cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem of Innovations in Nanomaterials Based CBRNE Sensors and Threat Mitigation

Recent developments in science and technology (S&T), coupled with universal access to content information via internet have inspired both state- and non-state-sponsored actors to new levels of creativity in the development of unconventional and non-traditional weapons. Remote access to critical infra-structure, global links using faster means of transport, and unmanned aerial vehicles have decentralized the traditional nature of battlefield. Threat vectors have become increasingly asymmetric, highly kinetic, undefined and randomly non-linear. Implementation of effective countermeasures necessitates an advanced understanding of emerging security challenges and transformational concepts conjoining nexus of S&T and their full potential beyond traditional capabilities. Recent progress in reduced and multi-dimensional materials coupled with advanced synthesis methods have significantly contributed to sensor platforms capable of direct detection of chem.-bio agents in a label-free, parallel, and multiplexed format with broad dynamic range, allowing in-situ and accurate detection of multiple agents with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the use of bio-mimetic materials is a game-changing technology as it provides ultra-sensitive reconnaissance and remote maneuverability for missions in combat theatres. The development of integrated solution pathways using ecosystem of technological innovations provides tactical superiority in support of effective countermeasures and opportunities in identifying emerging and unconventional threats vectors.
Hot relativistic winds and the Crab Nebula

Efforts to formulate a self-consistent model of pulsar magnetospheres which links the particle source near the pulsar to the outflowing relativistic wind and couples the wind to the surrounding nebula are reviewed. The use of a relativistic MHD wind is recommended to account for global photon emission and the invisibility of the method of plasma transport. Consideration of a magnetic monopole relativistic wind due to an axially symmetric aligned rotator is combined with calculations of the initial velocity of the wind to show that the flow velocity in such a model will never exceed Mach 1. Extending the solution to the case of a hot relativistic wind at supersonic speeds is noted to yield results consistent with observations of the Crab Nebula
Re-evaluation of 33 'unclassified' eosinophilic renal cell carcinomas in young patients.

Aims We sought to determine if some unclassified renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) in children and young adults that are characterized by predominantly eosinophilic cytoplasm are related to the recently described succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient RCC, fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient RCC, or eosinophilic solid and cystic (ESC) RCC. Methods and Results We reviewed 33 unclassified RCCs with predominantly eosinophilic cytoplasm in patients age 35 years or younger. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SDHB, FH, and CK20 (a marker of ESC) was performed on all cases. IHC for 2-succinocysteine (2SC) was performed on RCC with loss of FH labeling. Four RCC (12%) (median age 18 years) demonstrated loss of FH labeling as well as aberrant 2SC labeling, and thus were classified as FH-deficient RCCs. Importantly, none of these cases demonstrated the characteristic macronucleoli typical of FH-deficient RCC. Eight RCC (24%) (median age 20.5 years) demonstrated loss of SDHB and were reclassified as SDH-deficient RCCs. Importantly, only four of eight SDH-deficient RCC demonstrated the characteristic cytoplasmic vacuoles and inclusions of typical SDH-deficient RCC. Ten RCC (30%) (median age 27 years) were reclassified as ESC RCCs. Four of ten ESC RCC were multifocal (1 bilateral), four of ten ESC RCC occurred in males, and one patient presented with liver and lung metastases, all not previously described in ESC. Eleven RCC (33%) remained unclassified. Conclusions Pathologists should have low threshold for performing FH, SDHB, and CK20 IHC when confronted with unclassified eosinophilic RCC or “oncocytoma” in young patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Texting to Increase Contraceptive Initiation Among Adolescents in the Emergency Department

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a text messaging intervention to increase contraception among adolescent emergency department patients. Methods A pilot randomized controlled trial of sexually active females aged 14–19 receiving 3 months of theory-based, unidirectional educational and motivational texts providing reproductive health information versus standardized discharge instructions. Blinded assessors measured contraception initiation via telephone follow-up and health record review at 3 months. Results We randomized 100 eligible participants (predominantly aged 18–19, Hispanic, and with a primary provider); 88.0% had follow-up. In the intervention arm, 3/50 (6.0%) participants opted out, and 1,172/1,654 (70.9%) texts were successfully delivered; over 90% of message failures were from one mobile carrier. Most (36/41; 87.7%) in the intervention group liked and wanted future reproductive health messages. Contraception was initiated in 6/50 (12.0%) in the intervention arm and in 11/49 (22.4%) in the control arm. Conclusions A pregnancy prevention texting intervention was feasible and acceptable among adolescent females in the emergency department setting.
The Soft Side of Management and EM MNEs’ Entry Mode Decisions: Acquisition vs Greenfield

Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EM MNEs) mainly differ with their traditional peers regarding accelerated pace of EM MNE internationalization to overcome latecomer issues. Unfortunately,...
Redox-independent chromium isotope fractionation induced by ligand-promoted dissolution

The chromium (Cr) isotope system has emerged as a potential proxy for tracing the Earth's atmospheric evolution based on a redox-dependent framework for Cr mobilization and isotope fractionation. Although studies have demonstrated that redox-independent pathways can also mobilize Cr, no quantitative constraints exist on the associated isotope fractionations. Here we survey the effects of common environmental ligands on the dissolution of Cr(III)-(oxy)hydroxide solids and associated Cr isotope fractionation. For a variety of organic acids and siderophores, δ53Cr values of dissolved Cr(III) are -0.27 to 1.23‰, within the range of previously observed Cr isotope signatures in rock records linked to Cr redox cycling. Thus, ligand-promoted dissolution of Cr-containing solids, a redox-independent process, must be taken into account when using sedimentary Cr isotope signatures to diagnose atmospheric oxygen levels. This work provides a step towards establishing a more robust framework for using Cr isotopes to track the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere.
Thoracic Surgery in Patients with AIDS

The picture of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has changed dramatically since the original description in 1981. The introduction of antiretroviral drugs in 1987 and combination antiretroviral therapy has decreased mortality by as much as 80%. We now see patients in their 60s and 70s, having lived decades with HIV and living a normal live. As outlined in the article, despite good viral control, patients with HIV may present with solid organ cancers earlier than noninfected patients and are also prone to other complications of their disease that may require the attention of a thoracic surgeon.
Compression molding of reused in-process waste – effects of material and process factors

Effective strategies for the reuse and recycling of in-process prepreg waste are needed to reduce economic and environmental costs. In this paper, we investigate the compression molding of prepreg ...
Endoscopic gastrojejunostomy revision is more effective than medical management alone to address weight regain after RYGB

Weight regain after bariatric roux-en-y gastric bypass affects up to 30% of individuals. Revisional surgery is risky, and is typically avoided in favor of dietary and psychological management. Endoscopic gastrojejunostomy revision is a low-morbidity, outpatient procedure that may be more effective than medical management alone for regain after gastric bypass. Two patient cohorts were retrospectively assembled. Both groups had gastric bypass, regained weight, and were cleared for revision by their surgeon, dietician, and psychologist. The revision group underwent the procedure, and the no-revision group did not, typically due to insurance issues. Weights from pre-bypass to 2 years post-revision, obesity-related comorbidities, and intraoperative factors were collected and analyzed. There were 41 patients included in the revision group and 14 in the no-revision group. Up to the time of revision procedure, body mass index, and % excess weight loss between groups were similar. After revision, the groups diverged over a 2-year period, with improvement seen in the revision group and worsening in the no-revision group. The revision group showed overall improvement in comorbidities compared to the no-revision group. Analysis of intraoperative factors suggests that gastric pouch restriction in addition to stoma diameter reduction may promote weight loss. In this retrospective study, endoscopic revision provided significantly greater weight loss compared to medical management alone. Results show that revision can help resolve obesity-related comorbidities. Analysis of intraoperative factors suggests that pouch reduction at time of stoma revision may improve weight loss.
The Dynamics of Agency Change

Faculty consultants to a family agency offer some propositions that pertain to understanding what is involved in program transformation
Pragmatics and Language Development

In the study of language, as in the study of any other phenomenon, it is necessary to define the nature and limits of the subject of study. But defining an area of study involves taking a point of view, and associating it with historical and contemporary views that support or contradict it. The theoretical stand implied by definition, then, tends to determine the kinds of research undertaken, and the interpretation given to the results. The audience to which the research interpretation is directed tends to reinforce the approach, and to further determine what will be the issues of concern. The seemingly widely divergent views of the be-haviorist and the psycholinguist, and their very different approaches to research, are the result of important differences in their definitions of what language is and what development means.
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis for the Determination of PAHs in Environmental Samples

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a class of compounds that are known to exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. As a result, PAHs are frequently measured in environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, freshwater and marine surface waters and sediments, and in biological tissues and terrestrial matrices such as oyster tissue, soils, and vegetation. Measurements often require difficult analytical chemistry schemes because environmental PAHs typically lack distinct functional groups and exist with numerous structural isomers. Therefore, analytical methods must offer isolation, separation, and detection capabilities for compounds that exist as multi-component mixtures. The Analytical Chemistry Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been involved in the development and use of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC, respectively) methods for the determination of PAHs since the early 1970s as part of the development of standard reference materials (SRMs) for the measurement of PAHs in environmental samples. In this chapter, recent NIST experiences in the use of LC and GC methods for the determination of PAHs in environmental samples are presented. Specifically, LC and GC techniques are discussed including a review on the selection of an appropriate LC column for the separation of PAHs, approaches for the determination of PAHs in environmental samples by LC techniques (selective detection using fluorescence spectroscopy and isomer fractionation techniques), and conventional and novel GC techniques (PAH separations using phenylmethylpolysiloxane and liquid crystalline stationary phases, respectively). Case studies are presented for the determination of PAHs in a diesel particulate extract and two marine sediment standard references materials. The results of LC and GC measurements of PAHs are discussed, and the applicability of the various approaches are compared. In addition, coupled LC-GC and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are examined as alternative approaches for the measurement of PAHs in environmental samples.
Myeloid cells in the central nervous system: So similar, yet so different

Dissection of the heterogeneity of CNS myeloid cells reveals functionally distinct subsets that govern encephalitogenic T cells. See related Research Articles by Mundt et al. and Jordao et al.
The importance of phase equilibrium for doping efficiency: iodine doped PbTe

Semiconductor engineering relies heavily on doping efficiency and dopability. Low doping efficiency may cause low mobility and failure to reach target carrier concentrations or even the desired carrier type. Semiconducting thermoelectric materials perform best with degenerate carrier concentrations, meaning high performance in new materials might not be realized experimentally without a route to optimal doping. Doping in the classic PbTe thermoelectric system has been largely successful but reported doping efficiencies can vary, raising concerns about reproducibility. Here, we stress the importance of phase equilibria considerations during synthesis to avoid undesired intrinsic defects leading to sub-optimal doping. By saturation annealing at 973 K, we decidedly fix the composition in single crystal iodine-doped PbTe samples to be Pb-rich or Te-rich without introducing impurity phases. We show that, regardless of iodine concentration, degenerate n-type carrier concentrations with ideal doping efficiency require Pb-rich compositions. Electrons in Te-rich samples are heavily compensated by charged intrinsic Pb vacancy defects. From Hall effect measurements and a simple defect model supported by modern defect calculations, we map out the 973 K ternary Pb–Te–I phase diagram to explicitly link carrier concentration and composition. Furthermore, we discuss unintentional composition changes due to loss of volatile Te during synthesis and measurements. The methods and concepts applied here may guide doping studies on other lead chalcogenide systems as well as any doped, complex semiconductor.
Maltreatment experience in childhood and average excess body mass from adolescence to young adulthood.

Abstract Background Prior studies have suggested maltreatment is a strong predictor of later weight outcomes, such that maltreatment experiences in childhood increase the likelihood of being overweight or obese in adulthood. Estimates of this relationship may be biased due to: 1) inadequate selection of covariates; 2) improper operationalization of child maltreatment; and 3) restricting analyses to cross-sectional outcomes. Objectives Evaluate how latent classes of child maltreatment experiences are associated with a longitudinal BMI measure from adolescence to adulthood. Participants Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Methods We evaluated how previously developed latent classes of child maltreatment experiences were associated with average excess BMI from adolescence to adulthood using multivariate linear regression. Results In the unadjusted model, individuals in the poly-maltreatment class (b = 0.46, s.e. = 0.20) and individuals who experienced adolescent-onset maltreatment (b = 0.36, s.e. = 0.11) had higher average excess BMI compared to individuals in the no maltreatment class. After adjusting for confounders, the relationship between poly-maltreatment and average excess BMI abated, whereas the relationship between adolescent-onset maltreatment and average excess BMI sustained (b = 0.28, s.e. = 0.11). Conclusions Contrary to previous findings, our analyses suggest the association between maltreatment experiences and longitudinal weight outcomes dissipates after controlling for relevant confounders. We did find a relationship, however, between adolescent-onset maltreatment and average excess BMI from adolescence to adulthood. This suggests the importance of maltreatment timing in the relationship between maltreatment and weight.
Nusinersen for older patients with spinal muscular atrophy: A real-world clinical setting experience.

Introduction Clinical trials data concerning use of nusinersen in older spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients is lacking. We describe our center's experience in using intrathecal nusinersen for older patients in the clinical setting. Methods Retrospective study. Results Twelve patients (12-52 years old) were treated with nusinersen. Mean follow-up duration was 17.4 months (range, 4-26 months). All patients had scoliosis; 10 had spinal fusion/instrumentation. All procedures (30 cervical and 57 lumbar punctures) were technically successful. The only side effects were postprocedural headache (9%) and site pain (5.7%). Functional assessments showed stability in 6/9 patients and improvement in 3/9 patients. Subjective improvements in endurance, hand strength, and bulbar functioning critical for activities of daily living were reported in 8/12 patients. None of the patients has discontinued treatment so far. Discussion Intrathecal nusinersen can be safely delivered in older SMA patients. Available functional outcome measures are not adequate to capture meaningful subjective improvements.
Parasympathetic arousal-related cortical activity is associated with attention during cognitive task performance.

Abstract Parasympathetic arousal is associated with states of heightened attention and well-being. Arousal may affect widespread cortical and subcortical systems across the brain, however, little is known about its influence on cognitive task processing and performance. In the current study, healthy adult participants (n ​= ​20) underwent multi-band echo-planar imaging (TR ​= ​0.72 ​s) with simultaneous pulse oximetry recordings during performance of the Multi Source Interference Task (MSIT), the Oddball Task (OBT), and during rest. Processing speed on both tasks was robustly related to heart rate (HR). Participants with slower HR responded faster on both the MSIT (33% variance explained) and the OBT (25% variance explained). Within all participants, trial-to-trial fluctuations in processing speed were robustly related to the heartbeat-stimulus interval, a metric that is dependent both on the concurrent HR and the stimulus timing with respect to the heartbeat. Models examining the cardiac-BOLD response revealed that a distributed set of regions showed arousal-related activity that was distinct for different task conditions. Across these cortical regions, activity increased with slower HR. Arousal-related activity was distinct from task-evoked activity and it was robust to the inclusion of additional physiological nuisance regressors into the models. For the MSIT, such arousal-related activity occurred across visual and dorsal attention network regions. For the OBT, this activity occurred within fronto-parietal regions. For rest, arousal-related activity also occurred, but was confined to visual regions. The pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus showed arousal-related activity during all three task conditions. Widespread cortical activity, associated with increased parasympathetic arousal, may be propagated by thalamic circuits and contributes to improved attention. This activity is distinct from task-evoked activity, but affects cognitive performance and therefore should be incorporated into neurobiological models of cognition and clinical disorders.
Interorganizational cooperation in peace operations: a network approach

This study proposes a network approach to interorganizational cooperation in peace operations. It suggests that in addition to key organisational characteristics that are already established in the...
Phase I pharmacokinetic interaction and safety study of DN-101/docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors

LB-355 Background: DN-101 is an investigational new drug that has demonstrated encouraging Phase II (ASCENT) safety and efficacy results in combination with docetaxel for metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). A 900-patient (pt) international, confirmatory, randomized Phase III trial (ASCENT-2) evaluating DN-101 and docetaxel as 1st line therapy for AIPC is ongoing. This Phase I pharmacokinetic interaction study was designed as a two-arm, two-period, two-sequence crossover study to determine the effect of DN-101 on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of weekly docetaxel, the effect of docetaxel on trough levels of DN-101, as well as treatment toxicity. Methods: DN-101 is an oral, intermittently administered, high-dose of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the most potent natural ligand of the vitamin D receptor. DN-101 was administered at 45 μg/day(d) on d1, 8, 15 followed by docetaxel 36mg/m2 IV on d2, 9, 16 q 28 days with prophylactic dexamethasone. For the 1st cycle, pts were randomized to receive either d1 or d8 doses of DN-101 with plasma PK sampling performed before and after crossover. Calcitriol levels were taken before the first DN-101 dose and at 24, 48 hours post dose, and prior to the next dose of DN-101. Docetaxel levels were assessed at pretreatment (i.e. 24 hours after DN-101 in 50% of pts); at 10 and 30 minutes, and at 1, 3, 7, 24, and 48 hours post-infusion; and immediately before the next docetaxel dose. Subsequent doses of DN-101 were given prior to each docetaxel dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. Results: 15 pts were enrolled (10M/5F), median age was 60 years old (range 41-81) and included the following tumor types: prostate, breast, melanoma, bladder, peritoneal, ovarian, and lung cancer. The median no. of prior regimens was 4 (range 1-7). A total of 43 cycles of DN-101/docetaxel were given. Grade 3-4 toxicities included: neutropenia (13%), transaminitis (6%), pneumonitis (6%) and diarrhea (6%). No significant cardiac, renal, or neurologic toxicities were observed. The mean Cmax (370 vs. 448 ng/mL) and 0-24h or 48h AUC values (773 vs. 856 ng.hr/mL) of docetaxel were similar in the absence and presence of DN-101. Mean individual ratios (docetaxel alone / docetaxel + DN-101) for Cmax and AUC were 1.04 and 1.03, suggesting the lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between these two agents. Conclusions: There was no effect of DN-101 on the PK parameters of docetaxel. The combination of weekly DN-101 dose of 45 μg and docetaxel dose of 36 mg/m2 was well tolerated in this group of heavily pretreated patients.
Physics-guided Energy-efficient Path Selection Using On-board Diagnostics Data

Given a spatial graph, an origin and a destination, and on-board diagnostics (OBD) data, the energy-efficient path selection problem aims to find the path with the least expected energy consumption (EEC). Two main objectives of smart cities are sustainability and prosperity, both of which benefit from reducing the energy consumption of transportation. The challenges of the problem include the dependence of EEC on the physical parameters of vehicles, the autocorrelation of the EEC on segments of paths, the high computational cost of EEC estimation, and potential negative EEC. However, the current cost estimation models for the path selection problem do not consider vehicles’ physical parameters. Moreover, the current path selection algorithms follow the “path + edge” pattern when exploring candidate paths, resulting in redundant computation. Our preliminary work introduced a physics-guided energy consumption model and proposed a maximal-frequented-path-graph shortest-path algorithm using the model. In this work, we propose an informed algorithm using an admissible heuristic and propose an algorithm to handle negative EEC. We analyze the proposed algorithms theoretically and evaluate the proposed algorithms via experiments with real-world and synthetic data. We also conduct two case studies using real-world data and a road test to validate the proposed method.
Effects of Income Distribution Changes on Assortment Size in the Mainstream Grocery Channel

The authors study the effect of changes in the U.S. income distribution on assortment size in the mainstream grocery channel. Census demographics for 1,711 counties are matched to local assortment data from Nielsen in 944 grocery product categories from 2007 to 2013. The authors show that – holding other demographics constant – assortment size increases with higher average income but decreases with greater income dispersion. This pattern holds for several specifications of assortment at the local level: the number of category UPCs, the number of brands, the number of products per brand, as well as both horizontal and vertical dimensions of assortment. The results suggest that increased income dispersion (holding other factors constant) reduces both horizontal and vertical differentiation. The effect sizes are similar for private labels and branded products, but large brands lose proportionally more UPCs than small brands when income dispersion rises. Potential mechanisms underlying the results are also explored, with evidence that a hollowing out of the middle class along with Engel’s law of expenditure explain a significant portion of this effect. The findings also offer insights for CPG manufacturers that might help them allocate resources to expand shelf presence or defend current positions.
Autologous micrografts and methotrexate in plantar erosive lichen planus: healing and pain control. A case report.

Erosive lichen planus is an uncommon variant of lichen planus. We report a case of longstanding and refractory plantar ELPs causing disabling and opiate-resistant pain treated with ‘classic’ meshed...
Noncompetes in a Downsizing World

As the nation confronts multiple federal and state attacks on employee noncompetition agreements (NCAs), one issue has remained relatively obscure: may an employer that terminates a worker for reasons not related to performance nevertheless enforce an NCA? A scattering of cases mostly holds no, and the recent Restatement of Employment Law’s agreement with those decisions is likely to be very influential for the great majority of jurisdictions that have not yet addressed the question but may be forced to in light of massive COVID-related layoffs. This Article supports the Restatement’s proposed rule, while exploring the fascinating doctrinal and policy issues implicated in the question. Ultimately, it sees the rule as rooted in concerns about fairness to employee that are typically given short shrift in current doctrine. This is true even for a Restatement that otherwise seems decided to opt for an economic approach that would validate NCAs that are “reasonably tailored” to defined legitimate employer interests. Adoption of a rule denying enforcement in such situations also poses some interesting second-order questions, such as how to determine when a termination is performance-related and probable employer responses to a new dispensation. All are explored in the pages that follow.
An O(n 2 ) Self-Stabilizing Algorithm for Minimal Total Dominating Set in Arbitrary Graphs

Given a connected graph G=(V, E) (without any isolates), a set ${\mathcal {S}} \subseteq$V is a total dominating set if each node i$\in$V is adjacent to at least one node in $\mathcal{S}$. A total dominating set $\mathcal{S}$ is minimal iff there does not exist a node i$\in \mathcal{S}$ such that the set $\mathcal{S}$-{i} is a total dominating set. In this paper, we propose a new self-stabilizing algorithm for minimal total dominating set. The stabilization time is O(n2) steps using a central daemon, and the space requirement at each node is O(logn) bits for an arbitrary connected graph with n nodes. In the literature, the best reported stabilization time for a minimal total dominating set algorithm is O(n3) with the same space requirement at each node using central daemon.
Dichoptic visual field mapping of suppression in exotropia with homonymous hemianopia.

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate which portions of the visual scene are perceived by each eye in an exotropic subject with acquired hemianopia. The pattern of suppression is predictable from knowledge of how suppression scotomas are organized in exotropic subjects with intact visual fields. Methods Dichoptic perimetry was performed by having a subject wear red/blue goggles while fixating a cross that was either red or blue. Red, blue, or purple spots were presented briefly at peripheral locations. The subject's identification of the spot color revealed which eye was perceptually engaged at any given location in the visual fields. Results A 17-year-old female with a history of exotropia was evaluated after rupture of a right parietal arteriovenous malformation. Dichoptic perimetry showed a left homonymous hemianopia. All stimuli to the right of the right fovea's projection point were perceived via the right eye. Stimuli between the foveal projection points, which were separated horizontally by the 20° exotropia, were perceived by the left eye. Conclusions Perception of the visual scene is shared by the eyes in hemianopia and exotropia. Suppression occurs only in the peripheral temporal retina of the eye contralateral to the brain lesion, regardless of which eye is engaged in fixation. Although exotropia expands the binocular field of vision in hemianopia, it is probably not an adaptive response, even when it develops after hemianopia.
Lake core record of Grinnell Glacier dynamics during the latest Pleistocene deglaciation and the Younger Dryas, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA

Abstract Few records in the alpine landscape of western North America document the geomorphic and glaciologic response to climate change during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. While moraines can provide snapshots of glacier extent, high-resolution records of environmental response to the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, Younger Dryas cooling, and subsequent warming into the stable Holocene are rare. We describe the transition from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene using a ~ 17,000-yr sediment record from Swiftcurrent Lake in eastern Glacier National Park, MT, with a focus on the period from ~ 17 to 11 ka. Total organic and inorganic carbon, grain size, and carbon/nitrogen data provide evidence for glacial retreat from the late Pleistocene into the Holocene, with the exception of a well-constrained advance during the Younger Dryas from 12.75 to 11.5 ka. Increased detrital carbonate concentration in Swiftcurrent Lake sediment reflects enhanced glacial erosion and sediment transport, likely a result of a more proximal ice terminus position and a reduction in the number of alpine lakes acting as sediment sinks in the valley.
Employers' preferences for academic letter recommendations from computer information systems graduates

A survey was done with 72 corporations to find out the value of professor's reference letters. The null hypothesis was corporations value reference letters from Computer Information Systems (CIS) professors, Business professors, and Humanities & Arts professors equally. Job skills (CIS) and people skills (Humanities & Arts) were considered equally important. Results from a Friedman Test reject the null hypothesis. A Sign Test on multiple comparisons indicated that employers valued professors' reference letters in the following order: CIS, Business, then Humanities & Arts. Future research needs to be done to see if employers value CIS reference letters stressing people skills greater then letters stressing job skills and knowledge.
A systematic review of outcome tools used to measure lower leg conditions.

Background Context: A variety of self‐report and physical performance‐based outcome measures are commonly used to assess progress and recovery in the lower leg, ankle, and foot. A requisite attribute of any outcome measure is its ability to detect change in a condition, a construct known as “responsiveness”. There is a lack of consistency in how responsiveness is defined in all outcome measures.
The Genetic and Developmental Regulation of Hepatic δ-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase in Mice

Abstract The mechanism by which the levulinate locus (Lv) regulates the tissue activity of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase in mice has been examined. The assayable hepatic enzyme activity in homozygous Lvb mouse strains represented by C57B1/6 is between one-third and one-half that of homozygous Lva strains. This difference in enzyme activity is due to a difference in amount of enzyme protein as demonstrated by immunochemical techniques with an antibody specific for δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Combined immunochemical and isotopic techniques show that the levulinate locus regulates the concentration of hepatic δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase by acting at the level of enzyme synthesis. The rate of degradation of hepatic enzyme is the same in both low and high activity strains; when expressed as a half-life, this is equal to 5 to 6 days. The pattern of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase development with age is similar in livers of both low and high activity strains. The specific activity of the enzyme is high in fetal liver, decreases during the several days prior to birth, and increases to the adult level during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life. The activity of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase in fetal liver is also regulated by the levulinate locus. The enzyme in fetal liver is approximately twice as active catalytically as the enzyme in adult liver relative to its function as an antigen. The fetal enzyme also appears to be different in stability to heat and proteolytic inactivation. However, fetal and adult enzymes are similar by other physiochemical criteria, including electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation coefficient, and Km for the substrate.
In Vivo Antiviral Activity of 1,3-Bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea

A prolongation in the lives of Swiss mice inoculated intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) was observed after treatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). A variety of treatment schedules, including therapy once or twice daily up to 17 days and single treatments at various times after virus inoculation, were employed. Virus titers ranging to greater than 104 were detected in the blood and brains of surviving drug-treated animals. In three comparative studies in which different treatment schedules were used, BCNU was shown to exert a protective effect approximately equal to that of methotrexate in LCM virus-infected mice. Tests were also carried out to investigate the activity of BCNU in mice experimentally infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus, western equine encephalomyelitis virus, Semliki Forest (SF) virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus strain PR8, vaccinia virus strain WR, Rous sarcoma virus, Friend leukemia virus (FLV), and poliovirus. Slight increases in life span were observed in the treated EEE, SF, and influenza PR8 virus-infected animals. Significant reduction in splenomegaly in FLV-infected animals treated with BCNU was demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of LCM virus inhibition by BCNU, on the basis of these and other studies, were postulated to be either specific antiviral activity or inhibition of “lethal” immune response to the LCM virus. Each of these postulates is discussed.
Homeland Heroes: Migrants and Soldiers in the Neoliberal Era

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between neoliberalism and nationalism through the counterintuitive comparison of journeys travelled by US citizens as they enlist in the military and by unauthorized Central Americans as they migrate to the United States. We argue that, however different the context and content of their decisions and their lives, Central American migrants and US soldiers are both connected within a larger political economy. We complicate the idea of migrants and soldiers as purely rational economic actors, but we also reject the idea, imputed onto migrants and soldiers by neoliberal states, that they are naturally nationalistic actors. Migrants and soldiers embody a neoliberal subjectivity produced through processes of violence, capital accumulation and militarization. Yet, as we examine throughout this paper, their construction as homeland heroes within the national imaginary masks the ways their labor and their mobility serve the institutionalization of neoliberal statecraft. Resumen Este documento examina la relacion dinamica entre el neoliberalismo y el nacionalismo a traves de la comparacion contraintuitivo de viajes recorridos por los ciudadanos de EE.UU., que se alistan en el ejercito y los centroamericanos no autorizados que emigran a los Estados Unidos. Nosotros sostenemos que los migrantes centroamericanos y los soldados estadounidenses estan conectados dentro de una economia politica mas amplia, incluso a pesar de la diferencia en el contenido de sus decisiones, de sus vidas y de sus contextos. Nos complicamos la idea de los migrantes y los soldados como los actores economicos puramente racionales, pero tambien rechazamos la idea, imputada a los migrantes y los soldados de los Estados neoliberales, que son actores naturalmente nacionalistas. Los migrantes y los soldados encarnan una subjetividad neoliberal que se produce a traves de procesos de violencia, la acumulacion de capital y la militarizacion. A medida que examinamos en este documento, su construccion como heroes de la patria dentro de las mascaras de imaginarios nacionales las formas de su trabajo y su movilidad servir a la institucionalizacion del arte de gobernar neoliberal.
High intensity inverted sputter source

Abstract The electrode structure of an inverted cesium sputtering negative ion source has been modified to produce a convergent Cs+ beam. The intensities of negative ion beams produced with this electrode structure are approximately an order of magnitude greater than previously obtained.
HUMAN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF VISUAL COMPOUND STIMULI IN PAIRED-ASSOCIATE TASKS '

College students in introductory psychology participated in four experiments to investigate the salience of color versus figure elements of paired associates. The study also reviewed the process of learning paired associates within the context of first-order simultaneous classical conditioning. In Exp. 1, four separate classes received different treatments concerning the position and type of stimulus element (color of figure) they were instructed to recall. There were seven trials with a 30-min. delay between the sixth and seventh trials. The results indicated that the groups who were required to remember the figure element of the pairs, significantly out-performed the color groups and also learned the pairs much faster. Also, there was a sharp rise in mean correct responses remembered after a 30-min. delay for the group required to recall the color element of the paired associates. Exp. 2 was a within-subjects comparison of the effectiveness of the color and figure elements as stimuli. Again, the figures elicited more correct responses than colors. Exp. 3 tested the effectiveness within subjects of the stimulus elements as response factors. As responses, however, there were no significant differences in the number of correct answers when recalling color or figure elements until the 30-min. delay between Trials 6 and 7. As expected in Exp. 4, figures elicited significantly more functional descriptions than did colors, suggesting that figures possess a logographic nature which acts as a mnemonic device aiding in the memory of stimuli and responses.
Glory in Optical Backscattering from Air Bubbles

Observations of light backscattered from air bubbles in a viscous liquid demonstrate an enhancement due to axial focusing. A physical-optics approximation for the cross-polarized scattering correctly describes the spacing of regular features observed. The non-cross polarized scattering is not adequately described by a single class of rays.
Commercial Aquaculture of Fishes in Maine: Status and Future Prospects

Abstract The finfish aquaculture industry of Maine is in a relative state of infancy, with production primarily of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were reared in floating pens in the early 1970's, but operations ceased. Today, there is a pilot program in the ocean ranching of Pacific salmon, and interest in pen-rearing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), pen-fattening of bluefin tuna (Thynnus thynnus), and culture of American eels (Anguilla rostrata), rainbow smelt, and flatfishes. To increase finfish production by the aquaculture industry in Maine, several economic, social, and legislative problems must be overcome. But the result could be a significant increase in the state's economy, currently one of the poorest in the nation.
Complex fucolipids of hog gastric mucosa. Structure of the ceramide eikosahexoside.

The structure of a complex fucolipid from hog gastric mucosa containing twenty sugar residues and exhibiting blood-group (A+H) activity has been investigated. Based on the results of immunological assays, partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific exoglycosidases, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and permethylation analysis, we suggest that the carbohydrate chain of this fucolipid contains four termini. One of the termini bears βGal1 4βGlcNAc disaccharide, two bear blood-group A determinant and one bears H determinant. Two of the branches, terminated by βGal1 4βGlcNAc and blood-group A determinant, and two terminated by blood-group A and H determinants, are linked through βGal1 4βGlcNAc1 3/6 and βGal1 4βGlcNAc1 4βGlcNAc1 3/6 to the galactose residue adjacent to glucosylceramide core.
The use of APL in teaching multivariate data analysis

APL is recommended for introducing students in multivariate data analysis to computer applications of statistical formulas. Limitations and advantages of the language for this purpose are discussed, and examples of basic operations and statistical analyses are presented.
A Comparison of Proteins and Peptides as Substrates for Microsomal and Solubilized Oligosaccharyltransferase

A chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogeneous neoglycoproteins and glycopeptides was explored using oligosaccharyltransferase isolated from yeast. Neither the microsomal form nor the solubilized form of the enzyme catalyzed the transfer of the core Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2 oligosaccharide to chemically modified ribonuclease A or alpha-lactalbumin. Similarly, no transfer was observed to the 32-amino acid peptide hormone, calcitonin, by either the membrane-bound or soluble form of oligosaccharyltransferase. However, a 17-amino acid fragment of yeast invertase with the unusual sequence containing two overlapping glycosylation sequons proved to be a good substrate, slightly less effective than the well studied tripeptide, Bz-Asn-Leu-Thr-NH2. Product analysis using gel permeation chromatography showed that the expected glycopeptides were formed and endo H-catalyzed cleavage of the oligosaccharide portion from the glycopeptides demonstrated that the glycopeptides contained the same carbohydrate moiety.
Gaseous Reduction of an Alloy Oxide

Ni(Al, Fe){sub 2}O{sub 4} ceramic alloys were reduced by hydrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atm, and at temperatures between 450 and 800 C. The reaction rate was determined from the rate of advance of the porous metal product layer-unreduced oxide interface. A simple analysis was presented permitting assessment of both the interface reaction resistance and the gas transport resistant through the porous product scales. The reaction was under mixed control in all conditions studied. In a range of temperatures and reaction times, preferred grain-boundary attack was observed. The conditions under which this was observed depended strongly on the Al{sup 3+} content of the ceramic alloy. Al{sup 3+} also lowered the interface reaction rate and inhibited scale coarsening by formation of dispersed unreduced phases in the product scales.
Results of initial operation for hyperparathyroidism in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Abstract Background Hyperparathyroidism in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is characterized by multiglandular disease and a propensity for recurrence after parathyroidectomy (PTx). This study analyzes outcomes of a cohort of MEN1 patients undergoing initial PTx at one institution. Methods Between April 1960 and September 2002, 92 patients with MEN1 underwent initial PTx. Outcomes were analyzed based on extent of parathyroid resection. Results Fourteen percent had 2.5 or fewer glands resected, 69% had subtotal PTx, and 17% had total PTx (88% with immediate autotransplantation). The initial surgical cure rate was 98%. Excluding 6 patients lost to follow-up, 33% have developed recurrent hyperparathyroidism (in 46% after ≤2.5 PTx, in 33% after subtotal, and in 23% after total PTx). Median recurrence-free survival was not statistically significantly different between subtotal versus total PTx, but it was longer for subtotal and total PTx compared with lesser resection (16.5 vs 7.0 years, respectively, P = .03). The incidence of severe hypoparathyroidism was 46% after total versus 26% after subtotal PTx. Conclusions Subtotal and total PTx result in durable control of MEN1-associated hyperparathyroidism and have longer recurrence-free intervals compared with lesser resection. The high incidence of severe hypoparathyroidism after total PTx suggests that subtotal PTx is the initial operation of choice in this setting.
Magnetic phase diagram of a semiconductor superlattice at ν=2

Abstract The magnetic phase diagram of a periodic system of identical quantum wells subject to a strong magnetic field is investigated within the Hartree–Fock approximation. Weak tunneling between the wells accounts for the broadening of the individual energy levels of a single well into minibands of bandwidth Δ. For small tunneling probability, the quasi-two-dimensional system undergoes a ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic transition as in the case of a single electron gas layer. For larger tunneling probability a critical value of Δc is reached for which spin flip excitations between minibands can become soft and lead to a spin density wave coupling between the bands with Q=π/a, with a the superlattice period.