cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architecture implications of pads as a scarce resource

Due to non-ideal technology scaling, delivering a stable supply voltage is increasingly challenging. Furthermore, com- petition for limited chip interface resources (i.e., C4 pads) between power supply and I/O, and the loss of such resources to electromigration, means that constructing a power deliverynetwork (PDN) that satisfies noise margins without compromising performance is and will remain a critical problem for architects and circuit designers alike. Simple guardbanding will no longer work, as the consequent performance penalty will grow with technology scalingIn this paper, we develop a pre-RTL PDN model, VoltSpot, for the purpose of studying the performance and noise tradeoffs among power supply and I/O pad allocation, the effectiveness of noise mitigation techniques, and the consequent implications of electromigration-induced PDN pad failure. Our simulations demonstrate that, despite their integral role in the PDN, power/ground pads can be aggressively reduced (by conversion into I/O pads) to their electromigration limit with minimal performance impact from extra voltage noise - provided the system implements a suitable noise-mitigation strategy. The key observation is that even though reducing power/ground pads significantly increases the number of voltage emergencies, the average noise amplitude increase is small. Overall, we can triple I/O bandwidth while maintaining target lifetimes and incurring only 1.5% slowdown
Identification of Lamanema chavezi Becklund 1963 infection in a llama (Lama glama) in the United States

Infection with Lamanema chavezi, a parasitic nematode of New World camelids, was diagnosed by examination of feces and formalin-fixed liver from a 14-month-old female llama (Lama glama) that died after a 6-week illness. Infection with L. chavezi was initially suspected when a granuloma containing an unidentified nematode was detected microscopically in the hepatic parenchyma from a necropsy specimen. The subsequent diagnosis of L. chavezi infection was based on the morphologic features of 2 immature nematodes dissected from individual hepatic granulomas, characteristics of eggs detected in feces of the llama by centrifugal flotation in sugar solution (specific gravity: 1.30), development of third-stage larvae within the eggs after incubation of the llama feces at room temperature for ≥30 days, and the morphology of third-stage larvae released from the embryonated eggs. Collectively, these findings indicate that the llama, born and raised in Oregon, harbored an autochthonous L. chavezi infection. Eggs identified as L. chavezi were also detected by centrifugal flotation of pelleted feces from 3 of 7 herd mates of the llama indicating this parasite is endemic in the Oregon herd. The findings reported herein serve to alert diagnosticians and veterinary practitioners to the occurrence of L. chavezi in New World camelids in the United States and describe diagnostic features of this potential pathogen.
The stability of polynomials under correlated coefficient perturbations

In this paper the robust stability of polynomials with repect to real parameter variations is investigated. The coefficients of the polynomial are assumed to be linear functions of several real parameters. An algorithm to calculate the maximum allowable variations of the parameters so that the roots still remain in prescribed regions of the complex plane is presented. Examples are given to illustrate the method.
Growth and mortality of prairie stream fishes: relations with fish community and instream habitat characteristics

– Few studies have been conducted to describe the age structure, growth rates and mortality of fishes in small stream ecosystems. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine age structure, growth rates and mortality (i.e., total annual mortality and, age-specific mortality) of central stonerollers Campostoma anomalum, creek chubs Semotilus atromaculatus, red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis and green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus from 13 streams on Fort Riley Military Reservation, Kansas, using incremental growth analysis. Further, we were interested in determining the influence of fish community and instream habitat characteristics on growth rates. The age structure of central stonerollers, creek chubs, and red shiners was dominated by young individuals (i.e., less than age 2); however, over 60% of the green sunfish were age 2 to age 4. Mean total annual mortality was >60% for cyprinids and averaged approximately 44% for green sunfish. The age-specific mortality of central stonerollers and red shiners was generally less than 45% between age 0 and 1 and increased to over 85% for fishes greater than age 1. Fish community characteristics (e.g., catch per unit effort of trophic guilds) and chemical habitat (e.g., total phosphorous) were not related to growth rates (P>0.05). Growth of central stonerollers was not significantly correlated with physical habitat (P>0.05). However, the growth increments of creek chubs, red shiners, and green sunfish were related to the amount of woody debris (e.g., total woody debris, log complex habitat; r>0.60; P≤0.05). The results of this study provide important information on the population dynamic rate functions of cyprinid and green sunfish populations in small prairie streams. Furthermore, these data suggest that woody debris is important habitat influencing growth of stream fishes.Note
Decision Processes in Enterprise Architecture: Descriptive Study

This is a progress report to describe the processes by which enterprise architects make decisions in practice. Decisions regarding enterprise architecture are among the most complex decisions in the IT domain. Architectural recommendations such as choice of an enterprise system are strategic decisions in the sense that they influence and constrain corporate decisions. Formal and informal methodologies have been discussed regarding how enterprise architecture decisions ought to be made in an ideal situation (i.e., normatively or prescriptively). However, the processes by which enterprise architects make decisions in practice have not been rigorously studied (i.e., descriptively). Drawing on concepts from complex decisionmaking (e.g., heuristics) and sociology (e.g., mimetic isomorphism), this paper seeks to understand architectural decisionmaking processes in practice from the descriptive view. Using a grounded theory approach, the data were collected systematically to clarify and refine concepts.
BILIARY TRACT DISEASE IN PREGNANCY

Cholelithiasis is a common biliary tract disease in the United States, and more than 75% of the gallstones are composed of cholesterol. 17 There is considerable evidence that pregnancy is a predisposing factor in the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Sex steroids cause an alteration in biliary lipid composition and gallbladder motility leading to an increase in cholesterol gallstone synthesis. Gallstone disease is observed in 3.3% to 12.2% of pregnant women. 9,53,79,88 Complications of gallstones represent the second most common nongynecological condition requiring surgery in pregnancy 89 ; yet, clinically apparent disease is rare. The management of symptomatic gallstone disease during pregnancy is controversial. It is important for clinicians caring for pregnant patients to recognize the signs and symptoms of biliary tract disease during pregnancy and understand the management options.
Food Systems and the Escape from Poverty and Ill-Health Traps in Sub-Saharan Africa

Millennium Development Goal #1 is to halve extreme poverty ($1/day per person) and hunger. Progress toward this goal has been excellent at global level, led by China and India, but woefully insufficient in sub-Saharan Africa. In Africa, a disproportionate share of the extreme poor are ultra-poor, surviving on less than $0.50/day per person, a condition that appears both stubbornly persistent and closely associated with widespread severe malnutrition - "ultra hung" - and ill health. Indeed, ill health, malnutrition and ultra-poverty are mutually reinforcing states that add to the challenge of addressing any one of them on its own and make integrated strategies essential. Food systems are a natural locus for such a strategy because agriculture is the primary employment sector for the ultra-poor and because food consumes a very large share of the expenditures of the ultra-poor. The causal mechanisms underpinning the poverty trap in which ultra-poor, unhealthy and undernourished rural Africans too often find themselves remain only partially understood, but is clearly rooted in the food system that guides their production, exchange, consumption and investment behaviors. Four key principles to guide interventions in improving food systems emerge clearly. But there remains only limited empirical evidence to guide detailed design and implementation of strategies to develop African food systems so as to break the lock of poverty and ill-health traps.
Sellar and Parasellar Masses

Lesions located within the sella and parasellar region of the brain may present with similar clinical symptoms and imaging findings. Anatomic location and key imaging characteristics can aid in the differentiation of these tumors. Major anatomic references within the sella and parasellar region include the pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, optic chiasm, hypothalamus, cavernous sinus, sphenoid sinus, and the meninges. Although the most common tumors located within this region are pituitary adenoma, it is important to consider other less common entities that will also be discussed in this chapter. Normal pituitary may vary in size with gender and age. Premenopausal women tend to have a larger pituitary gland than men and postmenopausal women. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is generally the modality of choice for identification of lesions within this region. There are a few imaging pitfalls and it is important to be aware that nearly 15–20 % of lesions found within the pituitary are asymptomatic incidental findings.
Routine development of permanent strains of fibroblasts from bone marrow of adult rabbits.

SummaryA simple method is described for routine development of permanent strains of fibroblasts from adult rabbit bone marrow. Marrow particles were grown on glass in medium composed of 1 part calf serum, 2 parts 199 and 0.1% yeast extract. This method is also applicable to development of permanent cell lines from a variety of adult rabbit tissues.
Campoletis sonorensis: Maintenance of a Population on Tobacco Budworms in a Field Cage

Releases of 835 mated adult female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) at a rate of 50–100/day for 10 days against an introduced population of tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), on cotton in a 0.4-acre field cage resulted in 85–95% parasitization of tobacco budworm larvae for ca. 2 months. As host pressure was maintained by daily releases of adult moths, C. sonorensis was eventually replaced as the major regulator of the tobacco budworm population by parasitization of host eggs by Trichogramma sp. and predation of host eggs and small larvae by Orius insidiosus (Say). The C. sonorensis population was also greatly affected by the hyperparasites Catolaccus aeneoviridis (Girault) and Ceratosmicra immaculata (Cresson); and the predator Collops vittatus (Say) consumed up to 70% of the cocoons of C. sonorensis . Nevertheless, the beneficial species markedly suppressed the tobacco budworm population throughout the experiment. Weekly average temperatures between 80 and 86°F did not appear to reduce the efficiency of C. sonorensis . The sex ratio of parasites produced in a field cage was near 1:1 as compared to 1:4 in a culture maintained in the laboratory.
Recommended levels of physical activity and insulin resistance in middle-aged women.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between recommended levels of physical activity (PA) and insulin resistance, as estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of ins...
Examining Cross-Age Peer Conversations Relevant to Character: Can a Digital Story About Bullying Promote Students’ Understanding of Humility?

Successful character education programs are commonly marked by components including conversations about moral issues; however, little is known about what students actually talk about in such programs. Using initial data from the Arthur Interactive Media Buddy Project, this study examined whether a digital comic about bullying generated meaningful conversations surrounding humility. The sample was 52 cross-age peers in elementary school. Analyses involved an iterative, deductive-inductive coding process resulting in a total of ten codes, of which three were most readily identified in peers’ conversations: perspective taking, affect labeling, and empathic responding. Limitations and implications relevant to character education are discussed.
PRECIPITATION VERIFICATIONS TO AN ENSEMBLE PREDICTION SYSTEM USING TWO INITIAL PERTURBATION SCHEMES BASED ON AREM

A Short-Range Ensemble Forecast(SREF) system is under development by perturbing initial conditions(ICs) based on a regional model,AREM(Advanced Regional Eta Model),which has 11 members in 37 km horizontal resolution over China.Two strategies in perturbing IC are compared to find out an optimal approach in building a regional ensemble prediction system(EPS):one is directly applying perturbations from a global EPS to the regional EPS(a downscaling of a global EPS,Sch-1),and the other is generating perturbations by the regional model itself(BGM,Sch-2).The following four results may be obtained:(1) By evaluating ensemble spread and probabilistic forecasts,it shows that the "Sch-2" seems to be superior to the "Sch-1" in this preliminary study(2) No matter what IC perturbation strategies are applied,ensemble-based forecasts,ensemble mean and probabilistic forecasts,are in general outperform single control and operational forecast.(3) The ensemble spread is positively correlated quite well with forecast skill on domain average.And the spatial correlation between spread and forecast error is about 40-45% on average.(4) Overall,the divergence ensemble spread in the current ensemble prediction system is small comparing with the forecast error,partially due to lack of consideration in model of physics uncertainty,which is a subject to be explored during the next phase of this EPS development.
Gastric bypass for morbid obesity.

The gastric bypass operation is intended to decrease caloric intake by decreasing the size of the food receptacle. Although the gastric pouch can be overeaten, weight loss following a bypass procedure is satisfactory, the mordibity and mortality rates are acceptable, and the rate of development of late complications is low.
An update of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Publisher Summary Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a family of disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis resulting from an inherited deficiency of one of several enzymes necessary for normal steroid synthesis. This chapter describes the recent advances in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. These advances have come from the interdisciplinary collaboration of embryologists, teratologists, enzymologists, immunogeneticists, population geneticists, steroid endocrinologists, and gender psychologists. The chapter describes asimplified scheme of adrenal steroidogenesis. It provides an overview of the additional evidence that supports the concept that the adrenal fasciculate and glomerulosa function as two separate glands. This has been gained from the recent study of patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. New data shows that in CAH, there is a 21-hydroxylation defect in the zona fasciculata of simple virilizers and salt wasters, whereas zona glomerulosa is defective in salt wasters and not in simple virilizers. The data suggest that there is one enzyme involved in the 21-hydroxylation of the 17-hydroxy and 17-deoxy pathways of adrenal steroidogenesis in zona fasciculata.
Tuning the Protein Corona of Hydrogel Nanoparticles: The Synthesis of Abiotic Protein and Peptide Affinity Reagents.

ConspectusNanomaterials, when introduced into a complex, protein-rich environment, rapidly acquire a protein corona. The type and amount of proteins that constitute the corona depend significantly on the synthetic identity of the nanomaterial. For example, hydrogel nanoparticles (NPs) such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAm) have little affinity for plasma proteins; in contrast, carboxylated poly(styrene) NPs acquire a dense protein corona. This range of protein adsorption suggests that the protein corona might be “tuned” by controlling the chemical composition of the NP.In this Account, we demonstrate that small libraries of synthetic polymer NPs incorporating a diverse pool of functional monomers can be screened for candidates with high affinity and selectivity to targeted biomacromolecules. Through directed synthetic evolution of NP compositions, one can tailor the protein corona to create synthetic organic hydrogel polymer NPs with high affinity and specificity to peptide toxins, enzymes, and other...
O-123 How do we measure successful advance care planning?

Background A consensus concerning what constitutes successful advance care planning (ACP) does not currently exist. Completion of advance directives and healthcare utilisation has traditionally been used to measure successful ACP. Although these outcomes are important and often easily obtained from medical records, ACP is more complex. Many patients may engage in ACP without completing a directive, and greater utilisation may be in line with patients’ preferences. In addition, measuring the process of ACP (an upstream outcome) is also important as evidence suggests that the process involves a series of multiple discrete behaviours for which people are in varying stages of behaviour change. For downstream clinical outcomes, the gold standard of ACP is whether the care received is consistent with patients’ goals; a notoriously difficult outcome to measure and standardised across studies. Aims The aims of this talk are: (1) to describe why advance directives and healthcare utilisation should not be the only markers of successful ACP; (2) to describe the creation and validation of a survey designed to measure the process and behaviour change constructs of ACP; (3) to discuss why it is difficult to measure care consistent with patients’ goals; and (4) to describe and provide preliminary results from an international Delphi Panel designed to standardise ACP outcomes. Discussion Measuring ACP is complex. It includes upstream process outcomes and downstream clinical outcomes, such as care consistent with goals. A large international Delphi panel is underway to help standardise this process across studies and to help define successful ACP for the field.
Implementation of a Telephone Postoperative Clinic in an Integrated Health System.

Background Earlier work suggested that telephone follow-up could be used in lieu of in-person follow-up after surgery, saving patients time and travel and maximizing use of scarce surgeon and facility resources. We report our experience implementing and evaluating telephone postoperative follow-up within an integrated health system. Study Design We conducted a pre-post evaluation of a general surgery telephone postoperative clinic at a tertiary care Veterans Affairs facility from April 2015 to February 2016. Patients were offered a telephone postoperative visit from a surgical provider in lieu of an in-person clinic visit. Telephone clinic operating procedures were refined through iterative cycles of change using the Plan-Do-Study-Act method. The study period included 2 months pre-intervention and 9 months post-intervention. The primary end point was mean number of clinic visits per eligible patient before and after telephone clinic implementation. Secondary outcomes were rates of emergency department visits and readmissions before vs after telephone clinic implementation and complication rates in patients scheduled for telephone vs in-person postoperative care. Results During the study period, 200 patients underwent eligible operations, 29 pre-intervention and 171 post-intervention. In-person clinic use decreased from 0.83 visits per eligible patient pre-intervention to 0.40 after implementation of the telephone clinic (p Conclusions Telephone postoperative care can be used in select populations as a triage tool to identify patients who require in-person care and decrease overall in-person clinic use.
World revision of the microbombyliid genus Mythenteles Hall & Evenhuis (Diptera: Mythicomyiidae)

Mythenteles Hall & Evenhuis is revised worldwide. Mythenteles is shown to have a disjunct Northern Hemisphere distribution. Eight new species in this genus are described and illustrated: Mythenteles deemingi Evenhuis, sp. n., from Cyprus, M. hellenicae Evenhuis, sp. n., from Greece, M. hispanicola Evenhuis & Blasco-Zumeta, sp. n. and M. infrequens Evenhuis & Blasco-Zumeta, sp. n. from northern Spain, M. coptopheles Evenhuis, sp. n., M. freidbergi Evenhuis, sp. n. and M. wadimurri Evenhuis & Theodor, sp. n., from Israel, and M. silus Evenhuis, sp. n. from the western United States. A lectotype is designated for Empidideicus indicus Brunetti and a key to species in the genus Mythenteles is presented.
Impact of grain boundaries on efficiency and stability of organic-inorganic trihalide perovskites

Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention because of their remarkably high power conversion efficiencies. To further improve device performance, it is imperative to obtain fundamental understandings on the photo-response and long-term stability down to the microscopic level. Here, we report the quantitative nanoscale photoconductivity imaging on two methylammonium lead triiodide thin films with different efficiencies by light-stimulated microwave impedance microscopy. The microwave signals are largely uniform across grains and grain boundaries, suggesting that microstructures do not lead to strong spatial variations of the intrinsic photo-response. In contrast, the measured photoconductivity and lifetime are strongly affected by bulk properties such as the sample crystallinity. As visualized by the spatial evolution of local photoconductivity, the degradation process begins with the disintegration of grains rather than nucleation and propagation from visible boundaries between grains. Our findings provide insights to improve the electro-optical properties of perovskite thin films towards large-scale commercialization.
How a Bill Becomes a Law, Hollywood Style

While film studies have become common in public administration, no inquiries have related to the cinematic depiction of the process of public law, a subject that is the underpinning of all public administration. This inquiry identified thirteen movies that present scenes of how a bill becomes a law. From these movies the American public learns about lawmaking, as a civics lesson writ large. In large part, these movies are relatively accurate about both the technical steps involved in legislation as well as the political and behind- the-scenes aspects of decision-making in Congress. This means the movies are making a positive contribution to understanding public administration. Given the contemporary sense of a decline in the quality of Congress, these movies have contributed not just to a relatively realistic understanding of how a bill becomes a law, but probably also to public support for reform. Public administration would be one of the beneficiaries of reforms that improve Congressional decision-making.
A phase I, multicenter, open-label dosimetry study of I-131-CLR1404 in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced solid tumors who have failed standard therapy or for whom no standard therapy exists.

e13116 Background: I-131-CLR1404 is a small-molecule, iodophenyl-containing phospholipid ether analog that selectively delivers a cytotoxic beta-emitting radioisotope to cancer cells. In human tumo...
Cardiac rehabilitation in the lower-extremity amputee

The most prevalent underlying factors that lead to lower-extremity amputation in this country are diabetes and peripheral vascular disease, which have an associated high incidence of cardiovascular disease. The cardiac rehabilitation program in the amputee must incorporate specific components that are idiosyncratic to this patient population. It is important to consider the risks and benefits of exercise in the diabetic as well as the metabolic costs associated with prosthetic use.
Dicarbonyl­dichloridobis(trimethyl­phosphane)iron(II)–carbonyl­dichlorido­tris(trimethyl­phosphane)iron(II)–tetra­hydro­furan (1/1/2)

The asymmetric unit of the title crystal, [FeCl2(C3H9P)3(CO)]·[FeCl2(C3H9P)2(CO)2]·2C4H8O, contains half mol­ecules of the two closely related FeII complexes lying on mirror planes and a tetra­hydro­furan solvent mol­ecule, one C atom of which is disordered over two sets of sites with site occupancy factors 0.633 (9) and 0.367 (9). In both FeII complex mol­ecules, a distorted octa­hedral coordination geometry has been observed around the Fe atoms. Weak intermolecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are observed in the crystal structure.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) modulate both phagocytosis and NK cell activity in vitro in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)

Threatened loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) face numerous environmental challenges, including exposure to anthropogenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Despite being banned by the USA in the 1970s, PCBs persist in the environment and produce immunotoxic effects in a wide range of marine vertebrate species. This is of particular concern, as the modulation of the immune system may enhance the susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Blood samples were collected from 19 immature, captive-reared loggerhead sea turtles. Functional immune assays phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell activity were used to quantify the direct effects of PCB congeners 105, 138, and 169 on innate immune functions upon in vitro exposure of sea turtle cells to increasing concentrations (control (0), 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, or 20 ppm) of each PCB. PCB 105 significantly elevated eosinophil phagocytosis at 10 and 15 ppm and PCB 138 at 15 ppm compared to unexposed (0 ppm). The effects of PCB 169 on phagocytosis were not evaluated. PCB 138 and 105 significantly decreased NK cell activity at 15 and 20 ppm, compared to unexposed (0 ppm) controls. PCB 169 did not markedly modulate NK activity. This constitutes the first study to investigate the in vitro effects of these three PCBs on sea turtle innate immune functions. These results add to our understanding of PCB-induced immunotoxicity in sea turtles and may provide a framework for establishing the relationships between chemical levels and turtle immunity.
Acute and chronic hepatobiliary manifestations of sickle cell disease: A review

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common hemoglobinopathy which can affect multiple organ systems in the body. Within the digestive tract, the hepatobiliary system is most commonly affected in SCD. The manifestations range from benign hyperbilirubinemia to overt liver failure, with the spectrum of acute clinical presentations often referred to as "sickle cell hepatopathy". This is an umbrella term referring to liver dysfunction and hyperbilirubinemia due to intrahepatic sickling process during SCD crisis leading to ischemia, sequestration and cholestasis. In this review, we detail the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and biochemical features of various acute and chronic hepatobiliary manifestations of SCD and present and evaluate existing evidence with regards to management of this disease process. We also discuss recent advances and controversies such as the role of liver transplantation in sickle cell hepatopathy and highlight important questions in this field which would require further research. Our aim with this review is to help increase the understanding, aid in early diagnosis and improve management of this important disease process.
THE OTTOMAN QUAGMIRE: MALARIA, SWAMPS, AND SETTLEMENT IN THE LATE OTTOMAN MEDITERRANEAN

During the late Ottoman period, a large influx of migrants and the expansion of cultivation created opportunities for new settlements in the countryside of Anatolia, Greater Syria, and Iraq. However, settlement often brought misery to newcomers in the form of malaria, especially when it occurred in the lowlands of the Mediterranean. This article traces the contours of the encounter with malaria that arose out of settlement, offering an overview of how Ottoman state and society confronted the conundrum of the swamp and examining the impact of this confrontation on local political economies. It demonstrates that swamps and malaria were a significant concern for late Ottoman state and society, and that policies adopted to address malaria sometimes facilitated the creation of large estates in the countryside of the Mediterranean littoral.
Athletic Training Service Characteristics for Patients With Ankle Sprains Sustained During High School Athletics.

Context Limited information exists on the amount and type of care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) treating athletes who sustained ankle sprains in the high school setting. Objective To describe...
Mice harboring pathobiont-free microbiota do not develop intestinal inflammation that normally results from an innate immune deficiency.

Background Inability to maintain a stable and beneficial microbiota is associated with chronic gut inflammation, which classically manifests as colitis but may more commonly exist as low-grade inflammation that promotes metabolic syndrome. Alterations in microbiota, and associated inflammation, can originate from dysfunction in host proteins that manage the microbiota, such as the flagellin receptor TLR5. That the complete absence of a microbiota (i.e. germfree conditions) eliminates all evidence of inflammation in TLR5-deficient mice demonstrates that this model of gut inflammation is microbiota-dependent. We hypothesize that such microbiota dependency reflects an inability to manage pathobionts, such as Adherent-Invasive E. coli (AIEC). Herein, we examined the extent to which microbiota mismanagement and associated inflammation in TLR5-deficient mice would manifest in a limited and pathobiont-free microbiota. For this purpose, WT and TLR5-deficient mice were generated and maintained with the 8-member consortium of bacteria referred to as “Altered Schaedler Flora” (ASF). Such ASF animals were subsequently inoculated with AIEC reference strain LF82. Feces were assayed for bacterial loads, fecal lipopolysaccharide and flagellin loads, fecal inflammatory marker lipocalin-2 and microbiota composition. Results Relative to similarly maintained WT mice, mice lacking TLR5 (T5KO) did not display low-grade intestinal inflammation nor metabolic syndrome under ASF conditions. Concomitantly, the ASF microbial community was similar between WT and T5KO mice, while inoculation with AIEC strain LF82 resulted in alteration of the ASF community in T5KO mice compared to WT control animals. AIEC LF82 inoculation in ASF T5KO mice resulted in microbiota components having elevated levels of bioactive lipopolysaccharide and flagellin, a modest level of low-grade inflammation and increased adiposity. Conclusions In a limited-complexity pathobiont-free microbiota, loss of the flagellin receptor TLR5 does not impact microbiota composition nor its ability to promote inflammation. Addition of AIEC to this ecosystem perturbs microbiota composition, increases levels of lipopolysaccharide and flagellin, but only modestly promotes gut inflammation and adiposity, suggesting that the phenotypes previously associated with loss of this innate immune receptor require disruption of complex microbiota.
Testimonial texts of torture during the Algerian War: Paratexts and the obscene:

The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was marked in metropolitan France by divisive debates over France’s presence in Algeria and over the issue of state-sponsored torture. Two testimonial tex...
Patient characteristics and outcomes of retained lens fragments in the anterior chamber after uneventful phacoemulsification.

Purpose To determine patient characteristics and outcomes for developing retained nuclear fragments in the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification in at-risk populations. Setting University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Jones Eye Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Using Current Procedural Terminology codes 2006 to 2018, patients with a diagnosis of retained nuclear fragment in the anterior chamber after uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract extraction were identified. Patient demographics, ocular biometrics, treatments, and clinical management were recorded. Main outcome measures were visual outcomes and visual acuity at regular follow-up appointments. Results Nineteen patients (13 with myopia) were identified. Most patients (n = 15) presented with corneal edema and anterior chamber inflammation, and the fragments were diagnosed on slitlamp examination in most patients (n = 18). Seventeen retained fragments were found in the inferior angle. The mean axial length, keratometry, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) values were 23.58 mm, 44.93 diopters, and 2.97 mm, respectively. The mean time from cataract extraction to fragment removal was 34.7 days. The final corrected distance visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/400. Three patients developed cystoid macular edema, and 2 patients had corneal complications after fragment removal. Conclusions A comparison between the patients in this study and cited cases indicates that long eyes, steep corneas, and a shallow ACD might be risk factors for retained nuclear fragments in patients having cataract extraction. Prompt identification and surgical removal provided the best visual outcomes because most cases proved refractory to steroid treatment.
Strict and Non-strict Negative Concord in Hungarian: A Unified Analysis

Suranyi (2006) observed that Hungarian has a hybrid (strict + non-strict) negative concord system. This paper proposes a unified analysis of that system within the general framework of Zeijlstra (2004, 2008) and, especially, Chierchia (2013), with the following new ingredients. Sentential negation nem is the same full negation in the presence of both strict and non-strict concord items. Preverbal senki ‘n-one’ type negative concord items occupy the specifier position of either nem ‘not’ or sem ‘nor’. The latter, sem, spells out is ‘too, even’ in the immediate scope of negation; is/sem are focus-associating heads on the clausal spine. Sem can be seen as an overt counterpart of the phonetically null head that Chierchia dubs NEG; it is capable of invoking an abstract (disembodied) negation at the edge of its projection.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Copolymerization

Various experimental and theoretical aspects of homopolymerization remain to be clarified. With regard to copolymerization the situation is further complicated by the greater number of reactants and rate constants (which is why simplified working methods are used which involve their ratios) and there are many competing kinetic models. Fifty years after the publication of the classical kinetic scheme for radical copolymerization, the factors that control the composition and comonomer sequence in copolymer chains are still being debated. In particular the effects of different solvents are problematic.
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF SPECIFIC LOCUS MUTATIONS

The remarkable complexities of eukaryotic gene organization and gene expression have received much emphasis in recent years. Whereas the organizational characteristics of polycistronic operons in E. coli are fairly well understood and appear quite straight forward, those of eukaryotes are considerably more complex as exemplified particularly by the analysis of the β-globin gene of the mouse. The specific substructure of the mammalian gene including coding sequencies transcribed into mRNA (exons) as well as non-coding intervening sequencies (introns), in contrast to the uninterrupted continuity of coding sequences in bacterial genes allows for various levels of control and has altered significantly the concept of the eukaryotic gene, as well as its organization and expression. This should also have an impact on approaches to the study of specific locus mutations which may include effects on all elements of the gene complex, not only on those containing the coding sequences.
Influence of wheelchair user interface and personal characteristics on static and dynamic pretibial skin pressures in elite wheelchair racers, a pilot study

Context/objective: To examine personal (athletic classification, age, sex, body mass index, duration of disability, tactile sensation of lower extremities) and wheelchair (kneeling plate angle) fac...
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CENTRAL AND OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA

Publisher Summary This chapter explores interactive effects of central and obstructive apnea. Irregularly recurring apneic periods lasting for more than ten seconds appear during sleep in one-third of normal individuals. The apneas are of two types: (1) central and (2) obstructive. Central apnea is characterized by an absence of airflow past the nose and mouth because of a cessation of respiratory efforts. In obstructive apnea, despite persistent respiratory effects, airflow ceases because of total upper airway obstruction. This study presents a mathematical model of the chemical control of breathing, which examines the hypotheses that instability in the negative feedback chemical control system, which regulates breathing, can result in central apnea during sleep. The results suggest that the model reasonably reproduces many of the features of the pattern of breathing seen in patients with recurrent sleep apnea and support the contention that obstructive and central apneas are interrelated and depend on variations in the effect of chemical drive on chest wall and upper airway muscles.
What Does Multiple Production of Artworks Teach Us About Authenticity and Germline Editing

This article considers ethical questions about artwork reproduction and how they can be applied to germline editing. Walter Benjamin’s 1935 essay
Invested or Indebted: Ex-ante and Ex-post Reciprocity in Online Knowledge Sharing Communities

Online communities that curate knowledge critically depend on high-quality contributions from anonymous expert users. Understanding users’ motivation to contribute knowledge helps practitioners design such websites for optimal user contribution and user benefits. Researchers have studied reciprocity as a motivation for users to share knowledge online. In this study, we focus on two different types of reciprocity as drivers of online contribution: ex-post and ex-ante reciprocity. Ex-post reciprocity refers to users who received help from others in the past and pay back by helping others at present. Using a quasi-experiment performed via the instrumental variable method as the identification strategy, we test whether users who received more answers last week answer more questions in the current week on StackOverflow.com. We find a significant positive relationship between ex-post reciprocity and knowledge contribution, and such a reciprocal motivation diminishes with time. Ex-ante reciprocity refers to people helping others in expectation of future help from others. Using data from StackOverflow.com, we take advantage of a natural experiment with a difference-in-differences analysis and find evidence supporting the existence of ex-ante reciprocity. This study offers a new taxonomy for reciprocity and new insights on how reciprocity drives online knowledge sharing.
Dendritic cells co-cultured with opsonized tumor cells provide T cell-mediated protective and therapeutic immunity against B cell lymphoma in vivo

4221 Therapeutic vaccines targeting the tumor-specific immunoglobulin expressed by B cell lymphoma (idiotype, Id) have shown promise in early clinical studies. However, patient-specific Id vaccines limit the host’s anti-tumor response to a single antigenic target and require complex procedures for production. Recent studies have shown that in vitro priming of tumor-specific T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) phagocytosing killed tumor cells is augmented in the presence of anti-tumor antibodies. We asked if DCs loaded with phagocytosed killed lymphoma cells in the presence of a tumor-specific antibody could provide protective anti-tumor immunity in vivo. Irradiated 38C13 murine lymphoma cells were co-cultured with bone marrow derived DCs (ratio 3:1) in the presence or absence of a tumor-specific monoclonal antibody (murine anti-38C13 Id). Groups of 12 mice were immunized with 2 biweekly subcutaneous injections of either DCs co-cultured with irradiated tumor cells, DCs alone, or irradiated tumor cells alone. Two weeks after the second vaccination, mice were challenged subcutaneously with a lethal tumor inoculum. The majority of mice vaccinated with DCs co-cultured with antibody-coated tumor cells were protected from tumor challenge (mean of 60% long-term survival in 6 experiments, range 33-83%). In contrast, no long-term survivors were observed among mice receiving DCs alone or irradiated tumor cells alone. Following tumor challenge, tumor-free survival was observed in only 29% of mice given DCs co-cultured with tumor cells, compared to 59% survival when co-cultures included the opsonizing antibody (p=0.013). In a therapeutic model, pre-existing tumor could be eradicated from mice treated with chemotherapy before vaccination. To investigate whether protective immunity was directed against Id versus other lymphoma tumor antigens, vaccinated mice were challenged with an Id-negative variant of 38C13, V2. While Id protein vaccination failed to protect against V2, vaccination with DCs cultured with antibody-coated 38C13 cells provided protection against lethal challenges of both 38C13 (72%) and the V2 variant (67%, p=0.62), indicating that additional non-Id tumor antigens are targets of the protective immunity. No anti-tumor antibodies were detected in animals vaccinated with DCs cultured with antibody-coated 38C13 cells. In vivo depletion experiments revealed a critical role for effector CD8+ T cells in mediating tumor protection (p=0.0001 vs. control), with CD4+ T cells playing a lesser role (p=0.047 vs. control), suggesting that sustained T cell help facilitates anti-tumor effector function. These results show that the protective immunity against 38C13 lymphoma following vaccination with DCs loaded with opsonized apoptotic tumor cells is T cell-mediated. Further studies are underway using anti-CD20 antibodies for opsonizing tumor cells.
Chiquita and the U.S. Department of Justice

In April 2003, Chiquita Brand International's Audit Committee Chairman Roderick Hills met with the US Department of Justice (DOJ) to disclose the company's participation in making payments to the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC), a right-wing paramilitary group in Colombia, in exchange for the safety of its Colombian subsidiary employees. Hills expected that the government would understand its actions in Colombia and levy fewer penalties. US Department of Justice Attorney Michael Chertoff's response to Chiquita, however, was ambiguous. Chiquita then decided to sell its Colombian operations, but its management there insisted that a failure to make one last payment before the sale was consummated would create a severe risk that some employee would be killed. Excerpt UVA-BRI-1006 Feb.7, 2012 CHIQUITA AND THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE This kind of conversation happens all the time. When you have a problem, you get on a plane with your lawyers to Washington and talk to the official involved and say, “We have a problem.” That's the drill. —James D. Cox, Duke University law professor Chiquita's Board Transition . . .
Enteric Glial Cells: Implications in Gut Pathology

Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are common, debilitating and all too often, humiliating disorders. Many of the most devastating, and permanent symptoms of GI disease are caused by alterations to the enteric nervous system (ENS); the local neural network that lines the walls of the intestines and controls moment-to-moment gut functions. The ENS is by far the largest, and most complex, component of the peripheral nervous system and the intrinsic neural circuitry within the ganglionated enteric neural networks can control most gut functions in the absence of input from the central nervous system (CNS). This “little brain” in the gut is more similar in size, complexity and autonomy to the CNS than other components of the autonomic nervous system. Like the CNS, this “gut brain” has its own distinct population of glia, called enteric glia, that are analogous to the astrocytes of the CNS. Recent evidence implicates enteric glia in almost every aspect of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology but elucidating the exact mechanisms by which enteric glia influence gastrointestinal physiology and identifying how those roles are altered during gastrointestinal pathophysiology remains elusive. This chapter focuses on our current understanding of enteric glial physiology and how enteric glia contribute to, or are altered by, pathological events in the gut.
Releasing the brakes: a case report of pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors successfully treat various malignancies by inducing an immune response to tumor cells. However, their use has been associated with a variety of autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes, hepatitis, and pneumonitis. Pulmonary arterial hypertension due to checkpoint inhibitor use has not yet been described. We present a novel case of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome overlap that was induced by therapy with the checkpoint inhibitor durvalumab.
In search of the perfect fluid

Shear viscosity measures the amount of internal friction in a simple fluid. In kinetic theory shear viscosity is related to momentum transport by quasi-particles, and the uncertainty relation implies that the ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropy density s is bounded by a constant multiplied by hbar/k_B, where hbar is Planck's constant and k_B is Boltzmann's constant. A specific bound has been proposed on the basis of string theory. In a large class of theories that can be studied using string theory methods the constant is 1/(4\pi). Experiments at RHIC indicate that eta/s of the quark gluon plasma is close to this prediction. We will refer to a fluid that saturates the string theory bound as a perfect fluid. In this contribution we summarizes the theoretical and experimental information on the fluidity of the main classes of strongly interacting quantum fluids.