cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ability of Flux Balance Analysis to Predict Evolution of Central Metabolism Scales with the Initial Distance to the Optimum

The most powerful genome-scale framework to model metabolism, flux balance analysis (FBA), is an evolutionary optimality model. It hypothesizes selection upon a proposed optimality criterion in order to predict the set of internal fluxes that would maximize fitness. Here we present a direct test of the optimality assumption underlying FBA by comparing the central metabolic fluxes predicted by multiple criteria to changes measurable by a (13)C-labeling method for experimentally-evolved strains. We considered datasets for three Escherichia coli evolution experiments that varied in their length, consistency of environment, and initial optimality. For ten populations that were evolved for 50,000 generations in glucose minimal medium, we observed modest changes in relative fluxes that led to small, but significant decreases in optimality and increased the distance to the predicted optimal flux distribution. In contrast, seven populations evolved on the poor substrate lactate for 900 generations collectively became more optimal and had flux distributions that moved toward predictions. For three pairs of central metabolic knockouts evolved on glucose for 600-800 generations, there was a balance between cases where optimality and flux patterns moved toward or away from FBA predictions. Despite this variation in predictability of changes in central metabolism, two generalities emerged. First, improved growth largely derived from evolved increases in the rate of substrate use. Second, FBA predictions bore out well for the two experiments initiated with ancestors with relatively sub-optimal yield, whereas those begun already quite optimal tended to move somewhat away from predictions. These findings suggest that the tradeoff between rate and yield is surprisingly modest. The observed positive correlation between rate and yield when adaptation initiated further from the optimum resulted in the ability of FBA to use stoichiometric constraints to predict the evolution of metabolism despite selection for rate.
Morphology driven density distribution estimation for small bodies

Abstract We explore methods to detect and characterize the internal mass distribution of small bodies using the gravity field and shape of the body as data, both of which are determined from orbit determination process. The discrepancies in the spherical harmonic coefficients are compared between the measured gravity field and the gravity field generated by homogeneous density assumption. The discrepancies are shown for six different heterogeneous density distribution models and two small bodies, namely 1999 KW4 and Castalia. Using these differences, a constraint is enforced on the internal density distribution of an asteroid, creating an archive of characteristics associated with the same-degree spherical harmonic coefficients. Following the initial characterization of the heterogeneous density distribution models, a generalized density estimation method to recover the hypothetical (i.e., nominal) density distribution of the body is considered. We propose this method as the block density estimation, which dissects the entire body into small slivers and blocks, each homogeneous within itself, to estimate their density values. Significant similarities are observed between the block model and mass concentrations. However, the block model does not suffer errors from shape mismodeling, and the number of blocks can be controlled with ease to yield a unique solution to the density distribution. The results show that the block density estimation approximates the given gravity field well, yielding higher accuracy as the resolution of the density map is increased. The estimated density distribution also computes the surface potential and acceleration within 10 % for the particular cases tested in the simulations, the accuracy that is not achievable with the conventional spherical harmonic gravity field. The block density estimation can be a useful tool for recovering the internal density distribution of small bodies for scientific reasons and for mapping out the gravity field environment in close proximity to small body’s surface for accurate trajectory/safe navigation purposes to be used for future missions.
1H and 13C NMR Studies of Etidocaine Free Base and Hydrochloride Salt. Solvent and Temperature Dependence

Abstract The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of etidocaine free base, 1, and its hydrochloride salt, 2, have been examined at 200 MHz in a variety of solvents. Variable temperature 1H NMR spectra of 2 were measured between 0° and 90°C at 500 MHz. Both 1H and 13C spectra of the salt were strongly dependent on temperature, solvent and spectrometer frequency. Results are interpreted primarily as a consequence of acid-induced chirality at the amine nitrogen, resulting in solvent-dependent diastereoisomerism. Spectral complexity is explained as the result not only of diastereotopic nuclei due to the fixed “natural” chiral center at carbon, but also, in 2, to the presence of diastereomeric racemates resulting from the second chiral center (at nitrogen).
Theodore von Kármán and Applied Mathematics in America

The emergence of applied mathematics as a discipline in the United States is traditionally associated with World War II. Hungarian-born Theodore von Karman was among those who had waged a long and vigorous campaign well before the war to make applied mathematics respectable to engineers and mathematicians. While advocating the use of mathematics and physics to solve applied problems, he challenged the prevailing philosophy of engineering programs, locked horns with recalcitrant journal editors, and generally encountered the obstacles to building a discipline that cuts across conventional boundaries.
Effects of Self-Determination Interventions on the Academic Skills of Students with Learning Disabilities

Given the importance of both academic and self-determination skills for students with disabilities, it is important to identify efficient ways to deliver instruction in these essential areas. This literature review synthesizes intervention research that has examined the effects of self-determination interventions on academic skills for students with learning disabilities (LD) and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our findings revealed that self-management interventions were most often studied, followed by interventions that combined self-management with one or more other self-determination components. Effects ranged from very weak to very strong. Effects were strongest when (a) interventions that combined self-management with goal setting were used to increase students' productivity, and (b) goal-setting interventions were used to improve math skills. Most of the studies included in the review were of high quality; however, some areas could be improved.
Suppression of serum prolactin by naloxone but not anti-β-endorphin antiserum in stressed and unstressed rats

Abstract The role of endogenous opioids in the regulation of tonic and stress-induced prolactin secretion was studied in male rats. Animals with chronically indwelling intra-atrial catheters were used and served as their own controls. Intravenous injection of a potent rabbit anti-β-endorphin antiserum produced no change in either baseline serum prolactin or in the rise induced by swimming for 15 minutes at 20 C. Naloxone, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, produced a small but statistically significant lowering of baseline serum prolactin levels, as well as a mild blunting of the stress-induced serum prolactin rise. The failure of anti- - endorphin antiserum to affect serum prolactin may be explained either by failure of the antiserum to gain access to hypothalamic prolactin regulating loci, or to lack of involvement of β-endorphin in the control of serum prolactin. The suppression of prolactin secretion seen with naloxone indicates that endogeneous opioids are involved in prolactin regulation, though the relatively small magnitude of the changes observed suggests that their role under physiological conditions may be a minor one.
Rapid PCR amplification protocols decrease the turn-around time for detection of antibiotic resistance genes in Gram-negative pathogens

Abstract A previously designed end-point multiplex PCR assay and singleplex assays used to detect β-lactamase genes were evaluated using rapid PCR amplification methodology. Amplification times were 16–18 minutes with an overall detection time of 1.5 hours. Rapid PCR amplifications could decrease the time required to identify resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative organisms.
Use of induced circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from racemic D(3) lanthanide complexes to determine the absolute configuration of amino acids.

The perturbation of the racemic equilibrium of luminescent D3 lanthanide(III) complexes by added chiral agents, such as amino acids, may be a useful technique for determining the absolute configuration of the added species. It is shown in this work, however, that simple interpretation of the equilibrium shift of racemic tris-terdentate complexes of Tb(III) with 2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylate by amino acids, as measured by the sign of the resultant circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in terms of specific structural characteristics is not possible. CPL results for a number of derivatized amino acids are also presented, and some insights into the nature of the chiral discriminatory forces that might be exploited in this kind of study are discussed.
Strange bedfellows? Reproductive technology and child development

De nouvelles technologies de reproduction devenant de plus en plus disponibles, les parents et les professionnels doivent faire face au probleme de la connaissance et de la perception qu'a l'enfant de ses origines biologiques. Dans cet article, plusieurs approches actuellement repandues concernant la revelation ou la non revelation de ce fait essentiel sur l'existence de l'enfant sont presentees et examinees. Alors qu'il n'existe pour l'instant aucunes donnees empiriques solides sur l'impact de ces approches, un raisonnement provisoire est propose, base sur les principes generalement acceptes de developpement de l'enfant et de maturite psychologique
Identifiability of chemical reaction networks

We consider the dynamics of chemical reaction networks under the assumption of mass-action kinetics. We show that there exist reaction networks \({\mathcal{R}}\) for which the reaction rate constants are not uniquely identifiable, even if we are given complete information on the dynamics of concentrations for all chemical species of \({\mathcal{R}}\) . Also, we show that there exist reaction networks \({\mathcal{R}}_1 \neq {\mathcal{R}}_2\) such that their dynamics are identical under appropriate choices of reaction rate constants, and present theorems that characterize the properties of \({\mathcal{R}}\) , \({\mathcal{R}}_1\) , \({\mathcal{R}}_2\) that make this possible. We use these facts to show how we can determine dynamical properties of some chemical networks by analyzing other chemical networks.
Effects of nadir experiences.

Experimental studies of positive growth have generally neglected the possibility that painful (nadir) experiences can have beneficial effects. Between 36% and 44% of 36 state college students reported basically positive effects resulting from their nadir experiences. Also, 39% of the Ss stated that nadir effects were more important than peak (most wonderful, happy experiences) effects. These data provide support for Maslow's contention that suffering can have beneficial effects and suggest that more attention should be given to nadir effects, both in investigations of positive growth and in diagnostic studies related to peaks and nadirs
Aquatic macroinvertebrate association with willow wetlands in northeastern Missouri

Maximum aquatic macroin vertebrate density and biomass was 1600 and 4700 individuals/m2 and 9 and 20 g/m2 dry weight, respectively, in two Mississippi River black willow (Salix nigra) floodplain wetlands, in northeastern Missouri. Density was lower than in seasonally flooded marshes and other forested wetlands characterized by dynamic hydrology. Biomass was comparable to that reported in other studies. Maximum density and biomass of invertebrates occurred in late spring, 6 to 8 months following flooding, when water level was between 11 and 20 cm. Taxonomic composition was similar to that in other detrital based, forested wetlands and was dominated by crustaceans (Isopoda and Amphipoda), mollusks (Pelecypoda and Gastropoda), chironomids, and oligochaetes. Because study sites were deeply flooded (50–120cm) during waterfowl migration, invertebrates were unavailable to dabbling ducks during fall, winter, and early spring.
Pilot assessment of an instrument to measure psychosocial influences on eating among low-income women

Abstract An instrument was developed and tested to measure some of the psychosocial influences on food intake in low-income women, with the emphasis on nutritional risk for chronic disease. Focus groups were used to elicit the major factors affecting eating for low-income women attending health clinics. The participants raised 69 different issues, which were grouped conceptually and used to develop three psychosocial scales, scored with a four-point Likert-type scale: 1) comfort factors; 2) familial and cultural influences; and 3) environmental issues. The 55 women who completed the questionnaire at a health center met the study criteria of desiring to make dietary changes, having incomes
Development of an Adaptive Vapor Chamber With Thermoresponsive Polymer Coating

We propose a novel concept for an adaptive vapor chamber using a thermoresponsive polymer coating to enhance heat transfer and reduce local thermal gradients. By coating the wick structures with stimulus-responsive polymer brushes with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), the hotter surface becomes more wettable than the colder surface. The smaller contact angle at higher temperature generates larger capillary forces and promotes stronger return flow toward the hotspots. In this paper, we present our progress toward developing the adaptive vapor chamber. We have grafted poly(2-(meth-acryloyloxy)ethyl(dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide) (PMEDSAH) brushes on silica wafers, and the PMEDSAH polymer coating exhibits UCST properties with stable and tunable wettability. We have captured infrared images of the evaporator with steady and transient heating, and developed a thermographic technique that can be used to test the adaptive wick functionality in a vapor chamber.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Radiative natural supersymmetry: Reconciling electroweak fine-tuning and the Higgs boson mass

Models of natural supersymmetry seek to solve the little hierarchy problem by positing a spectrum of light Higgsinos $\ensuremath{\lesssim}200--300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and light top squarks $\ensuremath{\lesssim}600\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ along with very heavy squarks and TeV-scale gluinos. Such models have low electroweak fine-tuning and satisfy the LHC constraints. However, in the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, they predict too low a value of ${m}_{h}$, are frequently in conflict with the measured $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s\ensuremath{\gamma}$ branching fraction, and the relic density of thermally produced Higgsino-like weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) falls well below dark matter measurements. We propose a framework dubbed radiative natural supersymmetry (RNS), which can be realized within the minimal supersymmetric standard model (avoiding the addition of extra exotic matter) and which maintains features such as gauge coupling unification and radiative electroweak symmetry breaking. The RNS model can be generated from supersymmetry (SUSY) grand unified theory type models with nonuniversal Higgs masses. Allowing for high-scale soft SUSY breaking Higgs mass ${m}_{{H}_{u}}g{m}_{0}$ leads to automatic cancellations during renormalization group running and to radiatively-induced low fine-tuning at the electroweak scale. Coupled with large mixing in the top-squark sector, RNS allows for fine-tuning at the 3%--10% level with TeV-scale top squarks and a 125 GeV light Higgs scalar $h$. The model allows for at least a partial solution to the SUSY flavor, $CP$, and gravitino problems since first-/second-generation scalars (and the gravitino) may exist in the 10--30 TeV regime. We outline some possible signatures for RNS at the LHC, such as the appearance of low invariant mass opposite-sign isolated dileptons from gluino cascade decays. The smoking gun signature for RNS is the appearance of light Higgsinos at a linear ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider. If the strong $CP$ problem is solved by the Peccei-Quinn mechanism, then RNS naturally accommodates mixed axion-Higgsino cold dark matter, where the light Higgsino-like WIMPs---which in this case make up only a fraction of the measured relic abundance---should be detectable at upcoming WIMP detectors.
Diisocyanoarene-linked pentacarbonylvanadate(I−) ions as building blocks in a supramolecular charge-transfer framework assembled through noncovalent π–π and contact ion interactions

Three synthetic routes to the unusual supramolecular complex ([Cp2Co]2[{(OC)5V}2(μ-1,4-CNC6Me4NC)])∞, which was crystallographically characterized, are presented. The dianion [{(OC)5V}2(μ-1,4-CNC6Me4NC)]2− constitutes the first subvalent organometallics featuring a diisocyanoarene linker.
Middle Atmospheric Traveling Waves Forced by Latent and Convective Heating

Abstract The excitation and propagation of equatorial planetary waves and inertia-gravity waves were studied by comparing simulations from the comprehensive GFDL troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere SKYHI general circulation model (GCM) and from a linear primitive equation model with the same domain and numerical resolution. The basic state of the linear model is time dependent and is derived from the mean zonal wind and temperature obtained from a simulation with the full SKYHI model. The latent and convective heating fields of this SKYHI integration are used as the forcing for the linear model in a parallel simulation. The wavelength and frequency characteristics of the prominent vertically propagating equatorial Kelvin and Rossby-gravity waves are remarkably similar in the linear model and in SKYHI. Amplitudes are also similar in the lower stratosphere, indicating that the latent and convective heating is the dominant mechanism producing equatorial wave activity in the GCM. The amplitude of these waves ...
Classwide Teacher Implementation of Self-Regulated Strategy Development for Writing with Students with E/BD in a Residential Facility

One promising intervention to support the writing skills of students with and at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders is self-regulated strategy development (SRSD). The purpose of this study was to extend this line of inquiry to a residential setting with teachers serving as interventionists and determine the effects of the SRSD using the STOP and DARE mnemonic for persuasive writing on the writing performance (Correct Word Sequences, Essay Elements, and Essay Quality), and academic engagement of secondary students. In addition, this study extended this line of inquiry by looking at implementation of the intervention only 2 days per week, a lower treatment intensity than previous research has used to find statistically significant gains in writing. Results of a piecewise hierarchical linear model suggest statistically significant gains were made over the course of the intervention in writing and academic engagement when compared to baseline. In addition, student variables such as writing achievement, externalizing/internalizing behavior patterns, age, and attendance predicted writing and engagement. Results of generalization, fidelity, and social validity also are reported.
Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory consolidation in the rat is blocked by muscarinic receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala.

Glucocorticoid-induced memory enhancement is known to depend on beta-adrenoceptor activation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Additionally, inactivation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat amygdala blocks memory enhancement induced by concurrent beta-adrenergic activation. Together, these findings suggest that glucocorticoid-induced modulation of memory consolidation requires cholinergic as well as adrenergic activation in the BLA. Two experiments investigated this issue. The first experiment examined whether blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the BLA with atropine alters the memory-enhancing effects of the systemically administered glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) administered to rats immediately after inhibitory avoidance training produced dose-dependent enhancement of 48-h retention. Concurrent bilateral infusions of the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine (0.5 microg in 0.2 microL per side) into the BLA blocked the memory enhancement. The second experiment investigated whether the BLA is a locus of interaction between glucocorticoid and muscarinic activation. The specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR or type II) agonist RU 28362 (1.0, 3.0 or 10 ng) was infused into the BLA either alone or together with atropine immediately after training. The GR agonist produced dose-dependent memory enhancement and atropine blocked the memory enhancement. These findings indicate that muscarinic cholinergic activation within the BLA is critical for enabling glucocorticoid enhancement of memory consolidation and that enhancement of memory induced by GR activation in the BLA requires cholinergic activation within the BLA.
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Binding Protein 1 (4EBP-1) Function Is Suppressed by Src and Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) on Extracellular Matrix *

Human lung fibroblasts utilize integrins to attach and proliferate on type I collagen. β1 integrin is the major integrin subunit for this attachment. Integrins coordinate cellular responses to cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions that regulate a variety of biological processes. Although β1 integrin-mediated signaling pathways in lung fibroblasts have been studied, a detailed molecular mechanism regulating translational control of gene expression by 4EBP-1 is not understood. 4EBP-1 inhibits cap-dependent translation by binding to the eIF4E translation initiation factor. We found that when lung fibroblasts attach to collagen via β1 integrin, high Src activity suppresses 4EBP-1 expression via PP2A, and the decrease of 4EBP-1 is due to protein degradation. The inhibition of Src activity dramatically increases PP2A and 4EBP-1 expression. Furthermore ectopic expression of PP2A, or PP2A silencing using PP2A siRNA confirmed that 4EBP-1 is regulated by PP2A. In addition, we found that 4EBP-1 inhibition by fibroblast attachment to collagen increases cap-dependent translation. Our study showed that when lung fibroblasts are attached to collagen matrix, the β1 integrin/Src/PP2A-mediated 4EBP-1 regulatory pathway is activated. We suggest that β1 integrin-mediated signaling pathway may be a crucial event in regulating fibroblast translational control machinery on collagen matrix.
The two-median problem on Manhattan meshes

We investigate the two-median problem on a mesh with M columns and N rows (M ≥ N), under the Manhattan (L1) metric. We derive exact algorithms with respect to m, n, and r, the number of columns, rows, and vertices, respectively, that contain requests. Specifically, we give an O(mn2 log m) time, O(r) space algorithm for general (nonuniform) meshes (assuming m ≥ n). For uniform meshes, we give two algorithms both using O(MN) space. One is an O(MN2) time algorithm, while the other is an algorithm running in O(MN log N) time with high probability and in O(MN2) time in the worst case assuming the weights are independent and identically distributed random variables satisfying certain natural conditions. These improve upon the previously best-known algorithm that runs in O(mn2r) time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(3), 226–233 2007
Growth factor regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein secretion by cultured human granulosa-luteal cells

Abstract Objective: To examine the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) secretion by cultured human granulosa-luteal cells. Design: Granulosa-luteal cells obtained at the time of oocyte harvest for IVF were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of EGF, TGF-β, or FGF. Conditioned medium then was analyzed by Western ligand blot and immunoradiometric assays. Setting: An academic medical center. Patient(s): Women undergoing IVF. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): IGFBP-1 secretion. Result(s): By Western ligand blot analysis, IGFBP-1 levels were 1.4-fold to 7.4-fold higher in conditioned medium from cells cultured in the presence of EGF than in control medium. By immunoradiometric assay, IGFBP-1 levels increased from 1.6 to 9.9 times over control. The TGF-β had no apparent effect, and FGF did not consistently stimulate IGFBP-1 secretion. Conclusion(s): The EGF may decrease intrafollicular bioavailable IGF levels by increasing inhibitory IGFBPs, thereby leading to arrest of follicular development. Interactions between the EGF and IGF systems may be involved in the processes governing human ovarian follicle maturation and atresia.
Mixed Aspirations: Distinctions and Relationships Between the Implicit and Explicit Self-Concepts of College Women

A sample of 128 undergraduate women reported stronger identification with college education than with motherhood. In contrast, an implicit association test revealed a slightly stronger identification with motherhood than with college education. Implicit attitudes toward college education and motherhood correlated with implicit (but not explicit) identification, whereas explicit attitudes correlated with explicit identification and, to a lesser extent, implicit identification. Internal (but not external) motivation to define the self as academically oriented predicted both explicit and implicit identifications. Results regarding the role of childhood and current experiences with gender roles were inconclusive. As a whole, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential for conflicts in the self-concept of college women.
Evaluation of Test Characteristics for Outcome Measures Used in Raynaud's Phenomenon Clinical Trials

Objective Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) have shown conflicting efficacy data. Also, there is no consensus on the outcome measures that should be used. Our objectives were to assess the reliability of individual core set measures used in 3 RCTs, evaluate the placebo response for individual core set measures, and determine if a composite of individual core set measures will decrease the placebo response, which may improve our ability to see treatment effects in future trials. Methods We analyzed core set measures from 249 patients in the placebo-treated groups from 3 RCTs. Core set measures analyzed included the Raynaud's Condition Score (RCS); patient and physician assessment of RP; pain, numbness, and tingling during an RP attack; average number of attacks/day; and duration of attacks. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated during the run-in period to the RCTs. Results ICCs of ≥0.70 were observed for the RCS, attack symptoms, and average attacks/day. A high placebo response rate was observed for all individual core measures except the duration of attacks. For the RCS, the placebo response ranged from 56% with ≥10% improvement to 19.5% with ≥60% improvement. In contrast, placebo response rates of 10–20% were observed when several core set measures were combined to develop a composite score. Conclusion Outcome measures used in RCTs of RP are associated with marked variability. A combination of outcome measures is associated with low placebo responses. Future studies are needed to assess if a composite score will be able to differentiate placebo from an effective agent.
The hydrolytic water molecule in trypsin, revealed by time-resolved Laue crystallography

Crystals of bovine trypsin were acylated at the reactive residue, serine 195, to form the transiently stable p-guanidinobenzoate. Hydrolysis of this species was triggered in the crystals by a jump in pH. The hydrolysis was monitored by three-dimensional Laue crystallography, resulting in three x-ray diffraction structures, all from the same crystal and each representing approximately 5 seconds of x-ray exposure. The structures were analyzed at a nominal resolution of 1.8 angstroms and were of sufficient quality to reproduce subtle features in the electron-density maps for each of the structures. Comparison of the structures before and after the pH jump reveals that a water molecule has positioned itself to attack the acyl group in the initial step of the hydrolysis of this transient intermediate.
Measuring career stage

Abstract Age and tenure are inadequate measures of career stage. The use of arbitrary age and tenure groupings as indicators of career stage is theoretically unsound and could lead researchers and career counselors to make erroneous conclusions. It has not yet been shown empirically that classifications based on the age or tenure yield groups of individuals with anything in common other than their age and tenure. The purposes of this article are to point out the weaknesses of the psychometric properties of age and tenure as career stage measures (i.e., generalizability, validity, and reliability) and to propose an alternative way of measuring career stage. The article concludes with suggestions for future research in this area.
Molecular interactions of the junctional foot protein and dihydropyridine receptor in skeletal muscle triads.

Isolated triadic proteins were employed to investigate the molecular architecture of the triad junction in skeletal muscle. Immunoaffinity-purified junctional foot protein (JFP), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), aldolase and partially purified dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor were employed to probe protein-protein interactions using affinity chromatography, protein overlay and crosslinking techniques. The JFP, an integral protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preferentially binds to GAPDH and aldolase, peripheral proteins of the transverse (T)-tubule. No direct binding of JFP to the DHP receptor was detected. The interactions of JFP with GAPDH and aldolase appear to be specific since other glycolytic enzymes associated with membranes do not bind to the JFP. The DHP receptor, an integral protein of the T-tubule, also binds GAPDH and aldolase. A ternary complex between the JFP and the DHP receptor can be formed in the presence of GAPDH. In addition, the DHP receptor binds to a previously undetectedM r 95 K protein which is distinct from the SR Ca2+ pump and phosphorylaseb. TheM r 95 K protein is an integral protein of the junctional domain of the SR terminal cisternae. It is also present in the newly identified “strong triads” (accompanying paper). From these findings, we propose a new model for the triad junction.
Assessment of the operational resolving power of small imaging sonars

Several small commercial imaging sonars were tested to determine the actual resolving power of the systems. Experiments were performed with specially designed resolution targets in a large tow tank facility at the National Research Council Institute for Ocean Technology, with precise control of sensor-target geometry, and in the Defence Research & Development Canada calibration tank. Resolving power has been assessed for several high frequency imaging sonars (450 to 1800 kHz) using an analog to resolving criteria as defined for optical systems. Small imaging sonars are a sensor of choice for underwater inspection tasks using Remotely Operated Vehicles, particularly in the not-uncommon situation that water clarity limits the usefulness of video. Sonar manufacturers' specifications do not usually provide a complete picture of the ability of any particular system to perform in this role.
Puckering and tilting distortions in copper-oxide-based superconductors: Evidence for conventional electronic behavior

It is showing using results from tight-binding calculations that the orthorhombic to tetragonal transition in the high-temperature superconductor La2−χSrχCuO4 has a simple orbital explanation, and one which is quite analogous electronically to the puckering of the CuO2 sheets in the YBa2Cu3O7−δ system. The difference in the behavior of the two is associated with the fact that the former contains six-, and the latter five-coordinate copper atoms. The results are based upon the variable electron occupation of the highest occupied band. The experimental results are only understandable if this is the x2−y2 band rather than one based on an oxygen π-type orbital suggested by some to be important in the superconducting properties of these materials.
The Role of Tumor Volume on Outcome in Prostate Cancer after Prostatectomy: Reconciling Disparate Data

Purpose/Objective(s): Significant study has been made of the role of tumor volume contributing to outcome in prostate cancer. This is difficult to establish in cases treated with radiotherapy, as ‘‘insignificant’’ disease on biopsy does not well correlate with minimal tumor volume at time of prostatectomy. However, it is also unclear in the case of patients treated surgically: almost two dozen studies have been published on the subject, without clear results either for or against a relationship.
Steerability for planar dissipative passive haptic interfaces

This research addresses the ability of dissipative passive actuators to generate control effects on a passive haptic interface. The ability is first identified as the steerability, i.e., the ability to redirect motions of a manipulator. The force-generation analysis of each individual actuator is then selected as an approach to evaluate the steerability. Passive steerability angle is defined to quantify the steerability for a planar manipulator. Two-sided steerability is defined as a minimum requirement for a planar robot to redirect all motions. A nonredundant 2R manipulator does not have two-sided steerability in all situations. Redundancy brought by serial or parallel structures could improve the steerability of a manipulator. The steerability theorem is developed to determine two-sided steerability for a multijoint manipulator. The research focuses on using brakes, a common type of dissipative passive actuators.
Machine quantification of text-based economic reports for use in predictive modeling

To quantify text-based unstructured information, we propose a method called the direct scoring algorithm (DSA). DSA uses keywords in the document, subjectively-determined numerical weights, and subjectively-designed grammar rules to score individual sentences. We use our methods to score the Beige books produced by the U.S. Federal Reserve, which contain subjective text-based commentary on state of the economy. To assess whether our scores have value in a predictive sense, we use them to construct a linear regression model of future growth in U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). We then compare the performance characteristics of this model with those a similar model based on scores of the same documents produced though subjective reading by professional economists. The comparison demonstrates that the DSA model using the Beige book significantly contributes to the prediction of GDP growth, explaining as much as 69% of the variance compared to the scores created by economic experts. We also add the extracted section scores to a GDP time series prediction model, which uses only structured data as input. The results of this experiment suggest the unstructured information in the Beige books has predictive value that goes beyond that of the structure information used in the time series model, and that our approach has some potential as a means of extracting this information in a semi-automated fashion.
Initial Development of a Dual-Modality SPECT-CT System for Dedicated Mammotomography

Dual-modality systems offer great promise in improving detection and evaluation of cancer through enhancement of the visual quality and quantitative accuracy of radionuclide imaging. A compact SPECT-CT system for dedicated 3D breast imaging is in development. The SPECT components include a 16times20cm2 CZT-based compact gamma camera with 2.5mm square pixels, attached to a goniometer with polar positioning capability. The CT component includes a heavily filtered W-target X-ray source producing a quasi-monochromatic cone beam and CsI(Tl) digital detector. Both systems are coupled to a common rotation stage and have a common field of view. The CT system has a stationary polar orientation, and is laterally offset from the center of rotation for imaging pendant uncompressed breasts that are larger than the detector's field of view. The constraints and performance of this initial configuration are being investigated. Previous measurements with combined system components show that optimal placement is limited by physical constraints rather than signal cross-contamination. Results on a combined system show that emission projection images are contaminated by X-ray scatter photons resulting in the reconstructed emission images having a higher signal level. Emission contamination also increases noise in the transmission image resulting in reducing the SNR in reconstructed CT images. Having both modalities on a single gantry is expected to simplify data acquisition, SPECT-CT image registration, and necessary image corrections.
Impact of architecture choices on DSP circuits

Selection of proper architecture and implementation styles can strongly influence the performance of dedicated VLSI DSP circuits. The impact of architecture choices is illustrated by considering a number of representative signal processing examples and a few general architecture transformation techniques. It is shown that algorithm transformation techniques such as look-ahead computation can create concurrency in nonconcurrent recursive signal processing algorithms, and that inherently new signal processing algorithms are processed with concurrency. This leads to pipelined algorithm topologies without any hardware overhead. To illustrate the impact of the implementation styles, it is shown that the internal redundant number system can lead to more efficient realization of multipliers and adders. Using systematic folding and unfolding techniques, digit-serial architectures with no restrictions on the digit size can be described. All of these architectural techniques can increase the performance of DSP circuits. >
D-C and transient analysis of networks using a digital computer

This paper treats the problem of programming a digital computer to formulate and solve the algebraic and differential equations characterizing linear and/or nonlinear networks, certain techniques are described which have been used successfully in an experimental program for analyzing transistor switching circuits. The techniques, predicated on a matrix formulation of network equations, include: (a) derivation of all the necessary topological and parameter matrices from input data which specify the network connections and parameters, (b) solution of the nonlinear d-c problem by an iteration procedure, and (c) solution of the transient problem by numerical integration of the nonlinear differential equations separately from the linear differential equations.
Evidence on the Possible Information Loss of Conforming Book Income and Taxable Income

Recent corporate accounting reporting scandals and aggressive corporate tax shelters have led for calls for regulatory reform. One such call is to conform (or reduce the gap between) the calculation of book and taxable income. Proponents of conformity focus on perceived benefits while ignoring possible costs. We examine one possible cost: the loss in information content to investors if one measure is removed from the information set. We provide evidence on this possible loss by examining the relative and incremental information content over the past 20 years of book and (estimated) taxable income for a large sample of firms. We find book income exhibits significantly greater relative explanatory power while both exhibit significant incremental explanatory power. Conforming the two measures at a minimum results in the loss of incremental explanatory power and if book income is conformed to the tax rules, an estimated 50% loss in the explanatory power of earnings.
3-D wavelet video coding with rate-distortion optimizization [optimizization read optimization]

The paper presents a rate-distortion (R-D) optimized 3D wavelet video coder by extending the concept of space-frequency quantization (SFQ) (Z. Xiong et al., 1997) from 2D to 3D. A lifting-based 3D (1T+2D) wavelet transform is deployed to process one part of the sequence at a time continuously, thus eliminating the boundary effects over GOPs. After 3D SFQ, in which an R-D based spatial-temporal tree-pruning process is used in conjunction with uniform quantization of wavelet coefficients, we apply an efficient progressive 3D entropy coder to further compress the quantized coefficients. Even without motion estimation, the new 3D SFQ video coder outperforms MPEG-4 and other 3D wavelet-based video coders for most sequences at the same bit rate.
TCP/IP Networking

This chapter is intended to provide an overview of networking and the protocols that are most often used for attacks. This should provide the background needed to understand network data and the various attacks described in the following chapters.
Trends in Pharmaceutical Development

As the pharmaceutical development world becomes smaller and smaller, there are a number of major trends that are well established and under considerable discussion. This paper explores five important trends in pharmaceutical development that have not yet been considered fully, although certainly none of them are unfamiliar: (1) surrogate endpoints/mortality endpoints; (2) individualization of therapy/dose response; (3) examination of underlying data; (4) growing internalization of drug development and evaluation; and (5) the impact of forces other than regulators on product use and development.
Factors limiting current gain in power transistors

The combined effect of sidewall injection, bandgap narrowing, and Shockley-Hall-Read and Auger recombination in determining emitter efficiency in n-p-n power transistor structures is demonstrated by utilizing a two-dimensional transistor model. The relative importance of each of these effects is calculated as a function of emitter junction depth, emitter surface doping, and injection level. It is shown that in a practical transistor design the reduction in emitter efficiency due to the increased injection of holes into the emitter, resulting from bandgap narrowing caused by heavy doping, is not dominated by the emitter sidewall. Auger recombination is seen to be especially important when bandgap narrowing is present. Enhanced Auger-type recombination is due both to increased minority carrier injection in the emitter as well as current crowding effects. The predictions of the model are compared with results of the measurement of current gain versus current level characteristics on existing devices.
The Dimensions of Psychological Research

Introductory psychology textbooks present limited and often confusing coverage of research methods. One common flaw is the failure to distinguish between data collection procedures (e.g., self-repo...
A UNIFIED MIXED LOGIT FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING REVEALED AND STATED PREFERENCES: FORMULATION AND APPLICATION TO CONGESTION PRICING ANALYSIS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA

This paper formulates and applies a unified mixed-logit framework for joint analysis of revealed and stated preference data that accommodates a flexible competition pattern across alternatives, scale difference in the revealed and stated choice contexts, heterogeneity across individuals in the intrinsic preferences for alternatives, heterogeneity across individuals in the responsiveness to level-of-service factors, state-dependence of the stated choices on the revealed choice, and heterogeneity across individuals in the state-dependence effect. The estimation of the mixed logit formulation is achieved using simulation techniques that employ quasi-random Monte Carlo draws. The formulation is applied to examine the travel behavior responses of San Francisco Bay Bridge users to changes in travel conditions. The data for the study are drawn from surveys conducted as part of the 1996 San Francisco Bay Area Travel Study. The results of the mixed logit formulation are compared with those of more restrictive structures on the basis of parameter estimates, implied trade-offs among level-of-service attributes, heterogeneity and state-dependence effects, data fit, and substantive implications of congestion pricing policy simulations.
High Resolution Electron Microscopy of Triply Incommensurate Phase of 2H-TaSe2

The triply incommensurate phase of 2H-TaSe2 obtained by cooling from the normal phase was investigated by TEM between 87K and 113K with the resolution of 3 A. Moire-like patterns observed in this phase were confirmed to be interference fringes due to the first and the second order diffraction beams from the incommensurate structure and were not due to the dark field diffraction contrast of domains of the commensurate structure as interpreted earlier. Lattice fringes (∼9A) of this modulated phase do not show any discontinuity across the boundaries of regions of different contrasts of the moire-like fringes which is expected from domain boundaries. Instead, a periodic change in the spacing of the lattice fringes (phase slip region) expected from the superposition of split superlattice spots in forming the lattice image is observed. This is the first direct observation of the existence of the phase slip region which is also expected from the discommensuration theory.
Introduction—Recalling the Recall: Reflections on California's Recent Political Adventure

“Maybe we ought to recall him?” Ted Costa to Mark Abernathy, telephone conversation, November 17th, 2002 (comment of Mark Abernathy, IGS Berkeley Oct 18th).
Successful reinsertion of the artificial urinary sphincter after removal for erosion or infection

We present 5 cases involving reinsertion of an artificial urinary sphincter after either erosion or infection. All 5 patients now have socially acceptable urinary continence.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES ON THE ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS AND HEXOKINASE ACTIVITY

The relation between the adrenal cortical hormones and carbohydrate metabolism has been known for a long time (see Britton)s review, 1930). The low blood sugar levels in patients with Addison)s disease, discovered by Porges (1909), were also observed in adrenalectomized animals (Artundo, 1927), where there was found a decreased liver glycogen (Houssay and Artundo, 1929, Cori and Cori, 1929). Moreover, the level of glycosuria in partially depancreatized rats decreased after adrenalectomy (Long et al., 1940). A demonstration that these effects were due to the action of adrenal hormones was given later. Ingle (1941) produced glycosuria in force-fed normal rats by the administration of cortisone, corticosterone, and 17-hydroxycorticosterone; and Lazarow and Berman (1950) with cortisone acetate. Increased deposition of glycogen in the liver by the administration of cortical hormones was also observed (Grattan and Jensen, 1940; Long, 1942). In muscle, however, glycogen deposition was not affected (Cori and Cori...