cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PITCH ANGLE SCATTERING IN THE OUTER HELIOSHEATH AND FORMATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER RIBBON

The dominant and unexpected feature in the first Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) maps is a ribbon of the enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions. Presenting the first results from IBEX, McComas et al. identified six possible mechanisms of ribbon formation. One of the mechanisms, the so-called secondary ENA mechanism, was already quantitatively elaborated by Heerikhuisen et al., and they successfully reproduced the main features of the ribbon. We further study the "secondary ENA" mechanism by quantifying a previously omitted stage of the proton evolution between two consecutive acts of the charge-exchange in the outer heliosheath (OHS). The main findings can be summarized as follows. (1) The neutrals supplied by the supersonic near-equatorial solar wind dominate the near-equatorial source of the keV ENAs in the OHS compared to the inner heliosheath contribution. (2) The ribbon of the observed width can be produced even if only the large-scale (~102-104 AU) interstellar turbulence operates but the resulting pitch angle distribution functions (PADFs) are unstable with respect to the ion cyclotron wave generation around the locus where the line of sight from IBEX to the ribbon is perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field beyond the heliopause. (3) A combination of the large-scale interstellar turbulence and a small-scale (~10–5to10–4 AU) turbulence generated by an unstable PADF of the energetic protons is able to make PADF marginally stable. In this case, the ribbon is still narrow because only a small part of the proton phase space distribution function can resonate with a locally generated ion cyclotron turbulence. (4) A concurrent operation of the large-scale interstellar turbulence and the locally generated small-scale turbulence might be responsible for the localized emission structures observed in the IBEX ribbon.
Experimental results on a new computer method for generating optimal policy variables in (s, S) inventory control problem

The problem of developing a computable solution to the optimal periodic review stationary (S, S) inventory control problem has not received the same level of attention as the theoretical works first initiated in 1951 by the well-known paper of Arrow, Harris, Marschak.
A conformational study of butyryl chloride using chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of butyryl chloride has been recorded between 8 and 16 GHz using a chirped pulse, Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The transitions recorded were assigned to two different conformers which have previously been designated syn-gauche and syn-anti. Quantum chemical calculations have produced rotational constants in good agreement with those obtained from the observed spectra. For the syn-gauche conformer the τ 1 (CCCO) dihedral angle is calculated to be 10° and the τ 2 (CCCC) dihedral angle is calculated to be 70°. For the syn-anti conformer τ 1 (CCCO) is calculated to be 0° and τ 2 (CCCC) is calculated to be 180°. For both MP2 and M06-2X methods with 6-311G∗∗ basis sets the syn-gauche conformer is calculated to be marginally lower in energy than the syn-anti conformer. The resolution of the experiments was sufficient to resolve hyperfine structure from the 35 Cl and 37 Cl nuclei in both conformers, and in all cases the full Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors have been determined for the first time.
Oranges, Anecdote and the Nature of Things

On August 6, 1763, the man who would become the greatest master of anecdotal form in English, James Boswell, and the object of his adulation and future biographical subject, Samuel Johnson, enter a church in Harwich. Boswell is about to take unwilling leave of his new friend, who is doing him the honor of seeing him off on his voyage to Holland. They approach the altar: "Johnson, whose piety was constant and fervent, sent me to my knees, saying, 'Now that you are going to leave your native country, recommend yourself to the protection of your CREATOR and REDEEMER/" Outside the church they talk "of Bishop Berkeley's ingenious sophistry to prove the non-existence of matter, and that every thing in the universe is merely ideal." Johnson is provoked by his companion's assertion that "though we are satisfied his doctrine is not true, it is impossible to refute it." "I shall never forget the alacrity," Boswell avows, "with which Johnson answered, striking his foot with mighty force against a large stone, till he rebounded from it, 'I refute it thus'" (Boswell I: 471). In this most iconic of Johnsoniana, the thing speaks for itself. Johnson's constant faith in his creator is equaled and expressed by his faith in the reality of objects. The anecdote, by extension, expresses Boswell's faith in Johnson; it is representative of the way in which, as I argued in Loving Dr. Johnson, "the force of the collision of man and object enacts the solidity of both, a solidity bolstered by the anecdote's unique proximity to historical reality" (49).1 But rather than interpret this oft-cited anecdote about the materiality of things anew, I choose to evoke it here as itself an object, the closest a narrative can get to a thing. Anecdotes function at the beginning of a variety of literary-critical, new-historical and just plain historical essays as stones critics kick to prove the reality and solidity of the historical matter they analyze. I'm struck in this context not by how the stone's heft proves Johnson's real-life vitality, but by how its materiality reminds us that the great author himself isor was (and this ambiguity reminds us that Boswell's version of the anecdote in the Life transpires in a revivifying present tense, while haunted by the inevitability of his subject's death)a weighty thing. The process by which matter is
Spoiling inside: And out internal political contestation and the middle east peace process

Actors turn to negotiating or spoiling as a means of contesting not only what a proposed peace settlement entails but also who has the power to decide the terms. Conflicts are more likely to witness negotiating and spoiling for purposes of internal contestation to the degree that one or both of the warring parties lack an institutionalized system of legitimate representation. Whether internal contestation leads a group to act as a peace maker or as a peace breaker is conditioned by its position in the internal balance of power. Two eras in the Palestinian national movement—the Palestine Liberation Organization’s bid to join the Geneva peace conference in 1973–74 and its engagement in the Oslo peace process from 1993 to 2000—illustrate these propositions. Leaders of national movements and rebel groups, no less than leaders of states, are systematically influenced by domestic politics. As such, sponsors of peace processes should expect spoiler problems unless a movement heals rifts within its ranks.
Probability learning as a function of momentary reinforcement probability.

Pigeons were trained on a probability learning task where the overall reinforcement probability was 0.50 for each response alternative but where the momentary reinforcement probability differed and depended upon the outcome of the preceding trial. In all cases, the maximum reinforcement occurred with a “win-stay, lose-shift” response pattern. When both position and color were relevant cues, the optimal response pattern was learned when the reinforcement probability for repeating the just-reinforced response was 0.80 but not when the probability was 0.65. When only color was relevant, learning occurred much more slowly, and only for subjects trained on large fixed ratio requirements.
Synchrotron x-ray optical properties of natural diamond.

Reflectance spectrum of a diamond crystal measured between 200.0 and 610.0 eV is presented. The x-ray reflectance spectrum was combined with an earlier ultraviolet optical spectrum of diamond. Ex- trapolations to these reflectance spectra were calculated using a set of Lorentz oscillators. These reflectance values were used in obtaining the spectral dependence of the optical dielectric function of diamond via a Kramers-Kronig transform. The accuracy of these optical constants and the reflectance extrapolations were verified using optical sum rules. The refractive index of the diamond is found to be greater than unity near 287.0 eV.
Titanium(IV) Citrate Speciation and Structure under Environmentally and Biologically Relevant Conditions

The water-soluble complexes of Ti(IV) with citrate are of interest in environmental, biological, and materials chemistry. The aqueous solution speciation is revealed by spectropotentiometric titration. From pH 3-8, given at least three equivalents of ligand, 3:1 citrate/titanium complexes predominate in solution with successive deprotonation of dangling carboxylates as the pH increases. In this range and under these conditions, hydroxo- or oxo-metal species are not supported by the data. At ligand/metal ratios between 1:1 and 3:1, the data are difficult to fit, and are consistent with the formation of such hydroxo- or oxo- species. Stability constants for observed species are tabulated, featuring log beta-values of 9.18 for the 1:1 complex [Ti(Hcit)](+), and 16.99, 20.41, 16.11, and 4.07 for the 3:1 complexes [Ti(H(2)cit)(3)](2-), [Ti(H(2)cit)(Hcit)(2)](4-), [Ti(Hcit)(2)(cit)](6-), and [Ti(cit)(3)](8-), respectively (citric acid = H(4)cit). Optical spectra for the species are reported. The complexes exhibit similar yet distinct spectra, featuring putative citrate-to-Ti(IV) charge-transfer absorptions (lambda(max) approximately 250-310 nm with epsilon approximately 5000-7000 M(-)(1) cm(-1)). The prevailing 3:1 citrate/titanium ratio in solution is supported by electrospray mass spectrometry data. The X-ray crystal structure of a fully deprotonated tris-citrate complex Na(8)[Ti(C(6)H(4)O(7))(3)].17H(2)O (1) (or Na(8)[Ti(cit)(3)].17H(2)O) that crystallizes from aqueous solution at pH 7-8 is reported. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P, with a = 11.634(2) Angstroms, b = 13.223(3) Angstroms, c = 13.291(3) Angstroms, V = 1982.9(7) Angstroms(3), and Z = 2.
REALTRAN: Real-Time Implementation Of Atmospheric-Transmittance Codes

REALTRAN is the generic name given to a series of computer codes developed at NRL for predicting atmospheric transmittance in real time. The REALTRAN algorithms, tailored to meet the requirements of specific applications, are derived both from appropriately modified variants of codes such as HITRAN and LOWTRAN and from recent results of NRL's own atmospheric-propagation field experiments. REALTRAN codes have been developed for both laser and broadband applications. These codes are presently implemented on a Hewlett-Packard model 9825A calculator which has been configured to scan inputs from external sensors. REALTRAN provides cost-effective capabilities for using locally monitored meteorological conditions to forecast the operational performance of specific electrooptical systems.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measuring Depression in African American Cancer Survivors: The Reliability and Validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Study--Depression (CES-D) Scale.

The Center for Epidemiologic Study—Depression (CES-D) Scale has been used to assess levels of depressive symptomatology in cancer survivors but has not been validated in African American cancer sur...
Role of the plantar fascia in digital stabilization. A case report

The plantar aponeurosis is a ligamentous structure that extends from the calcaneus to the proximal phalanges. Under tension, it functions to support the longitudinal arch, supinate the rearfoot, and stabilize the digits against the ground. The anatomy and biomechanics of the plantar fascia and plantar aponeurosis, particularly their role in digital stabilization, are reviewed. A case is presented showing a patient who developed hammer toes as a postoperative complication after having a portion of the plantar aponeurosis removed.
Photothermal radiometric detection and imaging of surface cracks

This paper discusses surface crack detection by photothermal radiometric imaging (PRI). In PRI, also called dynamic infrared scanning, a surface is scanned with a spot of heat. Imperfections are detected by radiometrically sensing changes in the surface temperature of a small area in the vicinity of this spot. In the work described, cracks narrower than 25 µm (0.001 in.) in a lightly rusted steel surface have been detected. Indiscrete scanning an amplitude modulated heating beam is moved in steps, remaining at each location long enough to measure amplitude and phase of the AC temperature. Incontinuous scanning a constant intensity heating beam is moved continuously while the temperature deviations are measured. This paper presents methods of calculating amplitude and phase of surface temperature for discrete scanning and instantaneous temperature for continuous scanning across a surface crack. For a steel surface scanned by a watt-level laser beam, predicted surface temperature deviations when crossing the crack are several degrees Celsius, with expected radiometrically detected power several orders of magnitude above the detector noise. In experiments performed, both techniques easily detected narrow cracks in a smooth, clean surface. Discolorations and pits, on the other hand, generate a disturbing type of “surface noise.” This noise was minimized by differential detection. Based on results obtained, continuously scanned PRI with a fan-type heating beam and array detection could become a viable way of mapping surface cracks at practical scanning speeds.
The road to moderation: the significance of Webster for legislation restricting abortion.

They only certain outcomes of the Webster decision is that state legislatures will be stimulated to enact more legislation regulating abortion. However it is unlikely that the worst prochoice fears will be realized. A return to the 19th century abortion prohibition era is very unlikely because of trends in Western societal attitudes and laws. Since 1973 and the Roe decision there have been more than 300 bills or acts enacted by state legislatures that regulate abortion. Whether it is criminal prohibitions licensing requirements zoning restrictions parental participation spousal participation informed consent health and sanitation regulations post viability regulations laws protecting the right of health care workers not to participate in abortion public funding restrictions or regulations of fetal experimentation abortion regulations have definitely been wide spread. The democratic process is going to produce a moderate position on abortion as a result of the Webster decision for 7 reasons: (1) the period before Roe was a time when abortion legislation was in a trend towards moderation. In 1962 abortion prohibitions were in place in all states. In 1967 4 states adopted an abortion reform position that allowed for abortion in the hard cases: (1) maternal health (2) fetal defect (3) rape/incest. Over the next 5 years 9 more states followed and 3 others went even farther by allowing unrestricted abortion during early pregnancy. (2) public opinion is consistent and strong in favoring abortion restrictions except for the hard cases. (3) the trend towards moderation in abortion regulations is closely related to other legal trends toward moderation. No fault divorce was a move towards moderation. The abortion experience in Western Europe was towards moderation. (5) Medical technological developments are putting the power of abortion in the hands of women. Abortificant drugs that can be used without medical assistance give women greater freedom. (6) The history of abortion law enforcement is very moderate. (7) Judicial power continues as all member of the Supreme Court have stated publicly that the Constitution does allow some room for abortion.
Performance of multiversion and distributed two-phase locking concurrency control mechanisms in distributed databases

In this paper, we have presented a detailed simulation study of a distributed multiversion and a distributed two-phase locking concurrency control mechanism (CCM). Our experiment concentrated on measuring the effect of message overhead, read:write ratios, data partitioning, and partial replication on the performance of these mechanisms. The effect of these parameters has not been investigated in any previous work. We simultated a blind-write model for two reasons: (a) all other works studied the behavior of multiversion CCMs under read-before-write model and observed a similar result, and (b) the performance of any multiversion CCM has not been studied under a blind-write model. A blind-write model is not unrealistic, and intutively the multiversion should provide much better performance. We observed that multiversion outperforms wound-wait (WW) in both partitioned and partially replicated databases. Multi version (MV) handles read-only and write-only transactions efficiently, and after a certain write percentage the throughput improves with this percentage. The message overhead progressively becomes less significant as the MPL (multiprogramming level) increases, indicating that in a heavily loaded system the throughput is least sensitive to message cost. We found that in the partially replicated case, 50% write does not show the lowest performance, as observed in the partitioned case.
A stimuli-responsive coaxial nanofilm for burst release

Polymeric nanofilms which change dimensions in response to environmental stimuli, such as temperature, open the possibility for the development of smart surfaces. We demonstrate the synthesis of a coaxial nanofilm with a hydrogel core and a shape memory shell to form temperature activated nanotubes. The nanofilm is fabricated by conformally coating the pores of anodic aluminium oxide membranes with a shape memory polymer shell and a hydrogel core using initiated chemical vapor deposition. The temperature response of the coaxial nanofilm is studied through the time release of a fluorescent dye encapsulated and adsorbed by the hydrogel layer. It is demonstrated that the burst release of the fluorescent dye occurs due to the stress applied by the shape memory outer layer when activated at elevated temperature.
Transversally bounded lattices

A problem stemming from a boundedness question for torsion modules and its translation into ideal lattices is explored in the setting of abstract lattices. Call a complete lattice L transversally bounded (resp., uniformly transversally bounded) if for all families (Xi)i∈Iof nonempty subsets of L with the property that ∨{xi‖i∈I}<1 for all choices of xi∈Xi, almost all of the sets Xihave join smaller than 1 (resp., ∪j∈JXjhas join smaller than 1 for some cofinite subset J of I). It is shown that the lattices which are transversally bounded, but not uniformly so, correspond to certain ultrafilters with peculiar boundedness properties similar to those studied by Ramsey. The prototypical candidates of the two types of lattices which one is led to construct from ultrafilters (in particular the lattices arising from what will be called ‘Ramsey systems’) appear to be of interest beyond the questions at stake.
Designing interpolation kernels for SAR data resampling

It is fairly common in radar signal processing that sampled data is not sampled precisely at the desired positions within a function. Resampling the data to more advantageous sample locations entails interpolation of the data. The radar engineer often picks a resampling or an interpolation technique that "is handy", or "seems to work", without any analytical justification for his choice. However, understanding the science and mathematics that underpin interpolation can avoid unexpected and undesirable side effects from a suboptimal choice. This paper details interpolation kernel characteristics, allowing intelligent choices for algorithm design, tailored for radar signal processing applications.
Deadly rescue: The confined space hazard

Abstract Rescue operations in confined spaces can expose the person(s) attempting rescue to hazardous atmospheres or to physical hazards such as engulf- ment, which are potentially fatal. Two sources of data in the United States on work-related fatalities — the National Institute for Occupa- tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system and investigations performed under the NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program — were used to examine confined space-related deaths. For the years 1980 through 1988, there was an average of 89 work-related deaths in confined spaces per year, and approximately 23 (25.5%) of those who died were persons attempting rescue. Asphyxiation by atmospheric hazards was the primary cause of death of those persons attempting rescue. Those persons who were attempting rescue and who died were more likely to be co-workers than public safety or emergency medical service (EMS) personnel. Since rescue operations in confined spaces present unique hazards, proper training of personnel and the availability of specialized equipment are required to protect persons attempting rescue from injury and death. Safety supervisors and public safety and EMS personnel should be familiar with the recognition of confined space hazards and the use of appropriate rescue techniques.
Application of multi-Regge theory to production processes

Abstract This paper describes and reviews both kinematic (phase space) and dynamical aspects of production processes within the framework of multi-Regge theory. Those techniques that rely on additional theoretical assumptions are not treated. As an illustrative example, the case of three-body final states is developed in considerable detail. A simplified multi-Regge amplitude is assumed and formulae for the resulting differential cross sections are given. The emphasis of this work is the analysis of experimental data containing potential multi-Regge events.
Flow of Competence in UX Design Practice

UX and design culture are beginning to dominate corporate priorities, but despite the current hype there is often a disconnect between the organizational efficiencies desired by executives and the knowledge of how UX can or should address these issues. This exploratory study addresses this space by reframing the concept of competence in UX to include the flow of competence between individual designers and the companies in which they work. Our reframing resulted in a preliminary schema based on interviews conducted with six design practitioners, which allows this flow to be traced in a performative way on the part of individuals and groups over time. We then trace this flow of individual and organizational competence through three case studies of UX adoption. Opportunities for use of this preliminary schema as a generative, rhetorical tool for HCI researchers to further interrogate UX adoption are considered, including accounting for factors that affect adoption.
EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF DL-THYROXINE-p-HYDROXYPHENYL ETHER

Aus dem D,L-Thyroxinmethylester (I)-wird durch Diacetylierung und selektive Entacetylierung das N-Acetylthyroxin (Ib) hergestellt und anschliesend zu entsprechenden Ethylester (Ic) umgesetzt.
The 90-kDa Ribosomal S6 Kinase (pp90rsk) Phosphorylates the N-terminal Regulatory Domain of IκBα and Stimulates Its Degradation in Vitro

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a eukaryotic member of the Rel family of transcription factors whose biological activity is post-translationally regulated by its assembly with various ankyrin-rich cytoplasmic inhibitors, including IkappaBalpha. Expression of NF-kappaB in the nucleus occurs after signal-induced phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and proteasome-mediated degradation of IkappaBalpha. The induced proteolysis of IkappaBalpha unmasks the nuclear localization signal within NF-kappaB, allowing its rapid migration into the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of many target genes. At present, the identity of the IkappaBalpha kinase(s) that triggers the first step in IkappaBalpha degradation remains unknown. We have investigated the potential function of the 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase, or pp90(rsk), as a signal-inducible IkappaBalpha kinase. pp90(rsk) lies downstream of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in the well characterized Ras-Raf-MEK-MAP kinase pathway that is induced by various growth factors and phorbol ester. We now show that pp90(rsk), but not pp70(S6K) or MAP kinase, phosphorylates the regulatory N terminus of IkappaBalpha principally on serine 32 and triggers effective IkappaBalpha degradation in vitro. When co-expressed in vivo in COS cells, IkappaBalpha and pp90(rsk) readily assemble into a complex that is immunoprecipitated with antibodies specific for either partner. While phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate produced rapid activation of pp90(rsk), in vivo, other potent NF-kappaB inducers, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and the Tax transactivator of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type I, failed to activate pp90(rsk). These data suggest that more than a single IkappaBalpha kinase exists within the cell and that these IkappaBalpha kinases are differentially activated by different NF-kappaB inducers.
Bayan: an Arabic text database management system

Most existing databases lack features which allow for the convenient manipulation of text. It is even more difficult to use them if the text language is not based on the Roman alphabet. The Arabic language is a very good example of this case. Many projects have attempted to use conventional database systems for Arabic data manipulation (including text data), but because of Arabic's many differences with English, these projects have met with limited success. In the Bayan project, the approach has been different. Instead of simply trying to adopt an environment to Arabic, the properties of the Arabic language were the starting point and everything was designed to meet the needs of Arabic, thus avoiding the shortcomings of other projects. A text database management system was designed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional database management systems in manipulating text data. Bayan's data model is based on an object-oriented approach which helps the extensibility of the system for future use. In Bayan, we designed the database with the Arabic text properties in mind. We designed it to support the way Arabic words are derived, classified, and constructed. Furthermore, linguistic algorithms (for word generation and morphological decomposition of words) were designed, leading to a formalization of rules of Arabic language writing and sentence construction. A user interface was designed on top of this environment. A new representation of the Arabic characters was designed, a complete Arabic keyboard layout was created, and a window-based Arabic user interface was also designed.
Wine as an Experience Good: Price Versus Enjoyment in Blind Tastings of Expensive and Inexpensive Wines*

Economic theorists maintain that wine is an experience good, a product whose quality can be evaluated only after purchase and consumption. Theory holds that consumers often rely on the price of experience goods as one cue to judge their quality. In this paper, however, I provide evidence that an important segment of wine consumers do not consider price a useful cue to quality. Specifically, I test the robustness of Goldstein et al.,'s (2008) finding that, in blind tastings, average wine drinkers consider less expensive wines to taste better than more expensive wines. Four blind tastings of 2006 red Bordeaux and 2009 white Burgundy with a price range of 119 were conducted, in which members of a wine club rated their extent of enjoyment of each wine. In three of the tastings, there was no relationship between price and enjoyment, while in the other the relationship was negative, lending additional credibility to the contention that an important segment of wine consumers do not find enjoyment to increase with price. (JEL Classification: C91)
Data envelopment analysis vs. principal component analysis: An illustrative study of economic performance of Chinese cities

This article compares two approaches in aggregating multiple inputs and multiple outputs in the evaluation of decision making units (DMUs), data envelopment analysis (DEA) and principal component analysis (PCA). DEA, a non-statistical efficiency technique, employs linear programming to weight the inputs/outputs and rank the performance of DMUs. PCA, a multivariate statistical method, combines new multiple measures defined by the inputs/outputs. Both methods are applied to three real world data sets that characterize the economic performance of Chinese cities and yield consistent and mutually complementary results. Nonparametric statistical tests are employed to validate the consistency between the rankings obtained from DEA and PCA.
Dynamic force profile in hydraulic hybrid vehicles: a numerical investigation

A hybrid hydraulic vehicle (HHV) combines a hydraulic sub-system with the conventional drivetrain in order to improve fuel economy for heavy vehicles. The added hydraulic module manages the storage and release of fluid power necessary to assist the motion of the vehicle. The power collected by a pump/motor (P/M) from the regenerative braking phase is stored in a high-pressure accumulator and then released by the P/M to the driveshaft during the acceleration phase. This technology is effective in significantly improving fuel-economy for heavy-class vehicles with frequent stop-and-go drive schedules. Despite improved fuel economy and higher vehicle acceleration, noise and vibrations are one of the main problems of these vehicles. The dual function P/Ms are the main source of noise and vibration in a HHV. This study investigates the dynamics of a P/M and particularly the profile and frequency-dependence of the dynamic forces generated by a bent-axis P/M unit. To this end, the fluid dynamics side of the problem has been simplified for investigating the system from a dynamics perspective. A mathematical model of a bent axis P/M has been developed to investigate the cause of vibration and noise in HHVs. The forces are calculated in time and frequency domains. The results of this work can be used to study the vibration response of the chassis and to design effective vibration isolation systems for HHVs.
Automatic chunk detection in human-computer interaction

This paper describes an algorithm to detect user's mental chunks by analysis of pause lengths in goal-directed human-computer interaction. Identifying and characterizing users' chunks can help in gauging the users' level of expertise. The algorithm described in this paper works with information collected by an automatic logging mechanism. Therefore, it is applicable to situations in which no human intervention is required to perform the analysis, such as adaptive interfaces. An empirical study was conducted to validate the algorithm, showing that mental chunks and their characteristics can indeed be inferred from analysis of human-computer interaction logs. Users performing a variety of goal-directed tasks were monitored. Using an automated logging tool, every command invoked, every operation performed with the input devices, as well as all system responses were recorded. Analysis of the interaction logs was performed by a program that implements a chunk detection algorithm that looks at command sequences and timings. The results support the hypothesis that a significant number of user mental chunks can be detected by our algorithm.
Bulk evidence for a time-reversal symmetry broken superconducting state in URu2Si2

URu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ is claimed to be a chiral $d$-wave superconductor with a ${k}_{z}({k}_{x}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}i{k}_{y})$ time-reversal symmetry broken orbital component for the Cooper pair wave function, which contains both nodal points and lines of nodes. To study the magnetic response of such an unconventional state through a bulk, thermodynamic probe, we measured the magnetic torque $\ensuremath{\tau}$ in very high-quality, well-characterized URu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ single crystals at high magnetic fields $H$ and at very low temperatures $T$. The magnetization $M(H)\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\tau}(H)/H$ of URu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$, in its superconducting state and for angles within ${15}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ from the $\mathit{ab}$ plane, reveals a change in its sign for $H$ approaching ${H}_{c2}$: from a clear diamagnetic response dominated by the pinning of vortices to a state with a smaller but ``paramagneticlike'' hysteretic response which disappears at ${H}_{c2}$, thus implying that it is intrinsically related to the superconducting state. We argue that this anomalous, angular-dependent behavior is evidence for a time-reversal symmetry broken superconducting state in URu${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$, although not necessarily for the ${k}_{z}({k}_{x}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}i{k}_{y})$ state.
GSPN analysis of retrial systems with servers breakdowns and repairs

Multiserver retrial systems arise in telecommunication and computer networks areas. It is of basic importance to study performance and reliability of retrial systems with unreliable servers, because of limited ability of repairs and heavy influence of the breakdowns on the performance of the system. However, so far the repairable retrial systems are analyzed only by queueing theory and almost works assumed that service station consists of one single server. In this paper, we give a detailed analysis of finite-source retrial systems with multiple servers subject to random breakdowns and repairs using generalized stochastic petri nets model. We show how this high level model allows us to cope with the complexity of such retrial systems involving the unreliability of the servers, under the different breakdowns disciplines. The main steady-state performance and reliability indices are derived and several numerical calculations were performed to show the effect of servers number, retrial, failure and repair rates on the performability measures of the system.
A perspective metric for visual slant and shape.

Linear retinal perspective as a cue for visual slant and shape is analyzed in terms of its geometrical and psychophysical properties. Geometrically, retinal perspective is defined as the visual-angle difference in the projective magnitudes of the near and far edges of slanted rectangles. The psychophysical effectiveness of retinal perspective is then determined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the sensitivity of the eye to retinal perspective is shown to be inversely related to the visual-angle height of slanted rectangles which are rotated about a horizontal axis. In Experiment 2, the visual shape of monocularly observed slanted rectangles is shown to depend solely on a simple prediction derived from Weber's Law, in which it is assumed that perceived height is a linear function of visual-angle height.
Lack of effect of exendin-4 and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7,36)-amide on insulin action in non-diabetic humans.

Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether rapid conversion to inactive and potentially antagonistic peptides could alter the response to GLP-1. Methods. We evaluated the ability of exendin-4, a GLP-1 analogue resistant to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, to modulate insulin-induced stimulation of glucose uptake and suppression of glucose production in eight healthy subjects during infusion of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol·kg–1·min–1), exendin-4 (0.12 pmol·kg–1·min–1), or saline. Glucose was clamped at 5.3 mmol/l and insulin was infused to progressively increase insulin concentrations to about 65, 190 and 700 pmol/l, respectively. Endogenous insulin secretion was inhibited with somatostatin to ensure comparable portal insulin concentrations while glucagon and growth hormone were maintained at basal concentrations. Results. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and growth hormone concentrations did not differ on the three occasions. In contrast, cortisol concentrations were greater during both exendin-4 (25.1±4.4 mmol/l per 7 h; p<0.01) and GLP-1, (17.0±2.0 mmol/l 7 h; p<0.05) than saline (13.5±1.5 mmol/l per 7 h). While insulin-induced stimulation of glucose disappearance at the highest insulin concentrations tended to be greater and insulin-induced suppression of glucose production lower in the presence of exendin-4 or GLP-1 than saline, the differences were not significant. Conclusion/interpretation. Exendin-4 and GLP-1 increase cortisol secretion in human subjects. However, neither alters insulin action in non-diabetic human subjects. These data also suggest that the lack of an effect of GLP-1 on insulin action is not likely to be explained by rapid degradation to inactive or antagonistic peptides.
Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Azinphos-Methyl to Two Estuarine Species, Mysidopsis bahia and Cyprinodon variegatus

The acute and chronic toxicity of azinphos-methyl (Guthion) was evaluated for two estuarine species in the laboratory. Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were selected as the representative invertebrate and vertebrate estuarine test species, respectively. The toxicological endpoints determined for each species included the 96-h LC50, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC), and the acute-to-chronic ratio. The 96-h LC50 value derived for sheepshead minnows (2.0 μg/L) was seven times higher than the 96-h LC50 value (0.29 μg/L) derived for mysids. The MATCs were 0.024 μg/L and 0.24 μg/L for the mysid and the sheepshead minnow, respectively. The estimated acute-to-chronic ratios were 12 for mysids and 8.3 for sheepshead minnows.
Direct observation of the two-plasmon-decay common plasma wave using ultraviolet Thomson scattering

A 263-nm Thomson-scattering beam was used to directly probe two-plasmon-decay (TPD) excited electron plasma waves (EPWs) driven by between two and five 351-nm beams on the OMEGA Laser System. The amplitude of these waves was nearly independent of the number of drive beams at constant overlapped intensity, showing that the observed EPWs are common to the multiple beams. In an experimental configuration where the Thomson-scattering diagnostic was not wave matched to the common TPD EPWs, a broad spectrum of TPD-driven EPWs was observed, indicative of nonlinear effects associated with TPD saturation. Electron plasma waves corresponding to Langmuir decay of TPD EPWs were observed in both Thomson-scattering spectra, suggesting the Langmuir decay instability as a TPD saturation mechanism. Simulated Thomson-scattering spectra from three-dimensional numerical solutions of the extended Zakharov equations of TPD are in excellent agreement with the experimental spectra and verify the presence of the Langmuir decay instability.
Nanomechanical analysis of cells from cancer patients

Change in cell stiffness is a new characteristic of cancer cells that affects the way they spread1,2. Despite several studies on architectural changes in cultured cell lines1,3, no ex vivo mechanical analyses of cancer cells obtained from patients have been reported. Using atomic force microscopy, we report the stiffness of live metastatic cancer cells taken from the body (pleural) fluids of patients with suspected lung, breast and pancreas cancer. Within the same sample, we find that the cell stiffness of metastatic cancer cells is more than 70% softer, with a standard deviation over five times narrower, than the benign cells that line the body cavity. Different cancer types were found to display a common stiffness. Our work shows that mechanical analysis can distinguish cancerous cells from normal ones even when they show similar shapes. These results show that nanomechanical analysis correlates well with immunohistochemical testing currently used for detecting cancer.
Endocrine, psychological and genital response to sexual arousal in men.

Abstract The endocrine, genital, and cognitive-affective responses of sexually functional men were compared under sexually arousing and non-arousing conditions. Sexually aroused subjects showed significantly higher serum luteinizing hormone concentrations than non-aroused subjects. Testosterone concentration was correlated with higher levels of penile response, but it did not prime further sexual arousal. Cortisol and prolactin concentrations decreased in both groups, more in the non-aroused group, and appeared to both inhibit and facilitate sexual response, depending on the level of anxiety reported by the subjects. Cortisol was correlated with self-reported worry, and testosterone with relaxation. These results support a multidimensional approach to the endocrine study of sexual arousal that includes both cognitive and genital response components.
Clinical and pharmacologic aspects of blinatumomab in the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults remains a challenging disease to treat, and novel therapies are needed. Precursor-B ALL comprises 80% of cases, and the CD19 antigen is expressed in nearly all precursor-B ALL patients. Bispecific T-cell-engaging antibodies are novel bioengineered proteins. The bispecific T-cell-engaging antibody blinatumomab engages polyclonal T cells to CD19-expressing B cells. By binding to both CD3 and CD19, blinatumomab physically brings these T cells in close proximity to malignant B cells and potentiates T-cell-induced cytotoxic cell kill. Blinatumomab requires continuous intravenous infusion due to its short half-life, the need for continuous exposure for the drug to exert sufficient efficacy, and lessened toxicity. A phase II trial of B-cell ALL patients with persistent or relapsed minimal residual disease demonstrated an 80% rate of complete molecular remission. Cytokine-release syndrome and central nervous system events, such as seizures and encephalopathy, are reversible toxicities. Promising results in B-cell ALL with minimal residual disease have led to further evaluation of this drug in newly diagnosed and relapsed B-cell ALL.
Salmonella-Induced Cell Death Is Not Required for Enteritis in Calves

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes cell death in bovine monocyte-derived and murine macrophages in vitro by a sipB-dependent mechanism. During this process, SipB binds and activates caspase-1, which in turn activates the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta through cleavage. We used bovine ileal ligated loops to address the role of serovar Typhimurium-induced cell death in induction of fluid accumulation and inflammation in this diarrhea model. Twelve perinatal calves had 6- to 9-cm loops prepared in the terminal ileum. They were divided into three groups: one group received an intralumen injection of Luria-Bertani broth as a control in 12 loops. The other two groups (four calves each) were inoculated with 0.75 x 10(9) CFU of either wild-type serovar Typhimurium (strain IR715) or a sopB mutant per loop in 12 loops. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were scored for inflammation, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were detected in situ. Fluid accumulation began at 3 h postinfection (PI). Inflammation was detected in all infected loops at 1 h PI. The area of TUNEL-labeled cells in the wild-type infected loops was significantly higher than that of the controls at 12 h PI, when a severe inflammatory response and tissue damage had already developed. The sopB mutant induced the same amount of TUNEL-positive cells as the wild type, but it was attenuated for induction of fluid secretion and inflammation. Our results indicate that serovar Typhimurium-induced cell death is not required to trigger an early inflammatory response and fluid accumulation in the ileum.
Discourse ethics for computer ethics: a heuristic for engaged dialogical reflection

Attempts to employ discourse ethics for assessing communication and information technologies have tended to focus on managerial and policy-oriented contexts. These initiatives presuppose institutional resources for organizing sophisticated consultation processes that elicit stakeholder input. Drawing on Jurgen Habermas's discourse ethics, this paper supplements those initiatives by developing a more widely usable framework for moral inquiry and reflection on problematic cyberpractices. Given the highly idealized character of discourse ethics, a usable framework must answer two questions: (1) How should those who lack organizational power (e.g., concerned citizens, students) conduct their moral inquiry under non-ideal conditions of discourse? (2) How ought they to understand the moral force of the judgments they reach under such conditions? In response, I develop the heuristic implications of Habermas's principle of universalization. To render that principle usable for non-ideal discourse, I propose a modification that yields a scalar measure of "dialogically robust" judgments that are responsive to the actual state of discussion. To illustrate the use of these principles, I sketch two case studies, which examine the moral acceptability of violent video gaming and government cyber-surveillance.
An Assessment of Allometry for Sexual Size Dimorphism in Mainland Anoles

ABSTRACT. Allometry for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) occurs when the degree of SSD varies with overall body size and is common in animals, including lizards. Previous reviews of allometry for SSD showed ‘Iguanid’ lizards to be comprised of mostly malelarger species which showed weak and statistically non-significant allometry for SSD. Beta-anoles (or Norops) are better suited for analysis, however, because they show extensive, up-to-date phylogenetic support, and presumably share certain ecological and life history traits. Here, I use phylogenetically independent contrasts of log male and log female size to assess allometry for SSD in 23 species of mainland anoles. The species of Norops measured here showed mixed-bias SSD (i.e., both male-larger and female-larger species) and the degree of SSD varied considerably. The slope of MA regression (and its 95% confidence interval) indicated that Norops showed isometry and did not exhibit allometry consistent with Rensch's Rule. Moreover, a pairwise t-test of ind...
The Predictive Validity of Work/Career-Related Attitudes and Intentions on Pharmacists' Turnover Behavior

ABSTRACTA longitudinal study design was used to investigate the predictive validity of a previously developed model. Reasons for remaining in the profession or with the employer were also investigated. Responses were received from over 60% of die original sample. Demographic factors and job withdrawal intention were the strongest predictors of turnover from the employer. Demographic factors and career withdrawal intention were the strongest predictors of turnover from the profession. Respondents remained in the profession and with the employer due to continuance rather than normative commitment. Over time, career and organizational commitments had a significant positive relationship. Respondents with high career and organizational commitments at Time 1 had high career and job withdrawal intentions at Time 2. These findings suggest that results based on cross-sectional data should be confirmed through longitudinal analyses.