cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Librational motion in solid α-N 2

A description of the librational molecular motions in solid α-N2 in terms of spherical harmonics is applied to give a temperature-dependent molecular field theory. Electrostatic quadrupole-quadrupole interactions between molecules on a fcc lattice with space groupPa3 are assumed. A first-order transition from a phase where the molecules are librating to one where they are rotating freely is found. In addition, the librational frequencies at κ=0 and zero temperature are calculated, using the single-particle states of the molecular field theory, and compared with Raman scattering experiments.
Adjacency, animacy, and intensionality as cues to oral and written sentence comprehension

Subjects of verbs in English sentences may be indicated by any one of a number of cues. In some cases, the subject of the verb is determined by semantic constraints, as when the verb requires an animate noun phrase as subject; in other cases the subject is determined by syntactic factors, as in the case of third person singular verb markers; and, as is commonly the case in informal language, the most immediately preceding noun phrase is the subject of the verb. These three types of cues, semantic (here described as extensional), syntactic (here labeled intensional), and adjacency are investigated in a series of tests of sentence comprehension using university undergraduates as subjects.
Photoionization of ammonia

Abstract We report the results of separated-channel, frozen core calculations of partial and total photoionization cross sections and asymmetry parameters for NH 3 . The calculations were performed using the complex Kohn variational method. The results for the total and partial cross sections agree well with experiment as well as previous theoretical calculations. The asymmetry parameters are found to be a more sensitive test of the accuracy of the wave function.
A constrained variational problem for an existence theorem of a steady vortex pair in two-phase shear flow

Abstract We prove an existence theorem for a steady vortex pair in two-phase shear flow in a planar domain. The method used is a variational principle in which the kinetic energy is maximised subject to the vorticity belonging to the weak closure of the set of rearrangements of a prescribed function, and subject to another functional representing the “generalised impulse” having a prescribed value. We prove also that when the prescribed value of the “generalised impulse” is large enough, the constrained maximiser of the kinetic energy is in fact a rearrangement of the prescribed function.
Differential effects of progesterone on lactation and nursing behavior in late pregnant and postparturient rats.

Abstract In the past, studies on the effects of progesterone injections before or after birth concentrated only on lactation or nursing behavior. The present study is a report of the effects of progesterone on both events, in the same strain of rat, across a number of groups, administered either during pregnancy or after birth. In the first part of the experiment, 2 mg doses of progesterone subcutaneously were injected into nulliparous Sprague-Dawley rats from Days 18–23 of gestation. The injections delayed the onset of birth, caused a high mortality among young, and produced young that failed to thrive. In spite of this, nursing behavior appeared normal. There were no significant differences in the latency or duration of crouching behavior between the progesterone and oil-injected control groups. Thus the difficulties appeared to be with lactation. Because mammary glands contained milk, problems with secretory activation in the glands were ruled out. Even though the pups suckled teats, they got no milk, suggesting dysfunctions in milk release. To determine whether progesterone might alter maternal behavior once it was established after birth, 2-mg doses of progesterone were injected during the first postpartal week. They were found to depress litter weights and increase the latency to crouch over pups. During the second postpartal week, the injections reduced the latency to crouch, causing females to act vigorously toward pups at a time when maternal behavior typically starts to decline. Thus, depending upon the stage of the reproductive cycle in which progesterone is introduced, it can either inhibit or enhance nursing behavior. Moreover, the action of progesterone during late gestation appears to be only on milk release.
Conservative management of urethral prolapse in female children.

Abstract The management usually recommended for urethral prolapse in girls is surgical. Three cases are presented to illustrate and recommend a conservative approach.
Variability in the use of thromboprophylaxis and outcomes in critically ill medical patients.

Abstract Purpose To describe practices for preventing venous thromboembolism in critically ill medical patients and to identify associations between prophylactic measures and survival. Methods We reviewed the records of all medical admissions to the intensive care units of a university hospital and an affiliated Veterans Affairs hospital over a 1-year period. We recorded patients' demographic characteristics, risk factors for venous thromboembolism, methods of prophylaxis, and in-hospital deaths. Results We identified 272 critically ill medical patients who received intensive care for at least 24 hours. Some form of prophylaxis was used in 205 patients (75%), including pharmacologic prophylaxis alone in 55 (20%), mechanical prophylaxis alone in 102 (38%), and both methods in 48 (18%). In-hospital mortality rates were 23% (24/103) for patients who received pharmacologic prophylaxis, and 36% (61/169) for those who received mechanical prophylaxis alone or no prophylaxis ( P =.03). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, risk factors for thrombosis and severity of illness, the odds of death were 55% lower in patients who received pharmacologic prophylaxis (odds ratio [OR]=0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22 to 0.93; P =.03). Similar results were obtained in propensity-adjusted and propensity-stratified analyses. Use of mechanical prophylaxis was not associated with survival (OR=0.88; 95% CI 0.44 to 1.77; P =.73). Conclusion In this cohort of critically ill medical patients, pharmacologic but not mechanical thromboprophylaxis was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death. This hypothesis must be tested in randomized trials.
Total energy for fermions on a two-dimensional lattice in a magnetic field.

We consider the dependence on the magnetic field of the total energy of noninteracting spinless fermions on a two-dimensional square lattice. We show how a Green-function method can be used to develop a perturbation theory when the Fermi energy is in a gap of the unperturbed system. This method is used to calculate the cusp in the energy when the filling is one-third and the flux per unit cell is varied uniformly in the neighborhood of one-third, and it is explained how a cusplike minimum can occur whenever the Fermi energy lies in a sufficiently large gap of the Hofstadter spectrum. Close to a filling of one-half the gaps go to zero, and the perturbation theory must be partly replaced by a WKB argument for the discrete Dirac equation. This leads to an energy variation proportional to the 3/2 power of the deviation from flux one-half. We show how the theory of the magnetic translation group can be used to treat small deviations of the field from uniformity, and carry out an explicit calculation for the case of one-half filling and one-half flux per square to show that in this case uniform flux gives a local minimum of the energy.
Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkylated 1-Thiahexa(ethylene oxide) Compounds on Gold

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a series of novel linear thiols containing a 1-thiahexa(ethylene oxide) (THEO) moiety, i.e., HS(CH2CH2O)6R, where R = C10H21, C10D21, C18H37, and C18D37, were prepared on polycrystalline gold (Au) and characterized by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), spectroscopic ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and contact angle measurements. The SAMs are hydrophobic with contact angles, θa (H2O), of 108°−109° for all surfaces. For all compounds, our data provide evidence for well-ordered monolayers in which the THEO moiety is arranged in a 7/2 helix oriented normal to the substrate. The alkyl group conformation and tilt are similar to the corresponding n-alkanethiol SAMs.
Stability and Mismatch Discrimination of Locked Nucleic Acid–DNA Duplexes

Locked nucleic acids (LNA; symbols of bases, +A, +C, +G, and +T) are introduced into chemically synthesized oligonucleotides to increase duplex stability and specificity. To understand these effects, we have determined thermodynamic parameters of consecutive LNA nucleotides. We present guidelines for the design of LNA oligonucleotides and introduce free online software that predicts the stability of any LNA duplex oligomer. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the single strand–duplex transition is characterized by a favorable enthalpic change and by an unfavorable loss of entropy. A single LNA modification confines the local conformation of nucleotides, causing a smaller, less unfavorable entropic loss when the single strand is restricted to the rigid duplex structure. Additional LNAs adjacent to the initial modification appear to enhance stacking and H-bonding interactions because they increase the enthalpic contributions to duplex stabilization. New nearest-neighbor parameters correctly forecast the posit...
Consistent recovery of sensory stimuli encoded with MIMO neural circuits

We consider the problem of reconstructing finite energy stimuli encoded with a population of spiking leaky integrate-and-fire neurons. The reconstructed signal satisfies a consistency condition: when passed through the same neuron, it triggers the same spike train as the original stimulus. The recovered stimulus has to also minimize a quadratic smoothness optimality criterion. We formulate the reconstruction as a spline interpolation problem for scalar as well as vector valued stimuli and show that the recovery has a unique solution. We provide explicit reconstruction algorithms for stimuli encoded with single as well as a population of integrate-and-fire neurons. We demonstrate how our reconstruction algorithms can be applied to stimuli encoded with ON-OFF neural circuits with feedback. Finally, we extend the formalism to multi-input multi-output neural circuits and demonstrate that vector-valued finite energy signals can be efficiently encoded by a neural population provided that its size is beyond a threshold value. Examples are given that demonstrate the potential applications of our methodology to systems neuroscience and neuromorphic engineering.
Photo-oxidation of bovine oxymyoglobin in frozen solutions. The effect of redox active inorganic elements in muscle extracts

Abstract 1. 1. Photocatalyzed autoxidation of MbO 2 →MMB in frozen extracts of bovine muscle was found to obey first order kineticsas found for MbO 2 of sperm-whale and horse. Formation of MMb-OH in crystallized beef MMb was studied. Its pK of ionization 8·90 is closely similar to that of sperm-whale and horse and differs from that of camel (8·53). 2. 2. Among the unbound elements examined in beef muscle extracts, iron is most responsible for photo-oxidation of MbO 2 . 3. 3. EDTA+iron caused further increase in oxidation. EDTA alone however, caused protection. 4. 4. Addition of ashed diffusates to beef extracts caused complete inhibition of MMb and resulted in a red pigment with absorption maxima at 580, 542 and 412 nm. 5. 5. A metmyoglobin cationic reducing agent was isolated from deproteinized horse and bovine muscle extracts by ion-exchange chromatography.
Nonlinear FDTD analysis of back-to-back varactor diode frequency tripler

A quasi-optical diode-grid frequency tripler array was analyzed by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method in this paper. A nonlinear algorithm was successfully developed in order to deal with the nonlinear characteristic of a varactor. The results obtained for a test case showed excellent agreement between the FDTD and a direct mathematical method. The detailed analysis of a frequency tripler array employing back-to-back AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction varactor was given.
A theoretical study of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes: ONIOM calculations

Abstract In this study, we employed ONIOM calculations to study functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), for assessing an appropriate level of theory for accurate binding energies calculations, particularly by considering ozone adsorption and arylation. Although ONIOM models reproduced the binding energies and geometries in relatively good agreement with the density functional theory B3LYP/6-31G* values in some cases, the `same level different basis set' (SLDB) protocol, was shown to be more appropriate for studying SWCNTs, as the π-network was preserved. We also found that sidewall functionalization deforms the tube significantly, and the use of any lower level methods could not describe bond breaking/forming appropriately.
Employee involvement: a hierarchical conceptualisation of its effect on quality

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to study the effect of employee involvement (EI) practices on quality comprehensively.Design/methodology/approach – This paper views the EI domain as sets of related practices interacting within a hierarchy. Using survey data, the paper tests a model of higher order practices building on a foundation of lower order practices to affect quality.Findings – The results support a hierarchical conceptualisation of EI practices. Some practices are found to be more effective than others, yet even the less effective EI practices serve a supportive purpose.Research limitations/implications – The model was analyzed from a predictive perspective, using a relatively small sample. Rather than simply identifying some EI practices as more effective than others, it is important to view the practices as being interrelated.Practical implications – Cherry‐picking only the most effective EI practices may not work. Managers must first install a foundation of less effective practices.Ori...
Learning ensembles of Continuous Bayesian Networks: An application to rainfall prediction

We introduce Ensembled Continuous Bayesian Networks (ECBN), an ensemble approach to learning salient dependence relationships and to predicting values for continuous data. By training individual Bayesian networks on both a subset of the data (bagging) and a subset of the attributes in the data (randomization), ECBN produces models for continuous domains that can be used to identify important variables in a dataset and to identify relationships between those variables. We use linear Gaussian distributions within our ensembles, providing efficient network-level inference. By ensembling these networks, we are able to represent nonlinear relationships. We empirically demonstrate that ECBN outperforms the meteorological forecast on a rainfall prediction task across the United States, and performs comparably to results reported for Random Forests.
Laparoscopic intra-abdominal patent processus vaginalis ligation in pediatric urology practice.

Summary Introduction and objective Inguinal hernias and communicating hydroceles from a patent processus vaginalis (PPV) are common problems in children. This study provides a detailed description of the laparoscopic intra-abdominal patent processus vaginalis ligation (LIPPL) procedure along with its results in pediatric urology patients. Methods Prospectively collected data were captured from children ( Results 142 patients (3 female) were evaluated with 197 PPV sites repaired using LIPPL at median 24 (1–216) months of age. Median operating time was 35 (20–91) and 43 (27–85) minutes for unilateral and bilateral repairs, respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. During the 14 (1–34) months from surgery, there were no hernia recurrences, one surgical site infection, seven patients with residual small non-communicating hydroceles, and one patient who developed a suture granuloma. Conclusions LIPPL is a safe and effective technique with minimal rate of hernia recurrence and few complications. LIPPL allows for easy repair of all sizes of PPV, with patients receiving the benefits of minimally invasive surgery including the ability to evaluate the contralateral inguinal ring.
Qualitative Descriptors of Strength of Association and Effect Size

ABSTRACT Cohen's (1988) work in power analysis connects values of r and d(difference in means in standard deviation units) with the qualitative descriptors small, medium, and large. This paper discusses the pros and cons of using qualitative (nonmathematical) descriptors of strength of association and effect size in data interpretation. It proposes an extension of Cohen's classification scheme through the addition of a “very large” descriptive category. The paper presents advantages of the odds ratio for the analysis of categorical data, argues for increased use of the odds ratio, and develops qualitative descriptors of effect size for the odds ratio: about 1.5 to 1 = small effect (or weak association), about 2.5 to 1 = medium (or moderate), about 4 to 1 = large (or strong), about 10 to 1 = very large (or very strong). When percentages are between about 15 and 85, qualitative descriptors of effect size can be utilized for the difference in percentages: about 7 percentage points = small, about 18 points = ...
Passive induction of the "energized-twisted" conformational state in bovine heart mitochondria.

Abstract It is demonstrated that hypotonically-swollen bovine heart mitochondria undergo transformation into the “energized-twisted” conformational state ( Green et al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 125:684, 1968 ) when simultaneously exposed to glutaraldehyde fixative and induced to contract by passive osmotic means. It is suggested that this passively-induced transformation and energy-dependent transformation of mitochondria into the “energized-twisted” state occur by similar mechanisms.
Turbulent non-Newtonian boundary layers on a flat plate

Abstract A theoretical relation between drag coefficients and non-Newtonian Reynolds numbers is developed in a manner analogous to a Newtonian analysis by Prandtl, using a lorgarithmic velocity profile proposed by Clapp. Velocity, profiles for power-law fluids flowing past a flat plate were measured with a laser velocimeter, and were used in numerical integration of the momentum boundary layer equation to obtain drag coefficients. The Prandtl-type of analysis correlated these experimentally generated drag coefficients with an average deviation of ± 7.837% in a power-law Reynolds number region of 10 4 –10 6 . This work is believed to provide the first measurement of velocity profiles in turbulent non-Newtonian boundary lasers on a plate. Use of the laser velocimeter has not previously, been reported in sush studies. The design of the water tunnel has been proved here to be suitable for the determination of this type of data.
Bacteriology of infected stones

Abstract Urinary calculi were cultured using a method which distinguishes surface contamination from bacteria actually residing within the stone. Culture results were correlated with the results of the stone analysis. The majority of stones were struvite and invariably infected, primarily with a urea-splitting bacteria, such as Proteus mirabilis, which caused recurrent urinary infection. In contrast, most oxalate stones were sterile. Occasionally an oxalate stone was secondarily infected and caused relapsing urinary infection.
Mediator Assessment, Documentation, and Disposition of Child Custody Cases Involving Intimate Partner Abuse: A Naturalistic Evaluation of One County’s Practices

The contentious and costly nature of the adversarial process for resolving child custody disputes has prompted scholars, practitioners, and policy makers to advocate for the development and implementation of less divisive forms of dispute resolution, notably, mediation. Mediation has been championed for its potential to resolve disputes with less acrimony among disputants, reduced economic costs, increased satisfaction with outcomes, and fewer adverse consequences for family members. Despite the increasing popularity, arguments have cautioned against the use of mandated mediation when intimate partner abuse (IPA) is alleged. This research documents a mediation screening process and models mediators’ decision-making process as instantiated, naturally, in one jurisdiction.
Compositional effects on long-term dissolution of borosilicate glass

Abstract Calculations have been performed to determine why, in static dissolution tests, the experimentally observed formation of a zeolite, such as analcime, causes a rapid increase in the dissolution rate for some glasses but not for others. The results of these calculations with a series of simple glasses show that there is a strong dependence on the Al content of the glass. For ratios of Si/(Si + Al)
THE WALLET PARADOX

(1997). The Wallet Paradox. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 104, No. 7, pp. 647-649.
Transition from Collective to Aligned-Particle Configurations at High Spin in Dy 154

The high-spin level structure of $^{154}\mathrm{Dy}$ has been determined through the ($^{34}\mathrm{S}$, $4n\ensuremath{\gamma}$) reaction. Lifetimes have been measured by use of the recoil-distance method. Both the level structure and lifetimes indicate a transition from collective to few-particle characteristics at high spin, possibly suggesting a changing shape from prolate through triaxial to oblate.
Vitamin B12 Absorption from Eggs

The assimilation of 57Co B12 from in vivo labeled eggs was much inferior to that of a comparable amount of crystalline 57Co B12. Furthermore, the absorption varied with the form in which the eggs were served. Judged by the urinary excretion test and the plasma absorption of radioactivity the average absorption from boiled and fried eggs was more than twice that from scrambled whole eggs, but less than half that absorbed from crystalline 57Co B12.
Effect of Surface Charge and Particle Size on Gel Structure of Aluminum Hydroxycarbonate Gel

The effect of surface charge and particle size on the gel structure of aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel was studied through the use of a specially designed tension cell. Surface charge has a major effect on the coefficient of bulk compressibility. The charged state is more compressible at lower tensions while the neutral gel is more compressible at higher tensions. In addition, physical properties of gels having a small particle size are more profoundly influenced by interparticle forces than are gels consisting of larger particles. The effect of surface charge and particle size on gel structure is applied to physical properties such as viscosity and dewatering.
D-dimer testing reduced the need for ultrasonographic imaging in outpatients with suspected deep venous thrombosis

Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al . Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1227–35. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In outpatients with suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT), does the use of D-dimer testing safely reduce the need for venous ultrasonographic imaging (VUI) and rule out DVT on the day of presentation? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★☆☆ IM/Ambulatory care ★★★★★★☆ Haematology ★★★★★★☆ ### ![Graphic][5] Design: randomised controlled trial. ### ![Graphic][6] Allocation: concealed.* ### ![Graphic][7] Blinding: blinded (ultrasonographers, technicians who measured D-dimer concentrations, and outcome assessors).* ### ![Graphic][8] Follow up period: 3 months. ### ![Graphic][9] Setting: Thrombosis units and emergency departments of 5 academic health centres in Canada. ### ![Graphic][10] Patients: 1096 outpatients (mean age 58 y, 58% women) who had suspected lower extremity DVT. Exclusion criteria included refusal or inability to consent and geographic inaccessibility. ### ![Graphic][11] Intervention: patients were stratified by the application of a clinical model as “likely" or “unlikely” to have DVT and were subsequently allocated to D-dimer testing … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DWells%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BS.%26rft.volume%253D349%26rft.issue%253D13%26rft.spage%253D1227%26rft.epage%253D1235%26rft.atitle%253DEvaluation%2Bof%2BD-Dimer%2Bin%2Bthe%2BDiagnosis%2Bof%2BSuspected%2BDeep-Vein%2BThrombosis%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa023153%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F14507948%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa023153&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=14507948&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F9%2F3%2F89.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000185488800005&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Down-regulation of gelsolin expression in human breast ductal carcinoma in situ with and without invasion.

Expression of gelsolin, an actin filament regulatory protein, in human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues from 59 pure DCIS specimens and 33 DCIS specimens with associated invasive components were evaluated for gelsolin reactivity and compared to eight normal breast cases and 76 invasive breast cancers. The proportion of cases exhibiting negative/low expression of gelsolin in the epithelium was as follows – normal, 0%; pure DCIS, 56%; DCIS associated with invasion, 58% in the DCIS component and 66% in the invasive component; invasive carcinoma, 70%. These data demonstrate that down‐regulation of gelsolin expression in breast epithelium frequently parallels progression to malignancy. Testing gelsolin expression (normal vs. negative/low levels) in the DCIS lesions for associations with patient age or any of the following histopathologic parameters revealed no significant (95% probability level) correlations – tumor size; pathologic (Van Nuys system) grade; nuclear grade; necrosis; presence of histologic calcifications; presence or type of adjacent benign lesions; architectural histologic pattern; and mammographic extent. Gelsolin loss was more commonly associated with mammographic soft tissue lesions as compared to calcified lesions (P = 0.009). A positive trend of borderline significance (P = 0.06) found in the DCIS with invasion group was a correlation between down‐regulated gelsolin expression in the DCIS component and size (< versus ≥ 15 mm) of the invasive tumor. In conclusion, reduced gelsolin protein is detectable in at least half of breast lesions which have progressed to DCIS. The trend between increasing gelsolin loss and malignant progression from normal epithelium to DCIS to invasive breast cancer (P < 0.0001) suggests additional investigation is needed to determine the potential of altered gelsolin expression as a marker for prognosis and for therapeutic interventions in breast cancer.
Carbonates and sulfates in CI chondrites: formation by aqueous activity on the parent body.

Compositions and morphologies of dolomites, breunnerites, Ca-carbonates, Ca-sulfates and Mg, Ni, Na-sulfates, and their petrologic interrelations, in four CI chondrites are consistent with their having been formed by aqueous activity on the CI parent body. Radiochronometric data indicate that this activity took place very early in solar-system history. No evidence for original ('primitive') condensates seems to be present. However, alteration apparently took place without change in bulk meteorite composition.
Cooperative breeding and maternal energy expenditure among aka foragers

Objectives: Previous research among foragers and theory suggests that nonmaternal caregivers offer essential assistance, which supports female reproduction and the costs associated with lengthy child development. Mothers' face trade-offs in energy allocation between work and childcare, particularly when mothers have an infant. These trade-offs likely have crucial impacts on the pace of reproduction and child health. Caregivers can help mothers with childcare or they can reduce a mother's nonchildcare workload. If caregivers assist mothers by substituting childcare, then maternal energy expenditure (EE) in other work activities should increase. If caregivers assist mothers by substituting labor, then maternal EE in work activities should decrease when caregivers are present. Methods: Utilizing detailed, quantitative behavioral observations and EE data, we test these propositions with data from 28 Aka forager mothers with children <35 months old. We isolate paternal, grandmaternal, and other caregiver effects on maternal EE and childcare in multivariate analyses. Results: Our results show that caregivers (largely grandmothers) significantly reduce mothers' work EE by as much 216 kcal across a 9-hour observation period, while fathers and juveniles appear to increase maternal EE. Direct childcare from grandmothers decreases maternal direct care by about one-to-one indicating a labor substitution. Direct childcare from fathers decreases maternal care by almost 4 to 1, resulting in a net reduction of total direct care from all caregivers. Conclusions: Our results indicate that there are multiple pathways by which helpers offset maternal work/childcare trade-offs. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Child Performance on Discrimination Tasks: Effects of Amount of Stimulus Variation.

Abstract Two independently conducted studies investigated stimulus variation effects on children's discrimination learning. The stimuli in the first study were generated by a conjunctive rule and were presented in pairs. Mean trials to criterion was significantly lower for the single-feature change treatment (17.4) than for the multiple-feature change treatment (29.9). Single-feature change-treatment transfer scores were significantly higher only for stimuli that differed in terms of one of the features. The second study not only replicated the initial finding concerning the single-feature change treatment but also found that students made more errors in reaching criterion when stimuli were generated by an exclusive disjunctive rule and were presented singly. For all tasks, the single-feature change treatment with stimuli presented in pairs was accompanied by fewer errors to criterion than the other treatments.
Immunoglobulin class heterogeneity in the antibody response to syngeneic myelin basic protein (BP) in Lewis rats

Abstract A study of the quantitatives distribution of binding activity for syngeneic myelin basic protein (BP) among the chromatographically and electrophoretically separable classes of circulating immunoglobulins of Lewis rats immunized with Lewis rat BP was made. The results suggests that there is extensive heterogeneity with respect to class at the peak of this autoimmune response.
Filter design for a compressive sensing delay and Doppler estimation framework

The theory of compressive sensing (CS) aims to find efficient signal acquisition and recovery techniques with the aid of prior knowledge about the signal. While traditionally applied to sparse vectors, CS has been extended to analog signals with more general structures. The use of CS in delay and Doppler estimation in radar application has recently received attention from the signal processing community. In this paper, we adopt one of the available CS frameworks for delay and Doppler estimation and optimize the deployed filter in this framework. The optimization criterion is the Bayesian Cramer Rao Bound of delay estimation and Doppler in general additive Gaussian interference. An iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem and the results are compared with the prototype filter design available in the literature.
Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]nitroimipramine binding sites in rat brain

We have used the recent tritium-sensitive film method of quantitative autoradiography to localize in rat brain high-affinity binding sites for nitroimipramine (NI), a long-lasting inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) transport in platlets. The distribution of NI binding sites in rat brain closely parallels the location of 5-HT terminals. There are high concentrations of binding sites in the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei, the basal portion of the mammilary nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle, the olfactory tubercule and the posterior basal nucleus of the amygdala. The association of [3H]NI binding sites with regions having a high content of 5-HT supports the notion that the high-affinity binding site for [3H]NI corresponding to some aspect of the presynaptic uptake site for 5-HT.
Periodic magnetospheric substorms during fluctuating interplanetary magnetic field Bz

[1] We study the possible role played by sudden changes in the solar wind in triggering substorm onsets. We show that periodic substorms can occur when the IMF Bz is small and fluctuating between southward and northward. The period of the substorms during the fluctuating IMF is ∼3 hours, nearly the same as that during strongly and continuously southward IMF. We also show that large sudden changes in the solar wind do not necessarily trigger substorm onsets. For example, a northward IMF turning with a change of 31 nT in the IMF Bz after 1.2 hours of strongly southward IMF (between −12 and −18 nT) did not cause a substorm onset. The observations show that the period of substorms is not controlled either directly by variations in the solar wind or indirectly by the energy transferred to the magnetosphere from the solar wind. We suggest that a sudden change in the solar wind can trigger a substorm onset if and only if the magnetosphere has reached a state conducive to the generation of substorms. Substorms will occur every ∼3 hours, no matter whether the IMF is continuously southward or fluctuating between southward and northward.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase: distribution in various tissues and identification of three molecular forms.

Abstract Aspartate transcarbamoylase, obtained from a variety of tissues, was found to exist in two macromolecular forms in crude extracts with approximate molecular weight of 900,000 and 600,000. A constant sedimentation profile was obtained with a given tissue in the same physiological stage, but the ratios of the two peaks for the enzyme varied considerably in different tissues. The peaks were not affected by agents known to disrupt secondary bonding. Guanidine treatment or preincubation of the crude liver extract at 37° resulted in the appearance of polydisperse heavier complexes. When the two peaks were treated with proteolytic enzymes all the activity of ATC was recovered in a third peak (MW 80,000), which had a Km for carbamoyl phosphate 10–50 times greater than those obtained with ATC in the other peaks. Evidence for feedback inhibition of ATC by pyrimidine nucleotides was not obtained.
Low-Energy Theorem for the Weak Axial-Vector Vertex

A low-energy theorem is derived for the weak axial-vector vertex. The theorem enables one to calculate from strong or electromagnetic processes the two leading terms in the expansion of the axial-vector vertex in powers of the leptonic four-momentum transfer. Applications to weak pion production, ${K}_{e4}$ decay, and radiative $\ensuremath{\mu}$ capture are discussed. In particular, we express the radiative $\ensuremath{\mu}$-capture matrix element, up to and including contributions linear in the leptonic four-momentum transfer and the photon four-momentum, in terms of the elastic weak form factors and pion photoproduction amplitudes.
Phase transitions in ferroelectric thin films

Abstract We discuss theory and experiment for phase transitions in ferroelectric films, 70–400 nm thick. It is found that the Curie temperature Tc can be shifted up or down by temperatures as great as 70 K. In addition, transitions that are strongly first-order in bulk may become continuous in sufficiently thin films. Finally, the shape of the spontaneous polarization curve, plotted versus temperature, can become complicated, dropping to zero at an elevated Tc in two discrete jumps, with the higher temperature discontinuity arising from a residual ferroelectricity in a thick surface layer. These points are illustrated experimentally with data on PZT (PhZr1−x Ti x O3) and KNO3.
His-311 and Arg-559 are key residues involved in fatty acid oxygenation in pathogen-inducible oxygenase

Pathogen-inducible oxygenase (PIOX) oxygenates fatty acids into 2R-hydroperoxides. PIOX belongs to the fatty acid α-dioxygenase family, which exhibits homology to cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Although these enzymes share common catalytic features, including the use of a tyrosine radical during catalysis, little is known about other residues involved in the dioxygenase reaction of PIOX. We generated a model of linoleic acid (LA) bound to PIOX based on computational sequence alignment and secondary structure predictions with COX-1 and experimental observations that governed the placement of carbon-2 of LA below the catalytic Tyr-379. Examination of the model identified His-311, Arg-558, and Arg-559 as potential molecular determinants of the dioxygenase reaction. Substitutions at His-311 and Arg-559 resulted in mutant constructs that retained virtually no oxygenase activity, whereas substitutions of Arg-558 caused only moderate decreases in activity. Arg-559 mutant constructs exhibited increases of greater than 140-fold in Km, whereas no substantial change in Km was observed for His-311 or Arg-558 mutant constructs. Thermal shift assays used to measure ligand binding affinity show that the binding of LA is significantly reduced in a Y379F/R559A mutant construct compared with that observed for Y379F/R558A construct. Although Oryza sativa PIOX exhibited oxygenase activity against a variety of 14-20-carbon fatty acids, the enzyme did not oxygenate substrates containing modifications at the carboxylate, carbon-1, or carbon-2. Taken together, these data suggest that Arg-559 is required for high affinity binding of substrates to PIOX, whereas His-311 is involved in optimally aligning carbon-2 below Tyr-379 for catalysis.
Abstract 4639: Blockade of MDM2-mediated signaling in context of DNA damage increases E2F1 expression and enhances cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Metastatic breast cancer is highly refractive to current treatment strategies and new multi-targeted treatments need to be elucidated. In metastatic disease, blocking key protein-protein interactions with the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) could be beneficial for developing new treatment modalities since this signaling pathway is a critical regulatory point in cancer progression. Inhibition of protein binding to the hydrophobic pocket of MDM2 by Nutlin-3a can result in increases in pro-apoptotic proteins such as p53, p73, and E2F1. Since the DNA damaging agent carboplatin is being studied in clinical trials of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), our objective was to evaluate the effects of carboplatin and Nutlin-3a in combination in TNBC cancer in a mutant p53 background. We utilized TMD231 breast cancer cells derived from the MDA-MB-231 human TNBC cancer line. TMD231 cells are highly metastatic in vivo and readily metastasize from the primary tumor to the lung. Combination studies were performed using different ratios of carboplatin to Nutlin-3a to evaluate the range of carboplatin-mediated DNA damage required to obtain synergism with inhibition of MDM2 function. A fixed ratio of 1:1 carboplatin:Nutlin-3a was strongly synergistic with a combination index of Citation Format: Eva Tonsing-Carter, Harlan E. Shannon, Barbara J. Bailey, Lindsey D. Mayo, Karen E. Pollok. Blockade of MDM2-mediated signaling in context of DNA damage increases E2F1 expression and enhances cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4639. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4639
Comparing Semi-Markov Processes

Sufficient conditions are found for two semi-Markov processes to be stochastically ordered, i.e., for which two new semi-Markov processes can be constructed on a common probability space so that the new processes individually have the same distributions as the original processes and every sample path of the first new process lies below the corresponding sample path of the second new process. This ordering has recently been shown by Kamae, Krengel, and O'Brien Kamae, T., V. Krengel, G. L. O'Brien. 1977. Stochastic inequalities on partially ordered spaces. Ann. Probab.5 899--912. to be equivalent to the definition of stochastic order usually seen in the literature; see Veinott Veinott, A. F. Jr. 1965. Optimal policy in a dynamic, single product, nonstationary inventory model with several demand classes. Oper. Res.13 761--778.. The conditions are: i the initial distribution of the first process is stochastically smaller than that of the second; ii for each ordered triple of states j ≤ k ≤ 1 and unordered holding times s and t, the instantaneous transition rate of the first process from j to the set of states exceeding 1 given its holding time in j is s is not less than the corresponding transition rate of the second process where j and s are replaced by k and t respectively; and iii the dual of condition ii obtained by reversing the order of the states. The construction is accomplished for semi-Markov processes for which all subprobability transition rates are absolutely continuous with failure rates uniformly bounded over finite intervals by representing the two semi-Markov processes as compositions of discrete-time stochastic processes with a sequence of Poisson processes. This permits application of recent comparison results for discrete-time stochastic processes by O'Brien O'Brien, G. L. 1975a. The comparison method for stochastic processes. Ann. Probab.3 80--88; O'Brien, G. L. 1975b. Inequalities for queues with dependent interarrival and service times. J. Appl. Probab.12 653--656..
LEDs in frequency-omain spectroscopy of tissues

ABSTRACT Light spectroscopy in the frequency-domain has been used to study the optical properties of biologicaltissues. We have analyzed the possibility of using light emitting diodes (LEDs) as intensity modulated lightsources for frequency-domain spectroscopy. The use of LEDs presents several advantages: one LED'soutput covers a spectral region of about 80 nm, and commercially available LEDs allow for the coverage ofthe spectral range from 550 to 900 nm, which is a region of interest in near infrared medical applications;the light output of an LED is stable with respect to that of lasers and lamps; the wide angular disthbution make LEDs safe for in vivo studies. Furthermore, LED frequency-domain spectroscopy is a relativelyinexpensive technique. We describe some circuits we used to modulate the intensity of LEDs at radio frequency, and point out the possibility of building a multi-source spectrometer. Some applications of LEDfrequency-domain spectroscopy, both in vitro and in vivo, are shown.
Namibian Chewing Stick, Diospyros lycioides, Contains Antibacterial Compounds against Oral Pathogens

The twigs of Diospyros lycioides, a plant commonly known as “muthala”, are frequently used as chewing sticks for the cleaning of teeth by rural and urban people in Namibia. Preliminary studies showed that a methanol extract of D. lycioides inhibited growth of selected oral pathogens. Subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of four novel bioactive naphthalene glycosides, diospyrosides A, B, C, and D (1−4), and two known bioactive naphthoquinones, juglone (5) and 7-methyljuglone (6). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR. These compounds inhibited the growth of oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis) and periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia) at minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.019 to 1.25 mg/mL. Juglone exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity among these compounds. Keywords: Diospyros lycioides; Ebenaceae; African chewing sticks...
Causes of Freeway Productivity Decline and the Opportunities for Gain: A Quantitative Study

This report presents the results from a study examining freeway productivity and how a reduction of productivity, caused by traffic congestion, can be measured as lost productivity. The impact of congestion, or productivity loss, can be statistically estimated, and these estimates can be displayed in the form of a congestion pie. The report includes the following two studies: 1) "An empirical assessment of traffic operations", which uses six studies of freeway congestion to demonstrate how data from PeMS can be used to assess freeway performance and offer ways to improve freeway management; and, 2) "Components of Congestion: Delay from incidents, special events, lane closures, weather, potential ramp metering gain, and excess demand", which examines the causes of traffic in more detail for a 45-mile freeway section of I-880 in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Cognitive-emotional dysfunction among noisy minds: Predictions from individual differences in reaction time variability

Mental noise can be defined as less reliable information processing. Individuals with high levels of mental noise are thought to be disadvantaged in cognitive, emotional, and behavioural realms. The present five studies (total N=298) investigated such potential disadvantages among normally functioning college undergraduates. Mental noise was operationalised in terms of the reaction time coefficient of variation (RTCV), a measure of RT variability that corrects for average levels of mental speed. Individuals with higher RTCV exhibited less effective cognitive control (Studies 1 and 5), less controlled behaviour (Study 2), and were more prone to negative emotional experiences (Study 3) and depressive symptoms (Study 4). Study 5 extended these results and found that individuals higher (versus lower) in RTCV were more adversely affected by their attentional lapses in daily life. Results converge on the idea that mental noise is an important individual difference dimension with multiple adverse correlates and consequences.
Liquid‐liquid phase separations in aqueous solutions of globular proteins

A simple statistical-mechanical theory, known as the random-phase approximation, is applied to study liquid-liquid phase separations in solutions of globular proteins. Phase separation may be induced by addition of nonionic polymer or/and ordinary electrolytes. In this analysis, the osmotic-attraction mechanism, whereby the depletion of solvent' particles between two proteins causes an attractive force, is primarily responsible for phase separation. For one-component models of protein solutions, the theory yields simple algebraic expressions for the equation of state and for the chemical potential of the protein. This analytical theory describes the observed solubility behavior of proteins, including the effect of protein and polymer size, protein charge and concentration, and concentration of simple electrolytes.