cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal relationship of mood and emotional eating changes through self-regulation of weight-loss behaviors.

Abstract Emotional eating is a considerable problem in women, and holds a great risk for obesity. Negative mood has been identified as a predictor of emotional eating, and vice versa. However, associated research has generally been cross-sectional, lacking sensitivity to dynamic changes and interactions occurring in psychological variables during a behavioral obesity treatment. The aim of the present study was to assess if physical activity-associated improvement in mood is significantly related to a subsequent reduction in emotional eating in women, and whether a reciprocal relationship is also present. Because improved mood has been posited to positively impact self-regulation, and physical activity-related self-regulation has been shown to transfer to eating-related self-regulation, they were also tested as possible mediators of mood-emotional eating relationships. A treatment focused on physical activity and self-regulation (n = 57) demonstrated greater improvements in mood, emotional eating, physical activity- and eating-related self-regulation, and physical activity than a treatment with a more typical focus on primarily providing information on healthy eating (n = 57). Reduction in negative mood over 3 months significantly predicted a 6-month reduction in emotional eating, and vice versa (i.e., a reciprocal relationship). Models with sequential entry of changes in physical activity-related self-regulation, then eating-related self-regulation, as mediators were significant. However, paths through the self-regulation changes were significant only in the model where change in mood predicted emotional eating change. Findings supported the role of physical activity in mood change, and the benefits of also addressing self-regulatory skills development within behavioral obesity treatments so that emotional eating is reduced.
Workforce Fitness: Description, Contextual Issues, and Implications for Public Health

Workforce fitness matters for the prevention of premature death, chronic diseases, productivity loss, excess medical care costs, loss of income or family earnings, and other social and economic concerns. Yet fitness levels appear to be relatively low and declining. Over the past half century obesity has doubled, physical activity levels are below par, and cardiorespiratory fitness often does not meet minimally acceptable job standards. During this time, daily occupational energy expenditure has decreased by more than 100 calories. It is recommended for employers to consider best practices and design workplace wellness programs accordingly. Regulations that protect and promote worker health, and the introduction of incentives for employers to optimize the fitness of their workforce represent important public health strategies.
Identification and expression of five mutations in the human acid sphingomyelinase gene causing types A and B Niemann-Pick disease. Molecular evidence for genetic heterogeneity in the neuronopathic and non-neuronopathic forms.

The deficient activity of the human lysosomal hydrolase, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM, EC 3.1.4.12), results in the neuronopathic (Type A) and non-neuronopathic (Type B) forms of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). To investigate the genetic basis of the phenotypic heterogeneity in NPD, the molecular lesions in the ASM gene were determined from three unrelated NPD patients and evaluated by transient expression in COS-1 cells. A Type A NPD patient of Asian Indian ancestry (proband 1) was homoallelic for a T to A transversion in exon 2 of the ASM gene which predicted a premature stop at codon 261 of the ASM polypeptide (designated L261X). In contrast, an unrelated Type A patient of European ancestry (proband 2) was heteroallelic for a two-base (TT) deletion in exon 2 which caused a frame-shift mutation at ASM codon 178 (designated fsL178), leading to a premature stop at codon 190, and a G to A transition in exon 3 which caused a methionine to isoleucine substitution at codon 382 (designated M382I). Transient expression of the fsL178, L261X, and M382I mutations in COS-1 cells demonstrated that these lesions did not produce catalytically active ASM, consistent with the severe neuronopathic Type A NPD phenotype. In contrast, an unrelated Type B patient of European descent (proband 3) was heteroallelic for two missense mutations, a G to A transition in exon 2 which predicted a glycine to arginine substitution at ASM codon 242 (designated G242R), and an A to G transition in exon 3 which resulted in an asparagine to serine substitution at codon 383 (designated N383S). Interestingly, the G242R allele produced ASM activity in COS-1 cells at levels about 40% of that expressed by the normal allele, thereby explaining the mild Type B phenotype of proband 3 and the high residual activity (i.e. approximately 15% of normal) in cultured lymphoblasts. In contrast, the N383S allele did not produce catalytically active enzyme. None of these five ASM mutations was detected in over 60 other unrelated NPD patients analyzed, nor were these mutations found in over 100 normal ASM alleles. Thus, small deletions or nonsense mutations which trunctated the ASM polypeptide, or missense mutations that rendered the enzyme noncatalytic, resulted in Type A NPD disease, whereas a missense mutation that produced a defective enzyme with residual catalytic activity caused the milder nonneuronopathic Type B phenotype. These findings have facilitated genotype/phenotype correlations for this lysosomal storage disease and provided insights into the functional organization of the ASM polypeptide.
A Signal Validation Methodology for Nuclear Power Plants

A signal validation methodology to improve the reliability of the information displayed to the operator of a nuclear power plant is presented. The general design methodology is developed and then applied to the steam generator and feedwater subsystem of a typical pressurized water reactor. Using steady-state and transient simulations of this subsystem, including realistic additive sensor noise, the developed algorithm successfully isolates a variety of injected sensor faults and demonstrates its inherent capability to isolate common-mode sensor failures and plant component failures.
Use of reporter cells to study endogenous retinoid sources in embryonic tissues.

Publisher Summary Retinoic acid receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors present in cell nuclei. Advantage of this property and of the retinoid signaling pathway is taken to create a reporter assay that detects and measures retinoids released from tissue explants in culture. The reporter assay consists of a retinoic acid (RA)-inducible reporter gene encoding an easily detectable protein. Together with a selectable drug resistance gene, the introduction of the reporter construct into cells expressing retinoic acid receptors (RARs) allows for the establishment of a continuously dividing reporter cell line capable of detecting retinoids in the immediate microenvironment of the reporter cell. The assay presented in the chapter works when retinoids, either released from tissue explants or applied as a tissue extract, diffuse across the plasma membrane of the reporter cells and trigger the retinoid response pathway. Ligand-bound retinoid receptors then bind the retinoic acid response element (RARE) enhancer in the promoter of the reporter construct leading to induction of the reporter gene and expression of the enzymatic reporter protein. Reporter enzymatic activity indicates the presence of retincids released from sample tissues. Detection of released retinoid can be qualitative or quantitative depending on the ability either to detect or to quantitate reporter gene activity.
Opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis in a pediatric ED

Abstract Objectives Emergency department (ED) HIV screening is recommended but challenging to implement and of uncertain effectiveness in pediatric EDs (PEDs). We sought to determine whether there were opportunities for earlier HIV diagnosis in the PED for a cohort of young adults diagnosed with HIV. Methods This retrospective cohort study reviewed PED records of a group of young adults receiving HIV care in an urban hospital setting. Pediatric ED visits were selected for review if they took place after the patient's estimated time of HIV acquisition and before their eventual diagnosis. Charts were reviewed to determine whether HIV infection was suspected and whether testing was offered. Results Among a cohort of HIV-positive young adults, only 3 (3.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-10.8) of 84 were seen in the PED during the time they were undiagnosed but likely to be infected with HIV. Among these subjects, there was no documentation that HIV testing was offered or refused nor was there documented suspicion of HIV. Conclusions There are opportunities for earlier diagnosis of HIV in PEDs, affirming the importance of HIV screening implementation in these settings. However, PEDs are unlikely to have the same frequency of contact with undiagnosed individuals as do adult EDs. Alternative methods of accessing at-risk adolescent populations must be identified.
Peer Effects in Preschool Classrooms: Is Children’s Language Growth Associated With Their Classmates’ Skills?

With an increasing number of young children participating in preschool education, this study determined whether peer effects are present in this earliest sector of schooling. Specifically, this work examined whether peer effects were influential to preschoolers’ growth in language skills over an academic year and whether peer effects manifest differently based on children’s status in reference to their peers. Peer effects were assessed for 338 children in 49 classrooms. A significant interaction between the language skills of children’s classmates and children’s fall language skills indicated that peer effects were strongest for children with low language skills who were in classrooms that served children with relatively low skill levels, on average. Findings further showed that reference status, or children’s relative standing to their peers, has the greater consequence for children with very low language skills in relation to their peers.
The association of hypocalcemia and recurrent apnea in premature infants

Abstract Serum total calcium was measured from birth to 48 hours of age in 27 neonates under 1,751 grams. Fourteen developed recurrent apnea; 13 had no apnea and had an essentially uneventful nursery course. The minimum mean calcium value for all infants with recurrent apnea was 5.8 mg. per 100 ml. and occurred at 31 hours of age. The minimum mean calcium value for the infants with no apnea was 8.3 mg. per 100 ml. and occurred at 35 hours of age. The babies with recurrent apnea had consistently higher serum phosphorus and lower serum total protein values.
Focal Changes in the Seminiferous Tubules of Vasectomized Hamsters

The hamster testis was studied by light and electron microscopy at intervals of two weeks, five months, and one year after vasectomy. No changes were detected at two weeks, but most testes showed microscopic alterations at subsequent intervals. The most striking characteristic of the lesions was their patchy distribution, in which severly altered profiles lay next to apparently normal seminiferous tubules. A spectrum of changes was present, characterized by varying degrees of depletion of germ cells. There were numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and dilatations of the extracellular space between adjacent Sertoli cells. Both spaces frequently were surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm that resembled that of Sertoli junctional specializations. One testis prepared a year after vasectomy contained multiple infiltrates of phagocytic cells. Possible mechanisms of focal testicular damage after vasectomy are considered.
Wissenschaftlicher Forschungsstand zu den Kontexten Mittelstand, Fachkräftemangel und Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt

Im nun folgenden Kapitel werden fur das weitere Verstandnis der Studie unabdingbare Grundlegungen sowie interdisziplinare wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse skizziert, die sich von zentralen Charakteristika mittelstandischer Unternehmen, dem Fachkraftemangel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sowie dessen Ursachen, Konsequenzen und Losungsmoglichkeiten bis hin zur Situation von Frauen auf dem bundedeutschen Arbeitsmarkt erstrecken:
Free Access to Law in India - Is it Here to Stay?

Sometime in early 2008, Sushant Sinha, an Indian computer science doctoral candidate from Michigan University began offering free access to decisions of the Indian Supreme Court via his website IndianKanoon.org (IK). In the ensuing two years, IK has grown exponentially and has become one of the most popular websites for accessing Indian legal materials, hosting over 1.2 million documents at the time of this writing. This paper is styled as a ‘case study’ that probes the IndianKanoon story - its genesis, successes and impacts - in some detail. This is also a paper that interrogates the conditions that make a site like IndianKanoon possible. It seeks an answer to the question: Viewed from what frame do the actions of one man unilaterally deciding to host over a million legal documents online for free become sensible?Update: Unfortunately I am not permitted to distribute this document publicly yet. Please email me if you'd like a copy.
Koi: a location-privacy platform for smartphone apps

With mobile phones becoming first-class citizens in the online world, the rich location data they bring to the table is set to revolutionize all aspects of online life including content delivery, recommendation systems, and advertising. However, user-tracking is a concern with such location-based services, not only because location data can be linked uniquely to individuals, but because the low-level nature of current location APIs and the resulting dependence on the cloud to synthesize useful representations virtually guarantees such tracking. In this paper, we propose privacy-preserving location-based matching as a fundamental platform primitive and as an alternative to exposing low-level, latitude-longitude (lat-long) coordinates to applications. Applications set rich location-based triggers and have these be fired based on location updates either from the local device or from a remote device (e.g., a friend's phone). Our Koi platform, comprising a privacy-preserving matching service in the cloud and a phone-based agent, realizes this primitive across multiple phone and browser platforms. By masking low-level lat-long information from applications, Koi not only avoids leaking privacy-sensitive information, it also eases the task of programmers by providing a higher-level abstraction that is easier for applications to build upon. Koi's privacy-preserving protocol prevents the cloud service from tracking users. We verify the non-tracking properties of Koi using a theorem prover, illustrate how privacy guarantees can easily be added to a wide range of location-based applications, and show that our public deployment is performant, being able to perform 12K matches per second on a single core.
The Development of Modern Corporate Governance in China and India

Introduction Corporate governance reform has become a topic of considerable debate both in the US and in many emerging markets. Indeed, the discussion is important because these reforms may have potentially long-standing effects upon the global allocation of capital, and in understanding the ways in which governance norms are communicated across markets and nations in an ever-globalizing world. In this chapter we examine the corporate governance reform efforts of the world's two biggest and fastest growing emerging markets, the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) and India. In the process we find that our understanding of how and why corporate governance reform comes about, where it leads, and what value it has can vary significantly, but still shares some commonalities that are of considerable theoretical and practical importance. The inquiry commenced in this chapter is inspired by certain key facts. First, China and India are growing at a remarkable and unprecedented pace and seem to have survived the 2008–9 Global Financial Crisis better than most other economies. Second, China and India are not Western countries, but have been heavily influenced by “globalized” Anglo-American notions of corporate law, corporate governance norms, and securities regulation. Third, China and India are presently two of the most popular destinations for foreign capital in the world – whether via foreign direct investment (FDI) in essentially private (or pre-public) transactions or public capital markets transactions.
On the boundedness of positive solutions of the reciprocal max-type difference equation xn = max { A1n-1 / xn-1, A2n-1/xn-2, …, Atn-1/xn-t } with periodic parameters

We investigate the boundedness of positive solutions of the reciprocal max-type difference equation xn = max { A1n-1 / xn-1, A2n-1/xn-2, …, Atn-1/xn-t } where, for each value of i, the sequence { Ain}∞n=0 of positive numbers is periodic with period pi. We give both sufficient conditions on the pi's for the boundedness of all solutions and sufficient conditions for all solutions to be unbounded. This work essentially complements the work by Bidwell and Franke, who showed that as long as every positive solution of our equation is bounded, then every positive solution is eventually periodic, thereby leaving open the question as to when solutions are bounded.
936-88 Relationship of Donor Age and Pre-existing Coronary Disease by Angiography and Intracoronary Ultrasound to Later Development of Cardiac Allograft Coronary Artery Disease

The increasing demand for cardiac donors has led to a tendency to liberalize age and other criteria for donor acceptability. Since cardiac allograft coronary artery disease (TxCAD) is the major complication limiting longterm post-transplant survival, we analyzed a series of 242 consecutive cardiac transplant patients (Tx pts) who had baseline early post-op coronary angios and a subset of 41 pts with baseline intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) to determine whether either older donor age or pre-existing CAD at the time of transplant influenced the later occurrence of TxCAD. Fourteen pts had angiographic evidence of some pre-existing CAD (donor CAD group); the other 228 did not (no donor CAD group). New disease was defined as either development of new obstructive lesions or progression of old lesions on serial annual angios. Freedom from new disease was 86%, 71%, and 30% at 1, 2, and 3 years post-op in the donor CAD group and 97%, 89%, and 77% in the no donor CAD group (p = 0.003). No donor CAD pts were subdivided into older (≥40) and younger (l40) groups. Freedom from TxCAD was 92%, 52%, and 43% at 1, 3, and 5 years post-op in the older group (n = 31, mean age 49) vs. 97%, 82%, and 53% in the younger group (n = 184, mean age 24) p = 0.03 (Mantel-Haenszel). Baseline ICUS imaging revealed baseline class 3 or 4 lesions in 7 of 9 older donor hearts, and in only 7 of 32 younger hearts (p = 0.006). Three of these 14 ICUS class 3/4 pts later developed TxCAD vs. only 3 of 27 class 1/2 pts at baseline (p = NS). Older donor age, no calcium blocker use and pre-existing CAD were significant predictors for development of TxCAD (p = 0.0006, 0.0003, and 0.003 respectively, Cox regression analysis). Conclusion (1) Older donors or pre-existing CAD have a greater tendency to develop TxCAD, (2) ICUS reveals moderate to severe intimal thickening not angiographically detectable and there is a trend toward such disease leading to later TxCAD.
Optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio of a beam-deflection measurement with interferometric weak values

The amplification obtained using weak values is quantified through a detailed investigation of the signal-to-noise ratio for an optical beam-deflection measurement. We show that for a given deflection, input power and beam radius, the use of interferometric weak values allows one to obtain the optimum signal-to-noise ratio using a coherent beam. This method has the advantage of reduced technical noise and allows for the use of detectors with a low saturation intensity. We report on an experiment which improves the signal-to-noise ratio for a beam-deflection measurement by a factor of 54 when compared to a measurement using the same beam size and a quantum-limited detector.
Immune system evasion by peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Mechanisms by which tumor cells evade detection by the host's immune system are thought to play a role in progression to malignancy, but this has not been investigated in the context of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, in which aggressive peripheral nerve tumors, known as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), develop in 5-10% of patients. Large scale gene expression profiling of a MPNST-derived cell line, T265, and normal human Schwann cells (hSCs) identified a large group of immune function genes down-regulated in T265 cells. Here we report that the aberrant expression of immune system related genes extends beyond MHC class I and II genes in T265 cells to include a transcription factor (MHC2TA) and other critical components of the antigen processing and presentation apparatus. TAP1, the transporter-activator protein that loads peptide antigens onto MHC class I molecules, is down-regulated, and CD74, a chaperone protein whose function is in processing and transport of MHC class II molecules, is down-regulated and alternatively spliced to produce an RNA transcript not evident in normal human Schwann cells. These findings reveal multiple molecular pathways and at least two cellular mechanisms acting to reduce the normal immune system molecules involved in antigen processing and presentation in cells derived from a peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Acquiring a "silent" immune signature may be a critical step in the progress towards malignancy in MPNSTs.
Improving Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Sensitivity Using a Subambient Pressure Ionization with Nanoelectrospray (SPIN) Interface

In this work, the subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) ion source and interface, which operates at ~15–30 Torr, is demonstrated to be compatible with gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography-MS applications, exemplified here with the analysis of complex samples (a protein tryptic digest and a whole cell lysate). A low liquid chromatographic flow rate (100–400 nL/min) allowed stable electrospray to be established while avoiding electrical breakdown. Efforts to increase the operating pressure of the SPIN source relative to previously reported designs prevented solvent freezing and enhanced charged cluster/droplet desolvation. A 5- to 12-fold improvement in sensitivity relative to a conventional atmospheric pressure nanoelectrospray ionization (ESI) source was obtained for detected peptides.
A statistical-chemical and thermodynamic approach to the study of lunar mineralogy

Principal components analysis is used to study the chemical compositions of pyroxenes of five Apollo 12 specimens. Important correlations are recognized in the variation of oxide weight per cent. These correlations indicating substitutional relationships can be interpreted as representative of stable and metastable trends of crystallization by using crystal-chemical and thermodynamic information. The per cent variance of pyroxene groups with characteristic trends in each specimen can be evaluated and interpreted in terms of history of crystallization. Distribution of Fe and Mg in certain pairs of olivine and pyroxene, which are found in contact in the rock and which may have crystallized simultaneously, is useful in recognizing the tendency towards chemical equilibrium in Fe-Mg distribution during a limited interval in the liquidus or subsolidus stages.
XXII. The transient behaviour of four-terminal networks

Abstract Starting with the canonical differential equations of a general, linear, bilateral, lumped network, and by the application of the Laplacian transformation and matrix algebra, the general theory of the transient behaviour of four-terminal networks is deduced. By the use of simple matrix multiplication, the general constants of complicated structures are determined, and the exposition is concluded with a discussion of the general smooth transmission line and the general ladder structure. A brief discussion of the Laplacian transformation is given in an appendix. In order to apply the theory to special cases, two tables are included. The first table gives the basic theorems for the manipulation of Laplacian transforms and the second table is a list of transforms of great use in the discussion of special cases. Many of the transforms given are scattered widely over the mathematical literature, and a compilation of these in tabular form should greatly facilitate the solution of certain transient problems.
Unusual Dentition in Mule Deer

Cowan (Canad. Jour. Res., D , 24: 71–103) states that “variations in numbers of teeth in the genus Odocoileus are rare.” He further reports but one instance of supernumerary incisors in Odocoileus hemionus and quotes two cases of canines encountered by Nordquist (Calif. Fish and Game, 27(1): 39–40). Because of this apparent rarity of variations in number of teeth the writer is reporting on four cases of fewer teeth than normal and four cases of more than normal which he has encountered among Rocky Mountain mule deer, O. h. hemionus , of Utah and eastern Nevada. Fewer than normal deciduous or permanent teeth .—Case 1 involved a 28-month-old doe with all permanent premolars functional except the first one (P2) of the left mandible, where a tiny milk tooth 2 mm. in height and in diameter was still retained. Removal of the underlying bone revealed no corresponding permanent tooth. …
Iran's Changing Gender Dynamics in Light of Demographic, Political, and Technological Transformations

Iranian society is in a period of transformation connected to demographic changes, social forces, politics, economics, and advances in social media. Despite facing on-going obstacles, Iranian women continue to put great effort into gaining equal rights and privileges, a higher level of social and political inclusion, as well as a higher level of gainful employment—with the caveat that lower class women with less education and fewer resources experience more obstacles and injustices than women from the more educated middle and upper classes. However, high unemployment among men and particularly women has exacerbated inequalities in Iranian society despite the country's demographic improvements and other markers of modernization (lowered fertility and mortality, educational attainment, increase in marriage age, etc.). The challenge is: Can Iran diversify its oil-dependent economy to support its youth bulge and how might those changes impact women's status in society? The article also briefly touches on how ...
Portal cirrhosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic women.

1. During a 10-year period 59 women with portal cirrhosis were hospitalized at the University of Oklahoma Hospital. Approximately half of the patients were alcoholic. Twenty-one of the nonalcoholic and 12 of the alcoholic women and diagnoses of portal cirrhosis supported by examination of hepatic tissue. These 33 patients with tissue diagnosis are compared in detail.
Illegal Beings: Summary of Part One

Part 1 of this book documented five objections to human reproductive cloning and subjected them to critical analysis. What this analysis revealed is the fundamental weakness of those objections. Some objections are religious or moral arguments that, by definition, cannot be proven. Other objections are susceptible of proof, but cloning opponents have put forward little or no social, psychological, or scientific evidence to support them. Many of the arguments are rooted in a single, gross scientific error, namely, the false notion that human clones are copies of their DNA donors. Even safety concerns have been greatly overstated; with time, as cloning technology improves, they may disappear altogether. In Parts 2 and 3, I will return to this critique of the five objections, and use it to explain why anticloning laws not only are bad public policy but also are unconstitutional. Part 1 has also shown how the five objections reflect, reinforce, and inspire stereotypes about human clones. I am now in a position to provide a concise summary of those stereotypes. First, the warning that cloning offends God is an objection to hubris rather than to a particular type of human. However, the objection encourages the religious right to believe that human clones are evil. Similarly, the related objection that cloning is unnatural encourages the environmentalist left to conclude that human clones are unnatural, abnormal, strange, artificial, and inferior. Frequent references to Frankenstein and its warning against scientific meddling with nature imply that human clones are grotesque, immoral, and dangerous.
Asylum and superdiversity: The search for denotational accuracy during asylum hearings

Abstract Using ethnographic evidence from asylum cases in various European states, this paper explores the problematic search for denotational referentiality during asylum hearings. The claim of this paper is that superdiverse, multilingual environments cause Western institutions to depend heavily on denotational signs (such as proper names) to determine asylum seekers' credibility. Asylum officers, in particular, routinely rely on common-sense assumptions about the denotational power of proper names (especially the ease of translating personal and place names) to determine the credibility of a particular testimony. However, this reliance on denotation can have serious negative effects on asylum adjudication, especially in the assessment of asylum applicants' referential accuracy, which is considered a litmus test for determining applicants' credibility.
On Promising to Supererogate: A Response to Heyd

In my “Promising and Supererogation” I argue that one cannot fulfill promises to perform supererogatory actions (such as “I hereby promise to perform one supererogatory action every month”). In a response to my paper, David Heyd argues that there is an alternative solution to the problem I raise. While I agree with much that Heyd says about the examples he discusses, his proposed solution involves a crucial alteration of the problem; his proposed solution does not solve the problem I present.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy With Body Image Exposure for Bulimia Nervosa: A Case Example

Abstract Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN). However, among patients with BN, symptom improvement is more pronounced for behavioral eating symptoms (i.e., bingeing and purging) than for body image disturbance, and the persistence of body image disturbance is associated with relapse. The need for more effective body image interventions led to the development of mirror exposure, which focuses on encouraging patients to view themselves in a holistic, nonjudgmental, mindful fashion. Behavioral manifestations of body image disturbance—body checking and avoidance—are also targeted in order to reduce and eliminate such behaviors and their associated preoccupation and distress. A preliminary trial of Body Image Exposure has shown promise, but it has not yet been tested in the context of CBT for BN. The case of “Sara” illustrates the application of this targeted treatment for body image disturbance. Central clinical issues around the perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral components of body image are delineated as they arose in treatment, as are issues of motivation and compliance. Treatment was associated with improvement in eating symptoms, body image, and mood.
Determinants of changes in linear growth and body composition in incident pediatric Crohn's disease.

Background & Aims Pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with growth, lean mass (LM), and fat mass (FM) deficits. This study assessed and identified determinants of changes in height and body composition in children with CD following. Methods Whole-body LM and FM were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 78 CD subjects at diagnosis, 6, 12, and a median of 43 months (range, 24−63) later. Race- and sex-specific Z scores for lean mass (LM-ht-Z) and fat mass (FM-ht-Z) relative to height were derived using reference data in >900 controls. Serum cytokines and growth factors were measured, and quasi-least squares regression was used to identify determinants of changes in height and body composition. Results LM-ht-Z and FM-ht-Z (both P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Conclusions Immune-mediated mechanisms contribute to growth and body composition deficits in CD. Therapies should target these deficits.
Wheat Mds-1 encodes a heat-shock protein and governs susceptibility towards the Hessian fly gall midge

Gall midges induce formation of host nutritive cells and alter plant metabolism to utilize host resources. Here we show that the gene Mayetiola destructor susceptibility-1 on wheat chromosome 3AS encodes a small heat-shock protein and is a major susceptibility gene for infestation of wheat by the gall midge M. destructor, commonly known as the Hessian fly. Transcription of Mayetiola destructor susceptibility-1 and its homoeologs increases upon insect infestation. Ectopic expression of Mayetiola destructor susceptibility-1 or induction by heat shock suppresses resistance of wheat mediated by the resistance gene H13 to Hessian fly. Silencing of Mayetiola destructor susceptibility-1 by RNA interference confers immunity to all Hessian fly biotypes on normally susceptible wheat genotypes. Mayetiola destructor susceptibility-1-silenced plants also show reduced lesion formation due to infection by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Modification of susceptibility genes may provide broad and durable sources of resistance to Hessian fly, B. graminis f. sp. tritici, and other pests.
Development of a Mouse Model of Abdominal Cutaneous Flaps for Breast Reconstruction

UNLABELLED Autologous tissue transfer, in addition to replacing tissue that was lost during injury or surgery, offers women an excellent option to improve cosmetic appearance and self-confidence following mastectomy due to breast cancer. However, flap necrosis is a complication in obese patients undergoing this procedure. We created a mouse model to study the flap-related complications that leads to decreased flap survival in autologous breast reconstruction. METHODS Left superficial inferior epigastric (SIE) pedicle abdominal-cutaneous flaps were elevated in 8 week-old, obese ob/ob male mice and their lean littermates. Flaps were followed by serial photography. Area of flap necrosis was measured at 7 days. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Necrosis was observed at the distal margin of the flaps, in both lean and obese groups. Lean left SIE flaps (n = 8) had a total area flap necrosis of 9.1% at 7 days whereas obese left SIE flaps (n = 8) had a total area flap necrosis of 45.5% at 7 days. Obese flaps had a statistically significant increase in necrosis compared to the lean flaps, p = 0.001. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant difference between flap survival in lean and obese SIE pedicle flaps in our mouse model. We have developed the first flap model of obesity utilizing the superficial epigastric pedicle in the mouse. This model is optimal for future studies to dissect out mechanisms that lead to the complications related to flap survival for breast reconstruction, especially in obese subjects.
GPU Accelerated 3-D Modeling and Simulation of a Blended Kinetic Impact and Nuclear Subsurface Explosion

This paper develops a modeling and simulation framework for determining mission effectiveness of a twobody Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV). This HAIV concept has been being developed to overcome key difficulties in coupling energy from nuclear explosives to an asteroid target at high relative velocities of 5 30 km/s. It does so by blending the concepts of a kinetic impactor and a nuclear subsurface explosion to create successive impacts that mimic the behavior of a buried explosive, increasing energy coupling by an order of magnitude. To demonstrate this increase in effectiveness, this approach is simulated in a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model adapted for high-speed, low-cost, implementation on Graphics Processing Units. An improved 3D simulation system is developed that includes improved neighbor finding for parallel calculations. Fidelity to an inhomogeneous, asymmetric target model is increased to allow for better damage prediction and shock localization. Statistical tracking of the resulting fragments is used to determine efficacy for a variety of nominal orbit conditions.
SU-E-J-135: Measurements of Non-Linearity Features of Breathing Patterns Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) and Dynamic Complexity (DC)

Purpose: To investigate if there exists a difference in breathing patterns between patients treated with SBRT and IMRT using RQA and DC (using K2: correlation entropy and D2: correlation dimension) measures. Methods: 9 patients treated with SBRT and 8 treated with IMRT were scanned with 4D CT and the breathing patterns were acquired. One of the SBRT patients was scanned with and without meditation. Each breathing signal consisted of a scalar time series and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) was utilized to determine the following measures: Periodicity of the system as percentage of recurrence points (%RR), determinism (DET), maximum diagonal line length (L_max) whose inverse the divergence (DIV) is measure for how fast trajectories diverge from each other, the average diagonal line length (L) that can be interpreted as the mean prediction time of the signal, and the entropy (ENTR) a measure of information complexity. In addition the invariant measures of K2 and D2 were also estimated. A locally nonlinear forecast was applied to predict future breathing signals of N time step ahead for the patient with and without meditation. Results: Our results showed %RR has significant correlation with L_max and has inverse correlation with DIV. DET has significant correlation with Lmax, L, ENTR and DIV. Independent t test suggests there is no difference between the SBRT and IMRT groups in terms of the RQA measures and K2. Patient that had undergone meditation showed improvement in %RR, L_max, DIV, K2 and had an estimated correlation dimension of 1.7. Prediction showed similar results for one and three time step ahead but meditation one had better prediction horizon when time step was higher. Conclusion: RQA is a powerful tool that allows one to analyze the dynamic nature of breathing pattern. No significant difference was found in the dynamical complexity of SBRT and IMRT patients.
Russian toasting and drinking as communication ritual

This article applies Cultural Discourse Analysis to studying toasting and drinking as a communication ritual in Russian culture. Based on the analysis of 149 instances of Russian toasting and drinking, the article identifies the symbolic phrasing and cultural sequence of the toasting ritual. Symbolic phrasing is based on drinking “to you”, “to us”, and “so that”/“to” important things happen and desires come true. The modal particle “davai(te)” serves to facilitate and urge the act of joint drinking. The cultural sequence during toasting and drinking involves unsolicited contributions, side conversations, personal comments, and emotional responses on part of the participants of the drinking act. The “sacred object” of the ritual is “understanding”, and it is built by deep cultural premises of Russian personhood, relations, actions, emotions, and place.
Alpha-1-acetylmethadol and its N-demethylated metabolites have potent opiate action in the guinea pig isolated ileum.

Abstract α-1-Acetylmethadol (LAM) and its N-demethylated metabolites α-1-noracetylmethadol (NAM) and α-1- dinoracetylmethadol (NNAM) exhibited opiate-like actions in vitro by depressing the electrically induced twitch of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. These effects were reversed by the opiate antagonist naloxone. The effect of both NAM and NNAM was approximately 15 times greater than LAM. The 50 percent inhibitory concentrations of the metabolites were well below those levels in plasma reported for man. The long duration of action of LAM as an opiate substitute is most likely due to the conversion to its metabolites.
Generalized ridge regression: a note on negative ridge parameters

Generalized ridge regression is extended to include negative values of the ridge parameter. In doing so, classes of biased estimators and estimators obtained by variable selection proce¬dures can be formulated as ridge estimators having stochastic, possibly negative, ridge parameter values.
The Cox maze III procedure for atrial fibrillation: long-term efficacy in patients undergoing lone versus concomitant procedures.

Abstract Background For the last decade, the Cox maze III procedure has been available for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. It is unknown whether the operation has similar efficacy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation compared with that in patients with atrial fibrillation associated with coronary, valve, or congenital heart disease. This study examined the long-term outcome of patients who underwent this procedure either as a lone operation or as a concomitant procedure. Methods From 1988 to 2001, 198 patients underwent a Cox maze III procedure; 112 were lone operations, and 86 were concomitant procedures. Major complications included renal failure, reoperation for bleeding, mediastinitis, stroke, and balloon pump insertion. Follow-up was performed by means of mail and telephone questionnaires with both the patients and their cardiologists. All patients who had any history of arrhythmia or who were taking medication had their rhythm documented by means of electrocardiography. Results The lone operation group was significantly younger (51.3 ± 10.5 vs 58.8 ± 9.9 years) and had a higher male/female ratio (4:1 vs 2:1). There was no difference in operative mortality between groups (1.8% vs 1.2%). At a follow-up of 5.4 ± 2.9 years, 96.6% (172/178) of all patients were free of atrial fibrillation. There was no difference between the lone operation and concomitant procedure groups (95.9% vs 97.5%). Conclusion The Cox maze III procedure has equivalent operative risk and long-term efficacy in patients undergoing both lone operations and concomitant procedures. The Cox maze III procedure remains the standard against which alternative procedures for atrial fibrillation must be judged.
Cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke.

Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability in adults worldwide. Unfortunately, current therapy which targets vessel recanalization has a narrow treatment window, and at this time neuroprotective approaches are not effective for stroke treatment. However, after stroke the parenchymal and endothelial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) respond in concert to ischemic stressors and create a microenvironment in which successful recovery may ensue. Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, axonal sprouting, glial cell activation, angiogenesis and vascular remodeling within the brain and the spinal cord are stimulated post stroke. Cell based-therapy amplifies these endogenous restorative effects within the CNS to promote functional outcome. Areas covered: This article reviews current knowledge of cell-based therapy in the adult brain after stroke, including transplanted cell type, benefits and risks, with an emphasis on mechanisms of action. Expert opinion: Experimental studies and clinical tria...
Incidence of Postoperative Infections Requiring Reoperation After Arthroscopic Knee Surgery

Purpose The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence of infection requiring reoperation after arthroscopic knee surgery during a 6-year period and to compare infection rates across different age groups, genders, geographic regions of the United States, and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes through a retrospective review of a large insurance company database. Methods A retrospective review of an insurance company database was performed for all knee arthroscopies performed in the United States from 2004 to 2009. The database was first queried for all knee arthroscopies, and the number of those cases requiring additional surgery for infection within 30 days was determined to calculate the incidence of infection. The incidence was stratified by gender, age group, region within the United States, and CPT code. A separate analysis for procedures using allografts was also performed. Results A total of 432,038 arthroscopic surgeries were performed, and the number of infections requiring drainage was 638, for an overall incidence of infection from 2004 to 2009 of 0.15%. Among adults, men were affected almost twice as often as women ( P P P = .01). Overall, the incidence did not significantly vary by age, region, or CPT codes that specified the implantation of allograft tissue. Compared with diagnostic arthroscopy, the relative risk of infection was higher for CPT-29889 (posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction). Conclusions The incidence of infection requiring reoperation after knee arthroscopy from 2004 to 2009 was 0.15%. The incidence was higher among male patients in both the adult and pediatric populations. The incidence of infection decreased from 2004 to 2009 in patients 60 years or older. Among adult patients, the incidence did not vary by age, by region, or by CPT codes that involved implantation of allografts. Level of Evidence Level IV, cross-sectional study.
Life in the “Plastisphere”: Microbial Communities on Plastic Marine Debris

Plastics are the most abundant form of marine debris, with global production rising and documented impacts in some marine environments, but the influence of plastic on open ocean ecosystems is poorly understood, particularly for microbial communities. Plastic marine debris (PMD) collected at multiple locations in the North Atlantic was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and next-generation sequencing to characterize the attached microbial communities. We unveiled a diverse microbial community of heterotrophs, autotrophs, predators, and symbionts, a community we refer to as the “Plastisphere”. Pits visualized in the PMD surface conformed to bacterial shapes suggesting active hydrolysis of the hydrocarbon polymer. Small-subunit rRNA gene surveys identified several hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, supporting the possibility that microbes play a role in degrading PMD. Some Plastisphere members may be opportunistic pathogens (the authors, unpublished data) such as specific members of the genus Vib...