cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploration Of Optical Propagation In A Nonlinear Dispersive Medium Based On An Incommensurate Spectral Formalism

A recent study involving the propagation of optical signals across a linear/nonlinear interface introduced a formalism based on incommensurate discrete sidebands around a carrier [Banerjee et al, JOSA B 7, 21 (1990)] in order to simplify the analysis of the coupled sideband amplitudes. This approach was shown to be fairly effective not only in the derivation of steady-state transmitted and/or reflected sideband amplitudes for the case of N incommensurate sidebands around an undepleted carrier, but also in the non-steady-state analysis based on a perturbation hierarchy. The first-order perturbation analysis indicated a spatial beating between the upper and lower sidebands with a spatial beat period inversely proportional to the frequency deviation of the pair. In the limit of a pulse where the number of incommensurate pairs is made to approach infinity, and the frequency deviation made to approach zero, the transmitted optical signal in response to an AM pulse was found to contain not only an AM burst, but a narrowband FM "packet" as well (assuming an undepleted carrier and weak nonlinearity). These transmitted "packets" were shown to propagate with distinct phase velocities, resulting in an infinite spatial separation in the asymptotic limit.
Stability of sialogangliosides in kindled hippocampus.

Altering ganglioside concentration can modulate l-[3H]glutamic acid binding to synaptic membranes in vitro. This study indicates that a recently reported increase of hippocampal l-glutamate receptor density observed with entorhinal kindling is not associated with a quantitative change in hippocampal neuronal membrane sialoganglioside.
Molecular basis of glycophorin C variants and their associated blood group antigens

SUMMARY. The normal and variant forms of GPC and GPD molecules carry antigens of the Gerbich blood group system. This blood group system comprises three high-incidence antigens (Ge2, Ge3 and Ge4) and four low-incidence antigens (Wb, Lsa, Dha and Ana). Erythrocytes of the Ge and Yus phenotypes lack normal GPC and GPD molecules but express variant molecules (denoted GPC.Ge, GPC.Yus, respectively) that functionally substitute for normal GPC and GPD in the membrane. Leach phenotype cells lack GPC and GPD molecules and are elliptocytic in shape with a membrane that is less deformable than that of normal cells. The Lsa antigen is expressed on higher molecular-weight variants of GPC (GPC.Lsa) and GPD (GPD.L3a). Wb, Dha and Ana antigens arise from point mutations in the GYPC gene and are expressed on GPC.Wb, GPC.Dha and GPD.Ana, respectively. The structure of each of the variant GPC and GPD molecules and the location of the Gerbich blood group system antigens is discussed. The GYPC gene, located on chromosome 2q14-q21, is 13.5 kb long and comprises four exons. Exons 1,2 and most of exon 3 encode the N-terminal extracellular domain while the remainder of exon 3 and exon 4 encode transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of GPC. Exons 2 and 3 are highly homologous, with less than 5% nucleotide divergence. The molecular basis of generation of variation GPC and GPD molecules, and the structure of the GYPC gene from different Leach phenotype individuals, is discussed.
Making Periodical Holdings Available to the Public

Library users of periodicals need to know what parts of a title a library has, but maklng this information available to the public is a complex task in an automated environment. The author describes types of holdings statements and discusses practical steps involved in attaching holdings information to bibliographic records and keeping such records up to date.
Numerical investigation of thermo-chemical and mechanical erosion of ablative materials

A transient, 2D material erosion model is developed to describe the simultaneous processes of thermochemical ablation and mechanical erosion of ablative materials. The model predicts the rate of surface recession and the erosion pattern by considering the effects of (1) thermal loading (i.e., applied surface heat flux and duration of heating), (2) particle loading, (3) transient heat conduction in the ablative material, (4) conversion of the kinetic energy of the impacting particles into thermal energy, (5) thermochemical degradation or pyrolysis of the polymer matrix, (6) advection due to the flow of decomposition gases, (7) thermal expansion of the carbonaceous char-layer, and (8) variation of the thermomechanical properties of the ablative material with temperature. Numerical calculations of the surface erosion for H41N have been performed. It is found that particle impact substantially alters the thermochemical ablation and thermal effect also changes the mechanical erosion. The predicted results for overall material erosion of H41N are found to agree reasonably well with available experimental data.
Nafoxidine administered to newborn female GR mice arrests the development of their mammary glands

Mice of the GR strain develop many hormone-dependent mammary tumors in response to estrogen and progesterone stimulation. Since this strain is so sensitive to steroid hormones, we administered a single dose of the antiestrogen Nafoxidine to female GR mice within 24 hours after their birth. This treatment arrested the development of their mammary glands and when the mice were adults, 10 weeks old, they did not cycle normally but were in a state of persistent estrus. Whole mounts of mammary glands from Nafoxidine-treated mice revealed cystic areas within some ducts and bulbous swellings at the ends of others. No hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) were identified in the glands. In contrast, a single dose of 17 beta estradiol administered within 24 h after birth, resulted in a highly branched gland displaying typical end buds, a few alveoli and more HAN than were observed in glands of control adult mice of the same strain. Thus Nafoxidine treatment not only arrested the development of the mammary glands in female GR mice (causing them to appear "masculinized") but it also produced abnormalities within the glands.
Implicit memory: Retention without remembering.

Explicit measures of human memory, such as recall or recognition, reflect conscious recollection of the past. Implicit tests of retention measure transfer (or priming) from past experience on tasks that do not require conscious recollection of recent experiences for their performance. The article reviews research on the relation between explicit and implicit memory. The evidence points to substantial differences between standard explicit and implicit tests, because many variables create dissociations between these tests. For example, although pictures are remembered better than words on explicit tests, words produce more priming than do pictures on several implicit tests. These dissociations may implicate different memory systems that subserve distinct memorial functions, but the present argument is that many dissociations can be understood by appealing to general principles that apply to both explicit and implicit tests. Phenomena studied under the rubric of implicit memory may have important implications in many other fields, including social cognition, problem solving, and cognitive development.
Mechanical integrity of hemodialysis catheters after exposure to a novel catheter lock solution.

Aim The objective of this in vitro study was to demonstrate the mechanical integrity of hemodialysis catheters after exposure to the combination of N-acetylcysteine, tigecycline and heparin.
Antidepressants alter cell proliferation in the adult brain in vivo and in neural cultures in vitro

The action of antidepressants on cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or [3H]thymidine incorporation) was studied in the adult rat hippocampus in vivo and in neural precursors (immature rat cerebellar granule cells) in vitro. In vivo, prolonged (21 days) but not acute (single) intraperitoneal treatment with fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) resulted in a 3.4-fold increase of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. In cell cultures, at 1 and 10 days in vitro, 48-h fluoxetine exposure (1 microM, which is comparable to therapeutic plasma concentrations) reduced thymidine incorporation when initiated at 1 day in vitro, but increased cell proliferation when initiated at 10 days in vitro. Clomipramine and imipramine produced similar action in vitro; desipramine was ineffective.
Regulated expression of complement factor B in the human kidney

Regulated expression of complement factor B in the human kidney. We have previously demonstrated regulated expression of C3 in the proximal renal tubular epithelial cells of humans. To test the hypothesis that local alternative pathway complement activation could contribute to the tubulointerstitial component of chronic renal disease, we examined factor B gene expression in human kidneys. 35 S riboprobes were generated from a human factor B cDNA. By in situ hybridization, proximal tubular factor B message was seen in 17 kidneys with various nephropathies. The expression was most intense in organs with evidence of interstitial inflammation, and its localization paralleled the inflammation. As was the case with C3 and C4, there was never any evidence of glomerular factor B message, nor was any seen in infiltrating inflammatory cells. In eight normal kidney tissues, factor B expression was either absent or restricted to rare foci of interstitial infiltration. The proximal renal tubular epithelium of humans appears to express the genes for both components of the alternative pathway convertase, C3 and factor B. These locally produced components may be important mediators of the interstitial inflammation that is common to all progressive nephritides.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE BLOWUP TIME OF A DIFFUSION

If we have a controlled Markov diffusion which may explode in finite time, the problem arises regarding using the control in order to maximize the mean time to explosion, i.e. the blowup time. The maximal mean blowup time, u(x), as a function of the initial position x∈ℝn is characterized as the unique continuous viscosity solution of a Bellman equation, satisfying the boundary condition that u vanishes at infinity. Then we consider the problem of convergence of the maximal mean blowup time ue(x) corresponding to a diffusion matrix , as e → 0. We establish that, in general, the stochastic mean blowup time does not converge to the deterministic blowup time. However, the certainty equivalent blowup time does converge to the deterministic blowup time.
Accelerated Growth of Testicular Cancer after Cytoreductive Surgery

Surgical removal of bulky metastases of non-seminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer has been advocated as an adjuvant to chemotherapy in patients whose disease probably is too extensive to be cured by chemotherapy or surgery alone. However, in 8 of our patients, cytoreductive surgery was followed by a sudden and dramatic exacerbation of the disease. In some cases, a marked rise in the serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin was the only evidence. The cause and prevalence of such exacerbations are unknown. Cytoreductive surgery in patients with advanced testicular tumor is accepted treatment and should be advocated, but it appears that in some cases such surgery may adversely alter the course of the malignancy. This must be considered in planning treatment for patients with advanced disease.
Reduction of membrane fouling in the ultrafiltration of binary protein mixtures

It is well known that separation efficiency and solute rejection change when two or more proteins are ultrafiltered. This phenomenon is primarily due to membrane fouling and is not significantly influenced by concentration polarization. If membrane fouling is the dominant resistance, then negative transmembrane pressure pulsing might significantly reduce this barrier. A study was performed to determine the effect of negative transmembrane pressure pulsing on solute rejection for an albumin and gamma-globulin mixture in ultrafiltration. Pulsing improved solute flux for all cross-flow rates investigated including turbulent conditions by as much as two orders of magnitude. Under certain pulsing conditions, substantially higher solute flux was obtained for operations involving increased concentration polarization. This study reveals that negative transmembrane pressure pulsing can be effective in lowering the solute flux resistance that is observed in binary protein mixture ultrafiltration.
A systemic comparative assessment of the multifunctional performance of alternative olive systems in Spain within an AHP-extended framework

Abstract The concept of sustainable agriculture is strongly related to the multifunctional role, either explicitly or implicitly, recognized to the primary sector. When assessing the performance and value to society of particular agricultural systems, the multifunctional nature of agriculture requires an approach based on multicriteria. Amongst others, these include economic, environmental, social, cultural and technical criteria. Like other complex multicriteria analyses, this evaluation of agricultural systems is characterized by the existence of not only many, but often conflicting criteria, multiple stakeholders and decision-makers who have competing interests, lack of information and a consideration of the high risks involved. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a methodology that deals with problems of this sort in a relatively easy, flexible and economical manner. Therefore it is a potentially useful tool for the practical resolution of complex problems, often an object of Ecological Economics. One such problem is the analysis of the sustainability of economic activities. This article has three aims. The first is to present AHP as a powerful methodology for assessing multifunctional performances of different agricultural systems in a comparative way. AHP can also be applied to other multifunctional economic activities. The second aim is to propose an extension of AHP for improving the decision-making processes when different groups of decision agents are involved. A final aim is to illustrate the AHP-extended methodology in a particular case study. This is done by using it to compare the multifunctional performance of alternative olive growing systems in Andalusia, a region located in the south of Spain, on the basis of the assessments of different groups of experts. This tests the hypothetically greater sustainability of organic and integrated farming over conventional farming systems in the medium/long term under average conditions for this region. Results for this case study show a greater global performance of organic and integrated agriculture despite differences in the ideological tendencies of the experts, thus providing a scientific basis for endorsing institutional and social support for the promotion and implementation of these farming techniques. Some conflictive issues, however, have been detected, especially in areas related to environmental performance. Further research on the controversial topics is desirable for clarification.
A radioisotopic assay for ornithine-δ-transaminase

Abstract We describe a radioisotopic assay for ornithine-δ-transaminase using precursor ornithine-U-14C. We quantitate the product Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-14C by cation-exchange chromatography. The sensitivity of the method allows for measurement of enzyme activity in extracts prepared from 105 mammalian cells.
Kinetic behavior of the pancreatic lipase-colipase-lipid system

Pancreatic lipase is a surface-active protein that binds avidly to interfaces comprised of the substrates and products of lipolysis. However, both lipase binding to substrate-containing particles and subsequent interfacial catalysis are inhibited by a number of amphipathic molecules. The most thoroughly studied of these, phosphatidylcholine, is a common constituent of membranes and intestinal lipid contents. Colipase, a surface-active cofactor of lipase, relieves inhibition by phosphatidylcholine in several ways. Through protein-protein interactions, colipase helps anchor lipase to surfaces and stabilizes it in the open conformation. Within the interface, colipase packs more efficiently with substrates and products of lipolysis than with phosphatidylcholine, thereby concentrating these reactants in the vicinity of colipase. This enrichment of lipase substrates and products in the vicinity of colipase enhances lipase-lipid interactions. The result is that colipase facilitates the adsorption of lipase to the interface and, possibly, increases the availability of substrate to the enzyme. Thus, the functional unit in intestinal lipolysis appears to be a lipase-colipase-reactant complex.
Enzyme assays using permeabilized cells of Neurospora.

Abstract A procedure is described for the preparation of homogeneous, steady-state cultures of germinated conidia of Neurospora crassa . Permeabilization of such cells has been accomplished by a combination of toluene-ethanol and freeze-thaw treatments. These permeabilized cells have been used for the determination of enzyme activities. The method has been shown to be rapid and rellable and is applicable to nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosolic enzymes.
Pediatric psychology in primary health care: Brief targeted therapy for recurrent abdominal pain *

Children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) are frequent users of medical care services, often seeking care for a variety of illnesses and symptoms. In a clinical replication series, we treated 16 children with RAP who were referred to a primary care-based pediatric psychology service. They received a multi-component targeted therapy, which included self-monitoring, limited parent attention, relaxation training, increased dietary fiber, and required school attendance. After treatment, improvement or resolution of pain symptoms was reported for 13 (81%) children, and school absences were significantly decreased. Medical care utilization significantly decreased after treatment, whereas a comparison group of untreated children with RAP showed no change in medical care visits over time. Brief targeted therapy delivered in a primary health care setting appeared to be effective in reducing a range of problems associated with RAP. A primary care service is an ideal setting for integrating behavioral medicine services into the health care system.
Addressing Loneliness and Isolation in Older Adults: Proactive Affective Agents Provide Better Support

Loneliness and social isolation are significant problems in older adult populations. We describe a conversational agent-based system designed to provide longitudinal social support to isolated older adults. Results from an exploratory pilot study indicate that when the agent proactively draws elders into interactions, it is more effective at addressing loneliness than when the agent passively relies upon elders to initiate interactions. We discuss future research opportunities for affective computing to address this important societal problem.
Bilateral Adventitial Cystic Disease of the Popliteal Artery: A Case Report

Adventitial cystic disease (ACD) of the popliteal artery is an uncommon vascular condition of unknown etiology. In the present case report, we describe a case of bilateral ACD of the popliteal artery in a 58-year-old male. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of bilateral ACD of the popliteal artery reported in the literature.
The role of enhanced external counterpulsation in the treatment of angina and heart failure

As the incidence of angina and heart failure continue to rise, new therapeutic options will be needed to treat patients who remain symptomatic or who are intolerant to current treatment. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive modality being investigated in both angina and congestive heart failure patients. It has been proven to provide symptomatic benefit in angina patients, but has not been proven to show an increase in life expectancy or decrease in cardiovascular events. EECP in heart failure has been proven to be safe, but its efficacy is still uncertain. The present paper summarizes the current literature on the clinical use of EECP in angina and heart failure.
Neighborhood Air Quality, Respiratory Health, and Vulnerable Populations in Compact and Sprawled Regions

Problem: Recently, public health researchers have argued that infill development and sprawl reduction may improve respiratory outcomes for urban residents, largely by reducing vehicle travel and it...
Is Cement Still a Fixation Option for Total Hip Arthroplasty

Debate remains with regard to the best fixation method for total hip arthroplasty. Much of the argument supporting cementless fixation has been based upon the failure of cement fixation with earlier designs and surgical techniques. There are extensive published data supporting the clinical efficacy and durability of cement fixation. Recent meta-analyses support superior results of cement fixation when compared to cementless fixation in large subsets of patient populations.
An Enrichment Scheme for Polynomial Chaos Expansion Applied to Random Eigenvalue Problem

For a system with the parameters modeled as uncertain, polynomial approximations such as polynomial chaos expansion provide an effective way to estimate the statistical behavior of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, provided the eigenvalues are widely spaced. For a system with a set of clustered eigenvalues, the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors are very sensitive to perturbation of the system parameters. An enrichment scheme to the polynomial chaos expansion is proposed here in order to capture the behavior of such eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It is observed that for judiciously chosen enrichment functions, the enriched expansion provides better estimate of the statistical behavior of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Coronary revascularization directed by results of coronary doppler flow measurements

We present a case where Doppler coronary flow velocity and Doppler reserve measurement directed the decision to proceed with coronary artery revascularization. Measurement of coronary Doppler flow velocity and flow reserve can be useful to help evaluate angiographic "intermediate lesions." The following case involves an indeterminate lesion. A patient was felt likely to have a high-grade stenosis which could not be adequately visualized angiographically because of overlapping vessels. Largely based on the flow velocity and reserve data, the patient was referred for coronary artery bypass grafting.
Political Participation in Kathmandu: Who Participates and Why It Matters

Abstract Electoral participation is the most dominant form of political participation. When it comes to influencing policy outcomes, however, other forms are also important. This paper examines the extent of electoral and other forms of political participation in Kathmandu and finds that both approaches are widely used. Findings suggest that those participating in elections are characteristically somewhat different from those participating in other political activities. Specifically, while household composition, spatial segregation, and socio-economic status play important roles in determining political participation, each of the former two renders quite opposite effects on one's participation in elections and other activities. As Nepal seeks to advance its underdeveloped political culture, these findings will have important implications for how political participation can be strengthened.
Transobturator tape erosion associated with leg pain

A 39 year-old vaginal multipara status postpubovaginal sling in 2002 and a transobturator tape procedure in 2004 presented with persistent stress incontinence and vaginal polypropylene mesh erosion. Ten days later, she presented to the emergency room with severe right groin pain, difficulty walking, fever, and chills. She described shooting pain originating from the right inguinal ligament radiating down her right leg anteriorly. Although her neurologic examination was normal, palpation of the right obturator internus muscle reproduced her pain. MRI clearly revealed the course of the mesh tape through the obturator muscles and marked increase in the size of the right adductor and obturator internus muscles, apparently compressing the adjacent neurovascular fascicle. The patient was taken to the operating room where the polypropylene tape was easily removed through the vaginal erosion. Mesh cultures were positive for bacteroides fragilis. She experienced complete symptom resolution within 1 week of tape removal.
Fitting and Interpreting Transition-Metal Nanocluster Formation and Other Sigmoidal-Appearing Kinetic Data: A More Thorough Testing of Dispersive Kinetic vs Chemical-Mechanism-Based Equations and Treatments for 4-Step Type Kinetic Data

In 2005, 18 other possible mechanisms were ruled out en route to providing what at present is the more general chemical mechanism for nanoparticle formation and agglomeration, the 4-step mechanism of A → B, A + B → 2B, B + B → C, and B + C → 1.5 C with associated respective rate constants k1, k2, k3, and k4 (Besson, C.; Finney, E. E.; Finke, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8179), where in general, A is the starting metal (e.g., Ir, Rh, Pt, or other metal precursors), B is the growing nanocluster, and C is larger, agglomerated nanoclusters. The broader importance of that work is that the first two steps of the above mechanism, A → B, A + B → 2B, bear on the important problem how to best model kinetically and thereby interpret “S”-shaped, sigmoidal nucleation plus growth particle-formation curves that are ubiquitous throughout nature (the curves that are fit by the above 4-step mechanism are unusual and different from normal S-shaped, sigmoidal curves, as is discussed in the paper). Given the importance ...
Trace organic contaminant concentration by freezing—IV: Ionic effects

Abstract The effect of pH and ionic strength on the efficiency of recovery of mg l −3 organic solute from synthetic laboratory solutions and various tap waters has been determined by single-stage freeze concentration at −12°C with varying degrees of mixing. Adjustments of sample pH affected organic recovery from some tap waters, but this effect was not general, and occurred only at small residual concentrate volumes. Acidification improved and hydroxylation decreased recovery in those waters which were affected. No effect could be demonstrated between initial pH 3 to 10 with potassium-phosphate buffered systems. Organic recovery was reduced as ionic strength increased whether the added salt improved the buffering capacity or not. At comparable salt concentrations, organic recovery increased with increased mixing but the improvement was greatest at lower initial salt loadings and tended to diminish as the salt content exceeded 10 4 mg l −1 . For specific operating conditions and at given volume concentration ratios a monotonic relationship was defined to predict organic recovery as a function of initial total dissolved salt content. Organic and inorganic ionic effects and pH are not of major importance. The principle factors are total dissolved salts and mixing. Dissolved salts induce morphological alteration of the forming ice with entrapment of solute-rich liquid and consequently poorer recovery in the concentrate.
Trigeminal projections to supratentorial pial and dural blood vessels in cats demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase histochemistry

Anatomical and clinical observations suggest that supratentorial vascular structures contain afferent projections from the trigeminal ganglia. To characterize this innervation, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin were applied to the pial and dural arteries and sinuses of 33 cats. HRP was restricted to the site of interest by applying it dissolved in a viscous polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to achieve slow release and minimize diffusion. The ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X and the superior cervical ganglia (SCGs) were examined bilaterally for the presence of retrogradely transported protein. Horseradish peroxidase applied to the proximal middle cerebral artery was located in cell bodies occupying the portion of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion corresponding to the ophthalmic division and throughout both SCGs. When the tracer was applied to the right anterior or posterior superior sagittal sinus, HRP-positive cells were present as above, predominantly in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia corresponding to the ophthalmic division and throughout both SCG. When applied to the right middle meningeal artery, HRP was observed within neurons of ipsilateral SCG and in the ophthalmic division of trigeminal ganglia; a few enzyme-containing cells were present in ipsilateral regions corresponding to the second and third divisions. These observations support the concept that supratentorial vascular structures receive afferent nervous projections from trigeminal neurons.
EXAFS study of amorphous Ni-Y alloy: asymmetry and simultaneous fitting☆

A means of simultaneously fitting two EXAFS spectra, one from each element in the amorphous binary alloy Ni0.31Y0.69, is presented. The simultaneous fitting procedure, using asymmetric near-neighbor distributions, shows chemical short-range ordering (CSRO) in the amorphous alloy.
Divalent Ion Effects and Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Csk

Csk (C-terminal Src kinase) is a protein tyrosine kinase which catalyzes the transfer of the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP to the tyrosine hydroxyl of proteins in the presence of a divalent ion. Previous work with poly(Glu,Tyr) as the tyrosine-containing substrate and Mn as the divalent ion defined a ternary complex mechanism with ADP product release partially rate-determining [Cole, P. A., et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30880-30887]. In this current study, ionic strength and divalent ion effects were probed. Increasing ionic strength led to a dramatic rise in the poly(Glu,Tyr) [4:1 poly(glutamate:tyrosine)] Km and had little effect on the ATP Km or kcat in Csk-mediated phosphoryl transfer. This finding allowed the dead-end peptide inhibitor EDNEFTA to be characterized as a linear competitive inhibitor of poly(Glu,Tyr) and a linear noncompetitive inhibitor of ATP. Taken together with previous data, the overall kinetic mechanism could now be assigned as random substrate binding, ternary complex. Compared to...
Public perceptions of incompatibility between “science and religion”

Narratives of conflict regarding the connections between science and religion receive considerable attention in multiple forums of public discourse. These discussions tend to focus on philosophical...
A Virtual Field Trip to the Real World of Cap and Trade: Environmental Economics and the EPA SO2 Allowance Auction

In the spring of 2001, Bates College Environmental Economics classes bought their first sulfur dioxide emissions allowance at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's annual auction, then conducted by the Chicago Board of Trade. In the spring of 2010, they bought their 22nd through 34th allowances. This article describes a three-part method for teaching the theory and practice of tradable pollution allowances or cap and trade. Experiential learning allows for theoretical economic concepts to become engrained in a deeper way via hands-on experience. Assessment through student surveys suggests that students do solidify their knowledge of complex concepts such as discounting and efficient allowance prices with trading via this three-part technique.
A conformationally restrained series of AT1-selective angiotensin II antagonists

Abstract The benzyl linker in the angiotensin II receptor antagonist L-158,809 that separates the imidazol[4,5-b]pyridine ring and the 2-tetrazolylphenyl group was replaced by a series of bicyclic rings. The optimal bicyclic ring was found to be a dihydroindanyl group. Modification of the imidazo [4,5-]pyridine group resulted in the discovery of a rigid analog that was a potent as L-158,809.
The sharpness of Kikuchi lines and their use in setting the height of the objective aperture in a TEM

Abstract An immersion lens in a TEM allows diffracted beams from an extended area of the sample to be sharply focussed. However, the tangential (rotational) divergence caused by the electrons spiraling in the magnetic field does not allow Kikuchi lines from an extended area to be focussed. This is because the diffracted beams are at fixed orientations with respect to the incident beam whereas the orientations of the Kikuchi lines are fixed to the crystal. Kikuchi lines from a small area can be focussed and are in focus precisely in the back focal plane, which makes them a useful reference by which to focus correctly the diffraction lens and to set the height of the objective aperture.
The Political Development of Sixties'Activists: Identifying the Influence of Class, Gender, and Socialization on Protest Participation

Comment la socialisation politique et religieuse, les orientations psycho-sociales et les origines sociales peuvent, aux Etats-Unis, jouer sur la probabilite qu'un individu soit implique dans les manifestations pacifistes, etudiantes et de lutte pour les droits civils dans les annees 1960 ? Les AA. examinent les interactions de parametres tels que la classe sociale, la categorie de sexe, les orientations psycho-sociales et la socialisation religieuse et politique, afin de cerner leurs effets sur la participation des etudiants a des mouvements sociaux
The Role of the Experimenter in Observed Sex Differences in Conservation Acquisition

(1976). The Role of the Experimenter in Observed Sex Differences in Conservation Acquisition. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 205-206.
Photon Detectors with Large Dynamic Range and at Near Infrared Wavelength for Direct Detection Space Lidars

Space-based lidar instruments must be able to detect extremely weak laser return signals from orbital distance. The signals have a wide dynamic range caused by the variability in atmospheric transmission and surface reflectance under a fast moving spacecraft. Ideally, lidar detectors should be able to detect laser signal return pulses at the single photon level and produce linear output for multiple photon events. They should have high quantum efficiency in the nearinfrared wavelength region where high-pulse-energy space-qualified lasers are available. Silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors have been used in most space lidar receivers to date. Their sensitivity is typically hundreds of photons per pulse at 1064 nm, and is limited by the quantum efficiency, APD gain noise, dark current, and preamplifier noise. NASA is investigating photon-sensitive near-infrared detectors with linear response for possible use on the next generation direct-detection space lidars. We have studied several types of linear mode avalanche photodiode detectors that are sensitive from 950 nm to 1600 nm and potentially viable for near term space lidar missions. We present our measurement results and a comparison of their performance.
Elastic Scalable Cloud Computing Using Application-Level Migration

We present the Cloud Operating System (COS), a middleware framework to support autonomous workload elasticity and scalability based on application-level migration as a reconfiguration strategy. While other scalable frameworks (e.g., MapReduce or Google App Engine) force application developers to write programs following specific APIs, COS provides scalability in a general-purpose programming framework based on an actor-oriented programming language. When all executing VMs are highly utilized, COS scales a workload up by migrating mobile actors over to newly dynamically created VMs. When VM utilization drops, COS scales the workload down by consolidating actors and terminating idle VMs. Application-level migration is advantageous compared to VM migration especially in hybrid clouds in which migration costs over the Internet are critical to scale out the workloads. We demonstrate the general purpose programming approach using a tightly-coupled computation. We compare the performance of autonomous (i.e., COS-driven) versus ideal reconfiguration, as well as the impact of granularity of reconfiguration, i.e., VM migration versus application-level migration. Our results show promise for future fully automated cloud computing resource management systems that efficiently enable truly elastic and scalable general-purpose workloads.
Comparison of a pulsed electron capture detector and a Fourier transform ion mobility detector after capillary supercritical fluid chromatography

A commercial electron capture detector and an ion mobility detector were interfaced to a supercritical fluid chromatograph (SFC). The ion mobility detector (IMD) was operated in the negative ion collection mode wherein analyte molecules of high electron affinity form negatively charged ions in the detector, producing an ECD-like response. Responses of the two detectors were compared using pressure programmed SFC with carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. A mixture of nine chlorinated pesticides (Lindane, DDT, DDE, BHC, Endrin, Heptachlor, Endosulfan, Dieldrin and Chloropicrin); a mixture of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalene, pyrene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene); two polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1248 and Aroclor 1260), and a bean extract containing the chlorinated fungicide Captan were chromatographed as test compounds. In all cases pressure programming of the carbon dioxide mobile phase resulted in an increasing baseline signal as pressure increased with the ECD while a stable baseline was observed with the IMD. These investigations demonstrated the potential of negative mode IMD as a useful alternative for the sensitive and selective SFC detection of compounds amenable to electron capture detection.
Spin-label studies at F9(93)β of deoxyhemoglobin S aggregation

Summary Iodoacetamide spin-labels bound to the F9(93)β cysteine residues of hemoglobin S are sensitive to changes in environment induced by a decrease in temperature or an increase in viscosity, yet show no change in ESR spectrum upon aggregation (gelation) of the deoxyhemoglobin. Similar results are found with two different spin-labels having different chain lengths between the nitroxide radical and the cysteine residue. The fact that the environment which the F9(93)β cysteine residues experience in the gel is indistinguishable from that experienced in solution indicates that they are not located in close proximity to any of the sites of interaction between individual deoxyhemoglobin S tetramers and that while the viscosity of a deoxyhemoglobin S solution changes enormously upon gelation, the microviscosity within the gel can not be greatly changed.
Evidence for particle size–shape correlations in the optical properties of silicate clay aerosol

Abstract Accurate modeling of the optical properties of atmospheric mineral dust is important for climate modeling calculations and remote sensing data retrievals. Atmospheric mineral dust in the accumulation mode size range is often rich in silicate clays including kaolinite and illite. This is important because dust optical properties depend on particle shape, and fundamental clay particles are known to consist of very thin flakes. In this combined laboratory and modeling study, we investigate the optical properties (IR extinction and visible light scattering) of two samples of silicate clay dust aerosol, kaolinite and illite. Particle size distributions are measured simultaneously with the optical properties. T-Matrix theory based simulations using a spheroidal particle approximation are compared with experimental data. We find that the full range of visible scattering and polarimetry data, and IR extinction profiles are not well fit by assuming a single size–shape distribution for the aerosol. In contrast, a simple bimodal distribution model that treats small particles (fundamental clay flakes) in the distribution as highly eccentric oblate spheroids with axial ratio parameters ≥5, but approximates larger particles by a more moderate shape distribution with axial ratio parameters
Magnetic resonance investigations of MBE-grown Fe/Ag/Fe sandwiches

Abstract Magnetic bilayer sandwiches (Fe/Ag/Fe) have been grown on GaAs using molecular beam epitaxy. These structures often exhibit an intriguing zero net moment state in an M vs. H loop. Anisotropy, magnetization, and other properties have been deduced from a wide variety of FMR data. No clear evidence for dynamic interlayer interactions has been found.
Cinématique et transfert de contraintes dans des réseaux quasi plans aléatoires de fibres

Abstract The mechanics of paper is considered from the standpoint of fibre networks. It is shown that the classical model of paper, based on a network of infinitely long fibres capable of carrying only axial forces [1], having the geometry of a Poisson line field, does not possess generic rigidity. This pathological behaviour can be removed by the introduction of rigid fibre-fibre bonds (justified by the presence of hydrogen bonding between cellulose fibres) and fibre flexural stiffness.
The von Neumann paradox for the diffraction of weak shock waves

We present results from our experiments with the irregular reflection of shock waves in argon. We compare the data with the results we obtained numerically; the assumptions for the computational code were that we had unsteady, two-dimensional, compressible, inviscid, flow of a perfect gas. When precautions were taken to reduce the effects of the gas viscosity on the experimental data, we obtained very good agreement between the numerical and the experimental results for the ramp Mach number and the trajectory path triple-point angle, but there were discrepancies with the wave-angle data. The discrepancies were ascribed to the sensitivity of the data to both viscosity and to a singularity. We show that there are actually two weak irregular wave reflections, namely a classic Mach reflection (MR) and a new type, that we call a von Neumann reflection (NR). The structure of the NR is discussed in some detail, and so are the transition criteria for the various wave systems.
Mechanistic study on interlayer dielectric breakdown in integrated circuits

Abstract Copper transport in damascene interconnect structures is an important reliability issue leading to accelerated interlayer dielectric (ILD) breakdown. It is unclear that whether the experimentally determined leakage current is mainly of an ionic nature or an electronic nature due to the difficulties and complications in separating these two components. However, enough thermodynamic data are available to calculate the copper ionic current from basic transport equations and independently determined parameter values. The calculated ionic current is compared with the experimentally determined total current. We have found that the electronic current rather than the ionic current is the major component in the leakage current.
The ene reaction: Comparison of results of Hartree‐Fock, Møller‐Plesset, CASSCF, and DFT calculations

Structural and energetic aspects of the ene reaction were investigated using a variety of computational methods incorporating different ways of accounting for electron correlation. Compared to the noncorrelated Hartree-Fock method, opposing trends were observed in the geometry of the transition state when using the Complete Active Space-Self Consistent Field (CASSCF) method versus Moller-Plesset and density functional theory (DFT) methods. For reproducing experimental results, both Moller-Plesset and DFT methods appear to be successful, while the CASSCF method failed to reproduce the experimental energy changes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 62: 509–514, 1997
Landowner interest in multifunctional agroforestry Riparian buffers

Adoption of temperate agroforestry practices generally remains limited despite considerable advances in basic science. This study builds on temperate agroforestry adoption research by empirically testing a statistical model of interest in native fruit and nut tree riparian buffers using technology and agroforestry adoption theory. Data were collected in three watersheds in Virginia’s ridge and valley region and used to test hypothesized predictors of interest in planting these buffers. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify independence of underlying latent measures. Multiple linear regression was used to model interest using the Universal Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A second model that added agroforestry-specific predictors from Pattanayak et al. (Agrofor Syst 57:173–186, 2003) to UTAUT was tested and compared with the first. The first model was robust (Adj R 2 = 0.49) but was improved by adding agroforestry specific predictors (Adj R 2 = 0.57). Model generalizability was confirmed using double cross validation and normality indices. Social influence, risk expectancy, planting experience, performance expectancy, parcel size, and the interaction of gender and risk were significant in the final model. In addition, socioeconomic variables were used to characterize landowners according to their level of interest. Respondents with greater interest were newer owners that have higher incomes and are less active in farming. The result implies that future agroforesters may in large part consist of owners that have recently acquired land and manage their property more extensively with higher discretionary income and multiple objectives in mind.
Realizability of Delaunay triangulations

Abstract It is shown that any linear triangulation of a simple polygon can be realized as a (combinatorially equivalent) Delaunay triangulation. Simple examples are presented to show that neither complete triangulations of polygons nor triangulations without separating triangles are necessarily realizable as Delaunay triangulations.
Compensation for readout noise in CCD images

Data acquired with a CCD camera are modeled as an additive Poisson–Gaussian mixture, with the Poisson component representing cumulative counts of object-dependent photoelectrons, object-independent photoelectrons, bias electrons, and thermoelectrons and the Gaussian component representing readout noise. Two methods are examined for compensating for readout noise. One method relies on approximating the Gaussian readout noise by a Poisson noise and then using a modified Richardson–Lucy algorithm to effect the compensation. This method has been used for restoring images acquired with CCD’s in the original Wide-Field/Planetary Camera aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The second method directly uses the expectation-maximization algorithm derived for the Poisson–Gaussian mixture data. This requires the determination of the conditional-mean estimate of the Poisson component of the mixture, which is accomplished by the evaluation of a nonlinear function of the data. The second method requires more computation than the first but is more accurate mathematically and yields modest improvements in the quality of the restorations, particularly for fainter objects. As a specific example, we compare the two methods in restorations of images representative of those acquired with that camera; they contain excess blurring that is due to spherical aberration and a rms readout noise level of 13 electrons.
Thermal decomposition of Cu(II)‐bis(8‐hydroxy‐5‐quinolyl)methane coordination polymer

The volatile products formed when the coordination polymer of copper(II) and bis-(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)methane was heated in vacuum at elevated preselected temperatures were examined. The amount of weight loss at each temperature was determined with a recording thermal balance at each fixed temperature. Infrared spectrophotometry was used to aid in the identification of the major volatile component. A sample was pyrolyzed directly into the mass spectrometer. The results show that the volatile product is for the most part the organic ligand bis(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)methane and not derivatives of the copper complex or fragments of the ligand. The mechanism for the decomposition previously proposed is supported.