cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric chemistry of hydrogen fluoride

Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence.
Corporate Restructuring Module Note

This is a technical note for a module of cases and technical notes on corporate restructurings. The note presents a conceptual framework for analyzing restructurings and discusses the flow of subjects among the cases. Excerpt UVA-F-0748 CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING Module Note “Morgan Stanley Group, Inc., Initial Public Offering” (UVA-F-0719) “Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company” (UVA-F-0513) “Three Restructurings with a Trust and Partnerships” (UVA-F-0747) . . .
On Active Sharing and Responses to Joint Attention Bids by Children with Autism in a Loosely Coupled Collaborative Play Environment

Social reputation management is essential in social interactions and believed to be mediated by the intrinsic motive to preserve and improve one's social reputation. Moreover, these activities are often only loosely structured. Prior studies revealed that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are less sensitive to social reputation than their typically developing (TD) peers, which might explain their lack of reciprocity and desire to engage in social activities, despite that their brain functions that underpin social interaction remain intact with delayed development. Little is known about their reciprocity in loosely coupled collaboration environment where Free Play (FP, rather than Enforced Collaboration, or EC) is imposed. Our study in the long run aims at addressing this issue by engaging ASD children in a collaborative puzzle game where each child has a private work-space. The present study focuses on the design and development of such an application unfolded through a series of small-scale pilot studies with Chinese children at three different autism centers in the city. Preliminary qualitative and in-game quantitative results showed that their skills in reciprocity, active sharing aiming to completing their own task, (selective) initiating and responding to joint attention bids have satisfying been remedied and optimized in such a loosely structured play environment. There are two uniqueness of our study; one lies in the design of a loosely coupled collaborative play environment; another is to quantitatively measure some joint attention skills through children's behavioral actions.
CFA-13 - a bifunctional perfluorinated metal-organic framework featuring active Cu(i) and Cu(ii) sites.

The synthesis and crystal structure of the mixed-valent perfluorinated metal–organic framework (Me2NH2)[CFA-13] (Coordination Framework Augsburg University-13), (Me2NH2)[CuI3CuII2(tfpc)4] (H2-tfpc = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) is described. The copper-containing MOF crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system within the space group P21/n (no. 14) and the unit cell parameters are as follows: a = 22.3887(19), b = 13.6888(8), c = 21.1804(13) A, β = 90.495(3)°, V = 6491.0(8) A3. (Me2NH2)[CFA-13] features a porous 3-D structure constructed from two types of secondary building units (SBUs). Besides novel trinuclear [CuI3(pz)4]− coordination units, the network also exhibits Cu(II) paddle-wheel SBUs. (Me2NH2)[CFA-13] is fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, photoluminescence, gas sorption measurements and pulse chemisorption experiments. M[CFA-13] (M = K+, Cs+) frameworks were prepared by postsynthetic exchange of interchannel dimethylammonium cations. Moreover, it was shown that CO molecules can be selectively bound at Cu(I) sites of [CuI3(pz)4]− units, whereas Cu(II) paddle-wheel units bind selectively NH3 molecules.
Households and Housing

As America’s population is changing, so will its household composition and housing needs. With their buying power and need for space to raise growing families, Baby Boomers dominated the market for new homes from the 1980s through the 2000s. Tens of millions of large homes on large lots were built to meet their needs, and they could afford them. Those days are gone, never to return. Instead, future generations of households and aging Boomers themselves will want something different from what they had in the past. The next generation of households will be more racially and ethnically diverse, earn less income, and have fewer opportunities for home ownership than prior generations.
Teaching & Learning Tips 4: Motivation and emotion in learning

Challenge: Trainees' motivational and emotional states can influence their learning and career decisions, but historically these "affective" learning factors have received little attention in medical education. In this "Tips" piece, we outline strategies to positively influence trainees' intrinsic motivation and emotion toward their training to ultimately enhance their overall learning experience.
Systemic immune-inflammation index in germ-cell tumours: search for a biological prognostic biomarker

Systemic immune-inflammation index in germ-cell tumours: search for a biological prognostic biomarker
A Modeling System for Studying Climate Controls on Mountain Glaciers with Application to the Patagonian Icefields

A modeling system for investigating meteorological controls on glacier mass balance is described and applied to the Southern Patagonian Icefield. Output from a mesoscale atmospheric model is used to drive a glacier mass balance model using model precipitation and turbulent fluxes adjusted to account for the unrealistically low surface elevations of the icefield in the atmospheric model. Simulations of January and July conditionsproduce glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) that are higher than the observed, but the ELA gradient is realistically simulated. The high ELAs are primarily due to underestimates of vertical temperature gradients in the atmospheric model and uncertainties in the ablation season length. The model shows that both winter and summerprecipitation, as well as summer temperatures, are important determinants of the mass balance of the Southern Patagonia glaciers. The position of the icefield on the continent is also relevant. On the western side of the icefield, precipitation rates are high and dominate the mass balance calculation. In the east, ablation is much more important for determining the mass balance, and this introduces an enhanced sensitivity to atmospheric temperature, wind speed, and atmosphericmoisture levels.
Molecular, Cellular, Invertebrate Biology

To determine if microwaves disrupt the hydrogen bonding between DNA strands of the double helix, Hamrick (1973) constructed DNA melting curves after exposure of DNA to continuous-wave (CW) 2.45-GHz microwaves at 67 W/kg for 16 hr and up to 160 W/kg for 1 hr. Temperature was controlled, usually at 37°C, but for some experiments at 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C. All melting curves were virtually identical to those for unexposed, temperature-matched controls.
Alkaline heating of canola and rapeseed meals reduces toxicity for chicks

A simple method for improving the nutritive quality of canola and high glucosinolate rapeseed meals for monogastric animals (chicks) was developed; the meals were mixed with NaHCO3 and NH4HCO3, then heated in a conventional oven. Chicks fed untreated canola or rapeseed meals gained less weight than those fed a soybean meal diet, whereas chicks fed the alkaline-heated meals had weight gains not significantly different than those fed the soybean diet. The antithyroid effect of the untreated rapeseed meal was reduced by alkaline treatment of the meals, as shown by improved T4 and free T4 levels in chicks fed the processed products. In chicks fed untreated or alkaline-treated canola or alkaline heated rapeseed meal, all thyroid hormone levels were similar to those of birds fed the soybean meal diet. However, heart tissue of chicks fed diets containing rapeseed or canola meals showed muscle fiber degeneration, although relative heart weights were the same in all groups. Liver tissue from most of the chicks in all dietary groups appeared normal or only slightly abnormal. The nutritive value of both rapeseed and canola meals was improved by this simple processing technique.
A Programmable RF Transmitter for Wideband Thermoacoustic Spectroscopic Imaging

Ahstract- This paper presents a compact RF-acoustics imaging system which adds RF spectroscopy capability for enhanced contrast and specificity in soft tissue imaging. A programmable, wideband, high power RF transmitter with 25.6 dBm across 1–3 GHz is designed in a 55-nm BiCMOS process enabling the system to operate across both conventional pulse mode as well as the SNR-enhancing coherent imaging mode. Measured reconstructed images at different RF excitation frequencies demonstrate the feasibility to distinguish materials based on the spectroscopic information, therefore opening the door to new spectroscopic feature sets in compact thermoacoustic imaging modalities.
Emergency Departments - A 24/7/365 Option for Combating the Opioid Crisis.

A 24/7/365 Option for Combating the Opioid Crisis For people with opioid use disorder, an emergency department visit represents a critical, time-sensitive point at which initiating lifesaving treat...
Plasmonic Metal-Hybrid Hydrogen Sensor Based on Semiconductor Nanocrystal Micro Ring

We have proposed and demonstrated numerically an ultra-small (4×4µm2) hydrogen sensor based on micro ring resonator. With a palladium or platinum layer coated on the inner surface of the micro ring resonator, the device is highly sensitive to the low hydrogen concentration variation and the sensitivity is at least one magnitude order larger than the optical fiber-based hydrogen sensor. We have also investigated the tradeoff between the portion coverage of palladium/platinum layer and the sensitivity. The width of the hydrogen sensitive layer is also studied and the minimum feature width is determined to be the length of the ring waveguide evanescent wave. This ultra-small optical hydrogen sensor will be promising to realize highly compact sensor with integration capability for applications on hydrogen fuel economy.
197. Prevalence of isthmic and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: analysis of 882 CT scans

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis has been reported to occur in 4% to 6% of the population. The prevalence of L5-S1 degenerative spondylolisthesis has not been reported to date. Large series evaluating prevalence of congenital or degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine are needed in order to advise patients in clinical practice and to guide future research questions. PURPOSE To evaluate the prevalence of isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis in patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic CT scans. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Observational study. PATIENT SAMPLE Patients undergoing CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis at a Level I trauma center in January 2017. OUTCOME MEASURES Presence or absence of isthmic/degenerative spondylolisthesis. METHODS Patients undergoing CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis at a Level I trauma center in January 2017 were enrolled. Inclusion criteria included complete CT scans (axial sagittal, coronal). The following variables were collected: age, sex, race/ethnicity as well as the presence of L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis and the presence of L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1 degenerative spondylolisthesis. RESULTS One thousand CT scans were available and 882 patients met our inclusion criteria: 440 F (49.9%) and 442 M with an average age of 57.1 (SD 18.8). Ethnicities represented was 1.1% Asian-Americans, 14.3% African-Americans, 83.7% Caucasians and 4% Hispanic. The prevalence of isthmic spondylolisthesis was 6.8%; L3-L4 (0.9%), L4-L5 (2.2%), L5-S1 (3.7%). The prevalence of degenerative spondylolisthesis was 24.8%; L3-L4 (4.5%), L4-L5 (12%), L5-S1 (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS In one of the largest series evaluating the prevalence of isthmic and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, we have identified the prevalence of L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis to be 3.7%. The prevalence of L5-S1 degenerative spondylolisthesis has not been described to date and has a prevalence of 8.3%. Overall, L4-L5 had the highest prevalence of degenerative spondylolisthesis at 12%. This study can guide patient care by providing prevalence information and can guide future research on rarely described conditions such as L5-S1 degenerative spondylolisthesis. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
Beyond tumor mutational burden: potential and limitations in using exosomes to predict response to immunotherapy

Introduction: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has ushered in a new era of cancer therapeutics. The standard for determining which patients might benefit from ICB-based therapies is through the assessment of tumor mutational burden using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue samples; however, this strategy is imperfect. The discovery of exosomal PD-L1 has placed these nano-vesicles to the forefront of immunotherapy biomarker development. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles contain proteins and nucleic acids specific to their cell of origin and their production is increased in disease state such as cancer and can be isolated from most types of liquid biopsy. Given this opportunity, a large-scale bioengineering effort has centered on developing technologies capable of isolating distinct subsets of exosomes and interrogating their content for biomarker discovery.Areas covered: This review investigates the current state of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), focusing on exosomes, as they relate to biomarkers of IBC. We will discuss technologies being developed to both capture and evaluate exosomal cargo and as some of the challenges they face.Expert opinion: The advancement of microfluidic technologies, along with rapidly evolving methodologies in RNAseq and proteomics, are making the potential of utilizing exosomes as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of ICB into a likely reality.
Evaluation of an immunoassay procedure to measure 6-monoacetylmorphine.

Introduction: 6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is a specific metabolite of heroin. Thus, the presence of 6-MAM in urine is a definitive indication of heroin intake. The possibility of having an immunoa...
Hsp90 chaperones have an energetic hot-spot for binding inhibitors.

Although Hsp90‐family chaperones have been extensively targeted with ATP‐competitive inhibitors, it is unknown whether high affinity is achieved from a few highly stabilizing contacts or from many weaker contacts within the ATP‐binding pocket. A large‐scale analysis of Hsp90α:inhibitor structures shows that inhibitor hydrogen‐bonding to a conserved aspartate (D93 in Hsp90α) stands out as most universal among Hsp90 inhibitors. Here we show that the D93 region makes a dominant energetic contribution to inhibitor binding for both cytosolic and organelle‐specific Hsp90 paralogs. For inhibitors in the resorcinol family, the D93:inhibitor hydrogen‐bond is pH‐dependent because the associated inhibitor hydroxyl group is titratable, rationalizing a linked‐protonation event previously observed by the Matulis group. The inhibitor hydroxyl group pK a associated with the D93 hydrogen‐bond is therefore critical for optimizing the affinity of resorcinol derivatives, and we demonstrate that spectrophotometric measurements can determine this pK a value. Quantifying the energetic contribution of the D93 hotspot is best achieved with the mitochondrial Hsp90 paralog, yielding 3–6 kcal/mol of stabilization (35–60% of the total binding energy) for a diverse set of inhibitors. The Hsp90 Asp93➔Asn substitution has long been known to abolish nucleotide binding, yet puzzlingly, native sequences of structurally similar ATPases, such as Topoisomerasese II, have an asparagine at this same crucial site. While aspartate and asparagine sidechains can both act as hydrogen bond acceptors, we show that a steric clash prevents the Hsp90 Asp93➔Asn sidechain from adopting the necessary rotamer, whereas this steric restriction is absent in Topoisomerasese II.
Comment on "Pediatric guanfacine exposures reported to the National Poison Data System, 2000-2016".

To the Editor, We recently reviewed the article by Winograd et al. [1] that focused on pediatric exposures to guanfacine. In 2009 guanfacine was approved by the FDA for treatment of ADHD in childre...
Revaluation of Non-Current Assets Under IAS-16: Possibility of Any Managerial Inducement: Evidence From a South Asian Economy

The revaluation of non-current assets under IAS-16 has now turned into a usual practice in Pakistan. The obvious reason is to give additional significant information to various stakeholders around an organization's balance sheet. Besides, the management inducement behind this revaluation of assets may differ. The aim of this research is to study the essential management incentives that arise due to the upward revaluation of non-current assets of firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period 2008–2017. Logistic regression and Mann Whitney U-test were used to analyze the data. It was hypothesized that firms take revaluation decisions to reduce the contracting cost, political cost, and the information asymmetry cost. It is concluded that there is a significant relationship between political cost (firm size) and some portion of information asymmetry cost (intensity non-current assets and stock dividend) with the dependent variable. Other variables like information asymmetry cost and growth were found to be insignificant and did not show any significant relationship with the revaluation of non-current assets. Contracting cost was not found to be significantly linked with upward revaluation. It is finally concluded that firms with a larger size, more intensity ratio, and less declaration of the stock dividend will have more chances to do a continual revaluation of non-current assets under IAS-16. This paper especially looks at whether revaluation of non-current assets is connected with the size of a firm and whether firms revalue their assets with an end goal to strengthen their financial position and prospects. Practically, in the light of this study, accounting regulatory bodies must define some preconditions for revaluation policy to stop the usage of creative and abusive reporting. Policymakers should encourage researchers to investigate the impact of revaluation policy on the financial performance of the companies.
A model of actin-driven endocytosis explains differences of endocytic motility in budding and fission yeast

A comparative study (Sun et al., eLife, 2019) showed that the abundance of proteins at sites of endocytosis in fission and budding yeast is more similar in the two species than previously thought, yet membrane invaginations in fission yeast elongate two-fold faster and are nearly twice as long as in budding yeast. Here we use a three-dimensional model of a motile endocytic invagination (Nickaeen et al., MBoC, 2019) to investigate factors affecting elongation of the invaginations. We found that differences in turgor pressure in the two yeast species can largely explain the paradoxical differences observed experimentally in endocytic motility.
Effect of animal assisted interactions on activity and stress response in children in acute care settings

Abstract Objective Determine the effects of animal assisted interactions (AAI) on activity and stress response in pediatric acute care settings. Design Randomized treatment control design. Setting Inpatient pediatric acute care units (PICU, CVICU and Hematology/Oncology). Patients Eighty pediatric inpatients (49% male) age 2–19 years. Intervention The AAI experimental group patients interacted with therapy dog teams for 5–10 min and the comparison group patients continued their current activity without an AAI visit. Measurement and results Salivary cortisol, activity level, and mood were assessed before and after AAI. AAI was associated with a decrease in cortisol levels and increases in mood and activity. Conclusion AAI benefits children in pediatric acute care units.
A higher-order morphoelastic beam model for tubes and filaments subjected to biological growth

Abstract Slender structures, in which width and thickness are much smaller than the length, are common in the natural world, such as wheat straws, bean sprouts, and biofilaments. Due to biological growth, these structures exhibit diverse morphological profiles with curling hairs, curling leaves, and twining plants as some examples. Accurate prediction of growth induced instabilities and corresponding shear deformation require a higher-order morphoelastic beam theory for growing tubes and filaments, for which we present a theory here. In the theory, the deformation gradient is decomposed into elastic deformation and growth using multiplicative decomposition. Appropriate assumptions for slender structures with circular cross-section are introduced and the displacement field and constitutive relations are derived from three-dimensional morphoelasticity. Corresponding variational principle is established and equilibrium equations are obtained. Our higher-order beam with growth theory can model growth-induced instability and shear deformation of growing tubes and filaments with circular cross-sections. Importantly, it can predict shear stress distribution and locations of maximum transverse shear stress in the circular cross-section. The shear stress, critical growth and post-buckling predictions of our proposed model and analytical solutions were validated by comparing its predictions against results from three-dimensional finite element simulations. Growth-induced instability and corresponding shear stress distributions were analyzed and the results are discussed. Our model can provide improved prediction for critical growth induced instabilities which are overestimated if the shear deformation is not considered.
Moving Together: Understanding Parent Perceptions Related to Physical Activity and Motor Skill Development in Preschool Children.

Background: Establishing physical activity (PA) and motor behaviors in early childhood are important for developing healthy activity behaviors. Parents play a central role in shaping young children’s PA and fundamental motor skills (FMS). This qualitative study explored parents’ attributes, values, perceptions, and practices related to PA and FMS. Methods: Thirty-one parents (26 mothers) of preschool-aged children participated in semi-structured in-person interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded and analyzed using an iterative approach. Results: Four themes related to PA and FMS emerged: (1) parent attributes; (2) parent–child interactions; (3) parent perception of children’s attributes; and (4) parenting practices. Although most parents enjoyed playing with their child, some did not realize the importance of engaging in PA with their child and even believed that FMS are naturally developed. Parents indicated that children’s temperament may influence their preference for practicing motor skills. Conclusions: Social support and positive parenting practices, including encouragement, monitoring, logistical support, co-participation, and facilitation, are important for the development of PA and FMS. The findings add emphasis to the importance of parents’ role in the development of young children’s PA and FMS, and they inform future strategies aiming to promote young children’s activity behaviors.
Analytical results for the motion of a Rydberg electron around a polar molecule: effects of a magnetic field of the arbitrary strength

We study effects of a magnetic field on the classical bound motion of a highly excited (Rydberg) electron around a polar molecule, the latter being treated as the point-like electric dipole. We consider the magnetic field B to be parallel or antiparallel to the electric dipole, so that the system has the axial symmetry. (The $${B} = 0$$ case was studied analytically in one of our previous papers.) We obtain analytical results for the arbitrary strength of the magnetic field. We show that the presence of the magnetic field opens up new ranges of the bound oscillatory-precessional motion of the Rydberg electron, the oscillations being in the meridional direction ( $$\theta $$ -direction) and the precession being along parallels of latitude ( $$\varphi $$ -direction). In particular, it turns out that in one of the new ranges of the motion, the period of the $$\theta $$ -oscillations has the non-monotonic dependence on primary parameter of the system. This is a counterintuitive result.
Mixed H/sup 2/ compensator design for an aircraft control problem

Addresses a control design method for an aircraft by approximately solving a constrained mixed H/sup 2/ sensitivity minimization problem. Using some of the known image restoration techniques in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain, a two-stage approach to solve a constrained vector minimization in the l/sup 2/-space is presented. The analytical solution obtained can be made arbitrarily close to the solution of the original H/sup 2/ problem if the number of the DFT points is large, and it can also be efficiently calculated via existing multichannel algorithms. The simulation results for the lateral control of an aircraft are shown to demonstrate the proposed method.
Acting Globally: Potential Carbon Emissions Mitigation Impacts from an International Standards and Labelling Program

This paper presents an analysis of the potential impacts of an international initiative designed to support and promote the development and implementation of appliances standards and labelling programs throughout the world. As part of previous research efforts, LBNL developed the Bottom Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS), an analysis framework that estimates impact potentials of energy efficiency policies on a global scale. In this paper, we apply this framework to an initiative that would result in the successful implementation of programs focused on high priority regions and product types, thus evaluating the potential impacts of such an initiative in terms of electricity savings and carbon mitigation in 2030. In order to model the likely parameters of such a program, we limit impacts to a five year period starting in 2009, but assume that the first 5 years of a program will result in implementation of 'best practice' minimum efficiency performance standards by 2014. The 'high priority' regions considered are: Brazil, China, the European Union, India, Mexico and the United States. The products considered are: refrigerators, air conditioners, lighting (both fluorescent and incandescent), standby power (for consumer electronics) and televisions in the residential sector, and air conditioning and lighting in commercial buildings. In 2020, these regions and enduses account for about 37percent of global residential electricity and 29percent of electricity in commercial buildings. We find that 850Mt of CO2 could be saved in buildings by 2030 compared to the baseline forecast.
Efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in US children aged 18-59 months

Vaccines prepared from the polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule of Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) have not consistently shown good efficacy in protecting children aged over 18 months from invasive Hib disease. To evaluate the efficacy of conjugate-PRP vaccines in this age-group, and to compare their effect with that of PRP vaccines, a post-marketing case-control study was conducted among 10,400,000 persons. Between Oct 1, 1988, and Feb 28, 1990, 75 patients with Hib disease and 161 control children between 18 and 60 months of age were enrolled. To minimise potentially confounding socioeconomic variables, controls were selected either from among patients' classmates at their day-care centre or from among family acquaintances. 9 of the 75 patients had received the diphtheria toxoid conjugate Hib vaccine more than 2 weeks before onset of illness. After adjusting for age and household crowding, the efficacy of PRP Hib vaccine was 64% (95% Cl = -20,89) and efficacy of the diphtheria toxoid conjugate Hib vaccine was 74% (95% Cl = 30,90). The study shows that the protective efficacy of this conjugate vaccine is less than ideal and highlights the need for additional post-licensing studies to confirm and expand understanding of the efficacy of these new products.
Landscape of the heart in Homeless Angels and Hometown of the Heart

Two films emerged during one of Korea's most tumultuous decades: Homeless Angels (Jip oepnneun cheonsa [Choe In-gyu] 1941), which was produced at the height of the colonial assimilation and imperialization policies; and Hometown of the Heart (Maeum ui kohyang [Yun Yong-gyu] 1949), which appeared in the post-liberation, post-division period when film production and distribution was influenced by the USMGIK's anti-communist, re-orientationist policies. Both films follow a Bildung, or education narrative arc, according to which a child undergoes a process of transformation away from the natural state of childhood toward responsible adulthood, and this process facilitates the child's full integration into society. This paper makes three central points: first, it identifies the cinematic expression of the ‘stuff of childhood’ as the dramatization and naturalization of the discourse on childhood. Second, it shows how Bildung logic illuminates the emphasis on the protagonists’ agency in the process of self-awake...
Naked antigen-presenting molecules on dendritic cells

Antigen-presenting cells work to present peptides derived from exogenous and endogenous antigens to circulating T cells, sparking off an immune response. Dendritic cells are unique amongst antigen-presenting cells, not least for their newly described ability to circumvent the need to internalize exogenous antigens before presenting them.
Models of Rape Judgment: Attributions Concerning Event, Perpetrator, and Victim.

Extensive past research has shown many informational cues (regarding perpetrator, victim, or situational context) to influence attributional judgments of responsibility for rape and perceptions of whether or not an incident is rape. The current review discusses analytical models that have been developed to bring some order to the disorganized volume of cues and identify perceptions that may serve as cognitive mediators of rape judgments. Recent models have examined perceptions of the perpetrator's violent behavior and of the victim's desire for sexual intercourse as mediators of the effects of actual violence levels and victim's overt behavior upon rape judgments. Sex differences in the models suggest that female evaluators may be more likely to focus upon the behavior of the female victim when making judgments about a rape scenario.
Evaluation of acid-base disorders in dogs and cats presenting to an emergency room. Part 2: comparison of anion gap, strong ion gap, and semiquantitative analysis.

Objective To compare the diagnostic performance of the anion gap (AG) with 2 physicochemical approaches to identify unmeasured anions. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Eighty-four dogs and 14 cats presenting to a university teaching hospital emergency room. Interventions All dogs and cats in which venous blood samples for acid–base, lactate, and serum biochemical analysis were all collected within 60 minutes of each other, over a 5-month enrollment period. Unmeasured anions were quantified using each of three approaches: the anion gap (AG), strong ion gap (SIG), and a semiquantitative approach (XA). Measurements and Main Results An increased AG metabolic acidosis was evident in 34/98 of cases. The Stewart approach identified an increased SIG acidosis in 49/98 of cases. There was a strong correlation between SIG and AG (r = 0.89; P < 0.001). The semiquantitative approach identified increased unmeasured anions in 68/98 of cases. There was a moderate correlation between AG and XA (r = 0.68; P < 0.001) and a slightly stronger correlation between SIG and XA (r = 0.75; P < 0.001). Plasma lactate concentrations and AG were poorly correlated (r = 0.22; P = 0.029) and there was no correlation between lactate concentrations and BE (r = 0.19; P = 0.069). Conclusions Unmeasured anions occurred commonly in this sample of small animal emergency room patients and physiochemical approaches identified more animals with unmeasured anions than the traditional AG calculation. Further studies are needed to determine if the results of the physicochemical approach improves clinical management and warrants the associated increases in cost and complexity.
807-2 Effect of Age on Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling Patterns During Orthostatic Stress

Although numerous studies have demonstrated reduced early diastolic left ventricular (LV) peak filling velocity IE) and accentuated late filling velocity (A) with advancing age in the supine position, the effect of orthostatic stress on age-associated diastolic filling patterns is unknown. Accordingly, 30 healthy normotensive volunteers ages 19 to 90 years from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging underwent sequential Doppler echocardiography after 3 minutes each in the supine, seated, and standing positions. In the overall sample, standing was accompanied by an increase in heart rate (HR) of 8.8 ± 1.7 beats/min, and decreases in E(20.6 ± 2.7 cm/sl. A 150 ± 2.7 cm/s)and LV diastolic dimension (LVDD) (7.8 ± 0.8 mm), x ± SEM, each p l 0.001 versus supine values. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and atrial filling fraction (AFF) were unaffected by posture. Correlation coefficients versus age for relevant Doppler and hemodynamic variables are shown. E A E/A AFF HR SBP LVDD Supine -0.58 † 0.80 † -0.78 † 0.84 † 0.01 0.56 † -0.14 Sit -0.36 0.77 † -0.83 † 0.78 † -0.04 0.37 * -0.07 Stand -0.24 0.60 † -0.69 † 0.71 † -0.32 0.47 † 0.09 ΔSupine → Stand 0.53 † -0.46 † 0.56 † -0.17 -0.61 † 0.22 0.40 * * p l 005 † p l 001 Thus, orthostatic stress abolishes the reduction of E and attenuates the exaggerated A observed with advancing age in the supine position. probably because of the blunted standing-induced HR increase in older subjects. However, the supine age-associated increase in AFF is unaffected by orthostasis.
The Development of a Personal View of the Psychoanalytic Field

This paper summarizes the development of my professional identity as psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. It describes the influences on my dedication to the study of severe personality disorders, namely, the training experiences I had under the guidance of Ignacio Matte-Blanco, in Chile; the research team of Jerome Franck at Johns Hopkins; the work in the Psychotherapy Research Project of the Menninger Foundation under Robert Wallerstein, my personal working relationship in New York, with Edith Jacobson, Margaret Mahler, the introduction to British Psychoanalysis by John Sutherland, and to French analysis in sabbatical times in Paris. I conclude by a brief overview of my theoretical orientation, combining ego psychological, object relations, and Kleinian approaches in the development of a synthesis that inspired my present research on the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of severe personality disorders.
A computational framework for conservative, three-dimensional, unsplit, geometric transport with application to the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method

Abstract In this work, a novel computational framework for calculating convection fluxes is developed and employed in the context of the piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. The scheme is three-dimensional, unsplit, discretely conservative, and bounded. The scheme leverages the idea of semi-Lagrangian transport to estimate the amount of liquid that is fluxed through each face during a time-step. The present work can be seen as an extension of the two-dimensional EMFPA method of Lopez et al. (2004) [16] to three dimensions and an improvement of the three-dimensional FMFPA-3D method of Hernandez et al. (2008) [17] with the addition of discrete conservation. In FMFPA-3D, fluxes of liquid volume fraction are calculated by transporting a cell face back in time with a semi-Lagrangian method that uses cell face edge velocities to produce a flux hexahedron with flat faces. The flux hexahedron may overlap with neighboring fluxes hindering the conservation properties of the method. The proposed method computes the fluxes by transporting the cell face back in time using a semi-Lagrangian step based on the cell face corner velocities, which results in a three-dimensional, generalized flux hexahedron that does not typically have flat faces. However, the flux volumes do not overlap and discrete conservation can be achieved. The complex flux volume is partitioned into a collection of simplices and a simple sign convention allows the calculation of the flux to be reduced to a straightforward and systematic algorithm. The proposed VOF scheme is tested on multiple benchmark cases including Zalesak's disk, two- and three-dimensional deformation tests, and the evolution of a droplet in homogeneous isotropic turbulence.
The Influence of Family-Based Risk and Protective Factors on Adolescent Substance Use

ABSTRACT The influence of family-based risk and protective factors on adolescent substance use was examined in this study. Parental education level, ethnic background, religious affiliation, sibling substance use, family conflict, and family involvement were the specific risk and protective factors examined. Five thousand and nine adolescents in the state of Utah were randomly sampled and completed the survey. Responses of 4,983 adolescents were included in the data analysis. High parental education level, religiously affiliated, and family involvement are protective factors for adolescent substance use. Ethnic minority background, sibling substance use, and family conflict are risk factors for adolescent substance use. Future implications for intervention and research in relation to family-based risk and protective factors are discussed.
An embedding method for modeling micromechanical behavior and macroscopic properties of composite materials

This paper presents a numerical method for modeling the micromechanical behavior and macroscopic properties of fiber-reinforced composites and perforated materials. The material is modeled by a finite rectangular domain containing multiple circular holes and elastic inclusions. The rectangular domain is assumed to be embedded within a larger circular domain with fictitious boundary loading represented by truncated Fourier series. The analytical solution for the complementary problem of a circular domain containing holes and inclusions is obtained by using a combination of the series expansion technique with a direct boundary integral method. The boundary conditions on the physical external boundary are satisfied by adopting an overspecification technique based on a least squares approximation. All of the integrals arising in the method can be evaluated analytically. As a result, the elastic fields and effective properties can be expressed explicitly in terms of the coefficients in the series expansions. Several numerical experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical method and to demonstrate its application in determination of the macroscopic properties of composite materials.
Multidecadal streamflow regimes in the interior western United States: Implications for the vulnerability of water resources

[1] In the interior western United States, increased demand for water coupled with the uncertain nature of anthropogenic and natural hydroclimatic variations add challenges to the task of assessing the adequacy of the existing regional water resources systems. Current availability of relatively short instrumental streamflow records further limits the diagnosis of multidecadal and longer time variations. Here we develop a long-term perspective of streamflow variations using a 285-year long tree-ring reconstruction at Middle Boulder Creek, Colorado. Analysis of the reconstructed streamflow provides useful insights for assessing vulnerability: (a) a wider range of hydrologic variations on multidecadal time scales, not seen in the instrumental record, (b) wet/dry regimes show disparate fluctuations across various flow thresholds, and (c) temporal changes in the flow probabilities have varied “flavors” corresponding to wet and dry regimes and their spatial extent. Based on these results, we discuss implications for the climate-related vulnerability of regional water resources.
A Case for Unstructured Distributed Hash Tables

Structured peer-to-peer overlays support compelling applications such as large-scale file systems and distributed backup using the distributed hash table (DHT) interface. While unstructured file-sharing systems continue to flourish, wide adoption of structured applications has been elusive. We explore an alternative path to deployment of these applications by asking the question, can structured applications be run on top of unstructured overlays? We build an unstructured distributed hash table (UDHT) on top of state of the art search and topology management mechanisms, and evaluate whether it can sufficiently emulate properties of DHTs to support structured applications.
Phenols in citrus peel byproducts. Concentrations of hydroxycinnamates and polymethoxylated flavones in citrus peel molasses.

In addition to the main flavanone glycosides (i.e., hesperidin and naringin) in citrus peel, polymethoxylated flavones and numerous hydroxycinnamates also occur and are major phenolic constituents of the molasses byproduct generated from fruit processing. Although a small number of the hydroxycinnamates in citrus occur as amides, most occur as esters and are susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. This susceptibility to alkaline hydrolysis was used in measuring the concentrations of hydroxycinnamates in citrus peel molasses. The highest concentrations of hydroxycinnamates occurred in molasses of orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco.) compared to grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.) and lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm.]. Concentrations of two phenolic glucosides, phlorin (phloroglucinol-beta-O-glucoside) and coniferin (coniferyl alcohol-4-beta-O-glucoside), were also measured. Measurements of the polymethoxylated flavones in molasses from several tangerine and orange varieties showed that these compounds occurred in the highest amounts in Dancy tangerine, whereas samples from two other tangerine molasses contained significantly lower levels, similar to those in the molasses samples from late- and early/mid-season oranges.
Acute Anterior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Electrical Storm Secondary to Nondominant Right Coronary Artery Occlusion

A 42-year-old man emergently presented with chest pain and anterior ST elevation. Refractory ventricular arrhythmias and shock developed rapidly. A coronary angiogram revealed the acute occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery. After percutaneous coronary intervention, the anterior ST elevation and ventricular arrhythmias resolved. The electrocardiographic pattern was a result of isolated right ventricular infarction that in turn caused profound electrical and hemodynamic instability. We discuss the cause and pathophysiology of this patient's case, and we recommend that interventional and general cardiologists be aware that anterior ST elevation can be caused by the occlusion of a nondominant right coronary artery.
Contrasting Geomorphic Impacts of Pre- and Post-Columbian Land-Use Changes in Anglo America

Fluvial geomorphologists and stream restorationists often assume that pre-Columbian land use in parts of North America was relatively ineffective in accelerating slope erosion and floodplain sedimentation, and that erosion and sedimentation initiated by European settlement was sudden and substantial. Both of these beliefs, which underlie concepts of natural streams and legacy sediment, are in conflict with recent reassessments by cultural geographers, anthropologists, geoarcheologists, and paleoecologists with regard to substantial environmental impacts of pre-Columbian American Indians. This review paper evaluates assumptions of pristine landscapes and European disruption from a geomorphic perspective, i.e., with regard to fluvial erosion and sedimentation rates. This view is a departure from the usual emphasis on ecological or cultural landscape impacts. Geoarcheologic and sedimentologic evidence indicates that the potential for geomorphic change with land-use practices utilized by European settlers was...