cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Administration Without Consideration: Public Administration’s Oversight of Children

American children regularly encounter government through routine interactions with public administrators. Because of the unique nature of working with children, these interactions differ from those with adults. Although the public administration literature focuses on implementation of public policy and interactions between citizens and government, few studies contemplate children as different from adults in the administrative context and thus inform the interactions between public administrators and children. As a result, there is an absence of basic understanding of children within the context of public administration—who they are, how they think, what they need. This oversight generates a theoretical shortcoming, as well as real consequences for children.
Aciniform Spidroin, a Constituent of Egg Case Sacs and Wrapping Silk Fibers from the Black Widow Spider Latrodectus hesperus

Spiders produce high performance fibers with diverse mechanical properties and biological functions. Molecular and biochemical studies of spider egg case silk have revealed that the main constituent of the large diameter fiber contains the fibroin TuSp1. Here we demonstrate by SDS-PAGE and protein silver staining the presence of a distinct ∼300-kDa polypeptide that is found in solubilized egg case sacs. Combining matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and reverse genetics, we have isolated a novel gene called AcSp1-like and demonstrate that its protein product is assembled into the small diameter fibers of egg case sacs and wrapping silks from the black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus. BLAST searches of the NCBInr protein data base using the amino acid sequence of AcSp1-like revealed similarity to AcSp1, an inferred protein proposed to be a component of wrapping silk. However, the AcSp1-like protein was found to display more nonuniformity in its internal iterated repeat modules than the putative AcSp1 fibroin. Real time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrates that the AcSp1-like gene displays an aciniform gland-restricted pattern of expression. The amino acid composition of the fibroins extracted from the luminal contents of the aciniform glands was remarkably similar to the predicted amino acid composition of the AcSp1-like protein, which supports the assertion that AcSp1-like protein represents the major constituent stored within the aciniform gland. Collectively, our findings provide the first direct molecular evidence for the involvement of the aciniform gland in the production of a common fibroin that is assembled into the small diameter threads of egg case and wrapping silk of cob weavers.
Global profiles of compressional ultralow frequency wave power at geosynchronous orbit and their response to the solar wind

[1] We investigate the global local-time profiles of compressional wave power in three ultralow frequency (ULF) bands corresponding to Pc3, Pc4, and Pc5 pulsations using magnetic field data from the geosynchronous GOES satellites. The global power profiles of the three frequency bands are studied for low, moderate, and high levels of geomagnetic activity based on the Dst index. We also consider the seasonal variation of the ULF power profiles, as well as the effects of solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters. For high geomagnetic activity, we find that the greatest power is associated with compressional Pc5 pulsations in the afternoon sector; for low geomagnetic activity, ULF power levels are consistently highest in the tail region. A summer power minimum in all three frequency bands is observed in our study of seasonal variation, while higher power levels occur around local midnight throughout the year. The enhancement of ULF power by high solar wind velocity and pressure is greater for the lower-frequency waves. Furthermore, solar wind plasma parameters have a significantly greater influence on ULF wave power than IMF parameters like cone angle and northward/southward orientation.
A comparison of schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics on two methods of administration of the Bender-Gestalt test.

5 sec. and required to reproduce it from memory. Then they copied the figures under the standard conditions. Using the Pascal-Suttell scoring system, measures of performance were derived based upon the performance under the two conditions. A third measure used was the arithmetic difference between performance in these conditions. The mean findings were that schizophrenics did more poorly under both exposure conditions than nonschizophrenic controls. An hypothesis based upon a general theory of psychological deficit that the difference score would be higher for schizophrenics was not statistically verified although a confirming trend was noted. Another finding was greater variability among schizophrenics. The Bender-Gescalt tesc (Bender, 1938) has recently been used to assess schizophrenic deficit as well as organic brain damage. As a result, several scoring systems have been developed (Billingslea, 1948; Peek & Quast, 1951; Pascal & Suttell, 1951). Of these, Pascal and Sutrell's has generated by far the most research interest since their preliminary findings indicated that their scale was easy to use, reliable across time and judges, and valid for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Later findings by Swensen and Pascal (1953), who compared improved vs unimproved psychiatric inpatients, and Lonstein ( 1954), who compared schizophrenics and nonpsychotic psychiatric inpatients, supported Pascal and Suttell's position. However, Addington (1952) found that there was considerable overlap between his samples of schizophrenics and nonclinical controls, and Tamkin (1957) failed to find significant differences between schizophrenics and controls.
Design and Performance Evaluation of Configurable Component Middleware for End-to-End Adaptation of Distributed Real-Time Embedded Systems

Standards-based quality of service (QoS)-enabled component middleware is increasingly being used as a platform for developing distributed real-time embedded (DRE) systems that execute in open environments where operational conditions, input workload, and resource availability cannot be characterized accurately a priori. Although QoS-enabled component middleware offers many desirable features, until recently it lacked the ability to efficiently allocate resources and configure platform-specific QoS settings based on utilization of system resources and application QoS. Moreover, it has also lacked the ability to monitor and enforce application QoS requirements. This paper presents two contributions to research on adaptive resource management for component-based DRE systems. First, we describe the structure and functionality of the resource allocation and control engine (RACE), which is an open-source adaptive resource management framework built atop standards-based QoS-enabled component middleware. Second, we demonstrate the effectiveness of RACE in the context of a representative DRE system: NASA's magneto spheric multi-scale mission system
New species and new combinations in the sematophyllum subpinnatum complex (Sematophyllaceae)

Three new tropical American species ofSematophyllum are described with relatively broad leaves and short upper leaf cells:S. cubense, S. cataractae, andS. oedophysidium. The Central AmericaS. apaloblastum andS. barnesii are new combinations.Sematophyllum galipense, S. amnigenum, andS. cochleatum are briefly discussed.
Serum Calcium Levels and Hypertension Among US Adults

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:716–721. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Serum calcium levels have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, it is not clear whether serum calcium levels are related to hypertension, a risk factor for CVD. The authors examined the association between serum calcium and hypertension in a representative sample of US adults. A cross-sectional study of 12,405 third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants 20 years and older was conducted. Serum total and ionized calcium levels were analyzed as quartiles. The main outcome of interest was hypertension (n=3437), defined as self-reported use of antihypertensive medication and/or systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Elevated serum total calcium levels were positively associated with hypertension, independent of potential confounders including C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum albumin, 25(OH)D, and phosphorous. Compared with the lowest quartile of serum total calcium (referent category), the multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hypertension was 1.49 (1.15–1.93) for the highest quartile (P=.005). This association persisted in subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, and race-ethnicity. In contrast, serum ionized calcium levels were not associated with hypertension. Higher serum total calcium levels are positively associated with hypertension in a representative sample of US adults.
Selectivity of labeled bromoethylamine for protein alkylation

Alkylation of cysteine residues has been used extensively for characterization of proteins and their mode of action in biological systems, research endeavors that are at the core of proteomics. Treatment with a simple alkylating agent such as [2-13C] bromoethylamine would result in labeled thialysine at the e-position. This chemical modification of proteins would allow investigations via both 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. However [2-13C] labeled bromoethylamine is not available commercially. We investigated its synthesis at acid pH with the goal of obtaining singly labeled bromoethylamine and understanding the mechanistic details of the reaction. Based on our experimental and theoretical results, bromination of [2-13C] labeled ethanolamine in acidic conditions takes place via exclusive attack of the nucleophile (HBr) at the hydroxyl bearing C. Moreover, hydrogen bonding guides the nucleophilic attack, resulting in no label scrambling of the bromoethylamine product. Protein alkylation at cysteine residue with the synthesized Br13CH2CH2NH2-HBr is successful. Ab initio calculations in which CH3SH serves as a model for the cysteine residue suggest that in gas phase intermolecular attack by the sulfur bearing nucleophile is favored over the intramolecular substitution by the amino group by 15.4 kJ mol−1. Solution modeling shows that the trend is preserved at basic pH, which is the experimental one, but is reversed at neutral pH.
Estimating equations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables in Fontan patients: derivation and validation using a multicenter cross-sectional database.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a common method of evaluating patients with a Fontan circulation. Equations to calculate predicted CPET values are based on children with normal circulation. This study aims to create predictive equations for CPET variables solely based on patients with Fontan circulation. Patients who performed CPET in the multicenter Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-Sectional Study were screened. Peak variable equations were calculated using patients who performed a maximal test (RER > 1.1) and anaerobic threshold (AT) variable equations on patients where AT was adequately calculated. Eighty percent of each cohort was randomly selected to derive the predictive equation and the remaining served as a validation cohort. Linear regression analysis was performed for each CPET variable within the derivation cohort. The resulting equations were applied to calculate predicted values in the validation cohort. Observed versus predicted variables were compared in the validation cohort using linear regression. 411 patients underwent CPET, 166 performed maximal exercise tests and 317 had adequately calculated AT. Predictive equations for peak CPET variables had good performance; peak VO2, R 2 = 0.61; maximum work, R 2 = 0.61; maximum O2 pulse, R 2 = 0.59. The equations for CPET variables at AT explained less of the variability; VO2 at AT, R 2 = 0.15; work at AT, R 2 = 0.39; O2 pulse at AT, R 2 = 0.34; VE/VCO2 at AT, R 2 = 0.18; VE/VO2 at AT, R 2 = 0.14. Only the models for VE/VCO2 and VE/VO2 at AT had significantly worse performance in validation cohort. Of the 8 equations for commonly measured CPET variables, six were able to be validated. The equations for peak variables were more robust in explaining variation in values than AT equations.
Exploration of anatomical dolls by nonreferred preschool-aged children: comparisons by age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status

The contributions of age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status (SES) to differences in nonreferred (i.e., presumably nonabused) preschool-aged children's interactions with anatomical dolls were explored. Significant age findings included a decrease with age in manual exploration, an increase in showing doll-to-doll kissing and an increase in demonstrating suggestive intercourse between the dolls. Although 2-year-olds were active in undressing the dolls and exploring the genitals, anus, and breasts, no 2-year-old displayed any sexualized behaviors with the dolls. Six percent (6%) of the children demonstrated clear intercourse positioning. Only low SES black males, ages 4 and 5, demonstrated clear intercourse positioning when the interviewer was present in the room. However, such demonstrations were seen across gender and race and SES when the children were left alone with the dolls. The implications of the findings for evaluators who interview children using anatomical dolls are discussed.
Cosmological simulations with self-interacting dark matter – II. Halo shapes versus observations

If dark matter has a large self-interaction scattering cross section, then interactions among dark-matter particles will drive galaxy and cluster halos to become spherical in their centers. Work in the past has used this effect to rule out velocity-independent, elastic cross sections larger than sigma/m ~ 0.02 cm^2/g based on comparisons to the shapes of galaxy cluster lensing potentials and X-ray isophotes. In this paper, we use cosmological simulations to show that these constraints were off by more than an order of magnitude because (a) they did not properly account for the fact that the observed ellipticity gets contributions from the triaxial mass distribution outside the core set by scatterings, (b) the scatter in axis ratios is large and (c) the core region retains more of its triaxial nature than estimated before. Including these effects properly shows that the same observations now allow dark matter self-interaction cross sections at least as large as sigma/m = 0.1 cm^2/g. We show that constraints on self-interacting dark matter from strong-lensing clusters are likely to improve significantly in the near future, but possibly more via central densities and core sizes than halo shapes.
Time requirements of the standard echocardiogram: implications regarding limited studies.

Abstract Background Although no formal detailed definitions exist, a standard echocardiogram should easily be differentiated from a limited examination by its comprehensive nature and time requirement. Objective We evaluated the time required to perform each specific component of a comprehensive echocardiography examination and applied these data to compare the time required to complete 3 limited imaging protocols. Methods In all, 7 experienced sonographers were timed in their performance of a comprehensive echocardiographic examination on a healthy patient. A total of 3 limited imaging protocols were then constructed to evaluate for pericardial effusion, wall motion, and left ventricle size. The time necessary to complete each protocol was calculated by adding the average time required to perform all of its components and was compared with the comprehensive examination. Results The imaging time required to complete a standard study was 26 ± 5.4 minutes (range: 20-32). The percentage of total study time spent on 2-dimensional imaging, M-mode, color Doppler, and spectral components was 31 ± 2.9%, 11 ± 3.6%, 17 ± 2.9%, and 39 ± 5.0%, respectively. The calculated time needed to perform a limited protocol was less than 5 minutes, resulting in a greater than 80% reduction in time compared with the standard examination. Conclusion Time analysis of components of the standard echocardiography examination can be used to construct appropriate, time-efficient, limited, cardiac ultrasound imaging examinations and differentiate limited from comprehensive studies.
Characterization and performance of a neutral hydrophilic coating for the capillary electrophoretic separation of biopolymers

Polyvinylmethylsiloxanediol (50% vinyl) was synthesized and combined with a cross-linker for static coating onto fused-silica columns. After cross-linking and binding to the surface, linear polyacrylamide was grafted to the double bonds of the siloxanediol; subsequently, this linear polymer matrix was cross-linked with formaldehyde. The grafted neutral polymeric layer provided suppression of electroosmotic flow and minimized adsorption. This combination yielded successful open tube and polymer network separations of proteins, peptides and DNA molecules. Very high efficiencies (ca. 1 x 10(6) plates/m) were achieved for open tube protein separations, and hundreds of consecutive runs were performed with minimal change in migration times.
Evaluation and comparison of production schedules

Abstract The understanding of what constitutes a “good” production schedule is central to the development and evaluation of automated scheduling systems and their implementation in real-world factories. In this paper, we provide a definition of a schedule and discuss potential uses for a schedule within the organization. We then describe a number of different considerations that must be taken into account when assessing the quality of a schedule, and discuss their implications for the design and implementation of scheduling systems.
Inhibitory Effect of Implanted Estrogenic Hormone Crystals upon Post-Menopause and Castration Hypophysis of Women

Summary and ConclusionsIt appears from these studies that, by means of the implantation of crystals of a-estradiol and a-estradiol benzoate, it is possible to achieve a strikingly more prolonged inhibition of the hypophysis in post-menopause and ovariectomized women than can be obtained by the injection of comparable amounts of estrogenic hormone in solution in oil. These findings are in accord with the clinical observations of the prolonged therapeutic effect resulting from the implantation of the estrogen crystals.
The Order of the Genes C, Sh, and Wx in Zea Mays with Reference to a Cytologically Known Point in the Chromosome

In this seldom-cited paper, published in the same issue of the "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" as Creighton and McClintock's paper on genetic and cytological crossingover, McClintock established the crossover frequencies and order of the genes C (red aleurone in the kernel), Sh (shrunken endosperm), and Wx (waxy endosperm).
Implemting heap-object behavior prediction efficiently and effectively

Heap-allocated objects play an important role in many modern programs. Various results have shown the overall performance of these programs can be improved by increasing the reference locality of heap-allocated objects. In this paper we describe an approach that improves the virtual memory performance of allocation-intensive C programs by predicting the reference behavior and lifetime of heap objects as they are allocated. We further describe an implementation of our prediction algorithm and evaluate its performance on real programs. As part of our implementation, we present a low-overhead algorithm to minimize the cost of gathering run-time stack information. Finally, we show that an implementation of these algorithms has little overhead and can improve the virtual memory and TLB performance of programs substantially. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving nanoprobes using surface-enhanced Raman scattering from 30-nm hollow gold particles

We report the development of nanoprobes that exploit the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from nonaggregated, hollow, gold nanospheres (HGNSs). The homogeneity of the HGNSs leads to a nearly 10-fold improvement in signal consistency over standard silver SERS substrates, which translates into a significant increase in sensitivity and dynamic range for the model application of pH sensing. Moreover, the small size (30-nm diameter) of these SERS-active nanoparticles represents a major step in advancing sensing technology based on SERS, making this technology more amenable to intracellular sensing.
Characterizing and biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in exposures to diesel exhaust.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most important and carcinogenic components in diesel exhaust (DE). Therefore, ambient PAHs concentrations were measured and characterized for ...
(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase: selective phosphatidylcholine binding by the C-terminal domain.

(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) is a lipid-requiring mitochondrial enzyme that has a specific requirement of phosphatidylcholine (PC) for function. The C-terminal domain (CTBDH) of human heart BDH (residues 195−297) has now been expressed in Escherichia coli as a chimera with a soluble protein, glutathione S-transferase (GST), yielding GST-CTBDH, a novel fusion protein that has been purified and shown to selectively bind to PC vesicles. Both recombinant human heart BDH (HH-Histag-BDH) and GST-CTBDH (but not GST) form well-defined protein−lipid complexes with either PC or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) vesicles (but not with digalactosyl diglyceride vesicles) as demonstrated by flotation in sucrose gradients. The protein−PC complexes are stable to 0.5 M NaCl, but complexes of either HH-Histag-BDH or GST-CTBDH with PE/DPG vesicles are dissociated by salt treatment. Thrombin cleavage of GST-CTBDH, either before or after reconstitution with PC vesicles, yields CTBDH (12 1...
Selection and authentication of botanical materials for the development of analytical methods.

Herbal products, for example botanical dietary supplements, are widely used. Analytical methods are needed to ensure that botanical ingredients used in commercial products are correctly identified and that research materials are of adequate quality and are sufficiently characterized to enable research to be interpreted and replicated. Adulteration of botanical material in commerce is common for some species. The development of analytical methods for specific botanicals, and accurate reporting of research results, depend critically on correct identification of test materials. Conscious efforts must therefore be made to ensure that the botanical identity of test materials is rigorously confirmed and documented through preservation of vouchers, and that their geographic origin and handling are appropriate. Use of material with an associated herbarium voucher that can be botanically identified is always ideal. Indirect methods of authenticating bulk material in commerce, for example use of organoleptic, anatomical, chemical, or molecular characteristics, are not always acceptable for the chemist’s purposes. Familiarity with botanical and pharmacognostic literature is necessary to determine what potential adulterants exist and how they may be distinguished.
Modeling the Self-Assembly of Peptide Amphiphiles into Fibers Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics

We have studied the self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles (PAs) into a cylindrical micelle fiber starting from a homogeneous mixture of PAs in water using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Nine independent 16 μs runs all show spontaneous fiber formation in which the PA molecules first form spherical micelles, and then micelles form a three-dimensional network via van der Waals interactions. As the hydrophobic core belonging to the different micelles merge, the three-dimensional network disappears and a fiber having a diameter of ∼80 A appears. In agreement with atomistic simulation results, water molecules are excluded from the hydrophobic core and penetrate to ∼15 A away from the axis of fiber. About 66% of the surface of fiber is covered with the IKVAV epitope, and ∼92% of the epitope is exposed to water molecules.
Lifespan extension by dietary intervention in a mouse model of Cockayne Syndrome uncouples early postnatal development from segmental progeria

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal recessive segmental progeria characterized by growth failure, lipodystrophy, neurological abnormalities, and photosensitivity, but without skin cancer predisposition. Cockayne syndrome life expectancy ranges from 5 to 16 years for the two most severe forms (types II and I, respectively). Mouse models of CS have thus far been of limited value due to either very mild phenotypes, or premature death during postnatal development prior to weaning. The cause of death in severe CS models is unknown, but has been attributed to extremely rapid aging. Here, we found that providing mutant pups with soft food from as late as postnatal day 14 allowed survival past weaning with high penetrance independent of dietary macronutrient balance in a novel CS model (Csa(-/-) | Xpa(-/-)). Survival past weaning revealed a number of CS-like symptoms including small size, progressive loss of adiposity, and neurological symptoms, with a maximum lifespan of 19 weeks. Our results caution against interpretation of death before weaning as premature aging, and at the same time provide a valuable new tool for understanding mechanisms of progressive CS-related progeroid symptoms including lipodystrophy and neurodysfunction.
Room-temperature phosphorescence characteristics and limits of detection of several pharmaceutical compounds

Abstract The spectral characteristics and limits of detection for several pharmaceuticals obtained with room-temperature phosphorimetry are reported. The analyses were carried out under several different experimental conditions to observe the effect of changes in the environment and to arrive at the most suitable conditions for performing the measurements. Extreme selectivity of measurement was observed among the 28 pharmaceutical compounds studied.
The Influence of Nurse Home Visits, Including Provision of 3-Months of Contraceptives and Contraceptive Counseling, on Perceived Barriers to Contraceptive Use and Contraceptive Use Self-Efficacy

Objective To identify the influence of a community health nurse (CHN) home visit on perceived barriers to contraceptive access and contraceptive use self-efficacy. Methods We enrolled 103 women into two groups in a randomized trial evaluating the influence of contraceptive dispensing and family planning counseling during home visits on perceived barriers to accessing contraceptives and contraceptive use self-efficacy. Both groups received counseling by a CHN about sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy prevention, and a resource card listing phone numbers of family planning clinics. After randomization, the CHN dispensed three months of hormonal contraception to the intensive intervention group and advised the minimal intervention group to schedule an appointment at a family planning clinic. Data collection at baseline and 12 months included demographic, reproductive and other health-related information as well as quantitative assessments of information on perceived barriers to contraceptive access and contraceptive use self-efficacy. Results The mean age of participants was 24.7 years. Three-fourths had household incomes under $25,000. We found significant reductions in three perceived barriers to contraceptive access for both groups, as well as significant increases in two measures of contraceptive use self-efficacy at twelve months compared to baseline. Conclusion Nurse home visits involving family planning counseling might be effective in reducing perceived barriers to contraceptive access and increasing contraceptive use self-efficacy.
Reaction products of tocopherols

Tocopherols readily undergo oxidation with a variety of oxidizing agents. Considerable effort has gone into isolation and identification of these various oxidation products. In many cases they can undergo further transformations upon treatment with various chemical reagents. This review will focus on the oxidation of α-tocopherol and transformation of its oxidation products to new derivatives. Dimeric and trimeric oxidation products will not be covered. Early work on the oxidation of α-tocopherol led to identification of α-tocopherol quinone as an oxidation product formed by FeCl3 oxidation. Stronger oxidizing conditions with FeCl3 or oxidation with AgNO3 or HNO3 led to the orthoquinone and the hydroxy-p-quinone due to loss of one or two methyl groups from the aromatic ring. These early studies pointed out the unusual reactivity of the 5-methyl group of α-tocopherol. Oxidation of α-tocopherol with benzoyl peroxide led to substitution of a benzoate on the 5-methyl group. A similar reaction occurs when diasobisisobutyronitrile is used as the oxidizing agent. The oxidation of α-tocopherol by tetrachloro-o-quinone in aqueous acetonitrile resulted in the formation of 9-hydroxy-α-tocopherone. When FeCl3 was used as the oxidizing agent in the presence of α,α'-bibyridyl in ethanol, 9-ethoxy-α-tocopherone was formed. α-Tocopherolquinone can be reduced with Zn−HOAc or by catalytic hydrogenation to the hydroquinone or reductively cyclized to α-tocopherol with Zn−HBr. Reaction of α-tocopherolquinone with acetyl chloride resulted in the 5-chloromethyl-6-acetoxy derivative which has been converted to a variety of 5-methylsubstituted derivatives. Reaction of α-tocopherol with Br2 led to the 5-bromomethyl derivative. When α-tocopherolquinone was treated with hydrochloric, phosphoric, citric or tartaric acid, in the absence of oxygen, a disproportionation took place forming α-tocopherol, α-tocored and other oxidation products. An interesting isomerization of α-tocored, the orthoquinone, occurs in the presence of aqueous HCl to yield the yellowp-quinone with the chroman ring closed. The 5-benzoyloxymethyl derivative upon treatment with HCl generateso-quinone methide which can be trapped by reaction with tetracyanoethylene or dihydropyran. Treatment of the 5-benzoyloxmethyl derivative with HCl in ethanol followed by sublimation yielded the 5-aldehyde of α-tocopherol. Recently, a series of phosphate derivatives of α-tocopherol or its model, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol, were synthesized. Tris (6-acetoxy-5-methyleneoxy-7,8-dimethyltocol)phosphate, tris(2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol)phosphate, 5-hydroxymethyl-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-chromanol phosphate and the cyclic 5-methylenoxy-2,2,7,8-tetramethyl-6-chromanol phosphate, were prepared. These phosphates are of interest in view of a possible role of α-tocopherol in oxidative phosphorylation.
Femoral Nerve Blockade is Associated with Persistent Strength Deficits at Six Months Post ACL Reconstruction in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients

Objectives:Femoral nerve blockade has become a popular method of postoperative analgesia for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in pediatric and adolescent patients. Successful rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction involves return of quadriceps and hamstring strength and dynamic knee stability. The objective of this study was to compare strength and function six months after ACL reconstruction in pediatric and adolescent patients who received a femoral nerve block versus a control group of patients with no nerve block.Methods:A search of our institutional database was performed to identify patients 17 years of age or younger who underwent primary ACL reconstruction between 2001 and 2010. Revision ACL surgeries and previous contralateral and ipsilateral knee surgeries were excluded. Based on institutional protocol, the patients participated in a comprehensive rehabilitation program and underwent isokinetic strength testing (slow and fast activation) and functional testing (vertical jump, sin...
Correlations for the penetration of ECC water in a model of a PWR downcomer annulus

Abstract The application of dimensional analysis to the partial penetration data on the Battelle models ( 1 15 and 2 15 scales) results in a better fit of the penetration data than previous correlations. This analysis predicts the fractional penetration of ECC water into the lower plenum from the water flow rate, liquid subcooling and system pressure, in terms of Froude numbers based on superficial velocities of steam and water.
Photodehydrocyclizations of stilbene-like compounds VII: Synthesis and properties of the double helicene, diphenanthro[3,4-c;3',4'-l]chrysene

A description of two alternative routes (Schemes 1 and 2) for the synthesis of the title compound (I) is given. Only the second route resulted in the formation of the two diastereomers of I. The physical properties of both isomers are given. The reacemization is discussed.
Implementing business ethics: Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is a problem for many organizations. Organizations must understand that sexual harassment lies within the broader context of sex discrimination and inequality of opportunity in the workplace. Sexual harassment is both an illegal and unethical practice. Companies need to implement a policy which respects the rights of individual employees by prohibiting sexual harassment. This policy need to be clearly stated in the company Code of Ethics and enforced rigorously.
The early days of insulin use in Edinburgh.

BrMedJ 1990;301:1452-4 The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh has long been associated with the treatment of diabetes mellitus, particularly with diet and insulin. This has been due more to the teams of workers who came together than to individual specialists, but even more so to the initial impetus when insulin was discovered. Before insulin was successfully isolated by B-anting the existence of an internal secretion of the pancreas that would influence carbohydrate metabolism had been postulated. In fact it had been named in 1916 by Sir Edward Sharpey-Schaffer, the professor of physiology in Edinburgh University. At the end of the first world war it was decided to establish a chair of therapeutics in Edinburgh, and the appointment went to Jonathan Campbell-Meakins, a Canadian who had been in London before the war with Sir Thomas Lewis and Sir James Mackenzie and again on war service. He showed a research instinct with a strong physiological bias in his clinical practice. With the appointment came an offer to establish a laboratory for biochemistry and for physiological investigation. When Meakins took up his duties in October 1919 the other members of the team were David Murray Lyon, assistant physician, and Charles George Lambie, clinical assistant. About this time Chas Harington (later Sir Charles) and William Robson, who were both working with Professor Barger (in medical chemistry), were added to the team as biochemists. Even before the arrival of insulin they were interested in diabetes and writing about it.12 Their main treatment was with the Allen regimen of controlled starvation. In November 1921 Meakins was granted leave of absence to join in experiments on respiratory physi? ology at high altitude in Peru. He wrote in his unpublished autobiography that on returning through Canada about February 1922 he "heard rumours about a spectacular advance in the control of carbohydrate." It will be remembered that Banting and Best started their work together in May 1921 and treated their first patient in January 1922. Banting announced his
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A direct method to identify colorants in various artist media

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been developed as a direct, extractionless, nonhydrolysis tool to detect lake pigments and colorants of various classes used in a variety of artist ma...
Fertility of Postpartum Dairy Cows after Administration of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Prostaglandin F2α: A Field Trial1

Abstract Our objective was to examine further the potential profertility effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin F 2α in postpartum Holstein cows. Reproductive performance was monitored in 843 cows milked thrice daily. One group of cows (n=218) was untreated, while three groups received either 100 μ g gonadotropin-releasing hormone administered once between d 11 and 25 (n=211); 25mg prostaglandin F 2α given once between d 11 and 25 (n=215); or 25mg prostaglandin F 2α given once between d 25 and 40 postpartum (n=190). No profertility effects were detected in cows, regardless of their health status during the periparturient period, except cows given gonadotropin-releasing hormone between d 11 and 18 had shorter intervals to first estrus and to first service than controls. Cows with reproductive disorders (abnormal health status) in the concurrent lactation had longer intervals from calving to conception after receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone between d 18 and 25 or prostaglandin F 2α between d 33 and 40. Abnormal health status adversely affected every reproductive trait measured. Early postpartum treatments with either hormone failed to improve reproductive performance of dairy cows, in contrast to several reports of profertility effects for gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and a few reports for prostaglandin F 2α .
The prognostic significance of first myocardial infarction type (Q wave versus non-Q wave) and Q wave location

The prognostic significance of the type of first acute myocardial infarction (Q wave versus non-Q wave) and Q wave location (anterior versus inferoposterior) was determined from a multicenter data base involving 777 placebo-treated patients who were participants in the Multicenter Diltiazem Post-Infarction Trial. There were 224 patients (29%) with a non-Q wave infarction, 326 (42%) with an inferoposterior Q wave infarction and 227 (29%) with an anterior Q wave infarction. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly (p Survivorship analyses extending over 3 years revealed that electrocardiographic classification of the type of first infarction and Q wave location did not make significant independent contributions to the risk of postinfarction cardiac death or first recurrent cardiac event, either before or after adjustment for baseline clinical variables.
Acceleration model in the heterogeneous case of the general graded response model

A new model, called acceleration model, is proposed in the framework of the heterogenous case of the graded response model, based on processing functions defined for a finite or enumerable number of steps. The model is expected to be useful in cognitive assessment, as well as in more traditional areas of application of latent trait models. Criteria for evaluating models are proposed, and soundness and robustness of the acceleration model are discussed. Graded response models based on individual choice behavior are also discussed, and criticisms on model selection in terms of fitnesses of models to the data are also given.
Colony aggression in laboratory rats: A review and some recommendations

The behavioral response of established colonies of domesticated rats to the presence of an unfamiliar intruder of the same species represents one of the most effective procedures yet developed to study aggression in the laboratory. Here, the social, experiential, and environmental variables that influence attack severity are reviewed and several important methodological issues are discussed. Brief exposures of intruders to intact colonies may produce misleading results but long-term test sessions increase the likelihood that intruders will be either killed or severely injured. We describe a simple modification of the colony-intruder procedure whereby intruders can successfully defend themselves during long sessions and thus reduce serious injury. The modified procedure appears to conform more closely to what happens during aggressive encounters in free-living populations of wild rats.
Novel rearrangements of an N-oxide degradate formed from oxidation of a morpholine acetal substance P antagonist.

Abstract Compound 1 {5-[2(R)-[1(R)-(3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl) ethoxy]-3(s)-(4-fluorophenyl)morpholin-4-ylmethyl]-3h-[1,2,3] triazol-4-ylmethyl}dimethylamine represents a new class of potent, orally active substance P antagonists, which possess a characteristic structural feature-a cis -2-alkoxy-3-arylmorpholine core. The oxidative degradation of 1 in drug substance and formulations was found to occur through the two trialkylamine oxides, which undergo secondary degradations to give rise to observed degradation products. In this study, the five primary degradation products of the N-oxide 2 formed from the oxidation of the morpholine core of 1 were identified by LC/MS and MS/MS. The N-oxide 2 undergoes novel thermal rearrangements, which were proposed to follow elimination/addition mechanisms. An unusual, facile [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement was also demonstrated.
Nutrition and Eating in Female College Athletes: A Survey of Coaches

The purpose of the present study was to gather information from coaches regarding their monitoring/management of athlete eating and weight, knowledge of nutritional health issues, availability of prevention/intervention services for athletes at their school, experience with athletes exhibiting symptoms of eating and body image disturbances, and their attitudes toward eating and weight in the sport. A total of 303 coaches (51% response rate) involved in six sports (i.e., gymnastics, swimming, basketball, softball, track, and volleyball) at all levels of collegiate competition (NCAA Divisions I, II, III, and NAIA) completed a 40-item survey. Gender was found to be related to differential responding on only one of the 40 items, while sport and level of competition were related to responses on multiple items. Gymnastics coaches and NCAA Division I coaches differed significantly from coaches of other sports and divisions in that they reported more monitoring/management behaviors, had more experience with athletes exhibiting eating disturbances, and had more resources available for preventing and treating athletes with eating disorders. Gymnastics coaches also differed from other coaches on a number of items related to their attitudes toward eating and weight in the sport. Many coaches have encountered disturbed eating among their athletes, and some of their coaching attitudes and behaviors may inadvertently increase the risk for such disturbances. Implications for clinical and sport psychologists providing prevention or intervention services to intercollegiate athletes are discussed.
Philometrids of the Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma: A Multidimensional Approach to Determine Their Diversity

Two species of philometrid nematode, Philometra overstreeti and Philometroides paralichthydis, infect the southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Individuals of P. overstreeti are located between the teeth and inside the bony part of the branchial arches of the fish. Individuals of P. paralichthydis are associated with the bones of the buccal cavity and among muscles that control the dorsal and anal fins. Sequencing of part of the cytochrome oxidase I gene revealed 4 distinct genetic clades, each corresponding exactly to the 4 respective locations of the parasites in the host, suggesting the need for taxonomic revision. We hypothesized that each clade represented a separate species and, because the worms are morphologically indistinguishable, compared population level parameters of the clades comprising each currently recognized species. For each currently recognized species, the presence of worms from 1 clade was negatively correlated with the presence of worms from the other. Results also indicated significant differences between the clades in prevalences relative to both biotic and abiotic factors. Results clearly indicated major differences in the ecology of the philometrids constituting each clade. Taken as a whole, molecular and ecological data support the contention that the 4 genetic clades are likely 4 distinct species.
The Association of iris Color with Eye Disease in Diabetes

Abstract Iris (eye) color was examined for its effect on eye disease in a population-based study of diabetic retinopathy in Wisconsin. Eye color was determined by comparing the iris in a red reflex photograph with standard photographs. In younger-onset diabetic persons (N = 996), macular edema was more prevalent in persons with blue or grey eyes (12%) compared with intermediate (9%) or brown (6%) ( P = 0.04). Cataracts were more prevalent in blue or grey eyes (32%) compared with intermediate (22%) or brown (20%) in the younger-onset group ( P P = 0.012). Eye color was not associated significantly with diabetic retinopathy in either the younger- or older-onset group or with age-related macular degeneration or glaucoma in the older-onset group.
A phylogeny of sparoid fishes (Perciformes, Percoidei) based on morphology

The putative percoid superfamily Sparoidea includes the Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae, Sparidae, and Centracanthidae. Although a rigorous cladistic analysis has never been attempted, two hypotheses regarding relationships among these families have been proposed. One early noncladistic hypothesis considered the Sparidae to be intermediate between the more primitive Nemipteridae and the more derived Lethrinidae. A later nonformal phylogenetic treatment provided evidence for a close relationship between Sparidae and Centranthidae and suggested a closer affinity between the Nemipteridae and Lethrinidae. We examine 54 osteological, ligament, and squamation characters in representatives of all 45 genera of these families and 4 outgroup taxa. The results of our cladistic analysis are congruent with a cladistic interpretation of the earlier hypothesis, with strong support for the phyletic sequence Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae, Sparidae plus Centracanthidae, with placement of centracanthids unresolved with respect to sparid genera.
Quantitative analysis by various g.l.c. response-factor theories for partially methylated and partially ethylated alditol acetates☆

Results are presented which demonstrate that the molar flame-responses of partially methylated partially ethylated alditol acetates should be calculated on an effective carbon response (e.c.r.) basis. The relative responses of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-ethyl-D-glucitol 1,5-diacetate, 2,3,6-tri-O-ethyl-D-glucitol 1,4,5-triacetate, hexa-O-ethyl-D-glucitol, hexa-O-methyl-D-glucitol, α-D-galactopyranose pentaacetate were measured and compared to the predicted values from three theories: equal molar response, equal weight response, effective carbon response. The observed values agree very well (±0−6%) with the e.c.r.-calculated values. The other theories of relative response can result in as much as 100% error in quantitation. The e.c.r-calculated relative response-factors for all commonly found partially methylated partially ethylated alditol acetates are presented, and their use is suggested for accurate quantitation.
Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Global Hydroclimate: A Multimodel Ensemble Analysis

Abstract Two multimodel ensembles (MME) were produced with the GISS Model II (GM II), the GISS Atmosphere Model (AM), and the NCAR Community Climate System Model (CCSM) to evaluate the effects of tropical deforestation on the global hydroclimate. Each MME used the same 48-yr period but the two were differentiated by their land-cover types. In the “control” case, current vegetation was used, and in the “deforested” case, all tropical rain forests were converted to a mixture of shrubs and grassland. Globally, the control simulations produced with the three GCMs compared well to observations, both in the time mean and in the temporal variability, although various biases exist in the different tropical rain forests. The local precipitation response to deforestation is very strong. The remote effect in the tropics (away from the deforested tropical areas) is strong as well, but the effects at midlatitudes are weaker. In the MME, the impacts tend to be attenuated relative to the individual models. The significa...