cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whistler propagation in a bounded magnetoplasma

A paradox has been pointed out by Wieder for whistlers in bounded magnetoplasmas. His work shows that, below half the electron cyclotron frequency, the wave propagation characteristics do not approach those of plane wave solutions in unbounded magneto-plasma, even when the plasma density is increased so that the wavelength is arbitrarily small compared to the plasma transverse dimensions. In this paper the apparent paradox is shown to result from the double reflection property of magnetoplasmas. Propagation characteristics in bounded plasma have been related to the unbounded case by considering plane waves doubly reflected at the plasma boundary. As a by-product, limitations for the validity of the quasistatic approximation for body waves in bounded magnetoplasmas have been established.
Meningeal mast cells, inflammation and migraine pain

Migraine is a debilitating, throbbing headache that afflicts about 15% of the Western population. While the underlying cause of migraine is still a matter of speculation, the intracranial throbbing pain of migraine is largely attributed to an episode of local sterile meningeal inflammation that promote activation of trigeminal mechanosensitive nociceptive afferents that supply the meninges. The key players responsible for triggering such nociceptive neuronal events remain poorly defined, however. Mast cells, resident inflammatory cells that populate the meninges, particularly the dura mater, were implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine more than 50 years ago. Additional clinical and preclinical data that further support their role in migraine have recently emerged. This review highlights these findings, examines the evidence of a neuroimmune interaction between meningeal nociceptors and mast cells, in particular their involvement in promoting the activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular systems, and will finally discuss the notion that in some migraine attacks, mast cells serve as an intermediate between various migraine triggers and the persistent activation of meningeal nociceptors. Drug Dev Res 68:412–418, 2007. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Accentuate the Positive: Reflections on Empathic Interpersonal Interactions

I address you today with joyful gratitude for this fantastic honor. Thank you! For almost half a century, I have practiced occupational therapy with a focus on brain injury. During the past year, I have reflected on my career and the defining characteristics that have shaped my practice and my life. Upon reflection, I have concluded that positive, empathic interpersonal interactions have been one of the most important factors in my personal and professional development. Empathy is one of the basic ingredients responsible for changes that occur during intervention. There is evidence in the occupational therapy literature that supports the need for further training in and understanding of this important process. In this lecture, I will provide a brief review of empathic interactions as they relate to occupational therapy, discuss interdisciplinary knowledge from positive psychology and social neuroscience that can enhance our understanding and use of these interactions, and offer my reflections on positive empathic interactions in my practice.
Impaired overload‐induced muscle growth is associated with diminished translational signalling in aged rat fast‐twitch skeletal muscle

Impaired overload-induced protein synthesis and growth in aged fast-twitch skeletal muscle may result from diminished responsiveness of signalling intermediates controlling protein translation. Yet, potential age-related signalling decrements have never been examined in direct parallel with impaired overload-induced muscle growth in any model. To this end, we used Western blotting to examine the contents and phosphorylation states of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream translational signalling intermediates, 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6k), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), in conjunction with impaired growth in 1 week overloaded fast-twitch plantaris muscles (via unilateral gastrocnemius ablation) of old (O; 30 months) versus young adult (YA; 8 months) male Fischer344 × Brown Norway rats. The significantly (P ≤ 0.05) diminished growth (assessed by total muscle protein content) in overloaded O muscles (5.6 ± 1.7 versus 19.3 ± 2.9% in YA) was accompanied by significant impairments in the phosphorylation states of mTOR (Ser 2448 ), S6k (impaired at the mTOR-specific Thr 389 residue but not at Thr 421 /Ser 424 ), rpS6 (Ser 235/236 ) and 4E-BP1 (gel shift), as well as deficits in total eEF2 accretion. Moreover, in overloaded muscles across both age groups, phospho-S6k at Thr 389 (but not at Thr 421 /Ser 424 ), 4E-BP1 phosphorylation status, and total eEF2 accretion were all positively correlated with percentage muscle hypertrophy, and negatively correlated with the phosphorylation (Thr 172 )o f 5 � -AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; which inhibits translational signalling and protein synthesis in young muscle at rest). As previously published by ourselves, AMPK was hyperphosphorylated in O versus YA muscles used in the current investigation. The present results provide solid evidence that impaired overload-induced growth in aged fast-twitch muscle may partly result from multiple-level decrements in signalling pathway(s) controlling protein translation, and also provide an initial indication that AMPK hyperactivation with age may potentially lie upstream of these decrements.
Unified Shapes Checker - A Checking Tool for LSI

The designing and manufacturing techniques for integrated circuits have spawned a new free-form checking tool in IBM. This software tool has met the requirements of low cost for large volumes of data, breadth of function to support numerous methodologies, and depth of function for any specific technology.
Microscopic Positive Margins in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Is Not an Independent Predictor of Local Failure.

Background: In contrast to other head and neck cancers, the impact of histological thyroid specimen margin status in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of margin status on local recurrence in DTC. Method: The records of 3664 consecutive patients treated surgically for DTC between 1986 and 2010 were identified from an institutional database. Patients with less than total thyroidectomy, unresectable or gross residual disease, or M1 disease at presentation and those with unknown pathological margin status were excluded from analysis. In total, 2616 patients were included in the study; 2348 patients (90%) had negative margins and 268 patients (10%) had positive margins. Microscopic positive margin status was defined as tumor present at the specimen's edge on pathological analysis. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were compared by Pearson's chi-squared test. Local recurrence free survival (LRFS) was calculated f...
Justice: A Philosophical Review

The past decade has seen the bourgeoning of bioethics and the resurgence of theorizing about justice. Yet until now these two developments have not been as mutually enriching as one might have hoped. Bioethicists have tended to concentrate on micro issues (moral problems of individual or small group decision making), ignoring fundamental moral questions about the macro structure within which the micro issues arise. Theorists of justice have advanced very general principles but have typically neglected to show how they can illuminate the particular problems we face in health care and other urgent areas.
Whiteness and Disability: Double Marginalization

Whiteness involves a set of privileges that are lost or removed when a person becomes, or is perceived to be, disabled. For European American women, disability impacts femininity, the part of identity that differentiates them from European American men who hold maximal power and privilege in U.S. society. Disability represents a health issue, a barrier to social participation, and vulnerability to individual and societal abuse. Development of a healthy disability identity allows European American women to negotiate the multicultural situation of being White, women, and disabled.
Expanding risk-profiling strategies for prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death.

Prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the individual patient remains a huge challenge for the clinician. Sudden cardiac death accounts for as many as 50% of all cardiovascular deaths, and most SCDs occur either as a first cardiac event or as an unexpected incident among patients
Selecting patients for immediate cystectomy.

Management of high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder involving the lamina propria (stage T1) but not penetrating into the muscularis propria represents a challenge for both physician and patient. There is no level I evidence to direct us. Transurethral resection (TUR) has long been recognized as an inadequate complete treatment, with recurrence rates approaching 80% and the risk of progression to muscle invasion approaching 60%.1,2 Adjuvant intravesical therapy with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or chemotherapeutic agents, such as mitomycin C, may decrease the overall recurrence rate by approximately 30% compared with TUR alone,3,4 but tumor progression still occurs in 15% to 40% of patients within the first 5 years, and these patients are at risk of dying from urothelial cancer.4,5 It remains difficult to accurately identify life-threatening, high-grade T1 tumors. Multiple tumors, larger size (more than 3 cm), carcinoma in situ (CIS), and tumor at first follow-up cystoscopy after treatment are associated with greater risk of disease progression and reduced survival. Other prognostic factors under investigation are lymphovascular invasion, depth of lamina propria invasion, and tumor marker expression.6–8
Survey of theBe8Ghost Anomaly

The angular variation of the ghost anomaly is found to be identical to that of the $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ ground state for the reaction $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(d,t)^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ at ${E}_{d}=2.5$ MeV. The anomaly is absent from deuteron spectra of the reaction $^{6}\mathrm{Li}(\ensuremath{\alpha},d)^{8}\mathrm{Be}$, but present in spectra from the reactions $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(\ensuremath{\alpha},t)^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ and $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(p,d)^{8}\mathrm{Be}$. End points of possible three-particle reactions lie close to the observed anomaly so the interpretation is doubtful.
WHEN KNOWLEDGE WALKS OUT THE DOOR: A LONGITUDINAL EXAMINATION OF INVENTORS’ MOBILITY ACROSS FIRMS

While highlighting the knowledge leakage that occurs when inventors move to a rival firm, extant literature has paid less attention to the factors that drive inventors’ mobility in the first place....
Investigation and competitive study on the involvements in outdoor educational activities among Chinese and American university students

In this thesis,based on the existing researches,the author makes a more comprehensive,objective investigation and comparative study on the university students' involvements in outdoor educational activities among Chinese and American college students,according to pedagogy,sociology and other relevant knowledge with literature,questionnaire and mathematical statistical method.It compared and discussed the student involvements in two different countries and under two different educational systems,so as to help more Chinese university students to understand more about the development of outdoor educational activities in the developed country and the differences between the present conditions in China and America.The purpose of the research is to arouse the interest of outdoor educational activities among Chinese university students,the development of college outdoor educational activities and outdoors sports course in China.
Influencing Factors of Food Poisoning Caused by Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Futian District of Shenzhen

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological features of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its influencing factors in Futian District of Shenzhen City,and provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of this kind of food poisoning.8520/\[Methods]From 2006 to now,the catering units with food poisoning occurrence were investigated.Logistic model was applied to analyze the influencing factors of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.[Results]From 2006 to now,a total of 26 incidents of Vibrio parahaemolytisus poisoning were reported,with 112 poisoning cases.All incidents occurred during May to November,the peak incidence appeared during July to November,occupying 81.0% of total incidents.[Conclusion]Vibrio parahaemolytisus poisoning relates with the ratio of employees to customers,passing rate of environmental samples,passing rate of biological samples,the level of health knowledge,etc.The monitoring on environmental samples and biological samples should be strengthened,and the training on employees about hygienic knowledge should also be enhanced.
Physical Activity, Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Panel Model

Purpose Physical activity (PA) has been consistently associated with improved self-esteem in breast cancer survivors. However, this relationship is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether changes in PA and self-efficacy influenced changes in self-esteem in breast cancer survivors across 6 months. Increases in PA were hypothesized to result in increases in self-efficacy, which were hypothesized to influence increases in physical self-worth (PSW) and global self-esteem. Methods Breast cancer survivors (n = 370; Mage = 56.04) wore accelerometers to measure PA and completed measures of self-efficacy (e.g., exercise and barriers self-efficacy), PSW, and global self-esteem at baseline and 6 months. Results The hypothesized model provided a good fit to the data (χ2 = 67.56, df = 26, p < 0.001; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.98; standardized root mean residual = 0.05). Women with higher activity at baseline reported significantly higher levels of barrier (β = 0.29) and exercise (β = 0.23) self-efficacy. In turn, more efficacious women reported significantly higher PSW (β = 0.26, 0.16). Finally, higher PSW was significantly associated with greater global self-esteem (β = 0.47). Relationships were similar among changes in model constructs over 6 months. After controlling for covariates, the hypothesized model provided an excellent fit to the data (χ2 = 59.93, df = 33, p = 0.003; comparative fit index = 0.99; standardized root mean residual = 0.03). Conclusion Our findings provide support for the role played by PA and self-efficacy in positive self-esteem, a key component of well-being. Highlighting successful PA mastery experiences is likely to enhance self-efficacy and improve self-esteem in this population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative approaches to data compression for distributed detection

In this paper, the distributed detection problem of linear and nonlinear signals embedded in white Gaussian noise (WGN) is considered. First, the asymptotically optimal generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detector is derived for both signal models. It is found that the GLRT detector requires the submission of all observed data to the central processor which is practically infeasible. Thus, several test statistics based on compressing the observed data at each sensor are proposed. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to plot the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in order to compare the performance of the proposed detectors for a nonlinear signal example.
A New Pharmacological Tool to Study Acetylcholine Storage in Nerve Terminals

Synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica exhibit MgATP stimulated uptake of tritium labelled acetylcholine, [3H]ACh. The process probably is mediated by a proton pumping ATPase which acidifies the interior of the vesicles (7, 8, 17, 18). A hypothesized separate ACh transporter protein in the vesicle membrane appears to utilize the vesicle membrane pH gradient to drive concentrative uptake of exogenous [3H]ACh (1, 15, 16).
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections

Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a rare disorder in general and even more so in children. Nevertheless, these infections can rapidly advance and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. They can occur in otherwise healthy patients after a relatively innocuous incident leading to a break in the epidermal barrier. The infection often travels deep within the soft tissues without obvious superficial signs, leading to a delay in diagnosis. Surgical intervention remains the only definitive treatment. Extensive tissue loss can result in an attempt to gain control of the infection. If diagnosis is delayed, multisystem organ failure and death can result. The pediatric surgeon should be able to recognize the clinical findings that heighten awareness of a necrotizing infection and have a firm understanding of the appropriate evaluation and management of this rapidly progressive, debilitating, and often lethal disease process.
Conducting Block Copolymer Binders for Carbon-Free Hybrid Vanadium Pentoxide Cathodes with Enhanced Performance

Polymeric binders are essential to battery electrodes, mechanically stabilizing the active materials. Most often, these binders are insulating, and conductive carbons must be added to the electrode structure. Conductive polymer binders, those that transport both ions and electrons, are of primary interest because they potentially eliminate the need for carbon additives. However, it is challenging to incorporate both ion- and electron-conductive polymeric binders into electrode systems because of differences in physical affinities among the two polymer types and the electroactive material. Here, we investigate amphiphilic polymeric binders comprised of electron- and ion-conducting poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT-b-PEO) as compared to P3HT, PEO, and a blend of P3HT/PEO homopolymers in carbon-free V2O5 cathodes. The electrode with P3HT-b-PEO binder has the highest capacity of 190 mAh/g, whereas V2O5 is only 77 mAh/g at a C rate of 0.1 after over 200 cycles: a 2.5-fold improvement. Sim...
Turbulent burning velocity measurements: Extended to extreme levels of turbulence

Abstract Previous measurements of turbulent burning velocity ( S T ) have been reported by Gulder and colleagues for intense levels of turbulence, defined to be u ’⁄ S L values between 12 and 24, and normalized integral scales ( L x ⁄ δ L ) up to 46. The present work extends burning velocity measurements to much higher levels of turbulence than have been considered before: to extreme turbulence defined as u ’⁄ S L values from 25 to 163 and L x ⁄ δ L up to 114. These conditions are argued to be more representative of the turbulence found in certain engines. To do so, a new large, piloted Bunsen burner (called Hi-Pilot) was developed and OH and formaldehyde PLIF images provided the time-averaged contours of progress variable based on OH ( c OH ). The conventional global consumption speed ( S T , GC ,1 ⁄ S L ) is based on the c OH = 0.5 contour and it was found to exceed 25. Two other measured speeds are based on the leading edge ( S T , GC ,2 ) and the component due to flamelet surface density ( S T , F ). Varying the integral scale had a significant effect on S T , GC ,2 but not on the other two burning velocities. The consumption speed S T , GC ,1 curve displayed “bending” in the range of extreme turbulence, while the flamelet surface density contribution ( S T , F ) curve instead flattened out and was independent of turbulence intensity. A possible explanation for these measured trends is based on the observed extensive broadening of the preheat zone. Preheat broadening depends on the integral scale and is believed to attenuate the turbulence that eventually interacts with the reaction zone. Results indicate a breakdown of the laminar flamelet assumption; it appears that preheat broadening may cause thermal diffusivity to dominate over the flame wrinkling mechanism.
Stability of tacrolimus injection diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored in Excel bags

Purpose The chemical stability and physical compatibility of tacrolimus i.v. infusion solutions prepared in Excel bags and stored at 23 or 4 °C for up to nine days were studied. Methods Tacrolimus admixtures (2, 4, and 8 μg/mL) were prepared in Excel bags using 0.9% sodium chloride injection and stored at 23 °C without protection from light or at 4 °C in the dark. Test samples were withdrawn from triplicate bag solutions immediately after preparation and at predetermined time intervals (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days). Chemical stability was assessed by measuring tacrolimus concentrations using a validated stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The physical stability of the admixtures was assessed by visual examination and by measuring turbidity, particle size, and drug content. Results All test solutions stored at 23 or 4 °C had a no greater than 6% loss of the initial tacrolimus concentration throughout the nine-day study period. All test samples of tacrolimus admixtures, under both storage conditions, were without precipitation and remained clear initially and throughout the nine-day observation period. Changes in turbidities were minor; measured particulates remained few in number in all samples throughout the study. Conclusion Extemporaneously prepared infusion solutions of tacrolimus 2, 4, and 8 μg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in Excel bags were chemically and physically stable for at least nine days when stored at room temperature (23 °C) without protection from light and when stored in a refrigerator (4 °C) in the dark.
Investigation of the microbiota of the reproductive tract in women undergoing a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy.

Objective To conduct a pilot study to investigate the possible presence of bacteria throughout the female reproductive tract and to make a preliminary assessment of whether there are differences in the composition of the microbial communities between these body sites and/or between patients. Design Prospective pilot study followed by 16S amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Setting Tertiary care military hospital. Patient(s) A total of 10 women underwent a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy; tissue samples were collected from the vagina, resected cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Microbial composition of samples within patients and between body sites. Result(s) The microbial composition of each sample was characterized by amplification and sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacteria were identified in 95% of the samples; the remaining 5% of samples showed no evidence of bacterial 16S rRNA. The microbial communities present at each anatomical location were highly related across the samples and across the patients. The Firmicutes phylum was highly abundant as was the Lactobacillus genus. Conclusion(s) This study is the first global evaluation of the distribution of bacteria throughout the female reproductive tract in its entirety. Bacteria were detected by 16S sequencing from anatomical sites including the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The microbial profiles were closely related regardless of which body site or patient the samples originated from. The results of this trial will serve as the basis for future work correlating the colonization of the female reproductive tract with both obstetric and gynecologic conditions.
Dystonia Treatment: A Survey of Medication Use in an International Biorepository (P2.353)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of medication use in dystonia patients enrolled in an international biorepository study. To compare patient characteristics using oral medications, botulinum toxin, both oral medications and botulinum toxin and no medications. BACKGROUND: Dystonia is a disorder that causes abnormal posture through involuntary muscle spasm. Although botulinum toxin injections are the gold standard therapy for focal dystonias, oral medications such as anticholinergics and GABA-ergic classes are typically recommended. However, we currently do not know the range of medications actually used in patients with dystonia. DESIGN/METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis to look at medication use patterns in dystonia patients. We included 2,026 participants enrolled at 37 sites in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia through Project 1 of the Dystonia Coalition, an international biorepository study. The primary aim was to assess the frequency of medication classes that are generally recommended for treating patients with dystonia and the secondary aim was to compare characteristics (disease type, age, sex, duration of disease, co-morbid conditions, severity) of patients. RESULTS: Querying the database for the presence of any medication for dystonia used (including both injectable and oral therapy), we found 64[percnt] using medications (n=1,276) and 36[percnt] using no dystonia medications (n=725). Of those using medications, 40[percnt] (n=507) used botulinum therapy alone, 25[percnt] (n=324) used oral medications alone, and 35[percnt] (n=445) used both botulinum therapy and oral medications. Significant differences were found in medication use patterns by dystonia type (p=0.0009), by region (p<0.0001), and by focal dystonia subtype (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with dystonia enrolled in the Dystonia Coalition Project 1 database, were using medications to treat their dystonia. Overall, a complex picture of medication use patterns emerged with factors such as region, disease duration, type of dystonia, disease severity and psychiatric co-morbidities all playing a significant role. Disclosure: Dr. Pirio Richardson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wegele has nothing to disclose. Dr. Skipper has nothing to disclose. Dr. Deligtisch has nothing to disclose.
The Strategic Use of Contextual and Competitive Interference to Influence Brand-Attribute Associations

Broadening brand positioning is challenging because strong brand images are resistant to change. Consumers are likely to reject attempts to associate new discrepant attributes due to incongruence with the brand's existing image. This research presents a contextual and competitive interference-based advertising tactic that facilitates acceptance of new attribute information into familiar brand meaning. Advertisers can influence new attribute associations by featuring an advertising image similar in both style and meaning to a competitor. Boundary conditions image similarity and competitor selection, and process variable response time, are investigated. This tactic presents a strategic way to use the cluttered advertising environment advantageously.
This Area Is [NOT] under Quarantine: Rethinking Southeast/Asia through Studies of the Cinema

This paper takes the chronotopes, or the spatiotemporal properties, of contemporary Southeast Asian cinema as an occasion to inquire into the ways in which both the region’s new cinemas and scholarship in this field allow us to rethink humanities approaches to the ‘area’ of Southeast Asia and to pedagogies of Asia more broadly. I wish to draw attention to a mode of analysis that exceeds the merely spatial logics of cinema and area, and to argue that new Area Studies pedagogies cannot forego the concomitant consideration of temporality. A focus on the chronotopes of (Southeast) Asian cinemas significantly strengthens the study of the region as multiply networked in time and space, rather than bounded by geography and the conventions of traditional area scholarship.
A Robust and Secure Video Steganography Method in DWT-DCT Domains Based on Multiple Object Tracking and ECC

Over the past few decades, the art of secretly embedding and communicating digital data has gained enormous attention because of the technological development in both digital contents and communication. The imperceptibility, hiding capacity, and robustness against attacks are three main requirements that any video steganography method should take into consideration. In this paper, a robust and secure video steganographic algorithm in discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) domains based on the multiple object tracking (MOT) algorithm and error correcting codes is proposed. The secret message is preprocessed by applying both Hamming and Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem codes for encoding the secret data. First, motion-based MOT algorithm is implemented on host videos to distinguish the regions of interest in the moving objects. Then, the data hiding process is performed by concealing the secret message into the DWT and DCT coefficients of all motion regions in the video depending on foreground masks. Our experimental results illustrate that the suggested algorithm not only improves the embedding capacity and imperceptibility but also enhances its security and robustness by encoding the secret message and withstanding against various attacks.
The Effect of Computer Software Use Verses Traditional Teaching Methods in

The purpose of this study was to assemble data which can be used to ascertain the effects of computer software when used in conjunction with traditional teaching methods versus using only traditional teaching methods of first gradersâ€™ ability to acquire addition and subtraction skills for one- and two-digit number problems. The demographic characteristics of ethnicity and primary language are the main focus of the findings. The results of the study showed English as a primary language students in the traditional teaching methods class showed a higher gain of scores than the ESL students. However, analysis of the computer software experimental groups conversely showed there was a slightly greater gain in scores with ESL compared to the English as a primary language students. The Caucasian students showed a more dramatic growth in scores in the traditional teaching classroom and in the experimental classroom than the Hispanic, African American/Black and Asian students.
ASEAN is Neither the Problem Nor the Solution to South China Sea Disputes

There are reasons to question why SCS disputes should be considered “central” to ASEAN or that ASEAN should have a unified position on the disputes. While ASEAN failed to issue a joint communique in 2012 over the SCS issue, this does not mean the issue has “centrality” to ASEAN nor that ASEAN is useless. However, there are also arguments for why ASEAN should be coherent and responsible regarding the SCS, and signs that it is becoming more so. A better assessment of the impact of the SCS’s disputes can be made if one evaluates arguments about the purposes, challenges, and prospects of ASEAN.
A Phenomenological Approach to Language Acquisition and Autism in Terms of a Motor Unconscious

In recent years there has been an increasing effort to relate the study of “developmental kinesics” to a psychology of the acquisition of language (most notably, Walburga von Raffler-Engel in, for example, “Developmental Kinesics: The Acquisition of Conversational Nonverbal Behavior”). Whatever empirical results may be obtained by such an approach, the assumption that kinesics itself has its own structure or “grammar” shared by Ekman, Birdwhistell, and others, whether this structure be biologically or culturally conditioned or both, can at present be explained most persuasively by a “motor metatheory of mind” which Weimer, the philosopher of science and cognitive psychologist, offers as the only model “adequate” to the present research problems facing cognitive psychology on all fronts. The motor theory is not only relevant to the “physiological basis of action,” but to all “higher mental processes,” including language use and comprehension, which can be conceived as “constructive motor skills.” Nevertheless, Wiemer writes: We have no theories, even on the farthest horizon, that account for the problems of the unconscious represented in tacit awareness and skill. But we need not be saddled with a conceptual framework that renders no solutions possible. From the motion theory framework one can at least attempt to assay what is involved without running into contradiction and inherent confusion… . The problem for the future psychology of knowledge and action appears somewhat paradoxical: we require a theory of tacit knowing and doing that will also account for that “little bit” of conscious or explicit phenomena that we sometimes exhibit.2
A Psychobiological Model of Conscious and Unconscious Brain Activity

The descriptions of the physiological processes underlying mental activity presented thus far in this volume provide only the skeleton for a comprehensive psychobiological theory of mental behavior. Any system that is designed to provide a full explanation of human behavior must consist of more than a series of neurophysiological mechanisms. The attractiveness of Freudian psychoanalytic theory lies as much in its comprehensiveness as it does in any one of its specific explanations. Freud attempted to integrate the known biological principles of his day with the growing awareness of the importance of development and experience into a unitary concept that would still be compatible with clinical phenomena. As a consequence, psychoanalytic theory has a universal approach to human behavior that has probably contributed more to its general appeal than has any specific effort at scientific validation. It follows then that a broad comparison with the Freudian system might provide an excellent context in which to expand the implications of the psychobiological model of mental activity. Indeed, such an evaluation is only fitting and proper since it is mainly from psychoanalysis that the general interest in unconscious mental activity derives.
Preliminary Evidence of a Missing Self Bias in Face Perception for Individuals with Dissociative Identity Disorder

Failing to recognize one's mirror image can signal an abnormality in one's sense of self. In dissociative identity disorder (DID), individuals often report that their mirror image can feel unfamiliar or distorted. They also experience some of their own thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations as if they are nonautobiographical and sometimes as if instead, they belong to someone else. To assess these experiences, we designed a novel backwards masking paradigm in which participants were covertly shown their own face, masked by a stranger's face. Participants rated feelings of familiarity associated with the strangers' faces. 21 control participants without trauma-generated dissociation rated masks, which were covertly preceded by their own face, as more familiar compared to masks preceded by a stranger's face. In contrast, across two samples, 28 individuals with DID and similar clinical presentations (DSM-IV Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified type 1) did not show increased familiarity ratings to their own masked face. However, their familiarity ratings interacted with self-reported identity state integration. Individuals with higher levels of identity state integration had response patterns similar to control participants. These data provide empirical evidence of aberrant self-referential processing in DID/DDNOS and suggest this is restored with identity state integration.
A Moments Based Approach to Designing MIMO Data Driven Controllers for Switched Systems

The goal of this paper is to develop a computationally tractable framework for data driven control of switched linear MIMO systems. Given a model structure and experimental data collected at different operating points, we seek to directly design a controller that stabilizes all plants compatible with this information, without an explicit plant identification. The main result of the paper shows that this problem can be recast into a polynomial optimization form and efficiently solved, leading to a robust controller with guaranteed $\ell^{\infty}$ worse-case performance for any switching amongst all plants that could have generated the observed experimental data. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is illustrated with a numerical example.
Fetal arrhythmias: Diagnosis and management

This article reviews important features for improving the diagnosis and management of fetal arrhythmias. The normal fetal heart rate ranges between 110 and 160 beats per minute. A fetal heart rate is considered abnormal if the heart rate is beyond the normal ranges or the rhythm is irregular. The rate, duration, and origin of the rhythm and degree of irregularity usually determine the potential for hemodynamic consequences. Most of the fetal rhythm disturbances are the result of premature atrial contractions (PACs) and are of little clinical significance. Other arrhythmias include tachyarrhythmias (heart rate in excess of 160 beats/min) such as atrioventricular (AV) reentry tachycardia, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia, and bradyarrhythmias (heart rate <110 beats/min) such as sinus node dysfunction, complete heart block (CHB) and long QT syndrome (which is associated with sinus bradycardia and pseudo-heart block).
Designing a massively multiplayer online game / research testbed featuring AI-driven NPC communities

Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs), in their aspect as online communities, represent an exciting opportunity for studying social and behavioral models. For that purpose we have developed Cosmopolis, a free MMOG containing several key research-oriented features. First, Cosmopolis consists of an outer game for larger-scale social modeling, as well as a set of subgames suitable for tightly-controlled sandbox-style experiments, all allowing a high level of data logging configuration and control by researchers. Also, Cosmopolis's world model incorporates configurable, AI-driven non-player character communities, as a means of researching interactions between individuals and societies.
How Nature is Conformable to Herself: A View from Quantum Cosmology

In his essay "Nature Conformable to Herself" the late Murray Gell-Mann expands on an observation of Newton that theories of seemingly disparate phenomena in the universe often make use of similar ideas and similar mathematical structure. Newton summarized that by saying that nature was very consonant and conformable to herself. This essay uses a model of quantum cosmology to illustrate how, why, and when nature is conformable to herself.
Overview of Business Ethics

What is meant by business, trade, and commerce? The key facet is an exchange of property rights to goods and services. The basic voluntary exchange of goods or services is a mutually beneficial, positive-sum situation. People’s choices can create benefits and impose costs; economics can help identify costs and benefits. What is ethical in business depends, in part, upon who wins and who loses. During the twentieth century, business ethicists developed the stakeholder theory; although the new concept gained acceptance, it also met with resistance.
The effect of 360-degree rotatable product images on purchase intention

Abstract In three experiments, we tested the effectiveness of 360-degree rotatable product images on retail websites. In Study 1, participants reported higher purchase intention in response to a 360-degree rotatable image than a two-dimensional static image. In Study 2, participants who were primed for cognitive busyness by writing about activities that kept them busy (vs. writing about typical daily activities) reported lower purchase intention than in Study 1. In Study 3, we found a similar effect by directly manipulating cognitive busyness: participants memorized long or short number strings while performing a shopping task. Furthermore, sensory vividness fully mediated the effect of 360-degree rotatable images on purchase intention for the less busy participants, not the highly busy participants. Theoretical and practical implications for virtual product presentation are discussed.
Improving Billing Practices for Patients Admitted for Neonatal Fever

Purpose/Aim Extreme variability in billing and coding among physicians exists, often due to a lack of physician education and knowledge about billing. Errors or omissions in billing can lead to significant financial repercussions for an institution, and may lead to lost opportunities in furthering the institutional mission. Our project aimed to improve clinical documentation and coding of neonatal fever by 25% from November 2016 to February 2017 among Pediatric Hospital Medicine providers at a …
VTA Glutamatergic Neurons Mediate Innate Defensive Behaviors

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, which have been implicated in reward and aversion. Here, we determined whether VTA-glutamate or -GABA neurons play a role in innate defensive behavior. By VTA cell-type-specific genetic ablation, we found that ablation of glutamate, but not GABA, neurons abolishes escape behavior in response to threatening stimuli. We found that escape behavior is also decreased by chemogenetic inhibition of VTA-glutamate neurons and detected increases in activity in VTA-glutamate neurons in response to the threatening stimuli. By ultrastructural and electrophysiological analysis, we established that VTA-glutamate neurons receive a major monosynaptic glutamatergic input from the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and found that photoinhibition of this input decreases escape responses to threatening stimuli. These findings indicate that VTA-glutamate neurons are activated by and required for innate defensive responses and that information on threatening stimuli to VTA-glutamate neurons is relayed by LHA-glutamate neurons.
Inoculation With Desulfovibrio sp. Does Not Enhance Chalk Formation in the Pacific Oyster

Some oyster species precipitate a soft, friable form of calcite that is occluded within their shells, often referred to as chalk or chalky deposits. Because of the unusual microstructure of this shell feature, it has been proposed that chalk is the result of microbial involvement in the calcification process. Specifically, chalk has been hypothesized to be induced or influenced by microbial sulfate-reduction, and therefore chalk formation may not be under direct control of the oysters themselves. Specimens of the Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas, well known for chalk deposition within shells, were grown in Bodega Harbor, Bodega Bay, California and exposed monthly to treatments that altered the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria within oysters. The four treatment conditions evaluated included a control group (not exposed to any reagents), as well as oysters exposed to ciprofloxacin (a broad spectrum antibiotic), sodium molybdate (a compound known to inhibit bacterial sulfate reduction), and an inoculum of a sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated for this study. At the end of a 7 month growing period, specimens were culled and shells from treatment groups were assessed for chalk content by measuring bulk shell density and percentage of chalk in a cross sectional area. While analyses show that treatment conditions were successful with respect to altering abundances of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oysters, increasing SRB populations did not correlate to enhanced chalk expression in oyster shells. Therefore, chalk formation in oysters is not induced by the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria within the oyster. Interestingly, control oysters produced more chalk than the other treatment groups, according to both bulk shell density and percent chalk measured in cross section. Given that control oysters represent the wild type for chalk expression in shells, it is inferred that the decreased formation of chalk in the other groups was due to a perturbation of the microbiome in the oyster calcifying fluid. However, the methods used here only quantify the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oysters, and therefore, additional work is necessary to evaluate the role of the microbiome in oyster calcification.
Variable behavioral and settlement contexts for the emergence of ceramic vessels in eastern Siberia

Abstract The early, ephemeral adoption of pottery arose under different circumstances in both the Transbaikal and Russian Far East regions, however in both instances it was likely used to intensify extraction of more nutrients from resources already heavily in diets focused almost exclusively on riverine environments. In the Transbaikal, earliest ceramic use is correlated to an increase in residential mobility with no other technological or subsistence change. Ceramic vessels may have allowed more extensive processing of these food sources, including small mammals and fish, already in the foraging diet. In the Russian Far East, however, earliest ceramic use is correlated to higher rates of sedentism and ground stone technology, with intensification of land mammals in the Middle Amur Basin, and fish and C3 plant extraction in the Lower Amur Basin. Furthermore, it is clear that early on ceramics were incorporated ephemerally into behavioral systems throughout a relatively long period of time, thus the use of terminology such as “Final Late Paleolithic” and “Initial Neolithic” may only be descriptors of whether individual sites contain pottery, not a meaningful description of “cultures” or “time periods”. Thus, during the late Pleistocene, pottery may have been incorporated by hunter-gatherer-fishers into one behavioral system that initially comprised locations with and without ceramic use depending on the specific behavioral and environmental circumstances of the given region.
Axillosubclavian Artery Repair and Reconstruction

Arterial pathology of the axillosubclavian artery primarily consists of acute traumatic injuries, sequelae of repetitive compression injury from arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) and related axillary compressive syndromes, and degenerative aneurysms. This chapter will focus on the arterial lesions resulting from thoracic outlet compression of the subclavian artery and extrinsic compression of the axillary artery and its branches. Exposure of the axillosubclavian artery requires a detailed understanding of the vascular, nervous, lymphatic, and bony anatomy. This chapter will describe the exposure, repair, and reconstructive techniques to surgically manage these pathologies.
GAAP versus The Street: An Empirical Assessment of Two Alternative Definitions of Earnings

Managers, security analysts, investors, and the press rely increasingly on modified definitions of GAAP net income, known by such names as “operating” and “pro forma” earnings. We document this phenomenon and discuss competing explanations for the recent rise in the use of such modified earnings numbers and implications for the interpretation of related accounting research. Our results show that over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in the frequency and magnitude of cases where “GAAP” and “Street” earnings differ. Further, there is a very strong bias toward the reporting of a Street earnings number that exceeds the GAAP earnings number. We also show that the market response to the Street earnings number has displaced GAAP earnings as a primary determinant of stock prices. Finally, through an analysis of earnings releases, we show that management has taken a proactive role in defining and emphasizing the Street number when communicating to analysts and investors.
Depression, psychosocial correlates, and psychosocial resources in individuals with mast cell activation syndrome

Individuals with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), a rare chronic disease, experience unpredictable physical symptoms and diagnostic challenges resulting in poor emotional states. The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms were examined among 125 participants who completed the CES-D and relevant instruments. The majority reported a clinically-significant level of depression which was especially common among younger participants and those who reported greater loneliness or more disease-specific stressors. Greater magnitude of depressive symptoms was associated with greater illness intrusiveness, less social support, and lower optimism. Results highlight the value of interventions targeting loneliness and stressors unique to this population.