cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healing of bones, cartilages, tendons, and ligaments: a new era

Descriptions of methods of accelerating healing and stimulating regeneration of bone, articular cartilage, tendon, and ligament mark the beginning of a new era in the practice of orthopaedics. Generat ions of orthopaedic surgeons have treated musculoskeletal injuries and diseases by preventing the progression of tissue damage and, when possible, creating conditions that allowed natural healing to proceed. They commonly accomplished these goals by immobilising injured or diseased limbs. Now, through controlled application of mechanical forces, electromagnetic fields, and ul t rasound they can promote healing; and experiments show that cytokines and cell transplants can stimulate tissue regeneration. Many orthopaedic surgeons assume that resting of musculoskeletal tissue allows healing to proceed at the maximum pace, and that loading or motion increase inflammation and disrupt repair tissue. Studies show that, while a brief period of rest may help avoid further tissue injury and allow tissue repair, the treatment of most musculoskeletal injuries should include early controlled loading and motion (Hand Clinics 1996; 12: 13). Excessive motion and loading can delay fracture healing, but micromotion or compression, promotes bony union (Injury 1995; 26: 117). Early controlled loading and motion of tendons and ligaments stimulates collagen synthesis, increases strength, and helps align the repair cells and collagen fibrils (Buckwalter). Orthopaedic surgeons can now use electromagnetic fields and low-density pulsed ultrasound to promote bone healing. Electromagnetic fields increase mesenchymal-cell proliferation and synthetic function. Clinical trials show that they stimulate healing of fractures including those that have failed to respond to other treatment (Scott). A prospective randomised double-blind study of ultrasound in tibial fractures showed healing of fractures treated with ultrasound at an average of 96 days after injury compared with 154 days for fractures treated by conventional methods (Heckman). Recent reports have described in-rive stimulation of healing in bone (Acta Ortho Scand 1994; 65: 37), articular cartilages (Hunziker), and ligaments (Clin Ortho 1994; 308: 207) with cytokines. Other reports describe formation of new articular surfaces after treatment of chondral and oestochondral defects with perichondrial grafts, artificial matrices, and chondrocyte transplants covered with periosteal grafts (N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 889 a n d J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76A: 1405). Although these approaches have not been shown to stimulate formation of functional articular surfaces in osteoarthritic joints (J Bone Joint Surg 1996; 78A: 1), initial studies demonstrate their potential.
Sleep switch dual threshold voltage domino logic with reduced subthreshold and gate oxide leakage current

A circuit technique is proposed in this paper for simultaneously reducing the subthreshold and gate oxide leakage power consumption in domino logic circuits. PMOS-only sleep transistors and a dual threshold voltage CMOS technology are utilized to place an idle domino logic circuit into a low leakage state. Sleep transistors are added to the dynamic nodes in order to reduce the subthreshold leakage current by strongly turning off all of the high threshold voltage transistors. Similarly, the sleep switches added to the output nodes suppress the voltages across the gate insulating layers of the transistors in the fan-out gates, thereby minimizing the gate tunneling current. The proposed circuit technique lowers the total leakage power by 88 to 97% as compared to the standard dual threshold voltage domino logic circuits. Similarly, a 22 to 44% reduction in the total leakage power is observed as compared to a previously published sleep switch scheme in a 45 nm CMOS technology.
Mining Historical Issue Repositories to Heal Large-Scale Online Service Systems

Online service systems have been increasingly popular and important nowadays. Reducing the MTTR (Mean Time to Restore) of a service remains one of the most important steps to assure the user-perceived availability of the service. To reduce the MTTR, a common practice is to restore the service by identifying and applying an appropriate healing action. In this paper, we present an automated mining-based approach for suggesting an appropriate healing action for a given new issue. Our approach suggests an appropriate healing action by adapting healing actions from the retrieved similar historical issues. We have applied our approach to a real-world and large-scale product online service. The studies on 243 real issues of the service show that our approach can effectively suggest appropriate healing actions (with 87% accuracy) to reduce the MTTR of the service. In addition, according to issue characteristics, we further study and categorize issues where automatic healing suggestion faces difficulties.
Inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β by AKT, PKA, and PI3K contributes to high NaCl-induced activation of the transcription factor NFAT5 (TonEBP/OREBP)

High NaCl activates the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), leading to increased transcription of osmoprotective target genes. Kinases PKA, PI3K, AKT1, and p38α were known to contribute to the high NaCl-induced increase of NFAT5 activity. We now identify another kinase, GSK-3β. siRNA-mediated knock-down of GSK-3β increases NFAT5 transcriptional and transactivating activities without affecting high NaCl-induced nuclear localization of NFAT5 or NFAT5 protein expression. High NaCl increases phosphorylation of GSK-3β-S9, which inhibits GSK-3β. In GSK-3β-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts transfection of GSK-3β, in which serine 9 is mutated to alanine, so that it cannot be inhibited by phosphorylation at that site, inhibits high NaCl-induced NFAT5 transcriptional activity more than transfection of wild-type GSK-3β. High NaCl-induced phosphorylation of GSK-3β-S9 depends on PKA, PI3K, and AKT, but not p38α. Overexpression of PKA catalytic subunit α or of catalytically active AKT1 reduces inhibition of NFAT5 by GSK-3β, but overexpression of p38α together with its catalytically active upstream kinase, MKK6, does not. Thus, GSK-3β normally inhibits NFAT5 by suppressing its transactivating activity. When activated by high NaCl, PKA, PI3K, and AKT1, but not p38α, increase phosphorylation of GSK-3β-S9, which reduces the inhibitory effect of GSK-3β on NFAT5, and thus contributes to activation of NFAT5.
Effects of novel fluoroquinolones on the catalytic activities of eukaryotic topoisomerase II: Influence of the C-8 fluorine group.

A previous study (M.J. Robinson, B.A. Martin, T.D. Gootz, P.R. McGuirk, M. Moynihan, J.A. Sutcliffe, and N. Osheroff, J. Biol. Chem. 266:14585-14592, 1991) demonstrated that novel 6,8-difluoroquinolones were potent effectors of eukaryotic topoisomerase II. To determine the contribution of the C-8 fluorine to drug potency, we compared the effects of CP-115,955 [6-fluoro-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-cyclopropyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid] on the enzymatic activities of Drosophila melanogaster topoisomerase II with those of CP-115,953 (the 6,8-difluoro parent compound of CP-115,955). Removal of the C-8 fluoro group decreased the ability of the quinolone to enhance enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage approximately 2.5-fold. Like its difluorinated counterpart, CP-115,955 increased the levels of cleavage intermediates without impairing the DNA religation reaction of the enzyme. Removal of the C-8 fluorine reduced the ability of the quinolone to inhibit topoisomerase II-catalyzed DNA relaxation. In addition, the cytotoxicity of CP-115,955 towards Chinese hamster ovary cells was decreased compared with that of CP-115,953. These results demonstrate that the C-8 fluorine increases the potency of quinolone derivatives against eukaryotic topoisomerase II and mammalian cells. Further comparisons of CP-115,955 with CP-115,953 and CP-67,804 (the N-1 ethyl-substituted derivative of the difluoro parent compound) indicate that the two intrinsic activities of quinolone-based drugs towards topoisomerase II (i.e., enhancement of DNA cleavage and inhibition of catalytic strand passage) can be differentially influenced by alteration of ring substituents. Finally, correlations between the biochemical and cytological activities of these drugs suggest that the ability to inhibit catalytic strand passage enhances the cytotoxic potential of quinolones towards eukaryotic cells.
A developmental classification of malformations of the brainstem

Objective With advances in imaging and genetics, malformations of the brainstem are being more commonly identified. We describe and classify brainstem anomalies in 138 patients ascertained over a period of 10 years Methods Magnetic resonance imaging studies and, where available, clinical records of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. Malformations were segregated according to magnetic resonance findings and classified when possible by embryological mechanisms Results The most common location for anomalies was the pons, which was involved in 114 patients. The midbrain was involved in 45 patients, whereas the medulla was involved in 14. In 53 patients, more than 1 region was affected (all 3 regions in 6 patients, midbrain and pons in 39, and medulla and pons in 8). The malformations were divided into four groups: (1) malformations with abnormal brainstem segmentation, (2) malformations with segmental hypoplasia, (3) postsegmentation malformations, and (4) malformations associated with abnormal cortical organization Interpretation The malformations of the brainstem identified in this study were diverse and complex. This proposed classification organizes them into groupings based on known genetics and embryological events. Use of this system will help clinicians and scientists to better understand these disorders and, ultimately, to better counsel families of affected patients. Ann Neurol 2007
Stochastic Matching and the Voluntary Nature of Choice

Attempts to characterize voluntary behavior have been ongoing for thousands of years. We provide experimental evidence that judgments of volition are based upon distributions of responses in relation to obtained rewards. Participants watched as responses, said to be made by “actors,” appeared on a computer screen. The participant's task was to estimate how well each actor represented the voluntary choices emitted by a real person. In actuality, all actors' responses were generated by algorithms based on Baum's (1979) generalized matching function. We systematically varied the exponent values (sensitivity parameter) of these algorithms: some actors matched response proportions to received reinforcer proportions, others overmatched (predominantly chose the highest-valued alternative), and yet others undermatched (chose relatively equally among the alternatives). In each of five experiments, we found that the matching actor's responses were judged most closely to approximate voluntary choice. We found also that judgments of high volition depended upon stochastic (or probabilistic) generation. Thus, stochastic responses that match reinforcer proportions best represent voluntary human choice.
Beyond Hands-on-Learning: Fostering Creativity in Student Competitive Teams

Engineering educators and practitioners have suggested that collaborative-competitive team design events promote innovation. These competitions are popular, and they attract sponsors and participants. Beyond being popular, they are believed to provide rich learning opportunities for students. We are currently investigating combining student centered learning to have a more appropriate mix of theory and experience (hands-on activities) to provide a complete experiential learning environment to foster innovation and creativity.In this paper we investigate the theoretical models that can be used to model the Sooner Racing Team (SRT) of University of Oklahoma. Experiential Learning is the foundation to develop the competencies of students engaged in SRT. The SRT is setup as a learning organization and relies on peer-learning to facilitate developing innovation related meta-competencies.© 2012 ASME
Use of the Schrodinger-Coulomb Green function in the evaluation of the quadratic Stark effect

The Schrodinger-Coulomb Green function is discussed as a tool for evaluating terms in bound-state perturbation theory. As an example the energy shift of the ground state of hydrogen in a uniform electric field is considered. The Green function is used in an evaluation of the second-order perturbation theory expression for this energy shift. For comparison a direct numerical approach to the evaluation of this energy shift is also described. The Green function approach is simpler and more elegant, and leads to an exact result.
Effects of the initial condition on the axisymmetric free shear layer: Effect of the initial fluctuation level

An axisymmetric air free shear layer was experimentally investigated in order to determine the effect of the initial peak fluctuation level u′pe/Ue on the characteristic measures of the free shear layer. The shear layer width and the similarity parameter depend noticeably on u′pe/Ue. The asymptotic peak turbulence intensity u′p∞ increases with u′pe/Ue but appears to have a limiting value of about 0.18. The location for achievement of self‐preservation progressively moves upstream with increasing u′pe/Ue, suggesting that higher initial fluctuations hasten the spectral evolution of the velocity fluctuations and development of the shear layer. The results show that the initial fluctuation level has a much more dramatic effect on the evolution and the average characteristic measures of the free shear layer than the initial momentum thickness has, and may have been the primary reason for discrepancies among results from different previous inverstigations.
Precision bi-directional motion of a linear mechanical shuttle with an electrothermal microengine

Abstract This research is focused on the design and experimental characterization of an electrothermal microengine that is capable of precise bi-directional motion. The microengine is operated with arrays of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) asymmetrical electrothermal microactuators that are synchronously activated. The fundamental MEMS polysilicon electrothermal microactuator uses resistive (Joule) heating to generate thermal expansion and movement. In a conventional planar asymmetrical electrothermal microactuator, the “hot” arm is positioned parallel to the “cold” arm, but since the “hot” arm is narrower than the “cold” arm, the electrical resistance of the “hot” arm is greater. When an electrical current passes through the electrothermal microactuator (through the series connected electrical resistance of the “hot” and “cold” arms), the “hot” arm is heated to a higher temperature than the “cold” arm. This temperature increase causes the “hot” arm to expand along its length, thus forcing the tip of the device to rotate about its mechanical flexure element. The practical integration of arrays of MEMS electrothermal microactuators to realize a monolithic microengine is presented. The microengine has been operated to control the position of a linear mechanical shuttle.
Classification of Presidential Elections

than the unique candidates., issues, and events of a specific election. Rather, we can focus on the similarities between different elections, attempt to classify them, and abstract some patterns from the historical realities. This article presents certain methods of classification using aggregate voting statistics, and offers a tentative categorization of presidential elections. Comparisons between elections can perhaps most usefully be focused on the enduring factors in American politics, the parties, and their sources of support. V. 0. Key stimulated such study in "A Theory of Critical Elections." Key pointed to "a category of elections . . . in which the decisive results of the voting reveal a sharp alteration of pre-existing cleavages within the electorate. Moreover, and perhaps this is the truly differentiating characteristic of this sort of election, the realignment made manifest in the voting in such elections seems to persist for several succeeding elections."2 Building on this concept, the authors of The American Voter
Evaluation and Mapping of Heat-Shield Flight Temperature and Composition with Raman Spectroscopic Techniques:

A Raman spectroscopic technique has been developed which can measure the maximum temperatures experienced by charring heat-shield materials and determine their post-test compositions (char, pyrolysis zone, and virgin resin). The technique has the capabilities of analyzing circular areas less than 0.1 mm in diameter or rectangles 0.1 mm in width and 2 mm in length. It can provide fine detailed surface and internal mappings and perform the analyses rapidly and conveniently in the laboratory following testing or flight recovery. Representative plots of temperature and composition profiles are provided. The data are compared with computations from the Charring Material Ablation (CMA) code.
Fluctuational Variation in the Relationship Between Water Capacity and Soil‐Water Suction

The relationship between the water content of a soil and the suction component of the water-moving potential, expressible either as the water-retention curve or the water-capacity function, is often tacitly expected to decrease smoothly and monotonically with increasing suction, once the maximum water capacity has been reached. For two nonswelling artificial soils, a calcined clay and a sand-kaolinite, the general position of the water retention curve was found to be essentially the same regardless of the size of the suction increment applied in obtaining the curve. The water-capacity function, computed as the incremental reduction in water content per unit increase in suction head, was also found to be essentially smooth and monotonically decreasing with increasing suction when the applied suction increments were relatively large (≥ 100 mb), but consistent and marked fluctuations were found when the decrements of water content and increments of suction were small (suction steps of 50 and 25 mb). Concerning possible causes of this fluctuating behavior, it is suggested that the microbehavior of pore-water removal might be failing to average out statistically to a monotonically smooth macrobehavior, or that if water properties were modified by particle-water interaction such as to induce threshold gradients for water flow, effects of this nature might somehow be involved.
Using anchoring motifs for the computational design of protein-protein interactions.

The computer-based design of PPIs (protein–protein interactions) is a challenging problem because large desolvation and entropic penalties must be overcome by the creation of favourable hydrophobic and polar contacts at the target interface. Indeed, many computationally designed interactions fail to form when tested in the laboratory. In the present article, we highlight strategies our laboratory has been pursuing to make interface design more tractable. Our general approach has been to make use of structural motifs found in native proteins that are predisposed to interact with a particular binding geometry, and then further bolster these anchor points with favourable hydrophobic contacts. We describe the use of three different anchor points, i.e. β-strand pairing, metal binding and the docking of α-helix into a groove, to successfully design new interfaces. In several cases, high-resolution crystal structures show that the design models closely match the experimental structure. In addition, we have tested the use of buried hydrogen-bond networks as a source of affinity and specificity at interfaces. In these cases, the designed complexes did not form, highlighting the challenges associated with designing buried polar interactions.
Electrically activated gases as visualizing agents for thin-layer chromatography

Abstract The energetic species produced by a high-voltage discharge in low-pressure nitrogen, argon or helium can activate organic compounds spotted on thin-layer silica gel chromatoplates. These can be induced to fluoresce by subsequent exposure to volatile reagents like ammonium hydrogen carbonate vapors or ammonia. Similar results are obtained using nitrogen or nitrogen-argon mixtures fed through high-voltage sparks at atmospheric pressure. Activated compounds can be caused to fluoresce many hours after original exposure. Nanogram quantities of many compounds can be detected. Quantitation data are presented for two structurally diverse organic compounds.
Prospective Multicenter Study of Axillary Nodal Staging by Positron Emission Tomography in Breast Cancer: A Report of the Staging Breast Cancer With PET Study Group

Purpose To determine the accuracy of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18–labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG-PET) in detecting axillary nodal metastases in women with primary breast cancer. Patients and Methods In this prospective multicenter study, 360 women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer underwent FDG-PET. Images were blindly interpreted by three experienced readers for abnormally increased axillary FDG uptake. Imaging results from 308 assessable axillae were compared with axillary node pathology. Results For detecting axillary nodal metastasis, the mean estimated area under the receiver operator curve for the three readers was 0.74 (range, 0.70 to 0.76). If at least one probably or definitely abnormal axillary focus was considered positive, the mean (and range) sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for PET were 61% (54% to 67%), 80% (79% to 81%), 62% (60% to 64%), and 79% (76% to 81%), respectively. False-negative axillae on PET had significant...
Calculation of Raman intensities for the torsional vibrations of ethyl halides

Raman intensities are calculated for the torsional vibrations of CH3CH2Cl, CH3CH2Br, CH3CH2I, CH3CHCl2, and CH3CHBr2 using an anisotropic atom‐point dipole interaction model to calculate the elements of the molecular polarizability tensor. The calculated relative intensities for the members of the Δv = 2 torsional overtone progression of each of the ethyl halides are in good agreement with experiment. It is predicted that electrically anharmonic terms contribute substantially to the Raman intensities of these transitions. The Δv = 1 torsional transitions of the five molecules are predicted to be 20–30 times more intense than the overtones (although these transitions are not observed because of broadband contours and interference from other vibrational modes). Electrically anharmonic terms in the polarizability expansions also contribute substantially to the intensity of the fundamentals.
Effect of oligomycin and succinate on mitochondrial metabolism of adenine nucleotides.

A decrease in the endogenous ATP of rat-liver mitochondria occurs in the presence of oligomycin. Such a decrease is enhanced by succinate and by arsenite, but not by α-ketoglutarate. In the presence of the latter, endogenous ATP actually increases. Exogenous ATP added to the mitochondria also undergoes a decrease upon incubation in the presence of oligomycin. Such a decrease is accompanied by a parallel increase in ADP and Pi. The ratio of Pi formed to ATP that has disappeared is significantly increased by succinate and even more by arsenite. In the presence of fluoride, PPi accumulates. From these experiments it is concluded that the presence of oligomycin makes apparent a rapid breakdown of ATP into AMP and PPi, which is normally masked by a concomitant synthesis due to the respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation. It is proposed that succinate significantly enhances the disappearance both of endogenous and added ATP in the presence of oligomycin by inhibiting ATP formation via substrate-level phosphorylation linked to oxidation of endogenous α-ketoglutarate.
The integration of social science information into Great Lakes fishery management: Opportunities and challenges

Abstract Fishery management is increasingly moving toward management that accounts for environmental and social dimensions. Such an approach requires the integration of natural and social science information into planning and decision-making processes. The actual integration of social science information, however, remains limited in many policy and decision-making processes within fisheries. Our study provides insights into factors that influence the intention to use social science information among fishery managers and the actual integration of such information into fishery management. Based on interviews with fishery managers in the Great Lakes, we find that the lack of social science expertise in fishery management agencies leads to multiple negative beliefs and attitudes, and subsequently a low intention to use social science information in decision-making processes. At the same time, the paper finds that more expertise in decision-making tools and basing social science on equal footing with natural sciences within fishery management institutions appears critical to advance the actual integration of social science information in fishery management.
Dieting and Disordered Eating Correlates of Weight Fluctuation in Normal And Obese Adults

Abstract Weight dissatisfaction, dieting, and weight change, assessed by questionnaires, were studied in 471 subjects stratified by gender, age (20–60+years) and weight (normal/obese), participating in the RENO Diet Heart Study. Female and obese subjects had more weight dissatisfaction, dieting, and binges and were more overweight in adolescence. Females and
Cocaine-induced pseudovasculitis

Pseudovasculitis is a disease process that mimics the presentation and possibly the laboratory findings of true vasculitis. However, biopsy specimens do not reveal the typical histopathologic findings expected in vasculitis. One often over-looked cause of pseudovasculitis is cocaine use, which has been described in case reports to cause aggressive nasal destruction and various skin lesions and thus has been confused with Wegener granulomatosis or leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Unfortunately, serologic tests such as antinuclear antibody or anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody cannot reliably differentiate between these entities. We describe a patient who presented with what was believed to be Wegener granulomatosis affecting the skin and upper airway. However, findings from repeated biopsies did not support this diagnosis, and the only unifying diagnosis was cocaine-induced pseudovasculitis. The ability to recognize and differentiate between true vasculitis and pseudovasculitis is essential for the clinician because treatment options are radically disparate.
Risk Relations: The New Uncertainties of Work

The work life in New York's Internet industry points to how employees have adapted to the new norms of flexible work. With an increased emphasis on entrepreneurialism at work–-including risk-taking and nonstandard work arrangements–-work norms in this industry result in individualist solutions to organizational and industrial uncertainty. This trend among professional workers contributes to ideologies that support economic inequality and serves a powerful symbolic function of encouraging flexibility at other levels of the workforce.
Experimental application of vascular and coelomic catheterization to identify vascular transport mechanisms for inorganic carbon in the vent tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila

Maintaining deep sea animals in in situ conditions has always been technically difficult because of the high-pressure requirements. Even more difficult are any attempts in manipulating or sampling these organisms while keeping them alive in high-pressure aquaria. We present a technique to withdraw blood samples by vascular catheterization which allows withdrawal of samples of during maintenance of specimens under high-pressure conditions. We have developed this technique to answer a long debated question, how carbon dioxide is transported from the ambient sea water to the bacterial symbionts inside the trophosome of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. Our results indicate that the carbon supply to the symbionts is mainly through inorganic CO2 while its incorporation into malate and succinate may serve storage functions at periods of low CO2 availability in the environment.
Early Exposure to Androgens Affects Adult Expression of Alternative Male Types in Tree Lizards

Abstract Males of many species exhibit strongly dimorphic reproductive behavior and morphology associated with alternative reproductive tactics. Little is known about the physiological control of these individual differences. The relative plasticity hypothesis proposes that such within-sex differences arise from either organizational or activational actions of sex steroid hormones depending on whether adults can switch tactics or not. This hypothesis predicts that differences between individuals in a species where adults cannot switch between tactics (are "fixed") should be organized by early actions of hormones. Three experiments explored the possible organizational role of testosterone (T) on the development of male alternatives in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus), which has two fixed male morphs. Orange (O) males have a mostly orange throat fan (dewlap), are non-territorial nomads, and are larger than orange-blue (OB) males which have an orange dewlap with a central blue patch and are territorial. In the first experiment intact males on the day of hatching were (1) sham-operated and implanted with empty capsules, (2) castrated, or (3) testosterone-implanted. As adults, the castration group had more O males than the control and the T-implanted group had more OB males than the control. Adult body size in castrated and T-implanted groups paralleled naturally occurring morph differences but both were smaller than controls. A second experiment with a lower dose yielded similar results for dewlap type and growth. In a third experiment, intact males were given an empty capsule or a T-implant at 30 days posthatching. Again, the frequency of OB males in the T-implanted group was significantly greater than that in the empty implant group, indicating that either the critical period extends past Day 30 or there is no well-defined critical period. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the organizational action of T or one of its metabolites contributes to the differentiation of these within-sex differences.
Inmate exposure to secondhand smoke in correctional facilities and the impact of smoking restrictions

This study was undertaken to measure the passive smoking exposure of prisoners at three correctional facilities in the US and to evaluate the effectiveness of a ban on smoking in reducing these exposures at two of these facilities. The average weekly concentration of nicotine was measured in fixed locations within the correctional facilities using passive samplers. Samples were collected before and after a smoking ban was instituted, and after the policy was modified to allow smoking outdoors. Samples were collected in the living areas, near where inmates slept and watched TV, and in selected central facilities, including dining halls, visiting rooms, booking areas, and learning centers. Average weekly concentrations of nicotine were measured in 84 locations while smoking was allowed; changes in these concentrations were measured with 112 weekly samples 4 and 9 months after the policy restricting smoking was implemented The average concentrations of nicotine were high while smoking was allowed: most living and sleeping areas averaged 3–11 μg/m3, but the gym that was used as a bunkroom averaged 25 μg/m3; these values compare to an average of 2 μg/m3 in the homes of smokers. The smoking ban significantly reduced nicotine concentrations in the living areas (P<0.01 at facility A and P<0.05 at facility B) to averages of 1.5–2.2 μg/m3; all postban samples were less than 5 μg/m3. In conclusion, secondhand smoke concentrations in correctional facilities can be quite high; however, policies banning smoking are effective in reducing, but not eliminating, these exposures.
Seasonal change in Titan's haze 1992--2002 from Hubble Space Telescope observations

[1] Images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) document the seasonal migration of haze in Titan's atmosphere. Image profiles show darkening of the north relative to the south at 439 nm (blue) but no change at 619 nm. The limb profile at 889 nm has inverted, becoming north-bright, a variation consistent with haze transport towards the winter hemisphere by winds. The complex altitude-time variation of the north-south haze differences are indicated in resolved spectra acquired with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS): the continuum slope of a north/south ratio spectrum changes sign, becoming red, between 2000 and 2002, although the 889 nm band had already reversed by 2000, suggesting the haze distribution changes most rapidly at high altitudes.
With One Voice: Collective Action in Cultural Impact Assessment

This article documents a program of consultation with American Indians undertaken by the U.S. Department of Energy that resulted in the coalescence of twenty-one autonomous tribes and Indian organizations into a single corporate entity. The group was formed by the tribes and Indian organizations themselves for the purpose of expressing collective concerns and recommendations with respect to the protection of cultural resources. This coalescence occurred despite contending interests and claims with regard to these cultural resources. I am part of a team of practicing anthropologists who helped to structure and organize social relations and interactions among the contending groups in such a way that collective action was possible. (This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC08-9NV10845.)
Status of a Pulsed-Neutron Logging Probe Using a High-Purity Germanium Detector

The development of a logging tool which has the potential for identifying a large number of elements in a borehole configuration has been described. Most problems with the tool have been resolved, and the results presently obtained are encouraging. The analysis of the data taken with the multi-element tool is presently only qualitative for the active spectra, with the identification of lines from several elements including Ge, Na, Cr, Mo, Fe, H, Si, Cl, Ca, Al, Mg, and Co. The development of techniques for obtaining quantitative data for these elements and others should begin in 1983.
Molecular functions of the histone acetyltransferase chaperone complex Rtt109–Vps75

Histone acetylation and nucleosome remodeling regulate DNA damage repair, replication and transcription. Rtt109, a recently discovered histone acetyltransferase (HAT) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, functions with the histone chaperone Asf1 to acetylate lysine K56 on histone H3 (H3K56), a modification associated with newly synthesized histones. In vitro analysis of Rtt109 revealed that Vps75, a Nap1 family histone chaperone, could also stimulate Rtt109-dependent acetylation of H3K56. However, the molecular function of the Rtt109-Vps75 complex remains elusive. Here we have probed the molecular functions of Vps75 and the Rtt109-Vps75 complex through biochemical, structural and genetic means. We find that Vps75 stimulates the kcat of histone acetylation by approximately 100-fold relative to Rtt109 alone and enhances acetylation of K9 in the H3 histone tail. Consistent with the in vitro evidence, cells lacking Vps75 showed a substantial reduction (60%) in H3K9 acetylation during S phase. X-ray structural, biochemical and genetic analyses of Vps75 indicate a unique, structurally dynamic Nap1-like fold that suggests a potential mechanism of Vps75-dependent activation of Rttl09. Together, these data provide evidence for a multifunctional HAT-chaperone complex that acetylates histone H3 and deposits H3-H4 onto DNA, linking histone modification and nucleosome assembly.
The Difficult-to-Place Feeding Tube: Successful Endoscopic Placement Using a Mucosal Clip

Background : Delivery of enteral feeding beyond the ligament of Treitz is often desirable, as it diminishes enterogastric reflux and potential for pulmonary aspiration of enteral feeding solution. However, standard or fluoroscopically guided techniques often fail. We describe three such cases in which enteral feeding tube placement was achieved endoscopically and secured using an endoscopic clip-fixing device. Methods : A standard feeding tube attached to a mucosal clip by a silk suture was advanced endoscopically into the small intestine. Using a through-the-endoscope clip-fixing device, the tube was attached to the bowel wall. Results : Three patients underwent the above procedure : a postgastrectomy patient with a functionally obstructed jejunal pouch and a previously failed fluoroscopically guided placement had a nasojejunal feeding tube successfully placed beyond the obstruction ; a cancer patient with duodenal obstruction due to SMA syndrome, a surgical gastrostomy, and a previously failed fluoroscopic attempt had a dual lumen pergastrostomy feeding tube placed beyond the obstruction ; and a patient with a refractory benign esophageal stricture underwent esophageal dilation followed by successful feeding tube placement into the proximal jejunum. In all patients, the tube functioned well without subsequent occlusion or dislodgement. Conclusions : Endoscopic placement of feeding tubes using a clip-fixing device is a useful technique in patients with normal and abnormal anatomy in whom reliable delivery of enteral feeding beyond the ligament of Treitz is desired.
Quantification of Scenarios and Stakeholders Influencing Priorities for Risk Mitigation in Infrastructure Systems

AbstractAddressing scenarios of emergent and future conditions is essential to develop robust priorities for infrastructure systems including energy, water, communications, and transportation. Such scenarios represent the perspectives, expertise, and interests of diverse stakeholders. Strategic priority setting must thus consider several perspectives, such as regulatory, regional, local, planning, operations, and maintenance. This paper will demonstrate scenario analysis with multicriteria analysis to achieve the consensus of stakeholders on the priorities for reducing vulnerabilities of a large-scale system. The approach integrates scenario identification, priority-setting analysis, stakeholder preferences, and consensus building. It will be demonstrated on a 10,000-km (6000-mi) critical multimodal transportation network that is vulnerable to nearby real estate and land uses.
Comparison of parenting and children's behavior in single-mother, single-father, and intact families.

Abstract The authors used ecological theory to disentangle the effects of gender, family structure, and role responsibilities on parenting and children's behavior in single-parent and intact families. Data were gathered from parents and a focal child in 30 single-mother, 30 single-father, and 30 intact families. The Parent Perception Inventory (PPI) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used to evaluate how positive and negative behaviors of parents and internalizing and externalizing behaviors of the children differed across the three family structures. Significant differences were found between single-parent and intact families for both parenting and children's behavior. The researchers determined that role responsibilities and family structure are more important than gender in explaining parenting and child behavior following divorce.
Performance and durability of octadecyltrichlorosilane coated borosilicate glass

While a coating may alter the surface properties and the performance of a material, it is unclear if these thin barrier layers can effectively inhibit environmentally-assisted cracking processes. In this research a nanoscale, hydrophobic film of octadecyltrichlorosilane was applied to bulk borosilicate glass rods. The resistance of the coated and uncoated rods to environmentally-assisted cracking was then evaluated in a room temperature, deionized water environment. While the coating procedure did not damage the glass surface or affect the probability of completing a successful test, it did not provide protection the glass samples against environmentally-assisted cracking. Analytical models based on linear elastic fracture mechanics suggest that the coating thickness must be on the order of the crack mouth opening displacement for the barrier layer to be effective. This finding suggests that nanoscale barrier coatings are best suited for micron and nanometer-scale substrates when superior structural performance is required.
Dead reckoning: child health services and pediatric research. (Presidential address to the American Pediatric Society, April 28, 1976, St. Louis, Missouri).

Dead Reckoning: Child Health Services and Pediatric Research: (Presidential Address to the American Pediatric Society, April 28, 1976, St. Louis, Missouri)
Spectroscopic Classification of 42 Large Magellanic Cloud OB Stars: Selection of Probes for the Hot Gaseous Halo of the Large Magellanic Cloud

Interstellar C iv absorption‐line studies of the hot gaseous halo of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) have been hindered by nonideal selections of early‐type probe stars in regions where C+3 can be produced locally via photoionization, fast stellar winds, or supernovae. To observe stars outside such regions, precise spectral classifications of OB stars in the field are needed. Therefore, we have obtained medium‐dispersion spectra of 42 early‐type stars in the LMC that are distributed outside superbubbles or supergiant shells. The spectral classification of these stars is presented in this paper. Nineteen of these program stars have spectral types between B1 and O7 and are thus suitable probes for interstellar C iv absorption‐line studies of the hot gaseous halo of the LMC.
Prenatal Stress and Stress Coping Style Interact to Predict Metabolic Risk in Male Rats

Both prenatal stress (PNS) exposure and a passive stress-coping style have been identified as risk factors for insulin resistance in rats. In the current study, we test the hypothesis that PNS and stress-coping style may interact in predicting susceptibility for metabolic disease. To test this hypothesis, adult male control and PNS offspring were behaviorally characterized using a defensive burying test to have either a passive or proactive stress-coping style. In adulthood, all rats were fed either a standard chow or a high-fat diet for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks of diet exposure, glucose and insulin levels were assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test. Under high-fat diet conditions, PNS rats display elevated glucose and insulin responses to the oral glucose tolerance test, indicative of glucose intolerance. Interestingly, these effects of PNS were far more pronounced in rats characterized by a passive stress-coping style. Additionally, the passively coping PNS rats also gained more weight on the high-fat diet than all other rats tested. This observation suggests that a stressful prenatal environment in combination with a passive stress-coping strategy may prime an individual to be sensitive to diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Surgical treatment of angina pectoris.

Here DeBakey reviewed some of the various approaches to coronary artery disease, and described his own recent experimental lab work using vascular bypass to relieve occluded coronary arteries. Several years later, in 1964, he would perform his first successful coronary bypass operation.
Abstract CT302: A phase II clinical trial of weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin in combination with panitumumab in metastatic or recurrent breast cancer patients with triple negative disease

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Purpose: Metastatic triple negative breast cancer is an unmet need in oncology. A targeted therapy for triple negative breast cancer has not been found so metastases are treated with chemotherapy as a single agent or in combination. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently over-expressed in triple negative breast cancer. This EGFR receptor can be targeted with agents such as cetuximab or panitumumab. We designed a single-arm clinical trial to investigate the activity of panitumumab in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in women with triple negative breast cancer. Patients and Methods: Patients with metastatic disease and who had received no greater than one prior chemotherapy regimen were eligible for the study. Patients received paclitaxel 80mg/m^2 and carboplatin with AUC 2 on days 1, 8, and 15. In addition they received panitumumab 6mg/kg on days 1 and 15. The primary endpoint was overall response rate. We evaluated patients for toxicity prior to each cycle. We also subtyped the breast tumor specimens using microarray into basal-like, Her-2 enriched, luminal A, luminal B, and normal-like to assess for differential response to therapy among these subtypes. Results: We enrolled 14 patients into the study at two sites (Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center and Ochsner Medical Center). The average age of enrolled patients was 54.1 years. Nine out of the 14 women were African American and 5 patients were Caucasian. The median number of cycles received by the cohort was 3.5 (1-9) with median time to progression of 98 days. Common grade 3 and 4 adverse events included lymphopenia in 5 patients and neutropenia in 9 patients. Seven participants experienced grade 1/2 mucositis and two participants had grade 3 mucositis. Seven patients experienced grade 1/2 acneiform rash. Response to therapy based on tumor subtype (basal-like, Her-2 enriched, luminal A, luminal B, or normal-like) will also be presented, data in progress. Conclusion: Adding the EGFR inhibitor panitumumab to carboplatin/paclitaxel was a well-tolerated and effective therapy for metastatic triple negative breast cancer. This combination could be most appropriate for certain subtypes of triple negative disease. Citation Format: Stacy Cowherd, Susan Melin, Steven Akman, John Cole, Julia Lawrence. A phase II clinical trial of weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin in combination with panitumumab in metastatic or recurrent breast cancer patients with triple negative disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT302. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT302
Drug Insight: translating evidence on statin therapy into clinical benefits

The role of statins in primary stroke prevention is well established, but, until recently, their benefits with regard to secondary prevention of vascular events in patients who had already experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack were less certain. In this article, Sanossian and Ovbiagele review the findings of the Stroke Prevention through Aggressive Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial, which showed that an intensive statin regimen can protect against secondary stroke and other major vascular events. They also outline current guidelines for the use of statins in patients with stroke. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial showed that, in patients who had experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack, treatment with high-dose atorvastatin over a 5-year period significantly reduced the risk of a subsequent stroke. SPARCL also showed that the benefits of an intensive statin regimen in these patients extended beyond reduction of secondary stroke to include significant reductions in future major vascular events. SPARCL has established statin treatment as a key component of a multimodal vascular risk reduction strategy after an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. It is recommended that the vast majority of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular events should be started on statin therapy, preferably before discharge from acute hospitalization for their index event, with the goal of achieving and maintaining consensus guideline cholesterol targets as soon and for as long as possible.