cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth pressures in confined cohesionless backfill against tall rigid walls — a case history

Earth pressures exerted on tall, rigid retaining walls by confined backfill zones are not well understood. Many factors, such as the complex nature of the soil-structure interaction, soil arching w...
Extended pelvic resection of iliacus muscle and femoral nerve for isolated recurrent uterine cancer.

Tumor persistence or local recurrence in an irradiated pelvis indicates a dismal prognosis. Until now, salvage was only possible in selected patients with central disease who had undergone pelvic exenteration. Patients with a pelvic sidewall component, representing the most common situation of local failure, are traditionally considered ineligible for curative therapy. Pelvic sidewall involvement, suggested by the clinical triad of hydronephrosis, leg edema and sciatic nerve pain, has been considered a contraindication to pelvic exenteration [1]. With extended endopelvic resections involving the resection of sidewall muscles and major vessels in the lesser pelvis, Hockel included 24 of his patients with recurrent cervical cancer and found a 5-year disease-free and overall survival of 41% and 44%, respectively [2]. This approach enables those with pelvic sidewall disease a chance at cure, with an acceptable associated morbidity. The scope of pelvic exenteration is changing. Advances in imaging enable us to select more appropriate surgical candidates, and the definition of a radical surgical resection has expanded, allowing us to offer pelvic exenteration to patients previously deemed inoperable. Resection of nerve, muscle, and bone has been incorporated in an attempt to obtain curative resections. The objective of this review is to illustrate the techniques utilized in resection of pelvic bone, sidewall muscle, and major nerves in those undergoing surgery for recurrent gynecologic malignancies. We hope that these
A new voting based hardware data prefetch scheme

The dramatic increase in the processor memory gap in recent years has led to the development of techniques like data prefetching that hide the latency of cache misses. Two such hardware techniques are the stream buffer and the stride predictor. They have dissimilar architectures, are effective for different kinds of memory access patterns and require different amounts of extra memory bandwidth. We compare the performance of these two techniques and propose a scheme that unifies them. Simulation studies on six benchmark programs confirm that the combined scheme is more effective in reducing the average memory access time (AMAT) than either of the two individually.
Selling in the era of the “Net”: integration of electronic commerce in small firms

This paper reports on a research study concerning the integration of electronic commerce (EC) into the pre-sales business processes of small firms. By means of a field survey, 17 small firms were examined at the end of their first year of participation in an EC network that matches procurement bids of large governmental and private sector buyers with small firm suppliers. Similar to past research models focusing on the integration of “post-sales” electronic commerce technologies such as EDI, this study found that the factors of perceived benefits and organizational readiness to adopt EC technology influence the pre-sales integration of EC in small firms. An additional factor, characterized as “trust and cooperation,” was also associated with pre-sales EC integration. Unlike past research on the post-sales EC in small firms, external pressure due to customer coercion was not found to heavily influence pre-sales EC. In addition to presenting a refined adoption and integration model to support further research on pre-sales EC technology integration, the customersupplier life cycle framework is introduced as a managerial tool to identify integration opportunities and evaluate a firm’s EC value chain.
Fault zone deformation controlled by carbonate mechanical stratigraphy, Balcones fault system, Texas

Normal faults in Cretaceous carbonates in the Balcones fault system provide important analogs for fault zone architecture and deformation in carbonate reservoirs worldwide. Mechanical layering is a fundamental control on carbonate fault zones. Relatively planar faults with low-displacement gradients develop in massive, strong, clay-poor limestones and dolomites. In less competent clay-rich strata, shale beds impede fault propagation, resulting in fault-related folding, and locally steep bedding dips. Faults in clay-poor massive limestones and dolomites tend to be steep (70 or more), whereas weaker, clay-rich limestones develop faults with shallower dips (60 or less). Fault zone rocks show evidence of cataclasis, cementation, deformation of cement by mechanical twinning and pressure solution, and multiple generations of cement with differing degrees of deformation, indicating contemporaneous cementation and fault slip. In stratigraphic sequences consisting of both competent and incompetent strata, the ratio of incompetent to competent strata by thickness is a useful guide for inferring the relative rates of fault displacement and propagation. Low displacement-to-propagation ratios associated with competent strata generate low-displacement gradients, inhibiting fault-related folding. Conversely, high displacement-to-propagation ratios associated with incompetent strata promote high-displacement gradients and fault-related folding.
Electrical conductivity of alkali-doped Zr−Ba−La−Al fluoride glasses

The effect of alkali ion identity on the dc electrical conductivity of alkali-doped Zr-Ba-La-Al fluoride glasses containing 5 mol% MF, where M is Li, K, or Cs, was measured. The electrical conductivity increases in the order Li < K < Cs. This trend is the reverse of that found for typical oxide glasses. Results support the contention that these glasses are anion conductors.
Structural Basis of Integrin Regulation and Signaling

Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell-cell, cell– extracellular matrix, and cell-pathogen interactions. They play critical roles for the immune system in leukocyte trafficking and migration, immunological synapse formation, costimulation, and phagocytosis. Integrin adhesiveness can be dynamically regulated through a process termed inside-out signaling. In addition, ligand binding transduces signals from the extracellular domain to the cytoplasm in the classical outside-in direction. Recent structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of integrin bidirectional signaling across the plasma membrane. Large-scale reorientations of the ectodomain of up to 200 ˚ A couple to conformational change in ligand-binding sites and are linked to changes in α and β subunit transmembrane domain association. In this review, we focus on integrin structure as it relates to affinity modulation, ligand binding, outside-in signaling, and cell surface distribution dynamics.
Using RAIC for dependable on-line upgrading of distributed systems

The technology of redundant arrays of independent components (RAIC) uses groups of similar or identical distributed components to provide dependable services (Liu and Richardson, 2002). RAIC allows components in the redundant array to be added or removed dynamically during run-time. This paper gives a brief overview of RAIC and discusses its special application for dependable on-line upgrading of distributed systems. A proof-of-concept example is given to illustrate how problems that occur during upgrading can be masked by RAIC and thus not affect smooth operations of the system-under-upgrade.
Care satisfaction, hope, and life functioning among adults with bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program

Objective: The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) is designed to evaluate the longitudinal outcome of patients with bipolar disorder. The STEP-BD disease-management model is built on evidence-based practices and a collaborative care approach designed to maximize specific and nonspecific treatment mechanisms. This prospective study examined the longitudinal relationships between patients’ satisfaction with care, levels of hope, and life functioning in the first 1000 patients to enter STEP-BD. Methods: The study used scores from the Care Satisfaction Questionnaire, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Range of Impaired Functioning Tool, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Montgomery-2sberg Depression Rating Scale at 5 time points during a 1-year interval. Analyses tested mediational pathways between care satisfaction, hope, and life functioning, depression, and mania using mixed-effects (random and fixed) regression models. Results: Increases in care satisfaction were associated with decreased hopelessness (P b .01) but not related to symptoms of depression or mania. Similarly, decreased hopelessness was associated with better life functioning (P b.01) but not related to symptoms of depression or mania. Depression was independently associated with poorer life functioning (P b .0001). Conclusions: This study provided support for the hypothesized mediational pathway between care satisfaction, hopelessness, and life functioning. Findings suggest that providing care that maximizes patient hope may be important. By so doing, patients might overcome the
Deep Ice Stratigraphy and Basal Conditions in Central West Antarctica Revealed by Coherent Radar

We discuss results from a high-sensitivity, multichannel, very high frequency, and surface-based radar depth sounder/imager. The instrument was used to map deep internal layers and characterize basal conditions over a 240- km2 grid in the vicinity of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core site. The ice thickness at the core site was found to be about 3470 m, and we detected internal layers to within 350 m of the ice/bed interface. Radar-detected layer stratigraphy does not show evidence of flow-induced disturbances that might complicate the depth-age relationship and the interpretation of climate history preserved in the ice. We also found that bed reflectivity over the region varies by more than 30 dB. Approximately 15 dB of this variability appears to be the result of transitions from a frozen to a thawed bed in a number of places. The remainder probably results from changes in bed roughness. Our data are important for planning drilling to the bed, as well as providing constraints and boundary conditions for regional ice-flow models.
Insufficient evidence of effect of periodontal treatment on prevention or management of cardiovascular disease.

Insufficient evidence of effect of periodontal treatment on prevention or management of cardiovascular disease
Managerial use and emerging norms: effects of activity patterns on software design and deployment

Software use in many organizations has spread vertically. The author presents evidence that applications that are widely used in organizations have at least three distinct patterns of use: one for individual contributors, one for managers, and one for executives. Use within each of these groups is shaped by its particular activity and incentive structures. Interaction among group members promotes shared social conventions and feature use. When designing, acquiring, or supporting such an application, the best approach could be to treat it as three distinct applications. The applications discussed include shared calendars, email, application-sharing, shared workspaces, browsers and desktop videoconferencing.
The Lunar Record of Recent Impact Cratering

The history of the accretion of extraterrestrial material onto the Earth covers the entire lifetime of the planet, from the accretion of great quantities of mass at the time the planet formed ∼4.5 Ga, to the much less dramatic infall of stones and dust to the Earth today. Impact craters are the scars left behind when some of the larger portions of this infalling material (impactors) strike the planet’s surface. Craters can therefore be used to measure the amount and frequency of mass that impacts a large body such as the Earth. Although processes rapidly eliminate craters on the Earth, the nearby Moon retains a pristine record of recent cratering events.
Multi-functional roles for the polypeptide transport associated domains of Toc75 in chloroplast protein import

Chloroplasts are a hallmark feature of plant cells and the sites of photosynthesis – the process in which plants harness the energy in sunlight for their own needs. The first chloroplasts arose when a photosynthetic bacterium was engulfed by another host cell, and most of the original bacterial genes have been transferred to the host cell’s nucleus during the evolution of land plants. As a result, modern chloroplasts need to import the thousands of proteins encoded by these genes from the rest of the cell. The chloroplast protein import system relies on a protein transporter in the chloroplast membrane that evolved from a family of bacterial transporters. However, the bacterial transporters were initially involved in protein export, and it was not known how the activity of these transporters adapted to move proteins in the opposite direction. Paila et al. set out to better understand the chloroplast protein import system and produced mutated forms of the transporter in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These experiments revealed that a part of the transporter that is conserved in many other organisms, the “protein transport associated domains”, has been adapted for three key roles in protein import. First, this part of the transporter interacts with the other components of the import system that make the transporter more selective and control which direction the proteins are transported. Second, the domains interact with proteins during transport to help move them across the chloroplast membrane. Finally, the domains recruit other molecules called chaperones, which stop the protein from aggregating or misfolding during the transport process. These activities are similar to those for the bacterial export transporters, but clearly evolved to allow transport in the opposite direction – that is, to import proteins into chloroplasts. The next challenges are to explain how proteins destined for chloroplasts are recognized and transported through the chloroplast’s membrane.
Dental-CT bei pathologischen Veränderungen im Bereich des Kiefers

Die CT mit multiplanarer Rekonstruktion des Kiefers (Dental-CT/ Denta-Scan™) ist die Methode der Wahl zur radiologischen Untersuchung der Mandibula und Maxilla. Sie ist insbesondere bei der Abgrenzung knocherner Lasionen von benachbarten anatomischen Strukturen hilfreich. Daher erlaubt diese Technik eine prazise Evaluation der komplizierten Details der Mundhohle. Durch die Verwendung dieser Technik wird eine genaue Charakterisierung von Pathologien, unter Einschlus infektioser, metabolischer, kongenitaler und neoplastischer Lasionen ermoglicht.
Do Antipyretics Prevent Febrile Convulsions

A frequently held opinion that antipyretic medications may prevent febrile seizures (FS) in at risk children was investigated by pediatricians at Queen Mary’s Hospital, Sidcup, Kent, UK.
Suburban Sprawl in the Developing World: Duplicating Past Mistakes? The Case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Newly affluent developing world cities increasingly adopt the same unfortunate low-density suburban paradigm that shaped cities in the industrialized world. Identified by a World Bank report as a "mini-Los Angeles," Kuala Lumpur is a sentinel example of the results of unrestrained sprawl in the developing world. Factors driving sprawl included government policies favoring foreign investment, "mega-projects," and domestic automobile production; fragmented governance structures allowing federal and state government influence on local planning; increasing middle-class affluence; an oligopoly of local developers; and haphazard municipal zoning and transport planning. The city's present form contributes to Malaysia's dual burden of disease, with inner-city shantytown dwellers facing communicable disease and malnutrition while suburban citizens experience increasing chronic disease, injury, and mental health issues. Despite growing awareness in city plans targeted toward higher density development, Kuala Lumpur presents a warning to other emerging economies of the financial, societal, and population health costs imposed by quickly-built suburban sprawl.
Enhancement of passive mixing tabs by the addition of secondary tabs

Qualitative and quantitative measurements have been made in the near field of a tabbed jet. Past results have shown that the addition of a passive mixing tab causes rapid large-scale mixing of the core fluid with the surrounding fluid. The tabbed jet concept has been further modified by placing secondary tabs on both sides of the primary tab. The secondary tabs, which are angled away from the core flow, provide an attachment surface for the jet core fluid as it is directed into the ambient region. This modification significantly increases the flux of vorticity into the flow, and the rate at which the jet core and ambient fluid interact. (Author)
Advance in cardioprotection of opioid preconditioning

Opioids' preconditioning can elicit cardiac protective effects like ischemic preconditioning but no paradoxical ischemic stimulation.The clinically used narcotic analgesics like morphine,fentanyl and remifentanil can relieve injury through δor κ opioids receptors.The mechanisms include G-proteins,protein kinase C,reactive oxygen species,inducible nitric oxide synthase,and nuclear transcription factor-κB,and the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel is thought as the putative effect site. Although opioids seem to have promising properties in animal experiments,no direct extrapolation should made from theoretical experimental knowledge,and the effects of each preconditioning protocol need to be evaluated in the patients.
HIV-/AIDS-Risk Behaviors

In this chapter, the prevalence and risk factors of HIV/AIDs among street young people are discussed. Demographic risk factors such as gender and age are analyzed. Various environmental influences, including homelessness and unstable housing, are discussed as possible risk factors for HIV and STIs. The effects of peer group social networks on HIV-/AIDS-risk behaviors are presented. Other risk factors such as early family abuse, depression, and relationship status are evaluated. In addition, survival sex, sex trafficking, multiple partners, substance use, and other factors such as sexual decision making and partner coercion and violence among runaway and homeless youth are analyzed.
Genetic Clues to Glaucoma's Secrets: The L Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Part 2

Major advances in the medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma have occurred since the first Edward Jackson Memorial lecture was delivered 50 years ago. Collaborative clinical trials under the sponsorship of the National Eye Institute are adding to our knowledge about which patients to treat and how to treat them. Despite these clinical advances, an understanding of the pathophysiologic and biochemical mechanisms that cause the disease remain unknown. The 40th anniversary of the discovery of the DNA double helix provides a springboard for a historical perspective on the heritability of glaucoma. A large pedigree is presented of a family with autosomal dominantly inherited primary open-angle glaucoma of juvenile onset. This is the second family with this clinical entity to show genetic linkage to the long arm of chromosome 1. Other forms of primary open-angle glaucoma with adult onset are presented wherein the inheritance pattern suggests autosomal recessive transmission. Thus far, linkage analysis does not suggest a genetic relationship to the autosomal dominant juvenile-onset pedigree that links to the long arm of chromosome 1. It is hoped that an emphasis on clinical and molecular genetic studies of glaucoma will yield protein defects that can be targeted for treatment. It is emphasized that the clinical ophthalmologist can participate in this important work by finding families with glaucoma and collaborating with individuals capable of extracting DNA, manipulating it, and performing genetic linkage and positional cloning studies.
Identification of two new excited electronic states of NiCl: Analyses of the (1,0) & (0,0) bands of the [13.5] 2Φ7/2 – [0.16] A 2Δ5/2 and (0,0) band of the [13.8] 2Π1/2 – [0.38] X 2Π1/2 transitions

Abstract The near-infrared spectrum of NiCl has been recorded at high resolution in the 13,200–13,500 cm−1 and 13,600–13,750 cm−1 regions using Intracavity Laser Spectroscopy (ILS). The NiCl molecules were produced in the plasma discharge of a Ni-lined copper hollow cathode with 0.3–0.6 torr of argon as the sputter gas, and a trace amount of CCl4. Several electronic transitions were observed, including three transitions involving two previously unreported excited electronic states. The (0,0) and (1,0) bands of the [13.5] 2Φ7/2 – [0.16] A 2Δ5/2 transition were observed near 13,318 cm−1 and 13,709 cm−1, respectively. The (0,0) band of the [13.8] 2Π1/2 – [0.38] X 2Π1/2 transition was observed near 13,480 cm−1. With analysis of these transitions, molecular constants have been obtained for eleven of the twelve predicted NiCl doublets states with term energies less than 16,000 cm−1. Comparison of experimentally observed transitions with the theoretical work is presented.
TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPAIR(MITRA CLIP) IN UNITED STATES: LENGTH OF STAY AND COST OF HOSPITALIZATIONS FROM THE NATIONWIDE READMISSION DATABASE.

Background: The primary objective of our study was to evaluate real-world outcomes of Transcatheter mitral valve repair (MitraClip) in terms of length of stay (LOS) and cost of care. Methods: The study cohort was derived from the National Readmission Data (NRD) 2013, a subset of the Healthcare Cost
Brain edema from intracerebral hemorrhage.

Sequential changes in brain parenchyma surrounding an intracerebral hemorrhage are described here. Re-bleeding occurs within the first several hours after the initial hemorrhage in about 30% of cases. The coagulation cascade is activated as soon as blood encounters tissue. Perihematomal brain edema develops in response to clot retraction, thrombin formation, erythrocyte lysis, hemoglobin toxicity, complement activation, mass effect, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Early hematoma evacuation interrupts edema formation. The toxicity of extravasated blood in brain parenchyma has not been studied well in traumatic injury or in hemorrhagic tumor models yet, but similar mechanisms of edema formation are likely to occur in these conditions.
Towards Automatic Linkage of Knowledge Worker’s Claims with Associated Evidence from Screenshots

Knowledge workers are frequently subject to information overload. As a result, when looking to make analytic judgements, they may only have time to search for evidence that already matches their existing viewpoint, leading to confirmation bias. New computer systems are needed that can help users overcome this and other cognitive biases. As an enabling step towards such systems, the research community has developed instrumentation software that captures data to help better understand sensemaking processes and workflows. However, existing instrumentation approaches are limited by the need to write operating system-specific (and often application-specific) code to 'see' what the user is doing inside different applications on their computer. This source code quickly becomes complex and brittle. Furthermore, this approach does not provide a holistic view of how the user is gleaning information from multiple applications at once. We propose an alternative approach to instrumentation based on automated analysis of desktop screenshots, and demonstrate this in the context of extraction of 'claims' from reports that users are writing, and association of these claims with 'evidence' obtained from web browsing. We evaluate our approach on a corpus of 121,000 screenshots obtained from a study of 150 participants carrying out a controlled analysis task. The topic of the task was previously unfamiliar to them (hence the need to search for evidence on the web). We report results from several variants of our approach using a human evaluation of extracted claim/evidence pairs, and find that a simple word matching metric (based on Jaccard similarity) can outperform more complex sentence similarity metrics. We also describe many of the difficulties inherent to screenshot analysis and our approaches to overcome them.
Ovarian conservation vs removal at the time of benign hysterectomy

Over the last 2 decades, the rate of oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy in the United States has consistently been between 40-50%. A decline in hormone use has been observed since the release of the principal results of the Women's Health Initiative. Oophorectomy appears to be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, as well as deleterious effects on overall mortality, cognitive functioning, and sexual functioning. Estrogen deficiency from surgical menopause is associated with bone mineral density loss and increased fracture risk. While hormone therapy may mitigate these effects, at no age does there appear to be a survival benefit associated with oophorectomy. Reduction of ovarian cancer risk may be accomplished with salpingectomy at the time of hysterectomy.
‘Like second-hand smoke’: the toxic effect of workplace flexibility bias for workers’ health

ABSTRACTAs many workers struggle to reconcile their personal and work responsibilities, scholars have called on organizations to redesign and redefine workplace structures and cultures. One pernicious feature of today’s organizations is workplace flexibility bias, workers’ sense that they will face career consequences for making schedule adjustments for family or personal reasons. Expanding the theoretical and empirical understanding of this bias, we ask whether and how flexibility bias affects workers’ health. Analysis of 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce data shows that workplace flexibility bias is related to minor health problems, poor self-rated health, poor sleep quality, depression symptoms, and more frequent sick day use. Mediation analysis illustrates that this is due in part to the increased stress and negative work-life spillover that accompanies flexibility bias. This bias is also linked to alcohol use, exercise frequency, and treatment for high blood pressure and mental health iss...
A high reliability PUF using hot carrier injection based response reinforcement

Achieving high reliability across environmental variations and over aging in physical unclonable functions (PUFs) remains a challenge for PUF designers. The conventional method to improve PUF reliability is to use powerful error correction codes (ECC) to correct the errors in the raw response from the PUF core. Unfortunately, these ECC blocks generally have high VLSI overheads, which scale up quickly with the error correction capability. Alternately, researchers have proposed techniques to increase the reliability of the PUF core, and thus significantly reduce the required strength (and complexity) of the ECC. One method of increasing the reliability of the PUF core is to use normally detrimental IC aging effects to reinforce the desired (or "golden") response of the PUF by altering the PUF circuit characteristics permanently and hence making the PUF more reliable. In this work, we present a PUF response reinforcement technique based on hot carrier injection (HCI) which can reinforce the PUF golden response in short stress times (i.e., tens of seconds), without impacting the surrounding circuits, and that has high permanence (i.e., does not degrade significantly over aging). We present a self-contained HCI-reinforcement-enabled PUF circuit based on sense amplifiers (SA) which autonomously self-reinforces with minimal external intervention. We have fabricated a custom ASIC testchip in 65nm bulk CMOS with the proposed PUF design. Measured results show high reliability across environmental variations and accelerated aging, as well as good uniqueness and randomness. For example, 1600 SA elements, after being HCI stressed for 125s, show 100% reliability (zero errors) across ±20% voltage variations a temperature range of -20°C to 85°C.
Machine learning research in the artificial intelligence laboratory at Illinois

This note provides a brief account of major projects on Machine Learning done in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Illinois. Some of the projects are done in collaboration with research groups from other organizations. A few projects mentioned here are described in more detail as separate reports in the book. Research conducted by Professor G. DeJong and his group at the Coordinated Science Laboratory is reported separately. References contain publications describing details on projects described below and closely related work. Due to the space limitations these references include only a selection of papers from those written in the last year.
Methods of drawing blood samples through central venous catheters in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplant: results of a national survey.

Purpose/objectives To describe methods of drawing blood samples from central venous catheters (CVCs) currently in use in pediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) units, the rationale for method selection, and concerns of clinicians related to those methods. Design Descriptive survey. Setting National. Sample 34 pediatric BMT units (median = 8 beds) in hospitals ranging in size from 48 to 1,100 beds (median = 530). Methods A mailed questionnaire was completed by a designated member of the BMT nursing staff. Main research variables Type of blood drawing method, volume of blood drawn, rationale for using a specific method and volume, and clinician concerns regarding drawing procedure. Findings The majority of the BMT units use the discard method of blood drawing (i.e., prior to drawing the required volume of blood for testing, a sample of blood is withdrawn and discarded). Discard volumes ranged from 0.5 ml-10 ml. The most frequently cited concerns were risk of infection, blood loss, and accuracy of laboratory values. Conclusions The concerns of the respondents and the lack of empiric studies mandate that research determine the safest method of drawing blood samples through CVCs in a pediatric BMT population. Implications for nursing practice Concern regarding current practice exists, but minimal data are available to assist nurses in determining safe and appropriate methods for withdrawing blood through CVCs. A prospective, randomized study of the three methods currently being used with a large sample can provide the information necessary to establish quality practice guidelines.
Post-pollination studies in some Cyperaceae

Post-pollination details in five species of Cyperaceae (Eleocharis atropurpurea, E. congesta, Fimbristylis tetragona, Fuirena trilobites andScirpus lateriflorus) are described. The course of development is uniform in all the species with a few exceptions. Double fertilization is synchronous, endosperm is nuclear and the development of embryo is of the Onagrad type. The topographic relations of the epicotyl and the cotyledon conform to the Haccius’ concept of the monocotyledonous embryo. Pericarp remains free from the seed coat throughout the development.
Emotions and Environment

The chapter illuminates the role of various categories of emotions in the context of the natural environment and their influence on pro-environmental and environmentally risky decisions. First, some examples of emotional reactions towards environmental problems are given. After discussing the question “what are environmentally relevant emotions?”, a classification of these emotions is proposed, followed by a close look at the relations of emotions and environmentally relevant activities and the special behavioral impact of the emotions on pro-environmental but also on environmentally risky behaviors. The chapter closes with a discussion of how knowledge about emotional factors can be used in the environmental debate and shows ways to reach a deeper understanding of the dynamics and impact of these emotions. This knowledge can enrich models of environmentally relevant behaviors as well as action models in psychology in general.
Piaget’s Concept of Equilibration: Biological, Logical, and Cybernetic Roots

American scholars have expressed their dissatisfaction with the concept of equilibration in various ways. Bruner (1959) labeled it “useless”; Almy (1966), “frustrating.” Mischel (1971) called the concept a “misleading metaphor,” and Flavell (1971), perhaps speaking for many of his colleagues, stated, “If you’ve ever had the experience of trying to explain exactly what Piaget means by ‘equilibration’ to a class of students, you know that the concept is far from clear” (p. 191).
Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V with various post-heat treatments

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effects of solution treatment, age and stress relief on the corrosion behaviour of direct metal laser sintered Ti–6Al–4V. T...
A task-based design methodology for robotic exoskeletons:

IntroductionThis study is aimed at developing a task-based methodology for the design of robotic exoskeletons. This is in contrast to prevailing research efforts, which attempt to mimic the human l...
MULTIPOLLUTANT ASSESSMENT OF SHORT-TERM MORTALITY EFFECTS OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER, ITS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN U.S. CITIES.

Background and Aims: U.S., European, and Canadian multi-city studies have shown relatively consistent short-term mortality effects of particulate matter (PM) and ozone. However, there is less infor...
NASA's next-generation airborne sunphotometer (5STAR): engineering challenges and advances

The NASA next-generation airborne sunphotometer (5STAR) is subject to science requirements and practical constraints in the optical, mechanical, electronic, robotic, thermal and aeronautic domains. This presentation summarizes the engineering challenges, tradeoffs, and advances in the 5STAR design.
Comparison of BRFSS Data Between Home-Based Care Providers and Health Care Support Workers in Clinical Environments in Washington State:

Background: The demand for home-based health care support providers (HB providers) is growing as the locus of care shifts to private homes. However, industry representative data of these workers are limited. Methods: Washington Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (WA BRFSS) data from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed to compare HB providers (n = 385) with health care support occupations not based in the home, non-HB providers (n = 229), and all other occupations (n = 32,011). Findings: More HB providers were overweight (4.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [3.3%, 5.2%]) than non-HB providers and all other occupations. Significantly more HB providers had arthritis (33.2%, 95% CI = [27.0%, 39.4%]) and diabetes (9.4%, 95% CI = [5.7%, 13.2%]) than non-HB providers. Nearly twice as many HB providers currently smoked (31.3%, 95% CI = [24.2%, 38.4%]) than non-HB providers. Significantly more HB providers reported serious mental illness (6.8%, 95% CI = [2.8%, 10.7%]) than all other occupations (2.2%). Conclusion/Application to Practice: It is imperative to maintain good health in this home-based health care population as these workers are aging and their professional time becomes limited.
Performance Improvement of Linux CPU Scheduler Using Policy Gradient Reinforcement Learning for Android Smartphones

The Energy Aware Scheduler (EAS) was developed and applied to the Linux kernel of recent Android smartphones in order to exploit the ARM big.LITTLE processing architecture efficiently. EAS organizes CPU hardware information into Energy Model which are used to improve CPU scheduling performance. In particular, it reduces power consumption and improves process scheduling performance. However, EAS has limitations in improving CPU scheduling performance, because the Energy Model configures the CPU hardware information to fixed values, which does not reflect the characteristics of running tasks, such as the workload changes and the transition between running state and sleep state. To solve this problem, this paper introduces the Learning Energy Aware Scheduler (Learning EAS). The Learning EAS adjusts the TARGET_LOAD used to set the CPU frequency and the sched_migration_cost used as the task migration criteria according to the characteristics of the running task through the policy gradient reinforcement learning. In LG G8 ThinQ, Learning EAS improved power consumption by 2.3% – 5.7%, hackbench results for process scheduling performance by 2.8% – 25.5%, applications entry time by 4.4% – 6.1%, and applications entry time under high CPU workload by 9.6% – 12.5%, respectively compared with EAS. This paper also showed that the Learning EAS is scalable by applying the Learning EAS to high-end and low-end chipset platforms of Qualcomm.Inc and MediaTek.Inc and improving power consumption by 2.8% – 7.8%, application entry time by 2.2% – 7.2%, respectively compared with EAS. Finally, this paper showed that the performance of CPU scheduling is improved gradually by the repetition of reinforcement learning.
Case-Based Imaging Curriculum.

This is a new variation of our educational iPix series — where important teaching points are conveyed through visually appealing multimedia. This new feature format is entirely case based — studies were obtained from real patients referred to the imaging laboratory seeking answers to important
Compliance in Controlled E-cigarette Studies.

Introduction E-cigarette studies have found that the use of a variety of flavors and customizable devices results in greater use frequency and user satisfaction. However, standardized research e-cigarettes are being developed as closed systems with limited flavor options, potentially limiting user satisfaction. In this study, we explore protocol compliance in an e-cigarette study using a standardized, assigned device with puff time and duration tracking (controlled e-cigarette) and potential limitations that controlled devices and e-liquids can introduce. Methods In a crossover study, 49 young adult e-cigarette users were recruited using convenience sampling and assigned a controlled e-cigarette device and flavored or unflavored e-liquids on standardized protocols. E-cigarette use frequency (number of puffs per day, collected from the device) and serum cotinine levels were obtained at each of three study visits over 3 weeks. The correlation of cotinine and e-cigarette use over the preceding week was calculated at each study visit. Results Correlation of nicotine intake, as measured by serum cotinine, and puff time, as measured by puffs count and duration from the e-cigarette device, as an indicator of study protocol compliance, substantially declined after the first week of the study and were no longer correlated in the remaining study weeks (R2 = 0.53 and p ≤ .01 in week 1, R2 .05 for remaining weeks). Conclusions There is an emerging need for controlled e-cigarette exposures studies, but low compliance in the use of assigned devices and e-liquids may be a limitation that needs to be mitigated in future studies. Implications This study is the first to analyze compliance with instructions to use a standardized e-cigarette device with puff time and duration tracking (controlled e-cigarette) across all subjects and an assigned e-liquid flavor over a 3-week period. We find that protocol compliance, as measured by correlations between e-cigarette use measures and cotinine levels, was only achieved in the first week of the study and declined thereafter. These findings indicate that the assignment of a study device and instruction to only use the study device with assigned e-liquid flavor may not be sufficient to ensure participant compliance with the study protocol. We suggest that additional measures, including behavioral and biological markers, are needed to ensure sole use of the study e-cigarette and e-liquid and to be able to interpret results from controlled e-cigarette studies.
Prosthodontic Resident Selection by Postdoctoral Dental Matching Program: A National Survey by Participating Program Director

Purpose The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the resident selection and Match process that occurred for the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA)-accredited Advanced Education in Prosthodontics program in North America from the program directors' perspective, after the first year of implementation. Materials and methods The list of Advanced Education in Prosthodontics program in CODA-accredited North American institutions was obtained from the ACP central office, and the directors of each program were identified. The surveys were distributed to 48 program directors online and results were compiled. Results Out of 48 programs, 43 directors responded to and completed the survey (90.0%), where 35 programs participated in the Match process, 5 did not, and 3 were omitted due to incomplete surveys. While the majority of programs did not see any changes in their applicant pool or their quality, 10 programs (25.0%) observed a number of increases in the application and 13 programs (32.5%) observed an increase in the quality of the applications. Among the 35 programs that participated in the Match process, the main reasons for their participation were "fairness" (48.2%), "did not want to keep moving up interview dates" (23.2%), and "have applicants come to interview as planned" (21.4%). Thirty-three programs reported that 75% to 100% of the invited applicants came to the interview (76.7%). The majority of programs that participated in Match expressed satisfaction with the process (29/33, 80.6%). Sixteen programs (45.7%) reported that they matched with 100% of their first selections. Conclusion Overall response of reintroduction of the Match process for advanced prosthodontic resident selection was very positive for majority of the program directors.
Practical Application and Implementation of Induced Resistance

The use of intensive farming and mass monoculture resulted in the extensive use of chemical pesticides to control plant pests and diseases. The use of chemical pesticides, however, will become increasingly restricted due to concerns for the environment and health. The need for extensive toxicological and field testing prior to release of new chemicals and development of pest or pathogen resistance to some current pesticides may also contribute to a reduction in pesticide utilization. We are faced with the challenge of finding more effective, safer and economical ways to protect plants against pests to help feed an ever increasing world population. Utilization of plants’ own defense mechanisms by application of technologies to induce resistance may contribute toward a solution to this problem. Many theoretical and experimental aspects of induced systemic resistance (immunization) are described in detail in the previous chapters. Because there are few examples of field tests with induced resistance, the wide scale application of the phenomenon is not yet established. This chapter will discuss some of the approaches that can be utilized in progressing toward the practical application of induced systemic resistance.
Spatiotemporal patterns of rodent hippocampal field potentials uncover spatial representations

Spatiotemporal patterns of large-scale spiking and field potentials of the rodent hippocampus encode spatial representations during maze run, immobility and sleep. Here, we showed that multi-site hippocampal field potential amplitude at ultra-high frequency band (FPAuhf) provides not only a fast and reliable reconstruction of the rodent9s position in wake, but also a readout of replay content during sharp wave ripples. This FPAuhf feature may serve as robust real-time decoding strategy from large-scale (up to 100,000 electrodes) recordings in closed-loop experiments. Furthermore, we developed unsupervised learning approaches to extract low-dimensional spatiotemporal FPAuhf features during run and ripple periods, and to infer latent dynamical structures from lower-rank FPAuhf features. We also developed a novel optical flow-based method to identify propagating spatiotemporal LFP patterns from multi-site array recordings, which can be used for decoding application. Finally, we developed a prospective decoding strategy to predict animal9s future decision in goal-directed navigation.
The Experience and Effect of Adolescent to Robot Stress Disclosure: A Mixed-Methods Exploration

Social robots hold the potential to be an effective and appropriate technology in reducing stress and improving the mental health of adolescents. In order to understand the effect of adolescent-to-robot disclosure on momentary stress, we conducted an exploratory, mixed-methods study with sixty-nine US adolescents (ages 14–21) in school settings. We compared a generic, minimalist robot interaction among three different robot embodiments: physical, digital computer screen, and immersive, virtual reality. We found participants’ momentary stress levels significantly decreased across multiple interactions over time. The physical and virtual reality embodiments were most effective for stress reduction. In addition, our qualitative findings provide unique insights into the types of stressors adolescents shared with the social robots as well as their experiences with the different interaction embodiments.
Macbeth, Norman 1873–1936

Norman Macbeth Sr. was a pioneer in the art and science of illumination engineering and color and best known for inventing the Macbeth Illuminometer system in 1915 [Macbeth in Color identifying apparatus, US Patent 1408109A, 1922, 1]. He was a British citizen born in 1873 in Canada and lived in New York, USA.
A Multimethod Examination of Medical Students' Experiences With Bereavement and Complicated Grief.

Few studies have examined grief in medical students. This study used a multimeth approach to describe how bereavement and CG may impact medical students’ educational experience and their perspectiv...
When Does Sharing Stigmatize? Saving Money (vs. Seeking Variety) Through Access-Based Consumption

Access-based services allow financially-constrained individuals to consume a variety of goods and services without the cost of sole ownership. But might there be dangers in communicating about access-based consumption in terms of its affordability, particularly among this segment of consumers? To answer this question, we investigate the effects of framing access-based consumption in terms of two primary benefits: affordability and variety. Results from four studies suggest that although affordability might rationally be of most interest to financially-constrained individuals, framing access-based consumption’s benefits in terms of affordability undermines the happiness they may extract from their consumption relative to framing in terms of variety. This difference emerges because communications focused on affordability re-affirm the negative self-identity financially-constrained individuals perceive as a result of their financial situation. Given these findings, we make clear recommendations for communications related to the access-based economy and this vulnerable set of people.
Not all naïve CD8 T cells are created equal.

Maintenance of T cells is critical for sustained readiness against infectious challenges. Naive CD8 T-cell homeostasis requires at least two signals: T-cell receptor (TCR) contact with self-peptide/major histocompatibility complex (self-pMHC) and interleukin (IL)-7 engagement with IL-7 receptor (IL-7R).1, 2 However, the mechanisms by which these signals influence maintenance of a diverse naive T-cell pool are still unclear. The study by Palmer et al.3 in this issue introduces a new perspective on T-cell homeostasis by demonstrating how subtle heterogeneity in IL-7R expression dictates maintenance of distinct populations within the naive CD8 T-cell pool.