cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH-E-BRC-07: Monte Carlo Based IMPT with RBE-Corrected Optimization

Purpose: To show that biological dose based optimization with appropriate beam arrangements is able to achieve the desired proton dose distribution with the correction of relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Methods and Materials: The RBE calculation was derived from the linear‐quadratic model and the relationship between RBE and linear energy transfer (L), and L was calculated using the Bethe‐Bloch formula. Scanning proton pencil beams (1×1cm2) were used to generate intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans and IMPT1 with RBE correction. The pencil beams with RBE correction were employed in optimization to achieve the optimal IMPT2 with RBE correction. The 1 ‐, 2‐, 4‐ and 7‐beam plans were investigated to see the effect of beam arrangement on RBE and optimization. A new parameter RBEv (= VRBE(D)/V(D))was introduced as a measure of the volume change caused by the RBE. Results: The results showed that the RBE values ranged from 1.10 to 1.48, and the RBEv from 1.03 to 2.89 for IMPT1 that was no longer optimal in terms of RBE‐corrected dose distribution. All RBE values were equal or greater than 1.10, and ranged from 1.10 to 1.50. For the rectum, the one‐beam plan had the highest RBE value of 1.37, while the two‐lateral beam plan had the lowest of 1.14. The IMPT2 plans used the same optimization constrains as the IMPT plans without RBE correction and the results were comparable to those of IMPT plans. The degree of agreement between IMPT2 and IMPT was beam geometry dependent and increased with the number of beams. Conclusions: The variable RBE values changed the optimal intensity modulation of proton therapy. In order to generate optimal IMPT2 plans with RBE correction, the RBE‐corrected dose should be employed in optimization. However, this can only be achieved with appropriate multiple beam arrangements.
Relationship between occlusion and temporomandibular disorders: Implications for the orthodontist.

A I want to thank the editor of the AJO-DO for inviting me to respond to the essay by Professor Rudy Slavicek. Unlike him, I won’t be starting at the time period of 5 to 6 million years ago. Instead, I want to focus on the current situation in the orthodontic field in regard to disorders of the masticatory complex and adjacent structures; these usually are collectively described as temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, I noticed that Professor Slavicek used this term only twice in his essay. My main concern for many years has been the role that orthodontists think they should play in dealing with various types of TMD. As Okeson pointed out, “It is difficult to imagine a specialty that routinely and significantly changes a patient’s occlusal condition would not have a powerful effect on the masticatory structures [eg, the temporomandibular joints (TMJs)] and their functions.” This obviously correct observation has, in my opinion, been used to justify both appropriate and inappropriate behaviors by orthodontists as they encounter TMD in their practices. The need for orthodontists to constantly monitor and evaluate the relationships between their occlusion-changing procedures and the well-being of the TMJs cannot be disputed; it is the very essence of their daily work. As I like to tell my orthodontic students, “You are in the occlusion-disrupting business, so you must have reasonable treatment objectives and procedures to move every patient’s dentition to a new set of occlusal and craniomandibular relationships that will be biologically acceptable.” However, the above truisms do not automatically translate into a conclusion that failure to produce
Iron in the southeastern Bering Sea: elevated leachable particulate Fe in shelf bottom waters as an important source for surface waters.

Surface transects and vertical profiles of total and leachable particulate Fe, Mn, Al and P, along with dissolved and soluble Fe were obtained during August 2003 in the southeastern Bering Sea. High concentrations of leachable particulate Fe were observed in the bottom waters over the Bering Sea shelf with an unusually high percentage of the suspended particulate Fe being leachable. Leachable particulate Fe averaged 81% of total particulate Fe, and existed at elevated concentrations that averaged 23 times greater than dissolved Fe in the isolated cool pool waters over the mid shelf where substantial influence of sedimentary denitrification was apparent. The elevated leachable particulate Fe is suggested to be a result of sedimentary Fe reduction in surficial sediments, diffusion of Fe(II) from the sediments to the bottom waters, and subsequent oxidation and precipitation of reduced Fe in the overlying bottom waters. Eddies and meanders of the Bering Slope Current can mix this Fe-rich water into the Green Belt at the outer shelf-break front. Elevated levels of leachable particulate Fe were observed in surface waters near the Pribilof Islands where enhanced vertical mixing exists. Storm events and/or cooling during fall/winter with the resultant destruction of the thermally stratified two-layer system can also mix the subsurface water into surface waters where the elevated leachable particulate Fe is a substantial source of biologically available Fe.
Capparidastrum tuxtlense (Capparaceae), a new Mexican endemic

We describe and illustrate Capparidastrum tuxtlense, a narrow endemic, known only from the eastern slopes of Volcan San Martin, (10–450 m), Veracruz, Mexico. Capparidastrum tuxtlense is similar to Capparidastrum discolor, but differs by foliar, floral, and fruit characters. A discussion of putative relatives and a key to the Central American species of Capparidastrum are included.
Depreciation rules and small business longevity

Purpose – When a small business purchases a capital asset, its cost for tax purposes is spread over the useful life of the asset through the process of depreciation. It has become common in the USA for policy makers to enhance depreciation rules in an effort to increase business investment in a less-costly manner than across-the-board marginal tax rate cuts. Indeed, short-term depreciation policies are often billed by policy makers as a way to save America's small businesses. However, little is known about the actual effects of depreciation policies on small business activity. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In this initial attempt to test the political claims regarding the importance of depreciation rules, the paper uses a 12-year panel of tax returns for Schedule C sole proprietors to empirically examine whether more generous depreciation policies influence small business activity at the extensive margin. Specifically, the paper estimates a series of multivariate m...
120 EFFECTS OF LIDOCAINE AND QUINIDINE ON THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF NEONATAL AND ADULT CANINE CARDIAC PURKINJE FIBERS

Clinical studies have shown age related differences in the cardiac electrophysiologic responses to some cardioactive drugs. We used standard microelectrode techniques to determine whether there are age related changes in the effects of lidocaine (L) and quinidine (Q) on cardiac cellular electrophysiologic properties. Neonatal (N) and adult (A) canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were superfused with L 2-40mg/1 or Q 0.5-20mg/1. The threshold concentration for L effects on action potential (AP) amplitude was 40 mg/1 for N and 20mg/1 for A; on maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 depolarization (Vmax) 5mg/1 for N and 2mg/1 for A; on action potential duration (APD) 2mg/1 for both N and A. The threshold concentration for Q effects on AP amplitude was 2.5mg/1 for both N and A; on V max 1.25/1 for both N and A; on APD 1.25mg/1 for both N and A. For all variables studied the maximum effects of L on A action potential characteristics were greater than on N. For Q, the maximum effects were greater on N than on A. These studies indicate that there are significant age related differences in the cellular electrophysiologic responses to L and Q which vary depending on the drug studied. The ionic mechanisms underlying these observations remain to be determined.
The geoplan center

Abstract GEOPLAN, the Geo-facilities Planning and Information Research Center, was established in 1986 and is located in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Florida's College of Architecture. The community concept for interactive land based data sharing developed at GEOPLAN has evolved since 1975 through a series of research projects designed to further the ability of planners to deal with the macro and micro levels of systems facilities management. Efforts by Center researchers have led to the use of computerized land based data sources, primarily property ownership appraisal records, for planning at both the regional and local scale.
Core services in the architecture of the national science digital library (NSDL)

We describe the core components of the architecture for the National Science Digital Library (NSDL). Over time the NSDL will include heterogeneous users, content, and services. To accommodate this, a design for a technical and organization infrastructure has been formulated based on the notion of a spectrum of interoperability. This paper describes the first phase of the interoperability infrastructure including the metadata repository, search and discovery services, rights management services, and user interface portal facilities.
Resistance to Methotrexate Due to AcrAB-Dependent Export from Escherichia coli

Many laboratory strains of Escherichia coli are resistant to methotrexate (MTX), a folate analogue that binds dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Mutations that inactivate either tolC or acrA confer MTX sensitivity. Further, overexpression of a fusion protein with DHFR activity reverses this sensitivity by titrating out intracellular MTX. These results suggest that MTX accumulates in cells where mutations in acrA or tolC have inactivated the TolC-dependent AcrAB multidrug resistance efflux pump.
JOSEPHSON CURRENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING TUNNELING: THE EFFECT OF MICROWAVES AND OTHER OBSERVATIONS

Tunneling crossings of low resistance (5 to 20 OMEGA with a crossing area of 1.5 x 10/sup -4/ cm/sup -2/) were fabricated. Each of these exhibited zero-voltage currents predicted by Josephson and attributed, in effect, to the tunneling of Cooper pairs. New effects are summarized from experiments on the Al/ Al2/sub 2//sub 3//Sn samples. (R.E.U.)
THE EVOLUTION OF BEERSHEBA AS AN URBAN CENTER1

ABSTRACT Beersheba has changed from a small agricultural settlement in pre-Biblical times to a city of importance in modern Israel. The wells and fertile loess soils of the Beersheba Basin have been utilized by all who have occupied the area. From 3300 B.C. to the present, Beersheba has functioned as an oasis, market town, military center, transportation node, and as a traditional gathering place for the Bedouin tribes of the Negev, Israel's southern desert. In 1900, the Ottoman Turks initiated the modern development of Beersheba. After World War I, the British administered the area as part of the Palestine Mandate. With the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, the city began to grow rapidly. In the early 1960′s, Beersheba had a population of over 52,000. It functions as the capital of a region containing over two-thirds of the national area.
Looking back 10 years

This paper is an update of the science of global warming. The point of departure is 1983 with the publication of the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences report Changing Climate (1983). The present author was chairman of the report committee and considers this an appropriate time for an update. The advances (or retreats) in the overall science are reviewed with special emphasis on those that have critical policy implications.
Where what’s in common mediates disciplinary diversity in design students: A shared pathway of intellectual development

The purpose of this study was to explore intellectual development using the Perry scheme (1968). The authors present findings from a study involving 139 sophomore, junior, and senior architecture and interior design students who were empirically assessed on global and discipline-specific thought development using the Measure of Intellectual Development and the Measure of Designing. Supporting previous research, students were found in the positions of dualism and multiplicity with global thought development proving more advanced than design thinking. Regardless of disciplinary focus, students approached design process, production, and assessment similarly as evidenced in the qualitative data.
A Tyrosine Motif in the Cytoplasmic Domain of Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Is Essential for the Incorporation of Glycoprotein into Virions

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) encodes a transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein with a 38-amino-acid-long cytoplasmic domain. After the release of the immature virus, a viral protease-mediated cleavage occurs within the cytoplasmic domain, resulting in the loss of 17 amino acids from the carboxy terminus. This maturational cleavage occurs between a histidine at position 21 and a tyrosine at position 22 in the cytoplasmic domain of the TM protein. We have demonstrated previously that a truncated TM glycoprotein with a 21-amino-acid-long cytoplasmic tail showed enhanced fusogenicity but could not be incorporated into virions. These results suggest that postassembly cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain removes a necessary incorporation signal and activates fusion activity. To investigate the contribution of tyrosine residues to the function of the glycoprotein complex and virus replication, we have introduced amino acid substitutions into two tyrosine residues found in the cytoplasmic domain. The effects of these mutations on glycoprotein biosynthesis and function, as well as on virus infectivity, have been examined. Mutation of tyrosine 34 to alanine had little effect on glycoprotein function. In contrast, substitutions at tyrosine 22 modulated fusion activity in either a positive or negative manner, depending on the substituting amino acid. Moreover, any nonaromatic substitution at this position blocked glycoprotein incorporation into virions and abolished infectivity. These results demonstrate that M-PMV employs a tyrosine signal for the selective incorporation of glycoprotein into budding virions. Antibody uptake studies show that tyrosine 22 is part of an efficient internalization signal in the cytoplasmic domain of the M-PMV glycoprotein that can also be positively and negatively influenced by changes at this site.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the presence of deep brain stimulation implants: Induced electrode currents

The safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with an implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems has not been thoroughly investigated. One potential safety hazard is the induction of significant voltages in the subcutaneous leads in the scalp that could result in unintended electrical currents in the DBS electrode contacts. We measured ex-vivo the TMS-induced voltages and currents in DBS electrodes with the implantable pulse generator (IPG) set in various modes of operation. We show that voltages as high as 100 V resulting in currents as high as 83 mA can be induced in the DBS leads by a TMS pulse in all IPG modes. These currents are an order of magnitude higher than the normal DBS pulses, and could result in tissue damage. When the IPG is turned off, electrode currents flow only if the TMS-induced voltage exceeds 5 V.
Identification of four sites of stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation in the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail.

Abstract MUC1 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the apical surface of epithelial cells where it acts as a signaling receptor. Its cytoplasmic tail (CT) contains seven, highly conserved tyrosine residues, some of which are constitutively phosphorylated and serve as recognition sites for SH2 domain proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction. However, no studies have determined which MUC1 tyrosines are phosphorylated or which signaling pathways are activated in response to stimulation of its ectodomain. In this report, we used our previously characterized CD8/MUC1 chimeric protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated on the MUC1 CT in response to extracellular treatment with CD8 antibody and performed site-directed mutagenesis of all seven tyrosines, both individually and in multiple combinations, to identify the particular sites of stimulated phosphorylation. We observed four phosphorylation sites, three present in sequence motifs with known signaling potential (Y20, Y46, and Y60) and one previously uncharacterized (Y29). These results are discussed in the context of the role of MUC1 in signal transduction.
Teaching Early Childhood Education Students Through Interactive Scenario-Based Course Design

Early childhood teacher education courses must prepare students for the types of challenges they will face in communities and classrooms after graduation. By adopting a scenario-based approach, teacher educators and others designing online environments can help prepare students for these challenges. Solving complex problems inherent in a scenario-based approach affords students the opportunity to tackle ill-formed problems, integrate multiple perspectives, and use higher order thinking. These outcomes were among the goals of a redesign of online courses in an early childhood education degree program. After presenting an overview of scenario-based instruction and the principles guiding the redesign, the authors describe how a scenario-based approach can be applied to an online graduate course and outline a course development process for other instructors.
A reliability study of transmission system protection via a hidden failure DC load flow model

A hidden failure simulation model is developed for the purpose of evaluating power transmission system reliability. The model uses the "DC" load flow approximation and the linear programming technique to simulate cascading blackouts observed in NREC reports. Reliability and vulnerability indices are defined taking into account load variation. The evaluation of system reliability and relay vulnerability using these indices is illustrated via simulation results of WSCC (Western Systems Coordinating Council) 179-bus equivalent system.
Senate confirms Keyworth

The Senate confirmed George Keyworth on July 24 as the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Keyworth, former leader of the physics division at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, was recommended to the Senate following a hearing with the Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee on July 20. The hearing was organized by the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, chaired by Senator Harrison (Jack) Schmitt (RNM).
Methylation of somatic vs germ cell DNAs analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestions

Bacterial restriction endonucleases containing the dinucleotide CpG in their cleavage sequences were used to compare the methylation patterns of primarily repeated DNA sequences in (1) bovine somatic cell native DNAs vs bovine sperm cell native DNA and (2) native vs renatured bovine liver and sperm cell DNAs. The restriction patterns of sperm native DNA differ markedly from those of somatic cell native DNAs when using Hpa II, Hha I, and Ava I but not when using the enzymes Eco RI and Msp I. Digestion patterns of germ cell renatured DNA differed significantly from those of germ cell native DNA when using Hpa II but not when using Msp I or Eco RI. The results may not be due to artifacts of renaturation of the DNAs. The results are consistent with the concept that germ cell DNA may be strand asymmetrically hemimethylated. The data also suggest that methylation of the 5'-cytosine in the sequence CCGG renders this site insensitive to cleavage by Msp I.
Entrainment of fibers from air filters

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study in which the entrainment of man-made mineral fibers from commercially used modular filters was measured. The tests were performed on 42 modular filters representative of the most frequently used medium-efficiency air cleaning units which service health care facilities, banks, and general office spaces. The results of the study indicate that the fiber entrainment is a function of the broken and/or loose fibers present on the new filters and characteristically contribute insignificant amounts of fibers to the fiber concentration of the occupied spaces. The fiber concentration in the occupied spaces is in the order of 10 −3 fiber/cm 3 during the first day of operation and essentially zero during the remaining life of the filter (3 to 12 months).
STRUCTURE OF T7 RNA POLYMERASE COMPLEXED TO THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITOR T7 LYSOZYME

The T7 RNA polymerase-T7 lysozyme complex regulates phage gene expression during infection of Escherichia coli. The 2.8 A crystal structure of the complex reveals that lysozyme binds at a site remote from the polymerase active site, suggesting an indirect mechanism of inhibition. Comparison of the T7 RNA polymerase structure with that of the homologous pol I family of DNA polymerases reveals identities in the catalytic site but also differences specific to RNA polymerase function. The structure of T7 RNA polymerase presented here differs significantly from a previously published structure. Sequence similarities between phage RNA polymerases and those from mitochondria and chloroplasts, when interpreted in the context of our revised model of T7 RNA polymerase, suggest a conserved fold.
Firm Mergers and General Welfare

OVER a decade ago, Jesse Markham complained that the "paths of economic theory and merger literature have rarely crossed" [18, p. 143]. Though the crossings of the last decade or so have also been infrequent, some theoretical fragments have emerged in recent literature that have a bearing on the causes and consequences of mergers. A prime objective of this paper is to bring these fragments together in a critical survey, along with contributions of older vintage. Though occasional reference is made to research findings and policy implications, this paper has a theoretical orientation.
Bias and variance estimates for the overlap of two exponential populations

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe exponential distribution is one of the most commonly used distributions for modeling survival functions. Even when the hypothesis testing procedure indicates differences in two exponential parameters, there may be considerable overlap between two distributions. In many practical situations, researchers compare survival functions for two populations using testing of hypothesis procedures. However, an overlap coefficient describes the amount of similarity between two distributions. Thus, instead of just looking at the equality of parameters one also needs to estimate the amount of overlap between two distributions. This paper presents estimation of overlap measures and bias and variance of their estimates. To study the behavior of bias and variance of estimates, a Monte Carlo study was conducted, the results of which are presented in this paper. A procedure was developed to construct confidence interval estimates for these overlap measures. Some results are demonstrated using survival d...
The productivity of parental investment

Abstract If parents invest more resources in an individual, then this individual is able to acquire a more fit mate. This implies that resources invested in oneself are twice as productive as resources invested in siblings and therefore that even among full sibs there would be parent-offspring conflict, contrary to the result derived by Hartung in his criticism of Trivers. Moreover, an analysis of the productivity of parental investment leads to other implications about parent-offspring conflict. For example, there may be more conflict between equally fit siblings than between differentially fit siblings. These results are obtained by applying an economic model of production to the parental investment decision.
Exploiting cellular pathways to develop new treatment strategies for AML

The standard approaches to the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been predominantly based on cytarabine and anthracyclines. Yet, the outcomes associated with AML continue to be poor, especially for those patients who are older or carry higher-risk disease. In recent years, extensive research has led to the development and study of novel agents which target AML by diverse and varied mechanisms. Among these are targeted therapeutics such as kinase inhibitors and oligonucleotide constructs. These aim to suppress the production or activity of proteins, such as FLT3 and BCL2, among others, and thus disrupt related signaling cascades essential for leukemogenesis and proliferation. In addition, other agents like flavopiridol appear to target the myeloid blast by various mechanisms including suppression of cyclin-dependent kinases and interference with nucleotide synthesis. Another class of novel therapies includes inhibitors of histone deacetylase, which cause growth arrest and apoptosis through histone acetylation and resultant conformational changes. Clinical trials are now studying these and other agents alone and in combination with traditional cytotoxic therapies, with some encouraging results. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the preclinical and clinical investigations of selected promising agents currently under study.
Guinea Pig Membrane-Bound Aminopeptidase P Is a Member of the Proline Peptidase Family

Members of the newly recognized proline peptidase family share the ability to hydrolyze imide bonds and share six blocks of highly homologous amino acid sequences. We have found that guinea pig lung and kidney forms of aminopeptidase P, both forms bound to membranes via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol lipid anchors, share at least three of the six conserved blocks of amino acid sequences. In addition, aminopeptidase P acts as an aminoacylproline hydrolase and thus appears to be a member of the proline peptidase family.
Characterization of Optical Coherence Tomography Images Acquired at Large Distances With Large-Diameter Beams

We tested the imaging capabilities for variants of a 1550-nm swept-source fiber-based optical coherence tomography system with a telecentric system incorporated at the end of its sample arm. The system was designed for in vivo imaging of burns; therefore, we acquired images from samples located at distances greater than 24 cm from the exit of the telecentric system. Each system variation had a specific combination of diameters for the reference and sample beams. In the reference arm, we used, alternately, two collimated beams with diameters of 1.5 and 14 mm, respectively. In the sample arm, we tested collimated beams with the following diameters: 1.5, 3.5, 5.7, 8.4, and 14 mm. A galvanometric mirror system scanned the collimated sample beam across the entrance pupil of the telecentric system. The sample beam exited the telecentric system parallel with its optical axis and convergent onto the sample. Depending on the collimator used in the sample arm, images were acquired with beams focused to waist diameters ranging from 40 to 240 $\mu\hbox{m}$ . We acquired images with the sample at different locations within a $\pm$ 30 mm range centered about the sample beam waist. Furthermore, we used the signal-to-noise ratio, the detected signal intensity, and the visual appearance to compare images acquired with different sample/reference beam configurations.
“POLICE DON'T LIKE BLACK PEOPLE”: AFRICAN‐AMERICAN YOUNG MEN'S ACCUMULATED POLICE EXPERIENCES*

Research Summary This study examined 40 African-American young men's direct and vicarious experiences with police harassment and violence, and their impact on perceptions of police. Study findings highlight the value of using comprehensive and nuanced measures of police/citizen encounters and underscore the importance of examining the impact of accumulated adverse experiences. Policy Implications The findings have implications for police oversight policies. In particular, police organizations should work toward developing complaint review processes that are not merely accessible to citizens but also inspire confidence among them. These efforts are crucial toward improving the image of police in minority communities and positively impacting citizen trust of, and satisfaction with, the police.
Probabilistic design of smart sensing functions for structural health monitoring and prognosis

Significant technological advances in sensing and communication promote the use of large sensor networks to monitor structural systems, identify damages, and quantify damage levels. Prognostics and health management (PHM) technique has been developed and applied for a variety of safety-critical engineering structures, given the critical needs of the structure health state awareness. The PHM performance highly relies on real-time sensory signals which convey the structural health relevant information. Designing an optimal structural sensor network (SN) with high detectability is thus of great importance to the PHM performance. This paper proposes a generic SN design framework using a detectability measure while accounting for uncertainties in material properties and geometric tolerances. Detectability is defined to quantify the performance of a given SN. Then, detectability analysis will be developed based on structural simulations and health state classification. Finally, the generic SN design framework can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) using the detectability measure and genetic algorithms (GAs) will be employed to solve the SN design optimization problem. A power transformer study will be used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed generic SN design methodology.© 2013 ASME
Assessing school readiness for a practice arrangement using decision tree methodology

Decision-tree methodology provides a systematic approach for schools to use in examining their own situation to determine if a faculty practice arrangement is appropriate for their particular school at this particular time. Questions in the decision tree address mission, faculty interest, administrative support, a practice plan, and practice models. Specific questions in the decision tree include the following: Does the institutional mission include service/practice? Does the college/school mission include practice? Does the college/school have a critical mass of faculty interested in practice? Does college/school administration support practice? Does a critical mass of faculty desire a faculty practice plan? Can faculty and administration work together to produce a mutually beneficial practice arrangement? Do faculty and administration desire to operate their own practice arrangement? Is there an identified need for nursing services that can be met by the college/school? Does the internal and external environment support the college/school operating a practice? Do internal or external organizations desire the talents/expertise of faculty members? Schools frequently evaluate two models, the Integration/Nursing Center Model and the Organizational Contracting/Entrepreneurship Model, for their specific risks and benefits. Critical to the success of any practice arrangement is that there be congruency between the school's allocation of human resources and its reward system.
Effects of reproductive condition, roost microclimate, and weather patterns on summer torpor use by a vespertilionid bat

A growing number of mammal species are recognized as heterothermic, capable of maintaining a high-core body temperature or entering a state of metabolic suppression known as torpor. Small mammals can achieve large energetic savings when torpid, but they are also subject to ecological costs. Studying torpor use in an ecological and physiological context can help elucidate relative costs and benefits of torpor to different groups within a population. We measured skin temperatures of 46 adult Rafinesque's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) to evaluate thermoregulatory strategies of a heterothermic small mammal during the reproductive season. We compared daily average and minimum skin temperatures as well as the frequency, duration, and depth of torpor bouts of sex and reproductive classes of bats inhabiting day-roosts with different thermal characteristics. We evaluated roosts with microclimates colder (caves) and warmer (buildings) than ambient air temperatures, as well as roosts with intermediate conditions (trees and rock crevices). Using Akaike's information criterion (AIC), we found that different statistical models best predicted various characteristics of torpor bouts. While the type of day-roost best predicted the average number of torpor bouts that bats used each day, current weather variables best predicted daily average and minimum skin temperatures of bats, and reproductive condition best predicted average torpor bout depth and the average amount of time spent torpid each day by bats. Finding that different models best explain varying aspects of heterothermy illustrates the importance of torpor to both reproductive and nonreproductive small mammals and emphasizes the multifaceted nature of heterothermy and the need to collect data on numerous heterothermic response variables within an ecophysiological context.
Fourth-harmonic generation in a single lithium niobate-crystal with cascaded second-harmonic generation.

Tunable second- and fourth-harmonic radiation was generated in a single 1-cm-long lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal with the Mark III infrared free electron laser at Duke University. The fundamental laser radiation was tuned from 2 to 2.5 μm, yielding 1–1.25-μm radiation (second harmonic) and 0.5–0.625-μm radiation (fourth harmonic). A fundamental–second-harmonic energy conversion efficiency of 66% and a fundamental–fourth-harmonic energy conversion efficiency of 3.3 × 10−6 were measured. The maximum energy in the fourth harmonic was 3.3 nJ.
A needle in a haystack: Mutations in GNRH1 as a rare cause of isolated GnRH deficiency

GNRH1, the human gene that gives rise to GnRH, has long been an obvious candidate gene for idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, particularly because the hpg mouse, a mouse model of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, carries a deletion that disrupts Gnrh1. In 2009, 25 years after the sequence of human GNRH1 was initially determined, two groups independently reported homozygous frameshift mutations in GNRH1 in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In two additional families, heterozygous GNRH1 mutations segregated with reproductive disorders. In the first family, the mutation occurred alone in five female subjects with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, whereas in the second it co-existed with a mutation in NR0B1/DAX1 in two female subjects with delayed puberty. While hemizygous mutations the X-linked NR0B1 are a well-known cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and adrenal hypoplasia in male patients, heterozygous female carriers are generally asymptomatic. Thus, mutations in GNRH1 have been associated with both mild and severe forms of GnRH deficiency, and may work in combination with other gene mutations to produce GnRH-deficient phenotypes.
Large aerosol particles as freezing nuclei

Abstract Aerosol particles ingested by cloud supply nuclei which initiate formation of ice. These particles may either condense water or collide with cloud droplets thus becoming hydrosol particles. Ice nucleation through freezing was found to be time-dependent; nucleation sites are being formed or exposed continuously on the surfaces of hydrosol particles. In severe storms large soil particles (dia. > 40 μ m) accrete cloud droplets; they freeze the accreted supercooled water at temperatures warmer than the ice nucleation temperature of their submicron- and micron-sized shed particles. Solid phase (ice) formation in clouds cannot be reconstructed by determining freezing temperature spectra of hydrosol present in precipitatation samples where surfaces of hydrosolized aerosol particles have already undergone physical and chemical changes.
The Split Brain Revisited

Groundbreaking work over four decades has led to ongoing insights about brain organization and consciousness
Superior sulcus (Pancoast) tumor: experience with 105 patients

Abstract Background . The evolution of therapy in 105 patients with superior sulcus (Pancoast) tumor over the past 42 years was reviewed. Methods . There were 82 men and 23 women aged 30 to 75 years. Tumor cell types were: squamous, 41 (39%); adenocarcinoma, 23 (21.9%); anaplastic, 14 (13.3%); undetermined, 12 (11.4%); mixed, 9 (8.7%); and large cell 6 (5.7%). Therapy was based on extent of disease and lymph node involvement. There were 5 treatment groups: I, preoperative radiation and operation (n = 28); II, operation and postoperative radiation (n = 16); III, radiation (n = 37); IV, preoperative chemotherapy, radiation, and operation (n = 11); and V, operation (n = 12). Results . The median survival for group I was 21.6 months; group II, 6.9 months; group III, 6 months; and group V, 36.7 months. Median survival for group IV has not yet been reached (estimated at 72% at 5 years). On univariate analysis, mediastinal lymph node involvement, Horner syndrome, TNM classification, and method of therapy affected survival. On multivariate regression analysis, only N2 and N3 disease and method of therapy were significant ( p Conclusions . The optimal treatment for superior sulcus tumor was preoperative radiation and operation. However, triple modality therapy, although promising, requires longer follow-up.
27. THE ADOLESCENT WITH A LEARNING PROBLEM. EXPERIENCE AND INSIGHT WITH DELINQUENT BOYS

Twelve teenaged boys referred by a juvenile court clinic because of delinquent behavior and academic failure were examined by an experienced team of pediatricians, neurologists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and occupational, physical, recreational, speech and hearing therapists. Two boys came from troubled families with long histories of legal problems, had behavior problems antedating their school difficulties and had no evidence of perceptual handicaps. The remaining ten were the family blacksheep whose academic problems began early and whose behavior decompensated later. They all had perceptual handicaps and both groups of boys had intense psychological reactions to their school difficulties. The learning disabled require a flexible team approach in school together with individual, group and family therapy in order to achieve success.
Credentials for clinical ethics consultation--are we there yet?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Anita J. Tarzian, Ph.D., RN, Ethics & Research Consultant, Baltimore, MD, Program Coordinator, Maryland Health Care Ethics Committee Network at the University of Maryland School of Law, 500 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201; email: atarzian@law.umaryland.edu, atarzian@comcast.net. Credentials for Clinical Ethics Consultation – Are We There Yet?
Detecting acid precipitation impacts on lake water quality

The United States Environmental Protection Agency is planning to expand its long-term monitoring of lakes that are sensitive to acid deposition effects. Effective use of resources will require a careful definition of the statistical objectives of monitoring, a network design which balances spatial and temporal coverage, and a sound approach to data analysis. This study examines the monitoring objective of detecting trends in water quality for individual lakes and small groups of lakes. Appropriate methods of trend analysis are suggested, and the power of trend detection under seasonal (quarterly) sampling is compared to that of annual sampling. The effects of both temporal and spatial correlation on trend detection ability are described.
Immunohistologic expression of blood-group antigens in normal human gastrointestinal tract and colonic carcinoma

A panel of 7 mouse monoclonal antibodies and the lectin from Ulex europeus, detecting blood-group-related antigens of the ABH and Lewis systems, have been used to define the distribution of these antigenic structures within the human gastrointestinal tract, and to characterize their expression and modulation in colorectal carcinomas. The reagents employed detect the following blood-group specificities: A (all variants), B, H (type 2), Lewisa, Lewisb, X (Lewisx), Y (Lewisy) and type 1 precursor chain. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that these antigens are differentially expressed in various cell types and developmental stages of the human gastrointestinal tract. ABH expression undergoes developmental modulation in the human colorectal tract from positive to negative during embryogenesis, and is lost in adult cells. Colorectal tumors exhibit neosynthesis of ABH specificities that appear in tumor cells, and accumulation of the precursor antigens. They also show increased expression of Lewis antigens, especially Y determinant, which has a restricted pattern of distribution in normal tissues and is not found in normal colonic mucosa. Enhancement of the Lewis antigens is observed in all colorectal tumors analyzed, regardless of blood-group type and secretory status of the individuals studied. Tumor modulation of these antigens may be related to activation of suppressed genes and enhancement of fucosyltransferases.
Consequences of Spin-Flop Coupling in Exchange Biased Films

Using a microscopic Heisenberg model which includes magnetostatic interactions, the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion is solved in order to study several magnetic properties of ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers. For perfectly flat interfaces, it is shown that spin-flop coupling does not lead to exchange bias as has been proposed, but rather gives rise to a uniaxial anisotropy which in turn causes the large coercivities observed in exchange biased films. The introduction of interfacial defects leads to exchange bias of the correct order of magnitude.
Large time step maximum norm regularity of L-stable difference methods for parabolic equations

We establish almost sharp maximum norm regularity properties with large time steps for L-stable finite difference methods for linear second-order parabolic equations with spatially variable coefficients. The regularity properties for first and second spatial differences of the numerical solution mimic those of the continuous problem, with logarithmic factors in second differences. The regularity results for the inhomogeneous problem imply that the uniform rate of convergence of the numerical solution and its differences is controlled only by the maximum norm of the local truncation error.
C-H Bond Activation by Cobalt(I) Macrocycles: Rapid H/D Exchange between Macrocycle and Acetonitrile Solvent

Despite extensive studies of proton-transfer thermodynamics and kinetics in acetonitrile solution, proton exchange between solute and solvent has rarely been encountered. Here, rapid (20-min t[sub 1/2] at room temperature) proton exchange between the N-H groups of a cobalt(I) macrocycle and CD[sub 3]CN solvent is reported. The reaction is anomalously rapid for a simple proton-transfer process and may signal reactivity of the metal center toward C-H activation.
Optimizing the molecular weight of oat β-glucan for in vitro bile acid binding and fermentation.

A previous study showed β-glucan with low molecular weight (MW, 1.56 × 105 g/mol) bound more bile acid and produced greater amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) than did β-glucan with high MW (Mn = 6.87 × 105 g/mol). In the current study, β-glucan extracted from oat flour was fractionated into six different MW levels (high MW, 7.09 × 105; low level 1 (L1), 3.48 × 105; L2, 2.42 × 105; L3, 1.61 × 105; L4, 0.87 × 105; and L5, 0.46 × 105 g/mol) and evaluated to find the optimum MW affecting in vitro bile acid binding and fermentation. The β-glucan fractions with 2.42 × 105–1.61 × 105 g/mol (L2 and L3) bound the greatest amounts of bile acid. After 24 h of fermentation, no differences were found in total SCFA formation among L1, L2, L3, and L4 fractions; however, the high MW and L5 MW fractions produced lower amounts of total SCFA. Thus, the optimum MW of β-glucan to affect both hypocholesterolemic and antitumorigenic in vitro effects was in the range of 2.42 × 105–1.61 × 105 g/mol. This MW range also was...
Many-body effective mass and anomalous g factor in inversion layers.

We present a microscopic theory of the effects of the electron-electron interaction on the effective mass and the anomalous Land\'e g factor in an inversion layer. We find that the inclusion of previously neglected many-body effects, associated with charge- and spin-fluctuation-induced vertex corrections, is crucial. The present approach is based on a new self-consistent determination of the many-body local fields. Our theory has no free parameters and the results are in good agreement with the established experimental findings.
COMPETITION LEADS TO AN EXTINCTION‐PRONE SPECIES OF SALAMANDER: INTERSPECIFIC TERRITORIALITY IN A METAPOPULATION

The Shenandoah salamander, Plethodon shenandoah, is a federally endangered species that is restricted to Pleistocene-age talus on three mountains in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA. Each population is surrounded by the red-backed salamander, P. cinereus, which defends intraspecific territories on the forest floor. On Hawksbill Mountain, P. shenandoah consists of a metapopulation, with a large “source” subpopulation on the top of the mountain and at least five small “sink” subpopulations below. Here we report that P. shenandoah is constrained in escaping from the talus into deep soil, and thus in emigrating from source to sink subpopulations, by interspecific territoriality from P. cinereus. We performed competitive release experiments during two summers by removing P. cinereus from under experimental rocks while leaving territorial residents in place under control rocks. Plethodon shenandoah responded by invading experimental rocks significantly more frequently than control rocks in both years. Quadrat analyses indicated that only a small number of individuals escaped from the talus at any given time. Behavioral experiments revealed no significant differences in propensity to bite by the two species, indicating that more subtle tactics are employed by P. cinereus in excluding P. shenandoah from territorial sites. One sink subpopulation of P. shenandoah became extinct in 1970 as a consequence of a severe drought, which affected areas of talus more drastically than areas of deep soil containing P. cinereus. Our data now suggest that interspecific territoriality by P. cinereus can contribute to the extinction-prone status of P. shenandoah by inhibiting movements from source to more distant sink subpopulations.
Evaluation of Molecular Markers for Discriminating Gonatocerus morrilli (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): A Biological Control Agent for Homalodisca vitripennis

Abstract We tested the utility of molecular markers for distinguishing between two closely related species, Gonatocerus morrilli (Howard) and Gonatocerus walkerjonesi S. Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), to evaluate whether postrelease G. morrilli specimens could be discriminated in the field. Initially, postrelease specimens from California collected in 2002 and 2003 were analyzed. Amplification size of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 2 demonstrated that all of the specimens were of the G. walkerjonesi ITS2 genotype. Inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction DNA fingerprinting of specimens from the original G. morrilli“release” colony demonstrated that the DNA banding pattern was superimposable to that of G. walkerjonesi, confirming that the G. morrilli colony was contaminated. A new G. morrilli colony was initiated in spring 2005, and we continued to survey random postrelease specimens from the 2004–2006 collections. As expected, from 2004 and most of 2005, only the G. walke...