cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservative surgery and radiotherapy for stage I/II breast cancer using lung density correction: 10-year and 15-year results.

Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) planning for breast cancer using lung density correction improves dose homogeneity. Its use obviates the need for a medial wedge, thus reducing scatter to the opposite breast. Although lung density correction is used at many centers in planning for early-stage breast cancer, long-term results of local control and survival have not been reported. Since 1984, we have used lung density correction for dose calculations at the University of Michigan. We now present our 10-year and 15-year results. Methods and Materials: The records of 867 patients with Stage I/II breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and RT with or without systemic therapy were reviewed. Tangential fields delivering 45–50 Gy to the whole breast calculated using lung density correction were used. A boost was added in 96.8% of patients for a total median dose of 61.8 Gy. Results: With a median follow-up of 6.6 years (range, 0.2–18.9 years), 5-, 10-, and 15-year actuarial rates of in-breast tumor recurrence as only first failure were 2.2%, 3.6%, and 5.4%, respectively. With surgical salvage, the 15-year cumulative rate of local control was 99.7%. Factors that significantly predicted for increased rate of local recurrence in multivariate analysis were age ≤ 35 years, hazard ratio 4.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–13.9) p = 0.004; negative progesterone receptor status, hazard ratio 6.8 (95% CI, 2.3–20.3) p = p = 0.007; and lack of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy, hazard ratio 7.7 (95% CI, 1.7–33.3) p = 0.008. Relapse-free survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years were 84.6%, 70.8%, and 55.9%, respectively; breast cancer-specific survival rates were 94.4%, 90.5%, and 86.9%, respectively; and corresponding estimates for overall survival were 89.7%, 75.7%, and 61.3%. Conclusions: Use of lung density correction was associated with high rates of local control, relapse-free survival, breast cancer-specific survival, and overall survival compared with other reported series of breast-conserving surgery and RT in early-stage disease. These results will serve as a benchmark against which newer radiation delivery strategies such as intensity-modulated RT and partial breast RT can be compared.
Property differencing for incremental checking

This paper introduces iProperty, a novel approach that facilitates incremental checking of programs based on a property differencing technique. Specifically, iProperty aims to reduce the cost of checking properties as they are initially developed and as they co-evolve with the program. The key novelty of iProperty is to compute the differences between the new and old versions of expected properties to reduce the number and size of the properties that need to be checked during the initial development of the properties. Furthermore, property differencing is used in synergy with program behavior differencing techniques to optimize common regression scenarios, such as detecting regression errors or checking feature additions for conformance to new expected properties. Experimental results in the context of symbolic execution of Java programs annotated with properties written as assertions show the effectiveness of iProperty in utilizing change information to enable more efficient checking.
Clinical significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in transurethral resection specimens.

Abstract Objectives High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the most likely precursor of invasive prostatic adenocarcinoma. The incidence and clinical significance of this lesion have not been previously defined in specimens from transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP). Methods To determine the frequency of PIN in TURP specimens and its relationship with adenocarcinoma, we reviewed 698 resections performed at Mayo Clinic between 1989 and 1990. A mean of 6 slides was analyzed for each case (range 1 to 36). The presence, extent, and architectural pattern of PIN were recorded. The results were correlated with many clinical and pathologic features, including patient age, Gleason score, stage, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, and patient follow-up. In a 1:2 nested matching case-control study, we compared the outcome of cases with PIN alone with that of the control group. Each patient with PIN alone (16 patients) was matched randomly with 2 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) alone (32 patients) according to age (±5 years) and serum PSA concentration (±1 ng/mL). Results Of 698 TURP specimens, 570 (81.7%) contained BPH and 128 (18.3%) contained adenocarcinoma and BPH. High-grade PIN was identified in 29 cases (4.2%), including 16 (2.8%) of those with BPH and 13 (10.2%) of those with cancer and BPH. Follow-up revealed adenocarcinoma in 3 of 14 patients (21.4%) with PIN and BPH only after 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively; mean follow-up for the 14 patients was 6 years (range 4 to 7 years), and none of the patients died of prostate cancer. Conversely, none of the patients (0%) without PIN in TURP specimens in the case-control study had subsequent adenocarcinoma. Conclusions The overall incidence of PIN in TURP specimens was 4.2%, including 2.8% without cancer and 10.2% with coexistent cancer. Prostatic adenocarcinoma was diagnosed within 7 years in 21.4% of patients with PIN in TURP specimen. Conversely, none of those without PIN matched for age and serum PSA had adenocarcinoma at follow-up. These results indicate that high-grade PIN is uncommon in TURP specimens and, when found, indicates a significant risk of cancer. The presence of PIN in TURP specimens should be reported by the pathologist; in addition, the entire specimen should be submitted for histologic examination to exclude carcinoma.
The effect of stress on the nanomechanical properties of Au surfaces

Stress in thin films plays a critical role in many technologically important areas. The role is a beneficial one in strained layer superlattices where semiconductor electrical and optical properties can be tailored with film stress. On the negative side, residual stress in thin-film interconnects in microelectronics can lead to cracking and delamination. In spite of their importance, however, surface and thin-film stresses are difficult to measure and control, especially on a local level. In recent studies, we used the Interfacial Force Microscope (IFM) in a nanoindenter mode to survey the nanomechanical properties of Au films grown on various substrates. Quantitative tabulations of the indentation modulus and the maximum shear stress at the plastic threshold showed consistent values over individual samples but a wide variation from substrate to substrate. These values were compared with film properties such as surface roughness, average grain size and interfacial adhesion and no correlation was found. However, in a subsequent analysis of the results, we found consistencies which support the integrity of the data and point to the fact that the results are sensitive to some property of the various film/substrate combinations. In recent measurements on two of the original substrate materials we found a direct correlation between the nanomechanical values and the residual stress in the films, as measured globally by a wafer warping technique. In the present paper, we review these earlier results and show recent measurements dealing with stresses externally applied to the films which supports our earlier conclusion concerning the role of stress on our measurements. In addition, we present very recent results concerning morphological effects on nanomechanical properties which add additional support to the suggestion that near-threshold indentation holds promise of being able to measure stress on a very local level.
A splicing mutation (1898 + 1G→T) in the CFTR gene causing cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosoma1 recessive disease in Caucasian populations, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 2,500 live births and a carrier frequency of about 1 in 25 (Boat et al., 1989). The fundamental defect in CF appears to be dysfunctional regulation of chloride ion flux in exocrine gland epithelia, leading to abnormally thick mucus secretions. This is reflected in the clinical features of the disorder which are dominated by lung disease, currently the major cause of morbidity in CF, and gradual d e g radation of the pancreas. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene spans approximately 250 kb and is composed of 27 exons (Rommens et al., 1989; Riordan et al., 1989). To date more than 400 disease-causing mutations have been identified (CF Consortium, personal communication); however, most of these are rare or are unique to specific families. The 5-year-old patient described in this study was originally diagnosed with CF at 3 years of age, based on clinical observations and elevated sweat electrolyte levels. The patient is of Portuguese/ Chinese extraction and has pancreatic insufficiency, which is being treated by enzyme replacement therapy and she has recurrent respiratory infections for which she is receiving aggressive antibiotic treatment. She has one older sister, who also has CF. The patient was screened for the 15 most frequent CF mutations and was found to be negative for all those tested. The prevalence and relatively high frequency of missense mutations affecting the first nucleotide binding fold of the CFTR protein led to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the exons and intron boundaries of exons 10, 11, and 12. To detect possible se-
The Supreme Court's Interpretation of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act:

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHCA), implemented only since 1977, has already caused a great deal of legal controversy, as evidenced by the hundreds of cases that have reached the courts. The many court decisions interpreting the EHCA form the basis of a common law that is as important to special educators as the Act itself. Thus far the U.S. Supreme Court has handed down decisions in four cases that it has heard. In these decisions the Court has defined what is meant by an appropriate education, has clarified the related services provision of the Act, has barred the awarding of attorney fees to the prevailing party in a special education suit, but has upheld a private school tuition reimbursement award to the parents of a handicapped child who successfully argued that the public schools did not provide an appropriate placement. These four decisions have had and will continue to have a profound impact on how the Act is implemented at the local level. The implications of the Supreme Court...
Synthesis of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization

Controlled radical polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) was achieved in a 50 vol % 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/water solvent mixture using a 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylpentanitrile) initiator and a CuCl 2 /2,2'-bipyridine catalyst-ligand complex, for an initial monomer concentration of [M] 0 = 2.32-3.24 M and a temperature range of 70-80 °C. Radical polymerization control was achieved at catalyst to initiator molar ratios in the range of 1.3:1 to 1.6:1. First-order kinetics of the rate of polymerization (with respect to the monomer), linear increase of the number-average degree of polymerization with monomer conversion, and a polydispersity index in the range of 1.29-1.35 were indicative of controlled radical polymerization. The highest number-average degree of polymerization of 247 (number-average molecular weight = 26,000 g/mol) was achieved at a temperature of 70 °C, [M] 0 = 3.24 M and a catalyst to initiator molar ratio of 1.6:1. Over the temperature range studied (70-80 °C), the initiator efficiency increased from 50 to 64% whereas the apparent polymerization rate constant increased by about 60%.
The Teacher as a Coach in The ESL Classroom

Non-native students may learn the English language more easily through a project-oriented approach where students take respon sibility for one another's actions and the teacher serves as a resource person, or coach. That's the opinion of this writer, who explains the concept on the following pages.
Nanowires, nanoneedles and sub-wavelength structures: Enabling a new era of optoelectronic technologies

We review the progress of synthesis, characterization and properties of III-V compound semiconductor nanowires and nanoneedles grown on lattice-mismatched substrates and a new family of optoelectronic devices based on high-contrast grating. There are intense interests in semiconductor structures with dimensions at the two ends of the nanometer regime. Materials with size on the order of a few nanometers, close to the de Broglie wavelength, are critical because their physical properties may be altered by its dimensions. In particular, they offer a tremendous opportunity to engineer properties of active materials. On the other hand, materials with dimensions on the order of one hundred nanometer scale are of enormous interests because they open up a new window to re-examine the wave guiding properties in sub-wavelength structures. In this talk, I will discuss recent progress in these two areas. We will discuss the synthesis and characteristics of III-V compound nanowires and nanoneedles that are monolithically grown on Si and sapphire despite of a very large lattice mismatches (over 50% for the latter) [1-4]. The structures show excellent crystalline and optical quality. The nanowires are promising for ultra low threshold lasers and high efficiency solar cells. The nanoneedles, on the other hand, have an extremely sharp tip of a few atoms in diameter. They are shaped in hexagonal pyramid and have a sharp 6-9deg angles. Core-shell GaAs/AIGaAs and GaAs/lnGaAs/GaAs layered nanoneedles are demonstrated with bright photoluminescence. They will find applications for field emission tips, atomic force microscopic probe tips and atto-liter liquid delivery. For the hundred-nm regime structures, we recently discovered a novel high index contrast subwavelength grating (HCG) structure, which showed an unprecedented effects on optical wave guiding and reflection properties [5-9]. We showed a single grating with an exceedingly large bandwidth (Deltalambda/lambda=35%) at high reflectivity (99.5%) for surfacenormal incident light. The broad bandwidth was accompanied by a very large tolerance where key grating parameters can vary by 50% to still yield VCSEL with similar light-current characteristics. By varying the grating parameters, we show a single layer of uniform grating exhibits high-Q (14,000) resonator characteristics - again for surface-normal emission. The HCG grating brings guided-wave optics to a totally untrespassed regime and will find many useful applications in lasers, filters, waveguides, sensors and detectors.
Laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: long-term follow-up.

Objective: To describe the long-term consequences of laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Summary Background Data: Laparoscopic surgery is well established in the surgical community. Laparoscopic surgery in the pregnant patient is not yet broadly accepted; concern has been for fetal wastage, effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the developing fetus, and long-term sequelae during childhood development. Methods: This report documents 11 laparoscopic cases in pregnancy with follow-up of 1 to 8 years. The patients were in their 16th to 28th week of pregnancy. Two patients had chronic cholecystitis and biliary colic resulting in weight loss and multiple admissions. Three patients had acute cholecystitis, and three patients had acute appendicitis. Two patients underwent exploration for a diagnosis of acute abdomen, and both were found to have small bowel obstruction. All patients had general anesthesia and underwent an open Hasson trocar procedure with end-tidal CO2 monitoring, sequential compression devices, a...
Mutual coupling between grounded circuits and the effect of a thin vertical conductor in the earth

A basic formulation is presented of the mutual coupling between grounded circuits of finite length on a homogeneous half-space model of the earth that contains a vertical conductor. This is intended to be a model to examine the induced polarization response of a metal wall casing. Both interfacial polarization and induced eddy currents in the casing are allowed for. The normal electromagnetic coupling formulas need to be modified to account for the presence of such man-made structures.
Identification of readmission risk factors by analyzing the hospital-related state transitions of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients

The hospital length-of-stay (LOS), and the time between a discharge and the next admission, are important measures of healthcare utilization, and are generally positively skewed. We model the state transitions of CHF patients, using data from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), by fitting a Coxian phase-type distribution to their LOS data, and extract the associated states in the latent Markov process. Selecting an appropriate number of phases helps to account for some heterogeneity among different LOS groups within the hospital, and provides a way to interpret each added covariate. By analyzing the strength of the connections among patient social, clinical, and historical characteristics within each group, the associated readmission risk may be estimated. For example, we found that groups with a greater LOS tended to have a greater proportion of patients from nursing home care. Nursing home care patients, who belong to the greater LOS group, tended to have a decreased readmission risk. Thus, by inc...
Contemporary management of superficial bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the second most common urologic malignancy after prostate cancer. Superficial bladder cancer presents as a heterogeneous group of tumors with variable biological potential. A significant percentage of patients diagnosed with superficial cancer will have multiple recurrences, and some will progress to invasive disease. METHODS Patients are stratified into low- or high-risk for recurrence and progression. We review the most recent literature regarding intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer, and we summarize indications for the use of intravesical agents as well as their efficacy, toxicity, and cost. RESULTS Several intravesical agents are available for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Patients may be identified as low- or high-risk for recurrence and progression. High-risk patients benefit from intravesical therapy. CONCLUSIONS Superficial bladder cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases. Treatment is effective in preventing recurrences and progression in the high-risk group.
Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filters

Interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with implantable filters was introduced in 1967. After being almost completely abandoned due to its many complications, the procedure gained significant clinical application with the introduction of the Greenfield stainless steel filter in 1973. Continued advances in filter designs have led to a dramatic increase in their use—more than 140,000 filters were inserted worldwide in 2003 (Sing et al., Surg Innov 12:195–202, 2005).
Follow-up of the Graduates of One Curriculum

A questionnaire was developed to obtain information from the graduates of the Marquette University Program in Physical Therapy from 1956, the year the program was established, to 1980. The response rate was 65 percent, with 433 graduates from 25 classes returning the questionnaire. The profile derived from the responses is of a graduate who remains employed in physical therapy full time or part-time, is satisfied with the undergraduate preparation received, and is a member of the American Physical Therapy Association. Compared with other studies, this survey reveals that lower percentages of physical therapy graduates are employed in hospital settings, higher percentages are earning graduate credits, and the dropout rate from the profession has decreased significantly. Other information obtained from the questionnaire is presented relating to demographics, continuing education, and participation in professional organizations.
Repositioning in global governance: horizontal and vertical shifts amid pliable neoliberalism

AbstractThis exploratory case study of repositioning focuses on changing relations among actors and the structures of global governance. It examines interactions between formal institutions, particularly the IMF, and informal networks of authority manifested in global forums, such as the G7/G8 and G20. The core argument is that global repositioning may be best understood in terms of increasing pliability in neoliberal globalisation. Pliable neoliberalism encompasses elasticity in practices and the stretching of spatial and institutional networks, plus pushback in the global North and South. It has two axes, one lateral and the other longitudinal. The former constitutes changes in global governance institutions; the latter turns on the resilience of neoliberalism and challenges to it. Horizontal shifts in global governance, as in changes in membership organisations, are made possible by verticality – hierarchies in social power relations. The evidence is drawn from documentary research and semi-structured ...
Intestinal obstruction by a bezoar from tube feedings

A 79-year-old woman was seen at our institution for treatment of a gastric adenocarcinoma. Because the patient wished to forego preoperative chemotherapy and radiation, we attempted a curative radical subtotal gastrectomy and antecolic Billroth II reconstruction. At the end of the procedure, a nasoenteric feeding tube was placed with the tip distal to the gastrojejunal anastomosis, and a nasogastric tube was left in place with the tip in the gastric remnant. Intestinal tube feeding was begun at 10 ml! hr. This rate was increased to 80 mI/hr over the next 48 hr. On the fourth postoperative day, the output from the nasogastric tube increased from 100 ml!8 hr to 400 ml!8 hr. This increase was thought to be due to edema of the anastomotic site with relative outflow obstruction. However, by the seventh postoperative day, the output from the nasogastric tube had increased to 1000 mV8 hr and became bilious. The patient began experiencing cramps in the left upper quadrant. She remained afebrile with a normal leukocyte count. An upper gastrointestinal examination using water-soluble contrast material was performed to evaluate the anastomotic site. This examination showed a large, irregularly marginated intraluminal filling defect in the efferent anastomotic limb of the jejunum with complete obstruction, suggesting a bezoar (Figs. lA and IB). Tube feedings were discontinued. One teaspoon (5 ml) papain (Adolph’s Meat Tenderizer; Van Der Bergh Foods, Lisle, IL) mixed with 50 ml of normal saline was instilled through the feeding tube every 6 hr. The patient was monitored with serial abdominal examinations and checks of leukocyte counts and vital signs. Two upper gastrointestinal examinations using water-soluble contrast material showed regression of the bezoar during the next 2 days. Therapy was continued for an additional 24 hr after the final contrastenhanced radiograph showed resolution (Fig. IC). The output from the nasogastric tube decreased to normal, and the feeding and nasogastric tubes were removed. The patient’s pain in the left upper quadrant remitted, and her diet was rapidly advanced. She was discharged from the hospital to her home tolerating a general diet on the 14th postoperative day. She remained asymptomatic on postoperative return visiLs to the clinic.
Comparison of the Epaulette and Micronodules on the Tympanic Membrane of the Corn Earworm Moth with Those of the Cabbage Looper

The conjunctiva and tympanic membrane of the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), are covered with micronodules. The earworm micronodules are elongated and of about the same diameter. The cabbage looper micronodules are unevenly shaped and connected by lateral ridges. The earworm has a rudimentary epaulette; the cabbage looper does not have an epaulette. Scanning electron micrographs show the connection of the scoloparium between the “Bugel” and the tympanic membrane. A 19 kHz ultrasonic stimulant causes the conjunctiva to tighten in an anterior direction stretching the tympanic membrane. The stretching of the conjunctiva and tympanic membrane is instigated by a posterior rolling motion of the episternum, coxa, and meron which draws the epimeron in an anterior direction pulling the anterior edge of the conjunctiva with it.
Scalable Parallel Implicit Algorithm for Advanced Turbulence Closures

*† ‡ § Two Reynolds Stress models are implemented in an existing scalable parallel incompressible flow solver. Computations for standard channel and flat plate cases are compared to theoretical and Direct Numerical Simulation results. Simulations of the DARPA SUBOFF body are compared to experimental data. The simulations displayed robust convergence for high Reynolds number flows with sublayer resolved grids. Reynolds stress model based simulations were found to be a third more expensive than two-equation turbulence model computations in terms of runtime. Nomenclature Cp = pressure coefficient Cf = skin friction coefficient j iu u ′ ′ − = Cartesian components of the Reynolds stress tensor K = turbulent kinetic energy ( ) k ku u ′ ′ 2 1 k v = mean flow contravariant velocity components m u = mean flow Cartesian velocity components m x = Cartesian coordinates () ( ) z y x
Design and simulation of radio frequency identification-enabled hybrid Push/Pull strategy for multi-echelon inventory of supply chain

Radio frequency identification(RFID)-enabled electronic visual system can view,from the remote terminal,the real-time inventory status of all enterprises in the supply chain.This technology facilitates the control for the wide-area distributed multi-echelon inventory of supply chain by using RFID-enabled Pull strategy.Push and RFID-enabled Pull strategies are adopted in different stages.Thus,a number of different RFID-enabled hybrid Push /Pull control strategies are designed according to the structural character and the function of the enterprises in each stage.To compare and test the performance of these hybrid strategies,we build an evaluation-indication system which includes the total inventory cost,the total shortage loss,the total operating cost and the inventory turnover rate.Because of the dynamic and stochastic nature of the supply chain system,it is difficult to build the mathematical model and solve it precisely,so the simulation model based on the principle of discrete event system simulation is designed and built.Many different structural multi-echelon inventory systems of supply chain distribution network controlled by thus designed hybrid strategies are simulated.Simulation results show it is desirable or even optimal when the manufactures are controlled by Push strategy,and the distributors and retailers are controlled by RFID-enabled Pull strategy.
Study on the Activity-Based Costing Management( ABC/M) for the primary health service project costs in Pudong New Area,Shanghai

Objective To estimate the cost of the primary public health care in Pudong New Area and provide a basis for perfecting the compensation mechanism for the community health service. Methods The costing method was used to investigate the consumption condition of 6 types of the cost of consumption,during the process of providing primary public health services conducted by community hospitals in Pudong New Area. Results In the year of 2013,the cost of the primary public health service in Pudong New Area was 59. 62 RMB per capita. Conclusion The government investment seemed to be slightly less,multiple factors should be considered for the consideration of the compensation program.
Doing Kyd: Essays on The Spanish Tragedy

Doing Kyd reads Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy, the box-office and print success of its time, as the play that established the revenge genre in England and served as a 'pattern and precedent' for the golden generation of early modern playwrights, from Marlowe and Shakespeare to Middleton, Webster and Ford. Interdisciplinary in approach and accessible in style, this collection is crucial in two respects: firstly, it has a wide spectrum, addressing readers with interests in the play from its early impact as the first sixteenth-century revenge tragedy, to its afterlife in print, on the stage, in screen adaptation and bibliographical studies. Secondly, the collection appears at a time when Kyd and his play are back in the spotlight, through renewed critical interest, several new stage productions between 2009 and 2013, and its firm presence in higher-education curriculum for English and drama.
Functional Comparison of 45 Naturally Occurring Isoforms of the Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT).

At least 53 distinct isoforms of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) protein are expressed in strains or isolates of P. falciparum malarial parasites from around the globe. These parasites exhibit a range of sensitivities to chloroquine (CQ) and other drugs. Mutant PfCRT is believed to confer cytostatic CQ resistance (CQRCS) by transporting CQ away from its DV target (free heme released upon hemoglobin digestion). One theory is that variable CQ transport catalyzed by these different PfCRT isoforms is responsible for the range of CQ sensitivities now found for P. falciparum. Alternatively, additional mutations in drug-selected parasites, or additional functions of PfCRT, might complement PfCRT-mediated CQ transport in conferring the range of observed resistance phenotypes. To distinguish between these possibilities, we recently optimized a convenient method for measuring PfCRT-mediated CQ transport, involving heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we use thi...
IPM systems that conserve pesticides, pest-resistant plants and biological controls, including genetically altered forms

More diversified, stable systems of integrated pest management based on use of pesticides, pest-resistant host plants and biological controls (including genetically altered forms) are needed to counter the evolution of highly resistant arthropod pests which attack crops, humans and other animals. To date, resistance has been more common to pesticides than resistant host plants or biological control agents, but examples from each group are well documented. These resistances are due to similar ecological genetic processes, but there are some differences among each pest control class.
Is Close Surveillance Indicated for Indolent Cancers? The Carcinoid Story

The objective of this article is to determine the relevance of close postresection surveillance for bronchopulmonary carcinoid. From 2006 to 2013, 57 patients underwent lung resection for bronchopulmonary carcinoid. They were assessed for effects of clinical presentation, subtype, stage, and tobacco use on survival and recurrence. Utility of bronchoscopy and radiographic surveillance was reviewed. Mean follow-up was 2.1 ± 1.7 years. Carcinoid patients presented at a young age (51 ± 15 years) with normal spirometry regardless of smoking status (forced 1-second expiratory volume, 88% ± 19% for never smokers vs 87% ± 16% for smokers). Thirty-nine patients underwent a lobectomy (2 sleeve resections) and 11 pneumonectomy or bilobectomy. Most carcinoids were of the typical (n = 53, 93%) rather than atypical (n = 4, 7.0%) subtype. Staging from pathology was unaffected by smoking status. Eight patients had positive lymph nodes at resection (13% of typical and 25% of atypical subtypes). One recurrence was an atypical pN0 carcinoid. Of 57 patients, 18 were surveilled postoperatively with bronchoscopy, which revealed no recurrences. Furthermore, 146 follow-up computed tomography scans were performed on 53 of 57 patients. No typical carcinoid recurrences were identified by any postresection surveillance technique, regardless of stage. Bronchopulmonary carcinoid is a different entity from non–small cell lung cancer and has low recurrence and mortality risks independent of smoking status. It is hard to justify close surveillance following complete resection of typical carcinoid. Computed tomography scans at 5-year intervals might be reasonable and more cost effective.
ROK’s New Policy in the Regional and Domestic Contexts

As favorable as the Northern Policy is from the standpoint of the Republic of Korea, it is disconcerting that North Korea may harbor ideas of sabotaging the plan. The DPRK government may simply be unprepared to respond positively to any South Korean proposal until the elder Kim Il-sung passes from the scene. Expanded economic ties with the South may be seen as too dangerous because North Korea’s economic failures will be too exposed. As mentioned earlier, the North interprets the plan as a South Korean scheme to unite the Korean peninsula under capitalism. Since South Korea has told the world it is their idea for North Korea to improve relations with the United States and Japan, the DPRK stands to lose face if it appears too eager to accept new offers of contact. (The DPRK has for some time pursued its own policy of soliciting closer relations with America and Japan.) If the North invites official American and Japanese diplomats to Pyongyang in exchange for Soviet and Chinese diplomatic relations with Seoul, it will be making a major compromise in its long-standing opposition to “two Koreas.” If it obstinately refuses a larger official presence of the West in its capital, it will remain more isolated than advisable given the socialist countries’ move toward Seoul. The North, then, may be expected to be obstinate, throwing various obstacles into the path of the Northern Policy.
Entrepreneurship, small businesses and economic growth in cities

Does entrepreneurship cause local employment and wage growth, and if so, how large is the impact? Empirical analysis of such a question is difficult because of the joint determination of entrepreneurship and economic growth. This article uses two different sets of variables—the homestead exemption levels in state bankruptcy laws from 1975 and the share of metropolitan statistical area (MSA) overlaying aquifers—to instrument for entrepreneurship and examine urban employment and wage growth between 1993 and 2002. Despite using different sets of instrumental variables, the ranges of two-stage least squares estimates are surprisingly similar. A 10% increase in the birth of small businesses increases MSA employment by 1.3–2.2%, annual payroll by 2.4–4.0%, and wages by 1.2–2.0% after 10 years. Furthermore, an accounting exercise shows that the employment and payroll growth from entrepreneurship are not confined to the initially created businesses but spillover to the aggregate urban economy.
The Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus: Connections With the Basal Ganglia

The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) interconnects extensively with the basal ganglia. Major input to the RMTg comes from the ventral pallidum–lateral preoptic–lateral hypothalamic continuum, which receives cortico-basal ganglia output from the entire cortical limbic lobe. Neocortical input to the RMTg involves a basal ganglia–lateral habenula–RMTg pathway. Other input to the RMTg comes from the lateral deep layers of the contralateral superior colliculus, midbrain extrapyramidal area, and several other rostral brainstem structures, of which nearly all are targeted by basal ganglia outputs and project to motor effector sites. RMTg projects densely to aforementioned brainstem structures (from which it receives inputs) and to the midbrain dopamine complex, which, via the basal ganglia, profoundly modulates locomotion and affect. The reported capacity of the RMTg to detect and influence behavioral responses to aversive, threatening, and disappointing circumstances likely involves its substantial interconnections with basal ganglia.
Management of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Targeted management and therapy for acute kidney injury (AKI) remains challenging. Much of the care for pediatric AKI to date remains supportive in nature. Earlier detection of AKI may allow intervention with fluid management measures before AKI is fully established, thus allowing the clinician to move beyond supportive care and improve outcomes. Early identification of patients at risk to develop AKI, optimizing fluid and electrolyte status, and avoidance of nephrotoxins are key points in early goal directed management of AKI. Fluid overloaded states may develop in AKI and early renal replacement therapy intervention should be strongly considered to ameliorate and/or allow for correction of volume disturbance and metabolic derangement and permit adequate nutrition to the critically ill pediatric patient.
Twitter use related to reality television characters: Association with increased marijuana use

ABSTRACTIn the United States, there are debates about marijuana legalization for either medical or recreational use. These debates may be reflected in traditional media, such as reality television, and through social media, such as Facebook or Twitter. We study the relationship of social media use for reality television topics and marijuana use. We surveyed 572 college students about marijuana use, demographic characteristics, reality television related Facebook and Twitter use, and other reality television variables. Logistic regression analyses studied the relationships of these variables to marijuana use. Following a reality television character on Twitter was significantly associated with increased odds for marijuana use. Reality television Facebook use was not significantly associated with marijuana use. In addition, women and Asian Americans were significantly associated with decreased odds for marijuana use. Those born in the United States were significantly associated with increased odds for marij...
CONSISTENCY CONSTRAINT ALLOCATION IN AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN COORDINATION

Many engineering systems are too complex to design as a single entity. Decomposition-based design optimization methods partition a system design problem into subproblems, and co-ordinate subproblem solutions toward an optimal system design. Recent work has addressed formal methods for determining an ideal system partition and coordination strategy, but coordination decisions have been limited to subproblem sequencing. An additional element in a coordination strategy is the linking structure of the partitioned problem, i.e., the allocation of constraints that guarantee that the linking variables among subproblems are consistent. There can be many alternative linking structures for a decomposition-based strategy which can be selected for a given partition, and this selection should be part of an optimal simultaneous partitioning and coordination scheme. This paper develops a linking structure theory for a particular class of decomposition-based optimization algorithms, Augmented Lagrangian Coordination (ALC). A new formulation and coordination technique for parallel ALC implementations is introduced along with a specific linking structure theory, yielding a partitioning and coordination selection method for ALC that includes consistency constraint allocation. This method is demonstrated using an electric water pump design problem.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Genetic variation of the Caribbean sea fan coral, Gorgonia ventalina , correlates with survival of a fungal epizootic

Theory predicts that genetic variation within individuals may confer a variety of fitness benefits, including resistance to infectious disease. However, evidence for such heterozygosity-fitness correlations is taxonomically patchy and frequently based on experimentally manipulated populations with unnaturally low genetic diversity. Here, I survey natural populations of the Caribbean sea fan coral, Gorgonia ventalina, immediately following an epizootic of the fungal parasite, Aspergillus sydowii. Corals that survived in the face of high disease prevalence and attendant mortality had higher levels of heterozygosity compared to individuals from low-disease localities. In contrast to survivors of the epizootic, corals that recruited to highly impacted populations after the peak of disease tended to have lower levels of heterozygosity. Together, these results suggest that, in this host-parasite system, genetic variation within individuals confers resistance to disease and that populations heavily impacted by disease may be more susceptible to subsequent outbreaks due to reduced heterozygosity of newly recruited hosts.
Computable Transformations of Structures

The isomorphism problem, for a class of structures, is the set of pairs of structures within that class which are isomorphic to each other. Isomorphism problems have been well studied for many classes of computable structures. Here we consider isomorphism problems for broader classes of countable structures, using Turing functionals and applying the notions of finitary and countable computable reductions which have been developed for equivalence relations more generally.
Building an Insider Trading Database and Predicting Future Equity Returns

This paper considers the impact of legal insider trading on subsequent investment returns. With filings data gathered directly from the Security Exchange Commission, various machine learning algorithms are applied, scored and compared for their return predictability relative to the Russell 3000 index. Predictor variables are derived directly from the insider filings, as well as from metadata from related corporate filings. The filings data, spanning years 2005 through 2015, is transformed into a relational database and analyzed using statistical analysis and predictive modeling libraries within the R programming language. The data is separated into training, validation and test sets. Modeling was performed using a variety of algorithms. Performance in the validation set appeared quite predictive, but results were less conclusive when scored on the test set.
Avoiding the Blind Spots: Competitor Identification Using Web Text and Linkage Structure

The importance of identifying competitors and of avoiding “competitive blind spots” in marketplace has been well emphasized in research and practice. However, identification of competitors is non-trivial and requires active monitoring of a focal company's competitive environment. The difficulty in such identification is amplified manifold when there are many more than one focal company of interest. As the web presence of companies, their clients/consumers, and their suppliers continues to grow, it is increasingly realistic to assume that the real-world competitive relationships are reflected in the text and linkage structure of the relevant pages on the web. However, finding the appropriate web-based cues that effectively signal competitor relationships remains a challenge. Using web data collected for more than 2500 companies of the Russell 3000 index, we explore the notion that web cues can allow us to discriminate, in a statistically significant manner, between competitors and non-competitors. Based on this analysis, we present an automated technique that uses the most significant web-based cues and applies predictive modeling to identify competitors. We find that several web-based metrics on an average have significantly different values for companies that are competitors as opposed to noncompetitors. We also find that the predictive models built using web-based metrics that we suggest provide high precision, recall, F measure, and accuracy in identifying competitors.
A Glimpse Ahead

The chapter argues that the ethical questions that lie ahead must be addressed to create a firm ethical foundation for agriculture. Scientific myths that pervade agricultural must be addressed and often dismissed. It is recommended that a new public image—an ethic of responsibility—be accepted as a standard by those who practice agriculture, those who study it, and all who benefit from it. Those engaged in agriculture should expand their realm of inquiry to include those asking the same questions and with whom it may be good to form partnerships to discuss agriculture’s ethical and other issues.
Cefiderocol: a novel siderophore cephalosporin.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens has led to a global public health emergency and novel therapeutic options and drug-delivery systems are urgently needed. Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic that has recently been developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including β-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.Areas covered: This paper provides an overview of the mutational and plasmid-mediated mechanisms of β-lactam and carbapenem resistance, the biochemical pathways of siderophores in bacterial iron metabolism, and how cefiderocol may be able to provide better targeted antimicrobial therapy that escape these drug-resistant mechanisms. We also explore the pharmacokinetics of this new compound as well as results from preclinical and clinical studies.Expert opinion: There is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents to address the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, which are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality...
Rare earth element associations in the Kentucky State University stoker ash

Abstract The Kentucky State University heating plant stoker ash, with over 1000 μg/g Rare earth elements + yttrium (REY), was previously shown to be more resistant to acid-extraction than pulverized-coal fly ashes of similar bulk composition. In this study, the petrology and mineralogy of this stoker ash was examined in greater detail as a means to better understand why the REY were relatively inert towards acid extraction. The results showed that this stoker ash is dominated by mullite and quartz/cristobalite with lesser amounts of hematite and magnetite compared to the glass-dominated assemblages of pulverized-coal-combustion fly ashes with similar chemical compositions. On the nanometer to micron scale, La-Ce-Nd-bearing monazite and Ce phosphates (monazite – CePO4 and CeP3O9) are seen to be part of the mineral assemblage. Overall, the results demonstrate that despite the presence of discrete REY-bearing minerals in the sample, their encapsulation within other phases may explain their low extractability.
Two Recent Developments in QCD Spectroscopy

The presentation has two parts, the first, and main part, is devoted to the presentation of results fromthe first measurements of the production of Λ, Σ Ξ and Ω hyperons at large timelike momentutransfers of 13.6, 14.2 and 17.4 GeV/ c 2 made using e + e − annihilation data taken at the CESER election-positron collider at Cornell using the CLEOc detector. The measurements reveal interesting features of hyperon production systematics and timelike form factors, and provide evidence for diquark correlations in hyperon structure.The second part of the presentation is devoted to measurements of photoproduction of J/ψ near threshold energies, E G = 8 − 12 GeV, at the new photon physics facility, GlueX, at the Jefferson Laboratory. The first preliminary results are presented. These are expected to shed light on the gluon structure of protons, gluons which mediate the production of J/ψ in the reaction,γ p → J/ψ → e + e − .