cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The risk of classical biological control in Florida

Abstract Classical biological control in Florida dates from 1899, when Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) was introduced and controlled an infestation of the adventive (=nonindigenous) species Icerya purchasi Maskell. We list 60 invertebrates (59 insects and one nematode) imported into and established in Florida up until and including 2003. No vertebrates have been imported and established for classical biological control. All targets of successful introductions except one were adventive pest insects and weeds. The exceptional target was a widespread aphid, whose introduced biological control agent had no obvious effect. Using many sources of information, we consider the effects, both potential and realized, of established classical biological control agents, on non-target species in Florida. Our goal was to provide a substantiated record and an example analysis. Florida, with high numbers of invasive species, is a microcosm of worldwide classical biological control. We recognized six levels of host range of agents and concluded that 24 agents potentially have native species in their host range. Our analysis suggests that fewer than 10 introduced agents are likely to have produced population changes in non-target organisms and, of these, fewer than four are likely to have produced substantial population changes. No species has had a documented substantial effect on a non-target species in Florida. Such evidence might accrue in future, however, if searched for diligently.
The State of Evaluation in Internal Medicine Residency

Background There are no nationwide data on the methods residency programs are using to assess trainee competence. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has recommended tools that programs can use to evaluate their trainees. It is unknown if programs are adhering to these recommendations.
The use of deception as a compliance-gaining strategy

This study argues that the persuasive message behaviors of truthful and deceptive communicators may differ strategically. Participants (N = 283) responded to three interpersonally oriented persuasive situations and wrote out instances of compliance-gaining messages. Approximately half the respondents were required to use deception in their persuasive messages. A comparison of truthful and deceptive compliance-gaining messages revealed significant differences in the types of persuasive messages generated: Truthful persuaders composed messages involving positive and negative sanctions; deceptive persuaders composed messages based on rationale or explanation.
A chance-constrained programming approach to natural gas curtailment decisions

Abstract This paper presents a modeling methodology for the determination of optimal curtailment decisions by a gas distribution utility during a chronic gas shortage situation. Based on the end-use priority approach, a linear programming model is formulated, that reallocates the available gas supply among the utility's customers while minimizing fuel switching, unemployment, and utility operating costs. This model is then transformed into a chance-constrained program in order to account for the weather-related variability of the gas requirements. The methodology is applied to the East Ohio Gas Company.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum trafficking errors by different classes of mutant dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) cause dominant negative effects in both dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia by entrapping normal DSPP

Families with nonsyndromic dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) and the milder, dentin dysplasia (DD), have mutations in one allele of the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene. Because loss of a single Dspp allele in mice (and likely, humans) causes no dental phenotype, the mechanism(s) underling the dominant negative effects were investigated. DSPP mutations occur in three classes. (The first class, the mid-leader missense mutation, Y6D, was not investigated in this report.) All other 5′ mutations of DSPP result in changes/loss in the first three amino acids (isoleucine-proline-valine [IPV]) of mature DSPP or, for the A15V missense mutation, some retention of the hydrophobic leader sequence. All of this second class of mutations caused mutant DSPP to be retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) of transfected HEK293 cells. Trafficking out of the rER by coexpressed normal DSPP was reduced in a dose-responsive manner, probably due to formation of Ca2+-dependent complexes with the retained mutant DSPP. IPV-like sequences begin many secreted Ca2+-binding proteins, and changing the third amino acid to the charged aspartate (D) in three other acidic proteins also caused increased rER accumulation. Both the leader-retaining A15V and the long string of hydrophobic amino acids resulting from all known frameshift mutations within the 3′-encoded Ca2+-binding repeat domain (third class of mutations) caused retention by association of the mutant proteins with rER membranes. More 5′ frameshift mutations result in longer mutant hydrophobic domains, but the milder phenotype, DD, probably due to lower effectiveness of the remaining, shorter Ca2+-binding domain in capturing normal DSPP protein within the rER. This study presents evidence of a shared underlying mechanism of capturing of normal DSPP by two different classes of DSPP mutations and offers an explanation for the mild (DD-II) versus severe (DGI-II and III) nonsyndromic dentin phenotypes. Evidence is also presented that many acidic, Ca2+-binding proteins may use the same IPV-like receptor/pathway for exiting the rER. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Tectonic implications of space-time patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the western United States

Abstract Locations of 2,100 radiometrically dated igneous rocks were plotted on a series of 20 maps, each representing an interval within the period 80 m.y. B.P. to present. Derivative maps showing the distributions in space and time of dated granitic intrusive rocks, silicic lavas and domes, ash-flow tuffs, andesitic-dacitic rocks, and basalts depict well the two main petrogenetic assemblages noted previously by others: (1) mainly intermediate andesitic-dacitic suites, including associated granitic intrusive rocks, silicic extrusive rocks, and minor basaltic lavas, are interpreted as reflecting plate interactions related to subduction along the continental margin; and (2) bimodal suites, dominantly basaltic but with minor silicic extrusive rocks, are interpreted as reflecting extensional tectonics. Space-time distribution of the two assemblages suggests that magmatic arcs extended continously parallel to the continental margin from Canada to Mexico in latest Mesozoic and in Oligocene times. An early Cenozoic null in magmatism in the Great Basin may delineate the region where subduction was arrested temporarily by development of the proto-San Andreas fault as a transform in coastal California or, alternatively, may reflect complex subsurface configurations of subducted plates. The late Cenozoic transition from subduction-related magmatism to extention-related basaltic volcanism in the southern Cordillera occurred at different times in different areas in harmony with current concepts about the migration of the Mendocino triple junction as the modern San Andreas transform fault was formed. The plots also reveal the existence of several discrete magmatic loci where igneous activity of various kinds was characteristically more intense and long-lived than elsewhere.
Limit theorems for the method of replication

The method of replication is frequently used by simulators to estimate steady-state quantities. In this paper, we obtain conditions under which this method yields asymptotically valid confidence intervals for steady-state means. In particular, we show that the length of a replication must be large relative to the number of replications, in order that the method work efficiently. We also contrast variants of the method in which the number of replications stay fixed with run length with those in which the number tends to infinity. Procedures in which the number of replications increase to infinity with the sample size produce confidence intervals which have smaller expected half-width and are less variable.
Molecular and electrophysiological characterization of a allelic variant of the rat α6 GABAA receptor subunit

Abstract A 1.45 kb DNA sequence encoding the rat α6 GABAA receptor subunit (nucleotides 33–1483) was clonedfrom a Sprague-Dawley rat brain cDNA library by PCR amplification. Dideoxy sequencing of two individual clones revealed that the nucleotide sequence differed at only one basepair (T480 → G) from that published previously. This difference altered the deduced amino acid sequence, producing a conservative amino acid substitution (His121 → Gln). A Gln residue is present at the same location in the bovine α6 subunit. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the total PCR product demonstrated that this variant of the rat α6 subunit was the only allele found in this particular rat brain library; the original allele was not present. These results were further verified by RNAse protection assays performed with RNA isolated from individual rat cerebella. α6, β1, and γ2S subunits were transiently expressed in L929 cells for electrophysiological analysis. Whole-cell recordings obtained from the cells demonstrated that GABAA receptor channels with the expected GABA and benzodiazepine pharmacology were produced. Excised outside out single channel recordings from the same cells revealed that GABA elicited brief duration openings to a 33 pS main conductance level and to at least one smaller (approximately 21 pS) subconductance level. Thus this allelic variant of rat α6 subunit could assemble with other subunits to form a functional GABAA receptor channel with similar properties to the original allelic form.
Acknowledging the inevitable: Understanding multiple relationships in rural practice.

There are many factors that contribute to increased rates of multiple relationships in rural practice. Although limited availability of mental health practitioners and access difficulties are the most commonly cited factors, characteristics of rural communities and characteristics of psychologists who practice there may also promote the likelihood of these relationships. These characteristics may consequently promote acceptance of multiple relationships. This article addresses some of the unique aspects of rural practice and provides strategies for evaluating. preventing, and managing multiple relationships in rural practice.
The Population Ecology of Hunter-Gatherers and Their Prey

Abstract In this paper we combine foraging theory and population biology models to simulate dynamic relationships between hunter-gatherers and their prey resources. Hunter-gatherer population growth responds to the net marginal rate of foraging; prey population growth responds logistically to exploitation. Thus conceived, the relationship between forager and prey biomass is time-dependent and nonlinear. It changes from stable equilibrium to damped and stable cycles with modest adjustments of input parameters. And, it produces the largest sustainable human population at intermediate levels of individual work effort. At equilibrium the forager takes all prey types with a pursuit and handling rate greater than or equal to its maintenance foraging rate. The structural properties of the model compel us to reject standard anthropological interpretations of the carrying capacity concept; they provide new insights on old issues such as original affluence and intensification. Analysis of the interaction of human population, diet selection, and resource depletion requires microecological models in part because the relevant processes occur on time scales largely invisible to both ethnography and archaeology.
Factors influencing the curd tension of rennet coagulated milk. Salt balance.

Abstract Coagulation time for fresh whole milk was less than that for reconstituted nonfat dry milk of equal curd tension. Curd tension was more sensitive than coagulation time in reacting to small additions of monovalent and divalent cations including pH changes. Curd tension was maximum within a narrow range of concentration for sodium and potassium at 0.10m or calcium at 0.12M added to nonfat powder reconstituted at 11% total solids and measured at the optimum pH 6.0. Additions of NaOH lowered curd tension more rapidly than Ca(OH) 2 in the range of pH 6.7 to 7.0, whereas for pH 6.7 to 6.3 addition of 25mm of calcium depressed curd tension increase produced by added HCl. Added polyphosphates decreased curd tension, accelerating with increased phosphate concentrations. Orthophosphate differed in showing a linear decrease with added phosphate.
Batch cultivation of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. I: Production of soluble methane monooxygenase.

The obligatory methanotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, was studied to optimize the batch culture conditions for the formation of particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) in a nitrate minimal salts medium. The important medium components investigated were copper, carbon dioxide, and nitrate. The whole-cell specific pMMO activity decreased sharply with increasing copper concentrations in the range of 10-40 microM and remained constant upon further increases of the copper concentration to 120 microM. The cell growth rate (micro), on the other hand, decreased over the entire range (10-120 microM) of copper concentrations tested. When pMMO was produced in a bioreactor with an optimal initial copper concentration of 10 microM, M. trichosporium OB3b exhibited a much faster overall growth rate and a higher whole-cell propene epoxidation activity compared to our earlier study, in which soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) was produced with copper-deficient medium. The addition of external carbon dioxide to the bioreactor culture eliminated an initial lag period in the cell growth. When the standard culture medium nitrate concentration (10 mM) was depleted, the pMMO activity, but not the growth rate, decreased rapidly. The whole-cell specific pMMO activity could be maintained by subsequent supplementation of nitrate. A 4-fold higher initial culture medium nitrate concentration of 40 mM, however, resulted in slower cell growth and lower pMMO activity. These observations demonstrate that, in addition to affecting the exclusive production of pMMO, copper also has an important previously unrecognized role in enhancing the growth rate of M. trichosporium OB3b. They also indicate that for the optimal batch production of pMMO with the minimal medium under study, nitrate should be supplied intermittently during the course of cultivation until other culture medium components become growth-limiting.
Academic Department Prestige: A New Measure Based on the Doctoral Student Labor Market.

Past rankings of academic departments have been based on a variety of factors including faculty publications, citations, and external perceptions. However well designed, these studies are conceptually flawed as means of assessing prestige. This paper views prestige as an ex ante condition related to an existing stratification system, rather than as an ex post result of productivity. As such, prestige can be measured by the academic department's ability to place its doctoral recipients. As a means of illustrating the use of this approach, an empirical analysis of accounting faculty placements from graduate schools in the United States was conducted. The resultant rankings were also evaluated for stability over time and against other program characteristics to illustrate the validity and the uniqueness of the measure.
Solubility of benzil in binary alkane + dibutyl ether solvent mixtures. Comparison of predictive expressions derived from the nearly ideal binary solvent model

Experimental solubilities are reported for benzil dissolved in six binary mixtures containing dibutyl ether with hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 25°C. Results of these measurements are compared to the predictions of equations developed previously for solubility in systems of nonspecific interactions. The most successful equation in terms of goodness of fit involved a volume fraction average of the excess Gibbs energies relative to the Flory-Huggins model, and predicted the experimental solubilities in the six systems studied to within an overall average absolute deviation of 3.4% and with a maximum deviation of 6.0%.
CORONARY PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICES IN PATIENTS WITH MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING

Myocardial bridging (MB) can cause both anatomic and functional abnormalities including accelerated proximal plaque and endothelial dysfunction. However, little is known about the microcirculation beyond the bridge or how MB might affect coronary physiologic indices of microvascular function. To
Determination of phenylurea pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and photoconductivity detectors in series.

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separations of eighteen phenylurea pesticides were investigated using both reversed-phase and normal-phase systems. A photoconductivity detector, which responds selectively to ionic products formed via postcolumn UV irradiation of photolabile analytes, was connected in tandem with a UV detector permitting serial dual detection of these compounds. The photoconductivity detector responded selectivity to the thirteen halogen and sulfur containing compounds whereas the UV detector responses were of the same order of magnitude for all eighteen compounds at 250 nm. The HPLC—UV—photoconductivity detection system was successfully applied to the determination of chloroxuron in strawberries at the official tolerance level of 0.5 ppm. The tandem detectors combined with a choice of columns and chromatographic modes offers enhanced selectivity for the HPLC analysis of these pesticides as trace contaminants in complex samples.
Improving the bond strength between carbon fiber and cement by fiber surface treatment and polymer addition to cement mix

The bond strength between carbon fiber and cement was enhanced by oxidizing chemical treatments, with ozone treatment giving the greatest effect. The effect was accompanied by an increase in the electrical contact resistivity of the interface. These effects are mainly attributed to oxygen-containing functional groups on the fibers due to the treatments. The bond strength and contact resistivity were also increased by polymer (latex, methylcellulose) admixtures in the cement mix, but the effects were less than those of ozone treatment.
The flavonoid chemistry of Pistia stratiotes L. and the origin of the lemnaceae

Abstract Many workers have considered Pistia an evolutionary link between the Aroids and the Lemnaceae. The Lemnaceae have a rich flavonoid chemistry which becomes less complex as one follows the morphological reduction from Spirodela to Lemna and thence to Wolffiella and Wolffia . Pistia contains large amounts of two di-C-glycosylflavones of the vicenin and lucenin type plus two unidentified compounds which are probably their derivatives, lesser amounts of the anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside and a luteolin-7-glycoside, and traces of the mono-C-glycosylflavones vitexin and orientin. Although there is no close correspondence between the specific flavonoids accumulated by Pistia and those found in the morphologically more complex members of the Lemnaceae, Pistia appears to have the biochemical pathways to most flavonoid types found in the Lemnaceae. This is in agreement with the concept that the Lemnaceae may have arisen from a Pistia -like ancestor.
The relationship between the neuromodulator adenosine and behavioral symptoms of autism

The neuromodulator adenosine is an endogenous sleep promoter, neuroprotector and anticonvulsant, and people with autism often suffer from sleep disruption and/or seizures. We hypothesized that increasing adenosine can decrease behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorders, and, based on published research, specific physiological stimuli are expected to increase brain adenosine. To test the relationship between adenosine and autism, we developed a customized parent-based questionnaire to assess child participation in activities expected to influence adenosine and quantify behavioral changes following these experiences. Parents were naive to study hypotheses and all conditions were pre-assigned. Results demonstrate significantly better behavior associated with events pre-established as predicted to increase rather than decrease or have no influence on adenosine. Understanding the physiological relationship between adenosine and autism could open new therapeutic strategies--potentially preventing seizures, improving sleep, and reducing social and behavioral dysfunction.
Risk factors for cost-related medication non-adherence among older patients with diabetes.

We aimed to assess the risk factors for cost-related medication non-adherence (CRN) among older patients with cancer in the United States. We used data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to assess risk factors for CRN including age, insurance coverage, nursing home residence, functional limitations, and frequency of hospitalization among old patients with cancer. CRN was self-reported. We conducted a multivariate regression analysis to assess the effect of each risk factor. 293 (9.9%) of 2,953 older patients (50+ years) cancer patients reported CRN. Those who reported CRN were more likely to be younger, women, African American, and Hispanics. Compared to those with Medicare, those with no health insurance coverage were 97% more likely to report CRN. High number in limitation in activities of daily living and hospitalization significantly increased risk for CRN. Sicker cancer patients were more likely to report CRN. Lack of health insurance may have prevented the cancer patients from receiving optimal care. Together, these results suggest that expanding insurance coverage and improving insurance benefit design for cancer patients is likely to decrease CRN and improve outcomes.
A calculation of the energy of misfit dislocations and the critical thickness in graded epitaxial layers

Abstract The energy of a mixed dislocation in a compositionally graded heterojunction is calculated, and from this result the critical thickness, at which the introduction of misfit dislocations is energetically favourable, may be obtained. Explicit expressions for the energy and critical thickness were determined for the particular case of the 60° dislocation in III–V compounds. The graded epilayer thickness at which all substrate-inherited threading dislocations are eliminated is also calculated.
Lack of efficacy of oral bovine type II collagen added to existing therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of oral type II collagen (CII) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), when added to existing therapy. Methods Patients with active RA (n = 190) were randomized into a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients continued to take their current arthritis medications. Patients received either placebo or bovine CII, 0.1 mg/day for 1 month, then 0.5 mg/day for 5 months. Results There were no significant differences between the baseline characteristics of either group. The primary response parameter was the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) preliminary definition of improvement in RA (ACR 20). There was no statistically significant difference in the ACR 20 after 6 months (20.0% of placebo patients; 16.84% of bovine CII patients). There were significant differences in several clinical variables after treatment, all favoring the placebo group. Conclusion Oral solubilized bovine CII, added to existing therapy, did not improve disease activity in patients with RA.
Effect of overaging and particle size on tensile deformation and fracture of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites

The effect of reinforcement particle size and overaging treatment on the tensile behavior and fracture morphology of a 2080/SiC/20p composite was investigated. Tensile behavior was profoundly influenced by particle size and matrix strength. The composite strength increased with a decrease in particle size, while overaging greatly reduced the strength of the composite, independent of particle size. Almost all particles on the fracture plane were fractured, and the amount of particle fracture in the composites was insensitive to overaging and particle size, due to the excellent bonding between SiC particles and the Al matrix. Fractography showed that void nucleation in the matrix of peak-aged composites took place primarily at very fine SiC particles, which were much smaller than the average SiC particle size. Subsequent failure took place by the tearing topography surface (TTS) mechanism. In the overaged composite, composites failed by a more conventional void nucleation and growth process, where void nucleation took place at coarsened S precipitate particles, resulting in smaller and more elongated voids.
Cotton Growth and Physiological Responses to Boron Deficiency

Abstract Boron (B) deficiency is common in some cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing regions of the world. A better understanding of changes in the growth and physiological characteristics of cotton plants during the development of B deficiency will help us to define field diagnosis techniques and improve B fertilizer management recommendation. An experiment was conducted in a controlled‐environment growth chamber to determine effects of B deficiency during early vegetative growth on leaf photosynthesis, plant dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic assimilate partitioning, and other physiological parameters. Boron deficiency considerably decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate, plant height, leaf area, fruiting sites, and dry matter accumulation during squaring and fruiting. Depressed photosynthesis and plant growth (especially fruits and roots) resulted in increased fruit abscission and changes in dry matter partitioning among plant tissues. The results help explain effects of B deficiency on suppressi...
Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2-heptanol and 3-octanol by microbial reductases ofCurvularia falcata andMucor species.

Certain insects produce 2-heptanol or 3-octanol in various glandular secretions and recent studies have shown that the 3-octanol of two different genera of ants (Crematogaster andMyrmica) can be either the (S)-(+) or mainly the (R)-(−) enantiomer, respectively. Synthesis of each of these alcohols can be achieved in relatively high enantiomeric purity by certain microbial reductases. The corresponding ketone of each alcohol is reduced byCurvularia falcata, giving an alcohol which is about 90% the (S)-(+) enantiomer, and twoMucor species give as much as 80% the (R)-(−) enantiomer. The synthesis of certain chiral alcohols from their corresponding ketones by microbial reductases can offer a simple procedure for obtaining sufficient amounts of these substances for certain behavioral studies.
Lesions of the entorhinal cortex disrupt behavioral and neuronal responses to context change during extinction of discriminative avoidance behavior.

Rabbits given either electrolytic lesions of the entorhinal cortex or sham-lesions were trained to prevent a foot-shock by stepping in an activity wheel after one tone, a positive conditioned stimulus (CS+), and to ignore a different tone, a negative conditioned stimulus (CS–). Neuronal activity was recorded simultaneously in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, the CA1 cell field of hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortical area 24b and posterior cingulate cortical area 29c/d. The activity of neurons in the entorhinal cortex was recorded in the controls. Acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses (CRs) was not affected by lesions of the entorhinal cortex. Discriminative neuronal activity (greater neuronal responses to the CS+ than to the CS–) during CR acquisition was significantly enhanced in hippocampal area CA1 and attenuated in the basolateral amygdala in rabbits with lesions. Following acquisition to a criterion, two counterbalanced extinction tests were administered, one in the original context and the other in the presence of novel contextual stimuli. CR frequency was significantly reduced in controls but not in rabbits with lesions, during extinction with novel contextual stimuli, relative to performance in the original context. The rabbits with lesions also showed fewer inter-trial responses than controls during extinction in the original context but inter-trial response frequency in rabbits with lesions did not differ from the frequency in controls during extinction in the novel context. Neurons in the basolateral amygdala in controls showed discriminative activity during extinction in the original context but not in the novel context. Amygdalar neurons in the rabbits with lesions did not show discriminative activity during extinction in either context. Posterior cingulate cortical neurons in control rabbits did not show discriminative activity during extinction in the original context but these neurons exhibited robust discriminative activity in the novel context. Posterior cingulate cortical neurons in rabbits with lesions showed discriminative activity in both extinction sessions. The results indicated that the entorhinal cortex does not play a significant role in the acquisition of discriminative avoidance behavior, under the employed conditions of training. However, the interactions of neurons in the entorhinal cortex, amygdala and cingulate cortex are essential for contextual modulation of CRs during extinction.
Complexity of myosin species in the avian posterior latissimus dorsi muscle

The myosin content of the avian posterior latissimus dorsi muscle, a small fast-twitch muscle similar in fibre type to the much-studied pectoralis major muscle (type IIB), has been explored using high resolution chromatography of the proteolytic fragment known as subfragment-1 and of the products of its limited tryptic digestion, followed by N-terminal sequencing of selected peptides. The complexity of species found greatly exceeds that anticipated from the fibre-type homogeneity of the muscle and from previous studies (Bandmanet al., Cell29 (1982) 645–50; Loweyet al., J. Musc. Res. Cell Motility4 (1983) 695–716; Crow & StockdaleDev. Biol.118 (1986) 333–42). A minimum of four heavy chain species were identified. One form, approximately 40% of the heavy chain complement, appears to be identical to the well-characterized type IIB isoform of the pectoralis major muscle. The remaining species differ from the pectoralis major form in primary sequence. None is identical to the post-hatch isoform of the pectoralis major muscle.
A linear programming analysis of liquid-fuel production and use options for Australia

Abstract The linear programming model, MARKAL, was used to analyse minimum discounted cost configurations for the Australian energy system over the period 1980–2020. Particular attention was focussed on options available for augmenting falling local oil production and for maintaining liquid fuel supplies to the transport sector. Two different assumptions for future primary energy prices were analysed: a linear doubling of real prices by 2020, and a constant real price. Under the increasing price scenario, Australia has opportunities to bring brown coal liquefaction, oil shale production and methanol production from natural gas to add to liquid fuel supplies. On the demand side, vehicles fueled by LPG and CNG, and coal-fired ships provide the best methods to curtail oil imports within the framework of the assumptions and data used. On the other hand, if primary energy prices were to remain constant in real terms to 2020, Australia's self-sufficiency in oil products would decline to less than half present levels and with only limited methanol production becoming viable on the supply side. However, even under this assumption, ready opportunities exist to reduce the system cost by switching away from fuels derived from imported oil to indigenous supplies of LPG, CNG, and coal.
A fast algorithm for multilinear operators

Article history: This paper introduces a fast algorithm for computing multilinear integrals which are defined through Fourier multipliers. The algorithm is based on generating a hierarchical decomposition of the summation domain into squares, constructing a low-rank approxi- mation for the multiplier function within each square, and applying an FFT based fast convolution algorithm for the computation associated with each square. The resulting algorithm is accurate and has a linear complexity, up to logarithmic factors, with respect to the number of the unknowns in the input functions. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the properties of this algorithm.
The roles of monoamine neural systems in the anorexia induced by(+)-amphetamine and related compounds.

Abstract The anorectic effects of ( + )-amphetamine, mephentermine, methylphenidate, amantα-dine, or fenfluramine were examined in animals pretreated intracisternally with either 6-hydroxydopamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Destruction of brain dopamine systems antagonized the anorectic effect of ( +)-amphetamine and mephentermine, but did not block the anorectic effects of fenfluramine. Neither destruction of brain norepinephrine systems nor depletion of norepinephrine with the dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitor, U-14,624, antagonized the anorectic response to ( + )-amphetamine. While destruction of brain serotonin-containing systems did not alter the anorectic response to ( + )-amphetamine, it significantly enhanced the anorectic potency of fenfluramine.
Differential thermal analysis to establish the stability of aluminum-fly ash composites during synthesis and reheating

Abstract The major constituents of fly ash are various oxides of silicon, aluminum, and iron present in complex glass and ceramic forms. Thermodynamic analysis indicates the possibility of exothermic reduction of silica and iron oxides by molten aluminum; however, no data is available on the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions in a complex glass ceramic particles like fly ash, and this makes predictions about their stability difficult. In view of this, differential thermal analysis was used to establish the influence of processing and reheating on the stability of the aluminum-fly ash composite system using aluminum-fly ash composite-aluminum couples. During cooling of the sample after reheating in DTA equipment, several exothermic peaks were recorded, suggesting that rapid chemical reactions occur between aluminum and fly ash after pressure infiltration at 700°C. After 1 h of holding at 850°C, the DTA showed less than 1/2 of the exothermic peaks indicating rapid reaction during that period. After 10 h of holding at 850°C, a similar DTA plot showed no exothermic peaks except that for aluminum phase transformation. This suggests that the reactions between aluminum and fly ash were close to completion. The liquidus temperature of the once-pure aluminum matrix was seen to decrease from 655 to 644°C because of solute enrichment from reduction and dissolution of the silicon and iron oxides in the fly ash. The results of the present DTA study indicate that pressure infiltrated aluminum–40 vol.% fly ash composite made in this study was chemically stable after holding for 10 h at 850°C, demonstrating the usefulness of DTA to establish the chemical stability of aluminum-fly ash composites during synthesis and reheating.
Nuclear receptor regulation of stemness and stem cell differentiation

Stem cells include a diverse number of toti-, pluri-, and multi-potent cells that play important roles in cellular genesis and differentiation, tissue development, and organogenesis. Genetic regulation involving various transcription factors results in the self-renewal and differentiation properties of stem cells. The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is composed of 48 ligand-activated transcription factors involved in diverse physiological functions such as metabolism, development, and reproduction. Increasing evidence shows that certain NRs function in regulating stemness or differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells and tissue-specific adult stem cells. Here, we review the role of the NR superfamily in various aspects of stem cell biology, including their regulation of stemness, forward- and trans-differentiation events; reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells; and interspecies differences. These studies provide insights into the therapeutic potential of the NR superfamily in stem cell therapy and in treating stem cell-associated diseases (e.g., cancer stem cell).
Scientific objectives of the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX)

The Monsoon Experiment is the core of the GARP Monsoon Subprogramme, which is a major international effort to achieve a better understanding of the Planetary monsoon circulation, the major seasonal perturbation of the general circulation of the atmosphere and the influence of the annual cycle of precipitation associated with the monsoon on the agriculture of the many populous nations of the region.
Über die Fluvographie als Methode zur Erfassung des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes der Hornschicht

Bei 15 Versuchspersonen wurde am Handrucken fluvographisch die Warmetransportzahl λ vor und nach 1stundiger Anwendung von Unguentum Alcoholum Lanae gemessen. Zur Differenzierung in λ der durchbluteten Haut und λG der nichtdurchbluteten Haut wurde auserdem der Drosselungstest durchgefuhrt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das das geprufte Externum λG der nichtdurchbluteten Haut vergrosert, die Microcirculation jedoch unbeeinflust last. Bei weiteren 60 Versuchspersonen wurde am Rucken an symmetrischen Stellen vor und nach Externumanwendung λ gemessen. Als Externa wurden Unguentum Alcoholum Lanae, Unguentum Lanae aquosum, Vaselinum album, Adeps benzoatus, 5% Acidum salicylicum in Unguentum Alcoholum Lanae und 10% Sulfur praecipitatum in Unguentum Alcoholum Lanae appliziert. Alle gepruften Externa fuhren zu einer λ-Zunahme, die jedoch bei Unguentum Alcoholum Lanae am meisten ausgepragt war. Diese Ergebnisse konnen so interpretiert werden, das die genannten Externa zu einer Zunahme des Wassergehaltes der Hornschicht fuhren, die jedoch bei den verschiedenen Externa unterschiedlich stark ist. Die beschriebene Mesanordnung ist moglicherweise eine fur die mestechnische Erfassung des Wassergehaltes der Hornschicht geeignete Methode. Fluvography as a Method for the Detection of Humidity of Stratum corneum The heat transport coefficient λ before and after application of wool alcohol ointment for one hour was measured fluvographically on the back of the hand in 15 test subjects. In addition, the tourniquet test was performed to differentiate into λ of the skin with blood flow and λG of the skin without blood flow. The results show that the external preparation tested increases the λG of the skin without blood flow, but does not influence the microcirculation. In a further 60 test subjects, λ was measured on the back at symmetrical points before and after application of external preparations. The external preparations applied were wool alcohol ointment, aqueous wool alcohol ointment, white vaseline, benzoinated lard, 5% salicylic acid in wool alcohol ointment and 10% precipitated sulfur in wool alcohol ointment. All external preparations tested lead to an increase in λ. However, the increase was most pronounced with wool alcohol ointment. These results may be interpreted in terms on an increase in the water content of the stratum corneum caused by the preparations applied. However, this effect differs in intensity in the different external preparations. The measurement paradigm described may be a suitable method for measuring the water content of the stratum corneum.
Visual contrast enhances food and liquid intake in advanced Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Background & aims : Patients with severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) in long-term care have deficient contrast sensitivity and poor food and liquid intake. The present study examined how contrast manipulations affect these intake levels. Methods : Participants were nine men with advanced AD. Independent variables were meal type (lunch and supper) and condition (baseline, intervention, and post-intervention). Dependent variables were amount of food (grams) and liquid (ounces). Data were collected for 30 days (10 days per condition) for two meals per day. White tableware was used for the baseline and post-intervention conditions, and high-contrast red tableware for the intervention condition. In a follow-up study 1 year later, other contrast conditions were examined (high-contrast blue, low-contrast red and low-contrast blue). Results : Mean percent increase was 25% for food and 84% for liquid for the high-contrast intervention (red) versus baseline (white) condition, with 8 of 9 participants exhibiting increased intake. In the follow-up study, the high-contrast intervention (blue) resulted in significant increases in food and liquid intake; the low-contrast red and low-contrast blue interventions were ineffectual. Conclusions : Simple environmental manipulations, such as contrast enhancement, can significantly increase food and liquid intake in frail demented patients with AD.
Functional uncoupling of the inhibitory α1-adrenergic response from a G-protein in innervated cultured cardiac cells by K+ depolarization ☆

Under normal physiological conditions, the adult rat heart exhibits an alpha 1-adrenergic mediated decrease in rate. The negative chromotropic effect of alpha 1-stimulation in the adult depends upon maturation of sympathetic innervation and the presence of a pertussis toxin (PT)-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein. We have previously used a cell culture model of neonatal myocardial cells to demonstrate more directly that sympathetic innervation is an important feature of the mature response. After alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes cultured with sympathetic ganglion cells [nerve-muscle (NM) co-cultures] respond predominantly by a decrease in rate, whereas pure muscle cultures show an exclusive increase in rate. Since it has been reported that the inhibitory alpha 1-response in intact tissue is lost upon depolarization, the present study was designed to determine whether the negative chronotropic response could be reversed by potassium (K+) depolarization. We also investigated whether there might be an associated reduction in the PT-sensitive G protein linked to the negative chronotropic response. Thus, the effect of high K+ depolarization on both the alpha 1-adrenergic chronotropic response and the level of the PT-sensitive G protein was examined in NM co-cultures. Extracellular high K+ acutely and reversibly converted the phenylephrine-mediated chronotropic response from negative to positive. The positive chronotropic response in high K+ was alpha 1-mediated and not secondary to catecholamine release from adrenergic neurons. Loss of the inhibitory response in high K+ was not associated with a change in the level of the PT-sensitive G protein. Thus, the presence of a PT-sensitive G protein is necessary, but not sufficient to permit the expression of the mature alpha 1-adrenergic negative chronotropic response in innervated cardiac cells in culture.
RORγ directly regulates the circadian expression of clock genes and downstream targets in vivo

In this study, we demonstrate that the lack of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR) γ or α expression in mice significantly reduced the peak expression level of Cry1, Bmal1, E4bp4, Rev-Erbα and Per2 in an ROR isotype- and tissue-selective manner without affecting the phase of their rhythmic expression. Analysis of RORγ/RORα double knockout mice indicated that in certain tissues RORγ and RORα exhibited a certain degree of redundancy in regulating clock gene expression. Reporter gene analysis showed that RORγ was able to induce reporter gene activity through the RORE-containing regulatory regions of Cry1, Bmal1, Rev-Erbα and E4bp4. Co-expression of Rev-Erbα or addition of a novel ROR antagonist repressed this activation. ChIP-Seq and ChIP-Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) analysis demonstrated that in vivo RORγ regulate these genes directly and in a Zeitgeber time (ZT)-dependent manner through these ROREs. This transcriptional activation by RORs was associated with changes in histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility. The rhythmic expression of RORγ1 by clock proteins may lead to the rhythmic expression of RORγ1 target genes. The presence of RORγ binding sites and its down-regulation in RORγ-/- liver suggest that the rhythmic expression of Avpr1a depends on RORγ consistent with the concept that RORγ1 provides a link between the clock machinery and its regulation of metabolic genes.
Exact-finite-range distorted-wave Born-approximation and coupled-channel Born-approximation reaction calculations

The traditional formulation of the exact-finite-range calculation is demonstrated to have a procedural flaw which impeded unnecessarily the computational time. A revised method is shown to be in principle significantly more efficient than currently existing approaches. When the exact calculation is applied to the $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$($^{19}\mathrm{F}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$)$^{31}\mathrm{P}$ reaction, the spin-orbit potential predictions are found to disagree with recently published norecoil approximation analyses.
An analysis pattern for invoice processing

We discuss an analysis pattern for invoice processing. The pattern describes events such as the creation and validation of an invoice, followed by the payment process. This pattern is composed of two simpler patterns that describe the creation and payment of the invoice, respectively. The composite pattern represents a minimum application so that it can be applied to a variety of situations and it can be combined with other related patterns to describe more complex applications. The component patterns have value of their own and can be used independently.
Life prediction of coated and uncoated metallic interconnect for solid oxide fuel cell applications

In this paper, we present an integrated experimental and modeling methodology in predicting the life of coated and uncoated metallic interconnect (IC) for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. The ultimate goal is to provide cell designer and manufacture with a predictive methodology such that the life of the IC system can be managed and optimized through different coating thickness to meet the overall cell designed life. Crofer 22 APU is used as the example IC material system. The life of coated and uncoated Crofer 22 APU under isothermal cooling was predicted by comparing the predicted interfacial strength and the interfacial stresses induced by the cooling process from the operating temperature to room temperature, together with the measured oxide scale growth kinetics. It was found that the interfacial strength between the oxide scale and the Crofer 22 APU substrate decreases with the growth of the oxide scale, and that the interfacial strength for the oxide scale/spinel coating interface is much higher than that of the oxide scale/Crofer 22 APU substrate interface. As expected, the predicted life of the coated Crofer 22 APU is significantly longer than that of the uncoated Crofer 22 APU.
Three ways to think about testing in econometrics

Abstract Recent methodological disputes amongst econometricians are shown to depend critically upon a sequence of differing conceptions of the empirical process, although they are nowhere spelled out in detail. The third conception of critical postmodernism is further described, comparing practices across physics, psychology, and economics using both narratives from recent philosophy of science and the technique of Birge ratios.