cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catecholamine effects on blood pressure and heart rate in warm- and cold-acclimated American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana)

The effects of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), phenylephrine (PHE), and isoproterenol (ISO) were studied in vivo on the blood pressure and heart rate of the conscious American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Bullfrogs were chronically cannulated with a T cannula in the right sciatic artery. In warm-acclimated (22 degrees, W-A) bullfrogs, baseline mean systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) prior to catecholamine infusion was 16.8 +/- 1.1 mm Hg and mean preinfusion heart rate (HR) was 36.4 +/- 2.1 beats per min. In contrast, cold-acclimated bullfrogs (5 degrees, C-A) had baseline SAP values of 7.4 +/- 0.7 mm Hg and HR values of 6.9 +/- 0.3 beats per min. W-A bullfrogs infused with ISO (0.03 to 30 micrograms/kg body wt) demonstrated a dose-related increase in HR, while the HR of C-A bullfrogs did not respond to any tested dose of ISO. ISO administered to W-A bullfrogs exposed to 5 degrees for 60 min produced no significant HR increase. When the animals were returned to 22 degrees, the HR response to ISO was restored. ISO did not affect SAP in either group. E, NE, and PHE increased SAP in both W-A and C-A bullfrogs, with E the most effective. All three catecholamines affected the SAP of C-A animals less than the W-A group. In W-A bullfrogs, E, NE, and PHE decreased HR, while no effect on HR was observed in the C-A group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SPIN FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS IN NIAR

Abstract Quartet—doublet optical transitions in the isolated NiAr+ ion have been observed by photodissociation excitation spectroscopy. Three low-lying quartet states correlating to two different spin—orbit components of the Ni+ d8s (4Fj) + Ar(1S) dissociation limit have been characterized and the vibrational frequency, anharmonicity, and diabatic binding energy of these states has been measured. The adiabatic binding energy of the ground state of the ion is accurately determined from the two excited limits as 4572 ± 5 cm−1, more than twice the diabatic binding of the excited quarter states. The mechanism for the photodissociation of the excited states is found to involve coupling between adjacent spin—orbit components of the quartet asymptote.
Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction☆

Abstract This paper develops a framework for analyzing the competitive implications of innovation. The framework is based on the concept of transilience — the capacity of an innovation to influence the established systems of production and marketing. Application of the concept results in a categorization of innovation into four types. Examples from the technical history of the US auto industry are used to illustrate the concepts and their applicability. The analysis shows that the categories of innovation are closely linked to different patterns of evolution and to different managerial environments. Special emphasis is placed on the role of incremental technical change in shaping competition and on the possibilities for a technology based reversal in the process of industrial maturity.
Relational Being: A Brief Introduction

My hopes for my book, Relational Being (2009), were several in number. After placing the tradition of the individual or independent self under critical scrutiny, the initial attempt was to generate an account of persons as inherently relational. If the origin of all meaning lies within collaborative action (co-action), then not only does the individual self but, indeed, all intelligible action find its origins in relationship. From this standpoint, all psychological process can then be reconstructed as relational process. These conceptions were then linked to practices of research, education, therapy, and organizational change. Finally, their relevance to morality and spirituality were explored.
An experimental–computational approach to the investigation of damage evolution in discontinuously reinforced aluminum matrix composite

Abstract A combined experimental–computational approach to study the evolution of microscopic damage to cause failure in commercial SiC particle reinforced DRAs is dealt with. Determination of aspects of microstructural geometry that are most critical for damage nucleation and evolution forms a motivation for this work. An interrupted testing technique is invoked where the load is halted in the material instability zone, following necking but prior to fracture. Sample microstructures in the severely necked region are microscopically examined in three dimensions using a serial sectioning method. The micrographs are then stacked sequentially on a computer to reconstruct three-dimensional microstructures. Computer simulated equivalent microstructures with elliptical or ellipsoidal particles and cracks are constructed for enhanced efficiency, which are followed by tessellation into meshes of two- and three-dimensional Voronoi cells. Various characterization functions of geometric parameters are generated and sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the influence of morphological parameters on damage. Micromechanical modeling of two-dimensional micrographs are conducted with the Voronoi cell finite element method (VCFEM). Inferrences on the initiation and propagation of damage are made from the two-dimensional simulations. Finally, the effect of size and characteristic lengths of representative material element (RME) on the extent of damage in the model systems is investigated.
Sleep Disturbance in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multicenter Analysis

Background/Aims: Evidence suggests that patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may have more nocturnal sleep disturbance than patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sough
Translabial ultrasound assessment of the anal sphincter complex: normal measurements of the internal and external anal sphincters at the proximal, mid-, and distal levels

The purpose of this study was to measure the internal and external anal sphincters using translabial ultrasound (TLU) at the proximal, mid, and distal levels of the anal sphincter complex. The human review committee approval was obtained and all women gave written informed consent. Sixty women presenting for gynecologic ultrasound for symptoms other than pelvic organ prolapse or urinary or anal incontinence underwent TLU. Thirty-six (60%) were asymptomatic and intact, 13 symptomatic and intact, and 11 disrupted. Anterior–posterior diameters of the internal anal sphincter at all levels and the external anal sphincter at the distal level were measured in four quadrants. Mean sphincter measurements are given for symptomatic and asymptomatic intact women and are comparable to previously reported endoanal MRI and ultrasound measurements.
2,6-Dimethylaniline—hemoglobin adducts from lidocaine in humans

Lidocaine (xylocaine) is utilized for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias which occur during cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction and as a local anesthetic. Recent data from the National Toxicology Program reported that a principal metabolite in man, 2,6-dimethylaniline, is carcinogenic in rats. In addition, the putative metabolite N-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline has been reported to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. N-Hydroxy metabolites of aromatic amines may be oxidized by hemoglobin to the corresponding nitroso metabolites and the nitroso may covalently bind to cysteine groups in hemoglobin as the corresponding sulfinic acid amide. Since hemoglobin binding is an indirect measure of the formation of the N-hydroxy metabolite, we have examined the possibility that lidocaine or a metabolite may similarly covalently bind to hemoglobin in rats and humans. Using a previously developed gas chromatographic-mas spectrometric assay, hemoglobin adducts of 2,6-dimethylaniline were detected covalently bound to rat hemoglobin after administration of either 2,6-dimethylaniline or lidocaine. Consistent with previously reported observations, low levels of 2,6-dimethylaniline-hemoglobin adducts were also observed in human subjects before lidocaine administration. Following administration of lidocaine, all patients had much higher levels of 2,6-dimethylaniline-hemoglobin adducts. Differences in adduct levels in patients treated with lidocaine (70-3760 mg) ranged from 93 to 636 ng/g hemoglobin. These data indicate that N-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline is a metabolite of lidocaine in man.
Oxidation of 1,3-butadiene to (R)- and (S)-butadiene monoxide by purified recombinant cytochrome P450 2E1 from rabbit, rat and human

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a gas used widely in the rubber and plastics industry as an intermediate in production processes and has been detected in automobile exhaust and cigarette smoke. BD requires metabolic activation to exert toxicity and has been shown to be carcinogenic in rodents. IARC has classified BD as a group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) carcinogen. The initial oxidation of BD to butadiene monoxide (BMO) occurs primarily via cytochrome P450 2E1 and two stereoisomers of BMO (R and S) can be formed. (R) and (S)-BMO are metabolized differently and demonstrate markedly different toxicities in isolated rat hepatocytes. This work examined the generation of (R) and (S)-BMO from BD by cytochrome P450 2E1 from rabbit, rat and human. BMO level was measured by GC-MS analysis and enantiomeric composition was determined by GC-FID. The greatest rate of formation of BMO from BD was obtained with rabbit cytochrome P4502E1 followed by human and then by rat. Enantiomeric distribution of R and S-BMO produced by the three species demonstrated no significant differences.
Differential effects of triazolam and ethanol on awareness, memory, and psychomotor performance

Eight normal, healthy, male volunteers each received four triazolam doses (0, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms/kg) and four ethanol doses (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) in a double-blind, double-dummy experiment in which within-subject dose sequence was determined by a balanced Latin square design. Triazolam and ethanol produced dose-related and time-related effects on subject ratings of mood and perceived drug effects and objective measures of memory and psychomotor performance. Dose-response curves for the two drugs were not parallel, and therefore, comparisons of the two drugs were based upon comparisons of the high dose of each drug. Although the two high-dose conditions generally were not different from one another, there were differences in their relative effect sizes, which were important. The high dose of each drug produced comparable degrees of impairment on two different psychomotor tasks. Triazolam, but not ethanol, produced significant impairment on two different memory tasks. The relative effects of each drug on subject ratings of mood and perceived drug effects varied across different subject-rated measures. Only ethanol significantly increased subject ratings of alcohol strength and feeling drunk. In comparison to ethanol, triazolam tended to produce less-pronounced subject ratings of drug effect magnitude, drug liking, and estimated performance impairment. However, less-pronounced subjective effects of triazolam were not universally observed on all subject ratings. Triazolam produced greater effects on several sedative symptoms and produced comparable effects on several mood factor scales.
Do mergers improve hospital productivity

This paper complements the existing literature on hospital mergers by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to generate both efficiency and productivity measures to ascertain whether hospital mergers, at least in the short run, result in performance gains. Using data over the period 1996–1998, we apply DEA, both pre-merger and post-merger, to set of hospitals that merged in 1997 as well as to a matching control group of non-merging hospitals over the same timeframe. A comparison of DEA efficiency scores and the Malmquist index values across the case and control hospitals allow us to assess whether any increase in productivity is the result of a merger rather than simply and randomly adding two hospitals' inputs and outputs together.
Growth parameters and meat quality of finishing hogs supplemented with creatine monohydrate and a high glycemic carbohydrate for the last 30 days of production.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and meat quality of hogs supplemented with creatine monohydrate (CMH) and (or) a simple carbohydrate (dextrose) for the last 30 days of production. Crossbred market barrows ( n =32; 75 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of eight pens with four animals per pen. Dietary treatments were a control (normal corn and soybean meal diet), CMH (control diet supplemented with 0.55% CMH), DEXT (control diet supplemented with 2.1% dextrose), and COMBO (control diet supplemented with CMH and DEXT). Average daily gain on test, fat depth, hot carcass weight, and LMA (postmortem dot grid measurement) were not affected by dietary treatment. However, a nonsignificant trend ( P =0.07) was observed for 10th rib loin muscle area (LMA) gain on test as determined by real-time ultrasound comparisons over the course of the 30 days feeding duration (COMBO=4.24 cm 2 increase vs. control=1.0 cm 2 increase). No significant differences in pork quality were noted across treatment groups.
Rapid Communication: Activation of Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase by Phorbol and Protein Kinase C Pathway

Insulin (INS) stimulates, and diabetes inhibits, low Km cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). This mechanism, at least in part, accounts for the lowering of cyclic AMP levels in plasma and tissue of diabetic patients and animals. Phorbol, a tumor-promoting agent known to act through protein kinase C and calcium translocation, exhibits a powerful effect stimulating PDE in rat adipose tissue. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits insulin, but not phorbol stimulated PDE. These data demonstrate new effects of inositide diacylglycerol-Ca++ pathway components on PDE and suggest some common pathways of activation of low Km cAMP PDE through insulin and phorbol esters.
A Clinical Appraisal of Pentapyrrolidinium (M&B 2050) in Hypertensive Patients

The new ganglionic blocking agent, pentapyrrolidinium or M&B 2050, appears to have several distinct advantages over hexamethonium in the treatment of severe hypertension. These advantages include longer duration of action, greater potency, less tolerance, less interference with intestinal motility, and, most important, a more uniform response from day to day on oral administration. However, critical adjustment of dosage is necessary and side effects are not infrequent, the most disturbing being postural faintness and impotence.
Gaussian curvature on singular surfaces

We consider prescribing Gaussian curvature on surfaces with conical singularities in both critical and supercritical cases. First we prove a variant of Kazdan-Warner type necessary conditions. Then we obtain sufficient conditions for a function to be the Gaussian curvature of some pointwise conformai singular metric. We only require that the values of the function are not too large at singular points of the metric with the smallest angle, say, less or equal to 0, or less than its average value. To prove the results, we apply some new ideas and techniques. One of them is to estimate the total curvature along a certain minimizing sequence by using the “Distribution of Mass Principle” and the behavior of the critical points at infinity.
On the Mayne-Fraser smoothing formula and stochastic realization theory for nonstationary linear stochastic systems

This paper is a shortened version of [1], its basic purpose being to provide an easily accessible introduction to the results of [1], many of which are presented here without proofs. However, we have tried to rearrange the material of [1], changing the logical order in which various topics are introduced, and occasionally we regard the results from a somewhat different angle. This has been done to increase the present paper's usefulness as a complement to [1]. The work reported here is aimed at providing a theory of smoothing in the context of stochastic realization theory. This approach enables us to obtain stochastic interpretations of many important smoothing formulas and to explain the relationship between them. In this paper, however, we shall only consider one such formula, namely the Mayne-Fraser two-filter formula, which has a very natural interpretation in the stochastic realization setting; we refer the reader to [1] for further results. As a by-product, we also obtain certain results on the stochastic realization problem itself.
Towards an early-warning system for global landslides triggered by rainfall and earthquake

Drawing upon the recent advances of satellite remote-sensing technology and landslide modelling techniques, a framework is proposed to attempt an early-warning system for landslide hazards after heavy rainfall and/or earthquake, the two major triggers for landslides. This framework includes three major components: (1) a landslide susceptibility information database, including geology, elevation, topography, soil, and land-cover types; (2) a real-time space-borne precipitation estimation system (http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov); and (3) a near-real-time ground-shaking prediction system after earthquakes (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/). The ultimate goal of this framework is to rapidly predict landslide potential after large earthquakes and/or heavy rainfall by combing the dynamic triggers with landslide susceptibility information derived from high-resolution geospatial datasets. However, the challenge for integrating these real-time systems into an operational landslide prediction network and quickly disseminating alerts around the world is tremendous. It requires continued efforts and interdisciplinary collaboration in the next 2-5 years in order to realize such a system, providing early warning for landslides around the globe in a day-to-day decision-making operation.
Microdemographic variation and family composition in four Thai villages.

Examination of Thai ethnographic materials highlights several problems in comparative analysis of social processes that are population linked. Marked differences in family composition among four Central Thai villages are shown to arise primarily from a common family system operating on different underlying sociocultural and demographic processes. Satisfactory analysis requires detailed demographic data, information on other sociocultural processes, and a formal model of family dynamics relating the demographic to the other kinds of data. Lack of even one of these three components may make comparison meaningless. Demographic anthropology and historical demography provide complementary data well suited to anthropological studies of social organization.
Citation patterns of highly cited papers and their relationship to literature aging: A study of the working literature

Citation patterns of 400 very highly cited scientific papers are identified and the relationship of citation patterns to literature aging rates is investigated. Standardized citation counts for 1972 through 1980 are used as variables in a cluster analysis which groups papers with similar citation patterns and a discriminant analysis is used to refine the descriptions of clusters and to confirm the results. Among highly cited papers published in 1972, two basic citation patterns are identified: one group is highly cited in the first years following publication and declines in citedness thereafter; the second group reaches its citation peak in the sixth year following publication and declines in citedness in the seventh, eighth, and ninth years of the series. Both groups show general evidence of aging.Price's suggestion that less highly cited papers age more rapidly than more highly cited papers is confirmed.
Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination among young injection and non-injection drug users: missed opportunities to prevent infection.

Abstract Introduction: We examined correlates of HBV infection and vaccination and the missed vaccination opportunities among young injection drug users (IDUs) and non-injection drug users (NIDUs). Methods: Two hundred IDUs and 124 NIDUs aged 15–30 years were studied. Demographics, drug use and sexual behaviors, and health and incarceration history data were collected. Serology was conducted for antibodies to HBV-core antigen (anti-HBc) and HBV-surface antigen (anti-HBs). Presence of anti-HBc indicated past HBV infection; presence of anti-HBs alone indicated past vaccination. Results: More IDUs had been infected with HBV in the past than NIDUs (37% versus 19%, P =0.001). Among male and female IDUs, injection drug use behaviors were significantly associated with past infection. For female IDUs, being African–American and trading sex were also associated with previous infection. Among NIDUs, being female and longer time since sexual debut were associated with past infection. Overall, 11% were vaccinated (10% IDU versus 14% NIDU, P =0.30). Younger age and drug treatment history were associated with vaccination. Most susceptibles (84%) experienced at least one missed opportunity for vaccination. Conclusion: Young drug users remain at high risk for HBV infection. Vaccination rates remain low despite multiple opportunities for vaccination. An integrated HBV immunization effort should be coordinated among venues frequented by young drug users.
Prandtl Number Dependence of Natural Convection in Porous Media

The effect of Prandtl number of a medium on heat transfer across a horizonal layer was measured. Stainless steel particles of diameters 1.6, 3.2, and 4.8 mm, glass particles of diameters 2.5 and 6.00 mm, and lead particles of diameter 0.95 mm were used with silicon oil, water and mercury as working fluids. The bed height was varied from 2.5 to 12 cm. Experimental results are presented showing Nusselt number as a function of medium Rayleigh number with the effective Prandtl number, defined as the product of medium Prandtl number and Kozeny--Carmen constant, serving as a parameter. Correlations for Nusselt number are given for effective Prandtl number less than 0.1 and for effective Prandtl number greater than 0.1, which corresponds to an infinite effective Prandtl number. For the steel--water case the wavenumber is shown as a function of medium Rayleigh number.
The Treatment of Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia with Bilateral Cervico-thoracic Sympathetic-ganglionectomy: A Report of Two Cases

Two patients had bilateral cervico-thoracic sympatho-ganglionectomy for treatment of disabling symptoms due to refractory ventricular tachycardia. In both patients treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs singly, in combination, or together with pacemaker overdrive had been ineffective in controlling this arrhythmia. Both patients had normal coronary arteriograms. Bilateral thoracic sympathectomy appears to facilitate medical management of ventricular tachycardia in selected patients who are refractory to the usual medical treatment.
Self-similar decay of three-dimensional homogeneous turbulence with hyperviscosity.

Numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations with hyperviscosity (-1${)}^{\mathit{h}+1}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}^{\mathit{h}}$ (h=8) show that periodic-box turbulence exhibits self-similar decay. The inertial-range energy spectrum has the scaling law E(t${)}^{2/3}$/${\mathit{k}}^{5/3}$, where E(t) is the energy dissipation rate at time t. The total energy of the system decreases at 1/${\mathit{t}}^{2}$. The concept of constant Reynolds number decay is introduced, enabling us to perform long time averages and reliably measure higher-order correlation functions. Comparisons are made with the case of forced turbulence reported earlier.
The Advantage of Asexual Reproduction: When is it Two-fold?

Abstract The classical two-fold advantage of asexual reproduction relative to sex can arise from two distinct causes: (i) the absence of male parental investment, or (ii) the asexual females having access to male parental investment when it is available. Both of these causes arise through differences in the deployment of resources prevailing in sexual and asexual populations. This paper aims to clarify the distinction between these alternative advantages, particularly in situations where both may contribute. Advantage (i) depends on the proportion of parental investment contributed by male and female parents, and (i) and (ii) both depend on the sex ratio at maturity. The conditions under which the net advantage is two-fold are identified. In most cases, male parental investment may be negligible, and the sex ratio at maturity close 1:1, in which case an asexual clone is expected to have the classical two-fold advantage (neglecting causes other than the deployment of resources, such as “lethal fertilization” of diploid eggs). However, male parental investment may have played a role in the spread of some asexual and gynogenic populations.
SU-FF-T-389: Prototype Electron Phantom for Radiographic and Radiochromic Film Dosimetry

Purpose: To develop a practical electron beam phantom for use with radiographic and radiochromic film to measure relative dose in a plane containing the central axis. Method and Materials: A prototype Solid Water® film phantom was used to measure 2D dose distributions in a principal plane containing the central axis for 6–20 MeV electron beams. Relative depth‐dose and 2‐D dose distributions were measured in the phantom using both Kodak XV radiographic and GafChromic EBT radiochromic films. To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy of the film‐phantom system, film measurements were compared to equivalent measurements acquired using a scanning diode and water phantom. Dose differences were evaluated with respect to regional criteria of acceptability: (1) high dose, low dose‐gradient region (⩽2 % dose), (2) high dose‐gradient region (⩽2 mm DTA), and (3) low dose, low dose‐gradient region (⩽2 % dose). Results: Radiochromic film depth‐dose measurements (9 and 16 MeV) agreed with diode measurements within criteria in all regions. Radiographic film depth‐dose measurements also agreed well in all regions excluding the build‐up region (<10 mm depth) where measurements were approximately 3% low. For both types of film, 2D dose distributions agreed with diode measurements in all regions of the curve with the maximum error (≈3%) near the surface (95% dose contour). Conclusion: The prototype phantom is capable of measuring relative electron dose distributions using radiographic and radiochromic film that are consistent with measurements taken using a scanning diode in a water phantom. Conflict of Interest: Gammex‐RMI, Inc. provided the prototype phantoms for this study.
Unsteady Navier-Stokes computations past oscillating delta wing at high incidence

The unsteady, thin-layer, compressible Navier-Stokes equations, written in the moving frame of reference for the flow relative motion, is solved for the steady and unsteady supersonic flow around a round-edged delta wing. For supersonic flow, local conical flow solution has been obtained from the three-dimensional equations. Pseudotime stepping is used for the steady flow, while time-accurate stepping is used for the unsteady flow. The computational scheme is an implicit approximately-factored finite volume scheme which uses explicit and implicit dissipation terms. The scheme is verified for the steady flow solution. The scheme is then applied to a delta wing undergoing rolling oscillation at a reduced frequency of 1.137 with 15- deg maximum amplitude about a mean angle of attack of 10 deg for a Mach number of 2 and a Reynolds number of 500,000.
The Adaptation of Diastereomeric S-Prolyl Dipeptide Derivatives to the Quantitative Estimation of R- and S-Leucine Enantiomers

Description of methods developed for the preparation of N-TFA-S(-)prolyl chloride and for synthesizing from it N-TFA-S-prolyl(and S)-leucine methyl ester diastereomers without detectible racemization. These diastereomers prepared by these methods were subjected to GC analyses under conditions permitting baseline separation of two diastereomeric peaks, while peak areas were measured with an electronic digital integrator. Under these conditions, it was found that the known enantiomeric compositions could be duplicated experimentally to an absolute error of only 0.0 to 0.6% over the entire composition range.
Attentional selection of items and spatial locations

The first experiment reported here shows that cuing subjects about the identity of items in advance of a visual display has approximately the same effect on attentional selection (as measured by costs and benefits in reaction time) as cuing the location at which they will appear. The second experiment shows that the “spotlight” of directed spatial attention can be content-specific so that it facilitates perception of some items more than others. Both of these findings challenge the spotlight metaphor of attention by which spatial selection is assumed to precede processing for item identity and in which the spotlight itself is content-neutral. Two alternate hypotheses are proposed.
Effects of bed pressure drop on isothermal and adiabatic adsorber dynamics

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study on the effects of pressure drop on the dynamics of an isothermal fixed bed during adsorption is presented. The system of adsorbate-adsorbent used is oxygen in 13X-PSO 2 zeolite. Simple analytic solutions as well as detailed numerical solutions are compred with the experimental breakthrough curves. The theoretical study is further extended to the case of an industrial-size adiabatic fixed-bed adsorber. The complete numerical simulation involves the solution of heat, mass and momentum balances, using the Galerkin finite element method. An approximate analysis is also attempted using the theory of simple and shock waves. The first conclusion is that the presence of pressure drop leads to an early breakthrough for both concentration and thermal waves, as compared to the case with no pressure drop. Moreover, the constant pattern behavior of concentration and temperature that exists in the absence of pressure drop is distorted when sufficiently high pressure drop is present along the bed, because the concentration—temperature—pressure path in the hodograph space is no longer unique, but varies with time. Another significant conclusion is that the presence of pressure drop can either deflate or inflate the plateau zones of both concentration and temperature waves, depending on the values of certain bed parameters, and in all cases will facilitate the formation of a “pure” thermal wave.
Erasure of high-energy magnetic tape recording media

Abstract The erasure characteristics of CrO 2 , Co−γ-Fe 2 O 3 , Ba ferrite, metal-evaporated and metal particle tapes were examined. It was found that the Ba ferrite sample was the hardest to erase, and the CrO 2 the easiest. For all the media studied, except Ba ferrite, longitudinal ac fields yield higher degrees of erasure than dc fields. Time domain measurements indicated that particle orientation dispersion plays an important role in the erasure process.
A High-Dynamic Range Heterodyne Microwave Receiver for Modulated Scattering Measurements

This paper presents the design of a high-dynamic range heterodyne receiver specifically designed for modulated scatterer technique (MST) applications. Due to the amplitude-modulated nature of the signal, several unique receiver architectures have been reported and implemented for MST measurements, with the most widely used being the homodyne receiver. The proposed design offers a higher dynamic range compared with the homodyne receivers, particularly at high microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. A prototype 24-GHz receiver, based on the proposed design, was built for an MST-based microwave imaging device, and its performance characteristics are presented in this paper.
Whitney levels and certain order arc spaces

Abstract Let X be a metric continuum, μ: C(X) →[0, 1] a Whitney map with C(X) the hyperspace of subcontinua of X , and Λ l s ( X )={order arcs α ∣ α (0)∈ μ −1 ([ s , t ]) and α (1)={ X }}. In this paper, we study the relationships between the Whitney intervals μ −1 ([ s,t ]) and the order arc spaces Λ l s ( X ). We give applications to Whitney properties and obtain some shape and homotopy results about Whitney levels.
Preliminary assessment of the impacts of human activities on gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla and other wildlife at Dzanga‐Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic

The aim of this study was to make preliminary assessments of the effects of human activities on the gorillas and other wildlife in the Dzanga-Ndoki Park and broader Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic. During a month-long survey in 1997, observation and sign of humans and large mammals, including ape nest-sites, were recorded on 81.2 km of line transects in three sectors of the park and reserve. Human activities, including intensities of logging and hunting, appeared to decrease with distance from the population centres and were lower in the park than in the reserve sectors. Encounter rates with sign of duikers Cephalophus spp., monkeys Cercopithecus spp. and Cercocebus albigena, elephants Loxodonta africana, and gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla were generally lower in regions of high human activity in the reserve than in the park sectors. Nevertheless, gorilla nest-site densities did not vary significantly between sectors or with human activity levels. A high frequency of zero (bare ground) nests at RDS suggests that gorilla surveys that rely on line transect methods and use nest decomposition rates from other studies may sometimes underestimate gorilla densities. This study suggests that current levels of exploitation in managed hunting zones of national forest reserves may be negatively affecting targeted wildlife populations in these zones. Assessments should be a regular part of efforts to monitor the health of wildlife populations in managed protected zones. Participation by Central Africans in research will continue to benefit conservation and development efforts.
Ground-Motion Modeling of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, Part I: Validation Using the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

We compute ground motions for the Beroza (1991) and Wald et al. (1991) source models of the 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake using four different wave-propagation codes and recently developed 3D geologic and seismic velocity models. In preparation for modeling the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, we use this well-recorded earthquake to characterize how well our ground-motion simulations reproduce the observed shaking intensities and amplitude and durations of recorded motions throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. All of the simulations generate ground motions consistent with the large-scale spatial variations in shaking associated with rupture directivity and the geologic structure. We attribute the small variations among the synthetics to the minimum shear-wave speed permitted in the simulations and how they accommodate topography. Our long-period simulations, on average, under predict shaking intensities by about one-half modified Mercalli inten- sity (MMI) units (25%-35% in peak velocity), while our broadband simulations, on average, under predict the shaking intensities by one-fourth MMI units (16% in peak velocity). Discrepancies with observations arise due to errors in the source models and geologic structure. The consistency in the synthetic waveforms across the wave- propagation codes for a given source model suggests the uncertainty in the source parameters tends to exceed the uncertainty in the seismic velocity structure. In agree- ment with earlier studies, we find that a source model with slip more evenly distributed northwest and southeast of the hypocenter would be preferable to both the Beroza and Wald source models. Although the new 3D seismic velocity model improves upon previous velocity models, we identify two areas needing improvement. Nevertheless, we find that the seismic velocity model and the wave-propagation codes are suitable for modeling the 1906 earthquake and scenario events in the San Francisco Bay Area. Online Material: Modified Mercalli intensities and velocity waveforms, and a movie of simulated wave propagation.
Development of a versatile intra-articular pressure sensing array

Abstract A new sensor array intended to accurately and directly measure spatial and time-dependent pressures within a highly curved biological intra-articular joint was developed and tested. To evaluate performance of the new sensor array for application within intra-articular joints generally, and specifically to fit within the relatively restrictive space of the lumbar spine facet joint, geometric constraints of length, width, thickness and sensor spatial resolution were evaluated. Additionally, the effects of sensor array curvature, frequency response, linearity, drift, hysteresis, repeatability, and total system cost were assessed. The new sensor array was approximately 0.6 mm in thickness, scalable to below the nominal 12 mm wide by 15 high lumbar spine facet joint size, offered no inherent limitations on the number or spacing of the sensors with less than 1.7% cross talk with sensor immediately adjacent to one another. No difference was observed in sensor performance down to a radius of curvature of 7 mm and a 0.66 ± 0.97% change in sensor sensitivity was observed at a radius of 5.5 mm. The sensor array had less than 0.07 dB signal loss up to 5.5 Hz, linearity was 0.58 ± 0.13% full scale (FS), drift was less than 0.2% FS at 250 s and less than 0.6% FS at 700 s, hysteresis was 0.78 ± 0.18%. Repeatability was excellent with a coefficient of variation less than 2% at pressures between 0 and 1.000 MPa. Total system cost was relatively small as standard commercially available data acquisition systems could be utilized, with no specialized software, and individual sensors within an array can be replaced as needed. The new sensor array had small and scalable geometry and very acceptable intrinsic performance including minimal to no alteration in performance at physiologically relevant ranges of joint curvature.
Emotion, Motivation, and Reward Processing in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: What We Know and Where We Need to Go

Theorists and researchers on schizophrenia spectrum disorders have long recognized the central role that emotional processing may play in these illnesses since the times of Bleuler and Kraepelin.1,2 For example, our current diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia include reference to disturbances in a number of different aspects of emotional processing, including the ability to display affect either facially or vocally, the ability to display emotions that are deemed appropriate to the current context, and the ability to experience or anticipate pleasure. Further, clinicians have long noted the importance of negative mood and depression in understanding function, course, and outcome in this illness. However, despite the centrality of various aspects of emotional processing in several theories of the development of schizophrenia,3–6 there is a surprising dearth of empirical work examining emotion and motivation in schizophrenia, particularly when one considers the huge body of work on other aspects of the illness, such as cognition, hallucinations, and delusions. The need for more empirical data in this regard has recently been recognized in a number of initiatives, including an offshoot of the Measurement and Treatment Research To Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia initiative that has emphasized the importance of more empirical work on negative symptoms in schizophrenia,7,8 which include abnormalities in various aspects of emotional and motivational processing.
Direct action of T3 on phosphorylation potential in the sheep heart in vivo

Thyroid acting through ligand binding to nuclear receptors modifies myocardial respiratory kinetics and oxidative phosphorylation in the heart. Direct nongenomic action of thyroid hormone on high-e...
Growth Condition Dependence Of Rheed Pattern From GaAs (111)B Surface

A 3-dimensional phase diagram is introduced to describe the dependence of the RHEED pattern from GaAS (111)B surface on growth conditions. The 2 {times} 2, transitional (1 {times} 1), and {radical}19 {times} {radical}19 surface reconstructions correspond to different zones in the phase diagram. A equation is given for the planes that separate these zones, which fit experimental data well. Homoepitaxial films on GaAs(111)B grown in the 2 {times} 2 region generally have bad crystal quality as determined by the ion channeling, and growth in the {radical}19 {radical}19 region generally yields rough surface morphology. At higher substrate temperatures ({approximately} 650{degrees}C), featureless films with minimum ion channeling yields of less than 4% are achieved. 13 refs., 6 figs.
Association and dissociation kinetics of colicin E3 and immunity protein 3: convergence of theory and experiment.

The rapid binding of cytotoxic colicin E3 by its cognate immunity protein Im3 is essential in safeguarding the producing cell. The X-ray structure of the E3/Im3 complex shows that the Im3 molecule interfaces with both the C-terminal ribonuclease (RNase) domain and the N-terminal translocation domain of E3. The association and dissociation rates of the RNase domain and Im3 show drastically different sensitivities to ionic strength, as previously rationalized for electrostatically enhanced diffusion-limited protein–protein associations. Relative to binding to the RNase domain, binding to full-length E3 shows a comparable association rate but a significantly lower dissociation rate. This outcome is just what was anticipated by a theory for the binding of two linked domains to a protein. The E3/Im3 system thus provides a powerful paradigm for the interplay of theory and experiment.
The Place of Languages in the National Defense Program

N ATIONAL security-the protection of our country, our people, and our way of life from aggression or the threat of aggression, is a national objective.* Our national strategy is directed towards the attainment of our national objectives and involves employment of all of our national resources. These resources are both tangible and intangible and include political, economic, social, psychological and military factors. These factors are closely related, mutually supporting, and to a large extent indivisible. The advances of technology have introduced an additional aspect to the attainment of our national objectives. It has become apparent that our national security is now interrelated with the security of other freedom-loving nations. A common danger is binding all of these nations ever closer together to combat the spreading threat of international Communism which apparently aims to substitute a Kremlin dictatorship for democratic government all over the world.
Sleep problems in a racially diverse chronic pain population.

Objective: This study describes and compares sleep disturbances in chronic pain patients while assessing the role of age, race, gender, and psychological health on sleep. Methods: Self-report data fitted from chronic pain patients (N = 4269) presenting for initial assessment were fitted to regression models predicting difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and overall sleep quality. Results: We found high prevalence of difficulty falling (71.1%) and staying asleep (78.3%), and relatively poor sleep quality (9.76 ± 2.86; 3 = best; 18 = worse). Blacks, men, and younger people with chronic pain were at higher risk for poor sleep quality and difficulty falling asleep. Significant interactions between race, age, gender, and sleep were identified. Sleep improved with age, but the gender gap in difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep quality was greatest at younger age, with young men at greatest risk. Young black men had more difficulty staying asleep, with a significant improvement with age. Individuals with chronic pain most at risk for sleep disturbances differed from those identified in general populations. Discussion: The ability of health professionals to identify individuals at risk for sleep disturbance and to understand the dynamics of sleep, pain, and psychological health could improve healthcare quality.
Examining ethnic, gender, and developmental differences in the way children report being a victim of "bullying" on self-report measures

Abstract Purpose Racial/ethnic differences in children's self-reports of being a frequent victim of bullying were assessed via two commonly used strategies: a definition-based single-item measure and behavior-based multiresponse measure. Methods Logistic regression analyses were conducted on survey data from 24,345 youth to examine ethnic differences in youths' responses to definition-based and behavior-based measures of victimization. Separate analyses were conducted for boys and girls at different school levels. Results Prevalence estimates were higher using the behavior-based measure than definition-based measure. Several ethnic differences emerged, such that African American youth tended to be less likely than their white counterparts to indicate that they were bullied using the definition-based measure. African American girls and African American and Asian middle-school boys who reported being a victim via the behavior-based measure were less likely to report being a frequent victim of "bullying" via the definition-based measure. Conclusion Prevalence estimates vary considerably by the way in which victimization is assessed. African American youth who were victimized tended to under-report being a victim of "bullying." Self-report studies of bullying should carefully consider the measures used to assess victimization.
Estimating throughput in an unbalanced assembly-like flow system

We consider an assembly-like flow system where the assembly machine is fed from the storage buffers of two input machines. All machines are subject to random failures and the input machines have higher rate of production than the assembly machine, so that the assembly machine becomes the bottleneck of the system. We derive an approximate expression for the steady-state average throughput of the system and indicate how it can be used to optimally size buffers.
Do we want more cancer patients on clinical trials If so, what are the barriers to greater accrual

It is often stated that only a small proportion of adult cancer patients participate in clinical trials. This is said to be a bad thing, with calls for more trials to include more patients. Here I argue that whether or not greater accrual to clinical trials would be a good thing depends on the trials we conduct. The vast majority of clinical trials in cancer are currently early phase trials, and most do not lead to further studies even if they have encouraging results. The key metric is thus not the number of patients on clinical trials, but the number on the sort of large, randomized, Phase III trials that can be used as a basis for clinical decisions. I also address two important barriers to greater clinical trial participation. The first barrier is financial: clinical research has long been the poor cousin of basic research, with perhaps no more than a nickel in the cancer research dollar going to clinical research. The second barrier is regulatory: clinical research has become so overburdened by regulation that it takes years to initiate a trial, and dedicated staff just to deal with the paperwork once the trial starts. This not only adds significantly to the costs of clinical research, but scares many young investigators away. It has been estimated that nearly half of all US-sponsored trials are being conducted abroad, and it is plausible that excessive regulation is at least partly responsible. That statistic should serve as a wake-up call to the US clinical research community to implement the recommendations of the now decade-old report of National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Program Review Group, which largely center around simplifying trials and streamlining trial procedures.
Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey replication.

Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication