cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishing a total allowable concentration of o-toluidine in drinking water incorporating early lifestage exposure and susceptibility.

Abstract o-Toluidine is a monocyclic aromatic amine present in the formulation of some materials that contact drinking water. NSF/ANSI 61 Annex A (2011) and US EPA (2005a) risk assessment guidelines were used to determine an acceptable drinking water level. Occupational exposure to o-toluidine is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer but human disease rates could not be used to establish risk values due to inadequate exposure data and coexposures in the epidemiology cohorts. Chronic dietary exposure to o-toluidine hydrochloride was associated with benign and malignant tumors in both sexes of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. o-Toluidine is genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. A 10−5 cancer risk level was extrapolated from the human equivalent BMDL10 of 13 mg/kg-day for the combined incidence of papillomas and carcinomas of the bladder transitional epithelium in female rats. Considering varying susceptibility to tumor development at different life stages, the unit risk was modified to incorporate potency adjustments for early-life exposures. A framework for lifestage adjustment is presented that makes assumptions evident. For this assessment, the lifetime unit risk derived was ∼2-fold greater than the unadjusted adult lifetime unit risk, and the resulting Total Allowable Concentration in drinking water is 20 μg/L.
The physician pipeline to rural and underserved areas in Pennsylvania.

: Context: An implicit objective of a state's investments in medical education is to promote in-state practice of state educated physicians. Purpose: To present a tool for evaluating this objective by analyzing the “pipeline” from medical education to patient care, primary care, rural areas, and underserved areas in Pennsylvania. Methods: AMA Masterfile data (2004) including all physicians with a Pennsylvania address or who received medical education in Pennsylvania were analyzed. These data were combined with local physician supply data. Results: About 36% of Pennsylvania medical school graduates provide patient care in the Commonwealth, 16% primary care, 7% rural care, 4% rural primary care, and 0.5% primary care in a rural underserved area. Fifty-four percent of physicians who received both undergraduate and graduate medical education in-state are retained. Conclusions: These retention rates have developed within the context of a middle-of-the-road educational pipeline policy. If Pennsylvania policy makers consider that further pipeline development is advisable, there is room to amend current policy to that end. Conditions are favorable for other states to consider similar policy amendments.
The Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory: Psychometric Properties

Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is a putative clinical syndrome characterized by the experience of sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies, and sexual behaviors that are recurrent, intense, and a distressful interference in one's daily life. Although the putative phenomenology of CSB has been described in the literature, the lack of a reliable, valid assessment tool has made investigation of prevalence, co-factors, and etiologic factors difficult. This study examined the further development of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI) using a sample of 1,026 Latino men who have sex with men recruited and assessed using web-based technology. The scale showed a two factor structure (control and violence). Further, the CSBI and its subscales showed indications of validity in that those engaging in CSB-type sexual behavior (being drunk or high, feeling lonely or depressed, and feeling driven) had scores indicative of greater CSB. Those with scores above the median had more sexual partners and engaged in more unprotected anal intercourse than those with CSBI scores below the median. Additionally, the instrument showed equivalence when administered in English and Spanish.
Androgen Regulation of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 Gene through an Androgen Response Element in the Proximal Promoter

Androgen is essential for the physiological maintenance of the integrity of prostatic epithelial cells, and castration causes the cells to undergo apoptosis. To study the molecular mechanism of androgen-dependent cell growth, we showed that androgen up-regulates the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (WAF1, CIP1, SDI1, CAP20) gene at both the mRNA and protein levels. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated that androgen stimulates endogenous p21 gene expression at the transcriptional level. Transient transfection experiments showed that androgen can enhance the activity of a 2.4-kb promoter of the p21 gene linked to a luciferase reporter. These results suggested that a putative androgen response element (ARE), which mediates androgen response to enhance the p21 transcription, is included in the 2.4-kb promoter fragment. Deletion analysis of the promoter revealed a functional ARE (AGCACGCGAGGTTCC) located at −200 bp of the p21 gene proximal to the promoter region. Electrophoretic mobility s...
Towards a Generic Design Space Exploration Framework

The set of all possible design alternatives for a system is referred to as a design-space, and design-space exploration (DSE) is the systematic exploration of the elements in a design-space. Various DSE techniques have been used for hardware/software co-design, configuration of software product lines and real-time software synthesis. Although at an abstract level DSE steps performed in these domains are similar, most of the current research is focused on domain specific frameworks which are tightly coupled with tools that evaluate point designs and use domain specific knowledge. There is a need for a generic tool that can be easily configured to model exploration problems from different domains as well on different levels of abstraction. In this paper we present Generic Design Space Exploration (GDSE) framework for domain independent DSE. This framework supports generic modeling of DSE problems from different domains using a language that allows a design-space to be encoded using domain-specific concepts and a simple constraint language that we designed. Rather than forcing the user to encode their design problem in a low-level constraint language, we advocate a higher level approach. The main contribution of this framework are: 1) it is able to support modeling of DSE in different domains 2) it supports a user-friendly constraint language that is expressive enough to specify constraints 3) the automated generation of low level constraint language code from the model alleviates the user from encoding the entire problem by hand 4) solver independence allows the user to experiment with different encoding
Turning Three Sides into a Delta at General Motors: Enhancing Partnership Integration on Corporate Ventures

Abstract General Motors had enjoyed global operations that were based on exports, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances throughout the 20th century. Its global-programme strategy appeared assured. However, the carmaker came unstuck when it came to creating a large-scale collaborative effort involving its own internal units. The Delta Small Car Program, involving three fully internal GM units, was terminated after its goals failed to materialise. The carmaker’s long-standing cultural tradition of autonomy for its units was what made collaboration between them difficult. We examine this GM global programme, placing it in its historical context. Our primary database consists of the perceptions and experiences offered to us by a cross-section of programme participants. By examining partner integration at the working level, we identify insights and offer recommendations pertaining to venture structure and dynamics and their role in venture success.
Some Grubbs-Type Statistics for the Detection of Several Outliers

Several widely used tests for outlying observations are reviewed. Problems of repeated application and “masking” are described. Suggested as appropriate to over-come these problems are two new statistics: Lk which is based on the k largest (observed) values and Ek which is based on the k largest (in absolute value) residuals. Tables of approximate critical values for these statistics are given for 0.01, .025,0.05, and 0.10 levels of significance and for sample size n = 3 (1) 20 (5) 50.
Postoperative radiation therapy for “early” carcinoma of the breast

Two hundred and twenty-five cases of "early" carcinoma of the breast, showing no evidence of axillary lymph node metastasis, are presented. One hundred and thirty-six of these patients were treated by radical mastectomy only, and 89 received postoperative radiation therapy to the ipsilateral internal mammary and supraclavicular regions. The routine use of postoperative radiation therapy of all patients in this group is not warranted. Patients with inner quadrant and central or subareolar primary lesions benefit from postoperative radiation therapy with a 10 to 21% increase in the disease-free survival at ten years. Deep-seated tumors, irrespective of size and location, should also be considered for postoperative radiation therapy to the regional lymphatic chain and the ipsilateral chest wall.
Assessment of left ventricular stiffness in primary myocardial disease and coronary artery disease.

Stress-strain relations (σ-e) were obtained in the form dσ/de = kσ + c, where k is a stiffness constant. Utilizing the pressure-volume relation dP/dV = αP, the elastic stiffness (dσ/de) and k were evaluated at end diastole in ten patients with normal ventricles (N), in 34 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and in 22 patients with primary myocardial disease. This latter group was classified into Type I (normal contraction patterns and elevated end-diastolic pressure), Type II (hypertrophy without obstruction), and Type III (hypokinetic and/or asynergic). The mean values and standard error of the means (sem) of k and elastic stiffness were 14.8 ± 0.7, 329 ± 54 gm/cm2 (N); 17.8 ± 0.3, 684 ± 80 gm/cm2 (CAD); 18.2 ± 0.5, 1133 ± 127 gm/cm2 (Type I); 22.4 ± 1.2, 833 ± 150 gm/cm2 (Type II); 18.7 ± 0.6, 1623 ± 348 gm/cm2 (Type III). These studies indicate that 1) dP/dV, wall stress, and volume-mass ratio are the important determinants of stiffness, 2) normal stiffness levels can be recorded from hypertro...
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by electrochemical deposition at room temperature

Carbon nanotubes are finding increasing commercial applications in modern technologies, for example, composite materials, electrochemical devices, hydrogen storage, field emission devices, and nanoscale electronic devices [1]. Wide applications of carbon nanotubes are based on their unique physical and mechanical properties, which show the high electrical and thermal conductivities, and high mechanical strength along the tubular axis [2–4]. Carbon nanotubes are normally produced by either a carbon arc-discharge technique [5,6] or a pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases on particles of transition metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor [7,8]. For the carbon nanotubes produced from a CVD technique, their diameters are controlled by the sizes of the catalytic particles. The growth mechanism of the carbon nanotubes from a CVD process has been the subject of some controversy, particularly regarding to the active catalytic state of the particles. Key steps include the absorption and decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules on the exposed metal surface to produce carbon species which dissolve into and diffuse through the underlying bulk, ultimately precipitating at the rear surface of the particle to form the carbon nanotubes [9–12]. At the same time, in recent years, more attention has been paid to electrochemical deposition technique for manufacturing thin films and devices due to its simplicity, its low capital equipment cost, and its ability to be scaled up for large production [13–16]. So far, it has not been reported that carbon materials can be deposited or plated through an electrical process using an organic solvent. In this work, an electrochemical deposition technique has been employed to produce carbon nanotubes from organic solvents at room temperature [17]. Transition metal nanoparticles (Ni and/or Fe) were coated on the electrodes to provide the nucleation sites for the formation and growth of carbon nanotubes. The microstructure characterization of the carbonaceous deposits has been carried out with SEM, TEM, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). A standard three-component electrochemical cell was used as the electrochemical reactor for the carbonaceous depositions. A saturated calomel electrode was used as reference electrode. Two silicon wafers coated with 50:50 Fe/Ni alloy nanoparticles [12] were employed as counter electrode (anode) and working electrode (cathode), respectively. A mixture of 40 vol% methanol (CH3OH) and 60 vol% benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) was used as the electrolyte. The sizes of counter and working electrodes were about 2.5 cm · 2.0 cm. The distance between cathode and anode was kept at 5 mm, which was precisely controlled by a SiC spacer. The potential difference applied between the anode and cathode was kept nominally at 1000 V. The depositions were carried out at room temperature and
Ammonia-Treated Alfalfa Silage for Lactating Dairy Cows

Alfalfa was treated (3.3% of forage wet weight) with an aqua-NH3 (14% N) mix prior to ensiling in 2 consecutive yr. In the 1st yr, NH3-treated silage containing 30.5% DM was higher in pH, N, NH3N, acetic acid and butyric acid contents, and lower in amino acids, soluble carbohydrates, and lactic acid than two untreated silages having 32.8 and 47.5% DM. Milk composition and DM intake did not differ among treatments when these silages constituted 50% of the dietary DM and were fed to lactating cows. In situ and in vitro, but not in vivo, digestion of NDF was greater for NH3 silage. Dry matter content of NH3-treated silage in the 2nd yr was 36.1% and that of the two untreated silages was 37.8 and 54.9%. Silage N, NH3N, and acetic acid content were greater in treated silage. However, pH and butyric acid content were similar among treatments and lactic acid was greater for treated silage. Similar to findings in the 1st yr, milk production and DM intake were not different among treatments. Adding NH3 to alfalfa decreased proteolysis; however, when DM was low (30.5%), the buffering effect of NH3 apparently resulted in increased clostridial fermentation. This did not occur when silage DM was increased to 36.1%, presumably due to higher osmotic pressure. Ammonia addition enhanced fiber digestibility but had no effect on milk production.
Mark of the vampire: Arnod Paole, Sade, Polidori

(1995). Mark of the vampire: Arnod Paole, Sade, Polidori. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 349-366.
Nuclear abnormalities and cytoplasmic inclusion in Amsinckia infected with the curly top virus

In plants of Amsinckia douglasiana DC. infected with the curly top virus, some parenchyma cells in the hyperplastic phloem and in ground tissue next to the phloem contained isometric particles in the nuclei. The nuclei showed a deficiency of normal components that varied from retention of nucleolus and some chromatin to a complete loss of chromatic material. The particles were somewhat smaller than the cytoplasmic ribosomes and showed occasional pairing. With reference to form, size, and location in the nucleus the particles resemble those previously observed in two other hosts of curly top virus, sugar beet and spinach. In view of the discoveries of an increasing number of unusually small viruses with a tendency to form particle pairs, the particles in curly top-diseased plants are regarded as the virus. The massive, essentially fibrous cytoplasmic inclusion associated with the abnormal nuclei does not appear to contain any virus particles.
Community Banks and Internet Commerce

This study examines the factors affecting a community bank's decision to develop Internet-based applications using survey data from representative community banks and secondary data regarding the financial institution's financial performance data (Call Reports). The results from a logistic regression show that there is a significant size effect in developing web and Internet commerce applications. Other factors determining Internet commerce activities include IT costs, use of PC-banking options, and the perceived competition in the local commercial loan markets.
[3H]-LY341495 as a novel antagonist radioligand for group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors: characterization of binding to membranes of mGlu receptor subtype expressing cells

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a family of eight known subtypes termed mGlu1-8. Currently, few ligands are available to study the pharmacology of mGlu receptor subtypes. In functional assays, we previously described LY341495 as a highly potent and selective mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor antagonist. In this study, radiolabeled [3H]-LY341495 was used to investigate the characteristics of receptor binding to membranes from cells expressing human mGlu receptor subtypes. Using membranes from cells expressing human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors, [3H]-LY341495 (1 nM) specific binding was > 90% of total binding. At an approximate K(D) concentration for [3H]-LY341495 binding to human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors (1 nM), no appreciable specific binding of [3H-]LY341495 was found in membranes of cells expressing human mGlu1a, mGlu5a, mGlu4a, mGlu6, or mGlu7a receptors. However, modest (approximately 20% of mGlu2/3) specific [3H]-LY341495 (1 nM) binding was observed in human mGlu8 expressing cells. [3H]-LY341495 bound to membranes expressing human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors in a reversible and saturable manner with relatively high affinities (Bmax 20.5 +/- 5.4 and 32.0 +/- 7.0 pmol/mg protein; and K(D) = 1.67 +/- 0.20 and 0.75 +/- 0.43 nM, respectively). The pharmacology of [3H]-LY341495 binding in mGlu2 and mGlu3 expressing cells was consistent with that previously described for LY341495 in functional assays. [3H]-LY341495 binding provides a useful way to further investigate regulation of receptor expression and pharmacological properties of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes in recombinant systems.
Engineering Luminescent Quantum Dots for In Vivo Molecular and Cellular Imaging

Semiconductor quantum dots are luminescent nanoparticles that are under intensive development for use as a new class of optical imaging contrast agents. Their novel properties such as optical tunability, improved photostability, and multicolor light emission have opened new opportunities for imaging living cells and in vivo animal models at unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution. Combined with biomolecular engineering strategies for tailoring the particle surfaces at the molecular level, bioconjugated quantum dot probes are well suited for imaging single-molecule dynamics in living cells, for monitoring protein–protein interactions within specific intracellular locations, and for detecting diseased sites and organs in deep tissue. In this article, we describe the engineering principles for preparing high-quality quantum dots and for conjugating the dots to biomolecular ligands. We also discuss recent advances in using quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging.
Attentional Modulation of the Phonetic Significance of Acoustic Cues

Abstract Four experiments addressing the role of attention in phonetic perception are reported. The first experiment shows that the relative importance of two cues to the voicing distinction changes when subjects must perform an arithmetic distractor task at the same time as identifying a speech stimulus. The contribution of voice onset time to phonetic labeling decreases when subjects are distracted, while that of FO onset frequency increases. The second experiment shows a similar pattern for two cues to the distinction between the vowels /i/ (as in "beat") and /I/ (as in "bit"). Under low attention conditions, formant pattern has a smaller effect on phonetic labeling while vowel duration has a larger effect. Together these experiments indicate that careful attention to speech perception is necessary for strong acoustic cues (voice-onset time and formant patterns) to achieve their full impact on phonetic labeling, while weaker acoustic cues (FO onset frequency and vowel duration) achieve their full impact on phonetic labeling without close attention. Experiment 3 shows that this pattern is obtained when the distractor task places little demand on verbal short-term memory. Experiment 4 provides a data set for testing formal models of the role of attention in speech perception. Attention is shown to influence the signal-to-noise ratio in the phonetic encoding of acoustic cues; the sustained phonetic contribution of weak cues without close attention stems from reduced competition from strong cues. This principle is instantiated in a network model in which the role of attention is to reduce noise in the phonetic encoding of acoustic cues. implications of this work for understanding speech perception and general theories of the role of attention in perception are discussed.
The latent structure of cognitive symptom exaggeration on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test

Previous studies have focused on the ability of cognitive symptom validity tests to identify simulated malingering or distinguish between clinical samples of individuals at low or high risk of cognitive symptom exaggeration. However, no published studies have examined the latent structure of negative response bias on cognitive tests: measures of cognitive symptom exaggeration may evaluate a continuum of poor effort/invalid responding or a dichotomy of adequate versus inadequate effort. The present study examined whether Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) indices evaluate a latent dimension or category of response distortion. The VSVT and personality data were obtained from 300 individuals who participated in neuropsychological evaluations as part of standard clinical care. Results indicated that VSVT accuracy scores measure a latent category of inadequate/adequate effort. Individuals classified as taxon members showed significantly poorer performance IQ and memory relative to individuals not classified as exhibiting distortion. The base rate of the identified cognitive symptom exaggeration taxon was estimated to be approximately .13-.14 in the present sample. Likelihood ratios are presented to assist clinical detection of individuals exhibiting the category of cognitive symptom exaggeration.
Trimethylaluminum-Facilitated Direct Amidation of Carboxylic Acids.

The reaction of free carboxylic acids with primary and secondary amines is effected by AlMe3 with moderate to good efficiency.
Effect of probenecid on the renal and nonrenal clearances of zidovudine and its distribution into cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit

The effect of probenecid on the renal excretion of zidovudine (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine; AZT) and its distribution into CSF was studied in the rabbit. Although probenecid is chemically unrelated to AZT, it has been shown that probenecid inhibits AZT elimination in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. The effect of probenecid on the renal clearance of AZT after an iv bolus dose was studied in crossover experiments in the absence (control) and the presence of a continuous iv infusion of probenecid. Probenecid coadministration increased the AZT plasma AUC by 70%, by proportionally decreasing the total body clearance. The renal clearance decreased by 50%. The effect of probenecid on the renal clearance of AZT at steady state was studied by measuring the renal clearance of AZT at different steady-state plasma probenecid concentrations. The renal clearance of AZT decreased with increasing probenecid concentration, suggesting competitive inhibition of the secretion of AZT in the renal tubule. The relationship between AZT renal clearance and probenecid plasma concentrations, during and after probenecid iv infusion in conscious and in anesthetized uretercannulated rabbits, showed hysteresis, indicating that probenecid plasma concentration is different from the concentration at the site of interaction. This suggests the presence of an effect compartment for the inhibition of AZT renal excretion by probenecid. The effect of probenecid on the CSF distribution of AZT was also studied in the rabbit. Probenecid coadministration caused a sevenfold increase in the AZT AUCCSF in probenecid-treated rabbits when compared with controls. The AUCCSF:AUCplasma ratio increased from 0.152 ± 0.023 in the control rabbits to 0.568 ± 0.222 in the probenecid-treated rabbits. The CSF-to-plasma AZT concentration ratio during the postdistributive phase increased from 0.24 ± 0.05 in controls to 0.65 ± 0.12 in the probenecid-treated rabbits.
Persian Gulf response to a wintertime shamal wind event

Abstract The results from a∼1 km resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), forced by 1/2° Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) atmospheric data, were used in order to study the dynamic response of the Persian Gulf to wintertime shamal forcing. Shamal winds are strong northwesterly winds that occur in the Persian Gulf area behind southeast moving cold fronts. The period from 20 November to 5 December 2004 included a well defined shamal event that lasted 4–5 days. In addition to strong winds (16 m s −1 ) the winter shamal also brought cold dry air ( T a =20 °C, q a =10 g kg −1 ) which led to a net heat loss in excess of 1000 W m −2 by increasing the latent heat flux. This resulted in SST cooling of up to 10 °C most notably in the northern and shallower shelf regions. A sensitivity experiment with a constant specific humidity of q a =15 g kg −1 confirmed that about 38% of net heat loss was due to the air–sea humidity differences. The time integral of SST cooling closely followed the air–sea heat loss, indicating an approximate one-dimensional vertical heat balance. It was found that the shamal induced convective vertical mixing provided a direct mechanism for the erosion of stratification and deepening of the mixed layer by 30 m. The strong wind not only strengthened the circulation in the entire Persian Gulf but also established a northwestward flowing Iranian Coastal Current (ICC, 25–30 cm s −1 ) from the Strait of Hormuz to about 52°E, where it veered offshore. The strongest negative sea level of 25–40 cm was generated in the northernmost portion of the Gulf while the wind setup against the coast of the United Arab Emirates established a positive sea level of 15–30 cm. The transport through the Strait of Hormuz at 56.2°E indicated an enhanced outflow of 0.25 Sv (Sv≡10 6 m 3 s −1 ) during 24 November followed by an equivalent inflow on the next day.
Dissociation of hospitalization and mortality trends for myocardial infarction in the United States from 1988 to 1997.

Abstract Purpose Although age-adjusted mortality from myocardial infarction in the United States has declined during the past few decades, changes in the incidence of myocardial infarction are less certain. To address this issue, we evaluated trends in hospitalization for, and in-hospital mortality from, myocardial infarction from 1988 to 1997. Methods Hospitalization rates were determined by age and sex using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and the Current Population Survey. Comorbid conditions, complications, use of cardiac procedures, and in-hospital mortality were measured. In-hospital mortality was estimated after adjusting for associated risk factors, complications, use of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and length of stay. Results Age-adjusted rates of hospitalization for myocardial infarction were 525 per 100,000 in 1988 and 482 per 100,000 in 1997, with a mean annual decline of 0.8% ( P = 0.32). Mortality declined from 58 per 100,000 in 1988 to 40 per 100,000 in 1997, a mean annual decline of 4.2% ( P = 0.01). During these 10 years, although the median hospital stay for myocardial infarction decreased from 8 to 5 days, the intensity of hospital care increased, including use of angiography from 20% to 31% ( P = 0.04) and revascularization from 16% to 31% ( P = 0.004). Age-adjusted in-hospital mortality decreased by nearly half, from 7.6% in 1988 to 3.9% in 1997 ( P = 0.006). Conclusion During the past decade, the decline in mortality from myocardial infarction in the United States has not been accompanied by a decline in hospitalization rate. At the same time, there has been a marked increased in the use of cardiac revascularization.
“The Malignant Wart”: A Review of Primary Nodular Melanoma of the Foot and Report of Two Cases

The reported incidence of melanoma is rapidly rising and second only to lung cancer. Primary melanoma of the lower extremity accounts for approximately 30% of all cases reported, with half of these cases localized to the foot itself. Unfortunately, melanoma can be misdiagnosed and treatment delayed, as they are usually not painful. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates improve with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. This is a report of 2 cases of primary nodular melanoma of the foot initially misdiagnosed as a "wart." Following confirmation with biopsy, definitive surgical intervention in both cases consisted of resection of the primary malignancy and ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymph node basin resection using a multidisciplinary approach to patient care. Given the rapid increase in incidence of melanoma in the general population, one must have a high index of suspicion and low threshold for excisional biopsy of concerning dermatopathology on the foot and lower extremity. Early detection and combined appropriate surgical resection and adjunctive chemotherapeutic treatment of melanoma in a multidisciplinary setting are paramount in decreasing mortality rates.
CORTICAL STRUCTURE IN PHYSCIA AND PHAEOPHYSCIA

Species of Physcia reported to have a paraplectenchymatous lower cortex ap- pear to have a dual cortex consisting of a lower paraplectenchymatous layer and an upper periclinally arranged prosoplectenchymatous layer. These species may have a black or pale lower surface but always contain atranorin. They should be retained in the genus Physcia.
Evaluation of Physical Activity Counseling in Primary Care Using Direct Observation of the 5As

BACKGROUND The 5As (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange) are recommended as a strategy for brief physical activity counseling in primary care. There is no reference standard for measurement, however, and patient participation is not well understood. This study’s objectives were to (1) develop a coding scheme to measure the 5As using audio-recordings of primary care visits and (2) describe the degree to which patients and physicians accomplish the 5As. METHODS We developed a coding scheme using previously published definitions of the 5As, direct-observation measures, and evaluation of audio-recorded discussions of physical activity. We applied the coding scheme to 361 audio-recorded visits by patients reporting low levels of physical activity and 28 physicians in northeast Ohio. RESULTS The coding scheme achieved good inter-rater agreement for each of the 5As (κ = 0.62–1.0). A total of 135 visits included discussion of physical activity. Although ask tasks occurred in 91% of visits, it infrequently elicited sufficient detail about current activity. Patient readiness to change physical activity (assess) was infrequently directly elicited by the physician (24%), but readiness was commonly expressed by the patient in response to an assessment of current level of physical activity (53%). Ambivalence was infrequently followed by physician assistance (49%). CONCLUSIONS Our newly developed measure showed that (1) physicians infrequently assess patient readiness to change, (2) patient expressions of ambivalence are common, and (3) specific mention of recommended guidelines for exercise is nearly absent. Future work should increase clinician skills in exploring ambivalence and readiness to change, as well as improve explicit mention of recommended guidelines for physical activity.
ICAM-1-mediated, Src- and Pyk2-dependent vascular endothelial cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation is required for leukocyte transendothelial migration

Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) has been modeled as a multistep process beginning with rolling adhesion, followed by firm adhesion, and ending with either transcellular or paracellular passage of the leukocyte across the endothelial monolayer. In the case of paracellular TEM, endothelial cell (EC) junctions are transiently disassembled to allow passage of leukocytes. Numerous lines of evidence demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins, such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and beta-catenin, correlates with the disassembly of junctions. However, the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the regulation of junctions during leukocyte TEM is not completely understood. Using human leukocytes and EC, we show that ICAM-1 engagement leads to activation of two tyrosine kinases, Src and Pyk2. Using phospho-specific Abs, we show that engagement of ICAM-1 induces phosphorylation of VE-cadherin on tyrosines 658 and 731, which correspond to the p120-catenin and beta-catenin binding sites, respectively. These phosphorylation events require the activity of both Src and Pyk2. We find that inhibition of endothelial Src with PP2 or SU6656 blocks neutrophil transmigration (71.1 +/- 3.8% and 48.6 +/- 3.8% reduction, respectively), whereas inhibition of endothelial Pyk2 also results in decreased neutrophil transmigration (25.5 +/- 6.0% reduction). Moreover, overexpression of the nonphosphorylatable Y658F or Y731F mutants of VE-cadherin impairs transmigration of neutrophils compared with overexpression of wild-type VE-cadherin (32.7 +/- 7.1% and 38.8 +/- 6.5% reduction, respectively). Our results demonstrate that engagement of ICAM-1 by leukocytes results in tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin, which is required for efficient neutrophil TEM.
Syntactic features for Arabic speech recognition

We report word error rate improvements with syntactic features using a neural probabilistic language model through N-best re-scoring. The syntactic features we use include exposed head words and their non-terminal labels both before and after the predicted word. Neural network LMs generalize better to unseen events by modeling words and other context features in continuous space. They are suitable for incorporating many different types of features, including syntactic features, where there is no pre-defined back-off order. We choose an N-best re-scoring framework to be able to take full advantage of the complete parse tree of the entire sentence. Using syntactic features, along with morphological features, improves the word error rate (WER) by up to 5.5% relative, from 9.4% to 8.6%, on the latest GALE evaluation test set.
Polarimetric observation of ocean internal waves by microwave radiometers during the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment

One of the main objectives of the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment was to observe internal wave (IW) manifestations by using microwave radiometers mounted on a blimp. IW parameters were simultaneously measured directly by R/V FLIP and by Ka-band and X-band doppler radar from the shore. Comparison with in situ data permits us to determine IW speed and the phase of surface roughness modulation with respect to near-surface currents.
Operational real-time GPS-enhanced earthquake early warning

Moment magnitudes for large earthquakes (Mw≥7.0) derived in real time from near-field seismic data can be underestimated due to instrument limitations, ground tilting, and saturation of frequency/amplitude-magnitude relationships. Real-time high-rate GPS resolves the buildup of static surface displacements with the S wave arrival (assuming nonsupershear rupture), thus enabling the estimation of slip on a finite fault and the event's geodetic moment. Recently, a range of high-rate GPS strategies have been demonstrated on off-line data. Here we present the first operational system for real-time GPS-enhanced earthquake early warning as implemented at the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL) and currently analyzing real-time data for Northern California. The BSL generates real-time position estimates operationally using data from 62 GPS stations in Northern California. A fully triangulated network defines 170+ station pairs processed with the software trackRT. The BSL uses G-larmS, the Geodetic Alarm System, to analyze these positioning time series and determine static offsets and preevent quality parameters. G-larmS derives and broadcasts finite fault and magnitude information through least-squares inversion of the static offsets for slip based on a priori fault orientation and location information. This system tightly integrates seismic alarm systems (CISN-ShakeAlert, ElarmS-2) as it uses their P wave detections to trigger its processing; quality control runs continuously. We use a synthetic Hayward Fault earthquake scenario on real-time streams to demonstrate recovery of slip and magnitude. Reanalysis of the Mw7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake tests the impact of dynamic motions on offset estimation. Using these test cases, we explore sensitivities to disturbances of a priori constraints (origin time, location, and fault strike/dip).
An Experiential Education in Depersonalization.

A small, selected group of students has first-hand experience in a dehumanizing situation, convincing the teacher that it has some impact on student learning.
Dynamics of the Educational Triad

This article describes professional, developmental, and interpersonal tensions that can arise during the field experience in the educational triad formed by the relationships among the intern, the supervisor, and the faculty field advisor. It identifies conscious and unconscious sources of such tensions and clarifies the ways in which the dynamics of triads can complicate the process. The article then describes the potential for counterproductive acting out if such tensions are not identified, understood, and managed effectively. A framework for identifying and resolving triadic tensions is presented, and numerous case illustrations are offered.
Late Pleistocene slip on a low-angle normal fault, Searles Valley, California

The mechanical feasibility of normal-sense slip on low-angle faults remains a conundrum in extensional tectonics. The rarity of demonstrably active low-angle normal faults may imply that very specific criteria must be satisfied for significant fault displacement. We present new geologic observations, geomorphic mapping, and structural analysis for a low-angle fault zone along the eastern margin of Searles Valley, California. Our observations indicate that Pleistocene displacement along the range-front fault scarps is the near-surface expression of slip on a bedrock-rooted low-angle normal fault. Along the central portion of the range front in Searles Valley, high-angle faults offset late Pleistocene alluvial and lacustrine surfaces. These faults merge downward into a west-dipping, low-angle fault, but do not displace the low-angle surface. These geometric relations are satisfied only when displacement on the high-angle faults is accommodated by slip on the basal low-angle fault. We use displaced alluvial fan surfaces to determine slip rates across the fault system over late Pleistocene to Holocene time. Combining radiocarbon ages of lacustrine tufa deposits with high-precision topographic surveys of fault scarps yields average slip rates of 0.21–0.35 m/k.y. Additional mapping of faults within the Slate Range at the northern end of Searles Valley suggests that slip is transferred northward to the Manly Pass fault, a bedrock normal fault that trends northeast into Panamint Valley. Thus, although displacement along the range-front fault system dies out northward, we infer that active deformation occurs within the range and likely links extension in Searles Valley with deformation in Panamint Valley.
Academy of eating disorders international conference.

New information is being acquired and disseminated about eating disorders, particularly in terms of integrating the roles of genes and environment, and new treatment approaches. Although evidence indicates that genes are not more important in the aetiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) than bulimia nervosa, Western culture does appear to be more important in the aetiology of bulimia nervosa than AN. Pathological fear conditioning offers a very useful and experimentally testable theory of the aetiology of AN. New evidence suggests that an enhanced, ‘transdiagnostic’ form of cognitive behavioural therapy is highly effective in eating disorder patients suitable for out-patient treatment. Patients who are homozygotic for the short (s) allele of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene promoter region appear to be more resistant to multimodal treatment.
Adriamycin-radiation combinations: drug induced delayed gastrointestinal radiosensitivity

Abstract The administration of Adriamycin (ADR) results in acute short-term reductions in cell production within the gastrointestinal mucosa. Interactions between ADR doses and radiation appear minimized as the intertreatment time interval expands to five days. However, as the times between drug administration and abdominal radiation exposure are further lengthened (from 14–49 days), a progressively severe defect in postirradiation mucosal cell production is noted. Although the mucosa appears normal histologically and crypt cell cellularity and cell production are normal, the proliferative response following radiation is reduced by as much as 50% if ADR is given 7 weeks prior to the radiation exposure. We postulate that this effect is a manifestation of latent damage to the stem cell compartment within the crypt or that secondary support systems such as mucosal vascularity have been compromised by ADR.
Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro

Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro. Mary Theresa Howard and Ann V. Millard. New York: Routledge, 1997.272 pp.
Cardiovascular Sensors in the Clinical Environment

Biological sensors intended for clinical use can have requirements which are quite different from those normally associated with biological research. In fact the requirements can be surprisingly severe when involved with the diagnosis and/or treatment of the seriously ill. Such requirements, if not realized and fully understood at the beginning of development, can greatly increase the time and cost of development and can endanger the acceptance of a new instrument by the medical fraternity. I shall discuss some of these special requirements and consequent developing problems. I have chosen to limit my considerations to cardiovascular sensors partly because of time limitations and partly because they do afford succinct examples of problems involved with seriously ill patients.
Mannose-binding lectin and the balance between immune protection and complication

The innate immune system is evolutionarily ancient and biologically primitive. Historically, it was first identified as an element of the immune system that provides the first-line response to pathogens, and increasingly it is recognized for its central housekeeping role and its essential functions in tissue homeostasis, including coagulation and inflammation, among others. A pivotal link between the innate immune system and other functions is mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognition molecule. Multiple studies have demonstrated that MBL deficiency increases susceptibility to infection, and the mechanisms associated with this susceptibility to infection include reduced opsonophagocytic killing and reduced activation of the lectin complement pathway. Results from our laboratory have demonstrated that MBL and MBL-associated serine protease (MASP)-1/3 together mediate coagulation factor-like activities, including thrombin-like activity. MBL and/or MASP-1/3-deficient hosts demonstrate in vivo evidence that MBL and MASP-1/3 are involved with hemostasis following injury. Staphylococcus aureus-infected MBL null mice developed disseminated intravascular coagulation, which was associated with elevated blood IL-6 levels (but not TNF-α) and systemic inflammatory responses. Infected MBL null mice also develop liver injury. These findings suggest that MBL deficiency may manifest as disseminated intravascular coagulation and organ failure with infection. Beginning from these observations, this review focuses on the interaction of innate immunity and other homeostatic systems, the derangement of which may lead to complications in infection and other inflammatory states.
Inductive Definitions and Their Closure Ordinals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses inductive definitions and their closure ordinals. The ω denote the set of nonnegative integers which coincide with the ordinals less than ω . If ω ω is the set of all functions of one number variable then subsets of the product space are called “pointsets.” The chapter provides an overview of the axiom of Dependent Choices that implies the axiom of Countable Choices (CC). The axiom of CC has to be used in order to prove that the axiom of Determinacy (AD) also implies CC. A point class is a class of pointsets, not necessarily all in the same product space. If a point class is a class of pointsets. The ordinal λ is a transit ordinal for point class iff there exists an A ⊆ ω .
Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange and Global Atmospheric Effects

It is becoming clear that the global climate system is controlled by numerous links between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The objective of IGAC’s Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (MAGE) Activity is to quantify those links through interdisciplinary multinational research on air/sea exchange and its biological controls and impacts. We seek to bring together scientists from a variety of disciplines to study the interfaces between them. Wherever possible, we encourage collaborative work between marine scientists who look up at the interface from the water column and atmospheric chemists, whose work in the atmosphere has frequently treated the ocean’s surface as a featureless source or sink.
20-W cw single-frequency, diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG slab laser

Gravitational-wave interferometric receivers and high-power resonant nonlinear optics require an efficient single-frequency laser that provides many tens of watts. Previously we have reported on a diode-laser-pumped cw Nd:YAG zig-zag slab laser that emits 40 Win a tem00 mode and 72 W in multimode operation when pumped with 235 W.1 This laser has now been configured as a ring cavity and has been injection locked to obtain single-frequency operation.2
Differentiating Al Qaeda and the Islamic State Through Strategies Publicized in Jihadist Magazines

ABSTRACTAs Al Qaeda and the Islamic State vie for ascendancy in the jihad movement, policymakers grapple with distinguishing the threat posed by these groups. Proceeding from the terrorists’ view of media as a critical arena of jihad, this study applies content analysis to Al Qaeda- and Islamic State-produced magazines in order to empirically differentiate the two groups through the strategies publicized therein. Findings reveal that Al Qaeda consistently employs attrition to compel changes in the West's policy and behavior, while the Islamic State has shifted from intimidating populations to outbidding competing groups to solidify its claim to the Caliphate.