cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Storage utilization in the long tail of science

The increasing expansion of computations in non-traditional domain sciences has resulted in an increasing demand for research cyberinfrastructure that is suitable for small- and mid-scale job sizes. The computational aspects of these emerging communities are coming into focus and being addressed through the deployment of several new XSEDE resources that feature easy on-ramps, customizable software environments through virtualization, and interconnects optimized for jobs that only use hundreds or thousands of cores; however, the data storage requirements for these emerging communities remains much less well characterized. To this end, we examined the distribution of file sizes on two of the Lustre file systems within the Data Oasis storage system at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC). We found that there is a very strong preference for small files among SDSC's users, with 90% of all files being less than 2 MB in size. Furthermore, 50% of all file system capacity is consumed by files under 2 GB in size, and these distributions are consistent on both scratch and projects storage file systems. Because parallel file systems like Lustre and GPFS are optimized for parallel IO to large, widestripe files, these findings suggest that parallel file systems may not be the most suitable storage solutions when designing cyberinfrastructure to meet the needs of emerging communities.
Effect of Interaction Goals on Expectancy Confirmation in a Problem-Solving Context

The role of interaction goals in moderating interpersonal expectancy effects was examined. Subjects were assigned to the role of perceiver or target for a team decision making task. Perceivers were given either positive or negative expectancies about their partners' abilities, as well as individual, team, or control interaction goals. Analyses supported an expectancy effect such that targets of a negative expectancy felt less smart than the positive-expectancy targets after the task. Expectancy interacted with sex such that men responded more favorably to the negative expectancy, but women responded negatively. Perceivers in the negative condition rated their partners less favorably afterward When any accuracy goal was provided, so that a competitive element was included, the team did better at the task, the perceivers talked more, and the targets had less influence on the team decision. Correlations between perceiver personality and expectancy effects are also reported.
Algorithms for hardware allocation in data path synthesis

Novel algorithms for the simultaneous cost/resource-constrained allocation of registers, arithmetic units, and interconnect in a data path have been developed. The entire allocation process can be formulated as a two-dimensional placement problem of microinstructions in space and time. This formulation readily lends itself to the use of a variety of heuristics for solving the allocation problem. The authors present simulated-annealing-based algorithms which provide excellent solutions to this formulation of the allocation problem. These algorithms operate under a variety of user-specifiable constraints on hardware resources and costs. They also incorporate conditional resource sharing and simultaneously address all aspects of the allocation problem, namely register, arithmetic unit, and interconnect allocation, while effectively exploring the existing tradeoffs in the design space. >
The Anti-inflammatory and Matrix Restorative Mechanisms of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Osteoarthritis

Background:Intra-articular (IA) treatment with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for osteoarthritis (OA) results in improved patient-reported pain and function scores.Purpose:To measure the effects of PRP and high molecular weight hyaluronan (HA) on the expression of anabolic and catabolic genes and on the secretion of nociceptive and inflammatory mediators from OA cartilage and synoviocytes.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Synovium and cartilage harvested from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were co-cultured with media of PRP or HA. Tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β were measured in the media by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hyaluronan synthase–2 (HAS-2), matrix metalloproteinase–1 (MMP-1), MMP-13, and TNF-α genes were measured in synoviocytes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Collagen type I α1 (COL1A1), COL2A1, aggrecan (ACAN), and MMP-13 gene expression were measured in cartilage by quantitative RT-PCR.Results:Media TN...
Local rigidity and group cohomology I: Stowe's theorem for Banach manifolds

Stowe's Theorem on the stability of the fixed points of a C 2 action of a finitely generated group Γ is generalised to C 1 actions of such groups on Banach manifolds. The result is then used to prove that if φ is a C r action on a smooth, closed, manifold M satisfying H 1 (Γ, D r −1 ( M )) = 0, then φ is locally rigid. Here, r ≥ 2 and D k ( M ) is the space of C k tangent vector fields on M . This generalises a local rigidity result of Weil for representations of a finitely generated group Γ in a Lie group.
Improved glycerol utilization by a triacylglycerol-producing Rhodococcus opacus strain for renewable fuels.

Background: Glycerol generated during renewable fuel production processes is potentially an attractive substrate for the production of value-added materials by fermentation. An engineered strain MITXM-61 of the oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus produces large amounts of intracellular triacylglycerols (TAGs) for lipid-based biofuels on high concentrations of glucose and xylose. However, on glycerol medium, MITXM-61 does not produce TAGs and grows poorly. The aim of the present work was to construct a TAG-producing R. opacus strain capable of high-cell-density cultivation at high glycerol concentrations. Results: An adaptive evolution strategy was applied to improve the conversion of glycerol to TAGs in R. opacus MITXM-61. An evolved strain, MITGM-173, grown on a defined medium with 16 g L �1 glycerol, produced 2.3 g L �1 of TAGs, corresponding to 40.4% of the cell dry weight (CDW) and 0.144 g g �1 of TAG yield per glycerol consumed. MITGM-173 was able to grow on high concentrations (greater than 150 g L �1 ) of glycerol. Cultivated in a medium containing an initial concentration of 20 g L �1 glycerol, 40 g L �1 glucose, and 40 g L �1 xylose, MITGM-173 was capable of simultaneously consuming the mixed substrates and yielding 13.6 g L �1 of TAGs, representing 51.2% of the CDM. In addition, when 20 g L �1 glycerol was pulse-loaded into the culture with 40 g L �1 glucose and 40 g L �1 xylose at the stationary growth phase, MITGM-173 produced 14.3 g L �1 of TAGs corresponding to 51.1% of the CDW although residual glycerol in the culture was observed. The addition of 20 g L �1 glycerol in the glucose/xylose mix resulted in a TAG yield per glycerol consumed of 0.170 g g �1 on the initial addition and 0.279 g g �1 on the pulse addition of glycerol. Conclusion: We have generated a TAG-producing R. opacus MITGM-173 strain that shows significantly improved glycerol utilization in comparison to the parental strain. The present study demonstrates that the evolved R. opacus strain shows significant promise for developing a cost-effective bioprocess to generate advanced renewable fuels from mixed sugar feedstocks supplemented with glycerol.
Rituals of Sanctification and the Development of Standardized Temples in Oaxaca, Mexico

Archaeological investigations at three Formative period sites near San Martin Tilcajete in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, have recovered a sequence of temples. The temples span the period when the Zapotec state emerged with its capital at Monte Alban during the Late Monte Alban I phase (300–100 bc ), coinciding with Monte Alban's conquest of neighbouring regions. Zapotec rituals of sanctification practised in pre-state times may have been affected by Monte Alban's military expansionism. The historically documented case of military expansion and political unification of the Hawaiian islands by the paramount, Kamehameha, shows similarities in the adoption of ideology and religious institutions. Among them are the establishment of standardized temples and the ascendance of a militaristic ideology and ritual order attuned to the early state rulers' coercive authority.
Diabetes may decrease success of endodontic treatment in infected teeth

Abstract Original Article Fouad AF, Burleson J. The effect of diabetes mellitus on endodontic treatment outcome: data from an electronic patient record. J Am Dent Assoc 2003;134(1):43–51; quiz 117–8. Level of Evidence 4 Purpose To evaluate whether diabetic and non-diabetic patients experience different rates of success after undergoing endodontic treatment Source of Funding Not reported Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort study
Acoustic radiation force enhances adhesion of microbubbles targeted to P-selectin

Ultrasound contrast microbubbles can be targeted to regions of intravascular pathology. However, the efficiency of microbubble attachment to molecular targets tends to be low, and adhesion in large, high-flow vessels has not been demonstrated. The efficacy of targeted contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging may be improved by increasing the fraction of free-flowing microbubbles that directly contact the vessel wall at the target site. Several studies have proven that low-intensity acoustic radiation can be used as a mechanism to force free-stream microbubbles toward a surface. In the current work, we present evidence that acoustic radiation increases the specific delivery of targeted microbubbles in vitro and in vivo. Lipid shell microbubbles bearing a monoclonal antibody as a targeting ligand were infused through a capillary flow chamber coated with the pro-inflammatory endothelial protein P-selectin. A 2.0 MHz ultrasonic pulse train was applied perpendicular to the flow direction, and microbubble accumulation was observed on the flow chamber surface opposite the transducer. We observed that acoustic pressures between 70 and 170 kPa improve microbubble adhesion up to 60-fold at microbubble concentrations between 0.25 and 75/spl times/10/sup 6/ mL/sup -1/. We found that adhesion was highly dependent upon microbubble concentration, and that acoustic pressure mediated the greatest enhancement in adhesion at concentrations within the clinical dosing range. Acoustic pressure enhanced adhesion to P-selectin nearly 80-fold at a wall shear rate of 1244 s/sup -1/, suggesting that this mechanism is appropriate for achieving targeted microbubble delivery in very fast-flow vessels. We examined microbubble adhesion in a murine model of microvascular inflammation using intravital microscopy, and observed a six-fold increase in targeted microbubble adhesion in inflamed venules with acoustic radiation.
Attributional Bias in Counselors' Diagnoses: The Effect of Resources1

Three experiments were conducted to test a model of attributional bias in counseling diagnosis. The model predicted that (a) available helping resources influence diagnostic attributions and (b) this effect is mediated by the effect resources have on the diagnostician's perception of his or her helping role. In each experiment, undergraduates served as diagnosticians in a simulated referral agency. Referral resouces for half of the subjects were oriented toward dealing with personal problems; resources for the other half were oriented toward dealing with situational problems. In referring each client, subjects indicated whether they perceived the problem to lie with the client (a dispositional atrribution) or with his social environment (a situational attribution). As predicted, subjects with person-oriented resources were more likely to perceive clients' problems to be dispositional than were subjects with situation-oriented resources. Results of Experiment 3 indicated that this effect was mediated by the influences resources had on subjects' perception of their helping role.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Various Routes of Insulin Injection: Insulin Levels and Glucose Response in Normal Subjects

The difference in absorption of insulin and its glucose lowering-effect after the administration of crystalline insulin by the intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes was compared in 14 lean normal subjects. Insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg body weight was given by the three different routes. Blood was drawn from the opposite arm at regular intervals for the determination of insulin, glucose, glucagon, cortisol, and potassium. Intravenous insulin produced the highest pharmacological level of insulin in 2 minutes (2099 +/- 414 muU/ml) with marked hypoglycemia at 30 minutes (a 68% drop). Intravenous insulin injection produced an increase in plasma glucagon and cortisol reaching a 2-fold increase above the fasting level 30 minutes after the glucose nadir. An equivalent amount of intramuscular insulin produced a maximal increase in plasma insulin at 50 minutes (45 +/- 4 muU/ml) and caused a 35% drop in plasma glucose at 60 minutes, which effects were greater than those caused by subcutaneous injection (highest IRI = 36 +/- 3.5 muU/ml and 23% glucose drop at 180 minutes). No significant increase in glucagon or cortisol was noted with equivalent amounts of subcutaneous or intramuscular insulin injection. Our studies suggest that, in normal lean subjects, insulin injection by the intramuscular route provides a faster absorption of insulin with a concomitant greater drop in plasma glucose than does injection by the subcutaneous route.
Expanding the scope of post-conflict justice Individual, state and societal responsibility for mass atrocity

Over the past two decades, a new international regime of individual criminal accountability has emerged as a dominant regulatory mechanism to address gross human rights violations. At the same time...
Differential cytotoxicity of Mn(II) and Mn(III): special reference to mitochondrial [Fe-S] containing enzymes.

Manganese (Mn)-induced neurodegenerative toxicity has been associated with a distorted iron (Fe) metabolism at both systemic and cellular levels. In the current study, we examined whether the oxidation states of Mn produced differential effects on certain mitochondrial [Fe-S] containing enzymes in vitro. When mitochondrial aconitase, which possesses a [4Fe-4S] cluster, was incubated with either Mn(II) or Mn(III), both Mn species inhibited the activities of aconitase. However, the IC10 (concentration to cause a 10% enzyme inhibition) for Mn(III) was ninefold lower than that for Mn(II). Following exposure of mitochondrial fractions with Mn(II) or Mn(III), there was a significant inhibition by either Mn species in activities of Complex I whose active site contains five to eight [Fe-S] clusters. The dose–time response curves reveal that Mn(III) was more effective in blocking Complex I activity than Mn(II). Northern blotting was used to examine the expression of mRNAs encoding transferrin receptor (TfR), which is regulated by cytosolic aconitase. Treatment of cultured PC12 cells with Mn(II) and Mn(III) at 100 μM for 3 days resulted in 21 and 58% increases, respectively, in the expression of TfR mRNA. Further studies on cell growth dynamics after exposure to 25–50 μM Mn in culture media demonstrated that the cell numbers were much reduced in Mn(III)-treated groups compared to Mn(II)-treated groups, suggesting that Mn(III) is more effective than Mn(II) in cell killing. In cells exposed to Mn(II) and Mn(III), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was significantly decreased by 24 and 16%, respectively. In contrast, rotenone and MPP+ did not seem to alter mtDNA levels. These in vitro results suggest that Mn(III) species appears to be more cytotoxic than Mn(II) species, possibly due to higher oxidative reactivity and closer radius resemblance to Fe.
Fertility treatments and outcomes among couples seeking fertility care: data from a prospective fertility cohort in the United States.

Objective To determine the relationship between number of fertility treatment cycles and pregnancy rates. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Eight community and academic infertility practices. Patient(s) Four hundred eight (408) couples presenting for an infertility evaluation. Intervention(s) Face-to-face and telephone interviews and questionnaires. Main Outcome Measure(s) Incidence of pregnancy. Cox regression analysis compared the efficacy of cycle-based fertility treatments with no cycle-based fertility treatment after multivariable adjustment. Result(s) Couples using one to two medications-only cycles had a significantly higher pregnancy rate (hazard ratio [HR] 4.7 [95% confidence interval 1.3–16.6]), a benefit that did not persist after three or more cycles (HR 0.6 [0.1–3.2]). Couples using IUI for one (HR 2.9 [1.4–5.8]), two (HR 2.0 [0.9–4.5]), and three cycles (HR 4.5 [1.8–10.9]) were more likely to achieve a pregnancy. No additional benefit was seen for couples using four or more IUI cycles (HR 1.0 [0.4–2.6]). In vitro fertilization was associated with significant benefit for couples using one (HR 2.8 [1.5–5.2]) and two cycles (HR 2.2 [1.2–4.1]). Couples using three or more IVF cycles had a non–statistically significant higher likelihood of pregnancy (HR 1.3 [0.7–2.4]). Conclusion(s) Cycle-based fertility treatments may offer a point of diminishing returns for infertile couples: two cycles of medications only, three cycles of IUI, and two cycles of IVF.
Vacuum packing: extracting hardware-detected program phases for post-link optimization

This paper presents Vacuum Packing, a new approach to profile-based program optimization. Instead of using traditional aggregate or summarized execution profile weights, this approach uses a transparent hardware profiler to automatically detect execution phases and record branch profile information for each new phase. The code extraction algorithm then produces code packages that are specially formed for their corresponding phases. The algorithm compensates for the incomplete and often incoherent branch profile information that arises due to the nature of hardware profilers. The technique avoids unnecessary code replication by focusing on hot code, making efficient connections between the original code and the new code, linking code packages at select points to facilitate phase transitions, and providing a platform for efficient optimization. We demonstrate that using a concise set of profile information from a hardware profiler, we can generate code packages, specialized for each phase of execution, that capture more than 80% of the average total program execution. We further show that the approach is very effective in extracting code regions that capture the phasing behavior of programs, that the code size increase is moderate, and that the code regions benefit from sample optimizations.
Information availability, goodness of outcome, and attributions of causality ☆

studying attribution processes is mtroduced as a means of accounting for characteristic asymmetries in success/failure attributions. It is argued that while success/failure asymmetries should occur in the presence of single-observation information, asymmetries should be eliminated when individuals are allowed to observe the covariation between their own actions and outcomes. Subjects participated in a 15trial stock market simulation in which type of information (singleobservation or covariation) and goodness of outcome (relative success or failure) were manipulated. The obtained results supported the experimental hypotheses. Given single-observation information, subjects were more likely to accept personal responsibility for good than for poor outcomes. However, subjects’ attributions were not affected by goodness of outcome when they were provided with covariation information. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the current debate between motivational and information-processing explanations of asymmetries in success/failure attributions. How do individuals identify the causes of outcomes in the environment? What cognitive processes do humans adopt in assigning responsibility for events in their lives to internal or external sources? A primary phenomenon researchers have utilized in attempts to answer these questions concerns cognitions which have personal relevance for the indi
An examination of urban heat island characteristics in a global climate model

A parameterization for urban surfaces has been incorporated into the Community Land Model as part of the Community Climate System Model. The parameterization allows global simulation of the urban environment, in particular the temperature of cities and thus the urban heat island. Here, the results from climate simulations for the AR4 A2 emissions scenario are presented. Present-day annual mean urban air temperatures are up to 4 °C warmer than surrounding rural areas. Averaged over all urban areas resolved in the model, the heat island is 1.1 °C, which is 46% of the simulated mid-century warming over global land due to greenhouse gases. Heat islands are generally largest at night as evidenced by a larger urban warming in minimum than maximum temperature, resulting in a smaller diurnal temperature range compared to rural areas. Spatial and seasonal variability in the heat island is caused by urban to rural contrasts in energy balance and the different responses of these surfaces to the seasonal cycle of climate. Under simulation constraints of no urban growth and identical urban/rural atmospheric forcing, the urban to rural contrast decreases slightly by the end of the century. This is primarily a different response of rural and urban areas to increased long-wave radiation from a warmer atmosphere. The larger storage capacity of urban areas buffers the increase in long-wave radiation such that urban night-time temperatures warm less than rural. Space heating and air conditioning processes add about 0.01 W m−2 of heat distributed globally, which results in a small increase in the heat island. The significant differences between urban and rural surfaces demonstrated here imply that climate models need to account for urban surfaces to more realistically evaluate the impact of climate change on people in the environment where they live. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Genes and Odors Underlying the Recent Evolution of Mosquito Preference for Humans

Mosquito species that specialize in biting humans are few but dangerous. They include the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, as well as Aedes aegypti, the cosmopolitan vector of dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes have evolved a remarkable innate preference for human odor that helps them find and bite us. Here I review what is known about this important evolutionary adaptation, from its historical documentation to its chemical and molecular basis.
Líneas y entramados estructurales; geometría de trazo para las bóvedas mixtecas renacentistas de Coixtlahuaca, Yanhuitlán y Teposcolutla en Oaxaca

El control de la geometria en estas cubiertas es muy importante, ya que este tipo de estructuras trabajan unicamente a compresion y su estabilidad depende de su forma. Los arquitectos de aquella epoca tenian claro que el cuidado de la forma construida era fundamental para garantizar que la linea de esfuerzos se mantuviera dentro del espesor de los elementos soportantes.
From Montgomery to Tahrir: The Transnational Journeys of Nonviolence

My paper explores how Civil Rights Movement leaders drew upon the 1955 Bandung Conference and Mahatma Gandhi's ideas to wield in the 1950s a unique set of tactics and strategies to confront Jim Crow. These ideas paralleled the "Third Way" created at Bandung by Asian and African heads of state. This complex of ideas represents multi-vocal possibilities and has aided the resurgence of nonviolence as a means of social change.
CFD Simulations of a Double-Annulus Parachute System for Cargo Airdrops, Using Inflated Shapes Informed by Photogrammetry

Annular parachute have recently been investigated for use in military cargo delivery. The impetus is to improve the landing performance from very low-altitude deployments, particularly with regards to lower opening shocks and smaller oscillation angles. Annular parachutes have traditionally seen action as mid-air recovery systems. They came outfitted with a smaller and high-porosity hemispherical parachute attached at the apex for engagement with the recovery aircraft’s hook. Current designs tested by the Natick Army SRDEC have this hemispherical chute replaced with another annular canopy, thereby creating the double-annulus system studied here. We present our latest Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations of this canopy geometry, using realistic inflated canopy profiles derived from photogrammetry. These configurations include both “canopy only” and “full article” configurations, the latter incorporating both suspension lines and payload. Results of interest include a comparison of the drag produced by the realistic shape with that of a double-annulus constructed out of a cylindrical torus, which turns out to differ by as much as 50%. Unlike basic flat-circular parachutes which can be reasonably approximated by simple hemispheres, annular parachute aerodynamics is far more sensitive to the details of inflated shape. The simulations also show the influence of the suspension lines and payload affects on overall drag and flow fields, as compared with the canopy-only configuration.
Effect of rotation on the stability of the melt during the solidification of a binary alloy

Nonlinear solutal convective flow in the melt under a planar solidifying surface and rotating about the vertical axis is investigated in the limit of small segregation. An evolution equation governing the cellular structure of the flow of a binary alloy is derived. This equation incorporates convective instabilities and rotational effects. The presence of rotation can inhibit the onset of the cellular structure by effectively magnifying the segregation.
A human placental fluid inhibitor to hemagglutination by H-1 and H-b viruses. I. Purification.

SummaryA substance found in human placental fluids that inhibits the hemagglutination of H-1 and HB viruses but not that of H-3 or RV viruses, has been purified and found to be an electrophoretically homogeneous glycoprotein stable to heat and a wide pH range. It also appears to be immunologically homogeneous and occurs in the slow a or fast β region.
Simulations of Lubricants in Confined Geometries

We examine the shear flow of hexadecane and squalane confined between plates with nm separation using molecular dynamics simulations. For both molecules substantial slip occurs at the walls and the density profile exhibits strong oscillations. In contrast to surface force apparatus measurements, our calculated effective viscosities are not much greater than bulk viscosities, but the simulations shear rates are much larger than the experimental ones. The actual viscosity calculated using the shear rate measured from the observed velocity profile is almost equal to the bulk viscosity within uncertainty.
Risk factors in interface epithelialization after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To identify risk factors associated with primary and recurrent epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) requiring surgical debridement. Methods Charts of patients who required single or multiple surgical debridements of epithelial ingrowth were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed to identify preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors. Results Fourteen of 22 patients had epithelial ingrowth that required a single surgical removal. These were mostly associated with the surgeon's learning curve, epithelial injury, and enhancement by lifting the flap. Multiple surgical debridements were required in eight patients and some of these were associated with epithelial basement membrane degeneration and a history of type I diabetes. Conclusions Refractive surgeons should be aware of surgical and non-surgical ocular and systemic risk factors associated with both primary and recurrent epithelial ingrowth after LASIK to appropriately consent patients seeking refractive surgery. Type I diabetes may increase the risk of epithelial downgrowth in LASIK.
Political Imagination, c. 1585–1640

The political culture of early modern England, we have been arguing, was complex and pluralistic. This complexity did not prevent contemporaries from forming coherent views of the practical workings of power, however, and this chapter sets out to examine more closely some of the ways in which they did so. It will be concerned partly with images of authority but even more with representations of faction, instability and conflict. In pursuing these subjects we will draw upon an eclectic range of sources, including visual materials, works of imaginative literature and polemical tracts and libels. Such documents do not analyse government in the explicit manner of legal and theological discourse, which has traditionally provided the basis for histories of political thought. But when properly interrogated they often reveal a host of assumptions concerning political behaviour and causation.1 Through them we can probe not only normative ideas about how power ought to work but assumptions about how it actually does, in a corrupt world where people often fail to play by the rules.
Gender and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: Implications for Mental Health Counseling

The DSM-IV-TR and epidemiological studies have documented disproportionate gender-related prevalence rates for various mental disorders. However, mental health counselors have largely been omitted from the research base. This study investigated whether gender-specific prevalence rates differ in terms of counselor diagnoses of certain mood, psychotic, adjustment, childhood, and substance-related disorders, and whether these diagnoses exhibit the same gender-related differences as those reported in the DSM-IV-TR and by researchers who are not counselors (N =1,583). Chi square analyses revealed that all disorders studied were disproportionately diagnosed at rates consistent with previously published gender-specific statistics. Clinical and research implications are discussed as they relate to mental health counseling.
Dasatinib Resistance in CML Patients. Identification of Novel BCR-ABL Kinase Domain Mutation.

Dasatinib is a dual specific SRC-ABL kinase inhibitor which has been increasingly used in treatment of CML and Ph + ALL patients. Although it has excellent activity, a proportion of patients, particularly those with advanced disease had developed evidence of dasatinib resistance. In order to assess the reasons for resistance we have analyzed BCR-ABL kinase domain utilizing single step PCR reaction followed by amplification of ABL kinase domain with subsequent subcloning (≥10 clones) from 23 CML patients who demonstrated clinical evidence of dasatinib failure. We have found mutations in the BCR-ABL domain in 19 out of 23 patients. 14 were mapped to ATP “binding pocket”, of those, seven had pan-resistant T315I and five had F317L with one F317I mutation. In addition, three of 19 patients had V299L mutation. All of these mutations were previously reported in association with dasatinib resistance. We also observed that one of 8 patients in chronic phase and three of 15 patients in advanced phase had two different mutations in separate clones§. Interestingly, four of 19 patients were found to have novel V304D mutation, which is located outside of dasatinib binding site in β 4–5 loop structure and may not be directly involved in dasatinib resistance. It appears that BCR-ABL mutations in advanced phase CML are more common, but occur at lower frequency in dasatinib resistant patients in chronic phase, 93% vs. 62%. In conclusion, our clinical sample suggests that selection for T315I and F317L mutations occurs frequently in dasatinib resistant patients which was predicted from preclinical study. Both mutations were proposed to directly and indirectly affect dasatinib binding. Two additional mutations have been identified with incidence that exceeds random occurrence. The significance of these mutations (V299L, D304D) will be further studied. | | chronic phase | advanced phase | |:-----------------------------------------------------------------:| ------------- | -------------- | ------- | | mutations | yes 5 § | no 3 | yes 14§ | no 1 | | 1 patient in chronic phase group have subcloning results pending. | | T315I | 2 | | 7 | | | F317L | 1 | | 4 | | | F317I | | | 1 | | | V299L | 1 | | 2 | | | V304D | 1 | | 3 | | Table 1. Mutations status at different phases of CML
Global Health Master’s Students: Demographics and Career Goals

The Master of Science in Global Health (MSGH) at Northwestern University is a new competency-based graduate degree program designed to prepare students for careers in global health. The purpose of our research is to determine the market characteristics for this degree, provide student backgrounds that will guide curricular and programmatic improvements, and determine if these students intend to pursue degrees in global health. This study examines survey responses from students admitted to the MSGH program between 2014 and 2015. Survey data were collected by the Northwestern University School of Professional Studies (SPS) as part of the online admissions application process. During the same period, all active students in the program were invited to complete a separate, online survey asking about their global health experience, skills and career goals. Application responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Free-text responses from the survey were hand-coded using 10 categorical variables developed through an inductive process. Fifty-four individuals were admitted to the MSGH program within 12 months of its inception. Of these 78% were female and the average age was 36. Of those who responded to questions about current employment, 57% were working in a health science field, 11% in government or public administration, and less than 10% responded in all other categories. Responses from the online survey revealed that most students had some prior global health experiences primarily in the medicine and mission/volunteer categories, 45% and 50% respectively. Responses regarding career aspirations were spread evenly across categories and nearly all students intended to join the global health workforce. Medicine was identified most frequently as a desired field for future careers (30%), followed by government and policy (25%). The wide variety of disciplines represented in students’ previous work histories underscores and supports the interprofessional nature of the field and the workforce. This diversity extends to both educational backgrounds and prior field experience and necessitates pedagogical techniques that can appeal to a wide array of students, particularly a majority female population. Findings regarding desired future employment suggests that career advising will need to adapt to market demands, prioritizing project and program management related careers.
Linear Forecasting of the F10.7 Proxy for Solar Activity

The ability to accurately forecast variations in the solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance is important to many aspects of operational space weather. For example, variations in the Sun's radiative output at these wavelengths drive changes in thermospheric density, which perturbs the trajectories of objects in low Earth orbit. Thus, predicting the conjunction of an operational satellite with orbital debris requires accurate forecasts of solar activity. In this paper we present a simple linear forecasting model for the 10.7 cm radio flux (F10.7), a commonly used proxy for solar activity. Comparisons with simple reference models indicate that this linear model has positive skill for all forecast days that we have considered. We also examine the impact of the F10.7 forecast skill on empirical model predictions of thermospheric density and ionospheric total electron content.
Blazing and Illuminating a Trail: The Career and Scholarship of Janet Taylor Spence

Janet Taylor Spence was a gender pioneer in her career as an academic psychologist and an important contributor to the psychological study of gender roles. That is, she both blazed a path for women in academia and contributed to our scientific understanding of the factors that produce and shape such paths. In this piece, I address both these aspects of her life and work. I begin by briefly highlighting Spence’s groundbreaking posts in academia and her influence on my own academic career. With respect to her research, I identify five aspects of Spence’s work that were innovative and made important, lasting contributions to theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding gender in the United States. I first describe Spence’s commitment to challenging the ideological beliefs about gender held by laypeople and scientists alike by engaging in empirical tests of commonly held beliefs. I next review Spence’s argument that within-individual variability of gender-typing of the self is normative rather than unusual. Third, I describe Spence’s beliefs about the relation between gender-typing of the self and gender-typing of others, and fourth, I describe Spence’s work concerning the mechanisms that support self-perceived femininity and masculinity. In the fifth and final section, I highlight Spence’s treatment of environmental contributions to gender role development.
Mobilizing mHealth for Moms: a Review of Mobile Apps for Tracking Gestational Weight Gain

Almost one-half of all pregnant women in the USA exceed the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) weight gain guidelines. Mobile apps hold promise as a beneficial tool for facilitating healthy gestational weight gain (GWG). The aim of this study was to review mobile apps that focused on GWG tracking and evaluate their features for meeting the IOM weight gain guidelines and encouraging healthy nutrition and physical activity (PA). Trained research staff conducted a review of apps that focused on tracking GWG. The apps were assessed by two reviewers for eight consecutive days, using a profile of an overweight pregnant woman at 12–13 weeks gestation. The reviewers entered weights daily. The weekly rate of weight gain was set above 0.6 lbs per week, which exceeded IOM guidelines for healthy GWG for an overweight woman. Apps were independently scored based on presence of features and guidelines. Initially, 296 apps were screened for review. Among these apps, 209 did not meet inclusion criteria for the review. The final review included 87 apps. Overall, 73 (84%) apps had a weight tracking feature, 19 (22%) apps provided accurate weight gain guidelines, 8 (9%) apps included calorie (kcal) recommendations, and 7 (8%) apps included exercise guidelines. Overall, there is a paucity of apps for tracking GWG that use IOM guidelines and promote evidence-based healthy weight-related behaviors during pregnancy. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the importance of health care practitioners’ role in providing accurate information and behavioral support for achieving healthy weight in pregnancy.
Measurement of the Inclusive Branching FractionsB(B- to D+ π- π-) and B(B- to D*^+ π- π-)

The D{sub J}{sup 0} is a family of four orbitally excited mesons: D*{sub 2}(2460){sup 0}, D{sub 1}(2420){sup 0}, D{sub 1}(j = 1/2){sup -}, and D*{sub 0}(j = 1/2){sup 0}. This dissertation presents the measurements of the inclusive branching fractions, {Beta}(B{sup -} {yields} D*{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup -}) and {Beta}(B{sup -} {yields} D{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup -}). The D{sub J}{sup 0} provides an intermediate resonance for those two modes. The data used for this analysis consists of Runs 1-5 with total integrated luminosity of 343.38 fb{sup -1}, which is corresponding to 383.92 million B{bar B} pairs, provided by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric B Factory. The values presented are: {Beta}(B{sup -} {yields} D{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup -}) = (1.12 {+-} 0.02 {+-} 0.08) x 10{sup -3}; {Beta}(B{sup -} {yields} D*{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{pi}{sup -}) = (1.67 {+-} 0.03 {+-} 0.13) x 10{sup -3}.
Dehalogenation of alkyl halides catalyzed by single-enantiomer complexes of titanium

Racemic alkyl bromides were dehalogenated with a stoichiometric quantity of a main group alkyl metal reductant in the presence of a chiral, single-enantiomer titanium catalyst. The reaction was monitored by chiral gas chromatography of samples from the reaction mixture. The chiral titanium compounds examined proved to be effective catalysts. However, there was no detectable difference in the rate of reduction between the two enantiomers of the alkyl halide. An enantiomerically pure secondary bromide was reduced under the same conditions without racemization during the course of the reaction. This indicates that the secondary alkyl bromide is stereochemically stable to the reaction conditions. Radical probe reactions suggest a radical mechanism.
Determinants of Health Among Two-Spirit American Indians and Alaska Natives

In comparison to other racial/ethnic groups, American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs or “Natives”) suffer from glaring disparities in health-related resources and outcomes. Specifically, morbidity due to violence and substance use is higher and overall mortality is greater [IHS]. AIANs who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (GLBT) or with the modern roughly equivalent Native term “two-spirit” (hereafter collectively referred to as “twospirits”) face additional stressors associated with negotiating their dual oppressed statuses. They often confront heterosexism from Natives and racism from GLBTs. Not surprisingly, two-spirits are thought to be at even greater risk for adverse health outcomes than other Natives (Walters, 1997; Walters et al., 2001). Preliminary empirical evidence supports the notion that two-spirits experience disproportionately greater anti-gay as well as anti-Native violence, including sexual and physical assault during childhood and adulthood (Walters et al., 2001; Simoni et al., 2004a) and historical trauma (Balsam et al., 2004)-experiences that are typically linked to adverse health and psychosocial functioning. Despite the considerable heterogeneity both within and across the more than 562 federally recognized tribes in the United States, the universal experience of colonization has created a shared history for two-spirit people, shaping distinctive conditions of health risk and resilience.
Solar-Blind AlGaN Heterostructure Photodiodes

A backside-illuminated solar-blind UV detector based on an AlGaN p-i-n heterostructure has been successfully synthesized, fabricated and tested. The p-i-n photodiode structure consists of a 1.0 μm n-type Al0.64Ga0.36N:Si layer grown by MOVPE onto a low temperature AlN buffer layer on a polished sapphire substrate. On top of this base layer is a 0.2 μm undoped Al0.47Ga0.53N active layer and a 0.5 μm p-type Al0.47Ga0.53N:Mg top layer. Square mesas of area A = 4 × 10−4 cm2 were obtained by reactive ion etching using BCl3. The solar-blind photodiode exhibits a very narrow UV spectral responsivity band peaked at 273 nm with a FWHM = 21 nm. Maximum responsivity R = 0.051 A/W at 273 nm, corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency of 27%. R0A values up to 8 × 107Ω-cm2 were obtained, corresponding to D* = 3.5 × 1012 cm Hz1/2W−1 at 273 nm.
Governing Equations in Porous Media

The equations governing deformation of single-phase materials and the associated finite element formulations have been presented in Chaps. 3 and 5, respectively. While all materials are porous at some scale, they may be modeled as single-phase materials when the pores in the materials are macroscopically homogeneous and empty. In some cases, the stresses in the skeleton may be so much greater than those in the fluid that the effect of the fluid on the behavior of the skeleton may be neglected (e.g., dry concrete used in members supporting a bridge where the pores are filled with air). In a two-phase material (e.g., saturated soil), if the conditions (e.g., high permeability and/or slow loading) allow full drainage, the loading does not cause pressure build up and hence the fluid phase does not influence the behavior of the skeleton (i.e., the behavior of the skeleton under fully saturated and dry conditions are the same). At the other extreme, in a fully saturated material, if the conditions are such that relative movement of the fluid with respect to the skeleton is negligible (as in undrained behavior), the material may be modeled as a single-phase material. The theories presented in Chaps. 3 and 5 may then be used to model such problems.
INDUCTION OF EARTHWORM-ANTI-ERYTHROCYTE AGGLUTININS

ABSTRACT Agglutinins are substances with antibody-like properties that play an important–role in the immune response, thus, they serve as a model for studying the synthesis of immune substances in primitive animals. We have determined the agglutinating activity of earthworm coelomic fluid against vertebrate erythrocytes. Natural agglutinins from uninjected worms were present against rabbit erythrocytes at an average titer of 32 but we observed variable titers from 0–128 against human and chicken erythrocytes. After injecting rabbit erythrocytes, anti-rabbit agglutinins increased significantly and varied from 512–4000 at 24 hours post-injection. Peak titers of anti-rabbit agglutinins were induced at 24 hours, then began to decline and reached background levels by 72 hours and probably numbered as many as 15. Secondary responses' were never higher than primary responses. We still do not know the precise biologic function of agglutinins, however, they may act as recognition units or receptors for particular cells. Defining the receptor would piece together fragmented information concerning the origins of immunologic recognition and specificity. Associating the receptor with a certain cell would tell us where in evolution immunologic receptor cells first appeared. The receptor and the cell–which synthesizes it would add greatly to our understanding of how the immune–systems of more complex vertebrates evolved. Finally, agglutinins, viewed as lectins, are widespread throughout the living world in plants and in animals. If all lectins are shown to have a common chemical structure, such information could provide the missing link in a chain thus, forming a unifying thread applicable to–cell recognition, defense and immunity.
The Thoracic Inlet

The thoracic inlet is the junctional region between the structures of the root of the neck and the contents of the thoracic cavity. The transverse plane through the thoracic inlet parallels the first rib and is tilted so that it is higher posteriorly than it is anteriorly (Fig. 4.28 a). The anatomic structures in this plane will be consid ered from front to back.
Autonomously-Switchable Bandstop Filters with Integrated Sensor and Driver Circuitry

Ahstract- The integration of a resonant power sensor, switch driver circuit, and switchable bandstop filter is shown in this paper. The co-design of these circuits enable a switchable bandstop filter that autonomously responds to an unexpected above-threshold interfering signal within its bandwidth in orders of magnitude less time than conventional switchable or tunable bandstop filters. In contrast to limiter circuits that are based on PIN diodes that are switched by RF power, the proposed autonomously-switchable bandstop filter has high linearity in all states. A third-order suspended-stripline prototype switchable bandstop filter with a second-order resonant power sensor was fabricated and measured to test the technique at 2.15 GHz. Within 14–22.2 ns of the arrival of an above-threshold interfering signal, the fabricated driver circuit switches a bandstop filter with 18 dB attenuation and an OIP3 value of over 38 dBm.