cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerosol properties from spectral extinction and backscatter estimated by an inverse Monte Carlo method

The feasibility of using a generalized stochastic inversion methodology to estimate aerosol size distributions accurately by use of spectral extinction, backscatter data, or both is examined. The stochastic method used, inverse Monte Carlo (IMC), is verified with both simulated and experimental data from aerosols composed of spherical dielectrics with a known refractive index. Various levels of noise are superimposed on the data such that the effect of noise on the stability and results of inversion can be determined. Computational results show that the application of the IMC technique to inversion of spectral extinction or backscatter data or both can produce good estimates of aerosol size distributions. Specifically, for inversions for which both spectral extinction and backscatter data are used, the IMC technique was extremely accurate in determining particle size distributions well outside the wavelength range. Also, the IMC inversion results proved to be stable and accurate even when the data had significant noise, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.
Sequential first-pass elimination of a metabolite derived from a precursor

We examined data from our previous studies in which we not only delivered perfusate containing tracer concentrations of [14C]phenacetin and its metabolite [3H]acetaminophen under constant perfusate flow (10 ml/ min/ liver) into the rat liver preparation just once, but also recirculated fresh reservoir perfusate containing a tracer dose of [14C]phenacetin through the same rat liver preparation. From the single-pass studies, estimates of fm, the fractional rate of conversion for [14C]phenacetin to form [14C]acetaminophen, and F(M.P), the apparent availability of [14C]acetaminophen, were obtained by determining the concentrations of [14C]acetaminophen in the perfusate before and after incubation with Glusulase. These estimates were fm=0.871±0.16 and F(M.P)=0.43±0.10. These and the steady-state clearance values of phenacetin (9.1±0.8ml/min) and acetaminophen (6.7±0.7ml/min) from the single-pass studies were used to predict the concentrations of [14C]acetaminophen in the reservoir perfusate on recirculation of [14C]phenacetin. We found that the sequential first-pass elimination of the metabolite must be considered when the metabolite is highly extracted by the liver. If we had neglected to take this into account, the fractional rate of conversion of a precursor to form a metabolite and the rate of formation of the metabolite would have been underestimated by the factor F(M.P).
Calculation of sticking using theR-matrix method with the Bloch operator

We calculate the effects of nuclear forces on the sticking in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion using theR-matrix method. The importance of the Bloch operator in this calculation is emphasized. We try to clarify some features in the formulation that seem to have caused confusion in the past. Some speculations are made regarding the remaining discrepancy of the calculated sticking with experimental values.
Biosynthesis of milk fat.

Abstract Milk fat represents a loss of energy to the cow. This energy is potentially available for production of more milk when secretion of milk fat is suppressed by diet or by fatty acids unsuited to formation of milk glycerides. Full realization of this potential for greater milk production depends upon energy limiting milk production and upon preventing deposition of the extra energy in adipose tissue. Dietary magnesium oxide seems to inhibit fat deposition by decreasing adipose lipoprotein lipase and glyceride synthesis. Lactation inhibits these same reactions more dramatically, and a fuller understanding of lactational inhibition of fattening could manifest ways to facilitate diversion of fatty acids to the mammary gland. Evidence for lipoproteins in blood which preferentially transfer fat to mammary rather than adipose tissue offers one possible control while the effect of prolactin on mammary lipoprotein lipase offers another.
Miniaturized multiband planar antenna for GSM, UMTS, WLAN, and WiMAX bands

This paper presents a compact multiband planar monopole microstrip antenna for modern mobile phone applications. The proposed antenna covers the following wireless communication bands: GSM(824–894 MHz), PCS(1850–1990 MHz), WLAN(2.4–2.484 GHz), WiMAX(2.5–2.69 GHz and 5.1–5.8 GHz). A new technique of using a combination of slots and slits in the radiating patch and the ground plane has been employed to achieve the multiband performance of the antenna. The proposed antenna exhibits good radiation performance in terms of gain, return loss, and compactness. The proposed antenna is suitable for many wireless handheld devices. A good agreement between the simulated and the experimental results is achieved.
Exploring the Heterogeneous Design Space for both Performance and Reliability

As we move into a new era of heterogeneous multi-core systems, our ability to tune the performance and understand the reliability of both hardware and software becomes more challenging. Given the multiplicity of different design trade-offs in hardware and software, and the rate of introduction of new architectures and hardware/software features, it becomes difficult to properly model emerging heterogeneous platforms.In this paper we present a new methodology to address these challenges in a flexible and extensible framework. We describe the design of a framework that supports a range of heterogeneous devices to be evaluated based on different performance/reliability criteria. We address heterogeneity both in hardware and software, providing a flexible framework that can be easily adapted and extended as new elements in the SoC stack continue to evolve. Our framework enables modeling at different levels of abstraction and interfaces to existing tools to compose hybrid modeling environments. We also consider the role of software, providing a flexible and modifiable compiler stack based on LLVM. We provide examples that highlight both the flexibility of this framework and demonstrate the utility of the tools.
Limbus/pupil switching for wearable eye tracking under variable lighting conditions

We present a low-cost wearable eye tracker built from off-the-shelf components. Based on the open source openEyes project (the only other similar effort that we are aware of), our eye tracker operates in the visible spectrum and variable lighting conditions. The novelty of our approach rests in automatically switching between tracking the pupil/iris boundary in bright light to tracking the iris/sclera boundary (limbus) in dim light. Additional improvements include a semi-automatic procedure for calibrating the eye and scene cameras, as well as an automatic procedure for initializing the location of the pupil in the first image frame. The system is accurate to two degrees visual angle in both indoor and outdoor environments.
A multi-sensor approach to airport surface traffic tracking

A dual sensor system using a large number of inexpensive short range sensors can act as a valuable adjunct to surface surveillance radars, as well as provide a low cost tracking system for non-radar equipped airports. A measurement program was conducted to collect data on magnetic and infrared signatures of aircraft and other vehicles on airport surfaces. The data indicates that short range sensors can provide detection and tracking of vehicles, and may be able to perform some classification function. >
Progressive counting with therapy clients with post‐traumatic stress disorder: Three cases

Background Progressive counting (PC) is a recently developed trauma treatment that has shown promise in several studies with non-therapy-client samples. Aim The aim of this archival study was to determine whether PC's effectiveness found in other research might carry over to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases in clinical practice. Method The present case series included three consecutive cases in the first author's clinical practice, in which the client was diagnosed with PTSD, and in which PC was used. Findings Each participant showed remission of PTSD and substantial reduction or elimination of presenting problems, with results persisting at one-year follow-up. Three other cases, which were excluded because post-treatment or follow-up data were not available, showed a similar pattern of symptom reduction. Implications These findings suggest that PC can be beneficial with therapy clients with PTSD.
AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROSIS I. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE RENAL LESION IN RATS

Experimental renal disease was produced in young rats by daily subcutaneous injections of 6-dimethylamino purine, 3-amino-d-ribose (aminonucleoside). The physiologic, biochemical, and light microscopic changes were similar to those observed in human nephrosis. Electron microscopy of the glomeruli from animals which received seven or more daily injections of aminonucleoside revealed characteristic abnormalities of the epithelial cells of the glomerular capillaries. These changes consisted of swelling, coalescence, and eventual obliteration of the epithelial cell foot processes and an increase in the number and the size of epithelial cytoplasmic vacuoles. The serial development of the ultramicroscopic pathologic changes in the epithelial cells, as observed by study of animals through the course of the disease, indicated that the smudging of the foot processes occurred at the time of onset of severe proteinuria. Further changes, consisting of hypercellularity due primarily to an increase in the number of endothelial cells and an increase in the amount of basement membrane-like material, were regularly observed by the 12th day after injections were begun. These abnormalities were correlated with the development of uremia in the later stages of the disease process. The distal and proximal renal tubules were abnormal by the 7th day after injections were begun, and showed localized swelling between the cristae of the mitochondria and a decrease in over-all cytoplasmic density, described as hydropic change. Electron microscopy of glomeruli from animals which had partially recovered from aminonucleoside nephrosis revealed areas of normal epithelial cell morphology. This observation was interpreted as evidence of partial reversal of the ultramicroscopic changes in the recovery phase of the disease. These observations of the fine structure of pathologically altered glomeruli and tubules in aminonucleoside nephrosis are similar to our findings in human nephrosis as revealed by electron microscopy of serial renal biopsies.
Slavery, kinship, and dominance: The black community at Somerset place plantation, 1786–1860

(1992). Slavery, kinship, and dominance: The black community at Somerset place plantation, 1786–1860. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 1-19.
Distributed Node Selection for Sequential Estimation over Noisy Communication Channels

This paper proposes a framework for distributed sequential parameter estimation in wireless sensor networks. In the proposed scheme, the estimator is updated sequentially at the current node with its new measurement and the noisy corrupted local estimator from the previous node. Since all nodes in the network may not carry useful information, methodologies to find the best set of nodes and the corresponding node ordering for the sequential estimation process are investigated. It is shown that the determining the optimal set of nodes that leads to the globally optimal performance is computationally complex when the network size is large. We develop two distributed greedy type node selection algorithms with reduced computational and communication complexities. In these algorithms, the next best node is selected at the current node such that it optimizes a certain reward function. It is shown that the performance of both proposed greed type schemes leads to exact, or close to exact, results to the optimal scheme computed via forward dynamic programming, under certain conditions. Moreover, contrast to existing methodologies, our work considers the node selection and inter-node communication noise jointly in the sequential estimation process.
Beyond Progressivism: Charles A. Beard's Social Democratic Theory of American Political Development

In one of his last published works, Vernon Louis Parrington authored the introduction to a book entitled The Growth and Decadence of Constitutional Government. In it he endorsed the book's claim that ratification of the U.S. Constitution had been accompanied by “bitter class divisions.” In Parrington's view, the struggle for ratification was accurately described as both a political “clash between aristocracy and democracy” and an economic class struggle “between the greater landed and financial interests and the agrarian interests” of the new republic. He concurred with the author that “the two [struggles] in reality were one.” Hence, he suggested, relative to this historical context, the Constitution should be regarded as “a deliberate and well considered protective measure designed by able men who represented the aristocracy and wealth of America; a class instrument directed against the democracy.”
Measurement of Twinning Elements in PST TiAl Single Crystal

Twinning is the major deformation mode at room temperature in TiAl polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals (lamellar structure, TiAl is the major phase and Ti3Al is the minor phase). We present here the results of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) observations of deformation twinning displacements measured on the free surfaces of PST single crystals. AFM is used in this experiment because of its very high resolution for topological measurements and its ability to measure surface displacements from very small twins. Measurements were made on samples with different compression axes and surface orientations. When a twin intersects a free surface, a definite displacement is produced which is easily related to the twinning elements. The majority of the surface offsets observed correspond to those for ordinary twinning, within a very small deviation. Thus it is concluded that these are ordinary twins. The widths of the twinning bands are around 300nm, smaller than the widths of the TiAl lamellae. Slip bands are also observed. They are characterized by a much more irregular geometry than the twinning bands. At some places where twins intersect a domain boundary slip bands are produced in the adjacent domain.
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography of Wool Part I : Detection and Quantitation of Commercially Applied Agents

An investigation determined the feasibility of detecting and quantitating commer cially applied agents on wool by pyrolysis gas chromatography. Characteristic peaks were generated from benzoylated wool, from wool treated with the insect-resist agent Mitin FF and from wool dyed with Lissamine yellow 2G, thus demonstrating that the technique is suitable for detecting the presence of such agents. Two approaches were used for the quantitative analysis of the treatment and the dyeing using the data from the resulting pyrograms. One approach used peak area response per microgram of treated wool and the other used peaks generated from wool's tyrosine as internal standards. Although the latter approach gave a better linear fit, inverse regression analysis demonstrated that the former approach was most suitable for predicting agent add-on (percent on weight of fiber).
LIGHT CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT

To grow and develop optimally, all organisms need to perceive and process information from both their biotic and abiotic surroundings. A particularly important environmental cue is light, to which organisms respond in many different ways. Because they are photosynthetic and non-motile, plants need to be especially plastic in response to their light environment. The diverse responses of plants to light require sophisticated sensing of its intensity, direction, duration, and wavelength. The action spectra of light responses provided assays to identify three photoreceptor systems absorbing in the red/far-red, blue/near-ultraviolet, and ultraviolet spectral ranges. Following absorption of light, photoreceptors interact with other signal transduction elements, which eventually leads to many molecular and morphological responses. While a complete signal transduction cascade is not known yet, molecular genetic studies using the model plant Arabidopsis have led to substantial progress in dissecting the signal transduction network. Important gains have been made in determining the function of the photoreceptors, the terminal response pathways, and the intervening signal transduction components.
The Sprengnether Vertical Seismograph

William Sprengnether, Jr., of the Sprengnether Instrument Company in Saint Louis, Missouri, has designed an instrument to supply the apparent demand for a simple, low-priced, short-period, vertical-component seismograph of fairly high sensitivity. The frame consists of a rigid truss with a long hinge-bar at right-angles to it. Above the rear end of the truss a weight is carried by a vertical bar on which it is adjustable in order to regulate the period by setting the center of gravity in any desired relationship to the point of suspension from the spiral spring. The principal part of the mass consists of this counterweight and of a brass box at the forward end of the truss containing a pair of elliptical brass spools on which are wound flat coils; and to a lesser extent a copper plate supported on a forward extension of the boom or truss adds to the inertia-mass of the moving system. The hinge consists of two pairs of thin crossed springs attached to the hinge-bar of the moving system and to a rigid cross-piece fastened to the frame. The coil-box is free to move between the poles of a large, powerful Alnico magnet. The copper plate moves between the poles of three pairs of commercial Alnico horseshoe magnets by which critical damping is easily obtained. Wires are led from the coil-box over the frame to the neighborhood of the hinge-line and thence to a galvanometer. The period chosen in the case of the instrument with which we have been working at Saint Louis University lies between the microseisms which usually have periods from four to seven seconds and the local traffic disturbances which have periods less than a second.
Once Below A Time1

What is it to write “in the mythic mode”? Looking back over the chapter headings of this book, I suggest that some writers through time from all corners of the Earth have had the sense that trees breathe, the cosmos speaks, memory has both an ear and an eye; that small is smaller than imagined, and that birthings occur in wombs other than in human form. Certainly, too, myth abounds with shape changes. And perhaps that is a central understanding of myth: the ever-on-goingness of life forms, the constant occurrence of change.
Studies of vibrational properties in Ga stabilized delta-Pu by extended X-ray absorption fine structure

Temperature dependent extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra were measured for a 3.3 at. % Ga stabilized Pu alloy over the range T= 20 - 300 K. EXAFS data were acquired at both the Ga K-edge and the Pu L{sub III} edge. Curve-fits were performed to the first shell interactions to obtain pair-distance distribution widths, {sigma}, as a function of temperature. The temperature dependence of {sigma}(T) was accurately modeled using a correlated-Debye model for the lattice vibrational properties, suggesting Debye-like behavior in this material. Using this formalism, we obtain pair-specific correlated-Debye temperatures, {Theta}{sub cD}, of 110.7 {+-} 1.7 K and 202.6 {+-} 3.7 K, for the Pu-Pu and Ga-Pu pairs, respectively. The result for the Pu-{Theta}{sub cD} value compares well with previous vibrational studies on {delta}-Pu. In addition, our results represent the first unambiguous determination of Ga-specific vibrational properties in Pu-Ga alloys, i.e, {Theta}{sub cD} for the Ga-Pu pair. Because the Debye temperature can be related to a measure of the lattice stiffness, these results indicate the Ga-Pu bonds are significantly stronger than the Pu-Pu bonds. This effect has important implications for lattice stabilization mechanisms in these alloys.
Visualization for Exascale: Portable Performance is Critical

Researchers face a daunting task to provide scientific visualization capabilities for exascale computing. Of the many fundamental changes we are seeing in HPC systems, one of the most profound is a reliance on new processor types optimized for execution bandwidth over latency hiding. Multiple vendors create such accelerator processors, each with significantly different features and performance characteristics. To address these visualization needs across multiple platforms, we are embracing the use of data parallel primitives that encapsulate highly efficient parallel algorithms that can be used as building blocks for conglomerate visualization algorithms. We can achieve performance portability by optimizing this small set of data parallel primitives whose tuning conveys to the conglomerates. In this paper we provide an overview of how to use data parallel primitives to solve some of the most common problems in visualization algorithms. We then describe how we are using these fundamental approaches to build a new toolkit, VTK-m, that provides efficient visualization algorithms on multi and many-core architectures. We conclude by reviewing a comparison of a visualization algorithm written with data parallel primitives and separate versions hand written for different architectures to show comparable performance with data parallel primitives with far less development work.
Establishment of adult syrian golden hamster duodenal epithelial cell cultures from organ explants

A method is provided for the isolation of duodenal cells from adult Syrian golden hamster duodenum maintained as long-term organ explant cultures. The epithelial cells that grow into a collagen matrix are digested and plated on plastic dishes.
Multiple regression analysis of factors influencing a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in populations of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) in corn

Samples of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were collected from cornfields near St. Gabriel, La., in 1981 and 1982, and near Hammond, La., in 1982 and 1983. Prevalence of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was <15% at the St. Gabriel site, but exceeded 40% at Hammond. Multiple regression analysis indicated that host population factors affected prevalence of NPV at St. Gabriel, and that abiotic factors were more important at Hammond. Medium-sized larvae (third and fourth instars) were more commonly infected than small (first and second instars) or large (fifth and sixth instars) larvae. Disease did not appear sustainable in a population until a threshold density of approximately one larva per corn plant was attained.
Invisible fence methods and the identification of differentially expressed gene sets

The fence method (Jiang et al. 2008; Ann. Statist. 36, 1669–1692) is a recently developed strategy for model selection. The idea involves a procedure to isolate a subgroup of what are known as correct models (of which the optimal model is a member). This is accomplished by constructing a statistical fence, or barrier, to carefully eliminate incorrect models. Once the fence is constructed, the optimal model is selected from amongst those within the fence according to a criterion which can be made flexible. The construction of the fence can be made adaptively to improve finite sample performance. We extend the fence method to situations where a true model may not exist or be among the candidate models. Furthermore, another look at the fence methods leads to a new procedure, known as invisible fence (IF). A fast algorithm is developed for IF in the case of subtractive measure of lack-of-fit. The main focus of the current paper is microarray gene-set analysis. In particular, Efron and Tibshirani (2007; Ann. Appl. Statist. 1, 107–129) proposed a gene set analysis (GSA) method based on testing the significance of gene-sets. In typical situations of microarray experiments the number of genes is much larger than the number of microarrays. This special feature presents a real challenge to implementation of IF to microarray gene-set analysis. We show how to solve this problem in this paper, and carry out an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study that compares the performances of IF and GSA in identifying differentially expressed gene-sets. The results show that IF outperforms GSA, in most cases significantly, uniformly across all the cases considered. Furthermore, we demonstrate both theoretically and empirically the consistency property of IF, while pointing out the inconsistency of GSA under certain situations. An application in tracking pathway involvement in late vs earlier stage colon cancers is considered.
Tavaborole, Efinaconazole, and Luliconazole: Three New Antimycotic Agents for the Treatment of Dermatophytic Fungi

Fungal diseases of the nail bed (onychomycosis) and epidermis are recurrent illnesses in the elderly and immunocompromised patients, which have few efficacious treatment options. Current treatment options for onychomycosis are limited to topical agents, laser treatment, and oral antifungals. Previous generations of topical agents were not efficacious, owing to poor penetration of the nail bed. Oral antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole, not only give better response rates but also inhibit a host of CYP450 enzymes. Oral antifungals can exacerbate drug-drug interactions for patients taking other medications concurrently. Newer topical agents might recognize improved efficacy and provide therapeutic alternatives when the use of oral antifungal agents is contraindicated. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved efinaconazole and tavaborole for the treatment of onychomycosis. Additionally, the FDA approved luliconazole for the treatment of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis. This review examines the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical trials data and considers the place in therapy for these 3 new antimycotic agents.
Ion Gradient Hypotheses and the Energy Requirement for Active Transport of Amino Acids

There is now extensive evidence that active uptake of neutral amino acids depends on the presence of Na+ extracellularly and that there is in fact a cotransport of Na+ and amino acid. There are also some influences of K+ and H+ on such transport although there is little evidence for a direct linkage between movements of K+ and H+ and of amino acids. The work in this area has been reviewed in detail recently by Schultz and Curran (1) so there is no need for me to review the many contributions which have led to the present position. It is important to recall the nature of the evidence for cotransport of Na+; it is primarily of two kinds. First there is the kinetic evidence on the dependence of initial fluxes of amino acids on the extracellular concentration of Na+. Secondly there are direct measurements of the increase in Na+ influx accompanying an amino acid influx. From these come the data on the stoichiometry of the comovement of Na+ and amino acids. Eddy (2) reported an increase in Na+ influx and in K+ efflux accompanying glycine uptake in LS ascites cells, the ratios Δ Na+/Δ Gly and A K+/ Δ Gly being 0.9 ±.1 and -0.6 ±.1 respectively. Interestingly, Schafer and Jacquez (3) also found a a Na+/ ΔAIB of about 1:1 for AIB uptake by Ehrlich ascites cells and Schafer (4) found a ΔK+/ ΔAIB of -0.6 for this system. Nonetheless the roles of K+ and of H+ are still not clear and in fact the experimental clarification of their roles may be quite difficult because of the following considerations.
Oxytocin Acts in Nucleus Accumbens to Attenuate Methamphetamine Seeking and Demand.

Abstract Background Evidence indicates that oxytocin, an endogenous peptide well known for its role in social behaviors, childbirth, and lactation, is a promising addiction pharmacotherapy. We employed a within-session behavioral-economic (BE) procedure in rats to examine oxytocin as a pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine (meth) addiction. The BE paradigm was modeled after BE procedures used to assess motivation for drugs in humans with addiction. The same BE variables assessed across species have been shown to predict later relapse behavior. Thus, the translational potential of preclinical BE studies is particularly strong. Methods We tested the effects of systemic and microinfused oxytocin on demand for self-administered intravenous meth and reinstatement of extinguished meth seeking in male and female rats using a BE paradigm. Correlations between meth demand and meth seeking were assessed. Results Female rats showed greater demand (i.e., motivation) for meth compared with male rats. In both male and female rats, meth demand predicted reinstatement of meth seeking, and systemic oxytocin decreased demand for meth and attenuated reinstatement to meth seeking. Oxytocin was most effective at decreasing meth demand and seeking in rats with the strongest motivation for drug. Finally, these effects of systemic oxytocin were mediated by actions in the nucleus accumbens. Conclusions Oxytocin decreases meth demand and seeking in both sexes, and these effects depend on oxytocin signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Overall, these data indicate that development of oxytocin-based therapies may be a promising treatment approach for meth addiction in humans.
Relationship Between Hermite-Gaussian and Ince-Gaussian Laser Beams

We generate Ince-Gaussian (IG) laser beams from Hermite-Gaussian (HG) laser beams using an astigmatic mode converter (AMC). The relationship between the HG order, IG order and ellipticity, and the rotation of the AMC is discussed.
Structural requirements for cannabinoid receptor probes.

The discovery and cloning of CB1 and CB2, the two known Gi/o protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, as well as the isolation and characterization of two families of endogenous cannabinergic ligands represented by arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), have opened new horizons in this newly discovered field of biology. Furthermore, a considerable number of cannabinoid analogs belonging to structurally diverse classes of compounds have been synthesized and tested, thus providing substantial information on the structural requirements for cannabinoid receptor recognition and activation. Experiments with site-directed mutated receptors and computer modeling studies have suggested that these diverse classes of ligands may interact with the receptors through different binding motifs. The information about the exact binding site may be obtained with the help of suitably designed molecular probes. These ligands either interact with the receptors in a reversible fashion (reversible probes) or alternatively attach at or near the receptor active site with the formation of covalent bonds (irreversible probes). This review focuses on structural requirements of cannabinoid receptor ligands and highlights their pharmacological and therapeutic potential.
Population Growth in a Time-Varying Environment

The ability of a population of animals to grow depends intimately upon the nature of the environment from which the animals gain their livelihood. If the availability of environmental resources varies with time (as opposed to population numbers) this may have some unexpected effects upon the growth process. Unfortunately, the mathematical characterizations of many realistic sorts of fluctuations are very difficult; even some conceptually simple models lead to results which are still disputed by biological researchers. To gain some insight, let us look at the simplest possible model, and see what can be learned.
Self-consistent predictor/corrector algorithms for stable and efficient integration of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation.

The “real time” formulation of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) involves integration of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham (TDKS) equation in order to describe the time evolution of the electron density following a perturbation. This approach, which is complementary to the more traditional linear-response formulation of TDDFT, is more efficient for computation of broad-band spectra (including core-excited states) and for systems where the density of states is large. Integration of the TDKS equation is complicated by the time-dependent nature of the effective Hamiltonian, and we introduce several predictor/corrector algorithms to propagate the density matrix, one of which can be viewed as a self-consistent extension of the widely used modified-midpoint algorithm. The predictor/corrector algorithms facilitate larger time steps and are shown to be more efficient despite requiring more than one Fock build per time step, and furthermore can be used to detect a divergent simulation on-the-fly, which c...
Comparison of Automated Titanium Fasteners to Hand-Tied Knots in Open Aortic Valve Replacement.

ObjectiveAortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times are independent predictors of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Reducing ischemic times with automated titanium fasteners may impro...
The use of the clinical immunology laboratory.

The four technologies outlined in this paper are widely used in the clinical diagnosis of, and research into, many immunological diseases. They are also of immense importance in biotechnology. It is hoped that this overview of concepts and applications of flow cytometry, ELISAs, and recombinant DNA gives the reader an appreciation of the numerous ways in which these technologies can be used in the immunology laboratory.
Structured planning and debugging

The SPADE theory uses linguistic formalisms to model the program planning and debugging processes. The theory begins with a taxonomy of basic planning concepts covering strategies for identification, decomposition and reformulation. A handle is provided for recognizing interactions between goals and deriving a lincnr solution. A complementary taxonomy of rational bugs and associated repair techniques is also provided. SPA OK. introduces a new data structure to facilitate debugging -- the derivation tree of the program. SPADE generalizes recent work in Artificial Intelligence by Suasman and Sacerdoti on automatic programming, and extends The theory of program design developed by the Structured Programming movement. It provides a more structured information processing model of human problem solving than the production systems of Newell and Simon, and articulates the type of problem solving curriculum advocated by Papert's Logo Project.
Resident Case Volume Correlates with Clinical Performance: Finding the Sweet Spot.

Rationale and Objectives To determine whether the total number of studies interpreted during radiology residency correlates with clinical performance as measured by objective criteria. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of three graduating classes of radiology residents from a single residency program between the years 2015–2017. The total number of studies interpreted by each resident during residency was tracked. Clinical performance was determined by tracking an individual resident's major discordance rate. A major discordance was recorded when there was a difference between the preliminary resident interpretation and final attending interpretation that could immediately impact patient care. Accreditation council for graduate medical education milestones at the completion of residency, Diagnostic radiology in-training scores in the third year, and score from the American board of radiology core exam were also tabulated. Pearson correlation coefficients and polynomial regression analysis were used to identify correlations between the total number of interpreted films and clinical, test, and milestone performance. Results Thirty-seven residents interpreted a mean of 12,709 studies (range 8898–19,818; standard deviation [SD] 2351.9) in residency with a mean major discordance rate of 1.1% (range 0.34%–2.54%; stand dev 0.49%). There was a nonlinear correlation between total number of interpreted films and performance. As the number of interpreted films increased to approximately 16,000, clinical performance (p = 0.004) and test performance (p = 0.01) improved, but volumes over 16,000 correlated with worse performance. Conclusion The total number of studies interpreted during radiology training correlates with performance. Residencies should endeavor to find the “sweet spot”: the amount of work that maximizes clinical exposure and knowledge without overburdening trainees.
Collagen type III content of the long head of the biceps tendon as an indicator of glenohumeral arthritis

Tendonosis is characterized by an increase in collagen type III relative to collagen type I, but the precise ratio of collagen type I to collagen type III in pathologic shoulder tendons has not been reported. A tendon continuously bathed in an OA synovial environment may exhibit histomorphologic differences as compared to those from shoulders with a preserved articular surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and histological differences in the proximal portion of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) from a non-arthritic versus an arthritic glenohumeral joint. Sixteen patients undergoing shoulder surgery were prospectively enrolled in the study. Group-1 consisted of patients with glenohumeral OA and Group-2 consisted of patients without OA. The LHBT was tenodesed and excised tendon was fixed, embedded, sectioned (5 µm), deparaffinized, and used for histology (H&E and Masson trichrome staining) and immunofluorescence analysis to determine levels of collagen III, MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. Compared to the patients without arthritis, group-1 exhibited significant inflammation with extracellular matrix disorganization and significantly higher (P < 0.05) collagen III, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels. No considerable difference in collagen I was observed between the two groups. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were completely absent in both the groups. The level of collagen subtypes varied markedly between LHBT tendons from patients with and without OA. Increased collagen III in the LHBT is associated with glenohumeral arthritis. Measuring collagen type in the LHBT may serve as a useful metric in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal pathology.
Induced nanoscale roughness of current collectors enhances lithium ion battery performances

Abstract In this paper, in-situ nanomechanical measurement and ex-situ morphology study were conducted to investigate the surface roughness effects of current collectors on the performance of thin film silicon anodes. The in-situ analysis quantifies electrochemical processes and associated mechanical stress such as silicon-lithium alloy formation during charge and discharge. Upon lithiation, after SEI formation (approximately below 0.35 V), both α-Si films deposited on the pristine and FeCl3-etched copper experience elastic deformation with a rapid rise of a compressive stress. The films begin to deform plastically after the stress reaches compressive yield strength. Upon delithiation, the α-Si on the pristine copper has shown to have stress dissipation at a tensile stress of 0.28 GPa. However, the tensile stress of the α-Si on the FeCl3-etched copper continues until the stress reaches 0.4 GPa at the end of delithiation. In addition, the silicon anode was found to form small islands on roughened current collector (instead of peel-off from flat current collector), indicating the design of the current collector may play an important role in the performance of lithium ion battery.
Children'S subjective well-being: transformative interaction between child, context, and meaningful activity

Date Presented 04/06/19 Often, social indicators and caregiver perspective are used to define children’s well-being. This research, part of a multinational qualitative study, sought to understand how children ages 8 to 13 years conceptualize and experience their own well-being. Results revealed several indicators of well-being that fell into six domains: social connectedness, physical health, mastery and agency, safety and security, meaningful access to resources, and meaningful use of time through activity. Primary Author and Speaker: Barbara Brockevelt Additional Authors and Speakers: Shana Cerny
Measuring larynx movement using the thyroumbrometer

Abstract: We describe a new photoelectric technique for tracking larynx movement during speech. Using this technique we obtained data on vertical larynx movement during stops and vowels in English, Thai, French and Hindi. There is evidence that: (1) larynx height can be greatly affected by vowel and consonant articulation as well as by pitch; (2) voiced stops have a lower larynx position than voiceless stops, especially at the end of the stop closure period; (3) larynx height during vowels is lower following voiced stops; (4) i, a and u typically have high, mid and low larynx positions, respectively.
Angular Distribution of O- from Dissociative Electron Attachment to O2

The angular distribution of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ produced by electron bombardment of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been measured in the electron energy range 5.75-8.40 eV. The results show a strong energy dependence and are consistent with the theory of O'Malley and Taylor if the final $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ repulsive resonance state is assumed to have the symmetry $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{u}$, and if only the first two allowed partial waves of the incident electron corresponding to $L=1$ and $L=3$ contribute. The results indicate that the $L=3$ term becomes more important as energy increases and thereby demonstrate that the single-term approximation for the angular distribution does not apply for this process.
Best Practices for Implementing Remote Learning during a Pandemic

In response to the spread of COVID-19, a new coronavirus, many U.S. schools have implemented remote learning. This approach to education can prevent students from experiencing setbacks during schoo...
Evaluation of preoperative pain in patients undergoing shoulder surgery using the PROMIS pain interference computer-adaptive test.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computerized adaptive testing Pain Interference (PROMIS PI) item bank in patients undergoing shoulder surgery. We hypothesized that PROMIS PI would exhibit a strong positive correlation with the numerical pain scale for the operative shoulder (shoulder NPS) with less floor and ceiling effects. Secondary study aims included assessing the relationships between patient characteristics and PROMIS PI. Design Analytical cross-sectional study. Setting Urban academic medical center. Patients One-hundred and ninety-five patients undergoing shoulder surgery between June 2015 to June 2017. Main outcome measures All patients completed a series of patient-reported outcomes measures, including PROMIS PI and NPS. Non-parametric tests were used for bivariate analysis. Multivariable regression models were used to determine independent associations. Results There was a moderate correlation between the PROMIS PI and shoulder NPS scores (rs = 0.53; p Conclusions The strong association noted between PROMIS PI and psychosocial and behavioral factors, versus that of NPS, demonstrates that PROMIS Pain Interference may be a more appropriate choice as an outcome measure where the surgeon is concerned about a patient’s improvement of functioning and decrease in the impact of pain in other aspects of wellbeing following shoulder surgery. Level of evidence IV.
Ban the Box, Criminal Records, and Racial Discrimination: A Field Experiment

“Ban the Box” (BTB) policies restrict employers from asking about applicants’ criminal histories on job applications and are often presented as a means of reducing unemployment among black men, who disproportionately have criminal records. However, withholding information about criminal records could risk encouraging racial discrimination: employers may make assumptions about criminality based on the applicant's race. To investigate BTB’s effects, we sent approximately 15,000 online job applications on behalf of fictitious young, male applicants to employers in New Jersey and New York City before and after the adoption of BTB policies. These applications varied whether the applicant had a distinctly black or distinctly white name and the felony conviction status of the applicant. We confirm that criminal records are a major barrier to employment: employers that asked about criminal records were 63% more likely to call applicants with no record. However, our results support the concern that BTB policies encourage racial discrimination: the black-white gap in callbacks grew dramatically at companies that removed the box after the policy went into effect. Before BTB, white applicants to employers with the box received 7% more callbacks than similar black applicants, but BTB increased this gap to 43%. We believe that the best interpretation of these results is that employers are relying on exaggerated impressions of real-world racial differences in felony conviction rates.
Shakespeare and the Jews: by James Shapiro, 20th Anniversary Edition, New York, Columbia University Press, 2016, xv + 320 pp., $30.00/£24.00 (paper)

In this twentieth-anniversary edition of Shakespeare and the Jews, James Shapiro has added a new “Preface” that serves as an attempt at self-criticism: “When I wrote this book twenty years ago, the...
Genome-wide DNA methylation differences and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in a US population.

Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), an endocrine-disrupting compound, is ubiquitous despite decades-old bans on the manufacture and use of PCBs. Increased exposure to PCBs is associated w...
Millimeter wave dielectric properties of single crystal strontium barium niobate (Sr 0.61 Ba 0.39 Nb 2 O 6 ) at cryogenic temperatures

The dielectric properties of single crystal SBN were measured for a number of samples at 30–50 GHz and at 90–100 GHz. Because of the recent availability of large high quality crystal samples from the ferroelectric materials development effort at the Science Center, we were able to make the first determination of the nonlinear coefficients dn 3 /dE 3 and dn 1 /dE 3 at liquid nitrogen temperature. The results are extremely encouraging, as it was demonstrated that these coefficients did not substantially decrease in value at low temperatures. In addition, the data provided the basis for a model to describe the fundamental mechanism controlling the susceptibility in this class of material.
THE ARACHIDONOYL GROUPS OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS IN BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES

Summary: The C-2 position of diacyl-glycerophosphoinositols (GPI) in brain is comprised mainly of arachidonoyl groups. In vivo experiments were performed to study the metabolism of arachidonoyl groups of this phospholipid in brain subcellular fractions. After intracerebral injection of labeled arachidonate, the precursor was rapidly incorporated into brain glycerolipids, especially the diacyl-GPI and diacyl-glycerophosphocholine (GPC). However, the mode of uptake of arachidonate by diacyl-GPI was different from that by other phosphoglycerides and besides, the incorporation of arachidonate into diacyl-GPI was more rapid than stearate. In a subsequent study, the turnover of brain phosphoglycerides was examined with respect to labeling of the arachidonoyl groups. Result indicated that the arachidonoyl groups of diacyl-GPI were turning over more rapidly than other phosphoglycerides. In the synaptosomal fraction, a biphasic decay was observed for the turnover of diacyl-GPI with half-lives of 5 hrs and 5 days, respectively.