cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capped RNA Transcripts of Full-Length cDNA Clones of Swine Hepatitis E Virus Are Replication Competent When Transfected into Huh7 Cells and Infectious When Intrahepatically Inoculated into Pigs

Swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), the first animal strain of HEV to be isolated, is a zoonotic agent. We report here the construction and in vitro and in vivo characterizations of infectious cDNA clones of swine HEV. Eight overlapping fragments spanning the entire genome were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and assembled into a full-length cDNA clone, clone C, which contained 14 mutations compared to the consensus sequence of swine HEV. RNA transcripts from clone C were not infectious, as determined by intrahepatic inoculation into pigs and by in vitro transfection of Huh7 cells. Multiple site-based site-directed mutagenesis was performed to generate three new cDNA clones (pSHEV-1, pSHEV-2, and pSHEV-3) which differed from each other. The transfection of capped RNA transcripts into human liver Huh7 cells resulted in the synthesis of both ORF2 capsid and ORF3 proteins, indicating that the cDNA clones were replication competent. Each of the three clones resulted in active swine HEV infections after the intrahepatic inoculation of pigs with capped RNA transcripts. The patterns of seroconversion, viremia, and fecal virus shedding for pigs inoculated with RNA transcripts from clones pSHEV-2 and pSHEV-3 were similar to each other and to those for pigs inoculated with wild-type swine HEV, suggesting that the nucleotide differences between these two cDNA clones were not critical for replication. Pigs inoculated with RNA transcripts from clone pSHEV-1, which contained three nonsilent mutations in the ORF2 capsid gene, had a delayed appearance of seroconversion and fecal virus shedding and had undetectable viremia. The availability of these infectious cDNA clones affords us an opportunity to understand the mechanisms of cross-species infection by constructing chimeric human and swine HEVs.
A liquid membrane approach for removal of metallic species from resinous extracts under imposed electrical fields

Abstract The application of externally imposed electrical fields to a bio-purification process is illustrated for crude guayule resin. The specific emphasis of this study is on removal of solubilized species consisting of soil nutrients that partition into the resin phase from the soils of growth origin and heavy metals that come from other possible sources of contamination. Heavy metals include lead and zinc, whereas soil nutrients include magnesium, sodium, calcium and potassium. Other preferentially water-soluble species are also removed but have not yet been identified. Separation demonstrations were carried out in a 21 capacity coalescer with a flat and parallel insulated electrode configuration. A liquid membrane type of emulsion of relative stability (phase disengagement in less than 12 h) of guayule resins and water was used to assess separation rates at different field strengths and frequencies for a.c. and half-wave rectified, non-smoothed d.c. (i.e. pulsing d.c.). Maximum separation rates were determined by measuring output flow rates (separated resins and water), under steady-state conditions. Metal removal efficiencies were determined for a 1000 Hz a.c. field under a potential gradient of 4 kV/cm at the maximum rate of coalescence. Methods to increase removal efficiencies are discussed. In addition to enhancing the rate of phase disengagement, electrostatic coalescence was shown to be particularly effective in removal of lead, zinc and iron as compared to 12 h of gravitational settling. Applications of this technology to removal of toxic heavy metals and/or radioisotopes from multi-phase hydrocarbon-based media are discussed.
Teaching Physiological Psychology in a Multimedia Classroom

In this article, I describe techniques used for teaching Physiological Psychology in a 104-Stuaent multimedia classroom that includes two computers and an array of permanently mounted audiovisual equipment. Lectures are illustrated with computer-generated text, graphics, animations, and video clips. Keypads mounted on student desks tabulate individual student responses to questions posed to the class. Use of the keypads promotes active learning in a large lecture class because each student formulates an individual answer to every question.
A critical evaluation of the trigger point phenomenon

The theory of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) caused by trigger points (TrPs) seeks to explain the phenomena of muscle pain and tenderness in the absence of evidence for local nociception. Although it lacks external validity, many practitioners have uncritically accepted the diagnosis of MPS and its system of treatment. Furthermore, rheumatologists have implicated TrPs in the pathogenesis of chronic widespread pain (FM syndrome). We have critically examined the evidence for the existence of myofascial TrPs as putative pathological entities and for the vicious cycles that are said to maintain them. We find that both are inventions that have no scientific basis, whether from experimental approaches that interrogate the suspect tissue or empirical approaches that assess the outcome of treatments predicated on presumed pathology. Therefore, the theory of MPS caused by TrPs has been refuted. This is not to deny the existence of the clinical phenomena themselves, for which scientifically sound and logically plausible explanations based on known neurophysiological phenomena can be advanced. Rheumatology key messages . The theory of myofascial pain based on trigger points is conjecture that has been put forward as established
A Multi-Layer Parylene Electrode Array for Use in an Implantable Microsystem for Treatment of Neurological Disorders

This paper presents a multi-layer parylene electrode array for neural recording and stimulation. The immediate targeted use is for cerebral surface recordings of patients suffering from epileptic seizures. Ultimately, it will serve as the neural interface portion of a larger, fully implantable system to be used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and epilepsy. The probe array consists of a parylene-Ti-parylene structure with sites and pads formed by Ti/Au deposition. The use of Parylene-C provides flexibility and improved electrical and mechanical properties compared to conventional polymers. The probes were characterized in-vitro, exhibiting sufficiently low impedance, suitable for neural stimulation and recording.
An Approach to the Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in Children and Adolescents

Objective: The aim of this review article was to present one approach to the treatment of hypertension in children, although alternative approaches are certainly possible. Current issues that relate to antihypertensive therapy in children are considered, and basic principles of treatment are presented. Background: Less than 1% of all children require antihypertensive drug therapy. The first 2 reports from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children recommended a stepped-care approach to treatment. As new classes of drugs become available, and as new evidence from studies completed in children and adults suggested that tailoring drug therapy to the underlying disease was advantageous in many circumstances, the individualized therapeutic approach has gained favor. However, despite a clear trend toward individualization, common therapeutic principles can be applied to bring a rational basis to the drug selection process. In the absence of data, opinion and experience often guide therapy for children with hypertension. Conclusions: Many factors affect the choice of an antihypertensive agent in children. Among the more important factors are diagnosis, severity of hypertension, patient demographics, patient compliance issues, concurrent diseases, concomitant drug therapy, drug formulation, and athletic participation. Special consideration should be given to children who have hypertensive emergencies, renal or renovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus. Neonates, competitive athletes, and adolescent females also represent unique subpopulations that have distinct needs. Apparent resistance to therapy is a significant problem in children. Many factors contribute to a less-than-expected response to drug therapy. These factors can be broadly classified into 3 groups: patient-related factors, disease-specific factors, and drug-related issues.
Collaborative Competition Mechanism for Gene Activation In Vivo

The mechanism by which gene regulatory proteins gain access to their DNA target sites is not known. In vitro, binding is inherently cooperative between arbitrary DNA binding proteins whose target sites are located within the same nucleosome. We refer to such competition-based cooperativity as collaborative competition. Here we show that arbitrarily chosen foreign DNA binding proteins, LexA and Tet repressor, cooperate with an adjacently binding endogenous activator protein, Gcn4, to coactivate expression of chromosomal reporter genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Coactivation requires that the cooperating target sites be within a nucleosome-length distance; it leads to increased occupancy by Gcn4 at its binding site; and it requires both Gcn5 and Swi/Snf which, at an endogenous Gcn4-dependent promoter, act subsequent to Gcn4 binding. These results imply that collaborative competition contributes to gene regulation in vivo. They further imply that, even in the presence of the cell's full wild-type complement of chromatin remodeling factors, competition of regulatory proteins with histone octamer for access to regulatory target sites remains a quantitative determinant of gene expression levels. We speculate that initial target site recognition and binding may occur via spontaneous nucleosomal site exposure, with remodeling factor action required downstream to lock in higher levels of regulatory protein occupancy.
GC-EC Analysis of Polybrominated Biphenyl Constituents of Firemaster FF-1 Using Tetrabromobiphenyl as an Internal Standard

The polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) constituents of Firemaster FF-1 were determined using gas chromatography-electron capture (GC-EC). The absolute and relative retention times of each of eight major constituents were obtained. It was shown that 2,2',5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl was a suitable internal standard for the quantitative analysis of the PBBs in Firemaster FF-1 in mammalian tissues and fluids.
The Horizontal Coherency of the Motion of Summer Arctic Sea Ice

Abstract Four ice floes in the permanent arctic ice pack were instrumented during the summer of 1975. Spectral and cross-spectral analysis of the complex time series of the ice motion and of the surface winds are given. The results show that the local low-frequency surface motion is linearly related to the local low-frequency winds. The higher frequency surface motion, including the significant inertial motion, cannot be entirely described by a linear model forced by the local winds. Cross-spectral analysis of the motion of floes separated by a hundred kilometers reveals a high coherency of the inertial motions. Two simple mathematical models are studied to explain observed cross spectra between stations. The spectral properties of these models are determined directly from the spectral properties of the winds. Qualitative agreement between the models and observations suggest that some coupling mechanism is at work in the ice pack even during summer.
Damage to mitotic telomeres results in DNA damage response activation, cell division delay, and micronucleation (548.1)

Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures required to protect chromosome ends. Uncapping of telomeres during interphase elicits a DNA damage response causing cell cycle arrest, aberrant DNA damage repair resulting in, chromosomal end fusion, chromosome instability and eventually lead to tumorigenesis. In the present study we investigate the consequences of DNA damage occurring at telomeres during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle using laser microirradiation. Microirradiation was used in combination with GFP live-cell imaging and dual-labeling to study double-strand break (DSB) repair by monitoring the co-localization of γH2AX with DNA damage response (DDR) factors. We found DDR proteins such as ATM and WRN localize to damaged telomeres but not to other chromosomal sites of focal laser damage. Interestingly, damage at mitotic telomeres results in a delay in anaphase onset, which is dependent on the activity of ATM, Chk1 and the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase, Mps1. Telomere-damaged cells exited mitosis...
Inositol and Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Biogenesis

To the best of our knowledge, cyclization of D-glucose-6-phosphate (Glc6-P) to 1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate (MI-1-P) by myo-inositol-1-P synthase (MIPS, EC 5.5.1.4), followed by dephosphorylation of the latter by a specific MI monophosphatase (MIPase, EC 3.1.1.25), constitutes the sole de novo route to free MI in plants. Other sources of free MI involve salvage mechanisms on metabolic products bearing an intact MI structure. Examples include phosphoinositide biochemistry (Stevenson et al., 2000) and hydrolysis of MI-containing polyphosphates or glycosides such as phytic acid and galactinol (Ercetin and Gillaspy, 2002; Hitz et al., 2002; Loewus, 1973a,b, 2002; Loewus and Loewus, 1980; Loewus and Murthy, 2000; Morre et al., 1990; Styer et al., 2004). Free MI undergoes phosphorylation by a Mg2 -activated, ATP-dependent MI kinase (MIK, EC 2.7.1.64) to yield MI-1-P of the same stereoisomeric form produced by MIPS (English et al., 1966; Loewus, M.W. et al., 1982). For an introduction to current recommendations on rules for numbering atoms in myo-inositol see http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/cyclitol/myo.html. Whether separate pools of MI-1-P are generated, one from de novo biosynthesis, another from the action of MIK on recycled free MI, needs to be explored. Evidence is accumulating to suggest the presence of several independent sites of MI-1-P formation within cells and tissues (Benaroya et al., 2004; Hegeman et al., 2001; Lackey et al., 2002, 2003; Yoshida et al., 1999). Multiple forms of MIPase are also found (Gillaspy et al., 1995; Styer et al., 2004). Quite possibly,
Specificity of the response of various assay organisms to nicotinic acid.

SummaryKynurenine and hydroxyanthran-ilic acid, which appear to be intermediates in the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid by Neurospora, neither replace nicotinic acid nor enhance the growth response to sub-optimal amounts of nicotinic acid for L. arabinosus, Leuc. mesenteroides, S. jaecalis, Proteus vulgaris, or Torula cremoris. These substances do not, therefore, interfere in microbiological assays for niacin which employ these test organisms.
MOTION TRACKING AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR STENTS

Accurate characterization of peripheral vascular stent deformation is very important for both stent designers and vascular surgeons. Peripheral arteries can be twisted, compressed and bent simultaneously. At a given moment, the stent deformation mode depends on the type of physical activity and the location of the stent. This paper discusses a non-contact method for measuring various stent deformation modes using photogrammetry. This developed methodology is coupled with finite element analysis (FEA) for accurate and dynamic characterization of the mechanical stresses within the stent. We have designed and fabricated a dynamic multi-modal and multi-axial vascular stent-testing apparatus. Optically measured deformations were used by a dynamically adaptable FEA model as boundary conditions. Deformed shapes from the FEA results were compared with the deformed shapes captured in the video, which were found to be very close. Stresses developed at different regions in the stent structure were observed and points of maximum stresses were identified.
Graft and Comblike Polymers

The molecular design and construction of comb polymers and graft copolymers through anionic polymerization have made significant strides over the last quarter century. Grafting methods that utilize anionic polymerization techniques, which are reviewed in this chapter, provide strict control over backbone and side chain molecular weights, branch spacing, number of branch points, and branch point functionality in order to synthesize well-defined grafted materials. These carefully controlled synthetic strategies, and recent progress in macromolecular characterization, allow for synthesis of more complex tailored copolymer materials for a variety of applications, including thermoplastic elastomers, high-impact plastics, pressure-sensitive adhesives, additives, and foams. We predict that future work in this area will focus on better understanding the correlation between macromolecular architecture and properties, as well as the synthesis of even more complex architectures incorporating additional (three or more) chemical building blocks into branched copolymer materials.
Diabetes mellitus e cancro colorretal: uma revisão baseada na evidência

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are diseases with increasing incidence and high mortality. In 2014, DM accounted for 4.9 million deaths worldwide according to the International Diabetes Federation. Some studies suggest that DM is a risk factor for CRC. However, this association is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for the association between DM and increased incidence and mortality from CRC. Data sources: National Guideline Clearing House, NICE, Canadian Medical Association Practice Guidelines, Cochrane, PubMed, and Direcao-Geral da Saude. Methods: We searched for meta-analyses (MA), systematic reviews (SR), observational studies, and clinical guidelines based on evidence published in the last five years in Portuguese, Spanish and English, using the MeSH terms ‘diabetes mellitus’ and ‘cancer, colorectal’ and the corresponding DeCS (Portuguese search terms). We used the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) scale of the American Academy of Family Physicians to assign levels of evidence and strength of recommendations. Results: From the 48 articles obtained, 6 MA and 1 observational study met the inclusion criteria. Included studies found statistically significant results showing increased mortality and incidence of CRC in diabetic individuals. Four MA conducted an independent analysis by site of cancer (colon and rectum) and found a statistically significant increase in incidence and mortality of both types of cancer in diabetic population. Similarly, four MA conducted a subgroup analysis by gender showing, in most studies, a positive association between diabetes and increased incidence of CRC in both genders. Conclusion: The currently available evidence shows a statistically significant and moderate increase in incidence and mortality from CRC in diabetic individuals (SORT A). We need studies with more homogeneous methodology, regarding subtypes of DM, ethnicity, and the effects of confounding factors such as diet, obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, antidiabetic medication and duration of the disease. These results are clinically relevant and may have public health implications, given the high prevalence and morbidity of DM and CRC and the possible common pathophysiological basis of these diseases.
Regulatory compliance mark: For Australia/New Zealand electrical and electronic equipment

This paper is an overview of the Australia/New Zealand (ANZ) Regulatory Compliance Mark (RCM) for electrical and electronic products. It covers the Australian regulatory environment, the scope of the mark, its history, its applications and rules today, and issues around implementation. This paper will mainly focus on Australia's perspective, with a little discussion of New Zealand as necessary to show interrelationships.
Serious Efforts at Bias Reduction

Abstract. As research on serious games continues to grow, we investigate the efficacy of digital games to train enhanced decision making through understanding cognitive biases. This study investiga...
Longitudinal BNP follow-up as a marker of treatment response in acute heart failure: Relationship with objective markers of decongestion

Abstract Introduction Results of studies that examined the value of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) reduction as a marker of decongestion have been inconsistent. We investigated whether longitudinal admission-to-discharge BNP reduction can be used to monitor decongestion during acute heart failure (HF). Methods We used the ESCAPE trial data to study the relationship between the magnitude of BNP reduction and various clinical and objective markers of decongestion. Results Admission-to-discharge reduction in BNP was recorded in 245 patients who were divided into tertiles (tertile 1 had BNP reduction 334pg/mL). There were significant differences across tertiles with regard to resolution of jugular venous distension (JVD, P=0.014) and orthopnea (P=0.04) on discharge, admission-to-discharge weight loss (P=0.002), and admission-to-discharge reduction in inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter (P=0.0001). Compared with the first tertile, patients in the third tertile had significantly higher frequency of resolution of JVD (univariate OR 2.657, P=0.004) and orthopnea (univariate OR 2.083, P=0.032) on discharge, more weight loss (P=0.001), higher IVC diameter reduction (P Conclusion Admission-to-discharge BNP reduction is a reasonable marker of treatment response in HF that correlated with clinical and objective markers of decongestion.
Zum Nachweis von O-Agglutininen gegen Yersinia enterocolitica im indirekten Hämagglutinationstest

356 Seren von verschiedenen Patienten- bzw. Probandenkollektiven wurden auf ihren O-Agglutinintiter gegen Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.) Serovar 03 und 09 mittels indirekter (passiver) Hamagglutination sowie der Widal-Reaktion gepruft. Die Durchfuhrung des Hamagglutinationstests erfolgte mit formolisierten und sensibilisierten Truthahnerythrozyten in Mikrotiterplatten. Die Zellwandantigene (Lipopolysaccharide) von Y.e. Serovar 03 und 09 wurden durch Phenol-Wasser-Extraktion gewonnen. Mit dem indirekten Hamagglutinationstest, der nach 60 min abzulesen war, konnten um 2–4 Verdunnungsstufen hohere O-Agglutinintiter gegen Y. enterocolitica nachgewiesen werden als mit der Widal-Technik (Bakterienagglutination).
American Society for Materials (ASM) International, Annual Meeting (November 5-8, 2001)

(2002). American Society for Materials (ASM) International, Annual Meeting (November 5-8, 2001) Materials Technology: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 38-41.
Pierre Manent's Montaigne

ABSTRACTPierre Manent's Montaigne: la vie sans loi is at once a profound reading of Michel de Montaigne's notoriously elusive Essays and an ambitious effort to reshape our understanding of the meaning of modernity. Manent argues that Montaigne brings a distinctively modern conception of life itself into being in his writing, a conception now so pervasive that its novelty is difficult for us to discern. He makes a compelling case for according Montaigne a central place in any modern attempt at self-understanding, but also shows that the modern self-conception Montaigne helped bring into being is highly questionable.
A multiobjective approach to linear nearest neighbor optimization for 2D quantum circuits

The linear nearest neighbor (LNN) restriction, present in several current implementations of 1D and 2D quantum circuits, limits the interaction of qubits to those which are adjacent to each other. While there have been several proposals to optimize the process of achieving LNN compliance in 1D circuits, there are few proposals for 2D circuits. Here, we present a new perspective on this problem for 2D quantum circuits. We propose to see this as a multiobjective optimization problem with two objectives: minimizing the size of the 2D grid in the circuit, and minimizing the number of SWAP gates required to achieve LNN compliance. We present some preliminary results which show that these are two contradictory objectives. Since this is common in multiobjective problems, these results indicate that a multiobjective algorithm might be a suitable way to address this problem, since it would make considerations which currently available methods do not make.
Bioelectronic devices: Long-lived recordings

A silicon dioxide passivation layer dramatically lengthens the operational lifetime of flexible electronic arrays for cardiac electrophysiology.
Notes on Miocene Bryozoa from Northwestern Florida

Three species of cheilostome Bryozoa from two Miocene formations in northwestern Florida are described herein. Discoporella umbellatta depressa (Conrad) and Hippoporidra calcarea (Smitt) are reported for the first time from the Red Bay Formation. The occurrence of D. umbellata depressa and Cupuladria biporosa Canu and Bassler represent the first report of Bryozoa from the Yellow River Formation. As these species are broad ecologic indicators, it is thought that the Red Bay and Yellow River formations were deposited in muddy, somewhat turbulent, warm temperate environments and under conditions adverse to the development of a large bryozoan community.
Chapter 4 Concepts and Mechanisms of Cartilage Differentiation

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the concepts and mechanism of cartilage differentiation. The factors that influence the expression of the cartilage phenotype in case of culture of cartilage are numerous and is discussed in the chapter. In cartilage, there are two identifying biochemical markers, a specific type of collagen [αl(II)] 3 and high levels of synthesis of chondroitin 4- and/or 6-sulfate. The core protein of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan differs from that produced by other types of connective tissue cells. It seems likely that these two chemical parameters are well correlated with the morphological and staining characteristics, usually utilized to identify the cartilage. The 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) progeny undergoes some differentiation— namely, the development of the machinery for the synthesis of complex macromolecule, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, consisting of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the multienzyme system for the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate chains. The need for cell divisions that permit critical changes to occur during differentiation is discussed in this chapter. The development of all the differentiated tissues follows a series of cell divisions. Recent studies emphasize the possible role of matrix materials, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and/ or collagen, themselves influencing the conversion of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes. A number of facts point to the importance of such interactions, although no clear-cut cause and effective relationship are yet established.
Students’ Discrete Emotional Responses in the Classroom: Unraveling Relationships With Interest and Engagement

Recent instructional communication research reveals that the communication and emotional processes at play in the classroom can influence class-specific emotions experienced by students. Students’ enjoyment and pride were positively related to their emotional interest, while students’ enjoyment, hope, and pride were positively associated with their cognitive interest. While students’ anger and boredom were inversely related to their emotional interest, students who reported greater hopelessness and anger indicated decreases in cognitive interest. Students’ hope and pride were positively associated with their overall engagement behaviors. Anger, anxiety, shame, and boredom led students to report decreases in their engagement. Follow-up tests highlighted challenges in the assessment of specific emotional responses; exploratory factor analysis simplified the measurement of these variables and provided additional insight into expected relationships.
Contemporary epidemiology and novel predictors of uterine rupture: a nationwide population-based study

In spite of several policies aiming to decrease cesarean rates and related complications such as uterine rupture, data show that uterine rupture and associated morbidity are increasing along the years. Whether previously unidentified risk factors are currently playing an important role on these trends is unknown. We analyze current risks of uterine rupture and main preceding factors from more recent years compared to former data. All uterine rupture cases in the US from 2011–2012 were selected, with matched non-uterine rupture cases selected as controls. Variables considered for analysis included demographics, maternal morbidity, and obstetric complications. Likelihood forward selection was used to identify main risk factors of uterine rupture. Medians of main factors identified were used to simulate groups at risk and calculate odds ratios of uterine rupture. From ~8 million births, 1925 presented uterine rupture. In patients with no prior cesarean delivery, multiple gestation, chronic hypertension and chorioamnionitis presented the highest odds of uterine rupture, with the combination of these factors increasing the odds of rupture 59 times (~1%). In women with prior cesarean delivery, induction/augmentation and chorioamnionitis were the most significant predictors, with the combination increasing the odds 33 times (~3%). Despite policies implemented and changes in clinical practice, uterine rupture remains an important issue. Previously unidentified risk factors are playing now an important role, information that should be considered during patient counseling and clinical practice. Combinations of some of these factors may increase the risk of uterine rupture significantly enough to modify clinical care.
Hyphy Sparked a Social Movement

“Hyphy,” a genre of rap and lifestyle associated with Bay Area hip hop evolved into a counter-cultural social movement for marginalized youth in early 2000. Hyphy originated from Black youth as a musical protest in response to their historical lack of social power, economic resources and systematic institutional oppression. Hyphy provided a space to release tension, celebrate life and freedom of expression, primarily as a means of resisting hegemonic perceptions of Black youth and their cultural productions. Applying a cultural studies theoretical approach, this ethnographic research examines literature and media coverage pre and post Hyphy highlighting the ways in which it fostered a personal and political agenda, attracting organizations that employed hip hop to provide direct services to youth as a means of advocating for social justice. This article argues that the Hyphy Movement although dated, supported the foundation of the Black Lives Matter movement in the Bay Area by playing a pivotal role in shifting the revolutionary consciousness of young people when addressing police violence during a pivotal social upheaval in 2009, the unjust murder of Oscar Grant III.
Ultrastructural evidence for the common origin of human mast cells and basophils

Although the functional similarity of basophils and mast cells is widely accepted, their distinctive morphological features have been taken to indicate the existence of two different, albeit functionally complementary, cell systems. The recent demonstration that mast cells as well as basophils originate from the bone marrow raises the possibility that these cells derive from the same precursor. This report provides evidence for this theory by describing a distinctive “intermediate” cell possessing the ultrastructural features typical of both basophils and mast cells. These cells were encountered in three patients with myeloproliferative diseases and may thus be more readily found in states of disturbed myelopoiesis. These observations have given impetus for the first comparative description of the ultrastructure of human basophils, human mast cells, and the newly recognized intermediate cell within a single report.
Seeking Remedy for Molly's Woe: Time for a Thallium Pill?

The strength of radionuclide-based procedures is in its ability to measure physiologic and biochemical processes in various organs. In cardiology, stress testing originated and continues to evolve from the need to identify clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Nearly 9 million
OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS OF THE HUMERAL CAPITELLUM : Diagnosis and Treatment

Elbow pain seen in the at-risk athlete, such as a baseball player (in particular, a pitcher) or gymnast, should raise suspicion for OCD. OCD of the humeral capitellum remains a difficult problem to treat. Once radiographic changes are obvious, long-term studies suggest that half of affected individuals will be symptomatic. Currently, the key to successful treatment is early detection. Gymnasts, in general, fare worse in returning to sport. The reason is not entirely clear but is likely related to the amount of force directed across the elbow and the nature of the sport. Pitchers sometimes can be returned, but to another position. Radiographs remain the screening test of choice but can give the surgeon a false sense of security, because changes early in the disease process may not be obvious radiographically. Views at 45 degrees flexion and contralateral elbow views are helpful. The advent of MR imaging now allows the practicing orthopaedic surgeon to assess very early lesions effectively that might otherwise be underappreciated on radiographs. With more advanced lesions, radiographic findings are more obvious and demonstrate the more classic capitellar fragment with a surrounding zone of lucency. MR imaging is this setting is helpful in assessing the overlying articular cartilage and, hence, the stability of the fragment. In the absence of obvious loose bodies or mechanical symptoms, rest is the first step in treatment. If symptoms persist, then operative intervention is indicated. About half of these patients heal with nonoperative treatment. Pretreatment assessment of fragment viability has not traditionally been incorporated into the treatment algorithm. Recent anecdotal evidence suggests that stability and viability of a fragment can be assessed using intravenous contrast. Knowledge of the fragment viability could allow those lesions likely to heal without surgical intervention to be distinguished from those requiring surgical intervention. The procedure should be chosen based on the size of the lesion and the integrity of the subchondral bone. Subchondral drilling and microfracture can only resurface defects and cannot reconstitute subchondral bone. Autologous chondrocyte implantation has limited ability to address subchondral bone loss, whereas autograft and allograft osteochondral transplantation can restore subchondral bone. Most authors would agree that there is no role currently for reduction and fixation of long-standing, free loose bodies. No consensus exists regarding acute dislodging of an in situ loose fragment. Long-term results after radiographic changes are present suggest a degenerative course in about half the patients. Whether the newer techniques of cartilage resurfacing will significantly impact the natural history of this process remains to be seen.
A Highly Digital Second-Order Oversampling TDC

A second-order, single loop $ {\Delta \Sigma }$ time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented in this letter. The proposed TDC uses two differential current-controlled oscillators as phase domain integrators. The proposed architecture does not require excess loop delay compensation or nonlinearity calibration. Digital differentiation using XOR implements an intrinsic first-order high-pass shaping of static element mismatch in the current steering digital-to-analog converter. A prototype TDC in 65-nm CMOS process has linearity of 8.1 bits, integrated noise of 3.8 ps and energy efficiency of 0.45 pJ/code over a bandwidth of 2.5 MHz.
Caregiver-Care Recipient Relationship Closeness is Associated With Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia.

ABSTRACT Objective Closer caregiver-care recipient (CG-CR) relationships are associated with better cognitive and functional abilities, activities of daily living (in persons with dementia), and lower informal care costs. Methods Due to the difficulty in treating neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) and their detrimental effects on caregivers and care recipients, we examined whether closeness of CG-CR relationships was associated with overall NPS severity or with specific NPS symptom domains in care recipients. In a longitudinal population-based study in Cache County, Utah, the 12-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-12) was assessed in 300 CG-CR dyads. Caregivers reported current relationship closeness using the Whitlatch Relationship Closeness Scale. Linear mixed models examined associations between CG-CR closeness and NPI-12 total score or selected symptom domains over time (observation period: 2002–2012). Results In unadjusted linear mixed models, higher closeness scores were associated with a five-point lower NPI-12 score and a one-point lesser increase in NPI-12 per year. NPI scores also showed lower affective cluster scores (two points) and lesser increase in psychosis cluster (approximately 0.5 points per year) and agitation/aggression (0.16 points per year) for each unit increase in closeness. When controlling for NPI caregiver distress, associations between closeness and NPSs diminished to a 0.5-point lesser increase in total NPI-12 score per year. Adjusted models for NPI domains/clusters showed −0.32 points per year for the psychosis cluster, −0.11 points per year for agitation/aggression, and −0.67 overall for the affective cluster. Conclusion Higher CG-CR closeness, a potentially modifiable factor, is associated with lower NPS severity and may provide a target for intervention.
Supporting lower-income working women to initiate breastfeeding: Learning who is breastfeeding and what helps.

ABSTRACTBackground and purpose:Based on the Women, Work, and Wee Ones longitudinal study, mothers' likelihood of breastfeeding is examined across demographic and health variables.Methods:Frequencies of breastfeeding and cosleeping by 285 mothers from the Women, Work, and Wee Ones cohort are reported
Indefinite causal order aids quantum depolarizing channel identification

Quantum channel identification is the metrological determination of one or more parameters of a quantum channel. This is accomplished by passing probes in prepared states through the channel and then statistically estimating the parameter(s) from the measured channel outputs. In quantum channel identification, the channel parameters’ quantum Fisher information is a means to assess and compare different probing schemes. We use quantum Fisher information to study a probing scheme in which the channel is put in indefinite causal order (ICO) with copies of itself, focusing our investigation on probing the qudit (d-dimensional) depolarizing channel to estimate its state preservation probability. This ICO arrangement is one in which both the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the channel output depend on the channel’s state preservation probability. We overcome this complication to obtain the quantum Fisher information in analytical form. This result shows that ICO-assisted probing yields greater information than does the comparable probe re-circulation scheme with definite causal order, that the information gained is greater when the channel ordering is more indefinite, and that the information gained is greatest when the channel ordering is maximally indefinite. This leads us to conclude that ICO is acting here in a strong sense as an aid to channel probing. The effectiveness of ICO for probing the depolarizing channel decreases with probe dimension, being most effective for qubits.
Financial Inclusion and the Middle of the Pyramid, a New Public Revenue Strategy for the Twenty-First Century

This chapter begins with a recognition that developing economies collect less in tax revenue than developed economies, and this presents obstacles to economic and political modernization. Low tax revenue is a chronic problem in Latin America, where regional tax-to-GDP lags behind the OECD average—in 2016, the gap stood at 22.7–34.3% (OECD 2018). Low tax revenue stunts industrialization, causes de-industrialization, worsens commodity dependency, undermines public infrastructure, retards educational and health systems, encourages high poverty, inequality and crime, and ensures periodic economic crises. Recent decades saw a shift in public finances to dependency on Value Added Tax (VAT) revenue: in 2016, VAT accounted for 29.3% of Latin American tax revenue, the region’s largest revenue stream, more than personal income, corporate, trade or property taxes (OECD 2018). This chapter explores why this shift occurred, constraints on VAT collection linked to sizable informal or shadow (“non-taxed”) economies, and how government policies in the area of financial inclusion together with consumer behavioral shifts can improve VAT evasion rates in the future.
Leaf Transcriptome Assembly of Protium copal (Burseraceae) and Annotation of Terpene Biosynthetic Genes

Plants in the Burseraceae are globally recognized for producing resins and essential oils with medicinal properties and have economic value. In addition, most of the aromatic and non-aromatic components of Burseraceae resins are derived from a variety of terpene and terpenoid chemicals. Although terpene genes have been identified in model plant crops (e.g., Citrus, Arabidopsis), very few genomic resources are available for non-model groups, including the highly diverse Burseraceae family. Here we report the assembly of a leaf transcriptome of Protium copal, an aromatic tree that has a large distribution in Central America, describe the functional annotation of putative terpene biosynthetic genes and compare terpene biosynthetic genes found in P. copal with those identified in other Burseraceae taxa. The genomic resources of Protium copal can be used to generate novel sequencing markers for population genetics and comparative phylogenetic studies, and to investigate the diversity and evolution of terpene genes in the Burseraceae.
Same-Different Judgments With Alphabetic Characters: The Case of Literal Symbol Processing

Learning mathematics requires fluency with symbols that convey numerical magnitude. Algebra and higher-level mathematics involve literal symbols, such as "x", that often represent numerical magnitude. Compared to other symbols, such as Arabic numerals, literal symbols may require more complex processing because they have strong pre-existing associations in literacy. The present study tested this notion using same-different tasks that produce less efficient judgments for different magnitudes that are closer together compared to farther apart (i.e., same-different distance effects). Twenty-four adolescents completed three same-different tasks using Arabic numerals, literal symbols, and artificial symbols. All three symbolic formats produced same-different distance effects, showing literal and artificial symbol processing of numerical magnitude. Importantly, judgments took longer for literal symbols than artificial symbols on average, suggesting a cost specific to literal symbol processing. Taken together, results suggest that literal symbol processing differs from processing of other symbols that represent numerical magnitude.
Work Engagement and Resiliency Impact the Relationship Between Nursing Stress and Burnout.

Nursing is a stressful occupation, and consequently, nurses are at risk for work-related burnout. This is highly problematic, as numerous negative consequences are associated with burnout. Most not...
Space charge limited conduction mechanism in GaAsSb nanowires and the effect of in situ annealing in ultra-high vacuum.

In this work, the first observation of the space charge limited conduction mechanism (SCLC) in GaAsSb nanowires (NWs) grown by Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxial technique, and the effect of ultra-high vacuum in situ annealing have been investigated. The low onset voltage of the SCLC in the NW configuration has been advantageously exploited to extract trap density and trap distribution in the bandgap of this material system, using simple temperature dependent current-voltage measurements in both the ensemble and single nanowires. In situ annealing in ultra-high vacuum revealed significant reduction in the trap density from 1016 cm-3 in as-grown NWs to a low level of 7 × 1014 cm-3 and confining wider trap distribution to a single trap depth at 0.12 eV. A comparison of current conduction mechanism in the respective single nanowires using conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) further confirms the SCLC mechanism identified in GaAsSb ensemble device to be intrinsic. Higher current observed in current mapping by C-AFM, increased 4 K photoluminescence (PL) intensity along with reduced full-width half maxima and more symmetric PL spectra, and reduced asymmetrical broadening with increased TO/LO mode in room temperature Raman spectra for in situ annealed NWs again attest to effective annihilation of traps leading to the improved optical quality of NWs compared to as-grown NWs. Hence, the I-V-T analysis of the SCLC mechanism has been demonstrated as a simple approach to obtain information on growth induced traps in the NWs.
Sequencing Systemic Therapy Pathways for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Cost Effectiveness Analysis.

Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer worldwide and carries a poor prognosis. Historically, sorafenib was the only available systemic treatment for advanced HCC. However, in recent years, 6 new treatments have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA): regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, pembrolizumab, ramucirumab, and nivolumab. Data are lacking regarding the most appropriate sequencing pathway for these agents. Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) of different 1st- and 2nd-line treatment pathways for HCC reflecting all new drug approvals, and then use our data to provide guidance for clinicians on which pathway is the most cost-effective. Materials and methods Markov models were used to evaluate the cost effectiveness of 8 different 1st- and 2nd-line treatment sequences. The model allowed for 9 possible states. Cost effectiveness ratios (CER) and incremental CER (ICER) were calculated to compare costs between different pathways and against a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold. Efficacy and toxicity data were extracted from the landmark trials for each agent. All agents except ramucirumab were included. The cost of each agent was based on the wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) in USD as of June 2019. Monte-Carlo methods were used to simulate the experience of 1,000,000 patients per treatment sequence for a 12-month period. Results The pathway with the lowest CER was sorafenib, followed by pembrolizumab (USD 227,741.03/quality-adjusted life year [QALY]). ICER analysis supported implementing 2nd-line pembrolizumab-based pathways at a higher WTP threshold of 300,000/quality-adjusted life year. Sensitivity analysis did not substantially change these results. Conclusions The most cost-effective strategy was 1st-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy followed by 2nd-line immunotherapy. All pathways exceeded a commonly accepted WTP of USD 100-150,000/QALY. Our preliminary results warrant further studies to best inform real-world practices.