cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ORAL PROFICIENCY SCALES: CONSTRUCT VALIDITY AND THE HALO EFFECT

A counterbalanced experimental design was used to investigate the construct validity of four 10-point scales of oral proficiency aimed at grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and fluency. Interviews with 10 foreign students were tape recorded and evaluated by 15 native speakers of English. Under condition 1, on four of five consecutive hearings, the raters evaluated the performances on only one of the four scales. Under condition 2, on the remaining occasion, they rated each interview on all four scales at one hearing. Construct validity was assessed by contrasting the amount of agreement across raters across scales with the amount of agreement within scales. A single general factor accounted for 96% to 113% of the estimated reliable variance in each scale. There was great fluctuation in specificity estimates which by the least biased method averaged between -12% and +3%. This result seems to indicate that there is no unique reliable variance (i.e., specificity) which can be attributed to the separate constructs of grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and fluency. The contrast between agreement and indexes for scales rated on the same occasion versus scales rated on different occasions revealed a halo effect which tends to reduce the reliable variance in scales rated at a single hearing by about 3%. Agreement across raters within and across scales tended to increase with repeated listenings. The global proficiency factor is sustained and no consistent specificity is found in the four scales studied.
A Test Case of Moravcsik's “Liberal Intergovernmentalist” Approach to European Integration

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur.John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues that de Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agree ...
Interrelationships among multiple aspects of body image and eating disturbance

The relationships among several indices of body size estimation and eating disturbance were examined in 72 college females. Measures of absolute size and estimated size had stronger correlations with eating disturbance than degree of perceptual size overestimation. Overestimation of self was highly related to estimates of the size of inanimate objects, suggesting the presence of a general perceptual deficit. Actual size was negatively correlated with degree of overestimation, indicating that small-sized individuals overestimate to a greater degree than large subjects. The necessity of a multifaceted assessment approach for body image research is discussed.
Accurate quantification of aromaticity and nonprotonated aromatic carbon fraction in natural organic matter by 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.

An improved approach for accurately determining the aromatic carbon fraction (fa) and nonprotonated aromatic carbon fraction (faN) in natural organic matter by solid-state 13C NMR is described. Quantitative peak areas are obtained from direct polarization 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) under high-speed magic angle spinning (MAS). The problem of overlap between aromatic and alkyl carbon resonances around 90−120 ppm in 13C NMR spectra is solved by a 13C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) filter technique. After correction for residual spinning sidebands, an accurate value of the aromaticity fa is obtained. To obtain a quantitative faN fraction, dipolar dephasing was adapted for high-speed MAS 13C NMR; the separation of the signals of nonprotonated alkyl and aromatic carbons was achieved by CSA filtering plus dipolar dephasing. The method is demonstrated on a peat humic acid, yielding fa = 45 ± 2% and faN =(0.64 ± 0.07) × 45%.
Modeling bidirectional transport of quantum dot nanoparticles in membrane nanotubes.

Abstract This paper develops a model of transport of quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles in membrane nanotubes (MNTs). It is assumed that QDs are transported inside intracellular organelles (called here nanoparticle-loaded vesicles, NLVs) that are propelled by either kinesin or dynein molecular motors while moving on microtubules (MTs). A vesicle may have both types of motors attached to it, but the motors are assumed to work in a cooperative fashion, meaning that at a given time the vesicle is moved by either kinesin or dynein motors. The motors are assumed not to work against each other, when one type of motors is pulling the vesicle, the other type is inactive. From time to time the motors may switch their roles: passive motors can become active motors and vice versa, resulting in the change of the vesicle’s direction of motion. It is further assumed that QDs can escape NLVs and become free QDs, which are then transported by diffusion. Free QDs can be internalized by NLVs. The effects of two possible types of MT orientation in MNTs are investigated: when all MTs have a uniform polarity orientation, with their plus-ends directed toward one of the cells connected by an MNT, and when MTs have a mixed polarity orientation, with half of MTs having their plus-ends directed toward one of the cells and the other half having their plus-ends directed toward the other cell. Computational results are presented for three cases. The first case is when organelles are as likely to be transported by kinesin motors as by dynein motors. The second case is when organelles are more likely to be transported by kinesin motors than by dynein motors, and the third case is when NLVs do not associate with dynein motors at all.
Crescentic glomerulonephritis and subepidermal blisters with autoantibodies to α5 and α6 chains of type IV collagen

We describe a novel autoimmune disease characterized by severe subepidermal bullous eruption and crescentic glomerulonephritis with autoantibodies directed against the noncollagenous domain of the alpha5 and alpha6 chains of type IV collagen. Biopsy of perilesional skin revealed a subepidermal blister with marked polymorphonuclear infiltrate with linear deposits of IgA and C3. Light microscopy of a kidney biopsy specimen revealed a crescentic glomerulonephritis, and immunofluorescence microscopy showed linear basement membrane staining for IgA (3+), C3 (1+), and IgG (1+). No electron-dense deposits were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The patient's autoantibodies reacted with normal human skin and kidney: IgA (3+) and IgG (1+) antibodies stained the basement membrane zones of skin, renal glomerulus, and some tubules. The identity of the target antigen was determined by immunochemical analyses of candidate antigens using the patient's autoantibodies. The patient's IgA and IgG autoantibodies reacted with a 185- to 190-kDa antigen from a human dermal extract that was distinguished from the other dermal or epidermal antigens, including the 145- to 290-kDa (type VII collagen) epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen, the 165- to 200-kDa alpha3 laminin mucous membrane cicatricial pemphigoid antigen, and the 230-kDa and the 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigens. Patient's IgA and IgG autoantibodies further reacted with the alpha5(IV) and weakly with the alpha6(IV) chains of type IV collagen by Western blot and ELISA. This report expands the repertoire of bullous skin disorders and provides an explanation for the association of anti-type IV collagen autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis with subepidermal blisters.
Hubbard model in infinite dimensions: A quantum Monte Carlo study.

An essentially exact solution of the infinite-dimensional Hubbard model is made possible by a new self-consistent Monte Carlo procedure. Near half filling antiferromagnetism and a pseudogap in the single-particle density of states are found for sufficiently large values of the intrasite Coulomb interaction. At half filling the antiferromagnetic transition temperature obtains its largest value when the intrasite Coulomb interaction U\ensuremath{\approxeq}3.
Lime, molybdenum, and cultivar effects on molybdenum deficiency of poinsettia

Abstract Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) cultivars ‘Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond’ (AH), ‘Gutbier V‐14 Glory’ (GG), and ‘Eckespoint C‐1 Red’ (ER) were grown in a peat‐perlite potting medium to study lime and Mo effects on the occurrence of Mo deficiency. Two rates of dolomitic limestone, 0 and 3 kg/m3of growing medium, and weekly applications of micronutrient solutions containing 0.0 or 1.0 ppm Mo were made in factorial combination. Lime, Mo, or both prevented Mo deficiency symptoms in all cultivars. Without both lime and Mo, Mo deficiency symptoms appeared on AH and GG, but not on ER. Lime and/or Mo reduced NO3‐N content, increased Mo content and increased nitrate reductase enzyme activity (NRA) in the upper recently matured leaves of all cultivars. Lime and Mo interacted to affect these parameters in all cultivars. Comparing the three cultivars without both lime and Mo, NO‐‐N content was lowest and NRA highest in ER. However, the Mo content of ER leaves was equal to or less than that...
“Me and the Law is Not Friends”: How Former Prisoners Make Sense of Reentry

This article examines how former prisoners of color conceptualize their political, social, and economic futures and how these conceptualizations relate to the racialized social structural obstacles encountered upon reentry and decisions to re-engage criminal labor. I find that, presented with similar post-prison challenges, excarcerated men take several approaches when reentering society. I argue that the differences among their approaches lie in their varying interpretations of how they can act as individuals against and within their social structural limitations. Their decisions to rejoin or forfeit participation in criminal economies are thus shaped by experiences confronting the limitations of material conditions but also emerge from their critiques of racialized structures.
Decreased insulin sensitivity and increased oxidative damage in wasting adipose tissue depots of wild-type mice

Unintentional weight loss (wasting) in the elderly is a major health concern as it leads to increased mortality. Several studies have focused on muscle loss, but little is known about the mechanisms giving rise to loss of fat mass at old ages. To investigate potential mechanisms, white adipose tissue (WAT) characteristics and proteomic profiles were compared between adult (10–12-month-old) and aged (22–24-month-old) wild-type mice. Four individual WAT depots were analyzed to account for possible depot-specific differences. Proteomic profiles of WAT depots, along with body weights and compositions, plasma levels of insulin, leptin and adiponectin, insulin tolerance, adipocyte sizes, and products of oxidative damage in each WAT depot were determined. We found that lean mass remained constant while fat mass and insulin tolerance were decreased in old age, as were adipocyte sizes in the WAT depots. Proteomic results showed increased levels of enolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1β, NAD+−dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase α, and ATP synthase subunit β, and decreased levels of carbonic anhydrase 3 in WAT of aged mice. These data suggest increased aerobic glucose oxidation in wasting WAT, consistent with decreased insulin signaling. Also, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and two chaperones were increased in aged WAT depots, indicating higher stress resistance. In agreement, lipid peroxidation (HNE-His adducts) increased in old age, although protein oxidation (carbonyl groups) showed no increase. In conclusion, features of wasting WAT were similar in the four depots, including decreased adipocyte sizes and alterations in protein expression profiles that indicated decreased insulin sensitivity and increased lipid peroxidation.
Impacts of surface mine valley fills on headwater floods in eastern Kentucky

The potential impacts of valley fills associated with mountaintop removal/valley fill (MTR/VF) coal mining on downstream flooding in the coalfields of eastern Kentucky and adjacent states are a subject of public debate and scientific uncertainty. This study explored two aspects of this issue. First, hydrologic indices of relative runoff production and surface and subsurface flow detention were applied to conditions typical of headwater and low-order drainage basins in eastern Kentucky. Results show that there is a clear risk of increased flooding (greater runoff production and less surface flow detention) following MTR/VF operations, and suggest that, on balance, valley fills are more likely to increase rather than decrease flood potential. However, there is a wide range of outcomes, qualitatively and quantitatively. Flood risks can be increased or decreased, and the degree of either may vary markedly. The effects of MTR/VF mining on downstream peak flows are highly contingent on local pre- and post-mining conditions, and it would be unwise to apply generalizations to specific sites. Second, the occurrence of flash floods downstream of MTR/VF operations when nearby unmined areas did not flood or had less severe floods has frequently been explained (without supporting data) in terms of locally greater precipitation. The likelihood of such short-range variability of storm precipitation is evaluated by applying the state probability function to NEXRAD radar estimates of precipitation for two 2001 storms which produced flash floods in eastern Kentucky. The spatial structure of the storm precipitation indicates that at the scale of the analysis (pixel size of approximately 2 km) large local variations in storm precipitation are unlikely—that is, the probability of nearby hollows or low-order drainage basins receiving substantially different storm precipitation totals is low.
Imaging protein dynamics in live mitotic cells

To ensure that genetic material is accurately segregated during mitosis, eukaryotic cells assemble a mitotic spindle, a dynamic structure composed of microtubules and associated regulatory, structural and motor proteins. Although much has been learned in the past decades from direct observations of live cells expressing fluorescently tagged spindle proteins, a complete understanding of spindle assembly requires a detailed analysis of the dynamic behavior of component parts. Proteins tagged with conventional fluorophores, however, make such an analysis difficult because all of the molecules are uniformly fluorescent. To alleviate this problem, we have tagged proteins with a photoactivatable variant of GFP (PA-GFP), thereby allowing one to follow the behavior of a subset of tagged molecules in the cell. Here, we describe methods to tag and express proteins with PA-GFP, locally photoactivate the recombinant protein and record the dynamic behavior of the photoactivated molecules in live cells. We provide examples of photoactivable proteins in mammalian and yeast cells to illustrate the power of this approach to examine the dynamics of spindle formation and function in diverse cells.
U.S. and Chinese Cultural Beliefs about Learning.

This study examined U.S. and Chinese conceptions of learning with leaning-related terms collected from U.S. and Chinese college students. Cluster analysis yielded a hierarchical structure of this lexicon for each culture. The 2 sets of cultural beliefs contained such different notions about learning that there was little overlap, however. The English terms included elaborated conceptions of mental processes, internal learner characteristics, social contexts, and externally existing bodies of knowledge. Most Chinese terms dealt with "seeking knowledge" including personal attitudes, purposes, and action plans for leaning. Chinese conceptions also emphasized achievement standards of breadth and depth of knowledge, the unity of knowing and morality, and contributions to society. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Isotropic subspaces for skewforms and maximal abelian subgroups of p-groups

will be called a skewform. A subspace W is isotropic for a if the restriction of a to W is null, i.e., a(x, y) =0 for all X, YE W. More generally, if a = b 1 ,..., ak} is a collection of skewforms on V then a subspace W is said to be isotropic for a if it is isotropic for each a,. Note that we could choose to think of the collection a as an alternating bilinear map a: Vx V+ Fk. Given a collection a of k skewforms as above let m(a) be the dimension of the largest isotropic subspace for a. Let d(F, n, k) denote the minimum possible value of m(a) as a ranges over all k-tuples of skewforms on an n-dimensional vector space:
Effective Utilization of Tensor Symmetry in Operation Optimization of Tensor Contraction Expressions

Abstract The optimization of tensor expressions with hundreds of terms is required for the development of accurate quantum chemistry models such as the coupled cluster method. In this paper, we address the effective exploitation of symmetry properties of tensors in performing algebraic transformations for minimizing operation count of tensor expressions. We develop rules to detect symmetries in intermediate tensors, cost models for tensor contractions with symmetries, and a canonical representation to facilitate effective common subexpression elimination. We demonstrate significant improvements to the operation counts for the coupled cluster method when compared to several state-of-the-art im-plementations. Furthermore, we show that tensor expressions optimized for a few input parameter combinations can be used to achieve operation counts within 3% of the optimal, for the entire parameter space of interest.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS INCLUDING SHEATH EFFECTS AT A PLASMA-FACING SURFACE

It has recently been reported that space-charge saturation occurs adjacent to almost every commonly used plasma-facing material for plasma temperatures above {approximately}50 eV. An electron emission coefficient, defined as the average number of surface-emitted electrons per incident plasma electron, which is near or above unity is responsible for the occurrence of space-charge saturation. With this motivation, a fully kinetic self-consistent theory capable of describing the plasma sheath under conditions of space-charge saturation is developed. The theory is then used to obtain boundary conditions which are suitable for incorporation into computer programs which simulate plasmas. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A neural network strategy for disturbance pattern classification and adaptive multivariable control

Abstract This paper presents a neural network approach to adaptive control through pattern recognition techniques, extending previously published results on single-input/single-output systems to two-input/two-output systems. Two vector-quantizing neural networks are used to analyze both the input and output patterns resulting from a perturbation to the process. The results of these analyses are then used to update the model gain of the first-order plus dead time model that describes each input/ output pair. This work focuses primarily on making model adaptations following load disturbances as opposed to set point changes, as load disturbances present by far the greatest adaptation challenge to chemical process applications. The results are compared to a more traditional modeling technique, batchwise model regression, with respect to both accuracy and computational load. The adaptive strategy is demonstrated using a variety of disturbances on two challenging multivariable process simulations.
Medical overview and genetics of Williams-Beuren syndrome

Abstract Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a multisystem genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7. The majority of patients demonstrate cardiovascular pathology, most commonly supravalvular aortic and/or other vascular stenoses. Progressive stenosis can occur and, furthermore, ∼50% of WBS patients develop hypertension. Although the absolute risk for life-threatening cardiovascular complications is low, certain constellations of problems such as severe biventricular outflow disease increase the relative risk of adverse outcomes. Many additional medical problems complicate WBS such as feeding difficulties, colic and irritability, slow physical growth, abnormal dentition, constipation, and a variety of endocrine abnormalities. All patients with WBS have intellectual handicaps. Most patients function in the range of moderate mental retardation and also demonstrate a characteristic cognitive profile of strengths and weaknesses; notably most individuals with WBS develop anxieties and phobias. The typical, albeit subtle, facial dysmorpology of WBS in conjunction with one or more of the above problems should prompt fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) laboratory testing to confirm deletion of one copy of the elastin gene. Almost all WBS patients have the same size microdeletion on one chromosome 7 resulting in loss of one copy of ∼20 genes. The role these genes play in causing the complex WBS phenotype is actively being studied in several research laboratories. Patients with WBS require long-term care and guidelines for medical management and anticipatory guidance are offered.
Characterization of structural changes in thermally enhanced Kevlar-29 fiber

This exploratory investigation examined the structural mechanism accounting for the enhanced compressive properties of heat-treated Kevlar-29 fibers. A novel theory was set forth that hydrogen-bond disruption and concurrent misorientation of crystallites may account for the observed augmentation of compressive properties. To examine the said theory, as-received Kevlar-29 fibers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry in an effort to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen-bond disruption was responsible for the improved behavior in compression. Additionally, Kevlar-29 fibers that had been exposed to treatment temperatures of 400, 440, and 470°C were profiled by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen-bond obfuscation had been promoted. The results indicate that both mechanistic changes occurred within the Kevlar-29, albeit in different regions of the rigid-rod polymer. In particular, heat treatment of poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide appears to have resulted in crosslinking of its skin region and hydrogen-bond disruption within the core realm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 417–424, 2004
Self-Efficacy and Athletic Squat Performance: Positive or Negative Influences at the Within- and Between-Levels of Analysis

Social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986, 2001) and perceptual control theory (Powers, 1978, 1991) have described the self-efficacy/performance relationship in stark contrast. Additionally, recent work exploring these discrepancies has yielded future research suggestions yet to be undertaken (Bandura & Locke, 2003; Vancouver, Thompson, Tischner, & Putka, 2002; Yeo & Neal, 2006). Thus, this study explored the relationship between self-efficacy and performance between- and within-individuals over time. Division I collegiate American football players (N = 115) completed self-efficacy questionnaires and one-repetition maximum squat tests at 3 time points during off-season strength training. Results revealed that self-efficacy was positively related to squat performance at both the within- and between-person levels when controlling for athletes' raw past performance.
The Organization of Prefrontal-Subthalamic Inputs in Primates Provides an Anatomical Substrate for Both Functional Specificity and Integration: Implications for Basal Ganglia Models and Deep Brain Stimulation

The identification of a hyperdirect cortico-subthalamic nucleus connection highlighted the important role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in regulating behavior. However, this pathway was shown primarily from motor areas. Hyperdirect pathways associated with cognitive and motivational cortical regions are particularly relevant given recent data from deep brain stimulation, both for neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Our experiments were designed to demonstrate the existence and organization of prefrontal-STN projections, help delineate the "limbic" STN, and determine whether convergence between cortico-STN fibers from functionally diverse cortical areas exists in the STN. We injected anterograde tracers in the ventromedial prefrontal, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, and dorsal prefrontal cortices of Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis to analyze the organization of terminals and passing fibers in the STN. Results show a topographically organized prefrontal hyperdirect pathway in primates. Limbic areas project to the medial tip of the nucleus, straddling its border and extending into the lateral hypothalamus. Associative areas project to the medial half, motor areas to the lateral half. Limbic projections terminated primarily rostrally and motor projections more caudally. The extension of limbic projections into the lateral hypothalamus, suggests that this region be included in the STN. A high degree of convergence exists between projections from functionally diverse cortical areas, creating potentially important interfaces between terminal fields. Taken together, the results provide an anatomical substrate to extend the role of the hyperdirect pathway in models of basal ganglia function, and new keys for understanding deep brain stimulation effects on cognitive and motivational aspects of behavior.
Cultures under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma

Cultures under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma. Antonius C. G. M. Robben and Marcelo M. Sudrez-Orozco. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 285 pp.
Locomotor activity and gait in aged mice deficient for type IX collagen

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a risk factor for physical inactivity and impaired mobility, but it is not well understood how these locomotor behaviors are affected by the age of onset of OA and disease se...
The anterior and posterior ‘stomach’ regions of larval Aedes aegypti midgut: regional specialization of ion transport and stimulation by 5-hydroxytryptamine

The ‘stomach’ region of the larval mosquito midgut is divided into histologically distinct anterior and posterior regions. Anterior stomach perfused symmetrically with saline in vitro had an initial transepithelial potential (TEP) of −66 mV (lumen negative) that decayed within 10–15 min to a steady-state TEP near −10 mV that was maintained for at least 1 h. Lumen-positive TEPs were never observed in the anterior stomach. The initial TEP of the perfused posterior stomach was opposite in polarity, but similar in magnitude, to that of the anterior stomach, measuring +75 mV (lumen positive). This initial TEP of the posterior stomach decayed rapidly at first, then more slowly, eventually reversing the electrical polarity of the epithelium as lumen-negative TEPs were recorded in all preparations within 70 min. Nanomolar concentrations of the biogenic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) stimulated both regions, causing a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach and a positive deflection of the TEP of the posterior stomach. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate also caused a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach, but had no effect on the TEP of the posterior stomach. These data demonstrate that 5-HT stimulates region-specific ion-transport mechanisms in the stomach of Aedes aegypti and suggest that 5-HT coordinates the actions of the Malpighian tubules and midgut in the maintenance of an appropriate hemolymph composition in vivo.
Design and implementation of an enterprise grid

This paper presents the design and implementation of intraGrid, an experimental grid based on the Globus ToolkitTM and deployed on the IBM intranet. The architecture and the main components of intraGrid are described. Then, the major technical challenges and their solutions are reviewed, including software packaging and distribution, the interface for administrative tasks, and the design and implementation of the three major services: information services, management services, and job submission services. The paper also describes the extensions and modifications to intraGrid that were required to create the ISD grid, a grid that is used for joint projects with customers and thus requires access by external users. The paper reviews the use of intraGrid by various teams of IBM researchers to date and outlines the plans for future applications. The work in progress to migrate the intraGrid to an OGSA-based (Open Grid Services Architecture-based) grid is also described.
Stochastic resonance: An approach for enhanced medical image processing

This paper presents a novel application of the stochastic resonance effect in medical image processing. Aiming to improve system performance, two noise modified image processing schemes are proposed. Performances of several medical image processing systems are shown to improve when suitable stochastic resonance noise is added.
“Was Taking Me Out of the Home Necessary?” Perspectives of Foster Youth on the Necessity for Removal

The public views on child protection are often negative and assume that children in care are uniformly unhappy and would rather be at home than in care. This qualitative research sought to give voice to youth on their foster care experience. Former foster youth were asked to recall being removed from their home and reflect on whether they thought removal was necessary. More than three quarters thought removal was necessary and beneficial; 16% disagreed with the removal decision. The reasons given by both sets of youth are discussed. These results support other research findings that suggest foster youth are more satisfied than dissatisfied with care. The implications of these findings for policy are discussed.
Transferrin function in zinc absorption and transport.

Blood was drawn from the portal vein of rats immediately after the insertion of /sup 65/Zn into the duodenal lumen. Analysis of the plasma from the portal blood demonstrated that the major portion of absorbed /sup 65/Zn was bound to transferrin. When apotransferrin was incubated with /sup 65/Zn-labeled basolateral plasma membranes, 60% of the isotope was removed from the membrane. Zinc-free albumin prepared with histidine removed 25% of the /sup 65/Zn from labeled membranes and histidine had no effect. These results demonstrate that transferrin functions in the absorption and transport of zinc.
Focusing Failures in Competitive Environments: Explaining Decision Errors in the Monty Hall Game, the Acquiring a Company Problem, and Multi-Party Ultimatums

This paper offers a unifying conceptual explanation for failures in competitive decision making across three seemingly unrelated tasks: the Monty Hall game (Nalebuff, 1987), the Acquiring a Company problem (Samuelson & Bazerman, 1985), and multi-party ultimatums (Messick, Moore, & Bazerman, 1997). We argue that the failures observed in these three tasks have a common root. Specifically, due to a limited focus of attention, competitive decision-makers fail properly to consider all of the information needed to solve the problem correctly. Using protocol analyses, we show that competitive decision-makers tend to focus on their own goals, often to the exclusion of the decisions of the other parties, the rules of the game, and the interaction among the parties in light of these rules. In addition, we show that the failure to consider these effects explains common decision failures across all three games. Finally, we suggest that this systematic focusing error in competitive contexts can serve to explain and improve our understanding of many additional, seemingly disparate, competitive decision-making failures.
Potential Compounds for Monitoring Method Performance in the Determination of Selected Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Human Serum

Four compounds--2,2', 3,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, decachlorodiphenylether, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane, and dichlorobenzophenone--are recommended for monitoring the within-sample behavior of an analytical method that quantifies chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (such as Aroclor 1260) in serum using packed column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Percent recoveries of these surrogates averaged greater than 80%, except with dichlorobenzophenone, which had an average recovery of greater than 70%.
Black holes and entropy

There are a number of similarities between black-hole physics and thermodynamics. Most striking is the similarity in the behaviors of black-hole area and of entropy: Both quantities tend to increase irreversibly. In this paper we make this similarity the basis of a thermodynamic approach to black-hole physics. After a brief review of the elements of the theory of information, we discuss black-hole physics from the point of view of information theory. We show that it is natural to introduce the concept of black-hole entropy as the measure of information about a black-hole interior which is inaccessible to an exterior observer. Considerations of simplicity and consistency, and dimensional arguments indicate that the black-hole entropy is equal to the ratio of the black-hole area to the square of the Planck length times a dimensionless constant of order unity. A different approach making use of the specific properties of Kerr black holes and of concepts from information theory leads to the same conclusion, and suggests a definite value for the constant. The physical content of the concept of black-hole entropy derives from the following generalized version of the second law: When common entropy goes down a black hole, the common entropy in the black-hole exterior plus the black-hole entropy never decreases. The validity of this version of the second law is supported by an argument from information theory as well as by several examples.
Methodological Issues in Research on Web-Based Behavioral Interventions

Web-based behavioral intervention research is rapidly growing. We review methodological issues shared across Web-based intervention research to help inform future research in this area. We examine measures and their interpretation using exemplar studies and our research. We report on research designs used to evaluate Web-based interventions and recommend newer, blended designs. We review and critique methodological issues associated with recruitment, engagement, and social validity. We suggest that there is value to viewing this burgeoning realm of research from the broader context of behavior change research. We conclude that many studies use blended research designs, that innovative mantling designs such as the Multiphase Optimization Strategy and Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial methods hold considerable promise and should be used more widely, and that Web-based controls should be used instead of usual care or no-treatment controls in public health research. We recommend topics for future research that address participant recruitment, engagement, and social validity.
The uncertainty of predicting intact anterior cruciate ligament degeneration in terms of structural properties using T(2)(*) relaxometry in a human cadaveric model.

Abstract The combination of healing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) volume and the distributions of T 2 ⁎ relaxation times within it have been shown to predict the biomechanical failure properties in a porcine model. This MR-based prediction model has not yet been used to assess ligament degeneration in the aging human knee. Using a set of 15 human cadaveric knees of varying ages, we obtained in situ MR measures of volume and T 2 ⁎ of the intact ACL and then related these MR variables to biomechanical outcomes (maximum and yield loads, linear stiffness) obtained via ex vivo failure testing. Using volume in conjunction with the median T 2 ⁎ value, the multiple linear regression model did not predict maximum failure load for the intact human ACL; R2=0.23, p=0.200. Similar insignificant results were found for yield load and linear stiffness. Naturally restricted distributions of the intact ligament volume and T 2 ⁎ (demonstrated by the respective Z-scores) in an older cadaveric population were the likely reason for the insignificant results. These restricted distributions may negatively affect the ability to detect a correlation when one exists. Further research is necessary to understand the relationship of MRI variables and ligament degeneration. While this study failed to find a significant prediction of human biomechanical outcome using these MR variables, with further research, an MR-based approach may offer a tool to longitudinally assess changes in cruciate ligament degradation.
A first-order theory of types and polymorphism in logic programming

A logic called typed predicate calculus (TPC) that gives declarative meaning to logic programs with type declarations and type inference is introduced. The proper interaction between parametric and inclusion varieties of polymorphism is achieved through a construct called type dependency, which is analogous to implication types but yields more natural and succinct specifications. Unlike other proposals where typing has extra-logical status, in TPC the notion of type-correctness has precise model-theoretic meaning that is independent of any specific type-checking or type-inference procedure. Moreover, many different approaches to typing that were proposed in the past can be studied and compared within the framework of TPC. Another novel feature of TPC is its reflexivity with respect to type declarations; in TPC, these declarations can be queried the same way as any other data. Type reflexivity is useful for browsing knowledge bases and, potentially, for debugging logic programs. >
Anisotropic 2D materials for tunable hyperbolic plasmonics

Motivated by the recent emergence of a new class of anisotropic 2D materials, we examine their electromagnetic modes and demonstrate that a broad class of the materials can host highly directional hyperbolic plasmons. Their propagation direction can be manipulated on the spot by gate doping, enabling hyperbolic beam reflection, refraction, and bending. The realization of these natural 2D hyperbolic media opens up a new avenue in dynamic control of hyperbolic plasmons not possible in the 3D version.
Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters in Patients with Cancer: Complications and Retrieval Success Rate

Active cancer (ACa) is strongly associated with venous thromboembolism and bleeding. Retrievable inferior vena cava filters (RIVCF) are frequently placed in these patients when anticoagulation cannot be continued. Objectives. To describe the complications and retrieval rate of inferior vena cava filters in patients with ACa. Methods. Retrospective review of 251 consecutive patients with RIVCF in a single institution. Results. We included 251 patients with RIVCF with a mean age of 58.1 years and a median follow-up of 5.4 months (164 days, IQR: 34-385). Of these patients 32% had ACa. There were no differences in recurrence rate of DVT between patients with ACa and those without ACa (13% versus 17%, p = ns). Also, there were no differences in major filter complications (11% ACa versus 7% no ACa, p = ns). The filter retrieval was not different between groups (log-rank = 0.16). Retrieval rate at 6 months was 49% in ACa patients versus 64% in patients without ACa (p = ns). Filter retrieval was less frequent in ACa patients with metastatic disease (p < 0.01) or a nonsurgical indication for filter placement (p = 0.04). Conclusions. No differences were noted in retrieval rate, recurrent DVT, or filter complications between the two groups. ACa should not preclude the use of RIVCF.
Psychiatric manifestations in dementia

ABSTRACTNeuropsychiatric symptoms are a prominent feature of all neurodegenerative dementias. They represent invaluable clinical information for differential diagnosis of patients with cognitive decline. Neuropsychiatric symptoms increase in frequency and severity throughout the course of the diseas
Optical Trapping and Manipulation with Plasmonic Nanopillar Antennas for Enhanced Biosensing

We propose metallic nanopillar antenna arrays on a metallic film combining the strengths of localized and propagating surface plasmons for high performance sensing, spectroscopy as well as optical trapping all in the same platform.
Air Gaps as Intermediate Selective Reflectors to Reach Theoretical Efficiency Limits of Multibandgap Solar Cells

Efficient external luminescence is a prerequisite for high-voltage solar cells. To approach the Shockley-Queisser limit, a highly reflective rear mirror is required. This mirror enhances the voltage of the solar cell by providing internally luminescent photons with multiple opportunities for escaping out the front surface. Likewise, intermediate reflectors in a multibandgap solar cell can assist external luminescence to enhance the voltage for each cell in a stack. These intermediate reflectors must also transmit the subbandgap photons to the next cell in the stack. A practical implementation of an intermediate selective reflector is an air gap sandwiched by antireflection coatings. The air gap provides perfect reflection for angles outside the escape cone, and the antireflection coating transmits angles inside the escape cone. As the incoming sunlight is within the escape cone, it is transmitted on to the next cell, while most of the internally trapped luminescence is reflected. We calculate that air gap intermediate reflectors, along with a rear mirror, can provide an absolute efficiency increase of ≈5% in multibandgap cells.
Otolith mass as a predictor of age in kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from four Colorado reservoirs

Estimating ages of individuals in fish populations is crucial for determining characteristics necessary to effectively manage sport fisheries. Currently, the most accepted approach for fish age determination is using thin sectioned otoliths for interpretation. This method is labor-intensive, requires extensive training, and subjectively determines age. Several studies have shown that otolith mass increases with age, yet use of otolith mass to determine fish age is relatively underutilized. However, determining fish age using otolith mass requires relatively little training, is relatively nonsubjective, and is faster compared with other aging techniques. We collected kokanee salmon (i.e., landlocked sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka) in 2004 from four reservoirs and from 2000 to 2009 in one reservoir to evaluate the efficacy of using otolith mass to determine fish ages. We used a machine learning technique to predict kokanee salmon ages using otolith mass and various other covariates. Our findings suggest...
Are You Faux Real? An Examination of Art Forgery and the Legal Tools Protecting Art Collectors

The authorship of artwork greatly affects its value. For this reason, authentication in art is a complex and sometimes contentious process. This paper examines the history of art authentication, due diligence to ensure that purchasers are not buying forgeries, complex cases without clear-cut answers, and legal tools available to buyers after a forgery has been purchased.
SU-F-T-128: Dose-Volume Constraints for Particle Therapy Treatment Planning

Purpose: Determine equivalent Organ at Risk (OAR) tolerance dose (TD) constraints for MV x-rays and particle therapy. Methods: Equivalent TD estimates for MV x-rays are determined from an isoeffect, regression-analysis of published and in-house constraints for various fractionation schedules (n fractions). The analysis yields an estimate of (α/β) for an OAR. To determine equivalent particle therapy constraints, the MV x-ray TD(n) values are divided by the RBE for DSB induction (RBEDSB) or cell survival (RBES). Estimates of (RBEDSB) are computed using the Monte Carlo Damage Simulation, and estimates of RBES are computed using the Repair-Misrepair-Fixation (RMF) model. A research build of the RayStation™ treatment planning system implementing the above model is used to estimate (RBEDSB) for OARs of interest in 16 proton therapy patient plans (head and neck, thorax, prostate and brain). Results: The analysis gives an (α/β) estimate of about 20 Gy for the trachea and heart and 2–4 Gy for the esophagus, spine, and brachial plexus. Extrapolation of MV x-ray constraints (n = 1) to fast neutrons using RBEDSB = 2.7 are in excellent agreement with clinical experience (n = 10 to 20). When conventional (n > 30) x-ray treatments are used as the reference radiation, fast neutron RBE increased to a maximum of 6. For comparison to a constant RBE of 1.1, the RayStation™ analysis gave estimates of proton RBEDSB from 1.03 to 1.33 for OARs of interest. Conclusion: The presented system of models is a convenient formalism to synthesize from multiple sources of information a set of self-consistent plan constraints for MV x-ray and hadron therapy treatments. Estimates of RBEDSB from the RayStation™ analysis differ substantially from 1.1 and vary among patients and treatment sites. A treatment planning system that incorporates patient and anatomy-specific corrections in proton RBE would create opportunities to increase the therapeutic ratio. The research build of the RayStation used in the study was made available to the University of Washington free of charge. RaySearch Laboratories did not provide any monetary support for the reported studies.
Experimental and numerical study of heat transfer due to developing flow in a two-pass rib roughened square duct

Abstract Experimental and numerical study of flow and heat transfer in a two-pass channel featuring different rib geometries has been carried out. The thermal hydraulic performance of four different rib geometries – 45° angled, V, W and M-shaped ribs, have been reported and analyzed. The tests were performed over a Reynolds number range from 19,500 to 69,000. The channel aspect ratio was 1:1 (square), the rib-pitch-to-rib-height ratio (p/e) was 16 and the rib-height-to-channel hydraulic diameter ratio (e/Dh) was 0.125. The detailed Nusselt number distributions on the ribbed wall were obtained using transient liquid crystal thermography. Numerical simulations (using ANSYS Fluent) have been carried out to resolve the complex flow field peculiar to rib turbulator shapes, for detailed understanding of the experimentally measured heat transfer coefficients. For the numerical simulations, realizable version of k-e model was chosen because of its ability to predict separated flows behind ribs. Also, CFD simulations have been validated with experimentally obtained pressure measurements at several locations in the two pass channel. In addition to flow validation, the numerically obtained heat transfer results are validated and compared with the experiments and discussion has been presented on the role of secondary flows, turbulent kinetic energy etc., on heat transfer augmentation due to the presence of the ribs.
Young bilinguals’ voices: reflecting on being experts and becoming literate

ABSTRACTThis article provides findings about how the construction of literacy practices mediated the positive identity development of first-grade bilinguals in an inquiry-based setting over an academic year. Utilizing a sociocultural approach and a Positive Discourse Analysis lens, the researcher reports findings from an exemplary primary classroom that facilitated positive identity development among young bilinguals as they simultaneously developed language, literacy, and content knowledge.