cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid effects of obesity operations

To achieve weight reduction, and specifically to lower blood lipids, we performed the first 40- to 4-cm end-to-end jejunoileal bypass in August 1970. Since 1975 we have also used gastric bypass, modified from Alden, for weight reduction. Lipids from 205 jejunoileal bypass and 106 gastric bypass patients have been sequentially analyzed from 1 to 3 years postoperation. After jejunoileal bypass cholesterol was lowered 33% by 6 weeks after surgery (P < 0.001). By 12 months, the cholesterol was lowered 42% from a preoperative value of 189 ± 35 (mean ± 1 SD in mg%) to 110 ± 27, n = 205 → 159, P < 0.001; this reduction was maintained through 36 months postbypass. At 12 months after bypass the other lipids showed similar lowering: total serum lipids, 37% (from 677 ± 181 to 425 ± 106, n = 189 → 158, P < 0.001); phospholipids, 34% (220 ± 47 to 146 ± 35, n = 162 → 137, P < 0.001); SF 0–12 lipoproteins, 30% (275 ± 70 to 194 ± 47, n = 162 → 118, P < 0.001); and SF 12–400 lipoproteins, 42% (from 188 ± 14 to 110 ± 63, n = 162 → 118, P < 0.001). The gastric bypass also resulted in lipid lowering during the first year after the bypass operation. The cholesterol values were lowered 14% (from 191 ± 30 to 165 ± 31 mg%, n = 106 → 51, P < 0.001); total serum lipids, 20% (675 ± 138 to 541 ± 115, n = 82 → 36, P < 0.001); triglycerides, 35% (176 ± 98 to 114 ± 63, n = 106 → 51, P < 0.001); phospholipids, 17% (225 ± 39 to 186 ± 43, n = 79 → 36, P < 0.001); SF 0–12 lipoproteins, 21% (310 ± 85 to 245 ± 80, n = 71 → 28, P < 0.001); and SF 12–400 lipoproteins, 48% (170 ± 89 to 88 ± 99, n = 70 → 28, P < 0.001). Thus, both jejunoileal and gastric bypass lower the blood lipids, however, the jejunoileal effect is generally greater; specifically, the cholesterol reduction after jejunoileal bypass is three times that engendered by gastric bypass.
Iodine-131 clearance-rates as an indication of the blood supply of bone.

WE have described1 the use of sodium-24 clearance studies in the experimental and clinical determination of bone vascularity. Sodium-24 has a half-life of only 15.06 hr. and in the United States is only avail-from Oakridge National Laboratory on one day of each week. Thus it is difficult to use it for clinical investigation if more than three half-lives have transpired since its removal from the pile. This led us to search for an isotope with a longer half-life that could be used for clearance studies. Iodine-131 is readily available in most large hospitals, where it is used for the investigation and treatment of thyroid diseases. The half-life of iodine-131 being 8.0 days, it is more suitable for clinical use throughout the week than is the short-lived sodium-24.
3-D prestack depth migration with an acoustic pseudo-screen propagator

ABSTRACT The acoustic pseudo-screen propagator is a kind of one-way wave propagator implemented in the wavenumber-space domain (dual-domain). It takes into account lateral velocity and density variations. We have recently used itfor modeling primary reflected waves. In this paper, we use it as recursive downward wave extrapolators to developa 3-D prestack depth migration method for common-shot data. In the method, the transversal Laplacian operators in the acoustic wave equation for heterogeneous media are applied exactly. The method has fast computationalspeed due to the use of fast Fourier transform algorithm and capability of handling wide-angle downward wavepropagation/backpropagation in laterally heterogeneous media. Another main advantage of the method is hugememory saving relative to finite-difference or ray tracing based methods. Therefore, the 3-D acoustic pseudo-screen prestack depth migration method may enable 3-D prestack migration for large real 3-D data sets to beimplemented within a reasonable CPU time on a supercomputer. Numerical examples of migrating synthetic
The late cenozoic chronologic and stratigraphic development of the Kashmir intermontane basin, Northwestern Himalaya

Abstract The intermontane basin of Kashmir developed within the thrust-faulted, southern margin of the Himalayan Range. Detailed lithostratigraphies, magnetic-polarity stratigraphies, and fission-track dates on enclosed volcanic ashes were determined at four separate localities in order to develop a chronology of the Late Cenozoic evolution of the Kashmir Basin. The results indicate that sedimentation had commenced by about 4 m.y. ago. Since then, over 1300 m of sediments have aggraded at inferred average rates varying from 16 to 64 cm per 1000 yr. Lacustrine and deltaic sediments dominate the Kashmiri sequences and appear to respond sensitively to tectonic events along the basin margins. Conglomerates shed from the faulted basin margins at about 1.7, 2.1, 2.7, and 3.0–3.5 m.y. ago punctuate the predominantly low-energy, fluviolacustrine depositional record. Paleocurrent analyses indicate a switch from northeasterly derived conglomeratic facies to southwesterly derived ones about 1.7 m.y. ago. This transition reflects enhanced activity along the Main Boundary Thrust complex to the southwest and an apparent diminution of faulting along the northeastern margin of the basin. In the Pir Panjal Range, 1400–3000 m of uplift at inferred rates of up to 10 mm yr −1 have terminated widespread sedimentation within the Kashmir Basin since the middle Pleistocene.
Development of a microcomputer-based expert system for the analysis of manual materials handling tasks in industrial settings

Abstract This paper discusses the framework of a comprehensive knowledge-based expert system (M-LIFTAN) for analysis and design of manual materials handling tasks. The system, built using an expert system shell: ES / P ADVISOR written in Prolog 2, is implemented on a IBM AT® microcomputer. The knowledge base of M-LIFTAN allows the user to perform five different types of job analysis: (1) determination of maximum weights that can be handled manually by industrial workers for a variety of tasks, (2) determination of the NIOSH-based lifting recommendations, (3) prediction of maximum acceptable loads for lifting, (4) evaluation of the risk of overexertion injury while lifting loads under specified conditions, and (5) to seek advice for design/evaluation of complex manual handling tasks. An example of the consultation session illustrates the system's capabilities.
Antihypertensive drug use and the risk of dementia in patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background Diabetes and hypertension are independent risk factors for dementia, and hypertension may increase this risk in patients with diabetes. It is unclear whether antihypertensive drugs are associated with risk of dementia in these patients. Methods A retrospective study using a national cohort of beneficiaries of the Department of Veterans Affairs who have diabetes examined incidence of dementia over a 2-year follow-up period. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the unique effects of comorbid hypertension and antihypertensive medications on risk of dementia, after adjusting for several potential confounders. Results In all, 377,838 patients were studied (mean age: 75.53 ± 6.07 years). After adjustments were made for sociodemographic factors, duration of diabetes, comorbidity, and comedications, hypertension was associated with increased risk of developing dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.14). Antihypertensive medications decreased risk, ranging from 24% for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to 4% for β-blockers. In a stratified analysis of patients without hypertension, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (HR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.94) and ARBs (HR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.88) continued to show protective effects. Conclusions Comorbid hypertension was associated with increased risk of dementia, whereas antihypertensive medications, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and ARBs, were associated with reduced risk, even among patients without hypertension. Consequently, these agents may have potential therapeutic roles in delaying the onset of dementia in patients with diabetes.
Turbulent boundary layer on a porous flat plate with severe injection at various angles to the surface

Abstract The paper describes the calculation of a boundry layer on a permeable flat plate with severe injection at different rates and at different angles to the surface. Two turbulent models are employed, namely, the k - W and k - e models. Emphasis is placed on the treatment of the near-wall region to take account of the magnitude and direction of injection. Predictions based on these features are compared with the data of Yeroshenko et al. ( Heat Transfer—Sov. Res. 13 (5), 13 (1981)) for the mean velocity and turbulence fluctuations. The calculations also go beyond the experimental investigation by providing the distribution of shear stresses.
Factors differentiating successful versus unsuccessful malingerers

Relatively little is known about the processes in which "successful" malingerers engage to avoid detection. This study summarizes the response strategies used by participants (N = 540) instructed to feign a specific mental disorder while completing various self-report instruments designed to detect faking. Postexperiment questionnaires indicated that those who were able to appear symptomatic while avoiding being detected as feigning (n = 60) were more likely to endorse a lower rate of legitimate symptoms, to avoid overly unusual or bizarre items, and to base their responses on their own personal experiences.
Fibrocystic breast disease: Contraindication for oral contraceptive therapy

Long-term use of hormonal therapy is controversial in many clinical settings. Estrogens and progestins are known to have profound systemic and cellular effects, many of which are not evident for many years. Oral contraceptives contain significant amounts of these hormones which affect the reproductive organs. A review of breast structure and tissue characteristics, as well as the effects of these hormones on breast tissue, is presented. Emphasis is placed on the need to be cognizant of these similarities and breast tissue receptivity to hormones when considering oral contraceptive therapy.
Modal compensation of atmospheric turbulence phase distortion

A new method of evaluating the MTF of a Kolmogorov turbulence phase aberration Zernike modal compensating system using an approximation of the correlation of the residual phase aberration and the compensating phase distribution is described. This approach enables the extension of our previous results to cases including high-order terms in the compensating phase function. The Karhunen-Loeve expansion is discussed along with its relation to the Zernike polynomial expansion. Calculation of the optical resolution, or correlation quality, and the relative structure content, shows the Karhunen-Loeve expansion to be noticeably better than the Zernike expansion when terms through third and fifth order are included in the compensating phase distribution.
Practical guidance for prescribing with aripiprazole in bipolar disorder

ABSTRACTBackground: Aripiprazole differs from other atypical antipsychotics in its pharmacological and clinical profile.Scope: As aripiprazole has been available in the USA for bipolar mania since 2004, clinical experience-sharing from clinical and research use of this agent can assist with initiation and administration in practice. The clinical experience-guided recommendations provided herein are based on clinical practice of the author (intended as clinical opinions and general suggestions of the author and/or hypotheses to be scientifically tested) and a review of the literature (based on a PubMed search and limited to double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trials) to provide the most current aripiprazole studies in bipolar mania. This article is designed to share the experience gained over time by the author on the prescribing of aripiprazole, how best to approach initiation of and switching to aripiprazole, and how and when to use adjunctive medications.Findings: In the treatment of a manic e...
The chromium and nickel distribution in basaltic rocks and eclogites

Abstract Covariance of chromium and nickel in basaltic rocks has been observed for a worldwide sampling and during fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma suggesting preservation of the chromium-nickel ratio from the source of basaltic magma. In eclogites there is a very low nickel content of the garnet phase compared to the pyroxene phase while chromium is more equally distributed between the two phases. This may be of use in evaluating models of the origin of tholeiitic and alkali basalts.
Assertive comments in APL programming

Current practice in APL programming (and in most other languages) is to use comments to describe what is intended by subsequent lines within a function. An alternative approach to commenting is described, wherein assertions (a concept borrowed from program proof techniques) are inserted into APL code, specifying the present state of relevant variables, etc. It is shown that this approach is especially appropriate for APL, as most APL design is accomplished by working from a desired end result, backwards.
A novel approach for template matching by nonorthogonal image expansion

A novel approach to template matching using nonorthogonal expansion with template-similar basis functions is described. The results show that this expansion is superior in comparison with the normalized-correlation (matched-filtering) approach. It is proved that the expansion can be efficiently implemented by restoration filtering and that this method yields optimal discriminative signal-to-noise ratio. It is further proved that the nonorthogonal expansion can be performed with an almost unlimited variety of basis functions. Results show that the expansion approach has definite advantages over correlation, especially in conditions of noise and severe occlusion. When recognition is required in audio, radar, or sonar signals, where the principle of occlusion is replaced by superposition, correlation techniques are even more ineffective and the expansion approach yields better results. >
Relations Between Aquifer Electrical and Hydraulic Properties

The primary factor controlling material-level relations between aquifer electrical and hydraulic properties in the clay-free aquifer materials of southern Rhode Island is an inverse relation between in-situ porosity and grain size. In-situ density, grain size and laboratory hydraulic conductivity data support this conclusion. Relations between either layer resistivities and hydraulic conductivity, or a Dar Zarrouk parameter and transmissivity, are influenced by aquifer layering and the position of the aquifer layer relative to nonproducing layers. In the study area, the best relations between electrical and hydraulic properties are obtained where the transverse resistance of the aquifer is measured.
Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview

Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis are considered idiopathic diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. These two diseases are often considered together because of multiple similarities, including gastrointestinal inflammation, waxing and waning severity and symptoms, and unknown etiology. However, they have separate symptoms and microscopic characteristics as well as patterns within the gastrointestinal tract.
1/f noise and dark current components in HgCdTe MIS infrared detectors

Abstract 1 f noise and dark current measurements on p-type Hg0.71Cd0.29Te Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor charge-integrating devices are presented. The contribution of different dark current components to total dark current and noise is analyzed. The unknown parameters are chosen as independent parameters within a reasonable range to fit to the experimental results. The dark current is calculated as a function of both temperature and device gate voltage. The results show that for the tested devices, the depletion dark current is dominant at the temperature range of 70–90 K, and the dark current caused by tunneling through Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) centers is dominant at temperatures below 65 K. The discussion provides information in analyzing the origin of 1 f noise in Hg0.71Cd0.29Te MIS infrared detectors. This investigation is the first ever in-depth study of 1 f noise in HgCdTe MIS detectors as it relates to dark current components.
Recovery-Driven Design: Exploiting Error Resilience in Design of Energy-Efficient Processors

Conventional computer-aided design (CAD) methodologies optimize a processor module for correct operation and prohibit timing violations during nominal operation. We propose recovery-driven design, a design approach that optimizes a processor module for a target timing error rate (ER) instead of correct operation. The target ER is chosen based on how many errors can be gainfully tolerated by a hardware or software error resilience mechanism. We show that significant power benefits are possible from a recovery-driven design approach that deliberately allows errors caused by voltage overscaling to occur during nominal operation, while relying on an error resilience technique to tolerate these errors. We present a detailed evaluation and analysis of such a CAD methodology that minimizes the power of a processor module for a target ER. We show how this design-level methodology can be extended to design recovery-driven processors-processors that are optimized to take advantage of hardware or software error resilience. We also discuss a gradual slack recovery-driven design approach that optimizes for a range of ERs to create soft processors-processors that have graceful failure characteristics and the ability to trade throughput or output quality for additional energy savings over a range of ERs. We demonstrate significant power benefits over conventional design-11.8% on average over all modules and ER targets, and up to 29.1% for individual modules. Processor-level benefits were 19.0%, on average. Benefits increase when recovery-driven design is coupled with an error resilience mechanism or when the number of available voltage domains increases.
A 5-methylthiopenicillin analog and its transformation to novel bicyclic β-lactams †

Reaction of methoxyacetyl chloride with 2-methylthio-2-thiazoline resulted in the stereoselective production of one isomer of 6-methoxy-5-methylthiopenam which underwent rearrangement to 6-methoxy-7-methylthio-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepine when treated with trifluoroacetic acid. Subsequent thioamidation and alkylation with methyl iodide provided 5,7-bismethylthio-6-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1,4-thiazepine which reacted with methoxyacetyl chloride and triethylamine to give a novel 1,4-thiazabicyclo[5.2.0]non-5-ene. Other substituted bicyclic β-lactams of similar structure have also been synthesized.
Regulation of vertebrate corticotropin-releasing factor genes

Developmental, physiological, and behavioral adjustments in response to environmental change are crucial for animal survival. In vertebrates, the neuroendocrine stress system, comprised of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal/interrenal glands (HPA/HPI axis) plays a central role in adaptive stress responses. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the primary hypothalamic neurohormone regulating the HPA/HPI axis. CRF also functions as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the limbic system and brain stem to coordinate endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic responses to stressors. Glucocorticoids, the end products of the HPA/HPI axis, cause feedback regulation at multiple levels of the stress axis, exerting direct and indirect actions on CRF neurons. The spatial expression patterns of CRF, and stressor-dependent CRF gene activation in the central nervous system (CNS) are evolutionarily conserved. This suggests conservation of the gene regulatory mechanisms that underlie tissue-specific and stressor-dependent CRF expression. Comparative genomic analysis showed that the proximal promoter regions of vertebrate CRF genes are highly conserved. Several cis regulatory elements and trans acting factors have been implicated in stressor-dependent CRF gene activation, including cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), activator protein 1 (AP-1/Fos/Jun), and nerve growth factor induced gene B (NGFI-B). Glucocorticoids, acting through the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, either repress or promote CRF expression depending on physiological state and CNS region. In this review, we take a comparative/evolutionary approach to understand the physiological regulation of CRF gene expression. We also discuss evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms that operate at the level of CRF gene transcription.
The impact of forest structure on near-ground temperatures during two years of contrasting temperature extremes

The thermal environment of clear-cut, partially cut, and uncut forest sites in northern Wisconsin are examined for a warm year and a cool year. Temperatures at 0.5 m above and 0.05m below ground, as well as base 5 degree C heat sums are computed for each site between May and September and differences between cut and uncut sites compared for the 2 years. differences in average and minimum air temperature and soil temperature are less than instrumental error, E = 0.3 degree C. Maximum air temperature differences between the clear-cut and uncut sites drop from 5.7 degree C in the cool year to 4.7 degree C in the warm year, while the difference for the partial cut drops from 3.2 to 2.7 degree C. The results suggest that studies of tree growth or forest development and climate change should consider the effects of forest structure on changes in daily extreme temperatures.
Educational values and classroom methods

(1966). Educational values and classroom methods. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 5, Methodology: Its Impact on Learning, pp. 63-66.
An efficient approach for computing residual stresses in welded joints

Although the finite element method has emerged as one of the most attractive approaches for computing residual stresses in welded joints, its application to practical analysis and design problems has been hampered by computational difficulties. These difficulties do not arise in modeling the complex constitutive response of melting and solidifying metal; rather, they occur mostly because of the enormous computational size of any practical problem resulting primarily from the three-dimensional (3D) modeling of a welding process. Although two-dimensional (2D) modeling has been used widely in residual stress problems, current belief holds that 2D analysis cannot render accurate residual stresses that occur due to welding. This study investigates the residual stress fields in a welded T-joint, comparing those computed by 3D models with those computed by 2D models. The study shows that the temperature distribution in the central zone of the joint can be captured successfully by a 2D finite element model and a technique that takes into account the heat transfer balance and welding speed. The residual stresses in the plane of the 2D model computed by this method show fairly good agreement with those computed by the 3D model. More substantial differences are observed in the out-of-plane stresses, which are attributed primarily to the different mechanical boundary conditions in the out-of-plane direction of the 2D and the 3D models. All analyses in this investigation are performed with the finite element code ABAQUS.
The 1-year treatment outcome of generalized chronic periodontitis may be enhanced by the systemic use of metronidazole alone or in combination with amoxicillin as adjuncts to scaling and root planing.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1-year double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Feres M, Soares GMS, Mendes JAV, Silva MP, Faveri M, Teles R, Socransky SS, Figueiredo LC. J Clin Periodontol 39(12):1149-58. Reviewer Jasim M. Albandar, DDS, DMD, PhD, Diplomate ABP Purpose/Question Is orally administered metronidazole alone or in combination with amoxicillin as adjuncts to scaling and root planing more effective than scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis? Source of Funding Foundation: Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) (Foundation for Research Support of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil) Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled clinical trial Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
"The Indignation of Freedom-Loving People": The Caning of Charles Sumner and Emotion in Antebellum Politics

This essay illuminates the role of emotion in antebellum American politics and political culture through an analysis of the indignant northern response to the May 1856 caning of Charles Sumner. It begins by situating indignation in its antebellum cultural context, showing that popular beliefs about indignation's sympathetic and moral nature made it a uniquely respectable and highly valued type of anger. Indignation enjoyed additional political power when expressed collectively in a so-called "indignation meeting," a staple of antebellum American politics. This political ritual brought like-minded citizens together to respond to public problems and to influence elected officials. Scores of the meetings convened throughout the free states following the Sumner assault. As they met to express their shared indignation against Sumner's assailant and to demand retaliation against the southern slave power, many northerners experienced an intense feeling of sectional unity which appeared to bridge partisan and ideological divisions. This perceived unity, coupled with widespread belief in the need for northern unity against southern aggression, decisively aided the rise of he Republican Party. By appealing rhetorically to northern indignation, and by holding their own partisan indignation meetings, the Republicans harnessed northern indignation to their cause, an opportunity missed by their political rivals.
IL-4 inhibits calcium transients in bovine trachealis cells by a ryanodine receptor-dependent mechanism

IL-4 and IL-13 have important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. A novel finding was that brief exposure of airway smooth muscle cells to IL-4 inhibited carbachol-stimulated calcium transients. We hypothesized that IL-4 inhibits transients by decreasing calcium store content and tested this by measuring the effects of IL-4 on transients induced by a nonspecific ionophore. Bovine trachealis cells were loaded with fura 2-AM, and cytosolic calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were measured in single cells by digital microscopy. Stimulation (S1) with carbachol (10 microM) caused rapid, transient increases in [Ca2+]i to 1299 +/- 355 nM (n=5). After recovery of calcium stores, stimulation (S2) of the same cells with ionomycin (10 microM), in the absence of extracellular calcium, also increased [Ca2+]i to give S2/S1 ratio of 1.03 +/- 0.29. However, after 20 min of IL-4 (50 ng/ml), but not IL-13, ionomycin transients were decreased to 0.50 +/- 0.16 (S2/S1, P=0.02, n=6). IL-4 did not inhibit transients with ryanodine receptor calcium release channels (RyR) blocked by ryanodine (200 microM) (S2/S1=1.01+/-0.11) but still did in the presence of 8-bromo cyclic ADP-ribose, an antagonist of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) signaling at RyR (S2/S1=0.48+/-0.13). Together, findings suggest that IL-4 decreases intracellular calcium stores by mechanisms dependent on RyR, but not on cADPR signaling.
Development of Convective Heat Transfer Near Suddenly Heated, Vertically Aligned Horizontal Wires

Experiments have been performed which describe the transient development of natural convective flow from both a single and two vertically aligned horizontal cylindrical heat sources. The temperature of the wire heat sources was monitored with a resistance bridge arrangement while the development of the flow field was observed optically with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Results for the single wire show that after an initial regime where the wire temperature follows pure conductive response to a motionless fluid, two types of fluid motion will begin. The first is characterized as a local buoyancy, wherein the heated fluid adjacent to the wire begins to rise. The second is the onset of global convective motion, this being governed by the thermal stability of the fluid layer immediately above the cylinder. The interaction of these two motions is dependent on the heating rate and relative heat capacities of the cylinder and fluid, and governs whether the temperature response will exceed the steady value during the transient (overshoot). The two heat source experiments show that the merging of the two developing temperature fields is hydrodynamically stabilizing and thermally insulating. For small spacing-to-diameter ratios, the development of convective motion is delayed and the heat transfer coefficients degradedmore » by the proximity of another heat source. For larger spacings, the transient behavior approaches that of single isolated cylinder.« less
Effect of Reduced Liver and Kidney Catalase Concentrations on Lethality of X Irradiation in Rats.

SummaryLiver and kidney catalase was markedly reduced in rats by the injection of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. X irradiation of these animals did not cause more deaths than in saline-injected control groups. It was concluded that differences in liver and kidney catalase levels cannot account for differences in sensitivity to the lethal effects of X irradiation.
Using case-based reasoning approach to the support of ill-structured decisions

Abstract Case-based reasoning is the most preferred method for problem solving and decision making in complex and dynamically changing situations. Decision makers usually utilize previous cases to help evaluate and justify decisions. Case-based reasoning solves problems by relating previously solved problems or experiences to a current, unsolved problem in a way that facilitates the search for an acceptable solution. Conceptually, case-based reasoning models can be classified as symbolic models, neural networks, and similarity-computational models. These approaches use syntactic patterns in a database of past cases to solve classificatory decision problems. The similarity-computational approach differs from the symbolic approach and neural networks by direct operation on the past cases without using decision trees, rules, or networks as the intermediate structure for problem solving. In this research we propose a similarity-computational reasoning model, and investigate its feasibility to decision support. A performance comparison among our model, a multi-layer neural network, and a symbolic model is also conducted. We view our model as a complementary technique to the traditional rule-based reasoning approaches for the purpose of supporting ill-structured decisions.
Bibliotherapy With Preadolescents Experiencing Divorce

Preadolescence is a challenging developmental stage, but when complicated or threatened by the effects of family dissolution or divorce, the challenges can be overwhelming. Such youngsters often need and can benefit from counseling intervention. One particularly appropriate intervention is bibliotherapy. Reasons for using bibliotherapy for such youngsters are provided, and specific methods and materials are suggested.
Brain metastasis in patients with superior sulcus tumors

During a 20-year period, from 1963 to 1983, 68 patients were treated for carcinoma of the lung presenting in the superior sulcus. Their ages ranged from 41 to 79 years (median, 56 years). Thirty-six patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 13 had adenocarcinoma, 14 had large cell carcinoma, two had small cell carcinoma, and three had clinical diagnosis only. All tumors were considered to be inoperable or unresectable and were treated with external irradiation alone. The 3-year disease-free survival was 25%. Brain metastasis developed in 23 patients (34%); the brain was the first site of metastasis in 16 patients (24%), five of whom eventually developed other sites of metastasis. The cumulative probability of brain metastasis was 53% at 3 years. Brain metastases were seen in ten patients (28%) with squamous cell carcinoma, five patients (38%) with adenocarcinoma, seven patients (50%) with large cell carcinoma, and one patient without a histocytologic diagnosis. The proportion of patients younger than 60 years (19/41, 46%) who developed brain metastasis was significantly greater than that for patients 60 years or older (4/27, 15%) (P less than or equal to 0.01). Nine of 11 patients with metastasis only to the brain died as a consequence of the intracranial disease 1 to 13 months (median, 6 months) after the diagnosis of brain metastases. The other two patients received therapeutic irradiation to the entire brain and survived longer than 5 days after the whole-brain irradiation: one died at 62 months of intercurrent disease, and the other is alive and well 129 months after diagnosis. The high probability of brain metastasis from superior sulcus tumors, regardless of histopathologic type and the frequency with which the brain is the only site of clinical failure, suggest that systematic prophylactic cranial irradiation could reduce the morbidity and perhaps even contribute favorably to the survival of these patients.
Plastid engineering in land plants : a conservative genome is open to change

We have developed efficient transformation protocols to modify each of the 500-10,000 plastid genome copies in a tobacco cell. The transforming DNA is introduced on the surface of microscopic tungsten particles by the biolistic process. Selection for transplastomes is by spectinomycin resistance based on expression of aminoglycoside-3"-adenyltransferase from a chimeric aadA gene in the transforming DNA. Manipulations that are now feasible include replacement of endogenous plastid genes with DNA sequences modified in vitro, targeted gene disruption, and insertion of reporter genes into the plastid genome. Alternative methods for plastid genome manipulations may be developed utilizing an extrachromosomal element which was identified during the transformation studies. Introduction of foreign genes under control of plastid gene expression elements results in duplication of endogenous regulatory sequences. A sensitive somatic assay to detect deletions via such direct repeats confirmed that these sequence duplications do not result in significant genome instability. The ability to transform plastids will facilitate the study of plastid gene regulation, and the application of genetic engineering to crop improvement.
High Throughput Screening of Biosensor Domains: Visualizing Dynamic Activation of Src Kinases in Live Cells

Biosensors that report activation of native, unmodified proteins can help delineate complex cellular processes with minimal perturbation of normal behavior. However, sensors for endogenous proteins are rare, in part due to the absence of readily available binding reagents that are selective for the active form of the targeted molecule. To address this issue we combined high throughput screening of engineered state-specific binding elements with a fluorescence-based reporting system that turns these elements into biosensors. We have targeted Src family kinases (SFKs) since they are key signaling nodes that control numerous cellular functions, including migration and adhesion. Also, the multiple roles performed by Src kinases and their involvement in several signaling networks suggest spatio-temporally regulated pools of SFK activities. Phage display screening was used to generate fibronectin domain III (FN3) binders that selectively bind SH3 domains from Src family kinases. Pull down experiments demonstrated that an FN3 binds selectively to active Src kinases. Using merocyanine dyes developed in our lab for live cell imaging, we have converted this FN3 into a sensitive fluorescence-based biosensor for activation of Src family kinases. The new sensors reveals patterns of Src activation in migrating cells and in cells stimulated with growth factors. In migrating cells, a distinct band of Src activation was observed at the leading edge. This transient activation coincided with protrusion. We also observed precisely timed Src activation in linear and circular dorsal ruffles. In keeping with our overall aim of developing a generally applicable strategy of sensor design, we have generated multiple binders using HT screening and are developing biosensors specific to individual Src family kinases.
Rapid transport of proteins in the sonic motor system of the toadfish

A pure cholinergic, motor system of a marine fish has been utilized to study the kinetics and characteristics of proteins rapidly transported from the sonic motor nucleus to the musculature enveloping the swim bladder. Following microinjection of [3H]leucine, [3H]lysine, [35S]methionine, or [3H]fucose into the nucleus a wave of radioactivity was observed moving along the sonic motor nerves with an apparent rate of 96–120 mm/day. Analysis of the rapidly transported methionine-labeled protein using SDS gel electrophoresis revealed at least 9 major peaks of activity. Eight of these proteins were found to incorporate fucose, suggesting that most of the rapidly transported material consists of glycoproteins. These results are consistent with the previously suggested hypothesis relating the function of rapid transport to synaptic vesicles and the maintenance of pre-synaptic terminal membranes.
D-BOUNDED DISTANCE-REGULAR GRAPHS

Abstract Let Γ=(X, R) denote a distance-regular graph with diameterD≥3 and distance functionδ. A (vertex) subgraph Δ⊆Xis said to beweak-geodetically closedwhenever for allx, y∈Δ and allz∈X,δ(x, z)+δ(z, y)≤δ(x, y)+1→z∈Δ.Γis said to beD-boundedwhenever, for allx, y ∈X, xandyare contained in a common regular weak-geodetically closed subgraph of diameterδ(x, y).Assume that Γ isD-bounded. LetP(Γ)denote the poset the elements of which are the weak-geodetically closed subgraphs of Γ with partial order by reverse inclusion. We obtain new inequalities for the intersection numbers of Γ; equality is obtained in each of these inequalities iff the intervals inP(Γ)are modular. Moreover, we show this occurs if Γ has classical parameters andD≥4.We obtain the following corollary without assuming Γ to beD-bounded: COROLLARY.Let Γ denote a distance-regular graph with classical parameters (D, b, α, β) and D≥4. Suppose that b 1. Then β=α 1+b D 1−b
Organizational Ethnographies: An Underutilized Resource in the Sociology of Work

Organizational ethnographies have provided many insights about the nature of work that have subsequently been tested using archival and survey methods. To extend their use from generating ideas to testing theories, the author codes and analyze data on organizational characteristics and workplace experiences from the existing population of English-language ethnographies (N =108). The analysis confirms existing understandings, such as the importance of job autonomy for pride and effort. The analysis also generates new findings, induding the finding of a positive influence of organizational effectiveness on both coworker relations and relations with management. Methodological checks indicate that data from organizational ethnographies can be coded reliably and without bias. However, the initial ethnographic observations differ somewhat based on ethnographers' theoretical orientations and time spent in the field. The article concludes with a discussion of possible extensions of the analysis to other subfields in sociology that have accumulated bodies of ethnographic observation
From War to Peace, From Soldiers to Peacebuilders: Interim Stabilisation Measures in Afghanistan and South Sudan

In post-conflict settings, disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes are increasingly utilised as a programmatic tool to facilitate an 'enabling environment' so that peace dividends can accrue. Often targeting members of armed forces or groups and their associated members, DDR takes place where there is a signed peace agreement or in contexts where there is no agreed peace agreement, or where armed conflict remains ongoing. As outlined in the United Nations policy guidelines known as the Integrated DDR Standards, disarmament is the collection, management and/or destruction of arms, while demobilisation is the 'controlled' discharge of forces from armed groups in the transition from military to civilian status. In DDR initiatives, reintegration is the long-term process of integrating ex-combatants economically and socially back into communities....
Cryptography Software System using Galois Field Arithmetic

Cryptography software system (CSS) is a set of tools to simulate and analyze a number of cryptography algorithms. It is written using Microsoft C# programming language and has a user friendly GUI. Arithmetic operations for encryption and decryption are in GF(28 ) and the analysis provides the user with the basic statistics of data before and after the application of the selected cryptography algorithm. Along with the implementation of five cryptography algorithms (affine, Vigenere, linear-feedback-shift-register, one-time-pad, and weighted sum), CSS is built modularly and the ability to add more algorithms is a definite advantage
Molecular Orbital Calculations of Proton Transfer Energetics in Model Systems: The Interaction of Opiate Agonists and Antagonists with Opiate Receptors

Abstract Semiempirical (CNDO) molecular orbital calculations, based on a previously investigated morphine-receptor clastic-binding system, were performed using a series of ethyl and propyl amines as models for the analgesic receptor. Trimethyl and dimethyl amines were chosen to represent the opiate and noropiate agonist molecules. The opiate antagonist molecules, levallorphan, naloxone, nalorphine, and pentazocine were represented by a series of allyl and dimethylallyl amines. The results using these systems paralleled those of our previous investigations. The potential energy curves for all the systems studied had two minima at an internuclear distance of >0.275 nm. At 0.2731 nm (the optimized N—N distance), the potential energy curve of some systems had single minima. The agonist systems studied had optimum energy curves for the conformer in which the (drug nitrogen—hydrogen) bond is equatorial. The noropiate model had the greatest transfer potential, an optimal condition for analgesic activity. The antagonist drug receptor models had energy curves that indicated a decreased proton transfer barrier that was similar to the noropiate case (although no ΔE was obtained). The two largest models studied had energy curves that indicated decreased or inhibited proton transfer. The systems investigated had small deprotonation barriers, indicating deprotonation would most likely occur following protonation of the receptor.
Consumer credit search behaviour

The study applies Stigler's economic model of information to the external search for a popular financial service — consumer credit — and seeks to explore factors associated with diverse consumer search behaviour. Logistic regression analysis was used. The empirical analysis revealed findings similar to those of several product information search studies. Consumers engage in little information search. Large expenditure (in this study, the size of loan) and education have significantly positive effects on credit search. Income has a curvilinear effect on search. Implications of these results may contribute to consumer education, public policy making and future research.
Laboratory assessment of feeding behavior in bulimia nervosa and healthy women: methods for developing a human-feeding laboratory.

ABSTRACI’ We have designed a human-feeding laboratory to be used to study feeding behavior in patients with eating disorders. Twenty-one normal-weight bulimic subjects consumed 29.711 ± 39.940 MJ (range0.862-178.632 MJ; 7101 ± 9546 kcal, range 206 to 42 694 kcal) in 24 h. In comparison, 11 healthy volunteer women, when instructed to eat ad lib for 48 h, ate 7.715 ± 2.590 MJ (1844 ± 619 kcal)during the first 24 h and 7665 ± 1828 MJ (1832 ± 437 kcal) during the second 24 h. Bulimics and control subjects had a similar number of eating intervals (6.6 ± 2.6 vs 5.0 ± 1.7); 72% of the bulimic subjects’ meals were similar in size to the meals of the controls [1674100 Id (40-980 kcal)J but these meals were higher in carbohydrate and lower in fat in bulemic patients. Excessive caloric intake by bulimic subjects was because 28% ofthcir meals were very large [range 4.427-28.150 MJ (1058-6728 kcal)]. Data gathered in a laboratory setting appears to be a reasonable replication ofnaturalistic feeding and suggest that such a laboratory may prove useful for future studies of feeding behaviors in humans. Am J Clin Nuir l992;55:372-80.
Ultrastructure of Canine Urinary Bladder Carcinoma

Luminal and intraepithelial asymmetric unit membrane plaques were found in the urinary bladder urothelium of normal dogs. Tight junctions were found only at the apical poles of the luminal cells. In four dogs with spontaneous urinary bladder carcinomas the asymmetric unit membrane plaques were replaced by symmetric unit membrane. In the neoplastic luminal cells the tight junctions were partially attenuated. Invasive and metastatic neoplastic cells had some tight junction at the stromal interface. Some gap junctions were seen in the normal urothelium but not in the neoplastic cells. The amount of desmosomes in the neoplastic cells varied according to their direction of differentiation (transitional, squamous or glandular).
A Quality Improvement Program to Enhance After-Hours Telephone Communication Between Nurses and Physicians in a Long-Term Care Facility

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether satisfaction of on-site nurses with after-hours telephone communication with off-site physicians improved in one long-term care (LTC) facility after a nurse-oriented intervention. DESIGN: Longitudinal quality improvement study. SETTING: Extended Care and Rehabilitation Center (ECRC), Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen registered nurses. INTERVENTION: Communicating Health Assessments by Telephone (Project CHAT), a program of individualized training sessions and decision support tools to aid LTC nurses with symptom assessment and communication of health information over the telephone. MEASUREMENTS: Nurses completed six satisfaction surveys (three surveys in the 3 months before Project CHAT and three surveys in the 3 months after Project CHAT). RESULTS: The nurses' average satisfaction scores increased on several items, including those that assessed whether the nurse was pretty sure what pieces of information the physician was going to ask for (P=.04), felt that the amount of patient information the physician asked for seemed reasonable (P=.03), felt prepared to answer the questions the physician asked (P=.01), and felt that the process of gathering patient information for the physician was easy (P=.01). The percentage of calls that resulted in immediate evaluation by a physician (on-site or in the emergency department) increased from 2.0% in the period before Project CHAT to 8.6% in the period after Project CHAT (P=.01). CONCLUSION: Nurses' satisfaction with several aspects of after-hours telephone medicine improved after an inexpensive, education-based intervention in one LTC facility. Further research is needed to determine how similar interventions might affect other quality measures, including patient outcomes.