cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the Bifactor Model a Better Model or Is It Just Better at Modeling Implausible Responses? Application of Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

ABSTRACTAlthough the structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) has been exhaustively evaluated, questions regarding dimensionality and direction of wording effects continue to be debated. To shed new light on these issues, we ask (a) for what percentage of individuals is a unidimensional model adequate, (b) what additional percentage of individuals can be modeled with multidimensional specifications, and (c) what percentage of individuals respond so inconsistently that they cannot be well modeled? To estimate these percentages, we applied iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) to examine the structure of the RSES in a large, publicly available data set. A distance measure, ds, reflecting a distance between a response pattern and an estimated model, was used for case weighting. We found that a bifactor model provided the best overall model fit, with one general factor and two wording-related group factors. However, on the basis of dr values, a distance measure based on individual residuals, ...
Ethnic disparities in school-based behavioral health service use for children with psychiatric disorders

BACKGROUND We examined racial/ethnic disparities in school-based behavioral health service use for children with psychiatric disorders. METHODS Medicaid claims data were used to compare the behavioral healthcare service use of 23,601 children aged 5-17 years by psychiatric disorder (autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], conduct/oppositional defiant disorder, and “other”) and by race/ethnicity (African-American, Hispanic, white, and other). Logistic and generalized linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS Differences in service use by racial/ethnic group were identified within and across diagnostic groups, both for in-school service use and out-of-school service use. For all disorders, Hispanic children had significantly lower use of in-school services than white children. Among children with ADHD, African-American children were less likely to receive in-school services than white children; however, there were no differences in adjusted annual mean Medicaid expenditures for in-school services by race/ethnicity or psychiatric disorders. Statistically significant differences by race/ethnicity were found for out-of-school service use for children with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders. There were significant differences by race/ethnicity in out-of-school service use for each diagnostic group. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the use of school-based behavioral health services by racial and ethnic groups suggest the need for culturally appropriate outreach and tailoring of services to improve service utilization.
Years of Life and Productivity Loss from Potentially Avoidable Colorectal Cancer Deaths in U.S. Counties with Lower Educational Attainment (2008–2012)

Background: Educational attainment (EA) is inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. Colorectal cancer screening can save lives if precancerous polyps or early cancers are found and successfully treated. This study aims to estimate the potential productivity loss (PPL) and associated avoidable colorectal cancer-related deaths among screen-eligible adults residing in lower EA counties in the United States.Methods: Mortality and population data were used to examine colorectal cancer deaths (2008-2012) among adults aged 50 to 74 years in lower EA counties, and to estimate the expected number of deaths using the mortality experience from high EA counties. Excess deaths (observed-expected) were used to estimate potential years life lost, and the human capital method was used to estimate PPL in 2012 U.S. dollars.Results: County-level colorectal cancer death rates were inversely associated with county-level EA. Of the 100,857 colorectal cancer deaths in lower EA counties, we estimated that more than 21,000 (1 in 5) was potentially avoidable and resulted in nearly $2 billion annual productivity loss.Conclusions: County-level EA disparities contribute to a large number of potentially avoidable colorectal cancer-related deaths. Increased prevention and improved screening potentially could decrease deaths and help reduce the associated economic burden in lower EA communities. Increased screening could further reduce deaths in all EA groups.Impact: These results estimate the large economic impact of potentially avoidable colorectal cancer-related deaths in economically disadvantaged communities, as measured by lower EA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 736-42. ©2016 AACR.
Childhood Maltreatment and Unprotected Sex among Female Juvenile Offenders: Evidence of Mediation by Substance Abuse and Psychological Distress.

Abstract Purpose Research has shown that childhood maltreatment is associated with sexual risk taking among female juvenile offenders; however, the mechanisms by which maltreatment influences sexual risk remain poorly understood. We assessed whether substance abuse, psychological distress, and dating violence mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and unprotected sex. Methods Sexually active female juvenile offenders (13–17 years of age) completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews (n = 232). Logistic regression with a risk decrement approach, the Sobel test, and the Goodman I test were used to evaluate mediation. Results Maltreatment before sixth grade was common in our sample, including physical abuse (48.7%), sexual abuse (14.7%), supervision neglect (57.3%), and physical neglect (18.5%). Cumulative childhood maltreatment was also high with 42.2% reporting two or more types. In the fully adjusted model, cumulative childhood maltreatment remained associated with unprotected sex (odds ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.27, 4.65). The percent of the total effect in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and unprotected sex that was mediated by substance abuse was 16.4% (Sobel = 2.54 [p = .01]; Goodman I = 2.49 [p = .01]) and psychological distress accounted for 23.7% (Sobel = 2.55 [p = .01]; Goodman I = 2.51 [p = .01]). Dating violence was not a significant mediator in our analyses. Conclusion We found a strong relationship between childhood maltreatment and unprotected sex among female juvenile offenders that was partially mediated through substance abuse and psychological distress. These findings can be used to develop public health strategies to increase condom use among female juvenile offenders. Trauma-informed approaches to sexual health promotion that address substance abuse and psychological distress are warranted.
Influence of Arsenic (III), Cadmium (II), Chromium (VI), Mercury (II), and Lead (II) Ions on Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer (HCC1806) Cell Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability

The hazardous consequences of heavy metal ions (HMIs) on human health necessitate the immediate need to probe fundamentally the interactions and cytotoxic effects of HMIs on humans. This study investigated the influence of five toxic HMIs (arsenic (As (III)), cadmium (Cd (II)), chromium (Cr (VI)), mercury (Hg (II)), and lead (Pb (II))) on human TNBC (HCC 1806) cell viability using optical microscopy, trypan blue dye-exclusion assays, and flow cytometry. The TNBC cells were exposed to varying concentrations of HMIs for 24 and 48 hours. We evaluated the influence of the concentrations and duration of HMIs exposure on TNBC cell viability. Light microscopy, cell viability assays, revealed that after 48-hour treatment of TNBC cells with 1 x 10 -5 M of As (III), Cd (II), Hg (II), Cr (IV), and Pb (II) resulted in cell viabilities of 23%, 34%, 35%, 56%, 91% respectively, suggesting that As (III) has the greatest cytotoxicity (77% cell death) while Pb (II) showed the least (9% cell death). Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed that while Pb (II), As (III) and Cr (IV) had significant increases in cell death, Hg (II) caused a G1 arrest. Together, this study revealed that HMIs cause a differential cytotoxic effect on TNBC cells and suggest that they may have very different genotoxic targets and implications in their mutagenic potential.
Small forces that differ with prior motor experience can communicate movement goals during human-human physical interaction

Physical interactions between two people are ubiquitous in our daily lives, and an integral part of many forms of rehabilitation. However, few studies have investigated forces arising from physical interactions between humans during a cooperative motor task, particularly during overground movements. As such, the direction and magnitude of interaction forces between two human partners, how those forces are used to communicate movement goals, and whether they change with motor experience remains unknown. A better understanding of how cooperative physical interactions are achieved in healthy individuals of different skill levels is a first step toward understanding principles of physical interactions that could be applied to robotic devices for motor assistance and rehabilitation. Interaction forces between expert and novice partner dancers were recorded while performing a forward-backward partnered stepping task with assigned “leader” and “follower” roles. Their position was recorded using motion capture. The magnitude and direction of the interaction forces were analyzed and compared across groups (i.e. expert-expert, expert-novice, and novice-novice) and across movement phases (i.e. forward, backward, change of direction). All dyads were able to perform the partnered stepping task with some level of proficiency. Relatively small interaction forces (10–30N) were observed across all dyads, but were significantly larger among expert-expert dyads. Interaction forces were also found to be significantly different across movement phases. However, interaction force magnitude did not change as whole-body synchronization between partners improved across trials. Relatively small interaction forces may communicate movement goals (i.e. “what to do and when to do it”) between human partners during cooperative physical interactions. Moreover, these small interactions forces vary with prior motor experience, and may act primarily as guiding cues that convey information about movement goals rather than providing physical assistance. This suggests that robots may be able to provide meaningful physical interactions for rehabilitation using relatively small force levels.
Choosing mastectomy over lumpectomy: Factors associated with surgical decisions in young women with breast cancer.

6507 Background: Few studies have comprehensively evaluated surgical decisions in young women with breast cancer. Young women have unique medical and psychosocial concerns, and identifying factors ...
Prevalence of Elevated Cardiovascular Risks in Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Guidelines differ regarding when to begin cholesterol screening in younger adults. The authors analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to describe the prevalence of ...
Viscous anisotropic hydrodynamics for the Gubser flow

Abstract In this work we describe the dynamics of a highly anisotropic system undergoing boost-invariant longitudinal and azimuthally symmetric radial expansion (Gubser flow) for arbitrary shear viscosity to entropy density ratio. We derive the equations of motion of dissipative anisotropic hydrodynamics by applying to this situation the moments method recently derived by Molnar et al. (MNR) [E. Molnar, H. Niemi, and D. H. Rischke, “Derivation of anisotropic dissipative fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann equation,” Phys . Rev . D93 no. 11, (2016) 114025, arXiv:1602.00573 [nucl-th] , E. Molnar, H. Niemi, and D. H. Rischke, “Closing the equations of motion of anisotropic fluid dynamics by a judicious choice of a moment of the Boltzmann equation,” Phys . Rev . D94 no. 12, (2016) 125003, arXiv:1606.09019 [nucl-th] ], based on an expansion around an arbitrary anisotropic one-particle distribution function. One requires an additional evolution equation in order to close the conservation laws. This is achieved by selecting the relaxation equation for the longitudinal pressure with a suitable Landau matching condition. As a result one obtains two coupled differential equations for the energy density and the longitudinal pressure which respect the S O ( 3 ) q ⊗ S O ( 1 , 1 ) ⊗ Z 2 symmetry of the Gubser flow in the deSitter space. These equations are solved numerically and compared with the predictions of the recently found exact solution of the relaxation-time-approximation Boltzmann equation subject to the same flow. We also compare our numerical results with other fluid dynamical models. We observe that the MNR description of anisotropic fluid dynamics reproduces the space-time evolution of the system than all other currently known hydrodynamical approaches.
Detection and Identification of Spoofed Pilots in TDD/SDMA Systems

In a time-division duplex (TDD) multiple antenna system, the channel state information can be estimated using reverse training. A pilot spoofing attack occurs when during the training phase, an adversary (spoofer) also sends identical training (pilot) signal as that of the legitimate receiver. This contaminates channel estimation and alters the legitimate precoder design, facilitating eavesdropping. A recent approach proposed superimposing a random sequence on the training sequence at the legitimate receivers, and then using the minimum description length (MDL) criterion to detect pilot spoofing attack via source enumeration. In this letter, we extend this approach by exploiting temporal subspace properties of the pilot signals in conjunction with the MDL criterion, to determine which pilots are contaminated by a spoofer, and which ones are free of spoofing attack. The identification performance is illustrated via simulations.
Influences of CO2 increase, solar cycle variation, and geomagnetic activity on airglow from 1960 to 2015

Abstract Variations of airglow intensity, Volume Emission Rate (VER), and VER peak height induced by the CO2 increase, and by the F10.7 solar cycle variation and geomagnetic activity were investigated to quantitatively assess their influences on airglow. This study is an extension of a previous study by Huang (2016) covering a time period of 55 years from 1960 to 2015 and includes geomagnetic variability. Two airglow models, OHCD-90 and MACD-90, are used to simulate the induced variations of O(1S) greenline, O2(0,1) atmospheric band, and OH(8,3) airglow for this study. Overall, our results demonstrate that airglow intensity and the peak VER variations of the three airglow emissions are strongly correlated, and in phase, with the F10.7 solar cycle variation. In addition, there is a linear trend, be it increasing or decreasing, existing in the airglow intensities and VERs due to the CO2 increase. On other hand, airglow VER peak heights are strongly correlated, and out of phase, with the Ap index variation of geomagnetic activity. The CO2 increase acts to lower the VER peak heights of OH(8,3) airglow and O(1S) greenline by 0.2 km in 55 years and it has no effect on the VER peak height of O2(0,1) atmospheric band.
High-resolution model for estimating the economic and policy implications of agricultural soil salinization in California

This work introduces a generalizable approach for estimating the field-scale agricultural yield losses due to soil salinization. When integrated with regional data on crop yields and prices, this model provides high-resolution estimates for revenue losses over large agricultural regions. These methods account for the uncertainty inherent in model inputs derived from satellites, experimental field data, and interpreted model results. We apply this method to estimate the effect of soil salinity on agricultural outputs in California, performing the analysis with both high-resolution (i.e. field scale) and low-resolution (i.e. county-scale) data sources to highlight the importance of spatial resolution in agricultural analysis. We estimate that soil salinity reduced agricultural revenues by $3.7 billion ($1.7–$7.0 billion) in 2014, amounting to 8.0 million tons of lost production relative to soil salinities below the crop-specific thresholds. When using low-resolution data sources, we find that the costs of salinization are underestimated by a factor of three. These results highlight the need for high-resolution data in agro-environmental assessment as well as the challenges associated with their integration.
Chapter 7 – Environmental Constraints and Stress Physiology

Grapevines are often exposed to suboptimal growing conditions that cause environmental or abiotic stress. Such resource limitation leads to acclimation processes throughout the plant that shift investment to those organs or processes that favor acquisition of the limiting resource. Abiotic stress is often associated with accumulation of damaging reactive oxygen species, which can culminate in organ or plant senescence. Excessive soil water leads to insufficient oxygen being available for proper root function, whereas water deficit limits growth and photosynthesis and, if severe, may result in xylem cavitation and canopy collapse. Deficiency or excess of mineral nutrients, or excessive salt levels, also limit growth and photosynthesis, but other plant responses and symptoms depend on the mineral element in question. Grape growers exploit water and nutrient deficit principles to control shoot growth and enhance fruit quality. High temperatures accelerate grapevine development, but heat stress impairs photosynthesis and damages fruit tissues. Low but nonfreezing temperatures may cause chilling stress and limit growth and fruit production. They may also trigger cold acclimation, enabling vines to survive freezing temperatures. Cold injury to grapevine tissues results mostly from intracellular ice formation and depends on the interaction between tissue temperature and temperature-driven acclimation and deacclimation processes.
Use of a clinical decision support tool for the management of traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition by novice and expert clinicians.

BACKGROUND/AIM Studies reveal many dental students and general dentists have inadequate knowledge about treating children who sustain traumatic dental injuries. The aims of this study were to assess dental trauma knowledge among novice clinicians and expert pediatric dentists and determine the effectiveness of a clinical decision support tool (CDST) for the management of trauma scenarios. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of a print and mobile app format of the CDST. METHODS A print and mobile app CDST was developed based upon current AAPD and IADT clinical guidelines. Baseline knowledge for dental students (n = 84) and pediatric dentists (n = 60) was assessed using a multiple-choice Pre-test. A Post-test was used to evaluate changes in the knowledge level following the random assignment of participants into 3 groups: Group A (control) had no CDST provided; Group B (print CDST) had access to the print paper pamphlet; and Group C (mobile app CDST) had access to the mobile app on a handheld device for use during the Post-test. Test scores and time required to complete each test were recorded. RESULTS Pediatric dentists scored significantly higher and required less time on both the Pre-test (P < .001) and Post-test (P < .05) compared to dental students. Dental students and pediatric dentists who had access to the mobile app CDST scored significantly higher (P < .05) in the Post-test compared to the control and the print CDST groups. Post-test time for the dental students in the mobile app group was significantly longer (P < .001) compared to the control and print format. CONCLUSION Expert pediatric dentists demonstrated greater knowledge of dental trauma compared to novice clinicians. The mobile app clinical decision support tool was a more effective means of improving the diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries by both dental students and pediatric dentists than the print CDST.
Succour to the Confused Deputy

The possession of secrets is a recurrent theme in security literature and practice. We present a refinement type system, based on indexed intuitonist S4 necessity, for an object calculus with explicit locations (corresponding to principals) to control the principals that may possess a secret. Type safety ensures that if the execution of a well-typed program leads to a configuration with an object p located at principal a, then a possesses the capability to p. We illustrate the type system with simple examples drawn from web applications, including an illustration of how Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities may manifest themselves as absurd refinements on object declarations during type checking.
Empowerment or alienation: Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers’ perception of mobile media in constructing their social role and facilitating parenting practices in the US:

Previous studies have investigated how Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers adjust to life in the US in order to understand their lives and help them to adapt to the new culture. Based on accultura...
Narratarium: An Immersive Storytelling Environment

The Narratarium Colorizer device receives either keyboard input or speech recognition input and uses natural language processing to extract key terms. The terms are queried for in a knowledge base of words and associated colors, created by leveraging the Open Mind Common Sense database and ConceptNet. The system outputs a continually changing color display, which is projected uniformly throughout the room using a custom designed curved mirror projection system.
Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Histological Squamous Cell Carcinoma In-Situ

The major histological criterion for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in-situ is the presence of full thickness epidermal keratinocytic maturation disarray (in marked cases the epidermis appears similar viewed from the top or upside down). Other histological findings that help to secure the diagnosis are atypical mitoses and mitoses in the upper levels of the epidermis and keratinocyte apoptosis. Several clinically distinct entities share the histopathological appearance of squamous cell carcinoma in-situ as noted below.
Merchant power flow controllers

Abstract The transmission system in the U.S. is under stress, leading to high congestion costs. To address this issue, more efficient utilization of the existing network is a paramount alternative to building new transmission lines. Significant transfer capability enhancement can be readily achieved via a number of mature technologies that enable power flow control. Despite the promise of power flow controllers (PFC), their deployment has been very limited, due to a number of reasons, including heavy economic regulation. This has many drawbacks, including lengthy planning and approval time, lack of incentives for efficient planning and operation, and transfer of the investment risks to the ratepayers. This paper argues that PFCs pose characteristics that fit well within the framework of merchant transmission without its drawbacks, such as lumpy investments. This paper, thus, proposes to assign financial transmission rights (FTR) to merchant PFC owners based on the additional transfer capability that they offer to the system. The owners are expected to recover their investment costs through the revenues they collect from such FTRs. Unlike regulated rate of return payment, the proposed model provides the right incentive for efficient planning and operation of PFCs. The paper also proves FTR revenue adequacy in presence of the PFCs by developing a simultaneous feasibility test model. The performance of the method as well as its revenue adequacy are demonstrated, first, on a two-bus system, and then, on a three-bus system in presence of loop flows. The paper concludes that opening the electricity markets to merchant PFC projects would reveal profitable investment opportunities to improve the efficiency of the system.
Concentration and Release of Phosphorus and Potassium From Lignocellulosic- and Manure-Based Biochars for Fertilizer Reuse

Biochars pyrolyzed from plant residues and animal manure feedstocks may contain disproportionate amounts of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Unequal nutrient characteristics can impact the biochars ability to properly supply as well as improve soil P and K fertility levels. A soil incubation study was performed to test the hypotheses that biochar produced from poultry litter will release more water soluble dissolved P (DP) and K (DK) concentrations and would also increase soil plant available P and K concentrations as compared to lignocellulosic-based biochars. Biochar was pyrolyzed at 500°C from hardwood waste products (HW), pine chips (PC; Pinus taeda), poultry litter (PL; Gallus domestics), and an 80:20 pine chip/poultry litter blend, which were then added at 20 g kg-1 to a sandy Norfolk E soil (Typic Kandiudult). Un-amended (no biochar) Norfolk E soil served as a control. During the incubation, all treatments were leached four times with deionized water and the leachate analyzed for DP and DK; their concentration and mass released as a function of total amounts present were then calculated. At the conclusion of the study, soils were extracted using Mehlich-1 reagent for determination of plant-available P and K contents. Leachates from soil amended with 100% PL biochar and the 80:20 blend had significantly more DP and DK mass (59 and 1018 mg, respectively) released compared to PC and hardwood biochars (0.07 and 23 mg). Significant amounts of DP were released from PL biochar with additional water leaching, but DK release results were mixed. Soil Mehlich-1 P and K contents were significantly increased using PL biochar compared to lignocellulosic-based biochars. Blending PC with PL feedstocks at 80:20 weight ratio reduced Mehlich-1 soil P concentrations to 35 mg kg-1, which was more aligned with soil test P levels (30 to 50 mg kg-1) recommended for a corn (Zea mays) production in southeastern USA Coastal Plain sandy soils. These results reveal that 100% PL biochar offers a higher potential to provide more P and K to soils than lignocellulosic based biochars, and that feedstock blends can be used to create designer biochars that align soil test fertilizer values with plant
Construct validity for the verbal associated pairs screen.

The present study introduces the Verbal Associated Pairs Screen (VAPS) as a new measure for assessing performance validity in pediatric populations. This study presents initial data on psychometric properties and establishes construct validity for the VAPS in a sample of 30 adolescent healthy controls and 206 youths with traumatic brain injury (TBI: moderate/severe, N = 30; mild, N = 176). The control group's age (M = 14.93, SD = 1.8) was significantly higher than the moderate/severe TBI (M = 13.9, SD = 2.8), t(68.508) = -3.038, p = .003, and mild TBI (mTBI) groups (M = 14, SD = 2.8), t(54.147) = 2.038, p = .046. The TBI groups were administered the VAPS in accord with other established performance validity tests (PVTs) and well-established memory tests as part of routine clinical evaluations. The healthy control group was administered the VAPS only. VAPS score distributions for the control group were negatively skewed and highly kurtotic. VAPS scores from the moderate/severe TBI and control groups were indistinguishable for Trial 2 (U = 274, p < .01) and the Delay (U = 396, p = .218). In the mTBI group, convergent and divergent validity was established with other well-validated PVTs and memory tests, respectively. ROC curve analyses identified optimal cutoff scores for the VAPS Total Score, with acceptable sensitivity (55%) and excellent specificity (100%), as well as strong detectability (AUC = .829, 95% CI: 0.731 - 0.928, p < .001). Clinical applications, limitations, and directions for future research with the VAPS are discussed.
Vector vortex coronagraphy for exoplanet detection with spatially variant diffractive waveplates

Optical vortex coronagraphs have recently been deployed on most of the world’s largest ground-based telescopes to assist in the search for faint exoplanets and dust emission near stars. These instruments typically make use of vector vortex phase masks, and at short near-infrared wavelengths, the phase masks tend to be spatially variant liquid-crystal-polymer-based diffractive waveplates. Optical vortex coronagraphs also hold great promise as a potential means of imaging terrestrial exoplanets in nearby solar systems with space-based telescopes, for which nearly ideal vortex phase masks will be needed. Here, we briefly summarize the optical vortex coronagraph, foreseen performance requirements for terrestrial exoplanet imaging detection, the obstacles to nearly ideal diffractive-waveplate-based vortex phase masks, and recent broadband performance demonstrations.
Designing tuberculosis vaccine efficacy trials - lessons from recent studies.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious killer globally and new TB vaccines will be crucial to ending the epidemic. Since the introduction in 1921 of the only currently licensed T...
Techno-economic optimization and social costs assessment of microgrid-conventional grid integration using genetic algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks: A case study for two US cities

Abstract Through two case studies, a methodology is presented that assessed the techno-economic and environmental performance of microgrid-conventional grid integration scenarios for fifty homes located in US cities of Fargo and Phoenix. The microgrid was composed of seven components - solar photovoltaics, wind-turbines, lead acid batteries, biodiesel generators, fuel cells, electrolyzers and H2 tanks. Firstly, mathematical models that predicted the hourly power generation were developed for every microgrid component. Secondly, Artificial Neural Networks were utilized to predict hourly electricity demand and its results were validated with actual available data. Thirdly, through an electricity dispatch strategy and a Genetic Algorithm optimization technique, microgrid configurations were determined that had lowest levelized cost of energy, $/kWh. From peak power standpoint, four microgrid-conventional grid integration scenarios were examined, namely, microgrid possessing penetration level of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. Based on the environmental life cycle assessment of power generation, three carbon taxes were imposed -$12, $48, $72/tonne carbon dioxide emitted. Microgrid's electricity cost was found to be $0.43–0.86/kWh. Imposing carbon taxes barely showed any effect on microgrid's electricity cost nor its optimum configuration, but conventional grid's electricity cost was found to increase by 7–33% as its carbon emissions were five times as that of microgrid.
Introduction. Coral Whisperers

In recent years, a catastrophic global bleaching event devastated many of the world’s precious coral reefs. Working on the front lines of ruin, today’s coral scientists are struggling to save these important coral reef ecosystems from the imminent threats of rapidly warming, acidifying, and polluted oceans. Coral Whisperers captures a critical moment in the history of coral reef science. Gleaning insights from over one hundred interviews with leading scientists and conservation managers, Irus Braverman documents a community caught in an existential crisis and alternating between despair and hope. In this important new book, corals emerge not only as signs and measures of environmental catastrophe, but also as catalysts for action.
Political violence in ancient India

Gandhi and Nehru helped create the myth of a non-violent ancient India while building their modern independence movement on the principle of ahimsa, but anyone with even a glancing knowledge of the...
The eRHIC spin rotator and the beam optics of the 400 MeV transfer line to RCS

The 400 MeV LINAC1 of the proposed eRHIC collider1 is the first acceleration stage of the 18 GeV electron accelerator. The second acceleration stage of the electron accelerator is the Rapid Cycling...
Body Composition Changes During Traditional Versus Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation in Coronary Artery Disease.

Purpose Intensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) was recently approved by Medicare and includes more hours and more focus on nutrition, stress management, and group support than a traditional, exercise-focused CR. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in body composition and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors after intensive versus traditional CR programs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We studied 715 patients with CAD who completed a traditional versus intensive CR program at UCLA Medical Center between 2014 and 2018. Markers of CV health, including body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis, were assessed pre- and post-program participation. Results In both types of CR programs, body mass index, body fat percentage, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels (total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were significantly lower post- compared with pre-program. Exercise capacity was increased in both groups. Intensive CR patients had greater reductions in body mass index, body fat percentage, visceral adipose tissue, and diastolic blood pressure. Traditional CR patients demonstrated greater increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and estimated lean mass. Conclusions In patients with CAD, both traditional and intensive CR programs led to improvements in CV risk factors, though the magnitude of the effects of the program differed between the programs. Further studies, including studies analyzing CV outcomes, are needed to help determine optimal CR program choice for CAD patients based on their risk factor and body composition profile.
Intraoperative Molecular Imaging Utilizing a Folate Receptor-Targeted Near-Infrared Probe Can Identify Macroscopic Gastric Adenocarcinomas.

Current methods of assessing disease burden in gastric adenocarcinoma are imperfect. Improved visualization during surgery with intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) could improve gastric adenocarcinoma staging and guide surgical decision-making. The goal of this study was to evaluate if IMI with a folate receptor-targeted near-infrared fluorescent agent, OTL38, could identify gastric adenocarcinomas during surgery. Five patients were enrolled in an IMI clinical trial. Patients received a folate receptor-targeted near-infrared dye (OTL38) 1.5–6 h prior to surgery. During staging laparoscopy and gastric resection, IMI was utilized to identify the primary tumor and any fluorescent lymph nodes. Resected tumors were analyzed for folate receptor alpha (FRα) and CD68 expression using immunohistochemistry. Microscopic OTL38 accumulation was examined with immunofluorescence. Four out of five patients underwent total or subtotal gastrectomy; one had a staging laparoscopy only. All four patients who underwent gastric resection had invasive gastric adenocarcinoma; three had fluorescent tumors, mean tumor to background ratio (TBR) 4.1 ± 2.9. The one patient with a non-fluorescent tumor had a T1a tumor with two 0.4 cm tumor foci within a larger polyp. In each case with a fluorescent tumor, the fluorescence was evident from the exterior of the stomach. Two of the fluorescent tumors had modest FRα expression and no CD68 expression. One fluorescent tumor had high CD68 expression and no FRα expression. Intraoperative molecular imaging of gastric adenocarcinoma with OTL38 is feasible. Further studies should evaluate the clinical utility of this technique.
Method to Evaluate the Impact of Cyberattacks Against Charging Piles on Distribution Network

With the growing number of electric vehicles, the integration of large-scale disorderly charging loads into the power grid will have some adverse impacts on the safe and stable operation of the grid. As the connection point between the Internet and the power grid, charging facilities face the threat of cyberattacks, which further threatens the stability of the power grid. To illustrate the potential impact of cyberattacks to power grid security, this paper proposes two attack scenarios and corresponding attack strategies based on the charging law of electric vehicles. Firstly, a spatial-temporal forecast model of charging loads is established based on the comprehensive analysis of the behaviors of the three types of electric vehicles. Then according to different types of electric vehicle charging laws, corresponding attack scenarios and attack strategies are designed for maximum attack benefits. And then the charging load redistribution model is given. Finally, simulation results show that cyberattacks against charging plies could cause more serious voltage deviation and transmission congestion in the distribution network, making the grid tend to be unstable. The method proposed in this paper can effectively evaluate the impact of cyberattacks against charging piles on the distribution network.
MD/DO-PhD trainees: Flexing, adapting, and progressing during COVID-19

[ ]many students transitioned into clerkships without a chance to practice and re-hone their clinical skills [ ]there is a need for comprehensive data to assess the impact of the pandemic across the spectrum of MD/DO-PhD training experiences Kato TA, Sartorius N, Shinfuku N Forced social isolation due to COVID-19 and consequent mental health problems: lessons from hikikomori
Sex hormones partially explain the sex-dependent effect of lifetime alcohol use on adolescent white matter microstructure

Previous studies demonstrate profound sex-specific patterns of white matter microstructural neurodevelopment (i.e. fractional anisotropy; FA, and mean diffusivity; MD) during adolescence. While alcohol use has been associated with alterations in FA and MD, no studies have addressed the potential for sex-specific, alcohol-dose-dependent effects, during development. This prospective longitudinal study (2-4 visits, 310 total scans) used voxel-wise multilevel modeling, in 132 (68 female) adolescents (ages 12-21), to assess the sex-specific effects of lifetime alcohol use on FA and MD, during development. Follow-up analyses tested the role of sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol, in explaining the effects of alcohol use on FA and MD. In the splenium of the corpus callosum and posterior thalamic radiation, male adolescents demonstrated lower FA and greater MD as a function of more lifetime alcohol use, while female adolescents demonstrated the opposite. Further, significant associations between sex hormones and FA/MD partially explained the effect of alcohol use on FA and MD in male adolescents. These results provide evidence for sex-specific and dose-related effects of alcohol use on white matter microstructure, which are partially explained by sex hormones, and highlight the importance of studying sex and hormones when investigating the effects of alcohol use on the adolescent brain.
Factor Analysis Reduces Complex Measures of Nutrition Environments in US Elementary and Middle Schools into Cohesive Dimensions in the Healthy Communities Study.

BACKGROUND Although it has been recommended that schools be the hub of efforts to improve child nutrition, research describing school nutrition environments in US public schools and their associations with child health is limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of factor analysis methods to characterize school nutrition environments by identifying underlying factors, or dimensions, in the observed data and to examine the relation between school nutrition environment dimensions and child anthropometric and dietary outcomes. METHODS This study examined a cross-sectional sample of 4635 US children aged 4-15 y from 386 US elementary and middle schools from the Healthy Communities Study (2013-2015). Data collected from schools were used to create 34 variables that assessed the school nutrition environment. To identify dimensions of school nutrition environments, exploratory factor analysis was conducted with orthogonal rotation, and factor scores were derived using methods to account for sporadic missing data. Mixed-effects regression models adjusted for child- and community-level variables and clustered by community and school examined the associations of school nutrition environment dimensions with child anthropometric and dietary outcomes. RESULTS Six dimensions of school nutrition environments were derived: nutrition education, food options, wellness policies, dining environment, unhealthy food restriction, and nutrition programs. The unhealthy food restriction dimension was negatively associated with added sugar intake (β = -1.13, P < 0.0001), and the wellness policies dimension was positively associated with waist circumference (β = 0.57, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how factor analysis can reduce multiple measures of complex school nutrition environments into conceptually cohesive dimensions for purposes of assessing the relation of these dimensions to student health-related outcomes. Findings were mixed and indicate that the restriction of unhealthy foods in school is associated with lower added sugar intake. Additional, longitudinal studies are needed to substantiate the utility of this method for identifying promising school nutrition environments.
Hemozoin: a Complex Molecule with Complex Activities

Malaria is a disease caused by parasites that reside in host red blood cells and use hemoglobin as a nutrient source. Heme released by hemoglobin catabolism is modified by the parasite to produce hemozoin (HZ), which has toxic effects on the host. Experimentation aiming to elucidate how HZ contributes to malaria pathogenesis has utilized different preparations of this molecule, complicating interpretation and comparison of findings. We examine natural synthesis and isolation of HZ and highlight studies that have used multiple preparations, including synthetic forms, in a comparative fashion. Recent work utilizing sophisticated imaging and detection techniques reveals important molecular characteristics of HZ synthesis and biochemistry. Other recent studies further refine understanding of contributions of HZ to malaria pathogenesis yet highlight the continuing need to characterize HZ preparations and contextualize experimental conditions in the in vivo infection milieu. This review highlights the necessity of collectively determining what is physiologically relevant HZ. Characterization of isolated natural HZ and use of multiple preparations in each study are recommended with application of in vivo studies whenever possible. Adoption of such practices is expected to improve reproducibility of results and elucidate the myriad of ways that HZ participates in malaria pathogenesis.
Deintensification or No Statin Treatment Is Associated With Higher Mortality in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

Background and purpose Practice guidelines recommend that most patients receive moderate- or high-potency statins after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) of atherosclerotic origin. We tested the association of different patterns of potency for prescribed statin therapy-assessed before admission and at hospital discharge for ischemic stroke or TIA-on mortality in a large, nationwide sample of US Veterans. Methods The study population included patients with an ischemic stroke or TIA occurring during 2011 at any of the 134 Veterans Health Administration facilities. We used electronic outpatient pharmacy files to identify statin dose at hospital admission and within 7 days after hospital discharge. We categorized statin dosing as low, moderate, or high potency; moderate or high potency was considered at goal. We created 6 mutually exclusive groups to reflect patterns of statin potency from hospital admission to discharge: goal to goal, low to goal, goal to low or goal to none (deintensification), none to none, none to low, and low to low. We used logistic regression to compare 30-day and 1-year mortality across statin potency groups. Results The population included 9380 predominately White (71.1%) men (96.3%) who were hospitalized for stroke or TIA. In this sample, 34.1% of patients (n=3194) were discharged off a statin medication. Deintensification occurred in 14.0% of patients (n=1312) and none to none in 20.5% (n=1924). Deintensification and none to none were associated with a higher odds of mortality as compared with goal to goal (adjusted odds ratio 1-year mortality: deintensification versus goal to goal, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02-1.57]; none to none versus goal to goal, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.30-1.93]). Adjustments for differences in baseline characteristics using propensity weighted scores demonstrated similar results. Conclusions Underutilization of statins, including no treatment or underdosing after stroke (deintensification), was observed in approximately one-third of veterans with ischemic stroke or TIA and was associated with higher mortality when compared with patients who were at goal for statin prescription dosing.
Flexible and Portable Electrochemical System for the Detection of Analytes

This paper is focused on the development of a flexible and portable electrochemical system that can be used with a variety of two and three-electrode sensors while maintaining tremendous accuracy. Both the two-electrode and three-electrode sensors were created from a copper sheet using a laser etching process. The fabricated sensor was connected to a printed circuit board that was custom designed to measure the sensor response using different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammogram as well as chronoamperogram towards varying concentrations of analytes. Once the sensor is calibrated, the system was able to detect the chemical concentrations and transmit the results wirelessly through Bluetooth. The system is powered with a 3.7V rechargeable lithium polymer battery which pulls ~2.8 mA resulting in a very low power consumption. Post analysis was performed on the custom smartphone application to view the analyte concentrations and record the results.
Conceptions of choice, equity, & rurality in educational research: A review of the literature on rural education and school choice policies

School choice is often thought of as a rural issue, however, rural communities have also engaged in forms of school choice decision-making. Limited research has explored rural school choice and there is a need for further exploration of rurality and school choice. This review is not intended to advocate for an expansion of school choice policies. Rather, we call for additional research that seeks to better understand how school choice policies are currently operating in rural areas and their implications for educational equity. In this piece, we review the existing literature on school choice and rural education, provide key recommendations, and assert the need for additional consideration of the following: critical socio-political histories and theories; methodological diversity; issues of race, racism, sexual orientation, and equity; social-emotional learning and development; impacts of the COVID-19 global pandemic; and broadened understandings ofrurality.