cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A REASSESSMENT OF SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN CYSTOSEIRA AND HALIDRYS (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES) ALONG THE NORTH AMERICAN WEST COAST1

Application of phylogenetic species recognition to morphologically recognized species in the genera Cystoseira Agardh and Halidrys Lyngbye on North American west coasts revealed little genetic variation despite a remarkable degree of morphological variation currently used to recognize and delineate species. Whereas morphological characteristics allow recognition of two genera, four morphological species and three informal forms, maximum genetic variation among them was similar to that characteristic of the intraspecific level in European congeners and other Fucales. Among morphological species and forms, nucleotide variation in a combined 26S (large subunit (LSU)) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA analysis was below 3% while it was 1% or less for the RUBISCO spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Comparison of the LSU data to available data for European congeners showed that the genera Cystoseira and Halidrys are not monophyletic and that the previously recognized Cystoseiraceae should be included within the family Sargassaceae. These observations suggest that the current taxonomy for the Sargassaceae fails to reflect evolutionary history because Atlantic and Pacific Cystoseira and Halidrys appear to have arrived at similar morphologies independently. Our results indicate a comparatively recent establishment on the west coast of North America of a sargassacean progenitor whose descendant taxa have experienced limited genetic divergence and are characterized by a high capacity for phenotypic variation despite their overall genetic similarity.
UV Light for Processing Foods

Ultraviolet light (UV) light holds considerable promise in food processing as an alternative to traditional thermal processing. Its applications include pasteurization of juices, post lethality treatment for meats, treatment of food contact surfaces and to extend the shelf-life of fresh produce. This paper will review published studies and commercial applications that utilize UV treatment for solid and liquid foods. Designs of UV reactors that were tested in the author's lab for juice and apple cider treatment are discussed. Future research needed to extend the range of UV light applications in food processing industry is presented.
Fluorescent Profiling of Modular Biosynthetic Enzymes by Complementary Metabolic and Activity Based Probes

The study of the enzymes responsible for natural product biosynthesis has proven a valuable source of new enzymatic activities and been applied to a number of biotechnology applications. Protein profiling could prove highly complementary to genetics based approaches by allowing us to understand the activity, transcriptional control, and post-translational modification of these enzymes in their native and dynamic proteomic environments. Here we present a method for the fluorescent profiling of PKS, NRPS, and FAS multidomain modular synthases in their whole proteomes using complementary metabolic and activity based probes. After first examining the reactivity of these activity based probes with a variety of purified recombinant PKS, NRPS, and FAS enzymes in vitro, we apply this duel labeling strategy to the analysis of modular synthases in a human breast cancer cell line and two strains of the natural product producer Bacillus subtilis. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that complementary protein profiling approaches can prove highly useful in the identification and assignment of inhibitor specificity and domain structure of these modular biosynthetic enzymes.
The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2002

Abstract This is a review of papers published in the year 2002 that focus on the synthesis, reactivity, or properties of compounds containing a carbon–transition metal double or triple bond.
Public Spending, Land Taxes and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis of the Adequacy of Land as a Tax Base

. Site value taxation is often cited as desirable on efficiency grounds, but is all too often dismissed for alleged lack of revenue potential. This paper empirically tests the revenue adequacy of site value taxation. Revenue adequacy in this study is defined as the ability of the tax base to keep pace with community expenditure needs. The paper concludes that communities with higher than average rates of capital growth and with a relatively constrained land area will find land taxes when subsituted for present property taxes, quite adequate for future as well as present needs.
Identifying Developmental Discrepancies at the Preschool Level

This paper describes a procedure of using the average deviation from the child's mean scaled score on the ITPA to determine significant developmental discrepancies in preschool children. By using this deviation score we found approximately twice as many developmental disabilities in Head Start children as were found in an average population of preschool children.
Mesoscale Simulations of Two Nucleosome-Repeat Length Oligonucleosomes

The compaction of chromatin, accessed through coarse-grained modeling and simulation, reveals different folding patterns as a function of the nucleosome repeat length (NRL), the presence of the linker histone, and the ionic strength. Our results indicate that the linker histone has negligible influence on short NRL fibers, whereas for longer NRL fibers it works like, and in tandem with, concentrated positive counterions to condense the chromatin fiber. Longer NRL fibers also exhibit structural heterogeneity, with solenoid-like conformations viable in addition to irregular zigzags. These features of chromatin and associated internucleosomal patterns presented here help interpret structural dependencies of the chromatin fiber on internal and external factors. In particular, we suggest that longer-NRL are more advantageous for packing and achieving various levels of fiber compaction throughout the cell cycle.
Antinuclear antibody, lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin antibody in women with idiopathic habitual abortion: a controlled, prospective study of forty-four women

In a controlled, prospective study of 44 consecutive women with idiopathic habitual abortion, only 5% had symptoms of rheumatic disease. Patients did not differ from control subjects in the frequency of positive results on tests for antinuclear antibody or anti-double-stranded DNA. Levels of C3 and C4 were higher in the habitual aborters. No patients had anti-Ro. The antiphospholipid antibody results were analyzed using 2 methods: the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies was 9% by lupus anticoagulant using the Russell viper venom time (95% confidence interval 22-2.5) and 11% by anticardiolipin antibody assay (95% confidence interval 25-3.7), which was not significantly different from that in control subjects. However, the mean levels in the aborters (although within the normal range) were significantly higher than those in control subjects for anti-double-stranded DNA (P = 0.004), lupus anticoagulant (by Russell viper venom time; P = 0.05), and anticardiolipin antibody (P = 0.0007), when examined by multiple linear regression analysis corrected for age and concurrent pregnancy. Of the 3 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent successful pregnancies, only 1 was treated with prednisone and aspirin. We conclude that, in the majority of women, subclinical lupus, anti-Ro, the lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin antibodies are not associated with idiopathic habitual abortion.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Blunts Arterial Baroreflex in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract We and other laboratories have reported that arterial baroreflex–mediated control of heart rate is blunted in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with normotensive controls. Recently, we reported that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) microinjected into the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of SHR further blunts this defect. The present study tested the hypothesis that ANP modulates arterial baroreflex–mediated control of sympathetic nervous system activity. Nine-week-old, male SHR (n=29) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto control rats (n=24) were instrumented for microinjection into the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii and for direct measurement of arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and lumbar sympathetic nervous system activity. After urethane- and α-chloralose–induced anesthesia, arterial baroreflex–mediated control of heart rate and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity was assessed during phenylephrine- (5 to 40 μg·kg−1·min−1) induced increases and sodium nitroprusside– (15 to 300 μg·kg−1·min−1) induced decreases in mean blood pressure before and after microinjection of ANP (50 ng) or monoclonal antibody to ANP (0.55 μg) into the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii. ANP reduced and the antibody enhanced the sensitivity of baroreflex-mediated control of both heart rate and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in SHR but not in Wistar-Kyoto controls ( P <.05). Arterial baroreflex sensitivity was unchanged with control microinjections of vehicle or mouse IgG in SHR. These data suggest that endogenous ANP in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension in SHR by blunting baroreflex-mediated control of sympathetic nervous system activity.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity to myelin basic proteins in mice susceptible to allergic encephalomyelitis.

The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in mice immunized with autologous spinal cord homogenate or purified myelin basic protein (MBP) was measured by the125I-UdR uptake ear assay. Mice were tested for DTH responses with MBP preparations from different species and with synthetic peptides. The 114–122 and 68–84 peptide regions appear to be major determinants for inducing and eliciting DTH in the mice which are susceptible to allergic encephalomyelitis.
Biphasic constriction of rabbit basilar artery following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: A morphometric study

Abstract To assess the changes in arterial structure resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage, morphometric analysis was performed on basilar arteries from rabbits that had received an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage up to 6 days earlier. For morphometric determination, the crosssectional area of the media, the area of the lumen, and the length of the internal elastic lamina were measured planimetrically. The morphometric diameter of the lumen, the media-to-radius ratio, and several other morphometric parameters were also calculated. Subarachnoid hemorrhage induced significant biphasic constriction of the basilar artery without any changes in the cross-sectional area of the media. The relative amount of smooth muscle cell decreased significantly in the late stage of hemorrhage.
Contextual and developmental predictors of sexual initiation timing among Mexican-origin girls

Using data from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin girls (ages 11–17 at Time 1), we examined sociocultural (i.e., family structure, nativity, and acculturation), interpersonal (i.e., supportive parenting and conflict), and developmental (i.e., menarche timing and autonomy expectations) predictors of sexual initiation. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we explored whether Time 1 variables predicted the occurrence and timing of first sexual intercourse reported 2.5 to 3.5 years later. Results indicated that the likelihood of early sexual intercourse was higher among first-generation than second-generation immigrants. In addition, living with a step-parent (compared to two biological parents) was associated with a higher likelihood of early intercourse. Furthermore, early autonomy expectations emerged as a salient predictor of intercourse, such that girls with earlier autonomy expectations were more likely to have earlier intercourse than girls with later autonomy expectations. Taken together, results highlight the importance of considering developmental and contextual factors when studying Mexican-origin girls’ sexual initiation.
The Ethics of Listening: Cassette-SermonAudition in Contemporary Egypt

In this article, I focus on the practice of listening to tape-recorded sermons among contemporary Muslims in Egypt as an exercise of ethical self-discipline. I analyze this practice in its relation to the formation of a sensorium: the visceral capacities enabling of the particular form of Muslim piety to which those who undertake the practice aspired. In focusing on both the homiletic techniques of preachers and the traditions of ethical audition that inform the contemporary practice of sermon listening, I explore how sermon listeners reconstruct their own knowledge, emotions, and sensibilities in accord with models of Islamic moral personhood. Normative models of moral personhood grounded in Islamic textual and practical traditions provide a point of reference for the task of ethical self-improvement. [embodiment, senses, disciplinary practice, reception, media, sermons, Islam]
High-frequency expansion of the plasma dielectric tensor.

We derive high-frequency sum-rule expansion for the transverse elements of the plasma dielectric tensor. The correlation contribution to the ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ sum-rule coefficient has a sign opposite to that of the longitudinal element. In addition, photon contributions add to the coefficient.
The Impact of Media on Public Trust in Legal Authorities in China and Taiwan

Literature on public perceptions of legal authorities in Chinese societies has been accumulating, yet a critical line of inquiry is missing, regarding the effects of the media. Relying on two nationwide samples, this study examines: (1) to what extent do Chinese and Taiwanese citizens trust their police and courts; and (2) how does media consumption influence Chinese and Taiwanese trust in police and courts, after controlling for a range of individual demographic, experiential, attitudinal, and locality variables? Results show higher levels of trust among Chinese than Taiwanese. Chinese trust their courts more than the police, but Taiwanese trust their police more than courts. Media exposure variables have limited effects on public trust in legal authorities. While frequency of consumption of television, newspaper, and the Internet does not influence Chinese or Taiwanese trust, exposure to foreign news lowers Chinese trust in legal authorities. Trust in media is closely connected to trust in legal authorities.
Reply to Bignami

There appears to be no dispute between BigJJami and me concerning what I believe to be the major points about muscarinic anticholinergic agents and passive avoidance in the rat. A particular demonstration of the absence of an effect on passive avoidance by such an agent (Meyers & Koenig, 1967) occurring within a context of studies using different behavioral situations and reporting a disruptive effect for these agents (Bignami, 1967; Bovet, Robustelli, & Bignami, 1965; Meyers, 1965; etc.) strongly suggests that anticholinergic drugs produce no general inability to avoid passively. Rather, it indicates that only in certain situations do anticholinergic drugs impair passive avoidance. The conditions under which a deficit will or will not be observed remains to be elaborated and, of course, the efforts to do this, which Bignami remarks are now underway in his laboratory, are to be welcomed. It is obvious, as Bignami indicates, that the presence of an external signal for the shock contingency does not guarantee the lack of an effect by anticholinergic agents on passive avoidance behavior. Thus, the discrepant findings observed in various studies which used externally-cued passive avoidance tasks must have
Oxygen consumption in the isolated toad retina

Retinal O2 utilization was studied to identify the O2 consuming processes in the retina and the spatial distribution of those processes. Neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid were dissected from the toad eye and superfused with an oxygenated Ringer's solution. Double-barreled microelectrodes were used to measure O2 and local voltage simultaneously within the retina in both light and dark adaptation. The profile of PO2 was measured during a withdrawal of the electrode tip across the retinal pigment epithelium and through the neural retina. The PO2 decreased through the distal retina, reaching a minimum in the inner segment or outer nuclear layer, and then increased steadily through the proximal retina. From fitting PO2 profiles measured in the dark-adapted retina to a three-layer diffusion model, O2 consumption was found to be 1.0 +/- 0.4 and 0.4 +/- 0.3 ml O2 (100 g min)-1 in the outer and inner halves of the retina, respectively. Light decreased consumption in both halves of the retina. In steady illumination (500 nm) that saturated the ERG b- and c-waves, O2 utilization decreased significantly to 48% and 68% of the dark values in the outer and inner retina, respectively. When Na+ was removed from the superfusate to inhibit the photoreceptor Na+/K+ pump, O2 consumption in the outer retina decreased by about the same amount as in light, but O2 consumption in the inner retina was not significantly affected.
Granulomatous cholangitis in chronic hepatitis C: a new diagnostic problem in liver pathology.

A case of chronic hepatitis C at the pre-clrrhotic stage complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma is reported. The patient, a 64 year old female, showed elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulin M. Anti-mitochondrial antibodies were negative by indirect immuno-fluorescence. Western blotting using beef heart mitochondria and recombinant polypeptides coding for mitochondrial antigens revealed that the patient's serum was positive only for the E2-subunit of the branched chain ketoacid dehydro-genase complex. In the non-neoplastic liver, chronic non-suppurative cholangitis surrounded by epitheliold granuloma, resembling the granulomatous destructive cholangltis of primary biliary cirrhosis, was found. The damaged bile ducts were immunohistochemically minimally positive or ambiguous for HLA-DR, and their expression of the E2-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2 (PDC-E2) was diffuse or granular, and not typical of primary biliary cirrhosis. There was no bile duct loss, and orcein-positive copper binding granules reflecting chronic cholestasis were negative in periportal hepatocytes. The overall features in this case were consistent with primary biliary cirrhosis presenting an infrequent profile of antimitochondrial antibodies and atypical expression of HLA-DR and PDC-E2 on biliary epithelial cells, with late superimposition on chronic hepatitis C. However, It is also possible that this is a case of chronic hepatitis C with hepatitis-associated bile duct damage accompanied by granulomatous reaction. Either way, this case raises new diagnostic issues in the differential diagnosis of chronic liver diseases presented with granulomatous cholangitis.
Effect of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection on serum thyroglobulin and recommendations for adjuvant radioactive iodine in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

Background. Controversy exists in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection (CCND) on serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels and recommendations for adjuvant radioactive iodine (RAI). Methods. The records of 103 patients who underwent completion/total thyroidectomy for DTC between January 2009 and November 2010 were reviewed. Prophylactic CCND was defined as removal of central compartment lymph nodes with no preoperative or intraoperative evidence of lymphadenopathy. Institutional protocol included a diagnostic whole-body scan before RAI; patients with a negative scan and Tg \ 2.0 did not receive adjuvant RAI. Results. Among the 103 patients, therapeutic CCND was performed in 17 (17 %) and prophylactic CCND in 49 (48 %). Of the 49 patients, 20 (41 %) had positive cervical lymph nodes. Positive lymph nodes changed American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor, node, metastasis staging in 17 patients and recommendations for RAI in 14. At a median follow-up of 21 months, there was no difference in Tg level based on the application of CCND; however, 92 % of patients with M0 disease had an undetectable Tg. One patient had recurrent DTC based on serum Tg only. Conclusions. Prophylactic CCND resulted in detection of unsuspected metastatic lymphadenopathy in 20 (41 %) of 49 patients and changed RAI recommendations in 14 (33 %). To date, most patients have an undetectable Tg. Longer follow-up is needed to detect potential differences in recurrent disease based on the use of CCND or longterm effects of RAI.
Delivery of liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in a breast cancer tumor model: investigation of potential enhancement by pulsed-high intensity focused ultrasound exposure.

Rationale and Objectives To investigate the potential of using pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposures to enhance the delivery, and hence therapeutic effect of liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in a murine breast cancer tumor model. Materials and Methods Tumors were grown in the bilateral flanks of mice using a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line. Experiments consisted of exposing one of two tumors to pulsed-HIFU, followed by tail vein injections of Doxil. Tumor growth rates were monitored, and assays carried out for doxorubicin concentration in these tumors as well as in a second (squamous cell carcinoma) tumor model and in muscle. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used with fluorescent probes to observe both the uptake of polystyrene nanoparticles and dilation of exposed blood vessels. Additional experiments involving histologic analysis and real-time temperature measurements were performed to determine the safety of the exposures. Results Pulsed-HIFU exposures were shown to be safe, producing no apparent deleterious effects in the tumors. The exposures, however, were not found to enhance the delivery of Doxil, and consequently did not allow for lower doses for obtaining tumor regression. Imaging with a fluorescent dextran showed blood vessels to be dilated as a result of the exposures. Experiments with polystyrene nanoparticles of similar size to the liposomes showed a greater abundance to be present in the treated tumors. Conclusion Although past studies have shown the advantages of pulsed-HIFU exposures for enhancing delivery, this was not observed with the liposomes, apparently because of their inherent ability to preferentially accumulate into tumors on their own. Potential mechanisms for enhanced uptake of non-liposomal nanoparticles are discussed.
A Comparative Study of the Distributions of Renin and Angiotensinogen Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Rat and Mouse Tissues

Previous studies have reported the presence of renin mRNAs in several mouse tissues and angiotensinogen mRNAs in various rat tissues. Clarification as to whether renin and angiotensinogen mRNAs are coexpressed in the same tissues of the same animal species is important for understanding the biology of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. We employed mouse renin cDNA and rat angiotensinogen cDNA to compare tissue distributions of renin and angiotensinogen in RNAs of the rat and mouse. Both cDNA probes readily cross-hybridize with the corresponding mRNA of the other species. Our results demonstrate several patterns of distribution. 1) Renin and angiotensinogen mRNAs are readily detected in kidney and adrenals of both species. In brain and heart, angiotensinogen mRNAs are present in concentrations that far exceed renin mRNA levels in these organs in both species. 2) In mouse and rat livers, angiotensinogen, but not renin, mRNA is demonstrated. 3) In rat testis, only renin mRNA can be detected, whereas in mou...
A rat model for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

A number of animal models for attention deficient-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common childhood disorder, have been developed. However, none of these models are truly representative of naturally occurring developmental ADHD. In such models, hyperactivity is induced by electrical or chemical brain lesions, by pharmacological manipulation, or by genetic breeding that is coupled with hypertension. Based on the observation that some hyposexual rats also are hyperactive, we have studied these rats in order to determine whether they portray characteristics representative of ADHD. Results of open field testing, response to stimulant medication challenge, and measurement of the rat's ability to block irrelevant information in a conditioned avoidance response demonstrate three properties characteristic of ADHD: a) a high level of spontaneous motor activity; b) an attenuation of motor activity in response to amphetamine; and c) a deficit in selective attention. These data indicate that these rats may be a model for the study of ADHD.
Resource Management in Legion

The recent development of gigabit networking technology, combined with the proliferation of low-cost, high-performance microprocessors, has given rise to metacomputing environments. These environments can combine many thousands of hosts, from hundreds of administrative domains, connected by transnational and world-wide networks. Managing the resources in such a system is a complex task, but is necessary to efficiently and economically execute user programs. In this paper, we describe the resource management portions of the Legion metacomputing system, including the basic model and its implementation. These mechanisms are flexible both in their support for system-level resource management but also in their adaptability for user-level scheduling policies. We show this by implementing a simple scheduling policy and demonstrating how it can be adapted to more complex algorithms.
Children's acquisition of speech timing in English: a comparative study of voice onset time and final syllable vowel lengthening.

This study describes English-speaking children's acquisition of voice onset time (VOT), a segmental feature that specifies the timing of word-initial stop consonants, and final-syllable vowel lengthening (FSVL), a suprasegmental feature that influences the timing of vowels. The purpose of the study was to evaluate two hypotheses about the acquisition of speech timing contrasts: a ‘motoric’ hypothesis predicting that children would control the vowel duration contrast earlier than the consonantal one (FSVL before VOT), and a ‘representation’ hypothesis predicting that children would control the contrast represented on the segmental level of linguistic description earlier than the contrast represented on the suprasegmental level (VOT before FSVL). Longitudinal acquisition patterns for both contrasts were compared in ten children between the mean ages of 1;6 and 2;0. The results, indicating that English-speaking children usually acquired VOT before FSVL, are discussed in light of evidence that French-speaking children acquire analogous contrasts in the opposite sequence. The crosslanguage comparisons support limited forms of both the motoric and representation hypotheses. As promising topics for further study, the results also suggested the importance of individual differences, and the variability of timing features in the input.
Industry-government-university cooperation to establish CIM education in the USA

Abstract Manufacturing engineering was a neglected field in American higher education during the past few decades. In recent years leaders of U.S. academic institutions, industry and government recognized the importance of the need for specially trained engineers to implement computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIM). The National Science Foundation organized a series of conferences with university and industry leaders to initiate joint action and announced funds to establish centers of excellence at selected universities. Leading industrial companies, like IBM Corporation, established their own corporate teaching/training centers and also announced competitive grant programs for universities. Numerous academic institutions broadened existing programs or developed new undergraduate and graduate curricula in modern manufacturing systems engineering. The result is an ever increasing availability of CIM professionals.
Cortical and spinal motor excitability during the transcranial magnetic stimulation silent period in humans

We investigated the electromyographic silent period in abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and flexor carpi radialis muscles following transcranial magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. In APB, we measured cortical stimulation silent period (CSSP) duration as a function of stimulus intensity, motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and muscle twitch force. We used peri-stimulus-time histograms to study the effect of cortical stimulation on single-motor unit firing patterns. We compared F-waves, H-reflexes and magnetic MEPs elicited during the CSSP to control responses elicited at rest and during voluntary contraction. CSSP duration depended on the intensity of cortical stimulation. However, we found no relationship between CSSP duration and MEP amplitude or muscle twitch force, thus the CSSP is not dependent solely on Renshaw cell inhibition or on changes in Ia and Ib afferent activity following the cortically induced muscle twitch. At low intensities of stimulation, the interval to resumption of motor unit firing following the peak in the peri-stimulus-time histogram corresponding to MEP latency sometimes exceeded that which could be accounted for by the motor unit's firing rate prior to the stimulus, suggesting that synchronization of motor unit firing by cortical stimulation cannot account for the CSSP. We found brief inhibition of F-waves during the CSSP in some subjects, reflecting activation of inhibitory corticospinal projections or segmental effects. In contrast, we observed longer inhibition of H-reflexes during the CSSP in all subjects, perhaps resulting from presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents. Magnetic MEPs also were inhibited during the CSSP, suggesting inhibition of cortical elements by transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Machine learning the harness track: Crowdsourcing and varying race history

Racing prediction schemes have been with mankind a long time. From following crowd wisdom and betting on favorites to mathematical methods like the Dr. Z System, we introduce a different class of prediction system, the S&C Racing system that derives from machine learning. We demonstrate the S&C Racing system using Support Vector Regression (SVR) to predict finishes and analyzed it on fifteen months of harness racing data from Northfield Park, Ohio. We found that within the domain of harness racing, our system outperforms crowds and Dr. Z Bettors in returns per dollar wagered on seven of the most frequently used wagers: Win $1.08 return, Place $2.30, Show $2.55, Exacta $19.24, Quiniela $18.93, Trifecta $3.56 and Trifecta Box $21.05. Furthermore, we also analyzed a range of race histories and found that a four race history maximized system accuracy and payout. The implications of this work suggest that an informational inequality exists within the harness racing market that was exploited by S&C Racing. While interesting, the implications of machine learning in this domain show promise.
Day‐to‐Day Physical Symptoms: Individual Differences in the Occurrence, Duration, and Emotional Concomitants of Minor Daily Illnesses

Even minor illnesses represent significant events in the ongoing lives of most people. As such, daily event methodologies could be applied to the study of ongoing health and illness. When daily health is considered as a temporal process, it is possible to expand our formulation of the relation between personality and day-to-day health. We used a daily event approach to model three temporal parameters of day-to-day health: the occurrence rate of symptoms, the duration of symptoms, and the covariation of symptoms and moods over time. We then examine whether these three models of day-to-day health are related to personality variables commonly used in health psychology research. The occurrence of illness related most strongly to neuroticism, the duration of illness related most strongly to the trait of aggressive responding, and Type A behavior related to less unpleasant affect reported during episodes of respiratory infection, aches, and depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of how alternative models of health/illness are made possible by the daily event perspective.
Optimally shaped terahertz pulses for phase retrieval in a Rydberg-atom data register

We employ optimal control theory to discover an efficient information-retrieval algorithm that can be performed on a Rydberg-atom data register using a shaped terahertz pulse. The register is a Rydberg wave packet with one consituent orbital phase reversed from the others (the ``marked bit''). The terahertz pulse that performs the decoding algorithm does so by driving electron probability density into the marked orbital. Its shape is calculated by modifying the target of an optimal-control problem so that it represents the direct product of all correct solutions to the algorithm.
Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and Oxygen Overlayers on the Ni(100) Surface

We present an analysis of the electron-energy-loss spectra produced by dipole scattering from lattice vibrations of the $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ and $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ oxygen overlayer on the Ni(100) surface. We conclude that the distance between the oxygen layer and the Ni surface is very much smaller for the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ overlayer than for the $p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$, in accord with a recent suggestion by Upton and Goddard.
A DENSITY FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF THE EQUILIBRIUM STRUCTURE, VIBRATIONAL SPECTRUM, AND HEAT OF FORMATION OF BR2O3

The geometry, vibrational spectrum, and energetics of BrOBrO2 have been examined using the B3LYP and B3PW91 ab initio density functional methods. The estimated heat of formation of BrOBrO2 is 57.4 ± 4 kcal mol-1 at 0 K. We find that, within the XOBrO2 series (X = H, Cl, Br), BrOBrO2 is the least stable.
Proteomic expression analysis of surgical human colorectal cancer tissues: up-regulation of PSB7, PRDX1, and SRP9 and hypoxic adaptation in cancer.

Colorectal adenocarcinoma is one of the worldwide leading causes of cancer deaths. Discovery of specific biomarkers for early detection of cancer progression and the identification of underlying pa...
Dimensionality reduction for fast similarity search in large time series databases

The problem of similarity search in large time series databases has attracted much attention recently. It is a non-trivial problem because of the inherent high dimensionality of the data. The most promising solutions involve first performing dimensionality reduction on the data, and then indexing the reduced data with a spatial access method. Three major dimensionality reduction techniques have been proposed: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and more recently the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). In this work we introduce a new dimensionality reduction technique which we call Piecewise Aggregate Approximation (PAA). We theoretically and empirically compare it to the other techniques and demonstrate its superiority. In addition to being competitive with or faster than the other methods, our approach has numerous other advantages. It is simple to understand and to implement, it allows more flexible distance measures, including weighted Euclidean queries, and the index can be built in linear time.
The prediction of development rate and the effect of temperature for the meiobenthic copepod, Microarthridion littorale (Poppe)☆

Abstract Specimens of the meiobenthic copepod, Microarthridion littorale (Poppe ), were cultured in the laboratory on substrata consisting of sediment, benthic diatoms, and detrital filtrate. No significant differences were found in egg development times of M. littorale cultured in winter vs. summer, and we suggest several possible interpretations. Egg development time was independent of the number of clutches a female carried in the laboratory, suggesting confidence in estimates of egg development time without knowledge of the number of broods a female has produced. Egg, naupliar, and copepodite development rates were determined over a range of temperatures. Regression analyses indicated that both Bělehradek's temperature function and a curvilinear model adequately described the relationship between development and temperature for all three developmental stages. A linear model was also adequate to describe copepodite development (Lack of Fit Test, P = 0.05). Eight of the reared females produced egg sacs, allowing us to estimate generation time (egg to egg) as 29.6 days at 25°C and 21.6 days at 33°C. Generation times were compared to those for a closely related benthic copepod, Tachidius discipes. Life history parameters between the two differed, and we advise caution when using predictions of development time derived from a species other than the one being studied.
Systematics and character evolution in Durio s. lat. (Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae or Bombacaceae-Durioneae)

Abstract A molecular phylogenetic study of Durio s.lat. was conducted based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA for 30 ingroup exemplars, representing 16 species, and two taxa of Cullenia as outgroups. The phylogeny suggests the existence of two well-circumscribed clades composed, respectively, of species with poricidal pollen locules ( Boschia ) and species with pollen locules that open with longitudinal slits ( Durio s.str.). The latter clade is subdivided into two strongly supported clades: /Tubulidurio, with highly fused filaments and free calyx lobes, and /Palatadurio, with largely free filaments and connate calyx lobes. We provide phylogenetic definitions for the names of these well-supported clades. Reconstruction of floral evolution is consistent with the hypothesis that vertebrate pollination is ancestral for Durio s.lat. and Cullenia . However, there have been further shifts in pollination system within Durio s.lat., which may account for some of the current diversity of floral characters. The correlation of fruit and aril characteristics suggests that there are two major dispersal syndromes, involving either birds (fruits opening on trees; aril red/yellow and odorless) or terrestrial mammals (fruits opening only after falling to the ground; aril pale colored and pungent). The distribution of extant taxa implies a Malesian origin and radiation of the study group, with a single dispersal of Cullenia to India and Sri Lanka. However, the fossil pollen record raises the possibility that Durio and relatives may have migrated to Southeast Asia from the Indian subcontinent after it collided with Asia. A molecular clock analysis suggests that the earliest divergence within the study group occurred about 20 to 32 mya and, hence, does not favor either biogeographic scenario.
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol for the removal of the 4,4′-DimethoxytrityI protecting group from the 5′-hydroxyl of acid-sensitive nucleosides and nucleotides

Abstract 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol is introduced as a suitable reagent and solvent for the detritylution of 5′- O -(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-nucleosides and -deoxynucleosides, especially those that are susceptible to N -glycosyl cleavage under more strongly acidic conditions.
The Nature of Optical Features in the Inner Region of the 3C 48 Host Galaxy

The well-known quasar 3C 48 is the most powerful compact steep-spectrum radio-loud QSO at low redshifts. It also has two unusual optical features within the radius of the radio jet (~1''): (1) an anomalous, high-velocity narrow-line component, and (2) a bright continuum peak (3C 48A) ~1'' northeast of the quasar. Both of these optical features have been conjectured to be related to the radio jet. We have obtained Gemini North GMOS integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy of the central region around 3C 48. We use the unique features of the IFU data to remove unresolved emission at the position of the quasar. The resolved emission at the wavelength of the high-velocity component is peaked 0.25'' north of the quasar, at the same position angle as the base of the radio jet. These observations appear to confirm that this high-velocity gas is connected with the radio jet. However, most of the emission comes from a region where the jet is still well collimated, rather than from the regions where the radio maps indicate strong disruption. We also present the results of HST STIS spectroscopy of 3C 48A. We show that 3C 48A is dominated by stars with a luminosity-weighted age of ~1.4 × 108 yr, substantially older than any reasonable estimate for the age of the radio source. Thus, 3C 48A almost certainly cannot be attributed to jet-induced star formation. The host galaxy of 3C 48 is clearly the result of a merger, and 3C 48A seems much more likely to be the distorted nucleus of the merging partner in which star formation was induced during the previous close passage.
Simulation of sulfate-dependent sulfate reduction using Monod kinetics

A simple computer code is presented for simulating the dependence of sulfate reduction on sulfate concentration using Monod kinetics. Unlike previous models, the code provides a numerical initial value problem solution, rather than a two-point boundary value solution, for the Monod model using a search procedure to find the correct starting value for the derivative of sulfate concentration with respect to depth. Accordingly the code is not restricted to cases where sulfate vanishes at finite depth but also can be used to model situations where organic matter is exhausted before total depletion of sulfate can occur. In such situations, the code demonstrates that profiles generated using Monod kinetics differ significantly from those generated using the simple sulfate-independent model proposed by Berner (1964), even when the asymptotic concentration of sulfate at depth remains well above the Monod saturation constant.
Comparison of The Effectiveness of Sunscreen Lotions Using A TiO 2 -based UVA/UVB Dosimeter

This paper describes a simple method for the evaluation of the effectiveness of a sunscreen product. It illustrates the basic principle of semiconductor (such as TiO2) band gap, band-gap excitation, conduction-band electron trapping, and its application as an effective dosimeter in the UVB and UVA regions. The color change of the dosimeter, prepared from TiO2 sol, can be quantitatively determined with a UV-vis spectrometer or qualitatively by visual inspection. The experiment can be used as a freshman-chemistry laboratory exercise or performed as a classroom demonstration for high school students or nonchemistry-major college students.
Buffer overflow calculations using an infinite-capacity model

Abstract Sufficient conditions are established for approximation of the overflow probability in a stochastic service system with capacity C by the probability that the related infinite-capacity system has C customers. These conditions are that (a) the infinite-capacity system has negligible probability of C or more customers; (b) the probabilities of states with exactly C customers for the infinite-capacity system are nearly proportional to the same probabilities for the finite- capacity system. Condition (b) is controlling if the probabilities for the infinite-capacity system are rescaled so that the probability of at most C customers is unity. For systems with precisely one state with C customers, such as birth-and-death processes, the latter approximation is exact even when condition (a) does not hold.
Photoinduced electron transfer in platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide chromophores: reductive and oxidative quenching and hydrogen production.

A series of luminescent platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes, ([Pt(tpy)(C⋮CPh)]ClO4 (1) and [Pt(ttpy)(C⋮C-p-C6H4R)]ClO4, where tpy = terpyridine, ttpy = 4‘-p-tolylterpyridine, R = H, Cl, Me) (2−4) were studied with regard to excited-state quenching by dialkylated bipyridinium cations as electron acceptors and triethanolamine (TEOA) as an electron donor and the photogeneration of hydrogen from systems containing the chromophore, the dialkylated bipyridinium cations, TEOA, and colloidal Pt as a catalyst. The dialkylated bipyridinium cations include methyl viologen (MV2+) and a series of diquats prepared from 2,2‘-bipyridine or 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine. The quenching rates for the diquats for one of the chromophores (2) are close to the diffusion-controlled limit. The most effective electron acceptor and relay for hydrogen evolution has been found to be 4,4‘-dimethyl-1,1‘-trimethylene-2,2‘-bipyridinium (DQ4) which on photoreduction by the chromohore provides the strongest reducing agent of the di...
The use of a contingent observation procedure to reduce disruptive behavior in a preschool child

Abstract The use of a contingent observation procedure to effect reductions in disruptive behavior and increases in appropriate social behaviors in a 5‐year‐old kindergarten student was investigated. The procedure can be divided into the following four components: behavioral instruction, modified time‐out, modeling, contingent social reinforcement. Large reductions in intrusive‐aggressive and non‐compliant behavior were observed after implementation of the procedure. Anecdotal reports from the subject's teacher suggested improved social behaviors over the course of the experiment. Although methodological limitations hampered clear interpretations of the data, type of modeling instruction (general vs. specific individual) did not seem to affect results. Results of the study supported the effectiveness of the contingent observation procedure and suggested that it is applicable to a wider range of children than was previously established.
A comparison of spectral edge, delta power, and bispectral index as EEG measures of alfentanil, propofol, and midazolam drug effect.

Background The effects of anesthetic drugs on electroencephalograms (EEG) have been studied to develop the EEG as a measure of anesthetic depth. Bispectral analysis is a new quantitative technique that measures the consistency of the phase and power relationships and returns a single measure, the bispectral index. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the bispectral index, version 1.1, with other spectral analysis EEG measures of drug effect for three commonly used anesthetic drugs. Methods The EEG waveforms from 31 adults receiving infusions of alfentanil, propofol, or midazolam were analyzed. The time course of spectral edge (Se95), relative power in delta band, and bispectral index were related to the estimated effect-site concentration with use of a sigmoidal Emax model to estimate the potency (IC50) and the plasma effect-site equilibration rate constant (ke0) for each measure. The performance of the fitting was assessed by the coefficient of correlation between predicted and observed effect. Results Alfentanil induced a high-amplitude low-frequency EEG response. Propofol induced a biphasic response. At low concentrations, both frequency and amplitude increased. When the concentration increased, the EEG slowed and the amplitude decreased. High concentration produced burst suppression. Midazolam increased EEG frequency and amplitude. Bispectral index, SE95, and delta power yield similar estimates of IC50 and ke0. Except for alfentanil, the performance of the modeling with the bispectral index was as good that with SE95 or delta power. Conclusion Bispectral analysis can be used as a measure of the EEG effects of anesthetic drugs. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1997) 61, 45–58; doi: