cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation sites on human lamin B. Potential role of PKC in nuclear lamina structural dynamics

Protein kinase C (PKC) is activated at the nuclear membrane in response to a variety of mitogenic stimuli. In human leukemic cells, the beta II PKC isotype is selectively translocated and activated at the nucleus. We recently identified the nuclear envelope component lamin B1 as a major substrate for nuclear PKC both in whole cells and in vitro. Using highly purified human beta II PKC and isolated nuclear envelopes from the human promyelocytic (HL60) leukemia cell line, we have now determined the major sites for beta II PKC-mediated lamin B phosphorylation. Using a combination of cyanogen bromide cleavage, direct microsequencing, tryptic phosphopeptide, and phosphate release analyses, two major sites of PKC-mediated phosphorylation, Ser395 and Ser405, have been identified. These sites lie within the carboxyl-terminal domain of lamin B immediately adjacent to the central alpha-helical rod domain. Functionally, beta II PKC-mediated phosphorylation of these sites leads to the time-dependent solubilization of lamin B indicative of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown in vitro. beta II PKC-mediated lamin B phosphorylation is inhibited by 1) a monoclonal antibody directed against the active site of PKC, 2) a PKC pseudosubstrate inhibitor peptide, and 3) a PKC peptide substrate. Two observations indicate that PKC-mediated lamin B phosphorylation and solubilization is due to direct phosphorylation of lamin B by PKC rather than indirect activation of a cdc2 kinase. Neither immunodepletion with p13suc1 Sepharose beads nor the presence of a p34cdc2 kinase peptide substrate had any effect on PKC-mediated lamin B phosphorylation. Therefore, we conclude that beta II PKC represents a physiologically relevant lamin kinase that can directly modulate nuclear lamina structure in vitro. Nuclear beta II PKC, like p34cdc2 kinase, may function to regulate nuclear lamina structural stability during cell cycle.
Control of the timing and dosage of IGF-I delivery from encapsulated cells.

We report here on the development and characterization of a cell-based system for the regulated delivery of bioactive insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). A stable mammalian cell line, CHO-K1 Tet-IGFI, was genetically modified to have tetracycline-induced transcription of the human IGF-I gene. Cells were activated to express IGF-I in the presence of doxycycline (DOX), a tetracycline derivative, while expression was inactivated in the absence of DOX. Temporal, or on-off, release of IGF-I from cells encapsulated within Ca²⁺-alginate hydrogels was demonstrated in a pilot study over the course of 10 days in culture. Released growth factor was bioactive, exhibiting a proliferative effect comparable to recombinant purified IGF-I protein. The dosage levels and temporal control of IGF-I release from encapsulated cells meet the requirements of orthopedic wound repair, making this approach an attractive means for the controlled synthesis and delivery of growth factors in situ for wound healing.
A method for minimum loss reconfiguration of radial distribution systems

This paper introduces a simple and fast heuristic approach for solving the distribution feeder reconfiguration problem with an objective of loss reduction and voltage profile improvement. In this paper, a single power flow solution is executed to specify all bus voltages and branch currents. The branch currents are utilized as switching indices to determine the open and closed status of sectionalized and tie-switches. Voltage limits, current carrying capacities, and other constraints, which are normally accounted for while solving any typical feeder reconfiguration problem have been taking into consideration in the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on 33 bus and 69 bus radial distribution systems, which have both been extensively used in the literature as examples in solving the distribution feeder reconfiguration problem. The effect of embedded generation on distribution system reconfiguration and loss reduction is discussed in one case scenario. The results show that the proposed method could lead to optimal solution and is appropriate for optimal distribution system planning studies, in which fast but approximate solutions are usually sought.
The pentacoordinate titanium complex [TiCl2(NMe2)2(HNMe2)]

Amido complexes of titanium are useful reagents in a variety of syntheses and as precursors for chemical vapour deposition of TiN. The title compound, di­chloro­bis­(di­methyl­amido)(di­methyl­amine)­titanium(IV), [TiCl2(C2H6N)2(C2H7N)], crystallizes with one mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. The neutral complex shows an unusual fivefold coordination of the titanium centre with a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry and the di­methyl­amine mol­ecule occupying an axial position.
Survival and Outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum Type E Spores in Smoked Fish

Chub injected in the loin muscle with 106Clostridium botulinum type E spores were smoked to an internal temperature of 180 F (82.2 C) for 30 min, sealed in plastic bags, and incubated at room temperature (20 to 25 C) for 7 days. Viable type E spores were found in practically all such fish. Toxin formation by the survivors in the smoked fish was dependent on the brine concentration of the smoked fish. A brine concentration of 3% or higher, as measured in the loin muscle, inhibited toxin formation. Six different type E strains gave similar results. Only a few hundred of the million spores in the inoculum survived the smoking. Moisture in the atmosphere during smoking did not reduce the incidence of fish with type E survivors.
Cardiac toxoplasmosis after heart transplantation diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy

We describe a case of cardiac toxoplasmosis diagnosed by routine endomyocardial biopsy in a patient with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) intolerance on atovaquone prophylaxis. Data are not available on the efficacy of atovaquone as Toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis after heart transplantation. In heart transplant patients in whom TMP-SMX is not an option, other strategies may be considered, including the addition of pyrimethamine to atovaquone.
ENZYMES INDUCED IN A BACTERIUM BY GROWTH ON SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE.

Alkyl sulfatase was induced by growth on nutrient broth plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a bacterium we have designated Pseudomonas C12B. Measurement of the radioactivity of S35O4= released from SDS35 by the enzyme in cell-free extracts provided an effective assay technique. The barium chloranilate assay for release of SO4= from SDS was somewhat less sensitive but effective if analyzed at 332 mμ. This test was only approximately 55% as sensitive if analyzed at 530 mμ. The activity of the glyoxylate bypass enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate synthetase, was significantly stimulated by growth of the bacteria on SDS as the sole carbon source, but not by growth on nutrient broth or nutrient broth plus SDS.
Hierarchical reconstruction for spectral volume method on unstructured grids

The hierarchical reconstruction (HR) [Y.-J. Liu, C.-W. Shu, E. Tadmor, M.-P. Zhang, Central discontinuous Galerkin methods on overlapping cells with a non-oscillatory hierarchical reconstruction, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 45 (2007) 2442-2467; Z.-L. Xu, Y.-J. Liu, C.-W. Shu, Hierarchical reconstruction for discontinuous Galerkin methods on unstructured grids with a WENO type linear reconstruction and partial neighboring cells, J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 2194-2212] is applied to a piecewise quadratic spectral volume method on two-dimensional unstructured grids as a limiting procedure to prevent spurious oscillations in numerical solutions. The key features of this HR are that the reconstruction on each control volume only uses adjacent control volumes, which forms a compact stencil set, and there is no truncation of higher degree terms of the polynomial. We explore a WENO-type linear reconstruction on each hierarchical level for the reconstruction of high degree polynomials. Numerical computations for scalar and system of nonlinear hyperbolic equations are performed. We demonstrate that the hierarchical reconstruction can generate essentially non-oscillatory solutions while keeping the resolution and desired order of accuracy for smooth solutions.
Status of cholinesterase activities in blood in neuropsychiatric disorders

The availability of easily accessible biochemical trait markers of central cholinergic activity would assist in the identification of homogeneous subgroups of neuropsychiatric patients within specific diagnostic categories. In addition to a refinement of nosology, these measures could also help to design specific treatment interventions. The activities of cholinesterase isoenzymes in blood have been reported to be abnormal in neuropsychiatric disorders with proven or hypothesized abnormalities of central cholinergic transmission. However, the relevance of these peripheral cholinesterase abnormalities to disordered central cholinergic transmission remains uncertain. Future studies examining specific cholinesterase isoenzymes in homogeneous diagnostic groups are needed to determine the potential utility of these measures as peripheral trait markers of central cholinergic activity.
A comparative assessment of slope stability of New Orleans I-wall with partial gap between the wall and layered cohesive backfill

Following Hurricane Katrina, the study of cantilevered sheet pile I-wall with gap or partial gap has become one of the central elements of the ongoing investigation pertaining to the re-building of hurricane protection systems in New Orleans, LA. Historically, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) had mostly relied upon the Method of Planes (MOP) analysis procedure for slope stability analysis of I-wall systems. However MOP is a simplified procedure which does not satisfy total equilibrium. Nevertheless, MOP is still considered by USACE as a popular analysis tool because of its simplicity and ease of use in slope stability analysis. This paper demonstrates the applicability and suitability of MOP as a viable analysis tool for the analysis of New Orleans I-wall founded on layered cohesive backfill subjected to partial gap condition. The results of MOP analyses are compared with those of rigorous limit equilibrium method. Design recommendations regarding the choice of proper analysis tool for the I-wall pa...
Photoexcitation spectroscopy of pernigraniline

Abstract Absorption and photoinduced absorption spectroscopies are reported for pernigraniline base (PNB). Direct absorption of PNB shows the band gap energy at 2.3 eV and π − π ∗ transition energies at 3.8 and 4.3 eV. The photoinduced absorption (PA) spectrum at room temperature shows three induced absorption peaks at 1.0 (LE), 1.5 (ME) and 3.0 eV (HE). At a temperature of 10 K, the LE peak becomes two peaks at 1.0 eV (LE1) and 1.3 eV (LE2). The ME peak is very long-lived; in addition, there are very long-lived relatively weak infrared vibrations. Light-induced ESR studies show the long-lived 1.5 eV peak has spin-1/2. We suggest that the LE peak originates from A-B type soliton pairs, while the ME peak originates from massive (∼300 me) ring rotational polarons in amorphous regions.
Multiple sclerosis in black children.

Six cases of childhood multiple sclerosis (MS) are presented. All patients (three boys and three girls) were black and came from the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Age at onset of the disease ranged from 8 to 17 years. Although motor deficits, optic neuritis, and ataxia were similar to those previously reported in pediatric patients, mental symptoms were more prominent and the course more intractable. The pattern of disease was characterized by a high frequency of relapses, with short remission and rapid progression. Within 1 to 7 years, one patient had died, one became severely handicapped, and three were steroid dependent with recurrent relapses. Our findings suggest that MS, though uncommon, exists also in black children. In the cases presented, the clinical course seems to be more malignant than previously reported. (J Child Neurol 1991;6:53-57).
The effect of block length upon structure, physical properties, and transport within a series of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s

Abstract The gas transport and physical properties of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) was studied as a function of sulfonated and unsulfonated block length (5k:5k, 10k:10k, and 15k:15k). Viscoelastic properties were evaluated using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) to observe polymer relaxations and domain compatibility. A decrease in glass transition temperature T g was observed with increasing block length. 5k:5k had a single T g (241 °C), while micro-phase separation between 10k:10k and 15k:15k domains create two T g 's that are slightly merged (191 °C, 236 °C and 182 °C, 233 °C). Swelling measurements revealed that film dimensional changes were greater in the plane normal to the film than parallel with increasing block size. He, H 2 , CO 2 , and O 2 permeability decreased with increasing sulfonated block length with no interchain spacing dependence. The apparent activation energy for permeation E p increased with gas kinetic diameter size and had a maximum value for 15k:15k. A trade-off relationship between sulfonated and unsulfonated polymer block length is linked to phase separation, water swelling, and gas permeability.
Formation Damage Caused by Cement Filtrates in Sandstone Cores

A series of core damage experiments was conducted with filtrates containing various cement additives, such as dispersants and fluid-loss additives. Results clearly show that the extent and location of the permeability impairment varies, depending on the relative rate of particle precipitation and the residence time in the core. Results of the core-flow experiments are interpreted in conjunction with particle-size distribution and concentration results obtained in batch experiments. In this paper variations in the average particle size and the number concentration of particles with time in various compositions of cement filtrates are reported. These prove to be useful indicators of the extent and location of the damage observed in the cores.
A million monkeys and Shakespeare

It is the ultimate improbability. If a million monkeys sat at a million typewriters, they would eventually reproduce all the works of Shakespeare. Now they have done it. Or have they? On 6th October this year the BBC, CNN and world media reported that the last of the monkeys finished the job. Jesse Anderson was the monkey-trainer. While Shakespeare gibbers, he explains what he – and the monkeys – have and have not done.
Sperm competition in the water strider, Gerris remigis

Abstract Sperm competition occurs in the giant water strider. In serial mating experiments using normal and sterilized males, the last male to mate was able to displace, on average, 65% of the sperm of the previous male. Success of second males was, however, highly variable but can be partially explained by relative copulation lengths of the two males. Although there was a tendency for long copulations by the first male to be followed by long copulations by the second, second males could only obtain the ‘last male’ advantage if their copulations were long relative to those of first males. A long latency period occurred between genital contact and the effective transfer of sperm as no viable eggs were produced until copulations lasted at least 15 min. Once sperm transfer began, however, virtually the entire sperm load was delivered instantaneously to the female. Females continued to lay fertile eggs for 24 days after a single copulation, and although this period increased to 30 days after two matings, the difference was not statistically significant. Although the incompleteness of sperm displacement suggests that alternative copulatory strategies among males should be common, the existence of a long latency period before sperm transfer should not only reduce this tendency, but also increase female choosiness.
Low dose ethanol prevents propionate induced hyperammonemia

Abstract We have reported that rats given 10–20 mmol/kg of propionate develop hyperammomemia in response to amino acid loads. Ethanol in doses of 0.1–5 mmoles/kg attenuates or prevents this hyperammonemia. Liver ATP, glutamate and aspartate levels are unaffected, but the fall in acetyl CoA and secondarily in N-acetylglutamate caused by propionate alone is much reduced. As a result of this effect, mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase activity is restored nearly to normal. Thus low-dose ethanol combats this form of hyperammonemia by augmenting hepatic acetyl CoA.
Diffusivities and viscosities of some gases at elevated temperatures: Gas diffusivities in porous solids

A diffusion bridge apparatus has been used to measure diffusivities for the gas pairs CO2−N2, CO2−Ar, and CH4−N2 at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1000 K. The apparatus measured effective diffusivities which were transformed into ordinary diffusivities after calibration with a gas pair (CO2−N2) of known diffusivity. The apparatus was also used to measure the viscosities of the four gases over the same temperature range. The results were compared with the predictions of the Chapman-Enskog correlation (ordinary diffusivities and viscosities) and predictions for diffusion rates in porous solids developed in Monte Carlo simulations. Additional experiments examined the effect of changing pore structure on the diffusivities of gases.
Justice and cultural conflict: Racism, sexism, and instructional materials

This paper has sought to raise questions about the limits we have imposed on ourselves as we discuss the relationship between racism, sexism, and instructional materials. In addition to attempting to outline the historical evolution of concerns about the content of curricular materials, and the manner in which this issue is currently being debated, I have tried to demonstrate that the ground rules and definitions we have accepted have limited our ability to apprehend the real complexity of the issue (e.g., a definition of censorship which omits the notion of covert censorship). Perhaps the most important belief which I have sought to question is that the content of literary and curricular materials can be discussed in isolation from the ideologies which they consciously or unconsciously manifest. There is a relationship between these ideologies and the wider distribution of power and resources in society. To discuss challenges to racially or sexually biased instructional materials exclusively in terms of a perceived threat to intellectual freedom and in absence of a discussion of the role such materials play in the continuation and re-creation of racial and sexual discrimination in society is, as has been stated, to ignore matters which demand consideration. It is my conviction that the debate surrounding this question has, for too long, been abstracted from the concrete historical concerns of those directly involved, and has ignored the appeals to justice and fairness which adhere to the claims of those demanding redress of past grievances.
Tampons, dioxins, and endometriosis.

Abstract Concern has been expressed that rayon tampons contain dioxins as a result of chlorine bleaching and, further, that the dioxins in tampons may increase the risk of endometriosis. Rayon tampons do not contain 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, the chemical commonly meant when the generic term “dioxin” is used. In addition, rayon tampons contain only trivial amounts of dioxin-like environmental contaminants, similar to the amounts contained in unbleached cotton tampons. The amount of dioxin-like material that is theoretically available from tampons is at least six orders of magnitude lower than estimated daily food exposure levels to these contaminants. The evidence for a causal relationship between environmental exposure to dioxins and endometriosis is inconsistent. Prediction of the effective dioxin dose based on the most suggestive of the primate studies on endometriosis does not raise concerns about typical human food exposures to these compounds, let alone the considerably lower levels that could be present in tampons.
The relationship between hnRNA+-poly(A) and mRNA+-poly (A) in non-dividing human lymphocytes. Evidence for distinct synthetic pathways for mRNA precursor- and nonprecursor-hnRNA.

Abstract The processing of hnRNA+-poly(A) to mRNA+-poly(A) has been studied in resting lymphocytes from human peripheral blood. In pulse-chase experiments, two types of hnRNA+-poly(A) have been distinguished: the first is labeled predominantly with exogenous radioactive precursors supplied during the pulse, and the second incorporates primarily scavenged labeled precursors made available during a chase incubation. When the disappearance of both types of hnRNA+-poly(A) was quantitatively compared with the appearance of stable and labile mRNA+-poly(A), only 10% of the anticipated cytoplasmic material was actually obtained. Statistically, 90% of the poly(A)-bearing hnRNA molecules processed were degraded. The two types of hnRNA+-poly(A) were found to be functionally different. Pulse-labeled material was processed to poly(A)-bearing mRNA; “chase-labeled” molecules did not leave the nucleus and never served as precursors for cytoplasmic mRNA. The data fit a model in which there are distinct pathways for mRNA precursor- and nonprecursor-hnRNA+-poly(A).
Evidence that there is a future for semiempirical molecular orbital calculations

Abstract The frequency of use and discussion of semiempirical and ab initio software is traced with bibliometric data from the Current Journals of the American Chemistry Society (JCACS) database, which has complete papers published in 19 journals in various fields of chemistry. Not only is the use of all types of computational chemistry software increasing apace, but also the number of papers mentioning semiempirical programs as a percentage of all papers mentioning quantum chemistry programs is growing. This percentage referring to semiempirical molecular orbital software grew from 29% in 1989 to 34% in 1993.
The proteasome--an emerging therapeutic target in cancer.

This is an exciting time for cancer therapeutics. The identification of promising molecular targets has led to the development of many exciting new drugs for which an antitumor mechanism of action ...
Quantification of the curvature and shape of the interventricular septum

The interventricular septum (IVS) occupies a unique position within the heart, lying between the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular cavities. Changes in its normal geometry may signify not only abnormalities of the septal myocardium, but also abnormal pressure differences between the LV and RV. Flattening of the IVS has been noted with cross-sectional imaging in association with pulmonary hypertension, but the septal curvature and shape have not previously been measured in three dimensions. This paper describes a method to model the RV surface of the IVS from spatially registered cross-sectional images for measurements of curvature. A smoothing 2D spline surface is constructed through the RV septal surface at regular times during the cardiac cycle, and the principal curvatures, as well as the Gaussian and mean curvatures, shape index, and curvedness, are calculated. Vector and color surface maps and graphs of average curvature and shape indices are constructed. Consistent curvature patterns were observed in four normal subjects. This method of measuring septal geometry can provide potentially useful new information on the effects of RV disease. We examine the problem of describing septal motion, and describe a simple measure of septal curvature that may be of clinical value.
A method for matching an antenna having a small radiation resistance to a 50-ohm coaxial line

It is shown that it is possible to match an antenna having a very low radiation resistance to a 50-ohm coaxial line using an inductive matching post near the base of the antenna. This technique is illustrated using two electrically small self-resonant genetic antennas. The input admittances of these antennas are simulated with and without the matching posts; the antennas are then fabricated and these results are verified experimentally.
Shewanella —the environmentally versatile genome

The genome sequence of Shewanella oneidensis reveals a breathtakingly versatile respiratory electron transport chain system.
Hyperon and multi-kaon production in K+p interactions at 4.3 GeV/c incident momentum

We present results of a study of hyperon and multikaon production in K+p. The data were obtained from a 7.37±0.18 event/μb exposure of the 30″ MURA-ANL hydrogen bubble chamber to a 4.27 GeV/c separated K+ beam. Cross-section results for 3, 4, 5, and 6-body hyperon and multi-kaon final states are presented. We observe production of φ(1019), K∗(892), and Y∗(1385), but find no evidence for a Y = 2, B = 0 exotic resonance in the KK invariant mass distributions. A study of the inclusive reaction K+p→Λ+ anything is also reported.
First-trimester prenatal sonographic diagnosis of ectopia cordis in a twin gestation.

The 11–14-week ultrasound examination allows early pregnancy dating, detection of major anomalies and multiple gestations, and accurate chorionicity determination. We describe a rare case of first-trimester sonographic diagnosis of ectopia cordis in a dichorionic twin pregnancy, illustrating the benefits of early ultrasound in patient counseling and management. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Promoting effective helping behavior in peer-directed groups

Abstract Collaborative peer learning environments have received increasing attention in classrooms due to the potential for improving learning and achievement. Yet previous research shows that not all students benefit from the collaborative experience. This paper explores the nature of helping behavior within peer-directed small groups that may be most effective for learning, especially for students who have difficulty with the material. Drawing on examples from recent research on student learning in collaborative mathematics classrooms in a US middle school, we identify student behaviors that are necessary for effective help seeking and help giving, as well as responsibilities of teachers in establishing classroom conditions that bring about effective helping behavior. The findings show that effective help seekers ask precise questions, persist in seeking help, and apply the explanations received; effective help givers provide detailed explanations of the material as well as opportunities for help recipients to apply the help received, and monitor student understanding. These critical helping behaviors reflect the constructivist views embodied in Piagetian and Vygotskian perspectives on learning in social contexts.
Primary posterior capsulorhexis without anterior vitrectomy in pediatric cataract surgery: Longer term outcome

Abstract Purpose To assess the effectiveness of primary posterior capsulorhexis without anterior vitrectomy in preventing posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in pediatric cataract surgery. Setting Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland. Methods The study comprised 32 eyes of 22 pediatric patients who had cataract extraction between 1994 and 1998. Extracapsular cataract extraction was performed using radiofrequency diathermy capsulorhexis to the anterior and posterior capsules without an anterior vitrectomy. Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was performed in 20 eyes. There were 23 congenital, 6 developmental, and 3 traumatic cataracts. Results Patient age ranged from 1 month to 12 years. Mean follow-up was 19 months (range 6 to 50 months). Twenty-seven of 32 eyes (84.4%) had a clear visual axis at last follow-up. Five eyes required a neodymium:YAG capsulotomy, which was performed a mean of 5 months postoperatively (range 1 to 9 months). The incidence of PCO requiring capsulotomy was 15.6%. Conclusion Primary posterior capsulorhexis without anterior vitrectomy was safe and effective, with a low reopacification rate. Long-term follow-up of this patient cohort is necessary.
Managing Internal Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Agency Theory Perspective

Entrepreneurship is the process by which firms notice opportunities and act (by creatively organizing transactions between factors of production) to create surplus value. Using concepts from information and agency theory, this article examines how agency problems affect the dynamics of internal corporate entrepreneurship and the level of entrepreneurial behavior The relationship between internal corporate and external entrepreneurship is explored, and the organizationalfactors that cause agency problems are examined. Finally, solutions to agency problems are suggested that also promote internal corporate entrepreneurship.
1/f noise and electromigration in multilayered via structures

Abstract Al-Cu-Si TiW multilayered via electromigration behavior was researched using the low frequency noise method. Noise measurements were performed with ambient temperature ranging from 100 to 200°C and applied current density from 5.3 × 10 5 to 3.3 × 10 6 A cm −2 , corresponding to sample temperatures up to 276°C. The noise spectral density was found to be in the form of 1 f γ with 0.95≤ γ ≤1.15, which corresponds to 1 f noise. The noise magnitude was independent of the electron flow direction at relatively low current densities and temperatures. However, for J ≥ 2.6 × 10 6 A cm −2 and T ambient ≥ 180°C ( T sample ≥228°C), the noise for electron flow out of the via was higher than that for electron flow into the via. At low current densities, the noise spectrum showed a quadratic dependence on current for both electron flow directions. However, at high current densities, the current exponent depended on the direction of electron flow. The average activation energy, E a , was found to be 0.11 eV when noise measurements were done on the same via sample for both current directions. When different samples were used for different current directions, a 0.23 eV activation energy value was observed. We interpret the first case as a very low-frequency pseudo-a.c. measurement, and the second case as a true d.c. measurement. In both cases, the activation energy did not depend on the direction of the electron flow. These activation energy values are small compared to the results obtained by the median time-to-failure method. The results are interpreted in terms of the electron mobility fluctuations due to fluctuations in the number of migrating vacancies.
P3P-1 Vibro-Acoustography: The Most Promising Approaches and Inferred Needs for Transducers and Arrays (Invited)

Vibro-acoustography is an imaging modality that uses the dynamic radiation force of ultrasound to induce local oscillatory motion. Two ultrasound beams at slightly different frequencies, f0 and f 0 + Df, are caused to intersect at the focus of the ultrasound beams and interfere to create a stress field that causes the tissue in the focal region to locally vibrate harmonically at Df. The object responds to the oscillatory force by creating a sound field called acoustic emission that is measured with a nearby hydrophone. Production of the ultrasound beams may be accomplished in a variety of ways. The simplest method is with single element transducers that can be used by summing two ultrasound frequencies on the element causing a modulated beam. The disadvantage of this method is that all of the tissue in the beam experiences modulation and causes acoustic emission of varying degrees. Another method is to divide the aperture into two or more regions, each region driven by a separate frequency. If the aperture is appropriately focused, this method produces a modulated radiation force and thus an acoustic emission only at the intersection of the beams. Multiple harmonic motions of the focal region can be produced in this manner. Methods for dividing the aperture depend on the geometry of the aperture and the required beam shape, including side lobes and grating lobes. Because of the large number of parameters that can be varied, the number of dimensions of the parameter space is large and optimization of the selected aperture and associated drive frequencies is a complex process
An experimental study of the effect of treated length on fan inlet noise suppressors

The effect of length of acoustic treatment was studied on a full scale fan using two different inlets. Analysis of the data revealed that measured suppression varied linearly with the length of the ringed liner segments as anticipated. Further analysis indicated that the wall only portion of the treatment was substantially more effective than anticipated, suggesting that, if only moderate suppression is needed, wall only treatment may suffice. The two inlets behaved similarly. Introduction of a hard exhaust splitter into the configuration resulted in a noise increase at certain frequencies.
The treatment of forces in Bloch analysis

Abstract In periodic lattice structures, wave propagation on the infinite domain can be greatly simplified by invoking the Floquet–Bloch theorem. The theorem allows a system's degrees of freedom to be reduced to a small subset contained in a repeating unit cell. The equations of motion governing this subset contain internal force terms, which must be eliminated before establishing the eigenvalue problem for the dispersion relationships. There are subtle issues with regard to the elimination of these forces, which we address in this paper. We demonstrate that for any two- or three-dimensional periodic lattice, the internal forces vanish when acted upon by the linear transformation engendered by the degree of freedom reduction.
Common Fibular (Peroneal) Neuropathy as the Result of a Ganglion Cyst

The patient was a 61-year-old woman who was referred to a physical therapist with a diagnosis of right common fibular neuropathy at the fibular head involving both the deep and superficial nerve branches. Physical therapist intervention included fitting the patient with a right ankle-foot orthosis and referring the patient to her physician due to concern for a potential compressive lesion at the right proximal tibiofibular joint. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging identified a lobulated, fluid-filled mass likely representing a ganglion cyst. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(12):1051. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.0421
Mechanisms for the reconstructive phase transition between the B1 and B2 structure types in NaCl and PbS

Three possible mechanisms for the reconstructive phase transition from the $B1$ to the $B2$ structure types are examined: (1) a modified Buerger (MB) pathway, (2) the Watanabe (W) pathway, and (3) a new pathway (T) proposed by Tol\'edano et al. [Phys. Rev. B 67, 144106 (2003)]. We use first-principles energy calculations to obtain barrier heights for these pathways in NaCl and in PbS. In both NaCl and PbS, the barriers for the MB and T pathways are approximately equal. In NaCl, the barrier for the W pathway is somewhat higher. Both the MB pathway and the T pathway pass through an intermediate $B33$ structure type. As a result, the fact that a stable B33 intermediate structure is actually observed in PbS does not favor the T pathway over the MB pathway. We also examine experimentally obtained relations between the orientations of the $B1$ and $B2$ structures and conclude that they do not definitively favor any pathway over the others.
Treatment of attention-deficit disorder, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation in epilepsy

Epilepsy in childhood is often associated with other neurologic disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. A single pathologic process may explain both epilepsy and these associated disorders. However, in some cases, distinct etiologies may be present. Recognition of these problems is essential, as is individualized treatment. Proper classroom placement; behavior modification, speech, occupational, and physical therapies; pharmacological agents; and even surgical procedures have a role in the management of these comorbid disorders. Diagnostic criteria and therapeutic modalities used in these syndromes will be discussed.
INFRARED CHARACTERIZATION OF SIMPLE ADDUCTS OF MATRIX-ISOLATED CESIUM FLUORIDE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH DIHYDROGEN: EVIDENCE OF A CATION INTERACTION

H2-doped argon matrices containing CsF were examined using FTIR with 1 cm-1 spectral resolution. Several distinct trapping sites were identified with one, two, and three hydrogen molecules perturbed by CsF. CsF(H2) gives a band at 4022 cm-1 while the features of CsF(H2)x, x > 1, are displaced to higher wavenumbers. It is clear from the similarity of the spectra of H2 and HD that the rotation of H2 is quenched in the presence of CsF. Analogous spectra are observed using KF with the 1:1 adduct absorbing at 4016 cm-1. The spectrum of H2 in argon matrices doped with NaCl shows three absorptions that exhibit fine structure even under highly dilute conditions. Analogous features are exhibited by HD, indicating that the several bands are probably not due to rotation of the hydrogen. The three bands are assigned to conformers of NaCl:H2 which are differentiated by an interaction between the sodium ion and H2 that is modulated by the matrix.
Complementarity, Correspondence, and the Community of the Bomb

"Bombs educate vigorously," wrote Henry Adams at the end of the nineteenth century.1 Never was the aphorism, or its converse, more true than in the middle of the next century, when the scientific, techni cal, and political cultures of the United States and Great Britain ush ered in the atomic age. While the three bombs, one detonated in New Mexico and two in Japan, represented a supreme achievement of "sci entists against time," they raised larger questions about the role of the scientific community in war fighting and about the human condition in general. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki represented the last significant operation of a war that had gone on formally for nearly six years and nearly destroyed civilization on the planet. In fact, the atomic bombs left the impression that any future conflict of similar intensity would indeed reduce mankind to neolithic status. As it turned out, people for the next half century heeded the warning and have at this juncture ample opportunity to reflect on the true meaning of the bombs. What do they tell us about science, technology, and politics; and what do they tell us about ourselves? Perhaps the best perspective on the question is gained at the elbow of one of the participants in the Manhattan Project. Although Niels Bohr is seldom placed at the head of the list of people held most re sponsible for the first atomic bombs, his "liquid" conceptualization of the atom's nucleus was key to the visualization by others of the pro cess of fission,2 and he consulted with nearly all the chief participants in the fabrication of fissionable material and design of the bombs. Here he found things well on their way to fruition without his help and devoted his energies instead to reconciling the likely international impact of nuclear weapons with the exigencies of winning a war. Al though these efforts are interesting and will be dealt with later, it is Bohr's physics and underlying philosophy that inform the dawn of the atomic age.
A generalized Ramsey problem

Abstract Let f ( n ) be the minimum number such that there is a proper edge-coloring of K n with f ( n ) colors with no path or cycle of 4 edges using one or two colors. It is shown that [(1+ 5 )/2]n−3⩽f(n)⩽2n 1+c/ log n for a positive constants c. This improves the existent bounds on the variant of the Ramsey number f ( n ,5,9) studied by Erdős and Gyarfas.
The Role of Emotion in Word Learning.

The way in which emotion interacts with cognition has been of great interest to researchers for hundreds of years. Emotion has been shown to play an important role in attention, learning and memory. However, the way in which emotion influences the basic process of word learning in infancy has largely been ignored. In the current paper, the mechanisms by which emotion can influence word learning are explored in three contexts, embedded within the stimulus, as a socio‐pragmatic cue and within the child.
Cellular sites of Drosophila NinaB and NinaD activity in vitamin A metabolism.

The Drosophila genes ninaB and ninaD, encoding a β-carotene oxygenase and a type B scavenger receptor respectively, are essential for the biosynthesis of the 3-hydroxyretinal chromophore of rhodopsin. We analyzed transgenic reporter strains and performed in situ hybridization to show that both ninaB and ninaD are expressed in the adult brain but not retinal tissues. Developmental RT-PCR and tissue expression studies showed that ninaB is only expressed in the adult brain, while ninaD is expressed in the adult brain, the adult body, and many larval tissues. The data support a model in which NinaD is required for uptake and storage of dietary carotenoids throughout the larval and adult stages of development. β-Carotene is transported to the adult brain, where cellular uptake by NinaD allows cleavage by the NinaB enzyme to produce retinal. Retinal is then transported to the retina for rhodopsin biogenesis.
Modelling of evaporation heat transfer of pure refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures in microfin tubes

AbstractA semi-empirical model to predict the evaporation heat transfer of pure refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures flowing inside microfin tubes has been presented. The heat transfer coefficient...
MO-A-220-01: Educational Course - Ultrasound QC Workshop

Quality control (QC) testing of ultrasoundscanners is important to verify the proper and consistent operation of these devices. The basics of ultrasound QC have been outlined thoroughly in the reports of AAPM Ultrasound Task Group No. 1, AAPM Task Group 128 and AAPM Task Group 154, but ultrasound QC is best learned in a hands‐on environment with live demonstrations of the techniques. The first half of this workshop will include three presentations: 1) ultrasound QC for diagnostic imaging, 2) ultrasound QC for prostate brachytherapy and other ultrasound‐guided radiotherapy procedures, and 3) electronic testing devices for ultrasound QC. The second half of the workshop will include live demonstrations of basic QC tests, test tools and software. Separate stations will be available to demonstrate and provide attendees with hands‐on opportunities in ultrasound‐guided radiotherapy QC testing,Dopplertesting, B‐mode imaging(image uniformity, depth of penetration, distance accuracy, etc.), and electronic testing tools. The ultrasound imaging subcommittee is currently working on software that will allow a quantitative assessment of the function of transducer elements. If this software is available in time, it will also be demonstrated at the workshop. Learning Objectives 1. Outline elements of a quality control program for ultrasound systems for diagnostic imaging and ultrasound‐guided radiotherapy applications. 2. Identify the tools available for testingultrasound systems (phantoms, software, and electronic testing devices) and learn how to use those tools effectively 3. Observe the impact of system and probe deficiencies on ultrasound performance and image quality 4. Outline the guidelines from ultrasound accreditation bodies such as ACR and AIUM. 5. Receive practical advice from people experienced in ultrasound QC
Role of the surgeon in non-accidental trauma

Non-accidental trauma (NAT) represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. The management of these patients often involves many care providers including the surgeon. Victims of NAT often present with multiple injuries and as such should be treated as trauma patients with complete trauma evaluation including primary, secondary and tertiary surveys. Common injury patterns in NAT include extremity fractures, closed head injury and intra-abdominal injury. Brain imaging is of importance to rule out acute or sub-acute intracranial hemorrhage. Children under the age of 5 years with acute intracranial pathology should also be evaluated by an ophthalmologist to rule out retinal hemorrhages, which are considered pathognomonic for child abuse from violent shaking. In instances when abdominal injury is suspected, prompt evaluation by a surgeon is recommended along with CT imaging. Finding of extremity fractures should prompt evaluation by an orthopedic surgeon. At our institution, all patients with suspected NAT are admitted to the pediatric surgery service for complete evaluation and management. We encourage other pediatric trauma centers to employ a similar approach so that these complicated patients are managed safely and effectively.
Host Range of Noctuidonema guyanense (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae): An Ectoparasite of Moths in French Guiana

Arthropods of French Guiana were examined to delineate the host range of a newly described species of an ectoparasitic nematode, Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet & Silvain, of adult Lepidoptera. Moths in five families (Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Pyralidae, and Sphingidae) harbored N. guyanense . Twenty-five species of Noctuidae were infected. Multiple species of Spodoptera and Mocis served as hosts for N. guyanense . The most commonly infected hosts were Lesmone formularis Hubner, S. dolichos (F.), S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and Xanthopastis timais (Cramer). Lepidoptera in 19 families, including 121 species of Noctuidae, did not harbor N. guyanense . Also, arthropods in 12 orders and 70 families of non-lepidopteran insects, 2 orders of Arachnida, and 5 families of Araneae were not infected by N. guyanense . It appears that N. guyanense is primarily an ectoparasite of moths in Noctuidae.
Two-dimensional particle displacement tracking in particle imaging velocimetry

A new particle imaging velocimetry data acquisition and analysis system, which is an order of magnitude faster than any previously proposed system, has been constructed and tested. The new particle displacement tracking (PDT) system is an all electronic technique employing a video camera and a large memory buffer frame-grabber board. Using a simple encoding scheme, a time sequence of single exposure images is time-coded into a single image and then processed to track particle displacements and determine two-dimensional velocity vectors. Use of the PDT technique in a counterrotating vortex flow produced over 1100 velocity vectors in 110 s when processed on an 80386 PC.
Protein quality control and metabolism: bidirectional control in the heart.

The prevalence of heart disease, especially heart failure, continues to increase, and cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. As cardiomyocytes are essentially irreplaceable, protein quality control is pivotal to cellular homeostasis and, ultimately, cardiac performance. Three evolutionarily conserved mechanisms—autophagy, the unfolded protein response, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system—act in concert to degrade misfolded proteins and eliminate defective organelles. Recent advances have revealed that these mechanisms are intimately associated with cellular metabolism. Going forward, comprehensive understanding of the role of protein quality control mechanisms in cardiac pathology will require integration of metabolic pathways and metabolic control.