cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-valued logic programming semantics: an algebraic approach

Abstract In this paper we introduce the notion of join-irreducibility in the context of bilattices and present a procedural semantics for bilattice based logic programs which uses, as its basis, the join-irreducible elements of the knowledge part of the bilattice. The join-irreducible elements in a bilattice represent the “primitive bits” of information present within the system. In bilattices which have the descending chain property in their knowledge ordering, these elements provide a small representative set completely characterizing the bilattice. The overall complexity of the inference systems based on such bilattices can thus be reduced by restricting attention to the join-irreducible elements.
Drug Repositioning and Pharmacophore Identification in the Discovery of Hookworm MIF Inhibitors

Summary The screening of bioactive compound libraries can be an effective approach for repositioning FDA-approved drugs or discovering new pharmacophores. Hookworms are blood-feeding, intestinal nematode parasites that infect up to 600 million people worldwide. Vaccination with recombinant Ancylostoma ceylanicum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (rAceMIF) provided partial protection from disease, thus establishing a "proof-of-concept" for targeting AceMIF to prevent or treat infection. A high-throughput screen (HTS) against rAceMIF identified six AceMIF-specific inhibitors. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sodium meclofenamate, could be tested in an animal model to assess the therapeutic efficacy in treating hookworm disease. Furosemide, an FDA-approved diuretic, exhibited submicromolar inhibition of rAceMIF tautomerase activity. Structure-activity relationships of a pharmacophore based on furosemide included one analog that binds similarly to the active site, yet does not inhibit the Na-K-Cl symporter (NKCC1) responsible for diuretic activity.
Nucleotide sequencing and expression of the fadL gene involved in long‐chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli

The fadL gene of Escherichia coli codes for an outer membrane protein involved in long-chain fatty acid transport. Its product was purified from outer membrane proteins. We determined the nucleotide sequence of a 2.8-kb chromosomal DNA segment that contains the fadL gene. The fadL gene consists of a 1149-nucleotide coding region and contains a highly hydrophobic polypeptide of 383 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 42,380. We have used S1-mapping analysis to identify the transcription initiation site. A region exhibiting extensive dyad symmetry and perfect homology to the catabolite activator protein binding site was detected.
Making sense of postcolonial theory: a response to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

I will respond as best I can to Gayatri Spivak's criticisms of Postcolonial theory and the specter of capital (Chibber 2013) (hereafter PTSC), though, as I will suggest below, the task is not an ea...
Thermodynamics of hydrogen‐bonded molecules: The associated perturbed anisotropic chain theory

The perturbed anisotropic chain theory (PACT) developed by Vimalchand and Donohue has been generalized to treat pure fluids that associate through hydrogen bonding, as well as mixtures of one associating component and several diluents. Using an approach similar to that of Heidemann and Prausnitz, a closed-form equation of state has been derived. It is applicable to simple as well as complex molecules at both gas and liquidlike densities and takes into account dipole and/or quadrupole moments. Molecular parameters were obtained by fitting the equation to experimental liquid density and vapor pressure data.
Self-report measures as predictors of psychotherapy outcome.

Abstract A retrospective clinical study using existing patient records investigated the predictive value of a number of variables. Eighty-three new admissions to a large outpatient clinic completed a battery of eight self-report questionnaires that have been shown to be reliable and have a measure of discriminant validity. The battery consisted of items tapping anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, phobias, borderline personality disorder, and histrionic, obsessive-compulsive, and paranoid personality styles. Outcome of therapy, which was predominantly dynamically-oriented, was assessed by residual difference scores computed from pre-and posttherapy Global Assessment Scale (GAS) ratings. Only patients attending five or more sessions (N = 37) were considered in the analyses. Patients high on the Anxiety Scale pretherapy showed relatively greater improvement in functioning than those with low initial scores. Patients scoring high on the Histrionic, Paranoid, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Scales showed the least relative improvement.
An isopiestic study of aqueous solutions of the alkali metal bromides at elevated temperatures

Abstract Isopiestic molalities of aqueous solutions of the alkali metal bromides have been measured at T =383.15 K to T =498.15 K. Aqueous NaCl served as the isopiestic standard for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. The ion-interaction model gave an excellent fit to the experimental osmotic coefficients and provided parameters for the calculation of activity coefficients. Osmotic and activity coefficients both decrease with increasing temperature in this temperature range. A simple model is presented from which activity and osmotic coefficients (at p sat ) can be calculated as a function of molality for T =273.15 K to T =523.15 K. Comparison of the stoichiometric activity coefficients with those of the corresponding alkali metal chlorides reveals quite complicated relative behavior.
The maintenance of community structure in a central California giant kelp forest

Abstract The relative effects of sea urchin grazing and physical disturbance on community structure in a Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.A. Agardh forest were examined experimentally. Sea urchins, Strongylocentrotusfranciscanus (Agassiz), were removed from shallow (8.5 m) and deep water (11.5 m) sites and subsequent changes in the algal and invertebrate populations followed relative to unmanipulated areas for over 12 months. Unusually high water motion also occurred during the experiment, allowing a comparison of grazing and storm effects. The results indicate that algal species composition, abundance, and distribution are strongly influenced by storm-related water motion by (1) initially reducing algal cover, especially the kelp canopy, (2) providing space for recruitment via abrasion and removal of portions of the substratum, and (3) causing apparent clumping of sea urchins in protected areas. Sea urchins dispersed after the storms, and there was a six-fold increase in algal cover, especially of the brown alga Desmarestia ligulata var. ligulata (Lightf.) Lamour. However, canopy-forming brown algal cover was generally higher and remained higher in urchin removal sites, while understory red algal cover was generally higher and remained higher in control sites. Other studies have suggested the sea otter—sea urchin—algae interaction as most important in structuring nearshore kelp communities in the North Pacific. Although changes in community structure related to sea otter predation on sea urchins may vary, our results suggest they will be less important than seasonal and year-to-year changes associated with storms in this study area.
Conformational dependence of 13C shielding and coupling constants for methionine methyl groups.

Methionine residues fulfill a broad range of roles in protein function related to conformational plasticity, ligand binding, and sensing/mediating the effects of oxidative stress. A high degree of internal mobility, intrinsic detection sensitivity of the methyl group, and low copy number have made methionine labeling a popular approach for NMR investigation of selectively labeled protein macromolecules. However, selective labeling approaches are subject to more limited information content. In order to optimize the information available from such studies, we have performed DFT calculations on model systems to evaluate the conformational dependence of 3 J CSCC, 3 J CSCH, and the isotropic shielding, σiso. Results have been compared with experimental data reported in the literature, as well as data obtained on [methyl-13C]methionine and on model compounds. These studies indicate that relative to oxygen, the presence of the sulfur atom in the coupling pathway results in a significantly smaller coupling constant, 3 J CSCC/3 J COCC ~ 0.7. It is further demonstrated that the 3 J CSCH coupling constant depends primarily on the subtended CSCH dihedral angle, and secondarily on the CSCC dihedral angle. Comparison of theoretical shielding calculations with the experimental shift range of the methyl group for methionine residues in proteins supports the conclusion that the intra-residue conformationally-dependent shift perturbation is the dominant determinant of δ13Ce. Analysis of calmodulin data based on these calculations indicates that several residues adopt non-standard rotamers characterized by very large ~100° χ3 values. The utility of the δ13Ce as a basis for estimating the gauche/trans ratio for χ3 is evaluated, and physical and technical factors that limit the accuracy of both the NMR and crystallographic analyses are discussed.
An Asymptotic Analysis of the Ozone Decomposition Flame

Abstract The ozone decomposition flame is studied by an asymptotic method that exploits the disparity of order of magnitude of a pair of Damkohler numbers instead of the largeness of activation energy. A three-step kinetic mechanism produces the experimental results of Streng and Grosse (1957)—the non-flammability of the ozone mixture below a certain strength and the flame speed response curve, the latter in good quantitative agreement, the former only qualitatively so. Other theoretical results include the establishment of an upper bound (independent of the state of the fresh mixture) for the flame temperature, a temperature locked onto despite further increase of the temperature or ozone fraction in the fresh mixture and at which the burning rate response curve resembles that of a rich fuel-oxidant mixture.
An evaluation of the rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens as a potential biological control agent for alien Rubus species in Hawaii

Abstract The rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens infects blackberry ( Rubus argutus ) systemically in regions of the continental United States, producing bright yellow–orange masses of spores on newly developing floricanes during springtime. In tests to determine the suitability of this rust as a biological control agent for R. penetrans in Hawaii, a species now thought to be conspecific with R. argutus, rooted cuttings of the Hawaiian plants were grown at North Carolina State University, inoculated, and observed. Other introduced weedy Rubus spp. in Hawaii, including R. ellipticus, R. rosifolius, and R. glaucus, as well as the two endemic species R. hawaiensis and R. macraei, also were inoculated. No species of Rubus are of commercial importance in Hawaii, but the protection of the native species, of which R. macraei is rare, was of utmost concern. The native Hawaiian species did not survive well in North Carolina in this study, however. Later availability of a plant pathogen containment laboratory in Hawaii enabled similar tests to be conducted at that facility. In addition to the above species, R. spectabilis (salmonberry), a species native to the Pacific Northwest with which the Hawaiian Rubus spp. are thought to share a common ancestor, was inoculated in Hawaii. Infection with G. nitens under natural field conditions becomes apparent only when sporulation occurs on floricanes the second year following infection. However, experimental inoculation led to early responses of chlorotic leaf flecking and puckering, leaf and stem contortion, and stem gall formation, indicating the sensitivity of R. penetrans (= R. argutus ), R. hawaiensis, and R. macraei to this rust. Apparent systemic infection also resulted in sporulation on one plant of R. macraei. Ability to attack the endemic species suggests that G. nitens would not be suitable for release in Hawaii as a biological control agent, at least on the islands with populations of the native species.
Elevated CO2 and drought alter tissue water relations of birch (Betula populifolia Marsh.) seedlings.

The effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tissue water relations was examined in Betula populifolia, a common pioneer tree species of the northeastern U.S. deciduous forests. Components of tissue water relations were estimated from pressure volume curves of tree seedlings grown in either ambient (350 μl l-1) or elevated CO2 (700 μl l-1), and both mesic and xeric water regimes. Both CO2 and water treatment had significant effects on osmotic potential at full hydration, apoplasmic fractions, and tissue elastic moduli. Under xeric conditions and ambient CO2 concentrations, plants showed a decrease in osmotic potentials of 0.15 MPa and an increase in tissue elastic moduli at full hydration of 1.5 MPa. The decrease in elasticity may enable plants to improve the soil-plant water potential gradient given a small change in water content, while lower osmotic potentials shift the zero turgor loss point to lower water potentials. Under elevated CO2, plants in xeric conditions had osmotic potentials 0.2 MPa lower than mesic plants and decreased elastic moduli at full hydration. The increase in tissue elasticity at elevated CO2 enabled the xeric plants to maintain positive turgor pressures at lower water potentials and tissue water contents. Surprisingly, the elevated CO2 plants under mesic conditions had the most inelastic tissues. We propose that this inelasticity may enable plants to generate a favorable water potential gradient from the soil to the plant despite the low stomatal conductances observed under elevated CO2 conditions.
Analysis of the spatial-temporal stability of the estimates of surface emissivity and atmospheric moisture profiles in meteorological processing of infrared spectral measurements from the GOES-8 sounder

Infrared radiative transfer solutions for surface emissivities using GOES Sounder measurements show temporal consistency and significant spatial variability over non-homogeneous land scenes; associated lower tropospheriuc profiles agree well with radiosonde observations.
Efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents as compared to paclitaxel-eluting stents for saphenous vein graft intervention.

Background: Saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention is associated with a significantly increased rate of periprocedural complications and late clinical and angiographic restenosis. In the contemporary drug-eluting stent (DES) era, the comparison of the efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) with paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) in SVG interventions is currently unknown. We conducted this retrospective analysis to investigate this issue. Methods and Results: Forty-seven patients with 50 SVG lesions who underwent standard percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with SES (SES group) were compared with 42 patients with 45 SVG lesions with PES (PES group). All patients received distal protection devices (DPDs) during the interventions. The in-hospital, 30-day, and 6-month clinical outcomes in both groups were compared. Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics were balanced between both groups except for the proximal and mid lesions. There were no deaths or Q-wave myocardial infarctions (MIs) during the index hospitalization. Non-Q-wave MI was similar between the two groups (SES vs PES, 4.3% vs 7.1%, P = 0.55). At 30-day and 6-month follow-ups, all the clinical outcomes were similar between the two groups. There was no subacute thrombosis (SAT) or late thrombosis in either group. The event-free survival at 6 months was also similar between both groups (P = 0.75). Conclusions: The use of DES in patients undergoing SVG intervention with a DPD is clinically safe and feasible. As compared to SES, PES have the same efficacy and clinical outcomes in SVG interventions up to 6 months.
Sexual Fluidity and Related Attitudes and Beliefs Among Young Adults with a Same-Gender Orientation

Little research has examined whether experiencing sexual fluidity--changes over time in attractions and sexual orientation identity--is related to specific cognitions. This study explored attitudes and beliefs among sexually fluid and non-sexually fluid individuals and developed two new measures of sexuality beliefs based on Diamond's sexual fluidity research and Dweck's psychological theory of intelligence beliefs. Participants were 188 female and male young adults in the United States with a same-gender orientation, ages 18-26 years. Participants completed an online questionnaire which assessed sexual fluidity in attractions and sexual orientation identity, attitudes toward bisexuality, sexuality beliefs, and demographics. Sexual fluidity in attractions was reported by 63 % of females and 50 % of males, with 48 % of those females and 34 % of those males reporting fluidity in sexual orientation identity. No significant gender differences in frequency of sexual fluidity were observed. Sexually fluid females had more positive attitudes toward bisexuality than non-sexually fluid females; however, no significant difference was observed for males. Females were more likely than males to endorse sexual fluidity beliefs and to believe that sexuality is changeable; and sexually fluid persons were more likely than non-sexually fluid persons to hold those two beliefs. Among males, non-sexually fluid individuals were more likely than sexually fluid individuals to believe that sexuality is something an individual is born with. Females were more likely than males to endorse the belief that sexuality is influenced by the environment. Findings from this research link sexual fluidity with specific cognitions.
Statistical problems in ESP research

In search of repeatable ESP experiments, modern investigators are using more complex targets, richer and freer responses, feedback, and more naturalistic conditions. This makes tractable statistical models less applicable. Moreover, controls often are so loose that no valid statistical analysis is possible. Some common problems are multiple end points, subject cheating, and unconscious sensory cueing. Unfortunately, such problems are hard to recognize from published records of the experiments in which they occur; rather, these problems are often uncovered by reports of independent skilled observers who were present during the experiment. This suggests that magicians and psychologists be regularly used as observers. New statistical ideas have been developed for some of the new experiments. For example, many modern ESP studies provide subjects with feedback--partial information about previous guesses--to reward the subjects for correct guesses in hope of inducing ESP learning. Some feedback experiments can be analyzed with the use of skill-scoring, a statistical procedure that depends on the information available and the way the guessing subject uses this information.
Designing exploratory search tasks for user studies of information seeking support systems

This poster describes a procedure for designing exploratory tasks for use in laboratory evaluations of information seeking interfaces. This procedure is grounded in the literature on information seeking and information retrieval and has been refined by an evaluation of four tasks designed for a study of a faceted library catalog. The procedure is intended to be extensible to generate exploratory tasks for other types of interfaces and domains.
Restricted mitochondrial protein acetylation initiates mitochondrial autophagy

Because nutrient-sensing nuclear and cytosolic acetylation mediates cellular autophagy, we investigated whether mitochondrial acetylation modulates mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). Knockdown of GCN5L1, a component of the mitochondrial acetyltransferase machinery, diminished mitochondrial protein acetylation and augmented mitochondrial enrichment of autophagy mediators. This program was disrupted by SIRT3 knockdown. Chronic GCN5L1 depletion increased mitochondrial turnover and reduced mitochondrial protein content and/or mass. In parallel, mitochondria showed blunted respiration and enhanced ‘stress-resilience’. Genetic disruption of autophagy mediators Atg5 and p62 (also known as SQSTM1), as well as GCN5L1 reconstitution, abolished deacetylation-induced mitochondrial autophagy. Interestingly, this program is independent of the mitophagy E3-ligase Parkin (also known as PARK2). Taken together, these data suggest that deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins initiates mitochondrial autophagy in a canonical autophagy-mediator-dependent program and shows that modulation of this regulatory program has ameliorative mitochondrial homeostatic effects.
Pedagogy and content in sexuality education courses in US colleges and universities

Most research on sexuality courses in US higher education was conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. Less is known about what is being taught in undergraduate sexuality courses today; this study sought to fill that gap. Reviewing content based on 161 courses (provided by 150 different instructors) from all regions of the USA, this study examined overall descriptions of course content and pedagogical strategies in relation to the academic position of the instructor, region of the country and course enrolment size. Results indicated similar content and pedagogical strategies employed with limited differences based on demographic characteristics. The most commonly taught subjects were sexual orientation (95.0%), communication (93.8%), gender identity (93.2%) and gender roles (93.2%). Most courses included reference to contraception (89.4%), HIV and AIDS (88.2%) and STIs (85.7%). Some notable differences included the fact that tenured or tenure-track instructors were more likely to lecture compared to non-tenure-t...
Single-Event Effect Qualification of 24 Bit Analog-to-Digital Converters

The qualification efforts and results for three 24 bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are presented. These devices demonstrate a noticeable advancement in radiation hardness for the technology with two of the devices exhibiting no Single-Event Latchup.
Size effect and statistics of fracture in random materials

Abstract We review the mathematical and microstructural foundations of fracture statistics and the associated size effect in the average tensile fracture strength of random materials. When the flaw population in a material has an algebraic tail, the fracture statistics are of a Weibull form and the size effect is algebraic. When the flaw population is exponential, the fracture statistics are of a new, “modified Gumbel form”, and the size effect is logarithmic. Most microstructural models with uncorrelated disorder are predicted to lie in the “modified Gumbel class”. We argue that the standard Gumbel form is a poor statistic to use in the analysis of tensile fracture.
Reliable method for the simultaneous detection of cytoplasmic and surface CD3 epsilon expression by murine lymphoid cells

During their development, T-cell precursors (pre-T cells) undergo a variety of changes with respect to their expression of specific surface proteins. Among the most critical of the surface markers acquired by developing T cells is the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. Prior to the assembly and transport of complete TCR/CD3 multimeric complexes to the plasma membrane, the individual constituent subunits are expressed in the cytoplasm (ER-Golgi). In order to study the expression of the T-cell receptor TCR/CD3 complex during pre-thymic T-cell differentiation, we have developed a flow cytometric technique for the simultaneous detection of surface (sCD3 epsilon) and cytoplasmic CD3 epsilon (cCD3 epsilon). This technique, which employs fixation in 1% paraformaldehyde and permeabilization with 1% saponin and 0.025% digitonin, features reliable internalization and low nonspecific binding of anti-CD3 epsilon in murine lymphoid cells, as well as tissue culture cell lines. The combination of saponin and digitonin treatment was also compatible with the staining of sCD3 and other lymphocyte surface antigens such as Thy1, CD4, CD8, B220, and IgM. In contrast, permeabilization of cells with the detergents Tween 20 and Triton X-100 was shown to remove surface-bound anti-CD3 epsilon. The present technique permitted the detection of discernible sCD3 epsilon and cCD3 epsilon double and single positive lymphocytes and may prove useful in defining bone marrow-resident pre-T cells.
Interferon-γ-Responsive Nonhematopoietic Cells Regulate the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and in mice requires interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). Whereas IFN-gamma has been studied extensively for its effects on macrophages in tuberculosis, we determined that protective immunity to tuberculosis also requires IFN-gamma-responsive nonhematopoietic cells. Bone marrow chimeric mice with IFN-gamma-unresponsive lung epithelial and endothelial cells exhibited earlier mortality and higher bacterial burdens than control mice, underexpressed indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (Ido1) in lung endothelium and epithelium, and overexpressed interleukin-17 (IL-17) with massive neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs. We also found that the products of IDO catabolism of tryptophan selectively inhibit IL-17 production by Th17 cells, by inhibiting the action of IL-23. These results reveal a previously unsuspected role for IFN-gamma responsiveness in nonhematopoietic cells in regulation of immunity to M. tuberculosis and illustrate the role of IDO in the inhibition of Th17 cell responses.
Neonatal asphyxia. II. Neonatal mortality and long-term sequelae

Neonatal asphyxia, defined in this study as delay of >1 minute in onset of spontaneous respiration at birth, occurred in 1% of 13,221 live-born infants of birth weight >500 gm between 1970 and 1971. Seventy five (56%) of 133 asphyxiated infants survived the neonatal period. Survival was directly related to gestational age. The 65 survivors of asphyxia available for study were seen at a mean age of 4.8 years to determine the incidence and extent of neurologic and developmental abnormalities. Twelve children (18.5%) had severe impairment: nine had both neurologic and intellectual handicaps, two had neurologic impairment alone, and one had intellectual impairment alone. The incidence and severity of impairment were not related to gestational age. Postasphyctic seizures were associated with poor outcome.
Condition for Break-up of Non-Wetting Fluids in Sinusoidally Constricted Capillary Channels

Analysis of capillary-pressure distribution in single channels with sinusoidal profile shows that surface tension-driven flow in such channels is controlled by the pressure extrema at their “crests” and “troughs”. Formulating the geometric condition for the pressure in the troughs to exceed that in the crests leads to a simple criterion for the spontaneous break-up of the non-wetting fluid in the necks of the constrictions. The criterion reduces to the condition for the Plateau-Rayleigh instability as a limiting case. Similar pressure analysis is applicable to the case of a non-wetting fluid invading an open pore body. Computational-fluid-dynamics experiments have verified the validity of the break-up predicted from the capillary-pressure argument. Although the geometric criterion for the break-up is valid for small capillary numbers, it provides a common framework in which the results of various published studies of a non-wetting phase choke-off in capillary constrictions for a wide range of capillary numbers can be explained and understood.
Parental Work Schedules and Adolescent Depression.

AbstractUsing a large contemporary United States data set, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS), this paper examines the relationship between parental work schedules and adolescent depression at age 13 or 14, paying particular attention to the mechanisms that may explain this relationship. Analysis based on structural equation modelling showed that increased work at night by mothers was significantly associated with a lower quality of home environment and fewer meals together, and this mediator was significantly linked to increased risks for adolescent depression. In addition, evening work by fathers was significantly associated with lower paternal closeness and this mediator was significantly associated with increases in adolescent depression. In contrast, irregular shifts by both mothers and fathers increased the likelihood of mothers knowing where the child was and this relationship in turn reduced adolescent depression. Implications and avenues for future research are d...
Fluoroplastic Coverslips for Long-Term Nerve Tissue Culture

Fluoroplastics (Aclar and Teflon FEP) were tested for their suitability as coverslip material for nerve tissue cultures. Coverslips prepared from these plastics have a higher transparency over the near-ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the spectrum than glass coverslips, possess exceptional physical and chemical stability, and provide service-ability over a wide temperature range ≥ -320 to 390 F. For nerve tissue culture, circular 22 mm coverslips were cut from 5 mil sheets of Aclar 22A and 33C, and Teflon FEP 100A, cleaned in concentrated HNO3, rinsed, sterilized in 85% ethyl alcohol, dried, and coated with collagen. Peripheral and central nervous system cultures from fetal rats and newborn mice were set up on these as well as on glass coverslips, and carried in Maximow double coverslip assemblies. Over a 2 mo period of cultivation, neuronal maturation, tissue organization and fiber myelination occurred on plastic coverslips in essentially the same manner as in sister cultures maintained on g...
Democrats and Republicans Can Be Differentiated from Their Faces

Background Individuals' faces communicate a great deal of information about them. Although some of this information tends to be perceptually obvious (such as race and sex), much of it is perceptually ambiguous, without clear or obvious visual cues. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we found that individuals' political affiliations could be accurately discerned from their faces. In Study 1, perceivers were able to accurately distinguish whether U.S. Senate candidates were either Democrats or Republicans based on photos of their faces. Study 2 showed that these effects extended to Democrat and Republican college students, based on their senior yearbook photos. Study 3 then showed that these judgments were related to differences in perceived traits among the Democrat and Republican faces. Republicans were perceived as more powerful than Democrats. Moreover, as individual targets were perceived to be more powerful, they were more likely to be perceived as Republicans by others. Similarly, as individual targets were perceived to be warmer, they were more likely to be perceived as Democrats. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that perceivers' beliefs about who is a Democrat and Republican may be based on perceptions of traits stereotypically associated with the two political parties and that, indeed, the guidance of these stereotypes may lead to categorizations of others' political affiliations at rates significantly more accurate than chance guessing.
A structural modeling investigation of the influence of demographic and attitudinal factors and in-class deterrents on cheating behavior among accounting majors

Abstract This study examines cheating behaviors among 606 accounting majors at three public AACSB-accredited business schools. The influences of demographic and attitudinal characteristics on reported prior cheating behavior, the tendency to neutralize cheating behaviors, and likelihood of future cheating are examined. In addition, the impact of inclass deterrents on neutralization of cheating behaviors and the likelihood of future cheating are examined. Possible mediating effects of neutralization of cheating behavior are directly tested. The relationships among these constructs were examined using structural equations modeling procedures. Results supported the differentiation of the theoretical constructs within the proposed theoretical model. Furthermore, tests of the proposed theoretical model indicated that the primary influences on future cheating were in-class deterrents, prior cheating, and the degree to which one neutralized prior cheating behaviors.
Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis

Emotion regulation (ER) has been identified as a critical factor in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS; Bardeen, Kumpula, & Orcutt, 2013 [Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 188-196]; Marx & Sloan, 2005 [Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 569-583]; Nightingale & Williams, 2000 [British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 243-254]). The current meta-analysis aimed to provide a thorough, quantitative examination of the associations between PTS and several aspects of ER. A search of the PsychINFO database resulted in 2557 titles, of which 57 met full inclusion criteria (the cross-sectional association between PTS symptoms and ER was reported, participants were 18 years or older, the article was written in English, and sufficient information was reported to calculate effect sizes). From the 57 studies that were included, 74 effect sizes were obtained. All studies were independently coded by two of the study authors for the following: citation, sample type, total N size (and group n's if applicable), mean age of participants, type of traumatic event, study design, PTS measure(s), ER measure(s), and effect size information. Eight random effects models were conducted: seven for individual ER strategies (e.g., rumination) and one for general emotion dysregulation. The largest effects were observed for general emotion dysregulation (r = 0.53; k = 13), rumination (r = 0.51; k = 5), thought suppression (r = 0.47; k = 13), and experiential avoidance (r = 0.40; k = 20). Medium effects were observed for expressive suppression (r = 0.29; k = 3) and worry (r = 0.28; k = 6). Significant effects were not observed for acceptance or reappraisal. Moderator analyses (sample and trauma type) were conducted for general emotion dysregulation, experiential avoidance, and thought suppression; no significant differences were observed. Findings from the current analysis suggest that several aspects of ER are associated with PTS symptoms across a variety of samples. Additionally, the current study highlights a number of limitations in the existing ER and PTS symptom literature.
Antishielding of magnetic charge

By consideration of the vacuum expectation value of energy density, it is shown in the one-loop approximation that the vacuum of a scalar charged field antishields a magnetic monopole. Running pole strength (as exhibited in the force between two monopoles, for instance) is weaker at smaller spatial scales, and its product with running charge is essentially constant.
Male mating tactics in spider monkeys: sneaking to compete

I investigated the mating system and male mating tactics for a population of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth chamek), to identify the behaviors males used to achieve and maintain access to sexually receptive females, and to examine if some males used more tactics than other males and/or had differential access to females. Results show that the mating system mostly involved scramble competition polygyny and that males used a range of mating tactics and behaviors, previously unreported for spider monkeys. The most unusual feature of spider monkey mating behavior was the secretive nature of copulations-nearly all copulations were clandestine, but a few were in the presence of other group members. Fifteen sexually mature males were observed to copulate 43 times. These data provide the first opportunity to evaluate how female availability influences male-male competition. First, the operational sex ratio was highly skewed toward males because usually only one female was receptive in each community per month. Second, females only mated with a few males in their community in any one mating period, but some females mated over the course of multiple consecutive mating periods, eventually mating with most or all of the males in their community. Across all communities, 9 (21%) of the 43 copulations involved a single male-female partner, 20 (47%) involved four males mating with the same female, and males mated with from one to four different females. Fourteen of the 16 total adult males and 1 subadult male (10 total) copulated. One or two males in each community were successful in monopolizing access to receptive females, and these males did not usually have the highest rates of copulation. In this system, clandestine copulations are one behavioral solution to the complex problem of gaining mating exclusivity and, probably, exercising mate choice.
Influence of Non‐Stoichiometry on the Structure and Properties of Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 Microwave Dielectrics: III. Effect of the Muffling Environment

The effect of different muffling environments on the structure and dielectric losses of Ba(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 (BZN) microwave ceramics was investigated. The microwave dielectric losses of stoichiometric BZN pellets heated in ZnO-rich environments were severely degraded (e.g. Q×f ∼15 000 in ZnO powder) compared with samples muffled in their own powder (Qxf ∼ 80 000). Structure analyses and gravimetric measurements confirmed that the ceramics muffled in ZnO powder or vapor absorb excess ZnO to form non-stoichiometric solid solutions with reduced cation order and Q. By using starting compositions in the (1-x-)BZN-(x)BaNb 4/5 O 3 binary (x = 0.04), the stoichiometry can be tailored to ensure that after the uptake of ZnO, the ceramics remain well ordered and are located in a high Q region of the system. For example, ZnO-vapor-protected (0.96)BZN-(0.04)BaNb 4/5 O 3 reached a very high Q×f (∼105000) after sintering at 1400°C for 5 h.
On a generalization of the corona problem

Let g, fl''''' fm EH (A). We provide conditions on fl,...,fm in order that Ig(z) lIfi(z)l+...+If (z)I, for all z in 4, imply that g, or , belong to the ideal m generated by fl'''''fm in H.
Urinary Tract Infections During Pregnancy

OBJECTIVETo provide a comprehensive review of urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy. All aspects of UTIs, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, resistance, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, were reviewed.DATA SOURCESMEDLINE (1966–August 2003) and Cochrane Library searches were performed using the key search terms urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, cystitis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and resistance.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll article abstracts were evaluated for relevance. Only articles pertaining to pregnancy were included. The majority of published literature were review articles; the number of original clinical studies was limited.DATA SYNTHESISUTIs are the most common bacterial infections during pregnancy. They are characterized by the presence of significant bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract. Pyelonephritis is the most common severe bacterial infection that can lead to perinatal and maternal complications including premature delivery, infants ...
Load balancing with memory

A standard load balancing model considers placing n balls into n bins by choosing d possible locations for each ball independently and uniformly at random and sequentially placing each in the least loaded of its chosen bins. It is well known that allowing just a small amount of choice (d = 2) greatly improves performance over random placement (d = 1). In this paper, we show that similar performance gains occur by introducing memory. We focus on the situation where each time a ball is placed, the least loaded of that ball's choices after placement is remembered and used as one of the possible choices for the next ball. For example, we show that when each ball gets just one random choice, but can also choose the best of the last ball's choices, the maximum number of balls in a bin is log log n/2 log /spl phi/ + O(1) with high probability, where /spl phi/ = (1 + /spl radic/5)/2 is the golden ratio. The asymptotic performance is therefore better with one random choice and one choice from memory than with two fresh random choices for each ball; the performance with memory asymptotically matches the asymmetric policy, using two choices introduced by Vocking (1999). More generally, we find that a small amount of memory, like a small amount of choice, can dramatically improve the load balancing performance. We also investigate continuous time variations corresponding to queueing systems, where we find similar results.
Systematic Quantification of Uncertainties for Evaluated Prompt Fission Neutron Spectra and Multiplicities

Uncertainties associated with evaluated average prompt fission neutron spectra and multiplicities are obtained for a suite of actinides in the Los Alamos model formalism. Systematics for the model input parameters are taken from the literature and used as prior values in a Bayesian updating procedure. Posterior systematics as well as associated posterior uncertainties are inferred. In addition, cross-isotope correlations are evaluated for the first time. The quantification of uncertainties associated with advanced Monte Carlo Hauser-Feshbach calculations of prompt fission neutron spectra is also discussed.
Efficiency of Solute Release from Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels: Electrochemical Studies

An electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of the diffusion coefficient and efficiency of release of probe species from thermoresponsive gels due to their volume phase transition is presented. The method combines steady-state voltammetry at microelectrodes and conductometry, and it is designed for charged redox species. This method might be modified for uncharged systems; in this case instead of the conductometric measurement an additional independent voltammetric experiment in the solution is required. The approach presented here has been examined for positively and negatively charged and uncharged ferrocene
Crop Insurance and Disaster Assistance Designs for Wheat and Grain Sorghum

This study compares the effectiveness of two crop insurance and two disaster assistance program designs used in conjunction with a government commodity program and a linked crop insurance/government commodity program design. Stochastic dominance analysis of farm-level net return distributions is used to select the preferred design(s). The results indicate that the disaster assistance programs are preferred over the alternatives. The results also suggest that individual crop insurance is preferred to area crop insurance. A subsidy is required for risk-averse managers to prefer area crop insurance to individual crop insurance.
Parasitic-aware design and optimization of a fully integrated CMOS wideband amplifier

A custom CAD synthesis tool based on particle swarm optimization, and results from the design of an RF CMOS distributed amplifier optimized to overcome non-idealities associated with parasitic-laden passives, are presented. The particle swarm synthesis approach is shown to be more than an order of magnitude faster than the simulated annealing design and optimization algorithm.
Fish oil disrupts MHC class II lateral organization on the B-cell side of the immunological synapse independent of B-T cell adhesion

Fish oil-enriched long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids disrupt the molecular organization of T-cell proteins in the immunological synapse. The impact of fish oil derived n-3 fatty acids on antigen-presenting cells, particularly at the animal level, is unknown. We previously demonstrated B-cells isolated from mice fed with fish oil-suppressed naive CD4 + T-cell activation. Therefore, here we determined the mechanistic effects of fish oil on murine B-cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecular distribution using a combination of total internal reflection fluorescence, Forster resonance energy transfer and confocal imaging. Fish oil had no impact on presynaptic B-cell MHC II clustering. Upon conjugation with transgenic T-cells, fish-oil suppressed MHC II accumulation at the immunological synapse. As a consequence, T-cell protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) recruitment to the synapse was also diminished. The effects were independent of changes in B-T cell adhesion, as measured with microscopy, flow cytometry and static cell adhesion assays with select immune ligands. Given that fish oil can reorganize the membrane by lowering membrane cholesterol levels, we then compared the results with fish oil to cholesterol depletion using methyl-B-cyclodextrin (MβCD). MβCD treatment of B-cells suppressed MHC II and T-cell PKCθ recruitment to the immunological synapse, similar to fish oil. Overall, the results reveal commonality in the mechanism by which fish oil manipulates protein lateral organization of B-cells compared to T-cells. Furthermore, the data establish MHC class II lateral organization on the B-cell side of the immunological synapse as a novel molecular target of fish oil.
Effects of background color on reaction time to stimuli varying in size and contrast: Inferences about human M channels

In two experiments we looked at the effects of the color of equiluminant backgrounds on simple reaction time (RT) to increment and decrement spot-stimuli varying in diameter. When comparing both red vs blue and red vs green backgrounds, we found that for the smallest diameter stimuli, RTs tended to be faster with red background; however, as the diameter of the stimuli increased, RTs were faster with the blue or green backgrounds. This trend held only for increment stimuli; no systematic or significant differences between RTs to decrement stimuli presented on red vs either blue or green backgrounds were found. We discuss these results in terms of the effects of diffuse lights of varying wavelength on magnocellular-channel activity.
Probiotic Consumption Does Not Enhance the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Soy in Postmenopausal Women

Numerous studies report that soy lowers cholesterol. Probiotic bacteria were also reported to lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). We hypothesized that by altering intestinal microflora, probiotic consumption may also change phytoestrogen metabolism and enhance the effects of soy. To evaluate the independent and interactive effects of probiotic bacteria and soy on plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), 37 women with a baseline TC of 5.24 mmol/L were given the following 4 treatments for 6 wk each in a randomized crossover design: soy protein isolate (26 +/- 5 g soy protein containing 44 +/- 8 mg isoflavones/d); soy protein isolate + probiotic capsules (10(9) colony-forming units Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 and Bifidobacterium longum); milk protein isolate (26 +/- 5 g milk protein/d); and milk protein isolate + probiotic. Soy consumption decreased plasma TC by 2.2% (P = 0.02) and LDL-C by 3.5% (P = 0.005), increased HDL-C by 4.2% (P = 0.006) and tended to decrease TG (P = 0.07) compared with milk protein intake. When divided according to initial TC concentration, soy effects were observed only in hypercholesterolemic women (TC > 5.17 mmol/L). In this subgroup, soy treatments decreased plasma TC by 3.3% (P = 0.01), LDL-C by 4.5% (P = 0.004), and TG by 10.6% (P = 0.02), and increased HDL-C by 4.2% (P = 0.02). When subjects were divided on the basis of plasma and urine concentrations of the isoflavone metabolite, equol, equol producers and nonproducers did not differ in baseline lipids or in the effects of soy. Probiotics did not lower cholesterol or enhance the effects of soy. These results confirm a beneficial effect of soy on plasma cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women independent of equol production status, but do not support an independent or additive effect of these particular probiotic bacteria.