cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy

Background Animal studies have demonstrated fetal acidosis during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. This finding suggests a potential adverse effect of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on fetal outcome in humans. Patients and Methods We reviewed our recent experience with laparoscopic surgery performed under general anesthesia and with the use of CO2 pneumoperitoneum, in pregnant women with appendicitis or cholecystitis. We compared these women's charts and pregnancy outcomes with those of pregnant women who underwent formal laparotomy during the same period of time. Results Seven pregnant patients underwent laparoscopic surgery, and there were 4 fetal deaths among them (3 during the first postoperative week, and another 4 weeks postoperatively). Five pregnant patients underwent formal laparotomy, of whom 4 subsequently progressed to term and 1 was lost to follow-up. Conclusions Our recent experiences together with the available animal data suggest that caution should be used when considering nonobstetrical laparoscopic surgery in pregnant women. This experience suggests that additional clinical and laboratory investigations may be indicated to evaluate fetal risk associated with such surgery.
Effect of Fascial Closure Technique on Strength of Healing Abdominal Incisions in the Dog A Biomechanical Study

Load-deformation data were used to determine the strength of healing abdominal incisions in dogs at 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. The breaking energy of paramedian incisions closed by suturing the internal and external leaves of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle vs. incisions closed by suturing the external leaf only was similar in the 12 dogs studied. Closure of abdominal incisions by suturing only the external leaf of the rectus sheath provided wound strength comparable to the traditional method.
Melting the fullerenes: A molecular dynamics study.

We report a molecular dynamics simulation of melting and evaporation of the carbon fullerenes ${\mathrm{C}}_{20}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{240}$. Several phases, among them a previously unknown ``pretzel'' phase with a three-dimensional structure of multiply connected carbon rings, can be identified above the high initial melting temperature T\ensuremath{\approxeq}4000 K. At T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${10}^{4}$ K, a complete conversion of compact fullerenes to carbon chain fragments is driven by entropy.
IUD use in HIV-positive women.

An integral part of the World Health Organizations and UNAIDS task to virtually eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015 would not only to ensure proper ART to pregnant women with HIV but also to appropriately provide these women who wish to delay or forgo childbearing with safe and effective contraception. Intrauterine systems (IUS) have demonstrated both of these qualities in the general population but criticism of its use in HIV-positive women arose with the theoretical concerns of increased risk of infection bleeding and viral shedding. Separate cohort studies conducted with women in Kenya and Zambia have demonstrated that there is no association between HIV-positive women and increased complication with copper-T IUD insertion when compared to HIV-negative women. The report emphasizes the need for HIV-positive women to have a safe and effective method for contraception preferably a long-term and autonomous one. This article presents the case of an HIV-positive woman who is a regular condom user and wants an IUD and includes responses from four different physicians to weigh their opinions on the matter. IUDs appear to be a viable option; given these women have reliable access to medical services. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bongkrekic acid ameliorates ischemic neuronal death in the cortex by preventing cytochrome c release and inhibiting astrocyte activation.

Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c (cyt-c) plays a critical role in initiating cell death after cerebral ischemia. The objective of this study was to determine whether bongkrekic acid (BKA) ameliorates ischemic neuronal damage by inhibiting the release of cyt-c. These results showed that a 10 min period of global ischemia caused neuronal death, increased the release of cyt-c and activated astrocytes in the cortex and CA1. BKA treatment reduced ischemic-induced neuronal death, prevented cyt-c release and inhibited astrocyte activation in the cortex, but not in the CA1. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of BKA is associated with its ability to prevent cyt-c release and to inhibit astrocyte activation.
Dissipative approximations to neutral DDEs

Abstract We approximate the solution of a neutral DDE with the solution of a retarded DDE to exploit the fact that retarded DDEs are much easier to solve numerically. After demonstrating the validity of the approach, we develop a M atlab program, ddeNsd , that solves DDEs of neutral type. The new approach and a simple user interface make it easy to solve a wide range of test problems from the literature to moderate accuracy.
Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar

We have come to call this area of research Holographic Aperture Ladar because we are working in the optical regime where only time averaged intensity records are possible. Most likely then, by using 2D interferograms recorded in either the pupil or image planes, we will reconstruct (digitally) and stitch together the complex pupil plane field segments found for each data collection site. However, while the notion of reconstructing complex fields from interference records is generally reminiscent of holography we do not claim that traditional holographic methods for determining the field segments must necessarily be employed, or are that they are even required. In fact, in this paper we will assume that the complex pupil plane field segments are available to us with out regard to how they were obtained.
The fine structure of spermatozoa in the lamprey Lampetra planeri.

The fine structure of the mature spermatozoa of L. planeri is described in extension of previous electron microscopic studies. The long nuclear canal extends a considerable distance posterior to the chromatin material and is closed posteriorly. The nucleus is thus a hollow tube closed posteriorly, with the chromatin material restricted to the anterior 14 μ of nuclear length. The entire nucleus may reach 50 μ in length. The axonemal doublets possess coarse fibers apposed to their outer surfaces; these are considered to be the homologues of larger coarse fibers of mammalian sperm. Elongate mitochondria are found along the more proximal regions of the tail posterior to the nuclear canal. Frequently, abnormal sperm with twin tails and two head filaments, each enclosed in separate nuclear membrane sheaths are observed. Spermatozoa having the central fiber extended anteriorly and enclosed in a plasma membrane sheath, possibly simulating an acrosome reaction, are described.
Teaching the history of medicine by case study and small group discussion

A case-study, small-group-discussion (“focal problem”) exercise in the history of medicine was designed, piloted, and evaluated in an overseas course and an on-campus elective course for medical students. Results suggest that this is a feasible approach to teaching history of medicine which can overcome some of the problems often encountered in teaching this subject in the medical curriculum.
Oxidative Changes in Estrogen-Stimulated Fat and the Influence of Natural Tocopherols on Stability of Fats in Normal Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION THERE has been considerable interest in the possibility of increasing resistance to rancidity of poultry in frozen storage. It is generally conceded that a major cause of rancidity is oxidation of carcass fats. Two different approaches have been made to the solution of this problem. Some workers have studied the influence of tissue anti-oxidants on rate of rancidity and have shown that incorporation of tocopherols in the diet prior to slaughter may or may not have beneficial effects (Lundberg, 1947; Criddle et al., 1947; Watts and Major, 1946, 1948; Burr et al., 1946). Others have studied the effect of diet on the amount and type of carcass fat deposited on the subsequent stability of the fat (Overman, 1942; Schreiber, 1947; Kumerow et al., 1948; Hite et al., 1949 a, b). These studies indicate in general that stability decreases with increase in total amount of fat and with increase in . . .
Influence of green state processing on the properties of diamond/zinc sulphide composites

Diamond-reinforced zinc sulphide composites have increased toughness as compared to that of pure zinc sulphide. While the mechanical properties of the composites are relatively insensitive to green state processing, the optical properties are greatly affected by the processing which governs the quality of diamond dispersion. Improved dispersion and hence good optical transmission have been achieved by shear mixing and by freeze milling.
Some new data concerning effect of actinomycin D on early chick embryos.

Actinomycin D fuhrte beim Huhnerembryo zu einer deutlichen Hemmung der Herzentwicklung nach Inkubation im Nahrmedium wahrend der Entwicklungsstadien 3 und 3+. Nach Vorbehandlung der Stadien 3–7 und anschliessender Kultur in actinomycin D-freiem Medium fanden sich Fehlbildungen von Herz, ZNS und Somiten, die in ihrer Haufigkeit von den betroffenen Entwicklungsphasen abhangig sind.
To warn and to control: two distinct legal obligations or variations of a single duty to protect?

Prior to the Tarasoff decisions, jurisprudence pertaining to the duty to warn, or inform, to prevent violence to third persons, was separate from that pertaining to the duty to control to prevent such violence. The Tarasoff Principle consolidated preventive obligations in the face of foreseeable violence under a single “duty to protect.” Even as courts adopted divergent rules for establishing foreseeability, many held to a single duty to protect with warnings as one possibility for fulfilling this option. Particularly over the past decade, courts have again disengaged the duty to warn and the duty to control, each requiring different legal predicates to occur. In recent years, courts have upheld or rejected a duty to warn, upheld or rejected a duty to control; and several courts have, within a single opinion, articulated fundamental distinctions between these two separate protective duties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulatory mechanisms that control T-follicular helper and T-helper 1 cell flexibility

Following antigenic stimulation, CD4(+) T cells have the potential to differentiate into a number of specialized effector cell subtypes. To date, much progress has been made in defining the basic molecular mechanisms that regulate initial helper T-cell differentiation decisions. Emerging research in the field is now uncovering more complexity in the series of events that control helper T-cell commitment decisions than was previously appreciated. During the commitment process, helper T cells need to integrate both signals derived from the T-cell receptor and from the surrounding microenvironment. These external signals are then translated into internal changes in gene expression potential to ultimately define the functional characteristics of the cell. In this review, this topic will be discussed from the perspective of T-follicular helper (Tfh) and T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell differentiation. The focus will be on examining how the cytokine environment is perceived by signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family proteins to initiate fate choices. The activities of STAT proteins are then in turn translated into changes in the molecular balance between B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), the helper T-cell lineage-specifying transcription factors that regulate Tfh and Th1 effector cell differentiation, respectively. Collectively, the knowledge of the molecular pathways that regulate Tfh and Th1 commitment have provided insight into the relationship between these two specialized helper T-cell subtypes and the potential for flexibility in their gene programs.
NMR of heparin API: investigation of unidentified signals in the USP-specified range of 2.12–3.00 ppm

This article addresses the identification and quantification of the chemical species resulting in resonances at 2.17 and 2.25 ppm in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of pharmaceutical-grade heparin sodium. The NMR signals in question were first confirmed to arise from chemical moieties covalently attached to the heparin molecule through NMR diffusion experiments as well as chemical treatment of heparin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) containing the resonances. The material responsible for the extra NMR signals was then demonstrated by NMR spiking studies to be something other than oversulfated chondroitin sulfate and was finally identified as an O-acetylation product of heparin through 13C labeling experiments with subsequent NMR analysis. The extent of O-acetylation was quantified using three orthogonal techniques: 1H NMR, ion chromatography, and headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results of this work showed good agreement between the three quantitative methods developed to analyze the signals in the United States Pharmacopeia-specified region of 2.12–3.00 ppm for heparin API.
Effect of solvent swelling and catalyst impregnation on the liquefaction of Black Thunder coal

Abstract The effect of swelling untreated and SO2-treated Black Thunder coals on coal liquefaction behavior was investigated. Catalyst precursors including Molyvan L, molybdenum naphthenate, and nickel octoate were introduced into swelling solvents consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropanol, or methanol at typical loadings of 700 ppm of active metal. Coal liquefaction reactions were performed at 385 and 410 °C using 1-methylnaphthalene, dihydroanthracene, or coal-derived V1074 as liquefaction solvents. The efficacy of the process was measured by using coal conversion to THF-soluble materials. Pyrene was added to the liquefaction feed to provide a measure of catalyst hydrogenation activity. Swelling of coal in the presence of a catalyst prior to liquefaction should increase the accessibility of the interstitial structure to the catalyst and, therefore, increase coal reactivity at liquefaction conditions; however, this concept was valid with only one catalyst system. Only the addition of molybdenum naphthenate with added excess sulfur resulted in improved conversion of Black Thunder (WY sub-bituminous) coal. No improvement with the addition of either Molyvan L or nickel octoate was observed. The addition of all of the catalyst precursors resulted in increased pyrene hydrogenation; therefore, there was not a direct correlation of hydrogenation and coal conversion catalytic activities.
The problem of identifying the crustal layers

Our most detailed information regarding the inaccessible portions of the uppermost 35 or 40 km of the Earth comes from the interpretation of seismic records of “near” earthquakes and of quarry-blasts. These records are used to obtain velocities and structures; as a first approximation, these structures are taken to be horizontally uniform, layers with the velocities, in each layer, independent of the depth. Average velocities and layer-thicknesses are computed with these assumptions. Two of the best sets of results of this kind are shown in. Figure 1, for New England by Leet, and for Southern California by Gutenberg. The problem which I wish to consider is the use of such material in arriving at a more concrete description of the constitution of the region down to 40 km.
Speciation and complexation in aqueous Al(III)–quinolinate solutions: a spectroscopic study

Abstract Aqueous solutions containing quinolinic acid (2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid) and aluminum chloride were investigated using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 27 Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 27 Al NMR), and potentiometry. Conditional equilibrium constants were acquired at an apparent ionic strength of 1.33 M for the formation of quinolinic acid (H 2 L), the HL − species, and each of the Al(III)–quinolinate complexes (AlL + and AlL 2 − ). The resolved infrared spectra of the quinolinate ion (L 2− ), the HL − species, and quinolinic acid were assigned and interpreted with respect to the proton binding properties of the ligand. The assignments of the 27 Al NMR and infrared spectra of the Al(III)–quinolinate complexes provide evidence that quinolinate preferentially chelates to Al(III) through both the nitrogen of the pyridine ring and one of the oxygens of a carboxylate substituent.
Ion beam modification of topological insulator bismuth selenide

We demonstrate chemical doping of a topological insulator Bi2Se3 using ion implantation. Ion beam-induced structural damage was characterized using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Ion damage was reversed using a simple thermal annealing step. Carrier-type conversion was achieved using ion implantation followed by an activation anneal in Bi2Se3 thin films. These two sets of experiments establish the feasibility of ion implantation for chemical modification of Bi2Se3, a prototypical topological insulator. Ion implantation can, in principle, be used for any topological insulator. The direct implantation of dopants should allow better control over carrier concentrations for the purposes of achieving low bulk conductivity. Ion implantation also enables the fabrication of inhomogeneously doped structures, which in turn should make possible new types of device designs.
Mobile Money: Communication, Consumption and Change in the Payments Space

This article explores the emerging field of ‘mobile money’: mobile phone-enabled systems for value transfer and storage, primarily in the developing world, which are heralded as signal intervention...
Protonation of rhenium 1,3-enyne and 1,3-diyne complexes: formation of exo-alkylidene η3-allyl and η3-propargyl complexes

Abstract Protonation of η 2 -enyne rhenium complex C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 Re(η 2 -3,4- trans -PhCCCHCHPh) ( 24 ) occurred at the coordinated alkyne to produce 1-metallacyclopropene complex C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 Re[η 2 - trans -(PhHCCH)CCHPh] + BF 4 − ( 26 ), instead of protonation at the non-coordinated alkene to produce an η 3 -propargyl complex. Protonation of the alkene coordinated η 2 -enyne rhenium complex C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 Re(η 2 -1,2- cis -PhHCCHCCPh] ( 25 ) occurred at the non-coordinated alkyne to produce exo -alkylidene η 3 -allyl complex C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 Re(η 3 - exo , anti -CHPhCHCCHPh) + BF 4 − ( 27 ), instead of protonation at the coordinated alkene to produce an η 3 -propargyl complex. Protonation of η 2 -diyne complex C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 Re(η 2 -CH 3 CCCCCH 3 ) ( 32 ) at −78 °C produced the rhenium hydride complex trans -C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 ReH(η 2 -CH 3 CCCCCH 3 ) + BF 4 − ( 33 ), which was converted to exo -alkylidene η 3 -propargyl complexes C 5 Me 5 (CO) 2 Re[η 3 -(CH 3 CH)CCCCH 3 ] + BF 4 − ( 34a and 34b ) at 0 °C.
Prospects for Higgs boson searches at the Tevatron and LHC in the MSSM with explicit CP violation

We analyze the Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) reach for the Higgs sector of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) in the presence of explicit CP violation. Using the most recent studies from the Tevatron and LHC collaborations, we examine the CPX benchmark scenario for a range of CP-violating phases in the soft trilinear and gluino mass terms and compute the exclusion/discovery potentials for each collider on the (M{sub H}{sup +},tan{beta}) plane. Projected results from standard model (SM)-like, nonstandard, and charged Higgs searches are combined to maximize the statistical significance. We exhibit complementarity between the SM-like Higgs searches at the LHC with low luminosity and the Tevatron, and estimate the combined reach of the two colliders in the early phase of LHC running.
Race and Disease in Urban Geography

On the evening of March 6, 1900, San Francisco public health authorities made the unsettling discovery that a Chinese worker residing in the Chinatown neighborhood had died of bubonic plague. Fearing a potential outbreak of the deadly disease in their city, public health officials aided by the police responded swiftly, going to the remarkable lengths of quarantining the Chinatown neighborhood after first removing all white persons from the area. By noon the next day, police and public health workers cordoned off the district, refusing to let anyone enter, though they continued to allow whites to leave. Mobility it would appear, though heavily restricted because of the quarantine, still remained a matter of white racial privilege. The story of the 1900 quarantine has been recounted in several studies examining how turn-of-the-century racial ideologies shaped the practices of public health, medicine, and law.1 The popular belief that diseases resided naturally in the bodies and abodes of Chinese immigrants led public health officials and police to conclude that implementing a quarantine of the entire neighborhood was both logical and necessary. Oddly, the question of geography rarely emerges as an important theme in these discussions. But as the process of quarantine suggests, public officials' authority to mark and set off one part of the city from another worked to create new meanings to the spaces people inhabited. Nayan Shah revisits this famous episode of public epidemiology along with other less known moments in his book Contagious Divides, to re-examine the history of San Francisco's public health bureaucracies and policies regulating the city's Chinese American population and the spaces they inhabited. Shah broadens earlier discussions of race and epidemiology to question how such regulatory practices resulted in the racial formation of Asian ethnic minorities and the production of urban social and physical spaces such as Chinatown. By incorporating themes of urban geography, racial formation, citizenship, gender and sexuality, we begin to see how these policies and bureaucratic structures shaped both the physical and discursive
Gas phase clustering of N2 molecules on to TiO+: Comparison with Ti+ and evidence for the octahedral structure of TiO+(N2)5

A striking difference in the clustering efficiency of Ti+ and TiO+ toward N2 or O2 has been observed in a laser vaporization high pressure mass spectrometric source. Evidence for the magic number n=5 within the sequence TiO+(N2)n is presented. The results are consistent with an octahedral structure for TiO+(N2)5.
Baire spaces and hyperspace topologies revisited

It is the purpose of this paper to show how to use approach spaces to get a unified method of proving Baireness of various hyperspace topologies. This generalizes results spread in the literature including the general (proximal) hit-and-miss topologies, as well as various topologies generated by gap and excess functionals. It is also shown that the Vietoris hyperspace can be non-Baire even if the base space is a 2nd countable Hausdorff Baire space.
Experimental studies of indocyanine green dye-enhanced photocoagulation of choroidal neovascularization feeder vessels.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report a model of choroidal neovascularization feeder vessels that reconciles current histologic, angiographic, and clinical data, and to report experimental studies that investigate the potential of indocyanine-green-dye–enhanced photocoagulation to improve feeder-vessel treatment. METHODS: A model of choroidal neovascularization feeder vessels was conceived to account for current histologic and angiographic data. Based on that model, experimental studies of the efficacy of indocyanine green-dye–enhanced photocoagulation were performed, using pigmented rabbit eyes as a model system. A Zeiss fundus camera was modified to permit visualization of choroidal blood flow by high-speed indocyanine green angiography and to permit simultaneous delivery of 810-nm-wavelength diode laser photocoagulation pulses to specific choroidal vascular targets during indocyanine green-dye bolus transit. RESULTS: Choroidal neovascularization feeder vessels appear to originate in the Sattler layer (that is, that portion of the choroidal vasculature consisting of medium-diameter vessels) and enter the choriocapillaris in close proximity to the small capillary-like vessels that penetrate Bruch membrane and communicate with the choroidal neovascularization. The rabbit eye experiments demonstrated that the presence of high indocyanine green dye concentration in circulating blood enhances uptake of near-infrared laser energy (three eyes); injection of sequential indocyanine green dye boluses results in gradually decreased efficiency of dye-enhanced photocoagulation (two eyes); and by application of laser energy during the initial transit of small-volume, high-concentration indocyanine green dye boluses, dye-enhanced photocoagulation of large diameter choroidal arteries can be accomplished with relatively little concomitant retinal tissue damage (three eyes). CONCLUSIONS: Although future trials will be necessary to substantiate these initial findings in the clinical arena, it appears that the efficiency of choroidal neovascularization feeder-vessel photocoagulation may be enhanced, while minimizing concomitant damage to overlying retinal tissue, by delivery of 810-nm wavelength laser energy immediately upon arrival of a high-concentration indocyanine green dye bolus in a targeted feeder vessel. However, molecules of dye adhering to vessel walls or lying in tissue interstitial spaces appear to divert laser energy from the photocoagulation process, so efficiency of indocyanine green dye–enhanced photocoagulation gradually diminishes as the number of injected dye boluses increases.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Physical Activity, and Eating Behaviors

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a prevalent and costly psychiatric disorder, is associated with high rates of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. Many studies have examined PTSD and risky behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol/substance abuse); far fewer have examined the relationship between PTSD and health-promoting behaviors. Physical activity and eating behaviors are 2 lifestyle factors that impact cardiometabolic risk and long-term health. This comprehensive review of the literature (1980-2014) examined studies that reported physical activity and eating behaviors in adults with PTSD or PTSD symptoms. A systematic search of electronic databases identified 15 articles on PTSD-physical activity and 10 articles on PTSD-eating behaviors in adults. These studies suggest that there may be a negative association among PTSD, physical activity, and eating behaviors. Preliminary evidence from 3 pilot intervention studies suggests that changes in physical activity or diet may have beneficial effects on PTSD symptoms. There was considerable heterogeneity in the study designs and sample populations, and many of the studies had methodological and reporting limitations. More evidence in representative samples, using multivariable analytical techniques, is needed to identify a definitive relationship between PTSD and these health behaviors. Intervention studies for PTSD that examine secondary effects on physical activity/eating behaviors, as well as interventions to change physical activity/eating behaviors that examine change in PTSD, are also of interest.
Psychological Maltreatment: Definitional Limitations and Unstated Assumptions

Defining child maltreatment has never been easy. This is true irrespective of whether the focus is abuse or neglect, or whether the maltreatment in question is physical, emotional, and/or psychological in nature. Thus, McGee and Wolfe (1991) set for themselves no small task in generating an operational definition of psychological maltreatment that would be useful for research. In the main, I come away from their article believing that they have failed to advance the definitional state of the field, though admiring of their effort. In order to substantiate this point of view, I will begin by highlighting a series of concerns that I have with the definition they advance and end by raising broader questions about unstated assumptions that underlie their work.
Characterization of Engineered Nickel-Base Alloy Surface Layers Produced by Additive Friction Stir Processing

Additive friction stir processing (AFSP) was used as a novel method to create consolidated γ′-strengthened superalloy surface layers on non-age-hardenable Ni-alloy substrates. A Ni–Cr–Mo superalloy (Haynes Alloy 282) was deposited onto Ni–Cr–Fe alloy (INCONEL™ Alloy 600) plate using a cold-wire gas tungsten arc process and subsequently friction stir processed. Alloy 282 was incorporated into the surface and led to increases in near-surface hardness to levels over 275 HV0.3 as-processed. Heat treatment response and precipitate distribution also improved as a result of AFSP. The application of AFSP led to a 2-fold increase in hardness after a direct age heat treatment relative to the as-deposited GTAW weld overlay without AFSP. Enhancement of precipitate formation kinetics was attributed to stored energy from mechanical stirring of the additive Alloy 282 at high temperature. Electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy of AFSP regions showed increased dislocation density for low AFSP heat input processing parameters.
The Use of Water Quality Index Models for the Evaluation of Surface Water Quality: A Case Study for Kirmir Basin, Ankara, Turkey

Water quality is an important factor for health and safety issues associated with public health and also for aquatic life. More and more water quality issues are becoming a significant concern due to the growth of population, urban expansion and development. Thus, assessment of surface water quality has become an important issue. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a single number which can be calculated easily and used for overall description of the quality of water bodies used for different purposes. In this study, the water quality data obtained from 10 sampling stations during one year monitoring period at Kirmir basin was evaluated. Kirmir basin is one of the important drinking water sources of the capital city of Turkey, Ankara. The analyses of 44 water quality parameters were done for all water samples at the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), Department of Chemistry, Water Analysis Laboratory. It was found that DO, BOD, phosphate, color, turbidity, T. coli, E. coli, Enterococci, iron, manganese, arsenic, aluminum, boron, and barium values which exceed the limit values given in the water quality standards are the major pollutants that affect the water quality in this basin. For easy interpretation of the data, five different WQI models were applied for the selected parameters. The suitability of these WQI models is discussed with respect to their applicability in similar studies. For this study it is concluded that the Canadian WQI (CWQI) and Oregon WQI (OWQI) would provide the best results.
Stress Concentrations in Cylindrically Orthotropic Composite Plates With a Circular Hole

The equations governing the distribution of the stresses in a cylindrically orthotropic plate with a circular hole are solved for the case when the plate is subjected to uniform uniaxial traction. Closed-form solutions are given for the circumferential stresses along the edge of the hole.
The Lake Lahontan highstand: age, surficial characteristics, soil development, and regional shoreline correlation

Abstract The Lake Lahontan basin has been the site of numerous pluvial lakes during the Pleistocene. We address the question of whether or not the highest remnant shoreline features around the perimeter of the lake were produced during the most recent Sehoo highstand (∼13 ka), the penultimate Eetza highstand (∼140–280 ka), or both. To do so, we document surficial characteristics, morphologic preservation, and soil development on multiple Sehoo beach barriers in the Jessup embayment to define the range in characteristics displayed by latest Pleistocene beach features. Sehoo barriers generally exhibit original constructional morphology that has been little modified by erosion. Soils developed on Sehoo barriers are generally thin and weakly developed and are strongly influenced by the introduction of eolian fines into the predominately clast-supported coarse beach gravels. Similar observations from 13 other highstand barriers and from seven older-than-latest Pleistocene paleosols located around the basin form the basis for a regional comparison. Based on similar characteristics, including the degree of morphologic preservation and weak soil development, we conclude that the widespread and nearly continuous high shoreline around the perimeter of Lake Lahontan dates from the most recent major lake cycle in all areas except in the Walker Lake subbasin. In the Walker Lake subbasin, isolated early to middle Pleistocene lacustrine outcrops and landforms are elevated as much as 70 m above the late Pleistocene limit, but are differentiated by their degraded form and lack of continuity around the subbasin. Similar unambiguous landforms were not observed elsewhere and at similar elevations in the northern subbasins of Lake Lahontan.
Exact expressions for the precession of a planet and the deflection of light

Exact expressions for the precession of a planet's orbit and for the deflection of light near a massive object are presented.
Origins and Outcomes of Judgments about Work

We evaluate the importance of judgments about work for the attainment process in the "new economy." Findings show continuing links between social origins and work orientations at age 21/22, as well as significant effects of work orientations on occupational outcomes at age 31/32. Higher socio-economic status background, and stronger self-perceived ability, are tied to weaker extrinsic orientations. Young women are more intrinsically oriented than young men. Stronger intrinsic orientations predict holding jobs that offer more intrinsic rewards, self-direction and security. Stronger extrinsic orientations predict higher biweekly earnings (largely via work hours), but not more prestigious, better paying or more secure jobs. Judgments about work, and especially intrinsic orientations, thus remain important precursors of occupational attainments, despite economic turbulence and change in the transition to adulthood.
Microiontophoresis of cocaine, desipramine, sulpiride, methysergide, and naloxone in habenula and parafasciculus.

Abstract The effects of microiontophoretically applied cocaine, desipramine (DES), sulpiride (SUL), methysergide (METH), and naloxone (NAL) on the responses of physiologically identified single neurons in the habenula (Hab) and parafasciculus thalami nucleus (PF) were examined in rats. Three cell types were identified in both nuclei on the basis of the responses obtained following noxious stimulation that were classified as “nociceptive-on”, “nociceptive-off”, and “nonnociceptive” cells. Administration of cocaine generally resulted in a decrease in the firing rate of nociceptive-on and nonnociceptive neurons in both Hab and PF. In contrast, cocaine generally induced an excitation in the baseline firing of the nociceptive-off cells. Cocaine application concomitant with noxious stimulation prevented the evoked responses of the nociceptive-on and the nociceptive-off cells. DES, when applied alone, was found to induce excitation in neuronal discharge of all three cell types in both sites. Combined application of cocaine with DES resulted in no observable change in discharge frequency for the nociceptive-on and nonnociceptive cells, while inducing an additive excitatory effect on the nociceptive-off cells. SUL, in contrast, induced no observable effect on baseline firing when given alone, yet consistently antagonized cocaine-induced effects on all three cell types. Finally, METH and NAL induced no effects on baseline firing or cocaine-induced modifications in neuronal discharge frequency.
Characteristics of an opto-galvanic effect in cesium and other gas discharge plasmas*

The change in the voltage between the electrodes of a gas discharge plasma when illuminated at wavelengths corresponding to allowed transitions in the gas atoms has been measured for cesium, uranium, argon, neon, hydrogen, and mercury plasmas. Using this effect, high signal-to-noise absorption spectra were obtained with a mechanically scanned cw Rh6G dye laser. Magnitude, polarity, and saturation of the induced voltage charges were determined; a 30% decrease in the operating voltage of a cesium discharge tube was the largest effect observed.
Communicative Competence of Children with Learning Disabilities

Research on children with learning disabilities has suggested that many of the social difficulties evidenced by this group may result from their communicative behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the verbal communicative abilities of children with and without learning disabilities both within and across two distinctly different communication situations. Sixty subjects, 30 disabled and 30 nondisabled, drawn from three middle class suburban school districts and ranging between the ages of 9 and 13 years participated in this study. Statistical analyses suggested that the subjects' communicative abilities differ markedly both as a function of the presence or absence of a handicapping condition and in response to the nature of the communication task. In addition, the use of strategies, whether to narrow the comparisons needed in a referential task or to maintain engagement during a conversation, was found to play an influential role in the quality and success of subjects' verba...
FAMILY-BASED PROJECT APPROACH TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY SENIOR DESIGN

During academic year 2006–07, a family of four closely related multi-disciplinary senior design projects was initiated. Each project team consisted of eight undergraduate students. The family of projects has continued during the academic year 2007–08, with three additional design projects comprised of 19 students. The intent of the family of design projects is two-fold. The first objective is to introduce students to the concept of designing a product within the context of a family of closely related products, similar to the approach that a corporation may use in its strategic approach to the marketplace. The second objective is to provide an open-source, open-architecture, modular, and scalable robotic vehicle platform usable by a wide range of researchers within the Kate Gleason College of Engineering looking for a vehicle to position cameras, sensors in networks, and for other data-gathering tasks. Students were given the challenge to design and manufacture a platform based on a single design, scalable across four payload orders of magnitude from 1 kg to 1,000 kg. The 10 kg and 100 kg variants were studied in AY2006–07, and the 1 kg variant was introduced in AY2007–08. The largest, 1,000 kg, planned for the future, will be about the size of a Honda Civic, so safety and fail-safe engineering is important. Each project in the family is expected to build on the technology used and lessons learned from prior and concurrent projects, much like the “next model year” in the auto industry, and information sharing requirements among concurrent engineering teams. Hardware, software, and design methods are reused whenever possible, and students are expected to develop their subsystem in the context of an evolutionary platform design. In this manner, the end-product from one design group becomes the starting point for another team. Responsibilities overlap so teams must work cooperatively, which mimics the industrial environment. Starting times on various projects may be staggered, and students must deal with documentation sharing issues, and preservation of design intent across multiple-project teams and academic terms. The paper will discuss the current status of the program, the lessons learned to-date, and future plans for the program.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Central Infusion of Recombinant Ovine Leptin Normalizes Plasma Insulin and Stimulates a Novel Hypersecretion of Luteinizing Hormone after Short-Term Fasting in Mature Beef Cows

Abstract The present studies tested the hypotheses that short-term fasting would reduce leptin gene expression and circulating concentrations of leptin and insulin in mature, ovariectomized, estradiol-implanted cows and that intracerebroventricular infusions of recombinant ovine leptin (oleptin) would attenuate reductions in insulin concentration and stimulate LH secretion. Ovariectomized cows were assigned to either control (normal fed; n = 6) or fasted (60 h of fasting; n = 7) groups and infused with 200 μg recombinant oleptin three times at hourly intervals on Day 2 (n = 6 per group). Fasting decreased plasma concentrations of insulin (P < 0.01) and leptin (P < 0.04) but, as expected, did not reduce plasma concentrations of glucose or any LH secretion variable. Central infusion of leptin on Day 2 increased (P < 0.01) plasma concentrations of leptin in both control and fasted groups. Concomitantly, leptin treatment increased plasma insulin (P < 0.01) and LH (P < 0.03) concentrations in fasted but not in...
Cranberry Best Management Practice Adoption and Conservation Farm Planning in Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bogs were historically developed in existing wetlands and new plantings are now established in mineral soils that are converted into constructed wetlands. To streamline the interaction between cranberry farming and wetlands protection, the state has defi ned “normal agricultural practices” that are exempt from wetlands regulations under certain circumstances. As part of that process and to qualify for the exemption, farmers are required to have a conservation farm plan and demonstrate the use of best management practices (BMPs) on their farms. The University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Experiment Station (UMass Cranberry Station) was engaged to bring together the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) and cranberry industry representatives to defi ne BMPs specifi c to cranberry farming practices. Initially, the documents were reviewed by scientists and regulators for soundness of science and rigor of environmental protection. A grower committee reviewed the proposed BMPs to determine if the BMPs could be implemented on real farms. The next stage of the project consisted of defi ning areas where more research was needed to formulate good BMPs. In particular, research projects were initiated to study nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition. This research has become the basis for nutrition BMPs, national cranberry nutrition guidelines, and standards used by NRCS for cranberry nutrient management plans. The cranberry BMP project has continued with a regular cycle of revision and additions based on grower-identifi ed needs for horticultural and environmental guidance. This connection to the growers, along with the regulatory link, accounts for the widespread adoption of BMPs in the cranberry industry. Local NRCS estimates that 75% to 80% of Massachusetts cranberry growers have current conservation farm plans that include BMP implementation.
Beyond Turnout: The Consequences of Compulsory Voting

Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But how are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting electoral participation? Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to vote.
Comparing the Lifestyles of Victims, Offenders, and Victim-Offenders: A Routine Activity Theory Assessment of Similarities and Differences for Criminal Incident Participants

Abstract Drawing on routine activity theory, this paper examines a sample of college students involved in criminal assault to assess whether victims, offenders, and those who are both victims and offenders show similarities on demographic, social activity, neighborhood, exposure, illegal activities, and alcohol and drug use variables. This research tests previous claims that criminal victims and offenders have numerous shared characteristics and behaviors. For all three groups a wide range of sophisticated measures of lifestyle are used to predict the likelihood of involvement in criminal incidents of assault. Victimization risks are primarily explained by indicators of individuals' exposure to offenders. Likelihood of offending is most usefully explained by demographics and participation in other illegal behaviors. Being both a victim and offender of assault is explained by a more complex set of indicators, encompassing a wide range of factors. Based on these results it appears that, for the crime of ass...
Reflection—refraction of general P-and type-I S-waves in elastic and anelastic solids

Summary. The reflection and refraction of general (homogeneous or inhomo-geneous) plane P and type-I S(SV) body waves incident on plane boundaries are considered for general linear viscoelastic solids. Reflection—refraction laws, physical characteristics of the waves, and the nature of critical angles are examined in detail at welded boundaries and a free surface. General visco-elasticity with no low-loss approximations predicts that contrasts in intrinsic absorption at boundaries give rise to inhomogeneous reflected and refracted waves with elliptical particle motions, velocities and maximum attenuations that vary with frequency and angle of incidence, energy propagation at speeds and directions different from phase propagation, phase propagation that in general is parallel to the boundary for at most one angle of incidence, and reflection—transmission coefficients dependent on energy flow due to wave interaction. None of these physical characteristics are predicted for waves incident on boundaries that respond instantaneously.
Influence of Resistance Training Volume and Periodization on Physiological and Performance Adaptations in Collegiate Women Tennis Players

Few data exist on the long-term adaptations to heavy resistance training in women. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of volume of resistance exercise on the development of physical performance abilities in competitive, collegiate women tennis players. Twenty-four tennis players were matched for tennis ability and randomly placed into one of three groups: a no resistance exercise control group, a periodized multiple-set resistance training group, or a single-set circuit resistance training group. No significant changes in body mass were observed in any of the groups throughout the entire training period. However, significant increases in fat-free mass and decreases in percent body fat were observed in the periodized training group after 4, 6, and 9 months of training. A significant increase in power output was observed after 9 months of training in the periodized training group only. One-repetition maximum strength for the bench press, free-weight shoulder press, and leg press increased significantly after 4, 6, and 9 months of training in the periodized training group, whereas the single-set circuit group increased only after 4 months of training. Significant increases in serve velocity were observed after 4 and 9 months of training in the periodized training group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the single-set circuit group. These data demonstrate that sport-specific resistance training using a periodized multiple-set training method is superior to low-volume single-set resistance exercise protocols in the development of physical abilities in competitive, collegiate women tennis players.