cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief structured observation of medical student hospital visits

Introduction: Students’ clinical, communication, and professionalism skills are best assessed when faculty directly observe clinical encounters with patients. Prior to 2009, third‑year medical students at our institution had one observed clinical encounter by clinic‑based faculty during a required internal medicine clerkship. These observations averaged 45 minutes, feedback was not standardized, and student and faculty satisfaction was low. Methods: Two hospital‑based faculty members redesigned a shorter, standardized exercise during which a faculty member observed the student making rounds on a hospitalized patient that they were actively following. On a checklist, faculty recorded observations about communication (8 items), physical examination (5 items), and professionalism (4 items). Faculty provided immediate feedback. Results: Faculty’s direct observation of medical students prerounding on hospitalized internal medicine patients averaged 27 minutes including the feedback to students. In one year, 67/71 (94%) students completed the exercise; records were available for 66 (99%) of these encounters. Time of observation averaged 13.5 minutes (range 3‑26 minutes). Feedback averaged 13.4 minutes (range 8‑25 minutes). Faculty provided feedback in the following areas (proportion of students): Communication (66/66, 100%); examination skills (63/66, 95%); and professionalism (65/66, 98%). Forty‑three students (64%) completed an anonymous satisfaction survey. Thirty‑nine of these (91%) found the exercise useful or very useful (average 5‑point Likert score = 4.30) and 38 (88%) found it easy or very easy to schedule (average 5‑point Likert score = 4.30). Discussion: Students found this exercise useful and easy to schedule. Faculty consistently provided feedback to students in areas of communication, physical examination, and professionalism.
Diffraction coefficients for a discontinuity in curvature

A particular choice of model of a surface displaying a discontinuity in curvature permits a high-frequency asymptotic development of the surface field when a plane electromagnetic wave is incident. The diffraction coefficients are deduced from this, and the results differ significantly from the physical-optics estimates.
Seeking Closure: Competition in Complementary Markets*

When offering a product that has a complementary product in a different market, a firm must consider the interdependence between the complementary products as well as the competition within markets. If the firm participates in both markets, the balancing act becomes even more challenging. This article provides insights about strategies in this latter setting: when should the firm seek to keep its products closed to competing complementary products, and when would the firm be better off by accepting a common standard? To address these questions, we employ standard game theoretic analysis to a simple spatial model that captures aspects of both intermarket externalities and intramarket competition. We find that if a firm participates in both markets and chooses a closed standard, it achieves lower profits compared to an open standard, but gains greater market share. Surprisingly, we find that customers are better off when standards are kept closed.
Anxious Publics: Worries About Crime and Immigration

In this article the authors investigate the relationship between concerns about crime and concerns about immigration. Panel survey data from Germany allow the authors to examine people’s views abou...
Tip of the iceberg? Finland and the Holocaust

by Hannu Rautkallio, translated by Eugene Holman, EC‐Books, 2008, 144 pp., ISBN 978‐952‐92‐1152‐4 In June 2008, The Woodrow Wilson Center’s History and Public Policy Program hosted an international...
Ritual Disrobement at Mardi Gras: Ceremonial Exchange and Moral Order

This article examines public nudity and gifts of beads in the French Quarter of New Orleans at Mardi Gras as components of a new ceremonial exchange ritual. The three ritual paradigms identified are based on the (1) social and spatial relationships between actors and the (2) provision of symbolic goods and services. The central focus is public disrobement, a ritual interpreted in terms of cultural codes involving market relations, gender, and hierarchy. What seems to be mere debauchery is an expression of moral commitment to an economic system in which conventional notions of gender and hierarchy are deeply embedded. Three main questions are addressed : How does ritual develop ? Why does it take the general form it does ? What accounts for variation in ritual performances ? Results from an analysis of 1,205 interactions during the 1991 Mardi Gras festival show that (1) both males and females participate in ritual disrobement in exchange for ceremonial beads, (2) gender patterning in the character of the ritual is shaped strongly by spatial configuration, and (3) the ritual order of exchange is a function of the hierarchical symbolism inherent in the relation between balcony and street
Impact of Technology Scaling in sub-100 nm nMOSFETs on Total-Dose Radiation Response and Hot-Carrier Reliability

The total-dose radiation tolerance of 32-nm nFETs is investigated. nFETs built in 32-nm RF-CMOS-on-SOI technology with high-k dielectrics show increased off-state leakage current and electron trapping in the gate oxide. The impact of CMOS-on-SOI technology scaling (from 65-nm to 32-nm) on the total-dose radiation tolerance and hot-carrier reliability (HCR) is investigated through both experiments and supporting TCAD simulations. The 32-nm nFETs exhibit less total-dose degradation compared to 45-nm nFETs. However, the hot-carrier degradation increases as the technology scales. An interplay of electric-field in the gate oxide and impact ionization in the channel region is responsible for the observed differences in the degradation mechanisms for the three technologies.
Xanthine oxidase: A source of hydrogen peroxide in bovine thyroid glands

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide produced by bovine thyroidal xanthine oxidase was found to yield protein bound iodine in vitro in the presence of a thyroidal peroxidase. The thyroid metabolites, mono- and diiodotyramine, which have very potent inhibitory effects on thyroid monoamine oxidase have very little effect on thyroid xanthine oxidase below 1 mM concentration. Allopurinol and formycin B reduced the level of iodination of protein in thyroid tissue slices. These data suggest that thyroid xanthine oxidase may be an important source of the hydrogen peroxide required for thyroxine biosynthesis.
Collusion via Signaling in Multiple Object Auctions with Complementarities: An Experimental Test ∗

We experimentally study tacit bidder collusion in open ascending auctions for two heterogeneous objects in environments with or without complementarities. While lowprice collusive equilibria have been shown to exist under such institutions in theory, they require sophisticated tacit coordination among bidders that may be difficult to achieve in practice. We provide the first systematic evidence of successful bidder collusion in such complex environments. Stable collusion is often observed in markets with or without complementarities, as long as the number of bidders is small. We further find that bidder choice of collusive strategies is sensitive to the presence of complementarities. While bidders make extensive use of signaling in no complementarity environments, in the presence of complementarities, they often adopt higher-payoff bid rotation strategies that are supported only by repeated play. Retaliatory bidding is widely used to punish non-collusive behavior of others.
Knowledge-based systems for cutting stock problems

Abstract In this paper, various methods proposed for the solution of cutting stock problems are reviewed. The impact of expert systems and artificial intelligence on solving these problems is assessed. An intelligent system architecture is proposed. The structure uses knowledge-based scheduling concepts and provides a basis for exploring integration of expert systems and operations research techniques in generating cutting patterns with minimum scrap.
State politics, tuition, and the dynamics of a political budget cycle

This paper attempts to improve the understanding of political budget cycles by first identifying a previously undocumented cycle in tuition and required fees at public four-year institutions of higher education in the United States. I find that tuition and fees are 1.5 % lower during gubernatorial election years than in non-election years. No similar cycle is found in private tuition and fees. Using a newly constructed dataset, I then explore the variation in electoral competition in gubernatorial and state legislative elections within states over time to uncover the underlying electoral incentives creating the cycle. The results suggest that the tuition cycle is not designed to increase the reelection prospects of governors as standard theories would predict. I find that tuition decreases during gubernatorial election years as the reelection prospects of the incumbent governor increases. Instead, the evidence suggests that popular governors use lower tuition as political pork to expand party power in the state by capturing swing districts in concurrent state legislative elections. I find that the magnitude of the cycle increases with the level of competition in state house elections and that the effect is concentrated among those districts held by the opposition party, particularly if those opposition districts are populated with voters likely to be responsive to tuition as a policy lever. These results reveal important dynamics about party competition within states in the United States and suggest that the electoral incentives driving political budget cycles can be complex.
A Comparison of Top-Down Statistical Models With Bottom-Up Methods for Power System Reliability Estimation in High Wind Events

The North American electric power grid is considered to be the largest and most complex technical system in the world. Reliability of this heterogeneous and highly interconnected systems is paramount since our national security, digital economy, and transportation and water systems require robust operation of the electric power system. The focus of this paper is on comparing top-down statistical approaches with bottom-up engineering models that are used in estimating the reliability of power systems during hurricanes and high wind events. It then gives a synthesized overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and highlights areas in which additional research is needed.
How Sensitive Are Fault-Slip Rates in the Los Angeles Basin to Tectonic Boundary Conditions?

Geodetic studies have produced different interpretations of the relative vertical thickening versus escape tectonics occurring within the Los Angeles basin based on calculated horizontal strain rates ranging from 56 10 9 /yr contraction at N36 Et o 85 10 9 /yr north-south contraction and 60 10 9 /yr east-west extension. Three-dimensional forward mechanical models of faults in the Los An- geles basin are used to compare modeled slip rates and slip styles, represented as the rakes of average net slip vectors, under four representative horizontal strain condi- tions with geologically determined late-Quaternary slip rates and observed slip styles. The comparisons strive to identify the most mechanically viable tectonic boundary conditions for the Los Angeles basin. The three-dimensional fault surfaces used within the mechanical models have been defined by Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) workers based on surface geology and subsurface data. The model results suggest that northeast-southwest principal contraction is inappropriate for the Los Angeles basin because this tectonic boundary condition produces left-lateral slip along the Whittier and San Gabriel faults in contrast with abundant geologic evidence of right-lateral slip. Of the four tectonic boundary conditions evaluated, north-south contraction accompanied by either zero or slow east-west contraction gives the low- est mismatch of modeled and observed fault slip style. These results suggest that vertical thickening may be more predominant than escape tectonics in this region.
64×64 Low-loss and broadband digital silicon photonic MEMS switches

We report on monolithically integrated 64×64 broadband digital silicon photonic MEMS switches with sub-microsecond switching time (0.9 μs), high extinction ratio (65 dB), low on-chip insertion loss (5.1 dB), broadband operation (1460–1580 nm wavelength) and compact footprint (7×7 mm2).
A NEW OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOUS COXITIS IN CHILDREN

1. No condition of perfect rest is possible with conservative treatment of coxitis. The adductors and the iliopsoas exert a particularly harmful effect on the joint. 2. This harmful influence of the muscles is destroyed by a subtrochanteric osteotomy, followed by complete displacement of the fragments. 3. Silk suture between the fragments promotes recalcification. 4. Osteotomy performed in the manner described drains the marrow cavity, which relieves pain and promotes healing. 5. In the seventeen cases in which this operation was performed, there were sixteen children and one adult. There have been no recurrences during the five years in which these cases have been under observation. 6. Following operation, the average period required for complete healing was eighteen months. 7. This method can be performed without danger, except in cases with open fistulae, at any stage of the disease, at any localization of the focus, and at any age. In the author's series operation was delayed until at least three months after the fistulae (when present) had closed.
Effect of Clostridium perfringens infection and antibiotic administration on microbiota in the small intestine of broiler chickens

The etiological agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) is Clostridium perfringens (CP), which is an economically significant problem for broiler chicken producers worldwide. Traditional use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters to control NE disease have resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in CP strains. Identification of probiotic bacteria strains as an alternative to antibiotics for the control of intestinal CP colonization is crucial. Two experiments were conducted to determine changes in intestinal bacterial assemblages in response to CP infection and in-feed bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) in broiler chickens. In each experiment conducted in battery-cage or floor-pen housing, chicks were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: 1) BMD-supplemented diet with no CP challenge (CM), 2) BMD-free control diet with no CP challenge (CX), 3) BMD-supplemented diet with CP challenge (PCM), or 4) BMD-free control diet with CP challenge (PCX). The establishment of CP infection was confirmed, with the treatment groups exposed to CP having a 1.5- to 2-fold higher CP levels (P < 0.05) compared to the non-exposed groups. Next-generation sequencing of PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes, was used to perform intestinal bacterial diversity analyses pre-challenge, and at 1, 7, and 21 d post-challenge. The results indicated that the intestinal bacterial assemblage was dominated by members of the phylum Firmicutes in all treatments before and after CP challenge, especially the Lactobacillaceae and Clostridiales families. In addition, we observed post-challenge emergence of members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae in the non-medicated PCX treatment, and emergence of the Enterococcaceae in the medicated PCM treatment. This study highlights the bacterial interactions that could be important in suppressing or eliminating CP infection within the chicken intestine. Future studies should explore the potential to use commensal strains of unknown Clostridiales, Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Enterococcaceae in effective probiotic formulations for the control of CP and NE disease.
Detecting Local Adaptation in Phytophagous Insects Using Repeated Measures Designs

Substantial variation among experimental units may occur in studies that address effects of the host plant on insect performance or preference. Efficiency in demonstrating host effects can be enhanced by recognizing that variation among insects is often important and, more particularly, by using an experimental design appropriate for these conditions. Performance data from studies that address local adaptation in phytophagous insects are often analyzed with a two factor ANOVA, testing for host species, population, and host species × population effects. Local adaptation to different hosts would be indicated by a significant interaction term. Commonly, a completely randomized design is employed. A repeated measures design involving an allocation of siblings across host species can provide considerably more powerful tests on the host × population interaction than a completely randomized design. Allocation of relatives across host species can induce positive correlations among hosts and, depending upon magnitude of correlations, provide conditions suitable for powerful tests of the interaction term. We develop power curves for several patterns of correlation to describe the amount by which the repeated measures design will be more powerful than the completely randomized design. A literature review indicates that conditions appropriate for repeated measures analysis are very common. Finally, we provide an example using two populations of a phytophagous beetle feeding on three plant species, and show that the repeated measures design demonstrates host × population effects missed by the more traditional design.
Structure-Based Design of Novel Class II c-Met Inhibitors: 2. SAR and Kinase Selectivity Profiles of the Pyrazolone Series

As part of our effort toward developing an effective therapeutic agent for c-Met-dependent tumors, a pyrazolone-based class II c-Met inhibitor, N-(4-((6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (1), was identified. Knowledge of the binding mode of this molecule in both c-Met and VEGFR-2 proteins led to a novel strategy for designing more selective analogues of 1. Along with detailed SAR information, we demonstrate that the low kinase selectivity associated with class II c-Met inhibitors can be improved significantly. This work resulted in the discovery of potent c-Met inhibitors with improved selectivity profiles over VEGFR-2 and IGF-1R that could serve as useful tools to probe the relationship between kinase selectivity and in vivo efficacy in tumor xenograft models. Compound 59e (AMG 458) was ultimately advanced into preclinical safety studies.
Self-determination and leader development:

Self-determination theory serves as the primary explanatory mechanism in this article of significant differences in the outcomes of leader development interventions. A total of 445 organizational administrators in a year-long leadership professional development programme are categorized based on their self-determination. Self-determination is categorized by the initial choice in programme participation and the pursuing choice in programme content and methods. The empirical results show differences based on self-determination categorizations in terms of self-assessments and subordinate assessments. However, the significant differences are not as expected in all cases. Theoretical and empirical contributions are discussed that inform researchers and practitioners.
8 Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is de gemeenschappelijke benaming voor verschillende vormen van suikerziekte. Type-1- en type-2-diabetes zijn de meest voorkomende vormen. Het belangrijkste kenmerk van diabetes is een verstoorde werking van insuline, een hormoon dat verantwoordelijk is voor de opslag en het transport van glucose - dus energie - in het lichaam. Dit defect resulteert in een (chronisch) verhoogde glucosespiegel in het bloed ofwel hyperglykemie.
Epidemiologic Analysis of Rabies in Panyu District of Guangzhou in 2006-2007

Objective To study the occurrence of rabies in Panyu and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of rabies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological study was conducted in the rabies clinic during 2006-2007. Results There were 19 532 reported cases of rabies in Panyu during 2006-2007. None of these are local cases. Most of the cases were reported between July and October. The incidence was high in autumn (5,574 cases), in which 56.43% were male and 43.57% were female. The age distribution was mainly in the range of 15 to 44 (51.22%). The incidence in the metropolitan area was higher than the rural area. Most of the victims were suffered from dog bite(87.82%). 10 190 cases (52.17%) suffered from the attack on their legs. 18 193 cases (93.14%) were classified as Grade II bite. Conclusion Efficient dog management, education on the disease prevention, and arosing the awareness of self-protection can reduce the incidence of rabies.
Development of China’s Insulator and the Issue Should Be Considered

Manufacturing technology development process and technical levels of AC and DC suspension pocelain,glass,and composite insulators,substation and converter station post porcelain,composite insulator and hollow porcelain,composite insulator and bushing are introduced.Combination with the operation experience,manufacturing technology level and technology knowledge of insulator in China,it is proposed that the problems and recommendations should be considered in manufacturing,design,selection,operation of different types of insulator.Such as: isostatic dry-forming process should be used on330 kV and above post porcelain insulators;the decentrality of mechanical strength of the iron cap,insulation parts and cement mortar of suspension and glass insulator should be controlled by manufacturing enterprises;for 160 kN,210 kN,300 kN,400 kN,530 kN mechanical strength rating insulators,φ24,φ 24 or φ28,φ30,φ34 or φ38,φ40,φ38 mandrel should be used respectively in manufacturing insulators.Larger values mandrel in the series can be chosen for SHV and UHV.Insulators of different mechanical strength levels should not be manufactured by the same diameter mandrel at the same voltage level.Creepage factor(C.F) of c and below pollution grade composite insulators is not greater than 3.2;Creepage factor(C.F) of d and above pollution grade composite insulators is not greater than 3.5;Creepage factor(C.F) of e and above pollution grade composite insulators is not greater than 3.8;etc.
Cellular and Molecular Perspectives on Cardiac Toxins

The reasons for the occurrence of the toxic effects of chemicals in the heart include accidental overdose and inappropriate therapeutic use. Chemicals act on many sites in the myocardium to produce toxic effects. Accordingly, substances can adversely influence cell function by producing abnormal inotropic, chronotropic, and/or dromotropic effects, leading to compromised cardiac function and cardiac output. High incidence of cardiac toxicity seems to be associated with certain classes of drugs, namely tricyclic antidepressants, cardioglycosides, β-adrenoceptor blockers, Ca channel antagonists, and anthracyclines. In addition, a host of other chemicals with diverse chemical structures seem to inhibit the rapid delayed rectifier K+ current and to prolong repolarization of cardiac cells. This leads to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that, at times, can be fatal. In addition, certain toxins that are able to alter ion permeability in cardiomyocytes appear to have profound effects on cardiac function. For example, a group of lipid-soluble, plant-derived toxins, such as grayanotoxin, veratridine, and aconitine, are capable of increasing Na+ permeability in mammalian cardiomyocytes. Toxin-induced alteration of Na+ permeability can lead to destabilization of the resting membrane potential and cause major disruption of cardiac function.
Pose-Independent Counterweighting of Cable-Suspended Payloads with Application to Rehabilitation

This paper introduces a counterweight system for supporting a cable-suspended payload, and applies this to a rehabilitation scenario in mobility recovery. Body-weight support systems exist for gait rehabilitation and similar training tasks, but these are generally stationary devices, limiting the integration of meaningful tasks into rehabilitation exercises. We propose a cable-based body-weight support system which allows the user to move in a planar horizontal workspace with uniform supporting force throughout that workspace. This is achieved by coupling the cable displacements (as a function of position in the workspace) to the counterweight displacements. Generalization to other counterbalancing tasks is also discussed.
Genomic Profiling of Biliary Tract Cancers and Implications for Clinical Practice.

Biliary tract cancers are relatively uncommon, have an aggressive disease course and a dismal clinical outcome. Until recently, there have been very few clinical advances in the management of these patients and gemcitabine-based chemotherapy has been the only widely accepted systemic therapy. The advent of next generation sequencing technologies can potentially change the treatment paradigm of this disease. Targeted therapy directed against actionable mutations and identification of molecular subsets with distinct prognostic significance is now feasible in clinical practice. Mutation profiling has highlighted the genomic differences between the intra, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer. The mutational spectrum of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma differs according to geographic location and ethnicity. There is a higher incidence of chromatin modulating gene mutations in Western patients as compared with Asian patients with liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma. KRAS and p53 mutations are associated with an aggressive disease prognosis while FGFR mutations may signify a relatively indolent disease course of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. FGFR and IDH mutations have promising agents in clinical trials at this time. An estimated 15 % of gallbladder cancers have Her2/neu amplification and can be targeted by trastuzumab. On the other hand, an estimated 10–15 % of cholangiocarcinomas have DNA repair mutations and may be candidates for immune therapies with checkpoint inhibitors. The promise of targeted therapies for biliary tract cancers can be fulfilled with well-designed, prospective, and multi-center clinical trials.
Exploring the association between exposure to suicide and suicide risk among military service members and veterans

Abstract Background Past research suggests that suicide has a profound impact on surviving family members and friends; yet, little is known about experiences with suicide bereavement among military populations. This study aimed to characterize experiences with suicide exposure and their associations with lifetime and current psychiatric symptoms among military service members and veterans. Methods A sample of 1753 United States military service members and veterans completed self-report questionnaires assessing experiences with suicide exposure, lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, current suicidal symptoms, and perceived likelihood of making a future suicide attempt. Results The majority of participants (57.3%) reported knowing someone who had died by suicide, and of these individuals, most (53.1%) reported having lost a friend to suicide. Chi-square tests, one-way ANOVAs, and logistic regression analyses revealed that those who reported knowing a suicide decedent were more likely to report more severe current suicidal symptoms and a history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors compared to those who did not know a suicide decedent. Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that greater self-reported interpersonal closeness to a suicide decedent predicted greater self-reported likelihood of a future suicide attempt, even after controlling for current suicidal symptoms and prior suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Limitations This study utilized cross-sectional data, and information regarding degree of exposure to suicide was not collected. Conclusions Military personnel and veterans who have been bereaved by suicide may themselves be at elevated risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Additional work is needed to delineate the relationship between these experiences.
Comparison of Dialysis- and Solvatofluorochromism-Based Methods to Determine Drug Release Rates from Polymer Nanoassemblies

To compare traditional dialysis- and novel solvatofluorochromism (SFC)-based methods for accurate determination of drug release profiles for nanoparticle drug carriers. Polymer nanoassemblies (PNAs) varying in drug release patterns were prepared using poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylenimine), hydrophobic excipients (palmitate and deoxycholate), and model hydrophobic anticancer drugs with clinical relevance (carfilzomib and docetaxel). Nile blue (NB) was used as a model SFC dye quenching fluorescence in water yet emitting strong fluorescence in the presence of hydrophobic drugs within PNAs. Drug release kinetics were measured by dialysis- and SFC-based methods, and analyzed by mathematical modeling of free drug, spiked drug, and encapsulated drug release. The dialysis method overestimated drug remaining in PNAs because it included released drug in measurements, whereas the SFC method successfully distinguished drugs entrapped in PNAs from released in solution and thus provided more accurate drug release patterns. However, mathematical modeling revealed that the dialysis method would be less influenced than the SFC method by hydrophobic excipients modulating drug diffusion within PNAs. In comparison to the dialysis-based method, the SFC-based method would allow for real-time spectroscopic determination of drug release from PNAs and potentially other nanoparticle drug carriers with improved convenience and accuracy.
Treaties between the Eastern Shawnee Tribe and the United States: Contracts between Sovereign Governments

The Eastern Shawnee Tribe and its political ancestors have long engaged in political and diplomatic relations with other Indian nations, European powers, and the United States. This chapter begins with the Tribe’s role in the Treaty of Greenville of 1795. Including that treaty, the Tribe entered eleven treaties with the United States that were ratified by the U.S. Senate and thus became constitutionally binding. The Eastern Shawnee also negotiated three other agreements with the U.S., one of which was approved by Congress. In addition, the Eastern Shawnee entered a treaty with the Confederate States of America in 1861. Moreover, throughout its history the Tribe has been involved in nearly constant political dealings, relationships, and agreements with other tribal governments. These negotiations and arrangements demonstrate the political existence and the government-to-government diplomatic relationship that the Eastern Shawnee Tribe has always engaged in with other governments and with the United States. The author undertakes a detailed analysis of each of these treaties and agreements and places them within the relevant chapters of the history and the legal history of the Eastern Shawnee Tribe.
Children’s exposure to food and beverage advertising on television: Tracking calories and nutritional content by company membership in self-regulation

American children have an energy imbalance that has contributed to current obesity rates of 10.4 % and 19.6 % for children aged 2–5 and 6–11, respectively (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb, & Flegal, 2010). Whereas estimated energy requirements for moderately active children aged 2–5 and 6–11, respectively, are 1,300 kilocalories (kcal) and 1,733 kcal for boys and 1,250 kcal and 1,633 kcal for girls (United States Department of Agriculture, 2005), actual estimated daily intake for these respective age groups is 1,559 kcal and 2,151 kcal for boys and 1,393 kcal and 1,889 kcal for girls (Wright, Wang, Kennedy-Stephenson, & Ervin, 2003). This implies an energy gap based on moderate activity in the range of 143–418 kcal per day, on average, depending on age and gender. Recent estimates of top sources of energy show that children obtain significant empty calories from grain desserts (e.g., 138 kcal/day for ages 4–8 and 145 kcal for ages 9–13) and sugar sweetened beverages (e.g., 121 kcal/day for ages 4–8 and 169 kcal for ages 9–13) (Reedy & Krebs-Smith, 2010). It was estimated that approximately 40 % of children’s total energy intake (798 out of 2,027 kcal per day) came in the form of empty calories with 433 kcal from solid fat and 365 kcal from added sugar (Reedy et al., 2010). Children’s overall diets are less healthy than recommended and related high intakes of sugar, sugar sweetened beverages, fat, saturated fat, and sodium and have been associated with greater risk of obesity in addition to other negative health outcomes and other health consequences (Appel, Frohlich, Hall, Pearson, Sacco, Seals et al., 2011; Bray & Popkin, 1998; Gidding, Dennison, Birch, Daniels, Gillman, Lichtenstein et al., 2006; Guenther, Dodd, Reedy, & Krebs-Smith, 2006; Ludwig, Peterson, & Gortmaker, 2001).
Incorporating sheep into dryland grain production systems II. Impact on changes in biomass and weed density

Weed control in fallow management to conserve soil moisture and nutrients is the largest variable cost to dryland grain production. Our objective was to compare burning, grazing, tilling, trampling and clipping wheat stubble fields on changes in total aboveground biomass and weed density. Treatments were evaluated in three experiments using a randomized complete block design for each experiment with four replications at each site. Contrasts statements were used to make pre-planned comparisons. For experiment 1, treatments were fall tilled, fall grazed, spring grazed, fall and spring combined (Fall/Spr) grazed, and an untreated control. For grazing treatments, five mature ewes were confined with electric fence to 111 m 2 plot for 24 h for fall and spring resulting in a stocking rate of 452 sheep day/ha. For Fall/Spr the stocking rate was 904 sheep day/ha. For experiment 2, treatments were fall grazed, fall burned, fall tilled, and an untreated control. In experiment 3, treatments were fall trampling by sheep, spring trampling by sheep, fall and spring combined (Fall/Spr) trampling by sheep, stubble hand clipped to a height of 4.5 cm, and an untreated control. Trampling treatments were applied at the same stocking rates as grazing treatments but sheep were muzzled to prevent intake. Data were collected in the fall, prior to treatment imposition, and spring, after treatments had been removed. Post treatment biomass and weed density were greater (P 0.08) between burned and tilled, and burned and grazed treatments. These results indicate the potential for using grazing sheep as a component in fallow management to reduce biomass and control weeds. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Oxygen-dependent activation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-1

Copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1) is a critical enzyme in limiting reactive oxygen species in both the cytosol and the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Sod1 dismutes superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The catalytic reaction is dependent on an active site copper ion and a disulfide bonded conformation. The activation of Sod1 is mediated by its chaperone Ccs1. The mechanism of Ccs1-mediated Sod1 activation involves both insertion of the catalytic copper ion and mediating disulfide bond formation. Since Sod1 is a highly abundant enzyme residing within the highly reducing cytoplasm, the question of disulfide bond formation is significant yet unresolved. The processes involved in Sod1 activation are reviewed with a focus on copper ion insertion and disulfide bond formation.
In vivo magnetofection: a novel approach for targeted topical delivery of nucleic acids for rectoanal motility disorders

These studies for the first time demonstrate the success of topical in vivo magnetofection (MF) of nucleic acids using perianal injections. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we used FITC-tagged siR...
Introduction: Impacting the Social Determinants of Health through a Regional Academic-Community Partnership: The Experience of the Mid-South Transdisciplinary Collaborative Center for Health Disparities Research.

O bjective: The purpose of this article is to describe the background and experience of the Academic-Community Engagement (ACE) Core of the Mid-South Transdisci­plinary Collaborative Center for Health Disparities Research (Mid-South TCC) in impacting the social determinants of health through the establishment and implemen­tation of a regional academic-community partnership. Conceptual Framework: The Mid-South TCC is informed by three strands of re­search: the social determinants of health, the socioecological model, and commu­nity-based participatory research (CBPR). Combined, these elements represent a science of engagement that has allowed us to use CBPR principles at a regional level to address the social determinants of health disparities. Results: The ACE Core established state coalitions in each of our founding states— Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi—and an Expansion Coalition in Arkansas, Tennes­see, and Kentucky. The ACE Core funded and supported a diversity of 15 community engaged projects at each level of the socio­ecological model in our six partner states through our community coalitions. Conclusion: Through our cross-discipline, cross-regional infrastructure developed strategically over time, and led by the ACE Core, the Mid-South TCC has established an extensive infrastructure for accomplishing our overarching goal of investigating the so­cial, economic, cultural, and environmental factors driving and sustaining health dispari­ties in obesity and chronic illnesses, and developing and implementing interventions to ameliorate such disparities. Ethn Dis. 2017;27(Suppl 1):277-286; doi:10.18865/ed.27.S1.277.
“Gimme Room”: School Resistance, Attitude, and Access to Literacy:

The research presented in this paper demonstrates some ways in which a group of urban black elementary school students were denied full access to literacy based on teacher assessments of their “att...
Renal PGC1α May Be Associated with Recovery after Delayed Graft Function.

Background: Delayed renal graft function (DGF) contributes to the determination of length of hospitalization, risk of acute rejection, and graft loss. Existing tools aid the diagnosis of specific DGF etiologies such as antibody-mediated rejection, but markers of recovery have been elusive. The peroxisome proliferator gamma co-activator-1-alpha (PGC1α) is highly expressed in the renal tubule, regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, and promotes recovery from experimental acute kidney injury. Objectives: We aimed to determine the association between renal allograft PGC1α expression and recovery from delayed graft function. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing renal transplantation at a single center from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2014. PGC1α expression was assessed by immunostaining and ultrastructural characteristics by transmission electron microscopy. Of 34 patients who underwent renal biopsy for DGF within 30 days of transplant, 21 were included for analysis. Results: Low PGC1α expression was associated with a significantly longer time on dialysis after transplant (median of 35.5 vs. 16 days, p < 0.05) and a significantly higher serum creatinine (sCr) at 4 weeks after transplantation among those who discontinued dialysis (5 vs. 1.65 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). Low PGC1α expression was not associated with higher sCr at 12 weeks after transplantation. Ultrastructural characteristics including apical membrane blebbing and necrotic luminal debris were not informative regarding clinical outcomes. Conclusions: These data suggest that higher PGC1α expression is associated with faster and more complete recovery from DGF. Mitochondrial biogenesis may be a therapeutic target for DGF. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.
3D Printing is a Transformative Technology in Congenital Heart Disease

Survival in congenital heart disease has steadily improved since 1938, when Dr. Robert Gross successfully ligated for the first time a patent ductus arteriosus in a 7-year-old child. To continue the gains made over the past 80 years, transformative changes with broad impact are needed in management of congenital heart disease. Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technology that is fundamentally affecting patient care, research, trainee education, and interactions among medical teams, patients, and caregivers. This paper first reviews key clinical cases where the technology has affected patient care. It then discusses 3-dimensional printing in trainee education. Thereafter, the role of this technology in communication with multidisciplinary teams, patients, and caregivers is described. Finally, the paper reviews translational technologies on the horizon that promise to take this nascent field even further.
Revenge Porn, State Law, and Free Speech

For most of our history, only celebrities — presidents, movie stars, professional athletes, and the like — were at risk of having their everyday exploits and activities photographed and shown to the world. But that day is gone. Today, we all face the risk of being made into a celebrity due to the ubiquity of camera-equipped cell phones and the ease of uploading photographs or videos onto the Internet. But a particularly troubling aspect of this phenomenon goes by the name of "revenge porn" — that is, the Internet posting of photographs of naked former wives and girlfriends, sometimes in intimate positions or activities. Revenge porn is an example of malicious conduct that injures the welfare of someone who mistakenly trusted an intimate partner. Tort law traditionally has allowed parties to recover damages for such violations of privacy, and criminal law also can prohibit such conduct, but there are several First Amendment defenses that the responsible parties can assert to fend off liability. This article argues that allowing a victim of revenge porn to recover damages for publication that breaches an implicit promise of confidentiality is faithful to tort and criminal law principles and will not punish or chill the legitimate expression of free speech.
Primitive Concepts: Habits, Conventions, and Laws

Perhaps no aspect of the theory of definitions has become more familiar to students of this subject than that there are really only two ways in which every word that occurs within a language could be defined. The first — that of definitional circularity — arises when the words that occur in a language L are permitted to be defined by means of other words, which are ultimately defined by means of those original words themselves. The second — that of definitional regress — arises when new words are allowed to be introduced to define the meaning of old words, and new words for those, ad infinitum.
The effects of treatment duration on outcomes of radiation treatment with high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the era of concurrent chemoradiation for cervical carcinoma

This study analyzes the effects of treatment prolongation using a patient population that primarily received HDR-ICBT (high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy) during CCRT (cisplatin-based chemotherapy with radiation). A retrospective review was performed of 214 patients who were diagnosed with cervical carcinoma and completed radiation therapy with LDR (low-dose-rate)-ICBT (77 patients) or HDR-ICBT (137 patients). Whole pelvic radiation therapy was followed by ICBT. LDR-ICBT was delivered in two to three insertions at an average of 85 Gy to point A. After 2000, the institution transitioned to using HDR-ICBT during CCRT. HDR-ICBT was delivered in four to seven insertions, 300 to 700 cGy per session prescribed to point A. Separate statistical analyses were conducted for the patients who received LDR-ICBT and the patients who received HDR-ICBT. The LDR-ICBT treatment group included 77 patients. The median TD (treatment duration) of 60 days was used as the cutoff for statistical analyses. Significantly increased pelvic recurrence in the patients treated for TD > 60 days compared to TD ≤ 60 days was observed. There was a significant difference in OS (overall survival) distributions. Upon univariate analysis, age at diagnosis > 51 years old, TD > 60 days, and stage were found to be significant prognostic factors, but on multivariate analysis, the only significant prognostic factors were age at diagnosis > 51 years old and TD > 60 days. The HDR-ICBT treatment group all received CCRT and included 137 patients. A range of TD cutoff thresholds from 60 to 78 days was used. There was a significant difference in CSS (cause-specific survival) between TD ≤ 77 days and TD > 77 days. There was no significant difference in local recurrence, distant metastases, and complications. Stage was the only prognostic factor found on multivariate analysis. In the present era of HDR-ICBT with CCRT, radiation treatment longer than 8 weeks does not appear to make a significant impact on clinical outcomes. This is a retrospective analysis. Further studies are warranted.
Molecular Insights into Human Hereditary Apolipoprotein A-I Amyloidosis Caused by the Glu34Lys Mutation.

Hereditary apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) amyloidosis is a life-threatening incurable genetic disorder whose molecular underpinnings are unclear. In this disease, variant apoA-I, the major structural and functional protein of high-density lipoprotein, is released in a free form, undergoes an α-helix to intermolecular cross-β-sheet conversion along with a proteolytic cleavage, and is deposited as amyloid fibrils in various organs, which can cause organ damage and death. Glu34Lys is the only known charge inversion mutation in apoA-I that causes human amyloidosis. To elucidate the structural underpinnings of the amyloidogenic behavior of Glu34Lys apoA-I, we generated its recombinant globular N-terminal domain (residues 1–184) and compared the conformation and dynamics of its lipid-free form with those of two other naturally occurring apoA-I variants, Phe71Tyr (amyloidogenic) and Leu159Arg (non-amyloidogenic). All variants showed reduced structural stability and altered aromatic residue packing. The greatest dec...
Leaf water potentials of sunlit and/or shaded grapevine leaves are sensitive alternatives to stem water potential

Aims: Leaf (Ψl) and stem (Ψstem) water potentials were measured on grapevines to determine the effects of shoot location on both methods to assess vine water status.Methods and results: Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot used in this study were grown at two locations in California. Measurements were taken at midday in July (Merlot) and at two times of the day (morning and afternoon), on two dates in August (Cabernet-Sauvignon). Measurements of Ψl and Ψstem, stomatal conductance and transpiration were taken on shoots entirely exposed to direct solar radiation or on shoots totally in the shade at the times of measurement. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between Ψl and/or Ψstem measured on shoots exposed to direct solar radiation and those in the shade. Both Ψl and Ψstem were significantly greater on the shoots exposed to direct sunlight compared to those in the shade. There was no significant difference between Ψl measured on shaded leaves and Ψstem determined on the fully exposed shoots.Conclusions: Regardless of method used, water potentials were highly correlated with stomatal conductance measured on leaves in direct sunlight at the same time. All means of measuring grapevine water potential used in this study were highly correlated with one another.Significance and impact of the study: The data indicate that any of the techniques used in this study would be a sensitive indicator of vine water status and that the Ψ of shaded leaves would be an alternative to the measurement of Ψstem.
We need to understand the big picture

IntroductionIntensive care units are places where technologically advanced and aggressive treatment is the norm. End-of-life decision making for children in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) i...