cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of intranasal crushed OxyContin and intravenous oxycodone in nondependent prescription opioid abusers.

Prescription opioid misuse and unintentional overdose deaths involving these analgesics are increasing public health concerns among all ages in the United States.1-4 According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, prescription opioid-related overdose deaths have become the leading cause of injury deaths, outpacing motor-vehicle crashes in 6 US states and Washington, DC, in 2006.5 The increases in illicit prescription opioid use and related deaths are associated with a marked increase in number of opioid prescriptions written.6,7 OxyContin (Purdue Pharma) is an extended-release oxycodone formulation approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States with a significant history of aggressive commercial marketing as well as abuse and diversion.8,9 Pharmacokinetic studies of orally administered OxyContin report a mean terminal half-life (t1/2) of approximately 4.5 to 6.5 hours, mean time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of 2.5 to 5 hours, and oral bioavailability equivalent to immediate-release oxycodone (mean 60%, standard deviation [SD] 20%).10-12 Oxycodone is metabolized by N-demethylation via cytochrome P450 3A4 to noroxycodone, its primary metabolite. It is unlikely that noroxycodone contributes to the pharmacodynamic response in humans, because it has 4-fold lower affinity for the receptor than oxycodone and low μ-opioid receptor activation in GTPγS binding studies.13 However, oxycodone also is metabolized by O-demethylation via cytochrome P450 2D6 to oxymorphone,13 a μ-opioid agonist with analgesic potency approximately 10 times that of parenteral morphine.14 Immediate-release oxycodone products are prescribed approximately 5 times more frequently than extended-release oxycodone products; however, emergency department visits report the nonmedical use of extended-release oxycodone products approximately 4 times more often than immediate-release oxycodone products.15 OxyContin tablets can be easily crushed and snorted or injected to bypass the sustained-release feature, which likely contributes to its abuse liability. In 2008, 15% of publically funded substance abuse treatment admissions with prescription opioid abuse (eg, abuse defined as substance causing problems leading to the admission) reported snorting prescription opioids.16 However, there are no intranasal (IN) pharmacokinetic data demonstrating that OxyContin tablets have immediate-release characteristics when crushed, and the IN bioavailability of OxyContin is unknown despite its common misuse by this route. Thus, this study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone and its key metabolites when administered as IN crushed OxyContin tablets compared with intravenous (IV) immediate-release oxycodone solution.
Dynamic Interplay of Transcriptional Machinery and Chromatin Regulates “Late” Expression of the Chemokine RANTES in T Lymphocytes

The chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) is expressed "late" (3 to 5 days) after activation in T lymphocytes. In order to understand the molecular events that accompany changes in gene expression, a detailed analysis of the interplay between transcriptional machinery and chromatin on the RANTES promoter over time was undertaken. Kruppel-like factor 13 (KLF13), a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor, orchestrates the induction of RANTES expression in T lymphocytes by ordered recruitment of effector molecules, including Nemo-like kinase, p300/cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CBP), p300/CBP-associated factor, and Brahma-related gene 1, that initiate sequential changes in phosphorylation and acetylation of histones and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling near the TATA box of the RANTES promoter. These events recruit RNA polymerase II to the RANTES promoter and are responsible for late expression of RANTES in T lymphocytes. Therefore, KLF13 is a key regulator of late RANTES expression in T lymphocytes.
Epitope mapping by random peptide phage display reveals essential residues for vaccinia extracellular enveloped virion spread

A33 is a type II integral membrane protein expressed on the extracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus (VACV). Passive transfer of A33-directed monoclonal antibodies or vaccination with an A33 subunit vaccine confers protection against lethal poxvirus challenge in animal models. Homologs of A33 are highly conserved among members of the Orthopoxvirus genus and are potential candidates for inclusion in vaccines or assays targeting extracellular enveloped virus activity. One monoclonal antibody directed against VACV A33, MAb-1G10, has been shown to target a conformation-dependent epitope. Interestingly, while it recognizes VACV A33 as well as the corresponding variola homolog, it does not bind to the monkeypox homolog. In this study, we utilized a random phage display library to investigate the epitope recognized by MAb-1G10 that is critical for facilitating cell-to-cell spread of the vaccinia virus. By screening with linear or conformational random phage libraries, we found that phages binding to MAb-1G10 display the consensus motif CEPLC, with a disulfide bond formed between two cysteine residues required for MAb-1G10 binding. Although the phage motif contained no linear sequences homologous to VACV A33, structure modeling and analysis suggested that residue D115 is important to form the minimal epitope core. A panel of point mutants expressing the ectodomain of A33 protein was generated and analyzed by either binding assays such as ELISA and immunoprecipitation or a functional assessment by blocking MAb-1G10 mediated comet inhibition in cell culture. These results confirm L118 as a component of the MAb-1G10 binding epitope, and further identify D115 as an essential residue. By defining the minimum conformational structure, as well as the conformational arrangement of a short peptide sequence recognized by MAb-1G10, these results introduce the possibility of designing small molecule mimetics that may interfere with the function of A33 in vivo. This information will also be useful for designing improved assays to evaluate the potency of monoclonal and polyclonal products that target A33 or A33-modulated EV dissemination.
Molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of soil and clinical isolates of Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Cephalobina: Panagrolaimoidea), an opportunistic pathogen of horses

Phylogenetic relationships among six isolates of Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954), a species with pathogenic potential in horses and humans, were evaluated using DNA sequences from the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA) gene. Sequences from nematodes obtained from in vitro cultures (soil or clinical sources), or isolated from infected horse tissues, were compared. Gene sequences from a fatal equine clinical case from southern California and a free-living isolate recovered from southern California soil showed no fixed differences. Sequences from isolates representing two fatal equine cases from North America, one from Ontario, Canada and another from Tennessee also showed no fixed differences. In contrast, two equine cases from Tennessee had 18 fixed differences for this LSU region, the greatest observed among isolates from horses. Phylogenetic analysis of six Halicephalobus sequences and four outgroup taxa by maximum parsimony yielded one tree with five well-supported clades. This phylogeny did not group isolates of Halicephalobus strictly by region of geographic isolation or source of sample, and depicted one clinical and one soil isolate as sister taxa. These results confirm that free-living environmental isolates are potential sources of infection for horses. The phylogeny also reveals that diverse isolates can cause infections in horses within a relatively limited geographic region, and conversely that genetically similar sister taxa can be recovered from geographically distant localities. PCR primers that selectively amplify Halicephalobus DNA were designed and tested based on comparison of closely related nematodes as inferred from phylogenetic analysis.
ARTIFACT, BIAS, AND COMPLEXITY OF ASSESSMENT: THE ABCs OF RELIABILITY

Abstract Interobserver agreement (also referred to here as “reliability”) is influenced by diverse sources of artifact, bias, and complexity of the assessment procedures. The literature on reliability assessment frequently has focused on the different methods of computing reliability and the circumstances under which these methods are appropriate. Yet, the credence accorded estimates of interobserver agreement, computed by any method, presupposes eliminating sources of bias that can spuriously affect agreement. The present paper reviews evidence pertaining to various sources of artifact and bias, as well as characteristics of assessment that influence interpretation of interobserver agreement. These include reactivity of reliability assessment, observer drift, complexity of response codes and behavioral observations, observer expectancies and feedback, and others. Recommendations are provided for eliminating or minimizing the influence of these factors from interobserver agreement.
CoopMAX: A Cooperative MAC with Randomized Distributed Space-Time Coding for an IEEE 802.16 Network

Cooperative communication is a technique that can be employed to meet the increased throughput needs of next-generation WiMAX systems. In a cooperative scenario, multiple stations can jointly emulate the antenna elements of a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system in a distributed fashion. Although distributed space-time coding (DSTC) is being considered by the IEEE 802.16j/16m standards for spatial diversity gain, it has several inherent drawbacks. These are addressed in the recently invented randomized distributed space-time coding, called R-DSTC. In this paper, we present the framework for the R-DSTC technique in the emerging relay-assisted WiMAX network, and develop a cooperative medium access control (MAC) layer protocol, called CoopMAX, for R-DSTC deployment in an IEEE 802.16 system. Our scheme couples the MAC layer with the physical (PHY) layer for performance optimization. The PHY layer yields significant diversity gain, while the MAC layer achieves a substantial end-to-end throughput gain. Through extensive simulations, we evaluate the performance of CoopMAX and show that it can generate capacity gains of up to about 77% for an IEEE 802.16 network.
Triphasic Contrast Bolus for Whole-Chest ECG-Gated 64-MDCT of Patients With Nonspecific Chest Pain: Evaluation of Arterial Enhancement and Streak Artifact

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a triphasic contrast bolus for ECG-gated CT in the assessment of chest pain by measuring vascular luminal attenuation and determining the degree of contrast-related streak artifact.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We reviewed the images from 44 ECG-gated CT examinations performed with a coronary contrast bolus modified for imaging of the entire chest. Luminal attenuation achieved with the resulting triphasic bolus was measured at specified vascular locations in the right side of the heart, pulmonary arteries, coronary arteries, and thoracic aorta. The occurrence of contrast-related streak artifact was recorded, and artifact severity was scored on a subjective 4-point scale.RESULTS. The mean attenuation values in the pulmonary arteries (345.3 ± 136.7 HU), coronary arteries (340.8 ± 82.5 HU), and thoracic aorta (386.4 ± 67.2 HU) were above a diagnostic threshold of 200 HU. Although there was no significant difference between the mean arterial values, the...
Broadband radiometry with spectrally selective detectors.

A spectrally selective optical-radiation detector can be normalized to an equivalent detector having unique values for its average responsivity R¯ and its cut-on and cutoff wavelengths λ1 and λ2 It is shown that the radiant power of any source that is described by a second-degree polynomial can be determined exactly between limits λ1 and λ2 Calculations were made for several real detectors and Planckian radiators at several temperatures to demonstrate the low errors inherent in this scheme.
Lipoic Acid Metabolism in Microbial Pathogens

Summary: Lipoic acid [(R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid] is an enzyme cofactor required for intermediate metabolism in free-living cells. Lipoic acid was discovered nearly 60 years ago and was shown to be covalently attached to proteins in several multicomponent dehydrogenases. Cells can acquire lipoate (the deprotonated charge form of lipoic acid that dominates at physiological pH) through either scavenging or de novo synthesis. Microbial pathogens implement these basic lipoylation strategies with a surprising variety of adaptations which can affect pathogenesis and virulence. Similarly, lipoylated proteins are responsible for effects beyond their classical roles in catalysis. These include roles in oxidative defense, bacterial sporulation, and gene expression. This review surveys the role of lipoate metabolism in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens and how these organisms have employed this metabolism to adapt to niche environments.
A framework of voltage stability assessment in power system reliability analysis

This paper provides a novel framework for extending conventional probabilistic reliability analysis to account for system stability limits. The scheme integrates a voltage stability index with existing reliability tools for offline assessment. The index relates the probability of instability to the proximity of voltage collapse. The scheme is successfully tested using the IEEE Reliability test system.
Multiple Parent–Adult Child Relations and Well-Being in Middle and Later Life

Objectives. Despite the centrality of parent–adult child relations, prior research has found only weak associations with parent well-being. There is a need to give more explicit attention to the relations of parents with multiple children and to the potentially mixed or ‘‘ambivalent’’ nature of those relations. These patterns may differ for mothers and fathers. Methods. Wave 1 of the National Survey of Families and Households provided detailed information on relations between parents and each of their adult children. The sample included 2,270 persons aged 50þ who had at least one child aged 19þ. Results. Measures across multiple adult children uncovered more mixed patterns of ‘‘collective ambivalence’’ that included lesser quality and/or contact with at least some children. The presence of less positive relations with any children was consistently, albeit modestly, related to lower parent well-being. Mothers reported higher ‘‘maximum’’ quality and interaction across children, but mothers and father did not differ in ‘‘minimum’’ reports. Associations between parent– child relations and well-being were similar for mothers and fathers. Discussion. Analyses that incorporate the relations of parents with their multiple adult children, viewed as part of a family network, yield a more comprehensive and nuanced view of those relations and their implications for well-being.
Perspectives for Network Management in Response to Unplanned Disruptions

This paper presents two important perspectives that road authorities should consider under terrorism evacuation scenarios. First, households have been observed to gather prior to evacuating an area. Rather than immediately evacuate these drivers delay or even head into danger to collect household members. This gathering phenomenon leads drivers to follow previously unanticipated activity chains, which result in extensive evacuation times and atypical traffic patterns. These traffic patterns should be considered in conjunction with terrorists' targeting strategies, which represent the second perspective. In this paper, the targeting strategies are assumed to be based on maximizing disruption to transportation network connectivity. This work considers a postimpact emergency evacuation, presents a mathematical model of how households may react to the evacuation conditions, and describes how a terrorist may select links to damage. If the terrorists' intent is to cause disruption, the links that are most important to completing an evacuation successfully become the most likely targets. However, at any given time, in a well connected network, the most important links are not necessarily the ones leading out of the evacuation area, as shown through a simulated case study.
Financial Crises and International Investment Agreements: The Case of Sovereign Debt Restructuring

global community still lacks a regime for sovereign debt restructuring. There is increasing concern that international investment agreements may become a 'court' for sovereign workouts. Are international investment agreements the appropriate place for the global community to resolve sovereign debt restructuring in the event of a financial crisis? It has been often overlooked that the definition of a covered investment within international trade and investment agreements often includes sovereign debt. In lieu of this, this article analyses the extent to which investment provisions in various treaties may hinder the ability of nations and private creditors to comprehensively negotiate sovereign debt restructurings when a debtor nation has defaulted or is close to default on its government debt. It is found that the treatment of sovereign debt varies considerably in terms of strength and applicability across the spectrum of now thousands of trade and investment treaties in the world economy. It is also found that most treaties may restrict the ability to restructure debt in the wake of a financial crisis. These findings could undermine the ability of nations to recover from financial crises and could thus broaden the impact of such crises.
Developmental Exposure to Bisphenol A: Interaction with Endogenous Estradiol During Pregnancy in Mice

SYNOPSIS. Individual variability in endogenous hormones can confound the interpretation of effects of developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. In single-birth species, such as humans, there are many sources of variability in fetal sex hormone levels, such as birth order or race. In litter-bearing species a source of fetal variability in serum levels of estradiol and testosterone is the sex of adjacent fetuses due to fetus-to-fetus steroid transport (called the intrauterine position phenomenon or IUP). Distinct phenotypes of reproductive physiology and behavior are due to IUP in house mice and other litter-bearing animals. We review here the effects of background levels of sex steroids in fetuses due to IUP in an experiment in which pregnant mice were exposed to an environmentally relevant low dose of the estrogen-mimicking chemical, bisphenol A. Bisphenol A is the monomer used to make polycarbonate plastic products (such as baby bottles), the resin lining of food and beverage cans, dental sealants, and a host of other products. Fetal exposure via the mother to bisphenol A increased the rate of postnatal growth in males and females and also advanced the timing of puberty in females. However, the greatest response to bisphenol A occurred in males and females with the highest background levels of endogenous estradiol during fetal life due to their IUP, while fetuses with the lowest endogenous levels of estradiol showed no response to maternal bisphenol A treatment. This finding suggests that estrogenmimicking chemicals interact with endogenous estrogen in altering the course of development.
Transcriptional Silencing of Perlecan Gene Expression by Interferon-γ

Perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan of basement membranes and cell surfaces, has been implicated in the control of tumor cell growth and metastasis because of its ability to bind and store growth factors and its activity as an inducer of angiogenesis. Because interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine with known antiproliferative and antitumoral activity, binds with high affinity to the heparan sulfate side chains of perlecan, we investigated the activity of IFN-γ on perlecan gene expression and cell growth in colon carcinoma cells. We found that IFN-γ rapidly and efficiently blocked perlecan gene expression with concurrent growth suppression, a phenomenon that was independent of a functional p21WAF1/CIP1. These effects were transcriptionally mediated, did not require new protein synthesis, and were fully reversible. Moreover, we found these IFN-γ-induced effects to be generalizable because they could be reproduced in a variety of cells with various histogenetic backgrounds. The transcriptional repression of the perlecan gene required intact Stat1 protein, and these effects were likely mediated by Stat1-binding sites in the distal promoter region. Thus, the IFN-γ-mediated transcriptional repression of perlecan may represent a novel antitumoral effect of this cytokine through which it eliminates a powerful angiogenic stimulus.
Book Reviews Featuring a Special Essay by William L. Wilkie

William L. Wilkie is the Aloysius and Eleanor Nathe Professor of Marketing Strategy, University of Notre Dame. humor. So came my hoped-for solution for this essay. To assist with structure, I’ve arranged the essay in three basic sections: (1) reflections on books during my path into marketing academia, (2) reflections on the role of institutional initiatives in sustaining the search for scholarship in our field, and (3) a few gentle reflections on personal motivations in seeking scholarship in the marketing field and the challenges we face together in this quest. Thus, though I make no effort to emulate Mr. Vonnegut directly (and with no suitable substitute for his frequent narrator, Kilgore Trout), please join me in hopping from one brief topic to another, searching for insights, occasionally with humor.]
Tolkien: an event based storytelling system

Since the dawn of human civilization, stories have been a popular medium of communication, both synchronously and asynchronously. Technically, a story is a time-ordered coherent sequence of events. In many applications, heterogeneous data is collected and organized so appropriate stories could be told. In this paper, we present a system that helps in generation of stories using a large database of events with associated multimodal data, called eventbase. We define storytelling as a two step process in which a storyteller can retrieve appropriate events and associated data, and then those are further filtered using preferences of the viewer. We develop this model using a measure of interestingness based on attributes of selected events and the preferences. Using an event system developed in our laboratory, we demonstrate the story telling process in Tolkien as one that generates multiple queries to select coherent interesting events to form a story.
Microstructural Studies of the Interfacial Zone of a SiC-Fiber-Reinforced Lithium Aluminum Silicate Glass-Ceramic

Transmission electron microscopy studies have been conducted on interfaces in a lithium aluminum silicate/SiC-fiberreinforced composite. In the as-processed state, interphases of amorphous C and carbides of Nb have been confirmed, with circumferential thermal debonds evident in the C layer. After heat treatment in air at 800°C, the C is found to be replaced by amorphous SiO2, and the carbides of Nb replaced by oxides. The SiO2 thickens with exposure time and typically contains circumferential separations. Some Mg and Al diffusion also accompanies the heat-treatment process and eventually leads to the formation of MgO and Mg silicates in the interfacial zone.
Integrating Grammatical Inference into Robotic Planning

This paper presents a method for the control synthesis of robotic systems in an unknown, dynamic, and adversarial environments. We (1) incorporate a grammatical inference module that identifies the governing dynamics of the adversarial environment and (2) utilize game theory to compute a motion plan for a system given a task specification. The framework is flexible and modular since different games can be formulated for different system objectives and different grammatical inference algorithms can be utilized depending on the
The Preparation of Polysilylenes

The common preparation of polydialkylsilylenes is by the reaction of the corresponding dichlorides with sodium in refluxing toluene. The products are complex, appearing to give three types of polysilylene with different molecular weight regions. It has been shown in the past that the reaction appears to follow addition polymerization lines rather than those of a conventional polycondensation. It is found here, by the reaction of chlorine ended chains, that normal condensations of chlorine ended oligomers play little role in the polymerization. A major product of the polymerization is cyclic polysilanes. It is shown that certain cyclic polysilanes may be polymerized, and the yield of these cyclics may be optimized.
Sentencing Rules and Standards: How We Decide Criminal Punishment

Over the course of the past 300 years, American sentencing policy has alternated between “determinate” and “indeterminate” systems of deciding punishment. Debates over sentence determinacy have so far focused on three main questions: Who should decide punishment? What makes punishment fair? And why should we punish wrongdoers at all? In this Article, I ask a new, fourth, question: How should we decide punishment? I show that determinate sentencing uses rules to determine sentences, while indeterminate sentencing relies on standards. Applying this insight to federal sentencing practice, I demonstrate that district court judges “depart” or “vary” from the United States Sentencing Guidelines in order to correct the substantive and formal errors that result from rule-based decisionmaking, instead sentencing in such cases based on the § 3553(a) standard. I argue that judges should be more willing to take departures and variances in cases involving particularly large or particularly numerous sentence adjustments, which exacerbate the impact of rule-based errors.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS USED IN A LIQUID PISTON COMPRESSOR USING A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL WITH AN EMBEDDED TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMODEL

The present study presents a one-dimensional liquid-piston compressor model with an embedded two-dimensional submodel. The submodel is for calculating heat conduction across a representative internal plate of a porous heat exchanger matrix within the compression space. The liquid-piston compressor is used for Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES). Porous-media-type heat exchangers are inserted in the compressor to absorb heat from air as it is compressed. Compression without heat transfer typically results in a temperature rise of a gas and a drop in efficiency, for the elevated temperature leads to wasted thermal energy, due to cooling during subsequent cooling back to ambient temperature. The use of heat exchangers can reduce the air temperature rise during the compression period. A typical numerical model of a heat exchanger is a one-dimensional simplification of the two-energy-equation porous media model. The present authors proposed a one-dimensional model that incorporates the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for application to the two-phase flow, liquid piston compressor with exchanger inserts. Important to calculating temperature distributions in both the solid and fluid components of the mixture is heat transfer between the two, which depends on the local temperature values, geometry, and the velocity of fluid through the matrix. In the one-dimensional model, although the axial temperatures vary, the solid is treated as having a uniform temperature distribution across the plate at any axial location. This may be in line with the physics of flow in most heat exchangers, especially when the exchangers are made of metal with high thermal conductivity. However, it must be noted that for application to CAES, the gas temperature in the compression chamber rises rapidly during compression and the core of the solid wall may heat up to a different temperature than that of the surface, depending on the geometry, solid material of the exchanger and fluid flow situation. Therefore, a new, one-dimensional model with embedded two-dimensional submodel is developed to consider two-dimensional heat conduction in a representative solid plate. The VOF concept is used in the model to handle the moving liquid-gas interface (liquid piston). The model gives accurate solutions of temperature distributions in the liquid piston compression chamber. Six different heat exchangers with different length scales and different materials are simulated and compared.
Intervention effect of health education on key endemic diseases in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2010

Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on endemic diseases in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2010.Methods Baseline investigation on awareness of endemic diseases knowledge was conducted by a self-designed questionnaire for the program,intervention activities of health education for identified target population were carried out and the effect was evaluated.Results 4206 pupils and 2490 housewives were investigated from 122 units of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in baseline survey,and 4195 pupils and 2430 housewives were investigated for effect evaluation.The study showed that the awareness rate of pupil knowledge about endemic diseases was increased from86.61% to 94.78%(χ2= 165.87,P 0.001) and the rate of housewives increased from 86.22% to 96.09%(χ2=147.60,P 0.001) after the education,the difference had statistically significance.Conclusion Health education intervention improved the awareness of endemic diseases control obviously and should be continuously intensified in future,and the health education knowledge of endemic diseases prevention should be strengthened in schools especially.
Widespread evidence for high-temperature formation of pentlandite in chondrites

Abstract By investigating the compositional and textural evolution of sulfides within a wide range of relatively pristine, aqueously altered, and thermally metamorphosed chondrites we constrain the equilibration temperatures of sulfide minerals and compare them to the metamorphic history of their host meteorite. Sulfides in Mighei-like carbonaceous chondrites are complex as they equilibrated mostly between 100 and 135 °C, but some may have equilibrated at temperatures up to 600 °C. This is consistent with some CM chondrite sulfides forming at high temperature during chondrule cooling and others during low-temperature aqueous alteration and/or annealing. Karoonda-like carbonaceous chondrite sulfides equilibrated between 500 and 230 °C, which is consistent with formation during cooling and annealing after thermal metamorphism. Sulfides in the LL chondrites equilibrated between 600 and 230 °C, and are consistent with formation during chondrule cooling for Semarkona (LL3.00) and during cooling after thermal metamorphism for the equilibrated samples (types 4–6). Sulfides in the Rumuruti-like (R) chondrites equilibrated between 600 and 500 °C, and are consistent with formation after thermal metamorphism. The sulfides within the brachinite equilibrated between 600 and 400 °C, consistent with formation during cooling after thermal metamorphism. Contrary to the assertion that pentlandite is solely the product of low-temperature aqueous alteration in many chondrite groups, this study suggests that most sulfides in chondrites are formed at or upon cooling from high-temperature. The evaluation of a single mineral system within samples that retain petrographic context is vital to the interpretation of formation and alteration processes recorded by small extraterrestrial samples, such as those that have been returned by the spacecraft missions Stardust and Hayabusa and will be returned by OSIRIS-REx and Hayabusa2.
Entr’acte Reputation

Napoleon wanted to conquer the future and assure his posthumous reputation as passionately as he sought to control everything. His comrades, colleagues, and collaborators proved remarkably useful and mostly malleable. So did the savants and the artists he carefully cultivated. German intellectuals were an unexpected gift to his reputation, but he cared little and knew less about what they said. The great francophone writers eluded his grasp. Balzac and Stendhal were Bonapartists but both worked after his death and Stendhal’s great novels were ignored for many years. The major British writers, among them Byron, Hazlitt, and Scott, early established Napoleon’s Anglophone reputation as the national enemy, a bias that continues to blemish British historiography. In France there was a deluge of memoirs from soldiers, collaborators, and busybodies. Among Napoleon’s contemporaries the two most important writers of the age, Mme de Stael and Chateaubriand, were fierce opponents. They established the so-called legende noire. Both attacked and debunked Napoleon’s revolutionary heritage, one from the Left the other from the Right. For both Napoleon was the great betrayer, the hero corrupted, the savior who proved a false prophet and then a god who failed. Napoleon’s own version of himself as the heir of the French Revolution was shaped and perpetuated by Emmanuel Las Cases.
Expression and potential function of the c-mos proto-oncogene in human eggs*†

Objective To investigate the expression and possible function of the c- mos proto-oncogene in human eggs. Design Eggs obtained as discarded material from assisted reproductive technology procedures were analyzed for c- mos messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. As an approach to investigating c- mos function, we measured maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity (histone H1 kinase) in eggs without and with inhibition of protein synthesis. Detection of RNA transcripts of c- raf was included as control. Results Transcripts of c- mos were detected in small fractions of individual eggs, indicating that c- mos is abundantly transcribed. Inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in loss of MPF, leading to chromatin decondensation and reformation of a nucleus. C- raf maternal messages were also detectable in individual human eggs. Conclusion The c- mos proto-oncogene is an abundant maternal message in human eggs as in other species. The effects of inhibiting protein synthesis in human eggs are similar to those obtained in mouse and Xenopus eggs, either as a consequence of protein synthesis inhibition or specific ablation of c- mos RNA by injection of anti-sense oligonucleotides. The c- mos gene product is thus likely to play a critical role in human oocyte meiosis by regulating the activity of MPF.
Keats and Pater’s Eroticism

In the previous chapters, I have shown a trajectory in which writers like Arnold, Hopkins, and Symonds at once praised and dispraised Keats, even as they used his verse in order to suggest or create spaces for male affection. But Walter Pater works out his detailed aesthetics as Keats’s inheritor rather than his antagonist. This lifelong project relies on the conventions of Keats biography and on an explication of those conventions within an aesthetics that implicates gender. Pater counters the discussion of Keats’s “effeminacy,” though not by insisting upon or illustrating the poet’s “manliness” in the manner of Brown or any of Keats’s supposed defenders. In “Diaphaneite” and “Winckelmann,” Pater explores the ways in which negative capability and Keatsian disinterestedness enjoin an aesthetics that requires intellectual and sexual impassiveness — a detachment from gender norms that incidentally implicates or includes same-sex sexuality. I am not arguing that Pater involves himself in the detailed struggles over Keats’s masculinity. In fact, in his construction of an ambiguously gendered aesthetics, whole categories of “feminine,” “masculine,” “manly,” and “unmanly” — the implications of which so troubled Matthew Arnold and vexed Gerard Manley Hopkins — are nicely expunged.
Fiber Optic Sensor Arrays for Real-Time Virtual Instrumentation and Control of Flexible Structures

Launch vehicles and aerospace structures trend towards slender and more lightweight designs to reduce mass and aerodynamic drag. Slender structures are more affected by structural vibrations that interfere with both inertial sensing and navigation performance. Slender aerospace structures (launch vehicles, aircraft, and others) would greatly benefit from means for real-time monitoring of the flexible dynamics: real time modal sensing, as well as estimation of acceleration and rate of rotation at any point in the structure. This paper proposes the use of fiber-Bragg (FBG) sensor arrays for real-time monitoring and control of a flexible subscale test article representative of a launch vehicle. A virtual sensor for estimating acceleration and rate of rotation at any point in the structure is presented: the FBG Inertial Measurement Unit. The FBG-IMU is a real-time estimator based on a finite element model of the structure, the state-space equations of the flexible dynamics, and a finite number of strain measurements provided by the FBG array. The FBG-IMU allows accurate estimation of the states of the flexible structure with no need of estimation of load forces or damping matrix, as current structural models of flexible structures are forced to assume. The FBG-IMU is a contribution to the real-time estimation of the flexible dynamics in structures without the need of estimating loads or damping.
Quasisymmetric Embeddings of Metric Spaces in Euclidean Space

As in topology, where one wants to understand the homeomorphism type of a given space, a basic question in the theory of quasisymmetric maps asks which metric spaces are quasisymmetrically homeomorphic. This question is extremely difficult in general. There are closed (compact without boundary) four-dimensional Riemannian manifolds that are homeomorphic but not quasisymmetrically homeomorphic [42]. An easier question asks which spaces can be embedded quasisymmetrically in a given space or in a space from a given collection. A beautiful and complete answer to this problem can be given in the case where the receiving space is Euclidean.
Optimal design of distributed energy system in a neighborhood under uncertainty

Abstract Distributed energy systems (DES) are widely accepted as the future generation of the energy systems. The number of studies in all related fields corroborates the assertion that these systems are in their infancy and need to develop more in terms of efficiency and economizing. Admittedly, these systems are hardly lucrative and poor planning is one of many hurdles standing in the way of their profitability. Disregarding uncertainty as an innate characteristic of the real world seems one of the improper simplifications of this planning. To cover this gap, the paper is mainly focused on designing an energy system in a neighborhood including its pipeline network under demand uncertainty concerning data insufficiency. Therefore, a new model for planning in a neighborhood is presented and then reformulated to its robust counterpart. Various technologies like PV array, chillers, boiler, storage tank, and CHPs are considered in order to meet the cooling, heating and electrical demands. The probable consequences of the demand uncertainty are studied to the length. The outcomes reveal that the unit sizes and pipeline network are highly dependent on the decision maker's level of conservatism.
Age and duration of testosterone therapy predict time to return of sperm count after human chorionic gonadotropin therapy.

Objective To determine factors that influence sperm recovery after T-associated infertility. Design Clinical retrospective study. Setting Academic male-infertility urology clinic. Patient(s) Sixty-six men who presented with infertility after T use. Intervention(s) T cessation and combination high-dose hCG and selective estrogen modulator (SERM) therapy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Whether patients successfully achieved or failed to achieve a total motile count (TMC) of greater than 5 million sperm within 12 months of T cessation and initiation of therapy. Result(s) A TMC of greater than 5 million sperm was achieved by 46 men (70%). Both increased age and duration of T use directly correlated with time to sperm recovery at both 6 and 12 months of hCG/SERM therapy. Age more consistently limited sperm recovery, while duration of T use had less influence at 12 months than at 6 months. Only 64.8% of azoospermic men achieved a TMC greater than 5 million sperm at 12 months, compared with 91.7% of cryptozoospermic men, yet this did not predict a failure of sperm recovery. Conclusion(s) Increasing age and duration of T use significantly reduce the likelihood of recovery of sperm in the ejaculate, based on a criterion of a TMC of 5 million sperm, at 6 and 12 months. Physicians should be cautious in pursuing long-term T therapy, particularly in men who still desire fertility. Using these findings, physicians can counsel men regarding the likelihood of recovery of sperm at 6 and 12 months.
Abstract 504: Glutamine metabolic inhibitors suppress growth and tumorigenicity in MYC and MYCN-driven pediatric malignancies

The MYC family of oncogenes is associated with aggressive pediatric cancers such as medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. These transcription factors promote oncogenesis in part by altering cellular metabolism. In multiple types of cancer, high-level MYC expression drives increased glutamine metabolism. We hypothesized that MYC-driven medulloblastoma and MYCN amplified neuroblastoma would be sensitive to the glutamine metabolic inhibitors 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) and Acivicin. These drugs have previously be used in pediatric clinical trials, but never extensively clinically tested in MYC-driven malignancies. The high MYC medulloblastoma cell lines D425Med and D283Med experienced an 82% decrease in growth as measured by MTS assay when treated with Acivicin or DON (p Citation Format: Allison Hanaford, Catherine Guerra, Charles Eberhart, Eric Raabe, Antoinette Price. Glutamine metabolic inhibitors suppress growth and tumorigenicity in MYC and MYCN-driven pediatric malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 504. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-504
Magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic wires patterned with antiferromagnetic gratings

The magnetic reversal behavior is examined for exchange-biased ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic nanostructures consisting of an array of 10 nm thick Ni80Fe20 stripes with width 200 nm and periodicity 400 nm, underneath an orthogonal array of 10 nm thick IrMn stripes with width ranging from 200 nm to 500 nm and periodicity from 400 nm to 1 μm. The Ni80Fe20 stripes show a hysteresis loop with one step when the IrMn width and spacing are small. However, upon increasing the IrMn width and spacing, the hysteresis loops showed two steps as the pinned and unpinned sections of the Ni80Fe20 stripes switch at different fields. Micromagnetic modeling reveals the influence of geometry on the reversal behavior.
Pulse dose steroids in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective:The pulmonary vascular targeted treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension is similar to other connective tissue disease–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. In addition, there also appears to be a role for immunosuppression in the overall management. However, the optimal immunosuppressive regimen and what patients will respond to treatments are currently not clearly elucidated given the lack of randomized controlled trials on the subject. Our objective is to highlight the importance of early immunosuppression in systemic lupus erythematosus–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension and the role of pulse dose steroids in management.Methods:This case describes a 23-year-old woman who presented with pulmonary arterial hypertension diagnosed by right heart catheterization with mean pulmonary artery pressure of 74 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 12 mmHg, and a pulmonary vascular resistance of 1908 dyne s cm−5. Due to the aggressive natur...
Evaluation of glyphosate resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing an altered target site EPSPS

Background Glyphosate-resistant goosegrass has recently evolved and is homozygous for the double mutant of EPSPS (T102I, P106S or TIPS). These same mutations combined with EPSPS over-expression, have been used to create transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops. Arabidopsis thaliana (Wt EPSPS Ki ≈ 0.5 μM) was engineered to express a variant AtEPSPS-T102I, P106A (TIPA Ki = 150 μM) to determine the resistance magnitude for a more potent variant EPSPS that might evolve in weeds. Results Transgenic A. thaliana plants, homozygous for one, two or four copies of AtEPSPS-TIPA, had resistance (IC50 values, R/S) as measured by seed production ranging from 4.2-16-fold. Plants treated in reproductive stage were male sterile with a range of R/S from 10.1-40.6-fold. A significant hormesis (~63% gain in fresh weight) was observed for all genotypes when treated at the initiation of reproductive stage with 0.013 kg ha-1. AtEPSPS-TIPA enzyme activity was proportional to copy number and correlated with resistance magnitude. Conclusions A. thaliana, as a model weed expressing one copy of AtEPSPS-TIPA (300-fold more resistant), had only 4.2-fold resistance to glyphosate for seed production. Resistance behaved as a single dominant allele. Vegetative tissue resistance was 4.7-fold greater than reproductive tissue resistance and was linear with gene copy number.
Some Problems of Strategy in Environmental Psychology

In spite of some quite respectable accomplishments, environmental psychology is still just emerging from the state in which it was a label looking for a content or an agenda. Environmental psychology ought to exist, and an increasing number of psychologists are trying to provide its substance. But the label gained prominence before consensual content had emerged. The field as we now know it did not arise from intrinsic urgencies in the trajectory of psychological science. This is an inherently embarrassing state of affairs.
Counselors and Special Educators in Rural Schools Working Together to Create a Positive School Community

School counselors and special educators in rural areas working together can be a powerful team to help schools create a positive school community. In one rural school community, they partnered with faculty and staff to implement a School Wide Positive Behavior support program to improve student outcomes. The counselor and special educator, through intentional communication and collaboration, helped develop a positive school community, using the skills and training of their individual disciplines. This article focusses on the roles played in the process.
Rejecting the Ordoliberal Standard of Consumer Choice and Making Consumer Welfare the Hallmark of an Antitrust Atlanticism

Protecting consumer choice remains essential to the enforcement of European competition law. This article provides an overview of ordoliberalism as a theory of political economy and its relation to a consumer choice paradigm for competition policy, before turning to a critical discussion of ordoliberalism’s theoretical priors and practical standards for determining anticompetitive behavior. While an important chapter in the history of economic thought, the ordoliberal standard of consumer choice embodies a highly controversial and outmoded comprehensive worldview inapposite to the respective economic and political realities of dynamic and evolving markets as well as the importance of international convergence amidst the increasing number of competition regimes and views about the proper role of competition policy.