cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case for Evolutionary Genomics and the Comprehensive Examination of Sequence Biodiversity

Comparative analysis is one of the most powerful methods available for understanding the diverse and complex systems found in biology, but it is often limited by a lack of comprehensive taxonomic sampling. Despite the recent development of powerful genome technologies capable of producing sequence data in large quantities (witness the recently completed first draft of the human genome), there has been relatively little change in how evolutionary studies are conducted. The application of genomic methods to evolutionary biology is a challenge, in part because gene segments from different organisms are manipulated separately, requiring individual purification, cloning, and sequencing. We suggest that a feasible approach to collecting genome-scale data sets for evolutionary biology (i.e., evolutionary genomics) may consist of combination of DNA samples prior to cloning and sequencing, followed by computational reconstruction of the original sequences. This approach will allow the full benefit of automated protocols developed by genome projects to be realized; taxon sampling levels can easily increase to thousands for targeted genomes and genomic regions. Sequence diversity at this level will dramatically improve the quality and accuracy of phylogenetic inference, as well as the accuracy and resolution of comparative evolutionary studies. In particular, it will be possible to make accurate estimates of normal evolution in the context of constant structural and functional constraints (i.e., site-specific substitution probabilities), along with accurate estimates of changes in evolutionary patterns, including pairwise coevolution between sites, adaptive bursts, and changes in selective constraints. These estimates can then be used to understand and predict the effects of protein structure and function on sequence evolution and to predict unknown details of protein structure, function, and functional divergence. In order to demonstrate the practicality of these ideas and the potential benefit for functional genomic analysis, we describe a pilot project we are conducting to simultaneously sequence large numbers of vertebrate mitochondrial genomes.
Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearboxes

Abnormal vibration appeared when experimental tests was carried out on gearboxes of a 1.5MW wind turbine. In this paper, Time-domain and frequency- domain analysis of test data was implemented based on the method of wavelet denoising, the fault location was determined, and the vibration fault indicators and frequency components were obtained. The finite element model of the gearboxes were established, and the natural frequencies and mode shapes were achieved by calculating. The results showed that the fault occurred in the high speed shaft parts, fault vibration frequency was caused by high-speed shaft eccentric resonance frequency and the frequency generated by the natural frequency and the edge frequency that caused by turning. The research layed the foundation for the study of noise reduction and optimization of the wind turbine gearboxes.
Automatic registration and mosaicking of conservation images

As high-resolution conservation images, acquired using various imaging modalities, become more widely available, it is increasingly important to achieve accurate registration between the images. Accurate registration allows information unavailable in any one image to be compiled from several images and then used to provide a better understanding of how a painting was constructed. We have developed an algorithm that solves several important conservation problems: 1) registration and mosaicking of multiple X-ray films, ultraviolet images, and infrared reflectograms to a color reference image at high spatial-resolution (200 to 500 dpi) of paintings (both panel and canvas) and of works on paper, 2) registration of the images within visible and infrared multispectral reflectance and luminescence image cubes, and 3) mosaicking of hyperspectral image cubes (400 to 2500 nm). The registration/mosaicking algorithm corrects for several kinds of distortion, small rotation and scale errors, and keystone effects between the images. Thus images acquired with different cameras, illumination, and geometries can be registered/mosaicked. This automatic algorithm for registering/mosaicking multimodal conservation images is expected to be a valuable tool for conservators attempting to answer questions regarding the creation and preservation history of paintings. For example, an analysis of the reflectance spectra obtained from the sub-pixel registered multispectral image cubes can be used to separate, map, and identify artist materials in situ. And, by comparing the corresponding images in the X-ray, visible, and infrared regions, conservators can obtain a deeper understanding of compositional changes.
Site-dependent Replacement or Internal Fixation for Postradiation Femur Fractures After Soft Tissue Sarcoma Resection

Background High-dose radiation retards bone healing, compromising the surgical results of radiation-induced fractures. Prosthetic replacement has traditionally been reserved as a salvage option but may best achieve the clinical goals of eliminating pain, restoring function and avoiding complications.
Alterations in retinal neurotransmitter receptors and neuropeptides of the chick by kainic acid and acrylamide

The effects of intraocular injection of kainic acid and acrylamide upon retinal neuropeptides and high affinity binding sites have been determined in the chick. Kainic acid causes a sharp reduction in Met-enkephalin and somatostatin while neurotensin levels are unchanged. This treatment also lowers the extent of cholinergic muscarinic but not of [3H]naloxone or [3H]spiroperidol binding. In contrast, acrylamide treatment causes major increases of retinal Met-enkephalin and neurotensin concentrations. The binding of [3H]naloxone is also increased, and no reductions of any peptide or binding intensity were observed. The results indicate the plasticity of retinal neuropeptide levels and the selectivity with which these can be modulated.
ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM PHOTOEXCITED SINGLET AND TRIPLET BACTERIOPHEOPHYTIN—II. THEORETICAL

— A previous paper showed that collision of the first excited singlet state of bacteriopheophytin (Bph*) and p-benzoquinone (Q) returns Bph* to the ground state; however, excited triplet (Bph+) and quinone on collision produce the radical ions, (Bph+) and (Q−). This paer rationalizes these findings by first estimating the half cell potentials Bph+/Bph* and Bph+/BphT, the energy for the various collision complexes, and the energy of the charge separated ions Bph++ Q− and then estimating the rates for conversion among these various states. Thus it is estimated that the complexes [Bph*Q] or [BphTQ], live ˜5 ps before dissociating. This is long enough for electron transfer to occur, producing the singlet and triplet charge transfer complexes, [Bph+Q−]S or [Bph+Q−]T, either of which could separate to Bph++ Q− in ˜230ps. In the singlet case, quenching by reverse charge transfer [Bph+Q−]S[Bph Q] occurs more rapidly than ion separation; however, the analogous triplet process, [Bph+Q−]T [Bph Q], is spin forbidden, so that ion separation competes successfully with quenching. Spin scrambling, [Bph+Q−]S [Bph+Q−]T, is estimated to be slow, as this explanation requires. In the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center, the initial electron transfer from an excited singlet state of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer complex (BB)* to bacteriopheophytin, giving [(BB+)(Bph−)]S, successfully leads to ion separated species (i) because reverse charge transfer [(BB+)(Bph−)]S [(BB)(Bph)] is slowed by a fairly large Franck-Condon energy, ΔE˜ lev, which is difficult to convert from electronic to vibrational degrees of freedom and (ii) because of the rapid subsequent electron transfer from (Bph+) to another acceptor X.
Nontraded goods, oil price increases and the current account

Abstract An intertemporal maximizing model is used to examine the current-account response to oil price increases. The analysis shows that the introduction of a nontraded goods sector influences the current-account response. Whether the current account worsens or improves depends crucially on relative production technologies in the traded and nontraded goods sectors.
Risk of perforation increases with delay in recognition and surgery for acute appendicitis

Background Appendicitis remains a common indication for urgent surgical intervention in the United States, and early appendectomy has long been advocated to mitigate the risk of appendiceal perforation. To better quantify the risk of perforation associated with delayed operative timing, this study examines the impact of length of inpatient stay preceding surgery on rates of perforated appendicitis in both adults and children.
An integrated approach to improving the parallel application development process

The development of parallel applications is becoming increasingly important to a broad range of industries. Traditionally, parallel programming was a niche area that was primarily exploited by scientists trying to model extremely complicated physical phenomenon. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that continued hardware performance improvements through clock scaling and feature-size reduction are simply not going to be achievable for much longer. The hardware vendor's approach to addressing this issue is to employ parallelism through multi-processor and multi-core technologies. While there is little doubt that this approach produces scaling improvements, there are still many significant hurdles to be overcome before parallelism can be employed as a general replacement to more traditional programming techniques. The Parallel Tools Platform (PTP) Project was created in 2005 in an attempt to provide developers with new tools aimed at addressing some of the parallel development issues. Since then, the introduction of a new generation of peta-scale and multi-core systems has highlighted the need for such a platform. In this paper, we describe some of the challenges facing parallel application developers, present the current state of PTP, and provide a simple case study that demonstrates how PTP can be used to locate a potential deadlock situation in an MPI code.
A Bistable Membrane Approach to Micromachined Displays

The fabrication of bistable membrane structures with potential application to projection displays has been demonstrated. The use of a thin film in heavy compression combined with a central pivot point enables the fabrication of devices with two mechanically stable orientations. The demonstration structure consisted of a silicon dioxide membrane, a thin silicon nitride fillet pivot and thin aluminum electrodes. Polysilicon was used as the sacrificial material.
Laser-Induced Fano Resonance Scattering in Silicon Nanowires

We have studied the impact of excitation laser power density on the Raman spectrum of small-diameter (5−15 nm) silicon nanowires. At low power densities, a Lorentzian line is observed at 520 cm-1, the same value as that of the zone center LO (TO) phonon in bulk silicon. With increasing laser illumination, the Raman band downshifts and asymmetrically broadens on the low-frequency side. Our results contradict the traditionally accepted notion that a downshifted and asymmetrically broadened line in Si nanowires is due to quantum confinement effects. Rather, we suggest that the downshifting can be due to a laser heating effect of the nanowire and that the asymmetric line shape is due to a Fano interference between scattering from the k = 0 optic phonon and electronic continuum scattering from laser-induced electrons in the conduction band.
Exploiting the benefits of multiple-path network in DSM systems: architectural alternatives and performance evaluation

Modern high-performance networks being used for scalable distributed shared-memory (DSM) systems support multiple paths to increase bandwidth and/or reduce contention. Such networks violate the constraint of pairwise in-order message delivery implicitly required by many existing directory-based cache coherence protocols. To solve this problem, two alternative strategies are currently used by computer architects. The first strategy, used in the SGI Origin series, is to employ an intelligent cache coherence protocol which detects and resolves all race conditions caused by out-of-order (OoO) events. The second strategy, used in the HAL Mercury series, is to use a sophisticated network interface (NI) which detects and remedies every OoO event before the messages are fed to the cache coherence controllers. Both strategies involve complicated hardware logic, either at the cache coherence controller level or at the NI level. In this paper, we propose a new strategy that uses block correlated FIFO channels. This new strategy detects all potential race conditions and prevents them from occurring. It allows the use of a simple cache coherence protocol and an inexpensive NI. We also present an efficient implementation of this strategy based on current technology. Detailed simulations are performed using benchmark applications to evaluate the performance of our new strategy. The results indicate that, compared to the existing strategies, our new strategy always provides either the best or close to the best overall performance. This study also provides valuable insights into the design trade-offs in incorporating modern networks into DSM systems.
Does the Type of Ventricular Assisted Device Influence Survival, Infection, and Rejection Rates Following Heart Transplantation?

Objective: To determine the influence of the type of left ventricular assisted device (LVAD) as predictor of survival, hospitalizations due to infection, and rejection following heart transplantation and to delineate any further predictors of such outcomes. Methods: Patients who received a left ventricular assist device (HeartMate [Thoratec Corp., Pleasanton, CA, USA] or Novacor [World Heart Corporation, Ottawa, Canada]) as a bridge to heart transplantation between October 1991 and June 2004 using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Thoracic Registry database were evaluated. Comparison of survival curves between HeartMate and Novacor was performed using Kaplan–Meier survival method and Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for patient demographics and co-morbidities. Infection and rejection rates between the two devices were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression model. Results: The UNOS database provided 1255 patients with HeartMate and 154 patients with Novacor between 1991 and 2004. Unadjusted one- and five-year survivals for HeartMate and Novacor were 0.84 and 0.80 and 0.72 and 0.56, respectively, following heart transplantation. Adjusting for patient demographics and co-morbidities, no statistical significant difference in one-year survival was observed between those who received HeartMate and Novacor (HR = 1.49, p = 0.127). At five years, however, the HeartMate group had higher survival than Novacor (HR = 1.53, p = 0.043). All-time posttransplant hospitalizations due to infection and rejection were similar between HeartMate and Novacor recipients after adjusting for patient case mix. Conclusion: Controlling for patient case mix, there was no survival difference at one year between those who received Novacor versus HeartMate LVAD. At five years, a Novacor bridge to transplant patient on average had statistically significantly lower survival than HeartMate recipients. No difference in infection and rejection were observed.
Nucleolar Translocation of Histone Deacetylase 2 Is Involved in Regulation of Transcriptional Silencing in the Cat Germinal Vesicle

Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a key transcriptional coregulator that is suspected to play a role during oogenesis. It is known that RNA transcription in the cat germinal vesicle (GV) stops during folliculogenesis at the late antral follicle stage and is unrelated to histone deacetylation or chromatin condensation. The objective of the present study was to determine if and how HDAC2 participates in transcription regulation in the cat GV. Spatiotemporal HDAC2 protein expression was examined by immunostaining oocytes from primary to large antral follicles. HDAC2 was detected in the majority of GVs within oocytes from early, small, and large antral follicles. At early and small antral stages, HDAC2 was found primarily in the GV's nucleoplasm. There then was a significant shift in HDAC2 localization into the nucleolus, mostly in oocytes from large antral follicles. Assessments revealed that transcription was active in oocytes that contained nucleoplasm-localized HDAC2, whereas nucleolar-bound HDAC2 was associated with loss of both global transcription and ribosomal RNA presence at all antral stages. When oocytes were exposed to the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid, results indicated that HDAC regulated transcriptional activity in the nucleoplasm, but not in the nucleolus. Collective results suggest that nucleolar translocation of HDAC2 is associated with transcriptional silencing in the GV, thereby likely contributing to an oocyte's acquisition of competence.
Still Louis Hartz after All These Years: A Defense of the Liberal Society Thesis

Louis Hartz's The Liberal Tradition in America was the dominant interpretative text in American political thought for a generation. In the late 1960s the Hartzian hegemony came under severe attack, and by the 1990s his interpretive framework had been declared obsolete. Critiques allege two basic, related flaws: (1) Hartz's interpretation ignored the diversity in American political thought, particularly, though not exclusively, on questions of race, and (2) his analysis exaggerated the extent of the consensus in American political culture. These critiques are based almost exclusively on Hartz's analysis of selected periods of early American political development. I argue that Hartz's basic concepts are powerful analytical tools that continue to provide the most compelling analysis of recent American political development. I test the Hartz thesis by constructing a plausible interpretation of the 1960s based on the concepts employed in The Liberal Tradition.Philip Abbott is Distinguished Graduate Professor at Wayne State University (aa2393@wayne.edu). His recent books include Exceptional America: Newness and National Identity (1999) and Political Thought in America: Conversations and Debates (2004). The author is grateful to Jennifer Hochschild for her encouragement and to the anonymous reviewers for Perspectives on Politics. Christopher Duncan and Max Skidmore also provided very helpful advice.
Observers and feedback control for a rotating vortex pair

An observer is developed to estimate and to feedback-regulate the location of the vorticity centroid and the mutual distance of an interacting, same sign vortex pair. The combination of the crude approximation provided by very low-order vortex models, and high nonlinearity, even at that level, seem to make sensitive gain scheduling and high-order vector field derivatives in geometrical observer design methods, ill suited for the system at hand. This paper explores possibilities for dynamic extraction of needed information directly from leading frequencies and phasors of a sensor signal, using an extended Kalman filter. Intended advantages include simplicity, robustness, and the filtering of unmodeled dynamics.
Traffic Protection via Bandwidth Scavenging in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

This paper presents a history based statistical channel access mechanism for enabling traffic prioritization in wireless sensor networks. Prioritized access is realized such that low priority non-real-time sensors can access channel bandwidth that is unused by high priority real-time traffic. The key idea is for the low priority sensor nodes to first observe and statistically model the channel usage pattern by the high priority traffic. Then make probabilistic transmissions depending on the amount of time elapsed after the most recent high priority packet transmission ends. The objective is to dimension such probabilities based on the channel utilization statistics so that the non-priority traffic throughput is maximized while protecting the high-priority traffic from disruptions. The proposed access mechanism is implemented in a TelosB mote based sensor testbed in which the non-priority motes continually measures the RSSI to infer the channel usage pattern and probabilistically access the channel while different types of traffic is sent by high-priority TelosB motes. Experimental results from the testbed demonstrates that the proposed mechanism can improve non-priority traffic throughput by up to approximately 70% over compared protocols, while limiting the disruptions to high-priority traffic to pre-specified bounds of 3% to 5%.
Antitoxin-in-Membrane and Antitoxin-in-Well Assays for Detection of Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae

The Elek culture plate precipitin test is routinely used for the detection of exotoxin from toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Recently, the World Health Organization standardized this test to ensure accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility. In this study, we further modified the standard Elek test by using the antitoxin-in-membrane (AIM) and antitoxin-in-well (AIW) approaches. In the AIM tests, each strain was stabbed and streaked backwards and away from a point approximately 7 mm from the edge of a sterile cellulose acetate-cellulose nitrate filter membrane disk (pore size, 0.45 μm; diameter, 25 mm) containing 25 IU of diphtheria antitoxin. For AIW tests, a central well (diameter, 5 mm) containing 9 μl of antitoxin (4.5 IU) was surrounded by eight equidistant stab-streaks of each strain placed 10 mm from the well. In both methods, precipitin bands of identity typically were noted after 24- and 48-h incubations at 37°C. Both toxigenic and weak toxigenic strains gave clear and reproducible results. Compared with the standard Elek test, the AIM and AIW tests each use 50% less medium and 75 and 87% less antitoxin, respectively. AIM has the potential to test up to 14 isolates and AIW has the potential to test up to 24 isolates on the same plate. Furthermore, clearer positives were noted with weak toxigenic strains. In a blinded test of 209 verified C. diphtheriae isolates, a 99.5% agreement with the standard Elek test was obtained overall. Both modifications conserve reagents and medium, permit the simultaneous testing of a larger number of strains, and may be particularly suitable for reference laboratories or hospitals involved in diphtheria epidemic settings.
Searching, browsing, and clicking in a search session: changes in user behavior by task and over time

There are many existing studies of user behavior in simple tasks (e.g., navigational and informational search) within a short duration of 1--2 queries. However, we know relatively little about user behavior, especially browsing and clicking behavior, for longer search session solving complex search tasks. In this paper, we characterize and compare user behavior in relatively long search sessions (10 minutes; about 5 queries) for search tasks of four different types. The tasks differ in two dimensions: (1) the user is locating facts or is pursuing intellectual understanding of a topic; (2) the user has a specific task goal or has an ill-defined and undeveloped goal. We analyze how search behavior as well as browsing and clicking patterns change during a search session in these different tasks. Our results indicate that user behavior in the four types of tasks differ in various aspects, including search activeness, browsing style, clicking strategy, and query reformulation. As a search session progresses, we note that users shift their interests to focus less on the top results but more on results ranked at lower positions in browsing. We also found that results eventually become less and less attractive for the users. The reasons vary and include downgraded search performance of query, decreased novelty of search results, and decaying persistence of users in browsing. Our study highlights the lack of long session support in existing search engines and suggests different strategies of supporting longer sessions according to different task types.
A New Age of Demand-Based Pricing: An Examination of Dynamic Ticket Pricing andSecondary Market Prices in Major League Baseball

In 2010, the San Francisco Giants became the first professional team to implement a comprehensive demand based ticket pricing strategy called dynamic ticket pricing (DTP). In an effort to understand DTP as a price setting strategy, the current investigation explored Giants' ticket prices during the 2010 season. First, the relationship between fixed ticket prices, dynamic ticket prices, and secondary market ticket prices for comparable seats were examined. In addition, seat location and price changes over time were examined to identify potential effects on ticket price in the primary and secondary market. Giants' ticket price data were collected for various games throughout the 2010 season. A purposive selection of 12 games, which included (N = 1,316) ticket price observations, were chosen in an effort to include a multitude of game settings. Two ANOVA models were developed to examine price differences based on pricing structure, market, section, and time. Findings showed significant differences between fixed ticket prices, dynamic ticket prices, and secondary market ticket prices, with fixed ticket prices on the low end and secondary market ticket prices on the high end of the pricing spectrum. Furthermore, time was found to have a significant influence on ticket price; however, the influence of time varied by market and seat location. These findings are discussed and both theoretical and practical implications are considered.
Synthesis of IgM by Cells of NZB and SWR Mice and Their Crosses

Spontaneous and LPS-induced secretion of IgM by cultured spleen cells of NZB and SWR mice were measured after a 4-hr pulse with 3H-leucine. Similar experiments were done with fetal liver cells of NZB, CBA, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice. In short-term (4-hr) cultures there was marked hypersecretion of IgM by NZB cells relative to SWR cells. This abnormality was attributed to two factors: an increased number of IgM-containing cells and an increased secretion of IgM per cell. These two factors segregated as independent phenotypes in the progeny of the crosses. Liver cells from 18- to 19- day NZB fetuses matured into IgM hypersecretors in vitro in the absence of T cells. This phenomenon was uninfluenced by addition of thymocytes to cultured fetal liver cells. By contrast with the foregoing, NZB spleen cells maintained in vitro for 5 days, with or without LPS, made as much IgM during a 4-hr pulse with 3H-leucine as identically treated SWR cells. Con A-induced suppressor cells from NZB spleen cells inhibited LPS-stimulated IgM synthesis normally. There appear to be two populations of B cells in NZB mice: abnormal, spontaneously activated hypersecretors of IgM and cells that respond normally to LPS. The former population seems to arise early in life under the influence of two or three different genetic systems and functions independently of T cells.
In Praise of Partisanship

AbstractJ.S. Russell, Stephen Mumford, and Randolph Feezell have criticized my view that zealous partisans of a particular team are superior to purists, who derive an esthetic pleasure from good play by any team. All three philosophers extol the virtues of purism and Russell defends a pluralistic view that rejects the very idea of an ideal type of fan. In response, I renounce the claim that partisans are superior to purists and instead propose a more modest defense of partisanship. Moderate partisan fans, who constrain their support by moral and esthetic criteria, exhibit admirable concern for their team’s wellbeing, have unique opportunities to display moral virtue, and are necessary for the welfare of competitive sport. Partisans’ choice of team is influenced by arbitrary factors but arbitrariness is built into the very nature of sport and applies equally to purists’ admiration of athletic excellence. It diminishes neither the value of athletic excellence nor the value of partisans’ devotion to their team.
Morphological Phase Distribution and Respirometeric Precision in Trichoplusia ni Larvae

Fourth and 5th-stage Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) larvae were morphologically segregated into 5 phases/instar. Respirometeric evaluation of the metabolic state of the insects demonstrated significant differences between instars, and between phases within the instars. The feeding stage was separated into 2 morphologically and physiologically distinct phases. Distribution of larvae by instar and phase was not reliably predictable by age. Metabolic state appeared to be phase-dependent in particular, and only generally age- or weight-dependent. Applicability of this information for increasing experimental precision is discussed.
INFLUENCES OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AND MATERNAL FACTORS ON FETAL GROWTH IN WHITE-TAILED DEER.

A number of quantitative traits influence secondary productivity and are associated with genetic variability. High heterozygosity has been positively correlated with aggressiveness and exploratory behavior (Garten, 1976, 1977), social dominance (Baker and Fox, 1978), body size (Koehn et al., 1973; Boyer, 1974; Garten, 1976), growth rate (Singh and Zouros, 1978), production of offspring (Smith et al., 1975; Johns et al., 1977) and developmental stability (Mitton, 1978; Soule, 1979). In domestic animals, much of the variation in secondary productivity (i.e., somatic growth) has been explained by the effects of inbreeding depression or heterosis (Falconer, 1960). Reproductive capacity and/or physiological efficiency are apparently the characteristics most sensitive to inbreeding depression (Falconer, 1960 p. 258). Secondary productivity and the heterozygosity of individuals may be influenced by the breeding history of the population. Differences in gene frequency over relatively short distances indicate population subdivision and some degree of site tenacity for individual animals, since dispersal between subdivisions results in genetic homogeneity in the absence of large differences in selective pressures (Crow and Kimura, 1970). The combination of site tenacity and small population size increases the likelihood of inbreeding. Dispersal between the subdivisions will increase the heterozygosity of resulting offspring and eliminate the direct effects of inbreeding (i.e., apparent heterosis). In-
On Infinite Radicals

(1935). On Infinite Radicals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 419-429.
Beyond Trends: A Framework for Mapping Time-Based Requirements and Display Formats for Process Operations

Trends have been extensively used in operations to monitor and manage evolving process situations. They provide detail about process variables but can take up significant screen space, potentially occluding other important monitoring parameters. As more data becomes available to the operations team, trends could proliferate and overload the operator. This paper presents the time-based information needs generated from plant personnel interviews, and discusses four existing and six alternative formats for displaying time-based information to tackle this problem. A framework was also developed to link the requirements to design options. The framework can be used to assess the benefits and limitations of the display options and help inform design based on the conditions of use in operations.
Hematologic-Altering Medications and Spinal Injections

There is no exact method as to when to hold each hematologic-altering medication when administering spinal injections. Every physician has their own preference and different resources state different information, therefore always proceed with caution for the best results and least amount of risks. The following represents guidelines to follow.
An Enhanced Visualization Tool for Teaching Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher Frequency Analysis

Information Systems curricula require on-going and frequent review [2] [11]. Furthermore, such curricula must be flexible because of the fast-paced, dynamic nature of the workplace. Such flexibility can be maintained through modernizing course content or, inclusively, exchanging hardware or software for newer versions. Alternatively, flexibility can arise from incorporating new information into curricula from other disciplines. One field where the pace of change is extremely high is cybersecurity [3].Students are left with outdated skills when curricula lag behind the pace of change in industry. For example, cryptography is a required learning objective in the DHS/NSA Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) knowledge criteria [1]. However, the overarching curriculum associated with basic ciphers has gone unchanged for decades. Indeed, a general problem in cybersecurity education is that students lack fundamental knowledge in areas such as ciphers [5]. In response, researchers have developed a variety of interactive classroom visualization tools [5] [8] [9].Such tools visualize the standard approach to frequency analysis of simple substitution ciphers that includes review of most common, single letters in ciphertext. While fundamental ciphers such as the monoalphabetic substitution cipher have not been updated (these are historical ciphers), collective understanding of how humans interact with language has changed. Updated understanding in both English language pedagogy [10] [12] and automated cryptanalysis of substitution ciphers [4] potentially renders the interactive classroom visualization tools incomplete or outdated.Classroom visualization tools are powerful teaching aids, particularly for abstract concepts. Existing research has established that such tools promote an active learning environment that translates to not only effective learning conditions but also higher student retention rates [7]. However, visualization tools require extensive planning and design when used to actively engage students with detailed, specific knowledge units such as ciphers [7] [8].Accordingly, we propose a heatmap-based frequency analysis visualization solution that (a) incorporates digraph and trigraph language processing norms; (b) and enhances the active learning pedagogy inherent in visualization tools. Preliminary results indicate that study participants take approximately 15% longer to learn the heatmap-based frequency analysis technique compared to traditional frequency analysis but demonstrate a 50% increase in efficacy when tasked with solving simple substitution ciphers. Further, a heatmap-based solution contributes positively to the field insofar as educators have an additional tool to use in the classroom. As well, the heatmap visualization tool may allow researchers to comparatively examine efficacy of visualization tools in the cryptanalysis of mono-alphabetic substitution ciphers.
Human factors engineering for quality improvement and research in health care

Human factors engineering (HFE) is “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance”(http://www.iea.cc/whats/index.html).
Free to Be Happy: Economic Freedom and Happiness in US States

While the measurement of subjective well-being and its usefulness as a policy objective is a matter of contention, a burgeoning field of happiness economics is emerging. This paper examines the relationship between the institutions of economic freedom and happiness as reported by respondents to the Generalized Social Survey (GSS) in the United States. GSS responses are matched via geocode to state of residence. This allows individual responses in the GSS to be matched to institutional characteristics of the state of residence. A novel contribution of this study is that analysis of the effect of economic freedom on reported happiness is conducted both at the individual level and using state averages. It is found that the level of economic freedom in US states has a positive effect on both individual reported happiness and state average happiness. Dynamic panel analysis is also conducted both as a robustness check and in an effort to control for endogeneity. This confirms the relationship as positive and is suggestive of a causal positive impact of economic freedom on average state happiness.
Evaluation of scanning 2D barcoded vaccines to improve data accuracy of vaccines administered.

Abstract Background and objective Accurately recording vaccine lot number, expiration date, and product identifiers, in patient records is an important step in improving supply chain management and patient safety in the event of a recall. These data are being encoded on two-dimensional (2D) barcodes on most vaccine vials and syringes. Using electronic vaccine administration records, we evaluated the accuracy of lot number and expiration date entered using 2D barcode scanning compared to traditional manual or drop-down list entry methods. Methods We analyzed 128,573 electronic records of vaccines administered at 32 facilities. We compared the accuracy of records entered using 2D barcode scanning with those entered using traditional methods using chi-square tests and multilevel logistic regression. Results When 2D barcodes were scanned, lot number data accuracy was 1.8 percentage points higher (94.3–96.1%, P Conclusion Two-dimensional barcode scanning shows promise for improving data accuracy of vaccine lot number and expiration date records. Adapting systems to further integrate with 2D barcoding could help increase adoption of 2D barcode scanning technology.
Examining FKBP5 mRNA expression in human iPSC-derived neural cells

In peripheral blood leukocytes, FKBP5 mRNA expression is upregulated following glucocorticoid receptor activation. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs1360780 in FKBP5 is associated with psychiatric illness and has functional molecular effects. However, examination of FKBP5 regulation has largely been limited to peripheral cells, which may not reflect regulation in neural cells. We used 27 human induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) derived from 20 subjects to examine FKBP5 mRNA expression following GR activation. Following differentiation into forebrain-lineage neural cultures, cells were exposed to 1μM dexamethasone and mRNA expression of FKBP5 and NR3C1 analyzed. Results from the iPSC-derived neural cells were compared with those from 15 donor matched fibroblast lines. Following dexamethasone treatment, there was a 670% increase in FKBP5 expression in fibroblasts, mimicking findings in peripheral blood-derived cells, but only a 23% increase in iPSC-derived neural cultures. FKBP5 rs1360780 genotype did not affect the induction of FKBP5 mRNA in either fibroblasts or neural cells. These results suggest that iPSC-derived forebrain-lineage neurons may not be an optimal neural cell type in which to examine relationships between GR activation, FKBP5 expression, and genetic variation in human subjects. Further, FKBP5 induction following GR activation may differ between cell types derived from the same individual.
Research Directions for Cyber Physical Systems in Wireless and Mobile Healthcare

Wireless and mobile healthcare systems are proliferating. Many of these systems are Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). However, the complexities involved in building healthcare systems often go beyond those CPS systems that are constructed using principles from physics and other natural physical sciences. In healthcare CPSs, complex human physiology and free will, both of which are person dependent, are paramount. These complexities give rise to many new research problems for CPS. This article highlights some of the major new research questions and promising directions for wireless and mobile healthcare CPSs of the future.
Hemostasis in overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Context There are contradictory results on the effect of hyperthyroidism on hemostasis. Inadequate population-based studies limited their clinical implications, mainly on the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The present review focuses on hemostatic changes in overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted employing MEDLINE database. The following words were used for the search: Hyperthyroidism; thyrotoxicosis; Graves disease; goiter, nodular; hemostasis; blood coagulation factors; blood coagulation disorders; venous thromboembolism; bleeding; fibrinolysis. The articles that were related to hyperthyroidism and hemostasis are used in this manuscript. Results Hyperthyroidism, either overt or subclinical, renders a hypercoagulable state, although there are several studies with contradictory findings in the literature. Hypercoagulability may be caused by an increase in the level of various coagulation factors such as factor (F) VIII, FX, FIX, von Willebrand F (vWF), and fibrinogen, while hypofibrinolysis by changes in coagulation parameters such as a decrease in plasmin and plasmin activator or an increase in α2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Conclusions Although many reports are in favor of a hypercoagulable state in overt hyperthyroidism but this finding at the biochemical level and its clinical implication, on the occurrence of VTE, has yet to be confirmed.
Nicotine and Cocaine Interactions: Focus on Dopamine Pharmacology, Neuroadaptations, and Behavior Relevant to Addiction

Interactions between nicotine and cocaine have been well documented at the clinical, pharmacological, and behavioral levels. These drugs show considerable overlap in their physiological and psychological effects. Further, both drugs increase dopamine system reactivity and sensitivity with acute and prolonged exposure. This maps well onto behavioral reports of the common ability of each drug to potentiate the other’s behavioral effects, and is generally consistent with the tendency of each drug to promote use of the other. However, these results are not uniform, as competing data have indicated antagonistic interactions as well. Further, caution should be used in applying preclinical results to the human population, given the considerable complexity involved in human drug use initiation, escalation, and addiction, insufficiently modeled in animals. Continued research in this area may help to resolve discrepancies in findings and improve our ability to translate preclinical data to our understanding of cocaine and nicotine coabuse.
Complications in Pediatric Robotic Surgery

While the benefits of robotic surgery in pediatric urologic practice have become progressively evident, concern remains as to the potential risk for complications, particularly in small children. There are three key elements to limit the potential impact of complications in robotic and laparoscopic surgery children. These are prevention, recognition, and management. These three will be discussed in some detail and they are all interdependent with each other during any particular surgery.
ROS Control Mitochondrial Motility through p38 and the Motor Adaptor Miro/Trak

Summary Mitochondrial distribution and motility are recognized as central to many cellular functions, but their regulation by signaling mechanisms remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that reactive oxygen species (ROS), either derived from an extracellular source or intracellularly generated, control mitochondrial distribution and function by dose-dependently, specifically, and reversibly decreasing mitochondrial motility in both rat hippocampal primary cultured neurons and cell lines. ROS decrease motility independently of cytoplasmic [Ca 2+ ], mitochondrial membrane potential, or permeability transition pore opening, known effectors of oxidative stress. However, multiple lines of genetic and pharmacological evidence support that a ROS-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38α, is required for the motility inhibition. Furthermore, anchoring mitochondria directly to kinesins without involvement of the physiological adaptors between the organelles and the motor protein prevents the H 2 O 2 -induced decrease in mitochondrial motility. Thus, ROS engage p38α and the motor adaptor complex to exert changes in mitochondrial motility, which likely has both physiological and pathophysiological relevance.
Survival from Septic Shock Secondary to Disseminated Group A Streptococcal Infection after Central Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Objective The objective of this study was to describe a case of severe life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock in a child who responded to a prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support course utilizing different cannulation techniques depending on the physiological derangement until he recovered. Design This is a case report. Setting This study was done at the medical–surgical pediatric intensive care unit in an academic freestanding children's hospital. Patient A previously healthy 4-year-old boy was presented with respiratory distress and fever. He was diagnosed with respiratory syncytial viral upper respiratory tract infection and group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus septic shock. Interventions The patient was referred to peripheral ECMO for hemodynamic, ventilatory, and oxygenation support; conversion to central ECMO to augment blood flow; and transition to extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal before successful wean off extracorporeal support. Measurements and Main Results Patient experienced severe pediatric ARDS and septic shock that were refractory to maximal medical therapy. Patient was able to be decannulated after 75 days of extracorporeal support. He was weaned completely off of mechanical ventilation and oxygen after 6 months. The only neurological deficit he exhibited was poor fine motor skills of his hands for which he continued to receive physical therapy. Conclusion Central ECMO may benefit children with pediatric ARDS and septic shock who require higher flows than what can be provided from peripheral ECMO. Extracorporeal membrane carbon dioxide removal may be an effective option in children who do not respond to mechanical ventilation alone.
Finding the Impact Zone: Testing Health News for Native and Non-Native Audiences

This study helps bridge the existing divide between the knowledge on effective use of mass media to target mainstream populations and similar tactics for improving health reporting for indigenous p...