cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of iron oxides on the quality of electrical porcelain

Usually electrical porcelain is made from raw materials with low concentrations of iron oxides because of their harmful impurities (compared with domestic porcelain). Iron compounds as a rule are introduced into porcelain bodies through ferruginous minerals: pyrites, marcasite, siderite, magnetite, hematite, wustite, hydrated iron oxides, biotite, etc. Naturally, the question arises about the degree of the harmfulness of these compounds in the compositions used for electrical porcelain.
Environmental and Genetic Preconditioning for Long-Term Anoxia Responses Requires AMPK in Caenorhabditis elegans

Article on environmental and genetic preconditioning for long-term anoxia responses requires AMPK in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Aortic thromboxane receptor deficiency alters vascular reactivity in cholesterol-fed rabbits

Abstract Hypercholesterolemia is considered a major risk factor in the development of atherosclerotic disease. The endothelium is the source of a number of vasoactive compounds which may be altered by the disease process. For example, synthesis of the arachidonic acid metabolite thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) increases in atherosclerosis. Non-selective blockade of vascular and platelet thromboxane (TP) receptors retards the progression of the disease in various animal models. We have previously identified a subset of NZW rabbits that lack only vascular (v) TP receptors, referred to as vTP−. These rabbits provide a unique model to elucidate the role of vascular TP receptors in hypercholesterolemia. Studies evaluated vascular responses to phenylephrine and acetylcholine in isolated aortic rings obtained from vTP− and vTP+ rabbits fed 0.5% cholesterol diet for a period of only 3 weeks. In the cholesterol-fed vTP− rabbits, contractions to phenylephrine were reduced compared to the vTP+ cholesterol-fed rabbits. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations were greater in cholesterol-fed vTP− rabbits compared to cholesterol-fed vTP+ rabbits. While the overall incidence of aortic lesions was small after only 3 weeks of cholesterol-feeding, results indicated a reduction in lesions in the vTP− compared to the vTP+ rabbits. In summary, these studies are the first to show that if rabbits lack only vascular TP receptors, impaired vascular reactivity responses normally associated with hypercholesterolemia are diminished.
Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the superficial temporal artery caused by trauma

Abstract Superficial temporal artery (STA) aneurysms as a result of trauma represent less than 1% of reported aneurysms. During the past 200 years only the type of trauma and the preferred treatment have significantly changed. Patients are generally young men with a recent history of blunt head trauma. They may complain of a mass, headache, or other vague symptoms. Neurologic defects are rare; however, if a neurologic deficit exists, the physician should consider either arteriography or a head CT scan to search for intracranial pathologic conditions. In most cases the diagnosis may be made by obtaining a complete history and physical examination. The treatment of choice is ligation and resection, which may be accomplished with the patient under local or general anesthesia. In rare instances, arteriography with selective embolization may be useful when the traumatic aneurysm is complicated by severe facial trauma. Three cases of STA aneurysms are presented. The history, pathophysiology, origin, presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of STA aneurysms are reviewed. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:606-10.)
Alternative Approaches to Staffing the Elementary Foreign Language Program: Cost and Time Vs. Achievement and Satisfaction

can understand and speak a foreign language. This shift of emphasis is paralleled by recent advances in linguistic science and allied fields which have contributed to a new view of language and language learning. In this view, understanding and speaking are regarded as primary objectives and sound bases for systematically acquiring reading and writing skills. The underlying observation is that understanding and speaking are largely a matter of habit, not knowledge. Within this approach, there is no need for educational prerequisites; therefore, foreign language instruction may begin earlier in the cirriculum than has been customary-preferably in grades three or four.
Phytochrome-controlled Nyctinasty in Albizzia julibrissin: III. Interactions between an Endogenous Rhythm and Phytochrome in Control of Potassium Flux and Leaflet Movement.

Prolonged irradiation during appropriate parts of the diurnal cycle promotes the opening of Albizzia julibrissin leaflets. Leaflets also open without illumination, but such opening starts later and is slower and less complete. Opening in the dark is accompanied by lower potassium efflux from dorsal pulvinule motor cells but equal or greater potassium movement into ventral motor cells than occurs during opening in the light. Far red-absorbing phytochrome inhibits opening in the dark, indicating that its action is similar during endogenously controlled opening and nyctinastic closure; i.e. , a high far redabsorbing phytochrome level is associated with low potassium content in ventral motor cells, high potassium content in dorsal motor cells, and a small angle between leaflets. When open leaflets are darkened, there is an immediate and large potassium flux into dorsal motor cells. This is initially independent of red and far red preirradiation, but prior red light appears to promote continued potassium movement into dorsal cells during the latter part of a 90-minute dark period. The situation in ventral motor cells is different; here the effect of prior red or far red irradiation on potassium efflux is evident after 10 minutes of darkness. Phytochrome controls the direction of potassium movement in ventral motor cells during the early part of the dark period (to 25 minutes); potassium moves out of ventral motor cells if leaflets are preirradiated with red light and into these same cells if leaflets are preirradiated with far red light. Kinetic data are consistent with the suggestion that potassium leaving ventral cells enters dorsal cells. However, there must be an additional source of potassium entering dorsal cells since this potassium movement precedes potassium efflux from ventral cells. Pulvinules excised from the lamina or rachilla open and close in response to light and darkness and also move during extended periods of constant intensity light or uninterrupted darkness. This shows that the photoreceptor controlling opening and the oscillator controlling endogenously rhythmic leaflet movement are localized in the pulvinule. In addition, all the potassium that enters expanding cells during leaflet movement and the energy for potassium transport must be available from within the pulvinule. If leaflets are darkened late in the photoperiod, they close more rapidly and show lower inhibition by far red preirradiation or anaerobic conditions. A rhythmic increase in potassium efflux from ventral motor cells appears to be the basis for rhythmic promotion of nyctinastic closure. We suggest this is due to a rhythmic increase in the leakiness of ventral motor cells.
Sugar Uptake in the Protoplasts Isolated from Tomato Leaves

Summary Protoplasts were isolated from tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Dombito ) source leaves. Sucrose uptake into these protoplasts displays both a saturable and a linear component in response to increasing substrate concentrations. Sucrose uptake is inhibited by (1) the nonpermeant sulfhydryl group modifier, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid (PCMBS) and (2) an uncoupler, (p-trifluoromethoxy) carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP). It is stimulated by fusicoccin (FC). The uptake of fructose, which proceeded at about half the rate of sucrose, displays kinetics similar to sucrose. However, glucose uptake shows only a linear nonsaturable response to sugar concentration between 1 and 50 mM and is also insensitive to FCCP and PCMBS. The kinetics of sucrose uptake in the presence of fructose indicates that fructose may be a non-competitive inhibitor for the sucrose specific membrane carrier, and that sucrose and fructose may be taken up by different carriers.
Structural change in the meat and poultry industry and food safety regulations

This study uses plant-level micro-data over 1987–2002 and a translog cost function to examine structural change in the cattle and chicken slaughter and pork processing and sausage-making industries during a period of increasing food safety oversight. Results suggest that labor and capital cost shares rose and the meat share of costs dropped in all industries and that long-run costs rose in the cattle slaughter, pork processing, and chicken slaughter industries. Results also suggest that events may have favored large cattle slaughter plants throughout the period and large chicken slaughter plants during the implementation period of the Pathogen Reduction Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) rule spanning the 1997–2002 period. There is no evidence that events favored large plants over small plants in pork processing and sausage-making. This is important because regulatory effects must have been small in those industries if the relationship did not change. [EconLit citations: L510; L160]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Freeze-out radii extracted using two- and three-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in pp, p–Pb, and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC

Abstract We report the results of two- and three-pion Bose–Einstein correlations measured in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC. The femtoscopic radii, which characterize the system size at kinetic freeze-out, are extracted. One- and three-dimensional radii are extracted from two-pion correlations. In addition, one-dimensional radii are extracted also from three-pion correlations. The obtained radii increase with event multiplicity and decrease with pair transverse momentum. At comparable multiplicity, the radii measured in p–Pb collisions are more similar to those in pp collisions than in Pb–Pb collisions. The three-dimensional two-pion radii are compared to hydrodynamic predictions at large event multiplicity.
On the predictive validity of implicit attitude measures: The moderating effect of perceived group variability ☆

Abstract Social psychologists have recently shown great interest in implicit attitudes, but questions remain as to the boundary conditions under which such attitudes can predict subsequent judgments and behavior, including reactions toward single category members. In two experiments, we demonstrate the predictive validity of two priming-based measures of implicit attitudes, using a lexical decision task developed by Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park (1997) as well as a perceptual identification paradigm pioneered by Payne (2001) . Moreover, we show that these effects were moderated by perceived group variability, such that implicit attitudes offered much stronger predictive leverage if the members of the target category (Blacks) were perceived to be homogenous than if they were not. The implications of the present research for the “moderator approach” previously employed in the explicit attitude literature are discussed.
Force Sensors in Hexapod Locomotion

Biological systems can provide useful insights into principles of design and control of locomotion that can be applied to legged robots. In this paper we review our work on cockroaches using finite element analysis to model how loads are sensed and regulated in walking and climbing. A number of biological studies have shown that sensors that detect forces in the legs of insects are of particular importance in controlling walking and adapting locomotion to non-horizontal terrains. Our analysis strongly suggests that (i) the system can detect specific force vectors (body load versus propulsion) via sensors located in the leg in positions close to the body and (ii) the system uses this information in positive load feedback to regulate walking movements. These principles and design elements provide examples that can be applied in legged locomotion in walking machines.
Liquid-Drop Nuclear Model with High Angular Momentum

The equilibrium shapes of rotating liquid drops are calculated in the spheroidal approximation. The solutions are prolate forms for high angular momenta such as are produced in compound nuclei resulting from heavy-ion bombardments. This is thought to account for the angular and energy distributions observed in heavy-ion-induced fission and light-particle evaporation.
An Adiabatic Quantum Electron Pump

A quantum pumping mechanism that produces dc current or voltage in response to a cyclic deformation of the confining potential in an open quantum dot is reported. The voltage produced at zero current bias is sinusoidal in the phase difference between the two ac voltages deforming the potential and shows random fluctuations in amplitude and direction with small changes in external parameters such as magnetic field. The amplitude of the pumping response increases linearly with the frequency of the deformation. Dependencies of pumping on the strength of the deformations, temperature, and breaking of time-reversal symmetry were also investigated.
Florid capsular and pericapsular papillary endothelial proliferation associated with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Papillary endothelial hyperplasia (PEH) occurring within or around the capsule of thyroid neoplasms is rare. Such Masson-like lesions, which have been attributed to fine needle aspiration—induced injury and thrombosis, can mimic tumor angioinvasion or vascular neoplasms. This study reports the case of a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid that was accompanied by more than 10 foci of pericapsular and peritumoral papillary endothelial hyperplasia, one of which contained a tumor embolus. The vessels within the papillary fronds had CD31- and CD34-staining blood vessels but were lined by D2-40 staining endothelial cells, which were continuous with the lining of the spaces within which PEH had developed. This suggests that, in contrast to Masson’s lesions that develop within blood vessels as a result of thrombosis, pericapsular PEH associated with thyroid neoplasms develops within lymphatics, possibly related to lymphangiogenic factors secreted by the thyroid neoplasms.
Thyroid hormone regulation of Na,K-ATPase expression.

Abstract Active Na,K transport across plasma membranes (mediated by Na,K-ATPase) is stimulated by triiodothyronine (T 3 ) in all mammalian tissues responsive to thyroid hormone, and this stimulation has been proposed to account for a substantial fraction of thyroid thermogenesis. The enhancement of Na,K-ATPase activity by T 3 results from increased biosynthesis of Na,K-ATPase subunits and is associated with increased abundance of their encoding mRNAs. In certain target tissues, T 3 preferentially augments the expression of the α2 isoform of the enzyme (characterized by its high sensitivity to inhibition by cardiac glycosides). The T 3 -induced increase in Na,K-ATPase subunit mRNA expression has been shown to be mediated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
Testing an Ecological Account of Spaciousness in Real and Virtual Environments

Cognitions about one’s physical environment have a clear psychological impact on inhabitants. However, judgments of a setting’s spaciousness have been shown to be based not solely on the dimensions of the enclosure but also on a number of seemingly incidental environmental properties. Nevertheless, a theoretical integration and explanation of these various effects has been lacking. Across five experiments conducted in the laboratory and in virtual reality, we test an affordance-based account, which proposes that impressions of spaciousness are influenced by the wealth of behavioral opportunities offered by the environment. These experiments test how the functional arrangement of furniture (Experiments 1 and 2) and the priming of particular behaviors (Experiments 3a, 3b, and 3c) affect perceivers’ spatial impressions of the environment. These findings emphasize that cognitions about spaciousness are determined not by a passive calculation of area but are instead tied to its ability to facilitate physical a...
The Middle Paleolithic of the East Mediterranean Levant

This paper reviews recent developments in geochronology, archaeology, and behavioral interpretations of the Middle Paleolithic Period (ca. 47–250 Kyr) in the East Mediterranean Levant. Neandertals and early modern humans both occupied the Levant during this period. Both these hominids are associated with the Levantine Mousterian stone tool industry and similar sets of faunal remains. The Levant has long been seen as preserving evidence for the origin of modern humans out of Neandertal ancestors. Recent radiometric dates for Levantine Middle Paleolithic contexts challenge this hypothesis. Instead, they suggest the evolutionary relationships between these hominids were far more complicated. Proposed models for Neandertal and early modern human coevolutionary relationships are examined. Intense competition between Neandertals and early modern humans for a narrow human “niche” may be the context out of which the Upper Paleolithic behavioral “revolution” arose.
Young consumers and retail borrowing: application of the theory of planned behavior

Retail borrowing entails customers violating retailers' return policies by purchasing goods with the intention of using and then returning them. Our research purpose was to investigate consumer motivations that may underlie their attitude toward retail borrowing and to test the underlying mechanism of borrowing intention by utilizing the theory of planned behavior. Data were collected through an online survey of 276 female undergraduates. Past retail borrowing experience and the perception that retail borrowing had no negative impact on retailers were significantly related to participants' attitude toward retail borrowing. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control contributed significantly to retail borrowing intention, with subjective norm exerting the greatest influence. In addition, two additional paths were tested that significantly improved the explanatory power of the theory of planned behavior and prediction of retail borrowing intention. Implications of these findings concerning ...
Producing Fissile Material

All of the theories and calculations underlying nuclear weapons would be of no value unless one can devise ways of obtaining sufficient fissile material: uranium-235 and plutonium-239. This chapter analyses some of the methods that were used for securing these materials during the Manhattan Project: the development of reactors to synthesize plutonium, and the use of electromagnetic and gaseous enrichment methods for uranium.
Electrodermal and cardiac responses of schizophrenic children to sensory stimuli.

The reactivity and habituation of autistic schizophrenic and normal children were compared using a variety of stimuli. The first two stimulation conditions were 15 tone trials followed by a novel tone stimulus, and 15 periods of darkness followed by a single period of partial illumination. Order of these stimulation conditions was counterbalanced in a groups × order × trials anova factorial design. Other stimuli were tones varying in intensity and photic flashes presented in fixed order following the first two conditions. The two groups differed in magnitude of response to the first 3 tone and illumination change trials, and thereafter showed no differences in habituation or reinstatement to the novel stimulus. This difference consisted of greater responsivity for the normals and was independent of base level, spontaneous activity, order of condition, and type of stimulus. The schizophrenics showed a relationship between GSR magnitude and tone intensity that was similar to the normals' physiological tracking of changing intensity. Results for photic stimulation were the same as for the first two stimulus conditions. The peak-to-valley cardiac measure failed to yield any reliable group differences under any stimulation condition.
Microscopic Lesions in Canine Eyes with Primary Glaucoma

Although the clinical classification of primary glaucoma in dogs is quite simple, the phenotypes of glaucoma in most of the species are indeed multiple. Ophthalmologists can often evaluate the dynamic changes of clinical signs at different times in the course of the disease, whereas pathologists are often presented with globes that have undergone abundant therapies and are at the end stage. Therefore, an open collaboration between clinicians and pathologists can produce the most accurate interpretation in the pathology report and improve patient outcomes. This article focuses on the histomorphologic elements that characterize, and are important to, canine primary glaucomas.
Effects of earthworm invasion on plant species richness in northern hardwood forests

The invasion of non-native earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) into a small number of intensively studied stands of northern hardwood forest has been linked to declines in plant diversity and the local extirpation of one threatened species. It is unknown, however, whether these changes have occurred across larger regions of hardwood forests, which plant species are most vulnerable, or with which earthworm species such changes are associated most closely. To address these issues we conducted a regional survey in the Chippewa and Chequamegon national forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin (U.S.A.), respectively. We sampled earthworms, soils, and vegetation, examined deer browse in 20 mature, sugar-maple-dominated forest stands in each national forest, and analyzed the relationship between invasive earthworms and vascular plant species richness and composition. Invasion by Lumbricus was a strong indicator of reduced plant richness in both national forests. The mass of Lumbricus juveniles was significantly and negatively related to plant-species richness in both forests. In addition, Lumbricus was a significant factor affecting plant richness in a full model that included multiple variables. In the Chequamegon National Forest earthworm mass was associated with higher sedge cover and lower cover of sugar maple seedlings and several forb species. The trends were similar but not as pronounced in Chippewa, perhaps due to lower deer densities and different earthworm species composition. Our results provide regional evidence that invasion by Lumbricus species may be an important mechanism in reduced plant-species richness and changes in plant communities in mature forests dominated by sugar maples.
Plate Tectonic Setting and Cenozoic Deformation of Trinidad: Foldbelt Restoration in a Region of Significant Strike-Slip

The geology of northeastern South America reflects transpressional deformation of a Cretaceous-Paleogene passive margin by the plate boundary interaction with an eastward advancing Caribbean plate. Structural elements affecting Trinidad and the adjacent Gulf of Paria include a complex mix of contraction, extension, and strike-slip. Detached foldthrust style deformation is predominant, but its coherent expression is complicated and concealed by subsequent rightlateral strike-slip and associated extensional deformation. Pre-Cenozoic extension between North and South America led to a north-facing passive margin for eastern Venezuela and Trinidad. In the early Cenozoic, relative plate motions between North and South America became mildly contractional. In the Trinidad region, deformation and localized uplift of some elements of the passive margin began. Through the Oligocene, the leading edge of the Caribbean plate advanced eastward imposing a transpressional deformation onto the passive margin of eastern Venezuela and Trinidad. In the late Miocene, Caribbean-South American relative motion became fundamentally translational.
Extraction-Free, Filter-Based Template Preparation for Rapid and Sensitive PCR Detection of Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa

Within the last several years, the protozoan parasites Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cryptosporidium parvum, and microsporidia have become recognized as important, rapidly emerging human pathogens in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Since the early 1990s, many of the reported outbreaks of enteric illness caused by these microorganisms have been attributed to food- and water-borne contamination. Many inherent obstacles affect the success of current surveillance and detection methods used to monitor and control levels of contamination by these pathogens. Unlike methods that incorporate preenrichment for easier and unambiguous identification of bacterial pathogens, similar methods for the detection of parasitic protozoa either are not currently available or cannot be performed in a timely manner. We have developed an extraction-free, filter-based protocol to prepare DNA templates for use in PCR to identify C. cayetanensis and C. parvum oocysts and microsporidia spores. This method requires only minimal preparation to partially purify and concentrate isolates prior to filter application. DNA template preparation is rapid, efficient, and reproducible. As few as 3 to 10 parasites could be detected by PCR from direct application to the filters. In studies, as few 10 to 50 Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores could be detected when seeded in a 100-μl stool sample and 10 to 30 C. cayetanensis oocysts could be detected per 100 g of fresh raspberries. This protocol can easily be adapted to detect parasites from a wide variety of food, clinical, and environmental samples and can be used in multiplex PCR applications.
The Study on the Traffic Modeling with PI and the Design for the All Optical Network Modeling with WDM in Korea

Recently, data traffic is rapidly exceeding voice traffic for the increasing demand from the Internet in Korea. And, it’s also known that some of the traffics are due to the mobile subscribers such as PCS, PDA, and so on. To meet this terrific demand on the backbone network, it’s better to use existing optical fibers fully than to install more optical fibers simply. For this reason, All Optical Network System with WDM is spotlighted nowadays.
Exploring Employee Perspectives on Information Privacy and Security in the Mobile Environment

Maintaining information privacy and security in the mobile environment, an issue having personal and organizational implications, remains a challenge because the context of a mobile device can change rapidly. In response to this, the authors have been investigating methods of maintaining the privacy of sensitive information accessed in mobile environments (i.e. potentially in public places). This particular study, still in progress, will collect and analyze data on employee information privacy and security practices and perceptions. A complicating factor is that the classification of information as "private" may not be absolute. Privacy levels of organizational information will be dictated by company policy, while privacy concerns with personal information are based on the employee's own comfort level. Hence potential conflict arises if an individual uses a single mobile device for both personal and organizational information access. A summary and status of design activities and the planned implementation of the study is provided.
Four Models of Assistive Technology Consideration: How Do They Compare to Recommended Educational Assessment Practices?:

Although models have been proposed to guide the important work of school teams as they implement the assistive technology consideration process, little understanding exists as to how these models r...
Coronary artery blood flow in acute pulmonary embolism

Abstract The effect of acute pulmonary embolism upon left circumflex coronary blood flow was studied in 11 open-chest, anesthetized dogs. Pulmonary embolization, in the absence of shock, was associated with increased left circumflex coronary blood flow, hypoxemia and electrocardiographic changes compatible with myocardial ischemia. Mean flow in the left circumflex coronary artery increased an average of 45 per cent after pulmonary embolization. No support was found for the concept of pulmonocoronary reflex spasm. The increase of left coronary blood flow was reduced or eliminated when hypoxemia was corrected by the administration of oxygen.
Phylogeny and Divergence-Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes

The muroid rodents are the largest superfamily of mammals, containing nearly one third of all mammal species. We report on a phylogenetic study comprising 53 genera sequenced for four nuclear genes, GHR, BRCA1, RAG1, and c-myc, totaling up to 6400 nucleotides. Most relationships among the subfamilies are resolved. All four genes yield nearly identical phylogenies, differing only in five key regions, four of which may represent particularly rapid radiations. Support is very strong for a fundamental division of the mole rats of the subfamilies Spalacinae and Rhizomyinae from all other muroids. Among the other "core" muroids, a rapid radiation led to at least four distinct lineages: Asian Calomyscus ,a nAfrican clade of at least four endemic subfamilies, including the diverse Nesomyinae of Madagascar, a hamster clade with maximum diversity in the New World, and an Old World clade including gerbils and the diverse Old World mice and rats (Murinae). The Deomyinae, recently removed from the Murinae, is well supported as the sister group to the gerbils (Gerbillinae). Four key regions appear to represent rapid radiations and, despite a large amount of sequence data, remain poorly resolved: the base of the "core" muroids, among the five cricetid (hamster) subfamilies, within a large clade of Sigmodontinae endemic to South America, and among major geographic lineages of Old World Murinae. Because of the detailed taxon sampling within the Murinae, we are able to refine the fossil calibration of a rate-smoothed molecular clock and apply this clock to date key events in muroid evolution. We calculate rate differences among the gene regions and relate those differences to relative contribution of each gene to the support for various nodes. The among-gene variance in support is greatest for the shortest branches. We present a revised classification for this largest but most unsettled mammalian superfamily. (Adaptive radiation; calibration; classification; molecular clock; Murinae; Sigmodontinae.)
Cuban Corporate Governance at the Crossroads: Cuban Marxism, Private Economic Collectives and Free Market Globalism

Sooner or later, Cuba will have to engage with globalization. This article considers whether it will be possible Cuba to remain true to its Marxist-Leninist principles of political and economic organization, and simultaneously embrace the emerging system of economic globalization. China appears to have accomplished this goal, Cuba could follow China's example. Despite all of the potential benefits to Cuba, a number of factors may make it impossible for Cuba to successfully implement a Cuba-appropriate version of the Chinese model of engagement with globalization. This paper considers six of the strongest arguments against adopting the Chinese model in Cuba. First, it is not clear that the Chinese model of global economic engagement has actually worked as advertised in China. Second, the Chinese model may not translate well to the Cuban context. The sort of engagement consistent with Maoist understandings of Marxist-Leninist theory may be impossible in the context of Cuba's more Stalinist system of politico-economic organization - at least without what in Cuba would be viewed as a substantial shift in the nature of the governing ideology. Third, neither Cuba nor China has solved the core foundational problem of economic development through independent collectives, legal entities that are not an integral part of the state apparatus controlled by the Communist party. Neither China's Maoist Marxist-Leninist theory, nor Cuba's Stalinist version have satisfactorily solved the central contradiction of Marxist-Leninist engagement - the privatization of economic activity essentially directed by autonomous economic collectives regulated by the state. Fourth, Cuba continues to actively resist integration into global patterns of capital. Fifth, Cuba is in a poor position to compete globally - its labor is expensive, its products overpriced, and its infrastructure in need of development in comparison to other developing states. Last, and most perversely, the subjective and highly emotional 'special relationship' between Cuba and the United States limits objective consideration of alternatives and thereby constrains choice. The paper concludes by suggesting that despite the problems, there are significant elements in the Chinese model worth adopting, elements that are already, to some extent, present in the current Cuban approach to engagement with globalization.
Rivalries in US Professional Soccer

This paper investigates factors that contribute to attendance in Major League Soccer, with a primary focus on the effect of rivalry matches. Using ordinary least squares, Tobit, and Prais-Winsten regressions, a panel of 1,191 matches found significant effects for a variety of match determinants, but relatively little support for the effect of rivalries. Fans and leagues appear to place a high value on scheduling rivalry matches, however it appears unlikely that these matches actually have a consistently statistical impact on match-day attendance. The relative insignificance of rivalry matches remains robust to the definition of rivalry as well as estimation procedure. Numerous other factors at the club and league’s discretion may provide larger impacts for leagues with a primary goal of increasing attendance.
Changes in teachers' ability to design inquiry-based lessons during a two-year preparation program

Current reforms require teachers to design effective inquiry-based lessons. This is a challenging task particularly for preservice teachers who may not have experienced inquiry learning, and who do not posses a large repertoire of teaching strategies, or knowledge of student thinking in the domain. Here we report on the development of preservice teachers' lesson designs in the context of a two-year certification program with four consecutive methods courses. These courses included multiple opportunities to plan and implement inquiry-based lessons and units. We analyzed the lesson-designs of 15 preservice teachers. These lessons were generated as part of clinical interview conducted at the end of each course. Analysis of lessons revealed growth in the teachers' ability to: (a) craft appropriate questions to gather students' preconceptions and drive inquiry lesson, (b) anticipate students' prior knowledge and attend to the broader context of the curriculum, and (c) create more relevant investigations.
Measuring EOS Robustness in Integrated Circuits

In this chapter, the power vs. time-to-failure (power profile) and the stress current vs. time-to-failure (current profile) device characteristics are proposed as feasible measures to determine the relative EOS hardness of integrated circuits. Experimentally measured power and current profiles together with failure analysis techniques can be used to pinpoint layout design weaknesses. Bipolar integrated circuits with different I/O ESD protection designs and nMOS gate-coupled protection devices are characterized for HBM-ESD and EOS under unipolar stress conditions. It will be shown that, according to measured power and current profiles, good ESD performance is not a sufficient condition to assure EOS robustness.
Thermoelectric Properties of Pristine and Doped Graphene Nanosheets and Graphene Nanoribbons: Part I

Thermal conductivity of pristine and doped graphene nanosheets and nanoribbons has been studied as a function of their width and length using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. Calculations of electronic thermal conductivity are presented for these structures using density functional theory (DFT). Effects of p- and n-type doping, presence of vacancies, effect of number of layers, and temperature have been presented.
Long-Term Effects of Different Cropping Systems on Selected Enzyme Activities

ABSTRACTThe historic Sanborn Field located on University of Missouri campus at Columbia, Missouri, was designed to demonstrate the importance of agricultural practices, such as fertilization, tillage, and crop rotation. Knowledge of the effect of long-term agricultural practices on the soil quality is critical for farmers to make better management decisions to efficiently and sustainably produce crops. This study examined long-term fertilization, tillage, and crop rotation effects on the activities of soil enzymes including phenol oxidase, peroxidase, dehydrogenase, cellulose, and β-glucosaminidase in the top soil layer (0–10 cm). The results showed that pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity are important factors that are associated with enzyme activities. Compared to conventional tillage, no-tillage treatment significantly increased activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and d β-glucosaminidase. Fertilization increased cellulase and β-glucosaminidase activity, but had mixed e...
A Demonstration of Hindsight Bias Using the Thomas Confirmation Vote

The Clarence Thomas confirmation vote provided an opportunity to demonstrate hindsight bias in a repeated-measures design using an ongoing political event. The 57 subjects displayed statistically significant memory distortions in recalling a higher number of confirming senatorial votes when asked one month after the vote to recall the estimate they had provided the day before the vote.
3-D Dynamic Simulation and Experiment for Shaft and Hole Mating of Redundant Dual-arm Robot

The kinematic constraint relations for shaft and hole mating of redundant dualarm robot are analyzed and a hierarchical control structure is designed.By means of 3-D dynamic graphic simulation,the shaft and hole mating experiment is performed on the cooperative control experiment platform of redundant dual-arm robot.Simulation and experiment results show that this method can make the redundant dual-arm robot complete shaft and hole mating smoothly.
Second-generation cephalosporins.

The rapid proliferation of β-lactam antibiotics has provided physicians with a well-stocked arsenal to deploy against infection. The clinical uses of second-generation drugs are discussed, and third-generation agents are previewed.
Environmental acclimation of computing systems

Environmental acclimation is an important step in commissioning new IT equipment in data centers. Acclimation allows equipment that may have been packaged and shipped in a variety of environmental conditions to adjust to the new data center environment before being powered on. Proper acclimation also minimizes the risk of powering on a machine that may still be wet due to moisture condensation. However, acclimation requirements can vary significantly and be too conservative or too vague, leading to misunderstanding of the phenomena, its impact on the system and the time needed for a system to remain unpowered in the install environment.
Expert System for On-Line Quality Control

One can hardly read a magazine these days without seeing an interesting story about the wonders of expert systems. This artificial intelligence area focuses on developing programs that can operate at human expert levels in restricted task domains. Such programs use knowledge and inference procedures to solve problems. A recent artificial intelligence conference (Elmer-DeWitt, 1985) showed expert systems have been promptly growing in a wide range of environments. One of these is quality control area.
Road traffic injuries in Peace Corps Volunteers, 1996-2014

Introduction Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Travellers are at risk given unfamiliarity with local road conditions and traffic rules. Peace Corps Volunteers are a unique population of long-term travellers who live and work in-country, often in remote settings, over a period of 27 months and use a range of transportation modes. Methods Data from Peace Corps9 Epidemiologic Surveillance System (ESS) and Death In-Service (DIS) database were analysed in 2015 for non-fatal and fatal road traffic injuries among in-service Volunteers from 1996 to 2014. Volunteer-months were used to calculate incidence rates, and rates were compared among countries and regions. Results A total of 5047 non-fatal and 15 fatal road crash injuries were reported during 1 616 252 Volunteer-months for an overall rate of 3.12 non-fatal injuries and 0.01 fatalities per 1000 Volunteer-months. The total combined rate of nonfatal road traffic injuries among Volunteers generally declined from 4.01 per 1000 Volunteer-months in 1996 to 2.84 in 2014. Pedestrian and bicycle injuries emerged as the most frequent mechanisms of injury during this timeframe. Differences in rates of observed road traffic-related fatalities among Volunteers compared with expected age-matched cohort rates in the US were not statistically significant. Conclusions Peace Corps transportation policies and training, and changes to road environments worldwide, may have led to a decrease in the rate of road traffic injuries among Peace Corps Volunteers. Pedestrians and bicyclists remain at risk of road traffic injuries.
EVIDENCE THAT RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY PRESENT IN BEETLE REGURGITANT IS FOUND TO STIMULATE VIRUS RESISTANCE IN PLANTS

Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'Pinto' bean is a local lesion host for the plant pathogen Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and its vector is the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. The objective of this study was to determine if prior feeding by the beetle would affect 'Pinto' bean's resistance to SBMV and determine if ribonuclease (RNase), a major constituent of beetle regurgitant, mediated the plant's response to the virus. 'Pinto' bean plants fed upon by beetles had increased resistance to plant viruses compared to non-wounded or mechanically wounded and buffer-treated plants. Plants that were mechanically wounded and treated with RNase had increased resistance to plant viruses that was equal to plants fed upon by adult beetles. The induction of plant pathogen defenses could be a good adaptation for the plant in the presence of a beetle and pathogen threat. This evidence suggests that RNase activity in the beetle regurgitant could function as an insect-derived elicitor of plant resistance to viruses.
Reactive Silver Oxalate Ink Composition with Enhanced Curing Conditions for Flexible Substrates

A solid silver-ligand complex, μ-oxolato-bis(ethylenediaminesilver(I)), was developed for formulating particle-free conductive metal–organic decomposition (MOD) inkjet inks. The complex comprises both a high molar silver content and solubility in inkjet compatible polar solvents. An aqueous ink formulation with 29.5 wt % silver content was developed and inkjet printed onto glass, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide substrates. A new hybrid thermal-photonic curing approach resulting in substantially improved electrical properties and substrate adhesion is presented. Silver conductive traces were measured to have bulk resistivity of 4.26 × 10–8 Ω m, which is 2.7 times that of bulk silver. One-pot complex synthesis yielded an easily isolated, and stable, solid product that can be formulated when needed thereby improving shelf life.
Cellular Stress Responses and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Progresses in the past two decades have greatly expanded our understanding of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an incurable disease with multifaceted and challenging clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of IBD involves multiple processes on the cellular level, which include the stress response signaling such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia. Under physiological conditions, the stress responses play key roles in cell survival, mucosal barrier integrity, and immunomodulation. However, they can also cause energy depletion, trigger cell death and tissue injury, promote inflammatory response, and drive the progression of clinical disease. In recent years, gut microflora has emerged as an essential pathogenic factor and therapeutic target for IBD. Altered compositional and metabolic profiles of gut microbiota, termed dysbiosis, are associated with IBD. Recent studies, although limited, have shed light on how ER stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxic stress interact with gut microorganisms, a potential source of stress in the microenvironment of gastrointestinal tract. Our knowledge of cellular stress responses in intestinal homeostasis as well as their cross-talks with gut microbiome will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and probably open avenues for new therapies.
In vivo imaging of inflammation and oxidative stress in a nonhuman primate model of cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration.

Loss of cardiac postganglionic sympathetic innervation is a characteristic pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It progresses over time independently of motor symptoms and is not responsive to typical anti-parkinsonian therapies. Cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration can be mimicked in animals using systemic dosing of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). As in PD, 6-OHDA-induced neuronal loss is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress. To assess the feasibility of detecting changes over time in cardiac catecholaminergic innervation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, myocardial positron emission tomography with the radioligands [11C]meta-hydroxyephedrine (MHED), [11C]PBR28 (PBR28), and [61Cu]diacetyl-bis(N(4))-methylthiosemicarbazone (ATSM) was performed in 6-OHDA-intoxicated adult, male rhesus macaques (n = 10; 50 mg/kg i.v.). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties, was administered to five animals (5 mg/kg, PO); the other five were placebo-treated. One week after 6-OHDA, cardiac MHED uptake was significantly reduced in both groups (placebo, 86% decrease; pioglitazone, 82%); PBR28 and ATSM uptake increased in both groups but were attenuated in pioglitazone-treated animals (PBR28 Treatment × Level ANOVA p < 0.002; ATSM Mann–Whitney p = 0.032). At 12 weeks, partial recovery of MHED uptake was significantly greater in the pioglitazone-treated group, dependent on left ventricle circumferential region and axial level (Treatment × Region × Level ANOVA p = 0.034); 12-week MHED uptake significantly correlated with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity across cardiac anatomy (p < 0.000002). PBR28 and ATSM uptake returned to baseline levels by 12 weeks. These radioligands thus hold potential as in vivo biomarkers of mechanisms of cardiac neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Three cardiac nerve loss biomarkers enable the visualization of cardiac neurodegeneration and response to neuroprotective treatment. The loss of sympathetic cardiac innervation in patients with PD causes symptoms such as postural hypotension, arrhythmia, and fatigue that do not respond to anti-parkinsonian medications. Marina Emborg and colleagues at University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA, used positron emission tomography with three radioligands to image changes in cardiac innervation, oxidative stress and inflammation in monkeys during neurotoxin-induced PD-like cardiac neurodegeneration. They were able to visualize the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increased production of reactive oxygen species during neurodegeneration as well as observe improvements in response to pioglitazone, a drug that has previously been shown to have neuroprotective effects in animal models of PD. These radioligands could be useful imaging biomarkers of cardiac nerve loss progression in patients with PD or cardiovascular disease.