cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A viable dipole magnet concept with REBCO CORC® wires and further development needs for high-field magnet applications

Author(s): Wang, X; Caspi, S; Dietderich, DR; Ghiorso, WB; Gourlay, SA; Higley, HC; Lin, A; Prestemon, SO; Van Der Laan, D; Weiss, JD | Abstract: REBCO coated conductors maintain a high engineering current density above 16 T at 4.2 K. That fact will significantly impact markets of various magnet applications including high-field magnets for high-energy physics and fusion reactors. One of the main challenges for the high-field accelerator magnet is the use of multi-tape REBCO cables with high engineering current density in magnet development. Several approaches developing high-field accelerator magnets using REBCO cables are demonstrated. In this paper, we introduce an alternative concept based on the canted cos θ (CCT) magnet design using conductor on round core (CORC®) wires that are wound from multiple REBCO tapes with a Cu core. We report the development and test of double-layer three-turn CCT dipole magnets using CORC® wires at 77 and 4.2 K. The scalability of the CCT design allowed us to effectively develop and demonstrate important magnet technology features such as coil design, winding, joints and testing with minimum conductor lengths. The test results showed that the CCT dipole magnet using CORC® wires was a viable option in developing a REBCO accelerator magnet. One of the critical development needs is to increase the engineering current density of the 3.7 mm diameter CORC® wire to 540 A mm-2 at 21 T, 4.2 K and to reduce the bending radius to 15 mm. This would enable a compact REBCO dipole insert magnet to generate a 5 T field in a background field of 16 T at 4.2 K.
Collective Life and Social Change in The GDR

Research into East Germany's 1989 collapse often uses models developed for Western social movements which emphasize social movement organizations and activists. This approach may neglect important aspects of the social organization of everyday life in repressive contexts and how these affect social movement processes. Unlike the West, East Germany built social life around state-sponsored groups, called collectives, and these had a marked effect on the development of the opposition. Research presented here, based on interviews and archival documents, shows how collective discussions, although never oppositional in the fullest sense, facilitated grievance construction and an awareness of common political exclusion. Over the course of time, especially after Gorbachev's reforms, these practices laid the groundwork for mobilization in the relative absence of an opposition movement. Without understanding the concealed social movement processes operating within collective groups, the state's sudden, and peaceful...
Subsurface Drainage Water Management

Introduction Drainage water management, in the context of subsurface agricultural drainage, consists of managing outflow with a goal of reducing drainage volume. Because less water is leaving the system, a corresponding reduction in the amount nitrate-nitrogen can be expected, although concentrations tend to be similar when compared with conventional drainage. The objective of this work is to determine the impact of drainage water management on drainage outflow, water table depth, and crop yields.
Anesthesia and Postoperative Pain Control

Fractures in the elderly are common. There is frequent need for surgical intervention. Anesthesiologists can safely use a variety of techniques to assist the orthopedic surgeon and help provide the kind of postoperative pain relief that is necessary for patients to recover successfully. General anesthesia, systemic analgesics, and regional techniques for operative anesthesia or postoperative pain relief all represent important tools in the total process, from injury to rehabilitation.
Evaluating learning outcomes of an asynchronous online discussion assignment: a post-priori content analysis

ABSTRACTUse of learning management systems is prevalent across the continuum of education formats (online, blended, face-to-face). Specific asynchronous tools such as the discussion board are effec...
Integration of biology, ecology and engineering for sustainable algal-based biofuel and bioproduct biorefinery

Despite years of concerted research efforts, an industrial-scale technology has yet to emerge for production and conversion of algal biomass into biofuels and bioproducts. The objective of this review is to explore the ways of possible integration of biology, ecology and engineering for sustainable large algal cultivation and biofuel production systems. Beside the costs of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, and fresh water, upstream technologies which are not ready for commercialization both impede economic feasibility and conflict with the ecological benefits in the sector. Focusing mainly on the engineering side of chemical conversion of algae to biodiesel has also become obstacle. However, to reduce the costs, one potential strategy has been progressing steadily to synergistically link algal aquaculture to the governmentally mandated reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in municipal wastewater. Recent research also supports the suppositions of scalability and cost reduction. Noticeably, less is known of the economic impact of conversion of the whole algae-based biorefinery sector with additional biochemical and thermochemical processes and integration with ecological constraints. This review finds that a biorefinery approach with integrated biology, ecology, and engineering could lead to a feasible algal-based technology for variety of biofuels and bioproducts.
Visualization of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in living cells based on Au nanorods@silica enhanced fluorescence

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide as a gas indicator molecule plays an important role in various human physiological processes. However, due to the high volatility and diffusivity of H2S in biological systems, it is very difficult to implement a precise assay for H2S detection. Compared with the destructive instrumental methods, assays based on fluorescence probes provide noninvasive and real-time detections of H2S in living cells. In this work, we presented a fluorescent nanoprobe based on dye-functionalized Au nanorods (NRs)@silica for sensitive and selective detection of H2S in vitro and living cells. With the metal enhanced fluorescence effect, the fluorescence turn-on and turn-off were controlled by the formation and disassembly of coordination compound between dyes and copper ions. Silica matrix was used to coat the Au NRs to prevent them from the biological cytotoxicity. The effects of the different distances between Au NRs and fluorophores on fluorescent enhancement were explored and approximately 5-fold fluorescence enhancement was obtained with a distance of 22 nm. A detection of limit of 17 nM was achieved. In addition, visualization of exogenous and endogenous H2S in living cells was validated.
Deciphering Big Data: Making Sense of Global Climate Models in the Context of Public Health Protection and Policy

Introduction: Significant and rapid changes in the atmospheric climate of Earth is occurring. Recent advances in technology, monitoring, and information sharing provide a unique opportunity to asse...
Abstract B58: The role of EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase in antitumor immunity mediated through programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Despite the advent of targeted therapies and breakthrough immunotherapies, lung cancer remains the number one cause of cancer-related death. Immune checkpoint inhibitors against PD-1 and PD-L1 induce remarkable and durable responses in a fraction of NSCLC patients, but most fail to respond or develop intolerable autoimmune-related toxicities. Additionally, the current standard of using PD-L1 expression alone as a biomarker is not strongly predictive of patient response and reveals the challenges that clinicians face when the understanding of the underlying biology lags behind clinical implementation. EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is implicated in many solid tumors, including NSCLC, as well as inflammatory processes. Blockade of EphA2 induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells and increases survival in mouse models of NSCLC, demonstrating that EphA2 is a viable target for therapeutic intervention in NSCLC. Here, we examine how EphA2 in NSCLC cancer cells affects the PD-1 and PD-L1/2 checkpoint signaling axis in the tumor microenvironment. Preliminary studies suggest that EphA2 regulates the expression of PD-L2, but not PD-L1, in normal epithelium, as well as NSCLC cell lines. Knockdown of EphA2 by siRNA in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells shows decreased surface PD-L2 expression by flow cytometry. Additionally, PD-L2 expression is induced in human NSCLC cell lines by cytokine stimulation, specifically IFNg and IL-4. Knockdown of EphA2 in a subset of KRAS mutant human NSCLC cell lines after cytokine stimulation decreased PD-L2 expression. Analysis of NSCLC surgical specimens and survival data demonstrate that higher PD-L2 expression correlates with worse prognosis. Despite PD-L2’s known role in immune tolerance, its impact on the tumor microenvironment is greatly understudied compared to PD-L1. Thus, further elucidation of EphA2s role in regulating PD-1 and PD-L2 interactions in functional assays and in in vivo mouse models will further our understanding of PD-1 and PD-L1/PD-L2 biology in the tumor immune microenvironment and will be critical for predicting the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Citation Format: Eileen F. Shiuan, Shan Wang, Ariel Raybuck, Mark Boothby, Jin Chen. The role of EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase in antitumor immunity mediated through programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2017 Oct 1-4; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2018;6(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B58.
Cost‐effectiveness of screening for HLA‐B*1502 prior to initiation of carbamazepine in epilepsy patients of Asian ancestry in the United States

OBJECTIVE Carbamazepine, widely used in the treatment of partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, has been associated with life-threatening Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis among some Asians. The HLA-B*1502 genotype that occurs with varying frequency among Asians is recommended for screening prior to starting carbamazepine. Our goal is to explore the cost-effectiveness of screening for the presence of this genetic allele. METHODS We constructed a Markov model in a hypothetical cohort of adult Asian patients with epilepsy in the United States being considered for carbamazepine to investigate the cost-effectiveness of two alternative strategies: (1) no HLA-B*1502 gene allele screening and using carbamazepine and (2) HLA-B*1502 gene allele screening and starting levetiracetam in the case of a positive screen. RESULTS For the lifetime horizon, HLA-B*1502 gene screening was the cost-effective choice compared to no gene screening, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $27 058 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), below the $50 000/QALY threshold in 99.69% of probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Although gene screening strategy was more expensive than a no screening strategy, it was more effective, yielding more QALYs, across all Asian ethnic groups. SIGNIFICANCE Our analysis confirms the 2007 US Food and Drug Administration recommendation to screen for HLA-B*1502 allele before starting treatment with carbamazepine in patients of Asian ancestry in the United States.
Online Plan Repair in Multi-robot Coordination with Disturbances

This paper addresses the problem of multi-robot coordination in scenarios where the robots may experience unexpected delays in their movements. Prior work by Ca1ap, Gregoire, and Frazzoli introduced a control law, called RMTRACK, which enables robots in such scenarios to execute preplanned paths in spite of disturbances in the execution speed of each robot, while guaranteeing that each robot can reach its goal without collisions and without deadlocks. We extend that approach to handle scenarios in which the disturbance probabilities are unknown at the start and non-uniform across the environment. The key idea is to ‘repair’ a plan on-the-fly, by swapping the order in which a pair of robots passes through a mutual collision region (i.e. a coordination space obstacle), when making such a change can be estimated to improve the overall performance of the system. We introduce a technique based on Gaussian Processes to estimate future disturbances, and propose two algorithms for testing, at appropriate times, whether a swap of a given obstacle would be beneficial. Tests in simulation demonstrate that our algorithm achieves significantly smaller average travel time than RMTRACK at only a modest computational expense.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer worldwide among the Caucasian population. The majority of BCCs are diagnosed in Europe, the United States, and Australia. In the United States, accurate estimates of the burden of BCC are difficult to measure due to the exclusion of BCC from national cancer registries. In the 2012 US commercial insurance population, 822,593 persons were found to have a new BCC. Among the 2012 Medicare population, 726,840 persons were found to have BCC. Asgari et al. estimated the annual incidence of BCC in the United States to be approximately 2 million with an increasing rate of 0.87% per year.
STRIPAK directs PP2A activity toward MAP4K4 to promote oncogenic transformation of human cells.

Cells maintain a fine balance of signals that promote or counter cell growth and division. Two sets of enzymes – called kinases and phosphatases – contribute to this balance. In general, kinases “switch on” other proteins by tagging them with a phosphate molecule. This process is called phosphorylation. Phosphatases, on the other hand, dephosphorylate these proteins, switching them off. Cancer cells often have mutations that activate kinases to drive cancer growth. The same cells can have mutations that inactivate the phosphatases or reduce their abundance. The roles of phosphatases in cancer are still being studied. One major hurdle in this research is that it is not always clear how they recognize the proteins they dephosphorylate. Protein phosphatase 2A (or PP2A for short) is one of the phosphatases that is often mutated or deleted in human cancers. Even just reduced levels of PP2A can promote cancer. Kim, Berrios, Kim, Schade et al. used an experimental trick to decrease the phosphatase activity of PP2A in human cells growing in a dish. Biochemical analysis of these cells showed that, as expected, many proteins were now in their phosphorylated states. Unexpectedly, however, some proteins were dephosphorylated under these conditions. One of these proteins was called MAP4K4. In the case of MAP4K4, the dephosphorylated state contributes to the growth of the cancer cell. Kim et al. carried out further genetic and biochemical experiments to show that, in these cells, PP2A and MAP4K4 stay physically connected to one another. This connection was enabled by a group of proteins called the STRIPAK complex. The STRIPAK proteins directed the remaining PP2A towards MAP4K4. Low levels or activity of PP2A could, therefore, promote cancer in a different way. Taken together, PP2A is not a single phosphatase that always turns proteins off, but rather is a dual switch that turns off some proteins while turning on others. Future experiments will explore to what extent these findings also apply in tumors. Information about how mutations in PP2A affect human cancers could suggest new targets for cancer drugs.
Finite Element Analysis for Temperature Field of Oil-Immersed Transformer Winding

Temperature is the key factor affecting the operation status of transformer. Oil-immersed power transformer has high load loss, and complex winding and oil channel structure. This article analysis the temperature field of 220kV oil-immersed transformer by simulating transformer oil fluid dynamics and temperature field. Because of the oil passage baffle, the temperature unevenly distributed along the height of the winding. This article compares the temperature field distribution of different oil passage structure, which provides reference for transformer designing.
Adding perinatal anxiety screening to depression screening: is it worth it?

Background Screening for peripartum depression is widely recommended and should now be the standard of care. However, little research exists on peripartum anxiety screening. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess whether adding perinatal anxiety screening would increase the identification of women who would benefit from mental health support. Study Design The existing practice at our clinic was depression screening via the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 at all prenatal visits; screenings were prospectively tracked for 3 months in women presenting for visit at 24–28 weeks gestation (Patient Health Questionnaire-2–only group). We then added Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item validated anxiety scale assessment to prenatal visits at 24–28 weeks gestation (Patient Health Questionnaire-2+Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item group). Our primary study outcome was the rate of positive depression and anxiety screens during pregnancy; secondary outcomes included referral rates to mental health services and obstetric and medical outcomes. Results A total of 100 women with visits at 24–28 weeks gestation were eligible to be screened during the Patient Health Questionnaire-2–only period; 125 women were eligible for screening during the Patient Health Questionnaire-2+Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item period. In the Patient Health Questionnaire-2–only group, 51 women were screened, with 2 positive depression screens. In the Patient Health Questionnaire-2+Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item group, 40 women were screened, with 5 positive screens for depression and 4 for anxiety. Three women who were anxiety-positive had been negative via depression screening. Mental health referral was not different between the 2 groups (odds ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–4.97), but a significant increase in referral was noted for Patient Health Questionnaire-2+Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item subgroups with a history of mental health diagnosis (odds ratio, 14.9; 95% confidence interval, 5.6–39.7) or substance abuse (odds ratio, 26.7; 95% confidence interval, 4.6–155.0). Conclusion Screening for perinatal anxiety may increase referral rates to mental health professionals who can then diagnose and treat women who experience mood and anxiety disorders. Anxiety screening may be particularly useful in populations with a history of mental health diagnoses or substance abuse. Further research is necessary to understand how perinatal anxiety screening should be best implemented.
Inequality in the Economic Impacts from Climate Shocks in Fisheries: The Case of Harmful Algal Blooms

Abstract Climate impacts disproportionately affect people that are most vulnerable and least able to adapt. The extent to which these equity impacts extend to fishing communities in the developed world is a question that has received surprisingly little attention. Here we explore the distributional impacts of a climate shock in one of the largest and most valuable fisheries on the West Coast of the United States. Specifically, we examine whether a series of two harmful algal blooms (HABs), occurring during the 2014–2016 Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwave, differentially affected small and large vessels in the commercial California Dungeness crab fishery. The HAB events were managed with localized fishery closures in response to elevated levels of the HAB toxin, domoic acid, in crab tissue. We find evidence that large vessels had a greater ability to mitigate losses from the HAB events. Thus, the proportion of total revenue going to small-vessel operators and the proportion of small-vessel participation in the fishery fell in response to the HAB events in several California fishing ports. Our results, therefore, offer empirical evidence that climate impacts on fishing communities are not uniform and offer insights into potential alternative adaptation strategies for different ocean user groups.
Lokahi: The Wearable Body Pillow to Foster an Intimate Interaction Between Two Users Through Their Heartbeat Awareness

We present the design concept Lokahi: a soft, interactive, wearable device which aims to promote a pleasant, intimate closeness sensation between two people. Its shape is designed to encourage hugging, while the embedded electronics –through pulsating coloured lights– lets the users to visualise their own heartbeats, so that they are aware of each other’s current affective state. Lights hues mix according to the synchronisation of the two heartbeats, possibly producing a single hue: such shared visual feedback can potentially be used in relaxing and meditative exercises, where two people try to synch their own heartbeats.
Improving performance in a large flipped barrier mathematics course: a longitudinal case study

Flipped classrooms are increasingly popular due to improvements in online technology and expected benefits in student engagement and learning. Although research has increased dramatically in the la...
REG-100956-19 Public Hearing - Outline of Topics

The Treasury and IRS issued proposed regulations [REG-100956-19] in December 2019 regarding §§863(b) and 865(e). The proposed regulations implement the TCJA's amendment to source the sale of inventory property that is produced and sold by the taxpayer at the location(s) where production occurs. This Outline of Topics includes background and comments on: - Need to Expand Production Sourcing to Include All Group Members - Prop. Reg. §1.865-3 – “Purchased and Sold” or “Produced and Sold” - Need to Re-Think Approach to Allocation in Prop. Reg. §1.863-3(c)
Abstract P126: Identifying Successful Predictors Of Body Fat Reduction In The Dietfits Trial

Background: Reducing excess body fat is important for overall health, but individual success at reducing body fat varies considerably. Because dietary modification plays a key role in reducing body...
Opportunities and Challenges Ahead for University-Based Evaluator Education Programs, Faculty, and Students:

The profession of evaluation continues to grow, generating more demand for evaluation services than can be fulfilled by the supply of well-trained evaluation practitioners. In this brief forum arti...
Losses, Gains, and Changes to the Food Environment in a Rural Kentucky County during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused alterations to be made in the way many people access, prepare, and consume food. Rural communities are particularly impacted due to pre-existing structural vulnerabilities, i.e., poverty, lack of infrastructure, and limited fresh food options. This study aimed to characterize experiences of one rural Appalachian community’s changes to the food environment during the pandemic. In April 2021, six focus groups were conducted with residents of Laurel County, Kentucky. Using grounded theory, we identified losses, gains, and overall changes to the community food environment since the onset of COVID-19. Seventeen Laurel Countians (17 female; ages 30–74) participated in the six focus groups. Three main themes emerged regarding food environment changes—(1) modifications of community food and nutrition resources, (2) expansion and utilization of online food ordering, and (3) implications of the home food environment. Rural communities faced considerable challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, in part, due to gaps in existing infrastructure and loss of pre-existing resources. This study illustrates the complexity of changes occurring during COVID-19. Using the preliminary data obtained, we can better understand pre-existing issues in Laurel County and suggestions for future programming to address the inequitable access and response during public health emergencies and beyond.
American Nineteenth-Century Manufacturers and Importers of Philosophical Apparatus

Professors of physics in nineteenth-century America had two options for procuring the apparatus that they needed to demonstrate the phenomena of physics to their students. Some apparatus was available from makers and dealers in Europe, mostly in France (for optical apparatus) and Germany. A few teachers, such as Ebenezer Snell of Amherst, made some of their own apparatus. The rest of the instruments came from the fledgling North American apparatus industry, based in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and toward the end of the century, Chicago. In this article, I will discuss apparatus made by Chamberlain, Wightman, Davis, Ritchie, Pike and Ritchie, Queen, and then a few Chicago companies, and will give examples of some of their products. Toward the end of the century, a few colleges decided that the making of physics apparatus was a key adjunct of the experience of learning physics, and I will give some examples.
The RNA World: Life Before DNA and Protein

All of the life that is known, all organisms that exist on Earth today or are known to have existed on Earth in the past, are of the same life form: a life form based on DNA and protein. It does not necessarily have to be that way. Why not have two competing life forms on this planet? Why not have biology as we know it and some other biology that occupies its own distinct niche? Yet that is not how evolution has played out. From microbes living on the surface of antarctic ice to tube worms lying near the deep-sea hydrothermal vents, all known organisms on this planet are of the same biology. Looking at the single known biology on Earth, it is clear that this biology could not have simply sprung forth from the primordial soup. The biological system that is the basis for all known. life is far too complicated to have arisen spontaneously. This brings us to the notion that something else something simpler, must have preceded life based on DNA and protein. One suggestion that has gained considerable acceptance over the past decade is that DNA and protein-based life was preceded by RNA-based life in a period referred to as the 'RNA world'. Even an RNA-based life form would have been fairly complicated - not as complicated as our own DNA- and protein-based life form - but far too complicated, according to prevailing scientific thinking, to have arisen spontaneously from the primordial soup. Thus, it has been argued that something else must have preceded RNA-based life, or even that there was a succession of life forms leading from the primordial soup to RNA-based life. The experimental evidence to support this conjecture is not strong because, after all, the origin of life was a historical event that left no direct physical record. However, based on indirect evidence in both the geological record and the phylogenetic record of evolutionary history on earth, it is possible to reconstruct a rough picture of what life was like before DNA and protein.
Putting Mobile DNA to Work: the Toolbox

This chapter reviews some mobile DNA tools currently being used in DNA sequencing for manipulating clones efficiently, and in functional analysis of more modest segments of DNA containing one or a few genes as well as entire genomes. It covers the increasing use of transposons as genetic tags and as devices for the delivery and selective destruction of genes. It also provides a brief review of some recent applications of transposons as genetic markers. Two systems have recently been developed to attack the difficulties associated with the often complex subcloning steps required to ensure efficient recombinant protein expression. The original uses of transposons as tools for genome analysis date back to Casadaban’s pioneering work with Mu in Escherichia coli. A variation on the footprinting theme for analyzing the genomes of naturally transformable bacteria referred to as genomic analysis and mapping through in vitro transposition (GAMBIT) has also been described. A most powerful technology based on Cre is the activation and shutoff of the target gene in transgenic animals. In recent years, several groups have used mariner/Tc1 elements to perform mutagenesis and to deliver genes to various organisms. The transposon has many attractive features, but its main shortcoming is that it is quite specific for TA dinucleotides in every species examined. This chapter focuses on the practical application of transposons as tangible tools for the manipulation of DNA sequences and of cellular phenotypes.
The interaction between Cu(I) superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract The interaction between superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxide, under anaerobic conditions in the presence of an OH radical scavenger, formate, and an indicator, nitro blue tetrazolium, involves five reactions and an equilibrium: (table; see text) Reaction 3 occurs at a rate that is proportional to both peroxide and enzyme with no kinetic evidence for any intermediate peroxide-enzyme complex. Rate studies as a function of pH corroborate previously published work (Fuchs, H. J. R., and Borders, C. L., Jr. (1983) Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 116, 1107-1113; Blech, D. M., and Borders, C. L., Jr. (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 224, 579-586) suggesting that HO2-, and not H2O2, is the active species in this system: k(HO2- + superoxide dismutase-Cu+) = 2.6 x 10(3) M-1 s-1. Evidence is presented which suggests that HO2-, like O2-, reacts at rates that are affected by the electrostatic forces of the enzyme.
Feasibility of B-mode diagnostic ultrasonic energy transfer and telemetry to a cm 2 sized deep-tissue implant

While radio-frequency based remote powering and back-telemetry is popular for many of the surface implants, like neural prosthesis or under-the-skin implanted batteries, it is not suitable for implants located deep inside the tissue. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS), diagnostic ultrasound technology for delivering energy to a sub-cm2 sized device implanted at depths more than 10cm away from the tissue surface. Using a COTS 3.5MHz ultrasound scanner we show how the B-mode interrogation protocol can be used to deliver energy to an encapsulated PZT transducer and how the B-mode video sequence can be parsed to retrieve the data from the transducer. In this paper we also discuss the limits of energy transfer at different implantation depths and we also discuss the energy requirements at the implant to achieve robust data transfer.
Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes are generated by alternate pathways of RNA processing resulting in different carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences.

Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH, Ec 1.1.1.8) in Drosophila melanogaster consists of a family of three isozymes designated as GPDH-1, 2, and 3 which exhibit a unique temporal and tissue-specific pattern of expression. While each isozyme is encoded by the same structural gene, they differ by the amino acid sequence at the COOH-terminal end, with GPDH-3 having the sequence Asn-His-Pro-Glu-His-Met-COOH and with GPDH-1 extended by the three amino acid sequence Glu-Asn-Leu-COOH. We have isolated both genomic and cDNA clones in order to examine the structure of the 3'-end of this gene and its transcriptional products. This analysis has demonstrated three classes of transcripts, each differing in the 3'-untranslated region and coding for an enzyme with a different COOH-terminal amino acid sequence. Each transcript is shown to arise through the differential expression of three isotype-specific exons at the 3'-end of the gene. We propose a model where the expression of each isotype-specific transcript is controlled through a developmentally regulated process of 3'-end formation and alternate splicing pathways of the pre-mRNA. Furthermore, since each transcript and its cognant isozyme is tissue-specific in expression, this model suggests a role for tissue-specific trans-acting factors in these processing events.
On-chip interconnect modeling technologies

Summary form only given. On-chip interconnect must be accounted for at all levels of the design hierarchy, starting with synthesis, through physical design and ending with verification. Each level of the design hierarchy brings its unique challenge to interconnect modeling. Decisions made at the synthesis level have the greatest influence on the final interconnect design, yet one must deal with the uncertainty of having no physical design at this stage. During physical design, the uncertainty gradually decreases as the layout takes shape while the accuracy requirements on the interconnect models become more demanding. At the post-layout verification stage, there are no physical uncertainties. However for final verification, the fact that interconnect plays a dominant role in all performance parameters of the design, i.e., power, system delay, area and signal integrity, necessitates the use of extremely accurate interconnect models. This paper focuses on on-chip interconnect modeling technologies for post-layout verification (often called "parasitic extraction") and characterization/silicon-correlation which is essential to interconnect modeling at all levels. The state-of-the-art in "parasitic extraction" is reviewed and strengths and shortcomings are discussed. The need for establishing correlation with silicon is emphasized. Various popular measures of accuracy are scrutinized and the concept of accuracy in performance variables is introduced. Finally, the impact of interconnect modeling error on performance and signal integrity verification is discussed.
Maintaining Transactional Context: A Model Problem

Abstract : Due to their size and complexity, modernizing enterprise systems often requires that new functionality be developed and deployed incrementally. As modernized functionality is deployed incrementally, transactions that were processed entirely in the legacy system may now be distributed across both legacy and modernized components. In this report, we investigate the construction of adapters for a modernization effort that can maintain a transactional context between legacy and modernized components. One technique that is particularly useful in technology and product evaluations is the use of model problem: focused experimental prototypes that reveal technology/product capabilities, benefits, and limitations in well-bounded ways. This report describes a model problem used to verify that such a mechanism exists and could be used to support the modernization of a legacy system. In this report, we describe a model problem constructed to verify the feasibility of building this mechanism. We also discuss the results of our investigation including the problems we encountered during the construction of the model problem and workarounds that were discovered.
Resonant Double Loop Antenna Development at ORNL

As part of the development of ion cyclotron resonant heating (ICRH) systems for fusion research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has built resonant double loop (RDL) antennas for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) (Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, US) and Tore Supra (Centre d'Etudes Nucleaire, Cadarache, France). Each antenna has been designed to deliver 4 MW of power. The electrical circuit and the mechanical philosophy employed are the same for both antennas, but different operating environments lead to substantial differences in the designs of specific components. A description and a comparison of the technologies developed in the two designs are presented. 5 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Relativistic jet models for the BL Lacertae object Mrk 421 during three epochs of observation

Coordinated observation of the nearby BL Lacertae object Mrk 421 obtained during May 1980, January 1984, and March 1984 are described. These observations give a time-frozen picture of the continuous spectrum of Mrk 421 at X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, and radio wavelengths. The observed spectra have been fitted to an inhomogeneous relativistic jet model. In general, the models reproduce the data well. Many of the observed differences during the three epochs can be attributed to variations in the opening angle of the jet and in the angle that the jet makes to the line of sight. The jet models obtained here are compared with the homogeneous, spherically symmetric, synchrotron self-Compton models for this source. The models are also compared with the relativistic jet models obtained for other active galactic nuclei.
Equal Knowledge Is the Strong Root of Democratic Egalitarianism

Abstract This article considers how to bridge the achievement gap by showing that reading methodology influenced American educational philosophy, primary-grade curricula, and American schools. It considers the impact of the romantic movement on progressive education and notes that the current academic achievement gap has two roots. The first can be traced, in part, to the nonacademic excesses of progressivism in the early grades; the second to patterns of social disorganization. The article argues that schools can deal with each problem by returning to a more academic curriculum and by providing a more nurturing environment for students.
Vaudeville: A High Performance, Voice Activated TeleconferencingApplication

We present Vaudeville, a voice-activated, hands-free, ATM-based video conferencing application. This system is scalables although video bandwidth is normally a limiting factor in the number of conferences participants, the bandwidth attributed to the video is not a function of conference size. This is achieved through an automatic, distributed floor control mechanism that gives the appearance of an open floor. Audio and video are encoded in hardware using a platform-independent, ATM hardware multimedia interface. Vaudeville features digitally transmitted NTSC video, voice-activated audio transmission, audio bridging of two audio streams, and voice-activated video switching. Multiple simultaneous multiparty conferences are supported. Users can move freely among conferences without knowledge of the underlying network structure. We describe how Vaudeville was built using a component-based distributed programming environment. We also describe the algorithms used to control the audio and video of the application.
The physiological life cycle of wheat: Its use in breeding and crop management

Efforts to model winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop growth and yield have required scientists to define processes in wheat physiology and to link knowledge of physiology with detailed descriptions of phenology. The use of precise visual plant staging to express different phenological phases of wheat has allowed modellers to define such features as: the specific organs available for growth; resource allocations to tiller, root, and leaf growth; above versus below ground distribution of dry matter; and timing of phenological events. Use of cumulative heat units (growing degree days) to drive cereal development has simplified the expression of some of these relationships. This paper presents phenological aspects of wheat development used for modelling and will discuss how this information might be of use to breeders and crop managers concerned with selection and management of plant materials. Cultivar properties such as stress avoidance, timing of critical stages, and harvest ratios as well as management factors including spray schedules, fertilisation timing and amounts, and planting geometry can all be examined for their impacts on production by use of models. These are the types of properties that breeders can use to improve yields.
Use of the 9Be(α, n)12C reaction for detection of beryllium

Abstract A strong, sharp resonance in the cross section of the 9 Be (α, n ) 12 C reaction gives the possibility of profiling beryllium. The resonance occurs near 620 keV, an energy around the maximum of the stopping power of the α-particles in beryllium. The excitation function of the reaction was measured with a 4 π neutron detector using thin Be films on Ta in the energy range of 480–740 keV. The peak value of the cross section is about 0.21 mb and its width is less than 6 keV. Particular interest is in the possibility of characterizing 9Be layer on the plasma facing surfaces of tokamak materials.
The michigan Great Lakes Wind Council: Recommendations for developing offshore wind in the Great Lakes

In early 2008 the State of Michigan conducted a "dry run" to test the permitting processes for two hypothetical 500 MW offshore wind plants. The purpose was to identify how existing laws and regulations would be applied in this situation. The exercise showed that existing policies were not up to the task of permitting offshore wind. For example, it was found that turbine foundation structures would fall under the permitting processes for docks and sea walls, which by law are only valid for riparian land owners. In early 2009 Governor Granholm established the Great Lakes Wind Council to develop policy recommendations that address the identified deficiencies. The Council proposed draft legislation covering permitting guidelines, bottom land leasing and payment structures, and methods for gathering public input on proposed projects. They also developed a map indicating the areas most favorable for wind development as well as areas to be excluded. This presentation will discuss the recommended policy changes as well as the process used to develop them. Legislation based on the Council's recommendations was introduced into both houses of Michigan's legislature by a bi-partisan group of legislators in November 2010. An update will be given as to the status of this legislation.
Abnormal hematopoiesis in Gab2 mutant mice

Gab2 is an important adapter molecule for cytokine signaling. Despite its major role in signaling by receptors associated with hematopoiesis, the role of Gab2 in hematopoiesis has not been addressed. We report that despite normal numbers of peripheral blood cells, bone marrow cells, and c-Kit+Lin−Sca-1+ (KLS) cells, Gab2-deficient hematopoietic cells are deficient in cytokine responsiveness. Significant reductions in the number of colony-forming units in culture (CFU-C) in the presence of limiting cytokine concentrations were observed, and these defects could be completely corrected by retroviral complementation. In earlier hematopoiesis, Gab2-deficient KLS cells isolated in vitro responded poorly to hematopoietic growth factors, resulting in an up to 11-fold reduction in response to a cocktail of stem cell factor, flt3 ligand, and thrombopoietin. Gab2-deficient c-Kit+Lin− cells also demonstrate impaired activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and S6 in response to IL-3, which supports defects in activating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) and mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Associated with the early defects in cytokine response, competitive transplantation of Gab2−/− bone marrow cells resulted in defective long-term multilineage repopulation. Therefore, we demonstrate that Gab2 adapter function is intrinsically required for hematopoietic cell response to early-acting cytokines, resulting in defective hematopoiesis in Gab2-deficient mice.
Mixed model analysis combining disease ratings and DNA sequences to determine host range of Uromyces salsolae for biological control of Russian thistle

Russian thistle or tumbleweed (Salsola tragus L.) is an introduced invasive weed in N. America. It is widely distributed in the U.S. and is a target of biological control efforts. The obligate biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces salsolae Reichardt is a candidate biological control agent of Russian thistle, and host range tests were conducted in quarantine to determine whether the fungus is safe to release in N. America. Limited non-target effects were observed, but the tests were conducted under optimum conditions for disease and may reflect only the response of the germ plasm tested. To arrive at anticipated disease reactions of each species as a whole, disease reaction data were combined with a relationship matrix derived from DNA sequences and analyzed with mixed model equations (MME) to produce Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) of susceptibility for each species. These results showed that the MME were more useful than least squares methods in delimiting the host range of U. salsolae. Only species in the genus Salsola were susceptible to the fungus, and U. salsolae should be safe to release for the control of S. tragus in N. America. The MME were also used effectively in this study to generate BLUPs for rare or difficult to grow species that were not actually inoculated and to generate or validate lists of non-target plants for host range determinations. Advantages of the MME are discussed in light of host range determinations.
Nicotinic receptor pore mutations create a sensitive inhibitory site for ethanol.

Background: Ethanol (EtOH) inhibition and enhancement of ligand-gated ion channel functions may be due to direct interactions with sites on these membrane proteins. Peripheral nicotinic receptors have pore sites that long-chain alcohols inhibit but EtOH does not, either because of weak binding (low affinity) or inability to impair ion translocation (low efficacy). We tested whether nicotinic pore mutations that increase hydrophobicity and/or size can create a site where EtOH inhibits at physiological concentrations. Methods: We studied recombinant expressed mouse muscle receptors with patch-clamp electrophysiology to measure EtOH effects both on single-channel conductance and on multichannel currents elicited with rapid agonist superfusion. We studied pairs of mutants with similar residue sizes but different hydrophobicities at position α252 to determine if size or hydrophobicity determines EtOH sensitivity. Results: Inhibition of wild-type currents is seen at EtOH concentrations >300 mM. Receptors that contain the αS252I (serine to isoleucine) mutation are significantly inhibited by 100 mM EtOH. Adding a second homologous mutation on the β subunit (βT263I) further enhances sensitivity and creates receptors that are inhibited significantly by 50 mM EtOH. The open-state conductance of single nicotinic channels is reduced in the presence of EtOH, which closely parallels EtOH inhibition of multichannel currents. In two isosteric mutant pairs at position α252, only hydrophobic side-chains significantly increase receptor sensitivity to EtOH. Conclusions: Wild-type nicotinic receptors have a very low affinity for EtOH, but only one or two mutations in the pore site create receptors inhibited by physiological EtOH concentrations. Ethanol inhibition is due primarily to channel interactions in the open state. At amino acid α252, side-chain hydrophobicity, not size, determines receptor sensitivity to EtOH inhibition. We propose that similar sites may exist within the pores of other EtOH-sensitive ion channels, such as NMDA receptors and neuronal nicotinic receptors.
Extended and localized electronic states for the undulatorily-graded band-gap model of amorphous semiconductors☆☆☆

Abstract A novel approach is taken regarding the theoretical basis for the electronic structure of amorphous semiconductors. For these materials we propose a model displaying intermediate range order with undulations in composition or structure on a scale within the range of validity of the graded band-gap concept. Electronic states well within the allowed bands are determined by a perturbative analysis starting with Bloch states; states near the band edges, by a modification of an effective mass analysis previously developed for monotonically graded mixed crystals. Modulated extended states are deduced from the first analysis; localized states, by the second. We identify the band edges as the loci of the classical turning points of the effective mass functions for the localized states. Thermal activation from the band edge troughs and tunneling between troughs are considered. From the model and analysis it appears possible to explain field-dependent conductivity, to account for the persistence of the optical band-gap on conversion from crystalline to amorphous semiconductors, and to predict sensitivity of electronic properties to doping in some amorphous semiconductors.