cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of HIV-1 Gag and Gag-related proteins to membranes.

The binding of HIV-1 Gag and Gag-related proteins to model membranes was examined using three experimental systems: (i) large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (LUVs) and recombinant Gag purified from Escherichia coli; (ii) LUVs added to a mammalian cell extract in which Gag proteins were expressed by a coupled transcription/translation system; and (iii) inside-out plasma membrane vesicles purified from human red blood cells (RBC) and recombinant, purified Gag from E. coli. Several novel aspects of HIV-1 Gag membrane interactions were observed: (i) Gag proteins bound with high affinity to both model membranes with a negatively charged surface and to RBC membranes. (ii) Binding of the Gag precursor and mature Gag proteins exhibited different sensitivities to ionic strength indicating that the precursor directed membrane binding through interactions that were qualitatively and quantitatively distinct from those of any of its individual domains. Studies using energy transfer between tryptophan residues in ...
Liberal nationalism, nationalist liberalization, and democracy: the cases of post-Soviet Estonia and Ukraine

The bulk of scholarly literature views nationalism as harmful to democratic transition. Yet Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan indirectly suggest that nationalism may benefit democratization. This study shows that under the right conditions nationalism can benefit democratic transition. Building on the typology of Linz and Stepan and the liberal nationalism tradition of Yael Tamir and David Miller, this study examines the transitions in Estonia and Ukraine. It introduces an important layer, the multinational federal state, into the typologies developed by Linz and Stepan to show that nationalism can prove a useful political tool of mobilization in a multiethnic setting.
Navigational risks associated with sinus surgery and the clinical effects of implementing a navigational system for sinus surgery.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of implementing the use of a navigational system in sinus surgery in a community hospital setting. Study Design Retrospective record review. Methods The hospital records of 800 patients who had undergone sinus surgery performed by 7 physicians at one institution over 11 years were reviewed and tabulated. The information was recorded in 2 groups of 400 with those in group A being treated before the availability of an electromagnetic sinus navigational system and those in group B being treated after the unit had been installed. The following data were collected: date, age, gender, informed consent, physician, additional procedures, sinuses entered, use of navigational system, revision status, setup time, operative time, and complications. The results of the two groups were analyzed statistically, and comparisons were made. Results/Conclusions The patient populations in groups A and B were determined to have similar demographic profiles. Significantly more sinuses, specifically in the frontal location, were entered in group B compared with group A. Adjusted for the number of sinuses treated, the median operative times did not differ significantly between groups. Major and minor complication rates were similar in both groups and were consistent with the published literature. In a community hospital setting, once an electromagnetic guidance system became available, it was used in 92% of the cases performed by sev-eral otolaryngologists.
Co(III) complexes of tetradentate X3L type ligands: Synthesis, electronic structure, and reactivity

Abstract Co(III) complexes of DPP (DPP = (Z)-2-(2-((5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)(phenyl)methylene)-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)phenol) and two fluorinated DPP variants are prepared, structurally characterized, and their reactivity explored in the catalytic ring-opening of 1,2-epoxyhexane with alcohols. While the related Co(III) salen and porphyrin complexes are highly active for this catalytic transformation, the Co(III) DPP complexes are shown to be catalytically inert under the conditions studied. Computational characterization of the electronic structure of all the complexes shows that the Co(III) complexes ligated by the DPP ligands (tetradentate X3L type) do not have sufficient Lewis acidity to activate the epoxide, whereas the Co(III) porphyrin and salen (tetradentate X2L2 type) incorporate a counter-ion that draws electron density away from the metal center, creating a more Lewis acidic Co species that is catalytically active for alcohol ring-opening of epoxides. The work thus gives insight into the requirements for effective Lewis acidic epoxide ring-opening catalysts based on cobalt.
Resonance-based addressing in laminate MEMS devices

This paper reports on an electromagnetically actuated MEMS cantilever device that is triggered using an oscillating signal which sends the device into resonance. At resonance, a moving magnetic cantilever is driven to large amplitudes, allowing it to be driven far enough to latch against a magnetic pad. Since the device is driven at resonance, it can be combined with other devices that have different resonances, thereby allowing a single signal line to trigger more than one device by simply changing the driving frequency. This allows the device to be addressed using a single address line that carries multiple frequencies. These devices can be used in any application requiring two state mechanical actuators, such as electrical switches, micro-mirrors, or micro-valves. The device is fabricated using laminate technology, commonly found in packaging or printed circuit board facilities, allowing low cost manufacturing and straightforward integration into electronic modules such as antennas or phase-shifters.
A model system to determine the effects of specific neurotransmitters on segmental reflexes in the spinal cord of the rat.

Abstract A simple, repeatable, and quantifiable method to evaluate the effects of neurotransmitters on spinal cord reflexes is described. This model involves selective stimulation of Aβ and Aδ afferent fibers in the hind limb of the rat. The resulting evoked hind limb withdrawal reflex consists of short and long-latency EMG components along with their associated force production. This model was used to evaluate the effects of noradrenaline on the evoked reflex activity. The results are consistent with those obtained using much more invasive techniques and demonstrate the value of these techniques in evaluating the effects on spinal cord circuitry of other neurotransmitters and pharmacologic agents.
The d = 4, N = 1 supergravity multiplet of the heterotic string

Abstract We construct a new auxiliary antisymmetric tensor vertex operator for the heterotic string in d = 4 space-time preserving N = 1 supersymmetry, thus extending the supergravity vertex operator multiplet found previously. We, then, obtain the supersymmetry transformations of the background fields associated with these vertex operators and find them to be the same as those of the component fields of the new minimal supergravity multiplet and a physical linear multiplet coupled to new minimal supergravity. We show that it is not possible to obtain other off-shell supergravity multiplets from string theory and, hence, conclude that the heterotic string in d = 4 space-time gives new minimal supergravity.
An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas — I. Comparative assessment of air sampling methods

Abstract The atmospheric monitoring component of the 1993 Lower Rio Grande Valley Environmental Scoping Study measured a wide range of pollutant species from different sampling and analysis methods. Extensive QA/QC activities were also conducted on the sampling and analysis techniques. This enabled a unique comparison of these methods to provide insights into air sampling for larger, long-term exposure monitoring studies. Pollutants monitored were particulate mass and elements, acidic gases, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This included collocated monitoring devices which monitored same-species pollutants. Sample collection efficiencies of certain atmospheric pollutants are discussed. Finally, data from two sites located in the Lower Rio Grande Valley are also presented and compared.
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia, elevated immunoglobulin E levels, and food allergy☆

Abstract Four infants presented with the combination of food allergy, transient hypogammaglobulinemia (THI), and elevated serum IgE levels. Food allergy was documented by history, positive skin tests for immediate hypersensitivity, radioallergosorbent test, histamine release studies, and lymphocyte transformation in response to food allergens. THI was probably secondary to decreased production since there was no evidence of protein loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Immunologic studies revealed normal B cell number and function in vitro. T cell number and proliferative response to mitogens and antigen were normal but T cells were deficient in their ability to generate helper factors necessary for B cell maturation into immunoglobulin secretory cells. The THI and the deficient production of T cell —helper factor resolved after the age of 20 to 24 mo. A defect in immunoregulation may be responsible for the immunologic abnormalities observed in these patients and their propensity to develop IgE antibodies to food allergens.
Photothermal Properties of Shape Memory Polymer Micro-Actuators for Treating Stroke

Objective--In this paper the photothermal design aspects of novel shape memory polymer (SMP) microactuators for treating stroke are presented. Materials and Methods--A total of three devices will be presented: two interventional ischemic stroke devices (coil and umbrella) and one device for releasing embolic coils (microgripper). The optical properties of SMP, methods for coupling laser light into SMP, heating distributions in the SMP devices and the impact of operating the thermally activated material in a blood vessel are presented. Results--Actuating the devices requires device temperatures in the range of 65 C-85 C. Attaining these temperatures under flow conditions requires critical engineering of the SMP optical properties, optical coupling into the SMP, and device geometries. Conclusion--Laser-activated SMP devices are a unique combination of laser-tissue and biomaterial technologies. Successful deployment of the microactuator requires well-engineered coupling of the light from the diffusing fiber through the blood into the SMP.
On the polynomial of a path

Let A(Pn) be the adjacency matrix of the path on n vertices. Suppose that r(λ) is a polynomial of degree less than n, and consider the matrix M = r(A>/(Pn)). We determine all polynomials for which M is the adjacency matrix of a graph.
Food irradiation‐chemistry and applications∗

Abstract Food irradiation is one of the most extensively and thoroughly studied methods of food preservation. Despite voluminous data on safety and wholesomeness of irradiated foods, food irradiation is still a “process in waiting.” Although some countries are allowing the use of irradiation technology on certain foods, its full potential is not recognized. Only 37 countries worldwide permit the use of this technology. If used to its full potential, food irradiation can save millions of human lives being lost annually due to food‐borne diseases or starvation and can add billions of dollars to the world economy. This paper briefly reviews the history and chemistry of food irradiation along with its main applications, impediments to its adoption, and its role in improving food availability and health situation, particularly in developing countries of the world.
Anomalies in phonon dispersion relations

Abstract It is shown that as a result of the phonon-phonon interaction kink anomalies exist in the energy versus wave vector relation for phonons in an anharmonic crystal.
Susceptibility genes and overall pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: where do we stand?

The rapid accumulation of new knowledge on the genes, gene variations and genetic loci associated with both forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), e.g. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis
Effect of types of container, storage and variety on shrinkage of stored potatoes.

Three factors were studied in this experiment to test their relation to shrinkage of potatoes in storage. These factors are storage container, variety and type of storage. Six types of containers were used; two varieties to wit, Sebago and Houma; and three storages, namely a refrigerated storage temperature 523 F. and 75 per cent relative humidity), a house cellar (temperature 48° F. and 35 per cent relative humidity) and and insulated bank storage (40° F. and 65 per cent relative humidity). The test involved the use of 36 twelve-pound lots of potatoes. Since no replicates were used, the data are not analyzed for significance. However, all data presented are the result of averaging a number of samples and consistency of data is considered in the conclusions drawn.
Melanoma cell adhesion to defined extracellular matrix components.

The binding of mouse B16-F10 melanoma cells to defined extracellular matrix components was studied using a dot-blot cell attachment assay. Radiolabeled melanoma cells adhered to immobilized elastin and laminin. Reduced binding was seen with fibronectin, collagen types I and IV, heparan sulfate, and bovine serum albumin. No adhesive activity was found in elastin associated microfibrillar proteins or in elastin fragments generated by alkali or acid digestion. Adherence to extra-cellular matrix components has been suggested to play a role in tumor spread to secondary sites. Our results indicate that elastin and laminin are the major extracellular molecules responsible for melanoma cell adhesion.
Veterinary nutrition of large psittacines

Nutritional disorders are seen in large psittacines (Amazon and African grey parrots, cockatoos, and macawsl, mostly because of their diets, which contain primarily seeds and nuts. Too much fat in seeds and nuts may lead to obesity and secondary deficiencies of protein and other essential nutrients, such as calcium, vitamin A, and iodine. Other problems arise from inappropriate pelleted diet formulations and excessive or inappropriate use of vitamin-mineral supplements. Nutrients most likely to be fed in toxic quantities are vitamins A and D 3 . Diagnosis is made by nutritional assessment of the patient through dietary history, examination, laboratory analyses, radiology, and diet evaluation. Nutritional disorders are corrected through appropriate changes in diet. Large psittacines may be neophobic, and gradual diet changes can be challenging for owners.
Mutational analysis of 3' splice site selection during trans-splicing.

trans-Splicing is essential for mRNA maturation in trypanosomatids. A conserved AG dinucleotide serves as the 3′ splice acceptor site, and analysis of native processing sites suggests that selection of this site is determined according to a 5′-3′ scanning model. A series of stable gene replacement lines were generated that carried point mutations at or near the 3′ splice site within the intergenic region separatingCUB2.65, the calmodulin-ubiquitin associated gene, andFUS1, the ubiquitin fusion gene of Trypanosoma cruzi. In one stable line, the elimination of the native 3′ splice acceptor site led to the accumulation of Y-branched splicing intermediates, which served as templates for mapping the firsttrans-splicing branch points in T. cruzi. In other lines, point mutations shifted the position of the first consensus AG dinucleotide either upstream or downstream of the wild-type 3′ splice acceptor site in this intergenic region. Consistent with the scanning model, the first AG dinucleotide downstream of the branch points was used as the predominant 3′ splice acceptor site. In all of the stable lines, the point mutations affected splicing efficiency in this region.
Vortex pinning by a columnar defect in planar superconductors with point disorder

We study the effect of a single columnar pin on a $(1+1)$ dimensional array of vortex lines in planar type II superconductors in the presence of point disorder. In large samples, the pinning is most effective right at the temperature of the vortex glass transition. In particular, there is a pronounced maximum in the number of vortices which are prevented from tilting by the columnar defect in a weak transverse magnetic field. Using renormalization group techniques we show that the columnar pin is irrelevant at long length scales both above and below the transition, but due to very different mechanisms. This behavior differs from the disorder-free case, where the pin is relevant in the low temperature phase. Solutions of the renormalization equations in the different regimes allow a discussion of the crossover between the pure and disordered cases. We also compute density oscillations around the columnar pin and the response of these oscillations to a weak transverse magnetic field.
Solar Geoengineering: Reassessing Costs, Benefits, and Compensation

In their article ‘Ethical and technical challenges in compensating for harm due to solar radiation management geoengineering,’ Svoboda and Irvine argue that setting up a just system of compensation...
Accurate correction of surface noises of polygonal meshes

SUMMARY In this paper we propose a new algorithm for accurate correction of surface noises of polygonal meshes. It consists of three basic components: (a) feature-preserving pre-smoothing; (b) partitioning of feature and non-feature regions; (c) second-order predictor for non-feature regions and median filter for feature regions. The unique contributions of our approach include (a) an idea of partitioning an input surface into feature and non-feature regions so that different smoothing algorithms, which are best suited for either feature or non-feature regions can be, respectively, applied; (b) a secondorder predictor that provides higher smoothing accuracy and better convergence on smoothly curved surfaces. In comparison with several existing algorithms, our algorithm is evaluated quantitatively in terms of surface normal and vertex distance error metrics. Numerical experiments indicate the effectiveness of our approach in the aspects of convergence and accuracy. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Order of retrieval of information simultaneously presented to ear and finger.

Pairs of letters of the alphabet were simultaneously presented to the ears and fingers of eight blind Braille readers. Order of retrieval following 0·5, 1·0 and 2·0 sec interpair intervals proceeded by modality of input. There was a greater, but not statistically significant, tendency for subjects to retrieve by order of input after a 4 sec interpair interval. The results are consistent with Broadbent's (1958) theory, but indicate a greater tendency to retrieve by modality after longer interpair intervals than has previously been indicated for other sensory combinations.
Completely Automatic Synthesis of Optical Thin Film Systems

The various methods for the synthesis of optical thin film systems with prescribed properties are reviewed. One general approach is to refine numerically the properties of an initial system. In many problems, however, the choice of a suitable starting design for refinement is not at all obvious. The present paper describes a computer program for the completely automatic design of optical thin film systems by evolution which does not require a starting design. Apart from the specification of the desired optical properties of the system, the only input data necessary are the refractive indexes of the substrate, the medium, and the thin film materials that may be employed for the construction of the coating. Optical properties that may be specified at present include transmittance, reflectance, phase changes on transmission and reflection, and the first and second derivatives of these quantities, with respect to wavenumber and angle of incidence. Several examples are given to illustrate the performance of this program. Ways are indicated in which this automatic design program can be improved further in the future.
Doppler Analysis of Pulmonary Venous Flow In Left Atrial Myxoma

In a patient with obstructive left atrial myxoma, we analyzed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography the flow pattern through the mitral valve and in the pulmonary veins. Two mitral flow patterns were observed: the first was present near the medial commissure and along the anterior leaflet and was characterized by the absence of mid-to-late diastolic filling flow; the second was found near the lateral commissure and was characterized by the obstruction of mid-to-late diastolic filling flow, mimicking mitral stenosis. The pulmonary vein flow showed brief and rapidly decelerating anterograde diastolic flow wave and an early systolic retrograde flow wave. These waves were respectively related to the diastolic forward and the systolic backward movement of the tumor. This case report shows that pulmonary vein flow analysis may give new insights into left atrial filling and emptying dynamics in left atrial myxoma.
Near-Silence of Isothiocyanate Carbon in 13C NMR Spectra: A Case Study of Allyl Isothiocyanate

(1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) were measured, and the exchange dynamics were studied to explain the near-silence of the ITC carbon in (13)C NMR spectra. The dihedral angles α = ∠(C1-C2-C3-N4) and β = ∠(C2-C3-N4-C5) describe the conformational dynamics (conformation change), and the bond angles γ = ∠(C3-N4-C5) and e = ∠(N4-C5-S6) dominate the molecular dynamics (conformer flexibility). The conformation space of AITC contains three minima, Cs-M1 and enantiomers M2 and M2'; the exchange between conformers is very fast, and conformational effects on (13)C chemical shifts are small (νM1 - νM2 < 3 ppm). Isotropic chemical shifts, ICS(γ), were determined for sp, sp(x), and sp(2) N-hybridization, and the γ dependencies of δ(N4) and δ(C5) are very large (10-33 ppm). Atom-centered density matrix propagation trajectories show that every conformer can access a large region of the potential energy surface AITC(γ,e,...) with 120° < γ < 180° and 155° < e < 180°. Because the extreme broadening of the (13)C NMR signal of the ITC carbon is caused by the structural flexibility of every conformer of AITC, the analysis provides a general explanation for the near-silence of the ITC carbon in (13)C NMR spectra of organic isothiocyanates.
Residual Neuromuscular Block in the Elderly: Incidence and Clinical Implications.

Elderly patients are at increased risk for anesthesia-related complications. Postoperative residual neuromuscular block (PRNB) in the elderly, defined as a train-of-four ratio less than 0.9, may exacerbate preexisting muscle weakness and respiratory dysfunction. In this investigation, the incidence of PRNB and associated adverse events were assessed in an elderly (70 to 90 yr) and younger cohort (18 to 50 yr). Data were prospectively collected on 150 younger and 150 elderly patients. Train-of-four ratios were measured on arrival to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). After tracheal extubation, patients were examined for adverse respiratory events during transport to the PACU, for 30 min after PACU admission, and during hospital admission. Postoperative muscle weakness was quantified using a standardized examination, and PACU and hospital lengths of stay were determined. The incidence of PRNB was 57.7% in elderly and 30.0% in younger patients (difference, −27.7%; 99% CI, −41.2 to −13.1%; P < 0.001). Airway obstruction, hypoxemic events, signs and symptoms of muscle weakness, postoperative pulmonary complications, and increased PACU and hospital lengths of stay were observed more frequently in the elderly (all P < 0.01). Within each cohort, most adverse events were observed in patients with PRNB. Younger patients with PRNB received larger total doses of rocuronium than did those without it (60 vs. 50 mg, P < 0.01), but there were no differences in rocuronium dose between elderly patients with PRNB and those without it (both 50 mg). The elderly are at increased risk for PRNB and associated adverse outcomes.
Context identification for efficient multiple-model state estimation

This paper presents an approach to accurate and scalable multiple-model state estimation for hybrid systems with intermittent, multi-modal dynamics. The approach consists of using discrete-state estimation to identify a system's behavioral context and determine which motion models appropriately represent current dynamics, and which multiple-model filters are appropriate for state estimation. This improves the accuracy and scalability of conventional multiple-model state estimation. This approach is validated experimentally on a mobile robot that exhibits multi-modal dynamics.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of a Real-Time Travel Time Prediction System in a Freeway Construction Work Zone:

The accuracy of the travel times displayed by the real-time Travel Time Prediction System (TIPS) in a construction work zone was investigated. The TIPS includes changeable message signs (CMSs) displaying the travel time and distance to the end of the work zone to motorists. The travel times displayed by the CMSs are computed by an intelligent traffic algorithm and travel time estimation model of the TIPS software, which takes input from strategically placed microwave radar sensors that detect the vehicle traffic on each lane of the freeway. Besides the CMSs and the radar sensors, the TIPS includes the computer and microcontroller computing the travel times, 220-MHz radios for transmitting data from the sensors to the computer and from the computer to the CMSs, and trailers with solar panels and batteries to power the radar sensors, CMSs, and radios. The evaluation included an accuracy analysis between the predicted and actual recorded travel times. Three crews driving independently of each other in the tr...
Student Teachers and Change

Action theory is used to examine the role of student teachers in Nigeria as culture and change brokers. Their use of open elements in Nigerian society is explored. Specific examples of the ways in which they have used their positions as middlemen to become indispensable are given. The authors conclude with suggestions regarding the dangers of non-developmental change in developing countries.
Preinoculation of lettuce and onion with VA mycorrhizal fungi reduces deleterious effects of soil salinity

The hypothesis that inoculation of transplants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi before planting into saline soils alleviates salt effects on growth and yield was tested on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). A second hypothesis was that fungi isolated from saline soil are more effective in counteracting salt effects than those from nonsaline soil. VAM fungi from high- and low-salt soils were trap-cultured, their propagules quantified and adjusted to a like number, and added to a pasteurized soil mix in which seedlings were grown for 3–4 weeks. Once the seedlings were colonized by VAM fungi, they were transplanted into salinized (NaCl) soil. Preinoculated lettuce transplants grown for 11 weeks in the saline soils had greater shoot mass compared with nonVAM plants at all salt levels [2 (control), 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1] tested. Leaves of VAM lettuce at the highest salt level were significantly greener (more chlorophyll) than those of the nonVAM lettuce. NonVAM onions were stunted due to P deficiency in the soil, but inoculation with VAM fungi alleviated P deficiency and salinity effects; VAM onions were significantly larger at all salt levels than nonVAM onions. In a separate experiment, addition of P to salinized soil reduced the salt stress effect on nonVAM onions but to a lesser extent than by VAM inoculation. VAM fungi from the saline soil were not more effective in reducing growth inhibition by salt than those from the nonsaline site. Colonization of roots and length of soil hyphae produced by the VAM fungi decreased with increasing soil salt concentration. Results indicate that preinoculation of transplants with VAM fungi can help alleviate deleterious effects of saline soils on crop yield.
Stability analysis of an asymmetric, limited service, token ring system

A method for deriving the stability conditions of limited service token ring systems is presented. The idea is to introduce a sequence of auxiliary systems that dominate the actual system in a well-defined sense. The stability region is derived without resorting to stationarity assumptions. Thus, it is possible to derive inner bounds for the stability region. >
Restoration of Services in Interdependent Infrastructure Systems: A Network Flows Approach

Modern society depends on the operations of civil infrastructure systems, such as transportation, energy, telecommunications, and water. These systems have become so interconnected, one relying on another, that disruption of one may lead to disruptions in all. The approach taken in this research is to model these systems by explicitly identifying these interconnections or interdependencies. Definitions of five types of infrastructure inter-dependencies are presented and incorporated into a network flows mathematical representation, i.e., an interdependent layer network model. Using the lower Manhattan region of New York, for illustrative purposes, the implementation of the model is shown. First, the data requirements are presented with realistic data on the interdependent infrastructure systems of power, telecommunications, and subways. Next, a scenario is given that causes major disruption in the services provided by these infrastructures and demonstrates the use of the model in guiding restoration of services. The paper concludes with a discussion of accomplishments and opportunities for future work.
Spatially resolved measurements of fiber parameters by localized four-photon mixing

Strict localization of four-photon mixing was demonstrated in long sections of highly nonlinear fiber. The technique offers new means for precise mapping of dispersive fluctuations and other waveguide parameters critical for construction of wideband devices.
Comprehensive criteria for biodiversity evaluation in conservation planning

In this paper we present the results of a multi-criteria decision analysis used to identify a comprehensive set of criteria for assigning biodiversity value to sites for conservation planning. For effective conservation management, biodiversity value needs to be a composite of biotic and abiotic factors. However, in the reserve design literature, conservation value is assigned with a limited set of metrics usually based on comprehensiveness, representativeness and persistence which may be insufficient at fully capturing biodiversity value. A group of conservation specialists in California, USA, used a multi-criteria decision making framework to elucidate and weight criteria for scoring biodiversity value at sites. A formal model for consensus and negotiation was applied to aggregate individuals’ criteria weights across all group members. The group identified ecological condition, followed by biotic composition as the most important contributors to site conservation value. Long- and short-term threats causing fragmentation and degradation are also important criteria to consider. Key criteria are identified for which further data collection would serve the greatest purpose in prioritizing sites and the role of prioritization criteria in the larger context of systematic conservation planning is discussed. With the recognition that biodiversity value plays an important role in conservation decisions, the criteria presented here represents a comprehensive suite of factors to consider when assigning biodiversity value to sites for conservation planning. These can serve as an encompassing list which other groups can customize for the purpose of biodiversity evaluation for alternative conservation planning contexts.
Design and implementation of visual-haptic assistive control system for virtual rehabilitation exercise and teleoperation manipulation

This paper describes the design and implementation of a control system that integrates visual and haptic information to give assistive force feedback through a haptic controller (Omni Phantom) to the user. A sensor-based assistive function and velocity scaling program provides force feedback that helps the user complete trajectory following exercises for rehabilitation purposes. This system also incorporates a PUMA robot for teleoperation, which implements a camera and a laser range finder, controlled in real time by a PC, were implemented into the system to help the user to define the intended path to the selected target. The real-time force feedback from the remote robot to the haptic controller is made possible by using effective multithreading programming strategies in the control system design and by novel sensor integration. The sensor-based assistant function concept applied to teleoperation as well as shared control enhances the motion range and manipulation capabilities of the users executing rehabilitation exercises such as trajectory following along a sensor-based defined path. The system is modularly designed to allow for integration of different master devices and sensors. Furthermore, because this real-time system is versatile the haptic component can be used separately from the telerobotic component; in other words, one can use the haptic device for rehabilitation purposes for cases in which assistance is needed to perform tasks (e.g., stroke rehab) and also for teleoperation with force feedback and sensor assistance in either supervisory or automatic modes.
Linking hierarchical stratal architecture to plume spreading in a Lagrangian-based transport model: 2. Evaluation using new data from the Borden site

[1] A new data set collected at the well-documented Borden research site was used in order to evaluate a newly published but as yet untested idea for stochastic modeling (Ramanathan et al., 2008). The new data set reveals the stratal architecture of the Borden aquifer and allowed us to determine how the stratal architecture, at different scales, controlled the macrodispersion observed in the original natural gradient tracer test. The newly published idea for modeling uses a Lagrangian-based model for the particle displacement variance developed from independent, physically based, quantifiable univariate statistics, including the proportions and mean length of the strata. The method for defining model parameters avoids the often equivocal step of fitting sample bivariate permeability statistics. The model parameters were developed from the new data from the Borden site. The new data included geologic data in much greater abundance than permeability data. There are two scales of unit types delineated in a hierarchy of stratal architecture. Their shapes are complex, not simple layers or lenses. The method facilitated the direct use of both geologic and permeability data, which need not be collocated. The dispersion model developed from these data represents the field-measured particle displacement variance that occurred in the natural gradient tracer test well. The contributions to time-dependent macrodispersion by strata at each scale were computed and analyzed independently. This analysis revealed that macrodispersion at the Borden site is primarily controlled by the proportions, and the mean and variance in length of larger-scale strata of medium sand (M) and strata of fine sand and silt (FZ), with secondary contributions by smaller-scale strata types occurring within the larger-scale units. When sampling the pattern in the longitudinal direction, M and FZ couplets repeat at 10 m intervals on average, with a high length variance. To reach a time-constant macrodispersivity, the stratal length variability must be fully sampled by the plume. The macrodispersivity becomes asymptotic beyond an advective distance of about 60 m, corresponding to about 12 longitudinal transitions between M and FZ unit types.
Non-selective ion channel activity of polymorphic human islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) double channels.

Fundamental understanding of ion channel formation by amyloid peptides, which is strongly linked to cell toxicity, is very critical for (pre)clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we combine atomistic simulations and experiments to demonstrate a broad range of conformational states of hIAPP double channels in lipid membranes. All individual channels display high selectivity for Cl− ions over cations, but the co-existence of polymorphic double channels of different conformations and orientations with different populations determines the non-ionic selectivity nature of the channels, which is different from the typical amyloid-β channels that exhibit Ca2+ selective ion-permeable characteristics. This work provides a more complete physicochemical mechanism of amyloid-channel-induced toxicity.
Two Cases of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss After Methadone Overdose

OBJECTIVETo document the presentation of 2 cases of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) following methadone overdose.CASE SUMMARYWe report 2 cases of acute, bilateral methadone-induced hearing loss that took place on the same night in our emergency department. A 30-year-old male and his 25-year-old wife were found unresponsive in their home after ingesting an unknown, but presumably large, quantity of methadone. Drugs that are typically categorized as ototoxic were ruled out in each patient via rapid in-house urine drug screens as well with a comprehensive analysis via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Methadone and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were the only drugs found in the toxicology screenings that were common to both patients. The man had a long treatment course that included several days in the intensive care unit. The woman recovered completely and was discharged within a day of admission. The hearing loss in both patients reversed completely within 24 hours.DISCUSSIONSeveral medications ar...
Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial.

Background It is not known whether rigorous intraoperative glycemic control reduces death and morbidity in cardiac surgery patients. Objective To compare outcomes of intensive insulin therapy during cardiac surgery with those of conventional intraoperative glucose management. Design A randomized, open-label, controlled trial with blinded end point assessment. Setting Tertiary care center. Patients Adults with and without diabetes who were undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Measurements The primary outcome was a composite of death, sternal infections, prolonged ventilation, cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, and renal failure within 30 days after surgery. Secondary outcome measures were length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to receive continuous insulin infusion to maintain intraoperative glucose levels between 4.4 (80 mg/dL) and 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) (n = 199) or conventional treatment (n = 201). Patients in the conventional treatment group were not given insulin during surgery unless glucose levels were greater than 11.1 mmol/L (>200 mg/dL). Both groups were treated with insulin infusion to maintain normoglycemia after surgery. Results Mean glucose concentrations were statistically significantly lower in the intensive treatment group at the end of surgery (6.3 mmol/L [SD, 1.6] [114 mg/dL {SD, 29}] in the intensive treatment group vs. 8.7 mmol/L [SD, 2.3] [157 mg/dL {SD, 42}] in the conventional treatment group; difference, -2.4 mmol/L [95% CI, -2.8 to -1.9 mmol/L] [-43 mg/dL {CI, -50 to -35 mg/dL}]). Eighty two of 185 patients (44%) in the intensive treatment group and 86 of 186 patients (46%) in the conventional treatment group had an event (risk ratio, 1.0 [CI, 0.8 to 1.2]). More deaths (4 deaths vs. 0 deaths; P = 0.061) and strokes (8 strokes vs. 1 strokes; P = 0.020) occurred in the intensive treatment group. Length of stay in the intensive care unit (mean, 2 days [SD, 2] vs. 2 days [SD, 3]; difference, 0 days [CI, -1 to 1 days]) and in the hospital (mean, 8 days [SD, 4] vs. 8 days [SD, 5]; difference, 0 days [CI, -1 to 0 days]) was similar for both groups. Limitations This single-center study used a composite end point and could not examine whether outcomes differed by diabetes status. Conclusions Intensive insulin therapy during cardiac surgery does not reduce perioperative death or morbidity. The increased incidence of death and stroke in the intensive treatment group raises concern about routine implementation of this intervention.
Stock Replenishment and Shipment Scheduling for Vendor-Managed Inventory Systems

Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) is a supply-chain initiative where the supplier is authorized to manage inventories of agreed-upon stock-keeping units at retail locations. The benefits of VMI are well recognized by successful retail businesses such as Wal-Mart. In VMI, distortion of demand information (known as bullwhip effect) transferred from the downstream supply-chain member (e.g., retailer) to the upstream member (e.g., supplier) is minimized, stockout situations are less frequent, and inventory-carrying costs are reduced. Furthermore, a VMI supplier has the liberty of controlling the downstream resupply decisions rather than filling orders as they are placed. Thus, the approach offers a framework for synchronizing inventory and transportation decisions.In this paper, we present an analytical model for coordinating inventory and transportation decisions in VMI systems. Although the coordination of inventory and transportation has been addressed in the literature, our particular problem has not been explored previously. Specifically, we consider a vendor realizing a sequence of random demands from a group of retailers located in a given geographical region. Ideally, these demands should be shipped immediately. However, the vendor has the autonomy of holding small orders until anagreeable dispatch time with the expectation that an economical consolidated dispatch quantity accumulates. As a result, the actual inventory requirements at the vendor are partly dictated by the parameters of the shipment-release policy in use. We compute the optimum replenishment quantity and dispatch frequency simultaneously. We develop a renewaltheoretic model for the case of Poisson demands, and present analytical results.
Higher order methods for convection-diffusion problems

This paper applies C1 cubic Hermite polynomials embedded in an orthogonal collocation scheme to the spatial discretization of the unsteady nonlinear Burgers equation as a model of the equations of fluid mechanics. The temporal discretization is carried out by means of either a noniterative finite difference or an iterative finite difference procedure. Results of this method are compared with those of a second-order finite difference scheme and a splined-cubic Taylor's series scheme. Stability limits are derived and the matrix structure of the several schemes are compared.
The Lp Stability of Relaxation Rarefaction Profiles

We consider the large time behavior of solutions for a hyperbolic relaxation system. For a certain class of initial data the solution is shown to converge to relaxation rarefaction profiles at a determined asymptotic rate. The result is established without the smallness conditions of the wave strength and the initial disturbances. 2001 Academic Press
Extended conformations of polypeptides and proteins in urea and guanidine hydrochloride

By analyzing the effect of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on the circular dichroism of many polypeptides and proteins, it is concluded that under conditions of high concentration of the perturbant and at low temperatures the resultant state approached is that of a local extended helix structure instead of a completely random coil. Intensification by urea and guanidine hydrochloride of the circular dichroism bands of poly-L-proline II leads to the proof that the mechanism of interaction of urea and guanidine hydrochloride with proteins is through hydrogen bonding to the backbone carbonyl group.
Age-related changes in eosinophil function in human subjects.

Background Aging results in changes in immune cell function that have been described for T-cells, macrophage, neutrophils, and dendritic cells but not for eosinophils. We sought to define age-related changes in eosinophil function and their potential implications for asthma. Methods We recruited human subjects with asthma in two age groups: a younger group (20 to 40 years), and an older group (55 to 80 years). Lung function, induced sputum, and peripheral blood were obtained from each subject. Eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood were examined for in vitro functional activities including degranulation, superoxide anion production, adhesion, and chemotaxis. Results Eosinophil degranulation in response to interleukin-5 stimulation was significantly decreased in the older group (p = 0.025). Eosinophil production of superoxide anions in response to phorbol myristate acetate was lower in the older group but did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.097). Eosinophil adhesion, eosinophil chemotaxis, lung function, and the percentage of sputum eosinophils were similar in the two groups. Conclusion Airway eosinophilia is comparable in younger and older asthma subjects. However, there are age-related changes in peripheral blood eosinophil "effector" functions. Diseases such as asthma, in which eosinophils are thought to play a pathophysiologic role, may exhibit important clinical differences in the elderly due to age-related changes in inflammatory cell function that affect the manifestations of the disease and/or responsiveness to specific classes of medications.
Re: Response to: Mortality among rubber chemical manufacturing workers by M.M. Prince et al. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37:590–598. I. Reply to Valentgas et al.'s letter to the editor

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to comments by Valentgas and colleagues regarding our report examining mortality among rubber chemical manufacturing workers [Prince et al., 2001]. Following are our responses to their comments, focusing on the authors' main points:
Monitoring the Reflectivity Calibration of a Scanning Radar Using a Profiling Radar and a Disdrometer

Abstract This paper describes a method of absolutely calibrating and routinely monitoring the reflectivity calibration from a scanning weather radar using a vertically profiling radar that has been absolutely calibrated using a collocated surface disdrometer. The three instruments have different temporal and spatial resolutions, and the concept of upscaling is used to relate the small resolution volume disdrometer observations with the large resolution volume scanning radar observations. This study uses observations collected from a surface disdrometer, two profiling radars, and the National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) scanning weather radar during the Texas–Florida Underflight-phase B (TEFLUN-B) ground validation field campaign held in central Florida during August and September 1998. The statistics from the 2062 matched profiling and scanning radar observations during this 2-month period indicate that the WSR-88D radar had a reflectivity 0.7 dBZ higher than th...
Understanding sexual deviations.

Outwardly people conform to society's rules about sex, but secretly they violate them. This inconsistency may help precipitate acts of sexual offenders. The first part of this two part article explains exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadomasochism, rape and incest.
Comparison of different computational implementations on fitting generalized linear mixed-effects models for repeated count measures

ABSTRACTIn modelling repeated count outcomes, generalized linear mixed-effects models are commonly used to account for within-cluster correlations. However, inconsistent results are frequently generated by various statistical R packages and SAS procedures, especially in case of a moderate or strong within-cluster correlation or overdispersion. We investigated the underlying numerical approaches and statistical theories on which these packages and procedures are built. We then compared the performance of these statistical packages and procedures by simulating both Poisson-distributed and overdispersed count data. The SAS NLMIXED procedure outperformed the others procedures in all settings.