cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SMALL‐MAMMAL REGULATION OF VEGETATION STRUCTURE IN A TEMPERATE SAVANNA

Explanations for documented increases in woody plant dominance in grasslands and savannas of North America include atmospheric CO2 enrichment and changes in climate, livestock grazing, and fire regimes. However, tree/shrub encroachment has also coincided with the eradication of a once widespread native herbivore, the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). We used field experiments and repeat aerial photography to demonstrate that prairie dogs, and the herbivores and granivores associated with their colonies, probably maintained grassland and savanna by preventing woody species such as Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) from establishing or attaining dominance. Prosopis seed and pod disappearance was 3–99 times greater within prairie dog colonies. Ants were the primary agent of seed removal, whereas prairie dogs and associated vertebrates were the primary agents of pod removal. Survival of Prosopis seedlings protected from vertebrate herbivory was similar on and off prairie dog colonies (≈60%), whereas survival of unprotected seedlings was 3 times greater off- than on-colony. On-colony, prairie dogs and associated herbivores girdled and destroyed all Prosopis saplings within 2 d of planting; survival of 1-yr-old seedlings was reduced by 50% after 3 mo of exposure to on-colony herbivores. Despite high levels of woody plant seed disappearance and seedling herbivory, on-colony “seedling” reserves were substantial (950 plants/ha). Thus, prairie dogs and the fauna that occur on their colonies suppressed rather than eliminated Prosopis from the colony site. Removal of prairie dogs led to rapid development of Prosopis stands. Repeat aerial photography showed that Prosopis canopy cover on a colony eradicated in 1950 (27%) increased to a level (61%) comparable to that of off-colony Prosopis stands (65%) within 23 yr. These data illustrate how transitions from grassland to woodland vegetation can be mediated by a rodent herbivore. They further demonstrate how purposeful or inadvertent removal of native herbivores can have unforeseen effects on plant species composition and landscape physiognomy. Investigations of environmental constraints on vegetation distribution and abundance should take into account the historical role of herbivores in shaping the present system. Inconsistencies among historic accounts of woody plant distribution and abundance in semiarid western North America may be resolved by considering population dynamics of prairie dogs. Widespread eradication of this formerly abundant rodent has eliminated a significant constraint to woody plant establishment on many semiarid grassland and savanna landscapes and has thereby facilitated transitions to shrubland and woodland states. Past land management designed to remove one perceived impediment to livestock production appears to have contributed significantly to development of another management problem that is now a major detriment to sustainable livestock production.
Heteroglossic ideologies in world Englishes: an examination of the Hong Kong context

Much research in world Englishes centers on examining the linguistic features of a particular region. Such work can give the false impression of a collective homogeneous ideology of English within a geographic space. We refer to this limiting monolithic perspective of language ideology as ‘the single linguistic narrative.’ The present study builds on this body of work by investigating how often competing ideologies of English can circulate within a region. Focusing on the Hong Kong context, we adapt the concept of Bakhtinian heteroglossia to consider the simultaneous co-presence of varying ideologies of English. Through an analysis of self-narratives, we examine how Hong Kong university students construct expectations regarding how English should be used and what the colonial language means to their regional identity.
Blunting of the renal response to volume expansion by a bradykinin receptor antagonist: influence of denervation.

The interaction of renal sympathetic nervous influences with the intrarenal kallikrein-kinin system was examined during graded expansion of the extracellular fluid volume in rats. One group of rats was pretreated with a specific and highly efficacious competitive antagonist of bradykinin receptor (BKRA), whereas the other group received only a vehicle infusion. The left kidney was denervated in each animal and the right kidney remained intact. After control observations, the extracellular fluid volume was expanded by a continuous i.v. infusion of 0.9% NaCl at a rate of 0.25% of body weight per minute for 40 min (VE). During VE urine flow and sodium excretion increased significantly from both kidneys in each of the two treatment groups. The diuretic response was greatest in the denervated kidneys of vehicle-pretreated rats, where urine flow increased by 70 +/- 13 microliters.min(-1).g kwt(-1). This exaggerated diuresis was blunted by pretreatment with the BKRA. In the denervated and BKRA-treated kidneys, the VE-induced mean urine flow increase was limited to 31 +/- 5 microliters.min(-1).g kwt(-1) (P less than .05 compared with vehicle-pretreated, denervated kidneys). The change in net sodium excretion produced by VE was also reduced by BKRA pretreatment in the denervated kidneys from 13.2 +/- 2.6 to 5.5 +/- 1.3 microEq.min-1.g kwt(-1) (P less than .05, vehicle vs. BKRA). In the intact kidneys the diuretic and natriuretic responses to VE were similar in the vehicle- and BKRA-pretreated rats. Glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction were increased significantly and to the same extent by VE under all experimental conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
User-driven narrative variation in large story domains using monte carlo tree search

Planning-based techniques are powerful tools for automated narrative generation, however, as the planning domain grows in the number of possible actions traditional planning techniques suffer from a combinatorial explosion. In this work, we apply Monte Carlo Tree Search to goal-driven narrative generation. We demonstrate our approach to have an order of magnitude improvement in performance over traditional search techniques when planning over large story domains. Additionally, we propose a Bayesian story evaluation method to guide the planning towards believable narratives which achieve user-defined goals. Finally, we present an interactive user interface which enables users of our framework to modify the believability of different actions, resulting in greater narrative variety.
Lifestyle-focused text messages reduced LDL-C levels, systolic BP, and BMI in coronary heart disease

Source Citation Chow CK, Redfern J, Hillis GS, et al. Effect of lifestyle-focused text messaging on risk factor modification in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized clinical trial. JA...
Active lakes of Recovery Ice Stream, East Antarctica: a bedrock-controlled subglacial hydrological system

A connected system of active subglacial lakes was revealed beneath Recovery Ice Stream, East Antarctica, by ICESat laser altimetry. Here we combine repeat-track analysis of ICESat (2003–09), Operation IceBridge laser altimetry and radio-echo sounding (2011 and 2012), and MODIS image differencing (2009–2011) to learn more about the lake activity history, the surface and bedrock topographic setting of the lakes and the constraints on water flow through the system. We extend the lake activity time series to 2012 for the three lower lakes and capture two major lake drainages. One lake underwent a large deflation between 2009 and 2011 while another lake, which had been continuously filling between 2003 and 2010, started to drain after 2011. Most of the active lakes are located in a ~ 1000 km long bedrock trough under the main trunk of Recovery Ice Stream, whose base is ~ 1500– 2000 m below present-day sea level. The hydrologic system beneath Recovery Ice Stream is controlled by this unusually pronounced bedrock topography, in contrast to most Antarctic systems studied to date, which are controlled by the ice surface topography. Hydrologic connections among the lakes appear to be direct and responsive, and we reproduce the lake activity using a simple subglacial water model. We discuss potential causes of non-steady hydrologic behavior in major Antarctic catchments.
Evaluation of Some Insecticides in Controlling Aphids and Reducing Flower Losses from Virus Disease in Gladiolus Plantings

Several insecticides were tested to evaluate aphid control in Connecticut Valley gladiolus plantings. In 1971, no treatment had significantly fewer alate or a significantly lower total number aphids than the untreated control. In 1972, the number of alate aphids recorded on plants treated with either carbofuran 4 F or oxydemetonmethyl was significantly less than the untreated control. Overall, aldicarb-treated plants had a significantly lower total number of aphids per plant than the untreated control. Irrespective of reductions in aphid numbers, no significant differences were detected in the percentages of plants showing floral symptoms of cucumber mosaic virus disease. Little or no aphid colonization occurred on treated or untreated gladiolus plants. The majority of aphids observed on gladiolus was alates. The following species were collected in the experimental plantings: Aphis fabae Scopoli, A. gossypii Glover, A. craccivora Koch, A. maidiradicis Forbes, Capitophorus hippophaes (Walker), C. elaeagni (DelGuercio), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Rhopalosiphum Maidis (Fitch), R. fitchii (Sanderson), Myzocallis Punctata (Monell), M. walshii (Monell), M. alnifoliae (Fitch), Macrosiphum venaefuscae (Davis), M. euphorbiae (Thomas), Macrosiphum sp., Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), Acrythosiphum pisum (Harris), Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch), Monellia sp., Tinocallis ulmifolii (Monell), and Pemphigus populitransversus Riley.
Characterization of seismicity at Volcán Barú, Panama: May 2013 through April 2014

Abstract Volcan Baru, in the western province of Chiriqui, is Panama's youngest and most active volcano. Although Baru has experienced no historic eruptions, there have been four eruptive episodes in the last 1600 years, the most recent occurring 400–500 years ago (Sherrod et al., 2007). In addition, there have been four reported earthquake swarms in the last 100 years. The most recent swarm occurred in May of 2006, prompting a USGS hazard assessment (Sherrod et al., 2007). In order to characterize local seismicity and provide a reference for future monitoring efforts, we established a seismic network that operated from May 2013 through April 2014. The network consisted of eight temporary, single-component, short-period sensors loaned by OSOP Panama, and three permanent stations distributed over a 35 by 15 km area. During operation of the network, 91 local events were detected and located. These events were used to calculate a new 1-D velocity model for the region surrounding Baru. Of particular interest was a cluster of events located less than 5 km east of Baru at a depth of roughly 5 km. We used a template matching detection technique to identify another 47 smaller magnitude events in the area of this cluster. The largest events in the cluster exhibit a broad range of frequencies extending up to 20 Hz and focal mechanisms calculated for eight of the events suggest strike-slip and reverse faulting are the predominant source processes. The directions of maximum compression shown by these focal mechanisms are approximately radial with respect to the volcano, which may reflect the influence of a magmatic source beneath the edifice.
Implications of preoperative hypoalbuminemia in colorectal surgery

Serum albumin has traditionally been used as a quantitative measure of a patient's nutritional status because of its availability and low cost. While malnutrition has a clear definition within both the American and European Societies for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition clinical guidelines, individual surgeons often determine nutritional status anecdotally. Preoperative albumin level has been shown to be the best predictor of mortality after colorectal cancer surgery. Specifically in colorectal surgical patients, hypoalbuminemia significantly increases the length of hospital stay, rates of surgical site infections, enterocutaneous fistula risk, and deep vein thrombosis formation. The delay of surgical procedures to allow for preoperative correction of albumin levels in hypoalbuminemic patients has been shown to improve the morbidity and mortality in patients with severe nutritional risk. The importance of preoperative albumin levels and the patient's chronic inflammatory state on the postoperative morbidity and mortality has led to the development of a variety of surgical scoring systems to predict outcomes efficiently. This review attempts to provide a systematic overview of albumin and its role and implications in colorectal surgery.
The Effect of Aspect Ratio on Critical Current in Multifilamentary Superconductors

Experimental data and discussion are presented on the critical current of straight superconductors as a function of the orientation of a perpendicular applied magnetic field. Commercial, multifilamentary NbTi and Nb3Sn samples were measured in a radial access magnet that allowed an arbitrary angle setting. The change in critical current was measured at different magnetic fields to scale the effect for use in a standard test method. For a NbTi sample, the critical current with the magnetic field parallel to the wider face of the conductor is higher than that with the perpendicular orientation. The effect can be as high as 40% for a NbTi sample with an aspect ratio of six. The effect in Nb3Sn is opposite that in NbTi. A discussion of the most likely cause of the effect, which accounts for the difference between NbTi and Nb3Sn, is given.
Chemotherapy of Addiction — A Pharmacological Perspective

Accompanying the greater use of drugs to treat narcotic addicts has been the development of new drugs for such treatment. It is conceivable that in the near future the therapist will choose from an array of drugs to treat addict patients. Such a situation would be analogous to that with the chemotherapy of infectious diseases. In such a situation, knowledge of the comparative pharmacology of the available drugs is one factor necessary for rational therapy. This presentation will review the pharmacology of the narcotic antagonists in relation to each other and in relation to those narcotic analgesics used as maintenance drugs. This presentation will not review the relative efficacies of the various classes of agents used to treat addicts nor the rationales for choosing among the agents.
After Arthurdale: Place-based education and early childhood in West Virginia

ABSTRACTThis case study explores how opportunities for critical, place-based education can be eclipsed by the decontextualized curricula and pedagogies inherent in neoliberal, standards-based early education reforms such as universal pre-kindergarten that contain some progressive elements. Following Schwab (1973), we explore the roles of teachers and place in crafting curriculum and pedagogy. Specifically, we present both contemporary data and historical facts in order to document and analyze how educators in the Arthurdale, WV, area have used teacher lore (Schubert & Ayers, 1992) to “lighten” curriculum and pedagogy away from the dark funds of knowledge of local children and families. Dark funds are the knowledge and epistemologies that do not match with middle-class curriculum standards for success in schooling, but that reflect the realities of local children, families, and communities (Zipin, 2009). By tracing the racialized development of teacher lore in the past and present, it becomes clear that cr...
Helios-controller of Treg stability and function.

Helios is a member of the Ikaros family (e.g., Ikaros, Eos, Pegasus, and Ailos) of zinc-finger transcription factors and was initially cloned by two independent groups (1,2). Initial studies implicated Helios in cancer due to its as aberrant expression in certain types of leukemia and lymphoma (3-7). However, more recent work has described Helios as being expressed in lymphocytes, particularly a unique subset of CD4+ T cells, termed regulatory T cells (Treg) (8,9).
Recent developments and future trends in phased arrays

An update is here given of the amazing advances in phased arrays from small low cost arrays to large arrays. Now >500 A/C AESAs have been deployed with > 400,000 operational flight hours; >1.8 million T/Rs manufactured; over a million blind spot car radars manufactured; Patriot upgraded to 2012 state-of-the-art; 8 AN/TPY-2s delivered and 5 more to be built; JLENS, CJR, AN/SPY-3 and Dual Band Radar about to be deployed; DBF advancing with Australian S-band CEAFAR, which has A/D at each element, having undergone sea tests; AMDR and Space Fence have undergone their initial development phase; GaN allowing 5x power for same footprint as GaAs; 3D integrated circuit digital chips in production - Moore's Law marches on; DARPA looking at developing a low cost 94 GHz array with a cost goal of $1/element; DARPA COSMOS program taking monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) to the next level allowing mixed signal integration.
The Cognate and False Cognate Knowledge of Young Emergent Bilinguals.

This study examined young emergent bilinguals’ cognate and false cognate knowledge and vocabulary outcomes on four early-language assessments in English and Spanish. Findings revealed that children were able to use shared phonology of words—before they had developed extensive knowledge about their orthography—to recognize and produce cognates. In addition, children were not confused by the similar phonology in semantically different words when recognizing and producing false cognates. This indicates that children who are just beginning to acquire literacy may also possess a “bilingual advantage” when identifying cognate items as do their older peers.
I-Corps™ for Learning: Sustaining and scaling STEM education innovations for impact

Currently there is a lot of emphasis on engineering education research and innovation. In 2014 NSF funded a pilot implementation of the NSF Innovation Corps for Learning (I-Corps™ L) and additional cohorts have been conducted and are planned. The 7-week I-Corps™ L program uses established strategies for start-ups to scale up and move teaching and learning innovations into broad practice. Participating teams go through a hypothesis-testing, scientific method of discovery to gather important insights and identify issues associated with their projects. Unfortunately, the reach of the program is limited as a maximum of 24 teams can participate in each course offering. This special session provides an opportunity for a broad cross-section of researchers and educators to gain exposure to the Lean Start Up approach and its applicability to STEM education ecosystem. The focus of the session is to introduce the core features of the Lean Start Up process: search for a sustainable and scalable model using the Business Model Canvas, Customer Discovery, and Agile Engineering (i.e., iterate and increment towards an appropriate ‘product’).
Comparative Study on Modal Identification of a 10 Story RC Structure Using Free, Ambient and Forced Vibration Data

In this study the modal parameters of a ten-story reinforced concrete (RC) building are estimated from recordings of free, ambient, and forced vibrations, using the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA), the natural excitation technique combined with the eigensystem realization algorithm (NExT-ERA), and peak-picking method, respectively. The structure vibrated freely after it was hit the by a jack hammer used to demolish selected perimeter walls in the second story. The forced vibrations were induced using a portable eccentric mass shaker installed on the second story of the structure. The results obtained from the three methods indicate that the free vibration recordings can provide an accurate estimation of the modal parameters of the structure at lower identification order and with reduced computational cost compared to the NExT-ERA method applied on the ambient vibration recordings.
Moving in and Out: Dispersion of Cells in Self-Generated Gradients

Migrating cells can influence the direction of their own migration by metabolizing chemoattractants present in their environment. This is illustrated by the dispersal of melanoma cells, which break down lysophosphatidic acid and generate a gradient with increasing concentrations of lysophosphatidic acid distant from the tumor. Melanoma cells can then disperse away from the tumor as they migrate in the self-generated lysophosphatidic acid gradient. Thus, dispersal of tumor cells during invasion of the surrounding stroma might be driven by chemotaxis of cells along self-generated chemoattractant gradients.
Growth of defect-free GaAsSbN axial nanowires via self-catalyzed molecular beam epitaxy

Bandgap reduction of 10% by incorporation of a dilute amount of N is reported for the first time, in axial GaAsSb nanowires (NWs) grown on Si (111) via Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Impact of N incorporation on the surface morphology, NW growth kinetics, and their structural and optical properties were examined. Dilute nitride NWs with Sb composition of 7 at% did not exhibit any noticeable planar defects, as revealed by the absence of satellite twin peaks in the selected-area diffraction pattern and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging. Point defects were also minimal in as-grown dilute nitride NWs, as ascertained from the comparison of low-temperature photoluminescence spectra as well as the shape and shift of Raman modes, with in situ annealed NWs in different ambients. Evidence of enhanced incorporation of N was found in the NWs in situ annealed in N ambient, but with deteriorated optical quality due to simultaneous creation of N-induced defects. The lack of any noticeable defects in the as-grown GaAsSbN NWs demonstrates the advantage of the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism responsible for growth of axial configuration over the vapor–solid growth mechanism for core–shell NWs as well as their thin film counterpart, which commonly exhibit N-induced point defects.
Evaluation of menthol per se on acute perceptions and behavioral choice of cigarettes differing in nicotine content

Subjective perceptions and self-administration of cigarettes are each influenced by nicotine. Yet, differences specifically due to menthol in perceptions and choice of cigarettes varying in nicotine, and the association between these responses, have not been directly tested. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, acute responses to each of two menthol or non-menthol Spectrum research cigarettes, moderate (16-17 mg/g) versus very low (0.4 mg/g) in nicotine contents, were compared following brief abstinence in adult smokers preferring menthol ( n=44) or non-menthol ( n=29) brands. To ensure reliable perceptions, they experienced five exposures to each cigarette, then chose between them. All perceptions and choices were greater for moderate vs very low nicotine, as expected, and the magnitude of difference in four of six perceptions was associated with subsequently greater choice of the moderate nicotine cigarette. Importantly, virtually no differences were found between menthol and non-menthol, as nearly all perceptions, cigarette choices, and the association between perceptions and choice were not moderated by menthol or the interaction of nicotine by menthol. Our results indicate perceptions and reinforcement from cigarettes do not differ due to menthol when nicotine content and smoking topography are carefully controlled. Thus, regardless of menthol, smoking perceptions directly predict self-administration behavior.
The Role of Rhinencephalic Networks in Early Stage Kindling

Kindling is a powerful model of epilepsy.11,29 It is the best model we have of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), which is the most devastating type of human epilepsy, accounting for the vast majority of people with medically intractable epilepsy. More than 0.5 million people in the USA are afflicted with MTLE and continue to have seizures despite the best available medical treatment. It has been the hope of investigators that understanding the mechanisms underlying kindling will provide insight into treatment for MTLE. In nearly thirty years of research, however, kindling has yet to give up its most fundamental secrets.
Welcome to Cleveland: An introduction to the Rock and Roll Capital of the World

We’re all very excited to have you join us April 10–13, 2019, in Cleveland for the ACRL 2019 conference. The theme, “Recasting the Narrative,” is definitely an appropriate descriptor for current-day Cleveland. Gone is most of the manufacturing that made Cleveland the fifth largest city in the country in the mid-20th century. Our city’s current renaissance is built on medicine, arts, and foodie culture.
Hardware Trojan Detection in Implantable Medical Devices Using Adiabatic Computing

In recent years, Hardware Trojans (HT)have become an increasing concern due to outsourcing the manufacturing of Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs). Power Analysis based Side-Channel Attack (SCA)is one of the main methods of detecting HT in IMDs. However, using SCA in detecting trojans is limited by the large process variation effects in IC technology which has reduced detection sensitivity of ultra-small trojans. Along with the safety of IMDs against HTs, the need for power management has also risen in parallel with the increasing complexity of IMDs. In this paper, we are analyzing the usefulness of Differential Power Analysis (DPA)resistant adiabatic logic gates to detect smaller trojans. DPA resistant adiabatic logic gates consume uniform power irrespective of input data transition and also consume lower power compared to conventional CMOS logic gates. When the HT is triggered in the DPA resistant circuits, the circuit will have non-uniform power consumption which will help us to easily identify HTs. In order to validate our proposed methodology, we have implemented a C17 and a carry save adder using a recently proposed DPA resistant adiabatic logic family called Energy-Efficient Secure Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic Family (EE-SPFAL). Further, in order to calculate the true energy-efficiency of the EE-SPFAL logic, we have proposed a four phase Power Clock Generator (PCG)and integrated with the EE-SPFAL logic circuits. Simulations are performed in Cadence Spectre using 180nm CMOS technology. From our simulations, we have observed the non-uniform power consumption, during the activation of HT, in EE-SPFAL based C17 and carry save adder circuit. Further, EE-SPFAL based C17 and carry save adder along with its PCG consume 25.8% and 31.4% of less power as compared to the conventional CMOS based C17 and carry save adder respectively.
Assessing Patient Interest in Individualized Preventive Care Recommendations

Background. Few Americans obtain all 41 guideline-recommended preventive services for nonpregnant adults. We assessed patient interest in prioritizing their preventive care needs. Methods. We conducted a mixed-methods study, with 4 focus groups (N = 28) at a single institution and a nationwide survey (N = 2,103). Participants were middle-aged and older adults with preventive care needs. We obtained reactions to written materials describing the magnitude of benefit from major preventive services, including both absolute and relative benefits. Recommendations were individualized for patient risk factors ("individualized preventive care recommendations"). Focus groups assessed patient interest, how patients would want to discuss individualized recommendations with their providers, and potential for individualized recommendations to influence patient decision making. Survey content was based on focus groups and analyzed with logistic regression. Results. Patients expressed strong interest in individualized recommendations. Among survey respondents, an adjusted 88.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 86.7% to 89.7%) found individualized recommendations very easy to understand, 77.2% (95% CI = 75.3% to 79.1%) considered them very useful, and 64.9% (95% CI = 62.8% to 67.0%) highly trustworthy (each ≥6/7 on Likert scale). Three quarters of participants wanted to receive their own individualized recommendations in upcoming primary care visits (adjusted proportion = 77.5%, 95% CI = 75.6% to 79.4%). Both focus group and survey participants supported shared decision making and reported that individualized recommendations would improve motivation to obtain preventive care. Half of survey respondents reported that they would be much more likely to visit their doctor if they knew individualized recommendations would be discussed, compared with 4.2% who would not be more likely to visit their doctor. Survey respondents already prioritized preventive services, stating they were most likely to choose quick/easy preventive services and least likely to choose expensive preventive services (adjusted proportions, 63.8% and 8.5%, respectively). Results were consistent in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions. Individualized preventive care recommendations are likely to be well received in primary care and might motivate patients to improve adherence to evidence-based care.
A Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcomes After Breast-Conserving Surgery and Mastectomy with Implant Breast Reconstruction

Many factors influence decisions regarding choice of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) versus mastectomy with reconstruction for early invasive breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to compare patient satisfaction following BCS and mastectomy with implant reconstruction (M-iR) utilizing the BREAST-Q patient-reported outcome measure. Women with stage I or II breast cancer undergoing BCS or M-iR who completed a BREAST-Q from 2010 to 2016 were identified by retrospective review of a prospective database. Baseline characteristics were compared, and linear mixed models were used to analyze associations with BREAST-Q scores over time. Our study group was composed of 3233 women; 2026 (63%) had BCS, 123 (3.8%) had nipple-sparing mastectomy, and 1084 (34%) had skin-sparing or total mastectomy. Median time from surgery to BREAST-Q was 205 days for BCS and 639 days for M-iR (p < 0.001). Regardless of type of surgery, breast satisfaction scores decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001), whereas psychosocial (p = 0.001) and sexual (p = 0.004) well-being scores increased significantly over time. BCS was associated with significantly higher scores over time compared with M-iR across all subscales (all p < 0.001). Radiation was significantly associated with decreased scores over time across all subscales (all p < 0.05). Breast satisfaction and quality-of-life scores were higher for BCS compared with M-iR in early-stage invasive breast cancer. These findings may help in counseling women who have a choice for surgical treatment. Breast satisfaction scores decreased over time in all women, highlighting the need for further evaluation with longer follow-up.
Adenovirus mediated gene therapy in a glioblastoma vaccine model; specific antitumor immunity and abrogation of immunosuppression.

Clinical trials are being performed using tumor genetically engineered to produce cytokines as a vaccine. The design of such a vaccine may be made more effective by further study using in-vitro as well as in-vivo models. We studied an in-vitro tumor ‘vaccine’ model in glioblastoma. We have demonstrated high efficiency transfection of the Interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene into glioblastoma cell lines using adenoviral vectors. Glioblastoma cell lines transduced with this vector could produce high levels of IL-2 for up to 2 weeks, long enough to elicit an antitumor immune response. We studied tumor/effector cell interactions using cytotoxicity assays coupled with flow cytometric analysis. Activation of CD8+ and expansion of CD3+/CD16+ effector cell subpopulations were observed, suggesting the generation of a specific anti-tumor response and the potential for systemic immunity. We demonstrated that glioblastoma produce immunosuppressive factors which reduce the antitumor response by peripheral blood effector cells. These immunosuppressive factors could be neutralized to improve antitumor response. A better understanding of tumor/effector cell interactions may improve the design of gene therapy trials.
SparK: A Publication-quality NGS Visualization Tool

While there are sophisticated resources available for displaying NGS data, including the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) and the UCSC genome browser, exporting regions and assembling figures for publication remains challenging. In particular, customizing track appearance and overlaying track replicates is a manual and time-consuming process. Here, we present SparK, a tool which auto-generates publication-ready, high-resolution, true vector graphic figures from any NGS-based tracks, including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and ATAC-seq. Novel functions of SparK include averaging of replicates, plotting standard deviation tracks, and highlighting significantly changed areas. SparK is written in Python 3, making it executable on any major OS platform. Using command line prompts to generate figures allows later changes to be made very easy. For instance, if the genomic region of the plot needs to be changed, or tracks need to be added or removed, the figure can easily be re-generated within seconds without the manual process of re-exporting and re-assembling everything. After plotting with SparK, changes to the output SVG vector graphic files are simple to make, including text, lines, and colors. SparK is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/harbourlab/SparK.
The Association between Attachment Styles and Physical Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis

In this meta-analysis, we examine attachment styles-something commonly incorporated into couples therapy-and their association with physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization among men and women. This meta-analysis incorporated 33 studies that looked at the association between four different attachment styles and IPV. This study examined the strength of the correlation among different attachment styles and IPV perpetration and victimization, examined gender differences in the strength of the association among attachment styles and IPV, and compared the strength of the association with IPV among different attachment styles. We found that anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and disorganized attachment styles were all significantly associated with physical IPV perpetration and victimization. Secure attachment was significantly negatively related to IPV perpetration and victimization. There was a significantly stronger association between avoidant attachment and IPV victimization for women compared to men. Clinical implications related to the importance of fostering secure attachments when working with couples or individuals who have experienced IPV are addressed.
Dynamic regulation of histone modifications and long-range chromosomal interactions during postmitotic transcriptional reactivation

During mitosis, transcription of genomic DNA is dramatically reduced, before it is reactivated during nuclear reformation in anaphase/telophase. Many aspects of the underlying principles that mediate transcriptional memory and reactivation in the daughter cells remain unclear. Here, we used ChIP-seq on synchronized cells at different stages after mitosis to generate genome-wide maps of histone modifications. Combined with EU-RNA-seq and Hi-C analyses, we found that during prometaphase, promoters, enhancers, and insulators retain H3K4me3 and H3K4me1, while losing H3K27ac. Enhancers globally retaining mitotic H3K4me1 or locally retaining mitotic H3K27ac are associated with cell type-specific genes and their transcription factors for rapid transcriptional activation. As cells exit mitosis, promoters regain H3K27ac, which correlates with transcriptional reactivation. Insulators also gain H3K27ac and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in anaphase/telophase. This increase of H3K27ac in anaphase/telophase is required for posttranscriptional activation and may play a role in the establishment of topologically associating domains (TADs). Together, our results suggest that the genome is reorganized in a sequential order, in which histone methylations occur first in prometaphase, histone acetylation, and CTCF in anaphase/telophase, transcription in cytokinesis, and long-range chromatin interactions in early G1. We thus provide insights into the histone modification landscape that allows faithful reestablishment of the transcriptional program and TADs during cell division.
Primary care approach to urinary incontinence in the elderly

Urinary incontinence, which is the involuntary leakage of urine, is very common in the elderly. Temporally, incontinence can appear suddenly (transient), or be chronic in nature (established). Transient incontinence is usually due to the appearance of a new identifiable problem, the causes are embodied in the mnemonic DIAPPERS: Delirium, Infection, Atrophic vaginitis, Pharmaceuticals, Psychological, Excessive urine, Restricted mobility, Stool impaction. Established Incontinence is one that persists even after correction of precipitating factors, or, lack of identifiable factors. The types are: stress, urge, and overflow, mixed, and functional. Stress incontinence: A weakened pelvic floor in females, leads to prolapsed pelvic organs, causing sphincter dysfunction. The role of pelvic floor exercises (Kegels exercises) and newer surgical interventions is discussed. Urge incontinence: The disturbance in cortical control of the pontine centers of micturition is highlighted. The use of anti-muscarinic agents, sympathetic receptor blockers, and agonists is explained. Overflow incontinence: The role of removing obstruction to urine flow, or catheterization in atonic bladders is discussed.
Measurement of 14-MeV neutron cross sections for Zr 88 and Y 88

We have measured (n,2n) and (n,np+n,pn) cross sections for the radioactive nuclides $^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ and $^{88}\mathrm{Zr}$. The results are, for the (n,2n) reaction on $^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ at 14.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 MeV, 1140\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 mb; and at 14.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 MeV, 1180\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 mb. The $^{87}\mathrm{Y}$ isomer ratios ($\frac{m}{\mathrm{total}}$) are 0.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 and 0.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, respectively. For $^{88}\mathrm{Zr}$ at 14.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 MeV, the (n,2n) cross section is 467\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}23 mb, and the (n,np+n,pn) cross section is 253\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25 mb. The $^{87}\mathrm{Y}$ isomer ratio for the latter reaction is 0.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06. The results are compared to calculations which are based on a combined statistical-preequilibrium model. Half-lives for $^{88}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{m}$, and $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{g}$ are presented. Branching ratios for the decay of $^{87}\mathrm{Zr}$ to $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{m,g}$ were determined and the photon intensity of the 484.9-keV gamma ray from the decay of $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{g}$ was measured.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{88}\mathrm{Y}(\mathrm{n},2\mathrm{n})^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{m,g}$, $E=14.2,14.8$ MeV; $^{88}\mathrm{Zr}$(n,2n)$^{87}\mathrm{Zr}$, $E=14.8$ MeV; $^{88}\mathrm{Zr}(\mathrm{n},2\mathrm{n}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}+\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{n},\mathrm{n}\mathrm{p})^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{m,g}$, $E=14.8$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. Comparison with combined statistical and preequilibrium model.RADIOACTIVITY $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{m}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{g}$, $^{88}\mathrm{Zr}$; measured half-life. $^{87}\mathrm{Zr}$, measured branching decay. $^{87}\mathrm{Y}^{g}$, measured ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$.]
The Utility of Liver Biopsy in the Evaluation of Liver Disease and Abnormal Liver Function Tests.

Objectives We aimed to assess the value of liver biopsy in the evaluation of abnormal liver tests. Methods We analyzed consecutive liver biopsy specimens performed for evaluation of unexplained abnormal liver tests from 2014 to 2018. Diagnoses were categorized histologically and clinically. We determined whether histologic examination led to a specific diagnosis and whether prebiopsy laboratory variables predicted the underlying etiology. Results Among the 383 liver biopsy specimens included, chronic hepatitis was the most common histologic (25%) and clinical (17%) diagnosis. Liver biopsy led to a clinical diagnosis in 87% of patients. The most likely clinical diagnoses were autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury (38, 33, and 32 patients, respectively). Using sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, we found that liver tests were not predictive of a specific diagnosis. In patients with no history of liver disease or clinical features of portal hypertension, biopsy specimens revealed histologic cirrhosis in 5% of patients. Conclusions Histopathologic diagnoses were made in 85% of patients undergoing liver biopsy for investigation of unexplained liver tests, leading to a clinical diagnosis in 87% of patients. However, neither liver tests themselves nor their patterns were useful in predicting histologic or clinical diagnoses.
A comparison of pre-clinical instructional technologies: Natural teeth, 3D models, 3D printing, and augmented reality

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To assess student perceptions on learning dental anatomy using natural extracted teeth, 3D printed models, 3D virtual models, and augmented reality (AR) technology. METHODS: Eighty first-year dental students enrolled in the dental anatomy course were instructed to examine four stations. The stations included four versions of a mandibular first molar: an extracted natural tooth, a 3D printed model, a 3D virtual model, and a model displayed on a novel AR device. After examining all stations, the students were asked to complete an electronic survey. Bivariate analysis was performed to determine whether students' perceptions are related to their demographic characteristics and technological experience with computer use, 3D modeling, and video games. RESULTS: Seventy students completed the survey (87.5% response rate). Students rated natural teeth to have the highest educational value, the 3D printed tooth to be the most accessible, and the AR application to be the most interesting modality. Students who played little to no video games were more likely to rate AR as high educational value (48.8% vs. 10.3%; p < 0.001), while students with little 3D modeling experience were more likely to rate high accessibility of the 3D Model (78.1% vs. 48.3%; p < 0.001). No statistically significant associations between the perceptions and students' demographic characteristics or use of computer were noted. CONCLUSION The natural extracted tooth was rated highest in educational value, while the 3D printed model was rated easiest to use, and the AR model was the most interesting to the students.
Magnetoresistance of semiconducting SrTiO sub 3.

The magnetoresistance of reduced and doped SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ was measured at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in fields up to 8000 Oe. The effect was studied for directions of primary current and magnetic field along the major crystalline axes. Results are in agreement with the theoretical prediction of 3 (or 6) energy minima on the $〈100〉$ axes. Assuming an isotropic collision time, the effective-mass ratio is either 4.0 or 0.34.
The World Trade Organization Dispute over Genetically Modified Organisms: ThePrecautionary Principle Meets International Trade Law

“Precaution” is increasingly accepted as a basis for governmental policy in the areas of public health and environment on both the domestic and international levels. A precautionary perspective counsels action to avert danger or threats in situations of scientific uncertainty or incomplete information. Precautionary approaches find expression in internationally harmonized formulations as non-binding exhortations, binding treaties, and meta-level principles. Precaution is a particular challenge to free trade agreements, whose purpose is to eliminate unjustified barriers to trade. In that context, precaution as a justification for a challenged governmental measure may appear to be nothing more than a pretext for protectionism. This article traces the treatment of precaution in the jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization, and particularly under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards. From this perspective, the piece analyzes a number of controversial disputes, including those over hormone-treated beef and genetically modified food and crops, and makes recommendations for an alternative treatment of this important question by the WTO’s Appellate Body.
Pathology of the placenta and cord in ascending and in haematogenous infection.

The two main patterns of inflammatory response in the placenta and its adnexae are: (1) amniotic infection, usually bacterial ascending, with acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis; (2) haematogenous villitis, usually viral, with early necrotizing lesions and vasculitis and, later, chronic infiltrates and obliterative vasculitis. In amniotic infection most cells in the exudate are maternal. These leucocytes participate in antibacterial defence of the amniotic cavity in conjunction with substances such as zinc polypeptide and lysozyme and may contribute directly to fetal defence. Immunoglobulins may be produced in the cord of placenta only in protracted lesions such as 'healed' funisitis. Individual variations in the resistance of the membranes to bacterial penetration are possible. In viral infections a massive multifocal production by plasmacytes of immunoglobulins M, G and A is seen in affected villi. The secretion of non-specific antiviral substances in the infected placenta is possible. In all affected villi there is an activation of fixed macrophages (Hofbauer cells) that remain partly 'immature', i.e. are lysozyme-negative. Multifocal lymphoplasmacytic villitis is uncommon and has helped to focus the diagnosis on prenatal infection. In contrast, non-specific lymphocytic villitis is common; since there is no morphological difference between cases known to be associated with an infection, e.g. varicella, and the others, many cases may well be due to silent infection, although a graft-versus-host reactions remains a distinct possibility.
Drug abuse research.

The references in Philip H. Abelson's editorial of 5 February, "Science, technology, and national goals" (p. 743), were incorrect. The first reference should have read, "H. T. Shapiro, The Bridge 22 (no. 3), 14 (1992)." The second reference should have read, "R. E. Gomory, ibid. (no. 2), p. 18."
FROM SELF‐CULTIVATION TO PHILOSOPHICAL COUNSELING:

Comparaison entre le programme pedagogique et holiste de culture de soi propre au confucianisme, qui consiste en une tranformation morale et politique de la personne, grâce a la relation dialogique du maitre et du disciple, et l'efficacite therapeutique du conseil philosophique qui releve a la fois du diagnostic psychanalytique et d'une conversation philosophique entre le conseiller et l'etudiant portant sur l'orientation ideologique de la personne