cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thresholds for Deterministic Epidemics

A general deterministic epidemic model is formulated which includes many of the deterministic models in the literature. The final size of epidemics described by this model (i. e., the number of susceptibles who eventually are exposed to the infection) is determined from an equation of the form $${\text{F}}\,{\text{ = }}\,{\text{exp}}\,\left[ {\gamma \left( {{\text{F}} - 1 - \varepsilon } \right)} \right] $$ where e is a measure of the size of the initial infectious population and γ is the number of initial susceptibles expected to be exposed to one infective. It is shown that the parameter γ has a threshold value one. If γ is less than one, few susceptibles will be exposed to the infection; while if γ is greater than one, a relatively severe epidemic will occur. This result reduces to similar threshold phenomena described by Kermack and McKendrick, Marchand, Wilson, Landau and Rapoport and the author for various special choices of the parameters of the general model.
Nonpropagating Solitons and Edge Waves

In addition to the well known KdV and envelope solitons a channel can also support a nonpropagating soliton. The cause of localization of this soliton is similar to that of edge waves except that its nonlinear properties enable it to exist far from the boundary.
Operant test battery performance in children: correlation with IQ.

The relationship between intelligence and money-(nickel-)reinforced operant behaviors were compared in 115 six year old children. The Operant Test Battery (OTB) consists of tasks thought to engender responses dependent upon specific brain functions that include motivation, color and position discrimination, learning, short-term memory, and time estimation. OTB endpoints were compared with Full Scale, Verbal and Performance IQ scores. Highly significant correlations were noted between several OTB measures (e.g., color and position discrimination accuracy) and IQ scores, but not in others (e.g., motivation task response rate). The results demonstrate the relevance of these measures as metrics of important brain functions. Additionally, since laboratory animals can readily perform these same tasks, these kinds of behaviors in laboratory animals should be useful in studying the effects of neuroactive/neurotoxic compounds on aspects of cognitive function in animals and in predicting adverse effects of such agents on related brain functions in humans.
Comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. II. Reactivity toward hydrogen ion and cupric ion.

Abstract Myoglobins from sperm whale, harbor seal, and harbor porpoise were compared with respect to their behavior in several reactions. Qualitative similarities were established in each case, but quantitative differences were also observed. Despite close similarities in the hydrogen ion titration curves, the titration parameters of the imidazole groups were not identical. In this respect, the whale and porpoise proteins showed the most points of similarity. By contrast, the hemic acid dissociation constants for the seal and porpoise proteins were indistinguishable, and differed from the value for the whale protein by approximately 0.33 in pK units. The sharpest contrasts were obtained in the rates of denaturation by cupric ion, in which the whale protein was set apart in two respects. First, its reaction rate was much slower in an inert buffer. Second, its reaction rate was much more effectively depressed by addition of small quantities of phosphate.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the cold antibody type associated with pregnancy

Abstract A case is reported of autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the cold antibody type occurring during pregnancy in a 28-year-old Negro patient. The disorder appears to have been stimulated by a septic abortion which preceded the onset of symptoms. The disease did not appear to have any adverse effects on the pregnancy. The pregnancy affected the disease by increasing the rate of hemolysis and necessitating higher doses of prednisone than had been used previously.
The Role of Surfactants

Summary Surfactants provide a powerful means for promoting absorbency, acting either as wetting agents or rewetting agents. In either case, the adsorption of the surfactant to the solid surface exposing lyophilic functional groups is essential. Anchorage to the solid is usually amphipathic, but new compounds are being devised which are absorbed amphilically to the solid while exposing other lyophilic groups to the liquid. Substances used as wetting agents must diffuse quickly to the interface and therefore branched-chain, medium molecular weight materials are preferred. Governing considerations in the choice of rewetting agents, in addition to those of strong equilibrium adsorption, are the strength of the anchor against monolayer overturning and desorption. They must furthermore not accumulate as residual hydrophobic crystals in the dried porous solid. The use of surfactants as either wetting agents or rewetting agents to improve absorbency must be compatible with the presence of chemicals added for other purposes or with other process steps subsequent to the absorption itself.
Doing the LibraryThing™ in an academic library catalog

Many libraries and other cultural institutions are incorporating Web 2.0 features and enhanced metadata into their catalogs (Trant 2006). These value-added elements include those typically found in commercial and social networking sites, such as book jacket images, reviews, and user-generated tags. One such site that libraries are exploring as a model is LibraryThing (www.librarything.com) LibraryThing is a social networking site that allows users to "catalog" their own book collections. Members can add tags and reviews to records for books, as well as engage in online discussions. In addition to its service for individuals, LibraryThing offers a fee-based service to libraries, where institutions can add LibraryThing tags, recommendations, and other features to their online catalog records.
Ultrafast dynamics of excitonic self-trapping

Summary form only given. The localization of electronic excitations via electron-lattice interactions is an important process in a wide range of condensed matter systems, and has a dramatic impact on the optical and transport properties of materials. In this work, we have studied the dynamics of the formation of localized excitations by using femtosecond coherent phonon techniques to directly time-resolve the lattice motions associated with the localization process. These experiments have been carried out on a series of materials that have allowed us to systematically vary physical properties that directly influence the localization dynamics, including the strength of the electron-phonon coupling and the local geometrical structure.
A Derivative Alternative as Executive Compensation

Forward contracts are superior to options as executive compensation. Forward contracts require the executive to purchase the stock, have no value when issued, and are easily valued during their lives. They provide the same incentives as stock but without the right to vote, which limits the executive's influence over the board.
Role of tumor necrosis factor in macrophage leishmanicidal activity in vitro and resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo.

Abstract Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and purified murine TNF were both able to activate macrophages to destroy intracellular Leishmania major in vitro. In addition, parasitizing macrophages with L. major markedly increased the ability of the cells to produce TNF. Finally, when mice were vaccinated with an avirulent form of L. major, the animals produced large amounts of TNF but no gamma interferon in response to infection with virulent L. major. Treating these mice with a neutralizing anti-TNF antibody led to partial but not complete inhibition of the resistant state, which suggests that factors other than TNF and gamma interferon contribute to resistance to L. major.
Secondary headache: concepts and examples

Many disorders herald their onset or presence with headache. Of particular concern are those disorders that do not present with signs and symptoms that quickly point to an underlying etiology, and may present with headache as a first or sole symptom. New headache has a very wide differential, as opposed to chronic recurrent headache. Early identification of secondary headache is made easier by identifying those at higher risk of secondary headache, based on their background along with features of the presentation, such as new onset headache, thunderclap onset headache, and headache presentations in those over 50 years old. Other examples include those with HIV and other immunocompromised states, and a history of cancer. Such patients need more rigorous evaluation. Further investigation generally entails imaging of the head, either with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. CT remains useful in an urgent care setting, to rule out mass lesions, bleeding, and stroke. It is important to understand the limitations of CT scanning of the head; brain imaging may be entirely normal with raised intracranial pressure or low intracranial pressure. Posterior fossa masses may be missed, as lack of resolution along with bone artifact make assessment of the posterior fossa difficult. Carotid or vertebral dissection does not by itself show up on CT imaging. Cerebral vein or sinus thrombosis is often not seen on CT imaging. Small mass lesions in the brain can also be missed with CT, but generally those that are small would not cause headache. Meningitis or encephalitis can show no signs on CT imaging. Assessment of the new patient with headache should always include visualization of the optic disks and blood pressure measurement; failure to do so is medicolegal jeopardy. We will take a closer look at a couple of disorders and presentations of secondary headache.
The oceanographic work of the United States Coast Guard in 1937 and plans for 1938

For the 1937 season the Coast Guard assigned the cruising cutters Champlain and Mendota to the duties of the International Service of Ice Observation and Ice Patrol. The 125-foot patrol boat General Greene was again designated as the oceanographic vessel of the Ice Patrol Force. Because of the unusually early date upon which it was necessary to begin the service of Ice-observation, the cutter Cayuga made one ice-observation patrol, February 5 to 21. The iceobservation officer, who has charge of the scientific work on the patrol cutters, was Lieutenant G. Van A. Graves, and the oceanographer in charge of the scientific work on the oceanographic vessel was Floyd M. Soule. From several thousand temperature-reports received by the patrol cutters from passing steamers the ice-observation officer was enabled to maintain an up-to-date surface isothermal chart of the usually ice-infested area in the vicinity of the Grand Banks and to prepare nine fortnightly sea-surface isothermal charts which will appear in Coast Guard Bulletin No. 27.
Deltoid and supraspinatus muscle pressures following various arthroscopic shoulder procedures

Twenty-four consecutive patients were monitored for pressure elevations in the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles following various arthroscopic shoulder procedures. All patients had clinically swollen shoulders and mild pressure elevations in both muscles immediately following each procedure. Muscle pressure elevations seen immediately postoperatively were clinically insignificant, as no ill effects were seen at follow-up. The extreme clinical swelling following various arthroscopic shoulder procedures appears to be related to the type of procedure performed, but more directly to the amount of irrigation fluid required.
A Review of: “Knowing in Organizations: A Practice Based Approach by Davide Nicolini, Silvia Gherardi, and Dvora Yanow”

Knowing in Organizations: A Practice Based Approach Edited by Davide Nicolini, Silvia Gherardi, and Dvora Yanow M.E. Sharpe, 2003. 272 pages. ISBN 076560910X. How is organization possible? What con...
The synthesis and role of the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance in growth and differentiation of Bacillus subtilis

A translational lacZ fusion of the Bacillus subtilis mscL gene that encodes the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) was expressed at significant levels during log phase growth of B. subtilis, and the level of mscL–lacZ expression was increased 1.5-fold by growth in medium with high salt (1 M NaCl). However, in growth media with either low or high salt, mscL–lacZ expression fell drastically beginning in the late log phase of growth, and fell to even lower levels during sporulation, although a significant amount of β-galactosidase from mscL to lacZ was accumulated in the developing spore. Deletion of mscL had no effect on B. subtilis growth, sporulation or subsequent spore germination. The ΔmscL strain also grew as well as the wild-type parental strain in medium with 1.2 M NaCl. While log phase wild-type cells grown with 1.2 M NaCl survived a rapid 0.9 M osmotic downshift, log phase ΔmscL cells rapidly lost viability and lysed when subjected to this same osmotic downshift. However, by the early stationary phase of growth, ΔmscL cells had become resistant to a 0.9 M osmotic downshift.
If space is provided, bulky modification on the rim of Azurin's β-barrel results in folded protein

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin is a blue-copper protein with a β-barrel fold. Here we report that, at conditions where thermal unfolding of apo-azurin is reversible, the reaction occurs in a single step with a transition midpoint (Tm) of 69°C (pH 7). The active-site mutation His117Gly creates a cavity in the β-barrel near the surface but does not perturb the overall fold (Tm of 64°C, pH 7). Oxidation of the active-site cysteine (Cysteine-112) in wild-type azurin, which occurs readily at higher temperatures, results in a modified protein that cannot adopt a native-like structure. In sharp contrast, Cysteine-112 oxidation in His117Gly azurin yields a modified apo-azurin that appears folded and displays cooperative, reversible unfolding (Tm∼55°C, pH 7). We conclude that azurin’s β-barrel is a rigid structural element that constrains the structure of its surface; a bulky modification can only be accommodated if complementary space is provided.
Chest wall Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: long-term outcomes.

Purpose To review the 40-year University of Florida experience treating Ewing sarcoma family of tumors of the chest wall. Methods and Materials Thirty-nine patients were treated from 1966 to 2006. Of the patients, 22 were treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone, and 17 patients were treated with surgery with or without RT. Of 9 patients with metastatic disease, 8 were treated with RT alone. The risk profiles of each group were otherwise similar. The median age was 16.6 years, and the most frequent primary site was the rib ( n = 17). The median potential follow-up was 19.2 years. Results The 5-year actuarial overall survival (OS), cause-specific survival (CSS), and local control (LC) rates were 34%, 34%, and 72%, respectively. For the nonmetastatic subset ( n = 30), the 5-year OS, CSS, and LC rates were 44%, 44%, and 79%, respectively. LC was not statistically significantly different between patients treated with RT alone (61%) vs. surgery + RT (75%). None of the 4 patients treated with surgery alone experienced local failure. No patient or treatment variable was significantly associated with local failure. Of the patients, 26% experienced Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) Grade 3+ toxicity, including 2 pulmonary deaths. Modern intensive systemic therapy helped increase the 5-year CSS from 7% to 49% in patients treated after 1984 ( p = 0.03). Conclusions This is the largest single-institution series describing the treatment of chest wall Ewing tumors. Despite improvements in survival, obtaining local control is challenging and often accompanied by morbidity. Effort should be focused on identifying tumors amenable to combined-modality local therapy and to improving RT techniques.
Step response of distribution arresters at lower currents

The current responses of seven distribution arresters are shown for increasing currents from below 100 A to over 1000 A. The 30% to 90% rise time of the voltage is approximately 30 to 40 ns. The seven arresters include three voltage ratings (10, 15 and 21 kV), three manufacturers, six metal oxide varistor types and one gapped SiC arrester. A delay in full current flow is shown to exist for most arresters for currents below 1000 A. In some cases, the arrester may delay for several hundred nanoseconds before beginning any conduction. More often, the current rises slowly, and after several hundred nanoseconds goes suddenly into a full conduction state. >
Preliminary investigation of CTH:YAG laser for cochlear implantation

Cochlear implantation is a treatment for deafness that requires the surgical placement of electrodes within the cochlea, using a high-speed drill. While the drill is effective, the tip of the drill or the drill shaft may damage critical adjacent structures, such as the facial nerve. In addition, the narrow working spaces involved in this surgery make the drill a relatively cumbersome tool for such delicate work. The use of a flexible fiber to deliver the laser energy may make the surgery easier by allowing a more maneuverable instrument to access the region, while reducing the risk of injuring adjacent structures. We report our preliminary investigation of fiber delivery of CTH:YAG energy ((lambda) equals 2091 nm) for the purpose of bony ablation. A 550 micron diameter low-OH silica fiber was used to drill through up to 2.5 mm thick human temporal bone specimens. An average of 14 pulses was required for 1 mm thick bones, and an average of 33 pulses required to ablate 2 mm of bone. The holes drilled were precise, and showed limited adjacent tissue effect by gross and histopathologic evaluation. This work demonstrates the effective fiberoptic delivery of CTH:YAG energy for bone ablation. Further work is warranted to explore the clinical possibilities offered by this technique for precise bony ablation with limited adjacent tissue effect.
Reconstructing satellite images to quantify spatially explicit land surface change caused by fires and succession: A demonstration in the Yukon River Basin of interior Alaska

Abstract Land surface change caused by fires and succession is confounded by many site-specific factors and requires further study. The objective of this study was to reveal the spatially explicit land surface change by minimizing the confounding factors of weather variability, seasonal offset, topography, land cover, and drainage. In a pilot study of the Yukon River Basin of interior Alaska, we retrieved Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), albedo, and land surface temperature (LST) from a postfire Landsat image acquired on August 5th, 2004. With a Landsat reference image acquired on June 26th, 1986, we reconstructed NDVI, albedo, and LST of 1987–2004 fire scars for August 5th, 2004, assuming that these fires had not occurred. The difference between actual postfire and assuming-no-fire scenarios depicted the fires and succession impact. Our results demonstrated the following: (1) NDVI showed an immediate decrease after burning but gradually recovered to prefire levels in the following years, in which burn severity might play an important role during this process; (2) Albedo showed an immediate decrease after burning but then recovered and became higher than prefire levels; and (3) Most fires caused surface warming, but cooler surfaces did exist; time-since-fire affected the prefire and postfire LST difference but no absolute trend could be found. Our approach provided spatially explicit land surface change rather than average condition, enabling a better understanding of fires and succession impact on ecological consequences at the pixel level.
Ophthalmology and the Carotid Artery

During the last three decades, carotid artery occlusive disease has changed from an obscure and rarely diagnosed condition to a clearly understood and frequently seen neurologic disorder. Its medical management and its surgical treatment are constantly improving. Ophthalmologists, together with neurologists, have contributed greatly to the understanding of the ocular signs and symptoms of carotid artery disease. Using his knowledge of these signs and symptoms, the ophthalmologist may make a significant contribution in the diagnosis and treatment of carotid artery occlusive disease.
A Study of the Venous Pulse in Tricuspid Valve Disease

Diagnosis of lesions of the tricuspid valve is often difficult. Mechanically, however, the action of this valve is capable of study through its effect upon the peripheral veins, somewhat as the disturbances of the aortic valve are reflected in the peripheral arteries. The conditions to be differentiated are "organic" versus "functional" regurgitation, and obstruction of the valve from rheumatic stenosis. Graphic records of the venous pulse with suitable reference tracings may make this possible.
A causal model of effectiveness in organizations

The purpose of this research is to develop and test a causal model of organizational effectiveness in normative organizations. The variables included in the model were selected from Etzioni's propositions relating correlates of compliance to effectiveness. Causal relations not suggested by Etzioni were added to the model. Path analysis techniques were applied to available data to test the postulated causal ordering and estimate path values. Considerable empirical support was found for the causal ordering.
Assessing Self‐maintenance: Activities of Daily Living, Mobility, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The aging of the population of the United States and a concern for the well-being of older people have hastened the emergence of measures of functional health. Among these, measures of basic activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living have been particularly useful and are now widely available. Many are defined in similar terms and are built into available comprehensive instruments. Although studies of reliability and validity continue to be needed, especially of predictive validity, there is documented evidence that these measures of self-maintaining function can be reliably used in clinical evaluations as well as in program evaluations and in planning. Current scientific evidence indicates that evaluation by these measures helps to identify problems that require treatment or care. Such evaluation also produces useful information about prognosis and is important in monitoring the health and illness of elderly people.
Gastric volvulus and wandering spleen

Although rare in childhood, gastric volvulus and wandering spleen share a common etiology: congenital absence of intraperitoneal visceral attachments. We report an unusual case of a patient who presented with three episodes of intractable vomiting and abdominal mass but no abdominal pain. A diagnosis could not be made until the third episode because the gastric volvulus resolved each time on placement of a nasogastric (NG) tube before any further tests could be done. During the third episode, diagnostic imaging was performed before inserting an NG tube, and the diagnosis of a mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus and an abnormally positioned spleen was made. Although both conditions are caused by abnormalities of fixation, the association of gastric volvulus and wandering spleen has been reported only once before.
Major Contributions of Southwestern Studies to Anthropological Theory

W ERE it not for recent developments in the Southwest, the subject which I have been invited to discuss would be simple indeed, and my hesitancy in meeting my task would be without foundation. Prior to 1928, Southwestern ethnology was almost wholly sterile so far as generating any contributions to ethnological theory is concerned. This is from any viewpoint an amazing fact. In addition to the fact that the Pueblos offer most complex cultures, the area presents the simpler Athabascans and riverine tribes in close juxtaposition and interaction with the Pueblos; it presents the high Spanish and Anglo cultures in continuous interaction with the native for four centuries; it provides the longest and richest archeological record known for any group of living primitive societies. Contrary to what actually occurred, it might have been expected that the richest culture area of North America north of Mexico would through its ethnology have stimulated the richest contributions to anthropological theory. In the nineteenth century there was the well-known flurry of ethnographic work by Bandelier, Cushing, G. A. Dorsey, Fewkes, Mathews, Mindeleff, Stevenson and Voth. Yet, after their day was done there was a decade and a half when, except for the limited contributions of B. Freire-Marreco, Harrington, Goddard, and the work of the Franciscan Fathers on the Navaho, there was a hiatus in which ethnographic work all but dried up. At that time not even Rivers' observation applied to the Southwest when he said, "The anthropologists of America are so fully engaged in the attempt to record what is left of the ancient cultures of their country that they devote little attention to those general questions of which we, with no ancient cultures at our doors devote so much attention" (quoted in Bidney 1953:vii-viii). The emergence of theory from Southwestern ethnology began with incursions into the area by Kroeber and Lowie in 1915 and the enduring entry into the field at the same time of Parsons, but did not reach a high point until the thirties and the forties.
Phosphorylation of Maskin by Aurora-A Is Regulated by RanGTP and Importin β *

Mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts is regulated at least in part by importin β and its regulator, the small GTPase, Ran. RanGTP stabilizes microtubules near the chromosomes during spindle assembly by selectively releasing spindle assembly factors from inhibition by importin α/β in the vicinity of the chromosomes. Several spindle assembly factors are regulated in this manner. We identified maskin, the Xenopus member of the transforming acidic coiled coil family of proteins, as a potential candidate in a two-step affinity chromatography approach designed to uncover additional downstream targets of importin α/β in mitosis. Here, we show that although maskin lacks a canonical nuclear localization sequence, it binds importin β in a RanGTP-regulated manner. We further show that importin β inhibits the regulatory phosphorylation of maskin by Aurora-A. This suggests a novel mechanism by which importin β regulates the activity of a spindle assembly factor.
Invasion biology of the Chinese mitten crab Eriochier sinensis: a brief review.

The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is a native of freshwater and estuarine habitats along the east coast of Asia. Invasive populations have existed in northern Europe since the early 20th century, and more recently a breeding population has become established in the San Francisco Bay system along the west coast of North America. Ballast water is the most probable vector for both invasions, although there is also potential for escape from ethnic markets and from the ornamental aquarium industry. Invasive populations of mitten crabs have caused millions of dollars in economic and ecological damage. Economic impacts center largely on the burrowing activity of the crabs, which damages stream banks and levees, and the annual spawning migration, which interferes with fishing activities and irrigation projects. Chinese mitten crabs have recently appeared in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays on the east coast of the USA, and there are confirmed reports of breeding females in both estuaries. The potential for large populations of mitten crabs in these estuaries has not been determined. This paper presents a review of the biology and ecology of native and invasive populations of the species and provides recommendations for research relevant to the prediction of future mitten crab invasions.
Augmentation of the amplitude of QRS complexes in patients with heart failure treated with diuresis for 48 hours

Augmentation in the amplitude of ECG QRS complexes (AUQRS) has been described in patients treated for heart failure (HF), but the underlying mechanism has remained enigmatic. We assessed the effect of diuresis-based fluid loss in patients treated for HF on the AU-QRS. Twenty-one patients aged 70.5 12.7 years, 13 with ischemic and 8 with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, received diuresis in the hospital for exacerbated HF, and had standard ECGs recorded prior to the initiation of therapy, and at 24, and 48 hours. Percent change (% ) over the course of observation in the sums of the amplitude of QRS complexes from 12 leads ( QRS12), 6 limb leads ( QRS6), and leads 1 2 ( QRS2) in mm were correlated with net fluid loss, corrected for admission weight in mL/Kg. Fluid loss amounted to 3,204.9 1,399.5 mL, and QRS12 was 160.9 42.3 mm before and 170.0 50.7 mm after diuresis (p 0. 024). % in QRS12, QRS6, and QRS2 correlated well with the net fluid loss (r 0.70, 0.82, 0.61, and p 0.002, 0.0005, 0.001), correspondingly. AU-QRS correlates well with net fluid loss from shortterm diuresis in patients with HF, and can be used as an easily obtainable and universally available bedside index of the net fluid loss, experienced by bed-ridden patients with exacerbated HF. undergoing therapy.
THE HIGH-RESOLUTION CROSS-DISPERSED ECHELLE WHITE PUPIL SPECTROMETER OF THE MCDONALD OBSERVATORY 2.7-M TELESCOPE

A new high-resolution cross-dispersed echelle spectrometer has been installed at the coude focus of the McDonald Observatory 2.7-m telescope. Its primary goal was simultaneously to gather spectra over as much of the spectral range 3400 A to 1 micrometer as practical, at a resolution R identical with lambda/Delta lambda which approximately = 60,000 with signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 100 for stars down to magnitude 11, using 1-h exposures. In the instrument as built, two exposures are all that are needed to cover the full range. Featuring a white-pupil design, fused silica prism cross disperser, and folded Schmidt camera with a Tektronix 2048x2048 CCD used at either of two foci, it has been in regularly scheduled operation since 1992 April. Design details and performance are described.
Increasing the adhesion force of electrostatic adhesives using optimized electrode geometry and a novel manufacturing process

Abstract This paper presents a method to increase the adhesion level of electrostatic adhesives by optimizing the electrode geometry and using a novel manufacturing technique. Simulation software, Comsol Multiphysics, was used to find the average electric field strength generated by a specific electrode geometry. The geometry was then optimized based on a gradient descent algorithm that changed each individual electrode width. Four different electrode patterns were simulated: concentric circles, comb (inter-digital), square spiral, and Hilbert curve (a fractal space-filling geometry). Among these designs the concentric circle pattern was the most effective. The optimized concentric circle pattern had varying electrode widths and the smallest allowable gap between the electrodes. These results were experimentally validated on a variety of materials with varying roughness: drywall, wood, tile, glass and steel. Overall, the experimental data closely matched the simulation results. Utilization of a new fabrication process also allowed for a significant increase in shear adhesion capability. With the optimized electrode geometry and the new fabrication process, we are able to achieve between a 2.2 and 15× improvement in shear pressure compared to previously published values, depending on the substrate material.
Irreversible ligands with high selectivity toward delta and mu opiate receptors

Alkylating agents that display strong selectivity for opiate receptor types delta or mu were prepared by appropriate modification of the structures of the strong analgesics fentanyl, etonitazene, and endoethenotetrahydrooripavine. The availability of these substances should facilitate studies of the structural basis of receptor specificity and of the physiologic roles of these receptors.
Operator-valued Bessel functions on Schrödinger-Fock spaces and Siegel domains of type II

In this paper, a general theory of operator-valued Bessel functions on mixed Schrodinger-Fock spaces and Siegel domains of type II is presented. In general, Bessel functions Jλ are associated to the partial Fourier transform on a mixed Schrodinger-Fock space. Jλ can be realized as a reduced Bessel function Kπ, which is a generalized inverse Laplace transform on a Siegel domain of type II. The application of this theory to representation theory will be studied in the next paper.
Effects of selective prefrontal decortication on escape behavior in the monkey

Abstract To determine the effect of selective prefrontal decortication on execution of a conditioned escape response, monkeys were trained to escape a painful stimulus by lever pulling. Following training, single, serial and simultaneous ablations of the lateral, medial and orbital prefrontal sectors were made. Simultaneous lateral-medial and orbital-medial decortications yielded significant impairments in the lever response and increases in affect. Single sector removal of the lateral, orbital or medial sector did not result in such changes. Combined orbital-lateral decortications resulted in no significant change in lever responding and slight increases in affect. Seriatim removal of sectors resulted in slight increases in affect with no change in lever responding as successive sectors were removed. Neither sham nor food controls showed any significant change in behavior. It is suggested that the impaired instrumental escape response and increased affect seen in the combined medial lesioned groups are the results of interruption of different pathways stemming from the prefrontal region, one passing to motor areas and the other to limbic structures.
Impurity and end effects on finite polymer chains--Ising model approach.

Abstract By the use of a new trick, the open one-dimensional Ising model with nearest neighbor interactions is solved exactly to examine impurity and end effects on finite polymer chains. Melting curves are plotted for various distributions of AT and GC bonds as a function of interaction strength and chain length. Results are compared with previous calculations on infinite length chains by Montroll & Goel. Correlation effects between impurity bonds on a finite, pure-basis chain are also studied and their implications to further studies of polymer chains indicated.
Becoming “Hispanic” in the “New South”: Central American immigrants’ racialization experiences in Atlanta, GA, USA

For many migrants from Latin America, “Hispanic/Latino(a)” is an identity that they encounter in the United States with which they were unfamiliar in their home countries and must negotiate in their everyday lives in a new context. Specifically, immigrants from Central America are unlikely to see themselves as “Hispanic” or “Latino(a)” prior to living in the United States, more often identifying with their home country, city, town, village, or neighborhood. This paper draws on racialization theory and twenty-seven in-depth interviews with Central American immigrants in Atlanta, GA to examine this process of identity negotiation across the traditionally black/white racialized landscapes of a “New South” city. Interview participants adopt a racialized Hispanic identity through a complex process involving the interplay between how they think of themselves and their perceptions of how native-born Atlantans view them. The interview analysis presented herein demonstrates that although Central American immigrants actively negotiate a Hispanic racialized moniker, they do so within an urban context dominated by native-born residents whose racialized assumptions lump Spanish-speaking, brown skinned individuals into a monolithic “Mexican” category. Thus the ways in which racialized difference is constructed in contemporary Atlanta for recent Central American immigrants is very much bound up in such false presumptions of national identity and cultural group belonging.
Fetal VDJ gene repertoire in rabbit: evidence for preferential rearrangement of VH1.

B cells in rabbit preferentially utilize the 3'-most VH gene, VH1, in VDJ genes. To determine whether the preferential utilization of VH1 results from preferential rearrangement, we examined VH gene usage in nonproductive VDJ gene rearrangements, genes that would not be influenced by antigen selection. Since nonproductive VDJ gene rearrangements are found infrequently in neonatal and adult rabbits, we examined the VDJ gene rearrangements during early fetal development. According to nested-primer polymerase chain reaction analyses, VDJ genes in fetal liver appeared around day 14 of gestation and nucleotide sequence analyses of VDJ genes cloned from 14- to 28-day-old fetuses showed that many of the genes were nonproductive. We found that most of these non-productive genes had utilized VH1 indicating to us that the preferential utilization of VH1 is due to preferential rearrangement. We compared the nucleotide sequence of the promoter region of VH1 with sequences of several other unutilized and infrequently utilized VH genes and found that the core transcriptional factor motifs were similar in all VH promoters examined. We suggest that transcriptional activity of the VH1 promoter region does not explain the preferential rearrangement of VH1.
Fine Structure of the Oocyst Walls of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria and Excystation of Isospora serini From the Canary, Serinus canarius L.

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria. from the canary Serinus canarius. were broken. added to a cell suspension, fixed in Karnovsky's fluid, and studied in the electron microscope. The oocyst wall of each species had an electron_ lucent inner layer, a more osmiophilic middle layer and an outer layer of electron-lucent (I. serini) or electron-dense material interspersed with some electron-lucent material (1. canaria). A few, relatively large lipid-like bodies were present in the outer or middle layer of the oocyst wall of I. canaria. As many as 9 membranes were present in the oocyst wall of I. canaria and 3 in that of I. serini. When exposed to a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of I. serini excysted from 5-month-old sporocysts in vitro, but not from sporocysts stored for more than 6 months. No excystation occurred in l5-month-old I. canaria sporocysts. Similarities and differences in excystation between I. serini and other Isospora, Eimeria, and Sarcocystis species are discussed. R ECENTL Y, Box (1) dt'scrihed the exogenous stages of Iso­ s para serini (Aragao, 1933), which may be synonymous with Atoxoplasma, and Isospora canaria Box, 1975, from canaries, Serinus canarius Linnaeus. When examined in the light micro­ scope the sporulated oocysts of these species are very similar structurally and differ only slightly in size. Our electron-micro­ scopic findings with regard to the similarities and differences of the oocyst walls of I. serini and I. canaria, as well as light­ microscopic observations on excystation of I. serini, are described herein.
Is temperature passive or active in hard turbulence

Abstract We discuss two possible boundary layer mechanisms in the hard turbulence regime. One is dominated by buoyancy of thermal plumes and the other one by the shear of the large scale flow of the velocity layer. In the first model temperature is active and in the second one it is a passive scalar advected by the flow. The experimental study of the temperature time series at different distances from the boundary layer favors the active scalar mechanism, but predicts that for Rayleigh number of the order of 10 16 shear dominated turbulence with passive advection of temperature might prevail.
Stretched PEO-LiCF3SO3 films : Polarized IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction

Abstract The effect of tensile stretching on pure PEO and P(EO) x LiCF 3 SO 3 ( x = 10 and 20) films was studied using polarized FTIR spectroscopy, wide angle scattering X-ray scattering (WAXS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The polarization effects observed in the spectra are readily explained by the selection rules governing IR transitions and symmetry-based vibrational mode assignments of PEO and the 3:1 compound, P(EO) 3 LiTf. The degree of polymer chain orientation in the stretched samples as measured by the average of the second Legendre polynomial was calculated from the dichroic ratio for the PEO helices in both pure PEO and the 20:1 film. The degree of chain orientation was markedly higher in the 20:1 film than in the pure PEO film; however it was difficult to calculate the degree of orientation in the 10:1 film. The addition of LiTf causes a slight increase in the fractional crystallinity of the samples as determined from the WAXS data. Orientation of the films did not significantly affect the fractional crystallinity for the 10:1 and 20:1 samples, whereas a slight decrease in the fractional crystallinity was noted for pure PEO upon stretching. The SAXS data suggested that the average crystal size becomes smaller with the addition of lithium triflate to PEO. The SAXS data also indicated that substantial morphological changes occur upon stretching, since the Bragg peak due to the crystalline–amorphous phase separation disappeared upon stretching. These data, taken together, suggest that in the 10:1 film, the tensile stress tends to form small, unoriented domains of the 3:1 compound.
Effect of various compounds on the binding of thyroxine to serum proteins in the rat.

The binding of L-thyroxine to serum proteins in the rat was determined by measuring the uptake of radiothyroxine from serum by the anion exchange resin IRA-400 contained within a polyurethane sponge. Sera from rats injected with various compounds were tested, and it was found that a number of compounds which inhibited deiodination of thyroxine in vivo did not alter the binding to serum proteins. Salicylate and dinitrophenol inhibited protein binding, as did estradiol to a lesser extent, and diphenylhydantoin did not alter binding. Studies performed on pooled rat serum to which various compounds were added in vitro showed that structural analogs of thyroxine which contained a 3,5-diiodo-4-phenolate group, as well as L-3,5,3′- triiodothyronine and 3,5,3′-triiodothyroacetic acid, were effective inhibitors of serum protein binding. The binding of thyroxine to serum proteins was also inhibited by high concentrations of many compounds which had in common the presence of one or more polar anionic groups on a 6-m...
Clinical anatomy: A review course for emergency medicine residents

An understanding of anatomy is essential to the practice of Emergency Medicine. A significant amount of anatomy knowledge is lost in the transition from student to clinician. This article describes the content and structure of a clinically oriented anatomy review course for senior emergency medicine residents.
Laser processing of bioactive tricalcium phosphate coating on titanium for load-bearing implants

Laser-engineered net shaping (LENS), a commercial rapid prototyping (RP) process, was used to coat titanium with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics to improve bone cell-materials interactions. During LENS coating process, the Nd:YAG laser melts the top surface of Ti substrate in which calcium phosphate powder is fed to create a TCP-Ti composite layer. It was found that an increase in laser power and/or powder feed rate increases the thickness of the coating. However, coating thickness decreased with increasing laser scan speed. TCP coating showed columnar titanium grains at the substrate side of the coating and transitioned to equiaxed titanium grains at the outside. When the scan speed was reduced from 15 to 10mms(-1), coating hardness increased from 882+/-67 to 1049+/-112Hv due to an increase in the volume fraction of TCP in the coating. Coated surfaces showed uniformly distributed TCP particles and X-ray diffraction data confirmed the absence of any undesirable phases, while maintaining a high level of crystallinity. The effect of TCP coating on cell-material interaction was examined by culturing osteoprecursor cells (OPC1) on coated surfaces. The results indicated that TCP coating had good biocompatibility where OPC1 cells attached and proliferated on the coating surface. The coating also initiated cell differentiation, ECM formation and biomineralization.
Justice: Plain Old and Distributive: Rejoinder to Charles Taylor

This paper argues that the views of Charles Taylor on justice in income and wealth distribution are fallacious, especially in regard to issues such as private property rights, justice, human rights, and theft. As to this last point, Taylor maintains it is possible, under certain circumstances, to “legitimately steal.” We regard this as a philosophical howler of the first order. We also demur from his contention that equity and equality can be used as synonyms.
Understanding the mechanisms for metabolism-linked hemolytic toxicity of primaquine against glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient human erythrocytes: Evaluation of eryptotic pathway

a b s t r a c t Therapeutic utility of primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial drug, has been limited due to its hemolytic toxicity in population with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Recent inves- tigations at our lab have shown that the metabolites generated through cytochrome P450-dependent metabolic reactions are responsible for hemotoxic effects of primaquine, which could be monitored with accumulation of methemoglobin and increased oxidative stress. The molecular markers for succeeding cascade of events associated with early clearance of the erythrocytes from the circulation were evalu- ated for understanding the mechanism for hemolytic toxicity of primaquine. Primaquine alone though did not induce noticeable methemoglobin accumulation, but produced significant oxidative stress, which was higher in G6PD-deficient than in normal erythrocytes. Primaquine, presumably through redox active hemotoxic metabolites generated in situ in human liver microsomal metabolism-linked assay, induced a dose-dependent methemoglobin accumulation and oxidative stress, which were almost similar in normal and G6PD-deficient erythrocytes. Primaquine alone or in presence of pooled human liver microsomes nei- ther produced significant effect on intraerythrocytic calcium levels nor affected the phosphatidyl serine asymmetry of the normal and G6PD-deficient human erythrocytes as monitored flowcytometrically with Annexin V binding assay. The studies suggest that eryptosis mechanisms are not involved in accelerated removal of erythrocytes due to hemolytic toxicity of primaquine.
A Method for Rapid Determination of Lactose

Abstract A simple, precise, and accurate colorimetric method for estimation of lactose in fluid milk and whey is described. The color development is based on the combined action of phenol, sodium hydroxide, picric acid, and sodium bisulfite with lactose. The method can be completed in less than 30 min. There was little difference between results by the method and the A.O.A.C. procedure. This method has advantages over other methods which require extensive time, sophisticated equipment, expensive or corrosive reagents, considerable glassware, or appreciable analytic skill.