cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a pro-oxidant intermediate in the assembly of cytochrome oxidase.

The hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of cells lacking two proteins, Sco1 and Cox11, important in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), is shown to arise from the transient accumulation of a pro-oxidant heme A-Cox1 stalled intermediate. The peroxide sensitivity of these cells is abrogated by a reduction in either Cox1 expression or heme A formation but exacerbated by either enhanced Cox1 expression or heme A production arising from overexpression of COX15. Sco1 and Cox11 are implicated in the formation of the CuA and CuB sites of CcO, respectively. The respective wild-type genes suppress the peroxide sensitivities of sco1Δ and cox11Δ cells, but no cross-complementation is seen with noncognate genes. Copper-binding mutant alleles of Sco1 and Cox11 that are nonfunctional in promoting the assembly of CcO are functional in suppressing the peroxide sensitivity of their respective null mutants. Likewise, human Sco1 that is nonfunctional in yeast CcO assembly is able to suppress the peroxide sensitivity of yeast sco1Δ cells. Thus, a disconnect exists between the respiratory capacity of cells and hydrogen peroxide sensitivity. Hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of sco1Δ and cox11Δ cells is abrogated by overexpression of a novel mitochondrial ATPase Afg1 that promotes the degradation of CcO mitochondrially encoded subunits. Studies on the hydrogen peroxide sensitivity in CcO assembly mutants reveal new aspects of the CcO assembly process.
Developing maintainable expert systems using case‐based reasoning

: Maintainability problems associated with traditional software systems are exacerbated in rule-based systems. The very nature of that approach — separation of control knowledge and data-driven execution — hampers maintenance. While there are widely accepted techniques for maintaining conventional software, the same is not true for rule-based systems. In most situations, both a knowledge engineer and a domain expert are necessary to update the rules of a rule-based system. This paper presents, first, an overview of the software engineering techniques and object-oriented methods used in maintaining rule-based systems. It then discusses alternate paradigms for expert system development. The benefits of using case-based reasoning (from the maintenance point of view) are illustrated through the implementation of a case-based scheduler. The main value of the scheduler is that its knowledge base can be modified by the expert without the assistance of a knowledge engineer. Since changes in application requirements can be given directly to the system by the expert, the effort of maintaining the knowledge base is greatly reduced.
Multiscale cohesive failure modeling of heterogeneous adhesives

A novel multiscale cohesive approach that enables prediction of the macroscopic properties of heterogeneous thin layers is presented. The proposed multiscale model relies on the Hill's energy equivalence lemma, implemented in the computational homogenization scheme, to couple the micro- and macro-scales and allows to relate the homogenized cohesive law used to model the failure of the adhesive layer at the macro-scale to the complex damage evolution taking place at the micro-scale. A simple isotropic damage model is used to describe the failure processes at the micro-scale. We establish the upper and lower bounds on the multiscale model and solve several examples to demonstrate the ability of the method to extract physically based macroscopic properties.
Excitatory responses to serotonin (5-HT) in neurons of the rat piriform cortex: evidence for mediation by 5-HT1C receptors in pyramidal cells and 5-HT2 receptors in interneurons.

As a prerequisite to pharmacological analysis of the excitatory effects of serotoinin (5-HT) on piriform pyramidal cells and interneurons, this study first examined the physiological characteristics of these two cell types. Intracellular recordings confirmed that the subpopulation of 5-HT-activated cells located at the border of layers II and III and indeed interneurons. Voltage clamp recordings in pyramidal cells showed that the increase in excitability produced by 5-HT in these cells was the result of voltage- and Ca2+-dependent outward currents with the characteristics of IM and IAHP. Pharmacological studies were designed to discriminate 5-HT2 from 5-HT1C responses in interneurons and pyramidal cells of piriform cortex. The 5-HT antagonist spiperone, which has a much higher affinity for 5-HT2 receptors than for 5-HT1C receptors, blocked the excitatory effect of 5-HT at lower concentrations in interneurons (IC50 = 31 nM) than in pyramidal cells (IC50 = 2.1 μM). Similarly, ritanserin, a drug which also has a higher affinity for 5-HT2 than 5-HT1C receptors, blocked the effect of 5-HT at lower concentrations in interneurons (IC50 = 400 nM) than in pyramidal cells (IC50 = 8.1 μM). In contrast, LY 53857, an antagonist with higher affinity for 5-HT1C than for 5-HT2 receptors, blocked the effect of 5-HT at lower concentrations in pyramidal cells (IC50 = 26 nM) than in interneurons (IC50 = 364 nM). The 5-HT1C partial agonist/5-HT2 antagonist mCPP produced agonist-like effects in only 66% of pyramidal cells tested indicating that not all pyramidal cells may express 5-HT1C receptors. In that both spiperone and ritanserin have higher affinity for 5-HT2 receptors than for 5-HT1C receptors and LY 53857 has a higher affinity for 5-HT1C receptors than for 5-HT2 receptors, these data suggest that in piriform cortex excitatory effects of 5-HT are mediated by 5-HT1C receptors in pyramidal cells and by 5-HT2 receptors in interneurons.
Creating brand personality with brand names

As the elemental building block of the brand, the brand name represents a potential starting point for creating brand personality. Drawing on theory and research from sound symbolism, this study investigates how brand names can be formed to create brand personality, as defined by Aaker's (1997) Brand Personality Scale. Results indicate that brand names with back vowels better create a Ruggedness personality, while brand names with front vowels better create Sophistication and Sincerity personalities.
Interface control and design for SiC fiber-reinforced titanium aluminide composites

The effectiveness of several coating systems which were used as a diffusion barrier for the SiC fiber-reinforced titanium aluminide composites was investigated. TaC, TiC, TiB2, B, C/graded TiB2, and Ag/Ta were applied to the SiC fiber via chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. The interfacial compatibility, interfacial stability, thermal residual stress, interfacial bond strength, and the transverse fracture behavior of the composites with coated fibers were characterized and determined. The results show that none of the above coating systems can satisfy the requirements for a strong, tough, and damage-tolerant SiC fiber-reinforced titanium aluminide composite. Several multilayer, multifunctional coating systems are proposed.
Indigenous People in a Landscape of Risk: Teaching Social Work Students About Socially Just Social Work Responses

The need for social justice in social work practice is particularly apparent in work with indigenous populations. In spite of the social work profession's commitment to social justice, social workers have often done significant harm in their work with indigenous peoples. Social work educators are ideally positioned to close this gap between social work values and practice by teaching how principles of social justice can be applied with indigenous peoples. This article provides social work educators with background knowledge and specific tools for teaching about indigenous populations from a social justice perspective.
Louis Kelso's binary economy

Abstract Louis Kelso's binary economics offers a distinct economic paradigm for understanding growth, poverty, inflation, private property, and the necessary conditions for market efficiency in an industrial economy. It also proposes a concrete, democratic, private property system for achieving sustained growth and distributive justice on market principles. In essence, binary theory holds that capital has not only a productive, but also an independent (and very potent), distributive relationship to growth that is suppressed in a closed private property system. By opening the private property system to all people on market principles, binary logic explains how the unnatural scarcity and gross distributional disparities that now prevail throughout the world can be replaced with the natural, widespread abundance and leisure promised by the industrial revolution, and the distributive justice that is necessary for market efficiency. If valid, binary economics provides a way of significantly helping poor and working people everywhere without taking from the rich. This article presents an overview of binary economics and describes a national binary economy. It examines the promise of sustained growth and distributive justice based on binary logic and explains how that logic differs from traditional economic analysis. Finally, it discusses questions raised by binary theory that merit additional inquiry by socioeconomists concerned about poor and working people everywhere.
Policy and performance orientations in the United States

Abstract The 1980 and 1984 United States elections marked a major turning point in the ideological orientation of public policy. Many argued that these elections reflected a policy mandate by the electorate who preferred Reagan's conservative policies. Two dimensions are employed to compare voting decisions in the elections from 1952 to 1984. The first dimension determines whether citizens evaluate candidates on the basis of policies, performance, or strictly candidate attributes; the second examines the time perspective of these assessments, that is, whether they are retrospective or prospective. Data from the University of Michigan, National Election Studies reveal that the single most important factor, and the only one that can account for Reagan's electoral victories was retrospective performance. In 1984, Reagan enjoyed a landslide re-election victory because a substantial fraction of the electorate voted against their own policy interests and rewarded Reagan with another term because of his past performance. The 1984 election outcome, therefore, was a reward, not a mandate.
Structural basis for cooperative binding of azoles to CYP2E1 as interpreted through guided molecular dynamics simulations.

Abstract CYP2E1 metabolizes a wide array of small, hydrophobic molecules, resulting in their detoxification or activation into carcinogens through Michaelis–Menten as well as cooperative mechanisms. Nevertheless, the molecular determinants for CYP2E1 specificity and metabolic efficiency toward these compounds are still unknown. Herein, we employed computational docking studies coupled to molecular dynamics simulations to provide a critical perspective for understanding a structural basis for cooperativity observed for an array of azoles from our previous binding and catalytic studies (Hartman et al., 2014). The resulting 28 CYP2E1 complexes in this study revealed a common passageway for azoles that included a hydrophobic steric barrier causing a pause in movement toward the active site. The entrance to the active site acted like a second sieve to restrict access to the inner chamber. Collectively, these interactions impacted the final orientation of azoles reaching the active site and hence could explain differences in their biochemical properties observed in our previous studies, such as the consequences of methylation at position 5 of the azole ring. The association of a second azole demonstrated significant differences in interactions stabilizing the bound complex than observed for the first binding event. Intermolecular interactions occurred between the two azoles as well as CYP2E1 residue side chains and backbone and involved both hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen bonds. The relative importance of these interactions depended on the structure of the respective azoles indicating the absence of specific defining criteria for binding unlike the well-characterized dominant role of hydrophobicity in active site binding. Consequently, the structure activity relationships described here and elsewhere are necessary to more accurately identify factors impacting the observation and significance of cooperativity in CYP2E1 binding and catalysis toward drugs, dietary compounds, and pollutants.
Measurement and Characterization of Dimpled Planar Light Guide Prototypes

A dimpled light guide solar concentrator has been manufactured, and measurements of this prototype have been successfully modeled to predict performance. A second generation prototype was manufactured with 70% optical efficiency at 60x geometric concentration.
Radiographic results of fully uncemented trabecular metal reverse shoulder system at 1 and 2 years' follow-up

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the short-term radiographic outcome of a fully uncemented reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) system. Materials and methods We reviewed the radiographs of 98 consecutive patients undergoing uncemented RTSA. All patients had a standardized series of radiographs taken at 2 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. Humeral stems were evaluated for radiolucent lines by zone and component subsidence. Evaluation for scapular notching and radiolucency surrounding the baseplate implant within the glenoid vault was also performed. Results At 1 year, 93.9% of humeral stems had no lucent lines and 6.1% had less than 2 mm of lucency. Of the scapulae, 76.6% showed no evidence of notching, 21.4% had type 1 scapular notching, and 2.0% had type 2 notching at 1 year. At 2 years, 89.5% of humeral stem components had no lucent lines and 10.5% had less than 2 mm of lucency. Fifty-seven percent of scapulae had no notching, 34.2% had type 1 notching, 5.3% had type 2 notching, and 2.6% had type 3 notching. No stems had lucency in more than 1 zone or lucency ≥ 2 mm; 9.2% had subsidence of 2 mm or less. No glenoid components had any lucency around the baseplate or screws. Conclusions Cementless trabecular metal porous-coated implants for RTSA are associated with secure glenoid fixation and minimal radiographic evidence of humeral stem loosening or subsidence at short-term follow-up. The rates of scapular notching found in our study are comparable to previous studies and did not affect implant stability.
A time-saving approach for separating and focusing on human factors checklist discussion questions†‡

The approach proposed in this report saves valuable process hazards analysis (PHA) team meeting time by quantifying and helping to separate a usually nonquantifiable subject: important process safety–related human factors issues. A human factors checklist modeled after the CCPS checklist is used and analyzed in three steps. First, operations, maintenance, engineering, and management personnel fill out responses to a 106-question human factors checklist, using numbers ranging from 1 (“Okay As Is”) to 5 (“Needs Work”). Second, simple analysis on each question provided question-related averages and standard deviations. Third, histograms on these results help to identify the ranges and to reduce the number of questions discussed by the team. The questions that showed general agreement had either high or low relative scores with low standard deviations; the questions that showed either diverse interpretations or opinions had high standard deviations. This approach saves the costs associated with longer PHA team meeting times because the discussion focuses on specific questions (issues) instead of all of the checklist questions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
The general solution and Faxén laws for the temperature fields in and outside an isolated ellipsoid

The image systems for the disturbance temperature fields in and outside an isolated ellipsoid driven by an n-th order ambient field are introduced and their connection to the ellipsoidal harmonics is derived. More general ambient fields may be handled by superposition of these basic solutions. These result have been used to derive the Faxen relation for the arbitrary n-th order multipole moment. The explicit expressions for the temperature fields and the thermal moment tensors for an ellipsoid in linear and quadratic ambient fields are given to illustrate the method.
Reduction in cervical probing analgesia by repeated prior exposure to cold-water swims.

Abstract Previous work has established that stimulation of the vaginal cervix (cervical probing: CP) and cold-water swims (CWS) each produce analgesia in rats that is affected similarly by catecholaminergic mechanisms, but differentially by serotoninergic and opioid mechanisms. The present study examined whether CP analgesia, like CWS analgesia, would be reduced by prior repeated CWS exposure. Tail-flick latencies were significantly increased by CP and CWS in naive animals. In animals chronically preexposed to 14 daily swims, CP analgesia was reduced and CWS analgesia was reduced at 60, but not 30 min after the swim. After 1 month of recovery, CP analgesia showed a persistent reduction, whereas CWS analgesia was fully recovered. These data suggest that the mechanisms. underlying CP and CWS analgesia are interrelated.
Popularity trajectories and substance use in early adolescence

This paper introduces new longitudinal network data from the “Promoting School-Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience” or “PROSPER” peers project. In 28 communities, grade-level sociometric friendship nominations were collected from two cohorts of middle school students as they moved from 6th, to 9th grade. As an illustration and description of these longitudinal network data, this paper describes the school popularity structure, changes in popularity position, and suggests linkages between popularity trajectory and substance use. In the cross-section, we find that the network is consistent with a hierarchical social organization, but exhibits considerable relational change in both particular friends and position at the individual level. We find that both the base level of popularity and the variability of popularity trajectories effect substance use.
Enantioselective total synthesis of ginkgolide derivatives lacking the tert-butyl group, an essential structural subunit for antagonism of platelet activating factor

Abstract An enantioselective total synthesis of the ginkgolide B analog 3 is reported along with the results of bioassays for antagonism of platelet activating factor. The three orders of magnitude difference in bioactivity of 2 and 3 demonstrates that the tert-butyl group of the ginkgolides is essential for anti-PAF potency.
Fluorescein Angiography Basic Science and Engineering

Fluorescein angiography is an application of the physical phenomenon of fluorescence, which is phosphorescence in which the quantum mechanical decay curve is so rapid that it appears instantaneous, and it consequently has no afterglow. Sodium fluorescein is excited by light energy between 465 and 490 nm, and it decays into a lower state emitting light energy between 520 and 530 nm as fluorescent radiation. The free electrons available for excitation are reduced by chemical bonding between the fluorescein dye and plasma proteins to which up to 80% of the dye is bound in the bloodstream, thus reducing overall fluorescence. Optimalization of the observed and recorded fluorescence is afforded by providing exciter and barrier filters with as little overlap as possible to reduce or eliminate contrast reducing pseudofluorescence.
Body Language of Women and Judgments of Vulnerability to Sexual Assault

The present study experimentally examined the effects of body language on judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault by strangers. Four features of body language (stride length, weight shift, body-limb movement, and foot movement) were manipulated to create 2 typical victim profiles and 1 typical nonvictim profile. Short videotapes of 3 adult female models walking alone in each of the 3 body language profiles were filmed. Forty-one college students and 33 police officers individually viewed 3 videotapes (each showing a different model and a different body language profile) and made judgments for each about the woman's confidence level and vulnerability to sexual assault. As predicted, women in the 2 victim profiles were judged to be significantly more vulnerable to sexual assault and significantly less confident than women in the nonvictim profile. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Excretion of insecticides.

Abstract Excretion data for any xenobiotic can be a very informative portion of a balance study if one is adequately prepared to interpret it. Things which should be considered are the route of administration, the molecular weight of the parent compound and possible metabolites, the polarity of the parent compound, the possibility of nonpolar metabolites, and the position of the radiolabel if one is present. Given these factors for a xenobiotic, the investigator should be able to determine the efficiency of intestinal absorption, the importance and degree of metabolism by intestinal microbes, and the effect of route of administration on the disposition of the compound by studying the excretion data. In addition, the routes and rates of excretion should be indicative of the types and rates of metabolism to which the parent compound is subject. In the present review of the excretion of insecticides the author has endeavored to provide examples of how various investigators have determined these parameters for different types of insecticides and an effort has been made to point out the various types of pitfalls to which this type of research is subject. It is not unlikely that with further refinement of the techniques, and with the application of adequate kinetic parameters that the excretion of insecticides and other xenobiotics over a short period of time could be used to predict their long-term disposition. Furthermore, if accurate sampling methods could be devised, it might also be possible to use one or more of the minor routes of xenobiotic excretion as a nonintrusive assay of the total body burden of lipophilic xenobiotics. In summary, it is anticipated that complete balance studies for the disposition of insecticides and other lipophilic xenobiotics will be considered an increasingly important part of the information deemed necessary for the formulation of regulations regarding their use. Quantitative data on the excretion of these compounds will be an integral part of these balance studies. If the excretion studies are carefully planned, the data obtained should prove very useful to the interpretation of the in vivo metabolism and disposition of the compounds in question. It is hoped that this present article will be an aid in the planning of these studies.
Determination of black and smokeless powder residues in firearms and improvised explosive devices

Abstract The methods employed to distinguish between black and smokeless gunpowders are described. The techniques include: chemical spot tests, microscopic examination, X-ray diffraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The results have shown that as little as 1 particle of gunpowder, approximately 3 mg, is enough for differentiation by the spot tests. The determination of trace amounts (picograms) of smokeless powder stabilizer is possible by HPLC. The procedure can be employed for the detection of black powder or smokeless powder in explosive residues arising from gunpowder bomb explosions or black powder firearm discharges.
Observations of imposed ordered structures in a dusty plasma at high magnetic field

Dusty plasmas have been studied in argon, rf glow discharge plasmas at magnetic fields up to 2 T, where the electrons and ions are strongly magnetized. In this experiment, plasmas are generated between two parallel plate electrodes where the lower, powered electrode is solid and the upper, electrically floating electrode supports a semi-transparent, titanium mesh. We report on the formation of an ordered dusty plasma, where the dust particles form a spatial structure that is aligned to the mesh. We discuss possible mechanisms that may lead to the formation of the “dust grid” and point out potential implications and applications of these observations.
Autonomous river navigation using the Hamilton-Jacobi framework for underactuated vehicles

Motorized floating sensors have distinct advantages over their non-actuated counterparts. A motorized unit can prevent the sensor from washing ashore or heading into dangerous areas, expanding the mission regions in which they can be feasibly operated. In this article, we present a control framework and describe the physically realized system used to prove its effectiveness. The controller uses two minimum-time-to-reach (MTTR) functions—one giving the time to reach the center of the river and one giving the time to reach the shoreline. The MTTR functions are constructed from solutions to Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Isaacs (HJBI) Equations. Contours along these functions are used to define the state transition thresholds for an on-off controller. The first MTTR function is also used to construct the optimal bearing to travel back to the center of the river. We investigate the effectiveness of the controller using a software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulator. Using prototypes built at UC Berkeley, results from a field operational test in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta are then presented to validate the simulation results.
Circulations and Rainfall on the Lee Side of the Island of Hawaii during HaRP

Using aircraft data and portable automated mesonet (PAM) data during the Hawaiian Rainband Project (HaRP; 11 July‐24 August 1990), the circulation on the lee side of the island of Hawaii is analyzed. The largest temperature deviations (2‐3 K) and negative mixing ratio deviations (2 2t o2 4gk g 21) are found in the northwestern and southwestern leeside areas of the island because of the descending trade winds aloft in the lee of low (,2 km) mountain ridges and tops. Rainfall in these areas is much less compared to the central leeside coast (e.g., Kona coast). In these areas, the sea-breeze duration is short compared to the Kona coast because of the presence of opposing trade winds; the wind speed is greater because of larger land‐sea thermal contrast. During the stronger trade wind days, adiabatic descent in the lee is more significant and the LCL is higher. As a result, in the northern and southern leeside areas, localized trade wind rain showers driven by local circulations occur mainly under weak trades. In the Kona area, the mean surface winds are calm behind the massive mountains, with a daytime upslope (onshore) and nighttime downslope (offshore) flow. Along the axis of the return flow in the large wake off the Kona coast, the water vapor content is higher than the ocean upstream, possibly caused by the low-level convergence between the counterrotating eddies along the wake axis. Along the Kona coast, the rainfall in the afternoon hours continues in the early evening and reaches the daily maximum after the onset of the land breezes, possibly because of the lifting of stronger moist return flow by the land-breeze front. Under stronger trade winds, the return flow would be stronger because of stronger island blocking. More rainfall occurs there when trades are stronger.
Optimal Frequency for Wireless Power Transmission Into Dispersive Tissue

RF wireless interface enables remotely-powered implantable devices. Current studies in wireless power transmission into biological tissue tend to operate below 10 MHz due to tissue absorption loss, which results in large receive antennas. This paper examines the range of frequencies that will optimize the tradeoff between received power and tissue absorption. It first models biological tissue as a dispersive dielectric in a homogeneous medium and performs full-wave analysis to show that the optimal frequency is above 1 GHz for small receive coil and typical transmit-receive separations. Then, it includes the air-tissue interface and models human body as a planarly layered medium. The optimal frequency is shown to remain in the GHz-range. Finally, electromagnetic simulations are performed to include the effect of load impedance and look at the matched power gain. The optimal frequency is in the GHz-range for mm-sized transmit antenna and shifts to the sub-GHz range for cm-sized transmit antenna. The multiple orders of magnitude increase in the operating frequency enables dramatic miniaturization of implantable devices.
An Alchemy of Emotion: Rasa and Aesthetic Breakthroughs

The Western aesthetic tradition, for all it says about aesthetic experience, says little about the breakthrough that precipitates it. The case of Friedrich Nietzsche, a notable exception, is instructive. In The Birth of Tragedy he describes the experience of music as provoking a sense of transformed identity, in which awareness of one's ordinary roles drops away. He describes the way in which this transformation rendered the spectator of Athenian tragedy a veritable Dionysian votary, suddenly able to see through the actor to the character, and through the character to the god.' Nietzsche's emphasis on these magical transformations, however, is not generally picked up by later Western philosophy. By contrast, we find a great deal on these matters in traditional Indian aesthetics, which focuses on aesthetic breakthrough to a far greater extent than the aesthetics of our own tradition. (Significantly, Arthur Schopenhauer's account of spiritual transformation, which influenced Nietzsche's analysis of Greek tragedy, draws directly on Indian thought.2) The Indian tradition analyzes the psychology of aesthetic breakthroughs and situates them in the broader context of human aspirations. The work of Abhinavagupta (eleventh century), in particular, also analyzes the relationship between aesthetic experience and other breakthroughs within human experience.3 I dian investigation of breakthroughs both within and beyond aesthetics challenges Western p ilosophy to investigate further art's connections with the ethical and spiritual dimensions of life.
Provenance and Depositional Mode of Upper Cretaceous Chatsworth Formation Conglomerates, Simi Hills, California: ABSTRACT

Conglomerates of the Upper Cretaceous Chatsworth Formation occur as lenses of concentrated clasts in channels and as clasts dispersed at the base of thick, coarse-grained, graded sandstone beds. The matrix of the conglomerates consists of grains ranging from silt to granule size (4 mm) and comprises between 20 and 78% of any one conglomerate unit. The matrix composition ranges from 30 to 80% quartz, 25 to 60% feldspar, and 5 to 20% lithic fragments, with accessory biotite up to 5%. The conglomerate clast population is composed principally of clasts in the pebble size range. Five distinct rock types are recognized within the conglomerate clast population: blue-black argillite, 4 to 20%; felsic volcanites, 4 to 28%; felsic plutonites, 16 to 24%; arkosic sandstones and silts one, 0 to 12%; and a group of genetically related quartz-rich clasts, 17 to 46%. The quartz-rich clasts include sandstones and siltstones with continuous textural gradation from well-preserved sandstone through partially recrystallized sandstone with sutured grains, into metamorphosed, foliated quartz sandstone and quartz schist types. In addition, a conglomerate unit may contain between 0 and 14% authigenic rip-up clasts. The Chatsworth Formation, as a whole, is recognized to be a deep-sea fan complex upon which the primary depositional agent for sand was turbidity currents. Lenses of concentrated pebble conglomerates originated as debris flow, whereas beds of dispersed pebble clasts are of turbidity current origin. Paleocurrent data and the conglomerate clast composition for the Chatsworth Formation indicate that its detritus was derived from a source terrane to the south of the Simi Hills. The Santa Monica Mountains basement complex contains a large mass of argillite and felsic plutonite, but contains no felsic volcanite or quartz-rich suite of rocks. The basement in the northern Peninsular Ranges includes representatives of the principal rock types recognized in the clasts of the Chatsworth Formation conglomerates and, therefore, it is the best possible choice for the provenance. Extensive Franciscan terrane also lies south of the Chatsworth conglomerates, but no Franciscan detritus is recognized in the Chatsworth Formation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1686------------
Modeling micro-end-milling operations. Part I: analytical cutting force model

A new analytical cutting force model is proposed for micro-end-milling operations. The model calculates the chip thickness by considering the trajectory of the tool tip while the tool rotates and moves ahead continuously. The proposed approach allows the calculation of the cutting forces to be done accurately in typical micro-end-milling operations with very aggressively selected feed per tooth to tool radius ( ft/r) ratio. The difference of the simulated cutting forces between the proposed and conventional models can be experienced when ft/r is larger than 0.1. The estimated cutting force profile of the proposed model had good agreement with the experimental data. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of steam-conditioning rate on the pelleting process

Abstract A poultry layer-diet was used in experiments to determine the effects of steam-conditioning level on pelleting variables. Dry pelleting was compared with steam conditioning (to 65 and 80° C) before pelleting, at both constant and maximum production rates. Samples were obtained before and after conditioning, and after pelleting. Electrical energy used by the pellet mill was measured with a watt-hour meter, and the amount of steam used for conditioning was calculated using steam tables. Temperature rise of the meal being extruded through the die and electrical energy required to pellet showed that steam decreased mechanical friction during pelleting. Pellet durability and percentage of fines from the scalper showed that steam improved pellet quality. Pressing the mash through the pellet die caused more starch damage during dry pelleting than during steam pelleting. Starch was not damaged during the steam-conditioning process. Total energy required for pelleting (electrical plus steam) was highest for the 80° C treatment. However, steam conditioning allows increased production rates and improved pellet durability during handling and transportation of finished feeds.
Underrepresentation of the 3 Region of the Capsid Pregenomic RNA of Duck Hepatitis B Virus

The pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) of hepadnaviruses is packaged into capsids where it is reverse transcribed to yield mature DNA genomes. This report describes differences between the 3′ region and other regions of the pgRNA isolated from capsids. Analysis of capsid pgRNA isolated by using an established method involving micrococcal nuclease treatment demonstrated reduced levels of the 3′ region of the pgRNA compared to the 5′ region. This underrepresentation of the 3′ region was partly a result of microccocal nuclease digestion of the 3′ region because isolation of capsid pgRNA by an alternative method that did not involve nuclease treatment led to a greater, but not complete, recovery of the 3′ region. These results indicate that the 3′ region of the capsid pgRNA is susceptible to micrococcal nuclease digestion during its isolation and that the 3′ region can still be underrepresented when capsid pgRNA is isolated without nuclease digestion. Additional experiments show that the 3′ ends of capsid pgRNA isolated by micrococcal nuclease treatment are heterogeneously dispersed from nucleotide 2577 to the poly(A) tail. These data provide evidence that the 3′ region of the capsid pgRNA has biochemical properties different from those of its 5′ region. Possibly, the 3′ region of the pgRNA is not packaged into the interior of the capsid but rather is associated with a part of the capsid where it is susceptible to microccocal nuclease digestion.
Ab Initio Calculations of Intrinsic Defects in Rutile TiO2

This paper presents the results of density functional theory calculations of the defect formation enthalpies of Frenkel and Schottky defects in rutile TiO 2 . The calculations are performed within the generalized gradient, supercell, and pseudopotential approximations and predict that Frenkel defects are more energetically favorable in TiO 2 than Schottky defects. The calculations also indicate that both Frenkel and Schottky defects prefer to cluster together rather than spread out across the unit cell. Possible diffusion routes for interstitial Ti atoms are investigated and strong anisotropy in interstitial diffusion in TiO 2 is supported by the results.
Phase I dose escalation study of topotecan combined with alternating schedules of paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced solid tumors

Background. Combining topotecan with other cytotoxics has been problematic due to marrow suppression. A phase I trial was initiated to identify the optimal sequence and maximum-tolerated dose of topotecan in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Patients and methods: Patients with advanced cancer and performance status ECOG ≤ 2. The starting dose was paclitaxel 175 mg/m 2 day 1, carboplatin AUC 6.0 day 1, and topotecan 0.5 mg/m 2 daily day 1-5 (early sequence). The next course of paclitaxel and carboplatin administration was delayed to day 5 (late sequence). Treatment was repeated every three weeks. After determining maximum-tolerated dose without cytokines, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was added and further dose escalation was pursued. Results: Fifty-one patients were entered: men: women ratio 30:21. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) for the early sequence was neutropenia at doses paclitaxel mg/m 2 /carboplatin AUC 5/ topotecan mg/m 2 (PCT) 175/5/0.75 for four to five days. DLT for the late sequence was neutropenia at PCT doses of 175/5/ 1.0 for four days. G-CSF 5 μg/kg subcutaneously starting day 6 permitted further topotecan dose escalation. After adding G-CSF, late sequence DLT was neutropenia at doses 175/5/1.25 for four days. Forty-six patients were evaluable for response and of those, there were thirteen partial responses. Conclusions. The late sequence resulted in less toxicity and was better tolerated. The early sequence maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was 175/6/0.5 for five days. The late sequence MTD was PCT 175/5/0.75 for five days. The late sequence MTD with G-CSF was 175/5/ 1.0 for four days. The recommended phase II PCT dose is the late sequence 175/5/1.0 for four days with G-CSF.
Regulation of Smooth Muscle α-Actin Expression In Vivo Is Dependent on CArG Elements Within the 5′ and First Intron Promoter Regions

Abstract —The aims of the present studies were to define sufficient promoter sequences required to drive endogenous expression of smooth muscle (SM) α-actin and to determine whether regulation of SM α-actin expression in vivo is dependent on CArG (CC(A/T)6GG) cis elements. Promoter deletions and site directed mutagenesis techniques were used to study gene regulation in transgenic mice as well as in smooth muscle cell (SMC) cultures. Results demonstrated that a Lac Z transgene that contained 547 bp of the 5′ rat SM α-actin promoter was sufficient to drive embryonic expression of SM α-actin in the heart and in skeletal muscle but not in SMCs. Transient transfections into SMC cultures demonstrated that the conserved CArG element in the first intron had significant positive activity, and gel shift analyses demonstrated that the intronic CArG bound serum response factor. A transgene construct from −2600 through the first intron (p2600Int/Lac Z) was expressed in embryos and adults in a pattern that closely mimicked endogenous SM α-actin expression. Expression in adult mice was completely restricted to SMCs and was detected in esophagus, stomach, intestine, lung, and nearly all blood vessels, including coronary, mesenteric, and renal vascular beds. Mutation of CArG B completely inhibited expression in all cell types, whereas mutation of the intronic CArG selectively abolished expression in SMCs, which suggests that it may act as an SMC-specific enhancer-like element. Taken together, these results provide the first in vivo evidence for the importance of multiple CArG cis elements in the regulation of SM α-actin expression.
Scale effects found

A key feature of early endogenous growth models is their prediction of scale effects – the larger the economy, as measured by population, the number of firms or employment, the faster the economy should grow. However, empirical work has failed to support the existence of scale effects. As a result, much human capital has been expended in order to ‘fix’ this problem by eliminating scale effects in endogenous growth models. We contend that econometric techniques used in the empirical search for scale effects are inconsistent with growth theory. Using data from US states and an econometric technique that better matches growth theory by allowing each economy to have its own steady state, we provide empirical support for the existence of scale effects. Results call into question the need to reformulate the first models of endogenous growth.
Foreword: pathogens and fecal indicators in groundwater.

Introduction Groundwater usually has lower concentrations of pathogens and other fecal microorganisms than surface water, because of the natural tendency for these organisms to be removed by straining through small pore throats, attachment to mineral surfaces, or inactivation/die-off during transport (McDowell-Boyer et al. 1986). However, the degree of microbial removal in soils and aquifers can vary greatly, depending on factors such as material type, depth to water table, presence or absence of confining layers, flow rate, proximity to fecal sources, fecal concentration in recharge water, and the types of fecal microorganisms present (viruses, bacteria, and protozoa). As a result, in some geologic settings groundwater often contains fecal microorganisms including pathogens. For example, a report from the U.S. Geological Survey on water quality in the upper Tennessee River Basin, where karst is the dominant aquifer type, indicated that all the springs and about one-third of the wells surveyed contained Escherichia coli, presumably from fecal sources (Hampson et al. 2000). Contaminated groundwater was implicated as the cause of just over half of the disease outbreaks related to drinking water in the United States over the period 1971 to 2006 (Craun et al. 2010). Approximately 30% of the outbreaks were related to untreated groundwater and an additional 22% were related to inadequate or interrupted treatment of groundwater. Surveys by various federal and state agencies in the United States indicate that microbial water quality of aquifers is widely variable, which was a motivating factor behind the development of the “Ground Water Rule” that set new regulations and guidelines for monitoring and treatment of groundwater (USEPA 2006a, 2006b). Many
Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize

Reliable abundance estimates are critical for management and conservation of coastal small cetaceans. This is particularly important in developing countries where coastal human populations are increasing, the impacts of anthropogenic activities are often unknown, and the resources necessary to assess coastal cetaceans are limited. We adapted ship-based line transect methods to small-boat surveys to estimate the abundance of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Using a systematic survey design with random start and uniform coverage, 34 dolphin clusters were sighted during small-boat line transect surveys conducted in 2005–2006. Distance sampling methods estimated abundance at 216 individuals (CV = 27.7%, 95% CI = 126–370). Due to species rarity in the Atoll, small sample size, and potential violations in line transect assumptions, the estimate should be considered preliminary. Nevertheless, it provides up-to-date information on the status of a regional population in an area under increasing threat of habitat loss and prey depletion via uncontrolled development and unsustainable fishing. This information will be useful as Belize develops a new conservation initiative to create a comprehensive and resilient marine protected area system. Our study illustrates the application of distance sampling methods to small-boat surveys to obtain abundance estimates of coastal cetaceans in a region lacking resources.
Effects of an Avian Ultimobranchial Extract in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract THE existence of a hypocalcemic principle which is involved in calcium homeostasis in mammals is now well established (Hirsch and Munson, 1969). This hormone, termed calcitonin, is produced by cells derived from the last branchial pouch (Bussolati and Pearse, 1967). In mammals these cells become intimately and extensively associated with thyroid parenchyma and are termed “C” cells (Pearse and Carvalheira, 1967). In birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, however, they are retained in separate entities, the paired ultimobranchial glands (Dudley, 1942). Ultimobranchial (UB) preparations from the chicken produced hypocalcemia when injected into the rat (Copp et al., 1967; Tauber, 1967); however, they had little or no activity when administered to the newly-hatched chick (Urist, 1967). In order to shed light on this apparent discrepancy, it was the objective of this study to investigate the effects of chicken ultimobranchial preparations on plasma levels of calcium in birds of different ages. Plasma magnesium…
Nonneural granular cell tumor of the oral cavity: a case report and review of the literature

Nonneural granular cell tumors (NNGCTs) are rare benign neoplasms originally described in 1991 by Leboit et al. Typical granular cell tumors (GCTs) are commonly encountered in the oral cavity, but NNGCTs, unlike GCTs, are S-100 negative and may display cytologic atypia, allowing for misdiagnosis as a more aggressive lesion. We report a case of a 43-year-old male with a lesion of the mandible that we believe to be the first intraoral example of an NNGCT.
A Novel Micromechanical Temperature Memory Sensor

A novel, microfabricated silicon device capable of recording extreme hot and cold temperature exposures without a need for electrical power is presented. The device functions as a mechanically-induced, one-bit memory cell that utilizes the bimetallic effect in a latching mechanism consisting of two cantilever beams that overlap each other near the tips. Devices were fabricated using silicon micromachining and were tested as a function of temperature. A finite element model of the device was developed and simulations are shown to agree with test results.
Effects of rapid blood pressure reduction on cerebral blood flow

Abstract The changes that occur in the cerebral circulation wiht chronic hypertension are important when considering the therapeutic possibilities in treating patients with severe hypertension. Care must be taken not to lower the blood pressure below the lower limit of autoregulation, no matter what drug is used. In patients with severe, chronic hypertension, blood pressure should be lowered carefully. Rapid blood pressure reduction to a level that is below the lower limit of autoregulation may result in central nervous system dysfunction due to cerebral hypoperfusion. This is especially true in patients with increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema such as those with hypertensive encephalopathy.