cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A kinetic model for the hydrochloric acid leaching of kaolinite clay in the presence of fluoride ions

Abstract The dissolution of kaolinite clay in hydrochloric acid solutions has been carried out in the presence of fluoride ions. Leaching in the presence of fluoride ions activates the clay for leaching, making higher extractions possible at lower roasting and leaching temperatures. The activation energy for the leaching of clay calcined at 540°C is decreased from 71 kJ/mol to 23 kJ/mol in the presence of fluoride ions. Dissolution in the presence of fluoride appears to fit a second-order reaction mechanism.
Screened Rutherford backscattering cross sections for heavy ion and low energy backscattering analysis

Abstract The energy dependence of the total differential scattering cross section of 20–180 keV H+, D+ and He+ ions, as well as 100–350 keV C2+ and O2+ ions, backscattered through a laboratory angle of 161.2° by monolayer-thick Au targets was measured. The ratio of the measured cross section to the Rutherford cross section ranged from 0.91 for 180 keV H4 to 0.44 for 100 keV O2+. The results were found to be in excellent agreement with exact classical calculations of the scattering cross section performed using Dirac-Fock atomic potentials. A comprehensive review of all previous measurements of the screened Rutherford backscattering cross section has been performed for comparison with the present results.
Progress in renal transplantation. A single center study of 3359 patients over 25 years.

Objective The study analyzed 3359 consecutive renal transplant operations for patient and graft survival, including living related, cadaveric, and living unrelated patients. The analysis was separated into three groups according to immunosuppression and date of transplant. Summary Background Data Improvements in renal transplantation in the past 25 years have been the result of better immunosuppression, organ preservation, and patient selection. Methods A single transplant center's experience over a 25-year period was analyzed regarding patient and graft survival. Potential risk factors included patient demographics, tissue typing, donor characteristics, number of transplants, acute and chronic rejection, acute tubular necrosis, primary disease, and malignancy. Results The primary cause of graft loss was rejection. Improvement in cadaveric graft survival since 1987 with quadruple therapy was not apparent in living donor patients. Race continued to be a negative factor in graft survival. Avoiding previous mismatched antigens and the use of flow cytometry improved allograft survival. The leading cause of death in the past 7 years in cadaveric recipients was cardiac (52%). Conclusions Improved graft survival in the past 25 years was related to 1) advances in immunosuppression, 2) better methods of cytotoxic antibody detection, and 3) human lymphocyte antigen match.
A proposed mechanism for trimethylphosphate-induced sterility☆☆☆

Abstract Trimethylphosphate (TMP) induced sterility in three species, mice, rats, and rabbits. TMP-induced sterility was dependent on dose and duration of treatment. Sterility was produced within 1 to 2 weeks following initiation of treatment and in all cases was reversible. Sterility could be maintained by weekly treatment. Fertility returned to normal within 1 to 2 weeks after termination of treatment. TMP primarily affects epididymal spermatozoa, probably by an action on sperm motility. TMP suppressed spermatozoa choline acetyltransferase activity. Suppression of choline acetyltransferase activity was correlated with TMP-induced sterility. A developmental pattern of choline acetyltransferase was observed in epididymal spermatozoa. Choline acetyltransferase was measured in human spermatozoa, and values compared to those of rat and rabbit sperm. Spermatozoa of all three species contained nascent acetylcholine and were capable of synthesizing and releasing acetylcholine in vitro. Inhibition of spermatozoa choline acetyltransferase activity impairs spermatozoa function and produces sterility.
A PASSION FOR P450s (REMEMBRANCES OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON CYTOCHROME P450)

Many members of the superfamily of hemeproteins, known as cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP), are currently described in the literature (over 2000 at the date of this writing) [see Nelson, 2003 (http://drnelson.utmem.edu/CytochromeP450.html)]. In mammalian tissues, the P450s play central roles in drug and xenobiotic metabolism as well as steroid hormone synthesis, fat-soluble vitamin metabolism, and the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to biologically active molecules. P450s also play a major role in plants by catalyzing the synthesis of a large number of secondary metabolites. Today we appreciate the unique oxygen chemistry catalyzed by the P450 enzymes as well as the dramatic effect of protein structural changes resulting in modifications of substrate specificity. Recent scientific advances have shown the importance of genetic differences (polymorphisms) in altering the physiological response of an animal to endo- and exo-biotic chemicals. In many instances these changes can be directly attributed to small differences in the amino acid sequence of a P450. The present article describes some of the early events associated with the establishment of the biological function of P450s. The 1950s and 1960s showed the transition of P450 from an unknown spectroscopic curiosity to the major player it now occupies in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The P450s are now recognized to occupy a great variety of phylogenetically distributed isoform activities. Much has been learned about the P450s, but much more remains as poorly understood. It has been almost 50 years since this class of unique proteins were discovered and their catalytic functions characterized. The present article describes the background and early history of research leading to our present knowledge of the cytochromes P450. Hopefully we will learn lessons from this history as we venture forward down the path of future scientific discovery.
The effect of nitrogen limitation on cellular DMSP and DMS release in marine phytoplankton: climate feedback implications

The effect of nitrogen limitation on intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its enzymatic cleavage to dimethylsulfide (DMS) was investigated in semi-continuous cultures of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and the chain-forming coastal diatom Skeletonema costatum, both ecologically important species. The diatom had a DMSP/C molar ratio of 0.0020 (1% of cell carbon) under nutrient sufficient conditions, and increased its DMSP/C ratio by 70% under nitrogen limitation. The coccolithophore had a constitutively high intracellular DMSP concentration (~200 mmol per liter of cell volume, an estimated 5% of cell carbon) and N-limitation of this species caused no measurable increase in DMSP. Instead, N-limitation of this species increased the activity of the DMSP cleavage enzyme, DMSPlyase, which resulted in a 20-fold increase in the moles of DMS in the culture per unit of cell volume and a 40- to 80-fold increase in the ratio of DMS to chl a. Our results and previously published findings suggest that N-limitation is likely a contributing factor to the extremely high DMS:chl a ratios observed in nutrient limited surface ocean waters under thermally stratified conditions. Thus, N-limitation may play a role in climate feedback mechanisms involving biologically derived DMS.
Endoscopic Management of Extruding Medialization Laryngoplasty Implants

Background: Medialization laryngoplasty (ML) is a commonly performed procedure for vocal fold motion impairment with glottic incompetence. Although implant extrusion is a well-known risk of ML, management of this complication is rarely mentioned in the literature. The aim of this study was to review our experience with endoscopic implant retrieval for a group of patients with extruding ML implants. Methods: All patients identified in our institution from January 1989 through August 2004 with a history of ML and extruded implants were identified. Case management was reviewed, including information on presentation, management techniques, and outcomes. Results: Five patients presented with extruding ML (Gore-Tex [n = 2] or silastic [n = 3]) implants. All patients presented with worsening dysphonia and evidence of fullness and/or granulation tissue at the extrusion site. Endoscopic removal was performed using either sharp dissection or CO2 laser dissection. After removal, four patients underwent vocal fold injection augmentation. Conclusions: Endoscopic removal appears to be a safe, effective, and even preferred alternative to external transcervical removal in selected cases of extruding implants.
Bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) study of antigen-antibody interactions.

Previous work of del Castillo and co-workers has shown that bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) can be used as transducers for detection of antigen-antibody reactions. The present experiments extend the previous work by incorporating complement into the BLM system. The results indicate that the antigen-antibody complex or the complement has no ability to affect the BLM system separately, but when carefully combined they will destabilize the BLM even at a much reduced concentration. Further development using the BLM as a tool for investigating immunological reactions is suggested.
Effect of Serum Lipoproteins on Growth and Sterol Synthesis in Cultured Rat Brain Glial Cells

: Cells dissociated from brains of 1-day-old rats were cultured in medium containing either lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) or LPDS plus various lipoprotein fractions. Increases in number of cells and in DNA content served as a measure of cell growth. Cholesterol synthesis was measured from the incorporation of [14C]acetate into total nonsaponifiable lipids and digitonin-precipitable sterols, and from the activity of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase. The data indicated that cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate was reduced in cells cultured in medium containing either LPDS plus low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), or total lipoproteins (LP) and that this reduction was accompanied by a reduction in the activity of the HMG CoA reductase and an increase in the esterified sterol content. The reduction in cholesterol synthesis from acetate was maximal in cells cultured in the presence of HDL, whereas the maximal reduction in the activity of HMG CoA reductase occurred in cells cultured in the presence of LP. The presence of LDL or LP in the culture medium enhanced the cell growth but the presence of HDL did not. Esterified sterol content was highest in cells cultured in the medium containing LPDS plus LP and was not detected in cells cultured in LPDS medium. It is inferred from these data that rat brain glial cells in culture are able to utilize cholesterol in lipoproteins, that the presence of LDL in the medium enhances cell growth, and that reduced cholesterol synthesis in the presence of lipoproteins may occur at the HMG CoA reductase step as well as at some other step(s).
Relationship between accelerometer-based measures of physical activity and the Yale Physical Activity Survey in adults with arthritis.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) scores and objective accelerometer measures of time spent in light intensity physical activities, moderate to vigorous intensity physical activities, and moderate to vigorous activities in bouts lasting at least 10 minutes. Methods This study analyzed baseline data from 171 persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 139 persons with osteoarthritis (OA) in a randomized clinical trial (Increasing Motivation for Physical Activity in Arthritis Clinical Trial). Persons fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA and persons with symptomatic radiologic knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence class ≥2) wore an accelerometer for 7 days, then responded to the YPAS questionnaire and questions regarding demographics (age, sex, and race) and health factors (body mass index, disease status [Health Assessment Questionnaire/Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index], comorbidities, pain, and function). Spearman's correlation coefficients were estimated between each YPAS summary measure and accelerometer measures. Results In the RA participants, the strongest correlation was between the YPAS activity dimensions summary index (Y-ADSI) and average daily minutes of bouted moderate/vigorous activity (r = 0.51). Additionally, the Y-ADSI correlated significantly with both objectively measured average daily accelerometer counts (r = 0.45) and average daily minutes of moderate/vigorous activity (r = 0.43). For OA participants, a similar pattern emerged: the Y-ADSI had significant correlations with average daily minutes of bouted moderate/vigorous activity (r = 0.36), average daily minutes of moderate/vigorous activity (r = 0.31), and average daily counts (r = 0.24). Conclusion For both the RA and OA groups, the Y-ADSI had the strongest significant correlations with objectively measured physical activity, which supports Y-ADSI use as a tool for clinical applications and in rheumatology research.
Mechanism of changes in brain norepinephrine levels following olfactory bulb lesions

Time course of changes in rat brain norepinephrine levels after olfactory bulb lesions, discussing automatic and biological mechanisms
Determination of Anomalous Superexchange in MnC l 2 and Its Graphite Intercalation Compound

The low-temperature magnetic structure of ${\mathrm{MnCl}}_{2}$ graphite intercalation compound has been studied by neutron diffraction. Magnetic peaks occur at wave vectors incommensurate with the ${\mathrm{MnCl}}_{2}$ and graphene sublattices. The in-plane spin configuration is explained by an exchange Hamiltonian that includes three shells of nearest neighbors in the plane. The nearest-neighbor exchange is ferromagnetic but anomalously weak, and the magnetic behavior is dominated instead by the antiferromagnetic third-neighbor interaction. The exchange parameters are used to explain the spin configuration of bulk ${\mathrm{MnCl}}_{2}$ after adding an interplanar coupling.
Two-stage stochastic hierarchical multiple risk problems: models and algorithms

In this paper, we consider a class of two-stage stochastic risk management problems, which may be stated as follows. A decision-maker determines a set of binary first-stage decisions, after which a random event from a finite set of possible outcomes is realized. Depending on the realization of this outcome, a set of continuous second-stage decisions must then be made that attempt to minimize some risk function. We consider a hierarchy of multiple risk levels along with associated penalties for each possible scenario. The overall objective function thus depends on the cost of the first-stage decisions, plus the expected second-stage risk penalties. We develop a mixed-integer 0–1 programming model and adopt an automatic convexification procedure using the reformulation–linearization technique to recast the problem into a form that is amenable to applying Benders’ partitioning approach. As a principal computational expedient, we show how the reformulated higher-dimensional Benders’ subproblems can be efficiently solved via certain reduced-sized linear programs in the original variable space. In addition, we explore several key ingredients in our proposed procedure to enhance the tightness of the prescribed Benders’ cuts and the efficiency with which they are generated. Finally, we demonstrate the computational efficacy of our approaches on a set of realistic test problems.
Instrumental variable estimation in nonlinear measurement error models

This paper presents an extension of instrumental variable estimation to nonlinear regression models. For the linear model, the extended estimator is equivalent to the two-stage least squares estimator. The extended estimator is consistent for an important class of nonlinear models, including the logistic model, under relatively weak assumptions on the distribution of the measurement error. An example and simulation study are presented for the logistic regression model. The simulations suggest the estimator is reasonably efficient.
Ionic liquid-enhanced solid state electrolyte interface (SEI) for lithium–sulfur batteries

Li–S batteries are a complicated system with many challenges existing before their final market penetration. While most of the reported work for Li–S batteries is focused on the cathode design, we demonstrate in this work that the anode consumption accelerated by corrosive polysulfide solution also critically determines the Li–S cell performance. To validate this hypothesis, ionic liquid (IL) N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Py14TFSI) has been employed to modify the properties of the SEI layer formed on the Li metal surface in Li–S batteries. It is found that the IL-enhanced passivation film on the lithium anode surface exhibits very different morphology and chemical composition, effectively protecting lithium metal from continuous attack by soluble polysulfides. Therefore, both the cell impedance and the irreversible consumption of polysulfides on lithium metal are reduced. As a result, the Coulombic efficiency and the cycling stability of Li–S batteries have been greatly improved. After 120 cycles, the Li–S battery cycled in the electrolyte containing 75% IL demonstrates a high capacity retention of 94.3% at 0.1 C rate. These results reveal one of the main failure mechanisms in Li–S batteries and shine the light on new approaches to improve the reversible capacity and cyclability of Li–S batteries. This work provides important clues for the understanding and thus the improvement of Li–S battery systems through a different point of view.
Peace parks: conservation and conflict resolution

edited by Saleem H. Ali, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2007, 432pp., US$29.00, GBP£18.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-262-51198-8 Peace parks: conservation and conflict resolution, which addresses the rapid...
Diastolic function and patient-reported quality of life for adolescents and adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a tissue Doppler study.

Left ventricular systolic function is an important indicator of clinical well-being and outcomes for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This study tested the hypothesis that left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler is associated with quality of life in this population. In this study, 38 subjects (age, 31.0 ± 14.1 years) with repaired TOF underwent echocardiogram and completed the Short-Form 36, version 2, a validated quality-of-life assessment, within a median of 0 days (range, 0–90 days). Available cardiovascular magnetic resonance data within 1 year after the echocardiogram were analyzed. The ratio of peak early inflow to peak early annular velocity (E/E′) at the lateral mitral annulus correlated inversely with the ability to participate in usual activities without physical limitations (r = −0.37; p = 0.02), whereas the right ventricular diastolic indices were not predictive. The relation of left ventricular diastolic function to quality of life was independent of left ventricular systolic function. This may be related to adverse ventricular–ventricular interactions because lateral mitral E/E′ correlated with tricuspid E/E′ (r = 0.46; p = 0.008) and the right ventricular myocardial performance index (r = 0.42; p = 0.01). Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus is a useful tool in this population and may potentially identify patients in need of intervention before the development of left or right ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Acute Exposure to Ethanol in Pregnancy-Assessment of Cardiovascular Effects in the Isolated Perfused Rat Heart

Abstract Numerous pregnant women are exposed to ethanol. Given the marked cardiovascular changes induced by pregnancy and the known cardiac toxicity of ethanol, we conducted this study to explore the effects of pregnancy on the cardiac toxicity of ethanol. Isolated, perfused rat hearts obtained from pregnant and nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to increasing doses of ethanol (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6%). Heart rate, changes in left ventricular pressure over time (dP/dt), left ventricular systolic pressure, and coronary artery flow rate were measured. Ethanol induced profound cardiac depression in all parameters. Pregnancy neither exacerbated nor attenuated this cardiac toxicity. In the isolated perfused rat heart model, pregnancy does not affect the cardiac toxicity of acute ethanol exposure.
672 Patients With Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Population-Based Comparison to Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer of the pancreas accounting for approximately 1% of nonendocrine tumors. Because no large series of patients with ACC exist, our understanding of this disease comes mainly from small retrospective reports and anecdotal experience. Objective Our goal was to evaluate a large population-based cohort of patients with ACC and compare their demographic factors and outcomes to those of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA). Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1988 to 2003), we identified all patients with ACC or PA. The demographic factors, tumor characteristics, resection status, and long-term survival were compared between the 2 groups. Results A total of 672 patients with ACC and 58,526 with PA were identified. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was significantly lower for ACC than PA (56 years vs 70 years, P Conclusions Consistent with anecdotal reports and previous retrospective studies, ACC is a more indolent disease than PA. Patients with ACC tend to present at a younger age, are more likely to have resectable disease, and are much more likely to undergo potentially curative resection. The long-term survival for patients with ACC is significantly better when compared to the long-term survival of patients with PA.
Review of Spitzer Space Telescope observations of small bodies

The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), aloft for over two years at time of writing, has so far devoted almost 600 hours of observing time to Solar System science, and small bodies make up a significant fraction of the objects that have been observed. For the first time we now have high accuracy mid-infrared data to study the fundamental mineralogical and physical properties of a large number of objects of different types. In this paper we review some of the exciting recent results derived from SST photometry (in six bands from 3.6 to 70 $\mu$ m) and spectroscopy (from 5 to 40 $\mu$ m) of asteroids and comets. The observations reveal their spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and we discuss three important science goals that can be addressed with these data: (1) finding compositional diagnostics of these objects, (2) determining their bulk thermal properties, and (3) understanding the surface evolution of primitive and icy bodies. We focus primarily on comet-asteroid transition objects, low-albedo asteroids, cometary nuclei, Trojans, Centaurs, and trans-Neptunian objects. In particular, we will show: emissivity features in the SEDs and identification of the compositional sources, the constraints on thermal inertia and infrared beaming through the samples of the thermal continuum, and an intercomparison of albedos across dynamically-related bodies.
Choosing Among Alternative Facility Locations

The chapter discusses how commercially available spreadsheet software was used to analyze a specific relocation question in an objective, comprehensive, yet timely manner. The facility in question was a computer center employing approximately 120 personnel, located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The study team formed to perform the analysis first established the criteria to be met. Then weights for each criterion, and numerical values for the qualitative criteria, were assigned. Data and information were collected on each location. Scores were then assigned to reflect how well each alternative did according to each criterion. The software then converted raw scores to part/whole percentages, multiplied each by the weights which had been assigned, then aggregated across the criteria to arrive at an overall score for each alternative. A threshold analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the weights. Based upon the results of this analysis, the team recommended that the facility in question not be relocated at the present time.
Understanding the cellular function of TRPV2 channel through generation of specific monoclonal antibodies.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel proposed to play a critical role in a wide array of cellular processes. Although TRPV2 surface expression was originally determined to be sensitive to growth factor signaling, regulated trafficking of TRPV2 has remained controversial. TRPV2 has proven difficult to study due to the lack of specific pharmacological tools to modulate channel activity; therefore, most studies of the cellular function of TRPV2 rely on immuno-detection techniques. Polyclonal antibodies against TRPV2 have not been properly validated and characterized, which may contribute to conflicting results regarding its function in the cell. Here, we developed monoclonal antibodies using full-length TRPV2 as an antigen. Extensive characterization of these antibodies and comparison to commonly used commercially available TRPV2 antibodies revealed that while monoclonal antibodies generated in our laboratory were suitable for detection of endogenous TRPV2 by western blot, immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry, the commercially available polyclonal antibodies we tested were not able to recognize endogenous TRPV2. We used our newly generated and validated TRPV2 antibodies to determine the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on TRPV2 surface expression in heterologous and endogenous expression systems. We found that IGF-1 had little to no effect on trafficking and plasma membrane expression of TRPV2. Overall, these new TRPV2 monoclonal antibodies served to dispel the controversy of the effects of IGF-1 on TRPV2 plasma membrane expression and will clarify the role TRPV2 plays in cellular function. Furthermore, our strategy of using full-length tetrameric TRP channels may allow for the generation of antibodies against other TRP channels of unclear function.
Formation of (Tl, Pb, Bi)Sr1.6Ca2.4Cu3Oy superconducting phase with Tc = 105 K by nitrates conversion

Abstract In the study of (Tl, Pb, Bi)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O systemm, a nitrate conversion method was developed to prepare (Tl, Pb, Bi)Sr1.6Ca2.4Cu3Oy (1223 phase) with high yield in short reaction time. Also, the well mixing of precursors including Tl2O3 could be achieved avoiding a two-stage reaction. The studies of individual reactant indicated that all the reactants were nitrates except the formation of thallium oxide. Moreover, a quick oxidation from Tl+ to Tl3+ was speculated after carrying out a titrametric method. X-ray diffraction investigation as well as physical characterizations confirmed the formation of 1223 phase from as-prepared precursors. This method provides a possible and simple route to make the 1223 sample in large scale.
Pathogenesis and Classification of von Willebrand Disease

Von Willebrand disease, the most common congenital bleeding disorder in humans, is the consequence of quantitative and/or qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor, a protein necessary for platelet adhesion and thrombus formation at sites of vascular injury. Distinct molecular defects of von Willebrand factor are responsible for the heterogeneity of von Willebrand disease subtypes. A classification in four main groups, each characterized by distinctive pathogenetic features, represents the basis for a correct therapeutic approach to bleeding episodes in these patients.
Invertase activity in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis.

Abstract Toluene treatment of intact cells revealed invertase-like activity in Streptococcus mutans K1-R (cariogenic) and in Streptococcus sanguis 903–1600 (noncariogenic). The activity was identified as a β- d -fructofuranoside fructohydrolase (invertase; EC. 3.2.1.26) by its hydrolysis of sucrose and raffinose and its failure to act on melezitose and other glucoside derivatives. The invertase was induced by sucrose in Strep, sanguis but was a constituent in Strep. mutans. Amylomaltase, a transferase acting on maltosaccharide, was also detected in both organisms.
Altered Default Network Activity in Obesity

The regulation of energy intake is a complex process involving the integration of homeostatic signals and both internal and external sensory inputs. To better understand the neurobiology of this process and how it may be dysfunctional in obesity, this study examined activity of the brain's "default network" in reduced-obese (RO) as compared to lean individuals. The default network is a group of functionally connected brain regions thought to play an important role in internally directed cognitive activity and the interplay between external and internal sensory processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 24 lean and 18 RO individuals in the fasted state after 2 days of eucaloric energy intake and after 2 days of 30% overfeeding in a counterbalanced design. Scanning was performed while subjects passively viewed images of food and nonfood objects. Independent component analysis was used to identify the default network component. In the eucaloric state, greater default network activity was observed in RO compared to lean individuals in the lateral inferior parietal and posterior cingulate cortices. Activity was positively correlated with appetite. Overfeeding resulted in increased default network activity in lean but not RO individuals. These findings suggest that the function of the default network, a major contributor to intrinsic neuronal activity, is altered in obesity and/or obese-prone individuals. Future studies of the network's function and its relationship to other brain networks may improve our understanding of the mechanisms and treatment of obesity.
Changes in spatial distribution of fungal propagules associated with invertebrate activity in soil

Abstract Soil fungal species density and aggregation had changed 6 months after spring burning and raking in a Wisconsin prairie. Fungal species density had increased by 29% in burned relative to raked or undisturbed plots; species density was highest at the soil surface in burned and raked plots, and lowest at the surface in undisturbed plots. Fungal propagules of the same species were less aggregated in burned and raked plots than in undisturbed. These changes imply greater mixing of fungal propagules in soil of burned and raked plots than in undisturbed plots. The physical effects of burning and raking and the properties of fungal spores do not account for the changes. It is argued that soil invertebrates are responsible for the mixing because: (1) at any depth in soil, density of mites and collembola increased concurrently with fungal species density; and (2) path analysis shows that fungal species density is equally associated with microarthropod density and root biomass after burning, but after raking, fungal species density was more strongly associated with root biomass than microarthropods.
Carrier transport in organic light-emitting diodes

Several issues related to the organic electroluminescence devices are reviewed. Numerical simulation results are presented for the trap-charge limited conduction processes. Detailed band and charge profiles reveal the physics governing the carrier conduction processes. The numerical model is also applied to the case of doping and various possible effects are studied.
O-GlcNAc signaling entrains the circadian clock by inhibiting BMAL1/CLOCK ubiquitination

Circadian clocks are coupled to metabolic oscillations through nutrient-sensing pathways. Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway triggers covalent protein modification by O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). Here we show that the hexosamine/O-GlcNAc pathway modulates peripheral clock oscillation. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) promotes expression of BMAL1/CLOCK target genes and affects circadian oscillation of clock genes in vitro and in vivo. Both BMAL1 and CLOCK are rhythmically O-GlcNAcylated, and this protein modification stabilizes BMAL1 and CLOCK by inhibiting their ubiquitination. In vivo analysis of genetically modified mice with perturbed hepatic OGT expression shows aberrant circadian rhythms of glucose homeostasis. These results establish the counteraction between O-GlcNAcylation and ubiquitination as a key mechanism that regulates the circadian clock and suggest a crucial role for O-GlcNAc signaling in transducing nutritional signals to the core circadian timing machinery.
The Touch Thimble: Providing Fingertip Contact Feedback During Point-Force Haptic Interaction

Touching a real object with your fingertip provides simultaneous tactile and force feedback, yet most haptic interfaces for virtual environments can convey only one of these two essential modalities. To address this opportunity, we designed, prototyped, and evaluated the Touch Thimble, a new fingertip device that provides the user with the cutaneous sensation of making and breaking contact with virtual surfaces. Designed to attach to the endpoint of an impedance-type haptic interface like a SensAble Phantom, the Touch Thimble includes a slightly oversize cup that is suspended around the fingertip by passive springs. When the haptic interface applies contact forces from the virtual environment, the springs deflect to allow contact between the user's fingertip and the inner surface of the cup. We evaluated a prototype Touch Thimble against a standard thimble in a formal user study and found that it did not improve nor degrade subjects' ability to recognize smoothly curving surfaces. Although four of the eight subjects preferred it to the standard interface, overall the Touch Thimble made subjects slightly slower at recognizing the presented shapes. Detailed subject comments point out strengths and weaknesses of the current design and suggest avenues for future development of the device.
Thymus and tolerance. Is regulation the major function of the thymus

This paper will serve as a contribution to the current reassessment of the relative roles of clonal selection and regulation in specific immunologic tolerance. We review basic studies in the Waksman laboratory that first established the importance of the thymus in tolerance and the possible contribution of regulatory cells generated in the thymus to self-tolerance. Experimental evidence is presented to suggest that there exists a wide range of immunoregulatory mechanisms, many of which deserve more intensive investigation in relation to the tolerance question. These include regulation based on idiotype-specific recognition, multiple forms of immune deviation, two well-described and quite distinct forms of T-cell receptor alphabeta "suppressor cell", and several regulatory systems involving multiple cells acting in concert. We do not comment on more recently described regulatory cells, such as certain gammadelta T-cell subsets, natural killer T cells, CD4-CD8- T cells, and others. Basic studies in our laboratory and in other laboratories pointed to antigen-presenting cells (APC) generated in the thymus as possible mediators of tolerance. Certain cytokines, first described in our laboratory, including lymphotoxin and the "inhibitor of DNA synthesis" produced by T cells and interleukin-1 produced by macrophages, also may act as significant components of regulatory systems. The rapid entry of exogenous and self-antigens into the thymus and the free migration of specific regulatory T cells and of APC in both directions between thymus and periphery are also stressed.
Greek Concepts Of Leadership

The early Greek understandings of the attributes and human nature of leaders discussed in this article contrast sharply with our modern concepts of leadership. This contrast helps remind us that ou...
Tineas—Superficial Dermatophyte Infections

1. David H Stein, MD, MPH* 1. 2. *Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD. 1. To reduce the spread of tinea capitis, consider tinea even with minimal scalp inflammation (often combined with hair loss), ideally confirmed by culture. Systemic therapy is essential, and items of care such as combs and towels should not be shared. 2. Systemic treatment of tinea capitis is essential to allow antifungal agents to permeate the deep hair follicles of the scalp and prevent fungal hyphae from penetrating hair shafts as they grow within the follicle. Adjunctive topical agents, such as fungicidal shampoos, can help reduce contagion in the first weeks of treatment. 3. The most common reasons for the failure of griseofulvin are inadequate absorption due to insufficient dosage (less than about 20 mg/kg per day); failure to administer the drug with lipids such as milk, oil, or fat; or failure to treat for an adequate duration. 4. Hypersensitivity reactions, called dermatophytid or id reactions, do not indicate the need to discontinue therapy. 5. Tinea pedis and onychomycosis are less common before puberty. Fungi are numerous, ubiquitous, and diverse in their adaptations. Among thousands of fungal species are perhaps 100 to 200 species that regularly infect uncompromised humans and cause either superficial skin or mucous membrane infections, subcutaneous infection, or so-called “deep,” internal or visceral infection. Dermatophytes constitute a group of about 40 fungal species that are members of the Trichophyton, Microsporum , and Epidermophyton genera and cause superficial infections called dermatophytoses, ringworm, or tinea. The latter term is qualified by designation of the involved body area (eg, tinea capitis is tinea of the scalp). Dermatophytes invade keratin, the protein that forms the outermost epidermis, the nails, and hair. Tineas are among the most frequent reasons for visits to the pediatrician. Dermatophyte infection of the scalp (tinea capitis) is very common during childhood, as is infection of the general body surface (tinea corporis). Dermatophyte …
Promises of (im)mediate salvation: Islam, broadcast media, and the remaking of religious experience in Mali

In this article, I take the highly successful Muslim preacher Cherif Haidara in Mali as a starting point to explore the conditions that, throughout the contemporary Muslim world, facilitate the rise to prominence of new types of religious leaders, who, by virtue of their media performances and in their roles as preachers, personal counselors, or legal advisers, attract broad constituencies of believers. I assess recent shifts in the normative, institutional, and economic conditions of religious debate in urban Mali that have changed the parameters of common understandings of the relevance of religion to daily life and politics. I examine how the adoption of new media technologies affects the contents and forms of religious reasoning, the subjective understandings and articulations of Islamic normativity, and thereby contributes to changes in the sources and forms of leadership. Finally, I investigate in what ways processes of commodification and commercialization are conducive to these changes in religious experience, community, and authority.
Kinetic structure simulations of nematic polymers in plane couette cells. I: The algorithm and benchmarks

The Doi--Hess theory coupled with an anisotropic Marrucci--Greco distortional elasticity potential provides a kinetic, mean field description of the coupling between hydrodynamics, molecular orientation by excluded volume, and elastic distortions of flowing nematic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). In this paper we provide the first numerical algorithm and implementation of kinetic-scale models for structure formation in confined, planar Couette cells. The model and algorithm extend kinetic simulations of Larson and Ottinger [Macromolecules, 24 (1991), pp. 6270--6282], Faraoni et al. [J. Rheol., 43 (1999), pp. 829--843], Grosso et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett., 86 (2001), pp. 3184--3187], and Forest et al. [Rheol. Acta, 43 (2004), pp. 17--37; Rheol. Acta, 44 (2004), pp. 80--93] for homogeneous nematic polymers in imposed shear flows. The focus here is one-dimensional flow and LCP structures that form between oppositely moving, parallel plates, a classical model problem that has been studied in detail with conti...
Thermal galactic sources

Celestial radio sources have generally been divided into two categories: 1) thermal sources, and 2) nonthermal sources. The thermal sources are usually masses of ionized hydrogen and their radiation is due to the random interaction of the electrons and protons of the ionized gas. The major cause of ionization is the ultraviolet radiation of the hot stars. This paper describes the basic physical processes involved in the radiation, and the methods of obtaining information from radio observations about the interstellar medium and the hot stars.
The forum on markets and marketing (FMM): Advancing service-dominant logic

This essay reviews the purpose and history of the Service-dominant logic linked, biennial Forum on Markets and Marketing (FMM) and the community of scholars it is catalyzing. Five essays developed ...
Phospholamban deficiency does not compromise exercise capacity.

Deficiency of phospholamban (PLB) results in enhancement of basal murine cardiac function and an attenuated response to β-adrenergic stimulation. To determine whether the absence of PLB also reduce...
Explaining Coordination in Collaborative Partnerships and Clarifying the Scope of the Belief Homophily Hypothesis

The move towards collaborative governance in environmental policy often takes the form of collaborative partnerships involving multiple stakeholders with divergent beliefs and interests. Within such partnerships, stakeholders selectively coordinate with one another to varying degrees to achieve both individual and shared objectives. Using interview and questionnaire data from 10 US marine aquaculture partnerships in 2009–2011, we test three theoretical hypotheses regarding how individuals within collaborative partnerships decide with whom to coordinate. These competing propositions include belief homophily (individuals will coordinate with whom they share beliefs), trust (individuals will coordinate with those whom they trust), and resources (individuals will coordinate with those who hold critical resources). Results suggest that specific aspects of trust and resources are more important than shared beliefs in driving coordination in marine aquaculture partnerships. This finding qualifies previous studies that identified shared beliefs as a driving factor. This study concludes with a theoretical discussion about the explanatory boundaries of belief
Optimal pruning of neural tree networks for improved generalization

An optimal pruning algorithm for neural tree networks (NTN) is presented. The NTN is grown by a constructive learning algorithm that decreases the classification error on the training data recursively. The optimal pruning algorithm is then used to improve generalization. The pruning algorithm is shown to be computationally inexpensive. Simulation results on a speaker-independent vowel recognition task are presented to show the improved generalization using the pruning algorithm. >
Surgery for Otitis Media in a Universal Health Care Model: Socioeconomic Status and Race/Ethnicity Effects.

Objectives(1) To determine the association between socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, and other demographic risk factors in surgically managed otitis media within a model of universal heal...
The Optical Design of HIPO: A High-speed Imaging Photometer for Occultations

HIPO (High-speed Imaging Photometer for Occultations) is a special-purpose science instrument for use on SOFIA (the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy). HIPO covers the spectral range from the atmospheric UV cutoff at 0.3 microns to the silicon detector limit at 1.1 microns. It is a dual channel imaging photometer using 1Kx1K Marconi CCD47-20 frame transfer CCD detectors. In addition to its science applications, HIPO will be used extensively during performance testing of the SOFIA observatory. The optical design of the instrument includes optimized focal reducing optics for both blue and red channels, pupil viewing optics, and Shack-Hartmann test optics. The imaging performance is excellent, insuring that the instrument will provide a faithful representation of the SOFIA telescope’s PSF (Point Spread Function) during test observations.
The Influence of Message Framing on Hotel Guests’ Linen-Reuse Intentions:

Hotels have attempted numerous approaches to encourage guests to participate in linen-reuse programs. One of the most promising methods is to use appropriate message framing. A study of 427 travele...
Wave-induced boundary layer flows above and in a permeable bed

In this paper, the oscillatory and steady streaming velocities over a permeable bed are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Three different sizes of glass beads are used to construct permeable beds in laboratory experiments : the diameters of the glass beads are 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 3.0 mm, respectively. Several experiments are performed using different wave parameters. A one-component laser-doppler velocimeter (LDV) is used to measure the horizontal velocity component inside the Stokes boundary layer above the solid and permeable surfaces. It is observed that neither oscillatory nor steady velocity components vanish on the permeable surface. The 'slip velocities' increase with increasing permeability. Based on the laminar flow assumption and the order of magnitude of the parameters used in the experiments, a perturbation theory is developed for the oscillatory velocity and the steady wave-induced streaming in the boundary layers above and inside the permeable bed. The theory confirms many experimental observations. The theory also provides the damping rate and the phase changes caused by the permeable bed.
Motivation and Job Satisfaction of Catholic School Teachers

The study examined the relationship between Catholic school teachers’ motivation and job satisfaction. The data came from a survey of 716 teachers in three dioceses (Atlanta, Biloxi, and Cheyenne). The school’s academic philosophy and its environment were important predictors of the teachers’ satisfaction with their sense of efficacy regarding their work with students and their relationships with administrators and other teachers. The motivation to teach in the school because it was a Catholic school was an important predictor of the teachers’ satisfaction with the school. The results of the study confirm that the importance of a religious factor as an important motivator for teachers choosing to teach in Catholic schools and an important predictor of their job satisfaction.
Adaptive view-based appearance models

We present a method for online rigid object tracking using an adaptive view-based appearance model. When the object's pose trajectory crosses itself, our tracker has bounded drift and can track objects undergoing large motion for long periods of time. Our tracker registers each incoming frame against the views of the appearance model using a two-frame registration algorithm. Using a linear Gaussian filter, we simultaneously estimate the pose of the object and adjust the view-based model as pose-changes are recovered from the registration algorithm. The adaptive view-based model is populated online with views of the object as it undergoes different orientations in pose space, allowing us to capture non-Lambertian effects. We tested our approach on a real-time rigid object tracking task using stereo cameras and observed an RMS error within the accuracy limit of an attached inertial sensor.