cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolutionary function of conscious information processing is revealed by its task-dependency in the olfactory system

Although many responses to odorous stimuli are mediated without olfactory information being consciously processed, some olfactory behaviors require conscious information processing. I will here contrast situations in which olfactory information is processed consciously to situations in which it is processed non-consciously. This contrastive analysis reveals that conscious information processing is required when an organism is faced with tasks in which there are many behavioral options available. I therefore propose that it is the evolutionary function of conscious information processing to guide behaviors in situations in which the organism has to choose between many possible responses.
Age changes in the blood supply to molar teeth of rats

1. Rats, varying in age from one month to over one year, were used to study the changes in the vascular supply to the molar teeth and periodontium as a result of aging. The blood vessels were demonstrated by the saline-India-gelatin perfusion method. The jaws and teeth were fixed in a formol-acetic acid-alcohol solution, decalcified, dehydrated, and embedded in nitro-cellulose in the usual manner. The embedded specimens were sectioned at 100–250 μ, cleared by the Spalteholz method and mounted unstained. 2. In immature animals (younger than four months) the pulpal terminal vascular capillary networks were located at the predentin border. As the animals became progressively older, there was a gradual “withdrawal” of the terminal capillary plexuses from the odontoblastic zone so that at eight months of age, all the vascular terminals were restricted in location to the pulpal-odontoblastic border. 3. In the young animal the vessels supplying the periodontal ligament passed gingivally paralleling the bony surface of the membrane with the cemental side being devoid of vessels. During the process of aging, the above basic pattern was altered in the following manner: (a) The apposition of cellular cementum on the apical third of the root was accompanied by the presence of capillary terminals in or adjacent to the layer of cellular cementum. (b) There was a progressive decrease and eventually a loss of the interseptal vessels and their perforating branches. (c) Vascular twigs originating from the main periodontal vascular trunk were found in areas of cemental resorption indicating their need in the process of repair.
On the error probability of coded frequency-hopped spread-spectrum multiple-access systems with more than one code symbol per dwell interval

The multiple-access capability of an asynchronous, frequency-hopped spread-spectrum (FH-SS) communication system employing error correcting codes is reviewed. Many current FH-SS systems employ error correcting codes with more than one code symbol per dwell interval. A method of computing the codeword error probability induced in such spread-spectrum systems is presented. The codeword error probabilities induced in spread-spectrum systems utilizing more than one versus one code symbol per dwell interval are compared. It is concluded that FH-SS systems with one code symbol per dwell interval are more efficient in combating multiple-access interference than FH-SS systems with more than one code symbol per dwell interval. >
Indochinese Resettlement in the United States

Abstract Recently there has been a dramatic increase in the flow of Southeast Asian refugees into the U.S., and these refugees are becoming increasingly concentrated in a small number of Western states. This distribution is the result of the refugees’high interstate mobility and of the family reunification criterion used to admit and resettle refugees. The states in which the refugees are concentrating tend to have high public assistance benefit levels, lenient public assistance eligibility requirements, large Asian communities, mild winters, and low unemployment rates. This unplanned spatial clustering of the refugee population calls into question the effectiveness and the desirability of the original dispersal policy.
Infectious etiologies of cutaneous vasculitis.

Vasculitis remains an enigma for most physicians in practice. Because it is, by definition, a secondary phenomenon and not a disease suis generis, symptomatic treatment remains the primary goal until we come to the point where we are more likely to pick up probable etiologies and treat accordingly. The case presented here provides a good example of the direction we are going in our understanding of the infectious causes of vasculitis.
The accountability of religious discourse

Many religous people seem to think that the Hebraic-Christian religious story and their orthodox doctrines based on it are not subject to human criticism that they are not verifiable, falsifiable, or re construct able on the basis of human knowledgeyielding powers. They hold that the story and their orthodox doctrines must be accepted, if accepted at all, as divine revelations; and, of course, the claim of divine revelation is part of the story and one of the doctrines. But if nothing within the range of the knowledge-yielding powers of human beings could count for or against the truth of the story and the doctrines, how could human beings be receptive to them? How could they comprehend their meaning? Can one's powers of understanding meaning transcend one's powers of knowing? That is, could one receive, with understanding, a communication which one could not, by the nature of one's epistemic powers, know how the truth of it would bear on one's world? And can one's capacity for believing communications transcend one's powers of comprehending their meaning? If so, what constitutes the content of such beliefs? In short, it seems that our powers of believing are limited by our powers of meaning or of comprehending meaning and that our powers of meaning or of understanding meaning are limited by our knowledge -yielding powers. Although linguistic puritanism of the kind represented by the empirical verifiability theory of meaningfulness has long since been abandoned by most philosophers, there are, I think, good reasons for maintaining a broad veriflability criterion of meaningful truthclaims. Whoever makes an apparent truthclaim for which there is no comprehension of what would count for or against it, does not make a genuine statement. Whoever understands a statement (knows, at least in part, what it states), knows something about how its truth bears on one's belief system and thus on the world. When divine revelations become human beliefs, they take their place within the logical web of a belief system and become subject to the logical tensions of the
Electrical Resistivity Tensor for Aluminum Single Crystals Deformed at Helium Temperature

Stress-strain curves and electrical resistance measurements were made on single crystals of 99.99+% pure aluminum pulled in tension at 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The stress-strain data show that beyond the easy-glide region the stress-strain curves are linear with a slope that depends on crystal orientation. If the specimen is unloaded and aged at room temperature, a small upper yield point occurs on reloading at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K or 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The resistance produced by deformation is the same in all crystallographic directions. It increases as the square of the resolved shearing stress. Annealing at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K produces a 10% drop in the strain-induced resistivity (which is still isotropic). Annealing at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K produces a 65% drop in the strain-induced resistivity (again isotropic).
Deep Cumulonimbus Cloud Systems in the Tropics with and without Lightning

Abstract The thunderstorm frequency over the oceans during the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment is quantified by examination of over 20 000 surface hourly observations from research ships. The overall thunderstorm frequency is one thunderstorm day per ship per month. There were many examples of intense mesoscale systems, such as squall lines, passing over the ships, extending to 13–17 km in altitude, but that nevertheless produce few reports of lightning. This reinforces the idea, based on data from other tropical ocean regions and from global satellite data, that in spite of the ubiquitous “hot towers” over tropical oceans, marine cumulonimbus product little lightning. Climatological data from the monsoon regions of the Tropics are analyzed to reveal that during periods of onshore flow and heavy rainfall the oceanic regime of high rainfall but little lightning moves onshore. A rain-thunderstorm ratio is defined and used to characterize convective rainfall regimes as contin...
Identification of three alternative first exons and an intronic promoter of human PDE5A gene.

Abstract In the accompanying paper we present evidence for the existence of three PDE5A isoforms that differed only in the 5′ end of the mRNAs. In this paper we present evidence that the three isoform-specific 5′ ends were encoded by three alternative first exons that were arranged in the order of A1–A3–A2. Because the isoform-specific mRNAs could be transcribed from individual promoters, DNA fragments of the two intronic regions (A1–A3 and A3–A2) were tested for possible promoter activities. The intron between A1- and A3-specific exons did not exhibit any promoter activities even in smooth muscle cells that expressed the A3 isoform (see accompanying paper). In contrast, the intron between A3- and A2-specific exons had promoter activities in PDE5A2-expressing COS-7 and smooth muscle cells. This intronic promoter was bound by transcription factors AP-2 and Sp1, but not by AP-1, as shown by DNase I footprint analysis. However, the sequence bound by AP-2 (5′-GGGAAACGCTCGCGGGAGAGTTGG) is unusual in that it bears little resemblance to the consensus AP-2-binding sequence.
Holographic Display Devices

Auto-stereoscopic displays can be classified into holographic and nonholographic devices. In this review paper we compare several systems in each group on the basis of their information content. Two approaches currently under investigation at Stanford University are discussed. Several investigators have noted a chronological decrease in the diffraction efficiency of sequentially recorded images in a multiple exposure hologram, but no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon, which we denote by Holographic Reciprocity Law Failure (HRLF), has been presented. We propose a mechanism, based on latent image formation in silver halide films, to explain HRLF and a procedure to equalize the efficiency of all simultaneously reconstructed images. As many as 16 images have been superimposed and reconstructed with equal brightness. Digital holography is an attractive method for displaying discrete volumetric data bases, but present computational methods based on implementing DFT routines for the calculation of Fresnel holograms require large memory and long computational times. We have investigated an alternative method, based on calculating a convolution operation directly (which also uses DFT techniques), but which allows parallel computation of patches of the hologram. This method offers a tradeoff between processors, memory requirements and computation time.
Do circle hooks reduce the mortality of sea turtles in pelagic longlines? A review of recent experiments

Circle hooks have been proposed as a means of reducing the by-catch mortality of sea turtles in pelagic longline fisheries to sustainable levels. I examine the efficacy of circle hooks as a sea turtle conservation measure by examining the results of field trials conducted in the western North Atlantic, the Azores, the Gulf of Mexico, and Ecuador. These experiments employed more than a million and a half hooks between 2000 and 2004 and, in general, were well designed, conducted and analyzed. Four of five experiments demonstrated a significant reduction in capture rate and/or hooking location, indicating that circle hooks would reduce overall mortality. In one trial, however, circle hooks reduced catches of target species to such a degree that their use was impractical. I conclude, therefore, that circle hooks have the potential to reduce the mortality of sea turtles captured in many (but not all) pelagic longline fisheries, but that they should be field tested in a rigorous experiment before they are required in any fishery. Circle hooks will not reduce mortality rates of sea turtles in every pelagic longline fishery; each case needs to be tested before this measure is adopted. Circle hooks reduce turtle mortality because of their shape and size and the ways that these parameters interact with the size of turtles interacting with the fishery. Circle hooks may cause a reduction in turtle mortality by decreasing the incidence of hook ingestion as well as reducing capture rate, particularly for loggerhead sea turtles.
Solidification of a ternary alloy liquid layer on a substrate subject to self-consistent melting

Micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS), plasma or powder spray deposition, surface coating, semiconductor technology, splat cooling, single and twin-roller melt-spinning, strip and slab casting, melt-extraction, etc. are usually characterized by solidification of a thin liquid layer on a cold substrate. A one-dimensional model of enthalpy formation of the energy and species conservation equations with thermodynamic relationships from ternary equilibrium diagram are solved to study the solidification processes for ternary alloys molten liquid layer on the ternary eutectic solid substrate. The solidification path of the liquid layer may pass through the primary, cotectic and eutectic solidification regions. The melting and re-solidification of the substrate happens at the ternary eutectic point. The thermal physical properties of the splat and substrate are identical and imperfect contact of contact surface between the splat and substrate is considered. The temperature functions as compositions are assumed as linear along the liquidus surface and cotectic curves. The temperature distributions of the solidified splat and the melted, re-solidified substrate, the thicknesses of the different mushy layers of splat and melting of substrate subject to different process parameters and thermal physical properties are quantitatively and extensively investigated. The initiation times for primary, cotectic mushy and eutectic solid fronts of splat and the complete re-solidification times of the substrate are affected by different parameters, these are also investigated. Results of this study are compared with experimental data provided by Aitta et al. The growth rates of the cotectic and eutectic fronts are found to agree well with experimental data. The effects of initial solute concentrations of liquid layer, solute concentrations and temperatures at the binary and ternary eutectic points on the thicknesses of different mushy layers are important and presented.
Reaction of Gaseous Nitric Oxide with Nitric Acid on Silica Surfaces in the Presence of Water at Room Temperature

The reaction of gaseous NO with HNO3 on borosilicate glass in the presence of water was studied as a function of surface water coverage at 298 K and a total pressure of one atm in N2. The loss of gaseous NO and the formation of NO2 were measured in a long path cell using FTIR. The glass walls of the cell provided the surface upon which the chemistry occurred. Water coverages on thin glass cover disks were determined in a separate apparatus by measuring the intensity of the infrared band of liquid water at 3400 cm-1. Approximately one monolayer was present on the surface at 20% RH and 12 monolayers at 100% RH. The rate of the reaction of NO with HNO3 on the surface was the largest under conditions where approximately three surface monolayers of water were present on the surface. We propose a model for this reaction in which HNO3, added first to the dry cell, hydrogen-bonds to the silanol groups on the surface. The first step in the reaction is believed to be HNO3(surface) + NO(g) → HONO(surface) + NO2(g). ...
Doppler-Sonographie: Anwendung in der Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe

Bei perinatologischen Fragestellungen ruckt die Doppler-Flow-Untersuchung neben anderen Untersuchungsverfahren (Kardiotokographie, Ultraschallbiometrie etc.) als rein funktionelle diagnostische Methode zunehmend in den Vordergrund (7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18).
Intracranial anomalies detected by imaging studies in 30 patients with Apert syndrome.

Fabiola Quintero-Rivera, Caroline D. Robson, Rosemary E. Reiss, Deborah Levine, Carol B. Benson, John B. Mulliken, and Virginia E. Kimonis* Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Maternal Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Influenza immunization for HIV-infected persons in Los Angeles.

Abstract We assessed the use of influenza vaccine in a cohort of HIV-infected patients during 1991 and 1992 in Los Angeles County. Influenza vaccination status and clinical and demographic data were obtained from medical records in three different outpatient clinics: a health maintenance organization (HMO), a public clinic and a private medical group. The overall proportion of patients immunized with influenza vaccine was 28%. Patients receiving medical care at the HMO were more likely to receive influenza vaccine (45%) than were patients at the public clinic (25%) or the private facility (13%). Higher immunization levels were also observed among patients with greater numbers of clinic visits for both years studied ( p
Forward to Where? U.S.-Russian Strategic Nuclear Force Reductions

The year 2009 begins a new security relationship, for better or worse, between Russia and the United States. On the policy menu for both states are carry-forward negotiations and looming deadlines with respect to strategic nuclear arms control. Despite the ups and downs of political relations during the years of the George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin presidencies, the United States and Russia have remained committed to reducing their numbers of operationally deployed, long range nuclear weapons. Those commitments have implications for other issues, including nonproliferation and counterterrorism. Since politics dominates strategy, the outcome of further negotiations on Russian-American nuclear arms reductions depends upon the character of the political winds that blow between Washington and Moscow. During the latter part of the Bush and Putin presidencies, those winds were Arctic. More favorable westerlies and easterlies permit progress, but what realistic options present themselves for policy makers' cons...
Absence of detectable RNA ligase activity in eukaryotic cells.

Abstract Reports of the existence of eukaryotic RNA ligases may be incorrect. Evidence for this activity has been based upon the conversion of [5′-32p]-terminated oligoribonucleotides to an alkaline phosphatase resistant form and upon the detection of radioactive ribonucleoside monophosphates after alkaline hydrolysis of the reaction products. Although we have in part confirmed these observations, we find the labeled ribonucleoside monophosphate to be the 5′-isomer, and not the expected 2′ (3′)-isomer. In addition, roughly equivalent amounts of ribonucleoside monophosphate were observed whether or not alkaline hydrolysis was performed. We conclude that the existence of RNA ligase activity in eukaryotic cells is suspect.
The Great Divide: Campaign Media in the American Mind

There is a huge difference between public perceptions of the power of media in elections and academic evidence of its influence. This gap stems from the fact that the public uses different forms of evi- dence than academics use to infer media power. This essay outlines the reasons for this great divide, then highlights the seriousness of its consequences for the allocation of political resources. Public beliefs in omnipotent media contribute to wasted time and money; ultimately, they undermine the legitimacy of election outcomes.
Adsorption of Admixtures on Portland Cement Hydration Products

The adsorption of calcium lignosulfonate and salicylic acid was studied on the hydration products of the four principal components of portland cement. To investigate the adsorption as a function of development of hydration product, the determinations were made after varying hydration times. The times allowed were from 5 min to 24 hr for tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) and from 1 hr to 28 days for β-dicalcium silicate (β-C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C3S). Samples were characterized with respect to surface area and poresize distribution. The effect of gypsum on the adsorption was also investigated. The results indicate that the amounts of salicylic acid and calcium lignosulfonate adsorbed on the hydration products of C3A, and of calcium
Parity simulation of a boiling water reactor system

Abstract The analysis of transients in nuclear power plants is a complex problem normally requiring use of simulation tools. One of these tools, known as parity simulation, exploits the concept of electrical analogs of a physical system. Electrical analogs of the components of a nuclear plant are constructed and interconnected in a highly user-oriented facility known as a parity simulator. Parity simulation originated in the study of electronic network transients and spread to neutronic and fluid flow applications. This work focuses on the application of parity simulation to transient thermal hydraulic behavior of a boiling water reactor. Three distinct elements are used to simulate a boiling water reactor. The development of a single-phase flow element is described first. The governing mass, momentum, and energy equations along with other conditions are applied to a pipe section. The resulting model is then used to construct an electrical analog. The proposed analog requires non-standard components, the design and implementation of which is discussed. Subsequently, a formulation for a two-phase flow and separator elements is given. These elements are integrated to model a boiling water reactor. Results obtained for two cases are presented and compared with reference numerical solutions.
Enriched Basis Functions for Handling Wake–Body Intersections in Dirichlet Panel Methods

The theory and an implementation of enriched basis functions in Dirichlet (source-doublet) panel methods to simplify the geometric constraints of wake–body intersections is presented. In the approach, a discontinuous basis function is introduced to represent the jump in surface scalar velocity potential at the intersection of a wake sheet and a network of body panels. By introducing this set of enriched basis functions to represent discontinuous potentials, the method can easily handle intrapanel discontinuities while maintaining a scalar-potential-only Dirichlet formulation. As a result, discretized geometries from CAD and computational-fluid-dynamics tools may be used in the resulting enriched basis Dirichlet panel method without modification. A simple spherical geometry, a well-documented wing–body configuration as well as a generic wing–body configuration are presented.
Shear and friction response of nonseismic laminated elastomeric bridge bearings subject to seismic demands

AbstractLaminated elastomeric bridge bearings are commonly used in areas with low-to-moderate seismicity, although the applications are typically intended for service-level considerations such as thermal movements of the bridge superstructure. These components provide a potential source of displacement capacity frequently neglected in seismic design. An experimental program was carried out to evaluate the behavioral characteristics and performance of steel-reinforced, laminated elastomeric bearings, which had not been designed for seismic demands, as the primary quasi-isolation components for seismic events by permitting slip at the interface of the bearing and substructure. The rubber at the top of the bearing is vulcanized to a steel plate, which is bolted to the test frame to simulate a connection to the superstructure. At the base of the bearing, the elastomer directly contacts concrete representing the substructure, with no restraint of horizontal motion other than friction. The elastomeric bearings ...
SU-GG-J-28: An Investigation of Intra and Inter-Fraction Motion in Cervical Cancer Patients

Purpose: To quantify the intra‐fraction motion of the cervix at various time points during a course of external beam radiation therapy. Also to develop patient‐specific PTV margins that can account for the observed intra‐fraction motion for cervix patients. Method and Materials: Multiple single shot fast spin echoMRIimages were acquired through the central sagittal slice of the cervix of 6 patients undergoing external beam radiation therapy for cervical cancer.Images were acquired at 6‐second intervals for approximately 20 minutes. MRI scans were performed at 3 time points; pre‐treatment, mid‐treatment and post‐treatment. Cervical contours were delineated on all images using in‐house software which also enabled quantification of motion and deformation. Using these contours, the extent of margin expansion to achieve 100% coverage was measured and used to construct customized PTV expansions. Results: During each intra‐fraction period a general trend was observed in that the cervix moved superiorly and posteriorly with time (up to 6 mm). This motion was observed to correlate with bladder filling. For scans acquired at different time points, anterior motion increased as a function of treatment progression. Anterior PTV expansion increased from 2.2mm to 6.6 mm while the inferior margin decreased from 7.0mm to 3.1mm. No systematic trends were observed in the posterior or superior directions when comparing scans acquired at different time points through the treatment. Conclusion: This work suggests that as treatment of the cervix progresses, significant changes in intra‐fraction motion can occur. Further, each patient's motion is unique and requires individual assessment for custom PTV margin construction. Motion analysis may provide guidance as to when an IMRT boost would be most successful in replacing an interstitial brachytherapy boost.
SIGGRAPH 2009 envyCODE lecture/performance notes

envyCODE is Butch Rovan on custom instruments, extended alto clarinet (MiMICS System), and interactive electronics; Kevin Patton on extended guitar (Taurex System), custom instruments, and interactive electronics; and Carmen Montoya on custom instruments and interactive electronics.
Statistical Modeling of Yield and Variance Instability in Conventional and Organic Cropping Systems

Temporal variation in crop yields has considerable impact at farm, regional, and national levels. To gain a better understanding of the factors contributing to this variation, we quantified the cumulative effects of management practices and soil covariates on total yield (TY), temporal yield variance (TYV) and coefficient of variation (CV) of 2-yr (2 Yr) {corn [Zea mays L.]-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]} and 4-yr (4 Yr) [corn-soybean-spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)] crop rotations in conventional (CNV) and organic (ORG) cropping systems. Soil covariates differed individually or as a group in their impact on TY, TYV, and CV. Spatial variation, quantified by soil covariates, did not fully explain variation in TY or TYV; whereas, TYV explained up to 86% of variation in TY, both of which were less variable in ORG than in CNV. Multivariate relationships among TYV, CV, management factors, and covariates indicated that TYs of 4-Yr crop rotations were likely to be more stable than TYs of 2-Yr rotations. The largest and most stable yields obtained under both cropping systems are characterized by a combination of optimum TYV and minimum CV values. We developed a classification scheme of cropping systems, crop rotation phases, and management practices based on the three-way relationship between TY, TYV, and CV, and deviations from their respective means. In addition to its utility in selecting the largest and most stable yield, the scheme can be used to measure stability in crop production and strategically deploy appropriate management practices for a given cropping system or crop rotation.
The effect of over‐the‐counter analgesics on physiologic responses to rest and exercise

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a standard dosage of aspirin or ibuprofen on resting metabolic rate and selected responses to exercise. Subjects participating in the resting portion of the study received a standard dose of 650 mg aspirin, 400 mg ibuprofen, or a placebo prior to measurement of resting oxygen consumption via closed circuit spirometry. There was a significant elevation (p ≤ 0.05) in resting oxygen consumption (VO2) due to the treatment with both aspirin and ibuprofen. Subjects participating in the exercise portion of the study received a dosage of 650 mg/70 kg body weight aspirin, 400 mg/70 kg ibuprofen, or a placebo. Each subject then exercised for 5 minutes sequentially at 30, 65, and 90% of VO2max until exhaustion, in ascending order. Measurements of VO2 and ventilation (VE) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were made during the final minute of each stage. Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in VE and RPE due to treatment. Aspiri...
Diastolic heart sounds as a predictor of acute myocardial ischemia

(n = 131) of women and 50% (n = 5) of men were free of cardiac disease based on clinical evaluation, markers of myocardial injury, and echocardiography. Echocardiographic evidence of Left ventricular hypertrophy was evident in 8.4% (age range 40-79, n = 12) of women and 50% (age range, 45-69; n = 5) of men. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities were found in 8.3% (age range, 40-79; n = 10) of women and in 50% (age range, 45-69; n = 5) of men. Conclusion: Juvenile T-wave pattern persisting into adulthood is more commonly seen in women. Furthermore, it should be considered as a normal variant in women younger than 40 years to avoid misinterpretation.
Environmental Implications of Service Industries

The service sector in the U.S. economy accounts for twice the monetary output of manufacturing and is typically perceived as less damaging to the environment than manufacturing sectors. We use an Economic Input−Output Life-Cycle Assessment model (EIO-LCA) to assess both the direct and indirect (supply chain) effects of services on the economy and the environment. As expected, environmental emissions and wastes generated directly by service providers are small per dollar of output, and energy use per dollar output is lower for services than for most manufacturing industries. However, with such a large share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the impacts of services have become a significant component of overall U.S. emissions, wastes, and energy consumption. For several environmental metrics (e.g., hazardous waste generation), service industries have significant indirect environmental effects on an economy-wide basis even when their direct emissions are negligible. When an average annual “market basket” ...
Speakers adapt gestures to addressees' knowledge: implications for models of co-speech gesture

Are gesturing and speaking shaped by similar communicative constraints? In an experiment, we teased apart communicative from cognitive constraints upon multiple dimensions of speech-accompanying gestures in spontaneous dialogue. Typically, speakers attenuate old, repeated or predictable information but not new information. Our study distinguished what was new or old for speakers from what was new or old for (and shared with) addressees. In 20 groups of 3 naive participants, speakers retold the same Road Runner cartoon story twice to one addressee and once to another. We compared the distribution of gesture types, and the gestures' size and iconic precision across retellings. Speakers gestured less frequently in stories retold to Old Addressees than New Addressees. Moreover, the gestures they produced in stories retold to Old Addressees were smaller and less precise than those retold to New Addressees, although these were attenuated over time as well. Consistent with our previous findings about speaking, g...
Use of peptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim (Nplate) in a case of primary HIV-associated thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is frequently encountered in HIV-infected patients, and the predominant cause is primary HIV-associated thrombocytopenia (PHAT). Standard treatment regimens include optimization of antiretroviral therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin, anti-D, and corticosteroids. Retreatment due to the inability to sustain remission or inferior responses is common, and investigation into the safety and efficacy of alternative therapies is warranted. We describe novel and effective treatment of PHAT with the peptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim in a patient with a minimal response to conventional therapy.
Theory and application of radiation boundary operators

A succinct unified review is provided of the theory of radiation boundary operators. With the recent introduction of the on-surface radiation condition (OSRC) method and the continued growth of finite-difference and finite-element techniques for modeling electromagnetic wave scattering problems, the understanding and use of radiation boundary operators has become increasingly important. Results are presented to illustrate the application of radiation boundary operators in both these areas. Recent OSRC results include analysis of the scattering behavior of both electrically small and large cylinders, a reactively loaded acoustic sphere, and a simple reentrant duct. Radiation boundary operator results include the demonstration of the effectiveness of higher-order operators in truncating finite-difference time-domain grids. >
Primary care residency choice and participation in an extracurricular longitudinal medical school program to promote practice with medically underserved populations.

PurposeIn 2006, the University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSOM) launched the Underserved Pathway (UP), an extracurricular longitudinal experience supporting student interest in caring for underserved populations. This study examined the association between UP participation and residency choi
Effects of DDT and charcoal on performance of White Leghorn hens.

Abstract White Leghorn hens were fed diets containing DDT (0 or 300 p.p.m.) and activated charcoal (0 or 3%) in factorial arrangement for a 30 day period to study the effects on hen performance, egg quality, embryo and progeny growth. The presence of charcoal in the diet reduced the DDT deposition in the hens’ abdominal fat and in the egg yolk. Charcoal also reduced yolk pigmentation. Neither DDT nor charcoal affected the egg weight or shell thickness. Embryo development from hens fed DDT and/or charcoal appeared normal. There were no differences in hatchability, fertility, or progeny growth related to the treatments.
Chip corrosion in plastic packages

Abstract The corrosion performance of both unencapsulated and plastic encapsulated parts has been studied under temperature-humidity-bias (THB) stresses using a patterned test chip with aluminum metallization. The effect of encapsulation materials and ionic contaminants purposely introduced on the chip surface has been determined for both accelerated THB and severe, real life conditions. Unencapsulated test chips exhibited very different THB performance characteristics from encapsulated parts including a near-zero induction time and a shallow post-induction slope on the % failures vs time curve. The induction time and mean-time-to-failure (MTF) for encapsulated devices were strong functions of both the polymeric class of encapsulant and the particular compound employed. At least part of the difference in performance between molding compounds has been attributed to impurities inherent in the compounds. Impurities contributed from conductive epoxies used for die attach also adversely affect the device's MTF, as do normal contaminants present on as-plated leadframes. The environmental factors of temperature, relative humidity and bias greatly affect the performance of encapsulated devices. In this study, the MTF decreased dramatically with bias between 5 and 30 volts, the range over which most devices operate. The acceleration factors relating device performance in an 85°C/85%RH environment to severe, real life conditions were surprisingly small and somewhat dependent on the encapsulant.
Assessing Variable Levels of Platform Commonality Within a Product Family Using a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm

Many companies are using product families and platform-based product development to reduce development costs and lead-time while increasing product variety and customization. Multiobjective optimization is experiencing new found use in the field of product family design to facilitate product platform design and help resolve the inherent tradeoff between commonality and distinctiveness that exists within a product family. After discussing the uses of multiobjective optimization in product family design and the limitations of current approaches, we introduce a genetic algorithm-based approach for product family design that has been developed to overcome these challenges. The proposed genetic algorithm (GA) modifications enable it to simultaneously design the product platform and its corresponding family of products while considering varying levels of platform commonality within the product family. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through the design of a family of General Aviation A...
Trends in Nutrient and Suspended Sediment Concentrations in Lake Erie Tributaries, 1975–1990

Abstract During the last twenty years, intensive efforts have been aimed at reducing the eutrophication of Lake Erie. Although point source inputs have been greatly reduced, models indicated that non-point source inputs would need reduction as well, to meet phosphorus management goals for Lake Erie. Since non-point inputs enter the lake via tributary inflow, it is important to examine tributary records for evidence of trends in nutrient concentrations which might reflect success in reducing non-point inputs. Data series for the Maumee, Sandusky, and Cuyahoga Rivers, and for Honey Creek, spanning 9 to 16 years and up to 6,500 observations, were examined for trends in nutrients and suspended solids. Mean daily flows and two forms of weighted mean concentrations were compiled at monthly intervals, and studied using parametric and non-parametric techniques of trend detection. Total and soluble reactive phosphorus, suspended sediment, and nitrate-plus-nitrite were examined. Flow and suspended sediment generally showed statistically non-significant minor trends. Total and soluble phosphorus both showed downward trends, statistically significant for most data series, of 5 to 40 μg/L per year. Nitrate-plus-nitrite showed usually statistically significant increases of 10 to 140 μg/L per year, except for the Cuyahoga data, which showed a statistically significant downward trend of about 70 μg/L per year. These results are important both because they reflect important progress in the remediation of Lake Erie, and because they demonstrate the possibility of detecting trends in tributaries, given sufficient data and appropriate statistical approaches.
Phase-averaged results of wave-follower measurements of turbulent shear flow above water waves

Abstract Average air velocities and turbulent Reynolds stresses were calculated at fixed heights above 1 Hz progressive sinusoidal water waves by reanalyzing the experimental data of Chao and Hsu (1978).
Frame-counter scheduler: A novel QoS scheduler for real-time traffic

Real-time traffic communication has Quality of Service (QoS) requirements such as end-to-end bandwidth and delay guarantees. We propose a novel frame-based QoS Scheduler, the frame-counter scheduler, for connection oriented packet switching networks. The frame-counter scheduler significantly reduces the end-to-end delay bound and buffer requirements provided by other frame-based schedulers. A fixed amount of buffer is required per node for no packet-loss operation. There is no need for frame synchronization or inter-node communication. The scheduling complexity of frame-counter scheduler is O(1) which makes it possible to implement it for high-speed networks. The required input traffic shape is not more restrictive than the traffic shapes used by the other schedulers. In this paper, we present the proof for the end-to-end delay bound and the buffer requirement for the frame-counter scheduler. We also provide simulation results to demonstrate the average performance which show that the average end-to-end delay and delay variation (jitter) of the packets is much lower than the end-to-end bound.
Dynamics of frequency and amplitude modulations in vocalizations produced by eastern towhees, Pipilo erythrophthalmus.

Eastern towhees, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Emberizidae, Passeriformes), appear to estimate source-SPL using spectral or temporal variables. Nevertheless, vocalizations are dynamic by nature and it remains unclear whether subjects pay attention to correlations between discrete variables or pay attention to the dynamics that these variables summarize. Sine functions are used to describe coarse (slow, 400 Hz) modulated in both amplitude and frequency. Fine amplitude and frequency modulations correlate well (occur in phase) over relatively low fundamental frequencies (<∼3.5 kHz) and tend to have greater amplitudes and frequencies over these same frequencies. Modulations and correlations between modulations might exist due to stable dynamic interactions that occur within and between the physical forces that function to produce modulations in vocalizations. Results support the hypothesis that towhees communicate within separate sound frequency channels defined to each side of ∼3.5 kHz.
Characterization of carbon concentrates from coal-combustion fly ash

A study of carbon concentrates separated by a number of different commercial and laboratory methods from various coal-combustion fly ashes was undertaken to determine what common and unique chemical and physical properties can be expected in such concentrates. The properties were determined using a variety of physical and spectroscopic characterization methods and then were compared among the carbon concentrates and in two cases with the properties of the unprocessed fly ashes. The class F fly ashes originated from a total of seven different utilities burning bituminous coals and underwent one of six different processing methods to produce the carbon concentrates, which contained from 24% to 76% carbon. Three different configurations of triboelectrostatic separators were used to produce the carbon concentrates in addition to two different flotation methods plus a proprietary carbon recovery process. The results showed that unburned carbon concentrates from fly ash have properties similar to most carbon bl...
HUMAN MILK FEEDINGS AND INFECTION AMONG VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS. ▴ 1757

Although the protective effect of human milk against infection among full term infants has been demonstrated, the effect of human milk feedings on the incidence of infection among hospitalized VLBW infants has not been investigated. To determine if human milk feedings affect the incidence of infection, the medical records of all consecutive admissions of VLBW infants at the Georgetown University Medical Center from January 1992 to May 1993(225) were reviewed. Early deaths before the start of enteral feedings (53) were excluded. All human milk fed infants received milk from their own mothers with supplemental formula feeds when human milk was not available. Sixty-three infants had documented infection occurring after the start of enteral feedings; 58 by positive blood or spinal fluid cultures for pathogenic organisms. Of the remaining five infants, two had urinary infection, two rota virus diarrhea and one chlamydial conjunctivitis. The two most common organisms of sepsis were coagulase-negative staphylococci and Candida. All data are mean±SD. The incidence of infection was significantly reduced among fully or partially human milk fed infants compared to exclusively formula fed infants. These findings demonstrate the protective effect of human milk against the development of infection among hospitalized VLBW (≤1500 grams) infants (supported by Medela, Inc.). Table
Stimulatory action of secretin on gastric pepsin secretion.

Der Einfluss von Sekretin und Pankreozymin auf die Sekretion von Pepsin wurde in Hunden mit Heidenhain-Tasche untersucht. Die Hormone wurden ohne Narkose i.v. eingegeben. In allen Tieren verursachte Sekretin eine Steigerung der Pepsin-Sekretion im Magen; aber Pankreozymin hatte keinen Effekt.
Uniqueness of certain polynomials constant on a line

Abstract We study a question with connections to linear algebra, real algebraic geometry, combinatorics, and complex analysis. Let p ( x , y ) be a polynomial of degree d with N positive coefficients and no negative coefficients, such that p = 1 when x + y = 1 . A sharp estimate d ⩽ 2 N - 3 is known. In this paper we study the p for which equality holds. We prove some new results about the form of these “sharp” polynomials. Using these new results and using two independent computational methods we give a complete classification of these polynomials up to d = 17 . The question is motivated by the problem of classification of CR maps between spheres in different dimensions.
Escherichia coli isocitrate lyase: properties and comparisons.

Abstract The glyoxylate cycle was first discovered during studies on bacteria and fungi with the ability to grow on acetate or ethanol as the sole carbon source. Isocitrate lyase, the first enzyme unique to the glyoxylate cycle, has been studied in numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. However, information on this enzyme from Escherichia coli is limited. We have recently reported the purification and in vitro phosphorylation of this enzyme. In this present study we have examined and characterized a variety of inhibitors, the divalent cation requirement and the amino acid composition of E. coli isocitrate lyase and compared these results to those obtained with other organisms.
Can genes prevent atherosclerosis

SELECTED CASE A 59-year-old white woman had a blood cholesterol concentration determined on routine screening. The total plasma cholesterol level was 9.1 mmol/L (351 mg/dL). She had salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy at 44 years of age, and she had no illness indicative of cardiovascular disease. Not only was her family without evidence of premature cardiovascular disease, but she also had family members on both the maternal and paternal sides who lived long lives. Her maternal grandfather and great-grandfather lived to be 96 and 102 years of age, respectively, despite lifelong cigarette use. Her maternal grandmother lived to be 72 years old despite morbid obesity. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were not evident within this patient's kindred. After a brief trial of lovastatin, the patient was referred to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for evaluation. The patient had no medical complaints upon admission and physical examination disclosed no evidence of atherosclerotic vascular