cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Destructive and Destructive Shortcircuit Characterization of a High-Current SiC MOSFET

As power electronics systems strive for higher power density, SiC MOSFET technology is meeting these goals by creating smaller devices with lower losses (and therefore higher current densities). As these advancements are made, failure mode expectations of these devices need to be updated. This paper presents a shortcircuit characterization of a next generation Wolfspeed device. The 900 V, $10\ \mathrm{m}\Omega$ SiC MOSFET (CPM3-0900-0010A) is subjected to different shortcircuit tests in a TO-247 3 lead package. The non-destructive shortcircuit tests conducted show the behavior of the device at different drain-source voltages and gate resistances. Destructive tests at room temperature and high temperature show the withstand time and energy of the device at different conditions.
New OTC Drugs and Devices 1998: A Selective Review

Abstract Objective To create a heightened awareness of the marketing strategy of dual labeling, i.e., labeling of two benefits on a nonprescription drug product, and to review a selection of new self-care products that became available in 1998 for consumer use in the United States. Data Sources Recent clinical and pharmaceutical industry literature. Data Synthesis It is critical for the pharmacist to be aware of the use of dual labeling and to be able to appropriately counsel and direct patients on how to read and understand dual labeling. In addition, numerous nonprescription products, including home diagnostic products and accessories, will continue to become available on the U.S. market. It is important that the pharmacist become as knowledgeable as possible about these, and be well positioned to educate patients about their appropriate use. Conclusion The new products cited in this review represent valuable new additions to the self-care product pool.
Abstract P117: A Conserved Trans-membrane Domain Lysine in the Integrin Beta1 Subunit Regulates Renal Collecting Duct Cell Function

Integrins are heterodimeric trans-membrane receptor proteins that mediate the interaction of cells with extracellular matrix proteins (ECM). They mediate various growth factor dependent cell-signal...
First-year freeze hardiness of pure species and hybrid taxa of Pinus elliottii (Engelman) and Pinus caribaea (Morelet)

Six pine taxa were compared for freeze hardiness following 2 whole plant freeze tests carried out in early and late winter 1993–94. Pure species included slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelman) (PEE), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) var. bahamensis (PCB), and var. hondurensis (PCH). The same six slash pine parents served as the female parents of the pure slash pine taxon and were control pollinated to create the F1 hybrids of slash pine × Caribbean pine var. bahamensis (F1B), the F1 of slash pine × Caribbean pine var. hondurensis (F1H), and the backcross of slash pine × (slash pine × var. hondurensis (B1H). Four traits related to adaptation (bud set, foliage/stem damage, survival) were compared. Significant differences existing among the three species at all temperatures for both freeze tests. The 3 hybrid taxa were intermediate to parental taxa for all measured traits and only at extreme temperatures was there an indication of hybrid vigor. However, inspection of foliage damage curves to estimate temperatures at which 50 percent damage occurs indicated that the hybrids deviated from the mid parent value toward the more freeze susceptible parent. Discriminant functions which included foliage damage and survival traits provided the best segregation of taxa groupings and the combining of canonical variable 1 for these discriminant functions placed hybrids intermediate to parental taxa. Parent × taxa interaction was significant, suggesting that within these taxa, family to family variation occurred, but different maternal parents were associated with the freeze hardly families in different taxa.
Historical vignette: Leonard T. Kurland, FACE (1921-2001), the rise of neuroepidemiology, and the Rochester Epidemiology Project.

Abstract The creation of the field of neuroepidemiology was one of the two principal professional achievements of the American College of Epidemiology Fellow Leonard T. Kurland (1921–2001), the other being the establishment of the Rochester Project. In the former, Kurland established the role of the neuroepidemiologists in the development of the corpus of knowledge needed to control and prevent the occurrence of neurological conditions. Two examples of his endeavors in this regard were his work on the Guamanian focus of neurodegenerative diseases and his seminal investigations into the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. He was also instrumental in the development of the Rochester, Minnesota community as a population laboratory within which epidemiologic investigations could be mounted. This pioneering achievement created a resource used by many generations of epidemiologists and clinicians to examine health and disease in the population.
Jesus as God’s Word(s): Aurality, Epistemology and Embodiment in the Gospel of John:

The prologue of the Gospel of John famously depicts Jesus as the divine λόγος made flesh. Ancient evidence and insights from sensory analysis support that John also presents Jesus as materializing ...
Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma Manifested with Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Positive Anti-RNA Polymerase III Antibody: Case Report and Literature Review

Systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma (ssSSc) is a rare disease in which patients present with internal organ manifestations of systemic sclerosis in the absence of cutaneous findings. They tend to have serological markers characteristic of systemic sclerosis (SSc), including positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anticentromere antibodies (ACA). The disease has been rarely reported in the literature, and the diagnosis can be easily missed due to a lack of relevant skin findings. Here we report a patient who presented with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding with angioectasia, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), positive ANA, positive ACA, and positive anti-RNA polymerase III antibody. The constellation of all these findings has, to our knowledge, never been described in the literature. The purpose of presenting this case is to raise the clinician's awareness of the occurrence of this disease when similar internal organs manifestations of scleroderma are encountered, and to monitor for the development of other internal manifestations and intervene promptly and accordingly.
Kähler uniformization from holographic renormalization group flows of M5-branes

In this paper, we initiate the study of holographic renormalization group flows for the metric of four-manifolds. In particular, we derive a set of equations which govern the evolution of a generic Kahler four-manifold along the renormalization group flow in seven-dimensional gauged supergravity. The physical eleven-dimensional M-theory setup is given by a stack of M5-branes wrapping a calibrated Kahler four-cycle inside a Calabi-Yau threefold. By topologically twisting the theory in the ultraviolet, we may choose an arbitrary Kahler metric on the four-cycle as an asymptotic boundary condition. We find that at the infrared fixed point, we reach a Kahler-Einstein metric, which can be interpreted as an indication of “uniformizing” behavior of the flow.
A More Practical Guide to Incorporating Health Equity Domains in Implementation Determinant Frameworks

Due to striking disparities in the implementation of healthcare innovations, it is imperative that researchers and practitioners can meaningfully use implementation determinant frameworks to understand why disparities exist in access, receipt, use, quality, or outcomes of healthcare. Our prior work documented and piloted the first published adaptation of an existing implementation determinant framework with health equity domains to create the Health Equity Implementation Framework. We recommended integrating these three health equity domains to existing implementation determinant frameworks: (1) culturally relevant factors of recipients, (2) clinical encounter or patient-provider interaction, and (3) societal context (including but not limited to social determinants of health). This framework was developed for healthcare and clinical practice settings. Some implementation teams have begun using the Health Equity Implementation Framework in their evaluations and asked for more guidance. We completed a consensus process with our authorship team to clarify steps to incorporate a health equity lens into an implementation determinant framework. We describe steps to integrate health equity domains into implementation determinant frameworks for implementation research and practice. For each step, we compiled examples or practical tools to assist implementation researchers and practitioners in applying those steps. For each domain, we compiled definitions with supporting literature, showcased an illustrative example, and suggested sample quantitative and qualitative measures. Incorporating health equity domains within implementation determinant frameworks may optimize the scientific yield and equity of implementation efforts by assessing and ideally addressing implementation and equity barriers simultaneously. These practical guidance and tools provided can assist implementation researchers and practitioners to concretely capture and understand barriers and facilitators to implementation disparities.
Independent effects of entering recovery as a young versus older adult on long-term functioning and quality of life: Results from a U.S. national study of recovering persons.

Abstract Background For physical health conditions, earlier intervention typically results in better prognoses and improved quality of life (QoL). Despite some evidence that early intervention yields better subsequent functioning too for behavioral health conditions like alcohol and other drug (AOD) disorders, less is known. This study examined the relationship between the life-stage at which individuals entered AOD recovery, demographic and clinical correlates, and its relationship to a variety of indices of current functioning, QoL and well-being. Method Nationally representative sample of U.S. adults who resolved an AOD problem (Weighted N = 1844). Structured regression analyses tested whether life-stage at which individuals entered recovery (i.e., as a young [18−30yrs,n = 746] vs. older [>30yrs,n = 1098] adult), was associated with current QoL, happiness, self-esteem, distress, and recovery capital, independent of confounders. Sensitivity analyses investigated effects during the first 5-years of recovery. Results Young adult recovery entry was independently associated with current employment, younger age of onset for primary substance, primary substance other than alcohol, and less lifetime psychiatric comorbidity. In fully-adjusted models examining indices of functioning, no association was found between life-stage at recovery entry and current self-esteem, happiness, or distress, but an association was found between young adult recovery entry and better current functioning and QoL. This effect was even more pronounced during the first 5-years of recovery. Conclusion Irrespective of current age, duration of recovery, and clinical markers of impairment, entering recovery as a young, versus older, adult, is associated with better subsequent QoL - an advantage that appears even more discernable early in recovery.
Geometric Analysis of the Bilobed Flap for Nasal Reconstruction Surgery

Background: Reconstruction of the nose can be difficult due to its complex anatomical features. In 1989, Zitelli described a modified version of the bilobed flap design technique using 45° and 90° ...
Antibiotic eluting envelopes: evidence, technology, and defining high-risk populations.

Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) are effective and important components of modern cardiovascular care. Despite the dramatic improvements in the functionality and reliability of these devices, over time patients are at risk for developing several morbidities, the most feared of which are local and systemic infections. Despite significant financial investment and aggressive therapy with hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and transvenous lead extraction, the outcomes include a 1-year mortality rate as high as 25%. This risk of infection has increased over time, likely due to the increased complexity of the surgical interventions required to insert and replace these devices. The only way to reduce this morbidity and mortality is to prevent these infections, and other than preoperative antibiotics, there were little data supporting effective therapy until the WRAP-IT trial provided randomized data showing that pocket infections can be reduced by 60% at 12 months and major CIED infections reduced by 40% at 1 year with the use of the absorbable antibiotic eluting envelope in patient CIED procedures at high risk of infection. Not all CIED procedures are at high risk of infection and justify the use of the envelope, but cost-effectiveness data support the use of the antibiotic envelope particularly in patients with defibrillator replacements, revisions, and upgrades, such as to a resynchronization device and in patients with prior CIED infection, history of immunocompromise, two or more prior procedures, or a history of renal dysfunction.
Partial Vertical Ownership in the Presence of Downstream Competition

Firms sometimes acquire partial ownership of their upstream suppliers, which entails no direct control over the target firm’s decision-making. This paper studies the economic impacts of such partial vertical ownership (PVO) in a market with downstream competition, where a manufacturer supplies two competing retailers. We find that dividend payments between firms can alter firms’ incentives in their operational decisions and, hence, serve as an “invisible hand” to downstream competition and vertical interaction. We show that a higher PVO percentage can have both positive and negative effects because the acquiring retailer’s gain from PVO depends on not only its own sales but also the competitor’s sales. Thus, PVO has an inverted U-shaped effect on the acquiring retailer and the manufacturer’s total gain, which implies that an intermediate level of PVO percentage is preferred. Second, the relative strength of the positive and negative effects depends on the acquiring retailer’s competitive position. We show that the less competitive retailer can obtain more benefits from PVO than the more competitive retailer and, hence, the manufacturer prefers establishing PVO with the less competitive retailer. Lastly, consumers will benefit from the firms’ PVO relationship when the acquiring retailer is the more competitive retailer but may become worse off when the acquiring retailer is the less competitive retailer. Our research provides managers with some guidance on the optimal PVO relationship and policymakers with insights on regulating PVOs for consumer protection.
A Closer Look at the Connection Between Plato, Kant, and Murdoch

I compare Murdoch’s, Plato’s, and Kant’s views of the relationship between ethics and aesthetics. Murdoch recognizes and discusses all of the following kinds of aesthetic experiences as experiences that may promote moral transformation: beauty in nature and art, erotic experiences of beautiful people, and sublimity in art (especially tragedy) and nature. She maintains that moral training, and the sort of reformation that results from Plato’s erotic experiences of beautiful people, as well as the triumph over the ego, may all result from all or any of those kinds of experiences. Some of these experiences might be more apt than others to teach us about certain aspects of moral reformation. For example, an erotic experience of beauty might be especially capable of teaching us love for other people, insofar as it teaches us to appreciate the subjectivity of another individual. Tragedy is, perhaps, especially capable of showing us the idea of death, which has a particularly powerful impact against the ego. Like Plato, Murdoch distinguishes between good and bad art, and she argues that while bad art may lead to immoral action, good art may be used as an instrument in a person’s moral development. Unlike Plato, however, Murdoch finds a place for erotic experiences of beauty, as well as sublimity, in art. Like Kant, Murdoch argues that there is a symbolic relationship between beauty and morality. However, while Kant and Murdoch both have specific theories of sublimity, Murdoch argues that an experience of sublimity does not give rise to the recognition of one’s own faculty of reason, as Kant suggests, but rather to the recognition of other individuals, and the realization of human conflict.
Supine Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Cadaveric Proof of Principle for Simultaneous Anterior and Lateral Approaches

ABSTRACT Background Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) and lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) are commonly performed in separate stages with a change in patient positioning to provide arthrodesis in the lumbar spine. Interest has recently emerged in performing these approaches as a single-stage surgery with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of performing minimally invasive anterolateral fixation in a single supine position. Methods Two fresh-frozen cadavers were used and placed supine. Standard minimally invasive anterior access was obtained by the approach surgeon. An ALIF was performed at L5-S1 using standard techniques. A lateral incision was marked over the L4-5 disc space using fluoroscopy. Direct palpation and bimanual dissection were achieved through the same anterior incision, allowing access to the retroperitoneal space. Dilator and retractor docking was performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Direct visualization of the docking hardware through the anterior incision was used to ensure the safety of peritoneal contents and vasculature. The LLIF was then performed using standard techniques at L4-5. Results Plain radiographs confirmed acceptable positioning of both the ALIF and LLIF grafts. No injury to the cadaveric peritoneum, vasculature, or lumbar plexus was observed. A slightly enlarged anterior incision also permitted retroperitoneal access and visualization of the L3-4 disc space. Conclusion This cadaver feasibility study demonstrates that combined minimally invasive ALIF and LLIF procedures may be performed as a single-stage with the patient in the supine position. Clinical consideration and study of this approach are warranted.
From iSchools to US Ignite: Strategies for fostering inclusive gigabit networks

The goals of this interactive, half-day workshop are to raise awareness of the U.S. Ignite initiative and the opportunities it provides to collaborate among iSchools as well as communities. U.S. Ignite brings together high-speed broadband resources to create test beds at a national scale. The initiative uses the Global Environment for Network Innovation (GENI), an NSF-funded cloud network that provides a fast virtual laboratory to develop new applications to address societal needs in healthcare delivery, advanced manufacturing, education and work force development, economic development, disaster response, and energy use. How can iSchools help libraries play a leading role in building inclusive next-generation Internet applications and services? We will showcase specific applications from communities, including Chattanooga and Cleveland, and projects such as the Video Mosaic Collaborative at Rutgers University. Municipal and institutional variations generate distinct local strategies to increase social inclusion in the digital world.
General Framework for Mechanizing Induction using Test Set

We present in this paper a test set induction procedure which is refutationally complete for conditional specifications (not restricted to Boolean specifications), in that it refutes any conjecture which is not an inductive theorem. Previously, we could only compute a test set for a conditional specification if the constructors were free. Here, we give a new definition of test sets and a procedure to compute them even if the constructors are not free. The method uses a new notion of provable inconsistency and induction positions (that need to be instantiated by induction schemes) which allows us to refute more false conjectures than with previous approaches. We also present an algorithm to compute all the induction positions of a conditional specification. The method has been implemented in SPIKE. Computer experiments show the superiority of SPIKE concerning mutual induction over explicit induction based systems.
Esophagospasm: Transthoracic esophagoplastic operation with report of a case

Abstract 1. 1. The case reported has been cured symptomatically and the lower esophagus has resumed its normal diameter and tonicity. 2. 2. A larger percentage of patients with esophagospasm should be operated upon before extreme dilatation and atony occur. Conservatism and palliation in a large number of patients require continuous treatment to accomplish semi-invalidism. Carcinoma follows dilatation of the esophagus twenty-five times as often as in the undilated esophagus. 3. 3. The type of operation should be limited to those which relieve or remove the stricture, preferably through a transthoracic approach. 4. 4. Collaboration of the abdominal surgeon with the thoracic surgeon may effect an increasing number of complete cures with a decreasing mortality rate.
Immunochemical Characterization of Two Major Polypeptides from Murine Mammary Tumor Virus

A major murine mammary tumor viral (MMTV) antigen, sl, originally described by Nowinski et al. (1967, 1968, 1971), has been purified from RIII mouse milk MMTV by sequential ion-exchange and gel chromatography. The purified protein with sl antigenic reactivity contains carbohydrate, and has an apparent minimal molecular weight of 52,000. It can be designated as gp52 (sl). Another major MMTV viral protein with a molecular weight of 27,000 has also been isolated, and antisera have been prepared against it. Both MMTV gp52 (sl) and p27 viral polypeptides have been iodinated with 125I and used in immunoprecipitation and competition assays. The two MMTV proteins differ absolutely from each other and from major mouse type C viral polypeptides in molecular weight, immunological reactivity, and amino acid composition. Purified gp52 (sl) in radioimmunoprecipitation inhibition assays reacted in two distinct patterns. One pattern showed partial displacement of antibody which could be converted to the second, a complete displacement, by heating the antigen, presumably by exposing additional reactive determinants. Biologically, the patterns of major MMTV polypeptide expression in milk correlated with spontaneous mammary tumor incidence in different strains of mice, indicating that the sl antigen is group specific for MMTV or that several mouse strains contain the same virus type.
Superconductivity in C60-based solids

Abstract Experimental data and theoretical calculations related to C60-based solids are used to interpret some of the electronic and superconducting properties of these materials.
Sorting of Clathrin‐Independent Cargo Proteins Depends on Rab35 Delivered by Clathrin‐Mediated Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) co-exist in most cells but little is known about their communication and coordination. Here we show that when CME was inhibited, endocytosis by CIE continued but endosomal trafficking of CIE cargo proteins was altered. CIE cargo proteins that normally traffic directly into Arf6-associated tubules after internalization and avoid degradation (CD44, CD98 and CD147) now trafficked to lysosomes and were degraded. The endosomal tubules were also absent and Arf6-GTP levels were elevated. The altered trafficking, loss of the tubular endosomal network and elevated Arf6-GTP levels caused by inhibition of CME were rescued by expression of Rab35, a Rab associated with clathrin-coated vesicles, or its effector ACAPs, Arf6 GTPase activating proteins (GAP) that inactivate Arf6. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Rab35 recreated the phenotype of CME ablation on CIE cargo trafficking without altering endocytosis of transferrin. These observations suggest that Rab35 serves as a CME detector and that loss of CME, or Rab35 input, leads to elevated Arf6-GTP and shifts the sorting of CIE cargo proteins to lysosomes and degradation.
Identification, of a Potential regulator of early transcriptional responses to mesoderm inducers in the frog embryo

The activin/transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of peptide growth factors plays a central role in the induction of mesoderm during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Immediate transcriptional responses to mesoderm-inducing signals have been described, but the signal transduction steps leading to these early responses are unknown. We describe here the first pre-transcriptional response to activin/TGF-beta mesoderm inducers in the early embryo. We have identified a cellular factor which binds to a 50 bp portion of the promoter for an activin/TGF-beta early response gene. This factor is activated within 4 min of treatment of embryonic prospective ectoderm with mesoderm-inducing factors, making it the earliest response to these factors described in early embryos. This factor can be activated throughout early cleavage and blastula stages, is activated by mesoderm inducers of the activin/TGF-beta superfamily but not the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, and does not appear to require an endogenous FGF signal for activation. Characterization of this factor provides a powerful tool for studying the early steps in the induction of mesoderm by members of the activin/TGF-beta superfamily.
Virtualizing living and working spaces

Display Omitted Virtualization is a process to recreate physical aspects of health care spaces for systematic study.We created point cloud data of real homes and rendered them for display in a 3D CAVE.Visualization enables study the context of health information while minimizing burden to users.Full-scale home models aids research, guides plans, assists design of self-care tools. The physical spaces within which the work of health occurs - the home, the intensive care unit, the emergency room, even the bedroom - influence the manner in which behaviors unfold, and may contribute to efficacy and effectiveness of health interventions. Yet the study of such complex workspaces is difficult. Health care environments are complex, chaotic workspaces that do not lend themselves to the typical assessment approaches used in other industrial settings. This paper provides two methodological advances for studying internal health care environments: a strategy to capture salient aspects of the physical environment and a suite of approaches to visualize and analyze that physical environment. We used a Faro? laser scanner to obtain point cloud data sets of the internal aspects of home environments. The point cloud enables precise measurement, including the location of physical boundaries and object perimeters, color, and light, in an interior space that can be translated later for visualization on a variety of platforms. The work was motivated by vizHOME, a multi-year program to intensively examine the home context of personal health information management in a way that minimizes repeated, intrusive, and potentially disruptive in vivo assessments. Thus, we illustrate how to capture, process, display, and analyze point clouds using the home as a specific example of a health care environment. Our work presages a time when emerging technologies facilitate inexpensive capture and efficient management of point cloud data, thus enabling visual and analytical tools for enhanced discharge planning, new insights for designers of consumer-facing clinical informatics solutions, and a robust approach to context-based studies of health-related work environments.
Trout Metabolism Characteristics and the Rational Design of Nitrification Facilities for Water Reuse in Hatcheries

Abstract The literature has been reviewed and quantitative relationships have been derived to express the oxygen required, ammonia, BOD, and suspended solids production as a function of fish length. The temperature dependence of feeding rate and nitrification capacity has been incorporated into a nomograph which predicts the nitrification volume requirements for recycle. Another nomograph was constructed to predict water flow requirements and pollution resulting from trout hatchery operation.
An Empirical Performance Evaluation of Relational Keyword Search Techniques

Extending the keyword search paradigm to relational data has been an active area of research within the database and IR community during the past decade. Many approaches have been proposed, but despite numerous publications, there remains a severe lack of standardization for the evaluation of proposed search techniques. Lack of standardization has resulted in contradictory results from different evaluations, and the numerous discrepancies muddle what advantages are proffered by different approaches. In this paper, we present the most extensive empirical performance evaluation of relational keyword search techniques to appear to date in the literature. Our results indicate that many existing search techniques do not provide acceptable performance for realistic retrieval tasks. In particular, memory consumption precludes many search techniques from scaling beyond small data sets with tens of thousands of vertices. We also explore the relationship between execution time and factors varied in previous evaluations; our analysis indicates that most of these factors have relatively little impact on performance. In summary, our work confirms previous claims regarding the unacceptable performance of these search techniques and underscores the need for standardization in evaluations--standardization exemplified by the IR community.
Intelligent systems approaches to product sound quality evaluations – A review

Abstract As a product market becomes more competitive, consumers become more discriminating in the way in which they differentiate between engineered products. The consumer often makes a purchasing decision based on the sound emitted from the product during operation, by using the sound to judge quality or annoyance. Therefore, in recent years, many sound quality analysis tools have been developed to evaluate the consumer preference as it relates to a product sound and to quantify this preference based on objective measurements. This understanding can be used to direct a product design process in order to help differentiate the product from competitive products or to establish an impression on consumers regarding a product’s quality or robustness. The sound quality process is typically a statistical tool that is used to model subjective preference, or merit score, based on objective measurements, or metrics. In this way, new product developments can be evaluated in an objective manner without the laborious process of gathering a sample population of consumers for subjective studies each time. The most common model used today is the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), although recently non-linear Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches are gaining popularity. To shed further light into these approaches, this paper is written to review the sound quality process and neural network models, and extend these introductions into a discussion regarding the value that can be gained in using an intelligent systems approach, namely ANNs, to sound quality analysis. The paper goes into specific shortcomings that are associated with both the current regression and neural network approaches, and concludes with new thoughts regarding a robust approach to improving the current state-of-the-art technology.
Theory of laser‐stimulated surface processes. I. General formulation for the multiphonon relaxation of a vibrationally excited adatom

A general expression is obtained for the rate of energy transfer from an adatom‐surface bond in an excited vibrational state due to IR laser irradiation to vibrational modes of the solid. The rate is seen to involve time Fourier transforms of powers of a correlation function for the displacement of different lattice particles at different times, reciprocal‐space Fourier components of a suitably chosen pair potential between the adatom and each lattice atom and a weight factor associated with the laser‐excited state of the adatom‐surface bond. This ‘‘factorization’’ of the energy transfer rate into components depending on the properties of the laser, those of the adatom‐surface bond and those of the solid provides a simple physical picture of the relaxation process within a rigorous framework and strongly suggests many points of departure towards more phenomenological approaches to laser‐stimulated surface processes.
The connection of police strategies for coping with workplace problems to stress in two countries

This research examined the direct effects of coping strategies on stress and the moderating effects of coping strategies on the associations between workplace problems experienced by police and stress in South Korea and the United States. Data revealed that coping strategies did not change the strength of connections between workplace problems and stress. Especially in the United States, the use of escape as a coping strategy was related to high stress. Findings were most consistent with the use of organizational-level interventions to increase police officers' job control and advancement opportunities, and pointed to the need to consider support as a way to limit stress.
Effects of Different Types of Educational Tracking on Achievement and Achievement Variance

Despite their stated intention of providing equal educational opportunity for all, many democratic countries separate their students into different classes or even different schools based on their demonstrated academic ability and likely future career. This practice is often referred to as “tracking or “ability grouping.” This study aims to determine whether different types of educational tracking have different effects on students’ academic achievement. Specifically, this study investigates whether disparities in educational achievement between students of highly educated versus minimally educated parents are greater in countries that practice more explicit and complete forms of tracking. It also explores tracking’s effects on average achievement and overall achievement variance. Analysis of data from the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicates that tracking generally does increase score disparities between children from different educational backgrounds. Tracking is also associated with higher overall variance of scores. At the same time, tracking may have a slight positive effect on average achievement. However, results are not consistent across all countries, and patterns are different in different subject areas and for different types of tracking. The results of this study neither condemn nor extol tracking. Rather, they indicate that tracking plays a relatively minor role in determining the quality and equity of an education system.
A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR GENERATING ALTERNATIVES IN DISCRETE STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

Structural design, like other complex decision problems, involves many tradeoffs among competing criteria. While mathematical programming models are increasingly realistic, there are often relevant issues that cannot be easily captured, if at all, in a formal system. This paper describes an approach to modelling that recognizes these limitations and allows a designer to explore unmodelled issues in a joint human-computer cognitive system. A prototype based on this approach is presented for topological truss optimization, and three modelling techniques are contrasted for their effectiveness in producing “different” alternatives. The results show that alternatives produced using these techniques are good with respect to modelled objectives, and yet are different, and often better, with respect to interesting objectives not present in the model.
Density fractionation of water‐dispersible soil organic‐mineral particles

Abstract A method has been devised for reproducibly separating from soils minimally altered, clay‐size soil organic‐mineral particles (SO‐MPs) by water dispersion and density centrifugation. Active surfaces of SO‐MPs so obtained should represent more closely those actually interfacing with root systems and microbes than the chemically cleaned clay or humic materials conventionally obtained in laboratory prepartions. The method reduces heterogeneity within given size fractions of SO‐MPs, which is desirable for studying relationships between composition and properties of minimally altered soil “fines”.
Pineal Response in the Cichlid Fish Oreochromis mossambicus to Extreme Osmolality, pH, and Temperature

Unusually large pineal glands have been observed in Oreochromis alcalicus grahami of Lake Magadi, Kenya. To test the hypothesis that this phenomenon could result from the extremes of osmolality, pH, and temperature found in the lake, Oreochromis mossambicus males were exposed to either high osmolality (564 mOsm/L), high pH (10.08), or high temperature (40 C); control groups were exposed to 7 mOsm/L at a pH of 7.89 and a temperature of 26 C. After 21 days in the adverse environments, fish in all the experimental groups had significantly higher pineal weights and serum melatonin levels than the control fish. It is concluded that pineal activity increases in response to these environmental stresses, as it has been shown to increase with certain other types of stress.
Variation of albedo with solar incidence angle on planetary surfaces

The general dependence of the albedo of a surface on incidence angle, which is commonly neglected in many calculations of planetary surface temperatures, is shown to be especially pronounced for the case of bright surfaces. In the cases of objects such as Ganymede and Io, the effect generates cooler temperatures near the poles and terminators than would be calculated under the assumption of a constant albedo. This constitutes an important consideration in determining the stability of frosts on such surfaces, such as the SO2 frost on Io.
Correlation of T1ρ with fixed charge density in cartilage

Purpose To establish the specificity of T1ρ with respect to fixed charge density (FCD) as a measure of proteoglycan (PG) content in cartilage during the onset of osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods T1ρ-weighted and sodium MRI were performed on cartilage samples of enzymatically degraded bovine explants and natural osteoarthritic human samples representing controlled and physiological models of OA, respectively. Spatial maps of T1ρ and FCD (measured using the previously validated method of sodium MRI) were calculated from image data. Data were extracted from the maps and subjected to linear regression to compare changes in T1ρ with changes in FCD in each model. Tissue samples were subjected to histological staining for a reduction in PG content. Results Plots of normalized T1ρ rate vs. FCD were found to be strongly correlated (R2 > 0.75 and 0.85) in both models with nearly the same slope of ≈1/2 (P > 0.51). Loss of PG in bovine and human tissue was confirmed by histology. Conclusion The strong correlation of the FCD and T1ρ data in both the controlled and physiological models demonstrates that changes in T1ρ are due predominantly to changes in PG content. This work is a first step in establishing T1ρ as a method of quantifying PG changes in early-stage OA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:519–525. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Functional genomics as applied to mapping transcription regulatory networks

The sequencing of the human genome and the entire genomes of many model organisms has resulted in the identification of many genes. Many large-scale experiments for generating gene disruptions and analyzing the phenotypes are underway to ascertain gene function. A future challenge will be to determine interaction and regulation of all the genes of an organism. Recent advances in functional genomic technology have begun to shine light on such gene network problems at both transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Functional genomics will not only elucidate what the genes do, but will also help determine when, where and how they are expressed as an orchestrated system. In this review, we discuss the functional genomics approaches to extract knowledge about transcription regulatory mechanisms from combinations of sequence data, microarray data and ChIP data. We focus in particular on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Analysis of inorganic pyrophosphate at the picomole level.

Abstract A radiometric determination of inorganic pyrophosphate is described in this communication. Excess uridine 5′-diphospho[ 14 C]glucose is used to react with inorganic pyrophosphate in a reaction catalyzed by uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase. This reaction liberates [ 14 C]glucose 1-phosphate, which is then further converted to 6-phospho[ 14 C]gluconic acid in the presence of phosphoglucose mutase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The reaction product, 6-phospho[ 14 C]gluconic acid, is separated from uridine diphospho[ 14 C]glucose by the addition of activated charcoal, which adsorbs uridine diphospho[ 14 C]glucose preferentially. The sensitivity of the assay for inorganic pyrophosphate is 20 pmol.
Evidence that lithium and ammonium ions enhance lipopolysaccharide stimulation of lymphoid cells by different mechanisms

Abstract Addition of Li+ or NH4+ to mitogen-stimulated hamster splenocytes led to enhanced tritiated thymidine incorporation. Results from three lines of investigation indicate that the two ions enhance stimulation by different mechanisms. First, NH4+ enhanced the response of splenocytes, but not lymph node cells or thymocytes, while Li+ enhanced the response when cells from all three sources were employed. Second, while neither ion was mitogenic, addition of Li+ plus NH4+ to cultures of splenocytes led to a modest mitogenesis in the absence of other mitogens. Third, experiments with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, theophylline, and indomethacin indicated that Li+ enhancement of stimulation was linked to cyclic nucleotide metabolism while the NH4+ effect was not linked to this system. When other amines were investigated, some consistently enhanced mitogen stimulation (methylamine, trimethylamine) while others (chloroquine, putrecine) did not consistently enhance splenocyte stimulation. Therefore, it would appear that the NH4+ effect was not due to its lysosomotrophic properties. Other possible sites of NH4+ involvement in stimulation are discussed.
A cytochrome b model, [Fe(TPP)(4-MeHIm)2][K(222-cryptand)]2Cl2

The mol­ecular structure of the title cytochrome b model, (5-meth­yl-4H-imidazole)(5,10,15,20-tetra­phenyl­porphyrinato)­iron(II) bis­[(222-cryptand)potassium(I)] dichloride, [Fe(C44H28N8)(C4H6N2)2][K(C18H36N2O6)]2Cl2 or [Fe(TPP)(4-MeHIm)2][K(222-cryptand)]2Cl2, is reported. This low-spin FeII tetra­phenyl­porphyrinate is cocrystallized with the salt [K(222-cryptand)]Cl. The crystal structure has iron(II) on an inversion center. The average Fe—Np bond is 1.9952 (8) A and the Fe—NIm distance is 2.0154 (8) A. The porphyrin core is saddled; the two imidazole rings have a relative parallel orientation (Np = porphyrinate N atom and Im = imidazole).
Synergistic actions of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in vascularizing bioengineered tissues.

Poor angiogenesis is a major road block for tissue repair. The regeneration of virtually all tissues is limited by angiogenesis, given the diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products is limited to a few hundred micrometers. We postulated that co-transplantation of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells improves angiogenesis of tissue repair and hence the outcome of regeneration. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by using bone as a model whose regeneration is impaired unless it is vascularized. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) were isolated from each of three healthy human bone marrow samples and reconstituted in a porous scaffold. MSCs were seeded in micropores of 3D calcium phosphate (CP) scaffolds, followed by infusion of gel-suspended CD34+ hematopoietic cells. Co-transplantation of CD34+ HSCs and CD34− MSCs in microporous CP scaffolds subcutaneously in the dorsum of immunocompromized mice yielded vascularized tissue. The average vascular number of co-transplanted CD34+ and MSC scaffolds was substantially greater than MSC transplantation alone. Human osteocalcin was expressed in the micropores of CP scaffolds and was significantly increased upon co-transplantation of MSCs and CD34+ cells. Human nuclear staining revealed the engraftment of transplanted human cells in vascular endothelium upon co-transplantation of MSCs and CD34+ cells. Based on additional in vitro results of endothelial differentiation of CD34+ cells by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), we adsorbed VEGF with co-transplanted CD34+ and MSCs in the microporous CP scaffolds in vivo, and discovered that vascular number and diameter further increased, likely owing to the promotion of endothelial differentiation of CD34+ cells by VEGF. Together, co-transplantation of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells may improve the regeneration of vascular dependent tissues such as bone, adipose, muscle and dermal grafts, and may have implications in the regeneration of internal organs.
Graft-vs.-lymphoma effect in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation model

It is known that an important curative benefit of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BAMT) in the treatment of hematolymphoid malignancies is a graft-vs.-tumor (GVT) effect. GVT activity has been attributed to mature immune cells contained within the graft because T-cell depletion of bone marrow results in increased rates of disease relapse post-transplantation. We previously demonstrated successful engraftment of highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transplanted across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers in mice. In the present study, we have developed a preclinical model of allogeneic HSC transplantation into lymphoma-inoculated mice, allowing us to directly test whether purified HSCs have measurable GVT activity. We then performed cotransfer studies of HSCs with purified immune cells to identify which population(s) confers tumor protection and the mechanism by which such cells suppress tumor growth. MHC-mismatched donor-recipient combinations were studied. All of the GVT activity was contained in the CD8+ cell fraction and, at the doses of CD8+ cells tested, tumor protection was separable from acute graft-vs.-host disease (aGVHD). Although there appears to be no functional difference between BM- and splenic-derived CDS8+ cells with regard to GVT activity without aGVHD, this was not the case for purified CD3+ cells. CD3+ cells derived from BM were tumor protective, whereas transplantation of equivalent doses of CD3+ cells purified from spleen resulted in lethal GVHD. The mechanism by which the GVT-conferring cells protect recipient mice from tumors was studied using immune defective mice as donors. We found that an intact pathway of perforin-dependent cytolysis, as well as an intact Fas-ligand pathway, is required in order to exert maximal anti-tumor activity.
Inflation-driving scalar field

Abstract The quantum mechanical behavior of the Higgs field which drives inflation of the early universe is discussed. The standard picture of the new inflationary universe cannot be realized in the minimal SU(5) model. A realistic model in which inflation is driven by a complex gauge singlet Higgs field containing the axion is presented.
Fluorescence in the characterization of bovine growth hormone.

When bovine growth hormone was acidified from pH 5 to 2.5 the fluorescence of the tryptophan residues increased about 6-fold. This exaltation appears to be specific for bovine and ovine growth hormones. This property of bovine growth hormone can be used to follow its purification during fractionation. (Endocrinology 78: 98, 1966)