cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for Forming B,C,N,O Rings from NH3BH3 and CO2 via Reaction Discovery Computations.

This study employs computational reaction finding tools to probe the unique biphilic reactivity between ammonia-borane (AB) and CO2. The results show that sequential reactions involving multiple equivalents of AB and CO2 can lead to the formation of stable nonplanar B,C,N,O-heterocycles (Cy-BCN). Cy-BCN is shown to emerge through boron–oxygen bond formation, hydroboration, dative bond formation, and single- or double-hydrogen transfers. The most kinetically facile reactions (computed at the coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) level of theory) result from polarized nitrogen–boron double bonds whereas thermodynamic stability results from formation of covalent boron–oxygen bonds. An important structure, HCOOBHNH2 (DHFAB), contains both of these features and is the key intermediate involved in generation of Cy-BCN. Crucially, it is shown that favorable boron–oxygen bond formation results in production of Cy-BCN species that are more stable than polyaminoboranes. These types...
Flaming fields and forest fires: Agrarian transformations and the making of Birsa Munda’s rebellion

The purpose of this article is to question the overarching notion of ‘millenarianism’ as well as its applicability to various ‘tribal’ rebellions and social movements in British India. I do so by c...
Competitive epidemic spreading over arbitrary multilayer networks

This study extends the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic model for single-virus propagation over an arbitrary graph to an Susceptible-Infected by virus 1-Susceptible-Infected by virus 2-Susceptible (${\mathrm{SI}}_{1}{\mathrm{SI}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$) epidemic model of two exclusive, competitive viruses over a two-layer network with generic structure, where network layers represent the distinct transmission routes of the viruses. We find analytical expressions determining extinction, coexistence, and absolute dominance of the viruses after we introduce the concepts of survival threshold and absolute-dominance threshold. The main outcome of our analysis is the discovery and proof of a region for long-term coexistence of competitive viruses in nontrivial multilayer networks. We show coexistence is impossible if network layers are identical yet possible if network layers are distinct. Not only do we rigorously prove a region of coexistence, but we can quantitate it via interrelation of central nodes across the network layers. Little to no overlapping of the layers' central nodes is the key determinant of coexistence. For example, we show both analytically and numerically that positive correlation of network layers makes it difficult for a virus to survive, while in a network with negatively correlated layers, survival is easier, but total removal of the other virus is more difficult.
Microhydration of Contact Ion Pairs in M2+OH-(H2O)n=1-5(M = Mg, Ca) Clusters: Spectral Manifestations of a Mobile Proton Defect in the First Hydration Shell

Vibrational predissociation spectra of D2-"tagged" Mg(2+)OH(-)(H2O)n=1-6 and Ca(2+)OH(-)(H2O)n=1-5 clusters are reported to explore how the M(2+)OH(-) contact ion pairs respond to stepwise formation of the first hydration shell. In both cases, the hydroxide stretching frequency is found to red-shift strongly starting with addition of the third water molecule, quickly becoming indistinguishable from nonbonded OH groups associated with solvent water molecules by n = 5. A remarkably broad feature centered around 3200 cm(-1) and spanning up to ∼1000 cm(-1) appears for the n ≥ 4 clusters that we assign to a single-donor ionic hydrogen bond between a proximal first solvent shell water molecule and the embedded hydroxide ion. The extreme broadening is rationalized with a theoretical model that evaluates the range of local OH stretching frequencies predicted for the heavy particle configurations available in the zero-point vibrational wave function describing the low-frequency modes. The implication of this treatment is that extreme broadening in the vibrational spectrum need not arise from thermal fluctuations in the ion ensemble, but can rather reflect combination bands based on the OH stretching fundamental that involve many quanta of low-frequency modes whose displacements strongly modulate the OH stretching frequency.
105. Central interleukin-4 infusion after a peripheral lipopolysaccharide injection promotes a neuroprotective CNS environment with increased M2 microglia

Interleukin (IL)-4 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that promotes a repair phenotype (M2a) in macrophages/microglia. Our previous report indicates that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection increased IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) expression on activated microglia from adult, but not aged mice. The failure to increase IL-4Rα on microglia from the aged brain corresponded with an impaired ability of ex vivo IL-4 to re-redirect active microglia towards a M2 phenotype. To augment our understanding of the M2 promoting effects of IL-4 in vivo, adult mice were injected with saline or LPS (i.p.) and 1 h later received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of vehicle or IL-4. While LPS increased microglial IL-1β expression and promoted sickness behavior, these events were not influenced by IL-4. There was, however, an IL-4-dependent increase in locomotion and mobility in the tail suspension test. Furthermore, the LPS-IL-4 mice had marked increase of microglial-specific M2a genes including Arginase, IL-4Rα, and BDNF. Arginase protein was robustly increased only in parenchymal microglia (Iba-1+/Arg+) from LPS–IL-4 mice. In LPS-injected mice, central IL-4 increased CCL2 mRNA, a chemokine that recruits macrophages to the injured CNS. Indeed, the LPS injected mice that received central IL-4 had highest percentage of macrophages (CD11b+/CD45hi) associated with the brain. Collectively, these results suggest that the increase in IL-4Rα on microglia serves to enhance microglial sensitivity to IL-4, which in turn, helps to promote a neuroprotective CNS environment.
The static reseal pressure model for cryogenic screen channel liquid acquisition devices

Abstract Inside a propellant tank in microgravity, surface tension forces dominate, and porous screen channel liquid acquisition devices (LADs) are required to separate fluid phases, control flow, and ensure vapor free liquid transfer out of the tank. The bubble point pressure based on Adamson and Gast (1997) and reseal pressure of the screen define LAD performance. This paper presents a predictive equation for modeling the reseal pressure in both storable as well as cryogenic liquids. Seven parameters affect the reseal pressure, including surface tension (liquid type), contact angle, screen reseal diameter, liquid temperature, degree of subcooling, and pressurant gas type and temperature. Decreasing the temperature decreases reseal pressure. Pressurization with a non-condensable gas always yields higher reseal points over pressurization with a condensable gas. Subcooling the liquid at the screen adds margin in reseal point whereas elevating the temperature of the pressurant gas is a degradation factor. The reseal pressure model is validated across a wide range of experimental ground data and the mean absolute error between 4815 data points and model is only 2.4%.
THE RESEARCH PRODRESS IN PREPARATIONS OF AVERMECTINS IN VETERINARY

Avermectins are family of macrocylic lactone anthelmintics with a broad spectrum of activity against endo and ectoparasites. The paper made a review of preparations, the application in the veterinary practice and toxicology.
Correlates of Pediatric CPAP Adherence

Study Objectives:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common pediatric condition characterized by recurrent partial or complete cessation of airflow during sleep, typically due to inadequate upper ai...
Dynamic Matrix Factorization Methods for Using Formulations Derived From Higher Order Lifting Techniques in the Solution of the Quadratic Assignment Problem

This paper concerns the use of linear programming based methods for the exact solution of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). The primary obstacles facing such an approach are the large size of the formulation resulting from the linearization of the quadratic objective function and the poor quality of the lower bounds. Special purpose linear programming methods using dynamic matrix factorization provide a promising avenue for solving these large scale linear programs (LP). This enables a large portion of the LP basis to be represented implicitly and generated from the remaining explicit part. Computational results demonstrating the strength of this approach are also presented. For this approach to be effective in the solution of QAPs, dynamic matrix factorization should be combined with formulations that yield superior lower bounds. Lifting techniques have been theoretically proven to improve bound strength at the cost of a dramatic increase in formulation size. A formulation including third order interactions is derived using this methodology. However, degeneracy poses a significant problem in the solution of these linear programs. Incorporation of third order interaction costs in the objective function is proposed as a possible way to mitigate problems due to stalling. Computational results indicate that this formulation yields much stronger lower bounds than the currently best known lower bounds. Unifying these various observations, it is suggested that the development of specialized dual simplex algorithms using dynamic matrix factorization can provide a promising approach to overcome these barriers.
Using the WSA Model to Test the Parker Spiral Approximation for SEP Event Magnetic Connections

In studies of solar energetic ( $E > 10~\mbox{MeV}$ ) particle (SEP) events the Parker spiral (PS) field approximation, based only on the measured 1 AU solar wind (SW) speed $V$ sw, is nearly always used to determine the coronal or photospheric source locations of the 1 AU magnetic fields. There is no objective way to validate that approximation, but here we seek guidelines for optimizing its application. We first review recent SEP studies showing the extensive use of the PS approximation with various assumptions about coronal and photospheric source fields. We then run the Wang–Sheeley–Arge (WSA) model over selected Carrington rotations (CRs) to track both the photospheric and $5~\mbox{R}_{\odot}$ source locations of the forecasted 1 AU SW, allowing us to compare those WSA sources with the PS sources inferred from the WSA $V$ sw forecast. We compile statistics of the longitude differences (WSA–PS) for all the CRs and discuss the limitations of using the WSA model to validate the PS approximation. Over nearly all of each CR the PS and WSA source longitudes agree to within several degrees. The agreement is poor only in the slow–fast SW interaction regions characterized by high-speed events (HSEs), where the longitude differences can reach several tens of degrees. This result implies that SEP studies should limit use of the PS approximation around HSEs and use magnetic field polarities as an additional check of solar source connections.
Definitions of real time and ultimate reality

L'objectif de cet article est de donner une explication breve et systematique de la realite du temps en vue de l'utiliser dans le sondage des questions philosophiques, scientifiques et theologiques liees a cette realite. L'A. propose d'abord l'explication de cinq sortes de definitions. Puis il definit le temps dans toutes les cinq. Pour finir, il montre le lien qui existe entre le temps reel et la realite ultime dans les quatrieme et cinquieme definitions (explication fondamentale et ultime).
Transport of Nitric Oxide (NO) in Various Biomedical grade Polyurethanes: Measurements and Modeling Impact on NO Release Properties of Medical Devices

Nitric oxide (NO) releasing polymers are promising in improving the biocompatibility of medical devices. Polyurethanes are commonly used to prepare/fabricate many devices (e.g., catheters); however, the transport properties of NO within different polyurethanes are less studied, creating a gap in the rational design of new NO releasing devices involving polyurethane materials. Herein, we study the diffusion and partitioning of NO in different biomedical polyurethanes via the time-lag method. The diffusion of NO is positively correlated with the PDMS content within the polyurethanes, which can be rationalized by effective media theory considering various microphase morphologies. Using catheters as a model device, the effect of these transport properties on the NO release profiles and the distribution around an asymmetric dual lumen catheter are simulated using finite element analysis and validated experimentally. This method can be readily applied in studying other NO release medical devices with different ...
Towards a 3-D Approach to Cybersecurity Awareness for College Students

College students as digital natives suffer from cyberattacks that include social engineering and phishing attacks. Moreover, students as college computer users and as future employees may inadvertently commit cybercrimes as insiders. Cybersecurity awareness programs and training have been found to be effective in reducing the risk of successful cyberattacks related to human users. In this outline, we propose a three dimensional (3D) approach to cybersecurity awareness and training for college students.
Mixed Methods for the Assessment and Incorporation of Computational Thinking in K-12 and Higher Education

A movement to include computer science in K-12 curriculum standards has sparked a significant interest in computational thinking (CT). This paper describes current and future work in the development of visual programming curricula for teaching CT at the K-12 level and self-efficacy surveys for evaluating the effectiveness of the curricula at fostering CT. Current work on a comprehensive system for automated extraction of assessment data for descriptive analytics and visualization is also described. To complement attitude surveys, a translation of Scratch to Blockly is proposed. Data on student programming behaviors at the collegiate level will be collected and quantitatively analyzed to help assess CT in support of self-efficacy.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO SOCIODEMOGRÁFICA DE MULHERES HIV POSITIVAS, ATENDIDAS NO CENTRO DE TESTAGEM E ACONSELHAMENTO DO MUNICÍPIO DE CANOAS/RS

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar a origem e conhecer o perfil sociodemografico das usuarias, entre 15 e 50 anos, sexualmente ativas, que realizaram teste anti-HIV e que retornaram para acompanhamento no Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA) do municipio de Canoas/RS. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, retrospectiva e descritiva, com dados obtidos atraves de prontuarios disponibilizados pelo CTA, entre os anos de 2011 e 2012. Foram elegiveis os prontuarios de mulheres com sorologia positiva para o HIV e que retornaram para o acompanhamento pos testagem, sem historia de tratamento antirretroviral previo ou diagnostico laboratorial firmado no mesmo periodo citado anteriormente. Foram analisados 156 prontuarios de mulheres, com sorologia positiva para HIV, entre 15 e 50 anos, com predominância na faixa etaria de 31 a 40 anos (32,7%), de cor branca (39,1%), com ensino fundamental incompleto (39,1%). Destas 129 (82,7%) deram continuidade ao acompanhamento no CTA, e 27 (17,3%) descontinuaram o tratamento. O comportamento de risco aliado ao nao esclarecimento com a relacao a doenca colocam as mulheres Canoenses solteiras, de baixa renda e escolaridade, acima dos 30 anos, em situacao de maior vulnerabilidade ao HIV.
Promoting Dignity and Preventing Shame and Humiliation by Improving the Quality and Education of Attorneys in Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) Civil Commitment Cases

In Strickland vs. Washington, the Supreme Court acknowledged that the role of counsel is critical to the ability of the adversarial system to best insure that just results are produced. Yet, the Court did not elaborately define the Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel and lower courts, have set the bar shockingly low.In this article we examine the quality of attorneys who litigate Sexually Violent Predator Act (SVPA) cases, and conclude that a failure to apply a higher standard of adequate counsel – beyond what was set out in Strickland – results in humiliation, shame and lack of dignity for clients. Effective and competent counsel must be cognizant of how shame and humiliation corrupts our legislation, court proceedings and subsequent management of the sex offender population.We explore the concepts of shame and humiliation and how the effects of these concepts damage not only the client, but the integrity of the court proceeding and subsequent goals of treatment rehabilitation. We focus on the volatile “arranged marriage” of law and psychology in sex offender civil commitment cases that require attorneys to have a particular set of skills and knowledge in order to conduct a fair, judicious and ethical trial, and to secure an accurate verdict. This is necessary to not only preserve the dignity of the legal system but additionally preserve the dignity of clients facing – what is most likely considered – one of the most undignified adjudicative determinations: that of “sexual violent predator. We propose that without specialized training and expert collaboration, attorneys cannot provide even remotely adequate or effective representation.We consider these issues through the prism of therapeutic jurisprudence, which we believe is vital to any authentic understanding of the underlying issues and offer suggestions to prevent and minimize client shame, humiliation and lack of dignity (including sample dialogues that counsel might have with her client).
Tobacco: a threat to development?

In keeping with the broader understanding that tobacco is not merely a threat to individual health but to the cause of social and environmental justice, the theme for World No-Tobacco Day this year is Tobacco: A threat to development . Here it is important to first differentiate the type of development that advances the health of individuals, communities and ecosystems versus the type of development that exploits and harms them. The term ‘development’ as it has been used historically in the social sciences is itself fraught with ambiguity and inconsistency.1 Traditionally, the term has usually included an element of maturation of economies and economic industries so people can move out of the non-wage sector into more productive and prosperous wage sectors. Over time, ‘development’ has been broadened to address human development, including health, literacy, democracy, human rights and other non-economic domains. Nevertheless, the dominant, often implicit, interpretation of ‘development’ is of economic development or the development of economic systems to meet …
Exact Solutions to the Fermion Propagator Schwinger-Dyson Equation in Minkowski space with on-shell Renormalization for Quenched QED

With the introduction of a spectral representation, the Schwinger-Dyson equation (SDE) for the fermion propagator is formulated in Minkowski space in QED. After imposing the on-shell renormalization conditions, analytic solutions for the fermion propagator spectral functions are obtained in four dimensions with a renormalizable version of the Gauge Technique anzatz for the fermion-photon vertex in the quenched approximation in the Landau gauge. Despite the limitations of this model, having an explicit solution provides a guiding example of the fermion propagator with the correct analytic structure. The Pad\'e approximation for the spectral functions is also investigated.
Effects of Flow and Bulk Vesicle Concentration on Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation

Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have been used extensively in a variety of biotechnology applications and fundamental studies exploring lipid behavior. Despite their widespread use, various physicochemical parameters have yet to be thoroughly investigated for their impact on SLB formation. In this work, we have studied the importance of flow in inducing the rupture of surface adsorbed chicken egg-derived l-α-phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) vesicles on silica and gold surfaces via quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). On silica at 25 °C, egg PC vesicles were found to adsorb in a flattened configuration (∼13 nm thick, compared to bulk vesicle diameters of ∼165 nm) but only undergo a transition to a stable SLB under flow conditions. In the absence of flow, an increase in system temperature to 37 °C was able to promote vesicle rupture and SLB formation on silica with a 10 times lower rupture time, compared to rupture under continuous flow (175 μL/min flow rate). Gold surfaces, with the...
Situational Effects of Task and Gender on Nonverbal Display

This study examines the impact of sex, psychological gender, and task on ten nonverbal conversational dominance and listener attentiveness cues. Results of a repeated measure analysis on task demon...
Computational Design of Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Nodes for Catalysis

Recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has opened the door to an increasing number of possible catalytic applications. The great versatility of MOFs creates a large chemical space, whose thorough experimental examination becomes practically impossible. Therefore, computational modeling is a key tool to support, rationalize, and guide experimental efforts. In this outlook we survey the main methodologies employed to model MOFs for catalysis, and we review selected recent studies on the functionalization of their nodes. We pay special attention to catalytic applications involving natural gas conversion.
The Relationship between Homicide and Suicide: A narrative and conceptual review of violent death

In this paper, we provide a narrative review of the theoretical discourse and empiric research on the relationship between homicide and suicide.Understanding of homicide and suicide has evolved from religious condemnation during the Middle Ages, to medicalization in the 1800s, and socialization in the 1900s. There is a long historical tradition of treating homicide and suicide as a single phenomenon. Contemporary thought, the stream analogy, posits that homicide and suicide are acts of violence, differentiated only by the direction of aggression. Empiric research has provided modest evidence supporting the stream analogy theory. A more comprehensive framework that incorporates cultural domains is needed to advance the research field on homicide and suicide.
Survey of optimum structural design

Minimum-weight structural designs have been developed for various types of behavior specifications including stiffness, elastic and plastic strength, and stability. Some of the important design techniques and principles are discussed together with a number of significant results and implications.
TMOSS: Using Intermediate Assignment Work to Understand Excessive Collaboration in Large Classes

As computer science classes grow, instructor workload also increases: teachers must simultaneously teach material, provide assignment feedback, and monitor student progress. At scale, it is hard to know which students need extra help, and as a result some students can resort to excessive collaboration--using online resources or peer code--to complete their work. In this paper, we present TMOSS, a tool that analyzes the intermediate steps a student takes to complete a programming assignment. We find that for three separate course offerings, TMOSS is almost twice as effective as traditional software similarity detectors in identifying the number of students who exhibit excessive collaboration. We also find that such students spend significantly less time on their assignment, use fewer class tutoring resources, and perform worse on exams than their peers. Finally, we provide a theory of the parametric distribution of typical student assignment similarity, which allows for probabilistic interpretation.
The Influence of Race and Gender on Nursing Care Decisions: A Pain Management Intervention.

Abstract Background: Understanding whether a patient's race or gender and/or the nurse's race or gender influence how nurses form care decisions can contribute to exploration of methods that can positively affect disparate treatment. Aims: This research examined how the variables of race and gender of both the nurse and the patient influence nurses' decision making about pain management. Design: A randomized four-group post-test–only experimental design was used to examine the variables and variable interactions. Settings: An investigator-developed case vignette tool hosted online was used to obtain data about nursing pain management decisions. The vignette intervention was developed to simulate four exact patient scenarios that differed only by patient race and gender. Participants/Subjects: A quota sample of 400 nurses was recruited using a self-selected face-to-face recruitment technique. Methods: A four-way between-groups analysis of variance assessed whether the gender of the nurse, race of the nurse, gender of the patient, or race of the patient made any differences in the dose intensity of pain medications selected by the nurse sample. Results: No significant interactions were noted between any combinations of the four independent variables. A significant main effect was noted in medication intensity for nurse gender (F [1,384] = 9.75, p = .002). Conclusions: Data trends suggested that gender stereotypes about how patients managed pain played a role in dose intensity decisions because female patients on average were given higher doses of pain medication than male patients were by all the nurses in the study. Further research is needed in this complex area of study.
Assessment of Tumor Sequencing as a Replacement for Lynch Syndrome Screening and Current Molecular Tests for Patients With Colorectal Cancer

Importance Universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome (LS) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is recommended and involves up to 6 sequential tests. Somatic gene testing is performed on stage IV CRCs for treatment determination. The diagnostic workup for patients with CRC could be simplified and improved using a single up-front tumor next-generation sequencing test if it has higher sensitivity and specificity than the current screening protocol. Objective To determine whether up-front tumor sequencing (TS) could replace the current multiple sequential test approach for universal tumor screening for LS. Design, Setting, and Participants Tumor DNA from 419 consecutive CRC cases undergoing standard universal tumor screening and germline genetic testing when indicated as part of the multicenter, population-based Ohio Colorectal Cancer Prevention Initiative from October 2015 through February 2016 (the prospective cohort) and 46 patients with CRC known to have LS due to a germline mutation in a mismatch repair gene from January 2013 through September 2015 (the validation cohort) underwent blinded TS. Main Outcomes and Measures Sensitivity of TS compared with microsatellite instability (MSI) testing and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the detection of LS. Results In the 465 patients, mean age at diagnosis was 59.9 years (range, 20-96 years), and 241 (51.8%) were female. Tumor sequencing identified all 46 known LS cases from the validation cohort and an additional 12 LS cases from the 419-member prospective cohort. Testing with MSI or IHC, followed by BRAF p.V600E testing missed 5 and 6 cases of LS, respectively. Tumor sequencing alone had better sensitivity (100%; 95% CI, 93.8%-100%) than IHC plus BRAF (89.7%; 95% CI, 78.8%-96.1%; P = .04) and MSI plus BRAF (91.4%; 95% CI, 81.0%-97.1%; P = .07). Tumor sequencing had equal specificity (95.3%; 95% CI, 92.6%-97.2%) to IHC plus BRAF (94.6%; 95% CI, 91.9%-96.6%; P > .99) and MSI plus BRAF (94.8%; 95% CI, 92.2%-96.8%; P = .88). Tumor sequencing identified 284 cases with KRAS , NRAS, or BRAF mutations that could affect therapy for stage IV CRC, avoiding another test. Finally, TS identified 8 patients with germline DPYD mutations that confer toxicity to fluorouracil chemotherapy, which could also be useful for treatment selection. Conclusions and Relevance Up-front TS in CRC is simpler and has superior sensitivity to current multitest approaches to LS screening, while simultaneously providing critical information for treatment selection.
Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies: A Leadership Framework for Professional School Counselors

The need for a multicultural and social justice leadership approach is critical considering today’s political climate that threatens the academic, career, and personal potential of students who are...
Phy-Gene Structure, Evolution, and Expression

The fundamental notion that phytochrome controls plant development through differential regulation of gene expression (Mohr, 1966) is now well supported by direct experimental evidence (Benfey and Chua, 1989; Gilmartin et al., 1990; Kuhlemeier et al., 1987; Nagy et al., 1988; Tobin and Silverthorne, 1985). However, the molecular mechanism by which the photoreceptor transduces its regulatory signal to genes under its control remains unknown. For some time we have approached this question by simultaneously studying the properties of the photoreceptor molecule and the negative autoregulation of phytochrome (phy) genes as a paradigm of phytochrome-regulated gene expression (Colbert, 1988; Lissemore and Quail, 1988; Quail et al., 1987b, 1990). Recent molecular-genetic studies have revealed that phytochrome is encoded by a small family of divergent and differentially regulated genes (Dehesh et al., 1990b; Sharrock and Quail, 1989); have shown that overexpression of the photoreceptor in heterologous, transgenic plants provides a system for directed mutational analysis of functional regions of the polypeptide (Boylan and Quail, 1989; Kay et al., 1989c; Keller et al., 1989); and have begun to provide insight into the cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors involved in phy gene transcription (Brace et al., 1989, 1990; Dehesh et al., 1990a).
What Good Is the National Taxpayer Advocate

This article examines the history and operation of the Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS), a component of the Internal Revenue Service. Its thesis is that the TAS provides a necessary check on IRS operations, but not in the sense that the TAS reviews substantive decisions. Instead, the TAS serves to help taxpayers tripped up in a highly automated system. The article first explains how important and often overlooked changes in tax administration since World War II have created a need for an office such as TAS. It then examines the structure of TAS operations, focusing on the reoganization mandated by Congress in the 1998 IRS Restructuring and Reform Act. Finally, it explores the key challenges that confront the TAS. The first challenge is balancing being part of the IRS with being independent from the IRS. Sometimes the TAS is too much the insider and sometimes it is not inside enough. The second challenge is balancing how the TAS exercises its power to help taxpayers in their interaction with the IRS without interfering with the substantive decisions other IRS components make about the imposition or collection of a particular tax against a particular taxpayer.
Hip Arthroscopy : Technique and Indications

The recent advances in hip arthroscopy have made it a useful minimally invasive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of intra-articular hip pathology. It offers the benefits of being an outpatient procedure with short rehabilitation and few reported complications and does not hinder opportunities for future surgical interventions. The lateral approach has been widely accepted, and technical details are discussed. Patients typically present with mechanical symptoms and persistent pain resistant to a reasonable trial of conservative treatment and are without significant joint space narrowing. Indications include debridement of labral lesions and loose bodies as well as treatment of impingement syndrome and avascular necrosis. Arthroscopy has also proven a useful tool in evaluation components in symptomatic patients after hip arthroplasty and in the treatment of native and replacement joint infections.
Internal dose assessment--extrapolation from animal species to the human.

Many different radionuclides are in use or being considered for use in radiation therapy with radionuclides. Examples include the traditional uses of radioiodine for treatment of thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer), the use of monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and other agents against specific types of cancer, and the use of various bone seeking agents used in the palliation of pain for bony metastases. Estimation of radiation doses for any of these applications involves several complex phases of analysis. Many standard models and techniques are in use, but it is also a time of rapid development of new techniques and approaches. It is indisputable that even the best current methods for calculating radiation dose give only estimates of the radiation dose to patients’ organs, marrow, tumors, blood vessel walls, etc. Use of animal data to predict human dosimetry introduces additional uncertainties into the analyses, as no truly reliable method exists for making this extrapolation. Human dose estimates based on animal data are considered to be reasonable approximations to be used for proceeding with dose estimates based on human data, which are ultimately used to evaluate in the safety and efficacy evaluations of radiopharmaceuticals. Nonetheless, the calculation of radiation dose based on animal data continues to be an important element of the radiopharmaceutical approval process.
Validating Virtual Time to Contact With Home Based Technology in Young and Older Adults

Virtual time to contact (VTC) is a measure of postural stability that estimates the virtual time it would take to reach an individual's stability boundary. This study aimed to validate VTC as measured by a depth sensor, and to determine if VTC from the depth sensor distinguishes between older adult fallers and non-fallers compared to a force platform. VTC was assessed in 10 young and 20 older adults by having participants lean in a circular direction followed by five balance tests: eyes open, dual task, eyes open foam, eyes closed, and eyes closed foam. Spearman's correlations and Bland-Altman plots were conducted to determine validity, and Receiver Operating Curves were constructed to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers. Significant correlations were found in the dual task (p = 0.03), eyes open foam (p < 0.01), and eyes closed foam conditions (p = 0.05). The depth sensor discriminated between fallers and non-fallers in the eyes open (p = 0.02), dual task (p = 0.03), and eyes open foam conditions (p = 0.04). VTC was in agreement between the two devices, and VTC derived from a depth sensor and may be used to discriminate between older adult fallers and non-fallers during challenging balance conditions.
A computational approach to finding contradictions in user opinionated text

The rapid growth of Web 2.0 and wide popularity of social media have brought the challenge of digesting and understanding large amounts of user-generated text. Automatically finding contradictions from user opinionated text is a potential solution to help sense-making and decision-making process from those user opinions. However, the problem of contradiction detection is understudied in social media analysis field. This study presents a computational approach to detecting contradictions in user opinionated text. Specifically, a typology of contradictions was proposed, and then the state-of-art deep learning models were adopted and enhanced by three methods of incorporating sentiment analysis. The enhanced models were evaluated with Amazon's customer reviews. The best model was selected and applied to a collection of tweets from Twitter to demonstrate its usefulness in understanding contradiction semantically and quantitatively in a large amount of user opinionated text.
Theories of Intelligence Influence Self-Regulated Study Choices and Learning

In student-regulated instruction, guiding one's study effectively and efficiently is crucial for successful learning. Yet, significant variability exists in how effectively learners regulate their own study. Here, we explored whether and how beliefs about the nature of intelligence affect learners' metacognitive control and ultimately the efficacy of their study choices. We manipulated learners' theories of intelligence across two experiments. Learners then studied a list of words for a later memory test, chose half of the words to restudy, and restudied their chosen items. Learners who were persuaded to believe intelligence was malleable chose to restudy more poorly learned items and ultimately learned more than learners who were persuaded to believe intelligence was fixed. Learners' underlying beliefs about the nature of intelligence may affect learners' goals and ultimately their metacognitive control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Writing Girls in Early Modern England

Jennifer Higginbotham asks what kinds of written texts did early modern girls leave behind, and given the incomplete nature of the archive, what can we learn about their engagements with literary culture. Although limited in scope, extant girls’ writings include letters, translations, poems and plays, written by girls such as Queen Elizabeth, Elizabeth Cary, Anne Clifford, Arbella Stuart, Rachel Fane, Elisabeth Hickman, Jane Cavendish, and Frances Andrews. Bringing them together, the chapter argues that there is not just a literature of girlhood in the period; there is also a girls’ literature. Early modern girls’ writing remains underrepresented in both women’s and children’s literature partly because more of their work exists in manuscript than print sources and partly because their texts require an historically situated sense of the interrelation between various forms of material culture, including writing, dancing, singing, sewing, and painting. Yet even if there is much we still do not know about the literacy levels of female children in 16th- and seventeenth-century England, Higginbotham argues that we can still use the writing of girls as a way to consider what purposes literature served for them and how they used it.
Fracture Analysis of Internally Delaminated Unsymmetric Laminated Composite Plates

A sub laminate analysis is used to develop an analytical solution that determines the effect of mid plane internal delamination on unsymmetric elastically tailored laminated plates. A displacement field that recognizes transverse shear deformation is proposed, and an elasticity boundary value problem is developed. A force-deformation relationship for the delaminated plate is derived. A change in total strain energy release rate and extension-twist coupling with crack length is calculated. The distribution of interlaminar shear and peel stresses on the interface containing the delamination is determined. The analysis is applied to a class of hydrothermally stable unsymmetric laminates under uniform extension. Results show that extension-twist coupling decays monotonically and total strain energy release rate increases monotonically, respectively, with delamination width. Interlaminar shear and peel stress are shown to be of larger magnitude at the free edge than at the delamination tip. The variation of extension-twist coupling with delamination width was verified experimentally. Test results indicate that for the cases under consideration, Teflon FEP film is inadequate for the simulation of internal delamination.
Advanced Practice Providers in Radiation Oncology.

Abstract Purpose The report highlights utilization of advanced practice providers (APPs) in an academic radiation oncology center and how their role benefits patient care and departmental workflow. Methods and Materials A self-reported workflow analysis of department APPs was conducted across 5 disease sites. A review of electronic medical records was performed to determine the percent of APP follow-ups completed independently versus in a shared capacity with the radiation oncologist. A review of the APP's didactic and clinical training program was performed. Results Across all disease sites, approximately 40% of the APP's time was spent on direct patient care, predominantly composed of independent follow-up visits (9%-35%) and telehealth (2%-30%). The breast malignancies group was an outlier with a higher focus on consults or shared visits (25%). Indirect patient care accounts for 30% to 50% of workflow with the focus on visit preparation or care coordination (13%-35%) and dictation (8%-13%). Administrative responsibilities including process improvement, research, education, and leadership account for the remainder (5%-26%) and are varied across disease sites. The central nervous system malignancies group and genitourinary malignancies group reported a greater percentage of their time (23%-26%) on administration compared with other groups (5%-9%). On average APPs see most of their visits independently from the physicians (86.41%) with 13.59% of visits being seen in a shared capacity. Conclusions APPs can positively affect the field of radiation oncology by augmenting clinical capacity, optimizing workflow and increasing department efficiency via both direct and indirect patient care and through involvement in administrative and leadership duties. By implementing an independent-to practice model, simultaneous APP and physician clinics run parallel to each other, limiting shared visits for complex cases. This promotes APP job satisfaction and provides greater access to patient care without compromising quality. This article highlights a model for the utilization of APPs, which can be implemented by other radiation oncology departments or practices.
Discordant prenatal ultrasound and fetal MRI in CDH: wherein lies the truth?

Purpose Prenatal risk assessment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) relies on prenatal ultrasound (U/S) and fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When the modalities differ in prognosis, it is unclear which is more reliable. Methods Retrospective chart review identified cases of prenatally diagnosed CDH from 4/2010-6/2018 meeting inclusion criteria. Demographic, radiologic, and postnatal outcomes data were collected. Ultrasound- versus MRI-based prognosis (mild, moderate, and severe) was compared with clinical outcomes. Kappa measures compared congruency in disease severity scaling between imaging modalities, while logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics curves compared the ability of each modality to predict outcomes. Results Forty-two patients met criteria. Both U/S- and MRI-based prognosis categories differentiated for survival. MRI categories differentiated for ECMO use, surgical repair, and defect type. O/e TFLV better discriminated for survivors and defect type than o/e LHR. Seventeen (40.5%) had discordant prenatal prognostic categories. In 13/17 (76.5%), o/e TFLV predicted higher severity when compared to o/e LHR, but sample size was insufficient to compare accuracy in cases of discordance. Conclusions Clinical outcomes suggest fetal MRI may more accurately predict severe pulmonary hypoplasia compared to prenatal ultrasound. Our analysis suggests fetal MRI is a valuable adjunct in the prenatal evaluation of CDH. Level of evidence Level III. Type of study Retrospective Review.
KINETICS OF OVALBUMIN AND CONALBUMIN mRNA INDUCTION BY ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

ABSTRACT Both ovalbumin and conalbumin are induced in the same tubular gland cells of the oviduct when estrogen is administered as a secondary stimulation to immature chicks. Conalbumin mRNA begins to accumulate within a few minutes of estrogen administration, whereas there is a lag of about 3 hr before ovalbumin mRNA begins to accumulate. The kinetics of estrogen receptor binding to chromatin indicate that these sites are saturated within 20 min, indicating that the lag is not due to slow uptake of steroid into the nucleus. Both the lag phase and the rate of ovalbumin mRNA accumulation can be modulated experimentally. These results suggest that there is another step between the binding of receptors in the nucleus and the induction of specific mRNA. A model of receptor translocation along chromatin is proposed to explain the lag.
Chapter 93 – Macro- and Microimaging of Bone Architecture

Publisher Summary Several noninvasive/nondestructive techniques have been developed for measuring bone structure and applied to the study and treatment of osteoporosis. These techniques allow early detection and diagnosis, monitoring of progression and response to therapy, improved estimates of bone strength, and improved prediction of fracture risk. Considerable progress has been made in advanced imaging techniques for noninvasive and/or nondestructive assessment of 2D and 3D bone structure. High-resolution computed tomography (hrCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) microscopy can be used to examine both cortical and trabecular bone in vivo. Much progress has been made in developing micro-CT (μCT) for noninvasive and/or nondestructive assessment of 3D trabecular structure and connectivity. The availability of 3D measuring techniques and 3D image processing methods allow direct quantification of unbiased morphometric parameters, such as direct volume and surface determination, model independent assessment of thickness, and 3D connectivity estimation. Conventional radiography is a widely available, noninvasive means of visualizing bone structure, which provides qualitative information on bone density. Radiogrammetry can be performed to measure cortical thickness, vertebral deformity, and bone size. Radiogrammetry offers information on bone mass, although it does not measure cortical porosity or trabecular bone status. Quantitative microradiography using an aluminum calibration step wedge, similar to quantitative backscattered electron imaging and small-angle X-ray scattering imaging, can measure the focal degree of mineralization and secondary mineral apposition. High-resolution (hrCT) thin-slice CT, adapted from existing body CT scanners for high-resolution measurements, can be used to assess trabecular and cortical bone structure and cross-sectional geometry of virtually any bone in the body. Volumetric bone mass or density in trabecular and cortical bone can be determined separately using QCT.
Semiotic Framing of Thresholds of Sense

Semiotics studies the systems of sign configurations that make up as well as inform the objective frames of self-formation within which human meaning-making takes place. It is directly linked in multiple ways with cultural psychology’s deepest concerns: the genesis of cultural meaning and its psychic realization and spread. We have at our disposal powerful analytical resources for highlighting and outlining central features of these thresholds. They allow us to draw lines through the semiotic continuum in different ways. Complementary approaches to linking perception with semiosis can specify the paths sign production follows in consciousness and the semiotic powers of and relations between different types of sign systems. C. S. Peirce’s triad of icon, index, and symbol, Karl Buhler’s triad of symptom/index, signal, and symbol, and Ernst Cassirer’s triad of expression, representation, and pure signification exemplify in interlocking ways how to carry out such analyses.