cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endobronchial Intubation to Facilitate Extraluminal Bronchial Blocker Placement in Young Children: A Retrospective Case Series.

Objectives Extraluminal bronchial blocker placement has become a well-accepted approach to one-lung ventilation in young children. In some cases, technical issues with placement may require alternative approaches to correct bronchial blocker positioning. The primary aim of this study was to review the authors’ experience with using endobronchial intubation to facilitate extraluminal bronchial blocker placement in young children. Design Single-center case series of pediatric patients undergoing thoracic surgery and one-lung ventilation using a bronchial blocker. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Participants Pediatric patients Interventions No interventions were performed. Measurements and Main Results Fifteen patients were identified after a query of the local electronic health record. There were five right-sided and ten left-sided placements in this cohort. Bronchial blocker placement was successful in 14 of 15 patients using endobronchial intubation to facilitate bronchial blocker placement. In one patient, the bronchial blocker was discovered in the nonsurgical bronchus, following placement with this technique. The bronchial blocker was repositioned manually into the desired mainstem bronchus prior to lateral positioning. Conclusions Mainstem intubation can be used to facilitate bronchial blocker placement in young children and represents an alternative approach to extraluminal bronchial blocker placement.
Guinea Pig Model of Tuberculosis

Recent studies of the comparative biology of the guinea pig have revealed a number of remarkable similarities between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and humans. Guinea pigs have been employed in the testing of both biological reagents and drugs for use in human beings with tuberculosis. Guinea pigs respond quite well to many of the antibiotics currently used to treat tuberculosis patients. The chapter presents guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis, and discusses application of modern immunological techniques in the guinea pig. A model of endogenous reactivation disease would contribute to ones understanding of the factors associated with persistence of M. tuberculosis in the tissues as well as of the events that allow the dormant mycobacteria to reappear in large numbers. The advantages of the guinea pig model of tuberculosis are as follows: (i) animals can be infected reproducibly by the pulmonary route with very small numbers of virulent human tubercle bacilli; (ii) the course of disease following pulmonary infection, which includes bacillemia and hematogenous reseeding of the lung, is similar to that in humans; (iii) the similarities between the granulomatous and hypersensitivity responses of guinea pigs and humans to M. tuberculosis are remarkable; (iv) the degree of protection induced by vaccination with BCG is excellent, and one can discriminate between various degrees of protection; and (v) there is the potential for modeling other clinical forms of tuberculosis in the guinea pig.
The effect of TISSEEL fibrin sealant on seroma formation following complex abdominal wall hernia repair: a single institutional review and derived cost analysis.

Purpose The authors evaluated the ability of a fibrin sealant (TISSEEL™: Baxter Healthcare Corp, Deerfield, IL, USA) to reduce the incidence of post-operative seroma following abdominal wall hernia repair.
Chapter 13 Functionalization of pyridines and thiazoles via the halogen-dance reaction, application to the total synthesis of caerulomycin c and WS75624 B

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the use of the halogen-dance reaction in synthesis and provides evidence that it can be a valuable tool for the functionalization of heterocycles. It also discusses strategies for the synthesis of two pyridine-derived natural products—caerulomycin C and WS75624 B. It has been shown that α-hydroxythioesters undergo borate-mediated hydrolysis and detailed mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction is directed by the α-hydroxyl group such that the borate moiety delivers hydroxide. Pyrdines bear an obvious resemblance to benzenes, but they pose very different problems in their functionalization. Pyridine rings are well suited for functionalization by base-promoted processes. Their electron deficient nature renders them intrinsically more acidic than similar benzene ring systems and in the presence of even moderate directed metalation groups (DMG's), pyridine C–H bonds can be deprotonated by lithium amide bases. This facile deprotonation is the basis for the halogen-dance reaction. The use of the halogen-dance reaction in the synthesis of the two pyridine-derived natural products— caerulomycin C and WS75624 B—has been studied. These compounds are potent endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors. ECE catalyzes the proteolysis of the 38 amino acid peptide long endothelin 1(big ET-1) to the 21 amino acid peptide endothelin 1 (ET-1).
Partial Versus Complete Linearization

The convergence properties of the partially or completely linearized equations for a grey model atmosphere in radiative equilibrium are compared. The completely linearized equations show the quadratic convergence properties of Newton-Raphson equations. When the opacity depends strongly on temperature, the convergence of the partially linearized equations is very slow initially but improves once the maximal error has moved to the lower boundary.
Senile systemic amyloidosis.

Senile systemic amyloid contains the prealbumin-like fibril protein, ASc1, and is the only known form of systemic age-related amyloid. Although it involves predominantly the heart, it may be found in a wide range of tissues. Immunologic studies show that ASc1 cross reacts with human prealbumin (PA) in binding reactions but not in immunoprecipitation reactions. Protein ASc1 shows complete homology with PA in four residues isolated. However, unlike PA, Asc1 may have a blocked N-terminus and is composed of at least three components. Anti-ASc1 forms a line of precipitation with sera from patients with familial amyloidosis. A similar weak reaction has been observed in some elderly patients with senile systemic amyloid.
Criminal conception: behind the white coat.

The infertility industry, quite ironically, has emerged as a fertile ground for white-collar crime (WCC) in both the United States and abroad.1 Though this arena is a relatively virginal setting for white-collar crime, the crimes committed here are among the most deplorable imaginable with nearly inconceivable consequences. However, the vehicles for prosecution are, for the most part, the very familiar and long-standing statutes within the federal criminal code. The explosion of advancements in Assisted Repro ductive Technology (ART), the billions of dollars this industry generates annually,2 and the millions of desperate people utilizing this technology,3
Perceptions of Bullying and Non-Bullying Children

Abstract This exploratory study focuses on the differences between children who self identify as bullies versus those who do not. Students (N = 192), grades 3 through 8, from a rural school district in the United States were surveyed as to their experiences with bullying in the school setting. A total of 70 students in the sample identified themselves as bullies. No substantial differences were found between the two groups in regard to gender or age, however, a larger percentage of bullying students were found in grades 7 and 8. Differences between the two groups relating to questions concerning empathy for peers and student's sense of helping were found. Results provide some insight into the attitudes and beliefs of children who bully. Expanding our understanding could lead to the development of more effective education and intervention programs for students, parents and teachers.
Extracting features from time-dependent vector fields using internal reference frames

Extracting features from complex, time-dependent flow fields remains a significant challenge despite substantial research efforts, especially because most flow features of interest are defined with respect to a given reference frame. Pathline-based techniques, such as the FTLE field, are complex to implement and resource intensive, whereas scalar transforms, such as l2, often produce artifacts and require somewhat arbitrary thresholds. Both approaches aim to analyze the flow in a more suitable frame, yet neither technique explicitly constructs one. This paper introduces a new data-driven technique to compute internal reference frames for large-scale complex flows. More general than uniformly moving frames, these frames can transform unsteady fields, which otherwise require substantial processing of resources, into a sequence of individual snapshots that can be analyzed using the large body of steady-flow analysis techniques. Our approach is simple, theoretically well-founded, and uses an embarrassingly parallel algorithm for structured as well as unstructured data. Using several case studies from fluid flow and turbulent combustion, we demonstrate that internal frames are distinguished, result in temporally coherent structures, and can extract well-known as well as notoriously elusive features one snapshot at a time.
Laboratory Evaluation of the BD MAX MRSA Assay

A comparison between the BD MAX MRSA and Xpert MRSA assays was performed using 239 nares samples. A 97.9% overall agreement between the two molecular assays was observed. The BD MAX MRSA assay proved to be a reliable alternative for a highly automated system to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patient nares samples.
Quantifying life safety Part II: Quantification of fire protection systems

In part I of the paper, an assembly building was analyzed in order to compute the failure probabilities, and thus the safety level, of current code-compliant buildings. In this second part, various fire protection systems are modeled within the fire and egress simulations in order to quantify their magnitude of impact. Since all fire protection systems can fail to perform as designed on demand, the potential failure along with its probability is accounted for in an event tree analysis. Comparing the resulting failure probabilities of the performance-based analyses with and without fire protection systems yields information about the magnitude of impact of the fire protection systems on the level of safety and hence allows a direct, objective, and quantitative comparison to other systems and designs. Accounting for the cost of the systems, a direct cost–benefit analysis can be conducted.
Upper Bound Analysis of Turning Using Sharp Corner Tools

Abstract A generalized upper bound model of turning operations using flat-faced sharp corner tools with both the side and end cutting edges engaged in cutting is described. The projection of the uncut chip area on the rake face plane is divided into a few regions separated by lines parallel to the chip flow direction at transition points. The area of each of these regions is transformed to the area of the corresponding regions of the shear surface using the ratio of the shear speed to the chip speed. Summing up the area of these regions, the total shear surface area is obtained. The tool-chip contact length at vertices is obtained from the length along the shear surface using the similarity between orthogonal and oblique cutting in the “equivalent” plane (the plane formed by the cutting velocity and chip velocity). Knowing the tool-chip contact length, the friction area is calculated. The chip flow angle and chip speed are obtained by minimizing the cutting power with respect to both these variables. Comp...
An experimental and computational study of 2-D blade-vortex interaction

An experimental and computational study is carried out to investigate the dominant physical factors of 2D parallel blade-vortex interaction (BVI) and its noise generation. A shock tube was used to generate a starting vortex which interacted with a target airfoil. Double-exposed holographic interferometry and airfoil surface pressure measurements were employed to obtain quantitative data during the BVI. As a numerical approach, thin-layer Navier-Stokes code, with a multizonal grid, was also used to resolve the phenomena occuring in the BVI, especially in the head-on collision case.
Acute effects of acamprosate and MPEP on ethanol Drinking-in-the-Dark in male C57BL/6J mice.

Background: Recently, a simple procedure in mice, Drinking-in-the-Dark (DID), was hypothesized to have value for medication development for human alcoholism. In DID, mice are offered intermittent, limited access to ethanol over a series of days during the dark phase that results in rapid drinking to intoxication in predisposed genotypes. Methods: We measured the effects of acamprosate or MPEP, metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonist, on intake of 20% ethanol, plain tap water or 10% sugar water using the DID procedure in male C57BL/6J mice. Results: Acamprosate (100, 200, 300, or 400 mg/kg) dose dependently decreased ethanol drinking with 300 mg/kg reducing ethanol intake by approximately 20% without affecting intake of plain water or 10% sugar water. MPEP (1, 3, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was more potent than acamprosate with 20 mg/kg reducing ethanol intake by approximately 20% and for longer duration without affecting intake of plain water or 10% sugar water. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that mGluR5 signaling plays a role in excessive ethanol intake in DID and suggest DID may have value for screening novel compounds that reduce overactive glutamate signaling for potential pharmaceutical treatment of excessive ethanol drinking behavior.
Finite Element Solution and Dispersion Analysis for the Transient Structural Acoustics Problem

In this paper a finite element formulation is proposed for solution of the time-dependent coupled wave equation over an infinite fluid domain. The formulation is based on a finite computational fluid domain surrounding the structure and incorporates a sequence of boundary operators on the fluid truncation boundary. These operators are designed to minimize reflection of outgoing waves and are based on an asymptotic expansion of the exact solution for the time-dependent problem. The variational statement of the governing equations is developed from a Hamiltonian approach that is modified for nonconservative systems. The dispersive properties of finite element semidiscretizations of the three dimensional wave equation are examined. This analysis throws light on the performance of the finite element approximation over the entire range of wavenumbers and the effects of the order of interpolation, mass lumping, and direction of wave propagation are considered.
Assessing a Historically Hispanic Serving Institution Internationalization Process

1. Flavia Iuspa[1][1] 1. 1Florida International University, Miami, USA 1. Flavia Iuspa, College of Education, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, ZEB 348A, Miami, FL 33199, USA. Email: iuspaf{at}fiu.edu This article presents a qualitative study conducted at a Historically Hispanic Serving Institution (HHSI) to further the understanding of its internationalization decision-making process. The study uses the Internationalization Cube model to review the institution’s internal processes and policies toward internationalization and assess how its international activities align with its internationalization efforts. The Internationalization Cube, an eight-cell model, permits the positioning of Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs) based on the analysis of its three dimensions and respective subcategories: policy, support, and implementation. The International Dimension Index (IDI) and the Item Relevancy Index (IRI) were also used to determine the level of alignment between the HHSI position on the Internationalization Cube and its international activities. The study finds that the HHSI is on Position 6 on the Internationalization Cube (priority policy, one-sided support, and systematic/structure implementation), and exhibits all the international activities considered indicators of internationalization but attention is needed to foreign language, international students, study abroad, faculty movement and involvement in international projects. The study concludes that an association exists between the institution’s position on the Internationalization Cube and its international activities, and adjustments in the institution’s policy, support, and implementation dimensions will be required to advance its position on the Internationalization Cube making its internationalization process more sustainable. This study makes a contribution to addressing the need to assess an IHE by presenting a holistic organizational framework instead of a fragmented international activities organizational analysis. [1]: #aff-1
Leo Naphta und sein Autor

Die Konzeption des Romans Der Zauberberg wird durch die Tagebucher 1918-1921 neu beleuchtet. Wahrend die Figur Settembrini schon in dem 1919 vorliegenden Manuskript ausgebildet war, wurde die Bildung der Figur Naphta von Thomas Manns Erfahrungen und Ansichten nach 1918 beeinfluβt. Naphta vertritt Ansichten, die Thomas Mann selbst probierte. Jedoch sol1 Naphta negativ verstanden werden. Thomas Mann bestatigte sich seinen Anschluβ an die angestammte Kultur durch Projektion von eigenen abgelegten Ideologien auf den Juden Naphta. Judentum empfand Thomas Mann als fremd, mit positivem oder negativem Akzent. Naphta ersetzt seine eigene Kultur mit intelligenten aber fremden Ideologien. Die Figur Naphta im Roman warnt vor linken, auch vor rechten, radikalen, kulturstorenden Ideologien. Das Projektionsverfahren ist literarisch, kann aber auch zu antisemitisch-politischer Praxis degenerieren. Auch hier zeigt sich, daβ der Nationalsozialismus, wie Faschismen uberhaupt, als irregeleitetes asthetisches Phanomen angesprochen werden kann.
Influence of a composite resin restoration on the gingiva.

Abstract A composite resin material was used to restore Class V cavity preparations in subjects with clinically normal gingivae. Two months after final polishing of the restorations the following findings were made: (1) Gingival tissues adjacent to restorations with subgingival margins developed marginal gingivitis in patients who practiced good oral hygiene. (2) Plaque material forms more easily on the surface of composite resin than on tooth enamel. (3) The concept of “extension for prevention” in cavity preparations may help initiate the development of marginal gingivitis.
Fringe-dependent notch activation and tramtrack function are required for specification of the polar cells in Drosophila oogenesis

During Drosophila oogenesis, each egg chamber is encapsulated through the coordinated signaling of multiple pathways, resulting in the formation of polar cells at the termini and a row of stalk cells in between each egg chamber. Notch signaling is required for specification of a precursor group containing both stalk and polar cells. Together, the Notch and JAK/STAT pathways specify the stalk cells as well as a group of prepolar cells, from within that group. The mechanism by which the polar cells differentiate from the prepolar group involves apoptosis, but the pathways which control that process are largely unknown. We now demonstrate that Notch signaling, activated by Delta and transduced by the transcription factor Tramtrack, is involved in the process of refining the prepolar cell group to two polar cells. The glycosyltransferase Fringe is expressed and required cell-autonomously in prepolar cells for this process. However, the transcription factor Mirror, which inhibits fringe expression in other tissues and stages of development, as well as Serrate, one of the two known ligands for Notch, are not required for maturation of prepolar cells. This finding suggests that Fringe is necessary for generating positional information in localizing a high-affinity interaction between Notch and its ligand Delta, even if a second ligand is not essential.
2013: Signaling Breakthroughs of the Year

The editorial staff and distinguished scientists in the field of cell signaling nominated diverse research as advances for 2013. Breakthroughs in understanding how spatial and temporal signals control cellular behavior ranged from filtering high-frequency stimuli to interpreting circadian inputs. This year's nominations also highlight the importance of understanding cell signaling in the context of physiology and disease, such as links between the nervous system and cancer. Furthermore, the application of new techniques to study cell signaling--such as optogenetics, DNA editing with CRISPR-Cas9, and sequencing untranslated regions of transcripts--continues to expand the realm and impact of signaling research.
An Experimental Technique for Studying the Infrared Spectrum of Chemisorbed Compounds

Abstract Two specially designed infrared cells are described for use in studying chemisorption gas-solid reactions. The gas phase spectrum of diisopropyl methyl phosphonate and dimethyl methyl phosphonate both before and after reaction with a transition metal solid, FeCl3, are shown, using these new cells. Assignments are made for all bands in the spectrum of these compounds.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphisms and plasma levels in children with obstructive sleep apnea.

Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction in both adults and children. In adults with OSA, serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are elevated. Therefore, we assessed plasma MIF levels and MIF allelic variant frequencies in children with and without OSA.
The utility and limitations of genetic data for stock identification and management of North Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.)

Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) represent a speciose and ecologically important group of marine fishes found in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, with approximately 105 species found world-wide (Hyde and Vetter 2007). They also comprise the majority of species found in the Pacific groundfish fishery. Thorough species assessments in terms of harvest management have been done for only 11 species, and of the 11 species, seven have been declared overfished. Having accurate genetic information is critical to the continuing effort at stock assessments, but sampling is often difficult in marine fishes. Genetic techniques are a powerful tool in the effort to better characterize the ecology of these species. These techniques can be used to investigate multiple biological traits, including species identity, intra- and interspecific genetic variation, migration patterns, and effective population size. There are important caveats and limitations when applying specific genetic methods, especially in marine species that lack discrete spawning aggregates. Nevertheless, it is clear from a review of recent literature that genetic tools have already provided very specific insight regarding rockfish population dynamics. The results are diverse and difficult to synthesize; however, existing studies show five primary patterns to population groupings in rockfishes: no obvious pattern of structure, structure consistent with isolation by distance, structure evident but inconsistent with isolation by distance, structure that correlates to oceanographic features, and potential genetic introgression. Clearly the study of rockfish population genetics is poised for rapid expansion that will unquestionably aid management of the rockfish fisheries and general understanding of rockfish evolutionary systematics. A principle challenge at this point is to derive generalized inferences from such a diverse array of study results across the vast North Pacific range of Sebastes. This review summarizes existing genetic studies in Sebastes spp. in the North Pacific to assist in identifying knowledge gaps for this ecologically important and diverse group.
Intensity, duration, and frequency of precipitation extremes under 21st-century warming scenarios

[1] Recent research on the projection of precipitation extremes has either focused on conceptual physical mechanisms that generate heavy precipitation or rigorous statistical methods that extrapolate tail behavior. However, informing both climate prediction and impact assessment requires concurrent physically and statistically oriented analysis. A combined examination of climate model simulations and observation-based reanalysis data sets suggests more intense and frequent precipitation extremes under 21st-century warming scenarios. Utilization of statistical extreme value theory and resampling-based uncertainty quantification combined with consideration of the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship reveals consistently intensifying trends for precipitation extremes at a global-average scale. However, regional and decadal analyses reveal specific discrepancies in the physical mechanisms governing precipitation extremes, as well as their statistical trends, especially in the tropics. The intensifying trend of precipitation extremes has quantifiable impacts on intensity-duration-frequency curves, which in turn have direct implications for hydraulic engineering design and water-resources management. The larger uncertainties at regional and decadal scales suggest the need for caution during regional-scale adaptation or preparedness decisions. Future research needs to explore the possibility of uncertainty reduction through higher resolution global climate models, statistical or dynamical downscaling, as well as improved understanding of precipitation extremes processes.
Preservice Teachers’ Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Student Diversity and Proposed Instructional Practices: A Sequential Design Study

This study draws on insights from achievement goal theory and multicultural education to examine the interrelated nature of preservice teachers’ biases and beliefs regarding culturally diverse stud...
Hypocalcemia in cancer

Abstract Hypocalcemia based on total calcium measurement is frequent in certain cancers (especially prostate) in association with osteosclerotic bone metastases. In a majority of these patients hypocalcemia is related to the low serum albumin and/or renal failure. True ionized hypocalcemia may be seen as a toxic effect of certain chemotherapsutic agents or as a consequence of hyperphosphatemia due to rapid tumor lysis. In addition, tumors may produce osteoblast-stimulating factor(s) which cause massive accretion of calcium by the skeleton. Isolation and purification of these factors may provide us with unique osteoblast-stimulating factors which may have therapeutic applications.
Fragmentation into small vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers during freezing and thawing

Multilayered liposomes of some phosphatidylcholines progressively fragment into small vesicles when the electrolyte solution in which they are suspended is subjected to successive cycles of freezing and thawing. The fragmentation process, routinely monitored by absorbance measurements and verified by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, involves bilayer breakage and resealing. After 10 cycles of freezing and thawing in 0.1 M electrolyte solution, the result is a population of vesicles smaller than 200 nm diameter. Sucrose, a common cryoprotectant, completely inhibits fragmentation. Fragmentation is absolutely dependent upon the presence of an electrolyte. Those electrolytes most effective in promoting liposome fragmentation have large freezing point depressions and corresponding high solubilities at the freezing point. This, coupled with the observation that saturating concentrations of electrolyte are less effective than 0.1 M solutions indicates that an essential stage in the fragmentation process is osmotic extraction of water from the vesicles, i.e., ice formation in the external phase leads to a progressive increase in the electrolyte concentration of the residual external solution, which, in turn, dehydrates the vesicle. In addition, for maximal fragmentation, the minimum temperature must be at least as low as the solute eutectic temperature. Particular physical properties of the bilayer are also important, for dioleoyl and diphytanoyl derivatives are much more susceptible to fragmentation than are other phosphatidylcholines, and inclusion of 50 mol% cholesterol in dioleoylphosphatidylcholine completely inhibits membrane breakup. This system provides insight into mechanisms of freezing damage to membranes and may also offer a very simple and rapid assay for biological cryoprotectants.
CAI in Economics: What Happened to the Revolution?

In contrast to Michael Lovell's argument, this comment argues that the lack of computer-aided instruction (CAI) materials does not result from the public-good nature of educational software but from a lack of demand for CAI materials.
Extended hemodialysis in children with chronic renal failure

Five adolescents from 12 to 15 years of age with end-stage renal disease weredialyzed intermittently for periods of 1 to 6 months, using a low-resistance, pumpless, no-prime dialyzer (single layer of a standard two-layer Kiil). Minimal difficulties were observed with the silastic-teflon arteriovenous cannula. A relatively unrestricted diet was permitted with limitation of fluids to 1 L. and no added salt. Hypertension responded to removal of fluid by ultrafiltration. In adolescents weighing 28 to 52 kilograms, extended hemodialysis 2 to 3 times weekly for periods of 16 to 21 hours was found to be simple, without serious complications, and adequate to control the symptoms of uremia. This method of intermittent hemodialysis is recommended for children in preparation for live or cadaveric renal homotransplantation.
Immigrant Religiosity in Canada: Multiple Trajectories

Although much research focuses on the economic and linguistic adaptation of immigrants to their new societies, it is rare to find research that studies the religious adaptation of immigrants at a national level. Using longitudinal data among immigrants to Canada in 2001, hypothesized trajectories of immigrant religiosity during initial settlement controlling for a number of individual and contextual level factors are explored. Religious group membership increases a few years after migration and then falls back to earlier levels within 4 years after migration. However, religious participation declines throughout the adaptation process, while the likelihood of religious volunteerism dramatically increases. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of potential explanations for these seemingly contradictory trajectories.
Navier-Stokes simulation of external/internal transonic flow on the forebody/inlet of the AV-8B Harrier II

In this work, the computation of combined external/internal transonic flow on the complex forebody/inlet configuration of the AV-8B Harrier II is performed. The actual aircraft has been measured and its surface and surrounding domain, in which the fuselage and inlet have a common wall, have been described using structured grids. The 'thin-layer' Navier-Stokes equations were used to model the flow along with the Chimera embedded multi-block technique. A fully conservative, alternating direction implicit (ADI), approximately factored, partially fluxsplit algorithm was employed to perform the computation. Comparisons to some experimental wind tunnel data yielded good agreement for flow at zero incidence and angle of attack. The aim of this paper is to provide a methodology or computational tool for the numerical solution of complex external/internal flows.
Globalization and Poverty: Oxymoron or New Possibilities?

The presentation and paper for this conference go to the heart of the relationship between globalization and poverty worldwide. Data from the United Nations reveal the dramatic increase in exports and imports from 1990 to 2004, along with the uneven economic performance/quality of life across development groupings and geographical regions. Thus, findings suggest the possibility that trade growth has failed expectations that developing countries would rise to greater levels of productivity and subsequently reduce abject poverty. Nonetheless, the situation is far from hopeless and real progress can occur with a continued movement by transnational corporations toward socially responsible human rights, proactive governmental strategies that support productive dynamism, and removal of public policies that unfairly restrict less developed nations.
High performance In 2 O 3 nanowire transistors using organic gate nanodielectrics

In this study, we report high performance nanowire transistors using individual in 203 nanowires as channels, a multilayer self-assembled organic nano-dielectric (SAND) as the gate insulator (thickness -15 nm, capacitance -180 nF/cm2, and leakage current density ~1x10-6 A/cm2 up to 2 V). The NWTs use an individually addressable indium zinc oxide (IZO) bottom-gate and Al source/drain electrodes.
Joint Book-Reading Strategies in Middle-Class African American and White Mother-Toddler Dyads: Research Note

Twenty middle-socioeconomic class mother-toddler dyads were video recorded during three joint book-reading activities. Ten of the dyads were White, and 10 were African American, who were balanced for family income and parental occupation. The children ranged in age from 18 to 30 months and were normally developing. The parents read an experimental book to their child two times and a favorite book they brought from home one time. Videotapes of the joint book-readings were analyzed to determine cultural differences and the effects of book familiarity on the occurrence of maternal and child communication behaviors. The results do not support the findings of an earlier study in which differences in caretaker questioning behaviors were found between working-class African American and White participants. In contrast, the present study showed many similarities between the cultural groups in joint book-reading behaviors. However, the White group used significantly more labeling as compared to the African American...
Decoquinate induces tissue cyst formation by the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii

Decoquinate is an anticoccidial agent that inhibits respiration in the parasites mitochondrion. We examined human foreskin fibroblast cell cultures infected with the normally tissue cyst-less RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii and treated with decoquinate for evidence of tissue cyst induction and formation. Transmission electron microscopy observations demonstrated tissue cysts in decoquinate-treated cultures on days 3, 4, 5, and 6 after inoculation. Tissue cysts contained a tissue cyst wall that enclosed stages that resembled tachyzoites and stages that were structurally bradyzoites. Similar treatment of human foreskin fibroblast cells infected with tachyzoites of the TS-4 temperature-sensitive mutant of the RH strain did not result in production of tissue cysts.
Experiments on random‐ordering field critical behavior in dilute antiferromagnets (invited)

We present experimental results bearing on the random‐field problem near the bicritical point (BCP) of antiferromagnetic GdAlO3 with various degrees of dilution: 1) From the phase boundaries near the BCP, a random‐field crossover exponent φrf≊1.75 is derived. 2) At random‐exchange transitions, the susceptibility χ exhibits a divergence‐like peak as in the pure material. At random‐field transitions, on the other hand, only a broad maximum of χ is observed, suggesting a specific‐heat exponent α<−1. 3) The transition from the antiferromagnetic state to the spinflop state below the bicritical point is qualitatively different from the pure case. 4) In the paramagnetic state above the bicritical point, an additional susceptibility peak is observed, whose intensity increases rapidly with the degree of dilution. These results are compared with current theory on the random‐field problem.
Helium II thermal counterflow: Temperature- and pressure-difference data and analysis in terms of the Vinen theory

An extensive investigation of the temperature and pressure difference associated with the thermal counterflow of He II in long capillary tubes is reported. For heat currents that are not too large, our temperature data are in excellent agreement with the Vinen theory in which mutual friction is regarded as arising from a homogeneous mass of quantized vortex line. Our pressure data, which are obtained simultaneously with the temperature data, are used to determine the eddy viscosity of the vortex lines. The Vinen theory is reviewed and somewhat modified in the light of these and other recent results. It is suggested that the vortex-line model of thermal counterflow is one of the few successful quantitative models of nonlinear hydrodynamics effects in He II. (AIP)
730-5 Why Do Aorto-Ostial Lesions Behave Differently than Non-ostial Lesions? Histologic Findings in Directional Atherectomy Specimens of Aorto-Ostial vs. Non-ostial Lesions

Conventional angioplasty of aorto-ostial lesions (≤3 mm from aorta) is frequently associated with suboptimal results, high procedural complications, and increased restenosis rate compared to non-ostial lesions. To gain insight into the differences between aorto-ostial and non-ostial lesions, directional atherectomy (DCA) samples of de novo native aorto-ostial lesions from 32 patients (64 ± 11 years; 22 men) were compared to randomly selected DCA samples of de novo native non-ostial lesions from 34 patients (61 ± 11 years; 23 men). Results (1) The amount of tissue removed was similar between the two groups (6.4 ± 3.6 μm 2 vs. 6.2 ± 3.8 μm 2 ). with predominantly fibrosclerotic plaque (59% vs. 68%): (2) The aorto-ostial group had significantly more areas of high cellularity vs. non-ostial group (0.73 ± 0.74 μm 2 vs. 0.41 ± 0.49 μm 2 ; p l 0.05): (3) The aorto-ostial group tended to contain more thrombus (0.61 ± 0.79 μm 2 vs. 0.29 ± 0.35 μm 2 ; p l 0.08); and (4) the aorto-ostial DCA samples more frequently had adventitial tissue (0.1 0 ± 0.14 μm 2 vs. 0.04 ± 0.06 μm 2 ; p = 0.07). We conclude that: (1) The aorto-ostiallesions seem to experience greater spontaneous trauma and stimulus for proliferation, as evidenced by the more abundant reactive cellular component. This histologic confirmation of the known rheologic effect on aorto-ostial regions may explain the increased restenosis rate observed with these lesions.: (2) The aorto-ostiallesions are more unstable, with a trend for more thrombotic component. This may explain the high procedural complications during angioplasty of the aorto-ostiallesions.: and (3) DCA specimens from the aortoostial lesions tended to have greater amount of adventitia, another potential source for procedural complication and increased restenosis. These findings suggest that there are biologic explanations for observed suboptimal acute and chronic results after angioplasty of aorto-ostial lesions, and further suggest a need for an improved strategy, such as minimization of the aorto-ostial turbulent flow possibly with stenting combined with local pharmacologic treatment.
A new method for Characterization of the Surface Energy of Hydrophobic Particles

A film flotation technique has been developed for assessing the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of an assembly of particles which have a distribution of surface energies. With this method, particles are partitioned by placing them on the surface of a series of aqueous solutions of different surface tensions and determining the fraction imbibed into the liquid. From the results, a cumulative distribution of particles versus their critical wetting surface tension (surface energy) can be made. The mean critical wetting surface tension can be used as an index for making correlations with surface-based processes.
Configural and Elemental Coding of Natural Odor Mixture Components in the Human Brain

SUMMARY Most real-world odors are complex mixtures of distinct molecular components. Olfactory systems can adopt different strategies to contend with this stimulus complexity. In elemental processing, odor perception is derived from the sum of its parts; in configural processing, the parts are integrated into unique perceptual wholes. Here we used gaschromatography/mass-spectrometry techniques to deconstruct a complex natural food smell and assess whether olfactory salience is confined to the whole odor or is also embodied in its parts. By implementing an fMRI sensory-specific satiety paradigm, we identified reward-based changes in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) for the whole odor and for a small subset of components. Moreover, component-specific changes in OFC-amygdala connectivity correlated with perceived value. Our findings imply that the human brain has direct access to the elemental content of a natural food odor, and highlight the dynamic capacity of the olfactory system to engage both objectlevel and component-level mechanisms to subserve behavior.
Temperature dependence of the infrared absorptivity of the noble metals

The infrared absorptivity of the noble metals from 1.7 to 3.5 \ensuremath{\mu} has been measured in the range of 10 to 310 K. Electropolished bulk specimens of copper, silver, and gold and films evaporated onto polished sapphire have been studied. The results are interpreted in terms of the Holstein theories of phonon-assisted and surface-assisted absorption. These theories are found to provide an accurate description of the absorptivity, when allowance is made for anisotropy of the electron-phonon relaxation time over the Fermi surface. Values of this anisotropy are obtained. The average scattering of electrons at the metal surface is found to be nearly completely diffuse.
Variations in the thermal emission of Seyfert galaxies

Accurate monitoring of five Seyfert galaxies demonstrates that they are all variable in the IR region. These fluctuations probably arise when variations in the nonthermal UV sources change the rate of heating of interstellar dust within the nuclei of these galaxies, as demonstrated quantitatively for III Zw 2.
Separation of Prostaglandins E1, and E2 and other Major Eicosanoids by Unidimensional Argentation Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract Prostaglandins (PG) E1 and E2 are important regulators of biologic functions, and can express different biological effects. In thin layer chromatography (TLC) systems which separate these compounds, comigration of other major eicosanoids is a problem. This paper describes a TLC system using a mobile phase of chloroform/methanol/acetic acid/H2O (90:7.5:5:0.8) that separates PGE1 and PGE2, as well as other major eicosanoids, including dihomogammalinolenic acid (DHLA), the immediate fatty acid precursor of PGE1.
ALLTEM UXO Detection And Discrimination

ALLTEM is a multi-axis electromagnetic induction system designed for unexploded ordnance (UXO) applications. It uses a continuous triangle-wave excitation and provides good late-time signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) especially for ferrous targets. Multi-axis transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) systems such as ALLTEM provide a richer data set from which to invert for the target parameters required to distinguish between clutter and UXO. Inversions of field data over the Army’s UXO Calibration Grid and Blind Test Grid at the Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Arizona in 2006 produced polarizability moment values for many buried UXO items that were reasonable and generally repeatable for targets of the same type buried at different orientations and depths. In 2007 a test stand was constructed that allows for collection of data with varying spatial data density and accurate automated position control. The behavior of inverted ALLTEM test stand data as a function of spatial data density, sensor SNR, and position error has been investigated. The results indicate that the ALLTEM inversion algorithm is more tolerant of sensor noise and position error than has been reported for single-axis systems. A high confidence level in inversion-derived target parameters is required when a target is declared to be harmless scrap metal that may safely be left in the ground. Unless high confidence can be demonstrated, state regulators will likely require that targets be dug regardless of any “no-dig” classifications produced from inversions, in which case remediation costs would not be decreased.
U-937 monocyte-mediated c-Jun dephosphorylation and AP-1 activation in human endometrial stromal cells.

Abstract Objective: To determine paracrine effects of monocytes/macrophages on c-Jun dephosphorylation and AP-1 DNA binding activity in human endometrial stromal cells. Study Design: Conditioned medium (CM) was prepared from human monocyte U-937 cells in serum-free medium. Subconfluent immortalized human endometrial stromal N5 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and cultured in the CM or the control medium for 30 min, 1, 3, 8, 16 or 24 h. Nuclear extracts were prepared and phosphorylated and dephosphorylated c-Jun isoforms were detected by Western blot analysis and the DNA binding activity was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Data on protein levels and DNA binding activity were analyzed statistically by ANOVA using SAS programs. Results: c-Jun was dominantly in the phosphorylated state in N5 cells cultured in the control medium. The CM induced c-Jun accumulation and dephosphorylation and increased AP-1 DNA binding activity in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion: U-937 cells induce c-Jun dephosphorylation and AP-1 activation in human endometrial stromal cells by paracrine factors. Further investigations are needed to characterize the nature of these paracrine factors and their signaling pathways leading to AP-1 activation.
Emotional influences on evaluative judgments: Roles of arousal, attention, and spreading activation

A conceptual framework and experimental technique for investigating the influence of phasic emotional states on information processing are described. The theoretical framework utilizes the constructs of arousal, attention, and spreading activation to characterize the potential nature of emotional effects. The experimental technique employs a game format within which simple emotional states are elicited by incentive warning signals and feedback signals occurring within each trial. Subjects judged the emotional tone of a target word presented following the warning signal, and reaction times and error rates were measured. Two experiments demonstrated an effect related to general arousal; responses were faster and less accurate following valuable as compared to neutral warnings. In addition, both studies found several more selective effects. A congruent incentive influence was evident in the more efficient processing of positive words following positive incentives and negative words following negative incentives. An incongruent outcome influence was evident in the more efficient processing of positive words following trials involving negative feedback. Analyses of processing benefits and costs indicated that these selective influences arose from attentional rather than spreading activation mechanisms. Control conditions demonstrated that neither effect was influenced by cognitive variables involving the symbolic form of the warning, the location of the warning, or the location of positive responses. Instead, the two effects depended primarily on the presence of a valuable as compared to neutral incentive signal. These results are discussed in light of contemporary model of interactions between emotion and cognition.