cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More data, more problems? Incompatible uncertainty in Indonesia’s climate change mitigation projects

Abstract Within environmental governance regimes such as the United Nations’ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), uncertainty surrounding forest carbon offset commensurability is often regarded as a technical failing that can be resolved through additional data collection or new scientific methods. Though efforts to reduce uncertainty through extensive carbon accounting has generated immense datasets, uncertainty surrounding the commensurability of forest carbon offsets remains, emerging from the neoliberal political economic context as much as from scientific data gaps. Drawing on an analysis of a REDD+ project in Indonesia’s peatlands, this article shows that incompatibilities between scientific uncertainty and financial uncertainty emerged through this forest carbon offset project and, more broadly, that incompatible uncertainty acts as a knowledge regime in the context of hegemonic discourses that connect Indonesia’s degraded peatlands to climate change. This article thus argues that in neoliberal land use-based climate change mitigation projects, it is not the inevitable, enduring presence of scientific or market-based uncertainty that stymies project implementation but the incompatibility of these two forms of uncertainty. By exploring how the drive for more data leads to more uncertainty, in turn spurring the pursuit of more data in lieu of other forms of project action, this article contributes to scholarship on the politics of knowing and un-knowing in environmental governance.
Carl Mirra, The Admirable Radical: Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent, 1945-1970

Historians and movement participants alike have debated the importance of the Sixties since the decade imploded on itself. Most histories addressing the social movements of the Sixties tend to symp...
Brain abscess associated with congenital heart disease.

A review of the literature reveals 41 adequately documented cases of cerebral abscess associated with congenital heart disease. Three cases of cerebral abscess occurring in 39 autopsied cases of congenital heart disease are reported in this paper. The clinical signs and symptoms of cerebral abscess are presented with special emphasis on the need for early surgical intervention. The occurrence of persistent headache or lethargy in a patient with congenital heart disease should be thoroughly investigated. Spinal tap, EEG and cranial air studies should be done before the diagnosis of cerebral abscess is excluded. Several authors believe that an area of infarction in the brain precedes the development of an abscess although this process alone has not been reported in congenital heart disease. Five instances of cerebral infarction were observed in 39 autopsies on individuals with congenital heart disease. A number of possible explanations have been offered for the development of infarction: paradoxic emboli, emboli from the lungs through the systemic arterial circulation by way of the pulmonary vein, left auricle and ventricle, emboli from the lungs through the spinal veins and finally, as a result of thrombosis of the cerebral arteries. In addition to pulmonary and cerebral thrombosis, thrombi were found in the iliac, popliteal and renal arteries. The tendency to systemic and pulmonary thromboses in cases of congenital heart disease is best explained on the basis of decreased flow of blood due either to polycythemia or to decreased pulmonary blood flow. Significant cerebral lesions of various kinds were found in 22 of 39 cases of congenital heart disease.
Fitting method based on correlation maximization: Applications in space physics

[1] We develop a new fitting method based on the maximization of the correlation between two curves or sets of discreet observations. We show that this correlation maximization fitting method is mathematically well defined under certain conditions. The key element is the sensitivity of the method—a measure of how localized the correlation maximum is. The most important advantage of the method is that it can be applied to disparate data sets that are expected to be correlated but not fitted to each other. The method is valuable in the analysis of space data sets from (1) physically remote sources that may have complicated and hidden causal linkages or (2) physically distinguished quantities that are reasonably connected. The derived possible relations can be examined by testing the correlation between their observational signals or other measurements. Finally, we examine data of density and temperature in the inner heliosheath, inferred from Interstellar Boundary Explorer observations, and show that the globally distributed flux of energetic neutral atoms represents a source plasma under isobaric thermodynamic processes.
The Future of SIPP for Analyzing Labor Force Behavior

SIPP is examined for its uses for economic research, particularly as a basis for estimating causal relationships between labor market outcomes and potential policy variables. The Current Population Survey dominates SIPP as a provider of descriptive statistics for most, but not all, purposes. As a large longitudinal survey, extending for up to 32 months, and with rich data on income, wages, and other variables, SIPP has unique advantages for dynamic analysis of labor force behavior that is described by short or moderate durations, such as unemployment. Examples of historical and contemporary research studies are discussed to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of SIPP. Among several recommendations for using SIPP, it is argued that the most important is to obtain market characteristics for the city or county locations of the survey respondents.
Different roles for Smad4-dependent and independent TGFβ signaling pathways during the differentiation of virus-specific effector CD8 T cells (IRM4P.494)

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a regulatory cytokine that modulates the activities of other cells via multiple signaling pathways. The predominant pathways in hematopoietic cells are mediated by Sma and Mad-related family members (SMAD) and depend on a ubiquitous activating protein SMAD4. Other Smad4-independent pathways can also be activated by TGFβ however their role in immune regulation is less clearly defined. We examined the role of Smad4-dependent and -independent TGFβ signaling during the development of the CD8 T cell response to influenza virus infection. Our studies show that a complete blockade of all TGFβ-signaling accelerates the development of virus-specific CD8+ effector T cells (Teff) which express KLRG-1 and produce large quantities of cytokines in the lungs. In contrast, selective inhibition of only Smad4-dependent signaling prevents the development of a robust Teff response. These data point to a previously unexamined role of Smad4-independent TGFβ signaling in the regulation of virus-specific Teff cells. We are using this model to determine whether TGFβ regulation plays an major role in protective immunity in the lungs.
Exercise in the 70s: Implications for Safer Practices

(1981). Exercise in the 70s: Implications for Safer Practices. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 63-77.
Geophysical applications of satellite altimetry

Publications related to geophysical applications of Seasat and Geosat altimetry are reviewed for the period 1987-1990. Problems discussed include geoid and gravity errors, regional geoid heights and gravity anomalies, local gravity field/flexure, plate tectonics, and gridded geoid heights/gravity anomalies.
Analog design in the information age

Electronics, broadly defined here as that corpus of knowledge amassed particularly since WW2 days about signal generation, processing and display using low-inertia electrical elements, is at a critical turning point. We are immersed in two paradigm shifts simultaneously. First is the transformation of this entire field, but especially the classical analog circuit domain, from a largely technological craft into a commodity business. Design - the choice of form and features, the introduction of key innovative advances, and the optimization of our products through a succession of expert trade-offs while grudgingly recognized as necessary, is increasingly perceived as just a subservient aspect of the struggle to greater competitiveness, profitability and shareholder value. The prevailing view is that time to market and cost are more important than elegance and finesse. This shift in priorities portends the demise of the custom-designed product, to be replaced by Lego-block systems implemented by the re-use of standard analog cells in just the same way as has happened in the digital field. The second paradigm shift is the ascendancy of the Bit and the common expectation of a digital solution for every problem and an inherently better solution, just by being digital. Are these assertions about the future shape of our industry really true? This paper will. answer that the first is an oversimplification, and that the second is a sheer miscalculation.
Aftershocks of the Benham nuclear explosion

abstract The Benham nuclear explosion, a 1.1 megaton test 1.4 km beneath Pahute Mesa at the Nevada Test Site, initiated a sequence of earthquakes lasting several months. The epicenters of these shocks were located within 13 km of ground zero in several linear zones that parallel the regional fault trends. Focal depths range from near surface to 6 km. The earthquakes are not located in the zone of the major ground breakage. The earthquake distribution and fault plane solutions together indicate that both right-lateral strike-slip fault movement and dip-slip fault movement occurred. The explosion apparently caused the release of natural tectonic strain.
Voltage and blockade state optimization of cluster-enhanced nanopore spectrometry

Recent work described the use of thiolate-capped gold clusters (Au25(SG)18) with nanopore sensing to increase the residence time of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in an alpha hemolysin pore [Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 11077]. It was shown that the residence time enhancement narrows the peaks in the PEG-induced current blockade distribution, thus increasing the resolving power of the single molecule nanopore spectrometry (SMNS) technique. Here, we further study the interaction between the cluster and PEG with the goal of optimizing the residence time enhancement for SMNS detection. Specifically, we report the voltage dependence of the enhancement effect and show that, under the conditions studied, the cluster-enhanced residence time is maximized at an applied transmembrane potential near 60 mV. Additionally, we show that the PEG residence time depends on the degree to which the cluster blocks current through the pore and that the PEG on-rate to the pore can be more accurately measured with a cluster in the pore. Finally, we develop a model that describes the cluster-induced shift of the PEG current blockade distribution. We use this model to characterize the interaction between the cluster and PEG and show that it scales linearly with the applied voltage as expected from the proposed enhancement mechanism.
Large umbilical cord hemangioma: sonographic features with surgical pathologic correlation.

Umbilical cord tumors are rare occurrences with various pathologic features, and prenatal differentiation is often very difficult. Familiarity with their existence and their associated anomalies will increase the accuracy of diagnosis and prevent unnecessary interventional procedures before delivery that have the potential risk of fetal mortality. We present a case of maternal preeclampsia associated with a large umbilical cord mass. Postnatal findings confirmed a solid-cord hemangioma and localized cystic degeneration of Wharton jelly.
Multiple symmetric positive solutions of a class of boundary value problems for higher order ordinary differential equations

In this paper, the authors consider the boundary value problem (E) x (2m) (t) + (-1) m+1 f(x(t)) = 0, 0 < t < 1, (B) x (2i) (0) = x (2i) (1) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, …, m - 1, and give sufficient conditions for the existence of any number of symmetric positive solutions of (E)-(B). The relationships between the results in this paper and some recent work by Henderson and Thompson (Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 128 (2000), 2373-2379) are discussed.
Fever of unknown origin: due toC. albicans or other fungi acting on the hypothalamus?

Abstract Recently, it was shown that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contaminated with the fungus Trichosporon beigelii produces an intense fever when the organism is microinjected directly into the thermosensitive region of the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area (AH/POA). The purpose of this study was to determine if the AH/POA possesses a corresponding sensitivity to another fungal organism, Candida albicans . In adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, an intracerebral cannula was implanted stereotaxically above the AH/POA and a radio transmitter for the continous recording of body temperature (T b ) was placed in the peritoneal cavity. After recovery, one of two solutions was microinjected in the AH/POA: a pyrogen-free, filtered artificial CSF and a second cultured with C. albicans in a concentration of∼12x10 8 organisms/ml. Whereas the filtered CSF failed to evoke a significant rise inT b , C. albicans produced a febrile response of 0.8–1.5°C in the rats within 1 h after its microinjection into the AH/POA. This fever persisted typically for≥12 h but after 24 hT b returned to the baseline. Histological examination of the cerebral tissue postmortem revealed focally extensive granulomatous encephalitis with disseminated inflammation throughout the parenchyma of rats given repeated microinjections of C. albicans . Since C. albicans is highly potent pyrogen acting directly on thermosensitive neurons, it is envisaged that a massive accumulation of the organism within the brain could be responsible pathologically for the protracted fever “of unknown origin” which gives rise to clinical morbidity.
Characterizing the boundary between California annual grassland and coastal sage scrub with differential profiles

Differential profiles are used to describe a pattern of vegetation change across the boundary between annual grassland and coastal sage scrub in southern California. Several techniques for deriving differential profiles are compared; profiles derived from multivariate ordination are found to be most informative. Quantitative description of the vegetation boundaries by differential profiles permitted their classification into two categories of abrupt boundaries and three categories of gradual transitions. Differences between these boundary types appear to be the result of differences in soil texture and compaction, degree of disturbance, and spatial distribution of disturbance.
The effect of lumbar sympathectomy on increased tactile sensitivity in spinal nerve ligated rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the reason for the contradictory results following surgical sympathectomy on increased tactile sensitivity in spinal nerve ligated rats. For this purpose, firstly the results of L5 spinal nerve ligation alone and both L5 and L6 (L5/6) spinal nerve ligation were compared in Sprague-Dawley rats. Secondly, the difference in tactile sensitivity between the plantar surface (the middle glabrous area on the foot pads of the hind paw) and on the toe (the proximal half of the third and fourth toe of the hind paw) after the spinal nerve injury was studied. Third, we divided the L5 spinal nerve ligated rats into two groups, (i.e. low and high threshold groups) based on the degree of tactile sensitivity and investigated the effect of surgical lumbar sympathectomy (L2-L5) on tactile sensitivity in both the plantar and toe areas. The results show that the tactile sensitivities of L5 spinal nerve ligated rats and L5/6 spinal nerve ligated rats were not different. However, tactile sensitivities of the plantar surface were less than those of toe area suggesting that the response from toe is a better indicator of neuropathic pain. Surgical sympathectomy reduced the response from only the toe area and only in the low threshold group. These results suggest that the reason for the contradictory results of surgical sympathectomy in spinal nerve ligation models is, at least in part, the difference in the degree of mechanical allodynia in each study.
Allosteric Regulation of Vaccinia Virus Ribonucleotide Reductase, Analyzed by Simultaneous Monitoring of Its Four Activities *

Abstract As determined by simultaneous monitoring of its four activities, vaccinia virus-coded ribonucleoside diphosphate (rNDP) reductase shows responses to individual nucleoside triphosphate effectors—ATP, dATP, dGTP, and dTTP—similar to those previously reported for rNDP reductase of mouse, which the viral enzyme closely resembles. This investigation uses the vaccinia enzyme as a readily available and convenient model for understanding the cellular enzyme. As previously reported for T4 phage aerobic rNDP reductase, we found the relative activities of ADP, CDP, GDP, and UDP reduction to be reasonably close to the proportions of the four deoxyribonucleotides in the vaccinia virus genome, but only when the four substrates and the four allosteric effectors were all provided at their approximate intracellular concentrations. GDP reductase levels were somewhat higher, proportionately, than the representation of dGMP in vaccinia virus DNA. To understand this behavior and also to evaluate possible relationships between ribonucleotide reductase control and the very low dGTP pools seen in eukaryotic cells, we carried out substrate saturation experiments with a “bioproportional” mixture containing the four rNDP substrates at their relative in vivoconcentrations as determined from rNDP pool measurements. Reduction of the two purine substrates was inhibited at high concentrations of this mixture, and data suggest that ADP acts as a specific inhibitor of its own reduction and that of GDP. Use of the four-substrate assay revealed also that a mixture of vaccinia virus R1 protein and mouse R2 protein is catalytically active, making this the first reported chimeric rNDP reductase to show biological activity.
Induced creep and creep/fatigue of a nickel-base superalloy at ambient temperatures

The stress controlled fatigue of Nimonic*115, a typical γ’-strengthened nickel-base superalloy, was studied at ambient temperature, using a trapezoidal wave form at 1 Hz, with stresses chosen to produce failure in the lO4 to lO4 cycle range. In tests with maximum stress greater than the proportional limit, most of the fatigue damage occurs within the first few test cycles. Much of this strain is accumulated under static load and is therefore identified as creep strain. Transmission electron microscopy shows that these creep strains occur in slip bands which disrupt the ordered γ’ precipitates. Strain is found to follow a logarithmic time dependence, which suggests a low activation energy mechanism.
Market expansion, cannibalization, and international airline pricing strategy

Abstract We analyze market response and pricing of air travel on the Paris-Abidjan, Ivory Coast route operated by a French airline, Union des Transports Aeriens (UTA). We measure the impact of price on the overall size of the market, and examine the nature, pattern, and extent of cannibalization using a set of econometric models for overall passenger volume and for each fare class share. Our analysis shows that (1) only one class of fares expands the market; (2) cannibalization is very significant and highly asymmetric; (3) even small deviations from optimal prices substantially reduce profit. Based on these estimated models, we forecast demand for air travel and calculate optimal fares. We discuss how these models and results were used by UTA and the impact they had on pricing strategy.
Low-overhead software transactional memory with progress guarantees and strong semantics

Software transactional memory offers an appealing alternative to locks by improving programmability, reliability, and scalability. However, existing STMs are impractical because they add high instrumentation costs and often provide weak progress guarantees and/or semantics. This paper introduces a novel STM called LarkTM that provides three significant features. (1) Its instrumentation adds low overhead except when accesses actually conflict, enabling low single-thread overhead and scaling well on low-contention workloads. (2) It uses eager concurrency control mechanisms, yet naturally supports flexible conflict resolution, enabling strong progress guarantees. (3) It naturally provides strong atomicity semantics at low cost. LarkTM's design works well for low-contention workloads, but adds significant overhead under higher contention, so we design an adaptive version of LarkTM that uses alternative concurrency control for high-contention objects. An implementation and evaluation in a Java virtual machine show that the basic and adaptive versions of LarkTM not only provide low single-thread overhead, but their multithreaded performance compares favorably with existing high-performance STMs.
The concept of the household: Linking behavior and genetic analyses

The household is a species-characteristic system of social, spatial, and material relations in which an individual interacts with and adjusts to his habitat. Genetically, the household can be viewed as that system and systems level in which individuals coordinate genetic and energetic investments in lineal and collateral descendants, and in which generational cohorts coordinate individual investments in their own and allied lineages. Elsewhere we have reviewed household organizations from the standpoint of behavior in evolution. Here we discuss (1) the utility of the household as an analytic concept which bridges behavior and genetics; (2) the systematic ways in which households influence kin recognition and mate choice; and (3) variation in genetic structure of household across cultures, which remains largely unexamined: —attention to such variation in conjunction with analysis of differences in household organization should yield insights into behavioral regulation of genetic exchange and the role of the household in determining local population structure.
The Effect of Ammonium Chloride and Fluid Velocity on the Corrosion Behavior of Copper in Sodium Bicarbonate Solutions

Abstract The effect of ammonium chloride additions on the corrosion behavior of copper in 1 N sodium bicarbonate solutions has been characterized using a rotating ring-ring linear cyclic voltammetr...
Evaluating the Benefits and Potential Costs of Automation Delegation for Supervisory Control of Multiple UAVs

Previous studies have begun exploring the possibility that “adaptable” automation, in which tasks are delegated to intelligent automation by the user, can preserve the benefits of automation while minimizing its costs. One approach to adaptable automation is the Playbook®interface, which has been used in previous research and has shown performance enhancements as compared to other automation approaches. However, additional investigations are warranted to evaluate both benefits and potential costs of adaptable automation. The present study incorporated a delegation interface into a new display and simulation system, the multiple unmanned aerial vehicle simulator (MUSIM), to allow for flexible control over three unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) at three levels of delegation abstraction. Task load was manipulated by increasing the frequency of primary and secondary task events. Additionally, participants experienced an unanticipated event that was not a good fit for the higher levels of delegation abstraction...
An Examination of the Relation of Gender, Mass Media Influence, and Loneliness to Disordered Eating Among College Students

Previous research has found that mass media influence and loneliness relate to disordered eating behaviors in women, but little is known about this relation in men. The present study examined the relations among disordered eating patterns, gender, mass media influence, and loneliness in male and female college students. Results of a stepwise regression revealed that disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (as measured by the Eating Attitudes Test-26) were predicted by mass media influence, gender, and loneliness, respectively. In the present study both male and female college students appear susceptible to developing disordered eating patterns. Clinicians may wish to address unrealistic comparisons to media and client interpersonal skills when designing treatment plans.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPOSITION OF GUANETHIDINE IN THE RAT AND ITS UPTAKE BY HEART SLICES.

Abstract Guanethidine, administered intravenously to rats (3·5–28 mg/kg) becomes localized in a number of tissues. After 2 hr, the tissue/plasma concentration ratios are about 20 for heart, 10–12 for lung and intestine, 5–6 for skeletal muscle, spleen and kidney, and 2 for liver. The general pattern of distribution changes with time: localization is greatest in liver and kidney in the beginning, and later becomes greatest in heart and skeletal muscle. Although guanethidine is rapidly metabolized and excreted in urine during the first hr after administration, it is well protected once it has become localized in heart and skeletal muscle. After the first hr, the biological half-time of the drug is approximately 8 hr. Ultra-filtration studies show that guanethidine is bound to tissue components of heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver, with heart components having the greatest affinity for the compound. The drug is not appreciably bound to plasma proteins. Slices of rat heart take up guanethidine by two different processes, one of which requires oxygen, is saturable, and is blocked by amphetamine. The uptake and accumulation of guanethidine by the heart is discussed in terms of diffusion, specialized transport processes, and intracellular binding, and the possibility is considered that symphathetic nerve endings constitute one of the sites of accumulation.
Development of a Transportable Dual-comb Spectrometer for Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases Over Kilometer-scale Air Paths

We report on the recent work at NIST to develop new frequency comb sources to perform spectroscopy of carbon dioxide, methane and oxygen in the atmosphere over 1 to 4 kilometer free-space paths.
ENERGY REQUIREMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CITRUS PRODUCTION IN TURKEY

Abstract The aim of this research was to examine the energy requirements of the inputs and output in citrus production in the Antalya province of Turkey. Data for the production of citrus fruits (orange, lemon and mandarin) were collected from 105 citrus farms by using a face to face questionnaire method. The research results revealed that lemon production was the most energy intensive among the three fruits investigated. The energy input of chemical fertilizer (49.68%), mainly nitrogen, has the biggest share in the total energy inputs followed by Diesel (30.79%). The lemon production consumed a total of 62 977.87 MJ/ha followed by orange and mandarin with 60 949.69 and 48 838.17 MJ/ha, respectively. The energy ratios for orange, mandarin and lemon were estimated to be 1.25, 1.17 and 1.06, respectively. On average, the non-renewable form of energy input was 95.90% of the total energy input used in citrus production compared to only 3.74% for the renewable form. The benefit–cost ratio was the highest in orange production (2.37) followed by lemon. The results indicate that orange production in the research area is most remunerative to growers compared to lemon and mandarin.
Chemical gradients in sediment cores from an EPA reference site off the farallon islands — Assessing chemical indicators of dredged material disposal in the deep sea

Heavy metal and organic contaminants have been determined in undisturbed sediment cores from the US Environmental Protection Agency reference site for dredged material on the continental slope off San Francisco. As expected, the concentrations are significantly lower than toxic effects guidelines, but concentrations of PCBs, PAHs, Hg, Pb, and Clostridium perfringens (a bacterium spore found in sewage) were nearly two or more times greater in the surface sediments than in intervals deeper in the cores. These observations indicate the usefulness of measuring concentration gradients in sediments at the San Francisco deep ocean disposal site (SF-DODS) where a thin (0.5 cm thick) layer of dredged material has been observed beyond the boundary. This thin layer has not been chemically characterized by the common practice of homogenizing over the top 10 cm. An estimated 300 million cubic yards of dredged material from San Francisco Bay are expected to be discharged at the SF-DODS site during the next 50 years. Detailed depth analysis of sediment cores would add significant new information about the fate and effects of dredged material in the deep sea.
Nitrinergic and peptidergic innervations and their inter-relationships in human colon

Abstract The distribution and colocalization of nitrinergic and peptidergic nerves were examined in six human colons. The tissues were fixed, cryosectioned, and standard immunohistochemistry was performed for several known neuropeptides. The same sections were stained for NADPH-diaphorase to denote nitric oxide synthase. NADPH-diaphorase-positive myenteric neurons were counted and colocalization noted for each peptide, as well as for peptide terminations. Galanin was the only neuropeptide that colocalized to a significant extent (23.0±7.21%) with NADPH-diaphorase-positive myenteric neurons. Many neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers had extensive terminations onto NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was the only neuropeptide that colocalized with NADPH-diaphorase to any extent in nerve fibers within circular muscle (59.5±9.3%). Fiber distribution in the longitudinal muscles showed a similar, but less dense pattern. These observations provide morphological evidence for the presence of nitric oxide, a candidate nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmitter in the human colon.
Effect of substrates on electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme: some possible applications.

Abstract When very low concentrations of substrates or inhibitors are present in the buffer, the electrophoretic mobilities of aldolases and FDPases are specifically affected. This phenomenon may be employed to evaluate purity of enzyme preparations and for studies of substrate and inhibitor binding.
Antibodies to N‐terminal peptides of gonococcal porin are bactericidal when gonococcal lipopolysaccharide is not sialylated

Six synthetic 25-mer peptides corresponding to certain presumed surface-exposed regions of gonococcal porin protein I (PI) were made from strains FA19 (PIA) and MS11 (PIB). Four peptides were immunogenic in rabbits. Affinity-purified antisera against both PIA and PIB N-terminal peptides were bactericidal for homologous gonococci and many heterologous PI serovars. However, sialylation of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by growth of gonococci in the presence of cytidine monophosphate-neuraminic acid (CMP-NANA) abrogated the bactericidal activity of these antisera. Binding of anti-PI monoclonal antibodies to whole gonococci was reduced two- to fourfold by sialylation of LPS, suggesting that sialylation may inhibit bactericidal activity by masking porin epitopes. However, binding of anti-PII (Opa) monoclonal antibodies was not inhibited, yet complement-mediated killing was inhibited by sialylated LPS. Binding of complement components C3 and C9 was inhibited in the presence of either anti-PI or anti-PII monoclonals when gonococci were grown in the presence of CMP-NANA. Thus sialylation inhibited both anti-PI antibody binding and complement deposition, with a resultant decrease in bactericidal activity.
Bilingual Education Teachers' Beliefs and Their Relation to Self-Reported Practices

Abstract This exploratory survey study investigated teachers' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and how these beliefs influenced self-reported practices. An epistemological framework was used to explore these bilingual teachers' beliefs (N = 176). A bi-methodological approach was used to analyze the data. Themes for open-ended responses were identified and triangulated with descriptive findings. Multivariate analysis determined the relationships between variables. Findings demonstrated that bilingual teachers have specific beliefs about how bilingual children learn. Results indicated that prior experiences do influence bilingual teachers' beliefs, especially professional teaching. A theoretical, philosophically grounded teacher preparation program is considered vital in the preparation of effective teachers, for there to be a congruity between beliefs and practices. Lastly, to understand classroom realities, the exploration of teachers' beliefs, formations of beliefs, and the influence of beliefs on t...
Predictors of placement for children who initially remained in their homes after an investigation for abuse or neglect.

Abstract Objective To examine the frequency and predictors of out-of-home placement in a 30-month follow-up for a nationally representative sample of children investigated for a report of maltreatment who remained in their homes following the index child welfare report. Methods Data came from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW), a 3-year longitudinal study of 5,501 youth 0–14 years old referred to child welfare agencies for potential maltreatment between 10/1999 and 12/2000. These analyses focused on the children who had not been placed out-of-home at the baseline interview and examined child, family and case characteristics as predictors of subsequent out-of-home placement. Weighted logistic regression models were used to determine which baseline characteristics were related to out-of-home placement in the follow-up. Results For the total study sample, predictors of placement in the 30-month follow-up period included elevated Conflict Tactics Scale scores, prior history of child welfare involvement, high family risk scores and caseworkers’ assessment of likelihood of re-report without receipt of services. Higher family income was protective. For children without any prior child welfare history (incident cases), younger children, low family income and a high family risk score were strongly related to subsequent placement but receipt of services and case workers’ assessments were not. Conclusions/practice implications Family risk variables are strongly related to out-of-home placement in a 30-month follow-up, but receipt of child welfare services is not related to further placements. Considering family risk factors and income, 25% of the children who lived in poor families, with high family risk scores, were subsequently placed out-of-home, even among children in families who received child welfare services. Given that relevant evidence-based interventions are available for these families, more widespread tests of their use should be explored to understand whether their use could make a substantial difference in the lives of vulnerable children.
Optical Evaluation Techniques For Reflecting Solar Concentrators

Reflecting solar concentrators must possess good specular reflectance and optical quality. Quantitative techniques to evaluate beam spreading have been developed to allow analysis of concentrator performance. These techniques, known as bidirectional reflectometry and laser ray trace inspection, are summarized and examples of their usefulness for evaluation of solar concentrators are given. Data on contour errors found in model parabolas of various constructions and data on the specular reflectance of common mirror materials are included. A data format is outlined which allows the experimental results to be used for collector design, quality control and/or concentrator specification.
Nursing as the promotion of well‐being: the client's experience

An essential question of the discipline of nursing is: What do nurses do to promote the client's well-being? Using a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to inquiry, this study explored the client's experience of nursing as the promotion of well-being, explicating in three distinct metathemes the meaning of well-being as transforming and nursing as caring. Based on this critical view of nursing, prospective directions for education, research and practice are suggested.
Multiscale modeling using goal-oriented adaptivity and numerical homogenization. Part I: Mathematical formulation and numerical results

Abstract This paper is the first in this series to develop a numerical homogenization method for heterogeneous media and integrate it with goal-oriented finite element mesh adaptivity. We describe the physical application, Step and Flash Imprint Lithography, in brief and present the mathematical ideas and numerical verification. The method requires the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of element stiffness matrices. Algorithms for efficiently computing the pseudoinverse of sparse matrices will be presented in the second paper. The purpose of numerical homogenization is to reduce the number of degrees of freedom, find locally optimal effective material properties, and perform goal-oriented mesh refinement. Traditionally, a finite element mesh is designed after obtaining material properties in different regions. The mesh has to resolve material discontinuities and rapid variations in the solution. In our approach, however, we generate a sequence of coarse meshes (possibly 1-irregular), and homogenize material properties on each coarse mesh element using a locally posed constrained convex quadratic optimization problem. This upscaling is done using the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of the linearized fine-scale element stiffness matrices, and a material-independent interpolation operator. Numerical verification is done using a two dimensional conductivity problem with known analytical limit. Finally, we present results for two and three dimensional geometries. The results show that this method uses orders of magnitude fewer degrees of freedom to give fast and approximate solutions of the original fine-scale problem.
The wand chooses the wizard: What I learned on my way to geriatric oncology

Abstract Geriatric oncology just makes sense. Cancers are age-associated diseases and one cannot treat one without attending to the other. We are in the phase of professional evolution now where we need to develop, test and report on models of care that fuse knowledge and tools of both fields.
Building Social Networks in Persistent Video Surveillance

Social networks are a beneficial analysis tool in counterterrorism and counterinsurgent activities. The difficulty lies in the amount of time and resources it takes to construct a social network. By exploiting existing 24-hour overhead persistent video, we can build a social network from vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to building interactions. This paper demonstrates building a social network from vehicle tracks based on their interactions in an urban environment. From this social network we can see relationships among actors and their locations of interest. This information provides additional intelligence about terrorist activities to exploit them.
Solvent Selection and Productivity in Multiphase Biotransformation Systems

The 11-beta hydroxylation of the steroid precursor Reichstein's substance S (cortexolone) to hydrocortisone by Curvularia lunata cells is used as a model system for investigating the basis of the effect of solvent choice on multiphase biotransformation reaction kinetics. The effect of solvent choice and phase ratio on cellular toxicity and productivity is examined in batch suspension cultures. In general, the greater the miscibility of the solvent with the aqueous phase, the more cellular toxicity it exhibits. However, the presence of solvent at concentrations above the solubility limit showed no increased toxic effect over that achieved with saturation concentrations. Toxicity experiments indicate that of the solvents examined octane is the least toxic to the Curvularia lunata substance S biotransformation system under consideration. The production of hydrocortisone is determined to be approximately 20 times greater during the growth phase than during the stationary phase. The phase ratio of the organic solvent added has a significant effect on the productivity of the system. It was found that there is an increase in productivity with an increase in the phase ratio of the organic solvent added. Reaction kinetics are examined, and the increase in productivity with increasing amounts of organic solvent is attributed to the increase in concentration of the steroid reactant in the system.
Certification and Design Issues for Rudder Control Systems in Transport Aircraft

A recent transport aircraft accident involving inappropriate rudder inputs by the pilot flying has led to a series of National Transportation Safety Board recommendations regarding certification. In particular, certification standards are sought that will ensure safe handling qualities in the yaw axis throughout the flight envelope, including limits for rudder pedal sensitivity. This study is offered as a first step in establishing such standards. A review of current Code of Federal Regulations part 25 as regards rudder control is briefly summarized, as are pertinent sections of Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular 25-7A-Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes. An analytical investigation of possible piloting tasks for assessing rudder pedal force/ feel systems is presented. The tasks reflect the philosophy of advisory circular 25-7A. A comparison of the pedal force/ feel systems for three transport aircraft and four rotorcraft is presented. Three parameters for assessing the quality of pedal and rudder systems are discussed, a linearity index, maximum required pedal forces, and lateral acceleration at the pilot's station per unit of pedal force input above breakout.
The right stuff: advanced methods in neuropsychology today.

Abstract It is highly unlikely that neuropsychologist researchers and clinicians are in much better shape today than their nonneuropsychological scientific contemporaries in terms of the constraints on their progress. That is, merely having the brain and the mind as an investigational focus does not provide us with any particular freedom from the need to gauge our advances carefully against realistic scientific standards of evidence. It would be comforting, but thoroughly misleading, to actually believe Public Television documentaries that tell us how wonderful we have become.
School-to-Life Transition: Perceptions of Youth in Behavior Intervention Programs.

Seven high school students with emotional disturbance were interviewed regarding their perceptions of their school experiences in preparation for transition. Students received support services from a behavior intervention program but spent the majority of the school day in general education classes. Interview data were collectively coded and transition related themes were identified including curricular relevance and student engagement, postsecondary employment, social supports, and independent living skills. Findings regarding the identified themes are presented. This study highlights the need for student participation in transition programming and to provide education relevant to postsecondary aspirations. Implications, future research directions, and limitations are also discussed.
Defending the Home: Ossian Sweet and the Struggle Against Segregation in 1920s Detroit

\ X / hen I opened the door I saw V V the mob and I realized I was facing the same mob that had hounded my people throughout our entire history. I was filled with a fear that only one could expe rience who knows the history and strivings of my race" (1). To understand these words and to know the history of the Sweet case, in which Ossian Sweet and ten other African Americans were acquitted of ^^^ murder for defending Sweet's home against a white mob, is to know the history of segregation in America. Although much American history has been written as if segregation was not effectively challenged before the 1954 Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education, a more careful examination of African-American racial struggle in the twentieth cen tury reveals a legacy of resistance to segregation in the courts and in the streets. The Sweet case gripped the nation's attention in 1925 and 1926 as race riots became commonplace, the Ku Klux Klan's influence grew, and rapid urbaniza tion and industrialization created an array of new urban problems. Indeed, a close examination of the events surrounding the Sweet case reveals a neglected side of the seemingly upbeat Jazz age?a side of vio lence, racial intolerance, and segregation. However, it also demonstrates the ongoing growth of African-American self-determi nation and struggle in a rapidly changing urban America. In June of 1925, Sweet purchased a house in the northeast section of Detroit, a largely white immigrant neighborhood. Because the previous owners had been an
New data on the use of lithium, divalproate, and lamotrigine in rapid cycling bipolar disorder

The rapid cycling variant of bipolar disorder is defined as the occurrence of four periods of either manic or depressive illness within 12 months. Patients suffering from this variant of bipolar disorder have an unmet need for effective treatment. This review examines two major studies in an attempt to update understanding of the current therapies available to treat rapid cycling patients. The first trial compares lamotrigine versus placebo in 182 patients studied for 6 months. The second is a recently completed, 20-month trial comparing divalproate and lithium in 60 patients. Both trials had a double-blind, randomized parallel-group design. The data from the latter study indicate that there are no large differences in efficacy between lithium and divalproate in the long-term treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. In addition, lamotrigine has the potential to complement the spectrum of lithium and divalproate through its greater efficacy for depressive symptoms.
Influences of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide on hepatic fibrogenesis.

Background/Aims: This study determined the roles of NAD(P)H oxidase, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which generates nitric oxide (NO) on the development of hepatic fibrosis in mice. Methods: Hepatic fibrosis was produced by carbon tetrachloride administered for 12 weeks in wild-type (WT) mice and in mice with knockout of either the gp91phox subunit of the NAD(P)H complex (gp91phox−/−) or of iNOS (iNOS−/−). Results: Liver fibrosis and hydroxyproline after carbon tetrachloride was lower in gp91phox−/− and in iNOS−/− mice than in WT mice. The increase in α2(I) collagen mRNA was absent in the gp91phox−/− but not in the iNOS−/− mice. Transformation growth factor β (TGF-β) mRNA was increased more in the gp91phox−/− than in the WT mice, while in the iNOS−/− mice there was no increase in TGF-β mRNA. 3-Nitrotyrosine was similarly increased by carbon tetrachloride in gp91phox−/− and WT mice, while there was no increase in the iNOS−/− mice. Conclusions: Deficiencies in NAD(P)H oxidase and in iNOS separately reduce, but do not eliminate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Likely causes for this inhibitory effects are decreases in the production of ROS in NAD(P)H deficiency and of peroxinitrite radicals in iNOS deficiency.