cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A preliminary phylogeny of the tribe Miconieae (Melastomataceae) based on nrITS sequence data and its implications on inflorescence position

Miconieae is the most diverse tribe of Melastomataceae, with 30 genera and over 2200 species. The tribe is characterized by fleshy fruits and partially to totally inferior ovaries. To test monophyly of the tribe and assess phylogenetic relationships within it, sequence data from nrITS were gathered and analyzed for 110 taxa in Miconieae and 32 putative outgroups. The tribe Miconieae is not resolved as monophyletic, but rather composed of two distinct clades: one composed of the cauliflorous genera Henriettea, Henriettella, Loreya and Bellucia, and a second clade with all other taxa in Miconieae, sister to a polytomy that includes representatives from tribes Merianieae and Blakeeae. Terminal inflorescences are optimized as basal within Miconieae, with lateral inflorescences evolving in at least four different instances. Cauliflory does not appear to be derived from truly axillary inflorescences; instead it seems to have evolved independently. The terminal-flowered genera Tococa, Conostegia, Tetrazygia, Anaectocalyx, Charianthus, Calycogonium, and Leandra pro parte seem to be derived from within the large genus Miconia, as is Clidemia, a genus with both axillary inflorescences and terminal inflorescences that are deflexed to a lateral position by an axillary branch. Maieta and Necranium, both with axillary inflorescences, are resolved as derived from within Clidemia.
Iron Therapy for Preterm Infants

Preterm infants are at risk for both iron deficiency and iron overload. The role of iron in multiple organ functions suggests that iron supplementation is essential for the preterm infant. Conversely, the potential for iron overload and the poorly developed antioxidant measures in the preterm infant argue against indiscriminate iron supplementation in this population. This article reviews the predisposing factors and consequences of iron deficiency and iron overload in the preterm infant, discusses the current recommendation for iron supplementation and its appropriateness, and describes potential management strategies that strike a balance between iron deficiency and iron toxicity.
Calculating Elastic Constants and the Effects of Curvature on the Binding of Lipid Chain Anchors to DPPC/DOPC/Cholesterol Model Lipid Bilayers

Using a theoretical model of a bilayer membrane containing cholesterol, dipalmitoyl-phophatidylcholine (DPPC), and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) that qualitatively reproduces phase diagrams of giant unilaminar vesicles (GUVs) of the same three components [R. Elliott, I. Szleifer, and M. Schick, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, p.098101 (2006)], we calculate the bending and saddle-splay force constants in Gel, liquid-ordered (lo), and liquid-disordered (ld) phases. The molecular theory employed in our study allows us to determine the effects of the mode of membrane bending deformation on the value of the elastic constants for different phases. The effect of “blocked” vs “free” exchange of lipids across the two monolayers on the values of the bending constant is as high as 50 kbT in the ld phase to as high as 200 kbT in the lo phase. These results show that one must strongly consider the mode of deformation in regard to the mechanical properties of lipid bilayers. For example, if cholesterol is allowed to flip-flop and the other lipid species are “blocked”, then the bending elastic constant is 20-40 kbT larger then the case where all of the lipid species are allowed to be exchanged from leaflet to leaflet.We will also present results on how the curvature of lipid vesicles determines the amount of binding of molecules with lipid tail anchors. By explicitly determining the chemical potential difference of species across a curved bilayer under different modes of deformation, we are able to calculate the equilibrium binding concentrations of lipid tail anchors as a function of membrane curvature, concentration of lipids, and local electrostatic environment.
An Unintended Consequence of Simulation: A Case Report

Abstract Simulation is recognized as an opportunity to immerse students in scenarios that provide most aspects of real-life medical emergencies in a "no-consequences" learning environment. It is widely accepted that simulation has few, if any, negative effects on participants. This case report describes a situation in which real-life implications infiltrated the "safe" simulated learning environment designed by faculty. It is the responsibility of faculty and administrators to be aware that strong feelings and emotions can be triggered by simulators or by immersion in a simulated patient care environment and to take precautions to minimize their occurrence.
On the Treatment of Fixed and Sunk Costs in Principles Textbooks: A Comment and a Reply

The authors reply to Colander's comment in this issue on their earlier article (Wang and Yang 2001). They emphasize the necessity to define fixed cost differently than sunk cost because fixed vs. variable costs and sunk vs. avoidable costs classify the total costs from two different perspectives. They show that it is logically incorrect and inconsistent if fixed cost is a synonym of sunk cost. To avoid confusion in pedagogy and education of economics, they argue that fixed cost should be correctly defined in principles textbooks, rather than corrected later at more advanced levels.
THE FAMILY CRISIS INTERVENTION LITERATURE: WHAT IS MEANT BY “FAMILY”?*

Family crisis intervention is a rapidly growing area of clinical care in family therapy which lacks clear conceptualization, especially with respect to how “family” fits into crisis intervention theory. This paper integrates recent concepts from the family therapy literature into three views: family as background, family as context, and family as a unit. The family crisis intervention literature (56 publications) is reviewed and categorized according to these three views. Clarity in how “family” is viewed and consistency between theory and practice are examined. Recommendations for improving the conceptualization of “family” in family crisis intervention theory and practice are made.
Size-dependent magnetic properties of 100–500 nm diameter IrMn/NiFe disks made by a two-step deposition process

A two-step etching and deposition process is presented for making nanoscale exchange-biased NiFe/IrMn disks, and their magnetic properties are described as a function of diameter and thickness. The exchange bias in nanodots with diameters of 100–500 nm was reduced and the coercivity enhanced compared to the continuous film. Etching of the NiFe film prior to depositing the IrMn lowered the exchange bias; and the exchange bias also decreased as dot diameter decreased. The results are interpreted in terms of the relation between dot size and the antiferromagnetic domain size in the IrMn. The two-step process will be useful in introducing exchange bias at local regions of a ferromagnetic film.
Thermal modeling of single event burnout failure in semiconductor power devices

Abstract Experimental investigations of single event burnout (SEB) of power devices due to heavy ion impacts have identified the conditions required to produce device failure. A key feature observed in the data is an anomalistic secondary rise in current occurring shortly after the ion strike. To verify these findings including the thermally induced secondary plateau, simulations have been performed on the model single event burnout. The new models include additional thermally dependent electrical components to capture thermally induced physical effects. Through the inclusion of analytic temperature models coupled with the electrical model, the electrical response is predicted with reasonable accuracy. The simulations provide order-of-magnitude estimates as well as prediction of phenomenological features such as the secondary rise in current. This work represents a first attempt to characterize thermal failure of power devices due to heavy ion impacts by including temperature dependent components that until now have not been modeled. The thermal model in the present work produces qualitative agreement with experiments on SEB that have been previously unexplained.
Pulmonary artery muscularization is reduced by fetal glucocorticoids (GC) in lambs with diaphragmatic hernia (DH) following tracheal occlusion (TO)

COIDS (GC) IN LAMBS WITH DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (DH) FOLLOWING TRACHEAL OCCLUSION (TO) MARCUS DAVEY, SHINCY SHEGU, ENRICO DANZER, EDUARDO RUCHELLI, N. SCOTT ADZICK, ALAN FLAKE, HOLLY HEDRICK, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Center of Fetal Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: Prenatal GC therapy improves respiratory function in lambs with DH that undergo TO therapy (Davey et al., Ped.Res.2006), which may be due to improved pulmonary vascular structure. In lambs with DH that underwent prolonged TO, we have examined the effects of prenatal GC on muscularization of small pulmonary arteries. STUDY DESIGN: DH was surgically created in 24 fetal sheep at 65 days gestation. TO was performed in 17 of 24 fetuses between 110-140 days; 10 of these fetuses received Betamethasone (0.5mg/kg BW) 48 hours before delivery. 6 Sham-operated animals served as controls. Right lungs were pressure fixed via the trachea with 4% paraformaldehyde-PBS, embedded in paraffin, sectioned (3um) and stained with Elastin-Van Gieson. External diameter (ED) and medial wall thickness (MWT) of small pulmonary arteries were measured (n=629). % MWT was calculated as: (2xMWT/ED)x100. RESULTS: %MWT was increased by DH, and not improved by fetal TO (Figure 1). Average %MWT was significantly lower in GC-treated fetuses compared to non GC-treated animals. CONCLUSION: Prenatal GC reduced aberrant muscularization of pulmonary arteries in lambs that underwent TO therapy for DH. Increased luminal diameter would be expected to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance, and improve gas exchange.
NUMBERS OF WORD ASSOCIATIONS TO COLOR PATCHES AND COLOR NAMES DIFFER ACROSS TWO OPPONENT PAIRS

68 female undergraduate students completed word-association and semantic-differential tasks in response to stimuli which were patches or names of eight colors. The number of word associations for the group viewing color patches differed from that of the group responding to color names on the basis of four colors forming two of the three opponent pairs of the opponent-process theory of color vision.
Biomolecular Homochirality and Electroweak Interactions. I. The Yamagata Hypothesis

In 1966, Y.Yamagata proposed that neutral weak currents between electrons and nucleons could be responsible for specific biomolecular homochirality in life. We critically evaluate this hypothesis by applying relativistic parity nonconserving calculations for amino acids. The results reveal no clear evidence that the naturally occurring l-amino acids are stabilized by parity violation effects.
Synthesis of Novel Molybdaboranes from (η5-C5R5)MoCln Precursors (R = H, Me; n = 1, 2, 4)

Reaction of Cp*MoCl4 (1), or (Cp*MoCl2)2 (2), Cp* = η5-C5Me5, with BH3·THF ultimately generates the Mo(II) cluster (Cp*Mo)2B5H9 (7), together with the Mo(III) species (Cp*MoCl)2B4H10, 4. Prereduction of 2 before reaction with BH3·THF yields only 7. The structure of 4 consists of two Cp*Mo units bridged by two chlorides and a [B2H5(B2H5)]2- ligand in which the two diboron moieties are connected by a B−B−B three center bond. Closer inspection of the reaction by 11B and 1H NMR reveals the existence of three intermediate species (Cp*MoCl)2B2H6 (3), (Cp*MoCl)2B3H7 (5), and (Cp*Mo)2(B2H6)2 (6). Each of these species has been characterized spectroscopically, and crystal structures have been obtained for 3 and 5. Compound 3 features molybdenum centers bridged by two chlorides and an ethane-like [B2H6]2- ligand such that the B−B bond is perpendicular to the Mo−Mo bond. Replacing one terminal H by [B2H5] generates 4. The structure of 5 is based on a trigonal bipyramidal Mo2B3 core, and the molecule is electronicall...
Recycling immunoaffinity chromatography for multiple analyte analysis in biological samples

The ability to isolate and measure multiple complex analytes in a single biological sample holds great potential in many biomedical fields, especially immunology and diagnostic clinical chemistry. We have developed a procedure involving recycling immunoaffinity chromatography for the simultaneous measurement of a number of analytes in a single sample. The procedure is based on the passage of a fluorochrome-labelled sample through a battery of small immunoaffinity columns, each column extracting a single analyte. Detection is achieved by acid elution of the bound analytes and laser-induced fluorescence. We have applied this system to a number of different biological fluids and found that it is capable of reliably isolating and measuring up to ten different cytokines in a 25-μl sample of human body fluid.
Kinetic studies of carbonation reactions using radioactive tracers

In this study a radioactive tracer technique was used to determine the kinetic reaction rate constants in the CO2NaHCO3Na2CO3H2O system at temperatures of 32, 50, and 68°F., and at various values of pH ranging from 5.6 to 7.6. By operating with this system at chemical equilibrium but at isotopic disequilibrium, it was possible to divorce the influence of the diffusion of CO2 into and out of the aqueous solution from the kinetic effects of the chemical reaction. Radioactive carbon-14 in the form of CO2 was analyzed by means of the Bernstein-Ballentine technique in order to measure the rates of reaction. By this treatment, without using intricate equipment, reaction rate constants were computed from simple, integrated first-order equations. Results showed that values for the forward rate constant of the reaction CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO3− + H+ agreed well with the values published by previous investigators. On the other hand, the forward rate constants of the reaction CO2 + OH− ⇌ HCO3− were about 100 times as large as previously reported values. This difference is believed due to the complete elimination of any mass transfer effects in this study. In addition, values for the rate constants of the reverse reactions were measured for the first time, and the calculated values of the equilibrium constants for the two reactions agreed within 6% on the average with those given by Harned and Owen. The technique used, with its variations, is expected to have numerous applications in the study of the kinetics of heterogeneous systems.
Photoresponsive polyesters by incorporation of alkoxyphenacyl or coumarin chromophores along the backbone

The synthesis and photochemical characterization of two classes of photoresponsive polyesters are described. These polyesters contain either alkoxyphenacyl or coumarin chromophores embedded along the polymer chain. The alkoxyphenacyl polyesters undergo efficient photoinduced chain scission upon irradiation at 300 nm in solution or as a nanoparticle suspension. At 254 nm the coumarin polyesters undergo polymer chain scission. Irradiation of the coumarin polyesters in solution at 350 nm results in both chain crosslinking and chain scission behavior, while irradiation of the coumarin polyesters as nanoparticles results in chain crosslinking. The properties of the alkoxyphenacyl and coumarin polyesters are influenced by the choice of diacid as seen from their thermal behavior. The use of glutamic acid enabled surface or bulk functionalization of the photoresponsive polymers. In addition, controlled release of Nile Red from coumarin polyester nanoparticles is demonstrated by modulation of the wavelength and intensity of irradiation.
Open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele

Despite efforts at prevention through the use of preconception folic acid, spina bifida remains one of the most common congenital anomalies of the central nervous system that is compatible with life. It is, however, associated with a significant degree of lifelong morbidity. The development of open fetal surgery for myelomeningocele (MMC) has been a long process but one that serves as a model for how new procedures and technologies need to be properly evaluated before being brought into mainstream medical practice. Even so, risks and benefits need to be evaluated for each patient. The currently available studies have been carried out on a highly selected patient population where the fetal findings provided the maximum opportunity for benefit from prenatal closure of the MMC defect. There is the potential that as the surgery becomes more widely available, pressure will be brought to bear to perform surgery in cases where the likelihood for benefit is decreased and yet the risks are not. The only way to duplicate the results of the current studies is to follow the methodology and criteria that were used in the studies. This will mean that not every fetus with an MMC will be a candidate for in utero surgery. The balance of risk to benefit will continue to evolve as further technological advances are evaluated and more follow-up information is obtained.
Lateralized effects of blurring: A test of the visual spatial frequency model of cerebral hemisphere asymmetry

In a Physical Identity letter comparison task, blurring the stimuli impaired performance when stimuli were projected to the right visual field but not when stimuli were projected to the left visual field. Whether this effect was obtained for response accuracy or for reaction time of correct responses depended on whether the stimuli were difficult or easy to classify. In two experiments it is shown that when the classification task is so difficult that the error rates are high, the Stimulus Clarity x Visual Field interaction is restricted to response accuracy measures. When the classification task is so easy that the error rates are low in all conditions, the critical interaction is restricted to reaction time of correct responses. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the left and right hemispheres are biased toward efficient processing of higher and lower ranges of visual spatial frequency, respectively.
Controversy over mass extinctions

The notion that mass extinctions of species occur at 26-million-year (m.y.) intervals received wide attention in the scientific and popular press a little over a year ago. According to the theory, some sort of periodic extra-terrestrial event had led to the episodes of extinction; comet showers brought on by any of a variety of causes were frequently offered as one explanation. Now the idea is back in the news, this time drawing criticism. An article published in the June 20 issue of Nature criticizes the original analysis, by David Raup and John Sepkoski of the University of Chicago, on the grounds that their data base was overly pared down and that they used a biased definition for mass extinction. Raup and his supporters say that papers now in press will answer the objections.
Deposition of α-alumina via combustion chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Combustion chemical vapor deposition was used to synthesize α-alumina thin films. The deposition solutions were 0.0015 M aluminum acetylacetonate dissolved in isopropanol. Fused silica and nichrome (Ni–20Cr) served as substrates. Deposition temperatures were in the range of 1050 °C to 1125 °C. Crystalline films consisting of hexagonal α-grains were produced on both substrates. Some films on nichrome displayed preferred orientations of (113) and (116) normal to substrate surfaces, while films deposited on silica showed no preferred orientation. Films deposited on nichrome seemed denser than those on silica as the grains clustered together to provide a ‘cauliflower’ appearance. The oxidation response of uncoated and alumina-coated nichrome specimens was measured by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis in pure flowing air at 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C. The coated specimens had significantly lower mass gain values and parabolic rate constants than their uncoated counterparts.
An empirical evaluation of the macroeconomic effects of tarrifs

Abstract The macroeconomic effects of unilateral tariff changes are reviewed in a variety of theoretical models. It is shown that there is no theoretical presumption about the effects of tariffs on output or the trade balance. Five different data sets are found to be consistent with the hypothesis that tariff changs have no significant effects on: the real exchange rate; the real trade balance; and real output (both foreign and domestic). Tariff rates do appear to have a negative effect on the gross volume of international trade. (JEL F13, F40).
Dysphagia postfundoplication: More commonly hiatal outflow resistance than poor esophageal body motility

Background Historically, risk assessment for postfundoplication dysphagia has been focused on esophageal body motility, which has proven to be an unreliable prediction tool. Our aim was to determine factors responsible for persistent postoperative dysphagia. Methods Fourteen postfundoplication patients with primary dysphagia were selected for focused study. Twenty-five asymptomatic post-Nissen patients and 17 unoperated subjects served as controls. Pre- and postoperative clinical and high-resolution manometry parameters were compared. Results Thirteen of the 14 symptomatic patients (92.9%) had normal postoperative esophageal body function, determined manometrically. In contrast, 13 of 14 (92.9%) had evidence of esophageal outflow obstruction, 9 of 14 (64.3%) manometrically, and 4 of 14 (28.6%) on endoscopy/esophagram. Median gastroesophageal junction integrated relaxation pressure was significantly greater (16.2 mm Hg) in symptomatic than in asymptomatic post-Nissen patients (11.1 mm Hg, P = .05) or unoperated subjects (10.6 mm Hg, P = .02). Sixty-four percent (9/14) of symptomatic patients had an increased mean relaxation pressure. Dysphagia was present in 9 of 14 (64.3%) preoperatively, and elevated postoperative relaxation pressure was independently associated with dysphagia. Conclusion These data suggest that postoperative alterations in hiatal functional anatomy are the primary factors responsible for post-Nissen dysphagia. Impaired relaxation of the neo-high pressure zone, recognizable as an abnormal relaxation pressure, best discriminates patients with dysphagia from those without symptoms postfundoplication.
Lithium in waters of a polar desert

Abstract Lithium (Li + ) concentrations were measured in a series of stream and lake samples from a cold, dry desert, the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) in Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Li + geochemistry has been of great interest and utility, in part, because of its solubility and mobility during rockwater interactions. In general, the values determined for the streams and the dilute lake waters in this polar desert environment are similar to those found in temperate streams and lakes. The source of Li + to these waters is a combination of marine aerosol and crustal weathering within the stream channels. The hypersaline hypolimnion of Lake Bonney has extremely high concentrations of Li + which has been concentrated via a previous drawdown of the lake and its subsequent evapoconcentration. The different distributions of Li + within the lakes is also due to past climatic changes and their effects on the chemical evolution of the lakes. The high relative mobility of Li + controls its distribution within the aquatic systems of this cold, desert environment.
Effect of Ligand Structural Isomerism in Formation of Calcium Coordination Networks

Using different structural isomers (2,5-; 2,4-; 2;6-; 3,4-; 3,5-) of pyridinedicarboxylic acid, nine calcium-based coordination networks were synthesized under hydro-/solvothermal conditions and/or were produced via solvent recrystallization of previously synthesized compounds. The coordination networks reported were characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction and thermal methods. They show diverse structural topologies, depending on the ligand geometry and coordinated solvent molecules, with inorganic connectivity motifs ranging from isolated octahedra to infinite chains, layer and a three-dimensional dense framework. The as-synthesized and desolvated networks further show structural transformation to hydrated phases through dissolution/reformation pathways. The process is likely driven by the high hydration energy of the calcium metal center.
Measurement of stable isotopic enrichment and concentration of long-chain fatty acyl-carnitines in tissue by HPLC-MS

We have developed a new method for the simultaneous measurements of stable isotopic tracer enrichments and concentrations of individual long-chain fatty acyl-carnitines in muscle tissue using ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Long-chain fatty acyl-carnitines were extracted from frozen muscle tissue samples by acetonitrile/methanol. Baseline separation was achieved by reverse-phase HPLC in the presence of the volatile ion-pairing reagent heptafluorobutyric acid. The SIM capability of a single quadrupole mass analyzer allows further separation of the ions of interest from the sample matrixes, providing very clean total and selected ion chromatograms that can be used to calculate the stable isotopic tracer enrichment and concentration of long-chain fatty acyl-carnitines in a single analysis. The combination of these two separation techniques greatly simplifies the sample preparation procedure and increases the detection sensitivity. Applying this protocol to biological muscle samples proves it to be a very sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical tool.
A computational study and correlation of premixed isooctane air laminar reaction fronts diluted with EGR

Abstract The current work investigates the propagation of premixed laminar reaction fronts for mixtures of isooctane–air and recirculated combustion products (or EGR) under high pressure and temperature conditions. The work uses a transient one-dimensional flame simulation with a skeletal 215 species chemical kinetic mechanism to generate laminar burning velocity and front thickness predictions. The simulation was exercised over fuel–air equivalence ratios, unburned gas temperatures, pressures and EGR levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.0, 400 to 1000 K, 1 to 250 bar, and 0% to 60% (by mass) respectively, a range extending beyond that of previous researchers. Steady reaction fronts with burning velocities in excess of 5 cm/s could not be established under all of these conditions, especially when burned gas temperatures were below 1450 K and/or when characteristic reaction front propagation times were on the order of the unburned gas ignition delay. For a given pressure, T u and T b , the burning velocity of an EGR dilute mixture was found to be lower than that of an air dilute mixture, with the decrease in burning velocity attributed primarily to the reduced oxygen concentration’s effect on chemistry. Steady premixed laminar burning velocities were correlated using a modified two-equation form based on the asymptotic structure of a laminar flame, which produced an average error of 3.4% between the simulated and correlated laminar burning velocities, with a standard deviation of 4.3%, while additional correlations were constructed for reaction front thickness and adiabatic flame temperature. Correlations are presented based on a non-product equivalence ratio φ and a fraction of stoichiometric combustion products X SCP . Conversion factors are provided to facilitate application to modern direct injection internal combustion engines with inherent charge stratification where the local global Φ is different from the global Φ of the residual gas.
Tubo-ovarian abscess: Diagnosis, medical and surgical management

Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), a serious manifestation of pelvic inflammatory disease, has been treated with aggressive surgical therapy. With improvements in antibiotic therapy, laparoscopic surgery and interventional radiological techniques have lessend the need for radical surgical treatment in stable patients.
Nursing Management of the Pregnant Psychotic Patient During Labor and Delivery

Pregnant psychotic women are high-risk patients who require both psychiatric and obstetric nursing expertise. Symptoms of psychosis are described, including disorganized thinking, impaired judgment, and distorted interpretations of reality. Various ways these symptoms can interfere with the labor and delivery process are discussed. Specific principles for assessment and intervention in the care of these patients are explained including the use of psychiatric consultation, medication, and psychotherapeutic interventions.
Chemical composition of Ivory Coast microtektites.

Abstract The chemical composition of twenty-eight microscopic glassy objects, found in a deep-sea sediment core taken near the Ivory Coast, has been determined by electron microprobe analysis. Like the Australasian microtektites, these glassy objects can be divided into two main groups. One group is composed of individuals with chemical compositions similar to tektites. These are referred to as “normal” microtektites. The other group is composed of bottle-green glassy objects with low silica contents ( MgO CaO ratio (>3) and an average Na 2 O K 2 O ratio greater than unity. Although the bottlegreen objects differ from the “normal” microtektites in their appearance, physical properties and chemical compositions, they are nevertheless found in association with them and are probably therefore related to them. Both the Ivory Coast and Australasian microtektites have higher MgO and lower Na2O contents than igneous glasses with comparable SiO2 contents. The chemical data presented in this paper are interpreted as confirming a previous suggestion that the glassy objects found in deep-sea sediments near the Ivory Coast are microtektites and that they represent a portion of the Ivory Coast tektite strewn field.
Tropospheric ozone trends at Mauna Loa Observatory tied to decadal climate variability

Tropospheric ozone is a potent greenhouse gas, biological irritant and significant source of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. Simulations with a chemistry climate model suggest that shifts in atmospheric circulation can account for the seasonally dependent trends in tropospheric ozone levels observed at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, over the past three decades.
Subwavelength surface-relief gratings fabricated by microcontact printing of self-assembled monolayers.

We have designed and tested subwavelength diffractive optical elements consisting of surface-relief gratings made by microcontact printing of self-assembled monolayers. The first device is a beam deflector for 1.55-µm operation consisting of a surface-relief grating made up of eight pillars over one period (9.3 µm) of the grating. The widths of the pillars vary to approximate a linear phase profile within each grating period. The second device is a quarter-wave plate for 632.8-nm operation consisting of a subwavelength surface-relief grating with a 300-nm period and 58% duty cycle.
Global existence for a nonlinear theory of bubbly liquids

Global existence of smooth solutions is proved for an effective theory of bubbly liquids for either the initial value problem or initial boundary value problem in one dimension. This shows that the theory does not describe shock waves or bubble collapse. Since the analysis is not for the steady boundary value problem, there is no discussion of resonance. The proof uses a semilinear form of the equations to get local existence. A priori bounds resulting from energy conservation and a nonlinear Gronwall-like inequality are then derived to prove global existence.
Structural origin of the enhanced electro-optic response of dendrimeric systems

Abstract The structural origin of the enhancement of the electro-optic (EO) activity of a dendrimeric material, relative to the traditional guest–host polymer, is established within an analytic model. Chemical bonding between the chromophore fragments in the dendrimer suppresses the antiferroelectric correlation of the chromophore dipoles and assists in the macroscopic ordering of the dipoles by an applied field. The developed analytic model quantitatively agrees with the experimental data both for the increased EO coefficient of the cross-linkable dendrimer, and the decreased EO coefficient of the non-cross-linkable dendrimer. The model facilitates optimization of the structural and molecular properties of dendrimers and chromophore fragments in order to achieve materials with better EO response.
First-principles-based mesoscale modeling of the solute-induced stabilization of 〈1 0 0〉 tilt grain boundaries in an Al–Pb alloy

Abstract A first-principles disclination structural units (DSUM) model was used to calculate the energies of 12 〈0 0 1〉 symmetric tilt grain boundaries in Al for a pure system and a system in which Pb atoms substitute for Al at one-half of the lattices sites along the interfacial plane. The grain boundaries are modeled as disclination dipole walls with energies given as a weighted sum of individual disclination energies determined from special low-sigma structures, elastic terms and disclination core energies. Predictions of the DSUM using the bulk Al shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio in the elastic and core energy terms are found to be comparable to energies for fully atomistic simulations calculated using a modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) potential. No relation between grain boundary energies in pure Al and the degree of stabilization due to Pb doping was found. The DSUM parameterized to density functional theory calculations predicts a ∼50% reduction in the energy anisotropy with respect to angle due to doping compared to the pure system, while MEAM calculations yield no appreciable reduction in the energy anisotropy.
Children’s sense-making of division of fractions

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to share some results from a year-long teaching experiment in which fourth grade students were given the opportunity to understand fraction concepts prior to the introduction of algorithmic instruction. In particular, this paper focuses on the means by which children solved problems involving division of fractions. Children were given a task-based activity specifically designed to promote solutions that would be grounded in conceptual understanding. Three distinct solution methods, all related to counting, emerged. When the activity was replicated as part of regular classroom practice seven and a half years later, the same solution methods were observed.
Aggression and peer victimization as predictors of self-reported behavioral and emotional adjustment

The relative contributions of aggression and victimization to the prediction of self-reported emotional and behavioral difficulties over and above self-reported prior problems were investigated in a 1-year longitudinal study. Fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-graders (N = 171) completed peer nominations of aggression and victimization as well as self-report measures of social, behavioral, and emotional problems at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Peer aggression added to the prediction of externalizing problems, specifically, self-report of aggression and delinquency. In contrast, victimization by peers contributed to self-reported unpopularity but not depression. Victimization among girls was also predictive of subsequent self-reported delinquency. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as future directions for research, are discussed.
Management of the depressive component of bipolar disorder

Acute bipolar depression (ABD) and breakthrough depression occurring during maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder are associated with significant morbidity and an increased risk of suicide. Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer for ABD, but its onset of antidepressant action is slow and additional antidepressant therapy is often prescribed. The extent to which other mood stabilizers (e.g., carbamazepine and valproate) have antidepressant activity is unclear. Preliminary initial research suggests three potential advantages that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have over tricyclic antidepressant for ABD: possibly greater efficacy, fewer adverse effects, and a lower frequency of antidepressant-induced mania. Bupropion may also have significant advantages. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the antidepressant of choice for atypical bipolar depression. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has the highest response rate of all treatments for ABD. Further research is needed to explore combination treatments with mood stabilizers and antidepressants for the effective treatment of ABD. Depression and Anxiety 4:190–198, 1996/1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fuzzy set theory and class inclusion relations in semantic categories

Fuzzy set theory has frequently been suggested to be the appropriate mathematics to model degree of representativeness of exemplars in natural categories. The purpose of the present research was to determine if fuzzy set theory accurately describes how exemplar representativeness values in categories at different levels within a taxonomy are related. The results of three rating studies indicated that (1) two of the most basic operations within fuzzy set theory, containment and union, do not correctly describe the actual representativeness relationships; and (2) the representativeness relationships cannot be described by any simple monotonic function. It is argued that fuzzy set theory, in principle, cannot specify the relationships among representativeness values in different categories, because the theory does not take the attributes of exemplars directly into account.
Localized Sliced Inverse Regression

We developed localized sliced inverse regression for supervised dimension reduction. It has the advantages of preventing degeneracy, increasing estimation accuracy, and automatic subclass discovery in classification problems. A semi-supervised version is proposed for the use of unlabeled data. The utility is illustrated on simulated as well as real data sets.
Integrated control of matching delay and CPU utilization in information dissemination systems

The demand for high performance information dissemination is increasing in many applications, such as e-commerce and security alerting systems. These applications usually require that the desired information be matched between sources and sinks based on established subscriptions in a timely manner while a maximal system throughput be achieved to find more matched results. Existing work primarily focuses on only one of the two requirements, either timeliness or throughput. This can lead to an unnecessarily underutilized system or poor guarantees on matching delays. In this paper, we propose an integrated solution that controls both the matching delay and CPU utilization in information dissemination systems to achieve bounded matching delay for high-priority information and maximized system throughput in an example information dissemination system. Our solution is based on optimal control theory for guaranteed control accuracy and system stability. Empirical results on a physical testbed demonstrate that our controllers can guarantee the timeliness requirements while achieving maximized system throughput.
Poly(styrene)-supported co-salen complexes as efficient recyclable catalysts for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epichlorohydrin.

Here we describe an unprecedented synthetic approach to poly(styrene)-supported chiral salen ligands by the free radical polymerization of an unsymmetrical styryl-substituted salen monomer (H2salen=bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine). The new method allows for the attachment of salen moieties to the polymer main chain in a flexible, pendant fashion, avoiding grafting reactions that often introduce ill-defined species on the polymers. Moreover, the loading of the salen is controlled by the copolymerization of the styryl-substituted salen monomer with styrene in different ratios. The polymeric salen ligands are metallated with cobalt(II) acetate to afford the corresponding supported Co–salen complexes, which are used in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic epichlorohydrin, exhibiting high reactivity and enantioselectivity. Remarkably, the copolymer-supported Co–salen complexes showed a better catalytic performance (>99 % ee, 54 % conversion, one hour) in comparison to the homopolymeric analogues and the small molecule Co–salen complex. The soluble poly(styrene)-supported catalysts were recovered by precipitation after the catalytic reactions and were recycled three times to afford almost identical enantiomeric excesses as the first run, with slightly reduced reaction rates.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Candidate Genes Associated with Fertilizing Ability of Sperm and Subsequent Embryonic Development in Cattle

Fertilization and development of the preimplantation embryo is under genetic control. The present goal was to test 434 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with genetic variation in fertilization and early embryonic development. The approach was to produce embryos from 93 bulls using in vitro procedures (n ¼ 3–6 replicates per bull) and relate cleavage rate (CR) and development of cleaved embryos to the blastocyst stage (BDRC) to the genotype for each SNP. Bulls were selected to have either high or low estimates for predicted transmitted ability for daughter pregnancy rate (DPR), an estimate of female fertility. The repeatability was 0.84 for CR and 0.55 for BDRC. Semen extender affected CR, with lower results for milk extender than yolk extender. There was no significant correlation between DPR and either CR or BDRC. A total of 100 SNPs had a minor allele frequency sufficiently high (.5%) to allow association analysis. There were nine genes with SNPs associated with CR (AVP, DEPP, EPAS1, HSD17B6, NT5E, SERPINE2, SLC18A2, TBC1D24, and a noncharacterized gene) and 12 genes with SNPs associated with BDRC (C1QB, FAM5C, HSPA1A, IRF9, MON1B, PARM1, PCCB, PMM2, SLC18A2, TBC1D24, TTLL3, and WBP1). Results demonstrate that in vitro fertilization and blastocyst development are under genetic control and point out the potential importance of some previously unknown genes in these processes. Selection of cattle based on the genotype at one or more of these 19 loci may prove useful in conjunction with other genetic markers for improving genetic ability for fertility. embryo, fertility, fertilization, genetics, preimplantation development, SNP
Thyroid Function in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage

The objective of this investigation was to study the natural course of thyroid function in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). A cohort of infants &lt1,500 grams birth weight, n=247, were included in the analysis. Total T4 and thyrotropin from newborn screening during the 1st week of life (Test 1) and from repeat screening at 2-4 weeks postnatal age (Test 2) were compared in infants with IVH (n=43) and a group of infants without UH. Fifty-nine percent of infants still had transient hypothyroxinemia at the time of Test 2. After multivariate analysis, infants with IVH had an increased odds of having a T4 &le6 μg/dL on Test 1 (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.5), but at the time of Test 2 IVH was not associated with an increased odds of having a low T4. Only gestational age (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.5) remained associated with an increased odds of having an extremely low T4 (&le4 μg/dL) at this time. Transient hypothyroxinemia remains common at 2-4 weeks of age in preterm infants. IVH is not independently associ...
Energy efficient modulation for a wireless network-on-chip architecture

As both power consumption and leakage currents will limit the scalability of future massively integrated computational systems, research into emerging technologies and devices to replace traditional metallic interconnects has become critical. In this paper we propose an initial implementation for a hybrid wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) interconnect architecture, named iWISE, for current chip multiprocessors (CMPs). iWISE combines wired interconnects with wireless links that use both frequency and time division multiplexing to offer a balanced, flexible, orthogonal wireless data transfer among cores. We provide a basic description of the iWISE architecture and describe a practical solution for the implementation of wireless interconnects based on an on-off keying (OOK) modulator using ultra-compact Double Gate (DG) CMOS devices. The proposed OOK modulator takes advantage of DG-CMOS devices especially in building compact modulation and tunable amplification circuitry. Real applications from the benchmark suite PARSEC as well as synthetic traffic show an improvement in performance as well as a savings in power.
High Diagnostic Yield of Whole Exome Sequencing in Participants With Retinal Dystrophies in a Clinical Ophthalmology Setting

Purpose To assess the diagnostic yield and the practicality of implementing whole exome sequencing within a clinical ophthalmology setting. Design Evaluation of a diagnostic protocol. Methods setting: Patient participants were enrolled during clinical appointments in a university-based ophthalmic genetics clinic. patient population: Twenty-six patients with a variety of presumed hereditary retinal dystrophies. intervention: Participants were offered whole exome sequencing in addition to clinically available sequencing gene panels between July 2012 and January 2013 to determine the molecular etiology of their retinal dystrophy. main outcome measures: Diagnostic yield and acceptability of whole exome sequencing in patients with retinal disorders. Results Twenty-six of 29 eligible patients (∼90%) who were approached opted to undergo molecular testing. Each participant chose whole exome sequencing in addition to, or in lieu of, clinically available sequencing gene panels. Time to obtain informed consent was manageable in the clinical context. Whole exome sequencing successfully identified known pathogenic mutations or suspected deleterious variants in 57.7% of participants. Additionally, 1 participant had 2 autosomal dominant medically actionable incidental findings (unrelated to retinopathy) that were reported to enable the participant to take preventive action and reduce risk for future disease. Conclusions In this study, we identified the molecular etiology for more than half of all participants. Additionally, we found that participants were widely accepting of whole exome sequencing and the possibility of being informed about medically actionable incidental findings.
Rayleigh-Scattering-Induced RIN and Amplitude-to-Phase Conversion as a Source of Length-Dependent Phase Noise in OEOs

Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) are hybrid RF-photonic oscillators that promise to be environmentally robust frequency sources with very low phase noise. Recent experiments have shown that the excess flicker phase noise in these systems grows with the length of the optical fiber loop. In this paper, we detail a mechanism for this length-dependent flicker noise in which Rayleigh-scattering-induced amplitude noise in the optical fiber combines with amplitude-to-phase noise conversion in the nonlinear electronic components. We derive an analytic model of the loop noise that includes these effects and verify this model by comparing it to numerical calculations and experimental results.