cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The FEL's role in next-generation process technology

Abstract The last 25 years have seen FEL science progress rapidly to the point where several user facilities exist world-wide. Continuing rapid progress will depend on access to a growing stream of resources which must be obtained in a highly competitive environment. The best opportunity will come if the FEL can also become an important component of advanced processing technology. Analyzing research results obtained with other lasers in terms of broad themes points especially to opportunities in precision materials removal, where no other light source has prospect of matching what the FEL can do. A point that also emerges is that advanced processing applications need to be viewed in terms of all aspects, not just the laser.
Reaction of Aziridinones with Thiourea: A Novel Synthesis of Specifically Substituted Glycocyamidines and Hydantoins

The reaction of aziridinones with thiourea produces glycocyamidines bearing substituents at positions 1 and 5, which have been converted into hydantoins.
Synthesis and C-11 labeling of three potent norepinephrine transporter selective ligands ((R)-nisoxetine, lortalamine, and oxaprotiline) for comparative PET studies in baboons

Abstract Three potent antidepressants, ( R )-nisoxetine, lortalamine, and oxaprotiline, with high affinity and high selectivity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) were synthesized and radiolabeled with C-11 via [ 11 C]methylation. The reference compounds and their corresponding normethyl precursors were synthesized via multi-step synthetic approaches. The radiochemical syntheses were performed by simple alkylation of the corresponding normethyl precursors with no-carrier-added [ 11 C]CH 3 I in DMF. After HPLC purification, ( R )-[N– 11 CH 3 ]nisoxetine, [ 11 C]lortalamine, and [ 11 C]oxaprotiline were obtained in 63–97% radiochemical yields, whereas ( R )-[O– 11 CH 3 ]nisoxetine was obtained in 23–29% radiochemical yields due to substantial formation of the undesired N -[ 11 C]methylated byproduct (64–70%). These C-11 labeled tracers allowed us to carry out comparative studies of NET in baboons with positron emission tomography (PET) and evaluate their potential as PET tracers for imaging brain NET.
Mesial temporal lobe measurements on magnetic resonance imaging scans

Changes in the mesial temporal lobe, particularly in the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex, are reported to occur in several neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuroimaging provides a non-invasive means of studying these changes. We present a method for reliably measuring the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex on MRI. The advantages of our method include high reliability, the use of orthogonal views in delineating boundaries and circumscription of measurement such that no tissue of any one anatomic structure is included in the measurement of another structure.
Elementary results of dimensional analysis for friction and wear in steady state sliding

Abstract The combination of a dimensional analysis and the recognition of surface roughness (asperity) dimensions as dependent rather than independent variables in a steady state of wear leads to some interesting results. Functional forms for the friction coefficient, wear rate and the geometry of the wear surface are seen to provide surprisingly strong restrictions (such as no effect of the speed of sliding on the coefficient of friction) in some instances and surprisingly little in others. The roles of load, rubbing speed, elastic and plastic properties of rubbing surfaces, surface energy, critical stress intensities, microstructural dimensions, heat conductivity and strain rate sensitivity are touched upon briefly.
Integrin-like proteins in Candida spp. and other microorganisms.

The vertebrate integrins provide a paradigm for cell surface proteins involved in adhesion and morphogenesis. However, homologs of integrins have been found in more primitive organisms. This review will discuss the evidence for surface proteins in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis that contain motifs reminiscent of integrins and will analyze the contributions of one of these proteins, Int1p, to adhesion, morphogenesis, and virulence. Other microorganisms thought to express integrin-like proteins will also be addressed.
Subducted sedimentary serpentinite mélanges: Record of multiple burial–exhumation cycles and subduction erosion

Abstract Serpentinite matrix melanges give insight into large-scale convergent plate margin processes, particularly because of the derivation of the serpentinite from oceanic mantle. Similar to shale-matrix melanges, a field geologist may easily recognize the sedimentary origins of little-deformed serpentinite matrix melanges, but melanges within accretionary prisms have undergone significant deformation and recrystallization of matrix. Serpentinite melanges of the Franciscan subduction complex of California have a seemingly intact and foliated matrix. Such exposures contrast sharply with the granular undeformed sedimentary serpentinite melanges of the coeval Great Valley Group (GVG) forearc basin deposits that depositionally overlie Coast Range Ophiolite (that structurally overlies the Franciscan). Nonetheless, Franciscan serpentinite melanges display evidence of sedimentary origins, including sedimentary breccia composed of exotic block material (Tolay Ridge), sedimentary serpentinite breccia (Panoche Pass Road), basal serpentinite conglomerate with exotic clasts (Sunol Regional Wilderness), and serpentinite sandstones and conglomerates, including a basal conglomerate overlying coherent metagraywacke (Tiburon Peninsula). These examples record two burial–exhumation cycles to blueschist facies depths. In addition, a melange/breccia in the Panoche Pass area may have components that record three burial–exhumation cycles to blueschist (or greater) depth. Exhumation rates for various cycles ranged from about 1.2 to 10 mm/year. The Tiburon Peninsula serpentinite melange occupies the structurally highest horizon in the Franciscan of the San Francisco Bay area, and regional field relationships indicate deposition at ca. 100 Ma. Apparently, about 65 Ma of subduction erosion/non accretion followed initiation of Franciscan subduction in this region. The oldest Franciscan serpentinite melanges are at least 35 Ma younger than sedimentary serpentinites of the GVG. Subduction erosion may have facilitated reworking of forearc sedimentary serpentinite deposits into the trench. Evidence of multiple-burial exhumation cycles indicates reworking of subduction complex material, consistent with existence of clastic units that have fossils indicative of significantly older ages than detrital zircon ages.
Impact of inhibitory constraint of interneurons on neuronal excitability.

Tonic inhibition is thought to dampen the excitability of principal neurons; however, little is known about the role of tonic GABAergic inhibition in interneurons and the impact on principal neuron...
Configurations For High Speed GaAs CCD Imagers

A process has been investigated for the fabrication of overlapping charge transfer electrode structures in charge-coupled devices on gallium arsenide with ion implanted active channels. The electrode metal was aluminum and the interelectrode isolation medium was anodically formed aluminum oxide. A CCD with ion implanted active channel is desirable since this form is most compatible with standard GaAs integrated circuit fabrication and the latter usually forms an important component of a monolithic CCD imager. For good dynamic range the channel noise must be kept to a minimum. Hence, for this purpose a computer model has been developed for simulating charge transfer through an implanted channel to aid in the design of the transfer electrode structure and the channel profile.
Ultralow-jitter and -amplitude-noise semiconductor-based actively mode-locked laser

We report a semiconductor-based, low-noise, 10.24 GHz actively mode-locked laser with 4.65 fs of relative timing jitter and a 0.0365% amplitude fluctuation (1 Hz to 100 MHz) of the optical pulse train. The keys to obtaining this result were the laser's high optical power and the low phase noise of the rf source used to mode lock the laser. The low phase noise of the rf source not only improves the absolute and relative timing jitter of the laser, but also prevents coupling of the rf source phase noise to the pulse amplitude fluctuations by the mode-locked laser.
Cancer in women: prevention and early detection.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death for women in the United States. In 1998, there were approximately 600,000 new cases of cancer and 270,000 cancer deaths in U.S. women. Many of these cancer deaths are preventable. In 1987, lung cancer replaced breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in U.S. females. Cancer of the lung and bronchus was responsible for 25% of cancer deaths in U.S. women last year, killing approximately 67,000 women. It has been estimated that almost 90% of lung cancer deaths are associated with cigarette smoking and, therefore, are preventable. Some approaches to smoking cessation are reviewed. Breast cancer was responsible for 30% of cancers (178,700 women) and 16% of cancer deaths (43,500 women). Strategies for early detection and, possibly, for prevention are reviewed. The third most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer deaths in U.S. women is colorectal cancer. Strategies for prevention and early detection are addressed. Cancer of the reproductiv...
Influence of the G2677T/C3435T haplotype of MDR1 on P-glycoprotein trafficking and ibutilide-induced block of HERG

The drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein possesses two common and often linked polymorphisms that result in variable drug action. G2677T results in A893S, whereas C3435T is synonymous and has been reported to alter protein folding. We tested the effect of these MDR1 variants on Human Ether-Related A Go-Go (HERG) block by ibutilide in CHO cells 48 h following transient transfection with an IRES-dsRed vector containing MDR1, G2677T MDR1, G2677T/C3435T MDR1 or an empty bicistronic site and an IRES-GFP vector containing HERG (KCNH2). Cotransfection of MDR1 variants had no effect on I(Kr) amplitude at baseline. Cells cotransfected with MDR1-G2677T showed resistance to ibutilide vs HERG alone (IC(50): 105.3+/-1.42 nM vs 27.4+/-2.5 nM; P<0.0001), consistent with the idea that A893S attenuates I(Kr) block by enhancing drug efflux and thus reducing the drug available to interact with the channel binding site. However, G2677T/C3435T cells showed ibutilide sensitivity similar to cells expressing HERG alone (IC(50): 22.2+/-0.9 nM). Immunostaining showed that the C3435T variant did not traffic to the cell surface. Coculture with fexofenadine(1 microM), an MDR1 substrate known to rescue misfolding in other membrane proteins, restored cell surface expression of MDR1 G2677T/C3435T and restored resistance to block HERG by ibutilide 200 nM (98.5+/-0.98% vs 42.3+/-2.2%, P<0.001). The non-synonymous MDR1 variant G2677 T (A893S) confers resistance to ibutilide block of I(Kr), which is mitigated by the C3435T polymorphism through reduced protein expression, an effect that can be restored by coculture with fexofenadine. These data identify ibutilide as an MDR1 substrate and further support the concept that variable drug transport function can modulate the action of HERG blockers.
A generalized iteration procedure for calculating approximations to periodic solutions of “truly nonlinear oscillators”

Abstract An extended iteration method for calculating the periodic solutions of nonlinear oscillator equations is given. The procedure is illustrated by applying it to two “truly nonlinear oscillator” differential equations.
Old Crow tephra found at the Palisades of the Yukon, Alaska

Abstract A 20-cm-thick volcanic ash layer at the Palisades along the Yukon River is geochemically correlated with the Old Crow tephra. A buried organic and wood-rich layer above the Old Crow tephra probably records the last interglaciation. The recognition of the Old Crow tephra provides the first chronologic information on the age of the thick sequence of Pleistocene sediments at the Palisades, an important ice-age mammal site in central Alaska and a key locakity for the reconstruction of the history of the Yukon River and the last interglaciation in central Alaska.
Use of polyphosphazenes for skeletal tissue regeneration

The hydrolytically unstable polyphosphazenes, poly [(imidazolyl) (methylphenoxy) phosphazenes] and poly [ethyl glycinato) (methylphenoxy) phosphazenes], were studied as potential polymeric supports for cells in tissue regeneration. For bone repair, their specific function would be to support osteoblast growth, forming a bone-polymer matrix. MC3T3-E1 cells (an osteogenic cell line) were seeded onto polymer matrices and cell adhesion and growth as well as polymer degradation were examined. Both imidazolyl- and ethyl glycinato-substituted polyphosphazenes supported the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells. An increase in the content of the imidazolyl side group resulted in a reduction in cell attachment and growth on the polymer surface and an increase in the rate of degradation of the polymer. In contrast, substitution with the ethyl glycinato group favored increased cell adhesion and growth and also an increase in the rate of degradation of the polymers. Thus, the polyphosphazenes represent a system whereby cell growth and degradation can be modulated by varying the nature of the hydrolytically unstable side chain. This in vitro evaluation suggests that the polyphosphazenes may be suitable candidate biomaterials for the construction of a cell-polymer matrix for tissue regeneration.
The bonding of acetate, methoxy, thiomethoxy and pyridine to Cu surfaces: a molecular orbital study

Abstract The bonding of acetate (CH 3 COO), methoxy (CH 3 O), thiomethoxy (CH 3 S) and pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) to copper surfaces has been examined employing semi-empirical MO-SCF calculations (INDO/S) and metal clusters of limited size (Cu n , n = 16 or 18 atoms). CH 3 COO, CH 3 O and CH 3 S behave as electron acceptors when adsorbed. For these species, the chemisorption bond is dominated by the interaction between the LUMO of the adsorbate and the Cu(4s, 4p) bands. The relatively weak CS bond in CH 3 S a makes decomposition to form sulfur adatoms and alkanes a very exothermic process (− ΔH = 20 to 30 kcal / mol ). In contrast, similar types of decomposition reactions for CH 3 O a are almost thermoneutral (as a consequence of a strong CO bond), and the molecule prefers to decompose forming H 2 CO a and H a species. The results of a thermochemical analysis indicate that reactions which involve the cleavage of SH and/or CS bonds of alkanethiols are very exothermic on copper. The bonding mechanism of pyridine involves a large charge transfer from the 7a 1 , and 2b 1 orbitals of the molecule into the Cu(4s, 4p) orbitals, and a very small electron transfer from the substrate into the CN antibonding 3b 1 orbital of the adsorbate (π-backbonding). The fact that Cu is poor at π-backdonation makes the metal inactive for pyridine decomposition. On the basis of these INDO/S results, the possible UPS spectra of CH 3 O and CH 3 S on Cu(111), and of CH 3 COO and C 5 H 5 N on Cu(110) are discussed and compared with experimental results.
Building a better micro-foundation for institutional analysis

The target article summarizes important research demonstrating that the canonical model of selfish, economic man is not empirically supported outside competitive settings, and that experimental research conducted in university settings should not be discounted because undergraduates were the subjects. Assuming that individuals are capable of reciprocity and trust provides a firmer foundation for the study of institutions, incentives, and outcomes.
Vasospasm in children with traumatic brain injury.

Objective To determine the incidence of vasospasm in children who have suffered moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.
Migration and Decolonial Politics in Two Afro-Latino Poets: “Pachín” Marín and “Tato” Laviera

Francisco Gonzalo “Pachin” Marin (1863–1897), Afro-Puertorriqueno, exiled poet, typesetter, journalist, and revolutionary, belongs to an Afro-Latina/o tradition in the late nineteenth century that ...
Treatment for Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections: More Skin in the Game

Thearticle byBulger et al1 represents an advance in theworld of surgical infections as the first interventional trial using an immunomodulatory agent to treat necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Any prospective interventional study is difficult to execute, andone in suchacomplicateddisease statewith such severe morbid effects is even more laudable. Although the study was small, there were signs of possible improvements during treatment with the novel agent AB103,becausetheSequentialOrganFailureAssessmentscores improved in theactive treatment armscomparedwith theplacebo arm at 14 days. There was no significant difference in mortality rates, although this would not be expected given the sizeof the cohorts.Although the clinical data are impressive, the cytokine data are less convincing. For example, levels of tumor necrosis factor were highest in the group receiving 0.25mg/kg of AB103 but lowest in the group receiving 0.50mg/kg.Thisparadoxicaldose-response relationship isnot easily explained. It seems either that the baseline characteristicswere imbalanced between groups in awaynot captured by severity of illness scoring or that cytokines in fact play a minimal role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of this disease.GiventherecentpublicationbySeoketal2describingpoor correlation between murine models and human inflammatory diseases, the latter explanation may be more likely. All in all, we can be cautiously optimistic about the use of AB103 as an immunomodulator in necrotizing soft-tissue infection. Obviously, larger studies are required to demonstrate its true efficacy.However, if in this situation the baby is AB103, the bath water is further cytokine analysis, and more research in this direction is not warranted; changing the focus toward either proteomics or metabolomics may be more worthwhile.
A spectrophotometric method for the assay of bacterial mucopolysaccharases

Abstract A simple spectrophotometric method for the assay of the bacterial mucopolysaccharases, chondroitinase, and hyaluronidase has been described.
Cervical carcinoma metastatic to para-aortic nodes: extended field radiation therapy with concomitant 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy: a gynecologic oncology group study

Abstract Purpose : A multicenter trial of chemoradiation therapy to evaluate the feasibility of extended field radiation therapy (ERT) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin, and to determine the progression-free interval (PFI), overall survival (OS), and recurrence sites in patients with biopsy-confirmed para-aortic node metastases (PAN) from cervical carcinoma. Methods and Materials : Ninety-five patients with cervical carcinoma and PAN metastases were entered and 86 were evaluable: Stage I—14, Stage II—40, Stage III—27, Stage IVA—5. Seventy-nine percent of the patients were followed for 5 or more years or died. ERT doses were 4500 cGy (PAN), 3960 cGy to the pelvis (Stages IB/IIB), and 4860 cGy to the pelvis (Stages IIIB/IVA). Point A intracavitary (IC) doses were 4000 cGy (Stages IB/IIB), and 3000 cGy (Stages IIIB/IVA). Point B doses were raised to 6000 cGy (ERT + IC) with parametrial boost. Concomitant chemotherapy consisted of 5-FU 1000 mg/m 2 /day for 96 hours and cisplatin 50 mg/m 2 in weeks 1 and 5. Results : Eighty-five of 86 patients completed radiation therapy and 90% of patients completed both courses of chemotherapy. Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) grade 3–4 acute toxicity were gastrointestinal (18.6%) and hematologic (15.1%). Late morbidity actuarial risk of 14% at 4 years primarily involved the rectum. Initial sites of recurrence were pelvis alone, 20.9%; distant metastases only, 31.4%; and pelvic plus distant metastases, 10.5%. The 3-year OS and PFI rate were 39% and 34%, respectively, for the entire group. OS was Stage I—50%, Stage II—39%, and Stage III/IVA—38%. Conclusions: Extended field radiation therapy with 5-FU and cisplatin chemotherapy was feasible in a multicenter clinical trial. PFI of 33% at 3 years suggests that a proportion of patients achieve control of advanced pelvic disease and that not all patients with PAN metastases have systemic disease. This points to the importance of assessment and treatment of PAN metastases.
Surgically Curable Hypophosphatemic Rickets Diagnosis and Management

Childhood hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) is most often caused by a defect in renal tubular resorption of filtered phosphorus. However, HR can also be caused by secretion of a phosphaturetic factor from a tumor. The presentation of patients with the different HR syndromes may be identical. Distinguishing between the HR syndromes is essential, however, because HR caused by renal defect requires life-long therapy with Vitamin D and phosphate replacement, but tumor-associated HR is cured by removal of the tumor. A case of hemangiopericytoma occurring in bone and causing HR is reported. Children with HR typically have normal levels of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone but very low levels of serum phosphorus. In a child with HR, the following features should prompt a thorough evaluation for a causative tumor: lack of other family members who have hypophosphatemia; presence of aminoaciduria, particularly glycinuria. Causative lesions are most commonly found in the bone or skin.
In vivo triquetrum-hamate kinematics through a simulated hammering task wrist motion.

The ulnar-sided triquetrum-hamate joint has received less attention than its radial counterparts, although its unique articulation plays a vital role in carpal stability1. For normal carpal stability, there is a balance between the flexion moment of the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint and the extension moment of the triquetrum-hamate joint. These moments have been described as a spring with two distally directed arms, where any alteration in the moment arm of the triquetrum-hamate joint disrupts the equilibrium and results in non-dissociative volar intercalated segmental instability2,3. Although the role of the triquetrum-hamate joint in carpal stability has been well accepted, the exact kinematics and kinetics by which the triquetrum-hamate joint imparts an extension moment on the lunate are unknown. While the triquetrum-hamate joint has been shown to allow for static wrist stability in a grip, its role in dynamic stability and wrist motion has received less attention. Clinically, however, Bain et al. showed that triquetrum excision leads to 15° to 27° of increased ulnar deviation of the wrist in the setting of radioscapholunate fusion and distal scaphoidectomy for radiocarpal arthritis4. This finding agreed with those in prior cadaveric studies that showed that triquetrum excision led to increased ulnar deviation of the wrist after radioscapholunate fusion with distal scaphoidectomy or four-corner fusion with distal scaphoidectomy5,6. To our knowledge, there has been no biomechanical evaluation of the role of the triquetrum-hamate joint in the wrist range of motion or any explanation for the increase in ulnar deviation achieved by triquetrum excision. The purpose of this study was to measure the in vivo articulation of the triquetrum-hamate joint as the wrist moves along the dart thrower's path. We chose the dart thrower's path because it provides a stable base for common grip activities and has been suggested as being the most important functional motion of the wrist7,8. Furthermore, to our knowledge, the articulation of the triquetrum-hamate joint has yet to be studied as the wrist moves through the dart thrower's path. We studied triquetrum-hamate motion using an accurate markerless bone registration technique applied to serial computed tomography (CT) scans of the wrist as it moved along a simulated hammering task.
Is there a Unique Nursing Ethic

There is no agreement in the nursing literature as to the meaning of the term, nursing ethics. Proposed definitions refer to nurses' moral decision-making and behaviors, ethical conflicts, and analysis of ethical issues that arise within nurses' practice. Presumably, a distinct nursing ethic should address unique theories, standards, and inquiry into what comprises nurses' ethical behavior and study of how nurses actually behave and reason about ethical issues. The purpose of this column is to synthesize the dialogue regarding the potential existence of a unique nursing ethic, and to propose that such an ethic has yet to emerge.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Phase Evolution in Ti/a-Si Multilayer Films

The growth of an amorphous Ti-Si phase and subsequent formation of crystalline silicides during solid-state reactions in Ti/a-Si multilayer films have been studied using power-compensated differential scanning calorimetry, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and thin-film x-ray diffraction. By analyzing calorimetric data we have determined the activation energies for the formation of the various silicides (amorphous Ti-silicide, TiSi, C 49 -TiSi 2 , Ti 5 Si 3 ) as well as their heats of formation. An amorphous silicide is the first phase to form during heating and we have measured the composition profile of this amorphous layer using scanning transimission electron microscopy. Metastable phase equilibria in the Ti-Si system are discussed in light of the thermodynamic and compositional information obtained in our experiments.
A Technical Guide Describing the Use of Transradial Access Technique for Endovascular Interventions

Transradial arterial access (TRA) has been employed for transcatheter coronary procedures for more than 25 years, with numerous studies demonstrating improved patient safety as compared with transfemoral arterial access. However, TRA remains underused by the interventional radiology and vascular surgery communities. Advantages of TRA over transfemoral arterial access include easier accomplishment of postprocedure hemostasis, decreased risk of hemorrhagic complications, shorter patient recovery leading to immediate ambulation and decreased procedure-related costs, and increased patient satisfaction. In particular, TRA may be advantageous in the population of patients with obesity. The primary patient selection factor to consider before attempting TRA is whether the patient has adequate collateral perfusion to the hand; this is assessed using the Barbeau test. Limitations of TRA may include operator unfamiliarity or learning curve and unavailability of adequate length catheters. The most common complication, although still rare, is localized access site hematoma, which is often asymptomatic. Radial artery occlusion is rare and rarely symptomatic owing to collateral perfusion to the hand. Theoretical increased risk of cerebral embolism during TRA may be minimized by preferentially accessing the left wrist during below-diaphragm procedures, which limits transcatheter manipulation of the aortic arch. Transulnar artery access is under investigation for use in patients who cannot undergo TRA. Providing patients the option of TRA can lead to improved outcomes, potentially increasing safety and patient satisfaction while decreasing procedure costs.
Fermi‐Gase unter dem Mikroskop

Mit ultrakalten atomaren Gasen lasst sich das Verhalten von Elektronen in Festkorpern simulieren – in extremer Zeitlupe und in tausendfacher Vergroserung. Elektronen sind Fermionen, Teilchen mit halbzahligem Eigendrehimpuls (Spin), man benotigt also fermionische Atome. Nun wurde ein Mikroskop fur atomare Fermi-Gase entwickelt, mit dem jedes einzelne Atom an seinem Ort aufgelost werden kann. Damit lassen sich in Zukunft theoretische Modelle beispielsweise der Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung experimentell testen.
Differentiated e-learning: five approaches through instructional technology

Differentiated instruction is an approach to teaching that acknowledges people have multiple paths for learning and for making sense of ideas. In e-learning, differentiated instruction has the same meaning as in traditional instruction, but different tools are available to help students learn and to provide information in ways most appropriate to them, including types of new media inclusion, levels of interactivity, response actions, and enhanced ability to collect data on the fly and to deliver custom content. This paper discusses what the tools of e-learning contribute to differentiated instruction and shares a framework for five common approaches to adaptive courseware.
Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials: treatment optimisation

As bacterial resistance continues to increase, optimising the potential for successful clinical outcomes with antimicrobial therapy requires consideration of pharmacodynamic concepts in order to maximise bacterial eradication and minimise the potential for further resistance. Based on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of specific antibiotics, dosage modifications can be implemented to improve the likelihood of bactericidal exposure. Considering their concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, aminoglycosides benefit from increased dosages and infrequent administration, so as to achieve a maximum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 – 12. In contrast, β-lactams are concentration-independent killers and benefit greatest by increasing the time above the MIC (T > MIC). This can be accomplished with the use of prolonged or continuous infusion. By optimising pharmacodynamic parameters with these methodologies, successful treatment of pathogens may be possible in patient populations f...
Actual and Perceived Peer Status of Learning-Disabled Students in Mainstream Programs:

Those few studies which have examined the peer relationships of learning disabled (LD) students in mainstream educational programs have not investigated the ability of such students to assess their own social status, a factor that may affect social interactions with peers. Further information would help in understanding the status of LD students in mainstream programs and tn planning educational experiences, if needed, to enhance their relationships with peers. This study, therefore, investigated the peer status of these students in regular classrooms and the accuracy with which they perceived their social position in the peer group. Results showed that LD students in mainstream programs were significantly less socially accepted than their classmates in regular classrooms and that they were less accurate than their classmates in assessing their own personal status in the group. Implications of these findings for instructional planning and further research are discussed.
Transient Growth and Transition Induced by Random Distributed Roughness

Recent experiments on transient disturbances generated by three-dimensional roughness have used spanwise-periodic arrays of geometrically simple cylindrical roughness elements. Connecting these laboratory experiments to more realistic situations requires the study of surfaces with distributed roughness. This is accomplished in this work by numerically generating quasi-random rough surfaces and manufacturing these surfaces using rapid-prototyping technology. Measurements of the disturbances that the rough surface creates in a Blasius boundary layer are obtained for three test configurations corresponding to roughness-based Reynolds numbers of Re k = 164, 227 and 301. The two lower values give laminar flow; the highest value results in localized transition approximately 140 mm downstream of the leading edge of the roughness. All three configurations exhibit transient growth of steady disturbances. Unsteady fluctuations indicate that transition in the Re k =301 configuration is likely an example of a bypass transition mechanism in which the unsteady-disturbance growth outpaces the stabilizing relaxation of the steady flow. Measurements above the roughness surface in the Re k = 227 configuration provide a phenomenological model for distributed receptivity.
Supplementation with Fish Oil as a Source of n–3 Fatty Acids Does Not Downregulate Mammary Lipogenesis in Lactating Mice

The very long chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCn3PUFAs) are potent regulators of hepatic lipid synthesis, but their effect on lipid synthesis in the lactating mammary gland is less well investigated. The objective of the present study was to examine effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation on mammary lipogenesis and the expression of lipogenic genes in mammary and hepatic tissues of lactating mice. Beginning on day 6 of lactation and continuing for 7 d, female C57BL/6J mice (n = 8/diet) were fed 1 of 3 dietary treatments: a 5%-fat diet containing mainly saturated fatty acids (FAs) (low-fat control) or 2 10%-fat diets, 1 enriched with FO as a source of VLCn3PUFAs and the other enriched with a safflower/palm oil mixture (high-fat control) as a source of oleic acid. Mammary lipogenic capacity, measured by (14)C-glucose incorporation into FAs by mammary explants, was similar among treatments, and there were no treatment effects on the proportion of de novo synthesized FAs in milk fat or on litter weight gain, a proxy for milk energy secretion. Also, there were no treatment effects on mammary mRNA abundance for key lipogenic enzymes and proteins involved in the regulation of milk lipid synthesis. In contrast, there was a treatment effect on hepatic lipogenesis, with FO resulting in a decrease of ~50% in hepatic lipid content and a similar downregulation of lipogenic gene expression compared with the 2 control diets. Overall, there were tissue-specific differences in dietary VLCn3PUFA effects on lipid synthesis with no observed effects for mammary lipogenic variables but marked reductions occurring in hepatic lipogenesis.
Toward Molecular Dissection of PrPC-PrPSc Interactions

Direct interaction between endogenous cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and misfolded, disease-associated (PrP(Sc)) conformers is a key event in prion propagation, which precedes templated conversion of PrP(C) into nascent PrP(Sc) and prion infectivity. Although almost none of the molecular details of this pivotal process are understood, the persistence of individual prion strains suggests that assembly of the prion replicative complex is mechanistically precise. To systematically map defined regions of PrP(C) sequence that bind tightly to PrP(Sc), we have generated a comprehensive panel of over 45 motif-grafted antibodies containing overlapping peptide grafts collectively spanning PrP residues 19-231. Grafted antibody binding experiments, performed under stringent conditions, clearly identified only three distinct and independent high affinity PrP(Sc) recognition motifs. The first of these binding motifs lies at the very N-terminal region of the mature PrP molecule within PrP-(23-33); the second motif lies within PrP-(98-110); and the third is contained within PrP-(136-158). Mutational analyses of these PrP(Sc)-binding regions revealed that reactivity of the 23-33 and 98-110 segments are largely dependent upon the presence of multiple positively charged amino acid residues. These studies yield new insight into critical peptidic components composing one side of the prion replicative interface.
Open XDMoD: A Tool for the Comprehensive Management of High-Performance Computing Resources

Open XDMoD is an open source tool designed to facilitate the management of high-performance computing (HPC) systems. The Open XDMoD portal provides a rich set of analysis and charting tools that let users quickly display a wide variety of job accounting metrics over any desired timeframe. Two additional tools, which provide quality-of-service metrics and job-level performance data, have been developed and integrated with Open XDMoD to extend its functionality. These tools, combined in an integrated package through Open XDMoD, enable the comprehensive management of HPC resources, allowing HPC center personnel to ensure that the resource is operating efficiently and to determine what applications are running, how efficiently they're running, and what resources they're consuming, all of which are important to optimizing the HPC system.
Magnetocaloric properties of Co/Cr superlattices

Nanostructured materials for refrigeration applications are experimentally realized by molecular beam epitaxial growth of Co/Cr superlattices using mean-field theoretical concepts as guiding principles. Magnetocaloric properties are deduced from measurements of the temperature and field dependence of the magnetization of our samples. More generally, the potential of artificial antiferromagnets for near room-temperature refrigeration is explored. The effects of intraplane and interplane exchange interactions on the magnetic phase diagram in Ising-type model systems are revisited in mean-field considerations with special emphasis on tailoring magnetocaloric properties. The experimental results are discussed in light of our theoretical findings, and extrapolations for future improved nanostructures are provided.
An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform

To take advantage of affordable high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies to characterize microbial community composition often requires the development of improved methods to overcome technical limitations inherent to the sequencing platforms. Sequencing low sequence diversity libraries such as 16S rRNA amplicons has been problematic on the Illumina MiSeq platform and often generates sequences of suboptimal quality. Here we present an improved dual-indexing amplification and sequencing approach to assess the composition of microbial communities from clinical samples using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We introduced a 0 to 7 bp “heterogeneity spacer” to the index sequence that allows an equal proportion of samples to be sequenced out of phase. Our approach yields high quality sequence data from 16S rRNA gene amplicons using both 250 bp and 300 bp paired-end MiSeq protocols and provides a flexible and cost-effective sequencing option.
Research on African American English Since 1998: Origins, Description, Theory, and Practice

Research on African American English (AAE) since 1998 has covered topics ranging from origins of the variety to formal semantic computations used to explain the different readings of ambiguous sentences. Much of the work on AAE during this period, especially that related to the origins debate, is in the variation theory framework. The focus of the descriptive research has been on syntactic and semantic patterns in AAE used by speakers in the adolescent to adult age group. While research on phonological patterns and formal semantics of constructions has lagged behind other areas, some noteworthy studies in these areas have appeared since 1998. As the discussion of AAE has broadened, it has been possible to compare data and approaches in different studies and raise questions that provide more insight into the linguistic variety. It is also possible to extend descriptive analyses of different constructions to use in illustrations of the systematic nature of language in introductory linguistics courses and in...
Domain Walls and Wall Structure

The concept of a magnetic domain wall is as fundamental to the domain theory as the domains themselves. The original formulation of what we now call a Bloch Wall assumed an infinite sample, an energy of both exchange and anisotropy and recognized that the lowest energy would be when the demagnetizing field across the wall was zero. Straight forward energy minimization using the Ritz method calculated a finite, stable transition region between domains. The width of the wall was when the the exchange energy just balanced the energy from anisotropy. The total energy was the sum of these two equal parts. The theory seemed clear, complete(1).
Improving Pneumococcal Vaccination in Pediatric Rheumatology Patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Many pediatric rheumatology patients are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease secondary to a deficient immune system and/or immunosuppressive medications. The goal of this study was to improve pneumococcal vaccination rates in this high-risk population. METHODS: Eligible patients included children at least 2 years old and adults with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or currently on immunosuppressive medication. Interventions included a presentation to rheumatology providers, creation of immunization algorithm, previsit planning, placing reminders on clinic forms, and sending reminder e-mails to providers. Chart reviews were performed, and control charts were established to portray change in immunization rates. RESULTS: The preintervention immunization rates for 90 patient visits compared with the immunization rates for the 53-week postintervention period with 1033 patient visits and 299 separate patients were all statistically significant. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine rate increased from 6.7% to 48.4% (χ 2 = 58.3, P 2 = 16.0, P 2 = 25.2, P CONCLUSIONS: Pneumococcal vaccination is an important part of the care for systemic lupus erythematosus patients and patients on immunosuppressive medications. Simple interventions through this quality improvement project led to a marked increase in pneumococcal vaccination rates in this vulnerable population.
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is an underrecognized cause of malabsorption in the geriatric population, characterized by the excessive growth of bacteria in the small bowel, sometimes bearing resemblance to colonic flora. Age is a predisposing factor; however additional comorbidity such as diabetes, systemic sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and a variety of stasis syndromes such as blind loops, diverticulae, and fistulae are likely to be the basis. Medications that affect immune function and excessive use of PPIs are recognized causes. Diagnosis is based on demonstration of positive duodenal or jejunal aspirate cultures and breath tests. Management typically involves a short course of antibiotics; however recurrences often follow months following antibiotic therapy necessitating repeat courses.
The Effectiveness of e-Mental Health: Evidence Base, How to Choose the Model Based on Ease/Cost/Strength, and Future Areas of Research

The evidence base in e-Mental Health (eMH), especially telepsychiatry, is substantial, as we proceed in the third active decade of eMH services and sixth decade overall. eMH improves access to quality care for variety of disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, dementia), treatments (evaluation, medication, therapy), and settings (psychiatric, primary care). It is as good as in-person care – and in some ways better. Some areas are being more thoroughly assessed (e.g., child and adolescent, service delivery models) by traditional research methodology. More work is needed in many areas, though, in terms of elementary quantitative and qualitative indices for the average or regular clinical service or how to implement and improve a program. Specifically, a semistructured approach to services and a practical evaluation approach are needed related to new innovations (digital connectivity between patients and doctors or social media).
Using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling to Analyze Bee Visitation in East Tennessee Crops as an Indicator of Pollination Services Provided by Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera L. ) and Native Bees

This study investigated bee visitation on 10 agricultural crops grown on diverse small farms in Tennessee to determine the abundance of native bees and honey bees and the partitioning of visitation among crops. Summaries for each crop are used to generate mean proportions of bee visitation by categories of bees. This shows that native bee visits often occur as frequently, or in greater proportions than non-native honey bee visits. Visitation across multiple crops is then analyzed together with nonmetric multidimensional scaling to show how communities of bees that provide crop pollination change depending on the crop. Within squash and pumpkin plantings, continuous and discrete factors, such as “time of day” and “organic practices,” further explain shifts in the community composition of flower visitors. Results from this study show that native bees frequently visit flowers on various crops, indicating that they are likely contributing to pollination services in addition to honey bees. Furthermore, the community of bees visiting flowers changes based on crop type, phenology, and spatial-temporal factors. Results suggest that developing pollinator conservation for farms that grow a wide variety of crops will likely require multiple conservation strategies. Farms that concentrate on a single crop may be able to tailor conservation practices toward the most important bees in their system and geographic locale.
Hybrid Enzymatic and Organic Electrocatalytic Cascade for the Complete Oxidation of Glycerol

We demonstrate the complete electrochemical oxidation of the biofuel glycerol to CO2 using a hybrid enzymatic and small-molecule catalytic system. Combining an enzyme, oxalate oxidase, and an organic oxidation catalyst, 4-amino-TEMPO, we are able to electrochemically oxidize glycerol at a carbon electrode, while collecting up to as many as 16 electrons per molecule of fuel. Additionally, we investigate the anomalous electrocatalytic properties that allow 4-amino-TEMPO to be active under the acidic conditions that are required for oxalate oxidase to function.
Cumulative areawise testing in wavelet analysis and its application to geophysical time series

Abstract. Statistical significance testing in wavelet analysis was improved through the development of a cumulative areawise test. The test was developed to eliminate the selection of two significance levels that an existing geometric test requires for implementation. The selection of two significance levels was found to make the test sensitive to the chosen pointwise significance level, which may preclude further scientific investigation. A set of experiments determined that the cumulative areawise test has greater statistical power than the geometric test in most cases, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio is high. The number of false positives identified by the tests was found to be similar if the respective significance levels were set to 0.05.
Studies on Experimental Encephalitis

and subsequent experimentation. The same may be said of the streptococcus described by Rosenow.2 The problem of studying this disease in rabbits has been complicated by the appearance of spontaneous encephalitis in these animals which was first described by Bull.3 In recent years, however, this objection has been largely obviated by the work of Wright and Craighead,4 Doerr and Zdansky,5 Levaditi and Nicolou and Schoen,6 Cowdry and Nicholson,7 Goodpasture,8 McCartney 9 and others who have described the microorganism causing this disease. Out of 372 normal rabbits McCartney found as high as 76^ of the animals affected in some groups. The most common lesion histologically consists of focal areas of necrosis near the blood vessels, perivascular infiltration and a layer of mononuclear cells around the focal areas. There are apparently great variations in the lesions and occasionally small areas of epithelial-like cells without mononuclears are found scattered throughout the brain. The histologic lesions in this disease taken together with the clinical course of the disease serves to differentiate it from other forms of encephalitis in rabbits. We have been concerned especially with the form of encephalitis produced in rabbits with the herpes virus. Levaditi and Harvier 10 in 1922 described a form of encephalitis produced in rabbits by an ultramicroscopic virus obtained from a case of encephalitis. Much criticism has been directed against this virus as having anything to do with epidemic encephalitis. Flexner 11 has pointed out that out of thirty sets of specimens from cases of epidemic encephalitis Levaditi succeeded in
Balancing Conflicting Service Priorities as an Academic Patent Librarian

Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, such as law, medicine...