cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Pediatric Rapid Response Systems: Results From a Survey of PRIS Hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Many hospitals use rapid response systems (RRSs) to identify and intervene on hospitalized children at risk for deterioration. OBJECTIVES: To describe RRS characteristics across hospitals in the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings (PRIS) network. METHODS: We developed the survey through a series of prospective respondent, expert, and cognitive interviews. One institutional expert per PRIS hospital (n = 109) was asked to complete the web survey. We summarized responses using descriptive statistics with a secondary analysis of univariate associations between RRS characteristics and perceived effectiveness. RESULTS: The response rate was 72% (79 of 109). Respondents represented diverse hospital types and were primarily physicians (97%) with leadership roles in care escalation. Many hospitals used an early warning score (77%) for identification with variable characteristics (46% automated versus 54% full or partially manual calculation; inputs included vital signs [98%], physical examination findings [88%], diagnoses [23%], medications [19%], and diagnostic tests [14%]). Few incorporated a validated prediction model (9%). Similarly, many RRSs used a rapid response team for intervention (93%) with variable team composition (respiratory therapists [94%], ICU nurses [93%], ICU providers [67%], and pharmacists [27%]). Some used the early warning score to trigger the rapid response team (50%). Only a few staffed a clinician to proactively surveil hospitalized children for risk of deterioration (18%), and these tended to be larger hospitals (annual admissions 12 000 vs 6000, P = .007). Most responding experts stated their RRSs improved patient outcomes (92%). CONCLUSIONS: RRS characteristics varied across PRIS hospitals.
Exchange Rates Upon Sovereign Default

This paper estimates the expected impact of sovereign default on the local currency. Using credit default swaps denominated in both local currency and US dollar for each sovereign, I find that investors expect currencies to generally depreciate upon default. I also show that the Euro is expected to depreciate by more against the US dollar upon some defaults (Germany, France) than others (Greece, Ireland). Additionally, using a dataset of historical defaults, I find that currencies have depreciated in nominal and real terms. I examine the ability of two widely used models to generate depreciation upon default. Contrary to historical data, the standard complete markets model predicts real appreciation upon default. However, a segmented markets model can generate real and nominal depreciation upon default if inflation and default occur simultaneously.
CCLearner: Clone Detection via Deep Learning

To facilitate clone maintenance, various automated tools were proposed to detect code clones by identifying similar token sequences or similar program syntactic structures in source code. They achieved different trade-offs between precision and recall. Inspired by prior work, we developed a new approach CCLearner, a solely token-based clone detection approach using deep learning. Given known clone pairs and non-clone pairs, CCLearner extracts features from each code pair and leverages the features to train a classifier. The classifier is then used to compare methods pair-by-pair in a given codebase to detect clones. We evaluated CCLearner by reusing an existing benchmark of real clone code—BigCloneBench. We split the benchmark such that some data was used for classifier training, and some data was used for testing. With the testing data, we evaluated CCLearner’s effectiveness of clone detection, and also assessed three existing popular clone detection tools: SourcererCC, NiCad, and Deckard. CCLearner outperformed existing tools by achieving a better trade-off between precision and recall. To further investigate whether other machine learning algorithms can perform comparatively as deep learning, we replaced deep learning with five alternative machine learning algorithms in CCLearner, and observed that CCLearner worked best when using deep learning.
Analytical model building for Type-3 wind farm subsynchronous oscillation analysis

Abstract Many real-world scenarios confirmed insights developed based on the dq-frame nonlinear analytical model for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based type-3 wind subsynchronous resonance (SSR) study by the authors in 2010. A few real-world observations do not align with the simulation results from that model. In real-world scenarios, when a type-3 wind farm is radially connected to a series compensated line, even at a low compensation level, SSR occurs. This phenomenon has not been replicated by the nonlinear analytical model. In this paper, we revisited the analytical model by including phase-locked-loop (PLL). A modular modeling approach is presented in this paper. The inputs and outputs of each subsystem and the interconnections among subsystems are identified first. The overall system is then developed with all blocks integrated. The analytical model is capable of dealing with various transmission topologies, providing both large-signal time-domain simulation results and small-signal analysis. The new analytical model can successfully replicate the aforementioned phenomena and provide insights of type-3 wind SSR phenomena. The accompanying software package will be posted in the public domain.
Erste Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie in 40 Großunternehmen in Deutschland und USA im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes

Organisationsstrukturen haben in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen, und zwar sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wie auch in der Praxis durch eine Phase tiefgreifender Reorganisationsmasnahmen. Funktionale Strukturen wurden abgelost durch produkt-marktorientierte Strukturen, eindimensionale durch mehrdimensionale Strukturen ersetzt. Divisionale, Sparten- oder Geschaftsbereichsorganisationen wurden zur vorherrschenden Organisationsstruktur. Mit zunehmender Divisionalisierung ist eine zunehmende Dezentralisierung der Organisationsstrukturen verbunden. Hohe Diversifizierung verstarkt diesen Prozes. Die organisatorischen Anderungsprozesse sind nicht gleichformig verlaufen. Art, Ausmas, Intensitat, Ergebnisse und Folgewirkungen sind unterschiedlich. In den grosen Unternehmungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der USA kann die Divisionalisierung als organisatorischer Strukturanpassungsprozes als vorlaufig abgeschlossen betrachtet werden. Eine empirische Analyse der Geschaftsberichte von 1965–1975 der 50 grosten deutschen Industrie-Aktiengesellschaften verdeutlicht diese Entwicklung (Abbildung 1)1.
Purification and Properties of Threonine Deaminase from the X-1 Isolate of the Genus Thermus

Threonine deaminase (l-threonine dehydratase EC 4.2.1.16) has been partially purified from a new extreme thermophilic bacterium, Thermus X-1, which is similar to T. aquaticus YT-1. The threonine deaminase of strain X-1 has a maximal rate of reaction at 85 to 90 C and is more thermostable than the threonine deaminase from mesophilic bacteria. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 100,000 to 115,000, a K(m) for l-threonine of 14 mM, a pH optimum of 8.0, and like other threonine deaminases also catalyzes the deamination of serine. However the Thermus X-1 threonine deaminase does not show a strong feedback inhibition by isoleucine. It is suggested that the regulation of the biosynthesis of isoleucine in this extreme theromophile may resemble that reported in Rodospirillum rubrum.
Exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency with afferent blockade in heart failure (884.3)

Increased locomotor muscle afferent feedback may be linked to the reduced exercise capacity (peak VO2) and poor ventilatory efficiency (high VE/VCO2 slope) observed in heart failure (HF). We examined the relationship between peak VO2 and change in VE/VCO2 with afferent inhibition during exercise in HF. 9 HF (60±6 yr) and 9 controls (CTL) (63±7 yr) completed 3 visits. Visit 1: cycle exercise to volitional exhaustion. Visits 2- 3: 5 min constant-load cycling (65% of peak work) randomized to lumbar intrathecal fentanyl injection (afferent block) or placebo. VO2, ventilation (VE), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) were measured. In HF, peak work (120±34 vs 176±54 W, p<0.05) and VO2 (18.4±2.7 vs 27.2±4.7 ml/kg/min, p<0.05) were reduced, whereas VE/VCO2 slope was elevated (39.7±1.8 vs 35.3±0.8, p<0.05) compared with CTL. With afferent inhibition, HF patients had a greater reduction in VE/VCO2 (-18.8±8.1 vs -5.4±13.3%, p<0.05) and increase in PETCO2 (20.3±10.5 vs 6.1±9.5%, p<0.01) duri...
L p Spaces and Interpolation

Many quantitative properties of functions are expressed in terms of their integrability to a power. For this reason it is desirable to acquire a good understanding of spaces of functions whose modulus to a power p is integrable.
Hacia la reforma de la educación media: temas, desafíos y propuestas

Abstract. This article analyzes the key role and the relevance of secondary education in the educational systems and within the agenda of Education For All (EFA). It outlines some of the main issues and challenges with regard to access, modes and curricula on offer. Likewise and taking into account conclusions from international studies, it highlights the need of assuming new strategic directions and a change of perspective considering challenges around curriculum within a strategy of an inclusive education reform. It also points out criteria for the design of a curricular reform which considers the development of competences in upper secondary education. The document concludes by raising some key questions and outlining three proposals to contribute to encourage the discussion about processes of educational and curricular change in secondary education.
A randomized comparison of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two whole-cell pertussis vaccines.

Objective. To compare prospectively the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two licensed whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Methods. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded assessment of two licensed whole-cell pertussis vaccines with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids that were included in a multicenter trial evaluating 13 acellular pertussis vaccines. Infants were immunized at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a single lot of Lederle (309 infants) or Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories (MPHBL ; 94 infants) vaccine. Results. The group receiving the Lederle vaccine demonstrated significantly higher antibody titers to pertussis toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by the Chinese hamster ovary cell pertussis toxin neutralization assay, and to fimbrial antigens by ELISA, as well as higher mean agglutinin titers. In contrast, the group receiving the MPHBL vaccine demonstrated higher ELISA antibody levels to filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin. Similar differences were observed in the proportions of vaccinees seroconverting to these antigens. Rates of systemic and local reactions were relatively low for both vaccines. Although the Lederle product had substantially lower reactogenicity in this study than previously reported for that vaccine, the MPHBL vaccine was significantly less reactogenic in nearly all clinical categories. Conclusion. The two whole-cell vaccines demonstrated statistically significant differences in postimmunization antibody levels to all six evaluated pertussis antigens. Whether these statistically significant differences in antibody levels have clinical relevance is not clear. Rates of nearly all local and systemic reactions were significantly lower among the MPHBL group than the Lederle group. Licensed whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines produced by different manufacturers cannot be assumed to be similar in reactogenicity or immunogenicity. Pediatrics 1995 ;96 :567-570 ; pertussis vaccine, infants, immune response, antibody, controlled trial.
Genetic interactions link ARF1, YPT31/32 and TRS130.

A genetic screen for synthetic lethal interactions with arf1− identified a recessive mutation in TRS130, one of 10 components in the trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complex (Sacher et al., 2000). As TRS130 is an essential gene, the synthetic lethal allele (trs130-101) is a novel one that requires ARF1 for viability. This allele was found to exhibit no defects in secretory function, i.e. processing of carboxypeptidase Y or invertase. YPT31 and YPT32 were identified in a subsequent screen as high-copy suppressors of arf1−trs130-101. Increasing the gene dosage of YPT31/32 also suppressed lethality resulting from deletion of TRS130 or TRS120 but not three other essential TRAPP subunit-encoding genes. Although unable to suppress defects in several alleles of ARF1, increasing the gene dosage of YPT31/32 suppressed the cold sensitivity of gcs1−, an Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Thus, these genetic interactions provide initial evidence for linkage of Arf and TRAPP signalling and for Ypt31/32 proteins functioning downstream of both components in the TRAPP complex and of Arf signalling via the Gcs1 Arf GAP. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting to Grips with Light

Laser fields may in principle be tailored to specific applications in wavelength and pulse duration through combining two different laser pulses, but as [ Brown et al .][1] explain in their Perspective, achieving this goal is far from simple. [ Shelton et al .][2] have made an important step toward this goal. Their combined laser may be viewed as a single "superpulse" with a broader range of wavelengths than either of the two individual pulses. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5533/1265 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/293/5533/1286
B.A.T.A.M.

The first few minutes of the film B.A.T.A.M. feature a segment of Batam's inhabitants explaining the meaning of this Indonesian island's name through the acronym B.A.T.A.M. Among the many expositio...
Note on the Evaluation of the ϵ′ Folding Energy by Stress‐Temperature Measurements

A further refinement in the evaluation of ϵ′ folding energy 13 presented. It is found that a correction term R3TT2/(a3—1) should be included into a previously derived equation, if ϵ′ is determined by stress-temperature measurements at constant pressure and constant extended length. The results confirms quantitatively our previous estimation that when relative extension ratio is greater than 1.5, the correction term is negligible.
An analysis of prosthodontic research productivity: geographic, economic, and collaborative perspective.

Purpose: This study evaluated the quantity of prosthodontic literature produced globally by continent in three prosthodontic journals over a 10-year period, 1998–2008. Prosthodontic research productivity relative to economic status of countries and collaboration among countries grouped by economic status was assessed. Materials and Methods: Three peer-reviewed prosthodontic journals were used for the analysis of articles published in 1998, 2003, and 2008: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, International Journal of Prosthodontics, and Journal of Prosthodontics. The country of every author listed for each included article was recorded. The number of articles published by each continent and each country was reported. Countries were grouped according to the World Bank economic classification system, and the number of articles published by each economic class was found. Results: The majority of publications over the 10-year period were produced in Asia (Japan), Europe (Germany), and North America (USA). Productivity declined by 14.4% in high-income countries while it increased in upper middle-, lower middle-, and low-income countries. The majority of publications written by upper and lower middle- and low-income countries were independent works. Articles resulting from collaboration increased over time for all economic classes of countries. Conclusions: The origins of prosthodontic literature are becoming more geographically and economically diverse, with increased contributions from Africa, Asia, and South America, and middle- and low-income countries between 1998 and 2008. Collaboration between high-income countries and the other economic group countries increased over time.
Genetic relationship between birth weight and adult weight in Holsteins.

Records of body weight for 1026 Holstein females from two herds included birth weight and all available subsequent calving weights for the first six parities. Birth weight differed between herds and between sires within herds. Years also differed; however, partial nesting of sires within years could account for part of this. Month of birth had no influence on birth weight. Calving weights differed between herds only at the second and fifth parities. Calving weights differed between sires within herds for the first five parities. Intraherd correlations between the birth weight of a heifer calf and later calving weights for her first six parities ranged from .22 to .34. Correlations between the birth weight of a calf and the average birth weight of her paternal half-sibs were .37 and .48 in the two herds. Heritabilities for birth and calving weights were of the same magnitude within herds but differed between herds. Genetic correlations between birth and adult weights were above .5 in one herd but erratic in the other herd.
Solar fuels editorial

Every major change in the living standards for humans on our planet has had an energy revolution at its heart – the advent of the industrial age with the steam engine and use of coal, the internal combustion engine and large-scale electricity generation. The energy demand, primarily from emerging economies, will double by 2050. The countervailing urgency of the threat of climate change requires a major shift in our energy sourcing, creating four new trends that will shape the current century: electrification, decarbonization, localization, and optimization.
Design of the Mneme persistent object store

The Mneme project is an investigation of techniques for integrating programming language and database features to provide better support for cooperative, information-intensive tasks such as computer-aided software engineering. The project strategy is to implement efficient, distributed, persistent programming languages. We report here on the Mneme persistent object store, a fundamental component of the project, discussing its design and initial prototype. Mneme stores objects in a simple and general format, preserving object identity and object interrelationships. Specific goals for the store include portability, extensibility (especially with respect to object management policies), and performance. The model of memory that the store aims at is a single, cooperatively-shared heap, distributed across a collection of networked computers. The initial prototype is intended mainly to explore performance issues and to support object-oriented persistent programming languages. We include performance measurements from the prototype as well as more qualitative results.
Chronic cerebral spinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis

At a workshop in Bologna (Italy) in 2009, Professor Paolo Zamboni openly discussed research that he had been pursuing for the previous few years regarding the role of venous flow abnormalities in m...
Research Spotlight: What can opals tell us about past climate?

[1] New insight into the mechanisms that caused Earth's glacial periods to abruptly end could come from opal accumulations in sediment cores. Previous studies have shown that the most recent glacial period ended when the Southern Hemisphere's westerly winds intensified and shifted southward; this change in the winds led to increased upwelling that stirred up carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean, leading to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and warming through the greenhouse effect. The upwelled water from the Southern Ocean also would have traveled to the equatorial zones, where the added nutrient-rich water would have enabled increased production of opal shells by diatoms. These opal shells would accumulate in the sediment. (Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2010PA002008, 2011)
Interstitial fluid pressure: capsule, free fluid, gel fluid, and gel absorption pressure in subcutaneous tissue.

Abstract Pressure-volume curves were measured for subcutaneous tissue samples from the dog. These were measured in isotonic physiological salt solutions and in 2 M sodium chloride. The latter solvent was used to eliminate (1) the Donnan osmotic pressure of the cations trapped in the interstitial gel and (2) the absorption pressure caused by electrostatic repulsion of gel polyelectrolytes. These studies indicate that about one-third to one-half of the total absorption pressure of normal subcutaneous tissue results from the Donnan osmotic pressure and electrostatic repulsion effects of interstitial polysaccharides while the remainder results from some other factor such as compressed elastic forces in the tissue; however, these fractions vary greatly with changes in total absorption pressure. These data can be used to interpret the forces responsible for the pressure measured with chronically implanted capsules. In general, the capsular pressure equals the total absorption force of the tissue. In terms of the two-phase model of the interstitium, capsular pressure also equals interstitial fluid pressure in the free fluid phase, and this in turn is equal to the sum of forces in the gel phase, i.e., gel hydrostatic pressure and gel osmotic pressure.
Occurrence and removal of chloro-s-triazines in water treatment plants.

Atrazine, simazine, and propazine and their major chlorinated degradates (deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and didealkylatrazine) are considered as a group to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. On this basis, regulatory action levels are currently under consideration for the total chloro-s-triazine (TCT) levels in drinking waters. To assess the concentrations of each of these species in drinking water and their treatability in conventional water treatment, a comprehensive, full-scale study was conducted that included frequent monitoring at 33 and 47 water utilities during 2003 and 2004, respectively. Approximately 900 paired raw and treated water samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method with preconcentration using a mixed-mode, solid-phase extraction that allowed quantitation of each species including didealkylatrazine. The results showed that atrazine concentrations were generally well within the 3 μg/L maximum contaminant ...
Radiotherapy as an adjunct in the management of merkel cell carcinoma

Four patients with a diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma initially underwent surgery followed by radiotherapy. Recurrent disease prompted use of radiation in three cases. The three cases of recurrent disease illustrate the aggressiveness of Merkel cell carcinoma and also provide further documentation of the radiosensitivity of this tumor. Additionally, these cases suggest that surgery alone frequently is inadequate to achieve local control of disease.
A Mixed-Lubrication Model for Shoe-Floor Friction Applied to Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

Despite the serious health concern associated with slip and fall accidents and the numerous slip testing devices that have been developed, few studies have attempted to tribologically model the shoe-floor interface. To this end, a mixed-lubrication model for shoe-floor interfaces is proposed. The model is applied to a pin-on-disk apparatus and uses contact mechanics and hydrodynamic lubrication modeling with iterative methods to solve the mixed lubrication problem. Outputs of the model are load supported by the fluid and load supported by the contacting asperities. Measurable parameters input to the model are: curvature of the shoe material (pin), material properties of the shoe material, roughness of the shoe and floor material, viscosity of the fluid, sliding speed and normal force. COF estimates are generated as a function of the proportional load borne by the fluid and the contacting asperities. The model COF values replicate the experimental data for the two different shoe materials tested. The peak hydrodynamic pressure was found just outside the contact region and peak contact pressure was at the center of the pin. The model represents a first step towards developing a mixed-lubrication model for an entire shoe-floor surface.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mg2+ mimicry in the promotion of group I ribozyme activities by aminoglycoside antibiotics

Aminoglycoside antibiotics inhibit several types of ribozymes, including group I introns, by displacing critical Mg2+ ions. However, they stimulate activity of the small hairpin ribozyme. We show here that aminoglycosides promote self-splicing of the Cr.psbA2 group I intron at subthreshold Mg2+ concentrations. Neomycin is the most effective of the aminoglycosides tested; it stimulates splicing of Cr.psbA2 at micromolar concentrations, and, in this respect, is >100-fold more effective than spermidine. At optimal Mg2+ for Cr.psbA2 splicing, these drugs, especially kanamycin B and tobramycin, promote GTP attack at the 3' splice-site. Kinetic analysis suggests that this is due to an alternatively folded state of the ribozyme that is induced, or stabilized, by aminoglycosides. A similar effect is observed at high Mg2+ concentrations. Comparing the effects of structurally related aminoglycosides indicates that splicing promotion is more sensitive to drug structure than misfolding and occurs at lower drug concentrations. These data show that aminoglycosides can promote biochemical activities of a large ribozyme by acting as a Mg2+ mimic. The results also underscore the functional diversity of group I introns in nature.
Development and utility of manganese oxides as cathodes in lithium batteries

Abstract Manganese oxides have a long history of serving as a cathode in charge storage applications. Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is widely used in alkaline batteries and MnO2 originally was part of the Leclanche wet cell patented in 1866. Leclanche wet cells used a naturally occurring MnO2 ore with Zn metal as anode and ammonium chloride electrolyte. While there are a vast number of topics to discuss on manganese oxides, in this short paper, two topics researched at Argonne over the last 12 years are highlighted. First, the addition of lithia (Li2O) as a stabilizing component in 3 V alpha-MnO2 is examined. Second, an overview of the evolution of layered–layered composite-structured electrodes derived from the lithium-manganese oxide (Li2MnO3) layered rock-salt phase is presented.
Thalamocortical connections of the parietal ventral area (PV) and the second somatosensory area (S2) in macaque monkeys

Neuroanatomical tracers were injected into two functionally distinct areas in the lateral sulcus of macaque monkeys, the parietal ventral area (PV) and the second somatosensory area (S2). Three of the four injection sites were electrophysiologically determined by defining the receptive fields of neurons at the injection site prior to the placement of the anatomical tracers. Additionally, all locations were confirmed myeloarchitectonically. Labeled cell bodies and axon terminals were identified in the ipsilateral dorsal thalamus and related to nuclear boundaries in tissue stained for cytochrome oxidase (CO) and Nissl substance. Our results indicate that PV receives substantial input from the inferior division of the ventral posterior nucleus (VPi), the anterior pulvinar (Pla), and from the ventral portion of the magnocellular division of the mediodorsal nucleus (MDm), which also is interconnected with prefrontal cortex, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala. S2 receives input predominantly from VPi, the ventral posterior superior nucleus (VPs), and Pla. These results indicate that PV and S2 are involved in processing inputs from deep receptors in the muscles and joints. Because PV and S2 receive little if any cutaneous input from the thalamus, cutaneous input to these fields must arise mainly through cortical connections. Connectional data supports the proposition that PV and S2 integrate motor and somatic information necessary for proprioception, goal directed reaching and grasping and tactile object identification. Further, PV may play a role in tactile learning and memory.
Transport of electrolytes in charged pores: Analysis using the method of spatial averaging

Abstract The method of spatial averaging is used to analyze the equations for electrolyte transport across charged cylindrical pores. Using this approach, an analytical expression for the radial potential profile is obtained which is valid when the radial deviations of the electrical potential from the area-averaged potential are small. This expression can be integrated analytically, thus eliminating the need for much of the computational effort required in the usual space-charge models. Furthermore, it is shown that this analytical expression for the radial potential profile leads to model predictions for membrane permeability, osmotic flow, conductivity, streaming potential, and concentration potential in solutions of binary electrolytes which match the predictions from the space-charge model using a numerical solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation when the radial deviation of the potential is as high as 50 mV. Unlike most previous models of electrolyte transport in charged capillaries, this approach allows one to easily model systems of three or more ions while still taking into account the effects of the radial profiles of potential, concentration, and velocity.
Research on Gender and the Law: Where Are We Going, Where Have We Been?

This article provides an overview of issues related to research on gender and the law. Following a discussion of the ways in which gender and the law interact, we assess the extent to which Law and Human Behavior (LHB) has addressed the issue of gender. Specifically, we present the results of our analysis of the role of gender in articles published in LHB from 1990 through 1996. We discuss the relatively few gender-relevant studies that appeared, as well as comment upon the attention given to gender by research with other primary foci. We then discuss various strategies for conducting gender research and their implications for research on gender and the law. We conclude by introducing the articles in this special issue on gender and the law, commenting on how they add to our accumulated knowledge in this area.
Improved thin-layer chromatographic separation of 32P-postlabeled DNA adducts

Abstract DNA adducts represent the putative initiating event in the chemical carcinogenesis process. 32 P-Postlabeling is one of several assays which have been developed for the sensitive detection of DNA adducts. An integral part of the 32 P-postlabeling assay is the separation of adducted nucleotides by multidirectional, multisolvent, anion-exchange polyethyleneimine—cellulose thin-layer chromatography. Standard since the introduction of this assay has been the use of high-salt, high-urea solvents for the resolution of adducts during the D3 and D4 phases of the chromatography. Urea solvents are able to separate adducts resulting from a number of chemicals, however, they are time-consuming, retain a lot of background noise, may push adducts into inadequately resolved diagonal radioactive zones, and may not separate adducts of similar structure. In this study we introduce the use of a dilute ammonium hydroxide solvent for D4 chromatography and compare it to other standard solvents such as lithium chloride—Tris · HCl—urea, sodium phosphate—Tris · HCl—urea, and isopropanol—4 M ammonium hydroxide for adduct separation, resolution, recovery, retention of background noise, and chromatography development time. We found that 0.2 M ammonium hydroxide worked well for the recovery, separation, and resolution of a wide array of adducts derived from highly lipophilic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. In addition, this solvent required much less time ( 1 4 ) as compared to the other solvents and more importantly allowed the separation of adducts which otherwise comigrated and were not visible when using the other three D4 solvents. Background radioactivity per cm 2 of the thin layers was also reduced two- to three-fold with the ammonia solvent versus the urea-based solvents. Thus, the use of this dilute ammonia system provides powerful resolution in a time-efficient manner.
Detection of Milk Fat Adulteration by Molecular Distillation

Summary An apparatus and a method are described for the molecular distillation at 250C for 1 hr of food fats and oils without decomposition or polymerization. Seasonal variations in milk fat composition were shown to influence the distillate yield. Distillate yields from mixtures of milk fat, produced in different seasons of the year, and domestic food fats or oils, indicated that molecular distillation can detect additions of these fats or oils but not of coconut oil. If the production season of the milk fat were unknown, a minimum addition of 18-20% domestic food fat or oil could be detected; the detectable amount could well be less than 5% with milk fat produced at certain seasons of the year. Deviations in the refractive indices of the distillates, obtained from milk fat-edible fat and oil mixtures, from those considered normal for milk fat, indicated a possibility of detecting additions of coconut oil but not of domestic food fats or oils. If the production season of the milk fat were unknown, a minimum addition of 30% coconut oil could be detected; the detectable amount could be less than 5% with milk fat produced at certain seasons of the year.
Nonlinear state space model of a hydraulic wind power transfer

Nonlinearities in gearless hydraulic wind power transfer are originated by operation of discrete elements such as check valves, proportional and directional valves, and leakage factor of hydraulic pumps and motors. Nonlinearities cause behavioral change in the system. This paper introduces a nonlinear state space representation of a hydraulic wind energy transfer system. A rate-limit controller is designed to regulate the proportional valve position to maintain the primary motor's reference angular velocity. The performance of the controller is verified with simulation results. The simulation response demonstrates accurate modeling of the system operation and close tracking of the reference angular velocity profile.
Extragalactic background light absorption signal in the TeV γ-ray spectra of blazars

Abstract Recent observations of the TeV γ -ray spectra of the two closest active galactic nuclei (AGNs), Markarian 501 (Mrk 501) and Markarian 421 (Mrk 421), by the Whipple and HEGRA collaborations have stimulated efforts to estimate or limit the spectral energy density (SED) of extragalactic background light (EBL) which causes attenuation of TeV photons via pair-production when they travel cosmological distances. In spite of the lack of any distinct cutoff-like feature in the spectra of Mrk 501 and Mrk 421 (in the interval 0.26–10 TeV) which could clearly indicate the presence of such a photon absorption mechanism, we demonstrate that a strong EBL attenuation signal (survival probability of 10 TeV photon −2 ) may still be present in the spectra of these AGNs. This attenuation could escape detection due to ambiguity of spectra interpretation between intrinsic properties of the sources and absorption by EBL. By estimating the minimal and maximal opacity of the universe to TeV γ -ray photons, we calculate the visibility range for current and future γ -ray observatories, and show that the Whipple γ -ray telescope should be able to detect (in 10 hours at a 5σ confidence level) a BL Lac object with properties similar to Mrk 501 during its peak activity located at distances up to z=0.12 . The proposed atmospheric Cherenkov telescope array VERITAS should be able to see such an object at least as far as z=0.3 . Finally, we show that the proposed experiments, VERITAS, HESS, and MAGIC, may even be able to actually measure the EBL SED because their observations extend to the critical 75–150 GeV regime. In this transition region a distinct “knee-like” feature should exist in the spectra of blazars, which is invariant with respect to their intrinsic properties. The change of the spectral index and flux amplitude across this knee, if observed for several blazars, will provide missing pieces of information needed to measure EBL in the wavelength range 0.1–30 μm.
Digital board simulation

The process for simulating a circuit is very similar to testing a hardware prototype circuit with signal generators and logic analyzers. To simulate a circuit, you first specify a set of stimulus signals for the inputs of the circuit. The simulator then propagates these signals through the device models to determine the circuit outputs at each point in time. After a set time, the simulator displays the input and output waveforms. You now can determine if the outputs are correct for the specified inputs. The simulator will also indicate any signal timing violations such as failure of a signal to obey the setup time of a flip-flop, an insufficient pulse width, etc. Thus, you can verify the circuit's logic and timing without building a physical prototype. >
Stability of single particle tracers for differentiating between heavy- and light-duty vehicle emissions

Abstract To determine the size and chemical composition of particles derived from on-road vehicle emissions, individual particles were sampled continuously with an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) at the Caldecott Tunnel in Northern California. In this tunnel, traffic is segregated, such that in theory only light duty vehicle emissions or a mix of heavy- (HDV) and light-duty vehicle (LDV) emissions can be sampled separately. Two studies were carried out, one in November 1997 and a second in July 2000, time periods with average ambient temperatures of 10–15 and 26–32 °C, respectively, with the instrument operating at ambient outdoor temperatures. Analysis of the chemical composition of the particles sampled in these studies shows that sampling conditions can strongly impact the determination of suitable markers for identifying particles emitted from different vehicle types during ambient studies. Differences in the results of these two studies are shown to be related to the different ambient temperatures at which the measurements were carried out. Particles sampled from HDV-influenced traffic in the 1997 study were 16 times more likely to have mass spectra containing peaks at both m/z 128 (naphthalene) and 156 (dimethylnaphthalene/naphthaldehyde) and 51 times more likely to have mass spectra containing peaks at both m/z 156 and 170 (trimethylnaphthalene/methylnaphthaldehyde) than were particles sampled from the LDV-only traffic tunnel. The peaks corresponding to m/z 156 and 170 are on average 2 and 4 times more intense in the mass spectra of the HDV-influenced data set than in the LDV-only data set. In contrast, in the 2000 experiment, the peaks at m/z 128 and 156 were present in ∼1% and ∼2% of the particles, respectively, with no preference for traffic type. These results show the usefulness of naphthalene and its derivatives for identification of the vehicle source of particulate emissions, under appropriate conditions, and highlight the fact that ambient conditions can strongly affect potential marker ions for source apportionment studies, necessitating a combination of controlled laboratory and field measurements for identification of stable marker ions.
A first approach to the stereochemical analysis of tetraarylmethanes

Abstract A mathematical model is defined to represent tetraarylmethanes. The skeletal permutations of this model are described and analyzed in terms of mode equivalent rearrangements. This analysis is applied to an interpretation of the previously published results of a DNMR study of tetra-o-tolylsilane and analogs. A mechanism for the rearrangement is then postulated. The group of permutational flips is described and combined with the skeletal group to give the full permutation group of tetraarylmethanes.
Synthesis and characterization of semi‐ and full‐interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and polydimethylsiloxane

The synthesis and characterization of pseudo or semi- and full-interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and polydimethylsiloxane were performed. We observed that in full IPNs, the elasticity of the IPN samples increased very drastically, as the composition of polydimethylsiloxane increased (i.e. 0–60%) while the tensile strength (TS) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases. The pseudo IPNs appeared to consist of two phases while the full IPNs of lower siloxane content were miscible.
Automating it all: By automating the transfers and transforms of data, as well as of parts and materials, an enterprise can satisfy conflicting objectives

Discusses the applications of data-driven automation systems to manufacturing industry and suggests that the maximum efficiency can be obtained by automating transfers and transformations of data as well as of parts and materials.
Immobilization of Tolypocladium inflatum spores into porous celite beads for cyclosporine production

Abstract Conidia of Tolypocladium inflatum were immobilized into porous celite beads for the production of the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, Cy). The strong enhancement in volumetric Cy production as well as specific production based on unit cell mass was demonstrated in immobilized cell culture as compared with freely suspended culture. Altered metabolic pattern in the immobilized fungus was indicated by the production of pink-colored pigments. In view of the diffusional resistance typically encountered in immobilized cell culture, bead size limitation was investigated. Cells entrapped into small beads (diameter in the range of 150 μm–207 μm) showed markedly higher and sustained productivity compared with cells entrapped into middle-sized (208–294 μm) or large-sized (295–500 μm) celite particles. The immunosuppressant yields on carbon or nitrogen source for the immobilized cell culture were up to three-fold higher than for the free cell culture, thus clearly indicating that the immobilized cell system provides more efficient utilization of substrates for the biosynthesis of Cy than the free cell system, especially when the fungal cells are entrapped into small sized celite particles.
Polycarbonate–styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer blends

Le point trouble de melanges polycarbone-polyacryliques peut etre eleve par copolymerisation du methacrylate de methyle avec le styrene
Trajectory control of a class of articulated aerial robots

This paper studies trajectory control of aerial vehicles equipped with robotic manipulators. The proposed approach employs free-flying multi-body dynamics modeling and backstepping control to develop stabilizing control laws for a general class of underactuated aerial systems. A simulated hexrotor vehicle with a simple manipulator is employed to demonstrate the proposed techniques.
Enumeration and Evaluation of the Water Hexamer Cage Structure

A topological enumeration has identified all hydrogen bond arrangements of the (H2O)6 cage, prism, book, chair, and boat frameworks. The 27 chemically distinct H-bond topologies of the cage structure were optimized for geometry and vibrationally analyzed with the PM3 semiempirical method. The structures, which differ only by the arrangement of the H-bonds, have minimized energies falling in a range of 10 kcal/mol and have dipole moments varying from 0 to 11 D. Stability of the structures is correlated with an increase in the number of single donor/single acceptor water (SD-SA) molecules. With structures of the same number of SD-SA water molecules, stability is anticorrelated with the dipole moment. The global minimum-energy structure has been identified and is one of four of particularly stable cage structures related by free hydrogen flipping. The lowest energy structures may interconnect as a result of large-amplitude quantum mechanical motion. The global minimum cage structure is also found to be more ...
The Nucleotide Sequence of the Lactose Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Transcribed from the UV5 Promoter Mutant of Escherichia coli

Abstract I have sequenced the first 63 bases of mRNA transcribed in vitro from the UV5 promoter mutant of the E. coli lactose operon. Sonic fragments of DNA, 1000 base pairs long and purified to contain only the lac operator-promoter region, were used as template. The UV5 promoter mutation allows transcription of the lac operon in the absence of catabolite activator protein and cAMP; lac repressor controls the synthesis of this RNA. I find that during synthesis, RNA polymerase pauses at particular sites along the DNA, naturally generating several discrete sizes of RNA that provide overlaps useful for sequencing. The UV5 lac mRNA initiates within the lac operator and copies the operator sequence. The AUG initiator codon for β-galactosidase occurs at position 39 of the message. The sequence is: pppA-A-U-U-G-U-G-A-G-C-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-A-U-U-U- C-A-C-A-C-A-G-G-A-A-A-C-A-G-C-U-A-U-G-A-C-C-A-U- G-A-U-U-A-C-G-G-A-U-U-C-A-C-U-G-G.
Calculation of the electron magnetic moment in Fried-Yennie-gauge QED

The two-loop contribution to the electron magnetic moment is calculated in the Fried-Yennie gauge. This is the first treatment of the magnetic moment beyond one-loop order in a gauge other than the Feynman gauge. The Fried-Yennie gauge is infrared safe, and the calculation is done without introducing an infrared cutoff or photon mass. The Fried-Yennie-gauge result agrees with the Feynman-gauge result, as expected.
Extracellular phospholipase A2 activity in cell free peritoneal lavage fluid from mice with zymosan peritonitis.

The kinetics and appearance of extracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and its relationship to the appearance of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in the peritoneal cavity of mice injected with zymosan is described. AA metabolites levels including leukotriene C4 (LTC4) were maximum 15–30 min after zymosan. Peak PLA2 activity was also found 15–30 min after zymosan and was significantly increased above levels found in saline control exudates (3.83±0.89 and 0.35±0.11, respectively,p≤0.05). Results show that an extracellular PLA2 is present in zymosan peritonitis.