cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of pressure on phase behavior in polymer blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and poly(o-fluorostyrene-co-p-fluorostyrene) copolymers

The effect of pressure on miscibility and phase separation in blends of random copolymers of ortho- and para-fluorostyrene, P(o-FS-co-p-FS) and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), PPO, has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) at pressures up to 300 MPa. At 200 MPa the copolymers containing from 10 to 38 mol% p-FS are miscible with PPO below 230°C using the customary criterion of a single calorimetric glass transition temperature (Tg). Each blend undergoes phase separation upon annealing at higher temperatures at both atmospheric and elevated pressures indicating the presence of a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). When the phase behaviors of the 50/50 wt% blends are examined as a function of temperature and copolymer composition, a symmetric miscibility “window” can be observed in the resulting temperature-composition diagram with a maximum at about 22 mol% p-FS. In a complementary set of experiments, the pressure dependence of the phase boundary for the blend of PPO and P(o-FS-co-p-FS) in which the copolymer contained 29 mol% p-FS was studied. The temperature minimum of the phase boundary is at about 50 wt% PPO and is independent of pressure. The consolute temperature, Tc, increases at about 0.10°C/MPa up to 200 MPa and then becomes independent of pressure to reach an asymptotic value at around 270°C. Similar behavior is also observed for blends in which the copolymer composition contains either 16 or 23 mol% p-FS. In these blends the decrease of dTc/dP at higher pressures may indicate that the negative volume of mixing approaches zero above 200 MPa. This study shows therefore, that pressure no longer plays a role in increasing the miscibility above 200 MPa.
Integrating Land Change Science and Savanna Fire Models in West Africa

Fire is a key component of many land use systems and a determinant of land change. There is a growing concern that climate change will cause more catastrophic fires, but in many areas the impacts will be mediated by human land use practices. In African savannas, for example, fires are frequent and research finds low inter-annual variability in burned areas in places with highly variable rainfall. This regularity of fire suggests that African regimes are humanized, meaning that they are governed by human practices more than climate variation. Although these fire regimes are stable, they vary greatly over space. This paper will determine the reasons for two distinctly different fire regimes in Mali by integrating land change and savanna fire science. The study takes a two pronged approach to examine the causes of fire regimes and the reasons they change. It tests the notion that land cover (not land use) governs fire regimes by combining long term burn scar and vegetation analysis with local interviews. Results indicate that efforts to link fire and land change science, need to focus more on subtle differences in land cover, landscape pattern and human practices, than on drought, land use or fire policy.
Seasonal circulation and Mauna Loa CO2 variability

[1] The multidecadal observational CO2 record from the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) in Hawaii exhibits variations at subannual frequencies associated with variations in both carbon sources and sinks and atmospheric transport. However, the atmospheric transport influence on MLO's CO2 variability in general and its seasonal characteristics in particular have received relatively little attention. In this study, we explore the impact of seasonal atmospheric circulation on MLO CO2 variability. Because of MLO's central tropical North Pacific location between zones of intense midlatitude westerly flow to the north and tropical easterly flow to the south, the air mass transport to the site broadly consists of either long-range transport, typically originating from the west over or near the Eurasian continent, and short-range transport, typically originating from the east over the Pacific Ocean. Climatologically, the source regions of air masses arriving at MLO reflect seasonal modulation; most notably, while the period October-June is characterized by both the short- and long-range transport pathways, with the latter more prominent, especially during Northern Hemisphere (NH) spring, the period July-September is dominated by the short-range pathway with little long-range transport. At interannual timescales, the relationship between atmospheric transport and MLO CO2 also displays distinct seasonality: The correlation of observed MLO CO2 variability with simulated variability associated with cyclostationary sources interacting with an interannually varying reanalysis circulation field, i.e., an “atmospheric circulation only” estimate of MLO CO2 variability, is relatively strong during the NH cold season (November-May) but is weak during the warm season (June-October). Use of both Eulerian- and Lagrangian-based techniques, including composite analysis and clustering of Lagrangian back trajectories, highlights distinct atmospheric circulation flow patterns associated with anomalous positive and negative excursions of MLO CO2 concentrations, with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) playing a significant, though seasonally variable, role. Consistent with simple correlation analysis, the strongest concurrence between circulation fields composited with respect to observed and simulated MLO CO2 is evident during the NH autumn, winter, and spring seasons. Back trajectory cluster analysis supports the physicality of the composite analysis in terms of the origins of air masses arriving at MLO. The seasonal role of atmospheric transport variability may have important implications for the interpretation of the recent downward trends in the observed CO2 seasonal cycle amplitude and maxima, features that also appear in the simulated CO2 record. Indeed, both the circulation analyses as well as available radon-222 data for MLO point toward a decadal shift in the origin of air masses arriving at MLO during the April-June period that favors lower CO2 concentrations.
Seismic Performance of Pipe-Pin Two-Way Hinges in Concrete Bridge Columns

Pipe-pin two-way hinges are intended to eliminate moments while transferring shear and axial loads from integral bridge bent caps to reinforced concrete columns. In the absence of experimental and analytical studies, design of pipe-pin hinges has been based on pure shear failure of the pipe. A comprehensive experimental and analytical study of pipe-pin hinges was recently completed at the University of Nevada, Reno. Tests of large-scale models of the hinges were conducted and showed that lateral failure mechanism is typically controlled by concrete diagonal tensile cracking in combination with flexural hinging of the steel pipe as opposed to pure shear failure of the pipe. A detailed parametric study was performed using ABAQUS to shed light on different aspects of the behavior. Based on the results, means to improve the performance of current details were identified and a design method was proposed and verified against analytical and experimental data. As a possible extension of pipe-pin application, a st...
Chromophore-in-Protein Modeling of the Structures and Resonance Raman Spectra for Type 1 Copper Proteins

Geometries and resonance Raman (RR) spectra have been modeled for the type 1 Cu active sites of plastocyanin and azurin, as well as two azurin site-directed mutants, M121G and H46D. Using force constants for the Cu coordination group chosen to fit the RR spectra in conjunction with the AMBER force field, we calculated geometries and vibrational spectra. The fitting procedure utilized a chromophore-in-protein approximation, in which a large fraction of the protein was included in the calculation, but only the atoms within a certain distance of the Cu were allowed to vibrate. This procedure reduces the size and complexity of the calculation while retaining all the protein forces. The calculation was tested against experimental RR frequencies, isotope shifts ( 65 Cu, 34 S, 15 N, Cys- 15 N, Cys-C‚D2) and relative intensities. We find that including six or more heavy atoms (C, N, O) along each Cu-ligating residue (along with the attached H atoms) leads to results essentially independent of the size of the vibrating unit. The calculated spectral features reproduced most observed features, including isotope shifts and the redistribution of RR intensity upon 34 S substitution. The spectral changes in the azurin mutants result mainly from a decreased Cu-S(Cys) force constant. The spectra of plastocyanin and azurin are markedly different, despite identical Cu -S force constants. The complexity of the RR spectra near 400 cm -1 results from coordinate mixing among Cu-S stretching and several angle bending coordinates of the cysteine side chain (and small amounts of neighboring side chains).
SU-FF-T-402: Synchronized Dynamic Dose Reconstruction

Purpose: To present a dose accumulation method that explicitly incorporates real‐time target volume motion, and real‐time machine configuration, MLC motion and fluence state. Method and Materials: Effects of inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion on dose distributions delivered to a target volume are typically estimated by statistical methods that rely on idealized assumptions such as constant random and systematic errors, and constant offsets, periods and amplitudes of motion over the entire course of therapy. In addition, implementation and delivery related issues such as leaf sequencing limitations, spatial interplay between MLC leaf and target volume motion, and temporal interplay of the fluence state in IMRT, are assumed to average out during treatment. To include these effects, a dose accumulation technique is proposed which explicitly incorporates real‐time target volume motion data, and real‐time treatment machine data. Several technologies are becoming available to continuously monitor (10–30 Hz) the patient position, organs‐at‐risk, and the target volume during therapy. Likewise, real‐time (20 Hz) machine configuration, leaf position and fluence state data, is currently available in the Varian DynaLog files. These datasets are synchronized at the beginning of each beam; and the Monte Carlo method, which inherently accounts for time dependence, was used for dose calculations. Results: By synchronizing target volume position, machine configuration, leaf positions and fluence state, with sub‐second resolution, the dose delivered by each beam, may be accumulated. Such accumulated dose distributions reflect the interplay between target volume motion, MLC leaf motion and other machine‐related delivery effects based on real‐time, patient specific, measured data. The delivered dose distribution to date may then be compared to the planned dose distribution to provide input for dynamic refinement of treatment planning and delivery.Conclusion:Delivered target volume dose may be reconstructed using real‐time motion and machine data, and serve as a basis for dynamic refinement of treatments.
Does in‐service professional learning for high school economics teachers improve student achievement?

Education policy analysts and professional educators have called for more and better professional learning opportunities for in‐service teachers, and for at least 30 years economists called for more content training for high school economics teachers. Using new data from all Georgia high school economics students, we assess the impact of in‐service teacher workshops on the performance of students on a high‐stakes end‐of‐course economics exam. Controlling for student characteristics and teacher fixed effects, we find a positive and significant impact of teacher workshop attendance – once teachers have attended three workshops – on student test scores. Furthermore, the results suggest that in‐service workshops for economics teachers offer a cost‐effective way to provide content training.
Protection afforded mice against tourniquet trauma induced mortality by ganglion blocking drug chlorisondamine dimethochloride.

SummarySurvival-mortality data were obtained for tourniquet traumatized, adult Carworth Farms male mice for 120 hours after zero hour (time of removal of both hind leg ligatures). Higher percent survivals were noted throughout for test mice injected intraperitoneally with chlorisondamine dimethochloride, 5 mg/kg, than for control traumatized mice injected with water. The p (probability) values for test vs. control mice were: (A) for mice injected at zero hour, 0.01 or less at 6, 24, 48 and 120 hours thereafter, and (B) for mice injected 15 minutes after zero hour, 0.01 or less ONLY at 6 hours thereafter.
Individual differences in object manipulation in a colony of tufted capuchins

Abstract Individual differences in object manipulation were studied in 42 captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) in seven social groups. Object manipulation was recorded in the homecage with familiar and novel objects. Juveniles were more manipulative than adults, and no overall sex differences were observed in object manipulation. Baseline manipulation of familiar objects in the homecage was significantly correlated with manipulation of novel objects when they were introduced. Along with a wide range of interest in objects, there was considerable stability in individual differences across situations, such that most animals could be classified as to their “style” of object use. The influence of those manipulative styles on whether or not individuals can learn to use tools remains to be explored.
Rapid chromosomal assignment of multiple genomic clones in tomato using primary trisomics.

Abstract In order to rapidly assign relatively large numbers of tomato genomic clones to specific chromosomes, we have developed the following approach: groups of five to eight clones from a single copy tomato library are pooled, nick-translated, and utilized as probes against Southern blots consisting of a panel of trisomic DNAs. Since the trisomic DNAs are digested with the same enzyme used to produce the genomic library (PstI), each hybridizing band can be related to a specific genomic clone and the relative intensities of the bands can be used to assign each to a specific chromosome. With this technique, we have assigned 52 clones to specific chromosomes and verified the assignment of 21 out of 23 by genetic mapping in a segregating F2 population. In addition to selecting clones according to chromosome, the idea of using multiple clones or "molecular darts" may have broader applications, such as screening for differences between the genomes of nearly isogenic lines.
Emergency medicine residency training in electrocardiogram interpretation.

Objectives: A national survey of emergency medicine (EM) residency program directors (PDs) was conducted to review training and evaluation of residents in electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation and to assess the attitudes of PDs toward establishing national criteria for ECG competency. Methods: An eight-question multiple-part survey was mailed to all 122 EM PDs. The presence of a formal ECG curriculum, teaching formats, and methods to assess competency were queried. The PDs' opinions on developing a national ECG curriculum, standardized assessment tool, and competency requirement for graduation were solicited on a five-point Likert scale. Results: Surveys were received from 87 (71.3%) of the 122 EM residency programs. Of the responding programs, 56 (64.4%) had a formal ECG curriculum. Only 18 (20.7%) programs stated that they test for ECG competency, and even fewer, ten (11.5%) programs, require that residents prove competency to graduate. Although 32 (48.3%) PDs endorsed the idea of a national ECG curriculum, 51 (58.6%) opposed the implementation of a national ECG examination for EM. Similarly, 50 (57.5%) PDs opposed a national ECG competency requirement for graduation. Conclusions: While a majority of EM residency programs surveyed have a formal curriculum for ECG interpretation, less than a fourth formally test their residents or require proof of competency. The majority of residency PDs oppose the development of a national ECG examination or competency requirement for graduation. Implementation of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education directive for the demonstration of clinical competencies will be challenging given the current position of PDs.
Intraoperative monitoring of torsion to prevent vertical deviations during augmented vertical rectus transposition surgery.

Background Total transposition of the superior and inferior rectus muscle laterally, with augmentation sutures, may be complicated by induction of an undesirable vertical deviation. Induced vertical misalignment may be associated with changes in torsion. We have developed a simple method to monitor intraoperative torsion that may reduce the incidence of vertical deviations. Methods We reviewed consecutive cases of total abducens palsy or esotropic Duane syndrome treated with augmented lateral transposition of the superior and inferior rectus muscles, where the 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock intraoperative positions were initially marked with a dot at the limbus using a surgical pen. The location of the marks was monitored during tying of the augmentation sutures; changes in torsion were monitored intraoperatively. Results Records of 9 cases of augmented vertical rectus transposition were reviewed. On the basis of intraoperative assessment of torsion, by observing the position of preplaced limbal dots, the inferior rectus augmentation suture was tied less tightly than the superior rectus suture, leaving a gap of 1 to 3 mm between the inferior and lateral rectus muscles in 8 of 9 cases. The augmentation suture was totally removed in 1 case. After these intraoperative adjustments, there was no induced intraoperative torsion, whereas further tightening of the inferior suture induced extorsion. Six weeks postoperatively, 8 of 9 patients did not experience a symptomatic vertical deviation. Conclusions When performing augmented transposition procedures, intraoperative monitoring of torsion may reduce the incidence of inadvertent vertical deviations and torsion. This technique may also be useful in other cases where correction or avoidance of torsion is needed.
Clonal Composition and Specificity of Graft Infiltrating B Cells in Human Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Purpose: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following heart transplantation. CAV is associated with intragraft B cell infiltrates in or around coronary arteries with evidence of intimal thickening. However, the phenotype, specificity and function of these infiltrating B cells are currently unknown. Our objective was to study the composition of such B cell infiltrates. Methods: Our experiments used 4 cardiac allografts with CAV explanted at time of re-transplantation. B cell infiltrates were visualized by immunohistochemistry. The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region repertoire was analyzed in different tissue fragments of the 4 specimens and in the patients’ blood by next generation sequencing. Lastly, we isolated B cells directly from two of the specimens and immortalized them by EBV infection. We used the monoclonal immunoglobulins produced in vitro by the clones to assess their reactivity towards HLA, apoptotic cells and autoantigens by Luminex, flow cytometry and ELISA respectively. Results: CD20+ B cells were detected in the perivascular area of the epicardium as well as in the tissue adjacent to the coronary arteries in 4 of 4 specimens. Deep sequencing results showed robust B cell clonal expansion in the graft but not in the blood. Several expanded B cell clones characterized by the sequence of their uniquely rearranged complementarity determining region 3 were detected in different locations in the graft, revealing the breadth of the immune infiltration. Twenty six and thirty four clones were generated from these two grafts respectively. While none of the clones reacted to HLA, 57% reacted to multiple generic self-antigens, displaying a pattern of polyreactivity. Using protein microarrays, we further characterized the reactivity profile of 1 polyreactive clone that was found to be expanded in situ. This clone strongly reacted to immunoglobulin Fc fragment, suggesting that it corresponded to a rheumatoid factor (RF) B cell. Conclusion: Our studies characterize for the first time the clonal composition of B cell infiltrates in human cardiac allografts with CAV and demonstrate the prevalence of polyreactive cells in situ. Moreover, the local expansion of an RF B cell clone suggests that cells with such reactivity may actively contribute to the pathophysiology of CAV through a mechanism that needs to be identified.
MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS INVESTIGATIONS OF CONFORMATIONAL FLUCTUATIONS AND LOW-ENERGY VIBRATIONAL EXCITATIONS IN A-SI:H

First-principles molecular-dynamics simulations on models of a-Si:H and a-Si reveal the existence of a quasicontinuous manifold of nearly degenerate and conformationally distinct metastable minima which are accessible to each other at moderate simulation temperatures in the microcanonical ensemble. Other lowenergy excitations were also observed: elastic modes with anomalously low frequencies, which are somewhat local, though they involve a significant fraction of the atoms constituting supercell models. We investigate these phenomena via molecular dynamics and relate them to previous work on glassy solids and on liquids.
Automatic vectorization of scanned engineering drawings

A new approach to vectorization of scanned digitized images of engineering drawings is presented. By using traveling techniques to trace entities and square lattices for line thinning, skeleton points are extracted. Skeleton points are used to find continuous paths for scanned images. Topics in this work include traveling algorithms for line thinning and a deviation factor for drawing regeneration. There are also discussions about the required resolution to scan drawings, accuracy of reproduced images, and reliability of the process. >
Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome and non-motor symptoms after Parkinson’s disease surgery

ARTICLE Sir, I read with interest the manuscript by Dr Thobois and colleagues (Thobois et al. , 2010), in which the authors report the occurrence of depression and apathy after deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson’s disease and correlate these symptoms with mesolimbic dopaminergic denervation on neuroimaging studies. I agree with the authors’ interpretation of post-surgical apathy as a drug withdrawal state precipitated by the rapid tapering of dopaminergic medications (Rabinak and Nirenberg, 2010). My strong suspicion, however, is that severe non-motor symptoms that occur after deep brain stimulation are largely attributable to dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS) rather than a non-specific dopamine withdrawal state (Rabinak and Nirenberg, 2010). Furthermore, I have significant safety concerns about the use of piribedil as a treatment for these withdrawal symptoms. Recognition of DAWS is critical because it: (i) exclusively occurs in patients with baseline dopamine agonist-related impulse control disorders; (ii) responds only to dopamine agonist repletion and not to levodopa or other Parkinson’s disease medications; and (iii) includes not only apathy and depression, but also a broad …
Characterization of a Slurry Process Used to Make a Plastic‐Bonded Explosive

The effects of agitation rate, air sweep rate, and reactor temperature in the production of PBX 9501, a plastic-bonded explosive molding powder, were investigated. These variables affected the agglomerate length, the agglomerate shape, and the bulk density of the molding powder, but had very little effect on the properties of pressed pieces made from the molding powder.
Mapping Natural Image Patches by Explicit and Implicit Manifolds

Image patches are fundamental elements for object modeling and recognition. However, there has not been a panoramic study of the structures of the whole ensemble of natural image patches in the literature. In this article, we study the structures of this ensemble by mapping natural image patches into two types of subspaces which we call "explicit manifolds " and "implicit manifolds " respectively. On explicit manifolds, one finds those simple and regular image primitives, such as edges, bars, corners and junctions. On implicit manifolds, one finds those complex and stochastic image patches, such as textures and clutters. On different types of manifolds, different perceptual metrics are used. We propose a method for learning a probabilistic distribution on the space of patches by pursuing both types of manifolds using a common information theoretical criterion. The connection between the two types of manifolds is realized by image scaling, which changes the entropy of the image patches. The explicit manifolds live in low entropy regimes while the implicit manifolds live in high entropy regimes. We study the transition between the two types of manifolds over scale and show that the complexity of the manifolds peaks in a middle entropy regime.
An exact measurement and repair circuit of TSV connections for 128GB/s high-bandwidth memory(HBM) stacked DRAM

For the heterogeneous-structured high bandwidth memory (HBM) DRAM, it is important to guarantee the reliability of TSV connections. An exact TSV current scan and repair method is proposed, that uses similar to the correlated double sampling method. The register-based pre-repair method improves testability. The measurement results for thousands of TSV shows impedance distribution under 0.1 ohm. Methods are integrated in 8Gb HBM stacked DRAM using 29nm process.
A Modern Form of Rapunzel Syndrome: Trichobezoar Composed of Synthetic Hair Extensions

20-year-old woman presented to the emergency Aroomwith severemidepigastric pain and vomiting. Her symptoms progressed over several weeks and she eventually was unable to eat solid foods without vomiting, although she could tolerate liquids. She lost 15 lb in this setting. Her physical examination was significant for a firm, tender mass in the midepigastrum. Laboratory test results showed a leukocytosis of 16,200/mm, with normal liver chemistries and lipase. An abdominal film showed a large opacity within the stomach displacing the transverse colon inferiorly. An abdominal computed tomography scan confirmed a heterogeneous mass filling the stomach with extension into the third portion of the duodenum (Figure A). Upon further questioning, the patient reported pulling out and eating her hair since the age of 12 when her parents divorced. Her hair is naturally very short and for the past 3 years she has been wearing synthetic hair extensions that she continued to eat. An upper endoscopy showed the presence of a large gastroduodenal trichobezoar occupying nearly the entire gastric lumen and extending past the second portion of the duodenum (Figure B). Endoscopic retrieval of the trichobezoar appeared unlikely to be successful and was not attempted. She subsequently underwent surgical removal of the trichobezoar through a 10-cm anterior gastrotomy. The trichobezoar was very firm, measured 13 13 9 cm, and was removed en bloc (Figure C). The patient had a normal postoperative recovery. Psychiatry diagnosed her with trichotillomania and recommended cognitive behavioral therapy. For 2 years after her surgery, she has refrained from further trichophagia despite continuing to wear hair extensions.
Flutter Analysis of Circular Panels

Summary The flutter problem of flat circular panels with edges elastically restrained against rotation has been formulated in terms of smalldeflection plate theory. The panel is subjected to uniform allround tension or compression in its middle plane, in addition to the supersonic compressible flow passing over its upper surface with still air below. Linear piston theory is employed to predict the aerodynamic load on the vibrating panel. The problem is investigated by a Rayleigh-type analysis in­ volving chosen modes of the panel as degrees of freedom. In order to investigate the convergence of the solution, the flutter-mode shape of the clamped-edge panel has been expressed in a series form in powers of r cos 6. The results of three-, four-, and five-term approximations have displayed oscillatory be­ havior with apparently rapid convergence of the solution.
Drosophila Tufted Is a Gain-of-Function Allele of the Proneural Gene amos

Tufted is a classical Drosophila mutant characterized by a large number of ectopic mechanosensory bristles on the dorsal mesothorax. Unlike other ectopic bristle mutants, Tufted is epistatic to achaete and scute, the proneural genes that normally control the development of these sensory organs. In this report, I present genetic and molecular evidence that Tufted is a gain-of-function allele of the proneural gene amos that ectopically activates mechanosensory neurogenesis. I also systematically examine the ability of the various proneural bHLH proteins to cross-activate each other and find that their ability to do so is in general relatively limited, despite their common ability to induce the formation of mechanosensory bristles. This phenomenon seems instead to be related to their shared ability to activate Asense and Senseless.
Power electronics system modeling and simulation

This paper introduces control system design based software packages, SIMNON and MATLAB/SIMULINK, for power electronics system simulation. A complete power electronics system typically consists of a rectifier bridge along with its smoothing capacitor, an inverter and a motor. The system components, featuring discrete or continuous, linear or nonlinear devices are modeled using mathematical equations. Inverter control methods, such as pulse-width-modulation and hysteresis current control, are expressed using either computer algorithms or digital circuits. After describing component models and control methods, computer programs are then developed for complete system simulation. Simulation results are mainly used for studying system performances such as input and output current harmonics, torque ripples and speed responses. Key computer programs and simulation results are demonstrated for educational purposes. >
Detection of Fluid Signals in the 1985 Yellowstone Earthquake Swarm

This paper presents a statistical approach named multivariate hidden Markov modeling (MHMM) and employs it to study the spatial and temporal distribution of earthquakes in the 1985 Yellowstone earthquake swarm. It also explores the potential of the approach for identifying fluid signals in the swarm. As far as the spatial distribution component is concerned, the MHMM detected an upward migration of earthquakes at the beginning of the swarm. This is an important feature of fluid-triggered earthquakes. In terms of the temporal distribution component, the agreement between the MHMM and ETAS modeling results suggests the presence of fluid signals in mid-November of 1985.
Children Receiving Free or Reduced-Price School Lunch Have Higher Food Insufficiency Rates in Summer

Background In 2012, 20% of households in the United States with children lacked consistent access to adequate food. Food insufficiency has significant implications for children, including poor physical and mental health outcomes, behavior problems, and low educational achievements. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is one policy solution to reduce food insufficiency among children from low-income families. Objective The objective of this project was to evaluate the association between NSLP participation and household food insufficiency by examining trajectories of food insufficiency over 10 calendar months. The calendar months included both nonsummer months when school is in session and summer months when school is out of session. Methods The study used the data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and conducted linear growth curve analyses in the multilevel modeling context. Comparisons were made between the trajectories of food insufficiencies among recipients of free or reduced-price lunch and their counterparts who are eligible but choose not to participate in the program. Results Heads of households that included children receiving free or reduced-price lunch (n = 6867) were more likely to be female, black, unmarried, and unemployed, and have a lower educational attainment than those whose children were eligible but did not receive free or reduced-price lunch (n = 11,396). For households participating in the NSLP, the food insufficiency rate was consistent from January to May at ∼4%, and then increased in June and July to >5%. Meanwhile, food insufficiency among eligible nonrecipients was constant throughout the year at nearly 2%. Conclusions The NSLP protects households from food insufficiency. Policies should be instituted to make enrollment easier for households.
Mindfulness and the Quality of Organizational Attention

Mindfulness as depicted by Levinthal and Rerup (2006) involves encoding ambiguous outcomes in ways that influence learning, and encoding stimuli in ways that match context with a repertoire of routines. We add to Levinthal and Rerup's conjectures by examining Western and Eastern versions of mindfulness and how they function as a process of knowing an object. In our expanded view, encoding becomes less central. What becomes more central are activities such as altering the codes, differentiating the codes, introspecting the coding process itself, and, most of all, reducing the overall dependence on coding and codes. Consequently, we shift from Levinthal and Rerup's contrast between mindful and less mindful to a contrast between conceptual and less conceptual. When people move away from conceptuality and encoding, outcomes are affected more by the quality than by the quantity of attention.
Exposure of the internal carotid artery near the skull base: the posterolateral anatomic approach.

Abstract Internal carotid injuries in zone III near the base of the skull are technically the most challenging of the carotid injuries. Diagnostic angiography is important to evaluate the exact site and extent of injury and the presence or absence of prograde flow in the injured segment. Vascular repair in this area is highly dependent on the adequacy of surgical exposure. Previous approaches have emphasized displacement of the mandible either by subluxation or mandibulotomy. Problems related to mandibulotomy, such as intraoral contamination, infection, and nonunion, are potential complications of this approach to the high carotid artery. In addition, it does not give adequate exposure of the internal carotid artery at the critical area, near the base of the skull. Experience gained from the extended radical neck dissection exposing the internal carotid artery up to the skull base has demonstrated that a posterolateral anatomic approach can provide superior exposure of the high carotid artery with lower morbidity and shortened operative time. This surgical approach involves cutting the sternomastoid muscle close to the mastoid and dissecting all the tissues away from the surface of the mastoid. Dividing the posterior belly of the digastric and styloid group of muscles assists in exposure of the internal carotid artery. Rarely, dissection of the facial nerve and removal of the tail of parotid add additional access to this area. This article describes the stepwise anatomic approach to the internal carotid artery near the base of the skull. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:618-22.)
The Northrop Grumman Compact Infrared FEL (CIRFEL)

As part of Northrop Grumman's ongoing research in particle accelerators, we have designed and are commissioning a Compact Infrared Free-Electron Laser (CIRFEL) for the study of high-brightness electron beams and free-electron lasers. Besides serving as a tool for FEL development, the CIRFEL laboratory, located at Princeton University, will be used in experiments ranging from basic FEL physics and biophysics to chemistry, materials science and medicine. The CIRFEL is to lase initially in the 10 - 20 /spl mu/m range. The pulse format of this FEL is a train of micropulses, 5 - 10 psec is duration, at a repetition rate of 142.8 MHz. The micropulse energy is in excess of 100 /spl mu/J. The micropulses comprise a macropulse lasting approximately 10 /spl mu/sec. The macropulse repetition rate is 10 Hz, thus the average power of the FEL is on the order of 1.5 W.
Coexistence with Primary Users of Different Scales

Opportunistic radio systems aim to exploit 'spectrum holes' by finding bands and transmission characteristics that will not cause harmful interference to the primary users of that band. This paper explores whether it is harder/easier to peacefully coexist with primary systems that operate at different scales in terms of their coverage area and transmission power. When sensing a large scale primary, a small scale secondary user can make its own decision about transmission based on the sensing results from its neighborhood. This assumption fails when the scale of the primary is comparable to the scale of the secondary user. In this scenario, we need to decouple sensing from admission control - a sensor network is required to perform the sensing. For small primaries, the environment over which the sensing results are valid is small which imposes certain minimum density requirements for sensor nodes. Collective sensing is used to localize the primary while a separate admission control algorithm decides on which secondaries can safely transmit. Location information of the primary and secondary users is key for such an admission control algorithm to operate successfully. In the case of a large primary, location uncertainty did not impact results significantly since decisions are made about a primary that is very far as compared to the inter-sensor distances. This is no longer valid for a small primary and hence more exact location information is paramount. With location uncertainty of primary and secondary users, the effective primary user footprint can increase significantly. We focus our discussion around a toy model of the Part 74 'wireless microphone users' that are a concern to the IEEE 802.22 Working Group.
`I have great desires to look beyond my world': trajectories of information and communication technology use among Ghanaians living abroad:

Using an ethnographic approach, this study sought to understand how the personal aspirations and social landscapes of Ghanaians living in London shaped their use of a constellation of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as camcorders, digital cameras, the internet and mobile phones. Two trajectories of ICT use were discovered among the individuals interviewed. One trajectory fit with the expected transnational practices of cultural continuity and `looking homeward'. This was evident in the way that ICTs such as camcorders supplemented or were incorporated into Ghanaian social events held in London. A second trajectory was evident when Ghanaians enrolled the internet in attempts to realize migratory aspirations, using it to explore the world, broadly searching for opportunities, information, contacts and new ideas. The use of the internet for these exploratory activities revealed how ICTs are relevant to the migration experience beyond attempts to maintain a connection with the homeland.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PETROLEUM WEALTH: SOME POLICY ALTERNATIVES

Mineral wealth tends to make countries less democratic and more likely to experience a civil war. Many countries also find it hard to use their natural resource revenues to make high-quality, growth-enhancing investments. I argue that these problems are caused, in part, by the unusual qualities of resource revenues their great size, their non-tax source, their lack of stability, and their secrecy. While there is no universal formula for changing these four qualities, I present a menu of policies that could make natural resource revenues smaller, smoother and more transparent, and hence easier for governments to invest productively.
Role of Immunization in Mastitis Control

Bovine mastitis may be compared to the common cold in man, i.e., it is a disease characterized by its clinical signs but caused by numerous different pathogens. In mastitis probably these pathogens are bacteria or possibly pleuropneumonia-like organisms. Thus, we have a variety of infections with similar clinical signs and immunity to one does not confer protection against any of the others. TaMe 1 shows the relative incidence of the most common mastitis pathogens (10). In New York for the year 1967 the streptococci and staphylococci make up the most significant groups and we will limit this discussion to these two groups.
Self-organization of hierarchical visual maps with feedback connections

Visual areas in primates are known to have reciprocal connections. While the feedforward bottom-up processing of visual information has been studied extensively for decades, little is known about the role of the feedback connections. Existing feedback models usually employ hand-coded connections, and do not address how these connections develop. The model described in this paper shows how feedforward and feedback connections between cortical areas V1 and V2 can be learned through self-organization simultaneously. Computational experiments show that both areas can form hierarchical representations of the input with reciprocal connections that link relevant cells in the two areas.
Prefrontal sulcal prominence is inversely related to response to clozapine in schizophrenia

The object of this study was to determine if brain computed tomography (CT) scan measures are related to treatment response to clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug that is effective in some therapy-resistant schizophrenic patients. Thirty-four therapy-resistant patients were evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) before and after 6 weeks of treatment with clozapine. The patients were classified into Nonresponders, Moderate Responders, and Good Responders based on the percent change in BPRS. Comparison of these groups on prefrontal sulcal prominence (PSP) indicated a statistically significant linear trend, with nonresponders having the highest, moderate responders an intermediate degree, and good responders the least PSP. There were no linear trends for the ventricular-brain ratio (VBR), and no quadratic trends for either brain measure. A similar linear trend relating PSP to four of five BPRS subscales, including both positive and negative symptoms, was observed. The relationship between PSP and treatment response was also assessed with multiple linear regression, and PSP significantly contributed to prediction of BPRS at 6 weeks. The results are discussed with regards to the hypothesis that the effect of clozapine on psychopathology depends on prefrontal cortical function.
Evaluation of Vehicle-Based Crash Severity Metrics

Objective: Vehicle change in velocity (delta-v) is a widely used crash severity metric used to estimate occupant injury risk. Despite its widespread use, delta-v has several limitations. Of most concern, delta-v is a vehicle-based metric which does not consider the crash pulse or the performance of occupant restraints, e.g. seatbelts and airbags. Such criticisms have prompted the search for alternative impact severity metrics based upon vehicle kinematics. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the occupant impact velocity (OIV), acceleration severity index (ASI), vehicle pulse index (VPI), and maximum delta-v (delta-v) to predict serious injury in real world crashes.Methods: The study was based on the analysis of event data recorders (EDRs) downloaded from the National Automotive Sampling System / Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) 2000–2013 cases. All vehicles in the sample were GM passenger cars and light trucks involved in a frontal collision. Rollover crashes were excluded. Vehicl...
Phonological Impairments, Sublexical

The present article treats the neurolinguistic processing of sublexical units in the brain, and more specifically in the brains of individuals with aphasia. We first examine the growing evidence that, when sub-lexical units are processed in productive and perceptual language behavior, there is no single cerebral area of activity but rather a mosaic of activity measured by uptakes in cerebral metabolism. Recent PET and fMRI studies of the prosodic counterpart of the phoneme – the toneme of tone languages such as Thai and Chinese – have demonstrated important linguistic/perceptual functions of left frontal opercular regions in the perception of tone. We highlight motor-sensory function in both Broca's area and Wernicke's area and the evidence that contradicts a strict posterior left sensory vs. anterior left motor schema. This, in turn, provides compelling support for previous views that there is a strong acoustic/sensory force in speech production as well as a strong articulatory/motoric force in speech perception. We then turn our attention to recent phonological studies of the phonetic/phonological principle of sonority, syllable constituency and metrics to evaluate descriptions of segmental paraphasia in fluent vs. non-fluent disorders. This is followed by our recent evaluation of how different types of recovery patterns can be discerned in the amelioration of patients, all of whom produce neologisms in the early stages of their aphasias. We consider evidence that demonstrates distinct linguistic realignment throughout the resolution of neologistic jargon production, indicating that, initially in the more acute stages of the aphasia, the neologisms of different patients can be produced through distinct error processes. The issues revolve around differing abilities of lexical access in the acute and chronic stages of the aphasias.
Comments on some four-body KL0-decays

Abstract It is pointed out that the (yet unmeasured) decay modes K L 0 , S → π + π 0 e − v can be used to distinguish between the p-wave π + π − scattering parameters of K + → π + π − e + v . Also, the possibility of measuring CP -violation in K L 0 → e + e − e + e − decay is discussed.
An experimental investigation of in-cylinder processes under dual-injection conditions in a DI diesel engine

Fuel-injection schedules that use two injection events per cycle (dual-injection approaches) have the potential to simultaneously attenuate engine-out soot and NO x emissions. The extent to which these benefits are due to enhanced mixing, low-temperature combustion modes, altered combustion phasing, or other factors is not fully understood. A traditional single-injection, an early-injection-only, and two dual-injection cases are studied using a suite of imaging diagnostics including spray visualization, natural luminosity imaging, and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of nitric oxide (NO). These data, coupled with heat-release and efficiency analyses, are used to enhance understanding of the in-cylinder processes that lead to the observed emissions reductions. Results show that combustion of the early-injected fuel occurs in two phases: a cool-flame phase characterized by very weak chemiluminescence, followed by a premixed-burn phase characterized by localized regions of bright soot incandescence. Combustion of the early-injected fuel liberates only a fraction of its chemical energy. Spray visualization images show that this low combustion efficiency could be due at least in part to liquid fuel penetrating to and wetting in-cylinder surfaces, but NO PLIF images of the early-injection-only case also show strong interferences from unburned fuel vapor and/or condensed fuel droplets, suggesting that incomplete bulk-gas combustion and quenching in crevices also may play roles. The traditional single-injection case produced the highest NO PLIF signal levels. Both dual-injection cases reduced NO PLIF signal levels, with the reduction being most dramatic for the retarded-main-injection case.
Sympathoexcitatory CVLM neurons mediate responses to caudal pressor area stimulation

Neurons in the caudal pressor area (CPA) are a source of tonic sympathoexcitation that is dependent on activation of cardiovascular sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla...