cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect

In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], substance and alcohol abuse, and others) and medical disorders (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, and others). Moreover, the course of psychiatric disorders in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment is more severe. Recently, the biological substrates underlying this diathesis to medical and psychiatric morbidity have been studied. This Review summarizes many of the persistent biological alterations associated with childhood maltreatment including changes in neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems and pro-inflammatory cytokines in addition to specific alterations in brain areas associated with mood regulation. Finally, I discuss several candidate gene polymorphisms that interact with childhood maltreatment to modulate vulnerability to major depression and PTSD and epigenetic mechanisms thought to transduce environmental stressors into disease vulnerability.
Clustering-Based Mitigation of Anonymity Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be advantageous in applications that serve in hostile environments such as security surveillance and military battlefield. The operation of a WSN typically involves collection of sensor measurements at an in-situ Base-Station (BS) that further processes the data and either takes action or reports findings to a remote command center. Thus the BS plays a vital role and is usually guarded by concealing its identity and location. However, the BS can be susceptible to traffic analysis attack. Given the limited communication range of the individual sensors and the objective of conserving their energy supply, the sensor readings are forwarded to the BS over multi-hop paths. Such a routing topology allows an adversary to correlate intercepted transmissions, even without being able to decode them, and apply attack models such as Evidence Theory (ET) in order to determine the position of the BS. This paper proposes a technique to counter such an attack by reshaping the routing topology. Basically, the nodes in a WSN are grouped in unevenly-sized clusters and each cluster has a designated aggregation node (cluster head). An inter-cluster head routes are then formed so that the BS experiences low traffic volume and does not become distinguishable among the WSN nodes. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique in boosting the anonymity of the BS.
Assessing the Simultaneous Impacts of Requirements, Vehicle Characteristics, and Technologies During Aircraft Design

Presented at the 39th AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 9-11, 2001.
Nasal staphylococcus aureus colonization among mothers of term and late preterm previously healthy neonates with community-acquired staphylococcus aureus infections

Abstract: We enrolled 35 case neonates with community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection and their mothers and 19 control mother-neonate pairs. We obtained neonatal and maternal anterior nasal cultures, and clinical isolates. S. aureus nasal colonization was greater in case than control pairs. Neonates were more often infected with their nasal strain than their mother's nasal strain.
Oligocene shortening in the Little Burro Mountains of southwest New Mexico

Laramide-style shortening structures in southwest New Mexico chiefly affect Cretaceous and older rocks, making the estimation of the cessation of shortening in the Paleogene problematic. The cessation of Laramide shortening is generally thought to be about 40 Ma in southwest New Mexico. However, in the Silver City Range, Grant County, New Mexico, shortening younger than 34.6 Ma was documented by Copeland et al. (2011). The Little Burro Mountains, 10–20 km south of the Silver City Range, contain a monocline trending northwest–southeast with beds dipping ∼12° in the backlimb and up to 30° in the forelimb. The youngest folded unit in the monocline is the tuff of Wind Mountain (Twt), which yielded a 206 Pb/ 238 U zircon age of 30.9 ± 0.5 Ma. Normal faults strike orthogonal to the axial trace of the fold with low displacement (10s of meters), which we interpret to have formed synchronous with the monocline to accommodate variations in shortening along strike. Field observations, trishear fault-propagationfold modeling, and the structural style and trends of the region are consistent with the development of the monocline related to a deeply rooted blind thrust or reverse fault. These results indicate that Laramide-style shortening in southwest New Mexico was active into the late Oligocene.
Antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus-membrane antigens in macaques with malignant lymphoma.

Gallo and co-workers first described human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), a type C retrovirus isolated from an aggressive case of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma [27, 28]. Cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a unique mature T-cell malignancy, have also yielded numerous other isolates of HTLV [23, 7, 17, 35, 10, 29]. ATLL is seen at increased levels in southwestern Japan and the Caribbean, where seroepidemiologic studies have linked this tumor with HTLV type I. In such endemic regions, natural antibodies can be demonstrated in 4%–37% of the healthy adults whereas more than 90% of patients with ATLL have antibodies to HTLV (11, 31, 1, 32, 5, 20]. The prevalence of HTLV antibodies in healthy individuals is less than 1% in nonendemic areas [12, 6, 5, 20, 3, 4].
Organizational Behavior in Multinational Organizations

This entry explores research on organizational behavior in multinational organizations. This literature looks at the ways in which nation and culture influence attitudes and behaviors in organizations and explores individual, team, and organizational characteristics that affect the success of cross-national interactions in the multinational organizational context. Keywords: business and management; cultural diversity; identity
Analysis of Application of Narcotic Drugs in Outpatient Pharmacy of A Hospital in 2013

Objective To investigate the application of narcotic drugs in the clinic,in order to provide reference for rational drug application. Methods The method of DDD system which recommended by WHO was used as index to analyze the consumption of narcotic drugs of the hospital during Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2013. Results In the hospital,the top 3 most frequently used drugs were fentanyl transdermal patches( 4. 2 mg),oxycontin( 10 mg),and ms contin( 30 mg). The frequency of drug application in 100 prescriptions could meet the specification requirements in all the 1041 prescriptions.Conclusion The application of narcotic drugs is basically rational in the hospital. There was still irrational drug application.propaganda and management should be strengthened.
Marked increase in veno-occlusive disease of the liver associated with methotrexate use for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in patients receiving busulfan/cyclophosphamide

The use of cyclosporine-A/methotrexate (CyA/MTX) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis is safe and effective for patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after preparation with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. We report 87 patients prepared for allogeneic transplant with busulfan 4 mg/kg/d orally for 4 days, followed by cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg/d intravenously for 2 days (Bu4Cy2). A marked increase in hepatotoxicity was observed in 20 patients administered CyA/MTX, compared with 67 historical control patients who received CyA/methylprednisolone (CyA/MP) for GVHD prophylaxis with all other treatment and support variables remaining constant. The incidence of hyperbilirubinemia (bilirubin greater than or equal to 2 mg/dL) increased from 48% to 80% (P = .02), and the mean maximal bilirubin increased from 4.67 +/- 7.27 to 8.72 +/- 8.73 mg/dL (P = .04), when CyA/MTX was used in place of CyA/MP for GVHD prophylaxis. In addition, the incidence of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) increased from 18% to 70% (P = .0001), and death caused by VOD increased from 4.5% to 25% (P = .02). Survival was not significantly different for the two groups because of a higher non-VOD death rate in patients receiving CyA/MP for GVHD prophylaxis (P = .77). We suggest caution when using Bu4Cy2 in combination with CyA/MTX for GVHD prophylaxis.
The MiniCLEAN single-phase noble liquid dark matter experiment

MiniCLEAN is a single-phase noble-liquid WIMP dark matter experiment which observes only the scintillation light from a 500kg liquid argon target, allowing a detector design which can be scaled up to targets of 50 tons or more. MiniCLEAN's target is observed by a sphere of 92 photomultiplier tubes covering nearly 4π in solid angle, producing a projected light yield of better than 5 photoelectrons per keV and in turn a 3D position resolution of better than 50 mm at the edge of the detector. The high light yield will also benefit the utilization of pulse shape discrimination in order to fully separate background electron recoil events from nuclear recoils which would constitute the WIMP signal. The experiment can also utilize liquid neon as a target, which in the event of a positive signal will allow the expected A2 dependence in the WIMP interaction rate to be probed, as well as produce very different intrinsic background characteristics. MiniCLEAN's projected sensitivity to the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic cross section is roughly 2 × 10−45 cm3 for a 100 GeV WIMP after two years of running with a LAr target. This talk will review the experimental technique, engineering design and current assembly status of the MiniCLEAN detector, in addition to the current status of measurements of the scintillation characteristics of argon and neon.
Economic Impacts of Rail Transit on Recreational Shore Communities: Case of the north Jersey Coast line:

This study estimated the impact of spending by North Jersey Coast Line (NJCL) riders during summer weekends on the economies of the Jersey Shore communities known for beach-oriented recreational activities. The NJCL is a commuter rail line that provides many workers with access to their workplaces on weekdays throughout the year. The line also provides a large number of recreational visitors from New York City and other parts of New Jersey with direct access to the Jersey Shore communities on summer weekends. To estimate the economic benefits to the shore communities from spending by NJCL riders on summer weekends, this study used a software program (R/ECON) regional input–output (I-O) model developed by the Rutgers Economic Advisory Service of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Visitor expenditure data from an onboard survey of NJCL riders were used as model inputs. The survey was conducted during the summer of 2013 and was completed by 2,241 riders returning from the shore area. The R/ECON I...
Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization of a Symptomatic Renal Artery Aneurysm at a Bifurcation Point.

Background Symptomatic renal artery aneurysms at bifurcation points present challenging clinical scenarios rarely amenable to endovascular repair due to concerns regarding parenchymal loss following intervention. Herein, we add to the scant body of literature describing successful endovascular repair of a saccular, symptomatic renal artery aneurysm situated at a bifurcation point. Methods A 52-year-old woman with a 2.5-cm extraparenchymal, saccular, symptomatic left renal artery aneurysm underwent self-expanding stent-assisted detachable platinum microcoil embolization. Results Complete aneurysm exclusion was achieved with minimal parenchymal loss. There were no perioperative complications, and no evidence of acute kidney injury perioperatively or at 3-month follow-up. Sustained symptomatic relief was achieved. Conclusions Endovascular therapy can provide safe and effective aneurysm treatment within challenging bifurcated renal artery anatomy.
Oligodendrocyte RasG12V expressed in its endogenous locus disrupts myelin structure through increased MAPK, nitric oxide, and notch signaling.

Costello syndrome (CS) is a gain of function Rasopathy caused by heterozygous activating mutations in the HRAS gene. Patients show brain dysfunction that can include abnormal brain white matter. Transgenic activation of HRas in the entire mouse oligodendrocyte lineage resulted in myelin defects and behavioral abnormalities, suggesting roles for disrupted myelin in CS brain dysfunction. Here, we studied a mouse model in which the endogenous HRas gene is conditionally replaced by mutant HRasG12V in mature oligodendrocytes, to separate effects in mature myelinating cells from developmental events. Increased myelin thickness due to decompaction was detectable within one month of HRasG12V expression in the corpus callosum of adult mice. Increases in active ERK and Nitric Oxide (NO) were present in HRas mutants and inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) or MEK each partially rescued myelin decompaction. In addition, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of Notch signaling improved myelin compaction. Complete rescue of myelin structure required dual drug treatments combining MAPK, NO, or Notch inhibition; with MEK + NOS blockade producing the most robust effect. We suggest that individual or concomitant blockade of these pathways in CS patients may improve aspects of brain function.
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 Expression Tracks With M2-Like Macrophage Activity and Disease Severity in COPD.

Background Cell and animal models show a key role for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM)-2 in chronic airway disease after viral infection, but comparable evidence in humans still needs to be established. Methods Lung tissue samples were obtained from lung transplant recipients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage IV COPD (n = 16), nontransplantable donor lung tissues (n = 7), and resected lung tissues from patients at risk or with GOLD stage I through IV (n = 55) and were assessed for TREM-2 and TREM-1 messenger RNA (mRNA), protein expression, and other markers of a type 2 immune response. Results TREM2 (but not TREM1 ) mRNA levels were increased in GOLD stage IV COPD lung tissues compared with non-COPD lung tissues. TREM2 mRNA was coexpressed with its signaling molecule DAP12 and the macrophage marker CD68 and M2-macrophage markers CD206 and CHIT1 . TREM-2 protein was also increased in COPD lung tissues and was localized to CD14 + macrophages by flow cytometry and CD68 + and CCR2 + macrophages by tissue immunostaining. In lung samples from patients at risk and with GOLD stage I through IV COPD, TREM2 but not TREM1 mRNA levels were also increased, and the ratio of TREM2/TREM1 mRNA levels was associated with increases in CHIT1 mRNA and decreases in FEV 1 and FEV 1 /FVC. Conclusions TREM-2 expression is increased in lung macrophages in COPD, particularly in comparison with TREM-1. Therefore, TREM-2 levels and the ratio of TREM-2/TREM-1 signifies M2 activation in COPD lung tissues and may help to guide therapeutics directed against the type 2 immune response in patients with this disease.
Chemotherapy of African Trypanosomiasis

There is a critical need for new effective chemotherapeutic agents against the African Trypanosomes. At the present time, drug research is primarily focused on the molecular target approach, however, it is suggested that a more balanced approach involving screening against the whole organism be given greater emphasis. To illustrate this point, recent research involving the screening of new compounds derived from pentamidine is discussed. Analogues with improved chemotherapeutic potential have been obtained. Based upon the chemical structures of these lead compounds and a mode of action hypothesis the synthesis of novel trypanocidal drugs are in progress. Current data suggests that pentamidine analogues with oral bioavailability, as well as better blood-brain barrier transport have been developed. It is suggested that enlightened whole organism screening of analogues of the currently used chemotherapeutic agents will lead to the more rapid development of new trypanocidal drugs.
The genome sequence of Escherichia coli tailed phage D6 and the diversity of Enterobacteriales circular plasmid prophages

The temperate Escherichia coli bacteriophage D6 can exist as a circular plasmid prophage, and we report here its 91,159bp complete genome sequence. It is a distant relative of the well-studied phage P1, but it is sufficiently different that it typifies a previously undescribed tailed phage type or cluster. Examination of the database of bacterial genome sequences revealed that phage P1 and D6 prophage plasmids are common in the Enterobacteriales, and in addition, previously described Salmonella phage SSU5 represents a different type of temperate tailed phage with a circular plasmid prophage that is also very common in this host order. This analysis also discovered additional divergent clusters of putative circular plasmid prophages within the two larger P1 and SSU5 groups (superclusters) that inhabit the Enterobacteriales as well as bacteria in several other orders in the Gamma-proteobacteria class. Very few of these sequences are annotated as putative prophages.
Differences in primary cardiovascular disease prevention between the 2013 and 2016 cholesterol guidelines and impact of the 2017 hypertension guideline in the United States

The US Preventive Services Task Force cholesterol guideline recommended statins for fewer adults than the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline by setting a higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease threshold (≥10.0% vs ≥7.5%) and requiring concomitant diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or cigarette smoking. The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline lowered the hypertension threshold, increasing 2016 guideline statin-eligible adults. Cross-sectional data on US adults aged 40 to 75 years enabled estimated numbers for the 2013 guideline and 2016 guideline with hypertension thresholds of ≥140/≥90 mm Hg and ≥130/80 mm Hg, respectively, on: (1) untreated, statin-eligible adults for primary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention (25.40, 14.72, 15.35 million); (2) atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events prevented annually (124 000, 70 852, 73 199); (3) number needed to treat (21, 21, 21); and (4) number needed to harm (38, 143, 143) per 1000 patient-years for incident diabetes mellitus (42 800, 6700, 7100 cases per year). Despite the lower hypertension threshold, the 2013 cholesterol guideline qualifies approximately 10 million more adults for statins and prevents approximately 50 600 more primary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events but induces approximately 35 700 more diabetes mellitus cases annually than the 2016 guideline.
Stress psicologico e ischemia

L’ischemia da stress mentale (mental stress ischemia - MSI), fenomeno identificato recentemente in ambito cardiologico, e caratterizzata dal verificarsi di ischemia durante l’esperienza di episodi mentalmente o emotivamente stressanti. La ricerca si e rivolta principalmente ad una migliore conoscenza della fisiopatologia del fenomeno, al fine di poter individuare strategie terapeutiche specifiche in grado di garantire una prognosi migliore. Importanza e stata inoltre data al raggiungimento di risultati indipendenti dai fattori legati alla sottostante arteriopatia coronarica (coronary artery disease - CAD) di tipo cronico. In questo capitolo viene presentata una rassegna bibliografica di studi osservazionali e di laboratorio che hanno descritto il fenomeno. Viene successivamente presentata la ricerca condotta sulla fisiopatologia che si presume possa sottostare alla MSI, seguita da una revisione della bibliografia relativa alla prognosi e al trattamento. Il capitolo termina conuna discussione riguardo alla direzione futura della ricerca su questo tema. Il presente lavoro non riporta una revisione esauriente della bibliografia, in quanto lo scopo e stato piuttosto quello di fornire una selezione della letteratura esistente che avesse un alto contenuto informativo per il lettore.
Control and Stabilization of Interactive Structures

Questions related to stabilizability and control of interactive structures, which often arise in the context of the so called “smart materials technology,” have attracted considerable attention in recent years. These models are governed by systems of coupled PDE equations with prescribed transmission conditions. The equations involved are, typically, combinations of parabolic and hyperbolic dynamics with boundary/point controls. Specific examples include: thermoelastic plates reinforced with shape memory fibers, structural acoustic models with piezoceramic actuators, electromagnetic structures with piezoelectric sensors/actuators, etc. In this paper, the emphasis is placed on the mathematical theory which describes-predicts the dynamic response of the structures subject to control actions. The mathematical interest/challenge in studying this kind of model is precisely the effect of coupling, the “mixing” of two different types of dynamics which, in turn, may often produce unexpected effects affecting the entire structure, without being valid for each element separately.
Optimal Projection/Maximum Entropy: Stochastic Modelling and Reduced-Order Design Synthesis

Abstract The Optimal Projection/Maximum Entropy approach to designing low-order controllers for high-order systems with parameter uncertainties is reviewed. The philosophy of representing uncertain parameters by means of Stratonovich multiplicative white noise is motivated by means of the Maximum Entropy Principle of Jaynes and statistical analysis of modal systems. The main result, the optimal projection equations for fixed-order dynamic compensation in the presence of state-, control- and measurement-dependent noise, represents a fundamental generalization of classical LQG theory.
On-Resin Macrocyclization of Peptides Using Vinyl Sulfonamides as a Thiol-Michael “Click” Acceptor

Macrocyclization of linear peptides imparts improved stability to enzymatic degradation and increases potency of function. Many successful macrocyclization of peptides both in solution and on-resin have been achieved but are limited in scope as they lack selectivity, require long reaction times, or necessitate heat. To overcome these drawbacks a robust and facile strategy was developed employing thiol-Michael click chemistry via an N-methyl vinyl sulfonamide. We demonstrate its balance of reactivity and high stability through FTIR model kinetic studies, reaching 88% conversion over 30 min, and NMR stability studies, revealing no apparent degradation over an 8 day period in basic conditions. Using a commercially available reagent, 2-chloroethane sulfonyl chloride, the cell adhesion peptide, RGDS, was functionalized and macrocyclized on-resin with a relative efficiency of over 95%. The simplistic nature of this process demonstrates the effectiveness of vinyl sulfonamides as a thiol-Michael click acceptor an...
Cytomegalovirus Reactivation Promotes CD8+ T Cell Subset Recovery after Unmodified Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Introduction T cell reconstitution after alloHCT can be impaired and is associated with relapse as well as infections, especially viral reactivation. Our study is aimed at characterizing patterns of T cell subset recovery in patients undergoing alloHCT with an unmodified peripheral blood stem cell graft (PBSCT), using an expanded flow cytometric panel, and correlating T cell recovery with clinical outcomes, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Methods We included patients who received first allogeneic PBSCT at our center between April 2012 and May 2016. Total CD3, CD4, and CD8 T cells and naive, central memory, effector memory (EM), and effector subsets were measured by 8 color flow cytometry. Flow data were censored after donor lymphocyte infusion, stem cell boost, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or second alloHCT. Overall trends in recovery were highlighted using LOESS smoothed fits. Linear mixed effect models containing linear and cubic terms for time, random intercepts, and GVHD or CMV recovery were used to test for a difference across these groups. Results One hundred and twelve patients (median age 58 years, range 19-78 years) were included (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the recovery of CD3, CD4 and CD8 subsets for up to 24 months post-alloHCT. EM were the predominant population in CD4+ subset [median 46.4% (range, 1.6–83.9%)] while effector cells were the most prominent in CD8+ subset [median 41.8% (range, 7.0–94.1%)]. The incidence of CMV reactivation was 38% in seropositive patients (total 65 patients) with a median time to reactivation of 40 days (range 7-82 days). Patients with CMV reactivation by day +60 had a significantly higher expansion of CD8+ effector (p=0.004) and CD8+ EM (p=0.003) cells compared with patients without CMV reactivation by day +60 (Figure 3). There was no significant difference in the expansion of CD4+ T cells based on CMV reactivation. The cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute GVHD was 46% at day +100. No significant difference was noted in CD4+ or CD8+ T cell expansion based on development of grade 2-4 acute GVHD by day +100 (data not shown). Conclusions Similar to data observed with other stem cell sources, CMV reactivation has a significant effect on post-alloHCT T cell recovery. This association may also provide an explanation for the observation in some studies that CMV reactivation is associated with lower rates of relapse and is being explored further in our dataset. Detailed flow-based analysis of T cell subset recovery after alloHCT can potentially provide additional biological insights to post HCT adverse events and guide strategies to decrease post alloHCT complications and non-relapse mortality.
An Efficient and Cost-Effective Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-3-aminopyridine

The synthesis of 2-phenyl-3-aminopyridine, a key intermediate in the preparation of 2-phenyl-3-aminopiperidine, from 2-chloro-3-aminopyridine is described using an imine as a protecting group for an aminopyridine. The in situ protection of 2-chloro-3-aminopyridine with benzaldehyde followed by Suzuki coupling with phenylboronic acid and subsequent acid hydrolysis provided the titled compound in a single, high-yielding step from inexpensive and commercially available starting materials.
Development of the STAR Evaluation System for Assessing Bicycle Helmet Protective Performance

Cycling is a leading cause of mild traumatic brain injury in the US. While bicycle helmets help protect cyclists who crash, limited biomechanical data exist differentiating helmet protective capabilities. This paper describes the development of a bicycle helmet evaluation scheme based in real-world cyclist accidents and brain injury mechanisms. Thirty helmet models were subjected to oblique impacts at six helmet locations and two impact velocities. The summation of tests for the analysis of risk (STAR) equation, which condenses helmet performance from a range of tests into a single value, was used to summarize measured linear and rotational head kinematics in the context of concussion risk. STAR values varied between helmets (10.9-25.3), with lower values representing superior protection. Road helmets produced lower STAR values than urban helmets. Helmets with slip planes produced lower STAR values than helmets without. This bicycle helmet evaluation protocol can educate consumers on the relative impact performance of various helmets and stimulate safer helmet design.
The Importance of Community Engagement and Research Translation within the NIEHS Superfund Research Program

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program (SRP) funds university-based, solution-oriented research to understand how hazardous substances contribute to disease and how to prevent exposures to these hazardous substances. A unique aspect of the SRP is that, beyond the biomedical, environmental sciences, and engineering research projects, SRP-funded centers are required to include community engagement to build partnerships with affected communities and research translation to communicate and facilitate the use of research findings. The SRP views both as effective ways to inform and advance science for protection of public health. The purpose of community engagement within the centers is to ensure bidirectional communication between the researchers and the community, identify best practices and activities in community engagement for prevention and intervention activities, enhance knowledge, and support the needs of the communities impacted by hazardous waste sites. The SRP views research translation as communicating and facilitating the use of research findings emanating from the center in a manner most appropriate for their application and for the advancement of a center's research objectives. The SRP has a strong history of seeking opportunities to work with communities and stakeholders, by translating and sharing research findings in an impactful and informative manner with long-lasting benefits to improve public health.
Non-operative Management of Common Bile Duct Stones: ERCP and Other Techniques (Lithotripsy)

For decades, when common bile ducts stones were suspected, palpated, or demonstrated by operative cholangiography, formal choledochotomy and bile duct exploration were the preferred approach for their removal. Since the introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the management of choledocholithiasis has increasingly become a non-operative endeavor. The current literature demonstrates that non-operative management has far greater than 90% efficacy. In this chapter we discuss some of the basic principles of ERCP and address adjunctive maneuvers and techniques to evacuate stones and debris from the common bile duct. We also discuss percutaneous, and hybrid techniques, particularly useful when ERCP fails. Finally we look toward the horizon and other techniques and technologies that may become more common place in the future.
Composite Mechanical Properties of Coils Made With Nickel-Alloy Laminated Bi-2223 Conductors

High-temperature superconducting magnet coils made with Sumitomo Type HT-NX are complex composite structures composed of Bi-2223 conductor filaments, silver matrix, solder, nickel-alloy laminations, polymer insulation, and epoxy or wax. The mechanical properties of these composites are required inputs to a correct stress analysis. Measurements of the desired properties are performed on representative model test specimens. Mechanical test specimens composed of several layers of insulated conductor are prepared by cutting to length, stacking and epoxy impregnation. Mechanical tests are performed in liquid nitrogen and liquid helium. Elastic constants are found from tensile strain measurements in the conductor longitudinal, or coil hoop, direction and from compressive strain measurements in the conductor transverse, or coil radial and axial directions.
An Arcless Step Voltage Regulator based on Paralleled Power Electronics Converter Configuration

Step Voltage Regulators (SVR) have been widely used in power distribution systems for decades. However, the tap changing mechanism of the conventional SVR always generates electric arc under oil when tap changes, which imposes constraints on the conventional step voltage regulators, such as lifetime and maintenance period. This paper proposed a new scheme of arcless voltage regulator featured with power-electronics-assisted tap changing topology. A power converter is introduced to eliminate arc for the tap changing operation and is only rated 0.3% of the system’s full power rating. A scaled-down prototype of the arcless SVR is developed to verify the proposed arcless tap changing method. Hardware test results are presented in the paper. The proposed method can eliminate electric arc during the tap changing and significantly reduce the contact electrical erosion rate by over 11000 times when compared with the conventional SVR, hence to extend the lifetime of the SVR, save maintenance labor hours and operation cost.
The Substrate of Ventricular Tachycardia

Defibrillation and synchronized cardioversion are capable of summarily stopping ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, these interventions developed in the twentieth century did not address the “substrate,” nor could they prevent VT recurrence and sudden cardiac death (SCD). In this chapter the author reviews the history of deciphering the mechanisms of VT in the animal model and in man, including bundle-branch-reentry, and the pioneers behind these discoveries that ultimately resulted in identifying the pathophysiology of the substrate of VT in remote infarcts leading to its surgical treatment. The author also discusses the impact of revascularization (thrombolysis and primary stenting) on the post-infarct substrate, as well as the current status of surgical resection of the VT substrate.
Labs Related to Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes

Laboratory evaluation is critical for the diagnosis of diabetes, as well as distinguishing between diabetes subtypes and long-term monitoring of glycemic control. Hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and an oral glucose tolerance test may each be used in the diagnosis of diabetes. The evaluation of autoantibodies, c-peptide, and insulin levels can aid the distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. For long-term management of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c provides an assessment of glycemic control, although it should be interpreted with caution in conditions that affect red blood cell turnover. Evaluating for the presence of ketones is important in settings of hyperglycemia and illness to allow for early detection and prevention of progression to diabetic ketoacidosis.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: When, How, and How Long?

The proper use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis has been shown to reduce the risk of surgical site infection. In this chapter, we summarize general recommendations for the use of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis including when it should be used and how it should be administered. We also explore modern trends and challenges to typical recommendations within special populations and with specific operations.
The neurology of IGG4-related disease

Abstract Purpose of review IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is emerging as a fibro-inflammatory entity affecting multiple organs, including manifold neurologic manifestations. This review discusses general characteristics of IgG4-RD neurologic disease including epidemiology, histology, clinical picture and treatment approaches. Recent findings IgG4-RD is increasingly recognized as an important underlying pathophysiology in multiple disorders of neurologic interest, including orbital inflammation, infundibulo-hypophysitis, hypertrophic pachymeningitis, and even in rare cases CNS parenchymal disease and cranial vascular involvement. These were previously considered idiopathic and unrelated to any systemic disease but now known to share a common histopathology. New knowledge regarding the pathogenesis, clinical features and epidemiology of IgG4 is emerging, and new neurological manifestations continue to be described. Diagnostic progress includes CT-PET imaging, the use of flow cytometry for plasmablast quantification, and the use of reverse passive latex agglutination aiming to overcome the prozone phenomenon. Histopathologic confirmation of IgG4-RD remains the gold standard method of diagnosis but new diagnostic criteria for systemic and organ-specific disease are being proposed. Though glucorticoids remain the mainstay of therapy, relapses and incomplete recovery are frequent. Rituximab is a promising treatment in IgG4-RD that is severe, refractory or glucocorticoid dependent. Initiation of immunosuppression at an early stage of disease should be considered in order to avoid development of refractory fibrosis. Summary The current review emphasizes the neurologic manifestations of IgG4-RD.
Governments Are Constitutionally Permitted to Provide "Vaccine Passports"-Some May Also Be Constitutionally Obligated to Do So.

In early April, as daily U.S. vaccine doses reached 4 million, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis banned private businesses from requiring proof of COVID-19 vaccination—so-called vaccine passports—as a condition of service. DeSantis echoed the concerns of some other conservative pundits and
Towards Mission Creep: Fragmented Local Governance in the Face of Crisis

In a world of broad legal mandates and narrow, intermittent funding streams, special purpose governments adapt as a means of institutional survival. An entity created to tackle specific problems may experience a subtle yet significant shift in mission over time—from an issue-centered mission (guided primarily by the problems identified in its enabling statutes) to an operations-centered mission (guided by the broad powers conferred in those same statutes). These shifts can have real ramifications for government administration. They can impede an entity’s ability to respond to crises, defend its foundational purpose, and promote and wield its institutional power. Framed against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic and the widespread societal dislocations and housing challenges it has caused, this Essay makes an initial attempt to consider how mission creep may apply in the local governance context. Through three case studies drawn from the field of housing and community development, the Essay examines the causes and pitfalls of local mission creep and concludes by advocating for collaborative governance, institutional introspection, and performance audits as a way to combat them.
Friction and Viscous Flow

The observed persistence over several days of large-scale waves in the atmosphere and the oceans reinforces the impression that frictional forces are weak, almost everywhere, when compared with the Coriolis acceleration and the pressure gradient. Friction rarely upsets the geostrophic balance to lowest order. Indeed, for many flows it is probably also true that the dissipative time scale is long compared to the advective time scale, i.e., that the frictional forces are weak in comparison with the nonlinear relative acceleration. Nevertheless friction, and the dissipation of mechanical energy it implies, cannot be ignored. The reasons are simple yet fundamental. For the time-averaged flow, i.e., for the general circulation of both the atmosphere and the oceans, the fluid motions respond to a variety of essentially steady external forcing. The atmosphere, for example, is set in motion by the persistent but spatially nonuniform solar heating. This input of energy produces a mechanical response, i.e., kinetic energy of the large-scale motion, and eventually this must be dissipated if a steady state—or at least a statistically stable average state of motion—is to be maintained. This requires frictional dissipation. In addition, the driving force itself may be frictional, as in the case of the wind-driven oceanic circulation. There the wind stress on the ocean surface produces a major component of the oceanic circulation. Finally, even though friction may be weak compared with other forces, its dissipative nature, qualitatively distinct from the conservative nature of the inertial forces, require its consideration if questions of the decay of free motions are to be studied.
Behavioral and electrographic changes in rat and man after MSH.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the two-fold approach related to the actions of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) on the central nervous system (CNS): first, to determine whether MSH has any effect on the CNS of man; second, to attempt to identify the behavioral systems which are involved by also studying animals. A remarkable part of this second aspect involves special attention to the role of MSH during development of the organism. If it is possible that rats injected with MSH might be more active, then this might account at least in part for delayed extinction of the conditioned and voidance response, but it probably could not account for the inhibition of a passive avoidance response that is observed in a two-chambered shuttle box. MSH or its active component was administered to rats and human beings in a series of studies. The behavioral and electrographic changes that were observed reinforce the concept that MSH has extra-pigmentary actions in mammals.
A Regional‐Scale Habitat Suitability Model to Assess the Effects of Flow Reduction on Fish Assemblages in Michigan Streams1

Zorn, Troy G., Paul W. Seelbach, and Edward S. Rutherford, 2012. A Regional-Scale Habitat Suitability Model to Assess the Effects of Flow Reduction on Fish Assemblages in Michigan Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 871-895. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00656.x Abstract: In response to concerns over increased use and potential diversion of Michigan’s freshwater resources, and the resulting state legislative mandate, an advisory council created an integrated assessment model to determine the potential for water withdrawals to cause an adverse resource impact to fish assemblages in Michigan’s streams. As part of this effort, we developed a model to predict how fish assemblages characteristic of different stream types would change in response to decreased stream base flows. We describe model development and use in this case study. The model uses habitat suitability information (i.e., catchment size, base-flow yield, and July mean water temperature) for over 40 fish species to predict assemblage structure in an individual river segment under a range of base-flow reductions. By synthesizing model runs for individual fish species at representative segments for each of Michigan’s 11 ecological stream types, we developed curves describing how typical fish assemblages in each type respond to flow reduction. Each stream type-specific, fish response curve was used to identify streamflow reduction levels resulting in adverse resource impacts to characteristic fish populations, the regulatory standard. Used together with a statewide map of stream types, our model provided a spatially comprehensive framework for evaluating impacts of flow withdrawals on biotic communities across a diverse regional landscape.
Law, Religion, and Human Rights

This Article argues that law and religion need each other. Law religion gives law its spirit and inspires its adherence to ritual, tradition, and justice. Law gives religion its structure and encourages its devotion to order, organization, and orthodoxy. Law and religion share such ideas as fault, obligation, and covenant and such methods as ethics, rhetoric, and textual interpretation. Law and religion also balance each other by counterposing justice and mercy, rule and equity, discipline and love. It is this dialectical interaction that gives these two disciplines and two dimensions of life their vitality and their strength. Without law, religion slowly slides into shallow spiritualism. Without religion, law gradually crumbles into empty formalism. This Article further argues that religion and human rights need each other. Human rights norms need the norms, narratives, and practices of the world’s religions. Religions invariably provide many of the sources and scales of values by which many persons and communities govern themselves. Religions inevitably help to define the meanings and measures of shame and regret, restraint and respect, responsibility and restitution that a human rights regime presupposes. Religions must thus be seen as indispensable allies in the modern struggle for human rights. To exclude them from the struggle is impossible, indeed catastrophic. To include them, by enlisting their unique resources and protecting their unique rights, is vital to enhancing the regime of human rights. Conversely, religions need human rights norms both to protect them and to challenge them. There is, of course, some merit in religious believers and groups quietly accepting the current protections of a modern human rights regime — the guarantees of liberty of conscience, freedom of exercise, rights to religious self-determination, and the like. But passive acquiescence in a secular scheme of human rights ultimately will not prove effective. And failure to press the unique rights claims of religious believers and communities will eventually leave many religious beliefs, practices, and communities too vulnerable. Religious communities must reclaim their own voices within the secular human rights dialogue, and reclaim the human rights voices within their own internal religious dialogues. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the theory and law of human rights are neither new nor secular in origin. Human rights are, in no small part, the modern political fruits of ancient religious beliefs and practices, which modern religious communities must reclaim.
Optical lithography using excimer lamps: 172 nm and beyond

Summary form only given. The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) has set 100 nm features as a goal in microelectronics by 2003. In order to achieve this goal, many research groups are studying lithography techniques such as DUV, direct write e-beam, synchrotron, excimers, and X-ray/EUV light sources. Excimer lamps as a photolithography light source offer many advantages that include high brightness, high efficiency, and tunability. Also, these lamps can be constructed without halogens, providing long lifetimes at high powers. At the College of William and Mary, we have designed and constructed two such novel excimer electrode-less lamps using Xe-Ar mixtures to produce UV light at selected wavelengths. One of the newly developed lamps uses a 1 kW 13.56 MHz capacitively coupled power source. The other lamp employs a multiple (6) magnetron power source to provide increments of 1.5 kW (up to 3 kW) of 2.45 GHz microwave power that is probe coupled to an over-moded cavity. On both lamps, experimental work was carried out to investigate the emissive output as a function of power, pressure, cooling, and gas composition. Theoretical models such as MAGIC and PSPICE were used to study the coupling of electrical energy into the plasma discharges. Further models were developed to interpret and compare the molecular emission spectra with that of other excimer lamps. The paper details the total emissive power in the <200 nm range and compare that to the total lamp output. In addition, we have shown that certain configurations have a 40% wall plug efficiency in accord with the predicted theoretical maximum.
Agents and structures: The dominions and the Czechoslovak crisis, September 1938

(1999). Agents and structures: The dominions and the Czechoslovak crisis, September 1938. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 10, The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II, pp. 293-341.