cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Peeled-up Coating Contamination Solution and its Capability

Peeled-up coating pressing and decontaminated technology is one of virtual technique measures that treat radioactive results of nuclear accident and horrific "dirty bomb".Pressing decontaminated materials and its exercise machines are important parts of pressing decontaminated technology.The paper analyses contamination mechanism that the water-solubility pressing decontaminated sloution materials adsorb radioactive granule and clear-up radioactive fallout,introduces preparation method and compound proportionment about the water-solubility pressing decontaminated sloution,site-tests the water-solubility pressing decontaminated sloution decontamination effect,environmental influencing factor,suitable quality to in-existence equipment and mechanical mechanics capability of forming membrane.Testingas results make known that there is 88 percent of once average decontamination ratio that radioactive fallout on concrete or coarse iron plate layer is cleared-up by the water-solubility pressing decontaminated sloution and using the materials is no influence to environment,satisfy in-existence equipmen.mechanical capability of the solution forming membrane also satisfy mechanization callout in design.It is concluded that the water-solubility pressing decontaminated sloution is a better sort of pressing decontaminated material.
Nano-manufactured catalyst for the production of hydrogen via solar thermal water splitting

This paper reports on the creation of nano-manufactured catalyst for the production of hydrogen fuel via the solar thermal water splitting process. The solar thermal water splitting process is considered the holy grail of green energy as the process produces zero carbon emissions. This is made possible by focusing solar energy as the heating source, while the only reactant consumed in the process is water. For this work we are investigating the reaction dynamics of cobalt ferrite catalyst supported on an aluminum oxide support. Solar thermal water splitting occurs in two steps: reduction and oxidation reactions. The reduction step occurs by heating the catalyst, which produces oxygen and converts the cobalt ferrite/aluminum oxide to metal aluminates. The oxidation step begins by flowing water over the newly created metal aluminates. The metal aluminates react with the oxygen creating the original cobalt ferrite/aluminum oxide catalyst as well as hydrogen gas. The catalyst created for this work was done utilizing an electrospinning technique. In a one-step process the aluminum oxide support material can be incorporated with cobalt ferrite catalyst into a single nanofiber. With this technique nanofiber catalyst can be created with diameters ranging from 20 to 80 nm. Nanostructured materials allow for large surface areas >50 m 2 /g and surface area to volume ratios >9e7/m. The large surface area creates the opportunity for more active sites where the reactions can occur. An increase in reactivity has the potential to move fuel production rate for solar thermal water splitting closer to large-scale commercialization.
X-Ray Scattering by Nanoparticles

Scattering cross sections for X-rays interacting with nanoparticles consisting of silicon, carbon, and ice were calculated using the classical Mie model which produces the exact solutions the Maxwell’s equations for radiation interacting with homogeneous spheres. Both differential and total cross sections were obtained for radiation ranging from 0.4 to 3 keV and for dust ranging from 1 to 10 nm is size.
Origin of Asymmetry of Paired Nanogap Voltammograms Based on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Contamination Not Adsorption.

Formation of a nanometer-wide gap between tip and substrate electrodes by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables voltammetric measurement of ultrafast electron-transfer kinetics. Herein, we demonstrate the advantage of SECM-based nanogap voltammetry to assess the cleanness of the substrate surface in solution by confirming that airborne contamination of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) causes the nonideal asymmetry of paired nanogap voltammograms of (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium (Fc+). We hypothesize that the amperometric response of a 1 μm-diameter Pt tip is less enhanced in the feedback mode, where more hydrophilic Fc2+ is generated from Fc+ at the tip and reduced voltammetrically at the HOPG surface covered with airborne hydrophobic contaminants. The tip current is more enhanced in the substrate generation/tip collection mode, where less charged Fc+ is oxidized at the contaminated HOPG surface. In fact, symmetric pairs of nanogap voltammograms are obtained with the cleaner HO...
Understanding Terrorism and the Limits of Just War Theory

Since 9/11 we here in the United States and others in many large and small democracies around the world have been bombarded by discussions of terrorism’ s threat. And we have been called on, in the face of it, to support dramatic changes to our democracies, changes such as the Patriot Act, along with invocations to support extreme international policies, such as to make no distinction between terrorists and those who harbor them. I confess, the very day I saw those towers burning on a television screen, I hoped that our country would not be transformed in the way that it has.
The inside story

It is often asserted that we know more about the interiors of stars than we know about the interior of our own planet. Stars, of course, convect and radiate information about their composition to our waiting spectrometers. They do not have cold, opaque crusts or, if they did, we would know little about these objects. Compared with most samples which scientists study, the Earth is remarkably difficult to get information out of. And, of course, it cannot be dissected and there is only one sample.
Gender, Markets, and Inequality: A Framework:

A growing body of research examines the role of elite networks, power, and race in the advocacy for market-based reforms and their ultimate effects on students, teachers, and communities of color. ...
Impact of a telemedicine eICU cart on sepsis management in a community hospital emergency department.

IntroductionIntensivist involvement for patients with sepsis is associated with decreased complications and mortality, and lower hospital resource utilization, but few studies have evaluated outcom...
Amygdala functional connectivity during socioemotional processing prospectively predicts increases in internalizing symptoms in a sample of low-income, urban, young men

Functional connectivity between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex is critical for socioemotional processing, particularly during face processing. Though processing others' emotions is important for a myriad of complex social behaviors, more research is needed to understand how different types of emotional facial expressions differentially elicit connectivity of the amygdala with widespread neural regions. Moreover, though prior studies have reported cross-sectional associations between altered amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity and internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety), few studies have examined whether amygdala functional connectivity is prospectively related to changes in these symptoms, with little work focusing on low-income men living in stressful contexts. The current study used psycho-physiological interaction analyses at the within-subjects level to examine how amygdala connectivity differed while participants viewed fearful, angry, and neutral faces. We used structural equation modeling at the between-subjects level, using extracted parameter estimates, to test whether amygdala connectivity during face processing predicted increases in internalizing psychopathology over time, controlling for earlier symptoms. An urban sample of 167 young men from low-income families was employed. Results indicated that negative connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal regions was modulated by emotional face type. Neuronal activity in the cingulate and frontal cortices was connected to amygdala reactivity during fearful and neutral, but not angry, face processing. Moreover, weaker left amygdala-left middle frontal gyrus negative connectivity when viewing fearful faces and stronger right amygdala-left inferior frontal gyrus negative connectivity when viewing neutral faces at age 20 both predicted increases in internalizing behaviors from age 20 to age 22. Our findings show that amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity can predict the persistence of internalizing symptoms among high-risk participants over time but suggest that these patterns may differ depending on the emotional stimuli examined.
Source of Health Information and Unmet Healthcare Needs in Asian Americans.

Background: Responding to the disparities in accessing and obtaining health information and healthcare among immigrant populations, the present study focused on Asian Americans. Using a sample that...
DNA-Directed Non-Langmuir Deposition of Programmable Atom Equivalents.

Particle assembly at interfaces via programmed DNA interactions allows for independent modification of both nanoparticle–surface interaction strength and the magnitude of interparticle repulsion. Together, these factors allow for modification of the deposited thin film morphology via alterations in DNA binding sequence. Importantly, both Langmuir and random sequential adsorption models yield insights into the thermodynamics of deposition but cannot fully explain particle coverage as a function of all relevant variables, indicating that the particle deposition mechanism for DNA-grafted colloids is more complex than prior adsorption phenomena. Here, it is shown that these deviations from standard behavior arise from the fact that each nanoparticle is attached to the surface via multiple weak DNA duplex interactions, enabling diffusion of adsorbed colloids across the substrate. Thus, surface migration of individual particles causes reorganization of the deposited monolayer, leading to the unusual behavior of...
Beyond the top-N: algorithms that generate recommendations for self-actualization

Recommender systems traditionally provide users with recommendations that match their preferences, which creates a personalized user experience and increases users' satisfaction. However, recommendations from traditional systems may sometimes be considered too personalized, which isolates users from a diversity of perspectives, content, and experiences, and thus make them less likely to discover new things. To overcome this drawback, we argue that recommenders should more actively keep the user "in-the-loop" by providing alternative recommendation lists that go beyond the traditional Top-N list. Such Recommender Systems for Self-Actualization follow a more holistic human-centered personalization practice by supporting users in developing, exploring and understanding their unique tastes and preferences. In this paper, we discuss a series of algorithms that generate four new recommendation lists. These lists enable the recommender to gain a more holistic view of the user and also allow the user to learn more about themselves.
Electricks: Pre-College Activities in Electro-Mechanics

This research to practice full paper is a survey based paper that examines the impact of a set of experiments in electro-mechanics, designed to introduce pre-college students to electrical engineering in a fun, hands-on manner that demonstrates the basic principles of power generation and electromagnetism. It involves a set of 3 experiments which build on each other to teach the participants about how electrical currents and magnets create an electromotive force that can be used to generate power. These activities were presented alongside information about regional college level engineering programs that are accessible to the students. The program is an easily scalable addition to camp-based programs that can be taken to schools to introduce students who are unable to participate in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) related extracurricular programs to engineering. Participating students were given surveys to gauge their level of interest and their tendency to choose engineering after performing the experiments. Participating schools were in the Springfield Public School district in Missouri.
Interview by Guillermo Martínez — The Reason for My Life

[Held in the historic Cafe Tortoni, Buenos Aires, 1998. An extremely lively interview by a talented young Argentine mathematician and writer, Guillermo Martinez. Among other things, he is the author of a remarkable novel about genius, Regarding Roderer, and has translated Tasic’s book on postmodernism into Spanish. This interview was the main article in the Sunday magazine Radar of the Buenos Aires newspaper Pagina/12 on 7 June 1998, and it was the first time that my photo was on the cover of a magazine. The next time was when I was featured as “The Omega Man” (!) on the cover of New Scientist, 10 March 2001.]
States Are Not Basic Structures: Against State-Centric Political Theory

Contemporary political philosophy often operates on a ‘two-tiered’ theoretical treatment of global politics, on which domestic political systems and the principles governing their internal dynamics...
Education in the Neoliberal Period (1983–Present)

This chapter details simplified versions of neoliberalism, existentialism, and postmodernism as a means of grounding the late twentieth century philosophically. It examines major shifts in public schools, including increasing security in post-Columbine schools, the increase in federal intervention with the No Child Left Behind and Every Student Succeeds Acts, and the Common Core movement. It concludes with a discussion on the educational legacies of this period and recommendations for further reading.
Recessed Traces for Planarized Passivation of Chronic Neural Microelectrodes

Implantable microfabricated neural electrodes have numerous neuroscientific research and clinical applications. However, these devices are prone to failure after several months in vivo. One mechanism is failure of passivation layers followed by corrosion of metal traces in the saline environment. It has been suggested that mechanical stress accelerates passivation layer failure and that stress is concentrated whenever passivation layers have a non-planar topography. Therefore, we developed a simple process for recessing metal traces within the substrate so that overlying passivation layers are planar. The process requires no extra masks and no post-passivation planarization steps.
Pilot Studies towards Optimizing Quality of Life and Outcomes in Patients Post Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Purpose For optimization of the pump setting, there is currently a lack of non-invasive diagnostic methods capable to sensitively reflect the altered right-to-left ventricle relationship following the Left Ventricle Assist Device (LVAD) implantation. It was hypothesized that novel measures derived from the re-breath diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) technique may become a viable alternative to invasive hemodynamic studies. The present pilot study demonstrates feasibility and quantification of dynamic pulmonary variables including lung blood flow (Q) in the face of a device derived and clinical data. Methods 6 patients with LVAD participated in the present study (tab 1). Oxygen consumption and DLCO with its components were assessed pre- and during 12-15 min of low intensity (0.3 Watts/kg) exercise on a semi-recumbent ergometer. At constant LVAD speed, nitric oxide analyzer and mass spectrometer connected to a subject via a mouthpiece were used. Results During exercise, each patient demonstrated different patterns and magnitude of alterations in respiratory gas exchange (fig 1A). Moreover, variability of alteration in DLCO measures among patients was more prominent after correction for Q (fig 2B). Conclusion Distinct inter-personal responses in DLCO components and respiratory gas exchange to low intensity exercise may indicate that the re-breath DLCO technique can be utilized for a non-invasive LVAD speed optimization.
Estimation of cyber network risk using rare event simulation

Inherent vulnerabilities in a cyber network’s constituent machine services can be exploited by malicious agents. As a result, the machines on any network are at risk. Security specialists seek to m...
Altis: Modernizing GPGPU Benchmarks

This paper presents ALTIS, a benchmark suite for modern GPGPU computing. Previous benchmark suites such as Rodinia and SHOC have served the research community well, but were developed years ago when hardware was more limited, software supported fewer features, and production hardware-accelerated workloads were scarce. Since that time, GPU compute density and memory capacity has grown exponentially, programmability features such as unified memory, demand paging, and HyperQ have matured, and new workloads such as deep neural networks (DNNs), graph analytics, and crypto-currencies have emerged in production environments, stressing the hardware and software in ways that previous benchmarks did not anticipate. Drawing inspiration from Rodinia and SHOC, ALTIS is a benchmark suite designed for modern GPU architectures and modern GPU runtimes, representing a diverse set of application domains. By adopting and extending applications from Rodinia and SHOC, adding new applications, and focusing on CUDA platforms, ALTIS better represents modern GPGPU workloads to enable support GPGPU research in both architecture and system software.
Phaeohyphomycosis due to Veronaea botryosa in cultured white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA during 2006 to 2015

Infection with Veronaea botryosa can result in rare cutaneous or disseminated, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous phaeohyphomycosis in humans, although disease due to the fungus has also been reported in non-mammalian vertebrates. This report documents disease due to V. botryosa in captive, juvenile to subadult or young adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA and complements a previous report of the disease in captive Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) from Florida USA. Pathological examinations revealed granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation of multiple organs. Isolates of the fungal agent were phenotypically consistent with V. botryosa, and molecular analyses of the D1/D2 region of the fungal 28S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the fungal 18S and 28S rRNA genes confirmed the aetiologic agent as V. botryosa. The disease in captive sturgeon results in a considerable economic encumbrance to the producer due to the loss of the cumulative financial resources invested in the production of older subadult to young adult sturgeon.
Multi-scale imaging, strength and permeability measurements: Understanding the durability of Roman marine concrete

Abstract Roman-era concrete is the iconic embodiment of long-term physicochemical resilience. We investigated the basis of this behavior across scales of observations by coupling time-lapse (4-D) tomographic imaging of macroscopic mechanical stressing with structural microscopy and chemical spectroscopy on Roman marine concrete (RMC) from ancient harbors in Italy and Israel. Stress–strain measurements revealed that RMC creeps and exhibits a ductile deformation mode. The low permeability of concrete samples was linked to mortar-dominated microstructures showing no debonding with the aggregates. Structural and chemical imaging shows the presence of well-developed sulfur-rich, fibrous minerals that are intertwined and embedded in a crossbred matrix having the chemical traits of both a calcium-aluminum–silicate-hydrate and a polymerized alkali-alumino-silicate. This latter likely reflects the ultra-alkaline volcanic nature of the primary source materials. We hypothesize that the fine interweave of sulfur-rich fibers within this crossbred matrix enhances aggregate bonding, which altogether contributes to the durability of RMC.
Correction: Revisiting thin silicon for photovoltaics: a technoeconomic perspective

Correction for ‘Revisiting thin silicon for photovoltaics: a technoeconomic perspective’ by Zhe Liu et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 12–23, DOI: 10.1039/C9EE02452B.
Loss of ARNT Limits Improvement in Physiological Performance Following Aerobic Exercise in Aging

Hypoxia signaling is essential for angiogenesis and metabolic regulation during exercise. Our previous study has demonstrated an age-related loss of ARNT resulting in limited muscle regeneration. To explore the role of hypoxia signaling in physiological performance in relation to aging, we generated a mouse model with skeletal muscle-specific knockout of ARNT (ARNT mKO). ARNT mKO and ARNT WT mice were subjected to a sedentary activity or treadmill running exercise regime at an increasing speed of 8-12 m/min for 40 minutes, three times weekly over the course of 8 weeks. ARNT levels was 3-fold lower in old mice compared to young. The exercised WT mice exhibited 52% greater increase over the sedentary group in exercise endurance as measured by the maximum running distance (490.92±154.28 vs 237.76±135.19m, p＜0.01). In contrast, ARNT mKO mice did not benefit from exercise (231.85±198.61 vs 167.27±136.56m, p=0.41). The maximum running speed was severely restricted in the trained ARNT mKO mice versus WT (16±1.63 m/min vs 26.67±2.45 m/min, p＜0.001). Cross-sectional area of myofibers increased significantly following exercise in WT mice (2270 vs 2960 □m2, p=0,015) indicating muscle hypertrophic response, while no change was observed in the ARNT mKO group (2101 vs 2378□m2, p=0,21). Further, exercise increased femoral artery blood flow by 41% in ARNT WT mice, but not in ARNT mKO mice (898.96±52.33 vs 802.86±48.43, p=0.20). These data suggest that ARNT is essential for physiological response to exercise
Glimpse-based estimation of speech intelligibility from speech-in-noise using artificial neural networks

Abstract While human listeners can, to some extent, understand the information conveyed by the speech signal when it is mixed with noise, traditional objective intelligibility measures usually fail to operate without a priori knowledge of the clean speech signal. This hence limits the usability of those measures in situations where the clean speech signal is inaccessible. In this paper a glimpse-based method is extended to make speech intelligibility predictions directly from speech-plus-noise mixtures. Using a neural network, the proposed method estimates the time-frequency regions with a local speech-to-noise ratio above a given threshold – known as glimpses – from the mixture signal, instead of separately comparing the speech signal against the noise signal. The number and locations of the glimpses can then be used to produce an intelligibility score. In Experiment I where listener intelligibilities were measured in one stationary and nine fluctuating noise maskers, the predictions produced by the proposed method were highly correlated with the subjective data, with correlation coefficients above 0.90. In Experiment II, with the same neural network trained on normal natural speech as in Experiment I, the proposed method was used to predict the intelligibility of speech signals modified by intelligibility-enhancement algorithms and synthetic speech. The method can still maintain its predictive power by demonstrating a similar performance to its intrusive counterpart with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.81, which is superior to many modern traditional measures evaluated under the same conditions. Therefore, the proposed method can be used to estimate speech intelligibility in place of traditional measures in conditions where their capacity falls short.
Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common genetic condition which impacts almost 30 million people worldwide. The hallmark of SCD is painful crises, with pain being the commonest cause for hospitalization. Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and the analgesic treatment tools can be critical in improving the morbidity associated with the disease.
Stochastic Differential Equations

Starting with coefficients a(t, x) = ((a ij (t, x)))1≤i, j≤d and b(t, x) = (b i (t,x))1≤i≤d, we saw in Chapter 3 how the associated parabolic equation $$ \frac{{\partial u}} {{\partial t}} + L_t u = 0 $$ (0.1) can be a source of a transition probability function on which to base a continuous Markov process. Although this is a perfectly legitimate way to pass from given coefficients to a diffusion process, it has the unfortunate feature that it involves an intermediate state (namely, the construction of the fundamental solution to (0.1)) in which the connection between the coefficients and the resulting process is somewhat obscured. Aside from the loss of intuition caused by this rather circuitous route, as probabilists our principal objection to the method given in Chapter 3 is that everything it can say about the Markov process from a knowledge of its coefficients must be learned by studying the associated parabolic equation. The result is that probabilistic methods take a back seat to analytic ones, and the probabilist ends up doing little more than translating the hard work of analysts into his own jargon.
Historicising informal governance in 20th century Brazil

This is an article about what urban informality means when it is understood historically. In particular, it explores the relationship between urban informality and three vital threads in Brazil’s c...
Geoscientists’ drawings of natural selection

Natural selection is a fundamental scientific process, yet students and educators alike demonstrate misconceptions of the process. Though images are used often in science to facilitate learning, it...
Perceptions of Maritime Faculty of the University of Saint Anthony on the Shift of Traditional to Online Instruction

This study focused on the perceptions of Maritime faculty of the University of Saint Anthony, Iriga City Philippines, on the shift of traditional to online instruction since the pandemic in March 2020 to the present.It is a purely qualitative study, a case study to specific, that used coding as its method to interpret and analyze the data gathered from unstructured interviews of the selected faculty of the Maritime department. Further, the study identified the experiences and challenges that confronted the faculty members; thus, enabled the researchers to arrive at conclusions and render recommendations. The findings of the study showed that Maritime faculty experiences on online instruction were deeply rooted on practicality and accessibility. It is both refreshing and difficult to do accordingly. The challenges were mostly tied to resources and investments used by the faculty during online interaction. This study shall become a basis for the implementation of new policies in the department in terms of faculty development, materials development and formulation of teaching strategies.
COVID-19 Associated Thyroid Storm: A Case Report

Author(s): Sullivan, Kevin; Helgeson, Jana; McGowan, Andrew | Abstract: Introduction: The distinction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and thyroid storm can be extremely difficult to determine on clinical grounds alone as there is significant overlap between the signs and symptoms of each.Case report: We present a case of a patient with thyroid storm triggered by underlying COVID-19 infection.Conclusion: Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is linked to dysregulation of the thyroid gland through numerous mechanisms, although thyroid storm triggered by COVID-19 appears rare, with only a single case previously identified in the literature.
Thermal waves in an elastic highly stretched cylindrical bar

The propagation of thermoelastic waves in a cylindrical bar of incompressible material and circular cross-section is investigated assuming that the bar, kept at a uniform constant temperature, undergoes a finite initial stretch, has an infinite length and the superposed disturbance is axially symmetric and of small amplitude. Three governing equations for the infinitesimal radial and longitudinal displacements as well as for the secondary pressure function and the secondary transient temperature field are derived. The remaining field equation is supplied by the incompressibility condition. The system of coupled second order partial differential equations involving three independent variables is solved by the method ofFrobenius assuming a propagation of simple harmonic waves. Three approximations to the phase velocity are found that in the isothermal case coincide with the known results both of the classical and the finite deformation theory.
To Expedite or Not to Expedite …That is the Question

Expedited review is usually conducted by the IRB chairperson or by 1 or more experienced IRB members designated by the IRB chairperson. An expedited reviewer will refer any research protocol that the reviewer would have disapproved to the full IRB committee for review. Whether expedited or full board review is warranted, it is imperative that all studies are of sound scientific design. Risks should always be reasonable in relation to whatever benefit can be expected. Participant selection must be equitable. Privacy and confidentiality should be maintained to the greatest degree possible. Subjects must be made aware that their participation is always voluntary, without undue coercion or influence, and they have a right to withdraw at any time. The bottom line is that whether the study can undergo expedited review, the same regulatory and ethical principles apply. And the answer to the question is still “If it meets the federal requirements for expedited review, the IRB will consider it.”
Effects of Aflatoxin on Germination and Growth of Lettuce

The relative susceptibility of 30 cultivars of lettuce to inhibition by aflatoxin was studied. Seed germination was not inhibited by concentrations as high as 1,000 μg/ml in cultivar Imperial 44 or by 100 μg/ml in the remaining cultivars. Hypocotyl elongation was inhibited by 46 to 68% at a concentration of 100 μg of aflatoxin per ml. Seedlings exposed to aflatoxin did not become chlorotic. The similarity between the morphological reaction of plants to coumarin and aflatoxin suggests a common mode of action, but further studies of the physiological basis for the inhibitory reactions induced by these compounds will be necessary before such conclusions will be valid.
Excited-state /spl chi//sup 3/ enhancement for a p-oligophenylene derivative

A substantial enhancement in the non-resonant /spl chi//sup 3/ response from a dilute solution of the molecule p-quaterphenyl [(Ph)/sub 4/] after it has been raised to its first excited singlet electronic state [(Ph)/sub 4/*]. (Ph)/sub 4/ displays many desirable characteristics for excited-state NLO applications. These include large absorption at the pump wavelength (/spl sim/320 nm), separation of the fluorescence and triplet absorption spectral regions from the probe wavelength (/spl sim/640 nm), and very high photochemical stability. (Ph)/sub 4/ and its higher homologues (Ph)/sub n/ suffer, however, in their limited solubilities. To achieve a larger figure of merit, one must increase this concentration substantially. This follows because, in the unsaturated regime, we expect the enhancement effect to increase with the solution concentration. We have accomplished this increase in concentration by synthesis of a derivatized form of (Ph)/sub 4/, diethyl ester of quaterphenylenediacetic acid (QPDA) which is substantially more soluble than the parent molecule. Concentrations greater than 2/spl times/10/sup -3/ M were readily achieved. Here we show that QPDA displays large nonlinearity in its excited-state (QPDA*) similar to (Ph)/sub 4/. We will also discuss the transient behavior of this nonlinearity as probed by femtosecond time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM); its behavior will be compared to that obtained for the underivatized molecule. >
Virtues, ecological momentary assessment/intervention and smartphone technology.

Virtues, generally understood as stable and robust dispositions for certain responses across morally relevant situations, have been a growing topic of interest in psychology. A central topic of discussion has been whether the existence of virtues (as a kind of stable and robust disposition) is called into question by studies showing that, to a significant degree, an individual’s situation can influence their responses. In this review, we examine reasons for thinking that these kinds of situational studies are limited in their ability to test dispositional stability and robustness; or, then, whether virtues exist. We make the case that these limitations can be addressed by aggregating repeated, cross-situational assessments of environmental, psychological and physiological variables within everyday life—a form of assessment often called ecological momentary assessment (EMA, or experience sampling). We, then, examine how advances in smartphone application (app) technology, and their mass adoption, make these mobile devices an unprecedented vehicle for EMA and, thus, the psychological study of virtue. We, additionally, examine how smartphones might be used for virtue development by promoting changes in thought and behavior within daily life; a technique often called ecological momentary intervention (EMI). While EMA/I have become widely employed since the 1980s for the purposes of understanding and promoting change amongst clinical populations, few EMA/I studies have been devoted to understanding or promoting virtues within non-clinical populations. Further, most EMA/I studies have relied on journaling, PDAs, phone calls and/or text messaging systems. We explore how smartphone app technology provides a means of making EMA a more robust psychological method, EMI a more robust way of promoting positive change, and, as a result, opens up new possibilities for studying and promoting virtues.
Price Expectations and Supply Response in the Thoroughbred Yearling Market

Limited information is available concerning price determination in the thoroughbred yearling market. A recursive model incorporating price expectations and biological constraints is use it to estimate supply and demand functions for thoroughbred horses. Empirical results characterize a market with inelastic supply and elastic demand that converges to equilibrium under static conditions, Purses were identified as the most influential variable impacting price. Comparative statics illustrate the effectiveness of purses as a policy instrument for the thoroughbred industry. Federal tax policy also was found to have a significant impact on the decisions to breed or invest in thoroughbred yearlings.
Synthesis and conversion kinetics of some new “Durham” polyacetylene precursors†

A new “Durham” polyacetylene precursor monomer (substituted tricyclo[4.2.2.02,5]deca-3,7,9-triene) was synthesized, and improved synthetic pathways to two existing precursor monomers were developed. Polymers of these three precursor monomers, as well as a bis-trifluoro substituted precursor monomer, were synthesized using ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with a tungsten alkylidine initiator. The kinetics of conversion (precursor polymer to polyacetylene) were studied for each of the four precursor polymers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Percent age conversion vs. time data were fit to the Avrami expression often used to describe the kinetics of bulk of crystallization of polymers. The parameter K of the Avrami expression was assumed to depend on temperature according to an Arrhenius expression. In this way, an equation with three constants was obtained that completely describes the kinetics of conversion of a particular polyacetylene precursor polymer. Values for the constants depended on the type of substituent on the precursor polymer. Because the kinetics are well described by the Avrami expression, it is proposed that “nucleation” and “propagation” processes are involved in the conversion of the precursor polymers to polyacetylene.
Metabolic muscle disorders in infants and children

Metabolic myopathies refer to a group of heterogeneous hereditary muscle disorders associated with known enzymatic defects. These conditions affect the ability of muscle fibers to maintain adequate energy and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations. Conventionally these diseases are grouped into abnormalities of lipid, glycogen, purine or mitochondrial me- tabolism. This review will focus on current diagnosis and management of pediatric patients presenting with a suspected meta- bolic myopathy.
Searching for high-support itemsets in itemset trees

One of the goals of Association Mining is to develop algorithms capable of finding frequently co-occurring groups of items ("itemsets") in transaction databases. The recently published technique of Itemset Trees expedited the processing of so-called "targeted queries" where the user is interested only in itemsets that contain certain prespecified items. However, the technique did not seem to offer any cost-effective way how to find all frequent itemsets ("general queries") as it is common with other association-mining algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to rectify this deficiency by a newly developed algorithm that we call IT-Mining. Experimental results indicate that itemset trees can now with advantage be used to answer both targeted and general queries, and that the technique compares favorably with previous atttempts under a broad range of data parameters.
Risk Factors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-associated Lower Respiratory Illnesses in the First Year of Life

The relation of breast feeding and other factors to the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRI) in the first year of life is examined. The study population is 1,179 healthy infants enrolled at birth between May 1980 and January 1984 into the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study, Tucson, Arizona. Each subject's data were assessed at each month of age during the first year of life, during those months when respiratory syncytial virus was isolated. A number of significant relations were observed, particularly between 1 and 3 months of age. At this age, the risk of having a RSV-LRI increased in association with less than 1-month or no breast feeding, with being male, and with increasing numbers of others sharing the child's bedroom. In multivariate analysis, only sex and the number of others sharing the room remained as significant direct effects. However, a significant interaction demonstrated that breast feeding has a protective role in relation to RSV-LRIs for those infants of mothers with a lower education level. The risk of having a RSV-LRI increases with combinations of risk factors. Being in day care was a significant risk factor in the 7- to 9-month age range. The RSV-LRI rate also varies by birth month. A separate case-control study assessed relations of RSV-LRIs with cord serum RSV antibody. Those with lower cord serum RSV antibody, who also have minimal breast feeding, were found to be especially at risk for RSV-LRIs in the first 5 months of life.
Global optimality conditions for a dynamic blocking problem

The paper is concerned with a class of optimal blocking problems in the plane. We consider a time dependent set R (t ) ⊂ ℝ2 , described as the reachable set for a differential inclusion. To restrict its growth, a barrier Γ can be constructed, in real time. This is a one-dimensional rectifiable set which blocks the trajectories of the differential inclusion. In this paper we introduce a definition of “regular strategy”, based on a careful classification of blocking arcs. Moreover, we derive local and global necessary conditions for an optimal strategy, which minimizes the total value of the burned region plus the cost of constructing the barrier. We show that a Lagrange multiplier, corresponding to the constraint on the construction speed, can be interpreted as the “instantaneous value of time”. This value, which we compute by two separate formulas, remains constant when free arcs are constructed and is monotone decreasing otherwise.
Evaluation of a Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Using Combined CloudSat and CALIPSO Cloud Layer Profiles

Abstract A model of the three-dimensional distribution of clouds was developed from the statistics of cloud layer occurrence from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the statistics of cloud vertical structure (CVS) from an analysis of radiosonde humidity profiles. The CVS model associates each cloud type, defined by cloud-top pressure of the topmost cloud layer and total column optical thickness, with a particular CVS. The advent of satellite cloud radar (CloudSat) and lidar [Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO)] measurements (together C&C) of CVS allows for a quantitative evaluation of this statistical model. The zonal monthly-mean cloud layer distribution from the ISCCP CVS agrees with that from C&C to within 10% (when normalized to the same total cloud amount). The largest differences are an overestimate of middle-level cloudiness in winter polar regions, an overestimate of cloud-top pressures of the highest-level clouds, especially ...
New adapiform primate of Old World affinities from the Devil's Graveyard Formation of Texas.

Abstract Most adapiform primates from North America are members of an endemic radiation of notharctines. North American notharctines flourished during the Early and early Middle Eocene, with only two genera persisting into the late Middle Eocene. Here we describe a new genus of adapiform primate from the Devil’s Graveyard Formation of Texas. Mescalerolemur horneri, gen. et sp. nov., is known only from the late Middle Eocene (Uintan) Purple Bench locality. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Mescalerolemur is more closely related to Eurasian and African adapiforms than to North American notharctines. In this respect, M. horneri is similar to its sister taxon Mahgarita stevensi from the late Duchesnean of the Devil’s Graveyard Formation. The presence of both genera in the Big Bend region of Texas after notharctines had become locally extinct provides further evidence of faunal interchange between North America and East Asia during the middle Eocene. The fact that Mescalerolemur and Mahgarita are both unknown outside of Texas also supports prior hypotheses that low-latitude faunal assemblages in North America demonstrate increased endemism by the late middle Eocene.
Three-dimensional counting: An accurate and direct method to estimate numbers of cells in sectioned material

We introduce a way to count and measure cells in an optically defined volume of tissue called a counting box. This method--direct three-dimensional counting (3DC)--eliminates the need for correction factors, such as that introduced by Abercrombie (Anat. Rec. 94:239-247,'46), to determine the number of cells per unit volume (NV). Problems caused by irregular cell shape and cell size, nonrandom orientation, and splitting of cells by the knife during sectioning are overcome. Furthermore, 3DC is insensitive to large variations in section thickness. The innovative feature of 3DC is the definition of a counting box with top and bottom sides located inside the section a precise distance away from the cut surfaces of the tissue. The positions of the top and bottom sides of the counting box are delimited by using a digital length gauge and a Z-axis control unit. Sections of tissue between 8 and 100 micron thick are examined with a high numerical aperture objective in combination with video-enhanced differential interference contrast optics (DIC). Cells are marked on a television screen while the microscopist scans systematically from the top to the bottom of the counting box. Cells that are located completely inside the box and cells that only cross through its top, right, or back sides are counted. All cells that cross the planes that define the bottom, left, and front sides of the counting box are not counted. Direct 3DC provides an accurate, simple, and reliable way to count cells, nuclei, nucleoli, or other objects in sectioned material.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Glutathione s-transferase omega 1-1 is a target of cytokine release inhibitory drugs and may be responsible for their effect on interleukin-1beta posttranslational processing.

Stimulus-induced posttranslational processing of human monocyte interleukin-1औ (IL-1औ) is accompanied by major changes to the intracellular ionic environment, activation of caspase-1, and cell death. Certain diarylsulfonylureas inhibit this response, and are designated cytokine release inhibitory drugs (CRIDs). CRIDs arrest activated monocytes so that caspase-1 remains inactive and plasma membrane latency is preserved. Affinity labeling with [14C]CRIDs and affinity chromatography on immobilized CRID were used in seeking potential protein targets of their action. Following treatment of intact human monocytes with an epoxide-bearing [14C]CRID, glutathioneS-transferase (GST) Omega 1-1 was identified as a preferred target. Moreover, labeling of this polypeptide correlated with irreversible inhibition of ATP-induced IL-1औ posttranslational processing. When extracts of human monocytic cells were chromatographed on a CRID affinity column, GST Omega 1-1 bound selectively to the affinity matrix and was eluted by soluble CRID. Recombinant GST Omega 1-1 readily incorporated [14C]CRID epoxides, but labeling was negated by co-incubation with S-substituted glutathiones or by mutagenesis of the catalytic center Cys32 to alanine. Peptide mapping by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry also demonstrated that Cys32 was the site of modification. AlthoughS-alkylglutathiones did not arrest ATP-induced IL-1औ posttranslational processing or inhibit [14C]CRID incorporation into cell-associated GST Omega 1-1, a glutathione-CRID adduct effectively demonstrated these attributes. Therefore, the ability of CRIDs to arrest stimulus-induced IL-1औ posttranslational processing may be attributable to their interaction with GST Omega 1-1.
Validation and extension of an individual differences model of work performance

Abstract The utility of ability, effort, and direction of behavior to predict performance was examined in an experimental simulation where emphasis was placed on the conceptualization and measurement of key variables. Sixty people were hired to work on a 1-week job. Strong support was found for a linear combination of the variables to predict overall performance. Task difficulty was shown to moderate the relationship between ability and performance and the usefulness of the multiplicative combination of the predictors. The importance of considering the demands of the task in future research is discussed.
Cultural function and psychological transformation in psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Cultural experience of silence and individual vicissitudes between talking and being silent influence the way individuals form an alliance and pursue the analytic process. This is of relevance both for the patient and for the psychoanalyst/therapist. The author describes a patient, whose silent phase occurred in the fifth and sixth year of intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy. She suggests that a) the silence functioned as a protection of a space for the core self and promoted inner transformation and psychological development; b) the silence involved a transference-countertransference matrix with projective identifications of the patient's internalized mother- and father-related objects that caused a tenuous balance between maintaining and erasing the relationship between the patient and the author; c) the silence phase was highly influenced by the author's own cultural background and what she brought into the relationship of tolerance of being silent in the presence of another, and understanding of the many complex functions of silence. During the silent phase the patient moved from simply describing and naming her affects and inner experiences or expressing them as somatic processes, to being able to internally access and verbally convey her own affects and experiences in the therapeutic alliance. This process involved both affect desomatization, affect differentiation, and affect verbalization.