cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral contrast and behavior therapy

A selective review of behavioral contrast with animals and humans is presented to illustrate the potential implications of contrast for behavior therapy. Examples of behavior modification procedures applied according to a contrast paradigm where generalization, contrast, and no contrast effects were observed are discussed. Possible explanations of the inconsistency of occurrence of the phenomenon are suggested. Additionally a number of ethical considerations resulting from the occurrence of contrast effects are discussed.
Prevention of diabetes in the BB rat by essential fatty acid deficiency. Relationship between physiological and biochemical changes.

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency exerts a striking protective effect in several animal models of autoimmune disease. We now report that EFA deprivation prevents diabetes in the BB rat, an animal model of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In diabetes-prone (DP)-BB rats, the incidences of spontaneous diabetes and insulitis (the pathological substrate of autoimmune diabetes) were greatly reduced by EFA deficiency. This beneficial effect of the deficiency state was also seen in diabetes-resistant (DR)-BB rats that, after treatment with antibody to eliminate RT6+ T cells, would otherwise have become diabetic. The susceptibility of EFA-deprived DP-BB rats to spontaneous diabetes was restored when they were given dietary supplements of linoleate at 70 d of age (during the usual period of susceptibility), but not when they were repleted beginning at 120 d (after the peak incidence of diabetes). EFA deficiency did lead to growth retardation, but calorically restricted control rats demonstrated that the protective effect of the deficiency state was not a function of decreased weight. To examine the relationship between the biochemical changes of EFA deficiency and its physiological effects in this system, we compared the fatty acid changes that occurred in EFA-deficient animals that did and did not develop diabetes. Nondiabetic animals had significantly lower levels of (n-6) fatty acids (i.e., linoleate and arachidonate) and higher levels of oleate, an (n-9) fatty acid, than did diabetic animals. Levels of 20:3(n-9), the fatty acid that uniquely characterizes EFA deficiency, were similar in both groups, however. Among diabetic EFA-deficient rats, the age at onset of diabetes was found to correlate inversely with the level of (n-6) fatty acids, the least depleted animals becoming diabetic earliest, whereas there was no correlation with levels of 20:3(n-9). Among animals repleted with linoleate beginning at 70 d, restoration of susceptibility to diabetes correlated with normalization of the level of arachidonate. In summary, EFA deprivation reduced the frequency of diabetes in both DP and RT6-depleted DR-BB rats. This protective effect was strongly associated with depletion of (n-6) fatty acids, particularly arachidonate, but not with accumulation of the abnormal 20:3(n-9). Conjecturally, arachidonate and/or a metabolite may play a key role in mediating inflammatory injury in this animal model of autoimmune diabetes.
Sputtering yields of PMMA films bombarded by keV C60+ ions

Abstract A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used to determine total-mass sputtering yields of PMMA films by 1–16 keV C60+,2+ ion beams. Quantitative sputtering yields for PMMA are presented as mass loss per incident ion Ym. Mass-lost rate QCM data show that a 13 keV C60 cluster leads to emission equivalent to 800 PMMA molecules per ion. The power law obtained for the increase in sputtering yield with primary ion energy is in good agreement those predicted by “thermal spike” regime and MD models, when crater sizes are used to estimate sputtering.
Team flexibility's relationship to staffing and performance in complex projects: An empirical analysis

We examine the role of flexibility in project team effectiveness. Specifically, we hypothesize that (1) it will mediate the relationship between staffing quality and effectiveness and (2) its relationship with team effectiveness will be moderated by project complexity, where more flexibility will be required when projects are complex. Hypotheses are tested using data collected from 60 cross-functional project teams. The results indicated that flexibility mediates the relationship between staffing quality and team performance (goal achievement and cohesion, but not project efficiency). Additionally, we find that two-dimensions of project complexity moderate the flexibility-performance relationship. Specifically, the more alternatives a team must consider, the stronger the negative relationship between flexibility and project efficiency is. The flexibility-cohesion relationship also was moderated, such that the relationship is more positive when the project is more ambiguous and more negative when the project team faces many alternatives. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Human Genome Project: an examination of its challenge to the technological imperative1

Abstract Increasingly scientists and governmental policymakers find themselves leaving their laboratories and office cubicles to share information and decision making with the general public. Contributing in large part to the development of science communication via the mass media has been the Human Genome Project (HGP). Examining the development of the HGP in the United States beginning with the early 1970s helps to establish why and how the general public has become a major player in science policy in the United States during the past quarter century, especially in regard to the ethical, legal, and social implications of research on human genetics. Calling into question the technological imperative—the idea that all things scientific must be pursued without question—the general public came to realize that exerting control over research funding is the key to participating in the scientific process.
Second-order reversible reactions and diffusion in a slab-like medium—II. Further analysis and general results

A new, two-parameter analytical solution for the dimensionless concentration profile in steady-state, simultaneous reaction and diffusion in an isothermal slab is derived for the general reversible second-order reaction, which includes nine different specific kinetic schemes. The dimensionless concentration profile and internal effectiveness factor are determined solely in terms of two dimensionless parameters: a Thiele modulus, Φ1st and “second-order modulus”,ψ. The analysis provides semi-quantitative conditions for both diffusion-free and diffusion-limited behavior. Also revealed are results, not initially apparent, concerning the asymptotic behavior of the effectiveness factor, bounds on the mid-plane concentration, and an interrelationship between the two parameters and their meaning.
Issues of Control and Responsibility in Workers' Health:

The issues of responsibility for health and control of factors influencing health are discussed with regard to workplace health programs. The role of each of the parties involved - workers, unions, management, and the government - can best be understood in relation to the interests they hold in workers' health. A matrix is presented which divides influences on workers' health according to the degree to which they are controlled by employers and workers. This matrix is used to suggest that workplace health promotion and employee assistance programs may represent employer involvement in areas over which they lack legitimate control. These programs are also criticized for their emphasis on behavior and their neglect of work-related causes of ill health and unhealthy behavior. They should be considered supplemental to a work environment which is conducive to both physical and psychosocial health; they will be most effective and appropriate with a high degree of worker involvement and control. Evidence regarding the effects of occupation and class on health and health-related behavior is presented to support the need for a comprehensive, ecological approach to workers' health. Such an approach should take into account the full range of influences and recognize the limits of legitimate control.
Cheap talk in bargaining experiments: lying and threats in ultimatum games

In most models of bargaining, costless and unverifiable lies about private information and incredible threats about future actions are considered cheap talk and do not impact outcomes. In practice, however, this type of talk is often an integral part of bargaining. This experiment examines the impact of cheap talk in an ultimatum bargaining setting with two-sided imperfect information. In contrast to previous work, the experiment provides an opportunity for deceptions to be revealed and punished. Results show that lies about private information and (incredible) threats of future actions do influence bargaining outcomes (offers and responses) in both the short- and long-term.
Rapidity gap correlations in short range order models

Abstract We show that short range order models relate the multiplicity distribution produced in a rapidity interval R of the central region, to the distribution of such intervals which all contain a fixed multiplicity N . This is an asymptotic result which furthermore implies that the asymptotic behavior of the Mueller moments be related to certain rapidity gap correlation moments. The behavior of these gap correlations in specific models depends in a direct way on the assumptions made about clustering and about the range of the interaction.
A Library and the Disciplines: A Collaborative Project Assessing the Impact of eBooks and Mobile Devices on Student Learning

Abstract With the proliferation of technology usage, it is essential to understand the effect of implementation of technology in the academic setting. Specifically, this article examines the impact of eBooks and mobile devices on student learning. A pilot study was conducted with three areas of interest. The first question of interest found that owning or having access to two or more mobile devices significantly increased respondents' frequency of accessing eBooks. The second question examined the pros and cons of using mobile devices. Accessibility and cost savings were found as pros; while functionality and pedagogy were reported as drawbacks to mobile device usage. Furthermore, usability responses varied. The third question examined the effect of mobile device use on student learning. Findings show that eBooks and mobile device use in the classroom have a significant impact on the student's educational experience.
Atmospheric Deposition and Inorganic Nitrogen Flux

Flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN—primarily nitrate) from terrestrial ecosystems has been considered an important contributor to acidification of linked aquatic systems. The basis of this concern is the nitrogen (N) saturation hypothesis, positing that additions of N to terrestrial ecosystems in excess of biological requirements will result in DIN leaching. There is a consensus (implicit hypothesis) in the literature that atmospheric deposition of DIN in excess of a threshold of approximately 10 kg ha−1 year−1 leads to significant flux. Diverse data from USA indicate that DIN flux is highly variable both in space and time; the spatial uncertainty as measured by the pooled coefficient of variation is about 0.95, and the temporal (inter-year) uncertainty is about 0.75. The relationship between atmospheric deposition of DIN and annual flux is near-linear within the range of current deposition for US sites (≤8 kg ha−1 year−1 wet deposition). If wet and dry depositions are approximately equal, over 85 % of total DIN deposition is retained. This is nearly equal to the retention reported by the US Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, which considered all nonpoint sources of N as inputs and both DIN and organic N as fluxes. Although input–output data have high uncertainty, the 85 % retention of atmospheric DIN by terrestrial watersheds casts doubt on its importance as a contributor to aquatic acidification. There is no obvious threshold of deposition leading to DIN leaching. The nitrogen saturation hypothesis may not fully explain N behavior in terrestrial ecosystems.
Organizational roles of university committees

On the basis of relationships found empirically to hold among 20 organizational characteristics of university committees, two distinctive sets of such characteristics are derived. The sets, in turn, are utilized as indices to the organizational roles which university committees play. The first is an essentially deliberative, collective decision-making role played by committees whose activities are member-dominated. The second is an essentially one-person advisory role played by committees whose activities are chairperson-dominated. The organizational basis of each role is inferred from the characteristics comprising each of the two sets.
Fracture Toughness in the Ductile-Brittle Transition and Thermal Ageing Behavior of Decarburized Heat Affected Zone of Alloy 52 Dissimilar Metal Welds of Nuclear Components

Dissimilar metal welds (DMW) are used in nuclear power plants between the nozzles of main components in low alloy steel and stainless steel pipes, or safe-ends connected to the main coolant line pipes. AREVA proposes for EPR™ an improved design of DMW involving narrow gap welding without buttering between the low alloy steel nozzles and the stainless steel safe-ends, and the use of a corrosion resistant weld filler metal (Alloy 52).AREVA performed a thorough characterization of this type of welds, which shows a particular microstructure close to the fusion line between the low alloy steel and the nickel base alloy, where the heat affected zone of the low alloy steel is decarburized.This paper presents results of fracture toughness tests performed with the crack tip located in this area, in the ductile to brittle transition in the as post-welded heat treated condition and after thermal ageing. The results show an excellent fracture toughness behavior of this particular area, compared to that of low alloy steel parent metal.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Activation of progelatinase A (MMP‐2) by neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase‐3: A role for inflammatory cells in tumor invasion and angiogenesis

Gelatinase A (MMP-2), a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis, is secreted as an inactive zymogen (proMMP-2) and activated by proteolytic cleavage. Here we report that polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-derived elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 activate proMMP-2 through a mechanism that requires membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) expression. Immunoprecipitation of human PMN-conditioned medium with a mixture of antibodies to elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 abolished proMMP-2 activation, whereas individual antibodies were ineffective. Incubation of HT1080 cells with either purified PMN elastase or cathepsin G or proteinase-3 resulted in dose-and time-dependent proMMP-2 activation. Addition of PMN-conditioned medium to MT1-MMP expressing cells resulted in increased proMMP-2 activation and in vitro invasion of extracellular matrix (ECM), but had no effect with cells that express no MT1-MMP. MMP-2 activation by PMN-conditioned medium or purified elastase was blocked by the elastase inhibitor α1-antitrypsin but not by Batimastat, an MMP inhibitor, showing that elastase activation of MMP-2 is not mediated by MMP activities. The PMN-conditioned medium-induced increase in cell invasion was blocked by Batimastat as well as by α1-antitrypsin, showing that PMN serine proteinases trigger a proteinase cascade that entails proMMP-2 activation: this gelatinase is the downstream effector of the proinvasive activity of PMN proteinases. These findings indicate a novel role for PMN-mediated inflammation in a variety of tissue remodeling processes including tumor invasion and angiogenesis. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Process of Knowledge Transfer: A Diachronic Analysis of Stickiness

Abstract Even though intrafirm transfers of knowledge are often laborious, time consuming, and difficult, current conceptions treat them as essentially costless and instantaneous. When acknowledged, difficulty is an anomaly in the way transfers are modeled rather than a characteristic feature of the transfer itself. One first step toward incorporating difficulty in the analysis of knowledge transfer is to recognize that a transfer is not an act, as typically modeled, but a process. This article offers a process model of knowledge transfer. The model identifies stages of transfer and factors that are expected to correlate with difficulty at different stages of the transfer. The general expectation is that factors that affect the opportunity to transfer are more likely to predict difficulty during the initiation phase, whereas factors that affect the execution of the transfer are more likely to predict difficulty during subsequent implementation phases. Measures of stickiness are developed for each stage of the transfer to explore the predictive power of different factors at different stages of the process. A cross-sectional analysis of primary data collected through a two-step survey of 122 transfers of organizational practices within eight firms illustrates the applicability of the model and suggests several issues for further research.
Naturally occurring IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies inhibit T-cell activation and chemotaxis.

Naturally occurring IgM antileukocyte antoantibodies (IgM-ALA) are present from birth and increase during inflammatory processes of diverse etiologies. The clinical observation demonstrating a significant correlation (P < 01) between lack of acute rejections and presence of high levels of IgM-ALA in recipients of kidney allografts prompted us to study if IgM-ALA alters T-cell function and leukocyte chemotaxis. In-vitro functional assays were performed using leucocytes isolated from human peripheral blood. In-vivo studies were performed in C57BL6 mice. Human studies revealed that IgM-ALA consist of several different IgM, each with specificities for a different leukocyte receptor, e.g., CD3, CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4. We show that IgM inhibits T-cell activation, proliferation, and chemotaxis. Data on in vivo murine models of ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac transplantation support our hypothesis. The innate anti-inflammatory mechanism of IgM-ALA can be exploited by using purified normal IgM to inhibit inflammatory states or by a vaccine approach to increase in vivo production of IgM-ALA (e.g., prior to a transplant).
Surface distortions of asymmetric line profiles

Abstract Distortions of asymmetric Fano profiles for a molecular system above a metallic grating surface are investigated within a simple model. A double-peak feature as well as a shift of the profile window are observed due to the surface plasmon mode.
Challenges in developing a software architecture evolution tool as a plug-in

Recent research has developed a theoretical basis for providing software architects with better support for planning and carrying out major evolutions of software systems. However, these theoretical models have yet to be implemented in a complete, integrated tool. In this paper, we consider some of the challenges involved in developing such a tool as a plug-in to an existing architecture modeling framework. We present an experience report based on the development of a prototype architecture evolution tool as a plug-in to MagicDraw, a commercial UML tool. We find that there are many practical obstacles to developing tools for architecture evolution modeling as plug-ins, and we discuss some of the key factors that plug-in developers should weigh when considering frameworks.
Role of IAA-Oxidase in Abscission Control in Cotton.

The potential role of indoleactic acid (IAA)-oxidase as an in vivo abscission regulating system in the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotyledonary explant was investigated. Phenols (usually monophenols), which are cofactors of cotton IAA-oxidase in vitro, accelerated abscission. Phenols (usually orthodihydroxyphenols), which inhibit cotton IAA-oxidase in vitro, inhibited abscission. Inhibition or stimulation of abscission was accomplished by phenols both with and without IAA. Results were similar when treatments were applied as lanolin pastes to the cut petiole ends or as solutions in which explants were submerged. An abscission accelerating phenol stimulated the decarboxylation of IAA-1-(14)C by explants and an abscission inhibiting phenol inhibited the decarboxylation of IAA-1-(14)C.The mechanism of abscission regulation by the phenolic compounds was concluded to involve auxin destruction via IAA-oxidase.In addition to the direct relationship of this study to abscission, the results support the more general hypothesis that IAA-oxidase acts in vivo to regulate auxin levels.
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE IMMUNIZING DOSE OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS AND THE RESULTANT IMMUNITY

A direct proportion exists between the concentration of epidemic influenza virus used for intraperitoneal immunization of mice and the degree of immunity to intranasal infection which develops. Mice vaccinated with virus of a given strength resist infection with virus of the same concentration but not more. An irreducible minimum exists since mice vaccinated with less than ten intranasal lethal doses do not develop sufficient immunity to overcome intranasal infection with virus of the same strength. The fact that there exists a limiting threshold for the degree of immunity which a certain strength of virus will induce indicates that the virus does not multiply after intraperitoneal inoculations. In ferrets a state of partial immunity is induced as a result of subcutaneous vaccination with active influenza virus. Vaccination with doses containing 100 or more intranasal infectious units is required for the production of circulating antibodies, protection of the animals from pulmonary involvement, and modification of the severity of the disease. On the other hand, intranasal inoculation with one infectious unit results in a firm, immediate immunity, although the duration of immunity may bear a relation to the severity of the original infection and consequently to the size of the infecting dose. Ferrets in a state of partial immunity resulting from subcutaneous vaccination, or from the waning of a firm immunity following infection, respond to intranasal inoculation of influenza virus with an accelerated production of neutralizing antibodies. The antibody titer under these conditions reaches a much higher level than occurs following a primary infection. Fully immune animals, however, show no further antibody response to a second inoculation.
Robust Magnetic Moments on Impurities in Metallic Clusters: Localized Magnetic States in Superatoms

Introducing magnetic impurities into clusters of simple metals can create localized states for higher angular momentum quantum numbers (l = 2 or 3) that can breed magnetism analogous to that in virtual bound states in metallic hosts, offering a new recipe for magnetic superatoms. In this work, we demonstrate that MnCa(n) clusters containing 6-15 Ca atoms show a spin magnetic moment of 5.0 μB irrespective of the cluster size. Theoretical analysis reveals that the Mn d states hybridize only partially with superatomic states and introduce extra majority and minority d states, largely localized at the Mn site, with a large gap. Successive addition of Ca atoms introduces superatomic states of varying angular momentum that are embedded in this gap, allowing control over the stability of the motifs without altering the moment. Assemblies of such clusters can offer novel electronic features due to the formation of localized magnetic "quasibound states" in a confined nearly free electron gas.
Expert system for developing multivariate calibrations

The introduction of multivariate methods such as PCR and PLS has considerably extended the scope of quantitative FT-IR analysis. However method development is now an area for specialists who can interpret the wealth of diagnostic information generated by current chemometric software packages. Inexperienced users are faced with so much information that they simply do not know where to start. We have developed a rule-based system that uses this information in an iterative procedure to develop calibrations automatically. The main task is to identify and eliminate outliers of various types, namely spectra, variables and property values. The system is capable of generating robust calibrations from data sets containing multiple errors, using either PCR or PLS.
Our future as history.

These are exciting and challenging times for the International Biometric Society and professional societies in general. These challenges require that we actively plan for our future and consider "Our Future as History"; that which lies ahead becomes the present and the present becomes history. To plan for the future I build on themes identified in my presidential address in Montreal, outlining our current status and initiatives, predicting and highlighting implications that call for expansion of our current activities and creation of new ones. These will ensure that we create our desired future and thereby produce a proud legacy.
Nonlinear Optical Image Processing with Bacteriorhodopsin Polymer Films

ABSTRACT Real-time medical image processing through nonlinear optical Fourier filtering and transient Fourier holography is demonstrated using bio-organic polymer films of Bacteriorhodopsin (bR). In nonlinear Fourier filtering, the photo-controlled light modulation characteristics of bR films are exploited for early detection of microcalcifications in analog (screen film) as well as digital mammograms. bR films are well known for light modulation between the two states: the initial stable B state with broad absorption band with maximum at 570 nm and the relatively long lived M state with absorption maximum at 412 nm. The spatial frequency information carried by a blue probe beam is selectively manipulated in the bR film by changing the position and intensity of a yellow control beam. In transient Fourier holography, photoisomerizative gratings are recorded and reconstructed in bR films. The laser output from an Ar–Kr ion is expanded and split into two beams. One of them, the object beam is Fourier transfo...
Effect of Mediator Spacing on Electrochemical and Enzymatic Response of Ferrocene Redox Polymers

The effect of mediator distance from the polymer backbone on the redox behavior, electron transport, electrochemical stability, and electrical communication with redox enzymes was studied with novel linear poly(ethylenimine) redox polymers. To measure these effects, we synthesized two new ferrocene redox polymers having a three-carbon (Fc-C3-LPEI) and a six-carbon (Fc-C6-LPEI) spacer to complement our previous synthesized polymer (Fc-C1-LPEI) having a 1-carbon spacing. Increasing the spacer length to either three or six carbons resulted in a single peak redox behavior over the entire pH tested (3−11), which is in contrast with the multiwave redox behavior observed with a 1-carbon spacing under neutral or basic pH solutions. In addition increasing the spacer also resulted in a six-fold increase in the electrochemical stability of cross-linked redox polymer films. In contrast with previous reports of electron transport increasing with spacer length, we observed no correlation between mediator spacing and el...
An asymptotic partial correlation test for the Goodman‐Kruskal λ

Goodman and Kruskal introduced a measure of predictive association when predicting the category of a variable A from a category of a variable B. This measure, denoted lambda, is the asymmetric proportional reduction in error measure in predicting an individual's A category that can be eliminated by using knowledge of the B classification. It takes values on the unit interval, with a zero value meaning no predictive gain, while a value of unity indicates a perfect predictive association between A and B. A test of H(0): lambda = 0 versus H(1): lambda > 0 is analogous to a test for the significance of the correlation coefficient. A test of the partial lambda coefficient, which is analogous to a test of the partial correlation coefficient, answers the question of whether knowledge of an additional third (or higher) classification or categorical variable results in a significant increase in predicting the variable A. Suich and Turek developed an exact test for the partial lambda coefficient, but only for the situation where the predicted categorical variable A is dichotomous. The present paper completes the previous work by developing an asymptotic test where the predicted category A is any polytomous variable.
Integrated circuit active antenna elements for monolithic implementation

Direct integration of solid-state sources with planar antennas has made it possible to fabricate monolithic active antennas. This paper reviews the recent developments of integrated circuit active antennas and their applications.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chemotherapy of experimental schistosomiasis. IV. Oral activity of antimony trichloride-antibiotic complexes.

SummaryThe antimony trichloride complexes of Terramycin. Aureomycin, and tetracycline were active orally against S. mansoni infections in white Swiss mice. These compounds were no more active than tartar emetic or antimony trichloride.
A synthesis of ecological and economic theory toward more complete valuation of tropical moist forests

This paper presents an initial synthesis of economic theory and methodology and of ecological theory and value to evaluate market and non‐market, short and long term, and private and social benefits of tropical moist forests. We present examples of our synthetic approach as follows: (1) A theoretical framework that incorporates ecological processes, private and public goods, and costs and benefits of tropical moist forests, and international interdependencies of ecological values; (2) A scheme that demonstrates the similarities between ecological subsidy/stress perturbation theory and economic production functions; (3) A case study that shows the interaction between the theoretical aspects of ecological perturbation concepts and economic production functions; (4) A method that provides an estimate of portion of the economic value of drugs and Pharmaceuticals produced by tropical moist forest plants; and (5) A method that imputes a value for the “free” or unpriced service of tropical forests in removing su...
Interactive robot task learning

In this paper we provide a brief overview of our research agenda in Human-Robot Interaction and Interactive Learning. We highlight key components to be demonstrated as part of the CHI 2010 Media Showcase.
An instrument to index snow surface hardness for predicting snow drifting

Abstract A motor-driven, spherical probe attached to a load cell was used to measure the external force needed to fracture the uppermost elements of several natural snow surfaces. These initial failures took place with a probe travel distance that averaged less than 3 mm. The force needed to cause failure varied from less than 1 to more than 200 N/m2. This type of surface hardness index should be useful in predicting the onset, intensity, and duration of snow drifting.
Cerebral oxygenation in major pediatric trauma: its relevance to trauma severity and outcome

Abstract Introduction Trauma is the commonest cause of death in the pediatric population, which is prone to diffuse primary brain injury aggravated by secondary insults (eg, hypoxia, hypotension). Standard monitoring involves intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure, which do not reflect true cerebral oxygenation (oxygen delivery [Do 2 ]). We explore the merits of a brain tissue oxygen–directed critical care guide. Methods Sixteen patients with major trauma (Injury Severity Score, >16/Pediatric Trauma Score [PTS], 2 ) monitor (Licox; Integra Neurosciences, Plainsboro, NJ) placed under local anesthesia using twist-drill craniostomy and definitive management of associated injuries. Pbto 2 levels directed therapy intensity level (ventilator management, inotrops, blood transfusion, and others). Patient demographics, short-term physiological parameters, Pbto 2 , ICP, Glasgow Coma Score, trauma scores, and outcomes were analyzed to identify the patients at risk for low Do 2 . Results There were 10 males and 6 females (mean age, 14 years) sustaining motor vehicle accident (14), falls (1), and assault (1), with a mean Injury Severity Score of 36 (16-59); PTS, 3 (0-7); and Revised Trauma Score, 5.5 (4-11). Eleven patients (70%) had low Do 2 (Pbto 2 , 2 , and cerebral perfusion pressure ( P = .001). Eubaric hyperoxia improved cerebral oxygenation in the low-Do 2 group ( P = .044). The Revised Trauma Score ( r = 0.65) showed moderate correlation with Pbto 2 and was a significant predictor for low Do 2 ( P = .001). In patients with Pbto 2 of less than 20 mm Hg, PTS correlated with cerebral oxygenation ( r = 0.671, P = .033). The mean 2-hour Pbto 2 and the final Pbto 2 in survivors were significantly higher than deaths (21.6 vs 7.2 mm Hg [ P = .009] and 25 vs 11 mm Hg [ P = .01]). Although 4 of 6 deaths were from uncontrolled high ICP, PTS and 2-hour low Do 2 were significant for roots for mortality. Conclusions Pbto 2 monitoring allows for early recognition of low-Do 2 situations, enabling appropriate therapeutic intervention.
A 10 000-hp AC Adjustable-Frequency Compressor Drive-The Economics of Its Application

With today's concerted effort to save energy and operating costs in petroleum and chemical processes, much attention is being paid to the study of the economics of constant-versus adjustable -speed motor drives for pumps, compressors, and blowers. A recently installed 10 000-hp compressor drive application is used as an example of such a study. To obtain the required variable flow from the compressor, a case using a constant-speed drive with throttling of the compressor is compared with cases using adjustable-speed drives utilizing a constant-speed motor and hydraulic coupling, an adjustable- frequency drive, and a steam turbine drive. A format is provided for making such a study, and other considerations of constant-versus adjustable-frequency drives are discussed.
Frequency Dependence of Electron Spin Relaxation of Nitroxyl Radicals in Fluid Solution

Electron spin lattice relaxation rates (1/ T1e) of nitroxyl radicals for tumbling correlation times between about 0.1 and 10 ns in water:glycerol or water:sorbitol mixtures at room temperature were measured by saturation recovery at X-band (9.2 GHz), S-band (3.1 GHz), and L-band (1.9 GHz) for natural abundance 2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (tempol), tempol-d17, and 15 N-tempol-d17 and for a spin-labeled derivative of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Tumbling correlation times were calculated from the continuous wave EPR line shapes at X-band. The dependence of T1e on tumbling correlation time was modeled with contributions from modulation of nitrogen nuclear hyperfine and g anisotropy, from spin rotation and from one or more thermally activated processes. At these microwave frequencies, modulation of nitrogen hyperfine anisotropy makes a substantially larger contribution than modulation of g anisotropy. Spin rotation makes a very small contribution to T1e at the tumbling correlation times examined in these studies. Replacement of 14 Nb y 15 N decreases the relaxation rates as predicted for samples in which modulation of nuclear hyperfine anisotropy contributes to relaxation. Deuteration of the solvent does not affect T1e, which indicates that the electronnuclear dipolar interaction with solvent nuclei does not make a significant contribution to T1e of nitroxyl radicals in this motional regime. The contributions to relaxation from one or more thermally activated processes that occur at rates comparable to the microwave frequency dominate the relaxation at tumbling correlation times longer than about 2 ns at X-band and S-band. The contributions from the thermally activated process(es) and from modulation of nitrogen nuclear hyperfine anisotropy increase as the microwave frequency is decreased, and the contribution from hyperfine anisotropy dominates at L-band.
Delivery lags and buffer stocks in the theory of investment by the firm

Abstract This paper contains a dynamic model of a firm holding a stock of unfilled orders for output while facing a fixed delivery lag attached to acquiring new capital goods. The model leads to a two-stage optimal control problem where the initial time interval corresponds to the Marshallian short-run and the second interval is the period during which deliveries of capital goods may arrive. Optimality criteria are provided for both time intervals and the behavior of the firm is characterized along both adjustment paths. The short-run decisions of the firm are shown to be tied to long-run decisions planned by the firm.
Quantitative measurements of the thermal resistance of Andreev interferometers

Using a local thermometry technique, we have been able to quantitatively measure the thermal resistance ${R}^{T}$ of diffusive Andreev interferometers. We find that ${R}^{T}$ is strongly enhanced from its normal-state value at low temperatures, and behaves nonlinearly as a function of the thermal current through the sample. We also find that ${R}^{T}$ oscillates as a function of magnetic flux with a fundamental period corresponding to one flux quantum ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}=h∕2e$, demonstrating the phase-coherent nature of thermal transport in these devices. The magnitude of ${R}^{T}$ is larger than predicted by recent numerical simulations.
Negative-refractive bicrystal with broken symmetry produces asymmetric electromagnetic fields in guided-wave heterostructures.

Heterostructure arrangements of uniaxial bicrystals have been discovered to produce electromagnetic fields with asymmetric distributions in guide wave structures. The property behind this remarkable phenomenon is the broken crystalline symmetry which allows the new physics to be seen in unsymmetric distributions. Here the theory behind this phenomenon is presented, numerical calculations are performed using an anisotropic Green's function approach, and the results provided at 10 GHz for a realistic crystal system with nominal permittivity of . Asymmetric distributions seen here are one facet of the broken symmetry property which generates negative refraction for impinging waves on a bicrystal.
Wu Yaozong and the YMCA: From Social Reform to Social Revolution, 1927-1937

The Republican-era Chinese National YMCA is often depicted as a business-friendly, evangelically motivated, Kuomintang-supporting organization which advocated Western-style gradual reform. All of this is true - but not of Wu Yaozong, one of the most prominent YMCA national secretaries of the period. If Wu, who studied at Columbia University and Union Theological Seminary, is known at all in the West, it is for his later role in organizing and leading the government-sponsored Three-Self Protestant Church after 1949. But during the 1930s,Wu encouraged the YMCA’s constituency and Protestant churchmen to consider progressive views of social reform, and toward the end of the Nanjing decade, to take a new look at communism, especially the Communist vision of social revolution.
A Framework for Sharing Online Laboratory Resources

Numerous online laboratory resources have been and continue to be developed by many educational institutions around the world. These resources include both remote laboratories, which are based on actual experimental devices accessed remotely, as well as virtual laboratories, which represent software simulations of experiments. In the vast majority of the cases, the remotely accessible online laboratories reported on in the literature represent stand-alone systems, which are typically difficult to share by large numbers of learners dispersed at various educational institutions. This has led to the existence of many functionally similar, but independently operating systems developed in many places. This paper will identify the common features of such online laboratory resources. Then, the framework for a network of interconnected resource managers, which facilitate the efficient implementation and deployment of as well as the subsequent search for and shared usage of online laboratory resources (e.g. remote experiments, virtual experiments, game-based environments, etc.), will be presented. A centralized resource repository is presented that enables the publishing of information on the existence and availability of specific resources through the network. Finally, an example is given that illustrates the issues relating to joining, publishing, searching for and accessing online laboratory resources in that framework.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Keynote lecture: Holistic perception for active safety in intelligent vehicles

Summary form only given. Designing fully autonomous robotic vehicles which can drive on regular roads does not require models of drivers and how they interact with vehicles. In contrast, design of advanced intelligent driver assistance systems for active safety for preventing accidents requires human behavior understanding, human-vehicle interaction modeling and human intent prediction. We will present an overview of a “human-centered” framework for a distributed intelligent system with the driver, vehicle and environment as three key components. We will emphasize the need and implications of utilizing a holistic approach where driving in naturalistic context is observed over long periods to learn driving behavior and to predict driver intentions and interactivity patterns. The approach necessitates design and development of novel vision systems for simultaneously “Looking-In and Looking-Out” (LiLo) of a vehicle. The presentation will include presentation of selected ongoing studies and will conclude with some pointers to important outstanding research challenges.
Drop-outs and a random regression model

The implications of drop-outs for power of random regression model (RRM) tests of significance for differences in the rate of change produced by two treatments in a randomized parallel-groups design were investigated by Monte Carlo simulation methods. The two-stage RRM fitted a least squares linear regression equation to all of the available data for each individual, and then ANOVA or ANCOVA tests of significance were applied to the resulting slope coefficients. The tests of significance were adequately protected against type I error, but power was seriously eroded by the presence of drop-outs. Simple endpoint analyses with baseline and time-in-treatment covaried proved more robust against the power degradations.
Exploration of the neuropsychological spectrum in clients of heterogeneous disabilities.

Summary.-The concept of the neurological spectrum extending from neurological functioning to academic skills was explored and confirmed with 242 clients seeking social service disability benefits. Correlations within segments of the spectrum were higher than those between adjacent segments which were higher than the correlations between distal segments. The purpose of the present research was to explore the neuropsychological spectrum in persons seeking social service disability benefits. The neuropsychological spectrum (Templer, Campodonico, Trent, & Spencer, 1991; Templer, Spencer, & Hardage, 1993; Templer, Campodonico, Trent, Spencer, & Hartlage, in press) was conceptualized as a continuum of functioning extending from basic brain processes to acquired educational and vocational skills. Paralleling this functioning is a series of assessment instruments that extend from neurological tests through achievement and proficiency tests. Templer, et al. (1991, in press) assembled the findings of many studies in which tests assessed two or more of four segments of the neurological spectrum-neurological tests, neuropsychological tests, intelligence tests, and achievement tests. The authors predicted and found that the tests on adjacent segments correlated more highly than tests on distal segments of the neuropsychological spectrum. Method.-The subjects were 242 clients, 162 men and 80 women, who were seelung social service disability benefits. Clients had a variety of disabilities with most being in the realms of substance abuse, severe psychiatric disorders, mental retardation, learning disabilities, and dementia. Clients ranged in age from 15 to 63 years, with a mean age of 35.2 yr. and a standard deviation of 13.3. One hundred four were Caucasians, 65 were Mexican Americans, 59 African-Americans, 3 Asian Americans, and 11 did not indicate ethnicity. The subjects were administered the 11 subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intehgence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R); the neuropsychological test employed was the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) which yields scores for Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, General Memory, Attention/ Concentration, and Delayed Recall. To increase the ne~rops~chological seg
Charge amplification concepts for direction-sensitive dark matter detectors

Abstract Direction measurement of weakly interacting massive particles in time-projection chambers can provide definite evidence of their existence and help to determine their properties. This article demonstrates several concepts for charge amplification in time-projection chambers that can be used in direction-sensitive dark matter search experiments. We demonstrate reconstruction of the “head-tail” effect for nuclear recoils above 100 keV, and discuss the detector performance in the context of dark matter detection and scaling to large detector volumes.
Muscarinic agents. The isomeric 6-acetoxy-2-methylisoquinuclidine methiodides.

Preparation of 6-endo and 6-exo-acetoxy-2-methylisoquinuclidine methiodides are described. Muscarinic assay data are reported. Neither of the compounds showed activity when compared to acetylcholine and 3-acetoxyquinuclidine methiodide.
The Emergence of an Urban U.S. Chinese Medicine

Fieldwork conducted among a diverse sample of non-Asian patients of Chinese medicine in New York City during 1989 and 1990 showed that they are formulating models of health, illness, and healing based mainly upon their own bodily experience with therapy. They view the Chinese medical therapy that they receive as holistic, in contrast to the fragmentary nature of biomedicine. While some practitioners who were interviewed also spoke of personal encounters with the healing mechanisms of this non-Western form of treatment, the models of both Asians and non-Asians in this second category tended to focus upon Confucian or Taoist ideals of order and responsibility. It is hypothesized that, while certainly affected by socioeconomic and political exigencies, an urban U.S. variant of Chinese medicine may be emerging from the ground up; that is, from the consumers and therapists who are most intimately involved with the system.
The replication terminator protein of E. coli is a DNA sequence-specific contra-helicase.

Abstract We have cloned the tus gene that encodes the replication terminator protein of Escherichia coli and have efficiently expressed its gene product. The overproducer strain has been used to purify the terminator (ter) protein in high yield to near homogeneity. The protein is a single 36 kd polypeptide. Using the ter protein and highly purified dnaB helicase, we show that the terminator protein is a DNA sequence-specific contra-helicase, i.e., the protein when bound to its recognition sequence (τ) strongly impedes the ATP-dependent unwinding of double-stranded DNA. This contra-helicase activity is polar, i.e., the impedance to unwinding takes place in only one orientation of the τ sequence. The results illuminate the mechanism of replication termination specifically at τ.