cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEAWAY AND OVERSEAS TRADE GREAT LAKES AND SEAWAY TRANSPORT ANALYSES

The operation of a variety of ship types involved in Seaway and overseas trade is examined. These include Great Lakes and oceangoing bulk carriers, dry cargo ships, container ships and alternative container feeder vessels. Details of mathematical models are given for each ship type, and a set of designs is evolved for operation on different trade routes. A series of parametric studies illustrates the senstivity of the ship's economic performance to changes in the operational characteristics. Specific attention is given to the effects of changes in delay assumptions, cost levels, ship sizes and lock sizes. The results show the relative significance of the different variables in the transportation system. Alternative container feeder vessels for the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence system are presented and an apparently viable feeder vessel is proposed. Comparison is then made with competing rail services. Finally a summary of the results is presented.
Covering, Cultural-Centrism, and Liberation Psychology

The above quote from Ms. Kelende is taken from an interview in which she speaks publicly to a reporter in Uganda in the aftermath of an anti-gay bill that was proposed to the House by one member of parliament, Ndorwa West MP David Bahati. The proposed bill named a new felony, “aggravated homosexuality [meaning that] the offender has sex with a person who is disabled or underage, or when there is HIV transmission; the crime should attract the death penalty, while consenting homosexuals should be imprisoned for life” (Muhumuza, 2009.
A Multi-Level Analysis of Racial Context and Welfare Attitudes, 1973-2006

A well-known finding in the political science literature is the association between negative racial attitudes and opposition to welfare. Research in this area provides important insights into the relationship between racial stereotypes of blacks, racial context, and welfare benefit levels, but little is known about how attitudes towards Hispanics and immigrants influence opposition to welfare. I use a multi-level model to examine how changes in the demographic patterns of blacks, Hispanics and immigrants in the American states influence individual welfare spending preferences over time. I also investigate how individual-level factors (e.g., economic self-interest, racial stereotypes, principled individualism) condition the relationship between racial context and welfare attitudes. To address these questions of theory, time, and space, my study combines U.S. census data with survey data from the General Social Survey from 1973 to 2006. During this thirty-four year timeline, the United States shifted from a black-white paradigm to a multi-racial paradigm with dramatic increases in both the Hispanic and immigrant populations. I find that states with larger black populations initially prefer more restrictive welfare spending policies than states with smaller black populations, but this relationship varies for both Hispanic and immigrant populations.
Nitrogen Post Modification of PtRu/Carbon Catalysts for Improved Methanol Oxidation Reaction Performance in Alkaline Media

This work compares the methanol oxidation performance and stability of a commercial PtRu/Carbon catalyst post modified with nitrogen against an unmodified counterpart in alkaline media. Commercially available Hi-Spec JM10000 (PtRu) was modified with nitrogen via ion implantation in order to modify those areas not shielded by the pre-existing catalyst. The effects of this process on the structure and chemical composition of the catalyst and carbon support were explored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the electrochemical performance and stability of the catalyst were then investigated using rotating disk electrode experiments. Compared to the unmodified catalyst, the N-modified sample had a higher initial electrochemical surface area, likely resulting from the ablation and redeposition of PtRu during the implantation process. Accelerated degradation test (ADT) results showed that nitrogen modification reduced surface area loss, helped to retain ruthenium, and improved methanol oxidation performance by nearly double. The benefits of nitrogen doping to improve state-ofthe-art electrocatalysts combined with advantages of alkaline media improve the viability of widespread commercialization of direct methanol fuel cells. © 2015 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0011509jes] All rights reserved.
Tissue-specific gene expression results from a purine- and pyrimidine-free diet and 6-mercaptopurine in the rat small intestine and colon

Dietary purines and pyrimidines are not considered to have a nutritional role, much less a direct effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. We found that a dramatic decrease in adult rat small intestinal and colonic total ribonucleic acid (RNA) results from the removal of dietary purines and pyrimidines or the administration of 6-mercaptopurine. Ribonucleic acid hybridization analysis indicated specific decrease of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the purine salvage enzymes hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase in the small intestine and proximal colon but not in the liver of animals fed a diet lacking purines and pyrimidines. Levels of intestinal and hepatic beta-actin mRNA transcripts were generally not depressed by either diet or by the administration of 6-mercaptopurine. Liver hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase mRNAs were unaffected by the change in diet but were lowered by the administration of 6-mercaptopurine. These data indicate that nutrition and 6-mercaptopurine affect both total RNA, and individual mRNA concentrations at specific sites in the gastrointestinal tract. These findings are of potentially great significance because the regulation of intestinal total RNA levels and purine salvage mRNAs by both 6-mercaptopurine and a purine- and pyrimidine-free diet suggests a potential mechanism by which dietary components differentially control specific proteins synthesized in the body. These findings may be related to the efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine as well as so-called elemental diets as therapeutic agents in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (i.e., Crohn's disease).
Constraints on Galaxy Formation from the Tully-Fisher Relation

New models for the formation of disk galaxies are presented. I discuss the contraints on galaxy formation that follow from fitting the model to the near-infrared Tully-Fisher (TF) relation, with an emphasis on reproducing the small amount of scatter observed. Once the parameters that describe the supernova feedback are tuned to fit the slope of the observed TF relation, the model reproduces the correct amount of TF scatter, and yields gas mass fractions, mass-to-light ratios, and characteristic accelerations that are all in excellent agreement with observations.
Habenula Lesions Reveal that Multiple Mechanisms Underlie Dopamine Prediction Errors

Dopamine (DA) neurons are thought to facilitate learning by signaling reward prediction errors (RPEs), the discrepancy between actual and expected reward. However, how RPEs are calculated remains unknown. It has been hypothesized that DA neurons receive RPE signals from the lateral habenula. Here, we tested how lesions of the habenular complex affect the response of optogenetically identified DA neurons in mice. We found that lesions impaired specific aspects of RPE signaling in DA neurons. The inhibitory responses caused by reward omission were greatly diminished while inhibitory responses to aversive stimuli, such as air puff-predictive cues or air puff, remained unimpaired. Furthermore, we found that after habenula lesions, DA neurons' ability to signal graded levels of positive RPEs became unreliable, yet significant excitatory responses still remained. These results demonstrate that the habenula plays a critical role in DA RPE signaling but suggest that it is not the exclusive source of RPE signals.
Effects of dietary sweet potato leaf meal on the growth, non-specific immune responses, total phenols and antioxidant capacity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Background Traditional energy sources in catfish diets have become costly, and economical alternatives are needed. Sweet potato leaves are underutilised agricultural by-products that provide energy and substantial amounts of phenols, which affect animal and human health. There is little information on the effects of these compounds on catfish, or the capacity of catfish to accumulate dietary phenols. Catfish enriched with phenols have marketing potential as functional foods. This study investigated the effects of diets with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performance, health and total phenolic compounds in catfish. Results SPLM was substituted for wheat middlings in three diets fed to groups of juvenile catfish for 10 weeks. Weight gain, feed conversion, survival, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity were similar among diets. Haematocrit was lower in fish fed diets with SPLM, but within the normal range. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in the whole body were similar among treatments. Conclusion SPLM was an effective energy source for catfish up to the maximum level tested (230 g kg−1 diet). SPLM did not enhance total phenols in catfish, but there were no apparent antinutritional effects of the meal on catfish growth, health or survival.
Integration of a Mental Health Professional in a Multidisciplinary Team Caring for the Pregnant Woman after Diagnosis of Fetal Anomaly

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Pregnancy is a time of psychologic change for women and their families. Even women with uncomplicated pregnancies report increased rates of depression, stress, and anxiety during the perinatal period. In addition, maternal mental health conditions may complicate 13% to 25% of all healthy pregnancies. The prenatal diagnosis of a fetal structural or genetic abnormality may further compound the psychologic effect on the pregnant woman. The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment and the Garbose Family Special Delivery Unit are outpatient and inpatient programs dedicated to caring for women experiencing pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies. With increasing evidence that prenatal stress, anxiety, and preexisting mental health conditions may have long‐term sequelae for the pregnant woman, her fetus, and the family, it was imperative that these concerns be addressed. Proposed Change To add a mental health professional to our multidisciplinary team. Philanthropic funding was generated and a clinical psychologist with perinatal experience was hired in 2012. This embedded provider partners with nursing staff and is in the unique position to offer assessment and immediate intervention to support women and families during the prenatal course, into intrapartum care, and throughout the postpartum period while their newborns are in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation To better understand the base rate of maternal mental health risks, the psychologist initiated a standardized screening tool to identify those expectant mothers and fathers at greatest risk of psychologic distress in response to the diagnosis of fetal abnormality. The goal of screening is to provide prenatal intervention at the earliest possible point in care to reduce symptoms in the postpartum period. Patients demonstrating risks of depression, anxiety, or traumatic stress are connected to therapeutic services offered in the same location as prenatal care. Nursing staff continue to evaluate patient well‐being during routine prenatal care and can make direct referrals to the psychologist as needed. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses are ideally situated to provide family‐centered obstetric care for these women and their families. A woman's preexisting mental health diagnosis or an acute psychologic challenge related to the fetal anomaly may entail a higher level of psychosocial intervention than nurses are trained to provide. Close collaboration between the nurse and the mental health professional ensures that obstetric management will be coordinated with psychologic care to optimize outcomes for the woman and her family.
Experimental-Longitudinal Methods in Assessment, Research, and Treatment

The experimental-longitudinal methods to be described here have a long history of development (Staats, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1975, 1977). The present author, to begin, made the first behavior analyses for the modification of problem behaviors, analyses which were formally verified by Ayllon and Michael (1959). Relatively simple behaviors and (primarily) social reinforcers were employed in the author's early demonstrations and in Ayllon and Michael's study. These are not apropos, however, to the complex human behaviors that are acquired over long periods of time. On the one hand, Skinner's (Ferster & Skinner, 1957; Sidman, 1960)singlesubject research methodology with animals is not appropriate with long-term learning involving complex, variegated stimuli and behaviors. But on the other hand, neither are the group methods of traditional experimental psychology. Traditional educational research, while dealing with complex learning tasks and behavior, sometimes over long periods of time, does not analyze training procedures and achievements in detail. Further, although longitudinal studies have been made in child development, the conditions that produce such development have not been specifically observed, on the assumption that much of development is due to maturation. These various methods of research thushave provided important knowledge, but they do not answer questions concerning specific training procedures for specific behavioral skills involving complex learning procedures and long duration of training, where repertoires of skills, instead of simple responses, are involved, possibly arranged in hierarchical order with one repertoire basic to the next (see Staats, 1968). In continuing the work he had introduced, the author extended the principles of classical and instrumental conditioning to more complex functional behaviors by use of the experimental-longitudinal methods first developed in naturalistic situations involving his own infant child. Behavior analyses were first made of a number of behavioral repertoires, and the author then devised training 323
Slow light using excitonic population oscillation

We develop a theoretical model for slow light using excitonic population oscillation in a semiconductor quantum well. In a two-level system, if the resonant pump and the signal have a difference frequency within the range of inverse of the carrier lifetime, coherent population beating at this frequency will be generated. We analyze the excitonic population oscillation using an atomiclike model extended from semiconductor Bloch equations for both spin subsystems of the excitonic population and the electrical polarization density. The two spin subsystems are coupled by the excitation-induced dephasing rate, which depends on the net population difference in conduction and heavy hole quantized bands and the population exchange due to flip of the spins of electrons or holes. We present our theoretical results for the absorbance, the refractive index spectra, and the slowdown factor due to population oscillation at various pump intensities, and show very good agreement with experimental data. It is shown that a slowdown factor of $3.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ has been achieved for a semiconductor quantum-well structure. We also obtain analytical solutions from our theory and account for different response behaviors of the signal when its polarization is either parallel or orthogonal to that of the pump, which has also been confirmed by experiments.
High thermal conductivity ribbon fibers from naphthalene-based mesophase

Abstract Their extremely high thermal conductivity, combined with their relatively low density, make mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers attractive for many applications where heat transfer is critical. Although many thermal management applications could create large markets for mesophase fibers, the current high cost of these fibers makes their use uneconomical. The objective of the present research is to produce low-cost, mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers with high mechanical and thermal properties. In the current study, circular and ribbon fibers were produced from a naphthalene-based mesophase. After stabilization and carbonization, their mechanical and electrical properties were compared to fibers produced at similar conditions, but using a heat-soaked mesophase precursor. The ribbon fibers produced from the naphthalene-based mesophase exhibited higher moduli and electrical resistivities than round fibers formed from the same precursor. Also, the mechanical and electrical properties of the naphthalene-based ribbon fibers were superior to ribbon fibers previously produced using a heat-soaked mesophase and heat treated at equivalent conditions. At carbonization temperatures of only 2250°C, the ribbon fibers produced from naphthalene-based mesophase developed electrical resistivities as low as 2.68 μohm · m, a factor of three lower than those previously produced from the heat-soaked mesophase. Thus, ribbon fibers formed from naphthalene-based mesophase should exhibit higher thermal conductivities than either round fibers formed from the same precursor or ribbon fibers formed from a heat-soaked precursor. An additional benefit is that fibers formed from naphthalene-based mesophase develop excellent properties at relatively low carbonization temperatures.
Na+,K+-ATPase enzyme units in skeletal muscle from lean and obese mice.

Abstract [ 3 H]-Ouabain binding to muscle preparations was utilized to estimate the number of Na + ,K + -ATPase enzyme units in hindlimbs from 8 week old lean and obese mice. Specific [ 3 H]-ouabain binding per mg particulate protein was 36% lower in obese mice; whereas, the affinity of the binding sites for ouabain was similar in obese and lean mice. Since obese mice had less muscle than lean mice, the number of Na + ,K + -ATPase enzyme units in hindlimbs from obese mice was less than half the number observed in lean mice.
Who says yes? Identifying selection biases in a psychosocial intervention study of multiple sclerosis

The purpose of this work is to examine whether patients' sociodemographic and medical characteristics are associated with participation in a randomized controlled trial of two psychosocial interventions. After elimination of basic ineligibles from a registry of multiple sclerosis patients, 325 patients were sent a letter inviting participation in the randomized trial. Among those invited, 29% expressed an interest in participating, 19% scheduled an intake interview and 13% were actually randomized. chi 2 and logistic regression analyses were used to determine what factors were associated with successive stages of participation or non-participation in the study. Differential referral and participation rates could be traced in part to physician factors. With respect to patient factors, people were more likely to participate in the successive stages of recruitment if they had a higher median family income, lived a moderate distance from the hospital, and were disabled from working. Multivariate analyses of patient factors revealed that having a higher income and being disabled from work were the strongest predictors of participation, after adjusting for the effects of course of disease, disability status, and other sociodemographic predictors. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of potential sources of bias in the selection of eligible patients, as well as the role the investigator may play in highlighting or underplaying this selection bias. Suggestions are made to minimize the bias-generating barriers.
An aggregation algorithm for increasing the efficiency of population models

Abstract An algorithm (called COMPRESS) is presented to efficiently combine (aggregate) similar individuals during a simulation of population dynamics, while retaining the basic behavior and overall variation in the system. The algorithm speeds up computing time and makes room for new individuals created by birth processes. First, a linear combination of the important attributes is calculated for each individual, based on the first principal component of the correlation matrix of attributes. After sorting these linear combinations, the largest gaps in the list are found and used as the basis for aggregation. During a second stage, the clusters with the largest ranges left the first stage are split. The first stage maximizes variation among clusters, while the second stage reduces variation within clusters. Although the algorithm has more within-class variation than Fisher's optimal algorithm, in our applications this difference was only 1% of the total variation. Furthermore, computing time is reduced by an order of magnitude or more compared to Fisher's procedure. The effect of the algorithm on model behavior (e.g., bias) is minimal,comparing favorably with optimal procedures. The algorithm should be useful in any ecologically-based population model that simulates the development of a large number of individuals, such as trees.
Treatment modalities of thyroid related orbitopathy.

Aims: The aim was to highlight recent advances in the treatment of thyroid eye disease. Settings and Design: Review article. Materials and Methods: Existing literature and the authors' experience was reviewed. Results: Thyroid ophthalmopathy is a disfiguring and vision-threatening complication of autoimmune thyroid disease that may develop or persist even in the setting of well-controlled systemic thyroid status. Treatment response can be difficult to predict, and optimized algorithms for disease management do not exist. Thyroid ophthalmopathy should be graded for both severity and disease activity before choosing a treatment modality for each patient. The severity of the disease may not correlate directly with the activity; medical treatment is most effective in active disease, and surgery is usually reserved for quiescent disease with persistent proptosis and/or eyelid changes. Conclusions: Intravenous pulsed corticosteroids, orbital radiotherapy, and orbital surgical techniques form the mainstay of current management of thyroid ophthalmopathy. Immunosuppressive and biologic agents may have a role in treating active disease although additional safety and efficacy studies are needed.
Analyses of the 3′-terminal sequences of snowshoe hare and La Crosse Bunyaviruses

Abstract Sequence analyses of 3′-[ 32 P]pCp-end-labeled large (L), medium (M), and small (S) viral RNA species of SSH and LAC viruses have shown that each viral RNA species has an identical sequence of 11 nucleotides: 5′…AGUACACUACU OH 3′. The sequences of the S (or L or M) RNA species of SSH and LAC viruses are quite comparable to each other. However for SSH (or LAC), the neighboring S RNA sequence to the terminal 11 nucleotides is quite different by comparison to those of the M and L RNA sequences. Analyses of the first one hundred nineteen 3′-nucleotides of SSH S RNA have identified 6 large T1 oligonucleotides, including the 3′-terminal 9 nucleotides, that previous analyses have shown ( P. Cash, A. C. Vezza, J. R. Gentsch, and D. H. L. Bishop, 1979 , J. Virol. , 31 , 685–694) are protected from nuclease removal when S mRNA-viral S RNA duplexes are formed, suggesting that S mRNA transcription begins at the 3′-end of the viral RNA. The first UAC triplet (the complement of an AUG initiating codon on the mRNA) occurs at nucleotide position 80 on the SSH S RNA, and at position 82 on the LAC S RNA. Whether this, or other S RNA UAC triplets, represents the initiation point of translation remains to be determined.
Conformal Surface Coatings to Enable High Volume Expansion Li‐Ion Anode Materials

Abstract : An alumina surface coating is demonstrated to improve electrochemical performance of MoO3 nanoparticles as high capacity/ high-volume expansion anodes for Li-ion batteries. Thin, conformal surface coatings were grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) that relies on self-limiting surface reactions. ALD coatings were tested on both individual nanoparticles and prefabricated electrodes containing conductive additive and binder. The coated and non-coated materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. Importantly, increased stability and capacity retention was only observed when the fully fabricated electrode was coated. The alumina layer both improves the adhesion of the entire electrode, during volume expansion/contraction and protects the nanoparticle surfaces. Coating the entire electrode also allows for an important carbothermal reduction process that occurs during electrode pre-heat treatment. ALD is thus demonstrated as a novel and necessary method that may be employed to coat the tortuous network of a battery electrode.
Equity Effects of the Educational Finance Act in South Carolina.

Abstract Equity impacts of school finance reform in South Carolina are analyzed in this paper. The effects of the school finance reform are studied with the aid of 15 different measures of equity, including the coefficient of variation, the McLoone Index, wealth elasticity, and other univariate and bivariate measures. Results indicate considerable equity improvements in South Carolina from 1978 to 1982.
Conjugated linoleic acid reduction of murine mammary tumor cell growth through 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a dietary fatty acid that has been shown to reduce tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast, prostate and colon cancer in animals. However, the mechanism of its action has not been clarified. The goal of this study was to determine whether CLA altered mouse mammary tumor cell growth and whether specific metabolites of the lipoxygenase pathway were involved in CLA action. Both t10, c12-CLA and a lipoxygenase inhibitor, but not c9, t11-CLA or linoleic acid (LA), reduced mouse mammary tumor cell viability and growth by inducing apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation. t10, c12-CLA reduced the production of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolite, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). That effect was not seen with c9, t11-CLA or LA. Adding 5-HETE back to tumor cells reduced the t10, c12-CLA effect on both apoptosis and cell proliferation. These data suggest that t10, c12-CLA reduction of tumor cell growth may involve the suppression of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolite, 5-HETE, with subsequent effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation.
Demographic parameters of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on six Iranian genotypes of barley

Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is one of the injurious aphids of cereals in various regions of the world. This study has measured the life table parameters of the greenbug on six barley genotypes at 25 ± 2 °C, 55 ± 10% RH and 16:8 L:D in greenhouse. According to the results, significant differences were not observed for aphids’ developmental times among the genotypes. Also, the nymphs underwent no mortality on any of the tested genotypes. The longevity of the aphids was obtained from 23.7 to 35.9 days. The least mean number of offsprings was on Raihan cultivar and the highest on line13 (Legia/CWB117-5-9-5). R0 value was significantly higher on line 20 (Mall-4-3094-2//Alpha/Cum/3/Victoria/ICB01-1368-0AP) and line 13 than on the Raihan cultivar. However, the rm and λ values were significantly higher on line 44 (Sls/Bda//Sararood-1) than on Raihan cultivar. T (mean generation time) and DT (doubling time) values of the Raihan cultivar were longer than the other genotypes. Results of this research in...
Spatial Analysis of Precision Agriculture Treatments in Randomized Complete Blocks: Guidelines for Covariance Model Selection

Failure to account for spatially correlated errors when present in the classical randomized complete block (RCB) analysis may cause inefficient estimation of treatment significance. Covariance model selection is a necessary component for spatial adjustment to estimate treatment significance. We discuss methods for selecting a covariance model in RCB analyses in the presence of spatial correlation and demonstrate one procedure in detail. The procedure uses three models: the randomized complete block with independent and identically distributed errors (RcBiid), RCB with correlated errors, and models with correlated errors but no block effects. The semivariogram of the residuals from fitting a model with just fixed effects, the likelihood ratio test, and Akaike Information Criterion are used for model selection. To illustrate the procedure, we analyzed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) forage and corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield in the presence of spatial heterogeneity within blocks from a site-specific N management study. We compared the selected covariance models to the RCBiid models and to other spatial models with respect to the estimation of treatment significance. The procedure can be extended to any experiment with fixed effects, or with both fixed and random effects, and which may potentially have spatially correlated errors. The procedure is systematic and readily implemented; however, it remains difficult to evaluate whether an adequate covariance model has been selected.
Propagation of a hybrid vector polarization beam in a uniaxial crystal

The propagation of a hybrid vector polarization beam is experimentally investigated in an uniaxial birefringent quartz crystal. The hybrid beam can be expressed as a superposition of two orthogonal linearly polarized Laguerre-Gaussian modes of opposite topological charge. When propagating through the crystal, the beam decomposes into the two orthogonal components traveling along the ordinary and extraordinary rays. Investigation of the beams phase and polarization structure after propagation through the crystal shows a fork fringe pattern arising from interference between the orthogonally polarized components of opposite topological charge.
Broiler Performance When Reared Under Various Light Sources

Abstract Three trials were conducted to determine if modern energy-efficient light sources, which vary in wavelength emission, affect broiler growth performance. The effect of light source on growth performance was determined by measuring body weight, feed conversion, and livability at intervals throughout rearing and at market age in three flocks of approximately 3,600 broilers each. Illuminance within the light-proof experimental facility was approximately 5 lx and photoregimen was 1 h dark:23 h light. Trial 1 compared incandescent (IN), warm white fluorescent (WWF), and daylight fluorescent (DLF) light sources. The WWF source provided superior body weight compared to IN light but feed conversion ratios were similar. Both IN and WWF light sources resulted in better body weight and feed conversion than that of the DLF light source. Trial 2 used IN, WWF, DLF, PL-5 fluorescent (PLF), design white fluorescent (DWF), and high pressure sodium (HPS) light sources. The PLF source resulted in mean body weight significantly higher than those produced by IN, HPS, and DWF. No other significant differences were observed. Trial 3 used IN, WWF, DLF, PLF, HPS, and low pressure sodium (LPS) light sources. Feed conversion for the HPS treatment was superior to that of PLF and LPS treatments. No other significant differences were observed. Light source did not affect livability in any of the trials. These trials demonstrated that energy-efficient light sources varying in wavelength emission may affect broiler growth performance, but consistent differences were not observed. Generally, IN light sources may be replaced with more energy-efficient light sources without adverse effects on broiler growth performance.
High Stiffness of Human Digital Flexor Tendons Is Suited for Precise Finger Positional Control

The objective of this study was to define the biomechanical properties of the human digital flexor tendons and to compare these biomechanical properties to other muscle-tendon units in the forearm....
Three-Dimensionality and Forcing of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation

Abstract Integrations with the nonlinear primitive equations are used to study 3D diabatic structure underlying the Brewer–Dobson circulation of the middle atmosphere. Such structure reveals zonally asymmetric contributions to mean downwelling over the winter hemisphere. It is used to evaluate contributions to w* from mechanical dissipation of planetary waves, associated with irreversible eddy dispersion, and from thermal dissipation of planetary waves, associated with irreversible heat transfer. Zonal-mean downwelling follows disproportionately from those longitudes where air is deflected across contours of radiative equilibrium. This zonally asymmetric contribution to w* is pronounced at high latitudes, where the displaced vortex achieves cross-polar flow that drives air across sharply different radiative environments. Air parcels orbiting about the vortex then experience a wide swing in radiative-equilibrium temperature, driving them well out of thermal equilibrium. This renders the heat transfer exper...
Testing for Choice Dynamics in Panel Data

This article applies different approaches to distinguish state dependence from unobserved heterogeneity and serial correlation and, hence, test for state dependence in consumer brand choices. First, we apply a simple method proposed by Chamberlain, which involves lagged exogenous variables only. Second, we also estimate a lagged-dependent-variable specification proposed by Wooldridge. Third, we use the estimation approach suggested by Wooldridge to estimate a model with both lagged dependent and exogenous variables to distinguish between the two different sources of choice dynamics, state dependence and lagged effects of the exogenous variables. Our analysis reveals that the best approach is to use models with both lagged dependent and exogenous variables. Our findings include strong evidence for state dependence in five out of the six product categories studied in this article.
Management of compliance to progressive relaxation and orthopedic exercises in treatment of chronic back pain.

Summary.-A 42-year-old woman with chronic back pain for 19, yr. was taught behavioral self-management strategies to establish and maintain a relaxation and orthopedic exercises regimen. The gradual improvement in compliance to the exercises seemed to be more a function of antecedents (instructions from the therapist, graphed data, and response products of the patient's own verbal behavior) than of the unreliably administered consequences written into the self-management package. However, average daily pain level was dramatically reduced early in treatment, and the number of consecutive days with neither pain nor analgesic consumption was increased from rwo days during baseline to 64 days after which treztrnent was terminated. At 6-wk. and 4-mo. followups, the patient reported that she had remained pain free and was continuing to comply with her exercise routine. Extensive research has suggested that 80% of chronic back pain is caused
Transfer readiness: A case study of former Santa Monica College students

This chapter addresses the motivating factors that led to research and collaboration efforts to uncover issues pertaining to transfer students at one community college in Southern California. Implications and ongoing research are discussed.
Chlorophyll Meter and Stalk Nitrate Techniques as Complementary Indices for Residual Nitrogen

Improved N management techniques are needed to prevent excess N applications while maintaining yields. Environmentally, development of these improved techniques has become critical for crops such as irrigated corn (Zea mays L.), which require large N fertilizer inputs to maximize yield. Our objective was to determine if some current N management techniques could be used to guide and improve future soil sampling strategies that would result in improved N fertilizer recommendations and reduced adverse environmental effects. Chlorophyll meter readings and end-of-season stalk nitrate-N concentrations were taken from an irrigated corn study at Shelton, NE, from 1992 through 1994. Residual soil N samples were collected to a depth of 5 ft after the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons. This study included continuous corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]- corn rotations with four corn hybrids and five N fertilizer rates. Chlorophyll meter readings taken at several growth stages reached a maximum at sufficient N levels for maximum yield and then plateaued. Similarly, end-of-season stalk nitrate-N concentrations exceeded established thresholds (-2000 ppm) above the N fertilizer rate where maximum yields were obtained in both cropping systems. Together, these techniques provided additional criteria to help partition and separate fields into areas with potentially different levels of residual soil N. This information can then be used to guide soil sampling and to develop or improve site specific N fertilizer recommendations which should decrease environmental risk by reducing the amount of nitrate-N available for leaching.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Synthetic Application of Enantiopure Aminocyclopentenols: Total Synthesis of Carbocyclic (+)-Uracil Polyoxin C and Its α-Epimer

Carbocyclic uracil polyoxin C (+)-2 and its α-epimer (−)-3 were synthesized in an efficient fashion from cis-4-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-ol (±)-7. The synthesis incorporates a concise, inexpensive chemoenzymatic synthesis of enantiopure aminocyclopentenols, a Pd(0)-catalyzed substitution reaction, and a mild reduction of an α-nitro ester by TiCl3/sodium borohydride. Significantly, this process demonstrates the synthetic utility of the versatile enantiopure aminocyclopentenol building block (−)-4.
Control of polytenic replication in dipteran larvae. I. Increased number of cycles in a mutant strain of Drosophila melanogaster.

Previous studies have demonstrated that a consistent maximum number of polytenic replication cycles occurs in the salivary gland nuclei of a wild-type strain of D. melanogaster. Since that number is achieved within the larval period, the DNA synthesis of the prepupal period is believed to be that of propagation of the final cycle. Photometric determinations have been made, in this study, of the salivary gland nuclei of larvae and prepupae of the tu-h strain in which the larval period has been extended as a consequence of delay or failure of pupation. The DNA values indicate that a higher maximum number of polytenic replications is achieved in such nuclei. It is inferred, thereby, that initiation of polytenic replication is a function of the larval state and, since it is terminated by the intervention of metamorphosis, a hormonal dependence is suggested.
Properties of small ions in ionic host lattices

Abstract Recent experiments suggest that small ions in ionic host lattices may not occupy normal lattice sites. The possibility of such low symmetry equilibrium configurations is discussed in terms of the theories of interatomic forces in ionic crystals.
Effects of radiation on cell and nuclear growth in Paramecium aurelia.

Abstract 1. 1. Specimens of Paramecium aurelia , syngen 4, stock 51 were irradiated with 66 kr of X-rays or 485 to 970 ergs/mm 2 of 2537 A ultraviolet 1 hr after division, and the growth of various cellular components was followed by microspectrophotometry, microinterferometry, and autoradiography. 2. 2. The rate of growth in total dry weight of the individual cell is immediately decreased and recovers later in the interdivision interval. 3. 3. The completion of the synthesis of macronuclear DNA, RNA, and protein is also delayed either by delay in onset of these syntheses, by decrease in the rate of the syntheses, or perhaps both. 4. 4. Division is delayed sufficiently by the doses used so that by the first division after irradiation the paramecia have essentially the same total dry weight and same size of macronuclei as the dividing controls. 5. 5. The duplication of the micronucleus is delayed by about 2 hr by 66 kr of X-rays, and the postduplication interphase is decreased or eliminated. 6. 6. Food vacuole formation is almost completely inhibited immediately after X-irradiation and the inhibition of increase in total dry weight is directly attributable to this circumstance. It is not clear how far the other effects of radiation are caused by the inhibition of ingestion, but the effects of limited food and of radiation are not identical in all respects. 7. 7. The control data confirm previous studies on growth of Paramecium and add the information that the rate of food vacuole formation increases continuously during the interdivision interval.
Troubling Gender: Youth and Cumbia in Argentina's Music Scene

Pablo Vila and Pablo Seman with contributions by Eloisa Martin and Maria Julia Carozzi, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-43990-267-7, , 217 pp, $27.95 (paper) An Argenti...
Mouse killing or carrying by male and female Long-Evans hooded rats*

The behavioral responses of rats toward mice were studied. A portion of the rats killed the mice, as found in previous studies. Another group of rats exhibited a different, previously unstudied response of mouse carrying (without the kill). A behavioral study of the stability of mouse killing or carrying was carried out. The behaviors were found to be stable over two trials in 1 day and over 5 consecutive days of testing. The possible behavioral significance of the carrying response was also discussed.
Anisotropic spin fluctuations in cubic Ce Sn 3

The low-temperature high-field heat capacity of a Ce${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ single crystal was found to develop an anisotropy for $Hg2.50$ T with the magnetic field parallel to the [100] and [110] directions. The magnetic susceptibility of Ce${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$ below 5 K was also anisotropic with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{110}g{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{100}$ by \ensuremath{\sim} 5% at 1.8 K. For the first time ever an anisotropic quenching of spin fluctuations in any highly enhanced paramagnet has been observed.
The Physics and Chemistry of Small Translucent Molecular Clouds. XIII. The Basic Hydrocarbon Chemistry

We have observed 10 hydrocarbon species at 3 mm wavelength in three translucent clouds and in TMC-1 and L183. The 10 species are C2H, c-C3H, l-C3H, c-C3H2, l-C3H2, CH3CCH, C4H, C4H2, C5H, and C6H, where c- and l- designate the cyclical and linear isomers. Abundances for these, as well as the previously observed species CH3C4H and C6H2, have been derived from statistical equilibrium analyses. These species are key members of the hydrocarbon network—the "backbone" of gas-phase interstellar chemistry, from which most species containing N, O, and C atoms stem directly. All of the observed hydrocarbon species except c-C3H and c-C3H2 are "chain"-type molecules or have a linear-chain isomer. The latter species are known to have stable cyclic isomers as well. We observe large c-/l-abundance ratios for C3H2, especially in the dark clouds, that can be explained under steady state conditions by existing knowledge of the chemistry. We also observe ortho/para ratios for c- and l-C3H2, and for C4H2, that exceed the high-temperature limit in nearly every case, often by large factors. O/P ratios as large as ~5 can be explained by protonation via H. By contrast, E/A ratios are observed to be less than the high-T limit for all three C3v species (CH3C2H, CH3C4H, CH3CN), because H protonation is not possible. The New Standard Chemistry model (Lee et al.) has been modified to accommodate several cyclical and chain-type hydrocarbon species. In addition to the large c-/l- and O/P ratios, we find very good agreement between model predictions and observed total abundances for all 12 species under steady state conditions. Early-time chemistry is not required but cannot be ruled out. It easily produces the very large c-C3H2/l-C3H2 ratio observed in the dark clouds, consistent with the possibility that they are chemically young, while translucent clouds are in chemical and dynamical steady state. For a consistent set of C/O ratios, over 80% of all model abundances investigated are within a factor of 5 of the observed abundances. Low-metal abundances and C/O ratios of 0.7 or higher are required to explain all 12 species. Distinctions between translucent and dark clouds are at most nominal. The success of the New Standard Model in explaining hydrocarbons exceeds its success in explaining all other species studied to date. In particular, hydrocarbons are better explained than the equally complex nonhydrocarbon species studied in the twelfth paper in this series.
Equation of state of cubic solids; some generalizations☆

Abstract The equations of state (pressure-volume-temperature relationships) for a number of cubic solids can be approximated at high temperature ( T > θ D ) by a temperature-independent isothermal bulk modulus B T which varies linearly with the applied pressure. This is demonstrated by an analysis of both piston-displacement and ultrasonic data, as well as by an elementary calculation based on the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state. These generalizations also should be valid for B T at low temperatures to within one or two percent except for the inert gas solids. The high temperature equation of state which follows from this analysis contains the following features: (a) the Gruneisen constant γ is a temperature-independent linear function of volume, (b) B T is a linear function of temperature at constant pressure, (c) (∂( B S − B T )/∂ T ) V = β B T γ and (∂( B S − B T )/∂ P ) T = −βγ T , where β is the volume thermal expansion coefficient. These relationships should hold as a first approximation for most cubic solids.
Sol-Gel-Derived Silica Films With Tailored Microstructures for Applications Requiring Organic Dyes

A three-step sol-gel process was developed to prepare organic dye-doped thin films with tailored porosity for applications in chemical sensing and optoelectronics. Varying the acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis steps of sols prepared from tetraethoxysilane with identical final H{sub 2}O/Si ratios, dilution factors and pH resulted in considerably different distributions of the silicate polymers in the sol (determined by {sup 29}Si NMR) and considerably different structures for the polymer clusters (determined by SAXS). During film formation these kinetic effects cause differences in the packing and collapse of the silicate network, leading to thin films with different refractive indices and volume fraction porosities. Under conditions where small pore-plugging species were avoided, the porosities of as-deposited films could be varied by aging the sol prior to film deposition. This strategy, which relies on the growth and aggregation of fractal polymeric clusters, is compatible with the low temperature and near neutral pH requirements of organic dyes.