cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the assembly of a complex macromolecular structure – the coat of spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis

The coat is the outermost layer of spores of many Bacillus species, and plays a key role in these spores' resistance. The Bacillus subtilis spore coat contains > 70 proteins in four distinct layers: the basement layer, inner coat, outer coat and crust. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, McKenney and Eichenberger study the dynamics of spore coat assembly using GFP-fusions to 41 B. subtilis coat proteins. A key finding in the work is that formation of the spore coat is initiated by the apparently simultaneous assembly of foci of proteins from all four coat layers on the developing spore just as forespore engulfment by the mother cell begins. The expansion of these foci before completion of forespore engulfment then sets up the scaffold to which coat proteins added later in sporulation are added. This study provides new understanding of the mechanism of the assembly of a multi-protein, multi-lamellar structure.
Shape and image retrieval by organizing instances using population cues

Reliably measuring the similarity of two shapes or images (instances) is an important problem for various computer vision applications such as classification, recognition, and retrieval. While pairwise measures take advantage of the geometric differences between two instances to quantify their similarity, recent advances use relationships among the population of instances when quantifying pairwise measures. In this paper, we propose a novel method which refines pairwise similarity measures using population cues by examining the most similar instances shared by the compared shapes or images. We then use this refined measure to organize instances into disjoint components that consist of similar instances. Connectivity is then established between components to avoid hard constraints on what instances can be retrieved, improving retrieval performance. To evaluate the proposed method we conduct experiments on the well-known MPEG-7 and Swedish Leaf shape datasets as well as the Nister and Stewenius image dataset. We show that the proposed method is versatile, performing very well on its own or in concert with existing methods.
D-600 and the Membrane Stabilizing Effect of Calcium in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Increases in the extracellular concentration of calcium diminish the rate of force development of vascular smooth muscle and cause relaxation of already contracted vascular smooth muscle. These action
ACTIVE NUCLEAR IMPORT AND EXPORT IS INDEPENDENT OF LUMENAL CA2+ STORES IN INTACT MAMMALIAN CELLS

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates communication between the cytoplasm and nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Active transport of large polypeptides as well as passive diffusion of smaller ( < 10 kD) macromo- lecules through the NPC can be inhibited by depletion of intracellular Ca 2 1 stores. However, the physiological rel- evance of this process for the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is not yet clear. We expressed green flu- orescent protein (GFP)—tagged glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase—acti- vated protein kinase 2 (MK2) to study the effect of Ca 2 1 store depletion on active transport in HM1 cells, a human embryonic kidney cell line stably transfected with the muscarinic M 1 receptor. Dexamethasone-induced nuclear import of GR-GFP and anisomycin-induced nuclear export of GFP-MK2 was monitored by confocal microscopy. We found that store depletion by carbachol, thapsigargin or ionomycin had no effect on GR-GFP import, whereas pretreatment with 1,2-bis-( o -aminophenoxy) ethane- N,N,N 9 , N 9 -tetraacetic acid—acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM) attenuated import significantly. Export of GFP-MK2 was not influenced by any pretreatment. Moreover, carbachol stimulated GFP-MK2 translocation to the cytoplasm in the absence of anisomycin. These results demonstrate that Ca 2 1 store depletion in intact HM1 cells is not directly linked to the inhibition of active protein transport through the NPC. The inhibition of GR-GFP import but not GFP-MK2 export by BAPTA-AM presumably involves a deple- tion-independent mechanism that interferes with components of the nuclear import pathway.
Use of a nonpledgeted suture technique is safe and efficient for aortic valve replacement

Objective The use of pledgeted sutures to secure the prosthetic valve to the annulus during aortic valve replacement is thought to decrease the incidence of paravalvular leak. We hypothesized that use of nonpledgeted sutures in aortic valve replacement would provide equivalent outcomes to those of a pledgeted suture technique. Methods Between January 1995 and April 2009, a total of 802 patients (511 nonpledgeted, 291 pledgeted) underwent isolated aortic valve replacement, including 671 patients who underwent primary, isolated aortic valve replacement (412 nonpledgeted, 259 pledgeted). Preoperative risk, intraoperative findings, and postoperative complications, including operative mortality, were evaluated. Results Operative mortalities in isolated AVR operations were similar at 2.5% and 3.1% ( P > .66) for nonpledgeted and pledgeted groups, respectively. Paravalvular leak rates after aortic valve replacement were equivalent in nonpledgeted and pledgeted groups (0.8% vs 1.4%, respectively, P = .47). Reoperation for paravalvular leak was rare in both groups. Importantly, the nonpledgeted technique incurred significantly shorter aortic crossclamp time (58.1 ± 0.3 minutes vs 61.6 ± 0.4 minutes, P P = .02) than did the pledgeted technique. Conclusions A nonpledgeted suture technique offers an equivalent alternative to the traditional use of pledgets during aortic valve replacement, with no increase in paravalvular leak rate. This nonpledgeted suture technique provides a time efficient and safe approach to aortic valve replacement operations.
Restricted temporal access to food and anorexia in mice: Microstructure of eating within feeding opportunities.

Intake and body weight were recorded in a closed economy as male and female C57BL/6 mice progressed through either fixed interval (FI) or fixed unit price (FUP) schedules of cost for 20-mg food pellets. Access to food was constrained to four 40 min food opportunities (FOs) per day, spaced 4-h apart through the dark phase. Nose poke responses and pellet deliveries were collected at 10-s resolution to allow pellet-by-pellet analysis. In the FI protocol, mice maintained adequate food intake and body weight through the study, even though at the highest FI (50-s) they spent the entire 40-min FOs engaged in eating at or near the maximum rate allowed by the schedule. In the FUP protocol, mice greatly reduced their intake and lost weight at the highest FUP (50 responses/pellet). The analysis of response and pellet distributions showed these mice were not filling the FOs with responding and ate less at dusk (FO #1) and dawn (FO #4) than at FOs #2 and 3 in the middle of the night. The principal, and unexpected, sex difference was that females tended to eat more than males despite lower body weight, but behavioral changes as a function of feeding cost or schedule were qualitatively similar in both sexes. These results show that slow eating as imposed by an FI is not sufficient to produce hypophagia and, in the FUP protocol, hypophagia cannot be explained by slowed eating due to response requirements. We discuss the role of effort or time in FUP-induced anorexia, and suggest this murine model may emulate some aspects of human anorexia nervosa better than current activity-based protocols.
Access to Health Information Under International Human Rights Law

This article discusses whether and, if so, to what extent states are obligated under international treaty law to provide individuals, lay healthcare providers, professional healthcare providers, and policymakers with appropriate health information. The article concludes that health information is an essential component of many identified and established human rights. States party to treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights must provide and guarantee access to health information. Appropriate health information fosters meaningful social and political participation and ensures that individuals achieve and enjoy the rights afforded to them by international human rights law. This article provides the international legal foundation for conducting additional, country-­specific research on states’ compliance with their obligations concerning health information and generating concrete recommendations for what states can do to improve the provision of health information.
Costs and savings associated with implementation of a police crisis intervention team.

OBJECTIVES: Police crisis intervention teams (CIT) have demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing injury to law enforcement personnel and citizens and the criminalization of mental illness; however, their financial effect has not been fully investigated. The objective of the study was to determine the total costs or total savings associated with implementing a CIT program in a medium-size city. METHODS: The costs and savings associated with the implementation of a CIT program were analyzed in a medium-size city, Louisville, Kentucky, 9 years after the program's initiation. Costs associated with officer training, increased emergency psychiatry visits, and hospital admissions resulting from CIT activity were compared with the savings associated with diverted hospitalizations and reduced legal bookings. RESULTS: Based on an average of 2400 CIT calls annually, the overall costs associated with CIT per year were $2,430,128 ($146,079 for officer training, $1,768,536 for hospitalizations of patients brought in by CIT officers, $508,690 for emergency psychiatry evaluations, and $6823 for arrests). The annual savings of the CIT were $3,455,025 ($1,148,400 in deferred hospitalizations, $2,296,800 in reduced inpatient referrals from jail, and $9825 in avoided bookings and jail time). The balance is $1,024,897 in annual cost savings. CONCLUSIONS: The net financial effect of a CIT program is of modest benefit; however, much of this analysis was based on estimates and average length of stay. Furthermore, the costs and savings associated with officer or citizen injuries were not included because there was inadequate information about their prevalence and costs. Finally, this analysis does not take into account the nonmonetary gains of a CIT program. Language: en
Safety of paediatric day-stay laryngeal surgery for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Abstract Objectives Safety assessment of day-stay laryngeal surgery in a cohort of children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a chronic debilitating disease which usually requires multiple recurrent interventions under general anaesthesia. Day-stay surgery is an attractive option as it allows avoiding the inconvenience and costs of routine overnight admissions while recovering in the safe environment of the family home. This is the first study to assess the safety of day-stay laryngeal surgery in this cohort of patients. Methods Retrospective cohort study of all consecutive RRP procedures performed between December 1998 and May 2015 in a single paediatric tertiary-level hospital. Results A total of 465 surgical procedures were performed in 20 patients. Average age on diagnosis was 4.5 years. 415 (89.25%) of the procedures were done as day cases without overnight admission. Average number of procedures per patient was 20 and 25 for Children positive to HPV6 and HPV11, respectively. Only one patient after one single procedure (presenting 0.21% of total procedures, 0.24% of day-stay procedures) represented after discharge. Conclusions Day-stay surgery for children with RRP has a favourable safety profile in selected cases.
Resilience's problem of the present: reconciling social justice and future-oriented resilience planning in the Transition Town movement

Using ethnographic data gathered from more than two years of fieldwork in a rural Vermont ‘Transition Town’ – a social movement oriented toward building resilience – this article examines how the conceptual groundwork of ‘resilience’ makes it difficult to work on socio-economic concerns in the here-and-now. It offers a close examination of the material objects that are interwoven with ‘building resilience’ in Transition Towns organising, creating the affective infrastructure on which the proliferating crises of the future are constructed. The desirable objects of resilience, via this affective infrastructure, serve to suture the imagined past with the imagined future, weaving hope, fear, grief, guilt, anticipation and excitement into resilience practice as inextricable parts of the work of resilience. And in turn, this suturing elides the necessary work for socioeconomic justice in the present moment. I suggest that, as a result of this problem with the present, the resilience concept makes it difficult t...
Agnotology and information

Agnotology was coined in an effort to create a title for a project to build an understanding of ignorance. The poster proposed seeks to re-introduce ignorance to information science through the comparison of the construction of ignorance in agnotology and the construction of information in information science. Looking at the way that models of ignorance parallel models of information, a greater understanding of the epistemic landscape is revealed. This conversation around the theoretical foundations of information science posed by this proposal may have a direct impact on both individuals and information contexts by reducing entropy and uncertainty in information science research. This poster is a step towards starting a conversation about connections and overlaps between information science and agnotology.
Unified constitutive material models for nonlinear finite-element structural analysis

Unified constitutive material models were developed for structural analyses of aircraft gas turbine engine components with particular application to isotropic materials used for high-pressure stage turbine blades and vanes. Forms or combinations of models independently proposed by Bodner and Walker were considered. These theories combine time-dependent and time-independent aspects of inelasticity into a continuous spectrum of behavior. This is in sharp contrast to previous classical approaches that partition inelastic strain into uncoupled plastic and creep components. Predicted stress-strain responses from these models were evaluated against monotonic and cyclic test results for uniaxial specimens of two cast nickel-base alloys, B1900+Hf and Rene' 80. Previously obtained tension-torsion test results for Hastelloy X alloy were used to evaluate multiaxial stress-strain cycle predictions. The unified models, as well as appropriate algorithms for integrating the constitutive equations, were implemented in finite-element computer codes.
Sensitivity of hyperthyroid cat myocardium to decreased extracellular calcium.

SummaryTension, dT/dt, and transmembrane action potentials were recorded in papillary muscles excised from hearts of control and hyperthyroid cats. The effect of (Ca+ +)e on the action potential was unchanged in hyperthyroid muscles, but the contractility was more sensitive to decreased (Ca+ +)e than the controls. This may provide a clue as to the basis of the increased contractile state documented in hyperthyroid myocardium.
Temperate Region Soils

The central concept of temperate zones are geographic regions characterized by continental climates with significant seasonal differences in temperature. Soil temperature and soil moisture regimes (STR and SMR, respectively) can more appropriately define climatic regions with regard to pedological processes. Temperate region soils can typically be defined as having mesic or thermic STR; iso regimes (those experiencing less than a 5 °C difference in soil temperature at 50 cm depth) are normally excluded. Although aridic and xeric SMRs do occur in mesic, and thermic STRs, soils from those moisture regimes are described in more detail in other chapters and are discussed only briefly here. This chapter therefore concentrates mainly on subhumid (ustic) and humid (udic and perudic) temperate region soils.
Transcolonial Racial Formation: Constructing the “Irish of the Orient” in U.S.-Occupied Korea

The author examines the process of racial knowledge creation within the context of U.S. empire and its military occupation of southern Korea from 1945 to 1948. The author uses a postcolonial sociohistorical approach to analyze archival sources authored by U.S. military occupation administrators, advisers, and journalists. The author argues that the U.S. military occupation was in practice colonialism, and that the United States pulled racial knowledge gained through previous colonial experiences and from British and Japanese empires to construct the racial script of the “Irish of the Orient.” Through this script, the United States justified the need for a military occupation by reading Koreans through colonial constructions of Irish drunkenness and joviality as well as Filipino immaturity. Conversely, the script signaled the potential of Koreans to eventually become democratic subjects. Through the metaphor of the “Irish of the Orient,” the author finds that the racial formation of Koreans during the U.S....
The Story of Schlude: The Origins of the Tax/Financial Accounting Ga(A)P

This paper presents the story of Schlude v. Commissioner, 372 U.S. 128 (1963), the third in a trilogy of cases that established emphatically that tax accounting under the Internal Revenue Code may differ from generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Drawing upon the parties' briefs and oral arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, judicial opinions in other cases, and recent scholarly commentary, it describes what was really involved in the case, the government's and taxpayer's litigation strategies, the decision-making processes of the courts, and the case's impact on the development of the tax law. Indeed, with reports of accounting scofflaws like Enron, Global Crossing, Tyco International, WorldCom, and Xerox dominating national attention in recent weeks, this is a particularly propitious time to re-examine the Schlude trilogy's sanctioning of departures in tax accounting from GAAP. The paper will be published as a chapter in a book to be entitled Tax Stories: An In-Depth Look at Ten Leading Federal Income Tax Cases (Foundation Press, forthcoming 2002). Additional financial support for the project has been provided by the American Tax Policy Institute. The paper will be published as a chapter in a book to be entitled Tax Stories: An In-Depth Look at Ten Leading Federal Income Tax Cases (Foundation Press). Additional financial support for the project has been provided by the American Tax Policy Institute.
Understanding the Islamic State—A Review Essay

This article reviews several recent books on the Islamic State in order to understand its goals, motivations, strategy, and vulnerabilities. It argues that the Islamic State's ideology is powerful but also highly instrumental, offering the group legitimacy and recruiting appeal. Raison d'etat often dominates its decisionmaking. The Islamic State's strength is largely a consequence of the policies and weaknesses of its state adversaries. In addition, the group has many weaknesses of its own, notably its brutality, reliance on foreign fighters, and investment in a state as well as its tendency to seek out new enemies. The threat the Islamic State poses is most severe at the local and regional levels. The danger of terrorism to the West is real but mitigated by the Islamic State's continued prioritization of the Muslim world and the heightened focus of Western security forces on the terrorist threat. A high-quality military force could easily defeat Islamic State fighters, but there is no desire to deploy la...
The biochemistry of fetal lung development.

Fundamental aspects of lung phospholipid metabolism as related to the process of intrauterine maturation are described. Because of its quantitative dominance and essential role in the pulmonary surfactant system, phosphatidylcholine (PC), or lecithin, is the focus of this review.
Treatment of coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients

Coronary artery disease is important in patients with hemodialysis because it relates with prognosis. Characteristics of coronary lesions are severe calcification, diffuse disease and multi-vessel disease. Coronary artery bypass is effective to improve long-term prognosis; however, non-cardiac complication rate is high. Percutaneous coronary intervention is also effective but rotablator is required for severe calcified arteries. Complete revascularization can improve long-term prognosis.
Mao's War against Nature: POPULATION, DAMS, AND POLITICAL REPRESSION

Our story begins not in the physical world but in the political one – with a struggle among human beings. In the summer of 1957, just a few years after the 1949 Communist victory, hundreds of thousands of China's most distinguished scholars and scientists were criticized, harshly punished, ostracized, and silenced in an “Anti-rightist movement.” By destroying those who sought simply to perform the Chinese intellectual's traditional duty to speak out in order to assist the country's leaders to govern better, China deprived itself of authoritative voices that might have cautioned against foolhardy schemes that ultimately destroyed the natural environment. People from many levels of society contributed to the events that will be described in the coming pages. However, as we shall see, Mao played a leading role in launching the Anti-rightist movement, as he did in numerous subsequent decisions that affected China's environment for the worse. His mistrust of intellectuals and reluctance to listen to differing opinions were essential preconditions for his efforts to transform China along lines that ignored the laws of natural science. The stories of any of hundreds of individuals might have illustrated the impact of the Anti-rightist movement on China's environment, but we focus on two senior intellectuals, economist Ma Yinchu and hydro-engineer Huang Wanli. Their “bitter love” of their country was typical of a generation whose patriotism caused them endless suffering and whose repression changed China's relationship with the natural world in important ways.
Closing the “Impunity Gap” and the Role of State Support of the icc

This paper argues that the ICC faces serious challenges in Africa. But there is no doubt that it is a much needed institution to help break the cycle of impunity in a number of states. That is why it must receive the support of the international community. What is required is a holistic understanding of the root causes of the culture of impunity and the seemingly intractable ethnic, social, and political problems. Such analysis would put stakeholders in a better position to decide the most effective and practical areas of intervention and partnership with local actors such as civil society. The objective is to capacitate local actors and create an environment in which the ICC's work can help reduce impunity and foster a culture of accountability and the rule of law.
Identities and Inequalities

Self-concept theory and research (Rosenberg, 1979; Gecas and Burke, 1995; McCall and Simmons, 1966) takes as a central goal demonstration of the fact that the self “matters” (i.e., is not an epiphenomenon) for social behavior and the organization of society. In this chapter, I explore some ways in which self and identity matter—as both “social product” and “social force” (Rosenberg, 1981)—for the study of social stratification and inequality. The goal of this paper is to review some existing research lying at the intersection of the study of self and stratification, and to suggest several ways in which such scholarship can be further developed. Special emphasis is placed on integrating key concepts from “identity theory” (Stryker and Burke, 2000) into our understanding of stratification processes.
Chinook salmon emergence phenotypes: Describing the relationships between temperature, emergence timing and condition factor in a reaction norm framework

Water temperature can have a profound influence on development and distribution of aquatic species. Salmon are particularly vulnerable to temperature changes because their reproductive and early development life phases are spent in freshwater river systems where temperature fluctuates widely both daily and seasonally. Flow regulation downstream of dams can also cause temperature regime changes, which in turn may spur local adaptation of early life-history traits. In a common garden laboratory incubation experiment, we exposed spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryos to four temperature regimes: warm stable, cold stable, daily variation and below dam. We found that fry from warmer thermal regimes emerged earlier than those from colder regimes both in terms of calendar date and temperature units and that warmer temperatures caused fry to emerge less developed. There was also a significant effect of family on both emergence timing and development level at emergence. By combining measurements of physiological and behavioural traits at emergence and interpreting them within a reaction norm framework, we can better understand which populations might be more vulnerable to altered thermal regimes.
Extracellular vesicles: important players in immune homeostasis

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells that act as mechanisms of cellular communication both between the surrounding cells that make up the cellular mileu and cells at distant locations in the body (1). Not only do they play many different roles in normal physiology, exosomes have been shown to exacerbate the progression of numerous different pathologies (1), including playing dual roles in immune regulation (2). Exosomes activate immunity by way of transferring antigens and promoting activation of antigen presenting cells. They also have been shown to participate in immunosuppression under different circumstances (2). For example, exosomes released from intestinal epithelial cells have the ability to suppress global immune function and are critical players in immune evasion in tumor models. Additionally, exosomes released by mesenchymal stem cells suppress immune function in various animal models of disease and tissue damage when used for therapeutic cellular regeneration (2).
Abstract 1605: Combined oral cytokine therapy effectively treats colon cancer in a murine model

Background: Regardless of its etiology, colorectal cancer development is intimately associated with dysregulation of the intestinal immune system. Sustained release, orally delivered IL-10 not only inhibits colon tumor growth but restores T cell homeostasis both locoregionally and systemically. However, it does not induce tumor regression. We aimed to combine orally delivered IL-12, a potent immunostimulatory molecule with robust anti-tumor effect, with oral IL-10 therapy to induce tumor regression. Methods: 6 week old APCmin mice were inoculated with enterotoxic Bacteroides fragilis (serotype 086) after five days of intestinal flora depletion with antibiotics dissolved in drinking water. 7-10 days after bacterial inoculation, mice were treated three times weekly with either 1) blank polylactic acid microspheres for 3 weeks, 2) IL-10 containing microspheres (0.5 microgram/dose) for 3 weeks, 3) IL-12 containing microspheres (0.25 micrograms/dose) for 3 weeks, or 4) IL-10 containing microspheres for 1 week followed by a combination of IL-10 and IL-12 containing microspheres for 2 weeks. After euthanasia, colons were assessed for polyp counts and select polyps were isolated for confocal microscopy analysis. Mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes were isolated and analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: Mice treated with oral IL-10 and IL-12 demonstrated a reduction in polyp number compared to those mice treated with IL-10 alone, and both groups had fewer polyps than mice treated with either IL-12 or blank microspheres. Addition of IL-12 resulted in increased CD8+ T cell numbers and IFN-γ production compared to treatment with IL-10 alone. IL-10 retained its effect on CD4+ T cells when combining it with IL-12, resulting in a decrease in conventional regulatory T cells (FoxP3+ RORγT -) as well as pathogenic regulatory T cells (FoxP3+ RORγT+) and IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: The addition of IL-12 to IL-10 therapy augments the therapeutic effect of oral cytokine treatment on colon adenocarcinoma in the APCmin B. fragilis model. The effect appears additive and mediated by both IL-10’s effect on regulatory T cell populations and IL-12’s effect on CD8+ T cells. Further studies in the setting of more advanced disease, including liver metastases, will elucidate the therapeutic potential of combination oral cytokine therapy with IL-10 and IL-12 for treatment of colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Neal Bhutiani, Qingsheng Li, Charles D. Anderson, Tao Gu, Nejat K. Egilmez. Combined oral cytokine therapy effectively treats colon cancer in a murine model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1605. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1605
Directed Evolution of Glycopeptides Using mRNA Display.

Abstract Directed evolution is a useful method for the discovery of nucleic acids, peptides, or proteins that have desired binding abilities or functions. Because of the abundance and importance of glycosylation in nature, directed evolution of glycopeptides and glycoproteins is also highly desirable. However, common directed evolution platforms such as phage-, yeast-, or mammalian-cell display are limited for these applications by several factors. Glycan structure at each glycosylation site is not genetically encoded, and yeast and mammalian cells produce a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms at each site on the protein. Although yeast, mammalian and Escherichia coli cells can be engineered to produce a homogenous glycoform at all glycosylation sites, there are just a few specific glycan structures that can readily be accessed in this manner. Recently, we reported a novel system for the directed evolution of glycopeptide libraries, which could in principle be decorated with any desired glycan. Our method combines in vitro peptide selection by mRNA display with unnatural amino acid incorporation and chemical attachment of synthetic oligosaccharides. Here, we provide an updated and optimized protocol for this method, which is designed to create glycopeptide mRNA display libraries containing ~ 10 13 sequences and select them for target binding. The target described here is the HIV broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12; 2G12 binds to cluster of high-mannose oligosaccharides on the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120; and glycopeptides that mimic this epitope may be useful in HIV vaccine applications. This method is expected to be readily applicable for other types of glycans and targets of interest in glycobiology.
Quantifying the potential for bursting bubbles to damage suspended cells.

Bubbles that rise to the surface of a cell suspension can damage cells when they pop. This phenomenon is particularly problematic in the biotechnology industry, as production scale bioreactors require continuous injection of oxygen bubbles to maintain cell growth. Previous studies have linked cell damage to high energy dissipation rates (EDR) and have predicted that for small bubbles the EDR could exceed values that would kill many cells used in bioreactors, including Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. However, it’s unclear how many cells would be damaged by a particular bursting bubble, or more precisely how much volume around the bubble experiences these large energy dissipation rates. Here we quantify these volumes using numerical simulations and demonstrate that even though the volume exceeding a particular EDR increases with bubble size, on a volume-to-volume basis smaller bubbles have a more significant impact. We validate our model with high-speed experiments and present our results in a non-dimensionalized framework, enabling predictions for a variety of liquids and bubble sizes. The results are not restricted to bubbles in bioreactors and may be relevant to a variety of applications ranging from fermentation processes to characterizing the stress levels experienced by microorganisms within the sea surface microlayer.
Inertial Effects on the Vertical Transport of Suspended Particles in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

In many atmospheric flows, a dispersed phase is actively suspended by turbulence, whose competition with gravitational settling ultimately dictates its vertical distribution. Examples of dispersed phases include snow, sea-spray droplets, dust, or sand, where individual elements of much larger density than the surrounding air are carried by turbulent motions after emission from the surface. In cases where the particle is assumed to deviate from local fluid motions only by its gravitational settling (i.e., they are inertialess), traditional flux balances predict a power-law dependence of particle concentration with height. It is unclear, however, how particle inertia influences this relationship, and this question is the focus of this work. Direct numerical simulations are conducted of turbulent open-channel flow, laden with Lagrangian particles of specified inertia; in this way the study focuses on the turbulent transport which occurs in the lowest few meters of the planetary boundary layer, in regions critical for connecting emission fluxes to the fluxes felt by the full-scale boundary layer. Simulations over a wide range of particle Stokes number, while holding the dimensionless settling velocity constant, are performed to understand the role of particle inertia on vertical dispersion. It is found that particles deviate from their inertialess behaviour in ways that are not easily captured by traditional theory; concentrations are reduced with increasing Stokes number. Furthermore, a similarity-based eddy diffusivity for particle concentration fails as particles experience inertial acceleration, precluding a closed-form solution for particle concentration as in the case of inertialess particles. The primary consequence of this result is that typical flux parametrizations connecting surface emission models (e.g., saltation models or sea-spray generation functions) to elevated boundary conditions may overestimate particle concentrations due to the reduced vertical transport caused by inertia in between; likewise particle emission may be underestimated if inferred from concentration measurements aloft.
Instruments for Upper Tract Biopsy and Treatment

From the introduction of endoscopic approaches to genitourinary disease at the beginning of the nineteenth century to advances in 1970s that ushered in the current era of Endourology, the field has undergone continuous growth based on improved visualization, advances in scope design and instrument innovation. Currently available techniques offer access to the entire urinary tract via a retrograde ureteral or antegrade percutaneous approach for the inspection, biopsy, and treatment of the spectrum of benign and malignant pathology. While urine studies and cross-sectional imaging are utilized in the initial evaluation, direct visual inspection, and biopsy is required for the assessment of any abnormal findings. The current generation of digital flexible ureteroscopes are lighter and less cumbersome than their predecessors with better image quality. Instruments including forceps, baskets, and resection loops are available to maximize the diagnostic yield of endoscopic biopsy. Despite progress, it is critical to recognize that undergrading and understaging remain a significant concern even for experienced practitioners. This can best be tempered with a comprehensive evaluation of the entire urothelium, systematic approach to specimen collection and close clinical follow-up. In this chapter, we review basic endoscopic techniques for the biopsy of upper urinary tract lesions.
How to Attain a Popularity Goal? Examining the Mediation Effects of Popularity Determinants and Behaviors.

Popularity has been examined extensively in recent years, particularly regarding its behavioral correlates. However, much less is known about the social cognitive processes related to popularity and the strategies to attain popularity. This study examined the longitudinal association between popularity goal and popularity status by focusing on the mediation effects of perceived contributing behaviors for popularity (i.e., popularity determinants) and actual behaviors in a sample of 5th and 6th graders (N = 382; 47% girls) in China. The results revealed that participants’ popularity goal indirectly related to aggression, academic performance, and prosocial behaviors through the mediation of the corresponding popularity determinant perceptions. Furthermore, participants’ popularity goal longitudinally predicted their later popularity status changes through the mediation of perceptions of prosocial behaviors as a popularity determinant and prosocial behaviors. The findings of this study were discussed in relationship to their cultural context.
Optimum Currency Areas and Key Currencies

Forty years after Robert Mundell put forth his celebrated theory of optimum currency areas, the analytical consensus based on his celebrated 1961 paper has disintegrated. Part of the problem stems from a seeming contradiction in Robert Mundell’s own work. For offsetting asymmetrical macroeconomic shocks, his 1961 article leans toward making currency areas smaller and more homogeneous rather than larger and more heterogeneous. However, in a little-known article published in 1973, “Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies”, Mundell argued that asset holding for international risk sharing is better served by a common currency spanning a wide area—within which countries or regions could be, and perhaps best be, quite different.
The Rehnquist Court's Noninterference with the Guardians of National Security

Based on an examination of the Rehnquist Court's national security cases decided between 1986 and 2005, this essay makes three claims. The first claim is that the Rehnquist Court generally did not interfere with the governmental units that serve as the guardians of national security. The Rehnquist Court almost always rejected challenges to governmental actions when the official responsible justified the actions based on the need to protect the United States from external threats. The second claim is that the Rehnquist Court's hands-off approach generally had favorable consequences. It promoted national security by leaving the subject to the governmental units most competent to address the topic. The Rehnquist Court's practice of noninterference also kept the Court out of the kinds of controversies that in other areas of the law have embroiled the Court in political disputes that have damaged its reputation. The third claim is that the Rehnquist Court's principal legacy to the Roberts Court is one of experience. The Rehnquist Court did not establish a generalized and binding doctrine of noninterference that the Roberts Court must follow. Instead, in case after case, the Rehnquist Court simply found some way to defer to or otherwise uphold governmental choices. Although the Roberts Court now has considerable freedom to choose another approach, it has the benefit of knowing that the Rehnquist Court's practice served both the Court and the nation very well.
Power-Aware Embedded System Design Using the Milan Framework

MILAN is an integrated simulation framework for designing low-power, high-performance computing systems. The framework is modular and extensible, allowing for plug-and-play integration of simulators, visualization tools, and even user interfaces. This chapter describes the use of the multi-aspect modelling and simulation capabilities of MILAN for power-aware design of a class of distributed sensor networks.
Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

Among patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), multivessel disease (MVD) is not uncommon. Moreover, a greater number of vessel stenosis or occlusions sequentially portends a worse prognosis. The optimal treatment for SIHD is a topic of ongoing debate, and a number of important clinical characteristics must be considered prior to deciding on a management strategy. The treatment goals in patients with MVD are to: (1) improve survival and/or (2) relieve symptom burden. Approximately 50% of patients suffering an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have significant MVD, or non-culprit lesions. These patients have worse outcomes due to higher mortality and increased risk of recurrent MI when compared with patients with single-vessel disease. The recommendations for culprit-only PCI versus complete or staged revascularization in the setting of STEMI are dynamic, and have been an ongoing area of controversy, in large part secondary to the lack of adequately powered trials to assess important clinical endpoints. Based on the current literature and guidelines, in the case of STEMI with evidence of concomitant severe non-culprit lesions, there are multiple approaches available to the interventional cardiologist.
Mediating the “Upside Down”: the techno-historical acoustic in Netflix’s Stranger Things and The Black Tapes podcast

This paper demonstrates how sound restructures audience engagement with narrative visuals, thus nostalgia is being refocused through the appearance of sound technologies. I will examine specific ex...
A two-scale generalized FEM for the evaluation of stress intensity factors at spot welds subjected to thermomechanical loads

Abstract This paper presents a two-scale Generalized Finite Element Method with global-local enrichments (GFEMgl) for the evaluation of stress intensity factors (SIFs) at spot welds subjected to thermomechanical loads. The method uses the solution of local boundary value problems as enrichment functions for the global/structural model and can provide accurate solutions on coarse meshes adopted at the structural scale. The faying surface and spot welds are represented by special enrichment functions instead of meshes fitting the weld geometry. This greatly simplifies the model generation process in comparison with a Direct Finite Element Analysis DFEA. Numerical experiments show that the proposed GFEMgl is able to capture the strong gradients and singularities near the spot weld edge. It can provide accurate solutions and SIFs comparable to a 3-D DFEA while requiring significantly less computational resources and user time. The robustness of the method is demonstrated through examples involving spot welds with irregular shapes and built-up panels subjected to sharp thermal fluxes.
Trauma-Informed Care of Sexual and Gender Minority Patients

Sexual and gender minority people (SGM) experience disproportionately high rates of trauma and stress, which may inform their experience of illness and presentation to healthcare settings. In this chapter, we aim to thoroughly examine this experience of trauma and propose mechanisms by which healthcare systems can address these disparities. We recommend that providers seek out education and training in the service of providing culturally competent and affirming care to SGM patients, facilitated by healthcare systems that welcome and validate SGM identities. We also provide specific strategies that healthcare organizations can utilize to make themselves known as welcoming and competent and highlight systems that exemplify the key components of targeted outreach and high-quality care.
Fighting for Every Inch of Land: Greed and Grievance in Petition Mobilization in Zhejiang:

Despite a proliferation of studies of the micro-level dynamics of protests and petitions against land takings in China, we know very little about how meso-level factors, such as the local economy, ...
Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Amphetamines

“Speed Freak,” a name for chronic and high-dose amphetamine abusers made popular in the late 1960s was a result of the bizarre behavior they often displayed. The amphetamine abuser may develop symptoms of anxiety, hypervigilance, impaired judgment, and psychosis. Psychotic behavior resulting from chronic amphetamine use has been examined in the scientific literature for decades. In 1938, the first of these reports discussed the link between psychotic behavior and the use of amphetamines in the treatment of narcolepsy (Young & Scoville, 1938). “Speed kills,” a phrase that originated in the early 1970s, refers to the lethal physical maladies or bizarrely morbid behavior associated with excessive and repeated use of amphetamines. This behavior was characterized by profound persecutory delusions, ideas of reference, and hallucinatory effects. It was during this time that the intravenous administration of large doses of amphetamines became increasingly prevalent. Similar behavior continues to be seen in association with both intravenous and the increasing popular inhaled misuse of this drug.
The effect of bullying vignettes on negative affect

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of reading workplace bullying vignettes on negative affect. A within-subjects descriptive design and convenience sample was used. Fifty participants completed the Negative Affect Scale after reading written bullying vignettes and completed the Transportation Narrative questionnaire. Results provide evidence that the participants were transported into the vignettes. Additionally, descriptive statistics and a repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant increase in negative affect over time. Written vignettes can provide a means to better understand how workplace events can impact cognitive performance. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Distinct Gaussian Properties of Multiple Reflections in Extended Hemispherical Lenses

Multiple reflections in an extended hemispherical lens are shown to exhibit distinctly different Gaussian characters. It is demonstrated that the second- and third-order bounces of the electromagnetic fields within the electrically large lens result in contributions with spot sizes and locations that are uncorrelated with the fundamental Gaussian-beam-like radiation from a small antenna located at the lens focus. We present the optical properties (Gaussicities and power levels at the beam waist) of such higher-order lens reflections. The impacts of these reflections on a typical quasi-optical spectroscopy setup are discussed. The relative received power densities are computed and compared with measurements for each higher-order reflection. The agreement between the measurement and theory indicates that the adopted method is a reliable and efficient tool for characterization of the dominant reflections from extended hemispherical lenses.