cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular genetic analysis demonstrates that multiple posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders occurring in one anatomic site in a single patient represent distinct primary lymphoid neoplasms.

Background. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PT-LPDs) are a clinicopathologically heterogeneous group of lymphoid proliferations of varied clonal composition, the majority of which are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The clonal content and clonal relatedness of 24 separate PT-LPD lesions occurring synchronously in one organ in a single patient were investigated. Methods. Twenty-four separate PT-LPD lesions from the colon and mesentery of a 15-year-old male, developing 4 months after cardiac transplantation, were studied for clonality based on immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements for the presence, clonality, and type of EBV infection and for the presence of c-myc, ras, and p53 gene alterations. Southern blot hybridization, poly-merase chain reaction, and single strand conformation polymorphism assays were employed. Results. All 24 lesions were histologically similar (polymorphic B-cell lymphomas) but exhibited varied clonality and were clonally distinct with respect to both IgH gene rearrangements and EBV infection. All lesions were infected with EBV type A. Structural alterations of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes were not identified. Conclusions. Separate PT-LPD lesions occurring synchronously in a single organ or patient may be clonally distinct, suggesting that they represent multiple distinct primary lymphoid proliferations rather than metastatic disease as in conventional malignant lymphomas. This may explain partially the rapid development in some patients of a large PT-LPD tumor burden that may regress rapidly after reduction of immunosuppression. Cancer 1995;75:2747–56.
In situ etching using a novel precursor of tertiarybutylchloride (TBCl)

Abstract We investigated systematically chemical beam etching of GaAs, GaInP and AlInP using a novel precursor, tertiarybutylchloride (TBCl). Because TBCl is not corrosive to the growth system and has long-term stability at room temperature, it is a promising alternative to AsCl3 or AsBr3 from the viewpoint of safety. Layer-by-layer etching was achieved as evidenced by intensity oscillations in reflection high-energy electron diffraction. While a slightly higher substrate temperature around 550°C is necessary, pre-cracked TBCl may be applicable in in situ etching for III–V semiconductor device fabrication.
Soluble precursor of membrane-associated protein kinase in uterine smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Incubation of smooth muscle strips from rat uterus with isoproterenol resulted in redistribution of protein kinase activity between the cytosol and a 20,000 to 50,000g membrane fraction. Similarities in the elution properties of the cytosolic and membrane-associated forms of the enzyme on DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography further suggested the two forms were the same. The nature of membrane binding of the soluble enzyme was investigated using smooth muscle microsomal and cytosol fractions. Membranes readily bound the soluble enzyme when the two subcellular compartments were reconstituted and incubated at 30 °C for 10 min. The extent of binding was proportional to the ratio of membranes to cytosol and was characterized by the inhibition of soluble enzyme activity toward exogenous substrates in a Triton X-100 reversible manner. In marked contrast to the binding of soluble protein kinase to heart particulate fractions, binding of the cytosol enzyme to smooth muscle cell membranes was unaffected by ionic strength or cAMP. The latter property indicated holoenzyme was bound in a manner similar to the free catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and suggested the enzyme was bound by association between the membrane and the catalytic subunit. Binding of cytosol protein kinase to the membranes rendered the enzyme insensitive to trypsin digestion and the capacity of the smooth muscle cell membranes to bind the soluble enzyme exceeded that of other rat tissue fractions. Resistance to salt extraction and proteolysis, as well as its detergent dependence, suggested the soluble enzyme became an integral or intrinsic membrane protein following association with the membrane. The ability of membranes to incorporate [γ-32P]ATP into phosphoprotein was lost on detergent extraction of protein kinase and restored in an apparently specific manner when extracted and washed membranes were reconstituted with soluble enzyme. The intrinsic nature of membrane protein kinase and the apparent specificity with which the soluble enzyme was hound by membranes further indicated that, in myometrium. hormone-induced translocation of protein kinase is an important mechanism by which enzyme activity is increased in the vicinity of its in situ substrates.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Known variously as disseminated intravascular coagulation, defibrination consumption coagulopathy or, more simply, as defibrination, disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious epiphenomenon that occurs most often as a complicating factor of an underlying disease process. Although frequently triggered by underlying disease such as infection or tumor, if not recognized and treated appropriately, disseminated intravascular coagulation alone may lead to the patient's death as a result of hemorrhage or thrombosis, or both, of vital organs. Frequently, it may only manifest itself as an abnormality of coagulation tests, causing no immediate problem for the patient, and potentially normalizing when the inciting cause is appropriately managed. The central process that marks disseminated intravascular coagulation is the generation of thrombin in the circulating blood by means of the activation of the coagulation mechanism, leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in turn, may lead to thrombosis mainly of the microcirculation. Because platelets and coagulation factors are consumed and fibrinolysis is enhanced during the coagulation process, hemorrhage may also ensue. Although disseminated intravascular coagulation is frequently encountered in medical and obstetric patients, the difficulty in diagnosis and controversy regarding optimal therapy are frustrating for both patient and physician. By understanding the pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation and combining clinical observation and laboratory data, one can arrive at the appropriate diagnosis. Therapy must be individualized, and assessment of the benefit versus risk ratio of intervention must be made. Early recognition of acute and life-threatening disseminated intravascular coagulation can be lifesaving with appropriate supportive measures.
Behavioral and demographic predictors of staff ratings of role model status in a corrections-based therapeutic community for women

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine personal and social network characteristics that predict staff ratings of therapeutic community (TC) resident role model status. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 49 incarcerated female residents tracked interactions with peers, including verbal affirmations and corrections, during a 12-hour period. Two weeks later, staff members were surveyed about their view of participants as role models. Poisson regression was used to analyze resident interactions and demographics as predictors of role model status. Findings – The number of corrections given to peers was positively related to staff ratings of role model status (B=0.234, SE=0.088, p=0.008). The number of affirmations given was negatively related to staff ratings (B=−0.112, SE=0.051, p=0.028). Resident phase was positively related to staff ratings (B=0.256, SE=0.102, p=0.012). These values did not significantly change when controlling for affirmations and corrections received from peers, non-programm...
Standards for Effective Pedagogy, Classroom Organization, English Proficiency, and Student Achievement

The authors examined the relationship between pedagogy, classroom organization, and student achievement gains. Participants in this nonequivalent pretest and posttest control-group design were 23 teachers and 394 students (Grades 3 to 5) in 2 public elementary schools serving predominantly low-income Latino English learners. The authors found that (a) teacher use of the standards for effective pedagogy reliably predicted performance on year-end standardized tests of comprehension, reading, spelling, and vocabulary and (b) achievement gains were greatest for students whose teachers made extensive use of the standards and organized their classrooms into multiple, simultaneous, diversified activity settings. Although low-English-proficient students benefited the most, the instructional model was also effective for English learners and English speakers.
Familial Nonobstructive Cardiomyopathy With Endocardial Fibroelastosis Beyond Infancy

A 10-year-old boy with congestive heart failure died in five months in spite of comprehensive medical treatment. Autopsy showed patchy areas of endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle. The sister of this patient had followed a similar course at 13 years of age with death within six months of the onset of congestive failure. Her postmortem examination also showed endocardial fibroelastosis. The clinical presentation of familial endocardial fibroelastosis in the preteen and teenage years is a rare event. Probably the endocardial fibroelastosis was secondary to a familial nonobstructive cardiomyopathy.
Neuronal Circuit Regulation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Stress Axis

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is the primary modulator of the adrenal glucocorticoid stress response. Activation of this axis occurs by way of a discrete set of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The PVN neuron appears to be affected by multiple sources, including (1) brainstem aminergic/peptidergic afferents; (2) blood-borne information; (3) indirect input from limbic system-associated regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala; and (4) local-circuit interactions with the preoptic-hypothalamic continuum. Analysis of the literature suggests that different classes of stressor employ different stress circuits. Severe physiologic ("systemic") stress appears to trigger brainstem/circumventricular organ systems that project directly to the paraventricular nucleus. In contrast, stressors requiring interpretation with respect to previous experience ("processive" stressors) reach the PVN by way of multisynaptic limbic pathways. Limbic regions mediating processive stress responses appear to have bisynaptic connections with the PVN, forming intervening connections with preoptic/hypothalamic GABAergic neurons. Stressors of the latter category may thus require interaction with homeostatic information prior to promoting an HPA response. The HPA stress response thus appears to be a product of both the physiologic importance of the stimulus and the specific pathways a given stimulus excites.
Rehabilitation of Post MI Depression and Psychological Invalidism: A Pilot Study:

The majority of survivors of myocardial infarction experience an array of psychological and emotional reactions. Often, persistent anxiety and depression impair recuperation and rehabilitation. A b...
Tec Kinases Regulate TCR-Mediated Recruitment of Signaling Molecules and Integrin-Dependent Cell Adhesion

T cells deficient in the Tec kinases Itk or Itk and Rlk exhibit defective TCR-stimulated proliferation, IL-2 production, and activation of phospholipase C-gamma. Evidence also implicates Tec kinases in actin cytoskeleton regulation, which is necessary for cell adhesion and formation of the immune synapse in T lymphocytes. In this study we show that Tec kinases are required for TCR-mediated up-regulation of adhesion via the LFA-1 integrin. We also demonstrate that the defect in adhesion is associated with defective clustering of LFA-1 and talin at the site of interaction of Rlk-/-Itk-/- and Itk-/- T cells with anti-TCR-coated beads. Defective recruitment of Vav1, protein kinase Ctheta, and Pyk2 was also observed in Rlk-/-Itk-/- and Itk-/- T cells. Stimulation with ICAM-2 in conjunction with anti-TCR-coated beads enhanced polarization of Vav1, protein kinase Ctheta, and Pyk2 in wild-type cells, demonstrating a role for integrins in potentiating the recruitment of signaling molecules in T cells. Increased recruitment of signaling molecules was most pronounced under conditions of low TCR stimulation. Under these suboptimal TCR stimulation conditions, ICAM-2 could also enhance the recruitment of signaling molecules in Itk-/-, but not Rlk-/-Itk-/- T cells. Thus, Tec kinases play key roles in regulating TCR-mediated polarization of integrins and signaling molecules to the site of TCR stimulation as well as the up-regulation of integrin adhesion.
Postoperative Visual Loss Following Spinal Surgery

Postoperative visual loss (POVL) is a catastrophic perioperative complication that has come to the forefront of anesthesiologists’ attention in the last 10–15 years. The extent of visual loss from POVL can be minimal unilateral visual field loss loss to complete blindness in both eyes. The incidence of symptomatic POVL varies from 0 to 4.5% depending on the institution and the type of cases studied. The highest reported incidence of symptomatic visual loss is 4.5% in cardiac cases and 0.2% in spine surgery. The most common types of surgical procedures associated with POVL include prone spine surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, head and neck procedures, and major vascular procedures. Radical prostatectomy is emerging as a new high-risk procedure for ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), particularly with the robotic prostatectomies that utilize an exaggerated steep Trendelenburg position. A wide variety of miscellaneous procedures have been associated with POVL including cholecystectomy, liposuction, supine spine surgery, nephrectomy, thoracotomy, and many others.
A Bivariate Mann-Whitney Approach for Unraveling Genetic Variants and Interactions Contributing to Comorbidity

Although comorbidity among complex diseases (e.g., drug dependence syndromes) is well documented, genetic variants contributing to the comorbidity are still largely unknown. The discovery of genetic variants and their interactions contributing to comorbidity will likely shed light on underlying pathophysiological and etiological processes, and promote effective treatments for comorbid conditions. For this reason, studies to discover genetic variants that foster the development of comorbidity represent high-priority research projects, as manifested in the behavioral genetics studies now underway. The yield from these studies can be enhanced by adopting novel statistical approaches, with the capacity of considering multiple genetic variants and possible interactions. For this purpose, we propose a bivariate Mann-Whitney (BMW) approach to unravel genetic variants and interactions contributing to comorbidity, as well as those unique to each comorbid condition. Through simulations, we found BMW outperformed two commonly adopted approaches in a variety of underlying disease and comorbidity models. We further applied BMW to datasets from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment, investigating the contribution of 184 known nicotine dependence (ND) and alcohol dependence (AD) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to the comorbidity of ND and AD. The analysis revealed a candidate SNP from CHRNA5, rs16969968, associated with both ND and AD, and replicated the findings in an independent dataset with a P-value of 1.06 × 10(-03) .
Influence Tactics Used for Different Objectives with Subordinates, Peers, and Superiors:

Only a few studies have examined the relationship between influence tactics and objectives, and the results were inconsistent. The present study employed two different research methods to determine how often people use nine influence tactics to attain five influence objectives with subordinates, peers, and superiors. One method was a survey on which managers reported their use of each tactic for each type of objective. The other method was a content analysis of incidents in which influence attempts in a variety of organizations were described from the perspective of the agent or target. The results showed that managers seek different things from subordinates, peers, and superiors. A different pattern of influence tactics was used for each type of influence objective, and the pattern varied by direction. Implications for managers were discussed.
Comparison of Socioeconomic and Demographic Profiles of Extreme Commuters in Several U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas

Extreme commuting denotes a one-way commute time of 90 min or more to work. Research into why individuals make such unusually long commutes is limited. In this paper, regression analyses by the use of Microdata files from the Bureau of the Census reveal the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics that increase an individual's odds of extreme commuting. Commuters in four metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Houston, Texas; and Tampa, Florida) were examined. The model results are consistent with the findings in the literature that define lengthy commutes as a constrained, rather than optimized, choice behavior.
Integration of Ba/sub x/Sr/sub 1-x/TiO/sub 3/ thin films with AlGaN/GaN HEMT circuits

AlGaN/GaN HEMTs have attracted considerable interest as power devices in microwave applications, promising greater than a tenfold increase in power-density as compared with GaAs devices. Similarly, Ba/sub x/Sr/sub 1-x/TiO/sub 3/ (BST) thin films have been investigated for microwave circuit application because of their high dielectric constants, high tunability, relatively low loss, and fast switching speed. BST-based varactors are especially attractive for high power RF circuits since they can sustain relatively large AC fields, unlike diode technologies. Additionally due to its high dielectric constant, BST is a candidate for every compact MMIC DC blocking capacitors, promising a 100-fold reduction in capacitor area as compared with SiN and SiO/sub 2/ capacitors. In this paper, we will provide a valid method of process integration for future active GaN circuit design and fabrication using BST capacitors. A C-band MMIC oscillator in GaN HEMT technology has been designed with BST capacitors as DC blocking capacitors.
Simplifying the Energy Balance Message for Breast Cancer Prevention

Simple prevention messages based on understandable biologic principles are likely to be adopted. The long-held premise that postmenopausal obesity elevates, but premenopausal obesity reduces, risk for breast cancer is confusing to the public. Furthermore, decades of positive energy balance may be difficult to suddenly reverse at the time of the menopause. In this issue (beginning on page 583), Cecchini et al. suggest that obesity may also be a risk factor for pre-menopausal women 35 and older who have additional risk factors for breast cancer. Although the relative impact of dysregulated energy metabolism depends on many factors including age, hormonal milieu, and competing risk factors, as well as how it is measured, avoiding weight gain after age 30 is increasingly being recognized as a simple way to reduce risk of breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 5(4); 511–4. ©2012 AACR . Perspective on Cecchini et al., [p. 583][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/5/583?iss=4
Healing Hearts with Time and Talent

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Nurses working in the maternal–child specialty are most challenged by bereaved families because they are the most vulnerable and needy in our care. Appropriate intervention can promote healing. By changing the nurses’ professional role from protective to supportive, interventions can focus on assisting the bereaved families make meaning of their loss. The creation of a program that finds ways to link time and talent offered by community members can be a win–win situation that benefits both groups. Proposed Change To enlist the aid of community groups and individuals who wanted to volunteer but were in need of direction to provide for those in need. The bereavement council from one labor, delivery, and recovery unit, with about 200 pregnancy losses per year, found difficulty with maintaining supplies for patient memory boxes. This group of nurses recognized the need to discover new resources to help. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Over the past 5 years, members of the bereavement council have uncovered numerous resources for assisting bereaved families. A local DJ started a program that provided an opportunity for the radio station listeners to make blankets and hats. A retired labor and delivery nurse joined forces with fellow nurses to create hand‐smocked dresses. Teenagers who needed to earn community service hours, scout troops, and local churches took on projects, such as decorating memory boxes and painting wooden ornaments. Several local photographers joined a national organization that offers families a photo session with their infant at no cost. The result of our community outreach program has been an increase in available items for the memory boxes, which gives nurses the opportunity to personalize the contents of these boxes for our families. Regular feedback with volunteers, which is offered through e‐mail and phone calls, indicates what works and what does not work to further personalize our care. Implications for Nursing Practice A renewed commitment to excellence is evident as our nursing staff delivers interventions that provide meaning to the tragedy of death, create a positive memory, and facilitate healing for parents who take home only a memory box. Many who have volunteered have shared stories of their own previous perinatal loss and indicated that through the process of helping others they have also healed themselves. Passion has been ignited in those who have the opportunity to help supply memory box items, evidenced by the generosity of community members and the beauty of the work donated.
On the Minimum Useful Elevation Angle for Weather Surveillance Radar Scans

Abstract The antenna beam pattern for low elevation angles is examined in relation to the radar horizon to assess the impact of base-scan elevation angle on sensitivity to near-horizon weather features, as well as its effect on reflectivity measurements and ground clutter. The results from a simple model neglecting details of surface characteristics and multipath propagation suggest that a base elevation angle of about 0.3 beamwidth above the horizon would yield near-optimum sensitivity with acceptable degradation in reflectivity observations and ground clutter.
Neuromuscular and biomechanical compensation for wing asymmetry in insect hovering flight.

SUMMARY Wing damage is common in flying insects and has been studied using a variety of approaches to assess its biomechanical and fitness consequences. Results of these studies range from strong to nil effect among the variety of species, fitness measurements and damage modes studied, suggesting that not all damage modes are equal and that insects may be well adapted to compensate for some types of damage. Here, we examine the biomechanical and neuromuscular means by which flying insects compensate for asymmetric wing damage, which is expected to produce asymmetric flight forces and torques and thus destabilize the animal in addition to reducing its total wing size. We measured the kinematic and neuromuscular responses of hawkmoths ( Manduca sexta ) hovering in free flight with asymmetrically damaged wings via high-speed videography and extracellular neuromuscular activity recordings. The animals responded to asymmetric wing damage with asymmetric changes to wing stroke amplitude sufficient to restore symmetry in lift production. These asymmetries in stroke amplitude were significantly correlated with bilateral asymmetries in the timing of activation of the dorsal ventral muscle among and within trials. Correspondingly, the magnitude of wing asymmetry was significantly, although non-linearly, correlated with the magnitude of the neuromuscular response among individuals. The strongly non-linear nature of the relationship suggests that active neural compensation for asymmetric wing damage may only be necessary above a threshold (>12% asymmetry in wing second moment of area in this case) below which passive mechanisms may be adequate to maintain flight stability.
Growth–defense tradeoffs for two major anti‐herbivore traits of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Costs of plant defense are a key assumption in evolutionary ecology, yet their detection has remained challenging. Here we introduce a novel method for quantifying plant growth using the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca and repeated non-destructive size measurements to experimentally test for costs of defensive traits. We estimated mechanistic components of plant growth (relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area and leaf-mass ratio) at two levels of fertilization (high and low), and related them to production of toxic cardenolides and exudation of sticky latex. We found negative genetic correlations between cardenolides and growth (most strongly with net assimilation rate) at both nutrient levels. Additionally, plants varied in their cardenolide response to low nutrients, and genetic families maintaining higher cardenolide production at low nutrient availability suffered proportionally larger reductions in growth. In contrast, the amount of latex was positively correlated with plant growth. Because latex is instantly deployed from a plant-wide system of pressurized laticifers, larger plants may simply exude proportionally more latex when damaged and thus plant size is likely to mask potential costs of latex synthesis. Unbiased quantification of mechanistic growth processes, coupled with the manipulation of nutrient or stress levels, is thus an effective approach to demonstrate allocation to defense and tradeoffs with growth, especially in long-lived plant species.
Capturing custom link semantics among heterogeneous artifacts and tools

Automated techniques aid in minimizing the overhead associated with the capture and maintenance of trace links. However, many challenges to automated traceability remain, such as linking heterogeneous artifacts and capturing custom link semantics. In this position paper, we propose a combination of techniques, including prospective link capture, open hypermedia, and rules, in order to address these challenges and complement current automated techniques. Our approach borrows ideas from e-Science, a domain in which tracing data plays a crucial role in the repeatability of experiments.
Is the Akebono School Failing Its Best Students? A Hawaiian Adventure in Regression

Why do educators fall prey to the trap of regression toward the mean“ How can we estimate how large an effect regression will have in a particular situation“ Is the Akebono School failing its best students?
Experimental and theoretical studies of the reaction of Rh+ with CS2 in the gas phase: thermochemistry of RhS+ and RhCS+.

The gas-phase reactivity of the atomic transition-metal cation rhodium, Rh+, with CS2 is investigated using guided-ion-beam mass spectrometry (GIBMS). Endothermic reactions forming RhS+ and RhCS+ are observed. Analysis of the kinetic energy dependence of the cross sections for formation of these two products yields the 0 K bond energies of D0(Rh+−S) = 2.61 ± 0.12 eV and D0(Rh+−CS) = 2.66 ± 0.19 eV. These compare favorably with quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)/Def2TZVPP//B3LYP/Def2TZVPP and CCSD(T)/Def2TZVPP levels of theory, where the former is also used to explore the complete potential energy surface of the reaction. It is found that the reaction initially involves insertion of the rhodium cation into one of the CS bonds of CS2, followed by metal ligand cleavages to form the two product channels. The formation of ground state RhS+ products is spin-forbidden, whereas RhCS+ formation is spin-allowed. Crossing points between the triplet and quintet surfaces are located in the region of the SRh+...
Perioperative indicators of hypocalcemia in total thyroidectomy: the role of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone.

Abstract Background Hypocalcemia is a common complication of thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for this problem. Methods This prospective analysis included 111 patients undergoing total or completion thyroidectomy. Preoperative vitamin D levels and postoperative day 1 parathyroid hormone levels were analyzed for their predictive effects on postoperative hypocalcemia. Results Patients with ionized calcium P P Conclusions Younger age and low postoperative parathyroid hormone levels are predictive of symptomatic hypocalcemia. A parathyroid hormone level outside of the reference range may indicate a need for more aggressive postoperative calcium supplementation and treatment with activated vitamin D. Older patients with normal postoperative parathyroid hormone levels may be safely discharged with appropriate calcium supplementation.
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans: implications in obesity and diabetes.

Context: The role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 (11β-HSD-1) and 2 (11β-HSD-2) enzymes in sc adipose tissue is controversial. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the activity of 11β-HSD-1 and -2 enzymes in the abdominal and leg sc adipose tissue in obesity and diabetes. Design: 11β-HSD-1 and -2 enzyme activities in abdominal and leg sc adipose tissue were measured by infusing [2,2,4,6,6,12,12-2H7] cortisone (D7 cortisone) and [9,12,12-2H3] cortisol (D3 cortisol) via microdialysis catheters placed in sc fat depots. Setting: The study was conducted at the Mayo Clinic Clinical Research Unit. Participants: Lean nondiabetic (n = 13), overweight/obese nondiabetic (n = 15), and overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 15) participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures: The conversion of infused D7 cortisone to D7 cortisol (via 11β-HSD reductase activity) and D3 cortisol to D3 cortisone (via 11β-HSD dehydrogenase activity) in sc adipose tissue. Results: En...
Vapor–liquid–solid growth of serrated GaN nanowires: shape selection driven by kinetic frustration

Compound semiconducting nanowires are promising building blocks for several nanoelectronic devices yet the inability to reliably control their growth morphology is a major challenge. Here, we report the Au-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth of GaN nanowires with controlled growth direction, surface polarity and surface roughness. We develop a theoretical model that relates the growth form to the kinetic frustration induced by variations in the V(N)/III(Ga) ratio across the growing nanowire front. The model predictions are validated by the trends in the as-grown morphologies induced by systematic variations in the catalyst particle size and processing conditions. The principles of shape selection highlighted by our study pave the way for morphological control of technologically relevant compound semiconductor nanowires.