cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double negative metamaterial applications in modified log-periodic arrays for wideband pulse radiation

In ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) communication systems, UWB pulses are used for information propagation. A log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) antenna, in spite of its wide bandwidth, is not a suitable candidate for UWB pulse radiation because of its severe frequency dispersion [1]. In [2], we proposed a modified LPDA that could potentially deal with this problem. By applying metamaterial-based phase shifters to adjust the phase centers of the radiating elements, over 90% fidelity between the transmitted pulse and the antenna reference pulse was achieved for a 10 element LPDA (Without the proposed modifications, the fidelity was only 64%. The fidelity improvement with these phase shifter modifications increases significantly as the number of radiating elements in the LPDA is increased). In [2], the focus of the efforts was mainly on the time domain pulse fidelity. Investigation of the LPDA antenna characteristics, such as return loss, gain and far field pattern shows that the modified LPDA is slightly inferior to the corresponding regular LPDA in the low frequency range of its overall bandwidth.
Dissipation in Turbulent Solutions of 2-D Euler

We establish local balance equations for smooth functions of the vorticity in the DiPerna-Majda weak solutions of 2D incompressible Euler, analogous to the balance proved by Duchon and Robert for kinetic energy in 3D. The anomalous term or defect distribution therein corresponds to the ``enstrophy cascade'' of 2D turbulence. It is used to define a rather natural notion of ``dissipative Euler solution'' in 2D. However, we show that the DiPerna-Majda solutions with vorticity in $L^p$ for $p>2$ are conservative and have zero defect. Instead, we must seek an alternative approach to dissipative solutions in 2D. If we assume an upper bound on the energy spectrum of 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes solutions by the Kraichnan-Batchelor $k^{-3}$ spectrum, uniformly for high Reynolds number, then we show that the zero viscosity limits of the Navier-Stokes solutions exist, with vorticities in the zero-index Besov space $B^{0,\infty}_2$, and that these give a weak solution of the 2D incompressible Euler equations. We conjecture that for this class of weak solutions enstrophy dissipation may indeed occur, in a sense which is made precise.
Clinical, Technical, and Social Contingencies and the Decisions of Adults with HIV/AIDS to Enroll in Clinical Trials

In this article, the author draws on interview data collected during an ethnographic field study of the informed consent process and HIV/AIDS clinical trial work. She held interviews to explore how individuals decide to enroll in a clinical trial and uses the concept of contingency to illustrate how individuals interpret and act on the uncertainties of clinical research. Findings show that people with HIV/AIDS consider three kinds of contingencies--clinical, social, and technical--before enrolling in a clinical trial. The author offers suggestions for how the concept of contingency might be used in future studies on informed consent and for how the concept might be used in discussions between research professionals and patients on human subject research.
MIMO Processing of Multi-mode Fiber Links

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) processing of multi-mode fibers using dual launches, a two-segment photo-detector and an electronic MIMO-DFE is proposed. The potential benefits are demonstrated using capacity for the 108 fiber model as the performance metric.
Pentoxifylline Attenuates Lung Injury and Modulates Transcription Factor Activity in Hemorrhagic Shock

Background. Evidence exists that resuscitation with Ringer's lactate (RL) contributes to postshock inflammation and lung injury. We hypothesized that the antiinflammatory agent pentoxifylline (PTX) attenuates postresuscitative lung injury through modulation of transcription factors after hemorrhagic shock. Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent a 1 h period of hypotension and resuscitation with RL (32 mL/kg) or RL + PTX (25 mg/kg). Lung sections were graded for histological injury and myeloperoxidase content. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP) activity was evaluated by zymography. Heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation, and cytoplasmic I-κB phosphorylation were assessed by Western blot. NF-κB and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) DNA binding were determined by light shift chemiluminescent electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Results. RL resuscitation led to statistically significant increases in all parameters of lung injury when compared with the negative control. The addition of PTX significantly decreased histology lung injury, myeloperoxidase content, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant by 48% (P < 0.05), heme oxygenase-1 expression by 50% (P < 0.05), MMP-2 activity by 70% (P < 0.05), MMP-9 activity by 44% (P < 0.05), cytoplasmic I-κB phosphorylation by 66% (P < 0.01), nuclear NF-κB p65 phosphorylation by 51% (P < 0.05), and NF-κB DNA binding by 42% (P < 0.05). In contrast, PTX increased CREB DNA binding by 69% when compared with RL alone (P < 0.04). Conclusions. The addition of PTX to conventional RL infusion after shock significantly reduced histological lung injury and pulmonary neutrophil activity when compared to treatment with RL alone. The administration of PTX was also associated with diminished NF-κB and enhanced CREB activation. Therefore, the administration of PTX may serve as a novel therapeutic adjunct after hemorrhagic shock.
The Operator Trigonometry in Statistics

An operator trigonometry developed chie y by this author during the past 40 years has interesting applications to statistics, and provides new geometrical understandings of statistical e ciency, canonical correlations, and other statistical bounds and inequalities. 29.1 The origins of the operator trigonometry The operator trigonometry was created in 1967 1969 by this author. The original motivating application was a question about multiplicative perturbation of contraction semigroup generators. Speci cally, if A is a generator, when is BA a generator? For example, B may represent a time change operator when A generates a Markov process. In retrospect, it was good fortune that this question naturally brought out two entities which became cornerstones of the general operator trigonometry: inf 0 6=x∈D(A) Re 〈Ax, x〉 ||Ax||||x|| ≡ μ1(A), (1) and inf −∞ = m||x||2, m > 0. Here the notation 〈y, x〉 denotes a semi-inner product on the space X. In (2) B is an arbitrary strongly accretive bounded operator on X. Given A the in nitesimal generator of a strongly continuous contraction semigroup, one knows by the Hille-Yosida-PhillipsKarl Gustafson Colorado University, USA, e-mail: gustafs@euclid.colorado.edu
Computational information theory

What is information? In a fundamental sense, Shannon’s definition of entropy captures the notion of information in situations where unlimited computing power is always available. As a result, in applications such as cryptography, where computational cost plays a central role, the classical information theory does not provide a totally satisfactory framework. In recent years, after Diffie and Hellman proposed the use of trapdoor function as the cornerstone for a new genre of cryptography, this deficiency is particularly dramatized; a ciphertext contains all the Shannon information about the plaintext, yet this information is ‘inaccessible’, i.e., it cannot be efficiently computed. This begs the challenging question ‘what is accessible information?’ Can we combine two very successful theories, namely, Information Theory and Computational Complexity Theory, to capture the notion of accessible information? In this chapter, we will give an exposition of a new information theory along this line and examine its applications in cryptography.
Rational Mortgage Valuation Using Optimal Intertemporal Refinancing Strategies and Heterogeneous Borrowers

I develop a rational mortgage valuation model and use the model to estimate parameters describing borrower mobility. The valuation model extends previous work in two ways. First, I calculate the prepayment boundary by solving for the borrower's optimal prepayment strategy over the expected tenure in the house. This optimal strategy is significantly different from the strategy traditionally used in rational mortgage valuation and the resulting mortgage values are higher than values calculated using the traditional approach. Second, I use borrower heterogeneity in terms of expected tenure in the house to overcome two problems typically associated with rational models: all-or-nothing prepayment and a low upper limit on calculated mortgage values. I use the resulting model and observed prepayments to estimate the distribution of expected tenure of borrowers who chose a long-term, fixed-rate mortgage. The empirical results indicate that the average mobility of the group of borrowers choosing fixed-rate loans has declined since the introduction of adjustable-rate mortgages.
Fetal growth with congenital syphilis: a quantitative study.

Although fetal infection is one of the commonly recognized causes of fetal growth retardation, the effects of congenital syphilis on antenatal growth have not been published. A quantitative, morphologic study of 36 stillborn and newborn infants with congenital syphilis was undertaken. Despite considerable evidence of tissue destruction, body growth, organ growth, and cellular growth were near normal in the infants as a group.
Specificity of Symbioses Between Marine Cnidarians and Zooxanthellae

The dinoflagellate zooxanthella, Symbiodinium (=Gymnodinium) microadriaticum Freudenthal, is harbored by more than 80 species of marine cnidarians, tridacnids and protists (Taylor, 1974). It is the only described zooxanthella species found in benthic symbiotic cnidarians. Its large host distribution is exceptional among algal symbionts of invertebrates (Taylor, 1974; Hollande and Carre, 1974; Karakashian, 1975). This wide phylogenetic range for a single species of zooxanthella suggests that the morphological and ultra-structural criteria used for its identification (Freudenthal, 1962; Kevin, et al., 1969; Taylor, 1969) might not distinguish between varieties of S. microadriaticum with narrower host or ecological distributions. This paper describes a series of studies using other methods to characterize genetic variation and specificity among isolates of S. microadriaticum.
Taphonomy of the Inglewood mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) (Maryland, USA): Green-bone fracturing of fossil bones

Abstract An adolescent Mammuthus columbi at the 24 ka Inglewood site in the eastern USA had not been killed or scavenged by carnivores, and its bones had not been trampled or weathered before burial. The bones were well preserved in an anaerobic and impermeable matrix which was disturbed in the 20th century by earthmoving equipment. The weight of the mechanized equipment broke skeletal elements into fragments with the morphology of “green-bone” fractures. The occurrence of a recently created green-bone type of breakage may be relevant for understanding other fossil proboscidean assemblages.
To better manage cancer symptoms.

To keep our readers up to date on progress in palliative medicine, we are presenting a series of articles on the topic.
Electron-Impact Total Ionization Cross Sections of Molecular Ions

The Binary-Encounter-Bethe (BEB) model for electron-impact total ionization cross sections of neutral molecules has been modified for molecular positive ions. The total ionization cross sections for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], CD(+), and CO(+) from the modified BEB formula are compared to available experimental data. The theory is in good agreement with experimental data on [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and CD(+), but the experimental data by Belic et al. on [Formula: see text], and CO(+) are lower than the theory. The large difference between the theory and experiment on CO(+) is a strong indication of the dominance of the dissociative ionization channel, CO(+)→C(+)+O(+), which was not included in the experiment.
FIXATION FOR DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES

Distal radius fractures are common fractures that can cause significant disability. As techniques and implants have improved, better results can be expected from internal and external fixation of complex wrist fractures. With meticulous technique, articular alignment can be secured and small articular fragments can be replaced in anatomic locations through limited open or arthroscopic techniques. Bone graft should be used liberally in comminuted articular fractures. Such procedures are demanding, however. Familiarity with the techniques described in this article will enhance the surgeon's ability to restore function in this group of patients.
2. On the Anatomy and Histology of Pleurochœta Moseleyi .

This earthworm, which is an inhabitant of Ceylon, is 28 inches in length, and consists of about 260 segments. The setae, instead of being arranged in continuous lines round the body as in Perichœta , fail for a short space both dorsally and ventrally. This peculiarity serves to distinguish the genus Pleurochœta from other Oligochœta . The intestine is provided with two sets of specialised glands; the anterior, occupying from segments twenty-two to forty-four, consists of a double series of deeply excavated dorsal pouches on the wall of the intestine, provided with a large development of glandular epithelium; the posterior glands are solid and kidney-shaped, about the size of a grain of wheat. They lie on the dorsal surface of intestine, occupying from the eighty-fifth to the one hundred and first segments; in all, fifteen pairs. They open into intestine by ducts.
Spatio-temporal mapping of device temperature due to self-heating in Sub-22 nm transistors

With the increase of transistor density and adoption of novel geometries, such as, FinFET, ETSOI, and gate-all-around nanowire (GAA NW) transistors, self-heating has emerged as a persistent concern for modern ICs. Various reliability issues, such as, NBTI, HCI, PBTI, and TDDB depend sensitively on channel temperature, ΔT c (x, y, z;t), due to self-heating. An accurate spatio-temporal map of channel temperature is essential for Fin/NW-resolved reliability/lifetime of sub-22 nm technology nodes. In this paper, we demonstrate that (i) none of the existing techniques, in isolation, can map the NW-resolved channel temperature of modern transistors, and (ii) only a collection of orthogonal techniques (multiprobe approach) or novel test structures (material approach), integrated/interpreted through self-consistent electro-thermal simulation, can map the temperature in sufficient detail necessary for reliability prediction.
Experimental Apparatus and Technique

The main experimental apparatus of the Laboratory for Surface Physics and Electron Spectroscopies at Boston University consists of a series of HV and UHV chambers equipped with HASS capabilities and diagnostic tools including a LEED unit. An aerial schematic of the entire setup can be seen in Fig. 4.1. In the proceeding sections I will detail the different parts of the apparatus and their function. From there, I will present the sample preparation methodology and measurement techniques for both inelastic and elastic scattering.
Social Security: Projecting the Optimal Collection Age in an Era of Low Investment Returns

The decision of when to begin Social Security benefits has been significantly altered over the last several years as investment returns have declined. Specifically, low interest rates (and corresponding low investment returns) make delaying Social Security benefits more attractive. This article examines how low interest rates and investment returns have affected this decision.
Lehman Decision Holds that Mutuality Must Exist to Exercise a Right of Setoff

This paper discusses the mutuality requirement for setoff in bankruptcy, triangular setoff in bankruptcy and the bankruptcy code safe harbors.
Complete resolution of mycosis fungoides tumors with imiquimod 5% cream: a case series

AbstractObjective: To demonstrate the clinical efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod for mycosis fungoides (MF) tumors.Background: Treatment of tumor-stage MF represents a therapeutic challenge because of a limited number of effective topical therapies. Single tumors can be treated with localized radiation but may recur. Systemic therapies are also an option but are associated with serious adverse effects. Imiquimod is a topical agent whose efficacy has been documented in treating MF patches and plaques as well as one case of tumor-stage disease.Methods: We present two stage IIB MF patients, including one with large cell transformation, whose tumors were treated with imiquimod 5% cream after failing prior therapies.Results: The MF tumors in both patients demonstrated a complete response to imiquimod 5% cream without recurrence over 8 years and 2 years of follow-up, respectively. One patient experienced application site irritation and flu-like symptoms as adverse effects.Conclusions: Our case series is only the...
Quality Measurement and Evaluation Technology Research of Power Grid Dispatching Automation System Software

According to the quality requirements and business characteristics of power grid dispatching automation system software, the author proposed a software quality evaluation model that suitable for power dispatching automation system, meanwhile combining with quality methods of the current common software. The quality model was decomposed into quality characteristics, quality sub-features and metric elements. The author used analytic hierarchy process to establish the evaluation index system and determined the index weight, and used the fuzzy evaluation method for quality evaluation. The technology provides an important basis for the quality control of power grid dispatching automation system products, and ensures the power grid dispatching automation system operating in a safe, stable and reliable way.
Judging the Act

In the preceding chapter a phrase was used that needs clarification. This was the expression “appropriate” or “right” means or deed to achieve a certain end. Like so many of the terms involved in moral decisions, this one is also complex in its significance. The following example will help initiate the discussion. Suppose Mr. A, walking along Broadway in New York, is approached by a rather shabbily dressed man who begs for a dime for a cup of coffee. Being kindly disposed, Mr. A digs down into his pocket and hands the man a dime. Mr. B, a friend of Mr. A., walking with him, is displeased and insists that giving the beggar a dime was not the right thing to do. He believes the man will use the money to buy liquor. In all probability Mr. A feels hurt because above all he wants to do what is right at all times. Now, the key term in this disagreement is clearly the word “right.” Mr. B judges the act not to be right; Mr. A did it because he thought it was right. Both Mr. A and Mr. B agree the beggar ought to be helped.
A grid-based path planning approach for a team of two vehicles with localization constraints

This paper proposes a path finding method for two unmanned aerial vehicles with localization constraints using a modified shortest path algorithm. A beacon vehicle has GPS or other absolute positioning information, and a target vehicle has only bearing information taken relative to the beacon vehicle or known stationary landmarks. By overlaying a grid on the map and discretizing the position uncertainty, the path planning problem for two vehicles can be formulated as a dynamic programming problem and solved using a modified form of the A∗ shortest path algorithm. Edge costs are found using a factored covariance method for an Extended Kalman filter based on results available in literature. In simulation, paths found from the dynamic programming method outperform a greedy algorithm.
Two Distinct Aerobic Methionine Salvage Pathways Generate Volatile Methanethiol in Rhodopseudomonas palustris

5'-Methyl-thioadenosine (MTA) is a dead-end, sulfur-containing metabolite and cellular inhibitor that arises from S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent reactions. Recent studies have indicated that there are diverse bacterial methionine salvage pathways (MSPs) for MTA detoxification and sulfur salvage. Here, via a combination of gene deletions and directed metabolite detection studies, we report that under aerobic conditions the facultatively anaerobic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris employs both an MTA-isoprenoid shunt identical to that previously described in Rhodospirillum rubrum and a second novel MSP, both of which generate a methanethiol intermediate. The additional R. palustris aerobic MSP, a dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-methanethiol shunt, initially converts MTA to 2-(methylthio)ethanol and DHAP. This is identical to the initial steps of the recently reported anaerobic ethylene-forming MSP, the DHAP-ethylene shunt. The aerobic DHAP-methanethiol shunt then further metabolizes 2-(methylthio)ethanol to methanethiol, which can be directly utilized by O-acetyl-l-homoserine sulfhydrylase to regenerate methionine. This is in contrast to the anaerobic DHAP-ethylene shunt, which metabolizes 2-(methylthio)ethanol to ethylene and an unknown organo-sulfur intermediate, revealing functional diversity in MSPs utilizing a 2-(methylthio)ethanol intermediate. When MTA was fed to aerobically growing cells, the rate of volatile methanethiol release was constant irrespective of the presence of sulfate, suggesting a general housekeeping function for these MSPs up through the methanethiol production step. Methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), two of the most important compounds of the global sulfur cycle, appear to arise not only from marine ecosystems but from terrestrial ones as well. These results reveal a possible route by which methanethiol might be biologically produced in soil and freshwater environments.IMPORTANCE Biologically available sulfur is often limiting in the environment. Therefore, many organisms have developed methionine salvage pathways (MSPs) to recycle sulfur-containing by-products back into the amino acid methionine. The metabolically versatile bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris is unusual in that it possesses two RuBisCOs and two RuBisCO-like proteins. While RuBisCO primarily serves as the carbon fixation enzyme of the Calvin cycle, RuBisCOs and certain RuBisCO-like proteins have also been shown to function in methionine salvage. This work establishes that only one of the R. palustris RuBisCO-like proteins functions as part of an MSP. Moreover, in the presence of oxygen, to salvage sulfur, R. palustris employs two pathways, both of which result in production of volatile methanethiol, a key compound of the global sulfur cycle. When total available sulfur was plentiful, methanethiol was readily released into the environment. However, when sulfur became limiting, methanethiol release decreased, presumably due to methanethiol utilization to regenerate needed methionine.
Praxisvorwort: Wie kann GI:VE ein Unternehmen verändern?

Unser Unternehmen, die Wissenschaftliche Geratebau Dr. Ing. Herbert Knauer GmbH ist mit ihren 50 Jahren ein reifes, mittelstandisches, deutsches Unternehmen in Berlin. Wir sind besonders durch Neugier und ungewohnliche Ideen uber viele Jahre mit Produkten und Dienstleistungen der Hochleistungsflussigkeitschromatographie im Markt weltweit erfolgreich. Die Anfrage nach der Beteiligung am GI:VE-Projekt im Herbst 2010 reihte sich daher zunachst wie selbstverstandlich in die Folge zahlreicher anderer Anfragen zum Thema Innovation ein, die wir als mehrfach fur besondere Innovationsleistungen ausgezeichnetes Unternehmen immer wieder erhalten. Doch schon mit Beginn des Projektes wurde klar, dass GI:VE viel mehr war als nur eine Umfrage mit anschliesender Auswertung und einer Reihe von Handlungsempfehlungen.
First-Generation Students With Undecided Majors: A Qualitative Study of University Reacculturation

When they enter institutions of higher education, students typically leave behind one culture to join another. Despite the higher rates of attrition for first-generation students over continuing-generation students and undecided students over declared students, little research has been focused on undeclared first-generation students. To understand the challenges and experiences of first-generation undecided students transitioning to a new and unfamiliar academic environment, we applied a reacculturation process to this qualitative exploratory case study of 35 students. Data came from interviews, focus group interactions, observations, and written responses to open-ended questions, which were subsequently triangulated. Findings revealed heightened feelings of stress, desire to become comfortable on campus, reliance upon continuing-generation friends, helpfulness of a specialized first-year seminar course, and uncertainty about advisors' roles.
250 MHz Rapid Scan Cross Loop Resonator

A 25 mm diameter 250 MHz crossed-loop resonator was designed for rapid scan electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. It has a saddle coil for the driven resonator and a fine wire, loop gap resonator for the sample resonator. There is good separation of E and B fields and high isolation between the two resonators, permitting a wide range of sample types to be measured. Applications to imaging of nitroxide, trityl, and LiPc samples illustrate the utility of the resonator. Using this resonator and a trityl sample the signal-to-noise of a rapid scan absorption spectrum is about 20 times higher than for a first-derivative CW spectrum.
The Impact of Airway Technique on Anesthesia Control Time.

Few studies have examined the impact of video laryngoscopy (VL) on operating room efficiency. We hypothesized that VL reduces anesthesia control time (ACT), a metric of anesthesia efficiency, compared with fiberoptic intubation (FOI) in potentially difficult airways, but that direct laryngoscopy (DL) remains more efficient in routine cases. We performed a multi-institutional, retrospective chart review of anesthetic cases from 2015 to 2016. Cases were compared based on choice of airway technique (laryngeal mask airway [LMA], DL, VL or FOI) and ACT. Generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link were then used to model the data to control for variables including ASA physical status (PS), Mallampati (MP) score, body mass index, and presence of a trainee. ACT was analyzed for 32,542 cases. LMA insertion was associated with a median ACT of 10 min (CI 8–14 min), DL 14 min (CI 11–18 min), VL 17 min (CI 13–21 min) and FOI 20 min (CI 14.5–26 min). Modeling confirmed these results when controlling for variables expected to increase the ACT. However, modeling also revealed that presence of a trainee minimizes the increase in ACT for cases using VL or FOI. Use of VL in patients with a high MP score may improve anesthesia efficiency in the operating room. ASA PS, MP score, and presence of a trainee are all associated with an increased ACT. Trainee presence with both FOI and VL was associated with reduced increases in ACT for these devices.
Bats join the ranks of oxpeckers and cleaner fish as partners in a pest‐reducing mutualism

While antagonistic species interactions such as predation or competition have a long history of study, positive inter‐species interactions have received comparatively little attention. Mutualisms and commensalisms appear to be widespread in the animal kingdom, with examples of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles from around the world engaging with other species in evidentially beneficial ways. Cleaning mutualism is a specific type positive inter‐species interaction in which one species removes and feeds upon parasites infesting the other. Here, we document a new subset of positive inter‐species “cleaning” interactions, in which one partner benefits from and reduces the abundance of pest species attracted by but not attached to their host. We observed in person and in camera trap footage numerous instances of insectivorous bats associating with white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and feeding on the swarms of biting flies attracted to these large mammals. We call for the increased reporting of positive inter‐species associations to better our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the formation of these interactions and the effects that these relationships may for the structuring of ecological communities.
Repurposing the Pummerer Rearrangement: Determination of Methionine Sulfoxides in Peptides

The reversible oxidation of methionine residues in proteins has emerged as a biologically important post-translational modification. However, detection and quantitation of methionine sulfoxide in proteins is difficult. Our aim is to develop a method for specifically derivatizing methionine sulfoxide residues. We report a Pummerer rearrangement of methionine sulfoxide treated sequentially with trimethylsilyl chloride and then 2-mercaptoimidazole or pyridine-2-thiol to produce a dithioacetal product. This derivative is stable to standard mass spectrometry conditions, and its formation identified oxidized methionine residues. The scope and requirements of dithioacetal formation are reported for methionine sulfoxide and model substrates. The reaction intermediates have been investigated by computational techniques and by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. These provide evidence for an α-chlorinated intermediate. The derivatization allows for detection and quantitation of methionine sulfoxide in proteins by mass spectrometry and potentially by immunochemical methods.
The Macroeconomics of Pascal’s Wager

This paper explores the determinants of religiosity in a growth model. Religion reduces the time available for labor and the perceived likelihood of hell. A genetic algorithm selects agents’ discount factors based on their parents’ wealth. A higher discount factor increases savings, encouraging wealth accumulation, but also increases the discounted disutility of eternal damnation, incentivizing religion. The model converges to intermediate levels of the discount factor and religion where wealth is maximized. The genetic process selects agents’ level of patience, and the impact on religion is a side effect. Religion thus exists in equilibrium, even if it reduces genetic fitness.
Stochastic Variation in Expression of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Produces Persister Cells

Chronic bacterial infections are difficult to eradicate, though they are caused primarily by drug-susceptible pathogens. Antibiotic-tolerant persisters largely account for this paradox. In spite of their significance in the recalcitrance of chronic infections, the mechanism of persister formation is poorly understood. We previously reported that a decrease in ATP levels leads to drug tolerance in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus We reasoned that stochastic fluctuation in the expression of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes can produce cells with low energy levels. S. aureus knockouts in glutamate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase, and fumarase have low ATP levels and exhibit increased tolerance of fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside, and β-lactam antibiotics. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of TCA genes shows a broad Gaussian distribution in a population, with differences of over 3 orders of magnitude in the levels of expression between individual cells. Sorted cells with low levels of TCA enzyme expression have an increased tolerance of antibiotic treatment. These findings suggest that fluctuations in the levels of expression of energy-generating components serve as a mechanism of persister formation.IMPORTANCE Persister cells are rare phenotypic variants that are able to survive antibiotic treatment. Unlike resistant bacteria, which have specific mechanisms to prevent antibiotics from binding to their targets, persisters evade antibiotic killing by entering a tolerant nongrowing state. Persisters have been implicated in chronic infections in multiple species, and growing evidence suggests that persister cells are responsible for many cases of antibiotic treatment failure. New antibiotic treatment strategies aim to kill tolerant persister cells more effectively, but the mechanism of tolerance has remained unclear until now.
White Fears of Dispossession: Dreyer's English, The Elements of Style, and the Racial Mapping of English Discourse

Dreyer's English, by Benjamin Dreyer, the Senior Copy Editor for Random House, and Strunk and White's The Elements of Style are two extraordinarily popular and commercially successful guides to English language usage that belong to a genre best described as discursive maps for language as racialized, classed and gendered territory. This review traces the history of these books to the nineteenth century "conversation handbooks" and etiquette guides that became popular in a time of shifting class boundaries Precise prescriptives for behavior and for polite conversation helped the aspirational middle-class groom themselves for genteel company. Many of these guides were published during the Reconstruction Era, and were filled with dispositions toward correct language that communicate a kind of outrage from fear of social, cultural and economic dispossession, a telltale mark of White Supremacy. These dispositions still exist in the rhetoric of both Dreyer and E.B. White and are carried through the structural racism of standardized English into educational spaces. Discourses of meritocracy are found in both the classroom and the global neoliberal workplace where "English has been turned into a product (in all senses of the word)..."Though the promotion of English is presented as a way of expanding one’s multilingual resources, it reduces one’s repertoire, as it is often learned/taught at the cost of local languages” (Canagarajah 13). As Canagarajah sees "multilingual communities [finding] spaces for voice, renegotiation, and resistance” (Translingual Practices 56), so can we make students aware of the gatekeeping and power of English by sharing its historical context.
Embedded Instrumentation for Evaluating Tracking Radar Nose Radome Assemblies

CACI is under contract to provide performance improvement and equipment modernization for a legacy, nose radome test range. This paper discusses the instrumentation we're incorporating into a general-purpose, range upgrade, and how this equipment encompasses modern embedded instrumentation systems as well as industry-standard test and measurement equipment to fully characterize tracking-radar radomes. We address a modern, hybrid approach to measuring radome transmission efficiency, beam deflection angle, and image lobe impacts on the apparent sidelobe levels and tracking degradations caused by a faulty radome.
Digital Signal Processing: A Primer With MATLAB®

Digital Signal Processing:A Primer with MATLAB® provides excellent coverage of discrete-time signals and systems. At the beginning of each chapter, an abstract states the chapter objectives. All principles are also presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. As much as possible, the authors avoid wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of MATLAB® is encouraged in a student-friendly manner. MATLAB is introduced in Appendix C and applied gradually throughout the book. Each illustrative example is immediately followed by practice problems along with its answer. Students can follow the example step-by-step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the end of the book for answers. These practice problems test students' comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving onto the next section. Toward the end of each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter. The material covered in the chapter is applied to at least one or two practical problems. It helps students see how the concepts are used in real-life situations. Also, thoroughly worked examples are given liberally at the end of every section. These examples give students a solid grasp of the solutions as well as the confidence to solve similar problems themselves. Some of hte problems are solved in two or three ways to facilitate a deeper understanding and comparison of different approaches. Designed for a three-hour semester course, Digital Signal Processing:A Primer with MATLAB® is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering. The prerequisites for a course based on this book are knowledge of standard mathematics, including calculus and complex numbers.
Comparison of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstoves and Wood Cooking Fires on PM2.5 Trends in Brick Workers' Homes in Nepal.

Prior studies document a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms among brick workers in Nepal, which may be partially caused by non-occupational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from cooking. In this study, we compared PM2.5 levels and 24 h trends in brick workers’ homes that used wood or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cooking fuel. PM2.5 filter-based and real-time nephelometer data were collected for approximately 24 h in homes and outdoors. PM2.5 was significantly associated with fuel type and location (p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons found significant differences between gas, indoor (geometric mean (GM): 79.32 μg/m3), and wood, indoor (GM: 541.14 μg/m3; p = 0.0002), and between wood, indoor, and outdoor (GM: 48.38 μg/m3; p = 0.0006) but not between gas, indoor, and outdoor (p = 0.56). For wood fuel homes, exposure peaks coincided with mealtimes. For LPG fuel homes, indoor levels may be explained by infiltration of ambient air pollution. In both wood and LPG fuel homes, PM2.5 levels exceeded the 24 h limit (25.0 µg/m3) proposed by the World Health Organization. Our findings suggest that increasing the adoption of LPG cookstoves and decreasing ambient air pollution in the Kathmandu valley will significantly lower daily PM2.5 exposures of brick workers and their families.
An analysis of shiftwork and self-reported depressive symptoms in a police cohort from Buffalo, New York.

Shiftwork has been associated with elevated depressive symptoms; police officers frequently work shifts and may experience depressive symptoms. This study assessed the association between depressiv...
14.3 A 26GHz Full-Duplex Circulator Receiver with 53UB/400MHz(40UB/800MHz) Self-Interference Cancellation for mm-Wave Repeaters

Reduction in base-station deployment costs while increasing coverage has motivated Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) nodes in mm-wave 5G NR (Fig. 14.3.1). Similarly, high path loss due to shadowing and limited outdoor-to-indoor penetration at mm-wave has led to an interest in repeater/relays to extend 5G NR coverage [1]. Currently, halfduplexlinks based on TDD (preferred for lAB), FDD, spatial, and polarization-duplexare explored, targeting mm-wave TWRX isolation at the cost of channel capacity. While mmwave in-band full-duplex (IBFD) with shared antenna (ANT) interface can enable spectrum reuse in IAB and repeaters/relays, >100dB total self-interference cancellation (SIC) is required with up to 50dB of SIC in the mm-wave front-end [2]. Such SIC has been shown for IBFD at RF [3– 5], however mm-wave IBFD SIC with a shared antenna interface has been limited to 20dBat28GHz and 40dB(22dB at +10dBm TX SI power) at 60GHz [6, 7]. Achieving mm-wave IBFD SIC with a shared ANT interface is particularly challenging given (i) the high frequency of operation, (ii) wide 400MHz/800MHz bandwidths targeted in 5G NR, and (iii) variations in beamformer ANT impedance that changes the SI channel. This paper presents a fully integrated mm-wave circulator RX that addresses these challenges using (i) a hybrid-coupler and non-reciprocal N-path filter-based shared ANT interface that provides wideband SIC while creating an SI replica, enabling (ii) subsequent active cancellation with variable gain/phase shift to accommodate SI channel variations. The circulator RX implementation in 45nm SOI CMOS achieves 52. 8dB cancellation across 400MHz at 26. 4GHz(>100 $\times$ improvement over state of the art at high power levels) with 3.1dB TX-to-ANT insertion loss (IL) and +11.5dBm TX power-handling. System-level feasibility for mm-wave wideband IBFD is shown with the integrated RX supporting 600MS/s128-OAM wireless reception (4.2Gb/s) with 3.3% RX EVM in the presence of an in-band 128-OAM 300MS/s (limited by instrument) TX SI signal, and SIC is demonstrated across SI channel changes using a global optimization approach.
Ecocide and Objectivity: Literary Thinking in How the Dead Dream

Countering currents in ecocriticism emphasizing realistic depiction of climate breakdown, this essay advocates for the importance of figural reading for literary climate studies. It proposes that works lacking indexical crisis content may nonetheless contribute to conceptualizing ecocide, precisely through a specifically literary conceptuality that the essay names “objectivity.” In making this metacritical argument, the essay offers a reading of Lydia Millet’s 2008 novel How the Dead Dream. Ecocriticism often cherishes complexity and interpenetrating agencies; through problematized setting, impersonal point of view, and elliptical narration, How the Dead Dream offers instead the simplicity of fault: the great acceleration has been caused by the automobiles and real estate portfolios of the global superrich. This unique theoretical insight about the politics of ecocide stems from literary objectivity.
The Constitutional Right to

Everyone needs a home. But exclusionary zoning ordinances in many communities prevent low- and moderate-income families from securing affordable homes, disproportionately harming people of color. Because these ordinances satisfy the rational basis test, they have been immune from substantive due process attack. This Article provides a new method to challenge the constitutionality of exclusionary zoning. For decades, the Supreme Court has recognized that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right to “establish a home.” The Clause was adopted, in part, as a response to the “Black Codes” enacted by southern states in the post-Civil War era that prohibited African Americans from buying or leasing homes. The Court has frequently mentioned the right in dicta, but has never squarely relied on it to reach a decision. Perhaps for this reason, it has been overlooked by scholars. This Article is the first piece of legal scholarship to explore the right to establish a home. This is a negative right: it bars the government from unduly interfering with a person’s ability to rent or buy a home. The Article demonstrates that this right is a fundamental right for the purpose of substantive due process analysis, like the right to marry or the right to raise children. Accordingly, a law that infringes the right must be evaluated under either the strict scrutiny or intermediate scrutiny tests. Under either test, exclusionary zoning is probably unconstitutional.
Emotional Disturbances After Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Assessment, and Treatment

Emotional disturbances are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and this review article examines the common mood difficulties, explores differential diagnoses, and suggests evidence-based treatment methods. A robust clinical interview and the utilization of standardized and validated measures are important to accurately diagnose certain mood disturbances and differentiate them from other brain-injury-related presentations. Accurate diagnosis can assist with efficient and effective treatment methods, and evidence-based treatment includes the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing (MI), and other methods with modifications to account for the hallmark features of TBI. Pharmacologic intervention can assist with managing some of the symptoms of mood disturbances. Emotional disturbances are very common after TBI, and timely and targeted evidence-based treatment can help mitigate the negative effects on rehabilitation outcomes. Future research should also focus on comorbid mood disorders after TBI.
Structural characterization of DynU16, a START/Bet v1-like protein involved in dynemicin biosynthesis

The 1.5 A resolution crystal structure of DynU16, a protein identified in the dynemicin-biosynthetic gene cluster, is reported. The structure adopts a di-domain helix-grip fold with a uniquely positioned open cavity connecting the domains. The elongated dimensions of the cavity appear to be compatible with the geometry of a linear polyene, suggesting the involvement of DynU16 in the upstream steps of dynemicin biosynthesis.
Practical Reasoning, Action, and Weakness of Will

Before turning to a discussion of the venerable problem of freedom and responsibility, I should say a few words about my use of the expression ‘practical reasoning’. There are judgments expressible in sentences of the form ’All things considered, [person or agent] P ought (not) to perform (have performed, be performing) [action] A’. Any such judgment I shall call a practical judgment. On this usage, it is a practical judgment, e. g., that, all things considered, Socrates ought to have escaped from jail instead of remaining and being executed, even though in an obvious sense — that, roughly, of having applicability to our everyday affairs — it is clearly not a practical judgment. Now by ’practical reasoning’, I mean simply the presentation and weighing of reasons in support of or in opposition to a practical judgment. So construed, practical reasoning, in a given case, at least, need not be practical in the Aristotelian sense of being directed to practice: one may have a theoretical curiosity in determining whether a given action was, overall, a suitable one, whether, e. g., Socrates did the right thing in refusing the opportunity to escape. Many philosophers suggest that one’s interest in practical reasoning about historical cases lies in its possible applicability to relevantly similar future cases.
COMPARING SOCIO-SPATIAL MOBILITY AND ITS OUTCOMES IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

Households choose places from a hierarchy of options defined by social, economic and environmental contexts and these choices are conditioned by age, family status and economic contexts. While we know a good deal about the choice processes we know somewhat less about the spatial outcomes of these decisions apart from the well-established distance minimization of most moves. Recent research has begun to fill that gap and in this paper I unpack an earlier study of mobility across communities clustered by measures of disadvantage and extend that study to a comparable analysis of mobility in Australia. Specifically, I use the New Zealand Deprivation Index and the SEIFA index in the Household Income and Labour Dynamics Survey in Australia (HILDA) to construct matrices of socio-spatial movement and consider the relationship between in-flows and out-flows, the interaction of moves with age and education and the relationship of initial location with mobility outcomes.
Cell Culture Models of Neuronal Degeneration and Neuroprotection

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (McGeer, et al., 1988). The disease has a late onset, and is fairly prevalent, affecting 1% of the general population over the age of 50 (Polymeropoulos, et al., 1996). Treatment for the disorder is largely symptomatic, usually beginning with dopaminergic agonist therapy, or with a combination of levo-dopa (L-DOPA) and dopaminergic receptor agonists (see Rabey, 1995 and Corboy et al., 1995 for review).