cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steered spacecraft deployment using interspacecraft Coulomb forces

Recent work has shown that Coulomb forces can be used to maintain fixed-shape formations of spacecraft at high Earth altitudes with practical charging requirements. These formations require a careful balance between the intercraft forces and the relative orbital dynamics. While nearly propellantless, the resulting dynamic equations are nonlinear, and result in a challenging control system design problem. This paper explores a different Coulomb force application where a chief satellite deploys deputy craft to specified end states. By using multiple charge surfaces on the chief, a linear control design approach can be used while guaranteeing reachability for one deputy. This is extended to simultaneous, multiple deputy deployment by modulating control authority across the formation. A 3 deputy example is presented to illustrate the approach where Debye length plasma shielding is considered. This example shows that 1 meter diameter craft can be deployed to a 30 meter, circular projected formation in geostationary orbit in approximately 2 orbits with a maximum of 20 kilovolts on the charge surfaces.
4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridinium Chlorochromate

[81121-61-1] C7H11ClCrN2O3 (MW 258.65) InChI = 1S/C7H10N2.ClH.Cr.3O/c1-9(2)7-3-5-8-6-4-7;;;;;/h3-6H,1-2H3;1H;;;;/q;;+1;;;-1 InChIKey = GOOURKXKOZOZHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mild chromium oxidant, selective for the oxidation of benzylic, allylic, and sterically hindered alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones) Alternate Name: DMAPCC. Physical Data: mp 92–94 °C. Solubility: sol H2O; sl sol dichloromethane, chloroform. Form Supplied in: yellow powder; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: elemental analysis. Preparative Method: by addition of 4-Dimethylaminopyridine to a cooled solution of Chromium(VI) Oxide oxide in aqueous HCl.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: nonhygroscopic, shelf stable at rt indefinitely; slightly light sensitive over a period of days; preferably should be stored for long periods in a brown glass container. Treat as a typical chromium(VI)–amine reagent: oxidizer and cancer suspect agent. The reagent is most conveniently used as a suspension in CH2Cl2 or CHCl3.
Interaction between the motor protein prestin and the transporter protein VAPA

Prestin is the motor protein responsible for cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) somatic electromotility. Eliminating this abundant basolateral membrane protein not only causes loss of frequency selectivity and hearing sensitivity, but also leads to OHC death. A membrane-based yeast two-hybrid approach was used to screen an OHC-enriched cDNA (complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid) library in order to identify prestin-associated proteins. Several proteins were recognized as potential prestin partners, including vesicle-associated membrane protein associated protein A (VAPA or VAP-33). VAPA is an integral membrane protein that plays an important role in membrane trafficking, endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, and the stress-signaling system. The connection between VAPA and prestin was confirmed through co-immunoprecipitation experiments. This new finding prompted the investigation of the interaction between VAPA and prestin in outer hair cells. By comparing VAPA expression between wild-type OHCs and OHCs derived from prestin-knockout mice, we found that VAPA is expressed in OHCs and the quantity of VAPA expressed is related to the presence of prestin. In other words, less VAPA protein is found in OHCs lacking prestin. Thus, prestin appears to modify the expression of VAPA protein in OHCs. Intriguingly, more prestin protein appears at the plasma membrane when VAPA is co-expressed with prestin. These data suggest that VAPA could be involved in prestin's transportation inside OHCs and may facilitate the targeting of this abundant OHC protein to the plasma membrane.
Cavitary Pulmonary Infarct in Immunocompromised Hosts

Pulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients is common, but cavitary lung disease is less common and is usually associated with a fungal or mycobacterial infection. Pulmonary embolism is a noninfectious cause of a cavitary pulmonary process. Pulmonary embolism causes infarction in fewer than 15 % of cases, and only about 5% of infarctions cavitate. Herein we describe two cases of cavitary infarcts in immunocompromised patients and review the clinical aspects of pulmonary infarcts and cavitation. Cavitary pulmonary infarction has been reported only rarely in immunocompromised patients. It is a dangerous but treatable pulmonary disease that must be considered in the differential diagnosis of immunocompromised patients with lung disease.
Multiple forms of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from tomato leaf

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP, EC 2.7.7.27) was partially purified from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Laura) leaf by a procedure previously used for purification of AGP from tomato pericarp. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of the final preparation indicated that the leaf enzyme is composed of two subunits of 50 and 54 kDa. Two-dimensional PAGE and western blot analysis of the same preparation, however, revealed at least six isoforms of the large subunit and two isoforms of the small subunit. The leaf AGP is very sensitive to regulation by 3-phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate. Its properties are compared to those of AGP from tomato fruit.
Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema. A retrospective analysis of associated variables.

Study objective: Evaluate the correlation between intravenous fluid administration and postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Large multispecialty group practice hospital. Patients: Adults who had a pneumonectomy performed between 1977 and 1988. Measurements and results: Patients were identified who had postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema (PPE). Fluid administration and fluid balance information was found in records and compared with age- and sex-matched control patients who did not develop PPE. The side of pneumonectomy was noted for patients in each group. Autopsy findings were recorded for patients who died. Twenty-one patients met PPE criteria. No significant difference was found between groups for fluid administration or fluid balance. Patients who had right pneumonectomy had a significantly higher incidence of PPE. Patients with PPE had a 100 percent mortality rate and histologic evidence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) at autopsy. Conclusions: PPE is caused by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema rather than excess intravenous fluid administration. There is a greater incidence of the syndrome with right pneumonectomy for unknown reasons. The mortality rate is high despite interventions for ARDS. (Chest 1993; 103:1646-50)
Testosterone may increase selective attention to threat in young male macaques.

Abstract Animal studies indicate that sex hormones have widespread effects on the brain, cognition and emotion, but findings in humans are inconsistent. Well-controlled studies in nonhuman primates are crucial to resolve these discrepancies. In this study, we examined the effects of testosterone (T) on emotion in male rhesus monkeys. Six young adult males were tested on two emotional tasks during three hormonal conditions in a crossover design: when intact at baseline and when pharmacologically hypogonadal with add-back of T or placebo. The emotional tasks were the Approach–Avoidance task, which tested behavioral responses to three categories of objects (familiar, novel, and negative) and a Social Playback task which tested behavioral responses to scenes of unfamiliar conspecifics engaged in three types of social activities (neutral, positive, or negative). Following a 4-week baseline period, monkeys were treated with Depot Lupron, 200 μg/kg before being randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: Depot Lupron + Testosterone Enanthate (TE, 20 mg/kg) or Depot Lupron + oil vehicle. In each treatment group, monkeys received one injection of Lupron and one injection of TE or one injection of Lupron and one injection of oil at the onset of a 4-week testing period, before crossing over to the alternate treatment for an additional 4 weeks of testing. TE treatment had no effect on behavioral measures in the Approach–Avoidance task. For the Social Playback task, however, TE significantly increased watching time of video clips which depicted fights between unfamiliar conspecifics. The enhancing effect of T on watching time for negative social scenes is consistent with human data suggesting that T decreases aversion or facilitates approach to threatening social stimuli. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which T may mediate responsiveness to social threat in male primates.
Theoretical Modelling of Algol Disks

A brief review of various theoretical approaches to model accretion disks is presented. Emphasis is given to models that determine self-consistently the structure of a disk together with the radiation field. It is argued that a proper treatment of the vertical structure is essential for calculating theoretical spectra to be compared with observations. In particular, it is shown that hot layers above an accretion disk (sometimes called disk “chromospheres” or “coronae”), whose presence is indicated by recent UV observations of strong emission lines of highly ionized species, may be explained using simple energy balance arguments.
Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats

Presence of taste receptor families in the gastrointestinal mucosa suggests a physiological basis for local and early detection of a meal. We hypothesized that luminal l-glutamate, which is the pri...
Winner Take All: How Competitiveness Shapes the Fate of Nations

Over the past thirty years, the United States has lost commanding leads in business after business. We no longer make cameras, TVs, MP3 players, cell phones, or DVD players, and we have become the world's largest debtor nation. Everyone thinks this is because of cheap labor costs, but in fact Asian leaders have a fundamental and different way of thinking about business. They are playing a different game. If the U.S. wants to regain its competitiveness and preserve its global power, it must play the game as it's played in the rest of the world. Winner Take All tells us what it takes to be competitive, and how we need to reform our thinking to regain what we have lost. Richard Elkus isn't afraid to bring a few sacred cows to the slaughter. This is the essential primer for any policy maker, business leader, or general reader interested in knowing how America can regain the economic clout it once had.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics: 2007

The number of births in the United States increased between 2006 and 2007 (preliminary estimate of 4,317,119) and is the highest ever recorded. Birth rates increased among all age groups (15 to 44 years); the increase among teenagers is contrary to a long-term pattern of decline during 1991-2005. The total fertility rate increased 1% in 2007 to 2122.5 births per 1000 women. This rate was above replacement level for the second consecutive year. The proportion of all births to unmarried women increased to 39.7% in 2007, up from 38.5% in 2006, with increases noted for all race and Hispanic-origin groups and within each age group of 15 years and older. In 2007, 31.8% of all births occurred by cesarean delivery, up 2% from 2006. Increases in cesarean delivery were noted for most age groups and for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic women. Multiple-birth rates, which rose rapidly over the last several decades, did not increase during 2005-2006. The 2007 preterm birth rate was 12.7%, a decline of 1% from 2006. The low-birth-weight rate also declined in 2007 to 8.2%. The infant mortality rate was 6.77 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2007, which is not significantly different from the 2006 rate. Non-Hispanic black infants continued to have much higher rates than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic infants. States in the southeastern United States had the highest infant and fetal mortality rates. The United States continues to rank poorly in international comparisons of infant mortality. Life expectancy at birth reached a record high of 77.9 years in 2007. Crude death rates for children aged 1 to 19 years decreased by 2.5% between 2006 and 2007. Unintentional injuries and homicide were the first and second leading causes of death, respectively, accounting for 53.7% of all deaths to children and adolescents in 2007.
Analysis for Strategic Planning Applied to Ethanol and Distillers' Grain

While traditional economic analysis is a look back on past events and relationships, the motivation for strategic planning is to look forward. An example, based on the ethanol and distillers’ grain industry, illustrates the kind of analysis that can used for strategic planning by agribusiness firms and non-governmental organizations. It is expected that the current U.S. monetary policy of expanding the money supply, a Renewable Fuel Standard mandating 15 billion gallons of ethanol, and a growing export market for distillers' grains could potentially result in the future production of ethanol and distillers' grain that would be well above a normal trend. The corresponding derived demand for corn, relative to the normal increases in supply, would significantly affect the price levels for corn.
Payday lenders and economically distressed communities: A spatial analysis of financial predation

The payday lending industry has grown considerably in recent years, reflecting both widespread economic insecurity and market neglect by the traditional banking sector. Outlets are now commonplace in many communities across America. Accused by many of predatory practices, payday lenders can be viewed as financial hazards in already economically distressed communities. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and associated statistical analyses, this paper examines the social ecology of payday lending along the Front Range communities of Colorado. Comparison of means and logistic regression results reveal how communities’ composition by class, occupation, race/ethnicity, nativity, age, and military affiliation affect their likelihood of hosting payday lending.
Dietary transfer of enriched stable isotopes to mark otoliths, fin rays, and scales

Artificial chemical marking of calcified structures, such as otoliths, has emerged as a powerful method to assess stocking success and determine connectivity patterns in freshwater and marine systems. Although transgenerational and larval immersion methods have been validated, dietary transmission of enriched stable isotopes to calcified structures would allow minimal handling of animals and reduced expense for flow-through systems. We experimentally manipulated 137Ba in diets and successfully marked otoliths in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae, fingerlings, and subadults, as well as fin rays and scales of subadults in as little as 2 weeks of exposure. Marking success of 100% was found for larvae and fingerlings reared at higher temperatures, indicating the need for sufficient growth to occur for consistently detectable marks. Spiked isotopes successfully marked fin rays (86% marked) and scales (100% marked) of subadults, providing a cost-effective tagging method that can be sampled nonlethally. Diet...
Arbitration and Arbitrability: Toward an Expectation Model

The process of arbitration has been transformed by a series of Supreme Court decisions that have increased the enforceability of arbitration awards. Beyond that, the Supreme Court has also taken steps to ensure the enforceability of promises to arbitrate. These latter arbitrability issues raise questions as to who will decide whether an enforceable agreement to arbitrate has been made and what standard shall be applied in making that determination. This article explores the arbitrability question in the wide variety of settings in which it occurs, including post-contract disputes, successor parties, and the separability doctrine which focuses on challenges to the entire contract containing the arbitration provision. Also explored are the differing standards used to determine whether a substantive dispute is arbitrable on the merits and whether procedural preconditions to arbitration have been satisfied. This article identifies an expectation model as the premise upon which the Supreme Court's arbitrability principles have been based, and argues that it appropriately focuses on logical inferences of the parties' intent arising from their agreement as the basis for resolving arbitrability disputes. Reprinted with the permission of the Baylor Law Review.
National Obligations and Noncitizens: Special Rights, Human Rights, and Immigration*

This paper argues that, in addition to humanitarian concerns, policies toward immigrants should also be shaped by recognition of special responsibilities toward some populations of noncitizens. Nat...
Multimodal fusion of brain structural and functional imaging with a deep neural machine translation approach

In this work, we study a novel approach of deep neural machine translation to find linkage between multimodal brain imaging data, such as structural MRI (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI). The idea is to consider two different imaging views of the same brain like two different languages conveying some common concepts or facts. An important aspect of the translation model is an attention network module that learns alignment between features from fMRI and sMRI. We use independent component analysis (ICA) based features for the translation model. Our study shows significant group differences between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia in the learned alignments. Furthermore, this novel approach reveals a group differential relation between a cognitive score (attention and vigilance) and alignments that could not be found when individual modality of data were considered.
Effect of Surface Finish on Tightening Attribute of Threaded Fasteners

Further understanding of surface finish should not be overlooked when the nut factor is calculated.The effect of coating thickness and chromate treatment on the nut factor will lead to big nut factor scatter and significant security risk on the reliability of the bolt connection.In order to solve these problems,the bolts with different Zinc coating thickness and chromate treatment were carried on the experiment analysis.The rule of the effect of coating thickness and chromate treatment on the tightening attribute was obtained.It provides a reliable basis for selecting and designing bolts.
Use of secondary clinical data for research related to diabetes self-management education

Abstract Background Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a key component of ensuring optimal diabetes outcomes. Electronic medical record (EMR) systems have transformed diabetes management by providing organized and useful data. However, important gaps remain in the process of how practice settings track referrals and attendance to DSME. Purpose The purpose of this study was to use EMR data to examine patients' demographic, behavioral, and diabetes risk factors by referral pattern to a DSME program in a large midwestern Academic Medical Center. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional design using 2006–2013 EMR data from a Clinical Research Data Warehouse (CRDW). Data on 10,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomly extracted from the CRDW for analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to explore adjusted associations with referral to DSME. Results Seven hundred forty patients with T2DM were referred to DSME. Results show that age at diagnosis, insurance status, race/ethnicity, language, alcohol use, use of insulin, HbA1c, LDL, systolic blood pressure, ophthalmology appointment, coronary artery disease, neuropathy, diabetic-retinopathy, and nephropathy were found to be factors significantly associated with a referral to DSME. Language emerged as a significant result; non-English speakers were more likely to receive a referral to DSME. Conclusions Patients referred for DSME had appropriate medical complications or social needs that would benefit from intensive education; however, there remains a considerable opportunity for improving the DSME referral process. Aspects of the physician decision-making process to refer or not refer patients to DSME warrant further investigation.
Overlay tunneling as a policy tool for defending mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks face many challenges when they are deployed, particularly problems associated with security and network failures arising from the dynamics of their network topologies. To address these issues, there have been many efforts to introduce security into the actual network protocols, most of which unfortunately struggle with the trade-off between security and network overhead. Consequently, it is often desirable to have a lightweight approach to introduce security and robustness, where one employs conventional and well-understood network protocols, and attempts to achieve the assurability of the network through higher-layer, overlay mechanisms. This paper explores a lightweight overlay tunneling scheme operating at the Internet protocol layer as a policy tool that can mitigate network failures and attacks directed at the network without involving the redesign of the underlying routing protocols. Moreover, two optimizations are proposed that lead to improved performance when additional information is available. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intergenerational Age Gaps and a Family Member’s Well-Being: A Family Systems Approach

ABSTRACTAs more individuals belong to multigeneration lineages wherein four or more generations are alive at the same time, this study examines the link between intergenerational age gaps and their impact on family members’ well-being. Adopting the family systems perspective, where family members are viewed as interdependent, this study uses the third wave of the National Survey of Families and Households, 2001–2003, to investigate whether the mean of and variation in age gaps between generations within a family lineage are associated with a family member’s self-rated health, depression level, and general well-being. The results indicate that family members who belong to a lineage with longer age gaps are more likely to report better health, a lower degree of depression, and better general well-being than those from shorter-age-gap lineages. Higher variation in age gaps is related to lower well-being outcomes. Practice implications are discussed.
Performance Evaluation of Level-2 TRMM Rain Profile Algorithms by Intercomparison and Hypothesis Testing

Currently, satellite algorithms are the methodology showing most promise for obtaining more accurate global precipitation estimates. However, a general problem with satellite methods is that they do not measure precipitation directly, but through inversion of radiation—rain relationships. Because of this, procedures are needed to verify algorithm-generated results. The most common method of verifying satellite rain estimates is by direct comparison with ground truth data derived from measurements obtained by rain gauge networks, ground-based weather radar, or a combination of the two. However, these types of comparisons generally shed no light on the physical causes of the differences. Moreover, ground validation measurements often have uncertainty magnitudes on the order of or greater than the satellite algorithms, motivating the search for alternate approaches. The purpose of this research is to explore a new type of approach for evaluating and validating the level-2 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) facility rain profile algorithms. This is done by an algorithm-to-algorithm intercomparison analysis in the context of physical hypothesis testing.
Aikido as an Augment to Residential Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment

There is strong evidence to support the effectiveness of residential PTSD treatment programs among military veterans; however, efforts are needed to build upon the effectiveness of these programs t...
Characterizing the Life Course as Role Configurations and Pathways

The life course is a multi-faceted phenomenon. It involves a complex interplay among psychological orientations and behaviors; past experiences and future actions; age and cohort influences; network, historical, and institutional contexts that provide an environment of opportunities and constraints; and the interconnections among social roles that change over time in that environment. All of these coalesce to set the stage for life chances and personal wellbeing throughout one’s life. The life course itself constitutes a social institution, cutting pathways through time and creating a gravity of sorts, varyingly attracting individual lives into role configurations conforming to age-graded norms. Research on the life course and the development of accompanying theories thus grapples with a wide array of issues, have numerous foci, and draw upon a number of disciplines in order to understand the social context of human lives over time (Elder, 1994).
Controllable amplitude-to-phase distortion in high-speed photodiodes under pulsed illumination

We show <-50 dB AM-to-PM conversion over a wide photocurrent range in MUTC photodiodes. By controlling the AM-to-PM coefficient minimum, we generate 15 dBm microwave power with 60 dB AM rejection onto the microwave phase.
The Effect of Genes Controlling Radiation Sensitivity on Chemical Mutagenesis in Yeast

A special set of mutants containing identified altered codons in the iso-1-cytochrome c gene of yeast were recently used as tester strains for determining mutagenic specificities (Prakash and Sherman, 1973). One of the mutants, cyc1–131, contains a GUG codon in place of the normal chain-initiation codon AUG and requires a G•C-to-A•T transition to yield the normal protein (Stewart et al., 1971). This mutant was reverted preferentially and with a high frequency by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), diethyl sulfate (DES), nitrous acid (HNO2), N-methyl-N ′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), nitrosoimidazolidone (NIL), [3H] uridine ([3H] U), nitroquinoline oxide (NQO), and β-propioloactone (β-PL), and it was therefore concluded that these agents selectively induced G•C-to-A•T transitions (Prakash and Sherman, 1973; Prakash et al., 1974). In addition, ultraviolet light (UV), X-rays, nitrogen mustard (HN2), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and dimethyl sulfate (DMS) were found to revert all the tester strains with the same efficiency or without any dependence on simple types of base-pair changes, and it was concluded that these mutagens were nonspecific in the types of base-pair changes produced. Since the cyc1–131 tester reverted well with all 11 chemical mutagens and with ionizing and UV radiation, it was used in studies designed to determine the genetic control of mutation induction using a wide variety of mutagens (Prakash, unpublished results). This tester was coupled to over 20 different rad genes (the symbol for loci conferring radiation sensitivity in yeast), and diploids were constructed which were homozygous for cyc1–131 as well as a particular rad gene.
High-Resolution Manometry and Assessment of Esophageal Reflux

Esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) represents a significant advance over conventional esophageal manometry that is more time-efficient for both the operator and the patient. Further, the procedure quality is improved as the real-time data are available for the operator, and the procedure is less cumbersome because of the elimination of the stationary pull through maneuver. Achalasia diagnosis has improved sensitivity, and the technique has improved description and classification of motor disorders. While conventional catheter based pH systems remain in vogue, wireless pH probes can now be placed in the esophagus with better patient tolerance, and improved diagnostic gain in select situations. Impedance monitoring allows identification of reflux events irrespective of pH, a technology that can be combined with catheter-based pH monitoring. Anorectal manometry has now incorporated both the high resolution and 3-D technology that provides better definition of anorectal sphincter mechanisms. Research is ongoing to determine how these advances impact patient management and clinical outcome.
On two results in the potential theory of excessive measures

Let (Pt) be the semigroup of a right Markov process and let m be an excessive measure for (Pt) (i.e., m is σ-finite and mPt m for t > 0). As is well known, m can be uniquely decomposed as m = mi+mp where mi is invariant (miPt= mi for t > 0), and mp is purely excessive (mpPt(f) ↓ 0 as t ↑ ∞ for f ≥ 0 with m(f) < ∞). The component mp can be decomposed further: $${{\text{m}}_{\text{p}}}=\int{_{0}^{\infty }}{{v}_{\text{t}}}\text{dt,}$$ (1) where (v t: t > 0) is a family of σ-finite measures satisfying v tPs = v t+s for s,t > 0. The decomposition (1) seems to be well known (cf. [2]; see also [7] for a related result). A probabilistic proof of (1) is given in [3] by means of the stationary process associated with (Pt) and m. In [6], Getoor and Glover use (1) as an important step in their construction of the aforementioned stationary process. Actually, Getoor and Glover consider the more general (and more difficult) time inhomogeneous case, but even in the time homogeneous case their proof of (1) is involved.
SKIP-3 solitaire: nifty assignment

SUMMARY Students modify and implement interacting classes in order to simulate a solitaire game involving a row (list) of cards.
Post-translational S-glutathionylation of cofilin increases actin cycling during cocaine seeking

Neuronal defense against oxidative damage is mediated primarily by the glutathione redox system. Traditionally considered a mechanism to protect proteins from irreversible oxidation, mounting evidence supports a role for protein S-glutathionylation in cell signaling in response to changes in intracellular redox status. Here we determined the specific sites on the actin binding protein cofilin that undergo S-glutathionylation. In addition, we show that S-glutathionylation of cofilin reduces its capacity to depolymerize F-actin. We further describe an assay to determine the S-glutathionylation of target proteins in brain tissue from behaving rodents. Using this technique, we show that cofilin in the rat nucleus accumbens undergoes S-glutathionylation during 15-minutes of cued cocaine seeking in the absence of cocaine. Our findings demonstrate that cofilin S-glutathionylation is increased in response to cocaine-associated cues and that increased cofilin S-glutathionylation reduces cofilin-dependent depolymerization of F-actin. Thus, S-glutathionylation of cofilin may serve to regulate actin cycling in response to drug-conditioned cues.
The Effects of Family-School Partnership Interventions on Academic and Social-Emotional Functioning: a Meta-Analysis Exploring What Works for Whom

Family-school partnership (FSP) interventions capitalize on connections between families and schools, as parents and teachers jointly promote child development through activities that bridge both settings. The current meta-analysis assessed the effects of FSP interventions on children’s academic and social-emotional competencies. From initial comprehensive search procedures (i.e., online reference databases, hand searches of relevant journals, and cited references) yielding over 19,000 abstracts, our study sample included 77 FSP intervention studies with 438 effect sizes. Studies including the following comprised our final sample: (1) an FSP intervention, (2) school-aged children, (3) academic and/or social-emotional outcomes, (4) a naturalistic setting, and (5) an experimental or quasi-experimental group design. Utilizing robust variance estimation (RVE), results revealed that FSP interventions significantly and positively impacted children’s academic achievement (δ = .25 ) and behaviors (δ = .30), social-behavioral competence (δ = .32), and mental health (δ = .34). Additionally, particular structural (i.e., home-based involvement) and relational (i.e., school to home communication, collaboration, bi-directional communication) components significantly contributed to FSP intervention effects. Mixed-effects meta-regression analyses were used to assess if effects of FSP intervention components were moderated by children’s grade or race/ethnicity. Results indicated that certain FSP intervention components (i.e., bi-directional communication, behavioral support) were more effective for older students. No significant moderation effects were found race/ethnicity, indicating that FSP intervention components were effective across participants. Overall, findings provide further support for the use of FSP interventions to support youth outcomes. Future meta-analyses should include single-case design studies and explore unique combinations of FSP intervention components.
Improving Chemical Security with Material Control and Accountability and Inventory Management

Chemical risk management is a process to control safety and security risks associated with hazardous chemicals. Chemical risk management includes the management of both chemical safety and chemical security. It is generally accepted that there are five pillars that make up chemical security management. Each of the five pillars are key components to the implementation of a chemical security risk management system. In this work, we will review the “Material Control and Accountability” pillar and how an academic institution can implement this principle using a chemical inventory management system (CIMS). A robust CIMS will improve the quality and efficiency of research, reduce time and resources associated with laboratory management, and reduce both the safety and security risks associated with chemicals.
Chapter 19 – Electrowinning1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of electrowinning to produce pure metallic copper from leach or solvent extraction electrolytes. It entails applying an electrical potential between inert lead (Pb) alloy anodes and stainless steel cathodes in electrolyte. As a result, pure copper electroplates on the cathodes and oxygen is generated at the anodes. The copper (Cu) is stripped from the cathode and sold. The oxygen joins the atmosphere and the oxidized copper (Cu++) depleted electrolyte is returned to solvent extraction for Cu++ replenishment. Electrowon copper is purer than electrorefined copper. The only significant impurities are sulfur, lead, and iron. These impurity concentrations can be decreased through careful control and attention. The basic electrowinning products are pure copper metal at the cathode, oxygen gas at the anode, and regenerated sulfuric acid in the solution. The most important need for copper electrowinning is an inert anode to reduce the need for cell cleaning and to minimize the Pb contamination.
Identification of herboxidiene structural features that mediate conformation-dependent SF3B1 interactions to inhibit splicing

Small molecules that target the spliceosome SF3B complex are potent inhibitors of cancer cell growth. The compounds affect an early stage of spliceosome assembly when U2 snRNP first engages the branch point sequence of an intron. Recent cryo-EM models of U2 snRNP before and after intron recognition suggest several large-scale rearrangements of RNA and protein interactions involving SF3B. Employing an inactive herboxidiene analog as a competitor with SF3B inhibitors, we present evidence for multiple conformations of SF3B in the U2 snRNP, only some of which are available for productive inhibitor interactions. We propose that both thermodynamics and an ATP-binding event promote the conformation conducive to SF3B inhibitor interactions. However, SF3B inhibitors do not impact an ATP-dependent rearrangement in U2 snRNP that exposes the branch binding sequence for base pairing. We also report extended structure activity relationship analysis of herboxidiene, which identified features of the tetrahydropyran ring that mediate its interactions with SF3B and its ability to interfere with splicing. In combination with structural models of SF3B interactions with inhibitors, our data leads us to extend the model for early spliceosome assembly and inhibitor mechanism. We postulate that interactions between a carboxylic acid substituent of herboxidiene and positively charged SF3B1 sidechains in the inhibitor binding channel are required to maintain inhibitor occupancy and counteract the SF3B transition to a closed state that is promoted by stable U2 snRNA interactions with the intron.
Quality differentiation and adoption costs: The case for interorganizational information system pricing

Firms which employ a new technology to increase the quality of goods sold often require that customers adopt some aspect of the technology, and this adoption is typically costly. This study proposes a model of goods supported by interorganizational information systems (IOS) that captures the effects of increased quality and customer adoption costs. The model is developed for monopoly and duopoly, assuming non-IOS goods continue to be viable. Supporting the hypothesis that adoption costs act as a barrier to customers using IOS, our general results raise the possibility of a subsidy for IOS adoption, particularly when the added value after adoption is indispensable and when IOS adopters purchase similar or greater quantities to those they would purchase without IOS. Consistent with the notion that firms are better off with differentiated goods to reduce direct competition, duopoly results confirm that if one firm has an IOS then that firm should offer only the IOS-supported good and abandon the unsupported good to the competitor. These results also make clear that both firms can be made better off by only one introducing the IOS. Moreover, not only can the IOS result in benefits to both firms, but in aggregate customers may also be better off. In designing an IOS, any reduction in the cost of information technology inputs, or in the cost of increasing attributes such as timeliness, accuracy and fineness, results in a superior IOS offering, increasing the quality of the IOS-supported good. Prices for goods sold, however, do not necessarily increase with the quality of IOS support.
Growing garden-based learning: mapping practical and theoretical work through design

Echoing calls to expand environmental education research through design, this study explores the role of design in garden-based education and illustrate its contributions towards practical impact a...
Browser Tying and Data Privacy Innovation

This paper explores the role of the browser in relation to competition for advertising. It explores the important role of the browser in collecting and transmitting data to servers via data storage and transmission functions, the mechanisms by which these data flows are enabled, and some of the competing uses for which these data flows are used on the server side. This reveals the need for server-side processing of some information. In this context, profound concerns are raised that technological tying will imminently undermine competition and innovation in digital markets via browser-based restrictions. Indeed, there are proposals for de facto vertical integration of significant browser and server functionality under proposals from Apple and Google, which will strongly favour vertically integrated solutions (the so-called “walled gardens”). Both proposals are restrictive, but Google’s appear to go even further than Apple in its tying proposals, without justification. The paper concludes with some possible remedies to prevent anti-competitive technological tying of browser and server functionality. Indeed, there is an acute need to use established competition law tools to prevent anti-competitive foreclosure from locking down the browser.
The effects of COVID-19-related stress among parents and children in Ohio child care programs: a mixed-methods study

COVID-19-related stress effects on the caregiver and child are largely unexplored. Caregivers (N = 114) of children between the ages of 3 months and 10 years accessing Ohio child care completed a parent survey (fall 2020), and additional caregivers (N = 20) completed an interview. Caregivers reported a mean of 70 (SD = 19;scale 1–100) on COVID-19-related stress. In adjusted regression models, higher caregiver-reported COVID-19-related stress was associated with increased odds of child aggression and poor social skills. Exploratory analyses indicated that these associations may be partly mediated by the caregiver working from home and losing their temper. Qualitative findings reflect caregiver COVID-19 stress and complement quantitative findings. Caregivers and children who experience COVID-19 stress should be monitored for persistent problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Children's Health Care is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Inhibition of transcription of HIV-1 in infected human cells by oligodeoxynucleotides designed to form DNA triple helices

The effect on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) viral transcription and subsequent gene expression mediated by mixed purine-pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligodeoxynucleotides) designed to form collinear DNA triplexes with purine-rich elements in the viral promoter was evaluated in intact mammalian cell lines (MT4 and U937). Oligonucleotides HIV31 (5'-GTTTTTGGGTGTTGTGGGTGTGTGTGGTTTG-3') and HIV38 (5'-TGGGTGGGGTGGGGTGGGGGGGTGTGGGGTGTGGGGTG-3') were designed to interact with the transcription initiation site (-16 to + 13) and nuclear factor Sp1 binding site (-81 to -44) of HIV-1, respectively. Oligonucleotides, synthesized with a 3' amine blocking group (5'-R-O-PO2-OCH (CHOH)-CH2-NH+3-3') to prevent degradation by cellular nucleases, were readily taken up by MT4 cells from the culture medium, achieving measured intranuclear concentrations higher than the medium in less than 2 h of incubation. The 3' amine modified oligonucleotides were recoverable from the cells after 24 h as greater than 90% intact material. Treatment of acutely infected MT4 cells with either HIV31 or HIV38 significantly inhibited viral-associated cytopathology and P24 antigen production (p less than 0.001). Additionally, inhibition of P24 antigen release, culture supernatant viral titer, and expression of the intact 9.2-kb HIV-1 mRNA was observed when the chronically infected promonocyte cell line, U937, was treated with 10 microM HIV38. Control oligonucleotides with similar base composition did not inhibit virus expression in either cell line. Furthermore, inhibition of viral expression was not due to alpha-interferon induction resulting from oligonucleotide treatment. Both HIV31 and HIV38 associate with their respective DNA target duplexes at micromolar concentrations, and a strong negative ellipticity near 210 nm, characteristic of DNA triplexes, was observed in the circular dichroism spectrum of either target-oligonucleotide complex. These observations suggest that oligonucleotides, designed to form nucleic acid triplexes with specific proviral target sequences, can selectively inhibit transcription of viral mRNA in intact cells and suppress accumulation of viral products.
Do Investors in Controlled Firms Value Insider Trading Laws? International Evidence

This article characterizes insider trading in controlled firms as an agency problem. Using a standard agency model of corporate value diversion through insider trading by a controlling shareholder, I derive testable hypotheses about the relationship between corporate value and insider trading laws. The article tests these hypotheses using cross-sectional data on firms from a group of developed countries. The results show that stringent insider trading laws and enforcement are associated with greater corporate valuation among firms in common law countries, a result that is consistent with the claim that insider trading laws can mitigate agency costs. In contrast, insider trading laws and enforcement are generally insignificant to corporate valuation among firms in civil law countries. These results are robust to alternative regression specifications and to controlling for a variety of relevant factors and they suggest that the firm-level impact of insider trading regulation may depend on the local context in which it is applied.
Single immunizing dose of recombinant adenovirus efficiently induces CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against malaria.

The immunogenicity of a recombinant replication defective adenovirus expressing a major malaria Ag, the circumsporozoite (CS) protein (AdPyCS), was determined using a rodent malaria model. A single immunizing dose of this construct induced a large number of CS-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the spleens of these animals, particularly when given by the s.c. or i.m. route. A single dose of AdPyCS also induced high titers of Abs to Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites in mice. No other form of presentation of the CS protein given as a single immunizing dose, i.e., irradiated sporozoites, recombinant vaccinia, or influenza virus, etc., elicits comparably high numbers of CS-specific CD8+ T cells. The high concentration of CS-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen was relatively short-lived, decreasing to half of its original value by 4 wk and to one-third at 8 wk after AdPyCS inoculation. The decrease in splenic CS-specific CD4+ T cells was even more rapid. Most importantly, a single dose of inoculation of AdPyCS into mice rendered them highly resistant to sporozoite challenge, resulting in a 93% inhibition of liver stage development of the parasites. This protective effect was primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells, as shown by depletion of this T cell population, while depletion of the CD4+ T cell population had only a minor effect on anti-plasmodial activity. Moreover, the inoculation of mice with AdPyCS induces sterile immunity in a significant proportion of mice, preventing the occurrence of parasitemia.
Modeling concurrent real-time processes using discrete events

We give a formal framework for studying realdtime discretedevent systems. It describes concurrent processes as sets of possible behaviors. Compositions of processes are processes with behaviors in the intersection of the behaviors of the component processes. The interaction between processes is through signals, which are collections of events. Each event is a valuedtag pair, where the tags denote time. Zeno conditions are defined and methods are given for avoiding them. Strict causality ensures determinacy under certain technical conditions, and deltadcausality ensures the absence of Zeno conditions.