cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistent but modest: a meta-analysis on unimodal and multimodal affect detection accuracies from 30 studies

The recent influx of multimodal affect classifiers raises the important question of whether these classifiers yield accuracy rates that exceed their unimodal counterparts. This question was addressed by performing a meta-analysis on 30 published studies that reported both multimodal and unimodal affect detection accuracies. The results indicated that multimodal accuracies were consistently better than unimodal accuracies and yielded an average 8.12% improvement over the best unimodal classifiers. However, performance improvements were three times lower when classifiers were trained on natural or seminatural data (4.39% improvement) compared to acted data (12.1% improvement). Importantly, performance of the best unimodal classifier explained an impressive 80.6% (cross-validated) of the variance in multimodal accuracy. The results also indicated that multimodal accuracies were substantially higher than accuracies of the second-best unimodal classifiers (an average improvement of 29.4%) irrespective of the naturalness of the training data. Theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.
Between nationalism and humanitarianism: the glocal discourse on refugees

. The public and researchers alike view global/humanitarian and local/national logics as based on different, and even contradictory, regimes of justification. In this paper, however, I argue that these logics are complementary in the case of refugees. By asking ‘who is a refugee?’ within the Israeli case study, I empirically ground the claim that nationalism and humanitarianism should be grasped as Glocal. Content analysis of the Israeli case reveals how the Israeli establishment ‘translates’ the universal notion of humanitarianism. Humanitarian discourse does not offer an answer to the refugee problem by invoking a universal identity, nor is it just a euphemism for particularistic interests. On the contrary, the humanitarian logic is in fact based on the national order, and does not attempt to replace it. The political meaning of the term ‘refugee’ is an endless transcription of the national logic, and thus cannot be cosmopolitan.
Determination of Absolute Coverages for Small Aliphatic Alcohols on TiO2(110)

The absolute coverages of water and small aliphatic alcohols (C1–C4) were determined on TiO2(110) using a combination of temperature-programmed desorption and liquid nitrogen cooled quartz crystal microbalance measurements. The absolute saturation coverages of water on Ti4+ and bridging oxygen, Ob, sites are found to be equal to 1 monolayer with respect to the number of Ti4+ and/or Ob sites (1 ML ≡ 5.2 × 1014 cm–2) in good agreement with prior studies. The saturation coverages of primary alcohols on Ti4+ sites are found to be approximately constant and equal to 0.77 ML. This indicates that the increasing length of the alkyl chains does not contribute to added steric hindrance. Additional steric hindrance is observed with increased branching as shown for secondary alcohols and tertiary t-butanol where the saturation coverage decreases to 0.62 and 0.44 ML, respectively. On Ob rows, a monotonic decrease of the alcohol coverages is observed for both increasing length of the alkyl chains and the chain number.
Work and family roles and psychological well-being in urban China.

A theoretical framework that delineates the relationships between work and family roles and psychological well-being is derived from U.S. research and utilized to examine the relationships of work and family stress with psychological well-being in urban China. Data from a sample of 733 married and employed individuals in urban Shanghai confirm the general model of the link between work and family stress and psychological distress. Due to the centrality of work roles for the Chinese, work stress exerts a stronger relationship on psychological well-being than does family stress. Furthermore, the Chinese are more vulnerable to stress arising from interpersonal conflicts than from role demands. In addition, gender differences are found in the relationship between role stress and distress. Women tend to experience more family demands than men. Women's mental health status is tied similarly to stress arising from work and family roles, whereas men are more vulnerable to work stress than family stress. However, Chinese women do not report significantly greater generalized distress than men.
Device-related risk of fire in oropharyngeal surgery: a mechanical model.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the fire risk for an electrosurgical device (Bovie) as compared with a bipolar radiofrequency ablation wand (Coblator) in a mechanical model of oropharyngeal surgery. Methods An endotracheal tube was inserted into the cranial end of a degutted, whole raw chicken through which 100% oxygen was piped at 10 L/min. An electrosurgical device (15 W, coagulate mode) and bipolar radiofrequency ablation wand (9, 7, and 3 in ablate mode; 5 and 3 in coagulate mode) were activated in the central cavity. All experimental conditions were tested for 4 minutes, or until a positive result was achieved. All trials were repeated to ensure accuracy. Results Ignition was obtained with a sustained fire when using the electrosurgical device for between 25 and 80 seconds. Under all 5 experimental conditions, no ignition or sustained fire could be produced using the radiofrequency ablation wand. After 20 sustained minutes of continuous plasma ablation in the chicken cavity without ignition, the electrosurgical device was able to ignite a fire in 25 seconds in the same cavity. Conclusions Although electrosurgical devices present a significant risk of fire during open cavity surgery in oxygen-enriched environments, that risk seems to be eliminated with bipolar radiofrequency plasma ablation.
Reporting Results to a Skeptical Audience: A Case Study on Incorporating Persuasive Strategies in Assessment Reports

In response to recent budget and program cuts, assessment reports may more than ever determine the viability of government-funded programs. Generated by agencies to justify further funding, assessment reports develop, measure, and detail the knowledge that workshop participants receive. Writing these reports can be difficult, especially if the audience does not see value in continuing the program. This article emphasizes the importance of persuasive strategies in report writing by analyzing a case study of a public administrator’s struggle to write a persuasive assessment report for a soft-skills training seminar. The article finds that classical rhetorical strategies (ethos, logos, and pathos) can be successfully incorporated into assessment reports; however, writers may encounter difficulty when introducing pathos. The article concludes by providing public administrators with a set of guidelines for persuading a skeptical audience.
QUALITY OF LIFE OBSESSIONS AND THE MICRO‐MANAGEMENT OF BEHAVIOR

Better, cheaper, smarter. That is the artument made by the proponents of increased supervision of drug-using offenders... KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice Language: en
Kinetic tuning of the EF-hand calcium binding motif: the gateway residue independently adjusts (i) barrier height and (ii) equilibrium.

In EF-hand calcium binding sites of known structure, the side chain provided by the ninth EF-loop position lies at the entrance of the shortest pathway connecting the metal binding cavity to solvent. The location of this residue suggests that it could serve as a “gateway”, providing steric and electrostatic control over the kinetics of Ca2+ binding and dissociation. To test this hypothesis, the present study has engineered the putative gateway side chain of a model EF-hand site and determined the resulting effects on metal ion affinity and dissociation kinetics. The model site chosen was that of the Escherichia coli galactose binding protein (GBP), in which the putative gateway is a Gln side chain. Nine engineered GBP molecules were generated and isolated, each exhibiting native-like activity and global conformation. Two control substitutions at the fourth EF-loop position, a noncoordinating surface residue, had no significant effect on either the equilibrium or the kinetics of the model site. The remaini...
Characterization of Localized Surface States of Al 7075-T6 during Deposition of Cerium-Based Conversion Coatings

The combination of chloride ions and H 2 O 2 in solutions used to deposit cerium-based conversion coatings led to localized dissolution of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 substrates. Potentiodynamic scans indicated that exposure of the alloy to a solution containing 0.3 M chloride ions and 1 M H 2 O 2 led to active dissolution. This process resulted in selective etching of the aluminum alloy substrate that produced a nonuniform surface and voids that penetrated a few micrometers into the alloy. When H 2 O 2 was replaced by an alternative oxidizing agent, NaClO 4 , cerium-based conversion coatings were deposited without substrate dissolution. Chloride ions and H 2 O 2 selectively etch aluminum alloy 7075-T6 due to electrochemical reactions that take place. The reactions readily dissolved the native oxide that was present, allowing for the aluminum substrate along with embedded intermetallic particles to be exposed to the electrolyte, which propagated localized dissolution.
Estimating impervious surfaces using linear spectral mixture analysis with multitemporal ASTER images

Impervious surface is a key indicator of urban environmental quality and degree of urbanization. Therefore, estimation and mapping of impervious surfaces by using remote sensing digital images has attracted increasing attention recently. For mid-latitude cities, seasonal vegetation phenology has a significant effect on the spectral response of terrestrial features, and image analysis must take into account this environmental characteristic. In this paper, three Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, acquired on 3 October 2000, 16 June 2001 and 5 April 2004, respectively, were used to test the seasonal sensitivity of impervious surface estimation. The study area was the city of Indianapolis (Marion County), Indiana, USA. Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) was applied to generate high-albedo, low-albedo, vegetation and soil fraction images (endmembers), and impervious surfaces were then estimated by adding high- and low-albedo fraction images. In addition, land u...
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Recent Advances in Genetics and Imaging

Recent advances in molecular biology and cytogenetics have provided unique insights into the ontogeny, pathogenesis, and biological behavior of renal cell carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma is now known to be a polymorphic malignant neoplasm consisting of several histologic subtypes demonstrating different biological profiles. Clear cell renal carcinoma, the most common histologic subtype, is predominantly associated with mutations involving the von Hippel-Lindau gene and elaboration of vascular and somatic growth factors. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is thus typically hypervascular at imaging. By contrast, papillary renal cell carcinoma, the second most common subtype, is frequently hypovascular. Current molecular data on the biology of renal neoplasms have shown important diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. Comprehensive knowledge of molecular pathways of carcinogenesis of renal cancers has allowed design of rational treatment protocols and posttreatment surveillance algorithms, thereby permitting optimal patient management.
Transcriptional repression by the Msx1 homeoprotein is associated with global redistribution of the H3K27me3 repressive mark to the nuclear periphery

The spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression during development requires the concerted actions of sequence-specific transcriptional regulators and epigenetic chromatin modifiers, which are thought to function within precise nuclear compartments. However, coordination of these activities within the dynamic context of the nuclear environment is still largely unresolved. Here we discuss the implications of our recent work showing that transcriptional repression by the Msx1 homeoprotein is associated with global redistribution of the H3K27me3 repressive mark to the nuclear periphery during development.
Multimedia tools for use in materials handling classes

Materials handling is a vital function in a manufacturing or distribution system. Efficient handling of material allows such systems to operate at high levels of productivity. US companies invest over US$60 billion annually in materials handling technology. It is therefore extremely important for universities to prepare materials handling engineers who understand the principles of materials handling, as well as the design, implementation, operation and control of materials handling systems so that they can ensure the cost-effectiveness of this investment. This paper pertains to development of an interactive, multimedia-based system for use in materials handling classes. Modules in the system introduce students to: the 10 principles of materials handling; and two major equipment categories—conveyors and automated storage and retrieval systems. They illustrate industrial applications of material handling equipment and teach the problem-solving process through a case study and an extensive series of models, ...
Behavioral and biochemical studies of dopamine receptor sensitivity in differentially housed mice.

Group housed and individually housed mice were compared in (1) the motor activity responses to direct and indirect dopamine (DA) agonists, (2) in vivo presynaptic autoreceptor sensitivity and (3) in vitro binding of 3H-spiperone. Relative to group housed mice, individually housed mice showed an increased motor activity response to amphetamine, 1.25 and 0.625 mg/kg. Using two in vivo measures of presynaptic DA receptor sensitivity, the antagonism of spontaneous locomotor activity and the antagonism of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation by apomorphine (APO), individually housed mice showed greater activity counts and higher DOPA accumulations than group housed mice. Levels of tyrosine were significantly greater in individually housed mice. Significant effects of housing were also noted with the motor activity response to APO, 0.075–0.300 mg/kg, following pretreatment with reserpine, an in vivo measure of postsynaptic receptor sensitivity. However, there was no effect of housing on the number or affinity of 3H-spiperone binding sites in the striatum. These results are discussed in terms of the presynaptic activity of catecholaminergic neurons and the postsynaptic receptor sensitivity to APO in individually housed mice.
Hatching rhythms in Uca pugilator (Decapoda:Brachyura)

Gravid female Uca pugilator (Bosc) maintained in conditions of 14h L: 10h D light regime and constant temperature without simulated tides showed a significant positive correlation between time of hatch and time of the nighttime high tide. Light: Dark experiments showed no entrainment by LD cues. Larval hatching was delayed until dark when high tide occurred between 1900 and 2130 hrs. Hatch time was a positive linear function of the time of the nighttime high tide when high tide occurred after 2130 hrs. Time of hatch was delayed by the light period on days lacking a nighttime high tide. Experiments conducted under constant light (LL) and temperature, without simulated tides, indicated a persistent free-running rhythm of approximately 25 h 03 min, suggesting an endogenous timer. Rhythmic larval release on the nighttime high tide may be adaptive as a predator-avoidance mechanism for adult gravid females.
Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Validity of a New Method for Characterizing Lumbar Support in Automotive Seating

Objective: This article describes a new and more repeatable, reproducible, and valid test method for characterizing lumbar support in automotive seating. Background: Lumbar support is important because it affects occupant accommodation and perceptions of seat comfort. Assessing only the lumbar mechanism—particularly in terms of travel—is inadequate because it does not consider the effects of trim and foam. Method: The Society of Automotive Engineers' next-generation H-Point machine and associated loading protocol were used as the basis for the new test. Results: The method was found to satisfy minimum gage repeatability and reproducibility requirements. Validity was demonstrated through a regression model that revealed 93.9% of the variance in subjective ratings of poor uncomfortable lumbar support can be explained by two objective indicators: (1) lumbar support prominence in the full-off position and (2) effective travel. Conclusion: The method can be used to differentiate between seats offering two-way adjustable lumbar support. The best two-way adjustable lumbar seat systems are those that couple little to no lumbar support in the starting or off position (i.e., they are nonintrusive) with a considerable amount of effective or perceptible travel. Application: The automotive industry has long needed a way to address the fact that consumers want more lumbar support than their seats currently supply. This contribution offers a method to objectify an important aspect of automotive seating comfort—namely, lumbar support. This should help human factors professionals produce, but not necessarily guarantee, better consumer ratings.
On the relation of family structured models and inclusive fitness models for kin selection.

Abstract The concept of inclusive fitness plays a key role in much of sociobiology. Yet most theoretical studies concerning the evolution of social behavior circumvent inclusive fitness by mobilizing the concept of frequencydependent individual fitness. Given certain assumptions, it is shown that models based on these two different concepts are dynamically equivalent. The models do differ, however, in bookkeeping methods which are advantageous under different circumstances. A knowledge of these circumstances should prove of value to students of social behavior.
Spatially resolved densification of solution deposited zirconium dioxide films by laser irradiation

Abstract CW laser irradiation of glassy oxide films deposited from aqueous precursor solutions leads to localized densification within the laser footprint rendering that segment of the film water insoluble. Subsequent washing followed by thermal annealing transforms the densified region that remains into a fine grain polycrystalline material. Atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry are used to characterize the surface morphology and optical constants of the film during processing while laser- induced fluorescence from a rare earth dopant (Sm 3+ ) intentionally introduced into the film provides a rapid in situ means of characterizing the evolving crystalline phase and phase purity. Spatially resolved regions of tetragonal ZrO 2 , 40 nm thick and 2 μm wide, which have been doped with Sm 3+ have been imprinted onto Si(100) substrates. The physical characteristics and morphology of the imprinted regions are compared with similar solution-deposited films which were subjected to thermal annealing alone.
Determining thermal diffusivity and defect attributes in ceramic matrix composites by infrared imaging

Ceramic matrix composites are being developed for numerous high temperature applications, including rotors and combustors for advanced turbine engines, heat exchanger and hot-gas filters for coal gasification plants. Among the materials of interest are silicon-carbide-fiber- reinforced-silicon-carbide (SiC(f)/SiC), silicon-carbide-fiber-reinforced-silicon-nitride (SiC(f)/Si3N4), aluminum-oxide-reinforced-alumina (Al2O3(f)/Al2O3, etc. In the manufacturing of these ceramic composites, the conditions of the fiber/matrix interface are critical to the mechanical and thermal behavior of the component. Defects such as delaminations and non-uniform porosity can directly affect the performance. A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method, developed at Argonne National Laboratory has proved beneficial in analyzing as-processed conditions and defect detection created during manufacturing. This NDE method uses infrared thermal imaging for full-field quantitative measurement of the distribution of thermal diffusivity in large components. Intensity transform algorithms have been used for contrast enhancement of the output image. Nonuniformity correction and automatic gain control are used to dynamically optimize video contrast and brightness, providing additional resolution in the acquired images. Digital filtering, interpolation, and least-squares-estimation techniques have been incorporated for noise reduction and data acquisition. The Argonne NDE system has been utilized to determine thermal shock damage, density variations, and variations in fiber coating in a full array of test specimens.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PRODUCING BONELESS DRY-CURED HAMS WITH DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF CURING INGREDIENTS

Fresh hams were skinned, boned and partially defatted. A curing mixture of 84.9% salt, 14.2% white sugar and 0.9% sodium nitrite was applied at the rate of either 5% or 7% of the boneless weight. Approximately 50g of the mixture was placed inside each ham which was then tightly tied. Half the remaining mixture was applied to the surface and the remaining half after 4 days. Hams were cured 21 days at 3°C, held 21 days at 21°C for salt equalization, heated to 38°C and smoked for approximately 24 hr and aged at 18°C for 4 or 8 wk. Organoleptic evaluations were made, and slices were analyzed for salt, moisture and nitrite. Ham yields were not affected by amount of cure but decreased with time. Panel scores were similar for both cures and both times except for saltiness and all were highly acceptable. Percent salt and moisture were similar for both cures but salt increased and water decreased with time. Outer (a strip around the slice approximately 2.5 cm wide) and inner portions of the slices were similar for salt, but outer portions contained less moisture. Some variations occurred in nitrite levels, but the highest level detected in the outer portion of the 5% cure after 4 wk aging was only 17.1 ppm. Hams not tightly tied developed some internal mold while properly tied ones were free of mold.
Temperature and photoperiod effects on thyroid function and metabolism in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)

Abstract This study investigates the environmental cue(s) used by cotton rats to mediate seasonal shifts in thyroid function and metabolism. Summer-caught and winter-caught animals were exposed to combinations of five photoperiods and two temperatures for 60 days. Oxygen consumption and several parameters of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) dynamics were then measured. Photoperiod had a significant effect only on serum T3 concentration: an inverse relationship with length of day. Cold exposure also increased serum T3, as well as the T3 pool and T3 utilization (i.e., disappearance) rate. In addition, cold increased metabolic rate, T4 clearance, and T4 volume of distribution, while it decreased serum T4 concentration. For a few parameters, season of capture also had a significant effect. Because many of the observed changes could result from a seasonal or temperature-induced shift in T4 to T3 deiodination, it is suggested that one important effect of these environmental cues is the regulation of this enzyme(s). Since T3 utilization increases over 12-fold in winter-caught cotton rats maintained at 5°C (over summer-caught animals maintained at 30°C), but metabolic rate only increased about 25% in these same animals, the roles/fates of this additional T3 remains to be determined.
Formation of interfacial area at high rates of gas flow through submerged orifices

Interfacial area was formed by passing air through orifices that were submerged horizontally beneath 4.5 ft. of each of four different liquids. The flow rates of the air ranged from 0.095 to 1.34 (st. cu. ft./min.), the diameters of the orifices ranged from 0.03125 to 0.1875 in., and the I.D. of the orifice holders ranged from 1 to 2.5 in. The areas were measured with a photocell, a recorder, and an integrator. This combination gave the time average of the interfacial area that passed a selected plane of the column. The interfacial area produced was correlated as a function of the physical properties of the fluids, the diameter and number of orifices per plate, and the gas flow rate.
Visual attention in 3D video games

Understanding players' visual attention patterns within an interactive 3D game environment is an important research area that can improve game level design and graphics. Several graphics techniques use a perception based rendering method to enhance graphics quality while achieving the fast rendering speed required for fast-paced 3D video games. Game designers can also enhance game play by adjusting the level design, texture and color choices, and objects' locations, if such decisions are informed by a study of players' visual attention patterns in 3D game environments. This paper seeks to address this issue. We present results showing different visual attention patterns that players exhibit in two different game types: action-adventure games and first person shooter games. In addition, analyzing visual attention patterns within a complex 3D game environment presents a new challenge because the environment is very complex with many rapidly changing conditions; the methods used in previous research cannot be used in such environments. In this paper, we will discuss our exploration seeking a new approach to analyze visual attention patterns within interactive 3D environments.
The Pragmatism of Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is certainly a strange place to start an investigation into the nature of the relationship between science and society. However, this article begins by integrating its history and proceeds through current conceptions of it by some physicists to examine quantum mechanics as an intersection of both science and knowledge. A famous thought experiment by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen pointed to an area that few physicists still research–a paradigm gone awry. Yet the vast majority of physiciststoday do not agonize over this uncertainty. Physics today presses forward with indominable speed and precision. But by questioning a small sample of physicists doing physics about their practice, this study aims at an everyday physicist’s understanding of the matter; a paradox that lies between the results of experiment and their interpretation or place as knowledge in society. For Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen, the paradox was that we can only determine the spin of an entangled particle–it only becomes ...
A tale of two urbanicities: Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption in high and low-poverty urban neighborhoods

Abstract Urbanicity encompasses the different aspects of living in an urban area. While past research treats urban areas as homogeneous, this research employs an empirical study to show how intra-urban differences by poverty are associated with cigarette and alcohol consumption by adolescents. Results demonstrate that for higher poverty adolescents, those living in urban versus less urban areas consume significantly more alcohol and cigarettes. At the same time, for wealthier adolescents, those living in urban versus less urban areas consume significantly fewer of those items. The results are mediated by convenience store density, contributing to our understanding of the relationship between urban environments, specific area characteristics and problem consumption among adolescents. The results suggest that it might be useful to consider new ways of understanding problem consumption by studying distinct aspects of urbanicity related to the retail environment.
The Production of a Persistent Alteration in Influenza Virus by Lanthanum or Ultraviolet Irradiation.

The rates of elution from RBC of the Lee and PR8 strains of influenza virus were studied by means of a step-wise elution technique. By means of a single treatment with lanthanum acetate or irradiation with ultraviolet and subsequent passage in chick embryos, it was possible to alter the elution rate of the Lee strain so that it was similar to that of the PR8 strain. This alteration proved to be persistent on serial passage in the absence of the agent which caused it. As far as was determined, the elution rate of the virus appeared to be the only property which was altered. The phenomenon can be most readily understood on the assumption that the difference in elution rates of the two strains is due to a heterogeneous population of virus particles in the Lee strain with respect to elution rate.
Planar arrays of point charges with two- and three-dimensional backgrounds.

This is the first of a two-part report on a study of potential and cohesive energy of a planar (z=0 plane) periodic array of point charges Q neutralized with various two- and three-dimensional backgrounds. This part treats the potentials; a second paper will treat the energies. It is convenient to express the potentials \ensuremath{\Phi}(a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+zzbhat), a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}=xxbhat+yybhat, in terms of deviations from ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{\mathrm{WS}}$(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}), the familiar case with a uniform neutralizing sheet of charge also in the z=0 plane. With a small proviso of ``centering'' of the two-dimensional coverings of the lattice of Q's in the summations defining the \ensuremath{\Phi}'s, but allowing dipolar features in the z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^ direction, all \ensuremath{\Phi}'s are unique and additionally there is no ``correction term'' in the Ewald procedure. (Hall's proposed counterexample to Kleinman's proof of the uniqueness of \ensuremath{\Phi} for a ``slab'' background is not valid.) With \ensuremath{\Phi}(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow})=${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{\mathrm{WS}}$(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow})+QD(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}), and since ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{\mathrm{WS}}$(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) may be evaluated by Ewald, or other methods, the formalism concentrates on the study of D(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}). The planar average over a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}, with fixed z, of potential 〈\ensuremath{\Phi}(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow})〉 is zero for all models with background restricted to the z=0 plane, hence 〈\ensuremath{\Phi}(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow})〉=Q〈D(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow})〉. It is charge located outside the plane of Q's that gives rise to 〈\ensuremath{\Phi}(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow})〉\ensuremath{\ne}0. Detailed applications are made to several models including one where the background charge fills all space with a density falling off as a Gaussian above and below the z=0 plane. The second paper will show that there exists a quantity B analogous to the B of Ihm and Cohen which relates the Fuchs (cohesive) energy \ensuremath{\epsilon} and the Madelung energy S by \ensuremath{\epsilon}=(S+B)/2={[${S}^{\mathrm{WS}}$+${Q}^{2}$D(0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) ]+B}/2, where the B is functionally dependent upon the D(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}). .AE
An Active-Passive Piezoelectric Absorber for Structural Vibration Control Under Harmonic Excitations With Time-Varying Frequency, Part 1: Algorithm Development and Analysis

It has been shown that piezoelectric materials can be used as passive electromechanical vibration absorbers by shunting them with electrical networks. Semi-active piezoelectric absorbers have also been proposed for suppressing harmonic excitations with varying frequency. However, these semi-active devices have limitations that restrict their practical applications. The approach presented here is a high performance active-passive alternative to semi-active absorbers. By utilizing a combination of a passive electrical circuit and active control actions, the system is synthesized for adaptive variable frequency narrowband disturbance rejection. The active control consists of three parts: an inductor tuning action, a negative resistance action, and a coupling enhancement action. In the current paper (Part 1), the control algorithm is developed and analyzed. Part 2 of the paper contains experimental investigations and parametric studies of the new absorber design.
Resting peripheral blood lactate elevation in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest: Correlation with hemodynamic, electrophysiologic and oxyhemoglobin dissociation indexes☆

Thirteen patients who were survivors of sudden unexpected cardiac arrest in the community were followed up for up to 3 years. All showed an anomalous relation between erythrocyte levels of oxygen dissociation (P50) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG). This could not be explained by hemoglobinopathy, carbon monoxide or methemoglobinemias. Because lactate accumulation in red blood cells may alter oxygen dissociation, whole blood and red blood cell lactate levels were measured. An average of 4.4 measurements per patient were obtained over a mean time of 5.6 months of the post-hospital phase of the follow-up period, which had a total mean duration of 22 months. The patients did not have overt congestive heart failure and were not acidotic (mean venous pH = 7.35). Lactate levels were elevated (mean = 15.1 mg/100 ml ± 0.8 mg/100 [standard error of the mean], compared with normal values of 7.6 mg/100 ml ± 1.4 mg/100 ml; P < 0.01). When lactate was plotted against red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, a positive curvilinear relation was found (r2 = 0.12, P < 0.05). The production of lactate in chronic ischemia may increase red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate through glycolysis. The expected effect on oxygen dissociation of this increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is offset by a counterbalancing leftward shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve by an increase in red blood cell lactic acid. When lactate was compared with left ventricular ejection fraction, there was a significant negative correlation (r = 0.86, P < 0.01). Serial 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiograms (mean 4 per patient) were analyzed for changes in quantity and severity of ventricular arrhythmia at the time of lactate determinations. Six patients had lactate level variation of more than 30 percent, and five of these six patients had an increase in quantity and severity of ventricular ectopic activity when their lactate levels were in the higher range. We conclude that elevated resting lactate levels correlate with impaired ventricular function, and fluctuations in a given patient may identify changes in clinical and electrophysiologic status.
Buoyancy driven heat transfer behavior of [C4mim][NTf2] ionic liquid: An experimental study

Abstract This paper presents the experimental results of natural convection heat transfer for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide ([C 4 mim][NTf 2 ]) ionic liquid (IL), in rectangular cavity with different aspect ratios. In addition to evaluating the natural convection heat transfer, thermophysical properties of [C 4 mim][NTf 2 ] such as density, viscosity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity were also experimentally measured. The results show that the density of [C 4 mim][NTf 2 ] decreases with increased temperature within the investigated temperature range of 10–70 °C, the shear viscosity of IL reduces with increasing temperature in an exponential manner within temperature 10–70 °C. Its heat capacity increases linearly with temperature from 20 to 300 °C, and the thermal conductivity varies from 0.131 to 0.122 W/m K within the measured temperature range. A lower natural convection heat transfer coefficient is observed compared to that of the De-Ionized (DI) water for all aspect ratios (AR). Meanwhile, higher measured dimensionless Nusselt number is observed for the IL than that of DI water due to its lower thermal conductivity (approximately 21% of DI water) and higher viscous force. For the two aspect ratios, larger aspect ratio has higher natural convection heat transfer compared to the lower aspect ratio. Finally, the experimental results of IL for aspect ratios studied are expressed as the conventional natural convection correlation of the form of Nu = cRa n with different c and n values.
Racial differences in bother for women with urinary incontinence in the Establishing the Prevalence of Incontinence (EPI) study.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare differences in degree of bother in black and white women with urinary incontinence (UI). Study Design A population-based study was conducted in black and white women in Michigan. Participants completed an interview and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire short form (IIQ-7). Statistical analysis included 2-way analysis of variance for post hoc comparisons of IIQ-7 scores between races at different frequencies, amounts, and types of UI. Results Black women with moderate UI had significantly higher IIQ-7 scores than white women (31.4 ± 3.5 vs 23.7 ± 1.9; P = .03). Overall, black women with urge incontinence had higher scores than white women (30.5 ± 4.0 vs 21.0 ± 3.0; P = .05). After adjustment for severity, black women with urge and mixed incontinence tended to be more bothered ( P = .06). Conclusion With moderate UI (not mild or severe), black women are more bothered than white women. At this discriminatory level of UI severity, racial differences are important, because they may dictate care-seeking behavior.
Clutter suppression using recursive and nonrecursive MTI filters

The author calculates the effectiveness of clutter suppression of a moving-target-indicator (MTI) filter in tandem with a fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) Doppler filter bank, taking into account the transient response of the MTI filter. Both recursive and nonrecursive filters are considered. The analysis is extended to the high-pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) case with clutter fold over. The results can be used to select key design parameters, including the MTI filter, the window size, and the initial transient segment to be discarded. Numerical examples are included. >
Role of FoxO1 in FFA-induced oxidative stress in adipocytes.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has recently been established as an essential contributor in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated insulin resistance. The FoxO1 pathway plays a role not o...
Frank Marble, 1918–2014: Tribute to an aerospace giant

Frank Marble, among the nation’s preeminent aerospace propulsion scientists during the second half of the 20th century, has passed away at the age of 96. His pioneering technical contributions changed the direction of several important fields that are foundational to both aircraft and rocket systems. However, quite possibly, Frank Marble made even greater contributions to aerospace engineering through his gifted teaching and insightful training of legions of graduate students at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and through his serving as an example of true courage and loyalty during the McCarthy era and long afterward.
Petroglyphs in Southeastern Alaska

Primitive man throughout all ages and in all regions has ever shown a desire to perpetuate the history of the past and to record the story of his life. Wanting in specific characters, he employs pictures, carvings, and structures the direct product of his surroundings to illustrate and transmit his traditions, genealogy, and pursuits, and these are realistic or conventional according to his development. The Tlingit of southeastern Alaska, living under most favorable conditions of climate and food supply, with abundant leisure to cultivate an innate sense of art, evolved in time a rich ceremonial that had for its purpose the glorification of the family in the display of the totem, or the practice of shamanistic rites which constituted his nearest approach to any form of religion or worship. Having at hand a variety of material, as rock, wood, grasses, the pelts of animals, and wool for weaving, besides mineral and vegetable coloring substances, his thoughts found expression in many forms of art, and he carved, painted, or wove realistic and conventional forms upon all of his belongings, which give that distinctive character and wealth of color to the life of this section.
Evidence that synthetic lethality underlies the mutual exclusivity of oncogenic KRAS and EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma

A person develops cancer when changes in a cell's DNA (called mutations) allow the cell to grow rapidly and spread around the body. The mutated genes are often involved in controlling the growth of cells, such as two genes called EGFR and KRAS, which are associated with forms of lung cancer. In a type of lung cancer called adenocarcinoma, the KRAS gene is mutated in about one-third of tumors and the EGFR gene is mutated in about 15%. However, the two mutations rarely or never occur in the same tumor. This could be because the effects of the mutations overlap, so that cells with both mutations have no advantages over cells with just one. Alternatively, it is possible that having both mutations may be harmful to tumor cells. Here, Unni, Lockwood et al. analyzed genetic data from over 600 lung tumors and confirmed that none of them have cancer-causing mutations in both KRAS and EGFR. Then, Unni, Lockwood et al. carried out experiments using genetically engineered mice with mutated forms of both KRAS and EGFR that are activated by a drug called doxycycline. As expected, the mice developed lung tumors when exposed to the drug, but these tumors didn't grow any faster than mouse tumors that had mutations in only one of the genes. In the mice with both mutant genes, only one of the two genes was actually active in most of the tumor cells. Unni, Lockwood et al. manipulated human lung tumor cells in the laboratory so that the cells had mutated versions of both genes. These cells developed serious abnormalities and died, which may be due to the over-activation of a communication pathway within the cells called MAPK signaling. The next challenges are to understand why the combination of these two mutant genes kills these cancer cells and to look for other combinations of mutations that can be toxic to cancer cells. In the future, it might be possible to develop drugs that can mimic the effects of these gene mutations to treat cancers.
City Governments and Aging in Place: Community Design, Transportation and Housing Innovation Adoption

Purpose of the study: To examine the characteristics associated with city government adoption of community design, housing, and transportation innovations that could benefit older adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: A mixed-methods study with quantitative data collected via online surveys from 62 city planners combined with qualitative data collected via telephone interviews with a subsample of 18 survey respondents. RESULTS: Results indicate that advocacy is an effective strategy to encourage city government adoption of these innovations. Percent of the population with a disability was positively associated, whereas percent of the population aged 65 and older was not associated or negatively associated, with innovation adoption in the regression models. Qualitative interviews suggest that younger individuals with disabilities are more active in local advocacy efforts. IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that successful advocacy strategies for local government adoption include facilitating the involvement of older residents, targeting key decision makers within government, emphasizing the financial benefits to the city, and focusing on cities whose aging residents are vulnerable to disease and disability. Language: en
Neuropilin-2 regulates α6β1 integrin in the formation of focal adhesions and signaling

The neuropilins (NRPs) contribute to the function of cancer cells in their capacity as VEGF receptors. Given that NRP2 is induced in breast cancer and correlates with aggressive disease, we examined the role of NRP2 in regulating the interaction of breast cancer cells with the ECM. Using epithelial cells from breast tumors, we defined NRP2(high) and NRP2(low) populations that differed in integrin expression and adhesion to laminin. Specifically, the NRP2(high) population adhered more avidly to laminin and expressed high levels of the α6β1 integrin than the NRP2(low) population. The NRP2(high) population formed numerous focal adhesions on laminin that were not seen in the NRP2(low) population. These results were substantiated using breast carcinoma cell lines that express NRP2 and α6β1 integrin. Depletion experiments revealed that adhesive strength on laminin but not collagen is dependent on NRP2, and that VEGF is needed for adhesion on laminin. A specific interaction between NRP2 and α6β1 integrin was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. NRP2 is necessary for focal adhesion formation on laminin and for the association of α6β1 integrin with the cytoskeleton. NRP2 also facilitates α6β1-integrin-mediated activation of FAK and Src. Unexpectedly, we discovered that NRP2 is located in focal adhesions on laminin. The mechanism by which NRP2 regulates the interaction of α6β1 integrin with laminin to form focal adhesions involves PKC activation. Together, our data reveal a new VEGF-NRP2 signaling pathway that activates the α6β1 integrin and enables it to form focal adhesions and signal. This pathway is important in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
Strength analysis of particulate polymers

Abstract Impregnating polymeric matrix with stiff particles may significantly improve structural response of a composite material. Such improvements have to be weighed against the effects of the stress concentration at the particle–matrix interface that influence local strength and toughness. In the present paper we elaborate on the issue of local stresses and strength in particulate polymer matrix composites considering polyurethane matrix impregnated with alumina particles in numerical examples. The parametric analysis presented in the paper is concerned with the effects of the particle volume fraction and the particle-to-matrix stiffness ratio on the local stresses and initial damage. We also discuss the resilience of the impregnated polyurethane, i.e. the density of energy necessary to produce initial damage. The approach to the analysis of fracture in the composite with initial damage is discussed accounting for available experimental observations. Three scales of fracture corresponding to different phases of the development and propagation of the crack are identified, including microfracture at the particle–matrix interface and mesofracture limited to the matrix surrounding the particle. While these scales of fracture should be analyzed by numerical methods, macrofracture that occurs after the crack “emerged” from the representative unit cell where it originated can be considered using available analytical techniques. The methodology of the stress analysis of a particulate material consisting of an incompressible hyperelastic matrix and much stiffer elastic particles is also proposed in the paper.
Isolated multiple bilateral echogenic papillary muscles: A unique sonographic feature of trisomy 13.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Echogenic papillary muscles are noted in 30% of fetuses with trisomy 13. All reported fetuses with trisomy 13 and echogenic papillary muscles have exhibited additional abnormal sonographic findings. CASE: A 21.7-week fetus demonstrated three papillary echogenicities in each cardiac ventricle during ultrasound examination. Chromosomal analysis of amniocytes showed the karyotype 47,XX,+13. CONCLUSION: Multiple bilateral papillary muscles may provide the only sonographic sign of fetal trisomy 13.