cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cytonuclear Effects of Facultative Apomixis: I. Disequilibrium Dynamics in Diploid Populations

We comprehensively analyze the cytonuclear effects of generalized mixed mating, including all combinations of selfing, outcrossing, and apomixis, the asexual production of seeds. After first deriving the time-dependent solutions for nonrandom associations (disequilibria) between a diallelic cytoplasmic marker and the alleles and genotypes at a diploid nuclear locus, we delimit all possible dynamical behaviors and the conditions under which each occurs. As in standard mixed mating systems, all disequilibria ultimately decay to zero except when outcrossing is absent, in which case permanent disequilibria result if the allelic association is initially nonzero. When at least some outcrossing is present, any initial allelic association decays at a constant geometric rate, whereas genotypic disequilibria may first increase in magnitude or change sign. Although selfing and apomixis tend to retard the decay of disequilibria (or approach to equilibrium) and often to the same extent, apomixis can have a stronger effect under some conditions. We also determine the dynamics of cytonuclear disequilibria in specific examples that may be of particular interest for empirical studies of hybrid zones. The results suggest several practical guidelines for experimental design and data analysis and show how the cytonuclear disequilibrium dynamics under mating system alone furnish a quantitative baseline for null hypotheses against which to test for the presence of other evolutionary forces.
Local joint inflammation and histone citrullination in a murine model of the transition from preclinical autoimmunity to inflammatory arthritis

Objective Anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their presence years before the onset of clinical RA is perplexing. Although multiple putative citrullinated antigens have been identified, no studies have demonstrated the specific capacity of these antigens to initiate inflammatory arthritis. This study was undertaken to recapitulate the transition from preclinical to clinical RA and to demonstrate the capacity of local citrullination to facilitate this transition. Methods We performed proteomic analysis of activated human neutrophils to identify citrullinated proteins, including those targeted as part of the RA immune response. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we compared RA and osteoarthritis synovial fluid for levels of citrullinated histone H2B and its immune complex. Using macrophage activation assays, we assessed the effect of histone citrullination on immunostimulatory capacity and evaluated the stimulatory capacity of native and citrullinated H2B immune complexes. Finally, we assessed the potential for anti–citrullinated H2B antibodies to mediate arthritis in vivo. Results We identified robust targeting of neutrophil-derived citrullinated histones by the ACPA immune response. More than 90% of the RA patients had anti–citrullinated H2B antibodies. Histone citrullination increased innate immunostimulatory capacity, and immune complexes containing citrullinated histones activated macrophage cytokine production and propagated neutrophil activation. Finally, we demonstrated that immunization with H2B was arthritogenic, but only in the setting of underlying articular inflammation. Conclusion Our findings indicate that citrullinated histones, specifically citrullinated H2B, are an antigenic target of the ACPA immune response. Furthermore, local generation of citrullinated antigen during low-grade articular inflammation provides a mechanistic model for the conversion from preclinical autoimmunity to inflammatory arthritis.
WQSTAT II: A WATER QUALITY STATISTICS PACKAGE

. Statistical analysis of monitoring data is becoming a necessary part of many ground- and surface-water quality management activities. To meet this need a statistical software package for microcomputers called WQStat II has been designed and produced specifically for water quality applications. The software provides tools for data management, summarizing data characteristics, analyzing trends, comparing medians of two or more groups of data, and evaluating excursions or standards violations. To minimize problems associated with nonnormal data and nondetects, WQStat relies primarily on graphical and nonparametric approaches.
Interaction between psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in coeliac disease patients in the Northeastern United States

controls. Results—The prevalence of depression in CD was 17.2% and was similar to that in IBS (18.5%, P = 0.74) and controls (16.0%, P = 0.79). Among CD patients, type I DM was identified as a significant risk factor for depression (P < 0.01) with 37% of patients with both CD and type I DM having clinical depression. Conclusion—The prevalence of depression in CD is similar to that in other chronic gastrointestinal diseases and healthy controls. However, there is a markedly elevated risk of depression in patients with both type I DM and CD. Differing rates of type 1 DM among celiac populations may account for disparity in published rates of depression in patients with CD.
A passive and adaptive optical equalizer for reconfigurable multiwavelength networks

Summary form only given. We describe a new concept for an equalizer that is scalable in the number of wavelengths, adapts to time variations in the optical power, and does not require an external power reference. It is a filter whose transmission coefficient decreases with increasing power at each of the wavelengths used by the network. Thus, the strongest wavelength output from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) will be transmitted less than the weaker ones, making the output power from the EDFA more evenly distributed among the wavelengths. Such an equalizer equalizes the output of an EDFA rather than its gain, and will function with changing input powers.
On Ethnographic Surrealism

Andre Breton often insisted that surrealism was not a body of doctrines, or a definable idea, but an activity. The present essay is an exploration of ethnographic activity, set, as it must always be, in specific cultural and historical circumstances. I will be concentrating on ethnography and surrealism in France between the two world wars. To discuss these activities together—at times, indeed, to permit them to merge—is to question a number of common distinctions and unities.
Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate as a routine dressing after open pediatric urological procedures.

Purpose: Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate Dermabond, Ethicon, Inc., Sommerville, New Jersey is a synthetic tissue adhesive that has recently been used for skin closure in the treatment of minor lacerations. We assess its effectiveness as a sole dressing after open pediatric urological procedures. Materials and Methods: Between February and August 2003 we prospectively evaluated patients undergoing extragenital open and laparoscopic pediatric urological procedures at our institution. All open incisions were closed in layers using a final layer of self-absorbing subcuticular stitches for the skin before applying Dermabond only at the skin level. In laparoscopic cases Dermabond alone was applied to port sites (3 mm or less) and instrument sites without any sutures beneath the skin. No adjuvant occlusive dressings were applied to any of these wounds. All patients were allowed to bathe and return to activity immediately postoperatively. Results: During the study period 146 patients with 200 incisions were identified (open 146, laparoscopy 54). Of these children 103 (142 incisions) returned for followup during the period of study with only 1 complication identified. This 6-month-old child presented the evening of surgery with omental prolapse through the umbilical port (3 mm port) requiring urgent closure. In no case was there an appreciable healing problem on surgeon or parental examination and no wound infections occurred. Conclusions: Dermabond alone provides a simple coverage for a myriad of pediatric urological surgical wounds. Early bathing and return to activity do not appear to impact negatively on wound healing when a simple skin barrier is used in place of standard dressings.
The R/F7 transistorized 6-gigacycle microwave system

Greater dependence of the United States on telecommunications has increased the demand for higher reliability and transmission quality on communication systems, and information capacity requirements on microwave relay systems has increased almost exponentially in the past few years. The advent of semiconductors with subsequent improvement in life and frequency range has made possible new microwave equipment which is reliable, compact, economical, and which provides high information capacity and high-quality transmission. This paper discusses the design of the transistorized RF/7 microwave relay system which was first placed in service during 1961.
LASER RESECTION OF ENDOBRONCHIAL LESIONS: USE OF THE RIGID AND FLEXIBLE BRONCHOSCOPES

The rigid bronchoscope has been the mainstay of therapy for resecting obstructive neoplasms of the trachea and main-stem bronchi. A technique using the rigid bronchoscope and simultaneously a flexible scope allows for the advantages of rigid bronchoscopy with the advantages of highly accurate fiber-directed laser resections via the flexible scope. Patient selection is discussed so that candidates for laser resection will receive maximum palliative benefit. A detailed description of the technique and potential hazards of the procedure is presented.
Heat shock proteins and heat adaptation of the whole organism

Moseley, Pope L. Heat shock proteins and heat adaptation of the whole organism. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1413–1417, 1997.—Adaptation to heat may occur through acclimatization or thermotolerance; ho...
Speckle statistics of atmospherically backscattered laser light.

The speckle pattern produced in laser light that has been backscattered by atmospheric aerosols is considered. The spatiotemporal correlation properties both of the optical field amplitudes and of the optical intensities are described. Analytical expressions are presented for the special cases of illumination by a short Gaussian pulse and by a cw source.
Utility of difficult laryngoscopy screening methods for out-of-hospital intubation

Study objectives: Scoring systems for the assessment of difficult laryngoscopy, such as Mallampati score, measurement of oral opening, thyromental distance, and neck mobility, may have limited utility in the out-of-hospital setting where many patients undergoing intubation are not able to cooperate because of altered mental status or cervical spine immobilization. We determine the frequency of out-of-hospital intubations occurring in patients able to comply with common difficult laryngoscopy scoring systems. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of a consecutive series of intubations at a university-based air medical transport program from January 1998 to September 2003. The records of all patients requiring oral intubation were reviewed. Exclusion criteria were age younger than 18 years and incomplete medical record data. Mallampati score and oral opening were judged to be unobtainable in patients who could not follow commands (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] motor score Results: Four hundred twenty-three intubations were performed. Exclusion of 73 patients younger than 18 years and 19 patients with incomplete records yielded 331 intubations. Overall intubation success rate was 97%, and rapid sequence intubation was used in 77% of patients. Two hundred eighty (85%) patients had GCS motor score less than 6, and 235 (71%) patients were immobilized. Two hundred nine (63%) patients had GCS motor score less than 6 and were immobilized. Only 25 (8%) patients could follow commands and were not immobilized. Interrater reliability in recording of GCS scores and presence of spine immobilization was identical in 30 of 30 (100%) of randomly selected records. Conclusion: Only 8% of patients intubated in this out-of-hospital population could follow commands and were not immobilized, which severely limits the applicability of Mallampati scores, measurement of oral opening, thyromental distance, and neck mobility to predict difficult intubation in the out-of-hospital setting. Study limitations include retrospective data collection.
Quantitative Measurements of the Lysine Requirement of the Laying Hen

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the quantitative dietary lysine requirement of Shaver Starcross 288, White Leghorn hens. In Experiment 1, rations calculated to contain .457, .557, .657, or .757% lysine were fed. The protein of these rations was supplied by corn, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal, and all rations contained 15.2% protein and 3050 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. The basal ration of Experient 2 contained corn and corn gluten meal as protein sources. Supplemental lysine ·HC1 was used to attain a lysine level of .570%. Lysine ·HCl was added in increments of .03% to obtain seven additional treatments; .60, .63, .66, .69, .72, .75, and .78% lysine. The rations contained 13.3% protein and 3015 kcal ME/kg. Experiments 1 and 2 were 140 and 84 days in duration, respectively. An average daily lysine intake of 567 mg/hen daily, or more significantly (P
Pharmacists' Understanding of Patient Education on Metered-Dose Inhaler Technique

OBJECTIVE:To assess pharmacists' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about assessing and educating patients regarding metered-dose inhaler (MDI) technique; to determine frequency of MDI assessment and teaching behavior; and to assess the effect of an asthma pharmaceutical care educational program on the same variables six months later.DESIGN:Questionnaire completed before and six months after the educational intervention.SETTING:Pharmacies based in clinics owned by a healthcare system located in communities of a large metropolitan area.MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:Pharmacists' self-reported frequency of assessment and education; attitudes and beliefs about assessing and educating patients using MDIs; and knowledge of MDI technique.RESULTS:The survey response rate was 53.7% (n = 39) for baseline and 43% (n = 32) for follow-up. Most pharmacists (85.4% at baseline, 87.5% at follow-up; p = 0.79) indicated that they educate patients receiving new MDI prescriptions. In addition, 47.4% at baseline and 68.8% at follow-up...
Executive Accounts of Theory-of-Mind Development

Two varieties of executive theories may be distinguished: emergence accounts and expression accounts. The meta-analytic findings are fully consistent with emergence accounts of theory of mind and do not entirely rule out expression accounts.
Comparison of a silicone gel-filled cushion and silicon gel sheeting for the treatment of hypertrophic or keloid scars.

background. The exact mechanisms of action responsible for the effectiveness of silicone gel dressings are unknown, although it has been proposed that static electricity generated by friction could be the reason for their anti-scarring effects. objective. We compared the efficacy of a cushion of silicone filled with liquid silicone gel reported to induce greater negative static-electric charge with silicone gel sheeting in the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. methods. The size, volume, symptoms (tenderness and itching), and signs (color and induration) of hypertrophic (10 patients) or keloid scars (22 patients) were measured at baseline at 16 weeks following use of either the silicone gel cushion or silicone gel sheeting, as determined by random assignment. results. Both the silicone gel cushion and the silicone gel sheeting treatments were effective in decreasing scar volume, 53.0% and 36.3%, respectively. The percentages of keloids and hypertrophic scars benefiting from the silicone cushion and the silicone sheeting were similar with respect to reduction in tenderness (36.3% vs 33.3%), itching (45.5% vs 33.3%), and redness (0.1% vs 0.1%), and in the degree of softening (45.5 vs 25.0%). conclusions. Both the silicone gel cushion and the silicone gel sheeting treatments were effective in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars, although no statistically significant differences were found between the two treatment modalities.
Connectionist Architectures for Multi-Speaker Phoneme Recognition

We present a number of Time-Delay Neural Network (TDNN) based architectures for multi-speaker phoneme recognition (/b,d,g/ task). We use speech of two females and four males to compare the performance of the various architectures against a baseline recognition rate of 95.9% for a single IDNN on the six-speaker /b,d,g/ task. This series of modular designs leads to a highly modular multi-network architecture capable of performing the six-speaker recognition task at the speaker dependent rate of 98.4%. In addition to its high recognition rate, the so-called "Meta-Pi" architecture learns - without direct supervision - to recognize the speech of one particular male speaker using internal models of other male speakers exclusively.
New Locality for the Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey

The authors found a small number of yellow-tailed woolly monkeys in a part of Peru 200 kilometres from where in 1974 the species was ‘rediscovered’ (having been believed extinct). As the area is also the home of a number of endemic Peruvian birds, they suggest it may have been a refugium in the late Pleistocene and should be both protected and explored for other possible undescribed species.
Fluorescence lidar detection with shot noise and sky radiance

Rank annihilation-factor analysis is potentially the best method of analyzing fluorescence lidar returns because of the following capability. Rank annihilation can recognize a fluorescence signal of a component that is hidden by a large fluorescence background without a spectrum of that background. Theoretical models were developed to analyze the effectiveness of rank annihilation-factor analysis in the interpretation of lidar returns. Interferents such as background fluorescence, photon-counting noise, sky radiance, and atmospheric extinction degraded the lidar-return spectra in numerical simulations. The rank annihilation-factor analysis detection algorithm was most severely biased by the combination of photon-counting noise and sky radiance. Rank annihilation calculations were also compared with calculations done by two other detection algorithms: finding peak wavelengths and the least-squares technique. Rank annihilation is better than both techniques.
A Comparison of the performance of 5-year-old children with typical development using iconic encoding in AAC systems with and without icon prediction on a fixed display

Iconic encoding, or the use of a sequence of icons to retrieve a word or phrase from augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technologies, has previously been shown to be challenging for young children to learn to use. It is possible that the use of icon prediction may facilitate learning in such systems by providing additional visual cues. The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of using icon prediction on the performance of 5-year-old children with typical development who were learning to locate and generalize vocabulary prestored in AAC technologies using iconic encoding. Twenty 5-year-old children were introduced to 30 vocabulary items and asked to locate them using iconic encoding during four learning and testing sessions. Ten of the children completed this task without iconic prediction, and 10 completed the task with icon prediction. They were also asked to locate an additional 30 vocabulary items, not previously introduced, during one generalization session. The results ...
Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanic Youth (SASH-Y): A Preliminary Report

A short, self-report acculturation scale designedfor use with Hispanic youth is presented. The ShortAcculturation Scalefor Hispanic Youth (SASH-Y) is a downward extension of the ShortAcculturation Scale for Hispanics, an existing acculturation scale for Hispanic adults. Initial normative data as well as internal consistency and split-half reliabilities for the SASH-Y are provided. An exploratory factor analysis conducted on scores reported by 141 Hispanic youth in Grades 5 through 8 resulted in three factors labeled Extrafamilial Language Use, Familial Language Use, and Ethnic Social Relations. Implications for using the SASH-Y in psychoeducational assessment batteries are discussed. Language: en
Fractures of the proximal femur: correlates of radiological evidence of osteoporosis

Fractures of the proximal femur are common sequelae of osteoporosis, and are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in elderly patients worldwide. Plain film radiographic assessment methods to assess for fracture risk may be of particular value. The authors present the results of biomechanical testing, radiographic imaging, and histologic exam of 20 embalmed human bone specimens, with implications for clinical correlation of radiologic findings. Authors assessed bone architecture using the Singh Index, using a blinded 3-rater system to reduce bias and measure intra-observer reliability. After loading to failure with ultimate tensile strength (UTS), bone specimens were assessed by fracture location type and by trabecular bone volume (TBV). Singh scoring was performed with Inter-Class Correlation of 0.80 (F=0.24, by ICC Portney Model 2). A statistically-significant difference among the UTS distributions was noted for UTS by Fracture Site (F=4.49, p=0.026, by ANOVA). No significant association of Singh Index with TBV, or TBV with UTS, was observed, although a trend toward greater UTS with higher Singh grade was observed. The authors propose that the Singh Index is a valuable and reliable indicator which may reflect structural integrity in trabecular bone. Fracture site along the femur is associated with tensile strength. The authors, in the light of these findings, address the promise and potential impact of prophylactic hip augmentation in populations at risk for femoral neck pathology.
Submilliwatt thermo-optic switches using free-standing silicon-on-insulator strip waveguides.

A low power Mach-Zehnder interferometer thermo-optic switch using free-standing silicon-on-insulator strip waveguides is demonstrated. The air gap provides thermal isolation between the waveguide interferometer arms and the underlying silicon substrate. The highly confined optical modes of the strip waveguides enable miniature heated cross-sections. The heating efficiency from on-chip resistive heaters is enhanced. Measurements of fabricated devices using 100 μm arm lengths at 1550 nm wavelength result in a switching power of 540 μW, a 10% - 90% switching rise time of 141 μs, and an extinction ratio of 25 dB.
Who's my daddy?: an approach to decentralized information architecture

INTRODUCTION Structured navigation is extremely important for supporting users’ information-seeking tasks and understanding of online information spaces [1]. In a centralized environment, information architects (IAs) can provide such support by developing organization and navigation systems using standard techniques [2]. However, decentralized information sytems are becoming more prevalent due to improved content management tools and their potential advantages, such as greater flexibility and reduced costs [3].
Cerebral Hypoxia during Repetitive Seizures

Cerebral oxygenation was investigated during experimentally-induced status epilepticus to determine whether O2 supply is always sufficient to meet demand. Early in a series of seizures, cerebral oxygenation increased phasically in association with paroxysmal electrocortical activity. During later seizures, cerebral oxygenation decreased phasically, accompanied by attenuation of increases in cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and arterial blood pressure. The seizure-associated cerebral hypoxia occurred in many experiments without any changes in arterial PO2. Ventilation of the animal with 100% O2 restored the phasic increases in cerebral oxygenation, probably by restoring increases in cerebral blood flow. Systemic complications of status epilepticus (e.g., pulmonary edema) also can profoundly decrease cerebral oxygenation. An important remaining question is whether the cerebral hypoxia accompanying later seizures contributes to the neuronal damage following prolonged status epilepticus.
Nonoxide Ceramics, Creep and Creep Rupture of: Silicon Nitrides and Silicon Carbides

Covalently bonded Si 3 N 4 and SiC are among the most creep resistant of commercial ceramics, with the latter receiving attention because of its potential for use on nuclear applications. Because microstructures that result from processing determine their creep behavior, this article emphasizes the relationships between creep resistance and processing. Supporting reportage of the fundamentals of creep processes in Si 3 N 4 and SiC ceramics can be found in the reference work by Ramirez-Rico and Martinez-Fernandez (2014).
Perspectives from the Field: Environmental Policy and Mergers in Toxic-Intensive Sectors

With the recent rise in merger and acquisition activities among polluting firms, a rigorous study of the complex relationship between environmental variables and merger incentives is very important...
Determination of three preservatives and two sweeteners in grape wine by HPLC

A HPLC method for determination of three preservatives(benzoic acid, sorbic acid d ehydroacetic acid) and two sweeteners(acesulfame potassium and L-asparty-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) in grape wine was developed. After removal of ethanol, samples were treated with zinc acetate and potassium ferrocyanide, separated on a C18column using gradient elution of 0.02 mol/L methyl alcohol and ammonium acetate with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, sample loading 20 μL, detection wavelength 230 nm and 205 nm. Under the condition, all the five components were separated completely with a good linear relationship. The standard recovery rate was in the range of 87.3%~110.0%, and the relative standard deviation was 0.5%~3.6%.
Survey on the smoking and tobacco-control status in troops

Objective To investigate the present status of smoking and tobacco-control in troops, and to provide scientific basis for developing health education. Methods A total of 1186 soldiers from six troops were selected to undergo a survey with cluster sampling. Results The overall current smoking prevalence was 34.0%,the smoking percent of soldiers increased along with length of military service,and decreased along with cultural level,the rate of smoking cessation was 21.3%,and 52.9% soldiers had quit intention. In addition to a few kinds of diseases,the knowing rate of diseases caused by smoking and passive smoking of soldiers was not ideal.Although the troops had smoking control system, but lacking tobacco control advocacy. Conclusion The military medical personnel should strengthen the publicity and education of tobacco control to decrease the smoking rate.
The Primary Effects of Secondary Rules: Institutions and Multi-level Governance

Ku and Diehl’s chapter broadens the traditional conception of secondary rules, defining the international legal system as composed of operating and normative subsystems respectively. Three sets of mechanisms by which secondary rules influence primary rules are examined: (1) configuring institutional frameworks, (2) enhancing the credible commitment of new primary rules, and (3) institutions directly or indirectly making normative law. The conclusions are that secondary rules play important roles in each of these areas. A consistent theme is that the operating system can reduce uncertainty and fill gaps in the existing governance structures. There, secondary rules promote efficiency and coherence in the law. There are, however, instances in which such rules complicate matters, as in several cases lawmaking might be stifled and governance not promoted.
Évaluation départementale des délais de reperfusion des syndromes coronariens aigus avec élévation du segment ST en fonction de la filière de recours aux soins

Resume Introduction Le syndrome coronarien aigu ST+ (SCA ST+) reste une cause de morbi-mortalite importante en France, directement correlee au delai de prise en charge du patient et a la precocite de la revascularisation. Or le delai de reperfusion est lie au parcours du patient jusqu’a la revascularisation. Methodes Pour evaluer les pratiques departementales, nous avons realise une etude retrospective, monocentrique sur les SCA ST+ pris en charge sur quatre annees (2008–2011) au CHD de La Roche-sur-Yon en comparant les delais de reperfusion dans deux groupes : les patients ayant emprunte la filiere recommandee = filiere Directe (Appel 15->Smur->coronarographie ou soins intensifs) et les patients ayant emprunte une autre filiere = filiere Longue. Resultats Sur 838 patients ayant presente un SCA ST+, 356 (soit 42,5 %) ont emprunte la filiere recommandee. Le delai moyen de reperfusion dans le groupe filiere Directe est de 4,28 heures (± 3,12) alors qu’il est de 6,17 heures (± 4,82) dans le groupe filiere Longue. Il y a une difference significative de 1,9 heures (p Conclusion Ces resultats doivent conduire a une amelioration des pratiques, une poursuite de la formation medicale continue aupres de tous les intervenants de la filiere et a une information des patients pour raccourcir au maximum les delais de reperfusion.
Biochemical correlates of the increase in blood pressure with age.

1. Blood pressure, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, urinary noradrenaline during sleep (UNA-S) and several estimates of sodium intake were determined in 379 normotensive subjects (age 13–70) to investigate the relationship of these variables to blood pressure. 2. Blood pressure was correlated with age, weight, plasma renin activity UNA-S, and estimates of sodium intake. These variables were frequently intercorrelated. 3. Multiple-correlation analysis revealed that after removal of the effects of age, blood pressure was related to weight, plasma renin activity, UNA-S and estimates of sodium intake. 4. However, multiple-regression analysis failed to demonstrate an effect of plasma renin activity, UNA-S, or estimates of sodium intake on blood pressure when the effects of age, weight, race and sex were removed. 5. Careful matching of subjects by age, weight, race and sex in studies of blood pressure and biochemical factors in normal subjects is crucial to proper interpretation of such data.
The Design of a Modern Information Technology Infrastructure to Facilitate Research-to-Operations Transition for NCEP’s Modeling Suites

AbstractNOAA/NCEP runs a number of numerical weather prediction (NWP) modeling suites to provide operational guidance to the National Weather Service field offices and service centers. A sophisticated infrastructure, which includes a complex set of software tools, is required to facilitate running these NWP suites. This infrastructure needs to be maintained and upgraded so that continued improvements in forecast accuracy can be achieved. This contribution describes the design of a robust NWP Information Technology Environment (NITE) to support and accelerate the transition of innovations to NOAA operational modeling suites.Through consultation with and at the request of the NOAA NCEP Environmental Modeling Center, a survey of segments of the national NWP community, and a review of selected aspects of the computational infrastructure of several modeling centers was conducted, which led to the following elements being considered as key for NITE: data management, source code management and build systems, sui...
Silicon-Integrated High-Density Electrocortical Interfaces

Recent demand and initiatives in brain research have driven significant interest toward developing chronically implantable neural interface systems with high spatiotemporal resolution and spatial coverage extending to the whole brain. Electroencephalography-based systems are noninvasive and cost efficient in monitoring neural activity across the brain, but suffer from fundamental limitations in spatiotemporal resolution. On the other hand, neural spike and local field potential (LFP) monitoring with penetrating electrodes offer higher resolution, but are highly invasive and inadequate for long-term use in humans due to unreliability in long-term data recording and risk for infection and inflammation. Alternatively, electrocorticography (ECoG) promises a minimally invasive, chronically implantable neural interface with resolution and spatial coverage capabilities that, with future technology scaling, may meet the needs of recently proposed brain initiatives. In this paper, we discuss the challenges and state-of-the-art technologies that are enabling next-generation fully implantable high-density ECoG interfaces, including details on electrodes, data acquisition front-ends, stimulation drivers, and circuits and antennas for wireless communications and power delivery. Along with state-of-the-art implantable ECoG interface systems, we introduce a modular ECoG system concept based on a fully encapsulated neural interfacing acquisition chip (ENIAC). Multiple ENIACs can be placed across the cortical surface, enabling dense coverage over wide area with high spatiotemporal resolution. The circuit and system level details of ENIAC are presented, along with measurement results.
Professional Attitudes toward Parents

Our understanding of autism, its causes and treatments, is still far from complete, although much has been learned about the syndrome Kanner first identified 40 years ago. There is no single aspect of our knowledge developed during this period that is more far-reaching and important to the effective and humane treatment of autistic people than the change in attitude toward their parents.
Attenuation of thrombosis and bacterial infection using dual function nitric oxide releasing central venous catheters in a 9day rabbit model.

Abstract Two major problems with implanted catheters are clotting and infection. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous vasodilator as well as natural inhibitor of platelet adhesion/activation and an antimicrobial agent, and NO-releasing polymers are expected to have similar properties. Here, NO-releasing central venous catheters (CVCs) are fabricated using Elast-eon™ E2As polymer with both diazeniumdiolated dibutylhexanediamine (DBHD/NONO) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) additives, where the NO release can be modulated and optimized via the hydrolysis rate of the PLGA. It is observed that using a 10% w/w additive of a PLGA with ester end group provides the most controlled NO release from the CVCs over a 14 d period. The optimized DBHD/NONO-based catheters are non-hemolytic (hemolytic index of 0%) and noncytotoxic (grade 0). After 9 d of catheter implantation in the jugular veins of rabbits, the NO-releasing CVCs have a significantly reduced thrombus area (7 times smaller) and a 95% reduction in bacterial adhesion. These results show the promise of DBHD/NONO-based NO releasing materials as a solution to achieve extended NO release for longer term prevention of clotting and infection associated with intravascular catheters. Statement of Significance Clotting and infection are significant complications associated with central venous catheters (CVCs). While nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials have been shown to reduce platelet activation and bacterial infection in vitro and in short-term animal models, longer-term success of NO-releasing materials to further study their clinical potential has not been extensively evaluated to date. In this study, we evaluate diazeniumdiolate based NO-releasing CVCs over a 9 d period in a rabbit model. The explanted NO-releasing CVCs were found to have significantly reduced thrombus area and bacterial adhesion. These NO-releasing coatings can improve the hemocompatibility and bactericidal activity of intravascular catheters, as well as other medical devices (e.g., urinary catheters, vascular grafts).
Technology Characteristics and Concerns Arising in the Design and Fabrication of an Entire Signal Processor using Gallium Arsenide Integrated Circuits

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has, since 1980, committed considerable resources to the development of the technology base and the necessary fabrication facilities to convert digital Gallium Arsenide (Gaas) integrated circuits from a laboratory curiousity to the level of feasible demonstration in signal processors of interest to the U.S. Defense Department. This paper discusses the various GaAs transistor and gate technologies which have evolved since 1980, the strengths and deficiencies of each, and the probable uses of both the first and second generations of digital GaAs in a complex target signal processor, the AOSP. The paper also discusses the testing of GaAs components at the wafer probe, packaged part, and assembled circuit board levels, since the device speeds exceed the chip test capabilities of commercially available testers.
The Death of a Naturalist: Knowledge and Community in Late Renaissance Italy

In the spring of 1556 the sixteenth-century community of scholars engaged with natural history, one of the most exciting and rapidly evolving sciences of the century, lost one of its most important and beloved members. On May 4th of that year Luca Ghini (ca. 1490–1556), who had been the first physician to teach medicinal simples at the University of Bologna, died, leaving behind a widow and young children (Fig. 7.1). News of his death was not entirely unexpected since Ghini had been ailing for several months. They mourned the man and they commiserated with his family. Most importantly, they wondered how they could possibly replace this living repository of all the important and hard-won botanical knowledge. Ghini played a singularly authoritative role in establishing the significance of botany to sixteenth-century medicine. His death marked a turning point for this community.
Astrology in court: The Spanish Inquisition, authority, and expertise:

Astrology, its legitimacy, and the limits of its acceptable practice were debated in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe. Many of the related arguments were mediated by the work of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and the responses to it. Acknowledging the complexities of the relationship between astrological ideas and Christian teachings, this paper focuses on the Catholic debates by specifically considering the decisions about astrology taken by the Spanish Inquisition. The trials of astrologers are examined with the aim of understanding the role of experts in astrology in early modern Spain. This study brings into view the specific nature of the debate on astrology in Spain, the consequences of the actions of the Inquisition and the social control it exerted. The historical events discussed comprise a particular case and also mirror the general debates about astrology taking place in early modern Europe. The experts' opinions expressed in trials and in reports about the discipline received by the Inquisition reveal two key traits of the debate: the dispute about who had the authority to decide on the legitimacy of astrology and the disagreement about what constituted natural and judicial astrological practices. These led to different opinions about what was to be done with each defendant and about what content in their books ought to be forbidden.
A critical review of the coiled tubing friction-reducing technologies in extended-reach wells. Part 1: Lubricants

Abstract Well interventions in long lateral-reach wells, i.e., wells with laterals 10,000-ft or longer, continues to challenge the oil and gas industry around the world. Without specialized friction reduction technologies, typical-size coiled tubing (CT), such as 2- or 2 ⅜-, 2 ⅝-, or even 2 ⅞-in., has enough rigidity to transfer weights-on-bit (WOBs) to the bottom hole assembly (BHA) in only a part of the current horizontal wells. For instance, 2-in. CT could effectively intervene in about the first half of the 5 ½-in. completed laterals. Increasing the CT diameter or rotating the CT, entirely or partially, remain theoretical options to improve reach. However, larger-diameter CT creates logistical challenges with onshore road transport and offshore crane-lifting/deck-loading limitations. Also, CT rotation, similar to drill pipe rotation, is not economically practical with current CT technologies. Technologies such as lubricants, vibratory and tractor tools are traditionally used to extend the CT reach. Although fluid hammer tools and tractors have extended the CT reasonable operational range significantly, they also increase circulating pressures and operational complexity. To reach a 10,000-ft lateral, metal-on-metal lubricants are required to work with the other friction reduction technologies. However, most of the lubricants currently used for well interventions perform worse in the field than at atmospheric conditions in the laboratory. In addition, field success can depend on factors besides the lubricant's friction reduction capability, such as its synergy with the other commonly circulated brines and fluid friction reducers or its regain permeability performance. Despite a broad use of the CT lubricants and their importance for the predictability and success of the well interventions in extended-reach wells, reliable and consistent field validation studies of their friction reduction capabilities are rare. Field performance data are mostly anecdotal or proprietary. In addition, there was no available literature review of the knowledge gained to date. Thus, a critical review of studies addressing the CT lubricants and scientific demonstrations of their field performance will indicate the challenges and limitations currently encountered in the field. This will hopefully trigger further research and development and best field practices for CT lubricants and well intervention operations in extended-reach wells.
Ramanujan’s Formula for ζ(2n + 1)

Ramanujan made many beautiful and elegant discoveries in his short life of 32 years, and one of them that has attracted the attention of several mathematicians over the years is his intriguing formula for ζ(2n + 1). To be sure, Ramanujan’s formula does not possess the elegance of Euler’s formula for ζ(2n), nor does it provide direct arithmetical information. But, one of the goals of this survey is to convince readers that it is indeed a remarkable formula. In particular, we discuss the history of Ramanujan’s formula, its connection to modular forms, as well as the remarkable properties of the associated polynomials. We also indicate analogues, generalizations and opportunities for further research.
One Out of 50 Million

This vignette reminds physical education teachers why what they do every day is so important, even when they do not feel valued and gratitude is scarce.
Juvenile Murderers and 'National Consensus'

The United States Supreme Court has made a number of important rulings in the past decade concerning how juveniles are punished for serious offenses. In 2005, the Court held that sentencing juvenile offenders to death is unconstitutional. In 2010, it held that sentencing juveniles convicted of non-homicide offenses to life in prison without parole (LWOP) is unconstitutional. In 2012, the Court held that mandatory LWOP sentences for juvenile murderers is unconstitutional, and just this past year it held that this latter ruling applies retroactively to previously-sentenced juveniles. Notably, the Court left open the question of whether non-mandatory LWOP for juvenile murderers is an acceptable punishment. This issue could be considered by the Court in the near future.
Growth of rare-earth doped single crystal yttrium aluminum garnet fibers

Rare-earth doped single crystal (SC) yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) fibers have great potential as high-power laser gain media. SC fibers combine the superior material properties of crystals with the advantages of a fiber geometry. Improving processing techniques, growth of low-loss YAG SC fibers have been reported. A low-cost technique that allows for the growth of optical quality Ho:YAG single crystal (SC) fibers with different dopant concentrations have been developed and discussed. This technique is a low-cost sol-gel based method which offers greater flexibility in terms of dopant concentration. Self-segregation of Nd ions in YAG SC fibers have been observed. Such a phenomenon can be utilized to fabricate monolithic SC fibers with graded index.
Single-lipid tracking on nanoscale membrane buds: The effects of curvature on lipid diffusion and sorting.

Abstract Nanoscale membrane curvature in cells is critical for endocytosis/exocytosis and membrane trafficking. However, the biophysical ramifications of nanoscale membrane curvature on the behavior of lipids remain poorly understood. Here, we created an experimental model system of membrane curvature at a physiologically-relevant scale and obtained nanoscopic information on single-lipid distributions and dynamics. Supported lipid bilayers were created over 50 and 70 nm radius nanoparticles to create membrane buds. Single-molecule localization microscopy was performed with diverse mixtures of fluorescent and non-fluorescent lipids. Variations in lipid acyl tales length, saturation, head-group, and fluorescent labeling strategy were tested while maintaining a single fluid lipid phase throughout the membrane. Monte Carlo simulations were used to fit our experimental results and quantify the effects of curvature on the lipid diffusion and sorting. Whereas varying the composition of the non-fluorescent lipids yielded minimal changes to the curvature effects, the labeling strategy of the fluorescent lipids yielded highly varying effects of curvature. Most conditions yield single-population Brownian diffusion throughout the membrane; however, curvature-induced lipid sorting, slowing, and aggregation were observed in some conditions. Head-group labeled lipids such as DPPE-Texas Red and POPE-Rhodamine diffused >2.4× slower on the curved vs. the planar membranes; tail-labeled lipids such as NBD-PPC, TopFluor-PPC, and TopFluor-PIP2, as well as DiIC12 and DiIC18 displayed no significant changes in diffusion due to the membrane curvature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emergence of Complex Behavior in Biomembranes edited by Marjorie Longo.
Wnt Signaling in Cancer: From Embryogenesis to Stem Cell Self-Renewal

Over the years, the role of the Wingless-int (Wnt) signaling pathway during embryogenesis has been the focus of many researchers, its role being fundamental for physiological organogenesis. More recently, during adulthood, the Wnt signaling pathway has been found to be involved in the regulation of a myriad of cellular processes, including cellular motility, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. It is therefore unsurprising that when this pathway becomes aberrant through anomalous regulation that cancer ensues. Indeed, this developmental pathway has been involved in cancers of the blood, thyroid, breast, lung, prostate, and colon. Key is the role that Wnt signaling plays in the regulation of stem cell fates, all within tightly regulated “niches.” Careful dissection of the various mechanisms controlling this pathway and the subsequent understanding of their functional significance during tissue homeostasis; how it affects stem cells and how it may contribute to carcinogenesis will result in new molecular-based disease markers and novel therapeutic agents to specifically target these diseases.