cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HUMAN NEONATAL EEG CORRELATES OF SLEEP-WAKEFULNESS AND NEURAL MATURATION.

THE main purpose of this study was to test the consistency of several characteristics of human neonatal EEGs which are relevant to behavioral studies, namely prominence of slow waves in “awake” EEGs, differences between cortical areas, and bilateral synchrony. Although there is a relatively large literature on the human neonatal EEG, with excellent reviews,(l-3) quantitative studies are few. Frequency analysis of “awake” neonatal tracings from one area revealed that, relative to other frequencies, there was a high “abundance” of slow waves.@) Confirmation was provided by WALTER.(~) However, low voltage tracings from “awake” newborns have been published@) and they are a consistent feature of our results described below. We determined specifically whether a high “abundance” of slow waves, relative to other frequencies, occurred even in low-voltage, “awake” tracings. Central areas reportedly showed the development of a dominant rhythm in “awake” newborns’ EEGs before any such rhythm was detectable in posterior areas.(s) During sleep, however, mean percentage frequency curves were similar for all areas.@) In light of the regional differences revealed by SMITH’S “awake” EEG data(h) and CONEL’S neurohistological data,(T) further quantitative studies are clearly required to determine how EEG indices of maturation are modified by variations in sleep-wakefulness. Other aspects of neural maturation may be revealed in the degree of bilateral synchrony, which has been interpreted as evidence for a subcortical pacemaker of cortical rhythms.@-11) Quantitative neonatal data, similar to those for older subjects,@) indicated that when 4-7 c.p.s. rhythms occurred bilaterally, they approximated synchrony more often than could be accounted for by chance.(12) This finding led to the present attempt to develop a measure of bilateral covariation which included all activity (e.g., as in cross-correlation). In order to study the above problems quantitatively, we examined whether useful indices could be derived from measures of intervals between baseline crossings or deviations. We used these measures: (a) to estimate the incidence of different half-wave intervals *This study was supported by Research Grants MH-04927 and NB-04001 from the United States Public Health Service.
Correlation of thermoluminescence in MgO and valence changes of iron and chromium impurities detected by EPR

EPR measurements show that during 2537 A irradiation the valence of chromium and iron impurities (10 p.p.m.) in MgO single crystals changes from 2 to 3 or vice versa dependent on treatment. The reverse valence changes as well as thermoluminescence are observed during subsequent heating. It was shown by optical absorption that the energy levels of Fe+3 and Cr+3 lie about 5.8 and 6.0 eV respectively above the valence band while the levels of Fe+2 and Cr+2 are respectively 6.9 and 5.1 below the conduction band. The possible luminescent processes are: Fe+3 + free electron → Fe+2 + 2.9 eV; Fe+2 + free hole → Fe+3 + 2.0 eV; Cr+3 + free electron → Ce+2 + 2.7 eV; Cr+2 + free hole → Ce+3 + 3.6 eV. Four crystals were studied each of which showed preponderantly only one of the above luminescent processes. By assuming the band gap is 8.7 eV, good agreement between the color of the observed thermoluminescence and that predicted by the model was obtained.
Transient growth in a current-carrying plasma

It is shown that sheared Alfven waves in a current-carrying plasma, such as that in a tokamak or in a pinch, may grow linearly in time at a rapid rate. These waves may attain a large amplitude before they eventually decay. The implication of this result is discussed.
Is a transdisciplinary perspective on economic complexity possible

Abstract Marshall's problem regarding the relationship between economics and physics and biology is considered within the context of the possibility of a transdisciplinary approach that would truly combine the various disciplines. While a combined econophysics is very much an ongoing enterprise, and a possible econobiology may be emerging along several different lines, a full combination of all three is not in sight except possibly in the area of global climate-economy modeling. It is argued that heterogeneous interacting agent forms of complexity are likely to provide the best methods for achieving such transdisciplinary models.
Expression of the Human Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Gene in Transgenic Mice

We have generated transgenic mice expressing human CYP7A1 transgenes. Only 1.5 kilobases (kb) of 5' upstream sequence and 6.5 kb of 3' sequence were sufficient for hepatic transcription of the transgenes. However, the 5' end segment alone was not sufficient to direct liver expression, suggesting that additional hepatic regulatory elements reside in the 3' extension or within introns. The level of expression of these transgenes was low in comparison to the levels of the endogenous mouse CYP7A1 mRNA. To generate mice expressing higher levels of CYP7A1 mRNA, we injected a large human genomic PAC clone, extending up to -105 kb 5' of the structural gene and about 50 kb 3' of the gene. These transgenic mice expressed CYP7A1 mRNA at higher levels, suggesting that additional hepatic regulatory elements are found either 5' of -1520 or beyond 6.5 kb 3' of the gene.
Black walnut curculio: patterns of nut damage in a plantation environment

Data on curculio-caused nut mortality have been collected since 1985 to assess the impact of this nut predator on black walnut trees grown in a plantation environment. These data have been analyzed to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of curculio damage. Curculio damage was independent of nut cluster height or cardinal direction within the crowns of young, nut-bearing black walnut trees, and was greater in parts of a walnut planting that bordered a stand of native hardwoods than in a part remote from the stand. Nut losses caused by the curculio were consistently higher in an upland versus a bottomland planting, although the differences were not significant during most years of the study. Nut mortality caused by the curculio differed among years of the study and was negatively correlated with annual nut abundance.
Horizontal transfer of P elements and other short inverted repeat transposons

Evidence for horizontal transfer of the P family of transposable elements in the genus Drosophila is reviewed and evaluated, along with observations consistent with the recent invasion of Drosophila melanogaster by these elements. Some other examples of horizontal transfer involving other groups of transposable elements having short inverted terminal repeats are also briefly described. The sequential mechanistic steps likely to be involved in a horizontal transfer event are explored, including the requirement for suitable interspecific vectors or carriers. Finally, the frequency and significance of horizontal transfer of transposable elements are briefly discussed within an evolutionary framework.
Auto‐anti‐A1: another cause of ABO discrepancy

Anti-A1 was found in the serum of a patient of blood group A1 who had never received a blood transfusion. The patient's serum caused agglutination of his own red blood cells. The anti-A1 could be totally absorbed by red blood cells from the patient and from other A1 individuals. The anti-A1 was inhibitable by soluble group A-specific substance and was denatured by 2-mercaptoethanol. The A and H serum transferases were normal. The presence of auto-anti-A1 in the serum of an A1 individual is yet another cause of ABO discrepancy.
The interdependence of conflict management attempts

Standard conflict management studies treat individual conflict management attempts, whether the same or different techniques, as independent of one another across time and space. This article considers the implications and lays out research agenda for several configurations that relax that assumption: (a) multiple approaches in the same conflict; (b) spatial and temporal interrelationships; (c) interactions with ongoing hostilities; and (d) techniques in different phases of the conflict. Included is a discussion of how the articles in the special issue fit within these frameworks.
Optimality of Profit-Including Prices Under Ideal Planning

Abstract Although prices calculated by a constant percentage markup on all costs (nonlabor as well as direct-labor) are usually admitted to be more realistic for a competitive capitalistic model, the view is often expressed that, for optimal planning purposes, the “values” model of Marx's Capital, Volume I, is to be preferred. It is shown here that an optimal-control model that maximizes discounted social utility of consumption per capita and that ultimately approaches a steady state must ultimately have optimal pricing that involves equal rates of steady-state profit in all industries; and such optimal pricing will necessarily deviate from Marx's model of equal rates of surplus value (markups on direct-labor only) in all industries.
Optomechanical design of a multi-axis stage for the SPARCLE telescope

A critical component in the 2-micrometer coherent spaced-based lidar system (SPARCLE) is the compact, off-axis, 25-cm aperture telescope. The stressing optical performance demanded from this telescope coupled with the difficulty associated with aligning such a fast, off-axis system; has created the need for a multiple-axis alignment stage for the secondary mirror. Precision micrometer kinematic mounts were used in the laboratory to demonstrate the ability to successfully align the telescope. For the flight configuration, a more robust and considerably smaller stage (both in size and weight) had to be designed in order to fit within the space shuttle packaging constraints. The new stage operates with multiple degrees of freedom of motion to achieve micrometer precision alignment and then uses a mechanical multiple point support to lock-in the alignment and provide stability. The optomechanical design of the flight stage is described.
Impacts of Phragmites Management on Marsh Wren Nesting Behavior

Abstract We monitored territory density, nest density, date of nest initiation, nest height, and associated vegetation characteristics of Marsh Wrens (Cistothorus palustris) in two marshes managed with herbicide in late summer 2009 to control Phragmites. Average territory density declined fourfold from 2.39 to 0.54 territories/ha (one-tailed t-test, P = 0.004), and average active nest density declined tenfold from 1.43 to 0.12 nests/ha (one-tailed t-test, P = 0.055) between 2009 and 2010. The mean date of nest initiation was twice as late in 2010 (21 Jul) as in 2009 (15 Jun), one-tailed t-test, P = 0.009. Mean nest height was similar (one-tailed t-test, P = 0.20) in 2009 (86.4 cm) and 2010 (79.6 cm), but the vegetation took longer to reach these heights in 2010, particularly at Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve. These results suggest large scale aerial herbicide applications to manage Phragmites compromised productivity of Marsh Wrens in the coastal marshes studied. Caution shoul...
Recognizing and Responding to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People With Cancer

Purpose/objectives To describe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with cancer and identify nursing assessment and intervention strategies. Data sources Discussion of recent research literature in relation to oncology nursing practice. Data synthesis 4%-19% of patients with cancer experience symptoms of PTSD. When PTSD routinely is considered as a risk for patients with cancer, nurses can reframe intense psychological and physiologic reactions or patient distress as possible trauma reactions and implement appropriate interventions and referral. Conclusions Patients with cancer may experience PTSD as a consequence of their cancer diagnosis, treatment, or a past traumatic episode. PTSD may interfere with patients' ability to tolerate treatment and return for crucial follow-up care. To date, no studies have explored interventions for PTSD in adult patients with cancer. Implications for nursing Oncology nurses can help patients with PTSD by interpreting psychological symptoms with the possibility of PTSD in mind, screening for PTSD across the illness trajectory, providing emotional support, teaching coping strategies, and advocating for further assessment, medical treatment, and appropriate referral within the multidisciplinary care team.
Indicator kriging for unit vectors: Rock joint orientations

Indicator kriging (IK) is extended to analyze three-dimensional random unit vectors and evaluate the local probability distribution of rock joint orientations in geological formations. The pole vector representing joint orientations is regionalized and projected on a plane normal to the mean attitude of the joint family and centered at the mean. A two-dimensional cutoff system is developed to define the indicator variable, and corresponding indicator variograms and indicator kriging. The cutoff system defines probability regions similar to those of a bivariate distribution, concentric rings sliced into radial sectors. A case study made on an open pit mine proved positively the efficiency of IK and encourages its applications to localized probabilistic structural modeling for geotechnical or geohydrological analysis and oil and gas reservoir analysis.
Determining Dispersant Efefctiveness Data for a Suite of Environmental Conditions

ABSTRACT Chemical dispersants are used in oil spill response operations to enhance the dispersion of oil slicks at sea as small oil droplets in the water column. To assess the impacts of dispersant usage on oil spills, US EPA is developing a simulation model called the EPA Research Object- Oriented Oil Spill (ER03S) model (http://www.epa.gov/athens/research/projects/erosl). Due to the complexity of chemical and physical interactions between spilled oils, dispersants and the sea, an empirical approach to the interaction between the dispersant and oil slick may provide a useful or practical approach for including dispersants in a model. The main objective of this research was to create a set of empirical data on three oils and two dispersants that has the potential for use as an input to the ERO3S model. These data are intended to give an indication of the amount of dispersal of these oils under certain environmental conditions. Recently, the US EPA developed an improved dispersant testing protocol, called ...
Statistical analysis of censored motion sickness latency data using the two-parameter Weibull distribution

The suitability of the two-parameter Weibull distribution for describing highly censored cat motion sickness latency data was evaluated by estimating the parameters with the maximum likelihood method and testing for goodness of fit with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. A procedure for determining confidence levels and testing for significance of the difference between Weibull parameters is described. Computer programs for these procedures may be obtained from an archival source.
Genomic convergence to identify candidate genes for Parkinson disease: SAGE analysis of the substantia nigra

Genomic convergence is a multistep approach that combines gene expression with genomic linkage to identify and prioritize susceptibility genes for complex disease. As a first step, we previously performed linkage analysis on 174 multiplex Parkinson's disease (PD) families, identifying five peaks for PD risk and two for genes affecting age at onset (AAO) in PD [Hauser et al., Hum Mol Genet 2003;12:671–677]. We report here the next step: serial analysis of gene expression [SAGE; Scott et al., JAMA 2001;286:2239–2242] to analyze substantia nigra tissue from three PD patients and two age-matched controls. We find 933 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05) between PD and controls, but of these, only 50 genes represented by unique SAGE tags map within our previously described PD linkage regions. Furthermore, genes encoded by mitochondrial DNA are expressed 1.5-fold higher in PD patients versus controls, without an increase in the corresponding nuclear-encoded mitochondrial components, suggesting an increase in mtDNA genomes in PD or a disjunction with nuclear expression. The next step in the genomic convergence process will be to screen these 50 high-quality candidate genes for association with PD risk susceptibility and genetic effects on AAO. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Acquired von Willebrand's disease in myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia.

J. GOYAL,* V. V. B. REDDY† and M. B. MARQUES†*Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and †Department of Pathology, University of Alabama atBirmingham, Birmingham, AL, USAAcquired von Willebrand’s disease (AVWD) is a rare coagulopathysecondary to a variety of conditions such as hypothyroidism, abnormalheart valves and lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disordersamong others [1]. AVWD, like the inherited form of VWD, may becharacterized by quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of vonWillebrand factor (VWF). Few reports have linked AVWD to myelo-proliferative neoplasms (MPN) [2]. We hereby report a patient withAVWD in association with essential thrombocythemia (ET) andmyeloﬁbrosis, who was asymptomatic. In such cases, unless otherwisesuspected and tested for, the condition may be missed and bleedingcould ensue if an invasive procedure becomes necessary. We haveattempted to highlight the importance of keeping AVWD in mindwhenever signiﬁcant thrombocytosis is present. Although bleeding/thrombotic complications do not occur in all patients with this presen-tation, early recognition and prompt treatment are important [3].
Toxicity characterization of an industrial and a municipal effluent discharging to the marine environment

Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) methods have proven very useful in characterizing, identifying and confirming toxicants in environmental samples. This report describes the characterization of toxicants present in two effluents, industrial and municipal, discharged into the marine environment. A toxicity characterization consists of dividing an effluent sample into several relatively unique chemical fractions. Manipulations used to generate these fractions include aeration, filtration, chelation, oxidant reduction, reverse phase chromatography, and graduated pH adjustments. Marine toxicity tests used include mysids (Mysidopsis bahia), fish (Menidia beryllina and Cyprinodon variegatus), macroalga (Champia parvula) and sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata). Results of this TIE demonstrated that both effluents contained toxicity predominantly due to metals and organic contaminants. Ammonia toxicity in the municipal effluent was sample dependent. This study illustrates that the use of marine toxicity tests, TIE procedures and historical data can be combined to better understand the nature of toxicity discharged to the marine environment.
A single institution experience using sequential multi-modality adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation in the “sandwich” method for high risk endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Objective We sought to evaluate the outcomes and feasibility associated with delivering sequential chemotherapy and radiation in advanced stage endometrial cancer. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated at the University of Minnesota with sequential chemotherapy and radiation for advanced stage endometrial cancer from 1999 to 2007. Inclusion criteria were endometrial cancer patients treated with comprehensive surgical staging followed by adjuvant therapy consisting of sequential chemotherapy, radiation, and consolidation chemotherapy in a "sandwich" fashion. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by Kaplan–Meier (KM) method. Results Twenty-three patients met entry criteria and were included in the analysis. The median age was 57 years (range 28–78). The majority of patients were stage III (78%) and the most common histologic type was serous (52%). The combination of a taxane and carboplatin was administered in 100% of cases. All planned cycles of chemotherapy were completed (100%) with the majority being prescribed six cycles (82%). Of the 23 patients, 5 progressed of which 3 died during the follow up period. The KM estimate of 1, 3, and 5 year PFS is 100%, 80%, and 74%, respectively. The KM estimate for 1, 3, and 5 year OS is 100%, 88% and 79%, respectively. Conclusion Adjuvant therapy delivered in a "sandwich" fashion was feasible, well-tolerated and resulted in excellent long-term progression free and overall survival. A prospective study is currently ongoing at our institution.
Differential Phosphorylation of the T Lymphocyte Costimulatory Receptor CD28 ACTIVATION-DEPENDENT CHANGES AND REGULATION BY PROTEIN KINASE C

Treatment of T lymphocytes with phorbol ester and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can induce proliferation and interleukin 2 production by triggering still undefined intracellular signaling pathways. We have developed a deglycosylation procedure that allows the precise identification of a distinct CD28 protein band, facilitating the analysis of activation-dependent changes in the phosphorylation state of CD28. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment induced the in vitro phosphorylation of CD28 on threonine as detected in immune complex kinase assays. This effect of PMA was (i) rapid, preceding a PMA-induced increase in CD28 surface expression; (ii) occurred using kinase buffer containing either manganese or magnesium; and (iii) was found in human peripheral T cells, Jurkat T cells, and in a Jurkat subclone, J.Cam1, that is deficient in Lck tyrosine kinase activity. In contrast, anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody stimulation led to in vitro phosphorylation of CD28 on tyrosine that was manganese-dependent and required Lck tyrosine kinase activity, as it was undetectable in J.Cam1 cells. Importantly, CD28 was phosphorylated on tyrosine in vivo as detected with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies after stimulation with anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody. The in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 was inhibited by PMA treatment and was absent in J.Cam1 cells. Thus, the CD28 coreceptor can trigger different intracellular signaling pathways, depending upon the nature of the initial costimulatory signal.
The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States

Abstract Urban sprawl is considered by most environmental scientists and urban planners to be a serious environmental problem. However, public perception about parking availability often forces planning offices to recommend parking lot sizes that exceed daily demands. The recent trend of increasing the size of stores, churches and even schools comes with increasing the size of parking lots that service these buildings. The objective of this paper is to analyze space allocation of parking lots in a typical midwestern county and to estimate the supply of parking spaces to potential demand. We also estimate the loss of ecosystem services represented by the area of parking lots in this county. We found that parking lots cover 5.65 km 2 (1 397 acres) of Tippecanoe County, Indiana which implies that 0.44% of the county area is devoted to parking lots. Our results show that there are approximately 2.2 parking spaces per registered vehicle, that parking lots make up more than 6.57% of the total urban footprint in this county, that the area of parking lots exceeded the area of parks in the city limits by a factor of three and that parking lot runoff and pollutants are significant compared to runoff and pollutants from these areas prior to their conversion to parking lots. As other authors have done before us we lament the poor use of land in urban regions of the United States, and encourage planners to think creatively about the use of land for parking.
A Computational Investigation of Allostery in the Catabolite Activator Protein

The catabolite activator protein is a dimer that consists of two cAMP-binding subunits, each containing a C-terminus DNA-binding module and a N-terminus ligand binding domain. The system is well-known to exhibit negative cooperativity, whereby the binding of one cAMP molecule reduces the binding affinity of the other cAMP molecule by 2 orders of magnitude, despite the large separation between the cAMP binding pockets. Here we use extensive explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations (135 ns) to investigate the allosteric mechanism of CAP. Six trajectories were carried out for apo, singly liganded, and doubly liganded CAP, both in the presence and absence of DNA. Thorough analyses of the dynamics through the construction of dynamical cross-correlated maps, as well as essential dynamics analyses, indicated that the system experienced a switch in motion as a result of cAMP binding, in accordance with recent NMR experiments carried out on a truncated form of the protein. Analyses of conformer structures collected from the simulations revealed a remarkable event: the DNA-binding module was found to dissociate from the N-terminus ligand binding domain. An interesting aspect of this structural change is that it only occurred in unoccupied subunits, suggesting that the binding of cAMP provides additional stability to the system, consistent with the increase in entropy that was observed in our calculations and from isothermal titration calorimetry. Analysis of the distribution of intrinsic disorder propensities in CAP amino acid sequence using PONDR VLXT and VSL1 predictors revealed that the region connecting ligand-binding and DNA-binding domains of CAP have the potential to exhibit increased flexibility. We complemented these trajectories with free energy calculations following the MM-PBSA approach on more than 2000 snapshots that included 880 normal mode analysis. The resulting free energy differences between the singly liganded and doubly liganded states were in excellent agreement with isothermal titration calorimetry data. When the free energy calculations were carried out in the presence of DNA, we discovered that a switch in cooperativity occurred, so that the binding of the first cAMP promoted the binding of the other cAMP. The components of the free energy reveal that this effect is mainly entropic in nature, whereby the DNA reduces the degree of tightening that is observed in its absence, thereby promoting binding of the second cAMP. This finding prompted us to propose a new mechanism by which CAP triggers the transcription activation that is based on an order to disorder transition mediated by cAMP binding as well as DNA.
Modulation of Trabectedin (ET-743) Hepatobiliary Disposition by Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins (Mrps) May Prevent Hepatotoxicity

Abstract Trabectedin is a promising anticancer agent, but dose-limiting hepatotoxicity was observed during phase I/II clinical trials. Dexamethasone (DEX) has been shown to significantly reduce trabectedin-mediated hepatotoxicity. The current study was designed to assess the capability of sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes (SCRH) to predict the hepato-protective effect of DEX against trabectedin-mediated cytotoxicity. The role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2; Abcc2) in trabectedin hepatic disposition also was examined. In SCRH from wild-type Wistar rats, cytotoxicity was observed after 24-h continuous exposure to trabectedin. SCRH pretreated with additional DEX (1 μM) exhibited a 2- to 3-fold decrease in toxicity at 100 nM and 1000 nM trabectedin. Unexpectedly, toxicity in SCRH from Mrp2-deficient (TR−) compared to wild-type Wistar rats was markedly reduced. Depletion of glutathione from SCRH using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) mitigated trabectedin toxicity associated with 100 nM and 1000 nM trabectedin. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased levels of CYP3A1/2 and Mrp2 in SCRH pretreated with DEX; interestingly, Mrp4 expression was increased in SCRH after BSO exposure. Trabectedin biliary recovery in isolated perfused livers from TR− rats was decreased by ∼ 75% compared to wild-type livers. In conclusion, SCRH represent a useful in vitro model to predict the hepatotoxicity of trabectedin observed in vivo. The protection by DEX against trabectedin-mediated cytotoxicity may be attributed, in part, to enhanced Mrp2 biliary excretion and increased metabolism by CYP3A1/2. Decreased trabectedin toxicity in SCRH from TR− rats, and in SCRH pretreated with BSO, may be due to increased basolateral excretion of trabectedin by Mrp3 and/or Mrp4.
Angular momentum transfer to the inner Jovian satellites

Transfer of angular momentum from Jupiter to the four inner satellites in the presence of the Jovian magnetic field is considered. Electron-flux measurements near Io's flux tube and theoretical estimates of the electric currents flowing through the same flux tube are used to estimate the angular-momentum transfer during the evolutionary history of the Jovian system. The results show that the electric currents are sufficient to have produced an angular-momentum transfer from Jupiter equal to the present angular momentum of the inner satellites.
Structural Constraints on Cognitive Development: Introduction to a Special Issue of Cognitive Science

L'auteur presente les articles du numero special sur les contraintes structurales du developpement cognitif
Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder

Background and Objectives Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is rare with only 36 cases reported in the literature. Early reports demonstrated an extremely poor prognosis for this histologic type. Five new cases are reported and the previous experience in the literature is reviewed to further clarify the clinical behavior of this malignancy. Methods A retrospective analysis is performed on 5 new cases. An extensive review of the literature is also performed. Results Twenty-eight pure small cell carcinomas and 8 combined small cell carcinomas with adenocarcinoma are reported in the literature. Conclusions from the literature review reveal that small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder affects an elderly patient population (median age 65 years), has a female preponderance (76%), is associated with cholelithiasis (72%), metastasizes to nodes (88%), liver (88%), lung (23%), and peritoneum (19%), and has a median survival of 4 months. Pure tumors had median survivals of 9 months and combined tumors had median survivals of 4.5 months. The 5 patients in the literature treated with surgery and chemotherapy had improved median survival of 13 months. The 5 newly reported cases had similar epidemiological characteristics to the literature data, however, these cases were managed aggressively with surgery and chemotherapy, demonstrating a median survival of 31 months. Conclusions Although small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder is a distinct histologic and clinical entity, it has many clinical characteristics similar to adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder including comparable natural history and tendency for locoregional spread. Aggressive multimodality therapy, especially the combination of surgery and chemotherapy, may improve survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999;70:54–59. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deuterium isotope effects in carbohydrates revisited. Cryoprobe studies of the anomerization and NH to ND deuterium isotope induced 13C NMR chemical shifts of acetamidodeoxy and aminodeoxy sugars.

Abstract Complete 1 H and 13 C NMR chemical shift assignments have been generated from a series of acetamidodeoxy and aminodeoxy sugar derivatives. For free sugars, the enhanced sensitivity of an NMR cryoprobe allowed simple 1D and 2D NMR spectra to be obtained from essentially single anomers, before significant mutarotation had occurred. The NMR assignments have been used to characterize deuterium isotope effects on 13 C chemical shifts measured under conditions of slow NH to ND exchange in single solutions. Within a range of 0 to −0.138 ppm, β , γ , δ , and ζ deuterium isotope effects have been observed, thus providing additional reference data for assignment of the 13 C NMR spectra of nitrogenous saccharides.
Cardiac tamponade in uremic pericarditis: Surgical approach and management

More cases of uremic pericarditis are successfully treated by the clinician as a result of improved techniques of dialysis and kidney transplantation. Cardiac tamponade, a further complication of uremic pericarditis, must be treated by pericardiocentesis. If the clinical condition has not been improved after pericardiocentesis, anterior pericardiectomy may be performed with excellent results. Peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis with regional heparinization is performed as necessary before and after surgery to control the biochemical changes of uremia. During the 3 years from 1970 to 1972, nine patients underwent anterior pericardiectomy for relief of cardiac tamponade in our institution. Seven patients made an uneventful recovery and were discharged to resume long-term intermittent dialysis; two of these patients later received kidney transplants.
Interview with a Quality Leader: Kent Bottles, MD, President of ICSI, on Transforming Care for the Future

Kent Bottles, MD, President of the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Dr. Bottles is a board-certified pathologist who specialized in surgical and cyto-pathology. He earned a medical degree from Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. He has extensive experience in integrated healthcare delivery systems, research, academia, commercial laboratories, genomics, proteomics, and management of biotech start-up companies. Dr. Bottles was vice president and chief medical officer of the Iowa Health System. Before that, he served as president and CEO of Grand Rapids Medical Education and Research Center for Health Professions, a multi-institutional consortium of healthcare organizations, and as president of Genomics Repository and chief knowledge officer, Genomics Collaborative Inc. Dr. Bottles has extensive academic experience, serving as Professor and Acting Head, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Iowa. He was also the founding medical director of managed care plans for University of Iowa employees. Dr. Bottles has addressed topics ranging from quality and patient safety and disruptive technology to patient-physician relationships and the future of medicine. He has received numerous honors, including the Rodney T. West Literary Achievement Award for the most important article on medical management presented by the American College of Physician Executives. He has broad clinical experience with the University of Iowa and the San Francisco General Hospital, and has been a national leader in changing the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine to meet the challenges of managed care.
Translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus independent of interactions with FG-rich nucleoporins

Abstract β-Catenin nuclear import has been found to be independent of classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) nuclear import factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that β-catenin interacts directly with nuclear pore proteins to mediate its own transport. We show that β-catenin, unlike importin-β, does not interact detectably with Phe/Gly(FG)-repeat-rich nuclear pore proteins or nucleoporins (Nups). Moreover, unlike NLS-containing proteins, β-catenin nuclear import is not inhibited by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or excess importin-β. These results suggest β-catenin nuclear translocation does not involve direct interactions with FG-Nups. However, β-catenin has two regions that can target it to the nucleus, and its import is cold sensitive, indicating that β-catenin nuclear import is still an active process. Transport is blocked by a soluble form of the C-cadherin cytoplasmic domain, suggesting that masking of the nuclear targeting signal may be a mechanism of regulating β-catenin subcellular localization.
Analysis of the optical method of caustics for dynamic crack propagation

Abstract In the interpretation of experimental data on dynamic crack propagation in solids obtained by means of the optical method of caustics, it has been customary to neglect the effect of material inertia on the stress distribution in the vicinity of the crack tip. In this paper, the elastodynamic crack tip stress field is used to establish the exact equations of the caustic envelope formed by the reflection of light rays from the surface of a planar solid near the tip of a propagating crack. These equations involve the instantaneous crack tip speed, the material parameters and the instantaneous dynamic stress intensity factor, and they can be used to determine the stress intensity factor for given material parameters and crack tip speed. The influence of inertial effects on stress intensity factor measurements for system parameters typical of experiments with PMMA specimens is considered. It is found that the stress intensity factor values inferred through a dynamic analysis may differ by as much as 30–40% from values based on a quasi-static analysis.
Accuracy of EUS criteria and primary tumor site for identification of mediastinal lymph node metastasis from non-small-cell lung cancer

Abstract Background EUS with FNA is useful for staging non-small-cell lung cancer. However, benign mediastinal adenopathy is common. The aims of this study were to identify clinical factors, especially primary tumor location, and EUS lymph nodal characteristics predictive of aortopulmonary window and subcarinal lymph node metastases of non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods Patients with known or suspected non-small-cell lung cancer underwent EUS staging at which EUS-FNA was performed for all identified mediastinal lymph nodes. Clinical characteristics, primary tumor data, EUS findings, and histopathology were reviewed. Exact tests were performed for both aortopulmonary window and subcarinal lymph nodes to identify factors predictive of malignant cytology. Results Ninety-two patients with non-small-cell lung cancer were included. Fifty-one had aortopulmonary window, and 73 had subcarinal lymph nodes on EUS. The EUS with FNA specimens were interpreted as suspicious or diagnostic for malignancy for 9 aortopulmonary window and 9 subcarinal lymph nodes. When comparing benign vs. malignant EUS with FNA findings for aortopulmonary window and subcarinal lymph nodes, only lymph node size of 1 cm or greater and sharp lymph nodal edges were associated with malignancy in lymph nodes at both sites, whereas primary tumor site, lymph node shape, and echogenicity were associated with malignant subcarinal nodes. When 4 classic lymph nodal features of malignancy were evaluated, the presence of 3 or more typical features had positive and negative predictive values of, respectively, 41% and 96%. Conclusions Although tumor location and EUS lymph nodal characteristics are associated with malignant involvement of lymph nodes, the accuracy of these predictors does not obviate the need for cytologic evaluation. EUS with FNA should be performed for all lymph nodes when an abnormal finding will alter management.
Structural requirements for inhibitory effects of bisphenols on the activity of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase.

Abstract Bisphenols (BPs) are a class of small organic compounds with widespread industrial applications. Previous studies have identified several BPs that interfere with the activity of the ion-translocating enzyme sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). In order to define the molecular determinants of BP-mediated SERCA inhibition, we conducted enzyme activity assays with rabbit SERCA to determine the inhibitory potencies of 27 commercially available BPs, which were the basis for structure–activity relationships. The most potent BPs inhibited SERCA at low micromolar concentrations and carried at their two phenyl rings multiple non-polar substituents, such as small alkyl groups or halides. Furthermore, the presence of methyl groups or a cyclohexyl group at the central carbon atom connecting the two phenyl moieties correlated with good potencies. For a characterization and visualization of enzyme/inhibitor interactions, molecular docking was performed, which suggested that hydrogen bonding with Asp254 and hydrophobic interactions were the major driving forces for BP binding to SERCA. Calcium imaging studies with a selection of BPs showed that these inhibitors were able to increase intracellular calcium levels in living human cells, a behavior consistent with that of a SERCA inhibitor.
Geologic storage field tests in multiple basins in Midwestern USA–Lessons learned and implications for commercial deployment

Abstract During the last three years, geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in saline formations has been demonstrated in three distinct geologic settings by the Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP), one of the seven regional partnerships funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. MRCSP ( www.mrcsp.org ) covers a large region across nine Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic states, with several geologic provinces including: The Michigan and Appalachian Basins, the Cincinnati Arch Province, and the coastal sedimentary layers. Given the long history of coal production, much of the region is heavily dependent on coal-fired plants for electricity, and, therefore, subject to significant economic impact from carbon-emission constraints. The sedimentary formations or geologic structures across the region provide diverse options to mitigate the emissions through geologic storage of CO 2 . The validation for the storage potential comes through field assessments of injectivity and containment at three locations: One each in the Appalachian and Michigan Basins and one in the uplifted Cincinnati Arch region. All three field projects were conducted in a series of steps that contribute towards development of best practices for carbon capture and storage (CCS) validation that are applicable to the MRCSP region and elsewhere. Although specific practices are highly site dependent, the general steps include initial regional geologic assessment, site characterization through seismic surveys and drilling of test wells, permitting, outreach, development of a CO 2 supply system, injection and monitoring operations, and post-injection monitoring and site closure. Collectively, the regional mapping and three field demonstrations provide significant insight into geologic storage feasibility over a range of rock types and properties. Two of the tested sites indicate injection and storage rates exceeding 1000 tonnes/day/well. Such rates suggest that commercial-scale applications should be possible with a reasonable number of wells. The regional mapping of these zones also indicates that the tested layers are likely to be continuous over a large area, and, therefore, have potential for large-scale, long-term injection operations required for the numerous CO 2 sources in the region.
Nectar Yeasts in the Tall Larkspur Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae) and Effects on Components of Pollinator Foraging Behavior

Microorganisms frequently colonize the nectar of angiosperm species. Though capable of altering a suite of traits important for pollinator attraction, few studies exist that test the degree to which they mediate pollinator foraging behavior. The objective of our study was to fill this gap by assessing the abundance and diversity of yeasts associated with the perennial larkspur Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae) and testing whether their presence affected components of pollinator foraging behavior. Yeasts frequently colonized D. barbeyi nectar, populating 54–77% of flowers examined depending on site. Though common, the yeast community was species-poor, represented by a single species, Metschnikowia reukaufii. Female-phase flowers of D. barbeyi were more likely to have higher densities of yeasts in comparison to male-phase flowers. Pollinators were likely vectors of yeasts, as virgin (unvisited) flowers rarely contained yeasts compared to flowers open to pollinator visitation, which were frequently colonized. Finally, pollinators responded positively to the presence of yeasts. Bombus foragers both visited and probed more flowers inoculated with yeasts in comparison to uninoculated controls. Taken together, our results suggest that variation in the occurrence and density of nectar-inhabiting yeasts have the potential to alter components of pollinator foraging behavior linked to pollen transfer and plant fitness.
Analysis of bonding mechanisms of smooth and lugged FRP rods embedded in concrete

Abstract The bond behavior of two fundamental types of FRP reinforcement for concrete—smooth rods and lugged rods—has been investigated by examining experimental data and developing detailed finite-element models of these simple rod/concrete systems. The bond controlling parameters, identified by direct pull-out tests on embedded rods, were built into the models so that analytical studies of the effect of each parameter on bond could be carried out. The viability of the finite-element models, created by the use of commercial finite-element programs, was verified by comparing the predicted and experimentally obtained load versus slip and/or load versus longitudinal strain data. The models were used to predict the behavior of environmentally degraded rods. The moire method of strain analysis was used to investigate full-field, local strain distributions in flat, lugged rods embedded on the surface of concrete.
Versatile and Stereoselective Syntheses of Orthogonally Protected β-Methylcysteine and β-Methyllanthionine

Lantibiotics are a class of lanthionine (and/or β-methyllanthionine)-containing peptides with antibioitic activity against Gram-positive bacteria. As part of our research effort directed toward the synthesis and mechanistic study of the lantibiotic peptide mersacidin (1), we report stereoselective syntheses of orthogonally protected β-methylcysteine (β-MeCys) and β-methyllanthionine (β-MeLan), two key nonnatural amino acid components of the mersacidin architecture.
Optical multiple access by receiver access control protocol for optical wireless networks

Optical wireless networks often require more than one transmitter to maintain consistent connection with a single receiver. Accordingly, an efficient control mechanism is required to address challenges associated with multiple access to the receiver. This paper proposes a receiver access control (RAC) mechanism for optical wireless mesh networks that focuses on the optimization of classical RTS/CTS technique and is applicable for indoor communications, as well. The novel algorithm was established for terminals and is optimized to enhance throughput of high speed optical links with a small number of terminals. It is based on a multi-slot channel reservation (MSCR) concept, and founded on terminal buffering in, which delays collided terminals for a limited period of time. The protocol performance is analytically characterized. Analytical simulation is shown to exhibit channel throughput.
Various FLIR sensor effects applied to synthetic thermal imagery

Digital simulations produced by the CREATION scene generation program will be used to demonstrate effects of state of the art and proposed future sensor characteristics on the output images of IR imaging systems. Necessary conditions for the validity of the digital simulations will be illustrated in the first part of the presentation. Tradeoffs between specific FLIRs will be discussed and some suggestions for preprocessing steps of future focal planes follow. Important tradeoffs between sensor characteristics are stressed. The fidelity of CREATION does not only apply to readily available vehicle geometry; the rigorously 3D background features of the latest version of CREATION have higher resolution than the state of the art thermal signatures of targets; these additional details may be important for objective comparisons of sensor degradations.
Inelastic neutron scattering from amorphous solids. I. Calculation of the scattering law for model structures

We present a method for calculating the one- and two-phonon law $S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ for models of amorphous solids. The calculation is considerably simplified by explicitly performing the necessary orientation averages. We illustrate use of the method by calculating the one-phonon scattering from long-wavelength acoustic waves in an amorphous solid. In the small-$Q$ region a Brillouin scattering is predicted.