cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology and Testing

Large-scale testing of educational outcomes benefits already from technological applications that address logistics such as development, administration, and scoring of tests, as well as reporting of results. Innovative applications of technology also provide rich, authentic tasks that challenge the sorts of integrated knowledge, critical thinking, and problem solving seldom well addressed in paper-based tests. Such tasks can be used on both large-scale and classroom-based assessments. Balanced assessment systems can be developed that integrate curriculum-embedded, benchmark, and summative assessments across classroom, district, state, national, and international levels. We discuss here the potential of technology to launch a new era of integrated, learning-centered assessment systems.
Common Elements of Family-Based HIV Interventions for Adolescents

Family-based interventions are an efficacious and effective way to prevent negative developmental outcomes for adolescents. This article reviews the family-based interventions that have been found to be efficacious in improving protective factors and reducing HIV-related risks and behaviors in parents and their adolescents. The review is the foundation for an examination of the common elements across the efficacious family-based interventions. There are a number of common strategies and elements encompassing these evidence-based interventions that provide direction about effective practices for families that can assist providers and clinicians to incorporate evidencebased content or elements and processes into their work with families.
The intentional model in interpretation

ing from the particularities of its setting and characters: for example, "Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea is a story about the dignity of living by one's own code, however ultimately self-defeating." These interpretive processes operate by tracing novel or unexpected connections between various passages in the work, or noticing the repetition of a key term, or its occurrence at a particularly important point in the narrative, or a change over the course of the work in the way a certain situation is described, so hat an inversion of values takes place. It is true that, given an interpretation like this, we often say that "Hemingway was trying to say x" or "Shakespeare meant to convey x," but this idiom should not mislead us into thinking that the way we would determine the truth of a formally similar statement about common language, for example, "Harry was talking about x," bears any similarity to the former
Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity and Protein Synthesis in Melanoma Cells by Calcium lonophore A23187

Calcium ionophore A23187 lowers basal levels of tyrosinase and inhibits the MSH-induced increase in tyrosinase in Cloudman S-91 mouse melanoma cell cultures. Ionophore at a concentration of 10(-6) g/ml causes a 50% reduction in basal levels of tyrosinase and inhibits the MSH stimulated level of enzyme. Ionophore A23187 also inhibits the PGE1 mediated stimulation of tyrosinase, as well as the rise in enzyme activity observed in cells exposed to either theophylline (1 mM) or dbcAMP (10(-4)M). Ionophore does not affect basal levels of cyclic AMP nor the elevated levels produced by either MSH or PGE1, suggesting then, that the antagonistic activity of A23187 is localized to a point in the pathway of tyrosinase activation distal to the formation of cAMP. Ionophore causes a rapid and marked (greater than 50%) inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and it is possible that this calcium mobilizing compound may exert its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity by causing a general reduction in cellular translation. Since the inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in cells exposed to ionophore in either the presence or absence of calcium in the medium, it seems, likely that the ionophore may exert its effects by causing the release of calcium from intracellular sites.
Correlation of Irrotational Near-field Pressure and Far-field Acoustic in Forced High-Speed Jets

The near-field pressure of a Mach 0.9 jet with Reynolds number of 6.2x10 5 has been investigated in order to characterize the hydrodynamic and acoustic response to low-frequency forcing with localized arc filament plasma actuators. Simultaneous acquisition of the far-field acoustic, the near-field pressure, and the actuation phase enables the use of phase-averaging of the pressure and acoustic signals and space-time correlations between the near field and the far field. Results show that forcing at very low frequencies results in structures that evolve independently as they advect through the shear layer. As the forcing frequency is increased, the structures begin to interact quasi-linearly. Autocorrelations of the phase-averaged near field signals show coherent acoustic radiation, indicating that the coherent large-scale structures generate coherent acoustic radiation. The interaction and potential disintegration of the large-scale structures as they pass through the end of the potential core has been suggested as a source mechanism for downstream acoustic radiation; the results of this study also point towards this mechanism as being the dominant noise source towards the downstream polar angles in this jet.
Response of lake chemistry to changes in atmospheric deposition and climate in three high-elevation wilderness areas of Colorado

Trends in precipitation chemistry and hydrologic and climatic data were examined as drivers of long-term changes in the chemical composition of high-elevation lakes in three wilderness areas in Colorado during 1985–2008. Sulfate concentrations in precipitation decreased at a rate of −0.15 to −0.55 μeq/l/year at 10 high-elevation National Atmospheric Deposition Program stations in the state during 1987–2008 reflecting regional reductions in SO2 emissions. In lakes where sulfate is primarily derived from atmospheric inputs, sulfate concentrations also decreased although the rates generally were less, ranging from −0.12 to −0.27 μeq/l/year. The similarity in timing and sulfur isotopic data support the hypothesis that decreases in atmospheric deposition are driving the response of high-elevation lakes in some areas of the state. By contrast, in lakes where sulfate is derived primarily from watershed weathering sources, sulfate concentrations showed sharp increases during 1985–2008. Analysis of long-term climate records indicates that annual air temperatures have increased between 0.45 and 0.93°C per decade throughout most mountainous areas of Colorado, suggesting climate as a factor. Isotopic data reveal that sulfate in these lakes is largely derived from pyrite, which may indicate climate warming is preferentially affecting the rate of pyrite weathering.
ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTION OF DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH-RISE OFFICE BUILDINGS

SUMMARY Effective use of daylighting is an essential component to achieve a sustainable building design. In a tall building, the amount of useable space with a potential for the use of daylight is the space between the exterior wall and the core. This is commonly referred to as the ‘lease span’. Class A offi ce buildings in the USA have typically utilized lease spans of around 45 ft (13·7 m), primarily due to effi ciency of space usage. In Europe, however, lease spans in high-rise offi ce buildings have typically been shortened due to concerns of natural light penetrations and views. For instance, in Germany, the amount of leasable space per fl oor is less than in the USA. The maximum allowable depth of space in Germany is typically about 18 ft (5·5 m), whereas in the USA, as much as 50 ft (15 m) is no rarity. The lease span also has an impact on other items, such as the aspect ratio, fl oor-to-fl oor height, total height and total fl oor area. In this study, to assess and predict daylight performance, two different requirements were analysed: daylight factor (DF) and the daylight requirement of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 2.2 green-building rating system. The recommended average DF (DFave) ranges from 2 to 5% and LEED 2.2 requires that a minimum daylight illumination of 25 footcandles be achieved in at least 75% of all regularly occupied areas. This study conducted a series of computer simulations using RADIANCE to fi rst show the effects of each of the fenestration parameters and then to provide an optimum effective aperture to meet the two daylight requirements in four lease span types ranging from 20 to 50 ft. As a fi nal step, regression models and simple evaluation tools were developed to correlate the DF, daylight requirement in LEED 2.2 and the various fenestration parameters, such as window area, visible transmittance and lease span in four different cities (London, Chicago, Dubai and Bangkok). This paper provides a simplifi ed method for evaluating indoor daylight performance to meet the two daylight requirements. This can be used as a pre-design tool, not only to achieve more credits in LEED 2.2 green-building rating systems, but also to evaluate based on DFave to ensure that the building meets the recommended level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distance as a Barrier to Using a Fitness-Program Benefit for Managed Medicare Enrollees

This study evaluated the effect of distance on the likelihood of initiating and maintaining regular use of a fitness-program benefit in a population of managed Medicare seniors. We studied 8,162 participants and nonparticipants in a managed-care fitness-program benefit: a structured group exercise program or an unstructured health-club membership. Participants in both programs lived significantly closer to facilities than nonparticipants did (structured, p < .001; unstructured, p = .017). Participants living closer to unstructured-program sites attended more frequently than those farther away (p = .008). Distance was not correlated with frequency of use in the structured program (p = .49). Collectively, these analyses demonstrate that distance is related to uptake and, in some cases, continued use of a fitness-program benefit. Health systems providing fitness-program benefits as a way to increase physical activity levels of their plan members should consider location of program facilities in relation to m...
New Trends in Globalisation: An Examination of the Brazilian Case:

This analysis looks at the role of Wal-Mart in Brazil by using glocalisation theory. Glocalisation refers to the strategies and practices adopted by transnational corporations to cater to local cultures and customs. In the case of Wal-Mart in Brazil, it unsuccessfully attempted to impose the US strategy of management practices, employee standards, low wages, EDLP (every-day-low pricing) for buyers, fierce pressure on suppliers, harsh anti-union policies and aggressive expansionism tendencies. In this, Wal-Mart was met with heavy resistance because it failed to glocalise. However, Wal-Mart changed tack or ‘compromised’ by following glocalisation principles and made deep inroads in the Brazilian market. This analysis is important for two reasons. First because it analyses the functioning of a giant corporation that ventured into unchartered territory from a theoretical perspective; an endeavour that has few scholars have hitherto undertaken. Second, in recent years, there has been scant consideration of the...
Deringing and deblocking DCT compression artifacts with efficient shifted transforms

A new method, using weighted combinations of shifted transforms, is developed for deringing and deblocking DCT compressed color images. The method shows substantial deringing improvement over prior methods, maintains comparable deblocking and shows comparable PSNR gains. The method automatically adapts to input image quality, and it may be implemented using low-complexity, swath-based processing. Multiplier-less transforms better suited for parallel hardware implementation are developed. Finally, PSNR comparisons are provided for the different methods. The new method using the DCT transform offers good visual results with PSNR comparable to prior work, and the multiplier-less transforms offer good visual results at a slight loss in PSNR.
Practical anti-microbial surfaces on nylon and polyester by UV photochemistry

Surface radicals generated by 193 nm (nylon) or 172 nm (PET) UV light afford strongly antimicrobial amine functionality by grafting or by transformation. They are broadly effective in the lab and significantly viable in the field.
The problem of near-multicollinearity revisited: erratic vs systematic volatility

Abstract The main argument of the paper is that the traditional discussion of near-multicollinearity ‘boils down’ to two rather different issues which are often conflated: (a) a structural issue (high correlation among regressors) which, under certain conditions, gives rise to systematic volatility, and (b) a numerical issue (the regressor data matrix (XTX) is ill-conditioned) which gives rise to erratic volatility. We call into question the traditional account concerning the effects of increasing the correlation among the regressors, and we put forward a revised account of systematic volatility. The main conclusion is that the precision of the coefficient estimators and the associated t-ratios do not necessarily decrease as the correlation among regressors increases. We also question the traditional methods of detecting erratic volatility and propose norm bounds for quantifying the potential problem.
Unsupervised Word Acquisition from Speech using Pattern Discovery

In this paper, we present an unsupervised method for automatically discovering words from speech using a combination of acoustic pattern discovery, graph clustering, and baseform searching. The algorithm we propose represents an alternative to traditional methods of speech recognition and makes use of the acoustic similarity of multiple realizations of the same words or phrases. On a set of three academic lectures on different subjects, we show that the clustering component of the algorithm is able to successfully generate word clusters that have good coverage of subject-relevant words. Moreover, we illustrate how to use the cluster nodes to retrieve the word identity of each cluster from a large baseform dictionary. Results indicate that this algorithm may prove useful for applications such as vocabulary initialization, speech summarization, or augmentation of existing recognition systems.
A PROBLEM WITH ESTIMATING THE PSEUDO-ACTIVATION ENERGY OF KEROGEN THERMAL MATURATION FROM CONNAN'S TIME-TEMPERATURE RELATION IN OIL GENESIS

Connan's time-temperature relation in oil genesis as derived from first-order reaction kinetics is algebraically correct, but its application to natural petroleum generation is invalidated by the assumption that the ratio of initial kerogen concentration to degraded kerogen concentration is constant from deposition to the initiation of intense oil generation. The ratio can only remain constant if no reaction is occurring and, therefore, Connan's data on "reaction time" in petroleum generation (assumed to be the age of the sediment) only measures the time elapsed since the system formed. Thus, the widely cited pseudo-activation energy of 11-14 kcal/mole computed from Connan's equation for the start of oil generation from kerogen is meaningless.
Determining an Effective Measure of Testing for MRSA Colonization for Timely Placement in Appropriate Isolation Precautions.

Background/Objectives: Patients are increasingly being admitted to hospitals colonized with vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Many hospitals are evaluatingmethods to screen patients for VRE, particularly in intensive care units. This study sought to evaluate the economic implications of VRE screening using different culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Methods: We used decision analysis to model VRE screening using two chromogenic media (CM), one PCR, and one traditional culture approach.We alsomodeled a no screening strategy and a hypothetical perfect screen for comparison. The model estimated the cost and outcome implications of alternative methods of screening for VRE in the ICU setting and took into account spread of VRE, spread of vancomycin resistance, and whether hospitals were prepared to act immediately upon screening results. Outcomes included correct classification, unnecessary isolation costs, unnecessary infection costs, and total costs. Sensitivity analysis tested main model parameters. Results: Baseline analysis assumed: 1) a 17% colonization rate, 2) only patients with a positive screen were isolated, 3) 18 hours passed before action was taken on screening results, and 5) no patients were decolonized. The CM approach was associated with the highest combined rates of correct classification (99.7% and 99.2% for CM versus 93.4% for PCR and 77.1% for traditional culture) and positive predictive value (PPV) (99.0% and 98.5% for CM, 72.6% for PCR, and 42.0% for traditional culture). CM was also associated with lower unnecessary isolation costs per patient than PCR ($16.80 and $25.20 for CM, $675 for PCR, and $1,962 for traditional culture) and lower unnecessary infection costs ($3.42 and $11.79 for CM, $6.09 for PCR, and $30.43 for traditional culture). Conclusions: For hospitals considering a screening strategy for VRE in the intensive care unit, a CM approach appears to offer the highest rates of PPV and correct classification, and lowest overall unnecessary isolation and infection costs under baseline assumptions. Hospitals also need to weigh other factors such as time to action and isolation costs.
Frequency and causes of hospitalization in older compared to younger adults with type 2 diabetes in the United States: a retrospective, claims-based analysis

Abstract Aims This study assessed the frequency and most common causes of hospitalization in older compared to younger adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the US. Methods A retrospective study utilizing data from a nationally representative insurance claim database included patients who were diagnosed or treated for diabetes during or prior to the defined study period and who experienced hospitalization with or without re-hospitalization. Results Among 887,182 patients with T2DM, 31% were ≥ 65 years old and nearly 1 in 4 (23.5%) were hospitalized during the observation period. Only 2.3% of first hospitalizations were determined to be diabetes-related, and these events were most commonly associated with a history of pre-study hospitalization and increasing age. Hypoglycemia was a common cause for T2DM-related hospitalizations (22.9%), and older patients demonstrated a higher proportion of hypoglycemia-related hospitalizations (age ≥ 65 years: 38.3% vs. age Conclusions Hospitalization is common in patients with diagnosed diabetes, and nearly 1 in 4 diabetes-related hospital admissions were due to hypoglycemia. While the overall rate of hypoglycemia-associated admission was low, the age-specific rate was nearly 2.5-fold higher in older adults (≥ 65 years), affirming the need to carefully assess the potential benefit/risk of diabetes medications in those ≥ 65 years of age.
Distance learning-how to include laboratory experiments over the Internet?

Summary form only given. The Manufacturing Engineering Technology Department at the Rochester Institute of Technology offers several of its courses in distance learning format. Traditionally, the courses were videotaped and sent to the distance sites. If the courses included laboratory experiments, they posed severe restrictions on the geographical location of the sites. The students had to come to campus, several times in a year, to complete the various laboratory experiments. This defeated the purpose and the intention of the distance learning opportunity. The advent of Internet and various net tools, has expanded the opportunity for distance education. Some of these options are currently being explored. The specific course that has been chosen for the study is the "Controls for Manufacturing Automation". This course utilizes Allen Bradley programmable logic controllers (AB-PLC) for controlling manufacturing applications. The students enrolled in this course are required to complete five laboratory experiments.
HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS)

Summary Background Although coinfection with HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is common, few long-term studies on liver-disease mortality in coinfected people have been undertaken. Our aim was to examine liver-related mortality among people at risk for HIV-1 and HBV infections. Methods We used data from a multicentre, prospective cohort study to classify 5293 men who had sex with men, according to their HIV-1 antibody status, ascertained semiannually, and their hepatitis-B surface antigen status (HBsAg), which we ascertained at baseline. Mortality rates were estimated in terms of person-years and Poisson regression methods were used to test for signifiance of relative risks. Findings 326 (6%) men were HBsAg positive, of whom 213 (65%) were HIV-1 positive. Of the 4967 HBsAg negative men, 2346 (47%) were infected with HIV-1. The liver-related mortality rate was 1·1/1000 person years, and was higher in men with HIV-1 and HBsAg (14·2/1000) than in those with only HIV-1 infection (1·7/1000, p Interpretation Individuals coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV, especially those with low CD4+ nadir counts, are at increased risk for liver-related mortality, underscoring the importance of prevention, identification, and comprehensive management of hepatitis B in people infected with HIV-1.
Optimal service policies under learning effects

For high-value workforces in service organisations such as call centres, scheduling rules rely increasingly on queueing system models to achieve optimal performance. Most of these models assume a homogeneous population of servers, or at least a static service capacity per service agent. In this work we examine the challenge posed by dynamically fluctuating service capacity, where servers may increase their own service efficiency through experience; they may also decrease it through absence. We analyse the special case of a single agent selecting between two different job classes, and examine which of five service allocation policies performs best in the presence of learning and forgetting effects. We find that a type of specialisation minimises the steady state queue size; cross-training boosts system capacity the most; and no simple policy matches a dynamic optimal cost policy under all conditions.
Resource-aware exploration of the emergent dynamics of simulated systems

The emerging science of simulation enables us to explore the dynamics of large and complex systems even if a formal representation and analysis of the system is intractable and a construction of a real-world instantiation for the purpose of experimentation is too expensive. A computer simulation model can be run for many more configurations and the accumulated observations deepen our understanding of the system's operation, but it is very important that we have tools that help us manage the huge numbers of experiments that need to be run and the massive data sets that are collected. Furthermore, as we explore vast parameter spaces of simulation model, we need guidance in finding regions of interest in a resource efficient way.In this paper we use a model of agent-based graph coloring to introduce a software infrastructure for the systematic execution of experiments across large regions of parameter space (parameter sweep). Furthermore, we present a multi-agent system that searches large parameter spaces automatically for regions of interest specified by a fitness function. The fitness function captures the researcher's interest in certain system dynamics. We specify a function that searches for overlap regions that accompany phase changes in the simulation model. The agents search the parameter space by executing simulation experiments in regions of high fitness. As a consequence, the use of computational resources is minimized.
Using Radiation Risk Models in Cancer Screening Simulations: Important Assumptions and Effects on Outcome Projections

Understanding the assumptions and uncertainties in modeling radiation exposure risk will help clinicians communicate imaging-related risk to patients, understand model outcome projections, and use model results to guide appropriate diagnostic imaging use.
High prevalence of multiresistance in levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Korea.

Abstract Korea exhibits the highest rates of multidrug resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae . The increasing use of levofloxacin has raised concern about the dissemination of levofloxacin resistance in dominant multidrug-resistant (MDR) clones of our pneumococcal population. A total of 50 levofloxacin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (MIC, ≥4 μg/mL) collected from a multihospital network from 1996 to 2006 were analyzed for serotype, antibiotic resistance profile, quinolone resistance–determining region mutation, and multilocus sequence type. Most levofloxacin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (94.0%) exhibited an MDR phenotype. This phenotype was closely associated with a limited number of epidemic MDR clones that are well-known key agents of the global spread of antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae . However, the clonal dissemination of levofloxacin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae was rare. Levofloxacin-nonsusceptible clones with nonvaccine serotypes increased during the post-vaccine era in this study. This result suggests that Korean clinicians must be aware of the levofloxacin resistance trend and need to be more prudent for the first choice of fluoroquinolone for empiric treatment of respiratory tract infections in clinical setting. Moreover, the emergence of new clones and their variations may be more frequently associated with resistance under this selective pressure, such as the introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into our community.
THE CHANGING FACE OF TRIBAL IDENTITY: STATE RECOGNITION OFJNDIAN TRIBES

State governments are beginning to provide formal recognition to non-federally recognized Indian tribes. This essay examines the actions of nine different states and asks why this recognition is extended to some groups while being denied to others. It also looks at why states are doing this in the first place. Moreover, the implications of this practice for the larger issue of American federalism are probed. Finally, the current state of this practice in the state of Oklahoma and its likely future are also examined.
Optimal linear unmixing for hyperspectral image analysis

In this paper we study the linear unmixing problem for the remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery. According to the, linear mixture model, the reflectance of a pixel is considered as the linear mixture of all the materials resident in the area covered by this pixel. The abundances are subject to two constraints: sum-to-one constraint and non-negativity constraint. When endmember signatures are known, quadratic programming can be used for estimating the abundances satisfying these two constraints. When endmember signatures are partially or completely unknown, they are generated from the image scene directly using least squares criterion. Computer simulation is conducted to analyze the purity of such generated endmember signatures
Plasmonic/Nonlinear Optical Material Core/Shell Nanorods as Nanoscale Plasmon Modulators and Optical Voltage Sensors

Herein, we report the design and synthesis of plasmonic/non-linear optical (NLO) material core/shell nanostructures that can allow dynamic manipulation of light signals using an external electrical field and enable a new generation of nanoscale optical voltage sensors. We show that gold nanorods (Au NRs) can be synthesized with tunable plasmonic properties and function as the nucleation seeds for continued growth of a shell of NLO materials (such as polyaniline, PANI) with variable thickness. The formation of a PANI nanoshell allows dynamic modulation of the dielectric environment of the plasmonic Au NRs, and therefore the plasmonic resonance characteristics, by an external electrical field. The finite element simulation confirms that such modulation is originated from the field-induced modulation of the dielectric constant of the NLO shell. This approach is general, and the coating of the Au NRs with other NLO materials (such as barium titanate, BTO) is found to produce a similar effect. These findings can not only open a new pathway to active modulation of plasmonic resonance at the sub-wavelength scale but also enable the creation of a new generation of nanoscale optical voltage sensors (NOVS).
Intelligently Transparent Software Ecosystems

Today's social-coding tools foreshadow a transformation of the software industry, as it relies increasingly on open libraries, frameworks, and code fragments. Our vision calls for new intelligently transparent services that support rapid development of innovative products while helping developers manage risk and issuing them early warnings of looming failures. Intelligent transparency is enabled by an infrastructure that applies analytics to data from all phases of the life cycle of open source projects, from development to deployment. Such an infrastructure brings stakeholders the information they need when they need it.
Functional properties of flagellin as a stimulator of innate immunity

We report the development of a well-defined flagellin-based nanoparticle stimulator and also provide a new mechanism of action model explaining how flagellin-triggered innate immunity has evolved to favor localized rather than potentially debilitating systemic immune stimulation. Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) was used to facilitate mutational analysis and precisely orientated display of flagellin on Hepatitis B core (HBc) protein virus-like particles (VLPs). The need for product stability and an understanding of mechanism of action motivated investigations indicating that the D0 domain of flagellin is sensitive to amino acid sequence independent hydrolysis - apparently due to the need for structural flexibility during natural flagellin polymerization. When D0-stabilized flagellin was attached to HBc VLPs with the D0 domain facing outward, flagellin's tendency to polymerize caused the VLPs to precipitate. However, attaching the D0 domain to the VLP surface produced a stable nanoparticle adjuvant. Surprisingly, attaching only 2 flagellins per VLP provided the same 1 pM potency as did VLPs with about 33 attached flagellins suggesting that the TLR5 receptor is highly effective in delivering its intracellular signal. These observations suggest that flagellin's protease sensitivity, tendency to aggregate, and very high affinity for TLR5 receptors limit its systemic distribution to favor localized immune stimulation.
Engineering in Translational Medicine: An Introduction

Molecular and personalized medicine is the future for patient management. Translational medicine, a continuum of research that spans from basic science to clinical applications, is the key to twenty-first century personalized medicine. Engineering is an indispensable component of translational medicine. This book will cover a broad spectrum of engineering research in translational medicine, where leaders in each research topic provide a state-of-the-art summary in 34 chapters on various topics such as cell and tissue engineering (6 chapters), genetic and protein engineering (10 chapters), nanoengineering (10 chapters), biomedical instrumentation (4 chapters), and theranostics and other novel approaches (4 chapters). This book will give the readers a comprehensive and in-depth overview of a broad array of research areas, which can serve as an invaluable reference book for scientists/students/clinicians both new to engineering and currently working in this area.
Lipid synthesis by co-cultures of mammary, liver, and adipose tissue explants from sometribove (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin)-treated dairy cows.

Bovine somatotropin was given to six lactating (230 day) cows (40 mg/day × 5-days) and excipient was given to six control cows. Mammary, liver, and adipose explants from somatotrophin and control cows were co-cultured at 37° C for 24 h with 0.5 µCi [14C]acetate/ml media with or without 0.5 µg/ml somatotrophin. Tissue lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol and separated by thin layer chromatography. In vivo somatotrophin increased milk production 2.4 kg/day compared to a 0.9 kg/day decrease by controls. Mammary tissue from somatotrophin cows incorporated more [14C]acetate into total lipids (4417 vs. 3016 dpm/mg tissue) than controls. Adding somatotrophin to explant cultures from somatotrophin cows further increased incorporation into total lipids (4839 vs. 3994 dpm/mg tissue). In contrast, adipose tissue from somatotrophin cows incorporated less [14C]acetate into total lipids than controls (1524 vs. 2581 dpm/mg tissue). Serum IGF-I concentration correlated well (r=0.69) with milk output differences between Days 1 and 5 of treatment. Media IGF-I concentration correlated well (r=0.61) with the difference in total lipid synthesis between the in vitro control and somatotrophin groups. Results support the concept that somatotrophin increases milk production by partitioning nutrients away from adipose toward mammary tissue.
Recent developments of fiber Bragg grating geophone in petroleum exploration

A novel geophone for seismic exploration was demonstrated. FBG geophone transmits seismic wave by changing it into light. It has advantages of small size,high resistance to interference, and steady performance. The paper studied how to make seismic geophone by using FBG sensor and introduced the field test of FBG geophone.
The invention and reinvention of cardiac pacing.

Two primitive pacemakers were invented between 1925 and 1932, demonstrating that adequate knowledge existed to pace the heart for brief periods. Heart specialists ignored these interesting inventions. In contrast, Zoll’s announcement of external pacing in 1952 spurred intense interest and an outpouring of research. The reasons for the different response of heart specialists in the 1950s have to do with improved medical understanding of cardiac arrhythmias, growing confidence that cardiac resuscitation was possible, and the expansion of hospital-based medicine after World War II.
Monolithically integrated optoelectronic thresholding devices for neural network applications

The realization of an optical neural network critically depends on the availability of two dimensional (2-D) arrays of neurons. These neurons are nonlinear processing elements that, in their simplest form, produce outputs which are the thresholded version of the inputs. Liquid crystal spatial light modulators are candidates for such 2-D array of neurons. They are not, however, flexible in their use. Optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs), either hybrid—such as liquid crystal on silicon, Si-PLZT, and flip-chip devices—or monolithic integration in III-V compounds, is another solution.
Uveitis Specialists and Rheumatologists Select Different Therapies for Idiopathic Non-necrotizing Anterior Scleritis

Uveitis specialists and rheumatologists treat patients with anterior scleritis, but data from controlled trials to guide management are scarce, making differences in treatment paradigms possible. 1044 uveitis specialists and rheumatologists were surveyed regarding therapy for a patient with anterior scleritis. Respondents were asked to select first- and second-choice therapies and then reselect therapies assuming that the costs of all options were equal and that insurance approval was ensured. Fisher’s exact tests were employed to compare selections. Ninety-two respondents (8.6%) completed the survey. Methotrexate was the most-selected first-choice treatment before equalization of cost/insurance factors among uveitis specialists (44.4%) and rheumatologists (78.6%) (p < 0.009). Uveitis specialists selected mycophenolate at a higher rate (27.8%) than did rheumatologists (5.3%) (p < 0.015). Cost and insurance considerations were not significant. Uveitis specialists and rheumatologists have different preferences in the treatment of anterior scleritis. The difference is impacted more by specialty practice than by cost/insurance.
Pastors for Pinochet: Authoritarian Stereotypes and Voting for Evangelicals in Chile

How does a candidate’s religion affect voting behavior in societies without politically salient interdenominational cleavages? Communicating one’s faith should win votes among fellow believers, but in the absence of intergroup competition, it should not directly affect the vote of out-group members. Yet a candidate’s religion can also influence out-group voting behavior via stereotypes that are politically salient. This article uses a survey experiment, conducted prior to Chile’s 2013 election, to examine how priming evangelicals’ historical support for the government of General Augusto Pinochet affects vote intention for an evangelical candidate for Congress. Identifying a candidate as evangelical boosts vote intention among evangelical respondents but does not directly affect members of the out-group. Among right-wing nonevangelicals, the Pinochet prime increases vote intention for an evangelical candidate, but it has no effect for center-left voters. These results suggest that pinochetismo remains salient for a new generation of right-wing voters in Chile.
Prediction of Body Mass Index Using Concurrently Self-Reported or Previously Measured Height and Weight

Objective To compare alternative models for the imputation of BMIM (measured weight in kilograms/measured height in meters squared) in a longitudinal study. Methods We used data from 11,008 adults examined at wave III (2001–2002) and wave IV (2007–2008) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Participants were asked their height and weight before being measured. Equations to predict wave IV BMIM were developed in an 80% random subsample and evaluated in the remaining participants. The validity of models that included BMI constructed from previously measured height and weight (BMIPM) was compared to the validity of models that used BMI calculated from concurrently self-reported height and weight (BMISR). The usefulness of including demographics and perceived weight category in those models was also examined. Results The model that used BMISR, compared to BMIPM, as the only variable produced a larger R2 (0.913 vs. 0.693), a smaller root mean square error (2.07 vs. 3.90 kg/m2) and a lower bias between normal-weight participants and those with obesity (0.98 vs. 4.24 kg/m2). The performance of the model containing BMISR alone was not substantially improved by the addition of demographics, perceived weight category or BMIPM. Conclusions Our work is the first to show that concurrent self-reports of height and weight may be more useful than previously measured height and weight for imputation of missing BMIM when the time interval between measures is relatively long. Other time frames and alternatives to in-person collection of self-reported data need to be examined.
Nitrous oxide for labor analgesia: Utilization and predictors of conversion to neuraxial analgesia.

Abstract Study Objective We examined the characteristics of women who choose nitrous oxide for labor analgesia and identified factors that predict conversion from nitrous oxide to labor neuraxial analgesia. Design Retrospective descriptive study. Setting Labor and Delivery Ward. Patients 146 pregnant women who used nitrous oxide for analgesia during labor and delivery between September 2014 and September 2015. Interventions Chart review only. Measurements Demographic, obstetric, and intrapartum characteristics of women using nitrous oxide were examined. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with conversion from nitrous oxide to neuraxial analgesia. Data are presented as n (%), median [IQR], adjusted relative risk (aRR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as appropriate. Results During the study period, 146 women used nitrous oxide for labor analgesia (accounting for 3% of the total deliveries). The majority (71.9%) of women who used nitrous oxide were nulliparous, and over half (51.9%) had expressed an initial preference for "nonmedical birth." The conversion rate to neuraxial blockade was 63.2%, compared to a concurrent institutional rate of 85.1% in women who did not use nitrous oxide. Factors associated with conversion from nitrous oxide to neuraxial blockade were labor induction (aRR=2.0, CI 1.2–3.3) and labor augmentation (aRR=1.7, CI 1.0–2.9). Conclusion Only a small number of women opted to use nitrous oxide during labor, analgesia was minimal, and most converted to neuraxial analgesia. Women with induced and augmented labors should be counseled about the increased likelihood that they will convert to neuraxial analgesia.
Incremental mindsets and the reduced forgiveness of chronic failures

Abstract Holding an incremental, rather than fixed, mindset confers wide-ranging benefits. Such benefits may, however, be accompanied by increased judgmental harshness of others' shortcomings. Across 3 studies (Studies 1, 2a, 2b; N = 416), after an induction of either an entity or incremental view of empathy, aggression, or motivation, participants were asked to imagine someone continually failing to show, or showing in abundance, the particular trait, and were then asked how blameworthy/praiseworthy each of these individuals was. Incremental-induced participants blamed a person showing consistently maladaptive levels of the trait more than did entity-induced participants. Increased blame was mediated by increased perceived control over behavior. Study 3 (N = 107) extended findings regarding lay theories of empathy to protagonists in short narratives. Study 4 (N = 184) attempted to reconcile our findings with previous research, showing that increased blame attribution by incremental theorists occurs for continual, but not single failures. Overall results suggest that the benefits of an incremental mindset may be partially offset by greater judgmental harshness of others.
Poor prognosis in patients with resectable KRAS-MUT colorectal liver metastases is improved by adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.

e15161Background: Patients with KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) have worse outcomes after resection. Adjuvant hepatic artery pump chemotherapy (HAIC) improves overall surviva...
Intracity Variability of Particulate Matter Exposure Is Driven by Carbonaceous Sources and Correlated with Land-Use Variables

Localized primary emissions of carbonaceous aerosol are the major drivers of intracity variability of submicron particulate matter (PM1) concentrations. We investigated spatial variations in PM1 composition with mobile sampling in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States and performed source-apportionment analysis to attribute primary organic aerosol (OA) to traffic (HOA) and cooking OA (COA). In high-source-impact locations, the PM1 concentration is, on average, 2 μg m–3 (40%) higher than urban background locations. Traffic emissions are the largest source contributing to population-weighted exposures to primary PM. Vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) can be used to reliably predict the concentration of HOA and localized black carbon (BC) in air pollutant spatial models. Restaurant count is a useful but imperfect predictor for COA concentration, likely due to highly variable emissions from individual restaurants. Near-road cooking emissions can be falsely attributed to traffic sources in the absence of PM source...
Position Error-Based Identification of Subject Participation in Robotic-Rehabilitation

In this paper, we present a haptics-based rehabilitation system that uses kinematics of a haptic device to monitor a subject's participation in therapy. In robot-assisted therapy, it is crucial to monitor if the patient is actively performing the rehabilitation task and is not just passively following the robot's motions. In this paper, we have used position-tracking error patterns as a metric for identifying whether the subject is actively participating in the therapy. Using a single feature identification scheme, our method demonstrated a real-time classification accuracy of 80.04% in separating active and passive participation during a therapy session.
Cauchy, Gershgorin, and Matrix Polynomials

In an observation from 1829, Cauchy found that all the zeros of the polynomial with complex coefficients lie in the disk defined by , where s is the unique positive solution ofAs an example, consid...
Pain Support for Adults with a Diabetes-Related Lower Limb Amputation: an Empirical Phenomenology Study.

Abstract Background Chronic pain after lower extremity amputation surgery has been reported in up to 80% of patients. Amputations are among the most debilitating chronic complication of diabetes with a variety of consequences including depression, inability to perform daily activities, and change in quality of life. Aims This study sought to understand the lived experience of chronic pain support among those who have undergone a diabetes-related lower limb amputation. Method Researchers used a qualitative empirical phenomenology design. Private, semistructured interviews were conducted on a purposive sample (N = 11). Codes were identified for each participant separately and then across participants for common themes. Results Three major themes emerged from the research: (1) Phantom pain is nontreatable pain; (2) support systems were nonempathetic; and (3) participants experienced identification of a new normal. Participants did not understand that neuropathic (phantom) pain was part of the total pain experience. Further, they felt that there was no help from family or providers for alleviation of this pain. Conclusions Phantom pain was identified as something the participants had to tolerate when it occurred. They did not feel that family or providers understood their pain. Further, they wanted a means of controlling their pain using nonpharmacologic therapies.
Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Resiliency in high performance

Recent trends in high-performance computing (HPC) systems have clearly indicated that future increases in performance, in excess of those resulting from improvements in single-processor performance, will be achieved through corresponding increases in system scale, i.e., using a significantly larger component count. As the raw computational performance of the world's fastest HPC systems increases from today's current tera-scale to next-generation peta-scale capability and beyond, their number of computational, networking, and storage components will grow from the ten-to-one-hundred thousand compute nodes of today's systems to several hundreds of thousands of compute nodes and more in the foreseeable future. This substantial growth in system scale, and the resulting component count, poses a challenge for HPC system and application software with respect to fault tolerance and resilience. Furthermore, recent experiences on extreme-scale HPC systems with non-recoverable soft errors, i.e., bit flips in memory, cache, registers, and logic added another major source of concern. The probability of such errors not only grows with system size, but also with increasing architectural vulnerability caused by employing accelerators, such as FPGAs and GPUs, and by shrinking nanometer technology. Reactive fault tolerance technologies, such as checkpoint/restart, are unable to handle high failure rates due to associated overheads, while proactive resiliency technologies, such as preemptive migration, simply fail as random soft errors can't be predicted. Moreover, soft errors may even remain undetected resulting in silent data corruption. The goal of this Workshop is to bring together experts in the area of fault tolerance and resiliency for HPC to present the latest achievements and to discuss the challenges ahead.
Equus caballus (Domestic horse)

One acrocentric element has frequently marked secondary constrictions of the long arms near the centromere. Delicate satellites occur on the short arm of the largest chromosome.