cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generating Continuous Random Variates From a Hazard Rate Function

Three methods are discussed to generate continuous non-negative random variates from a given hazard rate function: a) inverse Cdf, b) acceptance/rejection, and c) thinning.
Cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in Orthodox Jews

In order to provide the most effective treatment, there has been increased emphasis on incorporating a client's cultural beliefs in the treatment process. This paper reviews issues in the cognitive behavioral treatment of Orthodox Jewish clients. While there are subgroups of Orthodox Jews, all share one set of beliefs in the strict interpretation of the Torah and its laws. These laws govern people's relationship with others and religious observance. Issues concerning family relationships, women's roles, marital problems, privacy and confidentiality are discussed. Case examples, in the treatment of anxiety disorders, are provided to illustrate how these issues impact and are included in treatment approaches. These discussions are helpful to demonstrate an approach that can be useful in working with clients from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds.
More than the sum of its parts: Dress and social identity in a provincial Tiwanaku child burial

Abstract Dress can be a powerful statement of status, ideology, and ethnic identity. Archaeological textiles in their original contexts may provide insight to these and many other facets of social life. This study takes a contextual approach to study and interpret a set of four high-quality garments found in a single child burial at the Tiwanaku site of Omo M10 in Moquegua, Peru (700–1050 AD). By integrating the histories of textile objects and social groups, we consider the identity of the deceased, and how the layers of funerary dress reflect the child’s relationship to the community of mourners.
INTRAPOPULATION FEEDING DIVERSITY IN BLUE TILAPIA: EVIDENCE FROM STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSES

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in animal tissues are largely determined by isotope composition of assimilated food. Variations in δ13C and δ15N values within a fish population are often small as a result of feeding on the same food source. We report here, however, strikingly broad ranges of δ13C (−25.9 to −9.5‰) and δ15N (5.8 to 14.4‰) in an exotic fish from a Florida lake. Together with isotope data for food sources and gut contents, we demonstrate significant diet variation within a population of blue tilapia.
Utstein style analysis of rural out-of-hospital cardiac arrest [OOHCA]: total cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) time inversely correlates with hospital discharge rate

Objective: Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) in an urban environment is directly proportional to speed of defibrillation and effective bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We hypothesized that the hospital discharge rate from rural OOHCA was affected by the same factors. Methods: We studied all OOHCAs in 1998 for rural Alachua County, Florida, with one emergency medical system (EMS) transport provider and three hospitals. All EMS identified OOHCA were reviewed retrospectively, as were EMS and hospital records. The 1998 County population was 211 403; 1495 deaths from all causes occurred (70.7/104 pop). Of 167 OOHCAs (7.9/104 pop), 145 were of cardiac etiology; 22 were excluded (13 scene deaths, four traumatic, one intraoperative and three respiratory arrests, one arrest during a hospital-to-hospital transfer) and in eight outcome data were not available in any form. A total of 137/145 (94.5%) OOHCA patients had analyzable data. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and ANOVA. Alpha was set at 0.05. Results: Of 25 patients (18.2% of OOHCA) with restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), six survived (4.4% of total, 24% of those with ROSC) to discharge from hospital (four to a skilled nursing facility, one each home with and without assistance). Four patients were still alive at ≥1 year post arrest. Asystole as the initial rhythm (P=0.014), and emergency department (ED) CPR time (8 vs. 15.5 min, P=0.042 for survivors vs. non-survivors) were the only factors statistically affecting survival. While bystander CPR was not significantly different between groups, there was a significantly higher proportion of patients surviving in the ED who had ROSC, and a higher proportion who had ROSC after bystander CPR. Time to defibrillation in nonsurvivors, while not statistically different between city and county patient groups, was clinically different. Statistical significance would likely have been achieved with a larger study population. Conclusion: Our data suggest improvement in response time and bystander CPR might further improve survival in a rural setting.
Intersectionality and the Complexity of Identities: How the Personal Shapes the Professional Psychotherapist

I began this issue with the premise that family members are often the first people we know who are members of our ethnic group. It is family who are often the first bearers of the culture that we c...
Abstract ES4-3: Risk of Developing Second Primary Breast Cancer among Survivors of Breast Cancer

Of the nearly 226,870 US women expected to develop breast cancer in 2012 and the over 3 million breast cancer survivors currently residing in the US, five to ten percent will develop a subsequent primary in the contralateral breast (CBC) (www.cancer.org). This risk of developing CBC is higher than the overall risk of breast cancer in the general population. The rising incidence of breast cancer, coupled with an improved survival potential after cancer diagnosis has placed an increased number of women at risk for CBC, yet the epidemiology is poorly understood. Despite common genetics and exposures shared by both breasts, only a fraction of women who survive their first primary will develop a second primary in the contralateral breast. Epidemiologic studies have identified factors associated with an increased risk of developing CBC, including family history of breast cancer, early age at diagnosis, hormonal factors, reproductive history, body-mass index, and tumor characteristics of the first primary e.g., lobular histology, stage and estrogen receptor (ER) status. The risk of developing CBC has also been associated with mutations of specific genes including BRCA1 , BRCA2 , and CHEK2 . Importantly, the treatment a woman receives for her first primary breast cancer can also influence her risk of developing CBC; chemotherapy, hormonal therapies and tamoxifen significantly reduces the risk of developing CBC while the radiation received to the contralateral breast during radiotherapy increases the risk of CBC. Despite the number of established risk factors for increased CBC risk, their combined effect accounts for only a small portion of the CBCs that develop each year. It is unclear whether, and to what extent, genetic factors and radiation, individually or via interaction, contribute to the development of CBC. This talk will review the state of the field. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES4-3.
Multiple-stage tapered neutron guide as a broad band focusing system

Neutron guides are widely used for improving the angular aperture of neutron scattering instruments in a broad band of wavelength. However, the usual guides are not effective enough in the short wavelength range. This is especially critical for time-of-flight instruments, which cannot take advantage of focusing techniques designed for steady-state monochromatic instruments. We discuss alternative ways to shape the reflecting surfaces in order to obtain a maximum angular aperture at the sample position at the expense of beam cross-section reduction. An optimal piecewise solution is proposed and Monte Carlo simulations with the IDEAS package are presented. Simulations for General Purpose Powder Diffractometer (GPPD) at Argonne National Laboratory are presented and the impact of a vertically focusing multiple-stage tapered guide is discussed. The results obtained by simulating the guide system options of engineering diffractometer VULCAN at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) are also presented, including vertically and horizontally tapered guide sections. The optimal multi-stage tapered guide design is discussed in terms of instrument figure of merit corresponding to different experimental needs ranging from high Q resolution to high intensity and/or high spatial resolution.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Melatonin and N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone block 60-Hz magnetic field-induced DNA single and double strand breaks in rat brain cells

ABSTRACT: In previous research, we have found an increase in DNA single-and double-strand breaks in brain cells of rats after acute exposure (two hours) to a sinusoidal 60-Hz magnetic field. The present experiment was carried out to investigate whether treatment with melatonin and the spin-trap compound N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) could block the effect of magnetic fields on brain cell DNA. Rats were injected with melatonin (1 mg/kg, sc) or PBN (100 mg/kg, ip) immediately before and after two hours of exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic field at an intensity of 0.5 mT. We found that both drug treatments blocked the magnetic field-induced DNA single-and double-strand breaks in brain cells, as assayed by a microgel electrophoresis method. Since melatonin and PBN are efficient free radical scavengers, these data suggest that free radicals may play a role in magnetic field-induced DNA damage.
Role of Proexosite I in Factor Va-dependent Substrate Interactions of Prothrombin Activation

Regulatory exosite I of thrombin is present on prothrombin in a precursor state (proexosite I) that specifically binds the Tyr(63)-sulfated peptide, hirudin(54-65) (Hir(54-65)(SO(3)(-))) and the nonsulfated analog. The role of proexosite I in the mechanism of factor Va acceleration of prothrombin activation was investigated in kinetic studies of the effects of peptide binding. The initial rate of human prothrombin activation by factor Xa was inhibited by the peptides in the presence of factor Va but not in the absence of the cofactor. Factor Xa and factor Va did not bind the peptide with significant affinity compared with prothrombin. Maximum inhibition reduced the factor Va-accelerated rate to a level indistinguishable from the rate in the absence of the cofactor. The effect of Hir(54-65)(SO(3)(-)) on the kinetics of prothrombin activation obeyed a model in which binding of the peptide to proexosite I prevented productive prothrombin interactions with the factor Xa-factor Va complex. Comparison of human and bovine prothrombin as substrates demonstrated a similar correlation between peptide binding and inhibition of factor Va acceleration. Inhibition of prothrombin activation by hirudin peptides was opposed by assembly on phospholipid vesicles of the membrane-bound factor Xa-factor-Va-prothrombin complex. Factor Va interactions of human and bovine prothrombin activation are concluded to share a common mechanism in which proexosite I participates in productive interactions of prothrombin as the substrate of the factor Xa-factor Va complex, possibly by directly mediating productive prothrombin-factor Va binding.
Genetic variation among haploids of the common potato.

1. Genetic variability among 29 haploids (2n=24) of the common potato (2n=48) is described. 2. Plant parts of the haploids are reduced in size, with few exceptions, as compared with those of the parent. 3. The tuber yields of the haploid plants are in general, considerably less than those of their parents. One notable exception, however, is the haploid US-W20. which in an initial limited trial outyielded its parent Katahdin in a 124-day growing season. 4. Twenty-two of the 23 haploids that flowered are functional as female parents. Two haploids. US-W1 from Katahdin and US-W4 from Minn. 20-20-34, are functional both as male and female parents in interhaploid matings as well as in matings withSolanum phureja (2n=24). 5. Certain genetic consequences of haploidy are discussed.
The management of epilepsy in children: the role of the clinical nurse specialist

Epilepsy in children is frequently accompanied by learning, behavioural and psychological difficulties. These difficulties may be compounded by the ignorance and stigma which exists within the community health care and education services. The management of epilepsy in children therefore extends far beyond the use of antiepileptic drugs and must address these additional problems. The establishment of a nurse specialist service in paediatric epilepsy within our hospital has provided a more satisfactory and comprehensive management of these children and, in addition, has facilitated a close liaison with schools, community health personnel and support groups; as a result this has dispelled much of the local ignorance, misunderstanding and stigma surrounding epilepsy.
Gene expression of an endogenous retrovirus-like element during murine development and aging

Abstract We have measured intracisternal A-particle (IAP) RNA levels during development and aging in C57BL/6J mouse tissues to determine possible age-dependent changes in gene expression of these retrovirus-like sequences. Total RNA was isolated from tissues of embryonic and new born mice and mice ranging in age from 2 months to 32 months of age. RNA samples were either slot-blotted directly or fractionated on denaturing agarose gels and transferred to nylon membranes. Hybridization with cloned, 32P-labeled IAP sequences showed that both the mass amounts and the relative proportions of IAp transcripts varied between tissues and as a function of age. IAP gene products were higher in brain and kidney tissues than in liver and heart tissues. The relative proportion of transcripts increased in embryonic tissues until birth and following birth, was highest in neonatal or 2-month-old tissues. The adult levels of IAP-related RNAs did not change significantly from 6 to 24 months of age. However, 32-month-old tissues exhibited the lowest content of IAP transcripts, with the exception of heart tissue which did not change with age. A 5.4-kb RNA was the predominant IAP transcript in most samples, but each tissue had a characteristic size distribution of IAP-related transcripts. These results demonstrate that transcription of IAP genes continues throughout the life span of this mouse strain with tissue-specific and age-dependent regulation of expression.
The identification, isolation, and preservation of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC)*,†

(—)-trans-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) was isolated from marihuana plant extract, by adsorptive column and glc. The adsorptive column chromatography method consisted of chromatographing marihuana extract on a column packed with a mixture of silica gel (gas chromatography grade (100/120 mesh), silver nitrate and calcium sulphate (CaSO4·H2O) (3:1:0·5) with benzene as the eluting solvent. The glc method consisted of chromatographing the extract on a 3 ft silanized glass column (3/8 inch o.d.) packed with 1·5 ft of 2% QF-1 and 1·5 ft of 2% OV-17 on chromosorb W, AW 30–60 mesh, prep grade. A purity of 99% for the isolated Δ9-THC was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy. The effects of storage conditions on Δ9-THC stability, monitored by glc, indicated the best method for preserving Δ9-THC was at 0°, protected from light, stored under nitrogen.
Sleeping with the Enemy? A Fiction Film for German Television about the Bombing of Dresden

D EALING with the Nazi past has become a permanent component (some would say obsession) of contemporary German national identity. Almost every day, the German print and visual media carry stories related to Hitler, World War II, and the Holocaust. Each new major anniversary sets in motion another round of discussion, argument, and controversy. Each new autobiography and each new film on Nazism generates extensive media commentary. Among the most interesting aspects of recent discussions of the Nazi past is the new prominence afforded to depictions of Germans as victims of "Hitler's War."'1 Nowhere has this predilection for presenting Germans as victims been more apparent and pronounced than in the flood of recent popular books and made-for-TV documentaries about the bombing war.2 In March 2006, the German television network ZDF aired the first fiction film about the fire-bombing of Dresden in February 1945. Shown in two parts on March 5 and March 6, 2006, this "most expensive German made for-television production to date"3 at a cost of more than ten million Euros drew an audience of thirteen million viewers on the first evening it was broad cast. Joachim Kappner suggested in the Suddeutsche Zeitung, that "a few years ago such a film project was still unthinkable."4 What, then, has finally made a fiction film about the bombing of Dresden possible? What changes in the public
Cross-Correlation of the 2-10 keV X-Ray Background with Radio Sources: Constraining the Large-Scale Structure of the X-Ray Background

We present cross-correlation analyses of the HEAO 2-10 keV diffuse X-ray map with both the combined GB6/Parkes-MIT-NRAO (GB6-PMN) 5 GHz and the FIRST 1.4 GHz radio surveys. The cross-correlation functions (CCFs) of both radio surveys with the unresolved X-ray background were detected at the 5 u level. While the large angular resolution (3 deg) of the X-ray map makes it difficult to separate the contributions of clustering from those of Poisson fluctuations, the amplitude of the CCF provides important constraints on the X-ray emissivity of the radio sources, as well as on the clustering properties of radio and X-ray sources. These constraints are subject to a number of modeling parameters, e.g., X-ray luminosity evolution, clustering evolution, the radio luminosity function, cosmological model, etc. For reasonable choices of parameters the X-ray/FIRST CCF is consistent with a correlation scale length of 6/h Mpc. This is somewhat smaller than the scale length inferred from the autocorrelation function of the FIRST survey and implies that X-ray sources are less strongly clustered than strong radio sources, a result that is consistent with previous constraints on X-ray clustering. The X-ray/GB6-PMN CCF is several times larger and is likely to be dominated by Poisson fluctuations. This implies that approx. 2% of the diffuse X-ray background arises from the GB6-PMN sources.
Modifications of a Diffuse Reflectance Cell to Allow the Characterization of Carbon-Supported Metals by DRIFTS

Carbon-supported metal catalysts have been investigated with the use of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for the first time. In order to successfully pretreat such catalysts, obtain IR spectra, and characterize these highly opaque materials, one must make extensive modifications of DRIFTS cells, commercial or otherwise. These modifications include the arrangements for capability and ease of sample height adjustment from outside the spectrometer chamber, the improvement of the thermal performance of the cell to provide high temperatures in flowing H2, the accurate measurement of sample temperature, and the guarantee of adequate gas flows through the catalyst bed. These capabilities are essential for proper in situ investigations of catalysts. This improved DRIFTS cell was used to follow the thermal decomposition of carbon-supported Os3(CO)12 for the first time. The cluster transformed rapidly in flowing H2 to a more stable H4Os4(CO)12 tetra-nuclear cluster, similar to the reaction in solution, which then further decomposed at higher temperatures. The spectrum of CO adsorbed on carbon-supported Os crystallites after complete decomposition was also obtained, and it showed the presence of only reduced metallic Os. These findings provide the first IR evidence for the relative inertness of oxygen-free carbon, compared to oxide supports, towards the formation of stable, positive-valent Os species. In order to facilitate the effective use of DRIFTS for characterization of opaque materials in general, our modifications to a commercial DRIFTS cell are described and representative spectra are shown.
Thermoluminescence of Lunar Samples: Measurement of Temperature Gradients In Core Material

The rapid increase in the low temperature TL in the first 8 cm of both the Apollo 11 and 12 core tubes illustrates the importance of thermal draining in determining the level of natural TL. We have previously shown that the subsequent decrease in TL at greater depths in the Apollo 12 double core could be attributed in part to a temperature rise because of a positive heat flow. However more refined and detailed measurements reported here show that the TL does not vary monotonically with depth but shows distinct structure. To investigate the nature of this structure we have made measurements on small samples consisting of a few grains each. We find in 14259 and 12033 that only a small fraction of the grains (~1/50) contribute most of the TL. It is also clear that at least two, and possibly more, distinct TL phases are present. The brightest grains frequently contain an AlSiK phase and, less often, a phosphate phase. Still others appear to be a special form of plagioclase. This latter must be relatively rare since most plagioclase grains clearly contribute little TL. Uranium is also found to be associated with P and K bearing grains and it is possible that the radiation responsible for the TL may consist of variable proportions of internal uranium (and thorium) doses mixed with cosmic ray ionization. This could explain the structure. In principle both U rich and U poor thermoluminescing grains can be used independently to study temperature variations in the core.
Correlations between alterations in length-dependent Ca2+ activation of cardiac myofilaments and the end-systolic pressure–volume relation

We have tested the hypothesis that alterations in length dependent activation (LDA) of cardiac myofilaments represent an important regulatory mechanism affecting the Frank-Starling mechanism as determined by the slope (E(es)) of the relation between left ventricular (LV) volume and end-systolic pressure. We employed a transgenic (TG) mouse model in which the cardiac isoform of TnI (cTnI) has been completely replaced with slow skeletal TnI (ssTnI), the embryonic/neonatal isoform in the heart. Compared to non-transgenic (NTG) controls, myofilaments from TG-ssTnI hearts demonstrate an increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity and a substantially blunted LDA that is unaffected by PKA-dependent phosphorylation. We measured in situ LV pressure and volume relations during basal conditions and isoproterenol (ISO) stimulation. In the basal state in TG-ssTnI hearts there was significant increase in end-systolic pressure and slight decrease in heart rate. ISO stimulation resulted in a significant increase in heart rate, ejection fraction, maximum dP/dt, preload-recruitable stroke work, maximum dP/dt versus end diastolic volume and cardiac output in both groups. During basal conditions there was no difference in the E(es) relation between NTG and TG-ssTnI groups. However, during ISO stimulation the E(es) relation was significantly different between NTG and TG-ssTnI groups. Our study provides the first direct evidence that enhancement in differences in LDA between cardiac myofilaments from NTG and TG-ssTnI hearts induced by post-translational modifications of sarcomeric proteins are reflected in the in situ beating heart by a different change in E(es). Thus, changes in LDA should be considered in interpreting results from in situ experiments on inotropic effects associated with physiological and patho-physiological states of the heart.
The use of momentary time sampling to assess both frequency and duration of behavior

When the time-sampling interval size can be set so it is smaller than both the shortest behavior instance and the shortest interresponse time, momentary time sampling will yield an accurate count of the frequency of behavior occurrence. It will also yield an unbiased estimate of behavior duration.
Electrical signals in olfactory transduction

Olfactory transduction involves a G-protein-coupled second messenger system, which results in the odor-dependent production of cAMP. The direct activation of ion channels in the cilia membrane by cAMP is the final step in producing the slow depolarization that brings the membrane potential to threshold for spike generation. Because of the central role in the transduction cascade occupied by these channels considerable effort has been directed toward understanding their behavior at a molecular level. Alternative second messenger pathways have also been proposed in olfaction, but the physiological evidence for these is less well developed.
Understanding the physics of Carrier-Multiplication and intermediate-band solar cells based on nanostructures - What is going on?

The concepts of (1) Carrier-Multiplication (CM - “two electron-hole pairs from one photon”) and (2) Intermediate Band Solar Cell (IBSC) based on nanostructures, have created significant interest and excitement, but, at the same time, raised questions pertaining to the approaches used to argue their validity. In part, confusion arose because the initial arguments made were based on rather qualitative, if not naive, physical models. Here we propose to use the tools of modern theory of nanostructures for examining these concepts. Simple but surprising physical pictures emerge from such complex atomistic calculations. We will review and discuss the underlying concepts and experiments surrounding CM and quantum dot-based IBSC, delineating fact from fiction, and pointing to some new, important unanswered questions.
Role of ferric iron in the oxidation of hydrocortisone by sepiolite and palygorskite

The role of adsorbed and structural Fe3+ in palygorskite and sepiolite with respect to the oxidation of hydrocortisone in aqueous suspension has been evaluated using electron spin resonance and UV-visible spectroscopy. Natural surface-adsorbed Fe3+ showed an important activity in the oxidation process, although smaller than octahedral Fe3+. The kinetics of oxidative degradation of hydrocortisone by palygorskite appear to be composed of two apparent first order reactions which may be associated with two kinds of sites for Fe in palygorskite. The lower oxidizing power of sepiolite for hydrocortisone degradation is due to its very low Fe3+ content.
Predisposition to Arrhythmia and Autonomic Dysfunction in Nhlh1-Deficient Mice

Nhlh1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor whose expression is restricted to the nervous system and which may play a role in neuronal differentiation. To directly study Nhlh1 function, we generated null mice. Homozygous mutant mice were predisposed to premature, adult-onset, unexpected death. Electrocardiograms revealed decreased total heart rate variability, stress-induced arrhythmia, and impaired baroreceptor sensitivity. This predisposition to arrhythmia is a likely cause of the observed death in the mutant mice. Heterozygosity for the closely related transcription factor Nhlh2 increased the severity of the Nhlh1-null phenotype. No signs of primary cardiac structural or conduction abnormalities could be detected upon necropsy of the null mice. The pattern of altered heart rhythm observed in basal and experimental conditions (stress and pharmacologically induced) suggests that a deficient parasympathetic tone may contribute to the arrhythmia in the Nhlh1-null mouse. The expression of Nhlh1 in the developing brain stem and in the vagal nuclei in the wild-type mouse further supports this hypothesis. The Nhlh1 mutant mouse may thus provide a model to investigate the contribution of the autonomic nervous system to arrhythmogenesis.
Very Compact Metal Slab Waveguide Reflectors as Integrated High Reflectivity Mirrors on High Index Contrast Waveguides

Metal slab waveguide reflectors integrated with very compact high index contrast waveguides are described, designed and simulated. Reflection and transmission characteristics of such reflectors are studied using 2-D and 3-D finite different time domain (FDTD) simulations. It is shown that the reflection and transmission coefficients can be controlled by adjusting the gap and length of metals of the reflector. Reflection coefficients much higher than cleaved facets and even higher than metal coated facets are possible. Reflection coefficients of almost 97% are achievable using only 1 μm long reflectors. The sensitivity of obtained reflection as a function of alignment errors indicates that more than 90% reflectivity is possible with 0.1 μm alignment tolerance. It is also shown that very compact Fabry-Perot resonators with FSR of 67.1 nm are possible using such reflectors. These resonators are directly coupled to input and output waveguides and have 5 μ m active length and less than 7 μm overall length including mirrors.
What Influences Salary: A Study Of MIS Faculty Job Offers

What matters when you’re negotiating a job offer? We address this and other questions using data from the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Salary Surveys on compensation, rank, publication data, and similar data associated with MIS Faculty job offers. Our study has three primary findings. First, school and individual factors influence the position and salary offered, but individual factors have a stronger impact. Second, we find the position (i.e., associate/assistant professor and teaching load) offered by schools partially mediates the relationship between school and individual factors and the starting salary. Third, the direct impact of individual factors is also influenced by some school factors. Specifically, top tier publication is the most important individual factor in determining the salary level at PhD granting institutions.
The formin FMNL3 assembles plasma membrane protrusions that participate in cell–cell adhesion

FMNL3 is a vertebrate-specific formin protein previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis and cell migration. Here we define the cellular localization of endogenous FMNL3, the dynamics of GFP-tagged FMNL3 during cell migration, and the effects of FMNL3 suppression in mammalian culture cells. The majority of FMNL3 localizes in a punctate pattern, with >95% of these puncta being indistinguishable from the plasma membrane by fluorescence microscopy. A small number of dynamic cytoplasmic FMNL3 patches also exist, which enrich near cell–cell contact sites and fuse with the plasma membrane at these sites. These cytoplasmic puncta appear to be part of larger membranes of endocytic origin. On the plasma membrane, FMNL3 enriches particularly in filopodia and membrane ruffles and at nascent cell–cell adhesions. FMNL3-containing filopodia occur both at the cell–substratum interface and at cell–cell contacts, with the latter being 10-fold more stable. FMNL3 suppression by siRNA has two major effects: decrease in filopodia and compromised cell–cell adhesion in cells migrating as a sheet. Overall our results suggest that FMNL3 functions in assembly of actin-based protrusions that are specialized for cell–cell adhesion.
ANALYSIS OF THE GEOTROPIC ORIENTATION OF YOUNG RATS. I.

The geotropic orientation of young rats of a closely inbred line P, separated 6 years ago from a stock which gave rise also to the closely inbred lines A and B previously studied, has been measured. The curve connecting orientation-angle with inclination of substratum is in a general way similar to those for A, B, and with them differs markedly from that for race K of totally different ancestry. The variability of the response exhibits similar affinities. Although the orientation-angles are rather close to those obtained with A, the threshold slope for P is that for B; analysis of the curve discloses how this fact is related to the character of the presumptive distributions of thresholds for the respective arrays of tension-receptor units. It is pointed out that these considerations prevent loose comparisons of "geotropic sensitivity" in different lines of rats, but make it plain why comparisons in terms of thresholds for response or of magnitude of response at the same threshold are ineffective. The estimated "number of excitation units," however, is found to correspond to the variability of orientation, and to the manner and extent whereby the dispersions of the measured orientation-angles are governed by the magnitude of the gravitational vector.
Glycan microarrays for screening sialyltransferase specificities

Here we demonstrate that glycan microarrays can be used for high-throughput acceptor specificity screening of various recombinant sialyltransferases. Cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) was biotinylated at position 9 of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by chemoenzymatic synthesis generating CMP-9Biot-Neu5Ac. The activated sugar nucleotide was used as donor substrate for various mammalian sialyltranferases which transferred biotinylated sialic acids simultaneously onto glycan acceptors immobilized onto a microarray glass slide. Biotinylated glycans detected with fluorescein–streptavidin conjugate to generate a specificity profile for each enzyme both confirming previously known specificities and reveal additional specificity information. Human α2,6sialyltransferase-I (hST6Gal-I) also sialylates chitobiose structures (GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc)n including N-glycans, rat α2,3sialyltransferase (rST3Gal-III) tolerates fucosylated acceptors such as Lewisa, human α2,3sialyltransferase-IV (hST3Gal-IV) broadly sialylates oligosaccharides of types 1–4 and porcine α2,3sialyltransferase-I (pST3Gal-I) sialylates ganglio-oligosaccharides and core 2 O-glycans in our array system. Several of these sialyltransferases perform a substitution reaction and exchange a sialylated acceptor with a biotinylated sialic acid but are restricted to the most specific acceptor substrates. Thus, this method allows for a rapid generation of enzyme specificity information and can be used towards synthesis of new carbohydrate compounds and expand the glycan array compound library.
Solution NMR study of the post-polymerization crosslinking agent N,N'-(2-propyloximino)-4,4'-methylenebis (phenylcarbamate). I

Because of its possible use as a blocked “post-polymerization crosslinking agent” for polymers containing labile hydrogen, the structure of the acetone oxime adduct of 4,4′-methylenebis-(phenylisocyanate) has been determined. 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has identified this product to be N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). Chemical shift assignments were based on information obtained by proton decoupled, off-resonance decoupled, and gated decoupled 13C-NMR, proton-NMR, and semiemperical substituent chemical shift (SCS) parameters.
Case definition in epidemiologic studies of AD/HD.

Purpose Propose a five-step multigating, multimodal procedure for research case definition and identification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in population-based epidemiologic studies. Methods Subjects included a birth cohort of all children born between 1976 and 1982 who remained in Rochester after age 5. Screening for AD/HD required 4 steps, using these sources: school/medical records, computerized diagnostic index, and private psychiatry records. In step 5, research criteria were applied to potential cases. The model for defining cases used combinations of three categories of information (DSM-IV, questionnaire, clinical diagnosis). Validity was tested by comparing medication treatment, substance abuse, school outcomes, and comorbidities between cases who did or did not meet DSM-IV criteria. Results Among 5718 subjects, 1344 potential cases were identified; 379 met research criteria. No difference in gender, treatment, school outcome, or professional making clinical diagnoses was found between cases who did (N = 228) and did not (N = 151) meet DSM-IV criteria. However, cases not meeting DSM-IV criteria were more inattentive (33.8% vs. 17.1%; p Conclusions If only DSM-IV criteria were applied, 151 cases would not have been identified. This study underscores the importance of using multiple sources and combinations of documented information for case definition and identification.
Anti-Competitive Exclusion and Market Division Through Loyalty Discounts

We show that loyalty discounts create an externality among buyers even without economies of scale or downstream competition, and whether or not buyers make any commitment. Each buyer who signs a loyalty discount contract softens competition and raises prices for all buyers. We prove that, provided the entrant's cost advantage is not too large, with enough buyers, this externality implies that in any equilibrium some buyers sign loyalty discount contracts, reducing total welfare. Moreover, if loyalty discounts require buyers to commit to buy only from the incumbent, there exists an equilibrium in which all buyers sign, foreclosing the rival entirely. As a result, the incumbent can use loyalty discounts to increase its profit and decrease both buyer and total welfare.
Juris Hartmanis: fundamental contributions to isomorphism problems

The author surveys Hartmanis' contributions to isomorphism problems. These problems are primarily of two forms: first, isomorphism problems for restricted programming systems, including the Hartmanis-Baker conjecture that all polynomial time programming systems are polynomially isomorphic; and second, the research on isomorphisms, and particularly polynomial time isomorphisms, for complete problems for various natural complexity classes, including the Berman-Hartmanis conjecture that all sets complete for NP under Karp reductions are polynomially isomorphic. In addition to the work of Hartmanis and his students, the author discusses some of the impact that this research has had on other topics and other researchers in structural complexity theory. >
A Systematic Review of Strategies to Foster Activity Engagement in Persons With Dementia

Dementia is a growing public health issue. Activity, a positive therapeutic modality, has potential to enhance quality of life and reduce behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia—outcomes eluding pharmacological treatments. However, it is unclear how to effectively engage persons with dementia in activities for them to derive desired benefits. We present a systematic review of 28 studies involving 50 tests of different ways of modifying activities to enhance engagement and reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms for this group. Of 50 tests, 22 (44%) evaluated changes to objects and properties (e.g., introducing activities with intrinsic interest), 6 (12%) evaluated changes to space demands (e.g., lighting, noise levels), 8 (16%) evaluated changes to social demands (e.g., prompts, praise), and 14 (28%) combined two or more activity modifications. No modifications were made to the sequence and timing of activities. Although modifications to objects and properties were the most common, outcomes for engagement and behaviors were mixed. Modifications to space and social demands were less frequently tested, but consistently yielded positive outcomes. No modifications resulted in negative behavioral outcomes or decreased engagement. Methodological strengths of studies included direct observation of outcomes and fidelity assessments. Few studies however involved persons with dementia at home. Our review revealed a growing evidentiary base for different modifications to foster engagement in activities and reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms. Future studies should evaluate how contextual factors (e.g., physical environment, activity type) and caregiver ability to employ activity modifications affect engagement.
Distribution of B-6 vitamers in human milk during a 24-h period after oral supplementation with different amounts of pyridoxine.

The relative distribution of B-6 vitamers, separated by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, was exam- med in human milk during a 24-h period after supplementa- tion with 2.5 or 15 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride. Consistently, pyridoxal (PL) was the predominate vitamer and the most re- sponsive to vitamin B-6 intake. During 3-8 h after supplement ingestion, PL, pyridoxal phosphate, and pyridoxamine concen- trations were significantly higher than at other times examined. In the first two periods after supplementation, PL as a percent- age of total vitamin B-6 was slightly but significantly higher in milk from the group supplemented with 15 mg than from the group supplemented with 2.5 mg. With the exception of PL, the distribution of B-6 vitamers, expressed as percent of total vitamin B-6, was similar for the two supplemented groups at all times examined. Percentage PL oftotal vitamin B-6 in milk was '�25% lower in unsupplemented than in supplemented women. AmJC/inNuir 1990;5l:l062-6.
The Triumph and Tragedy of Tobacco Control: A Tale of Nine Nations

The use of law and policy to limit tobacco consumption illustrates one of the greatest triumphs of public health in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, as well as one of its most fundamental failures. Overall decreases in tobacco consumption throughout the developed world represent millions of saved lives and unquantifiable suffering averted. Yet those benefits have not been equally distributed. The poor and the undereducated have enjoyed fewer of the gains. In this review, we build on existing tobacco control scholarship and expand it both conceptually and comparatively. Our focus is the social gradient of smoking both within and across borders and how policy makers have been most effective in limiting smoking prevalence among the more privileged segments of society. To illustrate that point, we reference a range of literature on tobacco taxation, advertising, and public smoking in five economically advanced democracies—France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and four less developed nations—India, China, Brazil, and South Africa—that together comprise 40% of the world’s population.
An enhanced murine model for studies of Serpulina (treponema) hyodysenteriae pathogenesis

A defined diet was used to increase the susceptibility of mice to Serpulina hyodysenteriae. BALB/cByJ, C3H/HeN, and C3H/HeJ mice, when fed the defined diet 7 to 14 days prior to and throughout the challenge period, consistently showed higher incidences of disease than mice maintained on normal rodent chow. The use of this defined diet will increase the consistency of in vivo studies following infection with S. hyodysenteriae in the mouse model.
Developing smart video semantic sensors

While most video surveillance systems have centralized architectures that transmit videos to a central location for storage or real-time interpretation by human operators, a novel development of smart video sensors can significantly reduce the transmission load by extracting feature streams of videos that are enough for automatic semantic understanding. The overall video recognition processes are distributed into front-end sensors and back-end classifiers. Such distributed processing mechanism would significantly alleviate mundane or time-critical activities performed by human operators, and provide better network scalability. In this paper, we describe our implementation of smart video semantic sensors, which capture the context feature of the environments of the user. These sensors are used for recognizing the scenes, objects and events of the environment.
Adult-onset central nervous system hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a clinical syndrome with both genetic and acquired causes characterized by elevated cytokine levels, hyperinflammation, and overactivation of lymphocytes and macrophages. It is typically a systemic disease with variable degrees of CNS involvement. Cases with predominantly central nervous system (CNS) involvement are very rare, with the vast majority of these occurring in infants and young children. This report documents a case of adult-onset CNS-HLH involving a middle-aged man. A 55 year-old man developed progressive left hemiparesis and aphasia over the course of several months. Brain MRI showed multifocal, mass-like enhancing lesions with increased susceptibility consistent with blood products. An extensive workup for infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic etiologies was significant only for a markedly elevated serum ferritin at 1456 ng/mL. Two brain biopsies showed a non-specific inflammatory process. The patient was treated empirically with steroids and plasmapheresis, but he continued to suffer a progressive neurological decline and died one year after onset of neurological symptoms. Autopsy revealed profound histiocytic infiltration, perivascular lymphocytosis, and emperipolesis, compatible with CNS-HLH. This case report describes an exceedingly rare presentation of an adult patient with CNS predominant HLH. This diagnosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adults presenting with progressive brain lesions, even in the absence of typical systemic signs of HLH.
Multiplicity features of nonadiabatic, autothermal tubular reactors

Singularity theory is combined with asymptotic analysis to determine the exact uniqueness-multiplicity boundary and ignition and extinction locus for the non-adiabatic, autothermal tubular reactor model. It is found that the steady-state behavior of the nonadiabatic reactor is described by the two limiting cases of adiabatic and strongly cooled models. The adiabatic case has been examined in a previous study. Here, we develop limiting models to describe the strongly cooled asymptotes. We also classify the different types of bifurcation diagrams of conversion vs. residence time using the results of singularity theory with a distinguished parameter. Analytical criteria are developed for predicting the conditions under which autothermal operation is feasible when heat losses are significant.
Bimodal Microstructures in Nanocrystalline Al and Al-Mg Alloy Powders Prepared by Cryogenic Ball Milling

The microstructures of nanocrystalline Al and Al-7.6 at% Mg alloy powders processed by cryogenic ball milling (i.e., cryomilling) and subsequent thermal annealing were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The as-milled samples primarily consisted of equiaxed grains with average sizes of ~ 26 nm. The annealing treatments at elevated temperatures resulted in bimodal grain-size distributions, with sub-micrometer-sized grains embedded in a matrix of nanocrystalline (<50 nm) grains. The bimodal microstructures were formed during the processes of recovery and recrystallization.
Probabilistic bounds for model invalidation assessment

This paper is concerned with a mixed deterministic/probabilistic model invalidation problem, which amounts to determining the probability for a given model to reproduce some given experimental data. We consider an additive uncertain model, in which the modelling uncertainty is characterized in time domain by the l/sub 1/ induced system norm. The data available for invalidation are input-output time series and are assumed to have been corrupted by a random noise with Gaussian distribution. For a given uncertainty norm bound, our objective is to compute the probability for no uncertainty to exist that may satisfy the prescribed bound and match the input-output measurements. While the exact computation of this probability may pose a formidable task, we derive its upper and lower bounds.
A 10Gb/s two dimensional scanning eye opening monitor in 0.18um CMOS process

An eye-opening monitor (EOM) capable of providing qualitative two-dimensional (2D) map of the eye opening of a 10Gbps signal is designed. The EOM is designed in 0.18 um CMOS process. The 2D map of the eye opening is obtained by scanning the eye opening with a phase-offset clock to obtain the different best-fit mask sizes. In the present design the clock is provided from an external source. The design operates with a 1.8V supply and consumes 95 mA of current.