cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical transients during the initial moments of anodic oxidation of aluminum

Abstract Electrochemical current and potential transients were measured during anodic oxidation of aluminum, on time scales of 0.1–100 ms after anodizing began. Aluminum foil samples were prepared by surface treatments yielding oxide films of thickness 5 nm or smaller. A mathematical model was developed for the transients based on steady-state and transient conduction phenomena established for much thicker anodic films. Model calculations and experimental transients were in quantitative agreement, indicating that the electrochemical behavior of the nanometer-thick films during their growth is strongly similar to that of anodic films. No electrochemical processes other than uniform oxide growth were detected, as might have been associated with defects constituting easy conduction paths. The rate of oxide growth was shown to be controlled by oxygen ion transfer at the film–solution interface.
Ascorbic acid and the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate.

Abstract The requirement for ascorbic acid in the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was studied in guinea pigs in which sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis was increased following intravenous injection of papain. Ascorbic acid has no effect on the initial concentration of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in tracheal, nasal and auricular cartilage, nor on the depletion produced by papain (EC 3.4.4.10). The rate of resynthesis measured as net synthesis during 7 days, was significantly decreased in the scorbutic guinea pigs. However, when other animals were restricted to the amount of food eaten by the scorbutic animals, but were given adequate ascorbic acid, the resynthesis was even less than in the scorbutic animals. The incorporation in vitro of [35S]sulfate was greater into cartilage from papain-treated animals than into normal cartilage. This was decreased in scorbutic cartilage but to an even greater extent in cartilage from normal animals on a limited food intake supplemented with ascorbic acid. Incorporation into cartilage of scorbutic guinea pigs given ascorbic acid 24 h before killing them was lower than into scorbutic cartilage. The results are discussed and the conclusions reached that the depression of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis in scurvy is secondary to inanition and that ascorbic acid is not essential for chondroitin 4-sulfate synthesis in cartilage.
Abstract A31: The long noncoding RNA lnc277 mediates a repressive gene signature in Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing9s sarcoma is a highly aggressive tumor characterized by a translocation between members of the FET family of RNA binding proteins and one of several ETS transcription factors, with the most common translocation being EWS-FLI1. Like many oncogenic translocations, EWS-FLI1 leads to changes in gene expression through mechanisms that are not completely understood. We performed RNA sequencing analysis on human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) expressing EWS-FLI1, which are thought to be the cell of origin of Ewing9s sarcoma. This analysis identified lnc277 as a previously uncharacterized long non-coding RNA upregulated by EWS-FLI1 in MPCs. Expression of lnc277 in Ewing9s sarcoma cell lines requires EWS-FLI1. In addition, inhibiting the expression of lnc277 diminished the ability of Ewing9s sarcoma cell lines to proliferate and form soft agar colonies. Using RNA sequencing and shRNA knockdown, we defined the transcriptional changes induced by EWS-FLI1 and lnc277. This analysis revealed that both EWS-FLI1 and lnc277 repress far more genes that they induce and that a large fraction of EWS-FLI1 repressed targets are also modulated by lnc277. Thus, lnc277 is an oncogenic long non-coding RNA downstream of EWS-FLI1 that facilitates the formation of Ewing9s sarcoma via the repression of target genes. Citation Format: Michelle Marques, David Simpson, Ron Chen, Dedeepya Vaka, Marcus Breese, Allayne Brunner, Rob West, Alejandro Sweet-Cordero. The long noncoding RNA lnc277 mediates a repressive gene signature in Ewing9s sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A31.
Provision of anesthesia with single application of lidocaine 2% gel.

Abstract Purpose To compare the efficacy of a single application of lidocaine 2% gel with tetracaine 0.5% drops for topical anesthesia in clear corneal cataract surgery. Setting The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Methods A preliminary toxicity study applied lidocaine 2% gel in the conjunctival fornices of rabbit eyes (n = 9). Biomicroscopic examination was performed and then enucleation at sequential intervals after the application. Intentional intracameral injection of lidocaine gel was performed (n = 3), followed by enucleation. Histopathological analysis was performed on all eyes. A randomized clinical trial comparing topical anesthesia in clear corneal cataract surgery was performed in 25 eyes of 25 patients (12 eyes randomly assigned to lidocaine gel, 13 eyes to tetracaine drops). Corneal sensation was measured with the Cochet–Bonnet aesthesiometer before application of the topical anesthesia, 5 minutes after application, and at the conclusion of surgery. Additional intraoperative local anesthesia and systemic sedation were recorded. Patients’ subjective level of comfort was reported 20 minutes after surgery, and the surgeon’s perception of patients’ comfort was also noted. Results In rabbits, lidocaine gel did not cause clinical or histopathological alteration of the ocular tissues. In the clinical study, median corneal sensitivity before application, after 5 minutes, and postoperatively was 6, 0, 0 (maximum sensitivity = 6), respectively, in the lidocaine gel group and 5, 0, 0, respectively, in the tetracaine drops group. Additional local anesthesia was administered in 17% and 31% of patients, respectively. Satisfactory comfort was reported by 58% in the lidocaine gel group and 62% in the tetracaine drops group. Conclusions A single application of lidocaine 2% gel was a safe and effective alternative to multiple topical anesthetic drops for clear corneal cataract surgery. Lidocaine 2% gel was similar to tetracaine drops in provision of corneal anesthesia and patient comfort,while causing no significant toxicity to the ocular surface.
Sponsored search auctions with conflict constraints

In sponsored search auctions advertisers compete for ad slots in the search engine results page, by bidding on keywords of interest. To improve advertiser expressiveness, we augment the bidding process with conflict constraints. With such constraints, advertisers can condition their bids on the non-appearance of certain undesired ads on the results page. We study the complexity of the allocation problem in these augmented SSA and we introduce an algorithm that can efficiently allocate the ad slots to advertisers. We evaluate the algorithm run time in simulated conflict scenarios and we study the implications of the conflict constraints on search engine revenue. Our results show that the allocation problem can be solved within few tens of milliseconds and that the adoption of conflict constraints can potentially increase search engine revenue.
Pimps Up, Ho's Down: Hip Hop's Hold on Young Black Women

Pimps Up, Ho's Down: Hip Hop's Hold on Young Black Women T. DENEAN SHARPLEY‐WHITING New York: New York University Press, 2007 ISBN 9780‐814740149 187 pp., $35.00 T. Denean Sharpley‐Whiting's Pimps ...
Mutagen--oligonucleotide complexes with a bulged base as models for frameshift mutation.

ACRIDINES and ethidium are frameshift mutagens1 which intercalate into DNA and RNA2, and into minihelices3,4 made of complementary dinucleotides. However, this intercalation does not provide an explanation of their mutagenic action. Frameshift mutagenesis requires a bulge of one or two bases in either the parent strand (a deletion mutation), or in the newly synthesised strand (an addition mutation). That is, for frameshift mutation to occur, some bases must remain unpaired and outside the normal double helix during replication. We have prepared minihelices containing such bulged bases stabilised by ethidium. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies reported here provide strong evidence that a mixture of the oligonucleotides GpUpG plus CpC in the presence of ethidium produces a minihelix containing two G·C base pairs with the uracil base bulged outside the helix and the ethidium intercalated. Similarly, CpUpG forms minihelices in the presence of ethidium containing bulged bases on both strands. These complexes provide models for the mutagenic action of ethidium.
The transition to community policing: the department’s role in upgrading officers’ skills

Suggests that policing is changing to a more responsive, community oriented approach which requires a change in the skills and knowledge of line officers. Departments need to develop long range plans for ensuring that police officers are prepared to meet the challenges of working with the community and solving problems. Continuing education and college courses provide a framework for bringing about change within the department. Presents an exploratory study which examines a random sample of Minnesota officers’ perceptions of the role of their agencies in upgrading officers’ skills and knowledge for the transition to community‐oriented policing. Results indicate that the majority of the continuing education completed by officers had little to do with developing skills associated with community‐oriented policing. Furthermore, officers contended that agencies were not generally supportive of their continuing college educations. Officers’ perceptions varied by the type of agency they belonged to, the size of the agency, their rank and their educational level.
Anti-Müllerian hormone as an independent predictor of twin versus singleton pregnancy in fresh cycles.

This study evaluated anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) as a possible predictor of twin pregnancy in women undergoing fresh cycles who had more than one embryo transferred. A retrospective study was performed of 139 patients undergoing fresh non-donor cycles which resulted in either singleton or twin pregnancy between 2009 and 2010 in this fertility clinic. Random serum AMH and other clinically relevant variables were compared. For further analysis, the population was stratified by age (<34 and ⩾34 years). Random serum AMH concentrations were 1.4-times greater in women conceiving twins compared with singletons (P=0.03). In women aged ⩾34, the AMH concentration in twins was 1.8-fold greater than singletons (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that AMH was an independent predictor of twins. ROC curve analysis showed that AMH had a significant predictive ability for twin pregnancy in women aged ⩾34 (AUC 0.67, P=0.01). In contrast, in women aged <34, AMH was not different between twin and singleton pregnancies. In summary, random serum AMH is an independent predictor of twin gestation when more than one embryo is transferred in women aged ⩾34. Considering a woman's AMH before transferring more than one embryo may assist in reducing the incidence of twins. Transferring multiple embryos to increase the chance of pregnancy and live birth rate is a common practice among assisted reproduction providers but often results in a high proportion of multiple pregnancies. Identifying factors predictive of multiple pregnancies is of paramount importance for the successful development of strategies to minimize multiple gestations. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has been shown to be closely correlated with a woman's egg reserve. Aside from the strong association of serum AMH concentration with quantitative ovarian response, serum AMH concentration has been associated with qualitative aspects of assisted reproduction such as embryo quality and pregnancy rates. Our objective was to evaluate AMH as a possible predictor of twin pregnancy in women undergoing fresh cycles who had more than one embryo transferred. Our study included 139 patients undergoing fresh non-donor cycles which resulted in either a singleton or twin pregnancy between 2009 and 2010 in our fertility clinic. Random serum AMH concentrations were compared. For further analysis, the population was divided into two groups (age <34 and ⩾34). AMH concentrations were 1.4-times greater in women conceiving twins compared with singletons. In women aged ⩾34, the AMH concentration in twins was 1.8-fold greater than singleton pregnancies. AMH was an independent predictor of twins with a significant predictive ability for twin pregnancy in women aged ⩾34. In contrast, in women aged <34, AMH was not different between twin and singleton pregnancies. In conclusion, considering a woman's AMH before transferring more than one embryo may assist in reducing the incidence of twins.
Efforts to Bridge the Gap between Research and Practice in Social Work: Precedents and Prospects: Keynote Address at the Bridging the Gap Symposium.

This keynote address discusses previous and ongoing efforts to reduce the persistent gap between research and practice in social work and offers recommendations for further bridging that gap. Key a...
Acute medical therapy.

The management of the acute stroke patient requires a coordinated, multidisciplinar y effort. In most emergency departments, the ratio of stroke to stroke mimics is 1 to 4 or i to 5. Therefore, there must be an efficient, skilled procedure for eliminating those diseases that mimic stroke such as Todd's paralysis, transient ischemic attacks (TIA), hysteria, migraine, and carpal ~nnel syndrome. Stroke patients must be stabilized according to basic protocols (airway, breathing, circulation) before neurologic evaluation begins; this process should require no more than a minute or two. Stroke management then includes diagnosis and possibly treatment. All of this is best accomplished with an institutionalized Stroke Team, comparable with a Code Blue team that rehearses, monitors performance, and uses feedback to continually improve care. Most of the time, acute stroke care will be merely supportive. In a small number of cases, however, thrombolysis will be indicated. Because the use of thrombolytic therapy is complicated, we devote the majority of our remarks to its use including rationale, patient selection, and drug administration. Brief remarks will be included for nonspecific management.
H2O-catalyzed formation of O3 in the self-reaction of HO2: a computational study on the effect of nH2O (n = 1–3)

The effect of nH2O (n = 1–3) on the association energies of H2O complexes and on the barriers for the formation of O3 in the self-reaction of HO2 reaction has been investigated by ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the modified Gaussian-2 (G2M) level of theory. The results show that H2O can affect the complex and O3 formation processes: the more H2O molecules participating in the reaction, the higher stability of the association complexes and the greater the lowering of the O3 elimination barrier becomes. For the isomers of the reactions, more hydrogen bonds being formed in the complexes enhances their stabilities. A preliminary kinetic calculation shows that below room temperature, H2O may enhance the formation of O3 noticeably.
Increased heat transfer to a cylindrical leading edge due to spanwise variations in the freestream velocity

The present study numerically demonstrates how small spanwise variations in velocity upstream of a body can cause relatively large increases in the spanwise-averaged heat transfer to the leading edge. Vorticity introduced by spanwise variations, first decays as it drifts downstream, then amplifies in the stagnation region as a result of vortex stretching. This amplification can cause a periodic array of 3 D structures, similar to horseshoe vortices, to form. The numerical results indicate that, for the given wavelength, there is an amplitude threshold below which a structure does not form. A one-dimensional analysis, to predict the decay of vorticity in the absence of the body, in conjunction with the full numerical results indicated that the threshold is more accurately stated as minimum level of vorticity required in the leading edge region for a structure to form. It is possible, using the one-dimensional analysis, to compute an optimum wavelength in terms of the maximum vorticity reaching the leading edge region for given amplitude. A discussion is presented which relates experimentally observed trends to the trends of the present phenomena.
Oxide-base adducts of aluminum : X-ray crystal structures of Me3Al(OPPh3), Me3Al(ONMe3) and [(CH3)3SiO]3Al(OPPh3)

Abstract The crystalline molecular structures of three Lewis adducts of aluminum are reported. The structures of the 1 : 1 adducts between trimethylaluminum and triphenylphosphine oxide, 1 : Me 3 Al(OPPh 3 ), trimethylaluminum and trimethylamine-N-oxide; 2 : Me 3 Al(ONMe 3 ); and 3 : [(CH 3 ) 3 SiO] 3 Al(OPPh 3 ) are discussed, and a comparison is made to the previously characterized aluminosilsesquinoxane complex ( c -C 6 H 11 ) 7 Si 7 O 12 Al(OPPh 3 ) ( 5 ).
Pseudonoise sequences based on algebraic function fields

This paper describes the new construction of nonbinary pseudonoise sequences or m-sequences. These sequences have random properties: uniform distribution of subsequences, expected distribution of runs, and ideal autocorrelations. The polynomial pseudonoise sequences based on algebraic feedback shift register sequences are discussed.
Efficient provenance storage

As the world is increasingly networked and digitized, the data we store has more and more frequently been chopped, baked, diced and stewed. In consequence, there is an increasing need to store and manage provenance for each data item stored in a database, describing exactly where it came from, and what manipulations have been applied to it. Storage of the complete provenance of each data item can become prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we identify important properties of provenance that can be used to considerably reduce the amount of storage required.We identify three different techniques: a family of factorization processes and two methods based on inheritance, to decrease the amount of storage required for provenance. We have used the techniques described in this work to significantly reduce the provenance storage costs associated with constructing MiMI [22], a warehouse of data regarding protein interactions, as well as two provenance stores, Karma [31] and PReServ [20], produced through workflow execution. In these real provenance sets, we were able to reduce the size of the provenance by up to a factor of 20. Additionally, we show that this reduced store can be queried efficiently and further that incremental changes can be made inexpensively.
Social versus biophysical availability of wood in the northern United States.

The availability of wood, be it harvested for sawlogs, pulpwood, biomass, or other products, is constrained by social and biophysical factors. Knowing the difference between social and biophysical availability is important for understanding what can realistically be extracted. This study focuses on the wood located in family forests across the northern United States. Family forest owners control 54% of the 7,685 million dry tons of wood in the region. To estimate availability, we begin with the total resource and then apply constraints related to slope, drainage, site productivity, tree size, size of forest holdings, distance to roads, harvesting restrictions, population pressures, and ownership attitudes. These constraints reduce wood availability significantly, by nearly two-thirds according to our calculations. The vast majority of this reduction is due to social factors, in particular owner attitudes. The greatest state-level reductions in wood availability are in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, all of which have estimated reductions of more than 75%.
An infinite dimensional approach to the third fundamental theorem of Lie.

We revisit the third fundamental theorem of Lie (Lie III) for finite dimensional Lie algebras in the context of infinite dimensional matrices.
Some phase synchronization algorithms for coherent MIMO radar

Practical realization of the coherent processing in widely separated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems requires the development of implementable techniques to ensure a common notion of phase among all the distributed radar elements. In this work, we present two effective approaches to achieve phase synchronization in coherent MIMO radar systems. The first one is the master-slave closed-loop approach, which employs a master-slave architecture. This method is very simple, and is particularly suitable for fine phase synchronization. The second one is the round-trip algorithm, which employs an unmodulated beacon signal to travel through all the radar elements in a round-trip manner. These algorithms are both time asynchronous in nature, and they require no a priori establishment of either time or frequency synchronization. Under a similar analytical framework, we mathematically characterize each of these algorithms, and further derive and analyze the statistical properties of the corresponding phase synchronization error.
Postcapture movement rates can inform data-censoring protocols for GPS-collared animals

Wildlife research often requires the capture, chemical immobilization, and handling of free-ranging animals. These activities have been documented to yield detrimental effects among some study subjects and may bias study results. We developed an empirical censoring protocol that investigated the postcapture movement rates of 89 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) outfitted with global positioning system (GPS) collars to identify data that should be censored from analyses due to postcapture recovery and acclimation. Average daily postcapture movement rates were significantly lower than average daily movement rates for a given calendar day for approximately 14 days postcapture. We tested the influence of biased data in a simple random walk simulation and found that net displacement values were significantly lower after 1,000 iterations when an uncensored data set was used than for data sets that did not include the first 2 weeks of GPS locations. Our results indicate that study animals exhibited sublethal effects of capture, handling, and instrument acclimation (reduced movement rates) for approximately 14 days postcapture. We recommend that all studies involving marked animals assess the influence of capture, handling, and instrumentation on postcapture movements to guard against data sets that are not representative of normal movement behavior. Inclusion of these data in movement analyses may bias results, especially when data sets are small (,90 days).
Molecular Surveillance of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds across the United States: Inferences from the Hemagglutinin Gene

A United States interagency avian influenza surveillance plan was initiated in 2006 for early detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in wild birds. The plan included a variety of wild bird sampling strategies including the testing of fecal samples from aquatic areas throughout the United States from April 2006 through December 2007. Although HPAIV was not detected through this surveillance effort we were able to obtain 759 fecal samples that were positive for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV). We used 136 DNA sequences obtained from these samples along with samples from a public influenza sequence database for a phylogenetic assessment of hemagglutinin (HA) diversity in the United States. We analyzed sequences from all HA subtypes except H5, H7, H14 and H15 to examine genetic variation, exchange between Eurasia and North America, and geographic distribution of LPAIV in wild birds in the United States. This study confirms intercontinental exchange of some HA subtypes (including a newly documented H9 exchange event), as well as identifies subtypes that do not regularly experience intercontinental gene flow but have been circulating and evolving in North America for at least the past 20 years. These HA subtypes have high levels of genetic diversity with many lineages co-circulating within the wild birds of North America. The surveillance effort that provided these samples demonstrates that such efforts, albeit labor-intensive, provide important information about the ecology of LPAIV circulating in North America.
A Bayesian model for predicting local El Niño events using tree ring widths and cellulose δ18O

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Nippert, Jesse B.; Hooten, Mevin B.; Sandquist, Darren R.; Ward, Joy K. (2010). "A Bayesian model for predicting local El Nino events using tree ring widths and cellulose δ18O." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 115(G1):G01011. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001101., which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001101. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
Physical activity in primary and secondary prevention - there is a treatment gap.

The latest European Society of Cardiology guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice reinforce the importance of changing behavioral risk factors, specifically smoking, an unhealthy diet, and a sedentary lifestyle [1]. Exercise training is a cornerstone in secondary prevention structured cardiac rehabilitation programs for cardiovascular disease and the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology are to be congratulated on their position papers in this area. The position paper in this issue of the European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation [page 319] adds to that record by providing an up-to-date summary of the relationships between physical activity and cardiovascular health in primary and secondary prevention. However, the recommendations simply reinforce the existence of a ‘treatment gap’, i.e., the differential between ‘best’ current evidence for effective interventions and the actual advice and care that people receive for physical activity and cardiovascular health in primary and secondary prevention.
Transition probabilities for the Ne i 3p-4d array

Transition probabilities for the Ne i 3p-4d array are calculated using intermediate coupling. Transitions in this array form the upper half of many feasible two-photon transitions when using a rhodamine 6- G dye laser.
Quantifying the intracellular transport of viral and nonviral gene vectors in primary neurons.

Real-time confocal particle tracking (CPT) was used to compare the transport and trafficking of polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA nanocomplexes to that of efficient adenoviruses in live primary neurons. Surprisingly, the quantitative intracellular transport properties of PEI/DNA nonviral gene vectors are similar to that of adenoviral vectors. For example, the values of individual particle/virus transport rates and the distributions of particle/virus transport modes (i.e., the percentage undergoing active, diffusive, or subdiffusive transport) largely overlapped. In addition, both PEI/DNA vectors and adenoviruses rapidly accumulated near the cell nucleus in primary neurons despite our finding that PEI/DNA move slower in neurites than in the cell body, whereas adenoviruses move with equal rates in either location. The intracellular trafficking pathways of PEI/DNA and adenoviruses, however, were substantially different. The majority of PEI/DNA trafficked through the endolysosomal pathway so as to end up in late end...
Restall’s Proof-Theoretic Pluralism and Relevance Logic

Restall (Erkenntnis 79(2):279–291, 2014) proposes a new, proof-theoretic, logical pluralism. This is in contrast to the model-theoretic pluralism he and Beall proposed in Beall and Restall (Aust J Philos 78(4):475–493, 2000) and in Beall and Restall (Logical pluralism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006). What I will show is that Restall has not described the conditions on being admissible to the proof-theoretic logical pluralism in such a way that relevance logic is one of the admissible logics. Though relevance logic is not hard to add formally, one critical component of Restall’s pluralism is that the relevance logic that gets added must have connectives which mean the same thing as the connectives in the already admitted logic. This is what I will show is not possible.
Guéhenno, Jean Diary of the Dark Years, 1940–1944: Collaboration, Resistance, and Daily Life in Occupied Paris Ed. and trans. David Ball New York: Oxford University Press 304 pp., $29.95 ISBN 978-0-19-997086-5 Publication Date: July 2014

First published in France in 1947, this work has long been an important primary source for historians of France's annees noires, the dark years between the Strange Defeat of June 1940 and the liber...
Reprint of “The relationship between siblings’ college choices: Evidence from one million SAT-taking families”

Abstract Recent empirical work has demonstrated the importance both of educational peer effects and of various factors that affect college choices. We connect these literatures by highlighting a previously unstudied determinant of college choice, namely the college choice made by one's older sibling. Data on 1.6 million sibling pairs of SAT-takers reveals that younger and older siblings’ choices are very closely related. One-fifth of younger siblings enroll in the same college as their older siblings. Compared to their high school classmates of similar academic skill and with observably similar families, younger siblings are about 15–20 percentage points more likely to enroll in 4-year colleges or highly competitive colleges if their older siblings do so first. These findings vary little by family characteristics. Younger siblings are more likely to follow the college choices of their older siblings the more they resemble each other in terms of academic skill, age and gender. We discuss channels through which older siblings’ college choices might causally influence their younger siblings, noting that the facts documented here should prompt further research on the sharing of information and shaping of educational preferences within families.
Impaired Down-Regulation of Pituitary Dopamine Receptors by Estradiol in Aged Rats

Administration of 17&estradiol to mature (6-12 months) rats results in a more than 50% reduction in pituitary dopamine receptor concentrations, without affecting binding affinity. In contrast, when the same manipulation is performed on senescent (24-25 months) rats, negligible change in receptor concentration occurs. These results suggest that age-related increases in estrogen-stimulated prolactin release are not due to decreased dopaminergic inhibition at the receptor level. (P.S.E.B.M. 1989, Vol1921
A Column Chromatographic Method for the Combined Analysis of Creatine Kinase-MB(CPK-MB) and Lactate Dehydrogenase 1,2(LDH 1, 2) Isoenzymes

A column chromatographic method for the simultaneous single-eluate isolation of CPK-MB and LDH 1,2 has been evaluated. The method is rapid in that the entire isolation is completed in less than an hour and subsequent analysis can be performed using presently available spectrophotometric methods and reagents without the need for electrophoresis equipment. In addition, since the isoenzymes are directly isolated, quantitation of enzymatic activity can be performed with precision. This technic permits detection of CPK-MB and LDH 1,2 in samples with normal values of total CPK and LDH utilizing a routine laboratory spectrophotometer. The sensitivities for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are 95% for LDH 1,2 and 100% for CPK-MB. The specificities for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are 86% for LDH 1,2 and 96% for CPK-MB.
The development of a framework between the 3D printed patterns and sand-cast work pieces

This paper describes a research project comparing the ability of the latest 3D printers to produce reliable, accurate 3D patterns and to collect their energy consumption information that pertains to the production of various parts used in making sand-cast parts. The goal of this research is to produce 3D printed patterns for the final, near net shape sand-cast parts. The parts chosen to be printed and cast varied in size, shape, and complexity. Also associated with the 3D printed patterns, various draft angles were designed and produced to investigate how they affected pattern removal. The purpose was to make correlations between a high-quality 3D printed pattern and cast piece in relation to their quality of production, cost factors and print time variations. It was also intended to understand the limits of applications of 3D printed patterns to sand casting and to show process efficiencies.
Mevalonate kinase in lysates of cultured human fibroblasts and lymphoblasts: Kinetic properties, assay conditions, carrier detection and measurement of residual activity in a patient with mevalonic aciduria

An assay has been developed for the measurement of mevalonate kinase activity in extracts of cultured human fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. Individual elements of the assay were investigated in order to achieve optimum conditions. Apparent Michaelis constants (KMapp) for the substrates mevalonic acid and adenosine-5'-triphosphate were 22 +/- 10 mumol/l and 0.42-0.53 mmol/l, respectively, in lysates of control fibroblast lines. The same values in lysates of a control lymphoblast line were 17 mumol/l and 0.23 mmol/l, respectively. Mevalonate kinase activity in extracts of cultured fibroblasts derived from 6 control individuals was 3.24 +/- (SD) 0.91 nmol/min/mg protein. The activity in extracts of fibroblasts derived from a patient with mevalonic aciduria was 0.15 +/- 0.10 nmol/min/mg protein, approximately 5% of the control mean. The parents and brother of the patient displayed mevalonate kinase activities in fibroblast extracts approximating 38-42% of the control mean. Substantially higher mevalonate kinase activity was documented in extracts of cultured lymphoblasts. When assayed on various occasions, the mean activity of mevalonate kinase in extracts of lymphoblasts derived from the parents, brother and maternal grandmother of the patient ranged from 27 to 32% of the mean activity of 9.8 +/- (SD) 3.4 nmol/min/mg protein measured in a parallel control lymphoblast line, while the mean activity in a maternal and paternal uncle approximated 65-89% of the same control mean. The mean activity in extracts of lymphoblasts derived from the patient approximated 2% of the control mean. The data suggest that the parents, brother and maternal grandmother are carriers of the defective gene responsible for mevalonate kinase deficiency, consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
Internal standards in the estimation of acetyl-CoA in liver extracts

The necessity for adding an internal standard to liver extracts during fluorimetric estimation of acetyl-CoA by the malic dehydrogenase-citrate synthase reaction is demonstrated. Addition of acetyl-CoA completely compensates for the inhibitory action of some tissue components. Values for hepatic acetyl-CoA in fed and fasted rats are given.
The jackup rig construction market in the US gulf coast

ABSTRACTThe US jackup construction industry has historically been the major provider of newbuilt drilling rigs operating in state waters and on the US. Outer Continental Shelf. From 2000 to 2010, a total of 26 jackups were delivered to the US market by two US shipyards. The purpose of this paper is to examine the US construction market that supplies jackup rigs in the region. Cost, labour, and material estimates for rig construction are developed and it is estimated that between 1000 and 3500 people were directly employed by the rig newbuild industry in the US Gulf Coast between 2000 and 2010. The US jackup construction industry is geographically localised and generates about $360 million in annual revenue, but its long-term outlook is uncertain because shallow water drilling in the region has been declining for the past two decades as capital flows to onshore resource plays and the deepwater sector. Regression models for rig construction cost are used to calibrate capital expenditures and steel weight re...
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Combination Pharmacotherapy, Adverse Effects, and Treatment of High-Risk Youth

Treating bipolar disorder in pediatric patients is challenging because data from rigorous trials of pharmacotherapy in this population are still not plentiful enough. Furthermore, the treatment of children and adolescents is complicated by the frequent need to combine pharmacotherapies to address all bipolar symptoms as well as this population's elevated risk for experiencing side effects. Additionally, young patients with depressive episodes who are at high risk for developing bipolar disorder need careful treatment to prevent or delay the emergence of mania. Despite these challenges, clinicians should evaluate the existing pediatric literature, extrapolate evidence obtained from adult patients, and draw from clinical experience to guide treatment decisions for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.
Gibbons to Gorillas: Allometric Issues in Hominoid Cranial Evolution

The major body size disparity between the hylobatids (small apes) and hominids (large apes), as well as the scarce number of extant hominoid taxa, is particularly challenging for interpreting hominoid craniofacial feature polarities. Any features differing between the two subclades will automatically be correlated, whether causally or spuriously, with body size. In this chapter, we highlight examples where the validity of several proposed hominid synapomorphies is challenged when hylobatid morphology and multilevel allometric analyses are factored in. These findings have implications regarding various Miocene hominoid evolutionary scenarios. We propose that hominoid phylogenetic studies in general require an increased emphasis on the hylobatids, and we offer a specific multistep allometric framework that can be applied to studying fossil and extant hominoid morphologies.
Defining the Tipping Point in Surgical Performance for Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy Among Transplant Surgery Fellows: A Risk-Adjusted Cumulative Summation Learning Curve Analysis.

UNOS recommends that fellowship-trained surgeons participate in 15 LDN to be considered proficient. ASTS mandates 12 LDN during abdominal transplant surgery fellowship (ATSF). We performed a retrospective intraoperative case analysis to create a risk-adjusted cumulative summation (RACUSUM) model to assess the learning curve (LC) of novice TSF (nTSF). Between January 2000 and December 2014, 30 nTSF rotated on the Organ Procurement Rotation (OPR) of our ASTS-approved ATSF. Measures of surgical performance included: 1) intraoperative time (ORT), 2) estimated blood loss (EBL), and 3) incidence of intraoperative complications (IOC). Performance of senior TSF (sTSF) was used to benchmark nTSF performance. Scores were tabulated in a learning curve model (LCM), adjusting for case complexity and prior TSF case volume. Rates of adverse surgical events (ASE) were significantly higher for nTSF than for sTSF. Univariable analysis correlated multiple renal arteries, high BMI, prior abdominal surgery, male donors, and nephrolithiasis with a higher incidence of ASE. Based on the RACUSUM LCM, high ORT is mitigated after 28 procedures; IOC tend to diminish after 24 procedures; and improvement in EBL did not remain consistent. TSF exhibit a tipping point in LDN performance by 24-28 cases and proficiency by 35-38 cases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Corticospinal excitability measurements using transcranial magnetic stimulation are valid with intramuscular electromyography

Objectives Muscular targets that are deep or inaccessible to surface electromyography (sEMG) require intrinsic recording using fine-wire electromyography (fEMG). It is unknown if fEMG validly record cortically evoked muscle responses compared to sEMG. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the validity and agreement of fEMG compared to sEMG to quantify typical transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures pre and post repetitive TMS (rTMS). The hypotheses were that fEMG would demonstrate excellent validity and agreement compared with sEMG. Materials and methods In ten healthy volunteers, paired pulse and cortical silent period (CSP) TMS measures were collected before and after 1200 pulses of 1Hz rTMS to the motor cortex. Data were simultaneously recorded with sEMG and fEMG in the first dorsal interosseous. Concurrent validity (r and rho) and agreement (Tukey mean-difference) were calculated. Results fEMG quantified corticospinal excitability with good to excellent validity compared to sEMG data at both pretest (r = 0.77–0.97) and posttest (r = 0.83–0.92). Pairwise comparisons indicated no difference between sEMG and fEMG for all outcomes; however, Tukey mean-difference plots display increased variance and questionable agreement for paired pulse outcomes. CSP displayed the highest estimates of validity and agreement. Paired pulse MEP responses recorded with fEMG displayed reduced validity, agreement and less sensitivity to changes in MEP amplitude compared to sEMG. Change scores following rTMS were not significantly different between sEMG and fEMG. Conclusion fEMG electrodes are a valid means to measure CSP and paired pulse MEP responses. CSP displays the highest validity estimates, while caution is warranted when assessing paired pulse responses with fEMG. Corticospinal excitability and neuromodulatory aftereffects from rTMS may be assessed using fEMG.
Reconsidering Against Medical Advice Discharges

To the Editors:—In his recent article, “Reconsidering Against Medical Advice Discharges: Embracing Patient-Centeredness to Promote High Quality Care and a Renewed Research Agenda”, Dr. Alfandre makes a very reasoned argument for why we should reconsider this outdated practice.1 I fully support his position, and agree that through the lens of patient centered care, an Against Medical Advice (AMA) discharge has little place. Dr. Alfandre mistakenly suggests, however, that hospitals should focus on AMA discharges because of the increased attention to 30-day readmission rates and potential implications for reimbursement. Under current guidelines, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) does not include the index hospitalization for patients who are discharged against medical advice in its reported 30-day readmission calculations.2 As a result, these admissions are entirely excluded from current reported readmission calculations for Medicare patients.3 It is possible, therefore, that hospitals that work to reduce AMA discharges may actually see an increase in their readmission rates if these patients are instead discharged through the standard pathway. As we work to improve our approach to AMA discharges, we also need to be sure that progressive institutions seeking to improve patient care are not inadvertently penalized.
Laboratory biomarkers for venous thromboembolism risk in patients with hematologic malignancies: A review.

Abstract Introduction Despite high rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among patients with hematologic malignancies, few tools exist to assist providers in identifying those patients at highest risk for this potentially fatal complication. Laboratory biomarkers, such as d-dimer, have demonstrated utility in some clinical settings to distinguish patients at increased risk. Materials and methods We performed a systematic review of the literature utilizing search terms including “biomarker”, “venous thromboembolism”, “hematologic malignancy”, “lymphoma”, “myeloma” and “leukemia” in the Medline database. A total of 25 studies investigating laboratory biomarkers of increased thrombotic risk in the setting of hematologic malignancy were identified and included in this review. Results and conclusions The most studied biomarkers, d-dimer and fibrinogen, demonstrated some degree of efficacy in identifying high-risk patients at levels >4.0 mg/L or
The Metaphysics of Sex and Gender

In this chapter I offer an interpretation of Judith Butler’s metaphysics of sex and gender and situate it in the ontological landscape alongside what has long been the received view of sex and gender in the English speaking world, which owes its inspiration to the works of Simone de Beauvoir. I then offer a critique of Butler’s view, as interpreted, and subsequently an original account of sex and gender, according to which both are constructed—or conferred, as I would put it—albeit in different ways and subject to different constraints.
Spectral Kinetics and the Efficiency of (Bio) Chemical Reactions

In this article we discuss some aspects of physical chemical non-linear systems, in particular the effect of external periodic perturbations on non-linear chemical reactions, which we call spectral kinetics. As an application we analyze the efficiency of a biological energy transduction system, a proton pump. The organizers of the conference requested qualitative summaries and some speculation, and we indulge so in this regard here and there.
Role of Synergism in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy

My thesis is that the accumulation of certain toxins having synergistic interactions with each other lead to the development of hepatic encephalopathy, and that other endogenous abnormalities augment the toxicity of these substances (Figure 1). Four of the substances that accumulate during hepatic failure have been shown unequivocally to cause coma in experimental animals. These are ammonia, mercaptans, fatty acids, and phenols. The role of ammonia in human HE is well recognized, and has been discussed (see chapter by Schenker). However, ammonia excess alone cannot entirely account for the encephalopathy seen in a typical case, though it is an important factor.1
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) in experimental amebic meningoencephalitis.

Nelson,et al. (18,19) in their study of experimental bacterial meningitis due to Escherichia coli reported that the pial and adventitial cells (pericytes) became phagocytic while the arachnoidal cells were less active in phagocytosis and did not ingest bacteria. Morgan, et al. (16) demonstrated in aseptic leptomeningitis that pial and arachnoidal cells became phagocytic and they suggested that these mesenchymal cells, like RES cells, were capable of responding to a variety of stimuli changing their function and morphology. Rio-Hortega (21–23) demonstrated that the micro-glial cells in the brain and similar cells of extracerebral sites have argentophilic cytoplasm and cytoplasmic processes. However, they are neither phagocytic nor stainable with vital dyes as other cells of the RES until altered or stimulated by an inflammatory reaction. The latter elicits its protective functions by modifying their physiological activity. Microglia (Hortega cells),“gitterzellen”, or lipophages can be transformed into phagocytic cells or free macrophages during injury, trauma or infectious processes (3,15,16,21,23,25).