cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Watching the Watch-Glass: Miriam Menkin and One Woman’s Work in Reproductive Science, 1938–1952

On September 22, 1944, a woman from St. Louis wrote to the president of Harvard University to express her outrage that “Dr. John Rock and Dr. Menkin had taken an ovary from a woman and that ovary c...
Enhancement of power system stability with VSC-HVDC transmission

The bulk power system is renovated with the introduction of power electronic devices and renewable energy. Maintaining the stability of the renovated system has been a concern for many years. HVDC transmission system has the advantage of transmitting vast electric power over a long distance with less amount of voltage drop or electric losses. With increase in power electronics technology, HVDC transmission is becoming the primary choice in power industry when dealing with long transmission lines. An advanced technology with Voltage Source Converter (VSC) in HVDC have the ability can provide secure lossless power delivery. This paper presents a study of power system stability using a VSC-HVDC link in a hybrid 8 bus transmission system. The purpose of this study is to show the modifying effect of HVDC system based on VSC technology on power system stability. Several cases studies are tested to push the system to its operational limits by applying single phase and three phase faults.
Identifying indicators for aspects of care

This is the fourth article on applying the ten-step model for monitoring and evaluation developed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
Psychological Co-morbidities of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and other developed nations. Because CVD often cooccurs with various mental disorders, healthcare providers responsible for either physical or mental health should be aware of how these conditions influence each other and the implications for treatment. This chapter reviews the prevalence and pathophysiology of the associations between CVD and mental disorders, reviews the literature on assessment, treatment, clinical considerations, and makes recommendations for areas in need of further research.
Chemical exposures and risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes in a population-based study.

Benzene exposure is one of the few well-established risk factors for myeloid malignancy. Exposure to other chemicals has been inconsistently associated with hematologic malignancies. We evaluated occupational and residential chemical exposures as risk factors for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) using population-based data. AML and MDS cases were identified by the Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System. Controls were identified through the Minnesota driver's license/identification card list. Chemical exposures were measured by self-report. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We included 265 MDS cases, 420 AML cases and 1388 controls. We observed significant associations between both MDS and AML and benzene (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.19, 2.63 and OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.35, 3.28, respectively) and vinyl chlorides (OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.15, 3.63 and OR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.14, 6.92). Exposure to soot, creosote, inks, dyes and tanning solutions and coal dust were associated with AML (range ORs = 2.68-4.03), while no association was seen between these exposures and MDS (range ORs = 0.57-1.68). Pesticides and agricultural chemicals were not significantly associated with AML or MDS. Similar results were observed in analyses stratified by sex. In addition to providing risk estimates for benzene from a population-based sample, we also identified a number of other occupational and residential chemicals that were significantly associated with AML; however, all exposures were reported by only a small percentage of cases (≤10%). While chemical exposures play a clear role in the etiology of myeloid malignancy, these exposures do not account for the majority of cases.
Phospholipase Cε Modulates Rap1 Activity and the Endothelial Barrier.

The phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, PLCe, is a unique signaling protein with known roles in regulating cardiac myocyte growth, astrocyte inflammatory signaling, and tumor formation. PLCe is also expressed in endothelial cells, however its role in endothelial regulation is not fully established. We show that endothelial cells of multiple origins, including human pulmonary artery (HPAEC), human umbilical vein (HUVEC), and immortalized brain microvascular (hCMEC/D3) endothelial cells, express PLCe. Knockdown of PLCe in arterial endothelial monolayers decreased the effectiveness of the endothelial barrier. Concomitantly, RhoA activity and stress fiber formation were increased. PLCe-deficient arterial endothelial cells also exhibited decreased Rap1-GTP levels, which could be restored by activation of the Rap1 GEF, Epac, to rescue the increase in monolayer leak. Reintroduction of PLCe rescued monolayer leak with both the CDC25 GEF domain and the lipase domain of PLCe required to fully activate Rap1 and to rescue endothelial barrier function. Finally, we demonstrate that the barrier promoting effects PLCe are dependent on Rap1 signaling through the Rap1 effector, KRIT1, which we have previously shown is vital for maintaining endothelial barrier stability. Thus we have described a novel role for PLCe PIP2 hydrolytic and Rap GEF activities in arterial endothelial cells, where PLCe-dependent activation of Rap1/KRIT1 signaling promotes endothelial barrier stability.
Superconductivity and fast proton transport in nanoconfined water

Abstract A real-space molecular-orbital density-wave description of Cooper pairing in conjunction with the dynamic Jahn–Teller mechanism for high-Tc superconductivity predicts that electron-doped water confined to the nanoscale environment of a carbon nanotube or biological macromolecule should superconduct below and exhibit fast proton transport above the transition temperature, Tc ≅ 230 K (−43 °C).
Incidence of coronary intervention in cardiac arrest survivors with non-shockable initial rhythms and no evidence of ST-elevation MI (STEMI).

Abstract Objective With the demonstrated benefit of an early-invasive strategy for STEMI and VF/VT arrest patients, there is interest in assessing the potential benefit of early angiography for non-shockable (PEA/Asystole) arrest patients. We hypothesized that in cardiac arrest patients who obtain return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after a non-shockable initial rhythm and do not have STEMI the incidence of coronary intervention would be clinically insignificant ( Methods Retrospective multicenter US clinical registry study of post-cardiac arrest patients at 18 hospitals between 1/00 and 5/14. The incidence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) as defined by documented coronary intervention (i.e. PCI, angioplasty, stent or CABG) was assessed. Results There were 1396 arrest patients with ROSC and known initial rhythms (517/1396 = 37% shockable; 879/1396 = 63% nonshockable). 440 (299/440 = 58% shockable; 141/440 = 32% nonshockable) of these patients received angiography. In the 141 non-shockable patients that received angiography, 97 patients did not have STEMI listed as an indication for catheterization and 24 (25%) of those had a coronary intervention documented yielding an observed incidence of coronary intervention in non-shockable post-arrest patients without STEMI who received angiography of 24.7% (24/97). Of note, the overall incidence of coronary intervention in all ROSC patients with non-shockable initial rhythms was 5.5% (48/879). Conclusions In this large multi-center retrospective analysis there is a high incidence of coronary intervention in post-arrest patients with initially non-shockable rhythms and without STEMI on ECG who are taken for angiography.
Discovering a slowly developing type 1 diabetes in adulthood: A case study of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LADA)

Susan J. Appel has completed her Ph.D. at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and postdoctoral studies from Georgetown University and the NINR NIH. She is a Professor in the Capstone College of Nursing at: The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa Alabama. Having been a RN for 33 years, and a NP for 18 years, She also maintains a clinical practice as an Acute Care and Family Nurse Practitioner within a Hospitalist group. She has conducted research and published in the area of cardiometabolic risk and advanced diabetes management. Discovering a slowly developing type 1 diabetes in adulthood: A case study of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LADA)
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Scabies in a Dermatology Office.

Background: Scabies is a neglected skin disease, and little is known about current incidence and treatment patterns in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine demographic data, treatment types, success of treatment, and misdiagnosis rate of scabies in an outpatient dermatology clinic. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with scabies within the past 5 years was performed. Results: A total of 459 charts were identified, with 428 meeting inclusion criteria. Demographic data, diagnostic method, treatment choice, misdiagnosis rate, treatment failure, and itching after scabies are also reported. Children were the largest age group diagnosed with scabies, at 38%. Males (54%) were diagnosed with scabies more than females. The majority of diagnoses were made by visualizing ova, feces, or mites on light microscopy (58%). At the time of diagnosis, 45% of patients had been misdiagnosed by another provider. Topical permethrin was the most common treatment used (69%), followed by a combination of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin (23%), oral ivermectin (7%), and other treatments (1%). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that more accurate and faster diagnostic methods are needed to limit unnecessary treatment and expedite appropriate therapy for scabies.
Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity from Soil Water Retention Curve

AbstractCation exchange capacity (CEC) has a significant influence on the physical and chemical behavior of soil. Quantification of the CEC is an essential yet challenging task. A new methodology f...
The paradox of trust in science

Arnold Relman, Former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, once put his finger on the strange role of trust in science. 'It seems paradoxical", he mused, 'that scientific research, in many ways one of the most questioning and sceptical of human activities, should be dependent on personal trust. But the fact is that without trust, the research enterprise could not function."
Blood pressure and blood sugar assessment by recent dental school graduates.

Objective Recent dental school graduates' willingness to assess blood pressure and blood sugar in practice is positively influenced by having a workplace policy fostering these assessments. Negative influences toward these assessments include practice culture issues and time management concerns. The aim of this study was to determine whether 2010-2014 graduates of the School of Dental Medicine at Buffalo, NY (UB-SDM) continue to assess blood pressure and capillary blood sugar after graduation. Study Design Starting in 2010, UB-SDM predoctoral students were required to assess blood pressure (BP) on all patients and capillary blood sugar (CBS) on all patients with diabetes at every clinic appointment. UB-SDM graduates from 2010-2014 were sent an anonymous survey consisting of 34 questions to determine whether these assessments continue after graduation. The survey consisted of BP and CBS assessment parameters, including benefits and barriers to assessments. Results Although UB-SDM graduates generally assessed BP (77%) and CBS (23%), most did not follow the school's strict educational policies when providing these services. Dental practice policies mandating BP and CBS assessments were positively correlated with UB-SDM graduates' actually providing these services. Lack of time and poor practice support were cited as negative factors toward BP and CBS assessments. Conclusions Disparities between UB-SDM educational efforts and entrenched dental practice cultures must be addressed in order for our graduates to fully embrace BP and CBS assessments in practice.
Coestimation of Gene Trees and Reconciliations Under a Duplication-Loss-Coalescence Model

Accurate gene tree-species tree reconciliation is fundamental to understanding evolutionary processes across species. However, within eukaryotes, the most popular algorithms consider only a restricted set of evolutionary events, typically modeling only duplications and losses or only coalescences. Recent work has unified duplications, losses, and coalescences through an intermediate locus tree; however, the associated reconciliation algorithms assume that the gene tree is known and do not account for gene tree reconstruction error. Here, we demonstrate that independent reconstruction of the gene tree followed by reconciliation substantially degrades accuracy compared to using the true gene tree. To address this challenge, we present DLC-Coestimation, a Bayesian method that simultaneously reconstructs the gene tree and reconciles it with the species tree. We have applied our method on two clades of flies and fungi and demonstrate that it outperforms existing approaches in ortholog, duplication, and loss inference. This work demonstrates the utility of coestimation methods for inferences under joint phylogenetic and population genomic models.
Mechanism of sterol regulation of prostate neoplasm

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 2889 The poor prognosis and prevalence of prostate cancer among African Americans has been associated with high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. There is no accepted mechanism that explain the contribution of high fat and cholesterol diets to prostate cancer etiology or progression. However, it is known that cholesterol depletion diminishes caveolin1 from the cell membranes, thereby hindering its interaction with various receptors. The interaction of caveolin1 with androgen receptors in lipid raft domains has been accepted as mediating androgen-dependent signals, such as downstream signals that modulate the expression of genes for cell growth-promotion, such as PCGEM 1 and NDRG 1. Various results indicate that even small modifications of cholesterol structure as in phytosterols have moderately deleterious effects on the ability to support raft formation.The objective of this study was to establish the possibility that alteration in membrane cholesterol content or structure by phytosterols may modulate caveolin expression and its putative downstream signaling of growth promoting genes in prostate cell lines. We investigated the effects of different sterol-supplementation on the expression of caveolin 1 and downstream genes in culture of prostate cancer cell lines. The expression of these genes in cultured prostate cancer cell lines was genetically and cytologically analyzed using RT-PCR and immunological techniques. The effects of different sterols on prostate cell growth was analyzed by BrdU cell proliferation techniques, while demonstration of apoptosis by any of the sterols was carried out by FragEL DNA fragmentation method. Caveolin1-dependent signaling of the transcription of all the sterol-regulated genes in these prostate cancer cell lines was performed by siRNA techniques. Our study revealed that whereas both sterols differentially upregulate caveolin 1 gene expression, up- and down-regulation of PCGEM1 and NDRG1 were respectively caused by cholesterol. Upregulation of caveolin expression by both sterols suggest the existence of caveolin-independent modulation of genes for cell growth promotion. Given the heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer in humans, identification of these cholesterol-modulated genes may be very effective in predicting prostate cancer that is etiologically-linked to high dietary fat risk factors, and also highlight the potential for chemoprevention with phytosterols. Also, understanding the mechanism of sterol modulation of these genes may be significant in the design of preventive and therapeutic strategies of prostate cancer. Finally, since PCGEM 1 and NDRG 1 have a reportedly perculiar expression pattern in African Americans who have high risk prostate cancer, their transcriptional modulation by these sterols would validate the implication of dietary sterols as risk factors of prostate cancer.
Earth Orbit on-Orbit Operations in Near-Earth

Although not in the frontline technical or popular press, a critical element in reaching space beyond Earth is establishing the space infrastructure around the planet Earth. The concept of this infrastructure as a train marshaling and switching yard is appropriate, a difference being the difficulty of access.
Suppressed networks of inflammatory mediators characterize chronic venous insufficiency.

Abstract Objective Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) affects 25 million adults in the United States. Little emphasis has been placed on inflammatory changes associated with CVI. We hypothesize that in patients with early to mid-stage benign varicose vein disease, differences in circulating inflammatory mediators will be manifested in blood draining the involved area vs circulating blood in control subjects. Methods Patients undergoing either endovenous ablation or sclerotherapy for Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology clinical class 3 to 5 disease underwent phlebotomy from regional veins at the time of the procedure. The patient's age, gender, clinical class, duration of symptoms, presence of superficial truncal reflux by duplex ultrasound, and treatment modality were recorded. Plasma from patients and banked blood samples from healthy volunteers (HVs) were subjected to Luminex (EMD Millipore, Billerica, Mass) to evaluate the expression of an established panel of 20 inflammatory mediators. Mediator concentrations were compared between patients and HVs using Mann-Whitney U tests. Importantly, computational analysis allowed us to compare not only the panel of inflammatory mediators but also the inflammatory networks connecting these mediators to one another. Principal components were analyzed to assess network robustness in each group. Results CVI venous blood revealed significantly lower levels of monokine induced by γ interferon, soluble interleukin (IL) 2 receptor α chain, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, tumor necrosis factor α, eotaxin, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor than blood from controls. Inflammatory networks were significantly less complex and less robust in the CVI patients compared with HVs. Based on principal component analysis, responses among HVs were more varied than those of CVI patients. Conclusions We demonstrate that patients with CVI have significant differences not only in blood-borne inflammatory mediators but also in the interconnectedness of these mediators with one another and in their principal inflammatory characteristics. Results suggest hypoinflammation in chronic nonhealing changes in CVI. These novel findings, if validated in larger cohorts, may help predict the risk of disease progression or response to therapy in the future and may guide mechanistic studies on tissue responses to CVI.
Paneth Cells during Viral Infection and Pathogenesis

Paneth cells are major secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine. Our understanding of the diverse roles that Paneth cells play in homeostasis and disease has grown substantially since their discovery over a hundred years ago. Classically, Paneth cells have been characterized as a significant source of antimicrobial peptides and proteins important in host defense and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. More recently, Paneth cells have been shown to supply key developmental and homeostatic signals to intestinal stem cells in the crypt base. Paneth cell dysfunction leading to dysbiosis and a compromised epithelial barrier have been implicated in the etiology of Crohn’s disease and susceptibility to enteric bacterial infection. Our understanding of the impact of Paneth cells on viral infection is incomplete. Enteric α-defensins, produced by Paneth cells, can directly alter viral infection. In addition, α-defensins and other antimicrobial Paneth cell products may modulate viral infection indirectly by impacting the microbiome. Here, we discuss recent insights into Paneth cell biology, models to study their function, and the impact, both direct and indirect, of Paneth cells on enteric viral infection.
The ethics of efficiency in hospital medicine: developing a new paradigm for the patient-physician relationship.

The rise in hospital-based medicine and the focused-practice area of hospitalists are altering the traditional paradigm of the patient-physician relationship to emphasize efficiency and justice in medical practice. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Metaphorische Oszillation: Jakobson, Musil, Rilke

Keine rhetorische Figur hat grosere theoretische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren als die Metapher. Besonders wahrend der Blutezeit des Strukturalismus wurden zahlreiche elaborierte Versuche unternommen, ihre Figurationskraft und Strategien der Sinnproduktion zu beschreiben. Den Ausgangspunkt der folgenden Uberlegungen bildet Roman Jakobsons Verallgemeinerung der Metapher zum Aquivalenzprinzip lyrischer Rede. Nach einem theoretischen Uberblick untersuche ich den Fall der absoluten Metapher, die die zentrale Herausforderung jeder Metapherntheorie darstellt.
A Phasor-Based Analysis of Sinusoidal Injection Locking in LC and Ring Oscillators

A new perspective into the locking behavior of LC and ring oscillators is presented. By decomposing a sinusoidal injection current into in-phase and quadrature-phase components, exact expressions for the amplitude and phase of an injection-locked LC oscillator which hold for any injection strength and frequency are derived and confirmed by simulation. The analysis, which can be naturally extended to an arbitrary LC resonator topology, leads to a rigorous understanding of the fundamental physics underlying the locking phenomenon. Furthermore, an investigation of the different necessary and sufficient conditions for injection locking to occur is carried out, leading to a more precise notion of the lock range. The ring oscillator is also analyzed in an analogous fashion, resulting in simple yet accurate closed-form expressions for the fractional lock range in the small-injection and long-ring regimes; the expressions are validated by simulations of single-ended inverter-based ring oscillators in 65-nm CMOS. The mathematics behind how the injection modifies the phase delay contributed by each stage in the ring is discussed. A corollary that generalizes the small-injection lock range to any feedback-based oscillator topology is established. Conceptual and analytical connections to the existing literature are reviewed.
Plants come to mind: phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and the control of seizures.

A growing body of evidence highlights that the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system is a key target for seizure control. Plant-derived cannabinoids have several endocannabinoid and related mechanisms that may be fundamental to their anti-seizure properties.
Transcriptome landscape of a thermal-tolerant coral endosymbiont reveals molecular signatures of symbiosis and dysbiosis

Abstract Background Reef-building corals depend upon a nutritional endosymbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (family Symbiodiniaceae) for the vast majority of their energetic needs. While this mutualistic relationship is impacted by numerous stressors, heat stress from warming oceans is a predominant threat to coral reefs, placing the future of the world’s reefs in peril due to climate change. While some Symbiodiniaceae species exhibit tolerance to thermal stress, the molecular basis for this tolerance is largely unexplored. To identify the underpinnings of heat tolerance and symbiosis, we compared the in hospite and free-living transcriptomes of Durusdinium trenchii, a pan-tropical heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae, under stable temperature conditions and acute hyperthermal stress. Results We discovered that under stable conditions, in hospite cells exhibited lower transcriptional activity than free-living counterparts, suggesting the shutdown of genes uniquely required for a free-living lifestyle in a process we term transcriptome reduction. However, under hyperthermal stress the transcriptional response was larger in hospite than in the free-living state, indicating an exacerbated stress environment within the host cell. While we identified a core heat stress response shared between free-living and in hospite D. trenchii, this represents only a minority of the stress-induced transcriptional activity. Our findings also revealed distinct processes at work in free-living and in hospite cells under non-stress conditions, with free-living D. trenchii exhibiting evidence of sexual reproduction. We also found that in hospite cells display putative host evasion activity including components of apicomplexan parasite invasion machinery. Conclusions In this work, we unraveled the molecular signatures of symbiont heat tolerance within the host, which is a critical step to enable the development of engineered endosymbionts as a tool for restoration of coral reefs. Our findings also highlight the necessity of conducting experiments on Symbiodiniaceae in the appropriate symbiotic state, as the stress responses of free-living cultures may not be representative of Symbiodiniaceae within a holobiont. We suggest that the necessity of an intermittent free-living state, outside of its highly co-evolved symbiosis, prevents genome reduction as seen in obligate endosymbionts. We posit that transcriptomic reduction of non-essential genes in hospite may be an alternative adaptive strategy for endosymbionts in ancient symbiotic assemblages.
Revisiting Faculty Citizenship

This commentary describes the significance of faculty citizenship in the broader context of institutional culture and defines faculty citizenship for use across all aspects of faculty roles in the Academy. The definition includes two key components (engagement and collegiality) that can be used to measure citizenship behaviors. Continued discussion and study of faculty citizenship will further the Academy’s understanding and use of the concept.
Tuberculosis in Older Adults: Seattle and King County, Washington.

BACKGROUND In the United States, tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates are highest among adults aged ≥65 years. We performed this study to evaluate outcomes of older patients undergoing treatment for TB disease, including the frequency of adverse events related to TB treatment. METHODS This study evaluated adult patients who were diagnosed with pulmonary TB from 2009 to 2014 in King County, Washington. Patient characteristics, manifestation of TB, and treatment outcomes in different age groups were compared. Frequency and type of adverse events that resulted in treatment interruption were evaluated and patients aged ≥65 years were compared with selected younger patients. RESULTS There were 403 patients who met the study criteria, 111 of whom were aged ≥65 years. Older patients were significantly less likely to have cavitation on chest radiographs. Patients aged ≥65 years were less likely to complete TB treatment (76.6% vs 94.9%, P < .0001) and were more likely to die during treatment (18.9% vs 2.1%, P < .0001). The difference in these outcomes was heightened for those aged ≥75 years compared with those aged <75 years. Those aged ≥75 years were also more likely to have an adverse event attributable to TB medication and were more likely to have an adverse event later in therapy. Regardless of age, pyrazinamide was responsible for the majority of adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS Adults aged ≥65 years with pulmonary TB had less-advanced disease but a higher risk of complications during treatment such as death or adverse events. This effect was most pronounced among those aged ≥75 years.
Hindbrain neurovascular anatomy of adult goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The goldfish hindbrain develops from a segmented (rhombomeric) neuroepithelial scaffold, similar to other vertebrates. Motor, reticular and other neuronal groups develop in specific segmental locations within this rhombomeric framework. Teleosts are unique in possessing a segmental series of unpaired, midline central arteries that extend from the basilar artery and penetrate the pial midline of each hindbrain rhombomere (r). This study demonstrates that the rhombencephalic arterial supply of the brainstem forms in relation to the neural segments they supply. Midline central arteries penetrate the pial floor plate and branch within the neuroepithelium near the ventricular surface to form vascular trees that extend back towards the pial surface. This intramural branching pattern has not been described in any other vertebrate, with blood flow in a ventriculo-pial direction, vastly different than the pial-ventricular blood flow observed in most other vertebrates. Each central arterial stem penetrates the pial midline and ascends through the floor plate, giving off short transverse paramedian branches that extend a short distance into the adjoining basal plate to supply ventromedial areas of the brainstem, including direct supply of reticulospinal neurons. Robust r3 and r8 central arteries are significantly larger and form a more interconnected network than any of the remaining hindbrain vascular stems. The r3 arterial stem has extensive vascular branching, including specific vessels that supply the cerebellum, trigeminal motor nucleus located in r2/3 and facial motoneurons found in r6/7. Results suggest that some blood vessels may be predetermined to supply specific neuronal populations, even traveling outside of their original neurovascular territories in order to supply migrated neurons.
On Finitude, Topology, and Arbitrariness

The present chapter aims to address Rasmussen’s reasonable concerns regarding the possibility of a foundation that is at least partly material. Those concerns center around three main issues: (i) whether a partly material foundation is compatible with the grounds for a finite past, (ii) whether a partly material foundation is compatible with the grounds for it having a non-geometrical nature, and (iii) whether a partly material foundation is compatible with the grounds against arbitrary limits. I offer reasons for an affirmative answer on all three counts. The chapter, therefore, aims to incorporate Rasmussen’s important insights into a plausible theory of foundational reality that is friendly to both theism and naturalism.
Initial experience introducing an enhanced recovery program in congenital cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective We hypothesized that a new enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program would accelerate functional recovery after congenital heart surgery and reduce length of stay and complications. Methods Evidence-based interventions in perioperative care were evaluated for relevance, and components of the ERAS cardiac program were determined. The target patient population included infants to adults with low comorbidities. Major outcomes were compared to a pre-ERAS era cohort using propensity matching. Results From October 1, 2018, to February 28, 2019, 155 of 448 patients were eligible for the ERAS program. The median age was 3.6 years (interquartile range, 0.5-12.3). Key metrics included early extubation ( Conclusions This represents the initial implementation experience of an enhanced recovery after surgery program after congenital surgery at a large pediatric hospital. Adherence to the program component metrics is not yet optimized, but monthly sharing of quality metrics allows multidisciplinary collaboration, provider engagement, and opportunities for research and process improvement.
Toll-like receptor 4-mediated respiratory syncytial virus disease and lung transcriptomics in differentially susceptible inbred mouse strains.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, and susceptible adults. The pathogenesis of RSV disease is not fully understood, although...
All-electric commercial aviation with solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine-battery hybrids

Abstract All-electric aircraft have the potential to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions produced by air travel, but the energy storage density of batteries, 0.35 kWh∙kg−1, severely limit s payload and range. This study introduces a fuel cell-gas turbine hybrid arrangement that utilizes liquid hydrogen fuel and superconducting motors to achieve energy storage densities in excess of 7 kWh∙kg−1, more than 20× state-of-the-art battery technology. The analysis considers off-design performance of the pressurized hybrid system meeting the flight profiles of four commercial aircraft. The estimated power density of 0.9 kW∙kg−1 is twice that of prior studies considering fuel cells in aviation, which results in a payload capacity similar to existing commercial jet aircraft powered by gas turbines achieving 10 kW∙kg−1. Prior studies considered advanced, high efficiency distributed propulsion systems to compensate for mass added by electric power systems. This study foregoes such aerodynamic enhancements and transformational aircraft designs to consider only the side-by-side performance of fuel cells against existing turbofan engines. The results show that fuel cells can power much larger aircraft than were previously considered feasible, although novel fuel cell designs are necessary to compete with next generation gas turbine technology.
Nitrogen contributions of alley cropped Trifolium pratense may sustain short rotation woody crop yields on marginal lands

Incorporating nitrogen-fixing cover crops into short rotation woody crop (SWRC) plantations may increase soil and tree nitrogen while sustaining, or even improving, yields. This study examined the impacts of Trifolium pratense L. at different seeding rates on soil and poplar N and poplar growth when alley cropped in a one-year old plantation for 2 years compared to natural vegetation and a bare-soil control. These vegetation types were applied in the field under a wide (3.05 m) and narrow (1.82 m) tree alley width. Results showed two of four variations including red clover had 151% and 222% higher soil NO3− levels compared to controls in the second year (wide spacing/full seed rate and narrow spacing/half seed rate, respectively). This correlated with a 26% and 23% increase, respectively, in poplar leaf N concentrations compared to controls. At the wide spacing and full clover seed rate, poplar foliar P was 80% lower compared to controls, implying significant competition. However, results also showed the potential to mitigate this effect with wider tree spacing and lower cover crop seeding rates, without compromising nitrogen benefits. Although higher foliar nitrogen levels did not correlate with increased poplar productivity within 2 years, the results of this study suggest nitrogen-fixing cover crops can improve soil and poplar nitrogen and may sustain SWRC nitrogen requirements over one or multiple rotations.
Campaign Dynamics of the Top-Two Primary: Invoking Competition and Representational Pressure in one-party Contests

When top-two primaries produce general election contests between two candidates of the same party, those candidates can no longer rely on party-based voting to win. By changing the mix of opponents...
Low Serum Naproxen Concentrations Are Associated with Minimal Pain Relief: A Preliminary Study in Women with Dysmenorrhea.

OBJECTIVE Incomplete pain relief after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is common, but it is unknown whether malabsorption or heightened metabolism contributes to NSAID resistance. To explain the etiology of NSAID resistance, we evaluated naproxen absorption and metabolism in relation to pain relief in a pilot study of women with dysmenorrhea. METHODS During menses, participants completed before and after naproxen ingestion pain assessments. Analgesic effectiveness was calculated as a percent change in pain rating before and after naproxen administration. To evaluate the impact of malabsorption, the correlation between analgesic effectiveness and serum naproxen was analyzed. To identify whether hypermetabolism contributes to NSAID resistance, we also analyzed the metabolite O-desmethylnaproxen. RESULTS Serum naproxen and O-desmethylnaproxen concentrations of the dysmenorrheic cohort (N = 23, 126 ± 10 µg/mL, 381 ± 56 ng/mL) and healthy controls (N = 12, 135 ± 8 µg/mL, 355 ± 58 ng/mL) were not significantly different (P > 0.05), suggesting that menstrual pain does not affect drug absorption and metabolism. However, nine dysmenorrhea participants had levels of analgesic effectiveness <30%. Among dysmenorrheic women, analgesic effectiveness was correlated with serum naproxen (r = 0.49, P = 0.019) and O-desmethylnaproxen (r = 0.45, P = 0.032) concentrations. After controlling for other gynecological diagnoses, a multivariate model analysis confirmed that lower serum naproxen concentrations were associated with reduced pain relief (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings suggest that poor drug absorption contributes to ineffective pain relief in dysmenorrheic women. Future studies should explore whether malabsorption contributes to NSAID resistance for other pain conditions.
The Hauptvermutung; Tame imbedding

Theorem 1. Let M1 and M2 be PL 3-manifolds, let U be an open set in M1, let h be a homeomorphism U → M2, and let ϕ be a strongly positive function on U. Then there is a PLH f: U → M2 such that (1) f is a ϕ-approximation of h and (2) f(U) = h(U).
Intermittent normobaric oxygen inhalation enhances subcutaneous prevascularization for cell transplantation.

Abstract Purpose Subcutaneous tissue is a promising site for cell transplantation; advantages include minimally invasive procedures and easy post-transplant monitoring. However, limited vascularity is the major known challenge. To address this challenge, a prevascularized graft bed is prepared in recipients. We aimed to establish an improved, clinically applicable approach to promote prevascularization of the subcutaneous graft bed prior to cell transplantation. Methods We applied a conventional prevascularization approach by subcutaneously implanting nylon discs into the backs of Lewis rats. After disc implantation, we treated rats with or without intermittent normobaric 100% oxygen inhalation (1 h, twice a day, for consecutive 7 days). We used histology to compare vascular density between the oxygen-treated or control groups. To assess the functional effects of prevascularization, we transplanted three hundred islets isolated from luciferase-transgenic Lewis rats into the oxygen-treated or control wild type Lewis recipients, then used bioluminescence imaging to track engraftment for 4 weeks. Results Oxygen treatment significantly augmented prevascularization in the subcutaneous site compared to controls. Islet transplantation into prevascularized graft beds demonstrated significant improvement in engraftment efficiency in oxygen-treated recipients compared to controls at 2–4 weeks post-transplantation. Conclusion Combining intermittent normobaric 100% oxygen inhalation with a conventional vascularization approach promotes a functional vasculature within a week. A simple approach using normobaric oxygen has the potential for translation into clinical application in subcutaneous site cell transplantations.
Seasonal periphyton response to low-level nutrient exposure in a least disturbed mountain stream, the Buffalo River, Arkansas

Abstract Like most streams located in the Ozark Plateaus, the Buffalo River in Arkansas generally has excellent water quality. Water-quality conditions in Big Creek, however, a major tributary of the middle Buffalo River, have been less favorable than that of other Buffalo River tributaries. Concerns regarding the influence of water quality in Big Creek on the Buffalo River magnified in 2013 when a large confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) began operating in the watershed. In response to these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey compared monthly nutrient concentrations and seasonal periphyton assemblage metrics of a site on Big Creek downstream of the CAFO, two Buffalo River control sites upstream of the confluence with Big Creek, and three Buffalo River test sites downstream of the confluence with Big Creek. In addition to identifying potential nutrient patterns and periphyton responses along a low-level nutrient exposure gradient, the study determined how nutrient contributions from Big Creek (and the CAFO) are affecting ecological conditions and consequent ecosystem services in the Buffalo River. Nutrient and periphyton data exhibited more temporal than spatial variability. Nutrient concentrations were generally highest of all sites at the Big Creek site. Concentrations at the five sites on the Buffalo River were typically low (near laboratory reporting limits), and concentrations at the three test sites rarely exceeded those of the two control sites. An index developed with three ecologically relevant periphyton metrics (oligotrophic taxa and Homoeothrix percent relative abundance and mesotrophic diatoms percent taxa richness) suggested that nutrient uptake at sites downstream of the Big Creek-Buffalo River confluence resulted in subtle shifts in downstream periphyton assemblages. The periphyton index of biological integrity at control sites was slightly and generally more favorable compared to test sites. Even so, when periphyton data were considered in conjunction with both hydrology and water-quality data, the negative consequences of antecedent high flows and associated scouring exceeded the potential positive effects that low-level nutrients had on algal productivity. These findings emphasize the importance of comparing biological and chemical data across extended temporal scales, particularly when working with low-level nutrient gradients.
Developmentally Inappropriate Play Areas in Rural Day Care: Is It Safe to Play Outdoors?

Work-in-progress that identifies mismatches between children9s developmental levels and the outdoor play areas of rural day-care settings was reported. Outdoor environmental hazards were posited to be more prevalent in rural areas due to less-stringent zoning, variations of lifestyle, undereducation, high unemployment, and suboptimal health and safety standards. These environmental hazards include electric fences, farm animals, agricultural chemicals, firearms, tools, manure pits, unfenced ponds, and machinery. Principles of child development and of epidemiology were used to construct an outdoor injury hazard matrix. The Haddon Matrix was used as the basis of our matrix. Our matrix illustrated how children in rural settings might experience injuries different from those occurring in urban settings. Examples include entrapment, poisoning, falls, electrocution, burns, animal injuries, asphyxiation, and dismemberment. We believe that many risks of farm-based day care are unrecognized by persons who set standards. It remains unclear whether existing child-care standards are adequate in protecting children who receive care on family farms. We presented a checklist for evaluating sentinel hazards in outdoor play areas in rural settings. Methods to quantify the magnitude of these hazards in rural day care are under way.
Fifty Years of Research in Catalysis

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines catalysis research at Mobil for past fifty years that started with the commercialization of the first Houdry catalytic cracker in 1936 at the Paulsboro, New Jersey refinery. The chapter discusses the development and commercialization of the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process. The discovery of the MTG reaction was an accident. A research group at Mobil was trying to convert methanol over the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst to other oxygen-containing compounds, but they got unwanted hydrocarbons. Another Mobil group, working independently, was trying to alkylate isobutane with methanol over ZSM-5 and identified a mixture of paraffins and aromatics (coming from the methanol) boiling in the gasoline range.
Immunoelectophoretic Identification of Jelly Coat Ligands Bound by the Cortical Granule Lectin from Xenopus laevis Eggs. (anuran fertilization/egg jelly/lectin/Xenopus laevis/immunoelectrophoresis)

The formation of the fertilization layer in the Xenopus laevis egg fertilization envelope involves a lectin-ligand interaction and establishes a block to polyspermy in the extracellular matrix of the egg. The cortical granule lectin participating in the formation of the fertilization layer has been isolated but its ligand has not. We identified three jelly coat ligands bound by the cortical granule lectin using immunoelectrophoretic analyses. Two antigens were detected with anti-jelly serum and a third was identified using anti-envelope serum. All three antigenic ligands were associated with the innermost jelly coat layer, J1, and two of the three antigenic ligands contained sulfate. One or more of these jelly coat ligands may function in establishing a block to polyspermy at fertilization in Xenopus laevis.
The viability of self-employment for individuals with disabilities in the United States: A synthesis of the empirical-research literature

The lack of employment opportunities and stable employment for individuals with disabilities continues to pose personal and societal difficulties and challenges. Moreover, research and government statistics have consistently reported that individuals with disabilities have lower employment wages and benefits than individuals without disabilities, as well as limited opportunities for promotion and career advancement. Not surprisingly, individuals with disabilities also experience persistently higher poverty rates. While much is known in the empirical-research literature about individuals with disabilities who work for someone else, much less is known about individuals in self-employment. Some anecdotal information suggests that self-employment may be a way to improve these outcomes. In the present paper, we reviewed, analyzed, and synthesized the findings of empirical-research studies on self-employment of individuals with disabilities in the United States. We found that successful self-employment is defined in financial and non-financial terms and is largely influenced by three factors: individual characteristics, level of supports, and accountability systems. Because of the small number of U.S. research studies on self-employment, however, our conclusions are tentative. Further empirical research is needed, focusing especially on long-term outcomes. Implications for researchers, individuals with disabilities, and other stakeholders are discussed in conclusion.
Implementing Persistence in E

The E language is an extension of C++ providing, among other features, database types and persistent objects. The basis of persistence in E is a new storage class for variables, and physical I/O is based on a load/store model of the long-term storage layer. This paper describes in detail the implementation of the first E compiler and discusses our current research directions.
Guns, mental illness, and the law: introduction to this issue

Firearm violence is a top-tier public health problem in the U.S., killing 33,563 and injuring an additional 81,396 people in 2012 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, ). Given constitutional protection and the cultural entrenchment of private gun ownership in the U.S., it is likely that guns will remain widely accessible - and largely unrestricted - for the foreseeable future. Therefore, most policies and laws intended to reduce firearm violence focus selectively on preventing "dangerous people" from having access to guns. That is a formidable challenge. How do we think productively about guns and mental illness in this context, and about the role of law in lessening the toll of gun violence? Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en