cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISTRACTABILITY OF MALES AND FEMALES IN COMPETING AURAL MESSAGE SITUATIONS. A RESEARCH NOTE

This study investigated whether females are more distractable than males in competing aural message situations. Ss were asked to listen to a tape which played two short stories simultaneously. They were instructed to listen to one story and to ignore the second. Ss were then tested on the story to which they were instructed to attend, and their scores were compared with male and female control groups to determine which sex group had extracted the most information from the listening session. It was concluded that males extracted more information and were thus less distracted.
The Structure of a Security Kernel for the Z8000 Multiprocessor

The security kernel technology has provided the technical foundation for highly reliable protection of computerizedinformation. However, the operating system implementations face two significant challenges: providing (1) adequate computational resources for applications tasks, and (2) a clean, straightforward structure whose correctness can be easily reviewed. This paper presents the experience of an ongoing security kernel implementation using the Advanced Micro Devices 4116 single-board computerbased on the Z8002 microprocessor. The performance issues of process switching, domain changing, and multiprocessor bus contention are explicitly addressed. The strictly hierarchical (i.e.,loop-free) structure provides a series of increasingly capable, separately usable operating system subsets.Security enforcement is structured in two layers: the basic kernel rigorously enforces a non-discretionary (viz.,lattice model) policy,whilean upper layer provides the access refinements for a discretionary policy.
Influence of prior radiologic information on the interpretation of radiographic examinations.

Rationale and Objectives. We examined whether and how the provision of previous radiologic information (previous films and reports) influences the interpretaton of radiographs. Methods. We prospectively studied 35 radiologists' interpretation of 311 plain-film radiology cases in a clinical setting. A radiologist first interpreted the current radiograph with only the information given on the consultation request. Subsequently, the same radiologist received, in random order, either the previous radiographs or the previous written reports, reviewed the diagnosis, changing it when necessary, noted the recognition of new findings, and adjusted his or her degree of confidence. A third interpretation used whichever type of information was not supplied for the second. All three readings of a study were performed at the same sitting by the same radiologist. A diagosis and degree of confidence were recorded for each reading. Results. The additional information, either radiograph or written report, significantly increased the confidence of the radiologist at each state of interpretation. The largest increase in confidence occurred whenever previous films were introduced. In group A (second reading, reports; third reading, old films), new observations were made in 17.3% of cases on the second reading and in 19.9% on the third reading. In this group, diagnoses were changed in 14% on the second reading and in 9% on the third reading. In group B (second reading, old films; third reading, old reports), new observations were made in 16.9% of cases on the second reading and 7.3% on the third reading. Diagnoses were changed in 11% on the second reading and in an additional 5% on the third reading. Most changes were toward a more specific diagnosis. Conclusion. Prior information significantly increased the radiologists' confidence, facilitated new observations, and allowed more specific diagnoses. Prior radiographs were more valuable than repots in some respects.
Genetic complexity of host-selection behavior in Drosophila.

Abstract Genetic variation for settling responses to different types of food and for oviposition behavior exists within natural populations of Drosophila tripunctata. After flies from two isofemale strains and F2 derived from crosses between them were released in the wild and recaptured at either mushroom or tomato baits, the oviposition preferences of females for these foods were determined in the laboratory. Whereas settling behavior and oviposition-site preference were negatively correlated in the parental strains, there was no association of these behaviors in the F2 generation. Furthermore, lines produced by crossing these two strains followed by inbreeding did not manifest such a negative correlation. Together, these results indicate that two important aspects of host selection are under independent genetic control. These findings caution against using a single component of the process of host selection as indicative of the probability that a particular resource will be utilized in the field, and they bear on the question of how speciation based on genetic variation for host selection may be accomplished.
Galanin microinjected into the medial preoptic nucleus facilitates female- and male-typical sexual behaviors in the female rat

Galanin (GAL) microinjected within the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) facilitates male-typical sexual behaviors in the male rat, a response that requires the presence of testosterone. As in the male, GAL-immunoreactive cells located within the MPN of the female also concentrate gonadal steroids and become less immunoreactive after gonadectomy. Thus, to investigate sexual behaviors in the female and to determine whether effects are comparable to those obtained in the male, GAL was microinjected unilaterally within the MPN of female rats. We report that GAL stimulated female-typical lordosis behavior after estrogen priming, and that the effect was not due to general arousal as measured by nonspecific locomotor activities. In a separate experiment, GAL microinjected within the MPN dose-responsively increased mount frequencies and decreased mount latencies in testosterone-primed females. A higher dose of testosterone was required in females for this stimulation of male-typical sexual behavior than required in a previous experiment in males.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Cubic Silicon Carbide Films Grown on Si(100) Wafers

This paper presents the results of a study to develop chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes for 3C-SiC films using commercial polishing pads in conjunction with basic colloidal SiO 2 , acidic colloidal Al 2 O 3 , and near-neutral SiC slurries. The removal rate and surface roughness of the 3C-SiC surfaces were measured for the three slurries. The SiC-based slurry had the highest removal rate at 0.58 μm/h. while the colloidal SiO 2 slurry produced surfaces with the lowest average roughness at 15 A. The removal rates of the Al 2 O 3 slurries were found to be too low for practical applications. The surface chemistry and morphology of the as-deposited and polished 3C-SiC films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy in order to gain insight into the physical and chemical mechanisms in the process.
Viscoplastic analyses of a compact tension specimen in mode I loading

Abstract Finite element analyses of stationary cracks in a compact tension specimen, subjected to Mode I loading into the large-scale yielding regime, are presented in an extension of earlier studies of small-scale yielding. Significant time dependence of the inelastic deformation of structural metals at room temperature under quasistatic loading rates has been observed in uniaxial tests and so the theory of viscoplastidty based on total strain and overstress is employed. The material properties of annealed AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel are used in the analyses, but the results are expected to be of general applicability because the properties of other important structural metals have been found to be qualitatively similar to those of AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel. The compact tension specimen model is loaded in load control at two rates varying by two orders of magnitude in the quasistatic range followed by subsequent sustained loading periods. For these loadings, significant time dependence of the crack-tip fields and of the overall specimen deformation are predicted by the analyses. The trends of the results are completely consistent with those of the earlier small-scale yielding analyses. When the results are interpreted with two different fracture criteria, it is predicted that the load at which crack growth is initiated is loading-rate dependent and that strain-induced crack growth could be initiated during sustained loading. These results are in full support of the earlier contention that time-dependent deformation should be considered in design against fracture, even at room temperature. Furthermore, the previously proposed design approaches based on the special features of the viscoplastidty model employed are supported by the results.
The Spacing Effect in Children's Memory and Category Induction.

The spacing effect describes the robust phenomenon whereby memory is enhanced when learning events are distributed, instead of being presented in succession. We investigated the effect of spacing on children’s memory and category induction. Three-year-old children were presented with two tasks, a memory task and a category induction task. In the memory task, identical instances of an object were presented and then tested in a multiple choice test. In the category induction task, different instances of a category were presented and tested in a multiple choice test. In both tasks, presenting the instances in a spaced sequence resulted in more learning than presenting the instances in a massed sequence, despite the difficulty created by the spaced sequence. The spaced sequence increased the difficulty of the task by allowing children time to forget the previous instance during the spaced interval.
Landscape Predictions from Cosmological Vacuum Selection

In Bousso-Polchinski models with hundreds of fluxes, we compute the effects of cosmological dynamics on the probability distribution of landscape vacua. Starting from generic initial conditions, we find that most fluxes are dynamically driven into a different and much narrower range of values than expected from landscape statistics alone. Hence, cosmological evolution will access only a tiny fraction of the vacua with small cosmological constant. This leads to a host of sharp predictions. Unlike other approaches to eternal inflation, the holographic measure employed here does not lead to staggering, an excessive spread of probabilities that would doom the string landscape as a solution to the cosmological constant problem.
Altering the Mechanical Properties of Sn Films by Alloying with Bi: Mimicking the Effect of Pb to Suppress Whiskers

Stress is believed to be the main driving force for whisker formation in Sn coatings on Cu. This suggests that whiskering can be suppressed by enhancing stress relaxation in the Sn layer, which is believed to be the reason why Sn-Pb alloys do not form whiskers. However, Pb is no longer acceptable for use in electronics manufacturing. As an alternative, we used pulsed plating to create Sn-Bi coatings with an equiaxed microstructure similar to that of Sn-Pb alloys. An optical wafer curvature technique was used to measure stress relaxation kinetics in Sn, Sn-Pb and Sn-Bi alloy thin films during thermal cycles. The results show that Sn-Bi films have significantly enhanced stress relaxation relative to pure Sn films. Comparison between Sn-Bi samples with equiaxed and columnar microstructures shows that both microstructure and alloy composition play a role in enhancing the stress relaxation.
Countertransference as a corrective emotional experience in existential family therapy

An existential approach to family psychotherapy should be cognizant of both individual human development and family life cycle growth. In Existential Family Therapy a family developmental challenge often occurs when the developmental progression needs of one family member challenge the pace of total family developmental progression. In such a situation intervention by the therapist should occur in a way that facilitates both individual and family developmental growth. Such interventions often best occur through the creative and controlled use of the family therapist's countertransference feelings in a way that helps the family accept and master its developmental challenges. Case material is provided to illustrate the described intervention approach.
STRANGE ATTRACTORS IN PERIODICALLY KICKED CHUA'S CIRCUIT

In this paper, we discuss a new mechanism for chaos in light of some new developments in the theory of dynamical systems. It was shown in [Wang & Young, 2002b] that strange attractors occur when an...
Detection of mechanical injury on pickling cucumbers using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging

Automated detection of defects on freshly harvested pickling cucumbers will help the pickle industry provide higher quality pickle products and reduce potential economic losses. Research was conducted on using a hyperspectral imaging system for detecting defects on pickling cucumbers caused by mechanical stress. A near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system was used to capture both spatial and spectral information from cucumbers in the spectral region of 900 - 1700 nm. The system consisted of an imaging spectrograph attached to an InGaAs camera with line-light fiber bundles as an illumination source. Cucumber samples were subjected to two forms of mechanical loading, dropping and rolling, to simulate stress caused by mechanical harvesting. Hyperspectral images were acquired from the cucumbers over time periods of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 days after mechanical stress. Hyperspectral image processing methods, including principal component analysis and wavelength selection, were developed to separate normal and mechanically injured cucumbers. Results showed that reflectance from normal or non-bruised cucumbers was consistently higher than that from bruised cucumbers. The spectral region between 950 and 1350 nm was found to be most effective for bruise detection. The hyperspectral imaging system detected all mechanically injured cucumbers immediately after they were bruised. The overall detection accuracy was 97% within two hours of bruising and it was lower as time progressed. Lower detection accuracies for the prolonged times after bruising were attributed to the self- healing of the bruised tissue after mechanical injury. This research demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging is useful for detecting mechanical injury on pickling cucumbers.
Factors Affecting the Recruitment of Lake Whitefish in Two Areas of Northern Lake Michigan

Stock-recruitment and integrated recruitment models incorporating biotic and abiotic factors were developed for lake whitefish populations in northern Green Bay and the North Shore areas of Lake Michigan. Abundance and recruitment indices were calculated for the 1961-1985 year classes based on lake whitefish catch and effort data from the commercial fishery in each area. Previous research indicates that spawning stock abundance, winter ice cover, and spring temperatures are important in determining the egg and larval abundance and survival of lake whitefish. Therefore, spawning stock abundance, ice cover, winter wind velocity, and spring water and air temperature variables were used as model inputs in regression modeling. The biotic/abiotic recruitment model for northern Green Bay hindcasted lake whitefish recruitment as a function of spawning stock abundance and the number of days that ice cover exceeded 40% during egg incubation. This regression model (R2 = 0.62) demonstrated improved hindcasting ability of historic recruitment when compared to the Beverton-Holt (R2 = 0.37) or the Ricker (R2 = 0.33) stock-recruitment models for the 1961-1985 cohorts. The biotic/abiotic recruitment model for the North Shore hindcasted lake whitefish recruitment as a function of average air temperature in May after larval emergence, the number of days that ice concentration exceeded 70% during egg incubation, and spawning stock abundance. The regression model (R2 = 0.57) also demonstrated improved hindcasting ability of historical recruitment when compared with Beverton-Holt (R2 = 0.09) or the Ricker (R2 = 0.13) stock-recruitment models. Results of this study indicate that biotic/abiotic recruitment models were more successful in hindcasting recruitment than solely biologically based stock-recruitment relationships. Consideration of significant abiotic variables will be useful in the management of lake whitefish stocks in the Great Lakes by improving forecasts of recruitment.
Development of an approximate model for unsaturated flow with root water uptake under rectangular water content profiles assumption

Abstract The rectangular profiles assumption (as in the model of Green and Ampt) is utilized for developing an approximate model for one-dimensional, vertical, unsaturated flow with root water uptake. The simplified model reduces the non-linear partial differential equation (Richard's equation) for water movement to non-linear algebraic equations whose solutions require less computer effort. The basic hydraulic principles (continuity and Darcy's law) are retained in the approximate model. Soil surface boundary conditions of infiltration and redistribution are considered. Analytical solutions are available for the depth to the wetting front when the soil surface is held at saturation. Comparisons between the numerical solutions and approximate solutions are made for two distinct soil types. The approximate model predicts root water uptake quite accurately when compared with predictions from the numerical solution of Richard's equation. It is concluded that such simplified models hold promise in a variety of practical applications.
Case Report: Demonstration of a Tracheal Bronchus by Computed Tomography

Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a tracheal bronchus in a young child as well as the associated cystic disease of the right lung. Confirmation of the anatomical bronchial variant was obtained later when the cystic lesion was infected with aspergillus and surgically removed.
The relationship between depressive symptoms, quality of life, and swallowing function in head and neck cancer patients 1 year after definitive therapy

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine the incidence of depression in head and neck cancer (HNCA) patients following definitive treatment and the relationship between depression and head and neck-specific measures of quality of life and function. Study Design: Prospective cohort analysis. Methods: Two hundred forty-six patients were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory Fast-Screen (BDI-FS), University of Washington Quality of Life (UW QOL), Voice Handicap Index (VHI), and MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) questionnaires. Patients with a preexisting diagnosis of depression were excluded. Results: Complete 1-year post-treatment data were available for 46 HNCA patients, with depression identified in nine patients (20%). On multivariate analysis, depression was significantly associated with poorer global UW QOL (β = −40.3, P < .001) and overall MDADI scores (β = −21.8, P = .038), but not with VHI scores, after controlling for other clinical variables including initial treatment modality. BDI-FS scores were significantly correlated with global UW QOL (r = −0.7, P < .001) and overall MDADI scores (r = −0.5, P = .0045), and global UW QOL correlated significantly with overall MDADI scores (r = 0.4, P = .0166). After controlling for clinical variables, MDADI, and VHI scores, only depression was associated with global UW QOL score (β = −30.5, P = .019). Conclusions: There is a high incidence of depressive symptoms in HNCA patients at 1 year following definitive therapy, which is independent of primary treatment modality and is associated with poorer global QOL and MDADI scores. Although depression and swallowing function are highly correlated, depression has a greater effect on QOL than swallowing scores, suggesting that early identification and aggressive treatment of patients with depressive symptoms is warranted to maximize post-treatment QOL.
Explaining causal loops

A causal loop is a sequence of events e1, . . . , en, each element of which is one of the causes of the next event, and whose last event en is one of the causes of the first event e1. The events that make up a loop need not be complete causes of one another, nor do they need to be complete effects of one another. In a causal loop, the arrows of causation go around in a circle, but there might be additional arrows that lead into the circle, or arrows that lead out of it. If there are no such branches then the loop is said to be causally isolated. Causal loops naturally arise in two different contexts. One is the time travel stories popularized by David Lewis (1976), in which there is backwards causation against the direction of time. The other cases involve models of the general theory of relativity – first discussed by Kurt Godel (1949) – that possess closed timelike curves in which time itself loops along a particular worldline. In such models, there is no backwards causation and travelling back in time requires no particular effort; one just has to follow an appropriately chosen worldline. Both types of loop permit what looks like creation ex nihilo. In the Lewis case, suppose that you would like to travel in time, but do not have enough money to buy a time machine. Here is how you could get one. At some future time t2, your future self uses a time machine to travel back to the present time t1, where he hands the machine to your present self. You hold on to the time machine until t2, when you will have become that future self. At that point, you use the time machine to go back to t1. The time machine exists neither before t1 nor after t2; it just goes around in a circle. In the case of general relativity, there are solutions to Einstein’s field equations due to Richard Gott and Li-Xin Li (1998) that do not start out with the usual big bang, but with a spacetime ‘doughnut’ from which the rest of the universe and its contents branch off. (The initial part of this spacetime looks a little bit like the handle of an amphora. While there are closed paths that circle around the handle, there are also paths that continue to the rest of the amphora.)
Extensions of the Hansen-Sargent prediction formulas to sampled and aggregated data

Abstract This paper uses a state-space framework to extend the prediction formulas of Hansen and Sargent (1981) to sampled and aggregated data. The formulas contained in this paper can be used, for example, in Rational Expectations models in which the decision horizon of the agent is longer than the time interval between successive observations of the exogenous forcing variables.
Delayed intestinal obstruction following treatment for cancer.

A review of 117 patients who have been treated for cancer and subsequently developed 173 episodes of intestinal obstruction has established guidelines for the management of the cancer patient with abdominal distress. Operative intervention is the treatment of choice for intestinal obstruction occurring in a patient previously treated for a malignant neoplasm. Approximately one fourth of such patients will have intestinal obstructions which are not caused by recurrence of, or metastases from, the neoplasm for which they had been previously treated. In these patients, obstruction may be due to a new primary cancer or to nonneoplastic disease. The prognosis for such patients is good, with a long-term survival of 40%. When intestinal obstruction is due to recurrent or metastatic neoplasm, significant palliation may be expected by surgically relieving the intestinal obstruction even when multiple episodes are experienced. The interval of palliation following each subsequent obstruction is, however, of progressively shorter duration. Nonoperative management of these patients has been uniformly unsuccessful. Repeated exploration and bowel resection is indicated for palliation and, on occasion, may be curative even when intestinal obstruction is due to local recurrence of cancer.
Early- and late-season grazing of orchardgrass and fescue hayfields overseeded with red clover

Low-cost alternatives to hay feeding for wintering the beef herd (Bos taurus L.) are needed to design sustainable production systems for northern Appalachia. This study was conducted to compare forage production, quality, and botanical composition of hayfields overseeded with a legume when grazed by beef cattle in early spring and late fall. Four management systems were applied to fields containing either tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.] or orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], each overseeded with red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]: (i) early spring grazing, one hay cutting, late fall grazing (GHG); (ii) two hay cuttings (HH ); (iii) early spring grazing followed by two hay cuttings (GHH); and (iv) one hay cutting followed by grazing in late fall (HG). Total dry matter (DM) was highest for the HG management. Early spring grazing (GHH and GHG) reduced spring hay yield; quality, however, as indicated by crude protein, aciddetergent fiber, and in vitro dry matter disappearance, was higher than for hay not grazed in spring (HH and HG). Fall grazing increased quality of forage grazed in early spring. Tall rescue produced more DM than orchardgrass, primarily in spring hay yield. Red clover contributed 50% of the DM of spring hay in the first year after seeding. Fall grazing extended the life of the red clover by one year : however, almost no red clover persisted into the fourth year after seeding. Results suggest that fall grazing after a single hay cutting has the potential to be a viable alternative to exclusively relying on hay for wintering the beef herd.
American Exceptionalism in the American Mind: Presidential Discourse, National Identity, and U.S. Public Opinion

The idea of American exceptionalism has lived a vibrant life in American political discourse, yet little research has focused on the effects that these messages have on U.S. public opinion. To bridge this gap, the present study examines the psychological dynamics that shape how Americans respond to messages that champion the idea of American exceptionalism. Specifically, I draw on scholarship on American exceptionalism in political discourse and on social identity to conduct a message experiment on a nationally sampled population of U.S. adults. The experiment examined the differential impacts of American exceptionalism messages on (a) people's own sense of American exceptionalism, (b) their sense that other countries are inferior by comparison, (c) their attitudes about whether the United States should be exempt from international laws and institutions, and (d) their attitudes about whether the United States should seek to spread its influence and values in the world.
Global particle recycling with ohmic and neutral beam heating in TFTR

High Ip, high ne TFTR discharges exhibit a strong density increase throughout most of the period of 0.5 s neutral beam pulses. This increase is consistent with beam fueling. On the other hand, low Ip, low ne discharges show ne saturation shortly after the beam turn-on. The latter phenomenon has been observed in smaller devices operated at lower Ip (“density-clamping”). The Hα emission near the limiter shows a strong density and plasma current scaling [(ne/Ip)3] but shows little change with beam power toroidal field, and plasma species, or with a change in wall condition (with and without Cr gettering and ZrAl gettering).
Chemical complementation: small-molecule-based genetic selection in yeast

Protein and metabolic engineering would greatly benefit from a general system linking the presence of a small molecule to the power of genetic selection. We use nuclear receptors to link the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the presence of small molecules through genetic selection, extending classical genetic complementation to a new "chemical complementation." In this system the Gal4 DNA-binding domain is fused to ligand-binding domains from two nuclear receptors, expressed in the strain PJ69-4A, and grown on plates containing known ligands for the receptors. Yeast survive on selective plates only in the presence of a nuclear receptor and the corresponding ligand. Mutagenesis can increase the sensitivity of chemical complementation. This system may be extended to engineer nuclear receptors for practically any small molecule through directed evolution coupled to genetic selection, and for performing metabolic engineering in yeast.
Surgical and clinical needs for DLP hyperspectral imaging

Surgical technology advances slowly and only when there is overwhelming need for change. Change is resisted by surgeons and is made hard by FDA rules that inhibit innovation. There is a pressing need to improve surgeon's visualization of the operative field during laparoscopic surgery to minimize the risk for significant injury that can occur when surgeons are operating around delicate, hidden structures. We propose to use a Digital Light Processor-based hyperspectral imaging system to assist an operating surgeon's ability to see through tissues and identify otherwise hidden structures such as bile ducts during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Biological magnification of photodieldrin by food chain organisms

Species differences were seen among fresh-water invertebrates and fishes in the absorption and subsequent retention of photodieldrin (a sunlight conversion product of the insecticide, dieldrin). The crayfishCambarus and the clamSimpsoniconcha showed extremely low levels of absorption and accumulation while the larvae of the mosquitoAedes, the amphipodGammarus, and the cladoceransSimocephalus, and fresh-water fleaDaphnia showed much higher levels of this insecticide. Maximum absorption occurred within 12 to 24 hours of exposure in only a few invertebrates but in most fishes. Among fishes, five to six times higher levels were seen during this period in guppy and goldfish than in minnow and bluegill. While the livebearer, guppy, kept absorbing photodieldrin with time, other fishes showed a slight decline in their tissue levels of this insecticide. The maximum biological magnification ratios during peak periods of absorption were: 133 for bluegill, 150 for minnow, 609 for goldfish, and 820 for guppy. Among microcrustacea the maximum biological magnification ratios seen after four days of continuous exposure were about 1000 forSimocephalus, 1200 forGammarus, and 63,000 forDaphnia. No appreciablein vivo metabolism of photodieldrin was seen in fishes, minnow and bluegill, and the decline in their body levels of photodieldrin is apparently not due to detoxication of the latter.
Outsourcing decision in manufacturing supply chains considering production failure and operating costs

Outsourcing has been a very popular strategy in many industries to reduce production costs and allow companies to focus on their core competencies. Unfortunately, there are few models available in the literature that can aid management in the outsourcing decision. This paper presents a model that considers two critical characteristics relevant to the outsourcing decision-making process in manufacturing supply chains: failure costs due to not meeting the production requirements (resulting in lost orders and customers) and operating costs (including fixed costs associated with the management and control of the production stages, as well as the variable unit costs per production stage). The proposed model, motivated by the rapidly growing contract manufacturing environment in the pharmaceutical industry, determines the optimal manufacturing network consisting of in-house and Contract Manufacturers (CMs). The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the outsourcing decision to the reliability, cost of lost production and the replacement ability of the manufacturing network. Specifically, we show that when manufacturing network is unreliable parallel processing can result in lower total costs. Also, high failure costs results in redundant production and parallel processing.
Random stimuli generation for functional hardware verification as a CP application

Functional verification of modern hardware design consumes roughly 70% of the effort invested in the design cycle. Simulation of randomly generated stimuli is the main means of achieving functional verification. A typical verification effort is centered around a stimuli generator which produces a massive amount of test cases that are simulated on the verified design. Bugs are then identified when the design behaves incorrectly. (in some cases this process is complemented by some amount of formal verification).
Multi-dimensional multi-mode systems: Structure and optimal control

The dynamics of multi-mode multi-dimensional (M3D) hybrid systems is described. Such systems have modes of different dimensions and the notion of a state space needs to be carefully defined. Also the behavior at the transitions between modes is particular, and may be actively controlled (exo-M3D), or passively switched via a fixed switching surface (auto- M3D). The optimal timing (switching) control for such multi-mode multi-dimensional (M3D) systems is solved. Necessary conditions for a stationary solution are derived and shown to extend those of the equal dimension case [4]. We illustrate the problem with the optimal control for a spring assisted high jump (aka man on a trampoline).
A design study of radial inflow turbines with splitter blades in three-dimensional flow

An inverse design technique to design turbomachinery blading with splitter blades in three-dimensional flow is developed. It is based on the use of Clebsch transformation, which allows the velocity field to be written as a potential part and a rotational part. It is shown that the rotational part can be expressed in terms of the mean swirl schedule (the circumferential average of the product of radius and tangential velocity) and the blade geometry that includes the main blade as well as the splitter blade. This results in an inverse design approach, in which both the main and the splitter blade geometry are determined from a specification of the swirl schedule. Previous design study of a heavily loaded radial inflow turbine, without splitter blades, for a rather wide variety of specified mean swirl schedules results in a blade shape with unacceptable nonradial blade filament; the resulting reduced static pressure distribution yields an ``inviscid reverse flow region`` covering almost the first half of the blade pressure surface. When the inverse design technique is applied to the design study of the turbine wheel with splitter blades, the results indicate that the use of splitter blades is an effective means for making the blademore » filament at an axial location more radial as well as a potential means for eliminating any ``inviscid reverse flow`` region that may exist on the pressure side of the blades.« less
Streptomycin as an Antiviral Agent: Mode of Action

In host bacteria resistant to the antibiotic, streptomycin inhibits phage replication by inhibiting the process of injection. This effect is competitively reversed by certain divalent cations, polyamines, and streptidine. It is proposed that streptomycin inhibits injection by attaching to the phage DNA while it is still folded within the phage head, and in this way it prevents the unfolding which is essential for the injection process. The reversal agents probably function by displacing the antibiotic from the phage, but they also promote injection themselves.
The second thing to hell is living under that bridge: Narratives of women living with victimization, serious mental Illness, and in Homelessness

The increasing rates of violence committed against homeless women living with serious mental illness (SMI) have been well documented. These increasing rates of violence need attention as they are a serious public health concern. The purpose of this qualitative study is to increase our understanding of victimization among this population as perceived by those who have lived the experience. The study sample consists of 15 homeless adult women who self-reported having been diagnosed with a SMI. The findings highlight the reality that, provided with the right type of resources, positive growth can occur among these women despite lifelong events of trauma, victimization, and loss.
Role of cAMP in modulating relaxation kinetics and the force-frequency relation in mitral regurgitation heart failure

The report is a discussion of previously published and newly analyzed results concerning the association between heart diseases and alterations in the force-frequency relation (FFR). The optimum stimulation frequency of the FFR is measured and compared in isolated left ventricular myocardium from non-failing hearts with atrial septal defect, coronary artery disease (without and with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) and from failing hearts with mitral regurgitation, or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Specfically, we examine the role of altered control of the excitation-contraction coupling system in blunting the force-frequency relation. We use the percent slope of the FFR as a measure of changes in the frequency sensitivity of this control. Our finding of a linear, direct relation between optimum stimulation frequency and % slope across all disease types suggests both parameters are coupled to the same underlying mechanism. To investigate the possible role of altered control of the calcium pump in this mechanism, we analyzed the detailed relation between isometric twitch relaxation kinetics and stimulation frequency in mitral regurgitation myocardium (MR). In the presence of 0.5 μM forskolin the depressed slope and optimum frequency of the FFR and the prolonged half-time of twitch relaxation were all restored to values found in non-failing myocardium. We use the kinetics of isometric twitch relaxation as an index of changes in pumping rate that occur in response to changes in stimulation frequency or in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration. A mathematical model based on the Hill relations for calcium pump uptake rate and for isometric tension as a function of intracellular pCa is developed to simulate isometric twitch relaxation in MR and non-failing myocardium. The success of this model in simulating non-failing and failing twitch relaxation supports a proposed mechanism for the prolonged relaxation time and depressed FFR in MR involving depressed protein kinase-A activity (due to lowered cAMP or to a defect in the Ser16 site of phospholamban) as a mechanism of altered control of the calcium pump in MR heart disease.
Blob tectonics: A prediction for Western Aphrodite Terra, Venus

It is proposed that the Western Aphrodite Terra region of Venus was formed by four diapirs of heated mantle material, or blobs, rising to the surface in a region of convective upwelling. The four blobs are in different stages of evolution, producing different topography, gravity anomalies, and morphology. It is shown that this model is consistent with available data and make specific predictions that can be tested with Magellan radar data.
An Observation of Apparent Teaching Behavior in the Pallid Bat, Antrozous pallidus

During a laboratory study of pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) hunting behavior, we observed an interac- tion wherein an adult female appeared to aid a juvenile male in learning a novel foraging task. This single observation adheres to the 3 requirements of teaching outlined by Caro and Hauser (1992). A female bat experienced with a hunting task modified her behavior in the presence of a naive observing male, resulting in a cost of reduced food availability to the female when she was hungry, while directing the male to food resources and accelerating his learning of a foraging task. The experienced female bat altered her behavior in the presence of a naive male by nonaggressively approaching the perched male several times before flying to a bowl of live mealworms. Within minutes, her behavior led to the initia- tion of the foraging task by the naive male. In sharp contrast, 5 other bats took 4-12 nights to learn this foraging task. Audio recordings of contact calls made during the interaction show possible information transfer via acoustic signals. We hope this lone observation will stimulate research on teaching in bats. RESUMEN.—Durante un estudio de laboratorio sobre el comportamiento de caza del murcielago palido (Antrozous pallidus), observamos una interaccion de una hembra adulta que parecia ensenar una nueva tecnica de busqueda de ali- mento a un macho joven. Esta sencilla observacion cumple con los tres requisitos de aprendizaje descritos por Caro y Hauser (1992). Un murcielago hembra, con experiencia en la caza, modifico su comportamiento en presencia de un murcielago macho inexperto que la observaba, lo que resulta en una menor disponibilidad de alimento para la hambri- enta hembra, mientras orienta al macho hacia el recurso y acelera su aprendizaje de busqueda de alimento. El experi- mentado murcielago hembra altero su comportamiento en presencia del macho acercandose varias veces, de manera no agresiva, al macho que estaba colgando y en reposo antes de volar hacia un recipiente con gusanos vivos. En cuestion de minutos, este comportamiento incito al macho inexperto a su iniciacion en la tarea de busqueda de alimento, en contraste con otros cinco murcielagos que necesitaron entre 4 y 12 noches para aprender esta tarea. Las grabaciones sonoras de los llamados de contacto registrados durante la interaccion han mostrado que es posible transferir informacion a traves de senales acusticas. Esperamos que esta observacion derive en mas investigaciones sobre el aprendizaje de los murcielagos.
All-optical quasi-phase matching and quantum path selection of high-order harmonic generation at 140 eV using counterpropagating light

We extend all-optical quasi-phase matching of high harmonic generation to 140-150 eV, where conventional phase matching is not possible. We also demonstrate, and present a model for, selective enhancement of a single quantum trajectory.
Coordinating the Death Notification Process: The Roles of the Emergency Room Social Worker and Physician Following a Sudden Death

Unexpected deaths resulting from motor vehicle accidents, cardiac arrest, violence, and trauma are the number one killers for persons under 37 years of age. Many of these deaths occur while the patient is en route to the hospital, or while being treated in the emergency room. Traumatic deaths are particularly devastating to family members left behind. Developing a protocol for the death notification process in the emergency room in which the social worker coordinates the process can address challenges and obstacles for staff and family faced with an unexpected death. The notification of survivors following the sudden death of a loved one in an emergency room presents unique difficulties for staff. Barriers to supportive death notification in the emergency room include lack of time and resources available to staff, the absence of formal training for staff in death notification, and the lack of clear, consistent guidelines and protocols. This article discusses two established death notification models and argues for adopting a role-specific approach to the process. A collaborative reinterpretation of these models highlighting the role of the social worker and incorporating a crisis intervention model is presented. The purpose of this is to overcome barriers in the emergency department to providing an effective and meaningful response to people experiencing tragic and sudden loss. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 1:101‐114 (2001)]
Tax Policy in an Era of Internationalization: Explaining the Spread of Neoliberalism

I offer an explanation for the widespread diffusion of neoliberal tax policies in the developed democracies. After accounting for the policy influences of commonly experienced domestic and international forces, I consider several plausible paths of diffusion of neoliberal tax structure. My central argument is that the highly visible 1980s market-conforming tax reform in the United States should be especially important in shaping subsequent tax policies in other polities. There are substantial reasons to believe, however, that domestic political and institutional forces will shape policymaker assessment of the benefits and costs of neoliberal reforms: the strength of right parties and the degree to which the median voter has moved right should condition adoption of neoliberal tax policy; the institutions of national and sector-coordinated capitalism should also slow the enactment of neoliberal tax reforms. I assess these arguments with empirical models of 1981–98 tax rates on capital in sixteen nations. I find that changes in U.S. tax policy influence subsequent reforms in other polities; in the long term, all nations move toward the U.S. neoliberal tax structure. Analysis also shows, however, that the short-term responsiveness to U.S. tax reforms is notably greater where uncoordinated market institutions are dominant. Theory and extensive qualitative and quantitative evidence indicate that pressures to compete for mobile assets, as balanced against the economic and political costs of adoption, anchor the process of diffusion of neoliberal tax policy. There is little evidence for the view that systematic policy learning or social emulation drove tax policy diffusion.Earlier versions of this article were presented at the Center for European Studies and Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University; Center for International Studies, UCLA; and Yale University as well as the 2002 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association. An earlier version was published as Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Working Paper #120. I thank Alex Hicks, Rob Franzese, Torben Iversen, Andy Martin, Cathie Jo Martin; participants in the Yale, UCLA, and Harvard conferences, especially Geoffrey Garrett, Helen Milner, Dennis Quinn, and Beth Simmons; and two anonymous referees and the editors of International Organization for helpful comments. I also gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Sven Steinmo that comes by way of our past collaborative work on tax policy.
Network Observability: Theory

A complete theory of network observability is presented. Starting from a fundamental notion of the observability of a network, a number of basic facts relating to network observability, unobservable states, unobservable branches, observable islands, relevancy of measurements, etc. are derived. Simple and efficient algorithms can be developed based on these basic facts to (i) test network observability, (ii) identify observable islands and (iii) place measurements for observability.
Vibrational relaxation of ultracold lithium dimers

Summary form only given. Laser cooling and trapping of atoms has enabled some of the most exciting recent advances in atomic physics, including the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Efforts are now underway to trap ultracold molecules in order to study chemical reactions and to investigate BEC of larger particles. In the atomic BEC experiments, the atoms are cooled to sub-/spl mu/K temperatures so the energy spread of the atoms which are not in the condensate is small (/spl les/20 kHz) and that of the condensate itself is zero. Therefore, a quantum degenerate gas enables an unprecedented level of spectroscopic precision. We report two-photon photoassociation of quantum degenerate /sup 7/Li atoms into the least-bound vibrational level of the ground-state triplet potential of /sup 7/Li/sub 2/. These molecules are magnetically trappable by virtue of their electronic magnetic moment.