cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Genetic Insights Into Mendelian Disease on Cardiovascular Clinical Practice

Recent advances in the field of genetics have significantly enhanced our understanding of many cardiovascular conditions and improved diagnosis as well as management of these disorders. However, mendelian cardiovascular diseases still pose unique challenges to clinicians, especially when presented with inherited conditions that have a wide range of phenotypic presentations. In cardiovascular single-gene disorders with potentially devastating initial manifestations, such as sudden cardiac death (SCD) or aortic dissection, appropriate and prompt identification of individuals at risk is imperative. In addition, the management of the disease is not only applicable to the individuals at risk but also extends to other members in the family. Therefore, the general approach to patients with such diseases and their affected family members needs to be considered in the context of fundamental principles of mendelian inheritance. Numerous examples of cardiovascular mendelian disorders exist in which the importance of genetics has been clearly recognized, and most common monogenic cardiovascular disorders are transmitted in families in an autosomal dominant fashion. In such autosomal dominant disorders, it is important to remember the overriding principle that any first-degree relative of an individual with an autosomal dominant multigenerational familial cardiovascular disorder has a 50% chance of also being affected by this genetic trait. Thus, when added to a family history, any symptom or sign on history, clinical evaluation, or testing that is consistent with the diagnosis in question creates a >50% likelihood that the family member is affected by the disorder as well. In this review, we will focus on a few examples of such autosomal dominant disorders to highlight the current state of clinical practice in these mendelian disorders as shaped by classic and modern genetics. ### Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an important inherited cardiovascular disorder for which genetic principles have significant impact on our evaluation and approach to patients. HCM …
Well‐Being of Children Participating in Psychobiological Research: A Pilot Study

Abstract Fourteen children with major depressive disorder and 11 normal children voluntarily undergoing multi-day sleep/neuroendocrine studies with an indwelling intravenous catheter, with or without all-night electroencephalography, were systematically assessed for their expectations and actual experiences of pain, anxiety, or other distress related to the research procedures. Their parents and the unit staff were also questioned about their perceptions of the children's reactions. The experience uniformly was reported as nontraumatic and often enjoyable. Children were in favor of clinical research, even when it did entail slight pain and inconvenience. Many felt that they gained from the experience, and no child or parent regretted it. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27, 4:483–488.
The impact of design management and process management on quality: an empirical investigation

Design management and process management are two important elements of total quality management (TQM) implementation. They are drastically different in their targets of improvement, visibility, and techniques. In this paper, we establish a framework for identifying the synergistic linkages of design and process management to the operational quality outcomes during the manufacturing process (internal quality) and upon the field usage of the products (external quality). Through a study of quality practices in 418 manufacturing plants from multiple industries, we empirically demonstrate that both design and process management efforts have an equal positive impact on internal quality outcomes such as scrap, rework, defects, performance, and external quality outcomes such as complaints, warranty, litigation, market share. A detailed contingency analysis shows that the proposed model of synergies between design and process management holds true for large and small firms; for firms with different levels of TQM experience; and in different industries with varying levels of competition, logistical complexity of production, or production process characteristics. Finally, the results also suggest that organizational learning enables mature TQM firms to implement both design and process efforts more rigorously and their synergy helps these firms to attain better quality outcomes. These findings indicate that, to attain superior quality outcomes, firms need to balance their design and process management efforts and persevere with long-term implementation of these efforts. Because the study spans all of the manufacturing sectors (SIC 20 through 39), these conclusions should help firms in any industry revisit their priorities in terms of the relative efforts in design management and process management.
Nonrandom behavior of the prime rate of interest

If the banking industry's structure is noncompetitive, then an ideal pricing strategy for the prime rate of interest would be a ratchet type mechanism where the prime rises more rapidly in periods of increasing interest rates and falls more slowly during periods of declining rates. The purpose of this paper is to present evidence of such asymmetric behavior of the prime when it is compared to a more dynamic ra te-the one month CD rate. Initially, monthly data were collected for both the prime and CD rates from January 1968 through December 1982, a period which covers a broad spectrum of Federal Reserve policies toward its member banks. The definition used for interest rate direction is based upon the one month trend in the CD rate. A runs test about the median was performed on the difference between the prime and CD rates to test if this statistic is nonrandom and a Z score of -9 .9047 was obtained. This statistic leads one to conclude that the behavior of the statistic (prime-CD) is in fact not random. The mean of the statistic (prime-CD) was calculated for periods of increasing and decreasing rates. During periods of rising rates, the average spread was 1.058 percent; when rates decreased, this spread increased to 1.848 percent. The difference between these two means is significant at the .01 level. Finally, an econometric model of the form:
Reference Group Perspectives and the Vocational Maturity of Lower Socioeconomic Black Youth.

Abstract The reference group perspectives of 188 lower socioeconomic black high school seniors were found to be related to their career maturity. Students who evidenced an orientation toward middle-class reference group perspectives obtained higher vocational maturity scores than those who subscribed to reference perspectives traditionally associated with the lower class. Students' sex and family background were not related to their reference group perspectives or to their vocational maturity ratings. It was found that students' post-high school plans (either work- or college-bound) and their views of the opportunity structure of America were related to both their reference group perspectives orientation and their career maturity scores. Questions are raised concerning the relevance of the term career maturity for analyzing the career development of lower socioeconomic black youth.
Hazardous waste: the semiotics of ritual hygiene in Cuban popular religion

Using a semiotic framework to examine different categorizations of ritually produced ‘hazardous waste’ in Cuban popular religions, I argue that the ways in which waste is produced and treated generate its social indexical value and its potential to act on people. I suggest a focus on the interactions between the materiality of ritual waste and its circulation as an object of discourse. In this view, subjectification and objectification processes are shown to be related, and the agency of subjects and objects is constituted within what Webb Keane calls the same ‘representational economy’. Ethnographically, I describe two different but overlapping explanatory frameworks in how religious practitioners and the Cuban state construe the dangers of ritual waste: a religious framework in which certain kinds of waste are spiritually charged, and an epidemiological framework based on long-standing metaphors of racialized contagion. Resume A partir de l'analyse, dans un cadre semiotique, de differentes categorisations de « dechets dangereux » produits par les rituels des religions populaires cubaines, l'auteure avance que la maniere dont les dechets sont produits et traites genere leur valeur indexique sociale et leur capacite d'agir sur les gens. Elle suggere de se concentrer sur les interactions entre la materialite des dechets rituels et leur circulation en tant qu'objet de discours. Selon cette approche, il apparait que les processus de subjectification et d'objectification sont lies et que l'agenceite des sujets et des objets est constituee dans le cadre d'une meme «economie representationnelle », selon l'expression de Webb Keane. Du point de vue ethnographique, l'auteure decrit deux cadres differents, mais qui se recoupent, pour expliquer la maniere dont les praticiens religieux et l'Etat cubain envisagent les dangers des dechets rituels : un cadre religieux dans lequel certains types de dechets portent une charge spirituelle, et un cadre epidemiologique, base sur d'anciennes metaphores de contagion racialisee.
Positive Attitudes and Realistic Beliefs: Links to Proficiency

Middle-school-aged students in 12 classes of a 9-week Foreign Language Exploratory (FLEX) program participated in a study attempting to maintain and/or to improve students' attitudes toward French and Spanish speakers, replicating an earlier study (Mantle-Bromley & Miller, 1991) of first-year Spanish students. Students in the treatment group participated in culture-related lessons that used attitude-change theory in their design. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) procedures showed that the experimental group's mean score on a modified version of the Attitudes and Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) (Gardner, Smythe, & Clement, 1974) was significantly greater than that of students in the control group (p < .05). In addition, using the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) (Horwitz, 1988), the study measured, in an exploratory fashion, students' beliefs about the language learning process. Results demonstrated that many young students enter their first language class with misconceptions about language learning that may hinder their progress and persistence in language study.
The Effect of Nitroglycerin Cardioplegia on Myocardial Cooling in Patients Undergoing Myocardial Revascularization

Abstract The effect of intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin on the distribution of cardioplegia and myocardial cooling was assessed in 45 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization. The patients were divided into three groups. Myocardial temperature was measured over the right and left coronary artery distributions in Group 1 after the infusion of 1 liter of potassium blood cardioplegic solution (20 mEq of potassium per liter). Similar temperature measurements were made in Group 2 after the addition of 300 μg of nitroglycerin to the cardioplegic solution and in Group 3 after the addition of 1,000 μg of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin did not affect myocardial cooling, and large temperature gradients persisted after delivery of cardioplegia in patients with occlusive coronary artery disease. Unexpectedly, however, the rate of cardioplegia delivery increased by 134%, within the same range of infusion pressures, in patients receiving nitroglycerin. Although nitroglycerin cardioplegia does not affect the regional disparity in the distribution of cardioplegia in patients with severe coronary artery disease, intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin reduces the time required for administration of cardioplegia and thereby decreases the total ischemia time.
Maui mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MALT) Na lidar enterprise

Na Wind/Temperature lidar offers a method to study the dynamics and thermal structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MALT) through Doppler methods. The University of Illinois system has been operated at both the USAF Starfire Optical Range in Albuquerque, NM (94, 98-00') and at the USAF AMOS Maui facilities with receiving mirrors that are 3.5 m in diameter. An autonomous receiving system is being developed which will provide unrestricted and continuous operational capabilities. The bi-static operational receivers will be coupled with multiple fibers so that Na (589 nm) returns from the MALT region and Rayleigh (355 nm) returns from the stratosphere and mesosphere can be received simultaneously. The system will be described with attention to increased efficiencies in the receiver.
DETECTION OF FREE RADICALS IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF CIGARETTE TAR BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE

Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar (ACT) autooxidize to produce semiquinone, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals in air-saturated buffered aqueous solutions. The semiquinone species were detected by direct electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements and identified as o-and p-benzosemiquinone radicals by comparison with the ESR signals of catechol and hydroquinone radicals under similar conditions. The rate of formation of these radicals was dependent on pH. Hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were detected as 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) spin adducts by ESR spin trapping. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (20 units/ml) inhibited the formation of the superoxide spin adduct of DMPO completely. Addition of Fe2+ to this system increased the ESR signal intensity of hydroxyl radical spin adduct of DMPO three to five times. These results indicate that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are produced during the autooxidation of hydroquinone- and catechol-related species in ACT.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of adenosine analogs as inhibitors of trypanosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Modifications at positions 5′ and 8

Abstract A number of 5′, N 6 - and C 8 , N 6 -disubstituted adenosine analogs was synthesized and tested for inhibition of trypanosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The most active compound, N 6 -(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(2-thienyl)adenosine, had K i of 9 μM and was marginally selective for the parasite enzyme.
Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3 kHz to 300 GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: A review of the recent literature

Abstract Objectives Occupational or residential exposures to radio-frequency energy (RFE), including microwaves, have been alleged to result in health problems. A review of recent epidemiological studies and studies of humans as subjects in laboratory investigations would be useful. Methods This paper is a narrative review of the recent medical and scientific literature (from mid-1998 through early 2006) dealing with possible effects of RFE on humans, relating to topics other than cancer, tumors, and central nervous system effects (areas covered in a previous review). Subject areas in this review include effects on cardiovascular, reproductive, and immune systems. Results A large number of studies were related to exposures from cellular telephones. Although both positive and negative findings were reported in some studies, in a majority of instances no significant health effects were found. Most studies had some methodological limitations. Although some cardiovascular effects due to RFE were reported in epidemiological studies (e.g., lower 24-h heart rate, blunted circadian rhythm of heart rate), there were no major effects on a large number of cardiovascular parameters in laboratory studies of volunteers during exposure to cell-phone RFE. In population-based studies of a wide range of RFE frequencies, findings were equivocal for effects on birth defects, fertility, neuroblastoma in offspring, and reproductive hormones. Some changes in immunoglobulin levels and in peripheral blood lymphocytes were reported in different studies of radar and radio/television-transmission workers. Due to variations in results and difficulties in comparing presumably exposed subjects with controls, however, it is difficult to propose a unifying hypothesis of immune-system effects. Although subjective symptoms may be produced in some sensitive individuals exposed to RFE, there were no straightforward differences in such symptoms between exposed and control subjects in most epidemiological and laboratory studies. Consistent, strong associations were not found for RFE exposure and adverse health effects. The majority of changes relating to each of the diseases or conditions were small and not significant. Conclusions On the basis of previous reviews of older literature and the current review of recent literature, there is only weak evidence for a relationship between RFE and any endpoint studied (related to the topics above), thus providing at present no sufficient foundation for establishing RFE as a health hazard.
Nicholas of Cusa vs. Sigmund of Habsburg: An Attempt at Post-Conciliar Church Reform

During the past decade, interest has been steadily growing in Nicholas of Cusa, but recent research has been more devoted to his ideas than to his life. As a mature and very successful man, he displayed a curious mixture of ability and obtuseness, utter and selfless devotion to the highest ideals and extreme pettiness. This paper will deal with his period as Bishop of Brixen, from his arrival in the diocese in 1452 to his departure in 1460. It was an episcopate undertaken with high hopes of far-reaching church reform, and almost everything in it went wrong. I shall try to show just what it was that went awry.
X-ray photoelectron spectra of inorganic molecules [1]. XXIII. On the question of the usefulness of XPS in studying the ambidentate nature of the thiocyanate ligand

Abstract As a result of analyzing the available data on the S 2p and N 1s binding energies of a large number of thiocyanate complexes, it can be demonstrated that the binding energy difference [N 1s–S 2p] is sometimes greater for MNCS than MSCN. However, as a means of deducing the mode of thiocyanate coordination in a complex of unknown structure, this procedure should be viewed with considerable caution. Not only are there cases where the value of this energy difference is the same for related series of complexes containing N- and S-bound thiocyanate (e.g., (Me4N)3Ru(NCS)6 versus (Ph4As)3Os(SCN)6 and [Cu(tren)(NCS)]SCN versus [Cu(trien)(SCN)]SCN), but [N 1s–S 2p] values for SCN− and bridging MNCSM units may be very similar to those for MNCS and MSCN, making distinctions between these different bonding modes extremely difficult. Accordingly, in contrast to the recent conclusions of Borghi et al., we question the reliability of XPS in distinguishing between the different bonding modes of the thiocyanate ligand in molecules whose crystal structures are unknown.
Prevention of tumor growth in an "immunologically privileged site" by adoptive transfer of tumor-specific transplantation immunity.

Abstract The critical role of the afferent lymphatics in the early recognition and rejection of a methylcholanthrene-induced liposarcoma is demonstrated. Prevention of tumor growth in an immunologically “privileged site” lacking normal afferent lymphatic drainage was possible by adoptive transfer of cell-mediated tumor-specific immunity using intraperitoneally administered immune spleen cells. Neither immune spleen cells nor immune lymph node cells were successful in conferring such immunity when administered intradermally or subcutaneously. Serum from animals previously rejecting the syngeneic tumor likewise was not successful in protecting against “privileged site” tumor growth.
Value Management Program: Performance, Quantification, and Presentation of Imaging Value-Added Actions

Health care is in a state of transition, shifting from volume-based success to value-based success. Hospital executives and referring physicians often do not understand the total value a radiology group provides. A template for easy, cost-effective implementation in clinical practice for most radiology groups to demonstrate the value they provide to their clients (patients, physicians, health care executives) has not been well described. A value management program was developed to document all of the value-added activities performed by on-site radiologists, quantify them in terms of time spent on each activity (investment), and present the benefits to internal and external stakeholders (outcomes). The radiology value-added matrix is the platform from which value-added activities are categorized and synthesized into a template for defining investments and outcomes. The value management program was first implemented systemwide in 2013. Across all serviced locations, 9,931.75 hours were invested. An annual executive summary report template demonstrating outcomes is given to clients. The mean and median individual value-added hours per radiologist were 134.52 and 113.33, respectively. If this program were extrapolated to the entire field of radiology, approximately 30,000 radiologists, this would have resulted in 10,641,161 uncompensated value-added hours documented in 2013, with an estimated economic value of $2.21 billion.
Psychiatric diagnoses of self-reported child abusers

In order to evaluate lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and prevalence of dyssocial behaviors among self-reported child abusers, three large databases of clinical, community, and family study subjects were examined. Subjects who had acted as parents and who reported any episodes of child battery were compared to those without any history of child battery on prevalence of psychiatric disorders and dyssocial behaviors. Overall, 4% of subjects from the community sample reported child abuse. Abusers not selected through alcoholism treatment were more likely to receive diagnoses of alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, and major depression. Those selected through alcoholism treatment were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder. Abusers in general were found to have a history of disciplinary problems, property destruction, and as adults to engage in other violent behaviors. It was concluded that self-identified child abusers have increased lifetime rates of antisocial personality disorder, alcoholism, and depression. The association between child abuse and other violence is not explained by selection of cases through the medical or legal systems.
A study of the relationship between aquatic insect growth and water temperature in a small stream

The growth of aquatic insects in a small mountain stream was studied with emphasis on water temperature. Growth of the five dominant species was examined in relation to degree-days. This measure accounts for time and the minimum temperature necessary for insect growth. All species showed reduced specific growth rates with lower temperatures, but some (Ephemerella dorothea, Leuctra tenella, Neumoura wui) did not stop growing at even the lowest water temperatures. Both Diplectrona modesta and Paraleptophlebia assimilis had minimum growth temperatures. Studies demonstrated that the growth of stream insects is directly proportional to the number of degree-days experienced by a population.
Evaluating strawberry breeding selections for postharvest fruit decay

Fruit from the annual replicated yield assessments for the USDA-ARS strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) breeding program at Beltsville, MD, 2007 and 2008, were evaluated for postharvest decay development after storage at 5 °C. Generalized linear genotype × year mixed model analysis of covariance with overdispersed binomial distribution, logit link function, and Laplace optimization method was used to determine the relationships between postharvest proportion decay and storage period (SP), season’s harvest number (HN), and genotype-specific harvest number through the season; conditioned on the confounding of harvest with SP. To determine if limiting analyses to replicates (plot × harvest combinations) with a minimum number of berries would increase statistical precision, concurrent analyses were conducted using data from replicates with more than: zero, three, and six berries. Limiting data to genotypes for which more than three or more than six berries could be evaluated, resulted in loss of data and reduced statistical power. Within the range of SP observed, 13–19 days, consistency among genotypes of the linear relationship between SP and logit postharvest proportion decay, unless strongly influenced by a confounded harvest effect, indicated all SP in the range tested provided equivalent ability to discern genotypes. The significant genotype × HN interaction effect indicated maximizing the number of harvests was preferable to limiting to a few “informative” harvests. The significant genotype × year interaction effect indicated the decision to release a genotype as a cultivar will demand multiple years of evaluation. Making determinations each year to discard genotypes or use them as parents for postharvest quality was best facilitated by the simple process of calculating arithmetic genotypic means for each harvest date separately, charting the results, and using the charts to visually assess genotypic performance trends across harvests.
Interactions of Uranium with Polyphosphate

Inorganic polyphosphates (PolyP) are simple linear phosphate (PO{sup 3-}{sub 4}) polymers which are produced by a variety of microorganisms. One of their functions is to complex metals resulting in their precipitation. We investigated the interaction of phosphate and low-molecular-weight PolyP (1400-1900 Da) with uranyl ion at various pHs. Potentiometric titration of uranyl ion in the presence of phosphate showed two sharp inflection points at pHs 4 and 8 due to uranium hydrolysis reaction and interaction with phosphate. Titration of uranyl ion and PolyP revealed a broad inflection point starting at pH 4 indicating that complexation of U-PolyP occurs over a wide range of pHs with no uranium hydrolysis. EXAFS analysis of the U-HPO4 complex revealed that an insoluble uranyl phosphate species was formed below pH 6; at higher pH (greater-or-equal, slanted8) uranium formed a precipitate consisting of hydroxophosphato species. In contrast, adding uranyl ion to PolyP resulted in formation of U-PolyP complex over the entire pH range studied. At low pH (less-than-or-equals, slant6) an insoluble U-PolyP complex having a monodentate coordination of phosphate with uranium was observed. Above pH 6 however, a soluble bidentate complex with phosphate and uranium was predominant. These results show that the complexation and solubility ofmore » uranium with PO4 and PolyP are dependent upon pH.« less
Simultaneous Assay of Inorganic Phosphates and 2-Polyphosphate Esters of L-Ascorbate by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography

Abstract High performance anion exchange chromatography with conductivity detection (HPAEC-CD) was used to separate and assay 2-mono-, 2-di-, and 2-triphosphate esters of L-ascorbic acid and four inorganic phosphates. The separation was performed on a Dionex AS-11 analytical column with a linear gradient of 20 mM to 80 mM aqueous sodium hydroxide in 10 min. The sensitivities (detection limits) were about 0.1–0.15 μg/mL (2–3 ng) for the inorganic phosphates and 0.2 μg/mL (4 ng) for each 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid, all calculated as free-acid forms. The method was applied to determine the major components in a commercial phosphorylated L-ascorbate.
Non-equivalence of embryonic and somatic cell nuclei affecting spindle composition in clones

Cloning by nuclear transfer remains inefficient but is more efficient when nuclei from embryonic cells or embryonic stem cells (ECNT) are employed as compared with somatic cells (SCNT). The factors determining efficiency have not been elucidated. We find that somatic and embryonic nuclei differ in their ability to organize meiotic and mitotic spindles of normal molecular composition. Calmodulin, a component of meiotic and mitotic spindle chromosome complexes (SCCs), displays sharply reduced association with the SCC forming after SCNT but not ECNT. This defect persists in mitotic spindles at least through the second mitosis, despite abundant calmodulin expression in the cell, and correlates with slow chromosome congression. We propose that somatic cell nuclei lack factors needed to direct normal SCC formation in oocytes and early embryos. These results reveal a striking control of SCC formation by the transplanted nucleus and provide the first identified molecular correlate of donor stage-dependent restriction in nuclear potency.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in Undergraduate Education

Copyright: © 2013 Chinni RC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging technique which is being used for many different applications. Its wide range of uses spans from national defense to environmental applications. Some applications include heavy metal detection in soil, uranium detection in soils and liquids, material sorting, process monitoring, space applications, and explosive detection.
Negotiating control and achieving performance in international joint ventures: A conceptual model

Abstract Adapting well-established organization theories to international joint ventures (IJVs), this paper develops an overarching theoretical model of the determinants and effects of parent control of IJVs from an interpartner bargaining power perspective. Drawing upon power dependence, transaction costs, and agency theories, we argue that the relative bargaining power between IJV partners serves as the key determinant of control structure, and that control exerts a direct effect on the venture's performance. In addition, government influence and interpartner working relationship are critical factors that complicate the linkage between control and performance but may help to explain past conflicting results. Propositions regarding these relationships are formed for future empirical test, and implications and directions for future research are provided.
Lightweight unicast and multicast routing for MANETs

All prominent unicast and multicast routing protocols designed for wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) require a communications cost that scales like O(N2) where N is the number of nodes in the routing domain. We explore the use of extremely lightweight network structures, which require communications costs that scale like O(N) or O(N3/2), for use in new unicast and multicast routing. Our previous studies investigate the efficiency of single or multiple spanning trees for use in discovering unicast routing paths. In this paper we extend our previous studies to investigate the use of these same network structures to build efficient estimates of the Minimum Connected Dominating Set (MCDS) of nodes for multicast packet distribution. We use simulation studies to evaluate the closeness of our approach compared to other prominent MCDS estimate algorithms. We find that our approach results in MCDS estimates as good as the best distributed local algorithms, while generating no additional communications cost over our existing unicast routing methods.
Nuclear Magnetic Dipole Coupling in Al 2 O 3

An investigation of the five nuclear magnetic resonance lines in Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ shows a partially resolved structure for each of the five lines. This structure can properly be described in terms of a two-spin Hamiltonian with dipoledipole coupling. The dipole coupling constant d is 0.3998 kc/sec and the linewidths are approxtmately 10d. The analysts of the line shapes shows that the sign of the quadrupole coupling constant eqQ is positive. (auth)
OBSERVATIONS ON HUMAN COLONIC CELLULAR SUSPENSIONS AND FILTRATES AS ETIOLOGIC AGENTS IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS.

A preliminary experiment was designed to test resected colons from patients with ulcerative colitis for the presence of a possible causative agent.
Influence of velocity spread on gain and efficiency of klystrons

This paper presents the calculation of the effect of velocity spread in electron streams on the gain and efficiency in klystrons. Using the density-function method and assuming a half-Maxwellian velocity distribution, a small-signal theory of a klystron tube was developed. The form of the solution is a power series whose coefficients contain even powers of ω q/ω. The effect of losses in the cavity has also been included. The results are presented as plots of the ratios of the ac component of the bunched current with velocity spread vs a dimensionless parameter that is a measure of the velocity spread. The plots contain ωq/ω, the lengths of the drift tube and of the gaps as important design parameters.
m‐Terphenylaluminum and ‐gallium Compounds: Synthesis and Conversion into Low‐Coordinate Organogallium Cations

The reaction of two or 3 equiv. of m-terphenyllithium with MCl 3 or AlH 3 ·NMe 3 (M = Al, Ga) affords the bis(terphenyl)-aluminum and -gallium chloride compounds [{2,6-(4-tBuC 6 H 4 ) 2 C 6 H 3 } 2 GaCl] (1), [{2,6-(3,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 } 2 GaCl] (2), [{2,6-(4-tBuC 6 H 4 ) 2 C 6 H 3 } 3 Ga] (3), [(2,6-Mes 2 C 6 H 3 } 2 AlCl] (5), and [(2,6-Mes 2 C 6 H 3 ) 2 AlH] (7; Mes = 2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 ). While the gallium compounds can be obtained at room temperature, heating is required for the aluminum derivatives. The dibutyl compounds [(2,6-Mes 2 C 6 H 3 )GaBu 2 ] (8) and [(2,6-Dipp 2 C 6 H 3 )GaBu2] (9; Dipp = 2,6-iPr 2 C 6 H 3 ) have also been synthesized by the reaction of m-terphenyllithium with ClGaBu 2 . A metathesis reaction of 2 with Li[Al{OCH(CF 3 ) 2 } 4 ] gives the ionic species [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)2Ga]+[Li{Al-[OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ] 4 } 2 ] - (11). The cationic butyl(terphenyl)gallium compounds [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)GaBu]+ ([13) + ) and [(2,6-Dipp 2 C 6 H 3 )GaBu]+ ([14] + ) have been prepared by butanide ion with the trityl salts of the weakly coordinating anions [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] - , [CHB 11 Br 6 Me 5 ] - , and [CHB 11 Cl 11 ] - . These ionic species are stable at room temperature for days or weeks, although their combinations with the borate anion [B-(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] - suffer from C 6 F 5 migration, which is slow at room temperature and faster at elevated temperatures. The compound [14] + [CHB 11 Cl 11 ] - is stable at 70 °C for at least 23 h. Addition of 1-octene to a solution of [14] + [CHB 11 Cl 11 ] - in C 6 D 6 results in olefin exchange and formation of the octyl species [(2,6-Dipp 2 C 6 H 3 )Ga(octyl)]+ ([17] + ), and a slow alkylation of the solvent to afford various octylbenzenes. Hydrolysis of 8 and [13] + [CHB 11 Br 6 Me 5 ] - gives the compounds [[(2,6-Mes2C6H3)GaBu(μ-OH)} 2 ] (10) and [(BuGa) 4 (μ-OH) 6 ] 2+ [CHB 11 Br 6 Me 5 ] - 2 (16). All compounds have been characterized by 1 H and 13 C{ 1 H} NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and compounds 3, 5, 7, 10, and 16·4.5C 6 H 6 have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
Information Dissemination via Network Coding

We study distributed algorithms, also known as gossip algorithms, for information dissemination in an arbitrary connected network of nodes. Distributed algorithms have applications to peer-to-peer, sensor, and ad hoc networks, in which nodes operate under limited computational, communication, and energy resources. These constraints naturally give rise to "gossip? algorithms: schemes in which nodes repeatedly communicate with randomly chosen neighbors, thus distributing the computational burden across all the nodes in the network and making the computation robust against node failures. Information dissemination based on network coding was introduced by Deb and Medard. They showed the virtue of coding by analyzing a coding algorithm for a complete graph. Although their scheme generalizes to arbitrary graphs, the analysis does not. We present analysis of this algorithm for arbitrary graphs. Specifically, we find that the information dissemination time is naturally related to the spectral properties of the underlying network graph. Our results provide insight into how the graph topology affects the performance of the coding-based information dissemination algorithm.
Field Science Ethnography: Methods for Systematic Observation on an Expedition

The Haughton-Mars expedition is a multidisciplinary project, exploring an impact crater in an extreme environment to determine how people might live and work on Mars. The expedition seeks to understand and field test Mars facilities, crew roles, operations, and computer tools. I combine an ethnographic approach to establish a baseline understanding of how scientists prefer to live and work when relatively unemcumbered, with a participatory design approach of experimenting with procedures and tools in the context of use. This paper focuses on field methods for systematically recording and analyzing the expedition's activities. Systematic photography and time-lapse video are combined with concept mapping to organize and present information. This hybrid approach is generally applicable to the study of modern field expeditions having a dozen or more multidisciplinary participants, spread over a large terrain during multiple field seasons.
Optimal Filter Framework for Automated, Instantaneous Detection of Lesions in Retinal Images

Automated detection of lesions in retinal images is a crucial step towards efficient early detection, or screening, of large at-risk populations. In particular, the detection of microaneurysms, usually the first sign of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the detection of drusen, the hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are of primary importance. In spite of substantial progress made, detection algorithms still produce 1) false positives - target lesions are mixed up with other normal or abnormal structures in the eye, and 2) false negatives - the large variability in the appearance of the lesions causes a subset of these target lesions to be missed. We propose a general framework for detecting and characterizing target lesions almost instantaneously. This framework relies on a feature space automatically derived from a set of reference image samples representing target lesions, including atypical target lesions, and those eye structures that are similar looking but are not target lesions. The reference image samples are obtained either from an expert- or a data-driven approach. Factor analysis is used to derive the filters generating this feature space from reference samples. Previously unseen image samples are then classified in this feature space. We tested this approach by training it to detect microaneurysms. On a set of images from 2739 patients including 67 with referable DR, DR detection area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) was comparable (AUC=0.927) to our previously published red lesion detection algorithm (AUC=0.929). We also tested the approach on the detection of AMD, by training it to differentiate drusen from Stargardt's disease lesions, and achieved an AUC=0.850 on a set of 300 manually detected drusen and 300 manually detected flecks. The entire image processing sequence takes less than a second on a standard PC compared to minutes in our previous approach, allowing instantaneous detection. Free-response receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed the superiority of this approach over a framework where false positives and the atypical lesions are not explicitly modeled. A greater performance was achieved by the expert-driven approach for DR detection, where the designer had sound expert knowledge. However, for both problems, a comparable performance was obtained for both expert- and data-driven approaches. This indicates that annotation of a limited number of lesions suffices for building a detection system for any type of lesion in retinal images, if no expert-knowledge is available. We are studying whether the optimal filter framework also generalizes to the detection of any structure in other domains.
Optimum ISI-Free DMT Systems with Integer Bitloading and Arbitrary Data Rates: When Does Orthonormality Suffice?

We consider the design of optimum ISI-free, discrete multitone transmission (DMT) systems designed to achieve a quality of service (QoS) requirement quantified by bit rate and symbol error rate specifications. The optimality is in the sense of minimizing the transmitted power given the QoS specifications subject to the knowledge of the channel and colored interference at the receiver input of the DMT system. Earlier papers, obtained their optimum DMT design based on approximations that included high bit rates and/or real (as opposed to integer) bit loading schemes, and showed that orthonormal transforms suffice for optimality. In this paper we relax both the high bit rate and the integer bitloading approximation, and provide sufficient conditions on the underlying modulation schemes for which orthonormal DMT remains optimum.
Thiol-metabolizing proteins and endothelial redox state: differential modulation of eNOS and biopterin pathways.

The intracellular redox state is stringently maintained by thiol-based antioxidants to establish a balance for the physiological and pathophysiological roles of reactive oxygen species. The relativ...
Strong plume fluxes at Mars observed by MAVEN: An important planetary ion escape channel†

The accepted version of the above article was posted prematurely on September 11, 2015. The final version of record will be made fully available at later date along with a special collection of related papers.
Scaling Up the Formal Verification of Lustre Programs with SMT-Based Techniques

We present a general approach for verifying safety properties of Lustre programs automatically. Key aspects of the approach are the choice of an expressive first-order logic in which Lustre's semantics is modeled very naturally, the tailoring to this logic of SAT-based k-induction and abstraction techniques, and the use of SMT solvers to reason efficiently in this logic. We discuss initial experimental results showing that our implementation of the approach is highly competitive with existing verification solutions for Lustre.
Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Following Pediatric Injury: A Systematic Review

Objective To review the recent empirical literature concerning development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following pediatric injury and summarize risk and predictive factors that will inform clinical practice and research. Methods A systematic search of online databases such as PsycInfo, PILOTS, MedLine, and PubMed was performed. Further studies were identified through the reference lists of selected articles. Results Pre-injury psychological problems, the child’s subjective experience of trauma severity/life threat, elevated heart rate immediately following the trauma, beliefs regarding initial symptoms, active thought suppression, and parental posttraumatic stress appear to be consistent predictors of persisting posttraumatic stress in children following injury. Conclusions Specific variables may be useful in predicting posttraumatic stress following injury, which are discussed in terms of existing models of pediatric traumatic stress. Methodologies of included studies are also discussed.
The reduction of the digital divide by improving the appropriateness of the web content

Increasing the appropriateness of the web content reduces digital divide. This paper considers the impact of culture on content understanding. Our research contributes to the study of this complex and challenging issue by analyzing some of the needs, wants, preferences, and expectations of different cultures based on the cross-cultural theory developed by Hofstede.
The Prediction of Accurate Recollections of Trauma

The issue of recovered memories of child abuse has emerged as a lightning rod for rhetoric in the last decade. Clinicians who took these memories seriously in most recent years, sometimes with caution and compassion, at other times with a singleminded bias toward acceptance, were labeled “recovered memory therapists” (Ofshe & Watters, 1994; Wakefield & Underwager, 1994). Arguments were made that these clinicians may deserve condemnation “as a new class of sexual predator, causing psychological trauma equivalent to rape (Ofshe & Watters, p. 7). In response to what they perceive as zealous and negligent acceptance of such memories, some theorists appeared to advocate singleminded rejection of recovered memory of abuse, making categorical statements that ”people who experience severe trauma remember it“ (Wakefield & Underwager, 1994, p. 182). Exaggerated claims from both ”sides“ of the controversy culminated in highly biased and non-validated checklists (e.g., Fredrickson, 1992; Gardner, 1995) which purported to be helpful for making legal and clinical decisions despite the absence of supportive scientific research.
PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE), IN LOW TO MODERATE POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), populations were studied on white fir at four areas in central Sierra Nevada mountains of California during 1971–73. Life tables were constructed for four populations in El Dorado County. The number of eggs per egg mass decreased and the percentage eggs parasitized doubled with declining moth populations. Hymenopterous parasitoids were collected from all immature stages of the moth: one egg parasitoid, Telenomus californicus Ashmead, six species of larval parasitoids, principally, Hyposoter sp., and 13 species of larval–pupal parasitoids. Tachinids were predominant and accounted for 73% of the parasitoidism of the cocoons in 1971. The apparent mortality of female pupae due to the parasitoid complex was greater than 97% in 1971 and 75% in 1972. One population in Placer County collapsed in 1971 apparently due to a combination of heat exhaustion and low levels of virus infection. Other defoliators, spiders, and several predatory insect species were collected from the foliage samples simultaneously with the tussock moth during larval sampling. Twelve species of "free living" spiders which could be capable of preying on the defoliator complex of white fir were collected. Parasitoids and predators appear to be potentially important biotic factors at low to moderate host population levels. This is the first recorded case where an agent other than the nucleopolyhedrosis virus has been responsible for the collapse of a Douglas-fir tussock moth population.
Self-stressing structures for electromigration testing to 500 MHz

We demonstrate for the first time high frequency (500 MHz) electromigration at the wafer-level using on-chip, self-stressing test structures. Since the stress temperature, frequency, duty cycle and current are controlled by DC signals in these structures, we used conventional DC test equipment without any special modifications (such as high frequency cabling, high temperature probe cards, etc.). This structure significantly reduces the cost of performing realistic high frequency electromigration experiments. >
Effect of Analysts' Optimism on Estimates of the Expected Rate of Return Implied by Earnings Forecasts

Recent literature has used analysts' earnings forecasts, which are known to be optimistic, to estimate implied expected rates of return, yielding upwardly biased estimates. We estimate that the bias, computed as the difference between the estimates of the implied expected rate of return based on analysts' earnings forecasts and estimates based on current earnings realizations, is 2.84%. The importance of this bias is illustrated by the fact that several extant studies estimate an equity premium in the vicinity of 3%, which would be eliminated by the removal of the bias. We illustrate the point that cross-sample differences in the bias may lead to the erroneous conclusion that cost of capital differs across these samples by showing that analysts' optimism, and hence, bias in the implied estimates of the expected rate of return, differs with firm size and with analysts' recommendation. As an important aside, we show that the bias in a value-weighted estimate of the implied equity premium is 1.60% and that the unbiased value-weighted estimate of this premium is 4.43%.