cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motivated aggressiveness perpetuated by exposure to aggressive films and reduced by exposure to nonaggressive films

Abstract Under conditions of both minimal and extreme initial provocation, the effect of exposure to neutral vs aggressive films on subsequent aggressive behavior was assessed relative to a no-exposure condition. Excitatory changes were also recorded. Under minimal provocation, communication conditions were found to have no differential effect on aggressive behavior. Under extreme provocation, relative to the no-exposure condition the neutral film significantly reduced subsequent aggression, whereas the aggressive film reduced it to an insignificant degree only. The excitatory changes observed in the extreme-provocation conditions coincided with these differences in aggressive behavior. The findings, obviously countercathartic, were interpreted as inconsistent with the proposition that filmed aggression elicits aggressive behavior. Bandura's reasoning on attentional shift was modified to account for the data. An alternative explanation was developed from considerations of the aggression-modifying effect of residual excitation.
A New Model for the Equilibrium Shape of Raindrops

Abstract The equilibrium shape of raindrops has been determined from Laplace's equation using an internal hydrostatic pressure with an external aerodynamic pressure based on measurements for a sphere but adjusted for the effect of distortion. The drop shape was calculated by integration from the upper pole with the initial curvature determined by iteration on the drop volume. The shape was closed at the lower pole by adjusting either the pressure drag or the drop weight to achieve an overall force balance. Model results provide bounds on the axis ratio of raindrops with an uncertainty of about 1% and very good agreement with extensive wind tunnel measurements for moderate to large water drops. The model yields the peculiar asymmetric shape of raindrops: a singly curved surface with a flattened base and a maximum curvature just below the major axis. A close match was found between model shapes and profiles obtained from photos of water drops for diameters up to 5 mm. Coefficients are provided for computing...
Coupling exothermic and endothermic reactions in adiabatic reactors

Abstract The steady state and the dynamic behavior of coupling exothermic and endothermic reactions in directly coupled adiabatic packed bed reactors (DCAR) are analyzed using one-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous plug flow model. Two different configurations of DCAR (simultaneous DCAR—SIMDCAR and sequential DCAR—SEQDCAR) are investigated. In SIMDCAR, the catalyst bed favors both exothermic and endothermic reactions and both reactions occur simultaneously. SEQDCAR has alternating layers of catalyst beds for exothermic and endothermic reactions and hence the exothermic and endothermic reactions occur in a sequential fashion. The performance of both reactors, in terms of conversion achieved and manifested hot spot behavior, is compared with that of the co-current heat exchanger type reactor. Various possible operational regimes in SIMDCAR have been classified and the conditions for the existence of hot spots or cold spots in SIMDCAR are obtained analytically for the first order reactions with equal activation energies. The reactor behavior for the reactions with non-equal activation energies is also presented. The preliminary criteria for the selection of suitable reactor type and the general bounds on the reaction parameters to obtain the desired conversion for endothermic reaction with minimal temperature rise are proposed. The dynamic behavior of these reactors is important for control applications and we have reported some of the transient behavior.
Open extremity fracture penetrating the skull

We present a case in which an open fracture of the ulna penetrated the skull and caused a comminuted, depressed skull fracture with a large intraparenchymal hematoma containing bone fragments.
Neurosteroid modulation of glutamate release in hippocampal neurons: lack of an effect of a chronic prenatal ethanol exposure paradigm.

Background: Pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS) is a promnesic neurosteroid that is abundantly expressed in the hippocampus of rodents. Studies have shown that the modulation of postsynaptic ligand-gated ion channels by this neurosteroid is impaired in preparations from the brains of fetal ethanol-exposed animals. In this study, we examined whether the presynaptic actions of PREGS also are affected by exposure to ethanol in utero. Methods: Rat dams were exposed to one of the following diets during pregnancy: (1) 5% ethanol liquid diet, (2) 0% ethanol liquid diet with pair-feeding, and (3) ad libitum controls. We then studied the presynaptic actions of PREGS on (1) alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) recorded from cultured hippocampal neurons in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration and (2) paired-pulse facilitation of NMDA receptor-dependent excitatory postsynaptic potentials that were intracellularly recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices from adult rats. Results: Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure affected neither basal mEPSC frequency nor its potentiation by PREGS. Basal paired-pulse facilitation (i.e., in the absence of PREGS) was unaffected by fetal ethanol exposure. Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure did not affect the PREGS-induced potentiation of paired-pulse facilitation. Conclusions: Chronic prenatal ethanol exposure does not affect the basal probability of glutamate release in immature or mature hippocampal neurons. Moreover, the presynaptic actions of the neurosteroid PREGS also are unaffected by this exposure. Given that modulation of glutamate release could have a role in the mechanism of the promnesic actions of this neurosteroid, future studies are warranted to determine whether PREGS can ameliorate learning and memory deficits in fetal ethanol-exposed animals.
A potential biomarker in the cord blood of preterm infants who develop retinopathy of prematurity.

Preterm infants are at risk of developing sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), chronic lung disease (CLD), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We used high-throughput mass spectrometry to investigate whether cord blood proteins can be used to predict development of these morbidities. Cord blood plasma from 44 infants with a birth weight of or=stage II, 10 CLD, three sepsis, and one NEC. We detected 814 protein signals representing 330 distinct protein species. Nineteen biomarkers were associated with development of >or=stage II ROP [false-discovery rate (FDR) <5%] and none with CLD. Several proteins with molecular weight (Mr) 15-16 kD and pI 4-5 were detected with increased abundance in infants with ROP, while similar Mr proteins with pI 7-9 were less abundant in these patients. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and sequence analysis identified these proteins as alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin chains. Partial deamidation of Asn139 in beta-globin chains was observed only in the pI 4-5 proteins. We conclude that there are several promising biomarkers for the risk of ROP. Deamidation of globin chains is especially promising and may indicate underlying prenatal pathologic mechanisms in ROP. Validation studies will be undertaken to determine their clinical utility.
Managing intellectual property in R&D alliances

This paper deals with the management of Intellectual Property (IP) in R&D alliances, with a focus on two key IP types – patents and trade secrets. Since IP is both inputs to and outputs of R&D alliances, the key is to simultaneously achieve two objectives – IP protection and IP generation. As research inputs, IP could be devalued by partners' opportunistic learning. Thus, IP needs to be carefully selected and protected through mechanisms such as equity arrangement, non-disclosure and non-compete agreements, and monitoring and auditing. Meanwhile, the performance of R&D alliances is mostly measured by their IP outputs. Partner firms face new issues, such as IP classification and ownership. They must decide whether to patent or keep their R&D outputs confidential. In making IP ownership decisions, partners need to consider R&D outputs' potential as the firm's core competencies and the risk of patent interference.
Targeting of extracellular proteases required for the progression of pancreatic cancer

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Its lethality is due, in large part, to its resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. As a result, there is an enormous effort being put into basic research to identify proteins that are required for PDA progression so that they may be specifically targeted for therapy. Objective: To compile and analyze the evidence that suggests that extracellular proteases are significant contributors to PDA progression. Methods: We focus on three different extracellular protease subclasses expressed in PDA: metalloproteases, serine proteases and cathepsins. Based on data from PDA and other cancers, we suggest their probable roles in PDA. Results/conclusions: Of the proteases expressed in PDA, many appear to have overlapping functions, based on the substrates they process, making therapeutics complicated. Two protease families most likely to have unique, critical functions during tumor progress...
CP violation at the Zo with polarized beams

Abstract The forward-backward asymmetry in e + e − annihilation induced by neutral currents allows an effective particle-antiparticle separation. This is used to define a simple CP violating observable. At the Z o resonance, where th production rates are high, polarized electrons may increase the forward-backward asymmetries by up to a factor six. The number of events necessary to establish a CP -violating effect with neutral B mesons is reduced by about an order of magnitude compared with the usual lepton tag method.
The effect of cytochrome P-450 and reduced glutathione on the ATP-dependent calcium pump of hepatic microsomes from male rats.

Abstract In the presence of ATP hepatic microsomes sequester calcium. This sequestration is thought to be important in the modulation of free cytosolic calcium concentration. We find that on the addition of NADPH the uptake of calcium by the hepatic microsomes is inhibited 27–85%.This inhibition is reversed by the addition of 1 m m reduced glutathione (85–91% of control), incubation under a nitrogen atmosphere (112% of control), or incubation in a 80% carbon monoxide/20% oxygen atmosphere (75% of control). Superoxide dismutase had no effect on the inhibition, while catalase reversed the inhibition by 35%. The addition of 1 m m reduced glutathione at 2 and 5 min after the addition of NADPH led to uptakes of calcium which paralleled the uptake seen when the reduced glutathione was added at the beginning of the incubation. The effect of reduced glutathione showed saturation kinetics with a K m of 10 μ m . Together these data suggest that cytochrome P -450 reduces the activity of the microsomal ATP-dependent calcium pump both by the production of hydrogen peroxide and by the direct oxidation of the protein thiols. The reversal of this effect by reduced glutathione appears to be enzymatically catalyzed.
Siphons and siphonal grooves in the digestive systems of the Echinoidea (Echinodermata)

Here we use histological sections and, to a limited extent, scanning electron microscopy to ascertain whether siphons or siphonal grooves parallel the stomach of five sea urchin species representing five higher taxa in the Echinoidea. We find a siphonal groove in Centrostephanus coronatus of the Diadematidae and in Caenopedina diomedeae of the Pedinidae; we find a siphon in Tromikosoma panamense of the Echinothurioida and in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus of the Camarodonta; and we find a hemisiphon in Aspidodiadema hawaiiense of the Aspidodiadematidae (it is currently unsettled whether this last group belongs in the Pedinoida or the Diadematoida). Several recent accounts of echinoid gut anatomy have claimed that species in the Echinothurioida have a siphonal groove instead of a siphon and that species in the Diadematidae and Pedinidae have siphons instead of siphonal grooves. The present work shows that these claims are mistakes and confirms that Holland and Ghiselin (1970) correctly described the distribution of siphons and siphonal grooves in the Echinoidea.
Fluorescent mu selective opioid ligands from a mixture based cyclic peptide library.

A positional scanning cyclic peptide library was generated using a penta-peptide thioester scaffold. Glycine was fixed at position R1. Diaminopropionic acid was fixed at position R3, with its γ-amino attaching to an anthraniloyl group. Positions R2 and R4 contained 36 l- and d- amino acids and position R5 contained 19 l- amino acids. Cyclization was performed in a mixture of acetonitrile and 1.5 M aqueous imidazole solution (7:1 v/v) at room temperature for 5 days. No significant cross-oligomerization was detected under the cyclization conditions. The library was screened in a binding assay for mu opioid receptor, identifying the active amino acid mixture at each position. A total of 40 individual cyclic peptides were identified and synthesized by the combinations of the most active amino acid mixtures found at three positions 5 × 4 × 2. Two cyclic peptides exhibited high binding affinities to opioid receptor. The most active cyclic peptide in the library was yielded to have Tyr at R2, d-Lys at R4, and Ty...
Observation of singularities in multiply scattered microwave fields

Speckle patterns of arbitrary resolution are obtained by applying the sampling theorem to measurements of two orthogonal components of the microwave field transmitted through multiply scattering samples. Core structures of phase singularities, phase critical points, and polarization singularities are explored. We find that equiphase lines connect phase singularities with opposite topological signs except for the bifurcation lines, which run through a phase saddle point, in agreement with predictions by Freund [Phys. Rev. E25, 2348 (1995)]. We observe hyperbolic equiphase lines near phase saddle points and elliptical equiphase lines around phase extrema. Polarization singularities of the vector field with the three morphologies predicted are observed.
Acute Histoplasmosis Presenting as the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis is generally a benign disease. Rarely it can cause fulminating life-threatening illness. The following presentation recounts a case of acute histoplasmosis with severe respiratory failure. The features of this patient's illness resemble those of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The patient was managed with intubation, positive pressure ventilation with a volume-cycled respirator, positive end expiratory pressure, intermittent mandatory ventilation, corticosteroids, diuretics, and antifungal agents.
Quadratic potential functions for the boron trihalides

Abstract General quadratic compliance constants have been evaluated for the boron trihalides using frequency data and Coriolis coupling constants obtained from a variety of sources. Coriolis data from band contour analysis are too imprecise to help determine the E ′ symmetry potential constants. Solutions obtained using Cyvin's Coriolis constants appear to be reasonable on the basis of trends in the valence compliants and interaction displacement coordinates. The semiempirical SCF-MO scheme MNDO has been employed to establish prior constraints of the interaction displacement coordinates in the estimate of the quadratic potential constants for BF 3 and BCl 3 .
Multiscale approach to the control of smart materials

The development of control technology specifically for smart materials has lagged substantially behind that of the base materials, transducers and embedding techniques. Still, development of materials with ever- greater numbers of embedded elements continues, spurred by potential uses that require large arrays of sensors and actuators. No control technology suitable for such large arrays exists, however, and this presents a barrier to future applications. In this paper we report on work aimed at developing and demonstrating technology capable of controlling hundreds or thousands of sensors and actuators embedded in the base material. We have dubbed this the 'KIKO control problem' (Kilo- Input/Kilo-Output) for smart materials. This paper focuses on a new multiscale/multirate theory of hierarchical design based on the wavelet transform. In the context of this theory, we develop efficient and highly scalable implementations of control systems using multiprocessor architectures. The paper covers: a description of our multiscale control approach, simulation results on an Euler-Bernoulli beam, and open issues.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Learning to Read Across Languages: Cross‐Linguistic Relationships in First‐ and Second‐Language Literacy Development edited by KODA, KEIKO, & ANNETTE M. ZEHLER

The article reviews the book "Learning to Read Across Languages: Cross-Linguistic Relationships in First- and Second-Language Literacy Development," edited by Keiko Koda and Annette M. Zehler.
Diagnosis of swine reproductive failure syndrome by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States from 1987 to 1990

Abstract A mail survey was conducted to determined the frequency of epidemics of swine reproductive failure syndrome (SRFS) (based on reports by accredited veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the US between 1987 and 1990), their geographic distribution, and tests used to study the syndrome. Twenty-seven accredited diagnostic laboratories in 17 states, nine diagnostic specialties, and 73 veterinary diagnosticians were included in the target population. The responce rates for the states, the diagnostic laboratories, the diagnostic specialtiesm, and the diagnoticians were 100%, 96%, 100%, and 88%, respectively. Epidemics of SRFS had been diagnosed in 12 (70%) of the 17 states and by 16 (61%) of the 26 responding diagnostic laboratories. The estimate of the minimum number of herds in which SRFS had been diagnosed nationwide was 160. The rank order (highest to lowest) of the diagnostic tests that had been used to search for an etiologic agent of SRFS was bacteriology, serology, virology, toxicology, histology, nutritional, and electron microscopy. The results of the study suggest that standardization of the diagnostic protocols may reduce the potential for misclassification of herds due to diagnostic test bias, reduce investigator prejudices and the selective incrimination of putative etiologic agents, increase the comparability of results among laboratories, and increase the efficiency of identifying the true etiologic agent(s) of new animal diseases.
Identifying invariant manifold using phase space warping and stochastic interrogation

Advances in the generalization of invariant manifolds to finite time, experimental (or observational) flows have stimulated many recent developments in the approximation of invariant manifolds and Lagrangian coherent structures. This paper explores the identification of invariant manifold like structures in experimental settings, where knowledge of a flow field is absent, but phase space trajectories can be experimentally measured. Several existing methods for the approximation of these structures modified for application when only unstructured trajectory data is available. We find the recently proposed method, based on the concept of phase space warping, to outperform other methods as data becomes limited and show it to extend the finite-time Lyapunov exponent method. This finding is based on a comparison of methods for various data quantities and in the presence of both measurement and dynamic noise.
The simple construction of protein alpha‐Carbon models

A method has been developed for the rapid construction of protein alpha-carbon models from a continuous length of metal rod. Selected side groups can be attached, and the scale is continuously variable from 20mm/A to 4mm/A. At the smaller scales, models are self-supporting.
Completeness of discovery protocols

Tunnel-complex protocols construct topologies of security tunnels by directing tunnel-establishment protocols to set up pair-wise tunnels, where the resulting collection of tunnels achieves an overall security objective. Such protocols ease the burden on network managers, but their design exhibits subtleties relating to functional correctness that can benefit from formal analysis. A class of tunnel-complex protocols that are of special interest are discovery protocols that discover security gateways and set up tunnels to negotiate their traversal by delivering the requisite credentials to satisfy the policies at security gateways on the dataflow path. We present a case study of a discovery protocol that sets up a concatenated sequence of tunnels. We then propose the concept of a theorem for discovery protocols that expresses the completeness of the protocol's credential distribution mechanism. The theorem is parameterized for different protocols. We show how it is instantiated for the protocol in our case study and discuss how specific instances of the theorem characterize different classes of discovery protocols.
Where the Action Is: Visual Sociology and Sport

?s Goffman observed in his classic essay, "Where the Action Is," action in Western culture seems to belong to the cult of masculinity, and sport is one of the places where action is routinized. In Goffman's for mulation, "action is to be found wherever the individual knowingly takes consequential chances perceived as avoidable" (1967:194). Action provides opportunities to display char acter, character being acquired and evidenced when the chips are down. Strong character may be discriminated by such qualities as courage, gameness, integrity, and composure. Amateur wrestlers have opportunities to display all of these qualities in their careers? courage when faced with a superior opponent, gameness when continuing a match in spite of injury, integrity in making weight, and com posure when maintaining self-control in spite of adverse and painful physical punishment. When I conducted a field study of a college wrestling team, I routinely took photographs during competition as a way to learn about the rules, procedures, techniques, and sites of action for this sport (Curry 1986, 1993). The cover image is from a series of pho tographs I made of a wrestler trying to com plete a move that ultimately failed against a strong opponent. By the end of the match, he had jammed his thumb, wrenched his knee, bloodied his nose, and dislocated his shoulder. I think the image embodied the local reputa tion of the wrestler as someone who would
Probabilistic fracture mechanics by Galerkin meshless methods - part II: reliability analysis

This is the second in a series of two papers generated from a study on probabilistic meshless analysis of cracks. In this paper, a stochastic meshless method is presented for probabilistic fracture-mechanics analysis of linear-elastic cracked structures. The method involves an element-free Galerkin method for calculating fracture response characteristics; statistical models of uncertainties in load, material properties, and crack geometry; and the first-order reliability method for predicting probabilistic fracture response and reliability of cracked structures. The sensitivity of fracture parameters with respect to crack size, required for probabilistic analysis, is calculated using a virtual crack extension technique described in the companion paper [1]. Numerical examples based on mode-I and mixed-mode problems are presented to illustrate the proposed method. The results show that the predicted probability of fracture initiation based on the proposed formulation of the sensitivity of fracture parameter is accurate in comparison with the Monte Carlo simulation results. Since all gradients are calculated analytically, reliability analysis of cracks can be performed efficiently using meshless methods.
Inversion of flow fields from sensor network data

We consider the problem of monitoring the concentration and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere using a collection of randomly scattered sensors. The sensors are capable of indicating only that the concentration has exceeded a randomly selected threshold and providing this information to a central hub. We consider the case when the dispersion occurs in a general wind velocity field. In this case, the dispersion is modelled by a PDE which in general does not have a closed form solution. We find the maximum likelihood estimate of the concentration as well as the time and location of the pollutant source. Frechet derivatives are used to optimize the cost function. The wind velocity field is estimated as a nuisance parameter.
Effects of Experience and Lactation on Lupine Consumption by Cattle

Abstract Lupines ( Lupinus spp.) are widespread range plants that are often toxic to livestock. Some reports suggest that naive, younger animals might consume more lupine than more experienced, older cattle. Further, lactational stress might alter forage selection, and lactating cows might eat more lupine than nonlactating cows. Thus, the objectives of these trials were to examine the influence of experience and lactation on lupine intake. Both study areas were near Ritzville, Washington, on rangeland dominated by cheatgrass or downy brome ( Bromus tectorum L.), with abundant velvet lupine ( Lupinus leucophyllus Dougl.). During the first trial, six naive and six experienced Hereford cows were grazed together for 25 d during summer. There was no difference ( P > 0.5) in consumption of lupine by naive and experienced cows. Consumption peaked at 10%–14% of daily bites. During the second trial, six lactating and six nonlactating cows grazed a lupine-infested pasture for 18 d. There was no difference ( P > 0.6) in consumption between lactating and dry cows. Lupine consumption gradually increased and peaked at 10%–15% of the diets. Our results suggest that experience and lactation status are probably minor considerations in livestock management schemes to reduce losses to lupine.
The use of discourse analyses for the evaluation of higher level traumatically brain-injured adults

Higher level traumatically brain-injured (TBI) adults often present a challenge in assessment as well as in the measurement of recovery. Traditional clinical measures of language abilities have not been adequate to identify and describe precisely what is deviant about their communication. Assessment has generally consisted of aphasia tests and measures of general cognitive abilities. Although such measures may be sensitive to deficits in lower level TBI patients or those in the early stages of recovery, their usefulness with higher functioning patients is questionable due to the often subtle nature of their residual communication problems. An overview of discourse analyses is presented and recent applications of these procedures with TBI patients reviewed.
The john-e-box: fostering innovation, inclusion, and collaboration through accessible advanced visualization

Recent advances in commodity graphics and projection hardware have motivated many notable research projects and community discussions about the potential of these technologies to make advanced visualization more broadly accessible. However, the actual realization of this promise on a significant scale is challenging, requiring strong institutional commitment, expert technical support, and a broader visualization context. This paper describes an ongoing effort at Indiana University (IU) to develop a commodity-based, large-format, 3D stereo display system and to deploy a collection of such systems to a range of classrooms, laboratories, galleries, and learning environments throughout the IU system and the state of Indiana. To date, these systems have been used in over 30 projects by investigators in 15 departments across four different IU campuses. In addition, this technology has been used to reach well over 3,000 individuals through a series of coordinated outreach efforts. This initiative is also notable for fostering new interpersonal collaborations and inter-departmental cooperation, for enabling non-traditional applications in education and artistic expression, and for providing an interface to other advanced information technology efforts.
Quantitative stem cell imaging with magnetic particle imaging

MPI stem cell imaging - sensitivity and linearity: 9 pelletized, labeled hESC-derived cell populations (Fig. 2A) with varying cell numbers were imaged successively in the FFL imager. Fig. 2B shows the maximum image intensity from each reconstructed cell pellet image as a function of cell number. When a linear fit was applied, we found a strong linear correlation between MPI signal intensity and cell number, with R2 > 0.99. Additionally, the detection sensitivity of the projection MPI system was found to be slightly over 104 cells. We found no detectable MPI signal from unlabeled cell populations. Mice imaging: A MPI image of postmortem cell injections containing 4×105 and 6×105 is shown in Fig. 2C. The MPI image shows excellent contrast with minimal tissue effects. Additionally, the ratio of total MPI signal between the 6×105 and 4×105 injection regions was found to be 1.5, as expected.
A flexible approach to decentralized software evolution

Reducing the costs and risks associated with changing complex software systems has been a principal concern of software engineering research and development. One facet of this effort concerns decentralized software evolution (DSE), which, simply stated, enables third-parties to evolve a software application independent of the organization that originally developed it. Popular approaches to DSE include application programming interfaces or APIs, software plug-ins, and scripting languages. Application vendors employ DSE as a means of attracting additional users to their applications-and, consequentially, increasing their market share-since it opens up the possibility that a third-party modified version of the application would satisfy the needs of end-users unsatisfied with the original version. This benefits everyone involved: the original application vendor sells more product since customization constitutes use; third-party developers deliver a product in less time and with lower cost by reusing software as opposed to building it from scratch; and customers receive a higher quality product, customized to suit their needs, in less time and with lower cost. By increasing the opportunity for buying and customizing software instead of building it from scratch, DSE attacks Brook's "essential" difficulties of software development.
Constructing Sandstone Provenance and Classification Ternary Diagrams Using An Electronic Spreadsheet

Abstract We present and describe a Microsoft Excel-based method of plotting sandstone provenance and classification-related ternary diagrams. Although commercial software is available for plotting ternary diagrams, none of these programs are especially designed to generate plots with specific provenance fields or classification schemes. Currently, many sedimentologists use electronic spreadsheets for storing point-count data and software for generating ternary diagrams, and finally use separate image-drafting software to generate publication-quality figures. The technique demonstrated in this paper does all, in a single step requiring only widely available programs such as Microsoft Excel. This spreadsheet will allow users to generate diagrams suitable for various other provenance-related plots as well as develop new ideas for various geochemical ternary plots.
Extended School Year Services Prediction, Description, and Impact Of Judicial Precedence

The central purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Armstrong v. Kline (1978) and other critical court cases on the provision of extended school year (ESY) services to children with disabilities within local education agencies (LEAs). LEAs from the 5th and 10th Federal Judicial Circuits responded to the Extended School Year Survey, providing information regarding local ESY programming. A prediction model was developed suggesting that LEA student enrollment and Federal Judicial Circuit membership accounted for the greatest amount of variance in the provision of ESY services at the local level. Additional information concerning eligibility criteria, disability categories most likely eligible for services, regression/recoupment, and percentage of children by disability category ruled eligible for ESY is presented.
Elevated Levels of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3β in Mouse Hepatocytes Influence Expression of Genes Involved in Bile Acid and Glucose Homeostasis

The winged helix transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor-3β (HNF-3β), mediates the hepatocyte-specific transcription of numerous genes important for liver function. However, the in vivo role of HNF-3β in regulating these genes remains unknown because homozygous null HNF3β mouse embryos die in utero prior to liver formation. In order to examine the regulatory function of HNF-3β, we created transgenic mice in which the −3-kb transthyretin promoter functions to increase hepatocyte expression of the rat HNF-3β protein. Postnatal transgenic mice exhibit growth retardation, depletion of hepatocyte glycogen storage, and elevated levels of bile acids in serum. The retarded growth phenotype is likely due to a 20-fold increase in hepatic expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), which results in elevated levels in serum of IGFBP-1 and limits the biological availability of IGFs required for postnatal growth. The defects in glycogen storage and serum bile acids coincide with diminished postnatal expression of hepatocyte genes involved in gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glycogen synthase) and sinusoidal bile acid uptake (Ntcp), respectively. These changes in gene transcription may result from the disruptive effect of HNF-3β on the hepatic expression of the endogenous mouse HNF-3α,-3β, -3γ, and -6 transcription factors. Furthermore, adult transgenic livers lack expression of the canalicular phospholipid transporter, mdr2, which is consistent with ultrastructure evidence of damage to transgenic hepatocytes and bile canaliculi. These transgenic studies represent the first in vivo demonstration that the HNF-3β transcriptional network regulates expression of hepatocyte-specific genes required for bile acid and glucose homeostasis, as well as postnatal growth.
High Detection-rate Cascades for Real-Time Object Detection

A new strategy is proposed for the design of cascaded object detectors of high detection-rate. The problem of jointly minimizing the false-positive rate and classification complexity of a cascade, given a constraint on its detection rate, is considered. It is shown that it reduces to the problem of minimizing false-positive rate given detection- rate and is, therefore, an instance of the classic problem of cost-sensitive learning. A cost-sensitive extension of boosting, denoted by asymmetric boosting, is introduced. It maintains a high detection-rate across the boosting iterations, and allows the design of cascaded detectors of high overall detection-rate. Experimental evaluation shows that, when compared to previous cascade design algorithms, the cascades produced by asymmetric boosting achieve significantly higher detection-rates, at the cost of a marginal increase in computation.
Regulation of leptin receptor‐expressing neurons in the brainstem by TRPV1

The central nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of feeding behavior and whole-body metabolism via controlling the autonomic output to the visceral organs. Activity of the parasympathetic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) determines the vagal tone and thereby modulates the function of the subdiaphragmatic organs. Leptin is highly involved in the regulation of food intake and alters neuronal excitability of brainstem neurons. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) has also been shown to increase neurotransmission in the brainstem and we tested the hypothesis that TRPV1 regulates presynaptic neurotransmitter release to leptin receptor-expressing (LepRb(EGFP)) DMV neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to determine the effect of TRPV1 activation on excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSC, IPSC) of LepRb(EGFP) neurons in the DMV. Capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist increased the frequency of miniature EPSCs in 50% of LepRb(EGFP) neurons without altering the frequency of miniature IPSCs in the DMV. Stomach-projecting LepRb(EGFP) neurons were identified in the DMV using the transsynaptic retrograde viral tracer PRV-614. Activation of TRPV1 increased the frequency of mEPSC in ~50% of stomach-related LepRb(EGFP) DMV neurons. These data demonstrate that TRPV1 increases excitatory neurotransmission to a subpopulation of LepRb(EGFP) DMV neurons via presynaptic mechanisms and suggest a potential interaction between TRPV1 and leptin signaling in the DMV.
Temporal Association of the Herpes Simplex Virus Genome with Histone Proteins during a Lytic Infection

Previous work has determined that there are nucleosomes on the herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome during a lytic infection but that they are not arranged in an equally spaced array like in cellular DNA. However, like in cellular DNA, the promoter regions of several viral genes have been shown to be associated with nucleosomes containing modified histone proteins that are generally found associated with actively transcribed genes. Furthermore, it has been found that the association of modified histones with the HSV genome can be detected at the earliest times postinfection (1 h postinfection) and increases up to 3 h postinfection. However from 3 h to 6 h postinfection (the late phase of the replication cycle), the association decreases. In this study we have examined histone association with promoter regions of all kinetic classes of genes. This was done over the time course of an infection in Sy5y cells using sucrose gradient sedimentation, bromodeoxyuridine labeling, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, Western blot analysis, trypsin and DNase digestion, and quantitative real-time PCR. Because no histones were detected inside HSV type 1 capsids, the viral genome probably starts to associate with histones after being transported from infecting virions into the host nucleus. Promoter regions of all gene classes (immediate early, early, and late) bind with histone proteins at the start of viral gene expression. However, after viral DNA replication initiates, histones appear not to associate with newly synthesized viral genomes.
Data association in multi-target tracking: a solution using a layered Boltzmann machine

Data association is the problem of determining the origin of measurements in a multitarget tracking algorithm, and assigning probabilities beta /sub i//sup t/ to the event that the i-th measurement originated from the t-th target. A parallel computational method is presented for solving the data association problem using a layered Boltzmann machine. The association probabilities can be computed with arbitrarily small errors if a sufficient number of layers of binary neurons are available. Specifically, the probability beta /sub i//sup j/ is shown to be equal to the relative frequency of activation of neuron v(i,j) in a layered two-dimensional network. The authors present some simple tracking examples comparing the performance of the Boltzmann algorithm to the exact data association solution, and with the performance of an alternative parallel method using the Hopfield neural network. >
Radio Astronomy Polarization Measurements

Various polarization measuring schemes are discussed in terms of the Stokes parameters. The methods are separated into three groups according to the number of components isolated by the antenna system. The dispersion resulting from the frequency dependence of the Faraday effect is considered, and the interpretation of polarization data in terms of these effects is discussed. Some results are that one polarization determination will allow limits to be placed on the axial ratio and polarization percentage at the source, and on the ray path integral of longitudinal magnetic field times electron density. A graphical presentation of Hatanaka's dispersion theory permits this to be done very quickly. With suitable assumptions, measurements at two frequencies or with two bandwidths will fix the three quantities. Radio astronomy polarization observations are surveyed. The ionosphere, solar corona, and Crab Nebula are considered briefly in the light of possible Faraday effects. Mayer, McCullough, and Sloanaker's 3.15-cm observations on the Crab Nebula and the optical results are used to analyze lower frequency attempts to find polarized radiation from this object.
On the microhydrodynamics of superspreading

Droplets of an aqueous phase placed on a very hydrophobic, waxy surface bead-up rather than spread, forming a sessile drop with a relatively large contact angle at the edge of the drop. Surfactant molecules, when dissolved in the aqueous phase, can facilitate the wetting of an aqueous drop on a hydrophobic surface. One class of surfactants, superwetters, can cause aqueous droplets to move very rapidly over a hydrophobic surface, thereby completely wetting the surface (superspreading). A recent numerical study of the hydrodynamics of superspreading by Karapetsas, Craster & Matar (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 670, 2011, pp. 5―37) provides a clear explanation of how these surfactants cause such a dramatic change in wetting behaviour. The study shows that large spreading rates occur when the surfactant can transfer directly from the air/aqueous to the aqueous/ hydrophobic solid interface at the contact line. This transfer reduces the concentration of surfactant on the fluid interface, which would otherwise be elevated due to the advection accompanying the drop spreading. The reduced concentration creates a Marangoni force along the fluid surface in the direction of spreading, and a concave rim in the vicinity of the contact line with a large dynamic contact angle. Both of these effects act to increase the spreading rate. The molecular structure of the superwetters allows them to assemble on a hydrophobic surface, enabling the direct transfer from the fluid to the solid surface at the contact line.
Influence of Pseudo‐Alkali Cations on Network Depolymerization in Mixed‐Cation Germanate Glasses

Mixed-cation germanate glasses that contained ≥69 mol% GeO2 and equimolar amounts of Na2O/K2O, Ag2O/Tl2O, Tl2O/K2O, or Ag2O/K2O were prepared. Densities, refractive indices, and infrared absorptions were measured and colors noted. In all glasses, the expected shift of the ir absorption to longer wavelengths is enhanced by the presence of the second cation. The mixed-alkali glasses are less voluminous and the mixed-cation glasses more voluminous than predicted. The mixed-cation glasses in some cases also exhibit more intense colors than anticipated and deviations of the refractive index from additivity. These results are interpreted in terms of slight differences in the mode of network depolymerization which appear to be caused by the polarizing nature of Tl+ and Ag+
Observations on the effect of yttria and carbon on the tensile properties of Ma aluminum

Previously, the authors looked at the room temperature tensile properties of several mechanically alloyed (MA) aluminum alloys. The tensile behavior of these materials was discussed in the context of the property-microstructure interaction as observed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). These alloys contained differing amounts of carbon and yttria, depending upon the initial mix of elements prior to mechanical alloying. This paper continues the investigation of MA aluminum by examining the tensile behavior of two additional MA aluminum alloys. Alloys A0, A3 and A4 contain approximately the same weight percent (w/o) of carbon. The weight fraction of oxygen varies slightly in these alloys, but it is in general about 1 w/o. Alloy A0 is the standard MA aluminum produced by Inco Alloys International, Inc. (IAII). Al is similar to A0 except that additional stearic acid (i.e., the process control agent) was used in order to produce a higher weight fraction of carbon in the final alloy. Alloy A2 contained 1 w/o of copper and its tensile behavior is different from the other alloys. For this reason it only enters the discussion in a tangential manner.
In-vitro studies of antibiotic combinations with special emphasis on the evaluation of newly developed methods

We have described an in-vitro pharmacokinetic model that mimics the serum and tissue concentrations of antibiotics during therapy of human patients, and thus presents a changing concentration of antibiotics to the bacterial inoculum. This pharmacokinetic model has been used to study antibiotic combinations that are used in the treatment of infections in granulocytopenic patients. In this model the addition of piperacillin to amikacin or of ceftazidime or azlocillin to another aminoglycoside prevented the regrowth of resistant subpopulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The activities of several antibiotic combinations were studied in the in-vitro model, the conventional checker-board method and the time-kill method. Discrepant results were found with the model and the conventional tests in one-third of the combinations. The model may be useful in the preclinical study of antibiotic combinations and may be proved more predictive of clinical outcome than conventional tests.
Automating user interface design

In assistive systems that include humans, the human-computer interface provides the substrate for all collaboration. Good user interface design is difficult for even non-assistive applications; the introduction of automated reasoning and agent capabilities only aggravates the problems of human interaction with automation. We have identified a need for a process that mediates between software agents and humans, dynamically adjusts to the situation, and presents a well designed user interface to allow the human to fully collaborate. We report on one such system, ADIEU. We are currently applying ADIEU to joint forces military search and rescue (SAR) operations. The system we are developing, called Search and Rescue Assistant (SARA), is intended to support SAR operations by providing task assistance in an environment where human and software agents act independently as well as collaborate with others to perform search and rescue operations. This effort has provided us with an opportunity to apply and evaluate promising agent architecture and communications concepts, and to develop a testbed for our approach to facilitating human collaboration via dynamic design using ADIEU. The paper presents a current status of ADIEU.