cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology of mining massive data sets for improving manufacturing quality/efficiency

In this information era, many enterprises have begun exploring ways to utilize information stored in various databases for creating a competitive edge in managing their supply chain and networked manufacturing processes. This practice requires tools to automatically synthesize a large volume of data for getting needed knowledge. Although there are several existing data mining techniques, most of them are not effective in processing large amounts of data with possible nonstationary and dynamically changing trends. Our procedure first reduces the massive data sets into smaller size data by using data splitting and other data reduction techniques. Then, the traditionally used methods in data mining, signal/image processing and statistical analysis can be useful to handle the reduced-size data. Thus, decision rules for identifying and classifying process problems can be constructed based on these reduced-size data to improve manufacturing quality and efficiency. Finally, by using weighted averaging or voting procedures including artificial neural networks, the synthesized results obtained from the split-data can be integrated. Our real-life examples show a great potential of the proposed methods in mining knowledge from massive manufacturing data sets and in making significant impact in many fields including E-business operations.
Bayesian Biomarker Discovery for RNAseq Data

RNAseq has become a popular technology for biomarker discovery. However, in many applications, such as single cell sequencing, zero counts comprise a considerable portion of data. Here we propose a new RNAseq model that explicitly models zero counts and solve a previously proposed feature selection framework, called Optimal Bayesian Filter (OBF), for this model and find the posterior probability of a feature having distributional differences across classes. As the posterior does not exist in closed form, we propose Sequence Approximation OBF (SA-OBF) as a closed form approximation which is based on log transformations of non-zero reads. We use SA-OBF to study two breast cancer RNAseq datasets.
Cardiac tissue models

Abstract Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and cardiotoxicity is one of the most common reasons for drug withdrawal. Both statistics are in part because conventional in vitro and in vivo models of the heart are ineffective at modeling human diseases and predicting drug responses due to limited relevance and/or scalability. In this chapter, we first define the structure and function of myocardial tissue, the minimum functional unit of the heart. Next, we describe approaches for acquiring human cardiac myocytes, the key functional cells in the myocardium. We then present innovative techniques for engineering cardiac tissues in two and three dimensions that more closely replicate native myocardium. We also describe assays for quantitatively interrogating the mechanical and electric function of engineered cardiac tissues. Next, we provide examples of applications of cardiac tissue models in human cardiotoxicity screening and disease modeling. Finally, we summarize ongoing biological and technical challenges.
Platelet-rich plasma vs. steroid injections for hamstring injury-is there really a choice?

To assess the effectiveness of pain relief in patients with grade 2 proximal hamstring injury, treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or corticosteroid injection, by using the primary outcome of visual analog scale (VAS) at 1 week and 4 weeks of follow-up. A single institution retrospective study was performed for image-guided PRP or steroid injections between 12/1/2015 and 10/30/2017 for proximal hamstring injuries. VAS was measured at 1 week and 4 weeks post-injection via telephone interviews and the pain response was recorded into two groups (negative/no change vs. positive). A comparison of pain responses between PRP and steroid was conducted by generalized estimating equation. Among 56 patients, 32 received PRP and 24 received steroid injections with ages from 13 to 75 years old. At 1 week post-injection follow-up, 23 patients (71.9%) from the PRP group and 11 patients (45.8%) from the steroid group showed positive response. After controlling for age, pre-procedure pain level, and gender, the positive response rate in the PRP group was higher than the steroid group (aOR: 4.04, 95% CI: 1.04–15.63, p value = 0.04). At 4 weeks post-injection, 23 patients (71.9%) from the PRP group and 13 patients (54.2%) from the steroid group showed positive response with no statistical significance (aOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 0.63–9.79, p value = 0.19). The PRP group had shown more favorable response compared to steroid group at 1 week post-injection, which suggests that PRP therapy can be considered as a conservative treatment choice for grade 2 proximal hamstring injuries with better short-term pain relief based on limited pilot data.
Paraganglioma Presenting as a Nasal Septal Mass: Case Report and Literature Review.

Objectives. To describe a rare case of a paraganglioma arising from the nasal septum and review the diagnosis and management of paragangliomas in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Methods. We present a case of a 70-year-old female presenting with persistent nasal congestion and obstruction. Nasal endoscopy revealed a posterior septal mass approaching the sphenoid sinuses and partially obstructing the nasopharynx. A biopsy of the mass was taken, and histologic analysis confirmed a diagnosis of paraganglioma. Results. The patient underwent an endoscopic resection of the tumor. There has been no evidence of disease recurrence after 3 months of follow‐up. Conclusions. Paragangliomas arising from the nasal septum are exceedingly rare, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with nasal septal masses. These tumors are typically benign, although few cases of malignant sinonasal paragangliomas have been reported. Treatment requires surgical excision with close follow-up as several cases of tumor recurrence have been reported.
How Well Do Young People Follow the Label? An Investigation of Four Classes of Over-the-Counter Drugs:

Media reports, medical professionals, mental health counselors, and existing research suggest that some young people fail to follow the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) required labeling of ove...
Extra-abdominal Fibromatosis

Definition: An invasive, permeative, and progressive tumor uniformly composed of fibroblasts and abundant collagen.
La RFNH ou l’approche clinique d’une hyperthermie

Introduction Plus frequente que les reactions allergiques, la Reaction Febrile Non Hemolytique (RFNH) est une elevation thermique d’au moins 1 °C avec une temperature superieure a 38 °C survenant sans signe de gravite jusqu’a 4 heures apres une transfusion de PSL. Observation Patient âge de 55 ans, porteur d’une neoplasie gastrique, sans antecedent transfusionnel, pris en charge pour hemorragie digestive. Un CGR phenotype RH-KEL âge de 27 jours sans manifestation. Survenue lors d’un second CGR (34 jours), d’une hyperthermie isolee. Resolution spontanee en 3 heures. Analyse La survenue d’une manifestation de type hyperthermie, implique d’eliminer un conflit immunologique erythrocytaire (verification des controles de concordance, RAI, TIA ± elution et EDC), et une pathologie bacterienne (IBTT ou infection chez le receveur). Ces diagnostics ecartes, le diagnostic de RFNH peut etre envisage. Le mecanisme implique la production de cytokines entrainant la production de PGE2, inducteur cle de la fievre chez l’homme. S’agissant d’un diagnostic d’elimination, l’imputabilite d’une RFNH ne peut etre ni exclue, ni certaine. Conclusion Tres frequente, sous-declaree, l’hyperthermie au cours ou au decours d’une transfusion implique la realisation d’examens complementaires permettant d’eliminer des diagnostics a impact majeur pour les patients, avant de retenir le diagnostic de RFNH. Le signalement et l’analyse d’un EIR permettent, au travers d’une collaboration structuree entre clinicien, hemovigilant, et EFS, d’assurer la securite des receveurs, tout en permettant une formation continue des cliniciens, renforcant ainsi, de maniere globale, la securite transfusionnelle.
Supplier Selection Under Conditions of Uncertainty

Supplier selection is one of the critical decision-making problems in supply chain management. The purpose of this research is to investigate the process that is commonly used for calculating a “score” for each supplier when certain attributes are used. In decision making theory, the selection of “best” alternative can be done under three different conditions: certainty, risk, and uncertainty. Most of the current research uses “certainty” conditions. This article suggests that the “uncertainty” condition should be used in supplier selection as it corresponds to real-life more than the certainty or risk condition. “Maximum entropy” method is used to ascertain the probability function of the outcomes. Once the probability functions are known, means and variance can be calculated, and the suppliers can be evaluated.
Targeting innate sensing in the tumor microenvironment to improve immunotherapy

The innate immune sensing pathways play critical roles in the defense against pathogen infection, but their roles in cancer immunosurveillance and cancer therapies are less defined. We propose that defective innate immune sensing inside the tumor microenvironment might limit T-cell responses to immunotherapy. A recent mechanistic understanding of conventional therapies revealed that both innate immune sensing and T-cell responses are essential for optimal antitumor efficacy. T-cell-based immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade, has achieved great success in reactivating antitumor immune responses to lead to tumor regression, but only in a small fraction of patients. Therefore, incorporating conventional therapy that can increase innate sensing and immunotherapy should lead to promising strategies for cancer patients. Here, we review the innate sensing pathways related to cancer initiation/progression and therapies, summarize the recent key findings in innate immune sensing related to conventional therapies, evaluate current combination strategies, and highlight the potential issues of combinational therapies in terms of antitumor efficacy and toxicities.
Requiring smartphone ownership for mHealth interventions: who could be left out?

Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have the potential to improve health through patient education and provider engagement while increasing efficiency and lowering costs. This raises the question of whether disparities in access to mobile technology could accentuate disparities in mHealth mediated care. This study addresses whether programs planning to implement mHealth interventions risk creating or perpetuating health disparities based on inequalities in smartphone ownership. Video Directly Observed Therapy (VDOT) is an mHealth intervention for monitoring tuberculosis (TB) treatment adherence through videos sent by patients to their healthcare provider using smartphones. We conducted secondary analyses of data from a single-arm trial of VDOT for TB treatment monitoring by San Diego, San Francisco, and New York City health departments. Baseline and follow-up treatment interviews were used to assess participant smartphone ownership, sociodemographics and TB treatment perceptions. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify correlates of smartphone ownership. Of the 151 participants enrolled, mean age was 41 years (range: 18–87 years) and 41.1% were female. Participants mostly identified as Asian (45.0%) or Hispanic/Latino (29.8%); 57.8% had at most a high school education. At baseline, 30.4% did not own a smartphone, which was similar across sites. Older participants (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.09 per year, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.12), males (AOR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.04–7.86), participants having at most a high school education (AOR = 4.48, 95% CI: 1.57–12.80), and those with an annual income below $10,000 (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.19, 7.89) had higher odds of not owning a smartphone. Approximately one-third of TB patients in three large United States of America (USA) cities lacked smartphones prior to the study. Patients who were older, male, less educated, or had lower annual income were less likely to own smartphones and could be denied access to mHealth interventions if personal smartphone ownership is required.
5.07 – Geomagnetism

Interaction of temporal fluctuations in Earth's external magnetic field with the electrically conductive rocks of the planet generates internal secondary electric and magnetic fields. Measurements of the primary and secondary fields may then be used to probe the conductivity structure over depths from a few meters to the lower mantle. Conductivity in turn may be used to infer physical and chemical properties, such as temperature, melt content, water and volatile content, mineral type, and anisotropic fabric. There are three basic steps necessary to obtain useful information from geomagnetic induction studies: estimation of electromagnetic impedances from observations of the electric and magnetic fields; modeling of these impedances in both forward (conductivity to impedance) and inverse (impedance to conductivity) directions; and finally the use of laboratory studies to relate conductivity to the relevant physical and chemical properties. Each of these steps represent significant scientific challenges, and all of them are the subject of current research and recent progress. Clearly, the results of each of these components depend on the quality of the preceding step, and conclusions about the state of Earth's interior depend on the reliability of all three parts of the process.
Proppant embedment in coal and shale: Impacts of stress hardening and sorption

Abstract During methane production in CBM reservoirs, the influence of proppant embedment and permeability damage cannot be neglected – especially where the wall-rock is soft. Effective stresses are elevated during methane recovery, increasing both normal loading stress and confinement and simultaneously overprinting sorption-induced volumetric strains. Experiments and analytic modeling are conducted to define key mechanisms controlling these competitive effects. We independently measure overall sample compaction (external LVDT) and local strain (strain gauge) in the matrix to deconvolve proppant embedment in a propped fracture for different conditions of confining stress. The results show symptomatic behaviors of elastic (shale) and elastoplastic (coal) responses of embedment. Different from shale, the evolution of embedment is convex upwards with increased stress where indented depth increases more rapidly as loading stress increases under constant confinement. In addition, a stress-hardening effect is found to play a pivotal role in determining the characteristics of indentation, which are examined in terms of evolution profiles, deformation regimes, embedment slopes, curvatures, yield points and irreversible indentations. Based on the experimental observations a semianalytical model predicts indentation and the evolution of propped permeability under recreated in-situ stress conditions. A simplified case study is conducted to further illustrate the evolution of aperture and permeability of a propped fracture in CBM reservoirs. The modeling results suggest that proppant embedment is significantly overestimated if the variable stress-hardening (VSH) effect is neglected, especially when effective stress is large. Moreover, a decrease in indentation depth possibly occurs during late stage methane production, resulting in a reversal/recovery in fracture closure. This is because desorption-induced shrinkage becomes the predominant effect, causing an increase in aperture and a reduction in the indented volume of proppant. The resulting recovery in permeability implies that the propped coal fracture has the potential to optimally facilitate methane production as a pathway, even at high closure stresses generated by methane drainage.
Integration of whole-exome and anchored PCR-based next generation sequencing significantly increases detection of actionable alterations in precision oncology.

Abstract Background Frequency of clinically relevant mutations in solid tumors by targeted and whole-exome sequencing is ∼30%. Transcriptome analysis complements detection of actionable gene fusions in advanced cancer patients. Goal of this study was to determine the added value of anchored multiplex PCR (AMP)-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay to identify further potential drug targets, when coupled with whole-exome sequencing (WES). Methods Selected series of fifty-six samples from 55 patients enrolled in our precision medicine study were interrogated by WES and AMP-based NGS. RNA-seq was performed in 19 cases. Clinically relevant and actionable alterations detected by three methods were integrated and analyzed. Results AMP-based NGS detected 48 fusions in 31 samples (55.4%); 31.25% (15/48) were classified as targetable based on published literature. WES revealed 29 samples (51.8%) harbored targetable alterations. TMB-high and MSI-high status were observed in 12.7% and 1.8% of cases. RNA-seq from 19 samples identified 8 targetable fusions (42.1%), also captured by AMP-based NGS. When number of actionable fusions detected by AMP-based NGS were added to WES targetable alterations, 66.1% of samples had potential drug targets. When both WES and RNA-seq were analyzed, 57.8% of samples had targetable alterations. Conclusions This study highlights importance of an integrative genomic approach for precision oncology, including use of different NGS platforms with complementary features. Integrating RNA data (whole transcriptome or AMP-based NGS) significantly enhances detection of potential targets in cancer patients. In absence of fresh frozen tissue, AMP-based NGS is a robust method to detect actionable fusions using low-input RNA from archival tissue.
Management of Spontaneous Liver Hematoma in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION Liver hematoma is an uncommon feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV. The limited literature that exists to guide management does not establish a standard of care. CASE PRESENTATION A 26-year-old man presented with acute abdominal pain caused by a large, spontaneous liver hematoma. Invasive prophylactic arterial embolization was done twice, but surgical evacuation was not offered because of concern for poor healing and brittle vasculature, later diagnosed as symptoms of the patient's EDS type IV. During hospitalization the patient died of spontaneous intracerebral and intra-abdominal hemorrhaging. CONCLUSION This case illustrates a nonsurgical management option for spontaneous liver hematoma in a patient with EDS type IV. An interdisciplinary team should help guide care, including consideration of invasive procedures such as arterial embolization and surgery. Patient and family education, genetic testing, and timely medical record documentation may reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with this syndrome.
Stabilizing effects of chromaticity and synchrotron emission on coupled-bunch transverse dynamics in storage rings

We present a theory that can compute the transverse coupled-bunch instability growth rates at any chromaticity and for any longitudinal potential provided only that the long-range wakefield varies slowly over the bunch. The theory is expressed in terms of the usual coupled-bunch eigenvalues at zero chromaticity, and when the longitudinal motion is simple harmonic our solution only requires numerical root-finding that is easy to implement and fast to solve; the more general case requires some additional calculations, but is still relatively fast. The theory predicts that the coupled-bunch growth rates can be significantly reduced when the chromatic betatron tune spread is larger than the coupled-bunch growth rate at zero chromaticity. Our theoretical results are compared favorably with tracking simulations for the long-range resistive wall instability, and we also indicate how damping and diffusion from sychrotron emission can further reduce or even stabilize the dynamics.
Robotic Upper Lobe Pulmonary Segmentectomy

Pulmonary segmentectomy offers a lung preserving alternative for early-stage lung cancer resection especially for patients with emphysema. Data from several studies has allowed segmentectomy to become a reasonable alternative to standard lobectomy, with no compromise to oncologic survival and the advantage of sparing more viable parenchyma. Minimally invasive robotic techniques have been shown to have similar recurrence and cancer-free survival rates. This chapter focuses on the techniques of robotic upper lobe segmentectomies using Da Vinci Si and Xi platforms. Port placement and technique are discussed for right upper lobe apical segmentectomy (S1), right upper lobe posterior segmentectomy (S2), right upper lobe anterior segmentectomy (S3), left upper lobe upper division segmentectomy (S1 + S2 + S3), and lingular segmentectomy (S4 + S5).
Effect of Early High-Dose Vitamin D3 Repletion on Cognitive Outcomes in Critically Ill Adults.

Background Long-term cognitive impairment frequently occurs after critical illness; no treatments are known to improve long-term cognition. Research Question Does a single high-dose (540,000 International Units) enteral treatment of vitamin D3 given shortly after hospital admission in critically ill patients who are vitamin D deficient improve long-term global cognition or executive function? Study Design and Methods This study evaluated long-term cognitive outcomes among patients enrolled in a multicenter, blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing vitamin D3 treatment vs placebo in critically ill adults with vitamin D deficiency. Global cognition was measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Executive function was measured with a composite score derived from three Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System subscales. Outcomes were assessed at a median of 443 days (interquartile range, 390-482 days) after randomization and were compared using multivariate proportional odds regression. Adjusted ORs of > 1.0 would indicate better outcomes in the vitamin D3 group compared with the placebo group. Results Ninety-five patients were enrolled, including 47 patients randomized to vitamin D3 treatment and 48 patients randomized to placebo. The adjusted median RBANS score at follow-up was 79.6 (95% CI, 73.0-84.0) in the vitamin D3 group and 82.1 (95% CI, 74.7-84.6) in the placebo group (adjusted OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.50-1.38). The adjusted median executive function composite scores were 8.1 (95% CI, 6.8-9.0) and 8.7 (95% CI, 7.4-9.3), respectively (adjusted OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.36-1.42). Interpretation In vitamin D-deficient, critically-ill adults, a large dose of enteral vitamin D3 did not improve long-term global cognition or executive function. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT03733418; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov
Introduction: Managed retreat and environmental justice in a changing climate

In response to global climate change, managed retreat has emerged as a controversial adaptation strategy. The purposeful movement of people and communities away from hazardous places raises numerous social and environmental justice concerns that will become even more pressing as retreat occurs more frequently and at larger scales. This special issue contributes to an emerging body of literature on managed retreat by providing a range of perspectives and approaches to considering justice in managed retreat. The assembled papers represent diverse voices (including perspectives from individuals whose communities are currently relocating or considering relocation), disciplines (including oral histories, legal analyses, and cultural heritage considerations), and lenses through which to consider the justice implications of managed retreat. They describe completed, in-progress, and foiled relocations. They suggest opportunities for improvement through improved evaluations and broader collaborations. While each presents a unique lens, key themes emerge around the need for transparent and equitable policies, self-determination of communities, holistic metrics for assessing individual and community well-being, the importance of culture both as something to be protected and an asset to be leveraged, and the need to address historical and systemic injustices that contribute to vulnerability and exposure to risk.
B-To-B Sales Approaches

In today's world, globalization presents significant benefits to companies worldwide. Globalization brings the opportunity to grow business sales in new markets, the advantage of more favourable trading regulations and new technological advances. However, globalization and technology advances make other factors in business to business (B-to-B) sales challenging, such as the increase in the level of sophistication and knowledge of the customers and their seeking of value.
The relative yields of tax-exempt and taxable bonds : evidence from municipal bonds that are secured by U.S. government obligations

Fama (1977) and Miller (1977) predict that one minus the corporate tax rate will equate the after-tax yield from a taxable bond to the tax-exempt yield. This prediction is not rejected for short maturity tax-exempt and taxable bonds. However, at long maturities the yields on tax-exempt bonds are higher than predicted by the theory. A popular explanation for this empirical fact is that municipal bonds bear more default risk than comparable taxable bonds. A sample of municipal bonds that are secured by irrevocable escrows of U.S. Treasury securities is used to examine the relation between taxable and tax-exempt yields. The results show that default-free tax-exempt yields display the same tendency to be too high relative to the Fama and Miller prediction. This fact implies that differential default risk does not explain relatively high yields on long-term tax-exempt bonds. This paper also documents a curious fact. U.S. Government secured municipal bonds have higher yields than comparable maturity AAA rated municipal bonds that are not secured by U.S. Treasury bonds.
Development of Opioid Transdermal Delivery Systems

Opioid therapies have been and will continue to be a vital part of opioid addiction and alcoholism treatments, as well as a vital part of chronic and acute pain management regimens. Transdermal delivery of opioid antagonists and ago nists can be advantageous in order to help improve the quality of life of many patients. This mode of drug administration offers many advantages when compared to the traditional oral route of drug delivery, including avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism, the potential for long-term controlled release with smoothing of the typical peak-trough plasma drug concentration profiles associated with multi ple dosing regimens, the ease of administration, and the possibility of immediate withdrawal of the treatment. Although the majority of the opioids used in clinical practice do not have ideal physicochemical properties that would allow them to reach therapeutic plasma levels by passive skin permeation, many advances have been made in the transdermal delivery of these agents with the advent of novel approaches including prodrugs, codrugs, microneedle (MN)-enhanced delivery, and other new formulation technologies. Many research and development avenues exist for the growth potential of the opioid transdermal drug delivery market in the next decade.
Calcitic microlens arrays in Archaster typicus : microstructural evidence for an advanced photoreception system in modern starfish

Recent studies have shown that in some light-sensitive species of an brittlestar (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), the upper surface of the dorsal arm plate bears arrays of hemispherical microstructures which in combination with underlying neural bundles and intraskeletal chromatophores probably function as a compound eye. These calcitic lenses possess superior properties such as light weight, mechanical strength, and very low aberration and birefringence; they display a unique focusing effect, signal enhancement, intensity adjustment, angular selectivity, and photochromic activity. The discovery of these unique optical structures revealed that brittlestar visual system is more sophisticated than initially thought and has inspired active interest toward designing of biomimetic highly tunable optical elements for a wide variety of cutting-edge technological applications. Up to this moment, analogous spherical calcitic lenses have been only reported in a few species of modern brittlestars and starfish. Similar calcitic microlenses have been also observed in the Late Cretaceous fossil echinoderms. Here, we report the structural evidence for the presence of calcitic microlenses in an extant species of starfish Archaster typicus. The close resemblance in microstructure and location between the transparent regions of compact stereom described above and microlenses in the photosensitive brittlestar Ophiocoma wendtii suggests that these regions may be involved with the photoreceptor system in A. typicus.
Using Offset Invariant Crossover as a Tool for Discovering Cycle Lengths of a Periodic Function

We investigate the problem of discovering a multiple of the cycle length of a periodic function. A generalization of the crossover operator is proposed which is offset invariant, i.e. it functions in an unchanged manner if a constant offset is added to both parents. The properties of this operator are investigated using a mixture of theoretical and empirical techniques. Its convergence is demonstrated even in the extreme case of a near random evaluation function. We investigate its application to the use of optimization to find some multiple of the period of a periodic function. This investigation takes place in the context of an exponential function defined over the integers modulo a composite number. Competing techniques to accomplish this using optimization are demonstrated and their growth rates empirically investigated. A comparison of the performance of normal crossover and offset invariant crossover demonstrates an advantage for the offset invariant crossover operator. Finally we show how our methods can be applied to problems of RSA cryptography.
Behavior settings and eco-behavioral science: a new arena for mathematical social science permitting a richer and more coherent view of human activities in social systems, part II: Relationships to established disciplines, and needs for mathematical development

Abstract Part I of this paper presented the basic concepts of behavior settings and eco-behavioral science originated by the psychologist Roger Barker, showed how they could be linked with standard economic data systems, and suggested their use as a basis for time-allocation matrices and social system accounts. Part II discusses the relationships of behavior settings and eco-behavioral science to established disciplines, describes applications of mathematics to the new concepts by Fox and associates, and points out some major areas in need of mathematical and theoretical development. These areas include representation and measurement of patterns of relationships among roles within behavior settings, relationships among behavior settings within communities and organizations, and the evolution of large, heterogeneous populations of behavior settings over time. We hope some readers will be motivated to participate in this new scientific enterprise.
Wild salmon recovery and inconvenient reality along the west coast of North America: indulgences atoning for guilt?

The history of efforts to reverse the long-term decline of Pacific salmon in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia provides instructive policy lessons for their recovery. From California to southern British Columbia, wild runs of Pacific salmon have declined over the long-term and many have disappeared. Billions have been spent in so-far failed attempts to reverse the decline. The annual expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars continues, but a sustainable future for wild salmon in this region remains elusive. Despite documented public support for restoring wild salmon, the long-term prognosis for a sustainable future appears problematic. Fisheries scientists and others continue to craft restoration plans, but an effective, politically viable approach has yet to emerge, which will actually restore and sustain most runs of wild salmon in the region. For wild salmon, restoration options exist that offer both ecological viability and appreciably lower social disruption, but these options also tend to have more modest restoration objectives. Perhaps these billions of dollars being spent to recover wild salmon should be considered ‘guilt money’—modern-day indulgences—a tax that society and individuals willingly endure to alleviate collective and individual remorse. It is money spent on activities unlikely to achieve the recovery of wild salmon, but perhaps it helps many feel better as we continue the behaviors and choices that essentially preclude their recovery. WIREs Water 2015, 2:433–437. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1093 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Atomic hydrogen production rates for comet P/Halley from observations with Dynamics Explorer I

The distribution of atomic hydrogen surrounding comet Halley is observed in resonantly scattered solar Lyman-α radiation with the imaging photometer for vacuum-ultraviolet wavelengths on the Earth-orbiting spacecraft Dynamics Explorer 1. Measurements are made of the total Lyman-α flux at Earth due to the cometary neutral hydrogen distribution and the hydrogen production rate determined as a function of heliocentric distance, r. Corrections are made for the finite field-of-view of the photometer and for the ~700-R background at the spacecraft arising from the presence of geocoronal, interplanetary and galactic hydrogen. The distribution of hydrogen surrounding the comet nucleus at time t is dominated by atoms released from the comet in parent molecules at about time t − τ, where the hydrogen lifetime is τ. Corrections are made for this time difference. For distances 1.5 to 0.68 AU before perihelion passage the hydrogen production rate varies as Q 0 r −n ,where n= 2.30 and Q 0 = 9.1 1029 atoms/s. Using the same functional dependence in the post-perihelion period at distances 0.63 to 1.2 AU, preliminary values based on a limited data set are n= 1.62 and Q 0 = 1.1 1030 atoms/s. These production rates are consistent with in situ measurements from the Giotto and Vega spacecraft, and with remote observations using two sounding rockets and with the Pioneer-Venus and IUE spacecraft.
A flip-flop and logic gate with Josephson junctions

A complementary logic circuit with Josephson junctions has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. This paper will discuss a circuit with a measured risetime of 100 ps, a power dissipation of 16.4 μW, with the flip-flop operated with a 1500-MHz input signal.
The Butterfly Dilemma: Asian Women, Whiteness, and Heterosexual Relationships

Critical Whiteness theory explores Whiteness as a form of power and privilege that originated in Western countries and has been dispersed globally. Its form is particular to location and its interaction with race, ethnicity, nationality, class, and gender. Two ways it has operated historically is through making the norms of Whiteness universal and the marker of reason and rationality. This article examines Whiteness through two lenses, the colonial-era opera, Madame Butterfly, and three recent therapy case studies involving White American husbands and Asian immigrant wives. Although the women in these therapy cases have emigrated from different Asian countries and cultures, the treatment toward them suggests that colonial-era images and stereotypes of Asian women still resonate in contemporary White American culture and are impervious to national or cultural boundaries. A comparison of the opera’s themes with those of the therapy cases suggest how historical and social constructions of Whiteness continue ...
Dynamic response studies of solid-state chloride-selective electrodes in the presence of iron(III) with an on-line computer

Abstract Under certain conditions, the presence of iron(III) in chloride solutions can cause erroneously high e.m.f. readings with solid-state chloride-selective electrodes. This anomalous behavior has been examined by monitoring the dynamic response of the iron(III)-perturbed electrode with an on-line computer. The magnitude of the analytical errors at equilibrium conditions depends on the iron(III) concentration, the chloride concentration, the extent of masking conditions and apparently the formulation of the sensing membrane. For such samples, markedly better analytical results can be obtained by extrapolating a segment of the dynamic response curve. The relative errors are reduced to 3–4% for samples where the linear extrapolation algorithm is valid. It is also possible to eliminate the interference by reduction to iron(II).
Does Home Ownership by Parents Have an Economic Impact on Their Children

Abstract This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to explore the impact of housing on children's productivity through educational attainment and through their housing choices as adults after they leave their parent's home. After controlling for other factors that are normally hypothesized to affect an individual's education and earnings, we find that the average child of homeowners is significantly more likely to achieve a higher level of education and, thereby, a higher level of earnings. We also find that having controlled for the factors traditionally thought to influence an individual's choice of housing tenure, as well as other parental characteristics, the housing tenure of parents plays a primary role in determining whether or not the child becomes a homeowner.
Super-resolution from internet-scale scene matching

In this paper, we present a highly data-driven approach to the task of single image super-resolution. Super-resolution is a challenging problem due to its massively under-constrained nature - for any low-resolution input there are numerous high-resolution possibilities. Our key observation is that, even with extremely low-res input images, we can use global scene descriptors and Internet-scale image databases to find similar scenes which provide ideal example textures to constrain the image upsampling problem. We quantitatively show that the statistics of scene matches are more predictive than internal image statistics for the super-resolution task. Finally, we build on recent patch-based texture transfer techniques to hallucinate texture detail and compare our super-resolution with other recent methods.
Super-resolution reconstruction of hyperspectral images

Hyperspectral imagery is used for a wide variety of applications, including target detection, tacking, agricultural monitoring and natural resources exploration. The main reason for using hyperspectral imagery is that these images reveal spectral information about the scene that are not available in a single band. Unfortunately, many factors such as sensor noise and atmospheric scattering degrade the spatial quality of these images. Recently, many algorithms are introduced in the literature to improve the resolution of hyperspectral images [7]. In this paper, we propose a new method to produce high resolution bands from low resolution bands that are strongly correlated to the corresponding high resolution panchromatic image. The proposed method is based on using the local correlation instead of using the global correlation to improve the estimated interpolation in order to construct the high resolution image. The utilization of local correlation significantly improved the resolution of high resolution images when compared to the corresponding results obtained using the traditional algorithms. The local correlation is implemented by using predefined small windows across the low resolution image. In addition, numerous experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of the chosen window size in the image quality. Experiments results obtained using real life hyperspectral imagery is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
The benefits of powered liposuction versus traditional liposuction : A paired comparison analysis

Background. There is much debate about the safety of liposuction as well as the efficacy and risk:benefit ratio of newer devices used in this procedure. Objective. To determine if there are any benefits in terms of safety and efficacy of power reciprocating cannulas compared to traditional manual liposuction cannulas. Methods. Patients served as their own controls in a paired comparison analysis of power liposuction cannulas and traditional liposuction cannulas. Results. Power cannulas significantly reduced procedure times, intraoperative pain, and surgeon fatigue, and increased the amount of fat aspirated per minute. Power cannulas also decreased postoperative pain, ecchymoses, and edema, as well as resulting in higher patient satisfaction scores. Conclusion. Power liposuction cannulas produce significantly faster recovery times for patients, allow faster procedure times, and reduce surgeon fatigue, resulting in safer and more precise surgery. A lower incidence of touch-up procedures is likely due to these benefits.
Assessing the implications of a structured decision-making tool for recidivism in a statewide analysis disposition matrix for court recommendations made by juvenile probation officers

Research SummaryThe Florida Department of Juvenile Justice has implemented a disposition matrix to guide recommendations made by juvenile probation officers to the court. This study examines whether recidivism rates for dispositions/placements made within the suggested range of this matrix differ from those outside of the suggested range. Using a sample of 38,117 juvenile offenders, we found that the dispositions/placements within the suggested range had an average recidivism rate of 19.4%, whereas those whose dispositions were outside the range had an average recidivism rate twice as high (38.7%). Furthermore, dispositions/placements that were the least restrictive option within the suggested range performed best. Dispositions above the suggested range (more restrictive) performed poorly, although those below the suggested range (less restrictive than suggested) performed the worst. These results held for males and females, across race/ethnicity, and across risk to reoffend levels. Policy ImplicationsImplementation of structured decision-making tools leads to questions from stakeholders and front-line staff charged with using those tools regarding their effectiveness. Research and theory-based justifications do not hold the weight actual data from the implementation population provide. These tools help control costs, facilitate planning, and can improve outcomes. Monthly monitoring of adherence rates, development of override and management oversight protocols, and regular feedback to front-line staff are critical components of success. KW: Juvenile justice Language: en
Di- and tri-saccharide glycosyl donors for the synthesis of fragments of the O-specific antigen of Shigella dysenteriae type 1

Methyl O-(2,4-di-O-benzoyl-3-O-bromoacetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3)- 2,4-di-O-benzoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside was treated with dichloromethyl methyl ether and ZnCl2 to give O-(2,4-di-O-benzoyl-3-O-bromoacetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3)2,4- di-O- benzoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl chloride. Similar treatment of methyl O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (13) gave crystalline O-(3,4,6-tir-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-- >3)-2,4-di-O- benzoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl chloride (14), which was also obtained by treatment of methyl O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxo-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-1-thio-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (12) with chlorine. In contrast to the conversion 12-->14, which was stereospecific, the reaction of methyl O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2- deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-(O-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-1-thio-alpha-L-rhamnopyrano sid e with chlorine gave a mixture of the corresponding alpha- (16) and beta- (17) glycosyl chlorides. Condensation of the mixed chlorides 16 and 17 with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranose, followed by reduction-acetylation of the product, gave a fully protected derivative of the tetrasaccharide alpha-D-Glc pNAc-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->2) -alpha-D-Galp.
Kinematic Transmission Design For The Atomic Resolution Measuring Machine (ARMM)

Minimizing alignment induced errors between an actuator and bearing so as not to induce wear and error into the system can often be achieved only via the use of kinematic transmission elements. A taught wire attached to the platten and grabbed in the middle by the actuator is the simplest form of a kinematic transmission system and provides the greatest error attenuation of the compliant type kinematic transmissions; however, it is also the most axially compliant. To increase the apparent axial stiffness, one can measure the position of the platten at the points where the wire is attached to the platten and where the actuator is attached to the wire. The stretch of the wire can then be determined and compensated for with the motion of the actuator if the latter has suitable bandwidth.
Light truck vehicles (LTVs) contribution to rear-end collisions

Light truck vehicles (LTVs), comprising light-duty trucks, vans, and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) drive higher and wider than passenger cars which could affect the visibility for the following passenger car driver. This paper investigates the contribution of LTVs to rear-end collisions resulting from horizontal visibility blockage using the University of Central Florida sophisticated reconfigurable driving simulator. Indeed, a sudden stop of a leading LTV, in the shadow of the blindness of the succeeding passenger car driver, may deprive the latter of a sufficient response time, which may lead to high probability of a rear-end collision. To investigate this issue, two scenarios were developed in the UCF driving simulator. The first scenario serves as a base scenario where the simulator car follows a passenger car, and the second scenario serves as a test scenario, where the simulator car follows an LTV. The results obtained by comparing the scenarios showed that LTVs produce more rear-end collisions at unsignalized intersections due to horizontal visibility blockage and due to the resulting drivers' behavior when driving behind an LTV.
Stability and phase transitions of single-molecular-layer free-standing liquid-crystal films

We have successfully prepared stable one-layer films of 54COOBC $[n$-pentyl-${4}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}n$-pentanoyloxy biphenyl-4-carboxylate] in a small film hole $(\ensuremath{\approx}0.7$ mm in diameter) and conducted high-resolution optical reflectance measurements near the smectic-$A$\char21{}hexatic-$B$ transition. The stability of these films is contrary to experiences with all other compounds and also to heuristic understanding. We propose a modification to such understanding. Within the resolution of our measurements, data are in good agreement with those of two-layer films. The result gives a confirmation of two-dimensional behavior of two-layer films.