cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biotic Interactions Among Estuarine Infaunal Opportunistic Species

Experiences de defaunation du sediment meuble dans un petit estuaire de Nouvelle Angleterre pour etudier l'effet des especes opportunistes etablies sur la recolonisation subsequente de ce sediment. Il n'apparait pas exister un type «caracteristique» d'interaction biotique influencant la dynamique de la succession des especes sur fond meuble
Bioprosthetic tricuspid valve stenosis associated with extensive plaque deposition in carcinoid heart disease

Fig. 1. Case No. 2. Drawing of abdominal aorta in the 7%year-old woman who died from accidental head trauma. A, Anterior view showing the large aortic false channel and its relation to the major aortic branches. The aortic dissection, which never ruptured, was never diagnosed during life. B, At necropsy the abdominal aorta was opened longitudinally, permitting view of the entrance and exit tears, and the large thrombus-filled false channel.
Is parental knowledge of their adolescent offspring's whereabouts and peer associations spuriously associated with offspring delinquency?

Recent studies suggest that most of what parents know about their adolescent offspring’s whereabouts and companions is the result of youth disclosure, rather than information gained through active parental monitoring. This raises the possibility that parental knowledge is spuriously correlated with youth delinquency solely because the most delinquent youth disclose the least information to parents (because they have the most to hide). We tested this spurious association hypothesis using prospective data on offspring of a nationally representative sample of US women, controlling demographic and contextual covariates. In separate analyses, greater parental knowledge of their offspring’s peer associations at both 12–13 years and at 14–15 years was associated with lower odds of being in the top 1 standard deviation of youth-reported delinquency at 16–17 years, controlling for delinquency at the earlier ages. The extent to which parents set limits on activities with peers at 14–15 years did not mediate or moderate the association between parental knowledge and delinquency, but it did independently predict future delinquency among adolescents living in high-risk neighborhoods. This suggests that the association between parental knowledge and future delinquency is not solely spurious; rather parental knowledge and limit setting are both meaningful predictors of future delinquency.
Time Resolution by Single Auditory Neurones in Birds

Calls and songs of birds often contain rapid sequences of sounds which man is unable to follow. It is commonly known that fine temporal features in bird songs become recognizable only after slowing down the playback speed of a recording. The best evidence that such sound patterns are perceived by birds is presented by song learning among passerines. The echo locating oilbird, Steatornis caripensis, must be able to hear its own cries composed of brief pulses separated by silent intervals of 2–3 ms (ref. 3). The extreme accuracy with which duetting or antiphonal birds time the delivery of songs may be regarded as further evidence.
A statistical analysis on the effectiveness of using a computer algebra system in a developmental algebra course

Abstract We evaluate the effectiveness of using a Computer Algebra System (CAS) in an Intermediate Algebra course. We measure the effectiveness of using technology in this developmental course by comparing the grade distributions in a follow-up course of three groups: students who went through the technology based course, students who went through a traditional course, and students who were not required to take a developmental course. This study indicates that using a CAS is a very effective teaching tool for the developmental mathematics program. We found that the students in the developmental program which had the technology based course did at least as well as the students who did not need to take any developmental courses. This is a real improvement since we also found that students who took the traditional Intermediate. Algebra course did not do as well in subsequent courses as students who took the technology based course.
Integrin-dependent PLC-γ1 phosphorylation mediates fibronectin-dependent adhesion

Although integrin engagement initiates signaling events such as focal-adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src kinase activation, the role of phosphoinositide turnover in cell adhesion is less clear. To assess PLC-γ1 function in this process, Plcg1 -/- fibroblasts (Null) were compared with the same fibroblasts in which PLC-γ1 was re-expressed (Null+). Following plating on fibronectin, Null cells displayed a significantly impaired rate of adhesion compared with Null+ cells. This defect was detected at low concentrations of fibronectin; at high fibronectin concentrations, the Null and Null+ cells displayed equivalent adhesion characteristics. The differences were not due to PLC-γ1-dependent changes in integrin subunit expression, nor was integrin receptor clustering impaired with the absence of PLC-γ1. Experiments with site-specific antibodies and PLC-γ1 mutants showed that fibronectin selectively increased phosphorylation of Tyr783 and that mutagenesis of this residue, but not Tyr771 or Tyr1253, abrogated fibronectin-dependent adhesion. The SH2 domains of PLC-γ1 were also required for maximal adhesion on fibronectin. Adhesion to fibronectin induced PLC-γ1 tyrosine phosphorylation that was inhibited by a Src-kinase inhibitor, but not an epidermal-growth-factor-receptor kinase inhibitor. Moreover, in cells null for Src family members, but not in cells null for FAK family members, integrin-dependent PLC-γ1 tyrosine phosphorylation was greatly reduced. Finally, the data demonstrated that PLC-γ1 co-immunoprecipitated with Src following fibronectin-induced integrin activation, and this association did not depend on FAK expression.
Patterns of Prisoner Misconduct: Toward a Behavioral Test of Prisonization

Abstract Theory and research in the sociology of prison life and prisonization, particularly Clemmer and Wheeler and their followers, focused mostly on the normative aspects of these processes and concepts, giving rise to two prominent conceptions: the functional and importation models of adaptation to prison life. Behavioral measures were relatively neglected. This paper reviews in detail these two paradigms and their basic premises, and proposes a new direction for prisonization study, namely the focus upon behavioral measures of the prisoners' acculturation to life within the prison community. Based upon data gathered on (N = 306) prisoners in a large northwestern state maximum security prison the author identifies intra-prison misconduct as a significant variable that sheds some light on the many aspects of prisonization. Four patterns of misconduct are highlighted (Incidental/Accidental, “Early Starter,” “Late Bloomer,” “Chronic”), and their respective linkages with prisonization are explored.
Association of ApoE and LRP mRNA levels with dementia and AD neuropathology.

Inheritance of the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the only confirmed and consistently replicated risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE is also a key ligand for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP), a major neuronal low-density lipoprotein receptor. Despite the considerable converging evidence that implicates ApoE and LRP in the pathogenesis of AD, the precise mechanism by which ApoE and LRP modulate the risk for AD remains elusive. Moreover, studies investigating expression of ApoE and LRP in AD brain have reported variable and contradictory results. To overcome these inconsistencies, we studied the mRNA expression of ApoE and LRP in the postmortem brain of persons who died at different stages of dementia and AD-associated neuropathology relative to controls by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting analyses. Clinical dementia rating scores were used as a measure of dementia severity, whereas, Braak neuropathological staging and neuritic plaque density were used as indexes of the neuropathological progression of AD. ApoE and LRP mRNA expression was significantly elevated in the postmortem inferior temporal gyrus (area 20) and the hippocampus from individuals with dementia compared with those with intact cognition. In addition to their strong association with the progression of cognitive dysfunction, LRP and ApoE mRNA levels were also positively correlated with increasing neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Additionally, Western blot analysis of ApoE protein expression in the hippocampus showed that the differential expression observed at the transcriptional level is also reflected at the protein level. Given the critical role played by LRP and ApoE in amyloid beta (Aβ) and cholesterol trafficking, increased expression of LRP and ApoE may not only disrupt cholesterol homeostasis but may also contribute to some of the neurobiological features of AD, including plaque deposition.
Recoupling Effects in the Isobar Model. I. General Formalism for Three-Pion Scattering

The consequence of elastic unitarity and analyticity for the isobar model of isocalar three-pion scattering are derived. All recoupling effects are retained and a careful discussion of real pion exchange is presented. In this way we show how the isobar model may be made to satisfy Watson's theorem. We display the common origin of both these phenomena and obtain the modifications they generate in the partial-wave discontinuity equations. In preparation for a forthcoming treatment of one and two-pion exchange forces, the $\frac{N}{D}$ equations are derived for the $J={1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ isoscalar amplitude. The effect of recoupling in the narrow width approximation is demonstrated by a calculation of the effective $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase space and suggests that recoupling is important.
Lung Disease in Cotton Textile Workers

Excerpt To the editor: Beck and associates (1) present data comparing changes in respiratory symptoms and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) values over a 6-year period in cotton workers a...
Experimental electron density distribution of dopamine hydrochloride

Careful high-resolution x-ray diffraction measurements at 90 K have been used to map the electron density distribution in a single crystal of dopamine hydrochloride, a neurotransmitter. A least-squares refinement procedure has been used in which multipole parameters are added to describe the distortions of the atomic electron distributions from spherical symmetry. The refinement also yields improved estimates of the x-ray phases, which have been used to plot maps of the electron distribution. The most electron-rich areas of the molecule are the hydroxyl groups that show large buildups of electron density at the position of the nonbonded lone pairs. The sum of the net atomic charges for the ammonium group is +0.2(2). The net atomic charge for the chloride ion is −0.1(1).
Yoked Design and Secondary Task in Adaptive Training

This paper describes two methodological innovations in the study of adaptive training. The first is the use of a yoked design to insure that the average level of task difficulty for fixed-difficulty subjects is the same as the average level of difficulty reached by adaptive subjects. The second is the demonstration of the feasibility of using a secondary (subsidiary, non-loading) task to furnish the adaptive criterion for changing the difficulty level of the primary task. The results of two experiments are reported. Both experiments demonstrate the feasibility and utility of yoked design and adaptation on secondary task performance in adaptive training.
Mouse embryonic stem cells express receptors of the insulin family of growth factors

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) are members of a family of growth factors which are known to be developmentally regulated during preimplantation mouse embryogenesis. The physiological actions of the insulin family of growth factors are mediated by interactions with specific cell surface receptors that are detectable on the cells of preimplantation mouse embryos. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are totipotent cells derived directly from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. ES cells have the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers and have unlimited growth potential under certain culture conditions. The great advantage of ES cells is the ability to obtain large amounts of tissue for biochemical studies as compared with preimplantation embryos. To examine in greater detail the biological actions of the insulin family of growth factors, the expression of their cognate receptors on ES cells was examined. ES cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to maintain the undifferentiated state. Receptor expression was evaluated at the mRNA level using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and at the protein level by radioactive labeled ligand-receptor binding assay. Using RT-PCR, mRNAs of all three growth factor receptors were detected in ES cells. Messenger RNA from ES cells was reverse transcribed into cDNA by AMV reverse transcriptase at 42°C for 1 hr. The reverse transcription reaction was amplified with Taq polymerase and specific primers for insulin, IGF-I, or IGF-II receptors by PCR. RT-PCR and the control plasmid cDNA PCR products were resolved electrophoretically on 3% agarose gels. Each amplified PCR product showed the predicted correct size. The target sequence of RT-PCR amplified fragments were further verified by restriction enzyme digestion. The expression of receptors at the protein level was confirmed by Scatchard analysis, which showed specific binding of the radiolabeled ligands. This study shows that ES cells may provide a useful model to study the biological actions of the insulin family growth factors. © 1995 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Domain structure of epitaxial PbTiO3 thin films on LaAlO3(100) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Lead titanate (PbTiO3) thin film has been deposited on lathanum aluminate LaAlO3(100) (using pseudocubic index) single crystalline substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition at 550–700 °C. Microstructure of the films has been studied by the four-circle x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. Due to the noncubic symmetry of the LaAlO3 substrate at room temperature, the grown films exhibited more complex domain structure than those grown on cubic MgO or SrTiO3 substrates. The x-ray pole figure of LaAlO3 pseudocubic (002) peak has revealed two separate peaks at room temperature, indicating the existence of the two types of domain in the substrate. Consequently, the epitaxially grown PbTiO3 films were found to exhibit two distinguishable c domains, and eight a-domain peaks, as demonstrated by the x-ray pole figures employing PT(002) and PT(200) Bragg peaks. The domain structure and the domain formation mechanism are discussed in this article.
Pest Status of the Potato Leafhopper on Soybeans in Central Iowa

Population studies and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 1971 and 1972 to determine the status and reproductive factors of Empoasca fabae (Harris) on centra1 Iowa soybeans. Analyses showed that potato leafhopper numbers varied significantly between years and among soybean stages within years. There were no significant differences among fields sampled, and the proximity of alfalfa to soybeans had no significant effect on potato leafhopper numbers collected in the soybean fields. When natural population densities were plotted against economic-injury levels (EIL), the densities did not reach the EIL throughout the soybean growing seasons. A major factor contributing to low potato leafhopper numbers in these pubescent soybeans was low ovipositional rates, as indicated by experimental greenhouse infestations.
Rapeseed meal and egg taint: Association with sinapine

1. The “fishy” taint of brown‐shelled eggs from susceptible birds due to the presence of trimethylamine following the feeding of rapeseed meal has been shown to be associated with the presence of sinapine in the rapeseed meal.
Neurotropic action of MSH/ACTH 4–10 on neuromuscular function in hypophysectomized rats

Abstract These studies were designed to determine whether the previously demonstrated [24] enhancement of neuromuscular function by MSH/ACTH 4–10 is due to peptide action on the neurogenic and/or myogenic elements involved. The nerve muscle unit studied incorporated the sciatic nerve and its branches, and the extensors digitorum longus and brevis in the hypophysectomized rat, in situ . Parameters investigated included muscle action potentials (MAP) and muscle contractions (MC) during 30 min of stimulation (supramaximal, 10/sec; 0.05 msec duration). Resting membrane potentials and miniature endplate potential (mepp) characteristics were investigated in situ at neuromuscular junctions in the extensor digitorum brevis. Hypophysectomy results in markedly deleterious changes in neuromuscular function which can be partially alleviated by the administration of ACTH 4–10 (0.01 μg/kg). This dosage increases MAP and MC amplitudes and reduces fatigue. Higher dosages (1.0 μg/kg) have a depressing effect on these parameters. The facilitatory actions of ACTH 4–10 are abolished when the muscle is stimulated directly or stimulated through the peripheral stump of the cut nerve. ACTH 4–10 increases mepp frequency (a presynaptic event) but does not affect postsynaptic characteristics as measured by the resting membrane potential. These results indicate that MSH/ACTH 4–10 influences skeletal muscle function through a neurotropic action mediated by spinal motoneurons. Changes in the central excitatory state of higher motor centers are possibly involved.
Interleukin (IL) 10 Production is not increased in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (JCA). ♦ 1851

Interleukin (IL) 10 Production is not increased in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (JCA). ♦ 1851
Semi-analytical solution of thermal energy storage system with conjugate laminar forced convection

A thermal energy storage system with a hollow cylinder of Phase Change Material (PCM) was studied semi-analytically. The melting of the PCM was solved by using an integral approximate method, and heat transfer in the container wall was treated as a radial one dimensional conduction problem. The forced convective heat transfer inside the tube was solved by an analytical method, which was coupled with the heat conduction in the PCM and the container wall. The results show that the laminar forced convective heat transfer inside the tube never reached the fully developed state, even for a very long tube. For a transfer fluid of moderate Prandtl number, the laminar forced convective transfer inside the tube must be solved simultaneously with the phase change of the PCM.
Stability of the steady states and transient behavior for a non-isothermal bimolecular langmuir-hinshelwood reaction

Abstract The steady state stability and transient behavior of a catalytic reaction following the bimolecular Langmuir-Hinshelwood expression, phenomenologically adequate for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon oxidation on noble metal catalysts, is describe. The corresponding steady state problem was discussed earlier. Some unique features of the isothermal and non-isothemal transient behavior with uniform initial conditions are identified.
Molecular Umbrella-Assisted Transport of Thiolated AMP and ATP Across Phospholipid Bilayers

Two molecular umbrella-nucleoside conjugates (1a and 1b) have been synthesized via thiolate−disulfide displacement by adenosine 5‘-O-(3-thiomonophosphate) and adenosine 5‘-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) on an activated dimer derived from cholic acid, spermidine, and 5,5‘-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Both conjugates readily enter the aqueous compartment of liposomes made from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and release the free nucleoside upon reaction with entrapped glutathione. Approximately 50% of the thiolated form of AMP is released within 20 min at 23 °C; 120 min is required for a similar release of the thiolated form of ATP. The facile cleavage of these conjugates by glutathione, together with the fact that mammalian cells contain millimolar concentrations of this tripeptide in their cytoplasm, suggest that such chemistry may be extended to the practical development of prodrugs, e.g., antisense oligonucleotides that can be delivered into cells.
Three‐dimensional S‐wave velocity structure in Southern California

[1] The three-dimensional S-wave velocity structure was constructed from Rayleigh wave phase velocities, measured using teleseismic TriNet data. The S-wave velocity maps show some features that are much more distinct than previous tomographic results in Southern California. There is a clear seismic velocity contrast across the San Andreas fault. The North American plate side is systematically slower than the Pacific plate side. Under the Eastern California Shear Zone, there are distinct slow velocity anomalies in the crust, suggesting a close connection to lower viscosity crust, previously concluded from observation of the post-seismic deformation after the Landers earthquake. Major upper mantle features include a fast velocity root under the Transverse Ranges, which is the dominant feature in the upper mantle, and a slow velocity anomaly under the Salton Trough. Our results support that the velocity contrast across the San Andreas fault extends below the Moho.
Towards the crafting of personal health technologies

We introduce a novel approach that merges craft and health technologies to empower people to design and build their own personal health visualizations. In this mutually beneficial union, health technologies can be more meaningful to an individual and encourage higher appropriation, while craft technologies can explore interesting problems in a challenging domain. In this paper, we offer a framework for designing health-craft systems and showcase a system that provides users with the ability to craft their own personalized wearable device. The device tracks their outdoor exposure and visualizes their weekly progress on an ambient tree painting. Finally, we report on a pilot study using this personalized feedback system. Our main contribution is the new lens through which designers can approach health and craft technologies that enhances health management with personal expressiveness and customization.
Enrolled Template Specific Decisions and Combinations in Verification Systems

The matching scores in biometric systems are usually calculated using one enrolled (gallery) template and one test (probe, user) template. In this paper we investigate the dependencies existing between scores related to the same enrolled biometric template or to the same user biometric template. We discuss linear score dependency models which are handled by the Z- or T-normalization, and sample statistics based models. We show that different models might better account for score dependence in different matches. The dependency models might also be different for enrollee or for user specific score sets. Finally, we investigate the application of two such models, Z-normalization and second best score model, to construct enrollee specific verification system decision and combination algorithms. The experiments are performed on NIST BSSR1 biometric score dataset.
The Population Genetics of dN/dS

Evolutionary pressures on proteins are often quantified by the ratio of substitution rates at non-synonymous and synonymous sites. The dN/dS ratio was originally developed for application to distantly diverged sequences, the differences among which represent substitutions that have fixed along independent lineages. Nevertheless, the dN/dS measure is often applied to sequences sampled from a single population, the differences among which represent segregating polymorphisms. Here, we study the expected dN/dS ratio for samples drawn from a single population under selection, and we find that in this context, dN/dS is relatively insensitive to the selection coefficient. Moreover, the hallmark signature of positive selection over divergent lineages, dN/dS>1, is violated within a population. For population samples, the relationship between selection and dN/dS does not follow a monotonic function, and so it may be impossible to infer selection pressures from dN/dS. These results have significant implications for the interpretation of dN/dS measurements among population-genetic samples.
A Computational and Experimental Study of Cold Rolling of Aluminum Alloys With Edge Cracking

This paper identifies various modeling issues that are necessary for successful simulation of the cold rolling process by comparing it with experiments on aluminum alloys. It combines considerable experimental studies with finite element simulations using the ABAQUS/Explicit commercial finite element code to identify and evaluate modeling parameters, such as the material properties and friction laws. Damage models are incorporated in the numerical simulations by using plasticity with damage variables e.g., the Gurson-Tvergaard model with evolving porosity and Cockcroft-Latham with damage in terms of plastic work. The 3D model predictions are compared with predictions from 2D models to understand the limitations of 2D simulations in predicting the stresses, strains and evolving damage in the rolled strip.
The Mouse Model and Understanding Immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus

Investigation of the immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) has progressed rapidly, mainly through the use of various animal models of human disease. Murine models of HSV infection have been explored extensively and have yielded a wide array of insights into the mechanisms of antiviral immunity. Current research has focused on defining the role of individual viral envelope glycoproteins in stimulating a protective B and T cell response, with the ultimate goal of identifying the minimum effective immunization unit. This ongoing dissection of the glycoprotein-specific immune response in the mouse has revealed both the values of an animal model that mimics human infection and the limitations inherent in defining the immunopotential of specific viral proteins and peptides in an unnatural host. This article reviews the results of murine studies evaluating the mechanisms of protection against HSV infection and the protective potential of immunization with the viral envelope glycoproteins.
Coupling gating with ion permeation in ClC channels.

In ClC chloride (Cl – ) channels, unlike cation-selective ion channels, ion permeation is intimately coupled to fast gating. Recent research comparing the crystallographic structure of a bacterial ClC channel with functional studies of a Torpedo ClC channel suggests that gating depends on the negatively charged carboxyl group on a glutamate residue, which blocks the channel pore. In this model, the permeating Cl – competes with the carboxyl group for an anion-binding site in the channel pore. This model of Cl – competition with a glutamate gate helps explain the effect of intracellular Cl – on channel gating; the mechanism underlying the effects of extracellular Cl – , however, remains to be determined, as does the nature of the Cl – channel slow gate.
Systems biology: deviations in mating.

Why do cells of the same type, grown in the same conditions, look and behave so differently? Studying fluctuations in a well-characterized genetic pathway in yeast hints at how such variation arises.
The robustness of cognitively simple judgment in ecologies of Prisoner's Dilemma games.

Abstract Various authors have pointed to the fitness advantage from a capacity to recognize others' intentions in prisoner's dilemma games, yet cognitive mechanisms supporting such perceptiveness might be no more efficient than the simple and presumably inexpensive rule to ‘assume that potential partners have the same behavioral intentions as yourself.’ Laboratory findings have shown that this projecting heuristic can support the evolution of cooperative behavior absent perceptiveness, but that rule might be vulnerable to invasion by perceptive mutations. This paper shows that perceptive mutants are more likely to destroy an entire ecology of projectors (that would otherwise survive and prosper) than to successfully invade it, while projecting mutants have considerable success invading a population of perceptives. Mutant projectors' success happens when a cooperative ecology is created for them by the initial success of perceptive cooperators; within such an ecology, cooperative projectors have a competitive advantage over cooperative perceptives. Critical parameters are (1) the incidence of cooperativeness in the population and (2) the price of perceptiveness.
On the plastic bulging of a circular diaphragm by hydrostatic pressure

Abstract The hydrostatic bulging of a circular sheet clamped at the periphery is analysed on the basis of both an incremental theory and the corresponding total strain theory of plasticity. The material of the sheet is assumed to have strain-hardening capacity and to be anisotropic in the thickness direction. It is found that the incremental theory predicts that as the polar strain increases the pressure reaches a maximum and then decreases, whereas the total strain theory gives unsatisfactory results. Incremental calculations have been made for the pressure, the polar strain and the polar height at the maximum pressure (instability pressure) as functions of assumed strain-hardening characteristics and the degree of anisotropy in the thickness direction of the sheet.
Bone mineral density and atherosclerosis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Abdominal Aortic Calcium Study

Context Molecular and cell biology studies have demonstrated an association between bone and arterial wall disease, but the significance of a population-level association is less clear and potentially confounded by inability to account for shared risk factors.
Surface modifications on InAs decrease indium and arsenic leaching under physiological conditions

Abstract Devices containing III–V semiconductors such as InAs are increasingly being used in the electronic industry for a variety of optoelectronic applications. Furthermore, the attractive chemical, material, electronic properties make such materials appealing for use in devices designed for biological applications, such as biosensors. However, in biological applications the leaching of toxic materials from these devices could cause harm to cells or tissue. Additionally, after disposal, toxic inorganic materials can leach from devices and buildup in the environment, causing long-term ecological harm. Therefore, the toxicity of these materials along with their stability in physiological conditions are important factors to consider. Surface modifications are one common method of stabilizing semiconductor materials in order to chemically and electronically passivate them. Such surface modifications could also prevent the leaching of toxic materials by preventing the regrowth of the unstable surface oxide layer and by creating an effective barrier between the semiconductor surface and the surrounding environment. In this study, various surface modifications on InAs are developed with the goal of decreasing the leaching of indium and arsenic. The leaching of indium and arsenic from modified substrates was assessed in physiological conditions using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Substrates modified with 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (MU) and graft polymerized with poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) were most effective at preventing indium and arsenic leaching. These surfaces were characterized using contact angle analysis, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Substrates modified with collagen and synthetic polyelectrolytes were least effective, due to the destructive nature of acidic environments on InAs. The toxicity of modified and unmodified InAs, along with raw indium, arsenic, and PEG components was assessed using zebrafish embryos.
Multiaxial characterization of T800/3900-2 carbon/epoxy composites

Abstract The individual plies of fiber composites are typically used under conditions of multiaxial stress. However, relatively little is known about the response of fiber composites to multiaxial stress, and this is particularly true with respect to strength properties. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the multiaxial strength and stiffness properties of Toray T800/3900-2, which is a high-strain-capability carbon fiber with a high-toughness epoxy-matrix system. Tests were carried out on tubular specimens loaded under combinations of internal pressure, axial tension or compression, and torsion. The tests involved both unidirectional lamina specimens, to determine matrix-dominated properties, and laminate specimens involving three different types of layup. The laminate test results showed that ultimate failure could be satisfactorily correlated by using a maximum-fiber-direction-strain failure criterion.
A note on the strategic adoption of a new technology

This note reports an application of two-person, nonzero-sum game theory to a problem in the economics of technology adoption. It extends the analysis of a previous paper to consider differentiable mixed-strategy equilibria. In this case, the mixed-strategy equilibrium has a natural interpretation as a pure strategy equilibrium in an appropriately defined differential game.
Occult blood accumulation under the fingernails: a mechanism for the spread of blood-borne infection

Hand-borne occult blood from infected patients may contribute to the high incidence of hepatitis B within the dental profession. The routine use of surgical gloves is recommended.
Partial hippocampal pyramidal cell loss alters behavior in rats: implications for an animal model of schizophrenia.

Abstract A putative biological substrate of schizophrenia involves cellular pathology within the hippocampus. While hippocampal dysfunction is associated with impaired learning and memory, schizophrenics have been observed to acquire simple conditioned reflexes at rates superior to controls. The present study evaluates the acquisition of shuttlebox avoidance responses in animals with partial damage to hippocampus. Intraventricular microinjections of kainic acid (0.5 or 1.5 nM) were utilized to partially destroy the pyramidal cell population. Animals in the high dosage group acquired the response at rates superior to controls; the low dosage group performed at an intermediate level. Consequently, partial loss of pyramidal neurons may be sufficient to significantly alter simple acquisition. Results are discussed in reference to the “embryological hypothesis” of schizophrenia and mechanisms for induction of schizophrenic behavior in intractable seizure disorders are considered.
THE MOUSE UTERINE WEIGHT METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF ESTROGENS1

IN SOME OF THE EARLIEST STUDIES on ovarian hormones the assay methods were based on the growth of the uteri in normal or castrated immature rabbits, rats, or mice (i, 2). No detailed study of this reaction in normal immature rats was made until Astwood and others (3, 4) determined the most favorable experimental conditions for a sensitive estrogen test based on an increase in uterine weight. They showed that this method is much more sensitive than the spayed rat vaginal smear method. However, the uterine weight response in the immature albino mouse to gonadotropins is much more uniform and more sensitive than in the rat (5–9). These favorable reactions led us to investigate the mouse uterine weight response to pure estrogens, androgens, progesterone, and urine and blood extracts. Von Haam (9) used the mouse uterine response for estrogens in urine extracts, but his results cannot be compared with ours because he does not give his methods and results in sufficient detail.
Anxiety and Uncertainty Management in an Intercultural Setting: The Impact on Organization–Public Relationships

Past research has found that relationship cultivation strategies affect relationship outcomes. This study uses Gudykunst's (1985, 2005) Anxiety and Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory as the theoretical framework to examine whether the effects from cultivation strategies to relationship outcomes are mediated through anxiety and uncertainty management. An online survey solicitation was sent to a university's international student listserv, and 246 participants from 32 countries completed the questionnaires. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results largely supported the hypotheses, and indicated that cultivation strategies have both direct and indirect effects on relational outcomes, partially mediated by uncertainty and anxiety.
Elimination of KATP Channels in Mouse Islets Results in Elevated [U-13C]Glucose Metabolism, Glutaminolysis, and Pyruvate Cycling but a Decreased γ-Aminobutyric Acid Shunt

Pancreatic beta cells are hyper-responsive to amino acids but have decreased glucose sensitivity after deletion of the sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) both in man and mouse. It was hypothesized that these defects are the consequence of impaired integration of amino acid, glucose, and energy metabolism in beta cells. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology to study intermediary metabolism of SUR1 knock-out (SUR1(-/-)) and control mouse islets with d-[U-(13)C]glucose as substrate and related the results to insulin secretion. The levels and isotope labeling of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) served as indicators of intermediary metabolism. We found that the GABA shunt of SUR1(-/-) islets is blocked by about 75% and showed that this defect is due to decreased glutamate decarboxylase synthesis, probably caused by elevated free intracellular calcium. Glutaminolysis stimulated by the leucine analogue d,l-beta-2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid was, however, enhanced in SUR1(-/-) and glyburide-treated SUR1(+/+) islets. Glucose oxidation and pyruvate cycling was increased in SUR1(-/-) islets at low glucose but was the same as in controls at high glucose. Malic enzyme isoforms 1, 2, and 3, involved in pyruvate cycling, were all expressed in islets. High glucose lowered aspartate and stimulated glutamine synthesis similarly in controls and SUR1(-/-) islets. The data suggest that the interruption of the GABA shunt and the lack of glucose regulation of pyruvate cycling may cause the glucose insensitivity of the SUR1(-/-) islets but that enhanced basal pyruvate cycling, lowered GABA shunt flux, and enhanced glutaminolytic capacity may sensitize the beta cells to amino acid stimulation.
Stimulation-dependent facilitation of the high threshold calcium current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes

1. Stimulation-dependent modulation of Ca currents was examined in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes at room temperature. Whole-cell recordings of Ca currents were made under conditions which minimized ionic fluxes through other channels. 2. Stimulation from rest at a rate of 2 Hz resulted in a decrease of the low threshold Ca current within one pulse and facilitation of the high threshold Ca current within five pulses. Facilitation was associated with a reduction in the rate of inactivation. 3. Pulse durations as short as 10 ms facilitated the high threshold Ca current in subsequent pulses. Facilitation produced by a single pulse decayed with a half-time of several seconds. 4. Substitution of Ba2+ or Sr2+ for external Ca2+ reduced the rate of inactivation of the high threshold Ca current and abolished facilitation of the current. 5. Facilitation persisted with 40 microM-Ruthenium Red added to the internal solution or 0.2-2 microM-ryanodine added to the bath solution to reduce Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 6. Facilitation was modulated by isoprenaline. Low concentrations of isoprenaline (5-10 nM) increased the amount of facilitation. Isoprenaline (1 microM) increased the Ca current approximately 3-fold, however, facilitation was nearly abolished. 7. Caffeine (0.5 and 1 mM) affected the Ca current and facilitation in a manner similar to 1 microM-isoprenaline. It increased the Ca currents approximately 2.5-fold and facilitation was not observed. 8. We conclude that stimulation-dependent facilitation of the high threshold Ca current is mediated by calcium and hypothesize that calcium affects a site near the Ca channel that modifies the rate of inactivation. The common actions of caffeine and high concentrations of isoprenaline suggest that calcium modulates a phosphorylation step.
Phase contrast using multiecho steady-state free precession.

Conventional phase-contrast (PC) MRI is limited in the temporal resolution (typically 50 ms) that can be achieved, due to the need to implement bipolar velocity encoding gradients. PC using steady-state free precession (SSFP) has recently been developed to acquire PC data at higher rates without sacrificing contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). This work presents two multiecho SSFP PC implementations that can be used to increase the time efficiency of PCSSFP. Both approaches (extrinsic and intrinsic) enable reference image lines to be acquired within the same TR as the flow-encoded lines, thus minimizing the scan time and permitting TR-equivalent temporal resolutions. Both approaches have been implemented and tested successfully on human volunteers at 1.5T and 3T. While the intrinsic approach is useful for encoding higher velocity flows in-plane, the extrinsic implementation can be used for studying a wider range of encoding velocities for flow in the imaging plane and through the imaging plane. Magn Reson Med 58:419–424, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resistance to change: Fact or fiction? A study in selected areas of Punjab Province in Pakistan☆

The studies on adoption of innovations suggest the likelihood of farmers, especially in the developing parts of the world, resisting government directed programs of change in agriculture.1 Those concerned with development planning and implementation of these plans also share this belief. This perception tends to affect the essential features of rural development programs in such countries. Do farmers really resist change and, if they do resist, do we know the reasons? To what extent do these reasons apply to the farmers via-a-viz the agency responsible for introducing change? Survey data from rural communities in four districts in Punjab Province of Pakistan were used to seek answers to these questions. Fifteen farm practices were used to identify the principal reasons for adoption or non-adoption and of the farmers' behaviour and to determine the factors underlying such behaviour. The survey revealed that the farmers had no direct control over most of the factors associated with non-adoption decisions; these were associated with the ways the change is introduced, the change agent, and/or agency responsible for the change process.
Contralateral Delay Activity Provides a Neural Measure of the Number of Representations in Visual Working Memory

Visual working memory (VWM) helps to temporarily represent information from the visual environment and is severely limited in capacity. Recent work has linked various forms of neural activity to the ongoing representations in VWM. One piece of evidence comes from human event-related potential studies, which find a sustained contralateral negativity during the retention period of VWM tasks. This contralateral delay activity (CDA) has previously been shown to increase in amplitude as the number of memory items increases, up to the individual's working memory capacity limit. However, significant alternative hypotheses remain regarding the true nature of this activity. Here we test whether the CDA is modulated by the perceptual requirements of the memory items as well as whether it is determined by the number of locations that are being attended within the display. Our results provide evidence against these two alternative accounts and instead strongly support the interpretation that this activity reflects the current number of objects that are being represented in VWM.
Growth of Escherichia coli on selenate.

Abstract The growth characteristics of a selenium-tolerant sub-strain of Escherichia coli K-12 in synthetic medium containing 0.01 M Na2SeO4 were studied and compared to growth on sulfate-containing media. Growth curves in selenate medium displayed longer lag periods than comparable curves in sulfate medium. Growth in selenate medium was essentially linear rather than exponential. Efficiency of growth (g cells produced per g glucose utilized) on selenate was less than that of sulfate; selenate-grown cells had a higher glycogen and total carbohydrate content than did the sulfate-grown cells. The sulfate contamination in 0.01 M selenate was found to be less than 3.10−5M by a biological method. Biological and radioactive tracer studies suggest that the cells utilize selenium only if sulfur is also present and that selenium can replace only 30–40% of the sulfur normally required. The majority of [75Se]-selenate utilized was incorporated into protein. The only organic form in which selenium was detected in appreciable quantities in protein was selenomethionine.
μ type opioid receptors in rat periaqueductal gray-enriched P2 membrane are coupled to G-protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

Abstract The periaqueductal gray (PAG) region of the midbrain has been implicated in both stimulation-produced and opioid-induced analgesia. High-affinity μu-selective opioid-binding sites associated with μu type opioid receptors have been detected in rat PAG-enriched P 2 , membranes, and these receptors have been shown to be coupled to guanine nucleotidebinding proteins (G-proteins). In the present study the potential G-protein-mediated coupling of μu type opioid receptors to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was examined utilizing in vitro adenylyl cyclase assays. In the presence of Na + , opioid agonists inhibited adenylyl cyclase in aμu selective, naloxone reversible, dose dependent, and pertussis toxin sensitive manner. Overall the data suggests that μu type opioid receptors in the rat PAG are coupled to G-protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase.
Detection of singly ionized oxygen around jupiter.

Forbidden emission from singly ionized oxygen at wavelengths of 3726 and 3729 angstroms has been detected in the inner Jovian magnetosphere. The emission is present between approximately 4 and 7 to 8 Jovian radii from the planet and appears concentrated in the magnetic equator. The line intensity ratio indicates the same plasma characteristics as those derived from observations of forbidden sulfur emission.
Bringing the State into Constitutional Theory: Public Authority and the Constitution

This article brings the state into constitutional theory by presenting a theory of the development of the American state from the late 19th century to the present. The focus of the theory is the ability of the national state to exercise sovereignty or public authority over civil society. The main thesis is that the Constitution did not establish a government with a level of public authority adequate to the requirements of a modem democratic state. The result was a mismatch between the demands of civil society and the competence of state institutions, causing a reorganization of the political institutions of civil society in the early 20th century and a crisis of public authority in the 1960s. The United States continues to experience the consequences of an imbalance between the state institutions established by an 18th-century constitution and 20th-century democratic politics.
Photochemical particulate formation in sulfur dioxide-air mixtures

Abstract Experiments were performed studying the formation of particulates in sulfur dioxide-air mixtures irradiated by ultraviolet light. Measurements were made for five different initial sulfur dioxide concentrations (0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 ppm) and for four relative humidities (25, 50, 75 and 100%). The data show that the maximum number of nuclei (particles smaller than 0.1 μm) produced in the mixture is proportional to the initial sulfur dioxide concentration and to the square of the relative humidity. Particles larger than 0.3 μm were not present in measurable amounts in the mixture.