cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION OF PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN ENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT

Prediction of particle transport in enclosed environment is crucial to the welfare of its occupants. The prediction requires not only a reliable particle model but also an accurate flow model. This paper introduces two categories of flow models - Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equation modeling (RANS modeling) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES); as well as two popular particle models - Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. The computed distributions of air velocity, air temperature, and tracer-gas concentration in a ventilated room by the RANS modeling and LES agree reasonably with the experimental data from the literature. The two flow models gave similar prediction accuracy. Both the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods were applied to predict particle transport in a room. Again, the computed results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data obtained in an environmental chamber. The performance of the two methods was nearly identical. Finally the flow and particle models were applied to study particle dispersion in a Boeing 767 cabin and in a small building with six rooms. The computed results look plausible. Keywords computational fluid dynamics, Lagrangian method, Eulerian method
Sympathectomy for Raynaud's phenomenon; follow-up study of 70 women with Raynaud's disease and 54 women with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.

Follow-up information has been obtained from 70 women with Raynaud's disease and 54 women with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon who were subjected to surgical sympathetic denervation of one extremity or more. The results of sympathectomy in the upper and lower extremities are described. The effect of operation on the subsequent course, the complications and sequelae are presented and compared with the reports of others.
Simian immunodeficiency virus RNA is efficiently encapsidated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles.

Abstract Packaging of retroviral RNA is attained through the specific recognition of a cis-acting encapsidation site (located near the 5' end of the viral RNA) by components of the Gag precursor protein. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are two lentiviruses that lack apparent sequence similarity in their putative encapsidation regions. We used SIV vectors to determine whether HIV-1 particles can recognize the SIV encapsidation site and functionally propagate SIV nucleic acid. SIV nucleic acid was replicated by HIV-1 proteins. Thus, efficient lentivirus pseudotyping can take place at the RNA level. Direct examination of the RNA contents of virus particles indicated that encapsidation of this heterologous RNA is efficient. Characterization of deletion mutants in the untranslated leader region of SIV RNA indicates that only a very short region at the 5' end of the SIV RNA is needed for packaging. Comparison of this region with the corresponding region of HIV-1 reveals that both are marked by secondary structures that are likely to be similar. Thus, it is likely that a similar higher-order RNA structure is required for encapsidation.
Mechanisms of sensory transduction in the skin

Sensory neurons innervating the skin encode the familiar sensations of temperature, touch and pain. An explosion of progress has revealed unanticipated cellular and molecular complexity in these senses. It is now clear that perception of a single stimulus, such as heat, requires several transduction mechanisms. Conversely, a given protein may contribute to multiple senses, such as heat and touch. Recent studies have also led to the surprising insight that skin cells might transduce temperature and touch. To break the code underlying somatosensation, we must therefore understand how the skin's sensory functions are divided among signalling molecules and cell types.
Room-temperature cw Cr/sup 4+/:forsterite laser using an ultrathin crystal pumped in the near-infrared

Summary form only given. Chromium-doped forsterite (Cr/sup 4+/:Mg/sub 2/SiO/sub 4/) laser materials are of interest because this material permits the development of tunable solid-state sources in the 1.13-1.37-/spl mu/m wavelength range. Since the first demonstration of laser operation several years ago, high-power operation, and mode-locked picosecond and femtosecond operation have been achieved in this material.
Airborne Laser Absorption Spectrometer Measurements of Atmospheric CO2Column Mole Fractions: Source and Sink Detection and Environmental Impacts on Retrievals

AbstractThis paper provides atmospheric CO2 column abundance measurement results from a summer 2011 series of flights of a 2.05-μm laser absorption spectrometer on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. The integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) method is used for the CO2 column mole fraction retrievals. This instrument and the data analysis methodology developed to achieve retrievals over complex terrain and variable atmospheric conditions provide insight into the capabilities of the IPDA method for both airborne measurements and future global-scale CO2 measurements from low-Earth orbit pertinent to the proposed NASA Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) mission. Demonstrated in this paper is the capability to measure CO2 drawdown caused by crop activity during a midday flight over the U.S. upper Midwest area. In addition, an example is provided of high spatial resolution measurements of CO2 plumes from individual stack clusters of the Four Corners Power Plant in nort...
Energy efficient Frequent Value data Cache design

Recent work has shown that a small number of distinct frequently occurring values often account for a large portion of memory accesses. In this paper we demonstrate how this frequent value phenomenon can be exploited in designing a cache that trades off performance with energy efficiency. We propose the design of the Frequent Value Cache (FVC) in which storing a frequent value requires few bits as they are stored in encoded form while all other values are stored in unencoded form using 32 bits. The data array is partitioned into two arrays such that if a frequent value is accessed only the first data array is accessed; otherwise an additional cycle is needed to access the second data array. Experiments with some of the SPEC95 benchmarks show that on an average a 64 Kb/64-value FVC provides 28.8% reduction in Ll cache energy and 3.38% increase in execution time delay over a conventional 64 Kb cache.
Formate-dependent H2 production by the mesophilic methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis.

Methanococcus maripaludis, an H2- and formate-utilizing methanogen, produced H2 at high rates from formate. The rates and kinetics of H2 production depended upon the growth conditions, and H2 availability during growth was a major factor. Specific activities of resting cells grown with formate or H2 were 0.4 to 1.4 U·mg−1 (dry weight). H2 production in formate-grown cells followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the concentration of formate required for half-maximal activity (Kf) was 3.6 mM. In contrast, in H2-grown cells this process followed sigmoidal kinetics, and the Kf was 9 mM. A key enzyme for formate-dependent H2 production was formate dehydrogenase, Fdh. H2 production and growth were severely reduced in a mutant containing a deletion of the gene encoding the Fdh1 isozyme, indicating that it was the primary Fdh. In contrast, a mutant containing a deletion of the gene encoding the Fdh2 isozyme possessed near-wild-type activities, indicating that this isozyme did not play a major role. H2 production by a mutant containing a deletion of the coenzyme F420-reducing hydrogenase Fru was also severely reduced, suggesting that the major pathway of H2 production comprised Fdh1 and Fru. Because a Δfru-Δfrc mutant retained 10% of the wild-type activity, an additional pathway is present. Mutants possessing deletions of the gene encoding the F420-dependent methylene-H4MTP dehydrogenase (Mtd) or the H2-forming methylene-H4MTP dehydrogenase (Hmd) also possessed reduced activity, which suggested that this second pathway was comprised of Fdh1-Mtd-Hmd. In contrast to H2 production, the cellular rates of methanogenesis were unaffected in these mutants, which suggested that the observed H2 production was not a direct intermediate of methanogenesis. In conclusion, high rates of formate-dependent H2 production demonstrated the potential of M. maripaludis for the microbial production of H2 from formate.
Modulation of social learning in rats by brain corticotropin-releasing factor.

Abstract In order to investigate the impact of brain stress-related neuropeptide tone on learning and memory performance, juvenile recognition ability was examined in adult female rats using a social memory test following pharmacological inactivation and activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems. In particular, administration of a competitive CRF receptor antagonist [0.2, 1 or 5 μg intracerebroventricular doses of d -Phe CRF (12–41)], dose dependently impaired learning performance over a 30-min delay to 27% of vehicle controls values. In complementary fashion, forgetting produced by a 120-min delay that impaired social recognition performance to 29% of 30-min delay control levels was reversed by administration of a 1-μg dose of the CRF binding protein ligand inhibitor, r/h CRF (6–33), although a higher 5 μg dose exerted non-specific effects on social investigation. These findings suggest that brain CRF systems are physiologically relevant for social memory capacity in the absence of stressor exposure.
Near-Inertial Wave Propagation in the Western Arctic

Abstract From October 1997 through October 1998, the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) ice camp drifted across the western Arctic Ocean, from the central Canada Basin over the Northwind Ridge and across the Chukchi Cap. During much of this period, the velocity and shear fields in the upper ocean were monitored by Doppler sonar. Near-inertial internal waves are found to be the dominant contributors to the superinertial motion field. Typical rms velocities are 1–2 cm s−1. In this work, the velocity and shear variances associated with upward- and downward-propagating wave groups are quantified. Patterns are detected in these variances that correlate with underlying seafloor depth. These are explored with the objective of assessing the role that these extremely low-energy near-inertial waves play in the larger-scale evolution of the Canada Basin. The specific focus is the energy flux delivered to the slopes and shelves of the basin, available for driving mixing at the ocean boundaries. The energy and ...
Ketanserin inhibits depolarization-activated outward potassium current in rat ventricular myocytes.

Ketanserin (KT), an antihypertensive agent, has been shown to prolong action potential duration (APD) and QT interval and to induce torsade de pointes in some patients. We previously suggested that the prolongation of APD could be due to KT inhibition of the fast component of the delayed rectifier current (IKr) in guinea-pig myocytes. However, in other tissue such as human atrium, Purkinje fibers, epicardial cells, and rat ventricular myocytes, the transient outward potassium current (Ito) is one of the major repolarizing currents. We investigated the possibility that KT could also increase APD by blocking Ito. Action potentials and membrane currents were recorded from rat ventricular myocytes known to have a large Ito by using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. We found that KT (50 mumol/L) significantly prolonged APD at 50% repolarization by 218% (P < .05) and APD at 90% repolarization by 256% (P < .05) with no significant effect on other action potential parameters. Time-dependent Ito and sustained current (ISus) were measured in the presence of 400 nmol/L nisoldipine during depolarizing pulses to 40 mV from a holding potential of -100 mV every 10 seconds. KT resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of charge area of Ito evaluated by integration with an EC50 of 8.3 mumol/L. The inhibitory effect of KT (10 mumol/L) was seen at voltages from 0 to 80 mV without any shift of the current-voltage relation of peak Ito. KT did not significantly change activation, inactivation, and reactivating curves of Ito. Kinetic analysis of Ito showed a biexponential fit of inactivation in 80.5% of total tracings studied at voltages between -30 and 80 mV (n = 149, R = .99 +/- .01). The inhibitory effect of KT was more prominent on charge areas of the slow component (Qs) than the fast component (Qf) of Ito (Qf = 33.2 +/- 6.2 s.pA and Qs = 235.5 +/- 7.4 s.pA for the control condition; 12.4 +/- 4.3 and 59.6 +/- 17 s.pA for KT at 40 mV; n = 4). The binding association (k) and dissociation (l) constants at 40 mV were 9.0 +/- 0.9x10(6) M-1.s-1 and 86.6 +/- 0.3 s-1, respectively. KT also blocked ISus in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 11.2 mumol/L and had no significant effect on both the inward rectifier potassium current and the L-type calcium current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Disorders of red cell membrane

Studies during the last three decades have enabled the development of detailed molecular insights into the structural basis of altered function in various inherited red cell membrane disorders. This review highlights our current understanding of molecular and mechanistic insights into various inherited red cell membrane disorders involving either altered membrane structural organization (hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary ovalocytosis) or altered membrane transport function (hereditary stomatocytosis). The molecular basis for the vast majority of cases of hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis and ovalocytosis have been fully defined while little progress has been made in defining the molecular basis for hereditary stomatocytosis. Mutations in a number of distinct genes account for hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis, while a single genetic defect accounts for all cases of hereditary ovalocytosis. Based on these molecular insights, a comprehensive understanding of the structural basis for altered membrane function has been developed. Loss of vertical linkage between membrane skeleton and lipid bilayer leads to membrane loss in hereditary spherocytosis, while weakening of lateral linkages between skeletal proteins leads to membrane fragmentation and surface area loss in hereditary elliptocytosis. Importantly, the severity of anaemia in both these disorders is directly related to extent of membrane surface area loss. Splenectomy results in amelioration of anaemia.
Knowledge as Process: Contextually Cued Attention and Early Word Learning

Learning depends on attention. The processes that cue attention in the moment dynamically integrate learned regularities and immediate contextual cues. This paper reviews the extensive literature on cued attention and attentional learning in the adult literature and proposes that these fundamental processes are likely significant mechanisms of change in cognitive development. The value of this idea is illustrated using phenomena in children novel word learning.
Behavioral Descriptors that Differentiate Between Seizure and Nonseizure Events in a Pediatric Population

The diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy relies heavily on descriptions of behavioral changes noted during seizure episodes. A pilot study was completed to determine the frequency of occurrence of behaviors commonly associated with seizures in a pediatric population (n=153). Caretakers of the children (ages=4 months to 19 years) were asked to respond to a checklist containing 40 behavioral descriptors. Thirteen descriptors were found to differentiate between seizure and nonseizure events. Twelve of these behaviors were endorsed significantly more frequently by caretakers of children with seizures including the following: does not remember what happened, moves mouth funny, drools, jerking/twitching, becomes stiff, changes in breathing, stares off, bites or chews tongue, eyes look glassy, will not respond, mumbles or slurs words, and eyes or head turn to one side. One behavior, fidgets in seat, was significantly more associated with nonseizure episodes. The behavioral descriptors may be presented in a checkl...
РАЗНОВИДНОСТИ УСТАНОВОК ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО КИСЛОРОДА ИЗ ВОЗДУХА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ КОРОТКО-ЦИКЛОВОЙ АДСОРБЦИИ

Various circuits and designs of LINDE`s units for manufacture the technical oxygen from air are considered and analysed by methods of short - cyclic adsorption in article .
Developmental changes in brain function underlying inhibitory control in autism spectrum disorders.

The development of inhibitory control—the ability to suppress inappropriate actions in order to make goal-directed responses—is often impaired in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the present study, we examined whether the impairments in inhibitory control evident in ASD reflect—in part—differences in the development of the neural substrates of inhibitory control from adolescence into adulthood. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study on the anti-saccade task, a probe of inhibitory control, in high-functioning adolescents and adults with ASD compared to a matched group of typically developing (TD) individuals. The ASD group did not show the age-related improvements in behavioral performance from adolescence to adulthood evident in the typical group, consistent with previous behavioral work. The fMRI results indicated that much of the circuitry recruited by the ASD group was similar to the TD group. However, the ASD group demonstrated some unique patterns, including: (a) a failure to recruit the frontal eye field during response preparation in adolescence but comparable recruitment in adulthood; (b) greater recruitment of putamen in adolescence and precuneus in adolescence and adulthood than the TD group; and (c) decreased recruitment in the inferior parietal lobule relative to TD groups. Taken together, these results suggest that brain circuitry underlying inhibitory control develops differently from adolescence to adulthood in ASD. Specifically, there may be relative underdevelopment of brain processes underlying inhibitory control in ASD, which may lead to engagement of subcortical compensatory processes.
Testicular tumors: Oncologic imaging and diagnosis

Abstract The extreme radiosensitivity of testicular seminomas plus recent advances in chemotherapy for nonseminomatous tumors and for advanced seminomas have made long term survival possible in the large majority of patients with testis cancer. Since choice of therapy is determined by tumor histology and extent of disease, accurate clinical staging is critical. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and chest is the imaging procedure of choice for staging testis cancer. Clinical staging accuracy of 80 to 90% can be achieved using CT in combination with radioimmunoassays for β-HCG and AFP. Ultrasonography (US), while less sensitive and specific than CT for determining nodal status, may be useful in thin patients with sparse retroperitoneal fat; in addition US may play an important role in detecting occult testicular neoplasms and in assessing primary tumor extent within the scrotum. Lymphangiography should be reserved for Stage I patients in whom elective treatment of the retroperitoneum is not planned. Follow-up should include serial radioimmunoassays for serum AFP and β-HCG and periodic CT examinations of the abdomen and chest. Technical improvements in CT scanners and further experience with the use of tumor markers should help refine our ability to stage and manage patients with testicular tumors. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging and radionuclide imaging following injection of radioactively labelled antibodies to AFP and β-HCG are new techniques which offer great promise for the future.
Do As I SaY! Programmatic Access Control with Explicit Identities

We address the programmatic realization of the access control model of security in distributed systems. Our aim is to bridge the gap between abstract/declarative policies and their concrete/operational implementations. We present a programming formalism (which extends the asynchronous pi-calculus with explicit principals) and a specification logic (which extends Datalog with primitives from authorization logic). We provide two kinds of static analysis methods to tie implementation to specification. Type checking determines that a program is a sound implementation of policy; i.e., that all granted accesses are safe in the face of arbitrary opponents. Model checking determines a degree of completeness; i.e., that accesses permitted by the policy are actually granted in the implementation.
Women and the Divine in Literature before 1700, by Kathryn Kerby-Fulton: Victoria, Canada: ELS Editions, 2009. xi + 279 pp.

From its warm, informal tone to its eclectic reach, Women and the Divine in Literature before 1700 is a true labor of love. This browseable collection includes contributions on the topics of women,...
A Formal Approach to the Analysis of Aircraft Protected Zone

The protected zone represents a region around a given aircra ft that no other aircraft should penetrate for the safety of both aircraft, and defines the minimum separation requirements. In this paper, three major components of the protected zone and their interplays are identified: a vortex region, a safety buffer region, and a state-uncertainty region. A systematic procedure is devised for the analysis of the state-uncertainty region. In particular, models of trajector y controls are developed that can be used to represent different modes of pilot an d/or autopilot controls, such as path feedback and non-path feedback. Composite protected zones under various conditions are estimated, and effective ways to reduce sizes of protected zones for advanced air traffic management are examined.
Elevated serum triiodothyronine (t3) in Ashkenazi Jewish prostate cancer patients carrying the I1307k allele of the APC (adenopolyposis coli) gene.

Abstract Purpose The risk of developing any cancer in carriers of the I1307K mutation of the adenopolyposis coli (APC) gene is significantly increased (odds ratio 1.5, P = 0.01). One of the cancers associated with the I1307K mutation is prostate cancer (odds ratio 2.0, P = 0.14). Also, there is an association of APC mutations with thyroid cancer. In this study, we measured triiodothyronine (t3) levels in Ashkenazi Jewish prostate cancer patients, with and without the I1307K mutation of the APC gene. Materials and methods Participants in our study were found through urology and radiation oncology clinics in 1999 and 2000. All eligible patients were asked to take part. All patients had been initially diagnosed on the basis of rising PSA or abnormal physical examination. Histological confirmation of diagnosis was obtained for all subjects. Ethnic background was confirmed for all subjects by self-report or interview. The I1307K allele of the APC gene was detected by amplification of DNA isolated from peripheral blood according to standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot blot procedures. Serum t3 level was determined by fluorescent immunoassay with a standard, commercially available instrument. Results We studied 77 patients. The youngest patient was 46, the oldest 88, average age 67 ± 7.2 (mean ± SD). Eleven males carrying the APC I 1307K allele had significantly higher serum t3 levels than 66 males carrying the wild type allele. There were no homozygotes for the I1307K allele. None of the males had a t3 level that was above the normal range for our laboratory (137 ng/dl). Conclusions Our finding of increased serum t3 level with the APC I1307K allele in prostate cancer patients is not surprising, given the mitogenic potential of t3. Further studies may clarify whether t3 elevation is the mechanism whereby APC gene mutations increase the risk of prostate cancer; or whether other pathophysiologic abnormalities are involved.
A 32Gb MLC NAND flash memory with V th margin-expanding schemes in 26nm CMOS

As the NAND flash memory market grows rapidly due to various applications, such as USB devices, MP3 players, SSDs, cellular phones, and cameras, there is a requirement for high-density and low-cost devices. Two different approaches to meet these requirements are increasing data per cell and area scaling. 3b/cell or 4b/cell NAND flash memories were introduced as an effective way to lower cost [1,2]. However, these devices suffer from program performance degradation since tighter V th distribution is required. On the other hand, area scaling is a candidate to achieve low cost while maintaining high program performance even though there are several hurdles to overcome, such as FG coupling and charge retention [3]. As the cell size gets smaller, the V th distribution widens and the erase-write cycling margin is decreased by the floating-gate coupling ratio [4].
Mass spectra of N-[(S)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl] derivatives of chiral amines. Stereochemistry of amphetamine metabolism in the rat.

The electron impact mass spectra of the N-[(S)-α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetyl] derivatives of amphetamine and several related compounds have been studied with the purpose of developing an assay for the enantiomers of the amines based on selected ion monitoring gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Stable isotope labeled analogs were used to elucidate the fragmentation pattern. The molecular ions are present in the spectra but are weak. The 1-phenyl-1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl cation is of significant intensity in all of the spectra. Other major fragmentations include a McLafferty rearrangement to give styrene radical ions, α-cleavage to nitrogen, and formation of benzyl cations derived from the amine or aminoester portion. An analytical procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of the concentration of the enantiomers of amphetamine in rat urine. The method is based on selected ion monitoring gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the N-[(S)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl] derivatives and uses amphetamine labeled with deuterium in the methyl group as internal standard. Using this procedure it was found that rats administered racemic amphetamine intraperitoneally excrete slightly more of the S enantiomer than of the R.
Suicide Among Soldiers: A Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors

Suicide is difficult to predict and prevent and remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Although soldiers historically have had a suicide rate well below that of the general population, the suicide rate among members of the U.S. Army has increased markedly over the past several years and now exceeds that of the general population. This paper reviews psychosocial factors known to be associated with the increased risk of suicidal behavior in general and describes how some of these factors may be especially important in understanding suicide among soldiers. Moving forward, the prevention of suicide requires additional research aimed at: (a) better describing when, where, and among whom suicidal behavior occurs, (b) using exploratory studies to discover new risk and protective factors, (c) developing new methods of predicting suicidal behavior that synthesize information about modifiable risk and protective factors from multiple domains, and (d) understanding the mechanisms and pathways through which suic...
Maximally sparse reconstruction of blurred star field images

The problem of removing blur from, or sharpening, astronomical star field intensity images is addressed. A new image restoration algorithm is introduced which recovers image detail using constrained optimization theoretic approach. Ideal star images may be modeled as a few point sources in a uniform background. It is therefore argued that a direct measure of image sparseness is the appropriate optimization criterion for deconvolving the image blurring function. A sparseness criterion based on the l/sub p/ quasinorm is presented, and an algorithm for sparse reconstruction is described. Synthetic and actual star image reconstruction examples are presented which demonstrate the algorithm's superior performance as compared with the CLEAN algorithm, a standard star field deconvolution method. >
Exploratory review of route-specific, gendered, and age-graded dynamics of exploitation: Applying life course theory to victimization in sex trafficking in North America

Abstract The status of research on human trafficking has been characterized as methodologically inadequate and lacking sufficient theoretical framework necessary for solution development. This review of sex trafficking in North America examined prior research regarding victim vulnerabilities through the theoretical lens of life course theory endeavoring to uncover life course dynamics resulting in exploitation in sex trafficking distinguishable by victim type. Shared and distinct life course dynamics emerged based on victim origin and route, gender, and age of onset that corresponded to the key components of Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of informal social control. Indicators of harmful informal social control processes during childhood and adolescence were common across internationally and domestically trafficked boys and girls, with a desire for acceptance and love commonly exacerbating initial entrapment. Limited social capital typified victims experiencing initial exploitation during young adulthood, with internationally trafficked victims uniquely isolated due to citizenship status and language or cultural barriers. Through the application of life course theory, a more complete understanding of the dynamics affecting vulnerability to exploitation in sex trafficking can be gained, providing enhanced information regarding plausible strategies for prevention and intervention.
EFFECT OF OSMOTIC DESICCATION ON LONGEVITY AND TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF PHASMARHABDITIS HERMAPHRODITA (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDAE)

Limited storage stability severely restricts the biological control potential of slug-parasitic nematodes. In a series of experiments, we evaluated the effects of temperature and osmotic desiccation on the short- and long-term survival of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. Nematode survival in petri dishes at 1,500 infective juveniles/ml did not differ significantly at 5, 10, and 15 C but declined rapidly at 25 and 30 C. At 25 C about 50% of the nematodes survived for 4 wk, but at 30 C no nematode survived past 1 day. About 50% of the nematodes survived for 32 wk at 20 C. About 35-40% of the nematodes survived up to a year at 5, 10, and 15 C. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita showed poor survival under osmotic desiccation in glycerol with 15 and 20% glycerol significantly reducing survival at 5 and 15 C. Although the nematodes tolerated 10% glycerol, this level of desiccation also did not enhance long-term survival at either 5 or 15 C. There was a significant decrease in nematode survival in 10% glycerol at 25 C during the first 2-3 wk, but about 16% of the nematodes survived for 6 wk in 10% glycerol as compared with only 1% survival in water. The greatest benefit of osmotic desiccation in glycerol was observed in the enhanced survival of P. hermaphrodita at temperature extremes. Over 96% of the nematodes survived a 6-hr exposure to 35 C in 10% glycerol, whereas only 9% survived in water. Similarly, over 90% of the nematodes survived an exposure to -20 C for 4 hr in 10% glycerol, but less then 2% survived in water. We conclude that 5-15 C is an optimum temperature range for the storage of P. hermaphrodita. We also conclude that osmotic desiccation in 10% glycerol can substantially increase survival of P. hermaphrodita at temperature extremes (35 and -20 C) for short periods but has no effect on nematode longevity at the optimum temperature range of 5-15 C.
Ouabain Binding and Potassium Transport in Young and Old Populations of Human Red Cells

Human red blood cells were separated according to density by centrifugation through mixtures of phthalate esters. The densest 20% of the erythrocyte population (old cells) had reduced volume and water content compared to the lightest 20% of the cells (young cells). Corpuscular hemoglobin content was unchanged. Young cells had 50% more potassium (K+) than old cells, but their total intracellular concentration was only slightly higher; old cells had a small increase in sodium (Na+) concentration. Active K+ transport of young cells was 37% higher than that of old cells. [3H] + Ouabain binding revealed that this difference was the result of more K+ pump sites on young cells, which bound 530 ouabain molecules per cell at 100% K+ pump inhibition, as compared to 400 for old cells; unseparated cells bound 450-500 molecules. The relative rates of ouabain binding were identical for the two cell types. Old cells exhibited a greater passive permeability to K+, haying a rate coefficient for ouabain-insensitive K+ infl...
Electric Field Effect on Phospholipid Monolayers at an Aqueous-Organic Liquid-Liquid Interface.

The electric potential difference across cell membranes, known as the membrane potential, plays an important role in the activation of many biological processes. To investigate the effect of the membrane potential on the molecular ordering of lipids within a biomimetic membrane, a self-assembled monolayer of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (SOPC) lipids at an electrified 1,2-dichloroethane/water interface is studied with X-ray reflectivity and interfacial tension. Measurements over a range of electric potential differences, −150 to +130 mV, that encompass the range of typical biomembrane potentials demonstrate a nearly constant and stable structure whose lipid interfacial density is comparable to that found in other biomimetic membrane systems. Measurements at higher positive potentials, up to 330 mV, illustrate a monotonic decrease in the lipid interfacial density and accompanying variations in the interfacial configuration of the lipid. Molecular dynamics simulations, designed to mimic t...
Computerized Operator Support Systems to Aid Decision Making in Nuclear Power Plants

Abstract Some key challenges to nuclear power plant operators are monitoring the myriad indicators on the control boards and making decisions accordingly. Especially minor transients at the plant, such as a small leak in the cooling system, may not be readily apparent until they reach a critical threshold. If operators were able to draw on early indicators to such upset conditions, it would generally make the mitigation of the faults straightforward by allowing ample time for correction. In this paper, we outline conditions that can impact operator decision making. We propose a computerized operator support system to assist operators in detecting, validating, diagnosing, mitigating, monitoring, and recovering from faults. It is proposed that computerized operator support systems can effectively augment reactor operators without taking away operator control. Computerized operator support systems are not automated control systems, but rather advisory systems to enhance operator performance.
Constraints on coastal dune invasion for a notorious plant invader

Although most biological invasions are not successful, relatively few studies have examined otherwise notorious invaders in systems where they are not highly problematic. The annual grass Bromus tectorum is a dominant invader in western North America, but is usually confined to human-dominated and disturbed systems (e.g. roadsides and parking lots) in the East where it remains virtually unstudied. This study aims to address fundamental ecological questions regarding B. tectorum in a Cape Cod dune ecosystem. (i) What is the range of variation in population dynamics and the potential for population growth? (ii) Which factors influence its local abundance and distribution? We observed substantial variation in population dynamics over 3 years, with the number of adult B. tectorum individuals increasing substantially between the first 2 years (λ = 9.24) and then decreasing (λ = 0.43). Population growth in terms of total seeds was similarly variable, but to a lesser extent (λ = 2.32 followed by λ = 0.32). Experimental soil disturbance led to a more than 10-fold increase in mean seedling emergence, and high sensitivity to differences in emergence carried this effect through the life cycle. In contrast, barriers to seed dispersal had no effect on population dynamics, suggesting limited dispersal in this system. Across the landscape, the presence of B. tectorum was associated with areas of higher plant diversity as opposed to those with a strong dominant (e.g. the foredune, dominated by Ammophila breviligulata, or low heathlands, characterized by Hudsonia tomentosa and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). Overall, we find that B. tectorum is capable of both substantial population growth and decline in a dune ecosystem, but is likely limited without disturbance and dispersal agents. Thus, management actions that restrict dune access (e.g. for nesting habitat) likely have the co-benefit of limiting the invasive potential of B. tectorum.
SPERM COMPETITION AND THE EVOLUTION OF NUPTIAL FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN THE CRICKET, GRYLLODES SUPPLICANS (WALKER).

The pattern of sperm predominance in doubly mated female crickets, Gryllodes supplicans, was investigated using a radiation-sterility technique. Female G. supplicans made significant use of sperm from both males in fertilizing eggs; overall, first males to mate enjoyed a small advantage, fertilizing about 60% of the offspring produced subsequent to the second mating. The combined use of the sperm of both males in fertilizing eggs occurred soon after the second mating; evidently, mixing of ejaculates within a female's spermatheca does occur. Male G. supplicans provide females with a nuptial gift, the spermatophylax, which influences the time at which a female removes the externally attached sperm-ampulla; this in turn determines the quantity of sperm that is transferred. Moreover, the degree of sperm precedence achieved by a male may be positively related to the time at which the female removes his sperm ampulla. Thus males, by feeding females, ensure not only that a sufficient number of sperm are transferred to fertilize all of a female's eggs, but also may increase the certainty of their paternity. In mating systems in which females control sperm transfer and paternity is influenced by numbers of sperm (i.e., numerical sperm competition), an increase in prezygotic investment in females may be an adaptive male response.
History as Social Criticism: Conversations with Christopher Lasch

As a historian, social critic, and moralist, Christopher Lasch was a powerful presence in American intellectual life. At a time when many historians complained about the overspecialization of their discipline and sought opportunities to address wider audiences, Lasch brought a historical imagination to bear on public controversies about contemporary culture and politics while shaping scholarly debates in American history. In two interviews in July 1993, Lasch reflected on the contours of his life's work as a historian and public intellectual and on his relation to American progressivism "the tradition that most American historians come out of," as he described it. Lasch discussed the formative influence of the midwestern progressivism he inherited from his parents -the newspaper editor Robert Lasch and the social worker and philosopher Zora Schaupp Lasch -and the political evolution that led him from liberal realism to Marxism and, finally, to an indigenous tradition of American social criticism. Throughout his remarks, Lasch returned to the relationship between historical writing and other literary genres -journalism, fiction, poetry, and criticism -and spoke of his own aspiration "to write in such a way that somebody would hear it, so that it might have some influence, however small, on the course of events that otherwise just seemed inexorably to unfold." The particular context of these interviews and the procedures used in editing them require some explanation. At the end of the spring 1993 semester, Lasch began a leave of absence from the history department at the University of Rochester in order to undergo treatment for cancer. Lasch's illness was the occasion for a visit by Casey Blake, Lasch's former student, and (at that time) associate editor of the Journal ofAmerican History. Blake interviewed Lasch in his home in Pittsford, New York, onJuly 18. Christopher Phelps, a graduate student in history at the University of Rochester, had independently arranged to interview Lasch in his home on July 23. Once that interview was completed, Phelps and Blake decided to combine their
Enhancing the undergraduate teaching and research using robotic programming

In this paper, we describe a project of building a PC-based robot (PCRob) for robotic programming using mini PC and off-the-shelf components. The robot will then be used to enhance undergraduate teaching and research in the computer science department. Unlike most of the robots where only the microprocessors are used, the PCRob uses a mini PC to provide the computing power in order to process some advanced functionalities such as computer vision and speech recognition.
Locust Wind Receptors: III. Contribution to Flight Initiation and Lift Control

1. Tethered locusts begin opening their wings about 45 msec. following wind stimulation of the facial setae. 2. Tethered locusts also begin wing opening at least 30 msec. after release of tarsal contact with the substratum. 3. High-speed cine photography reveals that an untethered locust in a take-off jump initiates wing opening as early as 15 msec. after the first detectable jumping motion. 4. Therefore in free jumps neither stimulation of the facial setae by the jump wind nor release of tarsal contact is the factor inducing wing opening. The actual mechanism acts much more rapidly, and probably involves central, rather than peripheral, coding. 5. During flight, the extent of forewing pronation on the downstroke is a function of the wind speed over the facial setae, higher speeds resulting in decreased pronation. With increasing wind speed no change in pronation appears until about 80 msec., after which the effect is exaggerated for several hundred milliseconds, finally trailing off slightly to the maintained level. 6. The data suggest that the ‘wind-indicator’ interneurones of the cervical connective are active in the lift-control reflex. 7. A suggested behavioural function of this reflex is rapid ascent following the acceleration produced by a take-off jump.
Applicability of Nested Dissection to Two and Three Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations

The recent interest in the use of direct as opposed to iterative solution methods in fluid mechanics (e.g., [1]) suggests a re-examination of nested dissection [2] (or recursive “substructuring” or Kron’s “tearing” method). In this note, we shall attempt to quantify its advantages in terms of work and storage counts for finite element solutions of the incompressible Navier — Stokes equations. The general conclusions ( which are not always promising) are valid for finite differences and compressible flows formulated as implicit systems of equations.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase Regulatory Gene Expression Correlates with Exercise Training Insulin Sensitivity Changes.

ABSTRACTPurposeWhole body insulin sensitivity (Si) typically improves after aerobic exercise training; however, individual responses can be highly variable. The purpose of this study was to use global gene expression to identify skeletal muscle genes that correlate with exercise-induced Si changes.M
Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, fiction or fact?

Ayn Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged describes a society stifled by an ever increasing amount of economic regulation in the form of laws, directives and plans. But could such fictionalised overregulation ever take place in real life? This paper compares the fictional regulation of Atlas Shrugged to actual legislation that has been passed in the USA. We demonstrate how the Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule, the Equalization of Opportunity Bill, the Colorado Directives, and Directive 10-289 have real-world parallels. Plans to create communities similar to that of Galt's Gulch have even been attempted. In addition to providing an analysis of how Atlas Shrugged is reflected in our economic reality, the paper demonstrates how this work of fiction can be used in the classroom to foster the study of economic regulation and economic freedom.
Medulloblastoma initiation and spread: Where neurodevelopment, microenvironment and cancer cross pathways

Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors. Over the past several decades, a wide range of tumor-centric studies have identified genes and their regulators within signaling pathways that promote medulloblastoma growth. This review aims to raise awareness that transdisciplinary research between developmental neurobiology and cancer foundations can advance our current understanding of how the nervous system contributes to medulloblastomas. By leveraging current advances in neurodevelopment, microenvironment (including secreted neuropeptides), neurotransmitters, and axon guidance cues, we can uncover novel mechanisms used by the nervous system to promote medulloblastoma growth and spread. This will ultimately result in development of improved strategies for cancer prevention and treatment of pediatric patients with this devastating disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serotonergic Modulation Differentially Targets Distinct Network Elements within the Antennal Lobe of Drosophila melanogaster

Neuromodulation confers flexibility to anatomically-restricted neural networks so that animals are able to properly respond to complex internal and external demands. However, determining the mechanisms underlying neuromodulation is challenging without knowledge of the functional class and spatial organization of neurons that express individual neuromodulatory receptors. Here, we describe the number and functional identities of neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster that express each of the receptors for one such neuromodulator, serotonin (5-HT). Although 5-HT enhances odor-evoked responses of antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons (LNs), the receptor basis for this enhancement is unknown. We used endogenous reporters of transcription and translation for each of the five 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) to identify neurons, based on cell class and transmitter content, that express each receptor. We find that specific receptor types are expressed by distinct combinations of functional neuronal classes. For instance, the excitatory PNs express the excitatory 5-HTRs, while distinct classes of LNs each express different 5-HTRs. This study therefore provides a detailed atlas of 5-HT receptor expression within a well-characterized neural network, and enables future dissection of the role of serotonergic modulation of olfactory processing.