cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asian American Adolescents' Acculturation, Binge Drinking, and Alcohol and Tobacco-Using Peers.

This study examines the association between acculturation and subsequent binge drinking among Asian American adolescents and investigates the mediating effect of friends' alcohol and tobacco use. Data from a nationally representative sample of 714 Asian American adolescents in grades 7 to 12 were analyzed. There was no gender difference in terms of binge drinking. A higher level of acculturation was associated with higher levels of binge drinking. Friends' alcohol and tobacco use was a mediator—the association between acculturation and binge drinking was no longer significant after controlling for best friends' alcohol and tobacco use. These findings demonstrate that binge drinking is not attributable to acculturation per se, but that social interaction is an important pathway by which highly acculturated adolescents become vulnerable to binge drinking. Since highly acculturated Asian American adolescents are at risk for binge drinking, there is an urgent need for prevention. Incorporating the effect of peer influences will improve both prevention efforts and treatment for Asian American adolescents who are binge drinkers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 295–308, 2004.
Formation and abundance of doubly-substituted methane isotopologues (13CH3D) in natural gas systems

Formation of the Carbon-13 (13C) and deuterium (D) doubly-substituted methane isotopologues (13CH3D) in natural gases is studied utilizing both first-principle quantum mechanism molecular calculation and direct FTIR laboratorial measurements of specifically synthesized high isotope concentration methane gas. For 13CH3D, the symmetrically breathing mode A0 emerges as IR-detectable attributed to the molecular symmetry lowering to C3v from Td of the non-isotopic methane (CH4), along with a large vibrational frequency shift from ~3000 to ~2250 cm^−1. Our studies also indicate that the concentration of 13CH3D is dependent on the environmental temperature through isotope exchanges among methane isotopologues; and the Gibbs’ Free Energy difference due to Quantum Mechanics Zero-Point vibrational motions has the major contribution to this temperature dependency. Potential geologic applications of the 13CH3D measurement to natural gas exploration and assessments are also discussed. In order to detect the 13CH3D concentration change of each 50 °C in the natural gas system, a 10^−9 resolution is desirable. Such a measurement could provide important add-on information to distinguish natural gas origin and distribution.
Hysteresis in a shape memory alloy wire: identification and simulation

This paper presents a new approach to numerical implementation of a classical Preisach model to hystersis modeling of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA). Classical Preisach hysteresis model is a phenomenological model and it offers various advantages over other models. After reviewing the basic properties of the classical Preisach model, this paper reveals one difficulty to numerically implement a classical Preisach model. Numerical simulations have to be done in two different cases: 1) when input ascends and 2) when input descends. Based on the geometrical interpretation, this paper proposed a unified approach to numerical implementation of a Preisach model and there is no need to consider the different cases. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed numerical method, an experiment setup with an SMA wire with severe hysteresis is utilized. Experimental results convincingly demonstrate that the proposed method accurately captures the features of the hysteresis. Using the forward Preisach model, an approach to find the inverse model is presented for compensation purpose.
Two-tiered measurement systems in modernizing plants

In this study we predicted and found evidence to support two general themes about new production systems measurement. First, there are two tiers of measures that are becoming popular to gauge performance. These two tiers are relatively independent-system-level measures like uptime, and business-level outcomes like return on investment. Second, when measures from these two categories are significantly correlated, they are likely to be for the time or flexibility measures at the system level. The rationale for this thesis is that modernization programs implement the leading edge of manufacturing strategies, and time or flexibility are replacing quality as priorities in leading-edge domestic manufacturing.
Social Behavior of Field Independents and Dependents in an Organic Group

This study hypothesized that the social behavioral of field independent-dependent (Witkin, 1978) subjects in a noncontrived organic group will differ along the task emotionally-expressive dimensions identified by Bales and Cohen (1979). In addition, the study sought to establish discriminant validity for the field independent-cognitive style variable by contrasting it with apparently similar but conceptually different variables, i.e., dogmatism and sociability. Behaviors of field independents and dependents were observed over 25 1 ½-hr sessions, spread over a 4-month period. Social behaviors of participants were rated by both participating and nonparticipating observers at the middle and at the end of sessions by Bales' Interpersonal Rating Forms. Field independence and dependence was found not related to dogmatism or sociability. As hypothesized, field dependents behaved in a responsive, task-oriented, problem-solving mode while field independents behaved in a social-emotional rebellious and resistant mo...
Evaluation of Current Repair Criteria for Longitudinal Barrier with Crash Damage

To protect motorists and avoid tort liability, highway agencies expend considerable resources to repair damaged longitudinal barriers, such as w-beam guardrails. With limited funding available, though, highway agencies are unable to maintain all field-installed systems in the ideal as-built condition. Instead, these agencies focus on repairing only damage that has a detrimental effect on the safety performance of the barrier. The distinction between minor damage and more severe performance-altering damage, however, is not always clear. This paper presents a critical review of current U.S. and Canadian criteria on whether to repair damaged longitudinal barrier. Barrier repair policies were obtained via comprehensive literature review and a survey of U.S. and Canadian transportation agencies. In an analysis of the maintenance procedures of 40 states in the United States and 8 Canadian transportation agencies, fewer than one-third of highway agencies were found to have quantitative measures to determine when barrier repair is warranted. In addition, no engineering basis for the current U.S. barrier repair guidelines could be found. These findings underscore the importance of the development of quantitative barrier repair guidelines based on a strong technical foundation.
Two-photon absorption and imaging at low-light levels

Summary form only given. The recent observation of slow light propagation by Harris and Hau (1999) motivates the study of nonlinear optical processes under conditions where slow group velocity, or equivalently large nonlinearity, is the dominant feature of the problem. By combining electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and cold atom technology, a sharp resonance is created with a transmission linewidth much less than the natural linewidth of the atoms. A pulse of light propagating in this medium has a phase velocity of c and a group velocity that can be less than 10/sup -7/ c. As a light pulse of sufficiently wide bandwidth enters a cold-atom, EIT medium, the pulse shape, electric field strength, and power density remain nominally unchanged. Concurrently, because the group velocity is decreased, the stored energy per volume must increase. This increase occurs by spatial compression of the travelling pulse. A pulse measuring 300 m in free space compresses to 30 /spl mu/m within the cold-atom medium.
Genetic Diversity among Accessions of the Endangered Box Huckleberry (Gaylussacia Brachycera) Based on Aflp Markers

Abstract The box huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachycera) is a slow-growing, dwarf evergreen groundcover that is native to eight states in the Eastern United States. It is a rare plant with conservation status of rare to critically imperiled. Genetic relationships among 24 accessions of G. brachycera were determined using 66 polymorphic AFLP markers from 8 primer pairs. Accessions collected in western Virginia were the most distantly related to the other accessions, while accessions from Kentucky were the most variable. The information gained from this study will be useful to guide decisions regarding conservation, preservation, breeding, and re-introduction of this species.
Free surface effects on normal stress measurements in cone and plate flow

The effects of free surface shape on normal stress difference measurements in cone and plate flow are investigated. The analysis shows that the stress field is significantly altered by deviations of the free surface from an ideal (spherical) shape. For the cone and partitioned plate technique, it is shown how modest deviation from a spherical free surface shape can lead to errors of roughly 10% in the measured normal stress differences. Zusammenfassung: Der Einflus der freien Oberflache auf die Messung der ersten Normalspannungsdifferenz in der Kegel-Platte Geometrie wird diskutiert. Die Analyse zeigt, dass das Spannungsfeld erheblich durch Abweichungen von der Oberflachenidealform beeinflusst werden kann. Im Fall einer geteilten Kegel-Platte Anordnung konnen schon moderate Abweichung von der spherischen freien Oberflache zu einem Fehler von 10% des Normalspannungsdifferenzwertes fuhren. Resume:
Olfactory sensory neurons transiently express multiple olfactory receptors during development.

In mammals, each olfactory sensory neuron randomly expresses one, and only one, olfactory receptor (OR)—a phenomenon called the “one-neuron-one-receptor” rule. Although extensively studied, this rule was never proven for all ~1,000 OR genes in one cell at once, and little is known about its dynamics. Here, we directly tested this rule by single-cell transcriptomic sequencing of 178 cells from the main olfactory epithelium of adult and newborn mice. To our surprise, a subset of cells expressed multiple ORs. Most of these cells were developmentally immature. Our results illustrated how the “one-neuron-one-receptor” rule may have been established: At first, a single neuron temporarily expressed multiple ORs—seemingly violating the rule—and then all but one OR were eliminated. This work provided experimental evidence that epigenetic regulation in the olfactory system selects a single OR by suppressing a few transiently expressed ORs in a single cell during development.
Estimating Risks of Known and Unknown Carcinogens

Risk assessment is well accepted for those carcinogens for which there is human epidemiology. When there is only an animal bioassay, or only toxicity data, the calculated risk is very uncertain. Many people reject the idea of calculating risks and suggest that only a priority order is possible. But a risk still exists, however uncertain its calculation. A priority order based on uncertainty of information is different from one based on risk; yet it is the latter that is needed to improve public health.
OWASP inspired mobile security

As mobile users continue to trust their devices with sensitive data, it is important to assess the applications that are responsible for securing it. Healthcare related applications are particularly unique because of their involvement with the storage of healthcare information. The healthcare data within an application is used for treatment, payment, operations (TPO). Securing mobile healthcare applications is important because in some cases if a critical application is compromised then it could cause loss of life. This kind of worst case scenario can happen because of incorrect treatment to a patient. With the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) as a reference, we will present a methodology based on a checklist implementation and test it against applications that store healthcare data. This methodology is meant for developers to follow when attempting to secure their mobile applications.
A Methodology for Thermal Characterization Abstraction of Integrated Opto-Electronic Layouts

Hybrid integration of opto-electronic integrated circuits (OEICs) with CMOS electronics requires the modeling and characterization of thermal interactions. The thermal-gradient generated by the electronic layer causes modulation of the refractive index of the optical layers. This requires a thermal characterization for thermal-aware integration of OEICs. Full-scale, coupled, 3D electromagnetic and heat transfer simulation of the optical design is computationally infeasible. This paper describes a methodology and an abstraction model that, given external temperature hot-spots, computes a thermal gradient across the optical layout which can be used to estimate the deviation in operation of OEICs. The relative sparseness of optical layouts is exploited to employ a thermal resistance model. Our abstractions enable a compact 2.5D model for thermal computations, and techniques such as the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method can be employed for numerical computations. The approach is applied on a fabricated silicon (Si) photonic optical logic chip.
Jackknife empirical likelihood for comparing two Gini indices

The focus of this paper is to derive the jackknife empirical likelihood for the difference of two Gini indices. For independent data we propose a novel U-statistic, which allows direct utilization of the jackknife empirical likelihood without involving a nuisance parameter. For paired data we established Wilks’ theorem for the profile likelihood after maximization over the nuisance parameter. Simulation studies show that our method is comparable to existing empirical likelihood methods in terms of coverage accuracy, but obtains much shorter intervals. The proposed methods are illustrated via analyzing a real data set. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 44: 102–119; 2016 © 2016 Statistical Society of Canada
Medication monitors to treat tuberculosis. A supplement to directly observed therapy.

The use of directly observed therapy (DOT) for nearly all cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is being widely promoted by the Centers for Disease Control, but its implementation is being resisted by many health professionals. Consequently, less than half of the patients in major metropolitan health departments were given DOT in 1996. The usual justification for “universal” DOT instead of selective DOT is the well-known difficulty in differentiating between patients who are reliable in taking medication from those who are not. Devices called medication monitors, which record when medication is removed from a container, were shown to be effective in determining the reliability of TB patients in taking medication in the 1960s but were cumbersome to use. Since then several improved, convenient to use, electronic medication monitors have been introduced and further improvements can be anticipated. These increasingly practical medication monitors need to be studied as a supplement to DOT in order to make selec...
Fracture Analysis and Reasonable Injection Pressure Limit Definition of High Pressure Waterflooding Well

During the process of high pressure waterflooding in oilfield, there are bends in some water index curves. Mobility analysis and calculation the in-situ stress changes caused by waterflooding are used to define whether the formation is fractured, and to define the reasonable pressure limit of high pressure waterflooding. Two wells are calculated. The reason of the bend of water index curve is the decrease of in-situ stress caused by waterflooding. It causes the microfracture near the well.
Neurourologic findings in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract: A total of 30 patients with an established diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and symptomatic voiding dysfunction underwent neurourologic evaluation. Detrusor hyperreflexia associated with appropriate sphincter relaxation was found to be the most common urodynamic pattern, occurring in 75 per cent of the cases. Two types of increased electromyogram activity at the time of detrusor contraction were identified: 1) pseudo-dyssynergia (7 per cent)—a voluntary contraction of the perineal floor in an attempt to prevent leakage and 2) sphincter bradykinesia (11 per cent)—a manifestation of skeletal muscle hypertonicity characteristic of parkinsonism. On the basis of these observations it is assumed that the effect of the basal ganglia on micturition is inhibitory in nature. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the parkinsonian patient with voiding dysfunction is discussed.
White mica trace element and boron isotope evidence for distinctive infiltration events during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust

ABSTRACTPrevious study of subducted continental crust within the Luliang Shan terrane in Northwest China has documented metasomatic formation of thick, hydrated phengite + garnet-rich selvages at the interface between mafic eclogite blocks and quartzofeldspathic host gneiss. Whole rock concentrations of Cs and Ba within the selvage are enriched by two orders of magnitude relative to the eclogite blocks and host gneiss. We performed in situ ion microprobe analyses of Li, Be, B, Rb, Sr, Cs and Ba and δ11B of phengite within the Luliang Shane terrane to better constrain the source(s) of the infiltrating fluid. The phengite within the selvage are enriched in Li, Cs and Ba and yield δ11B values between −30‰ and −9‰, values that are lower than mantle values. High Ba/Rb, Cs/Rb coupled with low B/Be, B/Li and highly negative δ11B values indicate that the high-pressure fluid that formed the selvage was derived from highly devolatilized rocks within the subduction channel. In contrast, muscovite, which crystallized...
Optimal nonlinear cue integration for sound localization

Integration of multiple sensory cues can improve performance in detection and estimation tasks. There is an open theoretical question of the conditions under which linear or nonlinear cue combination is Bayes-optimal. We demonstrate that a neural population decoded by a population vector requires nonlinear cue combination to approximate Bayesian inference. Specifically, if cues are conditionally independent, multiplicative cue combination is optimal for the population vector. The model was tested on neural and behavioral responses in the barn owl's sound localization system where space-specific neurons owe their selectivity to multiplicative tuning to sound localization cues interaural phase (IPD) and level (ILD) differences. We found that IPD and ILD cues are approximately conditionally independent. As a result, the multiplicative combination selectivity to IPD and ILD of midbrain space-specific neurons permits a population vector to perform Bayesian cue combination. We further show that this model describes the owl's localization behavior in azimuth and elevation. This work provides theoretical justification and experimental evidence supporting the optimality of nonlinear cue combination.
Nonsurgical Management of Osteoarthritis Knee Pain in the Older Adult

Symptomatic knee osteoarthritis is a common complaint of many elderly patients in primary care offices. For those unable or unwilling to undergo knee replacement, the primary practitioners' understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the available treatment modalities for pain relief is critical to successful in-office counseling and expectation management. Treatment requires a multimodal approach of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies to achieve a maximal clinical benefit. The focus of this review is on the nonsurgical options for treatment of knee osteoarthritis in patients aged 65 and older.
A FLIC motility assay reveals myosin-6 coordination limited by actin filament buckling

Teams of myosin motors carry out intracellular transport and contract the actin cytoskeleton. To fully understand the behavior of multi-myosin ensembles we need to know the properties of individual myosins and the mode of interaction between them. Current models of the interactions within the myosin complex treat the actin filament as a stiff rod, not contributing to the regulation of collective myosin dynamics. Here, we present data suggesting that force transduction through the actin filament is an important element of interaction within myosin-6 ensembles in vitro. Multiple myosin-6s coordinate their steps if they are separated by a short (and therefore high-force bearing) segment of actin. The measurements were performed using Fluorescence Interference Contrast Microscopy (FLIC) to measure small changes in the height of fluorescently labeled actin. Using FLIC, we assign the positions of myosins in a gliding filament assay geometry and measure their attachment time to actin. We also identify actin segments that are buckled or under tension. We show that myosin-6 holds actin about 10 nm above the surface. However, due to asynchronous myosin stepping, frequent buckles up to about 60 nm high appear. The buckle lifetime decreases as the distance between the myosin- 6s is reduced, a sign of inter-motor coordination. Our data are consistent with coordinated stepping of closely spaced myosins, but uncoordinated motility with widely separated myosins where buckles can form. These features would be expected to operate on myosins in the cell, where motor spacing may vary considerably depending on the target organelle.
16 Using Audit to Change After-Death Practices to Lessen the Psychological Impact on Staff when Handling Patients’ bodies in the Mortuary

In 2007, an audit was conducted to assess the psychological impact of handling bodies in the mortuary. This followed the nursing team and student nurses raising issues during reflective practice sessions and placement evaluations. Senior nurse managers had also become increasingly concerned about the potential effect of traditional nursing practices, which encouraged multiple viewings for …
Ambidexterity lost? Compromising innovation and the exploration/exploitation plan

Abstract Although innovation is central to a firm's success and a top priority for most technology managers, firms commonly report disappointment that innovation outcomes do not match their original plans. This paper examines the difference in intended innovation and realized innovation using an exploration/exploitation framing. Its focus is on changes to defined innovation plans that occur after planning phases end. Extant literature and field research form the basis for hypotheses that are then tested using a large scale survey of an entire population of small and medium-sized high-technology enterprises (SMEs). Findings of compromised exploration in favor of exploitation, during the development phase, is quantified. Firms divert resources away from novel emergent exploration and into existing product development, thereby undercutting innovation plans. Intended innovation, established during the planning stages, is found to be compromised. Our hypotheses, that agency and resource dependence underpin a shifting between explorative and exploitative development, have support. The paper's theoretical contributions include the application of novel agency and resource dependence perspectives onto innovation. It informs ambidexterity research by indicating where, how much, and why erosion in the balance of exploration/exploitation occurs and provides new avenues for research into low innovation outcomes.
Grain Boundary Contributions to Li-Ion Transport in the Solid Electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)

The oxide with nominal composition Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is a promising solid electrolyte thanks to its high (bulk) Li-ion conductivity, negligible electronic transport, chemical stability against Li metal, and wide electrochemical window. Despite these promising characteristics, recent measurements suggest that microstructural features, specifically, grain boundaries (GBs), contribute to undesirable short-circuiting and resistance in polycrystalline LLZO membranes. Toward the goal of understanding GB-related phenomena, the present study characterizes the energetics, composition, and transport properties of three low-energy (Σ3 and Σ5) symmetric tilt GBs in LLZO at the atomic scale. Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the GB planes are enriched with Li, and to a lesser extent with oxygen. Molecular dynamics simulations on these off-stoichiometric boundaries were used to assess Li-ion transport within and across the boundary planes. We find that Li transport is generally reduced in the GB region; however, th...
Corporate Employee Trade-Offs in Their Decision to Participate in Corporate Ventures

Title: “Corporate Employee Trade-Offs in Their Decision to Participate in Corporate Ventures: An Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Perspective” The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that ...
Addressing Estrangement from Nature with a Night Class in the Forest

Young people today spend relatively little time in natural environments, and this can lead to problems when they enter college degree programs in environmental studies or sciences. We designed a field course to reconnect undergraduates with nature through focused exercises in wilderness survival. This course integrates multiple learning domains, with a primary focus on the affective. In this case study, we narrate the story of one exercise deployed in this course, a night class in the forest, which has proven valuable for helping our students develop an affective connection with the natural surroundings. The success of the exercise hinges on careful choreography and the authenticity of the nighttime forest setting. Oral testimonies and written reflections following a daytime return visit reveal profound impacts on students, both in their awareness of the environment around them and their sense of connection to it. This article concludes with several questions to help faculty and students critically consider their own teaching and learning in environmental studies, as well as the potential applicability of these exercises in other academic situations.
Explicit versus implicit understanding of teaching: Does knowing what teaching is help children to learn from it?

Abstract One hundred and sixteen Korean 3- to 5-year-olds were individually taught animal names through a game, either in a direct condition in which the instructional goal was stated or an indirect condition in which it was not. How much they learned and how well they understood the intentionality of teaching were also measured. Korean children seemed to have relatively rapid development in understanding of the intentionality of teaching, and this understanding was correlated with their identification of the goal of the game. The direct condition produced better learning for the children who had higher understanding of the intentionality of teaching.
Accumulation of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality.

The health benefits of intermittent short bouts of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have been advocated for >20 years, beginning with the Physical Activity and Public Health recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports
Role of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Myeloma

It has been more than 30 years since McElwain and Powles demonstrated the benefits of high-dose melphalan in the treatment of relapse and refractory myeloma. With autologous hematopoietic cell support high-dose melphalan has become the best available strategy to achieve high CR rates and prolong PFS as consolidation of a proteosome inhibitor, immune-modulatory drug, and steroid induction therapy.
Founders Matter! Serial Entrepreneurs and Venture Capital Syndicate Formation:

Although founders are responsible for soliciting venture capital (VC) funding, their influence over VC syndicate formation has largely been neglected in the extant literature. This article fills th...
Pre-1861 Civil Conflicts which Indicated a Need for the Status of Insurgency

The Spanish colonists were still in full battle for independence when in April of 1821 the Greeks began their struggle for freedom with an insurrection on the penisula of Morea. The cruelties of the Turks served to unite the Greek population, and whenever given the opportunity the Greeks retaliated in kind. The history of the early stages of the conflict records a series of butcheries on each side, and it became exceedingly difficult to assimilate the conflict to ordinary rules of public war.1 The recollections which attached to the soil of classical Greece, plus the fact that the inhabitants were Christians striving to cast off the yoke of “infidels,” aroused public sympathy throughout Europe to the fever of a crusade.
The Enterohepatic Circulations of Bile Acids in Man: A Maturation of Concepts

The meticulous structural characterization of bile acids and bile alcohols by G.A.D. Haslewood has made it highly probable that bile alcohols or acids, as major constituents of hepatic secretions, first appear in the evolutionary ladder in vertebrates (1). In invertebrates, very little work has been done on the chemical composition of the digestive emulsifiers, although the crab surfactant is known to be an acyl dipeptide (2). The entire area of the phylogeny of digestive surfactants would seem to merit much additional investigation.
Measures of Functioning in Patients With Episodic Migraine: Findings From a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2b Trial With Galcanezumab.

Objective - To evaluate 12-week changes from baseline of 2 disease-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures in adults with migraine treated with galcanezumab, an investigational humanized antibody binding calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or placebo. Background - Preventing headache-related functional impairment is an important goal of migraine preventive treatment and a measurement target for PROs. Understanding which drugs have the potential to improve patient functioning in addition to preventing migraine headaches is vital to lessening patient burden. Design/Methods - This Phase 2b double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study enrolled adults with episodic migraine. Galcanezumab (120 mg subcutaneous injection; n = 60) or placebo (n = 127) was administered every 28 days for 12 weeks. Post hoc secondary analyses were conducted for those who completed 12 weeks of treatment on 2 PROs: The Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ) v2.1 and the Headache Impact Test™ (HIT-6). Results - Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences in least square mean changes from baseline between galcanezumab and placebo for all MSQ domains including total mean change placebo of 18.63, galcanezumab of 27.36 (95% CI 2.449, 15.008; P-value of .0067); Role Function-Restrictive mean change placebo of 22.40, galcanezumab of 31.92 (95% CI 2.636, 16.518; P-value of .0071); Role Function-Preventive mean change placebo of 13.43, galcanezumab of 19.76 (95% CI 0.476, 12.185; P-value of .0342); and Emotional Function mean change placebo of 16.88, galcanezumab of 26.61 (95% CI 2.789, 16.674; P-value of .0063). At baseline, mean number of migraine headache days (MHDs) did not correlate with MSQ total scores or HIT-6. At 12 weeks post-treatment, MHD correlated with MSQ and HIT-6 scores (all P < .0001). Change in MHD was associated with change in MSQ domains and change in HIT-6 scores (all P < .0001). Conclusions - In comparison with placebo, treatment with galcanezumab was associated with significant functional improvements as reflected by changes in MSQ scores. Change in MHD was associated with improvements in MSQ and reductions in HIT-6 scores, indicating the clinical importance of these changes in relation to PROs that measure function.
The Supersonic Project: rotational effects of supersonic motions on the first structures in the Universe

We introduce the "Supersonic Project," aimed at investigating the effects of the supersonic relative velocity between dark matter (DM) and baryons at high redshift using a combination of analytical calculations and cosmological simulations. In this paper, we study the effect of this stream velocity on the angular momentum of the first structures in the early Universe using simulations. We focus on DM haloes and their gas component as well as the recently predicted supersonically-induced gas objects (SIGOs) that arise as a result of the stream velocity phase shift. We find that the spin parameter of the gas component in these first haloes is increased with the stream velocity. Moreover, we find that when the stream velocity is taken into account, the angular momentum vectors of the DM component and the gas component are typically misaligned and this misalignment angle has a nearly isotropic distribution. The spin parameter value of the gas component is higher than in the no stream velocity case, which even in the absence of cooling, may result in more prolate objects. We also generalize the spin parameter to the SIGOs and find that they typically have a larger spin parameter with respect to their dark matter counterparts and that there is no correlation of the spin parameter and the prolateness of such structures. We speculate that SIGOs may be observed as very low luminosity objects in the early Universe and may serve as potential progenitors of Little Blue Dot-like systems.
A Novel RF (XBee) and IR LoS (Line-of-Sight) Collaborative Vehicle-to-Vehicle Navigation Technique

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication has been under heavy development in the last decade. Most modern automobiles have a multitude of safety features and sensors that aid in the protection of the driver, however, most vehicles have no method or means to communicate with one another. With the recent advances in light communication, via Light-Fidelity (LiFi), and the widespread use of LED lighting in many consumer products, including automobiles, the possibility of this medium being used for effective V2V communications has increased. This paper presents a novel radio frequency (RF) and Infrared Line-of-Sight (IR-LoS) collaborative Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technique than enables time critical information to be distributed to each neighboring vehicle. To simulate this setup, a National Instruments (NI) DaNI 2.0 Robotic platform (programmed with LabView) simulated a full size vehicle. It was equipped with an IR send and receive pair, as well as, an XBee Series 2 module. A novel IR packet was developed and deployed to send the leading vehicle's left and right motor speeds, along with the distance values from the on board forward facing ultrasonic sensor. The trailing vehicle would receive this information and make intelligent decisions based on this data. Both mediums transmitted the same three parameters to ensure a communication link was constantly established between the vehicles. Various driving scenarios were used to test the various active braking and forward collision avoidance scenarios. The hardware and software solutions of this method and results of these test are presented in this paper.
Smart Safety, A Survey on Smart Safety Technologies

The rapid urbanization process has profound impact on many aspects of human beings. Many challenges and problems are shown during the process, particular in the field of safety. Thus, smart city is introduced to address these issues. This paper will focus on smart safety, one of the major components in a smart city, report current status and challenges, discuss possible interaction between smart safety and other components, and analyze the impact of smart safety system. Finally, several suggestions will be proposed to improve the effectiveness of the system.
Sociolinguistic differences in production of pre-nasal /o/: Evidence from Southeastern Ohio

This study investigates the production of /o/ among 14 young adults (ages 18–24) in Athens, Ohio. This vowel is phonetically atypical because it is subject to lexical and phonological conditioning among non-native Athenians living in Athens. To better understand the phonological effects of a following nasal on /o/, the speech of 14 native southeast Ohioans was analyzed acoustically. The data come from sociolinguistic interviews selected from the Southeast Ohio Language Project corpus (Lee et al., 2018). The first two formants of each token of /o/ were extracted (n = 1468), normalized (Lobanov, 1971), and plotted. A mixed effects model was applied to the normalized F2 data to uncover interactions between location (Athens versus non-Athens) and vowel class. Results of the analysis suggest that non-Athenians have a significantly higher F2 value for /o/ than Athenians, and further that non-Athenians distinguish between two /oN/ allophones depending on the lexical item, a distinction that Athenians seem to lack. Furthermore, this fronting effect is more pronounced in words that have a preceding post-alveolar or labiovelar consonant, both of which are likely to result in a higher F2 of the vowel. These findings are an important contribution toward a more thorough understanding of pre-nasal phonological conditioning. This study investigates the production of /o/ among 14 young adults (ages 18–24) in Athens, Ohio. This vowel is phonetically atypical because it is subject to lexical and phonological conditioning among non-native Athenians living in Athens. To better understand the phonological effects of a following nasal on /o/, the speech of 14 native southeast Ohioans was analyzed acoustically. The data come from sociolinguistic interviews selected from the Southeast Ohio Language Project corpus (Lee et al., 2018). The first two formants of each token of /o/ were extracted (n = 1468), normalized (Lobanov, 1971), and plotted. A mixed effects model was applied to the normalized F2 data to uncover interactions between location (Athens versus non-Athens) and vowel class. Results of the analysis suggest that non-Athenians have a significantly higher F2 value for /o/ than Athenians, and further that non-Athenians distinguish between two /oN/ allophones depending on the lexical item, a distinction that Athenians seem to lac...
An uncertainty for clean air: Air quality modeling implications of underestimating VOC emissions in urban inventories

Abstract Recent literature has shown that volatile organic compound (VOC) emission inventories for urban regions may be substantially underestimated. In particular, non-transportation sources including volatile chemical products (VCP) are increasing in relative importance due to both the current and historical focus on controlling transportation emissions. These findings have major implications for photo-chemical air quality modeling used to determine appropriate and effective regulatory controls to meet limits for primary and secondary pollutants. Using a regional air quality model, we quantify the changes in ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) simulated for updated VOC emissions reported in the recent literature relative to a baseline inventory for California. Results show that simulated maximum 8-hr ozone concentrations could increase by 17.4 ppb in summer and by 15.6 ppb in winter, and the 24-hr maximum PM2.5 could increase by 7.8 μg/m3 in winter. Impacts reflect differences in the spatial location of VCP source emissions relative to those for transportation. However, compared to measurement data, model performance is not substantially improved by the adjustment of VOC emissions of current sources. In brief, augmented VOC emission inventories impact simulated concentrations of pollutants, but may not improve the performance of models used for the design of emission control policy without more refined representation of missing VCPs sources in the inventory.
Harmonics of High Frequency Ventilation at 3hz

Introduction: High frequency ventilation has allowed clinicians to oxygenate and ventilate patients when conventional ventilation is not sufficient, particularly in premature babies. High frequency ventilation (HFOV) incorporates lung protective strategies including adequate mean airway pressures to sustain alveolar recruitment, and small tidal volumes to avoid over distention. However, reviews of randomized controlled clinical trials have yet to confirm improved outcomes (Cools 2009). The premature lung exhibits mechanical and spatial heterogeneity, and may benefit from oscillation with multiple simultaneous frequencies compared with traditional single frequency HFOV (Kaczka 2015). The term “harmonic” is used across various disciplines and …
Hazardous air pollutants are associated with worse performance in reading, math, and science among US primary schoolchildren.

Abstract Emerging evidence demonstrates that chronic exposure to air pollution may negatively impact children's cognitive processing and memory. Little is currently known about how air pollution impacts individual children's academic performance through time. Academic performance is practically important, given its linkage to children's future life course trajectories. Individual-level, longitudinal data from 16,000 US primary school students are combined with a tract-level hazardous air pollutant (HAP) measure to assess how kindergarten exposures are associated with competencies in reading, math and science through third grade. We employed linear mixed models with repeated measures within children (e.g., five math tests across four years), clustering within census tracts, and random effects specified at the child- and census tract-levels. Controlling for a comprehensive list of time variant and time invariant covariates, we found statistically significant associations between higher levels of HAPs and lower reading (b = −0.02; p
Physical world applications of search algorithms for students

Frequently in the Computer Science curriculum we introduce topics in an abstract fashion in which the abstraction seems perfectly straightforward as well as easily implementable to students. Such is the topic of search. Generally, the topic of search is introduced to students as early as the data structures course where the student is introduced to various algorithms for the search of tree structures. In this light students understand and are able to implement search as an abstract method of information retrieval. However, in this paper we describe a project in which students implement one kind of goal-based agent called a problem-solving agent. The development and implementation of this agent required the construction of a search process to find solutions to real-world physical problems.[4.,8.]
A 'Food Systems Thinking' Roadmap for Policymakers and Retailers to Save the Ecosystem by Saving the Endangered Honey Producer from the Devastating Consequences of Honey Fraud

This White Paper recognizes how complicated the food supply chain is and how difficult it can be for stakeholders to see the big picture. This challenge is particularly true when it comes to the problem of the endangered US honey producer via honey fraud in the United States. This White Paper invites both policymakers and retailers to engage in food-systems thinking and recognize two critical points. The first point is the symbiotic relationships and interdependence between the domestic production of authentic honey, the critical ecosystem role of honeybees as pollinators in the United States, and the livelihoods of the managers of these honeybee pollinators – the honey producers. The second point is the destructive force of honey fraud in undermining these symbiotic activities and the resultant threat to the ecosystem. To address these two points, this White Paper makes a number of food-systems recommendations to policymakers and retailers – two stakeholder groups who can really make a difference – in order to save the endangered honey producer from fraud and in turn benefit the ecosystem. This White Paper follows on the heels of the Resnick Center’s previous publication on food fraud: The Pursuit of Food Authenticity: Recommended Legal and Policy Strategies to Eradicate Economically Motivated Adulteration (Food Fraud) (2016). The Resnick Center is also pleased to partner recently with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on a series of research and advisory initiatives, the first one of which is addressing food fraud on a global scale.
Basic Biology of Brain Metastasis

Brain metastases (BMs) occur through a coordinated process whereby cancer cells detach from a primary cancer site and hematogenously spread to, colonize, and grow in the central nervous system (CNS). As systemic therapies improve, the clinical importance of CNS metastases for overall survival and quality of life of cancer patients becomes increasingly important. In this chapter, we review basic biological concepts associated with CNS metastases with an emphasis on brain metastases (BMs). Although many significant advances have been achieved, our understanding of the basic biology of CNS metastases is still incomplete and evolving. The effective clinical management of CNS metastases relies heavily on leveraging current and future understanding of basic mechanisms driving CNS metastases to achieve better control and quality of life. Here we review foundational concepts of “seed and soil” hypothesis and EMT/MET (epithelial-mesenchymal transition/mesenchymal-epithelial transition), which provide conceptual frameworks for understanding the clinical profile of CNS metastases and underlying cellular-molecular mechanisms regulating brain and CNS metastases, respectively. In addition, we will address the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), molecular heterogeneity, the immune and tumor microenvironment (metastatic niche), and the use of liquid biopsies to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Deciphering how complex sequential mechanisms and the architecture of brain microenvironment drive the metastatic cascade and promote tumor survival, growth, and treatment resistance is critical to the development of more effective targeted therapies.
Sleep Disorders in Women

As women age, numerous regulatory hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and melatonin play an integral role in each stage of development, from puberty to postmenopause (Resta et al., Diabetes Nutr Metab 17:296–303, 2004). As the prevalence of these hormones varies throughout sexual development, so do their impact on the female sleep–wake cycle. Consequently, women are at increased risk of developing numerous stage-dependent sleep disorders throughout their lives, which may require uniquely tailored management (Resta et al., Diabetes Nutr Metab 17:296–303, 2004; Pengo et al., Chest 154:196–206, 2018). While female sex hormones remain low overall until menarche, the range of fluctuations present in pregnancy, perimenopause, and postmenopause has been implicated in the potential for disruption of female circadian rhythm. Although hormonal changes of the follicular and luteal phases in women of childbearing age have not yet been linked to increased risk of sleep disorders, the hormonal changes present during pregnancy have been associated with disruption in the sleep–wake cycle (Khazaie et al., Psych Res 210:901–5, 2013). Furthermore, variability of hormones within the menstrual cycle has also been linked to an increased prevalence of mood dysregulation (i.e., premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the follicular phase) (Jehan et al., Sleep Sci 10:11–8, 2017). Similarly, research has demonstrated that women in postmenopause are at increased risk of insomnia and sleep apnea, and by association a higher likelihood of underlying depression and anxiety (Kuh et al., Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:923–33, 1997). Ultimately, such impairments in sleep, and subsequently in mood, can result in adverse health outcomes and diminished quality of life (Mehta et al., Mo Med 112:430–4, 2015). Therefore, this chapter aims to discuss the role of female hormone-dependent developmental stages and their downstream physiologic, and potentially pathologic, effects on sleep and mood.