cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-orthogonal space-time block coding using polynomial phase modulation

Recently, polynomial phase modulation (PPM) was shown to be a power- and bandwidth-efficient modulation format. These two characteristics are in high demand nowadays specially in mobile applications, where devices with size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints are common. In this paper, we propose implementing a full-diversity quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QOSTBC) using polynomial phase signals as modulation format. QOSTBCs along with PPM are used in order to improve the power efficiency of communication systems with four transmit antennas. We obtain the optimal PPM constellations that ensure full diversity and maximize the QOSTBC's minimumcoding gain distance. Simulation results show that by using QOSTBCs along with a properly selected PPM constellation, full diversity in flat fading channels and thus low BER at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) can be ensured.More importantly, it is also shown that QOSTBCs using PPM achieve a better error performance than those using conventionalmodulation formats.
Indexing Multidimensional Time-Series

While most time series data mining research has concentrated on providing solutions for a single distance function, in this work we motivate the need for an index structure that can support multiple distance measures. Our specific area of interest is the efficient retrieval and analysis of similar trajectories. Trajectory datasets are very common in environmental applications, mobility experiments, and video surveillance and are especially important for the discovery of certain biological patterns. Our primary similarity measure is based on the longest common subsequence (LCSS) model that offers enhanced robustness, particularly for noisy data, which are encountered very often in real-world applications. However, our index is able to accommodate other distance measures as well, including the ubiquitous Euclidean distance and the increasingly popular dynamic time warping (DTW). While other researchers have advocated one or other of these similarity measures, a major contribution of our work is the ability to support all these measures without the need to restructure the index. Our framework guarantees no false dismissals and can also be tailored to provide much faster response time at the expense of slightly reduced precision/recall. The experimental results demonstrate that our index can help speed up the computation of expensive similarity measures such as the LCSS and the DTW.
Differences in Gα12- and Gα13-mediated plasma membrane recruitment of p115-RhoGEF

Regulator of G protein signaling domain-containing Rho guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (RGS-RhoGEFs) directly links activated forms of the G12 family of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits to the small GTPase Rho. Stimulation of G(12/13)-coupled GPCRs or expression of constitutively activated forms of alpha(12) and alpha(13) has been shown to induce the translocation of the RGS-RhoGEF, p115-RhoGEF, from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane (PM). However, little is known regarding the functional importance and mechanisms of this regulated PM recruitment, and thus PM recruitment of p115-RhoGEF is the focus of this report. A constitutively PM-localized mutant of p115-RhoGEF shows a much greater activity compared to wild type p115-RhoGEF in promoting Rho-dependent neurite retraction of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, providing the first evidence that PM localization can activate p115-RhoGEF signaling. Next, we uncovered the unexpected finding that Rho is required for alpha(13)-induced PM translocation of p115-RhoGEF. However, inhibition of Rho did not prevent alpha(12)-induced PM translocation of p115-RhoGEF. Additional differences between alpha(13) and alpha(12) in promoting PM recruitment of p115-RhoGEF were revealed by analyzing RGS domain mutants of p115-RhoGEF. Activated alpha(12) effectively recruits the isolated RGS domain of p115-RhoGEF to the PM, whereas alpha(13) only weakly does. On the other hand, alpha(13) strongly recruits to the PM a p115-RhoGEF mutant containing amino acid substitutions in an acidic region at the N-terminus of the RGS domain; however, alpha(12) is unable to recruit this p115-RhoGEF mutant to the PM. These studies provide new insight into the function and mechanisms of alpha(12/13)-mediated PM recruitment of p115-RhoGEF.
Biographical Sketch: Julius Wolff, 1836–1902

This biographical sketch on Julius Wolff corresponds to a translation of the historic text, Zur Lehre von der Fracturenheilung, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1240-9; and a translation and abridgement of the historic text, Ueber die Innere Architectur der Knochen und ihre Bedeutung fur die Frage vom Knochenwachstum, available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1239-2. (Supplemental materials are available with the online version of CORR.) An accompanying Editorial is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-010-1238-3.
Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and macromolecular binding in strains of ah responsive and ah non-response mice.

Abstract Using liver microsomes as the enzyme source in in vitro assays, benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) metabolism was studied in eight inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J, DBA/2HaD, BALB/cCR, AKR/Sn, RF/J, CBA/J, C57L/J and 129/J). BP metabolite formation was monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and by following aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity. Other parameters measured included the formation of alkali-extractable radioactivity due to [ 3 H]BP metabolites, microsomal protein binding, DNA binding and epoxide hydrase activity. The induction of BP metabolism and binding to macromolecules was studied after treatment of animals with phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). Four of the mouse strains (C57BL/6J, BALB/cCr, CBA/J and C57L/J) were highly inducible with respect to liver AHH when pretreated with MC. The induction of AHH by MC in these strains correlated well with the radioactive metabolites of [ 3 H]BP remaining in the alkali extract derived from the AHH assay mixture and with the increased binding of [ 3 H]BP to microsomal protein and DNA. In addition to the eight strains listed above, eight recombinant inbred lines also showed a positive correlation between AHH induction and induction of DNA-binding metabolites. PB pretreatment resulted in less than two-fold induction of AHH and alkali-extractable radioactivity. However, DNA and microsomal protein binding were induced by PB pretreatment more than AHH. Ratios of MC-induced/basal activity for BP-phenols were very similar to induction ratios of AHH activity determined by the fluorometric method. BP-quinone formation was induced to the same extent as phenols. This relationship did not hold for dihydrodiol formation; dihydrodiol induction was often higher than AHH or phenol induction. For MC-pretreated mice, dihydrodiol induction, as determined by HPLC, did not parallel macromolecular binding induction as closely as did AHH. For PB-pretreated mice, dihydrodiol induction was as poor an indicator of binding induction as AHH. Epoxide hydrase activity, using styrene oxide as substrate, was induced markedly by PB-pretreatment, but very little by MC-pretreatment. Epoxide hydrase induction did not parallel BP-dihydrodiol induction when microsome preparations from MC- or PB-treated mice were used. These data suggest this enzyme is not rate limiting in this system.
Beta, or type II error in psychiatric controlled clinical trials

Abstract Fifty-two reportedly “negative” psychiatric controlled clinical trials from 1980–1984 were re-examined to note if large enough samples had been studied to give a high probability (greater than 0.90) of detecting a 20% or 50% improvement in therapeutic response, defined as a reduction in the non-response rate. Forty-four of the trials had a larger than 10% risk of missing a true 20% difference in non-response rates, and with the same risk, 25 of the trials could have missed a 50% difference between treatments. Based on estimates of 90% confidence intervals, a potential 20% difference was possible for 47, and 30 had a potential true difference of 50% in non-response rates between experimental and control conditions. Far more reports describing “non-significant” studies could not be re-examined, due to lack of reporting part or all of the relevant results. The possibility of missing considerable therapeutic improvement, or important clinical differences, because of small sample size demands more concern in psychiatry.
Pre-launch calibration of AVHRR reflected-solar channels

Abstract Demand for quantitative (rather than qualitative) measurements of reflected-solar radiance has grown during the period of availability of AVHRR data, but even today the most important applications involve image products. The principal purpose of pre-launch radiance calibration of Channels 1 and 2 (centered at approximately 630 and 850 nm) has therefore been to ensure that the channel gains are correctly set to make best use of the dynamic range of the instrument rather than to calibrate the radiance response characteristics of the instrument with high accuracy. This emphasis was encouraged by the technical difficulty of accurate calibration in this part of the spectrum, as well as by the absence of in-orbit calibration for Channels 1 and 2. This paper briefly reviews pre-launch calibration methodology for the AVHRR at the manufacturer's facility, and the absolute accuracy of the process, which is adequate only for the purpose of setting the gain of the instrument. A 1989 proposal by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), to improve the accuracy has not yet been funded. The importance of improving the accuracy is expected to increase in the future as new applications for quantitative measurements emerge in support of research into the mechanisms of global change.
Deconstructing the politics of a differently colored transnational identity

Using personal narrative as a form of inquiry, this paper analyzes the possibilities of re/claiming epistemological grounds within racialized transnational spaces. Categories of race, nationality, and subject positions influence the legitimacies that are extended, withdrawn and or usurped within such transnational interactions. The paper examines the ways in which these interactions are performed and negotiated through my various identity positions that inevitably mark one in US higher education settings. Specifically it examines how identity, community and Blackness become imagined, redefined and performed in different spaces. Situated within US higher education settings, the paper pays particular attention to how my racialized subject position is interpreted and engaged with/in US and African research, academic and community sites. Within this paper I use my specific Third/First World transnational interactions to examine and theorize the politics, psychological intentions and outcomes of masked raciali...
Identification of functional epitopes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A using synthetic peptides and subclone products

The structure-function relationship of P. aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) was examined using synthetic peptides and genetically engineered ETA deletion mutants. Antibodies directed against synthetic peptides have allowed the identification of three ETA epitopes, two within domain I and one within the last 33 amino acids of domain III. In addition two distinct neutralizing determinants have been identified by antibodies directed against subclone products. One was associated with the amino-terminal half of ETA, the proposed receptor binding region. The second was associated with the carboxy-terminal half of ETA, a region previously not associated with receptor-binding. The amino-terminal subclone also offers potential as an ETA vaccine, since it produces a stable, non-enzymatically active product, effective in inducing ETA neutralizing antibodies. Data derived from these studies were used in a re-evaluation of structure-function relationships between ETA and diphtheria toxin.
International Trade, Productivity, and U.S. Regional Job Growth: A Shift-Share Interpretation:

To track the sensitivity of regional growth to international flows, shift-share components can be decomposed into import, export, and domestic market segments and a productivity component. By merging data on regional employment, national employment and output, and international trade, dynamic shift-share analysis is used to compare the experience of U.S. regions for the period from 1978 to 1986. Some regions, like New England and the Pacific, have relatively positive industrial mixes for both export and domestic market growth, while others, particularly the East North Central region, have negative ones. Dynamizing the model with annual data does not necessarily minimize the gap between national and regional growth rates, and results, especially for the competitive shift component, remain sensitive to subperiod designation. Regions have different stakes in national trade policy, and some would do better to target domestic rather than overseas markets.
Differential induction of immediate early genes by excitatory amino acid receptor types in primary cultures of cortical and striatal neurons.

Abstract In primary cultures of neurons from cerebral cortex and striatum, 30 s stimulation with the excitatory amino acid gluatamate elicited a 5 to 9-fold increase in immediate early gene (IEG) mRNAs. Glutamate increased c- fos , c- jun , jun -B, and NGFI-A ( zif/268 ) mRNAs by binding to both α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N- methyl - d - aspartate (NMDA) receptor types, and increased c- fos , jun -B, and NGFI-A mRNAs by binding to the metabotropic receptor. NMDA receptor activation elicited IEG expression by a transmembrane calcium influx: AMPA receptor-induced depolarization played a permissive role for the opening of the NMDA receptor channel. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H-7 (but not inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide-dependent and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases) partially blocked IEG expression induced by glutamate.
Texas Trooper Uniforms: Assessment of Fabrics, Comfort, and Wear

Using the physical dimension triad of Branson and Sweeney's Model for Clothing Comfort as a conceptual framework, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of cotton/wool fabrics on comfort and wear of trooper uniforms. Participants were 10 troopers recruited for wear- testing uniforms developed in accordance to Texas Department of Public Safety specifications. Trooper shirt and pants fabrics were developed in two fiber contents (80/20 and 70/30 cotton/wool) and tested before and after dry-cleaning. Twenty constructed uniforms and 10 issued uniforms were worn through four wear-refurbishing-dry-cleaning cycles. Surveys and scales were used to gather data during and after wear testing; data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVAs. Branson and Sweeney's comfort model was supported, in part, with person attributes (body weight, hours uniform worn) affecting uniform comfort. Implications are given for fabric producers and garment manufacturers.
Imparting medical ethics: the role of mentorship in clinical training

Mentoring and ethics are integral and intersecting components of medical education. Faculty workloads and diffusion of responsibility for teaching impact both ethics and mentoring. In current academic medical center environments, the expectation that traditional one‐on‐one mentoring relationships will arise spontaneously between medical students and faculty may be unrealistic. Alternative curricula serve as examples for how to address mentoring and bioethics needs of medical students in the context of relationships with faculty and peers. To assess how ethics and mentoring affect students, faculty, and patient care, methods to monitor and evaluate their impact on student development and treatment outcomes are needed. We believe embedding and monitoring mentoring and ethics in the curriculum will facilitate the nurturance and welfare of medical students.
Optical Properties of Heavily Doped Compensated Germanium

Measurements of the optical properties of a compensated heavily doped sample of germanium are reported. Although the sample contained about ${10}^{20}$ gallium atoms/cc and ${10}^{20}$ arsenic atoms/cc, the compensation was such that the absorption coefficient could be measured from a minimum value of 7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to a maximum at about ${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The major observation was that of an exponential tail beginning at about 0.78 eV which was not strongly dependent on the carrier concentration for densities between 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and ${10}^{19}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$.
Comparison of phenoxybenzamine to sodium nitroprusside in infants undergoing surgery

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a direct-acting arterial dilator, sodium nitroprusside, to an α-adrenergic receptor blocker, phenoxybenzamine, in infants with congenital heart defects undergoing cardiac repairs on cardiopulmonary bypass. Design: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Participants: Sixty infants scheduled for elective congenital cardiac surgery repair requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions: Patients received either sodium nitroprusside 2 to 5 μg/kg/min infusion intraoperatively and in the intensive care unit (n = 30 patients) or received phenoxybenzamine 1 mg/kg slowly intravenously at the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 30 patients). Measurement and Main Results: Despite similar mean arterial pressures during cardiopulmonary bypass in both groups, infants who received phenoxybenzamine had a significantly higher flow compared with those who received sodium nitroprusside (180 ± 4.8 v 73 ± 5.12 mL/kg/min, p Conclusion: The use of phenoxybenzamine can maintain organ perfusion on cardiopulmonary bypass and improve peripheral circulation as shown by less base deficit and smaller temperature gradients intraoperatively and in the intensive care unit better than nitroprusside.
Obere Schranken für die Eigenwerte einer stückweise freien Membran auf einem «Vierseit»

Using Poincare's principle and the harmonic transplantation [3], upper bounds for the partially free membranes are constructed. The bounds for the first eigenvalue are isoperimetric; the extremal domain is the rectangle. Extensions to more general eigenvalue problems are indicated.
Primary Hypothyroidism Presenting as Severe Vaginal Bleeding in a Prepubertal Girl

We describe a case of acquired primary hypothyroidism in a prepubertal girl who presented with profound bradycardia, precocious puberty, and severe vaginal bleeding. A pelvic ultrasound revealed markedly enlarged ovaries with numerous cysts. Cystic aspiration, in concert with L-thyroxine therapy, appeared to halt vaginal bleeding, and led to resolution of cysts. This is the first reported case of percutaneous cyst aspiration to treat ovarian hyperstimulation caused by hypothyroidism in a child.
Characterization of the aerosol particle lift force

Abstract The deposition of supramicrometer-sized aerosol particles on the internal walls of transport tubes and inlets is of considerable importance in sampling of radioactive aerosols. In most previous studies, the effects of inertial and gravitational forces have been considered; however, the lift force on particles in shear flows is also of consequence. Here, in the analysis of particle depositional effects, we show there is a characteristic parameter, PI, which can be used in evaluating the lift effect. Comparison of the lift and drag forces are made to illustrate the impact of the lift force on particle deposition. An analytical solution is obtained for particle trajectories in sheared laminar flows. A stability condition is obtained for the equations which describe the particle trajectories. Also, the asymptotic position of an aerosol particle is given in terms of a deflection stopping distance. The results are valid for laminar flow situations in which there is no streamline curvature.
Lattice effect in the metal-insulator transition in CMR manganites

Abstract The atomic pair density function (PDF) of La1−xSrxMnO3 determined by pulsed neutron diffraction shows that the local structure significantly deviates from the average structure. In particular, the Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion locally persists even when the crystallographic structure shows no evidence of JT distortion. The existence of the local JT distortions is directly related to the formation of lattice polarons.
Proton Microprobe Investigation of the Migration of Molybdenum in Graphite at High Temperatures

The BNL proton microprobe has been used to study migration of molybdenum through reactor grade graphite for temperatures between 1800 and 3100°C. The proton microprobe, with a resolution between 25 and 150 micrometers, provides a unique tool for investigation of the lower temperature and shorter time heatings along with investigation of the microstructure of the system. With a high sensitivity, on the order of 1 ppm, particular attention was paid to the region governed by pore and grain boundary diffusion. The results obtained with the proton microprobe are compared with results obtained using wet chemical techniques.
Efficient methodologies for sensitive HIV-1 RNA quantitation from plasma and vaginal secretions.

Background Quantifying HIV levels in mucosal secretions is essential to study compartmentalized expression of HIV and facilitate development of intervention strategies to prevent disease progression and transmission.
On Idempotent Ranks of Semigroups of Partial Transformations

A subset U of a semigroup S is a generating set for S if every element of S may be written as a finite product of elements of U. The rank of S is the size of a minimal generating set of S, and the idempotent rank of S is the size of a minimal generating set of S consisting of idempotents in S. A partition of a q-element subset of the set Xn={1,2,..., n} is said to be of type τ if the sizes of its classes form the partition τ of q ≤ n. A non-trivial partition τ of a positive integer q consists of k < q elements. For a non-trivial partition τ of q ≤ n, the semigroup S(τ), generated by all the transformations with kernels of type τ, is idempotent-generated. It is known that if τ is a non-trivial partition of n, that is, S(τ) consists of total many-to-one transformations, then the rank and the idempotent rank of S(τ) are both equal to max{nd, N(τ)}, where N(τ) is the number of partitions of Xn of type τ. We extend this result to semigroups of partial transformations, and prove that if τ is a non-trivial partition of q < n, then the rank and the idempotent rank of S(τ) are both equal to N(τ).
Reassessment of the Role of Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Endocrine-inactive Pituitary Macroadenomas

OBJECTIVE: This prospective clinical trial was undertaken to assess the rate of tumor recurrence in patients with endocrine-inactive pituitary macroadenomas who underwent gross total surgical resection of their tumors and did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy. METHODS: Between December 1987 and July 1994, 45 patients with endocrine-inactive pituitary macroadenomas underwent transsphenoidal surgery. In 38 (84%) of these patients, gross total surgical resection was achieved and was confirmed by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (n = 37) or computed tomography (n = 1). After receiving counseling from the neurosurgeon concerning the risks and benefits of radiation therapy, 32 of the 38 patients elected not to receive adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients were followed through March 1998 with radiographic imaging obtained every 6 months for the first 2 years, annually for postoperative Years 3 and 4, and then every 2 to 3 years thereafter. The study end point was defined as radiographic tumor recurrence or patient death. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration for the study group was 5.5 years. During that time, 2 of 32 (6%) patients developed recurrence, at 18 and 24 months, respectively, after initial surgery. Both were successfully treated using radiation therapy, with one requiring additional surgery. Three additional patients died as a result of unrelated causes 9, 12, and 49 months, respectively, after initial surgery. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed 66% of the tumors to be weak gonadotroph cell adenomas, 22% to be null cell adenomas, 9% to be silent prolactinomas, and 3% to be silent corticotroph cell adenomas. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a 6% 5-year recurrence rate in patients with endocrine-inactive pituitary macroadenomas treated using gross total surgical resection alone. Reserving radiation therapy for the infrequent patient with recurrence and sparing the majority of patients the associated risks inherent in its use seems reasonable.
Feasibility of Using Modified Adaptive Conjoint Analysis Importance Questions

PURPOSE: Prior practical experience in conducting ACA surveys has demonstrated that many subjects have difficulty understanding the "importance" questions. The objective of this study was to develop a modified version of ACA's importance questions. METHODS: Modified ACA importance questions composed of two tasks were developed and tested in a pilot study of patients with knee pain. In the first, respondents were presented with the list of attributes and asked to choose which they consider to be the most important. In the second, they were asked to rate the importance of the remaining attributes relative to the most important one on an 11-point numeric rating scale. Consecutive patients, followed at a hospital-based Bone and Joint Clinic with knee pain, were randomized to complete the original or modified version of the ACA survey. The two versions were identical except for the importance questions. The ACA survey included six attributes: pain, energy, route of administration, stomach upset, bleeding ulcer and cost. Each attribute contained three levels, all of which had a natural order except for route of administration. As this was a pilot study, we present descriptive statistics only. RESULTS: 49 patients were recruited; 24 completed the original version and 25 completed the modified version. Subjects felt that bar graphs illustrating the relative importances were more accurate for the modified version of ACA. The proportion of subjects for which the most important attribute chosen on a card sorting task matched that generated by ACA was greater for the modified compare to original version (48% vs 29%). The proportion of subjects for which the treatment option chosen on a card sorting task matched that predicted by ACA was also greater for the modified compare to original version (80% versus 75%). Subjects used a greater number of points to rate the importance of attributes on the modified version of ACA (3.4 ± 0.9) compared to the original version (2.7 ± 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: The modified version of the ACA importance questions appears to perform as well or better then the original version. Use of a simplified set of ACA importance questions is a reasonable alternative for investigators interested in using ACA as a decision support tool in clinical practice.
Desegregation Planning and Educational Equity.

Robert G. Newby College of Education Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan To be just, the American social order must seek equity for all its people. Judged by such a standard, American public schooling is our social order's most dramatic example of inequity. The best schooling is for white middle-class children, while the worst is for black poor children. Pupil performance data of the past decade, analyzed by race and social class, does not suggest any substantial improvement in the relationship between pupil performance and school response to pupil color and social class. How well children do in school depends on how fairly or unfairly schools respond to children of differing family backgrounds. Effective instruction for the children of the poor is not now, nor does it promise soon to be, a widespread characteristic of public schooling. Thus, those of us who seek equity in our social order must seize every opportunity to improve the quality of public schooling. The discussion that follows will make every effort to be clear and consistent in using the words integration, segregation, and desegregation. We define school integration as a setting in which blacks and whites meet as institutional equals with each having equal access to the rights and privileges that characterize the school. We define school segregation as the creation and maintenance of racially separate classrooms or buildings by the use of official sanctions. We define desegregation as the attempt to eliminate racial discrimination in the assigning of pupils to classrooms or buildings. Desegregation is most often attempted by planning for racial balance, which means assigning children to classrooms and buildings in approximate proportion to the overall racial composition of the school district. Our effort to be consistent in using these key words will be somewhat confounded by the confusing nature of their use in desegregation literature. Judges, attorneys, and social scientists have tended to define these words on the basis of their attitudes toward race. It is especially confusing to note that predominantly black schools are often defined as segregated without regard to how they came to be predominantly black. We hope not to contribute to such confusion. Court-ordered desegregation is usually the greatest opportunity for reform that occurs in urban school districts. That is so because school districts like Boston and Chicago seem capable of forever failing to educate children who are poor. The politics of educational decision-making in such school districts does not require school officials to be instructionally effective for children who are poor. Candidates for city council and school board who campaign on behalf of the poor rarely get elected. Efforts at neighborhood school reform are not usually successful in ways that 12 Theory Into Practice
A network comparison of alliance motives and achievements

A large number of industrial manufacturers are forming alliances with partners throughout the supply chain with the focus on improving competitive position. These potential improvements may vary by the type of alliance being formed. In spite of this, little is known regarding what motivates a manufacturer to form an alliance at various channel positions (e.g. supplier versus customer alliances) and what the resultant performance outcomes are from these different types of alliances. This paper examines the importance manufacturers place on various motives based on the channel position of alliance. Further, the paper compares the objectives actually achieved across alliances with manufacturers and partners at different channel levels.
Control of glycolysis and respiration in substrate-depleted ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract A highly dampened train of oscillations may be obtained from aerobic suspensions of a hyperdiploid strain of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, provided the cells are incubated until endogenous substrates just have been depleted. Several intermediates were measured in such oscillating systems and their interrelationships studied. These data were compatible with the concept of glycolytic control by intermediates at the levels of phosphofructokinase and hexokinase and incompatible with the concept of control of glycolysis by mitochondrial sequestering of ATP. On the other hand, they were consonant with the concept of respiratory control mediated by excess mitochondrial ATP, as well as with other possible mechanisms. They further suggested that citrate may act as a dampener, normally preventing oscillations of phosphofructokinase caused by rapid changes in mononucleotide levels; that hexokinase was inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate but ultimately controlled by some other factor; and that the α-GP oxidase was activated briefly but normally remains inactive in these cells.
Ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores in isolated rabbit penile erectile tissue

Norepinephrine release from adrenergic nerve terminals leads to a rise in intracellular Ca2+, which promotes penile smooth muscle contraction and detumescence. Ca2+ sources are the extracellular space and sarcoplasmic Ca2+ stores. To elucidate the role of intracellular stores strips from rabbit erectile tissue were investigated in an organ bath study. Contractions were elicited by phenylephrine (PE) and electrical stimulation. Incubation in Ca(2+)-free solution as well as exposure to nifedipine did not abolish electrical or PE-induced contraction. Ryanodine (10(-5) mol/l), a functional blocker of sarcoplasmic Ca2+ channels, significantly reduced PE response. In the presence of caffeine (10(-3) mol/l) the effect was significantly enhanced. Addition of nifedipine nearly abolished the contraction. These results provide evidence for intracellular Ca2+ pools in cavernosal tissue and indicate that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-induced contraction requires the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.
Molecular electronic spectroscopy by Fabry-Perot interferometry: Contour analysis of a band of the 5500 Å absorption system of s-tetrazine vapor

Abstract The very sharp, rotational fine structure of the s-tetrazine-d0 type-C absorption band at 18913 cm−1 has been recorded with a Fabry-Perot interferometer spectrometer for which the instrumental resolving power is 1 300 000. Because of the absence of spectrometer slit distortion, it has been possible to interpret in detail not only peak positions but also their shapes half-widths and relative heights. Molecular parameters that have been well determined by this asymmetric rotor band contour analysis are the band center and five moments of inertia.
Density functional theory studies on a designed photoactive {FeNO}6 nitrosyl and the corresponding photoinactive {FeNO}7 species: Insight into the origin of NO photolability

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) studies on a photoactive {FeNO} 6 nitrosyl [(PaPy 3 )Fe(NO)](ClO 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) and the corresponding light-insensitive {FeNO} 7 species [(PaPy 3 )Fe(NO)](ClO 4 ) ( 2 ) have been carried out to determine the origin of NO photolability of 1 . The iron center in these two nitrosyls formally exists in 2+ oxidation state and the difference in π-accepting ability of NO + in 1 versus NO in 2 greatly affects the extent of NO photolability of these two nitrosyls. Low energy transitions from the carboxamido/π(FeNO) to the FeNO antibonding molecular orbitals lead to release of NO from 1 upon exposure to visible light. The decreased π-accepting ability of the NO moiety in 2 does not favor such transitions; instead transitions from orbitals centered at the FeNO unit to the π py orbitals of the ligand frame become more favorable and the photolability of NO is lost in 2 .
Neuropsychology of schizophrenia according to Kraepelin: disorders of volition and executive functioning.

Emil Kraepelin was the first to identify schizophrenia as a distinct disease in 1896. The purpose of this paper is to rediscover and reexamine the neuropsychology of schizophrenia according to Kraepelin. Kraepelin thought that the “dementia” of dementia praecox was primarily a disorder of volition, rather than one of intellect. “Volition” or “will” referred to the ability to make conscious decisions and to carry them out. By quoting relevant passages in his classic textbook,Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia, the case is made that Kraepelin's detailed description of volitional deficits in patients with dementia praecox clearly documents impairments in executive functioning in schizophrenic patients during the preneuroleptic era. To a large extent, these deficits may be responsible for the “dementia” of dementia praecox and the “chronicity” of chronic schizophrenia. If this hypothesis is correct, the long-range prognosis of patients with schizophrenia may be considerably improved by treatment programs designed to facilitate executive functioning.
Evaluation of the Effect of Power Circuit Breaker Reclosing Practices on Turbine-Generators Shafts

Several circuit breaker reclosing practices following transmission system electrical faults are evaluated, and recommendations presented, that minimize the fatigue duty on turbine-generator shafts, while still maintaining the commonly considered advantages of high speed reclosing (H.S.R.). Probability distributions were created for appropriate parameters, so that the statistical nature of high speed reclosing could be treated by Monte Carlo simulation. These include distributions for the timing of opening and reclosing of circuit breakers, the type and location of the fault, the timing of the fault relative to the position on the voltage wave, and the scatter in shaft torsional fatigue properties. For each reclosing practice analyzed, and for each of several turbine-generator designs, the probability distribution of shaft cumulative fatigue expenditure was estimated, based on a forty year fault exposure period, and on an assumed electric system model. These data give a meaningful basis for comparing different types of reclosing practices that are presently in use. This paper advances the state-of-the-art by being the first to apply statistical methods to the analysis of this subject.
Breaks induced in supercoiled colicinogenic factor E1 DNA as a result of the decay of incorporated tritium.

Abstract The supercoiled DNA form of the colicinogenic factor E1, labeled with tritiated thymidine, was stored at −25°C and aliquots examined periodically for breaks in the DNA. The majority of the breaks were single-stranded and took place in the labeled strand of the DNA. Double-stranded breaks due to the tritium disintegration occurred at about one-sixth the efficiency for single-stranded breaks. The formation of alkaline-sensitive bonds as a result of the tritium decay was not observed.
A trip down the graphics pipeline: the homogeneous perspective transform

The perspective transformation, which basically turns space inside out, is discussed. Some interesting topological properties of the space represented by homogeneous coordinates are reviewed. It is shown that the perspective transform has practical applications in selecting near and far clipping planes to avoid depth resolution problems encountered with many types of rendering algorithms. >
Application of image processing for simulation of mechanical response of multi-length scale microstructures of engineering alloys

Microstructures of engineering alloys often contain features at widely different length scales. In this contribution, a digital image processing technique is presented to incorporate the effect of features at higher length scales on the damage evolution and local fracture processes occurring at lower length scales. The method is called M-SLIP: Microstructural Scale Linking by Image Processing. The technique also enables incorporation of the real microstructure at different length scales in the finite element (FE)-based simulations. The practical application of the method is demonstrated via FE analysis on the microstructure of an aluminum cast alloy (A356), where the length scales of micropores and silicon particles differ by two orders of magnitude. The simulation captures the effect of nonuniformly distributed micropores at length scales of 200 to 500 µm on the local stresses and strains around silicon particles that are at the length scales of 3 to 5 µm. The procedure does not involve any simplifying assumptions regarding the microstructural geometry, and therefore, it is useful to model the mechanical response of the real multi-length scale microstructures of metals and alloys.
Effects of working memory deficits on the communicative functioning of Alzheimer’s dementia patients

Individuals with Alzheimer's disease experience frontal lobe pathology and deficits in working memory processes are well documented. Less documented is how various working memory deficits impact communicative functioning. The performance data of individuals with mild and moderate Alzheimer's dementia on five tests of language comprehension and four tests of language expression are presented and discussed in the context of possible contributions from impaired working memory functions. The argument is advanced that diminished scores on tests of language comprehension and production result primarily from attenuated span capacity, difficulty focusing attention, encoding, and activation of long-term knowledge rather than from loss of linguistic knowledge. Techniques that may advantage Alzheimer's patients in the comprehension and expression of linguistic information are discussed.(1) Readers will become familiar with the typical functioning of individuals with Alzheimer's disease on common linguistic expression and comprehension tasks. (2) Readers will become familiar with the distinction between language knowledge and performance and its importance in understanding the cause of communication breakdowns in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. (3) Readers will become familiar with techniques that may facilitate the communicative functioning of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
EUV mask preparation considering blank defects mitigation

Due to the absence of defect-free blanks in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, defect mitigation is necessary before mass production. Currently almost all the defect mitigation methods are focused on mitigating the defect impact of one blank on one design. However, since the EUV mask vendors always have multiple designs and blanks in hand, it is also very important to consider all designs and blanks together to mitigate the total defect impact. This paper proposes a new EUV mask preparation strategy which optimally matches a set of defective blanks with multiple designs to mitigate the total defect impact. In the first step, an efficient layout relocation algorithm is adopted to minimize the defect impact of each blank on each design. Then, depending on whether blank defects are allowed to be compensated, we formulate the two different types of design-blank matching problems as flow problems and solve them optimally. Compared to sequential matching, the proposed simultaneous matching strategy shows advantages in both blank utilization and defect compensation cost minimization.
Evaluation of Pest Vulnerability of ‘Benning’ Soybean Value Added and Insect Resistant Near Isogenic Lines

Crop enhancement with value added traits may affect vulnerability to insects, and evaluating the susceptibility levels of the various value added traits in elite germplasm would aid in developing integrated pest management strategies. During 2007-2008, five 'Benning' soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) lines with different value added nutritional traits and four insect resistant quantitative trait loci (QTL) lines were evaluated in an effort to determine their pest vulnerability under artificial and natural insect pest populations. The lines showed variable susceptibility to lepidopterous insect pests classified as defoliators and stem feeders in replicated greenhouse and field tests. The study was carried out in Athens and Midville, GA. The green cloverworm (Hypena scabra (F.)) was the most common lepidopteran defoliator occurring in the fields. Other caterpillar pests found included the soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)), the bollworm (Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)), and the velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner)). Data indicated that there was no significantly increased pest susceptibility among the value added cultivars with improved nutritional qualities, with the insect resistant quantitative trait loci lines Benning M and Benning MGH consistently being less susceptible to lepidopterous (Noctuidae) leaf injury.
Possible participation of calcium in growth hormone release and in thyrotropin-releasing hormone and human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor synergy in a primary culture of chicken pituitary cells.

Abstract We previously reported that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF) exert synergistic (greater than additive) effects on growth hormone (GH) release from chicken pituitary cells in primary culture. In the present studies the possible participation of calcium in GH release and in TRH and hpGRF synergy was investigated. Following dispersion with collagenase, cells were cultured for 48 hr prior to exposure (2 hr) to test agents. Cultured cells were exposed to a range of calcium concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 mM) in the presence and absence of secretagogues. These results demonstrated that basal GH release was not altered by the concentration of calcium in the medium: however, secretagogue-induced GH release required calcium. Thus, TRH, hpGRF, 8 Br-cAMP, or forskolin stimulated GH release in the absence of calcium. Furthermore, synergistic GH release evoked by TRH and hpGRF, 8 Br-cAMP, or forskolin was observed only at the highest calcium concentration (2.0 mM). In other studies, ionomycin (10−5M), a calcium ionophore, stimulated GH release to a value about 125% over the basal (absence of test agent) value. Ionomycin-induced GH release was not affected by TRH (5.0 ng/ml); the combined effects of ionomycin (10−7–10−5M) and hpGRF (5.0 ng/ml) on GH release were less than additive. However, ionomycin (10−5M) further increased GH release over that resulting from the synergistic action of TRH and hpGRF (5.0 ng/ml each). Verapamil (a calcium channel blocker) did not affect GH release induced by either TRH or hpGRF (5.0 ng/ml each). However, this agent did inhibit synergistic GH release evoked by TRH and hpGRF, 8 Br-cAMP, forskolin, or isobutylmethylxanthine. These results suggest that calcium participates in secretagogue-induced GH release from chicken somatotrophs in vitro.
The relationship of occipital skull asymmetry to brain parenchymal measures in schizophrenia

Abstract It has long been hypothesized, but never proven that an organic brain injury early in life predisposes to schizophrenia. Since brain and cranial development are closely linked, if such an event occured early enough in the premorbid course of schizophrenia, it could conceivably effect skull architecture. To approach this question, the occipital bone depth and the occipitomedian angle were measured in 50 patients with chronic schizophrenia and in 35 medical controls. Strong correlations emerged between the skull asymmetry indices and the occipital and temporal lobe parenchymal asymmetry indices. There were no staistically significant differences in cranial asymmetry measures between the patients with schizophrenia and the medical controls. However, when the comparison was limited to right handed individuals with homolateral sighting dominance, a week, but statistically significant trend was observed for more symmetrical slanting along the sagittal suture in the schizophrenic patients. In addition, cranial asymmetry was weakly predictive of increased prefrontal markings in the schizophrenic patients. The congruence of skull findings with parenchymal variables suggests that certain aspects of skull and parenchymal architecture are co-determined.