cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Toxicity of Root-Absorbed 14C-Orthene and Its Metabolites in Loblolly Pine Seedlings

Chromatographic and radiochemical analyses show that 14C-Orthene® (O, S-dimethyl N-acetyl phosphoramidothioate) was absorbed rapidly from nutrient solution and distributed throughout 130-day-old loblolly pine seedlings within 1 h after treatment,. Orthene was converted to its primary metabolite, Monitor ® (O, S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate), and an unknown compound which was insecticidally active against adult pales weevils, Hylobius pales (Herbst). Bioassays of treated seedlings indicated that highly toxic levels of Orthene remained in the needles 120 h after treatment.
Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), Egg Eclosion: Degree-day Accumulation

Twenty-five gypsy moth, Lymnntria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae), egg masses were sampled at ca. 10-day intervals from 11 February 1980 to initial field eclosion in May 1980. Samples were dehaired and classified as nonfertile, fertile, or parasitized, and fertile eggs were reared under constant conditions (24.5°C, 45% relative humidity [RH], 14-h photoperiod) until hatching was complete. Number hatched, duration of hatch, days to initial, median, and final hatch, and percent hatch were recorded. A degree-day (°D) accumulation model based on a modified sine wave approximation to temperatures recorded at a weather station ca. 2 km south of the study site fit the data well. A threshold of 3°C produced a model predicting egg mass eclosion at 282 ± 29°D(x ± Sx), with 95% confidence limits of 277 and 287 °D. Validation studies of the model against field eclosion of egg masses at the study site in 1980 and 1981 resulted in an excellent fit, but initial eclosion on the study site in 1982 occurred earlier than expected.
Random Selection of Respondents within Households in Phone Surveys

When interviewing by telephone, it is relatively difficult to make a random selection of adult respondents from within the households reached. The authors propose a new technique for within-househo...
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Adult Respiratory Failure

Application of extracorporeal life support(ECLS) has been dramatically increased in the adult critical care.Along with the major advances in the technology of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) and in the therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome,ECMO has been increasingly used to support the respiratory system in variety respiratory failures.Recent publications have positioned ECMO in the critically ill adults,especially in acute respiratory failure.This review briefly summarized current literatures of ECMO application in adult respiratory failure.
No one wants to help them: Volunteer legal guardians assisting older adults in the community

Choosing to volunteer one’s time in service to another is one of life’s selfless endeavors. Social work practice often intersects with volunteers. Many social workers volunteer their time. Yet, whe...
Dynamic self-organization of microwell-aggregated cellular mixtures.

Cells with different cohesive properties self-assemble in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner. Previous studies on cell self-organization mainly focused on the spontaneous structural development within a short period of time during which the cell numbers remained constant. However the effect of cell proliferation over time on the self-organization of cells is largely unexplored. Here, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of self-organization of a co-culture of MDA-MB-231 and MCF10A cells seeded in a well defined space (i.e. non-adherent microfabricated wells). When cell-growth was chemically inhibited, high cohesive MCF10A cells formed a core surrounded by low cohesive MDA-MB-231 cells on the periphery, consistent with the differential adhesion hypothesis (DAH). Interestingly, this aggregate morphology was completely inverted when the cells were free to grow. At an initial seeding ratio of 1 : 1 (MDA-MB-231 : MCF10A), the fast growing MCF10A cells segregated in the periphery while the slow growing MDA-MB-231 cells stayed in the core. Another morphology developed at an inequal seeding ratio (4 : 1), that is, the cell mixtures developed a side-by-side aggregate morphology. We conclude that the cell self-organization depends not only on the cell cohesive properties but also on the cell seeding ratio and proliferation. Furthermore, by taking advantage of the cell self-organization, we purified human embryonic stem cells-derived pancreatic progenitors (hESCs-PPs) from co-cultured feeder cells without using any additional tools or labels.
Eskalationen der Machinae

Wann schmecke ich uberhaupt Salz in der Suppe? Wie viel muss drin sein? Wann sehe ich etwas bei Nacht?
The sociologist as story teller: the broken foster care system used as mitigation at criminal trial

This paper describes the role a sociologist in a capital murder case involving a defendant who was in foster care and adoption for most of his youth. The author of this paper worked as a sociologist/ mitigation expert in this case. The circumstances of his tragic life leading up to and in the foster care system is presented as mitigation. A literature review on the issues surrounding foster care, presented here, was developed and given to all experts and attorneys working on this case. These issues were to be presented whenever appropriate in their testimony or questioning, during both the guilt and penalty phase. The jury found him guilty of two counts of first degree murder; but voted for life during the sentencing phase. The utility of sociology in criminal cases in general is discussed.
Regulation of paracrine cytokine balance controlling collagenase synthesis by corneal cells.

Purpose Classic studies have demonstrated that corneal epithelial cell density in culture can alter the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines controlling the elaboration of collagenolytic activity by co-cultured stromal cells. The current study attempts to bring the understanding of this mechanism to a molecular level. Methods A rabbit primary corneal cell culture model was used. Results Using molecular probes that bind to and neutralize specific cytokines, a major stimulator for stromal cell collagenase synthesis released by corneal epithelial cells into culture medium was identified as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), and a secondary stimulator was characterized as a heparin-binding cytokine. An inverse relationship between net collagenase stimulatory activity and epithelial cell plating density was demonstrated. In contrast, the release of inhibitory activity for IL-1-stimulated collagenase synthesis was not subject to the cell density effect. Direct measurement of IL-1 alpha protein levels revealed that this cytokine was released much more efficiently on a per cell basis when cells were plated at low density than when they were plated at high density. The effect was not caused by greater cell lysis at low cell density and was mediated only partially by changes at the IL-1 alpha synthesis level. Conclusions These data provide evidence that epithelial cells release stimulatory cytokines for collagenase expression more efficiently when they have limited contact with their neighbors and that this has important consequences for the overall paracrine cytokine balance controlling collagenase synthesis. Alteration of the paracrine cytokine balance by changes in cell contact may be an important means for regulating epithelial-stromal interactions involved in corneal development and repair.
RAIDER: Rapid Ab Initio Detection of Elementary Repeats

Here we present RAIDER, a tool for the de novo identification of elementary repeats. The problem of searching for genomic repeats without reference to a compiled profile library is important in the annotation of new genomes and the discovery of new repeat classes. Several tools have attempted to address the problem, but generally suffer either an inability to run at the whole-genome scale or loss of sensitivity due to sequence variation between repeat copies. To address this, Zheng and Lonardi define elementary repeats: building blocks that can be assembled into a repeat library, but allow for the filtering of spurious fragments. However, their tool was too slow for use on large input, and subsequent attempts to improve efficiency have been unable to deal with the expected variation between repeat instances. RAIDER addresses both these problems, implementing a novel algorithm for elementary repeat detection and incorporating the spaced seed strategy of PatternHunter to allow for copy variation. Able to process the human genome in under 6.4 hours, initial results indicate a coverage rate comparable to or better than that achieved by competing de novo search tool when paired with the library-based RepeatMasker.
The Economic Evaluation of Food Stamps: An Intertemporal Analysis with Nonlinear Budget Constraints

In-kind programs are typically evaluated using a one-period model. This causes certain issues to be obscured, such as the effect on an efficiency analysis of the length of a family's participation in the program. In this article an intertemporal model with a nonlinear budget frontier and a simulation methodology are used to investigate, for hypothetical participants in the food stamp program, how the benefit-subsidy ratio changes as the length of participation increases. The results indicate that this ratio may either rise or fall, with a significant decline being a possibility.
Erosion of lumbar vertebral bodies from a chronic contained rupture of an abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm

Chronic contained rupture (CCR) of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a rare occurrence. Erosion of the vertebral bodies in association with a CCR of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is rarer and creates a diagnostic dilemma. One needs to exclude fractures, neoplasms, osteoporosis, and infection as possible other causes. We describe a patient with a previous aortobilateral external iliac graft that was complicated by a pseudoaneurysm with a CCR at the proximal anastomosis of the graft associated with vertebral body erosion. Extra-anatomic bypass and removal of the previous aortobilateral external iliac graft was performed.
In Vivo Candida Device Biofilm Models

During infection, fungi frequently transition to a biofilm lifestyle, proliferating as communities of surface-adherent aggregates of cells. Phenotypically, cells in a biofilm are distinct from free-floating or planktonic cells. Their high tolerance of antifungals and ability to withstand host defenses are two characteristics that foster infection persistence. Although many fungi have been observed to form biofilms, the most well-studied is Candida albicans. Animal models have been developed to mimic common Candida device-associated infections, including those involving vascular catheters, dentures, urinary catheters, and subcutaneous implants. Models have also reproduced the most common mucosal biofilm infections, oropharyngeal, and vaginal candidiasis. These models incorporate the anatomical site, immune components, and fluid dynamics of clinical niches and have been instrumental in the study of biofilm architecture and composition, drug resistance and investigation of novel therapies, and clinical exploration of the relevance of various gene products. This chapter describes the significance of Candida biofilm infections, the animal models developed for biofilm study, and how these models have contributed to our understanding of biofilm pathogenesis and for the development of new strategies for eradication of fungal biofilm infections.
The Role of Cell-to-Cell Coupling in Cardiac Conduction Disturbances

The propagation of electrical excitation in cardiac muscle has, since its identification more than a century ago, generally been treated as though it occurred in a continuous structure. While it has been well-appreciated that cardiac muscle is composed of individual cells connected together by low resistance connections, it has been considered that the electrical effects of the structural complexity produced by the connections between cells and between bundles are of minor importance, presumably to have the tissue fit a simple model for useful theoretical analysis. Because of this, most analyses of cardiac conduction have been based on the simplifying assumption that the structure has the electrical properties of continuously uniform geometry and intracellular resistivity in the direction of propagation.
Metal Dusting of Process Gas Heater Convection Tubes

An investigation was conducted into a failure of convection section tubes in a process gas heater in a steel-making company. Thorough study using various characterisation techniques showed that the failure of the tubes, which were made of low-alloyed steel ASTM A335 P22, was attributed to metal dusting. The attack was accelerated because of the use of incompatible tube material for the intended operating conditions. Moreover, thermal fatigue cracks were discovered on the tube surfaces. Such cracks might have been caused by the high number of plant start-ups and shutdowns. Failure contributing factors and recommendations to avoid similar failure are discussed in this article.
Introduction to Beyond Interest Convergence: Envisioning Transformation for Racial Equity in Education

We have reached a critical moment in our nation when deep injustices and stark educational inequities for historically marginalized students, including students of color, threaten our fundamental d...
Wireless magnetoelastic transducers for biomedical applications

This paper highlights emerging medical applications for magnetoelastic sensing and actuation, each taking advantage of the wireless capabilities and small form factor enabled by the magnetoelastic transduction technique. Magnetoelastic transduction leverages the strong coupling between stress, strain, and magnetization intrinsic to some materials – notably amorphous metals and rare earth crystalline alloys. This coupling provides inherently wireless transduction that does not require any onboard power; these traits are especially advantageous in diagnostic and therapeutic medical implant applications. This paper first describes the basic transduction technique, and considerations for design and fabrication of medical systems which utilize the technique. These considerations include material selection, magnetic biasing, packaging, and interrogation approaches. The first application highlighted is stent monitoring, in which the masssensitive magnetoelastic resonator is integrated along the inner sidewall of the stent to provide early detection of stent occlusion. Prototype tests indicate clinical feasibility and a full scale range from zero stent occlusion to full stent occlusion. Wireless ranges of up to 15 cm in situ have been achieved using 25 mm long resonators. The second application is wireless strain sensing, which can be useful for orthopedic implants and orthodontia. A differential strain sensor is described, with a dynamic range of 0-1.85 mstrain – accommodating typical palatal expander strain – and a sensitivity of 12.5x103 ppm/mstrain. Finally, a wireless actuator intended to agitate fluid for mitigation of encapsulation of glaucoma drainage devices is shown. Peak actuator vibration amplitudes of 1.5 μm – sufficient to affect cell adhesion in other studies – are recorded at a wireless range of 25-30 mm.
Parent Stress in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Atomoxetine and Parent Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

We previously reported a 2 × 2 randomized clinical trial of atomoxetine (ATX) and parent training (PT) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and behavioral noncompliance in 128 children with autism spectrum disorder, ages 5–14 years. Children were randomized to one of four conditions: ATX alone, placebo alone, ATX + PT, or PT + placebo. Both ATX and PT improved some indices of ADHD and behavioral compliance. In this report, we describe parent stress over time and across conditions. All four treatments improved parent self-rated stress from baseline to week 10. However, there were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups. Significantly more improvement in parent stress scores was observed for clinical responders than non-responders. ClinicalTrials.gov Title: Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism (Strattera) ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00844753.
Cayley Graphs of Bent Functions and Codes

This chapter introduces some more advanced problems which arise in the intersection of combinatorics, graph theory, error-correcting codes, and cryptography.
Anion and Cation Complexes of Expanded Porphyrins

Abstract The successful isolation of fully conjugated polypyrrolic macrocycles with peripheries containing more than 18 π-electrons led to a new class of azaannulenes. These systems, referred to as expanded porphyrins, have been found to possess unexpected electronic features, display multiple redox states, and display dynamic aromaticity and antiaromaticity characteristics, as well as interesting reactivity. The large cavities found in many expanded porphyrins have made them excellent systems for both metal cation coordination and anion binding. Often, they display recognition chemistry that differs dramatic from their smaller porphyrin congeners. This has made expanded porphyrins of both academic interest and potential utility in the development of more efficient extractants, sensors, and smart electronic devices. Here, the cation complexation chemistry of representative expanded porphyrins containing more than four pyrrole (or pyrrole-like) subunits is presented. Also reviewed are the anion binding properties of several well-studied protonated oligopyrrolic macrocycles.
“Compelled to Sell All”: Proletarianization, Agrarian Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution

Building upon the previous chapter by Dimmock, this chapter explores how the emergence of agrarian capitalism created a general condition of market dependence as well as new market imperatives which would subsequently transform English manufacturing, giving rise to capitalist industry in the form of the first Industrial Revolution. Whereas the emergence of agrarian capitalism required, primarily, the subsumption of land to capital, the emergence of industrial capitalism required the subsumption of labor to capital. In artisan workshops, putting-out operations and among highly proletarianized collier workforces, the rule in pre-capitalist manufacturing was for the direct producers to maintain control over the labor process. The Statute of Apprentices of 1563 actually enshrined the by-laws of the guilds in statute law, providing legal sanction for artisanal control over production. Once the imperative for “‘improvement” caught hold of manufacturing, however, employers began to introducing innovations in labor organization and in machinery. While these new production methods were designed to supersede customary production methods, generations of struggle led by artisans seeking to maintain the control over the labor process which they had long enjoyed would ensue. Only by enlisting the coercive powers of the state, both legislative and military, were capitalist employers able to prevail.
Transatlantic relations in times of uncertainty: crises and EU-US relations

Ties between the US and the EU rival those between any other pair of international actors. This Special Issue makes conceptual progress and empirical contributions in accounting for if and how EU-U...
Processing-in-memory for energy-efficient neural network training: a heterogeneous approach

Neural networks (NNs) have been adopted in a wide range of application domains, such as image classification, speech recognition, object detection, and computer vision. However, training NNs - especially deep neural networks (DNNs) - can be energy and time consuming, because of frequent data movement between processor and memory. Furthermore, training involves massive fine-grained operations with various computation and memory access characteristics. Exploiting high parallelism with such diverse operations is challenging. To address these challenges, we propose a software/hardware co-design of heterogeneous processing-in-memory (PIM) system. Our hardware design incorporates hundreds of fix-function arithmetic units and ARM-based programmable cores on the logic layer of a 3D die-stacked memory to form a heterogeneous PIM architecture attached to CPU. Our software design offers a programming model and a runtime system that program, offload, and schedule various NN training operations across compute resources provided by CPU and heterogeneous PIM. By extending the OpenCL programming model and employing a hardware heterogeneity-aware runtime system, we enable high program portability and easy program maintenance across various heterogeneous hardware, optimize system energy efficiency, and improve hardware utilization.
Music competitions, public pedagogy and decolonisation in Trinidad and Tobago

This article examines music’s role in decolonising processes in Trinidad and Tobago, focusing on postcolonial national identity politics with reference to the country’s two largest ethnic groups: t...
HILPDA Regulates Lipid Metabolism, Lipid Droplet Abundance, and Response to Microenvironmental Stress in Solid Tumors.

Accumulation of lipid droplets has been observed in an increasing range of tumors. However, the molecular determinants of this phenotype and the impact of the tumor microenvironment on lipid droplet dynamics are not well defined. The hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet associated protein HILPDA is known to regulate lipid storage and physiological responses to feeding conditions in mice, and was recently shown to promote hypoxic lipid droplet formation through inhibition of the rate-limiting adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Here, we identify fatty acid loading and nutrient deprivation-induced autophagy as stimuli of HILPDA-dependent lipid droplet growth. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human tumor cells, we found that genetic ablation of HILPDA compromised hypoxia- fatty acid- and starvation-induced lipid droplet formation and triglyceride storage. Nutrient deprivation upregulated HILPDA protein post-transcriptionally by a mechanism requiring autophagic flux and lipid droplet turnover, independent of HIF1 transactivation. Mechanistically, loss of HILPDA led to elevated lipolysis which could be corrected by inhibition of ATGL. Lipidomic analysis revealed not only quantitative but also qualitative differences in the glycerolipid and phospholipid profile of HILPDA WT and KO cells, indicating additional HILPDA functions impacting lipid metabolism. Deletion studies of HILPDA mutants identified the N-terminal hydrophobic domain as sufficient for targeting to lipid droplets and restoration of triglyceride storage. In vivo, HILPDA ablated cells showed decreased intratumoral triglyceride levels and impaired xenograft tumor growth associated with elevated levels of apoptosis. Implications: Tumor microenvironmental stresses induce changes in lipid droplet dynamics via HILPDA. Regulation of triglyceride hydrolysis is crucial for cell homeostasis and tumor growth.
Encouraging Activism Through Art: Preservice Teachers Challenge Censorship:

According to the American Library Association, book censorship is on the rise. While many censored books are adolescent novels, some titles for younger children are challenged as well. Books dealin...
Granular segregation induced by a moving subsurface blade.

Size-driven particle segregation can occur when an object such as a blade moves through an otherwise static bed of granular material. Here we use discrete element method (DEM) simulations to study segregation resulting from a subsurface blade moving through a bed of size-bidisperse spherical particles. Segregation increases with each pass of the blade until a surface layer of mostly large particles forms above a small-particle layer adjacent to the bottom wall. The rate of segregation decreases with each pass so that the degree of segregation asymptotically approaches its maximum value, and the number of passes to reach a steady segregation state increases as the bed depth is increased or the blade height decreased. In shallow beds, the characteristic number of passes for segregation, $\ensuremath{\tau}$, scales with the inverse of the granular inertial number, $I$. In deep beds with small blade heights, the effect of the blade is more localized to its immediate vicinity, resulting in many more passes of the blade to reach a steady segregation state, and a corresponding deviation from the shallow bed scaling of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ with ${I}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Corruption: Donald E. Klingner

Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Collectively, its consequences imperil both democracy and development. This editorial will discuss the incidence and causes of corruptio...
Empire and education

Hardt and Negri’s Empire series (2000, 2004, 2009, 2016) has inspired twenty years of debate and experimentation across the social sciences and humanities in fields as divergent as international re...
Multifunctional light beam source for surface slope measuring long trace profilers

To fully exploit the advantages of fourth-generation synchrotron light sources, diffraction-limited-storage-rings (DLSR) and fully coherent free electron lasers (FELs), beamline mirrors and diffraction grating must be of exceptional quality. To achieve the required mirror and grating quality, the metrology instrumentation and methods used to characterize these challenging optics and, even more so, optical assemblies must also offer exceptional functionality and performance. One of the most widely used slope measuring instruments for characterizing x-ray optics is the long trace profiler (LTP). The easily reconfigurable mechanical design of the LTP allows optimization of the profiler arrangement to the specifics of a particular metrology task. Here, we discuss the optical schematic, design, and performance of an original multifunctional light beam source that provides functional flexibility of the LTP optical sensor. With this source, the LTP can be easily reconfigured for measurements of x-ray mirrors or diffraction gratings that have widely different source coherence requirements. Usage of a source with a low degree of coherence for mirror metrology helps to suppress the LTP systematic errors due to spurious interference effects in the LTP optical elements. A high-coherence narrow-band source is used for groove-density-distribution characterization of x-ray diffraction gratings. The systematic error and spatial resolution of the LTP with the different sources is also measured and analyzed.
Methodological Challenges and Higher Education

High education faced several methodological challenges. Higher education research is a multidisciplinary field, engaging researchers from across the academy who make use of a wide range of methodological approaches. This article examines the methodological challenges in higher education. In research reproducibility and novelty is the diversified creation of knowledge. However, static play important role in research. On the other hand, a scientist faces methodological challenges in multi research and multi-institution. In this article, we study the methodological assumptions of comparative research in higher education. Challenges and future research in the context of voluntary accountability. Challenges and future research in the context of voluntary accountability. This article examines what happens in large-scale team research projects, focusing on decision points related to reporting methods and results.
Vascular Dementia and Underlying Sex Differences.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD); where Alzheimer’s accounts for 60-70% of cases of dementia and VaD accounts for 20% of all dementia cases. VaD is defined as a reduced or lack of blood flow to the brain that causes dementia. VaD is also known occasionally as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) or multi-infarct dementia (MID). VCID is the condition arising from stroke and other vascular brain injuries that cause significant changes to memory, thinking, and behavior, and VaD is the most severe stage while MID is produced by the synergistic effects caused by multiple mini strokes in the brain irrespective of specific location or volume. There are also subtle differences in the presentation of VaD in males and females, but they are often overlooked. Since 1672 when the first case of VaD was reported until now, sex and gender differences have had little to no research done when it comes to the umbrella term of dementia in general. This review summarizes the fundamentals of VaD followed by a focus on the differences between sex and gender when an individual is diagnosed. In addition, we provide critical evidence concerning sex and gender differences with a few of the main risk factors of VaD including pre-existing health conditions and family history, gene variants, aging, hormone fluctuations, and environmental risk factors. Additionally, the pharmaceutical treatments and possible mitigation of risk factors is explored.
Two-Timing, Geometric, and Multi-scale Methods

The Brooklyn native Julian Cole (1925–1999) got his Ph.D. in aeronautics at Caltech in 1949 with Hans Liepmann (a German emigre of 1939) as his advisor. He remained on the Caltech faculty until 1968 where he maintained active contact with Kaplun, Lagerstrom and others in aeronautics, applied mathematics and industry, attempting to understand singular perturbations more deeply and to apply its growing methodology. Then he moved to UCLA and, ultimately, Rensselaer. He and his Jerusalem-born student Jerry Kevorkian , who spent his academic career at the University of Washington, developed and applied asymptotic methods involving two- (i.e. multi-) time or multiple scales in the early 1960s (cf. the obituary of Cole by Bluman et al. [48]). Related approaches were made by the Soviet Kuzmak [273], the Australian Mahony [305], and the American Cochran [89], among others, but Cole and Kevorkian had the dominant long-term impact. The previously cited work of Lomov is also recommended reading, as is the paper by Levey and Mahony [286]. The monograph Perturbation Methods in Applied Mathematics , Cole [92], considered singular perturbations in a broad applied math setting, where both the development of the underlying techniques and significant and diverse applications were included. The book approaches matching using intermediate limits and presumes a corresponding overlap of inner and outer domains. The examples used are generally very instructive and quite nontrivial.
Empowerment, advocacy, and self-advocacy for assistive technology

Shifts from professional-driven, to client-focused, to consumer-responsive, to consumer-driven service delivery have created a new and critical need for people with disabilities with the confidence and ability to make their own assistive technology decisions. On a systemic level, people with disabilities have unprecedented opportunities to influence public policy. Supports provided through several programs as part of the Pennsylvania Title I project under the Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act Amendments of 1994 are helping to create new, informed and effective leaders who can advocate for improved access to assistive devices and services for themselves and others. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Nectar plant preferences of Hemaris (Sphingidae) on co-occurring native Cirsium and non-native Centaurea (Asteraceae) inflorescences

Preferences for certain nectar plants by moth pollinators have not been extensively studied, particularly seasonal switches in nectar diet. The genus Hemaris, found throughout North America and parts of other continents, is a useful new system to address questions of flower-insect interactions as the moths are relatively common and day-flying . In this study we address the following questions with a group of three Hemaris species. (1) Does Hemaris display a preference for foraging on the native swamp thistle, Cirsium discolor, over the non-native invasive knapweeds, Centaurea spp.? (2) What factors might be driving Hemaris’ preferences? The bloom periods of C. discolor and Centaurea overlap in the northeastern United States, with Centaurea blooming from approximately June through September and C. discolor blooming for approximately the first three weeks of August. Hemaris typically ecloses in the first week of July and fed on Centaurea until C. discolor bloomed. We tracked and recorded Hemaris visits to both plant species. During the co-blooming period of C. discolor and Centaurea , Hemaris visits significantly more C. discolor inflorescences, demonstrating a possible preference for the native species. Hemaris reverts to nectaring at the non-native Centaurea after native C. discolor’ s bloom period ends. The nectar of C. discolor has a significantly higher sugar concentration than does the nectar of Centaurea ; this difference may account for part of the moths’ preference for C. discolor.
Acid pH-induced conformational changes in bovine liver rhodanese.

The enzyme rhodanese is greatly stabilized in the range pH 4-6, and samples at pH 5 are fully active after several days at 23 degrees C. This is very different from results at pH greater than 7, where there is significant loss of activity within 1 h. A pH-dependent conformational change occurs below pH 4 in a transition centered around pH 3.25 that leads slowly to inactive rhodanese at pH 3 (t 1/2 = 22 min at pH3). The inactive rhodanese can be reactivated by incubation under conditions required for detergent-assisted refolding of denatured rhodanese. The inactive enzyme at pH 3 has the maximum of its intrinsic fluorescence spectrum shifted to 345 nm from 335 nm, which is characteristic of native rhodanese at pH greater than 4. At pH 3, rhodanese shows increased exposure of organized hydrophobic surfaces as measured by 1,1‘-bis(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5‘-disulfonic acid binding. The secondary structure is maintained over the entire pH range studied (pH 2-7). Fluorescence anisotropy measurements of the intrinsic fluorescence provide evidence suggesting that the pH transition produces a state that does not display greatly increased average flexibility at tryptophan residues. Pepsin digestibility of rhodanese follows the pH dependence of conformational changes reported by activity and physical methods. Rhodanese is resistant to proteolysis above pH 4 but becomes increasingly susceptible as the pH is lowered. The form of the enzyme at pH 3 is cleaved at discrete sites to produce a few large fragments. It appears that pepsin initially cleaves close to one end of the protein and then clips at additional sites to produce species of a size expected for the individual domains into which rhodanese is folded. Overall, it appears that in the pH range between pH 3 and 4, titration of groups on rhodanese leads to opening of the structure to produce a conformation resembling, but more rigid than, the molten globule state that is observed as an intermediate during reversible unfolding of rhodanese.
No escape from a VSD device? Complete heart block and cardiac arrest associated with a ventricular septal defect occluder device.

Summary A 15 month old boy with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) underwent percutaneous device closure of the VSD. Five days later he collapsed; on arrival to hospital he was asystolic and received prolonged cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with intermittent return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). He had recurrent episodic complete heart block with no ventricular escape rhythm, associated with loss of cardiac output, unresponsive to transcutaneous pacing. He was transferred to theatre, while receiving CPR, for urgent removal of the VSD device. Estimated total ‘down time’ was 70 min. The device was removed and patch closure of the VSD was performed. He made a full neurological recovery. Device closure of septal defects has become widespread. We discuss the incidence and type of arrythmias associated with their use. This case highlights an uncommon but life threatening complication of a VSD device. It also highlights that good quality CPR may lead to positive outcomes following pediatric cardiac arrest.
Hybrid Metal/Polymer Wafer Bonding Platform

This chapter provides an overview of a hybrid metal/polymer wafer bonding plat- form using damascene-patterned intermediate layers for wafer bonding and elec- trical interconnections. This hybrid bonding platform combines the advantages of metal-to-metal bonding (for direct electrical interstrata interconnection) and polymer bonding (for robust thermomechanical wafer bonding strength and sur- face topography accommodation). Copper/benzocyclobutene (Cu/BCB) layers are selected for the demonstration vehicle. A detailed Cu/BCB bonding process base- line is described, and the results obtained are presented. The key issues of hybrid metal/polymer wafer bonding are discussed. hybrid wafer bonding, copper/benzocyclobutene (Cu/BCB) bonding, topography accommodation, three-dimensional integration, through-strata via (TSV), bonded interstrata via (BISV)
Fundamentals of cognitive psychology

Chapter 1: Introduction Scope of Cognitive Psychology Core Concepts The Brain Research Methods Chapter 2: Perception Visual Consciousness Pattern Recognition Modularity Chapter 3: Attention Filter Theories Capacity Theories Filter Theories and Capacity Theories: Conclusion Automatic Processes The Central Bottleneck Visual Attention Chapter 4: Memory Systems Sensory Memory Short-Term Versus Long-Term Memory Working Memory Chapter 5: Remembering Events Types of Long-Term Memory Mental Time Travel Prospective Memory Encoding and Storing Events Retrieval Processes Study Strategies Chapter 6: Memory Distortions Reconstructive Retrieval Encoding Distortions Source Monitoring Eyewitness Testimony Chapter 7: Imagery and Knowledge Representation Imagery and Abstract Representation Representing Concepts Using Semantic Memory Chapter 8: Language Defining Language Contrasts to Animal Communication Representations of Language Comprehension of Language Reading Chapter 9: Problem Solving Types of Thinking A General Model of Problem Solving Creativity Fluid Intelligence Chapter 10: Reasoning and Decision Making Syllogistic Reasoning Conditional Reasoning Decision Making
An interactive map of regulatory networks of pseudomonas aeruginosa genome

For studying gene regulatory and protein signaling networks, we have developed an interactive map for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome. We first represent genes, proteins and their regulatory networks in a relational database. Known regulatory networks of the genome in the PubMed literatures are extracted by a manual and later a semi-automated text-mining method. Then a graphical interface displays these networks upon the query of specific genes, proteins or subsystems (i.e., groups of genes or proteins) on these networks. The interactive map has another capability of browsing those networks. The method can be extended to any other genome. Our objective is to develop this interactive map for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa community so that new research results may be ingested into the database, while annotations may be developed incrementally on the existing regulatory elements. Eventually some standards might be necessary for a long-term modeling and compilation of regulatory networks.
Surface Characterization of TFTR First Wall Graphite Tiles Used During DT Operations

Surface characterization studies were performed on graphite tiles used as first wall materials during DT operation of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. These ex situ analysis studies revealed a number of interesting and unexpected features. In this work we examined the spatial and (where possible) the depth distribution of impurity species deposited onto the plasma facing surfaces using X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). This work determined that beyond the predominant species of carbon and oxygen, common impurities included silicon, boron, lithium and sulfur. Oxygen content in the plasma facing tile surfaces ranged from 20 to 50 atomic percent [excluding H-isotopes], clearly indicating an extensive zone of oxidized carbon. By contrast, carbon tile surfaces not exposed to the plasma have surface oxygen contents ranging from 2 to 6 atomic percent. Analytical measurements of the secondary impurities (B, Li, Si, S) levels were on the order of 1-4 atomic percent. (boron and lithium were injected for wall conditioning in TFTR.) The core level binding energies of these impurity species were consistent with the presence of common oxides or hydroxides (e.g., B x O y , Li 2 O, LiOH, Silicates). XPS measurements performed in concert with depth profiling indicated that the tile oxidized zone was significantly deeper than micrometer into the (averaged) surface. Surface analytical results clearly indicate that plasma operations clearly redeposit injected impurities (Li, B) and the depth profiles and distributions of the hydrogen isotopes may be impacted and/or influenced by this deposition process. An attempt at determining hydrogen isotope concentration distributions was made using positive ion SIMS. Specific regions of some surfaces clearly indicated the presence of m/z=3 (HD, T) and m/z=15 (CH 3 , CHD, CT). Preliminary data examination using positive ion SIMS examination indicates that these mass markers are substantially higher in the near surface region when compared with spectra recorded deeper in the surface region. The deuterium and tritium concentrations were; however, sufficiently low or compromised by common isobaric interferences that accurate isotopic distributions using SIMS were not possible. These findings are in agreement with results reported by others. [Morimoto et al, Sun et al, reference 3 Haasz et al].
Glasslike lattice vibrations in the quasicrystal Al 72.1 Pd 20.7 Mn 7.2

The internal friction, speed of transverse sound, and thermal conductivity have been measured of a single grain of icosahedral ${\mathrm{Al}}_{72.1}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{20.7}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{7.2}$ (composition in the melt) that was grown by the Czochralski technique at Forschungszentrum J\"ulich. The three sets of data could be consistently described with the tunneling model using the tunneling strength ${C}_{\mathrm{t}}=(0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}.$ This value of ${C}_{\mathrm{t}},$ which is close to the one obtained by speed of sound measurements by Vernier et al. on a sample of $i\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{AlPdMn}$ grown by the Bridgman technique, and from thermal conductivity of a sample grown by the Czochralski technique by Legault et al., and of a Bridgman sample measured by Chernikov et al., is close to the range observed for most amorphous solids, ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\char21{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}.$ It is concluded that the lattice vibrations of this icosahedral quasicrystal, grown from the melt in thermal equilibrium, are indistinguishable from those of amorphous solids, and of many chemically disordered crystals.
A physical basis for calculating instrument spatial weighting functions in homogeneous systems

[1] Starting with a streamline-based argument, the theoretical basis for a spatial weighting function in a steady, homogenous, and isotropic flow system is developed for both compressible and incompressible flow. A physical interpretation of spatial weighting functions in terms of the ratio of steady state energy dissipation rate per unit volume of porous medium to total energy dissipation rate over the entire flow domain is formulated. Finally, applications of the spatial weighting functions are presented based on calculated gas minipermeameter mass flux fields for the conventional surface probe and a new small drill hole probe configuration. Spatial weighting function distributions indicate that with diverging flow field instruments, such as the gas minipermeameter, porous medium volumes in the inlet vicinity are heavily weighted, with volumes near the seal boundaries shown to be extremely important. The technique described allows one to quantify the size and shape of the subvolume of a domain contributing to a hydraulic conductivity or intrinsic permeability measurement. For heterogeneous systems it is suggested that the spatial weighting function for a given instrument will be heterogeneity dependent and therefore nonunique. However, extending the weighting function concept to heterogeneous and/or transient systems is an important research priority.
GABA‐like Actions of Levonantradol

The interaction of levonantradol and its pharmacologically less active (+)-enantiomer with GABAergic mechanisms was studied in several in vivo systems: (1) rat cerebellar cGMP, based on the inverse relationship of GABAergic activity and cGMP levels; (2) convulsions elicited by 3-mercaptopropionic acid, an inhibitor of GABA synthesis; and (3) activated dopamine synthesis in rat striatum following blockade of dopamine receptors. Levonantradol decreased rat cerebellar cGMP content at low doses (1.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and antagonized elevation of cGMP levels by the GABA biosynthesis inhibitor isoniazid at even lower doses (0.32 mg/kg intraperitoneally); this activity pattern is suggestive of GABAergic activity. This conclusion is also supported by levonantradol's protection of mice against the convulsant effects of 3-mercaptopropionic acid, GABAergic agents are known to antagonize the enhanced dopamine synthesis and turnover that accompany dopamine receptor blockade by neuroleptics. Levonantradol (0.047 mg/kg intravenously) stereospecifically attenuated the elevated dopa accumulation induced by haloperidol. Levonantradol is at least 100-fold more active than THC in blocking isoniazid-induced elevation of cGMP levels in rat cerebellum or haloperidol-induced enhanced dopa accumulation in rat striatum.
A reduced constaint hp finite element method for shell problems

We propose and analyze an hp finite element method for the Nagdhi shell model, based on rectangular elements. We show that for the bending-dominated case, assuming sufficient smoothness on the solution, the method is locking free in terms of both h and p, as the thickness of the shell tends to zero. Our results are established under the assumption that the geometrical coefficients appearing in the model are piecewise polynomial functions.
Field operators and their spectral properties in finite-dimensional quantum field theory

In Ref. 1 we have considered the finite-dimensional quantum mechanics. There the quantum mechanical space of states wasV=C r. It is known that the second quantization of this space is the space of square-summable functions of finite number of variables(L 2(Rr,dx)) (Segal isomorphism). Creation and annihilation operators were introduced in Ref. 1, and the former coincided with the usual position and momentum operators in the conventional quantum mechanics. In this paper we shall investigate the spectral properties of field operators. We shall show that the isomorphism between the exponential ofV andL 2(Rr,dx) can be understood as the decomposition by generalized eigenvectors of field operators (“Fourier transform”).
Indecomposability in inverse limits with set-valued functions

Abstract In this paper, we develop a sufficient condition for the inverse limit of upper semi-continuous functions to be an indecomposable continuum. This condition generalizes and extends those of Ingram and Varagona. Additionally, we demonstrate a method of constructing upper semi-continuous functions whose inverse limit has the full projection property.