cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternate intimacy, marriage, and family lifestyles among low-income Black Americans

This article describes nontraditional intimacy, marriage and family structures, and patterns of interaction among low-income Black Americans. Census data are reported to document trends in the development of “alternative” and “alternate” family structures for American Blacks. An explanation of why these lifestyles have heretofore been neglected in alternative lifestyle research is suggested. The relation between social structure and ethnic preferences in determining familial lifetyle choices and options is explored. An attempt is made to delineate the social, cultural, and economic forces associated with their emergence. Finally, a theoretical approach to analyzing the genesis of diverse ethnic family structures is explored.
Optimism in the Face of Despair: Black‐White Differences in Beliefs About School as a Means for Upward Social Mobility*

Objective. This study aims to provide a better understanding of how beliefs about the system of social mobility affect students’ schooling outcomes. Previous studies reach conflicting conclusions because they conflate two forms of beliefs about social mobility (i.e., perceived value of school and perceived barriers despite schooling). Methods. The Maryland Adolescence Development In Context Study (MADICS) is used to examine black-white differences in beliefs about the value of school and barriers to upward mobility despite schooling and how these beliefs predict academic achievement and educational attainment. Results. The analyses show that relative to whites, blacks hold stronger beliefs in both the value of school and barriers to social mobility, and have greater affective attitudes toward schooling. However, belief in barriers to social mobility is not consequential for academic outcomes. Conclusions. Beliefs about upward mobility are mechanisms by which the opportunity structure influences individuals’ schooling behaviors and making clear distinctions between various beliefs about the system of social mobility can refine the understanding of this link. This study suggests that individuals make nuanced distinctions about the role of schooling for upward mobility, each with separate effects on academic outcomes. Despite the persistence of the black-white achievement gap—Hedges and Nowell (1999) project gap convergence could take as long as 50 years in
Team Boundary Spanning: A Multilevel Review of Past Research and Proposals for the Future

In response to increased complexity of work tasks, flatter organizational structures, and changing environmental conditions, organizational work teams must increasingly coordinate efforts across their boundaries and actively manage key relationships external to the team itself. Despite evidence of the importance of these processes—referred to as team boundary spanning—for both team and organizational success, significant gaps exist in our understanding of the nature of team boundary spanning, how and when these behaviors are carried out by teams, and the resulting impacts of team boundary spanning beyond that of enhanced team performance. Therefore, this article seeks to advance knowledge in this area by offering a taxonomy of team boundary spanning actions, reviewing the existing stream of team boundary spanning literature across multiple levels of analysis, and integrating this body of work with findings and perspectives from other boundary spanning research areas so as to stimulate fruitful avenues for...
Automatic, efficient, temporally-coherent video enhancement for large scale applications

A fast and robust method for video contrast enhancement is presented. The method uses the histogram of each frame, along with upper and lower bounds computed per shot in order to enhance the current frame. This ensures that the artifacts introduced during the enhancement is reduced to a minimum. Traditional methods that do not compute per-shot estimates tend to over-enhance parts of the video such as fades and transitions. Our method does not suffer from this problem, which is essential for a fully automatic algorithm. We present the parameters for our methods which yielded the best human feedback, which showed that out of 208 videos, 203 were enhanced, while the remaining 5 were of too poor quality to be enhanced. Additionally, we present a visual comparison of our work with the recently-proposed Weighted Thresholded Histogram Equalization (WTHE) algorithm.
Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair

Most errors that arise during DNA replication can be corrected by DNA polymerase proofreading or by post-replication mismatch repair (MMR). Inactivation of both mutation-avoidance systems results in extremely high mutability that can lead to error catastrophe1,2. High mutability and the likelihood of cancer can be caused by mutations and epigenetic changes that reduce MMR3,4. Hypermutability can also be caused by external factors that directly inhibit MMR. Identifying such factors has important implications for understanding the role of the environment in genome stability. We found that chronic exposure of yeast to environmentally relevant concentrations of cadmium, a known human carcinogen5, can result in extreme hypermutability. The mutation specificity along with responses in proofreading-deficient and MMR-deficient mutants indicate that cadmium reduces the capacity for MMR of small misalignments and base-base mismatches. In extracts of human cells, cadmium inhibited at least one step leading to mismatch removal. Together, our data show that a high level of genetic instability can result from environmental impediment of a mutation-avoidance system.
The effect of sublethal X-irradiation on erythropoiesis in the mouse

Abstract BALC/c female mice were exposed to 300 R of total body X-irradiation following which erythropoiesis was studied for the next 8 weeks. The data indicate that the initial effects of radiation injury on erythropoiesis is marked depression of both splenic and marrow erynthropoiesis and the development of ineffective release of maturing RBCs from these organs, as demonstrated by marked decreases in organ radioiron uptake and in radioiron reappearance in RBCs, respectively. The data suggest a complex interrelationship between splenic and marrow erythropoiesis following erythropoietic perturbation. We conclude that the mouse spleen may function in a booster capacity to marrow erythropoiesis in the attainment and maintenance of a new steady-state condition.
Background fields, composite operators, and asymptotic freedom

Abstract The gluon self-energy in a covariant background gauge is related to the self-energy in an ordinary covariant gauge and the two-point function of a composite operator which enters the Kugo-Ojima confinement criterion. Asymptotic freedom is tied to anti-screening of global color.
Simultaneous use of multiple serologic tests in assessing clinical activity in systemic lupus erythematosus

Ten technics for quantifying and qualifying anti-DNA antibodies were correlated with manifestations of disease activity in sera from 27 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using both a simple and a stepwise regression. In the stepwise analysis, a panel consisting of four of these tests provided maximal correlation (r = 0.68) with clinical status. Low IgM anti-DNA was a significant correlate of nephritis in stepwise discriminant function analysis. Multivariate analysis can offer distinct advantages over simple correlation in understanding the role of serological abnormalities in disease expression in SLE.
Ecological effects of organic agricultural practices on insect populations

Abstract Late-season population densities of flea beetles, alate aphids, and caterpillars were found to be significantly lower on collards which were fertilized with sewage sludge and cow manure than on chemically fertilized and unfertilized plants. Plant growth differed significantly among treatments: sludge > manure > fertilizer > untreated. The ecological effects of the different treatments on herbivore populations suggested that insect abundance was probably due to changes in the nutritional quality and chemistry of the plants raised in the various treatments. Also, plant size probably influenced microclimate and predator effectiveness in treatments. Whatever the cause(s) for the significantly fewer insects in the organic treatments, the results support the proposition that organic fertilizers can promote crop-plant resistance to attack by insect pests.
The Role of Exotoxin A in Pseudomonas Disease and Immunity

Exotoxin A is an extracellular enzyme that is produced by most clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a single-chain polypeptide (molecular weight, 71,000) with A and B fragments that mediate enzymatic and cell-binding functions, respectively. Exotoxin A catalyzes the transfer of the adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl moiety from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide to elongation factor 2, which results in the inactivation of the latter and the inhibition of protein biosynthesis. Exotoxin A is a potent cytotoxin and is lethal for a variety of animals, including subhuman primates. Produced in vivo during P. aeruginosa infections, exotoxin A apparently causes disease by inhibition of protein synthesis, direct cytopathic effects, and interference with cellular immune functions of the host. Antibodies to exotoxin A provide protection from some of the biochemical, pathologic, and lethal consequences of both experimental and clinical pseudomonas infections. Toxoid produced from exotoxin A is currently undergoing evaluation as a vaccine for possible use in the immunoprophylaxis against pseudomonas disease in humans.
Studies on the location of the Y fluorescent body in human interphase nuclei

The present study assessed the intranuclear location of the Y chromosome, particularly to determine its relationship to the nuclear membrane. The quinacrine mustard fluorescence technique was used to identify the interphase Y body in nuclei of 5 types of cell (mononuclear, bilobulated nuclear and polymophonuclear leukocytes; buccal mucosal cells; and cultured skin fibroblasts) from 3 different populations of subjects (normal adults, normal neonates and XYY individuals). The location of the Y body was designated either peripheral (appearing to abut the nuclear membrane) or central. In nuclei with one Y fluorescent body, the mean percentages of apparent peripheral Y bodies decreased by the order polymorphonuclear leukocyte (90–96%), bilobulated nuclear leukocyte, mononuclear leukocyte, buccal cell, and fibroblast (6–11%). Most of these tissue-related differences were of high statistical significance in all of the subject groups. Mean nuclear diameters were also determined. The order of increasing size among the 5 types of nuclei was the same as the order of decreasing percentage of apparent peripheral Y bodies. This relationship might be expected even if the Y body is actually always contiguous with the nuclear membrane, since the central Y bodies may in fact be adjacent to the membrane in a plane that cannot be appreciated microscopically. This hypothesis was tested by means of a geometric model which accounts for the fact that although all Y bodies may actually be related to the nuclear membrane, only certain Y bodies will appear peripheral. The expected percentages of apparent peripheral Y bodies were derived for the various cell types by means of the model, and these were contrasted statistically with maximum likelihood estimates of the observed percentages. All differences were of high statistical significance P<0.001), rejecting the null hypothesis. The present study thus provides no evidence that the fluorescent portion of the Y chromosome is invariably associated with the nuclear membrane in interphase. Although there is evidence from a number of sources, including this laboratory, that the interphase Y may associate with the nucleolus, this evidence cannot at present be considered conclusive.
Gαq potentiation of adenylate cyclase type 9 activity through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent pathway

Abstract Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) type 9 (AC9) activity has been shown to be inhibited by PMA activation of novel protein kinase C (nPKC) isoforms. In the current study the effect on AC9 activity of activating PKC in physiological relevant manner was examined. Contrary to the anticipated inhibitory effect of activating PKCs through Gq-coupled receptors, activation of transiently expressed Gq-coupled serotonin 5-HT2A or muscarinic M5 receptors resulted in the potentiation of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in HEK293 cells stably expressing AC9 (HEK-AC9). Consistent with Gq-mediated activation of PKC, the addition of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide further potentiated isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. Expression of a constitutively active mutant of Gαq in HEK-AC9 cells also produced an enhancement in basal and isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. We also examined the role of Gαq-mediated release of intracellular Ca2+ on the observed potentiation of AC9 activity, by depleting intracellular Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin. In Ca2+-depleted HEK-AC9 cells, activation of transiently expressed M5 receptors resulted in inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation that was blocked by bisindolylmaleimide, indicating that M5 potentiation of AC9 activity requires Ca2+. This prompted us to examine the effects of the calmodulin antagonist W7 and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMK II) inhibitor KN-93. Pretreating cells with W7 and KN-93 significantly inhibited M5-mediated potentiation of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in HEK-AC9 cells, suggesting that Gαq potentiation of AC9 activity involves Ca2+/calmodulin and CaMK II. This data provides evidence for Ca2+-mediated potentiation of AC9 activity.
Alterations in extracellular and tissue levels of biogenic amines in rat brain induced by the serotonin2 receptor antagonist, ritanserin.

: Systemic administration of ritanserin elicited rapid changes in dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in both dialysate and neuronal tissue extracts. These effects occurred in both a site-selective and a dose-related manner. Increases in extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens were maximal at 120–140 min after treatment. A dose of 0.63 mgJ.kg of ritanserin elicited larger and more prolonged increases in extracellular DA and 5-HT levels than did the 0.3 mgJ.kg dose. By contrast, 0.63 mgJ.kg of ritanserin elicited no changes in either DA or 5-HT levels with dialysate collected from the striatum. Ritanserin also induced dose-related decreases in tissue levels of DA and 5-HT from the nucleus accumbens. The site specificity of action was again noted in that there were no dose-dependent decreases in tissue levels of DA or 5-HT measured from the striatum. Ritanserin exerted little effect on metabolite levels from either dialysate or tissue extracts. Taken together, these findings show that selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonism modulates DA and 5-HT neurotrans-mission in a specific manner. These actions appear to involve increased release of DA and 5-HT rather than significant changes in metabolism. These findings add further weight to the importance of 5-HT2 receptor interactions as an important component of antipsychotic activity.
Application of mixed substrates to the study of pyruvic acid formation by Fusarium lini Bolley.

1. The effect of a mixed carbon source on pyruvic acid formation was studied using acetate and glucose as substrates. 2. Within the same experimental period the mat weights, when acetate was the sole substrate, did not pass through a maximum value. 3. When acetate and glucose were incorporated into the same medium, or when only glucose was used, maximum pyruvic acid values were obtained on the 7th day. In the case of acetate a maximum value was not found until the 15th day.
Corn Husks: A Potential Substrate for Production of Citric Acid by Aspergillus niger☆

Abstract Corn husks could serve as a potential substrate for the production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001. Combined treatments of corn husks with dilute NaOH and Rapidase Pomaliq (a commercial apple juice processing enzyme preparation) significantly enhanced the yield of citric acid. Under favourable conditions (pretreated with 0.5 mol/L NaOH, followed by 120 h of fermentation at 30°C in the presence of Rapidase Pomaliq), the yield of citric acid was 259±10 g per kg of dry matter of corn husks.
JNK3 mediates paraquat- and rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron death.

Mechanistic studies underlying dopaminergic neuron death may identify new drug targets for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Epidemiological studies have linked pesticide exposure to increased risk for sporadic Parkinson disease. Here, we investigated the role of c- Jun -N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3), a neural-specific JNK isoform, in dopaminergic neuron death induced by the pesticides rotenone and paraquat. The role of JNK3 was evaluated using RNA silencing and gene deletion to block JNK3 signaling. Using an antibody that recognizes all isoforms of activated JNKs, we found that paraquat and rotenone stimulate JNK phosphorylation in primary cultured dopaminergic neurons. In cultured neurons transfected with Jnk3 -specific siRNA and in neurons from Jnk3−/− mice, JNK phosphorylation was nearly abolished, suggesting that JNK3 is the main JNK isoform activated in dopaminergic neurons by these pesticides. Paraquat- and rotenone-induced death of dopaminergic neurons was also significantly reduced by Jnk3 siRNA or Jnk3 gene deletion, and deletion of the Jnk3 gene completely attenuated paraquat-induced dopaminergic neuron death and motor deficits in vivo. Our data identify JNK3 as a common and critical mediator of dopaminergic neuron death induced by paraquat and rotenone, suggesting that it is a potential drug target for Parkinson disease treatment.
Smoothed Age-Season Adjustment Factors for Dairy Goat Lactation Milk and Fat Records

Abstract Age-season adjustment factors were smoothed by fitting a function with four coefficients to reciprocals of the factors for five breeds of dairy goats. The function consisted of two joined quadratic curves, one for 10 through 36 mo of age at kidding and the other for greater than 36 mo. Both the function and its derivative were continuous at 36 mo.
Negative and Positive Keying in Natural Contexts: Preserving the Transformation Concept from Death through Conaflation

Frame analysis has been severely criticized for its reliance on fictive and newspaper domains and its static portrayal of social behavior. Published and refereed studies, many of the participant observer vintage, are examined to investigate these charges. Conclusions include: (1) transformations are significant occurrences in Americans’daily lives, (2) societal definitions cannot be validly depicted apart from the emergent aspects of personal and interpersonal histories, (3) a new form of keying, negative keying, a not-reality, is conceptualized, (4) the relationship between Goffman's transformations and Glaser's and Strauss’awareness contexts is delineated. Recommendations for the future study of layered definitions are offered.
Foreign and Local Institutional Ownership and the Speed of Price Adjustment

: This paper examines the relation between the speed of price adjustment and stock ownership by foreign and local institutional investors using data from the Korean stock market. We show that returns of stocks with high foreign institutional ownership lead returns of stocks with low foreign institutional ownership, especially after foreign ownership restriction is lifted. Likewise, returns of stocks with high local institutional ownership lead returns of stocks with low local institutional ownership. These results support the idea that foreign institutional (local institutional) investors have faster access to or processing power of new information than local institutional (local individual) investors.
Chromia-Assisted Decarburization of W-Rich Ni-Based Alloys in Impure Helium at 1273 K (1000 °C)

The microstructure and surface stability of two experimental W-rich Ni-based alloys have been studied at 1273 K (1000 °C) in an impure-He environment containing only CO and CO2 as impurities. The alloy Ni-2.3Al-12Cr-12W contained 0.08 wt pct carbon in solution, whereas the second alloy Ni-2.3Al-3Mo-12Cr-12Co-12W contained M6C carbides at the same carbon level. Both alloys, which were preoxidized with ~2.3 μm Cr2O3 layer, were decarburized completely within 50 hours of exposure to the helium gas mixture at 1273 K (1000 °C) via the following chromia-assisted decarburization reaction: Cr2O3 (s) + 3Calloy (s) → 2Cr (s) + 3CO (g). Microstructural observations, bulk carbon analysis, and microprobe measurements confirmed that the carbon in solid solution reacted with the surface chromium oxide resulting in the simultaneous loss of chromia and carbon. The Cr produced by the decomposition of the Cr2O3 diffused back into the alloy, whereas CO gas was released and detected by a gas chromatograph. Once the alloy carbon content was reduced to negligible levels, subsequent exposure led to the uninterrupted growth of Cr2O3 layer in both alloys. In the preoxidized alloys, chromia-assisted decarburization rates were slower for an alloy containing carbides compared with the alloy with carbon in solid solution only. The formation of Cr2O3 is shown to be the rate-limiting step in the chromia-assisted decarburization reaction. Exposure of as-fabricated alloys to the impure-He environment led to the formation of a thin layer of Al2O3 (<1 μm) between the substrate and surface Cr2O3 oxide that inhibited this decarburization process by acting as a diffusion barrier.
Radiative transfer through an arbitrarily thick, scattering atmosphere

Abstract A method is presented for solving the equation of radiative transfer in a vertically inhomogeneous planetary atmosphere. The method, based on the spherical harmonics expansion, can be used to compute models with an arbitrarily large optical thickness and any scattering phase function. It is extremely efficient, requiring the equivalent of only two matrix multiplications per layer. This efficiency combined with its stability makes the method useful for computing realistic models of planetary atmospheres. To illustrate the range of validity of this method, we compute the plane albedo from model atmospheres containing clouds with optical thicknesses ranging from 0 to 106.
Chronic Actinic Dermatitis

Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic photodermatosis commonly affecting patients with skin of color. It affects both genders and most often affects elderly men. The lesions of CAD are characterized as a widespread eczematous eruption with scale, lichenification, and infiltrated plaques occurring on sun-exposed skin. Diagnosis is based on history, morphology, and clinical course, with confirmation by phototesting and histology. Photoprotection is essential when managing this disease. Topical medications can be used to treat CAD, but in the case of severe exacerbations, systemic medications are recommended.
Distribution of the Fire Ants Solenopsis invicta and S. geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Northern Florida in Relation to Habitat and Disturbance

The occurrence of Solenopsis invicta Buren and S. geminata (F.) is almost nonoverlapping in certain natural ecotypes in north Florida. In the high, deep-sand pinelands with a deep water table, S. invicta is entirely limited to margins of seasonal ponds and heavily disturbed sites such as pastures or margins of paved or frequently graded roads. S. geminata is common throughout the longleaf pine forest, both in mature stands and clearcut replanted areas, but it is nearly absent from heavily disturbed or pond-side sites occupied by S. invicta. Solenopsis geminata is rare throughout flatwoods sites where the water table is close to the surface, and S. invicta is a common colonizer of clearcut replanted areas and of graded roadsides. S. invicta also occurs at low densities in mature flatwoods, mostly along ungraded roads. This distribution is discussed in relation to biotic and abiotic factors.
Feasibility of using piezoelectric actuators to control launch vehicle acoustics and structural vibrations

Future launch vehicle payload fairings will be manufactured form advanced lightweight composite materials. The loss of distributed mass causes a significant increase in the internal acoustic environment, causing a severe threat to the payload. Using piezoelectric actuators to control the fairing vibration and the internal acoustic environment has been proposed. To help determine the acoustic control authority of piezoelectric actuators mounted on a rocket fairing, the internal acoustic response created by the actuators needs to be determined. In this work, the internal acoustic response of a closed simply-supported (SS) cylinder actuated by piezoelectric (PZT) actuators is determined using a n impedance model for the actuator and boundary element analysis. The experimentally validated model is used to extrapolate results for a SS cylinder that emulates a Minotaur payload fairing. The internal cylinder acoustic levels are investigated for PZT actuation between 35 and 400 Hz. Significant reductions in the structural response due to increased damping do not equate to similar reductions in the acoustic SPLs for the cylinder. The sound levels at the acoustic resonant frequencies are essentially unaffected by the significant increase in structural damping while the acoustic level sat the structural resonant frequencies are mildly reduced. The interior acoustic response of the cylinder is dominated by the acoustic modes and therefore significant reductions in the overall interior acoustic levels will not be achieved if only the structural resonances are controlled. As the actuation frequency is reduced, the number of actuators required to generate acoustic levels commensurate to that found in the fairing increases to impractical values. Below approximately 100 Hz, the current demands reach levels that are extremely difficult to achieve with a practical system. The results of this work imply that PZT actuators do not have the authority to control the payload fairing internal acoustics below approximately 100 Hz.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of pediatric low-grade astrocytomas

Despite their uniform histologic appearance, pediatric lowgrade astrocytomas (LGA) often exhibit a rather unpredictable clinical course. It is presently unclear whether certain specific genetic, immunologic and/or metabolic features underlie these observed variations. In order to address this question we examined the tumor distribution of choline compounds (Cho), creatine (Cr) and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in seven children with midline LGA by means of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (H-MRSI). Studies were performed with a 1.5 T GE Signa Scanner equipped with the standard head coil; nominal voxel size was 7.5×7.5×15 mm. This spatial resolution allowed us to select and independently evaluate multiple regions of interest (ROI) in the tumor as well as in areas of normal brain from the same individual. Normalized values of the observed signal intensities demonstrated a lower NAA and Cr content in the tumors than in the surrounding normal brain. Intratumoral Cho signals were also below normal values in all but one patient. The average Cho: NAA ratio was consistently higher in the tumor than in the normal brain. However, there was a wide variation (up to fourfold) in the Cho: NAA ratios of different ROIs, even within the same tumor. Our results clearly indicate that pediatric LGAs are metabolically heterogeneous, a feature that may be relevant to the understanding of their variable biologic behavior. Inasmuch as unique metabolic patterns were observed in some LGAs, we believe that systematic HMRSI studies of these patients may help define subsets within the group with specific therapeutic requirements.
Metabolism of the serum lipids in diabetes and in arteriosclerosis.

As an experimentalist interested in arteriosclerosis, I look upon diabetes mellitus as a natural experiment in atherogenesis. This narrow view may distress clinicians engaged in the management or prevention of diabetes, but they should agree that progress in the prevention of atherosclerosis will benefit diabetic human beings most of all. In 1947 I began a laboratory study of the effect of experimental diabetes on the development of vascular disease in animals. The premise that the presence of diabetes aggravates the vascular disease is so attractive that even after five years of fruitless work it is sometimes tempting to try again. It was not possible to demonstrate that this was a valid hypothesis. Although certain capillary lesions were demonstrated in diabetic rats, no evidences of major vessel disease were produced in either rats, dogs, or monkeys, whether fed cholesterol or not. A second hypothesis concerning atherogenesis has been studied and contested for almost half a century and yet has eluded the critical experiment which will properly evaluate its verity. In simple terms this hypothesis states that atherosclerosis, a variant of arteriosclerosis, is a consequence of abnormal lipid metabolism. The immediate problems posed are those of describing the kind and extent of abnormal lipid metabolism necessary for this consequence, a description of the contribution or weight of abnormal lipid metabolism in this effect, and finally a description of the mechanism by which the lipid abnormality develops. There is now a great deal of acceptable information on these points, but for the present I shall consider some evidence that my associates and I have obtained in studies of diabetic human subjects. If from the relation of these observations, any suggestions or implications are made for the management of diabetes, they are fortuitous.
High-fidelity finite-impulse-response filters with optimal stopbands

The author describes a method of designing a high-fidelity lowpass finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter having a maximally flat passband and an optimally contoured stopband in the Chebyshev sense. Certain other filters can be derived from it, including a lowpass filter with an equirippled passband and a maximally flat stop band.
ON THE SLOW SOLAR WIND

A theory for the origin of the slow solar wind is described. Recent papers have demonstrated that magnetic flux moves across coronal holes as a result of the interplay between the differential rotation of the photosphere and the non-radial expansion of the solar wind in more rigidly rotating coronal holes. This flux will be deposited at low latitudes and should reconnect with closed magnetic loops, thereby releasing material from the loops to form the slow solar wind. It is pointed out that this mechanism provides a natural explanation for the charge states of elements observed in the slow solar wind, and for the presence of the First-Ionization Potential, or FIP, effect in the slow wind and its absence in fast wind. Comments are also provided on the role that the ACE mission should have in understanding the slow solar wind.
Telemetered heart rate as a psychophysiological correlate of mother-child interaction.

Abstract Heart rate was telemetered from 6 preschool children during play sessions with their mothers. Their behavioral interaction was simultaneously recorded on videotape and rated on three dimensions of interaction: status (submission-dominance), affect (hostility-warmth), and degree of involvement; 100 specific behaviors were coded in consecutive 4-second epochs. In exploring the relationship between heart rate and the behavioral measures, we applied two kinds of analysis—state analysis and transition analysis. The usefulness of recording heart rate in a naturalistic setting was demonstrated by replicating the finding from more rigidly defined experiments that intense looking at an object is associated with cardiac deceleration. New findings were that submissive status and warm affect of the child and dominant status and warm affect of the mother were associated with low heart rate in the child and that the onset of smiling was associated with cardiac deceleration in most situations. The study demonstrates the feasibility and some of the potential uses of continuously telemetered heart rate for analyzing interactional and physiological variables in a naturalistic setting.
The United Nations Process Indicators for emergency obstetric care: Reflections based on a decade of experience

Abstract Objective The paper reviews the experience with the EmOC process indicators, and evaluates whether the indicators serve the purposes for which they were originally created – to gather and interpret relatively accessible data to design and implement EmOC service programs. Method We review experience with each of the 6 process indicators individually, and monitoring change over time, at the level of the facility and at the level of a region or country. We identify problems encountered in the field with data collection and interpretation. Result While they have strengths and weaknesses, the process indicators in general serve the purposes for which they were developed. The data are easily collected, but some data problems were identified. We recommend several relatively minor modifications to improve data collection, interpretation and utility. Conclusions The EmOC process indicators have been used successfully in a wide variety of settings. They describe vital elements of the health system and how well that system is functioning for women at risk of dying from major obstetric complications.
Varicella Vaccine: Rare Serious Problems—but the Benefits Still Outweigh the Risks

pneumonitis, had not previously been observed in a vaccinated healthy child. Not surprisingly, this girl was eventually found to have an underlying immunodeficiency disease: a novel and rare deficiency in NK T cells. Her immunodeficiency had presented only as recurrent upper-respiratory-tract infections; no mention is made of past measles immunization, and she may not have had difficulties with this vaccine. The other child, reported by Levin et al., was a 1-year-old boy who had a prolonged and dramatic case of zoster after being vaccinated with the Oka strain
Gaming Destination Images: Implications for Branding

The study examines brand images and perceptions of Las Vegas, Atlantic City, Chicagoland (IL, IN), and Connecticut to reveal their perceived strengths and weaknesses. The brand images are analyzed through a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures. Significant differences between the four destinations are found, revealing strengths and weaknesses across 19 cognitive variables, 4 affective variables, and overall image and behavioral intentions.These results are enhanced with answers to open-ended questions about each gaming market, which surface additional cognitive and affective associations. Interestingly, no brand personality descriptors are mentioned in the open-ended responses, questioning the applicability of brand personality scales to tourist destinations. Well-known destination brands are associated with high awareness and familiarity, more positive overall images, and more affective descriptions, which might have a halo effect on evaluations of cognitive attributes, visitation intenti...
Type I diabetes mellitus in a patient with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

We describe a patient with type I diabetes, clinical findings consistent with velocardiofacial syndrome, and a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. A nine-year-old boy presented with a history of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, hyperglycemia, ketosis, serum insulin antibodies, and a low C-peptide level. He had distinctive facial features, learning disabilities, short stature, and a history of glottic web and clubfoot. Although a normal karyotype was obtained, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed a submicroscopic deletion in the DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome critical region at 22q11.2. His maternal half-brother also carried a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. His mother has similar facial features and hypoparathyroidism. Autoimmune problems associated with chromosome 22q11.2 deletions have been reported. We suggest that the defects in immune regulation due to T-cell deficiency in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may predispose to autoimmune disorders, including type I diabetes mellitus.
Initial experience with a novel desensitization strategy for carboplatin-associated hypersensitivity reactions: carboplatin-hypersensitivity reactions

Carboplatin hypersensitivity is an increasingly recognized toxicity in individuals receiving >6 cumulative courses of this important antineoplastic agent. We wished to determine if a novel multi-pronged approach to re-treating patients with a high risk for this potentially serious side effect could permit the safe delivery of this class of cytotoxic drugs. Five patients with gynecologic malignancies who had either experienced a documented carboplatin hypersensitivity reaction (n =4) or had a “positive” carboplatin skin test (n =1), received a multi-drug oral regimen administered over several days which was designed to block known mediators of anaphylaxis. Four of these individuals subsequently underwent treatment with either cisplatin or carboplatin employing a “dose escalation” desensitization schema. Four patients underwent successful treatment with either cisplatin or carboplatin (3, 4, 5, 6+ total additional courses) without any further evidence of hypersensitivity. In this preliminary report of a limited patient population, we have demonstrated the ability to safely deliver a platinum agent to individuals with either documented carboplatin hypersensitivity, or a high risk for this potentially serious toxicity of carboplatin. Further exploration of this novel management strategy in a larger group of patients is indicated.
Dynamic MRI of grid-tagged hyperpolarized helium-3 for the assessment of lung motion during breathing.

Purpose: To develop a dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tagging technique using hyperpolarized helium-3 (HP He-3) to track lung motion. Methods and Materials: An accelerated non-Cartesian k-space trajectory was used to gain acquisition speed, at the cost of introducing image artifacts, providing a viable strategy for obtaining whole-lung coverage with adequate temporal resolution. Multiple-slice two-dimensional dynamic images of the lung were obtained in three healthy subjects after inhaling He-3 gas polarized to 35%-40%. Displacement, strain, and ventilation maps were computed from the observed motion of the grid peaks. Results: Both temporal and spatial variations of pulmonary mechanics were observed in normal subjects, including shear motion between different lobes of the same lung. Conclusion: These initial results suggest that dynamic imaging of grid-tagged hyperpolarized magnetization may potentially be a powerful tool for observing and quantifying pulmonary biomechanics on a regional basis and for assessing, validating, and improving lung deformable image registration algorithms.
Community Systems of Care for Children's Mental Health

Although the future of the systems of care model continues to evolve, the core values of child psychiatry are well supported and well served in this emerging arena of public children's mental health service delivery. A substantial body of evidence supports the concepts and practices of family-driven care congruent with wraparound principles and practices. Individual and system outcomes data show efficacy for programs that integrate traditional professional services with consumer-centric wraparound approaches, such as mentoring, team decision making, and community-based services and supports. Integrative interagency practice, fostering cross-agency collaboration to address the needs of at-risk populations, has been shown to be central in providing supports for families and youth.
CENTRAL PLACE POPULATIONS: A MICROECONOMIC CONSIDERATION*

Considerable research has focused on identifying the properties of cities under systemic constraints. The central place theories of Christaller (1966) and Losch (1954) have been especially useful in providing conceptual frameworks for a variety of hierarchical city-size models [Beckmann (1968), Beckmann and McPherson (1970), Alao et al. (1977), Parr (1978)J. The present paper follows in this central place tradition. The major purpose of this paper is to determine the equilibrium quantities of labor and capital employed at the various hierarchical levels of a Christaller-type city system. The equilibrium solutions for labor provide an indication of how city populations vary from one hierarchical level to the next. The first part of the paper is concerned with the supply side, and production functions are identified for each bundle of goods provided throughout the city system. The demand side is next taken up, and individual demand functions are established from consumer behavior theory. Individual demand is aggregated into market area demand according to Christaller’s functional principles, The supply function of each bundle at a given central place can be equated to the demand function for that bundle, taking into consideration that demand is exerted both within the central place and throughout the complementary area that it serves. Given that input prices, bundle prices, consumer incomes, and transportation rates are known, equilibrium solutions for labor and capital follow. The final part of the paper offers further insight into the issue of individual demand. Some implications of multipurpose shopping behavior are discussed for a simple two-level, two-bundle city system. Aggregation to market area demand is not carried through at this time, but the effects of multipurpose behavior upon the equilibrium solutions of labor and capital are indicated.
Beyond viewpoint: X3D camera nodes for digital cinematography

This paper describes four candidate X3D extension nodes: Camera, Shot, Movement and OfflineRendering. An X3D lexicon for camera movements is defined so that individuals directing virtual cameras in X3D can directly apply terms that film directors and cinematographers understand. This approach greatly simplifies the technical tasks involved in creating precise camera animations and setting up still images for digital photography. Further, candidate methods are examined for implementing Depth of Field for focus control. Moving beyond the typical clumsiness of Viewpoint control can enable authors to create compelling still and moving images from X3D scenes.
Olfactory cues perceived at the home loft are not essential for the formation of a navigational map in pigeons

Deflector lofts consist of a ‘pinwheel’ arrangement of four stationary deflector panels attached to the sides of a cube-shaped cage. These panels are made of wood and Plexiglas and rotate incoming winds in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. When released at a distant site, homing pigeons (Columbia livia) raised in deflector lofts exhibit a shift in orientation relative to controls which corresponds to the clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of winds in their loft, suggesting the involvement of wind-borne olfactory cues in pigeon navigation. As part of a long-term study designed to test whether orientation cues other than odors might also be involved in creating the deflector-loft effect, we carried out experiments in upstate New York, USA, in which deflector lofts were modified to reverse the direction of light reflected from the Plexiglas panels while leaving the rotation of winds unchanged. The results indicate that the orientation of pigeons raised as permanent residents of these altered deflector lofts is not influenced by reflected light cues; i.e. they exhibit the same orientation bias as birds raised in the lofts with normal panels. This is in direct contrast to our previous findings that non-resident pigeons kept in the altered lofts for short periods exhibit a reversal of initial orientation compared to birds from the lofts with normal panels. However, when permanent-resident birds are prevented from having a direct view of the horizon sky by the addition of ‘anti-cheating’ slats (which prevent the birds from seeing beyond the end of each panel), the deflections are either greatly reduced or eliminated entirely, contrary to the predictions of olfactory navigation models. This disappearance of the deflector-loft effect in the presence of anti-cheating slats suggests that the positions of the deflector panels in the two experimental lofts must be differentially influencing important visual orientation cues reaching the birds housed inside. We believe that these cues are probably derived from polarized skylight emanating from the horizon, and that the obstruction of specific regions of horizon skylight by the deflector panels in the two experimental lofts is responsible for a miscalibration of the pigeon9s sun compass. This miscalibration, in turn, generates the orientation bias observed for deflector-loft birds. Our findings force us to conclude that, at least for pigeons raised in New York (and perhaps those from other geographical locations as well), olfactory cues perceived at the home loft do not contribute to the formation of the navigational map.
Hybrid photonic molecules

We report spectral tuning of coupled whispering-gallery-mode microresonators formed with different geometries and materials. Thermal tuning is utilized to achieve spectral overlap and mode splitting is studied as a function of coupling distance.
Contour grouping inside and outside of facial contexts.

We examine how contours group in isolation compared with when they are embedded in face-like contexts. As previously shown, contours that seem to group by phenomenological observation also show powerful effects on task performance: with contours that group, selective attention to one while ignoring another is poor (as indexed by Garner Interference (GI), but not Stroop Interference), whereas divided attention across contours is good. With contours that do not group, however, the reverse happens. Here we test pairs of curved lines (parentheses) displayed either in isolation or within contexts including cartoon faces, where these curves may serve as mouths or eyebrows. The results with isolated contours replicate previous findings of poor selective attention, but within face-like contexts the same contours showed nearly perfect selective attention (i.e., zero GI). Thus, contour grouping was weaker inside than outside of faces, a finding that contrasts with the widely-held belief that faces are processed configurally, not by local features.
Baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoids during reproduction in the variable flying fox, Pteropus hypomelanus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae).

Baseline and stress-responsive glucocorticoid (GC) levels were assessed during early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and lactation in female variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) and in males over the same time period. Animals were maintained in a breeding colony in captivity. High levels of both cortisol and corticosterone were detected, with total plasma GC levels being among the highest documented in vertebrates (up to 3000 ng/ml in individual animals, with cortisol being the primary GC, accounting for E78% of total GCs), and significantly greater in males than in females. Plasma levels of cortisol and corticosterone showed nearly identical profiles within each sex, with the exception of females in late pregnancy, in which corticosterone, but not cortisol, increased significantly. Baseline levels of plasma cortisol were highest in September (when pups were between 1 and 2 months of age) in both sexes, which may be related to the approaching onset of the mating period. There was a continuum in the magnitude of the response to stress (handling and sampling) over time in females, with the greatest stress response in early pregnancy, a dampened response during late pregnancy, and no significant stress response during lactation. Surprisingly, males failed to exhibit elevated GCs after this stress, but did have significant stress-induced hyperglycemia and suppression of plasma testosterone levels. This may be due to their high (perhaps maximal) baseline levels, which suggests that being in a breeding group was chronically stressful for males. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:682-690, 2004. r 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.