cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Back contact effects in thin-film photovoltaics

The Schottky barrier formed at the back contact is shown to either act as the commonly accepted back-diode or as a reach-through diode. Rare local spots with low back barrier transparency and/or weak main junctions shunt the photocurrent, thus decreasing the measured open-circuit voltage and device efficiency. This phenomenon was observed experimentally in the case of thin-film CdTe photovoltaics. Combining a proper main junction and an adequate back-contact results in 13% efficient CdTe solar cell without intentional copper doping.
Abstract 18687: PARP9 and PARP14 are Novel Regulators of Macrophage Activation

Background: Pro-inflammatory “M1” macrophages may promote atherogenesis, while “M2” macrophages may favor an anti-inflammatory milieu. Our global proteomics of M1 and M2 cells identified ADP-ribosylation enzymes PARP9 and PARP14 as novel regulators of macrophage activation. The present study has examined the underlying mechanisms and explored in vivo evidence for their role in vascular disease. Methods and Results: IFN gamma (M1) stimulation induced and IL-4 (M2) decreased PARP9 and PARP14 in mouse and human macrophages. siRNA silencing of PARP14 enhanced expression of M1 genes (e.g. TNFα, iNOS) and activation (phosphorylation) of pro-inflammatory STAT1 while suppressing M2 markers (e.g., Arginase 1) and anti-inflammatory STAT6. Conversely, PARP9 silencing suppressed M1 polarization and STAT1 activation. These results suggest that PARP14 inhibits and PARP9 promotes a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. Co-immunoprecipitation indicated that PARP14 and PARP9 physically interact. ADP-ribosylation assays revealed that PARP9 impairs PARP14-induced ribosylation (Figure A). Targeted proteomics via high-resolution mass spectrometry demonstrated that PARP14 ADP-ribosylates at least two sites in STAT1α, which PARP9 suppressed. Mechanically injured arteries of Parp14-/- mice had accelerated lesion formation and macrophage accumulation. Peritoneal and plaque macrophages of PARP14-/- mice showed increased STAT1 phosphorylation, decreased STAT6 phosphorylation, enhanced M1 gene expression, and reduced M2 responses (Figure B, laser capture microdissection). More macrophages[[Unable to Display Character: ]]were immunoreactive for PARP9 in human “unstable” plaques than in “stable” plaques (64.6±16.2% vs. 30.8±12.3%, p Conclusions: PARP14 and PARP9 reciprocally regulate the mechanisms of macrophage activation, offering the potential for new therapies for cardiovascular diseases and other conditions, in which macrophage activity impacts outcomes.
Sensor Deployment for Composite Event Detection in Mobile WSNs

In wireless sensor networks, sensors can be equipped with one or more sensing components. An atomic event can be detected using one sensing component. A composite event is the combination of several atomic events. The monitored area is divided into grids. To achieve high reliability, the composite event must be k-watched in each grid. Otherwise, a detection breach occurs. In this paper, we study the movement-assisted sensor deployment for minimum-breach composite event detection. Given the initial deployment, our goal is to relocate sensors to minimize the breach for all regions. We also impose a limit on the maximum distance that a sensor can move. A centralized approach and a localized algorithm are proposed. Simulation results are presented to validate the performance of our algorithms.
A FRAME ON FRAMES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibliography begins with a definition of frames; and covers construction of the sampling frame, determination of frame units, development of a frame, validation of a frame, administration of a frame, frame maintenance procedures, area frames, imperfect frames, Szameitat and Schaeffer's model for analyzing imperfect frames, sampling from imperfect list frames, and multiple frame surveys. The bibliography covers the period from 1945 through 1981. (GHT)
Liver biopsy in the diagnosis of infantile obstructive jaundice.

Slides of 97 liver biopsies performed in 87 infants with obstructive jaundice due to neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary duct atresia were reviewed in order to evaluate the histopathologic criteria for establishment of the diagnosis. Biopsies were interpreted in the absence of clinical information and were designated as representing either hepatitis or biliary atresia. Adequate followup data were available in 64 cases to establish the validity of the diagnosis. Twenty-three of 23 patients diagnosed as having hepatitis either recovered or had demonstration of the patency of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Thirty-nine of 41 patients designated as having atresia were shown to have an obstructive lesion. Of these, 36 were, on the basis of the clinical course, surgical findings, and cholangiographic data, considered to be examples of extrahepatic bile duct atresia. Three patients had liver biopsy changes identical to those of atresia: two choledochal cysts and one obstructive plug of bile in the common bile duct. Two other patients subsequently became anicteric. Diagnostic error, which was based on histopathologic interpretation of both needle and open liver biopsies, was 3.5%. While 80% of the biopsies were obtained at laparotomy, the application of the cited histopathologic criteria should result in a similarly high degree of accuracy in interpretation of percutaneous needle biopsies.
Food Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Body Composition of the Young Obese (ob/ob) Mouse

PI-YAO LIN, DALE R. ROMSOS ANDGILBERT A. LEVEILLEFood Science & Human Nutrition Department,Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824ABSTRACT Estimates of food intake and body weight gain were obtained in obese (ob/ob) mice from 7 to 56 days of age. Milk intake wasestimated daily from 7 to 21 days of age; there were no differences betweenobese and lean mice. From 14 to 21 days of age, obese mice gained morebody weight than lean mice. At 21 days of age, the carcasses of obese micecontained about twice as much fat as the carcasses of lean mice did,whereas the protein content was not different. Mice were weaned at 21days of age, and individually fed a stock diet or a high-fat diet. During thefirst several days after weaning, obese males consumed less food than didthe lean males. After approximately 28 to 35 days of age, obese mice consumed more food and gained more weight than lean mice. At 56 days ofage, obese mice contained 4 to 5 times as much body fat as did lean mice,but contained significantly less body protein than lean mice. For the 5week post-weaning period, obese mice converted 3 to 4 times more dietaryenergy to body energy than did lean mice, whereas obese mice consumedonly 20 to 40% more energy. At the same time, obese mice converted onlyabout 70% as much dietary protein to body protein as did lean mice. Thehigh-fat diet markedly enhanced the apparent energy efficiency in obesemice. The present studies suggest that alterations in energy metabolism,as well as in protein metabolism, may play an important role in the development of obesity in these mice. Hyperphagia may be of secondary importance. J. Nutr. 107: 1715-1723, 1977.INDEXING KEY WORDS food intake â€¢body weight gain â€¢bodycomposition â€¢obesity â€¢ob/ob miceGenetically obese rodents have been in older animals (1, 8), there is a paucityutilized extensively as animal models in of data on food intake of the young obeseobesity studies (1). In most of those mouse. The possible role of nutrition instudies, adult animals have been used, the early development of the obese syn-However, recent evidence suggests that drome has not been elucidated,metabolic alterations may already be prA¨s- The present study was designed to fol-ent in these animals at an early age. In low the food intake and growth pattern ofthe genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse, an obese and lean mice from 1 to 8 weeks ofincreased body fat concentration (2, 3) age. Before weaning at 3 weeks of age,and adipocyte cell size (4), a decreased
Prescription drug misuse and suicidal ideation: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Abstract Objective Suicide is one of the leading causes of injury-related mortality in the United States and prior research has identified alcohol and other drug use as a major risk factor. In recent years, prescription drug misuse has become a serious public health issue; however, very little research examines the relationship between prescription drug misuse and suicide or suicidal ideation. Methods Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the current research examines the relationship between prescription drug misuse and suicidal ideation among adults. Suicidal ideation was measured by asking respondents if they seriously thought about killing themselves in the past 12 months. Prescription drug misuse was defined as use without a prescription or solely for the feeling or experience caused by the drug in the past 12 months. Several multivariable logistic regression models were estimated. Results Findings show that respondents who report prescription drug misuse in the past year, specifically pain relievers, are more likely to report that they had seriously though about killing themselves. Conclusions The current research fills an important gap in the literature by examining the relationship between prescription drug misuse and suicidal ideation. Consistent with the extant literature, prescription drug misuse is significantly associated with suicidal ideation among adults.
Potential role of statin therapy in heart failure, atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, are widely prescribed throughout the world, and considerable evidence has indicated their powerful effects in ischemic forms of cardiovascular disease. Recently, several trials have demonstrated that statins have pleiotropic effects beyond their lipid-lowering capacities. These findings may play a role in the use of statins to manage forms of cardiovascular disease that may or may not have an ischemic etiology: congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis.
Dose response studies with vasodilator antihypertensive drugs.

Vasodilators are highly efficacious in hypertension and the ideal one(s) have not yet been developed. Key information is obtained from initial studies of the effects of sequentially larger single oral doses. Blood pressure and heart rate responses measured in the recumbent and standing positions can be analyzed in terms of onset, dose response and offset of effect. These data, which can be modeled similarly to plasma concentration data, will determine the optimal dosing interval. The adequacy of blood pressure control should be confirmed by multiple dose administration. Orthostatic effect and intensity of compensatory responses can be evaluated by hemodynamic and neuroendocrine studies, the latter to include plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity. Baroreflex sensitivity, as a determinant of autonomic response to vasodepression, appears to modify the response to intravenous nitroprusside, in part by increased sympathetic tone. The influence of baseline arterial pressure on the response to vasodila...
Isolation and sequencing of the cDNA encoding phosphatidylinositol transfer protein from rabbit lung

The cDNA clones encoding rabbit lung phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PI-TP) were isolated and sequenced. The putative polypeptide consisted of 270 amino acid (aa) residues, the same as human PI-TP, but one aa residue less than the PI-TP of rat and mouse. PI-TP RNA expression in various tissues of a pregnant rabbit was analyzed by Northern blot. Brain, placenta and fallopian tube had the highest PI-TP RNA expression. PI-TP RNA expression in alveolar epithelial type-II cells isolated from rabbit lung markedly increased after a 24-h culture, suggesting that PI-TP RNA expression in type-II cells can be modified by ambient factors.
A Theoretical Analysis of Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers: Mechanism of Temperature Dependent Peak Shift

Detailed analysis of the absorption spectra of the R26.Phe-a mutant RCs at various temperatures has been presented constructing a model Hamiltonian based on the previous spectral analysis results. The temperature dependence of the electronic asymmetry and the coupling between the Bchls in the special pair can be obtained by using the thermal expansion model. The major contributions to the energy gaps between the exciton states of the special pair result from the protein-induced electronic asymmetry Δ and the intra-dimer coupling β. The values of Δ and β are obtained to be 147 and 405.19 cm-1 at room temperature, respectively, and they increase with a decrease in temperature. Peak intensity ratios of each electronic state to the lowest electronic state at various temperatures are calculated using the delocalized basis set. The absorption spectra at 77 and 278 K have been theoretically predicted by using the model presented in this paper. Anisotropy is also studied using both delocalized and dimer basis set...
Globally stable saturable learning laws

Abstract This article discusses minimal saturable learning laws that incorporate deassociative as well as associative behavior. The requirement of global stability results in new terms for the nodal activity equation. These terms provide temporal competition of a node with its own past history and imply spontaneous code protection and better memory storage capacity for a slab. One variant of these saturable learning laws is identified as the fringe contrast in an emulsion-based optical holographic interconnection implementation.
Disruption of Axonal Transport by Loss of Huntingtin or Expression of Pathogenic PolyQ Proteins in Drosophila

We tested whether proteins implicated in Huntington's and other polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion diseases can cause axonal transport defects. Reduction of Drosophila huntingtin and expression of proteins containing pathogenic polyQ repeats disrupt axonal transport. Pathogenic polyQ proteins accumulate in axonal and nuclear inclusions, titrate soluble motor proteins, and cause neuronal apoptosis and organismal death. Expression of a cytoplasmic polyQ repeat protein causes adult retinal degeneration, axonal blockages in larval neurons, and larval lethality, but not neuronal apoptosis or nuclear inclusions. A nuclear polyQ repeat protein induces neuronal apoptosis and larval lethality but no axonal blockages. We suggest that pathogenic polyQ proteins cause neuronal dysfunction and organismal death by two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms. One mechanism requires nuclear accumulation and induces apoptosis; the other interferes with axonal transport. Thus, disruption of axonal transport by pathogenic polyQ proteins could contribute to early neuropathology in Huntington's and other polyQ expansion diseases.
Maintaining Datacom Rack Inlet Air Temperatures With Water Cooled Heat Exchanger

The heat dissipated by electronic equipment continues to increase at a alarming rate. This has occurred for products covering a wide range of applications. Manufacturers of this equipment require that the equipment be maintained within an environmental envelope in order to guarantee proper operation. Achievement of these environmental conditions are becoming increasingly difficult given the increases in rack heat loads and the desire for customers of such equipment to cluster racks in a small region for increased performance. And with the increased heat load of the racks and correspondingly increased air flowrate the chilled air flow supplied either through data center raised floor perforated tiles or diffusers for non raised floors is not sufficient to match the air flow required by the datacom racks. In this case some of the hot air exhausting the rear of a rack can return to the front of the rack and be ingested into the air intake thereby reducing the reliability of the electronic equipment. This paper describes a method to reduce the effect of the hot air recirculation with a water cooled heat exchanger attached to the rear door of the rack. This heat exchanger removes a large portion of the heat from the rack as well as significantly lowering the air temperature exhausting the rear of the rack. This paper describes the hardware and presents the test results showing that a large portion of the heat is removed from the rack and the temperature exhausting the rear of the rack is significantly reduced. Finally the effectiveness of the solution is shown in modeling of this water cooled solution in a data center application.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Software architecture critics in the Argo design environment

Software architectures are high-level design representations of software systems which focus on composition of software components and how those components interact. Software architectures abstract the details of implementation and allow the designer to focus on essential design decisions. Regardless of notation, designers are faced with the task of making good design decisions which demand a broad range of knowledge of the problem and solution domains. In this paper we describe Argo, a software architecture design environment that supports designers by addressing several cognitive challenges of design. Argo's critiquing infrastructure supports decision making by automatically supplying knowledge that is timely and relevant to decisions at hand. Our discussion centers on a five-phase critiquing process that we use to motivate Argo's features, structure a usage scenario and characterize related work.
SU‐FF‐J‐61: Evaluation of Two CT/MRI Fusion Algorithms Used for Treatment Planning

Purpose: To evaluate the quality of two CT/MRI image fusion algorithms used for 3D‐CRT and IMRTtreatment planningMethod and Materials: Computed tomography‐magnetic resonance imaging (CT‐MRI) fusion was performed for nine patients with brain/head & neck lesions. Some patients have undergone both three dimensional conformal therapy (3D‐CRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) using two commercially available treatment planning systems which we will refer to as system (1) and system (2), respectively. In order to quantify the fusion results bony landmarks, such as the ramus of the mandible or part of the skull bone, were outlined on the reformatted MRI and the position of the outline in reference to the same bony landmark on the CTimage were measured. Results: Based on what was acceptable fusion for our clinicians, this preliminary study showed registration accuracy between CT and MRI within 3 mm and 2 mm for system (1) and (2), respectively. On system 2 the quality of the fusion, the bar display, was in the range 62.5% – 100%. We also found that getting full bar (100% — ‘perfect match’) is possible with reasonable effort if one uses three fiducial marks. Though the bar showed 100% fusion quality the fusion results were not satisfactory. We found better fusion using five or more fiducial points with 62.5 % to 75 % fusion quality. Conclusion: Fusion software in both systems provides sufficient CT‐MRI fusion accuracy. However, one has to be careful in interpreting the semi‐quantitative bar display in system (2) fusion results. We found that instead of going for a perfect matching bar using few fiducial marks one has to use more points, at least five, even if one gets lower percentage match as this is averaged over more landmarks.
Perceptual classification of information in vowel-consonant syllables.

Two experiments are reported which examined whether information specifying consonantidentity was available in brief segments at the offsets of vowel-consonant syllables. The first experiment employed a classification task in which the subjects were required to sort eight synthetic stimuli composed of two stop consonants, /b/ and /d/, in four vowel environments. It was found that the subjects’ responses were best described by a classification strategy based on overall acoustic similarities between the stimuli. It was hypothesized that these acoustic similarities could be predicted by averaging the frequencies of the second and third formants at offset. A perceptual learning task was used in Experiment 2. Although the salience of the acoustic similarities was again evident, the results also indicated that the subjects were able to learn classification schemes based on acoustic-phonetic similarities. Subjects made fewer errors in learning to sort the stimuli by both consonant-identity and vowel-similarity rules in comparison to an arbitrary division when all of the formants were left intact. These data are interpreted as an indication that brief segments of speech contain invariant cues to phonetic identity and that the salience of phonetic classifications increases as the sounds retain more of the information found in speech.
Statistical modelling and steganalysis of DFT-based image steganography

An accurate statistical model of cover images is essential to the success of both steganography and steganalysis. We study the statistics of the full-frame two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients of natural images and show that the independently and identically distributed model with unit exponential distribution is not a sufficiently accurate description of the statistics of normalized image periodograms. Consequently, the stochastic quantization index modulation (QIM) algorithm that aims at preserving this model is detectable in principle. To discriminate the resulted stegoimages from cover images, we train a learning system on them. Building upon a state-of-the-art steganalysis method using the statistical moments of wavelet characteristic functions, we propose new features that are more sensitive to data embedding. The addition of these features significantly improves the steganalyzer's receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
Circuit-Switched Coherence

Circuit-switched networks can significantly lower the communication latency between processor cores, when compared to packet-switched networks, since once circuits are set up, communication latency approaches pure interconnect delay. However, if circuits are not frequently reused, the long set up time and poorer interconnect utilization can hurt overall performance. To combat this problem, we propose a hybrid router design which intermingles packet-switched flits with circuit-switched flits. Additionally, we co-design a prediction-based coherence protocol that leverages the existence of circuits to optimize pair-wise sharing between cores. The protocol allows pair-wise sharers to communicate directly with each other via circuits and drives up circuit reuse. Circuit-switched coherence provides overall system performance improvements of up to 17% with an average improvement of 10% and reduces network latency by up to 30%.
Collaborating to Manage: A Primer for the Public Sector by Robert Agranoff

Collaborating to Manage: A Primer for the Public Sector. Robert Agranoff. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2012, 270 pages. ISBN-10: 1589019164 Robert Agranoff's Collaborating to Manage...
α-Aspartate 261 Is a Key Residue in Noncatalytic Sites of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase

Abstract X-ray structure analysis of the noncatalytic sites of F1-ATPase revealed that residue α-Asp261 lies close to the Mg of bound Mg-5′-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate. Here, the mutation αD261N was generated in Escherichia coli and combined with the αR365W mutation, allowing nucleotide binding at F1 noncatalytic sites to be specifically monitored by tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. Purified αD261N/αR365W F1-ATPase showed catalytic activity similar to wild-type. An important feature was that, without any resort to nucleotide-depletion procedures, the noncatalytic sites in purified native enzyme were already empty. Binding studies with MgATP, MgADP, and the corresponding free nucleotides led to the following conclusions. Residue α-Asp261 interacts with the Mg of Mg-nucleotide in noncatalytic sites and provides a large component of the binding energy (∼3 kcal/mol). It is the primary determinant of the preference of noncatalytic sites for Mg-nucleotide. The natural ligands at these sites in wild-type enzyme are the Mg-nucleotides and free nucleotides bind poorly. Under conditions where noncatalytic sites were empty, αD261N/αR365W F1 showed significant hydrolysis of MgATP. This establishes unequivocally that occupancy of noncatalytic sites by nucleotide is not required for catalysis.
Reorganization or Division? New Strategies of Community Forestry in Durango, Mexico

This article examines recent agrarian reforms' impact on Mexican community forestry, a common pool resource regime linking peasants' social and economic interests with conservation. It analyzes two agrarian communities that established smaller organizational units and explores peasants' creative responses to neoliberal restructuring, issues posed by new forms of governing collective resources and changing relationships between forestry and community development. Does this restructuring represent reorganization in more effective pursuit of community objectives? Or does it represent division, pursuit of individual agendas inimical to social and ecological sustainability? The counterintuitive experiences of these cases suggest local responses to restructuring may promote viable communities of producers with stakes in sustainable management or bypass such stakeholder communities. In Mexico, common pool resource regimes are best seen not as static categories of private or collective tenure, but as often ambigu...
Conjugated Conducting Polymers as Components in Block Copolymer Systems

Inducing nanostructure in conducting polymers and organically-derived nanostructured carbons provides additional control over their physical and electronic properties. These nanostructures have previously been produced by lithographic methods such as e-beam lithography, ion lithography and patterning involving pre-prepared masks. Self-assembly based on block copolymer self-segregation is another method for inducing nanostructures, one that contains a great deal of flexibility in the means of structure formation. Simply incorporating conducting moieties into one segment of a block copolymer via block extension or coupling is one primary strategy. Templating the conducting material or its precursor with block copolymer micelles and membranes, particularly when one segment of the copolymer exhibits affinity with the conducting polymer, is another heavily utilized method. This review discusses the use of block copolymers prepared by controlled radical polymerization as a tool for inducing nanostructure in con...
Selection of Spatial-Temporal Lattice Models: Assessing the Impact of Climate Conditions on a Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak

Insects are among the most significant indicators of a changing climate. Here we evaluate the impact of temperature, precipitation, and elevation on the tree-killing ability of an eruptive species of bark beetle in pine forests of British Columbia, Canada. We consider a spatial-temporal linear regression model and in particular, a new statistical method that simultaneously performs model selection and parameter estimation. This approach is penalized maximum likelihood estimation under a spatial-temporal adaptive Lasso penalty, paired with a computationally efficient algorithm to obtain approximate penalized maximum likelihood estimates. A simulation study shows that finite-sample properties of these estimates are sound. In a case study, we apply this approach to identify the appropriate components of a general class of landscape models which features the factors that propagate an outbreak. We interpret the results from ecological perspectives and compare our method with alternative model selection procedures.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and 16α-bromo-epiandrosterone: inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus-induced transformation of human lymphocytes

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a major adrenal secretory product in men and women, is a potent inhibitor of mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Long-term treatment with this steroid has previously been found to suppress spontaneous breast cancer development in C3H mice. DHEA is now shown to inhibit Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced morphologic transformation and stimulation of DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. 16 alpha-Br-epiandrosterone, a DHEA analog that is about 60 times as potent as DHEA as an inhibitor of G6PDH, is much more effective as an inhibitor of EBV-induced transformation.
Plasma Complement and Histamine Changes after Intravenous Administration of Sodium Fluorescein

Venous blood samples were obtained from 85 patients before and at three, ten, and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Whole complement hemolytic activity and plasma histamine were measured. The patients were observed for side effects. Clinical adverse reactions occurred in 18 (21%) of the patients. Changes in complement hemolytic activity occurred in all patients, but probably were the result of binding of fluorescein to complement proteins, or on the membrane of sensitized red blood cells used in the assay. Plasma histamine was increased within the first few minutes after infusion of fluorescein and persisted up to ten minutes. Increased histamine was found in 66% of patients with adverse reactions and in only 15% of patients with no reactions. Histamine may be an important mediator of adverse reactions to fluorescein.
Hispanic Students' Perception of White Teachers' Mastery Goal Orientation Influences Sense of School Belonging.

Abstract This study postulated a structural model to investigate the degree of influence that White middle-level teachers who employ mastery goal orientation and academic pressure may have on Hispanic students' sense of school belongingness. Participants were 434 5th and 6th grade students and 21 teachers. Initial proposed model estimates fit the data adequately when employing certain fit criteria (Comparative Fix Index = .92, standardized root mean squared residual = .09). Findings indicated that students' reported feelings of school belonging were positively influenced by White teachers who promoted mastery goal orientation and academic pressure within their classrooms. School belonging, in turn, influenced students' mastery goal orientation.
A Framework for the Adaptive Finite Element Solution of Large-Scale Inverse Problems

Since problems involving the estimation of distributed coefficients in partial differential equations are numerically very challenging, efficient methods are indispensable. In this paper, we will introduce a framework for the efficient solution of such problems. This comprises the use of adaptive finite element schemes, solvers for the large linear systems arising from discretization, and methods to treat additional information in the form of inequality constraints on the parameter to be recovered. The methods to be developed will be based on an all-at-once approach, in which the inverse problem is solved through a Lagrangian formulation. The main feature of the paper is the use of a continuous (function space) setting to formulate algorithms, in order to allow for discretizations that are adaptively refined as nonlinear iterations proceed. This entails that steps such as the description of a Newton step or a line search are first formulated on continuous functions and only then evaluated for discrete functions. On the other hand, this approach avoids the dependence of finite dimensional norms on the mesh size, making individual steps of the algorithm comparable even if they used differently refined meshes. Numerical examples will demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the method for problems with several million unknowns and more than 10,000 parameters.
A critical review of the kinetics of the dissociation-recombination reactions of fluorine and chlorine†

A critical evaluation of the rates of the dissociation and recombination reactions of fluorine and chlorine is given. Data are presented graphically and in tabular form. The effect of various third bodies is discussed. Rate expressions for specified temperature ranges are recommended, while comparison with theoretical values obtained from the Benson and Fueno theory is made where applicable.
Neuroscience: Looking-glass wars

Patricia Smith Churchland welcomes a critique of the mirror-neuron theory linking brain and behaviour.
Generalized Wannier Functions and Effective Hamiltonians

An effective Hamiltonian for an electron in a periodic lattice in a uniform magnetic field can be formulated rigorously in terms of an orthonormal set of basis functions. These functions are obtained from one another by application of magnetic translation operators. The Wannier functions turn out to be a special case of this more general set, applicable in the absence of magnetic fields. Not only are these functions not uniquely defined, but the form of the effective Hamiltonian will depend on their manner of selection, with the exception that at zero field the effective Hamiltonian is unique. A multiband effective Hamiltonian suitable for breakdown calculations is described.
Crystal structure of the complex of rat neonatal Fc receptor with Fc

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the bloodstream of the newborn. FcRn is structurally similar to class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, despite differences in the ligands they bind (the Fc portion of IgG and antigenic peptides, respectively). A low-resolution crystal structure of the complex between FcRn and Fc localizes the binding site for Fc to the side of FcRn, distinct from the tops of the αl and α2 domains which serve as the peptide and T-cell receptor binding sites in class I molecules. FcRn binds to Fc at the interface between the Fc C_H2 and C_H3 domains, which contains several histidine residues that could account for the sharply pH-dependent FcRn/IgG interaction. A dimer of FcRn heterodimers observed in the co-crystals and in the crystals of FcRn alone could be involved in binding Fc, correlating with the 2:1 binding stoichiometry between FcRn and IgG (ref. 4) and suggesting an unusual orientation of FcRn on the membrane.
Why We Did It: An Anscombian Account of Collective Action

Abstract In this paper, I am concerned with persons’ capacity for joint action. I start by suggesting that approaches which seek to account for that capacity in terms of collective intentionality face a problem: there are actions that clearly seem to qualify as collective even though the involved persons cannot be said to entertain an overarching ‘We’‐intention (however one characterizes this notion). I then go on to develop an alternative account of action that loosely draws on Elizabeth Anscombe’s action theory and show how this alternative account can be applied to joint action. In so doing, I stress the importance of the phenomenal dimension of agency.
The high peak current polarized electron source of the Stanford Linear Collider

Abstract The Stanford Linear Collider injector requires two 2 ns pulses of 4.5–5.5 × 10 10 electrons, separated by 61 ns at 120 Hz, from its source. Since 1992, these currents have been provided by a polarized electron source based on GaAs photocathodes. A beam polarization of 76 ± 4% has been measured at the end of the 50 GeV linac. At low photocathode quantum efficiencies, and for excitation near threshold, the maximum current delivered by the source is constrained, not by the space charge limit of the gun, but by a “charge limit” of the photocathode. The charge limited current is proportional to the photocathode quantum efficiency, but the proportionality varies for different photocathode types. Experience with high polarization strained GaAs photocathodes on a test beamline and on the SLC is presented.
Retrospective evaluation of PET-MRI registration algorithms.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of registration positron emission tomography (PET) head images to the MRI-based brain atlas. The [18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose PET images were normalized to the MRI-based brain atlas using nine registration algorithms including objective functions of ratio image uniformity (RIU), normalized mutual information (NMI), and normalized cross correlation (CC) and transformation models of rigid-body, linear, affine, and nonlinear transformations. The accuracy of normalization was evaluated by visual inspection and quantified by the gray matter (GM) concordance between normalized PET images and the brain atlas. The linear and affine registration based on the RIU provided the best GM concordance (average similarity index of 0.71 for both). We also observed that the GM concordances of linear and affine registration were higher than those of the rigid and nonlinear registration among the methods evaluated.
On the Induction and Consequences of Variation in Behavior Perception

Research indicates that perceivers regulate information gain from their observation of ongoing behavior by varying the number and kind of actions they identify as meaningful. Although numerous factors have been shown to induce variation in this behavior-perception process, it is not currently known whether observers must consciously and intentionally initiate these changes. To address this question, different observational goals (impression formation or memorization) were nonconsciously primed in participants who then viewed and segmented a behavior sequence into meaningful actions. Although participants were unaware of its effects, the priming manipulation led to quantitative and qualitative shifts in their perception of the behavior that were similar to those found in a previous study in which observational goals were manipulated via explicit instructions. Importantly, these shifts in perception, in turn, influenced evaluations of the observed actor and memory for her behavior. We conclude that an act of will is not required for adjustments in behavior perception to be initiated, and, furthermore, that a full understanding of social judgment cannot be achieved without examination of the behavior-perception process.
Adolescent HMO enrollees’ utilization of out-of-plan services

Abstract Purpose: To examine use of reproductive health services, correlates of out-of-plan care, and reasons for seeking out-of-plan care among adolescent health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollees. Methods: We mailed a self-administered questionnaire to a population-based random sample of 18-year-old members of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) who had been enrolled for at least 12 months. The sample was selected from GHC's computerized enrollment database. Questionnaire topics included reproductive history, sexual behavior, and use of health services. Analysis included Chi-square tests to examine differences by gender and out-of-plan status and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results: About one-half of the 997 respondents (69% response rate) reported using out-of-plan care. In multivariate analysis, the strongest correlate of out-of-plan care was having had sexual intercourse [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35–2.52]. Other correlates were using alcohol (OR = 1.79; 95% CI=1.29–2.48), living with parents (OR = 0.65; 95% CI=.46–.92), and being female (OR = 1.60; 95% CI=1.21–2.11). During the prior year, over 80% of sexually active respondents had obtained contraceptives out-of-plan and 45% of those tested for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) reported out-of-plan testing. The primary reasons reported for using any out-of-plan care were lack of convenience (28%), being out of town (26%), and confidentiality (23%; only reported by sexually active respondents). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of GHC-enrolled adolescents used out-of-plan care. Those who did were more likely to have had STDs and other health problems than those who used only in-plan services. Without continuity of care, these at-risk adolescents may not be receiving optimal services.
Expectations Defied: Church in a Time of Social Change

Had ex-FEMA director, Michael Brown been aware of the results of Mark Chaves's Na tional Congregations Study (NCS), he might have been less inclined to bypass his superi ors for assistance in anticipating the response to Hurricane Katrina. A few days after Katri na struck, Brown intimated that it was the re sponsibility of churches and not the govern ment to look after hurricane victims. But as Chaves emphasizes, congregation-based ser vice projects are the exception rather than the rule: "most congregations engage only minimally in social services" (p. 57) and, more importantly, such activity is mainly done in collaboration with, and dependent on the financial and other resources of, oth er religious and secular organizations (pp. 68, 78). Brown was right to anticipate some con gregational help; as Chaves notes, congrega tional social services are typically "character ized by attention to short-term emergency needs, especially for food, clothing, and shel ter" (p. 65). Clearly, however, the long-term social service demands unmasked by Katrina reach well beyond the resources of even the most committed groups of local church vol unteers. The NCS data come from Chaves's innov ative study of a nationally representative sample of congregations, providing unprece dented information about congregations' structures and activities. Based on their nu merical presence alone, with more than 300,000 in the U. S. (p. 3), congregations are a significant and varied feature of American life, providing an amazing array of social, re ligious, educational, cultural/artistic, political, and community activities. It is an ironic com mentary on the multifaceted place of religion in contemporary America that a key point Chaves is compelled to underscore is that congregations' central purpose is worship and the creation of religious meaning (p. 127). The backdrop to emphasizing worship, of course, is that like Brown, many people have become accustomed to thinking of church as something other than a place of worship, displaced instead by the prevailing Congregations in America, by Mark Chaves. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. 291 pp. $29.95 cloth. ISBN: 0674012844.
Critical Issues in Teaching a Multicultural Counseling Course.

A Multicultural Counseling course (MCC) brings unique challenges and rewards to both instructors and students. Given its unique challenges, the process of teaching a MCC is as important as, or even more important than, the content. Drawing from extant literature and the authors’ experiences, this paper discusses such topics as what to teach, how to teach, classroom dynamics, instructors’ issues, and students’ issues to provide a concise, practical, and comprehensive framework for teaching such difficult but essential courses.
SPLENOGONADAL FUSION: REPORT OF 2 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

AbstractPurpose: We reviewed the presentation and clinical findings in an unusual scrotal mass seen in children.Materials and Methods: This review involves a detailed description of 2 cases of splenogonadal fusion, and a complete survey and assessment of the published literature on this subject.Results: A detailed assessment of 137 cases (135 previously reported, 2 added) of splenogonadal fusion was undertaken. Splenogonadal fusion can be classified as either continuous or discontinuous type. The disorder was rarely recognized before surgery.Conclusions: In 37 percent of reported patients orchiectomy was performed because of suspicion that the lesion represented a primary neoplasm. However, orchiectomy is not necessary, since the splenic tissue can be dissected safely off of the tunica albuginea. Therefore, an awareness of the possibility that this anomaly may exist can avoid an unnecessary orchiectomy.
Use of Outcrop Analogues to Predict Lithology Influence On the Seismic Signature

Identification of similar Turbidite features on well log and Seismic There have been many studies of how Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHIs) can help or hurt us when trying to distinguish fluid and lithology effects on seismic amplitudes. The integration of outcrop studies can enhance the interpretation of complex reservoirs in deep-water depositional settings. In this paper we present observations from world-class deep-water outcrops as analogues to deep-water Gulf of Mexico (GOM) reservoirs. We present the methodology of the investigation starting with outcrop studies, well log and seismic interpretation of deep-water sediments, forward and inverse modeling, and analysis of the DHI response. Examples of outcrops and 1-D models are presented. 1-D Seismic Modeling of composite Reflectivity coefficient for turbidite reservoir intervals 2-D Seismic Modeling Amplitude versus Offset response of these intervals
Conceptual accessibility and syntactic structure in sentence formulation

Abstract The grammatical relations of noun phrases in sentences are ordered in a hierarchy that is reflected in a wide array of linguistic phenomena. The hypothesis explored in this paper is that this hierarchy is related to the conceptual accessibility of the intended referents of noun phrases that commonly occur in particular relational roles, with relations higher in the hierarchy typically occupied by noun phrases representing more accessible concepts. An experiment on the formulation of sentences examined the relationship betweeen conceptual accessibility and grammatical relations for three levels in the hierarchy, the subject, direct object, and indirect object. There was a strong and systematic influence of conceptual accessibility on the surface syntactic structure of sentences. The attribution of this effect to grammatical role assignments, rather than to serial ordering mechanisms, was supported by the absence of an effect of conceptual accessibility on the order of nouns in conjunctive noun phrases. This pattern of results can be explained within current theories of sentence production.
Clinical Significance of Sleep Apnea in the Elderly

The generally accepted polysomnographic criteria for diagnosis of sleep apnea is exceeded by elderly subjects with such frequency that the validity of its application to this age group has been questioned. We studied a group of elderly volunteers with nocturnal polysomnography and partitioned them into 2 groups based upon an apnea index of greater than or less than 5 per hour. The results of a protocol evaluating the presence of potential complications of sleep apnea including cardiac arrhythmias, systemic hypertension, cor pulmonale, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive impairment were compared for the 2 groups. No excess incidence of cardiovascular complications was found. Although an increase in daytime sleep tendency was shown for the group with more frequent apneas, no appreciable deficits in cognitive performance were demonstrated.Although apnea during sleep in the elderly may be associated with an increase in daytime sleepiness, it may not necessarily result in other physiologic or neuropsychologic co...
Coherentism, Truth, and Witness Agreement

Coherentists on epistemic justification claim that all justification is inferential, and that beliefs, when justified, get their justification together (not in isolation) as members of a coherent belief system. Some recent work in formal epistemology shows that “individual credibility” is needed for “witness agreement” to increase the probability of truth and generate a high probability of truth. It can seem that, from this result in formal epistemology, it follows that coherentist justification is not truth-conducive, that it is not the case that, under the requisite conditions, coherentist justification increases the probability of truth and generates a high probability of truth. I argue that this does not follow.