cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accessibility of low-molecular-weight crystallins to ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases

Low-molecular-weight crystallin was isolated from bovine lenses. Its purity was established by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis. The amino-acid composition, in general, and the total available acidic and basic sites, in particular, were obtained by amino-acid analysis. The accessibility of low-molecular-weight crystallins to ammonia and hydrogen chloride vapor was obtained by high vacuum vapor sorption. The sorption and desorption isotherms were analysed regarding the gas uptake at different vapor pressures. The amount of ammonia and hydrogen chloride irreversibly sorbed and retained as well as the hysteresis imply high accessibility of crystallins to the polar gases. The results indicate that molecular self aggregation of low-molecular-weight crystallins in solid state occurs mostly through hydrophobic domains.
A Role for DNA Mismatch Repair Protein Msh2 in Error-Prone Double-Strand Break Repair in Mammalian Chromosomes

We examined error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) in Msh2-deficient and wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. A DNA substrate containing a thymidine kinase (tk) gene fused to a neomycin-resistance (neo) gene was stably integrated into cells. The fusion gene was rendered nonfunctional due to a 22-bp oligonucleotide insertion, which included the 18-bp I-SceI endonuclease recognition site, within the tk portion of the fusion gene. A double-strand break (DSB) was induced by transiently expressing the I-SceI endonuclease, and deletions or insertions that restored the tk-neo fusion gene's reading frame were recovered by selecting for G418-resistant colonies. Overall, neither the frequency of recovery of G418-resistant colonies nor the sizes of NHEJ-associated deletions were substantially different for the mutant vs. wild-type cell lines. However, we did observe greater usage of terminal microhomology among NHEJ events recovered from wild-type cells as compared to Msh2 mutants. Our results suggest that Msh2 influences error-prone NHEJ repair at the step of pairing of terminal DNA tails. We also report the recovery from both wild-type and Msh2-deficient cells of an unusual class of NHEJ events associated with multiple deletion intervals, and we discuss a possible mechanism for the generation of these "discontinuous deletions."
On the formation of coronal cavities

We present a theoretical study of the formation of a coronal cavity and its relation to a quiescent prominence. We argue that the formation of a coronal cavity is initiated by the condensation of plasma which is trapped by the coronal magnetic field in a closed streamer and which then flows down to the chromosphere along the field lines due to lack of stable magnetic support against gravity. The existence of a coronal cavity depends on the coronal magnetic field strength; with low strength, the plasma density is not high enough for condensation to occur. Furthermore, we suggest that prominence and cavity material is supplied from the chromospheric level. Whether a coronal cavity and a prominence coexist depends on the magnetic field configuration; a prominence requires stable magnetic support.
Polycystin-1 Interacts with Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor to Modulate Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling with Implications for Polycystic Kidney Disease

The PKD1 or PKD2 genes encode polycystins (PC) 1 and 2, which are associated with polycystic kidney disease. Previously we demonstrated that PC2 interacts with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) to modulate Ca2+ signaling. Here, we investigate whether PC1 also regulates IP3R. We generated a fragment encoding the last six transmembrane (TM) domains of PC1 and the C-terminal tail (QIF38), a section with the highest homology to PC2. Using a Xenopus oocyte Ca2+ imaging system, we observed that expression of QIF38 significantly reduced the initial amplitude of IP3-induced Ca2+ transients, whereas a mutation lacking the C-terminal tail did not. Thus, the C terminus is essential to QIF38 function. Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that through its C terminus, QIF38 associates with the IP3-binding domain of IP3R. A shorter PC1 fragment spanning only the last TM and the C-terminal tail also reduced IP3-induced Ca2+ release, whereas another C-terminal fragment lacking any TM domain did not. Thus, only endoplasmic reticulum-localized PC1 can modulate IP3R. Finally, we show that in the polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, heterologous expression of full-length PC1 resulted in a smaller IP3-induced Ca2+ response. Overexpression of the IP3-binding domain of IP3R reversed the inhibitory effect of PC1, suggesting interaction of full-length PC1 (or its cleavage forms) with endogenous IP3R in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. These results indicate that the behavior of full-length PC1 in mammalian cells is congruent with that of PC1 C-terminal fragments in the oocyte system. These data demonstrate that PC1 inhibits Ca2+ release, perhaps opposing the effect of PC2, which facilitates Ca2+ release through the IP3R.
Effects of Synthesis Conditions on Macroscopic and Microscopic Properties of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Fibers

Experiments were conducted to prepare ordered mesoporous silica fibers under different conditions (precursor type, temperature, acid concentration, and growth time). The ordered mesoporous silica fibers can be obtained with tetrabutyl orthosilicate as the silica source under the following conditions: temperature at 300 K; and tetrabutyl orthosilicate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, HCl, and water molar ratio of 1.0, 0.5, 10−98, and 2000. Synthesis at temperatures above 300 K resulted in ordered mesoporous silica of nonfibrous geometry (films or particles) due to a fast transfer rate of silica source material. A variation in acid concentration in the range of 2.0−6.4 vol % accelerates the formation of fibers with more pore microstructural ordering. Higher acid concentration leads to formation of irregular nonfibrous silica forms besides fibers due to rapid silica hydrolysis/condensation. Under controlled conditions the fibers' diameter becomes larger with a broader distribution for samples with longer gr...
Tyrosine hydroxylase- and nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibers in mitral valve of young adult and aged Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Using confocal fluorescence microscopy we studied, in whole mounts of heart mitral valves of young adult and aged Fischer 344 rats, the distribution of nerves containing the catecholamine marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or the synthetic enzyme marker for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase (NOS). TH-IR was localized in two separate nerve plexuses which do not intermingle. The ‘major’ plexus arose from the annulus region, traversed the basal zone of the valve, and ramified in the intermediate zone to form a dense network of fine fibers. The ‘minor’ plexus was restricted to the distal zone and originated from bundles that ascended the chordae tendineae to enter the valve cusp. A concentric zone located between the major and minor plexuses was devoid of TH-IR nerve fibers. Both plexuses demonstrated ( i ) nerves that contained numerous varicosities along the length of each fiber, (ii) many terminal axons and (iii) different shaped terminal axon endings. With age, the density of TH-IR innervation in the mitral valve was markedly reduced; and nerve fibers of the minor plexus were limited to the chordae tendinae, without extending into the valve cusp itself. NOS-IR fibers in the mitral valve formed a loose network that extended from the annulus to more than halfway down the cusp. The varicose beads of the terminal NOS-IR axons appeared to become progressively smaller and less intensely fluorescent until they disappeared at the terminal endings, which showed no specializations. No NOS-IR fibers were observed in the distal zone of the valve leaflet or in the chordae. In the aged mitral valve, the density of NOS-IR nerves was decreased, as compared with NOS-IR innervation in the young adult valve. The existence of TH and NOS as well as other signal molecule markers in heart valve nerves and the disparate patterns of their distribution and localization provide evidence supporting the theory that heart valve nerves form a complex reflexogenic control system in the mitral heart valve. In summary, two distinct neural architectures are described for TH-IR and NOS-IR valve nerves, respectively. The former are believed to be axons dedicated to sympathetic motor functions. The NOS-IR valve nerves may have sensory and/or postganglionic parasympathetic motor functions. An implication of these findings is that different, but perhaps related, valve functions may be mediated by separate, dedicated circuits.
Deposition of aerosol in a plastic chamber

Abstract A study was made of the concentration decrease of aerosol in a polystyrene chamber. Losses to the walls of the plastic chamber due to electrostatic attraction were as high as 75% in 20 min. Using a dry aerosol dispersion technique, the wall-loss rate constant β was nearly independent of concentration but decreased with time. A spray aerosol dispersal technique from ethanol gave lower values of β, which were either constant or slightly decreasing with time. These differences have been attributed to electrical mobility distributions produced by the dispersal techniques.
Formocresol pulpotomy in deciduous teeth

Coronal pulp amputation and applica­ tion of formocresol for three to five days was used in the treatment of 324 decidu­ ous molars with carious exposures. Roentgenographic and clinical evaluations were carried out over four years; treat­ ment was successful in more than 90 per cent of the molars treated by use of the formocresol-pulpotomy technic. Formocresol pulpotomy results in a vi­ able , pulp. Consequently, the procedure properly may be considered a vital rather than a nonvital technic. This technic is the method of choice for carious expo­ sures in deciduous teeth.
Evidence for charge–vortex duality at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface

The concept of duality has proved extremely powerful in extending our understanding in many areas of physics. Charge-vortex duality has been proposed as a model to understand the superconductor to insulator transition in disordered thin films and Josephson junction arrays. In this model, on the superconducting side, one has delocalized Cooper pairs but localized vortices; while on the insulating side, one has localized Cooper pairs but mobile vortices. Here we show a new experimental manifestation of this duality in the electron gas that forms at the interface between LaAlO(3) and SrTiO(3). The effect is due to the motion of vortices generated by the magnetization dynamics of the ferromagnet that also forms at the same interface, which results in an increase in resistance on the superconducting side of the transition, but an increase in conductance on the insulating side.
A temperature-sensitive mutant of simian virus 40 affecting transforming ability.

Abstract In productive infection of monkey BSC-1 cells, ts 640, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of simian virus 40 (SV40), was defective in its ability to synthesize infectious viral DNA and infectious viral particles at the restrictive temperature of 40 °, but not at the permissive temperature of 33 °. Growth of the mutant after infection with viral DNA was also temperature-sensitive, indicating that the block to multiplication at 40 ° is not due to failure in adsorption, penetration or uncoating. Results of mixed infections with other ts mutants showed that the gene identified in this mutant is different from those two cistrons which had been suggested to specify virion proteins. In nonproductive infection of rat 3Y1 cells, ts 640 was temperature-sensitive in its transforming ability at 40 ° but not at 33 °, providing evidence that cell transformation by SV40 is under the control of a viral gene function. The transformed cells obtained at 33 ° appeared not to revert to normal when shifted to 40 °, as judged from their colonial morphology under the standard culture conditions.
Ultrastructural and functional changes during metamorphosis of a proleg muscle and its innervation in Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae)

Structural and functional changes have been correlated during metamorphic degeneration of a single muscle fiber, the plantar retractor of G. mellonella, its axon, and their junctions to determine which features persist as long as muscle contractility. Changes commence simultaneously in muscle and nerve near cuticular attachments, and spread towards the center. Alterations associated with the muscle, including appearance of collapsed tracheoles and mitochondria with dense bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Within 12 hours after pupal ecdysis some tracheolar withdrawal occurs, sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes reduced, and many mitochondria have dense bodies, dense membranes, or are enlarged. By 17–19 hours primary myofilaments and striations begin to disappear, microtubules and autophagic vacuole-like bodies appear, and phagocytes invade the muscle. It remains partially contractile upon electrically stimulating its nerve, the ventral nerve, until these changes spread throughout the fiber. Neuromuscular junction changes, including appearance of dense mitochondria and isolation bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Junctions become fewer, and none remain in those muscle areas where tracheoles, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and primary myofilaments have disappeared. Preliminary studies on nerve discharge activity to the muscle suggest that nerve silence occurs at approximately the time when the muscle loses all contractility. In some axons isolation bodies appear and neurotubules are lost, other axons remain unchanged, and new ones develop later in the pupal state. Phagocytes invade the neural lamella and it disappears in the late pupa, but it reappears in the adult. The adult ventral nerve has over three times more axons and a thinner layer of glial cells than the larval nerve.
Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for patients with exclusions from thrombolysis

Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a recognized alternative to intravenous thrombolytic therapy for early acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Fewer than one half of patients with AMI are candidates for thrombolytic therapy. We reviewed the records of 251 patients with the discharge diagnosis of AMI to determine the number of patients ineligible for thrombolysis who might be treatable with reperfusion methods other than intravenous thrombolysis. Forty percent of the patients (n = 101) were first seen within 6 hours and 51% (n = 128) were first seen within 12 hours of symptom onset. One third of the patients (n = 83) had no clear symptom at the time of initial examination. Exclusion criteria for intravenous thrombolysis were present in 187 of 251 patients (75%). Exclusion criteria for thrombolytic therapy included ECG ineligibility (n = 133), chest pain for more than 6 hours (n = 67), and age over 75 years (n = 64), comprising 79% of all exclusions. Of those first seen within 6 hours of symptom onset, 43 of 101 patients (43%) had an ineligible ECG, and 13 of 101 (13%) had age over 75 as exclusion criteria for thrombolysis. Forty-eight of 251 patients (19%) received intravenous thrombolysis. After early coronary angiography, intracoronary thrombolysis, direct PTCA, and emergency coronary artery bypass grafting were used in an additional 30 patients. The use of other forms of reperfusion therapy increased the number of patients treated early to 70 of 251 (28%) (p = 0.03). The use of a variety of forms of reperfusion therapy substantially increases the number of patients treated early compared with sole use of intravenous thrombolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Glucocorticoids may alter antioxidant enzyme capacity in the brain: kainic acid studies

Glucocorticoids (GCs) predispose hippocampal neurons to damage during metabolic stressors. One component of hippocampal GC-endangerment may be changes in neuronal defenses against oxidative challenge. Previous experiments showed a decrease in basal levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSPx) in the brain of rats treated with GCs [L. McIntosh, K. Hong, R. Sapolsky, Glucocorticoids may alter antioxidant enzyme capacity in the brain: baseline studies, 1997.]. In this study we administered the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain, and monitored the activity of four antioxidant enzymes over 24 h in GC-free and GC-supplemented rats. We tested the response pattern in three regions of the brain (hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum) and the liver as a peripheral control. In the hippocampus, KA induced Cu/Zn SOD and catalase, but GCs prevented the induction of catalase and maintained the lowered GSPx activity seen previously in the baseline studies. In the cortex, KA induced Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD and catalase activity, but there was no significant GC effect. There was no response to KA in the cerebellum, but GCs decreased GSPx activity. In the liver, KA produced a rise in Cu/Zn SOD and catalase activity, and GC-treated animals showed a slower return to baseline. These experiments indicate that the impairment of antioxidant enzyme defenses, particularly the hippocampal peroxidases, could be a component of GC-mediated neuroendangerment.
Neutron-helium scattering

Abstract Relative differential cross sections of neutrons elastically scattered from 4 He were measured at neutron energies of 0.55, 0.84, 1.16 and 1.33 MeV. The scattered neutrons were detected in a time-of-flight spectrometer for c.m. angles ranging from 25° to 161°. The relative differential cross sections are compared to curves generated from phase shifts published elsewhere.
The effect of elastic modulus on channel crack propagation in organosilicate glass films

Abstract The scaling demands of high-performance, silicon-based devices require the integration of low dielectric constant (low- κ ) materials for interconnecting structures. The group of materials known as organosilicate glass has emerged as the predominant choice for intermetal dielectrics in 65 and 90 nm node devices. The material has a characteristic tensile residual stress and low fracture toughness. A potential failure mechanism for this class of films during the manufacturing process is catastrophic fracture resulting from channel cracking. Channel crack velocity is dependent on several material properties, with the residual film stress, plane-strain modulus, and film bond density serving as key parameters. A model that predicts channel-crack propagation behavior in silica-based low-dielectric constant materials is described. Using a rigorous fracture mechanics analysis, we derive a set of fracture constants that govern channel cracking of organosilicate coatings on silicon substrates; these fracture parameters are used to predict crack behavior in six separate low- κ films with distinct elastic moduli in both ambient air conditions and de-ionized water. The analysis demonstrates that for a given film thickness, the crack propagation rate is extremely sensitive to the value of the elastic modulus, especially when the material is compliant.
Proton radiation effects on the photoluminescence of infrared InAs/InAsSb superlattices

Infrared detector arrays operating in space must be able to withstand defect-inducing proton radiation without performance degradation. Therefore, it is imperative that the proton-radiation hardness of infrared detector materials be investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) is sensitive to defects in materials, and thus can be used to quantify the effects of proton-radiation-induced defects. The excitation intensity-dependent PL was used to examine of a set of InAs/InAsSb superlattices before and after 63-MeV-proton irradiation. A proton dose of 100 kRad(Si) was applied to a different piece of each superlattice sample. The low-temperature excitation intensity dependent PL results reveal minimal increases in the carrier concentration, non-radiative recombination, and the PL full-width half-maximum. These results suggest that InAs/InAsSb superlattices are quite tolerant of proton irradiation and may be suitable for space infrared detector arrays.
Creative thinking in digital game design and development: A case study

In a case study on middle-school student educational game creation course in south central US state, the students' creative thinking process is investigated in order to understand perceptions of the digital design and programming involved in the game creation learning approach. Interviewing 12 students at with three different levels of game design experience, students in grade 6, 7 and 8, with 1, 2, and 3 years of game design experience respectively, findings suggest that students enjoyed the learning approach as satisfying and engaging, yet technologically challenging. The students experienced positive opportunities for engaging the creative thinking process in synthesizing social issue information for constructing their understanding through the creation of interactive, educational digital games. Findings suggest that the creative thinking process in student-centered game creation learning approach may provide learners a rich and enjoyable learning experience with the authentic technology use as well as provide for deep, insightful learning.
Practitioner attributes as predictors of restrictive practices in assertive community treatment.

BACKGROUND: Practitioners variably use restrictive practices with assertive community treatment (ACT) consumers. Little is known about practitioner attributes, such as pessimistic attitudes and lack of advanced education, which may predict greater use of restrictive practices. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of restrictive practices in ACT and examine the relationship between practitioner attributes, particularly pessimistic attitudes and education, and the frequency with which restrictive practices are reportedly used in daily treatment of adults with severe mental illness. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 122 ACT practitioners in one state. RESULTS: More restrictive practices were rarely reported by practitioners. Pessimistic attitudes and lack of graduate-level training were associated with self-reported higher use of restrictive practices, even when controlling for select consumer caseload variables and ACT program fidelity. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the need to identify practitioner-r...
Note: A Combinatorial construction of the Gray map over Galois rings

In this correspondence, we will introduce a new combinatorial method for a coordinate-wise construction of the homogeneous-weight preserving Gray map for Galois rings by using elementary tools from Affine Geometries. Our construction differs in the methods used from the algebraic constructions done previously in [M. Greferath, S.E. Schmidt, Gray Isometries for finite chain rings and a nonlinear ternary (36, 3^1^2, 15) code, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 45 (1999) 2522-2524; S. Ling, J.T. Blackford, Z"p"k"+"1-linear codes, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 48 (2002) 2592-2605].
A survey of ten money and banking textbooks

(1985). A Survey of Ten Money and Banking Textbooks. The Journal of Economic Education: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 313-318.
Pneumatic-less high-speed vacuum meso-pump driven by programmable hydraulics

We present the full testing and characterization results of a pneumatic-less high-speed roughing (vacuum) meso-pump that demonstrates, within our knowledge, the best near-atmosphere performance-up to date while obviating the conventional dependence on pneumatics (e.g. gas cylinders). The roughing pump operates completely all-electrically by manipulating multiple micro membranes utilizing only a single electromagnetic actuator, thus in the smallest packaged volume (22.8cc) of the same kinds while achieving a record vacuum of 206 torr within only 5 minutes. The single actuator operation is enabled by developing programmable micro hydraulics designs where multiple pump membranes were passively-controlled with designed time delays in a desired sequence. The fabricated prototype produced the maximum flow rate of 11.56 sccm at 50 Hz electromagnetic driving frequency; continually operated over 466 hours; and successfully demonstrated the timed actuation of multiple membranes utilizing only a single electromagnetic actuator.
Dubowitz syndrome in a boy without developmental delay : Further evidence for phenotypic variability

Dubowitz syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, eczema, telecanthus, epicanthal folds, blepharophimosis, ptosis, and broadening of the bridge and tip of the nose. The initial patients described had varying degrees of mental retardation and there is little information about long-term developmental outcome. We present a boy with Dubowitz syndrome who does not have developmental delays, providing additional evidence that the phenotype includes normal neurodevelopmental status.
Automaticity in rule-based and information-integration categorization

Three experiments studied the effects of category structure on the development of categorization automaticity. In Experiment 1, participants were each trained for over 10,000 trials in a simple categorization task with one of three category structures. Results showed that after the first few sessions, there were no significant behavioral differences between participants who learned rule-based versus information-integration category structures. Experiment 2 showed that switching the locations of the response keys after automaticity had developed caused a similar highly significant interference, regardless of category structure. In Experiment 3, a simultaneous dual task that engaged executive functions did not interfere with either rule-based or information-integration categorization. These novel results are consistent with a theory assuming separate processing pathways for initial rule-based and information-integration category learning but a common processing pathway after the development of automaticity.
Talc: using desktop graffiti to fight software vulnerability

With the proliferation of computer security threats on the Internet, especially threats such as worms that automatically exploit software flaws, it is becoming more and more important that home users keep their computers secure from known software vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, keeping software up-to-date is notoriously difficult for home users. This paper introduces TALC, a system to encourage and help home users patch vulnerable software. TALC increases home users' awareness of software vulnerabilities and their motivation to patch their software; it does so by detecting unpatched software and then drawing graffiti on their computer's background wallpaper image to denote potential vulnerabilities. Users can "clean up" the graffiti by applying necessary patches, which TALC makes possible by assisting in the software patching process
The V.C.net--A digital study in architecture

Abstract The V.C.net project is an Internet-based educational and communication tool for the architectural community. Its goal is to encourage students from architecture programs across the country and around the world to examine problems and collaborate in the exploration of ideas through the World Wide Web. The central concept of the project involves the creation of a simulated, vital urban environment constructed from various forms of digital data. This ‘virtual city’ will be comprised of projects executed by students of architecture and urban design in US and abroad. Projects will be proposed for specific sites and will reflect real-world questions as they are mirrored in the virtual world. The city exists as a heuristic tool and is not intended as a copy of any existing human habitat. The ultimate goal of the project is to create a dynamic platform to study the interrelationship of various forces effecting urban development: architecture, planning, civil engineering, economics, social sciences, etc. The project originates at the School of Architecture of the University of Detroit Mercy and is intended to be truly interdisciplinary.
Growth factors modulate gonadotropin receptor induction in granulosa cell cultures

Epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor inhibited follicle-stimulating hormone-dependent induction of luteinizing hormone receptor in cultured ovarian granulosa cells of the rat. In contrast, platelet-derived growth factor potentiated the induction of luteinizing hormone receptor by follicle-stimulating hormone. These results indicate that growth factors, well known for their effects on mitosis and DNA synthesis in cultured mammalian cells, are also able to modulate hormone-dependent differentiation in an endocrine target cell.
Calculation of the stopping power changes due to the superconducting transition in high-Tc YBa2Cu3O7 superconductors

Abstract The new high- T c oxide superconductors have an unusually large energy gap (Δ) to Fermi energy ( E F ) ratio compared to conventional superconductors. This ratio could even be greater than unity. Our calculations estimated the relative stopping power change due to the transition to the superconducting state as a function of energy gap and the energy of a proton. The stopping power change is large for low-energy projectiles. Experimental efforts to measure relative stopping powers to an 0.14% accuracy are also discussed.
Inertial deposition of nanoparticle chain aggregates: Theory and comparison with impactor data for ultrafine atmospheric aerosols

Nanoparticle chain aggregates (NCAs) are often sized and collected using instruments that rely on inertial transport mechanisms. The instruments size segregate aggregates according to the diameter of a sphere with the same aerodynamic behavior in a mechanical force field. A new method of interpreting the aerodynamic diameter of NCAs is described. The method can be used to calculate aggregate surface area or volume. This is useful since inertial instruments are normally calibrated for spheres, and the calibrations cannot be directly used to calculate aggregate properties. A linear relationship between aggregate aerodynamic diameter and primary particle diameter based on published Monte-Carlo drag calculations is derived. The relationship shows that the aggregate aerodynamic diameter is independent of the number of primary particles that compose an aggregate, hence the aggregate mass. The analysis applies to aggregates with low fractal dimension and uniform primary particle diameter. This is often a reasonable approximation for the morphology of nanoparticles generated in high temperature gases. An analogy is the use of the sphere as an approximation for compact particles. The analysis is applied to the collection of NCAs by a low-pressure impactor. Our results indicate the low-pressure impactor collects aggregates with a known surface area per unit volume on each stage. Combustion processes often produce particles with aggregate structure. For diesel exhaust aggregates, the surface area per unit volume calculated by our method was about twice that of spheres with diameter equal to the aerodynamic diameter. Measurements of aggregates collected near a major freeway and at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) were made for two aerodynamic cutoff diameter diameters (d a,50), 50 and 75 nm. (Aerodynamic cutoff diameter refers to the diameter of particles collected with 50% efficiency on a low-pressure impactor stage.) Near-freeway aggregates were probably primarily a mixture of diesel and internal combustion engine emissions. Aggregates collected at LAX were most likely present as a result of aircraft emissions. In both measurements, the aggregate aerodynamic diameters calculated from the primary particle diameter were fairly close to the stage cutoff diameter. The number of primary particles per aggregate varied one order of magnitude for particles depositing on the same stage. The average aggregate surface area per unit volume was 2.41 × 106 cm−1 and 2.59 × 106 cm−1 (50 nm d a,50) and 1.81 × 106 cm−1 and 1.68 × 106 cm−1 (75 nm d a,50) for near-freeway and LAX measurements, respectively. These preliminary measurements are consistent with values calculated from theory.
Velocity and attenuation of compressional waves in nearly saturated soils

Abstract Based on the two-phase theory of Biot, we present exact and approximate expressions for the velocity and attenuation of compressional waves within nearly saturated poroelastic media. We use the approximate solutions to model the low-frequency compressional waves within nearly saturated soils. The model accounts for the effective stress, degree of saturation, and void ratio, and is capable of describing experimental results on Ottawa sand. The three-phase theory of Vardoulakis and Beskos and the two-phase theory of Biot similarly describe the velocity and attenuation of compressional waves in most soils. However, the former theory breaks down for nearly saturated gravels and dense sands.
Lateralized control of eye movements in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

How does a complex syndrome that involves abnormalities in impulse control and sustained attention influence simple oculomotor responses to visual stimuli? We found that normal children, like adults, were faster in moving their eyes in directions controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere under conditions where there was no warning of the impending target. ADHD children did not show this asymmetry. We speculate that this result reflects a deficit in the vigilance network that serves to maintain the alert state.
CONSTRAINTS ON NEUTRINO OSCILLATION PARAMETERS FROM TIME/ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF SOLAR 8B NEUTRINO FLUX

A search for neutrino oscillation is presented using time variations and energy dependence of the observed reduction of the solar neutrino flux. No significant time variation or energy dependence has been found in 1117 days of solar neutrino data taken with the Super-Kamiokande experiment. This constrains the two-neutrino oscillation parameter space independently of the model dependence of the solar neutrino flux. The combination of Super-Kamiokande's data of the day-night variation, energy dependence and flux results in two allowed regions at 95% C.L.
An equivalent plasticity theory for jointed rock masses

Abstract A non-representative volume element (NRVE) approach to equivalent rock mass properties shows that the form of the elastic–plastic constitutive equations is the same for homogeneous material elements and multiple-material elements, subsequently homogenized. Thus the average stress and strain increments in an arbitrary jointed rock mass volume are related by {〈d σ 〉}=([ C * ep ]){〈d ϵ 〉} where σ is effective stress. The equivalent elastic-plastic properties matrix [ C * ep ] is the sum of an equivalent elastic moduli matrix [ C ∗ ] and a plastic ‘correction’ matrix [ C * p , as usual. However, there are no equivalent plastic potentials Y ∗ or yield functions, failure criteria F ∗ or strengths. The equivalent elastic-plastic properties are constructed from the elastic moduli and strengths of the rock mass joints, the intact rock between and strain influence functions that relate local to overall average strains. Numerical examples that simulate laboratory-like tests on jointed rock cubes illustrate the approach.
The use of microwave oven for the rapid hydrolysis of bile acid methyl esters

Abstract An efficient and convenient procedure for the hydrolysis of bile acid methyl esters is described. This is achieved by the addition of aqueous lithium hydroxide in methanol/dioxane/tetrahydrofuran (or dimethylformamide) in the microwave oven. Under these conditions the formates as well as the acetate derivatives prepared under microwave irradiation conditions were also hydrolyzed, and the desired bile acids were isolated in 86–94% yield. All these reactions were completed in the microwave oven within 45–60 s.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN RESEARCH ON PREVENTION OF RELAPSE IN CIGARETTE SMOKING

S~~mmary.--The clllrrent state of research on prevention of relapse in cigare:te smoking is reviewed and a number of factors relevant to research on such prevention discussed. Issues related to timing of the program, criterion for inclusion in the program, individual vs group treatment, and control of the influences of smoking by significant others are discussed. Cigarette smoking has been called the largest preventable cause of premature death, illness, and injury in the United States (USDHEW, 1979). While the vast majority (95%) of those who do quit do so without the help of formal treaunent programs (Schachter, 1982), those who do seek creatrnent are likely to be successful in achieving abstinence but are unlikely to remain abstinent (Pechacek, 1979). About 75% to 80% of those who are able to quit resume their habit within one year, with the highest relapse rate occurring during the first three months (Hunt, Barnett, & Branch, 1971). Researchers have noted the poor long-term results of programs for smoking cessation and for 15 years have called for greater attention to be focused on prevention of relapse (Bernstein, 1969; Bernscein & McAlister, 1976; Hackett & Horan, 1979; Hunt & Matarazzo, 1973). With little exception, however, the research on outcome of treaunent has focused on cessation of smoking rather than prevention of relapse (Lichtenstein, 1979).
REACH platform — Remote access to smart home facility based computer science laboratory

The purpose of the REACH (REmote ACcess to smart Home facility) platform is to allow students to learn about basic principles of computer science and software engineering practices, and gain hands-on experience through observable effects of the computing systems in a familiar setting (home). It utilizes virtualization to encourage group collaboration and grants anytime, anywhere access to the smart home facility. It incorporates dynamic binding capability that allows students to either use the sensors and actuators hardware they check out and install locally for development, or to conduct experiments in the smart home facility. Once the development is completed, the programs can be deployed remotely, and students can make observations through web cams strategically situated in the smart home facility and the logs of the system's operations and users' activities. The REACH platform is designed to support a large spectrum of computer science courses, from the equivalence of computer science lab 101, interdisciplinary projects, all the way to research projects in artificial intelligence, pervasive computing, and human computer interactions.
Alcohol Use, Outcome Expectancies, and HIV Risk Status among American Indian Youth: A Latent Growth Curve Model with Parallel Processes

Alcohol use is cited as a risk factor for exposure to HIV infection through risky sexual behavior, especially among adolescents. From Social Cognitive Theory, positive outcome expectancies about the use of alcohol have often been presented as a critical aspect of alcohol use. Yet little is known about how they might be related to different aspects of HIV risk. Using latent growth curve modeling with data from 292 American Indian youth across seven years, both alcohol use and positive expectancies increased significantly; a lower-risk group showed significantly slower increases in both. Changes in alcohol use and outcome expectancies were significantly interrelated, providing support for reciprocal influence between the two constructs. Positive alcohol outcome expectancies may provide a preventive intervention point worthy of further consideration as influencing alcohol use and lowering HIV sexual risk among adolescents.
B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide–Directed Ultrafiltration Improves Care in Acutely Hospitalized Dialysis Patients

In an observational study in 19 consecutive acutely hospitalized dialysis patients, ultrafiltration (UF) volume was determined by B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. Patients were ultrafiltrated daily until they achieved a target BNP level 2 blood pressure medications decreased from 14 to 6 (Fisher exact test, P=.02). The systolic/diastolic/mean arterial blood pressure decreased from admission to discharge (153.6±43.8/80.6±21.8/102.4±27.3 to 132.1±27.9/68.9±14.6/89.9±16.5 mm Hg; P=.0222/.0139/.0329, respectively). Although all patients were volume-overloaded at admission according to BNP criteria (>500), only 42% were identified as having heart failure. BNP-directed UF is safe because it minimizes symptomatic hypotension, identifies occult congestive heart failure in a large number of patients, and significantly reduces blood pressure in addition to reducing body weight and number of medications used.
Phylogenetic resolution within the tribe Episcieae (Gesneriaceae): congruence of ITS and NDHF sequences from parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses

Generic relationships within Episcieae were assessed using ITS and ndhF sequences. Previous analyses of this tribe have focussed only on ndhF data and have excluded two genera, Rhoogeton and Oerstedina, which are included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using both parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods. Results from partition homogeneity tests imply that the two data sets are significantly incongruent, but when Rhoogeton is removed from the analysis, the data sets are not significantly different. The combined data sets reveal greater strength of relationships within the tribe with the exception of the position of Rhoogeton. Poorly or unresolved relationships based exclusively on ndhF data are more fully resolved with ITS data. These resolved clades include the monophyly of the genera Columnea and Paradrymonia and the sister-group relationship of Nematanthus and Codonanthe. A closer affinity between Neomortonia nummularia and N. rosea than has previously been seen is apparent from these data, although these two species are not monophyletic in any tree. Lastly, Capanea appears to be a member of Gloxinieae, although C. grandifiora remains within Episcieae. Evolution of fruit type, epiphytic habit, and presence of tubers is re-examined with the new data presented here.
Cisplatin Chronotherapy and Disulfiram Rescue Reduce Toxicity without Interfering with Anticancer Activity: Animal Findings and Preliminary Clinical Experiences

Cisplatin-induced mortality and nephrotoxicity are each predictably worse when the drug is given at certain points within the circadian schedule. Oral disulfiram protects rats from toxic effects at some circadian stages but not others. This manuever does not diminish the anticancer activity of cisplatin in these rats. Human beings given 2 g of oral disulfiram and high doses of cisplatin at the circadian stage associated with least cisplatin nephrotoxicity (prospectively determined potassium excretion acrophase) suffer little or no kidney damage. Disulfiram administration apparently does not interfere with the antineoplastic activity of cisplatin in humans. This is the first demonstration of the feasibility of assignment of treatment time according to a measure of the patient's ‘internal clock’ as assessed by pretreatment marker rhythmometry. It also establishes the feasibility of giving disulfiram to human beings.
Establishment of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) primary cultures

The Asian citrus psyllid (AsCP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a highly competent vector of the phloem-inhabiting bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus associated with the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Commonly referred to as citrus greening disease in the USA, HLB causes reduced fruit yields, quality, and ultimately tree death and is considered the most serious citrus disease. HLB has become a major limiting factor to the production of citrus worldwide. Studies of HLB have been impeded by the fact that C. Liberibacter has not yet been cultured on artificial nutrient media. After being acquired by a psyllid, C. Liberibacter asiaticus is reported to replicate within the psyllid and is retained by the psyllid throughout its life span. We therefore hypoth- esized that C. Liberibacter asiaticus could be cultured in vitro using psyllid cell cultures as the medium and investigated the establishment of a pure culture for AsCP cells. Several commercially available insect cell culture media along with some media we developed were screened for viability to culture cells from AsCP embryos. Cells from psyllid tissues adhered to the plate and migration was observed within 24 h. Cells were maintained at 20°C. We successfully established primary psyllid cell cultures, referred to as DcHH-1, for D. citri Hert-Hunter-1, with a new media, Hert-Hunter-70.
Contrasting patterns of community assembly in the stratified water column of Great Salt Lake, Utah.

Phylogenetic examinations of communities sampled along geochemical gradients provide a framework for inferring the relative importance of niche-based ecological interactions (competition, environmental filtering) and neutral-based evolutionary interactions in structuring biodiversity. Great Salt Lake (GSL) in Utah exhibits strong spatial gradients due to both seasonal variation in freshwater input into the watershed and restricted fluid flow within North America’s largest saline terminal lake ecosystem. Here, we examine the phylogenetic structure and composition of archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryal small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes sampled along a stratified water column (DWR3) in the south arm of GSL in order to infer the underlying mechanism of community assembly. Communities sampled from the DWR3 epilimnion were phylogenetically clustered (i.e., coexistence of close relatives due to environmental filtering) whereas those sampled from the DWR3 hypolimnion were phylogenetically overdispersed (i.e., coexistence of distant relatives due to competitive interactions), with minimal evidence for a role for neutral processes in structuring any assemblage. The shift from phylogenetically clustered to overdispersed assemblages was associated with an increase in salinity and a decrease in dissolved O2 (DO) concentration. Likewise, the phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic similarity of assemblages was strongly associated with salinity or DO gradients. Thus, salinity and/or DO appeared to influence the mechanism of community assembly as well as the phylogenetic diversity and composition of communities. It is proposed that the observed patterns in the phylogenetic composition and structure of DWR3 assemblages are attributable to the meromictic nature of GSL, which prevents significant mixing between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion. This leads to strong physicochemical gradients at the halocline, which are capable of supporting a greater diversity. However, concomitant shifts in nutrient availability (e.g., DO) at and below the halocline drive competitive interactions leading to hypolimnion assemblages with minimal niche overlap.
The Making of Contemporary American Psychiatry, Part 1: Patients, Treatments, and Therapeutic Rationales Before and After World War II.

This article, the 1st in a 2-part series, uses patient records from California's Stockton State Hospital to unearth the midcentury roots of contemporary American psychiatry. These patient records allow the authors to examine 2 transformations: the post-World War II expansion of psychiatry to include the diagnosis and treatment not only of psychotic patients but also of nonpsychotic patients suffering from problems of everyday living, and the 1950s introduction of the first psychotropic drugs, which cemented the medical status of these new disorders, thus linking a new therapeutic rationale to biological understandings of disease. These transformations laid the groundwork for a contemporary psychiatry characterized by voluntary outpatient care, pharmacological treatment of a wide range of behaviors and distress, and a doctor-patient relationship and cultural acceptance of disease that allow psychiatric patients to identify themselves as consumers.