cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ariel: Internet Transmission Software for Document Delivery

Supplement traditional interlibrary loan programs with this speedy document delivery system! Since its introduction in 1991, the Ariel system has transformed the interlibrary loan of documents. Compared to standard interlibrary loan, Ariel is often simpler, faster, and cheaper, and it allows many users at a time to have access to requested documents. Though Ariel has enjoyed a rapidly increasing user base, Ariel: Internet Transmission Software for Document Delivery is the first book dedicated to Ariel and the experiences of libraries using it. Ariel: Internet Transmission Software for Document Delivery provides practical details on this innovative technology, including clear discussions of how the system works. The software manages the process of scanning requested documents, transmitting them between libraries and document suppliers over high-speed Internet connections, and logging their receipt. Ariel discusses the pros and cons of various delivery options, including Web-based delivery, email, and delivery of laser-printed hard copy by hand, mail, or courier service. This comprehensive volume covers all aspects of adopting and using Ariel, including: training library staff and overcoming their resistance patron needs and response choosing scanners and other equipment setting up consortia to share Ariel files copyright issues international use of Ariel enhancing the system to suit your needsLike its Shakespearean namesake, the Ariel system darts through the air to rapidly fetch what someone needs. Ariel: Internet Transmission Software for Document Delivery gives you the solid data you need to get the most out of Ariel.
Association Planners' Satisfaction

Abstract The meeting industry has not attracted researchers' attention as much as industry growth and suppliers' interest. Research within the industry has examined attribute importance and attribute performance separately from the association meeting planner's perspective. This study's purpose was to evaluate state association meeting planners' satisfaction with their recent convention destination through the simultaneous consideration of attribute importance and performance. A total of 252 questionnaires from 673 faxed were completed, resulting in a 37.4% response rate. Importance-performance analysis revealed that management should concentrate their resources on providing quality meeting services, better prices, and quality meeting facilities.
Comparison of observed and theoretical millimeter wave emission: implications for remote sensing of atmospheric water

Surface observations of atmospheric emission at 20, 31, and 90 GHz are compared with values predicted by theoretical models using radiosonde input data. Measurements are shown for continental locations in the United States, and shipboard- and island-based sites in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific Oceans. Measurements are compared with commonly-used prediction models of Liebe. Differences between measurements and theory during clear conditions are shown to be caused largely by differences in the radiosonde humidity element. The impact of the observed discrepancies upon ground-based radiometric measurements of water vapor is discussed. A method to account for the differences and to reduce the water substance measurement error is presented.
Learning regular expressions for clinical text classification

Objectives Natural language processing (NLP) applications typically use regular expressions that have been developed manually by human experts. Our goal is to automate both the creation and utilization of regular expressions in text classification. Methods We designed a novel regular expression discovery (RED) algorithm and implemented two text classifiers based on RED. The RED+ALIGN classifier combines RED with an alignment algorithm, and RED+SVM combines RED with a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Two clinical datasets were used for testing and evaluation: the SMOKE dataset, containing 1091 text snippets describing smoking status; and the PAIN dataset, containing 702 snippets describing pain status. We performed 10-fold cross-validation to calculate accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure metrics. In the evaluation, an SVM classifier was trained as the control. Results The two RED classifiers achieved 80.9–83.0% in overall accuracy on the two datasets, which is 1.3–3% higher than SVM's accuracy (p<0.001). Similarly, small but consistent improvements have been observed in precision, recall, and F-measure when RED classifiers are compared with SVM alone. More significantly, RED+ALIGN correctly classified many instances that were misclassified by the SVM classifier (8.1–10.3% of the total instances and 43.8–53.0% of SVM's misclassifications). Conclusions Machine-generated regular expressions can be effectively used in clinical text classification. The regular expression-based classifier can be combined with other classifiers, like SVM, to improve classification performance.
Intragroup incompatibility with respect to the Hr blood factors as a cause of minor hemolytic transfusion reactions

Abstract The introduction of routine Rh testing along with blood grouping tests as a basis of the selection of donors for transfusions has served to eliminate the danger of serious hemolytic reactions. Simultaneously there has been a reduction in the frequency of posttransfusion chills, as a result of the perfection of methods of eliminating pyrogenic materials from blood transfusion apparatus. Thus at the author's institution the frequency of febrile reactions dropped from 7.9 per cent in 1936 to 2.9 per cent in 1939 and to only 1.2 per cent by 1947 The virtual elimination of pyrogenic reactions has served to make more prominent another class of hemolytic reactions, usually only of minor severity, occurring in Rh-positive patients becoming sensitized by repeated transfusions given over a long period of time. In a series of twenty-three Rh-positive patients having febrile reactions and at the same time showing evidence of posttransfusion hemolysis, as many as seventeen were Hr negative (fourteen Rh 1 Rh 1 and three type Rh 2 Rh 2 ), while among ten patients with febrile reactions but without evidence of hemolysis none were Hr negative. This indicates that Hr sensitization plays a predominant role as a cause of hemolytic reactions in Rh-positive patients. Hr antibodies were clearly demonstrable in the sera of only three (two anti-hr′ and one anti-hr″) of the seventeen presumably sensitized patients. This indicates that Hr sensitization, when it occurs at all, is usually mild in degree. This conforms with the usual mild course of reactions caused by Hr sensitization in that such reactions are usually so harmless that they are passed off as ordinary pyrogenic reactions. However, that such reactions may sometimes endanger the life of the patient is demonstrated by the fact that one of the three patients with demonstrable antibodies died. While routine pretransfusion Hr typing is still not practicable, one should at least investigate every febrile reaction for evidence of hemolysis. If hemolysis has occurred even though the patient is Rh positive, Hr tests should be done. and if the patient is found to be Hr negative, only Hr-negative blood of a compatible blood group should be used for future transfusions. If Rh-negative patients have reactions despite transfusions of type rh blood, one should search for other sensitizations, particularly against the M factor. Particularly difficult to solve will be instances of multiple sensitization, one of the most common examples of which, in the author's experience, is double sensitization to factors Rh and M. Eventually blood transfusion practice should include suitable precautions to avoid sensitization against the Hr factors as well as the Rh factors, particularly in the case of women, in order to avoid the birth of babies with erythroblastosis caused by Hr sensitization.
An attentional system for a humanoid robot exploiting space variant vision

This paper describes the implementation of the attentional system of a humanoid robot based completely on space variant vision (in particular logpolar). The aim is that of providing the robot with a suitable measure of position, speed and saliency of possibly interesting objects for saccading and tracking. The major advantage of log-polar based imaging is related to the reduced number of pixels while maintaining a large field of view. This arrangement is very well suited for motor control, where the high-resolution center (fovea) allows precise positioning and, at the same time, the coarse resolution periphery permits detection of potential targets. Algorithms for color processing, optic flow, and disparity computation were developed within this architecture. The attentional modules are intended as the first layer of a more complicated system, which shall include learning of object recognition, trajectory tracking, and naive physics understanding during the natural interaction of the robot with the environment.
Ciprofloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of bacterial infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: a randomized, controlled trial.

PURPOSETo compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMS) for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients who received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for the treatment of solid and hematopoietic neoplasms.PATIENTS AND METHODSAdult inpatients about to undergo BMT for lymphoma, leukemia, or solid tumors were enrolled onto a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial that compared CIP (750 mg orally twice per day) with TMS (160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole orally twice per day). Subjects were stratified before randomization according to tumor and BMT type. Prophylaxis was begun within 96 hours of initiation of the BMT preparative regimen and continued until the onset of fever, signs or symptoms of infection, serious adverse effects, or recovery of the absolute granulocyte count (AGC) to > or = to 400/microL.RESULTSSeventy-five CIP recipients and 71 TMS recipients were assessable for efficacy. No difference was noted betwee...
A critical evaluation of models for complex molecular dynamics: Application to NMR studies of double‐ and single‐stranded DNA

The nature of internal and overall motions in native (double-stranded) and denatured (single-stranded) DNA fragments 120–160 base pairs (bp) long is examined by molecular-dynamics modeling using 13C-nmr spin-relaxation data obtained over the frequency range of 37–125 MHz. The broad range of 13C frequencies is required to differentiate among various models. Relatively narrow linewidths, large nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs), and short T1 values all vary significantly with frequency and indicate the presence of rapid, restricted internal motions on the nanosecond time scale. For double-stranded DNA monomer fragments (147 bp, 24 A diam at 32°C), the overall motion is that of an axially symmetric cylinder (τx = ∼10−6 s;τZ = ∼1.8 × 10−8s), which is in good agreement with values calculated from hydrodynamic theory (τx = ∼1.8 × 10−6 s; τZ = ∼2.7 × 10−8 s). The DNA internal motion can be modeled as restricted amplitude internal diffusion of individual CH vectors of deoxyribose methine carbons C1′, C3′, and C4′, either with conic boundary conditions (τw = ∼4 × 10−9 s, θcone = ∼21°) or as a bistable jump (τA = τB = ∼2 × 10−9 s, θ = ∼15°). We discuss the critical role in molecular-dynamics modeling played by the angle (β) that individual CH vectors make with the long axis of the DNA helix. Heat denaturation brings about increases in both the rate and amplitude of the internal motion (described by the wobble model with τW = ∼0.2 × 10−9 s, θcone = ∼50°), and overall motion is affected by becoming essentially isotropic (τx = τZ = ∼5 × 10−8 s) for the single-stranded molecules. Since 13C-nmr data obtained at various DNA concentrations for C2′ of the deoxyribose ring is not described well by the above models, a new model incorporating an additional internal motion is proposed to take into account the rapid, extensive, and weakly coupled motion of C2′.
A Comparison of Simplified-Visually Rich and Traditional Presentation Styles:

Microsoft PowerPoint and similar presentation tools have become commonplace in higher education, yet there is very little research on the effectiveness of different PowerPoint formats for implement...
Generation of Sedimentary Facies on a Spreading Ocean Ridge

THE way in which a spreading ridge system affects the pattern of pelagic sedimentation with time is not yet understood in detail. For example, what rules govern the geometry of facies boundaries on a spreading ridge system, especially if the boundaries fluctuate with climatic change? What are the rules for a migrating ridge; and for a ridge which has variable spreading rates? So far sedimentologists and stratigraphers have had to use a “layer-cake” framework because of the paucity of oceanographic data (with a few exceptions1,2). It seems certain, however, that sedimentation occurring with seafloor spreading will give rise to intricate facies relationships. Intricate relationships are well known to occur in sedimentary rocks and diachronism may prove to be the rule among pelagic sediments.
The glycolipids of bovine serum.

Abstract 1. 1. Fractionation of bovine serum lipids on a silicic acid column gave two glycolipid-containing fractions eluted with acetone-methanol 9:1 (v/v) and methanol. 2. 2. The fraction eluted with acetone-methanol contained mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrahexoside ceramides. 3. 3. Long-chain base analyses of glycosyl ceramides revealed the presence of a number of different bases, both saturated and unsaturated. The principal bases found in order of abundance were sphingenine, heptadecasphinganine, sphinganine, eicosaphingenine and hexadecasphinganine. Sphingenine as the fraction of total base increased with the size of the hexoside part of glycolipid. 4. 4. Palmitic, isostearic and stearic acids were the major fatty acid components of the bovine serum glycolipids. 5. 5. The fraction eluted with methanoi contained complex glycolipids including the J hapten. The alkaline lability and the chromatographic behavior of the J hapten glycolipid are in keeping with our earlier findings that the glycerol and phosphorus are the integral parts of the J hapten structure.
The effect of air-induced velocity gradient and dissolved oxygen on bioflocculation in the trickling filter/solids contact process

Abstract The trickling filter/solids contact process (TF/SC) was developed in the late 1970s to improve the final effluent quality of existing trickling filters, to be able to meet stricter effluent EPA requirements. Although the TF/SC process has been successful in achieving this goal, it is still not fully understood, and there is limited information regarding the factors affecting the flocculation phenomena occurring in the solids contact chamber (SCC), such as the effect of bubble size and dissolved oxygen on bioflocculation efficiency. To better understand the kinetics of bioflocculation in a continuous flow solids contact chamber, a long-term experimental program was conducted using a TF/SC pilot plant constructed at the Marrero, Louisiana wastewater treatment plant. This program, developed from January 1998 through October 2000, included a detailed investigation of the kinetics of the bioflocculation process taking place in the SCC. This paper deals with the effect of air-induced velocity gradient on bioflocculation. Analysis of the observed data demonstrates that excellent final effluent quality can be obtained with a wide range of air-induced velocity gradients ( G ) and with dissolved oxygen levels as low as 0.5 mg/l. However, from the point of view of SCC design, a value of G =25/s, achieved using a fine-bubble aeration system, and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels between 1.0 and 1.4 mg/l, are recommended to consistently produce a very good final effluent. This study also demonstrates that additional mechanical flocculation units would not be needed if a fine-bubble aeration system were used in the SCC and the floc structure could be preserved while transferring the floc from the SCC to the secondary sedimentation tank. However, considering that floc breakup frequently occurs during mixed liquor transfer from the SCC to the secondary clarifier, flocculator center wells should be used as a precaution in final clarification units to re-flocculate the mixed liquor.
Imaging of intrathoracic metastases of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

Radiologic imaging is crucial in the evaluation of intrathoracic metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Helical CT is the workhorse of radiologic staging and is sensitive in the detection of parenchymal nodules and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. CT may also demonstrate other less common sites of metastatic disease. Although, currently, no radiologic procedure is effective in distinguishing viable tumor or teratoma from residual fibrosis and necrosis, cross-sectional imaging remains essential in the presurgical evaluation of potential metastatic disease. FDG PET and CT-guided needle biopsy may be useful in select, high-risk patients.
A systematic review of tools used to assess the quality of observational studies that examine incidence or prevalence and risk factors for diseases

Abstract Objective To create a comprehensive evaluation of checklists and scales used to evaluate observational studies that examine incidence or prevalence and risk factors for diseases. Study Design We did a literature search of several databases to abstract format, content, development, and validation of the tools. Results We identified 46 scales and 51 checklists. Forty-seven of these tools were created for therapeutic studies, 48 for risk factors, and 5 for incidence studies. Forty-seven percent were modifications of previously published peer-reviewed appraisals, 18% were developed based on methodological standards, and 35% did not report development. Twenty-two percent reported reliability and 10% the validation procedure. Tools did not discriminate poor reporting vs. methodological quality of studies or external vs. internal validity; 35% categorize quality by the presence of predefined major flaws in design or by total score from the scale. Level of evidence was proposed in 22% of the tools by criteria of causality or internal validity of the studies. Evaluation required different degrees of subjectivity. Conclusions Format, length, and content varied substantially across available checklists and scales. Development, validation, and reliability were not consistently reported. Transparent objective quality assessments should be developed in the future.
The genus of a module

Abstract Let R be a Dedekind domain satisfying the Jordan-Zassenhaus theorem (e.g., the ring of integers in a number field) and Λ a module finite R -algebra. We extend classical results of Jacobinski, Roiter, and Drozd on orders and lattices. In particular, it is shown that the genus of a finitely generated Λ-module M is finite. Moreover, given M , there exist a positive integer t and a finite extension S of R such that a Λ-module N is the genus of M if and only if M ( t ) ≅ N ( t ) if and only if M ⊗ S ≅ N ⊗ S .
Identification impossible?: A corpus approach to realisations of evaluative meaning in academic writing

Evaluation is a pervasive element in spoken and written language but its identification poses serious problems to linguistic researchers, especially when they are dealing with larger amounts of text which require the application of computer-assisted analytic techniques. This article explores ways of identifying items of evaluative meaning in a three million word corpus of linguistic book reviews, a text type that is particularly rich in expressions of positive and negative evaluation. It discusses whether it is at all possible to capture evaluation in a corpus in a systematic way and which analytic strategies may be most promising in the search for a larger set of meaningful patterns. The paper ends with a discussion of some unresolved issues in the area of evaluation research and sketches tasks for future activities in the field.
A new alloy for partial dentures.

Abstract A Cr-Co-Ni series of alloys, with additives of other elements, were formulated, and their mechanical properties were obtained. The major improvement, for dental purposes, was obtained by decreasing both the molybdenum and the carbon contents. When compared with regular alloys, the new alloys possessed a high elongation value, and the ultimate tensile strengths remained high. However, the hardness was lower. The benefits of these alloys may be summarized as follows: 1. Partial denture clasps could last longer. 2. The reduced hardness eases the grinding and, combined with higher elongation, facilitates adjustment of the partial dentures. This in turn will shorten the chair time of the dentist at the time of delivery. 3. The wear on natural teeth caused by contact with this alloy may be reduced.
Sporting disability: official representations of the disabled athlete at Tokyo's 1964 Paralympics

Since the late nineteenth century, when sports emerged as a central component of efforts to modernize Japan, officials, intellectuals and athletes have used sports to articulate and enact their visions of Japanese bodies. Yet it was only during the post-World War II era, as Japan became involved in the emerging Paralympic Movement, that societal understandings of the sporting body expanded to include athletes with physical disabilities. The 1964 Tokyo Paralympics, the first international sporting event for disabled athletes held in Japan and the first Paralympics outside Europe, critically shaped Japanese views of disabled athletes. Focusing on official representations of disability in formal reports, a documentary film and the writings of Paralympic promoters, this article examines how these Games in many ways reinforced pre-existing medicalized views of the disabled body. At the same time, I argue that disability advocates and Paralympic athletes took advantage of the prominence of the Tokyo Paralympics...
Intramedullary capillary hemangioma of the thoracic spine: case report and review of the literature

Capillary hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms. When associated with the spine, these growths frequently involve the vertebral body, but rarely have they been reported to occur as intradural lesions, while even more rarely occurring in a true intramedullary location. We report a rare case of an intramedullary capillary hemangioma of the thoracic spinal cord and a review of the literature.
Event analysis of distribution system voltage data

Discussion of the future of the Smart Grid brings with it issues regarding the current level of distribution system visibility. Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) have been proliferating throughout the electric power grid in order to support future distribution system analysis. One type of PMU is the Frequency Disturbance Recorder (FDR); it records voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase angle at the 120 V outlet level. Previous work has introduced ways in which distribution system events can be read from this voltage data, but this paper focuses on defining similarity measures for comparing detected events. Discrete Signal Processing (DSP) techniques such as correlation and convolution can be used to determine how similar events are, even in the presence of a time delay. Euclidean distance and mean-squared error are used as similarity measurements to help confirm the correctness of the time-delay estimation. Beyond detecting positively and negatively correlated events, the similarity measures support the correlation results by determining that some events aren't correlated at all.
Architecture of the canine IDUA gene and mutation underlying canine mucopolysaccharidosis I

Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase. In addition to the well-known human forms (Hurler, Hurler/Scheie, and Scheie syndromes), there exists a canine model of the disease. By using previously described canine cDNA encoding alpha-L-iduronidase as a probe, the canine IDUA gene has been cloned and characterized. It contains 14 exons spread over 13 kb. An unusual GC dinucleotide was found at the donor splice site of intron 11. A transcriptional start site was identified by primer extension 177 bp upstream of the initiator AUG codon. The upstream region was found to be similar to the promoter region of many housekeeping genes: it is GC rich and has seven potential Sp1 binding sites but no TATA box or CAAT motif. The mutation in canine MPS I was localized to the area of intron 1 by RT-PCR, identified by sequence analysis of amplified genomic DNA, and confirmed by restriction analysis; it is a G-->A transition in the donor splice site of intron 1. The mutation causes retention of intron 1 in the RNA and creates a premature termination codon at the exon-intron junction.
Dude, You Are Speaking Romulan

During the height of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster, I joined a group of engineers and other scientists to discuss the evidence for an oil plume, at least 22 miles long and about a mile wide, floating 3000 feet beneath the surface of the Gulf of Mexico. As the chemist in the group, I wondered aloud about how we could exploit the aqueous solubilities of the petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes to understand plume formation. I suspected the key to knowledge lay in the plume's chemical properties.
Hydroxyapatite Cement in Craniofacial Reconstruction

Objectives To evaluate the long-term efficacy of hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial reconstruction, specifically examining the role (if any) of radiation, implant location, and cement type. Study design A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients presenting to the senior surgeon (Y.D.) for craniofacial reconstruction from September 1997 to April 2004. Methods Data were collected including type of cement used, size of defect, complications, need for removal of cement, reason for defect, and pathologic results of examination of removed cements. Results One hundred two patients were identified who underwent craniofacial reconstruction with hydroxyapatite cements, 7 of whom required complete implant removal (6 Norian and 1 Mimix), and 4 (2 Norian and 2 Bone source) of whom required partial implant removal for foreign body reaction. Five of the removals were in patients who underwent postoperative radiation. Conclusions Hydroxyapatite cements are safe in craniofacial reconstruction. The highest risk of implant infection comes from reconstruction in the area of the frontal sinus, immediately beneath coronal incisions, and in patients who receive postoperative radiation treatment. Based on our results, there does appear to be a statistically significant difference in rates of infection and foreign body reaction between the different types of hydroxyapatite cement. We would not recommend implantation of this material in contact with the frontal sinus. Caution should be exercised when it is placed directly beneath an incision or in patients receiving postoperative radiation, particularly if a boost dose is given. EBM rating C
Kinetics of levamisole-induced potentiation of lymphocyte blastogenic responses in Mycobacterium bovis sensitized lymphocyties

A study was conducted to determine the kinetics of levamisole-induced potentiation of lymphocyte blastogenesis inMycobacteriumbovis sensitized and nonsensitized cattle lymphocytes. It was observed that levamisole significantly potentiated PPD-induced blastogenic responses when it (levamisole) was added toM.bovis sensitized lymphocyte cultures 24 hours prior to the addition of PPD. Levamisole-induced either minimal or suppressed the PPD-induced lymphocyte stimulation response inM.bovis nonexposed control lymphocytes. The implications of possible use of levamisole in cellularinvitro assays for studying anergy or general unresponsiveness are discussed.
Syntheses and structures of a phenoxo-bridged copper(II) distorted cubane and related complexes with 2-hydroxy-N-(2-pyridylalkyl)benzamide ligands

Abstract Two new pyridylalkylamide ligands containing phenol groups appended to the amide, 2-hydroxy-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)benzamide (HLPhOH) and 2-hydroxy-N-(2-pyridylethyl)benzamide (HLPhOH′), were synthesized. Copper(II) complexes of these ligands were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography, ESI-MS, FTIR, UV/Vis, and EPR spectroscopy. When basic Et3N was used to deprotonate the ligands, tetracopper(II) [Cu4(LPhO)4] (1) or dicopper(II) [Cu2(LPhO′)2(CH3OH)2] (3) were formed. When base was not used, mononuclear [Cu(HLPhOH)2Cl2] (2) resulted. Complex 1 possesses a distorted cubane-like structure, with the ligands bridging via the phenoxo oxygen atoms, and the copper atoms possessing a distorted square planar geometry. The ligands in dimeric complex 3 also bridge between copper(II) atoms via the phenoxo oxygen atoms, and the copper atoms are square pyramidal. Monomeric 2 is a tetragonally distorted six-coordinate species with pyridyl N atoms and chloride ligands in the equatorial plane, and long interactions with the amide carbonyl O atoms in the axial positions.
Minireview Anti-HIV-1 ADCC

The purpose of this review is to assess our current understanding of anti-HIV-1 ADCC, with specific emphasis on its protective as well as its potentially pathogenic consequences
Effects of physiological states and dietary treatment on enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in hyperplastic alveolar nodule outgrowths and liver from C3H-Crgl mice.

Abstract As part of a study of fatty acid biosynthesis in mammary tumors and their naturally occurring preneoplastic tissue, we have investigated the effects of both the physiological states of host glandular development and dietary treatments on the activities of glucose-ATP phosphotransferases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and citrate cleavage enzyme in hyperplastic alveolar nodule outgrowths and host liver from C3H Crgl mice. Except for the glucose-ATP phosphotransferases and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the direction and magnitude of change in the activities of these enzymes in the HAN outgrowths during the various physiological states and the dietary treatments were similar to those observed in the host liver. Hexokinase of the HAN outgrowths appeared to be sensitive to physiological and dietary conditions. The activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the HAN outgrowths was maximal during lactation and the feeding of a fat-free diet, while its activity in the host liver was lowest under these conditions. The alterations in the activities of these enzymes in the HAN outgrowths and the host liver in response to hormonal and dietary conditions are discussed with respect to their possible effect on fatty acid biosynthesis.
Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Array for Ultrasensitive DNA Detection

A nanoelectrode array based on vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) embedded in SiO2 is used for ultrasensitive DNA detection. Characteristic electrochemical behaviors are observed for measuring bulk and surface-immobilized redox species. Sensitivity is dramatically improved by lowering the nanotube density. Oligonucleotide probes are selectively functionalized to the open ends of nanotubes. The hybridization of subattomole DNA targets can be detected by combining such electrodes with Ru(bpy)32+ mediated guanine oxidation.
Concept Maps and Vee Diagrams: Two Metacognitive Tools to Facilitate Meaningful Learning.

This paper describes two metacognitive tools, concept mapping and Vee diagramming, and reports on research utilizing these tools from grades one through university instruction. The psychological and epistemological foundations underlying these tools is presented briefly. The issues of the dominantly rote-mode nature of much school learning and the resistance of studients (and teachers) to move to meaningful learning strategies fostered by concept mapping and Vee diagramming are discussed. The data available to date from a variety of qualitative and quantitative research studies strongly support the value of these metacognitive tools both for cognitive and affective gains.
Premature adrenarche associated with 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency

Abstract A 7-year-old girl with Tanner stage II pubic hair, axillary hair, and facial acne was found to have a disproportionate elevation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and 17-OH pregnenolone levels. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing of her parents revealed steroid patterns characteristic of partial 3s-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Treatment with prednisone reversed the premature adrenarche.
Do household structure and household economic resources predict childhood immunization? Evidence from Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago

This study assesses the influence of household structure and resource dilution characteristics on children’s immunization coverage in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. The study has three objectives: (1) to compare the impact of different types of household structures (e.g., single parent, two-parent, cohabiting and extended) on child immunization; (2) to examine the effects of household income and resource dilution on child immunization; and (3) to determine whether household structure and resource dilution interact to affect child immunization in these contexts.
Gender issues in training group leaders

Abstract The article discusses three areas in which a knowledge of gender differences are important in training group leaders: assumptions about feminine and masculine behavior, the effects of gender composition, and group reaction to women leaders. The author states five “principles” and presents supporting evidence, followed by specific implications and suggestions for trainers of group leaders.
Development of two animal models to study the function of Vibrio parahaemolyticus type III secretion systems

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging food- and waterborne pathogen that encodes two type III secretion systems (T3SSs). Previous studies have linked type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) to cytotoxicity and T3SS2 to intestinal fluid accumulation, but animal challenge models needed to study these phenomena are limited. In this study we evaluated the roles of the T3SSs during infection using two novel animal models: a model in which piglets were inoculated orogastrically and a model in which mice were inoculated in their lungs (intrapulmonarily). The bacterial strains employed in this study had equivalent growth rates and beta-hemolytic activity based on in vitro assays. Inoculation of 48-h-old conventional piglets with 10(11) CFU of the wild-type strain (NY-4) or T3SS1 deletion mutant strains resulted in acute, self-limiting diarrhea, whereas inoculation with a T3SS2 deletion mutant strain failed to produce any clinical symptoms. Intrapulmonary inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with the wild-type strain and T3SS2 deletion mutant strains (5 × 10(5) CFU) induced mortality or a moribund state within 12 h (80 to 100% mortality), whereas inoculation with a T3SS1 deletion mutant or a T3SS1 T3SS2 double deletion mutant produced no mortality. Bacteria were recovered from multiple organs regardless of the strain used in the mouse model, indicating that the mice were capable of clearing the lung infection in the absence of a functional T3SS1. Because all strains had a similar beta-hemolysin phenotype, we surmise that thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) plays a limited role in these models. The two models introduced herein produce robust results and provide a means to determine how different T3SS1 and T3SS2 effector proteins contribute to pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Transient magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities during partial status epilepticus.

Magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool in the evaluation of patients with seizures. Frequently, abnormalities are found that lead to further, invasive testing. The first child with transient abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging during a time of frequent partial seizures is presented. This lesion disappeared with seizure control. The imaging literature is reviewed concerning transient findings on any imaging modality during frequent seizures. Caution in recommending invasive procedures is suggested when abnormalities are found on magnetic resonance imaging during frequent seizures. (J Child Neurol 1991;6:143-145).
Ultrastructural correlation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic findings in vitreomacular traction syndrome.

Purpose To examine the ultrastructural correlates of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings in patients with vitreomacular traction (VMT). Design Observational case series. Methods Retrospective analysis of six eyes of consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy surgery for VMT was performed in this single-center, noncomparative study. One patient had a concurrent macular hole. Preoperative assessment included SD-OCT examination with 3-dimensional image reconstruction. During surgery the vitreous cone was dissected from the vitreous body using scissors, then removed from the surface of the retina with a combination of sharp dissection and peeling, and subsequently submitted for histologic and transmission electron microscopic processing. Results SD-OCT showed prominent vitreal-foveal adhesion in all six eyes. Each eye had an epiretinal membrane (ERM) under the detached perifoveal posterior vitreous detachment. In all eyes this ERM appeared to course up the cone of attached vitreous and along the back surface of the posterior vitreous face. Ultrastructural analysis showed fibrocellular proliferations in the vitreous specimens in all six cases, which included retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells (five eyes), fibrocytes (four eyes), and macrophages (three eyes). Conclusions The adhesion between the vitreous and fovea in vitreomacular traction syndrome is accompanied by fibrocellular proliferation along the exposed surfaces of the inner retina and the posterior surface of the vitreous. This fibrocellular proliferation may augment the adhesion between the vitreous and fovea, and may account for the prominent OCT signal seen along the posterior surface of the vitreous in these cases.
Threshold of the early components of the averaged electroencephalic response determined with tone pips and clicks during drug-induced sleep.

The early components of the averaged electroencephalic response (AER) were elicited from eight adults by narrow-spectrum tone pips centered at 250, 1 000, and 4 000 Hz, and by wide-band clicks. Brief naps were induced with secobarbital. Stimuli at 0, 10, 20, and 30 dB above behavioral threshold were presented in random order for each frequency. Control conditions in which no acoustic stimuli were presented were also employed. Responses were stored on magnetic tape and later scored independently on a yes-no basis by two judges who employed predetermined response criteria. Threshold for hearing (50-percent response) as measured with the early components was 20 dB sensation level (SL) for 250 Hz tone pips, and at 10 dB SL for 1 000 and 4 000 Hz tone pips and clicks. Thus, threshold estimated with the early components of the AER from sleeping adults closely approximated their behavioral threshold
The financial expertise of CFOs and accounting restatements

We investigate whether the characteristics of chief financial officers (CFOs) are associated with accounting errors (using accounting restatements as a proxy). We investigate several metrics of financial literacy similar to those suggested for members of audit committees by the NYSE‐NASD Blue Ribbon Committee. These metrics include years of work as a CFO, experience at another company, advanced degrees (like M.B.A.s), and professional certification (like a CPA). We use a logit model to test whether the likelihood of an earnings restatement is related to the above metrics of financial literacy (measured at the date of the original accounting error). Restating and non‐restating companies during the period 1997–2002 were matched on year, industry, and company size. Overall, our results are consistent with restatements being negatively associated with the CFO's financial expertise. Specifically, we find that companies whose CFOs have more work experience as CFOs, M.B.A.s, and/or CPAs are significantly less li...
Disconnected operation for heterogeneous servers: A practical approach

This paper describes an implementation of a client caching system which supports disconnected and partially connected modes of operation while preserving the traditional role of client caching (improved response time) in the fully connected mode. The system is designed to facilitate various server-dependent verification protocols. The need for the heterogeneous server support stems from the fact that the mobile user is likely to access various network services, transfer data between them and use the data in the local unit application programs. The unique feature of this project is its implementation which does not require modification of the native system's kernel source code. The paper shows that an installable file system is a viable mechanism for providing such file system extensions without source code modifications. The results of our preliminary experiments indicate efficiency of the design and the feasibility of the implementation mechanism used.
Expression of Myogenic Factor Genes in Vertebrate Embryos

Synopsis. In situ hybridization analyses of the developmental patterns of expression ofthe members ofthe MyoD family of myogenic regulatory factors have been carried out in several vertebrate species. Differences between the temporal sequence of appearance of these gene transcripts seen in mouse embryos and those detected in avian and in Xenopus embryos suggest that these transcription factors may serve overlapping or redundant functions. Targeted inactivation of two myogenic factor genes in the mouse supports this hypothesis. These factors appear to be necessary but may not be sufficient for muscle-specific gene activation during embryogenesis. The distinct spatial and temporal patterns of gene activation and transcript accumulation ofthe four related factors in mouse embryos as detected by in situ hybridization are reviewed and discussed in the context ofthe embryological origins and developmental patterning of muscle in somites and in limb buds. These results are compared briefly with those on myogenic factor gene expression patterns in chick, quail and Xenopus embryos.
Kubelka–Munk Coefficients from Transmittance*

A simplified method is described for computation of Kubelka–Munk coefficients from internal transmittance measurements of two specimens of the same material where one specimen is twice as thick as the other. Equations are derived for determining the scattering coefficient S, the absorption coefficient K, the Kubelka parameters a and b, the internal transmittance τi, the reflectance of an infinitely thick specimen ρ∞, and the reflectance of a specimen with an ideal black background ρ0. Graphs are given to estimate the range of error of ρ∞, S, and K as a function of estimated errors of measurement of transmittance.
Synthesis and characterization of ferrocenylalcohol derivatives of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. X-ray crystal structure of N3P3Cl5OCH2CH2C5H4FeCp

Abstract The preparation of 1-ferrocenyl-2-propanol (5) from lithioferrocene and propylene oxide is described. The reaction of lithium diisopropylamide with 2-ferrocenylethanol (3) or 1-ferrocenyl-2-propanol (5), followed by the addition to hexachlorocyclotriphosphazane (1) provides N3P3Cl6−n (OCHRCH2C5H4FeCp)n [R=H, n=1 (3) or 2 (4); R=CH3, n=1 (6)]. The corresponding reactions with ferrocenylmethanol lead to degradation products via a phosphazene–phosphazene rearrangement. The substitution pattern observed for N3P3C14(OCH2CH2C5H4FeCp)2 (4) suggests that the reaction follows a predominantly cis-non-geminal pathway. The substituted phosphazene derivatives were characterized by standard means including 31P-NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and cyclic voltammetry. An X-ray crystal structure of N3P3C15(OCH2CH2C5H4FeCp) (3) was obtained.
Use of the Swan-Ganz catheter in cardiac catheterization of infants and children

Abstract The Swan-Ganz balloon catheter was used during cardiac catheterization of 40 infants and children. The flow directional properties of the catheter proved useful in manipulating it into the great arteries of the patients with complex cardiac anomalies and in passing it from the left atrium and ventricle into the aorta in order to avoid an arteriotomy. Manipulation was considerably more difficult than has been described in adults. Failure to enter the desired great artery and difficulty in manipulation were more frequent in the smaller patients and in those with subpulmonic stenosis. The catheter was also useful in obtaining pulmonary arterial wedge pressures and angiograms. Complications were minor and limited to two burst balloons and temporary occlusion of a narrowed pulmonic outflow. There were no major arrhythmias, and ventricular ectopic beats were uncommon.
The Purkinje cell cilium.

In the course of ultrastructural studies on the cerebellar cortex of young rats a cilium was found in some Purkinje cells. The shaft, which is 1800 to 2000 AR thick, has an internal portion inside the cell body and an external one projecting into the neuropile. The basal body is consistently located near the Golgi apparatus. Rootlets with periodic cross-striations (interperiod distance of 525 AR) are attached to the basal body. The size and characteristics of the Purkinje cell cilium and its constituent parts compare with similar structures in the cilia of other cell types of the cerebellar cortex. Whether all or only some of the Purkinje cells have a cilium has not yet been determined. Possible functional roles of these organoids are considered.
Manic depressive illness not linked to factor IX region in an independent series of pedigrees.

Abstract We studied seven informative kindreds segregating for manic depressive illness (MDI), consistent with X-chromosome transmission of the trait (families do not show affective disease in both a father and a son), using markers mapped to the region of Xq27–Xq28. The lod scores were consistently below -2 in the region extending from about 10 cM centromeric from the Factor IX locus (F9) to the colorblindness region. This study does not replicate previous reports of linkage of MDI to Factor IX (Xq27) and colorblindness region (Xq28) chromosomal markers in other kindreds.
Family System Functioning: Behavior in the Laboratory and the Family Treatment Setting

The Family System Functioning (FSF) scale is a new instrument for measuring dimensions of the intrafamilial environment thought to be important in recovery from major psychiatric illness. Modest statistical correlations were obtained when FSF ratings of laboratory-based family interactions were compared with researcher-guided therapist ratings of FSF based upon the family's behavior in family therapy sessions during the subsequent month. The data from these two settings provide support for the validity of some of the scales. Because of the modest size of the correlations, however, behavior in the laboratory setting may not always be an accurate indicator of how the family will behave in the early weeks of family therapy.