cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parental Chronic Illness on Children's Psychosocial and Educational Functioning: A Literature Review.

A good number of children grow up in households where a parent has been diagnosed with medical chronic illness. Parental chronic illness is stressful for children and adolescents and may have some potential impact on children’s adjustment and functioning. Some emerging research conducted in the fields of medicine, nursing, and family studies has suggested that children of chronically ill parents are at an increased risk for adjustment difficulties and emotional and behavioral problems. However, this topic has been neglected in school psychology literature. This review aims to provide an overview on research with respect to the effects of parental chronic illness on children’s psychosocial and educational functioning and help school psychology researchers and practitioners understand the impact of parents’ illness on children’s outcomes and factors (e.g., typology of illness, family functioning, parenting, child cognitive appraisal and coping strategies, etc.) that may moderate and mediate the relationship. Mixed findings in the literature reflect the complex and dynamic nature of this issue. Implications and recommendations for interventions will be discussed.
African-Centered Research Methodologies: From Ancient Times to the Present by A. K. Bangura (review)

Bangura, A. K. African-Centered Research Methodologies: From Ancient Times to the Present . San Diego: Cognella, 2011. Review by Yoly Zentella.
Disrupting Racialized Institutional Scripts: Toward Parent–Teacher Transformative Agency for Educational Justice

Partnerships between teachers and parents from nondominant communities hold promise for reducing race- and class-based educational disparities, but the ways families and teachers work together often fall short of delivering systemic change. Racialized institutional scripts provide “taken-for-granted” norms, expectations, and assumptions that constrain marginalized families and educators in exercising collective agency to disrupt educational inequities. In this paper, we bring together the concept of institutional scripts from organizational theory with transformative agency from sociocultural learning theories to address the moment-to-moment interactions between families and educators that may rewrite racialized institutional scripts and expand collective parent–teacher identities. Drawing examples from a parent–educator participatory design-based research project, we highlight how collaborative activity might (a) reframe expertise, (b) surface and examine contradictions, and (c) attend to power in relati...
A tutela jurídica da privacidade e do sigilo na era digital: doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência

O presente artigo trata da tutela constitucional do sigilo de dados e das comunicacoes na web face aos direitos a privacidade e a intimidade dos usuarios. Analisa o tratamento dispensado a este sigilo na doutrina, na legislacao e na jurisprudencia brasileira, examinando a Lei de Interceptacao Telefonica, a Lei Complementar 105/2001 e o Marco Civil da Internet e, apos, as divergencias jurisprudenciais acerca da materia, particularmente nas decisoes do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Conclui-se que as normas existentes no ordenamento juridico brasileiro nao sao suficientemente claras e objetivas com relacao as novas tecnologias de comunicacao eletronicas e digitais, fator que contribui para a ocorrencia sistematica de abusos e violacoes e, consequentemente, para a reducao da eficacia plena de protecao a estes direitos fundamentais.
Competitive response of savanna tree seedlings to C4 grasses is negatively related to photosynthesis rate

Savanna tree species vary in the magnitude of their response to grass competition, but the functional traits that explain this variation remain largely unknown. To address this gap, we grew seedlings of 10 savanna tree species with and without grasses in a controlled greenhouse experiment. We found strong interspecific differences in tree competitive response, which was positively related to photosynthesis rates, suggesting a trade-off between the ability to grow well under conditions of low and high grass biomass across tree species. We also found no competitive effect of tree seedlings on grass, suggesting strong tree-grass competitive asymmetry. Our results identify a potentially important trade-off that enhances our ability to predict how savanna tree communities might respond to variation in grass competition.
Readily Identifiable Risk Factors of Nursing Home Residents’ Oral Hygiene: Dementia, Hospice, and Length of Stay

Background/Objectives The poor oral hygiene of nursing home (NH) residents is a matter of increasing concern, especially because of its relationship with pneumonia and other health events. Because details and related risk factors in this area are scant and providers need to be able to easily identify those residents at most risk, this study comprehensively examined the plaque, gingival, and denture status of NH residents, as well as readily available correlates of those indicators of oral hygiene, including items from the Minimum Data Set (MDS). Design Oral hygiene assessment and chart abstract conducted on a cross-section of NH residents. Setting NHs in North Carolina (N = 14). Participants NH residents (N = 506). Measurements Descriptive data from the MDS and assessments using three standardized measures: the Plaque Index for Long-Term Care (PI-LTC), the Gingival Index for Long-Term Care (GI-LTC), and the Denture Plaque Index (DPI). Results Oral hygiene scores averaged 1.7 (of 3) for the PI-LTC, 1.5 (of 4) for the GI-LTC, and 2.2 (of 4) for the DPI. Factors most strongly associated with poor oral hygiene scores included having dementia, being on hospice care, and longer stay. MDS ratings of gingivitis differed significantly from oral hygiene assessments. Conclusions The findings identify resident subgroups at especially high risk of poor oral health who can be targeted in quality improvement efforts related to oral hygiene; they also indicate need to improve the accuracy of how MDS items are completed.
Virus deals anthrax a killer blow

The threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is driving researchers to think up ever more clever ways to tackle infections. An enzyme from a bacterium-killing virus may prove effective against anthrax infections.
Closing the scale gap between land surface parameterizations and GCMs with a new scheme, SiB3‐Bins

The interaction of land with the atmosphere is sensitive to soil moisture (W). Evapotranspiration (ET) reacts to soil moisture in a nonlinear way, f(W), as soils dry from saturation to wilt point. This nonlinear behavior and the fact that soil moisture varies on scales as small as 1–10 m in nature, while numerical general circulation models (GCMs) have grid cell sizes on the order of 1 to 100s of kilometers, makes the calculation of grid cell-average ET problematic. It is impractical to simulate the land in GCMs on the small scales seen in nature, so techniques have been developed to represent subgrid scale heterogeneity, including: (1) statistical-dynamical representations of grid subelements of varying wetness, (2) relaxation of f(W), (3) moderating f(W) with approximations of catchment hydrology, (4) “tiling” the landscape into vegetation types, and (5) hyperresolution. Here we present an alternative method for representing subgrid variability in W, one proven in a conceptual framework where landscape-scale W is represented as a series of “Bins” of increasing wetness from dry to saturated. The grid cell-level f(W) is defined by the integral of the fractional area of the wetness bins and the value of f(W) associated with each. This approach accounts for the spatiotemporal dynamics of W. We implemented this approach in the SiB3 land surface parameterization and then evaluated its performance against a control, which assumes a horizontally uniform field of W. We demonstrate that the Bins method, with a physical basis, attenuates unrealistic jumps in model state and ET seen in the control runs.
Recent advances in the understanding of endothelial barrier function and fluid therapy

Elucidation of the structural basis of endothelial barrier function and the study of transcapillary fluid exchange dynamics are areas of active research. There has been significant enhancement in our understanding of the ultrastructural basis of endothelial barrier function. The role of glycocalyx has received special attention. Experimental evidence has called for a revision in the classic Starling principle of transcapillary exchange. The glycocalyx model provides a potential structural mechanism for the revised Starling principle. This knowledge can provide the framework for understanding the volume expansion effect of fluid therapy and the physiological basis of fluid therapy.
The immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 induces and maintains regulatory T cells in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) promotes immunosuppression through upregulation of PD-L1 and regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion, but the association of these suppressive factors has not been well elucidated. He...
“New Awakenings Everywhere: Free Jazz Pathways Through Western Europe”* by Ekkehard Jost (1938–2017)

Ekkehard Jost (1938–2017) was one of the world’s leading scholarly voices on the development of free jazz, perhaps best known for his seminal text Free Jazz (originally published in 1974). This art...
Porting an Intelligent Tutoring System across Domains

One possible approach to reducing the cost of developing an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is to reuse the components of an existing ITS. We used this approach to develop an Andes probability tutoring system by modifying the declarative knowledge of the Andes physics tutoring system. We claim that if we cluster various educational domains into groups based on their problem-solving methods [2], then it will be more efficient to port an existing ITS to a new domain in the same cluster than to build a new ITS from scratch.
Hospice use and end-of-life care among older patients with esophageal cancer.

Background Hospice and end-of-life health care utilization among patients with esophageal cancer are understudied. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database to analyze hospice use and end-of-life treatment patterns. Methods We included patients diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma between 2000 and 2011 and who had died by December 31, 2013. We evaluated patterns of hospice enrollment, chemotherapy receipt, radiation receipt, acute care hospitalizations, and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions at end of life. We used multivariate logistic regression to evaluate possible associations with hospice use, late ICU admission, and late chemotherapy receipt. Results Our study included 6449 patients; 3597 (55.8%) enrolled in hospice. Among hospice enrolled patients, 31.4% enrolled in the last 7 days of life. Hospice enrollment increased over time, from 43.2% in 2000 to 59.6% in 2013. Patients who were older, female, with stage IV disease, or those with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to enroll in hospice. Among all patients, 19.1% had an ICU admission within the last 30 days and 4.6% received chemotherapy within the last 14 days of life. Those who were Black or Asian (compared to White), married, or had a comorbidity score >1 were more likely to have a late ICU admission. Males and younger patients were more likely to receive chemotherapy at end of life. Conclusion Hospice enrollment rates among patients with esophageal cancer have increased over time; however, a significant percentage of patients enrolls near the end of life. Further research is needed to improve understanding of how end-of-life care decisions for these patients are made.
Adaptation of the Radiosonde for Direct Measurement of Radio Refractive Index

This paper describes a technique for converting a radiosonde for direct measurement of radio refractive index of the air using standard meteorological sensors. Although limited by the response time of the sensors, this device would provide for continuous and direct measurement of refractive index to an accuracy satisfactory for many radio applications.
Racial stereotyping of gay men: Can a minority sexual orientation erase race?

Abstract Decades of research indicate that the traits we ascribe to people often depend on their race. Yet, the bulk of this research has not considered how racial stereotypes might also depend on other aspects of targets' identities. To address this, researchers have begun to ask intersectional questions about racial stereotypes, such as whether they are applied in similar ways to men and women, or to children and adults. In the present studies, we examine whether men who are described as gay (vs. not) become de-racialized in the minds of perceivers. That is, we test whether gay (vs. non-gay) men are perceived as less stereotypic of their own racial or ethnic groups. Results consistently support the de-racialization hypothesis, regardless of whether targets are Black, White, Asian, or Hispanic. Moreover, when Black and Hispanic men are described as gay (vs. not), they become stereotypically “Whitened” in addition to seeming less stereotypic of their own racial groups. This “Whitening” effect is explained by Black and Hispanic men's seeming more affluent when described as gay (vs. when not), an effect that holds even when controlling for changes in these men's stereotypic femininity. Collectively, these findings underscore the point that race and sexual orientation are not orthogonal in the minds of perceivers. A minority sexual orientation can alter the racial characteristics ascribed to men, reducing the perceived presence of race-typical traits and, for low-SES men, increasing their perceived “Whiteness.”
Lunar soil hydration constrained by exospheric water liberated by meteoroid impacts

Analyses of samples from the Apollo missions suggest that the Moon formed devoid of native water. However, recent observations by Cassini, Deep Impact, Lunar Prospector and Chandrayaan-1 indicate the existence of an active water cycle on the Moon. Here we report observations of this water cycle, specifically detections of near-surface water released into the lunar exosphere by the Neutral Mass Spectrometer on the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer. The timing of 29 water releases is associated with the Moon encountering known meteoroid streams. The intensities of these releases reflect the convoluted effects of the flux, velocity and impact location of the parent streams. We propose that four additional detected water releases represent the signature of previously undiscovered meteoroid streams. We show that water release from meteoroid impacts is indicative of a lunar surface that has a desiccated soil layer of several centimetres on top of uniformly hydrated soil. We infer that the Moon is currently in the process of losing water that was either delivered long ago or present at its formation. Water is uniformly present at low concentrations in the Moon’s subsoil and is emitted by meteoroid impacts, according to analysis of water releases detected by NASA’s Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer.
The Adductor Canal Block: a Clinical Review

To provide an overview of the adductor canal block (ACB), with specific discussion on its scope of practice in regional anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). ACB is emerging as a viable alternative to femoral nerve block (FNB) as a purely sensory blockade providing comparable postoperative analgesia after TKA. There is growing evidence that it is non-inferior to FNB in terms of pain control, opioid consumption, and earlier ambulation without the risk of quadriceps muscle weakness. The saphenous nerve can be effectively blocked at the adductor canal and, in conjunction with a popliteal sciatic nerve block, can be used for analgesia and anesthesia for any procedure below the knee. However, the ACB specifically has emerged as a novel technique consistently demonstrating comparable analgesic efficacy to FNB for TKA. We strongly believe, based on the current evidence available, that the ACB will replace FNB for postoperative analgesia following primary total knee arthroplasty.
Plasma cell leukemia: A SEER database analysis

8605 Background: Primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare plasma cell disorder with clinical information limited to small series of patients. Methods: We analyzed the Surveillance Epidemiology ...
A DECISION MATRIX APPROACH TO EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF LAND-USE ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE An Editorial Essay

Land-use activities that affect the global balance of greenhouse gases have been a topic of intense discussion during ongoing climate change treaty negotiations. Policy mechanisms that reward countries for implementing climatically beneficial land-use practices have been included in the Bonn and Marrakech agreements on implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. However some still fear that land-use projects focused narrowly on carbon gain will result in socioeconomic and environmental harm, and thus conflict with the explicit sustainable development objectives of the agreement. We propose a policy tool, in the form of a multi-attribute decision matrix, which can be used to evaluate potential and completed land-use projects for their climate, environmental and socioeconomic impacts simultaneously. Project evaluation using this tool makes tradeoffs explicit and allows identification of projects with multiple co-benefits for promotion ahead of others. Combined with appropriate public participation, accounting, and verification policies, a land-use activity decision matrix can help ensure that progressive land management practices are an effective part of the solution to global climate change.
Chapter 1 – Plate tectonics

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics provides valuable insight into the mechanisms by which the Earth's crust and mantle have evolved. Plate tectonics is a unifying model that attempts to explain the origin of patterns of deformation in the crust, earthquake distribution, continental drift, and mid-ocean ridges, as well as provides a cooling mechanism for the Earth. The parental theory of plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, states that new lithosphere is formed at ocean ridges, and it moves away from ridge axes with a motion like that of a conveyor belt as new lithosphere fills in the resulting crack or rift. Many scientists consider the widespread acceptance of the plate tectonic model as a ”revolution” in the Earth Sciences. Several maps are provided in the chapter to identify various locations of the world that consist of the major lithospheric plates, plate boundaries, and hotspots. It also provides a map to shows the distribution of world earthquakes.
Energy-Efficient and Secured Mobile Agent Itinerary Approach in Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless sensor network, mobile agent (MA) paradigm is the substitute which has many advantages over client–server paradigm. As energy consumption is the major issue for research in WSNs, MA-based paradigm has been a boon in resolving this. In spite of sending data from all nodes to sink, mobile agent itself migrates to all the sensor nodes and collects data which results in minimized energy and bandwidth consumption. But for better efficiency, it is required to plan the itinerary in a best way so that MA can collect data from source nodes efficiently. Many algorithms have been given by researchers which consider all sensor nodes to be visited by MA which is incompetent, and none of the algorithm considers the detection of malicious node and preventing mobile agent to migrate to malicious nodes. Proposed algorithm, first stores the device signature of all intended participating sensor nodes, cluster formation, and eventually by authenticating the nodes based on fingerprints an itinerary for MA will be designed. Cluster head nodes are traversed excluding MNs in CHs itinerary, and data will be aggregated from benign nodes only.
Study protocol for a national cohort of adults focused on respiratory health: the American Lung Association Lung Health Cohort (ALA-LHC) Study.

Introduction The current framework for investigating respiratory diseases is based on defining lung health as the absence of lung disease. In order to develop a comprehensive approach to prevent the development of lung disease, there is a need to evaluate the full spectrum of lung health spanning from ideal to impaired lung health. The American Lung Association (ALA) Lung Health Cohort is a new, population-based, cohort study focused primarily on characterising lung health in members of the millennial generation without diagnosed severe respiratory disease. Participants will be enrolled for the baseline study visit starting in 2021, and funding will be sought to support future study exams as part of a longitudinal cohort study. This study will be crucial for developing a novel paradigm of lung health throughout the adult life course. Methods and analysis This study will leverage the existing infrastructure of the ALA Airways Clinical Research Centers network to enrol 4000 participants between ages 25 and 35 years old at 39 sites across the USA between April 2021 and December 2024. Study procedures will include physical assessment, spirometry, chest CT scan, accelerometry and collection of nasal epithelial lining fluid, nasal epithelial cells, blood and urine. Participants will complete questionnaires about their sociodemographic characteristics, home address histories and exposures, work history and exposure, medical histories, lung health and health behaviours and activity. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutional Review Board. Findings will be disseminated to the scientific community through peer-reviewed journals and at professional conferences. The lay public will receive scientific findings directly through the ALA infrastructure including the official public website. Deidentified datasets will be deposited to BioLINCC, and deidentified biospecimens may be made available to qualified investigators along with a limited-use datasets.
Performance Metrics for the Comparative Analysis of Clinical Risk Prediction Models Employing Machine Learning.

Background: New methods such as machine learning techniques have been increasingly used to enhance the performance of risk predictions for clinical decision-making. However, commonly reported perfo...
Validity of inertial measurement units for tracking human motion: a systematic review.

Human motion is often tracked using three-dimensional video motion tracking systems, which have demonstrated high levels of validity. More recently, inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been used...
The psychology of quality of life

Preface. Part I: Introduction. 1. Definitions and Distinctions. 2. Examples of Measures of Subjective Well Being. 3. Motives Underlying Subjective Well Being. Part II: Inter-domain Strategies. 4. Bottom-up Spillover. 5. Top-down Spillover. 6. Horizontal Spillover. 7. Compensation. Part III: Intra-domain Strategies. 8. Re-evaluation Based on Personal History. 9. Re-evaluation Based on Self-concept. 10. Re-evaluation Based on Social Comparison. 11. Goal Selection. 12. Goal Implementation and Attainment. 13. Re-appraisal. Part IV: Inter- and Intra-domain Strategies. 14. Balance. Index. About the Author.
Pursuing passionate professionalism: the journey of one ophthalmic nurse.

The final question to be asked: Is nursing a profession worth pursuing with passion in the 21st century? Florence Nightingale left a legacy rich in values, ethics, and standards that still shines light on the paths of 21st century nurses. Florence Nightingale pursued her passion with abandon. She held many positions in her career, but she is remembered for her story. Thank you, Florence Nightingale, for laying the solid foundation of courage, character, and commitment for all nursing generations to come. To this question, I, as an ophthalmic nurse, must answer a resounding yes, and I say that this noble profession is still worth pursuing with passion and commitment. What we nurses do has eternal value. When we pursue our role with passion, character, and integrity, we will influence future generations. We may not be remembered by our titles, but each life we touch will remember our story.
Automorphic Forms and L-Functions for the Group Gl(n, R)

Introduction 1. Discrete group actions 2. Invariant differential operators 3. Automorphic forms and L-functions for SL(2,Z) 4. Existence of Maass forms 5. Maass forms and Whittaker functions for SL(n,Z) 6. Automorphic forms and L-functions for SL(3,Z) 7. The Gelbert-Jacquet lift 8. Bounds for L-functions and Siegel zeros 9. The Godement-Jacquet L-function 10. Langlands Eisenstein series 11. Poincare series and Kloosterman sums 12. Rankin-Selberg convolutions 13. Langlands conjectures Appendix. The GL(n)pack manual References.
Spatiotemporal modeling of PM2.5 data with missing values

[1] We propose a method of analyzing spatiotemporal data by decomposition into deterministic nonparametric functions of time and space, linear functions of other covariates, and a random component that is spatially, though not temporally, correlated. The resulting model is used for spatial interpolation and especially for estimation of a spatially dependent temporal average. The results are applied to part of the PM2.5 network established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, covering three southeastern U.S. states. A novel feature of the analysis is a variant of the expectation-maximization algorithm to account for missing data. The results show, among other things, that a substantial part of the region is in violation of the proposed long-term average standard for PM2.5.
Xenophon’s Poroi and the Political Economy of a Good Society

From 357 to 355 BC the Athenians fought a “social war” with their allies in the Aegean Sea. This left Athens financially strapped, and unable to capitalize on the collapse of either Spartan hegemony in the Peloponnesus or Theban control of the north. In response to this crisis, Xenophon wrote a short political tract, the Poroi - also known as or Ways and Means, or de Vectigalibus, On Revenues - with an economic plan to return Athens to a preeminent position among the Greeks. His radical proposals offered nothing less than a repudiation of the power politics by which the first and second Athenian empires had been achieved, and a turn to benevolent economic growth based on rewards and mutual benefits for foreign Greeks as well as Athenians. He lays out, in other words, a proposal for a good society that challenged many of the norms active in Athens.
Foreword: Great Dissents in Fourth Amendment Cases

What makes a dissent “great”? Depending on one’s point of view, there are many candidates for such designation, ranging from Justice Brandies’ dissent in Olmstead, which first proposed privacy as a centralizing principle and offered a broad view of the applicability of the Amendment, Justice Frankfurter’s defense of the warrant preference model of reasonableness, Justice Brennan’s normative approach to privacy in such cases as Greenwood, to Justice Black’s conservative views of the structure of the Fourth Amendment in Katz and Berger. But is there more to a dissent that makes it important beyond espousing a particular point of view? Is it the clarity of the vision? Is it the principled nature of the opinion? Is it merely the author’s facility with language or the sentiment expressed? Is it the fact that, in a subsequent case, that view prevailed?Five dissents are examined in the artcles written for volume 80 of the Mississippi Law Journal. The authors have chosen the seminal dissents of Justice Brandeis in Olmstead v. United States, Justice Douglas in Terry v. Ohio, Justice Harlan in United States v. White, Justice Marshall in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, and Justice O’Connor in Atwater v. Lago Vista. The distinguished authors are Professor Paul Butler of The George Washington University Law School, Professor Catherine Hancock of Tulane University School of Law, Professor Arnold H. Loewy of Texas Tech University School of Law, Professor Wayne A. Logan of Florida State University College of Law, and Professor Carol S. Steiker of Harvard Law School.
Induced chromosome rearrangements and morphologic variation in Candida albicans

We have isolated a mutant of Candida albicans that switches between colony morphologies at high frequencies in a strain with several genetic markers. This strain, 1183, has an altered karyotype with two extra chromosomes. The 1183 karyotype is unstable upon passage. Using DNA transformation with the URA3 gene flanked by sequences from the C. albicans repeat sequence 27A, we have marked individual chromosomes of 1183 and 1161, a related smooth, stable strain. Many transformants contained one or more extra chromosomes, ranging in size from 150 kb to 2.1 Mb. Most were less than 800 kb and appeared to be fragments of a single chromosome. All fragments tested derive from one of the two smallest chromosomes. Six of 13 fragments contained the URA3 gene. In some cases, URA3 was located at the end of a fragment with adjacent telomere repeats. The integrated copy of URA3 was unstable in some 1183 transformants. Our results suggest that 1183 has a mutation affecting genomic stability. A connection between karyotypic changes and morphologic variation has been suggested from studies of several C. albicans strains; however, we find that gross karyotypic and morphological changes are separable processes.
Automatic Construction of Verification Condition Generators From Hoare Logics

We define a method for mechanically constructing verification condition generators from a useful class of Hoare logics. Any verification condition generator constructed by our method is shown to be sound and deduction-complete with respect to the associated Hoare logic. The method has been implemented.
Security challenges and countermeasures for trusted virtualized computing environments

Today, virtualization technology is ubiquitously woven into nearly every technical field and conversation, taking place in the world of Information Technology (IT), because it can provide various benefits in terms of cost effectiveness, availability, hardware utilization, resource protection, remote access, and other capability enhancements. As a result, the implications of virtual computing environments become profound and drive a shift in the fundamentals of information systems design, operation, and management. However, virtualization also introduces new challenges and concerns related to implementing secure virtualized computing environments. Therefore, in this paper we first discuss common exploits of security properties in virtualized computing environments and analyze their security vulnerabilities from the perspective of attackers. Consequently, we identify and discuss the main areas of virtualized information system design and operation in which security concerns must be addressed. Finally, we present our recommendations and future trends for trusted virtualized computing environments.
Corrections to the stopping powers of relativistic 238U, 131Xe, 84Kr, and 56Fe beams in emulsion.

The ranges of $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, $^{131}\mathrm{Xe}$, $^{84}\mathrm{Kr}$, and $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ nuclei stopping in emulsion have been measured at 0.956, 1.22, 1.52, and 0.59 GeV/nucleon, respectively. The ranges are shorter than predicted by the standard Bethe stopping power theory but are consistent with the values calculated by using the higher-order correction terms.
Localization and delocalization of deformation in a bimineralic material

We investigate how localization and delocalization of deformation occurs in a bimineralic material composed of a strong plagioclase and a weaker quartz phase. We perform numerical, meter-scale shear experiments in which we vary the temperature and the ratio of the two mineral phases. Three micromechanical deformation fields are identified according to the mechanical behavior of the minerals at play (brittle or ductile when both phases are in the brittle or ductile regime, respectively, and semibrittle when one phase is in the brittle and the other in the ductile regime). Besides these micromechanical deformation fields, we identify three deformation types characterizing the degree of localization (type I: localized shear zone, type II: localized anastomosing shear zone, and type III: delocalized shear zone). Type I is expected in the brittle deformation field. In the semibrittle field, all deformation types can be observed depending on the amount of weak phase present. In the ductile field, deformation is dependent on the strength ratio between the two phases. For a low strength ratio, deformation of type III is always observed. For high-strength ratios, deformation of type II can be observed for a moderate amount of weak phase. A small amount of weak phase (<10%) reverses the mechanical behavior of the strong phase and leads to the formation of a narrow anastomosing shear zone (type II) where fully ductile (type III) behavior is expected. This highlights the importance of a bimineralic material for the deformation localization and overall large-scale deformation processes.
Evidence for small-molecule-mediated loop stabilization in the structure of the isolated Pin1 WW domain.

The human Pin1 WW domain is a small autonomously folding protein that has been useful as a model system for biophysical studies of β-sheet folding. This domain has resisted previous attempts at crystallization for X-ray diffraction studies, perhaps because of intrinsic conformational flexibility that interferes with the formation of a crystal lattice. Here, the crystal structure of the human Pin1 WW domain has been obtained via racemic crystallization in the presence of small-molecule additives. Both enantiomers of a 36-residue variant of the Pin1 WW domain were synthesized chemically, and the l- and d-polypeptides were combined to afford diffracting crystals. The structural data revealed packing interactions of small carboxylic acids, either achiral citrate or a d,l mixture of malic acid, with a mobile loop region of the WW-domain fold. These interactions with solution additives may explain our success in crystallization of this protein racemate. Molecular-dynamics simulations starting from the structure of the Pin1 WW domain suggest that the crystal structure closely resembles the conformation of this domain in solution. The structural data presented here should provide a basis for further studies of this important model system.
The grana as structural units of chloroplasts of mesophyll of Nicotiana rustica and Phaseolus vulgaris

Grana are compartmented structures in which contiguous compartments or discs share common partitions; thus regularly ordered stroma lamellae do not enter into their structure. This is graphically demonstrated in swollen grana which may be obtained in situ in plastids taken from plants returned to light after a sojourn in darkness, from plants grown in a nutrient medium deficient in zinc, and from plants whose leaves have been treated with atrazine. Grana in isolated plastids and isolated grana may be made to swell by a variety of methods. The swelling is confined to the loculi, and adjacent loculi swell. The common partitions of contiguous compartments remain flat, and margins separating all compartments from stroma graphically demonstrate that the compartments are all alike and that stroma lamellae do not pass through the grana at regular intervals to separate special grana discs. Profiles obtained after three washings indicate that grana break apart by fracturing margins. Grana may exist in situ without a fretwork, indicating that stroma membranes are not essential in their structure. Isolated plastids, lacking stroma and a limiting membrane, maintain their identity as long as the profiles indicate the presence of a fretwork system. After the destruction of the fretwork, the grana separate. This would indicate that the fretwork, at least in isolated chloroplasts, serves a structural function in holding the grana in place. After KMnO4 fixation the partitions have an ordered granular structure complementing face views of grana discs or partitions reported by Frey-Wyssling and by Calvin. The partitions after KMnO4 fixation are thicker, the loculi thinner, than after OsO4 fixation. This difference in partition thickness coincides with Sjostrand's view that KMnO4 stains layers of molecules outside of those by OsO4. Partitions after OsO4 fixation are granular and give indication of a double nature not shown by KMnO4.
No superluminal propagation for classical relativistic and relativistic quantum fields

Abstract A criterion is proposed to ensure that classical relativistic fields do not propagate superluminally. If this criterion does indeed serve as a sufficient condition for no superluminal propagation it follows that various other criteria found in the physics literature cannot serve as necessary conditions since they can fail although the proffered condition holds. The rejected criteria rely on energy conditions that are believed to hold for most classical fields used in actual applications. But these energy conditions are known to fail at small scales for quantum fields. It is argued that such a failure is not necessarily a cause for concern about superluminal propagation in the quantum regime since the proffered criterion of no superluminal propagation for classical fields has a natural analog for quantum fields and, further, this quantum analog condition provably holds for some quantum fields despite the violation of energy conditions. The apparatus developed here also offers a different approach to treating the Reichenbach–Salmon cases of “pseudo-causal processes” and helps to clarify the issue of whether relativity theory is consistent with superluminal propagation.
A knowledge management implementation plan at a leading US technical government organization: a case study

Many organizations are realizing that knowledge management should play an increasing role in achieving the organization's strategic mission. Certainly, as the ‘graying workforce’ ensues (especially in the US Federal Government), knowledge-sharing activities become evermore paramount as part of the organization's human capital strategy. Unfortunately, many organizations do not have a clear knowledge management implementation plan in mind. To improve this situation, this paper presents a knowledge management implementation plan for a leading US technical government organization. Hopefully, the plan's component parts may be useful to others when considering how to develop a knowledge management implementation plan for themselves. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global/local methods research using a common structural analysis framework

Methodologies for global/local stress analysis are described including both two- and three-dimensional analysis methods. These methods are being developed within a common structural analysis framework. Representative structural analysis problems are presented to demonstrate the global/local methodologies being developed.
Differences in self-concept among high, average, and low achieving high school sophomores.

Abstract Although the literature on the relationship between self-esteem and achievement among high school students is complex and inconclusive, there is strong support for the view that self-esteem is highly correlated with achievement. Given this evidence, can the conclusion be drawn that, generally, low achievers tend to have low self-esteem? The present study was undertaken to examine the differences in the six self-concepts dimensions among 148 above average, average, and below average achieving sophomores in an urban high school. A multiple analysis of variance indicated significant differences on four of the six self-concept dimensions. Scheffe post hoc analysis indicated that students in the below average group differed significantly from their higher achieving peers. The average and above average students, however, did not differ significantly on any of the self-concept dimensions.
The design and synthesis of heterometallic alkoxide-amides and their application in the MOCVD of zirconium-tin-titanate (ZTT)

The novel heterometallic alkoxide-amide species, [Ti{OPri}3{N(SnMe3)2}] (1), [Ti{OBut}3{N(SnMe3)2}] (2), and [Ti{OPri}3{N(SnMe3)(SiMe3)}] (3) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Compounds 1–3 were used in combination with tetrakis(tert-butoxide)zirconium(IV) to obtain zirconium-tin-titanate (ZTT) films via metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A low-pressure vapor draw (pressure ∼ 5 Torr) was used to deliver the precursor to an oxygen-rich, hot-walled tube furnace (temperature = 430 °C) where metal oxide thin films were deposited on silicon wafers approximately 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm in size. The surface morphology of the as-deposited films has been characterized by SEM, and preliminary XPS measurements indicate that the metals of interest are transported to the substrate surface in the deposition process. The ZTT film grown from a separate vapor draw of 2 and Zr(OBut)4 was determined to have an approximate composition of Zr0.97Sn0.12Ti0.05O3.33.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of early-stage cervical carcinoma.

Objectives We aimed to determine the sentinel lymph node detection rates, accuracy in predicting the status of lymph node metastasis, and if pathologic ultrastaging improves the detection of micrometastases and isolated tumor cells at the time of primary surgery for cervical cancer.
Thin or Overweight Women's Fat Talk: Which Is Worse for Other Women's Body Satisfaction?

Fat talk is not merely correlated with, but appears to be one of the causes of body dissatisfaction in other women. Moderators of fat talk's deleterious effects, however, have not yet been identified. This experiment tested whether the body type of the fat-talker affects listeners' body satisfaction. Women viewed photos of either noticeably thin or overweight women making either fat talk or positive body statements. Fat talk by thin and overweight women both had a negative impact on women's body satisfaction, but dissatisfaction was highest after exposure to photos of thin women making fat talk statements. Statistically indistinguishable from this latter effect, however, was the negative effect of thin women making positive body statements. Results are considered within a social comparison framework. Theoretical implications for the thin-ideal and fat talk literatures are presented, as are clinical implications for work with clients.
Human Rights and the Palestinian Struggle for National Liberation

In a recent drawing, cartoonist Tony Auth portrayed what he apparently felt was a salient feature of Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. In the first panel a Palestinian man stands in front of his house surrounded by his family members; his fist is raised in a gesture of defiance to the Israeli occupation. In the next panel we see an Israeli army bulldozer demolish the home; now not only the man, but all the members of his family have raised their fists. Moral: not only do Israeli army actions fail in quelling resistance to the occupation, they backfire. By employing such methods of collective punishment as house demolitions, the cartoon implies, the Israeli authorities are shaking up the passive masses of the Palestinian population and involving them in the national struggle which had hitherto been the exclusive preserve of a handful of activists. Though well-intended in its effort to expose one of Israel's most abhorrent practices as an occupying power, the cartoon distorts the reality of popular resistance in the territories. Long before the uprising that began in December 1987, the dominant aspect of Palestinian resistance to occupation was its mass character. What sets the uprising apart from the preceding twenty years is its scale, its intensity, and its visibility-not its
Time as an Expanding Labyrinth of Information

We propose a model of time in physics that combines the determinism of classical mechanics, the irreversibility of thermodynamics, and the ever-bifurcating strands of the Many Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics, by means of an expanding, labyrinthine information space. We speculate that the growth of this space is linked to the cosmological expansion of the universe from its initial dense state by means of a generalization of general relativity to include the information space.
Liver enzyme flares and occult hepatitis B in persons with chronic hepatitis C infection

Abstract Background Occult hepatitis B (HBV) has been reported in numerous clinical settings, but it remains unclear whether occult HBV contributes to liver damage. Given that typical chronic HBV infections often have periodic flairs in viral replication and liver damage, we hypothesized that occult HBV may also have flares in viral replication that are associated with increased liver enzymes. Study design We screened hepatitis B surface antigen negative injection drug users with untreated chronic hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection for unexplained ALT/AST flares. To further enrich for individuals with possible occult HBV flares, we studied those individuals whose flares were associated with IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Serum samples were assayed for HBV DNA and serologies were performed in serum collected 6 months before, at the time, and 6 months after the flare. HCV RNA levels were also determined. Controls consisted of individuals who also had ALT/AST flares but who were negative for IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Results Seven study cases and eight control cases were identified. HBV DNA was detectable during the enzyme flares in 7/7 study cases versus 3/8 controls, p = 0.026. HBV DNA levels during the flare were low, averaging 1943 ± 2341 copies/ml, but were higher in study cases versus controls, p = 0.002. No change in HCV levels was associated with the flares. Conclusions In this population at high risk for occult HBV, AST/ALT flares can be associated with detection of HBV DNA. These findings may link occult hepatitis B to liver injury.
Unusual noise in the magnetization relaxation in MgB 2 superconductors

Magnetization relaxation studies have been made on ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ powders as a function of magnetic field and temperature. An $H\ensuremath{-}T$ phase diagram is constructed representing different regimes of flux dynamics. It is found that at high temperature and field the magnetization relaxation, $m(t)$ is logarithmic and follows the Anderson-Kim behavior. At low T $(Tl10\mathrm{K})$ and moderate fields $(4\mathrm{kOe}lHl8\mathrm{kOe}),$ it becomes nonlogarithmic. The most interesting region of flux creep is, however, at low T and low H, where it is observed that the magnetization at fixed field and temperature becomes noisy. The noise levels are much larger than our superconducting quantum interference device resolution.
Shock-wave evolution in a chemically reacting solid

Abstract The evolutionary behavior of shock waves in the chemically-reacting solid (explosive) PBX-9404 has been observed using laser interferometry. These experimental results, along with the shockamplitude relation for reacting, elastic materials, permit the determination of the energy release rate at the shock front as a function of compression. The results show that shock-wave evolution in PBX-9404 is dominated at low amplitudes by mechanical dissipation effects and at high amplitudes by the exothermic decomposition reaction at the front.
Thin layer chromatographic detection of kryptofix 2.2.2 in the routine synthesis of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose.

Abstract A simple procedure for the detection of 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo (8.8.8) hexacosane (Kryptofix 2.2.2) in the final solution of [ 18 F]FDG prepared by the aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl 2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-β-d-mannopyranose (Hamacher et , al. , 1986) has been developed. Presence of Kryptofix 2.2.2 in the routine production of [ 18 F]FDG was detected using methanol/ammonium hydroxide (9:1) solvent system. A method to remove Kryptofix from [ 18 F]FDG solution has been suggested.