cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification, purification, and characterization of GRK5, a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases

A novel member of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), named GRK5, has been cloned from bovine taste epithelium. The cDNA sequence predicts a 590-amino acid protein with high overall similarity to rhodopsin kinase. GRK5 mRNA is found most abundantly in lung, heart, retina, and lingual epithelium, but is expressed very little in brain, liver, kidney, or testis. GRK5 expressed in Sf9 cells was purified to apparent homogeneity. GRK5 major autophosphorylation sites were mapped to Ser484 and Thr485. Purified GRK5 phosphorylates rhodopsin in a light-dependent manner and beta 2-adrenergic receptor in an agonist-dependent manner and phosphorylates the C-terminal tail regions of both receptor proteins. GRK5 possesses neither a CAAX motif specifying protein prenylation like rhodopsin kinase nor similarity to the G protein beta gamma-subunit binding domain of beta-adrenergic receptor kinases. GRK5 phosphorylation of rhodopsin or beta 2-adrenergic receptor is not stimulated by G protein beta gamma-subunits. The GRK5 protein does not undergo agonist-dependent translocation from cytosol to membranes as do beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase, but rather appears to associate with membranes constitutively. GRK5 thus appears functionally similar to other characterized GRKs, but has distinct regulatory properties which may be important for its cellular function.
Interactive Computer Program for the Selection of Optimum Pulse Sequences in NMR Imaging

Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in Medical Imaging is a relatively new approach to the diagnosis of tissue pathology. By analyzing contrast between signal intensities of two tissues, one can optimize the imaging technique. An interactive program has been implemented on a PDP 11/45 computer, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation, that allows for computation and plotting of signal intensities of various pulse sequences for tissues with different NMR parameters (T1, T2, Proton Density). The options for display of tissue contrast can be: (1) Contrast = Signal Intensity I-Signal Intensity II (2) Contrast = (Signal Intensity I-Signal Intensity II)/SQRT of repitition time (3) Contrast = (Signal Intensity I-Signal Intensity 2)/(Signal Intensity I + Signal Intensity 2)
Pioneer of Retirement: Justice Samuel Nelson

In November 1872, Justice Samuel Nelson retired from the U.S. Supreme Court. The formal farewells were of the good-spirited kind that prominent public figures have almost always received: heavy on recitations of his virtues, light on mentions of flaws that were really, of course, merely misunderstood manifestations of his greatness. There were, however, two unusual features of the Nelson celebrations. This article sketches those oddities and makes a couple of suggestions about their significance then and now.
Why Is Pi Less Than Twice Phi

We give a proof of the inequality in the title in terms of Fibonacci numbers and Euler numbers via a combinatorial argument and asymptotics for these numbers. The result is motivated by Sidorenko’s...
A Shared Memory Parallel Block Streaming Model for Irregular Applications

Due to worsening machine balance, a lightweight irregular application can utilize only a small fraction of the peak computational capacity on modern processors. Performance of such an application is also unpredictable due to the scattered data accesses. Even though architectural features such as a cache system, hardware prefetchers etc., that reduce the cost of irregular access, are commonly found in most of the modern processors, their design parameters differ widely from one processor to another. Therefore, a performance improving programming technique still needs extensive tuning to gain maximum benefit on a target processor. In this scenario, achieving portable performance becomes difficult. This work proposes a block streaming machine model and hypothesizes that an algorithm based on the model has predictable execution time. To enable adaptation of this model for irregular applications, we also provide algorithmic transformations that can be used to replace the scattered accesses with streaming accesses in a cost predictable way. Further, we experimentally demonstrate usefulness of the model and the transformations for static lightweight irregular computations such as those performed by a numerical partial differential equation solver on modern multicore processors.
Hartree-Fock-Roothaan Wavefunctions for Diatomic Molecules

Abstract Tables of electronic wavefunctions are presented for the diatomic hydrides AH where A denotes the elements Li through F and Na through Cl. The results are given for the exprimental (or theoretical) internuclear separation. These wavefunctions are approximate solutions to the restricted Hartree-Fock equations obtained by means of the expansion method with extensive basis sets of Slater-type-functions. The repertory of states includes the ground states of the systems indicated, a few low-lying excited states, and positive and negative ions. The calculations are restricted to states involving either closed-shell electronic configurations or open-shell configurations with one incompletely filled open shell. A brief introduction to the formalism and the key expressions for this and the two following paper § are included.
Perceived Social Ties and Mental Health Among Formerly Incarcerated Men in New York City.

The incarcerated population has been substantially burdened by syndemic productions involving mental health illness and substance abuse problems. The present analysis describes the mental health sy...
Revealing new therapeutic opportunities through drug target prediction via class imbalance-tolerant machine learning

Abstract In silico drug target prediction provides valuable information for drug repurposing, understanding of side effects as well as expansion of the druggable genome. In particular, discovery of actionable drug targets is critical to developing targeted therapies for diseases. Here, we develop a robust method for drug target prediction by leveraging a class imbalance-tolerant machine learning framework with a novel training scheme. We incorporate novel features, including drug-gene phenotype similarity and gene expression profile similarity, that capture information orthogonal to other features. We show that our classifier achieves robust performance and is able to predict gene targets for new drugs as well as drugs that target unexplored genes. By providing newly predicted drug-target associations, we uncover novel opportunities of drug repurposing that may benefit cancer treatment through action on either known drug targets or currently undrugged genes.
Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals

Heavy metals are present throughout caves and karst systems due to both natural and anthropogenic sources. The solubility and transport of iron and manganese, two of the most common heavy metals, are controlled by pH and redox conditions. Although typically soluble in water in reducing conditions, the oxidized metals tend to precipitate as cave deposits or on sediments where they contain many other metals in trace quantities. Many metals are never present in the dissolved state and are introduced, stored, and transported through the system as colloids or larger particles. Particulate metal transport is enhanced during storms when high groundwater velocities permit the metals to be entrained and suspended.
Behavioral and non-pharmacological management of functional gastrointestinal disorders

Abstract Functional gastrointestinal disorders are prevalent and with the limited pharmacologic treatments available, interest has risen in pursuing complementary and alternative therapies as part of their management. In light of the role of the mind-gut axis in the pathophysiology of functional GI disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome, therapies have been deemed to affect this axis are a logical choice to be used in tandem with traditional pharmacologic interventions. In this chapter, we will focus on meta-analyses and systemic reviews that have evaluated alternative therapies, including psychological therapies, yoga, exercise, acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal remedies. Al though published reviews suggest that studies are likely to be biased and heterogeneity of patient populations and “control treatments,” studies have been supportive of a positive outcome with many of these approaches. Overall, complementary therapies appear to be safe and appropriate interventions as part of the management of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Further studies are needed to determine the patient subgroups that may most benefit from these approaches and the specific components of these approaches that are beneficial.
A Non-Adaptive Scheme for Numerical Integration

In this paper we present an efficient scheme for the numerical approximation of integrals. The proposed method is an excellent alternative to adaptive quadrature methods. Like the adaptive quadrature approach, the method is based on using two different approximations on a sufficiently small interval to estimate the error and hence accept or reject the approximation on that interval. Adaptive quadrature methods, however, are based on the successive bisections of the interval of integration until a certain error tolerance criterion is met. In this paper we develop a variable step method which predicts the step size that has a good likelihood of achieving the desired error tolerance criterion. In some way, the proposed method resembles the variable step methods for approximating the initial value problem for ordinary differential equations. Several examples of highly oscillatory intgrands are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method. Comparisons are made with the adaptive quadrature method used in one of the MATLAB functions for approximating integrals. The results show a consistent pattern of performance in terms of both economy and accuracy.
Roughness induced shear thickening in frictional non-Brownian suspensions: A numerical study

Particle surface roughness plays a pivotal role in dictating the rheological behavior of dense suspensions of rigid particles as it promotes interparticle contacts, leading to friction and contact stresses. This suggests that roughness must have a significant impact on the shear thickening behavior of suspensions, as friction is considered to be the underlying mechanism for shear thickening in dense suspensions. To this end, we numerically investigate the effects of systematically increasing the particle surface roughness on shear thickening suspensions. We show that increasing roughness leads to early onset of shear thickening, especially discontinuous shear thickening, in terms of both the critical shear rate and the critical volume fraction. In addition, roughness enhances the strength of the shear thickening effect as it leads to increase in the viscosity of dense suspensions. We explain these results by investigating the role of roughness in the evolution of contact networks and the jamming fraction. Increasing roughness leads to denser contact networks with high contact stresses and reduction in the jamming fraction. Finally, we visualize the effect of roughness on the phase diagram for viscosity in the shear rate–volume fraction plane. The results presented in the paper are consistent with recent experimental studies, which indicates that the computational framework developed can be utilized to predict and tune suspension behavior for specific applications.Particle surface roughness plays a pivotal role in dictating the rheological behavior of dense suspensions of rigid particles as it promotes interparticle contacts, leading to friction and contact stresses. This suggests that roughness must have a significant impact on the shear thickening behavior of suspensions, as friction is considered to be the underlying mechanism for shear thickening in dense suspensions. To this end, we numerically investigate the effects of systematically increasing the particle surface roughness on shear thickening suspensions. We show that increasing roughness leads to early onset of shear thickening, especially discontinuous shear thickening, in terms of both the critical shear rate and the critical volume fraction. In addition, roughness enhances the strength of the shear thickening effect as it leads to increase in the viscosity of dense suspensions. We explain these results by investigating the role of roughness in the evolution of contact networks and the jamming fraction....
Surfacing Misconceptions Through Visualization Critique.

Students of visualization come to formal education with an abundance of personal experience. However, one's exposure to graphics through media and education may not be sufficiently diverse to appreciate the nuance and complexity required to design and evaluate effective representations. While many introductory courses in visualization address best practices for visual encoding of data based on perceptual characteristics, as cognitive scientists, we place equal value on representational decisions based on communicative context: how the representation is intended to be used. In this pedagogical activity, we aim to surface learners' preconceived notions about what makes a visualization effective. Here we describe the structure and context of an introductory-level visualization activity, how it might be conducted in individual or group settings, our experience with the common misconceptions the activity can reveal, and conclude with recommendations on how they might be addressed.
Rosalie Kane: Always with a New Project.

When I first heard Rosalie speak at a Gerontological Society conference in the early 1980s, I was initially intimidated by her brilliance, multidimensional thought processes and wide-ranging discou...
DAGLα Inhibition as a Non-invasive and Translational Model of Episodic Headache.

Recent findings suggested that Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency underlies the pathophysiology of pain disorders, including migraine and headache. In models of medication overuse headache induced by sustained administration of sumatriptan or morphine, 2-AG levels were selectively depleted in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and anandamide (AEA) increased in the cortex suggesting distinct regulation of the endocannabinoid system during headache pain. These results led to the hypothesis that blockade of DAGL, to reduce 2-AG levels would induce headache-like behaviors as a new, translationally relevant model of episodic headache. Our study investigated whether non-selective and selective blockade of DAGL, the main biosynthetic enzyme for 2-AG, induced periorbital and hind-paw allodynia, photophobia, anxiety-like behaviors, responsivity to abortive anti-migraine agents, and 2-AG/AEA levels. Injection of non-selective DAGL (DH376, 10 mg/kg, IP) and selective DAGLα (LEI106, 20 mg/kg, IP) inhibitors, but not DAGLβ agents, induced facial sensitivity in 100% and ∼60% of female and male rats, respectively, without induction of peripheral sensitivity. Notably, male rats showed significantly less sensitivity than female rats after DAGLα inhibition, suggesting sexual dimorphism in this mechanism. Importantly, LEI106 induced periorbital allodynia was attenuated by administration of the clinically available abortive antimigraine agents, sumatriptan and olcegepant. Selective DAGLα inhibition induced significant photophobia as measured by the light-dark box, without anxiety like behaviors or changes in voluntary movement. Analysis of AEA and 2-AG levels at the time of peak pain sensitivity revealed reductions in 2-AG in the visual cortex and periaqueductal gray (PAG), without altering anandamide or significantly increasing diacylglycerol levels. These results provide foundational evidence for DAGL-2AG in the induction of headache-like pain and photophobia without extracephalic allodynia, thus modeling the clinical episodic migraine. Mechanistically, behavioral measures of headache sensitivity after DAGL inhibition suggests that reduced 2-AG signaling in the cortex and PAG, but not the trigeminal nucleus caudalis or trigeminal ganglia, drives headache initiation. Therefore, episodic DAGL inhibition, which reduces the time, cost, and invasiveness of currently accepted models of headache, may fill the need for episodic migraine/headache models mirroring clinical presentation. Moreover, use of this approach may provide an avenue to study the transition from episodic to chronic headache.
The association between latent trauma and brain structure in children.

The developing brain is marked by high plasticity, which can lead to vulnerability to early life stressors. Previous studies indicate that childhood maltreatment is associated with structural aberrations across a number of brain regions. However, prior work is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous age groups, the examination of one structure in isolation, the confounding of different types of early life stressors, and not accounting for socioeconomic status. These limitations may contribute to high variability across studies. The present study aimed to investigate how trauma is specifically associated with cortical thickness and gray matter volume (GMV) differences by leveraging a large sample of children (N = 9270) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). A latent measure of trauma exposure was derived from DSM-5 traumatic events, and we related this measure of trauma to the brain using structural equation modeling. Trauma exposure was associated with thinner cortices in the bilateral superior frontal gyri and right caudal middle frontal gyrus (pfdr-values < .001) as well as thicker cortices in the left isthmus cingulate and posterior cingulate (pfdr-values ≤ .027), after controlling age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Furthermore, trauma exposure was associated with smaller GMV in the right amygdala and right putamen (pfdr-values ≤ .048). Sensitivity analyses that controlled for income and parental education were largely consistent with the main findings for cortical thickness. These results suggest that trauma may be an important risk factor for structural aberrations, specifically for cortical thickness differences in frontal and cingulate regions in children.
Project Silk: A youth-centered structural HIV intervention model for Black men who have sex with men and transgender women

In the United States, young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) and young Black transgender women (YBTW) are disproportionately impacted by HIV. However, few evidence-based models developed spe...
Regulation of HDL cholesterol metabolism and the impact of long-term feeding of dietary jojoba oil and cholesterol on the development of atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits: a foundational study (671.14)

Jojoba oil has been shown to maintain high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration in hypercholesterolemic New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, suggesting that jojoba oil regulates HDL metabolism and has a protective effect against atherosclerosis, one of the leading causes of death worldwide. We thus hypothesized that jojoba oil decreases the development of atherosclerosis in NZW rabbits. As a preliminary study, five NZW rabbits were fed either a normal chow diet (N), or a normal diet supplemented with either 3% jojoba seed oil (J), 1% cholesterol (C), or 1% cholesterol + 3% jojoba seed oil (CJ) for 7 weeks; each diet group contained one rabbit, except the C-fed group which contained two. During the study, serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were monitored via enzymatic assays and gel electrophoresis. Liver function was examined via serum albumin measurements. Rabbit aortas were extracted and assessed for the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Results indicated that NZW rabbits responded to the...
Determination of stress intensity factors for interface cracks under mixed-mode loading

A simple technique was developed using conventional finite element analysis to determine stress intensity factors, K1 and K2, for interface cracks under mixed-mode loading. This technique involves the calculation of crack tip stresses using non-singular finite elements. These stresses are then combined and used in a linear regression procedure to calculate K1 and K2. The technique was demonstrated by calculating three different bimaterial combinations. For the normal loading case, the K's were within 2.6 percent of an exact solution. The normalized K's under shear loading were shown to be related to the normalized K's under normal loading. Based on these relations, a simple equation was derived for calculating K1 and K2 for mixed-mode loading from knowledge of the K's under normal loading. The equation was verified by computing the K's for a mixed-mode case with equal and normal shear loading. The correlation between exact and finite element solutions is within 3.7 percent. This study provides a simple procedure to compute K2/K1 ratio which has been used to characterize the stress state at the crack tip for various combinations of materials and loadings. Tests conducted over a range of K2/K1 ratios could be used to fully characterize interface fracture toughness.
Bringing Down an Uprising: Egypt's Stillborn Revolution

Despite warnings that bleak socio-economic conditions were pushing Egyptians to the brink, few could have predicted the timing and extent of what has come to be known as the “January 25th revolution.” For the two years that followed this unprecedented revolutionary moment, many Egyptians believed their nation was headed toward a political rebirth in the direction of democratization – albeit in fits and starts. But what ultimately transpired was far from a revolution, but rather an uprising. Those who risked life and limb in multiple mass protests are now in jail or dead while the military-security apparatus sits firmly at the apex of power. Rather than join other countries moving forward toward a free society, dissent in Egypt is brutally crushed harking back to Gamal Abdel-Nasser’s pervasive police state. This article seeks to answer the question on the minds of millions across the globe who witnessed Egyptians inspire the world as they rose up against a brutal authoritarian state: What happened to Egypt’s revolution? In hindsight, it has become clear that the moment the Egyptian military took on the official reins of leadership through the Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF) on February 11, 2011, a pall was cast on the people’s revolutionary aspirations. What was supposed to be a historic political opening to transition Egypt onto a more democratic political trajectory resulted in a regression to military domination where soldiers, rather than civilians, control the levers of political, economic, and security power. This is part of a larger project that addresses the role of law and the judiciary in Egypt’s stillborn revolution. As such, this article provides the political backdrop in the lead up to January 25 and the key political decisions made by the SCAF and the military-backed interim government led by President Adly Mansour, which lays the foundation for my future articles on the Egyptian judiciary and the role of law in Egypt’s post-January 25 aftermath. In doing so, I analyze the historic events of the past three years to address the first of two pressing questions: 1) did January 25, 2011 permanently redirect Egypt’s political trajectory toward a more democratic, openly contested political system and 2) what role did the law play in producing the outcome? Here, I argue that, as of the fall of 2014, Egypt shows signs of increasing political contestations at the margins while simultaneously regressing to repressive state policing practices firmly under the grip of the military. There is a growing tension between Egyptian youth’s expectations of meaningful political change, regardless of their political or religious persuasions, and the state apparatus reverting to calls for stability at the expense of political rights. In the end, the military hijacked a revolutionary moment by transforming it into a mere uprising. Recognizing Egypt’s missed opportunity to have the revolutionary outcome called for by its youth paves the way for an honest discussion on whether a real revolution is imminent, if not inevitable.
Clutter suppression and feature extraction for land mine detection using ground penetrating radar

In this paper, we discuss approaches for processing ground penetrating radar (GPR) data for land mine detection. We discuss two methods of clutter suppression using ARMA modeling and also examine feature extraction using both ARMA modeling and complex natural resonance (CNR) modeling. The algorithms presented have been tested on laboratory GPR data and been found to be promising techniques. In future work, the feature vectors produced by these techniques will be processed through appropriate detection algorithms.
A Graded Evaluation of Outcomes Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy with Major Vascular Resection in Pancreatic Cancer

Previous studies examining short- and long-term outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma have not graded perioperative complication severity. These studies may provide incomplete assessments of the efficacy of vascular resection. In the current study, we evaluated 36 patients who had pancreaticoduodenectomy with major vascular resection. These were matched 1:3 by tumor stage and age to patients who had pancreaticoduodenectomy without vascular resection. Charts were reviewed to identify all complications and 90-day readmissions. Complications were graded as either severe or minor adverse postoperative outcomes, taking into account the total length of stay. There were no statistical differences in patient demographics, comorbidities, or symptoms between the groups. Patients who had vascular resection had significantly increased rates of severe adverse postoperative outcomes, readmissions, lengths of hospital stay, as well as higher hospital costs. Hypoalbuminemia and major vascular resection were independent predictors of severe adverse postoperative outcomes. On multivariate Cox-regression survival analysis, patients who had vascular resection had decreased recurrence-free (12 vs. 17 months) and overall (17 vs. 29 months) survival. Major vascular resection was a predictor of mortality, may be an independent prognostic factor for survival, and may warrant incorporation into future staging systems.
Analog implementation of the SoftMax function

The paper describes the analog implementation of the SoftMax function by using CMOS circuitry. First, an optimization-based strategy is presented, which fits technology requirements to the desired accuracy in the SoftMax-mapping. Then circuit solutions are described to both the approximation of the exp(x) function and the normalizing ratio. These optimized design aspects improve overall effectiveness, reduce VLSI complexity by exploiting inherent parallelism, and ultimately limit overall power consumption.
Flexible Carbon Dioxide Laser Fiber Versus Ultrasonic Scalpel in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Myomectomy.

Abstract Study Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of a flexible carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser fiber to the ultrasonic scalpel when employed through a robotic surgical system. Design Retrospective cohort study. Design Classification Level II-2 evidence. Setting Reproductive surgery practice at an academic hospital. Patients Two hundred thirty-six women who had undergone robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy with either CO 2 laser (n = 85) or the ultrasonic scalpel (n = 151). Interventions Robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy employing either a flexible CO 2 laser fiber or a robotic ultrasonic scalpel as the primary energy tool. Measurements and Main Results Perioperative outcomes (estimated blood loss, operative time, length of hospital stay) of patients undergoing robot-assisted myomectomy with a flexible laser fiber or ultrasonic scalpel. Estimated blood loss and operative time were comparable (p = .95 and p=.55, respectively) between the 2 groups after adjusting for all confounders, whereas length of hospital stay remained significantly different (p = .004). Odds ratio for complications was 0.35 (95% confidence interval 0.08–1.56; p=.17), which denotes no difference in the risk for complications between the 2 groups. Conclusion Robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy with a flexible CO 2 laser fiber is safe and has comparable operative outcomes to the ultrasonic scalpel. The small size and flexibility of this device allows robotic surgeons to employ safe focal energy without sacrificing operative ergonomics.
Mineralization by Inhibitor Exclusion THE CALCIFICATION OF COLLAGEN WITH FETUIN

One of our goals is to understand the mechanisms that deposit mineral within collagen fibrils, and as a first step we recently determined the size exclusion characteristics of the fibril. This study revealed that apatite crystals up to 12 unit cells in size can access the water within the fibril, whereas molecules larger than a 40-kDa protein are excluded. Based on these observations, we proposed a novel mechanism for fibril mineralization: that macromolecular inhibitors of apatite growth favor fibril mineralization by selectively inhibiting crystal growth in the solution outside of the fibril. To test this mechanism, we developed a system in which crystal formation is driven by homogeneous nucleation at high calcium phosphate concentration and the only macromolecule in solution is fetuin, a 48-kDa inhibitor of apatite growth. Our experiments with this system demonstrated that fetuin determines the location of mineral growth; in the presence of fetuin mineral grows exclusively within the fibril, whereas in its absence mineral grows in solution outside the fibril. Additional experiments showed that fetuin is also able to localize calcification to the interior of synthetic matrices that have size exclusion characteristics similar to those of collagen and that it does so by selectively inhibiting mineral growth outside of these matrices. We termed this new calcification mechanism "mineralization by inhibitor exclusion," the selective mineralization of a matrix using a macromolecular inhibitor of mineral growth that is excluded from that matrix. Future studies will be needed to evaluate the possible role of this mechanism in bone mineralization.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of iron-sulfur centers in mitochondria prepared from three Morris hepatomas with different growth rates.

Abstract Iron-sulfur centers in mitochondria prepared from Morris hepatomas with different growth rates were compared with those in host liver and nontumor-bearing rat liver mitochondria by EPR measurements (
Immigrant concentration and educational attainment: Evidence from US data

Ninety-five percent of the 30 million foreign-born persons living in the United States reside in a metropolitan area, and more than one half reside in just six gateway cities. We investigate whether less-educated immigrants tend to settle in large urban communities of their compatriots. Based on statistical analysis we find a negative relationship between the level of education and the size of immigrant population for the immigrants born in China, India, Philippines, Korea, El Salvador, Cuba, and Mexico. The relationship is strongest for Chinese, with a decrease of 2.7 years in average educational attainment for each tenfold increase in the size of immigrant community. Generally, this relationship is stronger for the immigrants from Asia and Latin America and nonexistent or mixed for immigrants from Europe and Canada.
Patulin mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster.

Abstract Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by species of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus, was administered to Syrian golden hamsters by oral, sc and ip routes. The greatest number of deaths occurred 13–24 hr after administration. The LD 50 values by the oral, sc and ip routes were respectively, 31·5, 23 and 10 mg/kg body weight. Gross alterations were few and consisted of gastric, duodenal and caecal hyperaemia in some hamsters. Histopathological alterations included ulceration and inflammation of the stomach and intestines, but these were not directly attributable to patulin. Patulin was also administered orally to hamsters daily or on alternate days for 2 wk at dosages of 50 or 75% of the oral LD 50 . The mortality of the treated groups was greater than that of the controls, but was similar for all the treated groups. No evidence of cumulative toxicity was found and the gross and histopathological alterations were similar to those found in the LD 50 studies. The cause of death and the enteric lesions were attributed to alterations of the gastro-intestinal flora by the antibiotic activity of patulin.
McCarthy Performance and Neurological Functioning in Children Born "At Risk"

The neurophysiological paradigm is increasing in popularity in education and psychology, although the complexity of behavior-to-brain inference may limit its immediate utility. The present study examines the relationship of three neurological measures and their relationship to the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities from a concurrent-and predictive-validity perspective. Also investigated is the ability of traditional neurocognitive McCarthy indicators to differentiate between children with and without signs of neurologic abnormality. Findings warrant a dual approach to neuropsychological assessment (clinical and quantitated) and also sugest that the McCarthy Motor Scale may be of value in assessing the neurologic integrity in the 4-year-old. Findings concerning traditional neurocognitive indicators are inconclusive.
Observation of spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction.

We report the first observation of spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction in core-level emission from antiferromagnetic KMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. The Mn $3s$ multiplet splitting provides an internal source of polarized electrons, and spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction effects of up to 17% are seen in the $\frac{^{5}S}{^{7}S}$ intensity ratio. These effects are found to be very sensitive to both emission direction and temperature. Short-range antiferromagnetic order is found to persist up to approximately 3 times the N\'eel temperature.
Convective instability of thickening mantle lithosphere

Mantle lithosphere, being colder and therefore denser than the underlying mantle, is prone to convective instability that can be induced by horizontal shortening. Numerical experiments on a cold layer with imposed horizontal shortening are carried out to examine the relative importance of mechanical thickening, thermal diffusion and gravitational instability in deforming the layer. This analysis is then used to develop a method for determining which of these styles dominates for a layer thickening at a given rate. If viscosity is non-Newtonian, the imposition of shortening decreases the lithospheric strength, which causes perturbations to the lithosphere’s temperature structure to grow exponentially with time. Once these perturbations become sufficiently large, they then grow super-exponentially with time, eventually removing the lithospheric base. Because lithospheric viscosity is highly temperature-dependent, at most only the lower 30 per cent of the lithosphere participates in the downwelling associated with this initial super-exponential growth event. After this event, however, a downwelling develops that removes material advected into the region of downwelling by horizontal shortening. The magnitude of this persistent downwelling depends on the rate and duration of shortening. If the total amount of shortening does not exceed 50 per cent (doubling of crustal thickness), then this downwelling extends to a depth three to four times the thickness of undeformed lithosphere and forms a sheet significantly thinner than the width of the region undergoing shortening. Once shortening stops, this downwelling is no longer replenished by the shortening process, and should then detach due to its inherent gravitational instability. The hottest 60 per cent of the mantle lithosphere could be removed in such an event, which would be followed by an influx of hot, buoyant asthenosphere that causes rapid surface uplift. Because more cold material is removed after the cessation of shortening than by the initial gravitational instability, the former has a potentially greater influence on surface uplift. The Tibetan interior is thought to have been shortened by about 50 per cent in ∼30Myr and afterwards, at ∼8Ma, experienced a period of rapid uplift that may have resulted from the removal of a large downwelling ‘finger’ of cold lithosphere generated by shortening.
Spatial reversal learning in the lizard Coleonyx variegatus

Banded geckos (Coleonyx variegatus) were trained, at the rate of five daily trials, on eight intradimensional spatial shifts to a criterion of 80% correct per reversal. In contrast to several previously reported failures to obtain reversal learning, Coleonyx demonstrated significant improvement on both errors and trials to criterion. Their reversal performance compares favorably with that of birds and mammals and a common index of reversal ability, the mean total error, did not differentiate between taxa.
Making Space for Community Resource Management in Fisheries

The dominant discourse of fisheries science and management, bioeconomics, places the behavior of individual fishermen operating on an open-access commons at the center of its understanding of fisheries resources and the fishing industry. Within this discourse, fishermen are the sole actors and the fishery is the fixed stage for an inevitable ‘tragedy of the commons.’ Starting from these particular assumptions of both subject and space, bioeconomics proposes solutions to fisheries crisis that differ sharply from fishers’ perceptions of the resource and their desires for management. These divergent understandings of both the natural and social environments are reflected in the maps produced by fisheries scientists/managers and those produced by fishers themselves. Remapping fisheries in terms of fishers’ perceptions and scales of operation reveals diverse natural landscapes and communities in which the dominant discourse charted only quantities of fish and individual fishermen. The landscape of fishing comm...
Resolved atomic interaction sidebands in an optical clock transition.

We report the observation of resolved atomic interaction sidebands (ISB) in the ^(87)Sr optical clock transition when atoms at microkelvin temperatures are confined in a two-dimensional optical lattice. The ISB are a manifestation of the strong interactions that occur between atoms confined in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry and disappear when the confinement is relaxed along one dimension. The emergence of ISB is linked to the recently observed suppression of collisional frequency shifts. At the current temperatures, the ISB can be resolved but are broad. At lower temperatures, ISB are predicted to be substantially narrower and useful spectroscopic tools in strongly interacting alkaline-earth gases.
Computers in Russian schools: current conditions, main problems, and prospects for the future

This paper illustrates the current conditions of Russian schools and describes the major problems of Russian education. It also examines the past and present technological resources used in Russian classrooms, the variety and availability of hardware and software, and the prospects for Russia's future computerization. The information provided has been compiled from research, media, personal observation, surveys, and interacting with teachers, school administrators, students and other individuals.
Rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets near the 2-17 composition

The development of permanent magnets based on the rare earth-cobalt 2-17 phases is reviewed. Powdered as well as sintered alloys of Sm 2 (Co, Fe) 17 have not shown very good permanent magnet properties. But modifications of these 2-17 phases with other, additional transition metals often exhibit more useful magnetic properties, particularly in sintered form. Detailed studies on one series of such alloys, Cu and Fe-modified nonstoichiometric 2-17 phases, are presented. A grain size of about 5-10 \mu m was required to obtain an intrinsic coercive force on the order of 10 kOe, or 10% of the anisotropy field, in sintered samples of these "1-8 alloys".
M⋯H–C interaction – Agostic or not: A comparison of phenyl- versus pyridyl-bridged transition metal dimers

Abstract Two transition metal complexes of 2,6-bis[N-(8-quinolyl)carbamoyl]pyridine (L1) and one of 2,6-bis[N-(8-quinolyl)carbamoyl]benzene (L2) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes with L1 gave bifurcated-pyridine dimeric complexes (1 and 2). A copper(II) complex of L2 gave the dimeric complex, 3, in which the isophthaloyl C–H moieties of both ligands have short contacts with the pair of copper centers. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G∗ and B97-D/6-31G∗ levels of theory offer strong supporting evidence that the Cu(II)⋯H–C interactions in 3 are best described as weak hydrogen bonds rather than agostic interactions.
The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere

We use an element-matching approach to examine the hypothesis that the rate of atmospheric CO 2 increase has been reduced by an increased net storage of carbon in forests, coastal oceans, and the open sea caused by eutrophication of the biosphere with nitrogen and phosphorus. We conclude that a reasonable upper limit of about 200 Tg of the estimated total of 7800 Tg of C0 2 -carbon released to the atmosphere in 1980 could have been stored in biotic reservoirs as organic carbon in trees, soils, and aquatic sediments as a consequence of eutrophication. The reason that storage is so limited relative to total carbon release is that the C:N and C:P ratios in the C0 2 -carbon sources (fossil fuels and primary forests) are much larger than the ratios in the sinks (regrowing forests and aquatic sediments) and that N and P supply controls the rate and amount of storage of organic carbon in the available biotic sinks. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00060.x
PRELIMINARY VALIDATION OF MRI-BASED MODELING FOR EVALUATION OF JOINT MECHANICS

The objective of this study was to perform preliminary validation of MRI-based joint contact modeling methodology in the radiocarpal joints by comparison with the results of invasive radiocarpal contact measurements in three cadaver experiments. For each experiment, either Pressurex film or a Tekscan sensor was placed into the radiocarpal joints during a simulated grasp. Computer models were based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cadaver specimens without load as well as on images acquired with the same loading used for the direct measurements. Geometric surface models of the radius, scaphoid, and lunate (including cartilage) were constructed from the images acquired without load. The carpal bone motions from the unloaded to the loaded state were determined using three-dimensional (3D) voxel image registration. Cartilage thickness was assumed to be uniform at 1.0 mm with an effective compressive modulus of 4 MPa. Resulting data included peak contact pressure, contact area, and contact force in the radioscaphoid and radiolunate joints. Contact area was also measured directly from MR images acquired with load and compared to model data. Qualitatively, there was good correspondence between the MRI-based model data and experimental data, with consistent relative size, shape, and location of radioscaphoid and radiolunate contact areas. Quantitative comparison of model and experimental data was reasonable, but less consistent. Contact area from the MRI-based model was always similar to the contact area measured directly from the MR images. With additional experiments, we believe that MRI-based joint contact modeling will soon be fully validated in the radiocarpal joints.
In Loco Paedagogus: The pedagogy of a novice university supervisor

The peripherality of the university supervisor during the student teaching experience has often been considered extraneous to the work of preparing preservice teachers. Despite the supervisor's potential to support learning, the low status of supervision in the preparation of prospective teachers has led to a lack of commitment in preparing, advising, and assisting novice supervisors entering the field. This self-study provides an insider's account of my practice as a novice university supervisor. My findings suggest that I constructed a pedagogy of field-based teacher education guided by a rationale I term in loco paedagogus, whereby I instruct students based on how I would react in a similar situation. Drawing on these findings, this article highlights the need to recognize how beginning university supervisors learn to teach teachers.
A Music Therapy Strategy for Depressed Older Adults in the Community

A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults involves eight music-listening programs facilitated by a music therapist for use in the home environment. Body relaxation, imagery, stimulation, and sleep enhancement are included in these programs that use music to cue relaxation and positive thinking. Four case studies describing successful application of this approach to older adults with depression and/or anxiety offer encouragement for this type of programming.
Immunolocalization of Periostin-like factor and Periostin during embryogenesis.

Periostin-like factor (PLF) and Periostin are alternatively spliced mRNAs. Our findings are the first to show similarities and differences between PLF and Periostin location using isoform-specific antibodies. The differences in when and where they are present during mouse embryogenesis suggest that they may have different functions. Using immunostaining techniques, we observed that PLF was highly expressed at 12.5 days postconception (dpc) in the intermediate and outer zones of most brain regions, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves, and chondrocytes in developing bone and in the heart wall. By 16.5 dpc, PLF was also present in ameloblasts and odontoblasts in developing teeth, and by 19.5 dpc, PLF was present at low levels only in vagal nerve bundles, discrete white matter bundles in the brain, and chondrocytes of developing ribs. Periostin, on the other hand, was absent at 12.5 dpc from dorsal spinal cord and from cranial and spinal nerves. By 16.5 dpc, Periostin was present in many spinal nerves, but absent thereafter, and at 19.5 dpc, Periostin was present in chondrocytes in developing bone but not in neural tissues. The different spatial and temporal location of PLF and Periostin in cartilage and bone cells suggests different roles for these proteins in endochondral bone formation. The early expression of PLF in brain differentiation zones and in developing axon bundles and nerves suggests that it may facilitate axon growth. (J Histochem Cytochem 56:329–345, 2008)
Persistence of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds in chlorinated drinking water as a function of time

Ninety eight pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds (POOCs) that were amended to samples of chlorinated drinking-water were extracted and analyzed 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 days after amendment to determine whether the total chlorine residual reacted with the amended POOCs in drinking water in a time frame similar to the residence time of drinking water in a water distribution system. Results indicated that if all 98 were present in the finished drinking water from a drinking-water treatment plant using free chlorine at 1.2 mg/L as the distribution system disinfectant residual, 52 POOCs would be present in the drinking water after 10 days at approximately the same concentration as in the newly finished drinking water. Concentrations of 16 POOCs would be reduced by 32% to 92%, and 22 POOCs would react completely with residual chlorine within 24 h. Thus, the presence of free chlorine residual is an effective means for transforming some POOCs during distribution.