cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surviving in high stress environments: Physiological and molecular responses of the lobe coral Porites lobata to cross-transplantation

ABSTRACT Corals in nearshore marine environments are increasingly exposed to reduced water quality, which is the primary local threat to coral reefs in Hawaii. It is unclear if corals surviving in such conditions may have acclimatized and/or adapted to withstand sedimentation, pollutants, and other environmental stressors. Lobe coral (Porites lobata) populations from Maunalua Bay, Hawaii showed clear genetic differentiation along with distinct cellular protein expression profiles between the ‘polluted, high-stress’ nearshore site and the ‘lower-stress’ offshore site. To understand the driving force of the observed genetic partitioning, reciprocal transplant and common-garden experiments were conducted using these nearshore and offshore coral colonies from Maunalua Bay to assess phenotypic differences of stress-related physiological and molecular responses between the two populations. Physiological responses (tissue layer thickness, tissue lipid content, and short-term growth rates) were significantly different between the populations, revealing more stress-resilient traits in the nearshore corals. Changes in protein profiles between the two populations highlighted the inherent differences in the cellular metabolic processes and activities under the same environmental conditions; nearshore corals did not significantly alter their proteome between the sites, while offshore corals responded to nearshore transplantation with increased abundances of proteins associated with detoxification, antioxidant defense, and regulation of cellular metabolic processes such as lipid oxidation. The response differences across multiple phenotypes between the two populations suggest local adaptation of nearshore corals to reduced water quality. Our results provide insight into coral’s adaptive potential and its underlying processes, and reveal potential protein biomarkers that could be used to predict resiliency. Significance Statement Coral reefs worldwide are declining, and losses have accelerated over the past decade from human-induced disturbances and stressors. Globally, climate change has resulted in temperature-induced mass coral bleaching events. Locally, pollution and sedimentation have resulted in the loss of coral cover and species, and genetic diversity within coral populations. This study demonstrates the value of modern “omic” technologies for identifying cause-and-effect relationships between stressors and coral losses, and the importance of maintaining genetic diversity, including protecting corals adapted to marginal and extreme habitats, for enhancing coral reef resilience, and supporting coral recovery and restoration efforts. Effective, science-based actions are needed to provide a legacy of vital coral reefs for the future.
The Influence of Latino Ethnicity on the Imposition of the Death Penalty

With respect to African Americans, the history of racial discrimination in the imposition of the death penalty is well-known, and the persistence of racial disparities in the modern era of capital ...
Innovations in Psychopharmacology Education in U.S. Psychiatric Residency Programs.

Medications available to treat psychiatric illnesses continue to increase, in conjunction with a shifting of outpatient psychiatric practice from psychotherapy toward medication management. To be s...
Complete clinical response of a patient with BRCA1-mutant cervical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy highlights the importance of performing genomic profiling in cancer treatment

Abstract A 78-year-old man was referred to the oncology clinic with a cervical esophageal squamous cell cancer completely obstructing the esophagus. Due to concerns for tracheal invasion, we were not able to offer potentially curative chemoradiotherapy and only palliative chemotherapy was recommended. Genomic profiling of the tumor revealed a BRCA1 mutation. Because BRCA1 is needed for DNA double strand break repair, a platinum-based agent was used in the hope that it would create double strand breaks, and thus be synthetically lethal in the BRCA-deficient cancer cells. The patient was treated with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin chemotherapy. After four cycles of treatment, he achieved a complete clinical response with no disease noted on PET or EGD, and he regained the ability to swallow again. This case demonstrates the susceptibility of BRCA-deficient cancers to platinum-based agents and reifies the potential for synthetic lethality in cancer treatment.
Characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors of ICANS after axicabtagene ciloleucel: Does age matter?

e19556Background: CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy possesses unique side effects including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (I...
Hybrid Generalized Finite Element-boundary integral method for aperture design

While the Generalized Finite Element method was introduced to recently for vector electromagnetic problems, several accompanying developments are necessary to permit its application to the analysis of practical problems such as aperture design. These are (i) the integration of these methods with boundary integrals to help impose radiation boundary integrals and (ii) the means to permit the analysis of inhomogeneous domains. The former is difficult largely due to the fact that it is impossible to define an auxiliary function space on the boundary of the domain due to restrictions placed by the Babuska-Brezzi condition. The latter is difficult as one needs to satisfy different conditions on different component of the field. This paper will propose solutions to these problems. Results attesting to their efficacy, particularly in light of aperture design, will be presented at the conference.
Analyzing intensive intrusion alerts via correlation

Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) focus on low-level attacks or anomalies, and raise alerts independently, though there may be logical connections between them. In situations where there are intensive intrusions, not only will actual alerts be mixed with false alerts, but the amount of alerts will also become unmanageable. As a result, it is difficult for human users or intrusion response systems to understand the alerts and take appropriate actions. Several complementary alert correlation methods have been proposed to address this problem. As one of these methods, we have developed a framework to correlate intrusion alerts using prerequisites of intrusions. In this paper, we continue this work to study the feasibility of this method in analyzing real-world, intensive intrusions. In particular, we develop three utilities (called adjustable graph reduction, focused analysis, and graph decomposition) to facilitate the analysis of large sets of correlated alerts. We study the effectiveness of the alert correlation method and these utilities through a case study with the network traffic captured at the DEF CON 8 Capture the Flag (CTF) event. Our results show that these utilities can simplify the analysis of large amounts of alerts, and also reveals several attack strategies that were repeatedly used in the DEF CON 8 CTF event.
Problems with the normal use of cryptography for providing security on unclassified networks (invited)

The normal use of cryptography in unclassified computing systems often fails to provide the level of protection that the system designers and users would expect. This is partially caused by confusion of cryptographic keys and user passwords, and by underestimations of the power of known plaintext attacks. The situation is worsenned by performance constraints and occasionally by the system builder's gross misunderstandings of the cryptographic algorithm and protocol.
Heat transfer from a row of jets impinging on concave semi-cylindrical surface

Heat transfer from impinging jets has been analyzed. Based on similarities of the boundary conditions of the related flow fields, analogies between heat transfer from impinging jets at the stagnation point and in the wall jet region have been shown for several flow geometries. Calculation of heat transfer in the stagnation region and in the wall jet region, based on available theory and the parameters, obtained from direct measurements, have been carried out, for the single, round, impinging jets. It has been shown that heat transfer from a row of round jets impinging on flat and concave surfaces can be comprehensively described through analysis of impinging jets of simpler geometries. Finally, experimental results for the local and average heat transfer effects are presented and discussed. Comparisons are made with theory and results of other investigators, with fairly satisfactory agreement.
Modeling human-perceived quality for the assessment of digitized histopathology color standardization

Color consistency is still one of the most significant problems in whole-slide imaging since even subtle variations of color appearance in digitized slides might cause image misinterpretation by pathologists or by computer-aided diagnosis systems. These variations are mainly caused by differences in laboratory protocols and imaging devices manufactures. In this paper we propose a model for assessing color standardization algorithms in whole-slide histopathology imaging based on two metrics: (i) the color similarity between a template well-stained image and the resulting color-standardized image, and (ii) the structural distortion caused by the application of a color standardization algorithm. We employed the χ2 histogram distance as color distance measure, and the Universal Quality (Q) index for quantifying structural distortion. The developed model produce an overall quality score (OQS) in the range [0, 10] that correlates well with human-perceived color standardization quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to measure the efficacy of color standardization algorithms in digital pathology.
Comparison of whole blood and plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy dogs

Objective To establish reference intervals for whole blood and plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in healthy cats between the ages of 1 and 10 years using a cage-side colloid osmometer. Design Prospective, observational study. Settings University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals Sixty-three healthy cats. Interventions Phlebotomy. Measurements and Main Results Whole blood COP mean was 24.4 (±2.78) mmHg and plasma COP mean was 24.3 (±2.59) mmHg. Reference interval for our study population of feline whole blood COP was 18.9 to 30.4 mmHg, and for our study population of feline plasma COP was 18.3 to 30.8 mmHg. Difference of paired whole blood COP and plasma COP was +0.23 ± 1.68 mmHg (P = 0.32). There was no significant difference when comparing COP from neutered male and neutered female cats. Total protein and albumin were significantly correlated with whole blood COP (total protein to whole blood COP P < 0.0001, r = 0.53; albumin to whole blood COP P <0.0001, r = 0.68) and plasma COP (total protein to plasma COP P = 0.0025, r = 0.41; albumin to plasma COP P < 0.0001, r = 0.66). Conclusions No significant difference was found between mean whole blood and plasma COP in this study population of cats. Even though not statistically significant, evaluation of paired whole blood COP and plasma COP did reveal a slight difference; therefore, it seems prudent to maintain sample consistency for serial evaluations in cats.
Mixed Infections of Bacillus subtilis Involving Bacteriophages SP82 and β22

Abstract Progeny yields and the synthesis of nucleic acids have been investigated in two strains of Bacillus subtilis mixedly infected with two unrelated phages, SP82 and β22. When B. subtilis strain 168 was the host, the first phage added dominated the infection; when B. subtilis strain SB11 was the host, β22 produced progeny even when added to cells 5 min after infection with SP82. Dominance in these mixed infections could be correlated with qualitative and quantitative differences in the synthesis of phage-specific RNAs.
An Instrument for the Measurement of Heat Flux from a Surface with Uniform Temperature

The design and testing of a low convective heat flow instrument for the measurement of heat flux from a uniform temperature surface is described.(AIP)
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in cystic fibrosis: Incidence and prevalence

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM) was recovered from 211 of 773 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients followed for at least one year, and seen between 1982 and 1994. Yearly prevalence (5.6% to 8.7%) and incidence rates (1.6% to 5.7%) showed no trends. SM persistence varied greatly and was unlike that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fifty percent of SM-positive patients had only one positive culture and only 24 (11%) remained chronically infected. Although SM-positive patients were more likely to be hospitalized than SM-negative patients, for 55% of SM-positive patients, acquisition did not appear to follow hospitalization. Of 40 SM-positive patients who had a CF sibling, only 10 siblings were ever culture positive. When stratified by FEV1, the two-year survival for SM-positive with mild/moderate disease (98%) and severe disease (78%) was similar to that of our SM-negative patients. Five-year survival was only 40% for SM-positive patients with initially severe pulmonary status, compared with 72% for the SM-negative patients. Seventy percent of the original SM isolates were panresistant (susceptible to no more than one antimicrobial agent). Ten years later, panresistance was 84%. Despite our reassuring experience with SM, including lack of sibling concordance, the fact that the majority of our patients had no hospital exposure prior to acquisition, the high incidence of transient infection, and the seemingly unaffected two-year survival, there are insufficient data to definitively conclude that segregation of these patients would be beneficial. The increasing prevalence of multiply resistant gram-negative pathogens in CF patients suggests the need for continued caution with any panresistant pathogen.
Innocents abroad: regulating where naive T cells go

Kruppel-like factor 2 is now shown to regulate chemokine receptor expression in lymphocytes, which leads to their homing to nonlymphoid organs after they leave the thymus.
Thrombolytic therapy for myocardial ischemia and infarction.

Abstract Thrombolysis during the early hours of a myocardial infarction significantly improves patient survival in a hospital. Beyond 6 hours, up to 24 hours, thrombolysis may still contribute to a reduction in mortality. However, further confirmation is desirable before such therapy late in the course of an evolving infarct can be routinely recommended. Although clot-specific agents such as recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) produce a higher initial patency rate, reocclusion rates are higher in the absence of the profound systemic fibrinolytis produced by agents such as streptokinase. This may explain the GISSI-2 results where 15-day survival was no different between the streptokinase- and rt-PA-treated subjects. Although the manner of heparin administration may have clouded these results, current research is directed toward looking at combinations of thrombolytic agents that would combine drugs efficient in producing early patency with those that produce a more pronounced fibrinolytic state. More effective adjunctive therapy is also under intense investigation, particularly specific antithrombin agents that would produce more effective anticoagulation following thrombolysis, and more effective antiplatelet agents that would help prevent reocclusion.
QRP04-5: The Russian-Doll Bandwidth Constraints for a Compound Arrival Process

In DiffServ-aware traffic engineering, a key issue is how to properly allocate bandwidth for different DiffServ class types. Recently, a cumulative allocation strategy, called the Russian Doll Model (RDM), has gained intensive interests in IETF. The basic RDM, however, only describes the necessary condition of a stable queuing system: the utilization factor must be less than unit. When applied to the real world, the RDM must take the measures of QoS into account. For example, a delay-aware bandwidth model involves the attributes of the time and length distributions of arrival packets. This paper instantiates the delay-aware RDM with a compound Poisson (CP) model. While in the mathematical literature, the CP analysis typically focuses on the cumulated number of arrivals, our analysis pays the main attention to the inter-arrival times and the arrival rate, since they are more pertinent to packet communications. In particular, the reported rate distribution models have an apparently practical value as shown when used with the RDM in DiffServ-aware traffic engineering. In general, The presented details may help reveal more interesting and useful linkages between the Poisson model and the self- similar IP traffic.
Reconstitution of T cell receptor zeta-mediated calcium mobilization in nonlymphoid cells

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation involves interactions between receptor subunits and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Early steps in signaling through the zeta chain of the TCR were examined in transfected COS-1 cells. Coexpression of the PTK p59fynT, but not p56lck, with zeta or with a homodimeric TCR beta-zeta fusion protein produced tyrosine phosphorylation of both zeta and phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma 1, as well as calcium ion mobilization in response to receptor cross-linking. CD45 coexpression enhanced these effects. No requirement for the PTKZAP-70 was observed. Thus, p59fynT may link zeta directly to the PLC-gamma 1 activation pathway.
Infection of tobacco protoplasts with liposome-encapsulated potyviral RNA

Abstract The RNA of the potyvirus, tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV), was encapsulated in reverse-phase evaporation vesicle liposomes containing phosphatidylserine and cholesterol. The liposomes were used to inoculate tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Analysis of extracts of protoplasts, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hybridization with labeled cDNA, electron microscopy and infectivity assays, indicated that significant multiplication of the virus had occurred after incubation of the protoplasts for 2–3 days. It was estimated that approx. 15% of the protoplasts had become infected.
Inclusion of adsorption in the modelling of early diagenesis

A general one-dimensional diagenetic equation is derived which expresses the effect of the following processes upon the depth and time distribution of a dissolved species in a modern subaqueous sediment: adsorptive or ion exchange equilibrium between pore water and grain surfaces; slower chemical or radiogenic reactions in the pore solution and on the grain surfaces; diffusion in solution and on grain surfaces; advection of grains due to depositional burial; and advection of water due both to burial and to flow past the grains. It is shown that the effects of equilibrium adsorption can be expressed in terms of a lowered diffusion coefficient only in the special case where there is negligible flow of water relative to grains, adsorption is described by a simple linear isotherm, and there is nochemical reaction occurring in the sediment (i.e. only radioactive decay or no reaction at all). Consideration of a commonly used special case of the general equation indicates that if equilibrium adsorption is strong, the depositional term in the resulting diagenetic equation may become quantitatively as important as the terms for diffusion and chemical reaction. Thus, when modelling diagenesis, deposition often cannot be ignored. A coupled pair of differential equations are also derived which express the steady state depth distribution for two ions exhibiting equilibrium ion exchange while undergoing chemical reaction, diffusion, and deposition.
Drug-Like Property Profiling of Novel Neuroprotective Compounds to Treat Acute Ischemic Stroke: Guidelines to Develop Pleiotropic Molecules

The development of novel neuroprotective compounds to treat acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been problematic and quite complicated, since many candidates that have been tested clinically lacked significant pleiotropic activity, were unable to effectively cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), had poor bioavailability, or were toxic. Moreover, the compounds did not confer significant neuroprotection or clinical efficacy measured using standard behavioral endpoints, when studied in clinical trials in a heterogeneous population of stroke patients. To circumvent some of the drug development problems describe above, we have used a rational funnel approach to identify and develop promising candidates. Using a step-wise approach, we have identified a series of compounds based upon two different neuroprotection assays. We have then taken the candidates and determined their “drug-like” properties. This guidelines article details in vitro screening assays used to show pleiotropic activity of a series of novel compounds; including enhanced neuroprotective activity compared to the parent compound fisetin. Moreover, for preliminary drug de-risking or risk reduction during development, we used compound assessment in the CeeTox assay, ADME toxicity using the AMES test for genotoxicity, and interaction with Cytochrome P450 using CYP450 inhibition analysis against a spectrum of CYP450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) as a measure of drug interaction. Moreover, the compounds have been studied using a transfected Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell assay to assess blood brain barrier penetration (BBB). Using this series of assays, we have identified four novel molecules to be developed as an AIS treatment.
Mesoscale Large Frequency-Range Characterization of the Elastic Modulus of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogel Using a Control-Integrated Indentation System

Due to the desirable properties like biocompatibility and solubility in water, Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) has been widely utilized in a broad range of areas including material research, biomedicine and pharmacy. Although its mechanical properties have been widely studied, few of the previous work has focused on its frequency dependent elastic modulus. In this paper, the frequency dependent elastic modulus of PVA samples (based on the physical crosslinking method) at mesoscale was investigated in experiments. An indentation system is designed and developed. And moreover, a recently-developed iterative-learning control technique is utilized to compensate for the hardware effect on the force-indentation measurement, and thereby, substantially increases the measurement frequency range. Then the Hertzian contact model is employed to obtain, from the measured force-indentation data, the elastic modulus of a PVA sample for the frequency range of 1 to 25 Hz.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Altered mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in placentas from undernourished rat gestations

Maternal undernutrition (MUN) during pregnancy results in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses and small placentas. Although reduced fetal nutrient supply has been presumed to be etiologic in IUGR, MUN-induced placental dysfunction may occur prior to detectable fetal growth restriction. Placental growth impairment may result from apoptosis signaled by mitochondria in response to reduced energy substrate. Therefore, we sought to determine the presence of mitochondrial-induced apoptosis under MUN and ad libitum diet (AdLib) pregnancies. Pregnant rats were fed an AdLib or a 50% MUN diet from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E20. At E20, fetuses and placentas from proximal- and mid-horns (extremes of nutrient/oxygen supply) were collected. Right-horn placentas were used to quantify apoptosis. Corresponding left-horn placentas were separated into basal (hormone production) and labyrinth (feto-maternal exchange) zones, and protein expression of the mitochondrial pathway was determined. Our results show that the MUN placentas had significantly increased apoptosis, with lower expression of cytosolic and mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and Bcl-XL, and significantly higher expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak especially in the labyrinth zone. This was paralleled by higher coimmunostaining with the mitochondrial marker manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), indicating transition of pro-apoptotic factors to the mitochondrial membrane. Also, cytosolic cytochrome c and activated caspases-9 and -3 were significantly higher in all MUN. Conversely, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor family with anti-apoptotic properties, was significantly downregulated in both zones and horns. Our results suggest that MUN during rat pregnancy enhances mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in the placenta, probably due to the downregulation of PPARγ expression.
Spatially resolved upwelling in the California Current System and its connections to climate variability

A historical analysis of California Current System (CCS) circulation, performed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System with four-dimensional variational data assimilation, was used to study upwelling variability during the 1988-2010 period. We examined upwelling directly from the vertical velocity field, which elucidates important temporal and spatial variability not captured by traditional coastal upwelling indices. Through much of the CCS, upwelling within 50 km of the coast has increased, as reported elsewhere. However, from 50 to 200 km offshore, upwelling trends are negative and interannual variability is 180 ◦ out of phase with the nearshore signal. This cross-shore pattern shows up as the primary mode of variability in central and northern CCS vertical velocity anomalies, accounting for ∼40% of the total variance. Corresponding time series of the dominant modes in the central and northern CCS are strongly correlated with large-scale climate indices, suggesting that climate fluctuations may alternately favor different biological communities.
Carbon source activation of protein synthesis during germination ofNeurospora crassa conidia: Two-dimensional gel analysis of [35S]methioinine-labeled polypeptides

Abstract The two-dimensional gel patterns of polypeptides synthesized by spores incubated for 1 hour in minimal medium or in sucrose-only medium are very similar. Approximately 98% of the labeled polypeptides synthesized by spores incubated in minimal medium are also synthesized in spores incubated in sucrose-only medium. Of the remaining 2%, some are synthesized only in spores incubated in minimal medium while others are synthesized only in spores incubated in sucrose-only medium. These results conclusively demonstrate that the carbon source (sucrose) is the key constituent in minimal medium responsible for the normal activation of protein synthesis during the first hour of germination. On the other hand, spores incubated for 3 hours in sucrose-only medium exhibit a highly abnormal two-dimensional gel profile when compared to spores incubated for 3 hours in minimal medium. At this time less than 40% of the labeled polypeptides visualized are common to spores incubated in the two different media. Polypeptides which are not held in common are distributed over a wide range of isoelectric points and molecular weights. These results indicate that prolonged incubation of spores in medium containing only the carbon source results in highly abnormal protein synthesis.
Glutamate as a transmitter: comparison between the crustacean neuro-muscular junction and the chicken retina.

Abstract 1. 1. The continued presence of the transmitter at a synapse can be expected to block synaptic conduction. This criterion was applied to the postulated transmitter role of glutamate at the crustacean neuro-muscular junction and synapses in the chicken retina. 2. 2. In the crayfish claw the mechanical contraction and end plate potentials elicited by stimulation of the fast and the slow motor fibers were completely abolished by glutamate, as long as the amino acid remained in the muscle. 3. 3. In the chicken retina glutamate superfusion abolished tectal responses to light, which soon returned despite the continued presence of the compound. 4. 4. The results are consistent with the role of glutamate as the transmitter in the crayfish claw while it is unlikely that it has this function at the retinal synapses.
Electron exchange polymers. XXI. Polymerization behavior of 2,5‐dimethoxystyrene

It was shown that 2,5-dimethoxystyrene polymerizes under free-radical, cationic, and anionic initiation. The less bulky character of the ortho substituent in the benzene ring makes the behavior of this monomer more normal than that of the previously reported vinylhydroquinone dibenzoate. Thus, a linear relationship is observed between specific extinction coefficients of copolymers in the ultraviolet absorption spectra and copolymer compositions. Q-e values are also normal (Q = 1.76, e = −1.04). The copolymerization behavior is well understood through these values.
Histopathology of larval trematode infections in the freshwater pulmonate snail, Helisoma anceps

Abstract A histological examination of Diplostomulum scheuringi and Halipegus occidualis infections in the pulmonate snail, Helisoma anceps, revealted extensive damage caused by the parasites. Sporocysts of D. scheuringi were found in the digestive gland and gonad of infected snails. Several extensive encapsulation responses were noted in the digestive gland. These foci are believed to have been elicited around both sporocysts and migrating cercariae. The castration of snails infected by D. scheuringi is believed to be chemically mediated. Rediae of H. occidualis caused significant mechanical damage to both hepatopancreatic and gonadal tissue of H. anceps. Castration was almost always found to be the result of infection by this paratsite species. The damage was primarily mechanically mediated, through direct ingestion of tissue by the rediae.
Methodological Review: A review of causal inference for biomedical informatics

Causality is an important concept throughout the health sciences and is particularly vital for informatics work such as finding adverse drug events or risk factors for disease using electronic health records. While philosophers and scientists working for centuries on formalizing what makes something a cause have not reached a consensus, new methods for inference show that we can make progress in this area in many practical cases. This article reviews core concepts in understanding and identifying causality and then reviews current computational methods for inference and explanation, focusing on inference from large-scale observational data. While the problem is not fully solved, we show that graphical models and Granger causality provide useful frameworks for inference and that a more recent approach based on temporal logic addresses some of the limitations of these methods.
Differentiation of new odontoblasts and dentine bridge formation in rat molar teeth after tooth grinding

Abstract The cusp tips of the molar teeth of the right side of the jaws of 58 male Sprague-Dawley rats were ground producing an area of damage in the pulp horn which corresponded to the area below the cut dentinal tubules. The rats were sacrificed at various time intervals after tooth grinding, the jaws with the teeth were fixed, decalcified and sectioned serially at 5 μ and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Mallory's, Masson's and pa-S stains. The sequence of pulpal reactions such as displacement of odontoblastic nuclei, inflammatory responses and healing were found to correspond well with previous reports. Spindle-shaped cells believed to be new odontoblasts appeared in increasing numbers after 24 hr. Formation of a dentine bridge began below the area of necrosis at 48 hr with the appearance of separate Mallory positive areas which later apparently fused with the dentine projecting from the side walls. The first complete dentine bridge was found at 4 days after tooth grinding. The bridges became thicker and more regular later. At 8 days well-defined tubules could be seen. Sixteen rats were injected with tritiated thymidine ( 3 H-TdR) at various time intervals after tooth grinding. At each time interval except one, two rats were sacrificed 1 hr after 3 H-TdR injection. One rat at each time interval was allowed to live for 3 days after 3 H-TdR injection. The jaws with the teeth were fixed, decalcified and sectioned serially at 5 μ. Autoradiographs were made from sections in the areas of pulpal damage and from sections of control teeth. The autoradiographs from the rats sacrificed 1 hour after 3 H-TdR injection showed an increase in mitotic activity at 24 hr, 48 hr, and 4 days with the greatest increase at 48 hr. The rats injected with 3 H-TdR at 24 and 48 hr after tooth grinding and sacrificed 3 days later, showed labelled cells among the new odontoblasts. It is postulated that the new odontoblasts responsible for dentine bridge formation and new dentine were derived from undifferentiated pulpal cells. The remaining original odontoblasts did not proliferate in the ground teeth or in the control teeth. Labelled cells which did not migrate to the odontoblastic layer might have been newly differentiated fibroblasts or other new cells taking part in the repair of the pulpal tissue.
Radiotherapy. for localized prostate carcinoma

We reviewed the radiation therapy treatment experience for localized prostate carcinoma at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy from 1968-1978 (N = 229 patients, median follow-up of 5 years). Actuarial 5 (and 8) year survival rates for clinical Stage A (N = 25), B (N = 85), and C (N = 88) disease were 96% (82), 77% (63), and 61% (38). The corresponding 5 (and 8) year relapse-free survivals were 84% (67), 68% (61), and 53% (36). Actuarial rates of clinical local failure at 5 (and 8) years were 0%, (0), 12% (20), and 15% (30) for Stage A, B, and C respectively. There was a suggestion of a decrease in the force of local and overall recurrence after 8 years, although further follow-up will be necessary for confirmation. Among 42 patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy followed by irradiation, lymph node status appeared to be a strong predictor of distant failure (9% (3/32) failures for node (-) patients compared to 70% (7/10) for node (+) patients). Twenty-nine patients received radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for clinically palpable (Stage B and C) tumor. Only one of 16 patients treated post-operatively because of microscopic or gross residual disease has developed recurrence. By contrast, only 2 of 13 patients irradiated because of clinical local tumor recurrence remain alive and free of disease. We conclude that radiation therapy can provide effective long-term local control of prostate carcinoma, but that the ultimate radiocurability of the disease is not yet known.
Structural geologic constraints on the rheology of rhyolitic obsidian

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the rheology of volcanic glasses may be supplemented with estimates obtained from field measurements of structures on natural obsidian lava flows. These viscosity values reflect the textural heterogeneity of volcanic glasses, which are often overlooked in laboratory determinations. By mapping the distribution of different pumiceous and glassy textures, patterns may be observed that can be interpreted using a variety of deformational models: large scale surface folds indicate the ratio of surface to interior viscosities; the regular spacing of pumice diapirs reflects the relative viscosities of glassy and pumiceous zones; and the depth and form of fractures are controlled by thermal and elastic properties of the lava. Small scale structures such as folds and boudinage indicate that obsidian layers have a pseudoplastic, power law rheology, a finding confirmed by recent laboratory studies.
The Unrealized Potential of Cultural Diplomacy: “Best Practices” and What Could Be, If Only…

ABSTRACT At a time when cultural knowledge and understanding lie at the heart of every foreign policy challenge (and of many economic ones), and the Internet and the global economy have flattened the world to such a degree that young people everywhere need to become global citizens to succeed, the United States, effectively, conducts cultural diplomacy with the equivalent of one hand tied behind its back. Without a coherent strategy, interagency and public-private coordination, and increased funding from public and private sources, the potential of the world's most influential commercial creative sector and the most vibrant and varied independent arts sector to impact how the world views the U.S. and how Americans view the world, will never be realized. There is no need to reinvent the wheel, or for government to create content. Hundreds of effective programs—ranging from a dance and music academy that unites dif-ferent factions in Iraq (American Voices) to arts management programs at the Kennedy Center, ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum and cis-Golgi Localization of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I: Association with Calreticulin and Calnexin

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus encoding regulatory and accessory genes in four open reading frames (ORF I to IV) of the pX region. We have demonstrated an important role of pX ORF I expression, which encodes p12I, in establishment of HTLV-1 infection in a rabbit model and for optimal viral infectivity in quiescent primary lymphocytes. These data indicated that p12I may enhance lymphocyte activation and thereby promote virus infection. To further define the role of p12I in cell activation, we characterized the subcellular localization of p12I in transfected 293T cells and HeLa-Tat cells by multiple methods, including immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and subcellular fractionation. Herein, we demonstrate that p12I accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi apparatus. The location of p12I was unchanged following treatments with both cycloheximide (blocking de novo protein synthesis) and brefeldin A (disrupting ER-to-Golgi protein transport), indicating that the protein is retained in the ER and cis-Golgi. Moreover, using coimmunoprecipitation assays, we identify the direct binding of p12I with both calreticulin and calnexin, resident ER proteins which regulate calcium storage. Our results indicate that p12I directly binds key regulatory proteins involved in calcium-mediated cell signaling and suggest a role of p12I in the establishment of HTLV-1 infection by activation of host cells.
Differentiation of psychotic from nonpsychotic depression by a biological marker

In a study of fasting plasma serine levels (PSL) previously shown to be a biological marker for psychosis, we found significantly higher (P = 0.0008) PSL in 18 psychotic depressives when compared to 22 nonpsychotic depressives. Similarly the activity of the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) which cleaves serine to glycine, was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in psychotics than in nonpsychotics. The difference between psychotic and nonpyschotic depressives were not attributable to age, sex or drug intake. This finding is in support of the hypothesis that these two types of depressions are qualitatively distinct from each other.
Cell density dependence of oscillatory metabolism

THERE is increasing evidence1–3 that the behaviour of cell populations is determined not only by the behaviour of the individual cells, but also by their mutual interactions. One influence on the strength of these interactions may be cellular proximity which, in turn, is a function of cell density. For example, myoblasts fuse only when they reach a critical cell density4. The oscillatory glycolytic metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has provided a convenient system for the exploration of several biochemical phenomena5. For example, whereas yeast cells are generally considered to be metabolically non-interacting, a coupling process of unknown character causes metabolic synchronisation of all cells to a common oscillatory frequency and phase6. A suspension of metabolically oscillating yeast therefore behaves as a population of strongly interacting units. Because continuous monitoring of amplitude and phase by fluorometry provides a constant assay of metabolic dynamics, any perturbation of these dynamics is easily recognised as a deviation from the predictable waveform. We describe here modifications in the metabolic behaviour of intact cell suspensions achieved by manipulating the strength of their interaction through changes in cell density.
Multiple input and random medium information retrieval from second order intensity correlations

We demonstrate that relative delay and intensity information with two sources incident on a random medium can be retrieved from second order frequency intensity correlations. This interferometer may prove important in imaging applications.
The Role of Coreference Resolution in Outbreak Reporting and Detection

A coreference resolution system was developed using publicly available text documents unrelated to public health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the same system on disease outbreak reports. The unmodified system was able to correctly identify 73.91% of outbreak report references, showing that coreference resolution can perform well in health-related text even when trained on unrelated text. We discuss challenges of CR specific to the public health domain and how using CR is an important step in automatically identifying and extracting data otherwise hidden by referring expressions.
Single‐dose actinomycin‐D treatment for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: A prospective phase II trial of the gynecologic oncology group

The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) conducted a prospective trial of single-dose Actinomycin-D (ACT-D) given intravenously (IV) at 1.25 mg/m2 every 2 weeks to patients with nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease (NMGTD) in order to determine the efficacy of pulse scheduling and the frequency and severity of associated toxicity. Of 31 evaluable patients, 29 (94%) achieved remission after receiving a median of four courses of therapy. Two patients who failed to respond to pulse therapy were subsequently cured by alternative treatment. There were 93 toxic events in 133 cycles of therapy. Ninety-two percent of adverse effects were graded as mild or moderate, and 8% were graded as severe. No life-threatening toxicity occurred. Although single-dose ACT-D efficacy and toxicity is comparable to conventional therapy for NMGTD, the advantages of easier administration, greater patient convenience, and improved cost-effectiveness make it superior to other alternatives. On this basis it is recommended as the treatment of choice for NMGTD.
Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in malignancy: rationale and clinical outlook

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, including major downstream effectors Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), plays a critical role in malignant transformation and subsequent processes of growth, proliferation, and metastases. Not surprisingly, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has emerged as an attractive drug target and numerous agents directed against various elements of the pathway are currently in clinical development. While early clinical trials with the first generations of these agents have shown limited single-agent efficacy, efforts are now focused on the development of more specific inhibitors, patient selection strategies, and combinational approaches. In this review, we discuss the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in cancer, the rationale for its emergence as a therapeutic target, and progress thus far in the clinical development of inhibitors targeting its various elements.
SU-GG-T-234: Quality Assurance of EMAT Plans

Purpose: Volumetric dose verification using an EPID(Electronic Portal Imaging Device) continuous acquisition mode is currently being clinically used for IMAT (Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy) QA. The purpose of this work is to present the results of IMAT patient‐specific QA using EPID continuous acquisition mode for various treatment types. Method and Materials: 34 IMAT cases with various treatment sites (Head and neck, brain, Spine, prostate, Pelvis) and various treatment techniques (conventional fractionated, single fractionated) are investigated using Dosimetry Check (Math Resolutions, LLC), which uses the EPID continuous acquisition technique. Treatment plans were copied as a QA plan using Eclipse TPS (Varian Medical Systems, Inc) and portal image with continuous acquisition mode are acquired at 105 cm EPID distance. A 10×10 reference images is also acquired in integrate mode for calibration. The patient's 3D CTimages with the structure set, plan and dose are transferred to the Dosimetry Check program to compare to reconstructed volumetric dose from EPIDimages. The Dosimetry Check system was compared to conventional ionization chamber and EBT2 film approach for 18 cases. EBT2 film is evaluated in terms of absolute dose using the RIT (Radiological Imaging Technology, Inc) program. Results: The Dosimetry Check program average gamma passing rate was 97% for the 3D volume with 3% dose difference and 3 mm DTA criteria and difference of absolute point dose was 1.08%. Most of gamma failures were at the skin surface and interface of different density tissue (air way, lung etc.). Ionization chamber measurements showed an average 1.58% difference from plan point dose and EBT2 film showed an average 1.01% point dose difference and 96.9% gamma passing rate. Conclusions: Volumetric portal dosimetry for highly modulated IMAT patient‐specific QA compares well to ionization chamber and EBT2 film. The Dosimetry Check is useful for IMAT patient‐specific QA.
Portable Natural Language Generation using SPOKESMAN

This paper reports on the SPOKESMAN natural language generation system, which is a domain independent text generator designed to incrementally produce text for an underlying application program. This work is a direct outgrowth of the work we reported on at the last ACL Applied Conference in 1988, where we connected an application program directly to the linguistic component, Mumble-86. The major addition has been a new component to the system, a text planner that provides the capability to compose the utterance incrementally. The central feature of the text planning component is a new level of representation that both captures more linguistic generalizations and makes the system more portable, so that we can easily interface to different domains and different kinds of application programs. This larger system is called "Spokesman", as it acts as the mouthpiece for a number of application programs.
Acute and long-term effects of captopril on exercise cardiac performance and exercise capacity in congestive heart failure

Abstract Although many studies have shown that captopril (CPT) provides acute hemodynamic improvement in patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) at rest, little information is available concerning exercise hemodynamic responses to CPT or the effect of this drug on exercise tolerance in CHF. Therefore, we evaluated the hemodynamic effects of CPT at rest and during upright bicycle exercise in 15 patients with stable CHF. CPT (25 to 50 mg) reduced both resting heart rate and mean arterial pressure (84 ± 11 to 78 ± 7 bpm, p p p 2 , p 2 , p p p p 2 ) but not significantly. Six patients followed long term on CPT underwent elective recatheterization after 3 months. In these, the beneficial hemodynamic changes seen acutely persisted or further improvement was noted, both at rest and during exercise. Most impressively, peak exercise cardiac index rose from 3.6 ± 0.7 to 4.6 ± 1.0 L/min/m 2 ( p p p