cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The test and analysis of device heat dissipation in typical telecommunication equipment room

The device heat dissipation data of a telecommunication equipment room in Xi′an was measured.Meanwhile the device heat dissipation data was estimated by using the related method.Their relationship was found out by comparing and analyzing the measured data and theoretical data.According to the results of the comparison,the method of actually measured could be used to check the air condition load of other telecommunication equipment room.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC ISOLATION OF FATTY ACYL CARNITINES.

A system of two-dimensional ascending thin-layer chromatography is reported in which palmityl carnitine can be completely separated from all phospholipids on a single chromatogram without the use of the ancillary procedures necessary in previously described systems.
Intracellular disulfide reduction by phosphine-borane complexes: Mechanism of action for neuroprotection

Phosphine-borane complexes are novel cell-permeable drugs that protect neurons from axonal injury in vitro and in vivo. These drugs activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) cell survival pathway and are therefore neuroprotective, but do not scavenge superoxide. In order to understand the interaction between superoxide signaling of neuronal death and the action of phosphine-borane complexes, their biochemical activity in cell-free and in vitro assays was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry and using an intracellular dithiol reporter that becomes fluorescent when its disulfide bond is cleaved. These studies demonstrated that bis(3-propionic acid methyl ester) phenylphosphine-borane complex (PB1) and (3-propionic acid methyl ester) diphenylphosphine-borane complex (PB2) are potent intracellular disulfide reducing agents which are cell permeable. EPR and pharmacological studies demonstrated reducing activity but not scavenging of superoxide. Given that phosphine-borane complexes reduce cell injury from mitochondrial superoxide generation but do not scavenge superoxide, this implies a mechanism where an intracellular superoxide burst induces downstream formation of protein disulfides. The redox-dependent cleavage of the disulfides is therefore a novel mechanism of neuroprotection.
Functional and pharmacological effects of ureteral diversion.

Abstract Urinary diversion is the final therapeutic approach in several bladder pathologies including selected cases of bladder cancer, neurogenic bladder, and painful bladder syndrome. While there have been a few experimental studies on the effects of urinary diversion and subsequent undiversion on bladder capacity, the pharmacological changes occurring with diversion and undiversion have not yet been investigated. Our primary objectives were to determine the functional and pharmacological alterations in the defunctionalized bladder and the effects of refunctionalization on these changes. Thirty-two male adult canines weighing 15 to 20 lb. were used for this study. Three groups of dogs were urine diverted for one, three, and six month durations (four dogs per group). Another three groups of dogs were urine diverted for one, three, and six months (four dogs per group); these dogs were then undiverted for three months. Six control animals received either one or two sham operations at one, three, and six months. In all groups the functional and contractile characteristics of the bladders were assessed by urodynamics and in vitro contractile studies; bladder weight and muscarinic receptor density were also measured. Intravesical capacities determined by in vivo cystometry were reduced significantly to 74%, 63%, and 47% of control values at one, three, and six months respectively after urinary diversion. Bladder capacity returned to above normal levels in bladders diverted and then subsequently undiverted. Similarly, the compliance and bladder weight of the diverted bladders were significantly less than control, while diverted bladders subsequently undiverted were similar to controls. Maximal bladder contractility in response to bethanechol stimulation was less in diverted bladders compared to control. This decrease in contractility was accompanied by a decrease in muscarinic receptor density. After undiversion maximal bladder contractility to bethanechol reached control levels; this was accompanied by a parallel increase in muscarinic receptor density to control values. There was no effect of diversion or undiversion on the maximal response of bladder strips to methoxamine stimulation. Thus, a bladder that has been diverted (defunctionalized) for a period of time showed decreases in capacity, compliance, and contractility to muscarinic stimulation along with a decrease in muscarinic receptor density. All of these parameters were restored after refunctionalization of the bladder.
Cultivating Quality: Meeting Effective Care Measures

Hospital nurses play a central role in evaluating data to ensure patient safety and improve quality.
Linear Programming—Duality and Sensitivity Analysis

Associated with each linear program, which we shall call the primal, is another linear program called its dual.
Traumagerichte cognitieve gedragstherapie: de werking van het model

De TF-CBT-modules worden gewoonlijk aan kinderen en ouders afzonderlijk aangeboden in individuele sessies, waarbij in de sessies tijd voor ouders en kind samen wordt ingebouwd die gericht is op het oefenen van vaardigheden en die later, tegen het einde van de therapie, gelegenheid biedt voor open communicatie over de traumatische gebeurtenis(sen). De TF-CBT-modules die terugkomen in het PRACTICE-acroniem zijn psycho-educatie en opvoedkundige vaardigheden, relaxatie, affectieve expressie en modulatie, cognitieve coping, vertellen en verwerken, in vivo beheersing van herinneringen aan het trauma, combinatiesessies met ouder en kind en het versterken van de toekomstige veiligheid en ontwikkeling van het kind. De modules bouwen op elkaar voort en helpen bij de geleidelijke introductie van herinneringen aan het trauma in de loop van drie behandelfasen – de fase van stabilisatie en opbouw van vaardigheden, de fase van het traumaverhaal en de verwerking van het trauma, en de consolidatie- en afsluitingsfase. De modules geven kinderen het gevoel dat ze een bepaalde mate van controle hebben over de ontwikkeling van hun vaardigheden en de verwerking van hun trauma(’s). Het is belangrijk dat de therapeut culturele, religieuze en gezinswaarden in ogenschouw neemt als hij of zij het TF-CBT-model op het individuele kind en zijn of haar gezin afstemt, en dat hij of zij zich bewust is van extra tegenslagen waarmee kind en gezin naast of naar aanleiding van de traumatische ervaringen worden geconfronteerd.
Behavioral tagging and the penumbra of learning

In noisy, dynamic environments, organisms must distinguish genuine change (e.g., the movement of prey) from noise (e.g., the rustling of leaves). Expectations should be updated only when the organism believes genuine change has occurred. Although individual variables can be highly unreliable, organisms can take advantage of the fact that changes tend to be correlated (e.g., movement of prey will tend to produce changes in both visual and olfactory modalities). Thus, observing a change in one variable provides information about the rate of change for other variables. We call this the penumbra of learning. At the neural level, the penumbra of learning may offer an explanation for why strong plasticity in one synapse can rescue weak plasticity at another (synaptic tagging and capture). At the behavioral level, it has been observed that weak learning of one task can be rescued by novelty exposure before or after the learning task. Here, using a simple number prediction task, we provide direct behavioral support for the penumbra of learning in humans, and show that it can be accounted for by a normative computational theory of learning.
Anti-anaphylactic action of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in antigen sensitized guinea pigs.

Abstract Therapeutic natural products and medicinal herbs has gained popularity. The anti-antigenic action of the plant alkaloid nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) was studied in ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized guinea pigs. In one series of experiments conscious, non-sedated guinea pigs were challenged with OA aerosol. Specific airway resistance (SRAW) was monitored using a two-chambered whole-body plethysmograph. OA aerosol increased SRAW above that produced by vehicle administration. Prior NDGA administration by a 1 min 0.9% aerosol (w/vol) attenuated the increase in SRAW resulting from OA challenge. In the anesthetized guinea pig pretreated with indomethacin, pyrilamine and propranolol, intravenous OA injection increased intra-tracheal pressure above vehicle injection. Intravenous NDGA administration (5 mg/kg) reduced the intra-tracheal pressure increases. In a third series of experiments plasma leukotriene C4 was measured by radio-immunoassay in 3 groups challenged with OA aerosol: vehicle-treated OA-sensitized, OA-sensitized receiving NDGA and vehicle treated guinea pigs. NDGA pretreatment reduced plasma LTC4 in response to OA challenge in OA sensitized guinea pigs. This study demonstrates that NDGA is an effective antigenic agent when given by aerosol or intravenous injection in either conscious or anesthetized guinea pigs, respectively. The mechanism of action of NDGA is presumed primarily be due to the blockage of 5-lipoxygenase and therefore the synthesis of leukotrienes.
The Influence of Kidney Disease on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with multiple defects in the metabolism of protein and amino acids. In response to CKD, the rates of protein synthesis and degradation are imbalanced with an increase in protein degradation resulting in net loss of protein stores, including the major quantity of protein in the body, skeletal muscle. Loss of protein stores in CKD patients contributes to the frequent occurrence of dependency, morbidity and mortality. These abnormalities persist even when the diet is improved indicating that protein abnormalities in CKD should not be assigned to malnutrition. Since proteins in all tissues are continually being degraded (principally through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and caspase-3) and replaced by new synthesis, the dysregulation of protein metabolism by CKD will contribute to the complications of CKD. Specific abnormalities causing muscle wasting have been defined and include metabolic acidosis, impaired intracellular signaling responses to insulin and IGF-1, increased angiotensin II levels and inflammatory cytokines. CKD also impairs the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), key “building blocks” of muscle protein and CKD leads to the accumulation of metabolic products of amino acids to contribute to toxic reactions, including changes in protein metabolism. A key mediator of muscle metabolic defects is an increase in myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle mass. Reversal of CKD-induced abnormalities such as metabolic acidosis, improve protein metabolism but newer strategies will be required to decrease the burden caused by the metabolic complications of CKD.
Latecomers: The Sources and Impacts of Late Arrival Among Adolescent Immigrant Students

In this ethnographic study, the author describes and analyzes the experiences of latecomers, adolescent immigrant students who arrive late in the school year. She shines a light on the multifaceted challenges posed by these students’ transnationalism, undocumented status, and labor migration, which contribute to their late arrival and threaten their school persistence. This article adds to the developing body of research on heterogeneity among adolescent emergent bilinguals, a growing and underserved population.
Multilevel Sampling and Optimization Methods

In this chapter, we describe a few innovative ideas in using auxiliary distributions and multiple Markov chains (in parallel) to improve the efficiency of Monte Carlo simulations. Roughly speaking, in order to improve the mixing property of an underlying Monte Carlo Markov chain, one can build a few “companion chains” whose sole purpose is to help bridging parts of the sample space that are separated by very high energy (or low probability) barriers in the original distribution.
Optics-Based Approach to Thermal Management of Photovoltaics: Selective-Spectral and Radiative Cooling

For commercial one-sun solar modules, up to 80% of the incoming sunlight may be dissipated as heat, potentially raising the temperature 20–30 °C higher than the ambient. In the long term, extreme self-heating erodes efficiency and shortens lifetime, thereby dramatically reducing the total energy output. Therefore, it is critically important to develop effective and practical (and preferably passive) cooling methods to reduce operating temperature of photovoltaic (PV) modules. In this paper, we explore two fundamental (but often overlooked) origins of PV self-heating, namely, sub-bandgap absorption and imperfect thermal radiation. The analysis suggests that we redesign the optical properties of the solar module to eliminate parasitic absorption ( selective-spectral cooling ) and enhance thermal emission ( radiative cooling ). Comprehensive opto-electro-thermal simulation shows that the proposed techniques would cool one-sun terrestrial solar modules up to 10 °C. This self-cooling would substantially extend the lifetime for solar modules, with corresponding increase in energy yields and reduced levelized cost of electricity.
Immune checkpoint dysfunction in large and medium vessel vasculitis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous vasculitis of the aorta and its medium-sized branch vessels. CD4 T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) build granulomatous infiltrates that injure the vessel wall and elicit a maladaptive response to injury. Pathological consequences include fragmentation of elastic membranes, destruction of the medial layer, microvascular neoangiogenesis, massive outgrowth of myofibroblasts, and lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia. Antigens have been suspected to drive the local activation of vasculitogenic CD4 T cells, but recent data have suggested a more generalized defect in the threshold setting of such T cells, rendering them hyperreactive. Under physiological conditions, immune checkpoints provide negative signals to curb T cell activation and prevent inflammation-associated tissue destruction. This protective mechanism is disrupted in GCA. Vessel wall DCs fail to express the immunoinhibitory ligand programmed cell death ligand-1, leaving lesional T cells unchecked. Consequently, programmed cell death protein-1-positive CD4 T cells can enter the immunoprivileged vessel wall, where they produce a broad spectrum of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-17, and IL-21) and have a direct role in driving intimal hyperplasia and intramural neoangiogenesis. The deficiency of the programmed cell death protein-1 immune checkpoint in GCA, promoting unopposed T cell immunity, contrasts with checkpoint hyperactivity in cancer patients in whom excessive programmed cell death ligand-1 expression paralyzes the function of antitumor T cells. Excessive checkpoint activity is the principle underlying cancer-immune evasion and is therapeutically targeted by immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. Such checkpoint inhibitors, which unleash anticancer T cells and induce immune-related toxicity, may lead to drug-induced vasculitis.
On global convergence of fractional Fliess operators with applications to bilinear systems

A common representation for the input-output map of a nonlinear control system is the Chen-Fliess functional series or Fliess operator. The objective of this paper is to further develop a generalization of this class of operators, so called fractional Fliess operators. These are functional series whose iterated integrals are defined in terms of fractional integrals and where the series coefficients can have a fractional Gevrey growth rate. Here the existing convergence analysis is expanded to handle fractional integrated integrals for a class of L 1 inputs. The results are applied to represent the input-output map of a fractional bilinear state space system.
Acute phase reactants. II. Serum hexosamines in patients with rheumatic fever and related diseases.

Summary 1. Serum hexosamines were determined in 147 patients with rheumatic fever and related diseases. 2. Elevated serum levels of these substances were observed at some time during the illness of all but three of forty patients suffering with acute rheumatic fever but in none of forty patients with convalescent rheumatic fever and in only three of forty patients with inactive rheumatic fever. 3. Only one of ten patients suffering with Sydenham's chorea exhibited an elevated serum level of hexosamines. 4. The serum hexosamine levels were elevated in most but not all patients with other related diseases included in this study.
Streets of Hope: An Urbane, Ecological Approach to Temporary Housing for E.U. Asylum Seekers

The unfolding refugee crisis in Europe has prompted governments to set up thousands of prefabricated shelters to house the waves of refugees who must go through the process of being registered, screened, and filing asylum requests. However, these provisional living quarters are not structured on the basis of sound urban criteria, nor do they obey strict ecological guidelines. This paper outlines the urban and ecological failures of current refugee housing schemes, including the lack of structured public space and cultural amenities, and high carbon footprint of prefabricated units. A proposal is put forward which envisages the construction of asylum processing centers using traditional urban models and employing ‘zero-impact’ environmental techniques to create humane, welcoming settings which can be easily removed or re-purposed after the crisis. Residential units would be constructed using upgraded adobe techniques familiar in countries of the Middle East from which most of the refugees come.
Medicine in First World War Europe: Soldiers, Medics, Pacifists: Reid, Fiona , London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic 263 pp., $26.95, ISBN 978-14725-1324-3 Publication Date: February 2017

In this largely synthetic study, Fiona Reid, who teaches at the University of South Wales, UK, and has previously written a book on shell shock, provides a synoptic overview of many of the major ar...
Systematics of azimuthal anisotropy harmonics in proton–nucleus collisions at the LHC from the Color Glass Condensate

Abstract Simple power counting arguments in the dilute-dense framework of the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) Effective Field Theory predict that even and odd azimuthal anisotropy harmonics of two-particle correlations in proton–nucleus collisions at the LHC will respectively satisfy v 2 n 2 { 2 } ∝ N ch 0 and v 2 n + 1 2 { 2 } ∝ N ch , where N ch denotes the number of charged particles. We show that these expectations are borne out qualitatively, and even quantitatively, within systematic uncertainties, for v 2 and v 4 in comparisons with data from the ATLAS collaboration. We also observe that ATLAS data for the v 3 azimuthal harmonic are in excellent agreement with our qualitative expectation; quantitative comparisons are numerically challenging at present. The lessons from this study fully complement those gained by the recent comparison of the CGC dilute-dense framework [1] to data from the PHENIX collaboration on small system collisions at RHIC.
Absolute instability and transient growth near the band edges of a traveling wave tube

An electron beam in the slow wave structure of a traveling wave tube may be subjected to absolute instability at the lower and upper band edges, where the group velocity is zero. From a careful re-examination of the immediate vicinity of these band edges, we use the Briggs-Bers criterion to show that, contrary to previous findings, an absolute instability may arise at the lower band edge if the beam current is sufficiently high, even if the beam mode intersects with the circuit mode with a positive group velocity. However, the upper band edge was found to be more susceptible to absolute instability than the lower band edge. The threshold condition for the onset of absolute instabilities is derived analytically at both band edges. The Green's function shows possible transient temporal growth with an exponentiation rate proportional to t1/3, whether or not the band edge is subject to an absolute instability.An electron beam in the slow wave structure of a traveling wave tube may be subjected to absolute instability at the lower and upper band edges, where the group velocity is zero. From a careful re-examination of the immediate vicinity of these band edges, we use the Briggs-Bers criterion to show that, contrary to previous findings, an absolute instability may arise at the lower band edge if the beam current is sufficiently high, even if the beam mode intersects with the circuit mode with a positive group velocity. However, the upper band edge was found to be more susceptible to absolute instability than the lower band edge. The threshold condition for the onset of absolute instabilities is derived analytically at both band edges. The Green's function shows possible transient temporal growth with an exponentiation rate proportional to t1/3, whether or not the band edge is subject to an absolute instability.
Deficiency of the Hck and Src tyrosine kinases results in extreme levels of extramedullary hematopoiesis

Expression of the Src-family kinases--Src, Hck, and Fgr--increases dramatically during myeloid cell development. Src-deficient mice exhibit functional abnormalities in only one myeloid cell type, the osteoclast, resulting in impaired bone remodeling and osteopetrosis, while hck-/- or fgr-/- mice have few and subtle myeloid cell deficiencies. To determine whether these limited phenotypes are due to the coexpression of multiple Src-family kinases with overlapping functions, we have intercrossed src-/- mice to hck-/- and fgr-/- mutants to produce double mutants. Two thirds of hck-/- src-/- double mutants die at birth; surviving animals develop a severe form of osteopetrosis, resulting in extreme levels of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, anemia, and leukopenia. These hematopoietic defects are caused by abnormalities in the bone marrow environment because hck-/- src-/- mutant stem cells reconstitute a normal hematopoietic system in irradiated wild-type mice. In contrast, fgr-/- src-/- double mutants have no defects beyond those observed in src-/- animals. Cultured normal murine osteoclasts express abundant amounts of Src, Hck, and Fgr and Hck levels are increased in src-/- osteoclasts. These observations suggest that Hck and Src serve partially overlapping functions in osteoclasts and that the expression of Hck in src-/- osteoclasts ameliorates their functional defects.
DOPAMINE-, OCTOPAMINE-, AND SEROTONIN-SENSITIVE ADENYLATE CYCLASES: POSSIBLE RECEPTORS IN AMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION

Publisher Summary This chapter explores possible receptors in aminergic neurotransmission. The importance of biogenic amines as potential transmitters in the nervous system makes it desirable to identify the receptors for these compounds and to understand the molecular consequences of the activation of these receptors. In many non-neural tissues, the receptors for various hormones are intimately associated with the enzyme adenylate cyclase. It has been found that preganglionic stimulation of the rabbit superior cervical sympathetic ganglion results in a several-fold increase in the levels of ganglionic cyclic AMP. Various experiments have indicated that this increase is associated with the process of synaptic transmission within the ganglion, and that the increase can be blocked by alpha adrenergic antagonists as well as by muscarinic cholinergic antagonists. These as well as other results suggested that the increase in cyclic AMP following electrical stimulation might occur as a consequence of dopamine being released from the interneurons and interacting with a receptor on the postganglionic cells. The results discussed in the chapter suggest that adenylate cyclase may be intimately associated with the function of certain types of aminergic receptors in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.
N5-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine:NADP+ oxidoreductase from Streptococcus lactis. Purification and partial characterization.

Abstract N5-(L-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.-) from Streptococcus lactis K1 has been purified 8,000-fold to homogeneity. The NADPH-dependent enzyme mediates the reductive condensation between pyruvic acid and the delta- or epsilon-amino groups of L-ornithine and L-lysine to form N5-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine and N6-(L-1-carboxyethyl)-L-lysine, respectively. The five-step purification procedure involves ion-exchange (DE52 and phosphocellulose P-11), gel filtration (Ultrogel AcA 44), and affinity chromatography (2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B). Approximately 100-200 micrograms of purified enzyme of specific activity 40 units/mg were obtained from 60 g of cells, wet weight. Anionic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single enzymatically active protein band, whereas three species (pI 4.8-5.1) were detected by analytical electrofocusing. The purified enzyme is active over a broad pH range of 6.5-9.0 and is stable to heating at 50 degrees C for 10 min. Substrate Km values were determined to be: NADPH, 6.6 microM; pyruvate, 150 microM; ornithine, 3.3 mM; and lysine, 18.2 mM. The oxidoreductase has a relative molecular mass (Mr = 150,000) as estimated by high pressure liquid chromatography exclusion chromatography and by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Conventional gel filtration indicated an Mr = 78,000, and a single protein band of Mr = 38,000 was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme is composed of identical subunits of Mr = 38,000, which may associate to yield both dimeric and tetrameric forms. Polyclonal antibody to the purified protein inhibited enzyme activity. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is reported, and the sequence of the first 37 amino acids from the NH2 terminus has been determined by stepwise Edman degradation.
High resolution NMR studies of cerebral glucose metabolism in rats and humans.

During the past four years we have been studying human brains by NMR methods that we developed first in animal experiments. These methods allow us to obtain 1H and 13C NMR spectra from the brain while we also apply 31P NMR methods such as are generally used in the field. The first 1H NMR spectra of the brain, or in fact of any living animal tissue, were of the rat brain at high magnetic fields of 8.4T (1). To obtain these spectra it was necessary to suppress the intense 1H NMR peak from H2O in order to observe the peaks from metabolites. This was done, at first by pre-saturation of the H2O peak and later by selective pulses that did not excite the H2O peak (2) . Subsequently Rothman introduced editing methods into proton spectroscopy of the brain to simplify the spectrum. First homonuclear editing was used (3) and then heteronuclear in which 13C labeled nuclei were determined from their coupled protons C4.
Digital Media Group: The Shanghai Bid

In December 2008, Thomas G. Tsao, acting CEO of DMG, a venture-backed provider of technology and media used primarily in subways, must decide how to structure the company's bid for the advertising concession in Shanghai's 13 existing and planned subway lines. This is complicated by the fact that he is also a general partner in Gobi Partners, one of DMG's largest investors. The company is bidding against its largest competitor, which also investigated acquiring DMG a few months before. DMG has very little cash, and the publicly traded competitor knows it. How does Tom structure the bid? How does he get the money for it? How does he manage the company, given its inability to attract a CEO and his firm's need to have an exit? Lastly, how does he manage his responsibilities - to his firm, his limited partners, his coinvestors, and the company?
Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Bulk Diamond

The group IV elements in the periodic table, such as carbon in the diamond structure (referred to as diamond in this chapter), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and grey tin (Sn), have half filled valence n-shells with the electronic configuration (ns2p2) where n ranges from 2 to 5. These s and p states hybridize and form tetrahedral sp3 directed bonds. The solids formed by these elements can crystallize in the so-called “diamond structure”,1 among which are Si and Ge, well known for being extremely useful semiconducting materials for device applications.
Geochemical analysis and spatial trends of ceramics and clay from Angamuco, Michoacán

Abstract An important aspect of studying ancient empire formation is the role of local political economies throughout imperial fluctuations. Such insight can help us understand how imperial powers may or may not have exerted control over their subjects, and the broader impacts of imperial change on local populations. This study uses geochemical analysis (INAA) of ceramic samples and raw clays from Angamuco, located in the Lake Patzcuaro Basin, Michoacan. Angamuco was occupied before and throughout the development of the Purepecha Empire (1350–1530 CE) and is thus an important case study for evaluating the impacts of political change on material production and manufacturing. We identify four compositional groups, two of which match previously identified groups elsewhere in the lake basin. We argue that Angamuco ceramics were largely locally produced and that raw material use remained relatively stable over long periods. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of ceramic production processes at Angamuco and will be compared to archaeometric studies in Western Mesoamerica and elsewhere.
IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK OF DEVICE INFECTION THAN PERMANENT PACEMAKER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Recent studies suggest that implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is associated with increased risk of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection when compared to permanent pacemaker (PPM). However, there were controversies among previous studies. We performed a systematic review
Psychometric Properties of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Periacetabular Osteotomy.

Background Appropriate patient-reported outcome measures are paramount to determine the clinical relevance of change experienced by patients after a surgical procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of 3 patient-reported outcome measures (Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [HOOS], modified Harris hip score, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]) in a large population of patients treated with periacetabular osteotomy for symptomatic developmental dysplasia of the hip. Methods Patients who underwent a periacetabular osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia between October 2011 and October 2016 completed multiple questionnaires preoperatively and at the 1-year follow-up. Internal consistency for subscores was evaluated with the Cronbach alpha. Validity was assessed against the Short Form-12. Interpretability included the calculation of the distribution of scores, floor and ceiling effects, and the minimal clinically important difference. Responsiveness was assessed by correlating the score changes with the Global Perceived Effect score. Results Of 294 patients, 246 (84%) were female. The median age was 21 years (interquartile range, 17 to 29 years). All WOMAC and HOOS subscores demonstrated adequate internal consistency, and none of the modified Harris hip score components did. All scores except the WOMAC stiffness score exhibited adequate validity and interpretability, with no floor and ceiling effects over 15%. For the HOOS subscores, the minimal clinically important difference was 10.3 for pain, 10.2 for symptoms, 12.6 for sports and recreation, 11.2 for quality of life, and 10.8 for activities of daily living. The minimal clinically important difference for the modified Harris hip score was 7.4. For the WOMAC subscores, the minimal clinically important difference was 10.8 for pain, 12.9 for stiffness, 10.8 for physical, and 10.4 for total. All scores demonstrated adequate responsiveness. Conclusions The HOOS, WOMAC, and modified Harris hip score have adequate psychometric properties for use in patients undergoing periacetabular osteotomy, with minor shortcomings. Among the scores analyzed, the HOOS appears to be the most appropriate measure of patient-reported outcome in patients undergoing periacetabular osteotomy. Clinical relevance By establishing the psychometric properties of patient-reported outcome measures for periacetabular osteotomy, this study enables a more informed choice of measures for clinical practice and research. The estimated minimal clinically important difference values will facilitate understanding the importance of change in patient-reported outcomes after a surgical procedure in a clinical setting and sample size calculation for further studies.
A Secreted Viral Nonstructural Protein Determines Intestinal Norovirus Pathogenesis.

Summary Murine norovirus (MNoV) infects a low percentage of enteric tuft cells and can persist in these cells for months following acute infection. Both tuft-cell tropism and resistance to interferon-λ (IFN-λ)-mediated clearance during persistent infection requires the viral nonstructural protein 1/2 (NS1/2). We show that processing of NS1/2 yields NS1, an unconventionally secreted viral protein that is central for IFN-λ resistance. MNoV infection globally suppresses intestinal IFN-λ responses, which is attributable to secreted NS1. MNoV NS1 secretion is triggered by caspase-3 cleavage of NS1/2, and a secreted form of human NoV NS1 is also observed. NS1 secretion is essential for intestinal infection and resistance to IFN-λ in vivo. NS1 vaccination alone protects against MNoV challenge, despite the lack of induction of neutralizing anti-capsid antibodies previously shown to confer protection. Thus, despite infecting a low number of tuft cells, NS1 secretion allows MNoV to globally suppress IFN responses and promote persistence.
Minimal-invasive Chirurgie bei symptomatischen Milzzysten

Bei nichtparasitaren symptomatischen Milzzysten, wie kongenitalen und posttraumatischen Zysten, besteht therapeutisch die Moglichkeit einer Zystenwandabdeckelung. Dies konnten wir erfolgreich bei vier Patienten laparoskopisch durchfuhren, wobei die Patienten von den Vorteilen eines minimal-invasiven Eingriffes profitieren.
Mining latent patterns in geoMobile data via EPIC

We coin the term geoMobile data to emphasize datasets that exhibit geo-spatial features reflective of human behaviors. We propose and develop an EPIC framework to mine latent patterns from geoMobile data and provide meaningful interpretations: we first ‘E’xtract latent features from high dimensional geoMobile datasets via Laplacian Eigenmaps and perform clustering in this latent feature space; we then use a state-of-the-art visualization technique to ‘P’roject these latent features into 2D space; and finally we obtain meaningful ‘I’nterpretations by ‘C’ulling cluster-specific significant feature-set. We illustrate that the local space contraction property of our approach is most superior than other major dimension reduction techniques. Using diverse real-world geoMobile datasets, we show the efficacy of our framework via three case studies.
Should health risks of air pollution be studied scientifically

Abstract In most areas of applied research, sound science entails use of clear definitions, explicit derivations of conclusions, reproducible tests of predictions against observations, and careful qualification of causal interpretations and conclusions to acknowledge remaining ambiguities or conflicts in evidence. I propose that these same principles should also be applied to the study of air pollution health effects associated with exposures to air pollution. This contrasts with a popular weight-of-evidence approach that does not require these restrictions, but that instead draws on authoritative judgments by selected experts to reach policy-relevant conclusions. Although the scientific approach summarized here may be less popular and more exacting, I propose that it is essential for reaching valid conclusions and identifying causally effective policies to protect public health, and that it should therefore be adopted in regulatory risk analysis.
Motivational Modes in Behavior Systems

Fanselow, 1994; Hogan, 1994; Shettleworth, 1994; Timberlake, 1994). The behavior systems approach combines an ethologist's emphasis on the evolutionary foundation of the form and control of functional be­ havior with a psychologist's concern with the role of learning in creat­ ing new responses and controlling stimuli.
A paired-agent fluorescent molecular imaging strategy for quantifying antibody drug target engagement in in vivo window chamber xenograft models

A paired-agent fluorescent molecular imaging strategy is presented as a method to measure drug target engagement in whole tumor imaging. The protocol involves dynamic imaging of a pair of targeted and control imaging agents prior to and following antibody therapy. Simulations demonstrated that antibody "drug target engagement" can be estimated within a 15%-error over a wide range of tumor physiology (blood flow, vascular permeability, target density) and antibody characteristics (affinity, binding rates). Experimental results demonstrated the first in vivo detection of binding site barrier, highlighting the potential for this methodology to provide novel insights in drug distribution/binding imaging.
Surrogate problems for tractable excitation management in stochastic MPC

Stochastic optimal output feedback control, in all but linear situations, involves duality of the control signal. That is, the control serves two countervailing purposes: to regulate the plant state and to enhance its observability. Optimal solutions possess this feature inherently but are computationally intractable to find. Here, we replace the stochastic optimal control problem by surrogate problems with different deterministic cost functions, reflecting the two objectives and balancing between them. The problem is first addressed for nonlinear stochastic Model Predictive Control using an Extended Kalman Filter state estimator. By defining a joint state comprising the plant state and the covariance matrix of the filter, we revisit duality as a requirement for cost detectability of the surrogate value function. That is, the value function needs to reflect both the regulation and estimation objectives in order that the control solution should steer a middle course. This is presented for a deterministic finite-horizon optimal control problem and then extended to Model Predictive Control, where the receding-horizon aspects arise. These ideas are then advanced using mechanism design from game theory to arrive at this surrogacy. These surrogate problems admit simple computations to achieve tractable excitation management.
“First They Ignore You”: The Clinton Era of Healthcare Reform

After a brief introduction to earlier efforts to create a universal healthcare system in the United States, I use archival data and oral history interviews to analyze the narrative practice and grassroots activity of the Single Payer Movement (SPM) during the Clinton era of Healthcare Reform. Specifically, I examine how the SPM worked to overcome the dominant narrative that single-payer was not politically feasible by working to mobilize political support for single-payer through the promotion of single-payer legislation at the state and federal level. Although healthcare reform was not achieved in this era, it was defined as a somewhat successful era for the SPM.
Can Black Entrepreneurship Reduce Black-White Inequality in the United States?

This paper considers whether Black entrepreneurship in the USA matters for Black-White inequality in well-being as measured by individual happiness. We utilize data from the 2018 General Social Survey on respondent self-reported levels of happiness to estimate fixed group effect logit specifications of self-reported happiness levels as a function of individual characteristics, including being a Black American, and a measure of entrepreneurship—self-employment. Parameter estimates reveal that accounting for self-employment entirely eliminates Black-White happiness inequality. Our results suggest that increasing Black entrepreneurship can reduce Black-White inequality in well-being as measured by happiness.
Constitutive models for random fiber network materials: A review of current status and challenges

Abstract A large number of materials have a stochastic fiber network as their main structural component. In some cases, the network is embedded in a matrix, while in some other cases materials are made exclusively from fibers. The field of homogenization and constitutive modeling of fibrous composites with solid matrix is well developed. However, situations in which the fibers form a crosslinked network (with or without matrix) have not been studied extensively. This article presents a summary of the state of the art in this area and outlines the challenges still to be met in the quest for the development of reliable and representative constitutive models for this type of materials. The discussion focuses on fibrous networks without matrix since this represents a limit case of network mechanics. A brief review of the available microstructure-informed constitutive models is presented. The goal of the article is to outline the limitations of current constitutive formulations for fiber network materials and to define the physical aspects important for the mechanics of such materials and which need to be captured by new models.
Cell autonomous TGF-beta signaling is essential for cell recruitment into degenerating tendons

Understanding the role of cell recruitment in tendon disorders is critical for improvements in regenerative therapy. We recently reported that targeted disruption of TGFβ type II receptor in the tendon cell lineage (Tgfbr2;ScxCre) resulted in tenocyte dedifferentiation and tendon degradation in post-natal stages. Here we extend the analysis and identify direct recruitment of stem/progenitor cells into the degenerative mutant tendons. Cre-lineage tracing indicates that these cells are not derived from tendon ensheathing tissues or from a Scleraxis-lineage, and they turned on tendon markers only upon entering the mutant tendons. Through immunohistochemistry and inducible gene deletion, we further find that the recruited cells originated from a Sox9-expressing lineage and their recruitment was dependent on cell-autonomous TGFβ signaling. These results thus differ from previous reports of cell recruitment into injured tendons, and suggest a critical role for TGFβ signaling and cell recruitment in the etiology and treatment of tendon degeneration.
A Comparison of Liver-Directed Therapy and Systemic Therapy for the Treatment of Liver Metastases in Patients with Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Analysis of the California Cancer Registry.

Abstract Purpose To compare the outcomes of patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases treated with liver-directed therapy (LDT) to those treated with systemic therapy (ST) in a statewide cancer database. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was performed of patients with metastatic gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors treated with either LDT or ST alone between the years 2000–2012 in the California Cancer Registry. Overall survival and disease-specific survival were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis and propensity score matching. Results A total of 154 patients (ST, n = 87 and LDT, n = 67) were studied. The median overall survival and disease-specific survival for patients that received ST was 29 and 35 months versus 51 and >60 months for patients that received LDT. On multivariate analysis, LDT and the resection of the primary tumor were associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.52, P = .002; HR 0.43, P = .001). Non-white race, Medicaid/uninsured status, and the presence of lung metastases were associated with poor survival (HR 1.76, P = .014; HR 2.29, P = .009; and HR 1.79, P = .031). Propensity score matching demonstrated an improvement in disease-specific survival for LDT compared to ST (HR 0.53, P = .036). The improvement in overall survival on propensity score matching did not achieve statistical significance (HR 0.70, P = .199). Conclusions LDT is associated with improved overall and disease-specific survival as compared to ST in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases. Further investigation is needed to determine whether combination or sequential treatment can improve outcomes in this population.
Dysregulation of the basal ganglia indirect pathway prior to cell loss in the Q175 mouse model of Huntington's disease

The psychomotor symptoms of Huntington9s disease (HD) are linked to degeneration of the basal ganglia indirect pathway. To determine how this pathway is perturbed prior to cell loss, optogenetic- and reporter-guided electrophysiological interrogation approaches were applied to early symptomatic 6-month-old Q175 HD mice. Although cortical activity was unaffected, indirect pathway striatal projection neurons were hypoactive in vivo, consistent with reduced cortical input strength and dendritic excitability. Downstream parvalbumin-expressing prototypic external globus pallidus (GPe) neurons were hyperactive in vivo and exhibited elevated autonomous firing ex vivo. Optogenetic inhibition of prototypic GPe neurons ameliorated the abnormal hypoactivity of postsynaptic subthalamic nucleus (STN) and putative arkypallidal neurons in vivo. In contrast to STN neurons, autonomous arkypallidal activity was unimpaired ex vivo. Together with previous studies, these findings demonstrate that basal ganglia indirect pathway neurons are highly dysregulated in Q175 mice through changes in presynaptic activity and/or intrinsic properties 6-12 months before cell loss.
Prognostic Optimization of Phased Array Antenna for Self-Healing

Phased array antennas are widely used in many applications and consist of many antennas coupled together to enable digital beam-forming. As transmit/receive elements begin to degrade and eventually fail the antenna’s beam will distort from the desired pattern. We propose a novel optimization algorithm which takes into account not only the current state-of-health of the system, but potential future states-of- health from prognostic observations. The approach can be run entirely off-line (before the start of a mission), so requires no additional computational resources or sensors be added to the system and does not require the system to be able to detect the degradation/failures during a mission. Our main objective is to trade some current optimization flexibility for improved system robustness under future failures.
Electrical Testing of NSTX-U Inner Poloidal Field Coils

The National Spherical Torus eXperiment—Upgrade (NSTX-U) experienced a series of technical problems during its initial operating campaign leading to an extended outage and recovery period. The final event that necessitated shutdown was a turn-to-turn fault in one of the inner PF coils. Investigation of the coil failure and development of remedial measures has become a major focus of the recovery. It was decided that all three inner PF coil pairs that employed similar design features and were fabricated by the same manufacturer needed to be replaced. To further reduce risk, a prototyping program was initiated to qualify suppliers. Four prospective suppliers of replacement coils were mobilized to produce an identical prototype coil that was similar in characteristics to the PF1A coil. The prototype technical evaluation included a comprehensive set of electrical tests on each of the four prototype coils and before and after destructive sectioning into two halves. This article reports on the electrical test methods and results from prototype testing, along with plans for application to the production coils.