cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Control for Bidirectional Power Flow of a Parallel Resonant Converter

A new control parameter is proposed to achieve output regulation and bidirectional power flow of a parallel-resonant converter which employs a controlled output rectifier. The control parameter, ? angle, is defined as the displacement angle between the firing of the inverter switches and their corresponding rectifier switches. Employing ? angle control, the control-to-output characteristics of the converter are shown to be load independent. Closed-form expressions for the steady-state operation are derived. Desired operating regions are analytically defined such that all inverter switches are naturally commutated and output rectifier switches are line commutated.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Guided by Complex Electrograms

Background— Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) guided by complex fractionated atrial electrograms has been reported to eliminate AF in a large proportion of patients. However, only a small number of patients with chronic AF have been included in previous studies. Methods and Results— In 100 patients (mean age, 57±11 years) with chronic AF, radiofrequency ablation was performed to target complex fractionated atrial electrograms at the pulmonary vein ostial and antral areas, various regions of the left atrium, and the coronary sinus until AF terminated or all identified complex fractionated atrial electrograms were eliminated. Ablation sites consisted of ≥1 pulmonary vein in 46% of patients; the left atrial septum, roof, or anterior wall in all; and the coronary sinus in 55%. During 14±7 months of follow-up after a single ablation procedure, 33% of patients were in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic drugs, 38% had AF, 17% had both AF and atrial flutter, 9% had persistent atrial fl...
Making Progress in Mental Health Policy in Conservative Times: One Step at a Time

Progress in mental health services has been made incrementally in a sequence of policy steps. In recent years, in spite of political conservatism, progressive changes have advanced new principles of service delivery. Reports from the surgeon general and the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health advanced these principles, including recovery and evidence-based practices. Both of these high-level reports were influenced by the findings of the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). The Schizophrenia PORT established the effectiveness of mental health treatments and supports, which provided a scientific foundation for the optimistic focus on recovery and its expectation of improved outcomes for individuals with severe mental disorders. The PORT study also established the gap between treatment recommendations and actual services. Concern about this gap has motivated efforts to transform services by implementing evidence-based practices. Advances in broad mental health and social policy, coupled with continued advances in science, have the potential to improve the care of individuals who experience severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Proving termination assertions in dynamic logics

Total correctness assertions (TCAs) have long been considered a natural formalization of successful program termination. However, research dating back to the 1980s suggests that validity of TCAs is a notion of limited interest; we corroborate this by proving compactness and Herbrand properties for the valid TCAs, defining in passing a new sound, complete, and syntax-directed deductive system for TCAs. It follows that proving TCAs whose truth depends on underlying inductive data-types is impossible in logics of programs that are sound for all structures, such as dynamic logic based on Segerberg's PDL, even when augmented with powerful first-order theories like Peano arithmetic. Harel's convergence rule bypasses this difficulty, but is methodologically and conceptually problematic, in addition to being unsound for general validity. We propose instead to bind variables to inductive data via DL's box operator, leading to an alternative formalization of termination assertions, which we dub inductive TCA (ITCA). We observe that a TCA is provable in Harel's DL exactly when the corresponding ITCA is provable in Segerberg's DL, thereby showing that the convergence rule is not foundationally or practically necessary. We also show that validity of ITCAs is directly reducible to validity of partial correctness assertions, confirming the foundational importance of the latter.
Causal Learning Across Domains

Five studies investigated (a) children's ability to use the dependent and independent probabilities of events to make causal inferences and (b) the interaction between such inferences and domain-specific knowledge. In Experiment 1, preschoolers used patterns of dependence and independence to make accurate causal inferences in the domains of biology and psychology. Experiment 2 replicated the results in the domain of biology with a more complex pattern of conditional dependencies. In Experiment 3, children used evidence about patterns of dependence and independence to craft novel interventions across domains. In Experiments 4 and 5, children's sensitivity to patterns of dependence was pitted against their domain-specific knowledge. Children used conditional probabilities to make accurate causal inferences even when asked to violate domain boundaries.
Androgenic Control of Phallic Papillae in Hamsters: A Quantitative Analysis Using the Scanning Electron Microscope

The scanning electron microscope was used to measure the density and linear characteristics of phallic papillae in hamsters. Papillae at the distal end of the penis were smaller and more highly concentrated than those at the proximal end. Castration of adult males resulted in the disappearance of papillae within 3 weeks after the operation. The administration of testosterone propionate (TP), but not estradiol benzoate, maintained papillae in adult castrates. The ability of adult females to elaborate papillae on the clitoris in response to exogenous androgen was enhanced markedly by treatment with as little as 10 �.zgTP during the neonatal period.
The role of microprocesses in macroscale magnetotail dynamics

Microphysical processes influence the behavior of macroscopic variables and hence the dynamical processes on larger scales through the isotropization of the pressure tensor and through anomalous transport processes which affect the conservation and transport of momentum, energy, and magnetic flux. Using MHD simulations of the dynamic evolution of the magnetotail with deviations from ideal, isotropic, and isentropic MHD, it is demonstrated that each of these deviations may have drastic effects on the stability and dynamic behavior of the magnetotail.
Low Intensity Reconnaissance Aircraft/Reconnaissance Management System

A Reconnaissance Management System (RMS) for use in a Low Intensity Reconnaissance Aircraft (LIRA) is described. This RMS includes all system control functions (such as sensor selection and pointing) pod management functions (doors, turrets, etc.) as well as processing of the video output of the selected sensor to produce a standard format video signal for viewing and recording. The LIRA/RMS was required to utilize to the greatest extent possible existing equipment and designs in order to expedite development and allow for concept validation flight demonstrations on an accelerated schedule. The LIRA RMS which was flight demonstrated is described as well as system enhancements which have been added since the flight demos and others which are currently being developed.
Settling the Canadian Colonies: A Comparison of Two Nineteenth-Century Land Companies

Two British land companies, the Canada Company and the British American Land Company (BALC), were active during the nineteenth century in settling what are now Ontario and the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Both purchased large tracts of land from the British government, with two goals: to provide funds for the governors of Canada and to relieve Britain of its surplus population. The Canada Company worked closely with the government to meet these objectives, whereas BALC indulged in land speculation and made immigration a secondary priority. One was successful, and the other struggled throughout its existence. Their success or failure was the directresult of how well they dealt with both the changing economic climate and the British and Canadian political situation.
Where there's smoke there's money: tobacco industry campaign contributions and U.S. Congressional voting.

Background Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. A direct contributor to this massive health burden is the effectiveness of the tobacco industry's activities, including campaign contributions. Methods Voting records of 527 members of the 106th U.S. Congress were obtained for 49 tobacco-related bills between 1997 and 2000. Tobacco industry political action committee (PAC) contributions for each member were summed from 1993 to 2000. A cross-sectional, multilevel model was constructed that predicts voting behavior based on amount of contributions, political party, home state, and amount of state tobacco agriculture. The data were analyzed in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Results A total of $6,827,763 was received by the legislators from 17 tobacco industry PACs, an average of $12,956 per member. Senate Republicans received the most money (mean $22,004), while Senate Democrats received the least ($6,057). Republicans voted pro-tobacco 73% of the time and Democrats voted pro-tobacco only 23% of the time ( p p p Conclusions Tobacco industry contributions, political party, and state-level factors influence the voting behavior of Congress members. In the 106th Congress, Republicans voted pro-tobacco over three times as often as Democrats. However, for those Democrats who voted pro-tobacco, the relationship between receiving tobacco industry PAC money and a pro-tobacco vote was stronger than it was for Republicans.
Real-world implementation of the location stack: the universal location framework

Both the research community and developers in industry have identified the need for a clearly defined vocabulary and programming framework for location technologies. A layered location stack that provides appropriate abstractions, common terminology, and a clear API has been proposed in the last edition of WMCSA. We relate the experience gained in applying the location stack abstractions to the design and implementation of a location system using three separate location technologies integrated in a wireless computer. A single application interface, termed the universal location framework, is designed to aggregate indoor, outdoor, and proximity sensor technologies. Our focus is on how well partitioning and parameter passing between the layers worked for our purposes as well as identifying system requirements not currently part of the stack. In closing, we provide evidence in support of the location stack's usefulness and we make some recommendations for its potential evolution.
Chemically Mediated Mechanical Expansion of the Pollen Tube Cell Wall

Morphogenesis of plant cells is tantamount to the shaping of the stiff cell wall that surrounds them. To this end, these cells integrate two concomitant processes: 1), deposition of new material into the existing wall, and 2), mechanical deformation of this material by the turgor pressure. However, due to uncertainty regarding the mechanisms that coordinate these processes, existing models typically adopt a limiting case in which either one or the other dictates morphogenesis. In this report, we formulate a simple mechanism in pollen tubes by which deposition causes turnover of cell wall cross-links, thereby facilitating mechanical deformation. Accordingly, deposition and mechanics are coupled and are both integral aspects of the morphogenetic process. Among the key experimental qualifications of this model are: its ability to precisely reproduce the morphologies of pollen tubes; its prediction of the growth oscillations exhibited by rapidly growing pollen tubes; and its prediction of the observed phase relationships between variables such as wall thickness, cell morphology, and growth rate within oscillatory cells. In short, the model captures the rich phenomenology of pollen tube morphogenesis and has implications for other plant cell types.
Growth suppression by an E2F-binding-defective retinoblastoma protein (RB): contribution from the RB C pocket.

ABSTRACT Growth suppression by the retinoblastoma protein (RB) is dependent on its ability to form complexes with transcription regulators. At least three distinct protein-binding activities have been identified in RB: the large A/B pocket binds E2F, the A/B pocket binds the LXCXE peptide motif, and the C pocket binds the nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Substitution of Trp for Arg 661 in the B region of RB (mutant 661) inactivates both E2F and LXCXE binding. The tumor suppression function of mutant 661 is not abolished, because this allele predisposes its carriers to retinoblastoma development with a low penetrance. In cell-based assays, 661 is shown to inhibit G1/S progression. This low-penetrance mutant also induces terminal growth arrest with reduced but detectable activity. We have constructed mutations that disrupt C pocket activity. When overproduced, the RB C-terminal fragment did not induce terminal growth arrest but could inhibit G1/S progression, and this activity was abolished by the C-pocket mutations. In full-length RB, the C-pocket mutations reduced but did not abolish RB function. Interestingly, combination of the C-pocket and 661 mutations completely abolished RB’s ability to cause an increase in the percentage of cells in G1 and to induce terminal growth arrest. These results suggest that the A/B or C region can induce a prolongation of G1 through mechanisms that are independent of each other. In contrast, long-term growth arrest requires combined activities from both regions of RB. In addition, E2F and LXCXE binding are not the only mechanisms through which RB inhibits cell growth. The C pocket also contributes to RB-mediated growth suppression.
Preliminary analysis of long‐period basin response in the Los Angeles Region from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake

Long-period (1–10 sec) ground motions recorded in the Los Angeles basin region during the Northridge earthquake show complex waveforms, extended durations and multiple sets of arrivals which cannot be attributed solely to source processes or wave propagation within a plane-layered medium. These features suggest a strong interaction between the propagating seismic wave field and the laterally varying subsurface geologic structure of this region. Recorded motions at a hard rock site in the Santa Monica Mountains (scrs) are smaller by nearly a factor of three in peak velocity compared to recordings at more distant sites in the adjacent, northwest portion of the Los Angeles basin. In addition, although the rock site recording has a relatively simple wave shape, the basin site recordings are dominated by late arriving, large amplitude pulses of energy. We interpret these arrivals to be surface waves, which are generated by body waves interacting with the thickening margin of the basin. A preliminary modeling analysis of these data indicates that a combination of both large-scale (deep basin) and small-scale (shallow micro-basin) structures are needed to explain the observed responses.
Impact of Cache Coherence Protocols on the Processing of Network Traffic

Since the introduction of the 10 GbE standard in 2002, the ability of general purpose processors to efficiently process network traffic with common protocols such as TCP/IP has been revisited and critically evaluated. However, recent commercially available processors such as Intelreg Coretrade 2 Duo Processor introduce microarchitectural enhancements that could significantly influence the approach to accelerating network processing. We examine the network performance of a real platform containing Intelreg Coretrade micro-architecture based processors, the role of coherency and a prototype implementation of direct cache placement (direct cache access or DCA) of inbound network traffic. We observe that a substantial portion of the time relates to the inefficiency of I/O specific coherence protocols in the platform. We demonstrate that a relatively, low complexity implementation of DCA called 'Prefetch Hint' provides a 15 to 43% speed-up to receive-side processing across a range of I/O sizes and present a detailed characterization of the benefits.
Porosities in dental gold castings. II. Effects of mold temperature, sprue size and dimension of wax pattern

An investigation was undertaken to de­ termine the effect of variation of surface area-to-volume ratio, mold temperature and sprue dimensions on the apparent specific gravity (amount of porosity) of dental gold castings. The specific gravity of dental gold alloy was studied in both the wrought state and the cast state. Gold alloy used in the study was melted and solidified three times in order to elimi­ nate the effect of the changes from the wrought to the cast state. Results of the study showed that the apparent specific gravity of a casting is dependent on the thickness of the sprue, the length of the sprue and the temperature of the mold. Sprue thickness is the most significant single factor affecting specific gravity.
Plant Innate Immunity: Perception of Conserved Microbial Signatures

Plants and animals sense conserved microbial signatures through receptors localized to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. These receptors typically carry or associate with non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) kinases that initiate complex signaling networks cumulating in robust defense responses. In plants, coregulatory receptor kinases have been identified that not only are critical for the innate immune response but also serve an essential function in other regulatory signaling pathways.
Assessing Student Writing: The Self-Revised Essay.

In an effort to assess student writing in a way that reflects current views of writing (i.e., as a social process supported by the interaction of a number of cognitive sub-processes), and yet still seeks to determine what students can do independently, it has become a common practice to include timed essays in student portfolios. However, this practice adds to the already heavy cognitive load, identified by Hamp-Lyons and Condon, that the assessment of portfolios places on readers. Here, I suggest an alternative method of assessment—the self-revised essay. The self-revised essay requires that students, at the beginning of the semester, write an essay in response to a prompt that reflects a theme that runs through course texts and discussions. Then, throughout the semester, students revisit, reflect on, and revise their essays three more times, with all reflections and revisions taking place in class. The result is a multi-drafted essay, written independently, but informed by course texts, class discussions, and instructor and peer feedback on other essays written for the class. As an assessment tool, it offers the best of both worlds—like the portfolio, it reflects current views of writing, and, like the timed essay, it allows readers to have full confidence that students are the sole authors of their work. Further, it does both without placing on readers an overwhelming cognitive load that might compromise the assessment process.
Community Attachment and Voting for School Vouchers

Objective The analysis of public support for school voucher programs has focused on economic self-interest and has paid little attention to the role of community. We propose a model of support for school vouchers that focuses on community attachment. We theorize that areas with growing residential populations will have less community attachment and be more supportive of school voucher programs while areas with long-established residents will have stronger attachments to their community institutions and be less supportive of voucher programs. Method We test this community attachment model using data from a 2007 Utah referendum on school vouchers combined with demographic data. Result The data show support for the community attachment model after controlling for the effects of partisanship and socioeconomic factors. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that the nature of community life is an important consideration for understanding the appeal of public school voucher programs.
IL-17 receptor composition.

Sarah Gaffen describes a 2006 paper by Toy et al. that elucidated the subunit composition of the receptor for IL-17.
Fifty Shades of Sex and the Office

In this book review, Professor Drobac introduces Julie Berebitsky’s Sex and the Office: A History of Gender, Power and Desire (2012).
Electromyographic biofeedback to dissociate an upper extremity synergy pattern: a case report.

While EMG biofeedback has been presented as a valuable therapeutic tool in the treatment of numerous psychophysiologic and pain disorders, it has been an especially important adjunct in the muscle reeducation of the hemiplegic patient.1 Several authors have demonstrated the utility of EMG biofeedback training in the rehabilitation of neuromuscular dysfunction following a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).2,3 Relatively little attention has been paid, however, to the potential role of EMG biofeedback in facilitating the remediation of upper extremity dysfunction in these patients.4,5 One common obstacle to upper extremity rehabilitation following a CVA is the development of synergy patterns. For example, when a flexor synergy pattern is present, shoulder flexion is accompanied by simultaneous elbow flexion. To assist the patient in regaining functional use of the involved extremity, Brunnstrom suggests that patterns of muscle action be introduced that deviate from the basic limb synergies.6
Carriers of Globalization: Loss of Home and Self Within the African Diaspora

This article deals with the tension of “returnees” and how that tension reflects the distribution of resources in globalization through the context of Jamaica. Returnees are often citizens who leave Jamaica in order to take advantage of economic opportunity or to create upward social mobility not presently available to them in their homeland. Returnees maintain connections with family and friends with the desire and purpose to one day return. However, many returnees have been subjected to violent attacks upon returning to their homeland. Returnees in a sense become carriers of globalization, and their return to their homeland signals the very embodiment of the developed world within the developing world.The ability of Jamaicans to return is made difficult by the realities of globalism; one cannot understand the recent violence against returnees without considering both its material and symbolic effects. Many of the ambitious Jamaican natives who had the means or the connections fled and/or were lured to “First World” countries near the top of the global hierarchy of places. Thus, the returnees similarly bear the trappings of relative affluence gained during their sojourn in the “First World.” However, citizens of the homeland threaten to deprive themselves of the benefits inherent in allowing the returnees to return. The threat of violence against returnees not only threatens to deprive a significant population a desired return to their homeland but also serves to deny the homeland the needed resources and economic capital the returnee has spent a career accumulating. A national dialogue is in order, lest Jamaica suffer yet another economic setback brought on by Jamaicans abroad who may be inclined to sever their relationships, economic and otherwise, with the island. The Jamaican economy needs the infusion of capital brought by the returnees and the returnees need a peaceful return to their homeland.
Optimum Product Recovery in Chemical Process Design

One of the most important issues in the design of chemical plants is the trade-off between product recovery and costs, both investment capital and operating energy costs. High recovery of valuable products is desirable, but high recovery requires high separation costs. Distillation columns with more stages and higher reboiler duties are required as the specified recovery is increased. The optimum recovery depends on the difficulty of separation (relative volatility) and the value of the product. This paper quantitatively explores the impact of these parameters on the design of chemical processes.
A Sampler of Randomness

In his note [7], Kac asked the question "What is random?" and presented evidence that at the very least, there is no consensus on an answer, and that very possibly there is no absolute answer. In order to explore that question, this paper samples concepts of randomness from information theory, number theory, complexity theory, and physics. Further, it shows how to illustrate some of these ideas using electronic devices that are small, inexpensive, and simple to build. One of the troublesome points in answering Kac's question can be addressed by distinguishing between applying the word "random" to a finite sequence of numbers as opposed to a process that generates a sequence of numbers. The obvious point here is that flipping a coin n times, a process that is generally considered a paradigm of a random process, produces any of the 2n possible sequences of heads or tails with equal likelihood; in that sense, then, a sequence of n heads is just as random as any other sequence. Let us consider the issue of the randomness of a sequence of numbers first. The intuitive criterion for such a sequence to be considered random technically, pseudo-random is that it "look random", in other words, that it exhibit disorder. Knuth [8] presents various statistical tests for measuring the disorder of a finite sequence of numbers, the simplest of which is, for example, determining the relative frequency of all possible patterns of length 1, 2, and so on. Chaitin [4] and Kolmogorov [9] take a different approach as to whether a sequence "looks random". In their algorithmic information theory, they measure the randomness of a (long) finite sequence of bits by the length of the shortest computer program that can produce that sequence of bits: if the program is substantially shorter than the sequence, then the sequence is not random. (To make this precise, Chaitin [5] defines exactly what he means by a program.) For example, a sequence of n l's can be generated by the program:
A Preliminary Report on the Academic Performance of Pharmacy Students in a Distance Education Program

Objectives. Specific objectives were to (1) compare the academic performance of students attending the founding versus distance campuses of one college of pharmacy and (2) investigate whether the campus attended was associated with first professional year academic performance. Methods. Data regarding students' academic performance in specific courses and fall semester and cumulative first-professional-year grade point averages (GPAs) were retrieved. Campus attended, prepharmacy science and math GPA, pharmacy college admissions test (PCAT) composite score, highest prepharmacy academic degree, age, and gender were used to predict academic performance. Results. Campus attended did not predict fall semester GPA (p = 0.44) or cumulative GPA (p = 0.95). Significant predictors were prepharmacy science and math GPA, PCAT composite score, and highest prepharmacy academic degree. Conclusions. After the first academic year, students on the founding campus and distance campuses performed equally well after considerin...
Hyaluronic Acid Content of the Interstitial Fluid of Walker Carcinoma 256

SummaryThe interstitial fluid of Walker carcinoma transplanted into Sprague-Dawley rats was sampled in vivo and compared with the interstitial fluid of the subcutaneous area where the tumor was tra...
Monetary Politics: Bankers and the Federal Reserve

Common sense indicates to many that bankers probably rank quite high among would-be superiors of the Federal Reserve. They control money, organization, information, and expertise. This view is reinforced by several analysts who have suggested that bankers are indeed a very important reference group for the Federal Reserve. This perspective is held by analysts from different ends of the ideological spectrum, who see two kinds of problems that result. The first problem, one that interests principally liberal analysts, is that the System's relationship with bankers may restrict and bias the policy process further in the direction of elite values. Thus, with respect to goals for general policy targets such as inflation and employment, this relationship might reduce further the likelihood that the Federal Reserve would regard employment as the most important objective. The second set of problems, which have been of more concern for relatively conservative analysts, has to do with the ability of bankers to shape policy at a technical level. In this case, analysts fear that bankers' short-term policy preferences make it less likely that policy makers will achieve control over the money supply – which is viewed as essential to effective anti-inflation policy. Not surprisingly, the conservatives have exactly the opposite fear of the liberals. The conservatives fear that bankers' influence will produce more inflation, not more unemployment.
Commentary on the Research of Marxism Sinolization in Recent Years——Analyzed from the Visual Angle

The academic circles study Marxism sinolization mostly from the visual angle of China at present. Developing era and innovating practice requests that we should make "the visual angle of world-history" become the self-conscious pursuit of Marxism sinolization research, Thereby establishes a reparative Marxism sinolization research pattern that covers the visual angle of world-history and the view of China.
Clinical analysis of children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease complicated with central nervous system infections

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical characteristics of the children with severe hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)complicated with central nervous system infections and propose treatment measures so as to provide guidance for clinical treatment of central nervous system infections in the children with severe HFMD.METHODS A total of 243HFMD children complicated with central nervous system infections who were treated in the hospital from Feb 2012to Feb 2013were retrospectively reviewed,then the age,laboratory examinations,clinical symptoms,and treatment outcomes were analyzed,and the statistical analysis was performed with the use of SPSS 19.0software.RESULTS Of the 243HFMD children complicated with central nervous system infections,83.95% were aged less than 3years old.The major clinical manifestations included the fever,lethargy,limb shaking,easily frightened,rash,and oral herpes.The results of culture of feces and throat swab showed that all the children were infected with EV71;leukocytosis occurred in 69.14%of the children,the increase of cerebrospinal fluid cell counts in 93.00%of the children.Totally 232children achieved ideal therapeutic effect,and the sequelae did no occur;5children died with the mortality rate of 2.06%.CONCLUSIONThe severe HFMD children with less than three years of age are the major population at high risk of central nervous system infections,and the incidence of the infections is higher in the males than in the females.The poor mental status,easily frightened,and limb spasms are the predominant clinical characteristics.It is the key to perform the diagnosis and effective treatment in a timely manner so as to minimize the morbidity as well as the mortality rate.
FOR JEAN-CLAUDE: (RE)PRESENTING DUET FOR ONE PIANIST

In 1989, composer and researcher Jean-Claude Risset's series of interactive sketches for piano and Disklavier entitled Duet for One Pianist explored the performative possibilities made available to pianists through the augmentation of emotive human musical gesture with the precise reactive and computational capabilities afforded by computer-based musical systems. As computer and musical software systems have evolved, the Max software patches created by Risset and researcher Scott Van-Duyne at the MIT Media Lab have been updated and maintained to allow the pieces to be performed using contemporary hardware and software systems. In distinct contrast, Risset's original hand-notated musical score for the work representing performance notation for the human pianist alongside a varying level of detail representing the computer’s response, itself an integral part in the work remains the authoritative representation available to performers, researchers and archivists alike. This paper outlines ongoing efforts towards the augmentation of Risset's existing score through the production of a comprehensive multi-voiced notated score edition of Duet for One Pianist, as well as symbolic and data representations for each of the eight works derived from live performance data, and a complimentary and complete series of audio and visual recordings of Duet by pianist Chryssie Nanou.
The Effects of Maternal Position and Habitus on Maternal Cardiovascular Parameters as Measured by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) and cardiac output (CO) according to maternal position and habitus throughout pregnancy and postpartum using serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (c-MRI). STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective study of normotensive nulliparous women using 1.5-T c-MRI performed in both left lateral decubitus and supine positions during three epochs in pregnancy and at 12 weeks' postpartum. Women were stratified according to prepregnancy body mass indices (BMIs) as normal or overweight/obese and compared for LVSV and CO using repeated measures, mixed-random, and fixed-effects model. RESULTS Between October 2012 and December 2014, 14 normal-weight (BMI 22.2 ± 1.3) and 9 overweight/obese (BMI 29.1 ± 2.0) women underwent c-MRI. During early pregnancy, position did not alter LVSV or CO for either cohort. Beginning at 26 to 30 weeks and continuing to 32 to 36 weeks, normal-weight women demonstrated significant positional differences for LVSV and CO (both p < 0.01). In contrast, positional differences did not influence these parameters in overweight/obese women. At 12 weeks' postpartum, all influence of position had dissipated for both cohorts. CONCLUSION Maternal position has no effect on LVSV or CO during the first half of pregnancy. In the second half, however, only normal-weight women exhibit significant changes in cardiac parameters when comparing the left lateral decubitus with supine position.
Assessment of the Melody valve in the mitral position in young children by echocardiography.

Abstract Objectives Mitral valve replacement (MVR) in young children is limited by the lack of small prostheses. Our institution began performing MVR with modified, surgically placed, stented jugular vein grafts (Melody valve) in 2010. We sought to describe key echocardiographic features for pre- and postoperative assessment of this novel form of MVR. Methods The pre- and postoperative echocardiograms of 24 patients who underwent Melody MVR were reviewed. In addition to standard measurements, preoperative potential measurements of the mitral annulus were performed whereby dimensions were estimated for Melody sizing. A ratio of the narrowest subaortic region in systole to the actual mitral valve dimension (SubA:MV) was assessed for risk of postoperative left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Results Melody MVR was performed at a median of 8.5 months (5.6 kg) for stenosis (5), regurgitation (3), and mixed disease (16). Preoperatively, actual mitral z scores measured hypoplastic (median −3.1 for the lateral [lat] dimension; −2.1 for the anteroposterior [AP] dimension). The potential measurements often had normal z scores with fair correlation with intraoperative Melody dilation (ρ = 0.51 and 0.50 for lat and AP dimensions, respectively, both P = .01). A preoperative SubA:MV Conclusions Preoperative echocardiographic measurements may help guide intraoperative sizing for Melody MVR and identify patients at risk for postoperative LVOTO. Acute postoperative hemodynamic results were favorable; however, ongoing assessment is warranted.
Legal Imperialism: The Ottoman Empire's Elusive Dream of Sovereignty

Territorial sovereignty was an elusive dream of Ottoman rulers: From the 1856 Paris Conference to 1914, Western states continuously refused numerous Ottoman pleas to end extraterritoriality. The last rejection so frustrated the Ottoman government that they resorted to a policy option that the Japanese government never attempted. The Ottomans gave a memorandum to the extraterritorial powers on September 9, 1914, notifying these powers that extraterritoriality was to be abolished effective October 1, 1914 – a month before the Ottoman Empire declared war on the Allies. The Ottoman memorandum stressed the incompatibility of extraterritoriality with territorial jurisdiction and national sovereignty. The memorandum further enumerated the injustices and humiliation suffered by the Ottoman Empire because of extraterritoriality. The Allies, Austria, and Germany rejected the Ottoman unilateral abolition. It was not until 1917 that Austria and Germany accepted the abolition of extraterritoriality in the Ottoman Empire. It would take the Allies several more years; the Lausanne Treaty – the last peace treaty of the First World War – finally ended the extraterritoriality rights of the Allies in 1923. Similar to discussions in Japan and China, the debates and negotiations about sovereignty and extraterritoriality in the Ottoman Empire/ Turkey focused on the Ottoman Empire's legal system. Apart from this similarity, however, the Turkish case offers novel insights about the relationship between sovereignty, extraterritoriality, international society, and domestic legalization. Earlier incarnations of extraterritoriality (under the rubric of capitulations) were developed within Ottoman-European relations; later, Western states reproduced these unequal extraterritorial relations in their encounters with other non-Western states, including China and Japan.
How do individual-level sociodemographics and neighbourhood-level characteristics influence residential location behaviour in the context of the food and built environment? Findings from 25 years of follow-up in the CARDIA Study

Background Little is known about how diet-related and activity-related amenities relate to residential location behaviour. Understanding these relationships is essential for addressing residential self-selection bias. Methods Using 25 years (6 examinations) of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (n=11 013 observations) and linked neighbourhood-level data from the 4 CARDIA baseline cities (Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oakland, California, USA), we characterised participants’ neighbourhoods as having low, average or high road connectivity and amenities using non-hierarchical cluster analysis. We then used repeated measures multinomial logistic regression with random effects to examine the associations between individual-level sociodemographics and neighbourhood-level characteristics with residential neighbourhood types over the 25-year period, and whether these associations differed by individual-level income. Results Being female was positively associated with living in neighbourhoods with low (vs high) road connectivity and activity-related and diet-related amenities among high-income individuals only. At all income levels, a higher percentage of neighbourhood white population and neighbourhood population Conclusions Neighbourhood-level factors appeared to play a comparatively greater role in shaping residential location behaviour than individual-level sociodemographics. Our study is an important step in understanding how residential locational behaviour relates to amenities and physical activity opportunities, and may help mitigate residential self-selection bias in built environment studies.
Symptom quality versus quantity in judging prognosis: Using NESARC predictive validators to locate uncomplicated major depression on the number-of-symptoms severity continuum.

Abstract Background Uncomplicated major depressive disorder (UMDD) is defined as MDD that does not include any of six pathosuggestive features: more than six months duration, marked functional impairment, sense of worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic ideation, and psychomotor retardation. Complicated MDD (CMDD) includes all episodes containing one or more of these features. UMDD has been shown to be lower than CMDD and indistinguishable from no-MDD-history on predictive pathology validators. This study's purpose is to establish where on the number-of-symptoms depressive continuum UMDD is located, using the criterion of predictive validity. Methods Using two-wave longitudinal community data, seven baseline depression history subgroups were identified: no MDD symptoms (n=23,214), one MDD screener symptom (n=609), subthreshold or “minor” depression (mD; 2–4 MDD symptoms; n=2,623), UMDD (n=505), and complicated MDD with 5–6 symptoms (n=1,106), 7 symptoms (n=1,200), and 8–9 symptoms (n=2,408). Predictive validity was evaluated by four follow-up variables: major depressive episode; generalized anxiety disorder; suicide attempt; and manic/hypomanic episode. Results UMDD predictive pathology validator rates are not significantly different from rates for subthreshold mD but significantly different from those for all other depression categories; UMDD is higher in symptoms but lower in validator levels than 5–6 symptom CMDD. Limitations Baseline and follow-up diagnoses were based on respondents’ fallible retrospective symptom reports in response to a lay-administered structured questionnaire, which may not yield diagnoses comparable to clinicians’ assessments. Conclusion Uncomplicated MDD's follow-up outcomes resemble subthreshold depression, not CMDD, even when CMDD has less symptoms. Clinical decisions should reflect the relatively benign prognosis of uncomplicated MDD.
Automated Metadata in Multimedia Information Systems: Creation, Refinement, Use in Surrogates, and Evaluation

Improvements in network bandwidth along with dramatic drops in digital storage and processing costs have resulted in the explosive growth of multimedia (combinations of text, image, audio, and video) resources on the Internet and in digital repositories. A suite of computer technologies delivering speech, image, and natural language understanding can automatically derive descriptive metadata for such resources. Difficulties for end users ensue, however, with the tremendous volume and varying quality of automated metadata for multimedia information systems. This lecture surveys automatic metadata creation methods for dealing with multimedia information resources, using broadcast news, documentaries, and oral histories as examples. Strategies for improving the utility of such metadata are discussed, including computationally intensive approaches, leveraging multimodal redundancy, folding in context, and leaving precision-recall tradeoffs under user control. Interfaces building from automatically generated metadata are presented, illustrating the use of video surrogates in multimedia information systems. Traditional information retrieval evaluation is discussed through the annual National Institute of Standards and Technology TRECVID forum, with experiments on exploratory search extending the discussion beyond fact-finding to broader, longer term search activities of learning, analysis, synthesis, and discovery. Table of Contents: Evolution of Multimedia Information Systems: 1990-2008 / Survey of Automatic Metadata Creation Methods / Refinement of Automatic Metadata / Multimedia Surrogates / End-User Utility for Metadata and Surrogates: Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Satisfaction
Fuelling the thorium dream

As an alternative to uranium as a fuel for reactors, thorium has been debated and evaluated since the dawn of the nuclear era.
Legionella becoming a mutualist: adaptive processes shaping the genome of symbiont in the louse Polyplax serrata

Legionellaceae are intracellular bacteria known as important pathogens of man. In the environment, they are mainly found in biofilms associated with amoebas. In contrast to another gammaproteobacterial family Enterobacteriaceae which established a broad spectrum of symbioses with many insect taxa, the only instance of legionella-like symbiont has been reported from lice of the genus Polyplax. Here, we sequenced the complete genome of this symbiont and compared its main characteristics to other Legionella species and insect symbionts. Based on rigorous multigene phylogenetic analyses, we confirm this bacterium as a member of the genus Legionella and propose the name Candidatus Legionella polyplacis, sp.n. We show that the genome of Ca. Legionella polyplacis underwent massive degeneration, including considerable size reduction (529.746 bp, 484 protein coding genes) and a severe decrease in GC content (23%). We identify several possible constraints underlying the evolution of this bacterium. On one hand, Ca. Legionella polyplacis and the louse symbionts Riesia and Puchtella experienced convergent evolution, perhaps due to adaptation to similar hosts. On the other hand, some metabolic differences are likely to reflect different phylogenetic positions of the symbionts and hence availability of particular metabolic function in the ancestor. This is exemplified by different arrangements of thiamine metabolism in Ca. Legionella polyplacis and Riesia. Finally, horizontal gene transfer is shown to play a significant role in the adaptive and diversification process. Particularly, we show that Ca. L. polyplacis horizontally acquired a complete biotin operon (bioADCHFB) that likely assisted this bacterium when becoming an obligate mutualist.
Non-odontogenic “Tooth” Pain

Non-odontogenic “tooth” pain characteristics are the key to identifying the underlying disorder: a detailed pain history will guide most of the diagnostic process. Pain can be referred from local and distant structures, including musculoskeletal, neuropathic, and neurovascular sources. Response to provocation tests and administration of local anesthetic may help to rule out or confirm the origin of the pain, as well as determine therapeutic approaches. Treatment options vary widely by diagnosis and are directed at the mechanism of the source of pain. Missed non-odontogenic “tooth” pain diagnoses may result in unnecessary dental procedures, as well as continued symptomatology.
Meeting Water Needs in Developing Countries: Resolving Issues in Establishing Tradable Water Rights

Recent approaches to meet the growing water demand have focused on voluntary mechanisms to conserve water and to reallocate it among competing uses rather than on developing new sources. They have also focused on alternative ways to finance the operations and management of existing infrastructure and the construction of new infrastructure. These approaches, referred to here as “market-based instruments for water management,” may be divided into three categories: pricing policies, informal water markets, and formal water markets. While proponents recognize that such approaches will not resolve all water problems, they believe that they have many advantages over administrative mechanisms.