cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Loss of Heterozygosity in 399 Premalignant Breast Lesions at 15 Genetic Loci

Background Usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are risk factors for invasive breast cancer (IBC), suggesting that these lesions may be direct precursors of IBC. To identify genetic changes that may be important in the early development of precursor lesions and their progression to malignant or invasive disease, we examined 399 putative precursors (211 UDH, 51 ADH, 81 non-comedo DCIS, and 56 comedo DCIS) for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 15 polymorphic genetic loci known to exhibit high rates of loss in IBC. We also assessed the sharing of LOH by putative precursors and synchronous cancers. Methods The polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze DNA from microdissected archival specimens. Results and conclusions In hyperplasias from noncancerous breasts (i.e., without DCIS and/or IBC in analyses of hyperplasias), LOH at any given locus was rare (range, 0%-15%), although 37% of UDH and 42% of ADH lesions showed loss for at least one locus, suggesting that the development of hyperplasias can involve many different tumor suppressor genes. In DCIS from noncancerous breasts (i.e., without IBC in analyses of DCIS), LOH was common, with 70% of noncomedo lesions and 79% of comedo lesions showing at least one loss. In DCIS, substantial rates of loss (up to 37%) were observed at loci on chromosomes 16q, 17p, and 17q, suggesting that inactivated tumor suppressor genes in these regions may be important in the development of noninvasive breast cancer. When DCIS lesions from cancerous and noncancerous breasts were compared, substantially more LOH was observed in the cancerous breasts at a few loci (on chromosomes 2p, 11p, and 17q), suggesting that genetic alterations in these regions may be important in the progression to invasive disease. Among specimens harvested from cancerous breasts, 37% of UDH, 45% of ADH, 77% of noncomedo DCIS, and 80% of comedo DCIS lesions shared LOH with synchronous cancers at one locus or more, supporting the idea that the putative precursors and the cancers are genetically related.
Oconee Nuclear Station Unit 1 Startup Instrumentation and Control Experience

This paper discusses selected instrumentation and control experience from the startup of Oconee I which is an 886 MWe nuclear generating and first-of-a-kind design.
Planeticovorticella finleyi n.g., n.sp. (Peritrichia, Vorticellidae), a planktonic ciliate with a polymorphic life cycle

Free-swimming trophonts of a sessiline peritrich ciliate were discovered in plankton samples from the Rhode River, Maryland, and main-stem Chesapeake Bay. Cultures revealed that the species comprises both free trophonts that swim with their peristomial cilia and sessile trophonts that attach to substrates with a contractile, helically-twisted stalk. Trophonts with a short, rigid stalk or no definite stalk also were seen in culture. Binary fission of free-swimming trophonts usually produced a pair of trophonts attached scopula to scopula by a short, rigid stalk. These persisted for some time as distinctive, spinning doublets before their stalks broke and they separated. Binary fission of free-swimming trophonts also yielded trophont-telotroch pairs that stayed together for only a short time. Telotrochs from these pairs were presumably the source of attached trophonts. Conjugation occurred in both free and attached trophonts. Formation of microconjugants involved at least 2 successive divisions of a trophont. Possession of a helically-twisted, contractile stalk placed the peritrich in the family Vorticellidae, but its unique combination of life-cycle stages marks it as a new genus and species, Planeticovorticella finleyi. The morphology and life cycle of P. finleyi raise questions about the present classifi- cation of sessiline peritrichs and suggest that it may be at least partly artificial. Stalkless plank- tonic peritrichs that swim with their oral cilia as do trophonts of P. finleyi may have evolved from sessile ancestors by an alteration in the life cycle that created unstable clusters of trophonts on a single parental stalk. Free-swimming trophonts would originate from breakup of these clusters.
Mathematical models of radial chromatography

Abstract Radial chromatography has been used in bioseparations, where it has the advantages of fast flow rate and low pressure drop. In this work, analytical so
A compiler optimization paradigm for dynamic energy management

We present a compiler and microarchitecture assisted framework for dynamic energy monitoring by a program. The programs will perform an ealloc (The operating system will support energy allocation through a program level utility ealloc similar to the dynamic memory allocation primitives such as malloc.) before entering every logical algorithm such as sorting, FIR filter, convolution. Based on the actual energy allocated by the OS (return parameter of ealloc), a program will enter one of its many variants each consuming different amount of energy through an eswitch. The compiler needs to monitor energy more frequently, probably as often as once every basic block. The existing instruction level energy models can be used. Assuming reasonably accurate instruction level energy models, the compiler can compute fairly accurate energy value for a basic block. However, the uncertainty of the control flow paths makes it close to impossible for the compiler to maintain the program level energy value. We introduce a new semantics for the branch instructions to get around this problem. A branch instruction in addition to branch condition and target offset also contains two more fields: taken basic block energy, and not taken basic block energy. The microarchitecture is assumed to maintain an energy counter (EC) which is program visible. The branch instruction also modifies the EC by adding to it the energy of the taken or not taken basic block based on branch condition. The EC thus provides an exact model of program energy consumed until that point. An instruction to clear EC (make it zero) will allow the compiler to use EC to track energy used between some two fixed points in the program. The compiler can now insert transformations that are conditional upon EC.
Reading the Challenges of a Global Community and the Sociological Imagination

The global qualitative research community faces a number of challenges that can be addressed by deploying a critical framework modeled after the work of C. W. Mills and Paulo Freire.
A hierarchy of examples illustrating the acoustic coupling of the eardrum

Basic principles underlying the acoustic coupling of the eardrum are illustrated in the form of a hierarchy of examples ranging from a simple piston coupled to a semi‐infinite acoustic duct, to a flexible partition coupled to a variable cross‐section duct, and to a closed cavity. The hierarchy illuminates some of the limitations of various simplified elements commonly used to model the middle ear and demonstrates the necessity of treating the acoustics and the eardrum as an integrated subsystem. Results show that the tympanic cavity and the secondary middle‐ear air chambers contribute fundamental features to the acoustic coupling of the ear. The nature of the acoustic coupling limits the passive energy absorption and transmission properties of the eardrum. The magnitude and frequency dependence of the energy dissipation within the ultrastructure of the partition, due to bending and transverse deflection, is discussed in analogy to possible dissipation mechanisms within the eardrum itself. Examples are provided for several simple systems reproducing some of the gross anatomical characteristics of the cat eardrum.
Nagata dimension and quasi-Möbius maps

We show that quasimobius maps preserve the Nagata dimension of metric spaces, generalizing a result of U. Lang and T. Schlichenmaier ([LS]). Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). 54F45, 30C65.
Harnessing Innate and Adaptive Immunity for Viral Vaccine Design

The recent Keystone Symposia meeting on HIV Vaccines was held on 21–26 March 2012 in Keystone (CO, USA) back-to-back with the Viral Immunity meeting, creating synergy between the two areas of research. In this short report of the meeting, the authors will highlight three areas of interest that emerged from the two meetings: the recently emerging role of NK cells in modulating dendritic cell function, new data on the importance of dendritic cell antigen processing on priming of adaptive immunity and intriguing data suggesting that narrow targeting of very few protective epitopes restricted by a single MHC class I allele might be sufficient to mediate control of otherwise highly pathogenic SIV infection.
‘Free from the tyrannous Spanyard’? Englishmen and Africans in Spain's Atlantic World

Sixteenth-century Englishmen accepted without too much concern that African peoples could be enslaved in the Atlantic world. At the same time, however, their encounters with African peoples in the western Atlantic were remarkably varied, prompting some Englishmen to imagine that England could benefit from a cooperative relationship with oppressed peoples. In Richard Hakluyt's words, the African had been ‘bredde as a slave’ by the Spanish but would ‘think himself a happy man’ when he was ‘made free … and quietly and courteously governed by our nation’. This article examines whether or not there was any basis for Hakluyt's claim by considering the divide between the rhetoric and the reality of late sixteenth-century Anglo-Atlantic colonialism and the relationship between English interlopers in Spain's Atlantic world and its African inhabitants.
1394 HOME USE OF THEOPHYLLINE FOR PERSISTENT APNEA IN HIGH RISK PREMATURE INFANTS

Apnea and bradycardia reoccurred in 10 premature infants after multiple attempts to discontinue theophylline therapy prior to hospital discharge. Cardiorespiratory studies showed central apnea to occur in 10 infants, obstructive apnea in 1 and mixed apnea in 4. Anemia and hypoxia were excluded as possible causes of apnea in all infants. Other clinical data included: Mean ± SEM birthweight=1.47±0.12 kg and gestational age=30.5±0.76 and the following diagnoses: severe RDS (9), birth asphyxia (9), PDA (6), jaundice (8), RLF (2), meningitis (1). All infants were discharged on theophylline (range serum levels 8.1-11.6 ug/dl). At discharge, all but one infant was apneic free and that one required home cardiorespiratory monitoring. As outpatients all infants had monthly dose adjustments and serum theophylline levels maintained at mean ± SEM 7.6±0.8 ug/dl. All infants had uneventful clinical courses during house stay. Hospital readmission at 7 to 9½ months of age showed: 1) No reoccurrence of apnea after discontinuation of theophylline; 2) Appropriate growth velocity for prematures; 3) Normal developmental assessment with 50% correction for prematurity in all but one infant. The preliminary results of this study indicate that long term theophylline therapy had no detrimental effect on early growth and development and that it is a safe treatment for prolonged apnea in high risk premature infants.
NIS01-4: Trust Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In most MANET routing protocols security is an added layer above the routing layer. We propose a Trust-Aware Routing Protocol (TARP) for secure-trusted Ad-hoc routing. In TARP security is inherently built into the routing protocol where each node evaluates the trust level of its neighbors based on a set of attributes. TARP is based on three new concepts. First, for route establishment, a new secure ad-hoc routing mechanism is used. Second, six security parameters are considered in computing the trust-level of a node in a given route and include: software configuration, hardware configuration, battery power, credit history, exposure and organizational hierarchy. A secure route is established based on a confidence level prescribed by a user in terms of these attributes. Third, we present TARP reputation system and trust metric. Our performance evaluation shows that TARP is a robust trust routing algorithm that reacts quickly to the dynamics of the network.
Why is everyone so excited about thromboelastrography (TEG)

Thromboelastrography (TEG) is one of the most common whole-blood viscoelastic coagulation tests used in clinical laboratories and at the point of care. TEG provides information on coagulation defects that are often difficult to detect using routine laboratory tests such as activated partial prothrombin time or prothrombin time. In certain critically ill patient populations, the use of TEG instead of or in addition to routine laboratory coagulation tests has been shown to improve outcomes or reduce transfusion requirements. However, TEG and other viscoelastic coagulation tests are affected by unique pre-analytic and analytic variables that do not impact other common laboratory coagulation tests. In this review the underlying principles, clinical applications, and laboratory aspects of TEG testing are discussed.
The Stress-Response Sensor Chop Regulates the Function and Accumulation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumors

Adaptation of malignant cells to the hostile milieu present in tumors is an important determinant of their survival and growth. However, the interaction between tumor-linked stress and antitumor immunity remains poorly characterized. Here, we show the critical role of the cellular stress sensor C/EBP-homologous protein (Chop) in the accumulation and immune inhibitory activity of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs lacking Chop had decreased immune-regulatory functions and showed the ability to prime T cell function and induce antitumor responses. Chop expression in MDSCs was induced by tumor-linked reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and regulated by the activating-transcription factor-4. Chop-deficient MDSCs displayed reduced signaling through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β, leading to a decreased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and low expression of phospho-STAT3. IL-6 overexpression restored immune-suppressive activity of Chop-deficient MDSCs. These findings suggest the role of Chop in tumor-induced tolerance and the therapeutic potential of targeting Chop in MDSCs for cancer immunotherapy.
Comparison of scotopic pupil measurement with slitlamp-based cobalt blue light and infrared video-based system

Abstract Purpose To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of scotopic pupil measurements with a slitlamp-based cobalt blue light. Setting University of Texas Health Science Center−San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA. Methods In a prospective experimental study, 2 independent observers measured 16 subjects’ pupils with a standard slitlamp-based cobalt blue light. In the same setting, the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements were compared with those obtained with an infrared video-based system. Results Measurements of pupil size using the infrared video−computer system were highly reproducible. With the slitlamp-based cobalt blue light, the 2 measurements obtained by observer 2 (n = 16) were very close to each other (mean difference 0.09 mm ± 0.23 [SD]; P = .12), whereas those obtained by observer 1 (n = 16) were slightly different from each other (mean difference 0.18 ± 0.33 mm; P = .043). The mean pupil diameter measured with cobalt blue light was not significantly different between the 2 observers (P > .05), and the measurements were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.96, P Conclusion Slitlamp-based cobalt blue light provided a reasonably good measurement of scotopic pupil size. It correlated well with the infrared video system when used at the lowest setting by experienced personnel. However, the observed difference between the measurements obtained by the 2 devices indicates that the cobalt blue light should be used cautiously in the refractive surgery preoperative evaluation of patients with large pupils.
Pulsed laser deposition of the yttria-stabilized zirconia films

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films are of considerable interest in optical, electronic and aerospace community and multitude of fabrication techniques are reported in the literature. This paper reports the characteristics of the YSZ films produced by pulsed laser deposition technique using a KrF excimer laser with yttria-stabilized zirconia targets. Morphological characteristics of the YSZ films were investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope. Distinct peak and valley structures with height differences in the range of 10–30 nm were observed in AFM images of the YSZ film surfaces, and measured roughness was 3.5–6.5 nm. A nanoindenter was used to investigate mechanical properties of the films deposited at different chamber pressure. Measured hardness and Young's modulus were about 10–11 GPa and 86–95 GPa respectively. Elemental composition and structural characteristics of the YSZ films were analyzed by electron prove micro-analyzer and X-ray diffraction, respectively.
Hippocampal neurotransplantation evaluated in the rat kainic acid epilepsy model.

OBJECTIVE: Neurotransplantation has focused on disorders that involve subcortical brain targets. We evaluated the concepts of epileptic focus repair and changes in animal behavior through replacement of lost hippocampal neurons. The safety of hippocampal neurotransplantation was assessed in the rat kainic acid (KA) epilepsy model. METHODS: Sixty-three rats were studied and classified into six groups: KA plus 40,000 LBS-Neurons (Layton BioScience, Sunnyvale, CA; n = 13); KA plus 80,000 cells (n = 12); KA plus media (n = 9); no-KA plus 40,000 cells (n = 12); no-KA plus 80,000 cells (n = 12); and no-KA plus media (n = 5). Clinical observation (2 h daily) and electroencephalogram recording (3 h every other week) were performed to check for seizures until Week 11 after KA injection. On Week 12, the Morris water maze test was performed to assess spatial learning and memory. RESULTS: Four rats were excluded because of intracranial hematoma or abscess. In the clinical observation of seizures, the no-KA plus media group had significantly fewer seizures than rats that received KA followed by injection of 40,000 cells, 80,000 cells, or media (P = 0.001, 0.0004, and 0.004, respectively). On electroencephalographic analysis, there was no significant difference between any of the groups. Transplanted rats with KA-induced epilepsy did not have an increased number of seizures. In the Morris water maze test, the hidden platform task showed that the KA plus 80,000 cell group had significantly longer swim latencies than groups with no-KA plus 40,000 cells (P = 0.035) or no-KA plus 80,000 cells (P = 0.015), demonstrating the behavioral deficits caused by KA injection. The probe trial showed no significant difference for the percentage of time in the target quadrant between any of the groups. Histolugical studies showed that 26 (59%) of 44 transplanted rats had evidence of graft survival. CONCLUSION: The safety of cortical neurotransplantation was demonstrated, even in an animal model predisposed to epilepsy. We did not find evidence for cessation of seizures or improvement in behavior using this model.
Session 4: Pentagastrin and Histamine in the Regulation of Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow

Guth PH. Pentagastrin and histamine in the regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991, 26(suppl 180), 118–125The current state of our knowledge concerning mediator(s) of the increase in gastric mucosal blood flow that occurs during pentagastrin- and histamine-stimulated acid secretion is reviewed. Evidence for a role for adenosine, prostaglandin, and histamine is presented and discussed. The dose relationship between the acid-stimulatory and the vascular permeability effects of histamine is also presented.
The effect of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH and cyanate on the binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to human hemoglobin

Summary The binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) to human hemoglobin was studied by equilibrium dialysis in a tonometer system. The binding of 2,3-DPG was inversely related to both oxygen saturation and pH within the physiologic ranges. Carbon dioxide and cyanate inhibited binding, suggesting that the a amino groups of one or more of the N-terminal amino acids of hemoglobin are involved in the binding of 2,3-DPG.
Phenotypic diversity in cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cells.

Diversity exists in both the structure and function of the endothelial cells (EC) that comprise the microvasculature of different organs. Studies of EC have been aided by our ability to first isolate and subsequently establish cultures from microvascularized tissue. After the isolation of microvessel endothelial cells (MEC) derived from rat cerebrum, we observed morphologic differences in colonies of cells that grew in primary cultures. The morphologies ranged from a cobblestone phenotype considered typical of EC in culture to elongated and stellate cell appearances. Serially passaged cell lines were established based on two parameters: initially by growth and, second, on differences in primary colony morphology using selective weeding techniques. Each culture was examined for the presence of EC-characteristic markers which include Factor-VIII-related antigen, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme activity, collagen type IV synthesis, and PGI2 production. Variable expression of each of these characteristics among the established EC lines was observed. Growth curves established for each of the EC cultures demonstrated differences in both population doubling rates and cell densities at confluence. The endocytic capacity of each EC line was also evaluated. Our ability to isolate and establish a number of morphologically distinct EC cultures indicates that diversity exists within the EC that comprise the cerebral microvasculature. Diversity in the established cell lines suggests either the EC that line the brain microvasculature exist as a mosaic or that morphologically distinct cultures may originate from different microanatomical origins (arteriolar, true capillary, or venular) or may have resulted from cells at different points in their in vitro life spans at the time of isolation.
Production and Habitat of Threatened Greenback and Colorado River Cutthroat Trouts in Rocky Mountain Headwater Streams

Abstract Field studies conducted in 1979 and 1980 to assess the production and habitat of cutthroat trouts Salmo clarki in three headwater tributaries in north-central Colorado yielded the following estimates of production (g/m2): Greenback cutthroat trout S.c. stomias in Roaring Creek, 3.3 in 1979 and 2.3 in 1980; greenback cutthroat trout in the Right Hand Fork of Roaring Creek, 3.6 in 1979 and 1.5 in 1980; Colorado River cutthroat trout S.c. pleuriticus in Little Green Creek, 2.2 in 1979 and 3.6 in 1980. Biomass and production in Roaring Creek and Right Hand Fork of Roaring Creek were dominated by old (≥3 years) slow-growing fish. Little Green Creek was the warmest and slowest moving of the creeks studied and had a low diversity of substrates dominated by fine and coarse gravel–it also had the highest biomass and production of young of the year. Right Hand Fork Roaring Creek had faster flows and more extensive undercut banks–it also had the most large fish (≥152 mm long). Biomass and production of cutt...
Municipal-owned utilities and demand side management

Municipal-owned utilities perform an important role in local government efforts. Municipal ownership of utility operations provides advantages in involving citizens in sustainability and energy-efficiency practices. This paper explores the variation in municipal-owned utilities investment in energy-efficiency strategies by examining how spending on energy-efficiency strategies is affected by costs, politics, and fiscal conditions, and citizen demand. Using a unique data set of the 145 municipal-owned utilities in cities with populations over 25,000, we estimate a Heckman Selection Model to test our predictions. Decisions to adopt energy-efficiency programs are associated with siting difficulties and available generation capacity. The level of energy-efficiency expenditures is associated with a city level political structure and the availability of local retail partners. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed in conclusion.
Energy expenditure and physical performance in overweight women: Response to training with and without caloric restriction

Abstract The metabolic effects of exercise training and the influence of a moderate calorie restriction on the training response were examined in overweight women. Ten healthy women, 119% to 141% of desirable weight, completed the 14-week study. After a 2-week stabilization period, in which diets were designed to maintain body weight (BW), five women were assigned to a 12-week experimental program of diet and exercise (D + EX) that included a 50% reduction in energy intake and a program of moderate intensity aerobic exercise 6 days per week. The other five women were assigned to the same daily exercise (EX) and continued to consume the stabilization diet. Periodic measurements of resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), energy cost of exercise, and predicted maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) were obtained, and the respiratory quotient (RQ) was determined during rest and exercise. Body composition was monitored weekly. Tests of strength and anaerobic capacity were conducted. D + EX lost an average of ∼1.1 kg/wk, which was 67% fat, 33% lean. EX lost ∼0.5 kg/wk, which was 86% fat, 14% lean. In both groups, the exercise program resulted in an 11% to 13% improvement in VO 2 max and an 8% to 16% decrease in energy expenditure at submaximal workloads. The caloric restriction significantly increased fat utilization during exercise. The RMR declined 9% in D + EX, from 1,550 to 1,411 kcal/d, whereas it was maintained in EX, 1,608 to 1,626 kcal/d. The decrease in RMR observed in D + EX was consistent with the loss of fat-free mass (FFM). Neither diet nor training affected TEF or anaerobic capacity. Hand grip strength decreased in both groups by the end of the study. These results suggest that healthy, mildy obese women are capable of improving their aerobic fitness, and a 50% restriction of energy intake does not adversely affect physical performance.
The impact of leptin on perinatal development and psychopathology

Leptin has long been associated with metabolism as it is a critical regulator of both food intake and energy expenditure, but recently, leptin dysregulation has been proposed as a mechanism of psychopathology. This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for leptin in mental health disorders and describes potential mechanisms that may underlie this association. Leptin plays a critical role in pregnancy and in fetal growth and development. Leptin's role and profile during development is examined in available human studies, and the validity of applying studies conducted in animal models to the human population are discussed. Rodents experience a postnatal leptin surge, which does not occur in humans or larger animal models. This suggests that further research using large mammal models, which have a leptin profile across pregnancy and development similar to humans, are of high importance. Maternal obesity and hyperleptinemia correlate with increased leptin levels in the umbilical cord, placenta, and fetus. Leptin levels are thought to impact fetal brain development; likely by activating proinflammatory cytokines that are known to impact many of the neurotransmitter systems that regulate behavior. Leptin is likely involved in behavioral regulation as leptin receptors are widely distributed in the brain, and leptin influences cortisol release, the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway, serotonin synthesis, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In humans, both high and low levels of leptin are reported to be associated with psychopathology. This inconsistency is likely due to differences in the metabolic state of the study populations. Leptin resistance, which occurs in the obese state, may explain how both high and low levels of leptin are associated with psychopathology, as well as the comorbidity of obesity with numerous mental illnesses. Leptin resistance is likely to influence disorders such as depression and anxiety where high leptin levels have been correlated with symptomatology. Schizophrenia is also associated with both low and high leptin levels. However, as anti-psychotics pharmacotherapy induces weight gain, which elevates leptin levels, drug-naive populations are needed for further studies. Elevated circulating leptin is consistently found in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders and Rhett disorder. Further, studies on the impact of leptin and leptin resistance on psychopathology and neurodevelopmental disorders are important directions for future research. Studies examining the mechanisms by which exposure to maternal obesity and hyperleptinemia during fetal development impact brain development and behavior are critical for the health of future generations.
Serial Bone Marrow Studies in Pernicious Anemia. I. Fluctuation in Number and Volume of Nucleated Cells

SummarySerial sternal marrow studies at 24-hr intervals before and after liver induced remission in 16 patients with Addisonian pernicious anemia, revealed a marked fluctuation of the total number and volume of the nucleated elements. Six to 24 hr after the first injection of liver the majority of the cases showed a marked decrease in the total number of nucleated cells. This was followed by a periodic increase and decrease of the absolute number of the normoblasts. During the period from 96 to 168 hr after the institution of liver therapy there was at times an almost complete depletion in the marrow of these normoblasts.
Coactivation of MEF2 by the SAP Domain Proteins Myocardin and MASTR

Myocardin is a cardiac- and smooth muscle-specific SAP domain transcription factor that functions as a coactivator for serum response factor (SRF), which controls genes involved in muscle differentiation and cell proliferation. The DNA binding domain of SRF, which interacts with myocardin, shares homology with the MEF2 transcription factor, which also controls muscle and growth-associated genes. Here we show that alternative splicing produces a cardiac-enriched isoform of myocardin containing a unique peptide sequence that confers the ability to interact with and stimulate the transcriptional activity of MEF2. This MEF2 binding motif is also contained in a previously unknown SAP domain transcription factor, referred to as MASTR, which functions as a MEF2 coactivator. This unique protein-protein interaction motif expands the regulatory potential of myocardin, and its presence in MASTR reveals a new mechanism for the control of MEF2 activity.
Aqueous Dissolution Studies of Illite Under Ambient Conditions

Dissolution data on five of the six illites reported by Reesman and Keller (1968) indicate that these illites are more stable than was previously thought. The revised Gibbs free energies of formation (ΔGf0) with respect to the ‘ideal’ illite formula and the muscovite formula are Use of muscovite formula as an indirect comparator provides a means of predicting the relative stabilities of these chemically complex materials. The response of illite-equilibrated solution to a kaolin ΔGf0 was found in all samples in which a 7 A mineral phase was detected by X-ray diffraction. Stability diagrams based upon the ΔGf0 with respect to ideal muscovite and kaolin formulas show a rather wide range in chemical conditions through which illites and kaolin minerals with differing ΔGf0 would be stable. However, in carbonate rocks and sea water illite is stable relative to kaolin. During the weathering of carbonates the lower pH zones in the clay-rich residuum above the carbonates favor the transformation of illite to kaolin minerals.
Finitary substitute for continuous topology

Finite topological spaces are combinatorial structures that can serve as replacements for, or approximations to, bounded regions within continuous spaces such as manifolds. In this spirit, the present paper studies the approximation of general topological spaces by finite ones, or really by “finitary” ones in case the original space is unbounded. It describes how to associate a finitary spaceF with any locally finite covering of aT 1-spaceS; and it shows howF converges toS as the sets of the covering become finer and more numerous. It also explains the equivalent description of finite topological spaces in order-theoretic language, and presents in this connection some examples of posetsF derived from simple spacesS. The finitary spaces considered here should not be confused with the so-called causal sets, but there may be a relation between the two notions in certain situations.
Proposing a sustainable marketing framework for heritage tourism

This study tests a sustainable marketing protocol for heritage tourism institutions. The marketing plans of 20 museums across the United States are examined to grasp the empirical reality of the proposed model. The model is crafted along strategic marketing criteria, including measures such as environment analysis, level of local community involvement, partnership, and maintenance of traditional preservation-based objectives of the museums. A gap between the philosophical underpinnings of the proposed model and the existing marketing strategies is found. It is noted that the contemporary museum ethos in many regions of the United States is centered on short term plans and current survival. Additionally, regardless of locations, funding and short-termism dictate the core elements of all marketing plans. Overall, the results indicate that dedicated efforts and more awareness are needed to sustain the core purpose of contemporary museums. Using an applied approach, this study offers a unique and realistic pe...
Breakthrough for a DNA break-preventer

Mammalian genomes encode about 16 distinct DNA polymerases that participate in different aspects of DNA replication, DNA repair, recombination, or bypass of DNA damage (1, 2). The DNA polymerases used for normal replication generally cannot proceed on damaged DNA. When a damaged site is encountered, replication is stalled at least temporarily, and the lesion may be bypassed by invoking a process of translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) mediated by specialized DNA polymerases, or by switching to another undamaged DNA template. In a report in PNAS (3), Lee et al. significantly advance the possibilities for understanding this process by their work on DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), arguably the most important of the specialized DNA polymerases. The authors describe the purification of an active form of the human Pol ζ holoenzyme composed of four subunits, which opens up the possibility for detailed biochemical and structural studies of this essential enzyme. Pol ζ from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been available, but the mammalian protein has additional functions (for example, it is essential in mammals, but not in yeast), and the catalytic subunit (called REV3L) is about twice the size of the yeast protein.
Rays and Waves in Wavefront Sensing

Image-based wavefront sensing using ray and wave optics are compared. Marriage of a new ray-based technique with phase retrieval combines speed, robustness, and accuracy.
Sensitized photodegradation of adsorbed polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's)

Abstract Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's) adsorbed on silica gel or montmorillonite were degraded mainly to less chlorinated biphenyls by U.V. irradiation ( λ = 254 nm). The photodegradation was considerably enhanced by adding triethylamine to the system. The sensitizing effect can be ascribed, like in solution, to the formation of a charge-transfer complex confirmed by fluorescence quenching experiments.
The role of polyvalent cations in developing strong acidity: A study of lanthanum-exchanged zeolites

Abstract A series of faujasite and ZSM-20 zeolites was prepared such that they had a minimum amount of extraframework aluminum, but a range of Si/Al ratios. These materials were relatively inactive for the hexane cracking reaction, which was used as a test of strong acidity. When La 3+ ions had been exchanged into the zeolites, the cracking activity first increased with respect to lanthanum loading and then went through a maximum. When the maxima were plotted as a function of the framework aluminum content, Alf, for the series of zeolites, the activities increased until Alf was ca. 35 per u.c. and then decreased below a measurable level with zeolite X. The change in activity with respect to Alf paralleled that observed with steam-dealuminated zeolites, but the absolute activities of the La-exchanged samples were less. These results are consistent with a model of strong acidity in which both the Alf distribution and the presence of polyvalent cations in the β /OHM ,n+ cages are important. Lanthanum ions in the form of or La(OH) 2+ species are believed to be responsible for the withdrawal of electrons from the framework hydroxyl groups, thus making the protons more acidic.
What is planning development the development of

Making a developmental perspective on planning activities explicit may be necessary not only for the formulation of a developmental psychology of planning but also for the development of planning by individuals. School-aged children have some knowledge about planning, but they focus very little on the central revisionary quality of plan construction and plan execution.
Age-related changes in human and non-human primate white matter: from myelination disturbances to cognitive decline

The cognitive decline associated with normal aging was long believed to be due primarily to decreased synaptic density and neuron loss. Recent studies in both humans and non-human primates have challenged this idea, pointing instead to disturbances in white matter (WM) including myelin damage. Here, we review both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in humans and non-human primates that collectively support the hypothesis that WM disturbances increase with age starting at middle age in humans, that these disturbances contribute to age-related cognitive decline, and that age-related WM changes may occur as a result of free radical damage, degenerative changes in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage, and changes in microenvironments within WM.
Undergraduate justice system education and training at San Jose state university: An historical perspective

Abstract Since its inception in 1930, the Administration of Justice Department at San Jose State University has undergone numerous changes. This article develops a curriculum orientation matrix to analyze those changes. The results of the application of the matrix indicate movement from a law enforcement, training emphasis to the present system-oriented, professional-social science mix.
Thermodynamics and Structure of Single- and Two-Phase Yttria−Alumina Glasses

Yttria−alumina (YA) glasses containing 59.8−75.6 mol % Al2O3 were synthesized in the form of 1−3.5 mm diameter spheroids using containerless techniques. The glasses formed at cooling rates ranging from <70 K/s at compositions near 72 mol % Al2O3 and up to 300 K/s at the ends of the composition range. Samples with compositions from 59.8 to ∼69.0 mol % Al2O3 contained two glass phases, with an immiscible droplet (∼1−20 μm diameter) phase in the matrix glass. A single glass phase was formed at greater alumina concentrations. Glasses near the alumina- and yttria-rich ends of the compositional suite also contained ∼5−20% and 1−2% crystals, respectively. Heat capacities (CP) of the glasses and supercooled liquids, glass transition temperatures (Tg), configurational heat capacities at Tg (ΔCP(Tg)), and glass structures were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy. The Tg increases slightly with alumina content, from 1146 to 1156 K. The Cp increases ∼60% at Tg to f...
Nutritional Quality of Processed Poultry Waste for Broilers

Abstract Processed poultry waste (PPW), previously dried in a forced air oven and chemically extracted with potassium hydroxide to remove uric acid, was fed to broiler chicks to determine the metabolizable energy, available lysine, and the replacement value of PPW for corn in chick rations. Feed efficiency, feed consumption, and weight gain of chicks receiving 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% PPW for 14 days was not significantly different from chicks receiving the control corn diets. The metabolizable energy and available lysine of PPW was 1225 kcal/kg and .25% respectively. The available lysine in PPW represented 67% of the total lysine.
The fetal brain in bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected calves: lesions, distribution, and cellular heterogeneity of viral antigen at 190 days gestation.

Previous studies have shown that the brain is a target of persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and have demonstrated viral tropism for neurons as well as other endogenous cell types in diverse brain areas. Apart from foci of mild residual inflammation in some postnatal calves, consistent brain lesions, per se, have not been reported. No similar comprehensive studies of the brain have been reported in bovine fetuses. In the current study, 12 BVDV-seronegative heifers were inoculated intranasally with a 2-ml 4.4 log10 TCID50/ml dose of noncytopathic type 2 BVDV at 75 and 175 days of gestation to create persistently and transiently infected fetuses, respectively. In only persistently infected fetuses, encephaloclastic lesions resulting in pseudocysts were observed in the subependymal zone in the region of the median eminence and adjacent corona radiata as well as in the region of the external capsule associated with lenticulostriate arteries. Additionally, areas of rarefaction in whit...
Coreference Processing and Levels of Analysis in Object-Relative Constructions; Demonstration of Antecedent Reactivation with the Cross-Modal Priming Paradigm

This paper is concerned with two related issues in sentence processing--one methodological and one theoretical. Methodologically, it provides an unconfounded test of the ability of the cross-modal lexical priming task, when used appropriately, to provide detailed evidence about the time-course of antecedent reactivation during sentence processing. Theoretically, it provides a study of the nature of the representation that is examined when a reference-seeking element is linked to its antecedent during the processing of object-relative clause constructions. In these studies, subjects heard sentences which contained a lexical ambiguity placed in a strong biasing context. In one study this ambiguous word was the "moved" or "fronted" object of the verb in an object-relative construction. A cross-modal lexical priming (CMLP) naming task was used to determine whether one or more of the meanings of the ambiguity are activated at three temporally distinct points during the sentence: (1) immediately after the lexical ambiguity (Study 1); (2) a later point that was 700 milliseconds before the offset of the main verb (Study 2); (3) immediately after this main verb (at the gap in this filler-gap construction) (Study 2). The probes in the CMLP task were controlled for potential confounds. The results demonstrate the following: At Test Point 1, all meanings of the ambiguity were activated; at Test Point 2, neither meaning of the ambiguity was (still) activated; at Test Point 3, only a single (context-relevant) meaning of the ambiguity was reactivated. It is concluded that an underlying (deep; non-surface-level) memorial representation of the sentence is examined during the process of linking an antecedent to a structural position requiring a referent, and that the CMLP task provides an unbiased measure of this reactivation. Further, it is concluded that this effect cannot be accounted for under a "compound cue" (Ratcliff & McKoon, 1994) explanation.
Antiobesity drugs: current and future issues.

Overweight and obesity affect more than 60% of the population in the United States. Many social and environmental factors influence this phenomenon. Because of the tremendous difficulties associated with addressing these factors, health care providers have been looking for a magic pill that resolves this issue. Although there is no panacea, this article is intended to concisely review commonly prescribed medications for obesity, their efficacy, and side effects. In addition, some pharmacologic agents with a promising antiobesity action are discussed.
A Novel Ordered Nanopore Array Diode Laser

In this work, we have created a new type of structure, the nanopore active layer, for achieving quantization of carrier states in a semiconductor. The nanopore structure consists of a periodic two-dimensional array of localized energy barriers perturbing an otherwise conventional quantum well. This perturbation leads to the formation of intraband forbidden energy gaps which are observed experimentally.
Has New York City fallen into the local trap

Objectives: Municipal policies aiming to improve equity in food access and health often rely on the assumption that neighborhoods with limited healthy food availability and high levels of diet-related illness should be the subject of targeted policy-driven change. This study explored this assumption in the context of recent food policy developments in New York City with the objective of empirically examining the geography of everyday food behavior in high- and low-income neighborhoods. Study design: This research used a multi method comparative design. Areas at the poles of income inequality in New York City were identified using census data and geographic information systems. Qualitative and geographic data were collected from individual eaters living and/or working in those areas. Methods: A review of food policies in New York City from 2005 to 2012. Qualitative and geographic data were collected using space-time food diaries and mental mapping interviews. Results: People living in the low-income study area had more localized food geographies than residents of the high-income study area. Individual-level qualitative data revealed that eaters with the least financial resources, those with physical disabilities, and those who were unemployed reported all or nearly all of their food events taking place within their neighborhoods. Eaters from the low-income area suggested that the barriers to healthy food that policy incentives should address were the high price of food and the consumer environment within stores, not the number of supermarkets in their area. Residents of the high-income area also expressed dissatisfaction with food prices and the in-store environment of their local supermarkets. These eaters leveraged their financial, technological, and transportation resources to overcome those barriers to fresh food. Conclusions: The policy review found that New York City's recent nutrition and food policies are to a great extent geographically targeted to low-income areas. As such, they miss opportunities for citywide interventions that would create food environment changes welcomed by residents of both high- and low-income areas. The recent nutrition and food policies also have the potential unintended negative consequence of promoting gentrification.
Zero-pole modulation and demodulation for noise reduction in charge amplifiers

A novel method of noise reduction, referred to as zero-pole modulation and demodulation, is proposed for charge amplifiers in imaging and sensor systems. In this method, the input signal is passed through a zero-pole system without being modified. However, the noise at the output of the charge amplifier is reduced by the demodulation. An experimental charge amplifier for applications in x-ray crystallography with zero-pole modulation-demodulation has been designed and integrated in a 0.18-µm CMOS technology. The circuit operates at a frequency of 10 kHz and has a conversion gain of 100 mV/fC. The amount of noise reduction achieved by the proposed method is 40%, which corresponds well to the theoretically expected noise reduction. The experimental charge amplifier exhibits an input-referred noise of 100 ENC.