cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of susceptibility to Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) in rainbow trout and the effect of length of exposure on the liability to develop ceratomyxosis

Abstract Susceptibility to C. shasta among a susceptible and a resistant strain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and their reciprocal F1's was measured as mortality and time to death after exposure to the parasite infective stage, in two experimental settings: a short (7-day) and a continuous exposure. Regardless of experimental setting, mortalities among the two strains and their reciprocal F1's were significantly different, with the reciprocal F1's being intermediate. Time to death was significantly shorter for the susceptible strain than for the reciprocal F1's and resistant strain, which were not different. The effect of length of exposure on increasing liability to develop ceratomyxosis was not the same for the two strains and their reciprocal F1's; regardless of length of exposure the resistant strain showed a low level of mortality, while mortalities among the susceptible strain and the reciprocal F1's were significantly larger when continuously exposed than when exposed for 7 days. However, an apparently larger effect of exposure length on mortality was seen among the reciprocal F1's than for the susceptible strain. This response is presumed to be the result of constraints imposed by the scale of measurement having a limit of 100%. Estimates of degree of dominance derived from cumulative mortalities at the end of a continuous exposure, and therefore, after the susceptible strain reached the limit of this scale, result in an apparent dominance for susceptibility, but comparisons of cumulative mortalities after a “pulse” exposure of 7 days indicated dominance for resistance. Results on mortality and time to death suggest that the reciprocal F1's have inherited a mechanism of defense against C. shasta from the resistant strain. This defense mechanism appears to be highly sensitive to parasite dose such that under continuous exposures, protection can be overwhelmed leading to an increasing liability to develop ceratomyxosis. However, the effect of that defense mechanism was still evident by the significantly longer time to death among the reciprocal F1's when contrasted with the shorter time to death of the susceptible strain.
The development of the relationship between dorsal root afferents and motoneurons in the larval bullfrog spinal cord

The relationship of dorsal root afferents to motoneuron somata and dendrites was studied by labelling dorsal and ventral roots of the tadpole lumbar enlargement with HRP at different stages of hindlimb development. Procedures were used which allowed for sequential light and electron microscopic analysis to determine whether close appositions between labelled elements represented synaptic contacts. Lateral motor column (LMC) motoneuron dendrites grow first into the lateral funiculus, and later begin arborizing within the spinal gray, concurrent with the arrival of developing dorsal root afferent fibers. Mature-appearing synaptic contacts between dorsal root afferents and motoneuron dendrites are established first on distal dendrites, and are observed on progressively more proximal dendrites as hindlimb development proceeds. Migrating motoneurons were also labelled in some animals. Distinct dorsal and ventral migratory pathways were noted; cells migrating dorsally were contacted by developing dorsal root afferents. Migrating motoneurons were associated with radially oriented processes, and were often closely apposed to other cells. The coincident development of dorsal root projections and the motoneuron dendrites which these fibers innervate in the adult, as well as the interaction between these two systems during cell migration, suggest that these two systems may be interdependent in establishing their normal relationship during development.
Net energy analyses for liquid-dominated and vapor-dominated hydrothermal energy-resource developments

Abstract The current status of the disciplines of energy analysis and net energy analysis is briefly reviewed. Various methodological approaches to the evaluation of energy flows in society are described and assessed. Detailed evaluations of the energy requirements for construction and operation of 100-Mwe flashedsteam, binary-cycle and total-flow power plant designs for utilization of liquid-dominated hydrothermal reservoirs indicate that the meaningful net energy ratios range from about seven to eleven. Utilization of dry cooling towers in place of evaporative cooling systems may be required in many locations and may reduce the specified net energy ratios by approximately 15%. Indirect energy requirements associated with the supply of external resource inputs necessary for the construction and operation of these electrical-energy generating stations account for approximately 85% of total energy requirements, with the balance being allocated to the direct consumption of fuels. A similar analysis of the energy requirements for the construction and operation of a 100-Mwe power plant utilizing a vapor-dominated hydrothermal reservoir leads to net energy ratios for vapor-dominated hydrothermal electrical-power generation stations as high as nineteen. In this case, direct fuel consumption accounts for approximately 24% of the total energy requirements. The major indirect energy requirements are associated with power plant construction for liquid-dominated developments, while production well drilling contributes most heavily to these requirements of vapor-dominated resource utilization. Direct consumption of fuel is predominately concentrated in production well drilling for both classes of hydrothermal facilities.
Petty Theft in a Naturalistic Setting: The Effects of Bystander Presence

Summary Thirty female undergraduates were tested for petty theft of a luxury shampoo in their dormitory shower room. In the testing situation, the S was either alone or in the presence of a bystander who either did or did not ascertain her identity. As predicted, Ss in the alone condition stole more shampoo than did those in the bystander conditions. There was, however, no reliable difference between the two bystander groups.
Effectiveness of a knowledge-based intervention for melanoma among those with ethnic skin

Background Among patients with melanoma, ethnic minorities are 1.96 to 3.01 times as likely to die from melanoma as Caucasians of the same age and sex. Objective We sought to assess the effectiveness of a melanoma early detection educational intervention among those with ethnic skin. Methods A consecutive convenience sample of patients received instruction on the ABCDEs of melanoma and skin self-examination. Self-report questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were completed before, and immediately and 3 months after, the intervention. Results Among the 71 participants, 21% reported a skin phenotype with at least sometimes burning. Knowledge that melanoma is a skin cancer and of the warning signs of melanoma significantly increased after the intervention and was retained at 3 months. The perception of being at risk to develop a melanoma significantly increased after the intervention and was retained at 3 months ( P Limitations A limitation is accrual from dermatology patients, who may be more inclined to perform skin self-examination compared with the general minority population. Conclusions People of color benefit from specific physician recommendations explaining their risk to develop melanoma and which anatomic sites to check. Acral lentiginous melanoma among ethnic minorities tends to present in non-sun-exposed but visible areas, particularly volar and subungual sites; therefore, skin self-examination educational materials for minority populations should incorporate these anatomic sites.
Sampling strategy design for dimensional measurement of geometric features using coordinate measuring machine

Dimensional measurement using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) has been commonly adapted in advanced manufacturing environments to ensure that manufacturing products have high quality and reliability. To conduct dimensional inspection effectively in a computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment, there is an urgent need to derive a sampling strategy which can be used to specify a set of measuring points that lead to accurate sampling while minimizing the sampling time and cost. Owing to the variations in characteristics of geometric features and manufacturing processes, different feature surfaces on a workpiece usually have different variations in their dimensional accuracy and surface finish. The variations may differ considerably from one surface to another, even though those surfaces may share the same feature. Therefore, the variation in dimensional accuracy and surface finish should be considered in determining the proper sampling size for each geometric feature generated by various processes with different production parameters. In this paper, a feature-based methodology which integrates the Hammersley sequence and a stratified sampling method are developed to derive the sampling strategy for various geometric features which have specified measuring points. Case studies are used to compare the effectiveness of Hammersley sequence sampling, uniform (systematic) sampling and random sampling. The results show that the derived sampling strategy based on the Hammersley sequence leads to a nearly quadratic reduction in the number of samples compared with the uniform sampling method, and hence units of time and cost, while maintaining the same level of accuracy. The derived sampling strategy also shows a better performance when compared with the random sampling method.
The Iranian petroleum crisis and United States national security

The U.S. case against Iran is based on Iran's deceptions regarding nuclear weapons development. This case is buttressed by assertions that a state so petroleum-rich cannot need nuclear power to preserve exports, as Iran claims. The U.S. infers, therefore, that Iran's entire nuclear technology program must pertain to weapons development. However, some industry analysts project an Irani oil export decline [e.g., Clark JR (2005) Oil Gas J 103(18):34-39]. If such a decline is occurring, Iran's claim to need nuclear power could be genuine. Because Iran's government relies on monopoly proceeds from oil exports for most revenue, it could become politically vulnerable if exports decline. Here, we survey the political economy of Irani petroleum for evidence of this decline. We define Iran's export decline rate (edr) as its summed rates of depletion and domestic demand growth, which we find equals 10-12%. We estimate marginal cost per barrel for additions to Irani production capacity, from which we derive the "standstill" investment required to offset edr. We then compare the standstill investment to actual investment, which has been inadequate to offset edr. Even if a relatively optimistic schedule of future capacity addition is met, the ratio of 2011 to 2006 exports will be only 0.40-0.52. A more probable scenario is that, absent some change in Irani policy, this ratio will be 0.33-0.46 with exports declining to zero by 2014-2015. Energy subsidies, hostility to foreign investment, and inefficiencies of its state-planned economy underlie Iran's problem, which has no relation to "peak oil."
The Role of the Nonprofit Sector in Low-Income Housing Production A Comparative Perspective

In recent years, nonprofit organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom have increasingly taken a leading role in the provision of housing to low- and moderate-income households. In th...
Natural killer cell activity of prostatic cancer patients.

Natural killer (NK) cell activity of prostatic cancer patients was compared with that of control groups by the radioactive indium (IIIIn) release assay using the K562 and H494 cells as targets. Patients suffering from advanced prostatic cancer (clinical stages C and D) exhibited significantly lower NK activity against K562 cells (28 ± 18%) than did the normal group (41 ± 19%). The lower NK activity of these patients is not related to their age, since patients in the same age range with localized cancer (stage B) or benign prostatic hyperplasia did not show low NK activity (37% ± 19%). This lower NK activity is not due to a depletion of the NK cell precursor population, since the NK activity of advanced cancer patients improves significantly after in vitro incubation with interferon. The NK activity of normal subjects or patient groups showed wide fluctuations during the 18-month observation period. Because of these interassay variations, it is necessary to use standard control subjects during long-term mo...
Wetland and aquatic habitats

Abstract Riparian wetland areas often represent critical corridors for animal and plant dispersion in wildland watersheds and downstream river systems. It is essential that integrated management of riparian wetland areas be developed to reverse the loss of biological diversity. Agricultural and urban uses, and related water developments, have led to a marked decline of stream-side wetland habitats. Six major ways are discussed in which conventional agriculture alters wetlands and aquatic habitats: wetland drainage, water diversions, stream channelization, bank stabilization, grazing, and the release of agricultural pollutants. This article discusses these practices and suggests ways biological diversity can be protected, or even enhanced. In addition, aquaculture is discussed as a new force which affects the diversity of aquatic organisms. Aquaculture methods range in intensity of management from low to high. The higher the intensity the potentially more disruptive practices can be to surrounding aquatic systems. Management for biological diversity as well as for food production should be encouraged.
A Second Site Rescue Mutation Partially Restores Functional Expression to the Serotonin Transporter Mutant V382P

Transmembrane span 7 (TM7) of the serotonin transporter (SERT) was previously subjected to random mutagenesis, and the mutation V382P was found to abolish transport activity. Val-382 lies next to a threonine residue in the native sequence, creating a TP motif in this mutant. On the basis of molecular modeling studies, which have shown that the presence of a TP motif produces a very large kink in an alpha-helix, it was hypothesized that this motif could be the source of V382P's deleterious effects. We tested this hypothesis by producing second site mutations in the V382P construct that removed the TP motif: T381A-V382P and T381V-V382P. These mutants were tested for the recovery of serotonin transport and binding activities and for expression at the cell surface. The TM7 alpha-helix was modeled computationally, using Biased Monte Carlo simulations to quantify the conformational preferences of the wild type and mutant helices. The double mutation T381A-V382P, which was predicted by modeling to produce a smaller perturbing bend in TM7, was indeed found to allow partial rescue of transport activity. The double mutation T381V-V382P, on the other hand, did not rescue transport activity. Computational analysis of this mutant predicted a markedly different conformational preference from either the V382P or the T381A-V382P mutants. These studies show that changes in the structure of TM7 exert a strong influence on SERT's ability to achieve a mature, properly folded, cell surface conformation.
Why the principles of inertia and of equivalence hold despite self-interaction

When self-interaction is included, the equation of motion without an external force yields solutions that violate the principle of inertia. This problem is a century old. Recently, it has been shown that there could also be solutions that violate the principle of equivalence. The present paper solves these problems by the observation that the dynamic part of the self-interaction is induced by the external force: there is no such interaction without an external force.
ERRATUM: "THE IMPACT OF GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS ON ESCALATION OF COMMITMENT"

In this paper, we investigate the joint impact of two key governance mechanisms — responsibility for project selection and rewards — on the escalation of managers’ commitment to new product development projects. Using data from two studies, we show that the interaction between these governance mechanisms has differential and unexpected effects on the escalation of commitment to such projects. Specifically, we find that outcome-based rewards may work against the firm’s interest because they might lower the likelihood that managers will discontinue failing projects, especially if they are assigned the project organizationally. We also show that this discrepancy can be managed by replacing outcome-based rewards with process-based rewards. We draw implications from our results for the management of new product development projects, including the selection of governance mechanisms and monitoring strategies.
LENS-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF THE THIOREDOXIN-1 GENE, BUT NOT THIOREDOXIN-2,UPON IN VIVO PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE EMORY MOUSE

Thioredoxin (TRX)-1 and TRX-2 redox-regulatory genes were analyzed in the lens and some other tissues of the Emory mouse, a model for age-related human cataract. The cDNA transcripts of mRNAs encoding TRX-1 and TRX-2 genes were isolated and cloned by RT-PCR from the lens, liver, kidney, and tail, and the cDNA sequences were similar to the reported sequences of murine TRX-1 and TRX-2 genes. In vivo photochemical oxidative stress to the Emory mice resulted in fivefold upregulation of the lens TRX-1 gene at 3 weeks and declined thereafter. Western blot analysis revealed a fourfold increase of TRX-1 protein in the lens at 3 weeks after oxidative stress. The TRX-2 gene in the lens was not changed up to 5 weeks and decreased by 50% thereafter. However, the expressions of these genes in the liver, kidney, and tail were not changed. Fluorescent light or riboflavin alone did not affect the expressions of TRX-1 and TRX-2 genes in the lens. Thus, we show the expressions of TRX-1 and TRX-2 genes in the lens, liver, kidney, and tail and lens-specific upregulation of the TRX-1 gene and protein expressions, possibly as a protective response to the altered redox state of the lens after in vivo oxidative stress to the Emory mouse.
A steel-scintillator counter to detect neutrons

Abstract A steel-scintillator sandwich counter was used as a simple and highly efficient detector for both neutrons and protons. The validity of simple approximations for the detection efficiency was investigated by experimental tests and a detailed Monte Carlo calculation of the nuclear and electromagnetic cascades in the counter.
Fairness, Political Obligation, and Benefits Across Borders

The fairness theory of political obligation holds that individuals who receive public goods produced by the cooperative efforts of their fellow citizens have a prima facie obligation to do their fair share in return by obeying the law. However, what happens when public benefits cross borders? In an interdependent world, have political obligations begun to extend across borders? According to some critics, fairness theory leads to the conclusion that citizens who receive benefits across borders acquire political obligations to obey foreign states. In response, this article argues that fairness theorists and their critics have confused transnational moral obligations based on fairness with political obligations, which still largely coincide with the territorial boundaries of states. There are two key steps in this argument: reformulating the fairness theory of political obligation so that it focuses on the distinctive benefits provided by the rule of law; distinguishing between fairness as a basis of political obligation and fairness as a requirement of justice.
Main group metal halide complexes with sterically hindered thioureas. X: Complexes of antimony(V) chloride and 1,3-dimethyl-2(3H)-imidazolethione

Abstract Four complexes resulting from the interaction of SbCl5 and dmit (dmit = 1,3-dimethyl-2(3H)- imidazolethione) are synthesized and characterized. Previously reported SbCl5dmit (I) is shown to be the dithiouronium disulfide (dmit22+) salt of [Sb2Cl10]2−. Refluxing I in CH3CN yielded [dmit2] [SbCl4]2 (II) while refluxing I in dimethylformamide yielded a salt containing a unique dithiouronium monosulfide dication in combination with [SbCl6]2− (III). A fourth salt was characterized via X-ray crystallography in an attempt to determine the structure of I. Selection of a non-representative crystal revealed a new compound also containing the monosulfide dication observed in III but in combination with the [Sb2Cl10]2− anion made up of zigzag chains of SbCl6 octahedra sharing disordered Cl vertices and alternating Sb(III) and Sb(V) units with chlorine bridges trans to each other in the latter and cis in the former. Bulk quantities of IV could not be synthesized for further characterization. Crystallographic parameters were determined for II, III and IV, but only the structure of IV was solved. Crystallographic data for II: space group P21/c; Z = 4; a = 16.25(1), b = 12.94(1), c = 11.93(1) A, β = 99.47°; V = 2474 A3; Dc = 2.103 g/cm3, Do = 2.09 g/cm3 (flotation in CH2I2/C2H2Cl4). III: space group Cmcm; Z = 8; a = 17.56(1), b = 29.15(1), c = 12.65(1) A; V = 6475 A3; Dc = 1.606 g/cm3, Do = 1.59 g/cm3 (flotation in CH2Cl2/CH2I2/C2H2Cl4). IV: space group C2/c; Z = 4; a = 16.131(4), b = 12.161(3), c = 18.862(4) A, β = 92.16°; V = 3697 A3; Dc 1.476 g/cm3, Do indeterminate.
Suspended Solids from Baitfish Pond Effluents in Drainage Ditches

Effluents from aquaculture facilities vary between species and among production systems. Drainage ditches commonly convey effluents from central Arkansas baitfish ponds. Ditches could potentially reduce suspended solids prior to effluent release into receiving streams through settling. We characterized suspended solids in effluents from baitfish ponds and evaluated changes in suspended solids in drainage ditches. We also characterized drainage ditches based on width, depth, slope, and percent vegetation cover. Average (± SD) total suspended solids (TSS) at the point of discharge was 52 (± 41) mg/L, while volatile suspended solids (VSS) averaged 22 (± 23) mg/L. Screening effluents did little to alter their composition. Approximately 76% of TSS were less than 5 μm. There were no significant changes in effluent solids along drainage ditches 100 m from the point of discharge and no significant correlations between ditch characteristics and changes in either TSS or VSS. Existing ditches are quite variable and are not necessarily effective in removing solids present in baitfish effluents. Screening and use of ditches as settling basins seem impractical for effluent treatment given the characteristics of solids in baitfish effluents.
Sources of Conflict Over Priorities of the Protestant Church

Theor-etical approaches to internal conflict over priorities in the Presbyterian church are tested using surveys of laymen, ministers, and seminary seniors. Conflicts are greatest over the type and importance of church mission and outreach; there is little conflict over congregational life, religious education, or spiritual nurture. Path analysis shows that theological factors are intervening variables between all background variables and attitudes about church priorities. Orthodoxy and ethicalism act independently and in opposite directions. It is concluded that the conflict is largely theological, explained partly in terms of church-sect tension and partly by conflicting theological orientations in the denomination. Although conflict within the Christian church has been ever present, at times it has intensified when crucial debates came to focus. In recent years the conflict within American Protestantism has been intensifying with a heated debate about the priorities of the church and its proper role in society. The issue of church priorities has been the most important conflict in American Protestantism in the past decade. In the 1960s a complex of events and movements intensified feelings on the question. Prodded by the civil rights movement and the new youth culture, many church leaders have called for new emphasis on Christian social involvement, and this new call has ushered in the conflict about the proper functions and priorities of the church. Several American denominations are preoccupied with internal conflict in the early 1 970s, for viewpoints have crystallized and rival factions have organized themselves within them. This article discusses the conflict in one denomination, the United Presbyterian church in the U.S.A. Among Presbyterians the debate about church priorities has been growing since the middle 1960s. Many denominational leaders and ministers have strongly urged a more effective social witness, especially to combat the evils of racism in America. In opposition to them, a group of Presbyterian businessmen organized the Presbyterian Lay Committee in 1965, dedicated to moving the denomination away from social concerns and back to personal evangelism, maintenance of "scripturetaught moral standards," and religious nurture of individuals. It strongly argues that any social action should be done by Christian individuals, not by organized church bodies. The church should leave social, economic, and political issues to individual Christians with competence in such matters. During the past several years the factions in the United Presbyterian church have battled over mission hudgets, church union, reorganization of denominational boards, and other issues. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO
Electronic energy loss for helium channeling in silicon.

We present an analysis of the stopping power for helium in silicon taking into account the contributions due to different charge states. Our calculations include effects due to the nonuniformity of the target valence-electron density along specific crystallographic directions as well as the electron density of the projectile. In the present work attention is restricted to projectile velocities greater than or equal to the Bohr velocity in order to compare with existing experimental data. The method employs a dielectric-response formalism taken in the random-phase approximation coupled with energy-dependent population factors for the different charge states
The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680. Edited by Johanna Harris and Elizabeth Scott-Baumann

The Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women, 1558–1680. Edited by Johanna Harris and Elizabeth Scott-Baumann (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), xx + 250 pp. £50.00 cloth. A great deal has bee...
Six-year change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality

Background Single measurements of elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Large increases or sustained elevations in hs-CRP may be associated with even greater risk of these outcomes. The objective of this study was to characterize the association of 6-year change in hs-CRP with incident diabetes, incident cardiovascular events (heart disease, stroke, and heart failure), and mortality. Methods We included 10,160 ARIC participants with hs-CRP measured at visits 2 (1990-1992) and 4 (1996-1998). Change in hs-CRP was categorized as sustained low/moderate ( Results Compared with persons with sustained low/moderate hs-CRP, those with increased or sustained elevated hs-CRP had an increased risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratios [95% CIs] 1.56 [1.38-1.76] and 1.39 [1.25-1.56], respectively), whereas those with deceased hs-CRP did not. Persons with sustained elevated hs-CRP had an increased risk of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, heart failure, and mortality (hazard ratios [95% CIs] 1.51 [1.23-1.85], 1.70 [1.32-2.20], 1.60 [1.35-1.89], and 1.52 [1.37-1.69], respectively) compared with those with sustained low/moderate hs-CRP. Associations for sustained elevated hs-CRP were greater than for those with increased hs-CRP over 6 years. Conclusions Large increases or sustained elevations in hs-CRP over a 6-year period were associated with a subsequent increased risk of diabetes, and persons with sustained elevations in hs-CRP were at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Two measurements of hs-CRP are better than one for characterizing risk, and large increases are particularly prognostic.
Interaction between two parallel tunnels

A series of finite element analyses were performed to study the behaviour of a system of two parallel and adjacent tunnels. Various sequences of excavation of the two tunnels and installation of tunnel liners have been simulated in the analyses. Influence of various parameters on the behaviour of the two parallel tunnels has been investigated. The important parameters considered in this study are: the width of the pillar separating the two tunnels; the tunnel depth; support condition; sequence of excavation; and, to some extent, the influence of plastic yielding in the medium surrounding the two tunnels.
Variation in susceptibility of human malignant melanomas to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus.

Background Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a novel, anti-cancer therapy that targets cancer cells selectively with defective antiviral responses; however, not all malignant cells are sensitive to the oncolytic effects of VSV. Herein, we have explored the mechanistic determinants of mutant M protein VSV (M51R-VSV) susceptibility in malignant melanoma cells. Methods Cell viability after VSV infection was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) viability assay in a panel of melanoma cell lines. VSV infectability, viral protein synthesis, and viral progeny production were quantified by flow cytometry, 35S-methionine electrophoresis, and viral plaque assays, respectively. Interferon (IFN) responsiveness was determined using MTS assay after β-IFN pretreatment. Xenografts were established in athymic nude mice and treated with intratumoral M51R-VSV. Results Cell viability after M51R-VSV infection at a multiplicity of infection of 10 pfu/mL, 48 hours postinfection) ranged between 0 ± 1% and 59 ± 9% (mean ± standard deviation). Sensitive cell lines supported VSV infection, viral protein synthesis, and viral progeny production. In addition, when pretreated with β-IFN, sensitive cells became resistant to M51R-VSV, suggesting that IFN-mediated antiviral signaling is defective in these cells. In contrast, resistant melanoma cells do not support VSV infection, viral protein synthesis, or viral replication, indicating that antiviral defenses remain intact. In a murine xenograft model, intratumoral M51R-VSV treatment decreased tumor growth relative to controls after 26 days in SK-Mel 5 (−21 ± 19% vs 2,100 ± 770%; P Conclusion M51R-VSV is a viable anti-cancer therapy, but susceptibility varies among melanomas. Future work will exploit specific mechanisms of resistance to expand the therapeutic efficacy of M51R-VSV.
Depolarized light scattering from simple fluids

Abstract It is shown that even in single scattering approximation, the light scattered by a simple fluid exhibits a depolarized component which arises from including additional terms in the current density. A new way of measuring the shear viscosity of a fluid is proposed.
Beyond Exposure to Collaboration: Preparing General-Education Teacher Candidates for Inclusive Practice

Preparation of new teachers to work effectively in inclusion settings has not kept pace with demands created by recent reforms. General-education candidates typically receive limited exposure to inclusion strategies at the preservice level, and often their only meaningful preparation comes in the practicum setting. The purpose of this article was to examine the manner in which characteristics of cooperating teachers and the practicum settings affected efficacy for teaching students with disabilities. General-education student teachers responded to questionnaires about their collaboration with cooperating teachers, the focus on inclusion instruction in their practicum setting, and their efficacy for providing inclusion instruction. Results from a structural equation model indicated that efficacy is predicted both by focus and by collaboration with the cooperating teacher. Discussion focuses on implications for teacher preparation and directions for future research.
Why America Still Needs the Jury Trial: A Friendly Response to Professor Dzur

Professor Dzur has noticed that my account implicitly places the trial in opposition to other dominant modes of social ordering in America and argues that this creates important tensions which should be preserved. (For us, after all, ‘‘justice is conflict.’’) Those modes of social ordering are in large part ‘‘instrumental’’ in nature. Their general philosophy is utilitarianism and their jurisprudence is legal realism. Some conservatives of libertarian leanings, who celebrate the liberal values implicit in formalism, sometimes criticize the latter as ‘‘social engineering’’. The trial offers a yet third way between instrumentalism and formalism, the nature of which can be discerned only through a careful description of what actually occurs at trial and is consistent with neither instrumentalism nor formalism. The ‘‘consciously structured hybrid of languages’’ and practices in the trial serve to elevate common sense and so mediate ‘‘democracy and justice’’ in ways that resolve, though only practically and in individual cases, the tensions between those values. (I wrote in A Theory of the Trial that the devices of the trial were Plato’s revenge against the sophists, though, in truth, the real values implicit in the ways of those first teachers of trial advocacy are also represented in the contemporary trial). Dzur is correct to emphasize that the trial’s extraordinarily artificial ‘‘tight focus on particular facts, sometimes unpleasant, about past actions and events is necessary to do justice’’ and his description of how the trial achieves ‘‘a pervasive and continuous contest between legal rules and commonsense norms’’ well short of nullification is acute. And he is quite right that I try to maintain a middle position between Tocqueville’s and Antifederalist views of how jury services is an ‘‘enlightening’’ experience.
Experimentally determined dissolution kinetics of SON68 glass at 90 °C over a silica saturation interval: Evidence against a linear rate law

Flow-through dissolution experiments were carried out on the SON68 glass—the inactive analog of the French high-level waste glass—at 90 C and pH = 9 over a silica saturation interval [0–150 ppm Si(aq)]. Two types of specimens were subjected to dissolution studies: powders (249–150, 149–75 or 74– 45 lm diameter size fractions) or monoliths (� 1c m� 1c m� 4 mm). At each Si concentration interval individual coupon and glass powder experiments were run at the same flow-to-surface area (q/S) conditions. Under dilute solution conditions, the dissolution rate becomes independent of q/S and define the forward rate of reaction of 0.30 g/(m 2 d). Dissolution rates of powders normalized on either a geometric or a B.E.T. surface area basis were compared to rates determined on monoliths. In every case, the geometric surface area normalized rates matched those of the monoliths, conclusively showing that B.E.T. normalized rates are too low by a factor of � 3� . In Si-free solutions changes in flow rates resulted in differences in Al released to solution (� 50 to 3140 ppb), correlating inversely with dissolution rates. Si was added to input solutions and kept constant (‘‘direct’’), but in select experiments Si concentrations were above target concentrations, and then dropped to their target values (‘‘indirect’’). Both ‘‘direct’’ and ‘‘indirect’’ Si addition experiments yielded identical dissolution rates within experimental uncertainty. Progressive addition of Si to the input solution caused a decrease in rates from 0.30 to 0.0020 g/(m 2 d), or a factor of � 150� , but the decrease is strongly non-linear with respect to Si. These data are inconsistent with simple models relating glass dissolution to the chemical affinity of reaction. 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Genetic modification of cancer cells using non-viral, episomal S/MAR vectors for in vivo tumour modelling.

The development of genetically marked animal tumour xenografts is an area of ongoing research to enable easier and more reliable testing of cancer therapies. Genetically marked tumour models have a number of advantages over conventional tumour models, including the easy longitudinal monitoring of therapies and the reduced number of animals needed for trials. Several different methods have been used in previous studies to mark tumours genetically, however all have limitations, such as genotoxicity and other artifacts related to the usage of integrating viral vectors. Recently, we have generated an episomally maintained plasmid DNA (pDNA) expression system based on Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Region (S/MAR), which permits long-term luciferase transgene expression in the mouse liver. Here we describe a further usage of this pDNA vector with the human Ubiquitin C promoter to create stably transfected human hepatoma (Huh7) and human Pancreatic Carcinoma (MIA-PaCa2) cell lines, which were delivered into “immune deficient” mice and monitored longitudinally over time using a bioluminometer. Both cell lines revealed sustained episomal long-term luciferase expression and formation of a tumour showing the pathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic carcinoma (PaCa), respectively. This is the first demonstration that a pDNA vector can confer sustained episomal luciferase transgene expression in various mouse tumour models and can thus be readily utilised to follow tumour formation without interfering with the cellular genome.
Partially Charged H5O2 as a Chemical Switch: A Bond Order and Atoms in Molecules Study of Hydrogen Bonding Determined by Surrounding Groups

The H5O2 group can behave very differently in different surroundings. When partially charged, with the remainder of the charge on surrounding groups, it can have a short central hydrogen bond, with O−O distance 2.7 A. The transition is, for some systems, very abrupt. In the cases we discuss here, there is an example of a set of conditions in which this abrupt transition occurs. There is also a case in which intermediate values of the central hydrogen bond occur, but this behaves as though these values remain on one side of the transition point. The switch is effected by small changes in the position of the surrounding groups. To study this, several sets of four groups were used to surround the H5O2 group. Density functional calculations were carried out on the system, with the surrounding groups fixed in each of several positions, and the H5O2 group optimized. Some configurations produced short bon...
Clinical significance of supernumerary nipples in black neonates.

The frequency of accessory nipples in black Americans is almost eight times greater than in white European patients. Association of a wide range of abnor malities with supernumerary nipples in whites has, thus far, not been our expe rience in black Americans.
FORECASTING HIGHWAY CASUALTIES: THE BRITISH ROAD SAFETY ACT AND A SENSE OF DEJA VU

This paper reexamines the effect of the introduction of the British Road Safety Act of 1967. We construct a dynamic model relating monthly road casualties to road traffic, rainfall, and alcohol consumption, standardizing for the seasonality in the data. An intervention variable captures the effect of the Road Safety Act. The findings confirm Ross's earlier conclusion that the Road Safety Act significantly reduces casualties. However, we find that the Road Safety Act only accounts for 2.7 percent of the variance in road casualties, while miles-driven and rainfall account for 48.8 percent, and alcohol consumption explains 4.2 percent. Our model forecasts accurately for 24 months beyond December, 1972, the last month used for estimation.
Growth of zooxanthellae in culture with two nitrogen sources

Physiological characteristics of zooxanthellae were examined under nutrient-saturated conditions created by mixing ammonium (15NH4) with nitrate (15NO3) to give 0.88 mM total nitrogen. Growth rate varied with the form of nitrogen provided. Ammonium alone resulted in the lowest C:N and C:chl-a ratios. Although zooxanthellae took up nitrate in the absence of ammonium, ammonium assimilation was 1.3 times higher than nitrate assimilation. Ammonium strongly inhibited nitrate assimilation. While high-ammonium treatments resulted in the highest 14C incorporation into intermediate compounds, high nitrate levels resulted in the highest 14C incorporation into protein, suggesting that the intermediate compounds are produced prior to the subsequent production of protein when ammonium is the dominant N source. The enhanced production of intermediate compounds at the expense of carbon directed to protein synthesis in the presence of ammonium might be analogous to the “host factor” observed in zooxanthellae–host symbioses, since growth rate is depressed due to low production of protein.
Evaluation of posterior tibial pathology: comparison of sonography and MR imaging

Objective To compare the results of sonographic (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in detecting pathology of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) in patients with PTT dysfunction.
A Dynamic Model for a Gas-Liquid Corona Discharge Using Neural Networks

This paper presents a novel dynamic nonlinear model for pulsed corona discharge using backpropagation neural networks. The Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm, which is perfectly suitable for fitting functions, is employed. The developed model is based on the voltage-current characteristics of an actual hybrid-series reactor and takes the practical constrains associated with a real system into account. The validity and accuracy of the model have been tested in the Electromagnetic Transients Program, using MODELS language and a TACS-91 time-variant controlled resistor. The results clearly demonstrate that the BPNN-based model is very robust and effective in emulating the chaotic performance for pulsed corona discharge using backpropagation neural networks.
Recent large-scale colonisation of southern pine plantations by Swainson’s Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii

Swainson’s Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii is a secretive species of high conservation concern with an estimated global breeding population of 90,000 individuals sparsely distributed across 15 states in the south-eastern United States. Its status as one of the rarest songbirds in North America has been attributed to the scarcity of breeding and wintering habitat. Although the warbler was once thought to be a habitat specialist of lowland canebrakes, it is now known to breed in a wide spectrum of broadleaf forest habitats linked by the common denominator of high stem densities and visual screening in the understorey stratum. Scattered instances of a fundamental habitat expansion into early seral stages of even-aged pine plantations were first observed in east Texas in 1992. Here I report that the colonisation of pine plantations is not only locally extensive in Texas but that it is widespread on the coastal plain eastward to south-eastern Virginia. During two decades of field surveys, breeding territories (n = 297) were documented in young pine plantations in 95 counties and parishes in 10 states. Occupied plantations were mostly 6–12 m tall (median = 7.5 m), corresponding to 8–15 years after planting. Soil type and the presence of interspersed broadleaf vegetation may be important co-factors in plantation occupancy. The chronology of this breeding niche expansion is poorly known but it appears to have occurred after the 1970s, most likely catalysed by the rapid growth of pine plantation silviculture after World War II. As late as 2001, it was believed that > 90% of the breeding population occurred in broadleaf floodplain forest. The recent range-wide colonisation of pine plantations changes the calculus. If the current trend continues, forest lands managed for short-rotation pine plantations will support the majority of breeding populations by the end of the 21st century.
Management of Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is a reversible progressive neuropsychiatric disorder that encompasses a wide clinical spectrum. Covert hepatic encephalopathy is defined as patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy and Grade I encephalopathy by West-Haven Criteria. Terminology such as "sub-clinical", "latent", and "minimal" appear to trivialize the disease and have been replaced by the term covert. The lack of clinical signs means that covert hepatic encephalopathy is rarely recognized or treated outside of clinical trials with options for therapy based on patients with episodic hepatic encephalopathy. This review discusses the current available options for therapy in covert hepatic encephalopathy and focuses on non-absorbable disacharides (lactulose or lactitol), antibiotics (rifaximin), probiotics/synbiotics and l-ornithine-l-aspartate.
USE OF TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS IN A LONGITUDINAL FERTILITY STUDY

The value of longitudinal studies in the social sciences is widely recognized, and yet such studies are attempted only infrequently because of the considerable time and expense usually involved. The effort of locating and interviewing the same group of people at repeated intervals is often thought too great to be warranted, particularly as interest in the follow-up may center primarily on a small number of variables. Hence our experience in reinterviewing approximately 1,300 women who participated in a study of the growth of Detroit-area families may be of value to others. This study of social and economic correlates of fertility is based on a special probability sample representing white women in the Detroit Metropolitan Area who have recently been married or had a first, second, or fourth child. Early in 1962 (January-February) these women were interviewed at length regarding many aspects of their family situations and their expectations about the growth of their families.' With this broad framework established, the same sample is to be reinterviewed over a period of years. Briefly, the aim of the research is to determine whether these families realize their expectations and to ascertain the relationship between shifts in expectation and other changes in their family situations. Because the reinterviews were to be brief, telephone surveys were decided upon for the follow-up calls. As the original sample was not limited to persons who had telephones, we expected some house calls would be necessary, but we hoped that most of the interviews could be completed by telephone. It was recognized that surveys about fertility involve questions that some might consider too personal to discuss on the telephone. Nevertheless, we were encouraged in this plan by the experience of two colleagues. Dr. David Goldberg had conducted fol-
A Steiner tree construction for VLSI routing

Proposes a parallel, analog approach for the construction of a minimum rectilinear Steiner tree (MRST), which intuitively shrinks a bubble around the pins of the signal net until a Steiner tree topology is induced. This method maps well to parallel neural-style architectures, as well as to fairly generic two-dimensional array topologies. The author describes the basic approach along with extensive preliminary simulation results which show better performance than existing MRST approaches (i.e., almost 10% average improvement over minimum spanning tree cost). The result is of practical interest for VLSI CAD applications, and is an instance where an analog heuristic for an NP-complete problem outperforms existing combinatorial methods, both in time complexity and average-case performance. >
Molecules, morphology and Mimeoma scarabs: evolutionary and taxonomic implications for a palm-associated scarab group

© 2015 The Authors. Systematic Entomology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Entomological Society This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.