cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation and Development of Nephrons

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces genetic and biochemical mechanisms that are implicated in the development of the renal epithelia. As with any scientific endeavor, there is some controversy and conflicting data regarding potential mechanisms that regulate early nephron formation. This chapter attempts to relate recent insights that are gained primarily from the phenotypic analysis of mutant mice with more classical in vitro and biochemical data regarding induction and differentiation. To put these factors into a morphological context, a brief description of the process of mesenchyme-to-epithelial conversion is presented in the chapter. The metanephric mesenchyme lineage is fixed within the environment of the intermediate mesoderm. Several key factors are now known to mark this as the renal anlagen and are required for epithelial specification. The signals that induce the mesenchyme to become epithelium are also being elucidated. The chapter discusses factors that promote growth, remodeling, and cell-type specification of the nephron segments. The trio of secreted signaling molecules bFGF, TGF-α, and LIF has also been implicated as a mesenchymal inducer, although genetic evidence supporting their in vivo role is lacking.
A Summary of U.S. Activities in Low-Temperature Reject Heat Utilization

A summary is presented of the research programs in the U.S. that have studied the utilization of reject heat from both fossil and nuclear power plants. The results of over 80 investigators are presented in two areas. The first area is soil warming, greenhouses, and warm water irrigation. The second area is aquaculture and integrated systems. The present status of this research indicates that technical feasibility for the utilization of reject heat is at hand. Many problems, such as institutional, regulations, land use, and the coupling of heat source to heat utilization systems, exist.
9.21 Pool–Riffle

Pools and riffles are important bedforms that are one of the most recognized features in rivers having less than 0.02 gradient. Pools are classified as deep areas with low velocities at low stage, whereas riffles exhibit higher water-surface slopes and faster velocities. Pools and riffles exist in both alluvial and bedrock channels, but are best developed in gravel-bed substrates and meandering channels. These undulations in bed topography provide the primary framework for aquatic habitat in channels, and are of great interest because of their importance for macro-invertebrates and fish species. An increasing number of articles propose that convergence of flow and enhanced turbulent conditions are necessary conditions for pool–riffle formation. Complex hydraulic patterns lead to a skewed distribution of feature-to-feature distances that tend to average five-to-seven bankfull widths apart. Pool depth, length, and volume tend to increase with larger drainage area and decrease with more sediment supply. Few details of controls on riffle geometry are presently known. The sequences eventually create stage-dependent form resistance with higher forces in pools at high flow and sediment-sorting patterns that maintain the morphology and enhance habitat complexity.
Software, Heal Thyself!

Traditional software engineering is predicated on the distinction between development time (when a software system is designed, built, and tested) and run time (when a software system is deployed and executed). However, increasingly software systems are expected to run continuously, adapting as they execute to changes in environment and even user requirements. For such systems the traditional distinctions break down. In this talk I explore the role of development-time models in making it possible for systems to adapt at run time. In particular, I will argue that architectural models of software systems have a pivotal part to play as an enabler for self-adaptive and self-healing systems.
Research and Application of Improved Genetic Algorithm Targeting Load Balancing in Distribution Network Reconfiguration

In this paper, a distribution network reconfiguration method considering load balancing is proposed in order to reduce the level of overloaded equipments and balance the network load allocation. The improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the model quickly, which takes full account of the characteristics of radial wiring in distribution network. The special coding method is adopted to ensure that the distribution grid remains radial in the whole genetic algorithm calculation process. The distribution network reconfiguration method proposed in this paper not only considers the load balance, but also greatly reduces the level of overloaded equipment. It can be seen from the calculation results of the 14-node system example that the method in this paper provides the best solution.
Anesthetic Management of an Adolescent With Marfan Syndrome During Anterior Spinal Fusion

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from a mutation of the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN1) on chromosome 15. Fibrillin-1 is a matrix glycoprotein essential for the formation of microfibrils that regulate the formation and repair of connective tissue throughout the body. This primary cellular defect results in a multisystem disorder of connective tissue. Given the multisystem involvement of MFS, anesthetic care is frequently required during surgical or orthopedic procedures. We present a 15-year-old adolescent who required anesthetic care during spinal fusion. The perioperative implications of MFS are reviewed and options for anesthetic care presented. J Med Cases. 2018;9(11):366-370 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3181
Studies of learning to learn: VIII: The influence of massive amounts of training upon the learning and retention of paired-associate lists

This study was designed to examine changes in learning and recall performance over a large number of paired-associate lists. The experiment involved the administration of 36 successive learning and recall cycles. These cycles consisted of the learning of a list of paired words to a criterion of 10/10 correct responses, followed by the recall of this list 48 hr later. The learning data indicated that Ss show progressive improvement as a function of continued practice. The actual magnitude of the improvement was an approximate halving of the learning rate. In agreement with other studies, retention was found to be inversely related to the number of the list being learned: This decline is rapid and continues for at least 20 lists. A comparison of individual items which were equated for the number of correct anticipations in learning showed that retention is greatly affected by list membership, recall being poorer for items from the later lists.
On the matrix Heron means and Rényi divergences

Bhatia, Lim, and Yamazaki studied the norm minimality of several Kubo-Ando means of positive semidefinite matrices. Recently, Hiai proved a norm minimality result involving the the weighted geometr...
A Person-Centered Analysis of Change in Children’s Peer Optimism and Its Relation to Peer Social Competence

Children’s peer optimism has been shown to be associated with a variety of positive social outcomes, but little is known about changes in peer optimism over time and if these changes relate to peer social competence. Based on a sample of 114 children (children in grades 3 and 4 reassessed in grades 4 and 5) (girls = 62; boys = 52), Growth Mixture Modeling identified two profiles of children based on reported peer optimism: a group with a relatively low level of optimism that remained low (n = 45; Low/Stable); and a group with high optimism that increased over time (n = 69; High/Increasing). Comparing the social competence of children in the two profiles, children in the High/Increasing group reported greater self-social competence; were more liked and more popular by peers; and engaged in less relational aggression and withdrawal. Children in the Low/Stable group increased in overt aggression, and girls reported greater loneliness. In sum, this person-centered research empirically identified two groups of children who differed in their peer optimism from one school year to the next (low and stayed low vs high and got higher). Furthermore, group membership predicted changes in peer social functioning.
A design process for a 3D printed patient-specific applicator for HDR brachytherapy of the orbit.

This report describes a process for designing a 3D printed patient-specific applicator for HDR brachytherapy of the orbit. A 34-year-old man with recurrent melanoma of the orbit was referred for consideration of re-irradiation. An applicator for HDR brachytherapy was designed based on the computed tomography (CT) of patient anatomy. The body contour was used to generate an applicator with a flush fit against the patient’s skin while the planning target volume (PTV) was used to devise channels that allow for access and coverage of the tumor bed. An end-to-end dosimetric test was devised to determine feasibility for clinical use. The applicator was designed to conform to the volume and contours inside the orbital cavity. Support wings placed flush with the patient skin provided stability and reproducibility, while 16 source channels of varying length were needed for sufficient access to the target. A solid sheath, printed as an outer support-wall for each channel, prevented bending or accidental puncturing of the surface of the applicator. Quality assurance tests demonstrated feasibility for clinical use. Our experience with available 3D printing technology used to generate an applicator for the orbit may provide guidance for how materials of suitable biomechanical and radiation properties can be used in brachytherapy.
2D Solid-State Nanopore Field-Effect Transistors: Comprehensive Computational Methodology for Biosensing Applications

State-of-the-Art technologies for the implementation of solid-state nanopores for molecular biosensing are reviewed in this article, with an emphasis on the use of 2D material membranes. Specific advantages of these 2D materials are their ability to read biomolecular information by electronic current variations along the nanoporous membranes. This review outlines a comprehensive computational approach combining molecular dynamics with semiconductor modeling and statistical signal processing to analyze the detailed interaction between biomolecules and solid-state nanopores. The technique is illustrated with three important biomedical applications, i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, epigenetic detection of DNA methylation, and identification of backbone breakage sites along double strand DNA (dsDNA).
Military parents' perceptions of separation for their younger children.

ABSTRACT Many studies are available in the literature considering effects of deployment on older school age and adolescent children, but less is known about the effects on younger children. The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of deployment/separation for military children aged 4-10 years from both the deployed parent and stay-at-home parent's experiences. Parents completed demographics followed by an interview to describe the child's reaction to separation. Thematic analysis was used to identify children's reactions and intervention strategies. Thirty-eight families, encompassing 57 children aged 4-10 who experienced a separation or deployment within the past 2 years participated. Interviews included 24 military members and 34 spouses (most frequently the mothers) completed the interview and research instruments. Interview data revealed a turbulent experience for families resulting from frequent and repeated separations. Parents actively employed strategies garnered from military-provided materials and informal interaction with other military parents. The different perspectives provided new insights as to the strategies military families find successful during separations and will be useful in providing anticipatory guidance.
Impact of salinity on the kinetics of CO2 fixation by Spirulina platensis cultivated in semi-continuous photobioreactors

In this research, the physiological response of the microalgae Spirulina platensis to salinity stress (1 and 100 g L-1 ) was investigated. Spirulina platensis and Spirulina platensis (adapted to high salt concentration) were operated at laboratory scale in a semi-continuous photobioreactors. The responses examined were within 0.5 to 10% CO2 concentration, temperatures from 10 to 40 oC, light intensities from 60 to 200 μmol m-2 s -1 and presented better results in terms of all kinetic parameters. The highest rate of CO2 biofixation for Spirulina platensis was 25.1 gCO2 m-3 h -1 , and the maximum specific growth (μmax) achieved was 0.44 d-1 - 0.67 d-1 at 2.5% CO2, 150 µmol m-2 s -1 at 25 oC. Corresponding determined values of Spirulina platensis adapted were 18.2 gCO2 m-3 h -1 , 0.31 d-1 - 0.58 d-1 at 2.5% CO2, 60 µmol s-1 m-2 and 28 oC. However, both microalgae exhibited experimental limiting growth factors, CO2 10%, 40 oC and 200 µmol m-2 s -1 , conditions under which photosynthetic CO2 biofixation may be inhibited and photoinhibition of photosynthesis may be enhanced by salinity. The efficiency of 2.5% CO2 removal by Spirulina platensis achieved 99%, whereas Spirulina platensis adapted to 96%, respectively. The kinetic parameters estimated for Spirulina platensis can be used to improve photobioreactor design for reducing of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer-Reply.

We thank Dr. Olsen and colleagues for their comments on our recent paper ([1][1]). We also have been intrigued by the association of smoking with melanoma and basal cell keratinocyte carcinoma, but wonder if the associations of smoking with these cancers differ by sex. This possibility has not been
Equity and efficiency in the Clinton energy tax proposal: Some early thoughts from first principles

Abstract Preliminary, theoretic review of the BTU based energy tax proposed by the Clinton administration suggests that its output effects can be justified on environmental grounds; that its potentially perverse substitution effects should be expected to be small and easily corrected by subsequent policies; that its deviation from revenue maximizing energy tax rates should not be too damaging; and that its revenue can more than cover any equity provisions directed at the lower end of the income distribution.
Training and development for informal science learning

This exploratory study assessed the need for training and development of both administrators and education directors working in informal learning environments in the United States. Further, the study identified useful and feasible methods to meet these needs. Finally, it suggested that informal science learning is understood as a collective entity.This study triangulated, or coordinated, various research and data analysis methods to provide a more effective base for understanding the proposed activities. Phase 1 consisted of interviewing persons knowledgeable about informal science learning. These data were analysed qualitatively and used to develop the Phase 2 survey, which was administered to practitioners in these environments. Data from the Phase 2 survey were measured quantitatively.Although results suggest that some kind of training is necessary for administrators, significantly more people strongly agree that education directors need training specifically oriented towards informal science learning....
Delignification of Wood Chips and Pulps by Using Natural and Synthetic Porphyrins: Models of Fungal Decay

Kraft pulps, prepared from softwoods, and small chips of birch wood were treated with heme and tert-butyl hydroperoxide in aqueous solutions at reflux temperature. Analyses of treated pulps showed decreases in kappa number (a measure of lignin content) from about 36 to less than 2, with concomitant increases in brightness (80% increase in the better samples). Analyses of treated wood chips revealed selective delignification and removal of hemicelluloses. After 48 h of treatment, lignin losses from the wood chips approached 40%, and xylose/mannose (hemicellulose) losses approached 70%, while glucose (cellulose) losses were less than 10%. Examination of delignified chips by transmission electron microscopy showed that the removal of lignin occurred in a manner virtually indistinguishable from that seen after decay by white rot fungi. Various metalloporphyrins, which act as biomimetic catalysts, were compared to horseradish peroxidase and fungal manganese peroxidase in their abilities to oxidize syringaldazine in an organic solvent, dioxane. The metalloporphyrins and peroxidases behaved similarly, and it appeared that the activities of the peroxidases resulted from the extraction of heme into the organic phase, rather than from the activities of the enzymes themselves. We concluded that heme-tert-butyl hydroperoxide systems in the absence of a protein carrier mimic the decay of lignified tissues by white rot fungi.
Response persistence in the rat following intermittent punishment and partial reward: Effects of trial sequence

Abstract Thirty-six rats were given 16 days of partial reward training in a runway. During the final 12 days each of the animals received one foot-shock experience each day. One group received shock on an N trial preceding an R trial (P-R), a second group was shocked on N trials not followed by an R trial (R-P), and the third group received shock after completing all daily trials (Control). Following acquisition the rats were split within each group (one half received 24 trials of unpunished extinction and one half continued to receive partial reward but were punished on every trial). During consistent punishment the P-R animals were more persistent than the R-P or Control rats and during unpunished extinction the P-R and Control animals were equal in persistence but both were superior to the R-P animals. The results were discussed in terms of Capaldi's sequential trial theory.
Arterial stiffness, oxidative stress, and smoke exposure in wildland firefighters.

Objectives To assess the association between exposure, oxidative stress, symptoms, and cardiorespiratory function in wildland firefighters. Methods We studied two Interagency Hotshot Crews with questionnaires, pulse wave analysis for arterial stiffness, spirometry, urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoprostane) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the smoke exposure marker (urinary levoglucosan). Arterial stiffness was assessed by examining levels of the aortic augmentation index, expressed as a percentage. An oxidative stress score comprising the average of z-scores created for 8-OHdG and 8-isoprostane was calculated. Results Mean augmentation index % was higher for participants with higher oxidative stress scores after adjusting for smoking status. Specifically for every one unit increase in oxidative stress score the augmentation index % increased 10.5% (95% CI: 2.5, 18.5%). Higher mean lower respiratory symptom score was associated with lower percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity. Conclusions Biomarkers of oxidative stress may serve as indicators of arterial stiffness in wildland firefighters. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:748–756, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ribulose Diphosphate Carboxylase from Autotrophic Microorganisms

Abstract Thiobacillus denitrificans was grown anaerobically with nitrate as an acceptor in both sterile and nonsterile media. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase was stable throughout the exponential growth phase and declined slowly only after cells reached the stationary phase. Reversible inactivation of the carboxylase occurred in extracts as a result of bicarbonate omission. The enzyme was purified 32-fold with excellent recovery of a preparation which was 50 to 60% pure by the criterion of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This purified preparation catalyzed the fixation of 1.25 μmoles of CO2 per min per mg of protein at pH 8.1 and 30 C, and the molecular weight of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase was approximately 350,000 daltons. A striking biphasic time course of CO2 fixation that was independent of protein and ribulose diphosphate concentration was observed. The optimal pH of the enzyme assay was fairly broad, ranging from 7 to 8.2. Kinetic dependence upon bicarbonate, ribulose diphosphate, and Mg2+ was characterized and indicated that bicarbonate and Mg2+ must combine with enzyme prior to addition of ribulose diphosphate. Antiserum to ribulose diphosphate carboxylase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha was only slightly inhibitory when added to the enzyme from T. denitrificans, and the mixture did not precipitate. Cyanide (4 × 10−5m) gave 61% inhibition of the enzyme from T. denitrificans. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of H. eutropha, H. facilis, Chromatium D, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were also inhibited to varying extents by cyanide and antiserum to the H. eutropha enzyme.
Effect of Long Range Correlations in High Energy Scattering

An improved Glauber approximation is derived and tested numerically on a potential model. Using this approximation the effect of long range correlations present in spherical nuclei because of the collective motion of the nucleus has been evaluated. The method can be empolyed as long as the Hamiltonian describing the interaction of the target nucleus with the incident particle can be expressed as the sum of terms which are linear and bilinear in the boson operators describing the collective oscillations. An optical potential including these effects has been derived. Inelastic excitations can be readily evaluated. The method is applied to the vibrations of a spherical nucleus where the incident particle-target nuclear interaction is described by a vibrating square well. It is shown that the high energy approximation is valid for the square well in spite of the sudden change in the potential.
Pharmaceuticals in Water Systems

As the demographic pattern in most regions of the world changes in response to epidemiological transition, life expectancy is lengthened, and human reliance on medications to maintain the quality of life intensifies. It is now indisputable that widespread use of pharmaceutical products results in their release into the environment. This occurs primarily through the excretion of partially metabolized doses and the disposal of expired or unused medication. It is inevitable that that these fugitive releases lead to exposures of aquatic organisms and other natural ecosystem components. However, the driving force behind recent concerns is the potential for large-scale human exposures through natural drinking water recycling processes. Historically, most investigations of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment have focused on acutely toxic industrial chemicals from mining, energy, and agricultural industries. The environmental impacts of products emanating from the pharmaceutical industry have largely been excluded from scrutiny. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted the first national survey of pharmaceutical products in natural water systems in 2000. The results of that study confirmed prior suspicions about the widespread contamination of aquatic systems by these products. Keywords: agriculture; antibiotics; caffeine; ecotoxicology; effluent; environment; health; hormones; hospitals; ocean; pharmaceuticals; pollution; rivers; streams; wastewater
Getting Physicians and Patients to Choose Wisely : Does the Law Help or Hurt?

This paper is a contribution to the University of Toledo symposium entitled Scalpel to Gavel: Exploring the Modern State of Health Law. It begins with a description of one significant large-scale initiative aimed at encouraging more rational, evidence-based medical practice, namely, the in-progress Choosing Wisely® movement initiated by the American Board of Internal Medicine and Consumer Reports and endorsed by numerous medical specialty organizations. Next is a discussion of legal anxieties as a powerful impediment to physicians’ rationalizing of medicine, and the article concludes by presenting some ideas for responding to the impediment to more rational medicine created by physicians’ litigation and liability-related apprehensions associated with evidence-based medicine changes in the scope and aggressiveness of patient care.
Working poverty in southern California: towards an operational measure

Abstract As a result of welfare-to-work, discussions on working poverty have sprouted among urban scholars and policy makers. Yet, there is little consensus on how to define working poverty, limiting both knowledge of such populations and ability to inform policy. Using 1998–2000 CPS data for southern California, we compare twelve definitions of work and poverty in an attempt to provide a better understanding of who the working poor are and suggest an operational measure of working poverty that is both empirically simple and realistic. Results indicate that working poor families represent a diverse group of people, which varies significantly depending upon the definitions used. However, as expected, we find a dominance of families with young children and fewer adult workers, most of whom are Latino, work in service or laborer occupations, have lower educational attainment and very low unionization rates, and earn hourly wages close to the legal minimum.
Laboratory evolution of toluene dioxygenase to accept 4-picoline as a substrate.

We are using directed evolution to extend the range of dioxygenase-catalyzed biotransformations to include substrates that are either poorly accepted or not accepted at all by the naturally occurring enzymes. Here we report on the oxidation of a heterocyclic substrate, 4-picoline, by toluene dioxygenase (TDO) and improvement of the enzyme's activity by laboratory evolution. The biotransformation of 4-picoline proceeds at only ~4.5% of the rate of the natural reaction on toluene. Random mutagenesis, saturation mutagenesis, and screening directly for product formation using a modified Gibbs assay generated mutant TDO 3-B38, in which the wild-type stop codon was replaced with a codon encoding threonine. Escherichia coli-expressed TDO 3-B38 exhibited 5.6 times higher activity toward 4-picoline and ~20% more activity towards toluene than wild-type TDO. The product of the biotransformation of 4-picoline is 3-hydroxy-4-picoline; no cis-diols of 4-picoline were observed
Cobalt activation of Bacillus BR449 thermostable nitrile hydratase expressed in Escherichia coli.

Expression of nitrile hydratase enzymes utilized in a new “green” process for acrylamide production has proven difficult in Escherichia coli owing to lack of a cobalt transport system to introduce the required cobalt ion into this host. We describe the expression of a thermostable nitrile hydratase from a moderate thermophile Bacillus sp. BR449 in E. coliin which the cobalt required for enzyme activation is introduced by incubation of the apoenzyme in the presence of Co++ ion at 50°C, yielding active and thermostable enzyme.
Nonlinear laser spectroscopy of CH3F at 3.39 microns

Abstract Stark-tuned nonlinear laser spectroscopy is applied to a few transitions in CH 3 F near 3.39 μ, with limiting linewidths of 100 kHz being observed. Dipole moments in excited vibrational states, as well as in the ground state, have been measured. Evidence for a new perpendicular band in this region is presented.
Intercalation of the layered solid acid HCa2Nb3O10 by organic amines

Layered compounds of formula C/sub n/H/sub 2n+1/NH/sub 3/Ca/sub 2/Nb/sub 3/O/sub 10/ are formed by reaction of n-alkylamines with the solid acid HCa/sub 2/Nb/sub 3/O/sub 10/. Other organic bases such as pyridine can also be intercalated. The lattice constants of the new compounds have been determined by powder X-ray diffraction. The unit cells are tetragonal with a axes that are unchanged with variation of the intercalated amine. The c axes lengths (layer spacings) vary systematically with the hydrocarbon chain length of the alkylamine.
Abstract 4473: PF-04691502, a potent and selective mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitor, demonstratesin vitroandin vivoantitumor activity in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and survival in cancer. In non-small cell lung carcinomas cells (NSCLCs), the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated through either the amplification/mutation of PIK3CA (which encodes the p110α subunit of PI3K), or the functional loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). In addition, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway plays a critical role downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a defined NSCLC population; in particular, those harboring the EGFR mutations. Dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR therefore represents a high therapeutic value for NSCLC patients. PF-04691502 is a dual-specificity inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR which shows potent and selective activity in biochemical, cell, and animal studies. In this study, we show PF-04691502 inhibits phosphorylation of AKT (at both S473 and T308) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP) in a variety of NSCLC lines harboring a PIK3CA mutation or EGFR mutation, subsequently resulting in anti-proliferative activity in the NSCLC lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PF-04691502 is capable of inducing tumor growth inhibition in four NSCLC xenograft models including an Erlotinib resistant line, NCI-H1975. In these murine xenograft models, decreased phosphorylation of AKT, p70S6K, and S6RP was observed in treated tumors in a manner consistent with the drug levels achieved. Therefore, PF-04691502 exhibits potent inhibition in the PI3K/mTOR axis and leads to both in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity in NSCLCs. Moreover, our data suggests that PF-04691502 may have clinical benefit to NSCLC patients including those found to be resistant to Erlotinib treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4473.
Modifying effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the development of abnormal body patterns in centrifuged insect embryos (Smittia sp., Chironomidae, Diptera)

Abstract In Smittia and other chironomid embryos, both anterior and posterior egg halves can give rise to either anterior or posterior segments. Upon various types of experimental interference, eggs may develop one of four basic body patterns: normal embryos, double cephalons, double abdomens, or inverted embryos. From a previous model of anteroposterior determination, we derive four sets of predictions for the results of combined ultraviolet irradiation and centrifugation experiments. While most of the actual results are in agreement with the predictions, some are not. Most of the discrepancies are resolved in a modified version of the model. According to the new model, anterior and posterior egg halves contain both anterior and posterior cytoplasmic determinants. These are thought to be mutually repressive, and to control an overall determination for either anterior or posterior development. Centrifugation and ultraviolet irradiation appear to affect the relative strength of anterior determinants in one or both of the egg halves, thus modifying the probabilities for the four basic body patterns to develop. Different frequencies of these patterns, which have been obtained after similar experimental treatment of different chironomid species, can be ascribed to species-specific variation in the ultraviolet sensitivity of anterior and posterior determinants.
Written emotional expression as an intervention for asthma

This investigation employed a multiple baseline design across five participants to examine written emotional expression as an intervention to improve lung function in high school-aged students, college students, and adults with asthma. The predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 measure of large airway functioning) and forced expiratory flow (FEF25–75 measure of small airway functioning) were evaluated using spirometry. In addition, anxiety was measured using state and trait anxiety self-report scales. Generally, results were effective. Individuals with asthma are at higher risk for increased hospitalization and death. For the school-aged population, asthma is associated with increased absenteeism, restriction of various class activities such as physical education, and poor relationships with peers. Therefore, adults and children with asthma are in need of services and school psychologists appear uniquely qualified to intervene. More recently, the role of the school psychologist is diversifying with corresponding training (e.g., wellness, consultation, prevention, assessment and treatment of health issues) in the areas of health-related disorders that involve a psychological component. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 193–207, 2003.
Investigation of the Formation and Applications of Ice Powder

Water ice powder constitutes a potentially important manufacturing tool. Availability and cleanliness of this powder constitute its major advantage. It was shown that the ice particles could be used as an abrasive in the course of waterjet machining. Although the erosion potential of ice particles is inferior to that of the conventional abrasives, the environmental soundness of ice enables us to expend the use of the ice abrasive jets on food industry, medicine, precision machining, etc. The principal issue in the use of the ice abrasives is particles formation. Analysis of various technologies showed that an effective avenue in particle production is integration of the water freezing and ice decomposition. As the results, the desired flow rate of ice particles at the desired temperature and size distribution can be generated. The objective of the present paper is the experimental investigation of the production of ice particles. An experimental setup was constructed and used for particles fabrication at controlled conditions. The acquired information was applied for the analysis of the phenomena leading to the particles formation. As a result a hypothetical mechanism of the ice decomposition was suggested and validated. The experiments involving the decontamination of the electronic devices, semiconductors, fabric, leather, food products, polished metal, soft plastics, rusted auto parts, etc., were carried out in order to demonstrate the potential application of the ice blasting.
Coherent detection of very narrow linewidth millimetre-wave and microwave signals

A coherent-detection technique for very narrow linewidth millimetre-wave and microwave signals is described. Wide laser linewidth is eliminated at the receiver by nonlinear operation. An experiment demonstrating such a technique with laser intermediate-frequency linewidth of 200 MHz is reported, where the resulting electrical linewidth is limited only by the resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyser. >
An Evening with Scotty Cameron

A June 2, 1966 program and menu on the occasion of Donald F. Cameron stepping down as University Librarian.
Can polarization aid in the remote sensing of dust and smoke

In the area of aerosol remote sensing, one of the more noteworthy points of the last decade has been the realization that dust and smoke can be sensed from space over land and ocean by utilizing observations of scattered ultraviolet light [Torres, et al. 1998]. The spectral contrast ratio available from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) backscatter ultraviolet (buv) data does provide a wealth of qualitative information, such as the ability to track the global dispersion of dust and smoke from regional sources. Quantitative information, e.g. total optical depth, single scattering albedo, however, is more difficult to extract from buv data. Assumptions must be made concerning various parameters that influence buv observations, e.g. the height of the aerosol layer, surface albedo, aerosol size distribution and index of refraction. While the necessity of assumptions is due in part to the availability of only two wavelengths from historical TOMS data, these assumptions may not truly be needed for future sensors. We examine what can be gained from making measurements of polarization in addition to those of radiance (as is currently done by TOMS and its successor the Ozone Measuring Instrument, OMI, on EOS-AURA) in the TOMS spectral coverage range free from ozone absorption (340-380 nm). Measurements of the degree of linear polarization and the plane of polarization with an uncertainty of less than 0.005 would help to determine the aerosol layer height to within less than 1 km. Multi-angle measurements would also help to better utilize the polarization data by defining the particle effective radius.
Photodegradation of cellulose acetate fibers

The photodegradation of cellulose acetate fibers by ultraviolet light in vacuo at 77°K and at ambient temperature was studied. Three kinds of light sources with different wavelengths between 2353 and 6000 A were employed. ESR studies at 77°K show that several kinds of free radicals are produced from cellulose diacetate (CDA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) fibers when irradiated with light of wavelength shorter than 2800 A. Among these methyl radicals formed decayed within 210 min at 77°K. When the temperature was raised above 77°K, radical transformation occurred at 87°K and most of the free radicals decayed at 193°K, whereas the cellulosic radicals were stable at this and even at higher temperatures. Ultraviolet spectroscopy studies revealed that the main chromophores are the carbonyl function of the acetyl group and acetal groups in the polymer. The photodegradation of the polymers at ambient temperature resulted in the formation of gaseous products (mainly CO, CO2, and CH4), together with the loss of bound acetic acid content and sample weight. Decreases in viscosity and reduction of tensile strength and elongation were also observed in the irradiated samples, revealing that the overt effects of ultraviolet light on cellulose acetate fibers are interpreted in terms of free-radical reactions ultimately leading to main-chain and side-group scissions, unsaturation, and the formation of small molecule fragments. Among these, main-chain scission took place predominantly in CDA fiber and side-group scission in CTA fiber. The mechanism of the fundamental photochemical degradation processes of cellulose acetate fibers is elucidated.
Simple Method to Measure the Coherence Time of a Mode-Locked Laser

A simple method is described to measure the coherence time of a mode-locked pulse train. The temporal coherence function is obtained from an interference pattern produced by crossing the two laser pulses at a linear photodiode array (PDA) detector. Two wave-fronts generated from the same or from successive pulses are tilted with respect to each other and intersect the PDA at a small angle; the
Aberration-corrected Z-contrast imaging of SrTiO3 dislocation cores

Many fundamental problems in materials science, physics, and particular nanotechnology rely on the direct determination and characterization of atomic arrangements and electronic environments of individual interfaces or defects. In this paper, we will show how aberration-corrected Z-contrast imaging in combination with electron energy-loss spectroscopy can be used to directly measure the local atomic and electronic structures of dislocation cores in low-angle SrTiO3 [001] tilt grain boundaries. In particular, we will study two types of dislocation cores in a 3 degrees tilt grain boundary, a pure edge dislocation, and a dissociated dislocation core. While it is energetically favorable for an edge dislocation to dissociate into two partial dislocations in such a low-angle grain boundary, we can find pure edge dislocations that show a higher O vacancy concentration than the dissociated cores. We suggest that the increased oxygen vacancy concentration might help stabilizing the pure edge dislocations in 3 degrees tilt grain boundaries of SrTiO3.
Declarative privacy policy: finite models and attribute-based encryption

Regulations and policies regarding Electronic Health Information (EHI) are increasingly complex. Federal and State policy makers have called for both education to increase stakeholder understanding of complex policies and improved systems that impose policy restrictions on access and transmission of EHI. Building on prior work formalizing privacy laws as logic programs, we prove that for any privacy policy that conforms to patterns evident in HIPAA, there exists a finite representative hospital database that illustrates how the law applies in all possible hospitals. This representative illustrative example can support new education, new policy development, and new policy debugging tools. Addressing the need for secure transmission of usable EHI, we show how policy formalized as a logic program can also be used to automatically generate a form of access control policy used in Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE). This approach, testable using our representative hospital model, makes it possible to share policy-encrypted data on untrusted cloud servers, or send strategically encrypted data across potentially insecure networks. As part of our study, we built a prototype to secure Health Information Exchange (HIE), with automatically generated ABE policies, and measure its performance.
An Advanced, Radiation Hardened Bulk CMOS/LSI Technology

An advanced, second generation, bulk, Si-gate CMOS process is described. This process is capable of producing LSI and VLSI parts that are latch-up free and hardened to total dose levels in excess of 2 × 105 rad-Si for applications in space and weapons radiation environments. Two memories designed to use this process are also described. Both circuits are 4096-bit, static CMOS RAMs.
Prediction of the physiologic significance of coronary arterial lesions by quantitative lesion geometry in patients with limited coronary artery disease.

Studies in animals with normal coronary arteries have shown that coronary flow reserve can be predicted by angiographic measurements of arterial stenosis. Studies in man, however, suggest that even quantitative analysis of coronary angiograms cannot predict the physiologic significance of individual coronary lesions. These studies, however, were carried out in patients with either widespread, diffuse coronary artery disease or by measurement techniques that tend to underestimate maximal coronary flow reserve. To determine the relationship between coronary arterial stenosis and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in patients with discrete limited coronary atherosclerosis, we studied 50 patients with a single discrete coronary stenosis in only one or two vessels. The minimum coronary arterial cross-sectional area (mCSA), percent area stenosis (%AS), and percent diameter stenosis in the left and right anterior oblique projections were determined by the Brown/Dodge method of quantitative coronary angiography. A No. 3F coronary Doppler catheter was placed immediately proximal to the lesion. Measurements of CFR were obtained by intracoronary administration of papaverine in doses sufficient to provide maximal arteriolar vasodilation. In 25 patients, a translesional pressure gradient was obtained with an angioplasty catheter. CFR measured in patients with coronary artery disease was compared with that in 13 patients with normal coronary vessels. In normal patients, CFR averaged 5.0 +/- 0.6 (peak/resting velocity ratio; mean +/- SEM, range 3.7 to 8.2). In patients with limited coronary artery disease, CFR was closely correlated with %AS (r = .85), mCSA (r = .79), and the translesional pressure gradient (r = .83). Additionally, the most severe percent diameter stenosis in either the left or right anterior oblique view was also highly correlated with CFR (r = .82). Importantly, all arteries with lesions producing less than 70% area stenosis and less than 50% diameter stenosis, or with greater than 2.5 mm2 mCSA had CFR of over 3.5. These results suggest that, in contrast to the poor correlation of percent area and percent diameter stenosis to CFR measured in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, CFR measured at angiography in patients with discrete, limited coronary artery disease correlates closely with luminal stenosis determined precisely with quantitative coronary angiography. Differences in the extent of diffuse arterial narrowing may account for these discrepancies.
T.T.F. theories for left and right exact sequences

Abstract The category of left exact sequences is introduced and shown to be equivalent to the category of coherent (finitely presented) functors. Torsion torsion-free theory is examined in this category with the emphasis on the particular T.T.F. theory arising from purity.
THYROID-OVARIAN RELATIONS II. THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION AND REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON THYROID, PITUITARY, ADRENAL AND BODY WEIGHT IN THYROHYPER-PLASTIC ALBINO RATS1

THE MORPHOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR of thyroid glands of rats fed a goiter-producing diet in its relation to the action of ovarian hormones was described in a previous report (1). It was shown that for the duration of feeding neither with-drawal of ovarian hormones nor replacement with ketohydroxyestrin (subsequently referred to here as estrone) influenced thyroid hyperplasia in castrated rats. The administration of progesterone to such rats, however, decreased thyroid hyperplasia materially. Since in that paper the considerations were purely morphological, the present report furnishes additional information on weight changes in the thyroid, pituitary and adrenal glands, and in the body as a whole. Seventy 30-day-old thyrohyperplastic female rats of the Wistar strain were divided into 5 groups as shown in table 1. The animals included in 4 of the groups were castrated at this time, the remaining group being reserved for control. At 140
Anti-apoptotic signalling by the Dot/Icm secretion system of L. pneumophila

The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system of Legionella pneumophila triggers robust activation of caspase-3 during early and exponential stages of proliferation within human macrophages, but apoptosis is delayed till late stages of infection, which is novel. As caspase-3 is the executioner of the cell, we tested the hypothesis that L. pneumophila triggers anti-apoptotic signalling within the infected human macrophages to halt caspase-3 from dismantling the cells. Here we show that during early and exponential replication, L. pneumophila-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) exhibit a remarkable resistance to induction of apoptosis, in a Dot/Icm-dependent manner. Microarray analyses and real-time PCR reveal that during exponential intracellular replication, L. pneumophila triggers upregulation of 12 anti-apoptotic genes that are linked to activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB). Our data show that L. pneumophila induces a Dot/Icm-dependent sustained nuclear translocation of the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB during exponential intracellular replication. Bacterial entry is essential both for the anti-apoptotic phenotype of infected hMDMs and for nuclear translocation of the p65. Using p65-/- and IKKalpha-/- beta-/- double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines, we show that nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB is required for the resistance of L. pneumophila-infected cells to apoptosis-inducing agents. In addition, the L. pneumophila-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB requires the activity of IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta. We conclude that although the Dot/Icm secretion system of L. pneumophila elicits an early robust activation of caspase-3 in human macrophages, it triggers a strong anti-apoptotic signalling cascade mediated, at least in part by NF-kappaB, which renders the cells refractory to external potent apoptotic stimuli.