cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building Bridges and Crossing Borders: Using Service Learning To Overcome Cultural Barriers to Collaboration between Science and Education Departments.

Powerful preparation of elementary educators in teaching science involves significant contributions from both scientists and teacher educators. Ironically, faculty and students in science and teacher education departments are often isolated from one another not only across the physical boundaries of the university, but across the cultural boundaries of academe. Coordination and collaboration between science and education faculty and students requires a careful negotiation of these cultural boundaries. This paper presents several illustrations of both successful and unsuccessful collaborative episodes documented during the creation of an interdepartmental service learning project, Science Outreach. The illustrations are interpreted in terms of a cultural difference model, and recommendations are made for successful interdepartmental collaboration.
Artificial intelligence costs, benefits, and risks for selected spacecraft ground system automation scenarios

In response to a number of high-level strategy studies in the early 1980s, expert systems and artificial intelligence (AI/ES) efforts for spacecraft ground systems have proliferated in the past several years primarily as individual small to medium scale applications. It is useful to stop and assess the impact of this technology in view of lessons learned to date, and hopefully, to determine if the overall strategies of some of the earlier studies both are being followed and still seem relevant. To achieve that end four idealized ground system automation scenarios and their attendant AI architecture are postulated and benefits, risks, and lessons learned are examined and compared. These architectures encompass: (1) no AI (baseline); (2) standalone expert systems; (3) standardized, reusable knowledge base management systems (KBMS); and (4) a futuristic unattended automation scenario. The resulting artificial intelligence lessons learned, benefits, and risks for spacecraft ground system automation scenarios are described.
Inducing the quality of home health care theory through the use of grounded theory methodology

Abstract Spinal cord injury primarily affects those aged 15–29 years. This age group's life experience may be affected by multiple sequelae of the injury. The quality of the care provided to these young individuals is an important area of research for the following reasons: (1) the topic has not been reported broadly in the nursing literature; and (2) there is a lack of empirical findings related to the quality of home health care. This investigation has used grounded theory as a qualitative approach to explore the quality of home health care and its related factors from the perspective of the injured persons and to generate the theory that includes the quality of home health care and its related factors. The investigator conducted intensive interviews with 10 spinal cord injured persons. These interviews were transcribed verbatim, analyzed, and interpreted. Findings indicated that the quality of home health care is affected by multiple factors including knowledge of disability, stressful life events, self-monitoring, activities of daily living, involvement of significant others, and self-satisfaction. Numerous nursing implications can be drawn for assessment and intervention in the early post-injury period that may help to improve and maintain optimum health care.
Utilization of the Hantush Solution for the Simultaneous Determination of Aquifer Parameters

A method is presented to determine aquifer parameters simultaneously and uniquely based on time-drawdown data collected from a single observation well in the vicinity of a pumping well partially penetrating a confined leaky aquifer. The Hantush solution is analyzed inversely for the identification of hydraulic properties using the Taylor series and a nonlinear least squares method. Aquifer parameters investigated include vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivities, storage coefficient, and the leakage factor of the overlying aquitard. The developed method is verified using a hypothetical example and is applied to a field case. Error limits between the determined and true parameter values can be less than 0.1% depending on the quality of the field data.
Dielectric relaxation of the micelle forming anionic paraffin chain salt sodium dodecyl sulfate

Abstract Dielectric measurements on a micelle-forming material such as an ionic paraffin chain salt, sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, illustrate that there is a dielectric dispersion above the critical micelle concentration, CMC. The dielectric increment varies linearly with the SDS concentration while the relaxation time for the dispersion remains relatively constant over a wide range of concentration. The dispersion is attributed to a shell of bound water around the hydrocarbon core of the micelle. The large constant dielectric decrement produces for the assumed inhomogeneous models a large amount of bound water.
The perceptual level functioning of dysphasic children.

Summary Eight dysphasic children were compared with matched controls in per-formance on a battery of tests of “perceputal level” functioning and on several measures of language comprehension. The battery of tests related particularly to auditory and oral-motor functioning but also explored the visual-motor area. The major findings were that the dysphasic children were deficient in auditory-vocal functioning and in the learning of linguistic rules. Their difficulties are modality related for they demonstrate adequacy in visual-motor tasks. These results are consistent with those of other studies of similar children. However, the sufficiency of previous interpretations of the auditory-vocal deficiency was questioned. A sole emphasis on auditory perceptual difficulties may not be adequate to the complexity of the behavior involved. Questions for future investigation were noted.
Basic isoforms of hemolymph storage proteins expressed during larval metamorphosis

The hemolymph of metamorphosing, final instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni was analyzed for the presence of basic forms of normally positively charged storage proteins. Basic forms of arylphorin and a normally acidic juvenile hormone suppressible protein were identified. For each of these two proteins, variation was observed in the immunoreactivity of forms with different basic charges, where the antisera had been generated against acidic forms of each protein. A basic protein of high molecular size (ca. M, 150,000) was identified that cross-reacted specifically with an antiserum raised against a normally basic, M 74,000 juvenile hormone suppressible protein in the hemocyanin superfamily. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ontogenic development and anatomical distribution of a supernumerary limb-inducing factor.

Индуктивная способность почки лягушки увеличтвается в течении онтогенеза. У тканей мочевыводящих путей и кишки есть большая индуктивная способность но у других тканей незначительная индуктивная способность.
Amino acid transport in normal and Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts.

A study was made of the transport of a variety of amino acids by uninfected and Rous sarcoma virus-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Following a period of amino acid starvation, transformed, but not normal cells, showed increased levels of transport for α-aminoisobutyric acid, proline and alanine, three amino acids which are transported primarily by the A transport system. There was no starvation-induced increase in the transport of leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, or cycloleucine. In the absence of starvation, normal and transformed cells exhibited comparable rates of amino acid transport. Cycloheximide was able to block the increase in uptake. The enhanced uptake was characterized by an increase in Vmax for transport and little change in Km. The data demonstrate that an alteration in the regulation of the A amino acid transport system is an early event in malignant transformation by Rous sarcoma virus. However, since this alteration is made manifest only following a period of starvation, our findings suggest that increased amino acid uptake does not play a role in generating the other manifestations of the transformed state seen in cell culture.
Teaching Elementary Students Who Speak Black English Vernacular to Write in Standard English: Effects of Dialect Transformation Practice.

Although nonstandard dialects of English are legitimate forms of spoken language used by many Americans, students in U.S. schools must acquire writing competence using Standard English (SE). Participants in this study were 3rd- and 4th-grade African-American students who exhibited Black English Vernacular (BEV) features in their written work. Six syntactic features differing in BEV and SE were targeted. Students received one of three treatments to increase their use of the SE features in their writing: (1) exposure to SE features in stories; (2) story exposure plus explanation of SE rules; and (3) story exposure, SE rule instruction, and guided practice transforming sentences from BEV to SE features. The third treatment proved most effective in enabling students to translate BEV sentences into SE forms and to employ the targeted SE features in their free writing. Results indicate that having students practice translating nonstandard sentences that typify their own writing and providing corrective feedback are effective for teaching them to use SE forms in their writing. Findings are interpreted to support a social-cognitive view of self-regulated learning.
Victory and defeat in the induction of a therapeutic response through vaccine therapy for human and canine brain tumors: a review of the state of the art.

Anti-tumor immunotherapy using tumor lysate–based vaccines has made great advances over recent decades. Cancer vaccines aim to elicit adaptive immune responses through various pathways by providing tumor and tumor-associated antigens with an immune stimulant or adjuvant. These anti-tumor vaccines are therefore developed as personalized treatments. Utilizing tumors as a source of vaccine antigens in immunotherapy has demonstrated promising results with minimal toxicity. However, to date, researchers have failed to overcome the overpowering immune suppressive effects within the tumor microenvironment. Immune suppression occurs naturally via multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms serve an important homeostatic role restoring a normal tissue microenvironment following an inflammatory response. Due to these suppressive mechanisms and the inherent heterogeneity of tumors, it is imperative to then elicit and maintain a specific tumoricidal response if vaccine therapy or some other combination of reagents is chosen. In this review, we focus on the historical use of tumors as a source of antigens to elicit a tumoricidal response and the limitations encountered that prevent greater success in immunotherapy. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of various vaccines and their ineffectiveness due to tumor-induced immune suppression.
Extramammary Paget's disease of the perianal region.

Extramammary Paget’s disease of the perianal region is a rare, chronic, mucinous adenocarcinoma arising from an underlying apocrine sweat gland or duct, with secondary metastatic epidermal changes. Diagnosis is made by histopathologic examination of the excised lesion. Other perianal dermatoses may produce the chronic, eroding, weeping, eczematoid skin changes usually seen in Paget’s disease. The true pathogenesis of extramammary Paget’s disease in an adnexal gland may be determined by serial section examination of the entire tumor and can be missed in the usual routine examinations. Treatment should be early total excision of the lesion including adequate normal skin and subcutaneous margins. Microscopic examination of the tissue will establish the diagnosis and also determine the adequacy of the initial local excision. A radical abdominoperineal excision together with inguinal lymph-gland dissection will be necessary for the more advanced metastatic lesions. The prognosis is poor in the disseminated extramammary Paget’s lesion.
Shorter Psychiatry Clerkship Length Is Associated With Lower NBME Psychiatry Shelf Exam Performance

Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate a recent medical school curriculum change at our institution 3 years ago; specifically: shortening the Psychiatry core clerkship from 4 to 3 weeks and adding an optional 6-week core/elective combination rotation in lieu of the 3-week core. The authors aimed to determine whether clerkship length was associated with lower scores on the NBME Psychiatry shelf exam (PSE), a requirement of all third-year medical students at our institution.
A Disequilibrium Macroeconomic Model

I. Equilibrium and disequilibrium models, 56. — II. The structure of the model, 59. — III. The short-run equilibrium, 65. — IV. The real balance effect, 75.
Eavesdropping on Health: A Naturalistic Observation Approach for Social Health Research

This article provides an overview of a novel ecological momentary assessment method called the electronically activated recorder or EAR. The EAR is a portable audio recorder that periodically records snippets of ambient sounds from participants’ momentary environments. In tracking moment-to-moment ambient sounds, the EAR yields an acoustic log of a person’s day as it naturally unfolds. As a naturalistic observation method, it provides an observer’s account of daily life and is optimized for the assessment of audible aspects of participants’ daily social environments and interactions. The article discusses the EAR method conceptually and methodologically and identifies three important ways in which it can enrich social health research. Specifically, it can help cross-validate research findings independent of self-reports, calibrate psychological measures against behavioral markers of real-world social functioning, and further our understanding of the role that people’s mundane social interactions and language use play in coping and health.
A note on the integration of competing psychophysical theories

Virtually from its inception psychophysics has been caught on the horns of the dilemma as to the proper form of the fundamental psychophysical law. This paper illustrates an integration of two competing theories.
Molecular Pathways: Intercellular PTEN and the Potential of PTEN Restoration Therapy

Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten (PTEN) acts as a tumor suppressor through both PI3K-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Reduced PTEN activity has been shown to affect not only tumor cell proliferation and survival but also the microenvironmental context in which nascent tumors develop. As a result of the multifaceted tumor-suppressive roles of PTEN, tumors evolve by selecting for clones in which PTEN activity is lost. PTEN activity within tumors can be modulated in numerous ways, including direct mutation, epigenetic regulation, and amplification or mutation of other proteins that can regulate or degrade PTEN. These events functionally prevent PTEN protein from acting within tumor cells. Paracrine roles for PTEN gene products (exosomal PTEN and PTEN-L) have recently been identified, through which PTEN gene products produced in one cell are able to enter recipient cells and contribute to PTEN functions. In preclinical models purified PTEN-L protein was able to enter tumor xenografts and downregulate PI3K signaling as well as cause tumor cell death. Here, we review the role of PTEN as a multifaceted tumor suppressor and reflect upon the potential for PTEN restoration therapy.
HIGH VACUUM FLAME STERILIZATION: PROCESS CONCEPT AND ENERGY USE ANALYSIS

A flame sterilization procedure which has the advantages of high vacuum, high temperature, and short time processing for commercially sterilizing canned foods is described. By virtually eliminating the covering liquid needed in commercial packs, the high vacuum flame sterilization process yields a high quality product without diluting natural flavor attributes, without needing to add sugars or salts. Examining the energy efficiency of the process, on a pilot scale, high vacuum flame sterilization is seen to be 30% less consumptive of thermal energy on an energy per mass of fruit processed basis than conventional retorting.
Funduscopic lesions associated with mortality in shaken baby syndrome.

Abstract Purpose: The shaken baby syndrome (SBS) has been defined as a syndrome of intraocular and intracranial hemorrhage in young children, thought to be caused by violent shaking inflicted by an adult. In many cases SBS is fatal as a result of intracranial injury. Intraocular findings include hemorrhage, which may be accompanied by characteristic retinal folds or retinoschisis lesions. This study was performed to determine whether acute ophthalmologic findings might predict a fatal outcome. Methods: A consecutive series of 10 patients meeting a strict definition of SBS was reviewed for ophthalmic findings at presentation and outcome. Results: Seven patients survived, and three died. Of the six funduscopic characteristics identified in these patients, two were significantly associated with a fatal outcome: circular perimacular retinal folds found in four patients ( p = 0.048) and peripheral retinoschisis lesions seen in three patients ( p = 0.012). Lack of visual response at initial examination was also significantly associated with a fatal outcome ( p = 0.033). Conclusions: Ophthalmic examination of children with suspected SBS is important for prognostic as well as diagnostic purposes. Circular perimacular retinal folds, peripheral retinoschisis lesions, and lack of visual response correlated with fatal neurologic trauma and may be useful in predicting severity of central nervous system injury in shaken baby syndrome.
New inversion techniques for the triton photoeffect

Abstract The photoeffect cross section for a particle in a model potential has been calculated analytically along with five energy-weighted moments. Two sets of orthonormalized polynomials Rn and Sn are developed with the weighting functions exp (−x 1 2 ) and x 1 2 exp (−x 1 2 ) . respectively. These polynomials are used to invert the calculated moments to get the cross section corresponding to 5, 4, 3 and 2 moments. The cross sections found by S-inversion are in good agreement with the model; those using R-inversion give somewhat poorer agreement. Clare and Lally calculated triton moments and used Laguerre inversion to find the triton cross section. We use their moments with R-inversion and S-inversion. Our resulting cross section agrees reasonably well with Gorbunov's and Faul's measurements of the 3He photoeffect. We find better agreement than that found by Clare and Lally.
Longitudinal change in preferred age of retirement

It has been observed that among workers there is an inverse relationship between the proximity of retirement and its attractiveness. This study analysed the longitudinal change, over the ten years between two sampling times T1 and T2, in preferred retirement age for a series of age cohorts. The sample included 1458 males aged 35–81 at T2. Cohort means at T1 and T2 and an additional residual change score both showed a similar trend in the direction of older workers preferring a later retirement age over time. The shift to a preference for later retirement was estimated to occur in the early 50s. This preference for later retirement was seen as an attempt to delay the status changes of retirement, and not as a rejection of retirement or an absolute preference for work. The data also showed a longitudinal change in social values toward a more favourable appraisal of retirement among all age cohorts.
SCAT: A heuristic algorithm for queueing network models of computing systems

This paper presents a new algorithm for the approximate analysis of closed product-form queueing networks with fixed-rate, delay (infinite-server), and load-dependent queues. This algorithm has the accuracy, speed, small memory requirements, and simplicity necessary for inclusion in a general network analysis package. The algorithm allows networks with large numbers of queues, job classes, and populations to be analyzed interactively even on microcomputers with very limited memory.
Radar-Updated Inertial Navigation of a Continuously-Powered Space Vehicle

This paper is concerned with the navigation of a manned space vehicle during its powered deboost phase of flight prior to landing on the moon. An inertial measurement unit (IMU), which operates continuously, is provided on board the vehicle along with an altimeter and a doppler radar. The basic problem of interest is to determine the best way to navigate the vehicle with these instruments, considering factors such as equipment operating ranges, data rates, random and bias measurement errors, terrain anomalies, and computational complexity. The navigation systems presented are based on the least-squares estimation techniques developed by Kalman and Battin. Up-to-date estimates of the vehicle's state are obtained by comparing altimeter or doppler-radar measurements with IMU-derived estimates of the same physical quantity. The key to the estimation process is the determination of the best weighting to use on these measurement differences in the updating procedure. Several different sets of weighting factors for use in the deboost phase are developed in the paper, using minimization of mean-squared estimation errors as the basic performance criterion. Bias errors in the IMU measurements, uncertainties in the knowledge of the orientation of the radar antennas relative to the IMU, and anomalies of the lunar terrain are assumed to be the predominant navigation-system error sources. The major differences between the weighting factors result from the particular model employed for the navigation sensors, the model used for the lunar terrain, and the methods used to account for measurement bias errors in the weighting-factor computations.
The New Classification of Primary Progressive Aphasia into Semantic, Logopenic, or Nonfluent/Agrammatic Variants

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), typically resulting from a neurodegenerative disease such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration or Alzheimer’s disease, is characterized by a progressive loss of specific language functions with relative sparing of other cognitive domains. Three variants of PPA are now recognized: semantic variant, logopenic variant, and nonfluent/agrammatic variant. We discuss recent work characterizing the neurolinguistic, neuropsychological, imaging and pathologic profiles associated with these variants. Improved reliability of diagnoses will be increasingly important as trials for etiology-specific treatments become available. We also discuss the implications of these syndromes for theories of language function.
Scattered photons as the cause for the observed dmax shift with field size in high-energy photon beams.

Measurements on the Sagittaire linear accelerator and Allis–Chalmers betatron at M. D. Anderson Hospital indicate that the observed d max shift with field size is due to the presence of Compton‐scattered photons in the therapy beam, and not electrons as proposed by others. Separating the primary from other radiation components indicates that the secondary fraction represents a percentage contribution to the overall beam that increases as the collimators are opened. This is consistent with what would be expected from Compton scattering and explains the effective softening of the beam as field size increases.
Précis of Empiricism and Experience

My principal aim in the book is to understand the logical relationship of experience to knowledge. Say that I look out of my window and see that it is raining. As I look out, I have a visual experience, and I come thereby to believe that it is raining. Plainly, my belief is reasonable, and it is so in part because of my visual experience. But what is the contribution of the experience to the reasonableness of my belief? The following terminology will prove useful: let us say that the given in an experience is the total rational contribution of that experience. Then, the question I am concerned with can be formulated thus: what is the given in an experience? More specifically, what is the logical character of the given? Does the given consist of a totality of propositions, or properties, or objects if so, which propositions, properties, and objects or of something altogether different? Classical empiricism offers a striking answer to our question. The given in experience, according to this seductive doctrine, consists of propositions about a subjective realm: in experience, the subject is acquainted with certain subjective entities, and with some of their properties and relations where acquaintance is understood as a relation that enables the subject to know immediately truths about the entities with which it is acquainted. Conceptions of experience of this general shape call them Cartesian conceptions assume a variety of forms, of which perhaps the most important is the sense-datum theory. The objects of acquaintance, in this theory, are sense-data, which are fleeting mind-dependent entities with various sensible qualities, such as colors, odors, and textures. The sense-datum theory and, more generally, Cartesian conceptions have come under incessant attacks since about the middle of the twentieth century. Many philosophers of this period
Assessment of an Engineering Technology Outreach Program for 4th-7th Grade Girls.

This paper describes a workshop led by female Engineering Technology students, with support from female faculty, to provide an introduction to Engineering Technology to 4th – 7th grade girls through a series of interactive laboratory experiments. This outreach program was developed to improve attitudes towards science and engineering in middle school-aged girls by making science tangible and fun. The workshop takes place on a college campus and makes use of four different Engineering Technology laboratories. Each lab activity includes a hands-on experiment, beginning with an overview of the engineering technology discipline and a brief description of the theories related to the experiment. The day culminates with a panel session between the participants and the college students. An ancillary outcome of the program is that it serves as a community building event for female Engineering Technology college students. Connections are developed between the students and between students and faculty in the college. The college students gain the satisfaction of influencing the attitudes of participants and develop critical communication skills. An attitude survey given to participants before and after the workshop shows that participation in these workshops results in a more positive attitude towards science and technology. College student volunteers were also surveyed after the workshop to determine the impact of their participation. A full workshop description is given in this paper as well as analysis of the assessment results for the participants and the college students.
FORS: a flexible design environment

The author describes a modular design environment called FORS (flexible organizations), which is based on a network representation of the design effort. Each design network consists of tools (programs distributed over the whole network) and aspects (the models to which the tools are applied). The system's communication and exchange of data are based on distributed problem-solving techniques. The main objective is to develop mechanisms for collaboration between the different tools. The system provides a self-explanatory icon-based interface that allows for the dynamic reconfiguration of the design network and maintains libraries of records, tools, and aspects. The user can easily add and delete tools and access information and data from old designs. FORS extends object-oriented tool representation and considers the remote effects problem, also known as the simultaneous engineering or concurrent design problem. >
Beronaphaenops paphlagonicus, a new anophthalmous genus and species of Trechini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Turkey

Beronaphaenops gen. n. paphlagonicus sp. n., a new remarkable, eyeless species of Trechini is described from Asian Turkey (type locality: cave Esek Cukuru Magarasi 2, Milli Park Kure Daglari, Pinarbasi District, Kastamonu Province). This specialized, troglobite species is characterized by a very peculiar combination of features, including several autapotypic features: mentum tooth large, long and porrect, at distal position reaching or slightly exceeding the level of epilobes, rather slanting ventrally, deeply bifid at the tip; short and fragile paraglossae, hardly surpassing the anterior margin of ligula; absence of posterolateral setae of the pronotum; absence of posterior discal pore in elytral stria 3; apical stylomere shortened, with basal part unusually broadened. The systematic position of the genus amongst the trechine beetles from the peri-Pontic area is discussed. A key to the Anatolian genera of the tribe is prepared.
Come and stay a while: does financial aid effect retention conditioned on enrollment at a large public university?

Abstract Few studies examine whether financial aid affects college retention. This paper uses University of Oregon data to examine financial aid’s affect on retention net of uniquely detailed enrollee attributes and conditioned on unobserved enrollee attributes identified by jointly modeling retention and enrollment. The results show that need- and merit-based aid significantly increase retention, but that these effects are biased by selection and vary with need and ability. This analysis is supplemented using survey data on non-retainees that indicate the decision to drop out depends significantly on financial aid. Overall, the findings suggest that increasing reliance on unsubsidized and merit-based aid by government and universities has lowered the relative graduation rates of needy students.
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT IN IRRADIATED STEELS.

Abstract Hydrogen charging conditions that completely embrittle an ultra-high strength steel have a negligible effect on 212-B pressure vessel steel in tensile and delayed failure tests, Much higher hydrogen charges reduce the notch tensile strength. Delayed failure is observed only at stresses greater than 90% of the notch tensile strength of the hydrogenated metal. The primary purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether or not irradiated reactor pressure vessel steels become susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Tests on 212-B irradiated to give a 35% increase in strength and a nil-ductility (NDT) temperature shift of 110°C showed the same relationship between delayed failure limits and notch tensile strength. Catastrophic embrittlement due to hydrogen (like delayed failures at 25 to 50% of the notch tensile strength in 4340) are not observed in 212-B steel, even for irradiated material and with the high hydrogen contents studied. Delayed failure behavior was similar to that observed in unirradiated material. Therefore, catastrophic hydrogen embrittlement of a well-designed nuclear reactor pressure vessel is not believed credible.
Non-Gaussian statistics of binding/unbinding events and the energetics of electron transfer reactions

We describe a model of electron transfer reactions affected by local binding to the donor or acceptor sites of a particle in equilibrium with the solution. The statistics of fluctuations of the donor–acceptor energy gap caused by binding/unbinding events are non-Gaussian, and the resulting free energy surfaces of electron transfer are non-parabolic. The band-width of the charge-transfer optical transition is predicted to pass through a maximum as a function of the concentration of binding particles in the solution. The breakdown of the link between the Stokes shift and the reorganization energy of electron transfer is also predicted by the model.
Regional distribution of measurement error in diffusion tensor imaging.

Abstract The characterization of measurement error is critical in assessing the significance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings in longitudinal and cohort studies of psychiatric disorders. We studied 20 healthy volunteers, each one scanned twice (average interval between scans of 51±46.8 days) with a single shot echo planar DTI technique. Intersession variability for fractional anisotropy (FA) and Trace ( D ) was represented as absolute variation (standard deviation within subjects: SDw), percent coefficient of variation (CV) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The values from the two sessions were compared for statistical significance with repeated measures analysis of variance or a non-parametric equivalent of a paired t -test. The results showed good reproducibility for both FA and Trace (CVs below 10% and ICCs at or above 0.70 in most regions of interest) and evidence of systematic global changes in Trace between scans. The regional distribution of reproducibility described here has implications for the interpretation of regional findings and for rigorous pre-processing. The regional distribution of reproducibility measures was different for SDw, CV and ICC. Each one of these measures reveals complementary information that needs to be taken into consideration when performing statistical operations on groups of DT images.
Unequally spaced antenna arrays synthesized via dynamic programming

In this paper, application of dynamic programming to linear arrays consisting of unequally spaced elements is investigated. Variants of the algorithms proposed previously are created and tested for optimality. The method of total enumeration is utilized to verify how close to optimal the obtained results are. The criterion for comparison used is the peak sidelobe level in a given region of optimization. Where total enumeration is not feasible, a comparison is made with an alternative method of optimization that uses simulated annealing.
Fundamental notions of analysis in subsystems of second-order arithmetic

We develop fundamental aspects of the theory of metric, Hilbert, and Banach spaces in the context of subsystems of second-order arithmetic. In particular, we explore issues having to do with distances, closed subsets and subspaces, closures, bases, norms, and projections. We pay close attention to variations that arise when formalizing deflnitions and theorems, and study the relationships between them. For example, we show that a natural formalization of the mean ergodic theorem can be proved in ACA0; but even recognizing the theorem’s \equivalent" existence assertions as such can also require the full strength of ACA0.
Honor and Public Opinion

Honor has been an indispensable reference in the life of individuals and societies throughout the course of human history. As a basic concern of men and women, the phenomenon already appears in the earliest literary testimonies. The heroes of the Greek, Roman or German epic poems adapt their behavior to the demands of this particular deity, honor. Literature, at any time, in any culture, in any language, makes constant use of honor as an effective dramatic element. The recurrent presence is certainly a reflection of the actual significance the phenomenon of honor had in everyone’s life. This essay clarifies why honor is given such importance; why it has been considered to be more valuable for the individual than his/her own life. To this end, the mention of public opinion is unavoidable. This phenomenon, in its social psychological conception, is the key that permits us to enlighten the labyrinth of honor.
What Causes a Management Article to be Cited—Article, Author, or Journal?

This article examines the influence of citation impact on scholarship. Citation analysis allows authors to determine how often their work has been cited by others. It has become a performance metri...
Efficacy of budesonide in moderate to severe asthma.

Abstract Background: The worldwide prevalence of asthma is increasing by ∼50% per decade. Budesonide is one of several inhaled corticosteroids available for the treatment of asthma and has been extensively evaluated in clinical trials. Objective: This article reviews the published literature on the efficacy of budesonide in the management of adult and pediatric patients with moderate to severe asthma and compares budesonide with other inhaled corticosteroids and nonsteroidal treatment options. Methods: All controlled, randomized studies in patients with moderate or severe asthma were considered for inclusion. Relevant studies were identified through a MEDLINE search of the period from 1980 to 2000 using the terms budesonide plus efficacy, with or without the terms fluticasone, mometasone , and beclomethasone . The manufacturer's reference database was used to identify additional publications. Results: Budesonide is associated with a dose-response effect in adults and children with moderate to severe asthma. The data on budesonide are in line with the current recommendation for a high starting dose of inhaled corticosteroid (800 μg/d), followed by downward titration to the minimal effective dose. Budesonide administered by Turbuhaler™ (AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Del) dry-powder inhaler (DPI) was effective at a significantly lower dose than beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) administered by pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) ( P = 0.009), whereas its efficacy was similar to that of BDP delivered by hydrofluoroalkane pMDI and that of fluticasone propionate administered by DPI. Inhaled budesonide therapy was shown to be oral corticosteroid sparing in patients with severe asthma, thus reducing the total corticosteroid dose and the risk of systemic side effects. Pulmicort Respules® (AstraZeneca), a nebulized formulation, was effective in the treatment of moderate to severe asthma in patients aged ≥12 months. Conclusions: Once- or twice-daily administration of budesonide delivered via the Turbuhaler and Pulmicort Respules systems has been shown to be well tolerated and efficacious in populations with moderate to severe asthma.
What *is* information security?

Recent events have increasingly focused public attention on issues of information privacy, computer and network security, cybercrime and cyber terrorism. Yet despite all of this attention, there is some confusion about what is actually encompassed by those terms. There are some obvious components, such as cryptography and access control. However, the list of undisputed topics is not long or well-developed, and many questions arise as to whether a typical computer science department can offer all of the topics involved. That there are only a few universities that teach a comprehensive curriculum in these topics serves to illustrate the imprecise nature of the field. Many professionals have taken to describing it as "information security" or "information assurance" to distinguish that the focus is not on computers and networks, but on the information they hold and process.This talk will present a more comprehensive view of the area than simply within the confines of CS/CE. The speaker has been teaching information security for nearly 20 years and has developed a view that spans many traditional disciplines. The talk will present some of the reasons for that breadth of view, illustrated with examples taken from the recent CRA Grand Challenges Conference on Information Security. One conclusion from this talk is that getting good information security education widely implemented may not be simple, given current constraints and traditions within academia.
Development and validation of model for 95% efficiency, 220 W wireless power transfer over a 30cm air-gap

Although 60W wireless power transfer was demonstrated in 2007, still there is no equivalent circuit model for a sub-meter air-gap, hundreds of Watts, high efficiency wireless system. A design-oriented circuit model is needed for this technology to evolve. This paper proposes an equivalent circuit model for the wireless system and analyzes the system based on the proposed model. The proposed model and its analysis are validated by means of FEA and experimental results. Furthermore, as a viable solution for high power (over 10kW) applications, losses in the wireless power transfer system are investigated in the following section. Because of the high operating frequency (MHz), skin- and proximity effect were shown to be dominant. New spatial layout of a coil is proposed that significantly reduces losses caused by skin- and proximity effect. Proposed coil design is evaluated by means of FEA.
Preparation and Properties of Porous α‐Al2O3 Membrane Supports

Strong and permeable macro-porous α-Al2O3 membrane supports are made by colloidal filtration of 20 vol% dispersions of α-Al2O3 with an average particle size of 600 nm. Intact compacts with very good surface quality were obtained at an optimum pH of 9.5 and dosage of 0.2 wt% ammonium aurintricarboxylate (Aluminon), based on dry alumina. The colloidal stability of the aluminon-stabilized slurries is confirmed by ξ potential measurements. Slight sintering of dense-packed α-Al2O3 compacts was found to result in >67% packing density and a bimodal pore-size distribution as derived from shrinkage behavior and gas adsorption studies. Non-stationary single gas permeation measurements showed improved gas permeability, compared with α-Al2O3 compacts prepared using powder with a smaller particle size (300 nm). The strength of the disk-shaped alumina compacts within the porosity range of 30%–20% increased from 100 to 300 MPa with a standard deviation of 20 and 50 MPa, respectively.
Assessing academic department efficiency at a public university

The assessment of public universities has gained importance because of the demands from such state government bodies as the executive and the legislature. Public universities are increasingly being asked to account for how efficiently they have used diminishing state financial resources. Administrators thus have the responsibility of ensuring that the university's financial, human, and physical resources are allocated to academic departments in a manner that enhances the institution's efficiency. In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is proposed for evaluating the efficiency of academic departments at a public university. DEA provides a single measure of efficiency for each academic unit. It also identifies the causes behind the inefficiencies exhibited by poor performing units, as well as the changes that these units need to make in order to improve their efficiencies. Its usefulness as a planning tool is also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms Forcing an Antarctic Dipole in Simulated Sea Ice and Surface Ocean Conditions

Abstract The mechanisms forcing variability in Southern Ocean sea ice and sea surface temperature from 600 years of a control climate coupled model integration are discussed. As in the observations, the leading mode of simulated variability exhibits a dipole pattern with positive anomalies in the Pacific sector associated with negative anomalies in the Atlantic. It is found that in the Pacific ocean circulation changes associated with variable wind forcing modify the ocean heat flux convergence and sea ice transport, resulting in sea surface temperature and sea ice anomalies. The Pacific ice and ocean anomalies persist over a number of years due to reductions in ocean shortwave absorption reinforcing the initial anomalies. In the Atlantic sector, no single process dominates in forcing the anomalies. Instead there are contributions from changing ocean and sea ice circulation and surface heat fluxes. While the absorbed solar radiation in the Atlantic is modified by the changing surface albedo, the anomalies...
Development of a scalable image formation pipeline for multiscale gigapixel photography

We report on the image formation pipeline developed to efficiently form gigapixel-scale imagery generated by the AWARE-2 multiscale camera. The AWARE-2 camera consists of 98 "microcameras" imaging through a shared spherical objective, covering a 120° x 50° field of view with approximately 40 microradian instantaneous field of view (the angular extent of a pixel). The pipeline is scalable, capable of producing imagery ranging in scope from "live" one megapixel views to full resolution gigapixel images. Architectural choices that enable trivially parallelizable algorithms for rapid image formation and on-the-fly microcamera alignment compensation are discussed.
Normalized queueing delay: congestion control jointly utilizing delay and marking

Depending upon the type of feedback that is primarily used as a congestion measure, congestion control methods can be generally classified into two categories: marking/loss-based or delay-based. While both marking and queueing delay provide information about the congestion state of a network, they have been largely treated with separate control strategies. In this paper, we propose the notion of the normalized queueing delay, which serves as a congestion measure by combining both delay and marking information. Utilizing normalized queueing delay (NQD), we propose an approach to congestion control that allows a source to scale its rate dynamically to prevailing network conditions through the use of a time-variant set-point. In ns-2 simulation studies, an NQD-enabled FAST TCP demonstrates a significant link utilization improvement over FAST TCP under certain conditions. In addition, we propose another NQD-based controller D + M TCP (Delay+Marking TCP) that achieves quick convergence to fair and stable rates with nearly full link utilization. Therefore, NQD is a suitable candidate as a congestion measure for practical congestion control.
Tail-Drag Marks and Dinosaur Footprints from the Upper Cretaceous Toreva Formation, Northeastern Arizona

Abstract The first Late Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite recorded from Arizona, preserving over 100 footprints, also preserves sinuous grooves here interpreted to be impressions left by the tail of a large vertebrate as it dragged through sediment now assigned to the Toreva Formation. Although no footprints are preserved that can be referred unambiguously to the individual or individuals that produced the tail-drag marks, the dynamic nature of the surface upon which the tracks were made, likely a river or stream shoreline, could have easily resulted in their disturbance or obliteration. As best as can be determined on the basis of a depauperate marine fauna from the lower part of the unit, and on the basis of a substantial hiatus that separates the lower and upper parts, the site is probably middle Coniacian in age. These tracks and drag marks add significantly to the exceptionally rare record of terrestrial vertebrates known from the Toreva Formation.
Transforming growth factor alpha regulation of two zinc finger-containing immediate early response genes in intestine

The epithelium lining the intestine undergoes rapid and continuous renewal. Growth factors play a role in intestinal epithelial growth regulation in vitro and in vivo. In this study, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) is shown to act as a mitogen and induce the expression of two zinc finger-containing immediate early genes [Zif268 (zinc finger protein 268) and Nup475 (nuclear protein 475)] in rat intestinal epithelial (RIE-1) cells in culture. These two gene products were initially isolated from serum-treated fibroblasts and represent growth-stimulated transcription factors. In TGF alpha-treated RIE-1 cells, nuclear run-on experiments demonstrate that TGF alpha induction of these two genes is regulated predominantly at the level of gene transcription. Utilizing in situ hybridization techniques, we show that systemic administration of TGF alpha induces expression of these two genes in the rat intestine. The predominant expression of zif268 is observed in the proliferative crypt compartment, whereas nup475 expression is concentrated in the postmitotic luminal compartment. These studies demonstrate that two immediate early genes, Nup475 and Zif268, are induced in intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo and thus may play a role in intestinal epithelial growth and/or differentiation.