cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using focus for generating felicitous locative expressions

We are concerned with using discourse focus to generate felicitous natural language responses to “Where is”-type queries by a user with respect to a map. In ordinary language this is typically achieved by using a locative expression whose syntax involves using a preposition (such as in or at) and its object (which serves as a reference point). The selection of an appropriate reference point is important when generating such locative expressions. We attempt to use discourse focus to model the user's mental body position in the selection of an appropriate reference point. This enables the user to use body-oriented inference strategies associated with small scale space to make better sense of the overall spatial organization of the geographic entities and the large scale space of which these geographic entities are a part.
The Transient, Steady-State, and Stability Behavior of a Toroidal Thermosyphon With a Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger

The transient and steady-state heat transfer, fluid flow, and stability of a toroidal thermosyphon have been studied theoretically. The thermosyphon is heated over the lower half and cooled over the upper half by an annular parallel-flow heat exchanger. Under some conditions the system becomes unstable and the interaction between the fluids in the thermosyphon and in the heat exchanger is of special interest. Indeed, two neutrally stable curves are obtained for the same heat exchanger conditions. Detailed results and discussion are presented for the stability of the system as well as for the temperature, velocity, pressure drop, and efficiency.
The Image of the Physician: A Rhetorical Perspective.

Abstract The medical doctor has traditionally been a god-like figure for his patients (the possessive pronoun, his , is used here because medical doctors are still predominantly male). The patient followed the dictates of the doctor with an unquestioning ardor: for who was this mere mortal to dare think that he/she might know something about his/her body that the good physician did not? In the last fifteen years, with the campaign on preventative medicine, a new breed of patient has emerged. This one is more involved in his/her own general health care. Not only does the patient want to know the state of his/her health, but wants to know how to maintain good health and afford the montary cost to do so. Thus, the current dilemma: Doctors feel that patients no longer respect them for their knowledge based on years of hard work and training. Patients feel that physicians are in the profession only to make money; are arrogant and are in league with insurance carriers to keep the costs of medical care high. The two are at opposite ends of a very long spectrum when it comes to solving this discord. The purpose of this article is to review the general nature of ethos or image as it pertains to the physician, and then to discuss its rhetorical constituent elements of trustworthiness, expertness, goodwill and charisma that give these concepts such a vital role in effective public relations.
Reduction and Sulfidation Kinetics of Cerium Oxide and Cu-Modified Cerium Oxide

The reducibility and H2S absorption capacity of cerium oxide and Cu-containing cerium oxide were examined in this work in the temperature range 623−923 K. The sorbents, prepared in bulk oxide form by the urea coprecipitation/gelation method, were composed of a cerium oxide backbone with a small amount of copper (5−40 atom %). Kinetics testing was conducted in a TGA apparatus. Temperature-programmed-reduction (TPR) experiments and in situ X-ray diffraction analysis were used to determine the reduction temperature and the various metal/oxide crystal phases. CuO in ceria was reduced to Cu metal at temperatures below 453 K. The reducibility of cerium oxide was increased by the presence of copper. A low Cu content (5 atom %) was sufficient to cause surface reduction of ceria at a temperature as low as 423 K. Sulfidation of prereduced samples was performed at 0.1 MPa in H2S−H2−N2 gas mixtures. The contribution of reduced cerium oxide to sulfidation was evident even at the low temperature 623 K. Thus, copper pro...
Cyclic esotropia after a traumatic sixth nerve palsy in a child

Cyclic esotropia is a rare phenomenon in which esotropia and orthophoria alternate over a period of 48 to 96 hours. The mechanism that underlies the phenomenon is unknown. Cyclic esotropia often occurs after a fusion-disrupting event. We report an unusual case of cycling esotropia with onset after a traumatic sixth nerve palsy. The cyclic phase persisted for 2 years, following a 48-hour alternate-day pattern. After strabismus surgery for the esotropic angle, the deviation disappeared and the patient remained orthotropic, with 1 year of follow-up to date.
Kinetics of electron-transfer reactions at nanoelectrodes.

The kinetics of several fast heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions were investigated by steady-state voltammetry at nanoelectrodes and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The disk-type, polished Pt nanoelectrodes (3.7−400-nm radius) were characterized by a combination of voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, and SECM. A number of experimental curves were obtained at the same nanoelectrode to attain the accuracy and reproducibility similar to those reported previously for micrometer-sized probes. A new analytical approximation was developed and used for analysis of steady-state tip voltammograms. The self-consistent kinetic parameter values with the uncertainty margin of ∼10% were obtained for electrodes of different radii and for a wide range of the SECM tip/substrate separation distances. The determined standard rate constants are compared to those previously measured at the electrodes of different dimensions, and the correlation between the heterogeneous and self-exchange rate constants...
Molecular defects in ion channel regulation in cystic fibrosis predicted from analysis of protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.

Abstract 1. 1. Recent discoveries have implicated regulation of an apical membrane chloride channel as site of a defect in cystic fibrosis (CF). The channel fails to respond to stimuli that elevate intracellular cAMP. 2. 2. This paper describes properties of reversible cycles of protein phosphorylation and considers substrate specificity, reactions with model peptides, and space-filling structural models. 3. 3. Mutation of a channel regulatory protein is proposed to involve either: (a) change ofphosphorylated serine residue to an unreactive residue, (b) change in a nearby residue that does not affect phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent kinase, but results in dephosphorylation by a different phosphatase, or (c) change in a nearby residue that produces a structure unreactive with cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 4. 4. Perhaps in CF sidechains with branched structures at the beta carbons occur on either side of the phosphorylated serine, like in glycogen phosphorylase, and prohibit reaction of a regulatory protein with cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Tidal asymmetry in estuaries with mixed semidiurnal/diurnal tides

[1] Tidal asymmetry in estuaries with mixed, mainly semidiurnal tides arises from both the interaction of principal tides and the higher harmonics generated by distortions within the estuary. The duration asymmetry in rise and fall of water level caused by principal tides on the west coast of the continental United States is ebb-dominant, and so the tide entering estuaries is also ebb-dominant, prior to any internal distortions within the estuary. The interaction of higher harmonics with principal constituents either augments or cancels the duration asymmetry in the principal tides. In estuaries where tidal elevation and velocity phase are near quadrature (90° out of phase), the duration asymmetry in tidal elevation leads to asymmetries in tidal current magnitude. Asymmetry can be conveniently quantified in terms of the sample skewness, γ1, the normalized third sample moment about the mean. An analytic approximation to the skewness shows that traditional metrics of asymmetry, namely the ratio of constituent amplitudes and the relative constituent phase difference, arise from calculating the third sample moment. Observations from three California estuaries of different morphologies are presented as an illustration of how skewness can be used to quantify asymmetry in real systems. As in semidiurnal systems, morphology is a good predictor of whether higher harmonics engender ebb-dominance or flood-dominance, however asymmetry imposed by principal tides at the mouth must first be overcome and so there is a spatial evolution in the total asymmetry. Quantifying observations via skewness should be considered in addition to traditional metrics in estuaries with mixed tides.
Die kritischen Felder von supraleitenden Indium-Blei-Legierungen

In derα-Phase des Indium-Blei Legierungssystems wurden zwischen 0 und 10 at % Pb eingehende Magnetisierungs- und Widerstandsmessungen im longitudinalen Magnetfeld durchgefuhrt. Die Resultate wurden im Rahmen der GLAG-Theorie analysiert und dieℵ-Werte der Legierungen bestimmt. Fur Konzentrationen groser als 4,2 at % Pb sind die Legierungen Supraleiter 2. Art. Die Variation vonℵ mit der Temperatur ist von der freien Weglange abhangig: sie ist fur die groseren Konzentrationen etwas starker als fur die kleineren. Ein Vergleich mit den neuesten Theorien und anderen Experimenten zeigt, das dieses Problem noch nicht gelost ist. Das Phanomen der Oberflachen-Supraleitung und dem damit verbundenen kritischen FeldH c3 kann mit der vonSaint-James undde Gennes aufgestellten Theorie sehr gut beschrieben werden. Die KonstanteC 0=H c3/H c2 ist jedoch fur alle Legierungen ungefahr 10% groser als der theoretische Wert 1,694. Durch Verkupfern der Oberflache konnte nachgewiesen werden, das dieses Phanomen nicht durch oberflachliche Inhomogenitaten verursacht wird. Kupfer reduziertH c3, und man findetC Cu=1,15. Die Konzentrationsabhangigkeiten vonT c undγ zeigen bei 7 at % Pb Abweichungen vom monotonen Verlauf: dieT c-Kurve andert ihre Steigung, wahrendγ auf einen kleineren Wert fallt. Dieses Verhalten wird mit einem Beruhrungseffekt von Fermiflache und Brillouinzone erklart.
Interpersonal problem‐solving thought: Mental health promotion for the elderly

The theory of interpersonal cognitive problem solving offers promise for explaining individual differences in deterioration of social adjustment among the elderly.
Effects of pH and polyanions on the thermal stability of fibroblast growth factor 20.

Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) is a member of the FGF family with potential for use in several different therapeutic categories. In this work, we provide the first structural characterization of FGF20 using a wide variety of approaches. Like other members of the FGF family, FGF20 appears to possess a β-trefoil structure. The effect of pH on the conformation and thermal stability of FGF20 is evaluated using far-UV circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic and ANS fluorescence, and high-resolution derivative UV absorption spectroscopy. Empirical phase diagrams are constructed to describe the solution behavior of FGF20 over a wide pH and temperature range. The protein appears to be unstable at pH <5, with aggregation and precipitation observed during dialysis. A major heat-induced conformational change also causes aggregation and precipitation of FGF20 at elevated temperatures. The highest thermal stability is observed near neutral pH (Tm ∼ 55 °C at pH 7). The effect of several high- and low-molecular mass pol...
Rare-earth pegmatites of the granulite facies of metamorphism

(1980). Rare-earth pegmatites of the granulite facies of metamorphism. International Geology Review: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 221-232.
A log log law for unstable ARMA models with applications to time series analysis

Based on a martingale analogue of Kolmogorov's law of the iterated logarithm, we obtained a log log law for unstable ARMA processes, that is, Σk = 1n [X(k) − bXk − 1]2 = O(n2dlog log n), a.s., and (Σk = 1n [X(k) − bXk − 1]2)−1 = O(n−2d(log log n)a), a.s., where b is an arbitrary constant, Xk ≡ k−1Σj = 1k X(j), {X(k)} is an unstable ARMA process φ(B) X(n) = C(B) e(n), d is the largest multiplicity of all the distinct roots of φ(z) on the unit circle, and a = 2d − 1. This is then used to obtain iterated logarithm results giving information on rates of convergence of estimators of the parameters and on iterated logarithm results for autocorrelations of unstable ARMA models.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Mediates the Antitumor Effect of Combined Interleukin-2 and Whole Body Hyperthermia

Abstract Combined whole body hyperthermia (WBHT) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) significantly reduces the growth rate of subcutaneous 10 day MCA-105 tumors in C57BL/6 mice, but not in 3-day tumors. Others have shown that macroscopic tumors show reduced growth with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) therapy compared with microscopic tumors. We sought to determine if the antitumor effect of combined WBHT + IL-2 is mediated by TNFα. After inducing MCA-105 sarcoma in the right hind limb on Day 0, C57BL/6 mice were randomized to treatment groups (six each) on Day 10: control, WBHT alone, IL-2 alone, and WBHT + IL-2. Pooled serum was assessed by ELISA for TNFα level: control (350 pg/ml), WBHT (250 pg/ml), IL-2 alone (>2450 pg/ml), and WBHT + IL-2 (>2450 pg/ml). Using the same tumor model, animals were treated in the following groups: control, WBHT + IL-2, anti-TNFα Ab alone, and WBHT + IL-2 + Ab. Mice in the control, Ab alone, and WBHT + IL-2 + Ab groups had similar tumor growth rates ( P > 0.05). However, the growth rate for WBHT + IL-2 was significantly lower ( P
A nonlinear extension of the MACE filter

The minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filter, which is linear and shift invariant, has been used extensively in the area of automatic target detection and recognition (ATD/R). We present a nonlinear extension of the MACE filter, based on a statistical formulation of the optimization criterion, of which the linear MACE filter is a special case. A method by which nonlinear topologies can be incorporated into the filter design is presented and adaptation issues are discussed. In particular, we outline a method by which training exhaustively over the image plane is avoided which leads to much shorter adaptation. Experimental results, using target chips from 35 GHz TABILS 24 inverse synthetic aperture (ISAR) data are presented and performance comparisons are made between the MACE filter and this nonlinear extension.
Emphysema quantification from CT scans using novel application of diaphragm curvature estimation: comparison with standard quantification methods and pulmonary function data

Emphysema is a disease of the lungs that destroys the alveolar air sacs and induces long-term respiratory dysfunction. CT scans allow for the imaging of the anatomical basis of emphysema and quantification of the underlying disease state. Several measures have been introduced for the quantification emphysema directly from CT data; most,however, are based on the analysis of density information provided by the CT scans, which vary by scanner and can be hard to standardize across sites and time. Given that one of the anatomical variations associated with the progression of emphysema is the flatting of the diaphragm due to the loss of elasticity in the lung parenchyma, curvature analysis of the diaphragm would provide information about emphysema from CT. Therefore, we propose a new, non-density based measure of the curvature of the diaphragm that would allow for further quantification methods in a robust manner. To evaluate the new method, 24 whole-lung scans were analyzed using the ratios of the lung height and diaphragm width to diaphragm height as curvature estimates as well as using the emphysema index as comparison. Pearson correlation coefficients showed a strong trend of several of the proposed diaphragm curvature measures to have higher correlations, of up to r=0.57, with DLCO% and VA than did the emphysema index. Furthermore, we found emphysema index to have only a 0.27 correlation to the proposed measures, indicating that the proposed measures evaluate different aspects of the disease.
Probabilistic site‐dependent non‐linear spectra

This paper presents a probabilistic approach to the estimation of lateral strengths required to provide an adequate control of inelastic deformations in structures during severe earthquake ground motions. In contrast to a deterministic approach, the approach presented herein accounts explicitly for the variability of the response of non-linear systems due to the inherent uncertainties in the intensity and characteristics of the input excitation by considering the probability distribution of maximum inelastic strength demands. This study is based on the computation of non-linear strength demands of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems experiencing different levels of inelastic deformation when subjected to 124 recorded earthquake ground motions. Using empirical cumulative distribution functions site-dependent probabilistic non-linear spectra were computed for six probabilities of exceedance of different levels of inelastic deformation. It is concluded that the lateral strength required to control displacement ductility demands is significantly affected by the maximum tolerable inelastic deformation, the system's period of vibration, the local site conditions and the level of risk in exceeding the maximum tolerable deformations.
Facets of acculturation and their diverse relations to body shape concern in Fiji.

Objective: The present study examines the relation between acculturation and body shape concern in Fiji—a society undergoing rapid social change. Method: Data were from two cohorts of ethnic Fijian girls and women collected in 1998 (n = 115). A factor analysis was performed to identify dimensions of acculturation. The association of these with body shape concern was examined with linear regression. Results: Three dimensions of acculturation were identified. Multiple linear regression models demonstrated that each of these dimensions of acculturation had a unique relation to body shape concern. The adjusted R2 for the fully adjusted model relating acculturation to body concern was 0.63, indicating a substantial degree of shared variation between measures of body shape concern and measures of acculturation. Conclusion: Acculturation may have a strong impact on body shape concern in Fiji. However, acculturation is a multidimensional construct and does not likely have a monolithic relation to body shape concern. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Effect of feedback sensitivity upon learned heart rate acceleration.

Twelve undergraduate volunteers received 12 sessions of heart rate biofeedback training involving one of two experimental conditions. One-half of the subjects received 4 sessions of high sensitivity analogue heart rate biofeedback, followed by 4 sessions of low sensitivity feedback, and then, 4 final sessions of high sensitivity feedback. The other half of the subjects received the exact opposite order of feedback conditions. All subjects were instructed to accelerate heart rate during 8 trials in each session. The results were contrary to the hypothesis derived from a motor skills model of visceral learning, i.e., the low feedback sensitivity condition consistently produced larger magnitude heart rate acceleration in comparison to the high sensitivity condition. These findings were discussed in terms of methodological suggestions for future research and in terms of the motor skills model of visceral learning.
Update of Urban Seismic‐Hazard Maps for Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee: Geology and VS Observations

In 2004, Memphis urban seismic‐hazard maps were completed for a six‐quadrangle area centered on Memphis and southern Shelby County (Cramer et al. , 2004, 2006, 2008). Both probabilistic and scenario seismic and liquefaction hazard maps were generated for the six‐quadrangle study area. These urban seismic‐hazard maps, particularly the liquefaction hazard maps, have been used by consultants and public agencies to address seismic‐hazard mitigation in the Memphis area. Memphis has the second highest annualized expected loss (AEL, expected losses to building inventory times frequency of occurrence) and the highest seismic hazard and AEL ratio (normalized by the building inventory exposed to loss) in the central and eastern United States (Petersen et al. , 2008; Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2008). Additionally, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) has been updated since the first Memphis urban seismic‐hazard maps were completed in 2004 with significant changes in the New Madrid source model (number and weighting on alternative fault‐rupture locations and distinctions in occurrence rates on the north, central, and south segments) and attenuation relations (updated and added relations showing on average lower ground motions; Petersen et al. , 2008) that influence Memphis hazard. Urban seismic‐hazard maps consider the effect of local geology on the earthquake ground‐motion response for the analysis to have practical benefit. To do this, information on the local distribution and thicknesses of soils is needed. Specifically, two pieces of information that affect ground‐motion amplification are needed: the thicknesses at a site of each soil type (lithology) and each soil type’s physical (geotechnical) properties. Site amplification is determined by taking a soil profile (soil type thicknesses and physical properties) and subjecting that soil profile to earthquake shaking (time history) originating in the solid rock at the bottom of the soil profile to calculate the expected shaking at …
Production of fetal rat malformations by norchlorcyclizine and chlorcyclizine after intrauterine application

A technique was developed for the intrauterine application of teratogens to study fetal rat malformations produced by benzhydrylpiperazine compounds. Millipore filters (0.2 × 0.2 cm) impregnated with 50 μg chlorcyclizine HCl, 50 μg norchlorcyclizine HCl, or HCl alone were inserted through the uterine wall and placed on either the intact amniotic sac (over the fetus) or the placenta. Filters containing norchlorcyclizine implanted on the amniotic sac on day 13 or 14 produced 30% cleft palate, while chlorcyclizine filters produced only 3% cleft palate. Limb anomalies were also seen after norchlorcyclizine- or chlorcyclizine-filter insertion. The optimal time of producing these malformations was day 13 or 14 of gestation. The agents exerted localized teratogenic activity since insertion of norchlorcyclizine filters over the head area of day-14 fetuses resulted in 42% cleft palate, while those placed over the hindlimb produced only 11% cleft palate but 55% hindlimb malformations. Control HCl filters inserted over the fetus and norchlorcyclizine filters placed on the placenta produced no malformations.
Multi-step functionalization of insoluble co-polymers of 4-vinylpyridine. Synthesis and characterization of two new metal ion-binding resins

Abstract A commercially available macroreticular resin containing 73 mole % 4-vinylpyridine crosslinked with 21 mole % divinylbenzene was successfully derivatized at the pyridine rings by a multi-step synthetic pathway. First-time application of reactions well established for monomeric pyridine derivatives (N-oxidation, Reissert-Henze cyanation, and 2-oxazoline formation) to a copolymer of 4-vinylpyridine furnished the new functionalized resins, poly(4-vinyl-2-(4′,4′-dimethyl-2′-oxazolinyl)pyridine-divinylbenzene) and poly(4vinyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid-divinylbenzene) in yields for functionalization of pyridine residues of 58% in each case. Estimates of formation constants for 1:1 complexes of copper(II)and nickel(II) ions with the oxazolinylpyridine and 2-pyridinecarboxylate residues of the new resins were obtained with a competitive spectrophotometric method. The formation constants for the copper(II)- and nickel(II)- poly(4-vinyl-2-(4′,4′-dimethyl-2′-oxazolinyl)pyridine- divinylbenzene) complexes were found to be 107.7 M−1 for copper(II)and 105.8 M−1 for nickel(II). The formation constants for the copper(II) and nickel(II) complezes with poly(4-vinyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid- divinylbenzene) were 108.8 and 105.5 M−1, respectively.
Identification of Amino Acids in the Factor XI Apple 3 Domain Required for Activation of Factor IX

Activated coagulation factor XI (factor XIa) proteolytically cleaves its substrate, factor IX, in an interaction requiring the factor XI A3 domain (Sun, Y., and Gailani, D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 29023-29028). To identify key amino acids involved in factor IX activation, recombinant factor XIa proteins containing alanine substitutions for wild-type sequence were expressed in 293 fibroblasts and tested in a plasma clotting assay. Substitutions for Ile(183)-Val(191) and Ser(195)-Ile(197) at the N terminus and for Ser(258)-Ser(264) at the C terminus of the A3 domain markedly decreased factor XI coagulant activity. The plasma protease prekallikrein is structurally homologous to factor XI, but activated factor IX poorly. A chimeric factor XIa molecule with the A3 domain replaced with A3 from prekallikrein (FXI/PKA3) activated factor IX with a K(m) 35-fold greater than that of wild-type factor XI. FXI/PKA3 was used as a template for a series of proteins in which prekallikrein A3 sequence was replaced with factor XI sequence to restore factor IX activation. Clotting and kinetics studies using these chimeras confirmed the results obtained with alanine mutants. Amino acids between Ile(183) and Val(191) are necessary for proper factor IX activation, but additional sequence between Ser(195) and Ile(197) or between Phe(260) and Ser(265) is required for complete restoration of activation.
A Quasi-three-dimensional Finite-volume Shallow WaterModel for Green Water on Deck

A quasi-three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is presented to simulate shallow water phenomena. The method is based on a finite-volume approach designed to solve shallow water equations in the time domain. The nonlinearities of the governing equations are considered. The methodology can be used to compute green water effects on a variety of platforms with six-degrees-of-freedom motions. Different boundary and initial conditions can be applied for multiple types of moving platforms, like a ship's deck, tanks, etc. Comparisons with experimental data are discussed. The shallow water model has been integrated with the Large Amplitude Motions Program to compute the effects of green water flow over decks within a time-domain simulation of ship motions in waves. Results associated to this implementation are presented.
Analysis of Configurational Effects on Hindered Convection of Nonspherical Bacteria and Viruses across Microfiltration Membranes

Short-term microfiltration experiments were performed to measure the removal of two gram-negative bacteria (Brevundimonas diminuta and Serratia marcescens), two bacterial viruses (PRD1 and T4), and several spherical silica particles in a stirred cell under convection-dominated conditions before the onset of fouling. These (bio)colloids ranged from being spherical- to rod-shaped, with an aspect ratio in the range of 1−9. Experimental measurements of the removal of spherical silica and spherical PRD1 bacteriophages were in good agreement with theoretical predictions. A comparison of experimental results for the removal of rod-shaped microorganisms to predictions from a previously developed hindered transport model for capsule-shaped particles indicates shear alignment of the rod-shaped particles within the membrane pore, with microbial passage biased toward an “end on” configuration. Results show that, under the conditions of our measurements, microorganism removal by membranes can be conservatively estimat...
Mapping of immune responses following wild-type and mutant ABeta42 plasmid or peptide vaccination in different mouse haplotypes and HLA Class II transgenic mice

Although the recent clinical trial of the ABeta42 peptide vaccine against Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has been halted due to adverse events, the apparent clinical utility of this approach underscores the need to further improve the safety of the vaccine, as well as to understand the potential immunological basis for complications. In this study, we examine both humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by immunization with peptide or DNA encoding wild-type and the Flemish and Dutch mutations of ABeta42 (i.e. the beta amyloid peptide spanning amino acids 1-42) in mice of different immune haplotypes as well as HLA Class II transgenic mice. The Flemish and Dutch mutations have been associated with cerebrovascular hemorrhages in affected individuals. These data allow determination of potential immunological responses that could mediate pathology observed with mutant forms of amyloid beta, as well as lead to the generation of safer vaccine preparations. Following peptide or plasmid immunization, antibody responses were measured against the different ABeta42 peptides in an ELISA assay, while T cell epitopes were analyzed through interferon gamma ELISPOT and lymphocyte proliferation assays. B cell mapping studies indicated that sera from all of the haplotype mice vaccinated with any of the ABeta42 peptides reacted specifically to the first 10 amino acids of ABeta42 with the ABeta42 mutants eliciting higher immune responses. ELISPOT analysis, which accessed cellular immune responses indicated that mice expressed differences in Class I epitopes dependent on the different immune haplotypes. These results may have implications for the design of future ABeta42 based vaccines against Alzheimer's Disease.
Atmospheric forcing of fine-sand transport on a low-energy inner shelf: south-central Louisiana, USA

Hydrodynamic and sediment transport measurements from instrumentation deployed during a 54-day winter period at two sites on the Louisiana inner shelf are presented. Strong extratropical storms, with wind speeds of 7.8 to 15.1 m s–1, were the dominant forcing mechanism during the study. These typically caused mean oscillatory flows and shear velocities about 33% higher than fair weather (averaging 12.3 and 3.2 cm s–1 at the landward site, and 11.4 and 2.7 cm s–1 at the seaward site, respectively). These responses were coupled with mean near-bottom currents more than twice as strong as during fair weather (10.3 and 7.5 cm s–1 at the landward and seaward sites, respectively). These flowed in approximately the same direction as the veering wind, causing a net offshore transport of fine sand. Weak storms were responsible for little sediment transport whereas during fair weather, onshore sand transport of approximately 25–75% of the storm values appears to have occurred. This contradicts previous predictions of negligible fair-weather sediment movement on this inner shelf.
DETERMINANTS OF THE RATINGS AND YIELDS ON CORPORATE BONDS: TESTS OF THE CONTINGENT CLAIMS MODEL

A contingent claims model for corporate bonds is tested on newly issued bonds of firms with very simple capital structures. Two default risk measures derived from the model — firm return standard deviation (σ) and leverage (D/V) — explain approximately 78 percent of the variation in the agency ratings on the bonds, based on a probit analysis. Model yield premiums explain almost 60 percent of the variation in market yield premiums. In both analyses, however, firm size is a significant additional variable, suggesting that the contingent claims model is not robust to changes in scale. The assumption of nonstochastic interest rates also appears to be an important misspecification. Institutional restrictions on investments in speculative grade bonds, however, do not affect market yield premiums on such bonds, and thus do not appear to represent a serious misspecification.
Mechanosensory responses of osteocytes to physiological forces occur along processes and not cell body and require αVβ3 integrin

Osteocytes in the lacunar-canalicular system of the bone are thought to be the cells that sense mechanical loading and transduce mechanical strain into biomechanical responses. The goal of this study was to evaluate the extent to which focal mechanical stimulation of osteocyte cell body and process led to activation of the cells, and determine whether integrin attachments play a role in osteocyte activation. We use a novel Stokesian fluid stimulus probe to hydrodynamically load osteocyte processes vs. cell bodies in murine long bone osteocyte Y4 (MLO-Y4) cells with physiological-level forces <10 pN without probe contact, and measured intracellular Ca(2+) responses. Our results indicate that osteocyte processes are extremely responsive to piconewton-level mechanical loading, whereas the osteocyte cell body and processes with no local attachment sites are not. Ca(2+) signals generated at stimulated sites spread within the processes with average velocity of 5.6 μm/s. Using the near-infrared fluorescence probe IntegriSense 750, we demonstrated that inhibition of αVβ3 integrin attachment sites compromises the response to probe stimulation. Moreover, using apyrase, an extracellular ATP scavenger, we showed that Ca(2+) signaling from the osteocyte process to the cell body was greatly diminished, and thus dependent on ATP-mediated autocrine signaling. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that osteocytes in situ are highly polarized cells, where mechanotransduction occurs at substrate attachment sites along the processes at force levels predicted to occur at integrin attachment sites in vivo. We also demonstrate the essential role of αVβ3 integrin in osteocyte-polarized mechanosensing and mechanotransduction.
Outcome of African American Men Screened for Prostate Cancer: The Detroit Education and Early Detection Study

AbstractPurpose: Will early detection impact on stage of disease and recurrence of prostate cancer in a high risk population? We initiated a community based study to educate and recruit African American men for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, that is the Detroit Education and Early Detection (DEED) study. Our objective was to evaluate our recruitment process for this target population, examine the percentage of organ confined prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and measure recurrence biochemically.Materials and Methods: A community based study from February 1993 to February 1995 through the African American churches in metropolitan Detroit was initiated. We compared the early detection group treated with radical prostatectomy to the population presenting to our urological clinic during the same period. We tested and followed 1,105 African American men using the prostate specific antigen blood test.Results: Pathologically organ confined prostate cancer was diagnosed in 11 of 17 men ...
A Study of the Diacetyl in Cheese II. The Changes in Diacetyl Content of Cheddar Cheese during Manufacturing and Curing

Summary Diacetyl is produced throughout the manufacturing process of Cheddar cheese except during the interval between setting and cutting. Agitation and increased acidity were factors associated with the increase in diacetyl content. The diacetyl in Cheddar cheese probably is produced by the action of microorganisms upon the citrates in a manner similar to its production in starter cultures. A gradual decrease in the amount of diacetyl in both raw-milk and pasteurized-milk Cheddar cheese was noted during the early stages of curing. This decrease probably is caused by volatilization of the diacetyl and by its reduction to acetylmethylcarbinol and 2,3-butylene glycol as a result of chemical reaction or the action of microorganisms.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lsd-25): Xv. the Effects Produced By Substitution of a Tap Water Placebo

(1955). Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lsd-25): Xv. the Effects Produced By Substitution of a Tap Water Placebo. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 367-383.
Why Richard Swinburne Won’t ‘Rot in Hell’: A Defense of Tough-minded Theodicy

In his recent paper in Sophia, ‘Theodicy: The Solution to the Problem of Evil, or Part of the Problem?’ Nick Trakakis endorses the position that theodicy, whether intellectually successful or not, is a morally obnoxious enterprise. My aim in this paper is to defend theodicy from this accusation. I concede that God the Creator is a moral monster by human standards and neither to be likened to a loving parent nor imitated. Nonetheless, God is morally perfect. What is abhorrent is not tough-minded theodicy but the hubris of imitating God. I further claim that it is no accident that the same sort of objection is made to act utilitarianism as to tough-minded theodicy if the latter is misinterpreted as implying a guide for human action.
King Alfred's Boethius and its Latin sources: a reconsideration

Ever since Georg Schepss wrote ‘Zu Konig Alfreds “Boethius”’, scholars have thought that Alfred's translation depended to a considerable extent upon an early Latin commentary. Dorothy Whitelock has stated the current position of Old English scholarship succinctly: ‘There is no doubt that Alfred's work did use a Latin commentary on Boethius’ work … which was clearly related to the one now normally ascribed to Remigius of Auxerre.’ It is the purpose of the present article to reconsider that hypothesis and to argue that it should be rejected.
Comparing Expanders for Direct Recovery of Exhaust Energy From a Low-Heat-Rejection Diesel

Comparaison de differents types de detendeurs pour une recuperation directe de l'energie d'echappement d'un moteur diesel a isolation thermique
Changes in absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and birefringence in stained giant axons: Optical measurement of membrane potential

The absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and birefringence of stained squid axons were measured during action potentials and voltage clamp steps in an effort to find large optical signals that could be used to monitor membrane potential. Changes in all four optical properties were found that were linearly related to membrane potential and, with several new dyes, the signal-to-noise ratios were larger than any obtained previously. The problem of photodynamic damage was greatly diminished; with a merocyaninerhodanine dye, the photodynamic damage associated with intense light and the presence of oxygen was negligible. The absorption change obtained with this dye was relatively large; it could be measured with a signal-to-noise ratio of 100∶1 during a single action potential.
Iptycene-Containing Poly(aryleneethynylene)s

The syntheses of two novel iptycene monomers, 1,4-diiodotriptycene (5) and 2,3-diiodo-4,9-dihydro-4,9-benzonaphtho[2,3,c]thiophene (10), are described herein. These monomers were subsequently copolymerized with a number of diethynylphenyl monomers via a Sonogashira−Hagihara coupling to afford both regiodefined polymers and random terpolymers. Terpolymers derived from coupling 5 and 2,5-dihexadecyloxy1,1,4-diiodobenzene with a diethynylpentiptycene exhibit emission spectra that are only slightly perturbed from solution to the solid state, suggesting that polymer association is effectively inhibited in condensed phases. An “all-iptycene” polymer (13) derived from the copolymerization of 10 with a diethynylpentiptycene monomer is also notable in that it owes its solubility to a combination of its nonlinearity and the presence of rigid iptycene groups rather than to flexible side chains.
Walsh-Type Wavelet Packet Expansions

We consider a family of basic nonstationary wavelet packets generated using the Haar filters except for a finite number of scales where we allow the use of arbitrary filters. Such a system, which we call a system of Walsh-type wavelet packets, can be considered as a smooth generalization of the Walsh functions. We show that the basic Walsh-type wavelet packets share a number of metric properties with the Walsh system. We prove that the system constitutes a Schauder basis for Lp(R), 1<p<∞, and we construct an explicit function in L1(R) for which the expansion fails. Then we prove that expansions of Lp(R)-functions, 1<p<∞, in the Walsh-type wavelet packets converge pointwise a.e. Finally, we prove that the analogous results are true for periodic Walsh-type wavelet packets in Lp[0,1).
Path-quality monitoring in the presence of adversaries

Edge networks connected to the Internet need effective monitoring techniques to drive routing decisions and detect violations of Service Level Agreements (SLAs). However, existing measurement tools, like ping, traceroute, and trajectory sampling, are vulnerable to attacks that can make a path look better than it really is. In this paper, we design and analyze path-quality monitoring protocols that reliably raise an alarm when the packet-loss rate and delay exceed a threshold, even when an adversary tries to bias monitoring results by selectively delaying, dropping, modifying, injecting, or preferentially treating packets.Despite the strong threat model we consider in this paper, our protocols are efficient enough to run at line rate on high-speed routers. We present a secure sketching protocol for identifying when packet loss and delay degrade beyond a threshold. This protocol is extremely lightweight, requiring only 250-600 bytes of storage and periodic transmission of a comparably sized IP packet to monitor billions of packets. We also present secure sampling protocols that provide faster feedback and accurate round-trip delay estimates, at the expense of somewhat higher storage and communication costs. We prove that all our protocols satisfy a precise definition of secure path-quality monitoring and derive analytic expressions for the trade-off between statistical accuracy and system overhead. We also compare how our protocols perform in the client-server setting, when paths are asymmetric, and when packet marking is not permitted.
Reaching the top : Racial differences in mobility paths to upper-tier occupations

This study uses data from the 1988 to 1992 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to assess predictions from the particularistic mobility thesis concerning how African American and White males reach the Managers-Administrators and Professional-Technical census-based occupational categories. The findings provide support for the particularistic mobility thesis. In particular, African Americans, relative to Whites, attain both occupational categories on the basis of a narrow and circumscribed route: for African Americans, the acquisition of significant human capital credentials and experience at a similar level in the occupational structure in next-to-last job with the same employer are important prerequisites for moving into privileged occupations. Furthermore, analyses indicate that particularistic employment practices are more pronounced in the private than the public sector. The implications of the findings for explaining racial differences in representation in the two occupational categories...
Picard groups in triangular geometry and applications to modular representation theory

For a tensor triangulated ℤ/p-category K, with spectrum Spc(K), we construct an injective group homomorphism H 1 (Spc(K), m ) ⊗ ℤ[1/p] → Pic(K) ⊗ ℤ[1/p], where Pic(K) is the group of ⊗-invertible objects of K. In modular representation theory, we prove that this homomorphism induces a rational isomorphism between the Picard group of the projective support variety and the group of endotrivial representations.
Inhibition of 20-HETE attenuates diabetes-induced decreases in retinal hemodynamics.

Abstract The mechanisms of early diabetes-induced decreases in retinal blood flow have yet to be fully determined. The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) plays a role in the early decrease of retinal hemodynamics in diabetic mice. 20-HETE has been implicated previously in the diabetes-enhanced vasoconstriction of mesenteric and renal vessels; however, its role in the diabetic retinal microcirculation has not been investigated. Diabetes was induced by multiple low-dose injections of streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days), then ∼2 weeks later the mice were administered daily intraperitoneal injections with or without the 20-HETE inhibitor HET0016 (2.5 mg/kg/day) for the following 2 weeks. Non-diabetic age-matched mice were included as controls. Intravital microscopy was used to obtain measurements of retinal vascular diameters and red blood cell (RBC) velocities for the feed arterioles and draining venules extending out of and into the optic disk. From these values, wall shear rates and blood flow rates were calculated. Diabetes induced approximately 30–40% decreases in RBC velocity, wall shear rate, and blood flow rate. These decreases were attenuated to 5–10% in the mice given HET0016. In summary, the 20-HETE inhibitor HET0016 is able to attenuate the retinal hemodynamic changes induced by diabetes.
The adsorption of CO on the (110) plane of tungsten

Abstract Sticking coefficients, desorption spectra, and isothermal desorption rates for CO on a macroscopic (110) plane of tungsten were determined by an extension of the method of Bell and Gomer. Sticking coefficients can be fitted by a Kisliuk isotherm with K = 0.1 for 300°K ⩽ T ⩽ 600°K. Initial sticking coefficients S0 range from 0.96 at 100°K to 0.72 at 600°K. The function log[ (1 − S 0 ) S 0 ] versus 1/T is linear from 300–600°K. Desorption spectra show the existence of virgin, beta and alpha states, as on polycrystalline tungsten. The abundances are beta/virgin = 0.4, alpha/beta = 1.0. Virgin desorption occurs at 200–450°K and obeys complex kinetics, suggesting competition between desorption and conversion to beta, with the latter predominating at low θ. Two beta states, beta-1 desorbing at 850–1000°K, and beta-2 desorbing at 975–1250°K were found, with beta-1/ beta-2 ≈ 0.25. Arguments are made for the genuineness of beta-1. The desorption of both beta-1 and beta-2 is first order. The activation energy for beta-1 could only be determined as being between 40–55 kcal. The data for beta-2 give v = 1012 sec−1 and E = 67 ± 2 kcal with good accuracy. Alpha states, formed by readsorption on a beta layer, desorb from 100–450°K, with a highly coverage dependent energy spectrum. Models for the adsorption states are discussed.
Characterization of the prtA and prtB genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC 16

Abstract Two tandem metalloprotease-encoding structural genes, prtA and prtB, were sequenced from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC 16. These were highly homologous to previously reported genes from the same bacteria, as well as to three other metalloprotease-encoding genes from enteric bacteria. The three tandem prt structural genes from strain EC 16 were closely linked to a cluster of genes previously found to be essential for extracellular secretion of the metalloproteases.
Including variability of physical models into the design automation of cyber-physical systems

A good cyber-physical-systems (CPS) design methodology must conduct trade-off analysis of both the physical characteristics of the CPS as well as its cyber sub-system in a holistic manner. This paper presents a design space exploration (DSE) approach for CPSs that emphasizes the variabilities of the physical subsystem and control aspects of the system. We propose the application of parameterizable physical models and automatic recalculation of control algorithm parameters for the explored systems. The resulting parameterizable models can be applied in a systematic simulation-based DSE framework that facilitates the identification of superior system configurations. We applied the proposed design flow to a real non-linear inverted pendulum system with a range of physical and cyber settings. The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach in the design of physical and control parts of CPSs. Our work supplements existing work on cyber system modeling and plays an integral part in the design automation of such systems.