cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication Infrastructure and Civic Engagement in the ICT Era: A Synthetic Approach

Communication infrastructure as a collective storytelling system contributing to civic engagement needs to reflect the prominence of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This chapter, therefore, proposes that civic engagement is implemented through the synthesis of ICT and daily communication practices at different levels. Drawing on communication infrastructure theory and communicative ecology, this chapter suggests that ICT, traditional media and face-to-face communication are key factors of civic engagement. These storytelling agents operate at different levels from micro- to meso- and macro-levels. Communication infrastructure that reflects ICT becomes an ecological foundation that comprehensively explicates the process of civic engagement.
Power, Discourse, and the Workplace: Reclaiming the Critical Tradition

In the past ten yean the critical tradition has made significant contributions to communication studies in organizations, challenging the hegemony of mainstream, functionalist approaches. As a result, issues of power and control have become legitimate areas of study for organizational researchers. This chapter assesses that critical turn and argues that, while such a move was long overdue, its effect hat been diffused because of a lack of clarity in conceptualizing the relationships among power, discourse, and the workplace. As such, after delineating the seminal contributions of Mara, Braverman, and Burawoy to the question of workplace control, we suggest how this issue can be more powerfully conceptualized in modem, dispersed-ownership, managerially oriented organizations. By focusing on the relationship between power and discourse, we show how particular systems of interest representation emerge in the modem organization. Our aim is to demonstrate that the configuration of power in organizations is jus...
Vocational Anticipatory Socialization: College Students’ Reports of Encouraging/Discouraging Sources and Messages

Framed by social cognitive career theory, this study identified college students’ perceptions of the most influential sources and content of encouraging/discouraging career messages (vocational anticipatory socialization [VAS]). A survey of 873 university students found that mothers, followed by teachers/professors, friends, and fathers, were perceived to be the most influential encouraging VAS sources. However, first-generation college students were more likely to identify teachers/professors as their most influential VAS source. Friends were identified as most influential source of discouraging messages. The most frequently identified VAS messages gave career details. Mothers were most often described as conveying messages telling their children to pursue a passion for their career, while teachers/professors were frequently reported as providing career detail messages. Based on the VAS messages reported, we speculate that some VAS messages help students overcome perceived barriers by boosting self-effic...
Relative effectiveness of azithromycin in killing intracellular Porphyromonas gingivalis

Invasive infections by Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with persistent periodontal attachment loss and can be difficult to eliminate by scaling and root planing. Azithromycin (AZM) inhibits P. gingivalis and is actively accumulated by most human cells. We used an in vitro infection model to compare the effectiveness of AZM in killing intracellular P. gingivalis to the combined regimen of amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MET). Transport of [3H]-AZM by human gingival fibroblasts was characterized. Monolayers of Smulow-Glickman gingival epithelial cells or gingival fibroblasts were infected with P. gingivalis (strain 33277 or W83). After extracellular bacteria were eliminated with teicoplanin, infected cells were treated with therapeutic concentrations of AZM, AMX, or AMX + MET. Viable intracellular bacteria were released by cell lysis and plated on blood agar for enumeration. Antimicrobial activity against planktonic P. gingivalis was also evaluated. While survival of intraepithelial P. gingivalis 33277 was not significantly different after treatment with the three regimens, survival in infected fibroblasts was significantly lower after AZM treatment (65.9 ± 5.5%) compared with AMX (92.2 ± 3.5%) or AMX + MET (79.8 ± 5.2%, P < 0.01). Carnitine, a competitive inhibitor of AZM transport, reduced killing by AZM by ~55% (P < 0.05). Survival of intrafibroblast P. gingivalis W83 was also significantly lower after AZM treatment compared with the other regimens (P < 0.05). At therapeutic concentrations, AZM was significantly more active against intracellular P. gingivalis than against planktonic P. gingivalis (P < 0.0083). Gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts possess a transport system that accumulates AZM and enhances elimination of intracellular P. gingivalis. Compared with the combination of AMX and MET, AZM was equally effective against intraepithelial P. gingivalis 33277 and significantly more effective against both strains of P. gingivalis from infected gingival fibroblasts. The results suggest that AZM could be a reasonable alternative to the regimen of AMX and MET for periodontal patients who should not take these agents due to known side effects or compliance issues.
Surrender, Transformation, and Transcendence

Integrating psychoanalysis, mysticism, and quantum physics, this paper explores different means of transformation through superconscious states that transcend space and time. Venturing into technique, the paper discusses ways these transcendent states of consciousness can be used clinically to come to know and experience the other more directly from the inside. A paradigm shift beyond intersubjectivity is implicated.
Nonlocal nonlinear advection-diffusion equations

The author reviews some results about nonlocal advection-diffusion equations based on lower bounds for the fractional Laplacian.
Multi-agent and single-agent chemotherapy in stage IV pancreatic cancer: An NCDB analysis.

231Background: Cartright et al (2014) examined 2,422 patients in the iKnowMed database and found that patients with advanced pancreatic cancer lived longer with multi-agent chemotherapy compared to single-agent chemotherapy (11.2 months vs 7.2 months). Our goal was to compare survival of patients with stage IV pancreatic cancer receiving multi-agent, single-agent, or no chemotherapy using a significantly larger sample of patients identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods: We identified 86,048 patients with stage IV pancreatic cancer. Between-chemotherapy survival differences were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and associated log-rank tests; Tukey-Kramer adjusted p < .05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Patients receivingmulti-agent chemotherapy were more likely to have private insurance than single-agent and no chemotherapy patients (49.9% vs. 33.0% vs. 22.9%, respectively), live in an area with a median income of $63,000+ (36.9% vs. 30.2% vs. 28.4%, respectively), recei...
The Impact of Copyright Exceptions for Researchers on Scholarly Output

High prices restrict access to academic journals and books that scholars rely upon to author new research. One possible solution is the expansion of copyright exceptions allowing unauthorized access to copyrighted works for researchers. I test the link between copyright exceptions for health and science researchers and their publishing output at the country-subject level. I find that scientists residing in countries that implement more robust research exceptions publish more papers and books in subsequent years. This relationship between copyright exceptions and publishing is stronger in lower-income countries, and stronger where there is stricter copyright protection of existing works.
Natural Convection's Transient Behavior

Transient response of a natural convection system is investigated by numerical simulation using FLUENT code. An integrator circuit analogy was recently proposed for natural convection systems. The proposed analogy was further confirmed by these recent simulations. New simulation results also suggest that a natural convection system acts as a "low-pass" filter for transients. Transmission characteristics of a natural convection system were investigated using sinusoidal temperature at the source-side boundary. Transient transmission factor was found to be a function of both fluid properties and the flow characteristics. Transmission factor was also found to be a strong function of fluctuation frequency. These results may prove a significant design tool for Generation IV natural convection systems, particularly for lead-cooled fast reactors or molten salt reactors.
The forgotten path to police reform in the United States: an essay

From time to time, the Editors will invite senior members of the profession to write a personal essay on one of the core recurring issues in policing. In this issue of Policing and Society, one of ...
Impaired Gesture-Language Integration in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (P4.209)

Objective: To determine whether adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ from typically developing controls in gesture-language integration. Background: Left-lateralized networks mediate language and gestures (praxis representations). Communication and language deficits are a core feature of ASD. Since language and praxis networks are developmentally and functionally linked, we predicted that scores on a task integrating gestural and verbal information would be lower in ASD compared to controls and there would be a relationship between language scores and gesture-language integration. Design/Methods: ASD (n=27) and Controls (n=22), 11–17 years, completed standardized language tests and a gesture-language integration task. Subjects watched video clips and then chose the picture that best matched the video. Video conditions included: verbal-only (still image with audio, e.g.. ‘I cut it’), gesture-only (person performing action-gesture, e.g. gesturing cutting bread), and verbal-gesture integration (person performing action-gesture with audio). Individual scores for each condition and a multi-modal gain (MMG) score, which assesses the advantage of having both verbal and gestural information, were computed. Results: Controls had significantly higher scores on the gesture condition ( p =.016) and a trend for higher scores on the integration condition ( p= .069) relative to ASD. A subgroup of adolescents with ASD (30%) did not demonstrate gain from the 2 modalities. Everyone in this subgroup had low expressive language scores (below 1 standard deviation) and MMG scores correlated with expressive language scores (Controls r=.470, p =.027, ASD r =.403, p =.041). Conclusions: Results show that ASD may be associated with impaired gesture comprehension and integration with these deficits associated with language skill. Although speculative, these performance deficits may be related to inefficiencies within the mirror neuron system. Further study is warranted to determine how these inefficiencies impact daily living and whether targeted interventions can improve language abilities. Study Supported by: Louisiana Board of Regents Disclosure: Dr. Knaus has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kamps has nothing to disclose. Dr. Foundas has nothing to disclose.
Inference regarding the state of a mobile underwater object from narrow band observations on a small aperture vertical array

A narrowband source ensonifies an area of interest in a refractive undersea environment. A small aperture vertical array is employed to infer the depth, range and speed of the acoustic scatterer by resolving the scattered direct and surface interacting wave fronts. Tracking the target by means of a continuous wave transmission is challenging due to the difficulty of inferring the frequencies and angles of the two returned closely spaced wave vectors. The propagation of sound in a refractive medium presents additional challenges for inversion of the wave vectors to range, depth, and speed. Joint posterior inference is made possible with a computational Bayesian Gibbs sampling scheme over all track parameters taking full advantage of the analytic tractability of the conditional densities of the received amplitudes and phases and of the ambient acoustic noise power. The conditional densities of the ordered wave vectors however are constructed numerically by 2-dimensional inverse quantile sampling. The inferr...
Efficient subsequence search in databases

Finding tuples in a database that match a particular subsequence (with gaps) is an important problem for a range of applications. Subsequence search is equivalent to searching for regular expressions of the type.* q1.* q2.* ….* ql.*, where the subsequence is q1q2 …ql. For efficient execution of these queries, there is a need for appropriate index structures that are both efficient and can scale to large problem sizes. This paper presents two index structures for such queries based on trie and bitmap. These indices are disk-resident, hence can be easily used by large databases with limited memory availability. Our indices are applicable to dynamic databases, where tuples can be added or deleted. Both indices are implemented and validated against a naive approach. The results show that the proposed indices are efficient, having low I/O and time overhead.
Impacts of Nutrients on Narragansett Bay Productivity: A Gradient Approach

A goal of this study was to use ecological data collected previously in Narragansett Bay as a basis for predicting the impact of an imposed nitrogen reduction at sewage treatment facilities. Nitrogen and rates of pri- mary production declined exponentially with dilution and distance toward the mouth of the bay, resulting in the nutrient and productivity gradient accord- ing to a previous study. An exponential regression was fit to total nitrogen (TN) data along the north-south axis of the bay. Since this type of regression reflects the down-bay dilution gradient and the nitrogen levels of productivity gradient, it has been assumed that lower trophic levels, but perhaps also higher trophic levels, might respond to the same gradient for secondary productivity. The ecological variables were regressed as functions of TN at the various distances south along the gradient. New plots were calculated as regression functions of 80 and 50% TN concentration decreases and re- plotted as distance south. The assumptions were that factors such as changes in nutrient inputs, temperature, mixing depth, water residence time, currents, sediment type, turbidity, and oxygen were uniform along the gradient to have no effect on the ecological variables. These analyses have indicated that a decrease of TN into Narragansett Bay due to tertiary treatment by 20 to 50% may decrease phytoplankton primary production and biomass, as well as zooplankton biomass and benthic infauna abundance in the same proportion. The decrease may be detectable at a 50% reduction in TN, but not at a 20% reduction based on the current survey data. Shellfish and fish changes will not be detectable along a nutrient gradient in Narragansett Bay due to exploitation, responses to climate trends, and the habitat preferences of species in these populations. The decrease in primary production may alleviate hypoxia associated with summer neap tide periods.
Angiotensin II-aldosterone interactions on protein synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.

We examined the effects of mineralocorticoid-mediated increases in angiotensin II receptors on angiotensin II-stimulated protein synthesis in cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Incub...
Interrogating resistance mechanisms to PD-1 blockade therapy with CRISPR.

3077Background: We tested the biological significance of the loss of function (LOF) mutations in JAK1 or JAK2 within the IFN-receptor-pathway and in beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), which had been found...
General and specific personality traits as predictors of domain-specific and general conditional reasoning

Abstract Personality and individual differences have rarely played a role in human reasoning research, and the sparse previous work has focused on Big 5 personality factors and reasoning in a very general sense. The present research expands this by using the HEXACO model of personality as well as more specific traits (interpersonal trust and reciprocation ideology), and examines conditional reasoning across three theoretically significant domains (social contract, precaution, and descriptive contents). Across two studies, greater trust (higher interpersonal trust and less reciprocation wariness) was associated with better reasoning about conditional rules in general. Concurrently, greater conscientiousness and honesty-humility were differentially predictive of reasoning about social contracts and precautions, but not descriptive contents. Openness was associated with reasoning performance in Study 1 but not in Study 2, and other traits of interest in prior studies (extraversion, emotionality) consistently did not emerge as important predictors. Further research should examine in more detail the effects of individual differences and personality on reasoning, and if certain traits may predict domain specific reasoning abilities. Such findings can provide both a new and informative method for assessing theories of human reasoning, as well as integrate the fields of human reasoning and personality.
Longitudinal Effects of Everolimus on White Matter Diffusion in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Abstract Objective We studied the longitudinal effects of everolimus, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), on callosal white matter diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Methods Serial imaging data spanning nine years were used from the open label, Phase I/II trial (NCT00411619) and open-ended extension phase of everolimus for the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with TSC. From 28 patients treated with everolimus and 25 untreated control patients, 481 MRI scans were available. Rigorous quality control resulted in omission of all scans with diffusion weighted imaging data in less than 15 directions or more than eight artifacted volumes, and all postsurgical scans. We applied a linear mixed-effects model to the remaining 125 scans (17 treated, 24 controls) for longitudinal analysis of each DTI metric of manually drawn callosal regions of interest. Results On a population level, mTOR inhibition was associated with a decrease in mean diffusivity. In addition, in treated patients only, a decrease of radial diffusivity was observed; in untreated patients only, an increase of axial diffusivity was seen. In patients below age 10, effect-sizes were consistently greater, and longer treatment was associated with greater rate of diffusion change. There was no correlation between DTI metrics and reduction of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma volume, or everolimus serum levels. Conclusions Effects from mTOR overactivity on white matter microstructural integrity in TSC were modified through pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR. These changes sustained over time, were greater with longer treatment and in younger patients during a time of rapid white matter maturation.
Partial discharge measurements and techniques for pattern recognition and life prediction of medium voltage XLPE cables

Recent developments in online condition assessments for high voltage equipment has accepted Partial discharge (PD) measurements as an efficient diagnostics method. A PD measuring test setup was compiled with the aim to study the variations in the partial discharge characteristics over the insulation degradation in terms of the physical phenomena taking place in PD sources up to the point of failure. The statistical characteristics formulated with the help of Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Analysis (PRPDA) technique and ultra-wideband discharge characteristics by using High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT) sensor were studied and analyzed. The experimental results can be used to develop an automated pattern recognition method based on the machine learning algorithms for online condition monitoring and insulation diagnostics.
New approach to visual servo control using terminal constraints

Abstract A large class of visual servo controllers relies on an a priori obtained reference image, captured at the desired position and orientation (i.e., pose) of a camera, to yield control signals to regulate the camera from its current pose to a desired pose. In many applications, accessibility and economics of the operation may prohibit acquisition of such a reference image. This paper introduces a new visual servo control paradigm that enables control of the camera in the absence of reference image using a set of terminal constraints. Specifically, the desired pose is encoded using the angle of obliquity of the optical axis with respect to the object plane and its direction of arrival at the plane. A constrained convex optimization problem is formulated over a conic section defined by the terminal constraints to yield an error system for the control problem. Subsequently, this work introduces continuous terminal sliding mode visual servo controllers to regulate the camera to the desired pose. Lyapunov-based stability analysis guarantees that the origin is a finite-time-stable equilibrium of the system. Numerical simulation results are provided to verify the performance of the proposed visual servo controller.
Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is an ‘umbrella’ term introduced in the 1990’s to describe the impact of vascular disease on cognitive functioning, ranging from mild deficits to dementia. The case we present in this chapter demonstrates the value of neuropsychological testing in identifying subtle cognitive deficits associated with VCI and the role of such testing in differential diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
Permanent Tooth Luxation Injuries

Luxation injuries in the permanent dentition are relatively common. The injury can be mild, as in the case of a concussion of the tooth, to very severe when the tooth is avulsed completely out of the socket. Other luxation injuries include extrusion, intrusion, and lateral luxation, where the tooth is pushed in toward the palate or out toward the lips. It is also common for there to be concomitant tooth fractures along with luxation injuries. An accident causing luxation of a tooth may also result in damage to the supporting bone, the pulp, and periodontium. Because of this, a thorough evaluation of the patient is indicated anytime there is a traumatic dental injury. In pre-adolescents and adolescents, there is still a concern for intentional injuries, so this should always be kept in mind and investigated further if suspicions arise regarding the cause of an injury.
Noninvasive evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) protein concentrations in the stratum corneum and serum of healthy and atopic dogs.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a cytokine involved primarily in angiogenesis. In human atopic dermatitis (AD), VEGF has been detected in the stratum corneum and blood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate VEGF‐A expression in the serum and stratum corneum of healthy and atopic dogs, and its possible correlation with disease severity in atopic dogs. ANIMAL: Fifteen atopic and 15 healthy, privately owned dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The severity of clinical signs associated with AD was evaluated with the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI‐04). For all dogs, a single blood sample was performed and serum collected. Tape stripping (15 times) was performed on the left periocular area (lesional skin). A commercially available canine‐specific VEGF‐A enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was performed with all samples. RESULTS: Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A was undetectable in the serum. In the stratum corneum, there was no significant difference in VEGF‐A concentrations between healthy (mean 89.4 ± 59.5 pg/ml) and atopic dogs (mean 100.3 ± 77.1pg/ml) (P = 0.71). There was no correlation between stratum corneum VEGF‐A concentrations and CADESI‐04 scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The role of VEGF in canine AD is unclear. Because of many variants, VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D or VEGF‐A isotopes should be explored in the skin to better evaluate the role of VEGF in canine atopy. Full‐thickness skin biopsy, molecular biology and histopathological investigation may be necessary to further assess cutaneous VEGF expression.
Inclusion is not a slam dunk: A study of differential leadership outcomes in the absence of a glass cliff

Abstract Racial bias continues to act as one of the most thought provoking and controversial topics in our society. Even as organizations implement steps and policies to minimize discriminatory practices, evidence of bias in organizational decision-making persists. While much research has been devoted to the study of racial bias in hiring and promotion decisions, this study focuses on the effect of biases on employment outcomes of minority leaders after they have been hired or promoted to leadership positions that are comparable in quality to those of their white peers (i.e. no glass cliff present). More specifically, we investigate how discrimination influences performance rewards and employment separation decisions pertaining to minority leaders. The study uses archival data from the National Basketball Association collected from the year 2003 to 2015. From this data set, we utilize measures of head coaches' objective performance, reward allocation, and their likelihood of employment separation to find limited support for the hypotheses that minority leaders are given less time in position to achieve success and that when they do achieve success, they may be less likely than white leaders to be recognized for their accomplishments. Our findings suggest that in addition to researching selection processes, understanding why racial minorities are underrepresented in leadership positions also requires insight into the employment outcomes experienced by minority leaders.
Spirituality, Ethnic Identity, and Substance Use among American Indian/Alaska Native Adolescents in California.

Background. American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) adolescents have a higher prevalence of commercial tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. It is u...
Late Growth Stages of Johnsongrass Can Act as an Alternate Host of Colletotrichum sublineola

Twenty-six johnsongrass cultivars, collected from seven U.S. states, were spray inoculated with spores of an isolate of Colletotrichum sublineola derived from sorghum. Inoculations were made when plants reached growth stages of 2 (four to five leaves), 3 (seven to eight leaves), and 6 (post panicle emergence). At the earlier stages the johnsongrass cultivars showed hypersensitive responses and small lesions; however, acervulus formation was not observed. When late growth stage johnsongrass plants were spray inoculated, acervulus formation was confirmed in 19 cultivars as early as 5 days postinoculation. Results obtained confirm that johnsongrass can act as an alternate host of C. sublineola under favorable conditions, and growth stages of johnsongrass may be an important factor for cross infection of C. sublineola between johnsongrass and sorghum.
A comprehensive solution for modeling moisture induced delamination in electronic packaging during solder reflow

Abstract Moisture induced failure is one of the major reliability concerns in electronic packaging. This research provides a comprehensive solution for modeling the moisture induced delamination in electronic packaging during solder reflow. Existing finite element approaches of studying the moisture and vapor pressure induced package delamination issue were discussed, reviewed, summarized and integrated into a systematic approach. This study covered multiple related topics, including diffusion modeling techniques under dynamic thermal loading conditions, fracture mechanics modeling methods for bi-material cracks, and methodologies of applying integrated hygro-thermal-vapor loading conditions. A novel analogy was proposed for applying the combined hygro-thermal-vapor loading in modeling the moisture induced package delamination, which could reduce the users' effort in dealing with the multiple-loading boundary conditions in the fracture mechanics finite element simulation. In the end, the comprehensive finite element approach introduced in this study was implemented to model the moisture induced delamination in a stacked die package during solder reflow.
A Therapeutic Conundrum: Should a Physician Serve Simultaneously as Caregiver and Researcher?

Physicians who place themselves simultaneously in the dual roles of serving as a patient’s caregiver and as a clinical investigator with interest in enrolling that patient as a participant in clini...
The ineffectiveness of efficiency: The paradoxical effects of state policy on energy consumption in the United States

Abstract This study examines the relationship between energy efficiency policies and state-level energy consumption in the United States. In doing this, we assess tenets of ecological modernization theory, which suggests developed societies can and will leverage technology, including efficiency innovations and policies, to limit human demands and impacts on nature without needing to curb economic growth. We use panel data spanning 2009 through 2016 for all 50 U.S. states. The results from fixed effects regression analysis contradict the ecological modernization proposition regarding the utility of energy efficiency improvement. We show, overall, that state governments’ energy efficiency policies are either positively related to energy consumption or their effects fail to reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that savings from efficiency improvement are often channeled to expanding production and consumption, which has significant implications for energy use. Thus, while efficiency improvement, in principle, can reduce energy demand and contribute to sustainability, the challenge is how to deploy it without unintentionally incentivizing more consumption.
University Music Students’ Choice of Music Listening Sources: Use of Library Resources as Compared with Non-Academic Streaming Services

The rise of streaming services and decline of analog media have affected academic music libraries in their traditional role as a resource of listening materials. This study examines the listening-s...
Sounding the Alarm: The Political Economy of Whistleblowing in the U.S. Security State

What role do whistleblowers play in democratic politics? This paper answers this question by analyzing the political economy of whistleblowing within democratic political institutions. Democratic politics is characterized by numerous principal-agent problems creating significant space for opportunism. Whistleblowers help to resolve these principal-agent problems through the revelation of information regarding abuses of power. These revelations can take place internally by taking advantage of channels to report abuse, or externally by publicly revealing information. The latter is especially important where internal mechanisms for reporting opportunism are lacking. Whistleblowing in the U.S. national security state is presented to illustrate this logic.
The impact of cold electrons and cold ions in magnetospheric physics

Abstract A review of the impact of the cold-ion and cold-electron populations in the Earth’s magnetosphere is presented. The cold populations are defined by total energy less than approximately 100 eV, i.e. in the energy range which is strongly affected by spacecraft charging and that often dominates the total plasma density. We also include the warm plasma cloak in the review, since it overlaps partially with the cold energy range and is a population that is still not well understood. The known impacts of cold ions and cold electrons that are discussed are: the source of hot magnetospheric plasma, solar-wind/magnetosphere coupling, magnetotail reconnection and substorms, Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities on the magnetopause, chorus, hiss, electromagnetic-ion-cyclotron and ultra-low-frequency wave–particle interactions, aurora structuring and spacecraft charging. Other possible impacts are associated with refilling on open-drift trajectories, the remnant layer and plasmapause disruption. A discussion of the difficulty of cold-plasma measurements and the need for new measurement techniques that measure the full cold-ion and cold-electron distribution functions is also presented. There remain a lot of unknowns about the cold-ion and cold-electron populations, associated with their origin, properties, drivers and impacts. These populations will need to be fully understood before the magnetosphere–ionosphere system can be fully understood.
Brief of Professors of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner in Carlisle V. Kentucky

Abstract Mr. Carlisle was a passenger in a vehicle stopped by a police officer for suspected vehicle equipment violations. The officer lacked reasonable suspicion, let alone probable cause, to suspect Mr. Carlisle was armed and dangerous, or that he was guilty of engaging in any criminal conduct. All that the officer knew was that Mr. Carlisle, a black man, was a passenger in a vehicle stopped for a minor traffic violation. Despite the absence of any fact-based justification for doing so, the officer demanded that Mr. Carlisle provide identification and ran a criminal background check. The Supreme Court of Kentucky held that police officers are automatically entitled to demand that a passenger like Mr. Carlisle provide identification and then to conduct background investigations of them merely because the passengers were riding in a motor vehicle stopped for a minor traffic violation. This approach—allowing police unregulated discretion to conduct criminal history checks of every vehicle occupant at every traffic stop, permits precisely the sort of arbitrary and unjustified government intrusions prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. By failing to impose even minimal Fourth Amendment standards, the Kentucky Supreme Court grants officers arbitrary authority to subject people to a seizure and search based solely on a hunch. In the absence of facts creating at least reasonable suspicion that passengers are engaged in criminal conduct, or reason to believe that they pose a threat to officer safety, requiring mere passengers to identify themselves and running criminal background checks on them unnecessarily extends the length of detention (a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes) and exceeds the mission of a valid traffic stop. If allowed to stand, the Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision would permit officers to exercise arbitrary and unjustified authority in more than 1.5 million traffic stops conducted every month.
Relationships between congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia or congenital central diaphragmatic hernia and ductal plate malformations in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the association between peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) or congenital central diaphragmatic hernia (CCDH) and ductal plate malformations (DPMs) in dogs an...
"An Outrage Upon Our Feelings": The Role of Local Governments in Resistance Movements

After the election of 2016, many who opposed President Trump and his policies argued that local governments and local power would be the best tools to resist those policies and strengthen democracy. Among the most prominent acts of local resistance in the last decade have been resolutions that declare a town or a city a “Sanctuary” and refuse to cooperate with federal authorities in the deportation of undocumented immigrants. This Article situates these resolutions in a long tradition of local opposition to state and federal laws that towns and cities deem unjust by examining local opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Drawing on original archival research, this Article exposes striking similarities between contemporary tactics of local resistance and the tactics of local governments in 1850–1851 that passed formal resolutions opposing the Fugitive Slave Law. This examination of how local governments responded to the Fugitive Slave Law poses two broad questions: what did local governments think they were doing when they passed these resolutions? And how much power did local governments really have to achieve those goals? The answers to these questions are complex and context specific. The local struggles that resulted in these resolutions were part of an ongoing political struggle against the seemingly intractable problem of slavery. The local resistance chronicled here is exceptional neither in its heroism nor its effectiveness. Rather it is striking in its familiar messiness and ambition. In some cases, towns seemed to have modest expressive goals that could be met by their resolutions. In other cases, the towns’ resolutions seem to suggest a much broader set of substantive goals that were beyond the power or capacity of the town to achieve. Examining these responses to the Fugitive Slave Law offers a new analytical perspective on local responses to the deportation crisis. Examining what local governments think they are doing when they pass sanctuary ordinances and comparing that with what they are empowered or willing to do helps us think more clearly about how and by what means local governments can resist national policies and engage in broad political struggles.
A Chlorin-Based Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework for Photodynamic Therapy of Colon Cancers

We report here the rational design of the first chlorin-based nanoscale metal–organic framework (NMOF), DBC-UiO, with much improved photophysical properties over the previously reported porphyrin-based NMOF, DBP-UiO. Reduction of the DBP ligands in DBP-UiO to the DBC ligands in DBC-UiO led to a 13 nm red shift and an 11-fold increase in the extinction coefficient of the lowest-energy Q band. While inheriting the crystallinity, stability, porosity, and nanoplate morphology of DBP-UiO, DBC-UiO sensitizes more efficient 1O2 generation and exhibits significantly enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy on two colon cancer mouse models as a result of its improved photophysical properties. Both apoptosis and immunogenic cell death contributed to killing of cancer cells in DBC-UiO-induced PDT.
The role of the spleen in immunity. With special reference to the post-splenectomy problem in infants.

IN VIEW Of the success of splenectomy in dealing with certain clinical problems, and the lack of any clearly unfavorable effects of this procedure, the idea that the spleen is not physiologically essential has been widely accepted. The first serious challenge to this concept arose with the clinical observation of King and Schumaker of a high incidence of serious bacterial infection following splenectomy performed in infancy. This original report has been supplemented during the last decade by additional clinical data, and renewed interest in the role of the spleen in immunity has resulted. Recent experimental data have defined more clearly immunological functions for the spleen that are of special significance during early development. The purposes of this are paper are (1) to review the clinical problem which led to re-examination of the role of the spleen in immunity, particularly, as it relates to the early development of the immune mechanism, and (2) to offer a hypothesis which may explain the clinical observation of overwhelming infection after splenectomy in the young infant. THE CLINICAL PROBLEM In 1952 King and Schumaker reported an unusual incidence of infection in infants who had undergone splenectomy for congenital hemolytic anemia. The hazards of splenectomy in early life were pointed out in a number of papers which appeared subsequently with large series of cases reinforcing the validity of the earlier observations. Most recently Horan and Colbatch have incisively reviewed the problem and added a number of their own cases to those already in the literature. In spite of the preponderance of evidence, dissenting reports have appeared and the subject remains somewhat controversial.
The involvement of board of directors and institutional investors in investing in transition economies

Abstract We investigate the influence of the composition of the board of directors and stock ownership patterns on the decision to enter markets in Central and Eastern Europe. Our findings suggest that board composition alone does not influence the entry decision while firms with less concentrated stock ownership were more likely to enter these developing markets. We also found that while better performing firms were attracted to opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe, firms with poor prior performance and outside dominated boards were also more likely to enter these markets.
Educational control studies of a differentially driven mobile robot

In this paper, we discuss a set of experiments (both experimental and simulation) intended to reinforce the basic concepts of control of differentially driven vehicles using dead reckoning.
Giomi and Mahadevan Reply

Starostin and van der Heijden [arXiv:1111.2029] question the validity of the results reported in our Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 238104 (2010)] regarding the existence of spontaneous helical structure in finite-temperature developable ribbons. According to the authors of the Comment, our setting is affected by a systematic error in the calculation of the torsion \tau\ that results in a bias of the Monte Carlo sampling toward helical configurations, and originates from the fact that the Frenet frame, used by us to describe the centerline of the ribbons, rotates by 180^{\circ} about the direction of the tangent vector every time an inflection point (i.e. a point where the curvature \kappa\ changes in sign) is encountered. While the rotation of the frame at infection points is a well known property of Frenet frame, the conclusions of Starostin and van der Heijden on how this phenomenon would affect the Monte Carlo sampling are incorrect, as are many of the other statements that they make.
Anosmia and hypogonadism with ovarian mosaicism.

Abstract An 18-year-old woman with anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is presented. In addition endocrinologic evaluation revealed an apparent deficiency in pituitary growth hormone secretion in response to hypoglycemia and an ovarian insensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins. The ovaries, which on histologic examination appeared to be normal, upon karyotyping showed a chromosomal mosaicism, probably
Wanted: systems abstractions for SDN

This paper presents a case for applying the principles of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to middleboxes and end hosts. The challenges of configuring networking on network hosts resemble those addressed by SDN - numerous multi-vendor components, each with its own syntax and idiosyncratic corner cases, must be orchestrated smoothly. We have developed a prototype called NativeClick, a novel use of the Click Modular Router language, to orchestrate Linux networking tools. NativeClick demonstrates that, while existing SDN efforts have produced insufficient Abstractions to cover a wide range of networking behavior, SDN-like abstractions can make host configurations modular.
Effects of spray targeting on mixture development and emissions formation in late-injection low-temperature heavy-duty diesel combustion

Abstract The effects of fuel-spray targeting on mixture development, combustion, and pollutant formation were investigated for a late-injection low-temperature combustion (LTC) operating condition in an optically accessible heavy-duty diesel engine. Equivalence-ratio maps, derived from toluene fuel-tracer fluorescence measurements, quantify the effects of fuel-jet targeting on mixture preparation processes under non-combusting conditions. Planar laser-induced fluorescence of formaldehyde (H2CO), hydroxyl radical (OH), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) provide complementary measurements during the combustion process from fuel-lean to fuel-rich reaction zones. Three different injector nozzles with included angles of 124°, 152° and 160° yield unique jet–wall and jet–jet interactions. The baseline 152° nozzle directs the fuel jet toward the vertical center of the piston bowl-wall, where the jets impinge on the wall and merge with neighboring jets prior to the peak heat-release rate. Fuel-rich jet–jet interaction regions develop between the jets near the floor of the bowl, which is where the majority of soot and/or PAH formation occurs. These fuel-rich jet–jet interactions can be reduced by either a more narrow injection angle (124°) or a wider angle injection (160°), both of which lead to decreased soot formation. However, jet–wall interactions may play an important role for late-cycle bulk flows. With the 160° injection, less bulk-fluid motion in the piston bowl occurs, leading to extensive quenched regions throughout the center of the combustion chamber. By contrast, the 124° injection enhances large-scale fluid motion, transporting hot second-stage ignition regions into the fuel-lean quenched mixtures at the center of the chamber, potentially improving late-cycle oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO).
Age-related changes in thyroid hormone effects on glucose transporter isoforms of rat heart.

Abstract To determine the age-related changes in thyroid hormone (TH) effects on cardiac glucose transporter one (GLUT-1) and four (GLUT-4) isoforms, male Fischer 344 rats at 4, 12, and 25 months of age were studied at euthyroid, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions. Hyperthyroidism was induced with daily intraperitoneal injections of triiodothyronine ( 15 μ g 100 gm ) for 10 days. Hypothyroidism was achieved with 0.025% methimazole in the drinking water for 4 weeks. Immunoblot analysis indicated that at euthyroid basal conditions GLUT-1 protein was not significantly altered with age while GLUT-4 protein was significantly reduced in 25 month old rats (82.0 ± 28.8% of a 4 month old rat p
Top physics at the Tevatron

The DO and CDF collaborations recently reported the observation of the top quark in pp¯ collisions at √s=1.8. This review focuses on results which are newer, in particular the reconstruction of the hadronic W mass in lepton+jets events, multivariate analyses, studies of the all jets channel, and a preliminary mass from dilepton events.
Epoxide-initiated cationic polyene cyclisations

Abstract The Lewis acid (2-propoxy)titanium trichloride is an efficient reagent for epoxide-initiated polyene cyclisations. Thus, 4 underwent tricyclisation to yield tricyclic products 5–7 in 73 % yield. The tetraene epoxide 1 gave pentacycle 15 in 21 % yield. The latter is the first example of a cationic pentacarbocyclisation.
A Case Report of Malignant Hyperthermia in a Dental Clinic Operating Room

A healthy 5-year-old boy presented for arch bar placement under general anesthesia in an operating room in a dental school. The patient had previously undergone general anesthesia without complication, and no family history of anesthetic problems were reported. Halothane mask induction, intravenous catheter placement, and nasal intubation proceeded uneventfully without the aid of a muscle relaxant. Halfway through the procedure, signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia, including muscle rigidity, hypercarbia, tachypnea, and tachycardia were noted. Immediate treatment, including discontinuation of the triggering agent, dantrolene administration, and cooling measures were applied, and once stable, the child was transferred to Columbus Children's Hospital for further management. The patient experienced no postoperative complications. Further discussion regarding the pathophysiology and management of malignant hyperthermia is provided.