cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low pH myoglobin photoproducts.

Recently, there has been interest in determining the conditions under which the iron-histidine bond ruptures in myoglobin at low pH, so that the effect of proximal heme ligation can be studied. A 220-cm-1 Raman mode, assigned to iron-histidine stretching, is clearly visible after photolysis of aqueous MbCO samples below pH4 at room temperature (Sage et al. Biochemistry. 30:1237–1247). In contrast, Iben et al. (Biophys. J. 59:908–919) do not observe this mode upon photolysis of a pH3 MbCO sample in a glycerol/water glass at low temperature. In order to account for both the low temperature and the room temperature experiments, Iben et al. suggest a scheme involving an unusual protonation state of the proximal histidine. Here, we discuss some inconsistencies in their explanation of the room temperature results and offer instead a simple modification of an earlier model. In addition, circular dichroism data are presented that indicate partial unfolding of MbCO in aqueous solution below pH4, and raise questions about the claim of Iben et al. that MbCO remains folded in 75% glycerol at pH3.
Partitioning Transcript Variation in Drosophila: Abundance, Isoforms, and Alleles

Multilevel analysis of transcription is facilitated by a new array design that includes modules for assessment of differential expression, isoform usage, and allelic imbalance in Drosophila. The ∼2.5 million feature chip incorporates a large number of controls, and it contains 18,769 3' expression probe sets and 61,919 exon probe sets with probe sequences from Drosophila melanogaster and 60,118 SNP probe sets focused on Drosophila simulans. An experiment in D. simulans identified genes differentially expressed between males and females (34% in the 3' expression module; 32% in the exon module). These proportions are consistent with previous reports, and there was good agreement (κ = 0.63) between the modules. Alternative isoform usage between the sexes was identified for 164 genes. The SNP module was verified with resequencing data. Concordance between resequencing and the chip design was greater than 99%. The design also proved apt in separating alleles based upon hybridization intensity. Concordance between the highest hybridization signals and the expected alleles in the genotype was greater than 96%. Intriguingly, allelic imbalance was detected for 37% of 6579 probe sets examined that contained heterozygous SNP loci. The large number of probes and multiple probe sets per gene in the 3' expression and exon modules allows the array to be used in D. melanogaster and in closely related species. The SNP module can be used for allele specific expression and genotyping of D. simulans.
Fixation of coordinates in the Hamiltonian theory of gravitation

The theory of gravitation is usually expressed in terms of an arbitrary system of coordinates. This results in the appearance of weak equations connecting the Hamiltonian dynamical variables that describe a state at a certain time, leading to supplementary conditions on the wave function after quantization. It is then difficult to specify the initial state in any practical problem.To remove the difficulty one must eliminate the weak equations by fixing the coordinate system. The general procedure for this elimination is here described. A particular way of fixing the coordinate system is then proposed and its effect on the Poisson bracket relations is worked out.
Dirac matrices and the Dirac matrix description of Lorentz transformations

This paper gives what is believed to be a new discussion of Dirac matrices and of the Dirac matrix description of Lorentz transformations. The five anticommuting quantities γJ (J=1, 2, 3, 0, 5) are treated on an equal footing and recognition of the rule for expressing the three-fold product γJ γK γL in terms of one- and two-fold products and of invariant “five-space” tensorsgJ K, eJ K I P Q allows all kinds of multiplication and trace laws for Dirac matrices to be derived systematically. The “five-space” formalism for Dirac matrices affords a very convenient vehicle for the Dirac matrix description of de Sitter transformations of a space with quadratic formgK LxHxL. By considering the subset of these which leave the coordinatex5 invariant, the Dirac matrix description of Lorentz transformations is obtained. Not only does this description give the well-known formula for any Lorentz transformation matrixL in terms of the matrixS, which enters the transformation law of a Dirac spinor ψ(x) underL, it also gives an explicit and apparently new inverse formula expressingS in terms ofL.
Aspects of the biology of Pantinonemertes californiensis , a high intertidal nemertean

I studied the distribution, feeding biology, and reproductive biology of Pantinonemertes californiensis,described as a semi-terrestrial nemertean, along the central California coast. At the sites used in this study, maximal tidal height is about 2 m, and P. californiensis typically occurred under boulders between 1.3 and 1.7 m tidal height. Worms fed primarily on the semi-terrestrial amphipod Traskorchestia traskiana. Distribution of nemerteans was similar to that of the prey, although prey extended higher on the beach than did the worms. Nemerteans were largest and most abundant at the site with highest abundance of T. traskiana and smallest and least abundant at the lowest prey abundance site. In laboratory feeding trials, nemerteans from the site with lowest prey abundance fed most readily. Non-reproductive nemerteans lived for at least a week when submerged in sea water; some prey died within a week of being submerged. Nemerteans only lived minutes when submerged in fresh water; 50% of prey lived 4.5 h. Eggs are approximately 90–100 µm in diameter and hundreds to thousands are shed per female. Larvae are planktonic and apparently planktotrophic, and are morphologically similar to other marine hoplonemertean larvae. At the sites studied life history characteristics of P. californiensis provided little evidence of adaptations to terrestrial life in these worms and were not helpful in elucidating the role of semi-terrestrial nemerteans in the evolution of terrestrial nemerteans.
Oxidant limitation to the formation of H2SO4 near a SO2 source region

Abstract The question of whether the aqueous-phase formation of H 2 SO 4 is limited by the availability of oxidant is examined using concurrently measured concentrations of H 2 O 2 and SO 2 from the mid-western U.S. in a summer month. Between the surface, and an altitude of 850 mb, [SO 2 ]>[H 2 O 2 ] on most days. The reverse is true above 850 mb. Oxidant limitations—defined here simply as situations in which [SO 2 ]>[H 2 O 2 ]—thereby depend upon the altitude at which a cloud ingests air. Even allowing for complete mixing between OH 2 rich boundary layer air and H 2 O 2 rich free tropospheric air (up to 600 mb), oxidant limited conditions existed on 9 out of 12 experimental days. Measurements were made in a area with high SO 2 emission rates. According to previous SO 2 monitoring data similar SO 2 concentrations exist over a large area in the eastern U.S.
On state fusers over long-haul sensor networks

We consider a network of sensors wherein the state estimates are sent from sensors to a fusion center to generate a global state estimate. The underlying fusion algorithm affects the performance measure Q CC (τ) (with subscripts CC indicating the effects of the communications and computing quality) of the global state estimate computed within the allocated time τ. We present a probabilistic performance bound on Q CC (τ) as a function of the distributions of state estimates, communications parameters as well as the fusion algorithm. We present simulations of simplified scenarios to illustrate the qualitative effects of different fusers, and system-level simulations to complement the analytical results.
Assessment and evaluation of fractal dimension of concrete fracture surface digitized images

Abstract Recently, a new non-destructive technique was introduced and tested by the authors [1,2] for the evaluation of fractal dimension of fractured concrete specimens. The objectives of this paper are to expand and eleborate on the advantages of the technique, to provide a basic understanding of fractal geometry and to discuss the potential application of fractal geometry to fracture in cementitious materials. This may eventually lead to a better understanding of the fracture mechanics properties of such materials. Through this technique and the utilization of an Image Analyzer System, the fracture surface was photographed and stored as an image. Different methods of fractal analysis, e.g. modified slit island technique (SIT) and two-dimensional Fourier spectral analyses (2D FFT) were employed. Fractured concrete specimens with a maximum aggregate size of 37.5 mm and a projected fracture area of 367.5 mm long and 125 mm wide were used in the study. Results of the analysis suggest that concrete fracture surface exhibit fractal characteristics over the scales considered. A scaling relation between roughness at different length scales holds only over a limited range of wave lengths. The mean fractal dimension for the modified slit island technique is D=2.21 and the mean stochastic fractal dimension for two-dimensional Fourier spectral analyses is D=2.59. Also, the digitized fracture surface images were found to mimic the actual fracture surfaces.
Analysis of Weight Loss of Pediatric Patients Involved in a Healthy Lifestyles Clinic (HLC).

Analysis of Weight Loss of Pediatric Patients Involved in a Healthy Lifestyles Clinic (HLC).
When men are scarce, good men are even harder to find: Life history, the sex ratio, and the proportion of men married.

We used a life history framework to clarify the relationship between the operational sex ratio (OSR) and the proportion of men who are married across adulthood. Previous studies have found a direct relationship between the OSR and the likelihood of male marriage, although these analyses did not distinguish among age groups. We predicted that more women than men would be married at younger ages, but women would be less likely to be married than men in later adulthood, reflecting age related trends in male and female reproductive values. We predicted that men would use scarcity in a low sex ratio population to their advantage differentially by age, being less likely to marry while young but having higher marital rates than women in older age. This would be consistent with the shift from mating effort to parental investment across the male life course which is apparent in modern societies. Census data from the ten largest metropolitan areas in the United States supported these hypotheses.
Sleeve gastrectomy: an ideal choice for T2DM.

As Ricardo Cohen pointed out (Sleeve gastrectomy: the ideal option for meta‐ bolic surgery? Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 9, doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.100‐c1)1 concern‐ ing my News and Views article (Sleeve gas‐ trectomy—the ideal choice for weight‐loss surgery. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/ nrendo.2013.100),2 the title of my article was on sleeve gastrectomy being the ideal surgery for weight loss, and I did not discuss specifically the subject of diabetes surgery, an entirely different matter. Bariatric surgeons treats type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in only about one‐third of their patients. The meta‐analysis of Buchwald et al. on weight loss surgery and also on T2DM, points towards the best operation with resolution of T2DM being the one that gives the most weight loss, hence best results for resolution of T2DM are achieved with biliopancreatic diversions with or without duodenal switch.3,4 Mingrone et al. had simi‐ larly demonstrated in a randomized study that biliopancreatic diversion gave a much better resolution of T2DM than gastric bypass (95% versus 75%).5 Furthermore, the correspondence letter failed to mention that the duodenum bypassing interven tion that had a su perior effect on T2DM, was in fact a bilio pancreatic diversion (BPD), not a gastric bypass. This study was not randomized, and conclusions on exclu‐ sion of duodenum not proven, as BPD has a gastrectomy and gastro‐ileal anastomosis, which according to the ‘hindgut theory’ increases early stimu lation of L cells (GLP‐1 and PYY).6 Sleeve gastrectomy, a better choice, is amenable in the future to a duo‐ denal switch (after recurrence of T2DM), and not gastric bypass (a much more com‐ plicated proposition) as recurrences and failures of remission of T2DM after gastric bypass are quite well documented (>40%).7 The randomized prospective trial compar‐ ing sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass by Karamankos et al. has clearly demonstrated a superior weight loss, greater appetite sup‐ pression and greater decrease in ghrelin REPLY
Measurement of Conduction-Electron Spin-Density Oscillations in Ordered Fe Si Alloys

Pulsed NMR hyperfine field measurements have been made on ordered ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{x}$ alloys for $0.181\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.249$. Using ordered compounds greatly improves the accuracy with which internal-field shifts due to the first nine neighbor shells can be measured. A number of effects which were difficult to observe in dilute alloys are easily measurable. Dipolar structure and saturation or shielding effects are seen for various neighbor shells. We see no damping of the spin density oscillations with alloying. This allows the determination of a lower limit for the mean free path of the conduction electrons in the alloys. The third-, fourth-, and sixth-nearest-neighbor Fe atoms give positive polarizations. The measured hyperfine field shifts are extrapolated and combined with dilute alloy data to obtain the spin-density oscillations surrounding an Fe atom in pure Fe.
Characterization of sediment trapped by macroalgae on a Hawaiian reef flat

Abstract Reef researchers studying community shifts in the balance between corals and fleshy macroalgae have noted that algae are often covered with sediment. This study characterizes sediment trapping by macroalgae within a Hawaiian reef habitat and constrains the controls on this process. Sediment-laden macroalgae were sampled and macroalgal cover was assessed on a wide (∼1 km) reef flat off south-central Molokai. Macroalgae trapped a mean of 1.26 (±0.91 SD) grams of sediment per gram of dry weight biomass and that sediment was dominantly terrigenous mud (59% by weight). It was determined that biomass, as a proxy for algal size, and morphology were not strict controls on the sediment trapping process. Over 300 metric tons of sediment were estimated to be retained by macroalgae across 5.75 km 2 of reef flat (54 g m −2 ), suggesting that this process is an important component of sediment budgets. In addition, understanding the character of sediment trapped by macroalgae may help constrain suspended sediment flux and has implications for nutrient dynamics in reef flat environments.
Nonlinear resistivity of a two-dimensional electron gas in a magnetic field

We develop a theory of nonlinear response to an electric field of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) placed in a classically strong magnetic field. The latter leads to a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic at a relatively weak electric field. The origin of the nonlinearity is twofold: the formation of a nonequilibrium electron distribution function and the geometrical resonance in the inter-Landau-level transitions rates. We find the dependence of the current-voltage characteristics on the electron relaxation rates in the 2DEG.
Extreme Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a common cause of sudden death in the young, is characterized by unexplained left ventricular wall thickening in the presence of a nondilated cavity. Although the morphological spectrum is broad, patients with HCM may show the greatest magnitude of wallthickening of any known cardiac disease. The young patient illustrated here shows the most extreme example of hypertrophy yet observed, defining the probable outer limits of ventricular septal thickness in cardiac disease (up …
Importance of physical variables on the seasonal dynamics of epilithic algae in a highly shaded canyon stream

The seasonal abundance of epilithic algae was correlated with major physico-chemical parameters in a first-order, heavily shaded stream in northern Arizona. Diatoms made up over 85%, by numerical abundance, of the epilithon community Light energy, water temperature, and stream discharge were most highly correlated with seasonal abundance of epilithic diatom taxa when analyzed with stepwise multiple regression. None of the chemical variables measured in the study (NO3-N, O-PO4, SiO2, including PH) was found to be significantly correlated with the seasonal community structure of epilithic diatoms. Total diatom cell densities showed a significant negative correlation to stream bed light energy. Likewise, total diatom cell densities along a transect in the stream bed showed a negative correlation to current velocity during those months when base flow was low and stable, and current velocity was ≤25 cm·sec-1. Most diatom taxa had highest cell densities at temperatures 400 μE·m−2·s−1. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) grew best at the highest recorded water temperatures and daily mean stream bed light energy (16–20°C and 900–1200 μE·m−2·s−1). Abrupt increases in NO3-N coincided with a brief pulse of Nostoc pruniforme colonies during June, and leaf drop from Alnus oblongifolia during October.
Distinct conformational and functional effects of two adjacent pathogenic mutations in cardiac troponin I at the interface with troponin T.

The α-helix in troponin I (TnI) at the interface with troponin T (TnT) is a highly conserved structure. A point mutation in this region, A116G, was found in human cardiac TnI in a case of cardiomyopathy. An adjacent dominantly negative mutation found in turkey cardiac TnI (R111C, equivalent to K117C in human and K118C in mouse) decreased diastolic function and blunted beta-adrenergic response in transgenic mice. To investigate the functional importance of the TnI–TnT interface and pathological impact of the cardiac TnI mutations, we engineered K118C and A117G mutations in mouse cardiac TnI for functional studies. Despite their adjacent locations, A117G substitution results in faster mobility of cardiac TnI in SDS–PAGE whereas K118C decreases gel mobility, indicating significant and distinct changes in overall protein conformation. Consistently, monoclonal antibody epitope analysis demonstrated distinct local and remote conformational alterations in the two mutant proteins. Protein binding assays showed that K118C, but not A117G, decreased the relative binding affinity of cardiac TnI for TnT. K118C mutation decreased binding affinity for troponin C in a Ca2+-dependent manner, whereas A117G had a similar but less profound effect. Protein kinase A phosphorylation or truncation to remove the cardiac specific N-terminal extension of cardiac TnI resulted in similar conformational changes in the region interfacing with TnT and minimized the functional impacts of the mutations. The data demonstrate potent conformational and functional impacts of the TnT-interfacing helix in TnI and suggest a role of the N-terminal extension of cardiac TnI in modulating TnI–TnT interface functions.
Measurement of the Jet Energy Scale at DØ

Jets of hadrons are the most commonly produced objects at high-energy hadronic colliders. It is therefore important to identify and quantify jet energies in events. However, collisions involving interesting physical processes can overlap in time with additional collisions. This is especially troublesome at high luminosities, as such additional energy depositions in detectors can compromise the reconstruction of jets. The DO detector at Fermilab relies mainly on the energy information obtained using its uranium/liquid-argon (LAr) sampling calorimetry. The experiment has developed a set of corrections, collectively known as the jet energy scale (JES), that translate jet energies measured in the detector to the energies carried by the produced particles. This correction is extracted from two-body events, separately for those observed in the detector and for the ones from Monte-Carlo simulation. The corrections include effects from the jet reconstruction algorithm, the response of the calorimeter and the impact of simultaneous interactions. We describe the JES correction used at DO, focusing on the main contributions and discuss the precision achieved in the measurement of jet energy.
Natural history of post-liver transplantation hepatitis C: A review of factors that may influence its course.

Our aim was to assess long-term survival in patients transplanted for HCV-related end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and evaluate potentially modifiable predictors of survival. We performed a retrospective analysis of adult liver transplants (LT) at our institution for HCV-related ESLD since the program's inception. Pertinent demographic, clinical, and biochemical information was retrieved from electronic medical records and histological data from 990 per-protocol liver biopsies were collected. Three hundred eighty LT were performed at our institution during the study period, 206 patients were transplanted for HCV-related ESLD; 6 died within 30 days of transplantation and were not included. The remaining 200 recipients (DDLT 168 LDLT 32) constituted the evaluable population. The demographics were as follows: 150 males, median age 53 years; median donor age 39 years; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 26%. Overall 1-, 5-, and 7-year survival: 95%, 81%, and 79%; median survival 43 months, mortality 15%. Significant HCV recurrence (HAI ≥6 and/or fibrosis ≥2) was present in 49%, “early recurrence” (within 1 year of LT) in 30.5% and biopsy-proven acute rejection was present in 27%. Factors with a significant negative impact on patient survival included: fibrosis stage ≥2 at 12-month biopsy, advanced donor age, history of HCC and early acute rejection. Survival was similar regardless of the donor type (DDLT vs. LDLT). Early and aggressive HCV recurrence has a very heavy toll on patient survival. Prompt recognition and treatment of “rapid fibrosers” may impart benefit. As has been described before, avoidance of rejection and selection of young donors for HCV-positive recipients will also improve survival in this population. On the basis of our findings, LDLT is a good option for HCV-positive recipients. Liver Transpl 15:1872–1881, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Treatment of postmenopausal women with topical progesterone creams and gels: are they effective?

AbstractTopical progesterone creams and gels can be obtained over the counter and/or by prescription from custom-compounding pharmacies and are used by thousands of postmenopausal women for hormonal treatment. However, the effectiveness of these preparations for protecting the endometrium from unopposed estrogen is controversial, due largely to the very low serum progesterone levels that are achieved. Despite these low serum levels, salivary and capillary blood levels are very high and a protective endometrium has been reported in a limited number of studies. Topical alcohol-based, but not water-based, gels appear to yield luteal-phase serum progesterone levels but studies with these preparations are scant. Long-term studies with percutaneous progesterone creams and gels are likely to provide valuable information for treatment of postmenopausal women with this popular route of administration.
Pressure surface distortion by applied ion cyclotron waves and magnetic field asymmetries

In magnetic confinement devices the pressure surfaces must obey the parallel current constraint. In a tandem mirror, nonquadrupole magnetic field components or ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) ponderomotive effects enter the parallel current equation in a nontrivial way. The extra terms cause a shift of the plasma column and/or distortion of the pressure surface shape. These effects are examined for three cases of interest: magnetic error fields due to misaligned coils, axial asymmetries in the quadrupole or solenoidal fields, and azimuthally asymmetric ponderomotive effects associated with applied ICRF waves. The ambipolar potential can compensate for asymmetries and permit lowest order isorrhopic equilibria in some cases, but if the passing density between cells is too small (np/na<rTa/eΦRc) this cannot occur and the flux surfaces of the cells disconnect.
Stem Cell Self-Renewal Controlled by Chromatin Remodeling Factors

The self-renewing ability of a stem cell is controlled by its specialized micro-environment or niche, whereas epigenetic regulation of gene expression by chromatin remodeling factors underlies cell fate determination. Here we report that the adenosine triphosphate–dependent chromatin remodeling factors ISWI and DOM control germline stem cell and somatic stem cell self-renewal in the Drosophila ovary, respectively. The iswi mutant germline stem cells are lost rapidly because of defects in responding to bone morphogenetic protein niche signals and in repressing differentiation, whereas the dom mutant somatic stem cells are lost because of defective self-renewal. This work demonstrates that different stem cell types can use different chromatin remodeling factors to control cell self-renewal.
The Influence of Content on Adult L2 Learners' Task Motivation: An Interest Theory Perspective.

This study investigates the influence of content-related conditions on adult second language learners’ task motivation during interactive tasks. It also aims to identify what is referred to as interestingness conditions within task content, that is, elements that are intrinsically interesting to most individuals. The investigation was conducted with 38 adult Korean English learners of intermediate proficiency in a conversation course as part of a TESOL certificate program. Using a mixed methods approach to research, results from a task motivation questionnaire, a topic preference questionnaire, and interviews show that content associated with immediate personal life themes such as personal growth, human relationships, and life challenges is perceived to be more intrinsically interesting than that associated with more remote and abstract topics such as those related to global issues and current affairs. Consequently, incorporating life themes into adult-based courses, especially through story-based texts, may act as an important springboard for active motivational engagement during task-based interaction.
Off-label use of drugs and medical devices: a review of policy implications.

“Off-label use” occurs when the use of a medication or device deviates from what is mentioned in its US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product label. Off-label use is common, legal, and an important source of innovation; however, it can be costly, and strong evidence of the efficacy and safety of such use may be lacking.1 Given the contradictory and unresolved expectations of major stakeholders, off-label use remains problematic. It requires a new policy paradigm that can successfully balance the need for innovation against the imperatives of evidence-based practice and finite health-care resources. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 91 5, 920–925. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.22
Relating surface fire spread to landscape structure: An application of FARSITE in a managed forest landscape

Recent studies suggest that manipulation of landscape patterns is the most preferred method to reduce susceptibility of landscape to fire spread. We evaluated the effects of landscape spatial pattern and spatial heterogeneity of fuel loading on surface fire spread using the FARSITE model in Chequamegon National Forest landscape, Wisconsin. Five forest management scenarios were developed to generate different landscape spatial patterns with unique fuel loading distribution. For each management scenario, 16 fires were simulated. We found that altered landscape spatial pattern and spatial heterogeneity of fuel loading interactively influenced fire spread. Moreover, we revealed that numerous, irregular-shaped, and different types of patches reduced fire spread. Among tested indices of landscape spatial pattern, patchy density, mean patch shape, patch shape standard deviation, area weighted mean shape index (AWMSI) and Shannon's diversity index were meaningful for predicting fire spread. However, the effect of landscape spatial pattern on fire spread decreased as fuel loading became more spatially heterogeneous. We also found that the effect of landscape spatial pattern on fire spread became insignificant when AWMSI was less than 4.33. Our results suggested that a forest management plan would need to consider the number, shape, size and type of forest patches for regulating fire spread.
Measure semantics and qualitative semantics for epistemic modals

In this paper, we explore semantics for comparative epistemic modals that avoid the entailment problems shown by Yalcin (2006, 2009, 2010) to result from Kratzer’s (1991) semantics. In contrast to the alternative semantics presented by Yalcin and Lassiter (2010, 2011) based on finitely additive measures, we introduce semantics based on qualitatively additive measures, as well as semantics based on purely qualitative orderings, including orderings on propositions derived from orderings on worlds in the tradition of Kratzer (1991, 2012). All of these semantics avoid the entailment problems that result from Kratzer’s semantics. Our discussion focuses on methodological issues concerning the choice between different semantics.
(E)‐1‐Bromo‐2‐iodoethylene

(E)[56798-08-4] C2H2BrI (MW 232.85) InChI = 1S/C2H2BrI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1+ InChIKey = UTDMSJMYYBXEPR-OWOJBTEDSA-N (Z)[95497-36-2] InChI = 1S/C2H2BrI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1- InChIKey = UTDMSJMYYBXEPR-UPHRSURJSA-N (cross-coupling reagent for the synthesis of bromoenynes, bromodienes, and conjugated oligoenic compounds) Alternate Name: 1-bromo-2-iodoethene. Physical Data: (E), mp 18.1–18.3 °C; bp 52 °C/15 mm-Hg; d 2.617. (Z), mp −54.4 to −54.3 °C; d 2.644. Solubility: insoluble in water; soluble in hexane, ether, alcohol, and most other organic solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (CDCl 3) δ 6.75 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 6.86(d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ 76.71, 109.99; IR (neat) 3020, 1615, 1560, 1139, 391, 711, 627 cm−1. Preparative Methods: obtained by bubbling acetylene through an aqueous solution of iodine monobromide in 48% HBr. Purification: distilled at reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent should be stored in the refrigerator.
Does tacrolimus offer virtual freedom from chronic rejection after primary liver transplantation? Risk and prognostic factors in 1,048 liver transplantations with a mean follow-up of 6 years

Tacrolimus has proven to be a potent immunosuppressive agent in liver transplantation (LT). Its introduction has led to significantly less frequent and severe acute rejection. Little is known about the rate of chronic rejection (CR) in primary LT using tacrolimus therapy. The aim of the present study is to examine the long-term incidence of CR, risk factors, prognostic factors, and outcome after CR. The present study evaluated the development of CR in 1,048 consecutive adult primary liver allograft recipients initiated and mostly maintained on tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapy. They were evaluated with a mean follow-up of 77.3 ± 14.7 months (range, 50.7 to 100.1 months). To assess the impact of primary diagnosis on the rate and outcome of CR, the population was divided into 3 groups. Group I included patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)- or hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced cirrhosis (n = 312); group II included patients diagnosed with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or autoimmune hepatitis (AIH; n = 217); and group III included patients with all other diagnoses (n = 519). Overall, 32 of 1,048 patients (3.1%) developed CR. This represented 13 (4.1%), 12 (5.5%), and 7 patients (1.3%) in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The relative risk for developing CR was 3.2 times greater for group I and 4.3 times greater for group II compared with group III. This difference was statistically significant (P = .004). The incidence of acute rejection and total number of acute rejection episodes were significantly greater in patients who developed CR compared with those who did not (P < .0001). Similarly, the mean donor age for CR was significantly older than for patients without CR (43.0 v 36.2 years; P = .02). Thirteen of the 32 patients (40.6%) who developed CR retained their original grafts for a mean period of 54 ± 25 months after diagnosis. Seven patients (21.9%) underwent re-LT, and 12 patients (38.3%) died. Serum bilirubin levels and the presence of arteriopathy, arterial loss, and duct loss on liver biopsy at the time of diagnosis of CR were significantly greater among the 3 groups of patients. In addition, patient and graft survival for group I were significantly worse compared with groups II and III. We conclude that CR occurred rarely among patients maintained long term on tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapy. When steroid use is controlled, the incidence of acute rejection, mean donor age, HBV- and/or HCV-induced cirrhosis, or a diagnosis of PBC, PSC, or AIH were found to be predictors of CR. Greater values for serum bilirubin level, duct loss, arteriopathy, arteriolar loss, and presence of HCV or HBV were found to be poor prognostic factors for the 3 groups; greater total serum bilirubin value (P = .05) was the only factor found to be significant between patients who had graft loss versus those who recovered.
Reduction of sulfur dioxide and surface sulfate on γ-alumina

The desorption and reduction of SO_2 adsorbed on γ-Al_2O_3 and the reduction of surface sulfate on γ-Al_2O_3 have been investigated by microreactor experiments and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of adsorbed SO_2 showed one broad desorption peak. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) resulted in the desorption of SO_2 and the production of H_2S and elemental sulfur, the latter two products increasing with increasing pressure of hydrogen. The reduction of surface sulfate is very slow below 550oC with the main reduction product being SO_2. A small amount of H_2S was produced at higher temperatures, probably from the reduction of elemental sulfur by hydrogen. The reduction experiments showed that surface sulfate formed on strong surface sites yielded H_2S or S (el) upon reduction, while sulfate formed on weak sites released SO_2 upon reduction.
Characterization of Skeletor: a novel nuclear protein implicated in mitotic spindle assembly

viii CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: MATERL\LS AND METHODS 11 Drosophila Stocks and Collections 11 Cell Culture and Transfection 11 Library Screening and Sequence Analysis 12 Antibodies 14 Northern Blot and in vitro Transcription/Translation Analysis 16 Biochemical Analysis 17 Immunohistochemistiy and GFP Imaging 18 Microtubule Disassembly Studies 20 Confocal Microscopy 21 CHAPTER THREE: THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 2A AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SKELETOR cDNA 22 Introduction 22 The Monoclonal Antibody 2A Staining Pattern in Embryos 22 Monoclonal Antibody 2A Perturbation Analysis 23 Summary 24 CHAPTER FOUR: THE CLONING AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF SKELETOR 26 Introduction 26 Cloning of the Orflb/Or£2 cDNAs 26 Primary Sequence Features of the Skeletor Locus Transcripts 27 Identification and Analysis of an Alternatively Spliced Transcript, Orfla 33 Isolation and Analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster Genomic Locus 33 Isolation and Analysis of the Drosophila virilis Genomic Locus 35 Analysis of Skeletor mRNAs at Different Developmental Stages 36 Summary 37
Ozone-induced DNA single strand-breaks in guinea pig tracheobronchial epithelial cells in vivo.

Two-month-old male guinea pigs (Dunkin-Hartley strain, specific pathogen free), 4 in each group, were exposed to 0.00, 0.45, and 1.00 ppm O 3 for 72 h. The trachea with two main bronchi was removed from each animal after O 3 exposure. The trachea lavage fluid was used to measure the protein content as an index of altered tracheobronchial epithelial (TE) cell membrane permeability after O 3 exposure. The TE cells were isolated and employed for the determination of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) by fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU). The statistical significance level was set atα = .05. The results show that neither the yield nor the viability of the TE cell from various O 3 treatment groups was different from that of controls. Compared to controls, the protein content was elevated significantly after 0.45 ppm O 3 exposure; however, the amount of DNA SSBs was not. The number of DNA SSBs increased significantly in the 1.00 ppm O 3 exposure group when compared to controls. Regardless of the alkali...
The Project Physics Course, Then and Now

I have been asked to speak today, as the program has it, on “The Project Physics Course, Then and Now.” I do so gladly, but must alert you that it is the story of a roller-coaster ride – up, down, and up again, as you will see. In its first few editions, Project Physics was a nation-wide physics course at the introductory level, chiefly for the 11thand 12th-grade high-school student in the United States, but also used in some colleges. What the audience of this IHPST meeting may want to know most about is no doubt the way in which the design of the course, in addition to physical science itself, used the history and methodologies of science and the interaction of science and society. I will come to that shortly. But this will be better understood if I say first something about the history by which Project Physics came about, and even what its intended future is.
Release of Xenon from Uranium Carbide at Low Temperatures

The release of xenon from lightly irradiated uranium monocarbide powders was studied in the temperature range 150° to 975°C. Release in this range is much higher than that calculated by extrapolating high-temperature diffusion data. The kinetics of the release agree with a model in which the xenon in the first three or four unit cells is released over a range of activation energies.
New Look at a Persistent Problem: Inequality, Mathematics Achievement, and Teaching.

ABSTRACT The authors examined the relation of school-year teaching practices to SES and race/ethnic score gaps in mathematics by fitting an individual growth model with a representative sample drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Cohort data. There were mixed findings. Teaching practices had uniform effects for all students, increasing their scores equally during the school year. Teaching mattered in maintaining proficiency during summer, although modestly. Specifically, practices emphasizing analytical and reasoning skills, thought among mathematics reformers to be most effective, were positively associated with summer learning among low-SES students. The authors explore possible reasons for the weak association between teaching practices and mathematics scores.
Three-Dimensional Mapping of Mineral Densities in Carious Dentin: Theory and Method

X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM), a three-dimensional X-ray imaging technique, has been used to quantitatively map mineral concentrations in carious dentin. Data analysis from the XTM study indicates that variations in the mineral concentration surrounding the caries can be imaged in three dimensions with a spatial resolution that is sufficient to detect calcified and enlarged tubule spaces in the lesion. A three-dimensional image of the subsurface lesion indicates that lesion penetration is along the direction of the tubules. The mineral concentration in the uninfected dentin was measured by the XTM to be 1.29 +/- 0.14 g/cm3 based upon the tabulated X-ray attenuation coefficients for apatite. This value is in excellent agreement with averaged estimates for the mineral concentration in dentin (1.4 g/cm3). Furthermore, the mineral concentration determined using XTM varies from 2.25 g/cm3 in the remineralized dentin to as low as 0.55 +/- 0.17 g/cm3 in the demineralized tissue. The high concentration of mineral in the remineralized region suggests that organic matter is lost and mineral is deposited at some time during the caries process.
Bus dispatching at timed transfer transit stations using bus tracking technology

A timed transfer terminal synchronizes the arrival of incoming vehicles with the departure of outgoing vehicles so as to minimize transfer delays. Most bus timed transfer terminals follow fixed schedules, and do not utilize intelligent transportation systems for vehicle tracking and control. This paper reviews technologies that enable real-time control of timed transfer. We evaluate the benefits of tracking bus locations and executing dynamic schedule control through the simulation of a generic timed transfer terminal under a range of conditions. Based on empirical data collected by the Los Angeles County/Metropolitan Transit Agency, we found delay over segments of long-headway bus lines to be negatively correlated with lateness at the start of the segment, indicating that buses have a tendency to catch up when they fall behind schedule. The simulation analysis showed that the benefit of bus tracking is most significant when one of the buses experiences a major delay, especially when there is a small number of connecting buses.
The Effect of Feeding Regimen on Mixed-Size Pond-Grown Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract The culture of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is an established industry in many areas of the southern United States. Improvements in feeding regimens would economically benefit producers. The present research was designed to evaluate the effect of feeding time (AM vs. PM), feeding frequency (one vs. two times a day) and intermittent fasting (6 days of feeding, 1 day of fasting) on production, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, weight-length relationship, percent dressout (headed and gutted carcass per unit live weight), and body composition of channel catfish reared in earthen ponds. Treatments consisted of: (1) feeding catfish once daily to satiation at 0800; (2) feeding catfish once daily to satiation at 1800; (3) feeding catfish twice daily at 0800 and 1800; and (4) feeding catfish once daily at 0800 for six consecutive days followed by one day of fasting. Twenty 0.04-ha ponds were stocked with 135 sub-market (average size: 182.6 g/fish) catfish and 600 fingerlings (average size: 1...
Episodic blockade of cranial nerve VIII provokes asymmetric changes in lobule X of the rat

Abstract Although debilitating syndromes like Meniere's disease are in part characterized by recurrent or episodic vestibular disturbance the study of episodic vestibular disruption has only recently been possible with the introduction of a new model utilizing tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the present study, serial unilateral transtympanic administration of TTX produced behavioral symptoms indicative of transient vestibular disruption and novel patterns of Fos activity in the brainstem and cerebellum. Following two or three serial injections of TTX and a final survival time of 2 h, Fos immunocytochemistry revealed a distinct pattern of labeling in the brainstem that differed temporally from that observed following a single unilateral TTX injection. Specifically there was protracted expression of Fos in the β subdivision of the inferior olive (IO) on the side ipsilateral to TTX treatment. In the cerebellum, the hallmark of episodic vestibular blockade was an asymmetric pattern of Fos labeling that involved all three layers of the cortex. In particular, there was prominent Fos labeling of Purkinje cells in the contra-TTX half of lobule X. In view of the fact that Fos labeling is not found in Purkinje cells following a single transient event or following peripheral vestibular ablation, it is suggested that Fos expression in Purkinje cells is a unique feature of episodic vestibular disruption and may represent a novel plastic response by a select population of Purkinje cells to episodic functional deafferentation.
Impedance plethysmography on the arms: Respiration monitoring

A new method for extracting respiratory rate from electrical impedance measured on the arms is presented. The method requires application of only four electrodes to the subject's arms and is suitable to be used in a portable respiratory rate monitor and decision making systems. Set-Membership filtering is used to reduce the effect of motion artifact on the signal.
Inquiry-Directed Organization of E-Portfolio Artifacts for Reflection

The literature of learning objects has suggested that an explicit organizational structure of the repository of learning objects can be an informing layer between the user and the repository to support planned teaching and learning. This paper describes how domain knowledge can be used to develop organizational structures of learning objects to support designed teaching and learning. The theme of this study is the design of organizational structures of e-portfolios for reflection. The paper proposes a model of inquiry-directed organization of e-portfolio artifacts based on the paradigms and models of reflection. It presents a case study of implementation of this model.
Subgrid modeling approaches for scalar transport and mixing in LES of turbulent shear o ws

LES models for subgrid scalar transport are assessed through large eddy simulation of passive scalar mixing in a turbulent round jet. The simulation is performed on a spherical coordinate grid using semi-implicit time advancement. The models used to close the subgrid scalar ux term are varied while the same modeling approach is used for the momentum model in order to isolate the eects of the scalar modeling. The subgrid scalar ux models tested include the dynamic eddy diusivit y model and the dynamic one-parameter mixed model. Model performance is analyzed by examining mean, resolved-scale quantities and uctuations of the resolved scalar concentration eld. Also addressed in this paper are particular challenges associated with dynamic modeling in spherical-coordinate, round jet simulations. These include explicit test ltering of resolved-scale quantities and spatial averaging of dynamic coecien ts.