cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Social Acceptability of Cannabis, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use in Adult Women.

Background: As more US states legalize cannabis use, prevalence of use continues to rise and attitudes toward use are changing. This study examined (1) the relationship between cannabis use and social acceptability of use and (2) how social acceptability and use of cannabis relate to anxiety, depression, and several pain conditions. Materials and Methods: Participants were n = 210 nonpregnant women recruited from two women's health clinics for an anonymous survey of complementary and integrative health practices. Survey domains included demographics, recent and lifetime cannabis, cigarette, and alcohol use, depression, anxiety, pain, and social acceptability of substances studied. Results: The sample had a mean age of 38.7 years and was 50.0% Black. Approximately 12.9% of the sample endorsed recent cannabis use, 17.2% endorsed recent cigarette use, and 57.5% endorsed recent alcohol use. Acceptability of use varied by substance. One-third (33.3%) of women found cannabis use to be socially acceptable. Higher social acceptability scores for cannabis were correlated with higher acceptability scores for each of the other substances studied, with the strongest correlation for e-cigarettes (R 2 of 0.395, p < 0.001) and the weakest for alcohol (R 2 of 0.296, p < 0.001). Women reporting anxiety (38.9%) and recent acute pain (28.6%) rated cannabis use as more socially acceptable than those without such symptoms. Conclusions: Women with recent cannabis use were more likely to find use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis to be socially acceptable than those not reporting cannabis use. More research is needed to better understand these relationships, as they might help to identify opportunities for education and intervention in this population.
Future Directions for Transformation Analysis

I believe the method of biorthogonal grids to be not a compromise with quantification, like those of chapter v, but a basic step toward the direct and automatic quantification of transformations. The only-test is by empirical exercise, in the analysis of sequences for seriation or prediction and in the statistical and substantive interpretation of the dilatation patterns extracted. Of course, a great many methodological questions remain to be explpred. Three classes are particularly crucial: statistics, computations, and interfacing with various applied problems.
The effects of displacement discontinuity derivatives on wave propagation—III: Body and point forces in elastic half-spaces

Abstract Based on previous work, the displacements due to arbitrary body force fields in half-spaces with, respectively, traction-free and zero-displacement surfaces are derived. The expressions allow indentification of all wave components. In particular, the contributions due to the body force at the point of observation and a contribution arising essentially from the unbounded solid case can be discerned. For the special case of a point force in the half-space with a traction-free surface, this latter contribution is compared with the exact displacements on the surface. The point force is neither normal nor tangential to the surface. Agreement seems to vary directly with the depth of the point force. When the point force is on the surface, agreement seems weakest, perhaps due to the presence of Rayleigh waves in the exact solution.
Delay and Routing in Interconnection Networks

A very brief introduction to interconnection networks is given. It is then shown that, in a restricted sense, an ideal N-by-N crossbar switch can be simulated with slowdown factor logdN by a fully extended omega network built from d-by-d switches. Next, lower bounds are given for the product of the average traffic per link and the number of network links. The bounds are valid for interconnection networks with an upperbound on the number of links coming out of each node. Finally, it is shown that in a probabalistic sense, the peak traffic per link can be made close to the bound by using a slightly extended omega network. Randomized routing plays a key role in reducing congestion.
Dynamic coordination of a self-reconfigurable manipulator system

The authors present the dynamic coordination of a self-reconfigurable manipulator system capable of changing its mechanical structure according to given task requirements. The self-reconfiguration is achieved by reconfiguring the topology of a dual-arm system through serial, parallel, and bracing structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic coordination of two arms having three different dual-arm topologies. The authors develop the Cartesian space dynamic models of a dual-arm system of three dual-arm topologies and derive the kinematic and dynamic constraints imposed on two arms in cooperation. Dual-arm dynamic manipulabilities are defined to quantify the dynamic performance of three dual-arm topologies in terms of the efficiency of generating Cartesian accelerations. A methodology of selecting serial, parallel, and bracing structures based on dual-arm dynamic manipulabilities is provided. >
An integrated approach to an undergraduate kinesiology curriculum: a case study about stalling in wrestling.

(2008). An Integrated Approach to an Undergraduate Kinesiology Curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 40-43.
Small molecule restoration of wildtype structure and function of mutant p53 using a novel zinc-metallochaperone based mechanism

// Xin Yu 1,2,* , Adam R. Blanden 3,* , Sumana Narayanan 2 , Lalithapriya Jayakumar 2 , David Lubin 3 , David Augeri 4 , S. David Kimball 4 , Stewart N. Loh 3 and Darren R. Carpizo 1,2 1 Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 4 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: Stewart N. Loh, email: // Darren R. Carpizo, email: // Keywords : mutant p53 reactivation, zinc-metallochaperone, mutant p53 targeted drug, thiosemicarbazone, reactive oxygen species (ROS) Received : July 29, 2014 Accepted : September 02, 2014 Published : September 03, 2014 Abstract NSC319726 (ZMC1) is a small molecule that reactivates mutant p53 by restoration of WT structure/function to the most common p53 missense mutant (p53-R175H). We investigated the mechanism by which ZMC1 reactivates p53-R175H and provide evidence that ZMC1: 1) restores WT structure by functioning as a zinc-metallochaperone, providing an optimal concentration of zinc to facilitate proper folding; and 2) increases cellular reactive oxygen species that transactivate the newly conformed p53-R175H (via post-translational modifications), inducing an apoptotic program. We not only demonstrate that this zinc metallochaperone function is possessed by other zinc-binding small molecules, but that it can reactivate other p53 mutants with impaired zinc binding. This represents a novel mechanism for an anti-cancer drug and a new pathway to drug mutant p53. Significance: We have elucidated a novel mechanism to restore wild-type structure/function to mutant p53 using small molecules functioning as zinc-metallochaperones. The pharmacologic delivery of a metal ion to restore proper folding of a mutant protein is unique to medicinal chemistry and represents a new pathway to drug mutant p53.
The Performance of Neighbor-Joining Algorithms of Phylogeny Recronstruction

Biologists have hotly debated the merits of various algorithms for phylogenetic reconstruction for many years. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the popular neighbor-joining algorithm. In particular, we determine the L∞ radius under which the method will determine the correct tree topology. In fact, this radius is optimal for all distance-based methods, the class of methods which includes all known tractable methods for which there is any sort of performance guarantee. We also gauge the performance of the algorithm when it is not possible to determine the correct tree topology.
Food Surpluses and Deficits in the American Colonies, 1768–1772

Scholars are gradually piecing together the puzzle of the economic development of the American colonies through quantitative studies designed to clarify and measure economic variables having theoretical relevance for the wider process of economic growth and development. Recently, researchers such as Jones, Land, Shepherd, Walton, and Thomas have been helping others to build a base that one day may permit the writing of a comprehensive study of the process of early American economic development which may even include reliable estimates of economic growth and living standards. The data problems for the colonial period of American economic history are severe, and much of the research has tended to concentrate on the important role of international trade, where the extant data sources are capable of yielding rich lodes of quantitative information. Customs 16/1, entitled the Ledger of Imports and Exports for America, 1768–1772 , has been the most valuable source of trade data, since it is the only comprehensive document which shows the trade of the American colonies with all parts of the world and not just with the British Isles. Still yet to be mined are the rich sources of data buried in the naval office lists for the various colonies. These sources also give the trade of each colony with all parts of the world although they are more tedious to work with than the better collated Customs 16/1.
Microbial ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of 1-hydroxypyrene and its photoproducts

1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) is a carcinogenic and slightly water-soluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of 1-HP and its photoproducts, and the effect of Mn2+ and Cu2+ on their mutagenicity were measured with microbial assay in this study. The assay includes spread plate counting, direct counting, microbial mineralization of 14C-UL-D-glucose and Mutatox Test. At the concentration examined (0.8 microM), the photoproducts (after 1.5 h solar irradiation) of 1-HP inhibited microbial glucose mineralization activity (by 64%) after microbial assemblages of a local reservoir site were exposed for 1 day. However, heterotrophic bacteria were able to utilize 1-HP photoproducts as the growth substrates and increase viability counts by up to 4.75-folds. 1-HP exhibited positive response to Mutatox Test in both direct medium and S-9 medium, with the lowest observable effective concentration of 0.625 microM in the test with direct medium. After photolysis, 1-HP decreased its mutagenicity. Mn2+ (312.5 microM-5 mM) and Cu2+ (6.25-100 microM) themselves are not mutagenic. However, addition of the metal ions before or after photolysis modifies the light readings of 1-HP during the test. Therefore, presence of metal ions could affect the genotoxicity of 1-HP in aquatic environments, depending on timing of the addition.
The state of the art on state origins

Claessen, Henri J.M., and Peter Skalnik, eds. The Early State. New Babylon Studies in the Social Sciences No. 32. The Hague: Mouton, 1978. xii + 689 pp. including maps, figures, tables, separate bibliographies, and index. $68.00 cloth. Claessen, Henri J.M., and Peter Skalnik, eds. The Study of the State. New Babylon Studies in the Social Sciences No. 35. The Hague: Mouton, 1981. xvi + 535 pp. including figures, tables, separate bibliographies, and index. $52.00 cloth.
The role of computed tomography in evaluation of subchondral osseous lesions in seven horses with chronic synovitis

Abstract Seven horses with severe, persistent lameness of sudden onset were evaluated with scintigraphy and/or computed tomography. The lameness was localised to the front fetlock joint in 2 horses and to the tibiotarsal joint in 5 horses. Five of the horses had a history of intra-articular injections of the involved joint prior to presentation. All horses had effusion of the affected joint and were positive to flexion tests. Intraarticular anaesthesia eliminated or improved the lameness in 4 cases and a nerve conduction block proximal to the affected joint improved the lameness in another. Cytology examination of fluid from affected joints identified normal joint fluid (one horse) or elevations in nucleated cell counts of 0.9 x 10(9)/l-36.8 x 10(9)/l and total protein 20-42 g/l (6 horses). The joint fluid of 2 of these horses cultured positive for bacteria. Initial radiographs were either normal (4 cases) or the changes seen were not sufficient to explain the degree of lameness. In the 6 cases where scintigraphy was performed, intense focal isotope uptake was found in the suspected region, which corresponded to the proximal portion of the first phalanx (2 cases), distal tibia (2 cases), or talus (3 cases). Computed tomography (CT) was performed because occult fracture or osteomyelitis was suspected; and knowledge of the precise anatomical location of the lesion was considered necessary to assess the need for surgery and to plan the surgical approach. Hypodense focal lesions with hyperdense haloes were found in the subchondral bone deep to the sagittal groove of the first phalanx (P1) (2 cases) in the cochlea of the distal tibia (2 cases), and in the intertrochlear portion of the talus (3 cases). Communication between the lesion and the joint space was demonstrated by CT in 5 cases. Post mortem examination of one case revealed synovitis and a chronic bone abscess (Brodie's abscess) communicating with the joint space.
Possible Sink for Stratospheric Water Vapor at the Winter Antarctic Pole

Abstract Observational data and theoretical calculations are presented which suggest a possible sink for stratospheric water vapor in the winter antarctic.
Light scattering characteristics of aerosols as a function of relative humidity: Part I--A comparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations using the theoretical models.

The Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS) was undertaken to characterize the size-dependent composition, thermodynamic properties, and optical characteristics of the ambient atmospheric particles in the southeastern United States. The field portion of the study was carried out from July 15 to August 25, 1995. As part of the study a relative humidity controlled inlet was built to raise or lower the relative humidity to predetermined levels before the aerosol was passed into an integrating nephelometer or particle-sizing device. Five other integrating nephelometers were operated in various configurations, two of which were fitted with a 2.5 μm inlet. Fine particle (<2.5 μm) samplers were operated to measure concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions, organic and elemental carbon, and fine soil. Mass size distributions were measured with an eight-stage, single orifice cascade impactor.
Dependency clustering across measurement scales

How to automatically spot the major trends in large amounts of heterogeneous data? Clustering can help. However, most existing techniques suffer from one or more of the following drawbacks: 1) Many techniques support only one particular data type, most commonly numerical attributes. 2) Other techniques do not support attribute dependencies which are prevalent in real data. 3) Some approaches require input parameters which are difficult to estimate. 4) Most clustering approaches lack in interpretability. To address these challenges, we present the algorithm Scenic for dependency clustering across measurement scales. Our approach seamlessly integrates heterogenous data types measured at different scales, most importantly continuous numerical and discrete categorical data. Scenic clusters by arranging objects and attributes in a cluster-specific low-dimensional space. The embedding serves as a compact cluster model allowing to reconstruct the original heterogenous attributes with high accuracy. Thereby embedding reveals the major cluster-specific mixed-type attribute dependencies. Following the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle, the cluster-specific embedding serves as a codebook for effective data compression. This compression-based view automatically balances goodness-of-fit and model complexity, making input parameters redundant. Finally, the embedding serves as a visualization enhancing the interpretability of the clustering result. Extensive experiments demonstrate the benefits of Scenic.
Diffuse volume transport in fluids

Abstract The diffuse flux of volume j v in a single-component liquid or gas, the subject of this paper, is a purely molecular quantity defined as the difference between the flux of volume n v and the convective flux of volume n m v ˆ carried by the flowing mass, with n m the mass flux, v ˆ = 1 / ρ the specific volume, and ρ the mass density. Elementary statistical–mechanical arguments are used to derive the linear constitutive equation j v = D S ∇ ln ρ , valid in near-equilibrium fluids from which body forces are absent. Here, D S is the fluid’s self-diffusion coefficient. The present derivation is based on Einstein’s mesoscopic Brownian motion arguments, albeit applied here to volume- rather than particle-transport phenomena. In contrast to these mesoscale arguments, all prior derivations were based upon macroscale linear irreversible thermodynamic (LIT) arguments. D S replaces the thermometric diffusivity α as the phenomenological coefficient appearing in earlier, ad hoc , derivations. The prior scheme based on α , which had been shown to accord with Burnett’s well-known gas-kinetic constitutive data for the heat flux and viscous stress, carries over intact to now show comparable accord of D S with these same data, since for gases the dimensionless Lewis number Le = α / D S is essentially unity. On the other hand for most liquids, where Le ≫ 1 , use of D S in place of α is shown to agree much better with existing experimental data for liquids. For the case of binary mixtures it is shown for the special case of isothermal, isobaric, force-free, Fick’s law-type molecular diffusion processes that j v = D ∇ ln ρ , where D is the binary diffusion coefficient. In contrast with the preceding use in the single-component case of both mesoscopic and LIT models to obtain a constitutive equation for j v , the corresponding mixture result is derived here without use of any physical model whatsoever. Rather, the derivation effectively requires little more than the respective definitions of the diffuse volume- and Fickian mass-fluxes.
The generation of a human dermal equivalent to assess the potential contribution of human dermal fibroblasts to the sulphur mustard-induced vesication response:

1. A human dermal equivalent (HDE) gel was constructed from rat tail tendon collagen (type 1) and human dermal fibroblasts (HFs). Histological studies revealed that the HFs within the HDE gel matrix assumed the shape of differentiated dermal fibroblasts and were metabolically viable as determined by the MTT assay. 2. The HDE system was developed to determine if viable, differentiated HFs have the potential to contribute to tissue damage by releasing the proteolytic enzyme elastase following exposure to sulphur mustard (HD). Elastase was measured, using the substrate suc-ala-ala-val-p-nitroanilide (SAAVNA), because of its association with various human pathological bullous skin diseases. An additional elastase substrate (suc-ala-ala-ala-p-nitroanilide; SAAANA) was also used. A miniaturised assay was employed to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a cytosolic enzyme released following damage to the cell membrane. 3. Elastase levels (measured with SAAVNA) increased to over 740% of those in control culture medium at 24 h after exposure of the HDE to HD (2 mM) and may therefore be part of the mechanism associated with dermo-epidermal separation and blistering in humans following exposure of skin to HD. LDH was released from the HDE after exposure to HD in a time dependent fashion, suggesting a steady leakage of cytosolic constituents after the initial exposure. 4. The results suggest that differentiated human dermal fibroblasts have the potential to contribute to the development of the vesication response by releasing proteases such as elastase extracellularly after HD exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Concurrent I/O system for the hypercube multiprocessor

This paper describes the Concurrent I/O (CIO) system for the Hypercube Multiprocessor. Our system has three components: Architecture, User Interface, and Programming Paradigm. The architecture of the system is based on clusters. Each cluster has a hypercube topology and contains either computing nodes or I/O nodes. This architecture scales well, provides a convenient naming convention and offers independent connectivity between the I/O nodes. The routing algorithm confines the I/O traffic within the I/O clusters. Clusters can be connected in a variety of ways suitable for such diverse applications as graphics and database systems. The system provides a programming paradigm where several nodes of a multiprocessor can cooperate on creating a file.
Engineering Physical Properties of Asphalt Binders through Nanoclay-asphalt Interactions

AbstractIncreasing traffic volumes, heavier loads, higher tire pressures, and performance problems with asphalt concrete mixtures under adverse conditions are leading state highway departments to using modified binders to enhance the physical properties of asphalt mix. This paper reports the advantages of modified nanoclays (NC) as asphalt modifiers. Dynamic mechanical analysis, flexural creep stiffness, and flexural tests were conducted on the NC-asphalt nanocomposite. In addition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) testing was conducted to evaluate the nature of the interactions between NC and asphalt. Increasing NC concentration in asphalt enhances temperature susceptibility of asphalt, as well as increasing the complex modulus in addition to decreasing phase angle. FTIR experiments indicate a significant change in Si─O vibration from NC, indicating strong nonbonded interactions of Si─O tetrahedra with asphalt. These changes in Si─O vibrations suggest both distortion in Si─O tetrahedra as well as strong...
Anchorage‐independent phosphorylation of p130Cas protects lung adenocarcinoma cells from anoikis

The regulation and function of the signaling adaptor protein p130(Cas) in tumor cell anchorage-independent survival, or anoikis resistance, were investigated in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The tyrosine phosphorylation and function of p130(Cas) during cell detachment were analyzed in tumor cells and compared with that of normal epithelial cells. Cell detachment trigged rapid dephosphorylation of p130(Cas) in the nontumorigenic and anoikis-sensitive normal epithelial cells, but had no effect on the tyrosine phosphorylation of p130(Cas) in the anoikis-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. Further analysis revealed that the total tyrosine kinase activities associated with p130(Cas) in the lung tumor cells are anchorage-independent and are significantly higher than that in the normal cells, in which the p130(Cas)-associated tyrosine kinase activities are anchorage-dependent. Analysis of two known p130(Cas)-associated tyrosine kinases FAK and Src indicated that the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and Src are altered in the tumor cells. Inhibition of Src specifically abolished phosphorylation of p130(Cas) and induced anoikis. Furthermore, overexpression of dominant-negative forms of p130(Cas) also induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that p130(Cas) mediates a cell survival signal from cell-matrix interaction. Alterations in tumor cells that lead to constitutive phosphorylation of p130(Cas) can prevent cells from anoikis, hence contribute to tumor cell anchorage independence and metastasis.
Temporal and geographic evidence for evolution of Sin Nombre virus using molecular analyses of viral RNA from Colorado, New Mexico and Montana

All viruses in the family Bunyaviridae possess a tripartite genome, consisting of a small, a medium, and a large RNA segment. Bunyaviruses therefore possess considerable evolutionary potential, attributable to both intramolecular changes and to genome segment reassortment. Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus) are known to cause human hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The primary reservoir host of Sin Nombre virus is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), which is widely distributed in North America. We investigated the prevalence of intramolecular changes and of genomic reassortment among Sin Nombre viruses detected in deer mice in three western states. Portions of the Sin Nombre virus small (S) and medium (M) RNA segments were amplified by RT-PCR from kidney, lung, liver and spleen of seropositive peromyscine rodents, principally deer mice, collected in Colorado, New Mexico and Montana from 1995 to 2007. Both a 142 nucleotide (nt) amplicon of the M segment, encoding a portion of the G2 transmembrane glycoprotein, and a 751 nt amplicon of the S segment, encoding part of the nucleocapsid protein, were cloned and sequenced from 19 deer mice and from one brush mouse (P. boylii), S RNA but not M RNA from one deer mouse, and M RNA but not S RNA from another deer mouse. Two of 20 viruses were found to be reassortants. Within virus sequences from different rodents, the average rate of synonymous substitutions among all pair-wise comparisons (πs) was 0.378 in the M segment and 0.312 in the S segment sequences. The replacement substitution rate (πa) was 7.0 × 10-4 in the M segment and 17.3 × 10-4 in the S segment sequences. The low πa relative to πs suggests strong purifying selection and this was confirmed by a Fu and Li analysis. The absolute rate of molecular evolution of the M segment was 6.76 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. The absolute age of the M segment tree was estimated to be 37 years. In the S segment the rate of molecular evolution was 1.93 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year and the absolute age of the tree was 106 years. Assuming that mice were infected with a single Sin Nombre virus genotype, phylogenetic analyses revealed that 10% (2/20) of viruses were reassortants, similar to the 14% (6/43) found in a previous report. Age estimates from both segments suggest that Sin Nombre virus has evolved within the past 37–106 years. The rates of evolutionary changes reported here suggest that Sin Nombre virus M and S segment reassortment occurs frequently in nature.
Difficulties in matching emerging information technologies with business needs: a management perspective

Abstract To identify the difficulties that organizations encounter in matching state-of-the-art information technologies (IT) with their business needs, 11 large firms were studied. Based upon the data collected from 39 senior executives, the main impediments to keeping pace with emerging IT and matching it with business needs are: the fast rate of change in IT, the high cost of new technology, the lack of computer literacy among the firm's senior management, and the lack of time on the part of the information systems department to devote to emerging technologies. The implications of the results are discussed for both the technology and general managers.
A North Temperate Bat Community: Structure and Prey Populations

Food habits and food partitioning were investigated in a North Temperate insectivorous bat community. Analysis of fecal material showed a differential utilization of moths and beetles—the two groups of insects that generally contribute the greatest to diets of insectivorous bats. Based on several criteria, most bats could be classified as either moth or beetle strategists. Most species of bats were in the 5 to 10-gram weight class. The abundance of species in this weight class is hypothesized to be a reflection of the abundance of insects in the 6 to 10-millimeter length class. Various mechanisms for partitioning prey are discussed and a model of habitat partitioning is presented. Various parameters of the potential prey population were investigated. Moths appear to be the most abundant and predictable and, in terms of size, the most diversified nocturnal insect group. Coleoptera are second in diversity of size followed by Hymenoptera, Diptera, Homoptera, and Hemiptera. Insects in the 6 to 10-millimeter length class were the most abundant. At certain localities in the southwestern United States as many as 18 species of insectivorous bats may be captured with mist nets placed over water surfaces (Jones, 1965, 1966). All species known to occur in an area are rarely captured on a given night, but capture of 8 to 10 species is not unlikely. Diversity of species in the genus Myotis is especially high—4 to 7 species are often captured. A question which follows from these observations is: To what extent is coexistence of these bats related to partitioning of food resources? I began a study in March 1970, which sought answers to this question by an investigation of the food habits of the bats at one of these localities. Answers were sought also to the following questions: What is the nature of food partitioning, if it occurs? What is the structure of the bat community? What is the structure of the prey community?
Compensating for pneumatic distortion in pressure sensing devices

A technique of compensating for pneumatic distortion in pressure sensing devices was developed and verified. This compensation allows conventional pressure sensing technology to obtain improved unsteady pressure measurements. Pressure distortion caused by frictional attenuation and pneumatic resonance within the sensing system makes obtaining unsteady pressure measurements by conventional sensors difficult. Most distortion occurs within the pneumatic tubing which transmits pressure impulses from the aircraft's surface to the measurement transducer. To avoid pneumatic distortion, experiment designers mount the pressure sensor at the surface of the aircraft, (called in-situ mounting). In-situ transducers cannot always fit in the available space and sometimes pneumatic tubing must be run from the aircraft's surface to the pressure transducer. A technique to measure unsteady pressure data using conventional pressure sensing technology was developed. A pneumatic distortion model is reduced to a low-order, state-variable model retaining most of the dynamic characteristics of the full model. The reduced-order model is coupled with results from minimum variance estimation theory to develop an algorithm to compensate for the effects of pneumatic distortion. Both postflight and real-time algorithms are developed and evaluated using simulated and flight data.
Evaluation of Anatomical Effects Using Laboratory +Gz Impact Tests

A number of recent studies have been conducted to determine if gender and/or anatomy significantly contribute to the probability of spinal injury of military pilots during the initial stages of an in-flight ejection. These studies have been prompted by the introduction of females into combat aircrew positions, and the concern that they may be at higher risk of spinal injury than males, especially considering most ejection tests and evaluations were conducted for an all-male pilot population [1]. Although some studies have suggested that no statistically significant difference exists in experimentally measured acceleration response between males and females [2, 3], the anatomical difference between the genders is clearly significant. The female body, on average, has 30% less mass, 25% less vertebral cross-sectional area (CSA), 20% less vertebral breaking strength, 10% less muscle mass and 10% shorter spine than the avearge male [4, 5].Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The effect of experimentally modified sleeping periods on brain levels of barbital.

Abstract Whole brain levels of barbital were determined in 158 albino rats. The drug levels in the brain were related to experimentally induced alterations in the latent and sleeping periods following barbital injection. The brain barbital levels were related to observed alterations in latent and sleeping periods. Significant changes in latent times and in periods of sedation occurred in the absence of substantial differences in the brain levels of barbital from those measured in control animals at equivalent times following the injection of barbital.
The influence of context and stimulus range on the judgment of numerousness

The exponent of the power law describing the attribute of numerousness is a function of methods of judgment, set, and, primarily, the extent of the stimulus range. The latter two variables were investigated by having 36 Os use the method of magnitude estimation to judge three series of stimulus ranges of 12-1,500 dots each. The stimulus range, much larger than any previously investigated, led to a diminished exponent, while varying context by manipulating the size of stimulus intervals within this range had no effect.
The "tough case" of bacterial endocarditis.

Many cases of bacterial endocarditis can now be cured rapidly and easily. However, there remains a group of patients in whom the eradication of the cardiac infection presents great problems. Some principles of treating these "tough cases" of endocarditis are outlined by means of illustrative patients. Stress is placed on early diagnosis, isolation of the etiologic microorganism, determination of bactericidal antibiotics or combinations, and use of the serum bactericidal test to establish an adequate dosage regimen.
Accepting the Challenge: A Behavioral Perspective on Improving Educational Performance

During the second half of the twentieth century, schools have been encountering growing difficulties with student management, motivation and learning. Evidence documenting the seriousness of these problems was dramatically supplied in the report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education: A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform (1983). Applied behavior analysis has been addressing and discovering a host of successful strategies for ameliorating many of these issues, plus the methods for discovering others. Each of the high priority areas recently identified by the field of school psychology have been addressed by behavior analysis. This paper illustrates some of these applications within the areas of assessment, consultation, and methods for promoting a positive and productive classroom climate via effective management, motivation and instructional techniques that adjust to individual student needs and interests. The value and applicability of behavior analytic methods for discovering new findings of relevance to educational improvement are discussed, along with consideration of some of the pressing issues in need of extensive investigation, such as tactics for broadscale implementation of these methods. Nevertheless, sufficient procedures derived from this discipline now exist to create a major force toward promoting excellence in schools.
Measurement Structures with Archimedean Ordered Translation Groups

The paper focuses on three problems of generalizing properties of concatenation structures (ordered structures with a monotonic operation) to ordered structures lacking any operation. (1) What is the natural generalization of the idea of Archimedeaness, of commensurability between large and small? (2) What is the natural generalization of the concept of a unit concatenation structure in which the translations (automorphisms with no fixed point) can be represented by multiplication by a constant? (3) What is the natural generalization of a ratio scale concatenation structure being distributive in a conjoint one, which has been shown to force a multiplicative representation of the latter and the product-of-powers representation of units found in physics? It is established (Theorems 5.1 and 5.2) that for homogeneous structures, the latter two questions are equivalent to it having the property that the set of all translations forms a homogeneous Archimedean ordered group. A sufficient condition for Archimedeaness of the translations is that they form a group, which is equivalent to their being 1-point unique, and the structure be Dedekind complete and order dense (Theorems 2.1 and 2.2). It is suggested that Archimedean order of the translations is, indeed, also the answer to the first question. As a lead into that conclusion, a number of results are reported in Section 3 on Archimedeaness in concatenation structures, including for positive structures sufficient conditions for several different notions of Archimedeaness to be equivalent. The results about idempotent structures are fragmentary.
Cell surface endothelial proteins altered in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Endothelial cells (EC) are increasingly being considered as important participants in the early evolution of inflammatory and immune responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have found that a mouse monoclonal antibody, which reacts with the luminal plasma membrane of central nervous system endothelium, detects an alteration in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in lesions in Lewis rats with EAE. Anti-endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) reacted with microvessels in normal rat brain and spinal cord. This reaction was abolished in ‘EAE’ microvessels surrounded by inflammatory cells. In rats that had recovered from one attack most EC reacted with the antibody, indicating that EBA was reexpressed during recovery. However, blood vessels in areas with residual inflammatory lesions were negative. The biochemical changes that lead to this absence of antibody binding and the cells or mediators responsible for producing this change are not yet known. However, anti-EBA should provide a useful tool for exploring molecular mechanisms underlying BBB breakdown.
Relativistic and retardation effects in the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule for a bound particle

Relativistic and retardation corrections of lowest order are evaluated for the photoabsorption Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn (TRK) sum rule of a particle bound in a potential. It is found that the retardation corrections partially cancel and the remainder is canceled by part of the relativistic corrections. The latter corrections depend on the Lorentz-transformation properties of the potential. The complete integrated photoabsorption cross section including first-order relativistic corrections, is found to be equal to the high-energy limit of the Compton amplitude calculated by Goldberger and Low, a result which is the dispersion-relation form of the TRK sum rule. A heuristic derivation of the latter results is presented.
Enhancement of the Simon effect by response precuing

When stimuli are presented to the left or right of fixation, and stimulus location is irrelevant, responses are faster if the stimulus location coincides with the location of the assigned response. This phenomenon is called the Simon effect. The present study examined the influence on the Simon effect of attentional precues that signaled the likely stimulus location and intentional precues that signaled the likely response. Experiment 1 was a close procedural replication of an experiment by Verfaellie, Bowers, and Heilman (1988); consistent with their findings, the Simon effect was enhanced by the intentional precue and unaffected by the attentional precue. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated the importance of the intentional precue with simpler procedures that involved only intentional and attentional precues, respectively. Finally, the intentional precuing enhancement of the Simon effect was obtained when two stimuli were assigned to each response, regardless of whether the hands were uncrossed (experiment 4) or crossed (experiment 5). Overall, the results indicate that response precuing enhances the Simon effect and favor response-selection accounts over those that attribute the effect to stimulus identification.
Existence of the dielectric constant in fluids of nonlinear rigid polar molecules

The existence of the dielectric constant e is investigated for fluids composed of nonlinear rigid polar molecules. The investigation is performed using the functional‐derivative approach previously employed to establish sufficient conditions for the existence of e in fluids of linear (axially symmetric) molecules. It is shown that these same conditions are sufficient for nonlinear molecules of arbitrary symmetry. An expression for e in terms of the direct correlation function emerges automatically from the development. This expression, which involves the inversion of a 3×3 matrix, is a slight generalization of one obtained earlier by Ho/ye and Stell using an entirely different approach.
Renal injury and operative management in the United States: results of a population-based study.

Background: To evaluate the extent to which nonoperative renal trauma management has been adopted, we determined the incidence of renal injury and the rate of operative management across the United States. Methods: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis and procedure codes identified patients with renal injuries in an 18-state administrative database representing 62% of the U.S. population. Results: Of 523,870 patients hospitalized for trauma in 1997 or 1998, 6,231 (1.2%) had renal injuries (4.89 per 100,000 population). Sixty-four percent of patients with injuries that were classified had contusions/hematomas, 263% had lacerations, 5.3% had parenchymal disruption, and 4% had vascular injuries. Eleven percent of renal trauma patients required surgical management of their kidney injuries, of whom 61%, or 7% of patients with renal injuries overall, underwent nephrectomy. Injury Severity Score, mechanism, and renal injury severity were independent predictors of nephrectomy. Conclusion: The nephrectomy rate in community and academic centers reflects renal and global injury severity. Prospective trials are indicated to determine whether, in the traumatized patient with severe kidney injury, renal preservation could lead to improved outcomes compared with nephrectomy.
Retrieving phronêsis: Heidegger on the essence of politics

To be human is to be in the world with others, and so what it means to be goes to the root of ethical and political life. One would have to be exceptionally obtuse not to recognize that this age, which we now share as a planetary humanity, is indeed in crisis, despite all our apparent progress if not because of it: the economic and political upheavals that threaten to throw whole regions into uproar, the shifts in climate that threaten the entire globe with unparalleled disruption, the “advances” in technology that threaten to lay waste to entire cities and reduce human beings to “human resources.” Despite these ongoing or potential disasters, what Heidegger’s work challenges us to think is that the most fundamental disaster is a failure to think what it means to be human, that these other dangers can only be addressed if we confront this question first. My argument here is that Heidegger misreads a form of thinking vital to ethical–political life, phronesis, so-called practical wisdom, because his radical historicism prevents him from seeing the intersection of principled norms with life as we find it.
Multiphoton-excited fluorescence measurements of atomic hydrogen in low-pressure flames

This paper describes measurements of atomic hydrogen concentration profiles in six premixed low-pressure flames using three multiphoton-excited fluorescence detection techniques. Measurements were made in hydrogen-oxygen-argon flames at 72 Torr (Φ=0.6 and 1.4), methane-oxygen flames at 30 Torr (Φ=0.6 and 1.6), and acetylene-oxygen-argon flames at 25 Torr (Φ=1.6 and 2.0). The excitation techniques investigated were two-photon excitation using 205-nm radiation, three-photon excitation using 292-nm radiation, and two-step excitation using 243-nm and 656-nm radiation. Excellent agreement among the techniques was found for the hydrogen flames and the lean methane-oxygen flame; discrepancies were noted for the rich hydrocarbon flames, becoming increasingly significant at the higher equivalence ratios.
Effect of selenium concentration on feed preferences by cattle and sheep

Selenium-accumulator plants are reputed to be unpalatable to livestock. The objective of this study was to determine if sheep and cattle could discriminate between forages and feeds with different concentrations of Se. In the first study, cattle and sheep preferences for intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and western aster (Symphyotrichum ascendens) of varying Se concentrations were assessed. The Se concentrations ranged from 0.8 to 50 mg/kg (DM) in grass, 1.4 to 275 mg/kg in alfalfa, and 4 to 4,455 mg/kg in aster. Selenium concentration had no influence (P > 0.05) on the initial or subsequent preferences of sheep or cattle for grass or alfalfa. Cattle developed an aversion to aster after consuming 95% of the plant material during the first brief exposure and subsequently refused to eat any aster. Sheep consumption of aster was variable, but their preference was not driven by Se concentration. In the next study, cattle and sheep were offered pellets at 1.5% of BW (as fed) that contained increasing concentrations of Se from aster (control and 5, 25, 45, and 110 mg/kg Se). In trial 1, all pellets were offered. In Trials 2 and 3, all pellets were offered with the exception of the 5 mg/kg Se pellet and the 5 and 25 mg/kg Se pellets, respectively. In trial 1, consumption of the control pellet by cattle was greater on all days compared with other Se pellets (P 0.95) in cattle consumption of the control and 45 mg/kg Se pellets on d 1. Sheep consumed primarily the control and 45 mg/kg Se pellets. We conclude that high Se concentrations in fresh forages had no effect on initial consumption by cattle or sheep. When given Se pellets, initial responses were variable, but the results indicate that cattle and sheep adjusted their intake over time to avoid excessive intake of Se.
Elastic deflection of the sliding bearing interface in the tangential direction

AbstractThe elastic deflection of the sliding bearing interface of machine tools in the tangential direction is important for ultraprecision positioning applications. This study focuses on investigating the magnitude of such tangential elastic deflection through experiments. A nanoprecison linear piezomotor is used to apply tangential force, and capacitance sensors of submicron resolution are used to measure displacements. Experimental results show that the bearing interface features linear elastic characteristics in the tangential direction when the range of tangential displacements is less than 50 nm. When the range is larger than 50nm, the interface only retains a certain amount of tangential deflection in an unloading cycle. The tangential force has a linear relationship with the tangential displacement only in the stage of elastic deformation which is submicron in magnitude.
Adrenoceptor types in the respiratory vasculature of the salamander gill.

Adrenoreceptor types were determined in the branchial respiratory vasculature of the neotenic tiger salamander,Ambystoma tigrinum. Phenoxybenzamine antagonized increases in branchial vascular resistance caused by both epinephrine and norepinephrine. Propranolol antagonized both epinephrine-and norepinephrine-induced dilation of this vascular bed. Isoproterenol produced solely vasodilation, phenylephrine had no effect, and methoxamine caused constriction only at a very high dose. It is concluded that alpha-adrenoceptors mediate the catecholamine-induced vasoconstriction, and beta-adrenoceptors the catecholamine-induced vasodilation in the respiratory circulation of the gill.