cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The financial market: not as big as you think

In a general multiperiod financial market, we show that the market trading prices at intermediate dates of some securities with simple specifications, either compound call option or portfolios of index options, reveal sufficient information from the terminal date to intermediate dates; therefore, these simple securities dynamically span and complete the entire space of all state-contingent claims. We further demonstrate that those specifications of state-contingent claims are the simplest ones to dynamically span all state-contingent claims. Our results do not depend on agents’ risk-preference and basic asset’s stochastic price process. Therefore, the financial market might be not as big as we think.
A functional description of adult picky eating using latent profile analysis.

Research has indicated that adult picky eating (PE) is associated with elevated psychosocial impairment and limited dietary variety and fruit and vegetable intake; however, research operationalizing PE behaviors is limited. Previous research identified a PE profile in children, marked by high food avoidance (satiety responsiveness, fussiness, and slow eating) and low food approach (food enjoyment and responsiveness) appetitive traits. The present study aimed to replicate a similar latent eating behavior profile in an adult sample. A sample of 1339 US adults recruited through Amazon’s MTurk completed an online survey that included a modified self-report version of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ-A). Latent profile analysis was employed to identify eating profiles using the CEBQ-A subscales, ANCOVAs were employed to examine profile differences on various self-report measures, and eating profiles were compared across BMI classifications. Analyses converged on a four-profile solution, and a picky eater profile that closely resembled the past child profile emerged. Participants in the picky eater profile (18.1%) scored higher on measures of adult PE and social eating anxiety compared to all other profiles, scored higher on eating-related impairment and depression than moderate eating profiles, and were more likely to be of normal weight. A distinct adult PE profile was observed, indicating childhood PE and appetitive behaviors may carry over into adulthood. Research identifying meaningful groups of picky eaters will help to shed light on the conditions under which picky eating is a risk factor for significant psychosocial impairment or distress, or weight-related problems.
"The War Still Continues," Part II: The Importance of Positive Validation for Undocumented Students One Year after Trump's Presidential Victory.

During the 2016 campaign, President Trump promised to establish numerous anti-immigration policies, which heightened undocumented students’ fears and anxieties. The present longitudinal qualitative...
The Peculiar Case of State Network Neutrality Regulation

In the wake of the FCC’s 2018 decision to rescind federal network neutrality rules, several states have implemented their own network neutrality regulations, some in the form of procurement conditions on state contracts and others affirmative mandates requiring broadband Internet service providers to observe neutrality in providing service. The federal government and industry trade associations have challenged the state network neutrality laws as both preempted and unconstitutional under the “dormant Commerce Clause” doctrine. This paper analyzes those state restrictions, as a matter of constitutional law. The Court has recently changed dormant Commerce Clause law, liberalizing those limits with regard to the Internet last year in South Dakota v. Wayfair and showing more deference to state regulation of the Internet. But state network neutrality rules present an altogether different problem than typically arises in dormant Commerce Clause cases, requiring a new approach. Much state network neutrality regulation (especially regulation of Internet traffic exchange) is problematic under traditional dormant Commerce Clause and due process analysis because it explicitly reaches outside of local states. But more fundamentally, the entire economic theory underlying network neutrality regulation makes network neutrality especially problematic under dormant Commerce Clause law. Although states are likely free to regulate many aspects of the Internet – especially after Wayfair – the peculiar nature of network neutrality regulation makes it singularly poorly suited for state regulation.
Project Management in Libraries

This issue's "New and Noteworthy" column focuses on several books, journal articles, and websites that will serve as an introduction to project management in library and information organization settings.
Repolarization Remodeling in Structural Heart Disease

Structural heart disease is associated with both alterations in mechanical function and electrical remodeling; the latter may enhance the risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Prominently among the many changes in hypertrophied and failing hearts is delayed and labile repolarization that exaggerates the spatial and temporal dispersion of electrical recovery. The changes in repolarization involve alterations in heterogeneous changes in depolarizing and repolarizing ionic currents as well as alterations in calcium homeostasis. These changes in active membrane properties often occur in the setting of compromised conduction in the myocardium further increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). We present a brief overview of ionic current remodeling that underlies the arrhythmogenic changes observed in heart failure.
Factors in Special Class Placement

In an effort to identify factors associated with placement in classes for the educable retarded, comparisons were made between a group of 17 low IQ (< 80) regular class subjects and three groups of special class subjects: (a) 18 low IQ (< 80) subjects, (b) 9 average IQ (≧80) subjects, and (c) the total group of 32 special class subjects. No differences were found between regular and special class subjects on preschool readiness and language development or on achievement prior to differential placement. Significant socioeconomic status differences favored the regular class subjects. Both low socioeconomic status and poor school behavior were associated with special class placement of average IQ children. At 9 years of age, significant differences favoring regular class subjects were found on measures of academic achievement. These differences were attributed to the effects of differential school placement.
Autoimmune blistering diseases provoked during the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease with biologic agents: a systematic review.

Background To investigate the clinical course of autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs) following treatment with biologic agents (BAs) for chronic inflammatory diseases. Methods A comprehensive review of available, published literature was performed using PubMed and CINAHL search engines. Diagnostic criteria of AIBD included positive direct immunofluorescence studies and/or positive serology with clinically suggestive features. Results A total of 22 cases of AIBDs provoked by the use of BAs were found. The most commonly implicated agents were tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (n = 14). The mean age of onset of AIBD was 59.4 years (median 61.5 years, range 31-82). Average time to onset of AIBD following initiation of the suspected BA was 33.7 ± 43.8 weeks (range 3 days to 152 weeks). Psoriasis was the most common associated condition for which the BA was prescribed (n = 11), followed by rheumatoid arthritis (n = 6) and ulcerative colitis (n = 5). Of the 21 cases reporting AIBD outcome, 17 reported remission or complete resolution upon stopping treatment with the involved BA. Four cases reported continued bullae formation without worsening of disease following cessation of the BA or systemic corticosteroids used to treat the AIBD. Five cases rechallenged the patient with the involved BA and four of the five reported recurrence, often with quicker onset and more severe symptoms. Conclusions BAs may be suspected in patients developing AIBD while being treated for chronic inflammatory diseases. A majority of cases resolve upon cessation of the offending agent.
A Rejoinder to Thomas E. Schacht

Thomas Schacht’s commentary on my chapter is a welcome and rather pithy invitation to reiterate what I had hoped to have made clearer in the chapter itself. His lament that the persuasive power of my arguments, for example, “is regrettably reduced by repeated and self-defeating oversimplifications” stands out as one of the more provocative invitations. Because one of the main points of the chapter was its cautionary overtones regarding oversimplification and artificial dichotomization, it would seem that some clarification is in order.
Lyme Disease and the Epistemic Tensions of “Medically Unexplained Illnesses”

In the US, disagreement over the biological basis of "chronic Lyme disease" has resulted in the institutionalization of two standards of care: "mainstream" and "Lyme-literate." For mainstream physicians, chronic Lyme disease is a "medically unexplained illness" that presents with an abundance of "symptoms" in the absence of diagnostic "signs." For Lyme-literate physicians, and complementary and alternative medicine practitioners more generally, symptoms alone provide sufficient evidence for medical explanation. Drawing upon ethnographic research among mainstream and Lyme-literate physicians, I suggest that medically unexplained illness is not a biomedical anomaly but an intrinsic feature of biomedicine.
Data Visualization in Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is receiving more attention these years because an increasing number of hackings have been reported. Visualization of data can assist in bringing attention to this issue. Log files are used to keep track of all the users that have accessed a server. Charts and graphs can help get a better understanding of the security log files. The IP addresses extracted from log files can be used to track the location of the machines that are trying to connect to the servers. A third-party geo-locating API is available to match IP addresses to identify where the user resides. Google Maps API can mark where the IP addresses are on the map based on the location given. This research focuses on visualizing the unauthorized access attempts on the servers by extracting the user data from the log files that were collected from 3 servers over a 2-month period.
Public Interest Standards from Radio to Public Television

The history of radio and television communications in the United States does not reflect a simple path to the dominance of mass media. It was and still is the site of a prolonged struggle over the public obligations of media. The airwaves were considered public property and not owned but only licensed by operators, but public obligations in the United States came to be defined primarily in commercial terms. Still other groups lobbied for more extensive public obligations including reserving licenses for nonprofits—though their efforts were unsuccessful. They sought to direct the power of the new media of radio for democratic and educational purposes. The first wave of broadcast regulation culminated in the formation of the FCC in 1934 in which commercial interests predominated. Though there were some challenges to this in the early 1940s the next wave of activism arose in the 1950s with the movement for Public Educational Television. This was largely an elite-driven movement for “quality programming” in reaction to the low quality of network programming and the total lack of children’s programming on television. It led to the formation of PBS. The other significant initiative arose in the 1960s when the critique of network television extended to its virtual ignorance of minorities the poor or any group other than the white suburban nuclear family. The large networks largely conformed to the image of conformist media that Horkheimer and Adorno criticized. They did not do enough to promote discussion of controversial issues or to educate the public. The social movements of the times along with severe social conflicts also lend greater urgency to the need for democratic practices to spread throughout society.
Clinical laboratory validation of the MCL35 assay for molecular risk stratification of mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a clinically heterogeneous B cell malignancy for which a variety of prognostic factors have been proposed. Previously, a digital gene expression profiling "proliferation signature" capable of risk stratifying MCL was identified and subsequently developed into a multi-analyte prognostic assay, known as the "MCL35" assay. In this study, we sought to explore the performance characteristics of the MCL35 assay in a clinical laboratory and compare results with the Ki67 proliferation marker. The results describe the clinical validation of the MCL35 assay for molecular risk stratification of MCL including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, use in acid-decalcified bone marrow core biopsies, fixatives, lower limit of RNA input, quality metrics, and other laboratory parameters. The resulting data indicate that this is a robust technique with outstanding reproducibility. Overall, the data support the concept of molecular signatures, as assessed with digital gene expression profiling, for improved standardization and reproducibility for proliferation assessment in MCL.
Differential Diagnosis of Narrow Complex Tachycardias

Summary The NCTs represent a spectrum of diverse electrophysiologic and clinical arrhythmias originating anywhere from the SA node to the ventricular septum. They are due to re-entry circuits or areas of enhanced focal automaticity. Clinical history, electrocardiography, and hemodynamic data are all important contributors to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of these arrhythmias. Verapamil is effective in treating many NCTs, although digitalis, beta blockers, procainamide, or cardioversion may be required.
Predictors of Pro-environmental Beliefs, Behaviors, and Policy Support among Climate Change Skeptics:

Previous research suggests that climate skeptics may hold a series of environmental concerns and support for environmental policy that, if engaged with, could serve to (in part) mitigate climate ch...
Collagenous Gastritis in Primary Selective IgM Deficiency: Transition to EBV+ Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Selective IgM deficiency (SIgMD) and isolated collagenous gastritis are two independent rare disorders. Our purpose is to report the 1st case of SIgMD and isolated collagenous gastritis and collagenous gastritis that has transitioned to EBV + gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric biopsy tissue was analyzed by EBV-related encoded RNA in situ hybridization assay. Subsets of CD4, CD8, T follicular helper cells (TFH), and members of the "regulatory lymphocytes club" were measured with multiple panels of monoclonal antibodies and isotype controls by multicolor flow cytometry. The patient was diagnosed with SIgMD (extremely low serum IgM 9 mg/dl and normal IgG and IgA and exclusion of secondary causes of low IgM). Soon after SIgMD diagnosis, the patient developed collagenous gastritis and, 8 years later, developed gastric adenocarcinoma that was positive for EBV. An extensive immunological analysis revealed reduced naive CD4 and CD8 effector memory T cells and increased naive and central memory CD8 T cells. Among the circulating follicular helper T cells (cTFH), TFH1 and TFH2 were increased whereas TFH17 was decreased. CD4 Treg cells and TFR cells were increased, whereas Breg and CD8 Treg were comparable to control. In conclusion, SIgMD may be associated with isolated collagenous gastritis, and collagenous gastritis may transition to EBV + gastric adenocarcinoma. A role of regulatory lymphocytes in gastric cancer is discussed.
Evaluation of echocardiographic derived parameters for right ventricular size and function using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cMRI) is the gold standard for right ventricular (RV) assessment due to its high spatial resolution. The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommends eight structural and six functional quantitative parameters for evaluation of the RV. This study sought to simplify echocardiographic RV assessment by examining the relative diagnostic value of the echo recommended parameters by applying them to cMRI imaging of the RV. METHODS We applied ASE recommended measures of RV size and function to 56 cMRI's and compared them to RV volumetric analysis obtained from cMRI. Pearsons' correlation coefficient was used to compare ASE prescribed parameters to corresponding cMRI calculated RV end diastolic volume (RVEDV) and RV ejection fraction (RVEF). The diagnostic performance of each parameter in predicting abnormal RV size or function was analyzed using receiver operator characteristic curves. Youden-J index was used to determine optimal sensitivity/specificity cut-points. Stepwise regression modeling was performed to identify measurements independently associated with RV size or RVEF. RESULTS RV end diastolic area (RVEDA) correlated best with RVEDV (r = .76, p < 0.001) and RV fractional area change (RVFAC) correlated best with RVEF (r = .7, p < 0.001). The best ASE parameter for identifying RV dilatation was RVEDA (Youden-J index = .84), the optimal cutoff was 32.3 cm2 which yielded sensitivity/specificity of 84% and 100%, respectively. The best parameter for diagnosing RV dysfunction was RVFAC (Youden-J index = .52), with an optimal cutoff of 42% leading to sensitivity/specificity of 64% and 88%, respectively. CONCLUSION The area based echocardiographic parameters for RV size and function, RVEDA and RV fractional area change outperform linear measurements in predicting RV dilation and RV systolic dysfunction. These parameters should be examined in further echocardiographic based studies as the primary parameters to guide quantitative RV assessment.
Novel Use of Text-Bot Automation for Residency Recruitment

Purpose. To describe the employment of an automated text messaging text-bot during the 2019 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Midyear Clinical Meeting Residency Showcase and its impact on the number of applications received for the postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residency programs at a medium-sized community hospital. Methods. Visitors at the residency showcase booth were asked to text a code word to a program number. The text-bot collected the visitor’s contact information and program of interest (PGY1 or PGY2). A series of automated messages were sent to all visitors following the showcase and up until the residency application deadline. Results. 71% (20/28) of visitors to the program’s showcase booth registered with the text-bot and of these, 65% (13/20) submitted applications to the residency program in phase I of the match. Both the PGY1 and PGY2 programs saw an increase in the amount of applications received compared to previous year. Conclusion. A text messaging text-bot may be a useful residency recruitment tool.
Effect of Aerosol Nitrate Photolysis on Wintertime Air Quality

Recent field and laboratory studies suggest that aerosol nitrate can undergo photolysis over the marine environment to generate gaseous nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide. In this study, we examine the effect of aerosol nitrate photolysis on air quality using the hemispheric Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Consistent with other air quality models, CMAQ currently does not contain the photolysis of aerosol nitrate. We add the photolysis of aerosol nitrate to the CMAQ model using recently published rate expression developed based on laboratory experiments and apply the photolysis of aerosol nitrate only over marine environments. Simulations are performed without and with the photolysis of aerosol nitrate over the Northern Hemisphere. Model results suggest that the photolysis of aerosol nitrate decreases annual mean surface aerosol nitrate over the ocean by ~60%, enhances annual mean surface nitrous acid by ~60%, and enhances annual mean surface ozone by ~17%. Enhanced ozone over marine environment is transported to land areas which increases annual mean surface ozone by 1–7 ppbv over large land-based areas. Simulated nitrous acid with the photolysis of aerosol nitrate agree better with observed data. Simulated ozone with the photolysis of aerosol nitrate reduces mean bias in cooler months but increases the bias in warmer months compared to observations in the United States and Japan.
A proposed history of permafrost development in Labrador-Ungava

The recent history of mapping permafrost distribution in Labrador-Ungava is reviewed and an attempt is made to assess the accuracy of the most recent maps. Relationships between ground temperature and other environmental conditions are then discussed. These two introductory sections provide the basis for the main objective of the paper. A hypothesis of permafrost development is elaborated and rests upon two considerations: (1) that much of Labrador-Ungava is underlain by permafrost which is in approximate equilibrium with present-day conditions and that its distribution is largely controlled by vegetation cover rather than regional variations in climate, and (2) that patches of relic permafrost have been found widely throughout the southern section of the peninsula. It is proposed that, following disintegration and melt of the last ice sheet, permafrost developed over wide areas before tree species were able to migrate northwards. As the forest cover-types began to occupy areas comparable to those so occupied today ground thermal characteristics changed. This was caused not only by the direct effects of forest invasion but by the impact of the forest on the winter snow cover. As conditions more nearly approached those prevailing today, degradation of permafrost set in and the present relic patches are air that remains of this process. The hypothesis is supported by recent progress in palynological and vegetational history studies. These demonstrate that a tundra phase existed for 1000 to 2000 or more years between the time of ice sheet disappearance and establishment of the forest cover.
Applications of Refractory Carbides and Nitrides

This chapter reviews the applications of refractory carbides and nitrides in each of the following industrial categories: (1) automotive and aerospace, (2) industrial machinery and equipment, (3) cutting and grinding tools, (4) armor, (5) nuclear, (6) semiconductor, and (6) optical. Many of the automotive and aerospace applications of refractory carbides and nitrides are of a structural and chemical nature, especially in applications involving high temperature and/or corrosive environments where most metals are no longer suitable. These applications are usually in the bulk form and are made possible by recent advances in processing technology. Relatively large parts can now be produced to near-net shape with little machining required. Applications of refractory carbides and nitrides are found extensively in machinery and equipment for protection against wear, erosion, and chemical attack. Both bulk materials and coatings are used. The most important bulk material is tungsten carbide sintered with a metallic binder that is usually cobalt. Cutting and grinding tools are a special case of wear and corrosion applications. Cutting tools have a sharp edge for the purpose of shaving and generating a material chip. This edge must remain sharp for the tool to perform properly. Grinding tools are different in that they have an abrasive-coated surface that generates a powder as opposed to the chip of a cutting tool.
Experimental Philosophy: A Methodological Critique

This article offers a critique of research practices typical of experimental philosophy. To that end, it presents a review of methodological issues that have proved crucial to the quality of research in the biobehavioral sciences. It discusses various shortcomings in the experimental philosophy literature related to (1) the credibility of self-report questionnaires, (2) the validity and reliability of measurement, (3) the adherence to appropriate procedures for sampling, random assignment, and handling of participants, and (4) the meticulousness of study reporting. It argues that the future standing of experimental philosophy will hinge upon improvements in research methods.
Application of the adomian decomposition method for semi-analytic solutions of power system differential algebraic equations

This paper explores an alternative, semi-analytical approach to solution of the initial value problem of differentialalgebraic equations modeling a power system. Different from the traditional numerical integration based approach, this new approach applies the Adomian Decomposition Method to derive an approximate solution, called a semi-analytic solution (SAS), as a closed-form explicit function of time, the initial state and parameters on the system condition. Such a solution directly gives the power system's dynamic trajectory starting from an initial state that is accurate over a certain time window. Then, a multi-stage scheme evaluating the same SAS repeatedly for sequential time windows is able to give the system's trajectory for a desired simulation period without iterative computations as numerical integration does. The new approach is tested for power system transient stability simulation on a 3-machine, 9-bus power system and the IEEE 10-machine, 39-bus system, and its accuracy and time performance are compared with the 4th order Runge-Kutta method.
Parts-based models and local features for automatic speech recognition

While automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems have steadily improved and are now in widespread use, their accuracy continues to lag behind human performance, particularly in adverse conditions. This thesis revisits the basic acoustic modeling assumptions common to most ASR systems and argues that improvements to the underlying model of speech are required to address these shortcomings. A number of problems with the standard method of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and features derived from fixed, frame-based spectra (e.g. MFCCs) are discussed. Based on these problems, a set of desirable properties of an improved acoustic model are proposed, and we present a "parts-based" framework as an alternative. The parts-based model (PBM), based on previous work in machine vision, uses graphical models to represent speech with a deformable template of spectro-temporally localized "parts", as opposed to modeling speech as a sequence of fixed spectral profiles. We discuss the proposed model's relationship to HMMs and segment-based recognizers, and describe how they can be viewed as special cases of the PBM. Two variations of PBMs are described in detail. The first represents each phonetic unit with a set of time-frequency (T-F) "patches" which act as filters over a spectrogram. The model structure encodes the patches' relative T-F positions. The second variation, referred to as a 'speech schematic" model, more directly encodes the information in a spectrogram by using simple edge detectors and focusing more on modeling the constraints between parts. We demonstrate the proposed models on various isolated recognition tasks and show the benefits over baseline systems, particularly in noisy conditions and when only limited training data is available. We discuss efficient implementation of the models and describe how they can be combined to build larger recognition systems. It is argued that the flexible templates used in parts-based modeling may provide a better generative model of speech than typical HMMs. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Thomas Hodgkin: medical immortal and uncompromising idealist

Thomas Hodgkin was born into a devout Quaker family in Pentonville, England, in 1798 (Table ​(Table11). His upbringing imbued him from early life with honesty, discipline, and concern for the less fortunate (1, 2). As a Quaker, Thomas wore plain clothes and spoke in a formal manner. At age 21, he wrote an “Essay on the Promotion of Civilization,” in which he criticized the imperialistic behavior of colonists that led to the degradation or death of North American Indians and other native peoples. Thomas also developed an interest in science. From 1817 until 1820 he served as apprentice to an apothecary and “walked the wards” at Guy's Hospital in London. While a medical student at Edinburgh, Hodgkin visited European medical centers during 1821–1822 and met Rene Laennec in Paris. Laennec had recently devised the stethoscope and taught Hodgkin how to use it. He received his medical degree from Edinburgh in 1823, the same year he met Moses Montefiore, a wealthy financier and philanthropist who was to become his lifelong patient and close friend. Table 1 Chronology of the life of Thomas Hodgkin In 1826, Hodgkin was appointed first lecturer in morbid anatomy and museum curator at the new Guy's Hospital Medical School in London. During the next 12 years at Guy's, Hodgkin made a number of major contributions (Figure ​(Figure11). Despite his brilliance Hodgkin was rejected for a clinical staff position in 1837, after which he resigned from Guy's Hospital. 1857 marked the first of five journeys with Moses Montefiore on behalf of Jews, Christians, and Arabs in various countries. In 1865 Samuel Wilks wrote his paper using the term “Hodgkin's disease.” In the following year Thomas Hodgkin died of dysentery in Palestine. He is buried in Jaffa. Figure 1 Thomas Hodgkin. Reproduced courtesy of Gordon Museum, Guy's Hospital, GKT, King's College London.
Marfan's syndrome: Acute aortic dissection during labor, resulting in fetal distress and cesarean section, followed by successful surgical repair

A unique case of Marfan's syndrome is presented in which the diagnosis was first established during early labor when the patient presented with chest pain, hypotension, and fetal distress as the earliest symptoms and signs. Prompt diagnosis in combination with correct medical and surgical therapy resulted in the survival of both the mother and infant.
Indemnity of Legal Fees

This article surveys the effects of legal fee shifting on a variety of decisions arising before and during the litigation process. Section 2 provides a brief survey of the practical situations in which legal fee shifting does and does not arise. Section 3 analyzes the effects of indemnification on the incentives to expend resources in litigated cases. Section 4 examines how indemnification influences the decisions to bring and to defend against suit, and Section 5 assesses its effects on the choice between settlement and trial. Section 6 addresses the interaction between the allocation of legal fees and the parties' incentives for efficient primary behavior. Section 7 considers two important variants on simple indemnification: rules that shift costs based on the parties' settlement negotiations (such as U.S. Federal Rule 68 and the English practice of payment into court), and rules that shift costs based on the margin of victory (such as U.S. Federal Rule 11 and the common law tort of malicious prosecution). Section 8 reviews the brief but instructive empirical literature on legal cost shifting, and section 9 summarizes the discussion and offers conclusions.
Improving Algebra Preparation: Implications from Research on Student Misconceptions and Difficulties.

Through historical and contemporary research, educators have identified widespread misconceptions and difficulties faced by students in learning algebra. Many of these universal issues stem from content addressed long before students take their first algebra course. Yet elementary and middle school teachers may not understand how the subtleties of the arithmetic content they teach can dramatically, and sometimes negatively, impact their students' ability to transition to algebra. The purpose of this article is to bring awareness of some common algebra misconceptions, and suggestions on how they can be averted, to those who are teaching students the early mathematical concepts they will build upon when learning formal algebra. Published literature discussing misconceptions will be presented for four prerequisite concepts, related to symbolic representation: bracket usage, equality, operational symbols, and letter usage. Each section will conclude with research-based practical applications and suggestions for preventing such misconceptions. The literature discussed in this article makes a case for elementary and middle school teachers to have a deeper and more flexible understanding of the mathematics they teach, so they can recognize how the structure of algebra can and should be exposed while teaching arithmetic.
Incidence and risk factors for chronic pain after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia

This study investigated the incidence and risk factors associated with chronic pain after elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia in an Asian population. A prospective cohort study was conducted among subjects who underwent elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia, with morphine patient-controlled analgesia administered for 24 hours postoperatively. Perioperative, surgical and obstetric factors were investigated prospectively. Phone surveys were conducted to identify risk factors associated with chronic pain. A total of 857 subjects completed both the perioperative study and phone survey. The incidence of wound scar pain for three months after surgery was 9.2% (79). Of the 51 subjects with persistent pain at the time of subsequent survey, 9.8% (n = 5) had constant pain, 9.8% (n = 5) had daily pain and 23.5% (n = 12) had pain intermittently, at an interval of days. The independent risk factors for development of chronic pain were higher pain scores recalled in the immediate postoperative period (odds ratio [OR, 95% confidence interval] 1.348 [1.219 to 1.490], P = 0.0001), pain present elsewhere (OR 2.471 [1.485 to 4.112], P = 0.001) and non-private insurance status (OR 1.679 [1.034 to 2.727], P = 0.036). The two most common sites of pain other than wound pain were back pain (n = 316) and migraine (n = 87).
Climate Change and Urban Hydrology: Research Needs in the Developed and Developing Worlds

Over the past year climate change issues have received media attention in Canada as the result of Environment Canada’s budget cuts that included atmosphe…
Familial Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Subsequent Infection in a Premature Neonate

During routine surveillance of patients in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), an alert infection-control practitioner confirmed the relationship of the index patient (sibling 3) who had a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection to an infant sibling (sibling 2) who had been admitted to the hospital 7 months previously with an MRSA infection. Cultures of nasal specimens obtained from the index patient's parents and two other siblings also yielded MRSA for two of the family members, the mother and sibling 1. The strains were typed by antibiogram, plasmid analysis, and genomic DNA typing. The isolates from sibling 1, sibling 2, the mother, and one isolate from sibling 3 were found to be identical by all techniques. The other isolates from sibling 3 shared the same genomic type but had no detectable plasmids. These findings suggest that transmission of this strain occurred at least three times within this family and that at least one family member was colonized with the same strain for 7 months or more. Recognition that family members may serve as reservoirs for nosocomial infections with MRSA raises important issues for infection control.
Silencing of the Mouse H-rev107 Gene Encoding a Class II Tumor Suppressor by CpG Methylation

Abstract H-rev107 is a tumor suppressor originally isolated in revertants of H-ras-transformed cell lines. The gene is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues but down-regulated in primary carcinomas or in many cell lines derived from tumors, including WEHI 7.1 lymphoma cells. Here, we show that unlike inH-rev107-expressing cells or tissues the 5′-end ofH-rev107 containing a CpG-rich region of 421 bp is highly methylated in WEHI 7.1 lymphoma cells, correlating with silencing of this gene. Repression of H-rev107 transcription in these cells could be relieved by chemically induced hypomethylation with 5-aza-dC. In addition, upon in vitro methylation, expression of the luciferase reporter gene driven by theH-rev107 promoter decreased by 80% in WEHI 7.1 and 293 cells. Furthermore, co-transfection of the methyl-CpG binding proteins, MeCP2 and MBD2, inhibited H-rev107 promoter activity up to 70% in SL2 cells when the promoter was methylated. By chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we observed in vivo binding of MeCP2 and MBD2 to the 5′-end of H-rev107 in WEHI 7.1 cells, which was reduced to undetectable levels upon 5-aza-dC treatment, concluding that MeCP2 and MBD2 might be involved in silencing the methylated H-rev107 gene in lymphoma cells and probably certain tumors.
Sounds of comfort in the trauma center : How nurses talk to patients in pain

Language that trauma center nurses directed to 29 distressed patients was systematically examined from videotaped data. A unique set of co-occurring linguistic features and intonation patterns which characterize the comfort talk register was identified. Descriptive data reveal that nurses reserve this register for patients only and that linguistic adjustments are made within the register for children. The nurses' comfort talk register is also characterized by a restricted set of pragmatic functions which include: (1) helping patients to 'hold on'; (2) obtaining information that contributes to the assessment of the patient's condition; (3) giving and receiving information about procedures; and (4) verbally communicating a sense of caring to the patient. Other grammatical and lexical features that are used in conjunction with selected intonation contours which delineate the nurse's comfort talk register are discussed relative to interactional processes.
A data driven multiprocessor–its architecture and performance evaluation

Abstract It has been shown that the existing von-Neumann design machines fail to meet the requirements of the real-time and the 5th generation applications. A computer organization such as data driven architecture, which embeds parallelism in its definition and underlying design, is needed to satisfy such requirements. In this project we introduce a new data driven multiprocessor which: (i) eliminates some of the problems of the existing data driven systems; (ii) takes advantage of state-of-the-art technology; and (iii) achieves parallelism at the data, instruction, and program block levels. The system consists of m host modules, connected through a network, and n processing modules, under the control of the host modules. Each host module is augmented with a data structure module which holds the data structures and controls the data structure operations. Program blocks are distributed among host modules. These blocks are carried out by the processing modules in parallel and under the control of the host modules. The system is evaluated through an extensive simulation, showing its promising speed up behavior.
Vortical flows over delta wings and numerical prediction of vortex breakdown

Navier-Stokes solutions of subsonic vortical flow over a 75 deg sweep delta wing with a sharp leading edge are presented. The sensitivity of the solution to the numerical scheme is examined using both a partially upwind scheme and a scheme with central differencing in all directions. At moderate angles of attack, no vortex breakdown is observed, whereas the higher angle-of-attack cases exhibit breakdown. The effect of numerical grid density is investigated, and solutions that are obtained with various grid densities are compared with experimental data. An embedded grid approach is implemented to enable higher resolution in selected isolated flow regions, such as the leeward-side surface, the leading-edge vortical flow, and the vortex breakdown region.
One’s Colonies: a virtual reality environment of oriental residences

This paper is a statement about my virtual reality environment project, One’s Colonies, and a description of the creative process of the project. I was inspired by the buildings in my hometown-Taiwan, which is really different from the architectural style in the United States. By analyzing the unique style of dwellings in Taiwan, I want to demonstrate how the difference between geography, weather and culture change the appearance of the living space. Through this project I want to express the relationship between architectural style and cultural difference, and how the emotional condition or characteristics of the residents are affected by their residencies.
Community satisfaction, expectations of moving, and migration

A previous residential mobility model (Speare, 1974) assumes an additive relationship between residential satisfaction, desire to move, and mobility. This paper elaborates the model and applies it to intercounty migration. An interaction between community satisfaction and expectations to migrate is hypothesized which distinguishes four groups of decision makers. A survey in Durham, North Carolina and a unique mobility followup over eight years provide the data to test the model and the interaction. Furthermore, using various time periods for identifying migrants offers some methodological insights. Results support Speare’s general formulation but only after the interaction is taken into account. A three-year migration interval is found to be appropriate.
Death induced by injection stress in cold-acclimated goldfish, Carassius auratus

Abstract 1. 1. Goldfish responded to injections of either saline or prolactin with a hyperglycemia and a decline in serum sodium and chloride concentrations. 2. 2. These stress-induced responses were most pronounced in fish acclimated to 1°C and less apparent in fish acclimated to 20°C. 3. 3. No deaths were observed in uninjected fish at 20 or 1°C or in injected fish at 20°C. At 1°C, however, eight of eighteen injected fish died within 10 days and the survivors were in poor physiological condition. 4. 4. The stressful effects of injection procedures become progressively more pronounced in goldfish as the acclimation temperature is lowered and, at temperatures near freezing, injection stress is so severe as to cause death.
Slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers: a review

This paper is a review of the recently introduced slab-coupled-optical-waveguide laser, a high-power, high-brightness semiconductor laser source that emits light in a single-spatial, lowest-order mode that is nearly circular in cross section and has a modal diameter of several micrometers. Such lasers have been demonstrated in InGaAs-InP materials, emitting near 1.3-μm wavelength, and in AlGaAs-InGaAs-GaAs materials, emitting at several wavelengths in the range between 915 and 980 nm. CW output power over 1 W has been obtained in diffraction limited beams with over 80% coupling efficiency to single-mode optical fibers. This coupling is achieved by simple butt coupling of the fiber directly to the laser without the use of optical lenses.
Renal heme metabolism in hereditary tyrosinemia: use of succinylacetone in rat renal tubules

Succinylacetone (SA), a metabolic end-product found in urine from individuals with hereditary tyrosinemia and associated renal Fanconi syndrome and a known inhibitor of hepatic 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), has been used to study heme metabolism in isolated rat renal tubules. Heme biosynthetic porphyrin precursors are increased selectively in the presence of 4 mmol/1 SA. Total porphyrin content of the tubules are increased approximately 2-fold, while both ferrochelatase and heme oxygenase activities remain unaffected by SA. Nonetheless, total heme content is reduced, as was incorporation of radioactive label from amino[14C]levulinic acid. Cytochrome P-450 content remained unaffected. Impairment of iron uptake and/or transport within the cell or enhancement of heme catabolism via a non-heme oxygenase-dependent pathway could explain the observations.
Low-energy electron and low-energy positron holography.

We demonstrate holographic reconstruction using low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) and low-energy positron-diffraction (LEPD) intensity spectra. Calculated LEED and LEPD intensity spectra from a multiple-scattering method are inverted to produce high-fidelity images of near-neighbor atoms whose positions are measured from an adatom. We show that low-energy positron diffraction is better suited for holographic reconstruction because positron scattering in solids is weaker than that of electrons.
Growth of the solitary kidney after nephrectomy in children with unilateral Wilms' tumor

Objective. We reviewed the length of the solitary kidney from all ultrasound examinations in 34 children who had undergone unilateral nephrectomy for Wilms' tumor, in order to determine the frequency of renal hypertrophy in this population. Standard sonographic criteria for nephromegaly were used.Materials and methods. We generated a z-score for each measurement of the renal length, using an interpolated computer model based on published standards for sonographic renal length in relation to age. A retrospective age- and gender-matched control population of children with sonographically normal paired kidneys was generated from a departmental computerized pediatric uroradiology data base, and their ipsilateral renal lengths were compared with those of the study patients. Sonographic renal hypertrophy (SRH) was defined by two or more consecutive measurements of the renal length exceeding two standard deviations longer than the mean for the patient's age, with no later normal measurement.Results. Seventeen (50%) of the 34 patients developed SRH. The latest measurements of the solitary kidney in the patients were significantly longer (mean z = 2.210) than in their controls (mean z = 0.040), even among the patients who did not develop SRH (patients' mean z = 1.000, controls' mean z = −0.210,p < 0.001). Because boys had slightly longer kidneys than girls (both patients and controls), SRH was also noted more often in boys. The frequency of SRH was unrelated to age at nephrectomy, side of the solitary kidney, tumor stage, chemotherapy regimen, or treatment with radiation therapy.Conclusions. Although renal growth in a solitary kidney is accelerated in most children after unilateral nephrectomy for Wilms' tumor, the sonographic length of the solitary kidney will be larger than normal in only half of the patients.
Fusion-fission hybrid design with analysis of direct enrichment and non-proliferation features (the SOLASE-H study)

Abstract The role of a fusion-fission hybrid in the context of a nuclear economy with and without reprocessing is examined. An inertial confinement fusion driver is assumed and a consistent set of reactor parameters are developed. The form of the driver is not critical, however, to the general concepts. The use of the hybrid as a fuel factory within a secured fuel production and reprocessing center is considered. Either the hybrid or a low power fission reactor can be used to mildly irradiate fuel prior to shipment to offsite reactors thereby rendering the fuel resistant to diversion. A simplified economic analysis indicates a hybrid providing fuel to 10 fission reactors of equal thermal power is insensitive to the recirculating power fraction provided reprocessing is permitted. If reprocessing is not allowed, the hybrid can be used to directly enrich light water reactor fuel bundles fabricated initially from fertile fuel (either ThO 2 or 238 UO 2 ). A detailed neutronic analysis indicates such direct enrichment is feasible but the support ratio for 233 U or 239 Pu production is only 2, making such an approach highly sensitive to the hybrid cost. The hybrid would have to produce considerable net power for economic feasibility in this case. Inertial confinement fusion performance requirements for hybrid application are also examined and an integrated design, SOLASE-H, is described based upon the direct enrichment concept.