cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contribution of the tibial tubercle to patellar instability: analysis of tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) and tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distances

The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability of measuring the tibial tubercle to posterior cruciate (TT-PCL) distance compared to the tibial tubercle to trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), establish baseline TT-PCL values in patellar instability patients, and determine the predictive value of an excessive TT-PCL distance (≥24 mm) for recurrent patellar instability compared to a TT-TG distance ≥20 mm. TT-TG and TT-PCL distances were calculated on MRI in a randomized and blinded fashion by two reviewers on 54 patients (59 knees) with patellar instability. Interobserver reliability was assessed using interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). TT-PCL distances were also assessed to establish mean values in patellar instability patients. The ability of excessive TT-PCL and TT-TG distances to predict recurrent instability was assessed by comparing odds ratios, sensitivities, and specificities. Interobserver reliability was excellent for both TT-TG (ICC = 0.978) and TT-PCL (ICC = 0.932). The mean TT-PCL in these 59 knees was 21.7 mm (standard deviation 4.1 mm). Twelve (20 %) of 59 knees had a single dislocation, and 47 (80 %) exhibited 2 or more dislocations. The odds ratios, sensitivities, and specificities of a TT-TG distance ≥20 mm for identifying patients with recurrent dislocation were 5.38, 0.213, and 1.0, respectively, while those of a TT-PCL distance ≥24 mm were 1.46, 0.298, and 0.583, respectively. Of the 10 knees with a TT-TG distance ≥20 mm, all 10 (100 %) had recurrent instability, while 14 (73.7 %) of the 19 knees with a TT-PCL ≥24 mm experienced multiple dislocations (n.s.). Both TT-PCL and TT-TG can be measured on MRI with excellent interobserver reliability. In this series, the mean TT-PCL value in patients with patellar instability was 21.8 mm, but the range was broad. A TT-PCL distance ≥24 mm was found to be less predictive of recurrent instability in this series. For patients experiencing multiple episodes of patellar instability in the setting of a normal TT-TG distance, obtaining the TT-PCL measurement may provide a more focused assessment of the tibial contribution to tubercle lateralization. III.
The presence of the sex binding globulin in amniotic fluid.

Abstract A sex binding globulin (SBG) has been found in amniotic fluid that binds both estradiol and testosterone. Evidence for the presence of the globulin was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The binding affinity of this globulin was studied in 21 normal amniotic fluids. Little correlation is shown to exist between binding affinity levels as they relate to total protein and fetal sex.
Protective efficacy of recombinant urease B and aluminum hydroxide against Helicobacter pylori infection in a mouse model

Efforts are underway for the development of an effective vaccine against Helicobacter pylori infection. We prepared recombinant full-length (568 aa) H. pylori recombinant urease B (rUreB) protein and tested it for immunogenicity and protection. BALB/c mice received either rUreB (40 μg) plus CpG (10 μg) intranasally, rUreB (50 μg) plus 3% aluminum hydroxide (50 μL) intramuscularly or rUreB (25 μg) plus Freund's adjuvant (25 μL) subcutaneously, three times (weeks 0, 2 and 6). Intranasal rUreB plus CpG was neither immunogenic nor protective; intramuscular rUreB plus aluminum hydroxide was immunogenic and modestly protective, and subcutaneous rUreB plus Freund's adjuvant was immunogenic and highly protective. The fact that protection was improved with Freund's adjuvant indicates that rUreB is a good antigen for a vaccine but that it needs a stronger adjuvant than aluminum hydroxide.
IgM in the kidney: a multiple personality disorder

IgM in the blood of normal individuals consists mainly of ‘natural' polyreactive antibodies. Natural IgM is thought to provide an initial defense against infection and to promote the healing of wounded cells. Yet, as Panzer and colleagues show, these benefits can be eclipsed when the IgM binds to damaged cells of the glomerulus, activating complement. IgM in glomeruli thus signifies cellular damage and may warn that the pace of that damage exceeds the capacity for repair.
Recognition of chatter with neural networks

Abstract Chatter deteriorates surface finish, reduces tool life, and damages machine tools. A chatter development prediction procedure is proposed for the cylindrical turning of long slender bars. The procedure uses two synthetically trained neural networks to recognize the harmonic acceleration signals and their frequency, and based on these observations, the future vibration characteristics of the system are estimated. The developed neural networks are capable of identifying 98% of the harmonic signals with over 90% certainty and estimate their frequencies with less than ±5% error from very short data sequences (only 11 sampled points). The accuracy of the neural networks is equivalent to time domain time series method based approaches; however, the proposed procedure can be implemented very quickly by using commercially available neural network hardware and software, and can use the new neural network chips to make the estimations very quickly by using parallel processors. The validity of the chatter prediction procedure is also demonstrated on the experimental data.
A Brief Review of Effective Teaching Practices That Maximize Student Engagement

What teachers do and how students perform intersect, making teachers a critical factor for determining student success. When teachers use effective practices, they maximize the probability that students will be actively engaged in instruction. Student engagement is one of the most well-established predictors of achievement; when students are more engaged in academic instruction, they tend to have greater academic and social success. This article aims to review empirical literature in support of three evidence-based practices for maximizing student success. These practices include modeling desired academic and social behavior, providing opportunities to respond to curricular content, and providing academic and behavioral feedback.
Temperature Effects on Lymphocyte Transformation In Vitro

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of normal rat peripheral lymphocytes has been studied at a wide range of culture temperatures (4d`C to 42d`C). Lymphocyte transformation was maximum at 37d`C while insignificant stimulation was observed between 4d`C and 30d`C. Temperatures above 37d`C produced sub-optimal transformation as measured by synthesis of DNA and protein, and appearance of lymphoblasts. Binding studies using 125I-PHA indicate that the low temperature inhibition of lymphocyte transformation could be a result of excess lectin (being available as a result of low temperature) bound to the cell surface, preventing the initiation of the molecular events associated with transformation.
The effect of SFAS 131 on the stock market’s ability to predict industry‐wide and firm‐specific components of future earnings

This study examines the impact of SFAS 131 on the extent to which stock prices incorporate industry-wide and firm-specific components of future earnings. By decomposing earnings into industry-wide and firm-specific components, this paper finds that the firms that aggregated segments under the old rule experience significant acceleration in the incorporation of future earnings into current stock prices upon adoption of SFAS 131. However, the acceleration of future earnings is mostly driven by the improved incorporation of industry-wide components of future earnings, which indicates the market’s ability to predict firm-specific components is not significantly changed. Supplemental analysis suggests that the reduced geographic earnings information is one possible reason for lack of improvement in incorporating firm-specific earnings into price.
Influence of cyclic fatigue on the mechanical properties of amorphous polycarbonate

Abstract Changes in the mechanical properties of amorphous polycarbonate during the fatigue failure initiation stage lead to overall embrittlement of the polymer. The results indicate that the fracture toughness of the material can be reduced by ∼ 35% without visible damage. The ‘static’ mechanical characteristics, such as yield stress and strain and absorbed energy, are influenced very modestly by the cyclic fatigue. The observations are explained by the presence of a small number of nanometre-sized voids or ‘protocrazes’, detected by transmission and scanning electron microscopy measurements. It is shown that physical ageing and fatigue loading affect the structural state of the polymer differently despite similar effects on the macroscopic mechanical properties.
Potential non-target risks from strychnine-containing rodent carcasses

Abstract Underground strychnine baiting is a common technique used to suppress pocket gopher ( Thomomys sp.) populations until seedlings are established. Non-target risks from underground baiting can still occur if strychnine-baited animals die aboveground. Accordingly, the fate of strychnine-baited carcasses of four small mammal species, Thomomys , Mus , Microtus , and Peromyscus , were documented during four trials on the Rogue River National Forest. We found no difference among species and type of damage, either insect or predator, during the four trials. However, survival differed between species in two trials where fewer Thomomys carcasses survived until completion of the study. We also examined the risk to tertiary non-targets from insects collected at the sites. Strychnine concentration among insect groups from treated carcasses differed with Diptera larvae and ants consistently containing higher concentrations. Even with high strychnine concentrations (0.2756 μg/g), risk assessments showed negligible tertiary risks from consuming strychnine-laced insects.
Association of Alcohol Use Biomarkers and Cognitive Performance in Veterans with Problematic Alcohol Use and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Data from the Mind Your Heart Study

The authors conducted a study of alcohol use biomarkers and cognitive performance among 85 veterans with problematic alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). All analyses were adjusted for demographics, depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase were associated with worse performance on the Trail Making Test Part A and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Two other biomarkers were not associated with any neurocognitive measures. Indirect alcohol use biomarkers (e.g., aspartate aminotransferase) may have a specific role in identifying veterans with problematic alcohol use and PTSD who show a change in psychomotor speed and immediate verbal memory performance.
Migration and development in China: trends, geography and current issues

China’s recent meteoric rise in the global economy is closely related to the strength of its manufacturing sector, which is heavily dependent on cheap migrant labor. This paper analyzes China’s recent migration trends, spatial pattern and their relationship with China’s economic strategy. Internal migration in China is special in that it is heavily controlled and regulated by the hukou (household registration) system. The system enables the country to create a massive exploitable migrant labor force that makes China’s industry highly competitive in the global economy. The paper explains how the system works and distils the complex population and migration statistics to present a relatively complete picture of migration over time and space, including the latest changes. Special focus is on analyzing ‘rural migrant labor’, which has constituted the most important human cog powering the China economic engine. Long-distance, interprovincial migration is also studied in the context of the changes in the region...
Differential effects of metal ligands on synaptic membrane glutamate binding and uptake systems

The high affinity, Na+-independentl-[3H]glutamate binding process in synaptic membranes and in the purified binding protein was shown to be inhibited to an almost equal extent by the metal ligands NaN3, KCN, ando-phenanthroline, and by 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (6-OH DOPA). The high affinity, Na+-dependent glutamate transport activity in these membranes was almost totally insensitive to NaN3,o-phenanthroline, KCN, and 6-OH DOPA. These agents, especially 6-OH DOPA, may be useful tools in achieving a discrimination between putative physiologic receptors and uptake carrier sites forl-glutamate in synaptic membranes. The sensitivity of the glutamate binding sites to the effects of the metal ligands may be correlated to the presence of an iron-sulfur center in the purified glutamate binding protein. Some of the characteristics of this metallic center were explored by optical and paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques and are described in this study.
Development of differential response spectra for lifeline seismic analysis

Abstract An important consideration in the seismic analysis and design of long lifelines is the differential ground motion at their supports, which may induce significant stresses and strains in the structure. Presented herein are empirical, closed from expressions of differential ground motions. These expressions are approximations of the analytical results obtained by Zerva et al.1 and depend on a few parameters that vary with separation distance. The empirical approximations, and the results of the analytical model are used as input motions in the evaluation of the dynamic response of a specific lifeline system. Axial and transverse (horizontal and vertical) motions are considered. The results of the analysis indicate that simplified expressions, such as the empirical approximations presented herein, may adequately describe the effect of differential ground motions on lifelines. Finally, the differential response spectrum, namely the variation of the maximum differential displacement in a pipeline with the natural frequency of the system, is introduced.
Stoichiometric flexibility in diverse aquatic heterotrophic bacteria is coupled to differences in cellular phosphorus quotas

It is frequently presumed that heterotrophic bacteria from aquatic environments have low carbon (C) content, high phosphorus (P) content, and maintain homeostasis at low C:P in their biomass. Dissolved and particulate organic matter from primary producers in terrestrial and aquatic environments typically has high C:P ratios, suggesting that heterotrophic bacteria consuming this resource experience stoichiometric imbalance in C and P. The strength of elemental homeostasis is important for understanding how heterotrophic bacteria couple C and P cycles in response to environmental change, yet these generalizations are based upon data from only a few species that might not represent the physiology of bacteria in freshwaters. However, recent research has indicated that some strains of bacteria isolated from freshwaters have flexible C:P stoichiometry and can acclimate to changes in resource C:P. Although it is apparent that strains differ in their biomass C:P and flexibility, the basis for these characteristics has not been explained. We evaluated biomass C:P homeostasis in 24 strains of bacteria isolated from temperate lakes using a uniform relative growth rate in chemostats. Overall, the strains exhibited a range of homeostatic regulation from strong homeostasis to highly flexible biomass stoichiometry, but strains that were isolated using P-rich media formulations were more homeostatic than strains isolated using P-poor media. Strains exhibiting homeostatic biomass C:P had high cellular C and P content and showed little morphological change between C and P limitation. In contrast, stoichiometrically flexible strains had low P quotas and increased their C quotas and cell size under P limitation. Because stoichiometric flexibility is closely coupled to absolute P content in bacteria, anthropogenic inputs of P could lead to prevalence of more homeostatic bacteria, reducing the ability of natural assemblages to buffer changes in the availability of P and organic C.
The importance of delineating networks by activity type in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Cedar Key, Florida

Network analysis has proved to be a valuable tool for studying the behavioural patterns of complex social animals. Often such studies either do not distinguish between different behavioural states of the organisms or simply focus attention on a single behavioural state to the exclusion of all others. In either of these approaches it is impossible to ascertain how the behavioural patterns of individuals depend on the type of activity they are engaged in. Here we report on a network-based analysis of the behavioural associations in a population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Cedar Key, Florida. We consider three distinct behavioural states—socializing, travelling and foraging—and analyse the association networks corresponding to each activity. Moreover, in constructing the different activity networks we do not simply record a spatial association between two individuals as being either present or absent, but rather quantify the degree of any association, thus allowing us to construct weighted networks describing each activity. The results of these weighted activity networks indicate that networks can reveal detailed patterns of bottlenose dolphins at the population level; dolphins socialize in large groups with preferential associations; travel in small groups with preferential associates; and spread out to forage in very small, weakly connected groups. There is some overlap in the socialize and travel networks but little overlap between the forage and other networks. This indicates that the social bonds maintained in other activities are less important as they forage on dispersed, solitary prey. The overall network, not sorted by activity, does not accurately represent any of these patterns.
Intermediate in SV40 DNA Chain Growth

PREVIOUS studies of the DNA replication of simian virus 40 (SV40), an oncogenic member of the papoyavirus group, have been concerned with separation and characterization of replicative intermediates1–4. Circular replicating intermediates have been identified for SV401–3, as well as for the similar replication system of polyoma viral DNA5,6. The replicative intermediates of SV40 DNA have been observed by electron microscopy to contain two forks, three branches and no free ends1–3 as is the case for the circular replicating molecules of polyoma, bacteriophage λ7, Escherichia coli8, and colicin E1 in mini-cells9,10. An important property of replicative intermediates of SV40 DNA that has also been observed in replicating molecules of colicin E110 is that most molecules contain a superhelical region in the unreplicated portion of the molecule1.
THE USE OF PARTICIPATIVE MECHANISMS BY LARGE US CITIES

: This paper presents an empirical examination of the mechanisms by which cities attempt to increase citizen participation in municipal government. The incidence of four types of citizen mechanisms, open government, information gathering, neighborhood environment, and coproduction, is assessed in US cities of population greater than 100,000. Patterns of citizen participation are probed and an overall ranking of cities in terms of the participative environment they foster is developed. The existence of a participative environment is found to be associated with city efforts to attract or retain middle class residents. The theoretical meaning of this relation is explored.
Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP–dependent transporters

Chemotherapeutics are the most effective treatment for metastatic tumours. However, the ability of cancer cells to become simultaneously resistant to different drugs--a trait known as multidrug resistance--remains a significant impediment to successful chemotherapy. Three decades of multidrug-resistance research have identified a myriad of ways in which cancer cells can elude chemotherapy, and it has become apparent that resistance exists against every effective drug, even our newest agents. Therefore, the ability to predict and circumvent drug resistance is likely to improve chemotherapy.
A flavor panel study of the application of monosodium glutamate to the flavor of pharmaceutical products

The value of using a small trained taste panel to define flavor problems is pointed out by a study of the effectiveness of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in improving the flavor of various fluid pharmaceutical products. The addition of monosodium glutamate appeared to reduce metallicness in iron-containing liquids, fish oil aroma in cod liver oil, and aftertaste and bitterness in a variety of preparations. Particular attention was paid to bitter taste which exemplifies a prominent taste factor often needing correction. An analytical panel method for evaluating the effect of MSG on the intensity and duration of bitter is given.
Oxide thickness dependence of hole trap generation in MOS structures under high-field electron injection

Abstract Hole trapping in the gate oxide of MOS devices causes instabilities of device parameters and serious reliability problems in MOS transistors and memories. In this work, hole traps, generated by high-field electron injection, are studied in thermal oxides in the thickness range below 10 nm. PMOS transistors, after various doses of positive and negative FN injection and post-stress annealing are subjected to substrate hot hole injection to investigate hole trapping kinetics. Parameters of hole traps, generated under the stress, are studied as a function of gate oxide thickness and stress dose.
Comparison of the action of types A and F botulinum toxin at the rat neuromuscular junction

Abstract Blockade of neuromuscular transmission was produced in the lower hind limb of the rat by local injection of either type A or type F botulinum toxin (BoTx). At 1, 3, 7, and 10 days after injection, the extensor digitorum longus (edl) nerve-muscle preparation was excised and analyzed for alterations in muscle mechanical properties or spontaneous and nerve stimulus-evoked quantal transmitter release. Muscles receiving type A toxin were paralyzed up to and including 7 days after injection. Muscles treated with type F toxin, although completely paralyzed at 1 and 3 days after injection, twitched in response to nerve stimulation by 7 days. Both toxins induced a marked decrease in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials, but type A did so to a greater extent. Between 1 and 3 days after toxin injection nerve impulse-evoked transmitter release was reduced in both type A- and type F-treated muscles. Evoked release was temperature sensitive in type A-treated muscles but not in those treated with type F. 3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), a compound which increases nerve-evoked transmitter release by increasing Ca2+ influx, was more effective in reversing the paralysis in type A than in type F-treated muscles, 3,4-DAP induced asynchronous end-plate potentials in response to nerve stimulation in type F-paralyzed muscles, but not in muscles treated with type A. Amidination of the amino groups (presumably lysine) on the toxin by treatment with ethylacetimidate increased the potency and efficacy of only type F BoTx. The results show that type F BoTx differs from type A, mainly by its lower potency, efficacy, shorter duration of action, and by being less effectively antagonized by 3,4-DAP.
Measurement of blood flow in the oral mucosa and skin of the rhesus monkey using radiolabelled microspheres

Fifteen micrometres radiolabelled dextran spheres were injected into three adult monkeys; after measuring reference flows, the animals were killed and biopsies were taken from skin and 15 oral mucosal regions. These were weighed, the radioactivity counted and a blood flow calculated as ml/min per 100 g tissue; the area and volume of each biopsy were also determined and blood flows re-calculated on a per area and per volume basis to determine the effect of changing the method of expressing flow. The flow to the different oral regions did not show any significant differences in rank order when expressed on these different bases. Four regions, maxillary and mandibular free gingiva and anterior and posterior dorsum of tongue, showed significantly higher blood flows than all other regions; skin showed a lower flow than the majority of oral regions and palate the lowest of all regions.
Geothermal Energy Reservoirs: ABSTRACT

The potential of a geothermal area is dependent primarily on volume and temperature of the reservoir and adequacy of fluid supply. Inadequate fluid supply may be a more common limiting factor than inadequate heat supply. Except in very porous reservoirs, most of the heat is stored in rocks rather than in pore fluids. Geothermal fields can be classified as hot-spring systems or as deep insulated reservoirs with little surface expression; gradations also exist. Hot-spring systems have high near-surface permeability, at least locally, on faults and fractures, permitting fluids to escape at high rates. Deep reservoirs with little surface expression require the presence of permeable reservoir rocks capped by insulating rocks of low permeability. Liquid water is generally the dominant fluid, but steam can form by boiling as hot water rises to levels of lower pressure. Dry steam areas probably are rare. About 30 areas in the United States have been explored for geothermal energy, but the existence of dry steam has been proved only at "The Geysers." Extensive utilization of geothermal energy therefore must depend largely on steam "flashed" from hot water with decrease in pressure. Problems that confront broad utilization of geothermal energy include: (1) discovery of reservoirs with adequate supply of energy and natural fluids; (2) deposition of CaCO3 or SiO2, (3) chemical corrosion, (4) objectionable chemicals in some effluents, and (5) inapplicability of existing public laws. The optimum environment for a geothermal reservoir includes (1) potent source of heat, such as a magma chamber; such heat sources are most likely to occur in regions of late Cenozoic volcanism; (2) reservoirs of adequate volume, permeability, and porosity; and (3) capping of rock of low permeability that inhibits convective loss of both fluids and heat. A deep well-insulated reservoir may have at least 10 times the energy content of an otherwise similar, shallow, uninsulated reservoir. End_of_Article - Last_Page 568------------
Sustaining fixed exchange rates : a model with debt and institutions

Fixed exchange rate regimes have come into disrepute, as their defense has become all but impossible. Yet, while a determined attack on a currency cannot be prevented or, ultimately, withstood, policies can reduce the vulnerability of a country to such attacks. The paper develops an analytical framework of costs and benefits of a fixed exchange rate, based on the ability of a developing country to meet its external obligations while achieving a maximum rate of long-term output growth. The focus is on how structural policies and institutions influence the degree of dependence of a country on a fixed exchange rate regime.
Selecting appropriate support for marketing decisions

Abstract Though several forms of support systems for marketing decisions have been reported in the literature, the field of marketing decision support systems (MDSS) has not yet been formalized to the extent that appropriate computer-based support can be provided for the spectrum of decisions faced by today's marketing managers. Given the wide variety of marketing decisions, it becomes imperative that a systematic approach to the selection of support mechanism for diverse decision types be employed for effective decision making. This paper proposes a framework based on the structure of decisions and nature of decision input that permits classification of marketing decisions and outlines normative support mechanisms for each decision type. This approach offers savings for operational managers and senior executives through reduction in exploratory analysis effort, improved quality of decisions, and more effective allocation of resources for MDSS development.
Positional Information Is Reprogrammed in Blastema Cells of the Regenerating Limb of the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)

The regenerating region of an amputated salamander limb, known as the blastema, has the amazing capacity to replace exactly the missing structures. By grafting cells from different stages and regions of blastemas induced to form on donor animals expressing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), to non-GFP host animals, we have determined that the cells from early stage blastemas, as well as cells at the tip of late stage blastemas are developmentally labile such that their positional identity is reprogrammed by interactions with more proximal cells with stable positional information. In contrast, cells from the adjacent, more proximal stump tissues as well as the basal region of late bud blastemas are positionally stable, and thus form ectopic limb structures when grafted. Finally, we have found that a nerve is required to maintain the blastema cells in a positionally labile state, thus indicating a role for reprogramming cues in the blastema microenvironment.
Bench-to-bedside review: The role of β-lactamases in antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative infections

Multidrug resistance has been increasing among Gram-negative bacteria and is strongly associated with the production of both chromosomal- and plasmid-encoded β-lactamases, whose number now exceeds 890. Many of the newer enzymes exhibit broad-spectrum hydrolytic activity against most classes of β-lactams. The most important plasmid-encoded β-lactamases include (a) AmpC cephalosporinases produced in high quantities, (b) the expanding families of extended-spectrum β-lactamases such as the CTX-M enzymes that can hydrolyze the advanced-spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams, and (c) carbapenemases from multiple molecular classes that are responsible for resistance to almost all β-lactams, including the carbapenems. Important plasmid-encoded carbapenemases include (a) the KPC β-lactamases originating in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and now appearing worldwide in pan-resistant Gram-negative pathogens and (b) metallo-β-lactamases that are produced in organisms with other deleterious β-lactamases, causing resistance to all β-lactams except aztreonam. β-Lactamase genes encoding these enzymes are often carried on plasmids that bear additional resistance determinants for other antibiotic classes. As a result, some infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens can now be treated with only a limited number, if any, antibiotics. Because multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is observed in both nosocomial and community isolates, eradication of these resistant strains is becoming more difficult.
Calibration and validation of a regionally and seasonally stratified macroinvertebrate index for West Virginia wadeable streams

Multimetric indices (MMIs) are routinely used by federal, state, and tribal entities to assess the quality of aquatic resources. Because of their diversity, abundance, ubiquity, and sensitivity to environmental stress, benthic macroinvertebrates are well suited for MMIs. West Virginia has used a statewide family-level stream condition index (WVSCI) since 2002. We describe the development, validation, and application of a geographically- and seasonally partitioned genus-level index of most probable stream status (GLIMPSS) for West Virginia wadeable streams. Natural classification strata were evaluated with reference site communities using mean similarity analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination. Forty-one metrics spanning six ecological categories (richness, composition, tolerance, dominance, trophic groups, and habits) were evaluated for sensitivity, responsiveness, redundancy, range and variability across seasonal (spring and summer) and regional (mountains and plateau) strata. Through a step-wise metric selection process, 8–10 metrics were aggregated to comprise four stratum-specific GLIMPSS models (mountain/plateau and spring/summer). A comparison of GLIMPSS with WVSCI exhibited marked improvements where GLIMPSS detecting greater stream impacts. A variation of the GLIMPSS, which differs only in the family-level taxonomic identification of Chironomidae (GLIMPSS (CF)), was comparable to the full GLIMPSS. These MMIs are robust yet practical tools for evaluating impacts to water quality, instream and riparian habitat, and aquatic wildlife in wadeable riffle-run streams based on sensitivity, responsiveness, precision, and independent validation. These models may be used effectively to detect degradation of the naturally occurring benthic community, assess causes of biological degradation, and plan and evaluate remediation of damaged stream ecosystems.
Sexual Reproduction and Seasonality of the Alaskan Red Tree Coral, Primnoa pacifica

The red tree coral Primnoa pacifica is an important habitat forming octocoral in North Pacific waters. Given the prominence of this species in shelf and upper slope areas of the Gulf of Alaska where fishing disturbance can be high, it may be able to sustain healthy populations through adaptive reproductive processes. This study was designed to test this hypothesis, examining reproductive mode, seasonality and fecundity in both undamaged and simulated damaged colonies over the course of 16 months using a deepwater-emerged population in Tracy Arm Fjord. Females within the population developed asynchronously, though males showed trends of synchronicity, with production of immature spermatocysts heightened in December/January and maturation of gametes in the fall months. Periodicity of individuals varied from a single year reproductive event to some individuals taking more than the 16 months sampled to produce viable gametes. Multiple stages of gametes occurred in polyps of the same colony during most sampling periods. Mean oocyte size ranged from 50 to 200 µm in any season, and maximum oocyte size (802 µm) suggests a lecithotrophic larva. No brooding larvae were found during this study, though unfertilized oocytes were found adhered to the outside of polyps, where they are presumably fertilized. This species demonstrated size-dependent reproduction, with gametes first forming in colonies over 42-cm length, and steady oocyte sizes being achieved after reaching 80-cm in length. The average fecundity was 86 (±12) total oocytes per polyp, and 17 (±12) potential per polyp fecundity. Sub-lethal injury by removing 21–40% of colony tissue had no significant reproductive response in males or females over the course of this study, except for a corresponding loss in overall colony fecundity. The reproductive patterns and long gamete generation times observed in this study indicate that recruitment events are likely to be highly sporadic in this species increasing its vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances.
Assay of a Vitamin K Preparation for Vitamin D

SummaryIt is evident, then, that, in the doses given, this preparation of Vitamin K known to be potent in the treatment of the hemorrhagic diathesis of chicks does not contain enough Vitamin D to cause healing in rachitic rats.
Trouble with Conscription, Entertaining Soldiers: Popular Culture and the Politics of Militarized Masculinity in South Korea

Gender and military studies focus on Western postconscription societies, overlooking the significance of military service to gender order in the larger society. Concerned with the military’s changi...
Governing the Internet: The Emergence of an International Regime. By Marcus Franda. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 2001. 255p. $49.95.

For many people, the Internet is simply a mass of information that arrives on their desktop through the miracle of e-mail or web browsers. The existence of reasonably efficient and intuitive interfaces, however, serves to mask the incredible complexity inherent in the establishment, growth, and maintenance of a global tangle of computer networks administered by a variety of universities, private corporations, governments, and individuals.
The roles of cesium ions in regulating photoinduced interfacial charge transfer at the n-type cadmium chalcogenide/ferrocyanide interface

Addition of Cs+ ions to electrolytes utilized with n-type cadmium chalcogenide photoanodes has previously been reported to have major effects on the stability and in some cases the electrochemical output parameters of such cells. The observed behavior has been attributed both to chemical effects occurring in the electrolyte and to semiconductor surface modification based on the adsorption of Cs+ ions. The present study evaluates the effects of Cs+ on n-CdX/ferri-ferrocyanide (X= S, Se) photo- electrochemical cells. Two effects are observed: the intercalation of Cs+ into [CdFe(CN)6]2−1− overlayers which are intrinsic to the semiconductor surface, and the specific chemisorption of Cs+ onto CdSe surfaces. The former effect is found to reorganize the overlayer microstructure allowing for enhanced interfacial charge transport, while the latter process leads to unfavorable heterogeneous charge-transfer kinetics.
Accounting and Machiavellianism

Research exploring the Machiavellian personality trait shows it is often a significant variable influencing career choice and behavior in the workplace. This study proposes a number of research questions examining the relationships between the Machiavellian trait and accountants' demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, career satisfaction and ethical ideology. Findings indicate that, in general, accountants participating in this study are significantly less Machiavellian than vocational groups participating in previous studies. However, accountants higher in the trait appear to be less satisfied with accounting as a career and tend toward a relativistic ethical stance. Findings suggest that Machiavellian behavior is not required to achieve success in the accounting profession, and the promulgation of ethical standards should sustain a high level of integrity in a profession characterized by idealism.
Molecular-Orbital Calculation of the Shape Resonance in N 2 −

The 2-eV shape resonance in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-electron scattering is calculated by a self-consistent-field energy-variational procedure. The resonance state corresponds to the attachment of an incident $d$-wave electron to the $1{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$ valence orbital of the metastable $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{g}$ state of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The resonant behavior is due to the tunnelling of the electron through a $\frac{2(2+1)}{{\mathcal{r}}^{2}}$ centrifugal barrier and temporary trapping in an attractive field. This tunnelling is reflected in the bimodal behavior of the calculated $1{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$ orbitals; the inner portion of the orbital defines the resonance state. The "potential" curve for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is calculated in the Hartree-Fock approximation; a resonance threshold of 2.5 eV is predicted, with ${R}_{e}=2.27$ a.u. and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}\ensuremath{\approx}2000$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Expected correlation-energy corrections would improve the agreement with experiment. A local potential for electron scattering is generated by inverting the $1{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$ orbital, and resonance widths are calculated. The widths vary from 0.13 eV at the equilibrium distance of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to 0.8 eV at the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ equilibrium distance.
Synthesis of non-natural ManNAc analogs for the expression of thiols on cell-surface sialic acids.

Synthesis of non-natural ManNAc analogs for the expression of thiols on cell-surface sialic acids
Utility theory conflict resolution

In this paper, multi-attribute utility theory is extended to accommodate adversarial problem solving situations involving multiple interacting agents. Such situations are resolved by partial goal satisfaction and persuasion, and have only scantily been described in the AI literature. Utility theory is shown to provide a computational framework to (a) generate a compromise solution that partially satisfies the conflicting goals of the agents, (b) evaluate whether a solution is an improvement on a previously rejected one, and (c) determine the effectiveness of persuasive arguments. Our examples are taken from the domain of labor mediation and are implemented in a computer program, called the PERSUADER.
Heterosexism and homophobia on fraternity row: a case study of a college fraternity community

The lead author questioned five fraternity members, one former member, and one non-member to assess their reasons for joining—or attempting to join—a fraternity chapter at a large public university in the Southeastern United States. Specifically, the study investigated (a) how their membership affected their sexual identity development and intimate relationships; (b) the degree of homophobia and heterosexism encountered; (c) how sexual orientation affected the quality of their fraternal experiences; and (d) the level of acceptance or rejection they faced. We examined how fraternity brothers with a gay sexual orientation affected chapter culture, the experiences, perceptions, and transitions of the gay members, and whether the beliefs and behaviors of heterosexual brothers were consistent or in conflict with the values espoused by the inter/national fraternities. We also present details concerning the reactions from fellow members, assess satisfaction with the fraternity experience, and detail the cultural...
Beyond the Traditional “Research Article”: The Value of the Clinical Focus Article

Purpose The Editor writes the first of a planned series of reflections on the various article types that are published in the American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.
A millimeter wave breast cancer imaging methodology

In this paper, millimeter wave free-space quasi-optical spectroscopy technique is applied to determine the transmittance, complex refractive index and complex dielectric permittivity of different human cancerous and normal breast tissues over 30 GHz to 120 GHz range. Dozens of measurements are taken on breast in many different directions. Each value of the transmittance and permittivity data is treated as a projection for further reconstruction of three dimensional breast tissue image. In the image reconstruction, Tikhonov regularization and total variation regularization are used together with inverse Radon transform.
Equivalent genetic roles for bmp7/snailhouse and bmp2b/swirl in dorsoventral pattern formation

A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway acts in the establishment of the dorsoventral axis of the vertebrate embryo. Here we demonstrate the genetic requirement for two different Bmp ligand subclass genes for dorsoventral pattern formation of the zebrafish embryo. From the relative efficiencies observed in Bmp ligand rescue experiments, conserved chromosomal synteny, and isolation of the zebrafish bmp7 gene, we determined that the strongly dorsalized snailhouse mutant phenotype is caused by a mutation in the bmp7 gene. We show that the original snailhouse allele is a hypomorphic mutation and we identify a snailhouse/bmp7 null mutant. We demonstrate that the snailhouse/bmp7 null mutant phenotype is identical to the presumptive null mutant phenotype of the strongest dorsalized zebrafish mutant swirl/bmp2b, revealing equivalent genetic roles for these two Bmp ligands. Double mutant snailhouse/bmp7; swirl/bmp2b embryos do not exhibit additional or stronger dorsalized phenotypes, indicating that these Bmp ligands do not function redundantly in early embryonic development. Furthermore, overexpression experiments reveal that Bmp2b and Bmp7 synergize in the ventralization of wild-type embryos through a cell-autonomous mechanism, suggesting that Bmp2b/Bmp7 heterodimers may act in vivo to specify ventral cell fates in the zebrafish embryo.
A Finite Mixture Logit Model of Recreational Angling with Serially Correlated Random Utility

This article examines two issues concerning the trip-taking behavior of recreational anglers over the course of a season. The first is whether the random component of trip utility is serially correlated across trip occasions. The second is the heterogeneity of preferences among anglers. Recent research has examined heterogeneity among recreational trip-takers using random parameters models. In this article, the population of anglers is, instead, cast as a collection of several subpopulations distinguished by angler preferences, and the method of finite mixtures is used to identify these subpopulations. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Spiral morphology-dependent resonances in an optical fiber:?effects of fiber tilt and focused Gaussian beam illumination

Spiral morphology-dependent resonances have been observed in a tilted optical fiber. The polarization-preserving and the cross-polarized elastic-scattering spectra for plane-wave illumination show that the wavelengths of the resonances are blueshifted quadratically as the fiber tilt angle increases. When a focused Gaussian beam illuminates the fiber at its edge, the resonances are blueshifted and broadened as the detector is offset from the scattering plane with the maximum scattering intensity. The blueshift with focused beam illumination is also a consequence of the spiral resonances.
Application of a ray tracing technique for coverage predictions in micro cellular environments

This work employs a 3D vector formulation for calculation of the field scattered by finite conductivity wedges, representative of obstacles usually encountered in both indoor and outdoor environments served by cellular communication systems, developed as an extension of the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) version for perfect conductors, to the calculation of propagation path losses and delay profiles for typical building layouts. Implementation aspects of launching, tracing and capturing relevant optical rays as well as applying the Quadtree method for spatial (scenario) discrimination are also discussed.
Putting the Rap on Akt

The protein kinase Akt is activated in a wide variety of cancers, and this activation results in enhanced resistance to apoptosis through multiple mechanisms. This article reviews the control of Akt activation by the opposing actions of the oncogene phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) and the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10. The activation of Akt by transforming mutations, such as the amplification of HER-2/neu in breast cancer and the formation of the BCR/ABL fusion gene in chronic myelogenous leukemia, seems to be essential for the transforming activity of these oncogenes. We discuss several of the proposed mechanisms for the antiapoptotic effect of activated Akt, including the inhibition of the proapoptotic protein Bad, downregulation of death receptors, and enhancement of the glycolytic rate. Increased glycolysis is seen in many malignancies and forms the basis for the increasing use of positron emission tomography imaging for diagnosis and staging. Finally, we d...
Improved turn-on characteristics of a hot electron transistor at 300 K

Through compositional grading of the collector, we have significantly reduced both the offset and saturation voltage of a tunneling hot-electron transfer amplifier relative to a similar transistor with a fixed composition collector structure. In the absence of a collector-base voltage, the electric field produced by the compositional grading improves the collection efficiency of ballistic electrons transported across the base. >