five percent of these exchanges occurred at the kinetochore. The mean frequency of exchanges per chromosomal arm was roughly proportional to the length of the chromosome, with the exception of a mean frequency of 0.20 exchanges per chromosome found at the kinetochore of all chromosomes, regardless of length. Thus, the kinetochore is a highly preferential site for sister chromatid exchanges. Compared to the main portion of the chromosomal arms the exchange frequency was somewhat lower adjacent to the kinetochore and at chromosome ends. The number of exchanges per unit length also tended to be lower for the short arm of chromosome 1. No correlation was found between the frequency of exchanges and late-replicating DNA.
Profile of elotuzumab and its potential in the treatment of multiple myeloma

Although the introduction of novel drugs has improved outcome significantly in multiple myeloma (MM), many patients still eventually relapse. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting MM-related antigens can complement currently available therapies. CS1 (also known as CD2 subunit 1, SLAMF7, CD319, and CRACC), a cell surface glycoprotein receptor that is a member of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family, is highly and nearly uniformly expressed in myeloma cells at the gene and protein level, but not expressed in other tissues, including hematopoietic stem cells, making CS1 a compelling target for the design of immunotherapies directed at MM. Elotuzumab (formerly HuLuc63), which is a humanized IgG1 mAb recognizing the extracellular region of human CS1, has been shown to be effective in preclinical and early stage clinical investigations, and its efficacy and safety will be further validated in ongoing Phase III trials. Integration of elotuzumab into multidrug therapeutic paradigms seems logical, as elotuzumab is more effective when combined with other agents, such as immunomodulatory drugs or proteasome inhibitors. The functional role of CS1 in MM pathogenesis and the consequences of elotuzumab on normal immune cells should be further investigated. Identification of potential biomarkers and exploration of resistance mechanisms are important issues for elotuzumab-based therapies, as is determining the best clinical placement of elotuzumab, not only in the relapsed/refractory setting but also in upfront therapy for high-risk frank MM, smoldering MM at high-risk of progression, and in maintenance regimens. This review will cover the biological characteristics of CS1 in normal immune cells and MM cells, the efficacy profile and mechanisms of action of elotuzumab from preclinical and clinical investigations, and its potential impact on the treatment of MM.
Annexin I concentration and prostacyclin production in rat lung and alveolar macrophages following irradiation

The purpose of this study was to gather additional evidence in irradiated rat lung on the relationship between annexin I and prostaglandin synthesis. The right hemithorax of the animal was exposed to a single dose of 0 or 30 Gy of X-rays, and the animals were killed 3 months postirradiation. Levels of annexin I and synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2) were determined in lungs, in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and in macrophages lavaged from those lungs. In addition, protein concentration, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and macrophage count in BAL fluid obtained from irradiated lung were compared with that from sham-irradiated (0 Gy) lung. Levels of annexin I, the putative inhibitor of phospholipase A2, in lung and cell-free BAL fluid were decreased in samples from irradiated animals. By contrast, the level of annexin I in macrophages lavaged from irradiated lung was higher than that in macrophages from sham-irradiated lung. The irradiated lung produced nearly 3.5 times more prostacyclin than did the control lung. However, prostacyclin synthesis by macrophages lavaged from irradiated lung was no different than that of macrophages from sham-irradiated lung. Protein, LDH and macrophage number in BAL fluid from irradiated lungs were significantly higher than in corresponding specimens from sham-irradiated lungs. These data demonstrate that reduced levels of annexin I, as well as increased protein concentration, LDH activity and macrophage numbers in irradiated rat lung are reflected in BAL fluid. Therefore, information obtained from BAL fluid, but not from BAL macrophages, reflects lung status, and may serve as a minimally invasive index of radiation pneumonitis in this model. In irradiated lung, increased PGI2 synthesis coupled with a decreased annexin I level are consistent with the hypothesis of an inhibitory role of annexin I in prostaglandin metabolism. However, this hypothesis is not supported by findings in BAL macrophages, where increased annexin I concentration is not accompanied by a decrease in PGI2 production. In view of the latter findings, and a previous study from our laboratory demonstrating that phospholipase activity in irradiated rat lung is in fact decreased, despite the reduction in annexin I concentration and the hyperproduction of prostanoids, it would seem unlikely that annexin I negatively modulates prostaglandin synthesis via inhibition of phospholipase in this model.
Experimental investigation of scaling laws for electrospraying: Dielectric constant effect

ABSTRACT Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of liquid dielectric constant on existing scaling laws for the electrospraying process. The variations of the droplet size and the emitted current were measured as a function of the dielectric constant for the electrospray operating in the cone-jet mode. Eight different solvents with dielectric constants, κ, ranging from 12.5 to 182 were tested. The residue particle size distributions were measured using a TSI scanning mobility particle sizer, (SMPS). The produced liquid droplet sizes were then calculated from the known solution concentrations. The results show that: (1) For the produced droplet size, Dd , experimental data are in agreement with the scaling law (G(κ) = 1.66κ −1/6) proposed by Ganan-Calvo et al. (1994) for solvents with high dielectric constants. The derivation in low dielectric constant cases may be that the assumption of Ganan-Calvo (1994) on the characteristic length may not hold for the present system; (2) for the emitted cu...
1995 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Although I have met many Californians who are terrified of earthquakes, there have actually been relatively few fatalities in the past 75 years. We have relatively strict building codes in the United States and this has undoubtedly saved numerous lives. However, what is the vision for our future? Will we have manageable earthquakes or will we have some true catastrophes? One extremely optimistic view is from a book by Robert Hill entitled “Southern California Geology and Los Angeles Earthquakes” published by the Southern California Academy of Sciences in 1928. The following quote is from the book cover. “This book completely refutes the prediction of Professor Bailey Willis that Los Angeles is about to be destroyed by earthquakes. It proves that this area is not only free from the probability of severe seismic disturbances, but has the least to fear from Acts of God of any city under the American flag."
Midsystolic Carotid Pulse Wave Retraction in Subjects with Prolapsed Mitral Valve Leaflets

ies have demonstrated that in some subjects, the syndrome of midsystolic click and late systolic murmur4 is based on late systolic prolapse of mitral valve leaflets. We present here external carotid pulse tracings obtained from patients with angiographically documented prolapse of posterior mitral valve leaflets. All subjects had normal coronary arteriograms; there was no evidence of an aortic
Prosodic Markers of Syntactic Boundaries in the Speech of 4-Year-Old Children With Normal and Disordered Language Development

This study focuses on the potential role of prosodic "boundary features" in developmental disorders of morphosyntax. As exemplified melodically by the final portion of the falling tone and rhythmic...
The influence of additional surgical margins on the total specimen volume excised and the reoperative rate after breast-conserving surgery

Abstract Background It is unclear whether the additional removal of breast tissue during breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for breast cancer beyond the standard lumpectomy reduces the incidence of inadequate microscopic margins found at pathological examination and subsequent reoperation. This study compares the reoperative rates after initial BCT in 3 groups of patients who underwent lumpectomy with complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins, lumpectomy with selective resection of 1 to 3 additional margins, or standard lumpectomy. Methods Retrospective data were reviewed from 171 selected cases of BCT, from May 2000 to February 2006. Forty-five cases involved lumpectomy with complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins; 77 involved lumpectomy with selective resection of 1 to 3 additional margins, whereas 49 involved standard lumpectomy. All samples underwent pathologic analysis of inked resection margins by permanent section. The 3 groups were compared for patient demographics, tumor size and histologic subtype, tumor stage, margin status, excised specimen volume, and eventual subsequent reoperation. Adequate surgical margin was defined as any negative margin greater than 2 mm. Results The group with complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins had a subsequent reoperation rate of 17.7%, whereas the group with selective resection of 1 to 3 additional margins and the standard lumpectomy group had a subsequent reoperation rate of 32.5% and 38.7%, respectively, because of inadequate margins. The mean total excised specimen volume in the 3 groups was 129.19, 46.04, and 37.44 cm 3 , respectively. Conclusions The complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins during the initial BCT resulted in the lowest subsequent reoperation rate, and the largest total volume specimen excised among the 3 techniques studied.
Recoil Range Distributions as Probes of Compound-Nucleus Reactions

The electrostatic collection of Dy ions recoiling in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ gas has been examined. Range distributions for ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{149g}$ production from Tb compound systems [(H.I., $\mathrm{xn}$) reactions] have been measured. These range distributions, along with angular distributions measured formerly, indicate essentially isotropic neutron emission. Range distributions have been obtained for collimated recoils from the reaction ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{144}({\mathrm{C}}^{12}, 7n){\mathrm{Dy}}^{149}$. The data are consistent with a Maxwellian distribution of recoil speeds in the c.m. system.
The non-simple metal character of the electronic structure in compounds of the LaSn3 type

Abstract In this paper we show that a simple metal description of the electronic states in compounds of the LaX 3 type is not tenable. We perform energy band calculations using a simple model potential and obtain the density of states using a version of the Gilat-Raubenheimer k -space integration scheme due to Janak. These calculations show that the picture of a nearly free electron sphere expanding through Brillouin Zone boundaries as the valence of X is changed cannot give oscillations in the density of states at the Fermi surface in accord with experiment. For any simple metal potential the oscillations in a plot of N(E F ) vs. electron concentration will be smaller than those observed and in the wrong location.
Functional convergence of structurally distinct thioesterases from cyanobacteria and plants involved in phylloquinone biosynthesis

The synthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in photosynthetic organisms requires a thioesterase that hydrolyzes 1,4-di­hydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA (DHNA-CoA) to release 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA). Cyanobacteria and plants contain distantly related hotdog-fold thioesterases that catalyze this reaction, although the structural basis of these convergent enzymatic activities is unknown. To investigate this, the crystal structures of hotdog-fold DHNA-CoA thio­esterases from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis (Slr0204) and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDHNAT1) were determined. These enzymes form distinct homotetramers and use different active sites to catalyze hydrolysis of DHNA-CoA, similar to the 4-­hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (4-HBA-CoA) thio­esterases from Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. Like the 4-­HBA-CoA thio­esterases, the DHNA-CoA thioesterases contain either an active-site aspartate (Slr0204) or glutamate (AtDHNAT1) that are predicted to be catalytically important. Computational modeling of the substrate-bound forms of both enzymes indicates the residues that are likely to be involved in substrate binding and catalysis. Both enzymes are selective for DHNA-CoA as a substrate, but this selectivity is achieved using divergent predicted binding strategies. The Slr0204 binding pocket is predominantly hydrophobic and closely conforms to DHNA, while that of AtDHNAT1 is more polar and solvent-exposed. Considered in light of the related 4-­HBA-CoA thioesterases, these structures indicate that hotdog-fold thioesterases using either an active-site aspartate or glutamate diverged into distinct clades prior to the evolution of strong substrate specificity in these enzymes.
Frequency of occurrence of Fusarium pallidoroseum, effects on seeds and seedlings, and associations with other fungi in soybean seeds and pods.

(1997). Frequency of occurrence of Fusarium pallidoroseum, effects on seeds and seedlings, and associations with other fungi in soybean seeds and pods. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 188-192.
Physical, chemical and physiological factors influencing entry of xenobiotics into the body via the pulmonary system

The respiratory system has an extremely large surface area covered with a thin aqueous film of either mucus or a lipoprotein surfactant-containing fluid. The large total surface area and minute separation between the air space and the blood make the lung an efficient organ for the rapid, systemic absorption of xenobiotics with a variety of physicochemical characteristics. Gases are absorbed throughout the entire respiratory system, the dominant driving force being diffusion. Highly water soluble gases are rapidly absorbed and may be cleared significantly through the surfaces of the upper respiratory tract before penetrating the deeper recesses of the lung. Inhaled particles are deposited in the respiratory system according to their size. Particles with aerodynamic diameters of 5 to 30 μm are similarly trapped in the nasopharyngeal region; those from 1 to 5 μm are largely deposited in the tracheal and bronchiolar regions, the major portion of particles smaller than 1 μm penetrate to the alveoli. Solute absorption studies indicate that the respiratory epithelium behaves like a lipoid–pore type membrane. Lipid soluble compounds are most rapidly absorbed at rates roughly related to their lipid/water partition coefficient at pH 7.4. Lipid insoluble substances are absorbed by nonsaturable diffusion with absorption rates related to the size of the molecules, i.e., the higher the molecular weight, the slower is the absorption. Organic ions can be absorbed by diffusion and by saturable, carrier-mediated processes. Pulmonary exposure to substances known to produce lung damage, i.e., ozone, silica, or acids, can alter carrier-mediated absorption of solutes and increase the passive absorption of lipid insoluble compounds alone or of both lipid soluble and lipid insoluble compounds. Age appears to be an important factor in absorption rate of lipid insoluble compounds. The lungs of 3- to 12-day-old rats absorb lipid insoluble compounds twice as rapidly as those of 18- to 27-day-old or adult animals. Age is unimportant, however, in the absorption of lipid soluble compounds. Species differences also exist for the absorption rates of lipid insoluble compounds but not for those of lipid soluble compounds. Mice will absorb lipid insoluble compounds 2 to 3 times more rapidly than rats, while rats absorb 1.3 to 3 times more rapidly than the rabbit.
Asymptotic Behavior of an Allocation Policy for Revenue Management

Revenue management has become an important tool in the airline, hotel, and rental car industries. We describe asymptotic properties of revenue management policies derived from the solution of a deterministic optimization problem. Our primary results state that, within a stochastic and dynamic framework, solutions arising out of a single well-known linear program can be used to generate allocation policies for which the normalized revenue converges in distribution to a constant upper bound on the optimal value. We also show similar asymptotic results for expected revenues. In addition, we describe counterintuitive behavior that can occur when allocations are updated during the booking process (updating allocations can lead to lower expected revenue). These results add to the understanding of allocation policies and help to make concrete the statement that simple policies from easy-to-solve formulations can be relatively effective, even when analyzed in the more realistic stochastic and dynamic framework.
On-the-fly visualization and debugging of parallel programs

IVD, Interactive Visualization Debugger is intended to provide on-line and integrated mechanisms for debugging, performance analysis, and data visualization for message-passing parallel applications. The current IVD includes: (I) ESP, a mechanism to multicast window-based commands from a single control window to some subset of existing debuggers/visualizers on various processes; (2) program replay to reproduce program runs deterministically to enable cyclic debugging; and (3) ad hoc data visualization of distributed arrays using existing visualizers. >
Echocardiography-Guided Left Ventricular Lead Placement for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Results of the Speckle Tracking Assisted Resynchronization Therapy for Electrode Region Trial

Background—Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure (HF) with wide QRS complex and diminished left ventricular (LV) function, but response is variable. Methods and Results—The Speckle Tracking Assisted Resynchronization Therapy for Electrode Region (STARTER) was a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial testing the hypothesis that an incremental benefit to cardiac resynchronization therapy would be gained by echo-guided (EG) transvenous LV lead placement versus a routine fluoroscopic approach. EG LV lead placement was attempted at the site of latest time to peak radial strain by speckle tracking echocardiography. The prespecified primary end point was first HF hospitalization or death. Of 187 New York Heart Association class II to IV patients with HF (62% ischemic; ejection fraction 26±6%; QRS 159±27 ms), 110 were randomized to EG and 77 to routine strategies. Primary events included 30 deaths and 37 HF hospitalizations over 1.8 years...
Single Asperity Wear and Stress-Assisted Dissolution of Copper

The focus of this paper is to investigate the synergistic influence of contact loads, surface stress state and chemical environment on material removal during mechanical stimulation of copper surface. A unique setup is used to generate well characterized stress states on a polished copper specimen. Stressed surface of copper specimen is stimulated using tip of the atomic force microscope (AFM) and material removed during stimulation is measured as a function of contact loads, surface stress state and chemical environment. Measured material removal rates display a complex dependence on contact pressures and in-plane stress state which changes as the pH of chemical environment changes from acidic to basic. A surface material removal mechanism based on a single asperity wear and stress-assisted dissolution is proposed to explain the experimental observations
Electrocardiographic applications of lead aVR

Lead aVR, 1 of 12 electrocardiographic leads, is frequently ignored in clinical medicine. In fact, many clinicians refer to the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) as the 11-lead ECG, noting the commonly held belief that lead aVR rarely offers clinically useful information. In this report, we discuss the findings in lead aVR, which are potentially of value, including ST-segment elevation in the patient with acute coronary syndrome suggestive of left main coronary artery occlusion, PR-segment elevation in the patient with acute pericarditis, prominent R wave in the patient with significant tricyclic antidepressant poisoning, and ST-segment elevation in narrow complex tachycardia suggestive of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Applying the CenterSurface model to 3-D reconstructions of the left ventricle for regional function analysis

Reconstruction of heart chambers from tomographic images has traditionally been done from either parallel or fixed position rotational scans. We introduce a method of reconstruction from random slice orientations, using labeled landmark features to guide fitting to a labeled predesigned surface-generating mesh. This method is applied specifically to ultrasound sector scanning, but is applicable to any tomographic imaging technique. Given surface descriptions of the left ventricle (LV) endocardium and epicardium at end diastole (ED) and end systole (ES) (or other time points), LV wall motion can be computed by matching the ED and ES surface features. Wall thickness at ED and ES is computed using the CenterSurface method. A new method of computing the CenterSurface is described.
Statistical characterization of the geometric properties of particles in 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy

Corrosion in aluminium alloys is initiated and sustained at constituent particles within the metal matrix via a localized galvanic process. These particles are also known to play a critical role in fatigue crack initiation and growth. Consequently, statistical characterization of particle geometrical features is critical when modelling corrosion and fatigue. A key statistic is particle size distribution, which was extensively modelled here via imaging of unstressed and fatigued 7075-T6 aluminium alloys. Fatigued samples were obtained from the outer wing panels of teardown specimens from retired military aircraft. The purpose of this effort was therefore to analyse extensive sets of particle geometry data obtained via microscopy using advanced multimodal statistical modelling and to appropriately characterize the properties of constituent particles and fatigue cracks found in these specimens. The resulting distribution functions for the underlying modes are assumed to be three-parameter Weibull distribution functions.
Information assurance in wireless sensor networks

Networking unattended wireless sensors is expected to have significant impact on the efficiency of a large array of military and non-military applications. The main goal of wireless sensor networks is to obtain globally meaningful information from strictly local gleaned by individual sensor nodes. The network is deployed such that the sensors are embedded, possibly at random, in a target environment. However, a wireless sensor network is only as good as the information it produces. In this respect, the most important concern is information assurance. Indeed, in most application domains sensor networks constitute a mission critical component requiring commensurate security protection. Sensor network communications must prevent disclosure and undetected modification of exchanged messages. Due to the fact that individual sensor nodes are anonymous and that communication among sensors is via wireless links, sensor networks are highly vulnerable to security attacks. If an adversary can thwart the work of the network by perturbing the information produced, stopping production, or pilfering information, then the perceived usefulness of sensor networks would be drastically curtailed. Thus, security is a major issue that must be resolved in order for the potential of wireless sensor networks to be fully exploited.
Classical Biological Control of Invasive Legacy Crop Pests: New Technologies Offer Opportunities to Revisit Old Pest Problems in Perennial Tree Crops

Advances in scientific disciplines that support classical biological control have provided “new tools” that could have important applications for biocontrol programs for some long-established invasive arthropod pests. We suggest that these previously unavailable tools should be used in biological control programs targeting “legacy pests”, even if they have been targets of previously unsuccessful biocontrol projects. Examples of “new tools” include molecular analyses to verify species identities and likely geographic area of origin, climate matching and ecological niche modeling, preservation of natural enemy genetic diversity in quarantine, the use of theory from invasion biology to maximize establishment likelihoods for natural enemies, and improved understanding of the interactions between natural enemy and target pest microbiomes. This review suggests that opportunities exist for revisiting old pest problems and funding research programs using “new tools” for developing biological control programs for “legacy pests” could provide permanent suppression of some seemingly intractable pest problems. As a case study, we use citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, an invasive legacy pest of California citrus, to demonstrate the potential of new tools to support a new classical biological control program targeting this insect.
Design of a Sub-mW 960-MHz UWB CMOS LNA

This paper presents a sub-mW ultra-wideband (UWB) fully differential CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) operating below 960 MHz for sensor network applications. By utilizing both nMOS and pMOS transistors to boost the transconductance, coupling the input signals to the back-gates of the transistors, and combining the common-gate and shunt-feedback topologies, the LNA achieves 13 dB of power gain, a 3.6 dB minimum noise figure, and -10 dBm of IIP3 with only 0.72 mW of power consumption from a 1.2 V supply
Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) for Mobile Computing Systems

Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) are disruptive interdisciplinary technologies that can manifest in multiple components in portable systems. Such technologies will play an important role in enabling smaller, more efficient, and faster mobile computing systems. Integrated Radio Frequency MEMS components are front-runners as alternative technologies to replace bulky off chip RF time keeping and frequency control components. MEMS switches co-fabricated with MEMS resonators and filters would reduce the complexity of current mobile platform antennas and extend the reconfigurability of these antennas to operate on a wider range of frequency bands. This paper presents the current mobile platform usage and suggested areas for MEMS/NEMS technology intercepts with a focus on the wireless subsystem.
Spatial Distribution of Tropospheric Ozone in National Parks of California: Interpretation of Passive-Sampler Data

The National Park Service (NPS) has tested and used passive ozone samplers for several years to get baseline values for parks and to determine the spatial variability within parks. Experience has shown that the Ogawa passive samplers can provide ±10% accuracy when used with a quality assurance program consisting of blanks, duplicates, collocated instrumentation, and a standard operating procedure that carefully guides site operators. Although the passive device does not meet EPA criteria as a certified method (mainly, that hourly values be measured), it does provide seasonal summed values of ozone. The seasonal ozone concentrations from the passive devices can be compared to other monitoring to determine baseline values, trends, and spatial variations. This point is illustrated with some kriged interpolation maps of ozone statistics. Passive ozone samplers were used to get elevational gradients and spatial distributions of ozone within a park. This was done in varying degrees at Mount Rainier, Olympic, Sequoia–Kings Canyon, Yosemite, Joshua Tree, Rocky Mountain, and Great Smoky Mountains national parks. The ozone has been found to vary by factors of 2 and 3 within a park when average ozone is compared between locations. Specific examples of the spatial distributions of ozone in three parks within California are given using interpolation maps. Positive aspects and limitations of the passive sampling approach are presented.
Comparison of wet and dry growth in artificial and flight icing conditions

The heat transfer behavior of accreting ice surfaces in natural (flight test) and simulated (wind tunnel) cloud icing conditions are studied. Observations of wet and dry ice growth regimes as measured by ultrasonic pulseecho techniques are made. Observed wet and dry ice growth regimes at the stagnation point of a cylinder are compared with those predicted using a quasi steady-state heat balance model. A series of heat transfer coefficients are employed by the model to infer the local heat transfer behavior of the actual ice surfaces. The heat transfer in the stagnation region is generally inferred to be higher in wind tunnel icing tests than in natural, flight icing conditions.
A tablet-class cloud architecture for remote execution and interactive data analysis

An open source private cloud architecture environment is described that supports tablet-class computer devices as clients. The cloud architecture employs a Metadata server, Data servers, and Compute servers. The private cloud clients are treated as a limited resource device: limited in memory, view space and computing power. The client tablet makes requests to the Metadata server that maintains a dictionary of category specific information and services that reside on registered Data and Computeservers. The software architecture is a Java based Web server. In addition, support for interactive user apps are introduced by deploying a paired producer/consumer used to coordinating the data transfer between the client and server machines. The software architecture has been tested and the source is available for public access.
Rectal Strictures in 19 Dogs: 1997–2005

The etiologies for nonneoplastic rectal strictures in dogs included foreign bodies, postoperative formation, inflammatory disease, and congenital malformation. Sixteen of 19 dogs underwent balloon dilatation therapy, and 14 of these 16 dogs received intralesional triamcinolone injections. Following dilatation, clinical signs persisted in one dog, improved with continued medical therapy in five dogs, and resolved in nine dogs for the duration of their follow-up period (mean 18 months; median 12 months); one dog was lost to follow-up. Balloon dilatation and triamcinolone were parts of a treatment regimen that improved clinical signs in the majority of dogs diagnosed with nonneoplastic rectal strictures.
Biometrical Models in Behavioral Genetics

The main goal of this chapter is to describe the research designs and statistical methods that are in popular use in behavioral genetics (BG). We begin with a brief overview of the historical background to BG in general and twin studies in particular. Next, we describe some elementary statistics required for understanding biometrical modeling. Then follows a statistical model for genetic variation, as articulated by Fisher in his classic 1918 paper, in which additive and dominance genetic variance terms are defined. The coefficients of resemblance between relatives derived from this model are then implemented in structural equation models for the analysis of data from twins and other relatives. Overall the intent is to provide a general and extensible infrastructure for the modeling of genetically informative data.
Does a Computational Linguist have to be a Linguist

Early computational linguists supplied much of theoretical basis that the ALPAC report said was needed for research on the practical problem of machine translation. The result of their efforts turned out to be more fundamental in that it provided a general theoretical basis for the study of language use as a process, giving rise eventually to constraint-based grammatical formalisms for syntax, finite-state approaches to morphology and phonology, and a host of models how speakers might assemble sentences, and hearers take them apart. Recently, an entirely new enterprise, based on machine learning and big data, has sprung on the scene and challenged the ALPAC committee’s finding that linguistic processing must have a firm basis in linguistic theory. In this talk, I will show that the long-term development of linguistic processing requires linguistic theory, sophisticated statistical manipulation of big data, and a third component which is not linguistic at all.
Introductory Microeconomics and One Big Firm

This paper illustrates the use of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. as a lens through which introductory microeconomic principles can be taught. We argue that the central concepts of a principles course can be mapped effectively to the operations of a single firm and to public debates surrounding it. Using the method of problem based learning, we develop a series of case studies on key aspects of Wal-Mart. Each case corresponds to a specific section of the microeconomics course and either illustrates an economic concept or presents a decision-making challenge to students.
Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of an Inexpensive Piezoelectric Accelerometer

This paper first introduces the accelerometer structure, and an equivalent circuit analysis is carried out to show the parameters that determine the dynamic behavior of the accelerometer. A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is performed in detail, in order to evaluate the impact of various details on model accuracy. Three FEA models, of varying complexity, are developed and analyzed using ANSYS 9.0. To validate the accelerometer model, an experiment is described, followed by results. The trade-offs between the various design parameters and their effects upon performance are discussed.
A Review of Silicon-On-Insulator Formation by Oxygen Ion Implantation

Silicon-on-Insulator structures will be an important technological advance used in future VLSI, VHSIC and threedimensional integrated circuits. The most mature SOI technology other than silicon-on-sapphire is SIMOX, or Separation by Implanted Oxygen. High energy oxygen ions are implanted into single crystal silicon until a stoichiometric buried silicon dioxide layer is formed. After implantation, the material is annealed at high temperature to remove implantation induced defects. The structure is completed by the growth of a thin epitaxial silicon layer. Devices and complex circuits have been successfully fabricated by several research groups. This paper reviews the development of this buried oxide SOI technology from 1973 to 1983. The five major sections discuss the advantages of SOI, the basics of buried oxide formation, the literature published between 1973 and 1983, key issues that must be solved before large scale implementation takes place and, finally, predictions of future developments.