cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topological order from disorder and the quantized Hall thermal metal: Possible applications to the ν = 5 / 2 state

Although numerical studies modeling the quantum hall effect at filling fraction $5/2$ predict either the Pfaffian (Pf) or its particle hole conjugate, the anti-Pfaffian (aPf) state, recent experiments appear to favor a quantized thermal hall conductivity with quantum number $K=5/2$ , rather than the value $K=7/2$ or $K=3/2$ expected for the Pf or aPF state, respectively. While a particle hole symmetric topological order (the PH-Pfaffian) would be consistent with the experiments, this state is believed to be energetically unfavorable in a homogenous system. Here we study the effects of disorder that are assumed to locally nucleate domains of Pf and aPf. When the disorder is relatively weak and the size of domains is relatively large, we find that when the electrical Hall conductance is on the quantized plateau with $\sigma_{xy} = (5/2)(e^2/h)$, the value of $K$ can be only 7/2 or 3/2, with a possible first-order-like transition between them as the magnetic field is varied. However, for sufficiently strong disorder an intermediate state might appear, which we analyze within a network model of the domain walls. Predominantly, we find a thermal metal phase, where $K$ varies continuously and the longitudinal thermal conductivity is non-zero, while the electrical Hall conductivity remains quantized at $(5/2)e^2/h$. However, in a restricted parameter range we find a thermal insulator with $K=5/2$, a disorder stabilized phase which is adiabatically connected to the PH-Pfaffian. We discuss a possible scenario to rationalize these special values of parameters.
If cultural sensitivity is not enough to reduce health disparities, what will pharmacy education do next?

Abstract Introduction Social determinants greatly impact health, and evidence suggests that health disparities still exist between patient populations. The pharmacist's role in public health continues to evolve; therefore, the deliberate integration of public health into pharmacy education is essential. Pharmacy graduates must be able to recognize social determinants of health in order to help reduce disparities and inequities in access to quality care. Perspective Cultural sensitivity training has been one of the most commonly used vehicles to educate students about health disparities. Whereas cultural sensitivity is of critical importance, it could unintentionally perpetuate the idea of culture as the sole construct to predict health outcomes. Consequently, it is important that we approach this societal problem from a public health perspective by addressing not just culture, but all other social determinants of health. Implications As disparities in health outcomes continue to widen for some patient groups, it is imperative for pharmacy programs to explore novel instructional approaches to teach health disparities. A paradigm shift from awareness to action and advocacy must involve educating students on the multifaceted effects of social determinants when designing interventions to help reduce health disparities.
Economic Value in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

The field of spine surgery remains a unique target in the transition to value-based care. While spine surgery has benefited from new medical technologies, including minimally invasive surgery (MIS), these technologies may be a key driver in rising US healthcare costs. As such, MIS needs to clear an economic value threshold through a rigorous evaluation of the outcomes they provide and costs they incur. In this article, we review recent MIS surgery literature from the perspective of economic value. Many studies report modest all-in cost savings and direct procedural cost equivalence for minimally invasive approaches relative to open surgeries. In terms of quality, studies found lower blood loss, length of stay, and infectious complications with MIS surgery but evidence on QALYs was mixed. In the past 5 years, there has been increasing research interest in defining economic value in MIS surgery. However, a significant amount of heterogeneity in research quality and methodology persists. Therefore, MIS surgery has the potential to be of high economic value, though this is not yet definitive. Future research should continue to focus on high-quality cost-effectiveness studies with clear methodologies to further elucidate economic value in MIS surgery.
Maxwell Street: writing and thinking place

In this new book, Tim Cresswell presents a kaleidoscopic history of Chicago’s iconic Maxwell Street. In many ways, Maxwell Street offers a case study through which Cresswell illustrates and extends...
Three-Dimensional Ground-Penetrating Radar Imaging Through Multilayered Subsurface

Most of existing ground-penetrating radar (GPR) imaging algorithms are only capable of imaging of targets under a single-layer subsurface. In this paper, a generalized three-dimensional (3-D) fast imaging algorithm for GPR imaging of targets buried under multilayered subsurface is presented. The exploding reflection model is employed to simplify the imaging algorithm, and then the layered media dyadic Green's function is expanded in spectral form to facilitate the easy implementation of the imaging algorithm with fast Fourier transform. The wave propagation effects through multilayered subsurface are efficiently taken into account and are properly compensated for in the imaging formulation through the multilayer media dyadic Green's function. The linearization of the inversion scheme and utilization of fast Fourier transform resolve the time-consuming challenge in 3-D GPR imaging and make the imaging algorithm suitable in several applications concerning the diagnostics of a large probed region. Representative numerical and experimental examples are presented to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm for 3-D GPR imaging through multilayered media.
BEYOND FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT: PAID CAREGIVERS AND THE HEALTH OF OLDER ADULTS

This symposium will explore role that paid caregivers (e.g. home health aides, personal care attendants, and other direct care workers) play in the health and team-based healthcare of older adults living in the community. The large and growing workforce of paid caregivers witness the changes in health status, chronic health needs, and psychosocial stressors of the older adults they care for. Yet existing research on paid caregivers has largely been limited to workforce issues such as recruitment, retention, and job satisfaction. The unique potential of paid caregivers to impact the health of their clients remains largely unstudied. The first presenter will describe results from qualitative interviews with seriously ill older adults and their long-time paid caregivers that found that paid caregivers perform a wide variety of health-related tasks in the course of their routine care. The second presenter will describe results from focus groups with paid caregivers that found that though not a part of the official care plan, paid caregivers provided deliberate cognitive, emotional, and social care that sought to improve their clients’ “total” health. The third presenter will outline the rationale for and development of an educational intervention aiming to improve paid caregiver’s ability to provide care to patients with heart failure. Finally, the fourth presenter will discuss the limited role paid caregivers currently play in the healthcare team. She will then highlight key policy, educational, and clinical recommendations to promote further paid caregiver integration in the healthcare team.
The Signals that Potential Contributors Look for When Choosing Open-source Projects

While open-source software has become ubiquitous, its sustainability is in question: without a constant supply of contributor effort, open-source projects are at risk. While prior work has extensively studied the motivations of open-source contributors in general, relatively little is known about how people choose which project to contribute to, beyond personal interest. This question is especially relevant in transparent social coding environments like GitHub, where visible cues on personal profile and repository pages, known as signals, are known to impact impression formation and decision making. In this paper, we report on a mixed-methods empirical study of the signals that influence the contributors' decision to join a GitHub project. We first interviewed 15 GitHub contributors about their project evaluation processes and identified the important signals they used, including the structure of the README and the amount of recent activity. Then, we proceeded quantitatively to test out the impact of each signal based on the data of 9,977 GitHub projects. We reveal that many important pieces of information lack easily observable signals, and that some signals may be both attractive and unattractive. Our findings have direct implications for open-source maintainers and the design of social coding environments, e.g., features to be added to facilitate better project searching experience.
New Start and Beyond: Nuclear Modernization and US-Russian Nuclear Arms Control

In this chapter, the prospects for continued success or failure in US-Russian strategic nuclear arms control are evaluated and their implications drawn out. At this writing, turbulent political relations as between the United States and Russia have been roiled by many factors: including Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and subsequent destabilization of eastern Ukraine, Russia’s military intervention in Syria, US and European Union economic sanctions against Russia and other issues. Among the other issues has been Russian President Vladimir Putin’s determination to restore Russia’s military power and extend its geostrategic reach into former Soviet space. This agenda includes pushing back against NATO expansion, against US missile defenses deployed in Europe and against “color revolutions” such as those in post-Soviet Georgia and Ukraine that threatened to spread the idea of democratization to the Kremlin’s very doorstep. Deteriorating Russian-American political relations also placed into jeopardy two landmark nuclear arms control agreements: the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty and the New START agreement.
Multiple roles of HOX proteins in Metastasis: Let me count the ways

Knowledge of the role of HOX proteins in cancer has been steadily accumulating in the last 25 years. They are encoded by 39 HOX genes arranged in 4 distinct clusters, and have unique and redundant function in all types of cancers. Many HOX genes behave as oncogenic transcriptional factors regulating multiple pathways that are critical to malignant progression in a variety of tumors. Some HOX proteins have dual roles that are tumor-site specific, displaying both oncogenic and tumor suppressor function. The focus of this review is on how HOX proteins contribute to growth or suppression of metastasis. The review will cover HOX protein function in the critical aspects of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in cancer stem cell sustenance and in therapy resistance, manifested as distant metastasis. The emerging role of adiposity in both initiation and progression of metastasis is described. Defining the role of HOX genes in the metastatic process has identified candidates for targeted cancer therapies that may combat the metastatic process. We will discuss potential therapeutic opportunities, particularly in pathways influenced by HOX proteins.
End-to-end online performance data capture and analysis for scientific workflows

Abstract With the increased prevalence of employing workflows for scientific computing and a push towards exascale computing, it has become paramount that we are able to analyze characteristics of scientific applications to better understand their impact on the underlying infrastructure and vice-versa. Such analysis can help drive the design, development, and optimization of these next generation systems and solutions. In this paper, we present the architecture, integrated with existing well-established and newly developed tools, to collect online performance statistics of workflow executions from various, heterogeneous sources and publish them in a distributed database (Elasticsearch). Using this architecture, we are able to correlate online workflow performance data, with data from the underlying infrastructure, and present them in a useful and intuitive way via an online dashboard. We have validated our approach by executing two classes of real-world workflows, both under normal and anomalous conditions. The first is an I/O-intensive genome analysis workflow; the second, a CPU- and memory-intensive material science workflow. Based on the data collected in Elasticsearch, we are able to demonstrate that we can correctly identify anomalies that we injected. The resulting end-to-end data collection of workflow performance data is an important resource of training data for automated machine learning analysis.
Synthesis of 5-chloro-thiosulfadiazine Compounds Using Two-Phase Systems of Organic Solvents

We report a direct and simple protocol for the synthesis of 5-chloro-thiosulfadiazine compounds. This reaction has been achieved using two-phase systems of organic solvents (NaOAc/ H2O and Na2CO3/ H2O. The use of NaOAc or Na2CO3 for the preparation of chloro compounds provided all the advantages of cost, safety, and environmental concerns; thus, this method will give broad utility to the organic/medicinal chemist that is pursuing the synthesis of sulfonamides derivatives.
The Barnett Shale: From problem formulation to risk management

Abstract There is a nationwide trend to develop shale formations due to advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology. The Barnett Shale in north Texas is one of the largest onshore natural gas fields in the US, and has experienced exponential growth since the 1990’s. This immense amount of well development and gas production has occurred near heavily populated, urban areas, leading to increased public concern regarding the impacts of these activities on human health and welfare. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) is charged with regulating sources of air emissions from natural gas operations (NGOs) and is in a unique position to evaluate any associated risks. The goal of this manuscript is to describe the problem formulation process used by the TCEQ to characterize risks associated with air emissions from NGOs, and the subsequent risk management strategies implemented. Details on how potential sources of risk to human health were identified and quantified are provided. Initial assessments identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as chemicals of concern. Over 4.7 million data points for VOCs were used in this assessment on both a short-term and long-term basis. Only three short-term samples measured VOCs above short-term health-based air monitoring comparison values (AMCVs). Several short-term samples measured VOCs above odor-based AMCVs. Long-term VOC levels were below long-term health-based AMCVs. We describe efforts to engage stakeholders early in the risk assessment process and outreach programs used. Finally, details on new rules and regulations that are being used to more efficiently manage risks are provided. Given the resources and experience TCEQ possesses to evaluate environmental impacts that may be caused by shale gas development and production, it is our hope that this manuscript may serve as a resource to others to identify and manage risks associated with oil and gas activities in their area.
Autoignition-affected stabilization of laminar nonpremixed DME/air coflow flames

The structure and stabilization mechanism of laminar nonpremixed autoignitive DME/air coflow flames were investigated. Computations were performed at 30 atmospheres with uniform inlet velocities of 3.2 m/s for both streams, and the coflow air boundary temperatures were 700, 800, 900, and 1100 K. The heat release rate and species profiles were examined for each case. Further investigation with Chemical Explosive Mode Analysis (CEMA) and Lagrangian Flamelet Analysis (LFA) were performed to identify the controlling chemistry and elucidate the dominant combustion mode and stabilization mechanism. At 700–900 K, autoignition was observed to be the dominant stabilization mechanism, and NTC chemistry determines the stabilization point in mixture fraction space. Conversely, at 1100 K, the kinematic balance between the premixed flame propagation velocity and the incoming flow velocity becomes the dominant stabilization mechanism, and the classical triple flame structure was observed. Extended stabilization regimes, in terms of increasing boundary temperature, are therefore identified, including frozen flow, kinetically stabilized, autoignition–propagation-coupled stabilized, kinematically stabilized, and burner stabilized regimes.
Clinical Feature of Iatrogenic Fistulas between Prosthetic Graft and Native Vein in CRF Patients

Purpose: Failure of hemodialysis access is the main medical problem in chronic renal failure patients. This resulted from complications such as thrombosis, infection, pseudoaneurysm, steal syndrome and so on. This study was undertaken in an attempt to describe the clinical characteristics and significances of dialysis failure due to iatrogenic fistula between prosthetic graft and native vein at puncture site. Methods: During 5 years between Feb. 2005 and Feb. 2009, five Iatrogenic fistulas were identified in a retrospective review of 133 patients performed 220 times fistulography due to dialysis failure in PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) graft. Results: Overall incidence is 3.8 % in PTFE graft cases. Mean age is 50 (28~75) years, male to female ratio 2：3. Median 1st patency period is 20 months (6~36). All iatrogenic fistula is usually located in not venous but arterial limb of forearm loop, combined with the stenosis in venous limb and anastomosis site. More than 70% venous anastmotic stenosis in 4 cases (80%) and diffuse stenosis of venous limb in 3 cases (60%), revised concomitantly either by patch angioplasty or ballooning. Medial follow-up period is 8 months (5~12), graft occlusion occurred in one case. Conclusion: All iatrogenic fistula usually occurs in not venous but arterial limb of forearm loop graft. Most iatrogenic fistula is combined with the stenosis in venous limb and anastomosis sites, must be revised concomitantly either by patch angioplasty or ballooning. Close assessment to superficial vein and graft is needed for early detection. Fistulography is the most useful diagnostic tool. Careful cannulation method is required to prevent the occurrence of iatrogenic fistula in chronic renal failure patients.
Storing the world's spent nuclear fuel

The United States could offer commercial disposal for other nations' spent nuclear fuel without undue difficulty, the authors argue, and could, at the same time, reduce the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation.
FNAB of benign thyroid nodules with papillary hyperplasia: A cytological and histological evaluation

BACKGROUND Benign thyroid nodules with papillary hyperplasia (BTN-PH) are sometimes misinterpreted cytologically as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We evaluated a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) series of BTN-PH to identify the causes of diagnostic error and to better define its cytologic criteria. METHODS A total of 48 FNAB cases of histologically confirmed BTN-PHs from 44 patients were identified from our archives. The available cytological and histological slides were reviewed and scored for 10 cytomorphological features. Fifteen FNAB cases of classical PTC were also reviewed for comparison. RESULTS The FNAB diagnoses for the 48 BTN-PHs were: benign, 18; suspicious for malignancy (S-PTC), 12); atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 10; follicular neoplasm, 5; malignant (PTC), 2; and nondiagnostic, 1. The extent of PH in the corresponding histology was highest in FNAB cases diagnosed as S-PTC/PTC versus all other categories (54% vs 27%; P = .0084). Papillary cytoarchitectural features were present in 53% of FNAB cases overall and in 89% of cases diagnosed as S-PTC/PTC (P = .0093). Nuclei were smaller in FNABs of BTN-PH compared with PTC (mean diameter/range, 8.2/6-12 vs 14.2/7-26 μm, respectively; P = .0001). Twenty-six percent of BTN-PHs contained cytoplasmic pigment. All FNAB cases diagnosed as S-PTC/PTC had focal nuclear atypia including grooves (87.5%), enlargement and crowding (75%), and chromatin pallor and pseudoinclusions (25%); however, the extent of nuclear atypia was significantly less than in the control group of PTCs (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS BTN-PH represents a significant pitfall in thyroid FNABs in which it can be misinterpreted as S-PTC/PTC. Cytologic clues to this pitfall include limited and variable nuclear atypia, small nuclear size, and cytoplasmic pigment. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:666–677. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Horizontal-Branch Stars with Strong He Lines

We discuss observations of He lines at λ 4026 A in two stars in NGC 6752 and three in M 92. M 92 and NGC 6752 are moderate to extreme second parameter clusters. The presence of He lines in stars where diffusion should deplete atmospheric helium may be a clue to the identity of the second parameter. One such candidate which could easily inhibit diffusion is rotation.
A critical physical geography of urban soil contamination

Abstract Anthropogenic lead (Pb) is ubiquitous in urban soils given its widespread deposition over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries from a range of point- and non-point sources, including industrial waste and pollution, leaded paint, and automobile exhaust. While soil scientists and urban ecologists have documented soil Pb contamination in cities around the world, such analyses usually focus on proximal mechanisms but rarely consider more distal factors, notably the social processes mediating Pb accumulation in particular places. In this paper, I articulate a critical physical geography of urban soil Pb contamination that considers the dialectical co-production of soil processes and social processes. Using soil Pb contamination in the flatlands of Oakland, California as an empirical case, I integrate conventional quantitative geochemical mapping with theory and qualitative methods regularly employed in urban political ecology to explain the various spatio-temporal processes that bifurcated the city into flatlands and hills, a topography that is as much social as it is physical, and one that is fundamental to differentiated soil Pb concentrations and their disproportionate impact on low-income people of color. I demonstrate how understanding soil contamination through the lens of social metabolism – with particular attention to the materiality of the socio-natural hybrids emerging from processes of capitalist urbanization – can complement conventional analyses, while contributing to a “material politics of place” to support struggles for environmental justice.
The Positive Impact of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy: Montana’s Indian Education for All

Montana's Indian Education for All Act is an unprecedented state constitutional mandate requiring educators to integrate American Indian content into all instruction. Not all educators in this western state in the United States embrace this requirement, but those who do become change agents as they lead students to challenge the status quo. Tensions between Indians and non-Indians influence Montana's historical and contemporary social fabric. From reservation border towns to urban school districts, and even in the state government, a pervasive lack of cultural awareness contributes to misunderstandings and persistent inequities. Yet, in this climate, students are stepping up and speaking out.
Livedo Reticularis: A Side Effect of Interferon Therapy in a Pediatric Patient with Melanoma

Livedo reticularis is a lacy mottling of the skin that can have many etiologies. We report a case of an 8-year-old boy with a diagnosis of melanoma who developed persistent livedo reticularis during treatment with interferon alpha-2B. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of livedo reticularis occurring as a side effect of interferon treatment for pediatric melanoma. Given the increasing incidence of pediatric melanoma, it is important that dermatologists be aware of potential side effects of interferon therapy to optimize care and education for these patients.
Reduced order model and decoupled control architecture for two manipulators holding an object

A dynamical model and a control architecture are developed for the closed-chain motion of two N-joint manipulators holding a rigid object in a three-dimensional workspace. Dynamic and kinematic constraints are determined and combined with the equations of motion of the manipulators to obtain a dynamical model of the entire system in the joint space. Reduced-order equations of motion and a functional relation for the generalized contact forces are developed. The problem of solving the reduced-order model for the forward and inverse dynamics is discussed. Control laws are determined so as to decouple the force-controlled and position-controlled degrees of freedom during motion of the system. >
Cluster ion formation under laser bombardment. Studies of recombination using isotope labeling

The analysis of natural abundance NiS particles mounted on an isotopically enriched /sup 34/S film using a transmission geometry laser microprobe mass spectrometer provides a means for observing recombination reactions in the laser-induced plasma. Sulfur-34 from the isotopically enriched thin film is extensively combining in the plasma with nickel from the NiS particle. The data suggest that this recombination phenomenon occurs to a similar extent for the three cluster ions NiS/sup +/, NiS/sub 2//sup +/, and Ni/sub 2/S/sup +/. One exception for the NiS/sub 2//sup +/ case is the /sup 58/NiS/sup 34/S/sup +/ ion, which has a much larger contribution to recombination by the /sup 34/S film. This probably reflects Ni attachment to /sup 34/S/sup 34/S dimers which are formed almost exclusively by contributions from the /sup 34/S film.
Gastrulation in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is disrupted by the small laminin peptides YIGSR and IKVAV.

Laminin is present on the apical and basolateral sides of epithelial cells of very early sea urchin blastulae. We investigated whether small laminin-peptides, known to have cell binding activities, alter the development of sea urchin embryos. The peptide YIGSR-NH2 (850 μM) and the peptide PA22-2 (5 μM), which contains the peptide sequence IKVAV (Tashiro et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264, 16174, 1989), typically blocked archenteron formation when added to the sea water soon after fertilization. At lower doses, the YIGSR peptide allowed invagination of the archenteron but blocked archenteron extension and differentiation and evagination of the feeding arms. The effect of YIGSR and PA22-2 peptides declined when added to progressively older stages until no effect was seen when added at the mesenchyme blastula stage (24 hours after fertilization). Control peptides GRGDS, YIGSE, and SHA22, a dodeca-peptide with a scrambled IKVAV sequence, had no effect on development. The YIGSK peptide containing a conserved amino aci...
Two dimensional spatial coherence of the natural vibrations of the biceps brachii muscle generated during voluntary contractions

Surface mechanomyograms (S-MMGs) are recorded from low frequency ( 25 Hz), high spatial coherence values were only measured for sensor pairs aligned along the proximal to distal (i.e. longitudinal) orientation, thus indicating that coherent S-MMG were mainly propagating along the muscle fibers direction of the biceps brachii at those frequencies. On the other hand, at lower frequencies (<25 Hz), the S-MMG spatial coherence values did not exhibit a specific directionality. This method provides results that have an important implication of finding the average phase velocity of the propagating S-MMG wave, which can be used to determine viscoelastic properties of skeletal muscles.
Absolute threshold: analysis in terms of uncertainty.

Uncertainty, the inability to know or to make use of information regarding the parameters of a luminance stimulus to be detected, is herein shown by simulation to (1) steepen the frequency-of-seeing curve and (2) cause psychophysical estimates of quantum efficiency to be too low.
Influence of aortic baroreceptor denervation on adenosine receptor-mediated relaxation of isolated rat aorta.

Abstract The effect of aortic baroreceptor denervation on the vasorelaxant activity of the adenosine analogue, 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) was evaluated in the isolated thoracic aortic rings from rats. The responses were evaluated at 3 h after baroreceptor denervation when the blood pressure was significantly higher than that of control (149±3 vs. 112±2 mmHg) and at 48 h after aortic baroreceptor denervation when blood pressure returned to control level. Sham operation had no effect on blood pressure at either time interval. A concentration-dependent relaxation of rat aorta elicited by NECA was observed in all groups. However, the responsiveness to NECA was reduced in aortic baroreceptor-denervated rats. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, L -monomethyl- L -arginine (30 μM) shifted the dose-response curve for NECA to the right in all groups suggesting that the vascular response to NECA is partially mediated through the release of NO. Removal of the endothelium abolished the differences in the response to NECA in sham and aortic baroreceptor-denervated rats suggesting that the decrease in the responsiveness of aortic smooth muscle to NECA is dependent on the release of NO. Vasorelaxant responses to acetylcholine were not altered by aortic baroreceptor denervation. The ability of aortic baroreceptor denervation to attenuate vasorelaxant responses to NECA but not to acetylcholine indicated the possibility of functional changes involving adenosine receptor-mediated relaxation in endothelium rather than structural changes due to aortic baroreceptor denervation. These findings suggest that short-term elevation of blood pressure following aortic baroreceptor denervation modulates the endothelium-dependent release of NO mediated by adenosine receptor activation.
An Estimate of the Steady Magnetic Field Strength Required to Influence Nerve Conduction

The effects of steady magnetic fields upon the conduction of a nerve impulse are considered. Microscopic chemical effects as well as those due to induced fields are ignored. Arguing from an analysis of transport properties, we show that the minimum magnetic field required to produce observable effects is quite large. For the best case, the rield required to produce a 10 percent reduction in conductivity is roughly 24 T.
Magnetic Rossby waves in the stratified ocean of the core, and topographic core-mantle coupling

A new model of the stably stratified layer at the top of the core is proposed. The existence of a stably stratified layer (we name it the stratified ocean) at the top of the core makes possible the propagation of the waves akin to the Rossby waves (also named “planetary waves”), well known in oceanology and meteorology. These waves are modified and experience significant decay, due to the core’s magnetic field. The “magnetic Rossby waves” are considered here, using a simple planar model, to reveal their qualitative features without going into significant mathematical complications. The core-mantle coupling, which originates from the interaction of the surface flow with the topography of the core-mantle boundary, is strongly influenced by the stably stratified layer. We consider the topographic core-mantle coupling arising due to generation of motion resembling the magnetic Rossby waves in the stably stratified layer. A simple expression is obtained for the topographic tangential stress on the core-mantle boundary.
An atomistic study of tilt grain boundaries with substitutional impurities

Abstract An atomistic study of symmetrical [001]tilt boundaries in f.c.c. metals with a non-equilibrium distribution of substitutional impurities in the boundaries has been carried out. The atomic interactions described in the previous paper have been used. They consist of empirically constructed pair potentials and density dependent terms. The density dependent contribution to the total energy is relaxed together with the central force contribution, which produces an overall volume change of the block. Bismuth and silver as solute atoms in copper, and silver as a solute in gold have been studied. The relaxations associated with an array of periodically and widely spaced solute atoms in otherwise ideal crystals of the two hosts are examined first. The grain boundaries studied are ∑ = 5 (210), 36.87° and bE = 17 (530), 28.07°. In both hosts the structure of the (530) boundary consists of two units of the (210) boundary and one octahedron from the ideal crystal orientation. Impurity atoms were then introduced successively at two sites in (210) boundaries and five sites in the (530) boundaries. The impurity atoms were introduced periodically with a large repeat cell so that only low concentrations were considered. For each case the energy of segregation. Eγ to the sites selected, the concomitant relaxation of the host boundary structure and the change in grain boundary energy. Δγb have been found. Es is found to be very sensitive to the local atomic environment of the solute atom in the host boundary and there is not a substantial difference in the overall segregation propensity to the two boundaries selected. Bismuth atoms cause larger distortion and expansion of the host copper boundaries than does silver. Es for the former is governed principally by the size effect while this can only partially explain the variation of Es for silver atoms at the various sites of the boundaries in copper. Segregation is energetically favorable for silver atoms at all sites considered in the boundaries in gold. It is shown that while there must be implicit dependences of Es on the physical and chemical parameters of the solvent, solute and corresponding alloy, the value of Es is dominated in any specific case by the strong effect of the local atomic environment. This leads to a strong selectivity of segregation sites. Possible implications of the results of the atomistic study for understanding of the propensity for segregation, effects of impurities on facetina and embrittlement are discussed.
When Moral Awareness Isn’t Enough Teaching Our Students to Recognize Social Influence

The traditional case-based method used to teach ethics in business classrooms gives students valuable practice identifying and applying key moral principles. This approach builds on a rational mode...
HgBr(B-X) formation due to collisions of Ar+/Ar+2 and HgBr2

Dissociative excitation of the HgBr(B-X) band system and of atomic mercury lines has been observed during collisions of Ar+ and Ar+2 ions with HgBr2 in the laboratory kinetic energy range of 10–1000 eV.
Mitochondrial ROS in the prohypertensive immune response

In the past decade, it has become clear that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation play an important role in the development of hypertension. Scavenging of mitochondrial superoxide and blocking either IL-17 or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) attenuates hypertension. T-cells, critical for development of hypertension, once activated intensively produce cytokines, proliferate, and differentiate. Thus T-cell activation leads to expanded energy demand. To fulfill these needs, T-cells through tightly regulated mechanisms, supported by mitochondrial ROS (mtROS), alter their metabolic phenotype. In this review we summarize data and show evidence supporting new concept that mtROS directly contributes to prohypertensive response of immune cells.
Auto-Alignment Of A Three-Mirror Off-Axis Telescope By Reverse Optimization And End-To-End Aberration Measurements

Numerical analysis and simulation of a technique for automatic alignment of a three-mirror off-axis telescope were carried out using a method of reverse optimization and end-to-end measurements. The techniques uses Hartmann measurements made at multiple field points and multiple focus planes. The reverse optimization method uses the Hartmann data as target values in a standard lens design program and damped least squares optimization to determine the state of misalignment of the system. Once the state of misalignment is determined a single step correction of all misalignments is possible in principle. Our results show that multiple measuring planes make possible a larger capture range, faster convergence, and larger measurement tolerances than does a single measurement plane.
Weber on Status Groups and Collegiality: Applying the Analysis to a Modern Organization

Max Weber's legacy includes his ideas about ideal types, status groups and value conflicts that help shape and give meaning to society. This paper uses these conceptualizations to examine Weber's i...
Insulin activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and Akt is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent in rat adipocytes.

Abstract To explore the mechanism of MAP kinase activation in adipocytes, we examined the possible involvement of several candidate signaling proteins. MAP kinase activity was markedly increased 2–4 min after treatment with insulin and declined to basal levels after 20 min. The insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the internal membrane and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase preceded MAP kinase activation. There was little or no tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc or association of Grb2 with Shc or IRS-1. Specific PI3 kinase inhibitors blocked the insulin-mediated activation of MAP kinase. They also decreased the activation of MAP kinase by PMA and EGF but to a much lesser extent. Insulin induced phosphorylation of AKT on serine/threonine residues, and its effect could be blocked by PI3 kinase inhibitors. These results suggest that the insulin-dependent activation of MAP kinase in adipocytes is mediated by the IRS-1/PI3 kinase pathway but not by the Shc/Grb2/SOS pathway.
Molecular structure of helical supramolecular dendrimers.

The molecular structure of helical supramolecular dendrimers generated from self-assembling dendrons and dendrimers and from self-organizable dendronized polymers was elucidated for the first time by the simulation of the X-ray diffraction patterns of their oriented fibers. These simulations were based on helical diffraction theory applied to simplified atomic helical models, followed by Cerius2 calculations based on their complete molecular helical structures. Hundreds of samples were screened until a library containing 14 supramolecular dendrimers and dendronized polymers provided a sufficient number of helical features in the X-ray diffraction pattern of their oriented fibers. This combination of techniques provided examples of single-92 and -113 helices, triple-61, -81, -91, and -121 helices, and an octa-321 helix that were assembled from crownlike dendrimers, hollow and nonhollow supramolecular crownlike dendrimers, hollow and nonhollow supramolecular disklike dendrimers, and hollow and nonhollow sup...
Examining the Role of Trait Reactance and Sensation Seeking on Perceived Threat, State Reactance, and Reactance Restoration

The present investigation sought to advance Psychological Reactance Theory (PRT) by examining whether trait reactance and sensation seeking influence the magnitude of a perceived threat, state reactance, and reactance restoration. Results revealed that high trait reactant (HTR) and low trait reactant (LTR) individuals and high sensation seekers (HSS) and low sensation seekers (LSS) processed persuasive messages similarly, adding credibility to recent PRT advances. Dogmatic and vivid language were perceived as a threat for most individuals. An interaction between dogmatic and vivid language on perceived threat was found for HTR and HSS for the sunscreen message. An indirect effect connecting language features and state reactance through perceived threat was supported. Regression analysis revealed that trait reactance and sensation seeking predict variables associated with state reactance.
A Fault Detection and Protection Scheme for Three-Level DC–DC Converters Based on Monitoring Flying Capacitor Voltage

Fault detection and protection is an important design aspect for any power converter, especially in high-power high-voltage applications, where cost of failure can be high. The three-level dc-dc converter and its varied derivatives are attractive topologies in high-voltage high-power converter applications. The protection method can not only prevent the system failure against unbalanced voltage stresses on the switches, but also provide a remedy for the system as faults occur and save the remaining components. The three-level converter is subject to voltage unbalance in certain abnormal conditions, which can result in switch overvoltage and system failure. The reasons for the unbalanced voltage stresses are fully investigated and categorized. The solutions to each abnormal condition are introduced. In addition to the voltage unbalance, the three-level converters can be protected against multiple faults by the proposed protection method through monitoring the flying capacitor voltage. Phenomena associated with each fault are thoroughly analyzed and summarized. The protection circuit is simple and can be easily implemented, while it can effectively protect the three-level converters and its derivatives, which has been verified by the experiment with a three-level parallel resonant converter.
Immunology of pyelonephritis in the primate model: Live versus heat-killed bacteria

Immunology of pyelonephritis in the primate model: Live versus heat-killed bacteria. We produced nonobstructive pyelonephritis in the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) by means of a retrograde inoculation of Escherichia coli to the point of pyelotubular backflow. To evaluate the immune response separate from the effects of infection, we introduced heat-killed bacteria in the same fashion. The disease from live bacteria is self-limited and associated with both a local and generalized immune response. The most marked cellular response is in the regional lymph nodes and is more specific to the bacterial antigen than is a generalized stimulation of the immune system. Dead bacteria, while eliciting the formation of serum antibody to the O antigen, appear to ablate the cellular response seen with live bacteria. Loss of renal tubules with attendant scarring and loss of renal function does occur from live bacteria. This does not appear to be due to the antigen alone (unless a heat labile antigen is responsible), because heat-killed bacteria do not cause renal scarring. Thus, renal damage seems dependent on an active infection and not on the immune response. Immunologie de la pyelonephrite dans le modele utilisant le primate: Bacteries vivantes ou detruites par la chaleur. Une pyelonephrite non obstructive a ete determinee chez le singe rhesus ( Macaca mulatta ) par l'innoculation retrograde d' Escherichia coli au point de reflux pyelotubulaire. Afin d'evaluer la reponse immune independamment des effets de l'infection, des bacteries detruites par la chaleur ont ete introduites de la meme facon. La maladie obtenue avec les bacteries vivantes est spontanement limitee et associee a une reponse immune generale et locale. La reponse cellulaire la plus importante est observee dans les ganglions lymphatiques regionaux et est plus specifique vis-a-vis de l'antigene bacterien qu'une stimulation generalisee du systeme immunitaire. Les bacteries tuees determinent la formation d'anticorps seriques diriges contre l'antigene O, elles paraissent cependant ne pas entrainer la reponse cellulaire observee avec les bacteries vivantes. La perte de tubules renaux avec fibrose et diminution de la fonction renale est observee avec les bacteries vivantes. Cela ne parait pas etre du au seul antigene (a moins qu'un antigene thermolabile ne soit responsable) puisque les bacteries tuees par la chaleur n'entrainent pas de fibrose renale. Les lesions renales semblent donc dependre de l'infection active et non de la reponse immunitaire.
Angular distribution of polarized electrons emitted from oriented nuclei

Abstract A procedure first used by Rose and Osborn is applied to the calculation of the angular distribution of polarized electrons emitted from oriented nuclei. The final result is an exact expression in which the only unknown quantities are the reduced matrix elements. The latter can be evaluated only after a definite nuclear model is adopted.
Dose rate-dependent marrow toxicity of TBI in dogs and marrow sparing effect at high dose rate by dose fractionation

Abstract We evaluated the marrow toxicity of 200 and 300 cGy total-body irradiation (TBI) delivered at 10 and 60 cGy/min, respectively, in dogs not rescued by marrow transplant. Additionally, we compared toxicities after 300 cGy fractionated TBI (100 cGy fractions) to that after single-dose TBI at 10 and 60 cGy/min. Marrow toxicities were assessed on the basis of peripheral blood cell count changes and mortality from radiation-induced pancytopenia. TBI doses studied were just below the dose at which all dogs die despite optimal support. Specifically, 18 dogs were given single doses of 200 cGy TBI, delivered at either 10 (n=13) or 60 (n=5) cGy/min. Thirty-one dogs received 300 cGy TBI at 10 cGy/min, delivered as either single doses (n=21) or three fractions of 100 cGy each (n=10). Seventeen dogs were given 300 cGy TBI at 60 cGy/min, administered either as single doses (n=5) or three fractions of 100 cGy each (n=10). Within the limitations of the experimental design, three conclusions were drawn: 1) with 200 and 300 cGy single-dose TBI, an increase of dose rate from 10 to 60 cGy/min, respectively, caused significant increases in marrow toxicity; 2) at 60 cGy/min, dose fractionation resulted in a significant decrease in marrow toxicities, whereas such a protective effect was not seen at 10 cGy/min; and 3) with fractionated TBI, no significant differences in marrow toxicity were seen between dogs irradiated at 60 and 10 cGy/min. The reduced effectiveness of TBI when a dose of 300 cGy was divided into three fractions of 100 cGy or when dose rate was reduced from 60 cGy/min to 10 cGy/min was consistent with models of radiation toxicity that allow for repair of sublethal injury in DNA. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5(3):155-61.
Understanding the mechanism of learning enhancement: NMDA and GABA receptor expression.

Objective The administration of neurotrophic peptides NAPVSIPQ (NAP) + SALLRSIPA (SAL) to aged mice resulted in significant learning enhancement. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are fundamental for learning because they are the major modulators of the long-term potentiation, the electrophysiologic mechanism for learning. Also, these receptors have been shown to be involved in NAP + SAL prevention of learning deficit in a mouse model for fetal alcohol syndrome, when administered prenatally during development. Our objective was to test whether NMDA and GABA receptors contribute to the learning enhancement that is induced by the peptides after adult administration. Study Design Aged (14.5 months) male mice were treated for 10 consecutive days with placebo or D-NAP + D-SAL (20 μg, by gavage). At the end of the treatment, brains were harvested. Calibrator-normalized relative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed with primers for GABA- A β3, GABA- A α5, and the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B, with GAPDH standardization. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance, with a probability value that was considered significant at Results Five control brains and 6 brains from animals that were treated with NAP + SAL were collected. There was no difference in GABA- A β3, GABA- A α5, NR2A, and NR2B subunits after adult administration of NAP + SAL, as compared with the controls ( P > .05). Conclusion Postnatal treatment with NAP + SAL induced learning enhancement in aged mice with a mechanism that does not involve alteration in NMDA and GABA receptor expression. Thus, the mechanism of learning enhancement might be different for a developing fetus than an adult or in the absence of a perturbing agent.