cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
pathwayPCA: an R package for integrative pathway analysis with modern PCA methodology and gene selection

ABSTRACT With the advance in high-throughput technology for molecular assays, multi-omics datasets have become increasingly available. However, most currently available pathway analysis software provide little or no functionalities for analyzing multiple types of -omics data simultaneously. In addition, most tools do not provide sample-specific estimates of pathway activities, which are important for precision medicine. To address these challenges, we present pathwayPCA, a unique R package for integrative pathway analysis that utilizes modern statistical methodology including supervised PCA and adaptive elastic-net PCA for principal component analysis. pathwayPCA can analyze continuous, binary, and survival outcomes in studies with multiple covariate and/or interaction effects. We provide three case studies to illustrate pathway analysis with gene selection, integrative analysis of multi-omics datasets to identify driver genes, estimating and visualizing sample-specific pathway activities in ovarian cancer, and identifying sex-specific pathway effects in kidney cancer. pathwayPCA is an open source R package, freely available to the research community. We expect pathwayPCA to be a useful tool for empowering the wide scientific community on the analyses and interpretation of the wealth of multiomics data recently made available by TCGA, CPTAC and other large consortiums.
Forty Years of Formal—but Not yet Normal—Relations

Ties between individuals and institutions in the United States and the People’s Republic of China have become broader, deeper, and stronger during the four decades since the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in 1979 and the relationship can no longer be described as fragile. However, it also cannot yet be considered a normal relationship, at least not from the perspective of American citizens, companies, and commentators on international affairs. The relationship between the two largest economies and military powers has many asymmetries. Chinese citizens and organizations have far greater access to the United States than Americans do to China and ordinary Americans increasingly perceive the relationship as unbalanced and unfair. The American business community, long the strongest supporter of U.S. engagement with China, has been alienated by Chinese actions and attitudes and, no longer, acts as a counterbalance to other constituencies dissatisfied with aspects of the relationship. The relationship is fractious but not destined for conflict. We have learned to solve or manage conflicts, but it is becoming harder to do so.
Postoperative Urinary Retention After Bariatric Surgery: An Institutional Analysis

Abstract Background Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) can impact quality outcomes, leading to urinary tract infections, longer lengths of stay, and increased healthcare costs. The incidence of POUR in bariatric patients is unknown. Our primary objective was to determine the incidence and risk factors contributing to POUR in primary bariatric surgery. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on patients who underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) from 2013 to 2017. POUR was defined as the inability to urinate postoperatively, requiring urinary catheterization. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on perioperative variables and their correlation with POUR. Results During the study period, 603 patients underwent surgery: 317 (52.6%) LSG and 286 (47.4%) LRYGB. Overall, 49 (8.1%) patients developed POUR. There were no significant differences in preoperative demographics between patients with and without POUR. Patients who underwent an LSG had an increased incidence of POUR compared with LRYGB (P = 0.002). In both procedures, POUR was associated with decreased neostigmine, isolated nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, and reduced intraoperative fluid. LSG and congestive heart failure, as well as LSG and body weight, were independently associated with POUR. Female patients who experienced POUR had significantly increased length of stay. Conclusions Risk factors associated with POUR after primary bariatric surgery include LSG, less intraoperative neostigmine and intravenous fluids, and isolated nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. These risk factors can help educate patients and providers, as well as identify quality initiatives that focus on perioperative and anesthetic management to reduce POUR and length of hospital stay.
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXXVI. Synthetic studies related to 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO)

Abstract An application of the Barton ester based radical reactions in carbohydrate chemistry is described. The chain-elongation reaction with ethyl α-trifluoroacetoxy acrylate 2 , followed by treatment with phenylhydrazine provided 3-deoxy-α-hydrazono-octulosonates 8a,b , derivatives of KDO and its gluco -isomer in good yield.
The effects of exercise session timing on weight loss and components of energy balance: midwest exercise trial 2.

Circadian physiology has been linked to body weight regulation and obesity. To date, few studies have assessed the association between exercise timing and weight related outcomes. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the impact of exercise timing (i.e., 24 h clock time of exercise session) on weight loss and components of energy balance. Overweight/obese (BMI 25.0–39.9 kg/m2), physically inactive, young adults (~51% female) completed a 10-month supervised exercise program (400 or 600 kcal/session for 5 days/week) or served as non-exercise controls (CON). Participants were categorized based on the time of day in which they completed exercise sessions (Early-Ex: >50% of sessions completed between 7:00 and 11:59 am; (n = 21), Late-Ex: >50% of sessions completed between 3:00 and 7:00 pm; (n = 25), Sporadic-Ex: 0.05). A significant group × time interaction (p = 0.02) was observed for NEPA (counts/min), however, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, group effects were no longer significant. Despite minimal differences in components of energy balance, Early-EX lost significantly more weight compared with Late-Ex. Although the mechanisms are unclear, the timing of exercise may be important for body weight regulation.
Time to Die: Zombie as Educational Evolution in The Girl with All the Gifts

Unique among horror tropes, the zombie apocalypse narrative must usually conclude either with a cure or a profoundly transformed new world. The Girl with All the Gifts (Clarke & McCarthy, 2016) instead offers a view of a world in transition – a world that offers illuminating questions for theorizing educational reform. What does it mean to come through infection with your humanity intact? What does it mean to survive a contagion so universal that it’s impossible to transcend it unchanged? The in-betweenness of humans who perservere in the strange new world must become “something not like anything that has existed before,” which suggest that survival in the neoliberal educational policy milieu may require reformers to become both less and more than they expect.
Autogenous Femoral Vein for Secondary Repair of Subclavian Arteries: A Salvage Solution for Complex Clinical Scenarios.

Background Endovascular stent and prosthetic graft placement are commonplace techniques for correction of subclavian artery (SCA) lesions. However, when initial surgical repair of the SCA becomes complicated by subsequent infection or thrombosis of the repair site, stents and prosthetic grafts are no longer suitable for secondary repair due to the risk of recurrent failure and limited longevity. Autogenous tissue is more resistant to infection and has improved long-term patency, and thus may be a better option for secondary reconstruction in these complex clinical scenarios. The most commonly used autogenous conduit for SCA reconstruction is the great saphenous vein; however, the significant size mismatch makes this unsuitable in many circumstances. The autogenous femoral vein is a promising alternative conduit for SCA repair. Here we present 3 successful cases of its use as a salvage technique following iatrogenic complications of prior surgical repair. Methods From 2015 to 2019, 3 patients underwent harvest of the femoral vein for use in SCA repair, with 2 carotid-axillary bypasses and 1 carotid-subclavian bypass. Indications included a mycotic pseudoaneurysm secondary to an infected SCA stent, an SCA avulsion secondary to an infected carotid-subclavian bypass graft, and an occluded SCA stent in a young patient. Postoperative graft patency was monitored via clinical resolution of symptoms and maintenance of perfusion, intact pulses, and arterial duplex or computed tomography (CT) scan. Results All these patients had a good outcome following their procedures. Each had intact radial pulses immediately postoperatively and maintained normal perfusion to the upper extremity for the duration of follow-up, with bypass patency confirmed via CT scan or arterial duplex. The SCA repair also allowed for salvage of the upper extremity and symptomatic relief in all patients. None of the patients developed deep vein thrombosis in the donor extremity, and neither of the infected patients developed recurrent infection of the repair site. Conclusions The success of these cases demonstrates that the autogenous femoral vein is an effective and safe option for SCA reconstruction. It is particularly useful for secondary salvage when prior surgical repair via standard techniques is complicated by infection or thrombosis, and when target vessel size precludes the use of the great saphenous vein. This is an excellent choice of conduit that vascular surgeons should consider for use in complex SCA repairs.
Activating Community Resilience: The Emergence of COVID-19 Funds Across the United States

This article draws upon concepts of community resilience to explore the antecedents of community philanthropic organizations’ response to COVID-19. Although the pandemic is a global threat, respons...
EVOLUTION OF NEAR-SURFACE FLOWS INFERRED FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION RING-DIAGRAM ANALYSIS

Ring-diagram analysis of acoustic waves observed at the photosphere can provide a relatively robust determination of the sub-surface flows at a particular time under a particular region. The depth of penetration of the waves is related to the size of the region, hence the depth extent of the measured flows is inversely proportional to the spatial resolution. Most ring-diagram analysis has focused on regions of extent ~15° (180 Mm) or more in order to provide reasonable mode sets for inversions. Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) data analysis also provides a set of ring fit parameters on a scale three times smaller. These provide flow estimates for the outer 1% (7 Mm) of the Sun only, with very limited depth resolution, but with spatial resolution adequate to map structures potentially associated with the belts and regions of magnetic activity. There are a number of systematic effects affecting the determination of flows from a local helioseismic analysis of regions over different parts of the observable disk, and not all of them are well understood. In this study we characterize those systematic effects with higher spatial resolution so that they may be accounted for more effectively in mapping the temporal and spatial evolution of the flows. Leaving open the question of the mean structure of the global meridional circulation and the differential rotation, we describe the near-surface flow anomalies in time and latitude corresponding to the torsional oscillation pattern in differential rotation and analogous patterns in the meridional cell structure as observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/HMI.
The use of all-oral direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus-infected patients with substance use disorders.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that barriers exist for the initiation of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) for those with substance use disorders (SUDs). However, real world clinical evidence of DAA treatment initiation following receipt of a prescription and continuation among those with SUDs and HCV is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To (1) compare HCV treatment initiation (prescription fill) rates and early discontinuation rates between HCV-infected patients with and without SUDs in the DAA era, and (2) identify patient-level factors associated with HCV treatment initiation and early discontinuation in patients with SUDs. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of the MarketScan databases (January 2012-December 2018) was conducted for newly diagnosed treatment naive HCV-infected patients (age ≥ 18) with and without SUDs. We used multivariable Cox regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals of treatment initiation and early discontinuation in those with SUDs versus those without. RESULTS: We identified a total of 29,228 newly diagnosed HCV-infected patients (6,385 with SUDs and 22,843 without SUDs). Overall, DAA treatment initiation for patients with SUDs was significantly lower than that for those without SUDs (24% vs 34%; P < 0.01). After adjusting for demographics and clinical characteristics, patients with SUDs were less likely to initiate DAA treatments than those without SUDs (aHR, 0.87 [0.82-0.92]). There was no difference in discontinuation of DAA treatment between those with and without SUDs (4% vs 3%: aHR, 1.13 [0.81-1.60]). Among patients with SUDs (n = 6,385), lower rates of initiating DAA treatment was associated with younger age, and comorbidities including alcoholic liver disease (ALD; aHR, 0.44 [0.33-0.57), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (aHR, 0.52 [0.36-0.75]), and hepatitis B virus (HBV; aHR, 0.64 [0.44-0.92]). DAA treatment discontinuation was associated with younger age, ribavirin (RBV) therapy (aHR, 3.78 [2.21-6.47]), and cirrhosis diagnosis (aHR, 2.42 [1.21-4.84]) but not SUD treatment (aHR, 0.68 [0.34-1.34]). CONCLUSIONS: HCV-infected patients with SUDs had significantly lower treatment initiation rates, especially in young females and those with ALD, CKD, and HBV. No difference was found in DAA discontinuation. However, younger patients with RBV treatment and/or cirrhosis were more likely to stop treatment. Interventions directed towards these groups are needed to enhance DAA initiation and treatment maintenance among HCV-infected patients with SUDs. DISCLOSURES: Research reported in this publication was supported in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under award number K01DA045618 (to Park). The other authors have nothing to disclose that may present a potential conflict of interest.
Geographic distribution of the E1 family of genes and their effects on reproductive timing in soybean.

BACKGROUND Soybean is an economically important crop which flowers predominantly in response to photoperiod. Several major loci controlling the quantitative trait for reproductive timing have been identified, of which allelic combinations at three of these loci, E1, E2, and E3, are the dominant factors driving time to flower and reproductive period. However, functional genomics studies have identified additional loci which affect reproductive timing, many of which are less understood. A better characterization of these genes will enable fine-tuning of adaptation to various production environments. Two such genes, E1La and E1Lb, have been implicated in flowering by previous studies, but their effects have yet to be assessed under natural photoperiod regimes. RESULTS Natural and induced variants of E1La and E1Lb were identified and introgressed into lines harboring either E1 or its early flowering variant, e1-as. Lines were evaluated for days to flower and maturity in a Maturity Group (MG) III production environment. These results revealed that variation in E1La and E1Lb promoted earlier flowering and maturity, with stronger effects in e1-as background than in an E1 background. The geographic distribution of E1La alleles among wild and cultivated soybean revealed that natural variation in E1La likely contributed to northern expansion of wild soybean, while breeding programs in North America exploited e1-as to develop cultivars adapted to northern latitudes. CONCLUSION This research identified novel alleles of the E1 paralogues, E1La and E1Lb, which promote flowering and maturity under natural photoperiods. These loci represent sources of genetic variation which have been under-utilized in North American breeding programs to control reproductive timing, and which can be valuable additions to a breeder's molecular toolbox.
Properties Tables Booklet for Thermal Fluids Engineering

This booklet is an ideal supplement for any course in thermodynamics or the thermal fluid sciences and a handy reference for the practising engineer. The tables in the booklet complement and extend the property tables in the appendices to Stephen Turn's Thermodynamics: Concepts and Applications and Thermal-Fluid Sciences: An Integrated Approach. In addition to duplicating the SI tables in these books it extends the tables to cover US customary units as well. The booklet also contains property data for the refrigerant R-134a and properties of the atmosphere at high altitudes.
Space Human Factors and Operator Interfaces

Human factors, also known as human factors engineering or ergonomics, is the branch of engineering that deals with understanding and improving how humans and mechanical, electronic, and software systems interact. Areas of space exploration in which human factors engineering is important include design of human/machine interfaces, including flight control stations and robotic operator interfaces; design of astronaut tools and spacesuits; design and evaluation of operator training regimens; and design and evaluation of human/robotic teams, including team member roles, interactions, and capabilities. Keywords: human factors; ergonomics; human/robot interaction; spacesuit; control station; mission control; teleoperation
Isolation of a Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris Containing 3-Acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose and d-Rhamnose

Abstract An unusual, phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharide has been isolated from the cell wall of the plant pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris. After mild acid hydrolysis, two rare sugars, 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose and d-rhamnose, were obtained in crystalline form. d-Galacturonic acid and d-glucose were identified as additional minor components. Approximately 97.5% of the total weight of the polymer was accounted for on the basis of the products recovered.
Engineering Herpes Simplex

Publisher Summary The natural biology of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) makes it attractive as a gene delivery vehicle for the central and peripheral nervous systems. Experimental studies suggest it may be useful for the direct delivery of transgenes to other tissues as well. In this chapter, aspects of the structure and molecular biology of HSV-1 relevant to engineering HSV vectors for the nervous system and other tissues are discussed and some findings are described to exploit this virus for human gene therapy applications. To use HSV vectors broadly for gene transfer is necessary to remove those viral genes that cause cell necrosis and disrupt normal host cell metabolism and function. An alternative approach to the use of genomic HSV vectors is the construction of amplicons, frequently referred to in the literature as “defective HSV vectors.” Amplicons are plasmid vectors that contain both an E. coli and HSV origin of replication and HSV packaging signals that together enable plasmid propagation in E. coli and amplicon DNA synthesis in mammalian cells on cotransfection with defective HSV. Despite the problem of wild-type recombination, amplicons have been used in a number of experimental models to transfer genes to neurons in vitro and in vivo . Herpes viruses are among those that have developed specific strategies for escaping immune surveillance. Several of the HSV glycoproteins can help avoid complement inactivation and reduce antibody-dependent complement-mediated virus neutralization and antibody-dependent cell-mediated killing of HSV-infected cells. The mechanism by which HSV-1 accomplishes infection has been suggested to be a two-step process. Herpes simplex virus-based gene transfer vectors hold promise for the treatment of a number of diseases including Cancer, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's chorea in the central nervous system, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and peripheral sensory neuropathies in the peripheral nervous system.
Nutrition and Stress

This chapter has emphasized the body’s adaptive mechanisms that attempt to maintain homeostasis in response to physical and psychosocial stressors (see Chap. 2 for a detailed explanation). However, as we have noted, intense stress can deplete and weaken the body, including, for example, the SNS response to inhibit digestion. As Whitney, Hamilton, and Rolfes (1990) note, “Much of the disability imposed by prolonged stress is nutritional” (p. 13). The purpose of this chapter is to briefly review how some of the basics of nutrition are involved in the stress response, including fatty acids, antioxidants, and serotonin, and will conclude with an introduction of future directions for dietary intervention.
Development of 4-D Time-Controlled Guidance Laws using Singular Perturbation Methodology

Aircraft flying conventional descents and approaches into high density terminal areas often waste fuel. Such is also the case whenever they are delayed while awaiting approach clearance. Simulation results have shown that in heavy traffic, time-controlled (4-D) guidance in the aircraft will be necessary to realize the full potential of fuel conservative procedures. This paper focuses on the analysis of the 4-D guidance problem in the longitudinal plane. Singular Perturbation Theory is applied to reduce the computational burden of solving the resulting optimal control problem.
Optimal Capital Structure, Relation-Specific Investment, and Supplier Competition

This paper studies the relationship between firm leverage and supplier market structure by examining their joint impacts on bargaining and relation-specific investments. We find that firm leverage decreases with the degree of competition among suppliers. Specifically, leverage decreases with the elasticity of substitution between suppliers. Leverage also decreases with the number of suppliers when the elasticity of substitution is high, and increases with the number of suppliers when the elasticity is low. Empirical evidence supports these model predictions. We find that firm leverage is positively related to the number of supplying industries, and negatively related to the average number of suppliers per supplying industry. Moreover, we find that firm leverage is positively related to the degree of input goods heterogeneity.
Using bioabsorbable fixation systems in the treatment of pediatric skull deformities leads to good outcomes and low morbidity

Background Bioabsorbable fixation systems have been widely employed in pediatric patients for cranial reconstruction, obviating the complications of hardware migration and imaging artifact occurring with metallic implants. Recent concern over complications unique to bioabsorbable materials, such as inflammatory reaction and incomplete resorption, necessitates additional conclusive studies to further validate their use in pediatric neurosurgery and craniofacial surgery. Likewise, long-term follow-up in this clinical cohort has not previously been described.
ENISOPROST (EN) IMPROVES FAT ABSORPTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) PATIENTS (PTS)

Chloride (Cl) transport, deficient in CF, may be prostaglandin (PG) sensitive. Furthermore, exogenous pancreatic enzymes (PEs) are acid labile. The PGE1 analog EN increases gut pH within minutes of oral administration. We report a double-blind, placebo (P) controlled crossover study of EN, 4-8 ug/kg/day, in 20 CF Pts who required PEs to control steatorrhea. Ten Pts (Gp I, ages 5-23) were treated for 3 days and ten (Gp II, ages 5-14) for 13 days. We examined: stool (ST) fat, sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chloride (CI); ST weight (WI), frequency (F) and osmolality; sweat (SW) C1, Na, K; essential fatty acids (EFA). Results (mean ± SEM): There were no significant differences in ST or SW electrolytes, or EFA between the two treatments for CpI or GpII. Conclusions: EN increases fat absorption in CF Pts when treated for 13 days but not when treated for 3 days. Long term adaptive responses to PGs, rather than enzyme sparing from short term changes in luminal pH, likely underlie our findings.
CONFORMATIONALSTUDY OF [LEU5]‐ENKEPHALIN BY LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

The Raman spectrum of [Leu5]-enkephalin in the solid state indicates the presence of a type I' beta bend, in agreement with X-ray data of Smith & Griffin (1978). In solution, this molecule takes on different conformations in different solvents. In DMSO-d6, it forms a beta-bend structure whereas in water it exists as an ensemble of conformations.
A short β-sheet containing proline nucleated by a 2,2′-substituted tolan β-turn mimetic

Abstract By 1 H NMR spectroscopy, 2 , acetyl-L-Pro-Atc-L-X-NHMe, Atc  2-amino-diphenylacetylene-2′-carboxylic acid; X = L-Val, L-Ala, assumes an antiparallel β-sheet-like conformation in DMSO-d 6 and CD 2 Cl 2 .
Wrinkling and folding of thin films by viscous stress

We examine the buckling of a thin elastic film floating on a viscous liquid layer which is itself supported on a prestretched rubber sheet. Releasing the prestretch in the rubber induces a viscous stress in the liquid, which in turn induces a compressive stress in the elastic film, leading to buckling. Unlike many previous studies on wrinkling of floating films, the buckling process in the present study is dominated by viscous effects whereas gravitational effects are negligible. An approximate shear lag model predicts the evolution of the stress profile in the unbuckled film that depends on three parameters: the rate at which the prestretch is released, the thickness of the liquid layer, and the length of the elastic film. A linear perturbation analysis is developed to predict the wavelength of wrinkles. Numerical simulations are conducted to predict nonlinear evolution of the wrinkle wavelength and amplitude. Experiments using elastic polymer films and viscous polymer liquids show trends that are qualitatively consistent with the predictions although quantitatively, the experimentally-observed wrinkle wavelengths are longer than predicted. Although this article is focused only on small-strain wrinkling behavior, we show that application of large nominal strains (on the order of 100%) leads to sharply localized folds. Thus this approach may be useful for developing buckled features with high aspect ratio on surfaces.
The application of regional hypothermia using transrectal cooling during radical prostatectomy: mitigation of surgical inflammatory damage to preserve continence.

Abstract Preservation of continence and sexual function continues to be a formidable quality-of-life issue regarding outcomes after radical prostatectomy. There is little argument that physical preservation of the nerves and sphincters is a critical component to achieving success in these domains. Previously demonstrated factors such as advancing age, deteriorating physical health status, and subnormal baseline potency negatively impact outcomes. Our hypothesis, however, has been that inflammatory response to surgery has a large impact on surgical outcomes of prostatectomy. Trauma-induced inflammation could account for variation in recovery despite nearly identical surgery on many patients, especially in high-volume surgeons. In other words, we suggest and maintain that younger and healthier patients tolerate and/or recover better from the trauma/inflammation of surgery. Those who do not recover as well may have altered inflammatory response to injury. A common response to decrease inflammation in respons...
Allostasis and Allostatic Load: Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology

The primary hormonal mediators of the stress response, glucocorticoids and catecholamines, have both protective and damaging effects on the body. In the short run, they are essential for adaptation, maintenance of homeostasis, and survival (allostasis). Yet, over longer time intervals, they exact a cost (allostatic load) that can accelerate disease processes. The concepts of allostasis and allostatic load center around the brain as interpreter and responder to environmental challenges and as a target of those challenges. In anxiety disorders, depressive illness, hostile and aggressive states, substance abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), allostatic load takes the form of chemical imbalances as well as perturbations in the diurnal rhythm, and, in some cases, atrophy of brain structures. In addition, growing evidence indicates that depressive illness and hostility are both associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other systemic disorders. A major risk factor for these conditions is early childhood experiences of abuse and neglect that increase allostatic load later in life and lead individuals into social isolation, hostility, depression, and conditions like extreme obesity and CVD. Animal models support the notion of lifelong influences of early experience on stress hormone reactivity. Whereas, depression and childhood abuse and neglect tend to be more prevalent in individuals at the lower end of the socioeconomic ladder, cardiovascular and other diseases follow a gradient across the full range of socioeconomic status (SES). An SES gradient is also evident for measures of allostatic load. Wide-ranging SES gradients have also been described for substance abuse and affective and anxiety disorders as a function of education. These aspects are discussed as important, emerging public health issues where the brain plays a key role.
CCl2 diradical desorption from the reaction of CCl4 with Fe(110)

Abstract The direct detection of :CCl 2 desorption from the thermal dissociation of adsorbed CCl 4 on Fe(110) is reported at 177 K. The process is expected to be thermodynamically favored and represents an unusual low temperature surface process.
A freeze-etching study of rabbit spermatozoa with particular reference to head structures.

The fine structure of rabbit spermatozoa has been studied using the freeze-etching technique. The postnuclear sheath is revealed as a complex structure consisting of a matrix material ornamented by irregular depressions, basally located cords of oriented particles, and a terminal belt-like structure. The apical border of the postnuclear sheath is delineated by highly regular serrations. Many of these components can also be detected in thin sections of appropriately oriented spermatozoa. The nuclear region is composed of stacked lamellae lying in the plane of the flattened head. These lamellae can also be visualized in chemically fixed thin sections and may be related to the birefringence displayed by these cells under polarized light.
Acute gastric mucosal lesions produced by augmented histamine test.

Twenty patients were gastroscoped and subjected to suction biopsy of fundic mucosa under gastroscopic control before and after administration of augmented histamine stimulation preceded by an antihistamine.
Element mass balances for South Carolina Coastal Plain watersheds

Element mass balance estimates for South Carolina Coastal Plain watersheds indicate that fertilizers and liming materials are the major sources for inputs of Ca, Mg, K, Cl, and HCO3 whereas precipitation is the major input for Na and SO4. Stream flow is the chief mode of output for all of these elements. A balance between input and output is evident only for Cl. Retentions of 50% or more are shown by Ca, Mg, K, HCO3 and SO4 whereas Na shows an apparent net loss. The retention of Ca, Mg and HCO3 suggests that less than 25% of the dolomitic liming materials applied to the landscape actually dissolve and that the carbonate chemistry of Lower Coastal Plain streams is therefore probably largely controlled by seepage of groundwaters from underlying calcareous aquifers. The retention of K and the loss of Na may be due to cation exchange reactions on soil clays whereas the apparent retention of SO4 is probably due to reduction to H2S in floodplain environments and soil adsorption.
Spectral kinetics ratiometry: a simple approach for real-time monitoring of fluorophore distributions in living cells.

Background: Spectral Imaging Microscopy is gaining attention in biological research. Most of the commercial systems in vogue employ linear spectral un-mixing algorithms and/or spectral profile matching algorithms to extract the component spectral information from the measured specimen spectra. The need to accurately deconvolve multiple spectra with minimal cross-contamination is always accompanied by an increase in system complexity and cost. Methods: We describe here a variant of the spectral waveform cross-correlation analysis (SWCCA) method where the master reference spectral library is constructed by composite spectra with varying ratios of component spectra, unlike the conventional spectral library where pure spectra form the components. We demonstrate that this spectral kinetics ratiometric approach gives realistic estimates of fluorophore distribution in living cells with a better spectral correlation as compared with pure component spectral libraries. Results: Biological applications demonstrated in this article include acceptor photobleaching FRET, caspase activity during cell death and mitochondrial membrane polarization kinetics during substrate metabolism. Conclusions: Beyond the representative applications presented in this article, we think the proposed approach can be valuable in dynamic studies of a variety of other cellular processes such as pH oscillations, photobleaching and quenching kinetics. Besides giving better spectral correlation and real-time monitoring of biophysical processes in living cells, this method can serve as an economical solution for high-throughput spectral classification requirements. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
[1-14C]Octanoate: a fast functional marker of brain activity

Abstract [1- 14 C]Octanoate (OCTO) is rapidly extracted from blood and metabolized by brain. Up to 6 min following an intravenous pulse injection the autoradiographic pattern of brain labeling reflects differences in blood flow and energy metabolism. When animals are given OCTO during visual or somatosensory stimulation the autoradiograms reveal differential labeling of activated pathways. Studies can be performed in 7–20 s allowing fast labeling of functional brain anatomy.
IR, Raman, and NMR Studies of the Short-Range Structures of 0.5Na2S + 0.5[xGeS2 + (1–x)PS5/2] Mixed Glass-Former Glasses

A nonlinear and nonadditive composition-dependent change of the ionic conductivity in mixed glass-former (MGF) glasses when one glass former, such as PS(5/2), is replaced by a second glass former, such as GeS2, at constant alkali modifier concentrations, such as Na2S, is known as the mixed glass-former effect (MGFE). Alkali ion conducting glasses are of particular interest for use as solid electrolytes in alkali-based all-solid-state batteries because sulfide amorphous materials have significantly higher alkali ion conductivities than their oxide glass counterparts. In this study of the ternary MGF system Na2S + GeS2 + PS(5/2), we report the careful structural characterization of these glasses using a combination of vibrational, infrared (IR), Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Our measurements of the 0.5Na2S + 0.5[xGeS2 + (1-x)PS(5/2)] MGF system show that this glass system exhibits a strongly negative MGFE and non-Arrhenius ionic conductivities. While this negative MGFE in the Na(+) ion conductivity makes these glasses less attractive for use in solid-state Na batteries, the structural origin of this effect is important to better understand the mechanisms of ion conduction in the glassy state. For these reasons, we have examined the structures of ternary 0.5Na2S + 0.5[xGeS2 + (1-x)PS(5/2)] glasses using Raman, IR, and (31)P MAS NMR spectroscopies. In these studies, it is found that the substitution of PS(5/2) by GeS2, that is, increasing x, leads to unequal sharing of the Na(+) in these glasses. Thus, in all MGF compositions, phosphorus groups are associated with a disproportionately larger fraction, f(Na(P)) > 0.5(1 - x), of the Na(+) ions while the germanium groups are found to be Na(+)-deficient relative to the total amount of Na(+) present in the glass, that is, f(Na(Ge)) < 0.5x. From the spectroscopic study of these glasses, a short-range order (SRO) structural model is developed for these glasses and is based on the germanium and phosphorus SRO groups in these glasses as a first step in understanding the unique negative MGFE and non-Arrhenius behavior in the Na(+) ion conductivity in these glasses.
Translation Insensitive Heterodyne Interferometers

Translation Insensitive Heterodyne InterferometersT. R. O'MearaHughes Research LaboratoriesMalibu, California 90265AbstractTranslation insensitive (TI) heterodyne interferometers have the property that a wave -front may be sampled and compared (in phase) at two arbitrary points on a plane withoutrequiring precision control on the reference feed paths to the heterodyne detectors.Several different principles may be employed, some of which exploit nonlinear phaseconjugation. The wavefront may be extracted either from pupil planes or focal planes withappropriate changes in the instrumentation.IntroductionA common problem in optical wavefront or optical figure measurements is to measure thedeviation from flatness of an optical wavefront exiting or reflecting from some opticaldevice, wherein the deviation is of the order of wavelengths. For small optical devicesand /or beams, this is not a major problem since one can generally obtain a second planewave (at the same wavelength) which may be interferred with the wave to be tested. As thebeams (and optical systems) approach meters in diameter, the plane wave reference isdifficult or impossible to achieve and other approaches should be considered.One approach for electronically instrumenting such a system is to use one or more samplinginterferometers which move about or are colocated on the surface of an optical flat, asillustrated in Figure 1. In particular, we assume the test source is a laser with reasonablylong coherence length and have illustrated a two sample system, erploying heterodyneinterferometers, in which the reference is frequency offset from the wave to be tested.
Germanium-silicon fractionation in a tropical, granitic weathering environment

Abstract Germanium–silicon (Ge/Si) ratios were determined on quartz diorite bedrock, saprolite, soil, primary and secondary minerals, phytolith, soil and saprolite pore waters, and spring water and stream waters in an effort to understand Ge/Si fractionation during weathering of quartz diorite in the Rio Icacos watershed, Puerto Rico. The Ge/Si ratio of the bedrock is 2 μmol/mol, with individual primary mineral phases ranging between 0.5 and 7 μmol/mol. The ratios in the bulk saprolite are higher (∼3 μmol/mol) than values measured in the bedrock. The major saprolite secondary mineral, kaolinite, has Ge/Si ratios ranging between 4.8 and 6.1 μmol/mol. The high Ge/Si ratios in the saprolite are consistent with preferential incorporation of Ge during the precipitation of kaolinite. Bulk shallow soils have lower ratios (1.1–1.6 μmol/mol) primarily due to the residual accumulation of Ge-poor quartz. Ge/Si ratios measured on saprolite and soil pore waters reflect reactions that take place during mineral transformations at discrete depths. Spring water and baseflow stream waters have the lowest Ge/Si ratios (0.27–0.47 μmol/mol), reflecting deep initial weathering reactions resulting in the precipitation of Ge-enriched kaolinite at the saprolite–bedrock interface. Mass-balance calculations on saprolite require significant loss of Si and Al even within 1 m above the saprolite–bedrock interface. Higher pore water Ge/Si ratios (∼1.2 μmol/mol) are consistent with partial dissolution of this Ge-enriched kaolinite. Pore water Ge/Si ratios increase up through the saprolite and into the overlying soil, but never reach the high values predicted by mass balance, perhaps reflecting the influence of phytolith recycling in the shallow soil.
Treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients respond to clozapine after olanzapine non-response

Abstract Background: Treatment-resistance in schizophrenia remains a public health problem. Clozapine has been shown to be effective in about one third of this population, but carries with it medical risks and weekly blood draws. As olanzapine is a drug with a very similar biochemical profile to clozapine, it is important to evaluate whether non-response to olanzapine predicts clozapine non-response. Methods: Forty-four treatment-resistant patients received eight weeks of olanzapine, either in a double-blind trial or subsequent open treatment at a mean daily dose of 25 mg/day. Two of 44 patients (5%) responded to olanzapine treatment. Patients who did not respond could then receive clozapine. Twenty-seven subsequently received an 8-week open trial of clozapine. Results: Patients who did and did not receive clozapine did not differ demographically or in psychopathology. Eleven of 27 (41%) met a priori response criteria during clozapine treatment (mean dose 693 mg/day) after failing to respond to olanzapine. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that failure to respond to olanzapine treatment does not predict failure to clozapine. Treatment-resistant patients who fail on olanzapine may benefit from a subsequent trial of clozapine.
Freight simulation: dynamic freight traffic simulation providing real-time information

The paper describes a prototype Dynamic Freight Traffic Simulation model called DyFTS, constructed for studying the effects of highly developed information technologies and logistic strategies on freight transportation. DyFTS is designed as a highly adaptable system that can be easily embedded into a more comprehensive transportation simulation model. Various decision-making processes are formulated, such as goods-to-vehicle assignment, departure time choice and pre-trip routing, and en-route vehicle redirection. As part of the modeling system, descriptive real-time information for the network is simulated to study the influence of such information on freight transportation. A knowledge-based learning process is established to refine the perceptions of decision-makers to the transportation network based on past experience. Numerical examples are designed to compare a set of freight movements operating both with and without the aid of real-time information, as such freight operations vary according to different delivery time requirements and using different fleet configurations.
The structure of freedom

A new edition it is not; only a few printing errors that went undetected in the second printing have been corrected.
Partition Chromatography of Oxytocin on ‘Sephadex’

GEL-FILTRATION on ‘Sephadex’ as a means of purifying natural products has been widely used since its first introduction by Porath and Flodin1. One of its many applications has been to the purification of natural oxytocin2. Experiments conducted during the past 2 years have shown that the purification of oxytocin can be conveniently and effectively accomplished by means of partition chromatography on ‘Sephadex’, and a brief description of the method elaborated and its application to synthetic oxytocin are recorded here.
The gas phase photolysis of CHFCl2

Abstract The photolysis of CHFCl 2 at 300 K has been investigated at 213.9, 163.3 and 147 nm. Methane, Br 2 , HBr and HCl were added as free radical interceptors in order to unravel the primary photodecomposition processes. Analysis of the data shows that at 213.9 and 163.3 nm the photodissociative process occurs with a quantum yield of 0.9 – 1.0, giving stable CHFCl radicals. At shorter wavelengths the quantum yield of CHFCl shows a drastic decrease with concurrent appearances of species such as CFCl, CHF and CF. The laboratory experiments indicate that CF is mainly formed via the dissociative process The CF radicals react with CH 3 to yield C 2 H 2 (CF + CH 3 → C 2 H 2 + HF) while the CHF species insert readily into HCl to yield CH 2 FCl. In the presence of Br 2 , CF and CHF undergo reactions which result in the formation of CFBr 3 and CHFBr 2 respectively.
Dynamics and Rationality in Ordered Externality Games

Abstract We describe a class of games in which the players' payoffs depend only on their own play and an externality, which we call ordered externality games (OEGs). These include service facilities with customer self-selection and cost-sharing games. We then analyze the dynamics of these games assuming best-reply (Cournot) dynamics. Finally, we prove that any OEG which is convergent under best-reply dynamics is also convergent under adaptive learning. This allows us to compute the convergence properties of an OEG easily. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C63, C70.
Fundamental photophysics and optical loss processes in Si-nanocrystal-doped microdisk resonators

We report a detailed analytical, numerical, and experimental study of microdisk resonators doped with nanometer sized silicon quantum dots (nanocrystals). An intuitive analytical ray-optics-based model is developed and used to capture the behavior of the quality factor $(Q)$ as a function of the disk size and the attenuation coefficient. Two regimes in the behavior of $Q$ with the disk size establish a simple design rule for optimizing the performance of these cavities. The validity of our analytical model is verified by full-vectorial finite element method calculations of the microcavity modes. Based on the predictions of the analytical and numerical calculations, we have fabricated microdisk resonators with diameters ranging between 2 and $8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. $Qg{10}^{3}$ are obtained for disk radii as small as $4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$---highest observed for Si-nanocrystal-doped microdisk resonators. The fundamental limit on $Q$ is estimated by quantifying all of the potential optical loss processes through a careful analysis which includes the effects of nanocrystal size distribution. Our theoretical calculations match well with experiments and reveal that the line-edge roughness scattering and radiation loss can be minimized sufficiently to enable study and quantification of more fundamental optical loss processes of this material due to band-to-band absorption, Mie scattering, and free-carrier absorption in the Si nanocrystals. Using the experimental $Q$'s and the mode volumes, we predict the maximum low-temperature Purcell enhancement factor in our structures on the order of 6 and with some design improvements enhancements up to 50 can be realized.
The effect of aspect ratio on heat loss from a swirling flow within a cylinder

Abstract Measurements have been made of the total rate of heat loss and the half radius swirl velocity of an unsteady, turbulent swirling flow within a cylinder for different aspect ratios. The instantaneous heat loss correlates with the half radius swirl velocity by a Nusselt-Reynolds number power law. The correlation is independent of aspect ratio if the filling of the cylinder results in a flow field which is axi-symmetric and shows no axial variation outside the boundary layers.