cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress Toward a 10 -15 Stable Ion Clock for Deep Space Applications

The authors have recently completed a breadboard ion-clock physics package based on Hg ions shuttled between a quadrupole and a 16-pole rf trap. With this architecture the authors have demonstrated short-term stability ~2-3times10-13 at 1 second, averaging to 10-15 at 1 day. This development shows that H-maser quality stabilities can be produced in a small clock package, comparable in size to an ultra-stable quartz oscillator required for holding 1-2times10 -13 at 1 second. This performance was obtained in a sealed vacuum configuration where only a getter pump was used to maintain vacuum. The vacuum tube containing the traps has now been under sealed vacuum conditions for nearly a year with no measurable degradation of ion trapping lifetimes or clock short-term performance. We have fabricated the vacuum tube, ion trap and UV windows from materials that will allow a ~400 C tube bake-out to prepare for tube seal-off. This approach to the vacuum follows the methods used in flight vacuum tube electronics, such as flight TWTA's where tube operation lifetime and shelf life of up to 15 years is achieved. They use neon as a buffer gas with 2-3 times less pressure induced frequency pulling than helium and, being heavier, negligible diffusion losses will occur over the operation lifetime
State-dependent queueing models in emergency evacuation networks

Abstract Planning and design of evacuation networks is both a complex and critically important problem for a number of emergency situations. One particularly critical class of examples concerns the emergency evacuation of chemical plants, high-rise buildings, and naval vessels due to fire, explosion or other emergency. The problem is a highly transient, stochastic, nonlinear, integer programming problem and previous methodologies utilizing queueing network models have proved useful in the design of emergency evacuation plans. We enhance this class of queueing network models by adding state-dependent queueing models to capture the nonlinear effects of increased occupant traffic flow along emergency evacuation routes. A mean value analysis algorithm and computational experience of the methodology illustrates our model's usefulness for this class of network design problems.
Rings, slings, and other things: vascular compression of the infant trachea updated from the midcentury to the millennium--the legacy of Robert E. Gross, MD, and Edward B. D. Neuhauser, MD.

In the first half of the 20th century, pediatric chest imaging was limited mainly to the performance of conventional radiography, including barium esophagography and occasionally bronchography and angiography. Despite this limited imaging approach, by 1950 the diagnosis and treatment of vascular “rings” compressing infant airways had been accomplished with the pioneering efforts of Robert E. Gross, MD, in the field of surgery, and Edward B. D. Neuhauser, MD, in the field of radiology. The next two decades brought the recognition of pulmonary arterial “sling,” or anomalous left pulmonary artery, in diagnosis and treatment. Recognition of still another vascular compressive syndrome in infants was identified as that due to the absence of the pulmonary valve. These “rings, slings, and other things” are now evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including MR angiography, and computed tomography (CT), including CT angiography, with the added use of three-dimensional reconstruction. These are the legaci...
Understanding The Factors Underlying Ethical Organizations: Enabling Continuous Ethical Improvement

Over the past decade, issues surrounding corporate ethics and the ethical decision making of individuals in business have been a major focus in the popular press, academic research and curriculum revision efforts in business schools. One of the quandaries faced throughout these efforts is how to enable an individual to make ethical decisions In this paper, a model is proposed that focuses on organizational culture as the means by which to provide an environment that fosters ethical decision making by the organizations members. A four-stage model for understanding the current ethical state of organizations is formulated. Subsequently, the focus shifts to the underlying factors and situations that may intentionally or unintentionally exist and that may cause an organization to progress to a higher stage or regress to a lower stage.
Safety implementation framework for Pakistani construction industry

Abstract Despite the Pakistani construction industry’s recent rapid growth and development, workers are still working in poor safety conditions. While Pakistan has several occupational safety and health laws, they are too broad to be applied directly to the construction industry. Due to the presence of a weak regulatory system, worker safety is not a principal focus of the construction industry. This paper presents a case study that was conducted to help improve the existing construction safety situation in Pakistan by developing a framework for better implementation of safety practices and thus bridging the safety related perceptual gaps between the different stakeholders and regulatory authorities. The proposed safety framework is composed of guidelines for a reciprocal safety implementation system with aspects such as regulatory enhancements and corporate safety culture improvements. The framework was analyzed using the Delphi method and priorities were defined as rated/ranked by a panel of Pakistani construction safety experts. The emphasis of this framework is to expend all possible efforts to minimize the safety risks for construction workers through stronger regulations and voluntary compliance efforts by all the stakeholders. This case study can serve as a model for other developing countries to further develop and improve their construction safety environment.
The hydrology of cerebrospinal fluid flow: Rivulets, Fjords, and Oceans

Similar to a hydrologist measuring water flow across complex terrain, the brain presents numerous interfaces and boundaries that make dynamic fluid modeling a daunting task. The production, partitioning, and drainage of brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid is an active area of study. The importance is that brain fluids are involved in clearance of numerous brain waste products, including water itself, which is generated by cells as a metabolic byproduct. In new work, Bedussi et al. used fluorescent tracers to study the directionality of interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid flow following injection into the mouse brain striatum or cisterna magna. The authors collected 2500 thin sections from each mouse brain and then used automated en face fluorescent imaging and confocal microscopy to create three-dimensional reconstructions. They found that dextran tracers injected into the striatum traversed the ependymal surface and entered the brain ventricles and choroid plexus by convective flow. In addition, tracers injected into the subarachnoid space were able to enter the brain parenchyma, but only to a limited extent. Although cisterna magna tracers did not enter the ventricles or the deep venous drainage system, they were detected in the extracranial nasal lymphatic drainage system, supporting a known role for cerebrospinal fluid drainage along spinal nerves and the cribiform plate. Although analysis of brain fluid transport is still in its infancy, this new study supports a role for bulk flow to the brain ventricles and for extracranial lymphatic drainage, rather than transit primarily through the paravascular system along intraparenchymal arteries and toward venous outflow tracts. Bedussi et al. describe the point of highest interstitial pressure as a "continental divide" and propose that bulk flow may occur along vessels either toward the brain ventricles or the cortical surface, depending on local brain anatomy. They suggest that the peri- and paravascular spaces are analogous to fjords, allowing fluid transport "from the mountains to the sea." In this analogy, the subarachnoid space is the sea, which can receive injected tracers along vessels as well as deliver them to deeper brain regions. Clearly, there are many routes for clearance of fluids in the mammalian brain, and we are just beginning to explore and understand them. B. Bedussi et al. , Clearance from the mouse brain by convection of interstitial fluid towards the ventricular system. Fluids Barriers CNS 10.1186/s12987-015-0019-5 (2015). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.fluidsbarrierscns.com/content/12/1/23
Adoption, Best Interests, and the Constitution: On Rational Basis Scrutiny and the Avoidance of Absurd Results

This article discusses three recent cases concerning the ability of lesbian or gay couples or singles to adopt: Lofton v. Kearney, In re Adoption of R.B.F. and R.C.F., and In re Adoption of Luke. The article analyzes the trial court decision in Lofton, suggesting that the Florida policy preventing those with a same-sex orientation from adopting cannot plausibly be understood to be promoting the interests the state wishes to promote and that the court's decision helps illustrate why such bans should not be upheld even under rational basis review. The article also examines decisions by the supreme courts of Pennsylvania and Nebraska with respect to whether those states would permit second-parent adoptions. While it is unsurprising that a state supreme court might reach one result when interpreting that state's law while a different supreme court reaches a different result when interpreting that state's law, it is surprising that one court would adopt a rationale justifying its decision which a different supreme court found so absurd that that latter was unwilling to attribute such a rationale to the legislature. The article points out that when recognizing that second-parent adoptions were permissible, the Pennsylvania high court rightly recognized that certain implications would be absurd and thus could not plausibly be attributed to the Legislature. Ironically, when finding that such adoptions were not permitted under state law, the Nebraska high court had to ignore the statutory language as well as attribute an absurd purpose to the Legislature. The article concludes by suggesting that adoption by lesbians and gays promotes the interests of the state and all of the individuals involved and thus should be permitted in both kinds of contexts discussed in the article, and that refusing to do so may well not pass muster even under rational basis review.
A Meta-Analysis of Selling Price and Time-on-the-Market

Hedonic pricing models that include a variable measuring the number of days a property was on the market produce varied coefficients, with most being negative. This study uses meta-regression to ex...
The effect of naloxone and metoclopramide on the hypothalamic pituitary axis in oligomenorrheic and eumenorrheic swimmers.

Eight highly competitive swimmers were followed over a 9-month period during a vigorous training schedule. When compared, four oligomenorrheic (group I, >60 days without menses) and four eumenorrheic (group II) swimmers were not significantly different for age, years of training, body fat, intensity of training, and baseline estradiol (E 2 ) levels. Both groups were challenged during the peak of their training schedule with 10 mg of naloxone and 10 mg of metoclopramide. The naloxone infusion revealed a significant increase in baseline luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the oligomenorrheic swimmers when compared with the eumenorrheic swimmers. During the metoclopramide infusion, prolactin (PRL) increased in all subjects, with a slightly higher increase in PRL in the eumenorrheic swimmers. The study suggests the menstrual dysfunction observed in these strenuously training swimmers to be related to the abnormalities of endorphin physiology as revealed by the elevation in LH after a naloxone infusion.
Conditions in the Rhizosphere in Relation to Microbial Development

Interactions between microbes and higher plants take place either on the roots or shoots. The interactions in the soil-root zone are more difficult to monitor and measure, and are certainly more difficult to control, because of the difficulty of access and the extreme complexity of the environment in which the interaction occurs. It is the purpose of this paper to examine some of the specialised physical and chemical conditions immediately around plant roots, so that the potential effect of these on the microbe-plant interaction can be better understood. The normal soil situation around a root is vastly different from that observed in water culture or in other artificial situations, and needs to be taken into account in any attempt at a rational genetic modification of rhizosphere organisms for improved disease control, nitrogen fixation or other beneficial effects.
Aerobic Oxidation of Amines to Imines by Cesium-Promoted Mesoporous Manganese Oxide

Selective oxidation of amines to imines is one of the most studied reactions in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Cs ion-promoted mesoporous manganese oxide (meso Cs/MnOx) was synthesized using an inverse surfactant micelle as a soft template. The chemical and structural properties of the mesoporous manganese oxide material were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The meso-Cs/MnOx material presented an aggregated nanocrystalline nature with monomodal mesoporous size distributions. The catalyst was found to be effective in the oxidation of amines to imines under aerobic conditions. The meso Cs/MnOx exhibited oxidation of primary, secondary, cyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines to imines, and the conversions reached as high as >99%. The catalyst was also effective in oxidative cross-condensation of two different amines to produce asymmetrically substituted imines. Surface-active Mn3+ species along with labile lattice oxyge...
The Applications of CAE Analysis in the Improvement of the Seats Frame to Meet the Requirements Resistance to Luggage Retention

A detailed CAE model of a car rear seat frame was built.The resistance to luggage retention of the seats was simulated and analyzed according to requirement of GB15083—2006.Based on the calculation and analysis,we can see locations of stress concentration and the factors which lead to test failure,which provides the available theory for improving the seat frame structure.By optimizing the design,we can improve the seat frame structure,reduce the charge of the seat design,cut the price of the seat,and making the new seat structure used to other programs。
The Neurophysiology of Micturition: A Clinical Study of 550 Patients

Abstract Detailed urodynamic and neurologic evaluation of 550 patients was reviewed with the intention of shedding light on the understanding of the neurophysiologic pathways involved in micturition. On the basis of our data the following conclusions were made: 1) normal micturition is a brain stem reflex rather than a simple sacral reflex, 2) interruption of this sacral-to-brain stem reflex pathway results in uncoordinated voiding (detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia), 3) anatomically separate neural centers control the activity of the detrusor muscle and the external urethral sphincter, and 4) although the pudendal and pelvic nuclei are located in the sacral spinal cord they are anatomically separable from one another.
Is democracy compatible with global institutions

The salience and relevance of the currently existing global institutions raise the question of their compatibility with some reasonable notion of democracy. I hold that democracy, as a form of government based on social consent, can be operationalized with different institutional formulas, mostly depending on the territorial scale and the degree of conflict of interests of the issues submitted to collective decision-making. Democratic institutional formulas include the people’s assembly in small cities, party elections of representatives in large states, and expert accountable rulers at the global level. Analogously to how democracy was scaled up from the city level to the state level in early modern times, it needs to be scaled up to the global level by the design and adoption of appropriate institutional formulas.
Failing to Learn from John Connolly: Current Use of Restraint and Seclusion

Restraint and seclusion continue to be used excessively, inappropriately, and lethally in current services in many countries. This chapter documents many examples of such problems in contemporary services in many different countries including the British education system, where some regulations, government officials, and unions may tacitly or explicitly endorse and encourage restraint use. Today, restraint continues to be used widely in some youth correctional facilities in both the USA and the UK. This chapter presents the recent exposes over use of restraint, isolation, and physical abuse with teenagers at Rikers Island, New York. It describes several contemporary institutional and community scandals in services for people with intellectual disabilities and autism which also include abuse of restraint including the British Winterbourne scandal. Other sections describe restraint-related scandals in nursing homes, restraint-related deaths in the hands of the police, immigration services, psychiatric hospitals, and natural and foster families. This chapter concludes that contemporary services have failed to learn from John Connolly.
Connecting the dots using contextual information hidden in text and images

Creation of summaries of events of interest from multitude of unstructured data is a challenging task commonly faced by intelligence analysts while seeking increased situational awareness. This paper proposes a framework called Storyboarding that leverages unstructured text and images to explain events as sets of sub-events. The framework first generates a textual context for each human face detected from images and then builds a chain of coherent documents where two consecutive documents of the chain contain a common theme as well as a context. Storyboarding helps analysts quickly narrow down large number of possibilities to a few significant ones for further investigation. Empirical studies on Wikipedia documents, images and news articles show that Storyboarding is able to provide deeper insights on events of interests.
Alternate-day versus daily energy restriction diets: which is more effective for weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

SummaryBackground Alternate-day-fasting (ADF) has been proposed as an effective dieting method. Studies have found that it also can increase life span in rodents, and reduce inflammation in humans. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the efficacy of ADF compared to very-low-calorie dieting (VLCD) in terms of weight loss, and reduction of fat mass and fat-free mass. Methods Systematic review: PubMed literature searches were performed. Fixed review procedures were applied. Studies were evaluated for quality. Twenty-eight studies were included. Meta-analysis: 10/28 studies (four ADF and six matched VLCD) were further analyzed. Results After adjustment for BMI and duration, there was no significant difference in mean body weight loss (VLCD 0.88 kg more weight loss than ADF, 95% CI: −4.32, 2.56) or fat-free mass (VLCD 1.69 kg more fat-free mass loss than ADF, 95% CI: −3.62, 0.23); there was a significant difference observed in fat mass (ADF 3.31 kg more fat mass loss than VLCD, 95% CI: 0.05, 6.56). Meta-analysis showed that, among ADF studies, the pooled change in body weight, fat mass and fat-free mass was 4.30 kg (95% CI: 3.41, 5.20), 4.06 kg (95% CI: 2.99, 5.13) and 0.72 kg (95% CI: −0.07, 1.51), respectively, while among VLCD studies, the pooled change was 6.28 kg (95% CI: 6.08, 6.49), 4.22 kg (95% CI: 3.95, 4.50) and 2.24 kg (95% CI: 1.95, 2.52), respectively. Conclusions Our results from both the systematic review and the meta-analysis suggest that ADF is an efficacious dietary method, and may be superior to VLCD for some patients because of ease of compliance, greater fat-mass loss and relative preservation of fat-free mass. Head-to-head randomized clinical trials are needed to further assess relative efficacy of these two approaches.
Software-defined reader for multi-modal RFID sensing

In this work, the feasibility of a system for the detection of multi-modal RFID sensing is presented. A reader is designed for detecting multiple resonances of frequency-shifting RFID sensors, each resonance corresponding to a different sensed variable. The reader exploits information of the actual return loss between the tag antenna and the RFID IC, rather than the tag power-on threshold that has been typically used in the prior art, overcoming limitations associated with the power-on threshold function. The estimator for extracting the return loss of a tag wirelessly is derived and experimentally tested with a low-cost software-defined radio platform. The developed platform can serve both the purposes of a tag performance testing reader and a central processing station for next-generation multi-sensor RFID tags.
Plano de saúde corporativo: estudo de validação de um instrumento de avaliação da qualidade em uma indústria de calçados [doi: 10.5329/RECADM.20111001001]

RESUMO Comumente a avaliacao da qualidade de um plano de saude corporativo considera apenas o grau de satisfacao dos seus usuarios. Para a avaliacao, tanto do grau de satisfacao do usuario quanto do retorno do investimento em planos de saude para a empresa, procedeu-se a construcao e a validacao de uma escala multidimensional. A construcao da escala levou em conta as dimensoes da qualidade associadas a satisfacao do usuario e ao impacto dessa satisfacao na sua relacao com a empresa, como uma qualidade agregada. Para validacao da escala foi procedida uma analise das suas propriedades psicometricas, a partir dos dados gerados por uma amostra de 280 trabalhadores. Os resultados mostram que o plano de saude proporciona satisfacao aos trabalhadores e ganhos para a empresa, de acordo com o Modelo de Qualidade Agregada proposto. A escala apresentou consistencia interna total e validade convergente aceitaveis. A analise fatorial sugeriu um conjunto de dez fatores relacionados a qualidade tecnica, funcional e agregada do plano de saude, que respondem por cerca de 60% da variância total. O estudo reafirma a importância de avaliar o retorno para a empresa dos investimentos em planos de saude, no que o instrumento desenvolvido neste trabalho podera ser util. Palavras-Chave Gestao de pessoas; plano de saude corporativo; avaliacao da qualidade. ABSTRACT Usually, quality assessments of corporative health insurance plans take into account just the degree of satisfaction of the costumers. For the assessment of both the degree of costumer´s satisfaction and the firm investment returns, we carried out the construction and a validation test of an appropriate multidimensional measurement scale. For the construction of the scale we took into account the quality dimensions related to the costumer`s satisfaction and its impact on the relationship of the employee towards the firm as an aggregated quality asset. As validation test of the proposed scale we conducted an analysis of its psychometric properties based on data generated from a sample of 280 employees. The results show that the health insurance plan bring both satisfactions to the employees and gains to the firm, according to the proposed Model of Aggregated Quality. The proposed measurement scale presented acceptable total internal consistency and convergent validity. The factorial analysis suggested a set of ten factors related to the technical, functional, and aggregated qualities of the health insurance plan, which respond for about 60% of the total variance. This study stresses the importance of the assessment of the returns to the firm of its investments on health insurance plans, for which the instrument we developed in this paper can be useful. Keywords Personnel management; employer-sponsored health plan; quality assessment.
Dynamic Phenylalanine Clamp Interactions Define Single-Channel Polypeptide Translocation through the Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Channel

Anthrax toxin is an intracellularly acting toxin where sufficient detail is known about the structure of its channel, allowing for molecular investigations of translocation. The toxin is composed of three proteins, protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). The toxin's translocon, PA, translocates the large enzymes, LF and EF, across the endosomal membrane into the host cell's cytosol. Polypeptide clamps located throughout the PA channel catalyze the translocation of LF and EF. Here, we show that the central peptide clamp, the ϕ clamp, is a dynamic site that governs the overall peptide translocation pathway. Single-channel translocations of a 10-residue, guest-host peptide revealed that there were four states when peptide interacted with the channel. Two of the states had intermediate conductances of 10% and 50% of full conductance. With aromatic guest-host peptides, the 50% conducting intermediate oscillated with the fully blocked state. A Trp guest-host peptide was studied by manipulating its stereochemistry and prenucleating helix formation with a covalent linkage in the place of a hydrogen bond or hydrogen-bond surrogate (HBS). The Trp peptide synthesized with ʟ-amino acids translocated more efficiently than peptides synthesized with D- or alternating D,ʟ-amino acids. HBS stapled Trp peptide exhibited signs of steric hindrance and difficulty translocating. However, when mutant ϕ clamp (F427A) channels were tested, the HBS peptide translocated normally. Overall, peptide translocation is defined by dynamic interactions between the peptide and ϕ clamp. These dynamics require conformational flexibility, such that the peptide productively forms both extended-chain and helical states during translocation.
Polymer-Stabilized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions in High-Salinity Brines

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit promising properties for potential applications in oil and gas reservoirs. CNTs can be used as delivery vehicles for contrast agents or catalyst nanoparticles deep inside the reservoir. Dispersing 100 ppm of CNTs in deionized water is easily achieved by sonication of CNTs using properly selected surfactant or polymer solutions. These surfactants and polymers are non-covalently adsorbed to the nanotube surface, inducing dispersion stability. In oil reservoirs, high salinity is the norm; therefore, because the electrostatic double layer is compressed as a result of the high ionic strength found in a typical reservoir brine, colloid CNT dispersions lose stability and CNTs flocculate and precipitate. To maintain a stable colloidal dispersion of CNTs, a dispersant with functionality providing steric repulsion between the dispersed tubes is needed to prevent aggregation. In this work, suspensions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were generated using two polymers, gum arab...
Peer learning as a tool to strengthen math skills in introductory chemistry laboratories

Math skills vary greatly among students enrolled in introductory chemistry courses. Students with weak math skills (algebra and below) tend to perform poorly in introductory chemistry courses, which is correlated with increased attrition rates. Previous research has shown that retention of main ideas in a peer learning environment is greater when partners have dissimilar abilities. Therefore, in an effort to improve student learning outcomes, we implemented peer learning interventions in our introductory chemistry laboratories to determine if math skills were enhanced when partners differed in math ability. Student performance and attitudes were analyzed in laboratory sections consisting of instructor-assigned partners who differed in math ability, compared to sections where students self-selected a partner. Students who were assigned math partners of different ability showed an 8% improvement in chemistry math concepts compared to no improvement among those who self-selected a partner, as assessed using pre- and post-math tests. Mathematical learning gains were particularly large (16%) for those students in the 50th percentile of math performance. Students also reported a significantly more positive attitude change about working with others compared to students who self-selected a partner. In addition, assigned students demonstrated a more positive shift in self-concepts such as chemistry knowledge and laboratory skills. This study illustrates that peer learning can serve as a useful and easy-to-implement tool to strengthen math skills and improve student attitudes in introductory chemistry laboratories.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Ultrasonic Response from a Non-Normal Surface-Breaking Crack

The use of computer simulations is becoming an increasing popular strategy for designing ultrasonic inspections. There are many benefits of accurate simulations, the most important one being their cost effectiveness. In many cases, before inspection procedures are finalized, it is possible to simulate the competing inspection plans, and to use the outputs of simulation trials to choose the best plan. This strategy is particularly useful when there is limited accessibility to the components that need to be inspected, as in the extreme case when the inspection procedure requires that operating equipment be removed from service. In such cases, it is best to be fully prepared before taking the inspection equipment to the test site and computer simulations can play an important role in such preparation, often at a significantly reduced cost with respect to traditional methods.
Decomposition of mixed fertilizers during drying

This study was concerned with the factors which affect the stability of mixed fertilizers. Mixtures prepared from reagent grade materials were heated in a constant temperature bath and the effect of temperature, moisture content, acidity, ammonium ion, nitrate ion, chloride ion, and sulfate ion investigated as a function of time. The rate of decomposition of the fertilizer mixtures increased rapidly as the temperature'was increased from 85° to 180°C. Nitrogen and chloride losses were detected at temperatures as low as 100°C indicating that the decomposition was initiated at this temperature. Analysis of the solid and gas products after heating showed that the reactions involved in the decomposition were the same over the range of temperatures studied. The key reaction in initiating the decom­ position was found to be the hydrolysis of monocalcium phosphate resulting in the formation of dicalcium phosphate and phosphoric acid. Reaction of the acid, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride resulted in loss of nitrogen as nitrous oxide and elemental nitrogen and chloride as chlorine. About 90 percent of the total nitrogen lost was recovered as N^O or and 83 percent of the chloride lost was recovered as In the absence of chloride ion there was no significant decom­ position of the fertilizers, but addition of only 0.05 weight percent chloride resulted in a marked increase in nitrogen loss. When chloride was present in large quantities, its loss too was substantial. There was no loss of nitrogen in samples in which either the nitrate or ammonium ion was missing.. It made no difference whether these ions
Lost in translation: Problematizing the localization of transnational activism:

Existing studies on human rights change posit that activists use transnational networks to organize global and local movements against governments. However, this explanation assumes that internatio...
Healthy lifestyle during the midlife is prospectively associated with less subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: The study of women’s health across the nation

Background Measures of subclinical atherosclerosis are predictors of future cardiovascular outcomes as well as of physical and cognitive functioning. The menopausal transition is associated with ac...
Cold Plate Pin-Fin Optimization for Multi-Die Systems Using Design of Experiment

In the era of “Internet of everything (IoE)”, humans are connected to everything by internet which has rapidly risen the demand for powerful mobile devices as well as data centers with high performance processors. High speed and high-quality data processing and data transfer between heterogeneous dies in one integrated system are inevitably required. 2.5D stacked integrated circuits (2.5D-SICs) with through-silicon vias (TSV), as next generation silicon technologies are capable of providing desired multi-functional performance. Both high power heterogeneous dies, and limited space in a compact system contribute to the thermal bottleneck of 2.5D-SICs. Microfluidic cooling with non-uniform pin-fin is a promising approach to provide sufficient non-uniform cooling capacity. Previous work demonstrated that pin-fin enhanced micro-gap cooling can address the heat dissipation challenge for both 2.5D and 3D-SICs. In this paper, five heat sources, including one field programmable gate array (FPGA) of 25 mmx25 mm, and four heaters, each 6 mmx6 mm, are adopted in a thermal test vehicle. Non-uniform pin-fin structures for five dies in the micro-gap cold plate have been systematically optimized by utilizing design of experiment (DoE) with full-scale computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) simulations. With the guidance of DoE, representative cases with various pin-fin structures have been simulated by CFD/HT. Optimized both pin and fin structures for dies have been proposed efficiently. These optimized structures in the cold plate for multi-die system have been verified by CFD/ HT, which have met the target temperatures of five dies with lowest pressure drop. Methods of design of experiment (DoE) and CFD/HT can be utilized together to achieve multi-component system optimization in customized ranges.
Mobile Crowdsourcing for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Real-Time Navigation in Urban Areas

Modern urbanization is demanding smarter technologies to improve a variety of applications in intelligent transportation systems. Mobile crowdsourcing enabling automatic sensing tasks constitutes an excellent mean to complement existing technologies. In this paper, we exploit the high amount of data that can be collected by on-board and infrastructure-based sensors to evaluate traffic network statuses and improve the navigation of vehicles in urban areas. The objective is to design real-time route planning algorithms that determine fastest trajectories for both single and multiple destinations, in a real-time manner based on the frequent data inputs. We first formulate the routing problems as integer linear programs (ILPs) and then, design iterative approaches levels to iteratively solve the ILPs while considering updated traffic data. Afterwards, lower complexity sub-optimal graph-based algorithms are designed to solve the real-time routing problems. Unlike traditional navigation solutions, the proposed approaches update the vehicle trajectory after a certain period characterized by timely correlated data. Uncertainty and erroneous data inputs are also considered to determine fastest and least risky trajectory. Our results show that crowdsourcing-based real-time navigation outperforms outperform traditional navigation solutions by selecting less congested roads and avoiding blocked streets.
Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Neck Cannulation: A Fixation Strategy Without Tourniquets

Extracorporeal corporeal membrane oxygenation has been used for circulatory and respiratory support in pediatric heart centers for over 40 years and, in the last 2 decades, this support has been extended into adult institutions. Pediatric heart centers should maintain a high level of expertise to manage this support modality. When initiating extracorporeal corporeal membrane oxygenation support, central and peripheral can be utilized. In adult patients, femoral vessels are commonly used for peripheral cannulation. In contrast, peripheral cannulation in pediatric patients commonly utilizes the neck vessels. This article is focused on the peripheral neck cannulation technique.
Acoustothermal heating in surface acoustic wave driven microchannel flow

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) is a well-proven tweezer serving various applications such as particle manipulation, cell trapping and separations, fluid mixing, and biosensing. SAWs can cause significant heat generation due to acoustothermal heating as established experimentally. Theoretical understanding of acoustothermal heating is limited, primarily due to the difficulties presented by multiple time scales inherent in this phenomenon. We present a theoretical model based on a multiple scale perturbation approach to solve the fluid flow and heat transfer equations for SAW-driven acoustothermal heating of a Newtonian fluid in a microchannel. The first order fields are oscillatory with the same frequency as that of the SAW, whereas the second order components are time-averaged to account for the mean flow and temperature fields. We find that the temperature rise depends solely on the acoustic energy density and its conversion into internal energy via pressure work on the fluid and hydrodynamic transportation of heat. For a fixed aspect ratio, an increase in system size essentially increases the conversion of acoustic energy into internal energy, leading to an increase in temperature rise. On the other hand, an increase in SAW frequency for a given system size causes the acoustic energy density to increase and thereby increases the temperature rise. Temperature rise is found to increase linearly with SAW power, in agreement with experimental results reported in the literature. The quantitative model for the temperature field presented in this work will find applications in designing biosensors, microreactors, and in other SAW driven controllable digital microfluidic heating applications.
Computationally Analyzing Social Media Text for Topics: A Primer for Advertising Researchers

Advertising researchers and practitioners are increasingly using social media analytics (SMA), but focused overviews that explain how to use various SMA techniques are scarce. We focus on how resea...
Selection Is a Significant Driver of Gene Gain and Loss in the Pangenome of the Bacterial Genus Sulfurovum in Geographically Distinct Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents

Microbial genomes have highly variable gene content, and the evolutionary history of microbial populations is shaped by gene gain and loss mediated by horizontal gene transfer and selection. To evaluate the influence of selection on gene content variation in hydrothermal vent microbial populations, we examined 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) (70 to 97% complete) from the ubiquitous vent Epsilonbacteraeota genus Sulfurovum that were recovered from two deep-sea hydrothermal vent regions, Axial Seamount in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (13 MAGs) and the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Caribbean Sea (9 MAGs). Genes involved in housekeeping functions were highly conserved across Sulfurovum lineages. However, genes involved in environment-specific functions, and in particular phosphate regulation, were found mostly in Sulfurovum genomes from the Mid-Cayman Rise in the low-phosphate Atlantic Ocean environment, suggesting that nutrient limitation is an important selective pressure for these bacteria. Furthermore, genes that were rare within the pangenome were more likely to undergo positive selection than genes that were highly conserved in the pangenome, and they also appeared to have experienced gene-specific sweeps. Our results suggest that selection is a significant driver of gene gain and loss for dominant microbial lineages in hydrothermal vents and highlight the importance of factors like nutrient limitation in driving microbial adaptation and evolution.IMPORTANCE Microbes can alter their gene content through the gain and loss of genes. However, there is some debate as to whether natural selection or neutral processes play a stronger role in molding the gene content of microbial genomes. In this study, we examined variation in gene content for the Epsilonbacteraeota genus Sulfurovum from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which are dynamic habitats known for extensive horizontal gene transfer within microbial populations. Our results show that natural selection is a strong driver of Sulfurovum gene content and that nutrient limitation in particular has shaped the Sulfurovum genome, leading to differences in gene content between ocean basins. Our results also suggest that recently acquired genes undergo stronger selection than genes that were acquired in the more distant past. Overall, our results highlight the importance of natural selection in driving the evolution of microbial populations in these dynamic habitats.
Holding on and letting go: Memory, nostalgia, and effects of virtual possession management practices on post-breakup adjustment:

When people end their relationships, they must choose which parts of the relationship to remember and forget as they prepare themselves for future partners. This memory process is complicated by th...
Analysis and optimization of recruitment stocking problems

We study a new class of inventory control problems, the recruitment stocking problem (RSP), applicable to general recruitment systems and products with limited supplies. Recruitment stocking occurs routinely in many organizations with the goal of identifying qualified candidates rapidly and cost effectively. This activity may take place at multiple sites simultaneously to shorten the recruitment time. Examples include recruiting patients in clinical trials, enlisting personnel in the military, and recruiting customers for product sampling in market testing and promotion. RSP differs from the extant inventory management literature in that it stipulates a finite recruitment target, so that recruitment is terminated as soon as the total number of recruits across all locations reaches that prescribed target. This distinctive feature of RSP calls for the development of new stochastic models to evaluate and optimize system performance. Thus, we present a novel methodology of relaxation and decomposition to characterize the probability distribution of rejections in RSP (number of arrivals to an empty inventory). This method provides a basis for efficient and accurate evaluation of the Type 2 service level and expected recruitment time. We also leverage the attendant computational efficiency to develop optimization algorithms to compute the optimal stocking quantities.
The Origin of the 4.5 μm Excess from Dwarf Galaxies

Dwarf galaxies tend to have redder [3.6 μm] – [4.5 μm] Spitzer broadband colors than spirals. To investigate this effect, for a large sample of dwarf galaxies we combine Spitzer fluxes with data at other wavelengths and compare to population synthesis models. Lower metallicity systems are found to have redder [3.6] – [4.5] colors on average, but with considerable scatter. The observed range in [3.6] – [4.5] color is too large to be accounted for solely by variations in stellar colors due to age or metallicity differences; interstellar effects must contribute as well. For the reddest systems, the 4.5 μm luminosity may not be a good tracer of stellar mass. We identify three factors that redden this color in dwarfs. First, in some systems, strong Brα emission contributes significantly to the 4.5 μm emission. Second, in some cases high optical depths lead to strong reddening of the starlight in the Spitzer bands. Third, in some galaxies, the nebular continuum dominates the 4.5 μm flux, and in extreme cases, the 3.6 μm flux as well. The harder UV radiation fields in lower metallicity systems produce both more gaseous continuum in the infrared and more Brα per star formation rate. The combination of these three factors can account for the 4.5 μm excess in our sample galaxies, thus it is not necessary to invoke a major contribution from hot dust to the 4.5 μm band. However, given the uncertainties, we are not able to completely rule out hot dust emission at 4.5 μm. More spectroscopic observations in the 3-5 μm range are needed to disentangle these effects.
Black Girls in Mathematics: (Re)envisioning an Inclusive Parent Involvement Measure:

Building upon research utilizing Martin’s Mathematical Socialization and Identity Framework, we examine factors related to community and family involvement to advance the current discourse that inf...
Estimating the early impact of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme on COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and deaths among adults aged 65 years and older: an ecological analysis of national surveillance data.

Summary Background In the USA, COVID-19 vaccines became available in mid-December, 2020, with adults aged 65 years and older among the first groups prioritised for vaccination. We estimated the national-level impact of the initial phases of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme on COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and deaths among adults aged 65 years and older. Methods We analysed population-based data reported to US federal agencies on COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and deaths among adults aged 50 years and older during the period Nov 1, 2020, to April 10, 2021. We calculated the relative change in incidence among older age groups compared with a younger reference group for pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods, defined by the week when vaccination coverage in a given age group first exceeded coverage in the reference age group by at least 1%; time lags for immune response and time to outcome were incorporated. We assessed whether the ratio of these relative changes differed when comparing the pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods. Findings The ratio of relative changes comparing the change in the COVID-19 case incidence ratio over the post-vaccine versus pre-vaccine periods showed relative decreases of 53% (95% CI 50 to 55) and 62% (59 to 64) among adults aged 65 to 74 years and 75 years and older, respectively, compared with those aged 50 to 64 years. We found similar results for emergency department visits with relative decreases of 61% (52 to 68) for adults aged 65 to 74 years and 77% (71 to 78) for those aged 75 years and older compared with adults aged 50 to 64 years. Hospital admissions declined by 39% (29 to 48) among those aged 60 to 69 years, 60% (54 to 66) among those aged 70 to 79 years, and 68% (62 to 73), among those aged 80 years and older, compared with adults aged 50 to 59 years. COVID-19 deaths also declined (by 41%, 95% CI –14 to 69 among adults aged 65–74 years and by 30%, –47 to 66 among those aged ≥75 years, compared with adults aged 50 to 64 years), but the magnitude of the impact of vaccination roll-out on deaths was unclear. Interpretation The initial roll-out of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme was associated with reductions in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions among older adults. Funding None.
Reflexiones sobre los aportes y dilemas de etnografías recientes acerca de la masculinidad

This paper reviews some anthropological and ethnographic studies about masculinity produced in recent years, emphasizing what the author considers important absences in these studies, and makes some methodological and theorical considerations in order to overcome these absences and consolidate the study of masculinity.