cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sb and Se substitution in CsBi 4Te 6: The semiconductors CsM 4Q 6 (M = Bi, Sb; Q = Te, Se), Cs 2Bi 10Q 15, and CsBi 5Q 8

The solid solutions of CsBi4Te6, a high ZT material at a low temperature region, with Sb and Se were synthesized with general formulas CsBi4-xSbxTe6 and CsBi4Te6-ySey. The introduction of Sb and Se in the lattice of CsBi4Te6 is possible but only to a limited extent. The Sb and Se atoms substituted are not uniformly distributed over all crystallographic sites but display particular site preferences. The structure of new Sb/Bi solid solutions retains the original framework of CsBi4Te6 composed of NaCl-type Bi/Te slabs interconnected by characteristic Bi–Bi bonds and Cs atoms located in the interlayer space. A structurally modified phase in Se/Te solid solutions was found from the reactions targeted for 0.2 < y < 2.4 with the formula of CsBi5Te7.5-ySey (or Cs2Bi10Q15, (Q = Se, Te)). The new structure is constructed by the same structural motif with an extended Bi/Te slab (29 A) compared to that in CsBi4Te6 (23 A). The CsBi5Te7.5-ySey possesses Bi/Te slabs that extend by an additional “Bi2Te3” unit compared t...
Ras signaling through PI3K confers hormone-independent proliferation that is compatible with differentiation.

Hormones are specialized mitogens that stimulate proliferation in their differentiated target cells. Thyrotropin (TSH), the physiologic regulator of thyroid cells, stimulates cAMP-mediated proliferation and thyroid-specific gene expression. The mitogenic effects of TSH require Ras, therefore Ras activation should be compatible with the maintenance of thyroid differentiation. However, expression of activated Ras extinguishes the differentiated phenotype of thyroid cells. One explanation for this apparent paradox is the selective utilization of Ras effector pathways. We tested the hypothesis that Ras signaling through PI3K mediates the mitogenic effects of TSH in cells which retain their differentiated character. Expression of a Ras effector mutant (RasV12S35) that signals preferentially through Raf-1, although sufficient to confer TSH-independent proliferation, abolished hormone-regulated expression of thyroglobulin and the sodium/iodide symporter. In contrast, expression of a Ras mutant (RasV12C40) that binds selectively to PI3K conferred TSH-independent proliferation without marked effects on thyroid-specific gene expression. Unlike the inhibitory effects of TSH on the proliferation of RasV12S35-expressing cells, TSH enhanced RasV12C40-stimulated proliferation by further increasing the activity of p70s6k, an important mediator of the mitogenic effects of TSH and RasV12C40. These results demonstrate that channeling Ras-dependent signals to PI3K confers TSH with the ability to stimulate proliferation in differentiated cells.
Controller Workload-based Calculation of Monitor Alert Parameters for En Route Sectors

The National Airspace System (NAS) has 20 conterminous U.S. (CONUS) centers, which are made up of over 700 individual sectors, each of which is worked by an air traffic control team. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses the Traffic Flow Management System’s (TFMS) Monitor Alert (MA) capability to monitor traffic levels in each sector and alert traffic managers when safety and efficiency may be degraded. An alert is given when a sector’s future traffic volume is predicted to exceed its Monitor Alert Parameter (MAP) value. The MAP value is calculated from the sector’s average transit time and a NAS-wide average time to provide services, which is a surrogate workload metric. A method that uses sector-specific workload based on traffic volume and complexity would be an improvement on the current method and would yield more operationally meaningful MAP values. At the request of the FAA, The MITRE Corporation’s Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) developed an application that uses a sector’s historical workload to calculate its MAP value. Workload estimates, which are based on traffic volume and complexity, are produced by the MITRE time-on-task workload model, which was originally developed to improve upon existing methods to estimate sector capacity and identify congestion in en route sectors. The workload-based MAP application has been used to generate MAP values for en route sectors. These MAP values are in the process of being evaluated by comparing them along with the TFMS MA operational MAP values to truth as determined by subject matter experts (SMEs) for specific scenarios involving varying levels of traffic volume and complexity.
Effects of 4-Amino-Pteroylglutamic Acid in Dogs with Special Reference to Megaloblastosis.∗:

SummaryThe administration of 4-amino-PGA to dogs produced a sprue-like syndrome with diarrhea, peripheral leucopenia, depletion of bone marrow with increased numbers of hyper segmented polymorphonuclears and giant metamyelocytes, abnormal nuclear disintegration of normoblasts, change of nuclear pattern in erythroid elements and megalo-blasts. Doses given were lethal and animals succumbed with anorexia, weight loss, dehydration, and hemorrhagic diarrhea following severe ileitis and ulcerative colitis. It is suggested that the syndrome results from antagonism of folic acid.
Drought Adaptation Mechanisms Should Guide Experimental Design

The mechanism, or hypothesis, of how a plant might be adapted to drought should strongly influence experimental design. For instance, an experiment testing for water conservation should be distinct from a damage-tolerance evaluation. We define here four new, general mechanisms for plant adaptation to drought such that experiments can be more easily designed based upon the definitions. A series of experimental methods are suggested together with appropriate physiological measurements related to the drought adaptation mechanisms. The suggestion is made that the experimental manipulation should match the rate, length, and severity of soil water deficit (SWD) necessary to test the hypothesized type of drought adaptation mechanism.
Computerized dynamic posturography detects balance deficits in individuals with a history of chronic severe traumatic brain injury

AbstractBackground: Mild balance deficits can be challenging to detect in individuals with long-standing traumatic brain injuries. This study compared Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) scores from individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) to controls to determine if CDP could differentiate between the two groups and determine if there was a learning effect associated with testing that could be used to guide evaluation of baseline balance.Methods: Ten ambulatory individuals with a history of severe TBI and 10 individuals without participated in three CDP sessions (24–72 hours apart). During each session, participants performed the Berg Balance Test, Dynamic Gait Index and three trials of a standardized balance assessment and Dynamic Movement Analysis (DMA) scores were recorded for each test.Results: Individuals with TBI scored 93% higher (i.e. reflecting poorer balance) than the control group. The group with TBI exhibited 6.6-times more variability compared to the control group, with estimated...
Line-of-sight extrapolation noise in dust polarization

The B-modes of polarization at frequencies ranging from 50--1000 GHz are produced by Galactic dust, lensing of primordial E-modes in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by intervening large scale structure, and possibly by primordial B-modes in the CMB imprinted by gravitational waves produced during inflation. The conventional method used to separate the dust component of the signal is to assume that the signal at high frequencies (e.g. 350 GHz) is due solely to dust and then extrapolate the signal down to a lower frequency (e.g. 150 GHz) using the measured scaling of the polarized dust signal amplitude with frequency. For typical Galactic thermal dust temperatures of $\ensuremath{\sim}20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, these frequencies are not fully in the Rayleigh-Jeans limit. Therefore, deviations in the dust cloud temperatures from cloud to cloud will lead to different scaling factors for clouds of different temperatures. Hence, when multiple clouds of different temperatures and polarization angles contribute to the integrated line-of-sight polarization signal, the relative contribution of individual clouds to the integrated signal can change between frequencies. This can cause the integrated signal to be decorrelated in both amplitude and direction when extrapolating in frequency. Here we carry out a Monte Carlo analysis on the impact of this line-of-sight extrapolation noise on a greybody dust model consistent with Planck and Pan-STARRS observations, enabling us to quantify its effect. Using results from the Planck experiment, we find that this effect is small, more than an order of magnitude smaller than the current uncertainties. However, line-of-sight extrapolation noise may be a significant source of uncertainty in future low-noise primordial B-mode experiments. Scaling from Planck results, we find that accounting for this uncertainty becomes potentially important when experiments are sensitive to primordial B-mode signals with amplitude $r\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.0015$ in the greybody dust models considered in this paper.
Women’s Nature and the Neo-Pagan Movement

Paganism’s ubiquity among late Victorian and Edwardian women is apparent from three passing references that appeared in The Yellow Book (1894–1897) in relatively close succession. In an essay published in January 1896, Julie Norregaard (whose name appears in the periodical as Norregard; 1863–1942) depicts the Danish author Georg Brandes as arguing for a harmony of pagan and feminist values. Brandes ‘means the two sexes to have equal rights and equal freedom’, she writes, ‘But he has no sympathy with the woman who, because she works and fights her own battles, must throw to the winds all grace and beauty. […] As a true pagan, he loves to be surrounded by youth and loveliness.’ According to Norregaard, Brandes sees the fight for gender equality as justified but only if women retain their supposedly innate, natural qualities. The noun ‘pagan’ here is used principally as a euphemism for the male aesthete, the emphasis being placed on the man’s vigorous sensuality. Women who do not appeal to Brandes’ tastes, however, have somehow replaced their inherent beauty with the artifice that comes with battling for equal rights. In ‘Suggestion’—published nine months earlier, in April 1895—Ada Leverson (1862–1933) makes the gender inequity more apparent. Her story describes the studio of a male aesthete as giving ‘the complex impression of being at once the calm retreat of a medieval saint and the luxurious abode of a modern Pagan. One feels that everything could be done there, everything from praying to flirting’. Like Norregaard, Leverson associates the ‘pagan’ with the male aesthete, but the emphasis now is placed not on women’s politicized gender performance but on the erotic exploits of men. The fashionable pagan-about-town captured by Norregaard and Leverson had, by the 1890s, become a male characterized primarily by a sexual liberalism (or libertinism) that did not readily translate to women’s rights and freedoms of self-fashioning.
Nat1 Deficiency Is Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Exercise Intolerance in Mice.

We recently identified human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) as an insulin resistance (IR) gene. Here, we examine the cellular mechanism linking NAT2 to IR and find that Nat1 (mouse ortholog of NAT2) is co-regulated with key mitochondrial genes. RNAi-mediated silencing of Nat1 led to mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial fragmentation as well as decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, biogenesis, mass, cellular respiration, and ATP generation. These effects were consistent in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, C2C12 myoblasts, and in tissues from Nat1-deficient mice, including white adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle. Nat1-deficient mice had changes in plasma metabolites and lipids consistent with a decreased ability to utilize fats for energy and a decrease in basal metabolic rate and exercise capacity without altered thermogenesis. Collectively, our results suggest that Nat1 deficiency results in mitochondrial dysfunction, which may constitute a mechanistic link between this gene and IR.
Renal Transplantation in Children Aged 1–5 Years

The chapters of Dr. T. M. Barratt and colleagues (Chapter 36) and Dr. M. Broyer et al. (Chapter 35) in this book admirably set the background for the presentation of our experience in the transplantation of children age 5 years and under. In this chapter we will compare our experience with that of Barratt and Broyer to support our view that renal transplantation is feasible and is the preferred therapy for end-stage renal failure in the young child.
The Modeling Process

This chapter presents the modeling process. A model is a representation of a system in a convenient fashion so that the conjectures that are made about the performance of the system can be readily tested. The term “model” implies a manifestation of the interpretation that a scientist gives to observed facts. Facts remain unchanged, but models change. The term “model” covers a variety of configurations. It can be a symbolic model, such as a set of mathematical or logical equations; an iconic model, such as a map or a scale model; an analog model, such as an electrical or mechanical device; or a logical model, such as a flow chart or a computer program. Models can be categorized into different classes and sub-classes, and this classification can be done in different ways. A distinction can be made between descriptive models and prescriptive models. A mathematical model is a set of equations that characterizes a real-life system, the prototype system, in the sense that some of the excitation response relationships of the prototype system are correctly represented.
Gibberellin‐enhanced indole‐3‐acetic acid biosynthesis: D‐Tryptophan as the precursor of indole‐3‐acetic acid

Stem segments excised from light-grown Pisum sativum L. (cv. Little Marvel) plants elongated in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid and its precursors, except for L-tryptophan, which required the addition of gibberellin A, for induction of growth. Segment elongation was promoted by D-tryptophan without a requirement for gibberellin, and growth in the presence of both D-tryptophan and L-tryptophan with gibberellin A3, was inhibited by the D-aminotransferase inhibitor D-cycloserine. Tryp-tophan racemase activity was detected in apices and promoted conversion of L-tryptophan to the D isomer; this activity was enhanced by gibberellin A3. When applied to apices of intact untreated plants, radiolabeled D-tryptophan was converted to indole-3-acetic acid and indoleacetylaspartic acid much more readily than L-tryptophan. Treatment of plants with gibberellin A3, 3 days prior to application of labeled tryptophan increased conversion of L-tryptophan to the free auxin and its conjugate by more than 3-fold, and led to labeling of N-malonyl-D-tryptophan. It is proposed that gibberellin increases the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by regulating the conversion of L-tryptophan to D-tryptophan, which is then converted to the auxin.
Introduction to Part I: Warming the Room, Turning on the Lights

A young mother’s child dies unexpectedly, and she feels lost in her grief. A transgender man wants to find happiness. A ten-year-old boy loses his father to a fatal heart attack, and he wants to travel back in time to warn him. A college junior watches her mother die a lingering cancer death, and wonders why dying has to be so hard. These are the origin stories of four faculty members who have unusually personal motivations for their scholarship: Bereavement researcher Gillian, social scientist Jesse, theoretical physicist Ronald Mallett, and bioethicist Peggy Battin. Chapter 1 introduces these individuals and invites the reader to consider how Viktor Frankl’s existential psychology (logotherapy) can help explain the intensely motivating and profoundly therapeutic impact of unusually personal scholarship.
Thiophilic ring opening reactions of 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-alkoxy-1,2-dithiolanes under action of nucleophiles

Abstract The reaction of 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-alkoxy-1,2-dithiolanes (RO= OEt or OBu-n) proceeds through thiophilic attack of BuLi leading to the formation of ring-opened product BuSCH(OR)CH2C(CF3)2SLi, which can be converted into the corresponding thiols or sulfides by the reaction with H+ or alkyl halide. Interaction of 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-n-butoxy-1,2-dithiolane with CF3Si(CH3)3 resulted in unusual reaction leading to the formation of CF3SCH(OBu)CH2C(CF3)=CF2 (7). The treatment of 7 with CsF in the presence pentafluoropyridine led to equimolar mixture of 2-n-butoxy-1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropane and 4-(trifluoromethylthio)tetrafluoropyridine (as a result of interception of liberated in this process CF3S- anion by pentafluoropyridine).
In-Process Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation

Ultrasonic waves have great potential for use in in-process nondestructive evaluation. First, the ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation may give important information on material property changes during processing. Second, they may give indirect information on other process parameters, for example, temperature or pressure. And third, ultrasonic waves may be used on-line for inspection of part quality. Measurements of the process parameters and material properties make possible the control of process variables to achieve the required material properties1.
Further Validation of a Measure of Parent-Adult Attachment Style.

Two studies using the Parent—Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (P—AASQ) are described. In both, college students were classified into 1 of 3 parent—adult attachment style groups, and their score...
Pharmacology of Sleep: Adenosine

Sleep is essential for the physical and mental well-being of the individual. Sleep disorders often lead to impaired daytime performance. Research has focused on developing new therapeutic strategies, utilizing an increasing knowledge of the brain regions, neurotransmitters, and related molecular/cellular mechanisms that regulate sleep–wake behavior. In this article, we review the current status of pharmacologic agents and their molecular targets used in sleep therapy, followed by a more extensive description of developments concerning adenosinergic mechanisms of sleep regulation. Finally, we discuss the prospects of using adenosine receptors or transporters as therapeutic targets for treating sleep disorders.
Exopolymer Microdomains as a Structuring Agent for Heterogeneity Within Microbial Biofilms

It is now well-recognized that the majority, and often most active fractions, of microbial cells in many natural systems occur as surface-associated biofilms. In sedimentary environments, biofilm formation represents an important functional adaptation for microbial life. At the level of an individual sediment particle, the biofilm community represents a cacophony of cellular and extracellular processes enclosed within an amorphous biofilm. Recent studies using new analytical approaches now suggest that the seemingly amorphous biofilm instead may be a highly structured system, one in which microbial cells actively manipulate their extracellular polymers and overall microenvironment to accomplish specific tasks. At microspatial scales (nanometers to micrometers), biofilm polymers are important in sequestering of nutrients, localization of extracellular enzymes, and providing a protective and stabilizing microenvironment for cells. Examination of the three-dimensional nature of microbial biofilm communities and activities through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, confocal laser microscopy (CLM), atomic-force microscopy (AFM) and other techniques are beginning to provide quantitative evidence for microscale partitioning within biofilms. In light of these new data, the biofilm is explored here as an important structural matrix to partition microbial extracellular activities and effectively promote heterogeneity over very small (i.e., molecular) spatial scales. Structuring and partitioning may occur through the formation of “exopolymer-mediated microdomains.” These are regions of a biofilm matrix where specific types of exopolymers are concentrated and impart unique physical/chemical properties to the biofilm. Accumulating evidence, derived from isotope sorption studies, electron microscopy, and CLM supports this idea. The presence of exopolymer microdomains may provide microorganisms with a structuring mechanism to spatially segregate extracellular activities over small spatial scales.
Open Magnetosphere and the Auroral Oval

The impact of a unidirectionally streaming, unmagnetized plasma upon a dipole field was first studied by Chapman and Ferraro in a series of papers in 1931–33. The front of the stream was assumed to be an infinite plane or a cylindrical surface. Later, their study was extended by Zhigulev and Romishevskii (1960), Hurley (1961a, b) and Dungey (1961a) for a two-dimensional dipole and by Beard (1960, 1967), Midgley and Davis (1963) and Mead and Beard (1964) for a three-dimensional dipole.
Transpsoas Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Degenerative Spine and Adult Deformity: Surgical Technique and the Evidence

Abstract The use of Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF) initially applied for degenerative lumbar conditions, was expanded to the treatment of degenerative scoliosis as first reported by Phillips and Pimenta in 20051. Since then LLIF has been increasingly applied in the treatment of complex sagittal and coronal plane deformities. This approach can be performed “stand-alone” or in conjunction with posterior open or percutaneous pedicle screw placement. The lateral approach avoids the vascular risks of the anterior lumbar approach and the extensive soft tissue dissection and neural manipulation during a posterior approach. LLIF has been shown to be a safe, effective and low morbidity technique for achieving interbody fusion for a variety of lumbar conditions. LLIF has been shown to facilitate the restoration of disc height, sagittal balance and indirect decompression of neural elements. Injuries to the lumbar plexus have been described with this approach and risks can be reduced with use of real time neural surveillance as well as minimizing the duration of psoas retraction.
Body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and cognitive function among Chinese elderly: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives To investigate the associations between body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and cognitive function among Chinese elderly. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Community. Participants Data were obtained from the baseline survey of a community-based cohort in Zhejiang Province, and 9326 persons aged 60 years and older were enrolled. Primary outcome measures We investigated the association between BMI and cognition, and then explored the association between WHR and cognition across different quartiles of BMI. Results A sample of 9087 persons was used in this study, including 4375 men and 4712 women. Higher WHR increased cognitive impairment risk in those with BMI >25.3 kg/m2 (OR (per 0.1 increase) 1.39; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.70). No statistically significant association was found in other BMI categories. Conclusions Higher WHR could increase the risk of cognitive impairment among elderly with BMI >25.3 kg/m2. Our results suggest that it could be of benefit to the elderly with high BMI to control WHR.
A Reappraisal of Sedimentation Nonideality Coefficients for the Analysis of Weak Interactions of Therapeutic Proteins

The study of weak or colloidal interactions of therapeutic proteins in different formulations allows prediction and optimization of protein stability. Various biophysical techniques have been applied to determine the second osmotic virial coefficient B2 as it reflects on the macromolecular distance distribution that governs solution behavior at high concentration. In the present work, we exploit a direct link predicted by hydrodynamic theory between B2 and the nonideality of sedimentation, commonly measured in sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation through the nonideality coefficient of sedimentation, kS. Using sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation for independent measurement of B2, we have examined the dependence of kS on B2 for model proteins in different buffers. The data exhibit the expected linear relationship and highlight the impact of protein shape on the magnitude of the nonideality coefficient kS. Recently, measurements of kS have been considerably simplified allowing higher throughput and simultaneous polydispersity assessment at higher protein concentrations. Thus, sedimentation velocity may offer a useful approach to compare the impact of formulation conditions on weak interactions and simultaneously on higher-order structure of therapeutic proteins.
Frequency distribution and correlation among mineral elements in Lycium andersonii from the northern Mojave Desert

Two hundred samples of leaves of Lycium andersonii A. Gray, each representing one plant and divided among six different locations, were assayed by emission spectrography. Information for 12 different elements is reported in terms of concentrations, frequency distribution, correlations, and some soil characteristics. The objective was to ascertain the nature of variability for mineral elements within a species. Composition varied significantly for all 12 elements among locations, all within about 20 km. At least part of the variation was due to soil characteristics. Samples from Rock Valley were highest in K, Na, and Li, which effect is associated with volcanic outcrop. Samples from Mercury Valley were highest in P, Mg, Ba, and B. At least Mg is related to the soil composition. Correlation coefficients between element pairs were often very different for all 200 samples versus those obtained for individual locations. Some of the values for all 200 samples together proved to be artifacts. The highest correlation was for Ca × Sr (positive) and next was Ca × Mg (also positive). Most correlations were slightly or strongly positive (24 of 32). Only P × Ca, Ca × Na, Ca × B, and Sr × P seemed to be significantly negative of the 32 correlations examined. Frequency distribution patterns where common populations were grouped were often normally distributed. Li, as previously reported, and Na, Cu, Mn, and B and Ba at some locations were not normally distributed. Wide variations in the concentrations of individual elements in leaves of these species were encountered.
Factors That Control the Formation of Dendrites and Other Morphologies on Lithium Metal Anodes

Author(s): Frenck, L; Sethi, GK; Maslyn, JA; Balsara, NP | Abstract: Lithium metal is a promising anode material for next-generation rechargeable batteries, but non-uniform electrodeposition of lithium is a significant barrier. These non-uniform deposits are often referred to as lithium “dendrites,” although their morphologies can vary. We have surveyed the literature on lithium electrodeposition through three classes of electrolytes: liquids, polymers and inorganic solids. We find that the non-uniform deposits can be grouped into six classes: whiskers, moss, dendrites, globules, trees, and cracks. These deposits were obtained in a variety of cell geometries using both unidirectional deposition and cell cycling. The main result of the study is a figure where the morphology of electrodeposited lithium is plotted as a function of two variables: shear modulus of the electrolyte and current density normalized by the limiting current density. We show that specific morphologies are confined to contiguous regions on this two-dimensional plot.
The impact of positioning on bottle-feeding in preterm infants (≤ 34 GA). A comparative study of the semi-elevated and the side-lying position - a pilot study.

Objective Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the advantages of semi-elevated and side-lying positioning during bottle-feeding of preterm infants ≤ 34 weeks gestational age (34+0/7). Patients and methods Material and methods: The study included six neonates (n=6) born ≤ 34 weeks gestational age who reached the age ≥ 32 weeks of postmenstrual age on the day when the study began and were hospitalized in the neonatology ward. Four bottle-feeding sessions were tested in each of the newborns: two in the side-lying and two in the semi-elevated position. The position for the first test was chosen randomly. For each of the positions twelve feeding sessions were examined and each preterm infant had bottle-feeding sessions analyzed both in the semi-elevated and side-lying positions. The level of saturation and heart rate were measured as the parameters indicative of the newborn's physiological stability. The factors determining the qualitative aspect of feeding included the level of the newborn's alertness and the occurrence of choking episodes. The amount of food consumed and the duration of the feeding were also recorded. Results Results: The side-lying position was more effective with regard to the total amount of sustenance consumed as compared to the semi-elevated feeding position and the study result was statistically significant (p=0.007). The difference in the number of chokes between the study groups was not statistically significant, although a trend towards a reduced number of choking episodes was observed among infants fed in the side-lying position (p=0.090). There were no significant differences in oxygen saturation, heart rate and level of activity between the study groups. Conclusion Conclusions: The effects of this pilot study demonstrate the efficacy of the side-lying feeding position regarding the final amount of milk intake. The side-lying position may also reduce the number of choking episodes during the feeding. The results suggest the need to extend the study in order to confirm the potential benefits of using the side-lying position.
Efficient Synthesis of Asymmetric Miktoarm Star Polymers

Asymmetric miktoarm star polymers comprising an unequal number of chemically-distinct blocks connected at a common junction produce unique material properties, yet existing synthetic strategies are beleaguered by complicated reaction schemes that are restricted in both monomer scope and yield. Here, we introduce a new synthetic approach coined "μSTAR" - Miktoarm Synthesis by Termination After Ring-opening metathesis polymerization - that circumvents these traditional synthetic limitations by constructing the block-block junction in a scalable, one-pot process involving (1) grafting-through polymerization of a macromonomer followed by (2) in-situ enyne-mediated termination to install a single mikto-arm with exceptional efficiency. This modular μSTAR platform cleanly generates AB n and A(BA') n miktoarm star polymers with unprecedented versatility in the selection of A and B chemistries as demonstrated using many common polymer building blocks: poly(siloxane), poly(acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(ether), poly(ester), and poly(styrene). The average number of B or BA' arms (n) is easily controlled by the molar equivalents of macromonomer relative to Grubbs catalyst in the initial ring-opening metathesis polymerization step. While these materials are characterized by dispersity in n that arises from polymerization statistics, they self-assemble into mesophases that are identical to those predicted for precise miktoarm stars as evidenced by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and self-consistent field theory simulations. In summary, the μSTAR technique provides a significant boost in design flexibility and synthetic simplicity while retaining the salient phase behavior of precise miktoarm star materials.
The impact of market based institutional reforms on firm strategy and performance: Review and extension

Abstract Market based institutional reforms across the globe have led to massive improvements in business conditions and have contributed to unprecedented rates of cross-border business activities. Scholars have tried to understand the implications of such reforms and have amassed a significant body of work in this area, but analysis of this literature highlights some deficiencies limiting its impact. A primary issue is the fragmentation of this work across different disciplines and the use of different terminology even in the business literature, leading to disconnected conversations and limited progress on the topic. The purpose of this article is two-fold: (1) provide a systematic review of the literature on the effect of market based institutional reforms on firm strategy and performance, and (2) propose a future research agenda. We argue that employing an aggregate perspective, as opposed to one focusing on individual reform subcomponents, provides a more comprehensive understanding of their systemic implications. We use this approach to analyze extant work on the implications of reforms including both direct effects on firm strategy and performance and various contingences such as location, time, institutional legacies, and global organizations. To summarize our two objectives, we develop two graphical models – one depicting the current state of the literature and the other highlighting possible theoretical additions for future research.
Efficient continuous wave accelerating structure for ion beams

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams driver linac was designed for acceleration of multiple-charge-state beams after the stripping at ion beam energies of 17 to $20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}\mathrm{/u}$ depending on the ion species. The linac includes a 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} achromatic bend to select multiple charge states for further acceleration and to dump unwanted charge states after the first 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} magnet. Two rf rebunchers between the stripper and the linac segment 2 (LS2) are required to minimize the effective emittance growth of the multiple-charge-state beams and provide matching to the LS2. Recent studies have shown that the best choice for these two rebunchers is a room-temperature (RT) accelerating structure capable of providing robust operation in the presence of the stripped heavy ion beam contaminants. The latter can result in uncontrolled losses of contaminant ions after the passage off the stripper. Therefore, using a superconducting (SC) rebuncher after the stripper is not rational due to possible contamination and performance degradation of SC cavities over a long period of operation. For the beam bunching in the energy range from 13 to $22\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}\mathrm{/u}$, two 161 MHz rebunchers based on interdigital H-type (IH) structure were developed, built, installed and commissioned with beam at the FRIB linac. This is the first experimental demonstration for application of a cw RT drift tube accelerating structure in this energy range.
Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy

The majority of post-consumer plastic waste is not recycled. Impediments to the recycling of commodity polymers include separation, impurities and degradation of the macromolecular structures, all of which can negatively affect the properties of recycled materials. An attractive alternative is to transform polymers back into monomers and purify them for repolymerization — a form of chemical recycling we term chemical recycling to monomer (CRM). Material recycled in this way exhibits no loss in properties, creating an ideal, circular polymer economy. This Review presents our vision for realizing a circular polymer economy based on CRM. We examine the energetics of polymerization and other challenges in developing practical and scalable CRM processes. We briefly review attempts to achieve CRM with commodity polymers, including through polyolefin thermolysis and nylon 6 ring-closing depolymerization, and closely examine the recent flourishing of CRM with new-to-the-world polymers. The benefits of heterocycle ring-opening polymerization are discussed in terms of synthetic control and kinetically accessible polymer-backbone functionality. Common chemical and structural characteristics of CRM-compatible ring-opening-polymerization monomers are identified, and the properties, benefits and liabilities of these recyclable polymers are discussed. We conclude with our perspective on the ideals and opportunities for the field. Unrecycled post-consumer plastic waste is an enormous, growing problem. Chemical recycling to monomer (CRM) delivers recycled material without degradation in properties. This Review assesses the viability of commercial polymer CRM, the flourishing of CRM with new polymers and opportunities for the field.
Intraabdominal abscesses following laparoscopic and open appendectomies.

Background: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative intraabdominal abscess formation following laparoscopic and open appendectomies. Methods: The current study retrospectively examines appendectomies performed during the period from January 1993 to July 1994. Excluded were cases which were started laparoscopically but converted to open procedures. There were 1,287 cases identified; 597 were perforated (46%), 114 were gangrenous (9%), and 576 were acute (45%). These diagnoses represent intraoperative diagnoses. Results: Of the 576 appendectomies for acute appendicitis, 64 (11%) were performed laparoscopically. There were four intraabdominal abscesses (0.7%), all occurring after open procedures. Of the 114 appendectomies for gangrenous appendicitis, 16 (14%) were done laparoscopically. There were two postoperative abscesses (1.8%), one following an open and one following a laparoscopic procedure. There was no significant difference in abscess rate between laparoscopic and open appendectomies for either acute or gangrenous appendicitis. Of the 597 appendectomies for perforated appendicitis, 28 (5%) were done laparoscopically. There were 19 postoperative abscesses in the whole group, accounting for a 3.2% abscess rate. Sixteen abscesses occurred after open appendectomies and three occurred after laparoscopic appendectomies (2.9% vs 11%, P=0.054). The preoperative diagnosis was incorrectly identified as acute appendicitis in 95 cases subsequently found to have perforated appendicitis; there was only 1 postoperative abscess in this group. There was no difference in postoperative stay in the open vs laparoscopic group (6.3 days vs 6.1 days). Conclusions: We found no significant difference in the rate of postoperative intraabdominal abscess formation between laparoscopic and open appendectomies in cases of acute or gangrenous appendictis. However, laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis was associated with an important trend toward a higher rate of postoperative intraabdominal abscess formation than open appendectomy. This observation calls for closer prospective scrutiny of laparoscopic appendectomy in the setting of performated appendicitis.
Organic biogeochemistry in the oxygen-deficient ocean: A review

Abstract Oceanic oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs) encompass open ocean and coastal oxygen minimum zones and euxinic marine basins. A primary goal of this review is to demonstrate how new approaches involving lipidomics and genomics are informing how we think about ODZs. There are five parts to the review. First, a brief overview of early investigations of organic geochemistry in ODZs sets the stage for follow-on work. Second, linkages between organic biomarkers and microbial and geochemical processes are described for three key biogeochemical processes that are characteristic of ODZs: (i) oxidation of ammonium by archaea and anammox bacteria; (ii) redox cycles of metals and sulfur; (iii) the methane cycle. Third, three different approaches are presented that make possible comprehensive, integrated views of the biogeochemistry of the Black Sea, as a case study. Fourth, examples of organic biogeochemical results for ODZs in the modern ocean are projected back into the geological past to show that the same processes have been in play for eons. The final section summarizes how chemistry and biology have been combined in investigations in ODZs and concludes with some challenges for future research.
Case Report: Uterine Didelphys and Cervical Agenesis in an 18 Year-Old Woman Presenting with a Pelvic Mass.

ABSTRACT Background: Although Mullerian anomalies are relatively common they can be easily misdiagnosed as other gynecologic conditions leading to inappropriate treatment. Case: An 18-year-old woman presented to the hospital with abdominal pain and was found to have a 17-cm pelvic mass and absence of the cervix. Because of concern for recurrent endometrioma formation in the setting of a Mullerian anomaly, she underwent a hysterectomy. During surgery, she was noted to have complete uterine didelphys with cervical agenesis and a normal vagina. Summary and Conclusion: This extremely rare Mullerian anomaly represents one of the only descriptions to date of uterine didelphys with cervical agenesis and normal vaginal development. Appropriate identification and management of Mullerian anomalies is essential for guiding the care of these young, complex patients.
Oxalate Content of Food: A Tangled Web

Objective To account for variations in dietary oxalate content in resources available to hyperoxaluric patients. Our objective is to examine the heterogeneity of the oxalate content reported across various Web-based sources and smartphone applications. Methods A search of “oxalate content of food” was performed using the Google search engine. Smartphone applications were identified by their ability to assess oxalate content. Oxalate contents were obtained, and common foods were selected for comparison. Food groups were compared to better understand how patients are guided when using these references to manipulate their diet. Results Thirteen sources were identified, and 8 sources (6 Web sites and 2 applications) were used to construct figures for comparison of commonly listed foods. Oxalate content was extremely variable between various sources. Fruits with the widest observed range of oxalate included oranges (2.07-10.64 mg/100 g) and bananas (0-9.9 mg/100 g). Among vegetables, the oxalate contents of spinach (364.44-1145 mg/100 g), rhubarb (511-983.61 mg/100 g), and beets (36.9-794.12 mg/100 g) were most variable. Among nuts, the oxalate content of peanuts ranged from 64.57 to 348.58 mg/100 g, and pecans ranged from 4.08 to 404.08 mg/100 g. Conclusion Wide variations exist in the reported oxalate content of foods across several Web-based sources and smartphone applications, several of which are substantial and can have a sizable impact on the construction of a low oxalate diet. As dietary counseling has proven benefits, patients and caregivers should be aware of the heterogeneity that exists in the reported oxalate content of foods.
Primary Drafter, Nat'l Assn. of Optometrists & Opticians v. Harris, Brief of Respondent in Opposition to Certiorari

Primary Drafter, Nat'l Assn. of Optometrists & Opticians v. Harris, Brief of Respondent in Opposition to Certiorari (U.S. Supreme Court, 2012).
The Contemporary Anti-Immigrant Environment and Latin American-origin Adolescents’ Perceived Futures: A Phenomenographic Content Analysis

Increasing xenophobia may have negative impacts on how Latin American-origin adolescents in the U.S. perceive the future for themselves and their families. Among 340 Latin American-origin 15- to 18-year-olds surveyed in late 2018 through early 2019, this study used phenomenographic content analysis to describe how youth feel about the future for themselves and their family and how these perceptions vary by parent residency status. A theme of negative feelings about the future characterized 75% of responses and represented three sub-themes: fear and worry; blocked opportunities to success; and discrimination. The theme of positive feelings characterized remaining responses with subthemes including confident security; a qualified sense of security; and hope. Compared to adolescents with citizen parents, those with non-citizen parents reported more fear and worry and less confident security.
Modeling and characterization of sacrificial polysilicon etching using vapor-phase xenon difluoride

Xenon Difluoride is an isotropic dry etch which is increasingly being used to release structures made of polysilicon. By using a vapor-phase XeF/sub 2/ pulse etching system we have investigated the effects of aperture size and thickness of polysilicon films versus etch rates. Decreasing the aperture size resulted in reduced etch rates. For a 100 /spl mu/m wide structure the etch rates varied from 1.38 /spl mu/m/min (1.25 /spl mu/m thick polysilicon) down to 0.41 /spl mu/m/min (0.1 /spl mu/m thick polysilicon). Rate constants are obtained for a modified, aperture-dependent Deal-Grove model from the experimental data.
Integrating machine learning into a crowdsourced model for earthquake-induced damage assessment

On January 12th, 2010, a catastrophic 7.0M earthquake devastated the country of Haiti. In the aftermath of an earthquake, it is important to rapidly assess damaged areas in order to mobilize the appropriate resources. The Haiti damage assessment effort introduced a promising model that uses crowdsourcing to map damaged areas in freely available remotely-sensed data. This paper proposes the application of machine learning methods to improve this model. Specifically, we apply work on learning from multiple, imperfect experts to the assessment of volunteer reliability, and propose the use of image segmentation to automate the detection of damaged areas. We wrap both tasks in an active learning framework in order to shift volunteer effort from mapping a full catalog of images to the generation of high-quality training data. We hypothesize that the integration of machine learning into this model improves its reliability, maintains the speed of damage assessment, and allows the model to scale to higher data volumes.
Multiple myeloma among Blacks and Whites in the United States: role of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages

In the United States, the incidence rates of multiple myeloma in Blacks are more than twice those in Whites, but the etiology of this cancer is poorly understood. A population-based case-control interview study of 571 subjects (365 White, 206 Black) with multiple myeloma and 2,122 controls (1,155 White, 967 Black) living in three areas of the United States (Georgia, Michigan, New Jersey) offered the opportunity to investigate the relationship with smoking and alcohol drinking and to evaluate whether these factors might contribute to the excess risk of multiple myeloma in Blacks. For Blacks and Whites of either gender, there were no significantly elevated risks associated with ever use of cigarettes or alcoholic beverages and no consistent patterns with either intensity or duration of use. These data support previous studies indicating that smoking and drinking are not related causally to the risk of multiple myeloma, and thus cannot account for the racial disparity in incidence rates.
EVIDENCE FOR A TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE IN MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS.

Abstract VanDemark, P. J. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), and P. F. Smith. Evidence for a tricarboxylic acid cycle in Mycoplasma hominis. J. Bacteriol. 88:1602–1607. 1964.—Resting cells of acetate-grown Mycoplasma hominis strain 07 oxidized the various intermediates of the tricarboxylic and glyoxylate cycles, with the exception of sodium citrate and glyoxylate. Extracts of these cells possessed isocitric dehydrogenase, isocitratase, α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, fumarase, malic dehydrogenase, citratase, and acetyl coenzyme A kinase activities. With the assay conditions employed, condensing enzyme, malate synthetase, and phosphotransacetylase activities were negligible. Incubation of sodium acetate-2-C14 with the various intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the presence of cell-free extracts resulted in exchange of the isotope with these compounds as well as the formation of other labeled intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Oxidation of sodium acetate-2-C14 alone resulted in the formation of labeled succinate, fumarate, and malate.