cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life Concerns of Long-Term Lymphoma Survivors: Results of a Pilot Study.

Relatively little is known about the quality of life (QOL) status among long-term (5–20 year) lymphoma survivors. Using the Mayo Tumor Registry, we identified eligible patients who were 16 years or older at diagnosis, U.S. residents, first diagnosed with Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma from 1984–1998, diagnosed and/or initially treated at Mayo Clinic Rochester, and survived for 5 to 20 years (N=2,485). In October of 2004, we mailed a 23-page survey to 95 randomly selected patients; 7 were found to be ineligible (deceased or too ill). Of the 88 remaining patients, we were able to find a correct address for 82, and 57 completed a survey for a 70% participation rate. QOL assessments included the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G), and a series of linear analogue self-assessment (LASA) single-item QOL measures. Results for the pilot sample were compared to normative data for each measure relating to general cancer patient populations. All scores were transformed onto a 0–100 point scale (higher score meaning higher functioning) for ease of comparison. Of the 54 patients with complete data for analysis, the mean age at survey was 60.8 years (6.3–19.9). The mean time since diagnosis was 12.0 years (6.3–19.9), and 52% had survived more than 11 years. The mean total score for the FACT-G was 89 compared to a norm of 74 for cancer patients. Higher scores were also seen in the lymphoma survivors in each of the four FACT-G subdomains (physical, social/family, emotional and functional well-being) compared to normative cancer patient populations. The global LASA QOL measure was also higher among lymphoma survivors (mean score of 82 compared to a norm of 77), and only 7% reported a global QOL score of 50 or lower, indicative of impaired QOL. Functioning among the lymphoma survivors was higher compared to general cancer patients on the mental, physical, emotional, social, pain, fatigue, financial, and legal LASA items, while functioning was similar to general cancer patients on the spiritual and support LASA items. However, scores suggestive of impaired QOL were reported by more than 10% of the patients for the social (17%), pain frequency (31%), fatigue (20%), and financial concerns (25%) items of the LASA. There were suggestive results of effect sizes indicating that smokers had lower FACT-G physical and emotional scores, and lower LASA mental and physical QOL scores, although none achieved statistical significance. In conclusion, this pilot sample of long-term lymphoma survivor patients reported having high QOL on most domains of the FACT-G and LASA relative to other cancer patient populations. There appears to be a subset of patients who experience impaired QOL and who may require further interventions, particularly in the QOL domains of social, pain, fatigue, and financial functioning. These results also suggest that awareness of smoking status may be important. Further larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary data and to evaluate other aspects of QOL.
Creating Community Capacity through Youth Empowerment: A Case Study of Rural Nicaragua

Rural youth development in Nicaragua has experienced a rebirth with the re-introduction of 4-H (4-S in Spanish) after nearly two decades in dormancy. This case study explored 4-S through the eyes of 94 young club members, ages 9 to 13. Using sentence completion methods, youth provided insight into the activities they found most interesting and important. Their responses were then compared with the socioeconomic and demographic realities of the youth. Findings reveal deep connections between youth and their communities and culture. Entrepreneurial activities, agriculture, and work were important to the young people, indicating a strong sense of responsibility for contributing to their families and communities. Understanding 4-S members’ interests and ideas can serve local leaders in developing activities that reflect members’ interests and tap into their strengths.
Kinetics of the release of elemental precursors of syngas and syngas contaminants during devolatilization of switchgrass

In this study, the results from laboratory measurements of the devolatilization kinetics of switchgrass in a rapidly heated fixed bed reactor flushed with argon and operated at constant temperatures between 600 and 800°C was reported. Results indicate that switchgrass decomposes in two sequential stages during pyrolysis: stage I involves the evaporation and devolatilization of water and extractives and stage II involves that of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The estimated global activation energy for stage II increased from 52.80 to 59.39kJ/mol as the reactor temperature was increased from 600 to 800°C. The maximum conversion of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen ranged from 0.68 to 0.70, 0.90 to 0.95, 0.88 to 0.91, 0.70 to 0.80, and 0.55 to 0.66, respectively. The retention of alkali and alkaline earth metal (AAEM) species in the solid char after complete pyrolysis was significantly higher than in the original feed, indicating the importance of AAEM species in subsequent char processing.
Evaluating Potentially Superior Rhizobium Strains in Soybeans

Legumes infected with the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium obtain nitrogen from both soil N and N2. It would be economically advantageous to conserve existing soil N by increasing the proportion of N derived from symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes such as soybeans, if agronomic yields could be maintained. One method to achieve that goal is the identification of superior Rhizobium strains.
Impact of Neighborhood Safety on the Association between Parental Knowledge and Delinquency

It is important to understand the role of sources of parental knowledge within the context of perceived neighborhood safety, which has clear implications for how parents should effectively gain knowledge of youth behavior depending on the perceived safety of the neighborhood in which they reside. The current study examined perceived neighborhood safety as a moderator of the relation between sources of parental knowledge (i.e., child disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control) and child delinquency in a community-recruited sample of 89 children (56% male) ranging from 9 to 12 years of age (M = 10.44). Youth and their primary caregiver (85% mothers) responded to survey items. Findings suggested that the link between child disclosure and delinquent behavior was moderated by perceived neighborhood safety, such that the link between child disclosure and lower levels of delinquency weakens in neighborhoods perceived as less safe. In contrast, the link between parental solicitation and delinquency strengthened in neighborhoods perceived as less safe using both child and parent reports of delinquency, such that more solicitation was associated with higher levels of delinquent activity. Perceived neighborhood safety did not have a moderating effect on the relation between parental control and child-reported or parent-reported delinquency. Future directions are discussed.
The ALMA Revolution: Gas and Dust in Transitional Disks

The study of protoplanetary disks was for a long time based on indirect measurements of gas and dust, limiting our understanding of planet formation . The arrival of ALMA has revolutionized our view of the structure of these disks. The Early Science ALMA observations in the last few years have revealed rings, asymmetries, dust/gas segregation, gas dynamics, evidence for dust trapping and vortices, and many more exciting phenomena that have been predicted for decades in physical models of disks. In this chapter I review the most important ALMA discoveries and the next steps in planet formation studies.
Longitudinal Measurement Non-Invariance with Ordered-Categorical Indicators: How are the Parameters in Second-Order Latent Linear Growth Models Affected?

Models of change typically assume longitudinal measurement invariance. Key constructs are often measured by ordered-categorical indicators (e.g., Likert scale items). If tests based on such indicat...
Refractory feline sporotrichosis treated with itraconazole combined with potassium iodide.

Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum that infects humans and a wide variety of mammalian species, including cats. In Brazil only four cases of this disease were reported in domestic cats. The present study reports a case of an indoor cat, rescued from street three years ago, that developed histoplasmosis with supraorbital involvement. The cat presented sneezing, dyspnea and increased respiratory sounds and the diagnosis suspected was allergic rhinitis. Prednisolone and amoxicillin were prescribed. The patient returned to clinic after clinical signs worsened with a swelling of the right supraorbital region, unilateral left side conjunctivitis and enlarged submandibular lymph nodes. Cytology and culture revealed Histoplasmacapsulatum. Initially, itraconazole (10 mg/Kg SID orally) was prescribed and due to the worsening of clinical signs, was combined amphotericin B (0.5 mg/kg SC) for two weeks. The therapy with amphotericin was discontinued and itraconazole continued to be administered for six months. The clinical signs were resolved and no recrudescence was reported. It is important that veterinary practitioners to be aware of the clinical features of feline histoplasmosis and consider the possibility of a subclinical infection
Infectious and Environmental Triggers of Asthma

Key Points •] Development of asthma can be enhanced by infection with respiratory viruses. •] Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke enhances development of Th2 response and subsequent sensitization to inhaled allergen. •] Ozone and allergen exposure during development can enhance airway remodeling, allergic sensitization, and airway hyperresponsiveness. •] Environment and genetics of the host contribute to the development of the allergic asthmatic phenotype.
Geschlechtschromosomen und geschlechtsgebundene Vererbung

Mit den erstaunlichen Erkenntnissen uber die Lagerung der Erbfaktoren in den Chromosomen sind die Wunder dieser winzigen Zellbestandteile aber immer noch nicht erschopft. Erinnern wir uns noch einmal an einige der Hauptpunkte der Chromosomenlehre. Da wissen wir, das die Chromosomenzahl in allen Zellen eines bestimmten Lebewesens eine konstante ist. Die einzige Ausnahme von dieser Regel bilden die reifen Geschlechtszellen, in denen die Chromosomenzahl durch die so oft besprochenen Reifeteilungen auf die Halfte herabgesetzt ist. Da nun bei der Befruchtung mannliche und weibliche Geschlechtszellen von jeder Chromosomensorte je eines mitbringen und die Befruchtung in der Vereinigung von Eizellkern und Samenzellkern besteht, so mus die typische Chromosomenzahl von aus Befruchtung entstammenden Lebewesen immer eine gerade sein.
In Pursuit of Liberty, Equality, and Solidarity in Public Administration

(2014). In Pursuit of Liberty, Equality, and Solidarity in Public Administration. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 539-544.
Perseverance of effort is related to lower depressive symptoms via authentic pride and perceived power

Abstract Perseverance toward long-term goals has been tied to diminished depression. Few studies have considered mechanisms that might underlie the effects of perseverance. We tested the hypothesis that perseverance promotes greater resilience to depressive symptoms by enhancing positive self-conscious emotions (e.g., authentic pride) and positive self-valuation (e.g., sense of power). Participants (N = 420) completed self-report measures of perseverance, authentic pride, perceived power, and current depressive symptoms. Perseverance of effort was significantly related to lower depressive symptoms. Authentic pride and sense of power were both significant statistical mediators of the relationship between perseverance and depressive symptoms. Implications for future clinical research are discussed.
C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate results reliably exclude invasive bacterial infections.

Abstract Background Clinicians utilize inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), to identify febrile children who may have an occult serious illness or infection. Objectives Our objective was to determine the relationship between invasive bacterial infections (IBIs) and CRP and ESR in febrile children. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 1460 febrile children Results Of the 1460 eligible ED encounters, the median patient age was 5.3 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2.4–10.0 years] and 762 (50.4%) were hospitalized. The median duration of fever was 4 days (IQR 1–7 days). Overall, 20 had an IBI (20/1460; 1.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9–2.1%). None of those with a normal CRP (NPV 273/273; 100%, 95% CI 98.6–100%) or a normal ESR (NPV 486/486; 100%, 95% CI 99.2–100%) had an IBI. Conclusions In our cross-sectional study of febrile children, IBI was unlikely with either a normal CRP or ESR. Inflammatory markers could be used to assist clinical decision-making while awaiting results of bacterial cultures.
The Tensile Root Strength of Spartina patens : Response to Atrazine Exposure and Nutrient Addition

Coastal wetlands are receiving basins for inland runoff that contains numerous compounds such as nutrients and herbicides, which may have negative effects on wetland plants. Spartina patens is a dominant emergent macrophyte in low salinity wetlands whose biomechanical properties contribute to wetland stability against erosive forces and herbivore grazing. We conducted two greenhouse experiments with six levels of nutrients and three levels of atrazine doses to test the hypothesis that exposure to nutrients and atrazine changes the tensile root strength of S. patens. The results revealed that the tensile root strength of S. patens was not affected by either atrazine exposure or nutrient addition after 60 days, whereas the plants treated with atrazine, nutrient addition, or an atrazine-nutrient combination had significantly less tensile root strength than the Control after 212 days. There were no significant differences in tensile root strength between the main effects and treatment combinations, and hence, no interactive effects of nutrient addition and atrazine exposure. These results suggest that the influx of poor quality water into coastal wetlands will decrease the tensile root strength of S. patens and make coastal wetlands even more vulnerable to sea level rise and climate change.
Bis(tri­phenyl­phosphine)iminium tetra­fluoro­borate chloro­form monosolvate

In the title compound, C36H30NP2+·BF4−·CHCl3 or [PPN]BF4·CHCl3, where [PPN] = [(Ph3P)2N]+, two tri­phenyl­phosphine units are attached to a central N atom. The P—N—P bond angle is 137.69 (11)°. The two P—N bonds are nearly equivalent, with lengths of 1.5834 (18) and 1.5798 (17) A. Both the BF4− anion and the chloro­form solvent mol­ecule are disordered over two positions, with occupancy ratios of 0.872 (3):0.128 (3) and 0.9628 (9):0.0372 (9), respectively. In the crystal, C—H⋯F and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the [PPN]+ cations, the BF4− anions, and the chloro­form solvent mol­ecules into an array which extends along the b-axis direction.
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AND ATTENDANCE PATTERNS OF NESTING WHITE-TIPPED DOVES (LEPTOTILA VERREAUXI) IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS

Recent technological developments in video surveillance help shed light on the behavior and ecology of nesting birds. There is little information regarding breeding ecology of white-tipped doves (Leptotilaverreauxi), an elusive gamebird in southern Texas. Our objective was to describe parental attendance during the nesting season. We located nests in citrus groves and remnant woodlands. We used video camera systems to monitor parental behavior at the nest. We sampled video to establish time budgets for 13 nests, including 9 that reached the nestling stage. White-tipped doves take part in continual nest attendance, except for brief periods when the parents switch nesting duties. Female white-tipped doves attend the nest during the night and into the morning hours, when the male relieves her. The female forages throughout the day and returns in the evening, trading places with the male. White-tipped dove parental behavior was consistent with other columbid species.
The Legal Obligation to Learning-Disabled and Handicapped Allied Health Students.

Recent legislation and judicial decisions regarding the legal responsibilities of postsecondary institutions to handicapped and learning-disabled students is discussed. The relevance of these decisions to administrators of allied health programs in the selection and retention of students becomes apparent as one reviews the increased number of litigations in the past few years. In summary, administrators must make reasonable accommodations to "otherwise qualified" handicapped individuals. They need not, however, accept students that could not benefit from the principal education given or would not likely pass certification exams in their field of study.
Review: The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, by Stephen J. Shoemaker

Stephen J. Shoemaker, The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. 272 pp. ISBN 9780812250404. $59.95. This book is a strong contribution to the sustained surge in publications on “Late Antiquity and Early Islam,” in which the origin of Islam is explained, quite reasonably, by reference to its prior historical context. It is devoted specifically to apocalypticism, that narcissistic belief that the time in which one lives is the very most significant since creation itself, in which the meaning of history will become evident. Building on his earlier book The Death of a Prophet (2012) and an earlier article, and repeating arguments to an extent necessary to make this sequel independent, Shoemaker argues persuasively that late ancient apocalypticism and its formulation as eschatology played a major role in the genesis of Islam in the career of Muḥammad and afterward, both in its early doctrine and in animating the conquests carried out by Muḥammad's followers. In doing so he demonstrates his detailed familiarity with the recent and varied outpouring of challenging research on the Qurʾān in its historical context as well as his sure footing among religious texts of the late ancient period. In a field characterized by subtle, and sometimes unsubtle, apology and polemic, Shoemaker takes a historian's stance, adopts specific positions, and defends them on the basis of primary sources, many of which will be unfamiliar to readers. He is undogmatically open to a Qurʾānic text shaped by the prophet's followers even after his death. The general argument addresses only one piece of the puzzle of Islamic origins, apocalypticism. As Shoemaker indicates, this is a component of ideology that has been neglected by quite a few specialists in early Islam in favor of an implicitly laudatory view of Muḥammad as a reformer initiating a new society rather than warning of the end of all society. About two-thirds of the book consists of discussions of apocalypticism …
Policing and social media: A mixed-method investigation of social media use by a small-town police department:

In recent times, police departments across all social contexts have undergone tremendous changes, and a major catalyst of these changes has been the emergence of social media. This technological in...
Nanocellulose Dewatering and Drying: Current State and Future Perspectives

The knowledge base for nanocellulose (NC) has grown exponentially over the past two decades and continues to expand with the increasing number of potential applications demonstrated in the literatu...
Correction to: Modified two-stage restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research.

Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) is performed for patients with refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). This operation is performed in 2 or 3 stages and involves forming a diverting loop ileostomy thought to protect patients from complications related to anastomotic leak. However, some advocate for a modified 2-stage approach, consisting of subtotal colectomy followed by completion proctectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis without diverting ileostomy. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing postoperative complication rates between modified 2-stage and traditional RPC with ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Records were sourced from PubMed/Embase databases. Studies comparing postoperative complications following RPC for ulcerative colitis (UC) were selected according to PRISMA guidelines comparing modified 2-stage (exposure), classic 2-stage, and 3-stage approaches (comparators). The primary outcome measure was safety as measured by postoperative complication rates. We employed random effects meta-analysis. We included ten observational studies including 1727 patients (38% modified 2-stage). Among pediatric patients, modified 2-stage approaches had higher rates of anastomotic leak than 3-stage approaches (p = 0.03). Among adult cohorts with lower preoperative biologic use rates, modified 2-stage approaches had lower leak rates than classic 2-stage approaches (p < 0.001). The modified 2-stage approach may be safe for adult patients who otherwise require a 3-stage approach while reducing costs and length of stay. Pediatric patients may benefit from lower leak rates when receiving 3-stage compared with modified 2-stage approaches, especially when on biologics. The modified 2-stage approach may be safer than the classic 2-stage approach for adult patients with lower biologic exposure.
Supporting Refugee Preschooler’s Early Learning: Combined Capitals and Strengths of Refugee Families, an Agency, and a Community Preschool Program

Using Yosso’s community cultural wealth framework, this qualitative study explored the strengths families, a refugee agency and preschool program have as they support the educational needs of presc...
Validation of the Clouclip and utility in measuring viewing distance in adults.

PURPOSE To validate the Clouclip, a continuously measuring objective rangefinder, and examine viewing behaviours during various near tasks in non-myopic and myopic adults. METHODS In experiment 1, five Clouclip devices were utilised. An infrared camera was used to visualise and measure infrared beam size and angle. Repeatability for distance tracking was assessed from 5 to 120 cm in 5 cm increments. Accuracy of distance tracking was investigated for paper and iPad targets, spatial integration was calculated, effects of target tilt were determined and light measurements were compared to a lux meter. In experiment 2, viewing behaviour was assessed in 41 subjects (21 non-myopic, 20 myopic) during four 15-min near tasks; (1) passive reading of printed material, (2) active writing on printed material, (3) passive viewing on an electronic device and (4) active engagement on an electronic device. Working distance was compared between tasks and refractive error groups. RESULTS Clouclip distance tracking showed good repeatability, with a mean difference of 0.34 cm and limits of agreement of ±2.0 cm. Clouclip-measured and actual distances were highly correlated for paper and electronic targets from 5 to 120 cm, with mean differences and limits of agreement of 3.96 ± 13.78 cm and 4.48 ± 8.92 cm, respectively; variability increased for distances >100 cm. Tracking ability increased with larger target sizes; tracking was accurate when the target occupied 1.5%-20.3% of tracking beam area, depending on distance and with target tilt up to ±60 degrees. Clouclip- and lux meter-measured ambient illumination were highly correlated for a wide range of intensities (r = 0.96, p 20 000 lux. The Clouclip infrared beam was measured to have a diameter of 25.6 ± 2.2° and a downward angle of 10.3 ± 0.5°. For subject testing, viewing distance was significantly closer for active and passive printed tasks (29.5 ± 6.7 cm and 33.2 ± 8.8 cm, respectively) than for active and passive electronic tasks (35.4 ± 8.0 cm and 40.8 ± 10.4 cm, respectively), with no differences between refractive error groups (p = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS The Clouclip performed well in measuring near and intermediate distances and could distinguish between indoor ( 1000 lux) illumination. A closer working distance was observed for printed tasks compared to those on an iPad, with no difference in viewing distance between non-myopic and myopic adults.
Impact of storage conditions on protein oxidation of rendered by-product meals.

Rendered products used in animal feed and pet food undergo extreme temperatures during manufacturing and may be stored up to 2 yr. No information is available on protein oxidation in these products. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which typical antioxidant inclusion at different storage conditions may limit protein oxidation in typical rendered protein meals. Two experiments were conducted on 14 rendered products stored at either 45 °C for 7 or 14 d, or at 20 °C for 3 or 6 mo to determine the extent to which time, temperature, and antioxidants affect protein oxidation. Results from this study show that fish meal and chicken blood meal are susceptible to protein oxidation during storage at 45 °C (P = 0.05; 0.03) as well as during storage at 20 °C (P = 0.01; 0.04). Natural antioxidants were effective at limiting carbonyl formation in fish meal during short-term storage at 45 °C, whereas ethoxyquin was effective at limiting the extent of protein oxidation in fish meal stored long term at 20 °C.
Test generation using reinforcement learning for delay-based side-channel analysis

Reliability and trustworthiness are dominant factors in designing System-on-Chips (SoCs) for a variety of applications. Malicious implants, such as hardware Trojans, can lead to undesired information leakage or system malfunction. To ensure trustworthy computing, it is critical to develop efficient Trojan detection techniques. While existing delay-based side-channel analysis is promising, it is not effective due to two fundamental limitations: (i) The difference in path delay between the golden design and Trojan inserted design is negligible compared with environmental noise and process variations. (ii) Existing approaches rely on manually crafted rules for test generation, and require a large number of simulations, making it impractical for industrial designs. In this paper, we propose a novel test generation method using reinforcement learning for delay-based Trojan detection. This paper makes three important contributions. 1) Unlike existing methods that rely on the delay difference of a few gates, our proposed approach utilizes critical path analysis to generate test vectors that can maximize the side-channel sensitivity. 2) To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first attempt in applying reinforcement learning for efficient test generation to detect Trojans using delay-based analysis. 3) Our experimental results demonstrate that our method can significantly improve both side-channel sensitivity (59% on average) and test generation time (17x on average) compared to state-of-the-art test generation techniques.
Development of a posterior sagittal anorectal surgical teaching model.

An Anorectal Malformation (ARM) is a rare congenital malformation, which requires proper correction to ensure the best long-term prognosis. These procedures are relatively infrequent and complex, in which a structured approach is important. Therefore, training on an affordable model could be beneficial. A low-cost ARM model was developed. The base was reusable and the perineal body disposable. Both expert pediatric surgeons (Experts) and residents/fellows (Target group) were recruited for this study. After testing the model, they completed a questionnaire regarding the realism and didactic value of the model, using a 5-point Likert scale. Forty-four participants were recruited (Target group n = 20, Experts n = 24). The model has high mean scores of 3.8–4.4 for the total group and even higher on several aspects by the Target group. The experts regarded the haptics and manipulation of the fistula less realistic than the Target group (3.7 versus 4.3, p = 0.021 and 4.2 versus 4.6, p = 0.047). It was considered to be a very good training tool (mean 4.3), without significant differences between the groups. These results show general consensus that this model is a potent training tool for the component steps of the repair of an ARM with recto-perineal fistula by sagittal approach.
Evaluation of Switch-to-Brand Rates as a Potential Signal for Therapeutic Equivalency of Generic Antidepressants: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study.

Negative clinical outcomes after switching from brand to generic antidepressants have raised concerns regarding therapeutic equivalency. This research aims to estimate the prevalence of switching and to identify predictors for generic to brand switching for various antidepressants. This retrospective cohort study utilized data from a 10% random sample of enrollees in the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus claims database from 2007-2015. The base cohort consisted of commercially insured patients who were prescribed escitalopram, duloxetine, or venlafaxine extended release (ER) anytime from the year prior to the generic launch through December 2014. The primary outcome was defined as a switch from generic to a brand within 14 days of sustained generic use in a 1-year follow-up period. Adjusted logistic regression and generalized estimating equations for repeated measures estimated the drug specific and overall odds of switch-to-brand among brand initiators relative to generic initiators, respectively. A total of 102,831 unique patients across 3 drug products contributed to the final analytic sample. The overall prevalence of switch from generic to brand was 0.74%. Across all three antidepressants, brands initiators were more likely to experience a switch-to-brand: escitalopram (odds ratio (OR): 14.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 11.14-18.64), duloxetine (OR: 8.08, 95% CI: 4.85-13.41) and venlafaxine ER (OR: 16.46, 95% CI: 11.56-23.46). The pooled odds of a switch-to-brand in brand vs. generic initiators was 13.77 (95% CI: 11.35-16.71). This study suggests a low overall switch-to-brand prevalence and may support therapeutic equivalence between brand and generic antidepressants. Initiating with a brand product was the strongest predictor for switching back to brand and suggests that patient experience may play a role in drug utilization.
Management of lung disease in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: what we do and what we do not know:

Management of lung disease in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) includes both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Lifestyle changes with avoidance of environmental pollutants, including tobacco smoke, improving exercise levels and nutritional status, all encompassed under a disease management program, are crucial pillars of AATD management. Non-pharmacological therapies follow conventional treatment guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Specific pharmacological treatment consists of administering exogenous alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein intravenously (augmentation therapy). This intervention raises AAT levels in serum and lung epithelial lining fluid, increases anti-elastase capacity, and decreases several inflammatory mediators in the lung. Radiologically, augmentation therapy reduces lung density loss over time, thus delaying disease progression. The effect of augmentation therapy on other lung-related outcomes, such as exacerbation frequency/length, quality of life, lung function decline, and mortality, are less clear and questions regarding dose optimization or route of administration are still debatable. This review discusses the rationale and available evidence for these interventions in AATD.
Electrical properties of forsterite, Mg 2 Si O 4 . II

In this paper we develop a model for ionic transport in forsterite which predicts a different directional dependence of transport for magnesium interstitials and vacancies. This model, together with dc transport measurements on forsterite into which iron was diffused, suggests that we are dealing with interstitial transport in synthetic forsterite, whereas diffusion experiments on olivine reported in the literature have been dealing with vacancy transport. Our transport measurements also support the idea that ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ acts as an acceptor level lying 3.0 eV above the valence band of forsterite. Transport measurements are also reported for forsterite into which hydrogen has been diffused.
WE-G-BRB-03: Innovating the Delivery of Radiation Therapy

Over the past 20 years the NIH has funded individual grants, program projects grants, and clinical trials which have been instrumental in advancing patient care. The ways that each grant mechanism lends itself to the different phases of translating research into clinical practice will be described. Major technological innovations, such as IMRT and proton therapy, have been advanced with R01-type and P01-type funding and will be discussed. Similarly, the role of program project grants in identifying and addressing key hypotheses on the potential of 3D conformal therapy, normal tissue-guided dose escalation and motion management will be described. An overview will be provided regarding how these technological innovations have been applied to multi-institutional NIH-sponsored trials. Finally, the panel will discuss regarding which research questions should be funded by the NIH to inspire the next advances in radiation therapy. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the different funding mechanisms of the NIH 2. Learn about research advances that have led to innovation in delivery 3. Review achievements due to NIH-funded program project grants in radiotherapy over the past 20 years 4. Understand example advances achieved with multi-institutional clinical trials NIH
Effects of dietary protein source and quantity on glycemic control in energy-restricted overweight and obese adults (381.8)

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein ranges from 10-35% of daily total energy intake. It is unknown how diets with predominate sources of protein from animal flesh vs. plant, with protein intakes spanning the AMDR affect glycemic control during weight loss in overweight/obese adults. 23F/11M overweight/obese adults (age蠅21 y; BMI 30.8±2.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups (lean pork/beef or soy/legume products). Each subject consumed, in random order, energy restricted (ER) diets (-750 kcal/d) which contained 10%, 20%, or 30% energy from protein (30% of total protein provided from lean pork/beef or soy/legume products) for 3 consecutive 4-week trials. Chronic adaptations to the experimental diets did not affect fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), or pancreatic beta function (HOMA-β). Acute glucose responses (area under the curve, 4h) to breakfast meals corresponding to the assigned diets were not different, despite an elevation of insulin...
Nitrite, NO and hypoxic vasodilation

The ability to deliver oxygen and other nutrients to working tissues at a rate acutely matched to demand is the quintessential function of the cardiovascular system. Thus, an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved in hypoxic vasodilation remains a major goal in vascular biology. Nitric oxide, its metabolites, and oxidation status are recognized as playing important roles in this process. Previous work examining how nitrite can be converted to bioactive nitric oxide (NO) under hypoxic conditions has focused on the role of the red blood cell and haemoglobin. In a recent issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Pinder et al. demonstrate that plasma nitrite, in the absence of haemoglobin, is capable of increasing the maximal dilation of rabbit aortic rings under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, they demonstrate that this relaxation can occur with or without the endothelium. This observation, even if it is only a small proportion of the relaxant activity of nitrite, highlights how NO metabolites may be involved in a variety of mechanisms of vessel control.
Paranodal Interactions Regulate Expression of Sodium Channel Subtypes and Provide a Diffusion Barrier for the Node of Ranvier

The node of Ranvier is a distinct domain of myelinated axons that is highly enriched in sodium channels and is critical for impulse propagation. During development, the channel subtypes expressed at the node undergo a transition from Nav1.2 to Nav1.6. Specialized junctions that form between the paranodal glial membranes and axon flank the nodes and are candidates to regulate their maturation and delineate their boundaries. To investigate these roles, we characterized node development in mice deficient in contactin-associated protein (Caspr), an integral junctional component. Paranodes in these mice lack transverse bands, a hallmark of the mature junction, and exhibit progressive disruption of axon-paranodal loop interactions in the CNS. Caspr mutant mice display significant abnormalities at central nodes; components of the nodes progressively disperse along axons, and many nodes fail to mature properly, persistently expressing Nav1.2 rather than Nav1.6. In contrast, PNS nodes are only modestly longer and, although maturation is delayed, eventually all express Nav1.6. Potassium channels are aberrantly clustered in the paranodes; these clusters are lost over time in the CNS, whereas they persist in the PNS. These findings indicate that interactions of the paranodal loops with the axon promote the transition in sodium channel subtypes at CNS nodes and provide a lateral diffusion barrier that, even in the absence of transverse bands, maintains a high concentration of components at the node and the integrity of voltage-gated channel domains.
Water Stress and Foliar Boron Application Altered Cell Wall Boron and Seed Nutrition in Near-Isogenic Cotton Lines Expressing Fuzzy and Fuzzless Seed Phenotypes

Our previous research, conducted under well-watered conditions without fertilizer application, showed that fuzziness cottonseed trait resulted in cottonseed nutrition differences between fuzzy (F) and fuzzless (N) cottonseed. Under water stress conditions, B mobility is further limited, inhibiting B movement within the plant, affecting seed nutrition (quality). Therefore, we hypothesized that both foliar B and water stress can affect B mobility, altering cottonseed protein, oil, and mineral nutrition. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effects of the fuzziness seed trait on boron (B) and seed nutrition under water stress and foliar B application using near-isogenic cotton lines (NILs) grown in a repeated greenhouse experiment. Plants were grown under-well watered conditions (The soil water potential was kept between -15 to -20 kPa, considered field capacity) and water stress conditions (soil water potential between -100 and -150 kPa, stressed conditions). Foliar B was applied at a rate of 1.8 kg B ha-1 as H3BO3. Under well-watered conditions without B the concentrations of seed oil in N lines were higher than in F lines, and seed K and N levels were lower in N lines than in F lines. Concentrations of K, N, and B in leaves were higher in N lines than in F lines, opposing the trend in seeds. Water-stress resulted in higher seed protein concentrations, and the contribution of cell wall (structural) B to the total B exceeded 90%, supporting the structural role of B in plants. Foliar B application under well-watered conditions resulted in higher seed protein, oil, C, N, and B in only some lines. This research showed that cottonseed nutrition differences can occur due to seed fuzziness trait, and water stress and foliar B application can alter cottonseed nutrition.
A preliminary molecular phylogenetic assessment of the lichen moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) with comments on palatability and chemical sequestration

The lichen moth tribe Lithosiini is best known for its hypothesized larval feeding behaviour, lichenivory. The larvae of some species have been found to be capable of sequestering polyphenolics, and the adults of some species are unpalatable to vertebrate predators. However, the chemical basis for the defence is unknown. Here we reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis using likelihood methods (maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference) for 65 species of Lithosiini representing 37 genera and seven outgroup species using 2806 bp of sequence data obtained from two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI barcoding region, CytB), and two nuclear gene fragments (RpS5 and ribosomal gene region 28S). Lithosiine species representing four of the seven subtribes and unplaced taxa are included in the analysis. The deeper relationships within the tribe are not strongly supported, and the monophyly of three of the four subtribes is not supported. The placement of the fourth subtribe, Acsalina, is weakly supported. We also conduct a survey of the secondary metabolites present within adults of five species. The species are examined for the presence of lichen polyphenolics and plant secondary metabolites sequestered by arctiines. Seven lichen polyphenolics are identified in the taxa examined, but no plant secondary metabolites are found using either analytical method. The results of this study and prior reports in the literature of chemical sequestration and unpalatability are plotted onto the resulting Bayesian inference phylogeny to examine the evolution of chemical defence within Lithosiini. Species that sequester lichen polyphenolics and unpalatable species occur in each of the major clades recovered in the analysis.
Eccentric Spiral Modes in Disks Associated with Young Stellar Objects

Motivated by observations suggesting that YSO disks are moderately massive and posssess significant intrinsic luminosity, we study the growth of gravitational instabilities in star/disk systems. For spiral modes with azimuthal wavenumber m = 1, we find a new type of amplification mechanism. These modes can grow on nearly a dynamical timescale and may lead to disk accretion or to the formation of a binary companion.
Solver representation for model management systems

A model base in which models are represented using SML (structured modeling language) is considered. A framework for the representation of solvers is given such that it is possible to deduce, from independent model and solver representations, what solvers can be used to manipulate all or part of a given model and what is accomplished by a manipulation. An MMS architecture that draws upon the model and solver representations to support dynamic MMS (model management system) activities is described. >
LOCAL ADAPTATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF CHROMOSOME FUSIONS

We use forward and coalescent models of population genetics to study chromosome fusions that reduce the recombination between two locally adapted loci. Under a continent-island model, a fusion spreads and reaches a polymorphic equilibrium when it causes recombination between locally adapted alleles to be less than their selective advantage. In contrast, fusions in a two-deme model always spread; whether it reaches a polymorphic equilibrium or becomes fixed depends on the relative recombination rates of fused homozygotes and heterozygotes. Neutral divergence around fusion polymorphisms is markedly increased, showing peaks at the point of fusion and at the locally adapted loci. Local adaptation could explain the evolution of many of chromosome fusions, which are some of the most common chromosome rearrangements in nature.
Techno-economic analysis of corn stover fungal fermentation to ethanol

Abstract Researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) perform fungal research and development activities to support the goal of promoting renewable energy production as set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This techno-economic analysis assesses the process economics of ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock by fungi to identify promising opportunities, and the research needed to exploit them. Based on literature derived data, four different ethanologen strains are considered in this study: native and recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the natural pentose-fermenting yeast, Pichia stipitis and the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum. In addition, filamentous fungi are applied in multi-organism and consolidated process configurations. Organism performance and technology readiness are categorized as near-term ( 10 years) process deployment. Processes classified as near-term could reasonably be developed in this shorter time frame, as suggested by recent literature. Mid-term technology process models are based on published lab-scale experimental data. Yields near the theoretical limit are classified as long-term technology goals. Among the four ethanologen strains, recombinant S. cerevisiae provides the most attractive process economics as defined by the lowest Minimum Ethanol Selling Price (MESP). This also falls in a range of the model analysis results suggested by literature based on different feedstock and organisms. Moreover, the analysis of mid-term and long-term processes shows improved profitability, revenue and process economics when co-producing chemicals on-site is applied, resulting in 1.98$/gallon of ethanol from a mid-term process scenario. The results of the analysis suggest that the opportunity for fungal fermentation exists for lignocellulosic ethanol production.
Influence of age on antennal response of male honey bees, Apis mellifera, to queen mandibular pheromone and alarm pheromone component

Using a computer-controlled pheromone-puff delivery system with signal averaging, we investigated the change with age of the electroantennogram (EAG) response of drone (male) honey bees to queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) and an alarm pheromone component, isopentyl acetate (IPA). Drone antennae were significantly more sensitive than worker antennae to QMP, but there was no significant difference in response to IPA. Response to QMP was dose dependent and decreased gradually with the age of the drone. Drone response to IPA did not diminish significantly with age. Drones do not mature sexually or make their first flights until about 1 week old, so the ontogeny of their sensory responsiveness to queen pheromones does not reflect that of their behavior. It is unknown if drones exhibit any behavioral response to IPA. The signal-averaging system we describe could be used to improve resolution of low signal-to-noise ratio signals in other EAG studies.
The kinetics and magnitude of the synergistic activation of the serum amyloid A promoter by IL-1 beta and IL-6 is determined by the order of cytokine addition.

Human serum amyloid A protein (A-SAA) is a major hepatic acute-phase protein, the concentration of which increases by up to 1000-fold during inflammation. This induction is primarily due to synergistic transcriptional up-regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines, principally interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6. Using HepG2 hepatoma cells transfected with pGL2-SAA2pt, a cytokine-responsive human SAA2 promoter/luciferase reporter gene construct, we show that stimulation with IL-1β prior to IL-6 is essential for maximal synergistic transcriptional induction of the SAA2 gene. The reciprocal treatment, i.e. stimulation of the promoter with IL-6 before IL-1β, results in significantly less synergistic activation of the SAA2 promoter. These findings strongly suggest that in vitro studies of acute-phase-protein induction using combinations of cytokines should be designed to reflect the chronology of their participation in the cytokine cascade.