cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serratia marcescens osteomyelitis of the clavicle and sternoclavicular arthritis complicating infected indwelling subclavian vein catheter

Serratia marcescens bacteremia, osteomyelitis of the right clavicle, and septic arthritis of the right sternoclavicular joint developed in a 69-year-old woman after a right subclavian vein catheter was in place for five days. The infections were cured with the combination of gentamicin and ceftizoxime. There have been three previously reported cases of osteomyelitis of the clavicle following indwelling subclavian vein catheterization; two were caused by Staphylococcus aureus and one by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Evaluation of Mixed Natural Carotenoid Products as Xanthophyll Sources for Broiler Pigmentation

Abstract The broiler pigmenting properties of products containing predominantly red xanthophylls from natural sources (MNC) were compared to those of marigold concentrate (MC) in three experiments. Day-old broiler cockerels were fed starter diets containing no added xanthophyll. Chicks were then assigned to one of the following diets: 1) negative control diet (no supplemental xanthophyll); 2) positive control diet in which MC increased total xanthophyll to 44 mg/kg (Exp. 1 and 2) or 66 mg/kg (Exp. 3); or 3) experimental diets in which MNC products constituted 25 to 40% of the total dietary xanthophyll. Broiler pigmentation was assessed by shank score, carcass color score, and color difference meter evaluation of breast skin. Broilers fed supplemental xanthophyll had higher (P
Fire Retardant Polyetherimide Nanocomposites

Polyetherimide-layered silicates nanocomposites with increased char yield and fire retardancy are described. The use of nanocomposites is a new, environmentally-benign approach to improve fire resistance of polymers.
Snakes and Ladders: Localized Solutions of Plane Couette Flow

We demonstrate the existence of a large number of exact solutions of plane Couette flow, which share the topology of known periodic solutions but are localized in one spatial dimension. Solutions of different size are organized in a snakes-and-ladders structure strikingly similar to that observed for simpler pattern-forming partial differential equations. These new solutions are a step towards extending the dynamical systems view of transitional turbulence to spatially extended flows.
Effect of Package and Board Pad Size on Optimum Flip Chip Ball Grid Array (FCBGA) Package Thermo-Mechanical Performance

Flip Chip Ball Grid Array (FCBGA) has been a common package technology to achieve higher Input/Output (IO) count. In moving toward higher IO count without increasing the package size, FCBGA package with tighter pitch is required. Unfortunately, ball pitch reduction from 1.27mm to 1mm in FCBGA packages is not a transparent change. Instead, it provides an inside into the thermo-mechanical performance of FCBGA solder joint. Previous study indicated the importance of the package solder resist opening-to-board pad size ratio (AR) as the dominant factor in improving the thermo-mechanical performance of the solder joint at one solder system. An optimum range of AR had been defined as failure free zone with respect to the temperature cycling stress from −40degC to 85degC. This paper is a continued study, which focused on identifying the optimum range of AR for failure free zone. Key factors under the study are package solder resist opening (SRO), die size, population pattern, type of board pad, type of package design and thermal solution. This paper consolidates the modeling and empirical data on the relationship. The results of the study has brought towards an identification of process window for 1mm pitch FCBGA package and led to package and board design rules in terms of targeted SRO & board pad size, type of pad design and a tightening of SRO & board pad size specification. Besides, the learning has led towards a new look into the BGA package certification in which SRO and board pad size are key factors in the design consideration.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation strategies within the airport sustainability evaluation process

Abstract In recent years the aviation industry has initiated new sustainability efforts as a response to society's greater needs for living in healthier and more sustainable environments. Significant attention has been directed toward aircraft and their contribution to greenhouse gas emission. As we look at the aviation system more holistically, especially in the U.S., however, we discover a lack of comprehensive research addressing sustainability evaluation standards in airports. Sustainability, in a system as complex as an airport, can encompass many different areas such as water conservation, design and construction techniques, and emissions reduction. Because sustainability can encompass so many different aspects in the design, master planning, operations, and maintenance of an airport, airport managers can experience difficulty in analyzing how to plan for sustainability most effectively. As a response, this paper develops an evaluation process with the use of an influence matrix through which to determine effective sustainable practices at U.S. airports. This evaluation method attempts to quantify and thus improve decision-making in airport sustainability. By using a case study, we also look at airport emissions mitigation strategies that can be developed into a framework.
IL-1 signaling in obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is prevalent in human obesity and type 2 diabetes, and is characterized by increases in both hepatic triglyceride accumulation (denoted as steatosis) and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. We report here that the development of hepatic steatosis requires IL-1 signaling, which upregulates Fatty acid synthase to promote hepatic lipogenesis. Using clodronate liposomes to selectively deplete liver Kupffer cells in ob/ob mice, we observed remarkable amelioration of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and reductions in liver weight, triglyceride content and lipogenic enzyme expressions. Similar results were obtained with diet-induced obese mice, although visceral adipose tissue macrophage depletion also occurred in response to clodronate liposomes in this model. There were no differences in the food intake, whole body metabolic parameters, serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels or lipid profiles due to clodronate-treatment, but hepatic cytokine gene expressions including IL-1β were decreased. Conversely, treatment of primary mouse hepatocytes with IL-1β significantly increased triglyceride accumulation and Fatty acid synthase expression. Furthermore, the administration of IL-1 receptor antagonist to obese mice markedly reduced obesity-induced steatosis and hepatic lipogenic gene expression. Collectively, our findings suggest that IL-1β signaling upregulates hepatic lipogenesis in obesity, and is essential for the induction of pathogenic hepatic steatosis in obese mice.
"Action Potentials" in Neurospora Crassa, a Mycelial Fungus

Abstract Occasional spontaneous “action potentiais” are found in mature hyphae of the fungus Neurospora crassa. They can arise either from low-level sinusoidal oscillations of the membrane potential or from a linear slow depolarization which accelerates into a rapid upstroke at a voltage 5–20 mV depolarized from the normal resting potential (near − 180 mV). The “action potentiais” are long-lasting, 1–2 min and at the peak reach a membrane potential near −40 mV. A 2− to 8−fold increase of membrane conductance accompanies the main depolarization, but a slight decrease of membrane conductance occurs during the slow depolarization. Two plausible mechanisms for the phenomenon are (a) periodic increases of membrane permeability to inorganic ions, particularly H+ or Cl- and (b) periodic decreases in activity of the major electrogenic pump (H+) of the Neurospora membrane, coupled with a nonlinear (inverse sigmoid) current-voltage relationship. Identification of action potential-like disturbances in fungi means that such behavior has now been found in all major biologic taxa which have been probed with suitable electrodes. As yet there is no obvious function for the events in fungi.
Computerized contextual analysis in diagnosis

Abstract Cervical cytology specimens prepared as monolayers were analyzed with a combination of high-resolution single-cell image analysis and lower-resolution contextual image analysis. For the latter, quantitative features of cluster architecture, object distribution and background were used to mimic the pathologists global assessment of a specimen. Contextual analysis correctly calssified 81% of the cases for diagnosis, about on a par with the companion single-cell cytometric analysis. Contextual and single cell analysis complemented each other, yielding greater accuracy when the two methods were combined. Additional applications of contextual analysis are discussed.
Redgrave and lopham fens, East Anglia, England: A case study of change in flora and fauna due to groundwater abstraction

Abstract Changes in the fauna and flora of an internationally important British calcareous valley-head mire between 1959 and 1991 are described in detail. Changes in site hydrology and management practices over the same period are also described. Monitoring data document the conversion of Schoeno-Junceta communities into degraded types of Cirsio-Molinietum, Juncus subnodulosus fen meadow and highly fertile Phragmitetalia fens. The wetland fauna was similarly degraded. Five processes of change were identified: alteration of competitive balance of the community dominants; change in environmental conditions required by individual species; increases in site fertility; increase in scrub cover on the fen; and a change from soligenous to rain-fed hydrology. The underlying cause of change was identified as abstraction of groundwater by a nearby borehole. Other factors such as dredging of drainage channels, lack of management of the herbaceous communities, fire and drought are considered. The implications for the conservation of similar fens are discussed.
Embedded reconfigurable logic for ASIC design obfuscation against supply chain attacks

Hardware is the foundation and the root of trust of any security system. However, in today's global IC industry, an IP provider, an IC design house, a CAD company, or a foundry may subvert a VLSI system with back doors or logic bombs. Such a supply chain adversary's capability is rooted in his knowledge on the hardware design. Successful hardware design obfuscation would severely limit a supply chain adversary's capability if not preventing all supply chain attacks. However, not all designs are obfuscatable in traditional technologies. We propose to achieve ASIC design obfuscation based on embedded reconfigurable logic which is determined by the end user and unknown to any party in the supply chain. Combined with other security techniques, embedded reconfigurable logic can provide the root of ASIC design obfuscation, data confidentiality and tamper-proofness. As a case study, we evaluate hardware-based code injection attacks and reconfiguration-based instruction set obfuscation based on an open source SPARC processor LEON2. We prevent program monitor Trojan attacks and increase the area of a minimum code injection Trojan with a 1KB ROM by 2.38% for every 1% area increase of the LEON2 processor.
PASSIVE BILATERAL CONTROL OF TELEOPERATORS UNDER CONSTANT TIME-DELAY

Abstract We propose a novel control scheme for teleoperators consisting of a pair of multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear robotic systems under a constant communication time delay. By passifying the communication and control blocks together, the proposed control scheme guarantees energetic passivity of the closed-loop teleoperator in the presence of parametric uncertainty and a constant communication delay without relying on widely utilized scattering or wave formalisms. The proposed control scheme also achieves master-slave position coordination and bilateral static force reflection. The proposed control scheme is symmetric in the sense that the control and communication laws of the the master and slave are of the same form. Simulations are performed to validate properties of the proposed control scheme.
Structuring decision problems for decision analysis

Abstract Structuring decision problems into a formally acceptable and manageable format is probably the most important step of decision analysis. Since presently no sound methodology for structuring exists, this step is still an art left to the intuition and craftsmanship of the individual analyst. After introducing a general concept of structuring, this paper reviews some recent advances in structuring research. These include taxonomies for problem identification and new tools such as influence diagrams and interpretative structural modeling. Two conclusions emerge from this review: structuring research is still limited to a few hierarchical concepts and it tends to ignore substantive problem aspects that delineate a problem it its real world context. Consequently structuring research has little to say about distinctions between typical problem classes such as regulation, siting, or budget allocation. As an alternative the concept of “prototypical decision analytic structures” is introduced. Such structures are developed to meet the substantive characteristics of a specific problem (e.g., siting a specific Liquid Natural Gas plant) but they are at the same time general enough to apply to similar problems (industrial facility siting). As an illustration, the development of a prototypical analytic structure for environmental standard setting is described. Finally, some typical problem classes are examined and some requirements for prototypical structures are discussed.
Autonomous Movement and Self‐Assembly

The artificial millimeter-scale “autonomous movers” glide across the surface of a liquid without an external power source. This system is based on a combination of two processes: Motion of individual objects powered by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, and relative motion (self-assembly) caused by capillary interactions at the fluid/air interface. The picture shows the rotational/translational motion of a single object; the motion of a pair of these object depends on their chirality.
The influences of lower mantle viscosity stratification on 3D spherical-shell mantle convection

We have studied the dynamical effects of a stratified viscosity profile on time-dependent mantle circulations by using a 3D Boussinesq spherical-shell convection model. This particular viscosity profile, taken from the inversion of geoid data, has the distinct feature of having a large viscosity maximum in the middle lower mantle. Surface Rayleigh numbers ranging from 5 × 104 to 8 × 106 have been considered. There are several distinct differences in both the morphologies of the plumes and the sinking currents from constant viscosity models. In a viscously-stratified lower mantle, plumes are formed invariably only after the cold downwelling has reached the bottom. The mean mantle temperature is reduced and this allows for the sinking of very cold material into the deep mantle. The number of upwelling plumes is reduced and the overall circulation is stabilized, with well-organized triple junctions of cold sheets developed. The presence of internal heating increases the number of upwelling plumes and breaks up the network of downwelling sheets. These plumes become larger in size and have a hotter interior because of the nearly stationary character.
N-(1-Methyl)cyclopropylbenzylamine: A novel inactivator of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase

Abstract N-(1-Methyl)cyclopropylbenzylamine was synthesized and shown to inactivate pig liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase. Inactivation is time-dependent, concentration dependent, protected by the substrate and product of the enzyme, and is not reversed by exhaustive dialysis. Unlike N-cyclopropylbenzylamine, the adduct formed between N-(1-methyl)cyclopropylbenzylamine and monoamine oxidase is stable to treatment with benzylamine. A mechanism for the inactivation is proposed.
Sphere Decoding of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes for Incoherent Channels

We consider decoding orthogonal space-time block codes without channel state information at the receiver. We use the inherent structure of these codes and adapt the sphere decoding method previously used under perfect channel knowledge to efficiently detect transmitted symbols. The resulting performance is within 1.5 dB from that of coherent detection and the proposed method has low complexity in medium and high SNR regions
Prognostic significance of chronic versus acute bundle branch block in acute myocardial infarction.

Of 1125 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center in 1971 and 1972, 292 (28.8 percent) had intraventricular conduction defects. In 210 of the 292 patients with intraventricular conduction defect, it was possible to determine if the conduction defect was present before the infarction (Group 1, 123 patients) or developed acutely with the infarction (Group 2, 87 patients). Of the 210 patients, 52.8 percent died (mean age 72.1 years). Fifty-three patients in Group 1 and 18 patients in Group 2 had isolated left axis deviation (LAD). The mortality was 35 percent and 28 percent respectively. This difference was not significant (p > 0.60). Sixty-four of the 210 patients presented with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern. The overall mortality of 54 percent was the same in both groups. Right bundle branch block (RBBB), with either normal axis, left (LAD) or right axis deviation (RAD), was found in 74 patients. Of 40 patients in Group 1, 62 percent died, and of 35 patients in Group 2, 80 percent expired. Again this difference was not significant (p > 0.10). In 13 of 25 patients with RBBB in Group 1, death was possibly related to progression of the conduction defect The use of prophylactic temporary pacing is suggested for these patients.
Magnetospheric amplification and emission triggering by ELF/VLF waves injected by the 3.6 MW HAARP ionospheric heater

[1] The HF dipole array of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) in Gakona, Alaska, was recently upgraded to 180 elements, facilitating operations at a total radiated power level of 3.6 MW and an effective radiated power of ∼575 MW. In the first experiments at the new power level, the HAARP array is used for magnetospheric wave injection. Modulated heating of auroral electrojet currents in the ionosphere yields radiation in the ELF/VLF frequency range. The HAARP-generated signals are injected into the magnetosphere, where they propagate in the whistler mode in field-aligned "ducts," allowing them to be observed at the conjugate point on a ship-borne receiver and on autonomous buoy platforms. The observation of the 1-hop signals is accompanied by the observation of associated 2-hop components in the northern hemisphere, which have reflected from the ionospheric boundary in the southern hemisphere. The observed signals are accompanied by triggered emissions and exhibit temporal amplification of 15-25 dB/s and bandwidth broadening to ∼50 Hz. Amplification occurs at injected signal frequencies selected in near real time on the basis of observations of natural emission activity, and only certain components of the frequency-time formats transmitted are amplified. Observations at multiple sites and dispersion analysis show that the signals are injected into the magnetosphere directly above the HF heater. The duration of echo observation and the prevalence of 1-hop observations are consistent with statistics from 1986 Siple Station experiments. The particle-trapping wave amplitude near the magnetic equator is estimated in the range 0.1-0.4 pT and gyroresonance with 10 keV-100 keV electrons.
Wild-Type NRas and KRas Perform Distinct Functions during Transformation

The ras proto-oncogenes, of which there are four isoforms, are molecular switches that function in signal transduction pathways to control cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. How the Ras isoforms orchestrate cellular processes that affect behavior is poorly understood. Further, why cells express two or more Ras isoforms is unknown. Here, using a genetically defined system, we show that the presence of both wild-type KRas and NRas isoforms is required for transformation because they perform distinct nonoverlapping functions: wild-type NRas regulates adhesion, and KRas coordinates motility. Remarkably, we find that Ras isoforms achieve functional specificity by engaging different signaling pathways to affect the same cellular processes, thereby coordinating cellular outcome. Although we find that signaling from both isoforms intersects in actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, our results suggest that KRas signals through Akt and Cdc42 while NRas signals through Raf and RhoA. Our analyses suggest a previously unappreciated convergence of different Ras isoforms on the dynamics of the processes involved in transformation.
Lorentz-violating massive gauge and gravitational fields

Abstract We study nonlinear dynamics in models of Lorentz-violating massive gravity. The Boulware–Deser instability restricts severely the class of acceptable theories. We identify a model that is stable. It exhibits the following bizarre but interesting property: there are only two massive propagating degrees of freedom in the spectrum, and yet long-range instantaneous interactions are present in the theory. We discuss this property on a simpler example of a photon with a Lorentz-violating mass term where the issues of (a)causality are easier to understand. Depending on the values of the mass parameter these models can either be excluded, or become phenomenologically interesting. We discuss a similar example with more degrees of freedom, as well as a model without the long-range instantaneous interactions.
Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). V. Relationships between developing oocytes and their investing follicular tissues.

The relationship of the cells and tissues which comprise the developing ovarian follicle in Xenopus laevis has been studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The saclike ovary is covered on its coelomic side by a squamous epithelium. The cells of this epithelium are extensively interdigitated, and each bears a short, centrally positioned cilium. The lumenal surface of the ovary is covered with a layer of nonciliated squamous cells. The areas of cell-cell contact are characterized by desmosomes in both epithelia, and between the epithelia lies a connective tissue layer--the theca--which contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves, smooth muscle cells and oogonia. Beneath the theca in each follicle lies a single layer of flat stellate follicle cells. Associations between adjacent follicle cells are intermittent, leaving wide spaces or channels. Junctional contacts between neighboring follicle cells are characterized by desmosomes. From the basal surface of each follicle cell extend long, broad macrovilli which penetrate the underlying acellular vitelline envelope and contact the surface of the oocyte. Evidence is presented which suggests that follicle cells may produce and release components which participate in the formation of the vitelline envelope which consists of a 3-dimensional lattice of ropey fibers. Passageways through the vitellinemore » envelope allow the maintenance of contact between oocyte and follicle cells and also allow ready penetration of materials both to the oocyte (e.g., vitellogenin) and from it (e.g., cortical granule material) at different stages of its development.« less
Herbage allowance and intake of cattle

Rates of intake of herbage and grazing time of beef cattle are essential components of simulation models of grassland agroecosystems. We studied the effects of herbage allowance on rates of intake and ingestive behaviour of twelve 2-year-old Angus heifers (Bos taurus)(364 ± 12 kg) grazing pastures of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). A balanced change-over design and a novel tethering technique were used to estimate direct, residual and permanent effects of three herbage allowances on intake per bite, rate of biting and rate of intake. Herbage dry matter (D.M.) allowances, which were established by varying tether lengths, were 5, 9 and 13 kg (1·4, 2·5 and 3·6 kg/100 kg of live weight) and made available in circular plots of 15, 27 and 38 m2, respectively, for a single measured 2 h grazing session each day. Heifers grazing Kenhy tall fescue swards, composed of vegetative tillers and free from the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum, with herbage D.M. masses (> 5 cm) of 2000 kg/ha and D.M. allowances of 9 and 13 kg/2 h per heifer, ingested D.M. at 1·9 kg/h by taking bites averaging 800 mg D.M. at 38 bites/min. Allowances of 5 kg/2 h per heifer slowed the rate of intake to 1·3 kg/h by limiting D.M. intake per bite to 654 mg and biting rate to 35/min. Rate of D.M. intake of cattle grazing vegetative temperate grass swards appears to be ca. 0.5% of live weight per hour when allowance and availability of herbage are not limiting.
An integrated, multi-level synthesis system

Outlines an integrated, multi-level VLSI synthesis system. First, an architectural synthesis tool is used to compile the high level behavioral specification of the target architecture into a register transfer level specification. Constraints are supplied as inputs to allow the user to selectively explore various portions of the design space. The goal is to let the user perform global design tradeoffs, while the system synthesizes the best designs that meet the user's constraints. Once the register transfer level description has been synthesized, the data path and control path are separated and control logic synthesis is performed. Boolean library descriptions of various components which have been presynthesized with a multi-level logic synthesis tool are used to construct the data path. Finally a gate matrix module generator is used to produce layout. With the availability of these low level synthesis tools, the high level architectural system need not rely on just estimates of delay, area, and power metrics for quantifying design alternatives. >
Dispelling the Myths Self-care, Class, and Race

We use 1995 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine how race and class are related to self-care among children 5 to 13 years old. We find that contrary to popular belief, self-care is less common among minority and lower-class children. We also find that factors such as income and neighborhood safety are related to self-care and can attenuate the relationships observed between race, class, and self-care. Our analyses also indicate that variations in self-care by race, class, income level, and neighborhood safety are dependent on the age of the child, with a major transition in self-care occurring between the ages of 8 and 10.
Gamma-radiation effects on Taiwan-produced rice-grains.

Gamma-radiation effects on Taiwan-produced rice-grains have been investigated and discussed to find an advantageous application of radiation processing on the preservation of rice-grains. This paper deals with the results obtained from the three major kinds of rice-grains which were gamma-irradiated and stored.The factors of contaminated microorganisms on the rice-grains, chemical analysis of rice-ingredients, activity of α-amylase in the rice-grains, germination-rate of the rice-grains, rice-insect fertility and cooking quality of the hulled rice were studied. Among them, the following factors were considered as the main results.1. Gamma-irradiation could reduce the contaminated microorganisms remarkably as the gamma-dose was raised over 100 krad, e.g., reduction of the survivals of microorganisms to 19.62 ~ 39.76% with 100 krad, to 5.41 ~ 9.09% with 300 krad, to 0.58 ~ 0.81% with 1 Mrad during the twelve months storage period.2. Some fluctuations on the fat acidity and the contents of reducing sugars an...
Pedagogies of Visibility: The Full E-Mersion and beyond.

This chapter shares the experience of several English faculty members of Glendale Community College in their efforts to improve student outcomes in developmental composition classes through extensive use of technology in the classroom. Their pedagogies of visibility––of literacy, of learning, and of research––have allowed them to better understand not only how their students learn, but also how to continue to document progress in ways that can be useful to others.
Left Atrial and Left Ventricular Sound and Pressure in Mitral Stenosis

Left atrial and left ventricular pressure and sound were recorded at the time of mitral commissurotomy in 18 patients with severe, isolated, noncalcific mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm. Catheter tip micromanometers were used, and in eight studies, two equisensitive micromanometers were employed to examine pressure crossover relationships. Analysis of the left atrial and left ventricular sound and pressure crossover relationships is presented; viewed in the perspective provided by cineangiographic studies and surgical observations, a unifying concept of the auscultatory events in mitral stenosis is proposed. Beginning with left ventricular pressure rise, the left ventricle drives the mitral complex through its ascent (or eversion) phase toward the left atrium, clearing the anterior leaflet from the left ventricular outflow tract. The ascent (eversion) terminates abruptly at the first heart sound (S1). Following systole, left ventricular and left atrial pressure fall together after v peak, during and after...
Predicting crack initiation and propagation using XFEM, CZM and peridynamics: A comparative study

This study presents a comparison of extended finite elements (XFEM), cohesive zone model (CZM) and the peridynamic theory (PD). By comparisons against two experimental benchmark studies, the capability of these techniques to predict dynamic fracture is demonstrated through both qualitative and quantitative observations.
Solvophobic forces and molecular surface area changes in drug-biomolecule associations as with actinomycin-deoxyguanosine in a wide range of methanol/water mixtures.

Abstract A method is given to predict the unitary free energies of complexation between drug-like and nucleoside-like biomolecules in a range of mixed solvent compositions. A stability maximum for the actinomycin (A)-deoxyguanosine (D) complex at 8% MeOH (v/v) in methanol/water mixtures is correctly predicted by the theory in agreement with existing experimental data. The molecular surface areas of A and D exposed to the solvent are found to diminish by 36.4 A 2 upon association. The ‘microthermodynamic differential surface tension’ of the solvophobic theory obtained for nucleoside-like and organic molecules in contact with MeOH/H 2 O can be used to predict the solvent effect free energies in other such molecular or biopolymeric associations in solution.
Negotiating teacher identity: Exploring the use of electronic teaching portfolios with preservice English teachers

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/JAAL.50.6.5
VISCOELASTIC TISSUE PROPERTY MEASUREMENT USING HIGH FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND

A high frequency ultrasound system for viscoelastic tissue property measurement is being developed. A dual-element transducer was used for localized application of acoustic radiation force (ARP) pulses and monitoring of the induced shift. M-mode RP data was evaluated using a correlation based shift estimation algorithm. These displacements are used as input to an on-line tracking of the shear modulus and shear viscosity using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) which utilizes a second order constitutive model of viscoelastic response with unknown parameters. The algorithm was tested using tissue mimicking phantoms described by Nightingale et al., we also demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating the effect of drug in in-vitro porcine eye.
Use of Sucralfate in Renal Failure

OBJECTIVE:To assess the potential for the development of aluminum toxicity in patients with renal insufficiency or chronic renal failure who are taking sucralfate.DATA SOURCES:Clinical literature accessed through MEDLINE (1966–December 1999) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 1999). Key search terms included sucralfate, renal failure, renal insufficiency, and end-stage renal disease.DATA SYNTHESIS:Urinary excretion is an important route of elimination for systemically absorbed aluminum. Accumulation of aluminum in patients with impaired renal function may lead to significant toxicity. A potential source of aluminum is the antiulcer medication sucralfate. Studies and case reports evaluating the use and toxicity of sucralfate in patients with normal renal function, as well as those with renal failure or renal insufficiency, were reviewed.CONCLUSIONS:Aluminum accumulation and toxicity have been reported with the use of sucralfate in patients with compromised renal function. The risk of...
Ultra-stable performance of the superconducting cavity maser

Measurements on the superconducting cavity maser (SCM) oscillator that show frequency stability of parts in 10/sup 5/ for times from 1 s to 10000 s are reported. A phase noise of approximately -80 dB/f/sup 3/ was measured. This short- and midterm performance is believed to be better than that of any known microwave oscillator. In particular, stability at a measuring time of 1 s is ten times better than that of a hydrogen maser, and phase noise is more than 20 dB below that of the best multiplied quartz crystal oscillators. >
Introduction to Total Materials/Logistics Management

Materials/logistics (M/L) management is an organizational philosophy that has evolved through application of the systems approach to management, an approach that provides for integration of all management functions.1 A primary objective of this philosophy is to coordinate all business activities that are part of the materials cycle, from supplier through company operations and on to the customer. Materials/logistics management is an umbrella that integrates all the critical materials-related subfunctions and, as such, is a major company function, among such others as engineering, finance, and manufacturing (see Figure 1.1.)
Novel techniques for whispering-gallery-mode excitation in silica microspheres

In recent years, dielectric microsphere resonators have received increasing attention due to their very high Q factors [1,2]
Practical Reason and the Stability Standard

Practical reasoning, reasoning about what to do, is a very familiar activity. When we think about whether to cook or to go out for dinner, to buy a house or rent, or to study law or business, we are engaged in practical reasoning. If the kind of reasoning we engage in is truly a rational process, there must be some norms or standards that govern it; the process cannot be arbitrary or random. In this paper I argue that one of the standards that governs practical reasoning is the stability standard. The stability standard, I argue, is a norm that is constitutive of practical reasoning: insofar as we do not take violations of this norm to be relevant considerations, we do not count as engaged in reasoning at all. Furthermore, I argue that it is a standard we can explicitly employ in order to deliberate about our ends or desires themselves. Importantly, this standard will not require that some ends are prescribed or determined by reason alone. The stability standard, therefore, allows us to retain some of the attractive features of instrumentalism without accepting the implication that there is no rational way to evaluate ends.
Are medical marijuana users different than recreational marijuana users

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (2015) e102–e182 e141 and fewerpercent days smoking (8% fewer,p 16 yrs). This study investigated differential effects of age of smokingonset on response impulsivity and inhibitory control using a novel smoking Go/NoGo task (Luijten et al., 2011). Methods: Adult EOS (n=6) and LOS (n=10) in acute nicotine withdrawal and adult non-smokers (NS;n=10) were shown Smoking or Non-Smoking images with either a blue (Go) or yellow (NoGo) frame. Participants were instructed to respond to blueframed Go trials quickly and accurately, and withhold responding for yellow-framed NoGo trials. Each Smoking and Non-Smoking image was shown 3 times as a Go stimulus and once as a NoGo stimulus. Results: EOS and LOS exhibited more Go errors (p<0.01) and a greater false alarm rate (p<0.01) than NS. EOS and LOS showed loweroverallGo responseaccuracy (p<0.01), andEOSalsoexhibited lower Smoking Go accuracy (p<0.03), than NS. EOS and LOS exhibited lower Smoking NoGo accuracy (p<0.02), and LOS also showed lower Non-Smoking NoGo accuracy (p<0.02), than NS. Smoking Go accuracy and Non-Smoking NoGo accuracy were each correlated with age of smoking onset (p<0.01) and daily cigarettes smoked (p<0.02). Conclusions: EOShaddifficulty responding accurately to Smoking Go stimuli, suggesting that these distracting images disrupted attention to task demands. In contrast, LOS had difficultywithholding responses to both Smoking and NonSmoking NoGo stimuli, indicating greater impulsivity and deficits in inhibitory control, regardless of category. Collectively, preliminary findings suggest age of smoking onset differentially impacts task-related attention and response inhibition, thus individualized cognitive approaches may improveexecutive function in smokers in treatmentprograms. Financial support: K01DA034028 (YM). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.386 Risks associated with nonmedical prescription opioid use: Transition to heroin use and drug injection, overdose and hepatitis C Pedro Mateu-Gelabert, Honoria Guarino, Lauren Jessell, Cassandra Syckes, Samuel R. Friedman Institute for Infectious Disease Research, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc, New York,
Prevalence, correlates and patterns of heroin use among young adults in the United States.

Abstract Introduction The prevalence of heroin use, abuse, and dependence has increased considerably over the past decade. This increase has largely been driven by young adults (18–25 years). This study aims to improve the understanding of heroin use among young adults by determining the prevalence, correlates, patterns and attitude of heroin use among young adults in the US. Methods The 2011–2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was analyzed. Study population included 55,940 young adults with valid interviews. Self-reported lifetime, past-year and past-month use of heroin were examined. Descriptive statistics and adjusted odds ratios were estimated in accordance with the complex survey design. Results Of the respondents, 18.4 per 1000 (95% CI = 16.8–20.0) used heroin at some time in their lives, and 7.3 per 1000 (95% CI = 6.3–8.3) and 3.3 per 1000 (95% CI = 2.6–4.0) used heroin in the past year and past month, respectively. The single most common route of heroin use was by sniffing. Majority of young adults reported using heroin in combination with other substances. Users of non-prescribed opioid pain relievers, cigarette smokers, illicit drug users and those arrested and booked for breaking the law, had higher odds of using heroin during their lifetime, in the past-year and past-month. Conclusion Fewer than 2% reported ever using heroin, and 82% of those reported no use in the past month. Majority were polysubstance users and sniffed heroin in combination with other routes of use. Comprehensive programs that target young adult heroin users and address important risk factors for heroin use are needed.
Treating Inguinal Recurrences

Inguinal hernia surgery is one of the most common general surgery procedures performed today. Anywhere from 1 to 10 % of patients undergoing a repair will experience a recurrence depending on the type of method used. Risk factors associated with recurrent inguinal hernias include age >50, obesity, smoking, family history, and type of hernia. Complications of attempted recurrent repair include post-op pain, inguinodynia, testicular injury potentially requiring orchiectomy, and recurrence. Anatomic planes having been previously violated make recurrent surgery increasingly difficult and risky. Therefore, any decision to reoperate must be accompanied by sound indications for surgery. Previous operative reports need to be obtained and examined to determine which operative approach was used previously, which in turn will direct our current approach. Traditionally, patients having undergone previous open anterior repairs will undergo laparoscopic preperitoneal repairs (TEP or TAPP) to avoid previous operative fields and vice versa. In patients having previously undergone both open and laparoscopic repairs, IPOM is another feasible option. All patients with recurrent inguinal hernias will require mesh repairs unless otherwise contraindicated.
Lukashenka’s Rise to Power and Belarusian Politics

Alexander Lukashenka was born in 1954 in the rural village of Kopys on the left bank of the Dnieper River in easternmost Belarus. He was raised by a single mother who had only elementary school education. Yekaterina, Lukashenka’s mother, who gave birth to him at the age of 30, had worked for a collective farm before the Second World War. After the war, she got a job as rail trackwalker and then as a worker at the flax factory in Orsha. Alexander was born out of wedlock, and the personality of his father is unknown. “Lukashenka” is his mother’s maiden name. Yekaterina Lukashenka continued to work at the same flax factory until 1957, and until the age of three, Alexander was taken care of by her sisters in Kopys. By today’s standards, Orsha is not far from Kopys, just some 30 km, but in 1950s’ war-ravaged Belarus, it was next to impossible for a person of modest means to make a daily commute from Kopys to Orsha. In 1957, Yekaterina moved from Orsha to Alexandria, a village on the right bank of the Dnieper River. Founded in the 1930s as a product of hamlet consolidation schemes, Alexandria, located just across the river from Kopys, was a larger village with more than 600 residents, three retail stores, a secondary school (all grades in one building), and a post office. In Alexandria, Yekaterina Lukashenka worked as a milkmaid on a collective farm and continued in that capacity until 1983. Alexander attended the village school there and helped his mother at work, where he quickly learned how to milk a cow.
Hierarchical group testing for multiple infections.

Summary Group testing, where individuals are tested initially in pools, is widely used to screen a large number of individuals for rare diseases. Triggered by the recent development of assays that detect multiple infections at once, screening programs now involve testing individuals in pools for multiple infections simultaneously. Tebbs, McMahan, and Bilder (2013, Biometrics) recently evaluated the performance of a two-stage hierarchical algorithm used to screen for chlamydia and gonorrhea as part of the Infertility Prevention Project in the United States. In this article, we generalize this work to accommodate a larger number of stages. To derive the operating characteristics of higher-stage hierarchical algorithms with more than one infection, we view the pool decoding process as a time-inhomogeneous, finite-state Markov chain. Taking this conceptualization enables us to derive closed-form expressions for the expected number of tests and classification accuracy rates in terms of transition probability matrices. When applied to chlamydia and gonorrhea testing data from four states (Region X of the United States Department of Health and Human Services), higher-stage hierarchical algorithms provide, on average, an estimated 11% reduction in the number of tests when compared to two-stage algorithms. For applications with rarer infections, we show theoretically that this percentage reduction can be much larger.
Recommended Practice for Use of Emissive Probes in Electric Propulsion Testing

This article provides recommended methods for building, operating, and taking plasma potential measurements from electron-emitting probes in electric propulsion devices, including Hall thrusters, gridded ion engines, and others. The two major techniques, the floating point technique and the inflection point technique, are described in detail as well as calibration and error-reduction methods. The major heating methods are described as well as the various considerations for emissive probe construction. Special considerations for electric propulsion plasmas are addressed, including high-energy densities, ion flows, magnetic fields, and potential fluctuations. Recommendations for probe design and operation are provided.
Modulation Doping in Metastable Heterostructures via Kinetically Controlled Substitution

Controlling carrier concentration is critical in many device applications, and both chemical substitution and modulation doping have been used in industry. For most inorganic materials, very low doping efficiencies are observed as site occupancies depend on both thermodynamic and kinetic factors. We demonstrate that we can make kinetically controlled site-specific substitutions in a series of (BixSn1–xSe)1+δTiSe2 compounds using the modulated elemental reactants method. These compounds were characterized using a combination of X-ray diffraction, resistivity and Hall coefficient measurements, and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM). For small x, the doping efficiency is 0.7, close to that observed for B in silicon. For higher x values, a structural distortion is observed in X-ray diffraction data in which the symmetry of the in-plane unit cell decreases. HAADF STEM data reveals the presence of antiphase boundaries (Bi–Bi pairs) in the BixSn1–xSe layers, whic...
In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Genistein on Murine Alveolar Macrophage TNFα Production

The present study was performed to determine whether genistein could inhibit in vivo LPS-induced alveolar macrophage TNFα production and thus reduce the alveolar neutrophil influx following LPS. In vitro incubation with genistein completely inhibited LPS-induced TNFα production by alveolar macrophages (AM) from BALB/c mice. Subsequently mice were pretreated with intraperitoneal genistein or vehicle, then received nasal LPS to induce an alveolitis. Genistein was then administered every eight hours for five days following LPS. At 24 hours after LPS, the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) TNFα and ex vivo TNFα production from AM, were lower in the genistein treated animals. As well, total BAL white blood cell (WBC) count was reduced in the genistein as compared to the vehicle-only group. The percent neutrophils and the resolution of neutrophils were similar between genistein and vehicle groups. Therefore, genistein was able to decrease AM TNFα production, and was associated with a decrease in BAL WBC count post-LPS.