cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of Mathematical Language: Suggestions and Activities for English Language Learners

In this article, we describe aspects of mathematical language that could be problematic to English-language learners, provide recommendations for teaching English-language learners, and suggest activities intended to foster language development in mathematics.
Clinical fetal monitoring: The usage and relationship to trends in cesarean delivery and perinatal mortality

During the six years 1970-1975, 62 266 deliveries occurred at Women's Hospital, Los Angeles County—University of Southern California Medical Center. Of these patients, 18 106 (29 per cent) were monitored, with an incidence of 18 per cent in 1970 which rose to 35 per cent in 1975. The patients were divided into monitored and un-monitored groups for comparison of cesarean section rates and various aspects of perinatal mortality. The overall cesarean section rate was 9.6 per cent with 2 830 cesareans performed in monitored patients (16 per cent) and 3 124 in those unmonitored, a 7 per cent incidence including repeat cesarean. The cesarean rate remained remarkably stable over the 6-year study period even though the monitoring incidence nearly doubled. From 1970 to 1975, the intrapartum death rate fell progressively in contrast to the incidence of antepartum fetal deaths, which remained unchanged. Overall, 50 per cent survival rate was achieved in the birth weight range of 1 200 grams. A particular group of pe...
Fiscal Impacts of Charter Schools: Lessons from New York.

Abstract This brief argues that charter school programs can have direct fiscal impacts on school districts for two reasons. First, operating two systems of public schools under separate governance arrangements can create excess costs. Second, charter school financing policies can distribute resources to or away from districts. Using the city school districts of Albany and Buffalo in New York, we demonstrate how fiscal impacts on local school districts can be estimated. We find that charter schools have had fiscal impacts on these two school districts. Finally, we argue that charter schools policies should seek to minimize any avoidable excess costs created by charter schools and ensure that the burden of any unavoidable excess costs is equitably distributed across traditional public schools, charter schools, and the state. We offer concrete policy recommendations that may help to achieve these objectives.
Culture of Mouse Neural Stem Cell Precursors

Primary neural stem cell cultures are useful for studying the mechanisms underlying central nervous system development. Stem cell research will increase our understanding of the nervous system and may allow us to develop treatments for currently incurable brain diseases and injuries. In addition, stem cells should be used for stem cell research aimed at the detailed study of mechanisms of neural differentiation and transdifferentiation and the genetic and environmental signals that direct the specialization of the cells into particular cell types. This video demonstrates a technique used to disaggregate cells from the embryonic day 12.5 mouse dorsal forebrain. The dissection procedure includes harvesting E12.5 mouse embryos from the uterus, removing the "skin" with fine dissecting forceps and finally isolating pieces of cerebral cortex. Following the dissection, the tissue is digested and mechanically dissociated. The resuspended dissociated cells are then cultured in "stem cell" media that favors growth of neural stem cells.
Gas phase C2-C10 organic acids concentrations in the Los Angeles atmosphere

The atmospheric concentrations of gas-phase C_2−C_(10) monocarboxylic and benzoic acids are reported in samples collected during a severe Los Angeles area photochemical smog episode. Average urban concentrations are 10−50 × greater than concentrations observed at a remote background location, indicating an anthropogenic origin for these compounds. Average urban concentrations during the episode were 16.1 μg m^(-3) (6.6 ppb) for acetic acid and 1.67 μg m^(-3) (0.55 ppb) for propionic acid, with progressively lesser amounts as the carbon chain length of the acids is increased. Spatial and diurnal variations in atmospheric organic acids concentrations point to the importance of both direct emissions from primary sources and formation by photochemical reaction of precursor compounds.
The Role of Alcohol and Gender in Choices and Judgments About Hypothetical Sexual Encounters1

The goal of this study was to explore the process by which sexual situations that involve alcohol are negotiated. A scenario depicting a drinking situation involving potential sexual activity was constructed and converted into a text-based interactive computer game, in which alcohol consumption of the subject and partner roles was varied. The program included a number of points at which the subject's response determined the subsequent course of action. At these choice points, questions were asked about perceptions of sexual interest and nervousness. The results showed strong gender differences in subjects' choices, judgments, and feelings throughout the hypothetical encounter, with men much more likely to choose responses leading to sexual activity and to express more attraction and sexual desire throughout. Alcohol interacted with gender such that among women, those in drinking scenarios were more likely than those in nondrinking scenarios to choose to have sex at the end of the scenario; this effect was not seen in male subjects.
Influence of Cholic Acid on the Utilization of Fats in the Growing Chicken

Abstract The influence of 0.2% cholic acid in a purified type diet on the utilization of tallow (TLW), lard (LD), hydrogenated soyabean oil (HSBO) or corn oil (CNO) was studied using chicks two to four weeks of age. The fats were added to the diet to replace either 50 or 100% of the metabolizable energy from glucose. The presence of cholic acid significantly improved the apparent absorbability of all fats by an average of 2.1 percent, despite their high absorbability (average 92.7%). This was substantiated by significant increases in the metabolizable energy (M. E.) of most diets as follows: (a) fats substituted isocalorically for 50 percent of TLW diet, +4.4%; LD diet, −1.1%; HSBO diet, +9.8%; CNO, +8.5%; and (b) fats substituted isocalorically for 100 percent of the glucose; TLW diet, +15.8%; LD, diet +2.2%; HSBO diet, +4.9%; CNO diet, +2.5%. The M. E. values for the fats in the diets without cholic acid, and those with cholic acid were 13 to 21%, and 20 to 41%, respectively, higher than reported M. E. values. The extra caloric effect of dietary lipids appeared to be derived from the non-lipid components of the diet.
On the internal nucleation of melting

Abstract Crystals of quartz have been superheated by some 450°C and crystals of albite by some 185°C above their respective melting points. In all cases, melting took place by the nucleation of liquid at the external surfaces (and internal boundaries as well in the case of albite). No evidence for the internal nucleation of liquid was found at any superheat for either material. The results of quartz indicate an exceptionallu large barrier to the internal nucleation of liquid. It is suggested that this large nucleation barrier is associated with the strain energy of forming a liquid nucleus within the crystalline phase. It is also indicated that the nucleation of liquid at the external surfaces of crystals at negligible superheats suggests that the free surfaces of liquids do not per se serve as preferred nucleating sites for crystallization — and that the crystal nucleation often observed at external surfaces or internal surfaces is in fact associated with condensed second-phase impurities.
Mechanical and tribological properties of interlayer films for the damascene-Cu chemical-mechanical planarization process

Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) has emerged as the most preferred method to achieve excellent global and local planarity in the damascene-Cu process. As the feature sizes shrink, understanding the fundamentals of CMP is critical for successful implementation of the CMP process in sub 0.35-µm technology. It is also important to understand the effects of mechanical and tribological properties of the interlayer films on the CMP process to conduct successful evaluation and implementation of these materials. In this paper, we present the mechanical and tribological properties of various interlayer films (SiO2, SiC, low-k B, low-k C, Ta, and Cu) and discuss the CMP process of the films in an alumina-based Cu slurry. Mechanical properties were evaluated using a nanoindentation technique. A micro-CMP tester was used to study the fundamental aspects of the CMP process. The coefficient of friction (COF) was measured during the process and was found to decrease both with downward pressure and with platen rotation. An acoustic sensor, attached to the substrate carrier, was used to monitor the process, and the signal was recorded to examine the difference in polishing behavior of these films. The acoustic emission (AE) signal was found to increase with the increase in platen velocity and pressure. Effects of machine parameters on the polishing behavior of the interlayer films and the correlation of mechanical properties with tribological properties have been discussed.
The dielectric behavior of some fluorogases and their mixtures

IN THE last 15 years the practical possibilities of the fluorogases as dielectrics have increased and their use has been demonstrated in several applications.1,2 Sulfur hexafluoride and Freon 12 are available economically in large quantities and for this reason have received extensive studies.3,4,5 However, fragmentary data showed that many compounds, although not yet available in large quantities, held promise and needed comprehensive evaluations.
Efficacy of ampicillin trihydrate or ceftiofur hydrochloride for treatment of metritis and subsequent fertility in dairy cows

Our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of ampicillin trihydrate for the treatment of metritis in dairy cows compared with ceftiofur hydrochloride and the subsequent effects on pregnancy at first insemination (P/AI). Cows in the first 12 d in milk (DIM) with a uterine discharge score of 5 (watery, reddish or brownish discharge of foul smell) and rectal temperature <39.5°C were diagnosed with metritis based on the fetid discharge, and cows with metritis and rectal temperature ≥39.5°C were diagnosed as having puerperal metritis. Cows with metritis (n=528) were blocked by parity and type of metritis as fetid discharge or puerperal metritis and, within each block, assigned randomly to receive 11mg/kg of ampicillin (n=259) or 2.2mg/kg of ceftiofur (n=269) once daily for 5 d. Day of diagnosis of metritis was considered study d 1. A cohort of 268 cows without metritis was selected randomly at 12 DIM. Rectal temperature was measured in cows with metritis on study d 1 to 7, and 12, and vaginal discharge was scored on study d 5, 7, and 12. Metritis cure was characterized by vaginal discharge score of <5 or by vaginal discharge score of <5 and no fever. At 32±3 DIM, vaginal discharge was scored for diagnosis of purulent vaginal discharge. At 39±3 DIM, endometrial cytology was performed. At 53±3 and 67±3 DIM, ovaries were scanned to determine estrous cyclicity. Pregnancy was evaluated after the first AI. Cure of metritis based on vaginal discharge <5 was greater for ampicillin than ceftiofur on d 5 (37.1 vs. 25.2%) and 7 (57.2 vs. 46.3%), but not on d 12 (82.0 vs. 85.0%). Cure of metritis based on vaginal discharge <5 and no fever was greater for ampicillin than for ceftiofur only on d 7 (50.4 vs. 37.9%), but not on d 5 (23.1 vs. 17.6%) and 12 (66.1 vs. 67.4%). Cows with puerperal metritis had reduced cure compared with cows with fetid discharge on d 5 (30.5 vs. 12.8%), 7 (55.2 vs. 33.6%), and 12 (72.0 vs. 61.1%). The proportion of cows with fever on any day after therapy started did not differ between treatments. Fifty-three percent of cows with metritis based on fetid discharge developed fever after initiating antimicrobial therapy. Cows receiving ampicillin had less prevalence of purulent vaginal discharge than those treated with ceftiofur (57.7 vs. 67.8%), but they were both greater than cows without metritis (21.9%). Prevalence of cytological endometritis did not differ between ampicillin and ceftiofur (30.0 vs. 25.4%), but they were both greater than cows without metritis (14.5%). The proportion of estrous cyclic cows (75.0%) and P/AI did not differ among treatments (ampicillin=28.0% vs. ceftiofur=28.3% vs. without metritis=30.5%). Clinical cure was faster for ampicillin than for ceftiofur, but on study d 12 both treatments resulted in similar cure. Clinical cure was less for cows with puerperal metritis than for cows with fetid uterine discharge. Despite differences in uterine health, P/AI at the first insemination did not differ among treatments.
Documentation of competency: Maintaining an outcomes database.

Medical practice in the 21st century will include increased scrutiny of the competency of vascular surgeons measured in large part by treatment outcomes. At least part of the drive behind this is that the public demand for clinical competency of its doctors is greater than ever as the unassailable position of the "all-knowing physician" is (appropriately) vanishing. Two general types of variables need to be considered in the assessment of treatment outcomes: key outcome variables and key process variables. Key outcome variables are the critical results from a treatment plan, whereas key process variables affect these results. Ideal tracking methods do not exist in most hospital systems, and many variables are out of the control of the individual surgeon. Difficulties recording and reporting outcomes and determining competencies are numerous, but vascular surgeons must accept and overcome these difficulties. Standardized definitions for preoperative, surgical, and postoperative variables as well as treatment results must be decided before attempting to determine competency. Once the variables and definitions to define competency are determined, commercially available computer software can make the task of data recording and data output realistic. Eventually, systemwide "enterprise" solutions from computer companies will make this task even more uncomplicated.
Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli strain exhibiting partial tolerance to quinolones.

Quinolone antimicrobial agents rapidly kill bacteria by largely unknown mechanisms. To study this phenomenon, a strain of Escherichia coli inhibited but inefficiently killed by (i.e., partially tolerant to) norfloxacin was isolated and characterized. E. coli KL16 (norfloxacin MIC, 0.10 microgram/ml; MBC, 0.20 microgram/ml) was mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine and cyclically exposed to 3 micrograms of norfloxacin per ml. After five cycles, a bacterial strain (DS1) which was killed 1,000-fold less than KL16 during 3 h of drug exposure was isolated. The MIC and MBC of norfloxacin for DS1 were 0.20 and 1.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. Over a range of norfloxacin concentrations, DS1 was killed 2 to 4 orders of magnitude less than KL16. DS1 grew more slowly than KL16 but after normalization for growth rate was killed four times less rapidly than KL16 at drug concentrations 10-fold higher than respective MICs. DS1 and KL16 cells filamented similarly upon exposure to norfloxacin. DS1 exhibited tolerance to other DNA gyrase A subunit antagonists (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and DNA gyrase B subunit antagonists (novobiocin and coumermycin) but not to the aminoglycoside gentamicin, suggesting involvement of DNA gyrase. DS1 also appeared to be minimally tolerant to the beta-lactam cefoxitin. DS1 exhibited increased susceptibility to the mutagen methyl methanesulfonate, implying a defect in DNA repair. This report describes the first use of quinolone enrichment for isolation of a bacterial strain partially tolerant to quinolones. The study of defects in such tolerant strains offers an approach to an increased understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial killing by quinolones.
Studies at the McMath-Hulbert Observatory of Radio Frequency Radiation at the Time of Solar Flares

The complex flare phenomenon is described in terms of its photographic aspect on H? spectroheliograms, associated prominence activity, terrestrial effects, and the general pattern of radio frequency emission. Flare-associated events at 2800 and 200 mc are reviewed, and the association between flares and the onset of 200-mc noise storms is discussed. Records of 2800 and 200-mc radiation at the time of 277 flares are compared. Flare-events at frequencies less than 200 mc are considered, and a study of 496 flares at 80 mc is summarized. An effort is made to compare reports of dynamic spectra at radio frequencies with flare data and single frequency records. The apparently close association between flares with "major early bursts" at frequencies ?200 mc and geomagnetic disturbances is discussed.
Influence of a dam on fine‐sediment storage in a canyon river

Glen Canyon Dam has caused a fundamental change in the distribution of fine sediment storage in the 99-km reach of the Colorado River in Marble Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. The two major storage sites for fine sediment (i.e., sand and finer material) in this canyon river are lateral recirculation eddies and the main-channel bed. We use a combination of methods, including direct measurement of sediment storage change, measurements of sediment flux, and comparison of the grain size of sediment found in different storage sites relative to the supply and that in transport, in order to evaluate the change in both the volume and location of sediment storage. The analysis shows that the bed of the main channel was an important storage environment for fine sediment in the predam era. In years of large seasonal accumulation, approximately 50% of the fine sediment supplied to the reach from upstream sources was stored on the main-channel bed. In contrast, sediment budgets constructed for two short-duration, high experimental releases from Glen Canyon Dam indicate that approximately 90% of the sediment discharge from the reach during each release was derived from eddy storage, rather than from sandy deposits on the main-channel bed. These results indicate that the majority of the fine sediment in Marble Canyon is now stored in eddies, even though they occupy a small percentage ( similar to 17%) of the total river area. Because of a 95% reduction in the supply of fine sediment to Marble Canyon, future high releases without significant input of tributary sediment will potentially erode sediment from long-term eddy storage, resulting in continued degradation in Marble Canyon.
Absence of Direct Cyclic Nucleotide Modulation of mEAG1 and hERG1 Channels Revealed with Fluorescence and Electrophysiological Methods

Similar to CNG and HCN channels, EAG and ERG channels contain a cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD) in their C terminus. While cyclic nucleotides have been shown to facilitate opening of CNG and HCN channels, their effect on EAG and ERG channels is less clear. Here we explored cyclic nucleotide binding and modulation of mEAG1 and hERG1 channels with fluorescence and electrophysiology. Binding of cyclic nucleotides to the isolated CNBD of mEAG1 and hERG1 channels was examined with two independent fluorescence-based methods: changes in tryptophan fluorescence and fluorescence of an analog of cAMP, 8-NBD-cAMP. As a positive control for cyclic nucleotide binding we used changes in the fluorescence of the isolated CNBD of mHCN2 channels. Our results indicated that cyclic nucleotides do not bind to the isolated CNBD domain of mEAG1 channels and bind with low affinity (Kd ≥ 51 μm) to the isolated CNBD of hERG1 channels. Consistent with the results on the isolated CNBD, application of cyclic nucleotides to inside-out patches did not affect currents recorded from mEAG1 channels. Surprisingly, despite its low affinity binding to the isolated CNBD, cAMP also had no effect on currents from hERG1 channels even at high concentrations. Our results indicate that cyclic nucleotides do not directly modulate mEAG1 and hERG1 channels. Further studies are necessary to determine if the CNBD in the EAG family of K+ channels might harbor a binding site for a ligand yet to be uncovered.
Differential effects of peripheral and central anosmia producing techniques on spontaneous behavior patterns.

Abstract The spontaneous behavior patterns of four matched groups of male hooded rats were compared to SHAMs following different anosmia producing techniques. One group was peripherally blocked with lidocaine (XYL), and another with zinc sulphate (Zn). Two operated groups were either centrally deafferented (LB) or sustained olfactory bulb and peduncle destruction (DB). The lesioned and particularly DB animals were hyperactive and reared more than the other groups. Xyls were similar to SHAMs on most measures but many developed unusual locomotor patterns and Zns were hypoactive, reared less and groomed and froze more than all other groups. Food deprivation increased activity and rearing and decreased freezing and grooming in all groups but most intergroup differences were maintained. Some problems associated with anosmia tests were discussed and a technique to distinguish lesion induced anosmia from lesion side effects was investigated. Lesions tended to increase activity, rearing frequency and possibly sniffing frequency somewhat independently of anosmia whereas grooming and possibly freezing changes were more closely related to olfactory cue changes. A second experiment revealed that most of the zinc sulphate effects were due to systemic poisoning. Consequently, the common practice of comparing central and peripheral anosmia producing techniques to demonstrate olfactory deficits aside from lesion effects may be misleading.
Heparin opposes prostanoid and non-prostanoid platelet inhibitors by direct enhancement of aggregation

Abstract Heparin inhibits platelet adenylate cyclase in broken cells but has no effect on cyclic AMP in intact platelets. Heparin reverses the inhibition of platelet function by both prostaglandins and unrelated compounds by directly augmenting the activation of platelets by other agonists.
RELATION BETWEEN ROOT RESPIRATION AND ABSORPTION

Various theories have been developed to explain the nature of the absorption of water by roots, embodying what may be called imbibitional, osmotic, and passive forces (Miller 9). Imbibitional forces have been emphasized and shown to be of great importance by Shull (15) and others. Although Kunkel (7) assumed only imbibitional forces to be effective, more recent investigators agree that osmotic forces must also play an important part. But even these forces fail to explain satisfactorily the transference of water across the endodermis into the vascular cylinder. The nature of the Casparian strip seems to indicate that the transfer of water across this region is under the control of the living cells (Priestley 12, 13, 14). Also the effect of changing environmental conditions led Blackman (1) to believe that vital relations of the cell, involving the transfer of energy, must be concerned in absorption. Such energy changes would of necessity be manifested at some time in the respiratory processes of the root. There is no direct evidence showing a correlation between the respirational and absorptive activity of the root except that of Newton (10, 11), who found that the evolution of carbon dioxide varied with transpiration and with the osmotic concentration of salt solution supplied in the field. The present study was made to determine more accurately the relation between these processes, using plants under strictly controlled conditions. In order to reduce individual variations as far as possible, seed from a pure strain of corn (Funk's hybrid no. 517, Yellow Dent) was used in all the experiments. The seeds were placed in water for 12 hours, treated with 4 per cent, formalin for 10 minutes, and washed with sterile water. For germination they were placed under sterile conditions in petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with a few cubic centimeters of culture solution. This treatment resulted in normal and vigorous germination. When the radicles had reached a length of 1-2 cm. the seeds were placed on perforated sheets of cork which were floated in large dishes of Knop's solution. The solution was replaced at intervals of three to five days and continuously aerated. The corn plants were kept in the laboratory at full daylight illumination and grown in the cultures one to two weeks unti] needed.
GeoWall: Stereoscopic visualization for geoscience research and education

The GeoWall lets people visualize the structure and dynamics of the Earth in stereo, aiding their understanding of spatial relationships. Making use of inexpensive, polarized 3D glasses, entire classrooms or conference audiences can share the 3D experience. Since the hardware is portable, it's easy to bring visualizations to the audience. In this article we describe the GeoWall hardware and software and discuss how the GeoWall Consortium was instrumental in creating a community of users in a variety of disciplines. Using case studies, we show how the GeoWall helped research and education. Finally, we describe our recent work in high-resolution tiled displays
Mid-dermal elastolysis in an adolescent subsequent to lesions resembling granuloma annulare

Abstract First described by Shelley and Wood in 1977, 1 mid-dermal elastolysis (MDE) is a rare acquired disorder in which there is a bandlike absence of elastic tissue limited to the mid-dermis. In their patient, MDE developed in an area previously involved with recurrent episodes of urticaria. We describe a 15-year-old white girl with well-circumscribed, minimally palpable yellow-white plaques and wrinkling diagnosed histologically as MDE in areas clincally diagnosed 5 years previously as granuloma annulare. As in the first described patient, five years elapsed between clearance of the original skin lesions and the clinical appearance of MDE. To our knowldege, we report the first adolescent case of MDE localized to previous sites of lesions clinically consistent with granuloma annulare and propose that MDE represents an abnormal end-stage reaction to multiple processes. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:870-2.)
Everyday discrimination and chronic health conditions among Latinos: the moderating role of socioeconomic position.

Emerging research has revealed that everyday discrimination and socioeconomic position may have synergistic effects on the health of racial/ethnic minorities. The present study examined the association between self-reported everyday discrimination and count of chronic health conditions, and explored the moderating role of objective and subjective socioeconomic position on the discrimination–health relation. We utilized nationally representative data of Latino adults (N = 2,554) from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Weighted negative binomial regression modeling was used to estimate the association between self-reported everyday discrimination and count of chronic health conditions, and to test whether this relation was modified by markers of socioeconomic position. Binomial regressions revealed that everyday discrimination was associated with a greater count of chronic conditions. However, moderation analyses indicated that household income moderated the discrimination–health relation, controlling for sociodemographic variables. More specifically, the adverse effects of discrimination were stronger for Latinos in middle-income tertiles compared to their lower income counterparts, such that as frequency of discrimination increased, Latinos with medium levels of household income were predicted to have greater counts of chronic conditions. This was only marginally significant among those in the high-income tertile. Our findings suggest that identifying segments of the Latino population that may be at greatest (and lowest) risk of ill health in the context of perceiving being discriminated against may prove useful for understanding Latino health “paradoxes,” and may have implications for tailoring prevention and intervention efforts to particular segments of the Latino population.
Effect of Packaging Materials on the Chemical Composition of Potatoes

Russet Burbank and Chieftain potatoes were packaged in either mesh, paper or polyethylene bags and compared in chemical composition after 1, 4, and 8 wk of storage at 20oC. Potatoes were analyzed for weight loss, discoloration, phenols, ascorbic acid, glycoalkaloids and nitrate-nitrogen. Potatoes packaged in polyethylene were lowest in weight loss, ascorbic acid and nitrate-nitrogen and highest in discoloration, phenols and glycoalkaloids than those packaged in mesh or paper. Potatoes packaged in paper were lowest in discoloration and phenols and highest in ascorbic acid. There were no significant differences in weight loss, glycoalkaloids or nitrate-nitrogen between potatoes packaged in mesh on paper.
Preshock trauma and electroconvulsive shock as agents affecting subsequent response to punishment.

Abstract Thirty male rats trained to lever-press for sugar water were the subjects in a completely crossed 2 × 3 factorial design, with Preshock (three daily 45-sec periods of inescapable 2.5 mA foot shock, or no preshock) and ECS (administered 1 hr before the preshock sessions, 10 sec after the preshock sessions, or not administered) as main effects. Analysis of variance and a Newman-Keuls Test showed that: (a) preshock treatment significantly lengthened the time required to return to the lever following punishment; (b) ECS alone did not have preshock-like proactive consequences; (c) ECS administered within 10 sec following preshock did attenuate the effects of that preshock; and (d) ECS administered 1 hr prior to preshock did not have any attenuating effect.
Chemical and structural aspects of reaction at the Ti/Si interface

Chemical bonding and reactions at the Ti/Si(111) interface have been studied as a function of Ti overlayer thickness and annealing temperature and time. The chemical properties (composition, electronic structure, and reactivity) were observed under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions using photo-emission (ultraviolet and x ray) and Auger electron spectroscopies; the structural properties (phase and microstructure) were investigated by subsequent transmission electron microscopy; sputterdepth profiling was employed to complete the characterization of the material formed by interface reaction. At room temperature the clean Ti/Si interface remains unreacted, i.e., no intermixing of atoms across the interface occurs; this behavior is similar to that of V/Si but in contrast to the more common initial limited reaction (\ensuremath{\sim}10 \AA{} depth) which takes place for other transition-metal/Si interfaces, especially the near-noble metals. At sufficiently high temperatures (\ensuremath{\ge} 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), growth of the silicides TiSi and ${\mathrm{TiSi}}_{2}$ takes place over considerable distances (hundreds of angstroms or more) as expected from previous thin-film investigations. However, initial reaction at the interface can occur at temperatures considerably lower (\ensuremath{\sim}300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), and this reaction can extend over a considerable distance (\ensuremath{\sim}100 \AA{} or more) from the Si interface. This low-temperature intermixing process leads to structural properties quite different from those induced by silicide compound formation at higher temperatures: The reacted material forms Ti-Si mixtures with very small grains (\ensuremath{\sim}10-30 \AA{} in size), if not nearly amorphous material. Finally, if the low-temperature reaction has already progressed considerably, the kinetics of transformation to well-defined larger grain silicide phases is altered, and notably higher reaction temperatures are required to reach the same structural state. These observations suggest the possibility that the phase kinetics and microstructure associated with the Ti/Si interfacial reaction can be altered in the intermediate reaction stage observed at low reaction temperatures.
Traditional farming systems of south-central Chile, with special emphasis on agroforestry

The paper describes some general structural and functional characteristics of actual Chilean farming systems managed by small farmers (campesinos) with traditional technologies. Campesino farming systems can be divided into two major groups: (a) small-scale (no more than 1 ha) intensive systems with a wide array of tree annual crops and 3–4 animal species per farm; and (b) extensive semi-commercial systems (5–12 ha) composed of diversified combinations of crops and animals designed to increase production, producing a marketable surplus for the local community. In most systems campesinos include trees (whether for food, fodder, wood, construction materials, fuel, etc.) as integrated elements of farm management constituting agro-forestry systems. Understanding these traditional farming systems, and the rationales behind their management is an important first step towards the ultimate development of appropriate agricultural technologies attuned to the ecological and socio-economic circumstances of the Chilean campesinos.
Frequency and Spectrum of Genomic Integration of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 Vector in Neonatal Mouse Liver

Neonatal injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (rAAV8) vectors results in widespread transduction in multiple organs and therefore holds promise in neonatal gene therapy. On the other hand, insertional mutagenesis causing liver cancer has been implicated in rAAV-mediated neonatal gene transfer. Here, to better understand rAAV integration in neonatal livers, we investigated the frequency and spectrum of genomic integration of rAAV8 vectors in the liver following intraperitoneal injection of 2.0 x 10(11) vector genomes at birth. This dose was sufficient to transduce a majority of hepatocytes in the neonatal period. In the first approach, we injected mice with a beta-galactosidase-expressing vector at birth and quantified rAAV integration events by taking advantage of liver regeneration in a chronic hepatitis animal model and following partial hepatectomy. In the second approach, we performed a new, quantitative rAAV vector genome rescue assay by which we identified rAAV integration sites and quantified integrations. As a result, we find that at least approximately 0.05% of hepatocytes contained rAAV integration, while the average copy number of integrated double-stranded vector genome per cell in the liver was approximately 0.2, suggesting concatemer integration. Twenty-three of 34 integrations (68%) occurred in genes, but none of them were near the mir-341 locus, the common rAAV integration site found in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, rAAV8 vector integration occurs preferentially in genes at a frequency of 1 in approximately 10(3) hepatocytes when a majority of hepatocytes are once transduced in the neonatal period. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the relationship between vector dose and integration frequency or spectrum.
Management of early lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma of the head and neck.

Kenneth W. Anderson, MD, Shan R. Baker, MD, FACS* Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, TC 1904, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Facial Cosmetic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 19900 Haggerty Road, Suite 103, Livonia, MI 48152, USA
Dealing with resistance: Strategies for effective group

Abstract This article describes strategies for dealing effectively with resistance in group therapy.
SS 433: How do the moving lines move?

Abstract A progress report is given on the analysis of our ever-increasing set of moving line radial velocity measurements of SS 433. Model fits to the “twin-beam” model are discussed, and an assessment of the quality of the fit is made. A preliminary investigation is conducted into the source of the “random” scatter of the data points around the best-fit model. Finally, a discussion of moving line bullets and light-travel-time effects is made with reference to a spectral montage of SS 433.
Perceived Accuracy in Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Understanding the Impact on Patients

In terms of accuracy and reliability, the technology of real-time (RT) continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is advancing quickly. Still, current devices are imperfect; as a result, patient complaints and frustrations are not uncommon. How do patients’ perceptions of device accuracy affect their experience with RT-CGM? In this article, we argue that patients’ satisfaction, or dissatisfaction, with accuracy has a major impact on how much they are likely to trust the device and how confident they may feel in using the information that is displayed. The available data suggest that greater satisfaction with accuracy is linked to better RT-CGM adherence, more confident and aggressive insulin adjustments, improvements in quality of life, reduced reliance on self-monitoring of blood glucose, and—potentially—less alarm fatigue. As the technology continues to mature, RT-CGM will become increasingly accurate and patients’ confidence and trust in the available devices will likely grow, leading to greater uptake and more proactive use of RT-CGM.
Effects of yohimbine and mescaline on punished behavior in the rat

This investigation tested the hypothesis that conditioned aversive stimuli and drugs such as yohimbine and mescaline produce a common state in animals. Rats were trained to press a bar on a multiple schedule of reinforcement in which one component was variable interval 30 sec (food) and the other component was fixed ratio 10 (concurrent food and electric shock). Yohimbine did not have a selective depressant effect on response rate during the punished component. Indeed, punished rates were elevated or near normal when responding in the non-punished component was decreased to less than 50% of control values. In contrast, mescaline concurrently depressed rates on both components of the schedule. If yohimbine produces an anxiety-like state in animals which is akin to the state engendered by punishment procedures, the effects of punishment and yohimbine should be additive in terms of their depressant effects on lever-press responses. No such additivity was observed in this investigation. The present data do not support the assumption that punishment procedures and the administration of yohimbine produce a common state in the rat. No definitive conclusion could be drawn with respect to the actions of mescaline.
Sensitivity of scintigraphy for detection of pulmonary capillary albumin leak in canine oleic acid ARDS.

Computerized gamma scintigraphy was shown in this study to be a sensitive technique for the detection and kinetic analysis of a pulmonary capillary protein leak. A rising lung:heart radioactivity of slope of injury was found at each dose of intravenous oleic acid in dogs from 0.01 to 0.20 ml/kg (p less than 0.01). This slope of injury was proportional to the dose of oleic acid (r . +0.97; p less than 0.004) and was more sensitive than changes in arterial oxygen tension, standard chest radiography, bloodless wet:dry lung weight, or alveolar epithelial membrane permeability. Only standard light microscopy and right lymphatic duct flow were able to document the leakage of protein detected by gamma scintigraphy at 0.01 ml/kg oleic acid.
Pheochromocytoma Presenting as Acute Heart Failure Leading to Cardiogenic Shock and Multiorgan Failure

Pheochromocytoma is an endocrine tumor classically presenting with headache, paroxysmal hypertension, and palpitations. We discuss the case of a young male, presenting with acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock requiring stabilization with an intra-aortic balloon pump and a combination of ionotropes and vasopressors. Pheochromocytoma was diagnosed by CT scan, as well as urine and plasma metanephrines. After pretreatment with phenoxy-benzamine, the patient underwent adrenalectomy with subsequent cardiovascular stabilization and full recovery. Unfortunately, pheochromocytoma often remains undiagnosed. Given the ample diagnostic tools and good prognosis when treated suitably, the diagnosis should be entertained early in patients, presenting with unexplained cardiovascular compromise.
Fully Nonlinear Phase Field Equations and Generalized Mean Curvature Motion

A number of the ideas we will use were introduced by Barles, Soner, and Souganidis, who used a nonlinear change of variables to prove global convergence of fairly general phase-field equations to geometric motions in the semilinear case. The averaging effects require that we combine these methods with techniques developed by L.C. Evans in the context of periodic homogenization. Making these two arguments work simultaneously is the key technical issue of this paper. In this paper we give notation that will be used throughout this paper and we state our main theorem. Section 2 contains a brief discussion of existence and uniqueness issues. In Section 3 we construct supersolutions that enable us to derive local uniform bounds on the functions z. Using these local uniform bounds and various technical constructions, we can pass to limits in a weak sense. This is carried out in Section 4. In Section 5 we complete the proof of our main theorem, using the results of Sections 3 and 4 and the earlier work of Barles, Soner, and Souganidis. Finally, Section 6 contains an appendix in which we prove certain facts about ODEs which are used in the body of the paper.
Scaling mass sensitivity of the BioCD at 0.25 pg/mm

The BioCD is a class of self-referencing interferometric optical biosensor that measures phase modulation from proteins on a spinning disk. The optical detection of the patterns at high speed yields low noise floors far from 1/f noise. Two scans of a disk before and after a 20 hour buffer wash are differenced yielding an rms surface height measurement error of 45 pm corresponding to 5 femtograms of protein within a focal spot diameter. Simple area scaling relations are derived that predict the performance of immunoassays as a function of well area. The scaling mass sensitivity of the BioCD is determined to be 0.25 pg/mm under the conditions of an assay, with a metrology limit of the technique between 0.05 to 0.1 pg/mm. The BioCD sensitivity is equivalent to the best reported surface mass sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance sensors, and is achieved without resonant structures and hence is easy to fabricate and operate.
Human immune responses to oral microorganisms. II. Serum antibody responses to antigens from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the correlation with localized juvenile periodontitis.

Human serum antibody responses to antigens from a suspected oral pathogen,Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), were studied. IgG and IgM isotype anti-bodies to four antigen preparations, sonicate antigen (SA), leukotoxin (LT), group carbohydrate (LG), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were determined using an ELISA. An ELISA inhibition technique was developed to show that human serum antibodies reacting with the LT, LG, or LPS materials were binding to different antigenic moieties in each preparation. Cross-sectional studies of serum IgG antibodies showed that patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) had a greater frequency of occurrence and a higher level of antibodies to the SA (82%), LT (70%), and LG (62%) antigens compared to all other diseased (11–46%) or normal (4–13%) groups. Serum IgM antibodies to LPS were increased in LJP, generalized juvenile periodontitis, and adult periodontitis patients compared to all other groups. Therefore, while both IgG and IgM antibodies were found against various Aa antigens, the detection of IgG antibodies was most clearly associated with the specific disease classification of LJP. Blocking studies suggested that the human serum responses were specific for the Aa antigens and that the LT, LG, and LPS comprise major antigenic determinants on the organisms to which human serum antibody reacts.
Communication strategies for technology products in Singapore: a content analysis

Abstract As technology becomes a unifying force in the global economy, Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have increased their efforts to compete more effectively. In recent years, as markets in the Asia-Pacific have grown significantly, TNCs from the West have flocked to these markets. The Singapore market is particularly important in this region—economically and technologically it is very similar to Western markets and offers numerous opportunities for trade and investment. It has positioned itself as a technology leader in this region and serves as a gateway to many South East Asian nations, which increases its strategic significance even further. Culturally however, Singapore is very distinct from the West with roots in the Chinese value system. This research examines the nature of technology advertising in Singapore. Given Singapore's unique economic, technological, and geographic significance, the results of the study can be used by marketers of technology and other products to better position their products in this market. The results suggest that while in some areas, advertising in Singapore resembles Western advertising, there are many distinctions that must be kept in mind if TNCs want to establish a stronghold in this country.
The treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma with Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG): A comprehensive review of 116 reported patients

Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG), a radiopharmaceutical agent used for scintigraphic localization of pheochromocytomas, has been employed to treat malignant pheochromocytomas since 1983 in a few specialized centers around the world. We review our clinical experience together with the published experience of 23 other centers in 10 countries, regarding the use of 131I-MIBG for treating patients with malignant adrenal pheochromocytomas or extra-adrenal paragangliomas. There were a total of 116 evaluable patients: 3 were from our current report and another 113 were reported in the literature from 1983 to 1996. A majority of the patients were selected for treatment based upon positive tracer uptake studies. The cumulative dose of 131I-MIBG administered ranged from 96 to 2,322 mCi (3.6 to 85.9 GBq), with a mean (±SD) of 490±350 mCi (18.1 ±13.0 GBq). The subjects received a mean single therapy dose of 158 mCi (5.8 GBq) and the number of doses administered ranged from 1 to 11, with a mean of 3.3±2.2 doses. Initial symptomatic improvement was achieved in 76% of patients, tumor responses in 30%, and hormonal responses in 45%. Five patients had complete tumor and hormonal responses, ranging from 16 to 58 months, which were sustained at the time of reporting. Patients with metastases to soft tissue had more favorable responses to treatment than those with metastases to bone. No difference was noted in the age between the responders and non-responders. Adverse effects, recorded in 41 % of the treated patients, were generally mild except for one fatality from bone marrow aplasia. Among 89 patients with follow-up data, 45% of the responders had relapsed with recurrent or progressive disease after a mean interval of 29.3±31.1 months (median 19 months). Of patients with an initial response to 131I-MIBG, death was reported in 33% after a mean of 23.2±8.1 months (median 22 months) following treatment. Of non-responders, death was reported in 45% after a mean of 14.3±8.3 months (median 13 months). In conclusion, this review suggests that 131I-MIBG therapy may be a useful palliative adjunct in selected patients with malignant pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Although controlled studies are lacking, our review raises the hope that this therapeutic modality may prolong survival with an occasional sustained complete remission or possible cure.