cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is US inflation low because the dollar value is high? Some short- and long run evidence

Since its inception in the mid-1970s, the floating exchange rate regime has been associated with large fluctuations in the values of foreign currencies. Many analysts have studied the implied interrelationship between the dollar's exchange value and US inflation and reported mixed evidence. Several reasons are suggested for the apparently conflicting results and the dollar/US inflation nexus with monthly data covering the floating period is reexamined. The results from multivariate cointegration and error-correction models indicate that the dollar's exchange rate is an important causal variable for US inflation, both in the short and in the long run. The results also imply that the Federal Reserve has been quite successful in maintaining a low inflationary environment despite the recent large fluctuations in the dollar's exchange rate.
The solubility of plutonium in mercury

Abstract The solubility of plutonium in mercury has been measured throughout the temperature range of 20°–325°C. By analogy with the uranium-mercury system, it is assumed that the composition of the solid phase is PuHg4. The solubility, which increases from 2·10 g Pu/l. Hg at 20°C to 85·7 g Pu/l. Hg at 325°C, fits the equation d(log N1)/d(1/T) = −ΔH/2·303R, where N1 is the mole fraction of PuHg4 in solution, T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin, ΔH is the heat absorbed when one mole of PuHg4 is dissolved in an infinitely large quantity of saturated solution at temperature T, and R is the gas constant. ΔH is 4·33 kcal/mole in this temperature range.
Effect of pretreatment with methotrexate on the reduction of dihydrohomofolic acid in mice

Abstract Reduction of dihydrohomofolate and dihydrofolate was studied in normal and leukemic mice. Liver, kidney and spleen from mice treated with the compounds were analyzed by column chromatography on DEAE cellulose columns and the isolated compounds were characterized by ultraviolet absorption spectrum and Chromatographic behavior. Both dihydrohomofolic and dihydrofolic acid were found to be reduced (in vivo) to the corresponding tetrahydro derivatives which were isolated from liver, kidney and spleen. The reduction was found to be blocked by pretreatment with methotrexate and the blocking effect was found to be time and dose dependent. The results of these studies strongly suggest that dihydrofolate reductase is responsible for the conversion of the dihydro derivatives to the corresponding tetrahydro forms. While it is likely that the conversion occurs in all tissues containing the enzyme, the possibility exists that distributional factors could account for the presence of tetrahydro derivatives in some tissues.
A Qualitative Comparison of Women's Attitudes Toward Hysterectomy and Myomectomy

Hysterectomy is the second most common surgery in the United States, where it is practiced at far higher levels than in any other country. There is limited understanding however, of why American women choose hysterectomy over other treatments. Using a qualitative interview approach, we examined the attitudes of 18 women who had either a hysterectomy or abdominal myomectomy as a treatment for uterine fibroids. From the thematic analysis it is suggested that the two groups had different factors affecting their choice of surgery, such as information, attitudes toward the reproductive organs, and attitudes toward doctors. It is concluded that greater efforts should be made to improve women's access to information, and that international comparisons might help to improve our understanding of how hysterectomy rates in the United States can be reduced.
Neurobiology: new order for thought disorders.

Can we really learn about complex human psychiatric disorders through genetic manipulations in mice? Yes, according to studies of how altering the gene encoding neuregulin 1 affects signalling in the mouse brain.
Photochemial Degradation of Betanine and Selected Anthocyanins

The effect of fluorescent light on the degradation rates of betanine and the major cranberry anthocyanins was determined in model systems. Degradation rates were measured in the presence of oxygen in a temperature range 25–55°C. Retained pigment was separated and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Light had a minimal effect at 55°C because of considerable thermal destruction. However, at 40°C for anthocyanins and 25°C for betanine, light was responsible for most of the degradation occurring. Light increased rates of anthocyanin degradation more than those of betanine. Molecular oxygen was necessary for light to have a significant effect.
Finite element analysis of dual hydroforming processes

Abstract The tube hydroforming process has gained increasing attention in recent years. With the hydroforming process, manufacturers can realize substantial cost savings as it provides reduced part count, increased part strength and stiffness, and reduced weight. Coordination of the pressurization and feeding curves is critical to generate successful parts without fracture or wrinkling failure. Herein a new process parameter, counter pressure, is introduced to achieve favorable tri-axial stress state during deformation process. This paper will establish the merits of applying external counter pressure in tube hydroforming. It is observed that the counter pressure will provide back support to the tube material. Excessive thinning and premature wrinkling could be prevented. Thus, larger tube expansion could be achieved. The process will be referred as dual hydroforming.
Smooth Scaling of Valence Electronic Properties in Fullerenes: From One Carbon Atom, to C60, to Graphene

Scaling of quantum capacitances and valence electron detachment energies is studied for icosahedral and nonicosahedral fullerenes. Scaling trends are considered from zero to infinite average radius, where a fullerene's local surface properties are similar to those of graphene. Detailed density-functional-theory calculations are performed to determine the geometries and detachment energies of icosahedral fullerenes, while values of these quantities are obtained for nonicosahedral species from previously published experimental results. Strongly linear, quasiclassical scaling versus average radii ${\overline{r}}_{n}$ is seen for the quantum capacitances, but on two different scaling lines for icosahedral and nonicosahedral species, respectively. By contrast, nonclassical, nonlinear scaling versus $1/{\overline{r}}_{n}$ is seen for the electron detachment energies, i.e., the valence ionization potentials and electron affinities. This nonlinearity is not accounted for by classical theories that are used to explain trends in electronic properties of fullerenes and usually give accurate quantitative estimates. Instead, simple quantum equations are derived to account for nonlinearities in the metal-particle-like electron detachment energy scaling and to show that these are responsible for nonclassical, nonzero intercepts in the capacitance scaling lines of the fullerenes. Last, it is found that points representing the carbon atom and the graphene limit lie on scaling lines for icosahedral fullerenes, so their quantum capacitances and their detachment energies scale smoothly from one C atom, to C${}_{60}$, to graphene.
Effect of renal embolization and cryoablation on regulatory T cells in advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract The authors of the article “Effect of transcatheter renal arterial embolization combined with cryoablation on regulatory CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with advanced renal carcinoma” have shown the induction of an immune response by combining renal embolization and cryoablation. This letter to the editor further analyses their findings and provides an alternative explanation for their results.
Online learning communities in the New 'U'

In an academic world largely dominated by instructor-facilitated learning environments (i.e., lecture halls and course management software), our research implements and measures the impact of a student-owned and operated virtual learning environment. Adopting an Action Design research methodology, we look to expand scholarships and build communities within our graduate school setting. More specifically, our research explores the impact of a user-defined Online Learning Community (OLC) on a group of 118 graduate students across 6 doctoral courses. Our findings reflect positively on a number of constructs, including perceived learning, social interaction and community and have provided our university with a proof-of-concept OLC, offering a valid alternative to traditional Course Management Systems (CMS).
Implication of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Human Health

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has drawn significant attention in the last two decades for its variety of biologically beneficial effects. CLA reduces body fat, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, and modulates immune and inflammatory responses as well as improves bone mass. It has been suggested that the overall effects of CLA are the results of interactions between two major isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. This review will primarily focus on current CLA publications involving humans, which are also summarized in the tables. Along with a number of beneficial effects of CLA, there are safety considerations for CLA supplementation in humans, which include effects on liver functions, milk fat depression, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stresses.
Degraded piping program - phase II progress

Abstract This paper summarizes the results from the NRC Degraded Piping Program over the last year. The objective of the NRC Degraded Piping Program - Phase II, is to verify limit-load analyses and develop elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analyses methods for cracked (degraded) nuclear piping under a variety of loading conditions. These analyses are used in leak-before-break evaluations. Since experimental efforts are conducted at LWR temperatures, failure modes and metallurgical phenomena of concern are also being assessed.
Sparse code of conflict in a primate society

Animals living in groups collectively produce social structure. In this context individuals make strategic decisions about when to cooperate and compete. This requires that individuals can perceive patterns in collective dynamics, but how this pattern extraction occurs is unclear. Our goal is to identify a model that extracts meaningful social patterns from a behavioral time series while remaining cognitively parsimonious by making the fewest demands on memory. Using fine-grained conflict data from macaques, we show that sparse coding, an important principle of neural compression, is an effective method for compressing collective behavior. The sparse code is shown to be efficient, predictive, and socially meaningful. In our monkey society, the sparse code of conflict is composed of related individuals, the policers, and the alpha female. Our results suggest that sparse coding is a natural technique for pattern extraction when cognitive constraints and small sample sizes limit the complexity of inferential models. Our approach highlights the need for cognitive experiments addressing how individuals perceive collective features of social organization.
Analysis of oxidation-assisted stress-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites at intermediate temperatures

Abstract A model is presented to estimate the reliability and time-to-failure of an unidirectional continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composite when subjected to stresses beyond the matrix cracking stress. The particular case of oxidation-assisted stress-rupture at intermediate temperatures is considered. The effects of stress and temperature on the reliability of the model composite are examined. Model predictions are presented for the specific case of CG-Nicalon™/SiC CFCCs with carbonaceous fiber coatings.
Towards a Non‐Terminal Viability Assay for Foraminiferan Protists

. Epifluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry were investigated as possible non-terminal methods to distinguish live from dead foraminifera. Seven fluorogenic probes (diacetates of fluorescein [FDA], carboxyfluorescein, dichlorofluorescein, and carboxyeosin; AM-esters of biscarboxyethylcarboxyfluorescein [BCECF-AM], calcein, and calcein blue) were tested on Allogromia laticollaris. The probes that consistently produced the brightest fluorescence signals (BCECF-AM and FDA) were judged non-toxic to Allogromia, on the basis of short-term pseudopodial deployment and long-term reproduction assays. Once protocols were established, these two probes were tested on 13 additional benthic foraminiferal species. We found that BCECF-AM is the most suitable probe for direct epifluorescence microscopy of metabolically active foraminifera, especially tectinous and transparent calcareous species. Using spectrofluorimetry, FDA showed promise for opaque species because fluorescence is detected in the incubation media after its release from the cell. However, both approaches could only be used with confidence in light of appropriate controls established for each species examined.
Clinical genetics evaluation in identifying the etiology of autism spectrum disorders: 2013 guideline revisions

The autism spectrum disorders are a collective of conditions that have in common impaired socialization and communication in association with stereotypic behaviors. The reported incidence of autism spectrum disorders has increased dramatically over the past two decades. In addition, increased attention has been paid to these conditions by both lay and professional groups. These trends have resulted in an increase in the number of referrals to clinical geneticist for the evaluation of persons with autism spectrum disorders. The primary roles of the geneticist in this process are to define etiology when possible, to provide genetic counseling, and to contribute to case management. In deciding on the appropriate evaluation for a particular patient, the geneticist will consider a host of factors: (i) ensuring an accurate diagnosis of autism before proceeding with any investigation; (ii) discussing testing options, diagnostic yields, and family investment before proceeding with an evaluation; (iii) communicating and coordinating with the patient-centered medical home (PCMH); (iv) assessing the continuously expanding and evolving list of available laboratory-testing modalities in light of the published literature; (v) recognizing the expanded phenotypes of well-described syndromic and metabolic conditions that overlap with autism spectrum disorders; and (vi) defining an individualized evaluation plan based on the unique history and clinical features of a given patient. The guidelines in this paper have been developed to assist the clinician in the consideration of these factors. It updates the original publication from 2008.Genet Med 2013:15(5):399-407.
New multichannel kinetic spectrophotometer-fluorimeter with pulsed measuring beam for photosynthesis research.

A multichannel kinetic spectrophotometer–fluorimeter with pulsed measuring beam and differential optics has been constructed for measurements of light-induced absorbance and fluorescence yield changes in isolated chlorophyll-proteins, thylakoids and intact cells including algae and photosynthetic bacteria. The measuring beam, provided by a short (2 µs) pulse from a xenon flash lamp, is divided into a sample and reference channel by a broad band beam splitter. The spectrum in each channel is analyzed separately by a photodiode array. The use of flash measuring beam and differential detection yields high signal-to-noise ratio (noise level of 2 × 10−4 in absorbance units per single flash) with negligible actinic effect. The instrument covers a spectral range between 300 and 1050 nm with a spectral resolution of 2.1, 6.4 or 12.8 nm dependent on the type of grating used. The optical design of the instrument enables measuring of the difference spectra during an actinic irradiation of samples with continuous light and/or saturation flashes. The time resolution of the spectrophotometer is limited by the length of Xe flash lamp pulses to 2 µs.
The rearrangement of 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoiden-8-one☆

Abstract 4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoinden-8-one (IV) has been prepared by the hydrolysis of the adduct of cyclopentadiene and 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,5-diethoxycyclopentadiene. It has been shown to undergo quantitative thermal isomerization to 2,3, 3a, 7a-tetrachloro-3a, 4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoinden-1-one (XV), whose structure has been established by its degradation to 2,3-dichloro-bicyclo[2.2.1] heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride (XXI). Aluminum chloride has been found to exercise a remarkably strong accelerating effect on the isomerization reaction. The pathway of the isomerization reaction is interpreted in terms of views recently advanced by Woodward and Katz. Stereochemical assignments are suggested and are corroborated, in part, by the observation that XV undergoes photoisomerization to give a cage compound (XXXI).
The Geriatric ED: Structure, Patient Care, and Considerations for the Emergency Department Geriatric Unit

Summary The emergency department (ED) is a unique medical care environment with many challenges. Aging populations increasingly use the ED as an acute and chronic treatment site given the accessibility and resources inherent to emergency provider staff. Given the challenges of emergency medical practice, particularly with limited interaction time and awareness for each patient, older patients are at a relatively high risk for inadequate or insufficient comprehensive care at these sites. This article discusses a number of considerations for the development of a unique elderly patient treatment space and care approach in the modern ED. A geriatric-specific approach should incorporate opportunities to enhance patient encounters by alterations in the traditional physical treatment space, the approach to medical and traumatic evaluations, neurocognitive functional assessment, and decision support for medical care and disposition following the ED visit.
A Scattered-Wave Image of Subduction Beneath the Transverse Ranges

Over 5600 short-period recordings of teleseismic events were used to create deterministic maps of P-wave scatterers in the upper mantle beneath Southern California. Between depths of 50 and 200 kilometers, the southern flank of the slab subducting beneath the Transverse Ranges is marked by strong scattering. The marked scattering indicates that the edge of the slab is a sharp thermal boundary. Such a boundary could be produced by slab shearing or small-scale convection in the surrounding mantle. The northern limb of the slab is not a strong scatterer, consistent with thicker lithosphere north of the Transverse Ranges.
Soft error vulnerability of iterative linear algebra methods

Devices are increasingly vulnerable to soft errors as their feature sizes shrink. Previously, soft error rates were significant primarily in space and high-atmospheric computing. Modern architectures now use features so small at sufficiently low voltages that soft errors are becoming important even at terrestrial altitudes. Due to their large number of components, supercomputers are particularly susceptible to soft errors. Since many large scale parallel scientific applications use iterative linear algebra methods, the soft error vulnerability of these methods constitutes a large fraction of the applications' overall vulnerability. Many users consider these methods invulnerable to most soft errors since they converge from an imprecise solution to a precise one. However, we show in this paper that iterative methods are vulnerable to soft errors, exhibiting both silent data corruptions and poor ability to detect errors. Further, we evaluate a variety of soft error detection and tolerance techniques, including checkpointing, linear matrix encodings, and residual tracking techniques.
Perturbations in polyamines and related enzymes following chlordecone-potentiated bromotrichloromethane hepatotoxicity.

The mechanism by which chlordecone (CD) amplifies the hepatotoxicity of halomethanes such as CCl4, CHCl3, and BrCCl3 has been a subject of intense study. Recent work has shown that suppression of hepatocellular regeneration leads to accelerated progression of liver injury leading to complete hepatic failure due to an unusual interaction between individually nontoxic low-dose combination of CD and CCl4. Since polyamines are involved in cell division, their levels reflect the extent to which there is suppression of hepatocellular regeneration during CD and CCl4 interaction. The present studies were designed to investigate the polyamine levels and associated enzymes in livers of rats treated with BrCCl3 alone or CD and BrCCl3 low-dose combination in order to confirm whether the sequence of events of hepatotoxicity is similar to that seen in CCl4 toxicity or that seen during CD and CCl4 interaction. The extent of liver toxicity in rats fed 10 ppm chlordecone (CD) for 15 days prior to the injection of a single low dose of BrCCl3 (15 μL/kg body weight) or after exposure to a high dose of BrCCl3 (80 μL/kg body weight) without CD pretreatment, was similar 6 and 24 hr later as assessed by plasma transaminase levels. There was also an increase in transaminase levels, in rats exposed to a single low dose of BrCCl3 alone (15 μL/kg body weight) but this increase was far below the high-dose exposure alone or the combination treatment. Hepatic levels of ornithine decarboxylase, S-adeno-sylmethionine decarboxylase, N1-acetylputrescine, N1-acetylspermidine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine at the end of 24 hr increased after exposure to a low dose of BrCCl3 alone as compared to exposure to a high dose alone or the low-dose combination of CD and BrCCl3. Liver spermidine N1-acetyltrans-ferase was elevated at 2, 6, and 24 hr after exposure to a high dose of BrCCl3 alone as compared to treatment with a low-dose combination of CD and BrCCl3 suggesting decreased synthesis of this enzyme, in spite of a greater need as seen from liver transaminase levels. In general, it was observed that there is significant elevation in some polyamines and related enzymes during toxicity of a low dose of BrCCl3 which seemed to stabilize within 24 hr. This was not observed with the other two groups of rats exposed either to BrCCl3 high dose alone or the low-dose combination of CD and BrCCl3. Results indicate that CD and BrCCl3 low-dose combination treatment causes increased liver toxicity resulting in compromised polyamine metabolism which is coincidental with suppressed hepatocellular regeneration leading to accelerated progressive phase of liver injury culminating in complete hepatic failure. These findings point to the possibility that the mechanism of potenti-ation of BrCCl3 hepatotoxicity by CD is similar to that seen for CD and CCl4 interaction.
Determining characteristic mass for low-earth-orbiting debris objects

The increased number of man-made debris-producing events over the last several years has expanded the debris-size low-Earth satellite population enough to yield a finite probability of hypervelocity collisions over satellite lifetimes. Since the destructive capability of a hypervelocity collision is a strong function of the mass ratio between the two objects, the ability to withstand a collision of given mass becomes a good measure of survivability and shielding requirements for any space vehicle. Most of these particles, however, are at or below the threshold of detection and tracking with our current space tracking network. Several methods, both theoretical and empirical in nature, have been put forward in an effort to determine the size and mass of these debris particles. A technique that involves determining an accurate ballistic coefficient for near-Earth satellites is developed and used to estimate the remaining debris in orbit from one fragmentation event. The dependence of mass on radar cross-sectional measurements and particle-density estimates is also analyzed.
Redox proteins in mammalian cell death: an evolutionarily conserved function in mitochondria and prokaryotes.

Summary Mammalian cell mitochondria are believed to have prokaryotic ancestry. Mitochondria are not only the powerhouse of energy generation within the eukaryotic cell but they also play a major role in inducing apoptotic cell death through release of redox proteins such as cytochrome c and the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a flavoprotein with NADH oxidase activity. Recent evidence indicates that some present day prokaryotes release redox proteins that induce apoptosis in mammalian cells through stabilization of the tumour suppressor protein p53. p53 interacts with mitochondria either directly or through activation of the genes for pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax or NOXA or genes that encode redox enzymes responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The analogy between the ancient ancestors of present day bacteria, the mitochondria, and the present day bacteria with regard to their ability to release redox proteins for triggering mammalian cell death is an interesting example of functional conservation during the hundreds of millions of years of evolution. It is possible that the ancestors of the present day prokaryotes released redox proteins to kill the ancestors of the eukaryotes. During evolution of the mitochondria from prokaryotes as obligate endosymbionts, the mitochondria maintained the same functions to programme their own host cell death.
Dynamic Surface Tension of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions. 6. Compounds Containing Two Hydrophilic Head Groups and Two or Three Hydrophobic Groups and Their Mixtures with Other Surfactants

Dynamic surface tensions (γt)—measured by the maximum bubble pressure method—of some surfactants containing two hydrophilic (sulfonate) groups and two or three hydrophobic groups in the molecule (“gemini surfactants”), and of their mixtures with a nonionic surfactant or an amine oxide, have been measured at 25°C in 0.1 M NaCl. Linearity of the plots of surface pressure vs. square root of the surface age indicated that the systems studied were all diffusion-controlled. For the individual surfactant systems, the apparent diffusion coefficient decreases with an increase in the number of alkyl chains and the bulkiness of the surfactant molecules. For the mixtures, when interaction between the two surfactants is weak, γt at short times (t<1s) is close to that of the component with the lower surface tension; at longer times, it is closer to that of the component with the lower equilibrium surface tension. When interaction is strong, γt at short times is greater than that of either component. The molar ratio at which maximum effect on γt is observed depends upon the strength of the interactions between the two surfactants.
PUMA regulation and proapoptotic effects in fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

Objective Although p53 is overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue (ST), few synoviocytes undergo apoptosis. This could be partly due to low expression of proapoptotic genes. Deficient p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), which is a major effector of p53-mediated cell death, could contribute to this phenomenon. To evaluate a method to induce apoptosis, the expression and function of PUMA was investigated in ST and cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Methods PUMA expression in ST was measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Ad-p53 and plasmids encoding hemagglutinin-tagged, full-length PUMA expression vector (HA-PUMA), PUMA lacking the Bcl-2 homology 3 domain, or pCEP4 were used to transfect FLS. Apoptosis was quantified by trypan blue exclusion, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 activation. Results PUMA protein was detected in RA ST, although most of the immunoreactive protein was localized to sublining cells rather than the intimal lining synoviocytes. Western blot analysis showed no difference between RA ST and osteoarthritis (OA) ST. PUMA messenger RNA was detected in RA and OA ST, although the amounts were markedly lower than in the spleen and FLS. To determine if PUMA was inducible, FLS were transduced with Ad-p53. Even though p53 protein was produced and p21 expression was increased, PUMA expression was not enhanced. Consistent with this observation, Ad-p53 did not induce apoptosis in FLS. However, HA-PUMA transfection into FLS resulted in rapid apoptosis with the activation of caspase 3. Conclusion PUMA can induce apoptosis by FLS and represents a potential target in RA.
Variable oceanic influences on western North American drought over the last 1200 years

[1] Cool conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific often bring drought to western North America on interannual timescales. Recent syntheses of available paleoclimate records suggest that past intervals of persistent ‘megadrought’ may have also been due to a cool eastern tropical Pacific, but the strength of such conclusions is limited by a dearth of sea surface temperature (SST) records. We use a new 1200-year record of eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) SST to explore the context of past megadroughts in western North America. We find that most droughts occurred when EEP SST was below its 20th century mean, with the strongest and longest droughts of the past 1200 years occurring during the period of coolest EEP SST. However, droughts from AD 855–887, 943–1042, and 1375–1408 occurred during periods of both relatively warmer EEP SST and North Atlantic SST, highlighting the potential diversity of controls on drought in western North America.
Human SRCAP and Drosophila melanogaster DOM Are Homologs That Function in the Notch Signaling Pathway

The putative ATPase chromatin-remodeling machine SRCAP was identified in a yeast two-hybrid protein screen by interaction with the histone acetylase CBP. SRCAP is implicated in the transcriptional coactivation of cyclic AMP- and steroid-dependent promoters, but no natural chromosomal targets for SRCAP regulation have been identified. DOM is the unique SRCAP homolog in Drosophila melanogaster. The goal of this study was to test whether SRCAP is a functional homolog of DOM and to identify potential activities and targets of SRCAP in vivo. We show that human SRCAP complements recessive domino mutant phenotypes. This rescue depends on an intact ATPase homology domain. SRCAP colocalizes extensively with DOM on Drosophila polytene chromosomes and is recruited to sites of active transcription, such as steroid-regulated loci, but not to activated heat shock loci. We show that SRCAP recruits Drosophila CBP to ectopic chromosomal sites, providing the first evidence to suggest that SRCAP and CBP interact directly or indirectly on chromosomes. We show that DOM is a Notch pathway activator in Drosophila and that wild-type SRCAP—but not an ATPase domain mutant—can substitute for DOM in Notch-dependent wing development. We show that SRCAP potentiates Notch-dependent gene activation in HeLa cells. Taken together, these data implicate SRCAP and DOM in developmental gene activation.
The use of medullary unit patterns of intergenicula and genicula in the taxonomy of Amphiroa (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)

Branch structure and growth in Amphiroa generated by primarily dividing apical medullary cells was documented by light and scanning electron microscopy. Specific numbers of long- and short-celled tiers are formed when intergenicular and genicular medullary cells periodically divide, leading to the unit pattern concept. Zonations on the intergenicular surface, grooves on the decalcified intergenicular surface and spaces in longitudinal section of intergenicula underlie units. Three unit pattern types are recognized: angled medullary tiers arranged in a straight horizontal row with lateral initials cut off abruptly from peripheral medullary cells in A. annulata and A. anastomosans (type A), medullary tiers whose length gradually reduces as they curve into the cortex in A. fragilissima var. debilis, A. rigida var. antillana, A. spina and A. verruculosa (type B), and rounded medullary tiers arranged in slightly irregular horizontal rows with lateral initials or cortical cells surrounding circularly peripheral...
Beyond capacity limitations: determinants of word recall performance on verbal working memory span tasks in children with SLI.

Reduced verbal working memory capacity has been proposed as a possible account of language impairments in specific language impairment (SLI). Studies have shown, however, that differences in strength of linguistic representations in the form of word frequency affect list recall and performance on verbal working memory tasks. This suggests that verbal memory capacity and long-term linguistic knowledge may not be distinct constructs. It has been suggested that linguistic representations in SLI are weak in ways that result in a breakdown in language processing on tasks that require manipulation of unfamiliar material. In this study, the effects of word frequency, long-term linguistic knowledge, and serial order position on recall performance in the competing language processing task (CLPT) were investigated in 10 children with SLI and 10 age-matched peers (age 8 years 6 months to 12 years 4 months). The children with SLI recalled significantly fewer target words on the CLPT as compared with their age-matched...
Learning from “Listening” to Peers in Online Political Science Classes

Studies of classroom behavior and learning outcomes have demonstrated that student discussion leads to better learner outcomes. Do these effects, which are based on studies of face-to-face interaction, transfer to the virtual classroom? Existing studies of online postings in asynchronous discussion forums have primarily studied the effects on the authors of the postings. The effect on the recipients—the students reading the postings—has been largely neglected. We set out to fill this gap in our understanding of online discussions by analyzing the effect of reading behavior on course performance. We first perform an in-depth analysis of student discussion behavior in two online courses. We consider the quantity and quality of student postings, as well as the number of postings read by each student. We then test our main findings using a larger dataset of 279 students from eight additional classes, controlling for student grade point average, major, class standing, race, gender, and instructor. Overall, our...
Alkylation of Nucleophilic Carbon. Enolates and Enamines

Since practically all syntheses of any complexity involve carbon—carbon bondforming steps as an essential feature, the availability of methods which allow two molecular fragments to be connected by the reaction of a nucleophilic carbon with an electrophilic one can be crucial to the success of a synthetic plan. The emphasis in this chapter is on enolate ions and enamines, two of the most useful kinds of carbon nucleophiles, their preparation, and their reactions with alkylating agents. Certain related nucleophilic carbon species will also be discussed.
Not So Innocent Toddlers’ Inferences About Costs and Culpability

Adults’ social evaluations are influenced by their perception of other people’s competence and motivation: Helping when it is difficult to help is praiseworthy, and not helping when it is easy to help is reprehensible. Here, we look at whether children’s social evaluations are affected by the costs that agents incur. We found that toddlers can use the time and effort associated with goal-directed actions to distinguish agents, and that children prefer agents who incur fewer costs in completing a goal. When two agents refuse to help, children retain a preference for the more competent agent but infer that the less competent agent is nicer. These results suggest that children value agents who incur fewer costs, but understand that failure to engage in a low-cost action implies a lack of motivation. We propose that a naive utility calculus underlies inferences from the costs and rewards of goal-directed action and thereby supports social cognition.
Embryonic expression and cloning of the murine GATA-3 gene

We describe the embryonic expression pattern as well as the cloning and initial transcriptional regulatory analysis of the murine (m) GATA-3 gene. In situ hybridization shows that mGATA-3 mRNA accumulation is temporally and spatially regulated during early development: although found most abundantly in the placenta prior to 10 days of embryogenesis, mGATA-3 expression becomes restricted to specific cells within the embryonic central nervous system (in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, pons and inner ear) later in gestation. GATA-3 also shows a restricted expression pattern in the peripheral nervous system, including terminally differentiating cells in the cranial and sympathetic ganglia. In addition to this distinct pattern in the nervous system, mGATA-3 is also expressed in the embryonic kidney and the thymic rudiment, and further analysis showed that it is expressed throughout T lymphocyte differentiation. To begin to investigate how this complex gene expression pattern is elicited, cloning and transcriptional regulatory analyses of the mGATA-3 gene were initiated. At least two regulatory elements (one positive and one negative) appear to be required for appropriate tissue-restricted regulation after transfection of mGATA-3-directed reporter genes into cells that naturally express GATA-3 (T lymphocytes and neuroblastoma cells). Furthermore, this same region of the locus confers developmentally appropriate expression in transgenic mice, but only in a subset of the tissues that naturally express the gene.
Near-Field Imaging with a Localized Nonlinear Light Source

We demonstrate high-resolution near-field imaging and spectroscopy using the nonlinear optical response of a gold nanoparticle pair as an excitation photon source. Femtosecond pulses of frequencies omega(1) and omega(2) are used to induce a nonlinear polarization at the four wave mixing (4WM) frequency 2omega(1) - omega(2) in the junction of the nanoparticle dimer. The nonlinear response leads to localized photon emission, which is employed as an excitation source for fluorescence and extinction imaging. The principle of this imaging technique is demonstrated for samples of fluorescent nanospheres and tubular J-aggregates.
Application of microcomputers to the protection and control of power system substations

The use of digital computers for power system protection and control has been studied for the past decade. However, economic considerations, reliability problems, and system constraints have prohibited the actual use of computers in substation protection schemes. Recent advances in microcomputer technology have provided power system protection engineers with a new tool. A distributed microcomputer protection scheme is introduced and compared to present substation protection techniques. Speed, reliability, and operating advantages as well as the adaptive control possibilities of the proposed system are pursued.
Telerobot Configuration Editor

The Telerobot Configuration Editor (TCE), an iconic graphical user interface based on the X Windows environment, is described. TCE offers an easy way to configure a complex telerobotic system which requires numerous parameter settings to access the full capabilities of the system. The screen layout design of TCE, which utilizes various visual coding mechanisms to make the hierarchical structure of the TCE visible to the user, is examined in detail. Two key features of the design-the macro configuration buttons and the system access levels-are examined. The macro configuration buttons can store the full or a partial set of configuration parameters, and these macros can be used as high-level configuration parameters that are well suited to the physical tasks such as peg insertion task. The system access levels limit the user access to the system, based on ability and need. Other design features are described. >
Pregnancy augments hepatic glucose storage in response to a mixed meal

Studies were carried out on conscious female non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant (P; third-trimester) dogs (n 16; eight animals per group) to define the role of the liver in mixed meal disposition with arteriovenous difference and tracer techniques. Hepatic and hindlimb substrate disposal was assessed for 390 min during and after an intragastric mixed meal infusion labelled with [¹⁴C]glucose. The P dogs exhibited postprandial hyperglycaemia compared with NP dogs (area under the curve (AUC; change from basal over 390 min) of arterial plasma glucose: 86 680 (sem 12 140) and 187 990 (sem 33 990) mg/l in NP and P dogs, respectively; P < 0·05). Plasma insulin concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups (AUC: 88 230 (sem 16 314) and 69 750 (sem 19 512) pmol/l in NP and P dogs, respectively). Net hepatic glucose uptake totalled 3691 (sem 508) v. 5081 (sem 1145) mg/100 g liver in NP and P dogs, respectively (P = 0·38). The AUC of glucose oxidation by the gut and hindlimb were not different in NP and P dogs, but hepatic glucose oxidation (84 (sem 13) v. 206 (sem 30) mg/100 g liver) and glycogen synthesis (0·4 (sem 0·5) v. 26 (sem 0·7) g/100 g liver) were greater in P dogs (P < 0·05). The proportion of hepatic glycogen deposited via the direct pathway did not differ between the groups. Hindlimb glucose uptake and skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis was similar between the groups, although final glycogen concentrations were higher in NP dogs (9·6 (sem 0·6) v. 70 (sem 0·6) mg/g muscle; P < 0·05). Thus, hepatic glucose oxidation and glycogen storage were augmented in late pregnancy. Enhanced hepatic glycogen storage following a meal probably facilitates the maintenance of an adequate glucose supply to maternal and fetal tissues during the post-absorptive period.
Every Case Has Two Stories

This article explains how to teach beginning law students the difference between the facts and the procedural posture of a case.
Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of Aluminum Oxynitride (AlON) from Brillouin Scattering

The Brillouin light scattering technique was used to determine experimentally the three independent elastic constants of cubic aluminum oxynitride at the ambient condition. They are C11=334.8±1.8GPa,C12=164.4±1.2GPa, and C44=178.6±1.1GPa. Its bulk modulus is 221.2 GPa. The magnitude of Zener anisotropic ratio is 2.1 similar to other spinels. The anisotropic nature of the material is shown by a large variation in the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio with crystallographic directions. The material was found to be auxetic in certain orientations.
High-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of CH2(+) and its deuterated isotopologues.

Aiming to provide approximate rotational constants for millimeter wave spectroscopists to identify the corresponding species in space, we have recorded the near-infrared spectra of the methylene cation CH2(+) and its deuterated isotopologues, CD2(+) and CHD+, using a high resolution and high sensitivity spectrometer. Detection of CH2(+) in space will shed light on interstellar chemistry as it is the intermediate between the abundant CH+ and yet to be observed CH3(+), which is important in the formation of larger organic molecules. CH2(+) and its deuterated isotopologues are also of special interest for theoretical studies because of their unique intramolecular dynamics, i.e., the Renner–Teller interaction and quasi-linearity. This paper will discuss several new bands of CH2(+), the A(0,5[11],0)0 ← X(0,0[0],0)1 and A(0,4[11],0)2 ← X(0,0[0],0)1 bands of CD2(+), which have been identified and analyzed, and the candidate lines for the A(0,4[10],0)1 ← X(0,0[1],0)0 band of CHD+, in comparison with the theoretical predictions by Bunker and colleagues.
Influence of Douglas-fir Seedling Provenance and Proximity to Insect Population Sources on Susceptibility to Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) in a Forest Nursery in Western Oregon

The effect of Lygus hesperus Knight feeding on Douglas-fir seedlings was measured in seedlings representing two elevation zones, for each of two seed zones, for each of two seedling age classes in a forest nursery during 1984. Damage frequency and height reduction both indicated significant effects of seed source. Examination of seedling distance from the nursery's west boundary with an alfalfa field (a major source of L. hesperus in the nursery) indicated a significant effect of proximity to alternate hosts. These results suggest that seedling susceptibility to damage by L. hesperus is a function of seedling condition and location within the vegetation matrix.
A Multi-station Gravity Delivery System

In May 1974, New York University Hospital began testing an experimental system using gravity for the slow-speed transport of laboratory specimens. This experiment demonstrated that the system was safe and easy to use. Consequently, in February 1975, a second station was installed adjacent to the intensive care unit to serve as a pilot for a multi-station system. The pilot was 42 m high. All routine laboratory specimens, except 24-hour urines, were transported inside closed transparent cylinders that descend at velocities between 50 and 100 cm/sec. Between April and October 1975, about 2,000 deliveries were made monthly, and each often carried only one or two tubes of blood or urine. At times, however, as many as 15 blood tubes or two body-fluid containers were handled. The overall operating reliability was greater than 98%. The mechanical performance of the new equipment was excellent. Novel design features guaranteed users at both stations immediate access for dispatching containers. Instrumentation was designed to detect all problems rapidly and to correct some automatically. In October 1975, New York University Hospital approved installation of a permanent slow-speed transport system to serve all patient-care areas.
Psychologic problems of children with seizures.

How parents and others react to a child's seizures largely determines how the child reacts and how he sees himself. Once such a child comes to regard himself as “mental,” he may proceed to “live down” to this self-concept. It is small wonder that major psychologic and social maladjustments are generated by what is usually a minor physical handicap.
The Veno-Occlusive Mechanism of the Canine Corpus Cavernosum: Angiographic and Pharmacologic Studies

AbstractStudies were designed to document the normal angiography and pressure-volume characteristics of the canine corpus cavernosum, evaluate the effects of various vasoactive agents, and characterize a veno-occlusive mechanism. In fourteen dogs, baseline cavernosography demonstrated venous drainage via six to ten tributaries arising from the crura and entering the deep penile veins. Control cavernosometry during infusion of saline at 0.33ml./sec. led to a rise in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) from 24.9 ± 7.9mm. Hg to 68.4 ± 21.mm. Hg. Intracavernosal injection of a number of vasodilators, including papaverine, nitroglycerin, acetylcholine, and prostaglandin E2, raised baseline ICP significantly, caused extreme elevation of pressure during saline infusion (>450mm. Hg), and narrowed or obliterated the venous lumena at the site of tunica perforation, as judged angiographically. These effects could be reversed with phenoxybenzamine or norepinephrine. Our results further support the current understanding of...