cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Missed-Thrust Propellant Margin Analysis for Low-Thrust Missions to Mars and a Near-Earth Asteroid

Spacecraft employing low-thrust propulsion must be able to recover from an event in which the spacecraft stops thrusting due to an unforseen problem. Extra propellant is carried to allow the spacecraft to reach its target in the form of propellant margin. We present an automated method for estimating the propellant margin a spacecraft should carry and apply the method to a transfer to Mars and a solar sail transfer to the NEA 1991 VG. Examining different power levels for the Mars transfer, we show that a 5% margin is sufficient to recover from a 20-day missed thrust for a 10 kW spacecraft, while a 15% margin is required for a 20 kW spacecraft. For the solar sail mission, a spacecraft outage late in the mission may delay arrival by more than 200 days.
Linear estimation with transformed measurement for nonlinear estimation

The linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) estimation plays an important role in nonlinear estimation. It is the best of all estimators that are linear in the measurement. However, it may not perform well for a highly nonlinear problem. A generalized linear estimation framework, namely, linear in transform (LIT) estimation, is proposed in this work. It employs a measurement transform function (MTF) and finds the best estimator among all estimators that are linear in MTF, rather than in the measurement itself. The performance of LIT estimation with a proper MTF can be superior to LMMSE estimation due to the benefit of a more appropriate or larger candidate set of estimators determined by the MTF (compared to the set of all linear estimators in LMMSE estimation). Since systematic procedures for constructing an MTF that guarantees enhanced performance for the general case are difficult to produce, we provide several design guidelines, which are illustrated by a numerical example. Further, similar to LMMSE estimation, moments involved in LIT estimation are difficult to compute analytically in general. Fortunately, many numerical approximations for LMMSE estimation are also applicable to LIT estimation. Approximation of LIT estimation based on the Gauss-Hermite quadrature is presented. Our LIT estimation is demonstrated by applications to target tracking. Its performance is compared with LMMSE estimation by Monte Carlo simulations.
Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease.

The concept of small intestinal permeability to antigens and the implication of antigen absorption in the pathogenesis of a number of gastrointestinal disease states are elucidated.
Microsoft codename "Montego": data import, transformation, and publication for information workers

A fundamental problem in database systems is deriving useful information from untold quantities of data fragments that exist in the web's data stores. Data is abundant, useful information is rare.This problem space plays host to many successful and innovative solutions from industry (e.g., [2, 4, 5, 9]), and the open-source community (e.g., [11]). Each solution has its strengths and weaknesses based their balance of utility and usability. In this paper, we demonstrate the unique approach to data mashups that Microsoft Codename "Montego" brings to the space. The "Montego" tool allows non-technical users to create complex data queries in a familiar graphical environment, while making the full expressiveness of a query language available to professional users. "Montego" operates both as a standalone client, where a user can launch it from an application like Excel® to import and manipulate data into a spreadsheet, or as a cloud service, where a user can take the product of data transformation and publish its results into a database or to the web as an OData feed.
“Your Professor Will Know You as a Person”: Evaluating and Rethinking the Relational Boundaries Between Faculty and Students

Over the past 30 years, several management educators have urged faculty to reexamine their relationships with students. To do this, many have proposed novel metaphors to reconceptualize the faculty-to-student relationship. These include embracing students not as pupils to be taught but rather as clients, consumers, and even employees. At the heart of these metaphors, though, is a subtle and not-so-subtle pressure to build more intimate, personal, and close relationships with students. As more and more stories surface in the scholarly and practitioner press about “close relationships” that have devolved into sad and disappointing outcomes for students, faculty, and universities, it is necessary to revisit the core assumption that closer is better. In this essay, we describe the forces driving more personal relationships between faculty and students. Next, we question the assumptions along with the unintended consequences of adopting more intimate relationships with students. Finally, we conclude by challen...
Consumption and Brood Rearing by Caged Honeybees Fed Pollen Substitutes Fortified with Various Sugars

SummaryNucleus colonies established with newly emerged honeybees reared brood for 10 weeks when fed Wheast, Yeaco, or Amber as their sole protein source. Bees fed whey as their protein source consumed little of it and reared less than 1000 cm2 of brood to the sealed stage. Studies on caged bees showed that the lactose in the whey diets may have caused excessive adult mortality. Yeaco and Amber diets formulated with sucrose were consumed in greater amounts by the colonies than formulations containing other sugars.
Sustainable Development Diplomacy: Diagnostics for the Negotiation and Implementation of Sustainable Development

Achieving sustainable development and meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires that there be an effective process of negotiating and implementing sustainable development policies and practices. This paper characterizes an evolving approach that we define as sustainable development diplomacy. Based on an analysis of the history of climate governance as a case study of sustainable development diplomacy and drawing on a diverse range of literatures including international negotiations, global environmental governance, and socio-ecological systems, it identifies seven diagnostics that can be used to evaluate the negotiation and implementation of sustainable development goals. We argue for a needs-based approach that brings together diverse stakeholders to devise flexible solutions that fit the complexity and scale of sustainable development challenges. We illustrate the diagnostic elements with examples from our case study of climate change, as one of the major global sustainable development challenges, but the diagnostics have wider applicability to sustainable development diplomacy and practice more generally.
A serializer ASIC for high speed data transmission in cryogenic and HiRel environment

A high speed 16:1 serializer ASIC has been developed using a commercial 0.25 μm silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology. At room temperature the ASIC operates from 4.0 to 5.7 Gbps with power consumption of 463 mW. The total jitter is 62 ps at the bit error rate of 10−12 at 5 Gbps. A 200-MeV proton beam test indicates that the ASIC is suitable for high energy physics applications. A liquid nitrogen temperature test indicates that the ASIC may be used at cryogenic temperature applications. The reliability of the serializer at liquid nitrogen temperature is to be studied. A 6-lane serializer array with 10 Gbps/lane with redundancy capability is under development.
Do Piketty and Saez Misstate Income Inequality? Critiquing the Critiques

A large body of literature points to sharply growing income inequality over the past half century. The Piketty and Saez dataset that measures income distribution provides empirical support for this claim. Our article evaluates three prominent criticisms of this dataset as well as the responses of Piketty and Saez to these criticisms. One key argument against using their dataset is that Piketty and Saez do not control for income shifting by top income earners in response to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) and thus overstate income inequality. In evaluating this criticism we find that a segment of their dataset likely understates income inequality; this is just the opposite of what critics assert. This implies that the Piketty–Saez dataset is a valuable resource for income inequality research and that scholars can use it to build more refined, accurate and insightful measures of income inequality.
Effect of size and curvature on the enzyme activity of bionanoconjugates

Biotic-abiotic hybrids comprised of globular proteins and functional nanostructures with complementary and synergistic properties are central to a number of bionanotechnological applications. A comprehensive understanding of the effect of physicochemical properties of abiotic nanostructures on the biological activity of the bionanoconjugates is critical in the design of these bio-nano hybrids. In this study, using size and curvature-controlled gold nanoparticles as a model abiotic system, we investigated the effect of hydrodynamic diameter and surface curvature on the activity of a model enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), adsorbed on the surface of the nanostructures. In contrast with the previous studies, we have employed a novel class of gold superstructures (gold nanoparticles on spheres) to deconvolute the effects of size and curvature on the catalytic activity of the bionanoconjugates. This study improves our understanding of the bio/nano interface and the design of bioinorganic hybrids with potential applications in biomimetic and bioenabled sensors, energy harvesting, optoelectronic components and devices, responsive and autonomous materials.
Electrical interactions occurring at electrostatic spraying targets

Abstract Transient electrical interactions at targets undergoing electrostatic coating can determine both mass-transfer efficiency and reliability of the process. As various arrays of targets were traversed by a 4 mC/kg spray cloud of conductive liquid, the charged-droplet-driving space-charge field and the resultant deposition were evaluated for varying conditions of target shielding, corona activity, and target RC characteristics. Experiments confirm that electrical shielding of interior sites and induced corona detrimentally limit electrodeposition. For target capacitance values typical of coated objects, and over a wide 0 – 12 ohm range of target grounding resistance values, electrodeposition benefit was not significantly diminished.
Distributed frequency regulation in smart grids

We present and analyze distributed control schemes for frequency regulation in a smart grid. We use energy storage, conventional generators, wind generators and demand response to provide frequency support while having no communication or data sharing between them. All participants observe the system frequency and act independently in a decentralized manner to provide frequency regulation. We also propose a novel control scheme for frequency support by energy storage in which the power output of energy storage changes proportionally with the reduction in available energy in energy storage. This prevents any sudden drop in system frequency and provides other participants an opportunity to compensate for the reduced power due to discharge of energy storage. We use our methods to observe the frequency regulation in a three area power system having conventional generators, wind generators energy storage and demand response. Our results show that the addition of demand response improves the value of initial frequency drop, settling frequency and settling time. Use of energy storage further improves these characteristics.
Impact of Reproductive Technologies on Dairy Food Production in the Dairy Industry

Reproductive technologies drive the efficiency of managing dairy cows because the lactation cycle of the dairy cow depends on regular calving to renew lactation yields. Achieving timely pregnancies to allow calving every 12-14 months, therefore, is critical in modern dairy production. To meet the demands to produce sufficient milk for fluid and dairy products, various technologies are applied to enhance efficiencies on the dairy farm. Artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer, ultrasonographic and chemical detection of pregnancy, various monitors that detect or predict estrus, and handheld communication and testing devices allow managers to retrieve information to make cow-side decisions about health and reproductive status. Genomic testing of young potential sires or young heifers is now possible and can provide information about their genetic merit years before any progeny tests can be completed. In many countries, the challenge faced by dairy producers is their ability to afford these technologies in the face of rising feed and labor costs and volatile milk prices received at the farm gate. Government policies often place obstacles, trade barriers, and unfunded mandates that preclude operations from making a modest profit. Unlike nearly all other manufacturing industries, agriculture producers have little control over the price received for their products. Therefore, dairy production is vulnerable to many uncontrolled factors including climate, government policy, economic conditions, and skilled labor shortages. It is clear that the impact of emerging and current reproductive technologies is critical to the management of dairy cattle to produce sufficient milk to meet consumer demands for quality fluid and dairy products.
Outcomes of Follow-up Visits After Bronchiolitis Hospitalizations.

This survey study of families of children younger than 2 years discharged after hospitalization for bronchiolitis assesses the usefulness of routine outpatient follow-up after hospitalization.
Staging and classification of melanoma

Cutaneous melanoma is staged according to the TNM-based American Joint Committee of Cancer staging system. Primary tumor thickness (also termed Breslow thickness) and ulceration constitute the T (tumor) category and are important risk factors for survival in both localized and regionally advanced disease. The pathological status of the regional nodal basins is a powerful prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma and comprises a major component of the N (nodal) category. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a commonly employed staging technique to assess the status of the clinically negative regional nodal basin and contributes to N category assessment. Non-nodal regional metastases (e.g., satellites, microsatellites, and in-transit metastases) are also components of the N category and along with nodal status constitute stage III disease. Patients with distant (stage IV) disease constitute the M (metastasis) category and are categorized according to the site(s) of distant metastasis: skin/subcutaneous/distant nodal tissue, lung, non-pulmonary/non-CNS visceral, and central nervous system. Serum lactate dehydrogenase level is included in the M category and has been shown to be prognostically significant in patients with stage IV disease. Novel factors that evaluate the immunologic or molecular profile of primary melanoma, metastases, or host may further risk stratify patients beyond classic TNM-based staging. Clinical predictive models that account for multiple clinical and pathological factors may provide a more accurate approach to individualized risk assessment for a given patient and constitute an area of active focus and evolution.
The importance of malapposition in angiographically optimized stenting in contemporaneous interventions

INTRODUCTION Stenting has advanced the treatment of coronary artery disease, with angiography being historically the gold standard to assure adequate stent deployment. However, intravascular imaging modalities including intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography have shown high rates of inadequate stent deployment in angiographically optimized stents. The association of malapposition with adverse clinical outcomes remains controversial. Areas covered: The definition, types, and risk factors for metallic stent malapposition, the natural history, and significance of stent strut malapposition and its correlation with short- and long-term outcomes were reviewed. Expert commentary: Using intravascular imaging, acute stent strut malapposition is very common, occurring in >75% in some studies. Malapposition may be a result of inadequate stent deployment technique or the atherosclerotic process itself. The preponderance of available data suggests that acute malapposition is not associated with worsened outcomes. Late acquired malapposition may be associated with a relatively increased event rate for stent thrombosis and myocardial infarction but the increased risk is quite small (<0.01%) in absolute terms. Use of a classification system based on cause rather than simple presence of malapposition may clarify some of the uncertainties regarding the clinical significance of strut malapposition.
Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis

Some basic concepts of Lie group representation theory The Heisenberg group The unitary group Compact Lie groups Harmonic analysis on spheres Induced representations, systems of imprimitivity, and semidirect products Nilpotent Lie groups Harmonic analysis on cones $\mathrm {SL}(2,R)$ $\mathrm {SL}(2, \mathbf C)$, and more general Lorentz groups Groups of conformal transformations The symplectic group and the metaplectic group Spinors Semisimple Lie groups.
1. Introduction to fundamentals of elastic constants

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the fundamentals of elastic constants, and discusses Hooke's law, which is a basic statement of linear elasticity. The chapter also explains crystal structures and their symmetries, and reduced elastic constant matrices for seven different crystal systems: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, trigonal, tetragonal, hexagonal, and cubic. The structure of all crystals can be described in terms of a lattice with a group of atoms attached to each lattice point. Further, an explanation of the wave equation for an anisotropic medium is given followed by elastic waves propagating through cubic and hexagonal crystals. The chapter further describes the Young's modulus, the Poisson ratio, and the bulk modulus. The wave equations for longitudinal and transverse waves in isotropic media are investigated in order to elucidate their nature as compressional irrotational waves and distortional rotational waves, respectively. The chapter also presents the derivation of absorption in plane shear and longitudinal waves by adding viscous losses to the wave equation. A simple method for obtaining the attenuation coefficient from rate of energy loss considerations is presented and the relation between attenuation and the quality factor is introduced. The chapter also discusses group velocity and its relation to wave packets from a pulsed signal propagating through a medium followed by the phenomenological relations between phase velocity and attenuation.
MRI and PET Imaging Discordance in Neurosarcoidosis (P06.205)

OBJECTIVE: To report the importance of considering fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging in early detection of highly suspected neurosarcoidosis despite negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. BACKGROUND: The current gold standard for imaging in neurosarcoidosis is gadolinium-enhanced MRI. FDG-PET findings have been previously reported to correlate with known MRI lesions of the neuraxis. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: A previously healthy 43-year-old woman presented with bandlike abdominal pressure, described as “having difficulty taking deep breaths” over the course of three weeks. This pain was constant and exacerbated with deep inspiration. Review of systems revealed poor appetite due to early satiety from the abdominal pressure, a five-pound weight loss, and urinary frequency over the past few weeks. Neurologic examination was normal. Chest x-ray revealed fullness of the mediastinum, and follow-up chest CT showed superior mediastinal adenopathy. Due to concern for lymphoma, FDG-PET was performed, demonstrating increased activity correlating with the mediastinal adenopathy. Also noted was moderate activity within the T9-T12 spinal canal. Lymph node biopsy revealed non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation consistent with sarcoidosis. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the spinal cord was unremarkable for abnormal signal or enhancement. CSF analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis with 26 nucleated cells and protein of 36, suggestive of neurosarcoidosis. She was initiated on prednisone 60 mg daily, with improvement of symptoms at 6-month follow-up. Repeat PET scan showed resolution of the signal abnormality in the thoracic cord. MRI remained normal. Repeat CSF analysis had normalized, with 1 nucleated cell and protein of 19. CONCLUSIONS: The preferred imaging modality for neurosarcoidosis is gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Reports of positive PET scans are reported with MRI correlates, but have not been reported without concomitant MRI findings. The FDG-PET signal without MRI correlate in this case suggests that FDG-PET may provide a more sensitive test for early detection in neurosarcoidosis. Disclosure: Dr. Huang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aksamit has nothing to disclose. Dr. Staff has nothing to disclose.
His Sr., Wilhelm

Wilhelm His Sr. (1831–1904) was a pioneering Swiss embryologist who made a number of important contributions to our understanding of human development. He perfected a microtome capable of making consistently thin sections of embryos. He is best known for using his embryological studies to support the idea that neurons are discrete individual cells closely connected to each other, thereby supporting the neuron doctrine of Santiago Ramon y Cajal.
An Exploratory Study: Transition to Adulthood for College Students with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents.

Abstract Purpose The transition to college and adulthood can be challenging for young adults with chronic health conditions and their parents. Few studies have simultaneously explored the experiences of college students and their parents during the transition to college. The purpose of this study was to explore the transition to adulthood for college students with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their parents. Design and methods A descriptive exploratory study was conducted with college students with T1D and their parents. Data were collected online using quantitative surveys and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were generated for quantitative measures. Analysis of responses to open-ended questions used qualitative description. Results College students (18–24 years) and parents described challenges with life-stage stress, diabetes management worries, and concern about T1D-related long-term complications. Respondents also described the critical role of the college peer network for support and help in case of crisis situations. Students reported stress related to uncertainty in diabetes management, while parents described constant worry about their child's diabetes. Conclusions Findings support the importance of assessing anticipated and current stressors of college students with T1D and other chronic health conditions and their parents during and after transition to college. Practice implications Nurses can support students and parents by providing anticipatory guidance about the transition to college. Assistance identifying established sources of support on college campuses, as well as planning for potential crisis situations, may help reduce stress experienced by students and parents.
Energy Calibration of High-Resolution X-Ray TES Microcalorimeters With 3 eV Optical Photons

With the improving energy resolution of transition-edge sensor (TES) based microcalorimeters, performance verification and calibration of these detectors have become increasingly challenging, especially in the energy range below 1 keV where fluorescent atomic X-ray lines have linewidths that are wider than the detector energy resolution and require impractically high statistics to determine the gain and deconvolve the instrumental profile. Better behaved calibration sources such as grating monochromators are too cumbersome for space missions and are difficult to use in the lab. As an alternative, we are exploring the use of pulses of 3 eV optical photons delivered by an optical fiber to generate combs of known energies with known arrival times. Here, we discuss initial results of this technique obtained with 2 and 0.7 eV resolution X-ray microcalorimeters. With the 2 eV detector, we have achieved photon number resolution for pulses with mean photon number up to 133 (corresponding to 0.4 keV).
Smithsonian Plant Collections, Guiana Shield: 1985–2014, Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Collections

The Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield (BDG) is a field-oriented program of the Smithsonian Institution’s (SI) National Museum of Natural History (NMNH). For more than 30 years the goal of the BDG has been to study, document, and preserve the biological diversity of the Guiana Shield (the Shield), which includes Guyana; Suriname; French Guiana; the Venezuelan states of Amazonas, Bolivar, and Delta Amacuro; and parts of southern Colombia and far northern Brazil. Data gathering and analyses of diversity are focused on the natural units. The BDG program began in 1983 and sponsored an active field program from 1985 to the final plant expedition in 2014. Originally confined to the plants of Guyana, it grew to cover all aspects of biodiversity across the Shield. Part I provides the collector’s notes on trips in alphabetical order by collector (with maps). Part II lists collection localities with collection number ranges, habitat descriptions, geographic coordinates, and assisting collectors. Part III lists collections in numerical order with identifications and authors. Part IV lists collections ordered by determined name.
Using Strategic Scholarships to Increase Affordability and Accelerate Enrollment Growth

Since 2013, Purdue University has been implementing a series of strategies to increase summer enrollment and affordability as part of the Purdue Moves initiative. One important aspect of the plan includes dedicating a portion of new summer tuition and fees toward strategic scholarships and need-based financial aid to help students speed time to degree completion. In the past, scholarships ere dedicated to Summer Start, Summer Stay, and Summer Finish. In 2018, the Advisor-Initiated Scholarship, Summer Internship Plus, and Early Start residential Scholarship were added to the portfolio and the application timeline for existing scholarships was revised to maximize the impact on enrollment.
Persistent symptoms after endovenous thermal ablation may suggest proximal venous outflow obstruction.

Abstract Objective Proximal venous outflow obstruction (PVOO) in the iliac veins and superficial venous disease are inter-related in ways not fully understood. We observed among our patients undergoing vein stent placement for PVOO a significant number having had prior endovenous thermal ablations (EVTA) in their history. This study was undertaken to better characterize these patients and develop an algorithm in their management. Methods In a combined retrospective and prospective data registry of 682 patients who underwent vein stent placement for chronic PVOO at a single institution from March 2013 to November 2017, 100 limbs of 99 patients (14.5% of all patients) had a history of EVTA or other superficial venous procedures before their vein stenting. Limbs with dilated truncal veins on ultrasound examination or limbs that underwent poststent EVTA or superficial venous procedures were excluded. The mean age of these 99 patients was 60.2 years (range, 28-88 years; standard deviation, 13.855). Fifty-one percent of the patients were male. The most common presenting symptom of the patient cohort was edema (n = 59), followed by venous-related skin changes (n = 22). Results Bilateral stents were performed in 58%, with a mean number of 2.06 stents per patient. EVTA was the primary superficial vein procedure in 97%. Bilateral EVTA were performed in 53% and unilateral EVTA in 47%. The mean time between the first EVTA to vein stenting was 1202.7 days. Patients were followed at 30 days, 90 days, 6 months, 1 year, and >1 year. The outcome for each patient at each postoperative visit was compared with preoperative parameters (subject's assessment, physical examination, and provider assessment) and was scored as follows: -1 (worse than preoperative), 0 (no change), +1 (mildly improved), +2 (significantly improved), or +3 (completely recovered). The mean outcome score at 30 days was 1.63 (84 patients), 2.05 at 90 days (62 patients), 2.09 at 6 months (74 patients), 1.93 at 1 year (54 patients), and 1.97 at >1 year (39 patients). Conclusions Approximately 15% of patients undergoing vein stent placement for chronic PVOO have an antecedent history of superficial venous disease and EVTA. PVOO should be considered and the patient evaluated accordingly if symptoms persisted or recurred after EVTA. Vein stent placement among these patients with PVOO will result in further symptomatic relief, but complete symptomatic relief is not observed in everyone. The algorithm for the management of these patients warrants further investigation.
Surgical Treatment of Male Stress Urinary Incontinence: An Overview

Male stress urinary incontinence is a common malady, most often caused by treatment of prostate cancer. After standard evaluation and confirmation of male stress urinary incontinence, multiple treatment options are available. Pelvic floor muscle exercises/therapy should be made available to all patients and if patient remain bothered with stress urinary incontinence, surgical therapy is an option. Surgical options include urethral bulking agents, male slings, and artificial urinary sphincters – all of which have varying degrees of efficacy, durability, and complication profile. Furthermore, some patients may be better candidates for a specific procedure due to known risk factors such as degree of incontinence of history of radiation therapy. Finally, secondary surgery is also available for patients who have already been treated surgically for male stress urinary incontinence. This manuscript will provide an overview of surgical treatment for male stress urinary incontinence.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Near-Contact Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Host-Bacteria Interaction Model Using 3D-Printed Modular LED Platform

One well-studied bacterial factor recognized by the host immune system is lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that stimulate host cells, resulting in cell inflammation. Although photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy demonstrates its potency on anti-inflammatory activity, the complete mechanism of action in the host-bacteria interaction model is still elusive. In addition, many studies were performed regarding a distance between the light source and biological sample (non-contact therapy) that may result in disparate reports on the efficacy of PBM therapy. Thus, it is critical to clearly understand the effect of this approach to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. Here, a custom-built light-emitting diode (LED) platform that mimics near-contact therapy is developed. The effect and mechanism of PBM therapy on epithelial cells in response to LPS is systematically investigated under various conditions (wavelength, irradiation-time, pulse-frequency). The data show that the irradiation of near-infrared (NIR-LED) significantly improves the viability of inflamed cells. It reveals that NIR-LED inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species by regulating the Nox4-NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, however, high-pulse frequency stimulus causes the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of cells, resulting in cell death. These results suggest that the optimized "PBM condition" is critical to assist the healthy immune system of the host against bacterial invasion.
Cellular and circuit mechanisms of olfactory associative learning in Drosophila .

Recent years have witnessed significant progress in understanding how memories are encoded, from the molecular to the cellular and the circuit/systems levels. With a good compromise between brain complexity and behavioral sophistication, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the preeminent animal models of learning and memory. Here we review how memories are encoded in Drosophila, with a focus on short-term memory and an eye toward future directions. Forward genetic screens have revealed a large number of genes and transcripts necessary for learning and memory, some acting cell-autonomously. Further, the relative numerical simplicity of the fly brain has enabled the reverse engineering of learning circuits with remarkable precision, in some cases ascribing behavioral phenotypes to single neurons. Functional imaging and physiological studies have localized and parsed the plasticity that occurs during learning at some of the major loci. Connectomics projects are significantly expanding anatomical knowledge of the nervous system, filling out the roadmap for ongoing functional/physiological and behavioral studies, which are being accelerated by simultaneous tool development. These developments have provided unprecedented insight into the fundamental neural principles of learning, and lay the groundwork for deep understanding in the near future.
A molecular perspective on age-dependent changes to the heat shock axis

Aging is a complex process associated with progressive damage that leads to cellular dysfunction often accompanied by frailty and age-related diseases. Coping with all types of physiologic stress declines with age. While representing a primordial, cross-species response in poikilo- and homeotherms, the age-dependent perturbation of the stress response is more complex than previously thought. This short review examines how age influences the stress axis at multiple levels that involve both activating and attenuating pathways.
Lambert Daneau’s Islam on the Tree of Heresies

Genevan theologian Lambert Daneau's commentary on Augustine's De haeresibus includes a remarkable plate depicting a tree of heresies. The image illustrates the intricate connections between all Chr...
Diffusive limits of two-parameter ordered Chinese Restaurant Process up-down chains

We construct a two-parameter family of diffusions on the set of open subsets of $(0,1)$ that arise as diffusive limits of two-parameter ordered Chinese Restaurant Process up-down chains.
Pretesting can be beneficial even when using the internet to answer questions.

Research on the pretesting effect has shown that attempting to retrieve or generate information, even when unsuccessful, can potentiate the subsequent learning and remembering of that information. ...
Time to collaborate: How time influences value creation for a nonprofit collective

This case study set out to investigate value definition in a cross-sector collective focused on strengthening nonprofit services. Moore’s public value concept is used to examine how participants de...
Remote Continuous Glucose Monitoring With a Computerized Insulin Infusion Protocol for Critically Ill Patients in a COVID-19 Medical ICU: Proof of Concept.

OBJECTIVE The use of remote real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the hospital has rapidly emerged to preserve personal protective equipment and reduce potential exposures during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We linked a hybrid CGM and point-of-care (POC) glucose testing protocol to a computerized decision support system for continuous insulin infusion and integrated a validation system for sensor glucose values into the electronic health record. We report our proof-of-concept experience in a COVID-19 intensive care unit. RESULTS All nine patients required mechanical ventilation and corticosteroids. During the protocol, 75.7% of sensor values were within 20% of the reference POC glucose with an associated average reduction in POC of 63%. Mean time in range (70–180 mg/dL) was 71.4 ± 13.9%. Sensor accuracy was impacted by mechanical interferences in four patients. CONCLUSIONS A hybrid protocol integrating real-time CGM and POC is helpful for managing critically ill patients with COVID-19 requiring insulin infusion.
Competitive gossip: the impact of domain, resource value, resource scarcity and coalitions.

Those with better reputations often obtain more resources than those with poorer reputations. Consequently, gossip might be an evolved strategy to compete for valuable and scarce material and socia...
Flexible and interpretable generalization of self-evolving computational materials framework

Abstract The recent innovations of computational material models by machine learning (ML) methods face formidable challenges. Incorporating internal heterogeneity and diverse boundary conditions (BC’s) into existing ML methods remains difficult, and the weak interpretability of ML remains unresolved. To tackle these challenges, this paper generalizes a recently developed self-evolving computational material models framework built upon Bayesian update and evolutionary algorithm. This paper proposes a new material-specific information index (II), which is capable of autonomously quantifying the internal heterogeneity and diverse BC’s. Also, this paper introduces highly flexible cubic regression spline (CRS)-based link functions which can offer mathematical expressions of salient material coefficients of the existing computational material models in terms of convolved II. Thereby, this paper suggests a novel means by which ML can directly leverage internal heterogeneity and diverse BC’s to autonomously evolve computational material models while keeping interpretability. Validations using a wide spectrum of large-scale reinforced composite structures confirm the favorable performance of the generalization. Example expansions of nonlinear shear of quasi-brittle materials and progressive compressive buckling of reinforcing steel underpin efficiency and accuracy of the generalization. This paper adds a meaningful avenue for accelerating the fusion of computational material models and ML.
Maximum Entropy Analysis for Pattern Recognition

Feature extraction, classification, clustering and learning in pattern recognition are closely related to the maximum or minimum entropy principles. Such relationships are reviewed in this paper. The need for adaptive pattern recognition using neural networks is then emphasized. A comparison between neural networks and conventional statistical classifiers is also presented.
Characterizing mercury concentrations and fluxes in a Coastal Plain watershed: Insights from dynamic modeling and data

[1] Mercury (Hg) is one of the leading water quality concerns in surface waters of the United States. Although watershed-scale Hg cycling research has increased in the past two decades, advances in modeling watershed Hg processes in diverse physiographic regions, spatial scales, and land cover types are needed. The goal of this study was to assess Hg cycling in a Coastal Plain system using concentrations and fluxes estimated by multiple watershed-scale models with distinct mathematical frameworks reflecting different system dynamics. We simulated total mercury (HgT, the sum of filtered and particulate forms) concentrations and fluxes from a Coastal Plain watershed (McTier Creek) using three watershed Hg models and an empirical load model. Model output was compared with observed in-stream HgT. We found that shallow subsurface flow is a potentially important transport mechanism of particulate HgTduring periods when connectivity between the uplands and surface waters is maximized. Other processes (e.g., stream bank erosion, sediment re-suspension) may increase particulate HgT in the water column. Simulations and data suggest that variable source area (VSA) flow and lack of rainfall interactions with surface soil horizons result in increased dissolved HgTconcentrations unrelated to DOC mobilization following precipitation events. Although flushing of DOC-HgTcomplexes from surface soils can also occur during this period, DOC-complexed HgT becomes more important during base flow conditions. TOPLOAD simulations highlight saturated subsurface flow as a primary driver of daily HgT loadings, but shallow subsurface flow is important for HgTloads during high-flow events. Results suggest limited seasonal trends in HgT dynamics.
A method for preparing sodium acrylate‐d3, a useful and stable precursor for deuterated acrylic monomers

A convenient and economical method for converting propiolic acid to sodium acrylate-d3 is described. Successive D/H exchange of the alkyne proton of sodium propiolate (prepared from propiolic acid) using D2O affords sodium propiolate-d having up to 99 atom% D. Sodium propiolate-d can be partially reduced to sodium acrylate-d3 with 90% conversion and 89% yield, using D2 and the Lindlar catalyst with control of reaction parameters to maximize conversion while minimizing over reduction.
The Training and Generalization of Social Interaction during Breaktime at Two Job Sites in the Natural Environment

Four high-school age students with autism and severe handicaps were trained to initiate and sustain social interactions with nonhandicapped peers in a commonly shared breakroom at two community job sites. The generalization of social behavior to nontrained coworkers was probed in the same setting during natural breaktimes. A multiple-baseline across subjects design was used to assess the effectiveness of a training package based on concurrent training of chains of responses using systematic prompting and reinforcement of correct behavior. Generalization was promoted using a multiple exemplar strategy. The results showed that all participants acquired a chain of social break behaviors using one peer trainer. Two participants displayed generalization of social responses prior to the acquisition of the complete chain. Two participants required training with multiple peers prior to the occurrence of generalization.
Measuring sin2θW with parity violation in deep inelastic scattering with baseline spectrometers at JLab 12 GeV

The couplings of leptons to quarks are fundamental parameters of the electroweak interaction. Within the framework of the Standard Model, these couplings can be related to sin2 θ W . Parity violation (PV) in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) is proportional to these couplings and hence sensitive to sin2 θ W . PV-DIS, first measured at SLAC in the mid-1970’s, was used to establish the Standard Model. The high quality and intensity of the upgraded 11 GeV CEBAF beam at Jefferson Laboratory will make it an ideal tool for PV studies. In DIS the asymmetry from parity violation is large (A PV ≈ 10−4 Q 2), allowing precise measurements with modest beam time. This talk will explore a PV-DIS measurement which can be made using the baseline spectrometers that will exist as part of the 12 GeV JLab upgrade.
One-dimensional metric foliations on the Heisenberg group

We prove that the one-dimensional metric foliations on the (2n +1)-dimensional Heisenberg group equipped with a left invariant metric are homogeneous.
BPX toroidal field coil design

The toroidal field coil system of the Burning Plasma Experiment (BPX) consists of 18 beryllium copper magnets arrayed in a wedged configuration with a major radius of 2.6 m and a field strength capability on axis of 9.0 T. The toroidal array is constructed from six 3-coil modules to facilitate remote recovery in the event of a magnet failure after nuclear activation precludes hands-on servicing. The magnets are of a modified Bitter plate design with partial cases of type 316-LN stainless steel welded with Inconel 182 weld wire. The coil turn plates are fabricated from CDA C17510 beryllium copper with optimized mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. Cryogenic cooling is used to reduce power dissipation and to enhance performance. The magnets are cooled between experimental pulses by pressurized liquid nitrogen flowing through channels in the edges of the coil turns, allowing one full-power pulse per hour. Overturning forces are reacted by friction forces generated by the wedging pressure in the central leg regions and by case and structure in the other regions of the coil. The magnets are designed to structural design criteria modeled after the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, but with appropriate changes. >
Some new algorithms for reconfiguring VLSI/WSI arrays

Deals with the issue of reconfiguring processor arrays in the presence of faulty processors and fixed hardware resources. The models discussed consist of a set of identical Processing Elements (PEs) embedded in a flexible interconnection structure that is configured in the form of a rectangular grid. Furthermore in order to incorporate fault tolerance a given array has a pre-determined distribution of spare PEs. The general issue in reconfiguration is to replace faulty non-spare PEs by healthy spare ones, subject to given hardware constraints. The authors present some new algorithms for reconfiguring N*(N+1) arrays (where the spare PEs are configured in the form of a spare row) into N*N arrays when N of the PEs are faulty. The algorithms developed are simple and perform better than other reconfiguration algorithms presented in the literature. >
I-V curves for cylinders embedded in P3HT

Comparison between simulation and measurement of Current-Voltage curves for CdS cylinders embedded in P3HT. Using interface recombination makes the curve of simulation to match the curve of measurement.
Understanding players' identities and behavioral archetypes from avatar customization data

Virtual identities are an integral part of peoples' lives, from online shopping accounts to social networking profiles, from intelligent tutors to videogame avatars. In many videogames, players construct avatars to represent themselves within virtual environments and research has shown that players' sociocultural identities influence their avatar construction and can be a proxy for inferring their values in the non-virtual (real) world. In this paper, we present a computational approach to modeling players' real-world identities using behavioral data collected during the avatar customization process. We used archetypal analysis on player interaction data to develop “behavioral archetypes”, which are models of prototypical behavior patterns exhibited by players during the avatar customization process. We modeled patterns of (1) “avatar gender-preferring” behaviors (preferences for a particular avatar gender), (2) “styler” behaviors (preferences for different parts of their avatars, e.g., hair-styler, head-styler, etc.,) and (3) preferences for using avatars of a different gender (“gender-bending”) or the same gender (“gender-synchronizing”) as the players'. In a user-study with 190 participants, the behavioral archetype model trained via supervised learning had high accuracy (81%) in classifying players' real-world gender using only behavioral data. We show that behavioral archetypes are effective for understanding players in terms of their customization behaviors, real-world genders, and virtual avatar genders.
The ambulatory surgical management of Bartholin duct cysts.

Abstract Marsupialization of Bartholin duct cysts was performed in the emergency department (ED) under pudendal anesthesia. Nineteen symptomatic cysts were treated surgically using techniques suitable for outpatient facilities. Pudendal anesthesia was adequate in all but two patients in whom supplemental local infiltration was used. One-third of the patients experienced unilateral lower extremity numbness following the pudendal block. Symptoms had completely subsided approximately 20 minutes after the procedure, and there were no sequelae. The average length of time of the procedure was 25 minutes. All patients were discharged from the ED within 30 minutes of completion of the procedure. In all patients examined one week postoperatively, the residual pouch had shrunk to less than half its original size and the apertures were patent. There have been no problems with bleeding, infection, pain or dyspareunia. In a follow-up survey, no recurrent cysts were reported. This problem can be treated safely in the ED with good results.