cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verification algorithms for VLSI synthesis

A description is given of a theory for, and the application of, a general algorithm for determining whether a given multilevel Boolean function is a tautology or whether two given multilevel Boolean functions are equivalent. Four specific cases of this general algorithm are examined. These are termed the flattening method, the don't-care method, the simulation method, and the algebraic string comparison method. A single unifying algorithm frame is given for the implementation of any of these four methods, depending on parameterization. Experimental results are given which indicate that, with the exception of the don't-care method, each of these methods has a problem class in which it is clearly superior to the others. The primary application of these algorithms is as a verification tool for silicon compilation systems. However, these algorithms are also being used as the foundation for multilevel logic minimization and automatic test pattern generation programs. >
Rationalism for Science

A brief survey of the historical development of rationalism is made. It is shown that neither rationalism nor empiricism satisfy Aristotle's postulates for a science. The development of mathematical statistics shows a direct concern with the relation between theory and observation. Results to date suggest that Aristotle's postulates do not yield a suitable characterization of science. It is concluded that any system of rationalism suitable for science will share the following characteristics with mathematical statistics; (1) basic concepts will involve both theoretical and empirical entities, (2) some aspects of the rationalism will he developed empirically, and (3) some aspects of the rationalism will be developed by “elimination” of “true values” from “self-evident” mathematics. New systems of scientific rationalism may differ from mathematical statistics by (1) prohibiting the use of the “excluded middle,” (2) replacing, or reformulating, the probability concept, and (3) relaxing the requirement of ind...
Lateral oxidation of AlAs thin films

Transmission electron microscopy was used for characterization of microstructure resulting from wet oxidation of AlAs layers of different thicknesses separated by a 20 nm thick GaAs layer. In general, the oxidation rate was related to the AlAs layer thickness, but some deviation from this rule was observed for layer thicknesses in the range of 65 to 30 nm. Accumulation of As precipitates at the AlAs/GaAs/AlAs interfaces and in the GaAs separation layers was observed. A build up of stress at these interfaces occasionally caused formation of stacking faults close to the oxidation front. Large differences in interface abruptness were observed for direct (AlAs on GaAs) and inverted (GaAs on AlAs) interfaces. The oxidation front was asymmetric with the faster front close to the inverted interface.
Japanese Foreign Economic Policy Formation: Explaining the Reactive State

The concept of the “reactive state” is useful in understanding the foreign economic policy behavior of Japan and certain other middle-range powers deeply integrated in the global political economy, particularly during periods of economic turbulence when international regimes do not fully safeguard their economic interests. The essential characteristics of the reactive state are two-fold: (1) it fails to undertake major independent foreign-policy initiatives although it has the power and national incentives to do so; (2) it responds to outside pressure for change, albeit erratically, unsystematically, and often incompletely.In the Japanese case, reactive state behavior flows from domestic institutional characteristics as well as from the structure of the international system. Domestic features such as bureaucratic fragmentation, political factionalism, powerful mass media, and the lack of a strong central executive have played an especially important part in Japanese financial, energy, trade, and technology policy formation since 1971.
The effects of teacher qualification, teacher self-efficacy, and classroom practices on fifth graders' literacy outcomes

AbstractThis study examined the effects of teacher self-efficacy, education, and years of experience on observed classroom practices across 2 dimensions—teacher support for student learning and time in academics—as they related to fifth-grade students' (n = 1,043) literacy skills. To address these issues, the study used longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Teacher self-efficacy is assessed on a survey that indicates the extent to which teachers believe they can make a difference in their students' achievement. Structural equation modeling results indicated that teachers with a higher sense of self-efficacy showed more support and provided a more positive classroom environment than did teachers with lower self-efficacy; in addition, their students had stronger literacy skills. Teachers with greater self-efficacy and more years of experience spent less time in academics.
Sexual Minority Youth Victimization and Social Support: The Intersection of Sexuality, Gender, Race, and Victimization

In comparison to heterosexual youth, sexual minority youth are more likely to experience victimization. Multiple studies have connected anti-gay prejudice and anti-gay victimization to negative outcomes. Research shows that social support may protect sexual minorities from the harmful effects of anti-gay victimization. However, rates of victimization and the negative outcomes linked to sexual identity within the sexual minority community have been relatively unexplored. Using data from three years of statewide data from heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents in grades 9–12, this study examines victimization, substance use, suicidality, and access to social support by sexuality. Results indicate that sexual minority youth are at increased risk for victimization, substance use, suicidality, and social isolation compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Results also indicate that there is very little bivariate difference within the sexual minority community. Multivariate results indicate differences...
Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Head and Neck Tumors

Head and neck pathology encompasses a multitude of organs of diverse histogenesis. Malignancies arising from head and neck sites accordingly are diverse in origins, morphogenesis, and biological behavior. Excluding connective tissue and vascular entities, the main entities that are presented in this chapter include squamous mucosal site, salivary, thyroid and sinonasal, and skull base tumors. The histopathological classification remains the main reference to the diagnosis and, to a large extent, malignancy grading. Advances in immunohistochemical techniques and the development of reagents to cellular intermediate filaments and lineage markers have led to better diagnosis and categorization of undifferentiated entities with overlapping morphologic features. More recently, major strides have been achieved in the molecular genetic characterization and understanding of head and neck tumorigenesis. Although clinically applicable and validated, molecular biomarkers have yet to be realized; it is important to address the recent discoveries and their potential integration with the phenotypic and pathologic features.
GaAs avalanche microwave oscillator with 1-watt power output

Experimental results of more than 1-watt pulsed power output at 16 GHz with an efficiency of more than 4 percent are described in avalanching GaAs diodes grown by liquid-phase epitaxy. The high-power capability is attributed largely to the uniformity of the junction.
Functional Redundancy of MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathways in a Murine Model of Histidyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase-Induced Myositis

We have previously shown that i.m. administration of bacterially expressed murine histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HRS) triggers florid muscle inflammation (relative to appropriate control proteins) in various congenic strains of mice. Because severe disease develops even in the absence of adaptive immune responses to HRS, we sought to identify innate immune signaling components contributing to our model of HRS-induced myositis. In vitro stimulation assays demonstrated HRS-mediated activation of HEK293 cells transfected with either TLR2 or TLR4, revealing an excitatory capacity exceeding that of other bacterially expressed fusion proteins. Corresponding to this apparent functional redundancy of TLR signaling pathways, HRS immunization of B6.TLR2(-/-) and B6.TLR4(-/-) single-knockout mice yielded significant lymphocytic infiltration of muscle tissue comparable to that produced in C57BL/6 wild-type mice. In contrast, concomitant elimination of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in B6.TLR2(-/-).TLR4(-/-) double-knockout mice markedly reduced the severity of HRS-induced muscle inflammation. Complementary subfragment analysis demonstrated that aa 60-90 of HRS were absolutely required for in vitro as well as in vivo signaling via these MyD88-dependent TLR pathways--effects mediated, in part, through preferential binding of exogenous ligands capable of activating specific TLRs. Collectively, these experiments indicate that multiple MyD88-dependent signaling cascades contribute to this model of HRS-induced myositis, underscoring the antigenic versatility of HRS and confirming the importance of innate immunity in this system.
Operator volumes and salvage index in AMI

Background Cardiac MR (CMR) is a useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of myocardial infarction. While several previous studies have assessed the effect of operator volumes on outcome following coronary angioplasty, none have utilized salvage index measured by CMR as a primary endpoint. Prior studies relying on major adverse cardiac events as endpoints required very large sample sizes for sufficient power. The prognostic ability of CMR can, in theory, reduce the minimum necessary sample size, as recent research has provided evidence of CMR as a reliable, reproducible method for determining infarct size and AAR and salvage index via T2-weighted imaging.
Psycho-oncology and cancer: psychoneuroimmunology and cancer

A growing body of research linking psychological and behavioral factors to the incidence and progression of cancer suggests that psychosocial factors may have an impact on some types of cancer [1–6]. In this paper, we suggest that it is through the impact these behavioral and psychological factors have on the cellular immune response, including natural killer (NK) cell function, that they may ultimately affect the occurrence and progression of certain tumors. Our discussion of this link begins with a brief overview of the evidence that psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) research with healthy individuals may be relevant to cancer. Next, to link extant PNI research findings with tumorigenesis, we draw upon two important PNI findings relating psychological distress to two important aspects of carcinogenesis: (i) poorer repair of damaged cellular DNA and (ii) modulation of apoptosis. Finally, we focus on the implications of intervention research in cancer patients for cancer progression and treatment. Before reviewing the evidence regarding stress-related immunological changes, it should be noted that one recurrent concern in the literature is the question of the significance of the immune system for cancer. Cancer is comprised of a heterogeneous group of diseases with multiple etiologies [1], and immunological involvement varies across different cancers. Those cancers that are induced by chemical carcinogens (e.g. lung cancer) may be less influenced by psychological, behavioral and immunological factors than cancers that are associated with a virus, such as Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), which are immunogenic. Suppression of cellular immunity is associated with a higher incidence of certain types of tumors, particularly EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases in organ transplant patients, and Kaposi’s sarcoma and EBVassociated B-cell lymphoma in AIDS patients [7]. Additionally, some researchers have questioned whether stress-related immune changes are of either the type or the magnitude to influence tumor growth and metastases [3, 8]. While such issues are beyond the scope of this paper, compelling evidence exists for the role of cells, such as NK cells, in resisting the progression and metastatic spread of tumors once they have developed [7]. Stress and immune dysregulation
Second-order noiseless source coding theorems

Shannon's celebrated source coding theorem can be viewed as a "one-sided law of large numbers". We formulate second-order noiseless source coding theorems for the deviation of the codeword lengths from the entropy. For a class of sources that includes Markov chains we prove a "one-sided central limit theorem" and a law of the iterated logarithm.
Two-step excitation and blue fluorescence under continuous-wave pumping in Nd:YLF

Near-UV and blue fluorescence from the 4D3/2 and 4D5/2 manifolds in Nd:YLF has been observed at room temperature under CW pumping by a rhodamine 590 dye laser. Excitation to these manifolds is attributed to two-step excitation involving excited-state absorption from the 4F3/2 metastable level. A similar phenomenon has also been observed in Nd:YAG and Nd:glass. The effective excited-state absorption cross section is measured to be (2 + or - 1) x 10 to the -20th sq cm at 587.4 nm in the pi polarization, and the peak effective stimulated emission cross section is measured to be 5 x 10 to the -20th sq cm at 411.7 nm, also in the pi polarization. Estimated laser threshold at 411.7 nm for two-step pumping at 587.4 nm is 70 mW.
Exploring the Appeal of Product Design: A Grounded, Value‐Based Model of Key Design Elements and Relationships*

Product design is increasingly being recognized as an important source of sustainable competitive advantage. Until recently, the domain of design has been loosely categorized as “form and function” issues. However, as this paper will explore, product design deals with a much richer range of issues, many of which have not been considered in the marketing literature. To explore the domain and elements of design, the paper begins with two major goals: (1) to elicit the key dimensions of design and to develop an enriched language for the understanding and study of design; and (2) to integrate the design dimensions within a broader model that ties initial design goals to eventual psychological and behavioral responses from consumers. To achieve these ends, grounded theory development is used by conducting an extensive literature review, in-depth interviews, and an interactive object elicitation technique. Drawing from this rich source of qualitative information as well as diverse literature fields, a framework is proposed for the creation of design value in consumer products. This framework not only explores the domain of design but also highlights the important elements of design that go well beyond the cliched form and function issues. The resulting model reflects specific marketplace and organizational constraints that may help or impede the conversion of designer goals to so-called design levers. These levers are used to convey three types of values to consumers: rational, kinesthetic, and emotional. The framework then explains how and when these different values may be perceived by the consumer. Within this framework, testable research propositions and specific directions for future design-based research are also offered. Beyond its potential to spur marketing and new product development (NPD) management thought, the framework offered here represents a significant contribution to the field of design, which has historically been represented as a highly fragmented body of knowledge. Formalizing this framework should help overcome perhaps the largest obstacle to date to marketing-related and NPD-related research in this area—the lack of a detailed and consistent nomological view of the scope of design dimensions including testable linkages. Design has become an important tool that can be used by managers to develop dominant brands with lasting advantages. This research lends the NPD manager and the marketing manager better insights in into how this increasingly popular focus can be used to influence consumer behavior and firm success. “Design may be our top unexploited competitive edge.” Tom Peters, 2004 (cover review of Norman, 2004) “We don't have a good language to talk about [design]. In most people's vocabularies, design means veneer.… But to me, nothing could be further from the meaning of design. Design is the fundamental soul of a man-made creation.” Steve Jobs, Apple Computers
A New Variety of Stanleya pinnata (Brassicaceae) from the Big Bend Region of Trans-Pecos, Texas

Abstract: A new infraspecific taxon of the widespread western species Stanleya pinnata is described from the Big Bend Region of Trans-Pecos, Texas as var. texana. The taxon is distinguished from other varieties of S. pinnata in having smaller flowers, nearly glabrous gynophores, and lanceolate entire leaves which are, so far as known, never deeply divided or pinnate. It is isolated from the closest known populations of S. pinnata by some 500 km and is represented by small populations largely restricted to bare gypso-calcareous outcrops in southern Brewster Co., Texas. In addition, the long recognized S. pinnata var. integrifolia is reduced to the rank of forma integrifolia.
Modeling of RC Frame Buildings for Progressive Collapse Analysis

The progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-frame buildings under extreme loads is discussed from the perspective of modeling issues. A threat-independent approach or the alternate path method forms the basis of the simulations wherein the extreme event is modeled via column removal scenarios. Using a prototype RC frame building, issues and considerations in constitutive modeling of materials, options in modeling the structural elements and specification of gravity loads are discussed with the goal of achieving consistent models that can be used in collapse scenarios involving successive loss of load-bearing columns at the lowest level of the building. The role of the floor slabs in mobilizing catenary action and influencing the progressive collapse response is also highlighted. Finally, an energy-based approach for identifying the proximity to collapse of regular multi-story buildings is proposed.
Crystallization of Amorphous LPCVD Silicon Films and Application to Bipolar and Thin Film Transistors

We studied the crystallization of LPCVD amorphous silicon films by TEM and found that the grain size of crystallized films depends upon the deposition and annealing conditions. The grain size increases as the deposition and/or the annealing temperature decreases. We also investigated the application of crystallized films in the fabrication of polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors and thin film transistors. The performance of bipolar transistors was found to have a small dependence on the grain size. In contrast, the performance of thin film transistors was strongly dependent upon the grain size.
Optimization of manufacturability of chalcogenide materials for mid-infrared optical components

Next generation optical components will require materials that possess unique, spectral-specific optical functions and forming compatible attributes defined by their chemistry, structure and properties. Trade-offs in the optimization of these variables for manufacturability are discussed.
Urgent need for secondary stroke prevention after transient ischemic attack.

OBJECTIVE To review symptom awareness, diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic interventions for the recognition and treatment of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and to discuss secondary stroke prevention after TIA. DATA SOURCES Published information related to recognition and treatment of TIA and the prevention of a secondary cerebrovascular event after TIA. DATA SYNTHESIS Literature review reveals high risk for an early, secondary cerebrovascular event after TIA. Historically, TIA was not treated urgently; today, it is understood that TIA is a sign of a serious condition and may be an indication of impending disability and death. Prompt initiation of treatment may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. However, many factors, such as low public awareness of symptoms, lack of urgency, or unavailability of brain imaging devices, are responsible for treatment delay. Delay between symptom onset and symptom diagnosis may preclude the use of tissue-plasminogen activator, which must be administered within a three-hour window from time of onset. Other therapeutic interventions for secondary stroke prevention after a TIA include the early use of antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole), and may involve procedures such as carotid endarterectomy and stenting. Risk reduction may also be achieved by treating hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSION TIA and stroke must be recognized and treated urgently. Through public education, readily available information, access to diagnostic imaging devices, and aggressive preventive strategies and treatments, the frequency and severity of secondary cerebrovascular events, as well as the economic burden of secondary stroke, could be substantially reduced.
The coincidence of neurocutaneous melanosis and encephalofacial angiomatosis.

Abstract The case of a 21-year-old woman who was affected by both encephalofacial angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber syndrome) and neurocutaneous melanosis is reported. Her signs and symptoms consisted of an interesting overlap of the characteristics of these two neurocutaneous syndromes with glaucoma, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, mental retardation and vascular and melanotic skin lesions observed throughout her course. The clinical diagnosis presented considerable difficulties. The simultaneous occurrence of these two disorders has not been previously reported and this is the first reported case where the cutaneous lesions and their histology, the neuropathology and the clinical features of both disorders is described in one individual.
Modeling on weld position and welding torch pose in welding of intersected pipes

The welding seam of intersected pipes is a typical and complicated space welding seam. The models of weld position and welding torch pose were founded for arc welding robot, and their position and pose were described precisely and quantificationally by coordinates. Then, the welding torch orientations were described by work angle, traveling angle and rotation angle, and the calculation methods were presented. A new simple method of calculation is put forward to establish the coordinate system of welding seam according to the characteristic analysis that any tangent through the point on intersection line coincides with the intersection line of two cylinder sections at this point. The model is general to the intersected pipes and it has significance for modeling on weld position and welding torch pose, simulating and off line programming for robot welding.
Measurement and control of bias in patient reported outcomes using multidimensional item response theory

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures play a key role in the advancement of patient-centered care research. The accuracy of inferences, relevance of predictions, and the true nature of the associations made with PRO data depend on the validity of these measures. Errors inherent to self-report measures can seriously bias the estimation of constructs assessed by the scale. A well-documented disadvantage of self-report measures is their sensitivity to response style (RS) effects such as the respondent’s tendency to select the extremes of a rating scale. Although the biasing effect of extreme responding on constructs measured by self-reported tools has been widely acknowledged and studied across disciplines, little attention has been given to the development and systematic application of methodologies to assess and control for this effect in PRO measures. We review the methodological approaches that have been proposed to study extreme RS effects (ERS). We applied a multidimensional item response theory model to simultaneously estimate and correct for the impact of ERS on trait estimation in a PRO instrument. Model estimates were used to study the biasing effects of ERS on sum scores for individuals with the same amount of the targeted trait but different levels of ERS. We evaluated the effect of joint estimation of multiple scales and ERS on trait estimates and demonstrated the biasing effects of ERS on these trait estimates when used as explanatory variables. A four-dimensional model accounting for ERS bias provided a better fit to the response data. Increasing levels of ERS showed bias in total scores as a function of trait estimates. The effect of ERS was greater when the pattern of extreme responding was the same across multiple scales modeled jointly. The estimated item category intercepts provided evidence of content independent category selection. Uncorrected trait estimates used as explanatory variables in prediction models showed downward bias. A comprehensive evaluation of the psychometric quality and soundness of PRO assessment measures should incorporate the study of ERS as a potential nuisance dimension affecting the accuracy and validity of scores and the impact of PRO data in clinical research and decision making.
Percutaneous coronary artery revascularization procedures in pediatric heart transplant recipients: A large single center experience

OBJECTIVES To describe our experience, at a large pediatric heart transplant center, with percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). BACKGROUND CAV is a leading cause of late graft failure, mortality, and re-transplantation in pediatric heart transplant (HTx) recipients. Studies of PCI in adult patients have shown some short-term improvements, but no significant change in long-term outcomes. There are limited data on PCI for CAV in pediatric patients. We describe the largest single-center experience to date. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of all pediatric HTx recipients who underwent PCI for a diagnosis of CAV from 2005 to 2014. RESULTS Twenty-three procedures were performed in 13 patients, at a median age of 16.4 years (range 5.6-21.2) and median time from HTx to first PCI of 8.3 years (range 2.9-20.3). Three cases consisted of angioplasty alone, two cases had bare metal stents implanted, and the remaining 18 had drug-eluting stents implanted. There was acute procedural success in all but one case, and there was only one procedure-related complication (rebleeding from access site). During the follow-up interval (median 10.4 months, range 0.2-111.8), 7/13 patients had repeat PCI performed, two patients died (at 1.8 and 5.8 months post-PCI), and five were re-transplanted (range 0.2-18 months post-PCI). Freedom from death or retransplant by Kaplan-Meier analysis was 54% at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS PCI can be performed safely and effectively in pediatric HTx recipients with CAV. Similar to the adult experience, there remains a high rate of disease progression and graft failure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What's new in enuresis?

UNLABELLED Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) using desmopressin (dDAVP) is based upon the hypothesis that antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion is insufficient during the night. Persisting doubts about the theoretical background of this treatment gave reason to different studies: In a first study, AVP regulation in children with PNE was investigated. AVP levels after fluid restriction were compared to those of healthy controls. In order to maintain osmolality, the plasma AVP concentrations of the enuretic children rose to significant higher levels than in the controls. In a second study, the short-time memory of children treated with dDAVP because of PNE was measured. Children under dDAVP showed a significantly better short- time memory. CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the established fact that AVP secretion is a function of plasma osmolality. They contradict the hypothesis that enuretic children have a AVP deficiency which has to be supplemented. Rather, the results point to central action of dDAVP, a defect at the central AVP receptor level or the signal transduction pathway.
DNA Damage Repair and the Emerging Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibition in Cancer Therapeutics

Abstract Purpose As a result of improved understanding of DNA repair mechanisms, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are increasingly recognized to play an important therapeutic role in the treatment of cancer. The aim of this article is to provide a review of PARPi function in DNA damage repair and synthetic lethality and to demonstrate how these mechanisms can be exploited to provide new PARPi-based therapies to patients with solid tumors. Methods Literature from a range of sources, including PubMed and MEDLINE, were searched to identify recent reports regarding DNA damage repair and PARPi. Findings DNA damage repair is central to cellular viability. The family of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins play multiple intracellular roles in DNA repair, but function primarily in the resolution of repair of single-strand DNA breaks. Insights through the discovery of germline BRCA1/2 mutations led to the understanding of synthetic lethality and the potential therapeutic role of PARPi in the treatment of cancer. Further understanding of DNA damage repair and the concept of BRCA -like tumors have catalyzed PARPi clinical investigation in multiple oncologic settings. Implications PARPi hold great promise in the treatment of solid tumors, both as monotherapy and in combination with other cancer therapeutics. Multiple PARPi clinical trials are currently underway. Further understanding of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms in the germline and in the tumor genome will allow clinicians and researchers to apply PARPi most strategically in the era of personalized medicine.
Models, Idols, and the Great White Whale: Toward a Christian Faith of Nonattachment

The juxtaposition of models of God and Christian faith may seem repugnant to many, as models are tentative and faith aims at an abiding certainty. In fact, for many Christians, using models of God in worship amounts to idolatry. By examining Biblical and extra-Biblical views of idolatry, I argue that models are not idols. To the contrary, the practice of God-modeling inoculates Christians against one of the most seductive idols of our age: the love of certainty. Furthermore, by examining meditations upon certainty in Melville’s Moby Dick and the early discourses of the Buddha, I suggest that overweening conviction is a vice that hinders rather than guarantees Christian discipleship, and that Christian faith is better defined as any or all of the following: relative confidence in propositions, faithful relationship, and a virtue of disciplined credulity.
“Trash,” Censorship, and National Identity in Early Twentieth-Century Germany

Convinced that sexual immorality and unstable gender norms were endangering national recovery after World War One, German lawmakers drafted a constitution in 1919 legalizing the censorship of movies and pulp fiction, and prioritizing social rights over individual rights. These provisions enabled legislations to adopt two national censorship laws intended to regulate the movie industry and retail trade in pulp fiction. Both laws had their ideological origins in grass-roots anti-'trash' campaigns inspired by early encounters with commercial mass culture and Germany's federalist structure. Before the war, activists characterized censorship as a form of youth protection. Afterwards, they described it as a form of social welfare. Local activists and authorities enforcing the decisions of federal censors made censorship familiar and respectable even as these laws became a lightning rod for criticism of the young republic. Nazi leaders subsequently refashioned anti-'trash' rhetoric to justify the stringent censorship regime they imposed on Germany.
Evaluation of various media for recovery of thermally-injured Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Efficacies of plating media for recovering heated Escherichia coli O157:H7 were determined and compared. To compare populations of recovered cells, suspensions of cells (three isolates, four replications/isolate) were heated at 50, 55, or 60°C, and then inoculated onto eight media: PCA-PA (plate count agar with 1% pyruvic acid [PA]), MSA (MacConkey sorbitol agar), MSA-Mg (MSA with 0.025% MgSO4), MSA-PA (MSA with 1% PA), MSA-MUG (MSA with 0.005% 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucuronide (MUG), PRSA-MUG (phenol red sorbitol agar [PSRA] with 0.005% MUG), PRSA-PA (PRSA with 1% PA), and TSA-PA (tryptic soy agar with 1% PA). Recovery was consistently higher (P < 0.05) with PRSA-MUG and PRSA-PA. At 50, 55, and 60°C, mean numbers (log10 CFU/ml) of recovered cells on PRSA-MUG were 4.42, 4.62, and 3.32, respectively, as compared to 2.78, 2.08, and 1.63, respectively, on MSA. PCA-PA and TSA-PA were less effective than PRSA media, but better than MSA media. Thus, PRSA with MUG or PA was an effective medium for recovering heated cells of E. coli O157:H7; whereas MSA failed to detect sublethally injured cells. Furthermore, addition of Mg, PA, or MUG to MSA further compromised this medium.
Call rate and aerobic capacity in Woodhouse's toad ( Bufo woodhousei).

In Bufo woodhousei, females prefer as mates males with high call rates. We determined call rate and maximum aerobic capacity (Vo2 max) for 16 male B. woodhousei. V02 max was not significantly correlated with call rate. Our results do not support the hypothesis that male call rate is limited by aerobic capacity.
The Use of CAD/CAM Technology for Fabricating Cast Gold Survey Crowns under Existing Partial Removable Dental Prosthesis. A Clinical Report

The fabrication of a survey crown under an existing partial removable dental prosthesis (PRDP) has always been a challenge to many dental practitioners. This clinical report presents a technique for fabricating accurate cast gold survey crowns to fit existing PRDPs using CAD/CAM technology. The report describes a technique that would digitally scan the coronal anatomy of a cast gold survey crown and an abutment tooth under existing PRDPs planned for restoration, prior to any preparation. The information is stored in the digital software where all the coronal anatomical details are preserved without any modifications. The scanned designs are then applied to the scanned teeth preparations, sent to the milling machine and milled into full-contour clear acrylic resin burn-out patterns. The acrylic resin patterns are tried in the patient's mouth the same day to verify the full seating of the PRDP components. The patterns are then invested and cast into gold crowns and cemented in the conventional manner.
Mitigating Nonresponse Error in Online Surveys Through Research-based Design and Delivery

As researchers increasingly rely on online and email based methods of inquiry, it has become ever more necessary to identify the best practices in avoiding the blockage of research-oriented emails by spam and anti-virus filtration software. This study investigated the available literature on the use of email to distribute research surveys. Although data was readily available on how to and why to conduct research online as well as how to maximize response rates based upon contact strategies and survey design, the literature lacked information about potential problems associated with the use of email in the conduct of such research. Evidence on how to avoid spam filtration was provided through exigent literature and ex post facto findings of a study of higher education faculty. Additionally, data was garnered from different email content and design through the use of a priori spam checking software. This data revealed that a perceptible difference in response rate and low spam warning ratings can occur if specialized email construction and delivery techniques are utilized. Finally, a systematic method of survey/email nonresponse mitigation is provided.
Radioembolization in Colorectal Metastases: A Review

Radioembolization has gained wide acceptance as a safe and efficient treatment for unresectable liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer. In this comprehensive article, we focus on clinical outcomes and dosimetry models in the era of personalized medicine.
Egg Membranes during Fertilization

In most eggs, the outer few micrometers of the egg often called the “cortex,” includes three distinct membrane systems: the plasma membrane and its associated glycocalyx, a set of membrane-bound cortical granules that in most species will undergo exocytosis at fertilization, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the interior of the egg are found membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum including the nuclear envelope, as well as mitochondria, yolk, and other organelles. This chapter focuses on the egg plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, and their roles in transduction of signals from sperm. Functions of the sperm membrane are discussed in relation to sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion and the activation of the egg by the sperm; other aspects of sperm membrane function, including Chemotaxis toward eggs and the acrosome reaction in response to contact with egg, have been reviewed recently.1 This chapter emphasizes studies on sea urchins, starfish, frogs, and mammals; studies of the many other organisms that have contributed to understanding of the processes of fertilization, such as the marine worm Urechis, are discussed less extensively.
Natural strabismus in monkeys: accommodative errors assessed by photorefraction and their relationship to convergence errors.

Purpose To examine accommodation and accommodative convergence relationships in naturally strabismic monkeys. Methods Photorefraction was used to measure accommodative responses of each eye under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. These accommodative results were then compared to assessments of vergence state made under monocular viewing conditions using methods previously described. Results Accommodation was always accurate under monocular viewing conditions, with the exception of the inability of one myopic eye to focus distant targets. The accommodative response in the two eyes was always consensual. In animals with an anisometropia, the fixating eye was focused accurately on the target, and the fellow eye was in error by an amount predicted by the magnitude of the anisometropia. Some animals alternated fixation, and, under these conditions, control of accommodation and fixation switched in tandem. Accommodative convergence ratios (AC:A) were abnormally low in animals with strabismus syndromes, similar to human essential infantile esotropia, and were excessively high in animals with syndromes, similar to human early onset accommodative esotropia. Conclusions There was no evidence that the strabismus seen in any of the monkeys was related to errors in accommodation. However, the crosslink gain between accommodation and vergence was abnormal in some of the animals. These abnormalities have the effect of driving vergence toward a misalignment that can only be overcome by other factors, such as fusional vergence. Thus, the authors speculate that these abnormalities in synkinesis between accommodation and convergence were present during early postnatal development when fusional vergence is weak, and that they acted as predisposing factors for the development of strabismus.
Power Swings: From Authoritarian to Collaborative Teaching Assessments

This article, aimed at both the observer and the observed, presents the need for compassionate collaborative assessment strategies. By building rapport between teachers and observers, assessments are viewed positively and genuine changes in teaching can occur. Compassionate observations also help teachers to meet standards while inspiring them to excel in their profession. As the approach discussed in this article involves the assessor and the assessed, K-12 teachers, ESL instructors in IEPs, and administrator/assessors working with ESL teachers will benefit from reading this article. Part One offers a theoretical framework by examining the philosophical issues of vision and ethics as foundations for establishing an inspirational environment that enhances expertise and collaboration between supervisors, teachers, and their peers. Part Two describes ways in which expertise and collaboration can be nurtured among educators. Part Three explains how vision, ethics, expertise, and collaboration apply holistically to collaborative teacher assessment. We offer an assessment example to highlight our method.
Between the Community and the Individual: Identity in Intercultural Education in Mexico

Intercultural education is among the latest education paradigm shifts in Mexico. After decades of linguistic and cultural policies that attempted the acculturation of indigenous minorities, the intercultural model arose to acknowledge the diversity that exists throughout the country. This chapter examines how intercultural education has helped improve the quality of instruction and create an ethical change that leads to a more egalitarian coexistence between the mestizo majority and the indigenous communities in Mexico. The implementation of intercultural education has been criticized by some because of concerns about its theoretical foundations, lack of curricular support, and imprecise political objectives. However, it has given grass roots organizations the opportunity of developing their own educational projects. This study explores how the role of culture and identity are conceptualized in officially-sanctioned documents and the way in which an indigenous school and community organization interpret it. A critical discourse analysis of policy papers, teacher training materials, and interviews with indigenous teachers, community leaders, and policy brokers reveals key differences between the official model and the opinions of the indigenous actors. Intercultural education is appropriated and redefined by the indigenous organizations and in the process emerges a community-based identity that goes beyond traditional linguistic boundaries.
Validation of LC method in determining enantiomeric purity of pramipexole using polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phases under organic-aqueous mode

The separation of pramipexole enantiomers using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase (CSP) columns with organic-aqueous mobile phases was reported for the first time. The (R)-enantiomer was separated from pramipexole using a Lux® Cellulose-1 column with a mobile phase consisting of solvent A (acetonitrile):solvent B (0.1% diethylamine with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate) (30:70, v/v). The elution time was about 7.0 min and the resolution between the enantiomers was greater than 8.0. The linear range of the method was 0.3–3.6 μg mL−1 with the limit of detection and limit of quantification for the (R)-enantiomer were 0.1 µg mL−1 and 0.3 µg mL−1, respectively. The percentage recovery of (R)-enantiomer ranged from 97.1 to 100.1 for tablet dosage forms of pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate. In this study, the enantiomeric separation of pramipexole was achieved. The results demonstrated good linearity, precision, and accuracy for quantifying (R)-enantiomer in tablet dosage forms, suggesting the applicability of a quantitative method that uses polysaccharide-based CSPs in combination with organic-aqueous mobile phases.
Inverse Learning of Robot Behavior for Collaborative Planning

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) is an important basis for learning from demonstrations. Observing an agent, human or robotic, perform a task provides information and facilitates learning the task. We show how the agent's preferences learned using IRL can be incorporated in a subject robot's decision making and planning, to enable the robot to spontaneously collaborate with the previously observed agent on the task. We prioritize a real-world application, where a line robot will autonomously collaborate with another robot in sorting ripe and unripe fruit such as oranges. Toward this, our evaluations utilize a colored-ball sorting task as an analog using simulated TurtleBots equipped with Phantom X arms. Our method is comprehensive providing first answers to questions such as how should the robot acquire the complete model for the collaborative planning problem and how should it solve the problem to obtain a plan that permits collaboration without disrupting the line robot's behavior.
Abstract P257: Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: Post-Repair Quality of Life and Its Association With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Exercise and Sexual Activity

Introduction: Aortic dissection (AD) classically presents with abrupt onset of symptoms immediately followed by major emergency surgery. This can be physically and mentally traumatic. Little is kno...
Intersections of Race and Bullying in Children’s Literature: Transitions, Racism, and Counternarratives

In classrooms, reading and responding to literature has been identified as a powerful method for dealing with critical social issues, including bullying and racism. The purpose of this article is to analyze children’s literature published from 1997 to 2017 that highlights the intersection of bullying and racism. Our article begins with a description of how critical race theory is foundational to our understanding and how research on bullying illuminates our analysis of children’s literature. Using critical content analysis), we analyze relevant picturebooks to address how racism can influence bullying behavior. Finally, this article concludes with implications for classroom practices and ideas for future directions.
Adhesion of diatomaceous earth dusts on wheat and corn kernels

Abstract Insect infestations are a major threat to the quality of stored grain. One method of insect control is to apply diatomaceous earth (DE), a non-chemical, inert dust that is composed of the ossified remains of diatoms. Diatomaceous Earth kills insects via abrasion and desiccation when the insect is exposed to a sufficient quantity of DE from contact on the grain surface. Therefore, good dust adhesion is desirable to ensure that the DE will come in contact with insects in sufficient quantity to provide the insect control expected. This study considered the adhesion ratio of three types of DE, Celite, Dryacide, and Diafil, on wheat and corn kernels. All three types of DE adhered better to wheat than to corn, and to higher moisture grain than lower moisture grain, and moisture content affected the adhesion on corn more than wheat. Dryacide had the lowest adhesion of the three DE tested at each condition. Dryacide's adhesion was significantly lower than at least one other DE in each test and was lower than both other DE for 12% moisture corn and 15% moisture wheat. Celite had the highest adhesion measured in each trial except for 15% moisture corn but was only significantly higher than Diafil for 12% moisture wheat. Additionally, higher surface roughness correlated with higher adhesion percentages, indicating that rougher diatomaceous earth formulations will be better at adhering to grain particles.