cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUPPRESSION OF VORTEX SHEDDING INSPIRED BY A LOW-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

Abstract In this paper, we show by two-dimensional numerical simulation that it is possible to control vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder by inserting two small vortex perturbations in the flow. The control has the effect of suppressing vortex shedding, making the flow converge toward a stable, symmetric bubble at Reynolds number Re=100. Similar results are obtained at higher Reynolds number values, e.g. Re=1000, although the required strength of the control vortices is higher than at Re=100. At all Reynolds numbers investigated here, it is also possible to choose the control parameters in order to alter vortex shedding by generating a reversed Karman vortex street. Our control technique is inspired by the linear stability analysis of a potential vortex model which we report in the present manuscript. The model is used here to give us insight into the control problem and the similarity between the model and the real, viscous flow remains qualitative.
An Equation for Moist Entropy in a Precipitating and Icy Atmosphere

Moist entropy is nearly conserved in adiabatic motion. It is redistributed rather than created by moist convection. Thus moist entropy and its equation, as a healthy direction, can be used to construct analytical and numerical models for the interaction between tropical convective clouds and large-scale circulations. Hence, an accurate equation of moist entropy is needed for the analysis and modeling of atmospheric convective clouds. On the basis of the consistency between the energy and the entropy equations, a complete equation of moist entropy is derived from the energy equation. The equation expresses explicitly the internal and external sources of moist entropy, including those in relation to the microphysics of clouds and precipitation. In addition, an accurate formula for the surface flux of moist entropy from the underlying surface into the air above is derived. Because moist entropy deals "easily" with the transition among three water phases, it will be used as a prognostic variable in the next generation of cloud-resolving models (e. g. a global cloud-resolving model) for low computational noise. Its equation that is derived in this paper is accurate and complete, providing a theoretical basis for using moist entropy as a prognostic variable in the long-term modeling of clouds and large-scale circulations.
Neurotoxicological effects of trimethyltin on the stellate ganglion

Abstract Hamsters treated with trimethyltin (TMT), 3 or 4 mg/kg IP, developed neurological symptoms, including tremor, within 24 hours. Postganglionic action potentials were recorded from isolated stellate ganglia of untreated hamsters (control ganglia) and TMT-treated hamsters (TMT ganglia). Compound action potentials (nicotinic transmission) of control and TMT ganglia were not significantly different. The afterdischarges induced by preganglionic stimulation at 30 Hz for 2 sec in the presence of 10−3 M hexamethonium (muscarinic transmission) were significantly smaller in TMT ganglia than in control ganglia. The discharges induced by the muscarinic cholinoceptor agonist, McN-A-343, were also smaller in the TMT ganglia. Two other muscarinic processes, posttetanic potentiation and potentiation of the compound action potential by McN-A-343, were not significantly reduced in the TMT ganglia. Morphological studies of the ganglia revealed marked changes in the TMT ganglia with severe neuronal degeneration including vacuole formations and accumulations of lysosomes in the cytoplasm. These results demonstrate that TMT has marked anatomical effects on the stellate ganglion that may lead to the reduction in muscarinic cholinergic transmission.
Positive Homotropic Allosteric Binding of Silver(I) Cations in a Schiff Base Oligopyrrolic Macrocycle

The binuclear silver(I) complex of a Schiff base oligopyrrolic macrocycle was prepared in high yield and fully characterized. UV−visible absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopic analyses reveal that coordination of Ag(I) cations is subject to a strong positive homotropic allosteric effect.
ATPγS enhances the production of inflammatory mediators by a human dermal endothelial cell line via purinergic receptor signaling

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) affects multiple intra- and extracellular processes, including vascular tone and immune responses. Microvascular endothelial cells (EC) play a central role in inflammation by recruitment of inflammatory cells from blood to tissues. We hypothesized that ATP (secreted by neurons and/or released after perturbation of cutaneous cells) may influence secretion of inflammatory messengers by dermal microvascular EC through actions on purinergic P2 receptors. Addition of the hydrolysis-resistant ATP analogue, adenosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP γ S), to subconfluent cultures of the human microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1) cell line led to a dose- and time-dependent increase in release of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and growth-regulated oncogene α . Both ATP γ S-induced release and basal production of these proteins were significantly inhibited by the purinergic antagonists pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,5′-disulfonic acid (PPADS), pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-6(2′-naphthylazo-6-nitro-4′,8′-disulfonate), and suramin. ATP γ S increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), whereas suramin and PPADS decreased both ATP γ S-induced and basal ICAM-1 expression. Using PCR, we found that HMEC-1 strongly express mRNA for the P2X 4 , P2X 5 , P2X 7 , P2Y 2 , and P2Y 11 receptors and weakly express mRNA for P2X 1 and P2X 3 receptors. Purinergic nucleotides may mediate acute inflammation in the skin and thus contribute to physiological and pathophysiological inflammation. For example, ATP may contribute to both the vasodilation and the inflammation associated with rosacea.
Survey of health needs and concerns of rural Pennsylvanians.

Abstract Introduction: This survey was undertaken to determine the most important health and safety needs of farmers and rural citizens of Pennsylvania. Methods: In June of 2004, a one-page questionnaire was distributed by mail to 32,700 members of the Pennsylvania Farm Bureau as an attachment to their monthly newsletter. Results: The lack of affordable health care insurance was overwhelmingly cited as the most important unmet health care need (73%). No other issue was chosen by more than 10 percent of respondents. This lack of affordable health insurance was also cited as the most important health or safety problem to be addressed in the respondent's communities (71%). When asked the most important health or safety problem affecting them as individuals or their community, the respondents chose “no major problem or need” as the most frequent response (46%). The issue of affordable health insurance was not an option for this question. The predominant concern regarding the lack of affordable health insuranc...
Thoughts on New Approaches to Combining the Archaeological and Historical Records

For decades, archaeologists have looked for an appropriate means to integrate archaeological findings with the textual record. Often, in the past, the written word has been privileged over material remains. In this summary, which draws in part from the individual papers in this special issue, a new, more balanced approach that gives increased weight and greater independence to archaeological data is proposed. A series of implications and suggestions for current theoretical development in archaeology are advanced.
Efficient integration of web services with distributed data flow and active mediation

This paper presents a loosely coupled service-composition paradigm. This paradigm employs a distributed data flow that differs markedly from centralized information flow adopted by current service integration frameworks, such as CORBA, J2EE and SOAP. Distributed data flows support direct data transmission to avoid many performance bottlenecks of centralized processing. In addition, active mediation is used in applications employing multiple web services that are not fully compatible in terms of data formats and contents. Active mediation increases the applicability of the services, reduces data communication among the services, and enables the application to control complex computations. The benefits of distributed data flow and active mediation are illustrated with various applications, such as dynamic type conversion, result extraction, and engineering application. It is shown that active mediation, combining with distributed data flows, can greatly improve the performance of an application utilizing multiple web services.
Wavelet Analysis of Hybrid Microstrip-Dielectric Planar Structures

This paper presents an efficient spectral-domain analysis of hybrid microstrip-dielectric waveguide structures using the newly developed orthonormal wavelet expansions. It is shown that this type of expansions lead to very sparsely populated moment matrices and thus make way for the application of the method of moments to more complex problems with a high degree of computational efficiency.
Labeled antigen capture assay: A method for detecting monoclonal antibodies to cloned gene products

We report here a relatively easy and highly sensitive assay for detecting monoclonal antibodies to the product of virtually any cloned gene. The protocol, termed labeled antigen capture assay (LACA), is a solid-phase type radioimmunoassay which uses a bacteriophage T7 expression system to generate exclusively radiolabeled antigen. Thus, to generate radiolabeled antigen for screening, the gene encoding the protein of interest need only be subcloned downstream of a T7 promoter, and the new construct transformed into an Escherichia coli strain harboring a compatible plasmid which encodes a thermal inducible copy of the T7 RNA polymerase. Expression of the T7-promoted gene in the presence of rifampicin and [35S]cysteine (or methionine) yields labeled antigen, which is then "captured" by specific monoclonal antibody and detected by autoradiography. Our results indicate that as little as 30 ng of specific monoclonal antibody can be detected using the LACA protocol. The protocol is applicable to the product of any cloned gene but is particularly useful in the case where the biochemical properties of the gene product of interest are unavailable. In this report we use the LACA protocol to screen a hybridoma library for monoclonal antibodies to the STb heat-stable enterotoxin (STb) of E. coli. Mice were immunized with a genetically constructed, affinity-purified Protein A-STb hybrid protein, and following spleen cell fusion and HAT selection, hybridomas were screened by the described LACA protocol for production of STb-specific monoclonal antibody. Of over 1500 hybridomas tested 138 were positive, by primary LACA screening, for STb-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies.
The individual rationality of maintaining a sense of justice

Let us say that an individual possesses aprincipled preference if she prefers satisfying her preferences without violating the principles of justice governing her community to satisfying her preferences by violating these principles. Although living among possessors of principled preferences benefits individuals, maintaining such a preference is individually costly. Further, individuals can benefit from others possessing principled preferences without themselves possessing one. In this paper, I argue that occupying a choice situation which mirrors key aspects of our own situation, maximizing rationality requires individuals to develop and maintain principled preferences.
Scratching the surface of martian habitability

Earth and Mars, though formed at the same time from the same materials, look very different today. Early in their histories they evolved through some of the same processes, but at some point their evolutionary paths diverged, sending them in perhaps irrevocably different directions. Knowledge of the factors that contributed to such different outcomes will help to determine how planets become habitable and how common habitable planets may be. The Mars surface environment is harsh today, but in situ measurements of ancient sedimentary rock by Mars Science Laboratory reveal chemical and mineralogical evidence of past conditions that might have been more favorable for life to exist. But chemistry is only part of what is required to make an environment habitable. Physical conditions constrain the chemical reactions that underlie life processes; the chemical and physical characteristics that make planets habitable are thus entangled.
Mental Health Treatment Associated with Community-Based Depression Screening: Considerations for Planning Multidisciplinary Collaborative Care

BACKGROUND:Depression places a large economic burden on the US health care system. Routine screening has been recognized as a fundamental step in the effective treatment of depression, but should be undertaken only when support systems are available to ensure proper diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.OBJECTIVE:To estimate differences in prescribing new antidepressants and referral to stress management, psychotherapy, and other mental health (OMH) counseling at physician visits when documented depression screening was and was not performed.METHODS:Cross-sectional physician visit data for adults from the 2005-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used. The final analytical sample included 55,143 visits, representing a national population estimate of 1,741,080,686 physician visits. Four dependent variables were considered: (1) order for new antidepressant(s), and referral to (2) stress management, (3) psychotherapy, or (4) OMH counseling. Bivariable and multivariable associations between depress...
A Model of the Demand for Money by Firms

I. Introduction, 413. â II. A model of cash flows and the costs of cash management for business firms, 416; assumptions underlying the model, 417; optimal values of the policy parameters, 420; some properties of the solution, 423; implications for the demand for money by firms, 425; extension to allow for non-zero drift, 427.â III. The applicability of the model, 429. â Appendix, 433.
The Viet Nam veteran: psychosocial casualties.

Some of the very factors which have kept the psychiatric casualty rate low in Viet Nam soldiers have ironically contributed to many of the psychosocial problems of adjustment of the returning veter...
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy of Freon-11 (CCl3F, CFC-11) at room temperature

Abstract The rotational spectrum for the lowest vibrational mode for CCl 3 F has been measured in the 0.1–2 THz frequency range using a compact time-resolved terahertz spectrometer. The peak of the population spectrum for the ground state rotational manifold was observed at 0.3 THz. The observed absorption profile was modeled with rotational and vapor pressure parameters. The limits of detectivity of the compact THz system are discussed in context of atmospheric sensing.
Newsprint pulp and paper sludge as a soil additive/ amendment for alfalfa and bluegrass: Greenhouse study

Abstract A newsprint, pulp and paper sludge was evaluated as a soil additive/amendment at 0, 8, 15, 31, 62, 123, and 246 Mgfta for growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis) under greenhouse conditions. Bluegrass biomass increased by 300%, and protein content increased by 27% at 246 Mg/ha compared to the unamended soil. Alfalfa biomass was unaffected by sludge application rate, but protein content increased by 12%. No net nitrogen (N) immobilization was observed. A comparison of single and double exponential N mineralization models showed that the two pool model more closely fit the N mineralization data obtained from a laboratory incubation study. The two pool model was then used to develop linear regression equations to estimate appropriate sludge application rates based on the rate of N mineralization.
Roy J. Britten (1919–2012)

Roy John Britten died on 21 January at the age of 92 in Corona del Mar, California. Born in Washington, DC, in 1919, his academic career took him to both coasts of the United States, where his fundamental discoveries in DNA sequence organization and gene expression influenced the fields of evolutionary and developmental biology and heralded the era of modern genomics.
The role of recombinant-activated factor VII in bleeding trauma patients.

Purpose of review Exsanguinating hemorrhage and postshock organ failure account for 35-40% of deaths from trauma, and there is an increasing recognition of the importance of coagulopathy in the evolution of this disease. Recent findings Since 1999, case reports, small series, retrospective studies and a few controlled trials have reported the use of recombinant-activated factor VII (rFVIIa) as an adjunct for reversal of coagulopathy in trauma patients, and numerous other publications have examined the use of rFVIIa in related conditions such as traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic stroke and uncontrolled surgical bleeding. Summary We present a brief discussion of the mechanism of action of rFVIIa and its role in facilitating hemostasis and a review of the recent medical literature on the use of rFVIIa in trauma patients, including current guidelines and controversies.
Comparative Performance Of A Standard And High Line Rate Video Imaging System In A Cardiac Catherization Laboratory

The performance of a new high line rate (1023) video imaging system (VHR) installed in the cardiac catherization laboratory at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center is compared to the previously installed standard line rate (525) video imaging system (pre-VHR). Comparative performance was assessed both quantitatively using a standardized evaluation protocol and qualitatively based on analysis of data collected during the observation of clinical procedures for which the cardiologists were asked to rank the quality of the fluoroscopic image. The results of this comparative study are presented and suggest that the performance of the high line rate system is significantly improved over the standard line rate system.
Staining Correction in Digital Pathology by Utilizing a Dye Amount Table

The stained colors of the tissue components are popularly used as features for image analysis. However, variations in the staining condition of the histology slides prompt variations to the color distribution of the stained tissue samples which could impact the accuracy of the analysis. In this paper, we present a method to correct the staining condition of a histology image. In the method, a look-up table (LUT) based on the dye amounts absorbed by the sample is built. The LUT can be built when either (i) the source and reference staining conditions are specified or (ii) when the user simply wants to recreate his/her preferred staining condition without specifying any reference slide. The effectiveness of the present method was evaluated in two aspects: (i) CIELAB color difference of nuclei, cytoplasm, and red blood cells, between the ten different slides of liver tissue, and (ii) classification of the different tissue components. Application of the present staining correction method reduced the color difference between the slides by an average factor of 9.8 and the classification performance of a linear discriminant classifier improved by 16.5% on the average. Results of the paired t test statistical analysis further showed that the reduction in the CIELAB color difference between the slides and the improvement in the classifier's performance when staining correction was implemented is significant at p < 0.001.
Safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 in Bison

To determine the safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) vaccine in American bison (Bison bison), 31 animals from a herd with brucellosis were used. In October 1996, 10 adult bison males and seven calves were vaccinated with the standard calfhood cattle dose of 1.8 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU) of SRB51 subcutaneously while the adult females received the standard adult cattle dose of 1 × 109 CFU. Western immunoblot indicated the presence of SRB51 antibodies following vaccination. To evaluate prolonged bacterial colonization of tissues, the adult males, calves, and three adult females were divided into two groups which were slaughtered at either 13 or 16 wk post-vaccination. At necropsy, tissue samples were obtained for B. abortus culture from the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and reproductive tract of each animal. While B. abortus field strain was cultured from one adult bull, no SRB51 was isolated from any of the animals. Seven pregnant females were monitored until parturition for signs of abort...
The Declining Equity Premium: What Role Does Macroeconomic Risk Play?

Aggregate stock prices, relative to virtually any indicator of fundamental value, soared to unprecedented levels in the 1990s. Even today, after the market declines since 2000, they remain well above historical norms. Why? We consider one particular explanation: a fall in macroeconomic risk, or the volatility of the aggregate economy. Empirically, we find a strong correlation between low frequency movements in macroeconomic volatility and low frequency movements in the stock market. To model this phenomenon, we estimate a two-state regime switching model for the volatility and mean of consumption growth, and find evidence of a shift to substantially lower consumption volatility at the beginning of the 1990s. We then use these estimates from post-war data to calibrate a rational asset pricing model with regime switches in both the mean and standard deviation of consumption growth. Plausible parameterizations of the model are found to account for a significant portion of the run-up in asset valuation ratios observed in the late 1990s.
Text classification from positive and unlabeled documents

Most existing studies of text classification assume that the training data are completely labeled. In reality, however, many information retrieval problems can be more accurately described as learning a binary classifier from a set of incompletely labeled examples, where we typically have a small number of labeled positive examples and a very large number of unlabeled examples. In this paper, we study such a problem of performing Text Classification WithOut labeled Negative data TC-WON). In this paper, we explore an efficient extension of the standard Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach, called SVMC (Support Vector Mapping Convergence) [17]for the TC-WON tasks. Our analyses show that when the positive training data is not too under-sampled, SVMC significantly outperforms other methods because SVMC basically exploits the natural "gap" between positive and negative documents in the feature space, which eventually corresponds to improving the generalization performance. In the text domain there are likely to exist many gaps in the feature space because a document is usually mapped to a sparse and high dimensional feature space. However, as the number of positive training data decreases, the boundary of SVMC starts overfitting at some point and end up generating very poor results.This is because when the positive training data is too few, the boundary over-iterates and trespasses the natural gaps between positive and negative class in the feature space and thus ends up fitting tightly around the few positive training data.
Comparison of New and Legacy TATBs

Two newly synthesized versions of the insensitive high explosive (IHE) 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) were compared to two legacy explosives currently used by the Department of Energy. Except for thermal analysis, small-scale safety tests could not distinguish between the different synthetic routes. Morphologies of new TATBs were less faceted and more spherical. The particle size distribution of one new material was similar to legacy TATBs, but the other was very fine. Densities and submicron structure of the new TATBs were also significantly different from the legacy explosives and the densities of pressed pellets were lower. Recrystallization of both new TATBs from sulfolane produced nearly hexagonal platelets with improved density and thermal stability.
Comments on "Discrete Cosine Transform"

In the above correspondence,1 Ahmed et al. proposed a discrete cosine transform (DCT) and compared its performance with the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). They offered empirical evidence showing that the DCT and the KLT compare closely for a number of digital signal processing applications. The purpose of this note is to show that the DCT and the KLT are indeed asymptotically equivalent if the data covariance matrix is a Toeplitz matrix.
Cosmological baryon and lepton number in the presence of electroweak fermion-number violation

In the presence of rapid fermion-number violation due to nonperturbative electroweak effects certain relations between the baryon number of the Universe and the lepton numbers of the Universe are predicted. In some cases the electron-neutrino asymmetry is exactly specified in terms of the baryon asymmetry. Without introducing new particles, beyond the usual quarks and leptons, it is necessary that the Universe possess a nonzero value of B - L prior to the epoch of fermion-number violation if baryon and lepton asymmetries are to survive. Contrary to intuition, even though electroweak processes violate B + L, a nonzero value of B + L persists after the epoch of rapid fermion-number violation. If the standard model is extended to include lepton-number violation, for example through Majorana neutrino masses, then electroweak processes will reduce the baryon number to zero even in the presence of an initial B - L unless 20 M(sub L) approximately greater than the square root of (T(sub B - L) m(sub P1)) where M(sub L) sets the scale of lepton number violation and T(sub B - L) is the temperature at which a B - L asymmetry is produced. In many models this implies that neutrinos must be so light that they cannot contribute appreciably to the mass density of the Universe.
Translanguaging, TexMex, and Bilingual Pedagogy: Emergent Bilinguals Learning Through the Vernacular

This article presents an ethnographic study of how bilingual teachers and children use their home language, TexMex, to mediate academic content and standard languages. From the premise that TESOL educators can benefit from a fuller understanding of students' linguistic repertoires, the study describes language practices in a second-grade classroom in a transitional bilingual education program in a well-established Mexican American community in San Antonio, Texas. The data suggest that the participants move fluidly between not just Spanish and English, but also the standard and vernacular varieties, a movement that is called translanguaging (O. Garcia, 2009). Translanguaging through TexMex enables the teacher and students to create discursive spaces that allow them to engage with the social meanings in school from their position as bilingual Latinos. The teacher's adoption of a flexible bilingual pedagogy (Creese & Blackledge, 2010) allows for translanguaging in the classroom not only as a way of making sense of content and learning language, but also as a legitimized means of performing desired identities.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Ceramics from Five Archaeological Sites in Antigua, West Indies

ABSTRACT Ceramics of multiple styles from five archaeological sites on Antigua were analyzed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center to obtain a better understanding of ceramic compositional variability within Antigua. Bulk chemical characterizations of pottery were determined by neutron activation analysis. Findings suggest that all of the ceramics in our sample were made from locally available, naturally tempered clays, and that there is compositional continuity through time despite the different stylistic and locational attributes of the sherds.
Recovering Curriculum Practice: Continuing the Conversation

After clarifying several misperceptions of my analysis of the theory–practice dualism manifest in reconceptualist curriculum theorizing, I reply to James Henderson’s inquiries about my perspective on curriculum practice by discussing the ideas of Ralph Tyler and Joseph Schwab and curriculum enactment. Recognizing that continued conversation holds the most promise for a mitigation of ideological conflict endemic to the curriculum field, I propose two topics for further deliberation among curriculum scholars.
Progress toward the demonstration of a visible (blue) chemical laser

The nitrogen fluoride/bismuth fluoride reaction system continues to be under intensive investigation as an energy source to power a short wavelength (visible blue) laser. The majority of these efforts have centered upon the development of an extensive kinetic database and the successful scaling of the excited state to the densities required for laser operation. Meanwhile, very little is known about the ground state properties, in particular the distribution of the population in the vibrational levels. This work has been directed toward the characterization of this distribution by analyzing the emission from a high "Q" resonator surrounding a 1.5-m pin discharge facility. The results from this study show that the lower-state vibrational 1evels are not fully relaxed and, if one attempts to approximate it by a Boltzrnann distribution, the resulting temperature, T*vib = 1800 K, is substantially higher than the excited state temperature, T*vib = 950 K. Moreover, the intracavity results show that the system is very close to threshold on the 0—3 transition, and that operation of the reaction system at lower temperature and pressure, such as can be achieved in a supersonic flow medium, may be sufficient to produce lasing.
Signal-to-noise ratio for astronomical imaging by deconvolution from wave-front sensing.

One method for improving the quality of astronomical images measured through a atmospheric turbulence uses simultaneous short-exposure measurements of both an image and the output of a wave-front sensor exposed to an image of the telescope pupil. The wave-front sensor measurements are used to reconstruct an estimate of the instantaneous generalized pupil function of the telescope, which is used to compute an estimate of the instantaneous optical transfer function, which is then used in a deconvolution procedure. This imaging method has been called both deconvolution from wave-front sensor (DWFS) measurements and self-referenced speckle holography. We analyze the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) behavior of this imaging method in the spatial frequency domain. The analysis includes effects arising from differences in the correlation properties of the incident and the estimated pupil phases and the fact that the object-spectrum estimator is a randomly filtered doubly stochastic Poisson random process. SNR results obtained for the DWFS method are compared with the speckle-imaging power-spectrum SNR for equivalent seeing conditions and light levels. It is shown that for unresolved stars the power-spectrum SNR is superior to the DWFS SNR. However, for extended objects the power-spectrum SNR and the DWFS SNR are similar. Since speckle imaging uses a separate Fourier phase-reconstruction process not required by the DWFS method, the DWFS method provides an alternative to speckle imaging that uses simple postprocessing at the cost of a wave-front sensor measurement but with no loss of SNR performance for extended objects.
Intimacy in Widowhood

This article explores all intimate relationships potentially available to the widowed woman. Friends, relatives, professionals and non-professional associates are considered, in addition to the deceased spouse, God, and the widow herself. The author concludes that traditional resources are inadequate to meet the widow's intimacy needs. The issue of reciprocity is addressed. The widow's experience stands opposed to human values which needlessly limit definitions of intimacy to dyadic, human relationships among opposite sex age peers. Research is needed to evaluate the correspondence between relationship styles in marriage and those in widowhood, to assess the inter-dependency of the widow's relationships, and to examine individual differences in the intimacy patterns of widows.
School Vouchers and the Flight to Private Schools: To What Extent Are Public and Private Schools Substitutes?

Opponents of school choice sometimes charge that vouchers, charter schools, and tuition tax credits would strip funding and talented students from the public schools. Proponents say this is exactly what is needed to provide extra competition for public schools. Flight to private schools may happen if parents think private schools are good substitutes for public schools. For goods with explicit market prices, economists estimate substitutability by specifying a demand curve and finding a cross price elasticity, but the non-market nature of schooling has prevented this. The current study finds a way to estimate the demand for public schooling and calculate a cross price elasticity by exploiting Rosen’s (1974) two-stage hedonic technique. It estimates the cross price elasticity between public schooling and the price of private schooling to be 0.32: Americans view private schools as fairly weak substitutes for public schools. The use of spatial statistics accounts for potential spillovers and omitted variable bias in the house price hedonics and the demand curve estimation. In fact, the -1.72 price elasticity of demand is much larger than the -0.20 to -0.40 estimates generally found by non-spatial studies.
Session 11 — Advanced techniques for power amplifier transceiver front-ends

This session showcases multiple state-of-the-art designs on wireless transceiver front-end as well as fully integrated power amplifiers including a dual-band linear digital polar power amplifier, a broadband mm-wave linear power amplifier and a mm-wave switching power amplifier.
Causing Ripples in Local Power Relations: The meso-level influence of a hyperlocal news website

Hyperlocal news operations have been considered a promising alternative to the shrinking legacy media for sustaining civic discourse and engagement in local communities. However, these operations’ meso-level influence on civic engagement has not been widely investigated. Building upon the Media System Dependency theory, this article proposed an analytical framework for assessing such influence. This framework was applied to an ethnically diverse city as a case study, and 15 interviews with city officials and legacy media reporters helped elucidate the ways in which organizational actors might respond to the entry of a non-commercial, participatory local news website. The implications of these organizational responses for shifting the power–dependency relation between the local media and political systems were discussed, and the findings pointed to both promises and barriers in materializing the democratic potential of hyperlocal news websites while calling for more research across different community cont...
There is much more to the recipe than just outflow obstruction.

For decades, cardiologists have maintained a keen fascination with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), resulting in a robust body of literature. By and large the pathophysiologic mechanisms, consequences, and treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction have garnered a large proportion of
U.S. Legal Responses to Climate Change (French)

In this paper presented at the University of Paris March 13, 2009 Symposium, Climate Change and its Legal Challenges, Professor Bach reflects on the U.S. experience of climate change litigation in the last five years. Facing legislative inaction at the federal level, a number of nongovernmental organizations, states and municipalities, and individuals have argued that existing federal law like the Clean Air Act and National Environmental Policy Act, and state law like public nuisance can be used to remedy specific climate change harms. Bach describes how these suits, along with state climate change statutes, have provided the Obama administration tested legal tools for crafting federal climate change law.
α-Casein inhibition mechanism in concanavalin A aggregation process.

The inhibition of the aggregation in protein solutions is currently a subject of great interest in many research fields, from the study of protein-misfolding related diseases to pharmaceutics, biotechnology, and food science. αs1-Casein, one of the four types of caseins, which are the largest protein component of bovine milk, has been found to hinder the aggregation process of several proteins, including the amyloid β-peptide, involved in Alzheimer’s disease. To shed light into the mechanisms by which casein exerts this chaperon-like protective action, we studied its effect on the different steps of the aggregation process of concanavalin A, by means of both static and dynamic light scattering, thioflavin T and ANS fluorescence, circular dichroism, and atomic force microscopy. Our results show that casein has a poor effect on the first step of the process leading to the formation of amyloid-like structures. On the contrary, it has a marked effect on the second step of the process, ascribable to clusters c...
Strength in Numbers: Threshold ECDSA to Protect Keys in the Cloud.

Side-channel attacks utilize information leakage in the implementation of an otherwise secure cryptographic algorithm to extract secret information. For example, adversaries can extract the secret key used in a cryptographic algorithm by observing cache-timing data. Threshold cryptography enables the division of private keys into shares, distributed among several nodes; the knowledge of a subset of shares does not leak information about the private key, thereby defending against memory disclosure and side-channel attacks. This work shows that applying threshold cryptography to ECDSA—the elliptic curve variant of DSA—yields a fully distributive signature protocol that does not feature a single point of failure. Our security analysis shows that Threshold ECDSA protects against a wide range of side-channel attacks, including cache attacks, and counteracts memory disclosure attacks. We further provide the first performance analysis of Threshold ECDSA, and provide a proof of concept of the protocol in practice.
Imatinib Mesylate: A Molecularly Targeted Therapy for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Although their overall incidence is uncommon, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most frequently encountered mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. Their pathology has been recently defined by the presence of KIT (transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase). The majority of GISTs have c-kit gain-of-function mutations mainly in exon 11 (highly conserved juxtamembrane region) that eventuates in constitutive activation of KIT, promoting proliferation and antiapoptotic signaling. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is a specific inhibitor of KIT kinase activation, and in phase II clinical trials has proven to be remarkably efficacious in heavily pretreated GIST patients with advanced disease. The molecular and genomic determinants of response/resistance patterns are the subject of ongoing studies, and adjuvant studies are also under way. The initial evaluations of imatinib provide proof of concept for the hypothesis-driven design of selective molecularly targeted therapies for solid tumor malignancies.
Don't forget the serratus.

ABSTRACTPatients quadriplegic at the C6 level may not be considered candidates for independent transfers and weight shifting because of lack of primary shoulder depressors. However, we have observed that some quadriplegics have been able to use the serratus anterior for this latissimus dorsi function. We present an example of this technique, demonstrated by a patient with a complete C6 injury, and compare him with a subject with normal musculature. (J Am Paraplegia Soc 1990; 13: 46–47)
Ultra-Compact CMOS-Compatible Ytterbium Microlaser

We demonstrate a waveguide-coupled trench-based ytterbium microlaser, achieving a sub-milliwatt lasing threshold and a 1.9% slope efficiency within an ultra-compact 40-µm-radius cavity while maintaining full compatibility with a CMOS foundry process.
Common and Intraverbal Bidirectional Naming

Naming has been defined as a generalized operant that combines speaker and listener behaviors within the individual. The purpose of this paper is to reintroduce the concept of naming and its subtypes, common and intraverbal, distinguish it from other terms such as the tact relation, and discuss the role of naming in the development of verbal behavior. Moreover, a taxonomical change is proposed. The addition of the qualifier bidirectional would serve to emphasize the speaker-listener bidirectional relation and serve to distinguish the technical term from its commonsense use. It is hoped that this paper will inspire future basic and applied research on an important extension of Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior.
Creating a User-Friendly Interactive Interpretive Resource with ESRI’s ArcGIS Story Map Program

The introduction of new technologies to archaeology brings opportunities for making archaeological work more accessible to the public. The ESRI ArcGIS platform has facilitated this effort and offers exciting ways to do this, including the ESRI Story Map program. Part of the cloud-based ArcGIS Online platform, the Story Map application allows for the integration of narratives, images, and maps in a user-friendly format. A collaborative effort led by Montclair State University has applied this technology to Dr. Christopher Matthews’s work with Higher Ground Intercultural and Heritage Association in Setauket, New York, to counter the dominant historical narrative of the town that neglects the contributions and very existence of a strong and long-standing community of Native American and African American people. Many of the results of this project are presented in the case study discussed here: “A Counter-Map of Setauket, New York.” This article explains how this counter-map was created in the hope that other archaeologists may apply this technology to their own work.
Bone marrow biopsies do not impact response assessment for follicular lymphoma patients treated on clinical trials

Clinical trials enrolling follicular lymphoma (FL) patients typically require bone marrow biopsies (BMBs) at baseline and at a subsequent point if complete response is achieved. These procedures are painful, take time and add cost. We hypothesized that BMBs do not provide information significant for response assessment in most follicular lymphoma patients on clinical trials. We identified 99 patients treated on clinical trials for follicular lymphoma between 2000 and 2016. BMBs resulted in a possible response assessment change in 1·0% of patients (95% confidence interval: 0·0-5·5%). We conclude that mandatory BMBs at baseline and for response assessment are unnecessary in clinical trials for follicular lymphoma.
The Tax Treatment of Tokens: What Does It Betoken?

Digital tokens have been used to raise substantial amounts of money. But little attention has been paid to the tax consequences surrounding their issuance and sale. There are significant potential tax liabilities lurking in the use of digital tokens. But, because of the anonymity inherent in the blockchain structures used for the issuance of tokens and payments for them, there is a significant question as to whether those tax liabilities will ever be collected.
Chapter 7: Creating Accessible, Pedagogical Art as Research—Take 2

This autoethnography traces the creation of a performance ethnographic film created from open-ended interviews with elders experiencing memory loss. Performance studies and video production professors in a communication studies department struggle over how to ethically and carefully create a performance production based on a recurrent theme across narratives, while navigating the expectations of performance studies scholars, film critics, and undergraduate student performers and producers. Faculty, students, and audience members’ conversations: (1) surface the tensions surrounding embodying the other and performance ethnography as applied learning pedagogy for social justice, (2) reveal human beings’ shared knowledge and understanding of our inevitable mortality, and (3) offer hope for a world that resists the stigma of aging and illness.
Bacteriophage HK97: Assembly of the Capsid and Evolutionary Connections

Publisher Summary Bacteriophage HK97 illustrates a number of assembly mechanisms, among them mechanisms that appear to be shared widely with other tailed phages under study and others that are at least unusual. Comparisons of capsid protein sequences argue, moreover, that HK97 is a member of an evolutionarily related family of phages that may encompass the entirety of the tailed phages. HK97 provides a rich source of head assembly mechanisms, spanning from the overall organization of the pathway to atomic level details of the motions of the capsid subunits during capsid maturation. Many of the features of the pathway resemble those of other tailed phages for which capsid assembly has been studied in detail, despite the lack of detectable sequence similarity in the respective proteins. Some specific details of the HK97 pathway, such as the chain-mail cross-linking and the use of an attached scaffolding protein, are unique to HK97 among the well-studied systems. The bacterial hosts associated with the HK97 capsid protein sequences span a wide phylogenetic range, and the strength of sequence matches vary from identity to barely detectable. It is plausible (although not yet proved) that the common ancestor of the HK97-like sequences may be the common ancestor of all tailed phage capsid genes, some of which have drifted too far in sequence to be recognizably related.
Putting Children's Interests First in US Family Law and Policy: With Power Comes Responsibility

The well-being of children should be a social priority, and should consider the family circumstances into which children are born. Putting Children's Interests First in US Family Law and Policy: With Power Comes Responsibility details the rise of a federal policy of 'sexual expressionism', which prioritizes adults' interests over children's welfare. It describes the costs to children in the areas of family structure and stability, and the federal programs attempting to ameliorate the situation of non-marital children. Offering a detailed empirical and ethical critique both of 'sexual expressionism' and of the related federal programs, this study will be of interest to scholars and activists supporting children, women and the poor.
Rethinking the Street as Space of Mobility, Rights, and (In)Justice

Prytherch draws from wide-ranging debates on the politics of mobility—in transport geography and mobilities studies—to approach the street not merely as infrastructure for movement but also as social space. Linking innovative writings on mobility to those on public space, he interprets access to street as fundamental to the “right to the city.” And while the task of delineating rights remains critical, he suggests a greater challenge is defining what might constitute a more “just street.” The chapter situates emerging writings on mobility justice within a broader literature on social justice in political philosophy, critical geography, and the law to offer an encompassing—yet necessarily bounded—concept of a right to a more just street. He defines a just street as one that fairly distributes the rights and responsibilities of mobility in the public sphere, maximizing access for all while reducing inequity between people and the modes they choose to travel, produced through transparent and democratic decision-making that enhances the capabilities of diverse individuals to enjoy a good life without depriving present or future generations (human and nonhuman) of theirs.