cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of the prodigy learning apprentice

This paper briefly describes the PRODIGY system1, a learning apprentice for robot construction tasks currently being developed at Carnegie-Mellon University. After solving a problem, PRODIGY re-examines the search tree and analyzes its mistakes. By doing so, PRODIGY can often find efficient tests for determining if a problem solving method is applicable. If adequate performance cannot be achieved through analysis alone, PRODIGY can initiate a focused dialogue with a teacher to learn the circumstances under which a problem solving method is appropriate.
Two and Twenty Revisited: Taxing Carried Interest as Ordinary Income Through Executive Action Instead of Legislation

The Treasury Department should issue regulations treating the allocation and distribution of partnership profits in private equity funds — carried interest — as payments for services. My suggested “tax arbitrage” approach uses the presence of tax-exempt limited partners in the investment fund as a proxy for arrangements that inappropriately exploit the difference in tax rates among partners to reduce overall tax liability. The end result of treating carried interest as a payment for services achieves a result similar to the policy recommendation of Two and Twenty: Taxing Partnership Profits in Private Equity Funds, 83 NYU L. Rev. 1 (2008), but it would do so through executive action and without the need for new legislation. A tax arbitrage approach fits seamlessly into the fabric of partnership tax policy. Subchapter K often depends on the adverse interests of partners to guard against abusive tax planning. When adverse interests are not present, special rules often apply. In the case of investment funds, the presence of tax-exempt limited partners is a good proxy for tax arbitrage because an allocation of capital gains to the general partner in lieu of an explicit payment for services is not costly to tax-exempt or tax-indifferent partners, who value the foregone tax deductions at zero. Changing the tax treatment of carried interest by regulation is an appropriate exercise of the delegated legislative authority granted in § 707(a)(2)(A). While new regulations proposed in July 2015 focus almost exclusively on entrepreneurial risk, a close reading of the legislative history from 1984 shows that Congress expected that the managers of an arrangement like a modern private equity fund would be taxed at ordinary rates.
Replacement of fish oil with alternative lipid sources in plant-based practical feed formulations for marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in outdoor ponds and tanks

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of partial substitution of menhaden fish oil by alternative lipid sources (soybean oil, poultry grease and flaxseed oil) in non-marine protein-based shrimp production diet, its influence on fatty acid profile and its final product flavour. Results for the pond study (17 weeks) showed no differences (P ≥ 0.05) in shrimp production among different test diets. Production ranged from 5070 to 5363 kg ha−1; mean final weight, 18.0 to 21.6 g; weekly growth, 1.04 to 1.25 g; survival, 65.6 to 75.4%; and FCR, 1.37 to 1.45. Results from the tank trial (12 weeks) confirmed these findings, final weight, 13.8–14.8 g; weekly growth, 1.1–1.2 g; survival, 92.5–98.3%; FCR, 1.05–1.11; and final standing crop, 4738–5024 kg ha−1. The fatty acids profiles of edible tail muscle reared on the various diets displayed a similar fatty acid profile to that of the diets. The sensory test showed no statistical differences in texture, appearance, aroma and flavour between the shrimp fed diets containing menhaden fish oil and soybean oil. These studies demonstrated that practical shrimp feeds containing non-marine protein ingredients and a percentage of fish oil replaced by alternative lipid sources had no negative impact on mean final weight, weekly growth, survival, FCR, final standing crop, fatty acids profile and organoleptic properties of Litopenaeus vannamei.
WordWise: Writing for Screen Readers in the Wake of Indiana's E-Filing Initiative

Last November, the Indiana Supreme Court took a major step in implementing an electronic filing system for Indiana’s courts by starting a pilot program of electronic filing for cases in the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. Hamilton County courts have been accepting documents through e-filing since July 2015, and more courts in the state will soon join this e-filing system as the Supreme Court aims for a statewide system by 2018.In light of this move to e-filing, lawyers should recognize that, in the near future, the documents they submit to Indiana’s courts probably will be read by judges on screen rather than on paper. Indeed, in other jurisdictions where e-filings are accepted, many judges prefer to use electronic devices — particularly electronic tablets such as iPads — to read documents. Of course, this shift by judges to screen reading is important for the efficiency it will give them. They will be able to conveniently store, carry, and read many documents on a single, portable device when those documents were once stored and carried in cumbersome physical files.But the courts’ shift to screen reading is also significant because it will require lawyers to change how they convey information to judges in the documents submitted to them. This “how” includes not only a document’s substantive content but also the document’s appearance on screen — in other words, the document’s design. This change is necessary because skillful writers tailor documents to their readers’ needs and preferences. And research indicates that readers read on-screen documents differently from the way they read paper documents.This article will provide a basic discussion of why and how you, as a lawyer, may effectively design electronically filed documents to meet the needs of the screen-reader judge.
Adaptive arrays

A method for adaptively optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio of an array antenna is presented. Optimum element weights are derived for a prescribed environment and a given signal direction. The derivation is extended to the optimization of a "generalized" signal-to-noise ratio which permits specification of preferred weights for the normal quiescent environment. The relation of the adaptive array to sidelobe cancellation is shown, and a real-time adaptive implementation is discussed. For illustration, the performance of an adaptive linear array is presented for various jammer configurations.
THE HISTORICAL PATTERN OF GENE FLOW AMONG MIGRATORY AND NONMIGRATORY POPULATIONS OF PRAIRIE WARBLERS (AVES: PARULINAE).

Within a group of interbreeding organisms, the balance of gene flow among populations and microevolutionary forces acting within populations is expected to result in clinal transitions in the phenotypes possessed by members of differentiated populations. Discontinuous variation between geographically adjacent populations suggests the presence of a significant barrier to gene flow. Here I present genetic evidence for restricted gene flow between migratory and nonmigratory populations of prairie warblers. The nonmigratory form of this species is restricted to coastal mangroves in Florida and is morphologically distinguishable from the typical, migratory form that occurs across the remainder of the eastern United States. Pairs of migratory populations exhibited little population subdivision (ΦST ⩽ 0.09), whereas pairs of migratory and nonmigratory populations are much more differentiated (ΦST = 0.27-0.42). A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes did not offer evidence of long-term isolation of migratory and nonmigratory populations. Together with the population genetic analysis, the phylogenetic relationship of haplotypes suggests that isolation between these forms must have arisen relatively recently in their history. Evidence for significant population structure is unexpected, given the geographic proximity of migratory and nonmigratory populations, the capacity for long-distance movements (e.g., migration) by prairie warblers, and several previous studies of population structure in North American birds. However, the findings are consistent with the geographic distribution of morphological and behavioral variation and demonstrate that significant boundaries between populations of vagile organisms may be relatively cryptic.
Pascal Triangles and Combinations Where Repetitions Are Allowed

(1988). Pascal Triangles and Combinations Where Repetitions Are Allowed. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 60-62.
Forehead Glands in White-Tailed Deer

Skin biopsies were taken from the forehead of adult female and adult male white-tailed deer during the sexually quiescent season and again during the rut. Samples were also taken from the same and other locations on freshly killed animals of both sexes and ages 6 months to 9+ years. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of tubular apocrine sudoriferous glands relative to the integument in general. During summer, glands of both sexes exhibited little activity. In the rut, glandular activity was moderate in females and very high in males, which is consistent with the annual testosterone cycle. Activity was highest in dominant males and lowest in fawns. This and other evidence indicate that the forehead is a scent organ used to anoint antler rubs made by males during the rut.
Structure and Torsional Properties of Oxalyl Chloride Fluoride in the Gas Phase: An Electron-Diffraction Investigation

The structure and torsional properties of oxalyl chloride fluoride in the gas phase have been measured by electron diffraction at temperatures of 22, 81, 158, and 310 °C. The molecule may be regarded as a hybrid of oxalyl chloride and oxalyl fluoride. Since the former exists as a more stable periplanar anti form (ϕ = 180°) in equilibrium with a less stable gauche form (ϕ ≃ 60°) and the latter as an equilibrium between two periplanar forms, anti and syn, the second form of oxalyl chloride fluoride is an interesting question. It was found to be gauche. The system was modeled as two rotational conformers related by a potential of the form 2V = V(1)(1 + cos ϕ) - V(2)(1 - cos 2ϕ) + V(3)(1 + cos 3ϕ). The anti/gauche bond distances and bond angles (r(g)/Angstroms, ∠(α)/degrees) with estimated 2σ uncertainties at 22 °C are = 1.183(2)/1.182(2), Δr(C═O) = 0.003(6)/0.002(6) (assumed from theory), r(C-F) = 1.329(3)/1.335(3), r(C-Cl) = 1.738(2)/1.753(2), ∠(C-C-Cl) = 112.0(3)/111.9(3), ∠(C-C═O3) = 123.0(4)/123.2(4), ∠(O═C-Cl) = 125.0(2)/1.249(2), ∠(O═C-F) = 123.0(3)/125.1(3), and ∠(Cl-C-C-F) = 180.0/59.8. The variation of composition with temperature afforded a determination of the standard enthalpy and entropy of the reaction anti → gauche. The results are ΔH° = 2.5(12) kcal/mol and ΔS° = -6.5(33) cal/(mol·K). The structures and equilibria are discussed.
Ecology of small mammals across a strong environmental gradient in southern South America

Abundances of species of small mammal in typical southern-Valdivian, temperate rainforest decline and those of more xeric-adapted species of Patagonian steppe increase across a major environmental gradient in southern Chile. Despite heterogeneous and skewed distributions of all individual species across this transition, community characteristics including species richness, community evenness, biomass of trophic groups (animalivores, folivores, fungivores, granivores, omnivores), and total biomass of rodents do not change significantly across this gradient. Across this transition, local (ecological) processes evidently compensate for geographical (historical) constraints, yielding remarkably constant community dynamics. Species richness of small mammals in this region appears limited by availability of resources rather than the pool of species available to colonize a site.
Vaccines against Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- Progress and Prospects

The frightening pace of the worldwide spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) demands that priority be placed on the development of an effective vaccine1. Two distinct populations of viruses responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been defined: HIV type 2 (HIV-2), the viral group responsible for AIDS in West Africa, and HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the viral group that accounts for the AIDS epidemic in Central Africa and the rest of the world2. The genomes of both HIV groups encode for three structural proteins: an envelope glycoprotein that constitutes the viral outer coat, a core . . .
The analysis and calibration of systematic errors of phase-shifting interferometry for flatness measurement

Phase-Shifting Interferometry(PSI)method has many merits such as non-contact,quickness,high precision.A laboratory-made PSI system has a 280nm measurement error in the flatness detection.After analyzing the measurement errors of the PSI system,the main source limiting the accuracy is wave-front aberration caused by beam expander.To calibrate measurement errors,wave-front aberration is simulated mathematically by using Zernike polynomials and then separated the simulated values from flatness measurement results.The experimental results indicate that the flatness measurement results of λ/4 mirror could be improved from the level of 320nm to 120nm by the calibration method.
Heat transfer: Mathematical modelling of liquid droplet combustion in micro-gravity

A computer model is developed to solve multi-phase, one dimensional, transient chemically reactive flow problems with large heat release. The spatial part of the governing PDEs is discretized by using the moving finite element method and the resulting set of ODEs is integrated over time by Gear type non-linear, implicit ODE solvers. A new form of penalty function which directs node movements to equi-distribute prescribed mesh functions is proposed not only to prevent the moving finite element method formulation from becoming very stiff or singular, but to also improve mesh topology. The performance of the computer model is demonstrated by simulating both freely propagating premixed laminar flames with one step chemistry and the dynamic behavior of liquid droplet combustion with full detail chemistry.
Summary of Contributions, Limitations, and Future Directions

The work described in this book is based on the results of prior studies in our laboratory. Such studies suggested an optimal range of ultrasound frequency (1–3 MHz) for bone sonography, for the purpose of providing a guidance system for pedicle screw implant insertion during spinal fusion surgery.
DIRECT: Making Touch Tracking on Ordinary Surfaces Practical with Hybrid Depth-Infrared Sensing

Several generations of inexpensive depth cameras have opened the possibility for new kinds of interaction on everyday surfaces. A number of research systems have demonstrated that depth cameras, combined with projectors for output, can turn nearly any reasonably flat surface into a touch-sensitive display. However, even with the latest generation of depth cameras, it has been difficult to obtain sufficient sensing fidelity across a table-sized surface to get much beyond a proof-of-concept demonstration. In this paper we present DIRECT, a novel touch-tracking algorithm that merges depth and infrared imagery captured by a commodity sensor. This yields significantly better touch tracking than from depth data alone, as well as any prior system. Further extending prior work, DIRECT supports arbitrary user orientation and requires no prior calibration or background capture. We describe the implementation of our system and quantify its accuracy through a comparison study of previously published, depth-based touch-tracking algorithms. Results show that our technique boosts touch detection accuracy by 15% and reduces positional error by 55% compared to the next best-performing technique.
The value of variety and scarcity across development

An important task that children face is determining the value of items, and two possible cues to value include scarcity and variety. In three studies with 289 children aged 4-12years and 148 adults, we examined the use of these cues to guide choices when making selections among items. At all ages, participants typically preferred varied sets for themselves and others. In contrast, scarce items were rarely preferred to abundant items. However, when in the context of multiple recipients, participants selected scarce and varied items more when items were maximally scarce. Our results suggest that the preference for variety is early emerging, whereas the preference for scarce items is context dependent.
Adaptive multiple decision procedures for exponential families

The asymptotic behavior of multiple decision procedures is studied when the underlying distributions belong to an exponential family. An adaptive procedure must be asymptotically optimal for each value of the unknown nuisance parameter, on which it does not depend. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such a procedure is discussed. The regions of the parameter space, where the traditional overall maximum likelihood rule is adaptive, are described. The examples of a normal family and a family of gamma-distributions are considered in detail.
Clarifying the role of neuroticism in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among women with major depressive disorder.

Background Prior research consistently demonstrates that neuroticism increases risk for suicidal ideation, but the association between neuroticism and suicidal behavior has been inconsistent. Whereas neuroticism is recommended as an endophenotype for suicidality, the association of neuroticism with attempted suicide warrants clarification. In particular, prior research has not distinguished between correlates of attempted suicide, correlates of suicidal ideation, and correlates of comorbid psychopathology. Methods The present study used the CONVERGE study, a sample of 5864 women with major depressive disorder (MD) and 5783 women without MD throughout China. Diagnoses, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Neuroticism was assessed with the neuroticism portion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Results Results replicate prior findings on the correlates of suicidal ideation, particularly elevated neuroticism among individuals who report prior suicidal ideation. Moreover, as compared with individuals who reported having experienced only suicidal ideation, neuroticism was associated with decreased likelihood of having attempted suicide. Conclusions The association of neuroticism with suicidality is more complicated than has been previously described. Whereas neuroticism increases risk for suicidal ideation, neuroticism may decrease risk for a suicide attempt among individuals with suicidal ideation. These results have implications for the assessment of risk for a suicide attempt among individuals who report suicidal ideation and addresses prior discordant findings by clarifying the association between neuroticism and attempted suicide.
Kikuchi–Fujimoto's Disease in a Pediatric Patient with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Kikuchi–Fujimoto's disease (KFD), alternatively termed histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, was first described in 1972. KFD is rare in children, with most of the cases occurring between the ages of 20 and 30 years with a female-to-male ratio of 4:1. The etiology is unknown, although infectious and autoimmune mechanisms have been proposed. KFD manifests with a spectrum of nonspecific clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. KFD is without a definitive diagnostic test and is a diagnosis of exclusion, which must be differentiated from other disease processes with associated lymphadenopathy. Significant overlap in both clinical presentation and histological features with other diseases, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and active tuberculosis (TB), presents challenges in diagnosis. A small number of case reports have been published describing the coexistence of KFD and active TB. Most reported cases occur in TB endemic areas. In the largest analysis of KFD, TB infection was concurrent in 2% of cases. Most of the cases occurred in adult patients. To our knowledge, there have been no pediatric cases of KFD with concurrent TB infection reported in the United States. This study describes a case of KFD with concurrent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a young male from the United States.
Bacterial Adhesion to Graphene Oxide (GO)-Functionalized Interfaces Is Determined by Hydrophobicity and GO Sheet Spatial Orientation

The potential of graphene oxide (GO) in environmental applications, such as the development of antimicrobial materials and low-fouling membranes, has thus far been hindered by an incomplete understanding of bioadhesion mechanisms on GO interfaces. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single-cell force spectroscopy, we investigate the adhesion of single Pseudomonas fluorescens cells on GO-functionalized interfaces possessing distinct morphologies. Specifically, we investigate Si-GO surfaces, in which Langmuir–Blodgett GO films are transferred to Si wafers by dip-coating, forming an immobilized layer of horizontally arranged GO nanosheets, and PLL-GO surfaces, where GO nanosheets, edge-tethered to poly-l-lysine, form an interface characterized by morphological and conformational disorder. We observe strong adhesion forces on both Si-GO and PLL-GO surfaces; analysis of the pull-off forces in terms of the worm-like chain model reveals that adhesion is driven by hydrophobic interactions between proteinace...
Cystic Renal Masses: An Imaging Update

Management of incidental renal masses is in evolution. Recognition that cystic renal tumors generally act in an indolent fashion has led to less aggressive intervention. The ability of radiologists to stratify risk of malignancy, and in some cases, specify a precise diagnosis, is paramount to patient management. We review pathologies that present as cystic renal masses and how to best stratify malignancy risk.
Long-term safety of rituximab induced peripheral B-cell depletion in autoimmune neurological diseases

Background B-cells play a pivotal role in several autoimmune diseases, including patients with immune-mediated neurological disorders (PIMND), such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis (MS), and myasthenia gravis (MG). Targeting B-cells has been an effective approach in ameliorating both central and peripheral autoimmune diseases. However, there is a paucity of literature on the safety of continuous B-cell depletion over a long period of time. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the long-term safety, incidence of infections, and malignancies in subjects receiving continuous therapy with a B-cell depleting agent rituximab over at least 3 years or longer. Methods This was a retrospective study involving PIMND who received continuous cycles of rituximab infusions every 6 to 9 months for up to 7 years. The incidence of infection related adverse events (AE), serious adverse events (SAE), and malignancies were observed. Results There were a total of 32 AE and 4 SAE with rituximab treatment. The 3 SAE were noted after 9 cycles (48 months) and 1 SAE was observed after 11 cycles (60 months) of rituximab. There were no cases of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and malignancies observed throughout the treatment period. Rituximab was well tolerated without any serious infusion reactions. Also, rituximab was found to be beneficial in treating PIMND over a 7-year period. Conclusions This study demonstrates that long-term depletion of peripheral B-cells appears safe and efficacious in treating PIMND. Longer and larger prospective studies with rituximab are needed to carefully ascertain risks associated with chronic B-cell depletion, including malignancies. Recognizing that this is a small, retrospective study, such data nonetheless complement the growing literature documenting the safety and tolerability of B-cell depleting agents in neurological diseases.
Lead point in a colo-colic intussusception identified by combined air and barium enema

Abstract We presented a rare case of colo-colic intussusception in a three-year-old girl . By using combined air and barium enema, we successfully identified a colonic polypoid lesion as a lead point before surgery, which was proved a juvenile polyp through pathological confirmation.
Pyloroplastik nach Heineke-Mikulicz

Diese Operationsmethode wird im allgemeinen fur die chirurgische Behandlung des Ulcus duodeni bei Risikopatienten speziell im Falle einer massiven Blutung angewendet (vgl. Kap.9).
The Cognitive Movement and Education

Although education remains dominated by behavioristic principles, a steadily increasing influence of cognitive science is apparent. The research literature is abundant with articles that are concerned with cognitive development, thinking and problem-solving, cognitive learning strategies and skills, and cognitively based instructional designs. The cognitive influence is finding its way into the teaching of specific subjects, particularly reading, but in mathematics, science, and social studies as well.
The Response of Metanephric Rudiments to Polyoma Virus in Vitro Discussion

Dr. Dawe’s observations on the response of organ cultures of mouse submandibular rudiments to polyoma virus (PV) can be summarized as follows: (a) the basic unit of the neoplastic response is the epithelio-mesenchymal complex, (b) neoplasms fail to appear from the isolated epithelial or mesenchymal components of the salivary-gland rudiments and (c) acquisition of neoplastic properties by salivary-gland epithelium requires “helper cells” which are provided for by salivary capsular mesenchyme but not by odontogenic mesenchyme. Furthermore, the responsiveness to PV oncogenesis was not maintained by exposure of “chimeric” dental epithelium and salivary-gland mesenchyme.
A Single-Cell Atlas of In Vivo Mammalian Chromatin Accessibility

We applied a combinatorial indexing assay, sci-ATAC-seq, to profile genome-wide chromatin accessibility in ∼100,000 single cells from 13 adult mouse tissues. We identify 85 distinct patterns of chromatin accessibility, most of which can be assigned to cell types, and ∼400,000 differentially accessible elements. We use these data to link regulatory elements to their target genes, to define the transcription factor grammar specifying each cell type, and to discover in vivo correlates of heterogeneity in accessibility within cell types. We develop a technique for mapping single cell gene expression data to single-cell chromatin accessibility data, facilitating the comparison of atlases. By intersecting mouse chromatin accessibility with human genome-wide association summary statistics, we identify cell-type-specific enrichments of the heritability signal for hundreds of complex traits. These data define the in vivo landscape of the regulatory genome for common mammalian cell types at single-cell resolution.
Developmental change in the resting state electroencephalogram: Insights into cognition and the brain

Resting state electroencephalography (RS-EEG) is a commonly used neurophysiological technique which provides a measure of brain activity when an individual is awake and not performing any assigned cognitive task. Because this relatively simple and non-invasive method is suitable for many ages and populations, a large and diverse literature has amassed. The focus of this review is to describe and synthesize RS-EEG literature across the lifespan while emphasizing the associations between RS-EEG and cognition. We also highlight contextual influences on RS-EEG, such as socioeconomic status and early deprivation. We conclude with a discussion of key insights into brain development and associated changes in cognition which we gathered during our review. We also identify gaps in the literature and areas of future research using RS-EEG that can advance our understanding of brain and cognitive development.
On Topological Entropy of Switched Linear Systems with Diagonal, Triangular, and General Matrices

This paper introduces a notion of topological entropy for switched systems, formulated using the minimal number of initial states needed to approximate all initial states within a finite precision. We show that it can be equivalently defined using the maximal number of initial states separable within a finite precision, and introduce switching-related quantities such as the active time of each mode, which prove to be useful in calculating the topological entropy of switched linear systems. For general switched linear systems, we show that the topological entropy is independent of the set of initial states, and establish upper and lower bounds using the active-time-weighted averages of the norms and traces of system matrices in individual modes, respectively. For switched linear systems with scalar-valued state or simultaneously diagonalizable matrices, we derive formulae for the topological entropy using active-time-weighted averages of eigenvalues, which can be extended to the case with simultaneously triangularizable matrices to obtain an upper bound. In these three cases with special matrix structure, we also provide more general but more conservative upper bounds for the topological entropy.
Do Extended Family Members Protect Children from Disadvantaged Neighborhoods? Focusing on Behavioral Problems of Children.

The developmental–ecological model highlights the contextual environments that influence children’s emotional and behavioral adjustment. No previous research considers neighborhood characteristics when examining the influence of extended family members. This study investigates the characteristics of neighborhoods where extended family households reside, and the confounding and moderating effects of extended family household structure and the neighborhood influences of income and co-ethnic concentration levels. Data come from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study and the decennial census. The analytical sample includes 1553 children between the ages of 3 and 11 years, clustered in 1191 households in 65 census tracts. This study uses multilevel linear regression modeling. Extended family households are more likely than nuclear families to live in lower-income neighborhoods, but with similar proportions of co-ethnics. Children in extended family households show higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing behaviors compared to children in nuclear families, an effect not explained by their neighborhood environments. Extended family members moderate the neighborhood effects, boosting advantages within co-ethnic concentrated neighborhoods. With a higher proportion of co-ethnics in their neighborhoods, children in extended families show lower levels of externalizing behaviors compared to children in nuclear families. Co-resident extended family members not only predict child internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems but also moderate their neighborhood environments. This study provides policy implications, highlighting the potential of extended members to promote child development.
Constitutional Erosion and the Challenge to Secular Democracy in India

This chapter analyzes how the ongoing drift toward increasing religiosity in elections and governance poses a challenge to secular constitutional democracy in India. In drafting India’s Constitution, the Constituent Assembly entrenched a particular conception of secularism informed by the need to inhibit and prevent religious and communal conflict and violence. The essay traces the rise of the Hindu-Right Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its electoral victories in the 1990s and early 2000s, and analyzes how the Supreme Court of India and Election Commission have failed to check the ongoing process of “constitutional erosion” of secularism. It then traces how the recent of deployment of religion and religious rhetoric in elections, and the enactment of symbolic legislation and other actions aimed at inflaming religious tensions by the current BJP government threatens other core constitutional values, and poses a long-term threat to the integrity and stability of India’s democracy.
Mild and Homogeneous Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of C=C, C=O, and C=N Bonds.

It is found that the Co complex (COC) efficiently promotes the hydrogenation of alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, and imines.
Alternative Splicing in the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily Expands Gene Function to Refine Endo-Xenobiotic Metabolism

The human genome encodes 48 nuclear receptor (NR) genes, whose translated products transform chemical signals from endo-xenobiotics into pleotropic RNA transcriptional profiles that refine drug metabolism. This review describes the remarkable diversification of the 48 human NR genes, which are potentially processed into over 1000 distinct mRNA transcripts by alternative splicing (AS). The average human NR expresses ∼21 transcripts per gene and is associated with ∼7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, the rate of SNP accumulation does not appear to drive the AS process, highlighting the resilience of NR genes to mutation. Here we summarize the altered tissue distribution/function of well characterized NR splice variants associated with human disease. We also describe a cassette exon visualization pictograph methodology for illustrating the location of modular, cassette exons in genes, which can be skipped in-frame, to facilitate the study of their functional relevance to both drug metabolism and NR evolution. We find cassette exons associated with all of the functional domains of NR genes including the DNA and ligand binding domains. The matrix of inclusion or exclusion for functional domain-encoding cassette exons is extensive and capable of significant alterations in cellular phenotypes that modulate endo-xenobiotic metabolism. Exon inclusion options are differentially distributed across NR subfamilies, suggesting group-specific conservation of resilient functionalities. A deeper understanding of this transcriptional plasticity expands our understanding of how chemical signals are refined and mediated by NR genes. This expanded view of the NR transcriptome informs new models of chemical toxicity, disease diagnostics, and precision-based approaches to personalized medicine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review explores the impact of alternative splicing (AS) on the human nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and highlights the dramatic expansion of more than 1000 potential transcript variants from 48 individual genes. Xenobiotics are increasingly recognized for their ability to perturb gene splicing events, and here we explore the differential sensitivity of NR genes to AS and chemical exposure. Using the cassette exon visualization pictograph methodology, we have documented the conservation of splice-sensitive, modular, cassette exon domains among the 48 human NR genes, and we discuss how their differential expression profiles may augment cellular resilience to oxidative stress and fine-tune adaptive, metabolic responses to endo-xenobiotic exposure.
Structural Changes and Reversibility Upon Deintercalation of Li from LiCoPO4 Derivatives.

In an effort to improve the cycle life and rate capability of olivine LiCoPO4, Cr, Fe, and Si were added to produce nominal Li1.025Co0.84Fe0.10Cr0.05Si0.01(PO4)1.025. This cathode material has an e...
The IRAS view of the extragalactic sky.

The global properties of the IR emissions from optically bright galaxies observed with the IRAS are described. A histogram of the morphological types of the galaxies is presented. Analysis of the ratio of far IR to blue luminosity (IR/B) reveals that the ratio covers a large range of about five orders of magnitude; 'normal galaxies' in the IR/B ratio of about 0.1-1.0 and galaxies with an IR/B ratio of greater than 1 are observed. The IR/B ratios for galaxies as a function of the 100 micron-60 micron flux density ratio are examined and it is detected that the galaxies which are more active in the IR display a warmer color temperature.
Critical Reflections on America’s Green New Deal: Capital, Labor, and the Dynamics of Contemporary Social Change

The increasing urgency of the current climate crisis has been accompanied by a growing desire for constructive answers on how to confront the situation effectively and meaningfully. Yet, the pace o...
Deconstructing positionality in conflict resolution: Reflections from first-person action research in Pakistan and the South Caucasus:

This article explores the role of first-person action research in uncovering how positionality influences conflict resolution practice. Specifically, it examines the experiences of two scholar-prac...
Multiple Gestations and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: What Do We Know?

The occurrence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) including gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia is proportional to the number of fetuses: singletons 6.5%, twins 12.7%, and triplets 20.0%. Literature on HDP in multifetal gestation is sparse compared with singletons. We aim to summarize the current evidence on HDP, specifically in twins. HDP occurs more frequently, at an earlier gestational age, and can present more severely and atypically in twin pregnancies. HDP in twins carries a higher risk of maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality including renal failure, stroke, cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, placental abruption, cesarean delivery, fetal growth restriction, and iatrogenic preterm delivery. Low-dose aspirin (60–150 mg) should be initiated in all multifetal pregnancies to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. To improve outcomes and reduce inherent risks associated with multiple gestations, twins should be managed as high-risk pregnancies, and different from singletons.
Do seedlings of larger geophytic species outperform smaller ones when challenged by drought

PREMISE In semiarid regions, decreasing rainfall presents a challenge to perennial seedlings that must reach sufficient size to survive the first year's seasonal drought. Attaining a large storage organ size has been hypothesized to enhance drought resilience in geophytes, but building larger storage organs requires faster growth, but paradoxically, some traits that confer faster growth are highly sensitive to drought. We examined whether tuber size confers greater drought resilience in seedlings of four closely related geophytic species of Pelargonium. METHODS We imposed two drought treatments when seedlings were 2 months old: chronic low water and acute water restriction for 10 days. Plants in the acute dry-down treatment were then rewatered at control levels. We compared morphological and ecophysiological traits at 2, 3, and 6 months of age and used mixed-effects models to identify traits determining tuber biomass at dormancy. RESULTS Despite a 10-fold variation in size, species had similar physiological trait values under well-watered conditions. Chronic and acute droughts negatively affected tuber size at the end of the season, but only in the two species with large tubers. Chronic drought did not affect physiological traits of any species, but in response to acute drought, larger species showed reduced photosynthetic performance. Canopy area was the best predictor of final tuber biomass. CONCLUSIONS Contradictory to the hypothesis that large tubers provide greater drought resiliency, small Pelargonium seedlings actually had higher drought tolerance, although at the expense of more vigorous growth compared to species with larger tubers under well-watered conditions.
Trait motivational reactivity as a predictor of online dating app behavior

Abstract Online dating apps have become an increasingly common way to meet prospective partners and form relationships. Though previous research lends insight into who uses these platforms and why, relatively little is known about the nature of in-app behavior during that usage. The current study directly monitors sessions of dating app usage, observing how users cycle through and then make decisions about assortments of potential partners. Adopting a motivated cognition perspective (Lang, 2006), trait levels of appetitive (ASA) and defensive motivational reactivity (DSA) were found to significantly influence a variety of in-app behaviors. Specifically, individuals with relatively lower trait levels of DSA and higher levels of trait ASA were found to browse prospective partner profiles at the fastest rate. Further, trait DSA was positively associated with the amount of information sought before a decision was made to “like” or reject a prospective partner, with this effect moderated by trait ASA. Finally, trait DSA of the app user was negatively associated with the likelihood of a given profile being liked. These results provide new empirical insight into patterns of behavior occurring within sessions of dating app usage. Additionally, they highlight a special consideration for applying a motivated cognition perspective to predict media choices with motivationally-relevant real-world implications: namely, the possibility that trait motivation tendencies in external offline behavior may influence the usage of media with related consequences.
Fast Homotopy for Spacecraft Rendezvous Trajectory Optimization with Discrete Logic.

This paper presents a computationally efficient optimization algorithm for solving nonconvex optimal control problems that involve discrete logic constraints. Traditional solution methods for these constraints require binary variables and mixed-integer programming, which is prohibitively slow and computationally expensive. This paper targets a fast solution that is capable of real-time implementation onboard spacecraft. To do so, a novel algorithm is developed that blends sequential convex programming and numerical continuation into a single iterative solution process. Inside the algorithm, discrete logic constraints are approximated by smooth functions, and a homotopy parameter governs the accuracy of this approximation. As the algorithm converges, the homotopy parameter is updated such that the smooth approximations enforce the exact discrete logic. The effectiveness of this approach is numerically demonstrated for a realistic rendezvous scenario inspired by the Apollo Transposition and Docking maneuver. In under 15 seconds of cumulative solver time, the algorithm is able to reliably find difficult fuel-optimal trajectories that obey the following discrete logic constraints: thruster minimum impulse-bit, range-triggered approach cone, and range-triggered plume impingement. The optimized trajectory uses significantly less fuel than reported NASA design targets.
Disability Studies in Education and Justice-Oriented Teacher Preparation: Understanding the Barriers and Possibilities of Integrating Critical Visions of Disability

Our self-study examines our integration of concepts from the field of Disability Studies in Education (DSE) into our introductory special education and educational foundations courses in two differ...
Global Financial Contagion: Building a Resilient World Economy after the Subprime Crisis

This book is an authoritative account of the economic and political roots of the 2008 financial crisis. It examines why it was triggered in the United States, why it morphed into the great recession, and why the contagion spread with such ferocity around the globe. It also examines how and why economies - including the Eurozone, Russia, China, India, East Asia, and the Middle East - have been impacted and explores their response to the unprecedented challenges of the crisis and the effectiveness of their policy measures. Global Financial Contagion specifically looks at how the Obama Administration's policy missteps have contributed to America's huge debt and slow recovery, why the Eurozone's response to its existential crisis has become a never-ending saga, and why the G20's efforts to create a new international financial architecture may fall short. This book will long be regarded as the standard account of the crisis and its aftermath.
Fusion First-Wall/Blanket Materials

At first sight it might appear somewhat incongruous that a discussion on CTR materials should be included in what is admittedly a fission-reactordominated work. However, the intent here is not to embark on a detailed discussion of CTR materials development (which could fill a book in itself) but, rather, to continue the theme developed in preceding chapters by examining the structural integrity aspects of the emerging CTR concepts. Thus discussion is limited to first-wall/blanket designs and material considerations, with particular emphasis being placed on differentiating between those requirements that can be met by existing fission reactor technology and those that are unique to the fusion environment.
Organometallic conformational equilibria : XVIII. Preferred orientations and rotational barriers of π-olefins in cyclopentadienyl and indenyl complexes of iron and ruthenium

Abstract The synthesis and spectral analysis of a series of some η5-cyclopentadienyl-and η5-indenyl-ironolefin complexes have allowed the elucidation of the orientational preferences and dynamic properties of the olefin ligand. The olefins rotate rapidly about the metalolefin bond with the barrier to rotation on the order of 8 kcal as determined by the observation of signal broadening in several of the ethylene complexes. Dissociation of the olefin and rotation about the carbon double bond are excluded as possible mechanisms on the basis of spectral evidence. The mode of rotation is consistent with the behavior of the olefin ligands in η5-C5H5Rh(C2H4)2 first noted by R. Cramer [J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86 (1964) 217]. Thetermodynamically preferred orientations were defermined for each of the olefin complexes. Chemical shift differences resulting from the substitution of an indenyl ligand for a cyclopentadienyl ligand allow determination of the preferred orientations in the ethylene and propylene complexes. For ethylene, the orientation in which the CC bond is parallel to the plane of the cyclopentadienyl ring is preferred. Methyl substitution of the olefin produces a deviation of preferred orientation. A dihedral angle of about 10° is estimated for the propylene complex.
A Survey of Prediction Intervals and Their Applications

In many practical problems in industry, it is desired to use the results of a previous sample to predict the results of a future sample. For example, data on warranty costs on large motors over the past three years are to be used for planning purposes t..