cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Environmental and Agent Dynamics: A Case Study in Abstraction and Alternate Modeling Technologies

Two factors can confound the interpretation of an MAS application or model. First, the MAS's dynamics interact in complex ways with those of its environment, and agent engineers need to distinguish the two. Second, "mean field" approximations of the behavior of the system may be useful for qualitative examination of the dynamics, but can differ surprisingly from the behavior that emerges from the interactions of discrete agents. This paper examines these effects in the context of a project applying synthetic pheromones for agent-based control to a military air operations scenario.
On the base flow recession at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, United States

[1] There are two types of nonlinearity for recession slope curves: (1) the data cloud of observed ln(–dQ/dt) versus ln(Q) along a straight line where the slope is not equal to 1, and (2) the data cloud of observed ln(–dQ/dt) versus ln(Q) is concave or convex. From the 0.1 ha hillslope, the 10 ha headwater subwatershed, and the 41 ha watershed at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), the observed ln(–dQ/dt) versus ln(Q) changes from convex to concave. This has been explained by the spatial heterogeneity of recession properties and nonlinearity of hillslope hydraulics. Hillslope bedrock leakage and return flow to the perennial riparian zone aquifer are important factors affecting the ln(–dQ/dt) versus ln(Q) relations, and an assessment of this mechanism for explaining the observed base flow recessions at the PMRW is the sole focus of this research. As a result, the lower envelope and the upper envelope should be used to estimate the recession parameters for the 0.1 ha hillslope and the 41 ha watershed, respectively, and the recession at the 10 ha watershed is a mixture of them. Based on the recession analysis, the leakage to the bedrock on the hillslope and return flow to the perennial stream riparian groundwater can be estimated, and the estimation can be verified by other studies.
Theory of the anomalous doppler instability during lower‐hybrid current drive

An instability condition is derived for electrostatic waves obeying the dispersion relation ..omega.. = ..omega../sub p//sub e/k/sub parallel//k using a two dimensional electron distribution function, f(v/sub parallel/,v/sub perpendicular/), appropriate for lower-hybrid current drive. It is found that when the raised plateau in f in the velocity range v/sub 1/T/sub p//sub perpendicular/, this mode can become unstable. If the plateau velocities satisfy the condition v/sub 2//v/sub 1/>1+..omega../sub c//sub e//..omega../sub p//sub e/ then waves exist with phase velocities in the plateau region and these waves are most easily destabilized by the anomalous doppler resonance, ..omega..-k/sub parallel/v/sub parallel/ = -..omega../sub c//sub e/.
Pore‐scale simulation of biomass growth along the transverse mixing zone of a model two‐dimensional porous medium

[1] The success of in situ bioremediation projects depends on the mixing of contaminants and nutrients in the presence of microbes. In this work, a pore-scale model is developed to simulate biomass growth that is controlled by the mixing of an electron donor and acceptor. A homogeneous packing of cylinders representing solid grains is used as the model two-dimensional porous medium. The system is initially seeded with microbes in computational cells located at grain-water interfaces. The solutes enter the system completely unmixed; each solute is input over one half of the inlet boundary. Solute mixing is controlled by molecular diffusion transverse to the flow direction, and solutes are biotransformed according to dual Monod kinetics only where biomass is present. Simulation of biomass growth requires calculation of the water flow field as well as transport and reaction of solutes. The lattice Boltzmann method is used to obtain the flow field. Transport and reaction of the solutes is modeled by a finite volume discretization of the advection-diffusion-reaction equation. Biomass is allowed to grow and spread by means of a cellular automata algorithm. Model parameters are systematically varied to understand their effects on biomass development. Base case parameter values are obtained from batch experiments reported in the literature and are modified to achieve agreement between simulation results and previously reported micromodel experimental results. The most significant mechanisms that control biomass development are shear strength of new biomass and solute degradation rates. The biomass growth model achieves good qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Returns and Information Transmission Dynamics in Public and Private Real Estate Markets

This paper examines U.S. public and private commercial real estate returns at the aggregate level and by the four major property types over the 1994–2012 time period. Returns are carefully adjusted for differences between public and private markets in financial leverage, property type focus and management fees. Unconditionally, we find that passive portfolios of unlevered core real estate investment trusts (REITs) outperformed their private market benchmark by 49 basis points (annualized) over the 1994–2012 sample period. Our baseline vector autoregression results suggest that REIT returns do not embed additional commercial real-estate-specific information useful in predicting private market returns. These results strongly suggest that equity REIT returns react to fundamental (latent) asset pricing information more quickly than private market returns given their greater liquidity and price revelation. REITs therefore serve as a fundamental information transmission channel to private market returns when asset pricing variables are omitted. Investors can hold ownership positions in commercial real estate (CRE) both through direct private investment and public real estate securities. Purchasing individual properties directly in the private market gives investors complete control of the asset: who leases it, who manages it, how much debt financing is used and when it is sold. With publicly traded real estate securities, individuals andinstitutionsinvestcapitalinarealestatecompanywhich,inturn,purchases, manages and holds title to the real estate. In contrast to private real estate markets, exchange-traded real estate securities provide investors with a relatively high degree of liquidity and transparency and relatively low transaction costs. Nevertheless, returns in both private and public CRE markets should be driven, at least in the long run, by the net cash flows derived from leasing space to tenants in local property markets.
The effect of vomiting due to intestinal obstruction on the serum potassium.

Summary 1.The effect of vomiting due to intestinal obstruction upon the serum potassium is discussed. The serum potassium was found to be low in 15 of these patients upon admission and decreased still further following therapy with saline and glucose. That the depletion involved not only the serum but the intracellular potassium is suggested by the small rise in the serum concentration following the injection of relatively large doses of potassium chloride. 2.The symptoms and signs of hypopotassemia are discussed. 3.The electrocardiographic patterns of hypopotassemia are described. 4.The effect of the administration of potassium in these patients is noted. This results not only in clinical improvement but in a return of the electrocardiogram to normal. The importance of the administration of this electrolyte of these patients is emphasized.
X-ray powder study of 2BaO•CuO

A compound of composition 2BaO . CuO was synthesized during the phase equilibrium study of the BaO-Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-CuO/sub x/ system. Phase characterization has been carried out by using X-ray powder diffraction. The crystal symmetry was found to be the same as that of Ca/sub 2/CuO/sub 3/ and Sr/sub 2/CuO/sub 3/. It is orthorhombic with space group Immm and lattice parameters ..cap alpha..=12.9655(14) A (1.29655 nm), b=4.1007(3) A (0.41007 nm), c=3.9069(5) A (0.39069 nm), and V=207.72(3) A/sup 3/ (0.20772 nm/sup 3/). The experimental pattern shows good agreement, in general, with intensity values calculated by assuming Ba/sub 2/CuO/sub 3/ to have a structure similar to that of Sr/sub 2/CuO/sub 3/ and Ca/sub 2/CuO/sub 3/. Intensity discrepancy for the h00 reflections might be due to preferred orientation.
Single-Molecule Spectroelectrochemistry (SMS-EC)

We introduce single-molecule spectroelectrochemistry (SMS-EC), a powerful new technique for studying electrochemical kinetics in highly heterogeneous systems. This technique uses fluorescence single-molecule spectroscopy to indirectly measure electrochemical kinetics one molecule at a time, offering for the first time the distribution of key electrochemical variables, such as the half-wave potential, E1/2, not just the ensemble averages. In SMS-EC, the potential of the working electrode of an electrochemical cell is linearly scanned while simultaneously measuring the florescence intensity, Ifl(t), of individual single molecules as a function of time in a wide-field microscope. SMS-EC is used herein to study the oxidation at an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode of single molecules of the organic conjugated polymer F8BT. The results reveal both excited singlet state and ground state oxidation of F8BT. The latter process occurs over a narrow distribution of single-molecule half-wave potential values, indicati...
Insight into heme protein redox potential control and functional aspects of six-coordinate ligand-sensing heme proteins from studies of synthetic heme peptides.

We describe detailed studies of peptide-sandwiched mesohemes PSMA and PSMW, which comprise two histidine (His)-containing peptides covalently attached to the propionate groups of iron mesoporphyrin II. Some of the energy produced by ligation of the His side chains to Fe in the PSMs is invested in inducing helical conformations in the peptides. Replacing an alanine residue in each peptide of PSMA with tryptophan (Trp) to give PSMW generates additional energy via Trp side chain−porphyrin interactions, which enhances the peptide helicity and stability of the His-ligated state. The structural change strengthened His−FeIII ligation to a greater extent than His−FeII ligation, leading to a 56-mV negative shift in the midpoint reduction potential at pH 8 (Em,8 value). This is intriguing because converting PSMA to PSMW decreased heme solvent exposure, which would normally be expected to stabilize FeII relative to FeIII. This and other results presented herein suggest that differences in stability may be at least a...
Psychosis from a Bath Salt Product Containing Flephedrone and MDPV with Serum, Urine, and Product Quantification

Introduction The use of designer drugs commonly marketed as bath salts or plant food has risen dramatically in recent years. Several different synthetic cathinones have been indentified in these products, including mephedrone, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and 4-fluoromethcathinone (flephedrone). We report a case of bath salt intoxication with quantitative MDPV and flephedrone levels in a patient's serum and urine, and from the bath salt product.
Epicardial Ablation of VT in Patients with Nonischemic LV Cardiomyopathy

The past decade has seen a remarkable period of discovery and refinement of ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in patients with left ventricular cardiomyopathy (LVCM). Patients with LVCM presenting with VT have a common substrate distribution involving predominantly the basal or perivalvular LV, which is often more dramatic on the LV epicardium. They typically present with multiple and often unstable tachycardias due to scar-based reentry. Percutaneous intrapericardial access can be safely performed in the electrophysiology laboratory and has greatly enhanced the efficacy of VT ablation in this setting by allowing detailed mapping. Epicardial ablation incurs unique procedural considerations that must be understood to safely and effectively perform the procedure.
Homogenization Based 3D Continuum Damage Mechanics Model for Composites Undergoing Microstructural Debonding

This paper develops a microscopic homogenization based continuum damage mechanics (HCDM) model framework for fiber reinforced composites undergoing interfacial debonding. It is an advancement over the 2D HCDM model developed by Raghavan and Ghosh (2005, "A Continuum Damage Mechanics Model for Unidirectional Composites Undergoing Interfacial Debonding," Mech. Mater., 37(9), pp. 955-979), which does not yield accurate results for nonproportional loading histories. The present paper overcomes this shortcoming through the introduction of a principal damage coordinate system (PDCS) in the HCDM representation, which evolves with loading history. The material behavior is represented as a continuum constitutive law involving a fourth order orthotropic tensor with stiffness characterized as a macroscopic internal variable. The current work also extends the model of Raghavan and Ghosh to incorporate damage in 3D composites through functional forms of the fourth order damage tensor in terms of macroscopic strain components. The model is calibrated by homogenizing the micromechanical response of the representative volume element (RVE) for a few strain histories. This parametric representation can significantly enhance the computational efficiency of the model by avoiding the cumbersome strain space interpolations. The proposed model is validated by comparing the CDM results with homogenized micromechanical response of single and multiple fiber RVEs subjected to arbitrary loading history.
Disk tides and accretion runaway

It is suggested that tidal interaction of an accreting planetary embryo with the gaseous preplanetary disk may provide a mechanism to breach the so-called runaway limit during the formation of the giant planet cores. The disk tidal torque converts a would-be shepherding object into a 'predator,' which can continue to cannibalize the planetesimal disk. This is more likely to occur in the giant planet region than in the terrestrial zone, providing a natural cause for Jupiter to predate the inner planets and form within the O(10(exp 7) yr) lifetime of the nebula.
Equivalent circuit components of nickel-cadmium battery at different states of charge

Abstract Equations that describe the voltage variations with time of a rechargeable battery during charging and discharging were used to determine the component values of the equivalent circuit of nickel–cadmium batteries under different states of charge (SOC). The equivalent circuit of the battery was described as an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor and the parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor. The battery model used different values of resistance and capacitance, in the parallel combination, during the different phases of the discharge-rest–charge-rest sequence. The results show that the series resistance is approximately constant with variations in the SOC while the resistor in the parallel RC circuit increases as the SOC decreases. For the discharge and charge phases the capacitor value increased and decreased, respectively, as the SOC decreased. The value of the resistor or capacitor in the parallel RC circuit is an indicator of the battery SOC.
Mechanically tunable optical filters with a microring resonator

A new type of optical filter based on mechanical tuning and a microring resonator is proposed. The proposed filter is expected to consume much less standing power compared to the conventional thermo-optic and carrier-injection tunable filters. In this work, two methods are used to prove the concept of the proposed device: (1) the analytical method and (2) the finite-difference time-domain method. The dependence of the filter characteristics on some of the device parameters is studied as well.
Techniques for producing boron targets

Abstract The literature for boron evaporations is reviewed briefly. The unique obstacles presented by boron are cited and remedial techniques discussed. A procedure used for many years to produce reliable self-supporting films from 50 to 1000 μg/cm 2 is described.
Improving the Diffracting Properties of LiF: Comparison with Graphite

The integral reflection coefficient R was measured for the (200) planes in LiF using a double crystal spectrometer over the wavelength range 0.7–2.1 A. For cleaved LiF, R was about 0.7 &times 10−4 rads cornpared to 0.3 &times 10−4 calculated for the theoretically perfect crystal case. After abrading with 15–20 μ carborindum, R increased to 2.90 &times 10−4 at the 0.7-A. end of the range and to 3.68 &times 10−4 at the 2.1-A end. For a flexed and reflattened crystal, R increased further to 9.45 &times l0−4 at the 0.7-A end of the range but was not improved over the abraded crystal a t the 2.1-A end. Theoretical R values for mosaic graphite were compared with LiF. The value for graphite act 1.66 A was 4.5 times higher than that calculated for mosaic LiF and 1.3 times higher than the measured graphite values of Gould, Bates, and Sparks. It appears that, one can approximate theoretical mosaic crystals by either distorting a nearly perfect crystal srich as LiF or by orienting powder crystallites as in the case of graphite.
Gorillas in the midst

Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction . By R. D. Martin. Chapman and Hall: 1990. Pp.804. £89, $125.
Iontophoresis in dermatology: A review

Iontophoresis, the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of an electric current, has been applied to a great many disease conditions over its 200-year history. Although its greatest success has been in the treatment of hyperhidrosis, it is steadily finding new applications. Many aspects of the mechanisms of iontophoresis have yet to be studied before the technic is both fully understood and maximally utilized. In this article we review the literature on iontophoresis as it pertains to dermatology, including the basic principles, engineering aspects, physicochemical principles, and clinical applications.
Focus Issue: A Niche of One’s Own

In this Focus Issue of Science Signaling , which complements the Science Special Issue on Microbial Ecology (http://www.sciencemag.org/microbialecology/), we explore signaling mechanisms whereby microbes—both benign and pathogenic—interact with their hosts.
Constraints on terrestrial gamma ray flash production from satellite observation

[1] Terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF) production has been modeled by several emission mechanisms. In spite of extensive studies of these mechanisms and the existing satellite data, significant uncertainties exist about the nature of the source. In this paper, we present a method to develop approximate production-mechanism-independent constraints on TGF production on the basis of Monte Carlo simulation of gamma-ray propagation through the atmosphere. A broad range of possible source parameters are simulated, based on assumptions of a simplified source with varying general properties. The results of the simulations are compared with averaged satellite data, from which constraints are derived. Constraints on the basis of photon fluence and spectral shape are presented and indicate a source of 103−105 J at an altitude of 15–20 km. Possible constraints based on the lateral distance between the location of TGF production and the spacecraft nadir point is also discussed.
Inflammation in the avian spleen: timing is everything

The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environment is critical to well-being and survival. As a result, organisms display daily cycles of physiology and behavior termed circadian rhythms. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms originate via interlocked autoregulatory feedback loops consisting of circadian clock genes and their proteins. These regulatory loops provide the molecular framework that enables the intracellular circadian timing system necessary to generate and maintain subsequent 24 hr rhythms. In the present study we examine the daily control of circadian clock genes and regulation of the inflammatory response by the circadian clock in the spleen. Our results reveal that circadian clock genes as well as proinflammatory cytokines, including Tnfά and IL-1β, display rhythmic oscillations of mRNA abundance over a 24 hr cycle. LPS-induced systemic inflammation applied at midday vs. midnight reveals a differential response of proinflammatory cytokine induction in the spleen, suggesting a daily rhythm of inflammation. Exogenous melatonin administration at midday prior to LPS stimulation conveys pleiotropic effects, enhancing and repressing inflammatory cytokines, indicating melatonin functions as both a pro- and anti-inflammatory molecule in the spleen. In summary, a daily oscillation of circadian clock genes and inflammatory cytokines as well as the ability of melatonin to function as a daily mediator of inflammation provides valuable information to aid in deciphering how the circadian timing system regulates immune function at the molecular level. However, further research is needed to clarify the precise mechanisms by which the circadian clock and melatonin have an impact upon daily immune functions in the periphery.
The activity of streptomycin in the presence of serum and whole blood.

Summary1. The activity of treptornycin on a susceptible strain of Staphylococczrs aureus was not changed in the presence of serum or whole blood. 2. The addition of fresh whole blood with or without immune serum did not augment streptomycin activity. 3. A resistant strain of Staph?dococcus aurcus was inhibited during the first 24 hours by streptomycin in low concentrations. This effect was augmented when serum was added to the medium. 4. Direct growth curves indicate that this inhibition by streptomycin ofa resistant strain was attributable to interference with growth of the organism rather than inactivation of labile constituents. 5. Phagocytosis in the presence of high concentrdtions of treptonlycin appears to be impaired. o. The bacteriostatic activity of streptomycin mas manifest on both susceptible and resistant strains. With the latter, thisinhibition was transitory. The bacteriostatic mechanisim and bactericidal mechanism aredissociated phenomena.
Visuo-haptic environment for remediating attention in severe traumatic brain injury

Attention deficits are a highly prevalent result of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that has a profound effect on an individual's functional abilities. However, studies that test the severely impaired inpatient population are scarce. 21 severe TBI inpatients completed 2-week intervention (either visuo-haptic environment training or standard attention training). Results indicate that patients who received the VR intervention may exhibit greater improvement in clinical attention scores compared to those in the control group. Performance during the VR intervention was retained from one day to the next, (even when patients were in post-traumatic amnesia). Visuo-haptic environments could be beneficial for this population.
Application of Magnesium Silicate Adsorption Chromatography to the Determination of Mephobarbital and Diphenylhydantoin in Tablets

A quantitative chromatographic separation followed by UV spectrophotometric determination is presented for the analysis of a commercial tablet formulation containing mephobarbital and diphenylhydantoin. A patented activated magnesium silicate is used for the chromatographic column separation. Mephobarbital is eluted with 4% ethyl acetate in chloroform and diphenylhydantoin is eluted with 10% methanol in chloroform.
The requirements for G1 checkpoint progression of Trypanosoma brucei S 427 clone 1.

Trypanosoma brucei S 427 clone 1 accumulated in G1 when incubated under growth-limiting conditions. Further incubation of the G1-restricted organisms in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM hydroxyurea resulted in their reversible arrest after a G1 checkpoint beyond which serum was not required for progress into and through S. Progress of the G1-restricted T. brucei through the G1 checkpoint was linear and required continuous incubation with exogenous serum growth factors. These were principally low and high density lipoproteins; both lipoproteins triggered G1 progression in a dose- and time-dependent manner whilst their removal by immunoaffinity chromatography severely reduced the capacity of FBS to stimulate G1 progression. Serum-induced progress of T. brucei through G1 was Ca2+-independent, but required gene transcription, protein synthesis, and continuous kinase activity that was inhibited by tyrphostin 51 and DAPH 1 which typically inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity. The tyrphostin 51-sensitive catalytic activity was not required for T. brucei protein synthesis, glycolysis, or S phase progression but was required for tyrosine phosphorylation of several polypeptides, none of which was specifically associated with serum-induced G1 progression.
A classification of online bidders in a private value auction: evidence from eBay

In traditional auctions, it is often assumed that bidders are a homogenous group. However, since most online bidders are average consumers instead of professional bidders, we suspect that online bidders are a heterogeneous group. The purpose of this paper is to explore the types of online bidders based on their real bidding behaviour in the context of consumer-to-consumer online auction market. A cluster analysis is employed and four types of online bidders are finally identified in a private value auction, namely, goal-driven bidders, experiential bidders, focused bidders, and opportunistic bidders. The profile and performance of each group are also discussed.
Red cell membrane ATPase: Radiation inactivation estimates of “size”

Abstract Sodium-Potassium stimulated, ouabain sensitive ATPase activity has been reported in a wide variety of cellular membrane preparations. The striking quantitative correlation between the kinetics of this enzyme system and the kinetics of the Na-K active transport system suggests that the enzymatic activity can serve as a marker for the transport mechanism in membrane fragments ( Skou, 1964 ). This paper describes experiments on the radiation inactivation of the Na, K, ouabain sensitive ATPase of freeze-dried human erythrocyte ghosts. Assuming that conventional “target theory” ( Lea, 1946 ) can be applied to this preparation, the experiments suggest an inactivation volume of ∼ 1.5 × 10 −18 cm 3 with an “equivalent molecular weight” of ∼ 1 × 10 6 for both the ouabain sensitive and ouabain insensitive ATPase systems.
Taste bud cell dynamics during normal and sodium-restricted development.

Taste bud volume increases over the postnatal period to match the number of neurons providing innervation. To clarify age-related changes in fungiform taste bud volume, the current study investigated developmental changes in taste bud cell number, proliferation rate, and life span. Taste bud growth can largely be accounted for by addition of cytokeratin-19-positive taste bud cells. Examination of taste bud cell kinetics with 3H-thymidine autoradiography revealed that cell life span and turnover periods were not altered during normal development but that cells were produced more rapidly in young rats, a prominent modification that could lead to increased taste bud size. By comparison, dietary sodium restriction instituted during pre- and postnatal development results in small taste buds at adulthood as a result of fewer cytokeratin-19-positive cells. The dietary manipulation also had profound influences on taste bud growth kinetics, including an increased latency for cells to enter the taste bud and longer life span and turnover periods. These studies provide fundamental, new information about taste bud development under normal conditions and after environmental manipulations that impact nerve/target matching. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:173–182, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synergy in Free Radical Generation is Blunted by High-Fat Diet Induced Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Metabolism

Due to their role in cellular energetics and metabolism, skeletal muscle mitochondria appear to play a key role in the development of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. High-fat diet can induce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), evidenced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission from mitochondria, which may be causal for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent published data on single substrate (pyruvate, succinate, fat) metabolism in both normal diet (CON) and high-fat diet (HFD) states of skeletal muscle allowed us to develop an integrated mathematical model of skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Model simulations suggested that long-term HFD may affect specific metabolic reaction/pathways by altering enzyme activities. Our model allows us to predict oxygen consumption and ROS generation for any combination of substrates. In particular, we predict a synergy between (iso-membrane potential) combinations of pyruvate and fat in ROS production compared to the sum of ROS production with each substrate singly in both CON and HFD states. This synergy is blunted in the HFD state.
Effect of sexual maturation on growth, fillet composition, and texture of female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on a high nutritional plane

Abstract Nutrient and energy demands of sexual maturation influence fillet composition and texture in many fish cultivars. Effects of sexual maturation on growth and on fillet composition and texture were investigated in rainbow trout on a high nutritional plane. Diploid (2N; fertile) and triploid (3N; sterile) female rainbow trout were reared from July 2008 through spawning in March 2009. Growth rates were greater in the 2N females from August through October; whereas, the reverse response was true in February and March, resulting in similar overall growth rates and body weight (3140 ± 76 g). Raw fillets were softer, regardless of ploidy, between September and January (Allo-Kramer shear) compared to July, but increased again in March (366.79 g/g). By November, 2N females had lower fillet fat content and higher moisture content than 3N females. Fat content negatively correlated with shear force (r = − 0.35, R 2 = 0.12). Alkaline-insoluble (a-i) hydroxyproline (HYP) concentration was similar for 2N and 3N muscle through January but increased 2 and 4 folds for 3N and 2N muscles, respectively, by March. A-i HYP positively correlated with energy of shear (r = 0.41, R 2 = 0.17). In summary, during the five months prior to spawning and in females on a high nutritional plane, increased accumulation of fat in 3N females resulted in decreased firmness of raw fillets; whereas, increased insoluble collagen content, primarily in 2N females, increased fillet firmness in the month of spawning.
Protecting Against Intergenerational Problem Behavior: Mediational Effects of Prevented Marijuana Use on Second-Generation Parent-Child Relationships and Child Impulsivity

Abstract Background The aims of the study were to identify pathways from parent marijuana use to child problem behavior and parent–child relationships, and to evaluate whether effects of an earlier prevention program delivered to parents when they themselves were early adolescents would have a protective effect on these relationships one generation later. Methods Structural equation models were applied to the data of a second-generation study of a drug abuse prevention trial. Models assessed whether there were sustained marijuana prevention effects on adults who had at least one school-age child at the end of the emerging adulthood period (age 26, n = 257), and whether these effects mediated subsequent parent–child relationships and child impulsivity when parents were between the ages of 28 and 34. Results Participants originally assigned to the program group used significantly less marijuana in early adulthood than did controls. In turn, parental marijuana use was positively related to child impulsivity and negatively to parental warmth, but not significantly related to parental aggression. Conclusions Results suggest both a direct relationship from parental marijuana use to child impulsivity, as well as indirect relationships through parent–child interactions. Results also strongly support a role for early adolescent prevention programs for drug use, both for participants’ own long-term benefit, as well as for the benefit of their future children.
Cooperation between the FcϵR1 and Formyl Peptide Receptor Signaling Pathways in RBLFPRCells: The Contribution of Receptor-Specific Ca2+Mobilization Responses

RBL(FPR) mast cells express the tyrosine kinase-coupled IgE receptor, Fc epsilonR1, and the G-protein-coupled formyl peptide receptor, FPR. Fc epsilonR1 crosslinking causes Ca2+ stores release, Ca2+ influx, Ins(1,4,5)P3 production and secretion. FPR ligation also mobilizes Ca2+, but without measurable Ins(1,4,5)P3 production or secretion. Co-stimulating the FPR and Fc epsilonR1 induces more Ins(1,4,5)P3 production and secretion than Fc epsilonR1 cross-linking alone. Costimulation also produces more rapid and sustained Ca2+ responses than are generated by Fc epsilonR1 activation alone. We identified multiple differences between the FPR- and Fc epsilonR1-coupled Ca2+ responses, including a more rapid Ca2+ spike response to FPR ligation; intracellular Ca2+ stores that are empty following Fc epsilonR1 crosslinking but partially full following FPR activation; a more sustained Ca2+ influx response to Fc epsilonR1 crosslinking; and the immediate inhibition of stimulated Ca2+ influx by FPR antagonists but not by monovalent ligand that terminates Fc epsilonR1 crosslinking. We hypothesize that the interaction of receptor-specific Ca2+ mobilization pathways contributes to the FPR-mediated potentiation of Fc epsilonR1-coupled secretion.
Determination of antimigraine compounds rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan and sumatriptan in human serum by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

Development of a rapid, sensitive and selective method for the determination of antimigraine drugs from human serum is essential for understanding the pharmacokinetics of these drugs when administered concurrently. Solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB was used to extract the drugs (sumatriptan, naratriptan, zolmitriptan and rizatriptan) and the internal standard bufotenine from serum. A method based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed and validated to simultaneously quantitate these antimigraine drugs from human serum. The precursor and major product ions of the analytes were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The base peak in all the analytes is formed by alpha cleavage associated with protonation of the secondary amine. Mechanisms for the formation of the collision-induced dissociation products of these antimigraine compounds are proposed. Linear calibration curves were generated from 1-100 ng/mL with all coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. The inter- and intraday precision (%RSD) were less than 9.3% and accuracy (%error) was less than 9.8% for all components. The limits of detection (LOD) for the method were 250 pg/mL for sumatriptan and 100 pg/mL for the remaining analytes based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.
Solvation Effects on Alternative Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Paths for Chloride/Allyl Chloride and γ-Methylated Congeners

An adiabatic connection method, mPW1PW91(0.581)/6-31G(d), was employed in conjunction with the continuum solvation model SM5.42 to study the effects of solvation on the S(N)1, S(N)2, and syn and anti S(N)2' nucleophilic substitution reactions of chloride anion with allyl chloride and its gamma-methylated analogues Z- and E-crotyl chloride and isoprenyl chloride. The impact of equilibrium solvation on the potential energy surfaces of these systems is large and leads to significant changes in both the geometries and the relative energetics of different reaction pathways for different species. The predicted effects of increased solvent dielectric constant are consistent with available experimental data and provide semiquantitative insights into the relative influence of different solvents on particular properties.
Sugarcane Yield, Sugarcane Quality, and Soil Variability in Louisiana

water quality. The author indicated that PA could have a significant positive impact on environmental quality, This study was conducted to determine the extent of temporal and provided that the necessary research is conducted at the spatial variability present in commercially cultivated sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp. cv. LCP 85-384) grown in South field, farm, and watershed scales. Louisiana. Sugarcane fields at two locations were harvested for three Despite these potential advantages, adoption of PA consecutive years (2001–2003) in a grid pattern with a single-row, techniques by the Louisiana agricultural community is chopper harvester and a field transport wagon equipped with elec- very limited. This may be due, in part, to a lack of PA tronic load sensors to determine cane yields. Sugar yield and quality research in the state, particularly in sugarcane, the state’s were determined from a random cane sample from each grid cell, and most valuable row crop commodity. To date, only one soil samples were collected after harvest from each grid cell (2002– Louisiana PA study in sugarcane has been reported in 2004). At each location, the majority of soil properties exhibited thescientificliteraturetotheauthors’knowledge(Johnnonnormal distributions with coefficients of variation ranging from 1 son and Richard, 2003). In this preliminary, 1-yr study, to 56% over all years and locations, and all soil properties were spathe authors used yield mapping to determine the extent tially correlated with the range varying from 26 to 241 m. Cane and sugar yields and sugar quality parameters at both locations were of variability in sugarcane yield and to relate the obfound to exhibit nonnormal distributions in selected years, and the served variability to variation in soil properties. The coefficients of variation ranged from 5 to 20% over all years and authorsreportedthatsugarcaneexpressedahighdegree locations. Cane and sugar yields and quality parameters were spatially of variability at one location in Terrebonne parish with correlated with a range varying from 26 to 187 m with the exception gross cane yields ranging from 36 to 134 Mg ha 1 . Theoof theoretically recoverable sugar and fiber at one location in 2003. retically recoverable sugar (TRS) ranged from 51 to Soil S and Ca/Mg ratio were correlated to all sugar parameters at one 104 kg Mg 1 and sugar yields from 2640 to 14 570 kg location, and soil organic matter and soil buffer pH were correlated to ha 1 at the same site. At another site in Iberia parish, all sugar parameters at the second location. These data would indicate gross cane yields ranged from 31 to 114 Mg ha 1
29 DECREASE IN CYTOCHROME P-450 DEPENDENT 3-N-DEMETHYLATION OF CAFFEINE MEASURED BY THE CAFFEINE 13 CO 2 BREATH TEST (CET) FOLLOWING GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY IN GROWTH HORMONE (GH) DEFICIENT CHILDREN

29 DECREASE IN CYTOCHROME P-450 DEPENDENT 3-N-DEMETHYLATION OF CAFFEINE MEASURED BY THE CAFFEINE 13 CO 2 BREATH TEST (CET) FOLLOWING GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY IN GROWTH HORMONE (GH) DEFICIENT CHILDREN
Compact Models for the I-V Characteristics of Double Gate and Surround Gate MOSFETs

The models presented by Lu and Taur, [1], for lightly doped double gate and surround gate MOSFETs each require numerical solution of a transcendental equation. In this paper we present compact solutions for the equations based on the Lambert function, [2]. These solutions are shown to be accurate compared with exact numerical solutions.
Stochastic protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level

In a living cell, gene expression—the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA followed by translation to protein—occurs stochastically, as a consequence of the low copy number of DNA and mRNA molecules involved. These stochastic events of protein production are difficult to observe directly with measurements on large ensembles of cells owing to lack of synchronization among cells. Measurements so far on single cells lack the sensitivity to resolve individual events of protein production. Here we demonstrate a microfluidic-based assay that allows real-time observation of the expression of β-galactosidase in living Escherichia coli cells with single molecule sensitivity. We observe that protein production occurs in bursts, with the number of molecules per burst following an exponential distribution. We show that the two key parameters of protein expression—the burst size and frequency—can be either determined directly from real-time monitoring of protein production or extracted from a measurement of the steady-state copy number distribution in a population of cells. Application of this assay to probe gene expression in individual budding yeast and mouse embryonic stem cells demonstrates its generality. Many important proteins are expressed at low levels, and are thus inaccessible by current genomic and proteomic techniques. This microfluidic single cell assay opens up possibilities for system-wide characterization of the expression of these low copy number proteins.
A Primary Market for Optimizing Power Peak-Load Demand Limits

In this paper the authors propose a market-based mechanism for organizational units of Commercial and Industrial power consumers or companies in a consortium to reduce their peak power demand. The market mechanism requires participants' bids to indicate the value they associate with power needed to run various services, and the power quantity requirement for these services over a time horizon. The market resolution produces peak demand allocation, i.e., determination of the peak demand and the associated cost that the units need to pay. The global peak-demand is then derived by optimizing individual participants' peak demand. The market mechanism is based on decision optimization, and guarantees the formally defined properties of Pareto optimality, Nash equilibrium and benefit distribution fairness.
Omnidirectional vision applications for line following

The purpose of this paper is to describe experimental studies on omnidirectional vision for the recognition and control of a mobile vehicle. The omnidirectional vision control technique described offers the advantage of an extremely wide angle field of view. This may be translated in practice to a machine which will not get lost when following a path, to a target locating system which can see both forward and backward, and generally helps the robot survive as a prey rather than as a predator. The wide angle of view permits a mobile robot to follow a curved path even around sharp corners, hairpin turns or other complicated curves. The disadvantage of the omnidirectional view is geometric distortion. This geometric distortion may be easily corrected after calibration to determine important parameters. An object recognition method was used that detects the largest target in a selected region of the field of view, and computes the centroid of this target. When two target points are detected, the algorithm calculates a projected 3D path for the robot. The distance and angle from this ideal path are then used to provide steering control for a mobile robot. The current application for this technique is a generic intelligent control device that is transportable from one mobile vehicle to another with changes only in system parameters rather than control architecture. The significance of this research is in showing how the geometric distortion can be compensated to permit an omnidirectional vision navigation control system for a mobile robot.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-accuracy analytic potential function for diatomic molecules; Application to CO

Abstract A method is presented for making the analytic perturbed-Morse-oscillator (PMO) potential as accurate as an RKR potential through the use of an explicit relationship between coefficients of the analytic RKR potential and PMO parameters. In addition, it is possible to include higher-order WKB effects in both RKR and PMO potentials via an iterative calculation. Techniques are applied to the ground state of the CO molecule; results are compared with those of previous calculations and tested with a modified version of the Cooley-Cashion program.
Censorship in Three Metaphors

w He ^ re write this article in early October 2008, coincidentally the same time that the American Library Association (ALA) has, since 1982, designated a Banned Books Week. This is a time, says the ALA, to remind Americans "not to take [a] precious democratic freedom for granted"?the freedom of "unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work, and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information" (ALA, 2008, 1, 3). The ALA's expressed intent for Banned Books Week is to draw attention to First Amendment rights but also to "the power of literature...and...to the danger that exists when restraints are imposed on the availability of information in a free society" (ALA, 2008, 5). Censorship occurs when published or shared works, like books, films, or art work, are kept from public access by restriction or removal from librar ies, museums, or other public venues. Though challenges or outright censor ship in our school libraries or classrooms often transpire out of the noblest of reasons?most often with the idea of protecting young people from some thing that someone finds offensive?the ALA sees attempts at censorship, nonetheless, as attempts to restrict someone's "right to read, view, listen to, and disseminate constitutionally protected ideas" (ALA, 2007, Who Attempts Censorship? section). We find such censorship of reading or viewing of mate rials in middle and high school classrooms disturbing and unjust to the rights of both students and teachers.
Feature extinction enhances transfer of occasion setting

In three experiments, transfer effects in appetitive serial feature-positive discrimination procedures (X→A+,A−) were examined with rat subjects. Nonreinforced presentations of the feature (X) alone had little or no effect on that cue’s ability to modulate responding to the target cue with which it had originally been trained (A) but enhanced its ability to modulate responding to another cue (B), which had been the target within another serial feature-positive discrimination (Y→B+,B−). These effects were observed when the nonreinforcedX presentations occurred either concurrently withX→A+,A− training or afterward. Regardless of whether or not nonreinforcedX presentations were administered,X did not modulate responding evoked by a cue that had not been trained within a serial feature-positive discrimination. These data help resolve conflicts in published reports of transfer or its absence in this conditioning situation, and shed light on the nature of the modulatory or occasion-setting powers of feature cues in serial feature-positive discrimination learning.
The Impact of Defendant Gender and Relationship to Victim on Juror Decisions in a Child Sexual Abuse Case

We examined the impact of defendant gender and relationship to victim on verdict decisions and ratings of witness believability in a case of alleged child sexual assault. Mock jurors (N = 256) read 1 of 4 extensive case summaries. The cases varied the gender of the defendant and his or her relationship to the child (parent or stranger). Data revealed that participants were significantly more likely to find male defendants (especially the father) guilty than female defendants. Female jurors rated the victim as more believable and the defendant as less believable than did male jurors. All mock jurors rated the victim as more believable if the defendant was male, and they saw the female defendants as more believable than the male defendants.