cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressive mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline Fe investigated with an automated ball indentation technique

Abstract Nanocrystalline (nc) iron was produced by mechanical attrition and compacted into near fully dense samples. Isothermal annealing at 800 K resulted in grain sizes between 15 and 24 nm. A newly available Automated Ball Indentation system was used to study the compressive mechanical properties of the samples. The ABI method proved useful in examining the mechanical properties of nc iron on a more quantitative level than previously possible by conventional hardness testing methods. Stress–strain curves were obtained which indicated a compressive behavior similar to that of perfectly plastic materials: low strain hardening at high flow stresses around 3 GPa and a low room-temperature strain-rate sensitivity. The flow stresses were independent of the grain size in the range of the present study. The deformation pile-up around the indentations seems to have formed inhomogeneously, exhibiting intense plastic deformation in localized shear bands.
Dynamic route selection algorithms for session based communication networks

A session-based communication network is a store-and-forward message (or packet) switching network in which each session (conversation from logon until logoff) is assigned to a single communication route (or path) until its termination. Examples of such networks are TYMNET and SNA. A route selection algorithm can be either static or dynamic. A static selection is based on given route selection tables which are usually provided to the system by the system generation process. A dynamic selection uses dynamically changing information of the network for determining an optimal route for the new session to be assigned to. This paper develops both static and dynamic route selection algorithms which may be used in a session-based communication network. Route selection algorithms will be classified into several classes depending on the network work-load information available for making decisions. It will be shown that very simple algorithms give good robustness with good response time.
Temperature dependent microstructural modification in ion-irradiated Tl-type high temperature superconductors

Abstract Ion irradiation damage creation and recovery were examined in Tl-based high temperature superconductors, HTSC, using TEM, resistivity, and magnetic measurements for irradiation temperatures of 20 to 650 K. During 1.5 MeV Kr + and Xe + ion irradiations of single-crystal Tl-1212 and Tl-1212 TlBaCaCuO HTSC, microstructural modification was observed in situ by electron diffraction and shows a remarkable temperature dependence. At selected sample temperatures, irradiations continued until a critical fluence, D c , was reached where the original structure disappeared. The temperature dependence of D c shows a minimum near the superconducting transition temperature, T c , and is correlated with the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity, which has a maximum near T c . At an irradiation temperature near this maximum in thermal conductivity, a minimum amount of damage recovery occurs because heat can be dissipated away from the displacement cascade. Ion irradiation suppresses the T c . The rate of decrease in the T c as a function of damage (measured in displacements per atom, dpa) was found to be the same for various incident ions (He + , O 2+ , Au 5+ which shows that the damage accumulation is a result of atomic collisions. Further, the rate of decrease in T c was found to be the same for both transport and magnetization measurements, indicating that the displacements effect the bulk of the samples through point defect creation. An activation energy of 0.4 eV for ion irradiation damage recovery over the temperature range from 100 to 650 K was determined from normal state resistance versus time immediately after irradiation.
C–D Modes as structural reporters via dual-frequency 2DIR spectroscopy

Abstract Implementation of weak C–D stretching modes as structural reporters via dual-frequency 2DIR spectroscopy is demonstrated. It is experimentally shown that interactions among CD and C≡N modes can provide useful structural constraints. The dephasing times, diagonal and off-diagonal anharmonicities for the CD and CN modes in acetonitrile-d3 are measured. These experiments open an avenue of using deuteration of carbon atoms as a universal labeling strategy for structural measurements via 2DIR spectroscopy.
Probabilistic register allocation

A new global register allocation technique, probabilistic register allocation, is described. Probabilistic register allocation quantifies the costs and benefits of allocating variables to registers over live ranges so that excellent allocation choices can be made. Local allocation is done first, and then global allocation is done iteratively beginning in the most deeply nested loops. Because local allocation precedes global allocation, probabilistic allocation does not interfere with the use of well-known, high-quality local register allocation and instruction scheduling techniques.
Biological treatment of cyanide containing wastewater

Abstract Soluble cyanide leaches from the spent ore heaps of many gold mines in the United States and Canada. The leachate must be recovered and treated to protect the receiving water from potentially harmful cyanide. A sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was tested as a mobile, closed system capable of treating these dilute cyanide waste streams. The cyanide degrading microbes were enriched from the Fairbanks, Alaska municipal wastewater treatment plant. With a 48-h cycle time, the SBBR was capable of removing 20 mg/l of cyanide from a waste stream provided 156 mg/l of glucose substrate. On average, the 1900-l pilot system was able to treat 0.5 mg cyanide/l-h. The SBBR is a practical system for treating spent heap leachate in cold regions where a mobile, compact unit with minimal power requirements is needed.
Generalized Micromorphic solids and fluids

Abstract Micromorphic theory (MMT) envisions a material body as a continuous collection of deformable particles; each possesses finite size and inner structure. It is considered as the most successful top-down formulation of a two-level continuum model, in which the deformation is expressed as a sum of macroscopic continuous deformation and internal microscopic deformation of the inner structure. In this work, the kinematics including the objective Eringen tensors is introduced. Balance laws are derived by requiring the energy equation to be form-invariant under the generalized Galilean transformation. The constitutive theories for generalized Micromorphic solid and fluid are formulated. Applications of MMT in micro/nanoscale are discussed.
The coming age of online procurement

Concerns about cost management have led purchasing officers of many companies to look for new solutions – an Internet‐based electronic procurement system. The promise of Web procurement has made it one of the hottest topics of business‐to‐business e‐commerce. The promise is simple: to streamline administrative routines, and help companies consolidate their purchasing practices, enabling them to receive better discounts and better service from suppliers. Web‐based procurement systems are still in their infancy, and a lot of extra costs are around the corner. This paper presents tips for IT managers for successful implementation of this technology.
Contributions of the nanovoid structure to the moisture absorption properties of epoxy resins

Epoxy resins absorb significant quantities of moisture, typically 1 to 7% by weight for various formulations, which can greatly compromise their physical properties. It is known that polarity of the epoxy is a significant factor in determining the ultimate moisture uptake. However, the contribution from molecular topology still remains vague. In this work, the effects of molecular topology are elucidated by synthesizing novel epoxies where the polarity is maintained constant but the topology is systematically altered. The molecular topology is quantified in part via Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) in terms of the nanometer-sized voids, or nanovoids, that are also commensurate with typical interchain distances. The nanovoids are separated into their absolute zero and thermally fluctuating fractions by performing PALS measurements over a wide range of temperatures. A strong correlation is observed between the absolute zero hole volume fraction and the ultimate moisture uptake. Although the correlation is clear, the absolute zero hole volume fraction alone is not sufficient to predict the ultimate moisture uptake, and network polarity must also be considered. It is surmised that the role of the nanovoids is to open the epoxy matrix and alleviate steric hindrances that may prevent a water molecule from associating with a polar group. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 3035–3048, 1998
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) II.: Further Studies of the Effect of Ascorbic Acid Degradation Products on Cyanocobalamin*

The data presented seem to indicate that the stability of cyanocobalamin is affected by dehydroascorbic acid, a decomposition product of ascorbic acid. This study further corroborates the initial findings of the effect of decomposed ascorbic acid on cyanocobalamin.
Aspects of interannual and intraseasonal variability of the tropopause and lower stratosphere

Radiosonde and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data are utilized to consider aspects of large-scale variability in tropopause height, temperature and pressure. This variability is related to coherent dynamical fluctuations in the troposphere and lower stratosphere through the use of linear correlation and regression. On interannual time-scales, significant global-scale tropopause fluctuations are tied to variability in sea surface temperature (SST) associated with the El Niňo/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. When SST is anomalously high in the central tropical Pacific, tropopause height (pressure) is high (low) throughout the Tropics, with largest perturbation amplitudes in the subtropical Pacific. At the same time, the tropopause is cold over the tropical and subtropical Pacific sector but warm elsewhere in the Tropics. Over the extratropics, wave-like perturbations in the tropopause are seen, with anomalous cyclonic flow corresponding to a lower tropopause height and higher tropopause temperature and pressure, and vice versa. The sign of the temperature anomalies in the lower stratosphere tends to match that at the tropopause over much of the globe, with opposite-signed anomalies in the upper troposphere. The vertical structure of these perturbations is consistent with the expected potential-vorticity anomalies induced by quasi-stationary Rossby waves and vertically propagating gravity waves forced by displacements of tropical convection. Similar relationships are associated with the eastward propprotion of tropical convection due to the Madden-Julian Oscillation on intraseasonal time-scales.
THE EFFECT OF TYRE AND SUSPENSION DYNAMICS ON WHEEL SPINDLE FORCES

This paper examines how changes in the tyre and suspension impact the dynamic spindle force response of an automotive tyre rolling over an obstacle in the roadway. The investigation is conducted with a simple vehicle dynamics simulation coupled to a comprehensive 2D dynamic nonlinear finite tyre model. The tyre model uses an inextensible, circular membrane to approximate the shape, and an empirical, nonlinear term to account for forces that result from the elastic deformation of the sidewall. Both the tyre structure and contact between the tyre and roadway are modelled with the finite element method. This approach allows the tyre model to reproduce the tyre response accurately during large deformations in a computationally efficient manner. This paper presents a brief overview of the models and their limited validation of the tyre model. Included in this discussion is a comparison between measured and simulated tyre contact forces for the case of a slowly rolling tyre. The effect of vehicle speed, suspension stiffness, suspension damping, tyre mass, tyre damping, and tyre inflation pressure on the spindle forces is also presented.
Models for multieountry investments

Abstract The author proposes a new method for determining optimal investment plans for multicountry markets. It is difficult to ascertain intuitively appropriate production and distribution points whenever several countries comprise a potential market. Mr. Zwick suggests a format for identifying production and distribution arrangements that best satisfy the demand requirements of the various countries while maximizing over-all net cash inflows for the entire market. Comparing the cash flow characteristics of alternative investment plans as the author proposes, the investor improves his chances of identifying and selecting the most profitable plan.
FORMATION OF AN EXTREMELY STABLE POLYALANINE BETA -SHEET MACROMOLECULE

We have designed a 16-mer peptide composed of a stretch of alanine residues (Ac-KA14K-NH2) which is an effective, simple model for the study of beta-sheet formation in the hydrophobic cores of proteins. This peptide adopts an aqueous soluble "bundling" macromolecular beta-sheet structure, which is extremely stable to a wide range of pHs, temperatures and/or denaturants. Its unusual stability appears to be due to tight hydrophobic packing of the alanine residues in multilayer sheets or micellar forms with the multimeric lysine array being directed outward at the aqueous environment, allowing aqueous solubility.
Limitations of the Oral Trail Making Test in a mixed sample of older individuals.

The utility of the Oral Trail Making Test (OTMT), a motor and visual-free alternative to the traditional Trail Making Test, was examined in 86 older (=60 years old) medical inpatients and 30 healthy controls. The OTMT-Part B evidenced a moderate correlation with the MMSE, and individuals with medical conditions that affect cognition displayed a high failure rate (more than five errors or 300+s). Moderate education effects were present for the OTMT-Part B. Thus, the current study suggests caution when employing this test and the above noted cutoffs with older medical patients or those with lower levels of education.
A method comparison of photovoice and content analysis: research examining challenges and supports of family caregivers

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this manuscript is to compare methods and thematic representations of the challenges and supports of family caregivers identified with photovoice methodology contrasted with content analysis, a more traditional qualitative approach. Methods Results from a photovoice study utilizing a participatory action research framework was compared to an analysis of the audio-transcripts from that study utilizing content analysis methodology. Results Major similarities between the results are identified with some notable differences. Content analysis provides a more in-depth and abstract elucidation of the nature of the challenges and supports of the family caregiver. Conclusions The comparison provides evidence to support the trustworthiness of photovoice methodology with limitations identified. The enhanced elaboration of theme and categories with content analysis may have some advantages relevant to the utilization of this knowledge by health care professionals.
The first example of a monomeric alumatrane.

The novel five-coordinate aluminum adduct Me 2 HN.AlL (2) [wherein L = tris(2-oxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine] containing three six-membered rings has been characterized by spectroscopic and by X-ray means. This adduct of an alumatrane is the first structurally characterized monomeric alumatrane derivative, and unlike its parent alumatrane [Al(OCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N] x , 2 is monomeric in the gas, solution, and solid states. The X-ray molecular structure of 2 reveals a tricyclic cage moiety of C 3 symmetry. The aluminum geometry is a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramid in which, quite unexpectedly, the metal atom is located somewhat below the plane formed by three equatorial oxygens and its Al-N t e r t i a r y bond is shorter than that in Me 3 N.AlH 3 .NMe 3 (Heitsch, C. W.; Nordman, C. E.; Parry, R. W. Inorg. Chem. 1963, 2, 508).
1013-68 Postoperative and Late Prognosis for Diabetics Undergoing Vascular Surgery: Combining Clinical Evaluation and Dipyridamole-Thallium Imaging Improves Risk Stratification

Prior studies suggest that pts with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a poor prognosis after vascular surgery and do not benefit from preoperative risk stratification by clinical evaluation or dipyridamole-thallium (DT) imaging because of a high prevalence of underlying coronary artery disease. To determine the postop and late prognosis for diabetics undergoing vascular surgery and the utility of clinical evaluation and DT for stratifying risk; we studied 122 pts with DM who underwent clinical evaluation and DT prior to vascular surgery. Based on the number of clinical markers present (using a previously described clinical risk index: prior MI, angina, Q wave on ECG, age g 70 yrs, CHF); pts were classified into low (0), intermediate (1-2), and high risk (g 2 markers) for postop and late cardiac events. DT was assessed for reversible (REV) and fixed defects. There were 17 (14%) pts with postop events (4 cardiac deaths, 13 non-fatal Mls), and 23 (22%) with late events (8 cardiac deaths, 15 non-fatal Mls) on follow up which was possible in 98% of pts and was to 50 ± 5 months (75th quintile). On multivariate analysis, the only predictorfor postop event was REV (p l 0.01) in this inherently high risk cohort. Successful risk stratification for late events was achieved by clinical index. DT was not of prognostic value for late event. Download : Download high-res image (68KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions (1) Although diabetics are at high risk for events, dipyridamole-thallium imaging provides additional useful perioperative risk stratification. (2) The absence of clinical markers identifies a group with significantly better late cardiac event-free survival.
Bone marrow calcium in cancer of prostate and bladder

Abstract A comparative evaluation of bone marrow and serum calcium levels and their relation to the bone marrow and serum acid phosphatases were studied in 10 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 23 patients with inoperable prostate cancer. None of the 33 patients had hypercalcemia at the time of the study. Calcium metabolism at the metastatic foci was discussed, and the marrow/serum calcium ratio is suggested as helpful in the staging of prostate and bladder cancer as an additional parameter.
Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of Be-remotely-doped wide parabolic GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells.

Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy was performed on an undoped and several remotely doped wide parabolic GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As wells of various well widths and electron sheet densities. For an undoped parabolic well of width 4640 \AA{}, the PLE peak energies are consistent with calculated energies of allowed exciton transitions. The spectra for a remotely doped well of the same width are dominated by a series of uniformly spaced peaks with spacing (\ensuremath{\sim}3.1 meV) approximately equal to the harmonic-oscillator spacing of the bare parabolic conduction-band-edge curvature. Measurements of the dependence of the peak spacing on well width and electron sheet density are presented.
Triazole and triazole derivatives as proton transport facilitators in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Some basic aspects pertaining to the application of triazole and its derivatives as proton transport facilitators for membranes for high temperature fuel cell operations are investigated. Performance as proton transport facilitators is studied for compounds in their native solid state and as a dopant in a polymer membrane. Some key parameters which influence the proton transport in the system are the proton affinity, pKa or acidity, activation energy and the ease of formation of hydrogen bonding network. Theoretical calculations of the proton affinity of the compounds are presented. The effect of proton affinity of the compound on the activation energies for proton transport is investigated. Proton conductivity is measured for acid doped triazoles in both pellet form (powder triazole mixed with acid) and in composite forms wherein the acid group is contained in a polymer matrix. The effect of formation of a hydrogen bonding network by the triazoles and its impact on the proton conductivity are studied. Also, the effect of ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the host polymeric electrolytes and loading of triazoles in the composites were investigated.
HTFFR kinetics studies of the reactions of AlCl and BCl with HCl at high temperatures

Abstract The kinetics of the title reactions have been investigated in a high-temperature fast-flow reactor (HTFFR). The observed temperature dependences of the rate coefficients are described, in cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , by the expressions: AlCl + HCl (1), k 1 ( T ) = 1.1 × 10 −11 exp(−13100 K/ T ) between 1330 and 1610 K, and BCl + HCl (2), k 2 ( T ) = 1.2 × 10 −10 exp(−12100 K/ T ) between 1250 and 1620 K. Confidence limits are given in the text.
ATPase activity in gills of euryhaline fish

Abstract 1. 1. Gills of eels and flounders were assayed for their content of Na/K-stimulated and total ATPase activities. Specimens adapted to fresh water had levels comparable to those reported for fresh-water-adapted Fundulus heteroclitus . 2. 2. No differences were noted in eels or flounders adapted to sea water. 3. 3. An increase in levels of the Na/K-stimulated enzyme does not seem to be required by all fish making the transition from fresh to sea water.
Macro- and molecular physical-chemical considerations in understanding drug transport in the stratum corneum

Abstract Traditional permeability studies of full-thickness skin have implied molecules permeated through the skin by various polar or nonpolar pathways depending on the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of the permeant. However, relatively little is known about the structure of stratum corneum, even though it is considered the primary barrier in transdermal permeation of most permeants. Current macroscopic (permeability, differential scanning calorimetry) and molecular (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) investigations of the stratum corneum and its components imply hydration and temperature enhanced permeability of lipophilic molecules through the stratum corneum is associated with transitions involving the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid components.
On a medieval circle quadrature: De circulo quadrando

Abstract Among several treatments of circle quadrature known from the Middle Ages is one with the title De circulo quadrando. I discuss this text and an alternative version (incipit: Quelibet media proportionalia), their relation to each other, and the question of their authorship. The pattern of their circulation suggests connections between the masters of geometry at Oxford and Paris in the 13th century.
The Familial Placement of Cladobradus Pic (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae, Dascillidae, Mycteridae)

ABSTRACT The history of the placement of the incertae sedis taxa Cladobradus Pic and Cladobradus atritarsis Pic are discussed. As a result of detailed study of the type, they are placed in the Eurypinae (Mycteridae). The unique specimen is redescribed and illustrated, and a lectotype designated.
Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of intracranial teratoma and massive craniomegaly with associated high-output cardiac failure

Congenital intracranial teratomas are rare and usually fatal. We present prenatal diagnosis of such a case associated with scalp, facial, and body skin edema, hepatomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, polyhydramnios, and a hydropic placenta. These manifestations of high-output cardiac failure were thought to be the result of the large cardiac output required by massive intracranial tumor arteriovenous shunting.
The electrocardiogram and cardiac state in active sickle-cell anemia

Abstract The problem of sickle-cell anemia heart disease was studied in twenty-five carefully chosen cases of active sickle-cell anemia. The pathologic changes were studied in nine others. The problem of heart disease in patients with sicklecell anemia was discussed from the clinical, pathologic, and electrocardiographic points of view. The electrocardiograms were analyzed in the routine manner. The disease occurred in young adults, and it was frequently confounded with rheumatic or congenital heart disease. An outstanding feature of the cardiac disease was cardiac enlargement, which occurred in 95 per cent of the cases. The enlargement involved for the most part the left ventricle, the right ventricle, and the pulmonary conus. In no instance was undue enlargement of the left auricle observed. Systolic and diastolic murmurs occurred at the aortic, pulmonic, and mitral areas. A thrill occurred in one case. Dyspnea on exertion was a frequent complaint, but orthopnea was uncommon. The pathologic specimens showed arteritis of the pulmonary, pericardial, and coronary arteries in one case, and mild pulmonary thrombosis in six of the nine subjects autopsied. Routine analysis of the electrocardiogram showed nothing characteristic of sickle-cell anemia heart disease. Significant changes in the electrocardiogram were seen in 20 per cent of the cases when single electrocardiograms were studied in the routine manner. Serial electrocardiograms showed very few changes over periods of approximately four years. Definite right axis deviation occurred in only one case, although enlargement of the pulmonary conus or right ventricle was encountered in 73 and 88 per cent of the cases, respectively. Premature beats were encountered in only two cases. No other cardiac arrhythmias, other than sinus arrhythmia, were seen. The P waves shoed about the same degree of notching as is encountered among normal subjects. The P-R interval surpassed the upper limit of normal in 12 per cent of the cases. Complete A-V block and bundle branch block were not present in this series. Only 4 per cent of the patients had a low T wave in Lead I.
Freezing human ES cells.

Here we demonstrate how our lab freezes HuES human embryonic stem cell lines. A healthy, exponentially expanding culture is washed with PBS to remove residual media that could otherwise quench the Trypsin reaction. Warmed 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA is then added to cover the cells, and the plate allowed to incubate for up to 5 mins at room temperature. During this time cells can be observed rounding, and colonies lifting off the plate surface. Gentle repeated pipetting will remove cells and colonies from the plate surface. Trypsinized cells are placed in a standard conical tube containing pre-warmed hES cell media to quench remaining trypsin, and then spun. Cells are resuspended growth media at a concentration of approximately one million cells in one mL of media, a concentration such that one frozen aliquot is sufficient to resurrect a culture on a 10cm plate. After cells are adequately resuspended, ice cold freezing media is added at equal volume. Cell suspensions are mixed thoroughly, aliquoted into freezing vials, and allowed to slowly freeze to -80C over 24 hours. Frozen cells can then moved to the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen for long term storage, or remain at -80 for approximately six months.
Pudendal nerve stimulation evokes reflex bladder contractions in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.

Aims Although electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve has been shown to evoke reflex micturition-like bladder contractions in both intact and spinalized cats, there is little evidence to suggest that an analogous excitatory reflex exists in humans, particularly those with spinal cord injury (SCI). We present two cases where electrical activation of pudendal nerve afferents was used to evoke excitatory bladder responses. Subjects and Methods A percutaneously placed catheter electrode was used to electrically stimulate the pudendal nerve trunk in two males with SCI. The response was quantified with recorded changes in detrusor pressure and EMG activity of the external anal sphincter. Results In both individuals, frequency specific (f = 20–50 Hz) activation of the pudendal nerve trunk evoked excitatory bladder contractions that also depended on the stimulus amplitude and bladder volume. Conclusion The results suggest that selective activation of the perineal branches of the pudendal nerve may further augment the excitatory reflex evoked by electrical stimulation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:1020–1023, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A COST-EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION OF LEFT-SIDED ACCESSORY PATHWAYS IN YOUNG PATIENTS WITH WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME: A NOVEL THREE CATHETER TECHNIQUE

Ablation is the treatment of choice for WPW in children. With increased concern regarding healthcare costs, efforts to reduce cost while maintaining quality are paramount. We present a novel 3-catheter approach to the ablation of left-sided accessory pathways (AP) in children with WPW. A
Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling of Neuron Action Potential Threshold During Synaptically Driven Broadband Intracellular Activity

Activity-dependent variation of neuronal thresholds for action potential (AP) generation is one of the key determinants of spike-train temporal-pattern transformations from presynaptic to postsynaptic spike trains. In this study, we model the nonlinear dynamics of the threshold variation during synaptically driven broadband intracellular activity. First, membrane potentials of single CA1 pyramidal cells were recorded under physiologically plausible broadband stimulation conditions. Second, a method was developed to measure AP thresholds from the continuous recordings of membrane potentials. It involves measuring the turning points of APs by analyzing the third-order derivatives of the membrane potentials. Four stimulation paradigms with different temporal patterns were applied to validate this method by comparing the measured AP turning points and the actual AP thresholds estimated with varying stimulation intensities. Results show that the AP turning points provide consistent measurement of the AP thresholds, except for a constant offset. It indicates that 1) the variation of AP turning points represents the nonlinearities of threshold dynamics; and 2) an optimization of the constant offset is required to achieve accurate spike prediction. Third, a nonlinear dynamical third-order Volterra model was built to describe the relations between the threshold dynamics and the AP activities. Results show that the model can predict threshold accurately based on the preceding APs. Finally, the dynamic threshold model was integrated into a previously developed single neuron model and resulted in a 33% improvement in spike prediction.
Viruses and hemostasis

The great majority of viral infections are not associated with significant alterations in hemostasis. Occasionally, common viral pathogens lead to illnesses in which hemostatic impairment is an important feature. In these instances, two clinical syndromes usually are present: thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Immune mechanisms are implicated in the first, while the second is associated with severe disease. Hepatitis viruses produce hemorrhage by a third mechanism. In cases of fulminant hepatitis, hepatocellular injury leads to decreased production of multiple coagulation factors and impairment of other hepatic functions that modulate hemostasis. A small number of viruses stand apart by virtue of the frequency with which they cause hemorrhage. These are the hemorrhagic fever viruses. Much more needs to be learned about how these viruses cause disease and induce hemorrhage. The first line of therapy in viral infections complicated by hemorrhage is early treatment with an antiviral agent. Unfortunately, effective antiviral therapy is usually not available. There is little useful information and no controlled studies on the efficacy of therapy aimed directly at correcting hemostatic impairment.
Reassessment of the effects of vasodilator drugs in primary pulmonary hypertension: Guidelines for determining a pulmonary vasodilator response☆

Patients with primary pulmonary hypertension develop hemodynamic changes characterized by an elevation in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and by a reduced cardiac output.’ There does not appear to be any relationship, however, between the magnitude of these changes and the duration of the illness.2 Consequently it becomes difficult to distinguish patients early in the course of their disease from those who have had the illness for many years. It has been suggested that the acute response to vasodilator drugs may be helpful in this regard.3 Upon making the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension it is recommended practice to test the responsiveness of the pulmonary vasculature with vasodilator drugs given intravenously at the time of cardiac catheterization4 A substantial reduction in the pulmonary vascular resistance following drug administration has been interpreted as resulting from vasodilation within the pulmonary vascular bed,5*6 suggesting that patients who respond favorably are earlier in the course of their illness, still having reversible vasoconstriction.3 Recent successes in the use of vasodilator drugs for the treatment of essential hypertension have stimulated interest in the use of these drugs for patients with primary pulmonary hypertension as well. Demonstration of a fall in the pulmonary
Toward a field of traumatic stress

The cumulative effect of scholarly and professional activities associated with the concept of traumatic stress suggests, it is noted here, that a new field of study is emerging. The paper first defines traumatic stress and a field of study. It is noted here that eight factors are necessary to quality as a field of study. The factors noted include: a history, professional organizations, publications, theory, measurement, research methodology, intervention technology, and actions affecting policy and the judicial system. These factors are considered separately. The final section discusses the “new frontiers” of this emerging field. A three-dimensional model is presented that depicts the finite number of directions for building a scientific literature in traumatic stress studies. The paper concludes with an invitation to readers to add to this literature by contribution to theJournal of Traumatic Stress.
273 BK Nephropathy (BKVN) in Simultaneous Kidney-Pancreas Transplant (SKPT): Potentially Preventable Cause of Renal Allograft Loss

BK NEPHROPATHY (BKVN) IN SIMULTANEOUS KIDNEYPANCREAS TRANSPLANT (SKPT): POTENTIALLY PREVENTABLE CAUSE OF RENAL ALLOGRAFT LOSS Asjad Sardar , Muhammad Mujtaba , Jonathan Fridell , Muhammad Yaqub, Dennis Mishler, Asif Sharfuddin, Tim Taber Department of Medicine 1 Department of Surgery 2 Indiana University School of Medicine/Clarian Transplant Institute Immunosuppression (IS) reduction is the main stay of BKVN management; this approach can put SKPT patients (pts) at a high risk of pancreatic allograft rejection. This fear of pancreatic rejection leads to inadequate BKVN management in SKPT pts. More than 50% of SKPT pts afflicted with BKVN lose their kidneys. Single center, retrospective case study reviewed the data of 138 SKPT patients from 1/06 to 6/10. BKVN definition was qPCR > 10000 copies/ml of serum and > 30% rise in seurm creatinine from baseline. Induction was with rATG and maintenance steroid free IS with Tacrolimus ± Sirolimus or Mycophenolate. Quarterly urine screening for BK virus was done for first two years and once a year thereafter. 6 pts were diagnosed with BKVN. Mean time to diagnosis was 13 months. Median serum creatinine was 2.1 mg/dl at diagnosis. The geometric mean BK serum viral load was 1,758,000 DNA copies/ml. Pts were managed with IS reduction alone with biweekly monitoring of BK viral loads and blood chemistries. Median time to BKVN clearance was 5.6 months. No renal allograft was lost to BKVN. From BKVN diagnosis to clearance there was a 96% reduction of MM dose. 100% reduction in Sirolimus and 40% reduction in 12hr Tac trough level. At a Median 19 month pt follow up post BK clearance, pts had excellent renal function without evidence of pancreatic allograft loss. Early detection and intervention in BKVN by Immunosuppression reduction alone with close monitoring of renal and pancreatic allograft function can potentially prevent renal allograft loss in SKPT without compromising pancreatic allograft
An Effective Solution to Task Scheduling and Memory Partitioning for Multiprocessor System-on-Chip

The growing trend in current complex embedded systems is to deploy a multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC). A MPSoC consists of multiple heterogeneous processing elements, a memory hierarchy, and input/output components which are linked together by an on-chip interconnect structure. Such an architecture provides the flexibility to meet the performance requirements of multimedia applications while respecting the constraints on memory, cost, size, time, and power. Many embedded systems employ software-managed memories known as scratch-pad memories (SPM). Unlike caches, SPMs are software-controlled and hence the execution time of applications on such systems can be accurately predicted. Scheduling the tasks of an embedded application on the processors and partitioning the available SPM budget among these processors are two critical issues in such systems. Often, these are considered separately; such a decoupled approach may miss better quality schedules. In this paper, we present an integrated approach to task scheduling and SPM partitioning to further reduce the execution time of embedded applications. Results on several real-life benchmarks show the significant improvement from our proposed technique.
Acute acrolein‐induced cystitis in mice

OBJECTIVE To develop a method of direct intravesical administration of acrolein and evaluate the severity of cystitis in response to increasing doses of acrolein in female C57BL/6N (C57) mice, with further studies to compare the severity of acute acrolein-induced cystitis among C57, C3H/HeJ (HeJ), and C3H/OuJ (OuJ) strains of mice, as chemical cystitis produced by the systemic administration of cyclophosphamide is thought to result from renal excretion of hepatic metabolites, particularly acrolein. MATERIALS AND METHODS Doses of acrolein (0–1000 µg, 15 µL total volume) were instilled into the bladders of C57 female mice; the bladders were removed 4 or 24 h later, weighed, and processed for histology. Acrolein (6 or 10 µg; 15 µL) was instilled into the bladders of C57, HeJ and OuJ female mice, the bladders removed 4 or 24 h later, weighed, and processed for standard histology and immunohistochemical detection of uroplakin. RESULTS Increasing doses of acrolein up to 100–200 µg caused a linear increase in bladder weight and greater histological evidence of inflammation. Doses of >200 µg caused submaximal increases in bladder weight, apparently due to structural damage of the bladder. Bladder weight and submucosal oedema were consistently greater in C57 and HeJ than OuJ mice. Treatment with acrolein caused loss of urothelium along with uroplakin in some areas of all bladder sections 4 h after treatment. Bladders from C57 mice had some loss of urothelium 24 h after instillation of 6 or 10 µg acrolein, but urothelium and uroplakin covered nearly all the surface of bladders of HeJ and OuJ mice 24 h after treatment. There were significantly more white blood cells in bladders from C57 or HeJ mice than in bladders from OuJ mice 24 h after an instillation of 6 or 10 µg acrolein. CONCLUSIONS Intravesical instillation of acrolein produces dose-dependent cystitis in mice. OuJ mice appear relatively more resistant to irritant effects of intravesical acrolein than C57 or HeJ mice, and future studies will be directed at identifying genetic causes for these differences.
On learning linear ranking functions for beam search

Beam search is used to maintain tractability in large search spaces at the expense of completeness and optimality. We study supervised learning of linear ranking functions for controlling beam search. The goal is to learn ranking functions that allow for beam search to perform nearly as well as unconstrained search while gaining computational efficiency. We first study the computational complexity of the learning problem, showing that even for exponentially large search spaces the general consistency problem is in NP. We also identify tractable and intractable subclasses of the learning problem. Next, we analyze the convergence of recently proposed and modified online learning algorithms. We first provide a counter-example to an existing convergence result and then introduce alternative notions of "margin" that do imply convergence. Finally, we study convergence properties for ambiguous training data.
Finite element analysis of deformation in large optics due to space environment radiation

Dose gradients in large mirror substrates due to unequal exposure to the natural space radiation environment have been calculated for two circular orbits: 1200 km altitude/98 deg inclination and 3700 km/30 deg. Dose gradients were translated to density-change profiles based on experimentally determined density changes as a function of dose for fused silica and the low-CTE glass ceramic, Zerodur-M. Finite element analysis of deformation due to the radiation-induced density gradient was performed for a 4 meter by 0.5 cm disk representing a mirror faceplate. Displacements of nearly 2500 micrometers at the outer edge were calculated for a Zerodur faceplate after 10 yr at 3700 km/30 deg. Silica, which is much less sensitive, deformed by only a few angstroms. Reinforcement with a backing having the equivalent stiffness of 5 cm of SiC resulted in a 10-fold decrease in the calculated deformation.
Social Skills in the School Curriculum: A Systematic Approach.

Academic achievement does not ensure success in society— especially if a student lacks appropriate social skills. Schools must teach these skills, the authors contend, because they are life tools that will benefit the student and society.
Hemagglutination and Erythrophagocytosis Associated with the Anemia of Plasmodium berghei Infections of Rats

SYNOPSIS. The presence of anemia that often seems excessive for the amount of parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei infections had led to the suggestion that autoimmunity might be in part responsible for the anemia. In another erythrocytic infection, Anaplasma marginale of cattle, the association of erythrophagocytosis, autohemagglutination and anemia with infection has led to the suggestion that autoimmunization may occur in anaplasmosis. The possibility that similar findings might be present in P. berghei infections of rats has been investigated. Groups of rats infected with P. berghei were examined at 2–3 day intervals during the course of infection. Red blood cell counts, hematocrit values and percentages of parasitized erythrocytes were determined. The rats were bled at intervals and the sera tested for agglutinins for trypsinized rat erythrocytes. Other infected rats were killed, and their spleens and bone marrow were examined for evidence of erythrophagocytosis. Parasitemia reached a peak on the 9th day of infection and became subpatent by the 14th. The greatest depression in erythrocyte numbers occurred on the 11th day, and the counts remained below normal until the 23rd day. Phagocytized erythrocytes, predominantly uninfected, were found in the phagocytes of the spleen and bone marrow from the 5th through the 21st day. Agglutinins for trypsinized normal rat erythrocytes were present in the sera of the rats in titers as high as 1:64 from the 5th through 14th day of infection. Lower agglutinin titers (1:8) were found from time to time in sera of rats made anemic by repeated bleedings. It is not clear whether these agglutinins are responsible for erythrophagocytosis; however, the fact that predominantly uninfected erythrocytes were phagocytized suggests that the erythrocytes might have been opsonized by an autoantibody associated with the P. berghei infections.
THE MAGMA OCEAN CONCEPT AND LUNAR EVOLUTION

The model of lunar evolution in which the anorthositic plagioclase-rich oldest crust of the moon is formed over a period of 300 Myr or less by crystallization as it floats on a global ocean of magma tens or hundreds of km thick is examined in a review of petrological and theoretical studies. Consideration is given to the classification of lunar rocks, the evidence for primordial deep global differentiation, constraints on the depth of the molten zone, the effects of pressure on mineral stability relationships, mainly-liquid vs mainly-magmifer ocean models, and the evidence for multiple ancient differentiation episodes. A synthesis of the model of primordial differentiation and its aftereffects is presented, and the generalization of the model to the earth and to Mars, Mercury, Venus, and the asteroids is discussed.
Comparison of the Mineralogy and Phase Relations of Blueschists from the North Cascades, Washington, and Greenschists from Otago, New Zealand

Blueschists of the Shuksan unit can be related to greenschists from Otago by the following general reaction: crossite + epidote = albite + actinolite + iron oxide + H 2 O Greenschists within the Shuksan unit lack sufficient ferric iron to develop sodic amphibole. Ferric-iron–rich greenschists in Otago contain iron oxide rather than sodic amphibole. Complete solid solution between sodic amphibole and actinolite is observed, and zoning in this composition range is common. Gradation from actinolite core to sodic amphibole rim is interpreted, from the observed phase relations, to represent growth during decreasing T/P; and rims of actinolite over sodic amphibole, growth during increasing T/P. The composition of sodic amphibole is related to the mineral assemblage in which it occurs, as well as to the physical conditions of metamorphism. Invariant and univariant compositions of sodic amphibole are defined for assemblages containing quartz + albite + epidote + muscovite plus combinations of chlorite, stilpnomelane, magnetite, and hematite.
Education and the Ethnic Division of Labor in Reform-Minded Societies:

Has the expansion of secondary and higher education during the period from 1950 to 1970 restructured the ethnic division of labor? This seven-nation cross-cultural study examines the extent to which changes in education have transformed the ethnic occupational structure in reform-oriented societies. The results show that in five out of the seven countries, the ethnic division of labor became less hierarchically specialized. In the remaining two countries, the New Zealand Maoris have become increasingly overrepresented in secondary jobs during the 1970s, and South African Coloureds, Asians, and Africans have not regained their pre-apartheid occupational position. These subsequent changes in occupational segregation across 19 pairwise comparisons are, surprisingly, not due to the initial spread of education. This finding lends support to the radical thesis that education in societies that have implemented different types of social reforms have had little impact on the likely trajectories of the ethnic divis...
Effects of exposure to localized vibration on hand steadiness.

32 Ss performed a steadiness task before and again immediately after 3 min. of exposure to localized vibration. The vibratory forces were transmitted to S's performing hand through a specially cons...