cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EU Enlargement, Conditionality, and the Protection of Christian Minorities in Turkey

Turkey has had aspirations to join the European Union (EU) and be part of Europe since 1958. The most recent three EU enlargement rounds in 2004, 2007, and 2013 included most Eastern European countries and kept Turkey aside. Turkey has to comply with numerous enlargement conditionalities imposed by the EU to obtain the status of potential membership eligibility. Among these conditionalities are the Copenhagen criteria, which include but are not limited to the respect of minority rights as an inseparable part of Copenhagen's political criterion. This essay discusses the respect of minority rights in Turkey as a conditionality for its EU accession and focuses on the non-Muslim Christian minorities, namely Armenian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox minorities. The findings of this essay present and demonstrate the persecutions and intolerance these minorities have encountered and still encounter in their everyday life within Turkish society by the current Turkish government and its predecessors. As a result, this essay argues that Turkey does not comply with the 'respect of minority rights' requirement as prescribed by the Copenhagen criteria, a prerequisite for its EU accession. Consequently, Turkey is not eligible for EU accession from the 'respect of minority rights' perspective as it does not fulfill the latter condition.
Process Management Self-Efficacy: Scale Development and Validation

Managers, responsible for the work of others, are crucial for organizational success. A key function of managers is coordination and management of process(es) to ensure task completion (Bounty & Drucker-Godard in Human Relations, 72(3), 565-587, 2019; Mintzberg, 2009). Self-efficacy beliefs related to process management are likely to predict how well an individual manages processes. Thus, process management self-efficacy beliefs are crucial to managerial performance and, consequently, to organizational success. The lack of a scale to measure process management self-efficacy is a significant oversight, which this study attempts to remedy. In study 1, using data from four separate samples, we developed a process management self-efficacy scale (PMSES). To provide preliminary evidence of construct validity, we conducted studies 2 and 3. Using data collected from managers, their supervisors, and co-workers, results of study 2 indicated that managers’ process management self-efficacy was related to task performance evaluated by their superiors and to contextual performance rated by their co-workers. In addition, process management self-efficacy predicted additional variance in task and contextual performance, beyond a measure of generalized self-efficacy. In study 3, managers’ process management self-efficacy beliefs were related to their subordinates’ performance. We discuss implications for theory, research, and practice.
Teaching Counseling Research and Program Evaluation through Problem-Based Service Learning

Service learning offers counselor educators experiential learning opportunities. This article presents the findings of a quantitative action research study examining the impact of problem-based ser...
SU-E-J-273: Skin Temperature Recovery Rate as a Potential Predictor for Radiation-Induced Skin Reactions

Purpose: To assess the potential of dynamic infrared imaging to evaluate early skin reactions during radiation therapy in cancer patients. Methods: Thermal images were captured by our home-built system consisting of two flash lamps and an infrared (IR) camera. The surface temperature of the skin was first raised by ∼ 6 °C from ∼1 ms short flashes; the camera then captured a series of IR images for 10 seconds. For each image series, a basal temperature was recorded for 0.5 seconds before flash was triggered. The temperature gradients (e) were calculated between a reference point (immediately after the flash) and at a time point of 2sec, 4sec and 9sec after that. A 1.0 cm region of interest (ROI) on the skin was drawn; the mean and standard deviations of the ROIs were calculated. The standard e values for normal human skins were evaluated by imaging 3 healthy subjects with different skin colors. All of them were imaged on 3 separate days for consistency checks. Results: The temperature gradient, which is the temperature recovery rate, depends on the thermal properties of underlying tissue, i.e. thermal conductivity. The average e for three volunteers averaged over 3 measurements were 0.64±0.1, 0.72±0.2 and 0.80±0.3more » at 2sec, 4sec and 9sec respectively. The standard deviations were within 1.5%–3.2%. One of the volunteers had a prior small skin burn on the left wrist and the e values for the burned site were around 9% (at 4sec) and 13% (at 9sec) lower than that from the nearby normal skin. Conclusion: The temperature gradients from the healthy subjects were reproducible within 1.5%–3.2 % and that from a burned skin showed a significant difference (9%–13%) from the normal skin. We have an IRB approved protocol to image head and neck patients scheduled for radiation therapy.« less
A critical survey of 1,066 cesarean sections☆

Abstract In the face of bare figures, the high classical technique stands convicted of a high maternal mortality, 3.9 per cent for all the classical operations as against 1.8 per cent for all the low flap operations. It has been shown, however, in this analysis that type of operation alone cannot be condemned. The classical technique bore the brunt of responsibility for such indications as toxemia and nephritis and cardiac and pulmonary diseases where the patient did not enter the operating room in good general physical condition, and where speed of operation was a most important consideration. There was one instance, however, where the high classical operation did fail badly, namely in the prevention of sepsis. The low flap technique has in this series been responsible for no fatality from sepsis. As was shown in the discussion on labor the fatal cases following the low flap technique were attributable more to the technique of the operator than to the technique of the operation. The factor of experience of the obstetrician is one that cannot be overlooked. In listing the fatal cases in chronologic order and including the name of the operator, in preparing this study, it was an outstanding fact that the younger men of the service were much more frequently associated with maternal mortality. As time progressed and these men became more experienced their names did not nearly so frequently appear in this listing. This fact is noteworthy, for it occurred in spite of the organization of our service which demands and provides for careful supervision of younger men by those of greater experience. This factor of personal experience must receive due consideration in evaluating any group of figures. In concluding this survey, stress must be laid upon certain points. The maternal mortality of cesarean section is high, too high following some indications, particularly the toxemias of pregnancy. These weak spots must either be eradicated or bolstered by a change in technique. Because of its greater incidence of sepsis and poorer results in repeat operations, the classical operation should be reserved for those cases where the element of time is of prime importance. The low flap operation is slightly more difficult in its performance, particularly in the obese patient, and the mortality associated with it can be more frequently attributed to the operator than to the operation. If cesarean section is to take its proper place as a means of escaping obstetric difficulties, the following postulates must be rigidly observed: There must be a correct indication for operation. The proper type of operation must be performed at the proper time. The operation must be performed by an obstetrician with surgical experience.
LIF Studies of Fragment Ions: CH+ and CD+

We have combined the techniques of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and three dimensional trapping of ions [1] to obtain the excitation spectra of several positive molecular ions. The radio frequency quadrupole ion trap we use allows mass spectrometric isolation and identification of the ions which greatly aids in the assignment of spectra. In addition, the ions are confined in a region easily probed by a laser and at a low enough pressure to produce collisionless conditions. The ions whose spectra we’ve obtained thus far include N 2 + [2], CO+ [3], H2S+, 1,3,5-tri fl uorobenzene+, ClCN+, and BrCN+ [4]. However, because we can store ions, one real advantage of our method is in the study of fragment ions. To this end, we have recently observed the A-X bands of CH+ and CD+ [5]. Another advantage of ion storage in a collision-free environment is that it allows the measurement of reliable molecular ion radiative lifetimes.
Duality, compactification, and e -1/λ effects in the heterotic string theory

Abstract Two classes of stringy instanton effects, stronger than standard field theory instantons, are identified in the heterotic string theory. These contributions are established using type IIA/heterotic and type I/heterotic dualities. They provide examples for the heterotic case of the effects predicted by Shenker based on the large-order behavior of perturbation theory. The corrections vanish as the radius of the compactification goes to infinity. For appropriate amplitudes, they are computable worldsheet or worldline instanton effects on the dual side. Some potential applications are discussed.
Inchoate CD8+ T Cell Responses in Neonatal Mice Permit Influenza Induced Persistent Pulmonary Dysfunction

Influenza infection remains a significant cause of pulmonary morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the highest hospitalization and mortality rates occurring in infants and elder adults. The mechanisms inducing this considerable morbidity and mortality are largely unknown. To address this question, we established a neonatal mouse model of influenza infection to test the hypothesis that the immaturity of the neonatal immune system is responsible for the severe pulmonary disease observed in infants. Seven-day-old mice were infected with influenza A virus (H1N1) and allowed to mature. As adults, these mice showed enhanced airway hyperreactivity, chronic pulmonary inflammation, and diffuse emphysematous-type lesions in the lungs. The adaptive immune responses of the neonates were much weaker than those of adults. This insufficiency appeared to be in both magnitude and functionality and was most apparent in the CD8 + T cell population. To determine the role of neonatal CD8 + T cells in disease outcome, adult, naive CD8 + T cells were adoptively transferred into neonates before infection. Neonatal mice receiving the adult CD8 + T cells had significantly lower pulmonary viral titers and greatly improved pulmonary function as adults (airway resistance similar to SHAM). Additional adoptive transfer studies using adult CD8 + T cells from IFN-γ-deficient mice demonstrated the importance of IFN-γ from CD8 + T cells in controlling the infection and in determining disease outcome. Our data indicate that neonates are more vulnerable to severe infections due to immaturity of their immune system and emphasize the importance of vaccination in infants.
Immobility responses in Anolis carolinensis

A “retrieval-like” response, similar to that exhibited by the young of many mammalian species when carried by adults, was found to be exhibited by Anolis carolinensis. These animals were found to be more susceptible to induction of this inhibitory response than to tonic immobility. The results are discussed in terms of possible common neural mechanisms mediating these complex behavioral inhibitory states.
HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies display dual specificity for the primary and coreceptor binding sites and preferential recognition of fully-cleaved Env

Background The gp120 CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and coreceptor binding site (CoRbs) are two functionally conserved elements of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env). We previously defined the presence of CD4bs neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in the serum of an HIV-1 infected individual and subsequently isolated the CD4bs-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) VRC01 and VRC03 from the memory B cell population. From the same patient sera, we detected that there was also a fraction of potent nAbs specific for elements of the Env CoRbs by differential protein adsorption followed by neutralization analysis.
Polynomial Definiteness and Semidefiniteness

Reduction procedure for determining sign definiteness and semidefiniteness of higher order real polynomials
McGovern at Wheaton: A quest for redemption

This article employs Kenneth Burke's notion of interlocked moments to examine the speech, “Sources of Our Strength,” delivered by Senator George S. McGovern on October 11, 1972, at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois. A clear rhetoric of change emerges, indicating a quest for redemption as the preeminent motive inherent in McGovern's discourse.
Is perseveration uniquely characteristic of schizophrenia

Abstract Evidence for the existence of categorically distinct disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression is mixed: neuropsychological impairments may be similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and major depression show similar neuropsychological and frontal lobe disturbances; and overlap in biochemical anomalies among the disorders has also been reported. Interestingly, there are very few studies that directly compare all diagnoses. The present study compares cognitive perseveration in these three diagnostic groups using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) to examine performance across patients with schizophrenia ( n = 143), bipolar disorder ( n = 25) and major depression ( n = 21). Individuals used in this sample were 18–45 years old at time of testing to eliminate confounds of aging. Sex ratios within each diagnostic group are comparable to those of the national population. Univariate analyses examining diagnostic group and percent perseverative error revealed no significant differences in WCST performance across the diagnostic groups. Examination of clinical variables in the sample of individuals with schizophrenia revealed that perseveration is related to negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in young adults.
Change of region conspicuity in bilateral mammograms: potential impact on CAD performance

In this study, we test a new method to automatically search for matched regions in bilateral digitized mammograms and to compute differences in region conspicuities in pairs of matched regions. One hundred pairs of bilateral images of the same view were selected for the experiment. Each pair of images depicted one verified mass. These 100 mass regions, along with 356 suspicious but actually negative mass regions, were first detected by a single-image-based CAD scheme. To find the matched regions in the corresponding bilateral images, a Procrustean-type technique was used to register the two images, which corrects the deformation of tissue structure between images by guaranteeing the registration of nipples, skin lines, and chest walls. Then, a region growth algorithm was applied to generate a growth region in the matched area, which has the same effective size as the suspicious region in the abnormal image. The conspicuities in the two matched regions, as well as their differences, were computed. Using the conspicuity in the original mass regions and the difference of conspicuities in the two matched regions as two identification indices to classify this set of 456 suspicious regions, the computed areas under the ROC curves (A z ) were 0.77 and 0.75, respectively. This preliminary study indicates that by comparing the difference of conspicuities in two matched regions that a very useful feature for the CAD schemes can be extracted.
On the organometallic chemistry of gallium and the dynamics of Ga–Ga bond formation

Recent advances in the organometallic chemistry of gallium are presented with an historical perspective and a particular emphasis toward the dynamics of the Ga–Ga bond.
Observation of the (η5-C5H5)Mn(CO)2(toluene) Complex by Low-Temperature IR Spectroscopy and Determination of the Manganese−Toluene Bond Strength

The (η5-C5H5)Mn(CO)2(toluene) complex formed upon UV photolysis of (η5-C5H5)Mn(CO)3 in heptane solution in the presence of toluene was detected using low-temperature IR spectroscopy. The toluene molecule is most likely bound to the Mn center in an η2 fashion. The displacement of the toluene ligand by tetrahydrofuran has been studied, and the reaction is found to proceed through a dissociative pathway. Activation analysis yields a value of 14.2 ± 0.8 kcal/mol for the CpMn(CO)2−toluene bond energy.
OBSERVATION OF ANOMALOUS DIMUON EVENTS IN THE NUTEV DECAY DETECTOR

A search for the decay of long-lived neutral particles has been performed using an instrumented decay channel at the E815 (NuTeV) experiment at Fermilab. The data were examined for particles decaying into the muonic final states μμ, μe, and μπ. Three μμ events were observed over an expected background of 0.040±0.009 events; no events were observed in the other modes. No Standard Model process appears to be consistent with this observation.
Fracture termination and step-over at bedding interfaces due to frictional slip and interface opening

Abstract Three types of fracture intersection with bedding contacts have been investigated within numerical experiments: fracture transection through bed contacts, termination (abutment) at contacts and step-over of fractures at bedding contacts. To evaluate the mechanisms responsible for different fracture intersections with bed contacts, the numerical experiments explored deformation associated with end-member conditions of sliding-only interfaces and opening-only interfaces. A third suite of models explored the combined influence of both sliding and opening, as a fracture approached the interface. In contrast to our initial supposition that interface sliding promotes fracture termination, the sliding-only interfaces encouraged propagation of fractures straight through the modeled interface. In contrast, the opening-only interfaces yielded either fracture termination or initiation of a new fracture near the ends of the open interface segment (several centimeters from parent fracture in these models). These results suggest that local interface opening near the tip of approaching fractures, rather than sliding, is responsible for fracture termination and step-over at bedding contacts. Combined sliding and opening yielded fracture termination in models with weak interfaces ( μ =0; c =0 MPa; T =0 MPa) and either fracture step-over or termination at moderate-strength interfaces ( μ =0.65; c =3.25 MPa; T =5 MPa). Fracture termination occurs at moderate-strength interfaces when the stresses along the interface are not great enough to initiate a new step-over fracture. Fracture termination is more likely under conditions of shallower burial depth, lower layer-parallel effective tension and fluid-driven fracture propagation rather than remote layer-parallel tension. Furthermore, thicker beds and greater layer-parallel effective tension may produce greater distances of fracture step-over than thinner beds and more compressive layers. These results may assist in the prediction of subsurface fracture networks and associated fluid flow paths.
Characterization of coal-oil mixtures by a pseudo diffusivity parameter

Abstract For the use of coal—oil mixtures as combustion fuels stable maintenance of the solid—liquid suspension is vital and for this reason the settling properties of these mixtures were studied with a system of ultrasonic sensors. The sedimentation theory of Smiles, which relies on unsteady state diffusion analogies, was applied successfully to the coal-oil mixtures and pseudo diffusion coefficients were determined.
Prediction of molecular properties including symmetry from quantum-based molecular structural formulas, VIF.

Structurally covariant valency interaction formulas, VIF, gain chemical significance by comparison with resonance structures and natural bond orbital, NBO, bonding schemes and at the same time allow for additional prediction such as symmetry of ring systems and destabilization of electron pairs with respect to reference energy of −1/2 Eh. Comparisons are based on three chemical interpretations of Sinanoglu’s theory of structural covariance: (1) sets of structurally covariant quantum structural formulas, VIF, are interpreted as the same quantum operator represented in linearly related basis frames; (2) structurally covariant VIF pictures are interpreted as sets of molecular species with similar energy; and (3) the same VIF picture can be interpreted as different quantum operators, one-electron density or Hamiltonian; for example. According to these three interpretations, bond pair, lone pair, and free radical electrons understood in terms of a localized orbital representation are recognized as having energ...
Results of treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior part of the tongue

Abstract A study of the data on all patients (269 cases) with squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior part of the tongue treated in any manner at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1945 to 1954, inclusive, disclosed little difference in survival among the various treatment groups when the extent of the local and the metastatic lesions was considered. Such difference as was observed appeared to favor wide local excision or hemiglossectomy plus removal of the homolateral cervical lymphatics, as either a composite or a separate procedure. The five-year survival rate for the entire series was 46.2 per cent.
Deciding Effectively Propositional Logic Using DPLL and Substitution Sets

We introduce a DPLL calculus that is a decision procedure for the Bernays-Schonfinkel class, also known as EPR. Our calculus allows combining techniques for efficient propositional search with data-structures, such as Binary Decision Diagrams, that can efficiently and succinctly encode finite sets of substitutions and operations on these. In the calculus, clauses comprise of a sequence of literals together with a finite set of substitutions; truth assignments are also represented using substitution sets. The calculus works directly at the level of sets, and admits performing simultaneous constraint propagation and decisions, resulting in potentially exponential speedups over existing approaches.
INDIA'S 'MISSING WOMEN' AND MEN'S SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR

Although scholars and policymakers have long been concerned with the “missing women” of India, little rigorous research has examined the consequences of India’s sex ratio imbalance for young men’s sexual risk behavior and reproductive health. We use data from the third wave of India’s 2005–2006 National Family and Health Survey to examine the influence of the community female-to-male sex ratio at ages 10–39 on men’s likelihood of marrying early in life, of engaging in premarital, multi-partnered, and commercial sex, and of contracting a sexually-transmitted disease. We estimate logistic regression models that control for respondents’ demographic and socioeconomic status and that adjust for the clustering of observations within communities. Net of the effects of other characteristics, the female-to-male sex ratio is positively and significantly associated with the likelihood that men marry prior to age 18 and inversely and significantly associated with the odds that men have had intercourse with a commercial sex worker. However, no significant net associations are observed between the sex ratio and the other outcomes. Education, wealth, religious affiliation, caste, and geographic region emerge as significant predictors of Indian men’s sexual risk behaviors.
Effects of Variable and Anisotropic Diffusivities in a Steady-State Diffusion Model

Abstract The hypothesis that variations in eddy diffusivity may account for some aspects of the observed distributions of oceanic scalars is examined by generating solutions to the diffusion equation with spatially variable and/or anisotropic eddy diffusivity. In particular, the solutions generated here demonstrate how a purely diffusive field, with variable and anisotropic diffusion, can itself generate tongue-like property distributions. Although tongues of various oceanic properties have often been interpreted as due primarily to advective effects, such interpretations must be viewed with caution when the gradients of eddy diffusivity are comparable to, or greater than, the local velocity field.
Evaluation of 2 cable restraints with minimum loop stops to capture coyotes

We compared efficiency and selectivity of 2 cable restraints with a 10.8-cm- (larger) or 8.9-cm- (smaller) diameter minimum loop stop to live-capture coyotes (Canis latrans) in Michigan, USA. Cable restraints were set for 3,166 (larger) and 1,175 (smaller) trap-nights, respectively, during March 2008 and January–March 2009. Capture efficiency was 64% (n = 22 coyotes) and 100% (n = 11 coyotes) for cable restraints with larger and smaller diameter minimum loop stops, respectively. Coyotes captured in cable restraints with larger or smaller minimum loop stops were similar in size. Selectivity of cable restraints with larger and smaller minimum loop stops was 100% and 79%, respectively; nontarget species captured included white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and northern raccoon (Procyon lotor). Based on our findings, we recommend the smaller minimum loop stop diameter for capture of coyotes. We also recommend further testing of cable restraints and set placement for coyotes to improve capture efficacy. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
On the Perils of Financial Intermediaries Setting Security Prices: The Mutual Fund Wild Card Option

Economic distortions can arise when financial claims trade at prices set by an intermediary rather than direct negotiation between principals. We demonstrate the problem in a specific context, the exchange of open-end mutual fund shares. Mutual funds typically set fund share price (NAV) using an algorithm that fails to account for nonsynchronous trading in the fund's underlying securities. This results in predictable changes in NAV, which lead to exploitable trading opportunities. A modification to the pricing algorithm that corrects for nonsynchronous trading eliminates much of the predictability. However, there are many other potential sources of distortion when intermediaries set prices. Copyright The American Finance Association 2001.
Externalities and Research Priorities in Agricultural Pest Control

If external costs are associated with some production methods or inputs and not others, it is widely accepted that socially excessive use of the inputs with high externalities will occur. The extension of this misallocation notion to multiperiod research investments in which some technologies have higher external costs than others is conceptually direct. This paper examines externalities and other features of agricultural pest control research. Two questions arise: (a) Do operational methods and sufficient data exist for making ex ante evaluations of relative external costs of vari-
Advanced propulsion for polar-orbiting and coorbiting free flyers

Advanced propulsion systems for polar-orbiting and coorbiting free flyers were investigated. Resistojet, arcjet, ion, magnetoplasmadynamic and chemical-bipropellant nitrogen tetroxide/monomethyl hydrazine (NTO/MMH) propulsion systems were compared to the baseline free-flyer hydrazine (N2H4)-propulsion-system performance. Advanced resistojet, arcjet, ion, and NTO/MMH propulsion systems enable significant propellant-mass savings over the baseline N2H4-propulsion system. Using free-flyer mission requirements from the Langley Research Center Mission-Data Base, detailed propulsion requirements for over thirty free-flyer missions were analyzed. The Polar-Platform trip-time constraints may preclude using a low-thrust electric-propulsion system. Electric propulsion will, however, allow a significant coorbiter propellant-mass reduction. Frequent servicing and nodal-regression effects on the coorbiting free-flyer's orbit increase the required mission velocity change and propellant mass. For many coorbiter missions high-specific-impulse resistojet-, arcjet- and ion-propulsion systems allow substantial life-cycle propellant-mass savings.
Tissue distribution and excretion of 99mTc-disofenin in three marine species: Pleuronectes americanus (winter flounder), Homarus americanus (lobster), and Mya arenaria (soft-shell clam)

To determine the pharmacokinetics of a small lipophilic molecule in vivo, the distribution and accumulation of 99mTc-radiolabelled disofenin (diisopropylacetanilide iminodiacetic acid) were traced during 1991–1992 by scintigraphy and gamma well counting in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus collected from Boston Harbor and Long Island Sound in 1992), lobsters (Homarus americanus collected from Massachusetts Bay in 1991), and soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria purchased in 1991). The agent was distributed throughout the bodies of lobsters within 12 s, throughout flounder within 40 s, and throughout clams within 2 min. It was concentrated most strongly by the liver of flounder, which contained 61.2±7.8% of the injected dose within 1 h of injection, and by the lobster hepatopancreas. Accumulation also occurred in the flounder kidney, lobster antennal glands, and the kidney and pericardial glands of clams. The compound was rapidly excreted from the flounder liver into the gall bladder, and from the lobster hepatopancreas into the stomach. The data suggest its excretion from the lobster antennal glands and clam kidneys. The rate of clearance of disofenin from the body varied among species: 99±2.1% of the initial dose remained in flounder sampled 16 to 24 h after injection, compared to 80.5±7% remaining in the lobster after 15 h, and 87.4±5.9% remaining in clams after 27 h. The clearance rates in flounder and lobster are considered to be minimum values because of the lack of gut activity in unfed individuals. Overall, these in vivo tracer studies establish the utility of scintigraphy for assessing the uptake and excretion of a lipid soluble compound in different taxa, and may be applicable for evaluating disease and/or environmental effects on organ function in marine animals.
The significance of setting in award‐winning children’s books from selected English‐speaking regions

The setting of children’s books has probably been given less prominence than their plots or characters, yet, as Rosie Webb Joel shows in this thought-provoking essay, setting can be crucial in influencing children’s responses and understanding of what they read.
Ovarian cancer antigen CA125 is encoded by the MUC16 mucin gene

Serum assays based on the CA125 antigen are widely used in the monitoring of patients with ovarian cancer; however very little is known about the molecular nature of the CA125 antigen. We recently cloned a partial cDNA (designated MUC16) that codes for a new mucin that is a strong candidate for being the CA125 antigen. This assignment has now been confirmed by transfecting a partial MUC16 cDNA into 2 CA125-negative cell lines and demonstrating the synthesis of CA125 by 3 different assays. Of the 3 antibodies (OC125, M11 and VK-8) tested on the transfected cells, only the first 2 were strongly positive, indicating the differential expression of the CA125 epitopes in these cells. The cloning and expression of CA125 antigen opens the way to an understanding of its function in normal and malignant cells.
When does epistemic closure fail

Ted A. Warfield reviews the history of epistemology and argues that epistemologists mistakenly take for granted the inference that the failure of closure of some necessary condition on knowledge is sufficient for the failure of epistemic closure. So he concludes that epistemologists should avoid using this inference to explain the failure of epistemic closure. However, I will defend the inference that epistemologists often employ in their discussions. My thesis is that although this inference is invalid, one can still legitimately conclude the failure of epistemic closure from the failure of closure of some necessary condition on knowledge.
Elaboration of the principle of base complementarity and the elements of a theory of point mutations

The energetics of mini helix formation, comprised of hydrogen bonding, desolvation, stacking, and conformational adjustment energies, is investigated for both complementary and mismatched configurations. The preferential stability of mini helices involving Watson-Crick pairs relative to those involving mismatched pairs appears to be conferred principally by the difference in the conformation adjustment energy and only to a lesser extent by the differences in hydrogen bonding and stacking energies between the respective configurations. This result may be considered an elaboration of the base complementarity principle. The implication of these results on the stability of the genetic code and on the theory of point mutation is considered. Based on these considerations the U—U and G—U mismatched pairs are identified as plausible point mutational intermediates.
Toward a "definitional model" of public perceptions of air pollution.

From a public attitudinal survey conducted in a city in Southwest Pennsylvania, different levels or aspects of public perceptions of air pollution are suggested. This “model” of public definitions of air pollution was analyzed in terms of selected social characteristics such as education, socioeconomic status, sex, residence, etc., in the attempt to isolate factors that may influence a person’s perception of air pollution. The definition of air pollution involves a whole host of factors, but it appears that level of education, socioeconomic status, and residence have the most influence in terms of the various meanings attached to air pollution. Modification and clarification of the model through further research may enable more insight of public awareness and concern with air pollution as an urban problem.
Large-scale and green synthesis of octahedral flower-like cupric oxide nanocrystals with enhanced photochemical properties

Abstract In this work, a large-scale and green method is reported for the facile synthesis of octahedral flower-like CuO nanocrystals via a coordination-deposition route by using Fehling regents. Not any harmful organic chemicals were used during the reaction period. The obtained hierarchical nanostructure can be rationally tailored by varying the concentration of tartrate ions and reaction time. The typical flower-like CuO nanocrystals in the range of 200–250 nm are consisted of numerous small crystalline whiskers, which present a porous surface with a specific surface area of 32.12 m 2 /g and a narrow band gap of 1.5 eV. Importantly, the flower-like CuO nanocrystals show an enhanced photocatalytic activity toward decomposing Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules. The degradation rate is about 87.9% in 40 min under visible light irradiation, which is about 2.5 times for the commercial CuO powers (35.2%). Moreover, the uniform flower-like monolayered CuO film exhibits an excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance with a maximum photocurrent density of 58.8 μA/cm 2 , which is nearly five times higher than the commercial CuO film. This novel synthesis approach provides a large-scale and green protocol for synthesizing hierarchical metal oxide nanocrystals that are useful for photocatalysis, PEC water splitting and photovoltaic device.
Fully Acid-Degradable Biocompatible Polyacetal Microparticles for Drug Delivery

A library of polyurethanes and polyureas with different hydrophobicities containing the same acid-degradable dimethyl ketal moiety embedded in the polymer main chain have been prepared. All polymers were synthesized using an AA-BB type step-growth polymerization by reaction of bis(p-nitrophenyl carbamate/carbonate) or diisocyanate monomers with an acid-degradable, ketal-containing diamine. These polymers were designed to hydrolyze at different rates in mildly acidic conditions as a function of their hydrophobicity to afford small molecules only with no polymeric byproduct. The library of polymers was screened for the formation of microparticles using a double emulsion technique. The microparticles that were obtained degraded significantly faster at acidic pH (5.0) than at physiological pH (7.4) with degradation kinetics related to the hydrophobicity of the starting polymer. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of the FITC-BSA loaded microparticles to be phagocytosed by macrophages resulting in a 10-fold increase in the protein uptake compared to a free protein control; in addition, the microparticles were found to be nontoxic at the concentrations tested of up to 1 mg/mL. The ease of preparation of the polymers coupled with the ability to tune their hydrophobicity and the high acid sensitivity of the microparticles identify this new class of materials as promising candidates for the delivery of bioactive materials.
Optimized Implicit Finite-difference Migration For TTI Media

I develop an implicit finite-difference migration method for vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media with laterally varying anisotropy parameters. I approximate the dispersion relation of VTI media with a rational function series, the coefficients of which are estimated by least-squares optimization. These coefficients are functions of Thomsen anisotropy parameters. They are calculated and stored in a table before the wavefield extrapolation. The implicit finite-difference scheme for VTI media is almost the same as that of the isotropic media, except that the coefficients are derived from the pre-calculated table. In the 3D case, a phase-correction filter is applied after the finitedifference operator to eliminate the numerical-anisotropy error caused by two-way splitting. This finite-difference operator for VTI media is accurate to 60 for the 2nd order approximation and 80 for the 4th order approximation. Its computational cost is almost the same as the isotropic migration. I apply this method to a 2D synthetic dataset to validate the method.
Yemenis and Muwalladīn in Addis Ababa: Blood Purity and the Opportunities of Hybridity

AbstractThis is an analysis of the Yemeni Muslim community living in diaspora in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, through the ethnographic lens of the politics of religious and ethnic identity, with a particular focus on transnational and multiracial hybridity, and gender. Living in diaspora has created pressure both to identify as ‘Yemeni’ and to assimilate into Ethiopian society. Ethiopians and Yemenis in Ethiopia have discriminated against those considered not to be maintaining ‘pure’ ethnic or religious boundaries. The muwalladīn, in particular, experience degrees of discrimination in the Yemeni community, due to perceptions that they are not ‘pure-blooded Yemenis’ or that they are simply inferior because they are black. Does this hybridity also create a space in which exclusionary definitions of culture and religion can be rejected? This study examines the factors working for and against assimilation for the Yemeni (chiefly Ḥaḍramī) and muwallad community in Addis Ababa, and the social opportunities and implic...
Multiscale analysis of impact mitigation in soft tissues using nanotube reinforced composites

Kinetic energy of an inert projectile or its fragment can cause considerable damage to soft tissues and cause debilitating injuries or fatalities. The primary aim of threat mitigation due to kinetic energy dissipation is to provide adequate protection against projectiles or fragments in the form of body shields. Recently, novel nanocomposite materials reinforced with nanotubes are used as shields to protect the soft-tissues during impact. Soft tissues constitute an important part of human body performing various mechanical functions and a deep understanding of the behavior of soft tissue is required to characterize its response to external mechanical forces. Soft tissues are non-homogenous anisotropic materials, and their properties are dependent on the the physiological structure. In this paper, a multiscale homogenization-based analysis of the constituent properties of soft tissues and underlying endoskeleton are developed for impact mitigation using nanotube-reinforced composite shields.
Studies of the amplification of carbaryl toxicity by various oximes

The administration of 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (2-PAM Cl) is a standard part of the regimen for treatment of human overexposure to many organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. However, some literature references indicate that poisoning by carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methyl carbamate), an insecticide in everyday use, is aggravated by the administration of 2-PAM Cl. This effect has been reported in the mouse, rat, dog and man. We have found that the inhibition of both eel acetylcholinesterase (eel AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and human serum cholinesterase (human BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) by carbaryl was enhanced by several oximes. Based on 95% confidence limits the rank order of potentiation with eel AChE was TMB-4 = Toxogonin > HS-6 = HI-6 > 2-PAM Cl. By the same criterion, the rank order of potentiation with human BuChE was TMB-4 > Toxogonin > HS-6 = 2-PAM Cl. Carbaryl-challenged mice also reflected a potentiation since TMB-4 exacerbated the toxicity more than 2-PAM Cl. Our hypothesis is that certain oximes act as allosteric effectors of cholinesterases in carbaryl poisoning, resulting in enhanced inhibition rates and potentiation of carbaryl toxicity.
Use of the DIPPR Database for Development of QSPR Correlations: Normal Boiling Point

Tabulation of evaluated physical property constants and of their estimated uncertainties makes the DIPPR database a valuable tool for developing correlations for physical properties of pure fluids. In this study, we have used the DIPPR database to develop a group-contribution method for the normal boiling point (NBP) of pure compounds. The resultant correlation uses the molecular descriptors of molecular weight and van der Waals volume in addition to Domalski−Hearing (DH) second-order group definitions. A training set of 1141 evaluated normal boiling points of >95% accuracy was selected from the database and correlated. The average absolute deviation (AAD) was 7.8 K (1.9%) with zero bias. Estimations of NBP for a test set of 384 compounds not used in the regression gave an AAD of 13.0 K (2.7%). The results suggest that the method is comparable in accuracy to the best methods available for estimating NBP, but it has the convenient feature of DH group designations that are immediately compatible with curren...
Proton and metal ion binding to natural organic polyelectrolytes. II: Preliminary investigation with a peat and a humic acid

Abstract We summarize here experimental studies of proton and metal ion binding to a peat and a humic acid. Data analysis is based on a unified physico-chemical model for reaction of simple ions with polyelectrolytes employing a modified Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Peat exhibited an apparent intrinsic acid dissociation constant of 10 −4.05 , and an apparent intrinsic metal ion binding constant of: 400 for cadmium ion; 600 for zinc ion; 4000 for copper ion; 20000 for lead ion. A humic acid was found to have an apparent intrinsic proton binding constant of 10 −2.6 . Copper ion binding to this humic acid sample occurred at two types of sites. The first site exhibited reaction characteristics which were independent of solution pH and required the interaction of two ligands on the humic acid matrix to simultaneously complex with each copper ion. The second complex species is assumed to be a simple monodentate copper ion-carboxylate species with a stability constant of 18.
Students Diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Collaborative Strategies for School Counselors:

The school setting can be a difficult place for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The core symptoms of ADHD, which include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, make meeting the curriculum demands of the classroom challenging. That ADHD negatively impacts not only academic performance but also social and emotional functioning is well established (Lee, Lahey, Owens, & Hinshaw, 2008). Given the negative consequences of ADHD, effective school-based interventions are warranted. School counselors are uniquely positioned to implement strategies for children with ADHD to maximize their capacity for learning. This article provides specific strategies that school counselors can provide collaboratively to enhance the academic and social functioning of children with ADHD in school.
Cognitive function and medication usage in older adults

Research is presented from three different cognitive aging laboratories that examines the relationship between cognitive function, age, and the ability to adhere to medication regimens. The first section focuses on the effectiveness of complete, explicit instructions that emphasize the importance of organization of medication information on adherence behaviors for both younger and older adults. The second section examines the role of literal versus inferential medication information in normal elderly and in Alzheimer's patients. This research demonstrates that traditional measures of cognitive functioning are correlated with the comprehension of medication information and medication adherence. Finally, the third section presents an overview of research issues m adherence, including the relative effectiveness of two adherence measurement techniques, as well as a discussion of the effects of illness beliefs on adherence and evidence that adherence is not a global behavior but may vary within the individual ...
Hydroconversion of resids with dispersed molybdenum catalysts derived from phosphomolybdates

Abstract Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and cobalt, nickel and potassium phosphomolybdates have been found very active catalyst precursors for the conversion of coal- and petroleum-derived resids when they are impregnated onto coal and Al 2 O 3 . They are mostly stable up to 400–450°C in the presence of He and H 2 , but significant change in stability occurs in the presence of H 2 S, transforming these materials into an active form of catalyst. Their solubility in water provides highly dispersed catalysts in the reaction media. PMA and these bimetallic materials were tested at the concentration of 15, 150 and 1500 mg Mo per kg feed for reaction times of 30 and 90 min, and compared to a commercial NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst (AKZO-60). In the 30 min reactions, increasing Mo concentration did not provide a significant improvement in resid conversions compared to the non-catalyzed case. However, in the 90 min reactions, improvements were observed in conversion of coal and Mayan resids to distillate boiling below 525°C. The results indicate that thermal reactions play an important role in the 30 min reactions, and catalytic reactions resulting in increased resid conversions become more important in the 90-min reactions. Higher conversions with nickel phosphomolybdate supported on Al 2 O 3 were observed with Mayan resid compared with coal resid. Nickel phosphomolybdate has been found to have promising catalytic activity for hydroconversion processes.
Charge-transfer excitons in anthracene crystals. A theoretical investigation of their optical absorption and thermal dissociation☆

Abstract The Fourier-transform method of calculating polarization energies is used to evaluate the energies of electron-hole pairs in anthracene crystals as a function of separation. Each aromatic ring is treated as a point polarizable submolecule and is taken to carry one third of the molecular charge. The resulting potential surface is nearly coulombic and shows a modest anisotropy. Approximate wavefunctions and energies of the corresponding charge-transfer excitons are calculated by two complementary approaches. Mixing with Frenkel excitons is considered explicitly and used to calculate the corresponding absorption spectrum, which is compared with the observed spectrum in the S 1 –S 3 interband region. The calculated thermal dissociation rate of charge-transfer excitons formed by direct absorption is compared with the observed temperature and wavelength dependence of one-photon carrier generation in anthracene and, on this basis, favoured over autoionization as the first step in this process.