cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Luminescence dating of paleolake deltas and glacial deposits in Garwood Valley, Antarctica: Implications for climate, Ross ice sheet dynamics, and paleolake duration

The formation of perched deltas and other lacustrine deposits in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica is widely considered to be evidence of valley-filling lakes dammed by the grounded Ross Sea ice sheet during the local Last Glacial Maximum, with lake drainage interpreted as a record of grounding line retreat. We used luminescence dating to determine the age of paleolake deltas and glacial tills in Garwood Valley, a coastal dry valley that opens to the Ross Sea. Luminescence ages are stratigraphically consistent with radiocarbon results from algal mats within the same delta deposits but suggest radiocarbon dates from lacustrine carbonates may overestimate deposit ages by thousands of years. Results suggest that late Holocene delta deposition into paleolake Howard in Garwood Valley persisted until ca. 3.5 ka. This is significantly younger than the date when grounded ice is thought to have retreated from the Ross Sea. Our evidence suggests that the local, stranded ice-cored till topography in Garwood Valley, rather than regional ice-sheet dynamics, may have controlled lake levels for some McMurdo Dry Valleys paleolakes. Age control from the supraglacial Ross Sea drift suggests grounding and up-valley advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet into Garwood valley during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 4 (71−78 ka) and the local Last Glacial Maximum (9−10 ka). This work demonstrates the power of combining luminescence dating with existing radiocarbon data sets to improve understanding of the relationships among paleolake formation, glacial position, and stream discharge in response to climate change.
Paradox of Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy: Saving Lives But Revealing an Increased Mortality Risk.

At one time, implantation of an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) was reserved for those patients who survived sudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular arrhythmia and had a secondary‐prevention‐only indication. However, along with improvements in device technology and the implant
Improving Patient Experiences and Outcomes Through Personal Care Aide Training.

Introduction:The rapidly aging US population is resulting in major challenges including delivering quality care at lower costs in the face of a critical health-care workforce shortage. The movement toward home care has dramatically increased the need for qualified, paid personal care aides (PCAs). Adequate PCA training that focuses on skills for person-centered, at home support is an imperative. This study provides evidence that clients of PCAs who have completed a comprehensive, evidence-based PCA training program, titled Building Training…Building Quality (BTBQ), report higher satisfaction and better health outcomes, compared to clients of PCAs with lesser or other training.Methods:A mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design was used to compare self-reported survey responses from clients of BTBQ-trained PCAs (treatment group) with responses from clients of non-BTBQ-trained PCAs (control group).Results:Clients of BTBQ-trained PCAs had significantly fewer falls and emergency department visits compared to c...
Trends in Severe Obesity Among Children Aged 2 to 4 Years Enrolled in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children From 2000 to 2014.

Importance Severe obesity in childhood is associated with negative health consequences. A previous study examined trends in severe obesity among preschool-aged children in low-income families during 1998 to 2010. No recent trends have been reported. Objective To examine trends in severe obesity by age, sex, and race/ethnicity among enrollees in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) aged 2 to 4 years during 2000 to 2014. Design, Setting, and Participants Serial cross-sectional data from 22.6 million young children enrolled in WIC from 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 5 US territories from 2000 to 2014. Data analysis was conducted from February 16, 2017, to March 9, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of severe obesity. Severe obesity was defined as a sex-specific body mass index-for-age 120% or more of the 95th percentile on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Children’s weights and heights were measured. Children whose sex, weight, height, or body mass index was missing or biologically implausible were excluded. Results The prevalence of severe obesity was 1.96% in 2014. During 2000 to 2004, the prevalence increased significantly overall from 1.80% to 2.11% (adjusted prevalence difference [APD], 0.26%) and among all the age, sex, and racial/ethnic groups except for Asian/Pacific Islander (APD, 0.05%-0.54% across groups with increases). The largest relative increase occurred in children aged 4 years (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR], 1.21) and non-Hispanic white (APR, 1.22) and American Indian/Alaska Native children (APR, 1.19). During 2004 to 2010, the prevalence decreased significantly overall (APD, −0.05%), among boys, children aged 2 and 3 years, and non-Hispanic black and Asian/Pacific Islander children (APD, −0.05% to −0.18%). During 2010 to 2014, the prevalence decreased significantly overall from 2.12% to 1.96% (APD, −0.14%) and among all demographic groups (APD, −0.04% to −0.30% across groups). The largest relative decrease occurred in children aged 2 years (APR, 0.88) and Hispanic (APR, 0.92), American Indian/Alaska Native (APR, 0.89), and Asian/Pacific Islander (APR, 0.87) children. Conclusions and Relevance This study provides updated prevalence and trends of severe obesity among young children enrolled in WIC and reports recent modest declines in severe obesity in all subgroups. Ongoing surveillance can assess whether declines continue into the future among low-income children.
The HGF/MET Signaling and Therapeutics in Cancer

The Met proto-oncogene encodes MET tyrosine kinase protein which is a receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). HGF binds to and activates MET to regulate diversified cellular and molecular activities such as proliferation, motility, differentiation, and survival. Aberration of HGF/MET signaling plays a proven role in promoting cancer initiation and malignant progression, providing a strong rationale for targeting the MET signaling pathway in the treatment of cancer. Several anti-HGF and anti-MET monoclonal antibodies, as well as small-molecule inhibitors of MET, are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. In this chapter, we discuss the role of HGF/MET signaling in cancer development and progression, the strategies for targeting MET signaling, as well as the promises and challenges of MET-targeted therapeutics.
Restoring our otherness : reflections on the meaning of Eurocentrism and its effects on South African culture

To come to terms with the meaning of Eurocentrism and its effects on South African culture is crucial at a time when we stand at the crossroads of our lives and of our country. It is particularly rewarding in the quincentennial year of Columbus' 'discovery' of the 'new world'. This event has given rise to new books,. numerous articles and strident arguments. For some, Columbus' journey was the first step in a process that spread Western civilization to two continents and that produced a daring experiment in democracy. Others regard his arrival as fatal to the place he reached. liThe indigenous peoples and their cultures were doomed by European arrogance, brutality and infectious diseases. Columbus' gift was slavery to those who greeted him; his arrival set in motion the ruthless destruction, continuing at this very rpoment, of the natural world he entered. Genocide, ecocide, exploitation even the notion of Columbus as a 'discoverer' are deemed to be a form of Eurocentric theft of history from those who watched Columbus' ships drop anchor off their shores" (Time, 7 October 1991: 50).
Receiving Gifts from Clients: Ethical and Therapeutic Issues.

The ethical and therapeutic implications of receiving gifts from clients are explored. The importance of the issue is noted, and relevant ethical considerations are discussed. Therapeutic meanings that underlie client gift-giving are explored. By integrating the ethical and therapeutic considerations, four general categories of gifts are identified. Specific therapeutic responses to each category are identified and briefly discussed.
BV Solutions to Hyperbolic Systems by Vanishing Viscosity

. In general, such a product is not well deﬂned. Thequasilinear system (1.2) is thus meaningful only within a class of continuous functions. On theother hand, working with the equation in divergence form (1.1) allows us to consider discontinuoussolutions as well, interpreted in distributional sense. We say that a locally integrable function
Erenumab in the treatment of migraine

Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological pain syndrome, and its management is limited due to side effects posed by current preventive therapies. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of migraine. In recent years, research has been dedicated to the development of monoclonal antibodies against CGRP and CGRP receptors for the treatment of migraine. This review will focus on the first US FDA-approved CGRP-receptor monoclonal antibody developed for the prevention of migraine: erenumab. Two Phase II trials (one for episodic migraine and one for chronic migraine) and two Phase III trials for episodic migraine have been published demonstrating the efficacy and safety of erenumab in the prevention of migraine.
Role of βarrestin1 in AT1R‐mediated mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation in Wistar and SHR brainstem astrocytes

βarrestin (βarr)-1 and -2 are ubiquitously (outside the retina) expressed G-protein-coupled receptor adapter proteins. They uncouple G-protein-coupled receptors from G proteins, internalize the receptor, and subsequently initiate their own wave of signaling independently of G proteins. Angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor (AT1 R) is a well-established example of a receptor signaling through βarrs. Despite the pivotal role of brain AT1 Rs in the regulation of blood pressure, the involvement of βarr-dependent signaling, mediated by AT1 Rs is not well studied. Particularly, in brain astrocytes very little is known about the effects of βarrs in AT1 R signaling. Herein, we utilized a combination of pharmacological and gene manipulation approaches to investigate the role of βarrs in AT1 R-mediated signaling in isolated brainstem astrocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar rats. We observed that βarr1 is the predominant arrestin isoform at the protein level in these cells. Its expression was down-regulated in SHR astrocytes compared to Wistar rat astrocytes. Ang II, contrary to observations in SHR astrocytes where it had no effect, up-regulates βarr1 protein in Wistar rat astrocytes. We observed differential involvement of βarr1 in MAPK activation in brainstem astrocytes of SHR versus Wistar rats. The βarr-biased agonist peptide [Sar1 , Il4 , Il8] Ang-II (SII), induced AT1 R-mediated ERK and p38 activation in Wistar rat astrocytes. SII had no effect on ERK and p38 activation in SHRs brainstem astrocytes. Our results indicate, reduced involvement of βarr1 in dampening Ang II-induced MAPKs activation and diminished βarr1-mediated ERK and p38 activation in SHR brainstem astrocytes. These findings might be mechanistically related to the development of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system hyperactivity, which leads to pathogenesis of the hypertensive state of the SHR model.
Understanding Languages and Literacies of Immigrant-Origin Multilingual Youth: Insights from Theory and Research

This chapter begins with a discussion of the conceptualizations of languages and literacies that are relevant to understanding the stories of youth in this study. Next, an overview of current empirical findings regarding immigrant-origin multilingual youth’s language and literacy practices is presented, with a particular focus on adolescents from Spanish-dominant families and communities in the United States. This is followed by an analysis of recent research documenting development in these practices over time, especially in relation to writing. Finally, scholarship is explored that documents a range of minoritizing discourses that often impact multilingual young people from immigrant backgrounds, as well as some of the ways that research can counter such portrayals.
Using the Neutrophil: Lymphocyte Ratio as a Biomarker for Sepsis: Which Cutoff is Best?

This study sought to evaluate the performance of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLCR) using cutoff values of 9, 10, 11, and 12, as an independent biomarker for sepsis. To date, no such biomarker has been identified. The NLCR has been studied as a biomarker, but only in terms of the cutoff value of 10; this study hypothesized that a different cutoff value would demonstrate better clinical performance. This retrospective study evaluated 146 subjects who presented with two or more symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and were not otherwise immunocompromised. Seventy-nine subjects were septic, based on Sepsis-2 criteria (SIRS with positive blood cultures), and the remaining sixty-seven were not sepstic (SIRS with negative blood cultures). The median NLCR was calculated for each group and evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (+LR and –LR) for each cutoff value. The median NLCR was significantly higher in the septic group (15.2) than the non-septic group (9.9) (p
Difficult Biliary Cannulation

Achieving deep cannulation is an essential first step in ERCP. In select cases, achieving biliary access may be challenging, even in expert hands. In cases of difficult cannulation, endoscopists rely upon a variety of techniques to achieve biliary access. Common techniques include cannulation over pancreatic access (either a pancreatic guidewire or stent), use of a needle knife – sometimes over pancreatic access – via a sphincterotomy or fistulotomy approach, and transpancreatic septotomy. In other cases (or when these approaches fail), some endoscopists utilize EUS-based techniques. In this chapter, we provide an overview of these approaches and their relative merits and risks. Furthermore, we present a practical algorithm of how to use these techniques in practice dependent on the clinical situation.
The sensory timecourses associated with conscious visual item memory and source memory.

Abstract Previous event-related potential (ERP) findings have suggested that during visual item and source memory, nonconscious and conscious sensory (occipital–temporal) activity onsets may be restricted to early (0–800 ms) and late (800–1600 ms) temporal epochs, respectively. In an ERP experiment, we tested this hypothesis by separately assessing whether the onset of conscious sensory activity was restricted to the late epoch during source (location) memory and item (shape) memory. We found that conscious sensory activity had a late (>800 ms) onset during source memory and an early (
The use of tobacco in online trailers of top-grossing movies.

INTRODUCTION Images of tobacco use in movies have been studied extensively, showing that smoking in movies can cause the initiation of smoking among young people. Tobacco use in movie trailers, however, has not been monitored to the extent of full-length films. As such, the purpose of this study was to assess how many online trailers from top-grossing movies contain images of tobacco use, and to estimate audience exposure to those depictions. METHODS A total of 964 trailers from the top-grossing movies of 2010-16 were located on YouTube and analyzed for the number of tobacco 'incidents' (tobacco went off screen and on screen, a different actor had tobacco, or a new scene contained tobacco). Audience exposure was measured through 'impressions', by multiplying each trailer's number of incidents by the number of times the trailer was viewed. RESULTS From 2010 to 2016, the trailers from top-grossing movies increased in: total per cent of tobacco incidents (16% in 2010 vs 21% in 2016), total number of incidents (69 in 2010 vs 102 in 2016), and tobacco impressions (89 million in 2010 vs 725 million in 2016). CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of online movie trailers contain incidents of tobacco use, with a noteworthy exposure to those incidents. As such, tobacco use in movie trailers should be monitored to the same extent as full-length movies, and public health professionals should advocate for age-verification restrictions to movie trailers that contain tobacco incidents and that anti-smoking advertisements be shown before trailers containing any incidents.
Phenotype profiling for forensic purposes: nondestructive potentially on scene attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy of bloodstains

Abstract Phenotype profiling is one of the most important analyses during a forensic investigation. Current methods of phenotype profiling based on the analysis of body fluid traces are destructive to the sample and need to be performed in a lab. In this study, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a potentially nondestructive, rapid, and in situ method for phenotype profiling based on the analysis of biological stains. Specifically, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy was used for discriminating sex and race based on the analysis of bloodstains. It is known from the literature that the biochemical composition of blood changes with donor sex and race. ATR FT-IR spectra were acquired from dry bloodstains. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) was used to enhance the capability of our method by creating models to classify Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic donors according to their sex and race. This approach was evaluated by subject-wise leave-one-out cross-validation, resulting in over 90% correct classification. In addition, the main models were validated externally with four hold-out samples, which were not used for the training data set. The validation with hold-out samples resulted in 92% accuracy for both sex and race predictions based on individual spectra. Most importantly, 100% accuracy for both sex and race predictions was found at the donor level since more than 50% spectra were correctly classified for each individual donor. Overall, this proof-of-concept study demonstrated the great potential of ATR FT-IR spectroscopy for phenotype profiling for forensic purposes based on dry bloodstains.
Assessing the effect of immunosuppressive agents for immune-related adverse event management on tumor response.

3066Background: High grade immune-related adverse events (irAEs) to cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) require considerable immunosuppression (IS) with high-dose steroids and steroid-sparing...
Using Peer Crowd Affiliation to Address Dual Use of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes among San Francisco Bay Area Young Adults: A Cross Sectional Study

Given the emerging tobacco landscape, dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes has increased among young adults, but little is known about its associated factors. Peer crowds, defined as macro-level connections between individuals with similar core values (e.g., "Hip Hop" describing a group that prefers hip hop music and values strength, honor, and respect), are a promising way to understand tobacco use patterns. We examined associations between peer crowds and tobacco use patterns by using data from a cross sectional survey of 1340 young adults in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014. Outcomes were the past 30-day use of: neither cigarettes nor e-cigarettes; cigarettes but not e-cigarettes; e-cigarettes but not cigarettes; and both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Peer crowds included Hipster, Hip Hop, Country, Partier, Homebody, and Young Professional. Multinomial regression analysis indicated that peer crowds were significantly associated with different tobacco use patterns. Compared to Young Professionals, Hip Hop and Hipster crowds were more likely to dual use; Hipsters were more likely to use e-cigarettes only, and Country participants were more likely to smoke cigarettes only. These findings suggest that tobacco control campaigns and cessation interventions should be tailored to different young adult peer crowds and address poly-tobacco use.
History and Evolution of Telemedicine

Human communication has a long and complex history, revolutionizing itself over time as societies have become more advanced. The roots of telemedicine stem from three notable inventions – the telegraph, the telephone, and the television. As these technologies improved the scope of communication expanded rapidly.
Secondary Structural Model of MALAT1 Becomes Unstructured in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Undergoes Structural Rearrangement in Cervical Cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) influence cellular function through binding events that often depend on the lncRNA secondary structure. One such lncRNA, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), is upregulated in many cancer types and has a myriad of protein- and miRNA-binding sites. Recently, a secondary structural model of MALAT1 in noncancerous cells was proposed to form 194 hairpins and 13 pseudoknots. That study postulated that, in cancer cells, the MALAT1 structure likely varies, thereby influencing cancer progression. This work analyzes how that structural model is expected to change in K562 cells, which originated from a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and in HeLa cells, which originated from a patient with cervical cancer. Dimethyl sulfate-sequencing (DMS-Seq) data from K562 cells and psoralen analysis of RNA interactions and structure (PARIS) data from HeLa cells were compared to the working structural model of MALAT1 in noncancerous cells to identify sites that likely undergo structural alterations. MALAT1 in K562 cells is predicted to become more unstructured, with almost 60% of examined hairpins in noncancerous cells losing at least half of their base pairings. Conversely, MALAT1 in HeLa cells is predicted to largely maintain its structure, undergoing 18 novel structural rearrangements. Moreover, 50 validated miRNA-binding sites are affected by putative secondary structural changes in both cancer types, such as miR-217 in K562 cells and miR-20a in HeLa cells. Structural changes unique to K562 cells and HeLa cells provide new mechanistic leads into how the structure of MALAT1 may mediate cancer in a cell-type specific manner.
Active thermal emission: Planck spectroscopy and ultrafast pulse generation

Active control of thermal emission can be realized by modulating either the temperature or the thermal emissivity of an object. This talk will first introduce a new spectroscopic technique—Planck spectroscopy—that measures the spectral emissivity of an object by changing its temperature. Planck spectroscopy uses only a temperature-controlled stage and a detector, without any wavelength-selective components such as prisms, gratings, or interferometers. Then, this talk will describe our efforts to achieve ultrafast control of thermal emission via emissivity modulation. By using free-career dynamics in semiconductors, we generated thermal pulses on nanosecond and picosecond scales.
Dark-Pulse Dynamics and Directional Switching in Photonic-Crystal Ring Resonators

Microcomb generation under normal dispersion requires an external phasematching condition, which we fulfill with a photonic crystal (PhC) in a ring resonator. The bidirectional coupling induced by the PhC leads to a non-trivial direction of propagation and breathing of the nonlinear pulse state.
Toward a Feminist Framework for Virtual Conferencing

Professional associations are embedded in and reflect the gendered and racialized structures of academia (Zippel, forthcoming). At conferences, it is not unusual to see particular men (and some women) dominate as keynote speakers, on highlighted panels, covered by social media, and in informal networking opportunities (Vanner et al. 2019). Barriers such as costs, carework responsibilities, and experiential issues such as harassment, incivility, or feelings of exclusion can exacerbate conference inequality, especially for marginalized members, and lead to members exiting the field (Biggs et al. 2018). CIES is committed to disrupting patriarchal, racist, and colonial ways of operating, so when CIES committees and SIGs were charged with rapidly moving the 2020 annual conference to a fully virtual format (vCIES), the Gender and Education Standing Committee (GEC) developed an intersectional feminist framework to guide our work. This helped us consider how overlapping and interdependent systems of disadvantage (such as race, socioeconomic positionality, age, geographic location, ability, etc.) might shape gendered conference experiences. In this essay, and in alignment with the GEC’s mandate “to foster attention to gender issues in the CIES,” we outline our framework and process, consider the number of gender-themed papers and presentations that transitioned, and reflect on what we learned. We present our learnings in an effort to inform the work of future virtual conference organizers and participants interested in applying intersectional feminist interventions to promote inclusive engagement.
Aortic dissections—the correct identification and treatment

Abstract Acute aortic dissection is one of the most lethal medical emergencies that commonly affects the vascular system. Prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment is paramount to prevent death and significant morbidity in those afflicted. Patients presenting with acute onset of back, chest, or abdominal pain—especially those with hypertension, known aortic disease, previous aortic intervention, or connective tissue disorders—require urgent evaluation with computed tomographic angiogram. Immediate medical therapy consists of impulse control with beta blockade and analgesia. Surgical consultation should not be delayed, as early surgical intervention using endovascular or open techniques is often indicated and can be lifesaving. Intervention choice is driven by anatomic and temporal factors and focuses on excluding the entry tear and restoring blood flow to vital organs. Aortic dissection is a life-long diagnosis requiring impulse control and surveillance imaging. The focus of this chapter will be identification and treatment of aortic dissection.
On the evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems

This paper briefly discusses the history of the standard information retrieval evaluation criteria, measures and methods, and why they are unsuitable for the evaluation of interactive information retrieval. A new framework for evaluation of interactive information retrieval is proposed, based on the criterion of usefulness.
Mending the break: two DNA double-strand break repair machines in eukaryotes.

Abstract DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a special challenge for cells in the maintenance of genome stability. In eukaryotes, the removal of DSBs is mediated by two major pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous endjoining (NHEJ). Capitalizing on existing genetic frameworks, biochemical reconstitution studies have begun to yield insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of these DNA repair reactions.
No Way Out? The Question of Unilateral Withdrawals of Referrals to the ICC and Other Human Rights Courts

Growing out of the authors' work for the International Criminal Court, which was sponsored by a grant from the Open Society Institute, No Way Out examines one of the most vexing legal questions facing the International Criminal Court - whether a State that has referred a case to the Court can subsequently withdraw its referral as part of a domestic peace agreement? The issue has arisen with respect to Uganda's interest in withdrawing its self-referral as part of a peace deal with the leaders of the Lord's Resistance Army. This article examines the Rome Statute, the drafting history, and the expert commentaries, together with the statutory and case law of the other major human rights courts and bodies, and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, in an effort to provide a comprehensive analysis of whether a State Party can lawfully withdraw a referral from the ICC. The authors concludes that the only situation in which a unilateral withdrawal of a referral should be deemed legitimate is when it occurs during the narrow temporal window between when a referral is made to the Court and when the Court actually exercises its jurisdiction over that case by launching an investigation and providing notice to all interested parties. The research and analysis contained in the article is also relevant to the more general question of whether States can withdraw their referrals to human rights bodies such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
The Economics of Technological Change and the Demise of the Sharecropper

The economic history of a region is determined by a complicated interaction among geological, biological, technological, social, and economic forces. A vivid portrayal of this process is found in the recent history of the rural American south; the resulting interplay of economic and social nmovements has been displayed there with irony and violence. Beginning gradually in the late 1930s, the adoption of labor
Chronic Organophosphate Exposure Associated With Transient Hypertonia in an Infant

Objective. A 12-week-old infant girl developed persistent hypertonicity of the extremities, and, at the age of 8 months, it was discovered that her home had been treated with an excessive application of the organophosphate insecticide diazinon 5 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms. An estimation of her daily diazinon dose and possible correiation with her disease was made. Methods. Analyses were performed for residues of diazinon in the home and for metabolites of diazinon in the infant. The infant was removed from the home. Results. Six months after application the remaining diazinon residue on the floor was 230 ng/cm2 vs 38 ng/cm2 expected immediately after a normal application. Vacuum cleaner dust contained 1700 parts per million of diazinon. The air contained 2.8 ng/m3. The infant9s urine contained 60 parts per billion of diethylphosphate and 20 parts per billion of diethylthiophosphate which calculates to a diazinon dose of approximately 0.02 mg/kg/d. When the infant was removed from the home, muscle tone returned to normal shortly thereafter. Conclusions. The evidence for an association between organophosphate exposure and the sole de-velopment of hypertonicity without other signs of intoxication in an infant is presented. Physicians should consider organophosphate insecticide exposure as a possible cause of hypertonicity in infants.
13 Protein L-isoaspartyl, D-aspartyl O-methyltransferases: Catalysts for protein repair

Protein L-isoaspartyl, D-aspartyl O-methyltransferases (PIMTs) are ancient enzymes distributed through all phylogenetic domains. PIMTs catalyze the methylation of L-isoaspartyl, and to a lesser extent D-aspartyl, residues arising from the spontaneous deamidation and isomerization of protein asparaginyl and aspartyl residues. PIMTs catalyze the methylation of isoaspartyl residues in a large number of primary sequence configurations, which accounts for the broad specificity of the enzyme for protein substrates both in vitro and in vivo. PIMT-catalyzed methylation of isoaspartyl substrates initiates the repair of the polypeptide backbone in its damaged substrates by a spontaneous mechanism that involves a succinimidyl intermediate. The repair process catalyzed by PEVITs is not completely efficient, however, leaving open the possibility that unidentified enzymatic activities cooperate with PIMT in the repair process. Structurally, PIMTs are members of the class I family of AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases. PIMTs have a unique topological arrangement of strands in the central β sheet that provides a signature for this class of enzymes. The regulation and physiological significance of PIMT has been studied in several model organisms. PIMTs are constitutively synthesized by cells, but they can be upregulated in response to conditions that are potentially damaging to protein structures, or when proteins are stored for prolonged periods of time. Disruption of PIMT genes in bacteria and simple eukaryotes produces subtle phenotypes that are apparent only under stress. Loss of PIMT function in transgenic mice leads to fatalepilepsy, suggesting that PIMT function is particularly important to neurons in mammals.
Tillage affects the activity-density, absolute density, and feeding damage of the pea leaf weevil in spring pea

Conversion from conventional-tillage (CT) to no-tillage (NT) agriculture can affect pests and beneficial organisms in various ways. NT has been shown to reduce the relative abundance and feeding damage of pea leaf weevil (PLW), Sitona lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in spring pea, especially during the early-season colonization period in the Palouse region of northwest Idaho. Pitfall traps were used to quantify tillage effects on activity-density of PLW in field experiments conducted during 2001 and 2002. As capture rate of pitfall traps for PLW might be influenced by effects of tillage treatment, two mark-recapture studies were employed to compare trapping rates in NT and CT spring pea during 2003. Also in 2003, direct sampling was used to estimate PLW densities during the colonization period, and to assess PLW feeding damage on pea. PLW activity-density was significantly lower in NT relative to CT during the early colonization period (May) of 2001 and 2002, and during the late colonization period (June) of 2002. Activity-density was not different between treatments during the early emergence (July) or late emergence (August) periods in either year of the study. Trap capture rates did not differ between tillage systems in the mark-recapture studies, suggesting that pitfall trapping provided unbiased estimates of PLW relative abundances. PLW absolute densities and feeding damage were significantly lower in NT than in CT. These results indicate that NT provides a pest suppression benefit in spring pea.
Tuple Relational Calculus for Paraconsistent Databases

A paraconsistent database is one in which information may be incomplete and/or inconsistent. A data model that does not attempt to eliminate such incompleteness or inconsistency, but rather is capable of functioning in their presence, has recently been developed. In this paper, we present a 4-valued tuple relational calculus for posing queries to paraconsistent databases based on that model. The syntax of our calculus is similar to that of the regular 2-valued relational calculus on ordinary relational databases, but our new 4-valued semantics makes it a useful querying tool for applications containing incomplete and inconsistent information. Moreover, as the model (out of necessity) freely permits infinite relations, the issue of safety of calculus expressions, that is so important in 2-valued systems, is not relevant any more.
Lateral Correlation of Multivalent Counterions is the Universal Mechanism of Charge Inversion

Charge inversion is a counterintuitive phenomenon in which a strongly charged particle (a macroion) binds so many counterions that its net charge changes sign. As shown below the binding energy of a counterion with large charge Z is larger than k B T, so that this net charge is easily observable: it is the net charge that determines a particle drift in a weak field electrophoresis. Charge inversion is possible for a variety of macroions, ranging from the charged surface of mica to charged lipid membranes, colloids, DNA or actin. Multivalent metal ions, small colloidal particles, charged micelles, short or long polyelectrolytes including DNA can play the role of multivalent counterions. Recently charge inversion has attracted significant attention [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
Linear programming and locational equilibrium: The Herbert-Stevens model revisited

Abstract The paper reviews the early work of Herbert-Stevens in which linear programming was used to find a competitive equilibrium to an urban land market. First, it is demonstrated that a solution to the Herbert-Stevens model does not meet well-established criteria for an equilibrium. Secondly, a new linear programming model is suggested which is proven to achieve equilibrium if certain conditions are met. An iterative procedure for meeting these conditions is suggested, and an operational version of the model exhibits no problem in obtaining convergence. The revised model represents a feasible way of simulating urban land markets.
Biochemical Distinctions between the Nuclear and Microsomal Membranes from Rat Hepatocytes THE EFFECT OF PHENOBARBITAL ADMINISTRATION

The nuclear membrane from rat hepatocytes has been examined for components of the DPNH and TPNH electron transport chains as well as two drug-metabolizing enzymes, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and an aminoazo dye N-demethylase, in control and phenobarbital-treated animals. The enzyme induction phenomenon characteristic of the microsomes was not observed with the nuclear membrane for any of the enzymes or pigments studied. The nuclear electron transport enzyme DPNH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 were found to follow the same pattern as their microsomal counterparts. Thus, in each case, the reductase level was depressed in the treated animals while the cytochrome b5 level was not significantly altered. In control animals, the specific activity of TPNH-cytochrome c reductase in the nuclear membrane was approximately one-third that found for the same enzyme associated with the microsomes. The specific activity of this enzyme remained unchanged after phenobarbital was administered. The occurrence of cytochrome P-450 in the nuclear membrane was variable. No cytochrome P-450 was demonstrable in membranes from phenobarbital-treated animals, but low levels were detected in three out of 10 individual control preparations. Measurable amounts of aryl hydroxylase and N-demethylase were found in the nuclear membrane which corresponded to 7 and 11% of the specific activity obtained for the same enzymes in the microsomal membrane, respectively. Failure of these enzymes to be induced suggests that they are not of microsomal origin. Clearly, the differential response of the nuclear and microsomal membranes to phenobarbital indicates that quite distinct regulatory mechanisms must be operative for the two membranes with respect to the metabolic control of TPNH-cytochrome c reductase and the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Hierarchical approach to accurate fault modeling for system evaluation

This paper presents a hierarchical simulation methodology that enables accurate system evaluation under realistic faults and conditions. In this methodology effects of low-level (i.e., transistor or circuit levels) faults are propagated to higher levels (i.e., system level) using fault dictionaries. The primary fault model is obtained via simulation of the transistor-level effect of a radiation particle penetrating the device. The resulting current burst is used as a fault model in the circuit-level simulation and is injected into the nodes of a circuit/subcircuit. The latched outputs are collected in a fault dictionary and applied in conducting fault injection at the chip level under a selected workload. Faults injected at the chip level result in memory corruption, which is used as a fault model in the system-level simulation. When an application terminates, either normally or abnormally, the overall fault impact on the software behavior is quantified and analyzed. The simulation method is demonstrated and validated in the case study of Myrinet, a commercial, high-speed network. The study shows that the proposed approach offers a high confidence in the evaluation results, as the system is analyzed in presence of realistic fault conditions. It also demonstrates that the conducted analysis can be used to improve system dependability by identifying recovery mechanisms for failures observed during the experiments.
Carrie A. Rentschler: Second Wounds: Victims’ Rights and the Media in the U.S.

In recent years, popular and political culture in the United States has seen the rise of the victim as a key public figure and powerful speaking position. Scholars from Francis Fukuyama to Wendy Brown have noted and critiqued the role of victims and victim rhetoric in political discourse and media representations. Second Wounds: Victims’ Rights and the Media in the U.S., by Carrie A. Rentschler, offers a fresh take on this discussion. The author’s intervention into and revaluation of the politics of victimization is a welcome addition to discussions of victimization that find in the rhetoric of victimization (and the speaking position of victim) only disempowerment, resentment, or the flowering of a repressively punitive political project. Rather than focus on media texts and representations, Rentschler concentrates on the work of the victims’ rights movement, excavating the documents and strategies of advocacy that have most influentially shaped public portrayals of victims.
Heart and Blood: Living with Deer in America

Heart and Blood: Living with Deer in America. Richard Nelson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. 389 pp.
Truncation effects on control design models

The authors study the behavior of retained system poles and transmission zeros in a control design model when the model is truncated. The sensitivity of the transmission zeros due to the truncation of system dynamics was analytically obtained. The sensitivity of system poles to the truncation of system dynamics is shown to be zero, as expected. The effects of actuator-sensor type and location are also studied. The results are illustrated with two example problems. The effect of transmission zero shifts in control design models and the controllers designed from them is illustrated with an example. >
CODO A CODO: PAREJAS DE ARTISTAS EN MÉXICO

Obra resenada: Comisarenco Mirkin, Dina, coord., Codo a codo: parejas de artistas en Mexico. Mexico, Universidad Iberoamericana, 2013.
Behavioral Counseling and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: A Review of Reviews for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This review, conducted to inform a U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation, addresses the effectiveness and safety of various pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions for smoking ces...
The Complement System in Renal Diseases

The complement system has long been recognized as having a role in immune glomerular disease. This review provides an update on this association, some strategies for the clinical testing of complement in disease, and a brief commentary on current research directions. Evidence of complement activation in glomerulonephritis comes from characteristic patterns of a decrease in the serum concentrations of specific components, some of which are virtually diagnostic of certain nephritides. These patterns are often accompanied by the presence of complement components in the glomeruli and the detection of complement breakdown products in the circulation. In certain diseases, circulating complement-activating substances can be detected. Although there are over 20 complement proteins, clinical analysis is most often directed at C3 and C4, with occasional measurement of B and C5. Recently, a variety of mechanisms for complement-induced injury has been recognized. These mechanisms go far beyond simple passive lysis of erythrocytes, the earliest functional effect of complement studied. The role of such mechanisms in renal disease is just beginning to be studied. Local synthesis of complement components in the kidney may play a role both in host defense and in the promotion of interstitial inflammation and scarring. Such mechanisms will likely be defined more precisely with the availability of animals with specific complement deficiencies. Ultimately, an understanding of the role of complement in renal disease may permit specific targeted inhibition of one or more complement functions as a form of therapy.
CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERACTION KINETICS BETWEEN CHIRAL SOLUTES AND HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN BY USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY AND PEAK PROFILING

Peak profiling and high-performance columns containing immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) were used to study the interaction kinetics of chiral solutes with this protein. This approach was tested using the phenytoin metabolites 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (m-HPPH) and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) as model analytes. HSA columns provided some resolution of the enantiomers for each phenytoin metabolite, which made it possible to simultaneously conduct kinetic studies on each chiral form. The dissociation rate constants for these interactions were determined by using both the single flow rate and multiple flow rate peak profiling methods. Corrections for non-specific interactions with the support were also considered. The final estimates obtained at pH 7.4 and 37°C for the dissociation rate constants of these interactions were 8.2-9.6 s(-1) for the two enantiomers of m-HPPH and 3.2-4.1 s(-1) for the enantiomers of p-HPPH. These rate constants agreed with previous values that have been reported for other drugs and solutes that have similar affinities and binding regions on HSA. The approach used in this report was not limited to phenytoin metabolites or HSA but could be applied to a variety of other chiral solutes and proteins. This method could also be adopted for use in the rapid screening of drug-protein interactions.
Dynamics of monocyte chemoattractant protein type one (MCP-1) and HIV viral load in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.

Abstract Background Increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein type 1 (MCP-1) is associated with HIV CNS disease. This study evaluated the temporal relationships between MCP-1 expression and HIV replication in the CNS. Methods MCP-1 and HIV viral load (VL) were measured in serially obtained samples of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in subjects either interrupting (TI) or starting (TS) antiretroviral therapy. Results Following TI, plasma VL rebounded first, followed by increases in CSF MCP-1, which immediately preceded or coincided with a rebound of CSF VL. Conclusion The close temporal relationship of the increase of MCP-1 and CSF VL suggests that they are co-regulated, or that one is a stimulus for the other.
Specific phospholipid requirement for activity of the purified respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The highly purified respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3) of Escherichia coli is inactive in the absence of detergent or phospholipid. Triton X-100 is the detergent that gives optimal activity, but the Triton X-100-activated enzyme is stimulated an additional 2-fold by E. coli phospholipids. Phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol are the most effective lipid activators. The activated complex prepared with diphosphatidylglycerol is stable, whereas that with phosphatidylglycerol loses activity rapidly. Maximum activation by phospholipids occurs after preincubation at 0°C and at pH 7. Triton X-100 is required at low concentrations for lipid activation, but high concentrations interfere with the activation. When the enzyme is optimally activated by phospholipids, it may be additionally activated 2-fold by spermidine, but not by magnesium. In contrast, the Triton X-100-activated form of the enzyme is stimulated by several divalent cations, without specificity. Thus, the most stable, active form of the purified NADH dehydrogenase is generated in the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol and spermidine.