cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous conversion of D-xylose to ethanol by immobilized pachysolen tannophilus

The yeast Pachysolen tannophilus was entrapped in calcium alginate beads to ferment D-xylose on a continous basis in the presence of high cell densities. Experimental operating variables included the feed D-xylose concentration, the dilution rate, and the fermentor biomass concentration. Under favorable operating conditions, cultures retained at least 50% of their initial productivity after 26 days of operation. The specific ehanol production rate was dependent on the substrate level in the fermentor, passing through an optimum when the D-xylose concentration was between 28 and 35 g/L. Consequently, reactor productivity increased with dilution rate and feed D-xylose concentration until a maximum was reached. The ethanol content of the effluent always decreased with increasing dilution rate, but excessive dilution rates diminished the ethanol content without increasing productivity. Unlike production rate, ethanol yield declined monotonically from 0.35 g/g as the fermentor substrate concentration increased. The yield was 69% of that theoretically possible when the D-xylose concentration was near zero, as opposed to 42% when it was in the range supporting the optimum specific rate of ethanol production. As long as D-xylose was supplied to cells faster than they could consume it, productivity increased with the mass of cells immobilized. The effectiveness factor associated with the calcium alginte beads used in this system was 0.4, indicating that only 40% of the entrapped biomass was effective in converting D-xylose to ethanol because of diffusion limitations.
In Pursuit of Greatness: CEO Narcissism, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Firm Performance Variance

Building upon the perspective that narcissism is a leadership trait with both �bright� and �dark� sides, the present study examines the question of whether companies led by narcissistic CEOs exhibit higher levels of entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Moreover, this research examines whether EO partially explains why narcissistic CEO-led firms experience greater variability in firm performance. Using survey data collected from 173 CEOs, and an archival measure of firm performance variance, we find support for our model. These findings offer an improved understanding of how CEO narcissism influences performance variance, and why the firms they lead may even, at times, be viewed as on a path to success. Study implications are discussed.
Automatically Identifying Health Outcome Information in MEDLINE Records

Abstract Objective Understanding the effect of a given intervention on the patient's health outcome is one of the key elements in providing optimal patient care. This study presents a methodology for automatic identification of outcomes-related information in medical text and evaluates its potential in satisfying clinical information needs related to health care outcomes. Design An annotation scheme based on an evidence-based medicine model for critical appraisal of evidence was developed and used to annotate 633 MEDLINE citations. Textual, structural, and meta-information features essential to outcome identification were learned from the created collection and used to develop an automatic system. Accuracy of automatic outcome identification was assessed in an intrinsic evaluation and in an extrinsic evaluation, in which ranking of MEDLINE search results obtained using PubMed Clinical Queries relied on identified outcome statements. Measurements The accuracy and positive predictive value of outcome identification were calculated. Effectiveness of the outcome-based ranking was measured using mean average precision and precision at rank 10. Results Automatic outcome identification achieved 88% to 93% accuracy. The positive predictive value of individual sentences identified as outcomes ranged from 30% to 37%. Outcome-based ranking improved retrieval accuracy, tripling mean average precision and achieving 389% improvement in precision at rank 10. Conclusion Preliminary results in outcome-based document ranking show potential validity of the evidence-based medicine–model approach in timely delivery of information critical to clinical decision support at the point of service.
MEMS Cantilever Sensor for Photoacoustic Detection of Terahertz Radiation

Cantilever structures have long been used in a variety of sensor and actuator applications. In this work, a Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) cantilever pressure sensor was designed, modelled, and fabricated to investigate the photoacoustic response of various gases to terahertz radiation. Cantilever design parameters of length, width, and thickness are investigated using CoventorWare finite element model software. Cantilever tip deflection and resonant frequencies of the beams are of particular interest in order to maximize the effectiveness of the sensor. A few select designs were then fabricated on the device layer of a silicon-on-insulator wafer which was used to create the physical structure of the cantilever. Fabricated devices will then be tested in a custom made vacuum test chamber where the amplitude modulated THz radiation excited acoustic waves in the chamber and cause the cantilever to deflect. To examine the induced deflection in the cantilever, a laser beam reflected off the tip of the cantilever back to a photodiode to analyze tip displacements caused from the photoacoustic effect. Initial test measurements are currently underway and initial data indicates a nearly linear response in signal amplitude from the photodiode which directly correlated to the gases absorption coefficients.
A Fructose-Enriched Diet Induces Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Enhances NKCC2 and SPAK/OSR1 Phosphorylation in Thick Ascending Limbs (TALs).

Fructose consumption increased in the past three decades and has been implicated in the epidemic of hypertension, diabetes and obesity. 10% of the US population consumes up to 20% of their calories...
Fabrication of carbide-particle-reinforced titanium aluminide-matrix composites by laser-engineered net shaping

TiAl-based titanium aluminide alloys and their composites reinforced with ceramic particles are considered to be important candidate materials for high-temperature structural applications. Laser-engineered net shaping (LENS) is a layered manufacturing process, which involves laser processing fine powders into three-dimensional components directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) model. In this work, the LENS process was employed to fabricate carbide-particle-reinforced titanium aluminide-matrix composites using TiC and gas-atomized Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb powders as the feedstock materials. The composites deposited by the LENS process were susceptible to solid-state cracking due to high thermal stresses. The microstructures of the laser-deposited monolithic and composite titanium aluminide materials were characterized using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Effects of the LENS processing parameters on the cracking susceptibility and microstructure were studied. Crack-free deposits were fabricated by preheating the substrate to 450 °C to 500 °C during LENS processing. The fabricated composite deposits exhibit a hardness of more than twice the value of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
Applications of isotopes in advancing structural and functional heparanomics

Heparanomics is the study of all the biologically active oligosaccharide domain structures in the entire heparanome and the nature of the interactions among these domains and their protein ligands. Structural elucidation of heparan sulfate and heparin oligosaccharides is a major obstacle in advancing structure-function relationships and heparanomics. There are several factors that exacerbate the challenges involved in the structural elucidation of heparin and heparan sulfate; therefore, there is great interest in developing novel strategies and analytical tools to overcome the barriers in decoding the enigmatic heparanome. This review focuses on the applications of isotopes, both radioisotopes and stable isotopes, in the structural elucidation of the complex heparanome at the disaccharide or oligosaccharide level using liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. This review also outlines the utility of isotopes in determining the substrate specificity of biosynthetic enzymes that eventually dictate the emergence of biologically active oligosaccharides.
Productivity growth in passenger-bus transportation: A heteroskedastic error component model with unbalanced panel data

This paper considers an econometric approach to measure total factor productivity (TFP) growth and technical change (TC) for 31 publicly-owned passenger-bus companies in India during 1983–1987. A translog variable cost function is used to represent the production technology. Firm heterogeneity is incorporated in the cost function using an error component model with firm-specific variances. TFP growth is decomposed into TC and economies of scale components. The TC component is further decomposed into pure, non-neutral, scale, and quasi-fixed factors/network components. An ownership group-wise comparison reveals that the public undertakings exhibit the highest rate of productivity growth, followed by the units operated by the state and local governments. The main source of TFP growth for the public undertakings and government-operated units is economies of scale, while the main source of falling TFP growth for corporations is technological regress.
Statistical design of position-encoded microsphere arrays at low target concentrations

We design microsphere arrays with predetermined positions of microspheres, for capturing targets at low concentrations. To optimize the design parameters, we compute the Ziv-Zakai bound (ZZB) on the errors in estimating the target concentrations. We numerically demonstrate our design by computing the minimal distance between the microspheres and the optimal imaging temperature, for a desired level of errors. We also validate that, at low target concentrations, the statistical design using the ZZB is more precise than that using the posterior Cramer-Rao bound. We further quantitatively evaluate the effect of the fluorescence microscope point-spread function on the design performance, which provide useful guides to the device design and implementation. The key advantages of the proposed microsphere arrays are error-free target identification, simplified data analysis, high packing density, and reduced cost.
Specific Proteases of the Rat Mast Cell

Labelled inhibitors have been used to study the activity and properties of a chymotrypsin-like enzyme in rat mast cells. In conjunction with light microscopy (this article) and electron microscopy (second article, page 1202), the method yields estimates of the numbers and locations of the enzyme molecules.
Modeling airflow using subject-specific 4DCT-based deformable volumetric lung models

Lung radiotherapy is greatly benefitted when the tumor motion caused by breathing can be modeled. The aim of this paper is to present the importance of using anisotropic and subject-specific tissue elasticity for simulating the airflow inside the lungs. A computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) based approach is presented to simulate airflow inside a subject-specific deformable lung for modeling lung tumor motion and the motion of the surrounding tissues during radiotherapy. A flow-structure interaction technique is employed that simultaneously models airflow and lung deformation. The lung is modeled as a poroelastic medium with subject-specific anisotropic poroelastic properties on a geometry, which was reconstructed from four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scan datasets of humans with lung cancer. The results include the 3D anisotropic lung deformation for known airflow pattern inside the lungs. The effects of anisotropy are also presented on both the spatiotemporal volumetric lung displacement and the regional lung hysteresis.
Large Lakes of China

China contains 28 of the world's large lakes (> 500 km2). Information on these lakes is considerably limited. This paper describes in greater detail the origin, location, and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Chinese lakes and discusses the prevalant lake fish management methods in China. Elements which have influenced changes in Chinese large lakes are discussed. Climatic condition and tectonic uplift have strongly influenced the large lakes in the Tibet-Qinghai-Sinkiang region while sediment loading and human impacts continue to be the major concern for the large lakes in the Pacific basin.
Development of substance use and psychiatric comorbidity in an epidemiologic study of white and American Indian young adolescents the Great Smoky Mountains Study

The progression of substance use and the patterns of comorbidity of substance use and psychiatric disorders are explored prospectively in young adolescents enrolled in the Great Smoky Mountains Study. This study is an epidemiologic study of white and American Indian youths living in rural Southern Appalachia. Results from this study indicate that alcohol use without permission predicts subsequent use of illicit drugs and regular tobacco use. Use of tobacco was not associated with either later alcohol or drug use. Patterns of comorbidity showed strong cross-sectional relationships between substance use and behavioral disorders, but not emotional disorders. Use of alcohol was also associated with psychiatric diagnosis at a later interview. There were some differences between white and American Indian youths in the pattern of comorbidity of tobacco use and psychiatric disorder and the relationship between prior psychiatric disorder and later alcohol use. These findings suggest that alcohol use without permission may be an important marker for youths who are at risk for illicit drug use and/or psychiatric diagnoses.
Dietary protein effects on gallstone formation

Semipurified lithogenic diets for hamsters contain casein as the protein source. Since substitution of soy protein isolate for casein reduces serum cholesterol concentrations in several species, we studied replacement of casein by soy protein for effects on gallstone formation. Feeding soy protein consistently resulted in a significantly reduced incidence of gallstones. Switching to a soy-based diet after induction of gallstones resulted in dissolution of a significant percentage of the stones. Partial substitution of soy for casein gave results intermediate between 100% casein and 100% soy. The lysine/arginine ratio of the proteins may be responsible for the observed differences in cholelithiasis. The reduction in lithogenicity associated with feeding soy protein appears to be mediated primarily through decreased secretion of cholesterol into bile.
About Metapoetry and Performativity

In his article "About Metapoetry and Performativity" Arturo Casas argues that with regard to metapoetic practices a change of perspective would be necessary. Casas postulates that the new perspective would centre more on the enunciative and performative aspects of metapoetry and that it would focus on the theoretical and poetological contribution of the metapoem, its criticism of language and text, and its convergence with those theoretical-critical practices based on the refutation of the traditional critical pact. Following Jenaro Talens's work, Casas argues that in poetry disorder orients itself in practice to unmask power and its inscriptions in language and that it is among inscriptions we find the poet's own authority. Arturo Casas, "About Metapoetry and Performativity" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.5 (2011): Special issue New Trends in Iberian Galician Comparative Literature. Ed. M.T. Vilarino Picos and A. Abuin Gonzales
The Sensitivity of the African-Asian Monsoonal Climate to Orbital Parameter Changes for 9000 Years B.P. in a Low-Resolution General Circulation Model.

Abstract The earth's orbital parameters, precession, obliquity and eccentricity, produce solar radiation differences (compared to present) of ∼7% at the solstices 9000 years before present (B.P.): more radiation in June-July-August, less in December-January-February. When this amplified seasonal cycle of solar radiation is used to drive a low-resolution general circulation model, an intensified monsoon circulation is simulated for Northern Hemisphere summer. The annual- and global-average land surface temperature and the annual- and global-average precipitation are the same for the simulated 9000 years B.P. climate and the present climate. Certain features of the simulated monsoon climate from this orbital-parameter sensitivity experiment agree with the paleoclimatic evidence.
Gigapixel Synthetic-Aperture Digital Holography: Sampling and Resolution Considerations

A gigapixel array is used for synthetic-aperture digital holography. Considering propagation and sampling requirements, a high-resolution image is reconstructed using sharpness metrics in combination with speckle-averaging independent realizations.
The etiology of Schizophrenia as perceived by psychiatrists in Europe and the United States

This paper compares and contrasts statements made by American and European psychiatrists on the etiology of schizophrenia. In the U.S., leading figures in psychiatry hold increasingly to the view that the disorder is physiogenic at source—from which it seems to follow that the appropriate treatments should similarly focus on physiological and pharmacological therapies. In contrast, European psychiatrists seem to be divided in support for organic and psychodynamic explanations. Some European writers have pointedly warned against over-interpreting recent studies which seem to point to specific organic dysfunctions and deficits as schizophrenogenic.
The High Voltage Feedthroughs for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeters

The purpose, design specifications, construction techniques, and testing methods are described for the high voltage feedthrough ports and filters of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters. These feedthroughs carry about 5000 high voltage wires from a room temperature environment (300 K) through the cryostat walls to the calorimeters cells (89 K) while maintaining the electrical and cryogenic integrity of the system. The feedthrough wiring and filters operate at a maximum high voltage of 2.5 kV without danger of degradation by corona discharges or radiation at the Large Hadron Collider.
Drinking-Related Locus of Control as a Predictor of Attrition in an Alcoholism Treatment Program

Orientation control is a personality construct referring to an individual's beliefs about the locus of control over his life events. The social learning model of behavior implies that people differ with respect to this orientation. The Drinking-related Internal Locus of Control Scale is viewed as a measure of specific expectancies dealing with a variety of drinking behaviors. The present study examined the relationship between alcoholic patients' orientation of control and attrition from the program. The scale was given to 75 male alcoholics. Patients who left treatment during the inpatient phase scored higher on the general control factor of the scale than those who stayed. Specific mechanisms of these attitudinal shifts as they relate to the treatment process and future research designs are discussed.
Several distinct receptor binding enkephalins in olivocochlear fibers and terminals in the organ of corti

Abstract Biochemical studies centering on the use of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassays (RIA) demonstrate the presence in the guinea pig organ of Corti of at least 3 enkephalin-related peptides, two of which are identified as Met- and Leu-enkephalin, respectively. Enkephalins were identified and quantitated by HPLC-RIA in the isolated second turn of the organ of Corti, but were not found in stria vascularis or auditory nerve dissected from the cochlea. Three enkephalin-immunoreactive HPLC fractions inhibited the binding of labeled naloxone to rat brain membranes. All enkephalins identified by the combined HPLC-RIA procedure had an apparent molecular weight similar to that of Met- and Leu-enkephalin peptide standards. Immunocytochemistry, performed with the best-characterized Met-enkephalin antiserum used in the RIAs, localized the enkephalin-like immunoreactivity to lateral efferent fibers and terminals under inner hair cells of the organ of Corti. Other antisera raised against Met-enkephalin, not used for RIA, visualized enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in medial efferent fibers under outer hair cells as well. This enkephalin-like immunoreactivity may reflect the presence in the medial efferent system of other structurally similar peptides in addition to those detected biochemisally. Efferent fiber lesion, by evulsion of the vestibular nerve close to the vestibulocochlear anastomosis in which the olivocochlear fibers run, eliminated enkephalin-like immunoreactivity and the enkephalin-related peptides identified by HPLC-RIA.
The Influence of Changing Time of Feeding on Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with Arbor Acres broiler breeder hens to determine the influence of changing feeding time from 0800 to 1600 h. The hens were 52 and 58 wk of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Significantly increased egg specific gravity was obtained by changing time of feeding to 1600 h in Experiment 1 and for 1 wk during Experiment 2. Egg weight was not influenced by time of feeding. Egg production was significantly reduced and body weight loss occurred when hens were fed at 1600 h.
Different roles for type A and type B monoamine oxidase in regulating synaptic dopamine at D-1 and D-2 receptors associated with adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation

The roles of multiple forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in regulating the synaptic concentration of dopamine, in the vicinity of dopamine receptors associated with cyclic AMP formation, was examined in striatal slices of the rat. d-Amphetamine (0.1 mumol/l to 20 mumol/l) caused a concentration-related increase in cyclic AMP formation, which correlated (in superfusion experiments) with the release of endogenously-formed dopamine. In the presence of (-)sulpiride (50 mumol/l), cyclic AMP formation was significantly increased at every concentration of d-amphetamine tested. At the same time, this concentration of (-)sulpiride had no effect on DA release. Inhibition of type A MAO with clorgyline (0.1 mumol/l) significantly enhanced the increase in cyclic AMP formation seen after d-amphetamine. By contrast, inhibition of type B MAO with deprenyl (0.1 mumol/l) was without effect on this action of d-amphetamine. At high concentrations of d-amphetamine (20 mumol/l), however, deprenyl + clorgyline treatment enhanced cyclic AMP formation to a greater extent than with clorgyline alone. Similar results could be obtained at lower concentrations of d-amphetamine (5 mumol/l), but only after inhibition of the dopamine neuronal reuptake system with nomifensine (30 mumol/l). Furthermore, in the presence of nomifensine, deprenyl alone was also able to significantly increase the cyclic AMP formation seen after d-amphetamine (5 mumol/l). In the presence of (-)sulpiride, relatively similar results were obtained following all MAO inhibitor treatments. These findings support the notion that type A MAO plays the primary role in regulating dopamine concentrations at D-1 and D-2 receptors within synapses of rat striatal tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Non-destructive transformation ofArabidopsis

Culture conditions are reported in which roots ofArabidopsis thaliana grow abundantly along the surface of, rather than down into, a solid matrix. Such root segments can be explanted without killing of the plant, which can then complete its life cycle. Non-destructive explanting permits transformation of heterozygous plants without preventing subsequent segregation and of plants that can only be obtained from a population segregating for a marker expressed late in growth. Moreover, the speed and abundance of surface root growth provides a rapid non-destructive phenotypic assay of response to selective conditions.
Implementing Dialogic Reading with Culturally, Linguistically Diverse Preschool Children.

The purpose of this research-to-practice article is to describe dialogic reading (DR) as a professional development intervention that took place in a state-funded public universal prekindergarten program, partnering with a university. Our goals were to use a research-based literacy program to measure child outcomes related to vocabulary development in English and Spanish. Through our professional development, faculty at our university provided in-service workshops, consultations, and reflections within community of practice meetings. Children varied in their home language experiences and we used a few data sources to provide insights about children's home language abilities. We categorized children's language exposure as English only, bilingual, and Spanish dominant. Teachers’ fidelity of implementation of weekly DR lessons learned during in-service training was monitored by university faculty. Practical implications of the findings to replicate this research with diverse populations are provided for earl...
Opening up Openness to Experience: A Four-Factor Model and Relations to Creative Achievement in the Arts and Sciences.

Openness to experience is the broadest personality domain of the Big Five, including a mix of traits relating to intellectual curiosity, intellectual interests, perceived intelligence, imagination, creativity, artistic and aesthetic interests, emotional and fantasy richness, and unconventionality. Likewise, creative achievement is a broad construct, comprising creativity across the arts and sciences. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between openness to experience and creative achievement. Toward this aim, I factor analyzed a battery of tests of cognitive ability, working memory, Intellect, Openness, affect, and intuition among a sample of English Sixth Form students (N = 146). Four factors were revealed: explicit cognitive ability, intellectual engagement, affective engagement, and aesthetic engagement. In line with dual-process theory, each of these four factors showed differential relations with personality, impulsivity, and creative achievement. Affective engagement and aesthetic engagement were associated with creative achievement in the arts, whereas explicit cognitive ability and intellectual engagement were associated with creative achievement in the sciences. The results suggest that the Intellectual and Openness aspects of the broader openness to experience personality domain are related to different modes of information processing and predict different forms of creative achievement.
POLICY CORRELATES OF PERFORMANCE AMONG GEORGIA'S PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMS

Achievement scores among 149 of Georgia's school systems were analyzed by first examining the impact of demographic and socioeconomic variables, and then the marginal impact of educational policy variables. Eleventh grade Iowa Tests of Basic Skills results served as the dependent variable in a series of multiple regression models and discriminant functions. A major object of the study was to assess the extent to which policy factors discriminate between school systems that exhibit test scores either substantially above or substantially below those predicted by a baseline demo-graphic/SES model. The results reaffirm the powerful influences of environment upon absolute school system performance, but also demonstrate the significant marginal contributions of several education policy variables. Education policies were found to discriminate powerfully between systems that performed significantly above and those that perform significantly below regression estimates based upon their demographic/SES characters.
19 Periphytic algae as bioindicators of nitrogen inputs in lakes

Increased nitrogen levels has been shown to be a problem in Southern New Jersey lakes, with anthropogenic loadings being the most serious concern (Aber, 1992). It has been suggested that biomass, diversity, and community structure of periphytic algae are good biotic indicators for monitoring water quality and nutrient enrichment in fresh water lakes. (Biggs, 1989). Since, for algae and many other aquatic organisms, nitrogen is one of the most important factors for growth, a good correlation it is expected between nitrogen loading and algal growth. In this bench-scale microcosm study the periphytic community was analyzed using chlorophyll a, dry-ash weight biomass and cell counts, as well as the diversity and community structure for a six-month period, in three tanks with different nitrogen levels (control=non-detectable; low and high). Physical (T/DO/pH) and chemical (nutrients) parameters were measured monthly. Biological parameters were compared with the different nitrogen loading using correlation analysis to show whether nitrogen is a factor in the over-enrichment of New Jersey lakes. To compare the bench-scale microcosm study with the natural settings periphytic algae from two Southern New Jersey lakes, Oswego Lake (no nitrogen) and Oakford Lake (high nitrogen), were also collected during fall of 2002 to summer of 2003.
An experimental study of high-field moving domains produced by deep centres in semi-insulating GaAs†

Low-frequency oscillations in high-resistance oxygen-doped GaAs are shown to involve high-field domains moving from cathode to anode. These are explained in terms of a model previously derived for field dependence of an acceptor capture cross section. The computer solutions and the experimental studies suggest that the domain velocity is proportional to the current density in the material and inversely proportional to the trap density NT-. This is consistent with physical reasoning in a gross simplification of the problem. Use of this relationship allows the temperature dependence of the domain velocity to be predicted. Experimental determination of this temperature dependence then gives the energy level of the double acceptor centre involved. From this energy level, and from TSC measurements, it is inferred that copper is the acceptor involved in domain formation in the GaAs studied.
Sterically demanding methyl tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands: synthesis and characterization of thallium(I) complexes supported by [MeB(3-(t-Bu)Pz)3]− and [MeB(3-(Mes)Pz)3]−

Abstract Thallium derivatives of the sterically demanding methyl tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands [MeB(3-(t-Bu)Pz)3]− and [MeB(3-(Mes)Pz)3]− have been synthesized using the corresponding pyrazole, Li[MeBH3] and thallium(I) acetate. Product formation could be followed by 1H and 11B NMR spectroscopy. [MeB(3-(t-Bu)Pz)3]Tl and [MeB(3-(Mes)Pz)3]Tl display monomeric structures. The thallium sites adopt a pyramidal geometry. The crystal structure of 3-(Mes)PzH is also reported. It forms planar, hydrogen bonded tetramers in the solid state.
Foraging under the risk of predation in desert grassland whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis uniparens)

The whiptail lizard Aspidoscelis uniparens searches for fossorial prey using a series of moves and pauses punctuated by bouts of digging. We examined the effect of predation risk on foraging A. uniparens in outdoor enclosures, observing their behavior in the presence and absence of the predatory lizard Gambelia wislizenii. Predator presence led to changes in activity patterns and foraging behavior. When predators were present, A. uniparens reduced both the proportion of time active and time moving, shifted activity periods, reduced their movement rate, and changed the duration of moves. There were no apparent changes in digging effort, but the likelihood of successfully digging for food decreased when a predator was present.
On the moral conception of the Enlightenment

Le changement radical de perspective durant le Siecle des Lumieres du rapport moral-social dissimulant l'esprit profondement anti-religieux et anti-metaphysique de l'epoque, etait l'un des signes les plus significatifs de la crise sociopolitique et culturelle qui aboutit a la Revolution Francaise
Contributions of Studies on Alcohol Use Disorders to Understanding Cerebellar Function

Neuropathological, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging studies of human alcoholism provide evidence for degradation of frontal, pontine, thalamic, and cerebellar brain sites and disturbed associated functions. Current studies using neuroimaging combined with examination of executive functions, traditionally considered the sole purview of the frontal lobes, have identified a role for the cerebellum serving as a compensatory processing adjunct to enable normal performance on challenging tasks tapping executive functions. This overview proposes that disruption of an executive frontocerebellar network is a major contributor to characteristic behaviors of alcoholism that, on the one hand, enable alcohol use disorders, and on the other hand, lead to compensation for dysfunctions in alcoholism traditionally considered frontally-based.
Frequency dependence of hysteresis associated with the electromechanical performance of PVDF film

The thickness strains, the electric displacements, and the hysteresis exhibited by poly(vinylidene fluoride) films under sinusoidal applied electric fields were measured over a range of frequencies from 0.05 to 100 Hz. The loops of strain- and electric displacement versus electric field exhibit a shape and hysteresis that undergoes a continuous and reversible change with frequency. At lower frequencies ( 5 Hz), the shape and slight hysteresis of the loops are representative of a nonremanently polarized ferroelectric. This dependence of shape and hysteresis on frequency is attributed to the difference in rates between the rapid rate by which the polarization of domains of aligned dipoles is reversed in a periodic field and the slower rate by which the polarization is made remanent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3207–3214, 2007
Wound Healing and Physiology of Skin Flaps

This article focuses on the dynamic process of wound healing, including the three phases of wound healing and the different types of wound healing. The physiology of skin flaps is described, with a focus on the vascular supply and biomechanics of skin flaps. The article reviews older and newer concepts of skin flap design.
Consumer response to physicians’ advertisements

Although the Federal Trade Commission has initiated a number of rulings to reduce professional societies’ prohibitions against advertising in order to stimulate competition, there is little research regarding the subject. Certainly, this is true of the potential effects of doctors’ advertising. In this study, subjects received illustrative physicians’ advertisements with varying levels of price, service, and competency. In analysis with various attitudinal and intentional measures as dependent variables, these factors were shown to have statistical significance.
The electron-energy-loss spectrum of lithium metal

Abstract Electron-energy-loss spectra of pure Li metal from 0 to ∼ 75 eV have been obtained for the first time in an analytical electron microscope. The spectrum is compared with density-of-states calculations and results from other spectroscopic techniques as well as with energy-loss spectra of slightly oxidized Li.
Pathology of Pars Planitis

Seven eyes and one vitrectomy specimen from seven patients with pars planitis and complications such as secondary glaucoma and phthisis bulbi were studied histopathologically. Two of the specimens were also examined by electron microscopy. All cases showed a typical intravitreal "snowbank" opacity overlying the pars plana. On light microscopy, these "snowbanks" appeared to consist of a loose fibrovascular layer containing occasional fibrocyte-like cells and scattered mononuclear inflammatory cells adjacent to the hyperplastic nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana. Within the vitreous base, an extensive fibroglial proliferation had developed, often drawing the peripheral retina anteriorly into the "snowbank." Electron microscopy showed this fibroglial tissue to be composed of condensed vitreous collagen and probable fibrous astrocytes which had produced larger-diameter (about 24 mm) collagen fibrils. The fibroglial proliferation also appeared continuous with an ultrastructurally similar preretinal fibroglial membrane. All eyes showed prominent lymphocytic cuffing and mural infiltration of retinal veins, with sparing of the arterioles. Several cases showed cystoid macular edema. Only mild choroiditis or cyclitis could be shown in some cases. We believe that in pars planitis the fibroglial "snowbank" may reflect a common inflammatory process involving both the peripheral retina and vitreous base.
Collaborative platform, tool-kit, and physical models for DfM

Exploratory prototype DfM tools, methodologies and emerging physical process models are described. The examples include new platforms for collaboration on process/device/circuits, visualization and quantification of manufacturing effects at the mask layout level, and advances toward fast-CAD models for lithography, CMP, etch and photomasks. The examples have evolved from research supported over the last several years by DARPA, SRC, Industry and the Sate of California U.C. Discovery Program. DfM tools must enable complexity management with very fast first-cut accurate models across process, device and circuit performance with new modes of collaboration. Collaborations can be promoted by supporting simultaneous views in naturally intuitive parameters for each contributor. An important theme is to shift the view point of the statistical variation in timing and power upstream from gate level CD distributions to a more deterministic set of sources of variations in characterized processes. Many of these nonidealities of manufacturing can be expressed at the mask plane in terms of lateral impact functions to capture effects not included in design rules. Pattern Matching and Perturbation Formulations are shown to be well suited for quantifying these sources of variation.
Use of SPARK to promote after-school physical activity.

Increasing physical activity is one of the cornerstones for combating obesity and reducing the risk of weight-related morbidity among America’s youth.1, 2 Despite the known importance of physical activity, only 18% of adolescents report achieving the recommended 60 minutes of daily physical activity.3 This is particularly concerning as disparities in physical activity3 parallel increasing disparities in pediatric obesity.4 Schools are a natural venue in which to increase physical activity among diverse youth and the after-school period poses fewer time constraints than the school day.5 Results of intervention studies to increase after-school physical activity have been mixed,6 making it difficult to identify best practices for promoting physical activity after school. Strategies that have been proven effective during the school day may be equally effective after school. Sports Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) is one program that was demonstrated to increase students’ moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during the school day.7 The SPARK program consists of 3 primary features: an active curriculum, staff-development, and follow-up support.7 However, no studies to date have examined the use of SPARK after school as a tool to help staff increase children’s physical activity. During the 2008–2009 school year, a large urban school district set a new policy of achieving 30 minutes of MVPA in the after-school setting per day. To assist schools in reaching this goal, the district purchased the SPARK program. The school district planned to introduce SPARK to 13 schools over a one-year period, and was willing to stagger implementation in order to evaluate SPARK’s impact on physical activity. We took advantage of this opportunity to examine the potential of SPARK to increase MVPA in the after-school setting and improve cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status.
CyberKnife radiosurgical rhizotomy for the treatment of atypical trigeminal nerve pain.

Object Patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) have unilateral pain in the trigeminal distribution that is dull, aching, or burning in nature and is constant or nearly constant. Studies of most radiosurgical and surgical series have shown lower response rates in patients with atypical TN. This study represents the first report of the treatment of atypical TN with frameless CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods Between 2002 and 2007, 7 patients that satisfied the criteria for atypical TN and underwent SRS were included in our study. A 6–8-mm segment of the trigeminal nerve was targeted, excluding the proximal 3 mm at the brainstem. All patients were treated in a single session with a median maximum dose of 78 Gy and a median marginal dose of 64 Gy. Results Outcomes in 7 patients with a mean age of 61.6 years and a median follow-up of 20 months are reported. Following SRS, 4 patients had complete pain relief, 2 had minimal pain relief with some decrease in the intensity of their pain,...
The Obama coalition and the future of American politics

Mitt Romney's loss to Barack Obama incited a wave of news articles and commentary discussing the United States' changing voter demographics and what it could mean for the future of the Republican P...
Binomial Sampling Charts Revisited with Graphical and Analytical Arguments

ABSTRACTConfidence interval estimation via binomial sampling charts is an important tool in the reliability field. The topic of reliability can be taught in engineering programmes at both the undergraduate and the graduate levels. It is demonstrated how to apply the binomial distribution-based belt curves to predict confidence intervals. Our demonstrated approach relies on charts that are readily available for typical confidence levels, such as, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. It is the proposition of this paper that understanding the basis for the graphical confidence interval prediction method is significantly easier to appreciate if the formal analysis, which can be found in more advanced texts on reliability, is combined with visual representations for the connections between two distributions: the discrete binomial distribution and continuous partial beta distribution. The paper is presented using a combination of analytical and graphical arguments that leads to the expressions that reproduce the belt curves ...
Patterns of cell division and cell movement in the formation of the imaginal nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Tritiated thymidine was administered at various times, and for various lengths of time, during the larval stages of Drosophila melanogaster. The thymidine was incorporated into DNA and was subsequently detected by autoradiography. These procedures allowed identification of those cells undergoing DNA replication at a particular time and also allowed determination of subsequent changes in relative position of these cells and some of their progeny. An analysis of these data has elucidated characteristic patterns of cell division and cell movement in the formation of the adult nervous system during postembryonic developmental stages.
A self normalized law of the iterated logarithm for random walk in random scenery

LetX,Xi,i≥1, be a sequence of i.i.d. random vectors in ℤd. LetSo=0 and, forn≥1, letSn=X1+...+Xn. LetY,Y(α), α∈ℤd, be i.i.d. ℝ-valued random variables which are independent of theXi. LetZn=Y(So)+...+Y(Sn). We will callZn arandom walk in random scenery.
Differences among eight inbred strains of mice in motor ability and motor learning on a rotorod.

The rotorod is commonly used to assess motor ability in mice. We examined a number of inbred strains to determine whether there is genetic variability in rotorod performance and motor learning. Mice received three trials per day for three days in a modified accelerating rotorod paradigm, and active rotation performance was calculated for each day. Male and female 129S1/SvlmJ, A/J, BALB/cByJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CBA/J, DBA/2J and FVB/NJ mice were tested. Strain and sex differences were observed in motor performance. Motor learning also differed across strains, as some strains showed an improvement in performance over the three days while other strains did not. In certain strains the weight and body length of the mouse correlated with rotorod performance. The role of vision in motor performance on the rotorod was assessed by a comparison of C3H/HeJ mice (with retinal degeneration) and congenic C3A.BLiA-Pde6b+ (Pdeb+) mice (without retinal degeneration). The sight-impaired C3H mice stayed on the rotorod longer than did their sighted Pdeb+ partners, although both strains improved across days. Thus, we have demonstrated a genetic component in rotorod performance, and we have shown that factors other than inherent motor ability can contribute to rotorod performance in mice.
Energy efficient multi-path communication for time-critical applications in underwater sensor networks

Due to the long propagation delay and high error rate of acoustic channels, it is very challenging to provide reliable data transfer for time-critical applications in an energy-efficient way. On the one hand, traditional retransmission-upon-failure usually introduces very large end-to-end delay, thus is not proper for time-critical services. On the other hand, common approaches without retransmission consume lots of energy. In this paper, we propose a new multi-path power-control transmission (MPT) scheme, which can guarantee certain end-to-end packet error rate while achieving a good balance between the overall energy efficiency and the end-to-end packet delay. MPT smartly combines power control with multi-path routing and packet combining at the destination. With carefully designed power control strategies, MPT consumes much less energy than the conventional one-path transmission scheme without retransmission. Besides, since no hop-by-hop retransmission is allowed, MPT introduces much shorter delay than the traditional one-path scheme with retransmission. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of MPT. Our results show that MPT is highly energy efficient with low end-to-end packet delays.
Urine proteins after burn injury.

Abstract Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to examine the proteins present in urine during the first week following bum injury. Of the “serum” proteins present in the urine some glycoproteins were found to be in different relative proportions from those observed in serum. In patients sustaining severe burns the amount of protein excreted was increased compared to patients with mild bums and to controls. α1-Antichymotrypsin detected in the urine of patients with severe burns was at times seen as a twin peak. This altered peak was of slower electrophoretic mobility and may represent a polymer of the protein or a complex of the protein with some other, possibly tissue-derived, protein.
The effect of product market strategies on the financial and ownership structures of firms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether product market strategies have any effect on managerial shareholdings, leverage usage and firm diversification.Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on a sample of US manufacturing firms and defines variables to proxy for product quality, ownership, financing and diversification. Regressions were run to test hypotheses.Findings – A positive relation was found between product quality and managerial ownership and a negative relation between product quality and use of leverage. Also, controlling for firm size, it was found that firm focus is concave in managerial shareholdings.Research limitations/implications – Although the paper provides a path towards understanding intra‐industry variations in corporate capital structures, it is recognized that additional research on such variations is warranted.Practical implications – The paper provides an explanation for the evidence that all‐equity firms are distinguished by large management shareholding...