cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential binding of interferon-induced factors to an oligonucleotide that mediates transcriptional activation

Abstract Type I interferons elicit a number of biological responses by rapidly and transiently stimulating the transcriptional expression of a specific set of genes. The promoters of the inducible genes contain an enhancer element which is required for transcriptional activation. A specific oligonucleotide of 18 residues is sufficient for transcriptional induction when positioned in a heterologous promoter. Previous studies have identified three protein factors which can bind to the interferon stimulated enhancer. We show here that the binding of one of the interferon-induced factors requires specific nucleotides flanking the minimum recognition site for the other two factors. The distinct interaction of this factor with the response element is of significant importance since this factor is the sole candidate for a primary transcriptional activator of interferon-induced genes.
Arieianal, a Prenylated Benzoic Acid from Piper arieianum

A new prenylated benzoic acid, arieianal [3,4-dihydroxy-5-(E,E, E-11'-formyl-3',7',15'-trimethylhexadeca-2',6',10', 14'-tetraenyl)benzoic acid, 1], has been isolated from the leaves of Piper arieianum and assigned this structure on the basis of its spectral data.
ALMA and the Sun

The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) is a large Fourier synthesis imaging telescope designed to operate at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths, a wavelength regime that remains, thus far, largely unexplored. Yet this important wavelength range offers a number of unique and important diagnostics of astrophysical processes. ALMA is a general purpose instrument designed to address an extremely broad science program, including cosmology; formation of clusters, galaxies, stars, and planets; synthesis of the elements; and low temperature thermal science. ALMA is also designed to support solar observing in order to address outstanding issues in solar physics. After reviewing ALMA's instrument specifications, the problem of solar observing in the mm/submm-λ band is discussed. The relevant emission mechanisms on the Sun are introduced and several examples of previous observations in the mm/submm-λ range are presented. The use of ALMA for solar observing is then considered.
Incunabular Immunological Events in Prion Trafficking

While prions probably interact with the innate immune system immediately following infection, little is known about this initial confrontation. Here we investigated incunabular events in lymphotropic and intranodal prion trafficking by following highly enriched, fluorescent prions from infection sites to draining lymph nodes. We detected biphasic lymphotropic transport of prions from the initial entry site upon peripheral prion inoculation. Prions arrived in draining lymph nodes cell autonomously within two hours of intraperitoneal administration. Monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) required Complement for optimal prion delivery to lymph nodes hours later in a second wave of prion trafficking. B cells constituted the majority of prion-bearing cells in the mediastinal lymph node by six hours, indicating intranodal prion reception from resident DCs or subcapsulary sinus macrophages or directly from follicular conduits. These data reveal novel, cell autonomous prion lymphotropism, and a prominent role for B cells in intranodal prion movement.
Cell/B.E. blades: building blocks for scalable, real-time, interactive, and digital media servers

The Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell/B.E.) processor, developed jointly by Sony, Toshiba, and IBM primarily for next-generation gaming consoles, packs a level of floating-point, vector, and integer streaming performance in one chip that is an order of magnitude greater than that of traditional commodity microprocessors. Cell/B.E. blades are server and supercomputer building blocks that use the Cell/B.E. processor, the high-volume IBM BladeCenter® server platform, high-speed commodity networks, and open-system software. In this paper we present the design of the Cell/B.E. blades and discuss several early application prototypes and results.
Post-LASIK dry eye

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is a frequently performed corneal refractive surgery with excellent refractive outcomes. The most common complication of LASIK is dry eyes, with virtually all patients developing some degree of dryness in the immediate postoperative period. Identifying preoperative dry eyes, and conscientious attention and treatment in the perioperative time period, can lead to enhanced patient satisfaction and more accurate visual outcomes. Improved understanding of the development of dry eyes after LASIK will advance our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of dry eye disease.
High frequency sacral root nerve block allows bladder voiding

1) Aims Dyssynergic reflexive external urethral sphincter (EUS) activity following spinal cord injury can prevent bladder voiding, resulting in significant medical complications. Irreversible sphincterotomies or neurotomies can prevent EUS activation and allow bladder voiding, but may cause incontinence or loss of sacral reflexes. We investigated whether kilohertz frequency (KF) electrical conduction block of the sacral roots could prevent EUS activation and allow bladder voiding.
Early Postoperative Nutritional Support Using the Serosal Tunnel Jejunostomy

A silicone rubber serosal tunnel jejunostomy for postoperative nutritional therapy was placed in 38 patients who had major operations. A dilute, chemically defined diet was begun within 48 hours of surgery and an attempt made to advance it slowly to full strength by the fifth day.No catheter-related complications occurred. Intravenous fluid therapy was shortened to less than three days in 11 (29%) patients. Only 17 (45%) patients tolerated full-strength feedings within the protocol time. Three (8%) patients depended on their tube feedings for over 30 days and the need for parenteral nutrition was avoided. Of six septic patients, four had complete intolerance of the diet; two of these developed massive gastric hypersecretion. Serum albumin was a statistically significant indicator of whether a patient could tolerate tube feedings. No patient with an albumin less than 3 g/dl tolerated full-strength feedings and the patients with albumin greater than 4 g/dl had no problems.Postoperative feeding utilizing the...
One true logic

This is a paper about the constituents of arguments. It argues that several different kinds of truth-bearer may be taken to compose arguments, but that none of the obvious candidates—sentences, propositions, sentence/truth-value pairs etc.—make sense of logic as it is actually practiced. The paper goes on to argue that by answering the question in different ways, we can generate different logics, thus ensuring a kind of logical pluralism that is different from that of J. C. Beall and Greg Restall.
Evidence for the presence of protein kinase C in barnacle muscle fibers.

Abstract 1. 1. The efflux of 22Na from single barnacle muscle fibers poisoned with ouabain (strophanthin G) is found to be very sensitive to the tumor-promoting agent, phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu). 2. 2. Injection or external application of PDBu leads to stimulation of the ouabain-insensitive component of the Na efflux. This response is dose-dependent, the minimal effective concentration being about 10−8 M. 3. 3. The observed stimulatory response is completely dependent on the presence of external Ca2+. 4. 4. Biochemical studies including immunoblot analysis reveal the presence in barnacle muscle of a protein kinase C with a mol. wt of 80,000, the activity of which is dependent on phosphatidylserine and Ca2+. 5. 5. Taken together, these results support the view that barnacle muscle fibers possess protein kinase C. They also raise the possibility that protein kinase C plays a role in modulating the ouabain-insensitive component of the Na efflux.
Baculovirus‐Impregnated Filter Paper Method for Assessing Disinfection Protocols in Shrimp Mariculture Facilities

Abstract A method for assessing disinfection protocols based on their effect on indicator Baculovirus in filter paper strips is described. Virus activity was demonstrable for at least 3 months in indicator strips stored at 37°C or at a lower temperature. The virucidal activities of disinfectants frequently used in shrimp mariculture operations (i.e., benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, formalin, calcium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide:calcium hydroxide) were evaluated with this method. Results suggest that formalin solutions containing formaldehyde at concentrations of 50 mg/L or more would be adequate for disinfecting surfaces, aquaria, and ponds in the shrimp mariculture setting.
A note on Nanson's rule

E.J. Nanson, in 1883, proposed a voting rule designed mainly to select the Condorcet winner. Unfortunately, much of the collective choice literature has misstated Nanson's rule. This note shows that the misstated versions of the rule and Nanson's actual rule can yield different outcomes, and it provides a counter example, which shows that Nanson's rule, although it satisfies the strong Condorcet condition, does not satisfy the weak Condorcet condition.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES: A STATUS REPORT

An international registry of prenatal tests for haemoglobinopathies has been kept since July, 1974. Up to March, 1981, 1856 tests had been done with fetal blood and 70 with amniotic fibroblast DNA in 21 centres. Of the tests on fetal blood 92% were for the diagnosis of thalassaemia and 8% for that of sickle disorders. Blood was sampled via fetoscopy in 67% of cases and by placental aspiration in 33%. Adequate samples were obtained in 97% of cases. With fetoscopy the proportion of red cells obtained that were of fetal origin was 92%, and with aspiration it was 57%. In the most recent year of the registry the fetal loss rate was 3.9% (of 725 cases); and the rate was 5.6% overall (5.2% by fetoscopy and 6.5% by aspiration). Affected fetuses were detected in 23% of cases at risk for thalassaemia, and in 15% at risk for sickle disorders. The error rate was 0.9% and consisted mostly of false negatives. Fibroblast DNA analyses were used to assess the risk of sickle disorders in 61 (87%) of the 70 cases studied. 24% were affected. 26% had exclusion diagnoses only. The use of prenatal tests, together with genetic screening and counselling, has considerably reduced the rate at which new homozygous thalassaemics are born in several regions of the world.
Percutaneous Cystic Duct Stent Placement for the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis Resulting from Common Bile Duct Stent Placement for Malignant Obstruction

Common bile duct (CBD) stent placement to relieve malignant biliary obstruction can occasionally cause cystic duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis. Cholecystostomy tube placement is often performed in patients with limited life expectancy but can have a significant impact on quality of life. To allow cholecystostomy tube removal, percutaneous metallic stent placement was performed across the cystic duct via the tube tract in such a patient. The procedure included traversal across the previously placed CBD stent. At 5-month follow-up, the patient remained symptom-free. In select patients who develop acute cholecystitis after CBD stent placement for malignant obstruction, percutaneous stent placement across the cystic duct may be considered a treatment option.
Production of super‐tenacity polypropylene filaments

The effects of the conditions fiber formation on structural parameters and tensile properties of melt-spun, highly isotactic polypropylene filaments were investigated to determine the feasibility of producing supertenacity polypropylene filaments. Meltspun polypropylene monofilaments were prepared from five highly isotactic polymers (94% or more by extraction), under different conditions of extrusion, quenching, drawing, and annealing. The molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, crystalline structure, crystallinity, crystallite orientation, and total molecular orientation (as expressed by total draw ratio) of the experimental filaments were determined, and the relationships between these structural parameters and the tensile properties of the filaments are discussed in the paper. Several of the experimental polypropylene filaments produced had tenacities greater than 12 g./den. and one of them had a tenacity of 13 g./den. Polypropylene filaments having tenacities greater than 13 g./den. appear feasible. To produce the super-tenacity polypropylene filaments, a polymer with a weight-average molecular weight of about 470,000 was melt spun into undrawn filaments having the paracrystalline structure, and the filaments were drawn to a maximum and annealed. The tenacity of the polypropylene filaments increased with increasing fiber molecular weight. A narrow molecular weight distribution was beneficial, but was not necessary for obtaining high tenacities. High draw after spinning was important in producing high tenacity. The maximum amount that a fiber could be drawn depended upon its molecular weight, the amount of stretch introduced during spinning, and the drawing time and temperature (filament temperature). Filaments having the paracrystalline structure, which was obtained with proper extrusion and quenching conditions, could be drawn more easily than filaments having the crystalline structure, and hence, under equivalent conditions, the former could be drawn more. The more the filaments were stretched during spinning, the lower were their tenacities. The relationship between crystallite orientation and the tensile properties of drawn and annealed filaments stretched during spinning was different from the relationship for drawn and annealed filaments that were not stretched during spinning. The highly drawn filaments contained voids, but they could be removed by proper annealing conditions, which also increased the tenacity of the filaments.
Formulas and Tables for the Calculation and Design of Single-Layer Coils

A set of tables for the simple calculation of the inductance of single layer helical and polygonal coils and their design is given; together with full illustrations of their use.
Exposure Elements in Oil Spill Risk and Natural Resource Damage Assessments: A Review

ABSTRACT The use of the ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework for assessing effects of oil spills is applicable to the injury assessment component of natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). Central to the ERA process is the assessment of exposure, the critical component linking the release of oil to the assessment of effects. Exposure of biological receptors to the toxic fractions of spilled oil, usually considered the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), requires carefully designed and implemented assessment studies, which are periodically refocused on various environmental pathways and the various biological receptors of concern over the life history of an oil spill from initial release to recovery. As important is the detailed assessment of the exposure regime in the absence of a spill (i.e., the baseline or background exposure). A release of petroleum may not, in itself, equate to an effect on a natural resource. The presence of residual petroleum hydrocarbons does not imply either availabi...
Menthol Enhances the Desensitization of Human α3β4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.

The α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype is widely expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems, including in airway sensory nerves. The nAChR subtype transduces the irritant effects of nicotine in tobacco smoke and, in certain brain areas, may be involved in nicotine addiction and/or withdrawal. Menthol, a widely used additive in cigarettes, is a potential analgesic and/or counterirritant at sensory nerves and may also influence nicotine’s actions in the brain. We examined menthol’s effects on recombinant human α3β4 nAChRs and native nAChRs in mouse sensory neurons. Menthol markedly decreased nAChR activity as assessed by Ca2+ imaging, 86Rb+ efflux, and voltage-clamp measurements. Coapplication of menthol with acetylcholine or nicotine increased desensitization, demonstrated by an increase in the rate and magnitude of the current decay and a reduction of the current integral. These effects increased with agonist concentration. Pretreatment with menthol followed by its washout did not affect agonist-induced desensitization, suggesting that menthol must be present during the application of agonist to augment desensitization. Notably, menthol acted in a voltage-independent manner and reduced the mean open time of single channels without affecting their conductance, arguing against a simple channel-blocking effect. Further, menthol slowed or prevented the recovery of nAChRs from desensitization, indicating that it probably stabilizes a desensitized state. Moreover, menthol at concentrations up to 1 mM did not compete for the orthosteric nAChR binding site labeled by [3H]epibatidine. Taken together, these data indicate that menthol promotes desensitization of α3β4 nAChRs by an allosteric action.
Molecular plasmonics for biology and nanomedicine

The optical excitation of surface plasmons in metal nanoparticles leads to nanoscale spatial confinement of electromagnetic fields. The confined electromagnetic fields can generate intense, localized thermal energy and large near-field optical forces. The interaction between these effects and nearby molecules has led to the emerging field known as molecular plasmonics. Recent advances in molecular plasmonics have enabled novel optical materials and devices with applications in biology and nanomedicine. In this article, we categorize three main types of interactions between molecules and surface plasmons: optical, thermal and mechanical. Within the scope of each type of interaction, we will review applications of molecular plasmonics in biology and nanomedicine. We include a wide range of applications that involve sensing, spectral analysis, imaging, delivery, manipulation and heating of molecules, biomolecules or cells using plasmonic effects. We also briefly describe the physical principles of molecular plasmonics and progress in the nanofabrication, surface functionalization and bioconjugation of metal nanoparticles.
Long-Range Movement of Humpback Whales and Their Overlap with Anthropogenic Activity in the South Atlantic Ocean

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are managed by the International Whaling Commission as 7 primary populations that breed in the tropics and migrate to 6 feeding areas around the Antarctic. There is little information on individual movements within breeding areas or migratory connections to feeding grounds. We sought to better understand humpback whale habitat use and movements at breeding areas off West Africa, and during the annual migration to Antarctic feeding areas. We also assessed potential overlap between whale habitat and anthropogenic activities. We used Argos satellite-monitored radio tags to collect data on 13 animals off Gabon, a primary humpback whale breeding area. We quantified habitat use for 3 cohorts of whales and used a state-space model to determine transitions in the movement behavior of individuals. We developed a spatial metric of overlap between whale habitat and models of cumulative human activities, including oil platforms, toxicants, and shipping. We detected strong heterogeneity in movement behavior over time that is consistent with previous genetic evidence of multiple populations in the region. Breeding areas for humpback whales in the eastern Atlantic were extensive and extended north of Gabon late in the breeding season. We also observed, for the first time, direct migration between West Africa and sub-Antarctic feeding areas. Potential overlap of whale habitat with human activities was the highest in exclusive economic zones close to shore, particularly in areas used by both individual whales and the hydrocarbon industry. Whales potentially overlapped with different activities during each stage of their migration, which makes it difficult to implement mitigation measures over their entire range. Our results and existing population-level data may inform delimitation of populations and actions to mitigate potential threats to whales as part of local, regional, and international management of highly migratory marine species.
Membrane insertion by anthrax protective antigen in cultured cells.

The enzymatic moieties of anthrax toxin enter the cytosol of mammalian cells via a pore in the endosomal membrane formed by the protective antigen (PA) moiety. Pore formation involves an acidic pH-induced conformational rearrangement of a heptameric precursor (the prepore), in which the seven 2β2-2β3 loops interact to generate a 14-strand transmembrane β-barrel. To investigate this model in vivo, we labeled PA with the fluorophore 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) at cysteine residues introduced into the 2β2-2β3 loop. Each labeled PA was bound to CHO cells, and NBD fluorescence was monitored over time in stirred cell suspensions or by confocal microscopy. A strong increase was observed with NBD at positions 305, 307, 309, and 311, sites where side chains are predicted to face the bilayer, and little change was seen at residues 304, 306, 308, 310, and 312, sites where side chains are predicted to face the pore lumen. The increase at position 305 was inhibited by membrane-restricted quenchers, low temperature, or various reagents known to affect toxin action. Of the 24 NBD attachment sites examined, all but three gave results qualitatively consistent with the β-barrel model. Besides supporting the β-barrel model of membrane insertion, our results describe the time course of insertion and identify PA residues where NBD gives a strong signal upon membrane insertion in vivo.
Exciton diffusion in organic photovoltaic cells

Exciton generation, migration, and dissociation are key processes that play a central role in the design and operation of many organic optoelectronic devices. In organic photovoltaic cells, charge generation often occurs only at an interface, forcing the exciton to migrate from the point of photogeneration in order to be dissociated into its constituent charge carriers. Consequently, the design and performance of these devices is strongly impacted by the typically short distance over which excitons are able to move. The ability to engineer materials or device architectures with favorable exciton transport depends strongly on improving our understanding of the governing energy transfer mechanisms and rates. To this end, this review highlights recent efforts to better characterize, understand and ultimately engineer exciton transport.
The People's Martyr: Thomas Wilson Dorr and His 1842 Rhode Island Rebellion. By Erik J. Chaput. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2013. Pp. ix, 322. $34.95.)

Newspaper editor Thurlow Weed's 1842 headline “Second Shays's Rebellion” was, in retrospect, overblown, and Thomas Dorr [1805–1854] was nobody's martyr. His bloodless and failed invasion of a Rhode...
Recognizing Rare Social Phenomena in Conversation: Empowerment Detection in Support Group Chatrooms

Automated annotation of social behavior in conversation is necessary for large-scale analysis of real-world conversational data. Important behavioral categories, though, are often sparse and often appear only in specific subsections of a conversation. This makes supervised machine learning difficult, through a combination of noisy features and unbalanced class distributions. We propose within-instance content selection, using cue features to selectively suppress sections of text and biasing the remaining representation towards minority classes. We show the effectiveness of this technique in automated annotation of empowerment language in online support group chatrooms. Our technique is significantly more accurate than multiple baselines, especially when prioritizing high precision.
Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans

Memory tends to be better for emotionally arousing information than for neutral information. Evidence from animal studies indicates that corticosteroids may be necessary for this memory enhancement to occur. We extend these findings to human memory performance. Following administration of cortisol (20 mg) or placebo, participants were exposed to pictures varying in emotional arousal. Incidental memory for the pictures was assessed one week later. We show that elevated cortisol levels during memory encoding enhances the long-term recall performance of emotionally arousing pictures relative to neutral pictures. These results extend previous work on corticosteroid enhancement of memory and suggest that high cortisol levels during arousing events result in enhanced memory in humans.
Ultraviolet-induced transient absorption in potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its influence on frequency conversion

The optical properties of an ultraviolet (266-nm) -induced transient absorption in normal and deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals are discussed. Our main contribution has been to analyze this effect quantitatively, assess its effect on ultraviolet (UV) frequency-conversion applications, and examine sample variability. As observed previously [ Chem. Phys. Lett.207, 540 ( 1993)], the transient absorption is broad (~200–700 nm) and is suggested to arise from an induced defect state resulting from the promotion of an electron into the conduction band by two-photon absorption. At room temperature we find that the defect absorption decays over a wide variety of time scales, ranging from fractions of a second to several days, depending on the particular sample under study. The decay time does not appear to be correlated with deuteration or chemical impurities. The temperature-dependent decay rate has an Arrhenius behavior with a single activation energy of 0.51 ± 0.04 eV for all samples studied, and the decay rate appears to be mediated by a diffusional process as previously postulated. We determined the defect absorption cross section at its spectral peak to be 6 ± 3 × 10−18 cm2. Based on these and other measurements, we have numerically modeled previously published experimental data on fourth-harmonic frequency conversion of a Nd:YLF laser and found good agreement when the effects of transient absorption are included.
The role of percutaneous revascularization for renal artery stenosis

AbstractRenal artery stenosis (RAS) is usually caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. RAS leads to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and may result in hypertension, ischemic nephropathy, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure. Management options include medical therapy and revascularization procedures. Recent studies have shown angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) to be highly effective in treating the hypertension associated with RAS and in reducing cardiovascular events; however, they do not correct the underlying RAS and loss of renal mass may continue. Renal artery angioplasty was first performed by Gruntzig in 1978. The routine use of stents has increased technical success rates compared with angioplasty, and surgery is now only rarely performed. Although numerous case series claimed benefit in terms of blood pressure control, no adequately powered randomized, controlled, prospective study of re...
Microfluidic Liquid Filters for Leukocyte Isolation

A microfluidic device for efficient and gentle leukocyte separation from whole blood is presented. The device is realized by taking advantage of the high specificity of lysing solutions, the collection efficiency of an Aqueous Two Phase System (ATPS), and the laminar flow of microfluidics. A narrow stream of dextran (DEX) containing whole blood is flowed next to a stream of polyethylene glycol (PEG) containing a lysing solution. The lysing solution diffuses across the interface and lyses the erythrocytes. The leukocytes are held in place by the surface tension of the two phase system while the remnants of the lysed erythrocytes, other blood materials and the lysing solution are allowed to diffuse away and then diverted to another channel. The main advantages of this method are the minimization of exposure of leukocytes to the toxic lysing solution and the removal of non-leukocyte components of blood. These steps are critical to allow the device to be used as a preparatory step for accurate quantification of leukocytes and sensitive detection of rare leukocytes.
Local slamming impact of sandwich composite hulls

We develop a hydroelastic model based on a {3, 2}-order sandwich composite panel theory and Wagner’s water impact theory for investigating the fluid–structure interaction during the slamming process. The sandwich panel theory incorporates the transverse shear and the transverse normal deformations of the core, while the face sheets are modeled with the Kirchhoff plate theory. The structural model has been validated with the general purpose finite element code ABAQUS . The hydrodynamic model, based on Wagner’s theory, considers hull’s elastic deformations. A numerical procedure to solve the nonlinear system of governing equations, from which both the fluid’s and the structure’s deformations can be simultaneously computed, has been developed and verified. The hydroelastic effect on hull’s deformations and the unsteady slamming load have been delineated. This work advances the state of the art of analyzing hydroelastic deformations of composite hulls subjected to slamming impact. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Detection oF Pattern-Sensitive Faults in Random-Access Memories

Some formal models for pattern-sensitive faults (PSF's) in random-access memories are presented. The problem of detecting unrestricted PSF's is that of constructing a checking sequence for the memory. An efficient procedure for constructing such a checking sequence is presented. A local PSF is defined as a PSF where the faulty behavior of a memory cell C i depends on a fixed group of cells called the neighborhood of C i . Neighborhoods are divided into two classes, open and closed. Test generation methods are described for local PSF's defined on both open and closed neighborhoods. The detection of PSF's when only one memory cell is faulty (single PSF's) is also discussed.
Clinical Assessment of the Dynamic Shear Test for SLAP Lesions

Objectives:Making the diagnosis of superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) lesions with physical examination remains challenging. The dynamic shear test is a recently described physical examinati...
Effect of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator on superomedial orbital infrared indirect brain temperature measurements

To determine any effect of wearing a filtering facepiece respirator on brain temperature. Subjects (n = 18) wore a filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) for 1 h at rest while undergoing infrared thermography measurements of the superomedial periobital region of the eye, a non-invasive indirect method of brain temperature measurements we termed the superomedial orbital infrared indirect brain temperature (SOIIBT) measurement. Temperature of the facial skin covered by the FFR, infrared temperature measurements of the tympanic membrane and superficial temporal artery region were concurrently measured, and subjective impressions of thermal comfort obtained simultaneously. The temperature of the skin under the FFR and subjective impressions of thermal discomfort both increased significantly. The mean tympanic membrane temperature did not increase, and the superficial temporal artery region temperature decreased significantly. The SOIIBT values did not change significantly, but subjects who switched from nasal to oronasal breathing during the study (n = 5) experienced a slight increase in the SOIIBT measurements. Wearing a FFR for 1 h at rest does not have a significant effect on brain temperatures, as evaluated by the SOIIBT measurements, but a change in the route of breathing may impact these measurements. These findings suggest that subjective impressions of thermal discomfort from wearing a FFR under the study conditions are more likely the result of local dermal sensations rather than brain warming.
A Model of Outsourcing and Audit Risk for Internal Audit Services

Some companies now outsource their internal audit function to public accountants. Internal auditors and accounting firms disagree about the merits of outsourcing. Each type of auditor claims to provide more cost-effective services and appears to claim superior expertise. This paper uses agency theory to examine outsourcing and reconciles the outsourcing debate without resorting to differential auditor expertise. Under the assumptions that public accountants' "deep pockets" provide incentives to outsource and their higher opportunity cost provides a disincentive, we characterize the optimal employment contract with each auditor. We find that public accountants provide higher levels of testing, but possibly for a higher expected fee. This result supports both the internal auditor's claim as the lower cost provider, and the public accountant's claim of higher quality. We also find that incentives to outsource generally increase in various measures of risk, including the risk that a control weakness exists and the size of the loss that can result from an undetected control weakness.
EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DISASTERS

The emotional consequences of nuclear power plant disasters include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and medically unexplained somatic symptoms. These effects are often long term and associated with fears about developing cancer. Research on disasters involving radiation, particularly evidence from Chernobyl, indicates that mothers of young children and cleanup workers are the highest risk groups. The emotional consequences occur independently of the actual exposure received. In contrast, studies of children raised in the shadows of the Three Mile Island (TMI) and Chernobyl accidents suggest that although their self-rated health is less satisfactory than that of their peers, their emotional, academic, and psychosocial development is comparable. The importance of the psychological impact is underscored by its chronicity and by several studies showing that poor mental health is associated with physical health conditions, early mortality, disability, and over-utilization of medical services. Given the established increase in mental health problems following TMI and Chernobyl, it is likely that the same pattern will occur in residents and evacuees affected by the Fukushima meltdowns. Preliminary data from Fukushima indeed suggest that workers and mothers of young children are at risk of depression, anxiety, psychosomatic, and post-traumatic symptoms both as a direct result of their fears about radiation exposure and an indirect result of societal stigma. Thus, it is important that nonmental health providers learn to recognize and manage psychological symptoms and that medical programs be designed to reduce stigma and alleviate psychological suffering by integrating psychiatric and medical treatment within the walls of their clinics.
Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications of Materials Grown at a Low Temperature by MBE

Materials grown at a low temperature by MBE and subsequently annealed at a high temperature have an excess amount of Arsenic and have demonstrated high dielectric breakdown strength and low carrier lifetime. These properties have found applications in analog and switching power applications, in picosecond pulse generation, in device isolation and in the selective intermixing of heterostructures. This paper reviews these applications.
Spatial and Orientation Control of Cylindrical Nanostructures in ABA Triblock Copolymer Thin Films by Raster Solvent Vapor Annealing

We present a spatially resolved approach for the solvent vapor annealing (SVA) of block copolymer thin films that permits the facile and relatively rapid manipulation of nanoscale ordering and nanostructure orientation. In our method, a localized (point) SVA zone is created through the use of a vapor delivery nozzle. This point annealing zone can be rastered across the thin film using a motorized stage to control the local nanoscale structure and orientation in a cylinder-forming ABA triblock copolymer thin film. At moderate rastering speeds (∼100 μm/s) (i.e., relatively modest annealing time at a given point), the film displayed ordered cylindrical nanostructures with the cylinders oriented parallel to the substrate surface. As the rastering speed was decreased (∼10 μm/s), the morphology transformed into a surface nanostructure indicative of cylinders oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface. These perpendicular cylinder orientations also were created by rastering multiple times over the same regi...
Fiber Channel Storage Area Network And Storage Technology

Storage area network(SAN) is a new storage technology.It has the both advantages of direct attached storage(DAS) and network attached storage(NAS),and makes it possible that we can store data more safely,quickly and reliably.We can foresee that the SAN is the developing trend of storage technology.Introduces the features of SAN,and discusses the advantages of application and the latest development.
Method for Detecting Rubbing Fault in Rotor System Based on Harmonic Components

A new quantitative diagnosing method for rotor system is proposed,in which the super-harmonic response of the rubbing rotor system is used for rubbing location and rubbing force identification.The harmonic balance theory is applied to study the dynamic of the rubbing rotor system,and it's revealed that the ratio of the super-harmonic frequency responses of any two nodes in the rubbing rotor system is equal to the ratio of the corresponding elements in the frequency response matrix of the pre-fault rotor system.The new model based rubbing identification method and the procedures are presented by utilizing this relationship: using the residual responses between the responses of the fault system and that of the pre-fault system,and by combining the dynamic model of the rotor system,the rubbing location can be obtained;then the rubbing forces can be obtained by using the harmonic components of the rubbing rotor responses.In order to test the efficiency of the presented detection method,numerical simulations are carried out and the effects by the supporting stiffness and noise are analyzed,and experiments based on a rotor test rig are also carried out.Using this method,the rubbing location and rubbing forces can be identified by using measured vibration responses of only two nodes in one operation speed,so it's easy to apply in real rotating machinery.
Epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in Zunyi City in 2011

[Objective] To study the epidemiological characteristics of the hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Zunyi City,and provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures.[Methods]The 2011 HFMD data of Zunyi City downloaded from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System were statistically analyzed with Excel software by descriptive epidemiological method.[Results] A total of 4 326 HFMD cases were reported,with 96 severe cases,7 death cases.The incidence rate was 70.61/100 000.Most patients aged 5 years which occupied 93.69% of total cases.The ratio of male to female was 1.89∶1.There were 2 incidence peak in a year,one in May to July(1 271 cases,29.38%) and another in October-December(2 636 cases,60.93%).Scattered living children and kindergarten children accounted for 68.31%,26.38%,respectively.Totally 970 throat swab specimens were detected,563(58.04%) were positive.The-positive rate of nucleic acid EV71 type was 23.81%,that of Cox A16 and other gastro-intestinal virus was 18.57% and 15.67% respectively.[Conclusion]The epidemic of HFMD shows downward tendency in Zunyi City in 2011,while the number of severe and fatal cases in increasing.This area belongs to the mixed endemic areas of pathogen EV71 and Cxo type A16 with other enteric viruses.
Kindergartners' base-10 knowledge predicts arithmetic accuracy concurrently and longitudinally

Abstract Children's early knowledge of the base-10 structure of multi-digit numbers has been hypothesized to play a critical role in subsequent learning of mathematics, in particular arithmetic operations. The present study investigated the relation between base-10/place value understanding and arithmetic accuracy in early elementary school. Children were assessed in kindergarten ( N = 90) and then a subgroup of participants was assessed again two years later in second grade ( N = 21). Mediation analyses indicated that, in kindergarten, base-10 knowledge had a direct effect on arithmetic accuracy as well as an indirect effect through the use of a decomposition strategy. Furthermore, kindergarten base-10 knowledge had a direct effect on arithmetic accuracy in second grade and an indirect effect through second grade place-value notation understanding. Implications for understanding early mathematical development are discussed.
Automatic staged compilation

The ability to optimize programs while they execute has become increasingly important in recent years. The primary challenge in such optimization is to keep the run-time overhead of optimization down while maximizing its effectiveness. The widely used solution of Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation keeps run-time overhead low, at considerable engineering cost, by sacrificing performance. The past few years have seen the emergence of staged optimization , which produces run-time optimizations that often have much lower run-time overhead than traditional optimizers, yet do not sacrifice any of their functionality. The key to the technique is a method, called staging, to transfer optimization overhead to static compile time from run time. Unfortunately, developing staged variants of individual optimizations has been highly specialized, labor-intensive work; staging pipelines of optimizations even more so. This dissertation presents a system called the Staged Compilation Framework (SCF), which automatically stages entire pipelines of compiler optimizations at arguably little additional engineering cost beyond building the slower traditional version of the pipeline. SCF harnesses two powerful but traditionally difficult-to-use techniques, partial evaluation and dead-store elimination, to achieve staging. An implementation of SCF shows that staged compilation can speed up pipelines of classical compiler optimizations by up to an order of magnitude, and more commonly by a factor of 4.5 to 5.
Modeling the Formation of Alkali Aluminosilicate Gels at the Mesoscale Using Coarse-Grained Monte Carlo.

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are currently being pursued as viable alternatives to conventional ordinary Portland cement because of their lower carbon footprint and established mechanical performance. However, our understanding of the mesoscale morphology (∼1 to 100 nm) of AAMs and related amorphous aluminosilicate gels, including the development of the three-dimensional aluminosilicate network and nanoscale porosity, is severely limited. This study investigates the structural changes that occur during the formation of AAM gels at the mesoscale by utilizing a coarse-grained Monte Carlo (CGMC) modeling technique that exploits density functional theory calculations. The model is capable of simulating the reaction of an aluminosilicate particle in a highly alkaline solution (sodium hydroxide or sodium silicate). Two precursor morphologies have been investigated (layered alumina and silica sheets mimicking metakaolin and spherical aluminosilicate particles reminiscent of coal-derived fly ash) to determin...
Sarcopenia, age, atrophy, and myopathy: Mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities.

Objective: We studied mitochondrial impairment as a factor in the pathologic equivalent of sarcopenia, muscle fiber atrophy associated with increased age. Methods: Mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities and coenzyme Q10 levels were measured in frozen human proximal limb muscles with combined age and atrophy, age alone, atrophy alone, denervation, immune myopathies, and mitochondrial disorders with ophthalmoplegia. Results: Sarcopenia (age and atrophy) had reduced mean activities of mitochondrial Complexes I, II, and II+III, with severe reduction of Complex I activity in 54% of patients. Atrophy, and specific denervation atrophy, had similar patterns of changes. Age alone had moderately reduced Complex I activity. Mitochondrial myopathies had mildly lower Complex IV activity. Immune myopathies had unchanged enzyme activities. Interpretation: Mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities, especially Complex I, but also Complexes II and II+III, are reduced in muscles with the pathologic equivalent of sarcopenia. Individually, atrophy and age have different patterns of oxidative enzyme changes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A 1V 10b 60MS/s Hybrid Opamp-Reset/Switched-RC pipelined ADC

The fully differential Opamp Reset Switching Technique (ORST) for low voltage applications is presented. The technique is demonstrated in a 1V, 10-bit, 60MS/s pipelined ADC where a hybrid ORST/Switched-RC topology is adopted for improved accuracy at low voltage supplies and achieves 50dB SNDR in 0.18µm CMOS while dissipating 34mW. The architecture also uses a passive input track-and-reset to save power and has an input bandwidth greater than 90MHz.
Effect of Cue Timing and Modality on Gait Initiation in Parkinson Disease With Freezing of Gait.

Abstract Objective To examine the effects of cue timing, across 3 sensory modalities, on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) during gait initiation in people with Parkinson disease (PD). Design Observational study. Setting Biomechanics research laboratory. Participants Individuals with idiopathic PD (N=25; 11 with freezing of gait [FOG]) were studied in the off-medication state (12-h overnight withdrawal). Interventions Gait initiation was tested without cueing (self-initiated) and with 3 cue timing protocols: fixed delay (3s), random delay (4–12s), and countdown (3-2-1-go, 1-s intervals) across 3 sensory modalities (acoustic, visual, and vibrotactile). Main Outcome Measures The incidence and spatiotemporal characteristics of APAs during gait initiation were analyzed, including vertical ground reaction forces and center of pressure. Results All cue timings and modalities increased the incidence and amplitude of APAs compared with self-initiated stepping. Acoustic and visual cues, but not vibrotactile stimulation, improved the timing of APAs. Fixed delay or countdown timing protocols were more effective at decreasing APA durations than random delay cues. Cue-evoked improvements in APA timing, but not amplitude, correlated with the level of impairment during self-initiated gait. Cues did not improve the late push-off phase in the FOG group. Conclusions External cueing improves gait initiation in PD regardless of cue timing, modality, or clinical phenotype (with and without FOG). Acoustic or visual cueing with predictive timing provided the greatest improvements in gait initiation; therefore, these protocols may provide the best outcomes when applied by caregivers or devices.
Explaining Global Norms: The Case of Negotiations on Restraining Conventional Arms

International norms are central to world politics and they set boundaries for what is deemed commonly accepted behavior. The literature has not effectively explained the rise of new norms through negotiation and how actors from the Global South have played active roles, especially in the complex areas of developing security norms. This article argues that norm-making is not a unidirectional movement or phenomenon, but rather a highly circuitous process. The circuitous norm building model accounts for an increasing connectedness among domestic and regional/international levels in norm building in Global South and North countries.