cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object storage: the future building block for storage systems

The concept of object storage was introduced in the early 1990's by the research community. Since then it has greatly matured and is now in its early stages of adoption by the industry. Yet, object storage is still not widely accepted. Viewing object store technology as the future building block particularly for large storage systems, our team in IBM Haifa Research Lab has invested substantial efforts in this area. In this position paper we survey the latest developments in the area of object store technology, focusing on standardization, research prototypes, and technology adoption and deployment. A major step has been the approval of the TIO OSD protocol (version I) as an OSD standard in late 2004. We also report on prototyping efforts that are carried out in IBM Haifa Research Lab in building an object store. Our latest prototype is compliant with a large subset of the TIO standard. To facilitate deployment of the new technology and protocol in the community at large, our team also implemented a TIO-compliant OSD (iSCSI) initiator for Linux. The initiator is interoperable with object disks of other vendors. The initiator is available as an open source driver for Linux.
Constructing a Domain-Specific DBMS using a Persistent Object System

Constructing a light-weight domain-specific database management system (DBMS) is one way “′to design applications that effectively exploit… persistent technology”. We have implemented a domain-specific DBMS, LabBase, on top of the ObjectStore persistent object system (which is basically a persistent C++). LabBase is tailored to the application domain of laboratory information systems: it is designed to record experimental steps and results in a high-throughput laboratory production line—for example, one of those operated as part of the Whitehead/MIT Genome Center’s genome-mapping projects.
Motion sensitive pre-processing for video

Due to the capture process, video signals are generally contaminated by noise. Furthermore, overall video quality can be improved by reducing sharpness in fast moving areas, except in cases where the eye is able to track the motion. We propose a relatively simple pre-processing method that is able to address both these situations. The proposed. pre-processing algorithm is based on selectively removing high frequencies that are not well predicted by the motion compensation. While the decision is made based on temporal tracking, the filtering is done exclusively in the spatial domain, thus avoiding the artifacts produced by other pre-processing methods.
Puerperal tuberculosis with death of infant.

Case report A 2%year-old married woman from Bombay, India, moved to the United States in 1972. Neither she nor her husband, an engineer, had had tuberculosis, and both had had vaccinations with bacille Calmette Gr she had anemia consistent with prematurity. The mother had a temperature rise to 105” F on the first postoperative day. Except for a tachycardia, she was asymptomatic and physical examination was normal. White blood cell count was lO,OOO/cu mm with a slight shift to the left. Hematocrit was 31%, and blood chemistry screening test was normal. After blood and urine cultures were obtained, she was treated with intravenous penicillin and intramuscular gentamicin. She continued to have spiking temperatures to 102” F daily. Two chest x-ray films and physical and pelvic examinations were normal, and she was asymptomatic. Clin-
The use of artificial sponges as breeding habitat by Paracerceis sculpta (Holmes) (Crustacea:Isopoda)

Abstract Artificial cavities constructed of a synthetic polymer, FHP-3000, were used as substitutes for calcareous sponges [Leucetta losangelensis (de Laubenfels)] normally used as reproductive habitat by Paracerceis sculpta (Holmes), a Gulf of California isopod crustacean. This paper demonstrates that: 1. (1) artificial sponges adequately simulate natural sponges under laboratory conditions; 2. (2) α-males in this species colonize spongocoels more readily than sexually receptive females; 3. (3) isopods do not discriminate between artificial sponges containing and not containing a suspension of natural sponges; i.e., isopods may use cues other than waterborne chemicals produced by sponges to locate reproductive habitat; 4. (4) α-males that have already occupied artificial sponges do not appear to recolonize artificial sponges more readily than naive α-males; 5. (5) neither sexually receptive nor gravid (nonreceptive) females tend to form aggregations within spongocoels in the absence of α-males; and 6. (6) α-males discriminate osculum diameter when colonizing spongocoels i.e., they prefer oscula most closely matching their own body diameter, but do not discriminate sponge complexity or spongocoel volume. These results indicate that artificial sponges provide functional substitutes for this crustacean's natural reproductive habitat, and may facilitate experiments usually prevented for species that inhabit living substrata such as sponges or tunicates.
Low frequency oscillations in CdS photo-conductors induced by optical quenching

Abstract Low frequency oscillations are observed in CdS crystals subjected to strongly absorbed light (4830 A) and infrared quenching (1.13μ). No evidence of a negative resistance was found. The oscillations are probability directly associated with the recombination, quenching, and inhomogeneous excitation processes.
Dayside distribution of Pc5 wave power in the quiet magnetosphere and its response to the solar wind

Abstract This paper is a statistical study of Pc5 activity in the quiet magnetosphere based on magnetic field data from the THEMIS mission. During the period under consideration (2007–2009), there were many extended intervals of low geomagnetic activity, defined here as 10≥ Dst ≥−20 nT. This criterion, along with the availability of solar wind data and THEMIS magnetic field data when the spacecraft were on the dayside between 4 and 9 R E provided over 400,000 data points for our plots of dayside Pc5 compressional and transverse wave power. We examined the response of the wave power to the solar wind bulk velocity V , dynamic pressure P , and fluctuations in the dynamic pressure P var . The compressional and transverse power enhancements associated with the three parameters were comparable and were observed to a depth within the magnetosphere of about L =5. Power plots based on the combined effects of the dynamic pressure P , which controls the position of the magnetopause, and the bulk velocity V , the mechanism behind the KHI-driven waves on the magnetopause, reflected the solar wind dynamic pressure control of the magnetopause location. A comparison of the Pc5 power response to V and P var showed that the greater power enhancement was associated with V in the outer magnetosphere beyond L ~6 but with P var at distances farther from the magnetopause and closer to Earth.
Remote sensing of surface and near surface temperature from remotely piloted aircraft.

Surface temperature and atmospheric temperature near the surface may be estimated through a method that uses data from common types of airborne thermal infrared imager or other radiometric device having a narrow field of view. The method accounts for effects of atmospheric attenuation, surface emissivity, reflected cloud and clear sky radiance, and sensor response to various levels of approximation. Required meteorological measurements are the temperature of the intervening atmosphere and possibly the cloud base. Data acquired by other investigators suggest accuracies approaching ±1 K for certain surfaces such as water and that similar accuracies in atmospheric temperature may be expected for certain vegetated surfaces.
Hoarseness due to phonation by the false vocal cords: dysphonia plicae ventricularis.

In the differential diagnosis of hoarseness, most physicians consider such disorders as tumor, infection, or altered innervation of the larynx. While these are important causes of hoarseness, another disorder resulting in this symptom is overlooked frequently. This disorder, dysphonia plicae ventricularis (DPV) is one in which hoarseness is the result of phonation with the false vocal cords (ventricular bands). The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of this common, benign condition. Report of Cases Case 1.— A 75-year-old woman entered the Salt Lake County General Hospital on Jan. 10, 1955, complaining of an intermittent cough of 3 weeks' duration. Persistent hoarseness also had been present for one week. She denied hemoptysis, chest or throat pain, fever, voice strain, smoking, or previous hoarseness. On physical examination the only pertinent findings were severe hoarseness and a brassy cough. Thickened false vocal cords were
Noto Peninsula after GIAHS Designation: Conservation and Revitalization Efforts of Noto's Satoyama and Satoumi

Abstract: The “Noto's Satoyama and Satoumi” in Noto Peninsula of Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan is a system of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS) mosaics interconnected with highly productive coastal areas that have been formed and maintained through long-term human influence, which supports not only its diverse and traditional agriculture, forestry and fisheries, but also sustains local livelihoods and conserves its flourishing biodiversity. Since the designation of Noto as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2011, there have been active developments of conservation and revitalization efforts amongst the local governments, and communities, as well as pouring interest from the academia, international community and private sector. The paper will discuss the developments of Noto's GIAHS through examining several case studies of recent conservation and revitalization efforts of new initiatives and those building on existing schemes. The report will be based on li...
On the three families of instability waves of high-speed jets

An analytical and computational study of the normal-mode small-amplitude waves of high-speed jets is presented. Three families of instability waves have been identified: (1) the familiar Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves; (2) supersonic instability waves; and (3) subsonic waves. It is demonstrated that the computed wave patterns and propagation characteristics of these three wave types are consistent with the findings of Oetel (1979, 1980, 1982). The subsonic waves are shown to be unstable only for jets with mixing layers of finite thickness.
Posttraumatic osseous tunnel formation causing sciatic nerve entrapment

Abstract Sciatic nerve entrapment in an osseous tunnel has only been reported twice previously. We describe a 19-year-old man evaluated for left lower limb pain and weakness that began one and one half years after sustaining stab wounds to the left buttock and midline back near the T11 vertebrae. The patient had sciatica and demonstrated motor and sensory deficits on physical exam. Electrodiagnostic studies demonstrated a localized injury to the sciatic nerve in the proximal thigh. Radiographic studies of the left pelvis and femur showed an 8 to 10cm linear opacification overshadowing the left femoral head and anatomic neck. An arteriogram of the left leg demonstrated a 3 × 4cm lobulated aneurysym arising from the distal portion of the inferior gluteal artery. Surgical exploration revealed the sciatic nerve to be encased in cylindrical bone. The ectopic bone was removed and the sciatic nerve released. The patient had gradual improvement with a nearly complete neurological recovery by three months after surgery.
“Virile Syndicalism” in Comparative Perspective: A Gender Analysis of the IWW in the United States and Australia

It is no coincidence that syndicalism emerges in a historical period when industrial discipline, economic efficiency, and social regularization are the guiding imperatives in the reconstruction of power and authority in the workplace. The syndicalist tendencies that mark the working-class response to this early twentieth-century effort at reconstituting workplace rules and regulations not only arise to combat capitalism but also to contest the respectable reformism of craft-based labor unions. “Syndicalism,” as Wayne Thorpe argues, “was simultaneously a contributing cause, a symptom, and a beneficiary of dissatisfaction with the dominant labor strategies of the period.” Wayne Thorpe, “The Workers Themselves”: Revolutionary Syndicalism and International Labour, 1913–1923 (Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1989), 30. On the historical and in- ternational context for the emergence of syndicalism, see Marcel van der Linden and Wayne Thorpe, eds., Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Perspective (Aldershot, England, 1990). Furthermore, as David Montgomery contends: “Revolutionary syndicalism extracted from the solidarities and ethical code of workers' daily lives a merciless critique of the existing structures of exploitation, power, and authority. It did not spare the institutions that workers had created for themselves.” David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 (New York, 1987), 310.
Subscapularis function after primary tendon to tendon repair in patients after replacement arthroplasty of the shoulder.

Hypothesis We studied the results of tendon-to-tendon repair of the subscapularis during total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) to compare its clinical results relative to more recent studies looking at osteotomy of the lesser tuberosity. Materials and methods This study analyzed the postoperative integrity of the subscapularis by a tendon-to-tendon repair in 45 arthroplasties in 43 patients. Results Preoperatively, 23 patients had a negative lift-off test; 22 could not perform the test. Postoperatively, 41 patients had a negative lift-off test; four could not reach behind themselves to do the test. All 45 shoulders had a negative belly-press test pre-operatively and post-operatively. Discussion Tendon-to-tendon repair is simpler, quicker, and avoids the possibility of an osteotomy nonunion. Tendon-to-tendon repair of the subscapularis tenotomy in shoulder arthroplasty remains an option in the presence of reasonable quality tendon, utilizing relaxing sutures (partial closure of the lateral rotator interval), and limiting early postoperative passive external rotation. Level of evidence Level 4; Retrospective case series, no control group.
Exploring goal‐setting as a tool for leadership development

Goal-setting theory is based on the premise that conscious goals affect action and is supported by four decades of research and more than 1,000 scholarly publications. Although the theory has been widely applied in management settings, it is an underused framework in the broader field of leadership development. This study considers the effects of goal-setting as applied in a leadership program conducted for local board members in a nonprofit membership organization, the Florida Farm Bureau Federation. A final reduced regression model explains about 25% of the variance in individual performance by considering goal specificity, goal difficulty, education level, and gender. This study has implications for professional development programming and its application of goal-setting theory. Additional research is needed to explore further the application of goal-setting theory in programming for volunteer leaders.
NATURAL HISTORY OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX IN GIRLS AFTER AGE 5 YEARS

Purpose: Expectations concerning the likelihood that vesicoureteral reflux will resolve during a given interval are predominantly based on experience with children younger than 5 years. We assess the natural course of vesicoureteral reflux in girls older than 5 years.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the diagnostic and followup cystograms, medical records and renal imaging studies of 200 girls with vesicoureteral reflux, of whom 97 were diagnosed before age 60 months and 103 were diagnosed at or after age 60 months. Vesicoureteral reflux was considered to have resolved when a followup radionuclide cystogram demonstrated no reflux.Results: Vesicoureteral reflux demonstrated at or after age 60 months by a radionuclide or radiographic examination (index study) resolved in 43% of cases during a mean followup interval of 41 months. The yearly percent chance of resolution approached or exceeded 20% through age 11 years. For girls with moderate vesicoureteral reflux on the index study unilateral moderate vesico...
Coronary interventions: keeping score

The relation between coronary interventional volume and procedural outcome remains controversial. Although some studies have demonstrated that procedural volume does not correlate with outcome (1,2), most of the available data suggest that there is a modest inverse relation between operator or hospital volume and the risk of periprocedural adverse events (3‐5). The inconsistency of the findings in this area may be a result of variations in case mix (simpler versus more complex cases) and referral patterns, rather than procedural techniques or expertise. As a result, the benchmarking of outcomes based on raw data alone may be misleading. Current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) recommendations call for a minimum of 75 cases per operator per year and 200 cases per hospital per year to maintain proficiency. Such guidelines discourage the existence of low-volume operators at high-volume centers, as well as low-volume centers within reasonable proximity of high-volume centers in urban areas. However, this controversy may be less relevant in rural areas, where health care systems must provide care, particularly on an urgent or emergent basis, in relatively remote regions. This concern has been highlighted by Maynard et al (6), in the current issue of The Journal, who described the use of percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures in Medicare patients more than 65 years of age in rural hospitals as compared with urban hospitals, and stratified outcomes in rural hospitals according to procedural volume. The term “rural” should not be considered synonymous with “low volume,” as 13 of 51 rural hospitals were considered high volume (.200 cases per year). Among patients without myocardial infarction, in-hospital mortality and coronary surgical revascularization rates were similar in rural and urban hospitals, whereas among patients with myocardial infarction, outcomes were worse in rural hospitals, even when adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, stent use, and hospital case volume (low, middle, or
Choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases in the developing Xenopus retina.

: To understand the developmental regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in the Xenopus retina, the properties of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and cholin-esterase (ChE), as well as histochemical localization of ChE in the retina, were studied during development. CAT activity first became detectable in the developing eyecup at stages 35/36. This was followed by a rapid, 50-fold rise in specific activity between stages 35/36 and 44. Since this rapid rise coincided with an almost identical increase in total ACh synthesis in whole retinae found in previous studies, it is suggested that this increase was sufficient to account for the rapid increase in total ACh synthesis. Moreover, it also correlated with increased rates of synaptogenesis in both the inner and the outer plexiform layers. Total ChE was resolved into specific and nonspecific ChE by the use of tetraisopropylpyrophosphor-amide. Total ChE activities first became detectable at stages 35/36. Specific ChE [acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] increased from 50% at stage 39 to 95% of total ChE activities at stage 66. Again, the most rapid increase in both total ChE and AChE activities occurred between stages 35/36 and 44. Histochemical studies showed that AChE was localized predominantly in the two plexiform layers, with the inner plexiform layer more heavily stained at all stages. Moreover, a stratified staining pattern, clearly discerned in the inner plexiform layer, also correlated with synaptogenesis during this early period of retinal development.
The segregation of carbon in iron single crystals as studied by torsion pendulum damping

Abstract The effect of quenching and straining on the segregation of carbon in single crystals of alpha iron was studied by means of torsion pendulum damping. The changes in damping observed in carburized iron single crystals during room temperature aging were explained on the basis of the Cottrell mechanism. Some mechanism of interaction between dislocations and precipitated iron carbide particles was also required to explain the changes in damping observed in iron crystals after aging at 115°C. A correlation between damping and yielding behavior during room temperature aging was also observed.
A possible role for adenylate kinase in cilia: concentration profiles in a geometrically constrained dual enzyme system.

Abstract Equations are presented describing steady-state ATP concentration profiles in cilia models when ATP is supplied by diffusion from the cell body. Both a single enzyme system, in which ATP is hydrolyzed by the ciliary ATPase, and a dual enzyme system, in which ATP is hydrolyzed by the ciliary ATPase and reformed from ADP by the ciliary adenylate kinase, are considered. It is shown that for normal physiological ranges of parameters, the ATP concentration profile is markedly affected by the length of the cilium and that the presence of the second enzyme, the ciliary kinase, considerably increases the effective cilium length. It is shown that the system is very sensitive to changes in properties of the ATPase but relatively insensitive to changes in properties of the kinase.
Atmospheric circulation anomalies due to 115 kyr BP climate forcing dominated by changes in the North Pacific Ocean

Climate at the time of inception of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) at ~115 kyr BP is simulated with the fully coupled NCAR Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) and compared to a simulated preindustrial climate (circa 1870) in order to better understand land surface and atmospheric responses to orbital and greenhouse cooling at inception. The interaction between obliquity and eccentricity produces maximum decrease in TOA insolation in JJA over the Arctic but increases occur over the tropics in DJF. The land surface response is dominated by widespread summer cooling in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), increases in snowfall, and decreases in melt rates and total precipitation. CCSM3 responds to the climate forcing at 115 kyr BP by producing incipient glaciation in the areas of LIS nucleation. We find that the inception of the LIS could have occurred with atmospheric circulation patterns that differ little from the present. The location of the troughs/ridges, mean flow over the Canadian Arctic and dominant modes of the atmospheric circulation are all very similar to the present. Larger changes in mean sea level pressure occur upstream of the inception region in the North Pacific Ocean and downstream in Western Europe. In the North Pacific region, the 115 kyr BP anomalies weaken both the Pacific high and Aleutian low making NH summers look more like the PREIND winters and vice versa. The occurrence of cold JJA anomalies at 115 kyr BP favors outbreaks of cold air not in the winter as in contemporary climates but during the summer instead and reinforces the cooling from orbital and GHG reductions. Increased poleward eddy transport of heat and moisture characterizes the atmospheric response in addition to reduced total cloud cover in the Arctic.
Numerical computation of H ∞ optimal performance

We present new algorithms for computing theH ∞ optimal performance for a class of single-input/single-output (SISO) infinite-dimensional systems. The algorithms here only require use of one or two fast Fourier transforms (FFT) and Cholesky decompositions; hence the algorithms are particularly simple and easy to implement. Numerical examples show that the algorithms are stable and efficient and converge rapidly. The method has wide applications including to theH ∞ optimal control of distributed parameter systems. We illustrate the technique with applications to some delay problems and a partial differential equation (PDE) model. The algorithms we present are also an attractive approach to the solution of high-order finite-dimensional models for which use of state space methods would present computational difficulties.
Sulfur/lithium-insertion compound composite cathodes for Li–S batteries

Abstract A part of carbon additives in sulfur cathodes is replaced by lithium-insertion compounds as they can contribute extra capacity and increase the overall energy density. Accordingly, VO2(B) and TiS2 were incorporated into sulfur cathodes as they can work within the same voltage window as that of sulfur. However, VO2(B) was found to be incompatible with the glyme-based electrolytes that are usually used in Li–S cells, but TiS2 performs well while coupled with sulfur. The S/C/TiS2 composite cathode delivers 252 mAh g−1 more than that of pristine sulfur cathode (1334 mAh g−1 vs. 1082 mAh g−1). The increased capacity is not only due to the contribution by TiS2 itself but also due to a better active-material dispersion and utilization. Serving as active reaction sites during cycling, TiS2 suppresses agglomeration of sulfur and facilitates better ionic/electronic transport within the cathode structure. This composite cathode design provides another direction for Li–S batteries to improve the overall energy density.
A vital statistics-based procedure for estimating conception rates.

A method for estimating conception rates, using vital statistics data, is developed and applied to data on five-year age groups of California women for 1971. The approach is deterministic and allocates total exposure time to the known pregnancy outcomes of live birth, spontaneous abortion, and induced abortion. The population at risk is defined to exclude women who are known to be sterile or sexually inactive. Early fetal loss, premarital conception, and contraceptive use are taken into account. Estimates are made of the fecundability which would obtain ifno contraception were used.
Dispersion radiale et axiale dans les écoulements tourbillonnaires de Taylor-Couette et Poiseuille

Resume Le transport de matiere dans les ecoulements tourbillonnaires de Taylor–Couette et Poiseuille est etudie experimentalement a l'aide de l'injection d'un indicateur colore et de particules, et d'une methode electrochimique. Une cavite annulaire, avec un rapport entre les rayons interieur et exterieur de 0.5, a ete construite de maniere a ce que le cylindre exterieur soit fixe et que le cylindre interieur puisse tourner. En l'absence de circulation axiale forcee, l'ecoulement de Taylor–Couette a ete observe et le nombre de Sherwood pour la dispersion radiale a ete mesure. Lorsqu'un faible debit axial est impose ( Re a
Effect of Intense Illumination on Time Lag in Static Spark Breakdown

The time lag of spark breakdown in static uniform fields and with intense illumination of the cathode has been studied in air, helium and carbon dioxide. An electro-optical shutter was used to observe the time lag, while an auxiliary spark gap supplied the intense cathode illumination. In air, the time lag was about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ second for overvoltages of a few percent and increased very rapidly with decreasing overvoltage. Increasing the overvoltage to above 30 or 40 percent reduced the time lag to a more or less constant value of 2 or 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ second. This, in part, is shown to be due to the nature of the initiatory spark. The position of the midgap streamer observed in previous experiments has been found to depend on both the overvoltage and intensity of illumination. An explanation of these observations is advanced on the basis of space charge effects. The results in carbon dioxide were quite similar to those in air. In helium a much higher overvoltage was found necessary to produce a given time lag than in air. This is explained by considerations of the relative rates of gain of energy by electrons in the two gases.
Structure, Vibrational Spectrum, and Ring Puckering Barrier of Cyclobutane

We present the results of high level ab initio calculations for the structure, harmonic and anharmonic spectroscopic constants, and ring puckering barrier of cyclobutane (C4H8) in an effort to establish the minimum theoretical requirements needed for their accurate description. We have found that accurate estimates for the barrier between the minimum (D2d) and transition state (D4h) configurations require both higher levels of electron correlation [MP4, CCSD(T)] and orbital basis sets of quadruple-ζ quality or larger. By performing CCSD(T) calculations with basis sets as large as cc-pV5Z, we were able to obtain, for the first time, a value for the puckering barrier that lies within 10 cm-1 (or 2%) from experiment, whereas the best previously calculated values were in errors exceeding 40% of experiment. Our best estimate of 498 cm-1 for the puckering barrier is within 10 cm-1 of the experimental value proposed originally, but it lies ∼50 cm-1 higher than the revisited value, which was obtained more recentl...
Monoporous micropillar wick structures, II-optimization & theoretical limits

Abstract This article, the second of a two-part study, is aimed at finding optimal micropillar wick geometries and their theoretical performance limits. For the first time, the theoretical optimization results are experimentally verified. The permeability and capillary pressure models determined in the first part of this study are utilized in the optimization process. First, the existence of optimality is ascertained through constrained parametric sweeps of the individual variables in the wick performance model, which reveal the presence of optimal values of each variable for a specific combination of the other variables. Then, the overall optimization of wicks is accomplished through a genetic algorithm. It is established that a unique optimal geometry, i.e. a combination of diameter, spacing and height, exists at each wicking length. Finally, these results are used to determine the theoretical performance limits of micropillar array wicks. The results suggest that the theoretical performance limit is 3–4 times greater than the highest performance reported in literature.
Elasticity and quadrupole vibrations

Abstract Coherent quadrupole vibrations are shown to obey the classical equations for an elastic medium. The motion is predominantly a transverse wave.
Paretian partial orders: The two-agent case

Abstract We use two independent conditions to characterize when (the asymmetric part of) a partial order on a finite set of options can be represented as the Pareto dominance relation of a two-agent preference profile.
Chain Termination and Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Poly(A) Polymerase by C-8-modified ATP Analogs

The nucleotide substrate specificity of yeast poly(A) polymerase (yPAP) toward various C-2- and C-8-modified ATP analogs was examined. 32P-Radiolabeled RNA oligonucleotide primers were incubated with yPAP in the absence of ATP to assay polyadenylation using unnatural ATP substrates. The C-2-modified ATP analogs 2-amino-ATP and 2-chloro (Cl)-ATP were excellent substrates for yPAP. 8-Amino-ATP, 8-azido-ATP, and 8-aza-ATP all produced chain termination of polyadenylation, and no primer extension was observed with the C-8-halogenated derivatives 8-Br-ATP and 8-Cl-ATP. The effects of modified ATP analogs on ATP-dependent poly(A) tail synthesis by yPAP were also examined. Whereas C-2 substitution (2-amino-ATP and 2-Cl-ATP) had little effect on poly(A) tail length, C-8 substitution produced moderate (8-amino-ATP, 8-azido-ATP, and 8-aza-ATP) to substantial (8-Br-ATP and 8-Cl-ATP) reduction in poly(A) tail length. To model the biochemical consequences of 8-Cl-Ado incorporation into RNA primers, a synthetic RNA primer containing a 3'-terminal 8-Cl-AMP residue was prepared. Polyadenylation of this modified RNA primer by yPAP in the presence of ATP was blocked completely. To probe potential mechanisms of inhibition, two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy experiments were used to examine the conformation of two C-8-modified AMP nucleotides, 8-Cl-AMP and 8-amino-AMP. C-8 substitution in adenosine analogs shifted the ribose sugar pucker equilibrium to favor the DNA-like C-2'-endo form over the C-3'-endo (RNA-like) conformation, which suggests a potential mechanism for polyadenylation inhibition and chain termination. Base-modified ATP analogs may exert their biological effects through polyadenylation inhibition and thus may provide useful tools for investigating polyadenylation biochemistry within cells.
Coping with chronic pain: a comparison of two measures

Cognitive-behavioral models of chronic pain hypothesize that how a person copes with pain influences how well he or she adjusts to the pain. Several measures have been developed to assess pain coping, but no studies have yet examined whether these measures are complementary or redundant. In the current study, two pain coping measures (the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory, CPCI, and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, CSQ) were completed by a large number (N=564) of primarily male veterans referred to a chronic pain program. Regression analyses indicated that the CPCI scales did not contribute unique variance to the prediction of depression over and above the CSQ scales. The CSQ Catastrophizing scale was the single most powerful predictor of depression, although several other CSQ scales (Coping Self-Statements, Diverting Attention, and Increasing Behavioral Activities) also contributed. Both the CPCI and the CSQ contributed unique variance to the prediction of disability, although the CPCI scales appear to be more strongly related to disability than the CSQ scales. The CPCI Guarding scale was the single most powerful predictor of disability of all the coping responses assessed in this study. Other scales predicting disability were the CPCI Seeking Social Support, the CSQ Catastrophizing, and the CSQ Increasing Behavioral Activities. While both CSQ and CPCI contribute unique but modest variance to the prediction of pain severity, the CSQ Catastrophizing scale was the single most powerful predictor of pain severity. The findings of this study are consistent with cognitive-behavioral models of pain. Future research will need to determine whether changes in coping responses (catastrophizing and guarding, in particular) merely reflect, or actually influence, adjustment to chronic pain. In the meantime, clinicians would be wise to give these coping responses particular attention in chronic pain programs.
Defining A Future For Fee-For-Service Medicare

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) provides economic incentives that favor health plans over traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare. This reflects an ideological preference for private plans rather than government-administered pricing and recognition that private plans can use tools effectively to improve quality. However, enrollment projections indicate that FFS will continue to attract the majority of beneficiaries for years to come. We argue that MMA’s contractor reform provisions create the opportunity to build critical FFS infrastructure, and contractors have the potential to encourage quality and manage utilization to compete with private plans in a modernized Medicare.
Composition of salivary gland extracts from the leech Haementeria ghilianii.

AbstractThe giant leech, Haementeria ghilianii, originating from French Guyana, has two pairs of salivary glands. From the anterior and posterior glands, approximately 1.5 and 0.3 mg of protein per leech, respectively, have been extracted. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the protein composition of the anterior and posterior gland extracts is completely different. However, both gland extracts contain fibrinolytic activity associated with only one electrophoretic band. The fractionation of salivary gland homogenates by differential ultracentrifugation showed that the fibrinolytic activity is found entirely in the cytosol fraction.
Exome sequencing: the expert view

To complement our special issue on exome sequencing, Genome Biology asked several leaders in the field for their views on this new approach. Leslie G Biesecker (LGB), Jim C Mullikin (JM) and Kevin V Shianna (KVS) discuss the reasons for the popularity of exome sequencing and its contribution to genomics.
Correlation of venography, venous pressure, and hemoaccess function

Abstract We analyzed the anatomic features of both grafts and fistulas and correlated these features with access function. We also attempted to determine venous pressures predicting access dysfunction (critical venous pressures) at various blood flow rates (BFRs). Therefore, accesses of 46 chronic hemodialysis patients were studied by venography in a prospective fashion. We defined the incidences of various lesions and the effects of venous collaterals on graft function, and determined critical venous pressures at various BFRs. Eighty-three percent of the accesses had outflow obstruction. Five types of anatomic lesions were identified. The incidences were venous stenosis of the draining vein immediately proximal to the venous anastomosis, 38.4%; central vein, 23.6%; venous anastomosis, 25.5%; arterial anastomosis, 10.9%; and intragraft hyperplasia, 3.6%. Twelve patients had multiple lesions. When the homogenous polytetrafluoroethylene arm graft population was studied for the effect of venous collaterals, we found that venous collaterals conferred protection but did not prevent graft failure. Venous pressure measurements were good predictors of access failure at the lower BFRs. Venous pressures increased with increasing BFRs. A critical venous pressure of 145 mm Hg was found for a BFR of 250 mL/min. At a BFR of 300 mL/min, the critical venous pressure was 170 mm Hg. A critical venous pressure could not be found for a BFR of 400 mL/min.
Simulation of the effect of doubled atmospheric CO2 on the climate of northern and central California

A Local Climate Model (LCM) is described that can provide a high-resolution (10 km) simulation of climate resulting from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A canonicalregression function is used to compute the monthly temperature (mean of daily-maximum-temperature) and precipitation for any point, given a set of predictor variables. Predictor variables represent the influence of terrain, sea-surface temperature (SST), windfields, CO2 concentration, and solar radiation on climate. The canonical-regression function is calibrated and validated using empirical windfield, SST, and climate data from stations in the western U.S. To illustrate an application of the LCM, the climate of northern and central California is simulated for a doubled CO2 (600 ppmv) and a control scenario (300 ppmv CO2). Windfields and SSTs used to compute predictor variables are taken from general circulation model simulations for these two scenarios. LCM solutions indicate that doubling CO2 will result in a 3 C° increase in January temperature, a 2 C° increase in July temperature, a 16 mm (37%) increase in January precipitation, and a 3 mm (46%) increase in July precipitation.
Exercise programs to improve gait performance in people with lower limb amputation: A systematic review.

Background:Few studies have explored the effects of exercise on gait performance in people with lower limb amputations.Objectives:To (1) summarize the effects of exercise programs on gait performan...
Effects of ultraviolet-irradiated methyl linolenate on cell division and respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The effect of ultraviolet-irradiated methyl linolenate was studied in yeast. Water extracts of irradiated methyl linolenate stopped cell division for 4–6 hr., depending on the cell inocula. All inhibition disappeared within 12 hr. The endogenous respiration of yeast cells was increased by the irradiation products, while exogenous respiration was not affected. The specific nature of the irradiation products is not known. Four compounds could be separated on gas chromatograms. These compounds are more volatile than pure methyl linolenate. All four compounds give a red chromogen with thiobarbituric acid. This might be due to a peroxide group in these compounds.
History of the Discovery of Sulfaquinoxaline as a Coccidiostat

Sulfaquinoxaline played an important part in the demotion of roast chicken from vaunted Sunday-dinner status to an unrespected position on the everyday menu of the Western world. It had its origins in the chemical synthetic program that sprang from the introduction of sulfonamide drugs into human medicine in the 1930s. The program was sustained through the years of World War II despite declining clinical use of that chemical class. Several sulfa drugs were known to be active against the sporozoan parasite (Plasmodium spp.) that causes malaria, but were not satisfactory in clinical practice. A sulfonamide that had a long plasma half-life would ipso facto be considered promising as an antimalarial drug. Sulfaquinoxaline, synthesized during the war, was such a compound. It proved too toxic to be used in human malaria, but was found to be a superior agent against another sporozoan parasite, Eimeria spp., the causative agent of coccidiosis in domestic chickens. In 1948 sulfaquinoxaline was introduced commercially as a poultry coccidiostat. It was not the first sulfonamide found active against Eimeria spp. in poultry, but its practical success in disease control firmly established the routine incorporation of anticoccidial drugs in poultry feed. In this way, the drug exerted a major impact on the worldwide production of poultry meat. Although it has long been eclipsed by other drugs in poultry management, it continues to be used in other host species. This article describes the discovery of sulfaquinoxaline as a practical therapeutic agent, and examines the way in which the discovery arose from a partnership between industry and academia.
Hyperkeratosis of Nipple and Areola

Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is said to be rare. Mehregan and Rahbari presented two patients with it and reviewed the 13 other reported cases in the world literature.1They state that this eruption may occur in patients with ichthyosis or it may represent an epidermal nevus, with the latter form usually bilateral and in young women of childbearing age. They further observe that the histologic changes in the nevoid form "resemble either a papillomatous nevus or acanthosis nigricans." Two additional patients under my care also have an impressive bilateral hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola, one of whom will be reported here in detail. Report of a Case A 66-year-old man was examined in September 1977 with a one-year history of bilateral thickening and hyperpigmentation of his nipples and areolae (Fig 1). In June 1971 he underwent a transurethral resection of the prostate and bilateral orchiectomy for
COURSEWORK AND SELF‐STUDY IN THE FAMILY TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE: EXPANDING HEATH AND ATKINSON'S CURRICULUM

In designing a course on the family treatment of alcohol and drug problems, a number of important issues and topics need to be addressed. A design by Heath and Atkinson (1988) provides an excellent, innovative model for such coverage. These authors, however, had to contend with certain constraints that have had a bearing on the course content and how it is taught. The present paper offers some revisions and alternatives to Heath and Atkinson's model in order to make it generalizable to a greater number of contexts. For clinicians who are less interested in teaching such a course, the two papers, combined, could serve as a guide for self-study in this area.
Identification of DNA molecules by pre-column hybridization using capillary electrophoresis

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using gel-filled capillary electrophoresis to perform Southern blotting with on-line detection and to study parameters that affect the hybridization of DNA molecules in solution. A fluorescence-tagged oligonucleotide was used as the probe for hybridization in solution with complementary DNA molecules prior to electrophoresis. The reaction mixture was subject to capillary electrophoresis in a polyacrylamide gel-filled capillary, and the hybridized species was identified on-line by UV absorption or laser-induced fluorescence detection. The effects of probe concentration and annealing temperature were studied.
Standoff detection of security threats using Passive reflecting surfaces and compressive sensing techniques

A new millimeter-wave radar system concept, capable of detecting threats at standoff distances, is presented in this work. The system consists of a 2D aperture of randomly distributed antennas and a set of Passive Reflecting Surfaces (PRS) positioned in the vicinity of the target. A 3D imaging algorithm, based on novel Compressive Sensing techniques, is used. Preliminary results show that images having a resolution of 7.5 mm in cross-range and 30 mm in range can be achieved at 10 m range.
Effect of ribonuclease on erythrocyte antigens.

RESULTS reported earlier from this laboratory suggest that the Rh and Lutheran human blood-group antigens owe at least some portion of their specificity to ribonucleic acid derivatives1,2. These observations were later confirmed by Allen (personal communication). Boyd, McMaster and Waszczenko-Zacharczenko3 reported that they could not confirm the results cited above. However, more recently Boyd (personal communication) has observed an inhibitory effect reported earlier for these ribonucleic acid derivatives. This hypothesis has been further tested by treating erythrocytes with the enzyme ribonuclease. (Two samples from Worthington and one from Nutritional Biochemicals were used.) If, indeed, any antigenic specificity is due to ribonucleic acid derivatives, then treatment with this enzyme should remove these, at least partially, from the cells, and thus lower the agglutinability of these cells with the antibodies specific for the affected antigens. On the other hand, those antigens which are presumed not to involve ribonucleic acid derivatives should be unaffected by this treatment.
Optical system to characterize the gross contractile response of a tissue-equivalent collagen matrix

We present the theoretical operation and experimental results of a fiber optic interferometer, which we have used to measure the surface displacement of a collagen gel. Dispersed within the collagen gel are fibroblast cells. We describe a measurement system to assist in the detailed study of the biochemical and mechanical processes involved in fibroblast cell contraction. The interferometric system is non-contacting and offers a large dynamic range of measurement. Digital demodulation of a phase generated carrier results in an experimental sensitivity limit on the order of tens of nanometers with a measurement range of up to 2 mm. Computer-controlled data acquisition allows measurement of the contracting gel host over a period of several hours. We describe the optical interferometric system and present experimental results on a contracting collagen gel.