cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Likelihood Method for Assessing Molecular Divergence Time Estimates and the Placement of Fossil Calibrations

Estimating divergence times using molecular sequence data has become a common application of statistical phylogenetics. However, disparities between estimated ages for clades produced in different studies have become equally commonplace. Here, I propose a method for the objective assessment of the likelihood of inferred divergence times to evaluate the placement of fossil constraints using information from the broader fossil record. The inclusion of nodes from the Tree of Life for which credible age ranges are known, in addition to the fossil constraints used in the ingroup, will allow for the comparison of alternate fossil placements when the phylogenetic affinity of a fossil is ambiguous as well as provide a heuristic assessment of the global likelihood of estimated divergence times. The use of these "likelihood checkpoints" will allow for the comparison of inferred dates across data sets and across taxonomic groups to place divergence time estimates into a broader evolutionary timescale. The method is illustrated with an example using an expanded phylogenetic estimate of the Gnathostomata, inferred with relaxed-clock molecular dating methods. (Divergence time estimation; fossil calibrations; maximum likelihood; molecular phylogenetics; relaxed clocks.)
Molecular Cloning, Sequence Analysis, and Heterologous Expression of the Phosphinothricin Tripeptide Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from Streptomyces viridochromogenes DSM 40736

A fosmid library from genomic DNA of Streptomyces viridochromogenes DSM 40736 was constructed and screened for the presence of genes known to be involved in the biosynthesis of phosphinothricin tripeptide (PTT). Eight positives were identified, one of which was able to confer PTT biosynthetic capability upon Streptomyces lividans after integration of the fosmid into the chromosome of this heterologous host. Sequence analysis of the 40,241-bp fosmid insert revealed 29 complete open reading frames (ORFs). Deletion analysis demonstrated that a minimum set of 24 ORFs were required for PTT production in the heterologous host. Sequence analysis revealed that most of these PTT genes have been previously identified in either S. viridochromogenes or S. hygroscopicus (or both), although only 11 out of 24 of these ORFs have experimentally defined functions. Three previously unknown genes within the cluster were identified and are likely to have roles in the stepwise production of phosphonoformate from phosphonoacetaldehyde. This is the first report detailing the entire PTT gene cluster from any producing streptomycete.
Meaningful and Maladaptive Homework Practices: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation:

To be successful in homework completion, learners need to be self-regulated by setting homework goals, selecting appropriate learning strategies, maintaining motivation, monitoring progress, and ev...
Microscale Correlations Adoption in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

In order to develop a predictive model of real cell performance, firm relationships and assumptions need to be established for the definition of the physical and microstructure parameters for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This study explores the correlations of microstructure parameters from a microscale level, together with mass transfer and electrochemical reactions inside the electrodes, providing a novel approach to predict SOFC performance numerically. Based on the physical connections and interactions of microstructure parameters, two submodel correlations (i.e., porosity–tortuosity and porosity–particle size ratio) are proposed. Three experiments from literature are selected to facilitate the validation of the numerical results with experimental data. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the impact of the adopted submodel correlations to the SOFC performance predictions. Normally, the microstructural inputs in the numerical model need to be measured by experiments in order to test the real cell performance. By adopting the two submodel correlations, the simulation can be performed without obtaining relatively hard-to-measure microstructural parameters such as tortuosity and particle size, yet still accurately mimicking a real-world well-structured SOFC operation. By accurately and rationally predicting the microstructural parameters, this study can eventually help to aid the experimental and optimization study of SOFC.
Automatic construction of networks of concepts characterizing document databases

Two East-bloc computing knowledge bases, both based on a semantic network structure, were created automatically from large, operational textual databases using two statistical algorithms. The knowledge bases were evaluated in detail in a concept-association experiment based on recall and recognition tests. In the experiment, one of the knowledge bases, which exhibited the asymmetric link property, outperformed four experts in recalling relevant concepts in East-bloc computing. The knowledge base, which contained 20000 concepts (nodes) and 280000 weighted relationships (links), was incorporated as a thesaurus-like component in an intelligent retrieval system. The system allowed users to perform semantics-based information management and information retrieval via interactive, conceptual relevance feedback. >
Dissociable Genetic Contributions to Error Processing: A Multimodal Neuroimaging Study

Background: Neuroimaging studies reliably identify two markers of error commission: the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential, and functional MRI activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). While theorized to reflect the same neural process, recent evidence suggests that the ERN arises from the posterior cingulate cortex not the dACC. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these two error markers also have different genetic mediation. Methods: We measured both error markers in a sample of 92 comprised of healthy individuals and those with diagnoses of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Participants performed the same task during functional MRI and simultaneously acquired magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography. We examined the mediation of the error markers by two single nucleotide polymorphisms: dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) C-521T (rs1800955), which has been associated with the ERN and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T (rs1801133), which has been associated with error-related dACC activation. We then compared the effects of each polymorphism on the two error markers modeled as a bivariate response. Results: We replicated our previous report of a posterior cingulate source of the ERN in healthy participants in the schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder groups. The effect of genotype on error markers did not differ significantly by diagnostic group. DRD4 C-521T allele load had a significant linear effect on ERN amplitude, but not on dACC activation, and this difference was significant. MTHFR C677T allele load had a significant linear effect on dACC activation but not ERN amplitude, but the difference in effects on the two error markers was not significant. Conclusions: DRD4 C-521T, but not MTHFR C677T, had a significant differential effect on two canonical error markers. Together with the anatomical dissociation between the ERN and error-related dACC activation, these findings suggest that these error markers have different neural and genetic mediation.
Anticipation of Relevant Stimuli and Evoked Potentials: A Reply to Näätänen

Naatanen's comments on Donchin and Cohen's study of selective attention seem to derive from a failure to appreciate the relationship between the negative shifts in cortical potentials reported by N...
CO2 Laser Treatment in 244 Patients With Respiratory Papillomas

Objective Respiratory papillomas (RP) tend to recur and the difficulty in eradicating the disease makes their treatment frustrating. Meticulous CO2 laser excisions every 2 months has been the most effective treatment to date. This article analyzes the results of this plan in 244 patients with RP in the nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, lung parenchyma, and skin. Methods Two hundred forty-four patients with recurrent RP were treated by the senior author with CO2 laser excisions and, in some cases, podophyllum and alpha interferon. Demographics, initial distribution of papillomas, number of operations performed on each patient, and current results were evaluated. Results Careful laser excisions of RPs every 2 months achieved “remission” of disease (no visible RP on indirect or often direct laryngoscopy 2 mo after last removal) in 37% of patients, “clearance” of the disease process (no RP clinically apparent for 3 y after last removal) in 6%, and “cure” (no clinical recurrence for 5 y after last removal) in 17%. Juvenile-onset RP tends to follow a more aggressive course than adult-onset RP. Four patients (1.6%) developed malignant transformation of their papillomas. Except for ones in lung parenchyma, RP in areas other than the true vocal cords tend to be cleared faster because aggressive removal does not cause hoarseness. Lung parenchyma RPs are eventually fatal because of pulmonary failure from abscesses and cysts resulting from a lack of effective treatment. Conclusion Frequent and meticulously performed CO2 laser excisions can achieve significant voice and airway improvement, and some clinical “cures.” However, effective antiviral medicines and/or immunologic agents are needed to achieve true cures with elimination of all human papilloma virus 6 and 11 viruses.
Annual testicular cycle of the lizard Anolis carolinensis: Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin

The effects of pinealectomy and exogenous melatonin treatment on the reproductive system of male anoles were examined at several different times of year. In September pinealectomy of anoles exposed to either a stimulatory LD 14:10 light cycle or a nonstimulatory LD 10:14 light cycle induced significant testicular growth and development over that observed in sham-operated anoles. At a nonphotosensitive time of year (December) pinealectomy also had a significant progonadal effect but no effect of pinealectomy was seen in February-March. Daily melatonin injections given either in the morning or afternoon (or both) failed to block gonadal growtheither (1) in sham-operated or pinealectomized anoles exposed to LD 14:10 in the fall or (2) in pinealectomized lizards exposed to LD 10:14 in the fall. Continuous melatonin administration via subcutaneous silastic implants blocked the progonadal effects of pinealectomy in the winter (December). The results show that (1) pinealectomy can have significant progonadal effects; (2) these effects are seasonal but can encompass phases of the annual testicular cycle which are either photoperiod-dependent or temperature-dependent; and (3) melatonin may be a reproductively active factor involved.
The Development of Visual Attention in Infancy

▪ Abstract Over the past decade, the study of attention in infancy has seen dramatic progress. This review delineates four attentional functions (alertness, spatial orienting, attention to object features, and endogenous attention) that are relevant to infancy and uses these functions as a framework for summarizing the developmental course of attention in infancy. Rudimentary forms of various attentional functions are present at birth, but each of the functions exhibits different and apparently dissociable periods of postnatal change during the first years of life. The role of attention in development should therefore be considered in the context of interaction among different systems at different levels of maturity during the first years of life.
Ventilation of the abyssal Southern Ocean during the late Neogene: A new perspective from the subantarctic Pacific

[1] Benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope records from the South Atlantic show significant declines toward more “Pacific-like” values at ∼7 and ∼2.7 Ma, and it has been posited that these shifts may mark steps toward increased CO2 sequestration in the deep Southern Ocean as climate cooled over the late Neogene. We generated new stable isotope records from abyssal subantarctic Pacific cores MV0502-4JC and ELT 25-11. The record from MV0502-4JC suggests that the Southern Ocean remained well mixed and free of vertical or interbasinal δ13C gradients following the late Miocene carbon shift (LMCS). According to the records from MV0502-4JC and ELT 25-11, however, cold, low δ13C bottom waters developed in the Southern Ocean in the late Pliocene and persisted until ∼1.7 Ma. These new data suggest that while conditions in the abyssal Southern Ocean following the LMCS were comparable to the present day, sequestration of respired CO2 may have increased in the deepest parts of the Southern Ocean during the late Pliocene, a critical period for the growth and establishment of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of texture development in magnesium oxide buffer layers

Biaxially textured magnesium oxide (MgO) buffer layers were grown by inclined substrate deposition and examined before YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ deposition to optimize their texture. Transmission electron microscopy of buffer layers in both cross-sectional and plan view was used to investigate film microstructure and texture development as a function of deposition thickness (0.05-3 /spl mu/m) and substrate inclination angle (0-55/spl deg/ from the substrate normal). It was determined that the combined effects of preferential growth of the {200} equilibrium crystal habit of MgO and shadowing by columnar grains led to the development of off-axis [200]-textured films.
Perspectives on Cost and Outcomes for Point-of-Care Testing

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is usually more expensive on a unit-cost basis than testing performed in a central laboratory. It is difficult to manage POCT and to maintain regulatory compliance, especially in large institutions. However, some POCT technologies have improved patient outcomes (patient self-glucose monitoring in the home, tight glycemic control in intensive care settings) or hospital or emergency department operations (whole-blood cardiac-marker testing and D-dimer testing in emergency departments). In some cases, these outcomes result simply from making a new test available, rather than performing the test at the point of care. In most cases, the rapid turnaround time provided by POCT is the main factor that is ultimately responsible for the improvement in outcomes.
Variability and Detection of Invariant Structure

Two experiments investigated learning of nonadjacent dependencies by adults and 18-month-olds. Each learner was exposed to three-element strings (e.g., pel-kicey-jic) produced by one of two artificial languages. Both languages contained the same adjacent dependencies, so learners could distinguish the languages only by acquiring dependencies between the first and third elements (the nonadjacent dependencies). The size of the pool from which the middle elements were drawn was systematically varied to investigate whether increasing variability (in the form of decreasing predictability between adjacent elements) would lead to better detection of nonadjacent dependencies. Infants and adults acquired nonadjacent dependencies only when adjacent dependencies were least predictable. The results point to conditions that might lead learners to focus on nonadjacent versus adjacent dependencies and are important for suggesting how learning might be dynamically guided by statistical structure.
Estimating external returns to education in the US: a production function approach

Individual US data are merged with aggregate data by state for the US and used to estimate the external benefits of education. Aggregate state-wide variables used are the average level of education and per capita physical capital for each state. Individual variables used are each working adult's labour force experience, years of completed schooling, gender and immigration status. One difference from previous studies that estimate external benefits to education is that data on physical capital for each region (state) are available and used. Hence, the study is based on an explicit production function of the form suggested by Lucas. Strong evidence of the presence of external benefits to education for the US is found.
Inner-city Innovator: The Non-profit Community Development Corporation

This paper examines the potential and the limitations associated with the rise of the community development corporation (CDC) as a vital component of inner-city development politics. Grass-roots mobilisation in impoverished American neighbourhoods has sometimes resulted in the deconstruction of the high-rise 'growth machine' in those neighbourhoods and in the defence of 'home turf' against redevelopment and gentrification. Successful turf defence, however, has rarely been followed by an alternative, community-sensitive means of inner-city development. Recently, this dilemma has been addressed by the rise of an innovative institution capable of connecting community, capital and government in the pursuit of sensitive neighbourhood regeneration: the non-profit CDC. In some inner-city neighbourhoods, CDCs have helped to build an alternative social production process and have advanced elements of a new, progressive development regime.
Use of Visual Tools to Report Sexual Abuse for Adults With Mental Retardation

Adults with mental retardation were assessed for their ability to use visual tools for identifying body parts. Participants were shown three representations: anatomical dolls, anatomical drawings, and live models, each of which had a sticker placed on a body part. They were asked to name that body part and place a sticker in the same place on their own body. Results indicated that verbal labeling was easier for participants with mild mental retardation compared to moderate mental retardation. Level of mental retardation affected the participants' ability to correctly place the stickers. Form of representation was also important. Live models were easier to use compared to dolls and drawings. Implications for forensic evaluations are discussed.
Application of the Eliassen Balanced Model to Real-Data Tropical Cyclones

Abstract The Eliassen balanced vortex model assumes gradient balance of the azimuthal mean flow. This assumption was tested by calculating mean and eddy terms in the radial momentum equation in the synoptic-scale environments of two tropical cyclones. The azimuthally averaged gradient balance was accurate to within 15%–25% in the free atmosphere outside the core, even in the asymmetric outflow layer. Balanced secondary circulations correlated well with circulations that included gradient thermal wind imbalance terms. Although the balanced model lacks Galilean invariance, balanced circulations were largely insensitive to use of a fixed coordinate or a coordinate moving with the storm. This occurred because changes in eddy heat and angular momentum fluxes largely offset one another. The two-dimensional balanced solutions provide a reasonably robust measure of circulations induced by azimuthal eddy processes in the tropical cyclone environment. Nevertheless, individual forcing functions, such as the commonly...
Effects of Substantial Spark Retard on SI Engine Combustion and Hydrocarbon Emissions

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of substantial spark retard on combustion, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, and exhaust temperature, under cold engine conditions. A single-cylinder research engine was operated at 20° C fluid temperatures for various spark timings and relative air/fuel ratios. Combustion stability was observed to decrease as the phasing of the 50% mass fraction burned (MFB) occurred later in the expansion stroke. A thermodynamic burn rate analysis indicated combustion was complete at exhaust valve opening with -20° before top dead center (BTDC) spark timings. Chemical and thermal energy of the exhaust gas was tracked from cylinder-exit to the exhaust runner. Time-resolved HC concentrations measured in the port and runner were mass weighted to obtain an exhaust HC mass flow rate. Results were compared to time averaged well downstream HC levels. Quenching experiments, with carbon dioxide injected at the exhaust valve seats, were conducted to quantify cylinder-exit HC levels. Engine operation with a relative air/fuel ratio 10% lean of stoichiometric resulted in the lowest observed HC emissions. Port HC oxidation ranged from 15% to 37% with additional HC reductions (40-50%) in the runner noted with after top center spark timings. Fuel-rich engine operation with secondary air injection into the exhaust port yielded the lowest HC levels and highest exhaust gas enthalpy observed.
Physical Activity Experience and Interests of College Women

Abstract In this study, 267 Freshman college women recorded the extent of participation in physical activities during high school years. They indicated the activities they had liked or disliked and those which they wished to learn or to continue. It was found that three team sports dominated the high school years and that experience in rhythmic activities and individual sports was meager or lacking. However, the five most-liked activities were of the latter type, as also were ten of the 12 most frequently requested in the college program. Recommendations for adjustments in college offerings are included.
Identification and Actions of a Novel Third Maresin Conjugate in Tissue Regeneration: MCTR3.

Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTR) are a new family of evolutionarily conserved chemical signals that orchestrate host responses to promote tissue regeneration and resolution of infections. Herein, we identified the novel MCTR3 and established rank order potencies and matched the stereochemistries of MCTR1, MCTR2 and MCTR3 using material prepared by total organic synthesis and mediators isolated from both mouse and human systems. MCTR3 was produced from endogenous substrate by E. coli activated human macrophages and identified in sepsis patients. Each of the three synthetic MCTR dose-dependently (1–100nM) accelerated tissue regeneration in planaria by 0.6–0.9 days. When administered at the onset or peak of inflammation, each of the MCTR promoted resolution of E. coli infections in mice. They increased bacterial phagocytosis by exudate leukocytes (~15–50%), limited neutrophil infiltration (~20–50%), promoted efferocytosis (~30%) and reduced eicosanoids. MCTR1 and MCTR2 upregulated human neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic responses where MCTR3 also proved to possess potent actions. These results establish the complete stereochemistry and rank order potencies for MCTR1, MCTR2 and MCTR3 that provide novel resolution moduli in regulating host responses to clear infections and promote tissue regeneration.
Increasing fish taxonomic and functional richness affects ecosystem properties of small headwater prairie streams.

SUMMARY 1. Stream fish can regulate their environment through direct and indirect pathways, and the relative influence of communities with different taxonomic and functional richness on ecosystem properties likely depends on habitat structure. Given this complexity, it is not surprising that observational studies of how stream fish communities influence ecosystems have shown mixed results. 2. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an observed gradient of taxonomic (zero, one, two or three species) and functional (zero, one or two groups) richness of fishes on several key ecosystem properties in experimental stream mesocosms. Our study simulated small (less than two metres wide) headwater prairie streams with a succession of three pool-riffle structures (upstream, middle and downstream) per mesocosm. Ecosystem responses included chlorophyll a from floating algal mats and benthic algae, benthic organic matter, macroinvertebrates (all as mass per unit area), algal filament length and stream metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration rate). Ecosystem responses were analysed individually using general linear mixed models. 3. Significant treatment (taxonomic and functional richness) by habitat (pools and riffles) interactions were found for all but one ecosystem response variable. After accounting for location (upstream, middle and downstream) effects, the presence of one or two grazers resulted in shorter mean algal filament lengths in pools compared to no-fish controls. These observations suggest grazers can maintain short algal filaments in pools, which may inhibit long filaments from reaching the surface. Accordingly, floating algal mats decreased in mid- and downstream locations in grazer treatment relative to no-fish controls. 4. At the scale of the entire reach, gross primary productivity and respiration were greater in treatments with two grazer species compared to mixed grazer/insectivore or control treatments. 5. The distribution of stream resources across habitat types and locations within a reach can therefore be influenced by the taxonomic and functional composition of fishes in small prairie streams. Thus, disturbances that alter diversity of these systems might have unexpected ecosystemlevel consequences.
Multi-Disciplinary Survey of Engine Parameters and its Impact on Performance and Energy Maneuverability

An Energy Maneuverability (E-M) point-performance approach is used to study the effects of changing engine parameters upon a baseline airframe. This work considers, as independent variables, the effects of overall engine scale factor (sea level static thrust), power extraction, bleed air extraction, bypass ratio, turbine inlet temperature, fan pressure ratio, and overall pressure ratio against a reference aerodynamic database. This design study integrates propulsion analyses developed using NASA’s NPSS propulsion modelling language. The E-M “skymap” grids demonstrate relations between the independent variables and their resulting impact on overall aircraft performance across the flight envelope. The results show the negative impact of bleed air extraction and shaft power extraction and the positive effect of high bypass ratio engines on cruise performance and sustained turning fuel burn but the negative effects on the maximum thrust of the engine. Overall the methods and data capture the relationships between several engine designs and the resulting impact on aircraft performance using a grid contour display.
Neurorehabilitation: Three New NMR Tools

NMR methods suitable for neurological diagnosis and research have proliferated since the biomedical NMR era began with the introduction of MRI in the late 1970s. The versatility and noninvasive nature of NMR present special opportunities for the study of tissue repair in the nervous system. Longitudinal observations of anatomical, functional, and biochemical aspects of repair processes through well-established NMR techniques are already feasible. Three newly developed techniques that promise to extend the range and depth of NMR work on neurorehabilitation are discussed in this article. These new techniques allow for the detection of 1) nerve fiber bundle orientation through the diffusional anisotropy of axoplasmic and interstitial water, 2) signs of neural activation within the first few hundred milliseconds after task onset, and 3) two-dimensional mapping of biochemical changes associated with tissue damage and repair. NEUROSCIENTIST 4: 231–235, 1998
Review of Wake Homing Simulations and Countermeasures in France

France DCN Armes Sous Marines(DCN ASM) has dedicated for more than 15 years a part of its research activities to wake study in order to develop wake homing torpedo and corresponding countermeasures technology.This paper describes briefly their work on modeling of surface vessel wakes,relevant experimentations and measurements at sea,and wake homing torpedo simulation and countermeasure.Base on the concepts of 4-wake types: spume wake, wave wake(Kelvin's wake),pressure wake and speed wake,the simplified geometrical wake model is adopted.Several factors relevant to the model and software are considered,including the influence of sea condition on wake shape,boats mutually crossing their wakes,depth and width of parametric wake model depending on time and ship speed and ship type,and the torpedo acoustic head with multi-beam.The current countermeasures are compared and analyzed.It is proposed that hardkill is the main methods to counter wake homing torpedo.
Method for Obtaining Ovine Uterine Secretions from Unilaterally Pregnant Ewes

Development of the ovine conceptus was confined to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (CL) by placing a ligature around that uterine horn at a point near the uterine body on day 5 of pregnancy. On day 140 of gestation, seven of 10 ewes were still pregnant and from 21 to 815 ml of uterine fluid (488 +/- 94 ml, X +/- SEM) were collected from the nongravid uterine horn. Total recoverable protein (X +/- SEM) was 13.4 +/- 3.4 grams. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the reduced proteins in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that protein composition of uterine fluid was distinct from that of colostrum, serum, amniotic fluid, and allantoic fluid, and revealed the presence of two major polypeptides with molecular weights of about 57,000 and 58,500, respectively, plus numerous other minor components. Gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose CL-6B suggested that these polypeptides formed a series of aggregates of high molecular weight when kept under nonreducing conditions. Glucose (.18 +/- .03 mg/ml), but not fructose, was present in uterine fluid. In addition, high levels of prostaglandin F (451.4 +/- 83.3 ng/ml) were present.
Effect of margin width on local recurrence (LR) in triple-negative (TN) breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy (BCT).

1021 Background: Positive lumpectomy margins are associated with increased rates of LR after BCT; however, the effect of increasing negative margin distance on LR is controversial. Rates of LR vary...
Cooptation or solidarity: food sovereignty in the developed world

This paper builds on previous research about the potential downsides of food sovereignty activism in relatively wealthy societies by developing a three-part taxonomy of harms that may arise in such contexts. These are direct opposition, false equivalence, and diluted goals and methods. While this paper provides reasons to resist complacency about wealthy-world food sovereignty, we are optimistic about the potential for food sovereignty in wealthy societies, and we conclude by describing how wealthy-world food sovereignty can be a location of either transnational solidarity or (at least) nonharmful forms of cooptation.
Implementation of a "Flipped Classroom" for Neurosurgery Resident Education.

Introduction: Engaging residents across a multiyear training spectrum is challenging given the heterogeneity of experience and limited time available for educational activities. A “flipped classroom” model, in which residents prepare ahead of time for mentored topic discussions, has potential advantages. Methods: We implemented a curriculum consisting of topics distributed across the specialty. Weekly, each resident was randomly assigned to research a specific aspect of an assigned topic appropriate to his or her level of experience: junior residents about what characterizes each clinical entity, midlevel residents about when to intervene, and chief residents about how to administer treatment. Residents completed an anonymous survey 6 months after implementation. Board examination performance was assessed before and after implementation. Results: A total of 12 residents participated in the program. Weekly, 1.75±0.40 hours were spent in preparation, with senior residents reporting less time than junior residents. All residents indicated that the accumulation of experience across 7 years of residency was a major advantage of this program, and all preferred it to lectures. Performance on the board examination significantly increased after implementation (from 316±36 to 468±45, p<0.05). Conclusions: The flipped classroom is a viable approach to resident education and is associated with increased engagement and improved performance using validated knowledge-assessment tools.
Heterogeneous oxidation of zinc vapor by steam and mixtures of steam and carbon dioxide

Abstract The kinetics of the heterogeneous oxidation of zinc vapor by water vapor were measured in a tube flow reactor for temperatures from 800 to 1100 K, zinc vapor partial pressures up to 0.39 atm, and water vapor partial pressures up to 1.0 atm. The results extend the prior data for oxidation of zinc by water vapor from zinc partial pressures on the order of 0.01 atm to higher values appropriate for fuel production via the Zn/ZnO thermochemical cycle. Measured oxidation rates span 10 −7 –10 −5 mol cm −2 s −1 . A second order, reversible reaction rate expression r ″ = k Zn - H 2 O p Zn ( g ) p H 2 O - p H 2 K eq is developed from regression of the data and a numerical model of advective and diffusive mass transfer. The kinetic parameter k Zn - H 2 O is a non-monotonic function of temperature with a negative activation energy for temperatures between 800 and 1050 K, consistent with prior studies. In a second set of experiments, the rate of the heterogeneous oxidation of zinc vapor by mixtures of water vapor and carbon dioxide was measured. The product gas is hydrogen rich due to faster surface reaction kinetics for oxidation with water vapor than with carbon dioxide. We conclude that it is preferable to split water and carbon dioxide in separate reactors rather than co-produce H 2 and CO in a single reactor for production of synthesis gas in the Zn/ZnO solar thermochemical redox cycle.
Higher Holonomies, Geometric Loop Groups and Smooth Deligne Cohomology

A holonomy is a structure associated with any connection \(\nabla \) on a smooth principal G-bundle over a smooth manifoldM.It assigns to every piecewise smooth loop \(\gamma :{{S}^{1}} \to M \) an element \({{h}^{\nabla }}(\gamma ) \) ofG.If\(\nabla\)is flat, then\({h^\nabla }(\sigma )\)depends only on the relative homotopy class ofaand hence, it induces a homomorphism\({h^\nabla }:{\pi _1}(M) \to G\)It is well-known that the assignment\(\nabla \mapsto {h^\nabla }\)induces an isomorphism $$h:L\left( {M,G,{{\nabla }^{{flat}}}} \right) \to Hom\left( {{{\pi }_{1}}\left( M \right),G} \right), $$ (1) where\(L(M,G,{\nabla ^{flat}})\)is the pointed set of isomorphism classes of smooth principal G-bundles with a flat connection overM.In this paper we investigate several generalizations of the isomorphism (1).
Home range size, vegetation density, and season influences prey use by coyotes (Canis latrans)

To ensure reproductive success, Canis species establish contiguous mosaics of territories in suitable habitats to partition space and defend limiting resources. Consequently, Canis species can exert strong effects on prey populations locally because of their year-round maintenance of territories. We assessed prey use by coyotes (Canis latrans) by sampling scats from within known territories in southeastern Alabama and the Savannah River area of Georgia and South Carolina. We accounted for the size and habitat composition of coyote home ranges to investigate the influence of space use, vegetation density, and habitat type on coyote diets. Coyote use of prey was influenced by a combination of mean monthly temperature, home range size, vegetation density, and hardwood forests. For example, coyote use of adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was associated with cooler months and smaller home ranges, whereas use of rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.) was associated with cooler months, larger home ranges, and less vegetation density. Coyotes in our study relied primarily on nutritionally superior mammalian prey and supplemented their diet with fruit when available, as their use of mammalian prey did not appreciably decrease with increasing use of fruit. We suggest that differential use of prey by coyotes is influenced by habitat heterogeneity within their home ranges, and prey-switching behaviors may stabilize local interactions between coyotes and their food resources to permit stable year-round territories. Given that habitat composition affects coyote prey use, future studies should also incorporate effects of habitat composition on coyote distribution and abundance to further identify coyote influences on prey communities.
Strict Liability and the Marketing of Services vs. Goods: A Judicial Review:

This article examines the distinction between courts’ treatments of goods and the courts’ treatment of services in product liability litigation. Both public policy arguments and judicial reasons fo...
Early spring moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) captured in traps baited with (Z)-11-hexadecenal

(Z) -11-Hexadecenal (Z11-16ALD) is a component of the sex pheromone, or a sex attractant, of a number of moth species. Traps baited with this compound in early spring in eastern Washington State captured numbers of males of Egira rubrica (Harvey), Stretchia plusiaeformis (H. Edwards), and Annaphila danisticta (Grote) (all Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), indicating its function as a sex attractant for these species. This new knowledge may be important to pest managers that monitor moths with Z11-16ALD because such non-target responders to a lure can increase monitoring costs and be counted as “false positives” for pest species.
Progress of microRNA-21 in kidney diseases

MicroRNA(miRNA)is a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by functioning as a post-transcriptional regulatory factor basing on pairing with target mRNA, leading to mRNA cleavage or translation repression, and playing an important role in several fundamental biological and pathological processes.Consequently, nearly every biological process is related to miRNA.MicroRNA-21 is a typical miRNA, which has been found in recent years.It has been shown to participate in the development and prognosis of the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, IgA nephropathy, renal cell carcinoma and other renal diseases.Therefore, microRNA-21 may be a new target for the treatment of these diseases in the future.This paper reviews the correlative literature and research development regarding the roles of microRNA-21 in kidney disease, and providing references for diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease in the future. Key words: MicroRNA; MicroRNA-21; Acute kidney injury; Renal cell carcinoma; Immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Accessible web dev: curriculum development and program evaluation

This Doctoral Consortium submission outlines my planned dissertation work, in which I aim to develop and evaluate a web development course designed specifically for people that are blind. Here I introduce the issue of low participation in development and previous attempts to make coding more accessible. My proposed dissertation activities include the refinement of curriculum and tactile learning tools, as well as an evaluation of a two-week course in web development.
Getting from here to there: future planning as reported by adult siblings of individuals with disabilities

BACKGROUND Although they will often serve as caregivers for their brothers-sisters with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), adult siblings are rarely included in future planning. METHOD This study examined 495 American siblings who completed a web-based questionnaire about themselves, their brother-sister with IDD, parents and whether their families completed 11 future planning activities. RESULTS Although virtually all families completed some future planning, on average, families completed slightly over half of the 11 activities (75% completed eight or fewer). Families more frequently identified a successor to current caregivers and engaged in planning discussions with one another and with the brother-sister; least often, families completed a letter of intent or began securing residential placements. Future planning activities comprised three domains: (1) legal activities, (2) residential activities and (3) family discussions about the future. Variables relating to one or more domains included whether the brother-sister lived in or outside of family home; brother-sister independent living abilities; presence of an intellectual disability; parent caregiving ability; and current sibling caregiving and involvement with the brother-sister with IDD. CONCLUSIONS Although most families engage in some future planning, performance varies widely within and across future planning domains. Future planning involves different considerations and interventions depending on whether one is considering legal, residential or family discussions.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Double-Network Hydrogels: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Outlook

Hydrogels are widely used materials due to their biocompatibility, their ability to mimic the hydrated and porous extracellular microenvironment, as well as their ability to tune both mechanical an...
Does Houchins Matter

In summer 2018, the Trump Administration barred media access to detention centers on the border. In winter 2019, officials facing a crisis at a federal jail in Brooklyn barred media access when the power and heat went out. And, throughout 2020, governments sought to ban journalists from portions of Black Lives Matter protests. The constitutional provenance of these media bans can be traced to a series of Supreme Court decisions from 1978 to 1982, and to one case in particular: Houchins v. KQED, Inc. In that 3-1-(3) decision, the plurality maintained that the First Amendment did not “mandate[] a right of access to government information.” Today, that plurality holds outsized influence – but that influence has, rarely, been questioned. This Article does so and concludes that Houchins has little to commend to it. It first provides a history of the Court’s access jurisprudence from Houchins to the present and describes how this history spawned a split in lower courts where half treat the Houchins plurality as controlling, while the other half do not. Against that backdrop, it makes four claims. First, Houchins’ facts and its analysis are much narrower than courts have claimed. Second, it has questionable precedential weight as it lacks a majority or controlling opinion and was heard by only seven Justices. Third, it was displaced by the Court’s later access cases. Finally, it is remarkably anti-democratic. This Article concludes by urging lower courts to reassess outworn reliance on the Houchins plurality in order to develop a cohesive body of access jurisprudence that upholds principles of democratic self-governance.
Americanization and Cultural Preservation in Seattle's Settlement House: A Jewish Adaptation of the Anglo-American Model of Settlement Work

This article examines the dual agendas of Americanization and preservation of Ashkenazic Jewish culture through an historical analysis of the work of Seattle's Settlement House, a social service center founded in 1906 by elite, Americanized Jews to serve poorer, immigrant Jews of Ashkenazic and Sephardic origin. Such analysis is set against the ideological backdrop of Anglo-Americanism which pervaded the field of social work in its early efforts at self-definition and professionalization. Particular attention is paid to the role of the arts at Settlement House, with comparisons to Chicago's Hull-House, the prototypical American settlement operating at the turn of the century. This case study analyzes a German Jewish adaptation of an Anglo-American, Christian model of social work
Anxiety relief conditioning. A critical review and supportive experiment.

An experiment was conducted to separate the effects of anxiety relief conditioning from other variables which may be operative within that paradigm. A review of the literature revealed that no definitive investigations had been conducted, and critiques of these investigations were offered. Also, the distinction between aversion relief and anxiety relief conditioning procedures was detailed.
Experimenting with Privacy: Driving Efficiency Through a State-Informed Federal Data Breach Notification and Data Protection Law

Against a backdrop of annual data breaches compromising approximately one billion global records and an average data breach cost of nearly six billion dollars, the absence of clear US federal strategy for data breach notification and security requirements threatens both consumer privacy and business contracting efficiency. Fifty-one US states and territories have created data breach notification and other statutes, creating a range of statutory requirements for businesses, from strict to flexible. Prevailing and trending state statutes provide an opportunity to create a common federal US data breach notification statute, and by leveraging state statutory language in its text, a federal statute could improve security for consumers and efficiency for business while reflecting local attitudes regarding data breach notification and data protection.
Power-Aware Communication Systems

Battery-operated systems usually operate as part of larger networks where they wirelessly communicate with other systems. Conventional techniques for low-power design, with their focus on circuits and computation logic in a system, are at best inadequate for such networked systems. The reason is two fold. First, the energy cost associated with wireless communications dominates the energy cost associated with computation. Being dictated primarily by a totally different set of laws (Shannon and Maxwell), communication energy, unlike computation energy, does not even benefit much from Moore’s Law. Second, designers are interested in network-wide energy-related metrics, such as network lifetime, which techniques focused on computation at a single system cannot address. Therefore, in order to go beyond low-power techniques developed for stand-alone computing systems, this chapter describes communication-related sources of power consumption and network-level power-reduction and energy-management techniques in thecontext of wirelessly networked systems such as wireless multimedia and wireless sensor networks. General principles behind power-aware protocols and resource management techniques at various layers of networked systems — physical, link, medium access, routing, transport, and application — are presented. Unlike their conventional counterparts that only manage band width to achieve performance, power-aware network protocols also manage the energy resource. Their goal is not just a reduction in the total power consumption. Rather, power-aware protocols seek a trade-off between energy and performance via network-wide power management to provide the right power at the right place and the right time.
T Cell-Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Breast Cancer: Friend or Foe?

It has been reported that in epithelial cancer invasion, most matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are made by stromal cells of the host, and not the neoplasm itself. Findings from several laboratories indicate that immune cell-derived MMPs may be advantageous to developing tumors by promoting angiogenesis, neoplastic cell proliferation, and progression to malignancy. We have found a dramatic up-regulation of MMP-9 secretion by splenic and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes from D1-DMBA-3 mammary tumor-bearing mice compared to T cells from normal animals. Furthermore, tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor induced the up-regulation of MMP-9 in T cells, corroborating the suggestion that tumor cells may "conscript" inflammatory cells to make contributions to the tumor phenotype. Some investigators propose that the resulting degradation of the extracellular matrix by lymphocyte-derived proteases might be used by tumor cells to establish a blood supply and to metastasize. The outcome of MMP activity in the tumor microenvironment may be dependent on a variety of factors including tumor phenotype; the presence of other proteases and cytokines; and the time, level, and site of MMP production. In light of recent findings that MMPs are also capable of generating anti-angiogenic molecules, further investigation will bear out whether inflammatory cell-derived MMPs are friend or foe to developing tumors.