cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of symptom clusters on functional status and quality of life in women with breast cancer

Abstract Purpose The purposes of this study of women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy with/without radiation therapy were to determine whether: (1) subgroups of oncology outpatients can be identified based on a specific symptom cluster (i.e., pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression); (2) these subgroups differ on outcomes (i.e., functional status, quality of life); (3) subgroup membership changes over time. Methods A secondary data analysis using data collected from 112 women at initial chemotherapy. Symptom and outcome measures were completed at three time points: baseline (i.e., the week before cycle two – T1); end of cancer treatment (T2), end of the study (approximately one year after the start of chemotherapy – T3). Cluster analysis identified patient subgroups based on symptom severity scores. Results At T1 and T2, four patient subgroups were identified: ALL LOW (one or no symptom greater than the cut score), MILD (two symptoms), MODERATE (three or four symptoms), and ALL HIGH (four symptoms). At T3, three subgroups were identified: MILD, MODERATE and ALL HIGH. Subgroups with high severity levels of all four symptoms had poorer functional status and QOL at each time point than other subgroups ( p Conclusions Subgroups of patients with different symptom experiences were identified. For some patients severity of all four symptoms persisted months after cancer treatment. Initial and ongoing assessment to identify those patients in the ALL HIGH patient subgroup is important so that appropriate interventions to improve functional status and quality of life can be offered.
Optimizing Productivity Through Privatization and Entrepreneurial Management

Efficiency and economy have become the forces driving both, public and private organizations in the 1990s. Competition and legal mandates constrict managers' abilities to use their traditional options in delivering goods and services to their citizens and customers. Privatization and entrepreneurial management are being utilized increasingly to improve productivity. This is creating a genuine transformation in the way we manage our organizations, it also changes the nature of the relationship between our organizations and their citizens, clients, and customers. In this article we explore this unfolding transformation and analyze its significance. An entrepreneurial management productivity optimization model is also developed. Productivity is explored in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The mechanisms for improving productivity, privatization, and entrepreneurial management are then examined. After noting the changing rotes that public policy and competition now play, the more prominent managerial models are explored, including reinventing and reengineering. The article then presents examples of federal, state, and local entrepreneurial strategies and innovations. It concludes by alerting us to endangered public policy priorities and sets forth significant public management caveats to which we increasingly should become sensitive. The entrepreneurial management productivity optimization model has been developed to assist in clarifying and analyzing the issues involved in this article. It should also help those working in this arena to formulate optimal choices when building entrepreneurial management models for their own organizations or for those of their citizens, clients, or customers.
1000–39 Advanced Age Does not Diminish the Results of PTCA for Acute Ischemic Syndromes

Advanced age has been recognized as adversely influencing the outcome of coronary revascularization procedures. To determine the validity of this relationship for patients (pts) with acute ischemic syndromes treated with contemporary medical therapy, the outcomes of 444 pts who had PTCA performed in TIMI IIIB were analyzed. Each pt received aspirin, heparin and antianginal therapy. Age g = 65 (N = 154) % (mean) Age l 65 (N = 290) % (mean) p-value Age (years) (69.7) (53.9) 0.000 Male Gender 51.9 73.8 0.000 Never Smoked 39.0 26.6 0.007 Prior MI 35.7 32.8 0.531 Hypertension 46.7 35.5 0.023 Non-Q-Wave MI 31.4 40.3 0.063 Abnormal ECG 92.9 94.1 0.597 LV EF (61.3) (58.7) 0.038 2 – 3 Vessel Disease 50.0 36.0 0.005 Angiographic Success 95.5 96.4 0.689 Events by 42 days Death 1.3 1.4 0.938 MI 6.5 5.5 0.671 Stroke 0.0 0.3 0.463 CABG 1.3 4.2 0.102 Death/MI/Stroke/CABG 8.4 9.0 0.864 In comparison to younger pts., elderly pts having PTCA in TIMI IIIB were more often female, had not smoked, had history of hypertension and had multivessel coronary disease. The results of PTCA were equally excellent in both groups. Thus, advanced age alone does not adversely affect the results of PTCA in selected pts with acute ischemic syndromes.
Substrate effects on the crystallization kinetics of amorphous selenium thin films

Abstract A thermoanalytical technique has been used to study crystallization in thin amorphous selenium (a-Se) films deposited on polyimide and on aluminum-coated polyimide substrates. Through analysis of thermograms obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, the activation enthalpy of crystallization for a-Se on these substrates has been measured. It has been found that the film deposited on Al-coated polyimide crystallizes with an activation enthalpy similar to that obtained for bulk-quenched a-Se, while the film deposited on bare polyimide crystallizes with a lower activation enthalpy than that for the bulk sample. This suggests that the structure of a-Se films can be influenced by the choice of substrate.
Determination of Environmental Lead Using Continuous-Flow Microwave Digestion Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

A commercial flow-through microwave system was successfully applied as an alternative sample preparation procedure for lead determinations using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry. Sample is introduced as a slurry and then injected into a carrier stream which is continually flowing through the system. As configured, the sample dissolution is sequential, taking about 10 min/sample. This closed system is easy to use and produces low blanks, thus providing a viable alternative to the direct introduction of untreated samples, which can degrade analytical results. Leaves, air filters, urine, sludge, dust, and paint standard reference materials previously certified for lead using isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) were used to evaluate the accuracy of this automated sample preparation device. Lead concentrations in the nanograms to micrograms per gram range were accurately determined when compared with the certified value and previous IDMS results.
A model of the neutral and ion nitrogen chemistry in the daytime thermosphere of Venus

Density profiles of N(4S), NO, N(2D), NO(+), and N(+) are calculated for the thermosphere of Venus. The results show that N(4S) is the dominant odd nitrogen species throughout the thermosphere and has a maximum density of 18 million atoms/cu cm at 132 km. The calculated NO(+) density agrees well with recent Pioneer Venus measurements, but the calculated N(+) densities are a factor of two to five less than the measurements. The production of N(4S) atoms generated in the model is adequate to explain recent measurements of the nitric oxide chemiluminescent emission on the night side of Venus.
Thermally induced order-disorder transitions in Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract Structural studies of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers at elevated temperatures reveal the onset of structural disorder. A two-step melting process in LB monolayer assemblies of cadmium arachidate has been observed by transmission and grazing incidence reflection IR spectroscopy in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy and thermal measurements. Prior to the melting point, a pretransitional disordering of the hydrocarbon tails was observed, followed by a catastrophic break-up of the cadmium lattice at a temperature corresponding to the melting point as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. This thermal behavior has been modified by the incorporation of aromaticity into the molecular head group. Our IR studies of the thermal behavior of the cadmium salts of tetradecyl benzoic acid and 2-nitro-5(N-methyl, N-octadecyl) amino benzoic acid as LB films indicate that the introduction of aromaticity into the head group improves the high temperature stability of the films. We attribute this behavior to the enhanced intermolecular interactions between the head groups.
Group-enabled DEVS model construction methodology for distributed organizations

A USAF project has been initiated to enable groupware that currently supports IDEF activity model capture to be extended to support DEVS model construction. The methodology developed for this purpose enables team participants to enter activity data and then be queried for additional data that support DEVS system decomposition, assigning the activities to components and adding in relevant dynamics.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A realistic approach to locating dental practices

Many of the factors that affect the demand for dental services—including age, income, and education—are discussed to provide the practitioner with a method for evaluating a community as a setting for a practice. Some of the economic problems of dentists may be the result of misplaced trust in the population-per-dentist ratio as an indicator of effective dental demand.
Kristine B. Miranne and Alma H. Young (Eds.), Gendering the City: Women, Boundaries, and Visions of Urban Life (Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).

Urban policy makers have spent a great deal of money and time attracting stadiums, lofts, condominiums, entertainment districts, retail, restaurants, and corporate offices to their downtowns. Bille...
Rhizosphere bacteria antagonistic to soybean cyst (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) nematodes: Identification by fatty acid analysis and frequency of biological control activity

Rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from roots of young and mature plants with known antagonism to phytopathogenic nematodes, including velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), castor bean (Ricinus communis), sword bean (Cannavalia ensiformis), and Abruzzi rye (Secale cereale). Isolates from antagonistic plants were compared to soybean isolates for the frequency of antagonism to the root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) and soybean cyst (Heterodera schachtii) nematodes in a disease assay with soybean. Bacterial isolates were identified using fatty acid analysis, and isolates which exhibited a significant reduction in incidence of soybean damage from both nematodes were characterized physiologically. The bacterial taxa associated with antagonistic plants were markedly different from soybean bacteria. Isolates from soybean were predominantly Bacillus spp., while those from antagonistic plants included more coryneform and Gram-negative genera. Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas gladioli were predominant among Gram-negative bacteria on antagonistic plants but were not isolated from soybean. Four to six times the number of bacteria from antagonistic plants, compared to soybean, significantly reduced disease incidence of both nematodes. No single pattern of physiological reactions was common among all these bacteria, suggesting that multiple mechanisms accounted for the observed biological control. The results suggest that rhizospheres of antagonistic plants may be useful sources of potential biological control agents for phytopathogenic nematodes.
Novel tunable DFB lasers with FIB-deposited heaters

Among various types of tunable lasers, distributed Bragg reflection lasers employing chirped gratings have shown a wide tuning range, but they are difficult to fabricate and require sophisticated control electronics. On the other hand, distributed feedback lasers, although their tuning range is narrower than DBR lasers, do not suffer from the aforementioned problems. Thermally tunable 1.5um DFB and DBR lasers with thin film heaters have been reported, but their heater currents were too high to find practical use. We report on novel tunable DFB lasers at 1.3um with thin film heaters deposited by focused ion beam that require much smaller heater currents than previously reported. The lasers were InGaAsP/InP multiple quantum well DFB lasers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Pt heater strips were deposited by FIB processing on the top surface of the completed lasers. Our FIB process can control Pt film resistivities between 24 and 105 ohms-μm. The CW laser threshold was 12mA at room temperature without the heater current, the lasing wavelength was 1309.5nm at 27mW, and the sidemode suppression ratio was over 40dB. As the heater current increased to 13mA, the lasing wavelength shifted to 1314.4nm. The tuning efficiency of 5.9nm/W was almost twice that reported previously. FIB was also employed to deposit Au pads for the lasers. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first application of FIB deposition processes to semiconductor lasers.
Dopamine antagonist haloperidol increases carboxypeptidase E mRNA in rat neurointermediate pituitary but not in various other rat tissues

Abstract Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is involved with the biosynthesis of many neuropeptides, including several whose genes are regulated by haloperidol treatments. In this study, we examined whether haloperidol alters CPE mRNA levels in a variety of tissues. Rats were treated for either 1, 3, 7, 14, or 21 days with 2 mg/kg haloperidol, and then Northern blot analysis performed on RNA from neurointermediate pituitary, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, striatum, cerebellum, and adrenal. The 14 and 21 day treatments produced a significant 90–110% elevation of CPE mRNA in neurointermediate pituitary. However, the levels of CPE mRNA in the other tissues were not significantly influenced by the haloperidol treatments. This finding indicates that CPE is not co-regulated with peptide hormone mRNAs in all tissues.
Phosphorus Fertilizer Calibration for Sugarcane on Everglades Histosols

A calibrated soil test for phosphorus (P) fertilizer application to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on organic soils in southern Florida is an important best-management practice for minimizing P loads in water draining to the Everglades. The current calibration uses water as the soil extractant, which has the limitations of being very sensitive to pH and being most applicable to short-season crops. Phosphorus fertilizer rate studies at six locations (20 total crop years) were analyzed to develop an updated soil-test P calibration for sugarcane on organic soils. Phosphorus extracted with water, acetic acid, and Bray 2 did not consistently relate well to crop response. A new P soil-test calibration for sugarcane is proposed based on Mehlich 3 soil extraction, with a maximum rate of 36 kg P ha−1 with ≤ 10 g P m−3 in preplant soil samples and no P recommended with >30 g P m−3.
An assessment of the gaseous pollutants and meteorological conditions associated with Denver's brown cloud

During the 1978 Denver study, the General Motors mobile Atmospheric Research Laboratory was located in Commerce City, Colorado, where it monitored ambient air quality from November 8 through Decemb...
Reports of childhood sexual abuse by adolescents and young adults: Stability over time

The consistency of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) reporting was explored in this study. Two‐hundred seventeen adolescents and young adults (ages 14–24) enrolled in urban health care clinics completed self‐report questionnaires assessing CSA and other problem behaviors at enrollment and at 7 months. Results indicated that the stability of CSA self‐report at two time points was poor (58% consistent nonreporters of CSA, 20% consistent reporters, 22% inconsistent reporters). Consistent and inconsistent reporters were differentiated on risk measures. Adolescents who endorsed more items from the CSA scale were five times more likely to be consistent reporters. In sum, adolescent CSA reporting was quite inconsistent over time. Using multi‐item scales and assessing CSA at two time points enhances accuracy of reporting.
Development of a rapid, safe, fiber-optic guided, single-incision cricothyrotomy using a large ovine model: A pilot study

Abstract Study aim We present a pilot study in which we use an ovine model to develop a rapid, safe cricothyrotomy technique using a Melker cuffed 5.0 cricothyrotomy catheter loaded over a fiberoptic stainless steel optical stylet. The technique requires a single incision. The stylet allows easy placement and facilitates visual, tactile, and transillumination confirmation of intratracheal placement. We recorded this process on video to facilitate the development of the procedure and to allow others to replicate it for further research or refinement. All devices used in this technique are currently employed in clinical practice. Methods We performed the procedure in four anesthetized sheep, varying the technique to maximize speed, demonstrate pitfalls, and optimize video recording of confirmation methods. We recorded each case using a 4-channel digital video recorder. Results After making a single scalpel incision we inserted the stylet and confirmed placement by visualization, transillumination, “click” palpation, and gentle stylet-driven tracheal displacement. We passed the cricothyrotomy tubes without difficulty and easily ventilated the animals. Conclusion The procedure is rapid, incorporates redundant safety features, and uses equipment increasingly available to anesthesiologists, emergency physicians, intensivists and surgeons. The promising outcome of this pilot study should be verified in a larger controlled, comparative trial.
ON THE BOUNDARIES OF PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS

— The parsimony criterion both measures the ability of genealogical hypotheses to explain observed similarities and corresponds to Hennig's principle of grouping by synapomorphy. Saether's proposal of grouping according to homoiology is neither Hennigian nor justified on any other grounds. Criticisms by Felsenstein that parsimony analysis may be statistically inconsistent lead to an equivalent criticism of all statistical methods, and so are of no value for evaluating phylogenetic methods.
Patients with coronary disease fail observation status at higher rates than patients without coronary disease.

Abstract Background Few studies have evaluated emergency department (ED) observation unit chest pain protocols for optimal patient characteristics and admission rates. At our 35 000-visits/y ED, we implemented a chest pain protocol for our observation unit that allowed emergency physicians to admit patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all observation unit patients admitted under the chest pain protocol from April 1, 2006, to May 31, 2007. We compared the outcomes of patients who had a history of CAD with those who did not. Results Five hundred thirty-one patients were admitted to the observation unit under the chest pain protocol for the 14-month study period. Of these patients, 125 (23.5%) had a history of CAD. Patients with a history of CAD had a higher inpatient admission rate ( 24% vs 8.6%; P P P = .02), and a higher rate of stent placement or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (7.2% vs 2.2%; P = .007). In multivariate analysis, patient history of CAD was an independent predictor of hospital admission ( P = .005) and stent placement or CABG ( P = .030). Conclusion Patients with known CAD who were admitted to the ED observation unit failed observation status (ie, required hospitalization) and had higher rates of positive testing than those without CAD.
REDUCED DOPAMINE LEVELS IN PC12 CELLS EXPOSED TO LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Abstract To determine whether electromagnetic (EM) field stimulation alters catecholamine metabolism, a clonal line of rate pheochromocytoma cells, PC12, was exposed for varying periods of time to a 60 Hz 8 μT sinusoidal electromagnetic field. A time course study showed that dopamine levels were significantly reduced within 10–15 min in PC12 cells exposed to the 60 Hz 8 μT sinusoidal field. A 5–30 min time course showed a time-dependent increase in extracellular dopac levels with a peak activity of 20% at 15 min. No measurable change in dopamine concentration was detected in the supernatant. The superposition of a 30 to 90 Hz. 8 μT (6.7 μT rms) band limited magnetic noise field blocked the 60 Hz field effect so that the EMF-induced reduction in dopamine levels was not observed.
Preparation and performance of immobilized yeast cells in columns containing no inert carrier

Schizosaccharomyes pombe was cultivated in a medium of glucose (10 g/l), malt extract (3 g/l), yeast extract (3 g/l), and bactopeptone (5 g/l) to form flocs. More than 95% of the cell population were flocculated. Variation in glucose concentration (from 10 to 11 g/l) did not affect flocculation. Yeast extract helped induce flocculation. Application of the immobilized yeast for the continuous production of ethanol was tested in a column reactor. Soft yeast flocs (50-200 mesh) underwent morphological changes to heavy particles (0.1-9.3 cm diameter) after continuously being fed with fresh substrates in the column. Productivity as high as 87 g EtOH/l/hour was obtained when a 150 g/l glucose medium was fed. The performance of this yeast reactor was stable over a two-month period. The ethanol yield was 97% of the theoretical maximum based upon glucose consumed. (Refs. 16).
High-performance two-axis gimbal system for free space laser communications onboard unmanned aircraft systems

A custom designed and manufactured gimbal with a wide field-of-view and fast response time is developed. This enhanced custom design is a 24 volt system with integrated motor controllers and drivers which offers a full 180o fieldof- view in both azimuth and elevation; this provides a more continuous tracking capability as well as increased velocities of up to 479° per second. The addition of active high-frequency vibration control, to complement the passive vibration isolation system, is also in development. The ultimate goal of this research is to achieve affordable, reliable, and secure air-to-air laser communications between two separate remotely piloted aircraft. As a proof-of-concept, the practical implementation of an air-to-ground laserbased video communications payload system flown by a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) will be demonstrated. A numerical tracking algorithm has been written, tested, and used to aim the airborne laser transmitter at a stationary ground-based receiver with known GPS coordinates; however, further refinement of the tracking capabilities is dependent on an improved gimbal design for precision pointing of the airborne laser transmitter. The current gimbal pointing system is a two-axis, commercial-off-the-shelf component, which is limited in both range and velocity. The current design is capable of 360o of pan and 78o of tilt at a velocity of 60o per second. The control algorithm used for aiming the gimbal is executed on a PC-104 format embedded computer onboard the payload to accurately track a stationary ground-based receiver. This algorithm autonomously calculates a line-of-sight vector in real-time by using the UAV autopilot's Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) which provides latitude, longitude, and altitude and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) which provides the roll, pitch, and yaw data, along with the known Global Positioning System (GPS) location of the ground-based photodiode array receiver.
High performance 70 Gbit/s SPECTS optical-CDMA network testbed

Error-free operation of an optical code division multiple access (O-CDMA) network testbed with seven simultaneous users at 10 Gbit/s/user distributed in two time slots is demonstrated. The O-CDMA network testbed overcomes the key challenge of multi-user interference by adopting a highly nonlinear fibre-based thresholder and by careful system engineering.
On exact convergence of the accelerated overrelaxation method when applied to consistently ordered systems

The problem of determining the exact regions of convergence and divergence of the block Accelerated Overrelaxation (AOR) iterative method, when it applies to systems with a Generalized Consistently Ordered (GCO) coefficient matrix, is addressed here. Some new algebraic results in the theory of regular splittings are obtained and used for the determination of extended regions of convergence. Complementary, in some cases, divergence regions are obtained by making use of a recently derived eigenvalue functional equation.
Sub-daily scale validation of satellite-based high-resolution rainfall products

Abstract Recent research efforts have been geared towards developing high-resolution rainfall products from satellites for hydrological applications. A necessary step in assessing the potential and utility of these products is to quantify the uncertainty associated with them at validation scales appropriate for hydrological applications. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of the widely-known PERSIANN-CCS high-resolution (hourly, 0.04° × 0.04°) satellite rainfall products against high-quality NEXRAD radar rainfall observations in the Little Washita watershed. Our results reveal that (1) PERSIANN-CCS shows high skills in reproducing the patterns of inter-annual rainfall variability on a monthly basis; (2) both at the hourly and storm scales, the performance statistics of PERSIANN-CCS exhibit large spread, suggesting that the quality of PERSIANN-CCS product is almost unique for each hour and storm; and (3) significant improvement in performance statistics is obtained as PERSIANN-CCS products are averaged to longer sub-daily time scales. The implications of our results are: (1) PERSIANN-CCS could be used with high confidence for inter-annual rainfall variability studies; (2) PERSIANN-CCS products need to be accompanied by corresponding hourly error estimates in order to provide meaningful error estimates for hydrological applications; and (3) research is needed to characterize the tradeoff between the quality of rainfall input and the space-time resolution of hydrological modeling, as a function of watershed size and hydrologic model complexity level.
Pictet’s experiment: The apparent radiation and reflection of cold

Towards the end of the eighteenth century it was discovered by Marc‐Auguste Pictet of Geneva that cold emanations from a flask of snow could be reflected and focused by mirrors in the same way as the emanations from a heated object. Pictet’s discovery had an invigorating effect on research on radiant heat. We sketch the scientific milieu in which Pictet worked, describe the line of investigation that led him to his discovery, and summarize the theoretical explanations offered by Pictet and his contemporaries for this and related experiments. A simple qualitative explanation in modern terms is offered for the apparent radiation and reflection of cold. Finally, detailed directions are provided for replicating the experiment as a demonstration for the lecture hall.
Micromechanical mapping of early osteoarthritic changes in the pericellular matrix of human articular cartilage

Summary Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive loss of articular cartilage. While macroscale degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) has been extensively studied, microscale changes in the chondrocyte pericellular matrix (PCM) and immediate microenvironment with OA are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to quantify osteoarthritic changes in the micromechanical properties of the ECM and PCM of human articular cartilage in situ using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Method AFM elastic mapping was performed on cryosections of human cartilage harvested from both condyles of macroscopically normal and osteoarthritic knee joints. This method was used to test the hypotheses that both ECM and PCM regions exhibit a loss of mechanical properties with OA and that the size of the PCM is enlarged in OA cartilage as compared to normal tissue. Results Significant decreases were observed in both ECM and PCM moduli of 45% and 30%, respectively, on the medial condyle of OA knee joints as compared to cartilage from macroscopically normal joints. Enlargement of the PCM, as measured biomechanically, was also observed in medial condyle OA cartilage, reflecting the underlying distribution of type VI collagen in the region. No significant differences were observed in elastic moduli or their spatial distribution on the lateral condyle between normal and OA joints. Conclusion Our findings provide new evidence of significant site-specific degenerative changes in the chondrocyte micromechanical environment with OA.
Social–cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying☆

This study examined the social-cognitive and behavioral attributes of children who are concurrently aggressive and victimized by their peers. The characteristics of these "aggressive victims" were examined in comparison to bullies, passive victims, and normative comparison children. The sample included 240 urban Los Angeles elementary school children (mean age = 9.5 years), who completed a series of self-report inventories, a social-cognitive interview, and a peer nomination inventory. Ratings of behavioral adjustment were obtained from teachers and academic functioning was obtained through a review of school records. Subgroup comparisons indicated that aggressive victims were characterized by impairments in self-regulation as well as difficulties across domains of functioning. In contrast, bullies tended to exhibit aggression-related biases in social-cognitive processing, but did not suffer from other adjustment problems, and passive victims were characterized by nonassertive behaviors and low levels of social skills. Taken together, our findings highlight the distinctiveness and theoretical importance of the aggressive victim subgroup.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF GASE NANOTUBES

We predict the formation of GaSe nanotubes from an energetic argument which employs pseudopotential density functional theory methods. The strain energy of GaSe nanotubes is found to be comparable to existing carbon nanotubes. Based on this energetic comparison, we expect GaSe nanotubes with diameters of 40‐48 A to form. The energy gap of these nanotubes is predicted to decrease from the bulk value as the nanotubes get smaller. These calculations demonstrate that the synthesis of GaSe tubes would yield interesting new materials which would allow further studies of the properties of nanotubes and expand their applications. @S0163-1829~98!51532-9# The existence of tubular forms of matter with nanoscale diameters has opened an exciting field of research in physics. These tubes provide the opportunity to study the physics of systems with reduced dimensionality. At present, only a few compounds, such as carbon, 1 boron nitride, 2 MoS2, 3,4 and WS 2 , 5 exhibit the ability to form tubular structures. It is important to continue the search for compounds which might form nanotubes since they will offer new materials with new and possibly useful properties. In this paper, we propose that the GaSe layered compound be explored to form nanotubes. The structure of this compound makes it an ideal candidate for tube formation. In order to validate our proposal, we have conducted ab initio calculations of the strain energies needed for rolling the GaSe sheet into a tube. We find that the energetic requirement is comparable to those of existing carbon nanotubes. Interestingly, the dependence of the energy gaps with respect to the size of these GaSe nanotubes is found to behave oppositely to one might think due to quantum confinement, meaning that it decrease as the radii of the nanotubes gets smaller. However, this effect can be understood by considering the pressure dependence of the bulk band structure. According to the strain energy, it is likely that nanotubes as small as 40 A in diameter can be formed and these tubes would have an energy gap in the range of 0.8‐1.0 eV. We also propose a way to reduce the strain energy by combining different elements that form this layered structure which will induce curvature into the sheet. The GaSe compound has been intensively studied because of the large exciton binding energies. Since the exciton binding energy increases as the dimensionality of the system decreases, GaSe nanotubes offer the possibility to study excitons in a one dimensional system.
Use and misuse of behavioral homework exercises in sex therapy

This paper examines uses of sexual exercises and their role in effecting changes in attitudes, behaviors, and feelings. In reaction to the charge that exercises are overly mechanistic, clinicians now underutilize exercises and/or give only general suggestions. The common errors of nonspecificity, use as a cookbook, quick abandonment, and setting performance criterion are discussed. The use of semistructured, written exercises which function as in vivo desensitization, facilitate development of verbal and stimulation skills, and provide a positive model of sexuality are most efficacious. A case example illustrating the multiple therapeutic benefits of exercises is presented.
Stigmatization of anorexia nervosa.

Objective: The current study examined the perceptions about an individual with anorexia nervosa (AN) relative to perceptions about a healthy person and a person with another mental or nonmental illness. Method: Ninety-one participants recruited from the community completed questionnaires targeting perceptions about 4 individuals: a healthy person, a person with asthma, a person with schizophrenia, and a person with AN. Results: Evaluations of personal characteristics were most negative for persons with AN. Participants believed the person with AN was most to blame for his/her condition, was best able to pull him/herself together if he/she wanted to, and was most acting this way for attention and that biological factors were least relevant in developing the illness. Conclusion: Negative perceptions of a person with AN fell into stigma categories of self-attribution and responsibility. These attitudes may contribute to reluctance to seek treatment among individuals with AN. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Dentists' molar restoration choices and longevity: a web-based survey

Abstract Statement of problem The increasing trend toward esthetics has led to controversy as to the longevity of esthetic restorations and the wisdom of having traditional restorations replaced for esthetic reasons. With the assumption that the way dentists treat their own teeth may be a good indication of the accumulated wisdom of the profession, knowledge of dentists' own restorative choices may provide guidance in selecting the most appropriate restorations. Purpose The purpose of this article was to determine restorative choices of dentists for personal molars and estimate restoration longevity. Material and methods Information about dentists' molars was obtained from a Web-based survey designed to receive dentists' demographic data and charting of 8 molar teeth with estimated longevity. Approximately 12,000 e-mails asking to access the website were sent to dentists' addresses randomly selected from a commercial database. Nonrespondents received 1 reminder. The responses were statistically analyzed with a chi-square analysis ( α =.05). Results Seven hundred fifty-seven valid replies provided information for 6,034 teeth (22% unrestored, 75% restored, 2% missing). Restorations reported included amalgam (36%), gold inlay/onlay (13%), complete veneer crown (CVC) (10%), metal-ceramic crown (MCC) (8%), and composite (7%). Other esthetic options accounted for less than 3%. Restorations with more than 20 years longevity included amalgam restorations (58%), gold inlays/onlays (48%) and crowns (23%). Fifty-six percent of esthetic restorations and 5% of amalgams were placed in the last 5 years. The following restorations were placed in the last year (n=186): 38% esthetic, 29% crowns (18% MCC; 11% CVC), and 17% gold inlay/onlay or amalgam. Significant differences ( P Conclusions Most dentists have not replaced traditional metallic restorations with esthetic alternatives. Dentists still choose nonesthetic options for significant numbers of their own restorations.
Infrared Finiteness in Yang-Mills Theories.

The infrared divergences of renormalizable theories with coupled massless fields (in particular the Yang-Mills theory) are shown to cancel for transition probabilities corresponding to finite-energy-resolution detectors, just as in quantum electrodynamics. This result is established through lowest nontrivial order in perturbation theory for the detection of massive muons in a quantum electrodynamic theory containing massless electrons or the detection of massive quarks in a Yang-Mills theory.
Tirilazad pretreatment improves early cerebral metabolic and blood flow recovery from hyperglycemic ischemia

Summary: Acidosis may augment cerebral ischemic injury by promoting lipid peroxidation. We tested the hypothesis that when acidosis is augmented by hyperglyce-mia, pretreatment with the 21-aminosteroid tirilazad mes-ylate (U74006F), a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in vitro, improves early cerebral metabolic recovery. In a randomized, blinded study, anesthetized dogs received either tirilazad mesylate (1 mg/kg plus 0.2 mg/kg/h; n = 8) or vehicle (n = 8). Hyperglycemia (400-500 mg/dl) was produced prior to 30 min of global incomplete cerebral ischemia. Intracellular pH and high energy phosphates were measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spec-troscopy. During ischemia, microsphere-determined CBF decreased to 8 ± 4 ml min"' 100 g"' and intracellular pH decreased to 5.6 ± 0.2 in both groups. During the first 20 min of reperfusion, ATP partially recovered in the vehicle group to 57 ± 21% of baseline, but then declined progres-sively in association with elevated intracranial pressure. By 30 min, ATP recovery was greater in the tirilazad group (77 ± 35 vs. 36 ± 19%), although postischemic hyperemia was similar. By 45 min, the tirilazad group had a higher intracellular pH (6.5 ± 0.5 vs. 5.9 ± 0.6) and a lower intracranial pressure (18 ± 6 vs. 52 ± 24 mm Hg). By 180 min, blood flow and ATP were undetectable in seven of eight vehicle-treated dogs, whereas ATP was >67% and pH was >6.7 in six of eight tirilazad-treated dogs. Thus, tirilazad acts during early reperfusion to prevent secondary metabolic decay associated with severe acidotic ischemia. If tirilazad acts by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, then these data are consistent with extreme acidosis limiting recovery by a mechanism involving lipid peroxidation.
Development of the supraspinatus tendon-to-bone insertion: localized expression of extracellular matrix and growth factor genes.

Theadulthealingresponseoftherotatorcufftendon-to-boneinsertionsitediffersfrom the ordered processof insertionsite development. Healing is characterized by disorganizedscar and a lack of fibrocartilage formation, in contrast to the well organized fibrocartilaginous transition which forms during the normal development of the tendon-to-bone insertion. The purpose of this study was to localize the expression of a number of extracellular matrix and growth factor genes during insertion site development in order to guide future strategies for augmenting adult rotator cuff healing. The rotator cuff was morphologically distinct at 13.5 dpc (days postconception). Neo- tendon was evident as a condensation of cells adjacent to bone. The interface between tendon and bone did not form into a mature fibrocartilaginous insertion until 21-days postnatally, based upon the appearance of four distinct zones with a mineralized humeral head. Fibroblasts of the supraspinatustendonexpressedtypeIcollagenatalltimepoints.TypeIIcollagenwasfirstexpressed by chondrocytes in the fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage at 7 days and persisted in the mineralizedfibrocartilage at 56 days. TypeX collagen wasfirst expressedby thechondrocytesin the mineralized fibrocartilage at 14 days and persisted in the mineralized fibrocartilage at 56 days. A shiftfromTGF-b3toTGF-b1expressionoccurredat15.5dpc. 2007OrthopaedicResearchSociety. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1621-1628, 2007
Genetic failure of fetal amino acid “justification”: A common basis for many forms of metabolic, nutritional, and “nonspecific” mental retardation

Summary It has been proposed that: o 1. The normal fetus is capable of altering his amino acid environment to a pattern requisite for his protein synthesizing apparatus—a process we have termed “justification”. 2. The homozygous individual (for any amino acid disorder) is almost always injured for he is unable to “justify” the maternal mixture. 3. The heterozygous fetus in the heterozygous mother is at high risk, particularly in nutritionally deprived areas, for he is inadequately prepared to “justify” the deficient mixture which his mother also failed effectively to “justify”. 4. This phenomenon of hereditary failure of “justification” of the amino acid milieu could account for most of the recognized nutritional retardation. 5. A minimal maternal supplementation with tyrosine, cystine and arginine might prevent most of these types of retardation. 6. Large differences in gene frequency for PKU and other amino acid disorders between areas of the world with good and poor nutrition, respectively, may be due to heterozygous fetal loss through the above genetic-nutritional mechanism.
Optical beam steering using MEMS-controllable microlens array

Abstract Novel, two-dimensional MEMS-controllable microlens array has been integrated with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array using flip-chip assembly. The MEMS/VCSEL hybrid system is built as an efficient and reliable smart pixel array for board-to-board or chip-to-chip optical interconnects in digital systems. Theory including geometrical and Fourier transform analysis and beam steering experimental results are presented. By translating polymer microlens, fabricated on a MEMS X – Y movable plate, using electro-thermal actuators, a beam steering angle of 70 mrad is achieved. VCSEL beam steering was successfully demonstrated in our MEMS/VCSEL hybrid system to collimate and steer laser beam for a precision alignment in a two-dimensional free-space optical interconnect.
Positive eigenvectors of wedge maps

In this paper we investigate the existence of positive eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of nonlinear and noncompact maps defined in a wedge W of a Banach space E. The results are established using the theory of 0 -epi maps introduced by Furi-Martelli-Vignoli [10].We prove a conjecture of I. Massabo - C. Stuart [23]and we obtain a nonlinear version of the celebrated Krein-Rutman [18]theorem, which brings about the different role of the two properties $$f(tx) = tf(x) and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)$$ .
On the small-scale clustering of the Lyα forest clouds

Recent measurements of the autocorrelation function of the Lyα clouds are analysed from the point of view of a simple model with strong clustering on the small scales. It is shown that this toy model reproduces fairly well the important linear relation between amplitude of the absorber autocorrelation function and neutral hydrogen column density. In addition, it predicts a correct evolutionary trend of correlation amplitudes. Some possible ramifications of these results are discussed.
Is there a northern Lesser Antilles forearc block

[1] A systematic discrepancy exists between slip vectors of thrust fault earthquakes at the Lesser Antilles trench (LAT) and the predicted direction of North American-Caribbean convergence. A possibility has been that the discrepancy resulted because neither was well constrained. Estimating Caribbean motion has been challenging owing to the limited data along the plate's complex boundaries. Similarly, earlier studies had few slip vectors because interplate thrust events are infrequent. To address these difficulties, we estimate a new Caribbean-North America Euler vector using recently available GPS data from sites in the presumably stable interior of the Caribbean, and compare the predicted velocities to a larger set of slip vectors. The discrepancy persists, suggesting the northern Lesser Antilles forearc (NLAF) moves as a distinct entity from both the Caribbean and North America. For simplicity, we treat its motion as a coherent block, but because GPS sites are not within the NLAF, distributed deformation is also possible. Although there is no geologic evidence for the boundaries of the presumed NLAF block, GPS data show that the motions of Martinique, Barbados, and Trinidad are similar to that of the Caribbean, suggesting that none are on the NLAF block, and the southern LAT is weakly coupled.
5α-reduced androgens may have actions in the hippocampus to enhance cognitive performance of male rats

Androgens may improve cognitive performance; however, these effects and mechanisms of androgens are not well understood. Whether testosterone's (T) effects on cognitive performance are mediated by its 5alpha-reduced, non-aromatizable metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and/or its 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD) reduced metabolite 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-diol), was investigated. In Experiment 1, male rats that were gonadally intact, or gonadectomized (GDX) and DHT-replaced with a silastic capsule, had better performance in the inhibitory avoidance task, and higher plasma DHT and 3alpha-diol levels, compared to GDX rats. In Experiments 2-4, intra-hippocampal indomethacin, a 3alpha-HSD inhibitor, to intact or DHT-replaced, but not GDX, rats decreased performance in the inhibitory avoidance task and reduced hippocampal 3alpha-diol levels compared to that observed in rats with control implants. Thus, the 5alpha-reduced androgen DHT has cognitive-enhancing effects, independent of E(2), which are attenuated by a 3alpha-HSD inhibitor, indomethacin. These results suggest that 5alpha-reduced androgens may have actions in the hippocampus to improve cognitive performance.
A test of Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the thistle tribe shows that close relatives make bad neighbors

Invasive species have great ecological and economic impacts and are difficult to control once established, making the ability to understand and predict invasive behavior highly desirable. Preemptive measures to prevent potential invasive species from reaching new habitats are the most economically and environmentally efficient form of management. Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis predicts that invaders less related to native flora are more likely to be successful than those that are closely related to natives. Here we test this hypothesis, using the weed-rich thistle tribe, Cardueae, in the California Floristic Province, a biodiversity hotspot, as our study system. An exhaustive molecular phylogenetic approach was used, generating and examining more than 100,000 likely phylogenies of the tribe based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers, representing the most in-depth reconstruction of the clade to date. Branch lengths separating invasive and noninvasive introduced taxa from native California taxa were used to represent phylogenetic distances between these groups and were compared at multiple biogeographical scales to ascertain whether invasive thistles are more or less closely related to natives than noninvasive introduced thistles are. Patterns within this highly supported clade show that not only are introduced thistles more closely related to natives more likely to be invasive, but these invasive species are also evolutionarily closer to native flora than by chance. This suggests that preadaptive traits are important in determining an invader’s success. Such rigorous molecular phylogenetic analyses may prove a fruitful means for furthering our understanding of biological invasions and developing predictive frameworks for screening potential invasive taxa.