cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What's the Value in an Appeal? An Examination of Political Advertising in Campaign 2008

Although numerous scholars have investigated myriad aspects of political advertising, surprisingly little systematic research has been undertaken to examine the manner in which quintessentially American appeals (e.g. appeals to equality, fairness and equity or free enterprise and capitalism) are used in political advertising during the course of a campaign. Likewise, scholars have neglected to examine how various contextual factors, especially economic conditions, affect the use of such value-laden appeals by candidates. In an effort to address this void, the following paper analyzes a comprehensive content-analytic database of approximately 2,200 congressional, senate and gubernatorial advertisements aired during the 2008 election cycle to determine the type and use of appeals employed by political candidates. The paper specifically examines six distinct appeals grounded in traditional American values: appeals to equality; fairness and equity; free enterprise and capitalism; traditional family values; liberty and freedom; and patriotism. In so doing, this paper seeks to illuminate important aspects of political campaign strategy and modern campaign communications. Results suggest Democrats and Republicans significantly differ in their use of appeals, with Democrats tending to embrace appeals promoting the egalitarian values of equality, fairness and equity, while Republicans increasingly opt for appeals to free enterprise and capitalism. Results further demonstrate that contextual factors condition the use of value-framed appeals such that Republican candidates, for example, become increasingly likely to invoke collectivist appeals to fairness and equity in electoral areas experiencing adverse economic conditions. Study findings expand knowledge of campaign communication strategy by illustrating the critical role played of both partisan identification and contextual factors in conditioning the use of value-laden appeals by prospective candidates.
Vestibuloocular reflex of rhesus monkeys after spaceflight

The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) of two rhesus monkeys was recorded before and after 14 days of spaceflight. The gain (eye velocity/head velocity) of the horizontal VOR, tested 15 and 18 h after landing, was approximately equal to preflight values. The dominant time constant of the animal tested 15 h after landing was equivalent to that before flight. During nystagmus induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR), the latency, rising time constant, steady-state eye velocity, and phase of modulation in eye velocity and eye position with respect to head position were similar in both monkeys before and after flight. There were changes in the amplitude of modulation of horizontal eye velocity during steady-state OVAR and in the ability to discharge stored activity rapidly by tilting during postrotatory nystagmus (tilt dumping) after flight: OVAR modulations were larger, and tilt dumping was lost in the one animal tested on the day of landing and for several days thereafter. If the gain and time constant of the horizontal VOR exchange in microgravity, they must revert to normal soon after landing. The changes that were observed suggest that adaptation to microgravity had caused alterations in way that the central nervous system processes otolith input.
Second-look laparoscopy in infertility surgery: therapeutic and prognostic value.

Sixty infertile women underwent infertility surgery followed by "second-look laparoscopy" (SLL). All these women had undergone detailed infertility workups, including a diagnostic laparoscopy prior to surgery. The tuboovarian adhesive disease was staged according to the severity of the disease and compared with findings at SLL. Sixty percent of adnexa showed improvement at SLL. During SLL, newly formed adhesions were lysed and stenotic fimbrial ostia dilated. Optimal time for SLL was 4 to 8weeks after surgery. From these observations, we suggest that SLL provides further opportunity to lyse re-formed adhesions and may have prognostic and therapeutic benefits after laparotomy for lysis of adhesions.
Esophageal Carcinoma: Depth of Tumor Invasion Is Predictive of Regional Lymph Node Status

Abstract Background . The depth of tumor invasion (T) and regional lymph node status (N) are two factors that define the stage of an esophageal carcinoma. However, the arrangement of staging groups assumes that these factors are independent variables. A retrospective review of 359 consecutive patients undergoing esophageal resection was conducted to define the relationship between T and N and to determine whether T is a significant predictor of regional lymph node metastasis (N1). Methods . Primary treatment was operation without preoperative therapy. There were 295 (82%) adenocarcinomas, 55 (15%) squamous cell carcinomas, and 9 (3%) adenosquamous carcinomas. T status was Tis in 29 (8%) patients, T1 in 65 (18%), T2 in 37 (10%), T3 in 219 (61%), and T4 in 9 (3%). N status was N0 in 161 (45%) patients and N1 in 198 (55%). M status was M0 in 327 (91%) patients and M1 in 32 (9%). Stage was 0 in 29 (8%) patients, I in 58 (16%), IIA in 70 (20%), IIB in 22 (6%), III in 148 (41%), and IV in 32 (9%). Results . The likelihood of N1 disease occurring with increasing T was tested using the trend test. The percentage of patients with N1 disease is 0% for Tis, 11% for T1, 43% for T2, 77% for T3, and 67% for T4 ( p Conclusions . We conclude that for patients with esophageal carcinoma, T is an important predictor of N and this association should be included with other established factors used in clinical staging and treatment decisions.
Computational study of the putative active form of protein Z (PZa) : Sequence design and structural modeling

Although protein Z (PZ) has a domain arrangement similar to the essential coagulation proteins FVII, FIX, FX, and protein C, its serine protease (SP)-like domain is incomplete and does not exhibit proteolytic activity. We have generated a trial sequence of putative activated protein Z (PZa) by identifying amino acid mutations in the SP-like domain that might reasonably resurrect the serine protease catalytic activity of PZ. The structure of the activated form was then modeled based on the proposed sequence using homology modeling and solvent-equilibrated molecular dynamics simulations. In silico docking of inhibitors of FVIIa and FXa to the putative active site of equilibrated PZa, along with structural comparison with its homologous proteins, suggest that the designed PZa can possibly act as a serine protease.
The "One-Shot" Hypothesis for Context Storage.

In 3 experiments motivated by the implicit memory literature, the authors investigated the effects of different strengthening operations on the list strength effect (LSE) for explicit free recall, an effect posited by R. M. Shiffrin, R. Ratcliff, and S. E. Clark (1990) to be due to context cuing. According to the one-shot hypothesis, a fixed amount of context is stored when an item is studied for at least 1 or 2 s. Beyond the initial context storage, increases in study time or different orienting tasks do not influence the amount of context that is stored, and thus only spaced repetitions should produce a positive LSE. Consistent with prior findings, spaced repetitions always produced a positive LSE, but increases in depth of processing, study time, and massed repetitions did not. A model implements the one-shot hypothesis, and a role for context storage as a link between episodic and semantic memory is discussed.
Cauchy and the spectral theory of matrices

Abstract It is well-known that Cauchy (1829) provided the first general proof that the eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix are real. Furthermore, Cauchy's paper initiated the developments that resulted in the creation of a substantial spectral theory of matrices by the early 1870's. The following essay relates Cauchy's work and its historical significance to the consideration of eigenvalue problems during the 18th century.
Analysis of Residual Stress in 6H-SiC Particles within Al2O3/SiC Composites through Raman Spectroscopy

We measured the Raman spectrum associated with the E2-TOquasi and LOquasi modes of 6H-SiC particles as a function of hydrostatic pressure using a diamond anvil cell. The results of this calibration experiment were used to analyze the residual stress in 6H-SiC particles within Al2O3/SiC composites with 12%, 20%, and 30% SiC by volume. The Raman spectra show that residual stress in the SiC near the surface of the composites is −2040 ± 120, −1841 ± 110, and −1615 ± 100 MPa for the 12%, 20%, and 30% SiC composites, respectively. The measured decrease in stress with increasing packing fraction is consistent with theoretical predictions based on micromechanics.
Identification of Cardiovascular Dynamics From Peripheral Circulatory Waveforms Using Laguerre Model Blind System ID

A new tool has been developed for characterizing both the global and local dynamic behavior exhibited by peripheral circulatory waveforms. The signals representing these waveforms can be derived from a variety of different cardiovascular sensor modalities measuring changes in pressure, flow, or volume. The correlation that exists between two peripheral circulatory waveform measurements taken at different locations allows this new signal-processing algorithm to identify two compact, low order dynamic models in real-time. These models identify the distinct dynamic behavior of the circulatory paths traveled by the pulsatile waveforms using output measurements alone. This new algorithm is based on a multi-channel blind system identification technique that has been reformulated to use a Laguerre basis function series expansion. Additionally, a new deconvolution algorithm has been developed to allow estimation of the unknown common input using the identified Laguerre models, which are generally inversely unstable. This new approach has been shown to provide accurate identification of vascular hemodynamics when applied to experimental data derived from a swine.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Turn Over Control to the Semantics

. Historically, control in generative grammar has fallen within the province of syntactic theory. One primary reason for this is that Mainstream Generative Grammar (MGG) has imposed a strong uniformity criterion on analyses as a measure of their explanatory adequacy. One aspect of this uniformity criterion, which we call Interface Uniformity, holds that the syntax-semantics interface is maximally simple, in that meaning maps transparently into syntactic structure, and that it is maximally uniform, so that the same meaning always maps into the same syntactic structure. It follows from Interface Uniformity that a nonfinite VP has a syntactic subject that is assigned its external θ-role. We argue that this view is most sustainable if one does not take into account the full richness and complexity of control phenomena, but treats control strictly in terms of complementation. When a fuller range of phenomena is taken into account, it appears that it is preferable to ‘‘turn over control’’ to the semantics, which is better equipped to capture the facts. We outline how to formulate the syntax-semantics interface so as to get the semantic facts to line up properly with the syntactic facts. This analysis of the interface extends naturally to raising.
MAKING CONNECTIONS: GROUNDING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES OF VYGOTSKY

Professional development is grounded in the developmental theories of Vygotsky in an attempt to better understand the mechanism underlying teacher development. The rationale for the use of Vygotskian framework is provided in the context of describing the various models of professional development. Within this theoretical framework, it is argued that concepts formulated by Vygotsky that are relevant to the education of students in school settings are also applicable to the professional growth of teachers in their work places. Various implications for effective professional development are presented by linking the developmental aspects of professional development and major tenets of Vygotsky's developmental theories.
Visualization of concentration fields in hemodialyzers by computed tomography

Abstract We present experimental measurements of concentration fields within a hemodialyzer using X-ray computed tomography (CT). The measured concentrations represent a volume average value for the shell and lumen fluids. Although average values for a cross-section decrease uniformly from lumen inlet to outlet, large variations in concentration occur within a cross-section. We attribute these concentration variations to variations in shell flow; regions of lower shell flow have higher concentrations. The regions of lower shell flow do not always correspond to regions of higher fiber packing. Distribution of fluid within the fiber bundle also is important.
Effective sizes of macroparasite populations: a conceptual model.

Effective population size (Ne) is a crucial parameter in evolutionary biology because it controls genetic drift and the response to selection. Thus, Ne influences evolutionary processes in parasites, such as speciation, host-race formation, local host adaptation and the evolution of drug resistance. However, Ne is a parameter that is ignored almost completely in parasitology. Our goal is to provide a conceptual framework that facilitates future studies of the Ne of macroparasites. The key feature of macroparasite populations is that breeders are subdivided into infrapopulations. We use a model of subdivided breeders to show how some basic demographic factors that control Ne in all species could be estimated for macroparasites. An important conclusion is that several features of parasite life cycles probably function in concert to reduce Ne below that expected in a single free-living population of equivalent census size.
The Think‐Aloud Controversy in Second Language Research by BOWLES, MELISSA A

A review of the book "The Think-Aloud Controversy in Second Language Research," by Melissa A. Bowles is presented.
Recurrent burner syndrome due to presumed cervical spine osteoblastoma in a collision sport athlete – a case report

We present a case of a 35-year-old active rugby player presenting with a history of recurrent burner syndrome thought secondary to an osteoblastoma involving the posterior arch of the atlas. Radiographically, the lesion had features typical for a large osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma, including osseous expansion, peripheral sclerosis and bony hypertrophy, internal lucency, and even suggestion of a central nidus. The patient subsequently underwent an en bloc resection of the posterior atlas via a standard posterior approach. The surgery revealed very good clinical results. In this report, we will discuss in detail, the presentation, treatment, and return to play recommendations involving this patient.
Comparison of Osborne‐Mendel and S5B/PL Strains of Rat: Central Effects of Galanin, NPY, β‐Casomorphin and CRH on Intake of High‐Fat and Low‐Fat Diets

The effects of central administration of galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), beta-casomorphin(1-7) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on intake of either a high-fat or low-fat diet have been compared in two strains of rat, the dietary fat-sensitive Osborne-Mendel (OM) rat and the dietary fat-resistant S5B/Pl rat. Injection of galanin (0.1, 0.3 nmoles) into the 3rd cerebral ventricle stimulated the intake of both a high-fat and a low-fat diet in OM rats in a dose dependent manner but the response was significantly smaller in rats fed the low-fat diet. In S5B/Pl rats, galanin had a small stimulatory effect on food intake but only at a high dose (2 nmole). Beta-casomorphin(1-7) (5 nmoles), an opioid-like peptide, increased the intake of the high-fat but not the low-fat diet in OM rats, whereas S5B/Pl rats fed either a high-fat or low-fat diet did not respond to beta-casomorphin(1-7). Both strains showed a similar stimulatory response to NPY (0.1, 0.5 nmoles) on the intake of the high-fat or low-fat diet, but the magnitude of the response was attenuated in S5B/Pl rats. In contrast, the anorectic effects of CRH (0.26 nmoles) on food deprived animals was similar in both strains for both diets. We speculate that the regulatory system controlling the intake of fat activated by galanin and beta-casomorphin(1-7) may be defective in S5B/Pl rats.
Final words: cell age and cell cycle are unlinked

Cooper has a simple belief: that the cell cycle is connected to age and size. Furthermore, as a result of this connection in his mind he believes that there are no possible manipulations that can operate on a batch culture to synchronize cells within the cell cycle, such that those cells can undergo a semblance of a normal cell cycle. His formulation of this argument is as a 'fundamental law', the law of conservation of cell-age order (LCCAO). The first part of this law - 'there is no batch treatment of the culture that can lead to an alteration of the cell-age order' - can probably be proved true, in the mathematical sense, and certainly makes intuitive sense. Unfortunately the corollaries of this law are rather suspect, drawing inferences from cell age to cell size to the cell cycle.
American Synecdoche: Thomas Jefferson as Image, Icon, Character, and Self

GREAT MEN STRIDE ACROSS THE PAGES of popular history, determining the fate of nations. In the modern era, the lives of revolutionary leaders have been inextricably linked with the histories of the states they founded. America's Thomas Jefferson was neither Russia's Lenin nor China's Mao, nor, he himself would have assured us, was he Europe's Napoleon Bonaparte, the founder and destroyer of countless states. Jefferson did not have the talents or inclination or opportunity to impose his will on his countrymen; modest and self-effacing, he had to share a crowded stage with the large cast of revolutionary heroes arrayed around George Washington, the father of his country. Yet perhaps it was the very modesty of Jefferson's personal ambitions, epitomized by the claim that his Declaration of Independence was intended "to be an expression of the American mind" (and not of his own imperious will) that has made him such a compelling and resonant figure in the American historical -imagination.' As historian James Parton put it in 1874, and Jefferson biographers have repeated ever since, "If Jefferson was wrong, America is wrong. If America is right, Jefferson was right."2 More recently, filmmaker Ken Burns has said that "one approaches Thomas Jefferson with the sense that he is, in a biographical sense, the Holy Grail of American history."3 Pauline Maier has suggested that it is not so much Jefferson as the Declaration of Independence that has been sacralized, "remade into a sacred text, a statement of basic, enduring truths often described with words borrowed from the vocabulary of religion."4 As with Lenin and Mao, whether the focus is on Jefferson himself or the document with which he is most closely associated, and whether one worships him or calls him
Successful Treatment of Invasive Mucormycosis in a Liver Transplant Patient by Arm Amputation

Mucormycosis is an uncommon but frequently fatal infectious complication after solid organ transplantation. We describe successful treatment of invasive mucormycosis in a liver transplant recipient by wound debridement, a right above-elbow arm amputation, and antifungal medications. Early recognition, prompt operative intervention, and initiation of an appropriate antifungal treatment are very important in the management of mucormycosis, a potentially life-threatening infection.
Quantification of recrystallization texture evolution in cold rolled AA 5182 aluminum alloy

Abstract The evolution of recrystallization textures in cold rolled AA 5182 aluminum alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The transformation kinetics of recrystallization textures during isothermal annealing was quantified by using an Avrami type equation.
Prepatterning Embryonic Development: Tabula Scripta?

Recent work has raised the possibility that chromatin modifications pre-set embryonic patterns of gene expression. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Lindeman et al. (2011) support this observation and describe how the pattern of several chromatin marks evolves over the transition from maternal to zygotic control of development.
Pentoxifylline Does Not Protect Mice Against Hypoxia

Pentoxifylline 12.5-200 mg/kg failed to increase the survival time of mice exposed to oxygen, 5%. Other measures have previously been shown to increase survival time in this model, probably by improving the ratio of energy supply to demand. This has been accomplished by either increasing cerebral blood flow or decreasing cerebral energy consumption. Contrary to previous reports, it thus seems unlikely that pentoxifylline favorably affects these factors, at least in this model.
The X pinch, a remarkable X-ray source and high-energy-density plasma

Summary form only given, as follows. If someone started to talk about a - I-keV, multiply-ionized high-Z, near-solid-density plasma that lasts for 10 to 30 ps and is about 1 pm in size, it would be natural to assume that an ultra-high intensity, short-wavelength, 5 IO-ps laser was responsible for generating that plasma. In fact, such plasmas are routinely produced using the X-pinch exploding wire configuration on the 45044 peak current, 100-ns (full width at half maximum) XP pulsed power generator at Cornell University. An X-pinch plasma is produced by using two (or more) fine wires arranged so that they cross and touch at a single point, in the form of an X, as the load of a pulsed power generator. Very dense, intensely radiating plasmas, commonly called micropinches,consistently form within about 100 @m of the original cross point of the wires, where the currents in the individual wire plasmas merge. High-resolution diagnostics can, therefore, be concentrated on that portion of the wires, thereby enabling a determination of the dynamics of the plasma and its characteristics as an x-ray source with very high spatial and temporal resolution. For example, using an x-ray streak camera, we have determined that X-pinches made from several different wire materials (e.g., MO and W) produce intense, 3- to IO-keV radiation with pulse durations as short as 10 to 30 ps, and the x-ray spectra recorded by the streak camera indicate that plasma ensities can exceed 1O Z2/cm3a nd electron temperatures can reach well into the keV range. [1,2] From experiments in which slits and thin fibers were imaged, together with detailed wave-optics calculations, we have determined that the (time integrated) size of the 3 to 10-keV x-ray source can be as small as 1 pm for some wire materials (e.g., MO and Nb). [3] Imaging of one X pinch by another enables us to follow the dynamics of micropinch formation and disassembly with - 30-ps time resolution and - I-pm spatial resolution. The methods by which these plasma properties have been determined, along with additional detail on the results, especially the source size measurements, will be discussed. Examples of the capability of an X pinch as an x-ray source for point-projection imaging will also be presented.
Genetic heterogeneity of primary familial and congenital polycythemia

Primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) is an inherited disorder of erythroid progenitor cells resulting in elevated erythrocyte mass. Several mutations of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene have been associated with PFCP, although in a few families the linkage between the EPOR gene and PFCP has been excluded. To examine the role of EPOR mutations in the pathogenesis of PFCP, we studied 43 unrelated PFCP subjects. Erythroid culture data were available in 26 subjects, and in all these subjects, we observed hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin (EPO). We screened all EPOR gene exons for mutations using ribonuclease cleavage assay and protein truncation test. We detected five mutations in exon VIII of the EPOR gene, four of which we reported earlier. A new EPOR gene mutation was found (G5959T) that changes codon 425 GAG to a termination codon, resulting in truncation of the EPOR by 84 amino acids. The G5959T mutation was found to segregate with the disease in the affected family and represents another example of a nonsense mutation associated with PFCP. We also report the first intronic mutation (A2706T) of the EPOR gene. The finding of only five disease-causing mutations in our PFCP patient pool of 43 subjects (12%) indicates that EPOR gene mutations are not the major genetic defect associated with PFCP. The hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to EPO seen in all examined PFCP subjects suggests a dominant lesion of an as yet unidentified gene either at the level of the EPOR signaling pathway or another erythropoiesis regulating pathway.
Friction stir processing of direct metal deposited copper–nickel 70/30

Abstract Friction stir processing (FSP) was carried out on a multi-layered copper–nickel 70/30, deposited on a copper–nickel 70/30 substrate via laser-assisted direct metal deposition (DMD). Microstructural changes associated with single and overlapping FSP passes were analyzed using electron microscopy. Mechanical property and corrosion behavior were also evaluated before and after FSP. It was observed that FSP reduces porosity, refines grains, increases hardness, reduces ductility and increases corrosion rate in comparison to DMD copper–nickel 70/30.
The wearable lullaby: improving sleep quality of caregivers of dementia patients

This research introduces a wearable system (the Wearable Lullaby) designed for a non-ambulatory person with dementia who wakes up frequently during the night and keeps his caregivers (family members) from sleeping. The objective of the research is to investigate the viability of a wearable simulated presence therapy system in improving the quality of sleep in caregivers of dementia patients. The simulated presence therapy has been demonstrated to assist dementia patients; however, it has not yet been positioned as a wearable device. A total of three field studies were conducted in this research to test the feasibility of the wearable simulated presence therapy for family members who have dementia patients; however, it has not yet been positioned as a wearable device. A total of three field studies were conducted in this research to test the feasibility of the wearable simulated presence therapy for family members who have dementia patients.
Survival rates in 548 patients with multiple neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract

The high incidence of multiple primary carcinomas occurring in the upper aerodigestive tract is well documented, with the accepted incidence being as high as 20-30%. The full clinical significance of this phenomenon is, however, only now becoming apparent. Herein 548 cases of documented multiple primary neoplasms, presenting initially in the upper aerodigestive tract, are evaluated retrospectively to establish the survival in these patients. The overall 5 years survival rate after diagnosis of the second neoplasm was found to be 22.3% which was significantly lower than a control group. The reasons for this poor survival are considered. These include: 1. the high incidence of second cancers developing in the lung and esophagus which have an extremely poor survival rate; 2. the frequent late diagnosis of the second lesions, with resultant advanced staging, and therefore poor prognosis; 3. inability to institute the appropriate therapy for these lesions due to the effects of previous radical therapy utilized for the first tumor. The clinical implications of this problem are discussed.
Primary non-adherence to prescribed medications.

To the Editors:—Fisher et al.’s paper1 highlights the largely ignored problem of primary non-adherence (i.e., failure to ever fill a new prescription). While we applaud the authors for leveraging electronic-prescribing (e-prescriptions) records to evaluate this component of adherence, we are concerned that the prevalence of primary non-adherence is substantially over-estimated. This type of research is particularly vulnerable to differential misclassification bias, because every new fill not captured is misclassified as non-adherence. The authors listed inability to crosslink e-prescriptions with claims when paid in cash or fills made at out-of-plan pharmacies (e.g., the Veterans Administration) as possible limitations. Claims may also be absent if benefit medication caps are exceeded. Stripping individual identifiers to protect confidentiality precludes verification that matching algorithms function correctly. Cross-walking databases between non-integrated systems is complicated by differing database architectures, and no standard approaches exist for performing database cross-walks. The authors suggested the need for comparisons of findings from other settings.
Progress in the control of chaos

Abstract In this review, we summarize several of the key contributions made over the past 5 years to the control of chaotic dynamical systems. The idea that chaotic systems can in fact be controlled may be counter-intuitive; after all they are unpredictable in the long term. Nevertheless, numerous theorists have independently developed methods which can be applied to chaotic systems, and many experimentalists have demonstrated that physical chaotic systems respond well to both simple and sophisticated control strategies. The great bulk of these researchers have restricted their study to low-dimensional systems, and correspondingly we critique this work at length. Most recently, a few researchers have proposed control techniques for application to high- or infinite-dimensional systems, and we describe this work in some detail as well.
Magnetic excitations and heat capacity of fayalite, Fe2SiO4

We have used inelastic neutron-scattering measurements to study the magnetic excitations in the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases of polycrystalline fayalite, Fe2SiO4. Sharp, nondispersing excitations are found in the ordered state, at 3.3, 5.4, 5.9, and 11.4 meV, and are interpreted as arising from the spin-orbit manifold of the Fe2+ ions. These excitations are increasingly damped with increasing temperature, merging into a quasielastic continuum near the 65 K Neel temperature, although their energy does not vary with temperature. We have calculated the contribution of the heat capacity arising from these magnetic excitations and found that it compares favorably with the magnetic heat capacity deduced experimentally. Our analysis indicates that the M1 and M2 sites behave distinctly. The M1 site behaves quasi-locally and appears in the heat capacity as a Schottky anomaly that explains the shoulder in the heat capacity curve near 20 K, while the M2 site contributes predominantly to the critical lambda anomaly. The behavior of fayalite illuminates the nature of magnetic states in several related minerals, including others that also show shoulders and lambda anomalies in the heat capacity (tephroite), those that show only lambda anomalies (cobalt olivine and liebenbergite), and those that show only non-lambda anomalies (bronzite, anthophyllite, and almandine). We find no evidence to support the recent claim that some transition metal silicate and germanate olivines exhibit strong geometric frustration.
Familial brainstem glioma

Two young males with a high degree of consanguinity presented with similar brainstem gliomas. As the patients were raised separately, their presentation with similar tumors suggests a genetic basis for the occurrence of these gliomas.
Moving Stem Cells to the Clinic: Potential and Limitations for Brain Repair

Stem cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for many currently devastating neurological disorders. Substantial progress has been made in the derivation of disease-relevant human donor cell populations. Behavioral data in relevant animal models of disease have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for several cell-based approaches. Consequently, cGMP grade cell products are currently being developed for first in human clinical trials in select disorders. Despite the therapeutic promise, the presumed mechanism of action of donor cell populations often remains insufficiently validated. It depends greatly on the properties of the transplanted cell type and the underlying host pathology. Several new technologies have become available to probe mechanisms of action in real time and to manipulate in vivo cell function and integration to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Results from such studies generate crucial insight into the nature of brain repair that can be achieved today and push the boundaries of what may be possible in the future.
Chemical vapor deposition applications in microelectronics processing

Abstract The chemical vapor deposition of epitaxial and polycrystalline silicon and of its compounds (oxides, nitrides and carbides) is discussed with respect to their applications and uses in silicon microelectronics processing. Epitaxial silicon deposition as well as selective deposition are considered from the aspects of substrate orientation, the silicon-bearing halide or hydride, and predeposition conditioning through orientation-dependent etching and deposition. Nucleation and atomic transport are also discussed. We examine the use of polycrystalline silicon deposition in thin film metallization, e.g. in MOS devices, and in thick film devices, e.g. in full dielectric isolation silicon processing. The chemical vapor deposition of SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 is discussed with respect to deposition conditions and their use as dielectric and/or passivation films. Thin film deposition of SiC is also of considerable interest in silicon semiconductor processing and is considered from the standpoints of deposition conditions, properties and applications.
Single Machine Scheduling and Selection to Minimize Total Flow Time with Minimum Number Tardy

Emmons considered the problem of sequencing N jobs on a single machine to minimize total flow time with the minimum number of tardy jobs. He proposed an effective branch-and-bound algorithm for this problem. In this paper, we show that Emmons' algorithm can be extended to a more difficult scheduling problem which includes an optimal selection of jobs as well.
Coronary perfusion catheter: its effectiveness in an experimental model of acute coronary occlusion.

Abstract The effectiveness of a coronary perfusion catheter was studied in an animal model of acute coronary occlusion. Systemic hemodynamic variables, regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) in the subepicardium and subendocardium, and regional systolic function (systolic segmental shortening) of the area perfused by the circumflex coronary artery (CX) were measured in eight anesthetized dogs. After baseline measurements, the CX coronary artery was occluded with a silk snare and measurements were repeated after 5 minutes of ischemia (occlusion No. 1). The snare was released and 1 hour later the snare occlusion was repeated after placement of a perfusion catheter in the CX coronary artery. After 5 minutes, measurements were repeated (occlusion No. 2). To determine the long-term effectiveness of the catheter, hemodynamic variables and regional function measurements were then obtained every 15 minutes for a total of 60 minutes. During occlusion No. 1, RMBF decreased from 1.30 ± 0.20 to 0.41 ± 0.13 ml · min −1 · gm −1 ( p −1 · gm −1 ( p −1 · gm −1 ; during occlusion No. 2 subepicardial RMBF was greater ( p p
Transport through mixed proton, oxygen ion and electron (hole) conductors: Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz-type equation

Abstract Many high temperature oxides and low temperature polymeric materials transport protons, oxygen ions, and electrons or holes. These materials are candidates as membranes for fuel cells and electrolyzers. This manuscript examines non-equilibrium steady state transport through such membranes under the assumption of local equilibrium. A simple equivalent circuit analysis is given for transport through mixed proton, oxygen ion, and electron (hole) conducting membranes. The cell potential can be described in terms of transport parameters of charged species (H+, O2− and e or h) and internal EMFs given in terms of chemical potentials of neutral species ( μ H 2 , μ O 2 ). The resulting equation for cell potential is similar to the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz (GHK) equation used in cell physiology. Transport through a fuel cell based on such materials is examined. Effects of electrolyte/electrode interfaces are explicitly included in the analysis. Fluxes of H2 and O2 through the membrane are evaluated at open circuit and under load. They obey Onsager reciprocity relations, inclusive of interface effects. The analysis also shows that the chemical potentials of H2 and O2 and electric potential, φ, exhibit abrupt changes across interfaces.
Simulation and analysis of antennas radiating in a complex environment

An accurate and efficient numerical solution is developed for predicting high-frequency radiation patterns of antennas mounted on curved surfaces. This solution employs the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) and has mainly been used to analyze airborne antenna patterns. In this case the aircraft is modeled in its most basic form so that the solution is applicable to general-type aircraft. The fuselage is modeled as a perfectly conducting composite ellipsoid, whereas, the wings, stabilizers, nose, fuel tanks, and engines, etc. are simulated by perfectly conducting fiat plates. The composite-ellipsoid fuselage model is necessary to simulate successfully the wide variety of real world fuselage shapes. Since the antenna is mounted on the fuselage, it has a dominant effect on the resulting radiation pattern, so it must be simulated accurately, especially near the antenna. Various radiation patterns are calculated for military aircraft, private aircraft, and the space shuttle orbiter. The application of this solution to practical airborne antenna problems illustrates its versatility and design capability. The solution accuracy is verified by the comparisons between calculated and measured data.
The Sculpting of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genome by Host Cell–Derived Pressures

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an incredibly successful pathogen with an extraordinary penetrance of its target host population. The ability to infect many yet cause disease in few is undoubtedly central to this success. This ability relies on sensing and responding to the changing environments encountered during the course of disease in the human host. This article discusses these environmental cues and stresses and explores how the genome of M. tuberculosis has evolved under the purifying selections that they exert. In analyzing the response of M. tuberculosis to a broad range of intracellular pressures, it is clear that, despite genome downsizing, M. tuberculosis has retained an extraordinary flexibility in central carbon metabolism. We believe that it is this metabolic plasticity, more than any of the virulence factors, that is the foundation for M. tuberculosis’s qualities of endurance.
Monte Carlo renormalization-group studies of the d=2 Ising model

A Monte Carlo renormalization-group method is described and illustrated by application to the two-dimensional Ising model using several different renormalization-group transformations.
Control of PERK eIF2α kinase activity by the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced molecular chaperone P58IPK

P58IPK is an Hsp40 family member known to inhibit the interferon (IFN)-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) protein kinase R (PKR) by binding to its kinase domain. We find that the stress of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates P58IPK gene transcription through an ER stress-response element in its promoter region. P58IPK interacts with and inhibits the PKR-like ER-localized eIF2α kinase PERK, which is normally activated during the ER-stress response to protect cells from ER stress by attenuating protein synthesis and reducing ER client protein load. Levels of phosphorylated eIF2α were lower in ER-stressed P58IPK-overexpressing cells and were enhanced in P58IPK mutant cells. In the ER-stress response, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-mediated translational repression is transient and is followed by translational recovery and enhanced expression of genes that increase the capacity of the ER to process client proteins. The absence of P58IPK resulted in increased expression levels of two ER stress-inducible genes, BiP and Chop, consistent with the enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation in the P58IPK deletion cells. Our studies suggest that P58IPK induction during the ER-stress response represses PERK activity and plays a functional role in the expression of downstream markers of PERK activity in the later phase of the ER-stress response.
Daily physical activity and hot flashes in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Flashes Study

Objective To examine the role of physical activity in menopausal hot flashes. Design Physiologic hot flash monitor and activity monitor over two 48-hour periods, with self-report in an electronic diary. Setting Community. Patient(s) 51 midlife women. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Physiologically detected hot flashes and reported hot flashes with and without physiologic corroboration. Result(s) Competing models conceptualize physical activity as a risk or protective factor for hot flashes, but few studies have examined this relationship prospectively using physiologic measures of hot flashes and physical activity. When physiologic hot flashes, reported hot flashes, and reported hot flashes without physiologic corroboration were related to activity changes using hierarchic generalized linear modeling, adjusting for potential confounders, hot flash reports without physiologic corroboration were more likely after activity increases, particularly among women with higher levels of depressive symptoms. No other types of hot flashes were related to physical activity. Conclusion(s) Acute increases in physical activity were associated with increased reporting of hot flashes that lacked physiologic corroboration, particularly among women with depressive symptoms. Clinicians should consider the role of symptom perception and reporting in relations between physical activity and hot flashes.
The petroleum exponential (again)

The U.S. production and reserves of liquid and gaseous petroleum have declined since 1960, at least in the lower 48 states. This decline stems from decreased discovery rates, as predicted by M. King Hubbert in the mid-1950's. Hubbert's once unpopular views were based on statistical analysis of the production history of the petroleum industry, and now, even with inclusion of the statistical perturbation caused by the Prudhoe Bay-North Alaskan Slope discovery (the largest oil field ever found in the United States), it seems clear again that production is following the exponential curve to depletion of the resource—to the end of the ultimate yield of petroleum from wells in the United States. In a recent report, C. Hall and C. Cleveland of Cornell University show that large atypical discoveries, such as the Prudhoe Bay find, are but minor influences on what now appears to be the crucial intersection of two exponentials [Science, 211, 576–579, 1981]: the production-per-drilled-foot curve of Hubbert, which crosses zero production no later than the year 2005; the other, a curve that plots the energy cost of drilling and extraction with time; that is, the cost-time rate of how much oil is used to drill and extract oil from the ground. The intersection, if no other discoveries the size of the Prudhoe Bay field are made, could be as early as 1990, the end of the present decade. The inclusion of each Prudhoe-Bay-size find extends the year of intersection by only about 6 years. Beyond that point, more than one barrel of petroleum would be expended for each barrel extracted from the ground. The oil exploration-extraction and refining industry is currently the second most energy-intensive industry in the U.S., and the message seems clear. Either more efficient drilling and production techniques are discovered, or domestic production will cease well before the end of this century if the Hubbert analysis modified by Hall and Cleveland is correct.
On the shifting of optical transition frequencies in rare-earth doped insulators by resonant optical excitation

Abstract Photon echo experiments, conducted in cryogenic Eu3+ : Y2O3, indicate that resonant excitation of Eu3+ ions results in a slight shifting of the excited ion's optical transition frequency. This effect is a direct analog of the effect known in NMR as instantaneous diffusion. One explanation for the existence of excitation-induced optical frequency shifts is to postulate a state-dependent permanent electric-dipole associated with the Eu3+ sites. Studies of excitation-mediated frequency shifts can be expected to shed light on this hypothesis and to influence the interpretation of both time- and frequency-domain optical studies of relaxation dynamics since both dephasing rates and linewidths can be affected by the shifts.
Prostate size is not associated with recovery of sexual function after minimally invasive radical prostatectomy.

Objectives To investigate the association of prostate weight with recovery of sexual function after minimally invasive radical prostatectomy. Methods Between April 2001 and September 2007, two surgeons performed 856 consecutive laparoscopic radical prostatectomies for clinically localized prostate cancer. Patients were stratified into three groups by prostate weight: 70 g. Sexual and urinary outcomes were assessed prospectively using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) questionnaire. Patients who underwent nerve sparing (unilateral or bilateral) with complete preoperative EPIC data, a minimum preoperative Sexual Health Inventory for Men score ≥21, and a minimum of 3 months of complete postoperative EPIC data were included in the analysis. Results Of the cohort of 856 men, 324 (38%) had complete, evaluable data and met the inclusion criteria for this study. Preoperatively, there were no significant differences by prostate weight in the EPIC sexual function or bother subscale scores or the proportion of patients participating in sexual intercourse. Postoperatively, we observed statistically similar returns to baseline EPIC sexual function and bother subscale scores and participation in sexual intercourse across all gland weight groups at all time points. EPIC sexual domain scores and the proportions of patients participating in sexual intercourse continued to increase up to 24 months postoperatively, but no group returned to preoperative function at any sampling point. Conclusions Prostate size is not associated with postoperative recovery of sexual function in men undergoing minimally invasive radical prostatectomy.
Content of some heavy metals in soil and corn grain

Abstract In an attempt to find causes for lower than expected corn (Zea mays L.) production along the bottomlands of the Green and Pond Rivers in western Kentucky, corn fields were sampled for soil and corn grain to determine heavy metal content. Samples from sixteen carefully selected fields were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni content. Yield of corn was not related to either soil or grain content of these heavy metals. There was also no relationship between soil pH and heavy metal accumulation by grain or heavy metal accumulation by grain and soil content of heavy metals within the range of levels found. Soil contents of Cr, Pb, and Ni were within the range of values reported in the literature for uncontaminated soils. However, soil content of Cd was near or above the upper end of the ranges reported in the literature, even on control samples taken upstream from sites of potential heavy metal pollution. Karnak soils (fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, mesic Vertic Haplaquepts), which are high in montmoril...