cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispositional Mindfulness is Cross-Sectionally Predicted by Interactions between Interparental Conflict and Parent-Child Relationships.

Abstract Theory emphasizes the importance of the family environment for the development of dispositional mindfulness, but past research has focused exclusively on parent-child attachment relationships as family-level predictors of mindfulness. Our goal was to examine unique and joint associations of both interparental conflict and parent-child relationship quality with dispositional mindfulness. Participants were 150 youth (14–21 yrs) who reported the warmth and support in their relationships with mothers and fathers separately, as well as their appraisals of the properties of their parents' conflict, how threatening that conflict is, and how responsible for it they feel, in addition to dispositional mindfulness. Results indicated consistent interactions between conflict properties and mother-child relationship quality in relation to dispositional mindfulness. Dispositional mindfulness was lowest for youth who reported low levels of frequent/intense interparental conflict and poor-quality relationships with mothers. In contrast, either self-blame/threat or poor-quality relationships with mothers predicted lower levels of dispositional mindfulness. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Toward Data Cleaning with a Target Accuracy: A Case Study for Value Normalization.

Many applications need to clean data with a target accuracy. As far as we know, this problem has not been studied in depth. In this paper we take the first step toward solving it. We focus on value normalization (VN), the problem of replacing all string that refer to the same entity with a unique string. VN is ubiquitous, and we often want to do VN with 100% accuracy. This is typically done today in industry by automatically clustering the strings then asking a user to verify and clean the clusters, until reaching 100% accuracy. This solution has significant limitations. It does not tell the users how to verify and clean the clusters. This part also often takes a lot of time, e.g., days. Further, there is no effective way for multiple users to collaboratively verify and clean. In this paper we address these challenges. Overall, our work advances the state of the art in data cleaning by introducing a novel cleaning problem and describing a promising solution template.
Efficient simulation of affine forward variance models

We propose efficient and easy-to-implement Riemann sum and hybrid quadratic- exponential schemes for the simulation of rough affine forward variance models.
Pre-surgical assessment of mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients having ≥ 30 mm non-small-cell lung cancers.

Abstract Introduction Computed tomography (CT) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission-tomography (FDG-PET) measurements of mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) of patients with non-small-cell-lung-cancers (NSCLCs) ≤ 30 mm in maximum diameter are recommended for pre-surgical prediction of MLN metastases. Methods We reviewed all patients at Mount Sinai Health System enrolled in the Initiative for Early Lung Cancer Research on Treatment (IELCART), prospective cohort between 2016 and 2020, who had pre-surgical FDG-PET and underwent surgery with MLN resection and/or pre-operative endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) for a first primary NSCLC ≤ 30 mm in maximum diameter on pre-surgical CT. Results Among 470 patients, none with part-solid (n = 63) or nonsolid (n = 23) NSCLCs had MLN metastases. Solid NSCLCs were identified in 384 patients, none in typical carcinoid (n = 48) or NSCLC ≤ 10 mm in maximum diameter (n = 47, including 8 typical carcinoids) had MLN metastases. Among the remaining 297 patients with solid NSCLCs 10.1–30.0 mm, 7 (2.4%) had MLN metastases. Area-under-the-curve (AUC) for predicting MLN metastases in solid NSCLCs 10.1–30.0 mm, using the CT maximum short-axis MLN diameter was 0.62 (95% CI:0.44–0.81, p = 0.18) and using the highest SUVmax of any MLN, AUC was 0.58 (95% CI:0.39–0.78,p = 0.41). Neither AUCs were significantly different from chance alone. Optimal cutoff for prediction of MLN metastases was ≥ 18.9 mm for CT maximum short-axis diameter [sensitivity 14.3% (95%CI:0.0%–57.9%); specificity 100.0% (95%CI:98.9%-100.0%)] and for highest SUVmax was ≥ 11.7 [sensitivity 14.3% (95%CI:0.0%-57.9%) and specificity 99.7% (95%CI:98.3%-100.0%)]. Conclusions CT and SUVmax had low sensitivity but high specificity for predicting MLN metastases in solid NSCLCs 10.1–30.0 mm. Clinical Stage IA NSCLCs ≤ 30 mm should be based on CT maximum tumor diameter and MLN maximum short-axis diameter ≤ 20 mm.
Form and Style in Two of Percy Grainger’s Early Works for Military Band

Percy Grainger’s compositions during the early twentieth century represent a unique blend of traditional functional harmony and newer musical techniques. This blending produces a distinct compositional style associated with Grainger, featuring simple forms and textures, melodies inspired by traditional folk songs, extended tertian harmony, and an emphasis on voice leading. Grainger’s works often cross genres and explore various instrumentations and stylistic choices. This paper attempts to further define and explain Grainger’s style by analyzing two of his original works that were arranged for the military band setting, namely Children’s March: Over the Hills and Far Away and Colonial Song. Examining these two works through the lens of harmony, melody, form, texture, and rhythm reveals key aspects of Grainger’s early compositional style. Several stylistic choices were found to recur, including Grainger’s use of counterpoint, voice leading, descending chromaticism, specific patterns of articulations, and tension created by increased note density.
Pro and Contra Carrier Proteins; Sugar Transport via the Periplasmic Galactose-Binding Protein

Publisher Summary Studies with bacterial transport systems have revealed a surprisingly complex variety of different transport systems in a simple organism such as Escherichia coli. With respect to the transport mechanism or the characteristic properties of their components, the majority of bacterial systems are divided in three different classes: (1) systems that are similar to the E. coli lactose transport system, (2) the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) and other group translocation systems, and (3) transport systems mediated by periplasmic substrate-binding proteins. This chapter discusses the role of substrate-binding proteins in transport, using the galactose-binding protein and the β-methylgalactoside (MeGal) transport system as a model. It describes similar phenomena observed in other binding protein-mediated systems and compression is made to transport systems not mediated by periplasmic protein components. The chapter discusses the question of energy coupling and the arguments concerning a possible membrane carrier function of the substrate-binding proteins, as well as the function of the galactose-binding protein in galactose chemotaxis.
Pain and Fear: Something about Them

MY REMARKS for the symposium consisted of a series of paragraphs and poems about the limits of our approach to fear and pain. But first I read the comics: two Doonesbury strips, reproduced in this issue, in which the irrepressible Cousin Zonker interviews the immovable Miles Potash. Only after the funnies was I prepared to say the following. We tend to receive language as figurative speech, as metaphor, the more so if by so doing we can avoid apprehending the fearful or painful. For example, if I told you that this morning my wife and I played Scrabble and she whipped me, you would probably assume that she merely won the game. Good poetry expresses the otherwise inexpressible. Its turf is the physical world, or may be, but its content is not physical sensation because, while we may involuntarily signal great pain and/or pleasure, and voluntarily talk round it, sensation itself is mute. Kierkegaard, explaining the situation of the poet, tells of a Roman emperor who arranged the construction of a great brass bull on a spit. It was shaped in such a way and a hole placed in its throat in such a spot that, when two men were roasted alive inside the great bull, the screams of the dying men made, at a distance, a beautiful music. Hence, Kierkegaard was moved to say, "I'd rather be a swineherd in the hut, understood by swine, than be a poet misunderstood by men." To poets, he said, "Your cries make us afraid, but we love your delicious music." The poet Alan Dugan makes quick reference in one of his poems to "this 'life is pain' phenomenon." There is a Yoga exercise which is terribly difficult, perhaps impossible, and which asks only that one sit still and concentrate, genuinely concentrate, on the most horrible thing one can imagine. The mind shrinks from the task. And so the poems that come to mind today concern the linguistic and psycho-intellectual difficulties in articulating fear and pain. The difficulty invites whitewashes and erasures, as in this sharp little poem by Emily Dickinson, #650 among her poems:
Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

1 HIV-Infected Adults 2 HIV-Infected Children 3 Immune Deficiencies not Caused by HIV Keywords: virus infections in immunocompromised patients; highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); herpes simplex-commonest infections of humans; aciclovir resistance; thymidine kinase (TK); prophylaxis and treatment; intravenous drug users (IVDU); human papillomavirus (HPV)
Small group, self-directed problem based learning development in a traditional engineering program

Criterion 3 of ABET 2003-2004 criteria for accrediting engineering programs [ABET, 2003] requires that all engineering programs demonstrate that their graduates possess the ability and desire to become lifelong learners as well as an ability to formulate and solve engineering problems. Self-directed problem based learning is a pedagogical approach that can help students learn and retain material while developing skills for lifelong learning. The question this paper seeks to answer is "can this approach be applied effectively by a single professor in a program where students are accustomed to traditional teaching techniques?" The justification and description of the pedagogical approach used and preliminary results are presented which show a shift in student learning preferences and motivation toward lifelong learning. In addition, the impact this pedagogy has on students' performances and results from teaching evaluations are compared to data gathered from semesters where the class was taught using traditional lecture based instruction.
The Acid-Base Composition of Gastric Juice During the Secretory Cycle

Excerpt Many determinations have been made of the acids and the total chlorides in the gastric secretion, but only a few of the other inorganic constituents. All observers have found that there is ...
Dissecting aneurysm with hemopericardium; report of a case.

Abstract A case of dissecting aneurysm with hemopericardium is presented. This diagnosis was made two days before death on the basis of the history, negative electrocardiographic findings, and signs of cardiac compression, especially the pulsus paradoxus. The physiologic basis of these signs is reviewed, and the likelihood of their occurrence in hemopericardium is suggested.
Possible Polypeptide Synthesis Following Injection of Balanced but Incomplete Amino Acid Mixes into Lizards

The rate of disappearance of carcass-free amino acids following and injection of a mixture of the composition of fish muscle was compared with the rate seen after giving the same mix minus three essential amino acids in one series of experiments, and minus five amino acids in another series. The experimental animal was a 3.5 g lizard (Anolis carolinensis) whose metabolic rate is about equal to man's. Lizards were injected with one of the mixes, at intervals some were killed and homogenized, and the free amino acids were assayed on protein-free filtrates of the entire carcass. Amino acids disappeared from complete and incomplete mixes at the same rate, a rate several-fold greater than that at which they could be catabolized. When three or five essential amino acids (as defined for the growing rat) were injected by themselves, they were removed only one-third as fast as when accompanied by a balanced mix of the rest of the protein components. I concluded that if the amino acids were in proper ratio and if they were sufficient in number, they were removed rapidly even though as many as five essential amino acids are missing. For want of a better explanation, some type of macromolecule synthesis from balanced incomplete mixes was postulated.
Evidence for Enzyme-bound β-Aspartyl Phosphate in the Aspartokinase Reaction

The lysine-sensitive aspartokinase from Escherichia coli B has been purified to a nearly homogenous state. When incubated with substrates (ATP, aspartate, and Mg++) and then subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, a complex containing approximately 0.8 mole of aspartate and 0.8 mole of phosphate (from the γ-phosphate of ATP) per 100,000 g of protein can be isolated. This complex is unstable, having a half-life of about 26 min at 25° and pH 7.0. When treated with hydroxylamine, the complex yields products electrophoretically identical with β-aspartylhydroxamate and aspartic acid. When the complex is incubated with ADP and Mg++, ATP is formed. Lysine, ADP, and excess Mg++, all of which inhibit aspartokinase activity, also decrease the measurable amount of complex formed.
Exact eye contact with virtual humans

This paper describes a simple yet effective method for achieving accurate, believable eye contact between humans and computer-generated characters, which to the author's knowledge is demonstrated here for the first time. A prototype system provides a high-fidelity stereoscopic head-tracked virtual environment, within which the user can engage in eye contact with a near-photorealistic virtual human model. The system does not require eye tracking. The paper describes design and implementation details, and reports qualitative positive feedback from initial testers.
Thin-film coatings--a transmission ellipsometric function approach: I. Nonnegative transmission systems, polarization devices, coatings, and closed-form design formulas.

The transmission ellipsometric function (TEF) of a film-substrate system relates the polarization change, upon transmission, of an electromagnetic wave obliquely incident on, and transmitted through, a film-substrate system. The behavior of the TEF depends on the category of the film-substrate system: negative, zero, or positive. The category is determined by the sign of N1− √N0N2: negative for a negative film-substrate system, zero for a zero system, and positive for a positive system. We discuss the behavior of the TEFs of the two transparent nonnegative film-substrate systems, zero and positive. We describe the TEF as two successive transformations and analyze its behavior as the angle of incidence and film thickness of the film-substrate system are changed. We use the constant-angle-of-incidence contours and constant- thickness contours to analyze and utilize that behavior. From the analysis and understanding of the behavior of the TEF, and from the definition of a polarization device as a film-substrate system that introduces prescribed polarization changes, we discuss the design of all possible types of polarization devices using either of the two systems. We present a design formula for each. We also present a general formula that is used for the design of any of the devices. Thin-film coatings are treated as polarization devices for the purposes of our discussion. We conclude with a brief discussion of suggested practical modifications to, and simplifications of, ellipsometric memory, which is an interesting application of polarization devices for which there is a patent pending.
RAX, a cellular activator for double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase during stress signaling

The double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2. PKR is activated by viral induced dsRNA and thought to be involved in the host antiviral defense mechanism. PKR is also activated by various nonviral stresses such as growth factor deprivation, although the mechanism is unknown. By screening a mouse cDNA expression library, we have identified an ubiquitously expressed PKR-associated protein, RAX. RAX has a high sequence homology to human PACT, which activates PKR in the absence of dsRNA. Although RAX also can directly activate PKR in vitro, overexpression of RAX does not induce PKR activation or inhibit growth of interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent cells in the presence of IL-3. However, IL-3 deprivation as well as diverse cell stress treatments including arsenite, thapsigargin, and H2O2, which are known to inhibit protein synthesis, induce the rapid phosphorylation of RAX followed by RAX-PKR association and activation of PKR. Therefore, cellular RAX may be a stress-activated, physiologic activator of PKR that couples transmembrane stress signals and protein synthesis.
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange reflects binding of human centrin 2 to Ca2+ and Xeroderma pigmentosum Group C peptide: An example of EX1 kinetics

Abstract Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disease affecting 1 in 10,000–100,000 and predisposes people to early-age skin cancer, a disease that is increasing. Those with XP have decreased ability to repair UV-induced DNA damage, leading to increased susceptibility of cancerous non-melanomas and melanomas. A vital, heterotrimeric protein complex is linked to the nucleotide excision repair pathway for the damaged DNA. The complex consists of XPC protein, human centrin 2, and RAD23B. One of the members, human centrin 2, is a ubiquitous, acidic, Ca2+-binding protein belonging to the calmodulin superfamily. The XPC protein contains a sequence motif specific for binding to human centrin 2. We report here the Ca2+-binding properties of human centrin 2 and its interaction with the XPC peptide motif. We utilized a region-specific H/D exchange protocol to localize the interaction of the XPC peptide with the C-terminal domain of centrin, the binding of which is different than that of calmodulin complexes. The binding dynamics of human centrin 2 to the XPC peptide in the absence and presence of Ca2+ are revealed by the observation of EX1 H/D exchange regime, indicating that a locally unfolded population exists in solution and undergoes fast H/D exchange.
Observation of Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Classical Heat Transport in a Magnetized Plasma

The transport of heat deposited by a small low-voltage electron beam in a strongly magnetized plasma is studied for a time interval in excess of two thousand ion-gyro periods. Electron temperatures are observed to evolve along and across the magnetic field at the classically predicted rates up to times approaching one thousand gyro periods. At later times the onset of low-frequency fluctuations (below one-tenth the ion gyrofrequency) coincides with departures from classical behavior.
The invariant problem for binary string structures and the parallel complexity theory of querie2

Abstract We define the isomorphism and canonical invariant problems as queries on finite structures, and show that they are first-order definable on binary string structures that include the bit predicate. Applying our results to the parallel complexity theory of queries, we prove a unique correspondence between complexity-derived query classes and parallel complexity classes closed under constant parallel time reducibility. This directly extends a similar theorem of Chandra and Harel originally proved for sequential complexity classes closed under logarithmic space reducibility.
Interactions between the GroE Chaperonins and Rhodanese MULTIPLE INTERMEDIATES AND RELEASE AND REBINDING

Efficient renaturation of urea-denatured rhodanese using the chaperonin GroE system requires GroEL, GroES, and ATP. At high concentrations this renaturation also requires the substrate thiosulfate to have been present during GroEL-rhodanese complex formation. When thiosulfate is present the GroEL-rhodanese complex can be concentrated to greater than 1 mg/ml rhodanese with little effect on the efficiency of renaturation. However, if complex is formed in the absence of thiosulfate, renaturation of rhodanese in the presence of thiosulfate shows a critical concentration of approximately 0.4 mg/ml, above which renaturation yields drop dramatically. This critical concentration appears to be related to an aggregation event in the refolding of rhodanese. The nucleotide free or ADP-bound form of GroEL also binds to rhodanese that has been either already renatured or never denatured. The bound rhodanese has no activity but can be released from GroEL with ATP recovering 90% of control activity. The data presented herein support a release and rebinding mechanism for the GroE-assisted refolding of rhodanese. It also suggests GroEL binds several protein folding intermediates along the entire refolding pathway.
Dust around Main-Sequence Stars: Nature or Nurture by the Interstellar Medium?

Dust from the interstellar medium (ISM) can collide with and destroy particles in the circumstellar dust disks around main-sequence stars (Vega/β Pic stars). Two current theories tying the occurrence of the Vega/β Pic phenomenon to the erosive influence of the ISM are critically reconsidered here. Using the local standard of rest frame, we find little evidence for a correlated motion (streaming) of prominent disk systems, which one theory suggests would result from a passage about 107 yr ago of these stars, but not the control A-type stars, through the nearby Lupus-Centaurus interstellar cloud complex. Moreover, the prototype system of β Pic could not have retained dust produced in such a passage for much longer than 104 yr. We show theoretically that the ISM sandblasting of disks has minor importance for the structure and evolution of circumstellar disks, except perhaps in their outskirts (usually >400 AU from the stars), where under favorable conditions it may cause asymmetries in observed brightness and color. The ISM neither produces the disks (as in one theory) nor depletes and eliminates them with time (as in another theory), because typical ISM grains are subject to strong radiative repulsion from A- and F-type dwarfs (a few to 100 times stronger than gravity). Atypically large ISM grains are not repelled strongly, but are unimportant on account of their small number density. Dust production and destruction in β Pic-type disks results mainly from their collisional nature enhanced by the radiatively produced eccentricities of particle orbits, rather than from nurture in a hostile ISM. The residence times of the few-micron dust grains predominant in the densest part of the β Pic disk is only 104 yr, or a few dozen orbital periods. Submicronic debris is blown out as β meteoroids, carrying away from this system an equivalent of the solar system's total mass in solids (~120 Earth masses) in only ~65 Myr. This rate of collisional erosion exceeds almost 108 times that of the zodiacal light disk of our own system. A massive and relatively young (102 Myr) planetesimal disk appears to surround β Pic, destined to decline in dust density over time comparable to its age. Other dust disks, like those around Fomalhaut and Vega, contain much less dust and may be much older than the β Pic disk, but like the β Pic disk they are also derived from and replenished many times during their lifetimes by unseen parent bodies.
An urban canopy-layer climate model

This paper outlines a computer simulation model designed to assess the thermal characteristics of the urban canopy layer (UCL). In contrast to other UCL models, the layer simulated here includes both closed volumes (buildings) and open volumes (canyons). The purpose of the model is to allow the comparison of the climate impacts of different building group configurations. Traditional boundary-layer theory is applied to the surface urban boundary layer (UBL) which lies above the UCL and the derived relations are used to parameterize exchanges of momentum and heat across the UBL/UCL interface. The exterior energy budgets of the roof, walls and floor of the canopy are solved using an equilibrium surface temperature method. The open canopy and interior building air temperatures are found which are in agreement with the surface exchanges. Using measured data for Los Angeles in June, the output of the model is examined. The results show some agreement with measurement studies and suggest that the density of structures can have a substantial impact on UCL/UBL interaction.
Quantification of the voltage-response relationship between punctate and field electrical stimulation and the function of isolated rat left atria and papillary muscles

The effects of varying the electrical stimulation voltage on the noradrenergic tone and systolic and diastolic cardiac function of isolated rat cardiac preparations is unknown. If a wide range of voltages substantially alters the basal noradrerengic tone of isolated cardiac preparations, highly variable responses may complicate the interpretation of the cardiac effects of interventions, such as drugs or toxins. This study was designed to determine whether field or punctate electrode stimulation altered systolic and diastolic cardiac function of isolated rat atrial and ventricular muscle preparations through a beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanism. Isolated left atria and right ventricular papillary muscles from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated to contract isometrically in Krebs bicarbonate buffer (30 degrees C, pH 7.4, 0.5 Hz). Cardiac muscle function was assessed by determining cardiac contractility (dF/dt), relaxation (80% relaxation time), and muscle stiffness (changes in resting force). Muscles were electrically stimulated to contract using either punctate or field electrodes. Basal values of cardiac function were determined at threshold voltages, and voltage was increased in stepwise fashion, over a wide range, to obtain a voltage response-relation to cardiac function. In left atrial preparations, both punctate and field electrical stimulation caused a 200% increase in cardiac contractility. The greatest changes in contractility occurred at near threshold voltages (less than 5 volts for punctate and 19 volts for field stimulation). The voltage-dependent increases in cardiac contractility were attenuated or abolished by pretreatment with atenolol (10 micromol/L; selective beta 1-antagonist) or reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p., 24 hr before euthanasia). In contrast to left atrial preparations, neither field or punctate electrical stimulation had any effect on the cardiac contractility of papillary muscle preparations. Neither field or punctate electrical stimulation had any effect on cardiac relaxation (80% relaxation time) or muscle stiffness (changes in resting force) of left atrial or papillary muscle preparations. This study demonstrates that punctate and field electrical stimulation can significantly increase cardiac contractility of rat left atrial preparations at near threshold voltages by increasing noradrenergic tone. Thus, control of the voltage range may be required to reduce variation in cardiac function of isolated rat left atrial preparations.
The hippocampus and response perseveration in the cat.

Summary This series of experiments has shown that cats with hippocampal ablations are more resistant to extinction of a food rewarded instrumental response, and that no between group differences were found in the re-acquisition of this same instrumental response. The lesioned subjects were superior to the control subjects in learning a non-spatial delayed alternation. There were no differences on spatial alternation, but the lesioned animals were significantly impaired on a series of daily spatial reversals. The results of these experiments are discussed with reference to the response perseveration, motivation, memory, and orienting response hypotheses of hippocampal functioning. It was concluded that the present findings are not amenable to a unitary interpretation of the functional role of the hippocampus. More-over, it is speculated that some additional system concerned with the experience of reward may be released from hippocampal influences as a result of the lesion. Such a speculation would help to explain the superior performance of the lesioned animals on the test of non-spatial alternation.
The industrial arts in the high school

Time and space will not permit a detailed history of the development of Industrial Arts in the high schools, therefore I will limit my discussion to a brief history of its development and of its merits as a subject worthy of its place in our American High Schools. There have been changes in the name and purposes of Industrial Arts. It probably owes its beginning to the desire and need of the early man to fashion a weapon or weapons for gathering food and for his personal protection. Hence the cave man made his crude wooden club. Then a lighter club with a sharp rock in the end, similar to the tomahawk used by the American Indian. Woodwork, or manual training comes from a desire on the part of the young boy to whittle with a knife or fashion play things by the use of hammer and saw. Manual training or woodwork simply aided in directing the natural desire of most boys through the use of woodworking tools. Closely correlated with the development of woodworking was the development of tools, machines, and implements to facilitate and extend its possibilities. Axes to fell the trees; adzes to hew and shape great timbers for roofs and frames for ships; saws to cut more evenly and expeditiously; knives, gauges, and carving tools to decorate; planes and files to smooth; bits to bore holes for wooden pegs or screws and bolts. Next came the development of the various labor saving machines to do most of the work that was done by hand. As an educational term, manual training includes all hand work used as a means in general education. It differs from trade education through the apprenticeship systems in that it emphasizes the educational element rather than the commercial or industrial element. This "hand training" or manual training emphasizes manual skill. This training developed habits of accuracy, judgment and observation formed through manual activities. There are differences in opinion as to when and what country in-
Stimulation of receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways of low-density lipoprotein degradation in arterial smooth muscle cells by platelet-derived growth factor.

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a powerful mitogen released by platelets, promoted the degradation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells and human skin fibroblasts by stimulating both receptor-mediated and LDL-receptor-independent uptake of LDL. Stimulation of LDL-receptor-independent LDL uptake and degradation by PDGF was demonstrated in three ways. First, the small amount of LDL that was degraded by LDL-receptor-negative skin fibroblasts was stimulated by PDGF. Second, PDGF led to increased degradation of LDL that had been reductively methylated to prevent its binding to LDL receptors. Third, 125I-labeled LDL degradation was stimulated by PDGF in the presence of high concentrations of unlabeled LDL i.e., conditions under which the contribution of the LDL receptor to cellular uptake and degradation is reduced. These observations suggest that mitogens, as typified by PDGF, can facilitate the cellular delivery of LDL cholesterol by both LDL-receptor-mediated and non-LDL-receptor-mediated mechanisms to provide exogenous cholesterol for use during cell replication.
Mutation induction in human lymphoid cells by energetic heavy ions.

Abstract One of the concerns for extended space flight outside the magnetosphere is exposure to galactic cosmic radiation. In the series of studies presented herein, the mutagenic effectiveness of high energy heavy ions is examined using human B-lymphoblastoid cells across an LET range from 32keV/μm to 190 keV/μm. Mutations were scored for an autosomal locus, thymidine kinase (tk), and for an X-linked locus, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt). For each of the radiations studied, the autosomal locus is more sensitive to mutation induction than is the X-linked locus. When mutational yields are expressed in terms of particle fluence, the two loci respond quite differently across the range of LET. The action cross section for mutation induction peaks at 61 keV/μm for the tk locus and then declines for particles of higher LET, including Fe ions. For the hprt locus, the action cross section for mutation is maximal at 95 keV/μm but is relatively constant across the range from 61 keV/μm to 190 keV/gmm. The yields of hprt-deficient mutants obtained after HZE exposure to TK6 lymphoblasts may be compared directly with published data on the induction of hprt-deficient mutants in human neonatal fibroblasts exposed to similar ions. The action cross section for induction of hprt-deficient mutants by energetic Fe ions is more than 10-fold lower for lymphoblastoid cells than for fibroblasts.
Hijacking power and bandwidth from the mobile phone's audio interface

We endow the mobile phone with a low-cost, open interface that can parasitically power external peripherals, and transfer data to and from them, using analog, digital, and serial signaling, using only the existing headset audio port. This interface, called HiJack, allows the mobile phone to easily integrate with a range of external sensors, opening the door to new phone-centric sensing applications. In this paper, we characterize the signaling and power delivery capability of the audio jack, design circuits and software to transfer data and harvest energy, and evaluate the performance of our designs. We also use the mobile phone's audio channel to create a layered communications stack that supports low-level, analog signaling and high-level, multiplexed data communications with external devices. Our design supports a single, bi-directional communications channel at a data rate of 8.82 kbps over a Manchester-encoded serial stream, using just a few discrete components and the hardware peripherals found in almost any microcontroller. Our harvester delivers 7.4 mW to a load with 47% efficiency using components that cost $2.34 in 10K volume. Integrating the pieces, we present a combined system for delivering data and power over audio, and demonstrate its use by turning an iPhone into an inexpensive oscilloscope.
Impact of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial on implantable cardioverter defibrillator indication trends.

Since publication of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) in 1996, indications for implantation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have expanded. Initial criticisms of the study have been addressed, including the need to await the conclusion of several additional ICD clinical trials. These other trials have generally shown an improved survival with ICD therapy when compared with antiarrhythmic agents. As a result, ICD implantation volumes have increased worldwide. However, ICD usage has regional variation with 120 implants per million population in the United States, 45 per million in Germany, but only 7 and 8 per million in France and the United Kingdom, respectively. Although many factors affect implant decisions, reimbursement issues are particularly important. Other factors may explain the slower growth in Europe when compared with the United States including greater skepticism regarding MADIT, less industry-sponsored marketing, and lack of unified cardiology society support for the MADIT recommendations. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that >50,000 ICDs have been implanted worldwide in 1998, with a growing percentage in the countries of Europe.
Management of the hemiplegic patient.

In the past hemiplegic patients often have been considered hopeless cripples and relegated to some chronic disease institutions or nursing homes, there to vegetate for their remaining years. Our experience indicates that regardless of the extent of disability, the hemiplegic patient always can be helped to some degree by a dynamic program of rehabilitation. Presented briefly are discussions on the care and treatment of hemiplegic patients during the acute phase, the management of residual defects, and the objectives of a rehabilitation program. It is essential to learn the natural history of hemiplegia in order to suggest the proper treatment for the proper patient at the proper time. The goals of rehabilitation must be realistic. Evaluation should include long-range planning and establishment of the therapeutic limitations. The patient's functioning and adjustment to his handicap depend greatly upon the family's attitudes toward him and his disability. With proper management of the disability, the hemiplegic patient can look forward with hope to years of useful life.
Hexanal as a measure of rancidity in low fat foods

The concentration of n-hexanal in low fat, dehydrated foods can be determined in 10 min by the gas chromatographic analysis of the vapors from a 15 g sample suspended in boiling water. With 4-heptanone as an internal standard good day-to-day reproducibility was obtained and the results could be expressed as ppm hexanal in the sample. The onset of rancid odors was found to occur when the hexanal concentration increased to between 5 and 10 ppm. With an oat cereal good correlation between sensory evaluations and hexanal concentration between 0.3 and 5 ppm was obtained. The rate of hexanal increase at 55 and 45 C for a corn and a wheat cereal could be reliably projected to 37 and 21 C. Antioxidants applied to a wheat cereal reduced the rate of hexanal increase.
Atlantic tropical cyclones revisited

Vigorous discussions have taken place recently in Eos [e.g., Mann and Emanuel, 2006; Landsea, 2007] and elsewhere [Emanuel, 2005; Webster et al., 2005; Hoyos et al., 2006; Trenberth and Shea, 2006; Kossin et al., 2007] regarding trends in North Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity and their potential connection with anthropogenic climate change. In one study, for example [Landsea, 2007], it is argued that a substantial underestimate of Atlantic tropical cyclone counts in earlier decades arising from insufficient observing systems invalidates the conclusion that trends in TC behavior may be connected to climate change. Here we argue that such connections are in fact robust with respect to uncertainties in earlier observations. Several recent studies have investigated trends in various measures of TC activity. Emanuel [2005] showed that a measure of total power dissipation by TCs (the power dissipation index, or PDI) is highly correlated with August-October sea surface temperatures (SST) over the main development region (MDR) for Atlantic TCs over at least the past half century. Some support for this conclusion was provided by Sriver and Ruber [2006]. Webster et al. [2005] demonstrated a statistically significant increase in recent decades in both the total number of the strongest category cyclones (categories 4 and 5) and the proportion of storms reaching hurricane intensity. Hoyos et al. [2006] showed that these increases were closely tied to warming trends in tropical Atlantic SST, while, for example, the modest decrease in vertical wind shear played a more secondary role. Kossin et al. [2007] called into question some trends in other basins, based on a reanalysis of past TC data, but they found the North Atlantic trends to be robust.
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in methanogenic bacteria

Following long-term labeling with [1-13C]acetate, [2-13C]acetate, 13CO2, H13COOH, or 13CH3OH, NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the labeling patterns of the purified ribonucleosides of Methanospirillum hungatei, Methanococcus voltae, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium bryantii. Major differences were observed among the methanogens studied, specifically at carbon positions 2 and 8 of the purines, positions at which one-carbon carriers are involved during synthesis. In Methanospirillum hungatei and Methanosarcina barkeri, the labcl at both positions came from carbon atom C-2 of acetate, as predicted from known eubacterial pathways, whereas in Methanococcus voltae and Methanobacterium bryantii both originated from CO2. In Methanosphaera stadtmanae grown in the presence of formate, the C-2 of purines originated exclusively from formate and the C-8 was labeled by the C-2 of acetate. When grown in media devoid of formate, the C-2 of the purine ring originated mainly from the C-2 of acetate and in part from CH3OH. In Methanobrevibacter smithii grown in the presence of formate, C-2 and C-8 of purines were derived from CO2 and/or formate. The labeling patterns obtained for pyrimidines are consistent with the biosynthetic pathways common to eubacteria and eucaryotes.
Effective moduli, non-linear deformation and strength of a cracked elastic solid

Abstract Utilizing the principles of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), the effective elastic moduli, the stability, and the strength of a solid containing a random distribution of interacting cracks is calculated. In order to account for the effects of interacting cracks, the “external crack” model is introduced, as a high crack density complement to non-interacting crack models. The behaviour of rock may be seen as progressing from the non-interacting crack models to the external crack model as cracks extend, interact, and coalesce. In rock mechanics, it is more common to encounter boundary conditions other than pure load controlled, and therefore we utilize the Griffith locus, which can determine the onset of fracture and the manner in which fractures extend, under any combination of load-controlled and displacement-controlled boundary conditions. Stress intensity factors are also calculated for random distributions of interacting cracks under displacement-controlled boundary conditions. The external crack model is found to exhibit sub-critical strain softening behaviour, and this gives a mechanism, not found in the non-interacting crack models, for the ultimate failure of brittle rock.
Peninsula method of ULF signal generation

Natural pulsations of the geomagnetic field in the ultra-low-frequency range (ULF; <5 Hz) have been studied for many years, but progress has been limited by the lack of controlled experiments on their generation and propagation. Clearly, a method for producing the pulsations artificially on a controlled basis would contribute greatly to our understanding of their properties. In 1975 we participated in a theoretical study1 that described a method for generating artificial Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsations (0.2–5 Hz) by driving a large alternating electric current with frequency in the Pc 1 range around a relatively nonconducting peninsula in an enclosed sea or large saline lake. The study predicted that the alternating magnetic field of the current loop in the sea could disturb the lower ionosphere above the peninsula and that hydromagnetic (HM) waves at the Pc 1 frequency would propagate away from the disturbed region to large distances in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Two important conditions for the generation to take place were that the amplitude of the ULF magnetic field fluctuations should be greater than ∼1 nT (refs 2,3) and that suitable propagation conditions should exist for the HM waves. We report here the results of two experiments on the ‘peninsula method’ of Pc 1 pulsation generation conducted during 1975–76. Our results, when combined with those from a recent peninsula experiment by Soviet scientists4,5, strongly support the proposed method of Pc 1 pulsation generation.
Regulation of zinc-responsive Slc39a5 ( Zip5 ) translation is mediated by conserved elements in the 3′-untranslated region

Translation of the basolateral zinc transporter ZIP5 is repressed during zinc deficiency but Zip5 mRNA remains associated with polysomes and can be rapidly translated when zinc is repleted. Herein, we examined the mechanisms regulating translation of Zip5. The 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of Zip5 mRNA is well conserved among mammals and is predicted by mFOLD to form a very stable stem-loop structure. Three algorithms predict this structure to be flanked by repeated seed sites for miR-328 and miR-193a. RNAse footprinting supports the notion that a stable stem-loop structure exists in this 3′-UTR and electrophoretic mobility shift assays detect polysomal protein(s) binding specifically to the stem-loop structure in the Zip5 3′-UTR. miR-328 and miR-193a are expressed in tissues known to regulate Zip5 mRNA translation in response to zinc availability and both are polysome-associated consistent with Zip5 mRNA localization. Transient transfection assays using native and mutant Zip5 3′-UTRs cloned 3′ to luciferase cDNA revealed that the miRNA seed sites and the stem-loop function together to augment translation of Zip5 mRNA when zinc is replete.
Salespeople as information gatherers: Associated success factors

Abstract Salespeople are in a vantage position to have intimate knowledge of the customers. How to motivate them to be effective information retrievers becomes a challenge to sales managers in today's knowledge economy. This paper presents the results of a study into managerial factors that are associated with more effective information retrieval by sales forces for use in their CRM systems. Sales executives (n = 150) responded to a mailed survey describing the importance of a set of activities to their recruiting/selecting, training, supervisory processes and the climate in the organization generated by upper level management. Results show that supervision and upper management support associate significantly with the effective information retrieval of salespeople; while training those more technically savvy sales recruits results in more effective information retrieval.
Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of [125I]MRS5127, a high affinity, selective agonist radioligand for the A3 adenosine receptor

A recently reported selective agonist of the human A(3) adenosine receptor (hA(3)AR), MRS5127 (1'R,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4'-[2-chloro-6-(3-iodobenzylamino)-purine]-2',3'-O-dihydroxy-bicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane, was radioiodinated and characterized pharmacologically. It contains a rigid bicyclic ring system in place of a 5'-truncated ribose moiety, and was selected for radiolabeling due to its nanomolar binding affinity at both human and rat A(3)ARs. The radioiodination of the N(6)-3-iodobenzyl substituent by iododestannylation of a 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzyl precursor was achieved in 73% yield, measured after purification by HPLC. [(125)I]MRS5127 bound to the human A(3)AR expressed in membranes of stably transfected HEK 293 cells. Specific binding was saturable, competitive, and followed a one-site binding model, with a K(d) value of 5.74+/-0.97nM. At a concentration equivalent to its K(d), non-specific binding comprised 27+/-2% of total binding. In kinetic studies, [(125)I]MRS5127 rapidly associated with the hA(3)AR (t(1/2)=0.514+/-0.014min), and the affinity calculated from association and dissociation rate constants was 3.50+/-1.46nM. The pharmacological profile of ligands in competition experiments with [(125)I]MRS5127 was consistent with the known structure-activity-relationship profile of the hA(3)AR. [(125)I]MRS5127 bound with similar high affinity (K(d), nM) to recombinant A(3)ARs from mouse (4.90+/-0.77), rabbit (2.53+/-0.11), and dog (3.35+/-0.54). For all of the species tested, MRS5127 exhibited A(3)AR agonist activity based on negative coupling to cAMP production. Thus, [(125)I]MRS5127 represents a new species-independent agonist radioligand for the A(3)AR. The major advantage of [(125)I]MRS5127 compared with previously used A(3)AR radioligands is its high affinity, low degree of non-specific binding, and improved A(3)AR selectivity.