cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prompt deliquescence and efflorescence of aerosol nanoparticles

Literature reports have differed on the possibilities of discontinuous and continuous (i.e., prompt and nonprompt) deliquescence and efflorescence of aerosol particles in the nanosize regime. Experiments reported herein using a hygroscopic tandem nano-differential mobility analyzer demonstrate prompt deliquescence and efflorescence of ammonium sulfate particles having diameters from 6 to 60 nm. Apparent nonpromptness can be induced both by operation of the experimental apparatus and by interpretation of the measurements, even though the underlying phase transitions of individual particles remain prompt. No nanosize effect on the relative humidity values of deliquescence or efflorescence is observed for the studied size range. Smaller hygroscopic growth factors are, however, observed for the nanoparticles, in agreement with thermodynamic calculations that include the Kelvin effect. A slightly nonspherical shape for dry ammonium sulfate particles is inferred from their hygroscopically induced reconstruction between 5 and 30% relative humidity. Our results provide a further understanding of nanoparticle behavior, especially relevant to the growth rates of atmospheric nanoparticles.
A very non-smooth maximum principle with state constraints

We present a version of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle with state-space constraints and very weak technical hypotheses. The result does not require the time-varying vector fields corresponding to the various control values to be continuously differentiable, Lipschitz, or even continuous with respect to the state, since all that is needed is that they be "co-integrably bounded integrally continuous." This includes the case of vector fields that are continous with respect to the state, as well as large classes of discontinuous vector fields, containing, for example, rich sets of single-valued selections for almost semicontinuous differential inclusions. Uniqueness of trajectories is not required, since our methods deal directly with multivalued maps. The reference vector field and reference Lagrangian are only required to be "differentiable" along the reference trajectory in a very weak sense, namely, that of possessing suitable "variational generators". The conclusion yields finitely additive measures, as in earlier work by other authors, and a Hamiltonian maximization inequality valid also at the jump times of the adjoint covector.
Joint local and global hardware adaptations for energy

This work concerns algorithms to control energy-driven architecture adaptations for multimedia applications, without and with dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). We identify a broad design space for adaptation control algorithms based on two attributes: (1) when to adapt or temporal granularity and (2) what structures to adapt or spatial granularity. For each attribute, adaptation may be global or local. Our previous work developed a temporally and spatially global algorithm. It invokes adaptation at the granularity of a full frame of a multimedia application (temporally global) and considers the entire hardware configuration at a time (spatially global). It exploits inter-frame execution time variability, slowing computation just enough to eliminate idle time before the real-time deadline.This paper explores temporally and spatially local algorithms and their integration with the previous global algorithm. The local algorithms invoke architectural adaptation within an application frame to exploit intra-frame execution variability, and attempt to save energy without affecting execution time. We consider local algorithms previously studied for non-real-time applications as well as propose new algorithms. We find that, for systems without and with DVS, the local algorithms are effective in saving energy for multimedia applications, but the new integrated global and local algorithm is best for the systems and applications studied.
The Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R) : Relationship to goal orientation, motivation, perceived self-efficacy, and self-esteem

In a series of three studies we investigated the construct validity of the Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R [Kipper, D. A., & Shemer, H. (2006). The Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R): Spontaneity, well-being and stress. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry, 59, 127–136]). Specifically, we explored the congruence between the SAI-R and some of the theoretical characteristics of spontaneity. The participants were students from Roosevelt University, Chicago, who volunteered to take part in the investigations. The results of the first study show that spontaneity cannot be considered either a performance or a learning goal orientation. This was interpreted as adding credence to the view that spontaneity is an intrinsic motivational energy. As predicted, the results of the second study show that spontaneity correlates positively with a measure of intrinsic motivation but not with extrinsic motivation. The third study investigated the relationship among spontaneity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem, the latter being two psychological agencies that affects the adequacy aspect of spontaneity. As expected, the results show that spontaneity is positively correlated with both self-efficacy and self-esteem, but more with the former than with the latter.
Cold Acclimation of Adrenalectomized Male Leghorn Chickens

Abstract IT HAS been established that catecholamines, especially norepinephrine, play an important role in cold acclimation in small mammals (Hsieh and Carlson, 1957; Depocas and Secours, 1960; Heroux, 1962; Anderson et al., 1964). Evidence of their involvement in a thermoregulatory mechanism in birds has been reported by El-Halawani et al. (1970). The contribution of the adrenal medulla to the nonshivering, thermoregulatory mechanism has been studied on curarized rats by Cottle and Carlson (1956). Their results indicate a partial involvement of the adrenal glands. Despite accumulated evidence that the cortical hormones are not required for maintenance of cold acclimation, they have been found in rats to be involved in the initial phase of acclimation (Sellers et al., 1951; Heroux and Hart, 1954b; Rossiter and Nicholls, 1957). Certain degrees of cold acclimation and resistance to cold can be obtained in adrenalectomized rats by administering minimal doses of cortisone or desoxycorticosterone (DesMarais, 1956), or…
Self-reported allergy, infection, and autoimmune diseases among men and women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol

Immunotoxicology studies of prenatal or neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) show effects on immune function of the adult animal. Prenatally exposed humans are known to be at increased risk of vaginal adenocarcinoma, but little research has been done to assess immunologic function. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of DES was conducted in the early 1950s. The sons and daughters born to participants of this clinical trial were traced and interviewed about immune-related health problems. Symptom and disease rates for the DES exposed (253 sons and 296 daughters) were compared with rates for the unexposed (241 men and 246 women). DES-exposed men and women reported rates of allergy, infection, and autoimmune disease similar to the unexposed. However, because autoimmune diseases are rare, a larger sample is needed to evaluate further DES-associated risk of autoimmunity.
Electromagnetism and matter

In this chapter, we shall analyze electromagnetism, matter, their mutual influences, and the influence of spacetime on each. Chapter 4 will close the web by analyzing the influence of electromagnetism and matter on spacetime.
Culture Wars and NationalEducation Standards: Scale and the Struggle over Social Reproduction

America is embroiled in a culture war. National education standards have exacerbated the conflict. Supporters justify standards by adopting the rhetoric of globalization and national labor force preparedness. Opponents claim that standards threaten local control over value inculcation and social reproduction. This paper examines the “politics of scale” to hypothesize that conservatives have solicited Congressional support for local school choice and school prayer to subvert national education standards. Results from a multivariate analysis confirm that a significant link exists between Congressional opposition to education standards and support for school prayer and school choice.
Effect of Reynolds number, tip shape and stroke deviation on Flapping Flight

In the current study the effects of Reynolds number, tip shapes and stroke deviation on the performance of flapping flight are analyzed. Three Reynolds nu mbers, Re =100, 10,000, and 100,000 are evaluated. At Re=100, a single coherent Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) forms during the downstroke, while at the higher Reynolds numbers, a less coherent LEV forms, which sheds near the wing tip and convects downstream. At higher Reynolds numbers the location of the LEV remains close to the surface as it sheds and convects, which le ads to high values of lift and thrust coefficients. At all Reynolds numbers, a strong spanwise flow of the order of the flapping velocity is observed along the core of the LEV, which contradicts previous observations of spanwise flow only at high Reynolds numbers. Analysis of three different tip shapes, straight, ro unded, and tapered show that the tip vortex does not have a significant effect on the lift and thrust production. During the downstroke, a continuous LEV forms for the rounded tip, while a discontinuous vortex forms for straight and tapered tip shapes. However, the time of LEV separation and the location of the LEV at different phases of the flapping cycle are identical for all the tip shapes. Flapping flight with stroke deviation alters the force production significantly during the upstroke as it captures the LEV shed during the downstroke. It reduces the average value of lift coefficient for the case analyzed, while the thrust coefficient remains the same.
Predictors of long-term mortality in new start statin users

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide and studies have found a direct relationship between levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease...
MC-Smooth: A mass-conserving, smooth vorticity–velocity formulation for multi-dimensional flows

A novel vorticity–velocity formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations – the Mass-Conserving, Smooth (MC-Smooth) vorticity–velocity formulation – is developed in this work. The governing equations of the MC-Smooth formulation include a new second-order Poisson-like elliptic velocity equation, along with the vorticity transport equation, the energy conservation equation, and Nspec species mass balance equations. In this study, the MC-Smooth formulation is compared to two pre-existing vorticity–velocity formulations by applying each formulation to confined and unconfined axisymmetric laminar diffusion flame problems. For both applications, very good to excellent agreement for the simulation results of the three formulations has been obtained. The MC-Smooth formulation requires the least CPU time and can overcome the limitations of the other two pre-existing vorticity–velocity formulations by ensuring mass conservation and solution smoothness over a broader range of flow conditions. In addition to these benef...
Compulsory Unionism as a Fraternal Conceit? Free Choice for Workers: A History of the Right-to-Work Movement

With the publication of Free Choice for Workers: a History of the Right-to-Work Movement, George Leef offers a prudential basis tied to experience coupled with informal logic implicating ultimate values in order to reexamine compulsory labor unions and to contest the justification offered in support of America's labor laws. Leef's perspective delegitimizes compulsory unionism on ethical and empirical grounds. Demonstrating that statutory compulsion fails to direct society down the pathway to progress, the book reveals that the road to serfdom can often be paved by bureaucratic regulation. Carefully examining history and contemporary events, this book contributes to the richly textured debate about the normative role of unions in a putatively free society. Aptly appreciated, George Leef's reassessment offers an essentially contractarian and liberal model of labor relations that rests on a vision of individual rights that have a clearly defined, independent existence predating society. From this perspective, George Leef specifies liberty as a desirable good in and of itself which is placed in harm's way by progressive ideals and constructs. Far from operating as an anti-union document, Free Choice for Workers functions as a pro-union manuscript grounded in the conclusion that unions operate as defensible institutions and laudable associations, when and only if, they represent workers who join voluntarily.
Witnessing the Mother–Daughter Dynamic Across a Cultural Divide

continued on p. (115) W someone recently asked me to describe myself in one or two words, I quickly responded, “I am a mother and a nurse.” I have been an obstetric nurse for more than 25 years, and no matter where I have practiced or what job I have had over the years, I still enjoy working with families of newborns. As a mother myself, I can empathize with families who are celebrating the excitement and joy of their newborn while at the same time having mixed feelings of inadequacy, nervousness, and the desire to do what is best that are inherent in the parenting role. I feel that it is an honor and a privilege to assist with and hopefully affect the positive growth and development of a new family. One day I received a report on Maria (all names have been changed to protect privacy), a Latina adolescent and first-generation American who had a baby girl whom she named Donna, after the mother of the baby’s father. It was a name I had not heard in a long time, but I thought it was nice that Maria wanted to honor the paternal grandmother in this way. I wondered how Maria’s own mother felt about the selection of the name and wondered if she was involved with her daughter or her family. I learned that Maria’s mother had spent the night and was helping with the newborn. Maria spoke English but her mother did not. As I walked into the room, Maria was out of bed and getting ready to have her breakfast. Witnessing the Mother–Daughter Dynamic Across a Cultural Divide
Photolytic Ozonation of Phenols

Description du mecanisme ou intervient le radical HO qui explique un meilleur resultat avec l'ozone+rayonnement UV
Erythrocyte Values, and Alimentary Canal pH Values in the Mule Deer

Rocky Mountain mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionius hemionius ) on the National Bison Range, Moiese, Montana were shot at monthly intervals as part of another study. It was felt desirable to collect blood and p H data when possible from a wild ruminant in this refuge area. Very little is known about blood values, the p H of the gastro-intestinal tract, and other vital physiological data about our native big game. This investigation was made possible through the cooperation of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Montana Fish and Game Department, and the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. The deer were hunted on the range, and care had to be taken to shoot only selected animals. When shot at long range animals bled themselves out. In rocky, hilly country more than 15 minutes may have elapsed between the shooting and our arrival at the carcass. Only those blood samples are included in this report that were collected less than 15 minutes after the animal was shot. Blood was …
33 NOX1 IS REQUIRED FOR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL ACTIVATION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 9 AND CELL MIGRATION IN RESPONSE TO THROMBIN.

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) degradation of the extracellular matrix and migration to the intima are fundamental processes in the vascular response to injury. NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in development of vascular disease; however, the specific contribution of Nox1 and Nox4, the primary catalytic subunits of NADPH oxidase in SMC, is poorly understood. We hypothesized that Nox1-derived ROS mediate thrombin-dependent activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and migration of SMCs. Studies were performed in SMCs cultured from the aorta of Nox1 null and littermate control mice. Thrombin (2 U/mL) increased superoxide levels in control SMCs, as measured by dihydroethidium, and this response was inhibited by the flavoenzyme inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI, 10 μM). In contrast, thrombin failed to increase ROS in Nox1 null SMCs. Previous studies have identified Src and mitogen-activated protein kinases as key redox-dependent regulatory proteins in thrombin-stimulated responses. Five minutes following thrombin stimulation, both Src and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were significantly decreased in Nox1 null SMCs compared with normal SMCs, measured by densitometry of Western blots. In addition, in response to thrombin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation was reduced in Nox1 null VSMCs. Conditioned media was collected 24 hours after cells were treated with thrombin and MMP-9 activity measured by gelatin zymography. Thrombin increased MMP-9 more than twofold in control cells; however, thrombin failed to increase MMP-9 activity in Nox1 null cells. Using a wound-scratch assay, the number and distance of cells migrating into the injured area were markedly reduced in SMCs deficient in Nox1. In conclusion, the Nox1 subunit of NADPH oxidase is required by SMCs for thrombin-dependent activation of MMP-9 and cell migration. In addition, Nox1 generation of ROS participates in phosphorylation of Src and of ERK1/2. These findings suggest that Nox1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
Nanogold Prepared by Glucose Reduction and Its Conjunction with Bovine Serum Albumin

A new method for synthesis of monodispersed gold nanoparticles was reported.Nano-gold colloid was prepared by chemical reduction of HAuCl4 with glucose(C6H12O6).The gold particles of 15~35 nm were obtained under the experimental conditions and PVP were needed for the nano-gold stability in NaCl medium.Some key factors were optimized as follows: pH 5.0 medium,C6H12O6/Au=35,at 100℃,and the pH was adjusted after adding C6H12O6.The nano-gold as prepared was conjugated to BSA at pH 7.0 with a minimum protein quantity of 5 μg/mL,leading to a red-shift of maximum absorption band and a decrease in absorbance.
Hieroglyphs of Revelation: Thomas Browne and Thomas Pynchon

In Sir Thomas Browne, asserts F. L. Huntley, "one finds three great nourishers of the mind and heart of man: religion, poetry, and science. They met in the seventeenth century and may be coming together again in this mid-term of the twentieth" (Browne vii). In Thomas Pynchon, who began his studies at Cornell in engineering physics, we find an exploration of these same three themes, begun in his first novel, V. (1963), and continued in The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) and Gravity's Rainbow (1973), Like Browne, pynchon is interested in the poetic expression of the "twin themes of scientific research and religious exploration" (Green 7). Paul Ricoeur (among others) has shown that the dialectic which arises out of such a dual interest is the same which characterizes the history of Western religions. The poles of this tension are found in the appearances of the sacred and the interpretation of the Word (Ricoeur 13). The "hermeneutic of proclamation" first gained ascendancy over the "phenomenology of the sacred" in Judaism, and this pattern was subsequently embraced by Christianity and Islam. Within the dialectic the revelation of the Word is concretized with "the support and renewing Rower of the sacred cosmos and the sacredness of vital nature" (Ricoeur 35). Four important similarities, each arising from this problematic, link the work of Browne and Pynchon.
mTORC1 Signaling Contributes to Drinking But Not Blood Pressure Responses to Brain Angiotensin II.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a molecular node that couples extracellular cues to a wide range of cellular events controlling various physiological processes. Here, we identified mTORC1 signaling as a critical mediator of angiotensin II (Ang II) action in the brain. In neuronal GT1–7 cells, we show that Ang II stimulates neuronal mTORC1 signaling in an Ang II type 1 receptor-dependent manner. In mice, a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection or chronic sc infusion of Ang II activated mTORC1 signaling in the subfornical organ, a critical brain region in cardiovascular control and fluid balance. Moreover, transgenic sRA mice with brain-specific overproduction of Ang II displayed increased mTORC1 signaling in the subfornical organ. To test the functional role of brain mTORC1 in mediating the action of Ang II, we examined the consequence of mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin on Ang II-induced increase in water intake and arterial pressure. ICV pretreatment with rapamycin blocked ...
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the penis in children.

AbstractA rare case of a young boy with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the penis is presented and the literature is reviewed.
Prevention of initial variceal hemorrhage.

Results from prospective controlled trials do not justify the use of either prophylactic shunt surgery or sclerotherapy for the prevention of initial variceal bleeding. Use of nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers has been shown to reduce significantly the risk of first variceal hemorrhage, but their effect on survival is marginal. Because only 25% to 40% of patients with cirrhosis and varices experience variceal bleeding, is it justified to place all patients with varices on beta-blocker therapy? The answer lies in the identification of a high-risk population (i.e., patients with large varices and endoscopic red color signs) and patients who can tolerate and will be compliant with therapy. The duration of therapy required is unknown and perhaps requires a lifetime commitment. Future research will involve the use of combinations of pharmacologic agents to reduce further portal pressure and perhaps the use of pharmacologic agents and sclerotherapy. The goal of a significant improvement in survival is yet to be obtained.
From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor and Marriage Bonds

When Congress debated the meaning of slave emancipation the galleries overhead were filled with women. There they would have heard statesmen equate freedom with contract but also affirm that abolition did not transform the bonds of marriage – that “A husband has a right of property in the service of his wife.” One of those listening in the congressional gallery was Frances Gage. Reflecting on the debate, she observed: “I would not say one word against marriage.… But let it be a marriage of equality. Let the man and woman stand as equals before the law.” That aspiration was central to antislavery feminism in the nineteenth century. In the wake of emancipation it fell not to Congress but to state lawmakers to reconcile the traditional rules of marriage with the new circumstances of wage work, which increasingly rendered wives’ labor a commodity for sale on the market. The core of the problem was a wife's right to her own labor, wages, and person – a property right that the wage contract presumed but the marriage contract denied. Legislatures throughout the country responded by enacting “earnings laws” that entitled wives to the fruits of their waged labor, thereby seeming to address feminist claims about the anomalies of marriage in free society. Here was a set of rights that appeared to replicate the contract rights afforded to former slaves. Yet the analogy was not so clear-cut, for the reforms did not nullify a husband's legal title to his wife's service at home.
Case Studies in Managing Traffic in a Developing Country with Privacy-Preserving Simulation as a Service

Simulation is known to be an effective technique to understand and manage traffic in cities of developed countries. However, in developing countries, traffic management is lacking due to a wide diversity of vehicles on the road, their chaotic movement, little instrumentation to sense traffic state and limited funds to create IT and physical infrastructure to ameliorate the situation. Under these conditions, in this paper, we present our approach of using the Megaffic traffic simulator as a service to gain actionable insights for two use-cases and cities in India, a first. Our approach is general to be readily used in other use cases and cities, and our results give new insights: (a) using demographics data, traffic demand can be reduced if timings of government offices are altered in Delhi, (b) using a mobile company's Call Data Record (CDR) data to mine trajectories anonymously, one can take effective traffic actions while organizing events in Mumbai at local scale.
Elastic property measurement using Rayleigh-Lamb waves

A nondestructive technique is described for the measurement of elastic constants of isotropic plates using ultrasonic Rayleigh-Lamb waves. The experimental method employs continuous harmonic waves and a pair of variable-angle contact transducers in pitch-catch mode. The phase velocity of the R-L waves at a particular frequency is determined from the phase shift over a measured path length. This simple experimental technique can measure phase velocity over the range 1–10 mm/µs with an error of less than 0.5% over a frequency range of 50 kHz-2 MHz. Individual symmetric and antisymmetric modes can be generated through the selection of transducer angle and frequency. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for the material are calculated from measurements of frequency and phase velocity by a nonlinear least squares solution to the dispersion equations. The sensitivity of the nonlinear least squares function to the measurement region of the dispersion curve is investigated. It was found that estimations of material properties are more accurate and less sensitive to small experimental errors when only selected frequencies and R-L modes are used in the least squares calculation. This technique is demonstrated with several isotropic materials and with both thick (6 mm) and thin (0.8 mm) plates. Values for elastic constants determined by the contact transducer Lamb wave technique compare favorably with values measured using the pulse-echo-overlap method. The uncertainty in measurements of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio was less than 1% and 2%, respectively. The technique has advantages over more traditional methods for measuring elastic properties when it is desirable to use wavelengths greater than the plate thickness, when properties may vary with frequency, or when it is necessary to measure in-plane elastic properties of thin plate structures.
The roots of applied linguistics in North America.

This article traces the origins of applied linguistics within North America. The primary sources of information were responses from a survey of leading applied linguists conducted in 1999 and a review of records from professional associations, chiefly those associated with the Linguistic Society of America, back to its foundation in 1924. Evidence is reported of the recognition of applied linguistics even with that designation as early as 1925. Extensive work is cited of an applied nature for three decades after that, much of it not carrying any such label. Likewise, language related activity conducted by many known more as specialists in other fields is reported from throughout the nineteenth century. A chronological record of North American applied linguistics is proposed showing four phases. The first predates the foundation of the Linguistic Society of America (prior to 1924). The second, labeled the post LSA period, covers the years from 1925 through 1959. The third, the early applied era, extends from 1960 to 1990 and the fourth, the independent status period extends from 1990 to the present. Summary comments portray the character of applied linguistics in North America in relation to similar activities in other geographical areas.
Abstract 363: Lim Domain Only 4 Is a Shear-Sensitive Protein, Playing a Critical Role in Endothelial Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Recently, we have shown that disturbed flow, characterized by low and oscillatory shear stress, caused by a partial ligation of mouse left carotid artery (LCA) rapidly induces atherosclerosis. Usin...
Thrombotic microangiopathy and the kidney

Abstract Thrombotic microangiopathy is a common renal pathologic finding, which is characterized by the presence of endothelial cell injury and microvascular thrombi. The spectrum of clinical diseases that are connected by a thrombotic microangiopathic injury may appear to be unrelated, but overactivation of the complement system is emerging as an important mechanism, especially in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, scleroderma renal crisis, and others. Although few pathologic findings enable the pathologist to establish the precise etiology of the microvascular injury, the kidney biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing renal thrombotic microangiopathy and excluding other potential causes of kidney injury. After this critical step, additional investigation of the clinical and laboratory data is necessary to establish the underlying etiology and guide subsequent therapeutic options. The salient clinical and pathologic features of common diseases that are associated with thrombotic microangiopathy will be discussed.
Vowel-length differences before voiced and voiceless consonants: an auditory explanation

In most languages, vowels are longer before voiced than before voiceless consonants. Attempts to explain this vowel-length difference in terms of assumed physical or physiological constraints on speech production have generally been unsuccessful. We propose the alternative hypothesis that language communities intentionally vary vowel length in order to enhance auditorily the closure-duration cue for voicing distinctions. By the principle of durational contrast, a long vowel should make a short closure interval seem even shorter and hence more voiced, whereas a short vowel should make a long closure interval appear longer and hence more voiceless. In support of this auditory hypothesis, we show that, for /aba/–/apa/ stimuli varying in medial closure duration and for square-wave stimuli that temporally mimic these speech stimuli, a longer initial segment causes a reliable shift in subjects’ two-category labeling boundaries toward longer medial gap durations. We also discuss other ways that language communities may exploit durational contrast in order to enhance phonological distinctiveness.
Using the Internet in Earth Systems Courses

The Internet has become both a boon to teachers and parents and a source of serious concerns and problems. Both advantages and disadvantages are well known and publicized. However, those relating to teaching may not be, and the advantages in using the Internet for Global Science Literacy curricula especially need to be explored in some depth. In this chapter, we describe just a few of the uses of the Internet and suggest just a few of the problems. We believe that it is an essential learning environment for both teachers and students, especially for systems science based curricula. To aid in our discussion we have organized the uses according to the seven Earth Systems Education understandings (Figure 1, Chapter One).
Mediatized Populisms| Disagreement Without Dissensus: The Contradictions of Hizbullah’s Mediatized Populism

How should claims to embody “the people” be reckoned with when such claims issue from multiethnic polities? What social and cultural dynamics obtain when political actors involved in transnational and regional conflict make populist claims in divided media landscapes? This article explores these questions by examining claims to be the guarantors of national sovereignty (and at times, the voice of a truly universal patriotism) made by Hizbullah, the Lebanese political party and militia. This article explores the contradictions in Hizbullah’s populist claims by analyzing two phenomena—the commodified forms present at the party-run “Museum of the Resistance” and its gift shop, and the televised announcement of the party’s participation in the Syrian war alongside the Asad regime. Doing so demonstrates how the new right-wing populism can embody the intensified articulation of ethno-sectarian idiom within contemporary capitalist formations. I build on Ranciere’s theory of dissensus, arguing that groups such as Hizbullah both claim to speak on behalf of the “part who have no part” and also represent a form of capitalist intensification.
Quality, Readability, and Trends for Websites on Ankyloglossia.

Objective:This study evaluates the quality and readability of websites on ankyloglossia, tongue tie, and frenulectomy.Methods:Google was queried with six search terms: tongue tie, tongue tie and br...
The Diachronic Predictions of Distributional Universals

This chapter discusses the diachronic predictions of distributional universals. The frequency hierarchies defined by distributional universals make two interrelated predictions for diachrony. There will be greater pressure for a language to move from right to left than vice versa and there will be a direct relation between language frequencies and historical time amounts. The most stable Indo-European subfamily with respect to word order is probably Celtic, which has had throughout its recorded history almost maximal cross-category harmony: predominantly noun-initial, predominantly verb-initial, and prepositional orders. By contrast, Germanic has been one of the least stable branches. The earliest recorded stage, Late Common Germanic, had words orders that are extremely disharmonic: predominantly noun initial, primarily verb final, and prepositional. This extreme disharmony between noun and verb position, and verb and adposition orders, was apparently short-lived.
Prophenoloxidase as a reporter of gene expression in Drosophila.

We have developed a novel reporter for the analysis of gene expression using a Drosophilaprophenoloxidase (proPO) gene. We have expressed proPO in transgenic flies using the GAL4-UAS system and cha...
Antitrust and Costless Verification: An Optimistic and a Pessimistic View of the Implications of Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology allows a network of individuals, institutions or devices to coordinate economic activity on a global scale ('internet-level consensus') without assigning the same degree of control to the intermediary operating and facilitating transactions in the marketplace. This allows for the creation of new types of decentralized digital platforms where the benefits of network effects are separated from the traditional costs they entail in terms of market power. We discuss both the opportunities and challenges the technology involves from an antitrust perspective, and in particular how it can be used to facilitate the creation of extremely efficient and competitive digital markets, as well as to facilitate collusion and make antitrust enforcement more difficult.
Consumers’ Willingness to Try a Robotic Shopping Assistant: The Role of Imagery: An Abstract

To win online shoppers back, some brick-and-mortar retailers have started to adopt robotic shopping assistants. Latest robotic shopping assistants can interact with consumers more human-like than before and may enable brick-and-mortar retailers to enhance the store experience of consumers and improve profitability. Some researchers argue that this robotic technology may potentially alter the landscape of retailing business in the next decade (Parasuraman and Colby 2015; Bertacchini et al. 2017; Keeling et al. 2013). However, some consumers still show negative responses to robotic shopping assistants. Thus, to take advantage of this technology, more research is needed to understand how consumers respond to this technology (Huang and Rust 2017). In this study, we explore how consumers form imagery and attitude toward a robotic shopping assistant (Study 1). Second, we investigate how the style of a robotic shopping assistant (humanoid vs. nonhumanoid) and its feature types (hedonic vs. utilitarian) affect the imagery, attitude, and willingness to try (Study 2). Our results show that the willingness to try a robotic shopping assistant can be improved through enhancing imagery. Furthermore, our results suggest that the feature types affect imagery and willingness to try only for a humanoid robotic shopping assistant, but not for a nonhumanoid robotic shopping assistant.
Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscle: Materials Innovations and Device Explorations.

ConspectusCreating an artificial muscle has been one of the grand challenges of science and engineering. The invention of such a flexible, versatile, and power efficient actuator opens the gate for a new generation of lightweight, highly efficient, and multifunctional robotics. Many current artificial muscle technologies enable low-power mobile actuators, robots that mimic efficient and natural forms of motion, autonomous robots and sensors, and lightweight wearable technologies. They also have serious applications in biomedical devices, where biocompatibility, from a chemical, flexibility, and force perspective, is crucial. It remains unknown which material will ultimately form the ideal artificial muscle. Anything from shape memory alloys (SMAs) to pneumatics to electroactive polymers (EAPs) realize core aspects of the artificial muscle goal. Among them, EAPs most resemble their biological counterparts, and they encompass both ion-infusion and electric field based actuation mechanisms. Some of the most ...
Methodological and Statistical Techniques for the Chronometric Study of Mental Abilities

The study of individual differences in reaction time (RT) had its origin not in psychology, but in astronomy. The Prussian astronomer F. W. Bessel, in 1823, coined the term personal equation for the consistent differences among telescopic observers in recording the exact moment that the transit of a star crosses a hairline in the visual field of the telescope. The need to make corrections for the personal equation led to the invention, in 1828, of the chronograph, an instrument for the precise measurement of RT, which was later to become useful to psychologists.
Elucidating Reversible Electrochemical Redox of Li6PS5Cl Solid Electrolyte

Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are promising candidates for all solid-state batteries (ASSBs) due to their high ionic conductivity and ease of processability. However, their narrow electrochemica...
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Botanical Extracts Contribute to Their Protective Effects in Brain Edema in Cerebral Ischemia

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and adult disability. It occurs as a result of an interruption or reduction of blood flow to the brain. Neural death and brain edema are major consequences of stroke, and inflammation plays a key role in aggravating cerebral damage following stroke. Brain edema, if left unresolved, is a major cause of death in stroke patients. A role of inflammation has been hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of cytotoxic brain edema in cerebral ischemia. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines may also damage the endothelial cells and the neurovascular unit, contributing to a leaky blood–brain barrier, which may result in vasogenic edema in the continued presence of the existing cytotoxic edema. Several botanical extracts possess anti-inflammatory properties and thus have been examined for their efficacy to reduce such damage. Although the bioactive components in an extract that exert such a protective effect are not always known, polyphenols, saponins, and alkaloids have all been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the contribution of proinflammatory proteins, including cytokines and chemokines, to cell swelling and brain edema in cerebral ischemia. In addition, the potential of botanical extracts to reduce such neural damage will be critically reviewed.
Coupling Breast Feeding and Smoking Cessation: A Quality Initiative

OBJECTIVES To improve referral rates to the New York State Smoker’s Quit line (NYSSQL) in post-partum women admitted to our Children's Hospital; to improve breastfeeding rates among post-partum mothers who smoke presently, or identified as smoking within the past year. METHODS From 8/9/2016 to 3/2/2017 nurses in the mother-baby unit provided a brief (5 – 15 minute) motivational interviewing session to new smoking or recently quit mothers …
Separation and Recovery of Uranium Metal from Spent Light Water Reactor Fuel Via Electrolytic Reduction and Electrorefining

A series of bench-scale experiments was performed in a hot cell at Idaho National Laboratory to demonstrate the separation and recovery of uranium metal from spent light water reactor (LWR) fuel. The experiments involved crushing spent LWR fuel to particulate and separating it from its cladding. Oxide fuel particulate was then converted to metal in a series of six electrolytic reduction runs performed in succession with a single salt loading of molten LiCl-1 wt% Li 2 O at 650°C. Analysis of salt samples following the series of electrolytic reduction runs identified the partitioning of select fission products from the spent fuel to the molten salt electrolyte. The extent of metal oxide conversion in the posttest fuel was also quantified, including a 99.7% conversion of uranium oxide to metal. Uranium metal was then separated from the reduced LWR fuel in a series of six electrorefining runs performed in succession with a single salt loading of molten LiCl-KCl-UCl 3 at 500°C. Analysis of salt samples following the series of electrorefining runs identified additional partitioning of fission products into the molten salt electrolyte. Analyses of the separated uranium metal were performed, and its decontamination factors were determined.
Geranylgeranyl generosity: a new prenyl-transferase gives a fat to a SNARE protein

Protein prenylation, a well-defined protein consensus motifs direct modification by one of three prenyl-transferases, has been an area of fairly settled science for 20 or 30 years. Protein prenylation, the specific prenyl modification (farnesyl or geranylgeranyl), as well as the prenyl-transferases involved can be inferred by protein sequence. Two new papers now upset this settled wisdom with the discovery of a fourth prenyl-transferase, namely geranylgeranyl-transferase-III (GGTase-III) (Kuchay et al, 2019; Shirakawa et al, 2020).
Wearable Devices to Monitor and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence and Opportunities.

There is a growing interest in using wearable devices to improve cardiovascular risk factors and care. This review evaluates how wearable devices are used for cardiovascular disease monitoring and ...
Researcher Knowledge, Attitudes, and Communication Practices for Genomic Data Sharing.

This study examines knowledge, attitudes, and communication practices toward genomic data sharing among principal investigators and research coordinators engaged in cancer and non-cancer studies. W...
Modification of ventriculo-arterial coupling by spironolactone in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Aims We sought to clarify the role of ventriculo-arterial (V-A) coupling in the treatment of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) by adding a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) to conventional anti-failure therapy. Methods and results We employed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to quantify left ventricular (LV) contractility and V-A coupling in normal subjects at rest (n = 11) and in patients with NIDCM (n = 12) before and after long term anti-failure therapy, in which MRA was added to conventional anti-failure therapy. After ≥6 months' treatment in NIDCM patients, LV volumes and mass decreased, and the LV ejection fraction increased from a median of 24% (17, 27) (interquartile range IQR) to 47 (42, 52) (P 0.05). The V-A coupling ratio, Ea/end-systolic elastance (single-beat method), decreased by -1.08 (-1.96, -0.55), (P = 0.003), as did Ea/end-systolic pressure/end-systolic pressure ratio, -0.54 (0.35, 0.87), (P = 0.002). The preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) increased as did PRSW indexed for Ea (both P = 0.002), which reflected 'total circulatory performance'. Conclusions In NIDCM, adding MRA to conventional anti-failure therapy markedly improved LV ejection fraction and reduced peripheral vascular resistance, due to both improved LV contractility and especially to enhanced V-A coupling, as Ea decreased to normal. Total circulatory performance was a sensitive indicator of both LV pump performance and the arterial loading conditions.
Gastric cancer- endoscopic treatment of early lesions, the West learns from the East

Gastric cancer still has one of the highest incidence rates worldwide. Screening programs have been established in high incidence regions, especially in Asia, but in the West, screening for gastric cancer is not generally recommended. Gastroscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing gastric cancer. For the treatment of early gastric cancer, endoscopic resection is the method of choice. With the ESD technique, larger lesions can be resected en-bloc. Guideline and extended guideline criteria for the choice of lesions for ESD have been evaluated extensively, initially in Asia and later in the West as well. For lesions which are out of indication, a surgical approach must be recommended. To detect early recurrence or metachronous lesions, follow-up should be performed after ER.
Seabed Observations at the New England Mud Patch: Reflection and Scattering Measurements and Direct Geoacoustic Information

Seabed reflection and scattering measurements were conducted at the New England Mud Patch to better understand the acoustic properties of fine-grained (muddy) sediments. The measurement philosophy and the measurements themselves are summarized. In addition, geoacoustic information accessed directly from the data in the time and frequency domains is presented. The main result is the existence of an angle of intromission. This observation proves that the mud sound speed is less than that of the water and yields a sediment sound speed ratio 0.9865 with outer bounds {0.985 0.989}. Another result is the observation of strong scattered arrivals from within the mud volume at/near normal incidence but not at low grazing angles. These are likely due to anisotropic sediment heterogeneities with a large horizontal to vertical scale. Evidence is also presented for a highly heterogeneous mud–sand horizon with lateral variability down to scales of order meters. Finally, the reflection measurements successfully capture Bragg interference patterns. Their importance is their substantial geoacoustic information content, which can be accessed by several inversion methods.
Labor Cost Analysis for the Food Service Industry

There are many factors which can assist in controlling the cost of labor in the food service industry. The author discusses a number of these, including scheduling, establishing production standards, forecasting workloads, analyzing employee turnover, combating absenteeism, and controlling overtime.