cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Controlling Pore Radii From Nonlinear Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Model of Electroporation

Electroporation, in which strong electric pulses create transient pores in the cell membrane, is commonly used as a method for delivering molecules into cells. One of the pulsing protocols used in practice, a two-pulse protocol, creates a certain number of pores (Num) with a short, large electric pulse, and then controls the pore size with a second, smaller electric pulse of strength V0 . This study uses nonlinear analysis of an electroporation model to determine guidelines for the magnitude of V0 and Num that will produce pores of a desired radius (r). Analysis reveals that for Num between 85 and 3190, number and type of fixed points (FPs) depend on Num and V0 . For this range of Num, there exist two stable FPs and one unstable FP, and increasing V0 beyond a certain threshold (V0 th ) drives the system to the FP with larger r. V0 th can be fit to a function that is linearly dependent on Num. This study shows that for a given Num created by the first pulse, choice of V0 will allow the experimenter to optimize pore size for a specific application.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Photostructural changes in bulk amorphous Ge1−xSnxSe2

Abstract Optical absorption studies have been performed on bulk amorphous Ge1−xSnxSe2 (0.00 ≤ × ≤ 0.60). As the Sn concentration is increased, the optical band gap (Eg at α = 150 cm−1) is observed to decrease from 2.11 eV at x = 0.00 to 1.65 eV at x = 0.60, except for a slight rise at x = 0.25 attributed to the fragmentation of the molecular cluster. Photo-induced shifts in the optical band gap indicate that the tathogen may be important in determining the direction of the shift. For GeSe2 only ohoto-darkening is observed but for samples containing Sn both photodarkening and photobleaching are observed. Changes in the band gap, the cluster size, and the location of the Sn atoms as x is increased preclude the identification of specific mechanisms with specific shifts in the band gap. The shift in the band gap is determined by which of the structural changes is favored under the conditions of illumination.
R-LEAP+: randomizing LEAP+ key distribution to resist replay and jamming attacks

The unique properties of wireless sensor networks make key distribution a particularly difficult problem. Two protocols, LEAP+ and Eschenauer-Gligor (EG), offer creative and effective solutions to this problem via time-limited key establishment and randomized key pre-distribution, respectively. However, LEAP+ key establishment may be thwarted by jamming attacks, and EG is vulnerable to node compromise attacks. In this paper, we offer a hybrid of these two schemes that preserves the desirable properties of each scheme, but is immune to each scheme's greatest weakness.
Changes in proteins induced by heating gluten dispersions at high temperature

Aqueous dispersions of gluten (1.6 mg/ml) were heated for varying times at temperatures from 30 to 120 °C and the proteins characterized by size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At temperatures below 100 °C at pH 5.0, only increases in the molecular size of the glutenins were observed. At 120 °C, gliadins as well as glutenins polymerized as seen by a progressive shift of the SE-HPLC profile to lower elution times with time of heating. The gliadins appear to cross-link only with glutenins, as no peaks were observed at elution times expected for gliadin oligomers. The changes in the chromatographic profiles were accompanied by increasing amounts of protein becoming unextractable even with sonication. ω-Gliadins did not participate in the changes, suggesting that disulfide bonding was involved. After polymerization at 120 °C, the kinetics of reduction of the protein by mercaptoethanol were monitored by SE-HPLC. The activation energy of the reduction process was calculated to be 35 kJ/mol.
Unifying mechanism for toxicity and addiction by abused drugs: electron transfer and reactive oxygen species

Abused drugs are of grave concern throughout the world for a variety of reasons. Although impressive advances have been made, there are many unknown mechanistic aspects. This report presents a novel hypothesis based on a unifying theme for action of the major classes of abused drugs, in addition to commonly abused therapeutic drugs. The approach is based on electron transfer (ET), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress (OS). It is significant that physiologically active substances generally incorporate ET functionalities, either per se, or more usually in their metabolites. In order to achieve ET in vivo, the reduction potential must be more positive than -0.5 V, which is the case for metabolites of abused drugs, except for special cases. Since the ET process is catalytic, only small quantities of agent are needed for generation of large amounts of ROS during redox cycyling. Bioaction with cellular materials could entail ET alone or participation of ROS. In the abused category, among the main classes of ET functionalities are quinones and iminiums, with alpha-dicarbonyl and nitroxyl radical being rarer. Nicotine yields nicotine iminium, myosmine iminium, and DNA base iminium via alkylation by a metabolic nitrosamine. In the case of alcohol, diacetyl (an alpha-dicarbonyl) is formed, which can lead to conjugated imine (or iminium) by condensation with pri-amine of protein. Phencyclidine is unusual since the iminium product is non-conjugated. However, data indicate that the conformation present at the binding site can accommodate delocalization of the derived radical. For cocaine, various metabolites may play a role: iminium, nitroxyl radical, nitrosonium and formaldehyde. Dealkylation of the ether moiety of ecstasy provides a catechol function capable of redox cycling with the o-quinone partner. Amphetamine and methamphetamine also appear to function by way of the catechol route, as well as morphine and heroin. Tetrahydrocannabinol produces an epoxide, a functionality capable of DNA base alkylation accompanied by ROS. LSD undergoes oxidation to a phenol which may be a quinone precursor. Therapeutic drugs display the indicated metabolic relationships: benzodiazepines, iminium; phenytoin, quinone; phenobarbital, catechol; aspirin, catechol and hydroquinone; acetaminophen, iminoquinone. Extensive evidence exists for formation of ROS, organ injury by OS, depletion of AOs, and protection by AOs for the various drugs. There is also discussion of computational approaches, addiction mechanism and prevention, and health promotion.
Chemotactic Response of Lymphocytes in Chicken Embryos Infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum

A prominent feature of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is a lymphoproliferative response at the site of infection. In this study, artificial air cells (AACs) were made in eggs containing 16-day old chicken embryos. An MG culture and supernates from MG-infected RP-9 cells, HD-11 cells and monocytes were separately deposited on the membranes of the AAC. After incubation for 5 days, the eggs were opened and the AAC membranes were collected for histopathological examinations. Immunolabelling of MG-infected membranes showed a massive infiltration of lymphocytes possessing CD3 surface markers and the presence of cells that secreted lymphotactin, a chemokine. The supernates from MG-infected cells caused the infiltration of comparatively small numbers of lymphocytes. The culture medium-inoculated AACs had no obvious abnormalities of the membranes. It is suggested, therefore, that MG infection of the embryonic membranes causes the embryos to secrete lymphotactin, which induces the migration and accumulation of lymphocytes to the sites of infection.
Desulfurization, deoxygenation and denitrogenation of heterocycles by a palladium surface: a mechanistic study of thiophene, furan and pyrrole on Pd(111) using laser-induced thermal desorption with Fourier-transform mass spectrometry

Abstract The following contains a review of recent work, plus new results, from our laboratory using laser-induced thermal desorption with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LITD/FTMS) to elucidate the decomposition mechanism of thiophene, furan and pyrrole on Pd(111). The results show that all three heterocycles react differently on Pd, despite their similarity in structure. Thiophene decomposes at 300 K via a C4H4 intermediate species, which subsequently hydrogenates and desorbs as 1,3-butadiene. The cleavage between the CS bonds of thiophene results in the deposition of sulfur, which remains on the Pd(111) surface. In direct contrast to thiophene, furan decomposition on Pd(111) is shown to proceed at 300 K via elimination of α-H and CO, leaving a C3H3 species on the surface. Heating to 350 K causes dimerization of the C3 species, forming benzene. In this case, oxygen is removed efficiently from the Pd(111) surface. Preliminary results of pyrrole on Pd(111) indicate that decomposition occurs at around 230 K, a lower temperature than either thiophene or furan. The only reaction product observed is HCN. The data cannot be readily explained by a pathway involving either a C4 or a C3 species, however, our results indicate the presence of some hydrocarbon species that decomposes above 325 K yielding hydrogen and above 500 K to give HCN. Removal of nitrogen from Pd(111) is similar to that of furan, in that the formation and subsequent desorption of HCN removes a significant fraction of nitrogen from the surface.
Visual and auditory function in an hydranencephalic infant

Abstract An infant with almost complete absence of cerebral hemispheres except for incomplete microgyric occipital lobes was examined neurologically and investigated using computer averaging of EEG responses to visual and auditory stimuli. Although no responses could be seen on the conventionally recorded EEG's, small amplitude stereotyped responses to visual stimuli were detected by electronic averaging and a normal electroretinogram was recorded. No response to auditory stimuli could be found. Behavioral responses to both auditory and visual stimuli were present.
Universal ac conductivity and dielectric response of periodic chaotic systems.

We investigate dielectric and transport properties of periodic metallic systems, when electron motion within a primitive cell is chaotic. For a large «conductance» of a single primitive cell, the integration over the Fermi surface provides an effective averaging which leads to the universal two-point correlation function. By identifying the quasimomenta with Aharonov-Bohm fluxes, the supermatrix approach enables us to determine the dynamic dielectric function and optical conductivity, and to describe exactly the transition from ballistic to diffusive motion. The latter manifests itself even at length scales much larger than the period of the structure
Differential effects induced by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene in DNA excision-repair-deficient Chinese hamster cells.

Abstract The direct-acting cytotoxic properties of N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) and N hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (N-OH-AF) have been determined in repair-proficient (AA8-4) and repairdeficient (UV-5) Chinese hamster ovary ceils. Cytotoxicity comparisons indicate that UV-5 cells are considerably more sensitive to exposure to N-OH-AAF than is the parental AA8-4 cell line, i.e., concentrations needed to obtain a D 37 for survival of AA8-4 is >5-fold higher than for UV-5. Mutation analysis at the HGPRT locus also indicates the increased sensitivity of UV-5 cells to N-OH-AAF as witnessed by an enhanced induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant colonies at equitoxic doses. Conversely, N-OH-AF, did not induce a ‘UV-mimetic’ response when comparing genotoxicity between these two cell lines. Our data coupled with previously published model-building and adduct removal studies (Broyde and Hingerty, 1983; Fuchs and Daune, 1974; Grunberger and Weinstein, 1976; Yamasaki et al., 1977) suggest that the minor DNA adduct species, N -(2′-deoxyguanosin-8- yl )-2-acetylaminofluorene, may be responsible for the hypermutagenicity witnessed in DNA excision-repair-deficient cells treated with N-OH-AAF.
Segregation by species and size classes of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and Sacramento sucker, Catostomus occidentalis, in three California streams

The hypothesis that Sacramento suckers, Catostomus occidentalis, compete with rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, for space in streams was examined by measuring microhabitat utilization of both species in three California streams. Two streams were similar in most respects except one contained only trout and one contained trout and a large population of suckers. The third stream, formed by the union of the first two, contained trout and a small population of suckers. The species overlapped in five of the six microhabitat variables measured: maximum depth, mean water column velocity, focal point velocity, surface water velocity, and substrate type. However, the species had strong vertical segregation; there was little overlap between species in focal point depth. Mean focal point velocities were also significantly different. Suckers roamed over and generally remained in contact with the bottom while trout held position in the water column. Microhabitat utilization by trout in the stream without suckers was similar to in the stream with a higher sucker density. Differences in microhabitat utilization by trout between the third stream and the other two was attributed to the larger size of the third stream. Both sucker and trout showed a similar within-species segregation of size classes - fish under 50 mm in length sought shallow water. Size-specific trends indicated ontogenic shifts in resource utilization which reduced overlap within species. These results suggest that competition for space between trout and suckers was not a major factor regulating microhabitat utilization of trout, although the possibility that larger suckers may displace small trout needs further study.
"The roentgen manifestations of unrecognized skeletal trauma in infants"--a commentary

559 or thoracic compression and is often seen in infants dying of inflicted head injury [4]. In all three cases, he noted metaphyseal lesions, curious injuries that Caffey [5] latter classified as “corner” and “bucket-handle” fractures. These classic metaphyseal lesions have distinctive radiologic and histopathologic features and in otherwise normal infants are strong indicators of inflicted injury [6]. Silverman’s [1] description in case one of a proximal femoral epiphyseal separation illustrates how this injury can easily be confused with a dislocated hip when the femoral head is not yet ossified—without the aid of sonography or MRI! He stressed the importance of followup radiography to document injuries that are inapparent or confusing on initial radiographs. Subsequent studies have shown the utility of follow-up skeletal surveys in suspected infant abuse, and this approach is now recommended by the American College of Radiology and the American Academy of Pediatrics [7, 8]. Despite a rigorous clinical approach to his subject, one cannot mistake the deep personal interest shown by Silverman [1] in these three injured infants. In case two, he noted, “The roentgen diagnosis of traumatic lesions in the skeleton was strongly resisted by pediatricians and orthopedists interested in the child.” This led him to a personal interview with the parents, during which a “long series of episodes of trauma was discovered.” These seminal observations were followed by Silverman’s collaboration with the noted pediatrician, Henry Kempe, and their work culminated with the landmark article, “The Battered Child Syndrome” published in 1962 in the Journal of the American Medical Association [9]. “The Roentgen Manifestations of Unrecognized Skeletal Trauma in Infants”—A Commentary
A constrained Hartree-Fock model for the vaporization of hot nuclei

Abstract A new microscopic model is proposed to describe the expansion and vaporization of a hot nucleus. The model incorporates the dynamics of the expansion process into finite-temperature Hartree-Fock theory. Testing the method on 40 Ca, we find that most of the nucleus remains in the liquid phase if the temperature is below 8 MeV, and for higher temperatures most of it is turned to vapor in the initial expansion.
Nominal Anchors and Fiscal Reforms

Time lags associated with fiscal reforms imply they are often anticipated by the private sector. The literature has not considered how the choice between exchange rate and monetary anchors influence the effects of anticipated fiscal reforms. Previous work [Ellis and Auernheimer, 1996, “Stabilization under Capital Controls,” Journal of International Money and Finance 15(4), 523–33] showed the private sector smoothes consumption prior to an anticipated fiscal reform consisting of an increase in lump-sum taxes under a fixed exchange rate and no capital mobility. Here, the same case is analyzed, except the government controls the money supply. I show that instead of consumption smoothing, it is optimal to increase consumption prior to the tax increase. Consider a small economy with a fixed flow of one traded good and a price level equal to the nominal exchange rate. The flow budget constraint of an infinitely lived representative agent is
The MX Northern Abell Cluster Redshift Survey

The results from the COBE satellite show the existence of structure on scales ~10% or more of the horizon scale of the universe. Rich clusters of galaxies from the Abell/Abell, Corwin, & Olowin catalogs show evidence of structure on scales of 100 h-1 Mpc and hold the promise of confirming structure on the scale of the COBE results. An impediment to that promise has been that redshift information has been unavailable for a large percentage of these clusters, so knowledge of their three-dimensional distribution has had large uncertainties. We have been working to greatly expand the sample of Abell clusters with reliable redshifts. Our approach in this effort, through the MX Northern Abell Cluster Redshift Survey, has been to measure redshifts of at least 25 galaxies in each of 95 R ? 1 Abell cluster fields with m10 ? 16.8 and zero or one previously measured redshift. Of these 95 observed Abell clusters, 88 new cluster redshifts were obtained with an average of nine cluster member galaxy redshifts per field. Two clusters were found to be chance projections of galaxies along the line of sight, while five cluster observations did not provide enough galaxy redshifts to make a positive identification. This work has resulted in a deeper, 98% complete, and more reliable sample of three-dimensional positions of rich Abell clusters in the northern hemisphere. The primary intent of this survey has been to produce a larger and more complete sample of rich Abell clusters that can be used as tracers for large-scale structure. Through analyses with tools such as the two-point correlation function, power spectrum, and velocity dispersions, this sample can be used to constrain theoretical models better for the formation of structure we see in the universe today.
Scattering of plane waves from an infinitely long cylinder of anisotropic materials at oblique incidence with an application to an electronic scanning antenna

The scattering of plane waves with two types of polarization by a circular homogeneous anisotropic cylinder at oblique incidence is investigated. The anisotropy of the medium is characterized by suitable dyadic forms of e and μ, which may represent a uniform plasma column or a uniform ferrite column in the presence of a uniform static magnetic field in the axial direction. In the general problem, expressions for fields inside and outside the cylinder are obtained and the total scattering cross section is evaluated. From the general problem various special cases are obtained by the limiting process and checked with known results.
No Place Like Home? An Identity Strain Perspective on Repatriate Turnover

We draw on identity theory to explain why employees returning from international assignments may leave their organizations. We tested our predictions over a 12-month period with a sample of 112 rep...
Displaying the state: visual signs and colonial construction in Jordan

How do colonial states make themselves known to their citizens? Drawing on sociological, post-colonial, and feminist theories, this article argues that colonial authorities make the state visible to its citizens and thereby establish its territoriality. The case of Jordan is considered as a prime example for the visual means of creating state ideological power through the cult of the Hashemite monarch. The origins and logic of this practice must be traced back to the British colonial mandate over the country that operated from 1922 to 1946. When in Jordan, British officials constructed state presence through a variety of methods including building desert forts, designing ornate tribal uniforms for the military, and showing the Jordanian flag in various areas throughout the country. The present account analyzes these and other instances of the display of state power through a reappraisal of the work of Clifford Geertz. This article identifies the foundation of the state-citizen relationship especially for new states in ideological power expressed materially.
Deterministic modeling and numerical simulation of lubrication between rough surfaces—a review of recent developments

Abstract Significant progress has been made in the past ten years on deterministic modeling and analysis of lubricated rough contacts operating in the regime of micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). This progress has opened new avenues for analytical-computational studies of tribo-contacts that operate in the mixed regime of micro-EHL and boundary lubrication. Work to this date suggests that deterministic modeling of mixed-film lubrication problems is feasible and may reveal insights into the dynamic behavior of asperity interactions, mechanisms of friction and wear, and modes of contact failure.
A gallium arsenide ballistic transistor

The authors review the work done in 1985 at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center on measuring the ballistic transport of electrons in a gallium arsenide heterostructure hot-electron transistor. The device is referred to as the tunneling hot-electron transfer amplifier (Theta). The way in which the transistor functions as its own spectrometer is explained. The experimental results obtained with Theta are summarized. It was found that when no voltage is applied across the base-collector heterojunction, essentially only ballistic electrons are collected. These account for about 40% of the total number of electrons injected from the emitter at low temperatures. As the voltage across the collector is increased positively, up to 75% of them are collected.
Primes, contingent attention, and training: effects on a child's motor behavior

The use of primes, contingent attention, and training sessions to assess a child's engagement and skill in six large motor activities was examined using a combination reversal and multiple-baseline design. Assessment was based on four levels: proximity to equipment, touching equipment, unskilled participation, and skilled participation. Before training, priming (suggestion to the child) was more effective than contingent attention for increasing the subject's engagement (but not skill) in five activities and for increasing skilled participation in one activity. Training of four activities in the natural environment effectively increased the subject's skill level in five activities. Thus, training appeared to generalize to one of these five activities in this setting and also to skillfully executed stair climbing in an adjoining setting. After training, primes and contingent attention were sufficient to maintain both the subject's skill level and engagement in all activities. Postchecks in the same setting the following semester with different teachers revealed only slight increases in participation, as compared to previous baselines, but all participation was at the skilled level. Social interaction, which was not experimentally manipulated, did not systematically vary in relation to changes in experimental conditions.
Diverse Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies in Agriculture and Forestry

Electronic-nose (e-nose) instruments, derived from numerous types of aroma-sensor technologies, have been developed for a diversity of applications in the broad fields of agriculture and forestry. Recent advances in e-nose technologies within the plant sciences, including improvements in gas-sensor designs, innovations in data analysis and pattern-recognition algorithms, and progress in material science and systems integration methods, have led to significant benefits to both industries. Electronic noses have been used in a variety of commercial agricultural-related industries, including the agricultural sectors of agronomy, biochemical processing, botany, cell culture, plant cultivar selections, environmental monitoring, horticulture, pesticide detection, plant physiology and pathology. Applications in forestry include uses in chemotaxonomy, log tracking, wood and paper processing, forest management, forest health protection, and waste management. These aroma-detection applications have improved plant-based product attributes, quality, uniformity, and consistency in ways that have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of production and manufacturing processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review and summary of a broad range of electronic-nose technologies and applications, developed specifically for the agriculture and forestry industries over the past thirty years, which have offered solutions that have greatly improved worldwide agricultural and agroforestry production systems.
Crack Cocaine: A Practical Treatment Approach for the Chemically Dependent

(1991). Crack Cocaine: A Practical Treatment Approach for the Chemically Dependent. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 303-304.
Potentiation of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine by Iproniazid

The effects of pretreatment with iproniazid on the toxicity and cataract-producing ability of epinephrine and norepinephrine were studied. The epinephrine and norepinephrine were administered in such a way that a slow, prolonged rate of absorption was achieved. Under these conditions, the lethality and cataract-producing ability of these amines were shown to be significantly enhanced by the action of iproniazid.
Mobile research strategies for a global market

The user-centered design focus at Microsoft has evolved in parallel with emerging mobile technologies. We started with a Contextual Inquiry (CI) initiative in 1997 to gather mobile communication and information requirements in the Northwest U.S. Later, as users adopted wireless data services---Short Message Service (SMS), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), mobile instant messenger, and email clients---the focus turned to more specific usage issues in key international markets. This article presents an overview of the evolution of the qualitative field research methods that have been used to respond to increasingly global research requirements.1
Stream Erosion Potential and Stormwater Management Strategies

Hydrologic and sediment transport modeling were used to examine the effectiveness of typical stormwater management policies in reducing the potential for stream-channel erosion. Two bedload functions and three total-load transport relationships were applied to 8-mm gravel and 0.5-mm sand bed materials to compare the performance of the relationships in estimating detention requirements across modes of sediment transport. The various sediment-transport relationships yielded widely diverging estimates of sediment-transport capacity and yet suggested detention volume requirements that agreed within 20%. Detention design for control of cumulative sediment load required a detention storage volume 61% greater than a peak control detention facility and resulted in an altered temporal distribution of sub-bank-full shear stress. Design of stormwater facilities based on time-integrated sediment-transport capacity may inadvertently result in channel instability and substrate changes unless the approach accounts for the frequency distribution of sub-bank-full flows, the capacity to transport heterogeneous bed and bank materials, and potential shifts in inflowing sediment loads.
Gas-Phase NMR Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become one of the most powerful tools available to the chemist and biochemist for the study of structure and chemical exchange in a multitude of chemical systems. The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance was first observed in 1946, and in these last five decades the field has grown tremendously. Today, almost every university chemistry department owns at least one commercial NMR spectrometer.
Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.).

Phenolic compounds present in crude oil extracts from acai fruit (Euterpe oleracea) were identified for the first time. The stability of acai oil that contained three concentrations of phenolics wa...
Natural Monopoly and Yardstick Competition

There is a renaissance of interest in yardstick competition as an aid to regulators. It can work well when the only source of inter-firm cost differences is efficiency. However, when cost differences arise from other factors, yardstick competition must rely on statistical analyses which have so far not been very successful in determining the effect on distribution cost of the cost environment, scale and service quality.
Radial recovery of high current spark channels

Abstract Radial recovery characteristics of high current (40 kA) spark channels in air at atmospheric pressure have been measured using re-ignition voltage technique and pressure probe technique. In the case of re-ignition voltage measurement the temperature was derived by assuming the validity of Paschen's law at the Into recovery period, whereas in the case of pressure probe, measurements of local sound velocity were used to derive the gas temperature. The derived temperature profiles of the spark channel under similar experimental conditions show a uniform temperature profile near the centre of the channel. The boundaries of the spark channels measured by these techniques are not well defined as compared with previous results using the shock-wave Schlieren technique. Discrepancies of results obtained by the present two different sensing techniques are found and are explained as due to the large cooling effects of the re-ignition voltage probes.
Tetherin does not significantly restrict dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 transmission and its expression is upregulated by newly synthesized HIV-1 Nef

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to encounter HIV-1 and play important roles in viral transmission and pathogenesis. Immature DCs allow productive HIV-1 replication and long-term viral dissemination. The pro-inflammatory factor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces DC maturation and enhances the efficiency of DC-mediated HIV-1 transmission. Type I interferon (IFN) partially inhibits HIV-1 replication and cell-cell transmission in CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Tetherin is a type I IFN-inducible restriction factor that blocks HIV-1 release and modulates CD4+ T cell-mediated cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. However, the role of type I IFN and tetherin in HIV-1 infection of DCs and DC-mediated viral transmission remains unknown.
Parallel Coupled Micro-Macro Actuators

This thesis presents a new actuator system consisting of a micro-actuator and a macro-actuator coupled in parallel via a compliant transmission. The system is called the Parallel Coupled Micro-Macro Actuator, or PaCMMA. In this system, the micro-actuator is capable of high bandwidth force control due to its low mass and direct-drive connection to the output shaft. The compliant transmission of the macro-actuator reduces the impedance (stiffness) at the output shaft and increases the dynamic range of force. Performance improvement over single actuator systems was expected in force control, impedance control, force distortion and reduction of transient impact forces. A set of quantitative measures is proposed and the actuator system is evaluated against them: Force Control Bandwidth, Position Bandwidth, Dynamic Range, Impact Force, Impedance (``Backdriveability''''), Force Distortion and Force Performance Space. Several theoretical performance limits are derived from the saturation limits of the system. A control law is proposed and control system performance is compared to the theoretical limits. A prototype testbed was built using permanenent magnet motors and an experimental comparison was performed between this actuator concept and two single actuator systems. The following performance was observed: Force bandwidth of 56Hz, Torque Dynamic Range of 800:1, Peak Torque of 1040mNm, Minimum Torque of 1.3mNm. Peak Impact Force was reduced by an order of magnitude. Distortion at small amplitudes was reduced substantially. Backdriven impedance was reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude. This actuator system shows promise for manipulator design as well as psychophysical tests of human performance.
Expanding client-centred thinking to include social determinants: a practical scenario based on the occupation of breastfeeding.

AbstractBackground: Client-centred thinking in occupational therapy underemphasizes the influence of social determinants and societal-level factors on occupation across the life course. When client-centred thinking focuses solely on the local or immediate contexts of individuals, therapists may not fully recognize or understand how social determinants can create barriers to occupational participation and performance. Aim/Objectives: This article critically examines gaps in traditional thinking concerning client-centredness and demonstrates how the complex interplay between social determinants and societal-level factors may lead to occupational injustices. Material and methods: A practical example from a recent study on breastfeeding and accompanying scenario is used to examine limitations in current client-centred reasoning. The Life Course Health Development framework, a theoretical framework examining contexts of health disparities, is applied to illustrate the opportunity to expand thinking about clien...
Radiation Therapy for Prophylaxis of Heterotopic Ossification at the Elbow: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study

Purpose/Objective(s): Radiation therapy (RT) for prevention of heterotopic ossification (HO) around the joints has been used for decades. While there is ample evidence to support its use at the hip, data on non-hip joints such as the elbow are scant, with recent studies raising concern over toxicities. We conducted an IRB-approved single-institution retrospective review of our experience delivering radiation to the elbow to evaluate outcomes and complications related to RT. Materials/Methods: From 2003 to 2012, 31 patients received perioperative RT for HO prophylaxis at the elbow. Patients with postoperative films (n Z 20) were included in our study. Data on patient characteristics, treatment details, and clinical status at each encounter were reviewed. Radiological studies were reviewed using 5 classification schemes. Patients were contacted for interview on current status using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Results: Median patient age was 42.5 years, median body mass index (BMI) was 29, and 85% were male. Mean follow-up was 9.2 months. All patients received a single fraction of 600-700 cGy, preoperatively within 24 hours (n Z 8), postoperatively within 24 hours (n Z 11), or postoperatively in 3 days (n Z 1). Five patients underwent primary prophylaxis while 15 patients received RT for secondary prophylaxis. Two patients developed new HO and 1 patient had progression of disease at the time of follow-up, but all 3 reported a fair MEPS and denied severe functional limitations. Three patients required surgical re-excision of HO. Conclusions: NSAID treatment, whether newly prescribed or prior use, variations in field size, differences in technique, whether open-field AP/PA or 3D conformal with multi-leaf collimation, did not appear to make a difference in risk of recurrence, mal-union, non-union, or functional outcome. Furthermore, all of the subjects available for phone interview, including those with evidence of severe HO, reported fair or better functionality. Timing of RT seems optimal within 24 hours preoperatively or postoperatively. Patients with high-risk indications should undergo primary prophylaxis against HO. Author Disclosure: S.K. Yoo: None. C. Miyamoto: None.
Dissociation of Epithelial and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Lineages in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate Model of Prostate Cancer

The transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model is widely used in prostate cancer research because of rapid tumor onset and progression. The transgenic mouse is on a C57BL/6 (B6) background and expresses SV40 T-antigen under the probasin promoter. The strong genetic component of susceptibility to prostate cancer in humans prompted us to investigate the effect of mouse strain background (FVB and B6) on incidence, progression, and pathology of prostate cancer in this model. Because TRAMP lesions are unique but differ from conventional prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia because the epithelium and stroma are affected diffusely, we designated them as "atypical hyperplasia of Tag." Although the incidence and severity of atypical hyperplasia of Tag is similar, FVB-TRAMP mice live significantly shorter lives than B6-TRAMP mice because of the rapid development and progression of neuroendocrine carcinomas. This is associated with an increased frequency of neuroendocrine precursor lesions in young TRAMP mice, detectable at 4 weeks after birth. These lesions show properties of bipotential stem cells and co-express markers of epithelial (E-cadherin) and neuroendocrine (synaptophysin) lineages, as well as the transcription factors Foxa1 and Foxa2. Transplantation studies using TRAMP prostatic ducts suggested that neuroendocrine carcinomas arise independently from atypical hyperplasias or other epithelial lesions. Adenocarcinomas were not seen in our cohort. Thus, neuroendocrine carcinomas are the principal malignancy in this model and may develop from bipotential progenitor cells at an early stage of prostate tumorigenesis.
Throughput-cost analysis of optical flow switching

In this paper, we employ a cost model embodying major sources of capital expenditure (CapEx) to compare the throughput-cost tradeoff offered by Optical Flow Switching to that of more traditional optical network architectures.
Religious Coping and Depression Among Spouses of People With Lung Cancer

A cancer diagnosis frequently activates a range of coping responses in patients and their spouses and may affect their emotional well-being. The authors hypothesized a curvilinear relationship between religious coping and depression in 156 spouses of lung cancer patients. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with blocks of variables entered as follows: demographic characteristics; cancer stage; perceived control, self-efficacy, and social support; religious coping (linear); and religious coping squared (quadratic). There was a significant association between religious coping squared and depression. Spouses who used moderate levels of religious coping were rated as less depressed than those who used lower or higher levels.
A new preparation of highly functionaized aromatic and heteroaromatic zinc and copper organometallics

Abstract Functionalized aromatic iodides possessing an ester, cyano, chloride or keto group can be converted to arylzinc iodides by reaction with zinc in DMF or DMAC. After transmetallation to the corresponding arylcopper, they react with several electrophiles such as enongs, allylic halides and benzoyl chloride to afford highly functionalized aromatic compounds. Extension to the preparation of polyfunctionalized heteroaromatic zinc iodides and to an alkenylzinc iodide was also successful, although the zinc insertion to a pure (E)-alkenyl iodide furnished an E/Z mixture of alkenyl zinc iodides.
Political Mobilization of Black Chicago: Drafting a Candidate

The election in April of Congressman Harold Washington as mayor of the nation's second largest city held more significance than simply the election of the city's first black mayor; it was the culmination of almost two decades of struggle by blacks to free themselves from political, economic, and social oppression of the nation's most powerful political machine. The black vote had been a "captive" vote from the era of Republican party domination under "Big" Bill Thompson in the 1 920s and early 1930s through the Kelly-Nash Democratic party ascendancy of the late 1930s and 1940s to the all-powerful Daley machine from the mid 1950s through the 1970s.
Preferential killing of triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo when pharmacological aggravators of endoplasmic reticulum stress are combined with autophagy inhibitors

The cellular processes of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) appear to be interconnected, and it has been proposed that autophagy may serve to reduce ERS via removal of terminally misfolded and aggregated proteins. Conversely, there are indications that blockage of autophagy may increase ERS. Based on earlier work demonstrating that pharmacologically aggravated ERS can result in tumor cell killing, we investigated whether blockage of autophagy would enhance this effect in a therapeutically useful manner. We therefore combined chloroquine (CQ), a pharmacological inhibitor of autophagy, with other drugs known to act as ERS aggravators (ERSA), namely nelfinavir (an HIV protease inhibitor) and celecoxib (a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) or its non-coxib analog 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC), and investigated combination drug effects in a variety of breast cancer cell lines. We found that the addition of CQ resulted in synergistic enhancement of tumor cell killing by ERSA compounds, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. This combination effect could also be confirmed in an in vivo model, where CQ boosted low-dose ERSA effects, resulting in rapid deterioration of xenografted tumors in mice. Altogether, our results indicate that combinations of an autophagy inhibitor with pharmacological ERSA (i.e. compounds that lead to ER stress aggravation) should be further explored for potential therapy of otherwise difficult-to-treat TNBC.
Effectiveness of Collaborative Care in Addressing Depression Treatment Preferences Among Low-Income Latinos

Collaborative care interventions that include psychotherapy can increase the likelihood that Latino patients receive preferred care; however, special efforts may be needed to address preferences of working persons, men, and Spanish-speaking patients.
The Social Costs of Career Success for Women

Women in the workforce, especially those in professional and management positions, are doubly burdened by social traditions that expect workers to meet masculine standards at the office while maintaining their feminine role of nurturer at home. This article studies the social costs of female career progression using a survey of 1,600 respondents from different levels of the public sector. The results show that working women have an increased incidence of being single or divorced, married working women tend to have more housework responsibilities, and working women have fewer children or are childless. The article concludes that government and business organizations need to pay serious attention to this hidden problem of social costs that affect women and men disproportionately.
Performance evaluation of a multi-agent risk-sensitive tracking system

In this paper, we consider a simple linear exponential quadratic Gaussian (LEQG) tracking problem for a multi- agent system. We study the dynamical behaviors of the group as we vary the risk-sensitivity parameter, comparing in particular the risk averse case to the LQG case. Then we consider the evolution of the performance per agent as the number of agents in the system increases. We provide some analytical as well as simulation results. In general, more agents are beneficial only if noisy agent dynamics and/or imperfect measurements are considered. The critical value of the risk sensitivity parameter above which the cost becomes infinite increases with the number of agents. In other words, for a fixed positive value of this parameter, there is a minimum number of agents above which the cost remains finite.
Blinding eye injury during a rock concert

A 17-year-old girl attended a rock concert where promotional compact discs were being thrown into the audience as prizes. She suffered an extensive corneoscleral laceration with vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment when a compact disc struck her in the eye. An alternative, safer method must be used for distributing compact discs as prizes.
The Value of Patents in Industry Standards: Avoiding License Arbitrage with Voluntary Rules

This Article looks at the role that compulsory compensation rules for patent infringement play in creating patent hold-ups. It argues that patent hold-ups of industry standards can best be avoided by channeling patentees into voluntary negotiations with industry groups. This requires reworking compulsory compensation rules, so that patentees don't have strong incentives to create hold-up situations, which in turn means better defining compulsory compensation rules such that they yield royalties that are in line with what we would expect to see in voluntary negotiation. The paper suggests an initial economic framework and procedural mechanisms to reach this end.[Winner of Jones Day 2007 Swope Prize Antitrust Writing Competition][NB: This version may contain non-substantive differences from the version as published]
Managing Emergent Work: Revisiting Jazz Lessons

Over time, a body of ‘conventional wisdom’ adopted from jazz band leaders has been codified to help managers lead emergent work processes. This wisdom encourages managers to create plans to guide execution, hide the emergent nature of the work from customers and lead subordinates by personally and publicly facing uncertainty head-on. This wisdom reflected a style of leadership that prioritised the actions of the individual leader over the actions of the collective. It came from an era where the separation between businesses and their customers was formal and proscribed. Today, this conventional wisdom is insufficient to support the fast pace of change and innovation required. It does not reflect the active role customers play in business development and the increased demand for transparency. It does not support simultaneously learning and doing during the work process. While conventional wisdom was informed by one view of jazz band leaders, today’s managers need to be guided by a different view of jazz band leaders – a view that focuses on how jazz band leaders support, not lead, emergence.Jazz bands are always learning something new as they play. They focus on the conversation that emerges between notes, players and instruments. They start with a musical structure, but are not bound by it. They build mental maps of the expertise in their bands. They engage in front of, rather than hide from, the public. As knowledge about the music emerges, they support the emergent process of jazz by making connections among players, notes, and instruments, not by focusing attention on themselves. In the same way, successful managers support emergent work. The authors provide examples of this in both online and offline contexts, concluding that in order to successfully manage an emergent work process, people need to learn while they are doing the business of their work. To support this belief, four principles for managing emergent work are offered which improvise off the old conventions for a new riff on emergent leadership.