cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and risk factors for colorectal cancer

The striking geographic differences in colorectal cancer incidence and the changes in disease risk among immigrants suggest an important environmental component to colorectal cancer risk. Table 1 lists risk factors for colorectal cancer. The categories in the table are somewhat arbitrary but are designed to provide an overall semiquantitative summary of the current epidemiologic literature. Certain of the most important risk factors (e.g., age, family history) cannot be modified. Individuals at high risk might benefit from surveillance. Dietary factors appear to be among the most important determinants of colorectal cancer risk. Diet helps to explain geographic variation in disease. A diet that is high in red meat and saturated fat appears to increase risk. Vegetables, fruits, fiber, folate, and calcium may be protective. Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, and tall stature may be risk factors. Physical activity has been repeatedly shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy may also be protective. Exciting new data suggest a significantly lower risk of colorectal cancer in regular users of aspirin and NSAIDs. It is important to recognize that the use of these drugs can have adverse as well as beneficial effects, and the appropriate dose and timing are not known. Enough information is available to make recommendations to lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Reducing red meat and fat consumption; increasing fruits, vegetables, and grains; avoiding obesity; and adopting a regular program of physical activity reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Fortunately, these modifications also decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, an even more important cause of mortality in Western societies.
Walker mode of a ferrite column magnetized in an arbitrary direction

The Walker mode of an infinitely long ferrite column is analyzed using the magnetostatic approximation for the case of the magnetostatic field oriented arbitrarily with respect to the axis of the ferrite column. A simple expression for the only existing resonant frequency is obtained in terms of the physical parameters and the orientation of the magnetostatic field.
The initial journey of juvenile emperor penguins

1. The first major journey of emperor penguins, among several in their lifetime, is the juveniles' dispersal from their natal colony on a trip that takes them beyond Antarctic waters. The route taken by fledglings from Cape Washington (74.5° S; 165.4° E) was studied by applying satellite transmitters to ten individuals during December 1994–1996. In January 2001 transmitters with longer transmission capacity were also applied to six hand-fed fledglings, which had been held captive for one month while attaining a body mass exceeding that of wild birds. These post-captive birds were released at the ice edge of McMurdo Sound (77.5° S; 165.0° E), which is in the vicinity of other emperor penguin colonies, and 320 km south of their natal colony of Cape Washington. 2. Independent of their parents, the wild birds travelled north-east for the next two months, reaching locations as low as 57° S. The post-captive birds travelled north also, but their trek reached only to about 63° S before they turned south, or remained near their most northerly position from March through May. 3. It was concluded that among colonies in the southern Ross Sea: (a) most healthy fledglings survive at least the first two months at sea, feeding themselves as they go; (b) the Cape Washington fledglings travelled as far north as 57° S, and much of this journey was in ice free waters; (c) by April, the post-captive birds reached at least as far as the large-scale pack ice edge and possibly beyond the edge at 63° S; (d) by early March the trend north ends, and by about late March the birds travel to, or remain near the northern ice edge. 4. The reason the birds travel so far north remains a mystery. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutator Suppression and Escape from Replication Error–Induced Extinction in Yeast

Cells rely on a network of conserved pathways to govern DNA replication fidelity. Loss of polymerase proofreading or mismatch repair elevates spontaneous mutation and facilitates cellular adaptation. However, double mutants are inviable, suggesting that extreme mutation rates exceed an error threshold. Here we combine alleles that affect DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) proofreading and mismatch repair to define the maximal error rate in haploid yeast and to characterize genetic suppressors of mutator phenotypes. We show that populations tolerate mutation rates 1,000-fold above wild-type levels but collapse when the rate exceeds 10−3 inactivating mutations per gene per cell division. Variants that escape this error-induced extinction (eex) rapidly emerge from mutator clones. One-third of the escape mutants result from second-site changes in Pol δ that suppress the proofreading-deficient phenotype, while two-thirds are extragenic. The structural locations of the Pol δ changes suggest multiple antimutator mechanisms. Our studies reveal the transient nature of eukaryotic mutators and show that mutator phenotypes are readily suppressed by genetic adaptation. This has implications for the role of mutator phenotypes in cancer.
Fabrication and characterization of titania nanotube/cobalt sulfide supercapacitor electrode in various electrolytes

Abstract A facile electrochemical technique has been employed to fabricate titania nanotube (T-NT)/cobalt sulfide (CoS) composite electrode for high performance supercapacitor application. The morphology and phase evaluation of the electrode were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The pseudocapacitance behavior of the T-NT/CoS composite electrode has been evaluated in four different aqueous electrolytes: KOH, KCl, Na2SO4 and Na2SO3. Cyclic voltammetric studies in aqueous KOH electrolyte indicated that a very high specific capacitance (370 F g−1) can be achieved in this electrolyte together with excellent cycle stability even after 300 consecutive CV cycles. Further, the capacitance behavior of the T-NT/CoS electrode in KCl, Na2SO4, and Na2SO3 electrolytes exhibited a mixture of electric double layer (EDL) and redox-induced supercapacitance as displayed in the cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) experiments. It was also observed that the capacitance behavior of the composite material is not greatly dependent on the electrolyte used except for Na2SO3 electrolyte where the capacitance value attained is relatively higher than the other electrolytes i.e. 400 F g−1 at a fairly high charge–discharge current density of 5 mA cm−2. Galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments conducted on the composite electrode suggested stable capacitance behavior with excellent capacitance retention (∼80%) even after 1000 continuous charge–discharge cycles in KCl, Na2SO4, and Na2SO3 electrolytes.
Composite Singular Value Decomposition Analysis of Moisture Variations Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation: ERA-40 Analysis

Abstract The role of moisture variations in the initiation of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) variability is reexamined through composite singular value decomposition (CSVD) analyses using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-yr Re-Analyses (ERA-40) data. The CSVD analyses at various time lags are carried out to discern the complex space–time relationships between convection identified using outgoing longwave radiation and 1000-hPa divergence, 850-hPa specific humidity, and surface evaporation. The most striking difference from the earlier analyses using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data is that the observed relations between 20–100-day filtered OLR and ∇ · V1000 anomalies are weaker and less significant in the current analyses. On the other hand, both analyses show increasing low-level moisture near and to the east of the developing convection. Thus, both results imply that moisture preconditioning of convective events is not totally driven by boundary layer moisture convergence.
Strobe trigger, compound alpha filter, and phase coherence detector for EEG biofeedback

Circuit diagrams and theoretical perspective are given for phase-locked strobe light, compound alpha spindle, and phase coherence EEG for biofeedback.
Chewings Fescue Seed as a Feedstuff

Abstract Occasionally because of unusual circumstances, plant seeds not ordinarily produced for animal feeding become available for that purpose. This paper reports two feeding trials, one with chicks and one with rats, in which Chewings fescue seed of very low germination was fed. Because of the similarity in chemical composition of the fescue seed and oats, a comparison was made between diets containing these materials. The control lot of 25 chicks received a practical wartime chick diet having the following percentage composition: ground yellow corn 30, ground wheat 20, pulverized oats 10, alfalfa leaf meal 8, soybean oil meal 25, sardine fish meal 2, dried skimmilk 2, riboflavin supplement (250 micrograms riboflavin per gram) 0.475, limestone 1, bonemeal 1, manganized salt .5 and activated animal sterol (2,000 units vitamin D per gram) .025. One lot of 30 chicks received a diet containing 30 percent of oats in which oats replaced a . . .
The Raman Spectra of Perovskite-Structured Alkaline Earth Hafnates

The perovskite-structured titanates and zirconates have been extensively investigated using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. However, very few papers have been published related to the vibrational spectra of hafnium-containing compounds. McDevitt and Baun reported the infrared absorption spectrum of hafnium dioxide, while Perry investigated PbHfO3 and SrHfO3 by the infrared reflection technique. This lack of data is unusual when one considers the potential electronic and high temperature applications of such hafnium-containing compounds. One must have adequate techniques for characterizing and identifying a material before one can prepare the material with optimum desired properties. Therefore, in this investigation we have measured the Raman spectra of several perovskite-structured alkaline earth hafnates (BaHfO3, CaHfO3, and SrHfO3) and analyzed the resulting spectra on the basis of their crystal structures.
HIV and critical care delivery in resource-constrained settings: a public health perspective.

GLOBAL HEART © 2014 World Heart Federation (Geneva). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. VOL. 9, NO. 3, 2014 ISSN 2211-8160/$36.00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.gheart.2014.08.006 The international acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) community has largely focused its political, financial, and advocacy efforts on expanding early antiretroviral treatment to eligible individuals and preventing new infections in high-risk populations [1,2]. In resourceconstrained settings, relatively little attention has been paid to the opposite side of the disease spectrum: the hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient with advanced disease. Yet, despite progress in enrolling millions of people living with HIV (PLWH) into care in SubSaharan Africa, most individuals present with advanced disease [3]. Although the pursuit of an AIDS-free generation is essential, there remains an important parallel need to foster and maintain expertise in the clinical care of PLWH presenting with coinfections, including those requiring critical care. This paper reviews 3 important issues related to development of an acute care infrastructure for PLWH in resource-constrained settings from a public health perspective: 1) What are the priorities for improving critical care services for PLWH? 2) How will the evolving HIV epidemic—and particularly the increased burden of cardiovascular disease in this population—affect the future of critical care delivery in these settings? And, 3) what can the past 30 years of public health response to HIV teach us about developing a critical care health infrastructure in resource-constrained settings? Although estimates of HIV prevalence in intensive care units in resource-constrained settings are lacking, general medical and surgical inpatient wards in Sub-Saharan Africa often report prevalence rates >50% [4,5], underscoring the need for high-quality inpatient HIV services in the region. Because management of HIV begins with an HIV diagnosis, among the greatest priorities is fostering a culture of provider-initiated testing for all inpatients [6]. Inpatient testing and linkage to outpatient care has been shown to be acceptable and feasible [7], whereas missed opportunities for testing undermine the quality of inpatient care and contribute to delays in outpatient treatment. Moreover, less than one-half of PLWH in Sub-Saharan Africa are aware of their status [8], so every medical encounter should be considered an opportunity to begin the cascade of linkage into care. For those with a diagnosis, the impact of HIV infection on critical care is broad, and, though beyond the scope of this article, has been reviewed extensively elsewhere (Table 1) [9]. Key features of HIV-related critical care pertaining specifically to resource-limited settings include:
THE EFFECT OF BUTYRATE ON THE REGULATORY ENZYMES OF THE SHIGA TOXIN RECEPTOR IN HUMAN CULTURED INTESTINAL CELLS. • 727

THE EFFECT OF BUTYRATE ON THE REGULATORY ENZYMES OF THE SHIGA TOXIN RECEPTOR IN HUMAN CULTURED INTESTINAL CELLS. • 727
Knowledge Discovery of Student Sentiments in MOOCs and Their Impact on Course Performance

The objective of this research is to mine textual data (e.g., online discussion forums) generated by students enrolled in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in order to quantify students’ sentiment, in relation to their course performance. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are free to anyone with a computing device and a means of connecting to the internet and serve as a new paradigm for distance based education. While student interactions in traditional based brick and mortar classes are readily observable by students and instructors, quantifying the sentiments expressed by students in MOOCs remains challenging. This is in part due to the quantity of textual data being generated by students enrolled in MOOCs, in addition to a lack of quantitative methodologies that discover latent, previously unknown knowledge pertaining to student interactions and sentiments in the digital world.The authors of this work introduce a data mining driven methodology that employs natural language processing techniques and text mining algorithms to quantify students’ sentiments, based on their textual data provided during course assignment discussions. The researchers of this work aim to help educators understand the factors that may impact student performance, team interactions and overall learning outcomes in digital environments such as MOOCs.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Experimental Simulation of Turbine Airfoil Leading Edge Film Cooling

Leading edge showerhead cooling designs represent an important feature of certain classes of high-temperature turbine airfoils. This paper outlines a methodology for predicting the surface temperatures of showerhead designs with spanwise injection through an array of discrete holes. The paper describes a series of experiments and analyses on scaled cylinder models with injection through holes inclined at 20, 30, 45, and 90 deg for typical radial and circumferential spacing-to-diameter ratios of 10 and 4, respectively. The experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel on several stainless steel test specimens in which flow and heat transfer parameters were measured over the simulated airfoil leading edge surfaces. Based on the experiments, an engineering design model is proposed that treats the gas-to-surface heat transfer coefficient with film cooling in a manner suggested by a recent Purdue–NASA investigation and includes the important contribution of upstream (coolant inlet face) heat transfer. The experiments suggest that the averaged film cooling effectiveness in the showerhead region is primarily influenced by the inclination of the injection holes. The effectiveness parameter is not strongly affected by variations in coolant-to-gas stream pressure ratio, free-stream Mach number, gas-to-coolant temperature ratio, and gas stream Reynolds number. The model is employed to determine (inferentially) the average Stanton number reduction parameter for a series of pressure ratios varying from 1.004 to 1.3, Mach numbers ranging from 0.1 to 0.2, temperature ratios between 1.6 and 2.0, and Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.5×104 to 9.0×104 .
A source of the energy for geomagnetic storms and auroras.

Abstract It is shown that an enhancement of the ionized component of the solar plasma flow or intense turbulent motions contained in it does not introduce substantial energies into the magnetosphere for the ring current belt and auroral substorms. The role of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms is then examined as a possible source of the energy for the ring current belt. The course of the development of auroral substorms over the entire polar region suggests that their energy is not directly introduced into the magnetosphere across the boundary and that a source of their energy is stored in the magnetosphere in an invisible form before it is converted into the substorm energy. Again, the neutral hydrogen atoms are a possible source of the energy, which can be stored in the ring current belt. A possible conversion mechanism of the ring current energy into the auroral substorm energy is suggested.
Research of improved probability data association algorithm for multi-target tracking

An improved probabilistic data association is proposed to overcome both the drawback of complication in joint probabilistic data association and the unneutrality of multi-targets processing by probabilistic data association. It incorporates the radar Doppler measurement information and modifies weighting of state estimation of measurements in the common region, and then makes the final estimation more exact and improves further performance. The theoretical analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation results show that the algorithm has small computation cost and a better real-time tracking performance.
Massive preexposure and preexposure in multiple contexts attenuate the context specificity of latent inhibition.

Latent inhibition, which refers to attenuated responding to a conditioned stimulus (CS) after CS-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) pairings as a result of CS-alone presentations prior to the pairings, is often attenuated if preexposure and conditioning occur in different contexts (i.e., it is context specific). Here we report two conditioned lick suppression experiments, using rat subjects, that examined whether manipulations known to attenuate the context specificity of extinction could also eliminate the context specificity of latent inhibition. Context specificity of latent inhibition was eliminated when the CS was preexposed in multiple contexts (Experiment 1) and when the CS was massively preexposed in the training context alone (Experiment 2). These results and their practical implications are discussed in the framework of contemporary theories of latent inhibition.
Necrotizing soft-tissue infections: differences in patients treated at burn centers and non-burn centers

Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTI) are often life-threatening illnesses that may be best treated at specialty care facilities such as burn centers. However, little is known about current treatment patterns nationwide. The purpose of this study was to describe the referral patterns for treatment of NSTI using a multistate discharge database and to investigate the differences in patients with NSTIs treated at burn centers and nonburn centers. The National Inpatient Sample is an all-payer inpatient database from 37 states containing data from 14 million hospital stays each year. We identified all patients with NSTI using International Classification of Disease version 9 codes for necrotizing fasciitis (728.86), gas gangrene (040.0), and Fournier's gangrene (608.83) for the years 2001 and 2004. Patients were dichotomized by location of definitive treatment--either burn centers or nonburn centers. Burn center status was ascertained from the current American Burn Association burn center directory. Patient characteristics, payer status, hospital course, mortality rates, and disposition were compared between patients treated at burn centers and nonburn centers. In 2001 and 2004, a total of 10,940 patients were identified as having a NSTI. The majority (87.1%) of these patients received definitive care at nonburn centers. Patients treated at burn centers were more likely to be transferred from another hospital (OR 2.0, CI 1.8-2.2) and were more likely to have Medicaid (22.6% vs 16.3%, OR 1.39) or be uninsured (18.8% vs 13.7%, OR 1.38). Patients treated at burn centers had more surgical procedures (4.6 vs 4.3, P < .01), and higher hospital charges ($101,800 vs $68,500, P < .01). Total length of stay was also longer at burn centers (22.1 vs 16.0 days, P < .01). Based on a national discharge database, the majority of patients with NSTI are treated at nonburn centers. However, patients treated at burn centers were more likely to be transferred from nonburn centers, had longer lengths of stay, and underwent more operations, all of which are likely attributable to a greater severity of infection.
Ascochyta Blight Resistance Inheritance in Three Chickpea Recombinant Inbred Line Populations

Ascochyta blight (caused by Ascochyta rabiei [Pass] Labr.) is a devastating and widespread disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Studies of the genetics of resistance to blight have generated inconsistent reports due to year to year and between location variation in screening trial results. Most previous studies have relied on F₂ or backcross populations for segregation analyses; however, inheritance patterns have been difficult to confirm because of the inability to repeat the evaluations in time and space. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea using recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. The RILs were derived from two intraspecific crosses, PI 359075(1) × FLIP 84-92C(2), ‘Blanco Lechoso’ × ‘Dwelley’, and one interspecific cross, FLIP 84-92C(3) × C. reticulatum Lad. (PI 599072). The resistant parents, FLIP 84-92C and Dwelley, had a common source of resistance derived from ILC-72. Disease reactions of the parents and RILs were scored using a 1 to 9 scale and also by using the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Segregation among RILs indicated that three recessive and complementary major genes with several modifiers conferred ascochyta blight resistance. Absence of one or two of the major genes confers susceptibility, whereas the presence of the modifiers determines the degree of resistance.
Capital-based macroeconomics: Recent developments and extensions of Austrian business cycle theory

The business cycle theory of Hayek and the macroeconomic models of John Maynard Keynes were the two major rivals in the 1930s. From the 1940s to the late 1970s, however, the framework developed by Keynes in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money dominated economic policy and pedagogy, despite logical and theoretical problems with the model. Much of the success of the Keynesian approach within the profession was due to the follow-up developments by Sir John Hicks (1967b) and Paul Samuelson (1948). These economists developed simple graphical presentations (the IS-LM model and the Keynesian Cross) that made it easy for economists to grasp the implications of the theory, to extend and develop the theory, and to use the theory for historical analysis and policy applications. Most important, the simplifications provided a pedagogy for teaching the Keynesian model to new students of economics. Hayek’s business cycle model—which was partially responsible for his winning the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974—was temporarily abandoned, not because it was wrong, but partly because, as Hicks (1967c, p. 204) has argued, while the writings of Hayek and Mises on business cycle theory were in English, they were not English economics, and partly because the model was too complex. The current neglect or downplaying of Austrian insights by mainstream economists can be attributed to similar factors, most recently expressed by Yeager (1997) and Wagner (1999). The inability to effectively communicate Austrian insights is compounded by the fact that publication of papers with Austrian or capital-based macroeconomic themes have, in general,
Nonexistence Results on Chen and Davis–Jedwab Difference Sets

Abstract We consider difference sets that have the parameters of the two series constructed recently by Chen respectively Davis and Jedwab. We show that the exponent bound following from the results of Turyn cannot be attained for these parameter series. In some cases this leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such difference sets.
Axon collaterals indicate broad intraspinal role for sacral preganglionic neurons.

Abstract The classic view of preganglionic neurons in spinal autonomic nuclei is that they convey information exclusively from the central nervous system to autonomic neurons in peripheral ganglia. The present morphological study in the cat sacral spinal cord demonstrates that these neurons may also make abundant synaptic connections within the spinal cord. Neurons labeled intracellularly with neurobiotin or horseradish peroxidase exhibited an expansive distribution of axon collaterals in spinal cord laminae I, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and the ventrolateral funiculi. This broad-ranging axon-collateral system, which has the potential for multiple neuronal contacts, indicates widespread integrative functions for sacral preganglionic neurons within the spinal cord, in addition to functions currently known in the periphery.
Synthetic Studies on the Ambiguine Family of Alkaloids: Construction of the ABCD Ring System.

Abstract A racemic synthesis of the ABCD ring core of the ambiguines that preserves the tertiary alcohol has been accomplished in a convergent synthesis in 10 synthetic steps, in an overall yield of 46% from commercially available 4-bromoindole and m -methylanisole.
Amino acid balance and imbalance. IX. Effect of amino acid imbalance on blood amino acid pattern.

SummaryEffects of adding a mixture of methionine and phenylalanine or a mixture of indispensable amino acids lacking histidine to diets containing 6% of fibrin on rate of food intake and on the blood amino acid pattern of rats have been determined in short term experiments. Amino acid imbalances induced by both of these procedures caused a reduction in rate of food consumption within a few hours after the feeding period. Feeding diets containing additional methionine and phenylalanine to protein-depleted rats caused a fall in concentration of the group of amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine and histidine) limiting growth. Similarly, a rapid fall in concentration of the most limiting amino acid, histidine, occurred in the blood of rats trained to accept single daily feeding and then fed diets containing an amino acid mixture lacking histidine.
Modeling and characterization of quantization, polysilicon depletion, and direct tunneling effects in MOSFETs with ultrathin oxides

The electrical characteristics (C-V and I-V) of n+ - and p+ -polysilicon-gated ultrathinoxide capacitors and FETs were studied extensively to determine oxide thickness and to evaluate tunneling current. A quantum-mechanical model was developed to help understand finite inversion layer width, threshold voltage shift, and polysilicon gate depletion effects. It allows a consistent determination of the physical oxide thickness based on an excellent agreement between the measured and modeled C-V curves. With a chip standby power of ≤0.1 W per chip, direct tunneling current can be tolerated down to an oxide thickness of 15-20 A. However, transconductance reduction due to polysilicon depletion and finite inversion layer width effects becomes more severe for thinner oxides. The quantum-mechanical model predicts higher threshold voltage than the classical model, and the difference increases with the electric field strength at the silicon/oxide interface.
Antihyperalgesic effects of intrathecal neuropeptide Y during inflammation are mediated by Y1 receptors

Abstract Inflammation induces an up-regulation of neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and its receptors in the dorsal horn, suggesting an important role in nociceptive transmission. Our initial studies revealed that NPY dose-dependently increased hotplate response latency, and to a lesser degree, thermal paw withdrawal latency (PWL); these effects occurred at doses that affect neither motor coordination (as assessed by the rotarod test) nor paw skin temperature. We next evaluated the behavioral effects of intrathecal administration of NPY and NPY antagonists with the aim of assessing the contribution of NPY to correlates of persistent nociception associated with the unilateral plantar injection of carrageenan or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). NPY robustly and dose-dependently increased PWL on the side ipsilateral to carrageenan injection, with only a small effect on the contralateral side. Similarly, NPY (30 μg) produced a large and long-lasting increase in PWL on the side ipsilateral to CFA injection (140% change), with only a small effect on the contralateral side (25% change). The ipsilateral effect of NPY was completely inhibited with the potent Y1 antagonist, BIBO 3304 (3 μg), but not the Y2 antagonist, BIIE 0246. When administered alone, BIBO 3304 (but not BIIE 0246) slightly decreased thermal PWL on the side ipsilateral (25% change), but not contralateral, to CFA injection; this suggests that inflammation strengthens inhibitory NPY tone. We conclude that spinal Y1 receptors contribute to the inhibitory effects of NPY on thermal hypersensitivity in the awake rat. Further studies are necessary to determine whether enhanced release of NPY and Y1-mediated inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission ultimately results in a compensatory, adaptive inhibition of thermal hypersensitivity in the setting of inflammation.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Eyelid

Purpose demonstrate the clinical variability and histologic characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Methods investigated two cases of Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid in a 67-year-old man and an 83-year-old woman, respectively. Both lesions were initially misdiagnosed as benign tumors on clinical examination. Results the correct diagnosis was made, both lesions were treated with wide resection aided by frozen sections, and reconstructive surgery. Conclusions cell carcinoma is an aggressive tumor with variable clinical manifestation. Radical surgical therapy and close follow-up are indicated.
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT

The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fertile culture dish--full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons--exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship between neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do?
New approach to localization: Quantum connectivity.

We introduce the concept of quantum connectivity, which, along with the phenomenological renormalization method, allows us to study the localization of one-electron eigenstates of various disordered tight-binding Hamiltonians. For the site quantum percolation model in three dimensions we find that the quantum percolation threshold is ${p}_{q}$=0.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01. For the Anderson model we find that the critical disorder is ${W}_{c}$/J=15.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25. For a topologically disordered model with exponential interactions of range a, we find that the dimensionless critical density parameter ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{c}}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{c}}^{1/3}$a=0.257\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014.
Infrared studies on BF4− in alkali halide solid solutions☆

Abstract Solid solutions of 10 BF 4 − and 11 BF 4 − in a series of alkali halides were prepared by heating pellets obtained with the usual pressed disk technique. Infrared spectra in the range 4000 to 200 cm −1 were examined at temperatures between 20 and 600°K. Analysis of band splittings led to the conclusion that the tetrahedral ion is located in a unique site of T d symmetry in the case of FCC lattices, and of D 2 d symmetry in BCC alkali halides. A force field calculation for the ion in different lattices was performed.
Drifter measurements in a laboratory rip current

[1] This paper investigates circulation in a laboratory rip current system using large numbers of Lagrangian drifters, with supplementary current meter and water level measurements. These represent the most dense measurements to date of laboratory rip circulation over a large spatial area. Overall, circulation is found to be very unsteady, with strong changes in circulation apparent at many length and time scales. Drifter and current meter measurements are compared in the rip channel, and Stokes drift is found to be a significant component of drifter velocities in this region. Estimated generation of circulation is compared with computed bottom friction dissipation, with good agreement. The mean cellular circulation about a dividing streamline is found to be surprisingly small when compared with computed rates of generation of circulation. Finally, the divergence of volume flux computed using drifters is found to be significant, with depth-varying wave-induced mass transport, depth-varying Eulerian velocities, and velocity/drifter concentration effects the likely sources of error.
Measuring heart muscle and nerve potentials with slow-response galvanometers

The use of slow-response galvanometers to record the time course of heart muscle and nerve action potentials in the mid-1800s is discussed. The method that was used to chart these bioelectric events, which was developed by E. Lenz in 1854, is described. Also described is the rheotome, the device that allowed both the stimulation and the subsequent sampling of nerve and heart muscle action potentials. >
Contiguity and reinforcement factors in multiple-choice verbal learning: Parametric influences

A multiple-choice learning task was used in four combinations of long-short ITIs and large-small number of items. In each group, half of the Ss were told right or wrong after each choice and half were given no feedback. All four groups showed similar results: Choice without feedback was sufficient to produce an increase in repetition of choices. Repetition after both right and wrong was lower than in the no feedback condition. Repetition after right was higher than after wrong, which was at the chance level, confirming Thorndike’s finding. A significant effect of ITI (.001) and number of items (.05) was found in the no feedback groups, but no significant effects were found on repetition after right or wrong.
Sequence and transcriptional analysis of the barley ctDNA region upstream of psbD-psbC encoding trnK(UUU), rps16, trnQ(UUG), psbK, psbI, and trnS(GCU).

A 6.25 kbp barley plastid DNA region located between psbA and psbD-psbC was sequenced and RNAs produced from this DNA were analyzed. TrnK(UUU), rps16 and trnQ(UUG) were located upstream of psbA. These genes were transcribed from the same DNA strand as psbA and multiple RNAs hybridized to them. TrnK and rsp16 contained introns; a 504 amino acid open reading frame (ORF504) was located within the trnK intron. Between trnQ and psbD-psbC was a 2.24 kbp region encoding psbK, psbI and trnS(GCU). PsbK and psbI are encoded on the same DNA strand as psbD-psbC whereas trnS(GCU) is transcribed from the opposite strand. Two large RNAs accumulate in barley etioplasts which contain psbK, psbI, anti-sense trnS(GCU) and psbD-psbC sequences. Other RNAs encode psbK and psbI only, or psbK only. The divergent trnS(GCU) located upstream of psbD-psbC and a second divergent trnS(UGA) located downstream of psbD-psbC were both expressed. Furthermore, RNA complementary to psbK and psbI mRNA was detected, suggesting that transcription from divergent overlapping transcription units may modulate expression from this DNA region.
Institutional Collective Action Issues in Nonprofit Self-Organized Collaboration

This study explores self-organized voluntary nonprofit collaboration to investigate why and under which circumstances nonprofit organizations participate in voluntary-based informal collaboration. To answer this question, we extend the institutional collective action (ICA) framework to identify the reasons why nonprofit organizations participate in informal collaborative arrangements. Based on data derived from a national survey of nonprofit organizations, we report evidence that the internal organizational conditions, embedded relationships, service areas, and client population of nonprofits influence their participation in informal collaborations.
Cavitation during drying of a gel

Abstract The capillary tension developed during drying of a gel is so large that cavitation (homogeneous nucleation of bubbles of vapor) could occur. It is shown that homogeneous nucleation is possible only if a certain characteristic pore size (the breakthrough radius) is small enough to generate capillary tension exceeding a critical value predicted by classical nucleation theory. Since the criterion for bubble growth is the same as for advance of menisci into the drying surface, bubbles can reach macroscopic dimensions only after the critical point of drying (CPD). Heterogeneous nucleation can occur at any time, but growth of the bubbles is still possible only after the CPD is reached. Nucleation is facilitated when: (a) the pore entry radius is much smaller than the pore interior; (b) there is a strong gradient in composition, so that the liquid/vapor surface tension is highest near the drying surface; or (c) there is a spatial gradient in pore size, with the smallest pores near the drying surface. Nitrogen desorption measurements can be used to determine the highest tension reached during drying of a xerogel; in this way it is shown that capillary tension can approach the values necessary to produce homogeneous nucleation.
Energy distributions in rods and beams

A hypothesis proposed by Nefske and Sung (1987) that the mechanical energy flow in acoustic/structural systems can be modeled using a thermal energy flow analogy was tested for both longitudinal vibration in rods and transverse flexural vibrations in beams. It was found that the rod behaves according to the energy flow analogy. However, the beam solutions behaved significantly differently than predicted by the thermal analogy, unless spatially averaged energy and power flow were considered. Otherwise, the beam analysis is restricted to frequencies where the near-field terms in the displacement solution are negligible over most of the beam.
Prescrotal orchiopexy: an alternative surgical approach for the palpable undescended testis.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Inguinal exploration has been a standard approach for the management of palpable undescended testis. We performed prescrotal orchiopexy in patients with palpable undescended testes at our institution and we report our results.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of patients with palpable undescended testes treated with prescrotal orchiopexy from 1999 to 2002. All children were referred to a university children’s hospital and 1 of 2 surgeons performed the procedures. Examination using anesthesia was performed prior to any incision. If the testis was palpable and could be drawn close to the scrotum, prescrotal orchiopexy was performed. Retractile testes were excluded.Results: During this period 291 patients underwent orchiopexy. Prescrotal orchiopexy was performed in 78 patients. Followup was 1 to 36 months (median 6). The overall success rate was 98.8% and the overall complication rate was 4.7%. At 7 months postoperatively 1 patient had a palpable retractile testicle. One patient ...
Parturition Care Planning

Nursing care planning is not a new concept, but in contemporary nursing, this tool is taking on new meaning. In an area such as labor and delivery, the concept of the nursing process must be scrutinized and adapted to facilitate its usefulness in providing optimum care of the parturient. A perspective on the scope of care planning, its benefits to the parturient, and its value and implications is presented.
Highly sensitive dioxin immunoassay and its application to soil and biota samples

Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a well-known highly toxic compound that is present in nearly all components of the global ecosystem, including air, soil, sediment, fish and humans. Dioxin analysis is equipment intensive and expensive requiring low ppt or even ppq levels of detection. A simple, rapid, cost-effective method of analysis is desired to enable researchers to explore issues involving dioxin more quickly and to make more rational regulatory decisions. A sensitive immunoassay for TCDD has been developed in this laboratory. In the present study, this assay is further optimized using a new coating antigen system and validated with biota samples by HRGC-HRMS. The I50 of current assay to 2,3,7-trichloro, 8-methyldibenzo-p-dioxin (TMDD), a surrogate standard for TCDD, is 36 ± 6.0 ppt, and the lower detection limit (LDL) is 4 ppt in the buffer. A good agreement between immunoassay and GC/MS was achieved for fish and egg samples. To interface with the immunoassay, a rapid sample preparation method was developed for soil samples. Without any further cleanup, the soil extracts can be directly used in the ELISA with a detection limit at the low ppt level. It can be used as an on-site tool for environmental monitoring. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Ethnographic Evaluation of Michigan's High-Risk Hepatitis B Vaccination Program

This paper discusses the evaluation of Michigan's High-Risk Hepatitis B Vaccination Program using ethnographic methods. Ninety-six face-to-face interviews were conducted in Family Planning, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Adolescent Health clinics throughout Michigan. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine why many Michigan residents who sought care at these clinics refused free hepatitis B vaccines and others failed to complete the vaccination series. Key reasons for refusal included lack of knowledge about hepatitis B, lack of knowledge about vaccines, and inconvenience. This paper explores how using ethnographic research methods—one—on—one interviews and participant—observation—captured data from this population that would likely have not been discovered using quantitative research methods.
Multi-RAT traffic offloading solutions for the bandwidth crunch problem

Spurred by the increasing demand for mobile broadband services and the growing number of devices supporting multiple radio access technologies (e.g., cellular, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), much research is being done to improve the user experience while addressing issues related to network efficiency, congestion, interference, and cost to operators, service providers, manufacturers, and consumers alike. Standards bodies, industry players, and academia have been considering a wide range of inter-technology convergence solutions to address these issues. The solutions range from simple switching from one radio network to a “better” one, to maintaining individual application flows on multiple radio networks simultaneously and switching them dynamically as desired. More advanced solutions go one step further and aggregate the bandwidth across multiple simultaneous radio connections, thus increasing the data rates available for the applications. While the above solutions provide relief to the bandwidth crunch problem over the radio interface, different techniques are suitable to solve the loading and congestion problem over the ‘transport network’ of the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). These include selective IP traffic offload techniques for the Core Network, and FemtoCell solutions for the Radio Access Network. In addition, FemtoCells also enable local routing of IP traffic, further reducing network load. In this paper, we shall present an overview of related standardization activities in IETF, IEEE and 3GPP, while addressing some some innovative technical solutions for residential and enterprise scenarios.
Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism with fractures.

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is an uncommon condition usually found among patients with urinary stones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a patient with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism presenting with bilateral femoral neck fracture. A 45-year-old man had pain both hip joints and limping in for several months. Vertical fractures of bilateral femoral necks were found by radiographs. Laboratory findings showed a normal value of total serum calcium but elevated serum ionized calcium. Serum parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated. The patient was treated with subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy fixed with a dynamic hip screw and total parathyroidectomy. Histopathologic examination showed hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. At 1-year follow-up, the patient was doing well clinically.
Noncovalent Interactions in the Asymmetric Synthesis of Rigid, Conjugated Helical Structures

Tetrakis({beta}-trithiophene) 1 folds into a helical conformation (RRR) that facilitates double ring annelation, with high diastereoselectivity and modest enantioselectivity, to provide bis[7]helicene 2 (MRM). This rigid, helically locked structure has enhanced chiroptical properties similar to the corresponding [15]helicene.
Different Vaccination Strategies for Measles Diseases: A Simulation Study

Vaccination strategies are designed and applied to control or eradicate an infection from the population. This paper studies three different vaccination strategies used world wide for many infectious diseases including measles. These strategies are the conventional constant vaccination strategy, the periodic step (pulse) vaccination strategy and finally the mixed vaccination strategy of both the constant and the periodic one. Simulation of the different vaccination programs is been conducted. The Poincare section is playing as a filter of our simulation results to show a wide range of possible behavior of our model. critical vaccination parameter is been estimated from the results to prevent sever epidemics.
Friendship Based Routing in Delay Tolerant Mobile Social Networks

Routing in delay tolerant networks (DTN) have attracted a great interest recently. Increasingly popular type of DTNs are mobile social networks (MSN) also called pocket switched networks. Hence, analyzing accurately social network properties has become an important issue in designing efficient routing protocols for MSNs. In this paper, we first introduce a new metric for detecting the quality of friendships accurately. Using the introduced metric, each node defines its friendship community as the set of nodes having close friendship with itself either directly or indirectly. Then, we present Friendship Based Routing in which temporally differentiated friendships are used to make the forwarding decisions of messages. Real trace-driven simulation results show that the introduced algorithm achieves better delivery rate while forwarding fewer messages than the existing algorithms.