cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a "right" way to wean my patient from the ventilator? A critical appraisal of Randolph et al: Effect of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols on respiratory outcomes in infants and children: A randomized controlled trial (JAMA 2002; 288:2561-2568).

Objective:To review the findings and discuss the implications of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols in children.Design:A critical appraisal of Randolph et al. Effect of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols on respiratory outcomes in infants and children: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2
Unsaturated solute transport through a forest soil during rain storm events

The unsaturated transport of Br− through two distinct pore classes of an undisturbed pedon was investigated as a function of time and profile depth for a series of intermittent rain events. Water movement was monitored with tensiometers and a neutron probe and solute was collected in coarse and fine fritted glass solution samplers maintained at 2 and 10 kPa suction, respectively. The coarse samplers collected soil solution held at tensions of 0 to 2 kPa and are believed to have monitored predominately macropore and mesopore channels (large pores). The fine samplers are thought to have collected soil solution from predominately matrix mesopores (small pores) which are assumed to be approximately the lower pore size limit for gravitationally mobile water in this soil. The rate of tracer movement through large and small pores was dependent on the intensity and duration of a particular rain event as well as the antecedent soil water content. Small pores retained water and solutes longer and had a greater operational storage for ions than large pores. The data suggested that during the vertical flux of water through the soil profile, solutes were transported by convection and diffusion from small-pore regions to large-pore regions via hydraulic and concentration gradients, respectively, with small pores being a major source for solute transport in large pores. Because of physical and chemical nonequilibrium during rain events, solutes diffused from micropores (believed to have matric potentials > 10 kPa) into large and small pores. Solutes which were rapidly transported to greater depths through large pores increased the solute reserves in adjacent small pores at the same depths through a reversal of the mechanism described above. Solute reserves in small pores were also fed by significant vertical transport processes through this pore class.
Clinical evaluation of the use of low-intensity ultrasound in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of low-intensity ultrasound in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Study design. Fifty patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis were enrolled, and 35 patients completed this randomized crossover trial. The ultrasound was self-administered by twice daily use of an ultrasonic toothbrush. The level of aphthous ulcer activity was first observed for each patient with the use of either an ultrasonic or placebo toothbrush over a 6 month period. Patients were then observed for a 2 to 4 month period while using the alternate toothbrush. The level of ulcer activity was calculated as a numeric index: the total duration of sores divided by the period of observation. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t test. Results. During the initial study period, the level of aphthous ulcer activity was lower for patients in the ultrasonic toothbrush group than for those in the placebo group (0.58 versus 0.78). This difference was not statistically significant. However, when the patients who used the placebo switched to the ultrasonic toothbrush, the level of aphthous ulcer activity dropped by 46% (0.81 to 0.44; p < 0.05). Those patients who started with the ultrasonic toothbrush worsened slightly after switching to the placebo. Conclusion. Routine use of low intensity ultrasound appears to have a modest beneficial effect on recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
The effects of neonatal hypoxia on kindled seizure development and electroconvulsive shock profiles.

Summary: Purpose: Our previous research indicated that the exposure of rat pups to an hypoxic environment during a discrete developmental period (postnatal days 10- 15) produces short-term seizures and confers an enduring increase in susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol- and flurothyl- induced seizures. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hypoxic insult in this neonatal period on susceptibility to electrical kindling and corneal electroconvulsive shock. Methods: Ten-day-old rat pups were exposed to a 3% O2 environment, as previously described, and were either kindled or exposed to corneal electroshock at adulthood (70 days old). Results: Neither kindled seizure development from the septal nucleus or amygdala nor electroconvulsive shock profiles were significantly altered by hypoxic pretreatment. Conclusions: Results indicate that hypoxia produces increases in seizure susceptibility that are observable in only some experimental seizure models but not in others. This outcome serves to target some anatomic systems more than others in the mechanisms involved in hypoxia-induced neural reorganization.
The value of autopsy in modern oncology.

THE AUTOPSY has a long and important role in advancing medical science and practice [ 11. The clinical value of autopsy was established in the eighteenth century by Morgagni, who contrasted the sobering reality of post mortem findings to the ‘uncontrolled optimism’ of clinicians [2]. In the nineteenth century, autopsies performed by Virchow, Osler and other physicians advanced knowledge of many diseases, including pulmonary embolism and endocarditis [ 1, 31. The autopsy has also become an important tool in monitoring and improving the quality of medical care [4]. The systematic identification of discrepancies between clinical diagnoses and autopsy findings was initiated by Cabot in his 1912 study of ‘diagnostic pitfalls’ identified in 3000 autopsies [5]. Several recent studies have shown that the yield of autopsies remains high: treatable, major unexpected findings, which if known ante mortem would likely have improved survival, have been discovered in 5-10% of cases; other major unexpected findings were revealed in another 10% of cases [6-g]. The autopsy has a rich tradition in oncology as well [lo]. In the early twentieth century, European and American pathologists reported that the diagnosis of cancer was missed ante mortem in 2&33% of autopsy cases with cancer; conversely, in 8-9% of cases with a clinical diagnosis of cancer, no cancer was found post mortem [ 111. In the 194Os, Willis found that cancer was missed clinically in 13% of 943 autopsy cases of cancer in a Melbourne hospi-
Aldosterone: direct effects on and production by the heart.

The main effects of aldosterone, the most physiologically important mineralocorticoid, are on electrolyte transport across epithelia, particularly in the kidney, but also in other tissues, such as salivary glands and colon. Aldosterone acts to increase sodium (and consequently water) resorption and potassium excretion by directly or indirectly increasing the activity of epithelial sodium channels and sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (1). Aldosterone excess, whether from genetic causes or primary aldosteronism (hyperplasia or aldosterone-secreting adenomas), is well documented to cause hypertension. Hypertension, in turn, has significant adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, including left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Clinical evidence has been accumulating at an accelerating rate suggesting that aldosterone has direct adverse effects on the heart that are independent of its effects on blood pressure. Patients with primary aldosteronism are more likely to have left ventricular hypertrophy and stroke than patients with essential hypertension of comparable severity. More importantly, patients with severe heart failure have a 30% reduction in morbidity and mortality when given a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone, in addition to conventional therapy of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, digoxin, and furosemide. The dose of spironolactone used in this study (25 mg) had no incremental effect on blood pressure, suggesting a direct cardioprotective effect (2). Remarkably, spironolactone had a significant beneficial effect only in patients with above median baseline levels of a marker of collagen synthesis, procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide. Elevated baseline levels of this peptide were associated with an increased risk of death and hospitalization, and circulating levels were decreased by spironolactone treatment. These results suggest that the limitation of cardiac fibrosis may be one of mechanisms by which spironolactone benefits patients with congestive heart failure (3). The present article reviews recent evidence for direct cardiac effects of aldosterone and synthesis of aldosterone within the heart. Details of the role of aldosterone in congestive heart failure and the use of aldosterone antagonists in treating heart disease can be obtained from other reviews (4).
Covering Asian America: A Content Analysis Examining Asian American Community Size and Its Relationship to Major Newspapers' Coverage

This study attempts to determine whether 4 decades after the Kerner Commission, newspapers report more accurately on an increasingly diverse population. Specifically, it studied whether the size of the Asian American population covered by a newspaper influences the coverage of Asian Americans in newspaper articles. It appears that although newspapers situated within larger Asian American communities report more frequently, at more depth, and with more prominence on Asian Americans, the quality of that coverage is not influenced by the size of the Asian American community. In cities with larger Asian American populations, newspapers have responded with increased stories and length but not with increased quality of coverage. This is likely because of newspaper fears of alienating European American readers, leading to a “White flight” in circulation and because of news practices that lead to distorted reports of Asian Americans. These findings renew calls for the newspaper industry to more fairly represent t...
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of 1,6-dicarba- closo-hexaborane(6)

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1,6-dicarba-closo-hexaborane(6) are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of six types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (BB stretch, BC stretch, BH stretch, CH stretch, BH bend, and CH bend) utilizing the D4h symmetry of the molecule. The vibrational modes of the naturally isotopically substituted (1-10B, 2-10B 3-10B, and 4-10B) forms of 1,6-dicarba-closo-hexaborane(6) were also calculated and compared against experimental data. A complex pattern of frequency shifts and splittings is revealed.
Preparation of a stable form of insulin for tissue analysis.

Summary1. Current methods for the determination of inulin in tissues are not, applicable for simultaneous studies of total body and individual tissue distribution of this substance. A form of inulin stable in hot alkali is required. 2. A procedure for the preparation of a purified form of inulin which is stable in hot, dilute NaOH is presented. 3. Toxicity and recovery experiments indicate this new form of inulin is satisfactory for the direct determination of the inulin content of the tissues of experimental animals following intravenous injection.
Translational governance research for synthetic biology

This article argues that ethical, legal, and societal implications research on synthetic biology should inform the processes and methods for the design and implementation of governance systems, as well as the policy and technological choices made within them. Historically, this type of work has fallen in the gap between practical policy-making and basic social science or humanities research. Little of it has been funded, yet it is one of the most critical areas for scholarly contributions to how technologies are formed and overseen in society. In this article, key areas for ‘translational governance research’ are proposed alongside foundations for integrating its results and methods into decision-making.
Theoretical Calculations on Extensive Atmospheric Cosmic-Ray Showers

Large cosmic-ray showers in air, investigated with ionization chambers and coincidence counters, have been explained hitherto as originating from primary electrons of very high energy. In recent experiments at an altitude of 3100 meters Lewis measured the frequency of coincident bursts in two unshielded ionization chambers. The theoretical cumulative frequency $H(P,D)$ of such coincidences is calculated as a function of the electron density $P$ and the separation $D$ of the chambers for this altitude and for sea level. The cumulative size-frequency distribution $H(P)$ for bursts in a single chamber is also computed. All calculations are based on the cascade theory of showers and the theory of the multiple scattering of electrons. The theoretical frequencies compared with those of experiments show (1) a much smaller absolute value, (2) a much slower drop as the chambers are separated, (3) a different form for the cumulative size-frequency distributions, and (4) a smaller increase with altitude. It is pointed out that the large number of narrow showers of high energy observed must originate much nearer to the chamber than the top of the atmosphere if they are to be explained by the cascade theory. It is concluded that the assumption of primary electrons is of little help in explaining the experimental results.
Anchor selection and Geo-Logical Routing in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks

Inherent differences in geometric, deployment and propagation constraints prevent many 2D sensor network routing algorithms from scaling to 3D. Complex 3D shapes and surfaces make geometric coordinate based techniques inefficient or impractical for 3D. Geo-Logical Routing (GLR) switches between virtual and topology coordinate domains to overcome the local minima of each other. GLR is demonstrated to be highly effective for complex 3D networks. Addition of a second initial anchor pair in Extreme Node Search (ENS) increases the number of anchors, thus enhancing performance in networks with very high node degree, while traditional 2D ENS performs just as well in other cases. Simulations demonstrate that GLR with ENS anchor placement significantly outperforms the Greedy Distributed Spanning Tree Routing (3D-GDSTR) algorithm, but without the need for localization.
Stark effects on the luminescence spectra of molecular crystals

Abstract The magnitude of the vector differences between the ground states and first excited electronic states of 1-indanone; 1-tetralone; 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde, and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzyl were determined from electric field modulation of the luminescence spectra.
Familial and racial determinants of tumour suppressor genes promoter hypermethylation in breast tissues from healthy women.

To determine the hypermethylation status of the promoter regions of tumour suppressor genes in breast tissues from healthy women and identify the determinants of these epigenetic changes. Questionnaires and breast tissues were collected from healthy women without a history of cancer and undergoing reduction mammoplasty (N= 141). Methylation for p16INK4, BRCA1, ERα and RAR-β promoter regions from breast tissues were determined by methylation specific PCR. Associations were examined with chi-square and Fisher’s exact test as well as logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. p16INK4, BRCA1, ERα and RAR-β hypermethylation were identified in 31%, 17%, 9% and 0% of the women, respectively. Women with BRCA1 hypermethylation had an eight-fold increase in the risk of ERα hypermethylation (P= 0.007). p16INK4 hypermethylation was present in 28% of African-Americans, but 65% in European-Americans (P= 0.02). There was an increased likelihood of p16INK4 or BRCA1 hypermethylation for women with family history of cancer (OR 2.3; 95%CI: 1.05–4.85 and OR 5.0; 95%CI: 1.55–15.81, respectively). ERα hypermethylation was associated with family history of breast cancer (OR 6.6; 95%CI: 1.58–27.71). After stratification by race, p16INK4 in European-Americans and BRCA1 hypermethylation in African-Americans were associated with family history of cancer (OR 3.8; 95%CI: 1.21–12.03 and OR 6.5; 95%CI: 1.33–31.32, respectively). Gene promoter hypermethylation was commonly found in healthy breast tissues from women without cancer, indicating that these events are frequent and early lesions. Race and family history of cancer increase the likelihood of these early events.
Stimulation of in vitro RNA synthesis by ribosomes and ribosomal proteins

Abstract RNA synthesis by purified RNA polymerase on bacteriophage T4 DNA in vitro was stimulated two- to threefold when 70 s ribosomes from Escherichia coli were present. This activity was retained in the ribosomes washed with NH4Cl and thus free of translational initiation factors. Both ribosomal subunits, 30 s and 50 s, stimulated RNA synthesis. Stimulation by 50 s subunits ruled out the possibility that the stimulation of RNA synthesis is due to the ribosomes removing nascent RNA from the RNA-transcribing complex by specifically binding to the RNA. Instead, we found that the stimulation of RNA synthesis by ribosomes is related to the initiation process of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase. Ribosomes stimulated the initial rate of RNA synthesis but had no effect on the rate of RNA chain elongation or the size of RNA produced. Stimulation of RNA synthesis by ribosomes required the presence of sigma factor. Delayed addition of ribosomes to the already initiated RNA-synthesizing system diminished the stimulatory effect of ribosomes. The stimulatory activity of ribosomes was recovered in the split protein fraction but not in the core material when 70 s ribosomes, 30 s and 50 s ribosomal subunits were banded in a CsCl equilibrium gradient. The activity was found only in acidic ribosomal proteins but not in basic ribosomal proteins. A few stimulatory acidic proteins were fractionated from both 30 s and 50 s ribosomal subunits by DE52 cellulose chromatography. The mode of stimulation of RNA synthesis by active ribosomal protein was similar to that by ribosomes and appears to be related to the initiation of RNA synthesis. Involvement of ribosomes or ribosomal proteins in the control of RNA synthesis through a positive control mechanism in conjunction with sigma factor is suggested.
Mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyester/urethane hybrid network composites

Hybrid resins of unsaturated polyester/urethane were synthesized and characterized. Both the toughness and stiffness of the polyester were improved significantly by incorporating 20 wt% urethane. Unsaturated polyester, styrene, and ethane showed good compatibility during blending and probably formed a simultaneous interpenetrating network (IPN) during polymerization. The resultant IPN morphology possessed a unique glass transition temperature. This IPN morphology not only imparted great fracture resistance to the otherwise brittle polyester, but also changed the fracture mode of new resin composites. The molecular weight of unsaturated polyesters did not have significant effect on the mechanical properties, but did exert an apparent influence on the fracture mode. During the cure process the side reaction, an amine reaction, could be suppressed addition of suitable promoter and catalyst.
Node overlap removal in clustered directed acyclic graphs

Graph drawing and visualization represent structural information as diagrams of abstract graphs and networks. An important subset of graphs is directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). This paper presents a new E-Spring algorithm, extended from the popular spring embedder model, which eliminates node overlaps in clustered DAGs. In this framework, nodes are modeled as non-uniform charged particles with weights, and a final drawing is derived by adjusting the positions of the nodes according to a combination of spring forces and repulsive forces derived from electrostatic forces between the nodes. The drawing process needs to reach a stable state when the average distances of separation between nodes are near optimal. We introduce a stopping condition for such a stable state, which reduces equilibrium distances between nodes and therefore results in a significantly reduced area for DAG visualization. It imposes an upper bound on the repulsive forces between nodes based on graph geometry. The algorithm employs node interleaving to eliminate any residual node overlaps. These new techniques have been validated by visualizing eBay buyer-seller relationships and has resulted in overall area reductions in the range of 45-79%.
EUV mask particle adders during scanner exposure

As EUV reaches high volume manufacturing, scanner source power and reticle defectivity attract a lot of attention. Keeping a EUV mask clean after mask production is as essential as producing a clean EUV mask. Even though EUV pellicle is actively investigated, we might expose EUV masks without EUV pellicle for some time. To keep clean EUV mask under pellicle-less lithography, EUV scanner cleanliness needs to meet the requirement of high volume manufacturing. In this paper, we will show the cleanliness of EUV scanners in view of mask particle adders during scanner exposure. From this we will find several tendencies of mask particle adders depending on mask environment in scanner. Further we can categorize mask particle adders, which could show the possible causes of particle adders during exposure in scanners.
The Martian bow wave—Theory and observation

Refinement of the relationship between the trajectory of Mariner 4 in its fly-by of Mars and the calculated location of a proposed Martian bow arising from interaction of the solar wind and the ionosphere by inclusion of aberration effects of the planet's motion about the sun. The modified theory indicates that the bow wave was crossed twice during a three-hour interval following the time of closest approach of Mariner 4 to Mars, instead of being missed slightly by the spacecraft as indicated in a previous paper in which the theory of this interaction was presented, and the solar wind was considered, for simplicity, to flow along the sun-Mars line. It is shown that the observed magnetic field changed abruptly at virtually the precise times of the shock crossings indicated by the theory. Although malfunction of the plasma probe prevents observational confirmation of these as shock crossings, this coincidence supports the recent suggestion of the magnetometer experimenters that a bow wave may have been traversed. It also supports the interpretation that the bow wave results from interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere, and not with a weak planetary magnetic field.
Legal pluralism and harmonization of law: An examination of the process of reception and adoption of both civil law and common law in Cameroon and their coexistence with indigenous laws

This study focuses on how the common law and civil law, two legal systems introduced to Cameroon by Britain and France respectively, have been harmonized with traditional laws to serve the needs of Cameroon. Through studies on the legal process in Cameroon, coupled with open‐ended questions to legal practitioners, and content analysis of documents, it is evident that many of the customary laws that existed prior to colonization have been excluded from much of the governing legislation. Courts do not enforce traditional laws that are capricious and obnoxious. A critical examination of the process of harmonization reveals a gradual suppression of the common law practice.
Roles of ESD played in large computing system availability & reliability

Product ESD testing per CISPR test requirements specifies direct and/or indirect ESD injection to the outside of the chassis of the product under test or to a vertical or horizontal coupling plane [1]. In this paper additional ESD testing to insure customer satisfaction with large systems is discussed. Two additional ESD test methods are discussed with test locations internal to the normal external shield. First, the application of ESD during manufacturing process is intended to find product defects in order to increase field reliability. Second, internal system testing is intended to mimic potential problems from concurrent maintenance in order to insure system availability during system repair actions without impacting system availability for continuous customer usage.
HLA haplotype and supertype associations with cellular immune responses and cytokine production in healthy children after rubella vaccine

Secreted rubella virus-specific cytokines reflect the immunologic mechanisms underlying adoptive immune responses and are significant markers of immunity to rubella. We studied the association between measures of cellular (cytokine and frequency of cytokine-secreted cells) immune responses and HLA haplotypes (with frequencies of ≥1%) and supertypes among 738 healthy children following two doses of rubella vaccine. Haplotype effects were estimated while accounting for linkage phase ambiguity via an expectation maximization algorithm. Importantly, the majority of HLA class I and class II haplotype associations with different cytokines were consistent between Th1, Th2 and/or innate/proinflammatory cytokine groups. We found few class I supertypes (A1, A2, A3, and B7) with potential associations with IL-10 ELISPOT counts and rubella-specific IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokine secretion levels. Our data indicate that the presence or absence of certain HLA haplotypes and/or supertypes may influence the cytokine immune response to rubella vaccine, and represents a more advanced analysis compared to individual candidate gene association studies.
Novel sulfur-nitrogen-fluorine compounds : synthesis and properties of SF5NHF, SF5NClF and SF4NF

Abstract Using reactions developed for the synthesis of CF 2 NF, CF 3 NClF and CF 3 NHF from ClCN, F 3 SN can now be converted in high yield to the analogous sulfur compounds, SF 4 NF, SF 5 NClF and SF 5 NHF. N-fluorotetrafluorosulfurimine is the simplest sulfur(VI) imine and is a rigid molecule. Details on the synthesis and properties of these novel compounds will be presented.
Traveling Zion: Hiking and Settler-Nationalism in pre-1948 Palestine

This essay considers the political import of the hike or walk (ha-tiyul; plural, tiyulim) among Jewish settlers in Palestine during the first decades of the twentieth century. Situating this travelling practice within the broader Zionist discourse of which it was a part, I will suggest that the tiyulim conducted by Jewish settlers were important technologies of settler nation-making which helped to rewrite Arab Palestine as a Jewish geography. Drawing on postcolonial arguments about imperial travel, this essay presents both a condensed history of such travelling practices and a close reading of some of the travelogues they spawned. I focus on two divergent itineraries: (a) accounts of travel within the borders of the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael) replete with classic colonial tropes of conquest, the empty landscape, and Palestinian-Arab culture qua ethnographic object; and (b) accounts of Jewish travel to neighbouring Arab countries (Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon) from which colonial tropes are frequentl...
Indolealkylamine and phenalkylamine hallucinogens: a brief overview.

Various indolealkylamine and phenalkylamine derivatives are hallucinogenic in man and/or are behaviorally active in animals. This overview is divided into two parts. The first part attempts to bring together information concerning the activity of indolealkylamines (i.e., tryptamines, alpha-methyltryptamines, N,N-dimethyltryptamines, N-alkyltryptamines, lysergic acid derivatives and beta-carbolines) and phenalkylamines (i.e., phenethylamines, phenylisopropylamines) along with major key references, and with emphasis on those agents not recently reviewed. The latter portion of this overview describes some of the work being conducted in our laboratories in an effort to elucidate the role of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the mechanism of action of various indolealkylamine and phenalkylamine hallucinogens.
The molecular Zeeman effect in diamagnetic molecules and the determination of molecular magnetic moments (g values), magnetic susceptibilities, and molecular quadrupole moments

The experimental and theoretical literature on the molecular Zeeman effect is surveyed. The observation of the linear (H) and quadratic (H 2) Zeeman effect leads to a direct determination of the molecular g values, magnetic susceptibility anisotropies and molecular quadrupole moments. The recent results are discussed and the available molecular g values, magnetic susceptibility anisotropies, and molecular quadrupole moments are tabulated.
Diapause in the Nearctic Species of the virgifera Group of Diabrotica: Evidence for Tropical Origin and Temperate Adaptations

Voltinism and diapause were studied in the species of the virgifera group of Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) that occur in the United States. The well-known univoltinism and egg diapause of the western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and the northern corn rootworm (NCR), D. longicornis barberi Smith and Lawrence, was the basis for comparisons. Examination of museum collection records support univoltinism for D. cristata (Harris) (CRI), D. longicornis longicornis (Say) (LON), D. lemniscata LeConte (LEM), and the Mexican corn rootworm (MCR), D. virgifera zeae Krysan and Smith. Laboratory studies demonstrated an egg diapause in CRI, LEM, and LON. Eggs of MCR and WCR from 15 sites from throughout the geographic distribution diapause in the same embryonic stage, i.e., an early, undifferentiated germ band. Eggs of CRI and LEM diapause in that same stage; by contrast, LON diapauses as a segmented embryo with clearly defined cephalic lobes. The enhancement of diapause termination by a chill period (7°C) was demonstrated in CRI and LON and confirmed for the NCR. A cline in diapause duration was detected in eggs of the WCR; the more northerly populations had shorter diapause. The relationship prevailed at three temperatures: 15, 18, and 25°C. The results favor a hypothesis that these taxa, which now occupy the temperate climate, share, via common evolutionary origin, a diapause mechanism which originally evolved in the tropics. Adaptations that have evolved in the temperate climate incude low thermal optima for diapause development in the NCR, LON, and CRI and brief diapause in the WCR.
Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth in baboons: Adiposity measured by skinfold thickness.

This paper reports the results of a 5 year longitudinal experiment that (1) examined growth in adiposity of a group of 48 clinically normal olive savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) who were randomly assigned at birth to one of three diet treatments that differed, during the first 16 weeks, in the amount of nutrients they provided; (2) tested the hypothesis that different amounts of food availability during the neonatal period (birth to 16 weeks) had a significant effect on growth and development of adiposity in the subsequent infant, juvenile, and adolescent periods; and (3) evaluated the extent to which underfed (LC) and overfed (HC) subjects were capable of growth canalization. Each diet contained different caloric densities but the same proportion of fat (34%), carbohydrate (55%), and protein (11%). All animals were fed the same volume of formula; however, HC subject were fed 40% more calories than MC subjects, who were fed 40% more calories than the LC subjects. Growth and development of adiposity were assessed by measuring neck, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds weekly from birth to 16 weeks and at 13 week intervals from 26 to 260 weeks of age. We found that during the first 16 weeks of the experiments, baboon growth was strongly influenced by food shortages but not by excesses; however, when the dietary treatment ceased, growth appeared to be strongly regulated by a genetic component (developmental canalization) and tended to return to a more normal growth pattern within a 26 week time frame. Males and females exhibited differences in adipose development in that males did not exhibit residual treatment effects while females tended to retain the effects of neonatal dietary treatments through early adolescence.
Klamath Russet : A full season, fresh market, long Russet

Klamath Russet, a late-maturing cultivar for fresh market use, was jointly released by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2000. Klamath Russet was tested in irrigated trials in Oregon from 1990 to 1999 and in Western Regional Trials from 1994 to 1996. Klamath Russet yields of U.S. #ls have exceeded those for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah by more than 30%, averaged across all trials. Klamath Russet is moderately resistant to Verticillium wilt and highly resistant to common scab. Specific gravity for Klamath Russet has averaged 1.076 across all trials compared with 1.070 and 1.081 for Russet Norkotah and Russet Burbank, respectively. Klamath Russet is not considered suitable for french fry production because of high sugar and low starch contents.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations in the Copolymerization of Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide

The thermodynamics of ethylene and carbon dioxide copolymerization are assessed with average bond dissociation energies, the Benson additivity method, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP 6-31G†). The DFT results suggest that formation of the alternating copolymer is exothermic (ΔH = −4.31 kcal/mol per repeat unit), but endergonic at most temperatures (>−159 °C, the ceiling temperature), and therefore it is practically inaccessible because of entropic factors. However, these thermodynamic calculations show that the polymerization is favorable (exergonic) at room temperature (25 °C) when the molar quotient of ethylene/carbon dioxide exceeds 2.37 (29.7 mol % CO2 or less). Various copolymerization conditions with catalytic amounts of late transition metal complexes (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) in combination with MAO (methylaluminoxane) produced oligomers or polymers containing only ethylene. The lack of ester functionality, as confirmed by mass spectrometry and 13C NMR, attests to the dubious nature ...
THE MANAGEMENT OF URETHRAL TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA AFTER RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER

ABSTRACTPurpose: Previous reports have identified risk factors for urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). However, reports of the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome in these patients are lacking. We report our experience with the diagnosis, management and outcome of urethral TCC after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: A database of 1,054 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for TCC from 1971 to 1997 was retrospectively reviewed. All patients with urethral TCC after surgery were identified.Results: Urethral TCC was diagnosed in 47 men a median of 18.5 months (range 2 to 116) after cystectomy with 20 (42%) diagnosed within 1 year. Symptomatic recurrence developed in 24 of 42 evaluable patients (57%), 21 had bloody urethral discharge and 7 had pain or a palpable mass. A total of 13 patients (31%) were asymptomatic with abnormal cytology. The remaining 5 patients underwent prophylactic urethrectomy...
Pharmacokinetically-targeted BU and fludarabine as conditioning before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for adults with ALL in first remission

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation offers improved survival in patients with ALL, but with regimens containing TBI, the nonrelapse mortality is 20-40%. Efforts to lessen transplant toxicities by reducing conditioning regimen intensity have led to increased relapse risk. Therefore, there is a need for less toxic regimens that maintain an anti-leukemia effect. We report here a retrospective review of 65 patients with ALL in first remission receiving grafts from allogeneic donors after fludarabine 40 mg/m(2)/day for 4 days and i.v. BU targeted to a median daily area under the concentration-time curve below 6000 μmoles min/L. At 2 years after transplantation, OS was 65% (95% confidence interval (CI): 52-77%), relapse-free survival was 61% (95% CI: 48-73%), cumulative incidence of relapse was 26% (95% CI: 17-39%) and cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality was 14% (95% CI: 8-26%). Age over 35 years, Ph chromosome positivity and minimal residual disease at transplant did not adversely affect outcomes. Pharmacokinetically targeted BU and fludarabine can provide intensive pre-transplant conditioning for adults with ALL in first remission, with promising relapse-free and OS rates.
An unusual cause of altered mental status

A case of altered mental status secondary to pneumocephalus as a complication of sinus surgery is presented. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of pneumocephalus are discussed.
Nuclear-Mass and Anomalous-Moment Corrections to the Hamiltonian for an Atom in a Constant External Magnetic Field

The Hamiltonian for a many-particle system in a homogeneous magnetic field is constructed by a straightforward extension of previous work on hydrogenic atoms by Grotch and Hegstrom. Relativistic-correction terms of order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H$ are identical to those obtained many years ago by Abragam and Van Vleck and by Perl and Hughes. In addition, higher-order terms due to the anomalous moments and to nuclear motion are explicitly formulated in the present work. These terms are of orders ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}(\frac{m}{M}){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H$, respectively, and are coming to be within the range of present experimental measurements.
Comparison of real-time ultrasound measurements for body composition traits to carcass and camera data in feedlot steers

The objective of this experiment was to compare measurements of real-time ultrasound (RTU), carcass and camera data used to determine body composition in feedlot steers (n = 69). Measurements of RTU were taken 24 h before slaughter. The RTU-measured traits consisted of twelfth and thirteenth rib back fat thickness, twelfth and thirteenth LM area, and marbling score (uMARB). Intramuscular fat was converted to uMARB by the equation uMARB = {[769.7 + (56.69 × uIMF)]/100} − 5. Overall means for 48-h chill carcass data were twelfth and thirteenth rib back fat thickness, twelfth and thirteenth LM area, and marbling score (cMARB). Marbling scores were converted to a numeric cMARB (Slight00 = 4, Small00 = 5, and Modest00 = 6). Carcass camera data consisted of twelfth and thirteenth rib back fat thickness, twelfth and thirteenth LM area, and marbling score. Data were analyzed using the PROC REG, MEANS, and CORR procedures of SAS. Results show that all 3 methods were highly correlated to each other. Correlations ranged from 0.79 to 0.82, 0.68 to 0.95, and 0.57 to 0.87 for back fat, LM area, and marbling score, respectively. Carcass back fat and twelfth and thirteenth rib back fat thickness were over-predicted by RTU (0.06 and 0.07 cm, respectively); however, LM area was under-predicted by RTU when compared with carcass and camera twelfth and thirteenth LM area (−0.78 and −1.13 cm2, respectively). Camera marbling score was over-predicted by uMARB (0.17) and cMARB was under-predicted (−0.32). These results indicate that RTU can be used to predict carcass traits before slaughter. Also, linear measurements of carcass traits can be more accurately predicted when compared with a nonlinear measurement.
Geometry of Mediating Protein Affects the Probability of Loop Formation in DNA

Recent single molecule experiments have determined the probability of loop formation in DNA as a function of the DNA contour length for different types of looping proteins. The optimal contour length for loop formation as well as the probability density functions have been found to be strongly dependent on the type of looping protein used. We show, using Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations, that these observations can be replicated using the wormlike-chain model for double-stranded DNA if we account for the nonzero size of the looping protein. The simulations have been performed in two dimensions so that bending is the only mode of deformation available to the DNA while the geometry of the looping protein enters through a single variable which is representative of its size. We observe two important effects that seem to directly depend on the size of the enzyme: 1), the overall propensity of loop formation at any given value of the DNA contour length increases with the size of the enzyme; and 2), the contour length corresponding to the first peak as well as the first well in the probability density functions increases with the size of the enzyme. Additionally, the eigenmodes of the fluctuating shape of the looped DNA calculated from simulations and theory are in excellent agreement, and reveal that most of the fluctuations in the DNA occur in regions of low curvature.
Glial Responses to Virus Infection

Astroctyes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system support neurons and their functions and are the main line of defense against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Viral infections trigger broad glial activation and the concomitant release of proinflammatory molecules, stimulating both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. If sustained, in some instances these responses may be deleterious rather than protective of the nervous system. Immunomodulatory mechanisms that limit activation and proinflammatory responses may be more effective at maintaining a balance between the proper response to infection and the preservation or recovery of tissue homeostasis. HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system is used as an example to characterize the glial response to viral infection.
RF Design in the Classroom

Few electrical engineering students arrive on campus with the basic skills needed to turn a concept into working hardware that solves a problem. Even university seniors typically have had few opportunities to practice design; that is, given a constrained set of tools, skills, and components, create, evaluate, and implement a unique solution to a particular problem or to address a particular need. The Portland State approach has been to separate the wireless RF functions from the need for digital hardware.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia reduces neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor density in small dendrites of non-catecholaminergic neurons in mouse nucleus tractus solitarius

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a frequent concomitant of sleep apnea, which can increase sympathetic nerve activity through mechanisms involving chemoreceptor inputs to the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS). These chemosensory inputs co-store glutamate and substance P (SP), an endogenous ligand for neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptors. Acute hypoxia results in internalization of NK(1) receptors, suggesting that CIH also may affect the subcellular distribution of NK(1) receptors in subpopulations of cNTS neurons, some of which may express tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis (TH). To test this hypothesis, we examined dual immunolabeling for the NK(1) receptor and TH in the cNTS of male mice subjected to 10days or 35days of CIH or intermittent air. Electron microscopy revealed that NK(1) receptors and TH were almost exclusively localized within separate somatodendritic profiles in cNTS of control mice. In dendrites, immunogold particles identifying NK(1) receptors were prevalent in the cytoplasm and on the plasmalemmal surface. Compared with controls, CIH produced a significant region-specific decrease in the cytoplasmic (10 and 35days, P<0.05, unpaired Student t-test) and extrasynaptic plasmalemmal (35days, P<0.01, unpaired Student t-test) density of NK(1) immunogold particles exclusively in small (<0.1microm) dendrites without TH immunoreactivity. These results suggest that CIH produces a duration-dependent reduction in the availability of NK(1) receptors preferentially in small dendrites of non-catecholaminergic neurons in the cNTS. The implications of our findings are discussed with respect to their potential involvement in the slowly developing hypertension seen in sleep apnea patients.
Energetics of bacterial growth: balance of anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Biomass formation represents one of the most basic aspects of bacterial metabolism. While there is an abundance of information concerning individual reactions that result in cell duplication, there has been surprisingly little information on the bioenergetics of growth. For many years, it was assumed that biomass production (anabolism) was proportional to the amount of ATP which could be derived from energy-yielding pathways (catabolism), but later work showed that the ATP yield (YATP) was not necessarily a constant. Continuous-culture experiments indicated that bacteria utilized ATP for metabolic reactions that were not directly related to growth (maintenance functions). Mathematical derivations showed that maintenance energy appeared to be a growth rate-independent function of the cell mass and time. Later work, however, showed that maintenance energy alone could not account for all the variations in yield. Because only some of the discrepancy could be explained by the secretion of metabolites (overflow metabolism) or the diversion of catabolism to metabolic pathways which produced less ATP, it appeared that energy-excess cultures had mechanisms of spilling energy. Bacteria have the potential to spill excess ATP in futile enzyme cycles, but there has been little proof that such cycles are significant. Recent work indicated that bacteria can also use futile cycles of potassium, ammonia, and protons through the cell membrane to dissipate ATP either directly or indirectly. The utility of energy spilling in bacteria has been a curiosity. The deprivation of energy from potential competitors is at best a teleological explanation that cannot be easily supported by standard theories of natural selection. The priming of intracellular intermediates for future growth or protection of cells from potentially toxic end products (e.g., methylglyoxal) seems a more plausible explanation.
‘How was your weekend?’: developing the interactional competence in managing routine inquiries

Given the cross-cultural differences underlying interactional routines such as ‘How are you?’ or ‘How was your weekend?’, managing such routine inquiries can be problematic for second language learners. Based on data from an adult ESL (English as a second language) class, this conversation analytic study shows how learners develop their competence in mastering the sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic aspects of certain interactional routines in English over the span of nine weeks. Through detailed analyses of teacher–learner interactions, I show what is being ‘taught’, how it is done, and what evidence of development may be garnered. Findings of this study contribute to the growing interest in the development of interactional competence and, in particular, the application of conversation analysis (CA) to the study of such development.