cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voting During a Pandemic

Richard Hasen dedicates his book "Election Meltdown" to illuminating four threats that undermine the trust American voters have in their elections. These include voter suppression, administrative incompetence, dirty tricks that spread false information to voters, and the incendiary rhetoric uttered by public officials. An example of the last threat includes President Trump's repeated statements to the public that American elections are "rigged" or "stolen," when, in fact, no evidence exists to support this claim. Professor Hasen is an astute observer of the American electoral landscape, and his book deserves our attention for its elucidation of these four threats. However, these threats, important as they are, have also recently been overshadowed by an additional threat to American elections: the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has transformed the way we work, travel, shop, socialize--and, importantly, vote. COVID-19 has changed the playbook for voting dramatically. Prior to March, most voters cast their ballots in person. In November, most voters will be casting their ballots by mail. This fact alone threatens to impede the participation of ordinary citizens in the electoral process to an extent most American voters have rarely witnessed. How states decide to register new voters, how new and existing voters will choose to cast their ballots, and which segments of the population will vote in the presidential election are all questions for which we do not have good answers. This Essay explains how several aspects of the voting process have changed as a result of the pandemic, focusing in particular on voter registration, voting by mail, and voting in person. It also explains how COVID-19 has spawned an unprecedented amount of election-related litigation. As of late-September, more than 260 COVID-19-related election cases have been filed. They seek to determine how candidates will compete and how voters will exercise their voice in November. The challenges posed by COVID-19 for our elections do not render the threats identified by Professor Hasen irrelevant. Rather, this Essay argues that COVID-19 will exacerbate the effects of any incompetence that might be displayed by our state and local election officials. Moreover, those who engage in voter suppression, dirty tricks, or incendiary rhetoric will now be able to use COVID-19 as cover for their wrongdoing. If the past few months have taught us anything, it is that the excuse of a pandemic can be used to block access to the ballot box just as much as the four threats to democracy that Hasen identifies in his book.
Cervical Carotid Plaque MRI : Review of Atherosclerosis Imaging Features and their Histologic Underpinnings.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is considered the gold standard for non-invasive evaluation of carotid artery plaque morphology and composition. A number of studies have demonstrated the clinical utility of MR plaque imaging in the risk stratification of carotid atherosclerotic disease, determination of stroke etiology, and identification of surgical and endovascular candidates for carotid revascularization procedures. The MR plaque imaging also provides researchers and clinicians with valuable insights into the pathogenesis, natural history and composition of carotid atherosclerotic disease. Nevertheless, the field of MR plaque imaging is complex, and requires a thorough knowledge of the histologic basis for how various plaque features appear on imaging. This article details the pathogenesis and histology of atherosclerosis, reviews the expected appearance of different plaque components, and describes how MR imaging features may be related to symptomatology or predict future ischemic events.
Excellent Outcome of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy in an Adult With Bacterial Infections, Case Report

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare para-infectious encephalopathy that classically occurs in children. However, ANE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adults with symmetric brain lesions after a prodromal illness given recent reports of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) to presumably cause ANE in adults. We report a case of a 29-year-old male presenting with fever, malaise, and rapid deterioration into coma. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal symmetric areas of diffusion restriction and surrounding vasogenic edema involving bilateral thalami, pons and cerebellar hemispheres with a core of susceptibility artifact, and minimal thalamic contrast enhancement, most consistent with ANE. Extensive infectious workup revealed isolated Escherichia coli and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in his urine. Despite the severe encephalopathy on initial presentation, the patient improved with intravenous antibiotics and supportive management with minimal residual deficits at 9 months follow-up. We aim to provide an overview of the radiological features, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ANE. Becoming familiarized with this rare but devastating disease will improve detection, treatment, and ultimately prognosis, especially in the era of a new pandemic.
Effects of high temperature on spikelet sterility in rice ( Oryza sativa L.): association between molecular markers and allelic phenotypic effect in field condition

Rice varieties are generally bred for higher yield but may possess genomic regions conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses. Climate change driven heat stress during reproductive stage of the crop affects spikelet fertility and yield. Though genetic regions associated with heat stress tolerance have been identified in rice, but response of rice varieties and allelic phenotypic effect favoring spikelet fertility during heat stress has not been comprehensively studied. Hence, the present study aimed at assessing the response of 198 rice varieties during the dry season (2016) followed by validation of selected 67 varieties in the second dry season (2017) through staggered sowing for high temperature. The analysis showed mean spikelet sterility of 21.82% and 33.81% for the first and second sowing, respectively. Further, average difference in spikelet sterility for unit increase in maximum temperature during the flowering period was observed to be 7.93%. Employment of nine heat stress associated markers for genetic analysis identified four sub-populations in the 67 varieties inferred through neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree and sub-structure analysis. Marker-trait association analysis showed two markers namely RM205, RM242 were significantly associated with spikelet sterility with phenotypic variance (R2) of 7.7% and 6.0%, respectively. Allelic phenotypic effect of favorable alleles for both the markers reduced spikelet sterility by 14.49% compared to mean spikelet sterility (33.81%). Furthermore, four rice varieties showed spikelet sterility < 15%. Thus, predominantly moderate tolerance to susceptible response was observed for rice varieties in this study. Besides, favorable allele of RM205, RM242 could be effectively used for improving tolerance in rice varieties to heat stress.
Emerging self-regulated micro/nano drug delivery devices: A step forward towards intelligent diagnosis and therapy

Abstract Self-regulated micro/nano drug delivery devices are smart drug delivery platforms that can sense the changes of physiological indexes and adjust their own properties or performance in response to the stimuli, especially the internal biological signals. Due to the great convenience and treatment outcomes they can bring to the patients who are suffering from chronic diseases, self-regulated drug delivery devices have drawn wide research interests. Armed with advanced micro/nanotechnology and mechanical/electronic fabrication technique as well as a better understanding of physiological characteristics and biomarkers, numerous breakthroughs have been made in developing closed-loop regulating micro/nanodevices. Here we survey the current platforms for self-regulated drug delivery, introduce their applications in different diseases and summarize strategies to design self-regulated micro/nano drug delivery devices.
Mourning the Nightingale’s Song: The Audibility of Networked Performances in Protests and Funerals of the Arab Revolutions

Given the salient role of embodied tactics in contemporary networked protests in performance, in this essay I listen for how the embodied sonic praxis of protests during the Arab revolutions translates into the audio, visual, and text modalities of digital media. I propose audibility, or the appearance and perceptibility of sound objects, as that which translates the “live” sound that occurs in physical spaces into representational spaces, and, in so doing, alters the temporality and spatiality of the sonic experience. Interrogating who and what are rendered audible as part of the political contestations that drive protest actions, I demonstrate how audibility is a technological condition, sensory force, and social process through which affective publics emerge in networked spaces. I begin with social media posts from the first months of non-violent protest actions in 2011, in Egypt and Syria, analyzing the translation of sonic objects into written texts that narrativize the subjects and spaces of the Arab revolutions. I then shift to the sonic praxis of revolutionary mourning in a discussion of the audibility of the crowd in footage of protest funerals that reclaimed martyrs of the Syrian revolution in 2018 and 2019, interrogating how the sounds of the crowd enable the mythologization of the martyrs’ bodies and help mobilize the cause for which they died. Both approaches to audibility – as expressing voice and documenting sounds – underscore how audibility, I argue, is crucial for understanding the affect-rich intensities that drive networked protest performances, and that forge political possibilities as imaginable, sensible, and perceptible.
The effectiveness of job creation tax credits

Abstract We estimate the causal effects of job creation tax credits on employment using the exogenous spatial and time variations in the value of the credits across Georgia's 159 counties over a 15-year period. We employ three empirical approaches: regression discontinuity design models making use of the sharp discontinuity in eligibility for credits of different value; difference-in-differences models using inter temporal and inter and intra-county changes in credit value; and employment differences in bordering census tracts that qualify for different valued credits. We obtain mixed results, but in general they provide little evidence for the proposition that job creation tax credits create additional employment.
Outcomes of screening mammography performed prior to fertility treatment in women ages 40-49.

Abstract Objective There are currently various conflicting recommendations for breast cancer screening with mammography in women between ages 40-49. There are no specific guidelines for breast cancer screening in women of this age group prior to assisted reproductive technology (ART) for the treatment of infertility. The purpose of our study was to evaluate outcomes of screening mammography, specifically ordered for the purpose of pre-fertility treatment clearance in women aged 40-49 years old. Materials and methods This was an IRB approved retrospective study of women aged 40-49 presenting for screening mammography prior to ART between January 2010 and October 2018. Clinical history, imaging, and pathology results were gathered from the electronic medical record. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results Our study cohort consisted of 118 women with a mean age of 42 years (range 40-49). Sixteen of 118 (14%) women were recalled from screening for additional diagnostic work-up. Five of the 16 (31%) were recommended for biopsy (BI-RADS 4 or 5). One of 5 biopsies yielded a malignant result (PPV 20%). Overall cancer detection rate was 0.85% or 8.5 women per 1000 women screened. The single cancer in this cohort was an ER+ PR+ HER2- invasive ductal carcinoma. Conclusion Screening mammography in women 40-49 performed prior to initiation of ART may identify asymptomatic breast malignancy. In accordance with ACR and SBI guidelines to screen women of this age group, women of this age group should undergo screening mammography prior to ART.
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy of eNOS in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Rationale: Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R). However, reperfusion of myocardium results in supero...
Toxin-mediated Myocarditis From Brown Recluse Spider Bite

Abstract We describe a case of myocarditis associated with a brown recluse spider bite in a 31-year-old man. Cardiac MRI (CMR) revealed late gadolinium enhancement in the lateral wall and inferior wall. There was also regional elevation of the myocardial T2 and extracellular volume indicative of myocardial edema. (Level of difficulty: intermediate).
Operational planning for multi-building portfolio in an uncertain energy market

Abstract In this study, we propose an optimization framework for day-ahead operational planning of a multi-building portfolio under market uncertainty. The portfolio of interest consists of two groups of buildings: controllable and uncontrollable. In the proposed framework, first, physics-based and statistical models are developed for estimation and prediction of end-use consumptions including Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and equipment in controllable buildings. In addition, calculation of hourly load distributions in uncontrollable buildings is developed using a non-parametric bootstrapping method. Then a multi-objective mathematical programming is formulated to minimize the energy expenditure given utility price signals while satisfying the occupants’ comfort. The proposed pricing scheme considers the differences between the day-ahead and real-time prices to reflect the trend of energy market uncertainty. It is demonstrated that this pricing scheme results in better performance, in terms of achieving to demand management goals, than the current scheme. Current pricing scheme is solely based upon the day-ahead forecasted price. The performance of the proposed framework is explored using real energy market data.
The Diffuse Interstellar Bands: A Tracer For Organics In The Diffuse Interstellar Medium?

The diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption bands seen in the spectra of stars obscured by interstellar dust. DIBs are recognized as a tracer for free, organic molecules in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM). The potential molecular carriers for the DIBs are discussed with an emphasis on neutral and ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for which the most focused effort has been made to date. From the combined astronomical, laboratory and theoretical study, it is concluded that a distribution of free neutral and ionized complex organics (PAHs, fullerenes, unsaturated hydrocarbons) represents the most promising class of candidates to account for the DIBs. The case for aromatic hydrocarbons appears particularly strong. The implied widespread distribution of complex organics in the diffuse ISM bears profound implications for our understanding of the chemical complexity of the ISM, the evolution of prebiotic molecules and its impact on the origin and the evolution of life on early Earth through the exogenous delivery (cometary encounters and metoritic bombardments) of prebiotic organics.
Operator modeling to design intelligent decision aids in fiber optics manufacturing

In order to understand the role of people in the operation and control of advanced manufacturing systems, the authors performed field studies in several modern manufacturing facilities. The studies concentrated on the shop floor personnel, including technicians, engineers, and first line managers in the factories. The authors present the background to the research and describe an ongoing field study in the measurement area of an operational fiber-optics manufacturing plant. The role of people is presented in an operator-function decomposition framework across the various stages of the manufacturing process. The framework provides a platform to describe the role of the shop floor personnel in any factory in terms of the functions they perform in it. >
Comparison of multicultural literature in three health professions: physical therapy, nursing & social work

All health professions' education programs are mandated by their accrediting agencies to include diversity and multicultural content within their curricula. This article reviews literature from the three professions of nursing, social work, and physical therapy that indicates that they accomplish this at different places on the continuum of curricular integration and transformation as identified by Banks. An examination of the complexity of each profession's standards, and a comparison of the depth of cultural competency within each profession is included. Even with the more 'experienced' professions of social work and nursing, there appear to continue to be inconsistencies in the structuring and teaching of multicultural content.
Evaluation of Tag Attachments on Small Cetaceans

Abstract : The long-term goal of this research is to produce a safe and reliable, single-pin satellite-linked tagging system for deployment on small cetaceans over periods of months, with minimal risk of harm to the animals. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: (1) refine specific hypotheses for laboratory tests of tags and attachments, through review and assessment of previous single-pin tag deployments for which post-deployment observations are available (n=179 tags, through 15 Dec 2011); (2) evaluate the hydrodynamics of currently available satellite-linked tags and attachments; (3) determine the effectiveness of changes to tags and attachments through hydrodynamic modeling; and (4) perform, under controlled circumstances, field tests of new tag designs resulting from laboratory studies conducted as part of this project, including the deployment of (n=10, 3 real and 7 dummy) satellite-linked TDR tags with single-pin attachments for comparison with untagged control dolphins during bottlenose dolphin health assessments of residents in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Objective 4 also included monitoring and photographing the conditions of tags and dolphins (i.e., compare dolphin swimming, respiration, ranging, and social data with previous data for that individual and controls; document the condition of fin relative to pin migration or pressure necrosis; document the position of tag on the fin, and relate it to changes in transmission characteristics (surface time, data message length, and signal quality); document changes in the condition of tags and animals with formation of biogrowth; recapture tagged dolphins (and control dolphins) after about 6-8 weeks to remove tags, closely examine fins, and perform health assessments for comparison with data from initial deployment; and test corrosible attachment pin configurations.
Microarray and comparative genomics-based identification of genes and gene regulatory regions of the mouse immune system

In this study we have built and mined a gene expression database composed of 65 diverse mouse tissues for genes preferentially expressed in immune tissues and cell types. Using expression pattern criteria, we identified 360 genes with preferential expression in thymus, spleen, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymph nodes (unstimulated or stimulated), or in vitro activated T-cells. Gene clusters, formed based on similarity of expression-pattern across either all tissues or the immune tissues only, had highly significant associations both with immunological processes such as chemokine-mediated response, antigen processing, receptor-related signal transduction, and transcriptional regulation, and also with more general processes such as replication and cell cycle control. Within-cluster gene correlations implicated known associations of known genes, as well as immune process-related roles for poorly described genes. To characterize regulatory mechanisms and cis-elements of genes with similar patterns of expression, we used a new version of a comparative genomics-based cis-element analysis tool to identify clusters of cis-elements with compositional similarity among multiple genes. Several clusters contained genes that shared 5–6 cis-elements that included ETS and zinc-finger binding sites. cis-Elements AP2 EGRF ETSF MAZF SP1F ZF5F and AREB ETSF MZF1 PAX5 STAT were shared in a thymus-expressed set; AP4R E2FF EBOX ETSF MAZF SP1F ZF5F and CREB E2FF MAZF PCAT SP1F STAT cis-clusters occurred in activated T-cells; CEBP CREB NFKB SORY and GATA NKXH OCT1 RBIT occurred in stimulated lymph nodes. This study demonstrates a series of analytic approaches that have allowed the implication of genes and regulatory elements that participate in the differentiation, maintenance, and function of the immune system. Polymorphism or mutation of these could adversely impact immune system functions.
Space Cabin Atmosphere Trace Contaminants and Their Possible Influence on Visual Parameters

In the investigation of various factors which can adversely influence the proper functioning of the visual apparatus in the aerospace environment, the study of space-cabin atmosphere composition and contamination has been largely neglected. Visual effects of the more classical contaminants have been little investigated.This paper discusses these contaminants as well as the effects of ozone on certain visual parameters, in view of the fact that under influence of solar and cosmic radiations ozone may be formed from liquid and gaseous oxygen supplies on board spacecraft. Based upon the observed physiological effects of small doses of positive and negative free air ions, it is hypothesized that, in the ionized state, some gaseous and volatile human metabolic waste products may have entirely different properties than they have in the ordinary state, and may affect vision. Until definitely proven otherwise, this possibility must be accepted and investigated.
Detection of Seedborne Pathogens

Plant pathogens present a serious threat to seedling establishment and the potential for plant disease epidemics under greenhouse conditions is great. Hence, pathogen exclusion by detection and elimination of infested seedlots remains a requisite tactic for seedling production and disease management. Unfortunately, the numbers of contaminated seed within a lot may be low and infested seed may be asymptomatic making their detection difficult. To address these issues seed detection assays have been developed, but many of them have shortcomings that reduce their effectiveness. Examples of frequently used seed assays include visual examination, selective media, seedling grow-out and serological assays which, while appropriate for some pathogens, often display inadequate levels of sensitivity and specificity. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as a tool for detecting microorganisms in many diverse environments. Thus far, it is clear that DNA-based detection systems exhibit higher levels sensitivity than conventional techniques. Unfortunately, PCR-based seed tests require the extraction of PCR-quality DNA from target organisms in backgrounds of saprophytic organisms and inhibitory seed-derived compounds. The inability to efficiently extract PCR-quality DNA from seeds has restricted the acceptance and application of PCR for seed detection. To overcome these limitations several modified PCR protocols have been developed including selective target colony enrichment followed by PCR (BIO-PCR) and immunomagnetic separation and PCR. These techniques seek to selectively concentrate or increase target organism populations to enhance detection and have been successfully applied for detecting bacteria in seed. Other techniques with great potential for rapid detection of seedborne pathogens include magnetic capture hybridization and PCR, and DNA-chip technology. Ultimately, PCR will be available for the detection of all seedborne pathogens and may supersede conventional detection methods.
Changes in children's meal orders following healthy menu modifications at a regional U.S. restaurant chain.

Objective To examine changes in children's meal orders, price, and revenue following the implementation of a healthier children's menu in a full-service restaurant chain. Methods In April 2012, the healthier menu was implemented, featuring more meals meeting nutrition standards, healthy side dishes by default, and removal of French fries and soda (which could be substituted). Orders (n = 352,192) were analyzed before (September 2011 to March 2012; PRE) and after (September 2012 to March 2013; POST) implementation. Results Children's meal prices increased by $0.79 for breakfasts and $0.19 for non-breakfast meals from PRE to POST. Revenue continued to increase post-implementation. Orders of healthy meals, strawberry and vegetable sides, milk, and juice increased, and orders of French fries and soda decreased (P < 0.0001). Orders at POST were more likely to include healthy sides (P < 0.0001) and substitutions (P < 0.0001) and less likely to include a la carte sides (P < 0.0001) and desserts (P < 0.01), versus PRE. Total calories ordered by children accepting all defaults decreased (684.2 vs. 621.2; P < 0.0001) and did not change for those not accepting defaults (935.0 vs. 942.9; P = 0.57). Conclusions Healthy children's menu modifications were accompanied by healthier ordering patterns, without removing choice or reducing revenue, suggesting that they can improve child nutrition while restaurants remain competitive.
The emerging complexity of business and social entrepreneurship: Two clean technology ventures in New York City as cases in point

There appears to be a potential dichotomy in clean technology or cleantech entrepreneurship, business-oriented and social entrepreneurship. This dichotomy is studied using two representative case studies. One case is Verdant Power, which is a world leader in the development of marine renewable energy technology and project development. The other case is Green Map Systems, which is a not-for-profit organization that develops “Green Maps” that employ icons to indicate sustainability and related sites on its maps. The study compares these two organizations along three dimensions: technology regimes, decision-making types and kinds of overarching entrepreneurial goals. The study concludes that the cleantech entrepreneurial venue is too complex for using a simple business-versus-social dichotomy. Instead, a more contingent and a multifaceted set of dimensions have emerged to better characterize cleantech entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the diverse constellation and evolutionary dynamics of cleantech entrepreneurship initiatives, which the study uncovered, needs to be recognized, better understood and nourished in order for modern entrepreneurship to play fully its varied roles in launching and sustaining a robust and powerful clean technology sector.
BENIGN RECURRENT INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by repeated episodes of intense pruritus, profound elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, with normal or nearly normal values for serum gamma-glutamyl transferase. Attack lasts from several weeks to months and resolve spontaneously. Between attacks patients remain asymptomatic for months to years. The disorder does not lead to progressive liver injury and is not fatal. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the disorder is the result of a mutation in ATP8BI, a gene that codes for the FIC1 (familial intrahepatic cholestasis) protein, which is also affected in other forms of familial intrahepatic cholestasis. It is believed this protein plays a role in bile acid secretion, in aminophospholid transport, and in maintaining fluidity of the cell membrane. Therapy is supportive and aimed at relieving pruritus and other complications of severe cholestasis until the episode resolves spontaneously.
PURIFICATION OF ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE FROM PEA SEEDLINGS.

Abstract The purification of carbamyl phosphate- l -ornithine transcarbamylase (carbamyltransferase) from pea seedlings is described. The enzyme was purified approximately 2000-fold with a yield of 32%. Column electrophoresis yielded a fraction which represented a 4000-fold purification. The optimal pH was found to be 8.45. The enzyme was found to be highly specific for l -ornithine with only slight activity with d -ornithine. Sodium fluoride, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and chloroacetophenone inhibited the enzyme. EDTA restored about 85% of the activity inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. High concentrations of l -ornithine were effective in overcoming the inhibitory effect of chloroacetophenone. The sedimentation constant, s20,w, for the purified enzyme (before column electrophoresis) was found to be 5.48.
The synthesis of patterns using a series-fed array of annular sector radiating line (ANSERLIN) elements: Low-profile, circularly polarized radiators

A series-fed, circularly polarized array of annular sector radiating-line elements that operates over a ground plane and has a low profile is presented. Pattern shaping can be achieved through control of the fraction of the incident power that is radiated by each element. This can be accomplished over a wide range by a simple adjustment in the geometry of each element. A synthesis technique is given, and experimental results are presented. The array is demonstrated to have a high return loss (good impedance match) and a low axial ratio. >
Model for transport and reaction of defects and carriers within displacement cascades in gallium arsenide

A model is presented for recombination of charge carriers at evolving displacement damage in gallium arsenide, which includes clustering of the defects in atomic displacement cascades produced by neutron or ion irradiation. The carrier recombination model is based on an atomistic description of capture and emission of carriers by the defects with time evolution resulting from the migration and reaction of the defects. The physics and equations on which the model is based are presented, along with the details of the numerical methods used for their solution. The model uses a continuum description of diffusion, field-drift and reaction of carriers, and defects within a representative spherically symmetric cluster of defects. The initial radial defect profiles within the cluster were determined through pair-correlation-function analysis of the spatial distribution of defects obtained from the binary-collision code MARLOWE, using recoil energies for fission neutrons. Properties of the defects are discussed and values for their parameters are given, many of which were obtained from density functional theory. The model provides a basis for predicting the transient response of III-V heterojunction bipolar transistors to displacement damage from energetic particle irradiation.
Electronic structure of the pentacene–gold interface: A density-functional theory study

Abstract The structural and electronic properties of a pentacene monolayer adsorbed on the Au(1 1 1) surface have been studied with a density-functional theory (DFT) approach. A thermally stable adsorption geometry of the pentacene monolayer on the gold surface is found, from which the adsorption energy per pentacene molecule can be evaluated. Our results illustrate how the electron charge distribution initially present over the clean gold surface is pushed back upon adsorption of the pentacene monolayer; this push-back (pillow effect) leads to a significant work-function decrease for the modified gold surface. The electronic couplings between the highest occupied molecular orbital of pentacene and the Au(1 1 1) surface and between adjacent pentacene molecules within the monolayer, were extracted from the calculated band structures; the pentacene–gold surface electronic coupling is found to be about five times smaller than the electronic coupling between pentacene molecules.
An IRAS study of CO bonding on Sn/Pt(1 1 1) surface alloys at maximal pressures of 10 Torr

Abstract The adsorption of CO on Pt(1 1 1), (2 × 2) and (√3 × √3) R 30° Sn/Pt(1 1 1) surface alloys has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy (IRAS). The presence of Sn in the surface layer of Pt(1 1 1) reduces the binding energy of CO by a few kcal/mol. IRAS data show two C–O stretching frequencies, ∼2100 and ∼1860 cm −1 , corresponding to atop and bridge bonded species, respectively. Bridge bonded stretching frequencies are only observed for Pt(1 1 1) and (2 × 2) Sn/Pt(1 1 1) alloy surfaces. A slight coverage dependence of the vibrational frequencies is observed for the three surfaces. High pressure IRAS experiments over a broad temperature range show no indication of bridge bonded CO on any of the three surfaces. Direct CO adsorption on Sn sites is not observed over the measured temperature and pressure ranges.
Latino Language-Minority College Going: Adolescent Boys' Language Use and Girls' Social Integration

Abstract This study explores the postsecondary pathways of Latino language-minority young adults in the United States. Using data from the Texas Higher Education Opportunity Project (THEOP) and controlling on background characteristics as well as high-school academic achievement, this study explores the social and linguistic integration of immigrant and native-born Latino linguistic-minority adolescents. Results suggest that home-language use positively predicts postsecondary involvement for Latino language-minority males. Alternately, social integration, either via extracurricular involvement or religious participation, predicts Latina girls' postsecondary participation, with variation in the patterns depending on girls' immigrant generational status.
Chryseobacterium indologenes subcutaneous port-related bacteremia in a liver transplant patient.

: Chryseobacterium indologenes is a rare cause of infection in select immunosuppressed hosts. Most prior reports are from Taiwan, in patients with diabetes mellitus or malignancies. Infections caused by C. indologenes are generally associated with indwelling devices, and the organism may be resistant to many commonly utilized broad-spectrum antibiotics. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of C. indologenes subcutaneous port-related bacteremia in a liver transplant recipient. The isolates were resistant to antibiotics previously reported as active, and device removal was required for treatment success.
Electrographic status epilepticus and neurobehavioral outcomes in critically ill children.

Abstract Purpose Electrographic seizures (ESs) and electrographic status epilepticus (ESE) are common in children with acute neurologic conditions in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and ESE is associated with worse functional and quality-of-life outcomes. As an exploratory study, we aimed to determine if ESE was associated with worse outcomes using more detailed neurobehavioral measures. Methods Three hundred children with an acute neurologic condition and altered mental status underwent clinically indicated EEG monitoring and were enrolled in a prospective observational study. We obtained follow-up data from subjects who were neurodevelopmentally normal prior to PICU admission. We evaluated for associations between ESE and adaptive behavior (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System—II, ABAS-II), behavioral and emotional problems (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL), and executive function (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, BRIEF) using linear regression analyses. A p-value of Results One hundred thirty-seven of 300 subjects were neurodevelopmentally normal prior to PICU admission. We obtained follow-up data from 36 subjects for the CBCL, 32 subjects for the ABAS-II, and 20 subjects for the BRIEF. The median duration from admission to follow-up was 2.6 years (IQR: 1.2–3.8). There were no differences in the acute care variables (age, sex, mental status category, intubation status, paralysis status, acute neurologic diagnosis category, seizure category, EEG background category, or short-term outcome) between subjects with and without follow-up data for any of the outcome measures. On univariate analysis, significant differences were not identified for CBCL total problem (ES coefficient: − 4.1, p = 0.48; ESE coefficient: 8.9, p = 0.13) or BRIEF global executive function (ES coefficient: 2.1, p = 0.78; ESE coefficient: 14.1, p = 0.06) scores, although there were trends toward worse scores in subjects with ESE. On univariate analysis, ESs were not associated with worse scores (coefficient: − 21.5, p = 0.051), while ESE (coefficient: − 29.7, p = 0.013) was associated with worse ABAS-II adaptive behavioral global composite scores. On multivariate analysis, when compared to subjects with no seizures, both ESs (coefficient: − 28, p = 0.014) and ESE (coefficient: − 36, p = 0.003) were associated with worse adaptive behavioral global composite scores. Discussion Among previously neurodevelopmentally normal children with acute neurologic disorders, ESs and ESE were associated with worse adaptive behavior and trends toward worse behavioral–emotional and executive function problems. This was a small exploratory study, and the impact of ESs and ESE on these neurobehavioral measures may be clarified by subsequent larger studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus" .
Expanding knowledge of P3 proteins in the poliovirus lifecycle

Poliovirus is the most extensively studied member of the order Picornavirales, which contains numerous medical, veterinary and agricultural pathogens. The picornavirus genome encodes a single polyprotein that is divided into three regions: P1, P2 and P3. P3 proteins are known to participate more directly in genome replication, for example by containing the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp or 3Dpol), among several other proteins and enzymes. We will review recent data that provide new insight into the structure, function and mechanism of P3 proteins and their complexes, which are required for initiation of genome replication. Replication of poliovirus genomes occurs within macromolecular complexes, containing viral RNA, viral proteins and host-cell membranes, collectively referred to as replication complexes. P2 proteins clearly contribute to interactions with the host cell that are required for virus multiplication, including formation of replication complexes. We will discuss recent data that suggest a role for P3 proteins in formation of replication complexes. Among the least understood steps of the poliovirus lifecycle is encapsidation of genomic RNA. We will also describe data that suggest a role for P3 proteins in this step.
The healing arts

Genes, Blood and Courage: A Boy Called Immortal Sword. By David G. Nathan. Harvard University Press: 1995. Pp. 276. $24.95, £15.95.
European snow cover extent variability and associations with atmospheric forcings

Snow cover in Europe represents an important component of the region's climatic system. Variability in snow cover extent can have major implications on factors such as low-level atmospheric temperatures, soil temperatures, soil moisture, stream discharge, and energy allocation involved in the warming and melting of the snowpack. The majority of studies investigating Northern Hemisphere snow cover identify European snow cover extent as a portion of the Eurasian record, possibly masking complexities of this subset. This study explores the variability of European snow cover extent from 1967–2007, with the region in question including the area of Europe extending eastward to the Ural Mountains (60°E). Using the 89 × 89 gridded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Northern Hemisphere weekly satellite snow cover product, area estimates of seasonal snow cover were calculated, and their relationship to gridded temperature, precipitation, and sea-level pressure data analysed. The spatial variability of snow cover extent was also explored using geographical information systems (GIS). The combined results from both surface temperature and precipitation analyses point towards snow cover extent in Europe being primarily temperature dependent. Atmospheric variables associated with extremes in snow cover extent were investigated. Large (small) European snow extent is associated with negative (positive) 850 hPa zonal wind anomalies, negative (positive) European 1000–500 hPa thickness anomalies, and generally positive (negative) Northern European precipitation anomalies. Sea-level pressure and 500 hPa results indicate strong associations between large (small) snow cover seasons and the negative (positive) phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A NOTE ON VARIANCE HETEROGENEITY IN THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

St~nzmasy.-This arricle reviews and summarizes the empirical sampling studies of the effects of variance heterogeneity in the analysis of variance. The general conclusion of these studies, that heterogeneity of variance is not an occurrence of importance, is only demonstrated for the simple randomized design; it remains to be demonstrated for the more complex designs. There is also a general inattention to E(MS) and to the effects of the sampling model upon E(1M.S) and F. It is generally accepted that the occurrence of heterogeneous variances is not of serious import to the analysis of variance; it neither invalidates the use of the F tables nor does it necessitate transformation of the data. Norton (1952; Lindquisc, 1953) drew random samples from chree artificially constructed card populations with equal means but with population variances of the relative magnitudes of 1:4:9. The results of 3,000 or more analyses of variance, replicated for two sample sizes (n = 3, n = lo), indicate that the stipulated alpha is approximately accurate even when heterogeneous variances of che rnagninides 1:4:9 occur. Boneau ( 1960) also did a sampling study from artificially constructed populations for che purpose of evaluating the adequacy of alpha statements. Boneau sampled from two populations with equal means and variances of a magnitude 1:4. He computed t tests with pooled variance estimates so as to be able to directly generalize the results to the two-sample analysis of variance. The results of 2000 t tests, replicated for two sample sizes (n = 5, n = 15) and for ine equal sample sizes (n = 5, IS), indicate chat the stipulated alpha is approximately accurate even with variance magnitudes of 1:4 as long as che sample sizes are equal. When the sample sizes are not equal, the occurrence of heterogeneous variance does precipitate violence to the accuracy of alpha statements. The nature of the inaccuracy depends upon the combination of sample size and variance. For example, a presumed alpha,or, statement had a true alpha value of 1.0% when the larger variance occurred in the larger sample and a true alpha vnlue of 16.0% when the larger variance occurred in the smaller sample. Boneail (1962) extended the conditions of his previous sampling smdy so as to make statements abo~lt the power function, or beta statemencs, as well as the more usual alpha statements. He computed 1000 I tests for each point on the rejection curve for populations with mean differences ranging from zero to 'I would like to thank the advisory editors for their many penetrating and constructive comments.
Identification of a new locus, mus115, in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Previous screens for autosomal genes that are necessary to resistance to DNA cross-linking agents but not to monofunctional agents have produced 6 mutations; all of which fall within the third chromosomal gene mus308 . In an effort to identify analogous sex-linked genes, a screen of mutagenized X-chromosomes has been conducted for mutations that confer hypersensitivity to nitrogen mustard. This search has identified a new locus, mus115 , through the recovery of a mutant that is strongly hypersensitive to nitrogen mustard but marginally sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate.
New developments in functional assessment: Probabilistic models for gold standards.

Advances in fundamental measurement have led to many exciting new developments in functional assessment. This paper presents fundamental measurement theory and method in summary form, and briefly describes its various applications to functional assessment, program evaluation, and outcomes analysis in physical medicine and rehabilita­ tion. The implications of computerized medical records and longitudinal patient tracking in national or global computer networks for functional status and health status gold standards are briefly addressed.
Alcohol expectancies, conduct disorder and early-onset alcoholism: negative alcohol expectancies are associated with less drinking in non-impulsive versus impulsive subjects

Aims Research suggests that positive alcohol expectancies promote excessive alcohol use while negative alcohol expectancies discourage excessive alcohol use. Evidence suggests that disinhibitory characteristics, such as conduct disorder and impulsivity, are associated with a general neglect of long-term negative outcomes. This study assessed whether negative expectancies would be associated more strongly with lower levels of alcohol use for low- compared with high-impulsive individuals. Design Positive and negative alcohol expectancies, alcohol use and impulsivity were assessed in a sample of 99 young adults with alcohol dependence (AD) and conduct disorder (CD), 77 with AD and no CD and 124 controls. Findings AD/CD subjects had higher proximal (same day) and distal (next day) negative alcohol expectancies, even though they drank more alcohol, compared with AD-alone and control subjects. Distal negative expectancies were associated more strongly with lower levels of drinking for low-impulsive compared with high-impulsive subjects. Proximal negative expectancies were associated more strongly with higher alcohol consumption for high- versus low-impulsive subjects. Conclusions Impulsivity and conduct disorder may be important factors in determining how much distal negative alcohol expectancies may discourage excessive alcohol consumption.
Challenges and Opportunities of Defining Clinical Leptin Resistance

The widespread use of the inadequately defined term "leptin resistance" led the National Institutes of Health to convene a workshop aimed at developing a quantitative definition of this term that would facilitate mechanistic research into leptin's actions in human health and disease. Although leptin-responsive conditions are recognized, the field is limited by a lack of robust, easily quantifiable behavioral or metabolic biomarkers of the hormone's action. Further advances require biomarkers that can be used to identify patients who may benefit from leptin therapy and that are useful for understanding the determinants of clinical leptin responsiveness.