cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentialities of monthly doses of camoquin and a gametocidal drug in malaria control.

1. (1) Iso-pentaquine eliminated P. falciparum gametocytes in four children within 5 days. During a relapse treated with chloroquine alone, they showed numerous gametocytes for 4 weeks. 2. (2) In adults, 45 to 60 mg. of primaquine are required to produce a gametocidal effect similar to that of 20 mg. of iso-pentaquine. 3. (3) Camoquin has no demonstrable direct effect on P. falciparum gametocytes. 4. (4) By means of a lottery to stimulate co-operation of the mothers and a rapid if forcible method of administering the drugs, 114 children, 6 months to 6 years of age, were given one to three treatments of 100–200 mg. camoquin and 15–30 mg. of primaquine at monthly intervals.At the height of the malaria season, 83 of these children who had received two or three doses showed no falciparum parasites and only 15 per cent. showed vivax parasites. On the same day in the same area, of 31 untreated children 19.7 per cent. showed falciparum parasites and 41.9 per cent. vivax parasites. 5. (5) Some difficulties inherent in the behaviour of the falciparum infection are briefly mentioned to explain paucity of gametocyte carriers in places investigated. 6. (6) These observations suggest that falciparum malaria could be eliminated and vivax and quartan greatly reduced by monthly doses of camoquin and primaquine, and that this method should be tried in a large scale experiment with 2,000–5,000 subjects over a 2-year period. 7. (7) A single adult dose of 450 mg. camoquin and 60 mg. primaquine monthly for 3 months should provide considerable protection in epidemics that occur following the cessation of any long term insecticidal programme.It may be possible to discontinue the primaquine after the first 3 months.
Reduction of signal suppression effects in ESI-MS using a nanosplitting device.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a valuable tool in the identification and quantification of drug metabolites in biological fluids. However, there are many instances where matrix components present in these fluids interfere with analyte detection and prevent the acquisition of accurate or complete results. In some instances, the matrix can suppress ionization to such an extent that analytes are completely undetectable by MS. In this work, we investigate how ionization and ion-transfer efficiencies are affected by drastically reducing the flow into the MS. A postcolumn concentric flow-splitting device was constructed to allow the measurement of analyte signal and ionization suppression across a range of flow rates (0.1−200 μL/min). Using this device, the effects of flow rate on signal intensity and ionization suppression were measured in analytical experiments that included flow injection analysis MS, postcolumn addition LC−MS, and on-line LC−MS analysis of metabolites generated from rat liver ...
Personality correlates of student commitment to social action.

Summary Student commitment to social action during a student confrontation was evaluated in terms of perceived locus of control, interpersonal trust, and need for social approval. Results showed that position, pro or con, regarding the free speech issue was not related to personality measures. Need for social approval was strongly related to commitment; Ss low in need approval indicated most commitment. Internals, relative to externals, showed only a tendency toward greater commitment. Internals low in need for approval expressed most commitment to social action, while externals high in need for approval showed least commitment. Contrary to expectations, interpersonal trust did not interact with locus of control, nor was it directly related to level of commitment to social action.
Flow cytometric analysis of neutrophil subsets in thermally injured patients developing infection

The expression of CD11b (CR3, complement receptor type three), CD16 (FcR, Fc IgG receptor), and CD35 (CR1, complement receptor type one) on neutrophils obtained from thermally injured patients was examined using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Because defects in neutrophil function have been related to an increased risk of infection and death following thermal injury, we compared changes in neutrophil subpopulations following thermal injury with the onset of infection. Neutrophils from 34 patients with large thermal injuries were monitored weekly for CD11, CD16, and CD35. Changes in the cell surface antigens over time were compared with the incidence of bacteremia and pneumonia. Although the percentages of CD16+ CD11+ neutrophils were suppressed in almost all patients, the changes which occur in each individual patient rather than the actual values appear to be of major importance. Patients developing bacteremia or pneumonia displayed a significant reduction in both the percentage and absolute number of CD16+ CD11+ neutrophils compared to their preinfection values. The values did not increase until the infections were completely cleared. Patients remaining free of bacteremia or pneumonia usually had lower than normal percentages of CD16+ and CD11+ neutrophils with no predictable pattern being noted. The percentage of CD35+ neutrophils dropped within 1 week following thermal injury in all patients but did not correlate with the onset of infections.
Dental treatment intensity in frail older adults in the last year of life

Background Palliative care focusing on pain and infection is recommended for patients who are terminally ill. It is difficult to implement this strategy in practice because of the lack of clear guidelines. The authors conducted a study to examine dental treatment provided to a group of long-term care (LTC) residents in the last year of life.
Disintegration Scheme of Rb 83

The decay of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{83}$ has been determined to proceed by electron capture to an excited state of ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{83}$ which is 0.566 Mev above the ground state. This excited state is depopulated exclusively by emission of a 0.525-Mev gamma ray ($M1$) to the 0.041-Mev state, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{83m}$. Little or no electron capture direct to the 0.041-Mev level or to lower levels occurs. The spin-parity designation of the 0.566-Mev state is ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, and that of the ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{83}$ ground state is ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$.
Parathormone and calcitonin in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia (HOC) is common in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM), premature newborns (NB), and asphyxiated infants. In addition, it is more frequent in boys than in girls. To investigate the cause of HOC, we have measured serum calcium, RIA-parathormone (PTH), and calcitonin (CT) in IDM, premature, and asphyxiated NB during the first week of life. These subjects were compared to healthy term infants as well as a group of neonates with documented HOC (Ca ≤ 7.5 mg/dl). Mean PTH and CT concentrations were similar in both sexes and in vaginal (n=188) and cesarean section deliveries (124), and there was no difference between small (18), appropriate (144), and large (42) for date term NB. Serum PTH in premature NB, however, was significantly lower (p<0.05) and CT concentrations were higher (p<0.01) than in term NB. IDM had low PTH levels (p<0.05), but CT concentrations were not different from controls. Asphyxiated infants had both, elevated PTH and CT levels (p<0.01). Mean PTH concentrations in hypocalcemic NB were not different from controls, but CT levels were higher than in any other infant group (p<0.001). These data suggest that hypercalcitoninemia and hypoparathyroidism alone may cause HOC, but that the risk of HOC is particularly high in infants with combined hypoparathyroidism and hypercalcitoninemia.
Practical Aspects of Copper Ion-Based Double Electron Electron Resonance Distance Measurements

We present experimental conditions that lead to high-quality Cu2+-based double electron electron resonance (DEER) data. Such experiments are feasible at temperature of about 20 K, and sample concentrations in the range of 0.15–1.5 mM. By systematically investigating the effects of pulse lengths, we find that observer π pulse lengths of 20–48 ns provide reasonable modulation depths as well as signals. The length of the pump pulse needs to be minimized (16 ns in our case). For a Cu2+–Cu2+ DEER measurement, the optimal frequency offset is about 100 MHz. For a Cu2+–nitroxide DEER measurement, the frequency offset is often varied in the range of 100–500 MHz, to probe orientational selectivity. For both cases, the frequency of the pump pulse should be smaller than the observer pulse in order to obtain a larger modulation depth.
Natural superconvergent points of triangular finite elements

In this work, we analytically identify natural superconvergent points of function values and gradients for triangular elements. Both the Poisson equation and the Laplace equation are discussed for polynomial finite element spaces (with degrees up to 8) under four different mesh patterns. Our results verify computer findings of Babuska et al., especially, we confirm that the computed data have 9 digits of accuracy with an exception of one pair (which has 8-7 digits of accuracy). In addition, we demonstrate that the function value superconvergent points predicted by the symmetry theory of Schatz et al. are the only superconvergent points for the Poisson equation. Finally, we provide function value superconvergent points for the Laplace equation, which are not reported elsewhere in the literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2004.
Accumulation-layer surface-wave convolver

A new type of coupled silicon-lithium-niobate convolver is reported, in which a known accumulation layer of electrons was produced at the silicon surface. By applying a normal electric field, the electron density was varied, and the convolution signal was a strong function of this surface charge density.
Extent and Timeliness of Tissue Repair Determines the Dose-Related Hepatotoxicity of Chloroform

As a part of mixture toxicity studies, the objective of the present investigation was to validate the hypothesis that the rate and extent of liver tissue repair response to a given dose determines the end result of toxicity (death or recovery), regardless of the mechanisms by which injury is inflicted, using a well-known environmental pollutant, chloroform (CHCl(3)). In future, the data will be used to compare with the results of mixtures containing CHCl(3) to aid in characterizing the safety of chemical mixtures and to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for dose, route, and species extrapolation. Hepatotoxicity and tissue repair were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats (S-D) receiving a 10-fold dose range of CHCl(3) (74, 185, 370, and 740 mg/kg, IP) during a time course of 0 to 96 hours. Liver injury, as assessed by plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) elevation, increased with dose over the 10-fold dose range. Because CHCl(3) is also known to cause kidney damage, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured to evaluate the kidney injury. With doses up to 370 mg/kg, liver injury increased in a dose-related fashion, which peaked at 24 hours and returned to normal after 48 hours, whereas at highest dose (740 mg/kg), the injury was progressive resulting in 90% mortality. Blood and liver CHCl(3) levels were quantified using gas chromatography (GC) over a time course of 30 to 360 minutes. The dose-related increase in the blood and liver CHCl(3) levels were consistent with dose-dependent liver injury. Tissue regeneration response, as measured by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into hepatocellular nuclear DNA peaked at 36 hours in rats treated with the lower two doses of CHCl(3) (74 and 185 mg/kg). Further increase in CHCl(3) dose to 370 mg/kg resulted in an earlier increase in [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation at 24 hours, which peaked at 36 hours. However, at the highest dose of CHCl(3) (740 mg/kg), tissue repair was delayed and attenuated, allowing for unrestrained progression of liver injury. The kidney injury markers after CHCl(3) administration were not different from controls. These results support the concept that in addition to the magnitude of tissue repair response, the time at which this response occurs is critical in restraining the progression of injury. Measuring tissue repair and injury as simultaneous biological responses to toxic agents might increase the usefulness of dose-response paradigms in predictive toxicology and risk assessment. Although the dosimetry of the present study was well beyond the environmental exposure levels of CHCl(3), a PBPK model will be developed in future based upon these data to evaluate the effects at environmental levels.
Failure plane orientations for transverse loading of a unidirectional fiber composite

Using a recently developed failure theory for transversely isotropic fiber composites, it is shown how the orientation of the failure surface can be determined for transverse tension and compression. It is also shown that failure surface orientations decompose into those of ductile type versus those of brittle type. Experimental data on failure surface orientations have been obtained for carbon fiber composite systems based on both thermoplastic and thermosetting matrix materials. Average compression failure planes for the different composite materials were measured to range from 31° to 38° from the load axis. Reasonable agreement was obtained between these measured angles and those predicted from application of the new failure theory.
Etiological Contributions to the Covariation between Children's Perceptions of Inter-Parental Conflict and Child Behavioral Problems.

Prior work has suggested that inter-parental conflict likely plays an etiological role in child behavior problems. However, family-level measurement of inter-parental conflict in most traditional child twin studies has made it difficult to tease apart the specific causal mechanisms underlying this association. The Children’s Perception of Inter-parental Conflict scale (CPIC) provides a child-specific measurement tool for examining these questions, as its subscales tap multiple dimensions of conflict assessed from the child’s (rather than the parent’s) perspective. The current study examined (1) the degree of genetic and environmental influence on each of the CPIC subscales, and (2) etiological contributions to the covariation between the CPIC scales and parental reports of child behavioral problems. The CPIC was completed by 1,200 child twins (aged 6–11 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR). Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to assess child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Multivariate models were examined to evaluate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to both the CPIC scales and to their overlap with child behavioral outcomes. Modeling results indicated no significant moderation of sex or age. Significant environmental overlap emerged between the CPIC conflict properties scale and child internalizing and externalizing problems. By contrast, significant genetic correlations emerged between the CPIC self-blame scale and externalizing problems as well as between the CPIC threat scale and internalizing problems. Overall, findings suggest that the subscales of the CPIC are somewhat etiologically diverse and may provide a useful tool for future investigations of possible gene-environment interplay.
Site-selectivity and spin exchange in a double-well optical lattice

We have demonstrated site-selective radio frequency addressing of atoms with subwavelength resolution and a spin-exchange mechanism for a square root of swap gate in a spindependent double-well optical lattice.
Analysis of the northern Sierra accreted terrane, California, with airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner data

Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the northern Sierra accreted terrane and the Sierra Nevada batholith have been distinguished and mapped with the help of data from the airborne thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS). TIMS acquires radiant spectral emittance data in the 8.2 to 12.2 μm (thermal infrared) part of the electromagnetic spectrum, where diagnostic spectral emission features of rocks and minerals occur. These features allow the discrimination of major rock types, because a distinct relation exists between the emissivities of the types of silicate minerals in rocks and the colors in the TIMS false-color imagery. Using a computer-enhanced TIMS image, we have been able to separate silica-rich metasedimentary and felsic igneous rocks from intermediate and mafic igneous rocks. In addition, several previously unmapped phases within the Mesozoic batholith were identified and mapped. These rocks are inseparable on conventional color aerial photography, but they are distinguishable on TIMS imagery. These results suggest that TIMS data should have widespread applicability to geologic mapping in many tectonic settings, including well-exposed batholithic belts, accreted terranes, and Precambrian shield areas.
WE‐C‐201C‐02: Advances in Breast MRI: Clinical and Scientific Perspective

Technology for Breast MRI continues to evolve. A major focus of technical development has been to improve the ability to manage the trade‐off between spatial and temporal resolution in the dynamic contrast enhanced series that is central to breast MRI. Improvement of coil technology, more aggressive use of parallel imaging and the application of novel K — space sampling approaches are all being implemented. In addition, there is significant work related to incorporation of diffusion and spectroscopy data into the breast MRI examination. Finally, there are many academic and commercial groups developing methods of analyzing the multidimensional data acquired as part of an MRI exam to predict diagnosis, characterize cancer and predict treatment response. Research sponsored by Siemens. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand methods to improve breast MRI techniques 2. Understand the potential role of diffusion and spectroscopy in Breast MRI 3. Understand the clinical roles for breast MRI
Comparison of an Improved Compositional Micellar/Polymer Simulator With Laboratory Corefloods

A previously reported micellar/polymer simulator has been improved and is described in two companion papers. In this paper the authors compare numerical simulations using their simulator with both their own and literature experiments. The most significant improvement concerns the phase behavior model used in the simulator. The new model approximately represents the phase behavior of pseudoquaternary mixtures containing surfactant, co-surfactant, oil, and brine. The different effects of sodium and calcium cations in the mixture is accounted for with a new cation exchange model allowing for exchange with both the clays and micelles. A tertiary oil flood experiment is reported which includes a more complete analysis of phase compositions and properties than generally available previously. Produced samples were analyzed for surfactant, alcohol, sodium, calcium, polymer, tritium, water, carbon-14 tagged decane and decane. These plus pressure drop were compared with simulated behavior. Supporting physical property data were used as much as possible to estimate simulator input parameters rather than adjusting or ''history matching'' the results. Agreement with the most important features of the experiment was good. This plus good agreement with an experiment reported by Gupta lead the authors to conclude that a significant improvement over previous efforts has been achieved. Especiallymore » noteworthy is the capability for the first time to account for the chromatographic separation of surfactant and alcohol.« less
Biosynthesis and characterization of (S)-and (R)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A

(S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), the physiologic substrate of HMG-CoA reductase and of HMG-CoA lyase, is available commercially only as (R,S)-HMG-CoA, a mixture of diastereomers. To provide (S)-HMG-CoA for our continuing investigation of HMG-CoA reductase, we used homogeneous, overexpressed Pseudomonas mevalonii HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.88) and an NAD(+)-regenerating system to convert (R)-mevalonate to (S)-HMG-CoA with an overall yield in excess of 50%. We also used P. mevalonii HMG-CoA lyase (EC 4.1.3.4) to prepare (R)-HMG-CoA from (R,S)-HMG-CoA. Each diastereomer was then isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. Large-scale preparations provide for economical production of (S)-HMG-CoA, particularly when recovered coenzyme A is recycled. (S)-HMG-CoA was evaluated as a substrate, and (R)-HMG-CoA as an inhibitor, for the P. mevalonii enzymes HMG-CoA reductase and HMG-CoA lyase, and for Syrian hamster HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34). For both HMG-CoA reductases, (R)-HMG-CoA inhibited competitively with respect to (S)-HMG-CoA. The ratio Ki/Km was 0.7 +/- 0.1 and 0.6 +/- 0.2 for the bacterial and hamster enzymes, respectively. By contrast, (R)-HMG-CoA did not inhibit P. mevalonii HMG-CoA lyase.
Effects of a simple plant morphological mutation on the arthropod community and the impacts of predators on a principal insect herbivore

Plant features that enhance predator effectiveness can be considered extrinsic-resistance factors because they result in reduced insect herbivory. In this paper we test the hypothesis that reduced epicuticular wax (EW) in Pisum sativum L. is an extrinsic-resistance factor contributing to field resistance to Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). We monitored pea aphid populations in the field on reduced EW and normal EW near isolines of peas for two seasons and confirmed that aphid populations are lower on reduced EW peas than on normal EW peas. We also monitored predators within the canopies of the two pea lines to discover community level patterns in response to differences in EW. We found that while predator numbers were similar between the two lines, there were more syrphids on the normal EW peas, and a trend towards more coccinellids on reduced EW peas. We tested the impact of predators on pea aphids on the two EW lines by monitoring their population levels in cages that excluded predators, and in cages that allowed predators to enter. We found that pea aphid populations were similar on the two EW lines when predators were excluded. When predators were allowed access to the plants, pea aphid populations were reduced more on reduced EW peas than on normal EW peas. We also examined the intrinsic resistance to aphids in reduced EW peas with laboratory dual-choice tests comparing aphid response to reduced EW and normal EW peas, and found that walking, apterous aphids displayed no preference for one pea line over the other. Bioassays to measure growth and fecundity of the pea aphid on the two EW types in the greenhouse and in the field showed that intrinsic rate of increase, and other life table parameters, were not different for aphids on the two lines. Together these results support the hypothesis that reduced EW in peas is a predator-dependent extrinsic resistance factor. Genetically reducing EW bloom in peas and other waxy crop plants might improve the effectiveness of arthropod natural enemies of insect pests. More generally, the results show that a subtle change in plant morphology can substantially influence the impact of predators on insect herbivore populations. The benefit of extrinsic resistance to herbivory conferred by reduced EW may balance any benefits of a prominent EW bloom, thereby sustaining EW polymorphisms in some natural plant populations.
Photovoltaic properties of reactively sputtered a-SiHx films

Abstract The effect of hydrogen incorporation on the photovoltaic properties of sputtered a-SiH x films has been studied. By varying the hydrogen partial pressure in the discharge at a substrate temperature of 275°C, films were fabricated having between 11 and 27 at.% of bonded hydrogen. The corresponding optical gaps were between 1.6 and 1.9 eV. The changes in open circuit voltages of Pd Schottky barrier devices made from these films indicated that the corresponding changes in barrier height followed that of the optical gaps. The AMl short circuit currents were found to depend non-monotonically on the partial pressure of hydrogen. The highest current found in this study is consistent with the collection of photogenerated carriers within ∼0.2 μm of the metal/a-SiH x interface. The observed variation in the short circuit currents is interpreted in terms of the modifications in both the defect and intrinsic electronic structure resulting from the hydrogen incorporation.
Colon adenocarcinoma metastatic to the distal extremity.

Cutaneous metastases from colorectal carcinomas are rare manifestations of widespread metastatic disease with poor prognosis. Unusual sites of cutaneous metastasis have been reported in the literature [1–13]. To the authors’ knowledge, this case will be the second case of skin metastasis to the distal leg in colon cancer in the literature. In our case, making the correct diagnosis was challenging because the metastatic soft tissue was superinfected. It is important to recognize suspicious skin lesions in cancer patients as a possible metastatic disease to the skin. Biopsy is very important because the gross appearance of these skin lesions is not distinctive.
"Here, Our Culture Is Hard": Stories of Domestic Violence from a Mayan Community in Belize

"Here, Our Culture Is Hard": Stories of Domestic Violence from. Mayan Community in Belize. Laura McClusky. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. x+271 pp., illustrations, glossary, index.
MR microscopy of normal human brain

MR microscopy at 9.4T depicts the architecture of the brain in exquisite detail, including the individual laminae of the cortex, the individual nuclei of the basal ganglia, the thalami, subthalami and metathalami, and the orientations and relationship among the dominant nuclei and white matter tracts of the brain. The authors believe that these anatomic relations will ultimately be displayed in vivo as clinical MR scanners begin to operate at field strengths of 4.7T, 7T, and 8T. Then, those familiar with this anatomy will be able to interpret patient images with far greater sophistication.
Fixing the heart: must the brain pay the price?

Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) has been persuasively shown to prolong life expectancy in a broad spectrum of patients with severe ischemic heart disease.1 Improvements in the procedure during the past 2 decades have allowed operative mortality rates to fall while disease severity, comorbidity rate, and procedural complexity have increased. In one area, however, evidence of improvement is harder to discern. Careful studies from a number of groups have now clearly shown that CABG is associated with an increased probability of both short- and long-term (5-year) cognitive dysfunction and consequent reduced quality of life.2,3 The cause of this postoperative cognitive dysfunction is most likely multifactorial, with risk factors classified into 2 broad categories: those that are patient related and those that are procedure related. Predominant patient-related factors include the increasing age of the typical CABG patient and the underlying predisposition of older adult patients to develop cognitive dysfunction after any major operation. For example, the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction found that 26% of patients older than age 60 years who underwent major abdominal or orthopedic surgery experienced cognitive dysfunction 1 week after surgery.4 See p 3411 Major risk factors in that study included older age, increased duration of anesthesia, and postoperative respiratory and infectious complications. Only age was a risk factor for persistent cognitive dysfunction; at 3 months, 14% of patients aged 70 years or older experienced cognitive impairment.4 In addition, CABG patients typically have extensive atherosclerosis in multiple vascular systems, and even …
COUP-TFs regulate eye development by controlling factors essential for optic vesicle morphogenesis

Transcriptional networks, which are initiated by secreted proteins, cooperate with each other to orchestrate eye development. The establishment of dorsal/ventral polarity, especially dorsal specification in the optic vesicle, is poorly understood at a molecular and cellular level. Here, we show that COUP-TFI (Nr2f1) and COUP-TFII (Nr2f2) are highly expressed in the progenitor cells in the developing murine eye. Phenotype analysis of COUP-TFI and COUP-TFII single-gene conditional knockout mouse models suggests that COUP-TFs compensate for each other to maintain morphogenesis of the eye. However, in eye-specific COUP-TFI/TFII double-knockout mice, progenitor cells at the dorso-distal optic vesicle fail to differentiate appropriately, causing the retinal pigmented epithelium cells to adopt a neural retina fate and abnormal differentiation of the dorsal optic stalk; the development of proximo-ventral identities, neural retina and ventral optic stalk is also compromised. These cellular defects in turn lead to congenital ocular colobomata and microphthalmia. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization assays reveal that the expression of several regulatory genes essential for early optic vesicle development, including Pax6, Otx2, Mitf, Pax2 and Vax1/2, is altered in the corresponding compartments of the mutant eye. Using ChIP assay, siRNA treatment and transient transfection in ARPE-19 cells in vitro, we demonstrate that Pax6 and Otx2 are directly regulated by COUP-TFs. Taken together, our findings reveal novel and distinct cell-intrinsic mechanisms mediated by COUP-TF genes to direct the specification and differentiation of progenitor cells, and that COUP-TFs are crucial for dorsalization of the eye.
Glucocorticoids Inhibit Developmental Stage-specific Osteoblast Cell Cycle DISSOCIATION OF CYCLIN A-CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 FROM E2F4-p130 COMPLEXES

Unique cell cycle control is instituted in confluent osteoblast cultures, driving growth to high density. The postconfluent dividing cells share features with cells that normally exit the cell cycle; p27 kip1 is increased, p21 waf1/cip1 is decreased, free E2F DNA binding activity is reduced, and E2F4 is primarily nuclear. E2F4-p130 becomes the predominant E2F-pocket complex formed on E2F sites, but, unlike the complex that typifies resting cells, cyclin A and CDK2 are also present. Administration of dexamethasone at this, but not earlier stages, results in reduction of cyclin A and CDK2 levels with a parallel decrease in the associated kinase activity, dissociation of cyclin A-CDK2 from the E2F4-p130 complexes, and inhibition of G1/S transition. The glucocorticoid-mediated cell cycle attenuation is also accompanied by, but not attributable to, increased p27 kip1 and decreased p21 waf1/cip1 levels. The attenuation of osteoblast growth to high density by dexamethasone is associated with severe impairment of mineralized extracellular matrix formation, unless treatment commences in cultures that have already grown to high density. Both the antimitotic and the antiphenotypic effects are reversible, and both are antagonized by RU486. Thus, glucocorticoids induce premature attenuation of the osteoblast cell cycle, possibly contributing to the osteoporosis induced by these drugs in vivo.
Red cell distribution width and risk of coronary heart disease events.

Red cell distribution width (RDW) has emerged as a powerful predictor of all-cause mortality in variety of cardiovascular settings. However, no data are available associating RDW with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a healthy and nationally representative multiethnic population. A total of 7,556 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999 to 2006 (age 41.5 ± 15.8 years, 60% women) were divided into 3 categories according to their 10-year Framingham risk of hard CHD events: 20% (n = 290, high-risk category). Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed evaluating RDW as a predictor of CHD risk. Each unit increase (0.1) in RDW posed a statistically significant greater odds of being in the intermediate-risk category (odds ratio −1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.45, p 12 , and folic acid levels did not affect the association. Subsequently, we divided participants into 2 categories according to their anemia status (as defined by the World Health Organization) to evaluate its effect. An RDW level greater than the seventy-fifth percentile in both anemic and nonanemic participants was a significant predictor of greater CHD risk while RDW of the seventy-fifth percentile or less in anemic participants failed to predict CHD (compared to nonanemic participants with similar RDW as the reference category). In conclusion, a higher RDW appears to be a powerful independent predictor of future CHD risk.
Response of the yellow-fever mosquito to varying areas of human skin.

The response of the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), to varying areas of skin exposed in a 1-cu-ft cage was tested. The human palm was exposed to mosquitoes through holes, 1-15 cm in diameter, cut in the bottom of the cage. Probing and flying increased significantly when the size of the opening to which the palm was the probing response reached a plateau, but the flying response continued to increase with openings from 9 to 15 cm in diameter. Highly significant variation in activity was found among different batches of mosquitoes used. The technique described can be used as an olfactory sieve for separating more active mosquitoes from the less active.
BASIC BEIJING TWENTY-FOUR FORMS OF T'AI CHI EXERCISE AND AVERAGE VELOCITY OF SWAY '

Summary.-To examine the effect of 16 weeks of T'ai Chi exercise on the average velocity of sway 11 subjects were pre- and posttested by using the AMTI force platform. Analysis indicated that T'ai Chi exercise was associated with substantial changes in the sway velocities in anterior and posterior directions For the group but was not assessed against any control groups' performance. That remains to be evaluated. Falls and the resulting injuries are among the most serious and common medical problem suffered by elderly persons in the United States. Each year, approximately 30% of persons over 65 years of age fall and about half of them have multiple events (6). Also, 10% to 15% of falls result in serious injuries (6, 7) includmg fractures of the hip. Such injuries among elderly persons often lead to a deche in health and can hasten death. Estimates indicate that in 1977, over 6% of all medical care dollars for persons age 65 years and older were spent on unintentional injury, and most for injuries in falls. This was estimated to have reached $3.7 bdhon by 1984, and the prospect is that these figures would kely increase in the next century as the average age of the US population increases. Recently, a study (4), conducted at eight universities and hospitals, showed that performing regular exercise could reduce the risk of fahg by 13%. By practicing T'ai Chi a group of people aged 70 years and older had a 25% reduction in falls. Other studies (8, 9) showed dynamic balance training using T'ai Chi is beneficial. T'ai Chi is a Chinese way of exercise (2) to achieve harmony of body and mind. Most fitness exercises are designed to develop a better body "shape" through gaining muscle, but T'ai Chi involves both "internal" and "external" efforts. That is to say, it not only exercises the muscles, ligaments, and joints through physical movement but requires tranquhty of the mind and relaxation of the whole body. Movements of the body are guided by training the coordination of physical and mental movements. Velocity of sway has been reported to be higher in elderly persons than
Processing Remotely Sensed Data for Dimensional Analysis

Forest inventory data were interpreted from color IR photography, transferred to base maps, and digitized for machine processing. The data were registered to geodetic coordinates providing the capability to perform several types of dimensional analysis. Processing data by this technique allowed: (1) Spatial or single variable analysis, (2) overlay or composite analysis (in combination with other variables), and (3) temporal analysis. Information derived from this procedure was input for a land management decision system used to construct a forest management plan for 25,000 acres in east Tennessee.
Nanostructured solar cell based on solution processed Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles and vertically aligned ZnO nanorod array

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has attracted intensive interest for application in photovoltaic technology due to its excellent semiconductor properties. We report a nanostructured CZTS solar cell which was fabricated by infiltrating of CZTS nanoparticles into CdS coated ZnO nanorod arrays. The well aligned ZnO nanorods facilitate the efficient infiltration of CZTS nanoparticles. A hole transport layer was deposited to facilitate the transport of holes. The nanostructured CZTS solar cell demonstrated a remarkably high short-circuit current density (11.0 mA/cm2). As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 2.8% was obtained. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A systematic method of reusing objects extracted from legacy systems

Billions of dollars are spent each year on computer software. Much of this effort is spent on creating and testing new source code. In order to save money, increase productivity, and improve reliability, academic and industrial institutions have put forth a lot of effort on software reuse. Identifying, extracting and reengineering software components that implement abstractions within existing systems is a promising cost-effective way to create reusable assets and re-engineer legacy systems. This paper summarizes our experiences with using computer-supported methods to develop a software architecture to support the re-engineering of the Janus Combat Simulation System. In this effort, we have developed an object-oriented architecture for the Janus and validated the architecture with an executable prototype. In this paper, we propose methods to facilitate the reuse of the software component of these systems by recovering the behavior of the systems using systematic methods, and illustrate their use in the context of the Janus System.
Optimal Estimation of Two‐Dimensional Contaminant Transport

The state-space estimation technique presented herein provides a method for obtaining optimal estimates of concentrations for two-dimensional plumes in ground water. The concentration of a plume was defined as the state variable. The techniques uses the Kalman filter and involves combining two independent estimates of plume concentrations. One estimate is called the process modeling data and the other is called the measurement data. The process modeling data is obtained from a numerical model. The measurement data is obtained from field measurements; however, for illustration in this paper it was generated by a different numerical model than the one used to obtain the process modeling data. The state-space technique produces a distribution of contaminant concentrations that is more accurate than either of the distributions generated by the process modeling or the measurement data. An example is presented to show that the technique produces significant improvements in the prediction of plume concentration distributions.
Fusion-Based Background-Subtraction using Contour Saliency

We present a new contour-based background-subtraction technique using thermal and visible imagery for persistent object detection in urban settings. Statistical backgroundsubtraction in the thermal domain is used to identify the initial regions-of-interest. Color and intensity information are used within these areas to obtain the corresponding regionsof- interest in the visible domain. Within each region, input and background gradient information are combined to form a Contour Saliency Map. The binary contour fragments, obtained from corresponding Contour Saliency Maps, are then combined. An A path-constrained search along watershed boundaries is used to complete and close any broken contour segments. Lastly, the contour image is flood- filled to produce silhouettes. Results of our approach are presented and compared against manually segmented data.
The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations

Meditation is a complex mental process involving changes in cognition, sensory perception, affect, hormones, and autonomic activity. Meditation has also become widely used in psychological and medical practices for stress management as well as a variety of physical and mental disorders. However, until now, there has been limited understanding of the overall biological mechanism of these practices in terms of the effects in both the brain and body. We have previously described a rudimentary neuropsychological model to explain the brain mechanisms underlying meditative experiences. This paper provides a substantial development by integrating neurotransmitter systems and the results of recent brain imaging advances into the model. The following is a review and synthesis of the current literature regarding the various neurophysiological mechanisms and neurochemical substrates that underlie the complex processes of meditation. It is hoped that this model will provide hypotheses for future biological and clinical studies of meditation.
Antecedents of chronic lung disease following three patterns of early respiratory disease in preterm infants.

Introduction The incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD) varies among groups defined by their early pattern of respiratory disease. Methods The study examined data collected prospectively on 1204 of the 1506 infants born in 2002–2004 at 23–27 weeks gestation who survived to 36 weeks post-menstrual age. Based on their initial respiratory presentation and need for supplemental oxygen during the first 2 weeks, infants were classified as having early and persistent pulmonary dysfunction (EPPD), early recovery of pulmonary function followed by deterioration (PD) or consistently good pulmonary function characterised by low FiO 2 (Low FiO 2 ). Results CLD was diagnosed in 69% of infants with EPPD, 52% with PD, and 17% in the Low FiO 2 group. Birth weight z score 2 group (OR 27; 95% CI 7 to 95). Mechanical ventilation at 7 days was associated with increased risk in the PD (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.5 to 6.9) and EPPD groups (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.7), but not the Low FiO 2 group (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 3.9). Conclusion The likelihood of a very preterm infant developing CLD and the profile of risk factors linked with CLD are related to the infant9s pattern of respiratory disease during the first 2 postnatal weeks. Among infants with little exposure to oxygen during this period, fetal growth restriction, not mechanical ventilation, is the factor with the strongest association with CLD.
Therapeutic Approaches to Metastatic Bone Cancer II: Targeted and Non-targeted Systemic Agents

Skeletal metastases occur most commonly in the advanced stages of prostate, breast, and lung cancer, but also can occur in thyroid cancer and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [22]. The skeleton is the third most common organ affected by metastases from these solid tumors [17]. In general, bone metastases disrupt normal bone remodeling to cause either osteolytic or osteoblastic bone lesions. Metastatic breast cancer and renal cell cancer are often associated with osteolytic bone lesions. Prostate cancer is associated primarily with osteoblastic lesions [8]. Bone metastases cause significant morbidity, including pain, hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures, and spinal cord or nerve root compression. Bone metastases can occasionally lead to life-threatening complications, and most commonly do so for patients with bone metastases from breast and lung cancer [17].
Vibration and Damping Analysis of a Sandwich Beam Containing a Viscoelastic Constraining Layer

Viscoelastic layered systems provide a simple and flexible solution for damping vibration of sheet metal panels. They also help to effectively eliminate noise from resonant structures and surfaces. This article presents an analytical formulation to predict the stiffness and damping of three layered beams with two different viscoelastic materials adjacent to each other. The complex modulus approach is used to model the elastic and shear moduli of the viscoelastic material and closed-form equations are derived for predicting system stiffness and damping. The model is derived for unsymmetrical setups using variational methods. Experiments are conducted on simply supported three-layered beams at different temperatures to validate theoretical results. Similar results are obtained from both the theoretical model and the experiments. A procedure for the optimization of structural and material parameters for maximizing the damping and minimizing the system mass for a given temperature and frequency range is also ...
Challenges and controversies.

The discipline of hospital epidemiology, now in a period of growth and evolution, faces enormous challenges and opportunities. The Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America (SHEA) and Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology have attempted to capture the essence of these turbulent times in their first co-sponsored, joint conference "Hospital Epidemiology: New Challenges and Controversies." The March 1989 meeting in Baltimore was attended by more than 300 guests and participants. The organization of the conference, with its state-of-the-art presentations, panel discussions and extensive audience participation through question-and-answer sessions, reflected the dynamic nature of topics and concerns of the attendees.
EUS-guided double cystgastrostomy of two infected pseudocysts in series: a novel case of endoscopic cystocystgastrostomy

After introduction, every procedure technique requires time until it is mastered. Besides, EUS-GBD has an advantage because the gallbladder can be closely observed by using EUS. In conclusion, our study does not suggest that EUSGBD with a modified covered self-expandable metal stent is a superior treatment to percutaneous catheter drainage. EUS-GBD has clinical significance because it offers another treatment modality for acute cholecystitis in selected patients. Additional long-term, randomized, controlled trials are needed.
Defining projections from the caudal pressor area of the caudal ventrolateral medulla.

We previously defined a functional area in the caudal medulla oblongata that elicits an increase in arterial pressure when stimulated (Sun and Panneton [2002] Am. J. Physiol. 283:R768–R778). In the present study, anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques were used to investigate the projections of this caudal pressor area (CPA) to the medulla and pons. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the CPA resulted in numerous labeled fibers with varicosities in the ipsilateral subnucleus reticularis dorsalis, commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral medulla, medial facial nucleus, A5 area, lateral vestibular nucleus, and internal lateral subnucleus of the parabrachial complex. Sparser projections were found ipsilaterally in the pressor and depressor areas of the medulla and the spinal trigeminal nucleus and contralaterally in the CPA. Injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into these areas labeled neurons in the CPA as well as the nearby medullary dorsal horn and reticular formation. However, we conclude that the CPA projects preferentially to the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis, commissural nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral medulla, A5 area, and internal lateral parabrachial nucleus. Weaker projections were seen to the CVLM and RVLM and to the contralateral CPA. The projection to the facial nucleus arises from nearby reticular neurons, whereas projections to the vestibular nucleus arise from the lateral reticular nucleus. Labeled neurons in the CPA consisted mostly of small bipolar and some triangular neurons. The projection to the CVLM, or to A5 area, may provide for the increase in arterial pressure with CPA stimulation. However, most of the projections described herein are to nuclei implicated in the processing of noxious information. This implies a unique role for the CPA in somatoautonomic regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:273–293, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.