cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing intragenic suppressors of constitutively active alleles of Gs alpha (802.6)

Constitutive activity of Gs alpha is associated with several human diseases, including McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS). In this genetic disorder, Arg201 is mutated to His, Cys, or Ser, resulting in ...
STAC-A2™ benchmark on POWER8

The STAC-A2™ benchmark is an emerging standard designed to evaluate the speed, scalability and quality of computational platforms for performing financial risk analytics in the capital markets industry. The problem posed by the benchmark is the computation of several types of Greeks for an exotic option under an American exercise model. We recently reported record-setting performance for a STAC-A2 benchmark solution developed for an IBM® POWER8® S824 server. We explain the high performance of our solution in terms of the architecture, scalability and high memory bandwidth provided by POWER8 based systems. Developing the benchmark application also led us to investigate and perfect several techniques that are generally applicable to the simulation of complex options and their sensitivities. We describe several of these techniques in detail, along with the performance impacts we observed when compared with other approaches. We focus on two areas in particular, namely cache-efficient data management for Monte Carlo simulation of American-exercise options, and a parallel implementation of the Longstaff-Schwartz algorithm.
Detecting transforming growth factor-β release from liver cells using an aptasensor integrated with microfluidics.

We developed a cell-culture/biosensor platform consisting of aptamer-modified Au electrodes integrated with reconfigurable microfluidics for monitoring of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), an important inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine. Aptamers were thiolated, labeled with redox reporters, and self-assembled on gold surfaces. The biosensor was determined to be specific for TGF-β1 with an experimental detection limit of 1 ng/mL and linear range extending to 250 ng/mL. Upon determining figures of merit, aptasensor was miniaturized and integrated with human hepatic stellate cells inside microfluidic devices. Reconfigurable microfluidics were developed to ensure that seeding of “sticky” stromal cells did not foul the electrode and compromise sensor performance. This microsystem with integrated aptasensors was used to monitor TGF-β1 release from activated stellate cells over the course of 20 h. The electrochemical response went down upon infusing anti-TGF-β1 antibodies into the microfluidic dev...
Concerning the neutrality of protoplasm

It is desirable, both on account of the normal production of acid during metabolism, and because of the production of acid under pathological circumstances, to study the adjustment of equilibrium in protoplasm whereby neutrality is maintained. In undertaking this study the equilibrium in mixtures of sodium hydrate, phosphoric acid and carbonic acid has been studied.As a result of the investigations it appears that in the presence of both free and combined carbonic acid in measurable amount, such mixtures are precisely neutral to rosolic acid, and that the amount of sodium bicarbonate in such mixtures can vary greatly without great variation in the ratio between mono-sodium phosphate and di-sodium phosphate. These results are in accord with the theory, based upon the ionization constant of carbonic acid (3 × 10-7) and of the ion H2PO4 (2 × 10-7). Although the equilibrium in such a system at 40° C. may be somewhat different it is evident that this equilibrium is calculated almost perfectly to protect protop...
Fate of Acephate in the Cotton Plant

Studies using 14C acephate and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed that foliarly applied acephate is rapidly absorbed into cotton leaf tissue, with nearly 40% of the applied acephate present in the leaf tissue at 24 h post treatment. Successive foliar applications at 5-day intervals indicated that minute amounts of acephate are trans located into the fruiting form. Although the amount of acephate in the fruiting form increased after three successive foliar applications, the concentration of acephate probably would not be high enough to be insect toxic. Foliar applications of acephate followed by analyses of the entire cotton plant for acephate and its primary metabolite, methamidophos (O, S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate), by using gas chromatography, indicated that acephate has a half-life of 8 days in the cotton plant.
Basin scale controls on CO2 and CH4 emissions from the Upper Mississippi River

The Upper Mississippi River, engineered for river navigation in the 1930s, includes a series of low-head dams and navigation pools receiving elevated sediment and nutrient loads from the mostly agricultural basin. Using high-resolution, spatially resolved water quality sensor measurements along 1385 river kilometers, we show that primary productivity and organic matter accumulation affect river carbon dioxide and methane emissions to the atmosphere. Phytoplankton drive CO2 to near or below atmospheric equilibrium during the growing season, while anaerobic carbon oxidation supports a large proportion of the CO2 and CH4 production. Reductions of suspended sediment load, absent of dramatic reductions in nutrients, will likely further reduce net CO2 emissions from the river. Large river pools, like Lake Pepin, which removes the majority of upstream sediments, and large agricultural tributaries downstream that deliver significant quantities of sediments and nutrients, are likely to persist as major geographical drivers of greenhouse gas emissions.
Non-ossifying fibroma. Report of an intact lesion.

Pictures of an intact, classic non-ossifying fibroma are described, along with the clinical roentgenogram, a specimen roentgenogram, and photomicrographs. This is only the fourth intact non-ossifying fibroma to be presented in the English-language literature.
Case-Control Study of Herpes Simplex Eye Disease: Bronx Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Eye Studies.

Purpose:To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), diabetes mellitus, and atopic disease are associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) eye disease and to examine the characteristics of patients with HIV infection and HSV eye disease.Design:
Factors Influencing the Development of Standardized Training of the Residents

Objective To discuss the factors which influences the development of standardized training for residents. Method Collecting data from general hospital of Headquarters of the General Staff of PLA,and taking attendance rate for reference,and then study factors which impacted the training conducting. Result By retrospective analysis,we found that attendance rate was impacted by the time of training and the hospital policy and external experts. Conclusion: The time of training and the hospital policy and external experts potentially impacted the quality of standard training for resident doctors.
Comparison of 3-day food record and 24-hour recall by telephone for dietary evaluation in adolescents.

The 24-hour recall has been used successfully with schoolchildren and adolescents; generally, face-to-face interview techniques have been involved. The present study was conducted to examine the practicality of obtaining 24-hour dietary recalls by telephone from a group of adolescents and to compare nutrient intake data so obtained with values from 3-day food records.
Regulation of the Genes Involved in the Utilization of Molybdenum

Mo is an essential trace element for virtually all organisms since it is required for the activities of nitrate reductase, formate dehydrogenase, nitrogenase, sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and a variety of other enzymes. All molybdoenzymes, with the exception of nitro­genase, have molybdenum incorporated into a pterin-containing Mo-cofactor (1) and the structure of this cofactor has been conserved throughout evolution from bacterial, plant and animal sources. Therefore, an understanding of Molybdenum-cofactor metabolism in one organism will have far-reaching impli­cations for the general understanding of molybdenum metabolism.
THE STUDENT HOMELESSNESS CRISIS AND THE ROLE OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: MISSED OPPORTUNITIES, ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Affecting more than 1 million youth, student homelessness is growing at an unprecedented rate in the United States. This is alarming because homeless students face significant barriers to their academic success and positive life outcomes. Unfortunately, despite the significant risks and challenges they face, homeless students often are overlooked and not provided with important educational and social-emotional supports. In addition, information on student homelessness is relatively limited in the school psychology literature and practice guidelines, which can forestall efforts to help these students. To date, only a few empirical articles have been published on student homelessness in school psychology journals and in practitioner-related literature. To help address this paucity, this article discusses barriers to the academic success of homeless students, as well as ways to reduce these barriers. Additionally, important protective factors, resilience, and ways to overcome homelessness-related stigma are reviewed. Lastly, ways that school psychologists can become key stakeholders in efforts to help support the academic and life success of homeless students are discussed. The overall goal for this article is to encourage school psychologists to redouble their efforts to support a highly at-risk yet often neglected student population.
Contesting the Unethical City: Land Dispossession and Corruption Narratives in Urban India

In this age of global inequality, how people talk of corruption matters. This article examines the role of corruption narratives in struggles against land enclosures (“land grabs”) in two Indian cities. Drawing on ethnographic research on land grabs in Mumbai and Bangalore and critical corruption and geography literatures, we argue that corruption talk by slum-based and lower middle-class residents and activists advances an ethical critique of contemporary capitalism. In our cases, corruption discourse upends mainstream development agendas that narrowly equate corruption with individual acts of bribery and the long-standing notion in India that corruption manifests mainly among the poor and lower rungs of the state. Instead, we find that “corruption” serves as a cultural, semantic, and moral rubric that expresses and shapes a sense of structural injustice in this moment of sharpening urban inequality. Specifically, corruption talk is leveraged to identify and challenge the mechanisms underlying elite land...
A Previously Undescribed Presentation of Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma

We report a case of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of stomach with tubular adenoma and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WD-NET) in the primary tumor in the stomach giving rise to biphenotypic regional nodal metastases. A 35-year-old woman with abdominal pain was found to have a 1.8-cm gastric lesion, diagnosed as WD-NET (intermediate grade) on the biopsy. The resection specimen contained residual WD-NET; there was also a gastric adenoma adjacent to the NET and nodal metastasis with both adeno- and neuroendocrine components. The tumor was classified as MANEC. Of note, the entire gastric tissue was submitted and multiple deeper levels of the adenomatous lesion were examined; no adenocarcinoma was present in the primary lesion. While association of gastric adenoma with neuroendocrine neoplasm is rare, presence of biphenotypic metastasis originating from such a lesion is highly unusual and to the best of our knowledge has not been reported.
Ethik und Politik: Für eine Ästhetik der Existenz

Moderne ›Bio-Macht‹ verdinglicht den Menschen, indem sie durch korperliche Konditionierung und Verinnerlichungspraktiken Individualtypen und Bevolkerungsklassen schafft. Diese sind systemfunktional statt freie Selbstverwirklichung zu ermoglichen. Die Kritik der Macht verbindet die Perspektive der Unterdruckten mit einer genealogischen Analyse der Herkunft solcher Machtmechanismen. Foucault hat freilich diese nur in Grundzugen angedeutete Verbindung der genealogischen Geschichtsschreibung mit der Erfahrungsperspektive der Betroffenen selbst nicht zu einer epistemologischen Theorie ausgebaut. Das Problem der Macht, so last sich die in der zweiten Halfte der siebziger Jahre anbahnende erneute Umorientierung verstehen, verlangt vielmehr dringlicher nach einer praktischen Antwort. Nicht die Ausarbeitung einer Erkenntnistheorie, die den Anspruchen des ohnehin skeptisch beurteilten philosophischen Diskurses genugen wurde, ist die Aufgabe, sondern die konkrete und reale Thematisierung von Widerstandsmoglichkeiten. Wie ist angesichts der pervasiven Kraft moderner Machtpraktiken Widerstand praktisch realisierbar und (an welchen Punkten) konkret durchfuhrbar? Wie kann der auf Korper und ›Seele‹ konzentrierten Bio-Macht — trotz und gerade wegen ihrer scheinbaren Allmacht in der modernen Gesellschaft — effektiv getrotzt werden?
Oxide Particle Growth During Friction Stir Welding of Fine Grain MA956 Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Steel

Friction stir welding of an aluminum-containing oxide dispersion-strengthened steel causes significant oxide particle growth visible at both the nano- and microscales. Quantitative stereology of scanning electron images, small-angle X-ray scattering, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atom-probe tomography is used to quantify the degree of particle coarsening as a function of welding parameters. Results show the dispersed oxides are significantly coarsened in the stir zone due to a proposed combination of agglomeration, Ostwald ripening, and phase transformation within the Al2O3-Y2O3 system. This oxide particle coarsening effectively removes all strengthening contribution of the original oxide particles, as confirmed by uniaxial tensile tests and microhardness measurements.
Bohr: masterful tapestry of a creative giant

Abraham Pais has written a splendid companion to his superb biography Subtle is the Lord: The Life and the Science of Albert Einstein (OUP).
Allograft loss from acute Page kidney secondary to trauma after kidney transplantation

We report a rare case of allograft loss from acute Page kidney secondary to trauma that occurred 12 years after kidney transplantation. A 67-year-old Caucasian male with a past surgical history of kidney transplant presented to the emergency department at a local hospital with left lower abdominal tenderness. He recalled that his cat, which weighs 15 lbs, jumped on his abdomen 7 d prior. On physical examination, a small tender mass was noticed at the incisional site of the kidney transplant. He was producing a normal amount of urine without hematuria. His serum creatinine level was slightly elevated from his baseline. Computer tomography revealed a large subscapular hematoma around the transplant kidney. The patient was observed to have renal trauma grade II at the hospital over a period of three days, and he was finally transferred to a transplant center after his urine output significantly decreased. Doppler ultrasound demonstrated an extensive peri-allograft hypoechoic area and abnormal waveforms with absent arterial diastolic flow and a patent renal vein. Despite surgical decompression, the allograft failed to respond appropriately due to the delay in surgical intervention. This is the third reported case of allograft loss from acute Page kidney following kidney transplantation. This case reinforces that kidney care differs if the kidney is solitary or a transplant. Early recognition and aggressive treatments are mandatory, especially in a case with Doppler signs that are suggestive of compression.
The Senate and Hyper-Partisanship: Would the Constitution Look Different If the Framers Had Known that Senators Would Be Elected in Partisan Elections?

This article is a contribution to the symposium “Hyperpartisanship and the Law,” sponsored by the Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy. The article considers the implications of direct election of United States Senators via partisan elections for the Constitution. As originally designed, the Senate was elected by state legislatures and the Framers anticipated (naively perhaps) that the Senate would be comprised of men chosen on the basis of distinction and ability rather than partisan allegiances. That system was changed in 1913 with the enactment of the Seventeenth Amendment, which adopted direct election of Senators. This article asks whether the Constitution would look different if the Framers had anticipated that Senators eventually would be elected by direct election as opposed to indirect election.In particular, I focus on the distinctive powers given to the Senate within the federal constitutional structure and the reasons articulated for why those powers were given to the Senate: the power to try impeachments, to confirm nominees, and to ratify treaties, as well as the role of the Senate in the system of bicameralism and federalism. Although it is impossible to know for sure what the Framers would have done had they anticipated direct election in partisan elections I argue that it is likely that they would not have given the power to try impeachments to the Senate in the form that they did, it is reasonable that they might have changed the system of nomination and confirmation, and is likely that they would have retained the Senate’s major role in treaty confirmation. Although direct election dramatically diluted the value of bicameralism, it is likely that they would have retained a bicameral structure for most matters anyway. Finally, it is extremely likely that had they anticipated that Senators would be directly elected they would have built in additional explicit constitutional safeguards for the protection of federalism.
On Braid Groups, Homotopy Groups, and Modular Forms

The purpose of this article is to list some connections between braid groups, homotopy groups, representations of braid groups, associated fibre bundles, and their cohomological properties. Several related problems are posed.
Birth and Death Models of Genome Evolution

Gene duplication is the primary avenue of genome evolution. The gene repertoire of any species can be described as an ensemble of paralogous gene families, ranging in size from one to large numbers that amount to a substantial fraction of genes in the respective genome. Evolution of such an ensemble is naturally represented by a birth-and-death process, the birth of a gene being duplication, and death being gene inactivation and elimination. In addition to gene duplication and loss, evolution of gene families involves “true” innovation, i. e., appearance of genes new to the given lineage through horizontal gene transfer, emergence of genes from noncoding sequences, and change of preexisting genes beyond recognition. Assuming these three elementary processes, we developed a simple theoretical frame-work for analysis of genome evolution, the Birth, Death and Innovation Models (BDIMs). Comparison of the predictions made by different versions of BDIMs with empirical distributions of paralogous family size in genomes allows one to choose the adequate models. Stable family size distributions can evolve only under balanced BDIMs, in which duplication and deletion rates are asymptotically equal up to the second order. The linear BDIM, in which there is almost no dependence between the family size and birth-death rates, readily approxi-mates the observed family size distribution at equilibrium. However, the stochastic version of this model yields unrealistic times for evolution of the large paralogous families that were detected in all genomes. In order to produce reasonable rates of family evolution, one needs to turn to nonlinear higher-degree BDIMs, which imply “interactions” between paralogs. These interactions may be interpreted as a proxy for natural selection, which should drive evolution of large paralogous families if their emergence is to be viewed as an adaptive reaction.
Constraint-Based Metrics

This paper offers an analysis of Middle English Alliterative Verse in terms of Prosodic Metrics (Golston and Riad 1995, 1997a, b, 1998) using the ranked and violable constraints of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993). The analysis uses purely phonological constraints without recourse to language-specific or meter-specific constraints and without an abstract metrical template (Helsloot 1997). I show that the number of tokens per metrical type correlates with phonological well-formedness in one of five areas: binarity, weight, alignment, identity, and rhythm. In addition, I show that poems written in this meter have no perfectly metrical lines in them: every line violates some constraint because absolute metrical well-formedness is not possible given the constraints in this type of meter. Gradient well-formedness in meter (Youmans 1989) is shown to be both demonstrable and formalizable
Mothers' postcounseling beliefs about the causes of their children's genetic disorders.

Mothers' postcounseling beliefs about the causes of their children's genetic disorders were investigated by means of a Q-sort consisting of 54 statements of possible beliefs that were sorted into nine groups of six items each on the basis of congruence with the subject's beliefs. The subjects were well educated, knowledgeable about the genetics of their child's disorder, and indicated a high level of belief in genetic causes. Differences in beliefs were associated with differences in genetic etiology, indicating that beliefs were affected by the specific information provided in genetic counseling. Factor analysis identified a cluster of Q-sort items characterized by a highly personal relationship to the cause of the disorder (e.g., personal attributes, being selected and blessed, and God's actions). Subjects who rated these items low had a belief pattern, designated impersonal, that was consistent with a scientific worldview and that indicated psychological distancing from the cause of the child's disorder. Subjects who rated these items high, the personal belief pattern, had a mixture of scientific and nonscientific beliefs that indicated a sense of personal involvement in the cause of the child's disorder. Subjects with the two belief patterns were equally knowledgeable about the genetics of the disorder. Thus, the personal belief pattern did not appear to interfere with acceptance or understanding of the information provided in genetic counseling.
Decomposing the Relationship between Macroeconomic Conditions and Fatal Car Crashes during the Great Recession: The Role of Alcohol Consumption

In this paper, we investigate to what extent and in what ways conditions related to the recession of 2007-2008 reduced fatal crashes. We hypothesize that the reduction in fatal automobile accidents operates through both the quantity of driving and changes in behaviors associated with driving. Using state-by-quarter fixed effects models, we find that increases in the unemployment rate significantly reduce fatal accidents. A decomposition of the fatal accident rate into accidents per mile traveled and miles traveled per capita reveals that higher unemployment is significantly associated with fewer accidents per mile, but lower personal income may play a larger role in reducing the number of miles traveled. We find that fatal accidents associated with alcohol consumption are more responsive to changes in the unemployment rate than are accidents overall, and we explore mechanisms through which consumers may reduce spending in part by consuming less alcohol associated with driving.
Propulsion system design and energy optimization for autonomous underground freight transportation systems

Abstract The demand for freight transportation is on the rise as a result of population growth, increase in the need for energy, and the expansion of global trade. Existing infrastructure for freight transportation seems inadequate for future growth, and new facilities are required to cover the deficiencies in cargo movement. Underground Freight Transportation (UFT) is a new mode of transportation that uses the space below the ground to carry cargo within autonomous vehicles in tunnels and pipelines. Different propulsion systems have been used for freight pipeline systems. The goal of this research is to find the proper propulsion system for the UFT system. In addition, this research aims at finding the minimum power of the propulsion system and energy consumption for the UFT system operation. Two short-haul and long-haul UFT systems with different load sizes are used to test and apply the results of this research. The findings of this research suggest that because of its light weight and short thickness, a Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is an appropriate propulsion system for UFT. Besides, this research estimates that the energy consumption and power requirement of a LIM system is low. The energy consumption of LIM system is calculated as a function of UFT system operating speed. Therefore, the results of this research can be applied in the design, operation and cost estimating of other UFT systems.
Ending Harassment By Starting with Retaliation

The #MeToo movement has shined a much-needed spotlight on harassment in the workplace. But with that increased attention, the narrative that has developed does not necessarily reflect reality. The #MeToo narrative tells a story of women reporting harassment at record levels; employers taking the complaints seriously; and victims of the harassment having the harassment remedied without any negative consequences. In reality, reporting rates of harassment are very low in large part because victims of harassment fear retaliation if they report it. Thus, this paper argues that we cannot hope to end harassment without starting by addressing the reality of retaliation. In addition to discussing the fear of retaliation, and how difficult it is to bring a valid retaliation claim, I also explore possible reforms — to the law of retaliation, and changes employers might implement to decrease retaliation and increase the reporting of harassment so that it can be remedied.
Exercise and adiposity in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised trials.

Objectives Determine both the effects and hierarchy of effectiveness for exercise interventions (aerobic, strength training or both) on selected measures of adiposity (body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2, fat mass and per cent body fat) in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Design Network meta-analysis of randomised exercise intervention trials. Setting Any setting where a randomised trial could be conducted. Participants Overweight and obese male and/or female children and adolescents 2–18 years of age. Interventions Randomised exercise intervention trials>4 weeks, published between 1 January 1973 and 22 August 2018, and which included direct and/or indirect evidence for aerobic, strength training or combined aerobic and strength training. Primary outcomes Changes in BMI in kg/m2, fat mass and per cent body fat. Results Fifty-seven studies representing 127 groups (73 exercise, 54 control) and 2792 participants (1667 exercise, 1125 control) met the criteria for inclusion. Length of training ( X - ± SD) averaged 14.1±6.2 weeks, frequency, 3.3±1.1 days per week and duration 42.0±21.0 min per session. Significant and clinically important reductions in BMI, fat mass and per cent body fat were observed in aerobic versus control comparisons (BMI, mean, 95% CI -1.0, 1.4 to −0.6; fat mass -2.1, –3.3 to −1.0 kg; per cent fat -1.5, –2.2 to −0.9%) and combined aerobic and strength versus control comparisons (BMI -0.7, –1.4 to −0.1; fat mass -2.5, –4.1 to −1.0 kg; per cent fat, -2.2, –3.2 to −1.2%). A significant reduction in per cent fat was also found for strength vs control comparisons (-1.3,–2.5 to −0.1%). Combined aerobic and strength training was ranked first for improving both fat mass (kg) and per cent body fat while aerobic exercise was ranked first for improving BMI. Conclusions Aerobic and combined aerobic and strength training are associated with improvements in adiposity outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017073103.
Stem Cell Differentiation Directed by Material and Mechanical Cues

Stem cells play a crucial role in regenerative processes. They are heavily influenced by their microenvironment and, depending on the external signal, stem cells self-renew and differentiate toward specific lineages. It is critical to understand the diverse mechanical and material cues that induce stem cell behavior to harness these changes for tissue engineering applications. As such, significant advances have been made in regenerative approaches to breast reconstruction. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular signals in guiding stem cell differentiation and stress the role of material and mechanical cues that influence mammary adipose and epithelial tissues in the context of breast reconstruction.
Pulmonary mechanics and structural lung development after neonatal hyperoxia in mice

Background Supplemental oxygen exposure administered to premature infants is associated with chronic lung disease and abnormal pulmonary function. This study used mild (40%), moderate (60%), and severe (80%) oxygen to determine how hyperoxia-induced changes in lung structure impact pulmonary mechanics in mice. Methods C57BL/6J mice were exposed to room air or hyperoxia from birth through postnatal day 8. Baseline pulmonary function and methacholine challenge was assessed at 4 and 8 weeks of age, accompanied by immunohistochemical assessments of both airway (smooth muscle, tethering) and alveolar (simplification, elastin deposition) structure. Results Mild/moderate hyperoxia increased baseline airway resistance (40% only) and airway hyperreactivity (40 and 60%) at 4 weeks accompanied by increased airway smooth muscle deposition, which resolved at 8 weeks. Severe hyperoxia increased baseline compliance, baseline resistance, and total elastin/surface area ratio without increasing airway hyperreactivity, and was accompanied by increased alveolar simplification, decreased airway tethering, and changes in elastin distribution at both time points. Conclusions Mild to moderate hyperoxia causes changes in airway function and airway hyperreactivity with minimal parenchymal response. Severe hyperoxia drives its functional changes through alveolar simplification, airway tethering, and elastin redistribution. These differential responses can be leveraged to further develop hyperoxia mouse models.
What Makes Spanish-Accented English Sound Spanish-Accented? Acoustic Measures and Listener Cues

This study aimed to understand which acoustic parameters of Spanish-accented English are correlated with listeners’ perception of Spanish-accentedness. Temporal differences were analyzed in multisyllabic target words spoken in sentences by 22 Spanish speakers of English and five native speakers of American English (AE). Recordings were presented to AE listeners who judged the degree of accentedness on a 9-point scale. Spearman rank order correlation showed that the listeners’ ratings of degree of accentedness in sentences correlated strongly (r= +0.82) with those in words. Listeners’ ratings of accentedness correlated in varying degrees with various temporal measures, namely Overall word durations (+0.04 to +0.56), Stressed/unstressed vowel duration ratios (–0.01 to +0.35), Voice Onset Time of stops (+0.26 to +0.36), and, closure duration (+0.29 to +0.59). Results suggest that Spanish-accented English is characterized by systematic temporal differences from native AE, and that these temporal differences contribute to the perception of accentedness. Implications of findings in improving theoretical understanding and applied practices are discussed.
The Fading Gaussian Broadcast Channel with Channel State Information and Output Feedback

The fading broadcast channel (BC) with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, channel output feedback (COF) and channel state information (CSI) is considered. Perfect CSI is available at the receivers, and unit delayed CSI along with COF at the transmitter. Under the assumption of memoryless fading, a posterior matching scheme that incorporates the additional CSI feedback into the coding scheme is presented. With COF, the achievable rates depend on the joint distribution of the fading process. Numerical examples show that the capacity region of two-user fading AWGN-BC is enlarged by COF. The coding scheme is however suboptimal since some parts of the achievable rate region are outperformed by superposition coding without COF.
Does information about gender pay matter to investors? An experimental investigation

Abstract The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reports that a male favoring pay gap exists in every one of its member countries. To reduce the gender pay gap, governments and investors are demanding that companies disclose gender pay information. While companies seem to resist these demands, there is little evidence about how investors might react to the disclosure of gender pay information. We draw on theories of fairness and the instrumental perspective of corporate social responsibility activities to predict how the disclosure of gender pay information influences investor judgments. Our experimental findings indicate investors are more willing to invest in a company that discloses gender pay equity compared to either a company disclosing a gender pay gap or one disclosing no gender pay information. Further, our mediation analyses results show a sequential mediation process whereby the gender pay disclosure affects perceptions of fairness (economic consequences) directly (indirectly through fairness), with only perceptions of the economic consequences resulting from the gender pay disclosure directly influencing willingness to invest. In addition, despite the presence of the same sequential mediation relationship, we find limited evidence investors are less willing to invest in a company that discloses a typical gender pay gap compared to a company disclosing no gender pay information. Two additional experiments indicate it is the information about gender pay, not its disclosure by the company, that influences investors; and the effect is intentional. Our results are consistent with investors anticipating real economic consequences from the disclosure of gender pay information.
Distinction between nouns and verbs in Guató

Abstract Even though the distinction between nouns and verbs is generally considered to be universal, it has been argued for some languages of Northern North America that they lack this distinction. The main argument for such assertion is that in these languages lexemes denoting entities and lexemes denoting actions receive the same markers, when used as predicates. Guato, an isolate from South America, exhibits a similar phenomenon. In Guato, lexemes considered nouns receive the same subject markers as intransitive verbs do, when they occur in predicative function. Moreover, nouns and verbs share other morphosyntactic features. This article aims to describe and to compare the morphosyntactic behavior of Guato nouns and verbs, pointing out similarities and differences between them.
Abstract PO-014: VISTA: VIsual Semantic Tissue Analysis for pancreatic disease quantification in murine cohorts

Objective and quantifiable assessment of tissue pathology is necessary to study mechanistic disease progression; however, current quantification methods based on tissue staining have many drawbacks including cost, time, labor, batch effects, as well as uneven staining which can result in misinterpretation and investigator bias. Here we present VISTA, an automated deep learning tool for semantic segmentation and quantification of histologic features from hematoxylin and eosin (HE 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-014.
Lung ACE is Not Involved in The Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Rationale: Although ACE–Ang II–AT1R axis has been well documented in promoting vasoconstriction, proliferation, and fibrosis-the hallmarks of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the role of lung...
Foreign aid and voting in international organizations: Evidence from the IWC ☆

I use a unique dispute between major aid donors in the International Whaling Commission (IWC) to investigate whether donor nations change their aid giving in response to changes in aid recipients' voting behavior inside international organizations (IOs). This relationship is difficult to pin down in most IOs because agenda items constantly change and donor coalitions fluctuate with them. I exploit the fact that the IWC has, on the one hand, seen two fixed aid donor blocs opposing each other for three decades over a single issue, but has on the other hand seen rich variation in both membership and voting behavior of aid recipient countries. Using an identification strategy that relates changes in bilateral aid to within-recipient variation in IWC voting-bloc affiliation and fixed cross-sectional variation in donors' voting bloc, the evidence suggests that Japan rewards joining the pro-whaling bloc, and that countries who recently experienced aid reductions from the three big anti-whaling donors – the U.S., the U.K., and France – are more likely to join the pro-whaling bloc.
Expert Robots in Nuclear Plants

Expert robots will enhance safety and operations in nuclear plants. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Savannah River Laboratory, is developing expert mobile robots for deployment in nuclear applications at the Savannah River Plant. Knowledge-based expert systems are being evaluated to simplify operator control, to assist in navigation and manipulation functions, and to analyze sensory information. Development work using two research vehicles is underway to demonstrate semiautonomous, intelligent, expert robot system operation in process areas. A description of the mechanical equipment, control systems, and operating modes is presented, including the integration of onboard sensors. A control hierarchy that uses modest computational methods is being used to allow mobile robots to autonomously navigate and perform tasks in known environments without the need for large computer systems.
Chloroplast ribosomal protein gene rps12 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: wild-type sequence, mutation to streptomycin resistance and dependence, and function in Escherichia coli

Abstract The chloroplast rps12 gene encoding ribosomal protein S12 from wild-type as well as from streptomycin-resistant and -dependent mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was cloned and sequenced. At least six mRNA transcripts ranging in size from 800 to 4800 nucleotides were found to contain the rps12 coding sequence. As in Escherichia coli and Euglena, the C. reinhardtii rps12 gene is continuous, in contrast to its trans-spliced structure in higher plants. However, rps12 of C. reinhardtii is no longer immediately adjacent to the rps7 gene encoding ribosomal protein S7 as it is in other organisms. The deduced amino acid sequence of C. reinhardtii S12 protein shows strong homologies (48-79% identity) to S12 protein sequences of other organisms, but it has extra amino acid residues at its C terminus. Single base pair changes at different sites result in streptomycin-resistant or -dependent mutants with amino acid changes identical to comparable mutations in the E. coli S12 protein. The chloroplast rps12 gene is also expressed under the control of its own promoter in E. coli cells, and the C. reinhardtii S12 protein produced assembles into the E. coli ribosomes where it appears to function efficiently.
Costs of Codification

Between the Civil War and World War II, every state and the federal government shifted toward codified versions of their statutes. Academia has so far ignored the systemic effects of this dramatic change. For example, the consensus view in the academic literature about rules and standards has been that precise rules present higher enactment costs for legislatures than would general standards, while vague standards present higher information costs for courts and citizens than do rules. Systematic codification – featuring hierarchical format and numbering, topical arrangement, and cross-references – inverts this relationship, lowering transaction costs for legislatures and increasing information costs for courts and citizens, as statutes proliferate. This Article takes a first look at this problem. On the legislative side, codification makes it easier for special interest groups to obtain their desired legislation. It facilitates Coasean bargaining between legislators, and encourages legislative borrowing, which diminishes the “laboratories of democracy” phenomenon. For the courts, codification changes how judges interpret statutes, prompting them to focus more on the meaning of individual words than on the overall policy goals of enactment, and to rely more on external sources, such as legislative history. For both legislators and courts, codification functions as a Hartian rule of recognition, signaling legality for enacted rules. For the citizenry, the reduced legislative costs mean increased legislative output, yielding rapid proliferation of statutes and unmanageable legal information costs. More disturbingly, codification also fosters overcriminalization. While it may not be appropriate to revert to the pre-codified regime now, reexamining the unintended effects of codification can inform present and future choices for our legal system.
The Optimal Multiplier Method for Nonlinear Robustness Analysis

This paper addresses the problem of characterizing the stability of an exponentially stable, linear time invariant system connected with a single feedback monotone nonlinearity. By using the optimal multiplier approach as in [1], this problem is transformed to a constrained infinite dimensional optimization. A sequence of approximate finite dimensional problems is then constructed and three algorithms are proposed for their solutions. In applying these algorithms to a large number of examples, convergence is typically very fast, and a surprisingly many of them are found to satisfy the Kalman Conjecture.
Korea in the Age of Migration: Reflections upon Global, Regional, Local and Key Comparative Case Trends and Issues for Management of Population Movements

AbstractThe Republic of Korea is becoming a land of immigration and must prepare to manage population movements. Globally, industrial democracies have endeavored to better regulate migration but with mixed success. Regionally, the East Asia area is virtually certain to produce more international migrants than in the past. Local government responses are also examined along with two critical cases—German and Israeli absorption of sudden migrant influxes. A number of recommendations are made towards the end of Korea adopting a more comprehensive approach to management of population movement.
Coupling of kinesin steps to ATP hydrolysis

A key goal in the study of the function of ATP-driven motor enzymes is to quantify the movement produced from consumption of one ATP molecule. Discrete displacements of the processive motor kinesin along a microtubule have been reported as 5 and/or 8 nm. However, analysis of nanometre-scale movements is hindered by superimposed brownian motion. Moreover, because kinesin is processive and turns over stochastically, some observed displacements must arise from summation of smaller movements that are too closely spaced in time to be resolved. To address both of these problems, we used light microscopy instrumentation with low positional drift (< 39 pms[-1]) to observe single molecules of a kinesin derivative moving slowly (approximately 2.5nm s[-1]) at very low (150nM) ATP concentration, so that ATP-induced displacements were widely spaced in time. This allowed increased time-averaging to suppress brownian noise (without application of external force), permitting objective measurement of the distribution of all observed displacement sizes. The distribution was analysed with a statistics-based method which explicitly takes into account the occurrence of unresolved movements, and determines both the underlying step size and the coupling of steps to ATP hydrolytic events. Our data support a fundamental enzymatic cycle for kinesin in which hydrolysis of a single ATP molecule is coupled to a step distance of the microtubule protofilament lattice spacing of 8.12 nm. Step distances other than 8nm are excluded, as is the coupling of each step to two or more consecutive ATP hydrolysis reactions with similar rates, or the coupling of two 8-nm steps to a single hydrolysis. The measured ratio of ATP consumption rate to stepping rate is invariant over a wide range of ATP concentration, suggesting that the 1 ATP to 8nm coupling inferred from behaviour at low ATP can be generalized to high ATP.
CC Chemokine Receptor 7 Contributes to Gi-Dependent T Cell Motility in the Lymph Node

Naive T cells migrate extensively within lymph node (LN) T zones to scan for Ag-bearing dendritic cells. However, the extracellular signals controlling T cell motility in LNs are not well defined. In this study, by real-time imaging of LNs, we show that the inhibition of Gi signaling in T cells severely impairs their migration. The chemokine CCL21, a ligand of CCR7, strongly induces chemokinesis in vitro, and T cell motility in LNs from CCR7 ligand-deficient plt/plt mice was reduced. CCR7-deficient T cells in wild-type LNs showed a similar reduction in motility, and antagonism of CXCR4 function did not further decrease their motility. The effect of CCR7 or CCR7-ligand deficiency could account for ∼40% of the Gi-dependent motility. These results reveal a role for CCR7 in promoting T cell migration within lymphoid organ T zones, and they suggest the additional involvement of novel Gi-coupled receptors in promoting T cell motility at these sites.
Effect of Prazosin Treatment on HDL Kinetics in Patients With Hypertension

The effect of prazosin treatment on blood pressure, plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration, and apoprotein-AI/HDL (apoAI/HDL) kinetics was studied in 11 patients with mild hypertension. Blood pressure (mean +/- SEM) fell from 143 +/- 1/96 +/- 1 to 134 +/- 1/86 +/- 1 mm Hg after 4 to 5 months of prazosin treatment (P less than .001), associated with an increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration from 38 +/- 2 to 46 +/- 2 mg/dL (P less than .001). Both the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and total synthetic rate of apoAI/HDL, which were higher than previous reported values for normal individuals, decreased from 0.36 +/- 0.02 to 0.30 +/- 0.02 L/day and 17.4 +/- 1.1 to 13.8 +/- 1.1 mg/kg/min, respectively. These changes were statistically significant, and the post-treatment values for both variables were now within the normal range. When the decay curve was further analyzed by nonlinear curve fitting, it was shown that the return to normal of the FCR of apoAI/HDL in patients treated with prazosin was accounted for by the decrease of the decay constants of the second [p(2)] and third [p(3)] components of the 125I-AI/HDL disappearance curve. In conclusion, abnormalities in HDL concentration and HDL kinetics exist in patients with very mild hypertension. These defects were significantly improved with prazosin treatment, and this may render the compound of particular clinical benefit in the treatment of patients with mild hypertension.