cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework for feature-based representation of the design process

The design process is very complicated and differs with each engineer. The development of computer-based aids for design must take this into consideration and allow for the nuances of the individual. A generic representation of the information used in design is required for the development of any data base that supports the design aid. A properly designed data base or set of data bases can help aid. A properly designed data base or set of data bases can help integrate CAD, expert system, and ancillary programs, thereby forming an intelligent design system. A model has been developed that allows the information requirements of the design process to be analyzed. A data base for an intelligent design system can be developed based on these results.
Helping and the meet of pairs of honest subrecursive classes

A notion of one computable function helping the computation of another by an amount equal to a third is defined in terms of the lattices of honest subrecursive classes. It is said that two honest computable functions help each other's computation by an amount equal to a third honest function if the intersection (meet) of the subrecursive classes which the first two generate is equal to the class generated by the third; that is, two functions help each other's computation by an amount equal to a third if the information content they have in common is that given by the third. A technical characterization is given of those pairs of honest subrecursive classes for which there exist nontrivial third honest subrecursive classes whose information content in common with the first class is equal to the second class. Further, it is shown that for every pair of honest subrecursive classes with the first properly containing the second there is an effective, increasing sequence of honest subrecursive classes which have information content in common with the first class equal to the second class, and this sequence is cofinal upward with the set of all honest subrecursive classes which have information content in common with the first class equal to the second class. Although there is always an upper bound to such a sequence, the sequence may or may not be eventually constant (and therefore there may or may not be a maximal class whose information content in common with the first class is equal to the second).
Academic Achievement and Part-Time Employment of High School Students

Two-stage least squares estimation is used to show that modest levels of part-time employment by high school students may not interfere with student academic performance.
Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS): a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer chemoprevention through its ability to suppress Her-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene-induced malignant transformation.

We designed our experiments to evaluate whether fatty acid synthase (FAS), a lipogenic enzyme linked to tumor virulence in population studies of human cancer, is necessary for the malignant transformation induced by Her-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene, which is overexpressed not only in invasive breast cancer but also in premalignant atypical duct proliferations and in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. To avoid the genetic complexities associated with established breast cancer cell lines, we employed NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts engineered to overexpress human Her-2/neu coding sequence. NIH-3T3/Her-2 cells demonstrated a significant upregulation of FAS protein expression, which was dependent on the upstream activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/AKT pathways. Remarkably, pharmacological FAS blockade using the mycotoxin cerulenin or the novel small compound C75 completely suppressed the state of Her-2/neu-induced malignant transformation by inhibiting the ability of NIH-3T3/Her-2 cells to grow under either anchorage-independent (i.e., to form colonies in soft agar) or low-serum monolayer conditions. Moreover, NIH-3T3/Her-2 fibroblasts were up to three times more sensitive to chemical FAS inhibitors relative to untransformed controls as determined by MTT-based cell viability assays. In addition, pharmacological FAS blockade preferentially induced apoptotic cell death of NIH-3T3/Her-2 fibroblasts, as determined by an ELISA for histone-associated DNA fragments and by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated nick end labeling assay (TUNEL). Interestingly, the degree of Her-2/neu oncogene expression in a panel of breast cancer cell lines was predictive of sensitivity to chemical FAS inhibitors-induced cytotoxicity, while low-FAS expressing and chemical FAS inhibitors-resistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells became hypersensitive to FAS blockade when they were engineered to overexpress Her-2/neu. Our observations strongly suggest that inhibition of FAS activity may provide a new molecular avenue for chemotherapeutic prevention and/or treatment of Her-2/neu-related breast carcinomas. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TOWARD INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT : LESSONS ABOUT THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH FROM THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES

/ The ecosystem approach is an innovative tool for integratedresource management. Its goal is to restore, enhance, and protect ecosystemintegrity through a holistic and integrated mode of planning. Under thisapproach, the ecosystem itself becomes the unit of analysis and organizingprinciple for environmental management. Utilizing the ecosystem approachchallenges the prevailing structure and function of contemporary resourcemanagement agencies. This paper explores a number of important policy andmanagement issues in the context of a ten-year initiative to remediate theLaurentian Great Lakes using the ecosystem approach. The lessons gleaned fromthe Great Lakes experience are relevant to other areas in North America andabroad where resource management responsibilities are held by multiple andsometimes overlapping jurisdictions.KEY WORDS: Integrated resource management; Ecosystem approach; Watershedmanagement; Great Lakes
The new use of the oclc cataloging subsystem: acquisitions

The University of Michigan-Dearborn Library has devised a method of using the OCLC cataloging subsystem in acquisitions. A new type of order form has been created by the addition of essential order information to a printout of the OCLC cataloging entry on multi-part computer paper. In the area of acquisitions, this form has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the amount of typing done, the use of more accurate bibliographic information in the order process, the elimination of unnecessary files, and the simplification of some order routines. In addition, cataloging copy is provided, thus permitting more effective use of terminal time.
Surgical management of complete obliteration of the endometrial cavity

Objective: To describe a technique for surgical management of complete obliteration of the endometrial cavity. Design: A report of a series of three patients. Setting: A university-based hospital. Patient(s): Three patients with complete obliteration of the endometrial cavity. Intervention(s): Transfundal scar removal using stents in the fallopian tubes to serve as landmarks. Main Outcome Measure(s): Regular withdrawal bleeding. Result(s): Regular menses in all three patients. Conclusion(s): The technique described here shows promise for establishing uterine cavity integrity in cases of complete endometrial obliteration where there are no landmarks in the uterine cavity.
Provincial Partisanship: Internal Colonial Politics and the Coming of the American Revolution in New York

DU R I N G the fall and winter of 1765 New York City was one of the hotbeds of colonial resistance against Parliamentary legislation. New York's merchants became the first in the North American colonies to enter into a non-importation agreement as a means of opposing the Stamp Tax. Hoping to spread their ideas of resistance, the New York Sons of Liberty, or Liberty Boys as they were often called, established one of the first committees of correspondence. Even Boston seemed to be lagging behind New York's leadership in the boycott movement. The Boston radicals had a formidable foe in a number of wealthy merchants, whereas the New Yorkers had no such adversary. This is not to say that there were no royal supporters in New York. But, the leading families of the province and the city, while not all backing the radical methods of the Sons of Liberty, at least moderately supported or participated in attempts to do away with the Stamp Tax. Some of the colony's elite, like the DeLancey family, took the more radical approach of supporting the extra-legal mob activities of the Sons of Liberty. Others, primarily the Livingstons, took more moderate steps attempting to work within the legal process using petitions to Parliament and whatever other influence they had on the English merchants. The Livingstons hoped that these merchants would then call for repeal of the Stamp Tax.
Dynamics and Lattice-Size Dependence of Surface Mean Slope in Thin-Film Deposition

This work focuses on the study of the dynamic behavior and lattice-size dependence of the surface root-mean-square slope of thin-film deposition processes that involve thermal balance between film ...
Spectral control of emissions from tin doped targets for extreme ultraviolet lithography

We have investigated the unresolved transition array (UTA) emission around 13.5 nm from solid density tin and tin doped foam targets. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral measurements were made in the wavelength region 11–17 nm using a transmission grating spectrograph and the EUV in-band conversion efficiency was measured using an absolutely calibrated EUV calorimeter. The aim of this work was to optimize the UTA emission with the proper density of tin dopant in low-Z foam targets. The addition of tin as an impurity leads to a reduction in the plasma continuum and narrowing of the UTA compared with fully dense tin targets. Our studies indicate that the required percentage of tin for obtaining bright in-band spectral emission is less than 1%.
A minor lipid component of soy lecithin causes growth of triangular prismatic gold nanoparticles

Reduction of bromoauric acid by ascorbic acid in the presence of crude soybean lecithin produced a mixture of spherical and triangular prismatic nanoparticles while higher purity phosphatidylcholine (PC) produced only spherical nanoparticles. The triangular prismatic nanoparticles made with lecithin had an average edge length of 90 nm and a localized surface plasmon resonance between 700 and 1050 nm, depending on the synthetic conditions used. Although crude soy lecithin is composed of 75% PC and phosphatidylethanolamine, additional lipids and other small molecules are present. Preparatory gel electrophoresis was used to separate the different nanoparticle shapes and phosphatidic acid (PA) was identified as bound to the triangular prismatic nanoparticles by mass spectrometry of the gel-purified nanoprisms. Furthermore, PA proved essential to the asymmetric growth. When bromoauric acid was reduced by ascorbic acid using a mixture of pure PA and pure PC, triangular prismatic gold nanoparticles also resulted, confirming the role of PA and providing a second route to these near infrared active nanoparticles. Nanoparticles prepared in soy lecithin or PA–PC mixtures exhibited extended stability with no aggregation after months of storage, in contrast to nanoparticles prepared in pure PC. These nanoparticles were prepared without the use of the alkyl ammonium salts that have limited in vivo applications with other asymmetric gold nanoparticles. This is a versatile synthetic method providing stable, shape-controlled gold nanoparticles using a mild reducing agent and soy lecithin as an environmentally benign ligand source.
The wetting of cellulose and wood hemicelluloses

The wetting properties of wood polysaccharides were characterized by Zisman's empirical parameter, the critical surface tension of wetting, γc. Cellulose was tested in the form of cellulose films regenerated from viscose and cellulose acetate. It was found that the source of cellulose (cotton, wood and hydrolyzed cellulose), the method of film preparation (single-bath, two-bath, dry-cast, orientation), and consequently the physical state of the cellulose surface, influenced the wettability of the samples. Contact angles were also measured on hemicellulose films derived from hardwoods and softwoods. The critical surface tension γc ranged from 35.5 to 49.0 erg cm−2 for cellulose and from 33 to 36.5 erg cm−2 for hemicellulose films. The hemicellulose samples showed the smallest hysteresis effects which may be related to its energetically more uniform surface or lower porosity. The effect of moisture on contact angle measurements is discussed. Finally, the wetting of cellulose is evaluated in terms of recent theories relating surface energies and intermolecular forces.
Crystallization of an amorphous Cu88Zr20 alloy prepared by magnetron sputter deposition

Abstract The crystallization behavior of an amorphous Cu 80 Zr 20 alloy was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The transformation sequence during both isothermal and isochronal annealing was determined to be amorphous → microcrystalline → microcrystalline + Cu 3.6 Zr → Cu 3.6 Zr + α-Cu. The metastable microcrystalline phase appears to have a close-packed structure. It is proposed that differences in chemical short-range order account for the stability of the amorphous phase relative to the microcrystalline phase. The intermetallic phase Cu 9 Zr 2 is found to occur when annealing at 825°C but not at the lower temperature of 500°C. The structure of Cu 9 Zr 2 is a long-period superlattice with an f.c.c. sublattice. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that there is a structural relationship between Cu 9 Zr 2 and the microcrystalline phase.
Effect of time–temperature conditions and clarification on the total phenolics and antioxidant constituents of muscadine grape juice

Abstract Juices have lower quantities of total phenolics content (TPC), anthocyanins, and antioxidant compared to the whole fruit. Furthermore, only low levels of these compounds are extracted from fruit skins during the initial juice processing steps with the majority staying in the skins and seeds. Once the initial juicing starts, degradative reactions begin to convert endogenous polyphenols into new compounds. Even though temperature is the key factor which determines this degradation rate, there is limited information about the temperature at which it begins, and the effects of centrifuging particles before or after thermal processing. The objectives were, first to determine the effects of different time–temperature conditions on the TPC, and antioxidant activity; second, to assess both parameters when the juice was clarified before or after thermal processing. Processing conditions were: 50–80 °C, and 1–30 min as residence time. At temperatures greater than 60 °C, both parameters began to decrease. The optimum processing condition for greatest retention of both parameters was 60 °C and 30 min. TPC and antioxidant activity retention were significantly higher on the juice clarified after thermal processing, compared to the one clarified before. This information can help juice processors and equipment manufacturers to optimize their process and design.
Pretransplant prediction of microvascular invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: added value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

The goals of the meticulous selection of patients withhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplanta-tion (LT) are to minimize the incidence of tumor recur-rence after transplantation and to improve patients’survival. Tumor invasion into vascular structures is aknown risk factor for tumor recurrence after LT. Mac-rovascular invasion, which is deﬁned as the presenceof a tumor thrombus in a hepatic or portal vein, canbe detected on preoperative cross-sectional imaging. Itis considered an absolute contraindication to LT. Con-versely, microvascular invasion (MVI) by deﬁnitioncan be deﬁnitively diagnosed only by histopathology.Several studies have shown that MVI is associatedwith HCC recurrence within 1 year of transplanta-tion.
Measuring the importance of cues in policy capturing

Abstract Regression analysis has often been used to “capture” the decision policies of raters or judges. The usefulness of policy capturing generally has been thought to be limited to the case in which the evaluative cues are uncorrelated; otherwise, the various indices of cue importance often do not agree. We argue that the raw-score regression weight is the most appropriate index of importance in that it represents the expected change in overall rating per unit change on a given cue and is invariant across changes in the cue intercorrelations. To test the proposition that raw-score regression weights do not change as a function of cue structure, the decision policies of 14 subjects were captured under three cue intercorrelation structures. The raw-score regression weights did not change significantly as a function of cue structure, whereas the simple correlations, the semipartial correlations, and the standardized regression weights did.
Closed 2-cell embeddings in the projective plane

An embedding of a multi-graph in a manifold is a closed 2-cell embedding provided the closures of the faces are all closed 2-cells. In this paper we characterized the projective planar multi-graphs that have closed 2-cell embeddings in the projective plane.
Polygammaglutamyl metabolites of methotrexate.

Abstract Heretofore unrecognized metabolites of methotrexate (MTX) have been detected in human red blood cells and isolated from rat liver and viscera. The metabolites from the rat were identified as 2,4-diamino-N 10 -methylpteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamic acid [MTX(G 1 )] and 2,4-diamino-N 10 -methylpteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamic acid [MTX(G 2 )] by comparison with authentic synthetic compounds.
Revision of the New World lygaeoid genus Epipolops (Heteroptera: Geocoridae: Pamphantinae: Epipolopini), with descriptions of five new species

Epipolops, un genre neotropical des geocorides, comprend 14 especes y comprit les cinq nouvelles decrites ici, E. angelae sp. nov., E. kathrynae sp. nov., E. scudderi sp. nov., E. slateri sp. nov. et E. thomasi sp. nov. L'identite de E. mucronatus Distant est clarifiee et des diagnoses et redecriptions sont fournies pour les neuf especes anterieurment nommees. Des photos, des micrographies obtenue au microscope electronique a balayage, des dessins de tout les pronota et hemelytres, et un clef d'identification sont fournis pour aider a separer les especes.
Using Evidence-Based Practices to Teach Writing to Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Writing is a powerful tool that can be used for multiple purposes. Students demonstrate their knowledge through writing, and it is the primary means by which teachers evaluate their students’ performance. Despite its importance, many students, including those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), struggle with writing. Teachers, often unaware of what writing practices are considered evidence based, do not always know the best way to teach struggling writers, specifically those with ASD. In this article, the author reviews the characteristics of students with ASD that may affect their writing. The author also examines evidence-based practices for students with ASD and how these practices can be implemented in writing instruction.
Public interest reports as a medium for corporate disclosure: The case of General Motors

We examined the public interest reports of General Motors from 1971 to 1990 and presented the contents thereof herein. The principal areas disclosed by GM during those years that are discussed in this paper were minorities, women, and employment issues, energy and the environment, international operations, automotive safety, and philanthropic activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the public interest report as a vehicle through which a firm might disclose information in the public interest. We concluded that there were at least three principal forces driving GM's disclosures. They included public attention focused on, potential costs associated with, and the relative subjectivity of an issue.
The influence of stimulus intensity and repetition on the mean evoked heart rate response.

A sec-by-sec analysis was made of heart rate (HR) responses of children receiving an auditory stimulus pattern at either a moderate (70 db) or a loud (95 db) intensity. Only an initial deceleration to the first 70 db stimulus significantly departed from prestimulus level. The first 95 db pattern produced two components which statistically differed from prestimulus level: an initial deceleration and a sustained later deceleration. Differential habituation effects occurred at the two intensities with stimulus repetition. The only significant response to subsequent presentations of the 70 db tones was HR acceleration and this response showed complete habituation, whereas significant HR deceleration occurred with repetition of the 95 db tones. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a nonfamiliar stimulus will produce an orienting reaction (OR) and HR deceleration. Furthermore, the differential stimulus repetition effects indicate that loud tones may disrupt the process of HR habituation seen to moderate intensity tones, and produce a decelerative response which is resistant to habituation.
Rational requirements and ‘rational’ akrasia

Can akrasia be rational? Can it be rational to resist the motivational force of your own practical judgment? While I do not believe that akrasia can be rational, I think there is something revealingly right in recent arguments for the proposition. I aim to defend that insight in a way that does not entail that akrasia can be rational but more fundamentally addresses the normative structure of rational requirements. The fundamental issue lies in the relationship between two conceptions of rationality. Previous treatments of ‘rational’ akrasia have tended to regard rationality as a responsiveness to reasons. Previous treatments of rational requirements have tended to regard rationality as an attitudinal coherence. I’ll reformulate the question of rational akrasia within a framework that construes rationality as coherence. And I’ll reformulate the question of rational coherence to admit the possibility of reasoning as the apparently rational akratic does—from failure to follow through on a judgment to abandonment of that judgment. I’ll argue that rational requirements codify an agential coherence that you negotiate through a dynamic of self-trust and self-mistrust. It is not reasoning to abandon your judgment through forgetfulness, confusion or perverse self-rebellion. But it can be reasoning to abandon your judgment through reasonable self-mistrust. The difference lies in how self-mistrust can manifest a sensitivity to the norm of rational coherence that gives normative force to rational requirements. The core insight of those who defend the possibility of ‘rational’ akrasia lies in their emphasis on the rational force of self-mistrust.
Effectiveness of Experimental Transverse-Bar Pavement Marking as Speed-Reduction Treatment on Freeway Curves

Researchers performed a before-and-after analysis of speeds to determine the short- and long-term effectiveness of an experimental transverse-bar pavement marking treatment at the Plainfield curve on I-43-I-94 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The experimental transverse pavement marking treatment was installed in all lanes for each of the northbound and southbound directions of the curve in early September 2006. Each section of the pavement marking treatment was 1,000 ft long. The treatment sections consisted of a series of white transverse-bar markings installed with continuously decreasing spacing between successive markings, giving drivers the perception of increasing speed, potentially causing them to slow down. Each individual marking was 18 in. in lateral width by 12 in. longitudinally. Speed data were collected for 2 weeks in late July 2006; again in September 2006, approximately 1 week after the markings had been installed; and again in March 2007, approximately 6 months after the markings had been instal...
Specimen size effect in off-axis compression tests of fiber composites

Specimen size effects in off-axis compression tests were studied by conducting experiments with small block off-axis specimens of low modulus S2 glass fiber reinforced composites and high modulus AS4 carbon fiber reinforced composites. It was found that the off-axis compressive strength of the glass/epoxy composite decreased by a small amount (<5%) when increasing either specimen width or thickness. However, an appreciable reduction in off-axis compressive strength of the high modulus carbon/epoxy composite was observed as specimen width or thickness increased with lapped specimens. However, when a thin layer of titanium was applied on both contact ends of the specimen, the contact friction was significantly reduced, leading to much smaller reductions in off-axis compressive strength as the specimen width or thickness increases. It can be concluded that specimen end surface friction can produce specimen size effect in off-axis compression tests, and the specimen size effect is negligible when the friction between the specimen end and loading element is minimized.
Investigation of Drilling Problems in Gas Hydrate Formations

Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline systems made of water and methane that are stable under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Gas hydrates have been identified as strategic resources and may surpass all known oil and gas reserves combined. However, these resources will become reserves only if the gas contained therein can be produced economically. In the oil and gas industry, gas hydrates may be encountered while drilling sediments of the subsea continental slopes and in the subsurface of permafrost regions. They also represent a flow assurance issue, as they may form in the well and in the flowlines, causing blockages. Deepwater drilling programmes have experienced problems when encountering gas hydrate formations. A major issue is that of phase transition, where gas hydrate goes from a solid state to dissociated gas and water, as there are rapid changes in fluid volumes and pressure. This can cause drilling equipment failure, borehole instability and formation collapse. After dissociation of water and gas, hydrates may be prevented from forming in the well by using appropriate inhibitors in the drilling mud. There is a need to develop fluids specifically for drilling through gas hydrate formations, either to unlock the unconventional reserves trapped in the crystalline gas hydrate structures or to safely reach underlying conventional reserves. To drill wells in a gas hydrate formation, a conductor casing is needed to allow close loop circulation of the mud, if different from seawater. The search for the ideal mud for drilling through gas hydrate formations must start with a review of past experiences worldwide and of the lessons learned. This paper presents a review of the problems encountered while drilling through gas hydrate formations. It identifies the key requirements for drilling fluids, based on the interaction between the drill bit, the drilling fluid and the formation. An evaluation of the environmental risk associated with drilling through gas hydrate formations is also presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The essence of information assurance and its implications for the Ada community

There is a growing need to engineer and operate critical systems with some level of measurable trust in the functions that make these systems secure. The term Information Assurance (IA) is now widely used to refer to the general concept of system security and this establishment of trust, but IA has yet to receive a precise definition. This paper discusses the concepts and principles that are essential to achieving IA objectives as a means to provide insights to the safety-critical Ada community regarding opportunities to impact the development of trusted security solutions.
The Response to the Offstage Presence in Beckett's “Act Without Words I” and “Act Without Words II”

The question of who or what is the offstage presence in Samuel Beckett's “Act Without Words I” and “Act Without Words II” is, I argue, more or less unimportant when trying to interpret these two ve...
An analytical comparison of the durations and price sensitivities of fixed-rate, constant payment and constant amortization mortgages

Abstract Both open-form and closed-form formulas are developed to compute duration for two types of fixed-rate mortgages: the level or constant payment mortgage and the constant amortization mortgage. Because holding periods are often less than maturity, duration formulas are also developed for mortgages that are paid prior to maturity. The duration formulas are used to compare the risk and price behavior of the two types of mortgages. Under any scenario, the constant amortization mortgage exhibits less interest rate risk than the constant payment mortgage. The durations of both mortgage types are monotonically increasing functions of maturity when the mortgages are held to maturity. When the mortgages are subject to prepayment, however, durations may, under certain circumstances decline with original maturity.
Emergent Leadership Development: A New Model of Generative Growth and Learning

To meet the changing demands of organizations today and in the future, leadership development needs to get better and faster. An increasing demand for innovation, rapidly changing technologies, an ...
Literacy in an oral society: the case of Ethiopian land records

Abstract Christian Ethiopia is a culture profoundly animated by the spoken word. Its highest art is poetry, a literary form produced for performance. Verbal facility is widely diffused among different social classes. Ambiguity is prized: as is nuance and subtlety. Yet Ethiopia is unique among sub-saharan African societies in possessing an indigenous literacy, which dates back over two thousand years and which has generated its own script. Written texts in Ethiopia fall into a number of distinct genres, many of them narrative, others non-narrative. Narrative sources make clear that Ethiopian rulers kept administrative records. Of these, little has survived from before 1900 beyond the numerous notes, which litter the margins and end-papers of church service books, notes which deal pre-eminently with issues concerning land. The writing of these notes was clearly important to those who wrote them. What purpose did they serve; and what meaning did their authors attribute to them? Beyond that, what was the rela...
Prediction of near-term breast cancer risk using a Bayesian belief network

Accurately predicting near-term breast cancer risk is an important prerequisite for establishing an optimal personalized breast cancer screening paradigm. In previous studies, we investigated and tested the feasibility of developing a unique near-term breast cancer risk prediction model based on a new risk factor associated with bilateral mammographic density asymmetry between the left and right breasts of a woman using a single feature. In this study we developed a multi-feature based Bayesian belief network (BBN) that combines bilateral mammographic density asymmetry with three other popular risk factors, namely (1) age, (2) family history, and (3) average breast density, to further increase the discriminatory power of our cancer risk model. A dataset involving “prior” negative mammography examinations of 348 women was used in the study. Among these women, 174 had breast cancer detected and verified in the next sequential screening examinations, and 174 remained negative (cancer-free). A BBN was applied to predict the risk of each woman having cancer detected six to 18 months later following the negative screening mammography. The prediction results were compared with those using single features. The prediction accuracy was significantly increased when using the BBN. The area under the ROC curve increased from an AUC=0.70 to 0.84 (p<0.01), while the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) also increased from a PPV=0.61 to 0.78 and an NPV=0.65 to 0.75, respectively. This study demonstrates that a multi-feature based BBN can more accurately predict the near-term breast cancer risk than with a single feature.
AI in the ER: What Is Watson and What Does It Mean for Medical Librarianship?

Citation: Bengtson, Jason. "AI in the ER: What Is Watson and What Does It Mean for Medical Librarianship?" Journal of Hospital Librarianship 11.3 (2011) : 289-293. Print.
Operationalizing and testing Galbraith's center of gravity theory

This paper develops and tests an expanded model of relatedness and firm performance, based on Galbraith's (1983) center of gravity concept. Traditional empirical approaches to relatedness have focused primarily on product similarities. This research operationalizes and tests a managerial dimension of relatedness, based on a firm's historical center of gravity, which assumes that businesses in the same vertical stage of the value chain are more similar to manage than those in different stages. Empirical results support Galbraith's hypothesis that this managerial dimension of relatedness may be more important than constrained product relatedness in achieving high performance. This finding suggests that diversified firms should operate in lines of business that are managerially similar in order to minimize complexity and apply core skills appropriately. Interestingly, while managerial relatedness was positively associated with firm performance in two out of three samples, constrained product relatedness was negatively associated with performance in two of the three samples. Taken together, these results suggest that optimal relatedness profiles may be industry specific, and that corporate relatedness may be more important in managing diversity than product relatedness. Future research should seek a better understanding of the specific dimensions which underlie both product and managerial relatedness.
Optimization of artificial wetland design for removal of indicator microorganisms and pathogenic protozoa

The enhancement of water quality by artificial wetland systems is increasingly being employed throughout the world. Three wetlands were studied in Tucson, AZ to evaluate their individual performance in the removal of indicator bacteria (coliforms), coliphage, and enteric pathogens (Giardia and Cryptosporidium). A duckweed-covered pond, a multi-species subsurface flow (SSF) and a multi-species surface flow (SF) wetland were studied. Removal of the larger microorganisms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, was the greatest in the duckweed pond at 98 and 89 percent, respectively. The lowest removal occurred in the SF wetland, 73 percent for Giardia and 58 percent removal for Cryptosporidium. In contrast, the greatest removal of coliphage, total and fecal coliforms occurred in the SSF wetland, 95, 99, and 98 percent respectively, whereas the pond had the lowest removals (40, 62, and 61 percent, respectively). Sedimentation may be the primary removal mechanism within the duckweed pond since the removal was related to size, removal of the largest organisms being the greatest. However, the smaller microorganisms were removed more efficiently in the SSF wetland, which may be related to the large surface area available for adsorption and filtration. This study suggests that in order to achieve the highest treatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, a combination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flow wetlands may be necessary.
A thickness-shear MEMS resonator employing electromechanical transduction through a coplanar waveguide

The design, modeling, fabrication, and characterization of a vibrationally trapped thickness-shear MEMS resonator is presented. This device is intended to avoid various limitations of flexural MEMS resonators, including nonlinearity, clamping losses, thermoelastic damping, and high damping in liquid. It includes a silicon bridge and a reference line on an SOI wafer, a coupled Au/Cr coplanar waveguide, Lorentz-force coupling, variations in waveguide thickness for vibrational trapping, and circuitry for nulling the components of the signal that are unrelated to the acoustic resonance. Finite-element vibrational modeling shows the lowest thickness-shear mode with a bridge thickness of 4.9 μm to be dominated by shear displacements, with the magnitude of out-of-plane displacements decreasing with increasing bridge width. Two-dimensional modeling of vibrational trapping, with central regions of the waveguides having 43 nm greater thickness, indicates that amplitudes are reduced by several orders of magnitude at the ends of the bridges for the fundamental ∼ 400 MHz thickness-shear resonance. Swept-frequency network-analyzer measurements of fabricated devices reveal no evidence for an acoustic resonance, despite a calculated prediction of levels of acoustic power absorption that are well above the measured noise level. A possible explanation for this result is stiction of the bridges to the substrate.
Reduced Single-dose Clearance of Clobazam in Elderly Men Predicts Increased Multiple-dose Accumulation

The rate and extent of accumulation of clobazam and its major metabolite, desmethylclobazam, during multiple dosage with clobazam were evaluated in 4 similarly sized groups of young male, young female, elderly male, and elderly female volunteers. Subjects received single 10mg doses of clobazam daily for 22 consecutive days. Plasma levels were measured during and after the period of dosage. Compared with the young male subjects, elderly males had slower rates of clobazam accumulation and washout, higher steady-state plasma levels, and lower steady-state clearance. Accumulation of desmethylclobazam also was slower and more extensive in the elderly male group. Among females, however, age-related kinetic differences did not approach significance.
Thermal grounding of a transmission line in a dilution refrigerator

Abstract The paper describes the design and use of transmission lines for applications in the gigahertz range. The lines are required to have uniform electrical impedance and low loss and to provide thermal grounding.
What Do We Really Know About (Suicide) Terrorism

The terrorist attacks of 9/11, as well as suicide bombings in Israel, Iraq, and elsewhere, have sparked a renewed interest in terrorism among social scientists. The tactic of suicide terrorism has been the focus of special concern. So what have social scientists learned (or relearned) about terrorism and its suicidal variant in recent years? What do we really know about (suicide) terrorism? Let us begin with the question of how terrorism is most usefully conceptualized. Terrorism refers to acts of violence that are intended to kill indiscriminately ordinary civilians, and to frighten others, for political ends; it is thus quite different from guerrilla warfare, political assassination, and other strategies of insurgency that have military and political targets. There is a general, although by no means unanimous, consensus among social scientists that terrorism is violence targeted indiscriminately against ordinary civilians or noncombatants as opposed to soldiers, police, politicians, bureaucrats, or other agents of the state. Thus, no one would, or should, describe D-Day or the Battle of the Bulge as terrorism, however horrific or frightening those battles may have been for the soldiers involved. Nor
Metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma involving the pancreas diagnosed by EUS with fine-needle aspiration.

VOLUME 56, NO. 4, 2002 Current affiliations: Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. Reprint requests: Lehel Somogyi, MD, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, 231 Albert B. Sabin Way, P.O. Box 670595, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2002/$35.00 + 0 37/54/127748 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.127748 J Sweeney, D Crabtree, R Yassin, et al. Brief Reports
Antigenic distance measurements for seasonal influenza vaccine selection

Influenza vaccination is one of the major options to counteract the effects of influenza diseases. Selection of an effective vaccine strain is the key to the success of an effective vaccination program since vaccine protection can only be achieved when the selected influenza vaccine strain matches the antigenic variants causing future outbreaks. Identification of an antigenic variant is the first step to determine whether vaccine strain needs to be updated. Antigenic distance derived from immunological assays, such as hemagglutination inhibition, is commonly used to measure the antigenic closeness between circulating strains and the current influenza vaccine strain. Thus, consensus on an explicit and robust antigenic distance measurement is critical in influenza surveillance. Based on the current seasonal influenza surveillance procedure, we propose and compare three antigenic distance measurements, including Average antigenic distance (A-distance), Mutual antigenic distance (M-distance), and Largest antigenic distance (L-distance). With the assistance of influenza antigenic cartography, our simulation results demonstrated that M-distance is a robust influenza antigenic distance measurement. Experimental results on both simulation and seasonal influenza surveillance data demonstrate that M-distance can be effectively utilized in influenza vaccine strain selection.
Teaching Job-Related Social Skills to Learning Disabled Adolescents.

Abstract Little information is available on the use of social skills by persons with disabilities in work settings. Positive styles of interaction in the workplace might include the job-related social skills of explaining a problem to a supervisor, providing constructive criticism, accepting criticism, accepting a compliment, accepting an instruction, and providing a compliment. The effects of training procedures for these social skills were evaluated with two learning disabled adolescents. The results showed the procedures to be effective in increasing the level of job-related social skills performed by the participants in analogue situations. Direct observations of performance taken at the adolescents' place of employment suggest some generalization of training effects to actual work environments.
Eye Guidance in Reading: Fixation Locations within Words

Three broad categories of models of eye movement guidance in reading are described. According to one category, eye movements in reading are not under stimulus or cognitive control; the other two categories indicate that cognitive activities or stimulus characteristics are involved in eye guidance. In this study a number of descriptive analyses of eye movements in reading were carried out. These analyses dealt with fixation locations on letters within words of various lengths, conditional probabilities that a word will be fixed given that a prior word was or was not fixated, and average saccade length as a function of the length of the word to the right of the fixated word. The results of these analyses were supportive of models which suggest that determining where to look next while reading is made on a nonrandom basis.
Synthesis and structure revision of calyxin natural products.

Tandem Prins cyclization and Friedel−Crafts reaction with an electron-rich aromatic ring were used to prepare the core structures of calyxin natural products. The proposed structure of epicalyxin F was prepared and shown to be incorrect. Several calyxin natural products, including calyxin F and L, were synthesized, and the structures were reassigned on the basis of NMR data and synthetic correlations.
Association of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II with developmentally regulated splice variants of the postsynaptic density protein densin-180.

In a continuing search for proteins that target calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to postsynaptic density (PSD) substrates important in synaptic plasticity, we showed that the PSD protein densin-180 binds CaMKII. Four putative splice variants (A–D) of the cytosolic tail of densin-180 are shown to be differentially expressed during brain development. Densin-180 splicing affects CaMKII phosphorylation of specific serine residues. Variants A, B, and D, but not C, bind CaMKII stoichiometrically and with high affinity, mediated by a differentially spliced domain. Densin-180 differs from the previously identified CaMKII-binding protein NR2B in that binding does not strictly require CaMKII autophosphorylation. Binding of densin-180 and NR2B to CaMKII is noncompetitive, indicating different interaction sites on CaMKII. Expression of the membrane-targeted CaMKII-binding domain of densin-180 confers membrane localization to coexpressed CaMKII without requiring calcium mobilization, suggesting that densin-180 plays a role in the constitutive association of CaMKII with PSDs.
Segmental Relaxation in End-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networks

End-linked polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) networks were prepared by end-linking vinyl-terminated PDMS chains with tetrafunctional silanes. Dielectric α-relaxation spectra, thermal expansivities, and the (rubbery) elastic modulus were measured for these materials. From the cross-link density at which marked changes occur in the segmental relaxation times and the Tα-scaled temperature dependence (fragility), a characteristic length for the α-relaxation was determined. The result, 14 A at Tα, is quite close to the length scale associated with constraint of crystallization in similar PDMS networks. Cross-linking also affects the thermal expansion and elastic modulus, although these properties exhibit a smoother variation with cross-link density.
Southern Sea Otter as a Sentinel of Marine Ecosystem Health

The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) is listed as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and is a “keystone species,” strongly influencing the abundance and diversity of the other species within its kelp forest ecosystem. This is accomplished primarily by preying upon urchins that eat the kelp stipe and holdfast, which can reduce a kelp forest to an urchin barren. Sea otters are very susceptible to marine pollutants such as petroleum, which may be directly toxic and/or alter their fur’s insulating properties. Sea otters are an excellent sentinel species. They eat approximately 25% of their body weight per day in shellfish and other invertebrates, and can concentrate and integrate chemical contaminants. In addition, they appear to be susceptible to a number of diseases and parasites that may have anthropogenic origins, and shellfish may serve as an intermediary for some of these infections. Many of the shellfish the otters eat are also harvested for human food. In their role as sentinels, sea otter health has implications for human health, economic sustainability of shellfisheries, as well as overall marine ecosystem health. The recent southern sea otter decline has been viewed with some alarm by conservationists and, indeed, recovery seems a long way off. High mortality rather than depressed recruitment appears to underlie the decline. A good deal of debate has centered on the role of infectious diseases and parasites, exposure to contaminants, nutrition and prey availability, net and pot fishery interactions, and other sources of mortality. Current research is being done related to major classes of mortality, various types of pollutants and some specific organisms causing southern sea otter mortality, and their implications for marine ecosystem health and sustainability.