cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nuclear LIM Domain Interactor NLI Mediates Homo- and Heterodimerization of LIM Domain Transcription Factors

LIM domain-containing transcription factors are required for embryonic survival and for the determination of many cell types. The combinatorial expression of the LIM homeodomain proteins Isl1, Isl2, Lhx1, and Lhx3 in subsets of developing motor neurons correlates with the future organization of these neurons into motor columns with distinct innervation targets, implying a functional role for LIM homeodomain protein combinations in the specification of neuronal identity. NLI is a widely expressed, dimeric protein that has been shown to specifically interact with the LIM domains of LIM domain-containing transcription factors. The present studies demonstrate that NLI mediates homo- and heteromeric complex formation between LIM domain transcription factors, requiring both the N-terminal dimerization and C-terminal LIM interaction domains of NLI. Although the interaction between most LIM homeodomain proteins is dependent on NLI, a direct interaction between the LIM domains of Lhx3 and the homeodomains of Isl1 and Isl2 was also observed. This interaction was disrupted by NLI, demonstrating that the conformational state of Lhx3-Isl1/Isl2 complexes is modified by NLI. Evidence indicating that NLI facilitates long range enhancer-promoter interactions suggests that NLI-dependent LIM domain transcription factor complexes are involved in communication between transcriptional control elements.
Overview of the Bell Creek Combined CO2 Storage and CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Project

Abstract The Plains CO 2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy & Environmental Research Center, is working with Denbury Onshore LLC (Denbury) to characterize and monitor a large-scale CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO 2 storage project at the Bell Creek oil field located in southeastern Montana, USA. Denbury owns and operates the field and will carry out the commercial EOR project. The PCOR Partnership is applying an integrated approach to site characterization, modeling, predictive simulation, risk assessment, and monitoring to improve understanding of the interrelationship between CO 2 storage and EOR in a clastic reservoir.
In vivo multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging of protein-bound and free nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in normal and precancerous epithelia

Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a noninvasive, cellular resolution, 3-D functional imaging technique. We investigate the potential for in vivo precancer diagnosis with metabolic imaging via multiphoton FLIM of the endogenous metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA)-treated hamster cheek pouch model of oral carcinogenesis and MCF10A cell monolayers are imaged using multiphoton FLIM at 780-nm excitation. The cytoplasm of normal hamster cheek pouch epithelial cells has short (0.29+/-0.03 ns) and long lifetime components (2.03+/-0.06 ns), attributed to free and protein-bound NADH, respectively. Low-grade precancers (mild to moderate dysplasia) and high-grade precancers (severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ) are discriminated from normal tissues by their decreased protein-bound NADH lifetime (p<0.05). Inhibition of cellular glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in cell monolayers produces an increase and decrease, respectively, in the protein-bound NADH lifetime (p<0.05). Results indicate that the decrease in protein-bound NADH lifetime with dysplasia is due to a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, consistent with the predictions of neoplastic metabolism. We demonstrate that multiphoton FLIM is a powerful tool for the noninvasive characterization and detection of epithelial precancers in vivo.
Effect of ultraviolet light and heat on the properties of cotton cellulose

The changes in properties of cellulose brought about by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, heat exposure and by a combination of both treatments were determined. The methods of characterizing the changes included breaking strength, color, yellowness index, thermal analysis, dye adsorption as a measure of changes in fine structure of the fibers, and Turnbull's Blue test as an empirical measure of carboxyl content. The exposures increased the color and yellowness of the samples as well as the carboxyl content and decreased dye adsorption and breaking strength. A shift of the decomposition endotherm of cellulose to lower temperatures was also noted. It appears that, under the exposure conditions used in this study, the changes in carboxyl content, color changes, yellowness index and breaking strength induced by heat are accelerated by an initial exposure to UV light but still simulate heat ageing alone. There also appears to be a correlation between breaking strength and dye uptake.
A Framework for Examining the Interface between Operations and Information Systems: Implications for Research in the New Millennium*

Even though much research has been published in operations and information systems, both functional areas find their roots in other disciplines. While operations management evolved from operations research in the 1960s, the field of information systems is of more recent vintage and traces its original roots to computer science. Both disciplines now naturally have come closer together as information and process-technology-based changes force manufacturing firms to become more efficient and customer focused. Market and technology-driven e-commerce initiatives that are likely to dominate business strategies in the future cannot be successfully achieved without a successful integration of operations and information systems. In this paper, we present a unifying framework that can be used to better understand the management of the functional interface between operations and information systems. We also categorize and highlight the contributions of the articles that appear in this special research focus issue. Finally, research directions that emerge from our understanding of this interface are outlined in an effort to stimulate further thinking and research that can advance our knowledge of this interface area.
The genome, proteome and phylogenetic analysis of Sinorhizobium meliloti phage ΦM12, the founder of a new group of T4-superfamily phages.

Abstract Phage ΦM12 is an important transducing phage of the nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti . Here we report the genome, phylogenetic analysis, and proteome of ΦM12, the first report of the genome and proteome of a rhizobium-infecting T4-superfamily phage. The structural genes of ΦM12 are most similar to T4-superfamily phages of cyanobacteria. ΦM12 is the first reported T4-superfamily phage to lack genes encoding class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) and exonuclease dexA , and to possess a class II coenzyme B 12 -dependent RNR. ΦM12’s novel collection of genes establishes it as the founder of a new group of T4-superfamily phages, fusing features of cyanophages and phages of enteric bacteria.
ION EXCHANGE BEHAVIOUR AND DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF AMERICIUM, CURIUM, AND CALIFORNIUM COMPLEXES WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRA-ACETIC ACID

Abstract Separation factors between californium, curium, and americium on ion exchange resin Dowex-50 X-12, in ammonium form, have been calculated from static equilibrations between pH 2 and pH 3·3 in presence of EDTA 10−3 M. They are found to be 2·04 ± 0·05 between americium and curium and 5·5 ± 0·1 between curium and californium. In the experimental conditions, only 1:1 complexes are formed, and by ion exchange techniques, the dissociation constants are found to be equal to: Californium: 10−19·09±0·2 Curium: 10−18·45±0·1 Americium: 10−18·16±0·1 Preliminary column experiments show that this complexing agent will be quite useful for separating actinide elements.
Effect of the LTD4 receptor antagonist LY203647 on endotoxic shock sequelae in the rat.

This study investigated the effect of a novel LTD4 receptor antagonist LY203647 on Salmonella enterindis endotoxin-induced shock sequelae in anesthetized rats. LY203647 (30 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle was given 10 min prior to endotoxin (10 mg/kg i.v.) or its vehicle, and the hematocrit, mean arterial pressure and circulating leukocyte counts were determined. LY203647 significantly inhibited endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration up to 90 min post-endotoxin (46.7 ± 1.3 vs. 51.9 ± 2.4% at 30 min post-endotoxin, 45.9 ± 1.1 vs. 53.1 ± 1.4% at 90 min post-endotoxin, N = 8–9, P < 0.05). The endotoxin-induced decreases in mean arterial pressure were also attenuated by LY203647, −29 ± 5 vs. −56 ± 9 mm Hg at 60 min post-endotoxin and −42 ± 4 vs. −60 ± 9 mm Hg at 90 min post--endotoxin (N = 9–10, P < 0.05). LY203647 also attenuated endotoxin-induced decreases in leukocyte count in arterial blood. A study of differential counts in circulating leukocytes (N = 3) showed that endotoxin induced complete disappearance in circulating neutrophils. The circulating lymphocyte count was decreased by 30 ± 10 and 41 ± 1% at 15 and 30 min post-endotoxin, respectively. LY203647 inhibited endotoxin-induced lymphopenia (P < 0.05) but failed to alter endotoxin-induced neutropenia. These data suggest that LTD4 may play an important role in mediating hemoconcentration, hypotensive and lymphocytopenic sequelae of endotoxin shock.
Spiral ganglion neuron loss following organ of corti loss: A quantitative study

Abstract The packing density of spiral ganglion neurons was measured in 2.5- and 13–15-month-old guinea pigs, in guinea pigs at various times after drug-deafening or acoustic trauma, and in Waltzing guinea pigs of various ages. Analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range tests were used to determine significant differences between treatment/survival groups. Spiral ganglion neurons in young and old normal ears did not have significantly different packing densities. Drug-deaf guinea pigs showed a significant loss of neurons by 2 weeks following treatment, a further significant loss by 2 months, and a marginally significant loss between 4 and 8 months. The neuronal population was then stable through 15 months, at about 13% of normal. Acoustic trauma ears showed the first significant loss in the lower second turn at 1 month. Long-term (12–14 months post-exposure) trauma ears were highly variable. Waltzers lost about 50% of their normal neuronal population between 4 and 8 months; they showed an unexpected greater-than-normal density at 2 months, possible explanations of which are discussed. Thus, loss of the organ of Corti from various causes results in a slow but progressive loss of spiral ganglion neurons, the time course of which varies with the type of cochlear insult.
Generation and characterization of recombinant feline β-galactosidase for preclinical enzyme replacement therapy studies in GM1 gangliosidosis

Lysosomal β-galactosidase is required for the degradation of GM1 ganglioside and other glycolipids and glycoproteins with a terminal galactose moiety. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to the lysosomal storage disorder, GM1 gangliosidosis, marked by severe neurodegeneration resulting in premature death. As a step towards preclinical studies for enzyme replacement therapy in an animal model of GM1 gangliosidosis, a feline β-galactosidase cDNA was cloned into a mammalian expression vector and subsequently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. The enzyme secreted into culture medium exhibited specific activity on two synthetic substrates as well as on the native β-galactosidase substrate, GM1 ganglioside. The enzyme was purified from transfected CHO-K1 cell culture medium by chromatography on PATG-agarose. The affinity-purified enzyme preparation consisted mainly of the protein with approximate molecular weight of 94 kDa and displayed immunoreactivity with antibodies raised against a 16-mer synthetic peptide corresponding to C-terminal amino acid sequence deduced from the feline β-galactosidase cDNA.
Spectrally selective chiral silicon metasurfaces based on infrared Fano resonances

Metamaterials and metasurfaces represent a remarkably versatile platform for light manipulation, biological and chemical sensing, and nonlinear optics. Many of these applications rely on the resonant nature of metamaterials, which is the basis for extreme spectrally selective concentration of optical energy in the near field. In addition, metamaterial-based optical devices lend themselves to considerable miniaturization because of their subwavelength features. This additional advantage sets metamaterials apart from their predecessors, photonic crystals, which achieve spectral selectivity through their long-range periodicity. Unfortunately, spectral selectivity of the overwhelming majority of metamaterials that are made of metals is severely limited by high plasmonic losses. Here we propose and demonstrate Fano-resonant all-dielectric metasurfaces supporting optical resonances with quality factors Q>100 that are based on CMOS-compatible materials: silicon and its oxide. We also demonstrate that these infrared metasurfaces exhibit extreme planar chirality, opening exciting possibilities for efficient ultrathin circular polarizers and narrow-band thermal emitters of circularly polarized radiation.
Influence of Beans, Peas and Lentils as Dietary Ingredients on the Growth Response of Chicks to Antibiotic and Methionine Supplementation of the Diet

Abstract Results of two experiments conducted with chicks showed that growth and other parameters were markedly depressed by feeding a basal diet containing approximately 53% of steam autoclaved dry beans and that this depression was counteracted to a considerable degree by addition of antibiotic supplements to the diet. The use of a similar level of either dry field peas or lentils in the chick diet also increased the magnitude of growth response to an antibiotic supplement. These improvements in growth with antibiotic supplements added to diets containing beans, peas or lentils were in marked contrast to an insignificant response with an antibiotic addition to a more conventional type of control diet. The addition of an antibiotic supplement to the diet containing beans significantly improved feed efficiency and total protein efficiency, but only methionine supplementation to the diets containing peas or lentils significantly improved these values. The addition of penicillin plus methionine did not further improve feed efficiency or total protein efficiency.
Liquid-solid extraction system based on mixed polymers of polyethylene glycol 2000 and Triton X-100 without organic solvents

Abstract On mixing of aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol 2000 and Triton X-100 (polyoxyethylene alkylphenol) and addition of ammonium sulphate, a polymeric solid phase and an aqueous phase are formed. Suitable phase separation conditions were studied in addition to the distribution of the Arsenazo III complexes of U(VI), Sc(III), Bi(III), Zr(VI), Fe(III) and Pb(II) between the two phases. The separation of Zr(VI) from Fe(III) and the determination of the former was achieved by properly adjusting the acidity of the solution.
An omnidirectional circular antenna array excited parasitically by a central driven element

There is a continuing practical need for antennas which radiate a pattern which is omnidirectional in azimuth, but with a specified shape in the vertical direction. One example is that of a broadcast station, where the radiated power should be concentrated along the ground. Conventional solutions of this problem make use of an array of colinear elements, or of sectionalized elements, or of top-loaded antennas. The height of the antenna is often of the order of a half-wavelength. Page1 proposed that a circular array be used for this purpose, and showed that an array of several radiators distributed about the circumference of a circle, and with an element at the center, could be made to radiate an omnidirectional pattern in azimuth, with a null at any prescribed vertical angle. In the antenna described by Page all of the elements are driven, which entails complicated matching and phasing networks. It is the purpose of this paper to describe an antenna, similar in geometry to that of Page, in which only the center element is driven. The remaining elements are excited by mutual coupling from the center element, and the desired null in the vertical pattern can be controlled either by varying the length of the parasites, or by inserting a tuning reactance at the center of the parasites.
Diffusion of nationalist voting in Scotland and Wales: emulation, contagion, and retrenchment

Abstract The contagious diffusion of voting support has been suggested in previous research as one factor affecting electoral decisions. An analysis of the support received by the nationalist parties in Scotland and Wales in the last six general elections found further evidence that geographical location was important. Particularly for Scotland, later support was geographically proximate to previous areas of nationalist strength. This positive indication of contagious diffusion and contagious retrenchment was present when some controls for socio-economic characteristics of the individual constituencies and the intervention of other parties were included in a multivariate analysis.
Absence of latent learning in rats with hippocampal lesions

Albino rats with either bilateral hippocampal lesions, neocortical lesions, or no lesions were allowed to explore either a Hebb-Williams open field or a Lashley III maze. All animals subsequently learned the maze for a water reward. Normal and neocortically-lesioned rats allowed to explore the maze before training made fewer errors than those allowed to explore the open field. Rats with hippocampal lesions did not display such latent learning, despite greater than normal exploratory behavior.
Suicidal behavior among physicians referred for fitness-for-duty evaluation

Abstract Objective We compared fitness-for-duty assessment findings of physicians who subsequently engaged in suicidal behavior and those who did not. Method Assessments of 141 physicians evaluated at the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Assessment Program were retrospectively compared between those who later either attempted ( n =2) or completed ( n =5) suicide versus the remainder of the sample. Results Subsequent suicidal behaviors were associated with being found unfit to practice (86% vs. 31%, P P Conclusion Being found unfit for practice may trigger a cascade of adverse social and financial consequences. Those engaged in solo practice may be particularly vulnerable due to isolation and lack of oversight by supportive colleagues. Finally, chronic benzodiazepine use may impair resilience due to associated brain dysfunction. Although these characteristics must be investigated prospectively, our observations suggest that they may be important signals of increased risk for suicidal behavior in physicians. The intense stress associated with medical practice and the relatively high rates of suicidal behavior among physicians make it important to be able to identify physicians who are at risk, so that appropriate preventive actions can be taken.
Measurement of the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of a light mode using optical homodyne tomography: Application to squeezed states and the vacuum.

We have measured probability distributions of quadrature-field amplitude for both vacuum and quadrature-squeezed states of a mode of the electromagnetic field. From these measurements we demonstrate the technique of optical homodyne tomography to determine the Wigner distribution and the density matrix of the mode. This provides a complete quantum mechanical characterization of the measured mode.
Fiction and the American literary marketplace : the role of newspaper syndicates, 1860-1900

Acknowledgements Introduction Newspaper syndicates of the late nineteenth century: overlooked forces in the American literary marketplace 1. Preparing the way for the syndicates: a revolution in American fiction production, distribution, and readership, 1860-1900 2. The pioneers: readyprint, plate service, and early galley-proof syndicates 3. The heyday of American fiction syndication: Irvin Bacheller, S. S. McClure and other independent syndicators 4. What literary syndicates represented to authors: saviours, doctors, or something in between? 5. What price must authors pay? The negotiations between galley-proof syndicates and authors 6. Pleasing the customers: the balance of power between syndicates and newspaper editors 7. Readers' experiences with syndicated fiction 8. The decline of the literary syndicates Notes Bibliography.
Prediction of environmental properties in water-soil-air systems for phthalates

In this paper, environmentally key properties including aqueous solubilities (S W), vapor pressures (V P), sorption coefficients (K OC), octanol–water (K OW), octanol–air (K OA) and air–water (K AW) partition coefficients of 53 phthalates are studied by the quantitative structure-property relationship models by means of previously proposed Lu index. Reliable models are obtained to estimate Log S W, solubility in air (Log S A), Log K OC and Log K OW for phthalates with the correlation coefficients of estimations (R) being 0.9869, 0.9461, 0.8880 and 0.9836, and the standard errors being 0.44, 0.27, 0.52 and 0.40, respectively. The predictive ability of the constructed models is demonstrated by the correlation coefficients (R CV) in the leave-one-out cross validation procedures being 0.9709, 0.9218, 0.8089 and 0.9784, and the corresponding standard errors (s CV) being 0.47, 0.34, 0.67 and 0.47, respectively. The properties of K AO and K AW for the phthalates are calculated by the predicted S W, S A, and K OW values.
Dual-tier approach to societal evolution and types

Abstract The dual-tier approach to studying societal evolution aims to identify both specific and general processes of prehistoric change that produced greater organizational complexity. The approach involves diachronic comparisons of archaeological sequences that represent typologically similar cases. Initial comparisons are done of historically related societies within world regions so as to define each region’s organizational variability for the type and time period being considered. This variability provides important contextual information for identifying exceptionally complex cases and understanding the reasons why they developed. Next, comparisons are done of different regions’ singularly complex cases to identify similar, but historically independent, processes of societal evolution. Societal types guide the selection of appropriate world regions and exceptionally complex societies to compare. Focusing on chiefdoms, a classic evolutionary type that we define by polity population size, we illustrate the dual-tier approach with late prehistoric sequences from Polynesia and the North American Southeast and Southwest. We show that the different regions’ exceptionally complex cases were located in optimal environments where they experienced population growth, intensified resource procurement, expanded political economy, and formalized religious ideology. However, the relative importance and details of these trends varied considerably. Documenting the “Goldilocks moments” that made organizational transformation possible offers a productive means for future evolutionary studies.
A Review of the Biology and Ecology of Three Invasive Perennials in New York State: Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and Pale Swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum)

Terrestrial weeds continue to evolve in association with the rapid global changes in our land-use systems, due to their regenerative strategies, their adaptability to change, and their inherent diversity. Currently, invasive weeds are estimated to cost the United States’ economy up to $35 billion per year, and this total is rapidly increasing, as greater numbers of invasive species become naturalized. Several invasive exotic species have more recently established across New York State, creating difficulties for agricultural producers, roadside and natural areas managers, and homeowners and resulting in millions of dollars expended annually for their control. Three perennials that have become particularly problematic in New York State in recent years in both agricultural and roadside settings include Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), and pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleop.) Barbar.). This review describes their history, biology, ecology, and potential for management and focuses on key characteristics contributing to their spread in New York State and adjacent regions.
BETTER SURVIVAL OF FETAL VS ADULT TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES IN HYPEROXIA IS NOT DUE TO INCREASES IN ANTI-OXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY. † 1939

Exposure to hyperoxia results in lung damage and is a factor in development of chronic lung disease. Previous studies of fetal lung in vivo and in organ culture have shown that the activities of antioxidant enzymes (AOE) increase from late gestation to postnatal life. We have recently shown increased activities of AOE in adult type II pneumocytes (TIIP) exposed to hyperoxia. We hypothesized that fetal TIIP would show a decreased response. The goal of the present study was to measure the effect of hyperoxia on the activities of catalase, glutathione reductase (GR) glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cultures of 19-day fetal rat TIIP. Control cells were kept in 95%RA /5%CO2 while the hyperoxia group was exposed to 95%O2 /5%CO2 for 24 hours. Viability was determined by exclusion of trypan blue. Results indicate mean ± SEM values of 3 experiments. (AOE in nmol/min/mg protein. adjusted for cell viability.) Fetal TIIP tolerate hyperoxia better(smaller reduction in viability and no increase in LDH release) than adult TIIP. Hyperoxia resulted in increased AOE activity for all enzymes measured in adult TIIP. In fetal TIIP only GPX and SOD showed a significant increase. Other protective anti-oxidant factors might account for the better survival of fetal TIIP in hyperoxia.Table
Structural environments of incompatible elements in silicate glass/melt systems: I. Zirconium at trace levels

The structural environments of trace levels (2000 ppm) of Zr4+ in several silicate glasses were examined as a function of melt composition and polymerization using Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Glass compositions investigated were albite (NaAlSi3O8: AB) and a peralkaline composition (Na3.3AlSi7O17: PR)- Zirconium was added to the oxide-carbonate mix prior to melting in the form of ZrO2 (baddeleyite). A second set of Zr-silicate glasses containing 2000 ppm Zr and 1.0 to 2.4 wt% halogens (F as NaF and Cl as NaCl) was also synthesized. These included the Zr-AB and Zr-PR base-glass compositions as well as Zr-sodium trisilicate composition (Na2Si3O7: TS). In all glasses studied, Zr is mainly 6-coordinated by oxygen atoms (d[Zr-O] $2.07 ± 0.01 A). In the most polymerized glass (AB), a small but significant amount of Zr was also found to occur in 8-coordinated sites (d[Zr-O] $2.22 A). No clear evidence for F or Cl complexes of Zr was observed in any of the halogen-containing glasses. The regularity of the Zr site increases in the series AB < TS $PR. We attribute this change to an increase in the number of non-bridging oxygens in the first-coordination sphere of Zr related to the depolymerizing effects of halogens and/or sodium. Minor but significant interactions of Zr with the tetrahedral network were observed (d[Zr-{Si, Al}] $3.65–3.71 A ± 0.03 A), which are consistent with Zr-O-{Si, Al} angles close to 160–170°, as in catapleiite (Na2ZrSi3O9 · 2H2O). Intermediaterange order, as reflected by the presence and number of second-neighbor {Si, Al} around Zr, increases significantly with increasing melt polymerization. The local environment around Zr is more strongly influenced by bonding requirements than by the network topology of the melt. Stabilization of zirconium in 6-coordinated sites in relatively depolymerized melts should act to decrease the crystal-melt partition coefficients of Zr and may explain the normally incompatible character of Zr during magmatic differentiation. The presence of Zr in sites of higher coordination (ZrO8) in highly polymerized melts could be a precursor to the crystallization of zircon from such melts and thus may explain why Zr becomes a more compatible element, especially in the latest stages of magmatic differentiation.
An analysis of errors in listening dictation with specific reference to the cause of misperception of English pronunciation

Abstract Errors revealed in listening dictation were analyzed in terms of cause and source of errors attributed solely to misperception of English pronunciation. This excluded other causes and sources such as syntactics, morphology, and so forth. Even though “the number of published and unpublished descriptions of errors found in corpuses drawn from different teaching situations is very large”, those concerned with dictation or listening dictation are not many (Corder, 1978). Oller (1975) maintains that dictation activates the learner's internalized grammar of expectancy and it is an indication of an internalized competence on the part of the learner. Angelis (1974) proved it to be useful as an elicitation technique for diagnostic data. In the self-disciplined learning process, dictation is effective to activate the student's own system of correction/improvement, and judgement. It is a useful means of feedback to the learner when errors are carefully taken care of.
The secreted proteome profile of developing Dictyostelium discoideum cells

Dictyostelium discoideum is a unicellular eukaryote that, when starved, aggregates to form multicellular structures. In this report, we identified the proteins secreted by developing Dictyostelium cells using MS-based proteomics. A total of 349 different secreted proteins were identified, indicating that at least 2.6% of the 13 600 predicted proteins in the Dictyostelium genome are secreted. Gene ontology analysis suggests that many of the secreted proteins are involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and proteolysis.
Plant Response to Nutrient Availability Across Variable Bedrock Geologies

We investigated the role of rock-derived mineral nutrient availability on the nutrient dynamics of overlying forest communities (Populus tremuloides and Picea engelmanni-Abies lasiocarpa v. arizonica) across three parent materials (andesite, limestone, and sandstone) in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Broad geochemical differences were observed between bedrock materials; however, bulk soil chemistries were remarkably similar between the three different sites. In contrast, soil nutrient pools were considerably different, particularly for P, Ca, and Mg concentrations. Despite variations in nutrient stocks and nutrient availability in soils, we observed relatively inflexible foliar concentrations and foliar stoichiometries for both deciduous and coniferous species. Foliar nutrient resorption (P and K) in the deciduous species followed patterns of nutrient content across substrate types, with higher resorption corresponding to lower bedrock concentrations. Work presented here indicates a complex plant response to available soil nutrients, wherein plant nutrient use compensates for variations in supply gradients and results in the maintenance of a narrow range in foliar stoichiometry.
Growth of Salmonellae on Irradiated and Non‐Irradiated Seafoods

SUMMARY–Salmonella give grew competitively in crabmeat at 22°C but not at 11°, 8°, or 5°C. At 22°C the cells grew rapidly reaching high numbers in all samples; but decreased in numbers at all lower temperatures. On English sole tissue, S. heidelberg, S. typhimurium and S. derby all grew rapidly at temperatures as low as 8°C, from inocula as low as 101 cells/g and even in the presence of 10 to 100-fold higher numbers of competing saprophytes. Ionizing radiation at relatively low levels, by reducing the numbers of competitive saprophytes, enhances the growth of salmonellae on fish fillets. No growth was obtained under any condition when the temperature was held below 6°C.
Acute repetitive lumbar syndrome: a multi-component insight into the disorder.

Summary Purpose Repetitive Lumbar Injury (RLI) is common in individuals engaged in long term performance of repetitive occupational/sports activities with the spine. The triggering source of the disorder, tissues involved in the failure and biomechanical, neuromuscular, and biological processes active in the initiation and development of the disorder, are not known. The purpose is, therefore, to test, using in-vivo feline model and healthy human subjects, the hypothesis that RLI due to prolonged exposure to repetitive lumbar flexion–extension is triggered by an acute inflammation in the viscoelastic tissues and is characterized by lingering residual creep, pronounced changes in neuromuscular control and transient changes in lumbar stability. This report, therefore, is a summary of a lengthy research program consisting of multiple projects. Methods A series of experimental data was obtained from in-vivo feline groups and normal humans subjected to prolonged cyclic lumbar flexion–extension at high and low loads, high and low velocities, few and many repetitions, as well as short and long in-between rest periods, while recording lumbar displacement and multifidi EMG. Neutrophil and cytokines expression analysis were performed on the dissected feline supraspinous ligaments before loading (control) and 7 h post-loading. A comprehensive, time based model was designed to represent the creep, motor control, tissue biology and stability derived from the experimental data. Results Prolonged cyclic loading induced creep in the spine, reduced muscular activity, triggered spasms and reduced stability followed, several hours later, by acute inflammation/tissue degradation, muscular hyperexcitability and hyperstability. Fast movement, high loads, many repetitions and short rest periods, triggered the full disorder, whereas low velocities, low loads, long rest and few repetitions, triggered only minor but statistically significant pro-inflammatory tissue degradation and significantly reduced stability. Conclusion Viscoelastic tissue failure via inflammation is the source of RLI and is also the process which governs the mechanical and neuromuscular characteristic symptoms of the disorder. The experimental data validates the hypothesis and provides insights into the development of potential treatments and prevention.
HIV prevention: community planning groups.

To the Editor. —Mr Stryker and colleagues 1 summarized several barriers to effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention programs, but did not make any mention of the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the past 2 years in the way HIV prevention programs are planned in the United States. Sixty-five health department grantees (all states, several cities, the District of Columbia, and the US territories) who receive HIV prevention funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are required to work in close partnership with community planning groups (CPGs) when prioritizing HIV prevention needs and interventions to meet those needs. 2 In total, these grantees received approximately $175 million in HIV prevention cooperative agreements in fiscal year 1994. Additionally, they received over $12 million in fiscal year 1994 resources to support HIV prevention community planning activities. Membership in a CPG should be inclusive and representative of the local
High p(T) azimuthal asymmetry in noncentral A + A at RHIC.

The high ${p}_{T}g3\mathrm{GeV}$ azimuthal asymmetry, ${v}_{2}({p}_{T})$, in noncentral nuclear collisions at RHIC is shown to be a sensitive measure of the initial parton density distribution of the produced quark-gluon plasma. A generalization of the Gyulassy-L\'evai-Vitev non-Abelian energy loss formalism including Bjorken $(1+1)\mathrm{D}$ expansion as well as important kinematic constraints is used.
Bcl-2 and the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane in the Inactivation of Cytochrome c during Fas-mediated Apoptosis*

Fas-driven apoptosis in Jurkat cells results in the inactivation of cytochrome c with cessation of oxygen consumption. Overexpression of Bcl-2 was found to protect against acidification and apoptosis mediated by Fas ligation in these cells. Bcl-2 is present in the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the molecular mechanism by which it protects cells is unknown. Because Bcl-2 projects into the mitochondrial intermembrane space and cytochrome c is located in the intermembrane space, we considered the possibility that Bcl-2 might protect cytochrome c from inactivation during Fas-mediated apoptosis. The present study shows that 1) in Jurkat cells, cytochrome c inactivation during Fas-driven apoptosis requires the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane; and 2) the post-mitochondrial fraction from CEM cells that overexpress Bcl-2 both prevents and reverses cytochrome c inactivation.
Stripes in thin ferromagnetic films with out-of-plane anisotropy

We examine the $T=0$ phase diagram of a thin ferromagnetic film with a strong out-of-plane anisotropy (e.g., $\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt}$ multilayers) in the vicinity of the reorientation phase transition. The phase diagram in the anisotropy--applied-field plane is universal in the limit in which the film thickness is the shortest length scale. It contains uniform fully magnetized and canted phases, as well as periodically nonuniform states: weakly modulated spin-density waves and strongly modulated stripes. We determine the boundaries of metastability of these phases and point out the existence of a critical point at which the difference between the spin-density wave and striped phases vanishes. Out-of-plane magnetization curves exhibit hysteresis loops caused by the coexistence of one or more phases. Additionally, we study the effect of a system edge on the orientation of nearby stripes. We compare our results with recent experiments.
Voicedraw: a hands-free voice-driven drawing application for people with motor impairments

We present VoiceDraw, a voice-driven drawing application for people with motor impairments that provides a way to generate free-form drawings without needing manual interaction. VoiceDraw was designed and built to investigate the potential of the human voice as a modality to bring fluid, continuous direct manipulation interaction to users who lack the use of their hands. VoiceDraw also allows us to study the issues surrounding the design of a user interface optimized for non-speech voice-based interaction. We describe the features of the VoiceDraw application, our design process, including our user-centered design sessions with a 'voice painter', and offer lessons learned that could inform future voice-based design efforts. In particular, we offer insights for mapping human voice to continuous control.
Estimation of Imazethapyr in Agricultural Water by Its Cross-Reactivity with either Imazaquin or Imazapyr ELISA Kits

The cross-reactivity expressed by commercially available ELISA kits developed for two imidazolinone herbicides can be used for estimating the concentration of another compound within the chemical class in surface water and groundwater collected from agricultural fields. Imazaquin and imazapyr kits are used for estimating imazethapyr. Results on authentic samples indicate that dissolved constituents in the matrix can produce false positives with the imazaquin kit. Spiked HPLC water showed a pH dependence of the dose−response curve for imazethapyr when using the imazaquin kit. Practical concentration ranges for estimating imazethapyr are 1−125 μg/L with the imazapyr kit and 8−800 μg/L for the imazaquin kit. Keywords: Imazethapyr; imazaquin; imazapyr; residue estimation; ELISA; agricultural water
Cutoff designs for community‐based intervention studies

Public health interventions are often designed to target communities defined either geographically (e.g. cities, counties) or socially (e.g. schools or workplaces). The group randomized trial (GRT) is regarded as the gold standard for evaluating these interventions. However, community leaders may object to randomization as some groups may be denied a potentially beneficial intervention. Under a regression discontinuity design (RDD), individuals may be assigned to treatment based on the levels of a pretest measure, thereby allowing those most in need of the treatment to receive it. In this article, we consider analysis, power, and sample size issues in applying the RDD and related cutoff designs in community-based intervention studies. We examine the power of these designs as a function of intraclass correlation, number of groups, and number of members per group and compare results to the traditional GRT.
Axiology, realism, and the problem of evil

Discussions of the problem of evil presuppose and appeal to axiological and metaethical assumptions, but seldom pay adequate attention to those assumptions. I argue that certain theories of value are consistent with theistic answers to the argument from evil and that several other well-known theories of value, such as hedonism, are difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile with theism. Although moral realism is the subject of lively debate in contemporary philosophy, almost all standard discussions of the problem of evil presuppose the truth of moral realism. I explain the implications of several nonrealist theories of value for the problem of evil and argue that, if nonrealism is true, then we need to rethink and re-frame the entire discussion about the problem of evil.
Issues in acquiring, processing and visualizing large and detailed 3D models

Modelling from reality using active optical geometric sensing has been a very active research area in computer graphics and vision for the last twenty years. While most elements of the modelling pipeline have reached maturity and have been adopted in several application sectors, several issues remain, particularly in the modelling of large structures and environments, as well as in the management of large, complex and detailed 3D models. This paper describes some of these issues, and outlines some of the solutions that we have proposed. These methods and approaches, as well as their current limitations, are described using different example applications: a monument (the Erechtheion), a painting (Mona Lisa), and a terrain model.
Oncogene and tumor suppressor gene alterations in nasal tumors

The development of nasal tumors in humans and rodents is likely mediated through the accumulation of genetic alterations in genes that regulate cell proliferation, cell death and differentiation (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes). By examination of the relationship between genetic alterations that are known to occur in human cancers with those induced in rodent tumors with defined carcinogenic exposures, biologically relevant mechanistic linkages of molecular events leading to tumors in rodents and humans can be established. Molecular genetic studies on nasal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in rats thus far have indicated the presence of oncogenes unrelated to the ras oncogene family and that p53 mutation occurs at a high frequency among the nasal SCC examined. The finding of p53 mutations in rat nasal SCC and the high prevalence of p53 mutations among human SCC, indicates that a common molecular alteration is shared between rodent and human SCC.
Evolution and Computing Challenges of Distributed GIS

Abstract As a new development based on GIS and distributed computing, Distributed GIS (DGIS) was introduced and propelled by both the demands for GIS in a distributed environment and the advancements of computing technologies. Demanding for new geospatial applications presents new challenges for DGIS, and the solution to overcome the challenges in turn leads to the advancement of DGIS. This article examines two important aspects of DGIS: its applications and the computing challenges. This paper reviews the three stages of evolution in DGIS application development and further examines its relevant computing challenges, such as system performance, user interface, interoperability, data integrity, spatial data mining, and data and system security.
Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy measurements of coal from the South Wales coal field: a coalification process indicator

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed on 154 specimens taken from 25 different seams in the South Wales Coal Field, up to 24 samples per seam. The magnetic fabric determined is represented, in general, by oblate spheroids with minimum (K,) A M S axes usually clustered at a near-vertical, or occasionally, near-horizontal pole which is normal to the magnetic foliation plane defined by great circle distributions of maximum (K,) and intermediate (Kb) axes. The results suggest that the coalification process and variations in rank within the coal field are due to the combined effects of vertical compression and compaction resulting from variations in overburden pressure, and to horizontal compression, due to variations in tectonic thrusting during the Variscan Orogeny. Analysis of the AMS of closely spaced samples across a single anthracite seam shows no systematic variability in magnetic properties within the seam.
Depositional Facies and Diagenetic Alteration in a Relict Siliceous Hot-Spring Accumulation: Examples from Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Siliceous precipitates from portions of an 11-m-long core drilled through a relict Yellowstone hot-spring deposit provide valuable insights into the diagenetic facies in this hydrothermal environment. Most of the core consists of relatively low-temperature siliceous sinter containing abundant plant, diatom, and microbial fossilized remains derived from the distal debris apron and discharge channel/flowpath of the hot spring. A few intervals contain stromatolitic horizons analogous to modern, siliceous pool-margin and discharge channel/flowpath facies. Despite the abundance of silicified microbial remains (e.g., silicified stromatolitic horizons as well as individual filamentous microbes, diatoms), distinctive organic biomarkers are not preserved in the core. The apparent lack of distinctive organic biomarkers is attributable to pervasive diagenetic alteration in the presence of high-temperature, chemically reactive fluids. Numerous diagenetic features have been superimposed on the siliceous sinter, especially considering the relatively shallow depths of burial. The uppermost interval (0 to 1.2 m) consists of highly porous siliceous sinter (opal-A) and interbedded travertine. Amorphous manganese oxides and sparry calcite cements are present and are irregularly distributed throughout this interval. Below is a diagenetic facies (4.8 to 5.3 m) that consists of opal-CT and minor chalcedony. The most pervasive diagenetic alteration in the core is the 6.8 to 11.2 m depth interval, where abundant zeolites (mordenite, heulandite), bladed cristobalite lepispheres, chalcedony cements, and calcite veins are present. Judging by the assemblage of plant and diatom remains, most of this pervasive alteration is superimposed on relatively low-temperature siliceous sinters and is likely the result of migration of hot waters through this interval. The paragenesis of all these intervals is very complex, involving numerous episodes of mineral precipitation and dissolution. This diagenetic alteration is facilitated by the porous nature of the siliceous sinter, thermal convection of superheated fluids or steam, strongly oxidizing spring waters, and fluctuating hydrochemical regimes. Rapid dissolution and/or replacement of organic matter indicates that standard morphological means (e.g., petrographic identification of body fossils) may be the best method by which to identify that organisms were previously present in ancient hot-spring accumulations.