cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of 25-hydroxycholesterol and aminoglutethimide in isolated rat adrenal cells. A model for congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia?

Abstract The production of corticosterone from 25-hydroxycholesterol by isolated rat adrenal cells is inhibited by aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGI); half-maximal inhibition is obtained at ca. 10 μM. AGI also inhibits ACTH-stimulated steroid production from endogeneous substrates; here half-maximal inhibition is obtained with ca. 40 μM AGI. In the presence of ACTH + AGI, 25-hydroxycholesterol causes additive inhibition. This effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol is dose-dependent. ACTH-stimulated steroid production from endogeneous substrates is partially inhibited by 5-cholene-3β, 24-diol. These results may just reflect substrate competition for the side-chain cleaving system or may be due to some secondary toxic effect on the cells.
Pathways to Feminist Identification

Life experiences that expose individuals to feminism lead to greater subsequent self-identification as feminist (e.g., D. H. Henderson-King & A. J. Stewart, 1999). The goal of this research was to identify mediators of this exposure–identification relationship. Ninety-six women completed measures of prior exposure to feminism, feminist self-identification, and a set of potential mediating variables. Results suggest that the exposure–identification relationship is at least partially (if not fully) mediated by common fate with women and negative evaluations of feminists; women with more prior exposure to feminism reported greater common fate with women and less negative evaluations of feminists, each of which, in turn, was associated with stronger feminist identification. Limitations of the model and alternative pathways to politicized gender consciousness are discussed.
Alpha factor analysis of infallible variables

The relationship between the factor pattern,F, derived from fallible (containing measurement error) observations on variables and the factor pattern,F*, derived from infallible observations on variables is investigated. A widely believed relationship betweenF andF*, viz.,F*=AF whereA is a diagonal matrix containing the inverses of the square roots of the reliabilities of the variables, is shown to be false for several factor analytic techniques. Under suitable assumptions, it is shown that for Kaiser and Caffrey's “alpha factor analysis”F* andF are related byF*=AF. Empirical examples for which the corresponding elements ofF* andAF are equal to two decimal places are presented. The implications of the equality ofF* andAF for alpha factor analysis are discussed.
Microscopic analysis of interatomic forces in transition metals with lattice distortions

It is now possible to calculate accurately vibrational frequencies for transition metals entirely from first principles using the frozen-phonon approach. In addition, the interatomic forces arising from the electronic response to a particular phonon distortion can be calculated by making use of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem. Analysis of these forces helps in visualizing the complicated microscopic interactions responsible for phonon anomalies. The techniques and analysis are demonstrated for the important longitudinal ($\frac{2}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3}$) phonon in Mo, Nb, and bcc Zr. The stiffening of this mode as the electron-per-atom ratio increases from Nb to Mo is shown to arise from a development of directional bonding. The precipitous dip in this mode for the high-temperature bcc phase of Zr and the instability of bcc Zr towards the formation of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ phase are related to the $d$-electron screening and details of the electronic structure.
Coherent potential approximation for quaternary alloys: Application to phonon spectra in one dimension

Abstract The coherent potential approximation is generalized for application to quaternary alloys of the types A x C y B 1− x − y D and A x B 1− x C y D 1− y . Formalisms are developed for and application is made to the calculation of the phonon spectra of random, mass-disordered quaternary alloys of both types in one dimension.
Latest results on “subthreshold” production of kaons and antiprotons

Abstract We present our recent results on “subthreshold” production of K − , K + , and antiprotons in relativistic nuclear collisions. At a NN center-of-mass (cm) angle of 0° we have measured: the inclusive cross sections for production of K − from Si+Si collisions at incident energies of 1.0–2.1 A GeV, and from C+C, and Ca+Ca at 2.1 A GeV; as well as the yield of K + from Si+Si at 1.26 A GeV. At a cm angle of 90° we have measured the inclusive cross section for production of K − in Si+Si collisions at 2.1 A GeV. The systematics of the excitation function, the mass dependence, and the angular dependence are compared with similar data on sub-threshold pion yields. The present status of the five antiproton candidate events is discussed.
Numerical computations for singular semilinear elliptic boundary value problems

Abstract The paper studies a class of Dirichlet problems with homogeneous boundary conditions for singular semilinear elliptic equations in a bounded smooth domain in . A numerical method is devised to construct an approximate Green's function by using radial basis functions and the method of fundamental solutions. An estimate of the error involved is also given. A weak solution of the above given problem is a solution of its corresponding nonlinear integral equation. A computational method is given to find the minimal weak solution U, and the critical index λ* (such that a weak solution U exists for λ λ*).
Epidemiological models for heterogeneous populations: proportionate mixing, parameter estimation, and immunization programs

Abstract Deterministic models are presented for epidemics which occur quickly and for long-term endemic diseases where births and deaths must be considered. Contact-rate matrices are formulated in terms of activity levels and subpopulation sizes by using a proportionate-mixing assumption. Methods are presented for estimating epidemic and endemic parameters in both homogeneous and heterogeneous populations. Other authors' approaches to contact-rate matrices and spatial heterogeneity are described. Three immunization programs are analyzed for a model of a spatially heterogeneous population and are compared in a “city and villages” example.
The Importance of Carbon Footprint Estimation Boundaries

Because of increasing concern about global climate change and carbon emissions as a causal factor, many companies and organizations are pursuing “carbon footprint” projects to estimate their own contributions to global climate change. Protocol definitions from carbon registries help organizations analyze their footprints. The scope of these protocols varies but generally suggests estimating only direct emissions and emissions from purchased energy, with less focus on supply chain emissions. In contrast, approaches based on comprehensive environmental life-cycle assessment methods are available to track total emissions across the entire supply chain, and experience suggests that following narrowly defined estimation protocols will generally lead to large underestimates of carbon emissions for providing products and services. Direct emissions from an industry are, on average, only 14% of the total supply chain carbon emissions (often called Tier 1 emissions), and direct emissions plus industry energy inputs...
COPING WITH MULTIPLE ENEMIES: 10 YEARS OF ATTACK ON LOMATIUM DISSECTUM PLANTS

Most natural plant populations are attacked by a suite of enemy species, but there are differing views on how commonly individuals within populations must confront multiple enemies. I evaluated during 10 years the number of insect and pathogen taxa attacking leaves and flowers on tagged individuals of Lomatium dissectum (Apiaceae), a long-lived herbaceous perennial. In addition, I determined the minimum number of established plants killed by pocket gophers. At least 43% of the deaths were attributable directly to feeding on roots by gophers. On average 68% of plants were attacked each year by at least one insect or pathogen species, and plants harbored each year a mean of 1.6 insect/pathogen species. By year 10 all surviving plants had been attacked by at least two enemies. Yearly attack by a small number of enemy species is a pervasive part of the life history of individual plants within this population.
The Effects of Discrete-Trial Training Commission Errors on Learner Outcomes: An Extension

We conducted a parametric analysis of treatment integrity errors during discrete-trial training and investigated the effects of three integrity conditions (0, 50, or 100 % errors of commission) on performance in the presence and absence of programmed errors. The presence of commission errors impaired acquisition for three of four participants. Following removal of commission errors from instruction, we observed a carry-over effect for only two participants suggesting that adverse effects are reversible with relatively small amounts of high-quality instruction.
Muscle tissue changes with aging.

Purpose of reviewThis review article focuses on the changes that occur in muscle with age, specifically the involuntary loss of muscle mass, strength and function, termed sarcopenia. Particular emphasis is given to the metabolic alterations that characterize sarcopenia, and to the potentially treata
Comment "On real eigenvalues of real nonsymmetric matrices"

It is noted that the conditions stated in a previous letter for real nonsymmetric matrices to have real eigenvalues and real nonpositive eigenvalues, respectively, are both necessary and sufficient.
Carrying capacity estimates for assessing environmental performance and sustainability

Commercial and industrial activities are being found to have significant effects on natural ecological systems, increasing the importance of evaluating these activities in relation to the earth's "carrying capacity". Several types of environmental impact commonly associated with business activities have been selected for evaluation. These include global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, resource depletion, human toxicity, and eco-toxicity. For each type of impact, numerous sources of information have been used to estimate the carrying capacity at the scale appropriate for the impact. Various scientific models also have been employed. The carrying capacity estimates are a primary input to the sustainability target method (STM), an environmental performance metric that relates carrying capacity to individual products and services. The STM is a basis for using carrying capacity along with product impact and value to provide a practical sustainability target for businesses.
Characterization and modeling of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using a Recurrent Neural Network

Photovoltaic (PV) system modeling is used throughout the photovoltaic industry for the prediction of PV system output under a given set of weather conditions. PV system modeling has a wide range of uses including: prepurchase comparisons of PV system components, system health monitoring, and payback (return on investment) times. In order to adequately model a PV system, the system must be characterized to establish the relationship between given weather inputs (e.g., irradiance, spectrum, temperature) and desired system outputs (e.g., AC power, module temperature). Traditional approaches to system characterization involve characterizing and modeling each component in a PV system and forming a system model by successively using component models. This paper lays the groundwork for using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to characterize and model an entire PV system without the need to characterize or model the individual system components. Input/output relationships are “learned” by the RNN using measured system performance data and correlated weather data. Thus, this method for characterizing and modeling PV systems is useful for existing PV system installations with several weeks of correlated system performance and weather data.
An assessment of environmental conditions for control of downy brome by Pseudomonas fluorescens D7

Purpose: We evaluated the conditions that favoured Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7 (P.f. D7) growth and inhibition of downy brome. Design/methodology/approach: Tn5 mutagenesis and a competitive assay were used to isolate mutants of P.f. D7. Isolates were screened for polysaccharide production and toxin response. Seven mutants were tested under varying pH, temperature and water potential and characterised using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis. Findings: Temperature, pH, and water potential did not affect weed suppression in bioassays, except at 37°C and with NaCl. Originality and/value: Understanding the genetics of P.f. D7 will help in the development of successful weed biocontrol systems.
Interrelationships among tocopherols of commercial Runner market type peanuts grown in the United States

Summary Commercially grown US Runner peanuts from 10 cultivars comprising 151 samples over two recent crop years contained 10.54 ± 1.50 mg α-tocopherol (T)/100 g kernel, 0.31 ± 0.12 β-T, 10.93 ± 2.04 γ-T and 0.76 ± 0.31 δ-T. Box plots revealed segregations in tocopherol levels for normal, mid and high oleic cultivars as well as production years among the cultivars. Correlation coefficients indicated positive relationships between β- and γ-T (r = 0.436, P < 0.001) and γ- and δ-T (r = 0.437, P < 0.001) but no relationship between α- and γ-T (r = −0.032). Principal component analysis of tocopherol contents simplified the data set and revealed two significant principal components (PCs) (PC1 and PC2), which together accounted for 72.6% of the total variance in the data. Eigen analysis of the correlation matrix loadings of the PCs revealed that PC1 was mainly contributed to by α-, β- and δ-T, whereas PC2 was by γ-T. This study clearly demonstrates that using a chemometric approach to analyse raw data can provide scientists with more information concerning the variation in peanut cultivars than by simply reporting the means and standard deviations of HPLC results.
Reducing Silica and Dust Exposures in Construction During Use of Powered Concrete-Cutting Hand Tools: Efficacy of Local Exhaust Ventilation on Hammer Drills

Concrete cutting in construction is a major source of exposure to respirable crystalline silica. To reduce exposures, local exhaust ventilation (LEV) may be integrated into the hand tools used in concrete cutting. Volunteers from the New England Laborers Training Center participated in a field study focused on the use of LEV on concrete-cutting hammer drills. A randomized block design field experiment employing four workers measured the efficacy of four hood-vacuum source combinations compared with no LEV in reducing dust and silica exposures. Using four-stage personal cascade impactors (Marple 294) to measure dust exposure, a total of 18 personal samples were collected. Reductions of over 80% in all three biologically relevant size fractions of dust (inhalable, thoracic, and respirable) were obtained by using any combination of hood and vacuum source. This study found that respirable dust concentrations were reduced from 3.77 mg/m3 to a range of 0.242 to 0.370 mg/m3; thoracic dust concentrations from 12....
Design and evaluation of a metropolitan area multitier wireless ad hoc network architecture

Few real-world applications of mobile ad hoc networks have been developed or deployed outside the military environment, and no traces of actual node movement in a real ad hoc network have been available. We propose a novel commercial application of ad hoc networking, we describe and evaluate a multitier ad hoc network architecture and routing protocol for this system, and we document a new source of real mobility traces to support detailed simulation of ad hoc network applications on a large scale. The proposed system, which we call Ad Hoc City, is a multitier wireless ad hoc network routing architecture for general-purpose wide-area communication. The backbone network in this architecture is itself also a mobile multihop network, composed of wireless devices mounted on mobile fleets such as city buses or delivery vehicles. We evaluate our proposed design through simulation based on traces of the actual movement of the fleet of city buses in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan area, on their normal routes providing passenger bus service throughout the city.
Captured Segment Exchange: A Strategy for Custom Engineering Large Genomic Regions in Drosophila melanogaster

Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) are valuable tools for manipulating genomes. In Drosophila, thousands of transgenic insertions carrying SSR recognition sites have been distributed throughout the genome by several large-scale projects. Here we describe a method with the potential to use these insertions to make custom alterations to the Drosophila genome in vivo. Specifically, by employing recombineering techniques and a dual recombinase-mediated cassette exchange strategy based on the phiC31 integrase and FLP recombinase, we show that a large genomic segment that lies between two SSR recognition-site insertions can be “captured” as a target cassette and exchanged for a sequence that was engineered in bacterial cells. We demonstrate this approach by targeting a 50-kb segment spanning the tsh gene, replacing the existing segment with corresponding recombineered sequences through simple and efficient manipulations. Given the high density of SSR recognition-site insertions in Drosophila, our method affords a straightforward and highly efficient approach to explore gene function in situ for a substantial portion of the Drosophila genome.
Planar-Temporal Stationary Correlation Models That Depend on the Maximum Norm

It is useful to have various stochastic models to describe a wide range of spatial or spatio-temporal dependence and interaction. Two families of planar-temporal stationary correlation functions are proposed in this paper, whose planar margins are functions of the maximum norm on the plane. We formulate each of these two families through a simple development base that possesses a rational spectral density. The base for one family is the linear combination of two separable planar-temporal correlation models, while there seems to be no easy interpretation for the base of the other family. Each family is then generated by appropriately randomizing the planar and temporal coordinates of the base random field. One may treat each family as a semiparametric model, whose permissible parameter domains are identified. A common feature of the models developed is that they allow for describing positive and negative correlations. Other properties are also presented
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAT protein induces adhesion molecule expression in astrocytes

AIDS encephalitis is a frequent consequence of CNS HIV infection, especially in children. One of its many characteristics is a leukocyte infiltrate that is believed to contribute to the production of cytokines, chemokines and neurotoxic factors resulting in CNS damage. Entry of such leukocytes into the CNS is mediated in part by the expression of adhesion molecules by blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells. Expression of these proteins by astrocytes, the other main component of the BBB, also serves to target leukocytes to the CNS parenchyma. We now demonstrate that HIV-1-derived Tat, a soluble protein secreted by infected cells, induced astrocyte VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The functional role of Tat in monocyte binding in vitro was also demonstrated. These data suggest that the presence of extracellular Tat may be a significant factor in the trafficking of HIV-infected and inflammatory cells into the CNS via its effect on adhesion molecule expression by astrocytes.
Juvenile Curfews and Race: A Cautionary Note

During the 1990s, the United States experienced a rise in the popularity of nocturnal juvenile curfews as a method of crime prevention. Prior research has not, however, found curfews to be particularly effective in achieving their goals, and concerns have been raised about discriminatory enforcement. In this article we examine the implementation of a juvenile curfew in a large southern city, Charlotte, North Carolina, and investigate its impact on different racial groups. The background characteristics of curfew violators were found to mirror those of juvenile offenders in general, and different types of violators were cited in different areas of town. However, although the curfew had a positive or at least a neutral effect on some offenders, it had an escalation effect on Asian and Hispanic youth. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Spontaneous exacerbation of disease activity in patients with chronic delta hepatitis infection: The role of hepatitis B, C or D?

Forty-six patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection were followed between 6 and 116 mo (mean = 32.8 mo; median = 24 mo). Nineteen patients (41%) demonstrated clinical courses with episodes of biochemical reactivation (ALT levels ≥ 10 times baseline values [group A]). Twenty-seven patients (59%) had stable clinical courses without biochemical reactivation (group B). Patients in group A were younger than those in group B (30.5 vs. 35.3 yr; p = 0.03), were less likely to be intravenous drug abusers (16% vs. 52%; p = 0.01) and were more likely to be homosexual (58% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Serum hepatitis B virus DNA, hepatitis delta virus RNA, IgM antibody to HBc, HBeAg, antibody to HBe and IgG and IgM antibody to hepatitis delta virus were measured in all patients. In group A, these markers were studied before and during reactivation and during remission. In group B, these parameters were studied in a random fashion at 7- to 10-mo intervals. The presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus was assessed in all patients. A total of 38 biochemical reactivation episodes was noted among the 19 patients in group A. Eleven had sequential changes in hepatitis delta virus markers, suggesting that the exacerbations were due to hepatitis delta virus. In three, the sequential changes of viral markers were consistent with the exacerbations due to hepatitis B virus. In five other patients, no sequential changes in viral markers could be demonstrated to correlate with the biochemical exacerbations. Hepatitis C virus markers were found in 2 of the 19 patients; these two patients were in the group of 11 who had evidence of sequential changes of hepatitis delta virus markers with biochemical exacerbations. Of the patients in the control group (group B) who had stable biochemical courses, 10 had replication of hepatitis delta virus alone, four demonstrated replication of both hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis B virus and two demonstrated replication of hepatitis B virus alone. The viral markers did not reveal sequential or significant fluctuations in this group. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of biochemical reactivation episodes among our subjects with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection was 41%. In 58% of these patients, the episodes were related to hepatitis delta virus activity, whereas in 16% they were related to hepatitis B virus activity. Hepatitis C virus coinfection was rare in this study group. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:625–629.)
The Impact of Dietary Folate Intake on Reproductive Function in Premenopausal Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Folic acid is recommended to reproductive-aged women to prevent birth defects, though little is known about the effects of dietary intake on other reproductive outcomes. Improved pregnancy rates have been documented after folic acid supplement use, suggesting a possible link with ovulation, however research is limited. Our objective was to evaluate the association between dietary folate intake, hormone levels, and sporadic anovulation in healthy, regularly menstruating women. Methodology/Principal Findings: The BioCycle study (2005–2007) prospectively followed 259 healthy women aged 18–44 years from the western New York region for up to 2 menstrual cycles. Total folate and specific sources of folate were assessed up to 4 times per cycle by 24-hour recall. Estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were measured in serum up to 8 times per cycle, timed using fertility monitors. Anovulation was defined as a cycle with peak progesterone concentration #5 ng/mL and no LH peak in the mid/late luteal phase. Higher intake of dietary folate (in dietary equivalents) across tertiles had a marginally significant association with greater luteal progesterone levels (P trend 0.08). Higher intake of synthetic folate was significantly associated with higher luteal progesterone levels (P trend 0.05). Specifically, women in the 3 rd tertile of synthetic folate intake had, on average, 16.0% (95% CI, 0.5–33.8%) higher luteal progesterone levels compared to women in the 1 st tertile. Moreover, consumption of synthetic folate was significantly and inversely associated with anovulation such that women in the 3 rd tertile had a 64% (95% CI, 8–86%) decreased odds of anovulation compared to the women in the 1 st tertile (P trend 0.03). Conclusions/Significance: These findings suggest that a diet high in synthetic folate may be associated with increased progesterone levels and lower risk of sporadic anovulation. Further study of the effect of dietary folate and folic acid supplement use on reproductive health is warranted.
Development of a self‐report instrument to assess social and emotional development

The authors present a revised model and a new measure of social and emotional development in higher education. They describe the psychometric properties of the measure, using a sample of 632 freshman students at a small private university. Social emotional development is defined as the enhancement of individual capacity to recognize and regulate emotional information and behaviors to facilitate desirable social outcomes. The analysis of the Social Emotional Development Inventory indicates the current instrument has an appropriate factor structure and adequate internal consistency. Recommendations for future versions of the instrument are included.
Reactive MALDI mass spectrometry: application to high mass alkanes and polyethylene.

A molecular solid of fullerene (C60) intercalated with cobalt cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyl (CoCp(CO)2) was shown to be an effective matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) of large alkanes (demonstrated up to C94H190) and polyethylenes that otherwise cannot be produced as intact ions in the gas phase.
Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI for Tumor Surveillance Before Liver Transplantation: Center-Based Experience

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively acquired institutional results to determine the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced MRI in liver tumor surveillance before transplantation.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. One hundred fifteen patients underwent MRI of the abdomen within 90 days before liver transplantation. Images were acquired with gadolinium-enhanced 3D gradient-echo sequences in the arterial, venous, and delayed phases. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was based on the imaging criteria arterial phase enhancement, delayed phase hypointensity, and development of an enhancing outer margin capsule. Imaging findings were compared with findings at histopathologic evaluation of the explanted liver.RESULTS. Thirty-six HCCs in 27 patients were detected at histopathologic evaluation. Patient-based analysis showed the sensitivity of MRI was 88.9% (24/27); specificity, 97.7% (false-positive findings in two patients); and accuracy, 95.7%. MRI depicted 28 of 36 HCCs, resulting in a lesio...
Seismic sources, fault plane studies and tectonics

Since 1967 seismic source mechanism studies in the United States have seen the following major developments: 1. Detailed interpretation of fault plane solutions in terms of the new global tectonics. 2. Quantitative estimates of the rate of fault slip represented by earthquakes; interpretation of these estimates in terms of the new global tectonics; and use of such estimates to predict earthquake potential.
Chapter 5 Flow Cell SFC/FT-IR

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the state-of-the-art of supercritical fluid chromatography Fourier transform infrared (SFC/FT-IR), which is related to the flow cell interface. The flow cell approach involves connecting a high pressure flow through cell at the end of the column and positioning the flow cell in the FT-IR beam so that the column effluent is monitored in real time as it flows through the cell. The IR signal is directly proportional to the amount of sample in the chromatographic peak that is flowing through the cell at any respective time. The flow cell must be able to withstand high pressure, have IR transparent windows and exhibit a volume considerably smaller than the peak volume. The ideal cell dimensions from both a chromatographic and spectrometric point-of-view are not compatible; therefore, a compromise is necessary to achieve the hyphenated experiment.
Impact of Anaerobiosis on Expression of the Iron-Responsive Fur and RyhB Regulons

ABSTRACT Iron, a major protein cofactor, is essential for most organisms. Despite the well-known effects of O2 on the oxidation state and solubility of iron, the impact of O2 on cellular iron homeostasis is not well understood. Here we report that in Escherichia coli K-12, the lack of O2 dramatically changes expression of genes controlled by the global regulators of iron homeostasis, the transcription factor Fur and the small RNA RyhB. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we found anaerobic conditions promote Fur binding to more locations across the genome. However, by expression profiling, we discovered that the major effect of anaerobiosis was to increase the magnitude of Fur regulation, leading to increased expression of iron storage proteins and decreased expression of most iron uptake pathways and several Mn-binding proteins. This change in the pattern of gene expression also correlated with an unanticipated decrease in Mn in anaerobic cells. Changes in the genes posttranscriptionally regulated by RyhB under aerobic and anaerobic conditions could be attributed to O2-dependent changes in transcription of the target genes: aerobic RyhB targets were enriched in iron-containing proteins associated with aerobic energy metabolism, whereas anaerobic RyhB targets were enriched in iron-containing anaerobic respiratory functions. Overall, these studies showed that anaerobiosis has a larger impact on iron homeostasis than previously anticipated, both by expanding the number of direct Fur target genes and the magnitude of their regulation and by altering the expression of genes predicted to be posttranscriptionally regulated by the small RNA RyhB under iron-limiting conditions. IMPORTANCE Microbes and host cells engage in an “arms race” for iron, an essential nutrient that is often scarce in the environment. Studies of iron homeostasis have been key to understanding the control of iron acquisition and the downstream pathways that enable microbes to compete for this valuable resource. Here we report that O2 availability affects the gene expression programs of two Escherichia coli master regulators that function in iron homeostasis: the transcription factor Fur and the small RNA regulator RyhB. Fur appeared to be more active under anaerobic conditions, suggesting a change in the set point for iron homeostasis. RyhB preferentially targeted iron-containing proteins of respiration-linked pathways, which are differentially expressed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Such findings may be relevant to the success of bacteria within their hosts since zones of reduced O2 may actually reduce bacterial iron demands, making it easier to win the arms race for iron.
Progression of Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The evolution of sun-damaged skin to invasive squamous cell carcinoma may occur along two main pathways. In both cases, the basal layer keratinocytes are transformed, appear cytologically atypical and proliferate at a higher rate than normal.
FRACTURE OF SYNTHETIC POLYMER FIBERS

Abstract This paper reviews our Monte-Carlo lattice models for the study of the factors controlling the mechanical strength and mode of failure of flexible polymer fibers. We start by focusing on unoriented chain systems and investigate the dependence of their deformation behavior on chain length, density of entanglements and drawing conditions. We then turn to the case of the fully oriented polymer chain and study the importance of molecular weight and segregated chain-end defects in controlling the fiber ultimate tensile strength. We show that our model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental data.
The potential of pigeons as surrogate observers in medical image perception studies

Assessment of medical image quality and how changes in image appearance impact performance are critical but assessment can be expensive and time-consuming. Could an animal (pigeon) observer with well-known visual skills and documented ability to distinguish complex visual stimuli serve as a surrogate for the human observer? Using sets of whole slide pathology (WSI) and mammographic images we trained pigeons (cohorts of 4) to detect and/or classify lesions in medical images. Standard training methods were used. A chamber equipped with a 15’ display with a resistive touchscreen was used to display the images and record responses (pecks). Pigeon pellets were dispensed for correct responses. The pigeons readily learned to distinguish benign from malignant breast cancer histopathology in WSI (mean % correct responses rose 50% to 85% over 15 days) and generalized readily from 4X to 10X and 20X magnifications; to detect microcalcifications (mean % correct responses rose 50% to over 85% over 25 days); to distinguish benign from malignant breast masses (3 of 4 birds learned this task to around 80% and 60% over 10 days); and ignore compression artifacts in WSI (performance with uncompressed slides averaged 95% correct; 15:1 and 27:1 compression slides averaged 92% and 90% correct). Pigeons models may help us better understand medical image perception and may be useful in quality assessment by serving as surrogate observers for certain types of studies.
Epidemiological Investigation of Endemic Fluorosis in Rural Areas in Three Districts of Fuyang City

Objective To understand the fluoride contents of drinking water and the prevalence of fluorosis in some villages of Fuyang city,provide the scientific guideline for water supply improvement projects.Methods Investigation was conducted according to the technical project of high fluorin fountain screening about drinking water,regional fluorosis survey,and quality supervise of reducing fluorin and purifying water project and water quality testing,which included regional illness control and prevention program sponsored by Anhui province public health special funds supplemented by central government,all work were done in the downtown of Fuyang City that acting as a program county.Results 3660 water samples were collected in 732 administrative villages governed by the downtown.The testing results demonstrated that the concentration of fluorin in 346 water samples overstepped the maximum limit of the concentration of fluorin in water(the concentration of fluorin in water ≥1.0㎎/L),which accounted for 9.45% of the total water samples.There were 126 administrative villages whose averaged concentration of fluorin in water overstepped the max-limit of the concentration of fluorin in water,which accounted for 17.21% of the total administrative villages.36569 children whose ages were 8~12 years were surveyed in the downtown,and results showed that 5237 children had dental fluorosis,accounted for 3.21% of the total children surveyed.There were 3820 children whose dental fluorosis were very slight,accounted for 10.45% of the total children who had dental fluorosis,and 1175 whose dental fluorosis were slight,accounted for 3.21%,and 242 whose dental fluorosis were moderate,accounted for 0.66%,and 21 whose dental fluorosis were severe,accounted for 0.06%.533 adults whose ages were older than 16 years were surveyed in the high fluorin district.Of them,6 bone fluorosis cases were found,with incidence 1.13%.Conclusions Rural areas in three districts of Fuyang city were low prevalence zone of fluorosis.
Check-list of fungi pathogenic to insects and mites in Israel, updated through 1992

Forty-five entomopathogenic fungal species and 215 host-pathogen combinations have been observed in Israel during the last two decades.Pathogen-host combinations are given in a list, followed by seasonal occurrence, geographic distribution and host-plant data.Host-pathogen combinations are given in a separate list, followed by the most relevant literature citations. Both lists are indexed. Recent changes in systematics and nomenclature, and seasonal and host preferences are discussed for selected species or groups.
The Parent-into-F1 Murine Model in the Study of Lupus-Like Autoimmunity and CD8 Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Function

The transfer of homozygous C57Bl/6 (B6) or DBA/2 (DBA) parental strain T cells into normal B6D2F1 mice in the parent-into-F1 (p → F1) model results in a graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) that takes one of the following two forms: (a) acute GVHD seen with B6 → F1 mice and mediated by donor CD8 cytotoxic T cells that eliminate host lymphocytes and (b) a chronic lupus-like GVHD seen with DBA → F1 mice and mediated by donor CD4 T cell cognate help to autoreactive B cells resulting in autoantibody production and renal disease similar to human lupus. Importantly, these two phenotypes can be distinguished by flow cytometry as early as 2 weeks after donor cell transfer. The p → F1 model can be used to screen for agents that alter lupus development. Additionally, the model is useful for preclinical screening of biologic agents with immunomodulatory potential. Agents that selectively inhibit CD8 T cell function will convert acute GVHD to chronic GVHD in B6 → F1 mice. Conversely, agents that promote CD8 CTL function will convert chronic GVHD to acute GVHD in DBA → F1 mice. Agents that completely suppress T cell function will block both phenotypes. The model is also useful for examining the effects of T cell mutations by transferring mutant T cells into wild-type hosts and assessing the effects on disease phenotype. Differences observed from wild-type T cells → F1 can be directly ascribed to alterations in mutant T cell function. Because of the early 2-week phenotype development, the p → F1 model is well suited to screening of potential immunomodulatory therapeutic compounds and the assessment of T cell mutations on in vivo function.
Spatial pattern analysis of process variations in silicon microring modulators

We identified significant spatial patterns in the wafer-scale process variation data of silicon microring modulators. These spatial patterns implicate some variation sources in certain fabrication process steps.
Sensing by Random Convolution

Several recent results in compressive sampling (CS) show that a sparse signal (i.e. one which can be compressed in a known orthobasis) can be efficiently acquired by taking linear measurements against random test functions. In practice, however, it is difficult to build sensing devices which take these types of measurements. In this paper, we will show how to extend some of the results in CS to measurement systems which are more amenable to real-world implementation. In particular, we will show that taking measurements by subsampling a convolution with a random pulse is in some sense a universal compressive sampling strategy. We finish by briefly discussing how these results suggest a novel imaging architecture.
Don’t Kill the Suspense: How Outcome Knowledge Influences the Enjoyment of Entertainment (an Abstract)

Technological advances have enabled consumers to take greater control over how and when they view television programming, with many consumers choosing to time-shift consumption. Yet, preferences for live viewing vs. time-shifting viewing vary across program types, with news, special event, and sports programming showing higher real-time viewing than other program types. While indeterminacy is one factor that has been shown to predict consumer preferences for real-time broadcasts, drawing on literature related to the uncertainty of outcome and suspense, we argue that there is more to this preference than indeterminacy alone. More specifically, we propose that entertainment experiences contain two types of suspense (outcome and process suspense) and we show how process suspense impacts consumer preferences for time-shifting in TV entertainment consumption. Our research enriches our understanding of the nature of suspense and the relationship between outcome knowledge and the ability to experience suspense while also providing practical insights into why consumers choose to time-shift some programs, but not others.
114. What is New in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

Abstract Overall Abstract: This session will feature 4 of our most distinguished scientists in the field of schizophrenia research who are pursuing cutting-edge new treatments in the field, including but not limited to new medications. In this session, they will lay out their ideas about how to exploit new tools, interventions, and ideas to improve schizophrenia therapeutics. Approaches to improve treatments for the mentally ill with psychosis are highly innovative and go beyond the development of new medications. This is not to say that new pharmaceuticals are absent, since this is not the case. Christoph Correll will catch us up around which new medications are being designed and tested, then developed, in the cases that they are therapeutic. Treatment development over the last few years has included news about early treatment: the hypothesis then demonstration that treating psychosis early, intensively, and with multiple approaches can make psychotic individuals better for longer with higher psychosocial function than previous approaches. Lisa Dixon, one of the area’s innovators, will present the OnTractNY program and show the novel treatment approaches being implemented in NY and how outcomes are tracked. The potential of prophylactic treatments, treatments aimed as etiology, would be the ultimate aim of our research. Bob Freedman will present and discuss one particular approach involving prenatal administration of a prophylactic agent. Finally, the possibility that non-invasive neurostimulation approaches might have therapeutic potential has been widely discussed and less often, tested. Kelvin Lim will represent the state of the field of neurostimulation in psychosis and his use of TMS, in particular. This Symposium will draw together several novel arms of treatment of psychosis.
Hysterectomy Techniques for Obese Patients

Obesity poses certain challenges and risks to patients and surgeons in the perioperative period. Patients with obesity often have other comorbidities, which increase the risks of surgery and anesthesia. The increased adipose tissue makes positioning and surgical exposure more difficult. Patients are also at higher risk of cardiopulmonary events in the postoperative period.
Needle in a haystack: Identifying learner posts that require urgent response in MOOC discussion forums

Abstract Although massive open online courses or MOOCs have been successful in attracting a large number of learners, they have not been equally successful in retaining the learners to the point of course completion. One critical point of failure in many courses, especially those that use discussion forums as a means of collaborative learning, is the large number of messages exchanged on the forums. The extensive exchange of messages often creates chaos from the instructors' perspective and several questions remain unanswered. Lack of attention and response to urgent messages – those that are critical from the learners’ perspective to move forward – becomes a major challenge in this environment. This paper proposes a model to identify “urgent” posts that need immediate attention from instructors. In our analysis, we investigate different feature sets and different data mining techniques, and report the best set of features and classification techniques for addressing the problem of identifying messages that need urgent attention. The results demonstrate the ability to use a limited number of linguistic features with select metadata to build a moderate to substantially reliable classification model that can identify urgent posts in MOOC forums regardless of the course content. The work has potential application across a range of platforms that provide large scale courses and can help instructors efficiently navigate the discussion forums and prioritize the responses so that timely intervention can support learning and may reduce dropout rates.
Screening for and preventing perinatal depression.

New York City (NYC) public hospitals recently mandated that all pregnant women be screened for depression, but no funds were allocated for screening or care coordination/treatment, and research suggests that unfunded mandates are not likely to be successful. To address this, we implemented an on-site depression prevention intervention (NYC ROSE) for positive depression screens among pregnant, mostly Black and Hispanic, lower-income women in one public hospital. In this paper, we used Aarons’ implementation model to describe the successes and challenges of screening and intervention. Patient tracking sheets and electronic medical records were abstracted. Key informant interviews and an informal focus group were conducted, and staff observations were reviewed; common implementation themes were identified and fit into Aarons’ model. We found that a lack of funding and staff training, which led to minimal psychoeducation for patients, were outer context factors that may have made depression screening difficult, screening results unreliable, and NYC ROSE enrollment challenging. Although leadership agreed to implement NYC ROSE, early involvement of all levels of staff and patients would have better informed important inner context factors, like workflow and logistical/practical challenges. There was also a mismatch between the treatment model and the population being served; patients often lived too far away to receive additional services on site, and economic issues were often a higher priority than mental health services. Screening and interventions for perinatal depression are essential for optimal family health, and a detailed, thoughtful and funded approach can help ensure effectiveness of such efforts.
ESCA STUDIES OF POWDERED HYDROGENATION CATALYSTS

Powdered hydrogenation catalysts of the type used in liguid phase chemical process hydrogenations were studied using ESCA. Qualitative and guantitative spectral features of these finely dispersed carbon-supported metal and metal oxide catalysts of platinum and palladium are reported. Information was developed on both the chemical state and the relative dispersion of the active component. Practical application to monitoring variability in both metal dispersion and degree of prereduction of process catalysts is discussed.
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning in Arizona.

An infant with documented hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to ingestion of pyrroli- zidine alkaloids is presented. The alkaloids were ingested in the form of an herbal tea commonly used as a folk remedy among the Mexican-American population. Among these people, this herb is known as gordolobo yerba. The patient presented with acute hepatocellular disease and portal hypertension which progressed over 2 months to extensive hepatic fibrosis. Other potential causes of hepatic venous occlusion were absent.