cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-throughput experimental evolution using barcoded strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Experimental evolution of microbes can be used to empirically address a wide range of questions about evolution. Because fitness assays are a central component of experimental evolution, they can limit the scope and throughput of such studies. We created an experimental evolution system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that utilizes genetic barcoding to overcome this challenge. We confirm that barcode insertions do not alter fitness and can be used to detect fitness differences of 2%. Using this system, we examine here the effects of ploidy, stress, and population bottleneck size on the evolutionary dynamics and fitness gains in a total of 76 experimentally evolving populations by conducting 2,136 fitness assays and analyzing 532 longitudinal-evolutionary samples collected from evolving populations. Our experimental treatments generated distinct fitness effects and evolutionary dynamics quantified via multiplexed fitness assays and barcode lineage tracking, respectively, demonstrating the utility of this new resource for designing and improving high-throughput studies of experimental evolution. The approach described here provides a framework for future studies using this experimental system.
History of whaling in AnnobÃ³n, Equatorial Guinea, and new evidence of its continued occurrence

A regular, though infrequent, artisanal whaling operation targeting humpback whales has been known to occur from the West African island of Annobon, Equatorial Guinea, since the late 18th century. Little has been known outside of Equatorial Guinea about this whaling operation since the mid-1970s. This paper presents a brief history of Annobones whaling, describes recently surfaced evidence of its continuation as recently as 2017 and considers the future of the operation.
The racial environmental state and abolition geography in California’s Central Valley:

This article introduces the “racial environmental state” as an analytical framework for examining race and environment as mutually constituting modes of state power. Under racial capitalism, the st...
The Algorithmic Law of Business and Human Rights: Constructing a Private Transnational Law of Ratings, Social Credit, and Accountability Measures

This paper examines the rise of algorithmic systems—that is systems of data driven governance (and social credit type) systems in the context of business and human rights and its ramifications (especially its challenges) for law. Section 1 sketches the context within which it is possible to frame concepts of algorithmic law. Algorithmic law is centered at the nexus point of a number of critical trends. Section 2 explores the premise that ratings based governance systems can be created in a lucid and coherent way. Section 3 then examines the way that these theoretical possibilities begin to emerge in the West. Section 4 then briefly considers ramifications for liberal democratic orders and the constitution of law. Among the more relevant are those tied to issues of privacy, of the integrity of data, and on transparency. The context centers on the examination of the landscape of such algorithmic private legal systems as it has developed to date by considering the extent to which a rating or algorithmic system has been emerging around recent national efforts to combat human trafficking through so-called Modern Slavery and Supply Chain Due Diligence legal regime and international norms. Type of paper: Conceptual Main Contribution to Literature: (1) AI, democracy, development, and the rule of law; (2) Algorithmic decision systems. Key Methodological Considerations: comparison based research drawing inferences from a review of current practice in light of conceptual framework developed.
A Rare Case of Synchronous Esophageal and Pancreatic Malignancy.

The incidence of double primary tumors has been rising over the past few decades. Synchronous pancreatic and esophageal carcinomas are rarely reported in the literature. In this case report, we present an 86-year-old man who developed synchronous double cancers of the pancreas and esophagus. He has a past medical history of hypertension and prior nicotine dependence and was admitted for abdominal pain and weight loss. Laboratory data on admission were normal except for the serum carbonic anhydrase 19-9 (54 U/mL, reference range: 0-34 U/mL) and carcinoembryonic antigen (712.4 ng/mL, reference range: less than <5.0 ng/mL). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 2.3 cm lesion at the head of the pancreas. A CT scan with contrast was highly suspicious for pancreatic head malignancy. The patient underwent endoscopical ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) that showed a large non-obstructing ulcerating mass at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) as well as a pancreatic head mass. Histological findings from the obtained tissue demonstrated pancreatic adenocarcinoma and intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with an invasion of lamina propria, and diagnosis of double cancers of the pancreas and esophagus was made. In conclusion, our case report represents the fifth documented case of dual primary malignancy of the esophagus and pancreas. This highlights that, despite their rarity, primary distant malignancies in patients with pancreatic cancer is an entity that clinicians should be more cognizant about especially among the male smoker/ex-smoker patient population, specifically given that the current data demonstrate that the prognosis of double cancers primarily depends on the prognosis of the pancreatic carcinoma.
Immune Landscape of Pancreas Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current Therapeutic Strategies and Future Perspective

Regardless of success of immunotherapy in other tumor types, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has remained largely resistant to the benefit of immunotherapy. The unique immune resistance of PDAC arises from multiple non-redundant pathways which lead to tumor immune escape and T effector cell anergy. Cellular and acellular components of the PDAC tumor microenvironment further exacerbate its immunosuppressant phenotype. Despite yielding negative results, trials with single modality immunotherapy have deepened our understanding of the PDAC immune landscape. Current research efforts have shifted to combined immunomodulatory strategies seeking to amplify the activity of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition. In this article, we will review the relevant developments of IO applied to PDAC treatment.
Identifying New Approaches for U.S. Drug Policy using Ownership, Location, and Internalization Factors

Abstract Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm is used to assess the effectiveness and impact of U.S. drug prohibition policy on economic growth and political stability in Latin American countries as well as the decision making of Latin American Transnational Criminal Enterprises (TCE) in the cocaine-coca market. Results showed U.S. drug prohibition policy reduces the on-site supply but does not significantly reduce the transportation of cocaine and coca. U.S. drug prohibition policy also generated political instability for the region, and revealed policy externalities that facilitated TCE expansion. Tougher U.S. drug prohibition policy advances TCE by amplifying the impact that unemployment and local wages have on increases in cocaine-coca production, and by limiting the impact of control of corruption and economic freedom on coca eradication. Our results signal that a site-specific approach accompanied with policies that improve the farmers’ economic freedom, such as land formalization rights, and policies that lower unemployment rate facilitate effective U.S. drug prohibition policy.
A novel model–data fusion approach to terrestrial carbon cycle reanalysis across the contiguous U.S using SIPNET and PEcAn state data assimilation system v. 1.7.2

Abstract. The ability to monitor, understand, and predict the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle requires the capacity to robustly and coherently synthesize multiple streams of information that each provide partial information about different pools and fluxes. In this study, we introduce a new terrestrial carbon cycle data assimilation system, built on the PEcAn model-data eco-informatics system, and its application for the development of a proof-of-concept carbon "reanalysis" product that harmonizes carbon pools (leaf, wood, soil) and fluxes (GPP, Ra, Rh, NEE) across the contiguous United States from 1986–2019. We first calibrated this system against plant trait and flux tower Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) using a novel emulated hierarchical Bayesian approach. Next, we extended the Tobit-Wishart Ensemble Filter (TWEnF) State Data Assimilation (SDA) framework, a generalization of the common Ensemble Kalman Filter which accounts for censored data and provides a fully Bayesian estimate of model process error, to a regional-scale system with a calibrated localization. Combined with additional workflows for propagating parameter, initial condition, and driver uncertainty, this represents the most complete and robust uncertainty accounting available for terrestrial carbon models. Our initial reanalysis was run on an irregular grid of ~500 points selected using a stratified sampling method to efficiently capture environmental heterogeneity. Remotely sensed observations of aboveground biomass (Landsat LandTrendr) and LAI (MODIS MOD15) were sequentially assimilated into the SIPNET model. Reanalysis soil carbon, which was indirectly constrained based on modeled covariances, showed general agreement with SoilGrids, an independent soil carbon data product. Reanalysis NEE, which was constrained based on posterior ensemble weights, also showed good agreement with eddy flux tower NEE and reduced RMSE compared to the calibrated forecast. Ultimately, PEcAn's carbon cycle reanalysis provides a scalable framework for harmonizing multiple data constraints and providing a uniform synthetic platform for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) and accelerating terrestrial carbon cycle research.
The Ashland Bottoms Site (14RY603):: A Kansas City Hopewell Site in North-Central Kansas

The Ashland Bottoms site (14RY603) is a multi-component habitation consisting of a turn of the 20th century American corncrib superimposed upon a Kansas City Hopewell occupation. The ceramics sugge...
Oral manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Abstract A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia has been presented. With the exception of the nasal mucosa, the oral mucosa is the most commonly reported site of occurrence.
Role of Neuroimaging in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Central Nervous System Lesions and Infections in Organ Transplant Recipients

Central nervous system (CNS) complications are relatively common after organ transplantation. A large autopsy series reported that the majority of organ transplant patients (n=500), including liver, heart, lung, heart-lung, kidney recipients, had sustained an insult to the CNS (1). Over half of patients had suffered cerebrovascular complications, and many had potentially treatable pathology such as infections, immunosuppression associated leukoencephalopathy, and lymphoproliferative disorders (1). Since neurological complications confer a higher rate of morbidity and mortality in both adult and pediatric transplant recipients than in patients without CNS abnormalities (2), it is of critical importance to be familiar with these entities. Many of the CNS complications encountered at our institution may be diagnosed with imaging, thus avoiding the need for biopsy and its attendant morbidity (3).
Novel water stress protein from a desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium. Purification and partial characterization.

Abstract A desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium Nostoc commune accumulates a novel group of acidic proteins when colonies are subjected to repeated cycles of drying and rehydration. The proteins occur in high concentrations; they have isoelectric points between 4.3 and 4.8 and apparent molecular masses between 30 and 39 kDa. The purification of three of these proteins with molecular masses of 33, 37, and 39 kDa is described. The amino-terminal sequence of the 39-kDa protein is Ala-Leu-Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Thr-Ile-Gly-Glu. Peptide mapping of the 39- and the 33-kDa proteins, using different protease, gave similar patterns of digestion fragments. The amino acid compositions of the proteins isolated were similar, and each cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody raised against the largest (39-kDa) protein. The results indicate that the microheterogeneity observed was generated by in vivo proteolysis of the 39-kDa protein. It is suggested that this protein is a water stress protein with a protective function on a structural level.
Transitioning to client/server: using a temporal framework to study organizational change

Research on the management of information systems has rarely conducted in-depth investigations on the problematic role of time in the development and implementation of these systems. When the research has done this, it has interpreted time in an objective, linear sense. This paper calls attention to the existence of not only the objective nature, but also the subjective nature of time in the organizational change surrounding the implementation of new information systems. This paper draws its empirical material from an on-going study of the implementation and use of distributed computing-based systems at a mid-sized university (MSU). Implementing client/server networks illuminates three themes that contribute to the dual objective/subjective nature of time at MSU: (1) client/ server computing is a complex web of technologies and involves people who are struggling to reach a stable, productive state; (2) the development of a client/server project is a discontinuous process; and (3) because of the number of stakeholders involved in the implementation of client/server systems, there are “temporal asymmetries” — that is, differences in how these people themselves perceive and experience time. For managers, to understand the subjective, perceptual nature of time can provide a managerial lever. For researchers, these temporal asymmetries make a difference to how data are collected and interpreted.
Multi-mode impedance synthesis for subscriber line applications

This paper introduces a circuit architecture for providing multimode impedance synthesis for subscriber line applications. Telephone systems that use either digital or wireless transmission to the customer premises are the primary applications of interest. The featured circuit synthesizes a frequency and mode dependent impedance to drive the load which is usually the subscriber's analog telephone set. Some of the problems encountered in a typical telephone system, as well as the critical transmission parameters will be considered.
Vanishing Forceps Delivery

This study evaluates the effect of decreasing cesarean rates and increasing regional anesthesia use on the frequency of forceps deliveries. Data of women who delivered at our community hospital from 1990 through 1997 are reviewed. In 1994, the members of our department adopted several strategies to decrease cesarean deliveries. The cesarean rate decreased whereas regional analgesia use increased. We studied the frequency and type of vaginal operative deliveries during this 8 year period. These data were evaluated by chi2 analysis. Data of women who delivered in the first 4 years (group 1) were compared with data of those who delivered in the second 4 years (group 2). A p < 0.05 was considered significant. The demographic and clinical characteristics of these women remained unchanged during the study period. The total cesarean rate decreased from 23.2% in group 1 to 17.9% in group 2 (p < 0.0001). The proportion of women who received regional anesthesia increased from 18.8 in group 1 to 25.7 in group 2 (p < 0.0001). Vaginal operative deliveries increased from 3.6 to 5.5 (p < 0.0001), whereas the proportion of forceps deliveries decreased from 2.2 to 1.5 (p = 0.001). Perinatal morbidity and mortality did not change. The decrease in cesarean rate and increase in regional anesthesia use were associated with an increase in operative deliveries; however, forceps deliveries continue to decrease in our community hospital.
Cloning and functional expression of a novel human connexin-25 gene.

Gap junctions arc intercellular, water-filled channels composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins, six of which are arranged radially and dock with six homologous proteins in an adjacent cell to form an approximate 16 A pore. Through this pore cell-to-cell transfer of small water-soluble molecules up to about 1000 daltons occurs along concentration gradients. Connexins comprise a multigene family that share consensus sequences in the trans-membrane domains and the first and second extracellular loops. Comparison of the protein sequences of known human connexins with the draft nucleotide sequence of the human genome revealed two clones from chromosome 6 which showed strong similarity to highly conserved connexin sequences. Detailed analysis revealed the presence of a 672 nt open reading frame in these clones, encoding a 223 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of about 25 kD. This is smaller than other known human connexins. The ORF of the potential connexin25 was amplified by ...
Evaluation of the vertical structure of zonally averaged cloudiness and its variability in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

Abstract Estimates of zonally averaged cloudiness at each pressure level in 24 models participating in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project are compared with the ISCCP C2 as well as the Nimbus 7 (N7) and Warren et al. (hereafter WH) observations. The global means of model high cloudiness are about two to five times greater than the C2 satellite observations. The large differences are probably related to excessive high, thin cloud in most models. Nearly all of the models have the observed maximum in high cloud at the equator, but also maxima near 60°N and 60°S, which are not observed. The globally averaged annual mean low cloud in most models is generally 15%–20% less than the WH observations and 10%–15% less than the C2 observations. The meridional structure of model annual mean low cloud both as observed from below and as observed from above show excesses north of about 50°N and deficits south of about 40°S when compared with WH and C2 observations, respectively. The amplitude of the model seaso...
Myristoylation of an inhibitory GTP-binding protein alpha subunit is essential for its membrane attachment.

Abstract We transfected COS cells with cDNAs for the alpha subunits of stimulatory and inhibitory GTP-binding proteins, alpha s and alpha i1, respectively, and immunoprecipitated the metabolically labeled products with specific peptide antibodies. Cells were separated into particulate and soluble fractions before immunoprecipitation; [35S]methionine-labeled alpha s and alpha i were both found primarily in the particulate fraction. [3H]Myristate was incorporated into endogenous and transfected alpha i but could not be detected in alpha s even when it was overexpressed. We converted the second residue, glycine, of alpha i1 into alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. Upon transfection of the mutant alpha i1 into COS cells, the [35S]methionine-labeled product was localized primarily to the soluble fraction, and, also unlike normal alpha i1, the mutant failed to incorporate [3H]myristate. The unmyristoylated mutant alpha i1 could still interact with the beta-gamma complex, since purified beta gamma subunits promoted pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of both the normal and mutant alpha i1 subunits. These results indicate that myristoylation is critical for membrane attachment of alpha i but not alpha s subunits.
Existence of competitive equilibria via Smith's non-linear complementarity result

Abstract It is well known that competitive equilibria are identified with a solution to a non-linear complementarity problem. However, the standard existence results for this class of problems are overly restrictive in their assumptions on the excess demand functions. This note illustrates the use of Smith's (1984) existence result to generalize the conditions under which a competitive equilibrium is guaranteed to exist in the non-linear complementarity framework.
Effects of pulsation ratio, pulsation rate, and teatcup liner design on milking rate and milk production

Abstract Twelve Holstein cows were used in a 12 × 12 Latin square (two replicates) to test the effects of pulsation ratio, pulsation rate, and teatcup liner design on milking rate and milk production. Pulsation ratios tested were 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30. Pulsation rates tested were 50 and 60. Two experimental teatcup liners (barrel wall thicknesses of 2.5 or 3.0mm) were tested. Overall analysis of variance showed effects on milking rate and milk production for pulsation ratio (total yield, machine-on time, average flow rate, 2-min yield, percentage yield at 2min, fat yield, and 3.5% FCM) and teatcup liner design (2-min yield). The 70:30 ratio produced lower machine-on time than 50:50 and 60:40, and it was lower for 60:40 than 50:50. Average machine-on times were 50:50, 8.44min per milking; 60:40, 8.00min per milking; and 70:30, 7.47min per milking. The 70:30 ratio yielded more 3.5% FCM per milking than 50:50 (13.8 vs. 13.0kg). Pulsation rate did not affect any milking rate measurements or milk production.
Effects of temperature and food availability on growth and RNA/DNA ratios of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas) eggs and larvae

Abstract Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas) eggs were reared to first feeding stage in the laboratory at temperatures of 3°, 6°, 9°, and 12 °C. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content during embryogenesis were compared to temperature and embryo age. Hatching time, larval size, yolk-sac volume, and RNA content at hatching were inversely related to incubation temperature. DNA content and RNA/DNA ratios of larvae were similar on the day of hatching at all experimental temperatures. The energetic reserves available during embryonic and prolarval development are enhanced by lower incubation temperatures. Prolarvae reared at 12 °Chad high rates of yolk utilization and initial growth, but experienced reduced growth and a decline in DNA content prior to feeding initiation. The effects of food availability on nucleic acid content and RNA/DNA ratios of first-feeding walleye pollock were determined. Mean RNA and DNA content and RNA/DNA ratio of fed larvae were significantly higher than those of unfed larvae after 2 days. Starvation of larvae that had successfully initiated feeding resulted in a rapid decline of RNA content (and RNA/DNA ratio) accompanied by a slower decline in DNA.
Enabling communication between ATLAS environment with an integrated subsystem

Technology upgrades bring about the need for fielded ATLAS-based environments to expand tests to include modern high speed digital systems. The ATLAS test language does not contain innate capability to describe new tests, so TPS developers use NAM or FEP constructs as the mechanism to communicate with an external system. An external system, such as a self-contained, fully-integrated instruments within a PXIe Express chassis that includes a dedicated PC controller, is available to provide such high speed serial bus tests. While these subsystems can be integrated with an existing test system that has a Windows-based computer, additional work is needed to enable the integrated subsystem to communicate with the ATLAS operating environment. The ATLAS Host API was developed to address both needs; new or existing TPS's in the ATLAS environment are enabled to interact with a subsystem that provides new test capability, and the subsystem can use a test controller based in ATLAS. The work serves as an example that an existing test system can be extended to support new test applications, while demonstrating a client-server based architecture of a subsystem can be extended to support a new operating system in a straightforward way. This paper will describe the clientserver extension on the integrated subsystem, the ATLAS Host API executed as FEP on ATLAS, the specifics of communication of composing commands and processing responses, and some examples. This paper will also discuss the considerations behind the architecture and challenges in the development and implementation.
Solubility of foraminifera in seawater at high pressures

In situ pH electrodes were used to show that solution of pelagic calcareous foraminifera occurs in seawater at pressures between 100 and 1, 000 atm. The results confirm earlier work which had indicated that the carbonate compensation depth is not a boundary between super and undersaturated waters. The degree of solution and hence diagenetic alterations which may affect the geologic record were found to depend on the calcareous species. The results of this work also yielded physicochemical knowledge on the effect of pressure on carbonate ion pairs, on the relative solubilities of calcite and aragonite, and on rates of solution. There is no solubility in the thermodynamic sense but this fact was shown not to affect the value of solubility measurements for oceanographic and geochemical work.
The Effect of Strategy Instruction on Bilingual Students' Cognitive Strategy Use in Reading

Abstract There has been a great deal of emphasis on the teaching of thinking skills. For many second language learners, however, instruction in the use of cognitive strategy is almost nonexistent. Research identifying cognitive reading strategies used by second language learners has revealed a variety of strategies that students use to comprehend text. The identification of cognitive reading strategies has contributed to the development of instructional programs which teach students to use these strategies. The present study investigated the extent to which two instructional approaches (i.e., Question-Answer Relationships and Reciprocal Teaching) enhance Hispanic bilingual students use of cognitive reading strategies. The results indicated differences in the use of cognitive reading strategies by grade and treatment group.
ThinPrep cytology in clinical practice.

Objective: To compare ThinPrep cytology to conventional cytology in a gynecologic oncology practice in a university hospital laboratory setting.Methods: From March to September 1997, all Papanicolaou smears in the Division of Gynecologic Oncology were collected with a cervical broom device. A conventional cytology slide was prepared. The broom was then immersed in a Preserv-Cyt and processed. As required for ThinPrep cytology. Managed care patients are not included in this analysis. All cytology specimens were evaluated by the same physician (PE). Increased detection of abnormalities was calculated by the formula increased detection=ThinPrep+-conventional+x100%conventional+Results: A total of 172 split samples were available for analysis. Twenty-two patients (12.7%) had LGSIL or worse. Forty-three patients (25%) had ASCUS or worse cytology.Conclusion: ThinPrep cytology demonstrated marginally improved detection of LGSIL or worse. The extremely high rate of cytologic abnormality and high quality cytologic service in our institution may explain the minimal improvement seen.
Development of an approach to automatic language identification based on phone recognition

Abstract An Automatic Language Identification (LID) approach is presented. The baseline LID system consists of three parts: (1) hidden Markov model (HMM) based context-independent phone recognizers, (2) language identification score generators and (3) a linear language classifier. The system exploits language-dependent phonotactic constraints and prosodic information. Four methods are proposed to improve the system performance. Two bigram-based interpolated N-gram language models (forward and backward) are used to model the phone sequence constraints of different spoken languages. A context-dependent duration model interpolated by a context-independent duration model is used to capture the duration information. Comparison experiments between the linear classifier and neural network-based final classifiers were conducted. Finally, optimization of language model based on back propagation is proposed. The improved system was evaluated on an 11-language task, and performance reached 13·3% and 26·2% (error rate) for utterances averaging 45 s duration and 10 s duration, respectively. Compared with the baseline system performance, it shows the importance of the issues addressed in this paper for language identification.
Lipedema, a frequently unrecognized problem

Lipedema is characterized by symmetric lower extremity enlargement secondary to the deposition of fat. Lipedema is not rare, but it is commonly misdiagnosed as lymphedema. We describe a 20-year-old woman with massive lower extremity enlargement that did not respond to compression therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lower extremities helped to confirm the diagnosis.
Plasmon modes and correlation functions in quantum wires and Hall bars.

We present microscopic derivations of the one-dimensional low-energy boson effective Hamiltonians of quantum wire and quantum Hall bar systems. The quantum Hall system is distinguished by its spatial separation of oppositely directed electrons. We discuss qualitative differences in the plasmon collective-mode dispersions and the ground-state correlation functions of the two systems that are consequences of this difference. The slowly decaying quasisolid correlations expected in a quantum wire are strongly suppressed in quantum Hall bar systems. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Liver Lipid Deposition in Caged Layers as Influenced by Fermentation By-Products and Level of Dietary Fat

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of 20% brewers dried grains (BDG), 10 to 20% distillers dried grains (DDGS), and 10% distillers dried solubles (DDS) in equicaloric-equifat and isonitrogenous corn-soy diets on hepatic lipid accumulation in caged layers. To assess the effect of dietary fat on liver fat, a low fat (3.3%) diet was compared to the high-fat basal. Experiment 1 was conducted in a controlled environment house for 8 weeks. Inclusion of fermentation by-products reduced (P .05). Experiment 2 was conducted in summer in an open-sided house for 9 weeks with the same treatments. The results were similar to the first experiment except that liver hemorrhages were observed in the hens not fed fermentation by-products. Birds fed 20% BDG or DDGS had lower (P≤.05) liver fat than those fed 10% DDGS or DDS. In both experiments dietary fat had no significant effect on liver fat content or performance. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of brewers and distillers fermentation by-products in controlling liver lipid accumulation in caged layers fed equicaloric-equifat and isonitrogenous corn-soy diets. This response is not related to the level of dietary fat and appears to be induced by an intrinsic nutritional property of these by-products.
Voltage-gated K + channels in human T lymphocytes: a role in mitogenesis?

Membrane receptors and ion transport mechanisms probably have an important role in lymphocyte activation leading to T-lymphocyte proliferation in the immune response. Here we have applied a gigaohm-seal patch clamp technique1 to reveal the identity and properties of ion channels in human T lymphocytes. A voltage-dependent potassium channel bearing a resemblance to the delayed rectifier of nerve and muscle cells was found to be the predominant ion channel in these cells. In the whole cell recording conformation, the channels open with sigmoid kinetics during depolarizing voltage steps, reaching a maximum K+ conductance of 3–5 nS. The current subsequently becomes almost completely inactivated during a long-lasting depolarization. Currents through single K+ channels recorded in whole cell and outside-out patch recording conformations reveal a unitary channel conductance of about 16 pS in normal Ringer solution. Thus, the peak current corresponds to approximately 200–300 conducting K+ channels per cell. Phytohaemag-glutinin (PHA), at concentrations that produce mitogenesis, alters K+ channel gating within 1 min of addition to the bathing solution, causing channels to open more rapidly and at more negative membrane potentials. 3H-thymidine incorporation by T lymphocytes following PHA stimulation is inhibited by the ‘classical’ K+ channel blockers tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine, and also by quinine, at doses found to block the K+ channel in voltage-clamped T lymphocytes, suggesting that K+ channels may play a part in mitogenesis.
Identification of novel HMGA2 fusion sequences in lipoma: Evidence that deletion of let-7 miRNA consensus binding site 1 in the HMGA2 3′ UTR is not critical for HMGA2 transcriptional upregulation

Lipoma is a benign tumor composed of mature adipocytes and one of the most common mesenchymal tumors seen in adults. Rearrangement of HMGA2 in chromosome band 12q15 has been found in approximately 60-70% of ordinary lipomas with cytogenetic abnormalities. Herein, we report two novel HMGA2 fusion sequences in lipomas with chromosome 12 rearrangements. Cytogenetic studies showed 12q abnormalities in both cases, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed the involvement of HMGA2 in each instance. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR experiments revealed that one lipoma contained a fusion of the HMGA2 3' untranslated region (UTR) to a genomic area downstream of the DYRK2 locus on 12q15; the second lipoma showed a fusion of the HMGA2 3' UTR to a genomic sequence upstream of the DCN locus on 12q21. In both instances the breakpoint on HMGA2 occurred downstream to let-7 miRNA (microRNA) consensus binding site (CBS) 1. These two and several other previously reported tumors containing HMGA2 3' UTR rearrangements show breakpoints after let-7 miRNA CBS 1, which suggests that the elimination of this miRNA binding site is not critical for driving HMGA2 transcriptional upregulation.
Reanalysis of Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer observations over the lunar poles

[1] Components of the neutron energy spectrum measured by instruments on the Lunar Prospector (LP) spacecraft have been optimistically interpreted as indicating massive deposits of water ice or other hydrogenic minerals in the polar regions of the Moon. An independent reanalysis of the theory of leakage neutrons shows that in addition to the observed depressions of the epithermal neutron flux the signature of polar hydrogen in the lunar regolith would have included a distinctive increase in the thermal neutron flux that apparently was not detected. Other simulations of LP neutron data show that the neutron signature of a mineralogical anomaly as simple as a localized excess of silicate would be about the same as that of hydrogen. A deficit of CaO would produce the LP result, that is, a decrease of epithermal neutrons with no noticeable change in the thermal neutron flux. Other more complicated mineral variants could yield similar effects. What is clear is that the existence of polar water ice or hydride deposits has not been proven by analyses of Lunar Prospector data.
Observations of “Arctic Haze” during the “Ptarmigan” weather reconnaissance flights, 1948-1961

114 “Ptarmigan” weather reconnaissance flights over the Alaskan Arctic during 1948-1961 were analyzed for reports of “Arctic Haze” (~400 reports). Arctic Haze can reduce horizontal visibility significantly and is most frequently reported during late winter and spring, but is also found during early winter and summer. Haze is reported everywhere within the Alaskan Arctic at altitudes between the surface and 6 km. Anticyclonic silrface pressure conditions are characteristic of Arctic Haze; “clear skies” weather conditions were predominantly present with haze observations during the winter months, “cloudy skies” were predominantly present with haze observations during the summer months. We hypothesize that Arctic Haze has a dual character of origin: it is pollution-derived during winter and early spring, and desert dust-derived during late spring and summer. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00234.x
Magnetic Field Dependence of the A-like to B-like Transition of Superfluid 3He in Aerogel

Longitudinal ultrasound attenuation of superfluid 3He in 98% aerogel has been measured at 33 bar and 6.22 MHz in the presence of magnetic fields up to 4.44 kG. The A-like to B-like (A-B like) phase transition in aerogel was identified by a rounded jump in attenuation while sweeping the temperature at a fixed magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation. The suppression of the B-like phase was monitored as the magnetic field increased until the A-like phase region extended below our lowest attainable temperature (0.2 mK) at the highest field. In addition, the attenuation in the metastable A-like phase that appears when cooling in zero magnetic field was almost identical to the values observed in the A-like phase in high magnetic field.
Low-fat, monounsaturate-rich diets reduce susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to peroxidation ex vivo

Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the process of atherosclerosis. The susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and the amount of peroxidation products formed are influenced by the lipoprotein content of 18∶1 n−9, 18∶2n−6, and the 18∶2n−6/18∶1n−9 ratio, which is dependent in part on dietary fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to determine if changing from a typical American diet to a low-fat, monousaturate-rich diet (LFMR) would result in favorable alterations in the fatty acid composition and oxidative profile of LDL in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Free-living postmennopausal hypercholesterolemic women who routinely consumed a diet moderately high in total fat and total saturates (34 and 11%, respectively) followed an LFMR diet (26% fat, 6% saturated fat, and 14% monounsaturated fat) for 6 mon. Sixteen postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women already following standard low-fat (LF) diets acted as a control for seasonal variations in serum lipids. LDL from randomly selected subjects (LF n=6, LFMR n=5) was evaluated. LFMR diets resulted in LDL with increased concentrations and percentages of 18∶1n−9, reduced 18∶2n−6/18∶1n−9 ratio, and lower percentages of 18∶2n−6. No significant changes in LDL fatty acids occurred in the LF group. Conjugated diene lag time increased in both groups during copper-induced in vitro oxidation. Only the LFMR group experienced an increase in lipid peroxide lag time and a decrease in lipid peroxide formation. The LFMR diet was well tolerated and may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
A Web-Based Approach for Helping Communities Become More "Aging Friendly"

This article describes an online conference and supporting Web site designed to help communities become better places in which to age. The “Creating Aging-Friendly Communities” online conference was designed to capture the emerging knowledge being accumulated by researchers, advocacy groups, grassroots organizations, and local governments across the country, and make it available to others who were interested in learning what they could do to make their communities more aging friendly. The article begins with a brief overview of the concept of “aging-friendliness,” followed by evidence regarding the effectiveness of online modalities as mechanisms for knowledge dissemination. It then describes the innovative conference format, examining the extent to which the conference goals were achieved. The article concludes with implications for online learning modalities in general and efforts to foster aging-friendly communities in particular.
Hypomagnesemia following correction of metabolic acidosis: a case of hungry bones

Severe symptomatic hypomagnesemia (0.15 mmol/L [0.3 mEq/L]) and hypocalcemia (1.47 mmol/L [5.9 mg/dL]) occurred in a 4-week-old infant coincidental with correction of a severe renal tubular acidosis with alkali therapy. The patient had no evidence of gastrointestinal abnormality and magnesium (Mg) intake was adequate for age and weight. Extreme renal conservation of Mg was observed, supporting the presence of Mg depletion. We suggest that Mg depletion in this infant occurred due to acidosis-induced bone demineralization and that symptomatic hypomagnesemia was precipitated by rapid remineralization accompanying correction of systemic acidosis. This patient represents a novel case of hungry bone syndrome (HBS). Since HBS has not been described previously in patients with acidosis undergoing therapy, several other factors may have contributed to this patient's severe hypomagnesemia, namely, prematurity, twin status, severity of acidosis, rapidity of correction of acidosis, catch-up growth and calcium supplementation. Clinicians should be vigilant for HBS in infants with severe acidosis undergoing alkali therapy.
Inhibition by adriamycin of the mitochondrial biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and implication for the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in cancer patients

Summary Steps were standardized as a control system for the mitochondrial biosynthesis of coenzyme Q 10 from radioactive p-hydroxybenzoic acid. In this system, adriamycin inhibited the biosynthesis. Adriamycin and the reference inhibitor of the functionality of CoQ 10 -enzymes at the same concentration gave the same inhibition of biosynthesis. Whatever the mechanism(s) may be for this inhibition by adriamycin of biosynthesis of CoQ 10 , in conjunction with the known inhibition by adriamycin of the functionality of CoQ 10 -enzymes, the net result could partially account for the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in cancer patients. Administration of CoQ 10 to such patients could circumvent depressed biosynthesis and the inhibition of CoQ 10 -enzymes with some possible reduction of cardiotoxicity.
Cost analysis on renewable full-service warranties for multi-component systems

Abstract This paper presents a novel warranty policy named ‘full-service warranty’ (FSW) for repairable multi-component systems under which the failed component(s) or subsystem(s) will be replaced, in addition, a (perfect) maintenance action will be performed to reduce the chance of future system failure, both free of charge to consumers. Such a policy is desirable for both consumers and manufacturers since consumers receive better warranty service compared to the traditional free repair policy, at the same time, manufacturers may enjoy increase in sale as well as cost-saving due to improved product reliability by the maintenance action. Under the renewable FSW policy, from manufacturers’ point of view, cost models for complex systems with series, parallel, series–parallel (s–p) and parallel–series (p–s) structure are developed. Exact expressions for the first and second centered moments of warranty cost per product sold are obtained. Sensitivity analysis is performed based on a numerical example.
Synthesis and characterization of hardness-enhanced multilayer oxide films for high-temperature applications

Abstract Multilayer oxide coatings consisting of amorphous Al 2 O 3 and crystalline TiO 2 nanolayers have been deposited using reactive pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering at different partial pressures of oxygen. Hardness enhancement has been observed in oxide multilayer coatings with amorphous Al 2 O 3 as the majority component. These coatings had greater hardness-to-modulus ratios and showed greater resistance to wear over monolithic Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 majority phase multilayers. Multilayer films retain their high hardness up to ~ 800 °C in air; some hardness enhancement in the Al 2 O 3 majority phase multilayer coating remains even after 1 h of air annealing at 1000 °C. The hardness decrease at elevated temperatures is due to the roughening of interfaces between nanolayers, which can be attributed to the annealing-driven change of crystallographic texture of TiO 2 layers.
Laser photodissociation of PuF6 and transient product absorption in the visible

Abstract PuF 6 moleculs were flash-photolyzed in a static cell at 248 nm using a KrF excimer laser. The absorption by the transient product was detected in the wavelength region of 500–850 nm by probing the photolysis volume coaxially with a cw source. A measurement of the product absorption cross section at 632.8 nm is shown. The product absorption decay is discussed in terms of primary photolytic reactions among the product species.
Why U.S. firms delist from the Tokyo stock exchange: An empirical analysis

Abstract We investigate possible reasons for voluntary delistings by U.S. firms from the Tokyo Stock Exchange from 1982 to 2005. We find that the small shareholder base, as measured by low turnover, for U.S. stocks in Japan helps to explain the voluntary foreign delistings. This finding is consistent, from the converse, with the foreign listing literature, which cites enhanced shareholder base and liquidity as two of the reasons for foreign listing. Further investigations rule out the sample firms' financial and operating performances, including the percentage of export sales, as a likely reason for the low turnover and, thus, the voluntary foreign delistings.
Association of beta-blocker use with increased aortic wave reflection.

Abstract Studies have found less cardiovascular risk reduction in patients treated with beta-blockers (BBs) compared with other agents. We compared the severity of aortic atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and wave reflection in patients treated and not treated with BBs. Seventy-two patients, 37 treated with BBs and 35 not treated, referred for transesophageal echocardiography were studied. Augmentation index (AI), heart-rate-corrected AI (AI-75), aortic systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and aortic intima-media thickness (MAIMT) were measured. There were no differences in MAIMT (2.8 ± 1.6 mm vs. 2.4 ± 1.2 mm, P = .20) and PWV (8.9 ± 2.0 m/s vs. 8.5 ± 2.6 m/s, P = .46) between the BB and non-BB groups. The BB group had higher AI (28.7 ±11.9% vs. 22.3 ± 14.1%, P = .04), AI-75 (27.7 ± 10.7% vs. 20.1± 11.0%, P = .005), aortic SBP (140 ± 21 mm Hg vs. 125 ± 21 mm Hg, P = .01), and aortic pulse pressure (62 ± 20 mm Hg vs. 47 ± 19 mm Hg, P = .01) than the non-BB group despite similar brachial blood pressure. BB use was associated with increased aortic wave reflection despite similar degree of aortic atherosclerosis.
End-group determination of oligosaccharides: a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method for distinguishing between all D-aldohexoses and D-ketohexoses.

Abstract A method for end-group determination of oligosaccharides is described, which involves conversion of the reducing monosaccharide into a 1-deoxy-1-hydrazinohexitol heptaacetate (aldohexoses) or an epimeric pair of 2-deoxy-2-hydrazinohexitol heptaacetates (2-ketohexoses). Products are linear and unique to each aldohexose or ketohexose. Methods are reported for separation of all stereoisomers of the derivatives on single columns by gas chromatography. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry with electron-impact ionization enabled the 1-deoxy-1-hydrazinohexitol heptaacetates and 2-deoxy-2-hydrazinohexitol heptaacetates to be independently identified in each others presence. Chemical-ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry permitted derivatives to be identified in subpicomolar quantities. The non-acetylated compounds could also be identified as their hydrochlorides by 1H NMR spectroscopy.