cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalities on G / B and G / Q

This chapter reviews the background material on generalized flag varieties including root systems, Weyl groups, parabolic subgroups, Schubert varieties and some representation theory for semisimple algebraic groups. For more details on root systems and Weyl groups, we recommend Humphrey’s Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory [70] and Reflection Groups and Coxeter Groups [69]. Other references for this chapter are Bourbaki’s Groupes et Algebres de Lie, Chapters 4, 5 and 6 [23], Borel’s Linear Algebraic Groups [20], Humphrey’s Linear Algebraic Groups [68], and Jantzen’s Representations of Algebraic Groups [76].
Evolution of research on cellular motility over five decades.

This short review traces how our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cellular movements originated and developed over the past 50 years. Work on actin-based and microtubule-based movements developed in different ways, but in both fields, the discovery of the key proteins drove progress. Starting from an inventory of zero molecules in 1960, both fields matured spectacularly, so we now know the atomic structures of the important proteins, understand the kinetics and thermodynamics of their interactions, have documented how the molecules behave in cells, and can test theories with molecularly explicit computer simulations of cellular processes.
Self-insertion of foreign bodies into the orbit and periocular tissue.

ABSTRACTWe describe six patients with 12 separate episodes of self-inflicted periocular foreign body injuries, which presented to our institution recently. All patients were male, relatively young ...
Recent Developments in Digital Mental Health Interventions for College and University Students

Mental health problems are prevalent among university students. Insufficient resources at student health centers and other barriers to treatment result in low rates of students receiving treatment, potentially impacting academic performance and long-term health. Digital mental health interventions have been proposed as a means of reducing the treatment gap, given their potential for flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and stigma reduction. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of short-term online interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness have had promising short-term effects on measurements of anxiety, depression, and sleep when compared to waitlist controls in small to medium size non-clinical samples of predominantly women university students in high-income countries. Most interventions suffer from low adherence and completion rates, sometimes partially offset by personal support. The impact of these interventions on long-term mental health and academic outcomes remains uncertain. Although studies of Internet-based interventions have shown promising results, the effectiveness of current interventions is limited by low adherence and questionable long-term efficacy in real-world settings.
Stated Preference Methods for Valuation of Forest Attributes

The valuation methods described in this chapter are based on the idea that forest ecosystems produce a wide variety of goods and services that are valued by people. Rather than focusing attention on the holistic value of forest ecosystems as is done in contingent valuation studies, attribute-based valuation methods (ABMs) focus attention on a set of attributes that have management or policy relevance (Adamowicz et al. 1998a, Bennett and Blamey 2001). The attribute set might include, for example, measures of biological diversity, areas designated for timber production or set aside for conservation, size of timber harvesting gaps, or watershed protection measures. If human-induced changes in forest ecosystems can be meaningfully represented by a set of attributes, choices made by survey respondents among sets of alternatives can provide resource managers and policy makers with detailed information about public preferences for many potential states of the environment. If price is included as an attribute of the problem, a multidimensional valuation surface can be estimated for use in cost/benefit analysis.
Decreased snowpack and warmer temperatures reduce the negative effects of interspecific competitors on regenerating conifers

The persistence and distribution of species under changing climates can be affected by both direct effects of the environment and indirect effects via biotic interactions. However, the relative importance of direct and indirect climate effects on recruitment stages is poorly understood. We conducted a manipulative experiment to test the multiway interaction of direct and competition-mediated effects of climate change on vegetation dynamics. Following stand-replacing fire in California mixed-conifer forest, we seeded two conifer species, Pinus ponderosa and Abies concolor, in two consecutive years, one relatively normal and the other with an unusually wet and snowy winter followed by a hot summer. We additionally manipulated snow amount and competitive environment for both years. We found the effects of the snowpack treatment were contingent upon other abiotic factors (year of seeding) and biotic factors (shrub competition). Under ambient snowpack, shrubs reduced recruitment of P. ponderosa seedlings, but this negative effect disappeared with reduced snowpack. Additionally, the effects of shrubs on seedlings differed between cohorts and by life stage. In a warmer future, decreased snowpack may increase seedling emergence, but hotter and drier summers will decrease seedling survival; the effects of shrubs on conifers may become less negative as temperatures increase.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES: ECONOMIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR BRAZIL

Purpose ”“ The purpose of this paper is describe the salience of economic theories and evidence regarding vertical integration in the multichannel audiovisual industry in Brazil. This is especially important at this time because Brazilian regulators and legislators are wrestling with the appropriate policy approach toward the industry in Brazil in the wake of the merger of AT&T and Time Warner. Methodology/approach/design ”“ The paper develops with several approaches. First, to develop context, the paper provides a high-level introduction to the evolution of the audiovisual industry. Second, the paper turns to a more specific assessment of the economic and legal lessons learned from the discussion and debate regarding the AT&T-Time Warner merger in the United States. This discussion draws on economic and legal theory and evidence, both from the published literature as well as from court proceedings to advance understanding of the issues. These foundational sections, in turn, provide a platform for policy insights. In particular, the paper builds upon earlier research on “results-based regulation” to provide guidance for Brazilian regulatory and legislative measures being considered in Brazil. Findings ”“ The paper concludes that a results-based approach should permit advances in the vertical integration of the audiovisual industry in Brazil. Such an approach necessarily would recognize that the modern evolution toward a more vertically integrated provisioning of audiovisual services is providing numerous consumer benefits while claims of consumer harm have been judged to be speculative. Application of Article 5 of SeAC to the AT&T-TW merger provides no additional consumer protections that are not already part of the merger and would, instead be distinctly anti-consumer.
Pre-filter that incorporates the noise model

A linear denoising filter is usually of lowpass type, and the main parameter in a lowpass filter is the cutoff frequency. The lowpass filters are normally shift invariant and can be implemented as convolution in the spatial domain or as multiplication in the Fourier domain. This paper presents a linear filter that is not characterized by its cutoff frequency but is characterized by the noise model. An example of such a linear filter is presented for low-dose X-ray computed tomography (CT).
An unstructured mesh algorithm for simulation of hydraulic fracture

Abstract The paper describes a flexible computational method that can be used to represent the complex geometric evolution of a fluid-driven fracture front using an unstructured triangular element mesh. A specific motivation for the method is to allow subsequent treatment of non-planar fracture growth problems. Elastic interactions between the crack opening displacements and the surrounding medium are calculated using displacement discontinuity boundary element influence functions. A novel feature of the approach is the use of an adjustable region of tip elements to accommodate both time-dependent crack edge movements and to ensure correct velocity-dependent asymptotic behavior for viscous and viscous-toughness flow conditions. The adjustable tip element region is represented using a special-purpose data structure that allows the iteration of the moving edge element vertices to be linked directly to the flow rate and the crack opening solution values that are determined in each time step. The fringe region is periodically replaced with a set of fixed vertex elements as the fracture surface evolves. The proposed scheme has been evaluated using available analytic and experimental results for planar fracture propagation. The method is found to be both accurate and robust for a range of choices of geometric fracture shapes and time step sizes.
Effects of NF-kB Signaling Inhibitors on Bed Bug Resistance to Orally Provisioned Entomopathogenic Bacteria

Bed bugs are globally important pests and there is an ongoing need for the development and improvement of bed bug control tools. Though promising against other insect pests, the exploration of biological methods for bed bug control is limited. Previously, we identified several species of bacteria that have entomopathogenic effects against bed bugs when ingested. We also described the conservation of several antibacterial responses in bed bugs, including the expression of immune effector genes regulated by NF-kB transcription factors through the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathways. Accordingly, we predicted that chemical inhibition of NF-kB signaling could reduce bed bug resistance to orally provisioned entomopathogenic bacteria, potentially improving their effectiveness as biological control agents. In the present study, we administered four small molecule inhibitors of NF-kB signaling (BMS345541, IKK16, IMD0354, Takinib) to bed bugs by feeding them in a blood meal. We then quantified basal mortality and mortality in response to oral infection with two different entomopathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas entomophila and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis). None of the NF-kB signaling inhibitors tested increased mortality above control levels when administered alone, suggesting a lack of direct toxicity. However, one inhibitor (IKK16) significantly enhanced the rate of mortality from oral infection with P. entomophila. Enhanced mortality was independent of direct effects of IKK16 on P. entomophila growth in vitro but was associated with higher bacterial loads in vivo (i.e., reduced resistance). Together, these results provide new insight into the regulation of the bed bug immune system and suggest that administration of entomopathogens in combination with inhibition of immune signaling pathways to reduce infection resistance may be effective for biological control of bed bugs.
Structural and functional insights into aldosterone synthase interaction with its redox partner protein adrenodoxin.

Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid in the human body controlling blood pressure and salt homeostasis. Overproduction of aldosterone leads to primary aldosteronism, which is the most common form of secondary hypertension with limited treatment options. Production of aldosterone by cytochrome P450 11B2 (CYP11B2, aldosterone synthase) requires two reduction events with the electrons delivered by the iron/sulfur protein adrenodoxin. Very limited information is available about the structural and functional basis of adrenodoxin/CYP11B2 interaction, which impedes the development of new treatment options for primary aldosteronism. A systematic study was carried out to determine if adrenodoxin interaction with CYP11B2 might also have an allosteric component in addition to electron transfer. Indeed, local increases in adrenodoxin concentration promote binding of the substrate 11-deoxycorticosterone and the inhibitor osilodrostat (LCI699) in the active site—over 17 A away—as well as enhance the inhibitory effect of this latter drug. The CYP11B2 structure in complex with adrenodoxin identified specific residues at the protein–protein interface interacting via five salt bridges and four hydrogen bonds. Comparisons with cholesterol-metabolizing CYP11A1 and cortisol-producing CYP11B1, which also bind adrenodoxin, revealed substantial structural differences in these regions. The structural and functional differences between different P450 interactions with adrenodoxin may provide valuable clues for an orthogonal treatment approach for primary aldosteronism by specifically targeting the interaction between CYP11B2 and adrenodoxin.
Effects of Dietary Oxidation on the Quality of Broiler Breast Meat

One hundred and twenty 4-week-old broilers were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments including control (none), oxidized oil (5% of diet) and antioxidants (500 IU vitamin E and 200 ppm BHT) and fed for 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected 1day before slaughter and breast muscles were sampled immediately after slaughter. Degree of lipids and protein oxidation in blood and breast muscle, and meat quality parameters were determined. Compared to control group, broilers fed diet with oxidized oil significantly increased lipid oxidation in both blood (P < 0.05). Dietary oxidized oil tended to increase carbonyl content in blood and muscle (P < 0.05). Addition of antioxidants significantly decreased lipid oxidation in both blood and muscle samples and arrested protein oxidation in muscle (P < 0.05). Meats from oxidized oil treatment showed higher drip loss at days 1 and 3 and lower water holding capacity at day 1 than control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found about drip loss and water holding capacity between control and antioxidant treatments. The rate of pH decline in breast meat from oxidized oil treatment was significantly higher than that of control between 0 and 1 hour after slaughter (P < 0.05). However, dietary treatments did not show significant effects on body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of live birds, and cooking loss and color of breast meat. This suggested that degree of oxidation in diet increased the oxidation in blood and muscle, and the oxidative stress in live birds were related to the variations in quality parameters including pH decline, drip loss, and protein and lipid oxidation of broiler breast meat.
Preclinical assessment of the interactions between the antiretroviral drugs, ritonavir and efavirenz, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib

Prevalence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) has increased in the era of potent antiretroviral treatments. Incidence rates of NADCs now exceed AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-positive patients. Treatment of NADCs may be complicated by interactions between antiretrovirals and chemotherapy mostly via inhibition or induction of CYP3A4. Erlotinib is used to treat non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancer and is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 into multiple products including the active metabolite (OSI-420). Preclinical in vivo assessment was performed to gain a better understanding of CYP3A4-mediated interactions between antiretrovirals and erlotinib. Erlotinib (50 mg/kg p.o.) was administered to male FVB mice in the presence and absence of dexamethasone (10 mg/kg p.o. QDx4), efavirenz (25 mg/kg p.o. QDx4), ketoconazole (50 mg/kg p.o.), or ritonavir (12.5 mg/kg p.o.). Blood samples were collected to characterize exposure (AUC). Administration of erlotinib with CYP3A4 inducers (dexamethasone) and inhibitors (ketoconazole and ritonavir) resulted in significant alterations in erlotinib exposure. Ketoconazole and ritonavir resulted in a 1.7- and 3.0-fold increase in erlotinib AUC, respectively, while dexamethasone results in a 0.6-fold decrease in erlotinib AUC. The CYP3A4 inducer efavirenz did not have a significant effect on erlotinib exposure. CYP3A4 inducers and inhibitors altered the exposure of erlotinib. Until a definitive clinical trial is performed, erlotinib should be used with caution in patients on a ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen, while standard doses may be appropriate for patients on an efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimen.
A consensus sequence for binding of Lrp to DNA.

Lrp (leucine-responsive regulatory protein) is a major regulatory protein involved in the expression of numerous operons in Escherichia coli. For ilvIH, one of the operons positively regulated by Lrp, Lrp binds to multiple sites upstream of the transcriptional start site and activates transcription. An alignment of 12 Lrp binding sites within ilvIH DNA from two different organisms revealed a tentative consensus sequence AGAAT TTTATTCT (Q. Wang, M. Sacco, E. Ricca, C.T. Lago, M. DeFelice, and J.M. Calvo, Mol. Microbiol. 7:883-891, 1993). To further characterize the binding specificity of Lrp, we used a variation of the Selex procedure of C. Tuerk and L. Gold (Science 249:505-510, 1990) to identify sequences that bound Lrp out of a pool of 10(12) different DNA molecules. We identified 63 related DNA sequences that bound Lrp and estimated their relative binding affinities for Lrp. A consensus sequence derived from analysis of these sequences, YAGHAWATTWT DCTR, where Y = C or T, H = not G, W = A or T, D = not C, and R = A or G, contains clear dyad symmetry and is very similar to the one defined earlier. To test the idea that Lrp in the presence of leucine might bind to a different subset of DNA sequences, we carried out a second selection experiment with leucine present during the binding reactions. DNA sequences selected in the presence or absence of leucine were similar, and leucine did not stimulate binding to any of the sequences that were selected in the presence of leucine. Therefore, it is unlikely that leucine changes the specificity of Lrp binding.
Observation of a Peak in the K ¯ 0 π + π − Effective Mass at 1700 MeV

We have investigated the reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ with 6 GeV/c ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. We observe a statistically significant (6.6 standard deviations) peak in the ${\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ effective mass at 1692 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 6 MeV with a full width $\ensuremath{\Gamma}={26}_{\ensuremath{-}17}^{+24}$ MeV.
Test of Time-Reversal Invariance in Electromagnetic Interactions

In this short report, a brief description is given of a recently completed experiment, carried out by an UC/LRL-SLAC collaborationl, which tests the time-reversal invariance in electromagnetic inter-actions of hadrons2 by scattering high energy electrons inelastically from a polarized proton target.3 An experiment of this kind was done before at CEA and the reported result was consistent with no violations in time-reversal invariance. However, with the availability of the SLAC high energy electron and positron beams, high-resolution magnetic spectrometers, and also the improved polarized proton target, we felt that it is of great urgency to re-examine this important problem once again as the experiment can be done at SLAC with much higher accuracy and sensitivity.
Modeling Bicycle Facility Operation: Cellular Automaton Approach

Current concerns surrounding regional air pollution, climate change, rising gasoline prices, and urban congestion could presage a substantial increase in the bicycle mode share. However, state-of-the-art methods for the safe and efficient design of bicycle facilities are based on difficult-to-collect data and potentially dubious assumptions regarding cyclist behavior. Simulation models offer a way forward, but existing bicycling models in the academic literature have not been validated with actual data. These shortcomings are addressed by obtaining real-world bicycle data and implementing a multilane, inhomogeneous cellular automaton simulation model that can reproduce observations. The existing literature is reviewed to inform the data collection and model development. It is found that the model emulates field conditions while possibly underpredicting bike path capacity. Since the simulation model can "observe" individual cyclists, it is ideally suited to determine level of service based on difficult-to-observe cycling events such as passing. Future work on data collection and model development is suggested.
A mechanism for surface flashover of semiconductors

Photoconductive and other types of semiconductor switches hold great promise for use in high voltage switching applications requiring reliability, light weight, and system simplicity. At present, the utility of these devices is sharply limited by the occurrence of surface flashover at the semiconductor-ambient interface at voltages roughly an order of magnitude below that expected on the basis of the bulk dielectric strength of the material. The physical mechanisms responsible for this flashover are not understood, but recent empirical evidence suggests that the problem can be overcome, and that although the actual flashover appears to occur in the ambient, the processes responsible for initiating flashover occur inside the semiconductor. We propose a model for surface flashover based on band bending at the semiconductor-ambient interface.
Thermophysical-property needs for the environmentally acceptable halocarbon refrigerants

The need for and uses of thermodynamic and transport properties in the selection of working fluids for the vapor compression cycle and in equipment design are reviewed. A list of hydrogen-containing halocarbons, as well as their mixtures, is presented as alternatives to the environmentally harmful, fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. These fluids range from well-characterized, widely available refrigerants to materials available only by custom synthesis about which very little is known. Data priorities for these fluids are presented; most essential are critical point, vapor pressure, liquid density, ideal-gas heat capacity, and vapor p-V-T data. A critical need exists for these data on a number of candidate working fluids in order not to lose the opportunity to select the best set of future refrigerants.
Prevention agenda for genital herpes.

Few meeting participants envisioned a prevention and control program on the scale or scope of CDC's programs to prevent HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection, but all agreed that the virtual absence of public health interventions to prevent genital herpes is no longer appropriate in light of evolving epidemiologic knowledge and other research advances. The ultimate scope of a national genital herpes prevention effort will depend in part on the results of the recommended research agenda, which probably will evolve over the better part of a decade. Numerous other STD prevention partners will also need to contribute to this effort and help to determine the makeup of future programs. Substantial new fiscal resources will be required both to implement the proposed research agenda and, depending on the results, to undertake the prevention efforts indicated by those studies. Competing STD prevention priorities and other national health needs will influence the availability of those resources. The consultants' meeting and the research and program activities summarized above are described in more detail in the full meeting report, which is posted on the Division's web site (www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/dstdp.html) or may be requested directly from the Division. DSTDP is interested in receiving comments and suggestions about herpes prevention.
Correlation when data are missing

Variable correlation is important for many operations research models. Many inventory, revenue management, and queuing models presume uncorrelated demand between products, market segments, or time periods. The specific model applied, or the resulting policies of a model, can differ drastically depending on variable correlation. Having missing data are a common problem for the real world application of operations research models. This work is at the junction of the two topics of correlation and missing data. We propose a test of independence between two variables when data are missing. The typical method for determining correlation with missing data ignores all data pairs in which one point is missing. The test presented here incorporates all data. The test can be applied when both variables are continuous, when both are discrete, or when one variable is discrete and the other is continuous. The test makes no assumptions about the distribution of the two variables, and thus it can be used to extend application of non-parametric rank tests, such as Spearman's rank correlation, to the case where data are missing. An example is shown where failure to incorporate the incomplete data yields incorrect policies.
Towards a Supermassive Research Center: Scaling Rules for Laboratory Operations

Financial scaling laws are shown to be useful instruments for the examination of size limits for university laboratory operations. Historical cost data and cost models are shown to have utility for examining scenarios of varying laboratory usage levels. As expected, laboratory operations are composed of both fixed and varying costs. However the variable expenses expand non-linearly with usage as additional capital investments are required to provide required capacity.
Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines.

Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites re...
The FDA warning against prolonged sedation with propofol in children remains warranted.

To the Editor .— We read with concern the article published by Cornfield et al1 describing the use of propofol for long-term sedation in critically ill children. The authors conclude that their study “provides justification for continued use of propofol in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting.” The design of the study, without controls or investigation of markers defining propofol infusion syndrome, precludes any statement that the drug is safe for prolonged use in children. An unpublished randomized, controlled trial of propofol in 327 pediatric patients reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) described a concentration-dependent increase in 28-day mortality in propofol-treated patients with a trend toward significance. The group receiving standard sedatives had a 4% mortality, those treated with 1% propofol had an 8% mortality, and those treated with 2% propofol had an 11% mortality.2 Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scores for the 3 groups were 7.5, 7.2, and 7.5, respectively. Although the concentration of propofol used is not given in the present study, the authors report a 7% mortality rate similar to the 1% treatment group in the FDA-reviewed study. In our own PICU, where propofol is not used for prolonged sedation, the mortality rate for similar …
Cephalic-phase insulin in obese and normal-weight men: relation to postprandial insulin.

Abstract Cephalic-phase insulin release (CPIR) and its relation to postprandial insulin release were examined in 18 normal-weight and 15 obese men. When the insulin data were expressed as absolute differences from baseline values, obese subjects exhibited significantly greater CPIR than normal-weight subjects (normals, 8.7 ± 2.1 μU mL 10 min ; obese, 13.4 ± 4.3 μU mL 10 min ; P ). Obese subjects were then separated into groups depending on their fasting insulin levels. This showed that only those subjects with elevated fasting insulin levels exhibited greater CPIR than normal subjects, and suggested that previous reports of exaggerated CPIR in the obese are merely a reflection of a basal hypersecretion of insulin. However, when insulin values were expressed as percentages of baseline, no significant differences between normal-weight and obese subjects were found, although a trend toward an attenuated response was observed in the obese group as a whole (normals, 81.6 ± 19.1 μU mL 10 min ; obese, 51.3 ± 16.1 μU mL 10 min ). A significant correlation between cephalic-phase and postprandial insulin release was found in normal-weight subjects (r = .62, P
Central control of territorial marking in the mongolian gerbil.

Abstract Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) mark objects in their environment with a ventral sebaceous scent gland. The response is androgen-dependent. This report gives evidence that small doses of testosterone, either injected into the lateral ventricles or implanted with cannulae in the hypothalamus, can evoke the behavior. Control implants into the hypothalamus or testosterone implants into other brain areas are ineffective. Actinomycin D, when combined with testosterone in the ventricles, blocks the induction of marking.
Software for tabular data protection

In order for national statistical offices to maintain the trust of the public to collect data and publish statistics of importance to society and decision-making, it is imperative that respondents (persons or establishments) be guaranteed privacy and confidentiality in return for providing requested confidential data. Consequently, for most survey and census data, disclosure limitation techniques must be applied before the data are ready for public release. For microdata, examples of methods that can be used to identify respondents include directly extracting identifying information from microdata files or indirectly identifying respondents by matching a given file with an external file. For tabular data, respondents may be identified directly from small cell counts or respondent contributions to heavily concentrated cells of magnitude data may be closely approximated by the cell value. Indirect disclosure is possible in tables through manipulation of additive tabular relationships between cell values and totals, e.g. manipulating rows and column totals in a two-dimensional table. Two-dimensional statistical tables are a staple of official statistics. This paper describes a desktop software system that for the first time implements within a single framework four standard disclosure limitation techniques for protecting tabular data in two-dimensional tables: complementary cell suppression, minimum-distance controlled rounding, unbiased controlled rounding, and controlled rounding subject to subtotals constraints, and a fifth, new method: controlled tabular adjustment, and summarizes the five methods.
Image force on line dislocations in anisotropic elastic half-spaces with a fixed boundary

Abstract Employing explicit expressions of Green's functions for an anisotropic elastic half-space, the image force exerted on a line dislocation in the half-space is obtained. When the boundary of the half-space is traction free, the image force obtained agrees with that existing in the literature. We also obtain the image force for the case in which the boundary is fixed (i.e. clamped). In the special case of isotropic materials the result reduces to that available in the literature. While the image force for the traction-free boundary always tends to attract the dislocation to the boundary, the image force for the fixed boundary is repulsive. Moreover, the magnitude of this repulsive force is always equal to or larger than that of the attractive force associated with a free boundary. We also show how the image force for the half-space can be deduced from the image force for two joined dissimilar half-spaces. The image force is independent of the orientation of the half-space boundary once the Burgers vector of the dislocation is prescribed, provided that the boundary is parallel to the x 3 -axis and the distance between the dislocation and the boundary is not altered. This agrees with the more general case of the image force theorem for two joined dissimilar half-spaces, one of which is dislocated.
Performance Models for Multi-rate Circuits in Switched Multi-Channel Optical Networks

We consider optical networks with nodes interconnected by links comprising multiple channels. The blocking performance of such networks depends on the channel-switching capabilities of the nodes. In this paper, we focus on developing analytical models for evaluating the blocking performance in circuit-switched optical networks. Several architectures for channel-switching are presented. Multi-rate circuits may be established if different circuits are allocated different number of channels. Depending on how the network can assign the channels to circuits that request more than one channel, it is classified as a Data Splitting Network (DSN) or a non-DSN. We consider multi-rate circuits which require either a single channel or a given number of channels k (>1). Analytical models for computing blocking probabilities are developed for various channel-switching architectures at the nodes. The validity of the models is shown by comparing the analytical results with simulations. Numerical results in a single-fiber TDM wavelength-routing network suggest that limited channel-switching may be sufficient even for circuits that require more than one channel or slot. A comparison of DSN and non-DSN shows that data splitting can accommodate more multi-slot circuits at the expense of blocking more single-slot circuits.
“Where obscurity is a virtue”: The mystique of unintelligibility in Santería ritual

Abstract Anthropologists since Malinowski have noted the unintelligibility of many types of ritual and magical speech. What has not been sufficiently explored are the links between how unintelligibility is actually produced and how unintelligibility contributes to meaningfulness in ritual performances. Examining these links can deepen our understanding of what makes rituals efficacious and accounts for their impact on social life. This paper compares two genres of Lucumi ritual speech in Cuban Santeria, songs and possession trance speech, to argue that unintelligibility is produced through different semiotic and metasemiotic processes in each case. Even within the same ritual register, unintelligibility can be performed differently, and its consequences can correspondingly differ.
The type II secretion arrowhead: the structure of GspI-GspJ-GspK.

A heterotrimeric complex of minor pseudopilins from the type II secretion system has been identified and its crystal structure solved. Although each subunit shares the same overall α-β fold as other characterized (pseudo)pilins, GspK has a unique large α-helical domain inserted between two canonical β-strands. The structure constrains models for pseudopilus assembly.
In memoriam: Egon Guba

Of all the people who are writing a memorial for Egon for this issue of Qualitative Studies in Education, I am probably the one who had the least personal contact with him. However, no one owes him...
Intermediate-Band Photometry of Stars in Three Clusters Containing Classical Cepheids

Four-color and HP photometry has been cam& out of stars in three sparse and distant clusters which are thought to contain Cepheids. From these data the distance moduli and color excesses of the clusters have been derived. In general the new values agree with those in the literature but are somewhat more precise.
Evolutionary selection of new breast cancer cell-targeting peptides and phages with the cell-targeting peptides fully displayed on the major coat and their effects on actin dynamics during cell internalization

Filamentous phage as a bacteria-specific virus can be conjugated with an anticancer drug and has been proposed to serve as a carrier to deliver drugs to cancer cells for targeted therapy. However, how cell-targeting filamentous phage alone affects cancer cell biology is unclear. Phage libraries provide an inexhaustible reservoir of new ligands against tumor cells and tissues that have potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in cancer treatment. Some of these identified ligands might stimulate various cell responses. Here we identified new cell internalizing peptides (and the phages with such peptides fused to each of ~3900 copies of their major coat protein) using landscape phage libraries and for the first time investigated the actin dynamics when selected phages are internalized into the SKBR-3 breast cancer cells. Our results show that phages harboring VSSTQDFP and DGSIPWST peptides could selectively internalize into the SKBR-3 breast cancer cells with high affinity, and also show rapid involvement of membrane ruffling and rearrangements of actin cytoskeleton during the phage entry. The actin dynamics was studied by using live cell and fluorescence imaging. The cell-targeting phages were found to enter breast cancer cells through energy dependent mechanism and phage entry interferes with actin dynamics, resulting in reorganization of actin filaments and increased membrane rufflings in SKBR-3 cells. These results suggest that, when phage enters epithelial cells, it triggers transient changes in the host cell actin cytoskeleton. This study also shows that using multivalent phage libraries considerably increases the repertoire of available cell-internalizing ligands with potential applications in targeted drug delivery, imaging, molecular monitoring and profiling of breast cancer cells.
Omni-directional reflectors for light-emitting diodes

This article discusses possible solutions to limitations in light extraction efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using new types of triple-layer omni-directional reflectors (ODRs). The ODRs have lower mirror losses than metal reflectors and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). High-reflectivity ODRs have been incorporated into AlGaInP LEDs and GaInN LEDs. It is shown that the ODR significantly increases light extraction from ODR-LEDs as compared to reference LEDs employing a DBR or metal reflector. Other examples of innovative concepts to be presented include novel materials with unprecedented low-refractive index, which further enhance the optical properties of ODRs.
Thermal resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli K12 in liquid egg determined by thermal-death-time disks

Abstract A thermal-death-time (TDT) disk was designed to evaluate microbiological inactivation kinetics by heat. A first order inactivation kinetic model is described by the D value and the z value. These kinetic data are critical in the design, operation and regulation of thermal pasteurization. D and z values of Salmonella enteritidis strain 13076 and Escherichia coli K12 in liquid whole egg and liquid egg white were determined over the temperature range from 52 to 60 °C. In liquid whole egg, D 54 , D 56 , D 58 and D 60 values of S. enteritidis strain 13076 were 5.70, 0.82, 0.27 and 0.17 min, respectively, and D 54 , D 56 , D 58 and D 60 values of E. coli K12 were 9.10, 1.41, 0.67 and 0.22 min, respectively. In liquid egg white, D 52 , D 54 , D 56 and D 58 values of S. enteritidis strain 13076 were 6.12, 1.51, 0.42 and 0.19 min, respectively, and D 52 , D 54 , D 56 and D 58 values of E. coli K12 were 10.18, 1.82, 0.78 and 0.28 min, respectively. The z values for S. enteritidis strain 13076 and E. coli K12 ranged from 3.95 to 4.03 °C. The results showed that D values of S. enteritidis strain 13076 and E. coli K12 in liquid whole egg were higher than those in liquid egg white. E. coli K12 exhibited similar kinetic behavior, but higher thermal resistance than S. enteritidis strain 13076 in both liquid egg white and liquid whole egg. This study demonstrated that non-pathogenic E. coli K12 may serve as a surrogate for pathogenic S. enteritidis in liquid egg in the validation of a thermal pasteurization.
Combustion and emission characteristics of burning sprays of a residual oil and its emulsions with water

Abstract An experimental investigation of the effects of emulsification of No. 6 oil with water on the flame structure of its burning sprays over an airblast atomizer is presented. The following parameters have been studied: flame appearance; visible flame length; temperature profiles; composition profiles of O2, CO2, CO, NO, NOx, and particulates; the axial variation of the radiant power emission; and the radiative fraction of the heat release. The measurements show that emulsification of residual oils results in increases of temperature and burning rate, and decreases of particulates and flame radiation in their burning sprays. An estimate of the contributions of different factors involved shows that the increase of mixing rate and curtailment of soot at its formation stage are the dominant effects.
What Can the Genetics of Psoriasis Teach us about Alopecia Areata

Previous genetic epidemiological studies of psoriasis and alopecia areata demonstrated strong heritability in first-degree relatives and in twins. In recent years, these two conditions have emerged as two skin diseases that are starting to yield their secrets through genome-wide association studies. Both diseases manifest prominent human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations, psoriasis primarily with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class 1, specifically HLA-Cw6, and alopecia areata primarily with MHC Class II. Despite these differences in HLA associations, both diseases have in common a prominent role for CD8+ lymphocytes. The purpose of this brief review is to present the recent developments in the genetics of psoriasis.
Repellent of root-knot nematodes from exudate of host roots

A chemotaxis assay was developed to measure attraction or repulsion of infective juveniles of the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita to exudates of host roots. The assay was sufficiently sensitive to measure the repellent activity of a 25-μl sample of 7 mM NaCl. In tests of root exudate collected in a variety of ways from a variety of plants, avoidance responses were usually found but attraction was not. Extraction of the exudate from tomato with various organic solvents revealed that the repellent activity was highly polar. On Sephadex G-15 chromatography this exudate separated into two clearly defined peaks with apparent molecular weights of about 500 and 1000 daltons. The faster running peak (larger apparent size) contained much more activity than the other peak. Subsequent analysis of material from the larger peak via HPLC on a C18 column revealed a single peak of repellent activity. None of the chemical fractionations uncovered reproducible attractant activity.
A note on the duality mapping of a locally uniformly convex Banach space

Abstract Let X be a real locally uniformly convex Banach space with normalized duality mapping J : X → 2 X ∗ . The purpose of this note is to show that for every R > 0 and every x 0 ∈ X there exists a function ϕ = ϕ ( R , x 0 ) : R + → R + , which is nondecreasing and such that ϕ ( r ) > 0 for r > 0 , ϕ ( 0 ) = 0 and 〈 x ∗ − x 0 ∗ , x − x 0 〉 ≥ ϕ ( ‖ x − x 0 ‖ ) ‖ x − x 0 ‖ , for all x ∈ B R ( x 0 ) ¯ , x ∗ ∈ J x , x 0 ∗ ∈ J x 0 . Simply, it is shown that the necessity part of the proof of the original analogous necessary and sufficient condition of Prus, for real uniformly convex Banach spaces, goes over equally well in the present setting. This is a natural setting for the study of many existence problems in accretive and monotone operator theories.
Cluster analysis of elderly cardiac patients' prehospital symptomatology.

BACKGROUND: Chest pain routinely brings patients into the healthcare system, and elderly patients may present with more complex symptoms presaging ischemic heart changes than do younger patients. OBJECTIVE: To examine, using cluster analysis, how elderly patients experiencing an ischemic coronary heart disease cluster based on presenting symptoms in the week before hospitalization and how they vary in terms of their general physical and mental health, mood states, and quality of life. METHODS: Elderly (age >or=65 years), unpartnered patients (N = 247) admitted with ischemic coronary heart disease to one of five university medical centers were inducted into a clinical trial; only baseline data are reported. Interviews assessed cardiac symptoms, medical history, general physical and mental health, mood states, and quality of life. Patients were clustered (grouped) using squared Euclidean distances and weighted average linkage. Characteristics of patients were examined using analysis of variance and chi-squared analyses. RESULTS: Three clusters (groups) were identified: (a) Classic Acute Coronary Syndrome (severe ischemic pain; 22%), (b) Weary (severe fatigue, sleep disturbance, and shortness of breath; 29%), and (c) Diffuse Symptoms (mild symptomatology; 49%). Post hoc tests revealed that the Weary group was more likely to have a history of heart failure; they also exhibited significantly more psychological distress and lower quality of life than the other subgroups. CONCLUSION: Cluster analysis proved useful in grouping patients based on their symptom experience, but further research is needed to clarify the relationships among identified symptoms, psychological distress, and health outcomes; develop interventions for Weary patients; and extend the findings of this study.
Magnetic resonance imaging of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst: report of a case.

A case of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst is described. In spite of the intrasellar component and radiological and clinical evidence of involvement of the pituitary gland, the sella turcica was minimally involved. MRI afforded optimal visualization and localization of the intra- and suprasellar components vis-a-vis the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, infundibular stalk, and carotid arteries.
On the use of the eigenvalue approach in the prediction of transient eddy current fields

Very complex time dependent three-dimensional eddy-current problems are considered. The use of global spatial basis functions with assumed eigenvalue (exp(- lambda t)) dependence, which is extremely efficient for many problems, is shown to have embedded in it some serious pitfalls which lead to error. Examination shows that extreme caution should be exercised when using an eigenvalue approach; the association of unique eigenvalues with what would appear to be unique eigenmodal shapes leads to errors that are more severe as the object shape gets more complex. An alternative approach to the problem using the standard space-dependent Green's function is presented. Both approaches above have been applied to the FELIX cylinder experiments, and the results are discussed. >