cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF SHEAR BANDING IN TWELVE MATERIALS

Abstract The problem of the initiation and growth of shear bands in 12 different materials, namely, OFHC copper, Cartridge brass, Nickel 200, Armco IF (interstitial free) iron, Carpenter electric iron, 1006 steel, 2024-T351 aluminum, 7039 aluminum, low alloy steel, S-7 tool steel, Tungsten alloy, and Depleted Uranium (DU −0.75 Ti) is studied with the objectives of finding out when a shear band initiates, and upon what parameters does the band width depend. The nonlinear coupled partial differential equations governing the overall simple shearing deformations of a thermally softening viscoplastic block are analyzed. It is assumed that the thermomechanical response of these materials can be adequately represented by the Johnson-Cook law, and the only inhomogeneity present in the block is the variation in its thickness. The effect of the defect size on the initiation and subsequent growth of the band is also studied. It is found that, for each one of these 12 materials, the deformation has become nonhomogeneous by the time the maximum shear stress occurs. Also the band width, computed when the shear stress has dropped to 85% of its peak value, does not correlate well with the thermal conductivity of the material. The band begins to grow rapidly when the shear stress has dropped to 90% of its maximum value.
Structural order and disorder in Precambrian kerogens

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been used to examine the structures of a wide range of Precambrian kerogens from rocks with ages between 0.9 and 3.8 billion years. We find recognizable structural ordering in samples that show little or no evidence of crystallinity by powder X-ray diffraction measurements. A wide range in degree of ordering is evident in the HRTEM images. A rough correlation exists between the ordering displayed in the HRTEM images and both the sample ages and their H/C ratios. Many kerogen samples are structurally heterogeneous, possibly reflecting a variety of precursors and source regions. The observed structural heterogeneities probably extend to other parameters; when isotopic and X-ray measurements can be made on the same scale as HRTEM images, similar scatter presumably will also be evident.
Normalization of Memory Performance and Positive Airway Pressure Adherence in Memory-Impaired Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background Although the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with positive airway pressure (PAP) has been shown to be effective, nightly adherence to treatment remains poor. The objective of this study was to examine the degree to which various levels of PAP therapy adherence normalized verbal memory function after 3 months of therapy in patients with OSA who were memory-impaired prior to the initiation of PAP therapy. Methods Participants were administered neuropsychological testing prior to the initiation of PAP treatment and at a 3-month follow-up visit. Fifty-eight memory-impaired participants were categorized into the following three groups based on 3 months of adherence to PAP therapy: (1) poor users (n = 14), participants who averaged 6 h of PAP use per night. Results Logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds of optimal users exhibiting normalization of memory function following 3 months of PAP therapy were 7.9 times (p = 0.01) the odds of poor users exhibiting normalization of memory abilities. Overall, 21% of poor users, 44% of moderate users, and 68% of optimal users exhibited memory performance in the clinically normal range following 3 months of PAP use (χ 2 = 7.27; p=0.03). Conclusions These preliminary findings indicate that impaired verbal memory performance in patients with OSA may be reversible with optimal levels of PAP treatment. OSA patients exhibiting verbal memory impairments may experience a clinically meaningful benefit in their memory abilities when they use PAP for at least 6 h per night.
Natural convective flow between a body and its spherical enclosure

Abstract This paper considers in detail the natural convective flow phenomena which occur between a body of relatively arbitrary shape and its spherical enclosure. This is accomplished by combining new experimental flow results with previously available data. New flow visualization results are presented for eccentric spheres and for vertical cylinders inside the spherical enclosure. By considering all the data combined, trends in the behavior of the convective analysis of enclosed body problems than is now possible. Although these results are strictly valid only for a spherical outer body, they give a preliminary indication of expected behavior for other shapes.
Direct integration on chemical kinetic rate equations

Abstract A FORMAC program is presented which carries out the analytical derivation of the Taylor expansion for the time dependence of reactant concentrations subject to complex mechanisms. The methods are illustrated with simple examples, and the program is tested on more complicated examples.
The sex difference in thumb-sucking

The literature regarding orality in the first year of life indicates no sex difference but suggests that, beginning with the second year, girls are more likely than boys to suck their thumbs. The present study confirms these findings; no significant sex differences in orality were observed during developmental examinations of normal or neurologically suspect infants 8 months of age, but thumb-sucking in older children was found to be more prevalent and more persistent among girls than boys in both a longitudinal study and in successive nursery school samples between 1947 and 1960. The greater incidence of thumb-sucking in girls was found not to be related to maternal attitude toward girls, or to the differing levels of activity of the sexes, or to inaccurate maternal reporting. The authors suggest that girls' greater orality may involve greater pleasure from tactile stimulation.
Acid dew and the role of chemistry in the dry deposition of reactive gases to wetted surfaces

A formalism is developed to describe the dry deposition of soluble reactive gases to wetted surfaces in terms of the relevant meteorological conditions, the surface roughness, the total amount of liquid water present on the surface, the rate of accumulation of this water, and the species' solubility and reactivity in the surface water. This formulation is then incorporated into a model designed to simulate the generation of acidic dew from the deposition of HNO3, SO2, S(IV) oxidants, H2O2, and O3. Similar to the observations of dew in the continental U.S., the model generates a dewdrop pH of about 4 by the end of the night; the pH can rapidly fall to toxic levels due to rapid evaporation after sunrise. Relatively low deposition velocities are predicted for the SO2 and O3 because of their lower solubilities and hence larger surface resistances than those of the other oxidants. Because the chemical lifetime of the SO2 in the dew is influenced by the atmospheric levels of H2O2, O3, and SO2, the SO2 deposition velocity is a strong function of these species' atmospheric abundances.
Serum Immunoreactive Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Patients with Uremic Bone Disease

Bone histologic parameters and serum iPTH and 25-OHD were measured in 20 patients with end-stage renal failure treated with hemodialysis. By bone histologic criteria, the patients were divided into three groups: mild, osteomalacic, and fibrotic. The increase in serum iPTH was much greater in the fibrotic group than in the mild or osteomalacic groups. In the uremic patients as a group, there were significant correlations between serum iPTH and both percent marrow fibrosis and percent resorbing surface. In the mild and fibrotic groups together, serum iPTH was also correlated with percent forming surface. This and otherfindings suggested that most of the bone changes in the mild and fibrotic groups could be explained by excess PTH. The difference in bone changes and in serum iPTH between the mild and fibrotic groups could be related to our earlier findings that duration of renal disease was much greater in the fibrotic than in the mild group. The lowest increment in serum iPTH was found in the osteomalacic g...
Non-destructive measurement of demineralization & remineralization in the occlusal pits and fissures of extracted 3 molars with PS-OCT

Previous studies have demonstrated that Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT) can be used to image the remineralization of early artificial caries lesion on smooth enamel surfaces of human and bovine teeth. However, most new dental decay is found in the pits and fissures of the occlusal surfaces of posterior dentition and it is in these high risk areas where the performance of new caries imaging devices need to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that PS-OCT can be used to measure the subsequent remineralization of artificial lesions produced in the pits and fissures of extracted 3(rd) molars. A PS-OCT system operating at 1310-nm was used to acquire polarization resolved images of occlusal surfaces exposed to a demineralizing solution at pH-4.5 followed by a fluoride containing remineralizing solution at pH-7.0 containing 2-ppm fluoride. The integrated reflectivity was calculated to a depth of 200-μm in the entire lesion area using an automated image processing algorithm. Although a well-defined surface zone was clearly resolved in only a few of the samples that underwent remineralization, the PS-OCT measurements indicated a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the integrated reflectivity between the severity of the lesions that were exposed to the remineralization solution and those that were not. The lesion depth and mineral loss were also measured with polarized light microscopy and transverse microradiography after sectioning the teeth. These results show that PS-OCT can be used to non-destructively monitor the remineralization potential of anti-caries agents in the important pits and fissures of the occlusal surface.
A re-engineering process using early decomposition and simple tools

We describe our experience with the use of free and inexpensive software tools to reduce the costs of re-engineering a moderately sized software system. The original system was developed in fortran and assembly language on a mainframe and was to be rewritten in c on a UNIX workstation. We concluded that a simple, inexpensive preliminary analysis can reduce re-engineering costs considerably, with an almost 20% saving realized in this project. The process discussed can be generalized to other application domains.
Partitions with d ( a ) copies of a

Abstract Partitions in which we use d(a) copies of each part a are studied. The results obtained here include various combinatorial identities, a generating function, a recurrence formula, an asymptotic formula and a graphical representation for these new partitions. Some results involving restricted partitions with ″d(a) copies of a″ are also given.
Improving and analyzing signage within a healthcare setting

Healthcare facilities are increasingly utilizing pictograms rather than text signs to help direct people. The purpose of this study was to analyze a wide variety of standardized healthcare pictograms and the effects of color contrasts and complexity for participants with both normal and impaired vision. Fifty (25 males, 25 females) participants completed a signage recognition questionnaire and identified pictograms while wearing vision simulators to represent specific visual impairment. The study showed that certain color contrasts, complexities and orientations can help or hinder comprehension of signage for people with and without visual impairment. High contrast signage with consistent pictograms involving human figures (not too detailed or too abstract) is most identifiable. Standardization of healthcare signage is recommended to speed up and aid the cognitive thought process in detecting signage and determining meaning. These fundamental signage principles are critical in producing an efficient, universal wayfinding system for healthcare facilities.
Web data retrieval and extraction

We present the Object-Web Mediator to querying integrated Web data sources composed of a retrieval component based on an intermediate object view mechanism and search views, and an XML engine. Search views map the source capabilities to attributes defined at object classes, and parsers that process retrieved documents and cache them in XML format. The XML engine queries cached documents, extracts data, and returns extracted data for evaluation. The originality of this approach consists of a generic view mechanism to access data sources with limited data access and complex capabilities, and an XML engine to support data extraction and reorganization. This approach has been developed and demonstrated as part of the multi-database system supposing queries via uniform Object Protocol Model interfaces against public Web data sources of interest to the biologists.
Genomic, chromosomal and allelic assessment of the amazing diversity of maize

A report on the 46th Annual Maize Genetics Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, 11-14 March 2004.
Image-based path following and target tracking control for a mobile robot

In this paper, we design and implement image-based control schemes for a mobile robot using a stereo pinhole camera. Employing various image processing techniques, the control algorithms are developed to allow the robot to follow a path and to track a target ball based on visual feedback. We first present the perspective camera and image model for robot and give the general image-based visual control algorithm. Then, further details on the image processing techniques used, the camera used, and how to implement stereo-vision in a system, are provided, followed by the discussion on the robot platform, the software used, and the setup of the experiments. Finally, the experimental results are covered and some conclusions are drawn.
Philip George Houthem Gell. 20 October 1914 3 May 2001 Elected FRS 1969

Philip Gell was one of a small but outstanding group of immunologists who led Britain during the postwar years to a leading role in this increasingly important biomedical discipline. He pioneered in those studies that helped to change the field from an earlier, narrowly chemical approach to one with much broader biological and medical implications. He helped to train and guide an entire generation of scientists, both domestic and foreign, and did all of this with a most becoming modesty. But he was more than just a narrowly oriented scientist; his interest in horticulture, in poetry, in philosophy and in the interrelationship of art and science was mediated by the interplay of a keen mind with a broad fund of general knowledge.
Assessing anxious emotion: A review of psychophysiological assessment in children

Abstract Little information is available on the physiological characteristics of children with anxiety disorders. However, there is a related body of literature which describes the somatic responses of infants, toddlers, and school age children when placed in stressful or fear-provoking situations. The available data indicate that participation in these situations is associated with changes in physiological status. Furthermore, there are preliminary data to suggest that for some children the magnitude of the responses represent stable individual characteristics, and that these behaviors may be related to the concept of an “anxious” temperament. The importance of these data for the conceptualization of childhood anxiety and the development of more comprehensive clinical assessment strategies is discussed. In addition, the utility of these data in furthering our understanding of the etiology and maintenance of childhood anxiety disorders is addressed.
Genetic delivery of bevacizumab to suppress vascular endothelial growth factor-induced high-permeability pulmonary edema.

Abstract High-permeability pulmonary edema causing acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with high mortality. Using a model of intratracheal adenovirus (Ad)-mediated overexpression of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A165 in mouse lung to induce alveolar permeability and consequent pulmonary edema, we hypothesized that systemic administration of a second adenoviral vector expressing an anti-VEGF antibody (AdαVEGFAb) would protect the lung from pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema was induced in mice by intratracheal administration of AdVEGFA165. To evaluate anti-VEGF antibody therapy, the mice were treated intravenously with AdαVEGFAb, an adenoviral vector encoding the light and heavy chains of an anti-human VEGF antibody with the bevacizumab (Avastin) antigen-binding site. Lung VEGF-A165 and phosphorylated VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 levels, histology, lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of total protein were assessed. Administration of AdαVEGF...
Radiology update in neuro-ophthalmology.

Purpose of review Radiologic imaging is indispensible for the diagnosis and management of many neuro-ophthalmologic conditions. Advances in the radioimaging of neuro-ophthalmologic disorders may evolve from the clinical or the radiological side, meaning there is a constant stream of new information for the clinician. Recent findings Functional MRI, diffusion tensor MRI, magnetization transfer imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy are examples of nonstandard radiographic techniques, which have expanded the knowledge of neuro-ophthalmologic conditions. Studies using conventional MRI have also led to advances in understanding optic neuropathies, the ocular motor system, pseudotumor cerebri, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and migraine. Summary This article discusses recent radiologic advances relevant to neuro-ophthalmology.
Task allocation onto a hypercube by recursive mincut bipartitioning

An efficient recursive task allocation scheme, based on the Kernighan-Lin mincut bisection heuristic, is proposed for the effective mapping of tasks of a parallel program onto a hypercube parallel computer. It is evaluated by comparison with an adaptive, scaled simulated annealing method. The recursive allocation scheme is shown to be effective on a number of large test task graphs - its solution quality is nearly as good as that produced by simulated annealing, and its computation time is several orders of magnitude less.
Conversion targets for plug flow membrane reactors

Abstract Membrane reactors can be used to overcome the equilibrium conversion limits of conventional reactors. In this study, a plug flow model has been employed to investigate the performance of a membrane reactor used to carry out the reversible reaction A ⇌ B. Reactor design parameters and operating condition are presented that yield conversions exceeding the equilibrium conversion. A formula for the conversion at these conditions is also presented. As an application, the n-butane to isobutane isomerization reaction is considered. A 40% improvement in conversion is found to be possible.
A gravity based tracking system for box type solar cookers

Abstract A novel mechanism for one-dimensional tracking of box type solar cookers along the azimuth has been reported in this paper. The proposed mechanism does not require any external power source, as the required tracking energy is drawn from the gravitational potential energy stored in a spring. The range of movement of the sun during the most feasible six hours of solar cooking period, along the altitude has been worked out for a location in the northern hemisphere, for the entire year. Based upon this range, a single plain booster mirror has been optimized to eliminate the need for solar tracking along this dimension (altitude). Experimental results and performance analysis of a prototype have been included. The proposed tracking system is simple and low cost for wide scale adoption in the developing countries.
On cascades of resonators for high-bandwidth integrated optical interconnection networks

The power penalty characteristics of high-speed optical signals transmitted through a variety of filters based on multiple microring resonator devices are analyzed by numerical simulation. The technique used here has been verified with single-ring experimental measurements. Butterworth and Chebyshev filters are investigated, as are serial cascades of resonant devices. Although the power penalty is generally not prohibitive, it is a parameter which cannot be ignored for the design of complex high-bandwidth photonic interconnect systems that utilize microring resonators as filters and switches.
On the heat flux vector in mixtures

Abstract In this paper we use the standard Mixture Theory (Theory of Interacting Continua) and Representation Theorems to derive a simple constitutive relationship for the heat flux vector of a mixture composed of a viscous fluid infused with solid granular materials. For certain limiting and specialized cases, an effective thermal conductivity of the mixture is also derived.
The rapid onset of ethanol tolerance in Wistar rats following intensive practice on the moving-belt task.

Abstract The influence of intensive practice on the onset of ethanol tolerance was studied in the Wistar rat. The moving-belt task was used to provide a graded measure of ethanol-induced ataxia by recording the percentage of time the animal stepped off a moving belt onto a shock-grid floor during a 100-sec trial (% TOB). Naive rats were sensitive to doses between 1.9 g/kg (
The Sterling-Gallant new allotropic form of silver detected in biological preparations containing cysteine

KEY WORDS electron diffraction; silver; cysteine; N-acetylcysteine; Sterling-Gallant formSilver fornis strong covalent bonds with sulfur and isa highly reactive biological SH-reagent {Dance, 1986).Silver is also a powerful inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase,either in purified form or reconstituted into liposomes(Hussain et al., 1994b). The inhibition is reversible bythe addition of free cysteine (Hussain et al., 1994b) orN-acetylcysteine, NAC (Hussain et al., 1994a) whichform a covalent sulfur bond with silver (Mahmood etal., 1995). In the amino acid derivative, silver is rela-tively non toxic to cells as examined by transmissionelectron micrographs (TEM) of negatively stained lym-phocytes incubated in presence of insoluble silver-cysteine (Hussain et al., 1992, 1995). Electron diffrac-tion revealed a new allotropie form of silver in contactwith cysteine, NAC or protein-bound cysteine. Thisform has been described only once where Ag^ ions wereirradiated by sunlight in presence of potato starch,which might contain cysteine-derivatives (Sterling andGallant, 1973).AgNO
Integrating Multiple Types of Data for Signaling Research: Challenges and Opportunities

New technologies promise to provide unprecedented amounts of information that can build a foundation for creating predictive models of cell signaling pathways. To be useful, however, this information must be integrated into a coherent framework. In addition, the sheer volume of data gathered from the new technologies requires computational approaches for its analysis. Unfortunately, there are many barriers to data integration and analysis, mostly because of a lack of adequate data standards and their inconsistent use by scientists. However, solving the fundamental issues of data sharing will enable the investigation of entirely new areas of cell signaling research.
Calcium-Activated Neutral Proteinase of Human Brain: Subunit Structure and Enzymatic Properties of Multiple Molecular Forms

Calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP) was purified 2,625-fold from postmortem human cerebral cortex by a procedure involving chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, Ultrogel AcA-44, and DEAE-Biogel A. The major active form of CANP exhibited a molecular weight of 94-100 kilodaltons (Kd) by gel filtration on Sephacryl 300 and consisted of 78-Kd and 27-Kd subunits. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved the small subunit into two molecular species with different isoelectric points. CANP degraded most human cytoskeletal proteins but was particularly active toward fodrin and the neurofilament protein subunits (145 Kd greater than 200 Kd greater than 70 Kd). The enzyme required 175 microM Ca2+ for half-maximal activation and 2 mM Ca2+ for optimal activity toward [methyl-14C]azocasein. Other divalent metal ions were poor activators of the enzyme, and some, including copper, lead, and zinc, strongly inhibited the enzyme. Aluminum, a neurotoxic ion that induces neurofilament accumulations in mammalian brain, inhibited the enzyme 47% at 1 mM and 100% at 5 mM. A second CANP form lacking the 27-Kd subunit was partially resolved from the 100-Kd heterodimer during DEAE-Biogel A chromatography. The 78-Kd monomer exhibited the same specific activity, calcium ion requirement, pH optimum, and specificity for cytoskeletal proteins as the 100-Kd heterodimer, suggesting that the 27-Kd subunit is not essential for the major catalytic properties of the enzyme. The rapid autolysis of the 27-Kd subunit to a 18-Kd intermediate when CANP is exposed to calcium may explain differences between our results and previous reports, which describe brain mCANP in other species as a 76-80-Kd monomer or a heterodimer containing 76-80-Kd and 17-20-Kd subunits. The similarity of the 100-Kd human brain CANP to CANPs in nonneural tissues indicates that the heterodimeric form is relatively conserved among various tissues and species.
Turning inducible defenses on and off: adaptive responses of Daphnia to a gape‐limited predator

The use of inducible defenses is a common strategy to reduce predation while minimizing associated costs for prey. The most effective use of these defenses, however, may involve turning them on and off at different stages of ontogenetic development, with the timing dependent on prey body size and the nature of the predation environment. We develop a model based on the strike efficiency of a size-selective predator that examines the interaction between induced morphological defenses and prey body size, including the consequences of this interaction for the optimal development of the defenses during the prey's ontogeny. We then examine this model with respect to a model system of inducible defenses: neck spine induction in the water flea Daphnia in response to predatory larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus. In accordance with predictions of the model, the body size and timing of neck spine acquisition during Daphnia development are related to the relative sizes of the Daphnia and Chaoborus species interacting in a pond or lake. The Daphnia species examined first acquire neck spines in either the first, second, or third juvenile instar, at body lengths that range from 0.58 to 0.83 mm. Neck spine formation is initiated at larger Daphnia body sizes when these prey are subject to predation by a larger Chaoborus species (C. trivittatus) and at smaller sizes when exposed only to a smaller predator (C. americanus). Induction of these morphological defenses in Daphnia occurs later in juvenile development in the smaller of the two species we examined (D. minnehaha) than in the larger (D. pulex). Delayed acquisition of neck spines also occurs when Daphnia are exposed to predation by larger Chaoborus. The close match between model predictions and the patterns observed in nature suggests that these patterns are adaptive developmental responses to different predator environments.
Soft error reduction through gate input dependent weighted sizing in combinational circuits

As technology nodes are gradually shrinking, adding soft error tolerant features to logic circuits is becoming a challenging task that requires careful consideration. Careless use of sizing technique may even worsen immunity to soft errors for circuits with very small nodes. This paper investigates limitations of conventional sizing methods and introduces new techniques for mitigating soft errors in nanometer circuits. Our techniques employ two algorithms. The first algorithm is called soft error rate saturation consideration algorithm. This algorithm prevents a gate from being oversized and thus, it limits the soft error rate of the circuit. The second algorithm, called weighted area distribution algorithm, can fairly distribute area overhead to the most sensitive gates. In order to assess our work, we compare the yields from different upsizing scenarios and the experimental results show that the sizing based approach that includes both proposed algorithms provides the largest soft error rate reduction.
The overprojecting nose: Aesthetics, diagnosis, and management

Recognition of the aesthetic range of acceptability of nasal projection is crucial to sophisticated rhinoplastic surgery. Within this article, various methods are discussed that use measurements of ratios and angles between facial landmarks to assist the surgeon in assessment of nasal projection. Chin projection, skin thickness, and patient age are further considerations when deciding how to best approach an aesthetic ideal for a particular patient's face. This article then discusses preoperative assessment and diagnosis and emphasizes steps taken to correct problems of projection that completely depend on the anatomic etiology of the deformity.
Grin1 deletion in CRF neurons sex-dependently enhances fear, sociability, and social stress responsivity

The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system plays a critical role in responses to stressful stimuli, and is expressed in many areas of the brain involved in processing fear, anxiety, and social behaviors. To better understand the mechanisms by which the CRF system modulates responses to stressful events and social stimuli, we employed a mouse model that selectively disrupts NMDA receptor function via NMDA receptor subunit NR1 (Grin1) knockout specifically in Cre-expressing CRF neurons. These animals (Cre+/ fGrin1+ ) were compared with littermates lacking Cre expression (Cre−/ fGrin1+ ). Following cue discrimination fear condition- ing, male Cre+/ fGrin1+ mice showed increased fear expression to the tone paired with a foot shock (CS+) while still discriminating the CS+ from a tone never paired with a foot shock (CS−). In contrast to males, female mice learned and discriminated fear cues equivalently across the genotypes. Similarly, no genotype differences in sociability or social novelty were observed in female mice, but Cre+/ fGrin1+ males displayed greater naive sociability and preference for social novelty than Cre−/ fGrin1+ littermates. Furthermore, the level of social withdrawal exhibited by male Cre+/ fGrin1+ mice susceptible to social defeat stress relative to same genotype controls was significantly more pronounced than that displayed by susceptible Cre−/ fGrin1+ mice compared to control Cre−/ fGrin1+ mice. Together, these results demonstrate increased fear, social, and stress responsiveness specifically in male Cre+/ fGrin1+ mice. Our findings indicate that NMDA- mediated glutamatergic regulation of CRF neurons is important for appropriately regulating fear and social responses, likely functioning to promote survival under aversive circumstances. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Assessment of Dosing and Patient Factors on the Efficacy of Warfarin Following Total Joint Replacement.

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of patients discharged with a subtherapeutic INR 65y), gender, peri-operative transfusion, smoking, ESRD or autoimmune disease. A patient's body weight influences response to warfarin following TJA. An inpatient warfarin dosing nomogram that takes into account a patient's weight should be used to reduce the risk of subtherapeutic INR levels in obese TJA patients.
MAP kinase genes and colon and rectal cancer.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways regulate many cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. We evaluate genetic variation in the c-Jun-N-terminal kinases, p38, and extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 MAPK-signaling pathways and colon and rectal cancer risk using data from population-based case-control studies (colon: n = 1555 cases, 1956 controls; rectal: n = 754 cases, 959 controls). We assess 19 genes (DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP4, DUSP6, DUSP7, MAP2K1, MAP3K1, MAP3K2, MAP3K3, MAP3K7, MAP3K9, MAP3K10, MAP3K11, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK8, MAPK12, MAPK14 and RAF1). MAP2K1 rs8039880 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.38, 0.83; GG versus AA genotype] and MAP3K9 rs11625206 (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.14, 1.76; recessive model) were associated with colon cancer (P adj value < 0.05). DUSP1 rs322351 (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.88; TT versus CC) and MAPK8 rs10857561 (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.08, 2.03; AA versus GG/GA) were associated with rectal cancer (P adj < 0.05). Aspirin/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, cigarette smoking and body mass index interacted with several genes to alter cancer risk. Genetic variants had unique associations with KRAS, TP53 and CIMP+ tumors. DUSP2 rs1724120 [hazard rate ratio (HRR) = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.54, 0.96; AA versus GG/GA), MAP3K10 rs112956 (HRR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.76; CT/TT versus CC) and MAP3K11 (HRR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.18, 2.62 TT versus GG/GT) influenced survival after diagnosis with colon cancer; MAP2K1 rs8039880 (HRR = 2.53, 95% CI 1.34, 4.79 GG versus AG/GG) and Raf1 rs11923427 (HRR = 0.59 95% CI = 0.40, 0.86; AA versus TT/TA) were associated with rectal cancer survival. These data suggest that genetic variation in the MAPK-signaling pathway influences colorectal cancer risk and survival after diagnosis. Associations may be modified by lifestyle factors that influence inflammation and oxidative stress.
Risk Factors for Violent Death of Women in the Home

Objectives: To determine risk factors for violent death of women in the home, and particularly, to assess the strength and direction of any association between domestic violence or keeping firearms and homicide or suicide in the home. Methods: Subgroup analysis of a large population-based case-control study database was performed, defining cases as all homicides and suicides occurring in the homes of female victims in 3 metropolitan counties: Shelby County, Tennessee; King County, Washington; and Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Randomly selected control subjects were matched to the victims by neighborhood, sex, race, and age range. Exposures to potential risk factors were ascertained by interviewing a proxy for the victim 3 to 6 weeks after the violent death occurred. These answers were compared with those obtained from controls using matched-pairs methods. Results: All cases (n=266) were identified in the 3-county area, including 143 homicides and 123 suicides, during a 5-year period. Matching controls (n=266) were also identified. Firearms were involved in 46% of the homicides and 42% of the suicides. Independent risk factors for suicide in the home included a history of mental illness (odds ratio [OR], 258.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 18.2-3679.8), living alone (OR, 13.4; 95% CI, 2.0-87.8), and having 1 or more guns in the home (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2-17.5). Independent risk factors for homicide included living alone (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.0-13.2), illicit drug use by any member of the household (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.3-15.9), prior domestic violence (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.5-10.5), 1 or more guns in the home (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.6- 7.1), and previous arrest of any member of the household (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3-6.6). The increased risk of homicide associated with domestic violence, firearms, or illicit drugs was attributable to the homicides at the hands of a spouse, intimate acquaintance, or close relative. Conclusions: Among women, mental illness and living alone increase the risk of suicide in the home, and household use of illicit drugs and prior domestic violence increase the risk of homicide. Instead of conferring protection, keeping a gun in the home is associated with increased risk of both suicide and homicide of women. Household use of illicit drugs, domestic violence, and readily available firearms place women at particularly high risk of homicide at the hands of a spouse, an intimate acquaintance, or a close relative. Many factors place women at increased risk of violent death in the home. Community- and clinic-based interventions should target those with identifiable risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:777-782
A software engineering approach and tool set for developing Internet applications

If a business built a plant to produce products without first designing a process to manufacture them, the risk would be lack of capacity without significant plant redesign. Similarly, lacking a software engineering approach and tools for designing e-business connections before creating them, can risk: 1) designing the business partnership incorrectly, 2) not implementing the connection quickly enough, or 3) having operations that cannot adapt to changes in business direction. This paper presents a software engineering tool for developing process-oriented Internet applications that implement e-business connections. It gives an approach for using this tool in conjunction with standard commercial IDEFO tools to create adaptable connections. It is organized to match a formal demonstration that shows the step-by-step usage of these tools, and cites software engineering principles that, when applied, ensure adaptability.
Characterization of a human Rhomboid homolog, p100hRho/RHBDF1, which interacts with TGF-α family ligands

The activity of the TGF-α-like ligand Spitz in Drosophila depends on Rhomboid, a seven-transmembrane spanning protein that resides in the Golgi and acts as a serine protease to cleave Spitz, thereby releasing the soluble ligand. Several rhomboids in Drosophila have been implicated in the processing of TGF-α-like ligands, and consequent EGF receptor activation. The larger number of TGF-α-like ligands in vertebrates raises the possibility that they too might be subject to regulation by rhomboid-like proteins. We present the cDNA cloning and polypeptide sequence of an atypically long human rhomboid, which, based on the absence of critical residues for serine protease activity, is not predicted to act as a serine protease. We examined its tissue distribution, in comparison with TGF-α and the TGF-α-related protein HB-EGF, and the EGF/TGF-α receptor, in mouse embryo. This rhomboid, named p100hRho or RHBDF1, is a seven-transmembrane protein with a long N-terminal cytoplasmic extension that comprises half of the polypeptide sequence, and is found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but not on the cell surface. It is expressed as two forms with different lengths, forms dimers and interacts with TGF-α ligands through a luminal interaction with the EGF core ectodomain. Finally, we evaluated the function of p100hRho/RHBDF1 in Drosophila, demonstrating that the short, but not the full-length form has functional activity. The characterization of this protein extends our understanding of the rhomboid family of regulatory proteins. Developmental Dynamics 233:1315–1331, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Racial Prejudice and Spending on Drug Rehabilitation: The Role of Attitudes Toward Blacks and Latinos

We enhance understanding of the prejudice-induced “color coding” phenomenon among whites by determining whether racial and ethnic prejudices are associated with a previously unexplored policy outcome, spending on drug rehabilitation. We examine attitudes toward both blacks and Latinos; the latter is a group largely ignored in previous research. We assess the impact of several types of racial/ethnic views, including those that manifest modern/indirect prejudice (e.g., stereotypes about violence, individualistic causal attributions) and those that reflect social-distance-based traditional prejudice (opposition to residential proximity and to interracial marriage). These relationships are examined using data from the General Social Survey. Bivariate results support the linkage between both traditional and modern prejudice and rehabilitation spending. Logistic regression analyses also indicate that support for rehabilitation is racialized: Attributing race differences in socioeconomic outcomes to “structural” factors, namely discrimination and lack of chance for education, is associated with believing rehabilitation spending is inadequate, controlling for the effects of other racial/ethnic attitudes and background factors. The relationship between this measure of modern prejudice and the outcome is consistent with color coding. The implications of the findings are discussed, and suggestions for future research that further examine the scope of color coding are offered.
MR hysterosalpingography in a rabbit model

Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of MR imaging as compared with conventional hysterosalpingography (HSG) for the detection of fallopian tube patency after uterine injection of contrast material. Rabbit uterine horns (n = 18) were catheterized transvaginally. Five fallopian tubes were ligated and 11 were left unaltered. T1-weighted gradient-echo MR images were obtained before, during, and after injection of 1.0–3.0 mL of a dilute gadolinium-containing contrast agent. Corresponding conventional studies were performed with an equivalent volume of iohexol. Images were evaluated by two blinded readers. Observers agreed in all cases on the presence (n = 11) or absence (n = 5) of peritoneal spill with conventional HSG. Interpretation of MR HSG concurred with conventional HSG in 14 of 16 cases for each observer (P > .05). Reasons for misdiagnosis included small amounts of spill (n = 2), artifact (n = 1), and subtle spill between bowel loops (n = 1). Sensitivity and specificity for MR HSG were 95.5% and 70%, respectively, for the diagnosis of tubal patency/occlusions. No statistical difference was found between MR HSG and conventional HSG for the diagnosis of fallopian tube patency/obstruction. Potential advantages of MR HSG include no ionizing radiation, potentially diminished local contrast toxicity, superior visualization of uterine fibroids and endometriosis, and visualization of ovaries. We conclude that this technique warrants further study, including the use of a primate model to better simulate human anatomy.
Statistical significance of cis-regulatory modules

Background It is becoming increasingly important for researchers to be able to scan through large genomic regions for transcription factor binding sites or clusters of binding sites forming cis-regulatory modules. Correspondingly, there has been a push to develop algorithms for the rapid detection and assessment of cis-regulatory modules. While various algorithms for this purpose have been introduced, most are not well suited for rapid, genome scale scanning.
Lord Halifax and Monasticism in the Church of England

Lord Halifax is primarily remembered for his dedication to ecumenism. Negotiations with the Vatican concerning the validity of Anglican orders and the pioneering conversations with Cardinal Mercier are examples of his efforts to bring unity and peace to Christendom. Believing that certain practices, devotions, and customs were the inheritance of all Christians, he sought to introduce into the Church of England some of those common elements. One, absent since the sixteenth century, was Benedictine monasticism. Not only did the Anglican church have the right to claim monastic life as part of its tradition, he insisted, but Benedictine life in the Church of England might invigorate a structure many believed was static.
Limited effects of Antarctic ozone depletion on sea urchin development

The sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri ,h as a circumpolar distribution and is an abundant species in benthic communities of the Antarctic. Reproduction occurs during austral spring, when ozone concentrations over the past 25 years have been reduced by 50% or more, potentially exposing the planktonic embryos and larvae to elevated levels of UVB. During spring of 1996, cultures of S. neumayeri embryos incubated under ambient and partitioned sunlight (minus UVB) at static depths between 0 and 7 m were analyzed for DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs)) and morphological abnormalities. At 0-m and 1-m depths, nearly 100% of embryos developed abnormally, even under UVB-shielded conditions where little or no DNA damage accumulated. At depths >3 m, reduced or no abnormality was evident and DNA damage was negli- gible. Although UVB contributed to 0-65% of solar- induced abnormalities, the mean contribution was 11±17% and UVB was not primarily responsible for observed defects in urchin development. Moreover, developmental responses were not linearly related to ambient UVB gradients as might be expected, but are better characterized relative to threshold levels of total UVB exposure. Accumulated exposures of £ 25 kJ m )2 ambient UVB caused minimal DNA damage and al- lowed normal embryological development to proceed. Higher UVB exposures (especially ‡80 kJ m )2 ) pre- cluded normal development. An ancillary threshold limit of 17 CPDs mb )1 has been identified as the level of DNA damage that proscribes abnormal development. While higher wavelengths of UVA and visible light are not affected by ozone concentration and do not initiate significant CPD DNA damage, they did interfere sig- nificantly with the embryological development of S. neumayeri. It is concluded that exposure to increased UVB during recent Antarctic ozone-depletion cycles probably has only a small degree of impact relative to the magnitude of other solar effects on the develop- mental success of Sterechinus embryos, or compared to spawning seasons before ozone depletion (i.e., years prior to 1978).
Ice Multiplication in Clouds

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of the concentration of ice particles and ice nuclei in natural clouds have shown that the concentration of ice particles can be several orders of magnitude greater than the concentration of ice nuclei effective at the cloud top temperature. However, the ratio of ice particles to ice nuclei appears to decrease sharply with decreasing cloud top temperature, and approaches a value of unity for cloud top temperatures in the neighborhood of −25C. These results suggest that the freezing of supercooled droplets is responsible for the multiplication of the number of ice particles in clouds.
Theorizing an Integration of Reading and Mathematics: Solving Mathematical Word Problems in the Elementary Grades

This article theorizes three major cognitive constructs that are operationally defined by shared similarities of processing information in reading and mathematics. Specifically, the paper (1) proposes and details the refinement and evaluation of components of a conceptual model for reading to solve mathematical word problems for elementary students, and (2) develops and refines the theoretical constructs of the model. Our assumptions lay out the interrelationships of reading and mathematics word problems by focusing on the cognitive components of Recognizing Higher Level Patterns of Text Organization (R), Generating Patterns (G), and Attaining a Goal (A). These assumptions are to refine and construct the RGA cognitive components that could theoretically enhance elementary students’ reading and solution of mathematical word problem-solving abilities.