cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilot neoadjuvant trial in HER2 positive breast cancer with combination of nab-paclitaxel and lapatinib

Lapatinib, a dual kinase inhibitor against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal receptor two (HER2) has shown efficacy in treating HER2 positive breast cancer. Nanoparticle albumin bound (nab) paclitaxel was developed to reduce toxicities from paclitaxel and improve its efficacy. Thirty patients with stage I-III HER2 positive breast cancer were treated in the neoadjuvant setting with lapatinib 1,000 mg/day and nab-paclitaxel 260 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks for four cycles. The primary end point of the trial was clinical response rate (cRR) with secondary end points including pathologic complete response rate (pCR), tolerability of the combination, and marker response. The cRR was 82.8% (24 patients) with six (20.7%) patients having complete clinical response, 18 (62.1%) having partial clinical response, and five (17.2%) stable disease. A pCR was observed in five of the 28 patients (17.9%). The most frequent grade 2 toxicities were neuropathy in nine patients (30%), fatigue in seven patients (23.3%), rash in 11 patients (36.7%), and bone pain in 10 patients (33.3%). There was no significant drop in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Of the tissue markers examined, we were not able to find a predictor of response. The combination of lapatinib and nab-paclitaxel was well tolerated and provided good efficacy in women with HER2 positive breast cancer. This combination offers an alternative non-anthracycline-containing regimen for women with HER2 positive breast cancer.
A modeling approach to transitional channel flow

Abstract Low-dimensional dynamical models of transitional flow in a periodically grooved channel are numerically obtained. The governing partial differential equations (continuity and Navier–Stokes equations) with appropriate boundary conditions are solved by a spectral element method for Reynolds number Re=430. The method of empirical eigenfunctions (proper orthogonal decomposition) is then used to extract the most energetic velocity eigenmodes, enabling us to represent the velocity field in an optimal way. The eigenfunctions enable us to identify the spatio-temporal (coherent) structures of the flow as travelling waves, and to explain the related flow dynamics. Using the computed eigenfunctions as basis functions in a truncated series representation of the velocity field, low-dimensional models are obtained by Galerkin projection. The reduced systems, consisting of few non-linear ordinary differential equations, are solved using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. It is found that the temporal evolution of the most energetic modes calculated using the reduced models are in good agreement with the full model results. For the modes of lesser energy, low-dimensional models predict typically slightly larger amplitude oscillations than the full model. For the slightly supercritical flow at hand, reduced models require at least four modes (capturing about 99% of the total flow energy). This is the smallest set of modes capable of predicting stable, self-sustained oscillations with correct amplitude and frequency. POD-based low-dimensional dynamical models considerably reduce the computational time and power required to simulate transitional open flow systems.
The Epideictic Dimension of Galatians as Formative Rhetoric: The Inscription of Early Christian Community

Abstract: Modern rhetorical theory suggests that epideictic creates and sustains values by addressing issues of legitimacy, inclusion, exclusion, and virtue. By focusing on the epideictic dimension in Paul9s Epistle to the Galatians, this paper explores Paul9s efforts to form an emerging Christian community that at once identified with its Judaic roots and yet dissociated itself from a conservative sect of Jewish Christians, who were attempting to colonize the young Galatian churches.
Electron affinities and ionization energies of Cu and Ag delafossite compounds: A hybrid functional study

Using density functional theory with a hybrid functional, we calculate the ionization energies and electron affinities of a series of delafossite compounds ($AM$O${}_{2}$: $A=\text{Cu}$, Ag; $M=\text{B}$, Al, Ga, In, Sc). The alignments of the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum, which directly relate to the ionization energies and electron affinities, were obtained by calculations of supercell slab models constructed in a nonpolar orientation. Our calculations reveal that the ionization energy decreases with an increasing atomic number of group-III elements, and thus suggest an improved $p$-type doping propensity for heavier compounds. For keeping both a low ionization energy and a band gap of sufficient size, CuScO${}_{2}$ is superior to the Cu-based group-III delafossites. By analyzing the electronic structures, we demonstrate that the compositional trend of the ionization energies and electron affinities is the result of a combined effect of $d$-band broadening due to Cu(Ag)-Cu(Ag) coupling and a repositioning of the $d$-band center.
Neural stem cell differentiation in a cell-collagen-bioreactor culture system

Neural stem cells and neural progenitors (NSCs/NPs) are capable of self-renewal and can give rise to both neurons and glia. Such cells have been isolated from the embryonic brain and immobilized in three dimensional collagen gels. The collagen-entrapped NSCs/NPs recapitulate CNS stem cell development and form functional synapses and neuronal circuits. However, the cell-collagen constructs from static conditions contain hypoxic, necrotic cores and the cells are short-lived. In the present study, NSCs/NPs isolated from embryonic day 13 rat cortical neuroepithelium are immobilized in type I collagen gels and cultured in NASA-designed rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors for up to 9 weeks. Initially, during the first 2 weeks of culture, a lag phase of cellular growth and differentiation is observed in the RWV bioreactors. Accelerated growth and differentiation, with the cells beginning to form large aggregates (approximately 1 mm in diameter) without death cores, begins during the third week. The collagen-entrapped NSCs/NPs cultured in RWV show active neuronal generation followed by astrocyte production. After 6 weeks in rotary culture, the cell-collagen constructs contain over 10 fold greater nestin+ and GFAP+ cells and two-fold more TuJ1 gene expression than those found in static cultures. In addition, TuJ1+ neurons in RWV culture give rise to extensive neurite outgrowth and considerably more synapsin I+ pre-synaptic puncta surrounding MAP2+ cell bodies and dendrites. These results strongly suggest that the cell-collagen-bioreactor culture system supports long-term NSC/NP growth and differentiation, and RWV bioreactors can be useful in generating neural tissue like constructs, which may have the potential for cell replacement therapy.
Optical purity determination and 1H NMR spectral simplification with lanthanide shift reagents. IV. Mephobarbital, 1-methyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid

Des reactifs de deplacements, tels que les lanthanides sont utilises pour la simplification spectrale RMN 1 H et la determination de la purete optique du methylphenobarbital. La methode revisee est appliquee aux drogues. Les deplacements chimiques sont mesures avec TMS comme reference
Studies of surface immunoglobulin-dependent B cell activation

Studies from a number of laboratories have firmly established the potential of surface immunoglobulin-generated signals in B lymphocyte activation. While clearly there are multiple ways of activating B lymphocytes, some of which may not involve surface immunoglobulin, it is clear that crosslinking of surface immunoglobulin whether by antigen or antireceptor antibody can generate signals relevant to B cell activation. Although considerable insight into the mechanism of transduction of mIg-generated signals across the plasma membrane has been realized, a molecular explanation for linking inositol phospholipid hydrolysis to changes within the cytoplasm and nucleus of the B cell is still speculative. A more rigorous definition of the PKC and calcium components of the mIg signal transduction pathway are critical for a thorough understanding of the mechanism of signal transduction by this receptor. The use of tumor cell models allowing selection of mutants within the signalling pathway(s) will be invaluable to fully defining the critical molecular and biochemical events involved in B cell activation.
Tapping Students' Cultural Funds of Knowledge to Address the Achievement Gap

Students whose language, ethnicity, and race are not represented in a school's dominant culture experience varying degrees of success in reading achievement, resulting in persistent gaps in reading achievement. Culturally responsive instruction can help to close that gap. This teaching strategy capitalizes on the knowledge and literacy strategies students learn in their homes and communities, the ways that students reason about and make sense of their world, and the language and communicative patterns of students. In this article, the authors provide a discussion of cultural modeling as one example of how to design culturally responsive instruction. Cultural modeling is a way of designing instruction to make explicit connections between content and literacy goals and the knowledge and experiences students share with family, community, and peers.
The use of analogs in the innovation process: A software engineering protocol analysis

A human information processing account of how experienced practitioners utilize analogues in the innovation process is presented. The protocols of several practitioners are collected and analyzed. The problem behavior graphs, knowledge elements utilized, and operator elements applied are described, and a descriptive model of the innovation process is assembled. Implications for a production system, deviations from other models of the innovation process, and extensions to other models of the analogy procedure are explored.
Connectivity of discrete planes

Studying connectivity of discrete objects is a major issue in discrete geometry and topology. In the present work, we deal with connectivity of discrete planes in the framework of Reveilles analytical definition (These d'Etat, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France, 1991). Accordingly, a discrete plane is a set P(a, b, c, µ, ω) of integer points (x, y, z) satisfying the Diophantine inequalities 0 ≤ ax + by + cz + µ < ω. The parameter µ ∈ Z estimates the plane intercept while ω ∈ N is the plane thickness. Given three integers (plane coefficients) a, b, and c with 0 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c, one can seek the value of ω beyond which the discrete plane P(a, b, c, µ, ω) is always connected. We call this remarkable topological invariable the connectivity number of P(a, b, c, µ, ω) and denote it Ω(a, b, c). Despite several attempts over the last 10 years to determine the connectivity number, this is still an open question. In the present paper, we propose a solution to the problem. For this, we first investigate some combinatorial properties of discrete planes. These structural results facilitate the deeper understanding of the discrete plane structure. On this basis, we obtain a series of results, in particular, we provide an explicit solution to the problem under certain conditions. We also obtain exact upper and lower bounds on Ω(a, b, c) and design an O(alogb) algorithm for its computation.
A high sensitivity telescope for measurements of energetic particles in the Earth's radiation belts

ABSTRACT The High Sensitivity Telescope (HST) is a sensor comprising part of the Loss Cone Imager (LCI) on the DSXmission. The primary objective of the HST is to observe uxes of energetic electrons as small as 100 e cm 2 sr 1 s 1 within the Earths atmospheric loss cone. This is accomplished via a geometrical factor of 0 .1cm 2 sr combinedwith a collimator limiting the eld of view t o a 7 degree half-cone angle. The sensors are shielded to in order toreduce the background to levels permitting the detection of the stated ux. The HST will be looking for changesin this ux caused by events precipitating electrons into the atmosphere. Of primary interest are electronswith energies between 20 and 500 keV. The HST utilizes two fully depleted solid state detectors and threeanalog measurement chains. The primary detector is 1500 um thick and uses two measurement chains. A fastermeasurement chain for counting events at rates of 300k/sec and a slower measurement chain for measuring theenergy deposited by an event more accurately. The secondary detector is 1000 um thick and is used to detectevents that completely penetrate the primary detector. The analog electronics are built from discreet ampliers.Events on the faster primary chain are sorted into 5 energy bins. Events from the slow chain are digitized to8-bits of resolution.Keywords: Loss cone, magnetosphere, particle physics, solid state detectors, spacecraft instrumentation, wave-particle interaction
Comparison of Hispanic and Anglo Graduate Record Examination scores and academic performance.

The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Verbal, Quantitative, and Analytic scores and undergraduate and graduate grade-point averages (U-GPA and G-GPA) for 320 Hispanics and 632 Anglos admitted to graduate school at the University of Texas at El Paso over the past 5 years were evaluated. Multivariate analyses revealed that Anglos scored significantly higher than Hispanics on both U-GPA and G-GPA and all three GRE scores. Multiple regression analyses for the ethnic group, with U-GPA and GRE scores used to predict G-GPA, showed higher correlations for the Anglos compared to Hispanics, although both had relatively poor predictive validity. The regression coefficients for all three GRE scores for the Hispanic group were zero, which reflects no relationship between the GRE and graduate grades; this makes the use of the GRE in selection of Hispanics for graduate school questionable.
The Kinetics Of Penetration : Xviii. Entrance Of Water Into Impaled Halicystis

The rate of entrance of water into impaled cells of Halicystis Osterhoutii, Blinks and Blinks, has been determined directly by measurements of the rise of sap in a capillary for dilute sea waters (containing between 90 and 30 per cent sea water). The velocity constant remains reasonably constant down to 50 per cent sea water but it decreases markedly in lower concentrations.
The untold friendship of Kenneth Burke and Talcott Parsons

Abstract This study treats the relatively unknown fact of Kenneth Burke and Talcott Parsons's personal friendship as a context within which to develop a dramatistic account of friendship and its character in the theoretical inquiry of sociology. Friendship is formulated according to four dramatistic properties in Burke's work—identification, dialectical substance, an ultimate perspective, and the comic attitude. The example of Burke and Parsons's relationship is used to explicate the significance of these four properties for articulating the symbolic action of friendship in both theoretical inquiry and everyday life. The result is the construction of a theory of friendship with universal and critical import, a construction which honors these two important theorists.
Use of the Personality Assessment Inventory in Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women

This study investigated the utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were 55 community-residing adult women who were administered a comprehensive battery that included the PAI and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Participants were classified as either PTSD or non-PTSD based on the CAPS, and PAI profiles were compared between the two groups. Significant group differences were found for seven PAI clinical scales (Anxiety, Depression, Anxiety-Related Disorders, Somatic Complaints, Paranoia, Borderline Features, and Schizophrenia), one validity scale (Negative Impression), and two treatment scales (Nonsupport and Treatment Rejection). When all PAI scales and component subscales are considered, the largest group differences were found for the physiological subscale of the Depression scale (DEP-P) and the Traumatic Stress subscale of the Anxiety-Related Disorders scale (ARD-T). ARD-T and DEP-P also demonstrated excellent diagnostic utility. Finally, correlations between PAI scales and four CAPS symptom clusters provided additional validity evidence, in particular supporting a distinction between effortful avoidance and numbing. Taken together, these results support the use of the PAI in the assessment of PTSD.
Malformed frogs: Bayesian and random-effect model analyses

Historical data (1958 1963) on frog malformations in Minnesota, USA, are compared to malformation data collected from 1996 to 1999, at many of the same collection sites, to investigate malformation risk changes between the study periods. We initially consider Mantel-Haenszel and simple logistic regression analyses. Potential variation in risk across data collection sites lead to random-effect logistic regression and hierarchical Bayesian models. We find clear evidence of increased malformation risk in the 1990s data collection period. The random-effect logistic regression and Bayesian logistic regression analyses produce similar point estimates of relative risk, and uncertainty, but Bayesian models allow analysts to view the impact of additional information on the inferences. Bayesian analyses programs in WinBUGS and SAS are provided.
Abstract B249: Small molecule inhibitors of the Pim protein kinases block the growth of T‐acute lymphoblastic leukemias

The Pim protein kinases, first identified as a proviral integration site in c‐Myc overexpressor mice, are increased in multiple human hematopoietic neoplasms including myeloid leukemia, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, and T‐cell lymphoma. We have developed novel benzylidene‐thiazolidine‐2, 4‐diones (J. Med. Chem. (2009) 52:74) inhibitors of Pim kinases that kill a wide range of both myeloid and lymphoid cell lines with precursor T‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre T‐LBL/T‐ALL) being the most sensitive. The most potent members of this chemotype have IC50s of 13 nM for Pim‐1 and 2.3 M for Pim‐2 while some compounds in this chemotype demonstrated selectivity9s of more than 2500‐fold and 400‐fold for Pim‐1 or Pim‐2 respectively while other congeners had equivalent potency towards both isozymes. Of the 47 additional protein kinases tested, only DYRK1a was sensitive to these agents. Incubation of pre T‐LBL cells with one of these Pim inhibitors, SMI‐4a, induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest secondary to a dose dependent induction of p27Kip1 and translocation of this protein to the nucleus. Additionally, SMI‐4a induced apoptosis in these leukemic cells through the mitochondrial pathway, and inhibited mTORC1 pathway based on decreases in phosphorylation of p70 S6K and 4E‐BP1, two substrates of this enzyme. Using immuno‐deficient animals, we demonstrate that treatment 5/7 days with 60 mg/kg twice daily by oral gavage of SMI‐4a inhibits subcutaneous growth of pre T‐LBL tumors by an average of 47.9% (p Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B249.
Dynamic synapse: Harnessing the computing power of synaptic dynamics

Abstract A major unresolved issues in neuroscience is the emergence of functional capability from underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. The concept of a dynamic synapse is extended to provide a formalism to incorporate synaptic mechanisms into a general scheme of neural information processing: A synapse is composed of two distinct functional units, presynaptic terminals for transforming the sequence of action potentials into multiple sequences of discrete release events, and postsynaptic components for combining such synaptic signals. The complex interaction of various cellular and molecular processes in synapses can be concisely expressed and interpreted in these two synaptic terms. Learning involves modifying the synaptic dynamics such that each axon terminal performs proper transformation function.
Voluntary eyeblinks disrupt iconic memory.

In the present research, we investigated whether eyeblinks interfere with cognitive processing. In Experiment 1, the participants performed a partial-report iconic memory task in which a letter array was presented for 106 msec, followed 50, 150, or 750 msec later by a tone that cued recall of one row of the array. At a cue delay of 50 msec between array offset and cue onset, letter report accuracy was lower when the participants blinked following array presentation than under no-blink conditions; the participants made more mislocation errors under blink conditions. This result suggests that blinking interferes with the binding of object identity and object position in iconic memory. Experiment 2 demonstrated that interference due to blinks was not due merely to changes in light intensity. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that other motor responses did not interfere with iconic memory. We propose a new phenomenon,cognitive blink suppression, in which blinking inhibits cognitive processing. This phenomenon may be due to neural interference. Blinks reduce activation in area V1, which may interfere with the representation of information in iconic memory. nt]mis|This research was supported by NSF Grant BCS 01-32292.
Period of irreversible therapeutic intervention during sepsis correlates with phase of innate immune dysfunction.

Sepsis is a major health problem in the United States with high incidence and elevated patient care cost. Using an animal model of sepsis, cecum ligation, and puncture, we observed that mice became rapidly hypothermic reaching a threshold temperature of 28 °C within 5–10 h after initiation of the insult, resulting in a reliable predictor of mortality, which occurred within 30–72 h of the initial procedure. We also observed that the inflammatory gene expression in lung and liver developed early within 1–2 h of the insult, reaching maximum levels at 6 h, followed by a decline, approaching basal conditions within 20 h. This decrease in inflammatory gene expression at 20 h after cecal ligation and puncture was not due to resolution of the insult but rather was an immune dysfunction stage that was demonstrated by the inability of the animal to respond to a secondary external inflammatory stimulus. Removal of the injury source, ligated cecum, within 6 h of the initial insult resulted in increased survival, but not after 20 h of cecal ligation and puncture. We concluded that the therapeutic window for resolving sepsis is early after the initial insult and coincides with a stage of hyperinflammation that is followed by a condition of innate immune dysfunction in which reversion of the outcome is no longer possible.
Temperamental characteristics as predictors of externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems in the contexts of high and low parental psychopathology

This study investigated whether the relationships between dimensions of early child temperament and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems differ in relation to the degree of parental psychopathology to which children are exposed. In addition, the reciprocal relation between externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, and stability patterns (i.e., autoregression) of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were investigated using a two-group structural model. A sample of 215 boys (mean age = 4.22) and their parents were assessed when the boys were 3–5 years old and again when they were 6–8 years old. For the children of parents with two or more lifetime psychopathology diagnoses, high activity, short attention span/distractibility, and high reactivity were linked to externalizing behavior problems, whereas withdrawal was linked to internalizing behavior problems. For children from low parental psychopathology families, only reactivity was linked to externalizing behavior problems, whereas withdrawal was linked to internalizing behavior problems. Children from high parental psychopathology families (alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder) showed lower stability (autoregression) estimates of behavior problems. The reciprocal relation between externalizing and internalizing behavior problems was supported when children were 6–8 years old, but not when they were 3–5 years old. © 2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
A kinetic investigation of reaction of [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)4][NBun4] with methyl iodide

Abstract A high oxidation state alkylnitridoosmium complex, [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)4][NBun4] acts as a nucleophile in reactions with alkyl halides. Alkylimido complexes, Os(NR)(CH2SiMe3)4, are produced. The reaction between [Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)4]− [NBun4] and MeI is second order with k2= 9.5 x 10−5 sect1 M−1 at 23°C in CD2Cl2 under pseudo first order conditions. The entropy of activation, ΔS≠, was found to be −10.6 ± 0.5 cal M−1 K−1 and the enthalpy of activation, ΔH≠, was found to be 19.6 ± 0.2 kcal M−1. The reaction proceeds faster in polar, non-coordinating solvents than in either non-polar solvents or in solvents which can coordinate to the osmium center.
Base Pair-Position-Specific DNA `Breathing' At the Replication Fork Junction Regulates Helicase Access

Thermal fluctuations induce transient opening of base pairs in dsDNA constructs. In previous studies with DNA constructs of conserved sequence containing 2-AminoPurine (2-AP) probes, we showed that position-specific base-pair (bp) fraying that depends on proximity to the ss/ds junction can be observed in forked DNA constructs of conserved sequence, and that significant (>1%) thermal fraying of base-pairs at helix ends extends 2-3 bps into the dsDNA. Here we build on these results to study the initial steps of DNA helicases at replication forks. Proteins that bind preferentially to ssDNA can capture thermally frayed bps without the expenditure of chemical (NTP-dependent) free energy. The bacteriophage T4 DNA replication complex provides a favorable model system to study basic helicase mechanisms. The T4 helicase-primase (gp41-gp61) sub-assembly forms a tight-binding helicase that unwinds dsDNA and translocates processively along ssDNA lattices, driven by NTP binding and hydrolysis. We use fluorescence and low energy CD spectral signals of site-specifically placed 2-AP probes to monitor the initial steps of helicase activity at a forked DNA construct. We find, on binding a helicase-primase complex to the DNA construct in the presence of non-hydrolysable NTP, that the first bp on the duplex side of the fork opens and additional destabilization penetrates to ∼ the 3rd bp. This is consistent with a largely passive mechanism for helicase-dependent DNA unwinding, with the helicase complex binding on the 5′→3′ loading strand at the fork and trapping the first adjacent bp as it is opened by thermal fluctuations.
Studies on Adsorptiochromism II: Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy of Adsorptiochromic Spiropyrans Adsorbed to Some Pharmaceutically Useful Solids

The colored powders produced by the adsorption of four adsorptiochromic spiropyrans to many solids (silica gel, silicic acid, fumed silica, alumina, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, titanium dioxide) were examined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The reflectance spectra were dominated by two bands, one at 550 nm and the other in the range 400–500 nm, often at 472 nm. Plots of the Kubelka–Munk function [F(R'∞] against g, the coverage expressed in nmol/m2, were linear at very low g and approached a limiting value independent of g at high coverage. The color formation upon adsorption terminates at coverages much lower than the maximum binding capacity of the solid. The slope of the plot of F(R'∞) against g, at low g (denoted f0), appears to be sensitive to the scattering properties of the solid. For a single solid (silica gel), comparison of f0 for adsorptiochromic adsorbates with f0 for permanent dyes allowed estimates to be made of the fraction of adsorbed spiropyran in the colored form on the surface.
Gene silencing in mammalian cells by direct incorporation of electroporated 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate.

DNA methylation is an important process contributing to transcriptional regulation in animal and plant cells. We observed that electroporation of Chinese hamster V-79 cells in the presence of millimolar concentrations of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate (5mdCTP) led to high-level direct incorporation of this nucleotide into DNA polymer. Under optimum conditions, approximately 2×108 molecules of 5mdCTP were calculated to have been incorporated into each unit genome (6 pg of DNA). Since a diploid mammalian genome contains approximately 1.2–1.5×109 cytosines, this level of 5mdCTP incorporation corresponds to substitution of up to 16.6% of total cytosines by 5-methylcytosine, or about 100–150 new methylated cytosines per average gene. The pattern of genomic methylation produced under these conditions differed from that produced physiologically in that 5mdCTP was substituted into DNA at random cytosines, superimposing a novel methylation pattern upon that derived from the normal enzyme-driven postreplicational process. This novel pattern of methylation showed no preference for CpG dinucleotides, but was nevertheless found capable of silencing HPRT gene expression and producing a condition of resistance to 6-thioguanine. The epigenetic nature of this gene silencing event was shown by the very high level of reexpression of HPRT mRNA following exposure of HPRT− cells to the demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine.
Preliminary study on the effect of steam treatment of rice paddy on milling properties and rice stickiness

Medium-grain Calrose paddy was adjusted to various moisture contents (14–26%), steamed at different pressures (13–32 psig), over a range of times (0–14 min), slowly dried, shelled and milled by a standard method on a pressure-type mill. A plot is shown that indicates the minimum paddy moistures and the minimum steaming pressures and times necessary to give 70% head yield (whole milled kernels) based on paddy; e.g., 14% moisture paddy steamed at 32 psig for 2 min. Steam treatments greatly reduced stickiness but increased yellowness. Both of these factors were shown to be affected by the degree of milling. These abbreviated parboiling treatments increased milling resistance resulting in undermilled rices and suggested the need for a more abrasive mill. Higher milling moistures increased bran removal and reduced head yield.
Fatty acid oxidation in embryonic chick tissues.

Abstract A study of fatty acid oxidation in chick embryos and hatched chicks has shown that the oxidation of long chain and short chain fatty acids conforms with the mechanism shown in adult mammalian tissue. Carnitine was required for maximal oxidation of long-chain fatty acids even though carnitine could be shown to be present in a relatively constant concentration throughout incubation. The rate of oxidation of fatty acids increased with time of incubation in heart tissue except for a transient decrease before hatching, whereas in liver there was a progessive decrease until hatching. The specific activities of enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17) β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) in the embryo heart mitochondria increased with time of incubation. The increase in rate of fatty acid oxidation by the embryo heart mitochondria was not accompanied by a similar increase in the rate of oxidation of α-ketoglutarate or succinate. These findings suggested a change in heart mitochondrial composition or function with development.
The Art and Science of Photography in Hand Surgery

High-quality medical photography plays an important role in teaching and demonstrating the functional capacity of the hands as well as in medicolegal documentation. Obtaining standardized, high-quality photographs is now an essential component of many surgery practices. The importance of standardized photography in facial and cosmetic surgery has been well documented in previous studies, but no studies have thoroughly addressed the details of photography for hand surgery. In this paper, we provide a set of guidelines and basic camera concepts for different scenarios to help hand surgeons obtain appropriate and informative high-quality photographs. A camera used for medical photography should come equipped with a large sensor size and an optical zoom lens with a focal length ranging anywhere from 14 to 75 mm. In a clinic or office setting, we recommend 6 standardized views of the hand and 4 views for the wrist; additional views should be taken for tendon ruptures, nerve injuries, or other deformities of the hand. For intraoperative pictures, the camera operator should understand the procedure and pertinent anatomy in order to properly obtain high-quality photographs. When digital radiographs are not available and radiographic film must be photographed, it is recommended to reduce the exposure and change the color mode to black and white to obtain the best possible pictures. The goal of medical photography is to present the subject in an accurate and precise fashion.
The dissolution of fused silica in molten silicon

Abstract Characterization of the dissolution process for fused silica in molten silicon will give a better understanding of the source of oxygen in silicon melts held in crucibles. This letter discusses the surface dissolution rate (1.15 × 10 -5 cm/min). Two other phenomena which were observed are groove formation at the liquid-solid-ambient miniscus due to convective flow and cristobalite crystallization on the silica surface in the presence of the melt.
Temperature-dependent intensities and widths of N2-broadened CO2 lines at 15 μm from tunable laser measurements

Abstract Intensities and half-widths of individual lines in the 15 μm bands of 12C16O2 have been determined over the temperature range 200–325 K in an extension of work previously reported. Measurements were made on dilute Co2-N2 mixtures with a tunable IR diode laser spectrometer on the Q-branches of the 0110-0000 and the 0220-0110 transitions. Measured intensities are consistently lower than those available in the literature, which were derived from measurements using other than diode laser techniques. Measured half-widths follow the general relationship bL0(T) = bL0(T0)[T0/T]n, where n shows considerable variations for the two tr ansitions. The results presented here include an improved analysis of half-width data previously discussed by the authors and also additional data obtained over a broader temperature range.
Holographic fabrication of nano-optical devices using single reflective optical element

Abstract: Here we present holographic fabrications of large area nano-optical device templates, including nano-antenna and photonic quasi-crystals using a single reflective optical element (ROE) through single beam and a single exposure process. These ROEs consist of several silicon wafers arranged with 5 or 6-fold symmetry, supported by two plastic platforms. By changing the polarization of the incident beam, various photonic quasi-crystal including spiral quasicrystals can be fabricated using the 5-fold symmetrically arranged optical element. Using the single optical element with silicon chips arranged in 6-fold symmetry, large areas of nano gap arrays can be fabricated holographically. These nanogaps and their shapes can be controlled through the phase delay of one laser beam. The nano gap arrays will be used for fabrication of nano-antennas arrays after metal depositions.
A Probabilistic Approach to Geometric Hashing Using Line Features

Most current object recognition algorithms assume reliable image segmentation, which in practice is often not available. We examine the combination of the Hough transform with a variation of geometric hashing as a technique for model-based object recognition in seriously degraded single intensity images. Prior work on the performance analysis of geometric hashing has focused on point features, which can be hard to detect in an environment affected by serious noise and occlusion. This paper uses line features to compute recognition invariants in a potentially more robust way. We investigate the statistical behavior of these line features analytically. Various viewing transformations, which 2-D (or flat 3-D) objects undergo during image formation, are considered. For the case of affine transformations, which are often suitable substitutes for more general perspective transformations, we show experimentally that the technique is noise resistant and can be used in highly occluded environments.
Cephalic control of avian gastric secretion

Abstract 1. 1. Turkeys, chickens, great-horned owls and red-tailed hawks were surgically fitted with a cannula in either the glandular stomach (fowl) or muscular stomach (raptors) to permit collection of gastric secretions. 2. 2. After 24 hr of fasting, secretions were collected during three successive periods of no food in sight, food in sight but unavailable and food available. 3. 3. Neither gastric secretory volume nor pH was influenced by the sight of food for domestic turkeys, floor-raised domestic chickens, or red-tailed hawks. 4. 4. Gastric secretory volume increased significantly from 1.08 to 1.47 ml/kg (45-min collection period) when food was in view but unavailable for great-horned owls. 5. 5. Increases in volume and pH which occurred when food was consumed were accounted for by ingestion of food and water, or fluids in the meat eaten by the raptors.
Elise Boulding and peace education: theory, practice, and Quaker faith

Elise Boulding wrote academically to help to create and influence the field of peace education, and lived a life that exemplified it. Her life integrated theory and practice and exemplified peace praxis as the ‘craft and skills of doing peace’ and ‘the integration of thought and action’. For Boulding, peace education occurred at all levels, across academic disciplines, across time, and across boundaries of cultures, states, class, race, age, and gender. As one of the founders of the field of peace studies, she became a sociologist to ‘do’ peace, and was especially oriented to peace education and activism and to futures studies and to studying women and children and cultures of peace. Her spiritual roots were in the values and testimonies of Quakers, especially simplicity, peace, integrity, community, and equality. She saw that of God in all, and lived the ‘inner light’ important to Quakers.
Public Participation, Volunteerism and Resource-Based Recreation Management in the U.S.: What Do Citizens Expect?

AbstractThe trend toward more public participation in outdoor recreation and natural resource management in the U.S. is strong and clear. Less clear are the expectations of those who volunteer to develop, maintain, restore and manage outdoor recreation and other natural resources. Expectations reflect “psychological contracts” between volunteers and organizations, and, as such influence a range of outcomes. Two surveys (one mailback, one telephone) of two separate study populations in the Great Lakes region were used to assess expectations. A major finding is that volunteers saw their role as more than just providing labor. A significant portion expected to influence the decisions of both public and nonprofit organizations. Furthermore, these expectations were found across both low and high power types of participatory behaviors. Agencies and organizations should not treat these expectations lightly but rethink the way they interact with volunteers.
Comparative adsorption of natural lung surfactant, extracted phospholipids, and artificial phospholipid mixtures to the air-water interface

Abstract Adsorption to the air-water interface of natural lung surfactant obtained by bovine lung lavage is compared and contrasted with the adsorption of mixtures of synthetic phospholipids and of extracted mixed lung lipids containing minimal protein. Surface pressure-time ( π - t ) adsorption isotherms are measured at 35°C for the surfactant mixtures as a function of the presence or absence of divalent metal cations (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) and of heating to 45°C or 90°C. The effect of aqueous dispersion technique (sonication or mechanical vortexing) on the adsorption process is also studied for the extracted or synthetic phospholipid mixtures. The results imply that the protein component is necessary for the optimal adsorption of natural lung surfactant. However, by taking advantage of different methods available for phospholipid dispersion in an aqueous phase in vitro, it is possible to formulate dispersions of extracted lung phospholipids containing of order 1% protein which adsorb as well as the complete surfactant system. These results suggest that protein concentrations in surfactant mixtures can be minimized for applications such as exogenous lung surfactant replacement for the neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). However, for situations which may involve alterations in endogenous surfactant function such as in lung injury, effects involving pulmonary surfactant protein and protein-lipid interactions may be of functional significance.
A type system for Smalltalk

This paper describes a type system for Smalltalk that is type-safe, that allows most Smalltalk programs to be type-checked, and that can be used as the basis of an optimizing compiler.
Hemodynamics in Elderly Coronary Artery Disease Patients Undergoing Propofol Sedation

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate noninvasive intraoperative hemodynamics in an elderly population with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing midazolam/fentanyl intravenous sedation-analgesia, with or without propofol for dentoalveolar surgery. Patients and Methods A retrospective chart analysis of 24 consecutive male patients aged 60 years or greater, with coronary artery disease, undergoing midazolam/fentanyl intravenous sedation-analgesia with or without propofol for dentoalveolar surgery. Data recorded included noninvasive baseline and intraoperative hemodynamic measurements at 5-minute intervals for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), and pulse (P). Results The addition of propofol to elderly CAD patients resulted in statistically significant lower averages for SBP (126.1 mm Hg vs 131.3 mm Hg, P Conclusion Midazolam/fentanyl intravenous sedation provided stable intraoperative hemodynamics in elderly CAD patients. The addition of propofol to elderly CAD patients also resulted in stable intraoperative hemodynamics and may be a safe adjunct to intravenous sedation in elderly CAD patients.
PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL GOVERNANCE Lessons from the Miami Abolition Vote

Circumstances surrounding the 1997 city dissolution vote in Miami were ideal for establishing a metropolitan government, based on arguments from the traditional urban politics literature. Yet it did not happen. How did the issue make it onto the public agenda but fail to be adopted? The author argues that changes in metropolitan governance need to be understood as the outcomes of an agenda-setting process and not solely based on the distribution of winners and losers, as suggested by the public-choice/metropolitan reform literature. The Miami case clearly illustrates the importance of focusing events, a skilled policy entrepreneur, and timing of events as interest fades and the window of opportunity closes. It also illustrates the power of a policy image to trigger emotional attachments that can mobilize inattentive publics.
Lenosky’s energy and the phonon dispersion of graphene

We calculate the phonon spectrum for a graphene sheet resulting from the model proposed by Lenosky et al. [Nature (London) 355, 333 (1992)] for the free energy of the lattice. This model takes into account not only the usual bond-bending and stretching terms, but it also captures the possible misalignment of the ${p}_{z}$ orbitals. We compare our results with previous models used in the literature and with available experimental data. We show that while this model provides an excellent description of the flexural modes in graphene, an extra term in the energy is needed for it to be able to reproduce the full phonon dispersion correctly beyond the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point.
High resolution spectra of Cr(III)-sulfur chelates

Abstract Single crystal absorption and emission spectra obtained at cryogenic temperatures are reported for the tris chromium chelates of ethyxanthate (exan), dimethyldithiocarbamate (dmtc), and diethyldithiophosphate (dtp). Assignments of the three lowest energy spin forbidden transitions (Oh symmetry) have been made for Cr(exan)3 and Cr (dmtc)3 and the trigonal splitting of the 2E and 2T2 states measured. Diffuse vibrational structure for the 2 E ↔ 4 A 2 transition in Cr(exan)3 implies unusual mixing of the 2E and one of the components of the 4T2 excited state. The Cr(dmtc)3 and Cr(dtp)3 showed no vibrational structure in the 2 E ↔ 4 A 2 region.
Sodium Output—Blood Pressure Relationships and Their Modification by Treatment

This study summarizes relationships among blood pressure, 24-hour sodium output, basal output and output under load, in patients on self-selected diets. Additional evidence was secured for the existence of a general correlation between blood pressure and sodium output. This correlation persisted when the blood pressure of hypertensive patients was chronically reduced by medical or surgical therapy.
The Ultraviolet-Optical Albedo of Broad Emission Line Clouds

We explore the effective UV-optical albedos of a variety of types of broad emission line clouds, as well as their possible effects on the observed spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). An important albedo source in moderately ionized ionization-bounded clouds is that which is due to neutral hydrogen: Rayleigh scattering of continuum photons off the extreme damping wings of Lyα. The photons resulting from this scattering mechanism may contribute significantly to the Lyα emission line, especially in the very broad wings. In addition, line photons emitted near 1200 A (e.g., N V λ1240) that stream toward the neutral portion of the cloud may be reflected off this Rayleigh scattering mirror, so that they preferentially escape from the illuminated face. Inclusion of this effect can alter predicted emission-line strengths and profiles. In more highly ionized ionization-bounded clouds, Thomson scattering dominates the UV-optical albedo, but this albedo is lessened by the hydrogen gas opacity; these clouds are most reflective on the long-wavelength side of the hydrogen recombination edges. This feature may then alter the shapes of the spectral regions near the recombination edges, e.g., the Balmer jump. We illustrate the effects of gas density and line broadening on the effective albedo. We also discuss the reflection effects of the accretion disk and the "dusty torus." The accretion disk is an effective reflector of UV-optical photons, whether by electron or Rayleigh scattering, and it is possible that we observe a significant fraction of this light from the AGNs in reflection. This effect can alter the emission-line profiles and even destroy emission at the Lyman jump emitted by broad-line clouds. Finally, we discuss the possibility that continuum reflection from broad-line clouds is at least in part responsible for the polarized broad absorption line troughs.
A molecular mechanics-type approach to turbulence

A molecular mechanics-type formulation is applied to the cavity problem to generate primary vortices, secondary vortices, and turbulent flow. The fluid considered is water. Turbulence is defined in terms of the absence of a primary vortex and the rapid appearance and disappearance of many small vortices. The mechanism for generating turbulent flow lies in the generation of large repulsive forces between the particles of the model. This results from the increase in particle speeds due to the increase in wall speed.