cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of secondary electron blur via determination of electron attenuation length

The absorption of an EUV photon by a thin film resist leads to the emission of a photoelectron as well as several secondary electrons with low kinetic energy. The “universal curve”, used in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicates that the low kinetic energy electrons may travel tens to hundreds of nanometers before losing their kinetic energy via initiation of chemical reactions. The distance that the electrons are able to travel in the resist is directly related to the resultant “blur” of the aerial image. Thus, identifying how to measure and influence the distance traveled by the secondary electrons is extremely beneficial to the resist community. In this work, we utilize several model polymer materials to investigate the impact of specific chemistry groups on the secondary electron attenuation length (EAL) – the thickness of resist material required to reduce number of emitted secondary electrons to 1/e of initial. The EAL measures the distance the secondary electrons can travel in a resist film, which is directly related to the electron blur. Possibilities to gain additional information on electron penetration depth in resist films will also be discussed.
Iatrogenic events contributing to paediatric intensive care unit admission.

AIMS To identify the incidence of iatrogenic events leading to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and to analyse these patients regarding demographic, illness severity and outcome parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective case series. The computerised charts of all patients admitted to the multidisciplinary, tertiary, 18-bed PICU in 2014 were analysed. Iatrogenic events leading to PICU admission were identified and their preventability assessed. Underlying diseases, causes of iatrogenic events, illness severity at PICU admission, presence of complex chronic conditions, patient origin, length of stay on the PICU and outcome were analysed. RESULTS There were 138 admissions associated with iatrogenic events out of 1102 admissions (12.5%). Ninety iatrogenic events led to unplanned admissions and 48 cases concerned scheduled admissions, where the iatrogenic event would have led to PICU admission by itself or caused a second, planned PICU admission for re-operation. Iatrogenic complications during surgery (31% of all iatrogenic events), wrong management decisions / delayed diagnoses (20%) and nosocomial infections (14%) were the categories most often involved. Regarding origin of the patients, the greatest difference between iatrogenic event admissions and non-iatrogenic event admissions was found for the ward (21% vs 11%). The patients admitted for iatrogenic events had a higher mean expected mortality (8.4 vs 4.7%, p = 0.02) and a higher observed PICU mortality (5.8 vs 3.3%, p = 0.15). Of all iatrogenic events, 60.1% were judged to be preventable. The highest preventability rate was found in the categories “nosocomial infections” (100%) and “management decisions / delayed diagnoses” (92.9%). CONCLUSION In our setting, the number of PICU admissions associated with iatrogenic events is significant and comparable to adult data on admission to ICU caused by iatrogenic events. The categories with most potential for improvement are nosocomial infections and the wrong management decisions / delayed diagnoses. Focused measures on these iatrogenic events may have a major impact on patient outcome, availability of PICU resources and healthcare costs.
Ultra-wideband tunable plasmonic selective absorber for dynamic synergistic solar and thermal energy conversion

Building heat management is responsible for approximately 15% of the global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. This energy consumption can be reduced if buildings can directly utilize the renewable thermal source/sink from the sun (solar heating) and the deep space (radiative cooling). This concept of "net-zero-energy" buildings requires a significant amount of research efforts in photonics and materials science. In this talk, I will introduce our recent work on the dynamic selective absorber that can control the absorption/emission spectral property from UV to mid-IR and electrochemically switch between solar heating and radiative cooling. For solar heating, the device has the ideal property of a selective solar absorber that absorbs strongly in the solar spectrum and emits poorly in mid-IR. For radiative cooling, the solar absorptivity decreases, and the mid-IR emissivity increases. The working principle is based on electrochemically reversible deposition of plasmonic nanoparticles that have broadband resonance in solar spectrum but act as a continuous metal film in mid-IR based on effective medium theory. For basic science, our work interrogates the fundamental interface chemistry to achieve the nanoparticle deposition and performs numerical modeling to guide the structure design. For application, if used as a smart building envelope, this device can switch and adapt to different weather, solar radiation, and occupant preference, thereby maximizing the utilization of renewable heat/cold sources.
Biased weighting of temporally discrete visual stimuli in a continuous report decision-making task: A combined behavioral and electrophysiological study.

Integrating evidence from multiple sources to guide decisions is something humans do on a daily basis. Existing research suggests that not all sources of information are weighted equally in decision-making tasks, and that observers are subject to biases in the face of internal and external noise. Here we describe two experiments that measured observers' ability to integrate successive visual signals. Participants viewed pairs of gratings presented sequentially and reproduced their average orientation. Experiment 1 revealed a recency bias in evidence integration, such that observers' average judgments were closer to the orientation of the second grating than the first. Mixture distribution modeling revealed that this was caused by a recency bias in averaging, as well as a tendency to disregard the first stimulus altogether in some trials. In Experiment 2 we replicated these findings, and quantified orientation-specific patterns of neural activity recorded during the task using population-tuning curve modeling of electroencephalography data. This analysis yielded robust orientation tuning to both the presented gratings and observers' decisions, and suggested that observers were storing both grating stimuli for subsequent averaging rather than computing a running average. The neural representation of the second grating was not reliably stronger than that of the first, suggesting that the recency bias is not due to a difference in the strength of encoding of the second stimulus, and instead may arise at a later decision stage where information is retrieved or integrated. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Self-Silencing to Sexism

Women's endorsement of beliefs that prioritize others’ voices over their own (i.e., self-silencing beliefs) predicted behaviorally self-silenced to everyday, interpersonal forms of sexism. Self-silencing beliefs, which are consistent with prescriptive gender roles for women, indicate that one should avoid conflict in relationships, put others needs over one's own, accept a discrepancy between one's personal and public self, and judge one's behaviors by external standards. Results from a diary study indicate that the more U.S. college women endorsed self-silencing beliefs the less likely they wanted to respond to sexist incidents and, if they wanted to respond to incidents, the more they verbally restrained their responses to everyday sexism and other stressful incidents. The results suggest that, when addressing women's tendency to self-silence to incidents, one should address women's gender-role consistent beliefs about how they should behave in interpersonal interactions.
Broadening Our Understanding and Assessment of Personal and Social Responsibility: A Challenge to Researchers and Practitioners.

Higher education literature has focused narrowly on social responsibility to the exclusion of personal responsibility. This chapter challenges higher education researchers and practitioners to include behaviors related to personal responsibility in their research and educational agendas.
Direct and Indirect Bargaining Costs and the Scope of the Firm

We compare the magnitude of bargaining costs within and between firms. The results are derived from a unique dataset comparing internal and external transactions for the same categories of parts at a single high-technology firm. They confirm that direct bargaining costs are higher with external suppliers, at least in part because there is more to bargain over. The need to negotiate price and formal contracts typically leads to longer ex ante negotiations and an increased likelihood of ex post renegotiations when circumstances change. We also observed higher indirect bargaining costs with external suppliers. The introduction of procurement specialists to external supply relationships disperses information and decision-making more widely across the organization. Moreover, information that may hinder contractual negotiations is often either suppressed or delayed and, because engineers are unable or unwilling to enforce these information restrictions, all communication with external suppliers passes through procurement personnel. The data suggests that these differences greatly hinder coordination and contribute to the determination of which parts are made internally versus externally.
Advanced congestion management: benefits of "what-if" modeling of compound flow-control actions

Considering the complexity of the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS), it is reasonable to expect that flow control actions are not independent. Since separate air traffic flows can intersect the same airspace regions, an interaction between flow control actions aimed at these flows may be expected. In addition, a single flow may be re-routed and then restricted with respect to spacing crossing a boundary. A new tool suite has been prototyped, which allows the "what if" modeling of multiple, concurrent flow control actions to determine their potential impact. A benefit analysis has shown significant advantage to this new approach for congestion management.
Possible Functional Differences between the Two Na,K-ATPases of the Brain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the possible differences between the two Na, K–ATPases of the brain. Na, K–ATPase activity is present in high concentrations in the brain, where it has several important roles in the complex and finely tuned control of the ionic environment. It maintains the ion gradients that are the driving force for the action potential and for Na-dependent active transport systems for Ca efflux, neurotransmitter uptake, and nutrient uptake. The presence of two different Na, K–ATPases in the brain was first suspected from the heterogeneity in the binding kinetics for ouabain. The two Na, K-ATPases from mammalian brain are found to have structural differences and differences in their affinities for cardiac glycosides. The first indication of different physiological roles of the two Na, K–ATPases comes from the observation that they are associated with different kinds of cells: one is found in astrocytes and in unmyelinated sympathetic neurons. The other is found in axolemma from myelinated nerve. Gentle tissue fractionation may be used to separate the two Na, K–ATPases from the brain.
In Vivo Susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to Hamycin, Amphotericin B, and 5-Fluorocytosine.

Previous investigations have shown that hamycin is 5 to 10 times more active in vitro than amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans, whereas 5-fluorocytosine is approximately 15 times less active. Present studies are concerned with a comparison of these drugs in vivo. Three strains of C. neoformans which varied in both their virulence for mice and their susceptibilities to the antifungal agents were studied. Acute experimental infections were established in mice by using inocula containing approximately 4 × 106 cells. The mice were treated by gastric intubation for 28 days; daily dosages of the three drugs ranged from 12.5 to 250 mg/kg. The polyenes were suspended in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, whereas 5-fluorocytosine was suspended in saline. Amphotericin B was the most effective drug, with almost complete absence of toxic deaths in control mice and increased survival in mice infected with two of the three strains and treated with 25 mg/kg per day or more. 5-Fluorocytosine was nontoxic but provided protection against only one strain. Hamycin was both the least effective and the most toxic compound, providing only slight protection at doses of 12.5 or 25 mg/kg per day and causing toxic deaths in over 50% of uninfected mice at doses above 25 mg/kg per day.
Special Section: Information Systems in Competitive Strategies: Offshoring, Risk Management, Strategic Pricing, E-Sourcing, and Standards

(2005). Special Section: Information Systems in Competitive Strategies: Offshoring, Risk Management, Strategic Pricing, E-Sourcing, and Standards. Journal of Management Information Systems: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 7-13.
Magnetic field activated drug delivery using thermodegradable azo-functionalised PEG-coated core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles

Core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2 mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with a new thermodegradable polymer allowed the release of a model drug through heating caused by a high frequency oscillating magnetic field. The thermodegradable polymer was made of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalised with azo bonds that break with an elevation of temperature.
Recent progress on the boundary rigidity problem

The boundary rigidity problem consists in determining a compact, Riemannian manifold with boundary, up to isometry, by knowing the boundary distance function between boundary points. In this paper we announce the result of our forthcoming article that one can solve this problem for generic simple metrics. Moreover we probe stability estimates for this problem.
Identification of Brain Sites Controlling Female Receptivity in Mosaics of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

We have identified cells in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster that are required to be of female genotype for receptivity to copulation with males. To do this, we determined experimental conditions in which female flies virtually always copulate, then measured the minimum amount of male courtship that is required to stimulate females to indicate their receptivity to copulation. We then observed gynandromorphs with female genitalia to determine whether the sex mosaics elicited at least the minimum amount of courtship and, if so, whether they copulated. By analyzing these gynandromorphs, in which the genotype of external and internal tissues could be ascertained, we were able to identify a group of cells in the dorsal anterior brain that, when bilaterally female, is necessary and sufficient for receptivity to copulation. This group of cells is anatomically distinct from those that are required to be of male genotype for the performance of courtship behaviors.
Tube angulation improves angiographic targeting of arteriovenous malformations during stereotactic radiosurgery.

Stereotactic radiosurgery using the 201 Cobalt-60 source Gamma Knife has been an effective method for obliterating selected cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). For more than 20,000 patients worldwide, angiography under stereotactic conditions has been the main imaging modality for defining and targeting the AVM nidus. The role of angulation of the X-ray tube for angiographic localization of the AVM during stereotactic Gamma Knife radiosurgery was studied with a phantom. Using current dose-planning software, tube angulation facilitated target visualization, improved three-dimensional dose planning, and has been consistent with the increased probability of complete nidus obliteration.
A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients.

Abstract Prothrombin has been purified from the plasmas of normal human donors and from patients ingesting coumarins. Equimolar amounts of normal prothrombin or coumadin-induced prothrombin were incubated with phospholipid micelles in the presence of Ca2+. Subsequent gel filtration of the incubation mixtures demonstrated that all of the normal prothrombin was bound to the phospholipid; only half of the coumadin-induced prothrombin was bound. Normal prothrombin contains approximately 10 mol of γ-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of prothrombin. The coumadin-induced prothrombin which was bound to phospholipid contains approximately 6.5 mol of γ-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of prothrombin while that which failed to bind to phospholipid has only 2.8 mol of γ-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of zymogen. Thus, partially carboxylated prothrombins exist in the plasmas of coumarin-treated patients. Furthermore, there is a striking electrophoretic heterogeneity in the prothrombin preparations from the plasmas of the coumadin-treated patients. This most likely results from a wide spectrum of abnormal prothrombins with varying quantities of γ-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of zymogen.
The Deconstructive Prosthesis

(1986). The Deconstructive Prosthesis. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 217-233.
On "Reflexive Selection"

Some natural populations show an extremely high degree of polymorphism, especially in color and pattern, which may be interpreted as "protective variation." Two possible genetic models, one based on frequency-stat (like thermostat) and one based on higher selection value of heterozygotes, have been proposed to account for the phenomenon.
Paleontological Guides to Depositional Environments: ABSTRACT

Foraminiferal-environmental relations provide criteria for (1) the reconstruction of marine basins of the geologic past, (2) the determination of structural trends based on differential subsidence rates, and (3) the identification of important producing trends within the sediment and environmental framework. One of the primary guides to depositional environments is the patent foraminiferal zonation from marsh to deep-sea environments. This may be summarized for southern California as follows: (1) marsh, Jadammina-Miliammina fauna; (2) euryhaline lagoon, Ammonia beccarii tepida fauna; (3) intertidal zone, Rotorbinella fauna; (4) open ocean 0-20 m., Buliminella elegantissima type of fauna; (5) 20-100 m., Florilus-Nonionella fauna; (6) 100 m. upper depth limit, Bolivina acuminata-Uvigerina peregrina fauna; (7) 400 m. upper depth limit, Bolivina argentea-Bolivina spissa fauna; (8) 700 m. upper depth limit, Bulimina striata mexicana fauna; (9) 1,000 m. upper depth limit, Uvigerina hispida fauna; and (10) 2,400 m. upper depth limit, Melonis pompilioides-Uvigerina senticosa fauna. Bathyal specie such as Uvigerina peregrina, hispida, senticosa, and Melonis pompilioides are essentially isobathyal showing little if any evidence of temperature control in their distribution patterns in different oceanic areas. Other guides to depositional environments include the bathyal bolivine trend within the general oxygen minimum zone (0.3-0.7 ml./l.); specimens of this group become larger and more abundant with increasing organic content and depth. Oxygen values of about 0.1 ml./l. or less result in an absence of larger invertebrates and a concentration of depositional laminae with very fragile hyaline bolivines and other Foraminifera. The largest benthic bathyal Foraminifera (measuring several millimeters in length) require oxygen values of more than 1.5 ml./l. and nitrogen values of more than 0.15 per cent; these occur in homogeneous or disturbed sediments, characteristics resulting from the activities of larger invertebrates. Displacement processes may produce intercalations of these various facie ; variations in water masses may result in somewhat similar fluctuations of facies. Planktonic foraminiferal abundance and diversity increase seaward into the bathyal zone. Although most planktonic Foraminifera live in the photic zone, some such as Globigerina pachyderma (typical form) and "Sphaeroidinella" are characteristic of the bathyal zone when they are fully developed. Many planktonic Foraminifera add a crystalline crust to their test as they descend into deeper waters of the bathyal zone. Radiolarians are of primary importance in middle bathyal-to-abyssal depths. End_of_Article - Last_Page 453------------
Real or Not? Informativeness Influences Children's Reality Status Judgments

Abstract Do children use the Gricean maxim of informativeness (“Make your contribution as informative as is required”) to guide judgments about the reality status of novel entities? In three studies, 9-year-olds watched video clips of two adults discussing novel entities. In Studies 1 and 2, children were less likely to believe in entities introduced with only explicit belief statements (e.g., “I believe in cusk”) than those introduced with other information (e.g., “We saw some cusk in the trees”) or both explicit belief statements and other information. In Study 3, children were more likely to believe in entities about which speakers made an explicit belief statement and appeared to be providing additional information (even though that information was unintelligible) than those about which they only made an explicit belief statement. Consistent with the maxim of informativeness, 9-year-olds expect speakers to introduce novel entities by providing more information about them than a mere statement of belief.
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BILIRUBIN PHOTOPRODUCTS. I. METHYLVINYLMALEIMIDE

— Methylvinylmaleimide, a product of the photooxidation of bilirubin, exhibits a broad luminescence band at approximately 450 nm on filter paper at room temperature. In methanol solvent, at 77 K, a broad phosphorescence band centered at 465 nm is observed. The experimental and theoretical spectroscopic properties of this compound are compared to those of the related molecules maleimide and phthalimide. Methylvinylmaleimide is photodegraded at pH 7.6 in a self-sensitized reaction that in part involves singlet oxygen.
Clitoral pain: the great unexplored pain in women.

Clitoral pain is not often reported by patients or in literature. The author reports on 7 women from his practice and 14 women who were on-line volunteers, all of whom had clitoral pain as a major feature. Features included mild to moderate rest pain and significant contact, light-touch induced or pressure induced pain. Associations include Multiple Sclerosis, Gillain Barre Syndrome, urethral sphincter dyssynergia, various vulvar pain syndromes (nine cases), post-hysterectomy, Lichen Sclerosis (five cases), spondylolisthesis, vaginismus and genital or pelvic trauma. Eight claimed painful, allodynic nipples and seven had sensitive nipples. Clitoral pain was an important cause of pain in these women.
A general procedure for calculating dynamic response due to impulsive loads

Abstract A general numerical integration procedure for the calculation of dynamic response to impulsive loads is presented. The procedure is completely developed for a single-degree-of-freedom system and extended to systems with multiple degrees of freedom. Numerical examples are given in which a comparison is made between approximate and exact solutions. The accuracy obtained is well within acceptable limits for most applications.
Crossover from stretched to compressed exponential relaxations in a polymer-based sponge phase.

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy was used to characterize the wave vector- and temperature-dependent dynamics of spontaneous thermal fluctuations in a sponge (${L}_{3}$) phase that occurs in a blend of a symmetric poly(styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene) triblock copolymer with a polystyrene homopolymer. Measurements of the intermediate scattering function reveal a crossover from stretched- to compressed-exponential relaxations as the temperature is lowered from 180 to $120\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$.
Nuclear tunneling and dynamical Jahn-Teller effect in graphene with vacancy

We show that the substitutional vacancy in graphene forms a dynamical Jahn-Teller center. The adiabatic potential surface resulting from the electron-lattice coupling was computed using density-functional methods, and subsequently the Schr\"odinger equation was solved for the nuclear motion. Our calculations show a large tunneling splitting $3\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ estimated to be about 65 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The effect results in a large delocalization of the carbon nuclear wave functions around the vacancy, leading to a significant broadening of the Jahn-Teller active $s{p}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electron states. The tunneling splitting should be observable in electron paramagnetic resonance and two-photon resonance scattering experiments.
Subcortical shape and volume abnormalities in an elderly HIV+ cohort

Over 50% of HIV+ individuals show significant impairment in psychomotor functioning, processing speed, working memory and attention [1, 2]. Patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy may still have subcortical atrophy, but the profile of HIV-associated brain changes is poorly understood. With parametric surface-based shape analyses, we mapped the 3D profile of subcortical morphometry in 63 elderly HIV+ subjects (4 female; age=65.35 ± 2.21) and 31 uninfected elderly controls (2 female; age=64.68 ± 4.57) scanned with MRI as part of a San Francisco Bay Area study of elderly people with HIV. We also investigated whether morphometry was associated with nadir CD4+ (T-cell) counts, viral load and illness duration among HIV+ participants. FreeSurfer was used to segment the thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens, brainstem, callosum and ventricles from brain MRI scans. To study subcortical shape, we analyzed: (1) the Jacobian determinant (JD) indexed over structures' surface coordinates and (2) radial distances (RD) of structure surfaces from a medial curve. A JD less than 1 reflects regional tissue atrophy and greater than 1 reflects expansion. The volumes of several subcortical regions were found to be associated with HIV status. No regional volumes showed detectable associations with CD4 counts, viral load or illness duration. The shapes of numerous subcortical regions were significantly linked to HIV status, detectability of viral RNA and illness duration. Our results show subcortical brain differences in HIV+ subjects in both shape and volumetric domains.
Prolonged ingestion of commercial DDT and PCB; effects on progesterone levels and reproduction in the mature female rat

A report linking human polycystic ovary with increased exposure to environmental DDT (Heinrichset al. 1971) prompted the present study comparing effects of PCB and DDT or their combination on reproduction in female rats under more realistic conditions with respect to level (75 and 150 ppm), route of administration (dietary contaminant), and period of exposure (8 and 36 weeks). Evaluation of estrous cycle length, mating frequency, number and size of litters; as well as plasma levels of DDT, PCB, progesterone (P), and 17α=hydroxyprogesterone (17α=OH-P), permitted comparison of short and long term reproductive changes from ingestion of two levels of DDT and/or PCB. PCB reduced plasma progesterone (p<.01) while plasma 17α OH-P was unchanged by PCB or DDT. High DDT and PCB abolished reproduction. Histologically, distinct ovarian stromal changes accompanied 150 ppm of PCB, while increased numbers of more prominent follicular cysts were evident with 150 ppm of DDT. Although DDT and PCB generally reduced or abolished litter production, no treatment tested significantly altered litter size. Long term chronic ingestion of more realistic levels of technical DDT (85%p,p′, 15%o,p′-DDT) in these studies did not lead to polycystic ovaries in adult rats comparable to those reported following i.v. administration of pureo,p′-DDT to immature rats. Plasma DDT levels above 800 ppb are clearly detrimental to reproduction, while levels below 500 ppb had little effect. Finally, we present the first evidence reported to our knowledge demonstrating that prolonged ingestion of PCB (150 ppm) markedly reduces reproduction (p<.05) accompanied by significantly reduced progesterone in plasma (p<.01) as well as by histologically characteristic ovarian stromal changes not seen with DDT alone.
Differences between Activation Thresholds for Platelet P-Selectin and Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Expression and Their Clinical Implications

Increased platelet reactivity is a descriptor of the risk of cardiovascular events in healthy men and in patients with overt coronary artery disease. We sought to determine if differential thresholds exist for activation of platelets with respect to α-granule degranulation and fibrinogen binding in healthy volunteers and in patients with acute coronary syndromes. We also sought to characterize the effect of aspirin on activation. Platelet activation was assessed with flow cytometry in whole blood anticoagulated with corn trypsin inhibitor and incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated fibrinogen (to define activation of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa), a phycoerythrin conjugated antibody to P-selectin (a marker of α-granule degranulation), and selected concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin receptor agonist peptide. ADP-induced fibrinogen binding was found to be a low threshold activation event (40% of platelets bound fibrinogen in response to 0.2 μM ADP). Alpha-granule degranulation was a higher threshold event (33% of platelets expressed P-selectin in response to 1.0 μM ADP). Intra- and interindividual variability were most apparent with low concentrations of agonist (0.2 μM ADP). Patients with acute coronary syndromes (on aspirin) had significantly increased P-selectin expression in response to ADP compared with healthy subjects (on aspirin), but no difference in ADP-induced fibrinogen binding was observed. Daily ingestion of 325 mg of aspirin had no effect on either P-selectin expression or fibrinogen binding in healthy subjects. Analysis of platelet reactivity with flow cytometry characterizes activation with respect to specific components of the process and should facilitate development and optimal titration of antiplatelet therapy.
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. VIII. Über Fluoroarsenate

Aus Kaliumarsenat und konz. wasriger Flussaure entsteht nicht K[AsF6OH]. Das von LANGE und MULLER beschriebene „Nitron-hexafluoroarsenat” ist ebenfalls Nitron · HAsF5OH. Kaliumhexafluoroarsenat, K[AsF6], erhalt man durch Umsetzen von Kaliumarsenat oder -polyarsenat mit wasserfreiem Fluorwasserstoff. K[AsF6] ist viel hydrolysebestandiger als das bisher als Hexafluoroarsenat angesehene K[AsF5OH]. Das gleiche gilt auch fur die entsprechenden Nitronsalze. Die von Marignac beschriebenen Verbindungen AsOF3 · KF · H2O, AsF5·2KF·H2O und As2OF8 · 4 KF · 3 H2O sind folgendermasen aufgebaut: K[AsF4(OH)2], K[AsF5OH] · KHF2 und K[AsF4(OH)2] · KHF2, was papierchromatographisch und analytisch bewiesen wurde. Hydroxofluoroarsenate konnen als Ausgangsmaterialien fur polymere Fluoroarsenate dienen, wie aus der Untersuchung ihres thermischen Verhaltens folgt. Die Arbeiten von Dutt und Gupta uber Monofluoroarsenate und von Mitra und Ray uber Ammoniumdifluoroarsenat konnten in keiner Weise bestatigt werden.
Junction field-effect-transistor-based germanium photodetector on silicon-on-insulator

We propose and demonstrate a novel Ge photodetector on silicon-on-insulator based on a junction field effect transistor structure, where the field-effect transistor gate is replaced by a Ge island with no contact on it. Light incident on the Ge switches on the device by altering the conductance of the Si channel through secondary photoconductivity. The device's sensitivity is also enhanced by a vast reduction in parasitic capacitance. In cw measurements, proof-of-concept detectors exhibit up to a 33% change in Si channel conductance by absorbing only 200 nW of power at 1.55 μm. In addition, pulsed response tests have shown that rise times as low as 40 ps can be achieved.
Practically Perfect in Every Way: Communication Strategies of Ideal Relational Partners

This study utilized social exchange constructs to examine communication strategies used by self-defined ideal relational partners when initiating dating relationships. Two hundred forty-four participants generated 1183 communication strategies they would use to initiate relationships if they believed themselves to be ideal partners. A content analysis revealed 15 categories of communication strategies enacted by ideal relational partners. These categories included initiation, emotional disclosure, direct inquiry, impression management, shared activities, supportive behaviors, information gathering, gift giving, compliments, other-initiated behaviors, assistance from others, self-acceptance, pickup lines, bragging, and use of humor. Implications for interpersonal communication research are discussed.
Mathematical methods in combatting terrorism.

This document is a preliminary report on the role that mathematical and statistical methods might play in the defense against terrorist attacks. In no way does this replace the efforts of law enforcement agenices or intelligence activities. The hope is that mathematical techniques can make their efforts more efficient. The ideas enumerated here utilize the notion of probabilistic risk analysis, which was developed for the purpose of assessing the safety of nuclear reactors, as well as randomization and game theory. More extensive work in these directions is contemplated for the future. The author is planning workshops to evaluate the ideas presented here and to elicit additional methodologies that may prove useful in this endeavor.
Practical Considerations in Restoring Images from Phase-Diverse Speckle Data

We discuss practical problems and solutions associated with the "phase-diverse" speckle (PDS) imaging technique for reconstruction of high-resolution images from ground-based telescope data. The PDS method uses an ensemble of short-exposure images obtained simultaneously from multiple cameras to jointly estimate the object and the sequence of instantaneous phase distortions observed by each camera. Different known static phase aberrations are imposed on each optical channel; the known aberrations then function as constraints in the estimation problem. In this paper, we extend a previously derived model and present new data calibration techniques to compensate for various undesirable effects present in real-world PDS data. These effects include relative tip-tilt and image magnification changes between the diversity channels. The extended model and its associated (modified) objective functions lead to a new nonlinear optimization problem. Solution methods, software, and results using real telescope data are discussed.
The effect of T-2 toxin on the bovine immune system: Cellular factors

Abstract The effect of T-2 toxin, a Fusarium metabolite, on the bovine cellular defense (immune) system was evaluated during high level, chronic administration. The administration of T-2 toxin to calves at the rate of 0.6 mg/kg/day was associated with significant depression of lymphocyte responses to mitogens and significant decreases in chemotaxic migration of neutrophils.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Atypical Melanocytic Proliferations and Melanoma in Young Patients

Morphologic heterogeneity among melanocytic proliferations is a common challenge in the diagnosis of melanoma. In particular, atypical melanocytic lesions in children, adolescents, and young adults may be difficult to classify because of significant morphologic overlap with melanoma. Recently a four-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol to detect chromosomal abnormalities in chromosomes 6 and 11 has shown promise for improving the classification of melanocytic lesions. We sought to determine the correlation between FISH results, morphology, and clinical outcomes in a series of challenging melanocytic proliferations in young patients. We retrospectively performed the standard four-probe FISH analysis on 21 melanocytic neoplasms from 21 patients younger than 25 years of age (range 5-25 years, mean 14.6 years) from Stanford University Medical Center who were prospectively followed for a median of 51 months (range 1-136 months). The study cohort included patients with 5 confirmed melanomas, 2 melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential (MelTUMPs), 10 morphologically challenging atypical Spitz tumors (ASTs), and 4 typical Spitz nevi. FISH detected chromosomal aberrations in all five melanomas and in one MelTUMP, in which the patient developed subsequent lymph node and distant metastasis. All 10 ASTs, 4 Spitz nevi, and 1 of 2 MelTUMPs were negative for significant gains or losses in chromosomes 6 and 11q. Our findings demonstrated a strong correlation between positive FISH results and the histomorphologic impression of melanoma. This finding was also true for the MelTUMP with poor clinical outcome. Therefore FISH may serve as a helpful adjunct in the classification of controversial melanocytic tumors in young patients.
Leonardo Sciascia's L’affaire Moro: Re-writing fact, which can be stranger than fiction

The author contends that Leonardo Sciascia's L’affaire Moro is not a work of non-fiction, as Sciascia proposed, but of historical fiction, and that Sciascia's Moro is a literary character, more a spokesperson for Sciascia's political views than a reflection of the historical figure. Sciascia's Moro embodies the same qualities as many of Sciascia's other protagonists, such as a radical individualism and willingness to sacrifice all in order to protect their dignity and liberty. What emanates from the text is a ‘postmodern’ blend that interprets and imposes a narrative hierarchy on events, and conveys a mental reality that need not necessarily coincide with what can be proven with evidence. In fact, Sciascia combines factual information and his own ‘conjectural knowledge’ to convince his reader of the ‘moral truth’ of his argument. Sciascia's is indeed a strong narrative in that it succeeded in shaping how the Italian public views to this day a critical juncture in its recent history.
Degree by Default

In past generations, college was thought to be a site for higher learning in America. Yet April Yee’s ethnographic research finds that few undergraduates are enrolling for the pursuit of knowledge anymore; instead, students are going to college simply because they believe they must have a degree to have a future in our society.
Rotor Whirl in Compliant Auxiliary Bearings

A general condition for steady circular whirl in auxiliary bearing clearances is developed for rotor/bearing systems, which are circularly isotropic. This condition is computed with a linear model and does not require transient simulation. It is established that such whirl, in the absence of other forcing mechanisms, is friction driven. As a result, the whirl must be backward and generally at a frequency that is very close to one of the resonances of the rotor/bearing system (neglecting the clearance). For lightly damped rotors, this frequency is most likely to be just below the lowest resonant frequency. Once the frequencies of interest are identified with the procedure, the bearing forces at these frequencies can readily be determined to allow computation of rotor forced response.
Id4 regulates neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation in vivo.

The mechanisms that determine whether a precursor cell re-enters the cell cycle or exits and differentiates are crucial in determining the types and numbers of cells that constitute a particular organ. Here, we report that Id4 is required for normal brain size, and regulates lateral expansion of the proliferative zone in the developing cortex and hippocampus. In its absence, proliferation of stem cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) is compromised. In early cortical progenitors, Id4 is required for the normal G1-S transition. By contrast, at later ages, ectopically positioned proliferating cells are found in the mantle zone of the Id4 ‐/‐ cortex. These observations, together with evidence for the premature differentiation of early cortical stem cells, indicate that Id4 has a unique and complex function in regulating neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
Surface Debye temperature measurement with reflection high‐energy electron diffraction

Measurement of the surface mean‐square atomic vibrational amplitude, or equivalently the surface Debye temperature, with reflection high‐energy electron diffraction is discussed. Low‐index surfaces of lead are used as examples. Particular details are given about the temperature‐dependent diffraction pattern of Pb(100) in the Debye–Waller region. The use of reflection high‐energy electron diffraction for measurement of the substrate surface temperature in thin‐film deposition chambers is suggested.
Temperature-dependent effects of high pressure on the bioluminescence of firefly luciferase

This study measured the effect of high pressure on the enzyme kinetics of firefly luciferase. When firefly luciferase is mixed with luciferin and ATP, a transient flash of light is produced, followed by a weak light, lasting hours. The first stage reaction produces an enzyme-luciferin-AMP complex and pyrophosphate. Addition of pyrophosphate to the reaction mixture decelerated the reaction rate, and the initial flash was prolonged to a plateau, showing a quasi-equilibrium state. The effects of temperature and pressure were analyzed at the plateau. The temperature scan showed that the maximum light intensity was observed at about 22.5 degrees C. When pressurized below the temperature optimum, pressure decreased the light intensity, while increasing it above the temperature optimum. According to the theory of absolute reaction rate, the following values were obtained for the bioluminescent reaction: delta V++ = 823.7 - 2.8 T cm3/mol and delta V = -280.47 + 0.94T cm3/mol, where T is the absolute temperature, delta V++ and delta V are, respectively, activation volume and the volume change due to thermal unfolding. The optimal temperature for the maximum light output occurs because the reaction rate increases with the temperature elevation at low temperature range, but the thermal unfolding of the enzyme decelerates the reaction velocity when the temperature exceeds a critical value. The intensity of luminescence is modified by the influence of pressure on both delta V++ and delta V. So long as the volume of the activated complex (V++) exceeds the average volume of the nonactivated complex (VN), pressure will slow down the reaction. At the point where the volumes become equal, there is no change in the rate under pressure. When the volume of the activated complex is less than that of the reactants, pressure will speed up the rate. This study showed that firefly luciferase is not exceptional to other enzymes in responding to high pressure.
Gamma Oscillatory Power is Impaired During Cognitive Control Independent of Medication Status in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by impaired cognitive control associated with prefrontal cortex dysfunction, but the underlying pathophysioloical mechanisms remain unknown. Higher cognitive processes are associated with cortical oscillations in the gamma range, which are also impaired in chronic schizophrenia. We tested whether cognitive control-related gamma deficits are observed in first-episode patients, and whether they are associated with antipsychotic medication exposure. Fifty-three first-episode schizophrenia patients (21 without antipsychotic medication treatment) and 29 healthy control subjects underwent electroencephalography (EEG) during performance of a preparatory cognitive control task (preparing to overcome prepotency or POP task). The first-episode schizophrenia patient group was impaired (relative to the control group) on task performance and on delay-period gamma power at each of the three subgroups of frontal electrodes. The unmedicated patient subgroup was similarly impaired compared with controls, and was not different on these measures compared with the medicated patient subgroup. In contrast, delay-period theta power was not impaired in the full patient group nor in the unmedicated patient subgroup. Impaired cognitive control-related gamma cortical oscillatory activity is present at the first psychotic episode in schizophrenia, and is independent of medication status. This suggests that altered local circuit function supporting high-frequency oscillatory activity in prefrontal cortex ensembles may serve as the pathophysiological substrate of cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia.
The reduction of nitroso-spin traps in chemical and biological sysetms. A cautionary note

The NaBH4 or enzymatic reduction of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane results in a four-line ESR spectrum due to t-butyl hydroniroxide. This spectrum is identical to a previously reported ESR spectrum (C.S. Lai and L.H. Piette, Tet. Letters, 9, 775 (1979)) obtained during a Fenton reactions using 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane, which had been assigned to the hydroxyl radical adduct. This note presents evidence that this four line spectrum can arise from the chemical reduction of the spin trap.
The Globalization of Transnational Labor Migration and the Filipino Family: A Narrative:

Patterns of transnational migration have undergone rapid and dramatic shifts as a result of changes in the global economy. The countries and territories of Asia have especially been affected by globalizing processes as seen in the increased institutional regulation of transnational migration. Together, these changes in the global economy, transnational migration and institutional penetration have affected the formation and functions of families in the Asian region. Given the recency of these changes, many questions remain unanswered. How do government and private institutions, for example, influence familial relations and the migratory process? How are migrants' identities affected by these processes? Employing a narrative analysis, this paper examines the intersection of institutional regulations and the Filipino family. Specifically, I present the case of Lisa, a Filipina who formerly worked as a performing artist in Okinawa, and now resides in the United States. Through Lisa's story, I explore how inst...
Memory for context is impaired by a post context exposure injection of interleukin-1 beta into dorsal hippocampus.

Prior research has revealed that treatments that elevate the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the brain, if given after training, impair contextual but not auditory-cue fear conditioning. The present experiments add to these finding by showing that, (a) IL-1β exerts its effect on contextual fear conditioning by impairing consolidation processes that support the storage of the memory representation of the context; (b) the dorsal hippocampus is a critical site for the effect of IL-1β; (c) the effect of IL-1β cannot be attributed to its effect on glucocorticoid levels; and (d) IL-1β injected into dorsal hippocampus either, immediately, 3, or 24 h, but not 48 h, after training produces this impairment. At this time the mechanisms responsible for this impairment are not understood, but may involve late-phase protein synthesis processes associated with LTP, because later consolidation processes are being disrupted.