cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Internet Technologies in B2B Relationships

Why is it that two firms can use the Internet in the same way (e.g., to reach new customers) and achieve very different outcomes? How can firms better allocate and subsequently leverage the investments they make in Internet technologies? This article shows that e-commerce technologies cannot be successfully leveraged without considering the organizational relationships in which the technologies are being embedded. By properly matching the B2B context with Internet technologies, firms can be in a better position not only to achieve significant economic outcomes, but also to attain sustainable competitive advantages, improve coordination and collaboration processes, and decrease channel resistance.
Declaring the existence of human germ-cell mutagens†‡

After more than 80 years of searching for human germ-cell mutagens, I think that sufficient evidence already exists for a number of agents to be so considered, and definitive confirmation seems imminent due to the application of recently developed genomic techniques. In preparation for this, an assessment panel of internationally recognized experts in germ-cell biology and genomics is required to consider either the current evidence now, or impending genomic evidence later, to declare whether an agent is a human germ-cell mutagen. I propose that such a panel be organized under the aegis of the World Health Organization and constructed similarly to the working groups assembled by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for the evaluation of human carcinogens. Support from prominent national and international organizations would be important. Many regulatory agencies already have procedures in place for assessing potential human germ-cell mutagens, and the time is approaching when definitive genomic data in humans will obligate such evaluations. In my view, application of an IARC-type of assessment using available evidence leads to the conclusion that ionizing radiation, cancer chemotherapy, cigarette smoking, and air pollution are "Group 1" human germ-cell mutagens. Consideration of the potential adverse health effects to the unexposed offspring of an exposed parent will usher in an entirely new realm of environmental health assessment. I suggest that the long search for human germ-cell mutagens is about to end, and a demonstration of the much-anticipated linkage between heritable disease and environmental factors is poised to begin.
TLR agonists: our best frenemy in cancer immunotherapy

Various TLR agonists are currently under investigation in clinical trials for their ability to orchestrate antitumor immunity. The antitumor responses are largely attributed to their aptitude to stimulate APCs such as DCs which in turn, activate tumor-specific T cell responses. However, there is a potential for TLR signaling to occur on cells other than professional APCs that could negate antitumor responses or even worse, promote tumor growth. The impetus for this review is twofold. First, there is accumulating data demonstrating that the engagement of TLRs on different T cell subsets and different cancer types could promote tumor growth or conversely, contribute to antitumor responses. Second, the efficacy of TLR agonists as monotherapies to treat cancer patients has been limited. In this review, we discuss how TLR signaling within different T cell subsets and cancer cells can potentially impact the generation of antitumor responses. Based on evidence from preclinical models and clinical trials, we draw attention to several criteria that we believe must be considered when selecting TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
Extending Curriculum-Based Assessment to Early Writing.

Early writing interventions can help students develop the writing skills they need to experience positive educational and postsecondary outcomes, but effective intervention requires instructionally relevant assessment data. Shapiro's curriculum-based assessment (CBA) model integrates related yet distinct CBA approaches into a model that informs intervention. Extending this model to early writing poses challenges only recently addressed by research. On the basis of a review of relevant early writing research, this article outlines an instructionally relevant assessment model for early writing. Within the proposed model, the instructional hierarchy is suggested to directly connect early writing assessment with intervention. A discussion of potential limitations as well as future directions for research is included.
Nearest-Manifold Classification with Gaussian Processes

Manifold models for nonlinear dimensionality reduction provide useful low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional data. Most manifold models are unsupervised algorithms and map the entire data onto a single manifold. Heterogeneous data with multiple classes are often better modeled by multiple manifolds rather than by a single global manifold, but there is no explicit way to compare instances embedded in different subspaces. We propose a novel low-to-high dimensional mapping using Gaussian processes that offers comparisons in the original space. Based on the mapping, we propose a nearest-manifold classification algorithm for high-dimensional data. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides good classification accuracies for problems well-modeled by multiple manifolds.
Alveolar antral artery management during sinus elevation: A case report of a novel approach with review of the literature

Maxillary sinus elevation is a widely used and relatively safe and predictable technique. Frequently, when aberrant anatomical conditions of the sinus are present, the handling of such a procedure might become more complex, and subjected to possible intra- and post-operatory complications. One of the most challenging anatomical conditions to manage is the alveolar antral artery (AAA), when it is unusually wide in diameter and passes through the area of the osteotomy with a complete intraosseous course. In the literature, many treatment options have been proposed for the surgical management of such an anatomical condition. The aim of this case report is to describe the clinical handling of an AAA with a piezosurgical approach, including the artery in the bony window design, but avoiding its displacement and possible tearing that might cause severe intra-operatory bleeding and post-operatory complications.
Sampling representations and the optimum reconstruction of signals

This paper treats the problem of the representation and reconstruction of signals from several sets of sampled values using a multiple-channel sampling and reconstruction scheme. Realizable and unrealizable solutions are presented for the optimum linear postfiltering and prefiltering operations. It is shown that the number of "independent" sets of samples which are necessary for the exact reconstruction of a signal is equal to the maximum number of overlappings of its sampled spectrum. This enables many different sampling expansions to be derived. The simultaneous optimization of the unrealizable linear prefilter and postfilter combination is carried out for the case where two sets of sampled values are taken. It is shown that with the optimum combination of filters, the angular frequency range of the input signal is limited by the prefilters to a total width of 4\pi \rho , which is a natural extension of the single-channel result.
IIR digital filters with peak-constrained least-squared errors

Shows how to use extensions of Lawson's (1961) algorithm to design peak-constrained least-squares (PCLS) IIR digital filters. These extensions are based on the RWLS algorithm that was presented in [Adams et al., 1993]. >
Attitudes of university library users towards overdue fines in Nigeria

This article surveys university library users’ attitudes towards overdue fines. Users of the libraries of the University of Benin, Benin City, and Delta State University, Abraka, both in Nigeria, were used as subjects for the study. A total of 143 users who responded to a questionnaire participated in the study. Frequency counts, percentages and t‐test statistic were used to analyze data. Findings revealed the users’ opinions and feelings about overdue fines. No significant difference was found between either university library with respect to their users’ attitude toward overdue fines. Neither was any discovered in attitude between genders. This paper makes recommendations that can help libraries boost the collection of overdue fines.
Differential activity of allelochemicals from Secale cereale in seedling bioassays

Abstract Differential activities of BOA, DIBOA, and crude water extract of Secale cereale ‘Elbon’ were studied in culture dish bioassays using several vegetable and weed species. On average, DIBOA was about seven times more inhibitory to root growth and four times more inhibitory to shoot growth than BOA. Allelochemicals from S. cereale inhibited shoot more than root elongation of cucurbits Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, and Cucurbita pepo. Small-seeded crops Lycopersicon esculentum and Lactuca sativa were sensitive to S. cereale. Large-seeded crops, including the cucurbits and Zea mays var. rogusa, were tolerant. Among the small-seeded weeds Amaranthus palmeri, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Eleusine indica, E. crus-galli was least susceptible. Inhibition of germination by BOA or DIBOA occurred only in small- to medium-seeded species, including A. palmeri, D. sanguinalis, E. indica, L. sativa, L. esculentum, and Sida spinosa. Large-seeded species C. melo, C. sativus, C. melopepo, Z. m...
Differences in sedge fen vegetation upstream and downstream from a managed impoundment

Abstract The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed the restoration of wetlands impacted by a series of drainage ditches and pools located in an extensive undeveloped peatland in the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Michigan. This study examined the nature and extent of degradation to the Marsh Creek wetlands caused by alteration of natural hydrology by a water-storage pool (C-3 Pool) that intersects the Marsh Creek channel. We tested the hypothesis that a reduction in moderate-intensity disturbance associated with natural water-level fluctuations below the C-3 dike contributed to lower species richness, reduced floristic quality and a larger tree and shrub component than vegetation upstream from the pool. Wetland plant communities were sampled quantitatively and analyzed for species richness, floristic quality and physiognomy. Aerial photographs, GIS databases and GPS data contributed to the characterization and analysis of the Marsh Creek wetlands. Results showed that there was lower species richness in...
Microsoft in Manufacturing

In current Japanese Manufacturing Industry Environment, have been meet to evolution for change their process and technologies for survival by leader companies.The Keyword is “Information system”for realize this. Many manufacturing Companies has used Computer system until now, for example.FMS, FA. PA control systems. But these systems didn't well connect, from devices to control systems.Managements systems, etc. These Systems called “Island of Control (Systems)”. Hereafter, Computerand Information systems is more important position for improvement of production revenue growth.In this paper, discussed how improve Microsoft Windows DNA for Manufacturing these theme.
Dual Raman-Brillouin microscope for chemical and mechanical characterization and imaging(Conference Presentation)

We present a unique confocal microscope capable of measuring the Raman and Brillouin spectra simultaneously from a single spatial location. Raman and Brillouin scattering offer complementary information about a material's chemical and mechanical structure, respectively, and concurrent monitoring of both of these spectra would set a new standard for material characterization. We achieve this by applying recent innovations in Brillouin spectroscopy that reduce the necessary acquisition times to durations comparable to conventional Raman spectroscopy while attaining a high level of spectral accuracy. To demonstrate the potential of the system, we apply this system for imaging melanoma, arteriosclerotic plaque, embryonic development, bones and biomaterials. The developed instrument has the potential for very diverse analytical applications in basic biomedical science and biomedical diagnostics and imaging.
A Moral Analysis of Military Medicine

This paper offers a brief examination of the moral status of military medicine. Military physicians assume one set of obligations as physicians, including obligations of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and respect for autonomy. They assume another set of obligations as members of an armed service, such as maintaining combat readiness and maximizing the fighting strength of the force. These different obligations may come into conflict, but so may the obligations of civilian physicians in a variety of practice settings. In military service, however, both patients and physicians give up a greater measure of autonomy over their choices and actions than they do in most other settings. Because of both their increased risks and their decreased ability to make choices, military personnel can be viewed as a vulnerable population. Military physicians' ability to act on their behalf, however, is limited by the physicians' obligations to pursue military goals and to obey the lawful orders of superior officers. A physician's decision to enter military service is thus a morally weighty one that bears reflection on the practices of the military service to which one is pledging obedience.
Effects of testosterone on adenosine triphosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels, and on nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylytransfersee activity, in the ventral prostate of castrated rats.

Using different analytical methods, it was possible to confirm the observation of Ritter [ Mol. Pharmacol. 2 , 125 (1966)] that within the first few hours after injection of free testosterone into castrated rats there occurs a large yet transient fall in the total level of ATP in the ventral prostate gland. In contrast to Ritter’s findings, however, only marginal changes in the total levels of NAD and NADH in the prostate occurred over the first few hours after androgen administration. The findings presented do not support Ritter’s conclusion that an increased biosynthesis of NAD represents a major early biochemical event in the action of androgens on the prostate of orchiectomized rats. Observations on the properties of prostatic nuclear nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC [2.7.7.1][1]) and changes in the activity of this enzyme due to androgen deprival and administration are documented. An NMN-dependent polymerization of the adenylate moiety of 14C-ATP by prostatic cell nuclei is also described. [1]: pending:yes
Asthma management programs for primary care providers: increasing adherence to asthma guidelines.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews new approaches, facilitators, barriers, and opportunities to increasing guideline-adherent care for children with asthma by primary care clinicians.Recent findingsPrimary care clinicians are challenged by the volume of guidelines and want transparent guidelines
Topological defects and topological materials

ABSTRACTDefects in materials that interpolate between two orientation states such as domain walls and those which relate to some kind of material discontinuity, e.g. dislocations and disclinations, comprise topological defects. Noncoplanar vector arrangements, e.g. vortices, skyrmions, and possibly monopole-like excitations, also belong to this family of defects. Presence of such defects affects many of the macroscopic properties of materials, for example electronic transport and strength. Materials in which topological aspects, e.g. edge or surface states, affect the electronic, transport and other properties can be described as topological materials. Topological insulators, topological superconductors and certain Dirac materials, e.g. graphene and Weyl semimetals, belong to this class of materials. These materials possess unusual functionalities potentially useful in a variety of information processing and quantum computation based applications.
Segmentation and tracking of nonplanar templates to improve VSLAM

In this paper, we address the problem of visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) using a single camera as the sole sensor. A VSLAM system estimates its position and orientation (pose) by tracking distinct landmarks in the environment using its camera. Most approaches detect feature points in the environment, using an interest point operator that looks for small textured image templates. Existing algorithms typically assume that an image template is the projection of a single planar surface patch. However, if the template is actually the projection of a nonplanar surface, tracking will eventually fail. We present an algorithm that estimates the 3D structure of a nonplanar template as it is tracked through a sequence of images. Using the 3D structure, the algorithm can more accurately predict the appearance of the template, and as a result, is better able to track the template. We then evaluate the benefit of using the new feature tracking method in VSLAM, and demonstrate that the new algorithm can track points longer, and achieve better accuracy, than if the standard single-plane feature tracking method is used. The approach is especially effective in scenes where surface discontinuities are common. A novel algorithm is presented that can track nonplanar templates in a sequence of images.The algorithm can track features over a larger distance, compared to algorithms that assume planar templates.The method was incorporated into a visual SLAM algorithm and was shown to improve its accuracy.
The Effects of Shock Strength on Droplet Breakup

The breakup of droplets occurs in the combustion of multiphase mixtures and the atomization of liquid jets. Most experiments studying droplet breakup have used the passage of a normal shock to provide a step change to uniform flow conditions
Towards a New Paradigm in Monetary Economics: The ideal banking system

To understand how our current banking system works, we need to think through how an idealized banking system might work – a banking system not too different from what may emerge in the fairly near future in the USA. The central features of this banking system are (a) government–insured deposits; (b) governmentimposed reserve requirements, with reserves held at the central bank in interest–free accounts; and (c) no transactions costs. The banking system must compete against money market mutual funds, which invest in government T–bills, and which provide checking services comparable to those provided by banks. They have no reserve requirements, and they pay an interest rate equal to the T–bill rate. (This follows from assumptions concerning competition in the industry and no transactions costs.) Here, we want to highlight certain fairly obvious implications of the model. The fact that deposits are government–insured means that depositors should be indifferent between holding their funds in the money market accounts and in banks. This means that the interest rate paid by banks to their depositors must equal that on government T–bills. Each bank thus views itself as facing a horizontal supply curve for funds. If it pays epsilon more than its competitors, it can get as much funds as it wants. The key to understanding the supply of loanable funds (credit availability) is to understand the behavior of banks. We will argue that banks behave in a risk averse manner.
Improving contact layer patterning using SEM contour based etch model

The patterning of the contact layer is modulated by strong etch effects that are highly dependent on the geometry of the contacts. Such litho-etch biases need to be corrected to ensure a good pattern fidelity. But aggressive designs contain complex shapes that can hardly be compensated with etch bias table and are difficult to characterize with standard CD metrology. In this work we propose to implement a model based etch compensation method able to deal with any contact configuration. With the help of SEM contours, it was possible to get reliable 2D measurements particularly helpful to calibrate the etch model. The selections of calibration structures was optimized in combination with model form to achieve an overall errRMS of 3nm allowing the implementation of the model in production.
Expo Milano: Capitalist Dreams and Eating Machines

Expo Milano, the 2015 World Fair, promised visitors an experience that would change how we imagine feeding the planet in the generations to come. Dozens of nations constructed monumental pavilions and spectacles, creating a Disneyland-like environment of cleverly concealed technologies and mass entertainment. For the 20 million people who came to play at social justice or sample bites of sustainability, what did Expo Milano really offer? What questions were asked, what experiences created, and what did visitors leave with at the end of the day? This article critiques the event for its profit-based design and logics, depicting a theme park simulacrum that gave visitors a high tech but empty-handed role in thinking or doing foodways differently. In addition to examining Expo Milano9s shortcomings, I also point to the kinds of innovations and interactions that might allow us to imagine a more dynamic—and challenging—future of food.
Boron arsenide phonon dispersion from inelastic x-ray scattering: Potential for ultrahigh thermal conductivity

Cubic boron arsenide (BAs) was predicted to have an exceptionally high thermal conductivity $(k)\ensuremath{\sim}2000\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at room temperature, comparable to that of diamond, based on first-principles calculations. Subsequent experimental measurements, however, only obtained a $k$ of $\ensuremath{\sim}200\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. To gain insight into this discrepancy, we measured phonon dispersion of single-crystal BAs along high symmetry directions using inelastic x-ray scattering and compared these with first-principles calculations. Based on the measured phonon dispersion, we have validated the theoretical prediction of a large frequency gap between acoustic and optical modes and bunching of acoustic branches, which were considered the main reasons for the predicted ultrahigh $k$. This supports its potential to be a super thermal conductor if very-high-quality single-crystal samples can be synthesized.
Stigma, medical mistrust, and perceived racism may affect PrEP awareness and uptake in black compared to white gay and bisexual men in Jackson, Mississippi and Boston, Massachusetts.

ABSTRACTGay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) account for more than two thirds of new HIV infections in the U.S., with Black MSM experiencing the greatest burden. Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce MSM’s vulnerability to HIV infection. Uptake of PrEP has been limited, particularly among racial and ethnic minority MSM. Four semi-structured focus groups with gay and bisexual men and other MSM at risk for HIV infection were convened in Boston and Jackson in late 2013. The analysis plan utilized a within-case, across-case approach to code and analyze emerging themes, and to compare results across the two cities. Participants recruited in Jackson were primarily Black gay men, while Boston participants were mostly non-Hispanic White gay men. Participants in both sites shared concerns about medication side effects and culturally insensitive health care for gay men. Jackson participants described stronger medical mistrust, and more frequently described experiences o...
Glass half full: sound synthesis for fluid---structure coupling using added mass operator

We present a fast and practical method for simulating the sound of non-empty objects containing fluids. The method is designed and demonstrated for use in interactive 3D systems, where live sound synthesis is important. The key contribution of this work is to enhance the sound synthesis equation in the rigid-body audio pipeline to account for the fluid force on an object at the fluid---structure boundary. Additions include pre-processing steps to identify the mesh nodes of a tetrahedralized object that are in contact with the liquid and to apply an added mass operator to those structural boundary nodes and adjacent solid domain nodes by increasing their corresponding elements in the mass matrix proportional to the liquid's density, which may vary with temperature and/or type of fluids. Our technique generalizes to any impermeable tetrahedral mesh representing the rigid objects and inviscid liquids.
Minimum Makespan Vehicle Routing Problem with Compatibility Constraints

We study a multiple vehicle routing problem, in which a fleet of vehicles is available to serve different types of services demanded at locations. The goal is to minimize the makespan, i.e. the maximum length of any vehicle route. We formulate it as a mixed-integer linear program and propose a branch-cut-and-price algorithm. We also develop an efficient \(O(\log n)\)-approximation algorithm for this problem. We conduct numerical studies on Solomon’s instances with various demand distributions, network topologies, and fleet sizes. Results show that the approximation algorithm solves all the instances very efficiently and produces solutions with good practical bounds.
Boron Neutron Capture Synovectomy

Use of the boron neutron capture reaction is a potential means of treating the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. For this approach, termed boron neutron capture synovectomy (BNCS), the goal is cellular ablation within the inflamed synovium, the membrane lining the inner surface of the joint capsule of all articulating joints. To be effective in destroying the synovial membrane, radiation doses must be very large (approximately 100 Gy in a single delivery), substantially higher than those used in BNCT of tumors where cessation of reproductive capability in malignant cells is the clinical goal. Generating large radiation doses requires that very high boron concentrations be present in the target tissue at the time of irradiation. While it is unlikely that systemic administration of the boron compound can result in the needed synovial boron concentrations, extremely high boron levels can be readily achieved via local delivery, that is, by injection of the compound directly into the joint fluid. This delivery approach results in very high synovial boron levels in vivo, which means that radiation treatment times can be very short. Neutron beams based on accelerator, reactor, and isotope sources have been designed at many institutions around the world, and in some cases, these beams have been built and experimentally characterized. With existing neutron sources, human joint irradiations could be performed in a matter of minutes. The efficacy of BNCS in causing synovial necrosis has been clearly demonstrated in an animal model of arthritis. However, the boron compound used for this study was found to freely enter the articular cartilage leading to unequivocal histological evidence of cartilage damage following neutron irradiation of the joint. The continued development of BNCS as a viable clinical modality thus awaits the identification and testing of an alternative boron-labeled compound, one that will be excluded, perhaps on the basis of physical size, from the cartilage.
Tools for Treating Sleep Disturbances Among Latinos

The literature suggests that insomnia is a highly treatable condition via the use of CBT-I. While the research on the prevalence rate of insomnia among Latinos is mixed, it is clear that Latinos need interventions targeted at sleep-related difficulties. Given the limited resources available for clinicians who work with Spanish speakers, this chapter provides an overview of CBT-I and associated resources and tools that can be used by the Spanish-speaking clinician with Spanish-speaking clients. While these specific tools have not been tested via a randomized clinical trial, the principles presented in the session overview and in the worksheets, resources, and tools were all derived from evidence-based principles as an attempt to fill a large gap in the resources available for Spanish speakers.
APPLICATION OF 3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY GUIDANCE FOR WATCHMAN DEVICE IMPLANTATION

The Watchman device is a left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion device, which is an effective alternative to oral anticoagulants in the prevention of thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Industry guidelines recommend standard 2D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) images
Acute and chronic toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in chemical mechanical planarization slurries with Daphnia magna

The semiconductor manufacturing industry uses metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), including colloidal silica (c-SiO2), fumed silica (f-SiO2), ceria (CeO2), and alumina (Al2O3), as abrasives in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes. Assessing the toxicity of NPs used in commercial CMP slurries is difficult because these mixtures may contain undefined toxic constituents. Herein, the fresh water flea Daphnia magna (D. magna) was used to assess the effects of four model CMP slurries that did not contain known toxic additives. In the acute toxicity assessments, the key findings were that c-SiO2 slurry caused a modest increase in body size indicative of a hormetic stress response, that the Al2O3 slurry was toxic to D. magna with a calculated 96 h LC-50 of 1.1 mg mL−1, that the CeO2 and Al2O3 slurries caused significant dose-dependent decreases in body size, and that NP dissolution was not responsible for these responses. In the chronic toxicity assessments, the key findings were that the c-SiO2 slurry caused a modest increase in reproduction indicative of a hormetic stress response, that the Al2O3 slurry lead to a modest increase in morbidity and a significant decrease in body size, and that the CeO2 and Al2O3 slurries caused dose-dependent decreases in reproductive output. The acute and chronic toxicity results demonstrate that different model CMP slurries exert distinct and unpredictable effects on D. magna morbidity, growth, and reproductive output. Especially important is that the CeO2 and Al2O3 slurries reduced D. magna reproduction upon chronic exposure at low applied doses, which could have adverse consequences to aquatic ecosystems.
QUASI-DECOMPOSITIONS, EXACT SEQUENCES, AND TRIPLE SUMS OF SEMIGROUPS. I. GENERAL THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the quasidecompositions, exact sequences, and triple sums of semigroups. In the chapter, Semigroup triples and their sums are defined, the latter being characterized both by axioms and a universal property. The triple sum generalizes the concept of the direct sum. Arbitrary external quasi-direct sums are linked together with inner quasidirect sums and quasidecompositions as their canonical forms. A triple sum having been characterized as a left quasi-direct sum diagram, by means of two injections, it is also characterized by an injection and a projection which form a split exact sequence and some remarkable uniqueness results are discussed. An inverse system of local semigroups is associated with each triple. This is a preparation where triples and their sums are looked at as special semigroups of semigroups and their disjoint unions. The action of a semigroup on a semigroup is also studied.
9 – Cognitive Processes in Avian Vocal Acquisition

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates a comparative study of vocal acquisition by birds. It provides an insight into avian cognitive capacities in the realm of communication, i.e., memory, information processing, and categorization. Variation exists within and between avian taxa in the representation of sound information in memory, i.e., cognitive content, and when those memories are obtained, processed, and organized, i.e., cognitive structure-function. Recognition of this variation can aid in elucidating the development and evolution of avian vocal communication systems. The cognitive functions of selective attention, information processing, decision processing, and choice between alternative strategies channelize behavioral responses to a range of environmental stimuli such as food types, temperatures, etc. In vocal communication, the animal must attend to, select from, and/or respond to sounds that may range from noninformative background noise to information-rich and species-typical signal(s). Thus, animals must have mechanisms that facilitate the recognition of appropriate signals at one level, and decision processes concerning response to and/or production of signals at another. Signal recognition as well as vocal expression may be directed wholly or in part by pre-existing, heritable representations within the nervous system. Even such nonconscious and/or stereotypic signals and signaling responses, however, can be influenced by cognitive processes.
Building On Kahneman's Insights in the Development of Behavioral Finance

INTRODUCTION First, I want to thank Michael Kaufman for inviting me to be part of this esteemed panel. And second, I would like to thank Danny Kahneman for his wisdom, insights, generosity, kindness, and much more. On a personal dimension, I first met Danny in 1978 when he and Amos Tversky were visiting Stanford University’s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. At the time I was working with Dick Thaler, who was also visiting Stanford, on developing a System 1/System 2 model of economic choice.1 It should come as no surprise that what I learned from Danny and Amos in those first interactions, and subsequently over the years, dramatically influenced my own research and indeed the entire field of economics.2
Leigh’s Disease

The disease subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNE) was first described in 1951 by Denis Leigh and therefore is also called Leigh’s disease (Leigh, 1951). This disorder, although afflicting mainly children, has many features similar to those of Wernicke’s disease. These neuropathological features were so striking as to have been noted in the first case description by Dr. Leigh. Many studies have evolved over the years describing various biochemical features of Leigh’s disease. Most recently, genetic and mitochondrial alterations in brain, blood, and tissue of SNE patients have been described. This chapter will examine results from these studies in a chronological order and try to reach some valid conclusions and note where information is lacking.
“Of Course, I am a Human Being, Too”: Nationalism and Contact in the Republic of Turkey and State of Israel

This article analyzes the secular and religious nationalisms in the Republic of Turkey and State of Israel as experienced by ethnic and religious minorities in both locales. This ethnographic work focuses on the embodied experiences of individuals in their religious, political, and social entirety, seeking to delve into their lives as an oft-neglected or feared group, and explore their contact (or lack thereof) with members of the majority culture. Semi-structured interviews revealed historical and present-day structures created and maintained through avenues such as media, education, literature, language, and politics that seek to define and separate groups that do not fit the prevailing nationalistic narratives. This is exacerbated by negative contact that is generally oriented around political disagreement and conflict. However, in some cases, positive intergroup contact served to facilitate fundamental changes. Therefore, despite its limitations, contact has the potential to not only reduce prejudice, but also inspire lives of political and humanistic engagement that can undermine the “single stories” stigmatization propagates.
Raman instruments for food quality evaluation

Abstract Food quality is of great importance to governments, the food industry, as well as consumers. Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful analytical tool for evaluation of food quality due to its attractive advantages (e.g., fingerprint identification, nondestructive data acquisition, fast manipulation, and on-site detection). In this chapter, basic principles and procedures of Raman techniques are described. Recent application progress on Raman techniques for quality assessment in different types of foods is explored, including meat, dairy products, oil, beverages, crops, vegetables, and fruits. In addition, the main advantages of using Raman instruments for food quality evaluation are highlighted, together with their limitations. Lastly, principles of variations of Raman spectroscopic techniques (e.g., surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy) and their recent advances in food quality, as well as the future trends of Raman instruments for food quality evaluation, are discussed.
Multiple-site binding interactions in metal-affinity chromatography: I. Equilibrium binding of engineered histidine-containing cytochromes c

Mechanisms of protein retention in immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC) have been probed using a set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c histidine variants constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. Proteins containing a single accessible histidine exhibit Langmuir-type isotherms with maximum protein binding capacities between 5 and 10% of the maximum copper loading and the capacity of the support to bind imidazole. A simple model that assumes that the copper sites are densely packed and can be blocked by protein adsorption yields binding constants for single-histidine proteins that are similar to the binding constant for free imidazole. Proteins containing multiple accessible histidines do not exhibit simple Langmuir-type behavior; they appear to interact with the support by simultaneous coordination to more than one metal ion, the result of which is to increase the apparent binding affinity by as much as a factor of 1000. The protein binding constant depends on the availability of copper sites: binding is significantly weaker at low surface concentrations of copper that presumably cannot support multiple-site interactions. The protein binding capacity drops to zero at copper loadings less than one-half the maximum, indicating that immobilized iminodiacetic acid ligands are sufficiently close together that two can coordinate a single copper ion, which precludes its interaction with a protein. Protein adsorption via multiple-site coordination has important consequences for the optimization of IMAC separations and the design of new IMAC supports.
Outcomes of Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy for Achalasia: 22-Year Experience.

Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy is the most effective treatment of achalasia. We examined the durability of symptomatic relief, with and without fundoplication. A single institution database between 1995 and 2017 was reviewed. Achalasia symptom severity was assessed by Eckardt scores (ES) obtained at 3-time points via patient questionnaire. Primary outcome was treatment success defined as ES of 0.05). LHM provides immediate and durable symptomatic relief, with very few patients requiring further therapeutic intervention. Fundoplication does not appear to influence the durability of symptom relief. Treatment success at 1-year is predictive of long-lasting symptomatic relief.
The role of innate immune Toll-like receptors in atopic asthma

The high prevalence and incidence of atopic asthma has highlighted this disease as an important health problem to be addressed. This chronic disorder is characterized by airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. The role of adaptive immunity in atopic asthma has been extensively studied; however the importance of innate immunity in this disease is beginning to be uncovered. Toll-like receptors are pathogen-recognition receptors ( PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs). These receptors have been found to be expressed extensively in the airway. Epidemiological and genetic studies have linked TLR2 and TLR4 with atopic disease. Also, in vivo and in vitro studies of T1,K2, TLR4 and TLR9 with their respective ligands have associated these receptors with the activation or decrease of the adaptive response. This review attempts to discuss the most relevant data that links allergic asthma with TLRs. Key words: Toll-like receptor; Asthma; Innate immunity; TLR signaling; NF-κB
Practical Considerations for Community-Based Health Promotion Events during the COVID- 19 Pandemic

Community-based health promotion events provide student pharmacists the opportunity to give back to the local community while simultaneously applying the knowledge and skills they are learning in the classroom (Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards 3, 4, and 12). In turn, community members receive benefits, such as receiving a vaccination and learning their blood pressure, as well as strategies to manage their health conditions. Traditionally, both individual community members and student pharmacists receive benefit. As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is critical to consider the impact of public health via the local community when choosing to hold or suspend these activities. It is necessary to consider whether the benefits to individual community members who choose to participate (e.g., older adult with type 2 diabetes or underserved adults with limited access to the influenza vaccine) outweigh the risks to the public due to the pandemic. If there is sufficient benefit, there are practical considerations related to regulations, recruitment of community members, involvement of students and preceptors, location, supplies, delivery of patient care services, and activities after the event.
Lightness and Darkness

Of the basic qualities that define perception perhaps the most important are darkness and lightness. An animal may see forms poorly, have little or no color vision, minimal depth perception, or even be effectively blind (e.g., some species of bats, moles, and mole rats). But most animals, many plants with and even bacteria discriminate light and dark.
The Destabilizing Impact of Non-performers in Multi-agent Groups

We examine the question of how a small number of non-performing individuals can impact the performance of a large multi-agent group. In particular, we look at models from the mathematical ecology community that describe the behavior of simple group aggregation by individuals that interact only through observation of their proximal neighbors. By taking this approach, we limit our focus to the interaction and grouping effects of the aggregation phenomena, rather than looking at specific detailed behaviors of individuals. We consider non-performing individuals to be agents that do not follow the stated rules of interaction of the rest of the group, but are otherwise identical to the others. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the resulting effects of the non-performing individuals on these groups.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Breastfeeding: Concerns & Positive Opportunities.

As nurses, we must continue to promote and protect the use of human milk and breastfeeding during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We should continue access to online and virtual breastfeeding help but expand opportunities for in-person technical breastfeeding assistance in pediatric offices and in the community. Our breastfeeding expert, Dr. Spatz, offers suggestions for promoting breastfeeding during the pandemic and beyond.
Remediation of Mucorales-contaminated Healthcare Linens at a Laundry Facility Following an Investigation of a Case Cluster of Hospital-acquired Mucormycosis.

Background In an investigation of hospital-acquired mucormycosis cases among transplant recipients, healthcare linens (HCLs) delivered to our center were found to be contaminated with Mucorales. We describe an investigation and remediation of Mucorales contamination at the laundry supplying our center. Methods We performed monthly RODAC cultures of HCLs upon hospital arrival, and conducted site inspections and surveillance cultures at the laundry facility. Remediation was designed and implemented by infection prevention and facility leadership teams. Results Prior to remediation, 20% of HCLs were culture-positive for Mucorales upon hospital arrival. Laundry facility layout and processes were consistent with industry standards. Significant step-ups in Mucorales and mould culture-positivity of HCLs were detected at the post-dryer step (0% to 12% (p=0.04) and 5% to 29% (p=0.01), respectively). Further increases to 17% and 40% culture-positivity, respectively, were noted during pre-transport holding. Site inspection revealed heavy Mucorales-positive lint accumulation in rooftop air intake and exhaust vents that cooled driers; intake and exhaust vents that were facing each other; rooftop and plant-wide lint accumulation, including in the pre-transport clean room; uncovered carts with freshly-laundered HCLs. Following environmental remediation, quality assurance measures and education directed toward these sources, Mucorales culture-positivity of newly-delivered HCLs was reduced to 0.3% (p=0.0001); area of lint-contaminated rooftop decreased from 918 m 2 to 0 m 2 on satellite images. Conclusions Targeted laundry facility interventions guided by site inspections and step-wise culturing significantly reduced Mucorales-contaminated HCLs delivered to our hospital. Collaboration between infection prevention and laundry facility teams was crucial to successful remediation.
Pentalogy of Cantrell with a Left Ventricular Diverticulum and Muscular VSD

Pentalogy of Cantrell (POC) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by defects of the anterior diaphragm, midline supraumbilical abdominal wall, diaphragmatic pericardium, lower sternum, and heart. The low incidence and significant heterogeneity of POC make it difficult for most surgeons to gain consistent experience in treating these congenital heart defects. Here we describe the treatment of a patient with POC, Tetralogy of Fallot, left ventricular (LV) diverticulum, and a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD). An innovative approach through a left ventricular diverticulotomy was utilized which provided excellent exposure for repair of the muscular VSD.
Students' plausibility perceptions of human-induced climate change

Overcoming students' misconceptions may be a challenge when teaching about global climate change because students tend to confuse short-term weather effects with long-term climate transformations, which may stem from misunderstandings about deep time. Furthermore, student plausibility perceptions about human-induced climate change may influence understanding of scientific principles underlying the phenomenon. This study showed significant relationships between understandings of weather and climate distinctions, deep time, and plausibility perceptions of human-induced climate change after instruction.
Co-Design of Arbitrated Network Control Systems With Overrun Strategies

This paper addresses co-design of platform and control of multiple control applications in a network control system. Limited and shared resources among control and non-control applications introduce delays in transmitted messages. These delays in turn can degrade system performance and cause instabilities. In this paper, we propose an overrun framework together with a co-design to achieve both optimal control performance and efficient resource utilization. The starting point for this framework is an Arbitrated Network Control System (ANCS) approach, where flexibility and transparency in the network are utilized to arbitrate control messages. Using a two-parameter model for delays experienced by control messages that classifies them as nominal, medium, and large, we propose a controller that switches between nominal, skip and abort strategies. An automata-theoretic technique is introduced to derive analytical bounds on the abort and skip rates. A co-design algorithm is proposed to optimize the selection of the overrun parameters. A case study is presented that demonstrates the ANCS approach, the overrun framework and the overall co-design.