cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate Solution Methods for Solid-State Diffusion in Phase-Change Electrodes

Approximate solution methods have been developed for solid-state diffusion in phase-change electrodes, which, when incorporated into a porous electrode battery model, would provide a computational advantage over the exact rigorous solution without sacrificing accuracy. A shrinking core approach has been used to describe the phase boundary movement in a spherical electrode particle, where a shell of one phase covers a core of the other phase. Two approximations have been developed in this work, which account for diffusion in the shell while taking into account the moving phase interface. It is assumed that there are no concentration gradients in the core at any time. The validity of the approximations has been tested by solving the governing diffusion equation with the moving boundary using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian application mode in COMSOL Multiphysics. One of the approximations (order-2) is seen to perform very well over a wide range of discharge currents in predicting the positions of the moving interface, surface concentrations, concentration profiles, etc. The order-2 approximation is also seen to capture scenarios where diffusion continues in a single-phase particle after the core has been completely consumed.
Beta2 Adrenergic Agonists–Oral or Aerosol for the Treatment of Asthma?

Beta2 adrenergic agonists, especially in aerosol formulations, are often used as first-line medications for treating the symptoms of bronchial asthma. Although oral forms of these medications may result in greater improvement in small airway function, comparative studies of these two routes of administration show that inhaled beta2 adrenergic bronchodilators have a more rapid onset of activity, are as long lasting, and as effective in improving pulmonary function as their oral forms. Moreover, they are equally effective at much lower dosages which results in fewer adverse effects. Their use in metered-dose inhalers, nebulizers, and breath-activated devices, is improving asthma therapy.
Progress in reducing dioxins and AOX: A Canadian perspective

Abstract The results of a series of surveys carried out annually over the past six years indicate that dioxins effluent discharges from the bleached chemical pulping sector have been reduced to approximately 2 g/y, and the national average AOX on pulp to 0.9 kg/adt, reductions of 99 % and 81 % respectively since 1988.
Solid‐state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Solid -state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is carried out by heating the low molecular weight prepolymer at temperatures below its melting point but above its glass transition temperature. Postcondensation occurs and the condensation byproducts can be removed by applying vacuum or inert gas. Polymers obtained usually have high molecular weight, low carboxyl and acetaldehyde content, and can be used for beverage bottle or industrial yarns. Polyesters for textile purposes are manufactured by a melt process. Chemical reactions involved in the solid state polymerization are transesterification, esterification, as well as the diffusion of byproducts. Overall reaction rate was governed by the molecular weight, carboxyl content of prepolymer, crystallinity, particle size, reaction temperature, and time. Prepolymer for solid state polymerization should have intrinsic viscosity 0.4 dL/g or more, density 1.38 g/mL, and minimum dimension 3 mm or less. The reaction temperature could be 200–250°C. When textile grade PET is used as prepolymer, crystallization at 180–190°C for 1–2 h increases the density to 1.38 g/mL. Polymerization at 240–245°C for 3–5 h can raise the intrinsic viscosity to 0.72 dL/g and carboxyl content less than 20 meq/kg. Appropriate reaction conditions are subject to the properties of prepolymers and the design of reactors. Reactor used for solid state polymerization could be vacuum dryer type or stationary bed. The former is suitable for a small capacity and is run batchwise. The latter is a continuous process and is economically feasible for large -scale production.
Cigarette smoking and myocardial infarction in young men and women : Let us not forget coronary vasospasm

We read the article “Cigarette smoking and myocardial infarction in young men and women: A case-control study” by Panagiotakos et al. [1] with much enthusiasm. We found the study to be interesting and informative. However, in the discussion part there was no mentioning of coronary spasm as one of the possible patho-physiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between the cigarette smoking habit and cardiovascular events. Coronary arterial spasm presents as a variant angina, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in young men and woman [2]. It has been shown that cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm in a study by Sugiishi et al. [3] with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.41 and Confidence Interval of 1.53– 3.82 (pb0.05). Similar findings were reported by Takaoka et al. [4] in study involving Japanese population. One of the reasons mentioned for smoking induced coronary spasm was enhanced lipid peroxidation in smokers. This hypothesis is supported by higher levels of free and esterified F2isoprostanes in smokers when compared to non-smokers, which leads to increased free radical induced oxidative damage [5].Moreover, smoking cessation has been shown to improve the prognosis of variant angina [6], confirming the possible ‘cause and effect’ effect of smoking in both stable and unstable angina. The importance of these findings lies in the fact that, even after effective control of so called “various factors that
Strategy and Tactics in the Raman Spectroscopy of Biomolecules

The strategic bases for the application of Raman spectroscopy to the problems of molecular biology and the tactics used in exploiting them are examined and discussed with the help of specific examples. The correlation of vibrational frequencies and intensities with molecular geometry is illustrated by several group frequencies of importance in the analysis of the Raman spectra of proteins, including those of the disulfide and amide groups. A new correlation between the amide-III frequency and peptide geometry is proposed and utilized to follow the reversible thermal denaturation of the enzyme ribonuclease. How other physical techniques may be combined with Raman methods is shown by the comparison of the Raman spectrum of a crystalline transfer ribonucleic acid, whose molecular structure is known from x-ray diffraction, with the spectra of the same substance in aqueous solution under different conditions of ionic strength, pH, and temperature. From the quantitative variation of the spectra the structural changes produced by temperature are evaluated. Possible improvements and new developments in the strategy and tactics of Raman spectroscopy are considered briefly.
Characterization and Prediction of Adverse Events From Intensive Chronic Heart Failure Management and Effect on Quality of Life: Results From the Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Outpatient-Tailored Chronic Heart Failure Therapy (PROTECT) Study

Abstract Background Serious adverse events (SAEs) from heart failure (HF) therapy are frequent; however, techniques to identify at-risk patients are inadequate. Furthermore, the relationship between SAEs, quality of life (QOL), and cardiac structure are unknown. Methods and Results 151 symptomatic patients with systolic HF were followed for a mean of 10 months. In this post hoc analysis, treatment-related SAEs included acute renal failure, dizziness, hypo/hyperkalemia, hypotension, and syncope. At 1 year, 21 treatment-related SAEs occurred. No difference in SAEs existed between the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)–guided arm and the standard of care arm ( P = .20). At baseline, patients who suffered SAEs were less likely to be receiving beta-blockers (85.7% vs 97.7%; P = .009) and had worse functional class and lower chloride levels. Patients who experienced SAEs had less improvement in their Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire scores and had a trend toward reduced echocardiographic reverse remodeling over the follow-up period. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to develop a risk score for SAE prediction; patients in the highest risk quartile had the shortest time to first cardiovascular event ( P = 0.01). Conclusions NT-proBNP–guided HF care is safe. Experiencing treatment-related SAEs is associated with worse QOL and potentially reduced reverse remodeling. A risk score to prospectively predict SAEs in aggressive HF management was developed.
High-Voltage Gaseous-Conductor Lamps Electrical Characteristics of the High-Voltage Neon Type

Gaseous-conductor lamps are finding a wide field of application in advertising and display lighting. A brief discussion of the theory of the high-voltage type is included. The electrical characteristics of typical high-voltage lamps were investigated by the use of indicating instruments, Duddell and cathode ray oscillographs. Characteristic curves, data, and oscillograms are given. Power-factor improvement was studied and data covering two methods of correction are included.
Geometrical structures, bending potentials, and vibrational frequencies ν1 for 1A″ states of HSiBr, HSiCl, and DSiCl

Abstract The geometrical structures and the approximate bending potentials are determined for excited electronic states 1 A″ in HSiBr, and in HSiCl and DSiCl. A Hamiltonian for large amplitude bending vibration and K type rotation contains parameters which were adjusted to yield energy levels consistent with data observed spectroscopically. The effect of centrifugal stretching of the HSi bond was treated by a simple semiclassical method. In the process of applying this method it was found that the HSi stretching frequencies ν 1 do not have the values recommended by Herzberg and Verma, but have the alternate values given by these authors. The barriers to the linear conformation were found to be approximately 8700 cm −1 for HSiBr, and 12 400 cm −1 for HSiCl and DSiCl.
Research Needs to Support Community-Based Wildlife Management: Global Perspectives

This article summarizes continuing research needs to inform and support improved community-based wildlife management. These research needs include developing an improved understanding of human communities and their relationship to protected areas, better incorporating input from local or indigenous people into management decisions, and better understanding whether support or opposition for a given policy has primarily a cultural or economic root cause. Other research needs revolve around the diverse global policies related to wildlife ownership. Further research is also needed on collaborative processes, including what processes are most effective in particular situations at the community level, and how collaboration between community leaders and conservation professionals can occur most effectively. In addition to acknowledging all the authors of articles in this special issue for their contributions to this article, the authors thank Dr. Bruce Thompson of the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish and R...
Reconstruction of hemifacial atrophy with a free flap of omentum.

Abstract Kiricuta (1963) was the first to use omentum for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in various body surfaces. Following his description, Dupont and Menard (1972) promoted widely the use of the greater omentum for reconstruction,of the chest and demonstrated its great ability to provide adequate tissue for reconstruction, adequate blood supply, and lack of sufficient atrophy of the soft tissue mass after several years follow-up. McLean and Buncke (1972) were the first to describe the use of free omentum transferred by microvascular anastomoses for reconstruction of a scalp defect. With this background work it seemed natural that autogenous omentum would be a useful adjunct in reconstruction for hemifacial atrophy.
The production of ions for single-ion traps

A new method of obtaining ions for electrodynamic traps at high vacuum is described, in which an oven produces both a beam of neutral atoms and an electron beam with which to ionize the atoms within the confinement volume of a trap.
Virtual processing – application of rapid prototyping for visualization of metal forming processes

Abstract The objective of the study was to build physical models (prototypes) of a product based on finite element (FE) process simulations to aid product engineering in the evaluation of the manufacturing ability of the product. A methodology and two computer programs were developed to translate the FE geometrical information into a geometric representation acceptable by most rapid prototyping (RP) systems. In the case of the ERC/NSM, the prototypes are built with a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine. This report has been focused in the production of physical models based on the FE simulation results for sheet and billet forming processes. However, the programs can be used with other process simulations as well.
Cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum among packstock in the Sierra Nevada Range.

Summary Faecal specimens from 305 horses and mules used as packstock at one of 17 commercial or governmental (National Park Service, US Forest Service) operations were examined for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum using immunofluorescent microscopy. Fourteen packstock (4.6%) were shedding G. duodenalis cysts, with herd-level prevalences ranging 0–22%. Number of packstock in the corral, size of corral and density of packstock in the corral were associated with the odds of shedding G. duodenalis cysts. None of the horses had detectable C. parvum oocysts. Assuming a sensitivity of at least 43% and a specificity of 100% for our assay, the estimated maximum true prevalence of shedding of C. parvum for packstock would be ≤ 2.3% of the population. These data suggest that faecal dispersal of C. parvum on back country watersheds is unlikely with packstock.
ATLS practices and survival at rural level III trauma hospitals, 1995-1999

Objective: To determine whether Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) practices characterizing initial resuscitation and interfacility transfer at rural trauma hospitals are associated with risk-adjusted survival. Methods: Retrospective, observational analysis of rural injured patient survival. Process-of-care variables were associated with TRISS (trauma and injury severity score)-derived Z-statistics (95% confidence intervals) for high-risk population subsets (defined below). Inclusion criteria: all patients ≥12 years of age entered into a statewide trauma system, January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1999, and initially presenting to Level III trauma centers (N = 4,961). Exclusion criteria: pronounced dead on arrival (n = 26), directly admitted to hospital (n = 3), and unknown disposition at first hospital (n = 2). Process variables include: intubation in emergency department (ED) given Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 9 [ INTUB ], administration of blood products in ED given systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90...
Purification and characterization of glutathione transferases from five phytophagous lepidoptera

Abstract Glutathione transferases were purified from five species of lepidopterous larvae using a two-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity chromatography on a glutathione-agarose column. The highly polyphagous insects, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and corn earworm (Heliothis zea), possessed multiple glutathione transferases containing six and four isozymes, respectively. On the other hand, the more specialized insects, tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis), had a single form of the enzyme. These isozymes consisted of two to four subunits with molecular weights of 27,000 to 32,000, depending on the species. Qualitative differences in glutathione transferase isozymes were observed among these species based on their Michaelis constant, isoelectric point, and relative mobility (electrophoresis). Induction of glutathione transferase in fall armyworm larvae by xanthotoxin increased levels of the existing isozymes but did not result in production of any new isozyme.
Cost minimization in allocation of reactive power sources

Abstract A LP-based method for the optimization of the investment and operational costs of the reactive power generation in a large electric power network is presented. The optimal solution is based on the application of decomposition and linear programming approaches. The global problem is decomposed into investment and operation subproblems using the Benders decomposition method. The revised simplex method is proposed for the solution of the investment subproblem. However, the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method is used to solve the operation subproblem. The formulation of the operation subproblem has been discussed in our previous studies. The method has been generalized to represent and solve multiple load levels and contingencies simultaneously in the operation subproblem. The results of applying this approach to the IEEE 30-bus system, a 60-bus system and a 180-bus system verify its robustness in solving the operation subproblem and the capability to converge quickly.
Rydberg states of helium: Some further small corrections.

The optical-potential method based on the Feshbach projection-operator formalism has been successfully applied to the computation of fine-structure splittings between highly excited levels of helium [R. J. Drachman, Phys. Rev. A 26, 1228 (1982)]. In this paper, I report additional terms in the nonrelativistic effective potential decreasing as ${\mathit{x}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}9}$ and ${\mathit{x}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$, where x is the distance of the outer electron from the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ core. They involve higher-multipole distortions of the wave function of the core electron, higher nonadiabatic corrections, and perturbation theory up to fourth order in the electrostatic potential. Energy shifts due to these terms are compared with the extremely accurate variational results of Drake [Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2769 (1990)].
The Role of Spirituality in the Lives of Mothers of Breast Cancer Survivors

Breast cancer impacts an entire family system. A cancer diagnosis embeds the patient/survivor and their loved ones in the illness process. The mothers of breast cancer patients are likely impacted in a variety of ways by their daughters' diagnoses. To date, few researchers have investigated the experiences and perspectives of this population. In the present study, authors explored how mothers of breast cancer survivors managed adversities associated with this disease and illness. Using secondary data and narrative analysis, investigators analyzed data gathered from 30 mothers. Findings indicate that participants relied on their spirituality for the management of stress and hardship related to having a loved one with breast cancer. This research has implications for family health and well-being.
Distinguishing Alfven waves from quasi-static field structures associated with the discrete aurora. Sounding rocket and hilat satellite measurements.

We present and analyze sounding rocket and HILAT satellite measurements of the low frequency ( Σp−1, which we argue to be due to the presence of Alfven waves incident from the magnetosphere and reflecting from the lower ionosphere, forming a standing wave pattern. These waves may represent an electromagnetic coupling mechanism between the auroral acceleration region and the ionosphere.
Sydit: creating and applying a program transformation from an example

Bug fixes and feature additions to large code bases often require systematic edits-similar, but not identical, coordinated changes to multiple places. This process is tedious and error-prone. Our prior work introduces a systematic editing approach that creates generalized edit scripts from exemplar edits and applies them to user-selected targets. This paper describes how the Sydit plug-in integrates our technology into the Eclipse integrated development environment. A programmer provides an example edit to Sydit that consists of an old and new version of a changed method. Based on this one example, Sydit generates a context-aware, abstract edit script. To make transformations applicable to similar but not identical methods, Sydit encodes control, data, and containment dependences and abstracts position, type, method, and variable names. Then the programmer selects target methods and Sydit customizes the edit script to each target and displays the results for the programmer to review and approve. Sydit thus automates much of the systematic editing process. To fully automate systematic editing, future tool enhancements should include automated selection of targets and testing of Sydit generated edits.
A Modular Inspection Camera

A new, high. resolution, highly versatile CCD camera for industrial inspection applications is described. This camera is the second in a series of modular cameras (the first, A Modular TV Camera, was reported in 1979), and can be operated in the staring mode or in the scanning (TDI) mode. This paper describes the basic building blocks used to fabricate the camera, as well as a new 1904 x 48 virtual phase CCD sensor. Data relating to the performance of the sensor and the complete camera is presented.
Crystal structure of a G-protein beta gamma dimer at 2.1A resolution

Many signalling cascades use seven-helical transmembrane receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins (G alpha beta gamma) to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Upon nucleotide exchange catalysed by activated receptors, heterotrimers dissociate into GTP-bound G alpha subunits and G beta gamma dimers, either of which can modulate many downstream effectors. Here we use multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data to solve the crystal structure of the beta gamma dimer of the G protein transducin. The beta-subunit is primarily a seven-bladed beta-propeller that is partially encircled by an extended gamma-subunit. The beta-propeller, which contains seven structurally similar WD repeats, defines the stereochemistry of the WD repeat and the probable architecture of all WD-repeat-containing domains. The structure details interactions between G protein beta- and gamma-subunits and highlights regions implicated in effector modulation for the conserved family of G protein beta gamma dimers.
MMPI Profiles of Native-, Mexican-, and Caucasian-American Male Alcoholics

Surnmury.-Sixteen Native-American and 16 Mexican-American men were matched with Caucasian-American men on the basis of age and marital status. All subjects took the MMPI during inpatient rehabilitation for alccholism. The present finhngs support earlier observations rhat ( a ) the 2-4 code type is a normative group profile among alcoholics. ( b ) Mexican Americans tend to score higher than Caucasians on Scale L, and (c) signifiant differences berween ethnic groups tend not to appear when the samples are matched for relevant variables like age and marital status.
Cost effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus postexposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers.

Objective: The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) published recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of healthcare workers in May 1998. The aim of this study was to analyse the cost effectiveness of the USPHS PEP guidelines. Design and setting: This was a modelling study in the setting of the US healthcare system in 1998. The analysis was performed from the societal perspective; however, only HIV healthcare costs were considered and health-related losses of productivity were not included. Methods: A decision tree incorporating a Markov model was created for 4 PEP strategies: the current USPHS recommendations, triple drug therapy, zidovudine monotherapy or no prophylaxis. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation was performed. Confidence intervals (CIs) around cost-effectiveness estimates were estimated by a bootstrapping method. Results: The costs (in 1997 US dollars) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) saved by each strategy were as follows: monotherapy $US688 (95% CI: $US624 to $US750); USPHS recommendations $US5211 (95% CI: $US5126 to $US5293); and triple drug therapy $US8827 (95% CI: $US8715 to $US8940). The marginal cost per year of life saved was: USPHS recommendations $US81 987 (95% CI: $US80 437 to $US83 689); triple drug therapy $US970 451 (95% CI: $US924 786 to $US1 014 429). Sensitivity testing showed that estimates of the probability of seroconversion for each category of exposure were most influential, but did not change the order of strategies in the baseline analysis. With the prolonged HIV stage durations and increased costs associated with recent innovations in HIV therapy, the marginal cost effectiveness of the USPHS PEP strategy was decreased to $US62 497/QALYsaved. All 3 intervention strategies were cost effective compared with no postexposure prophylaxis. Conclusions: Current USPHS PEP recommendations are marginally cost effective compared with monotherapy, but the additional efficacy of triple drug therapy for all risk categories is rewarded by only a small reduction in HIV infections at great expense. For the foreseeable future, assuming innovations in therapy that employ expensive drug combinations earlier in the HIV disease course to extend life expectancy and the increasing prevalence of HIV drug resistance, our model supports the use of the USPHS PEP guidelines.
Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Actin-Myosin and Adhesion Dynamics at the Cell Leading Edge

The ‘molecular clutch’ hypothesis has been proposed to describe how a cell grips a surface and exerts force in order to crawl: A network of F-actin filaments near the leading edge of the cell undergoes continual turnover and treadmilling. When adhesion increases in response to guidance cues, forces produced by leading edge F-actin polymerization are transmitted mechanically to the extracellular matrix. This creates a pushing force at the leading edge and a traction force between the cell and the substrate, allowing the cell to move forward. We use a combination of theoretical modeling and cell biological data to investigate the coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics and focal adhesion dynamics in cell motility. By correlating the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion proteins, and local traction stresses in migrating PtK1 epithelial cells, we develop a model for the spatiotemporal feedback between the actin cytoskeleton and force-dependent focal adhesion dynamics that allows cells to mechanically interact with their surroundings. We use this model to elucidate the viscoelastic properties of the actin cytoskeleton and the role of tension-dependent focal adhesion maturation in the ‘molecular clutch’ at the cell leading edge.
Firearm Use, Injury, and Lethality in Assaultive Violence An Examination of Ethnic Differences

This article extends the study of race and ethnicity and violence by examining ethnic differences in firearm use, injury, and lethality in assaultive violence (homicide and aggravated assault) in t...
1688 NALOXONE ENHANCES RESPIRATORY OUTPUT IN PIGLETS XHROUGH FOUR WEEKS OF AGE

Endorphins, endogenous neurotransmitters with opiate-like properties, are suspected to modify respiratory drive. Naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist, has been shown to enhance respiratory output (RO) in adult cats (Lawson, JAP 47:1105, 1979) and spontaneously breathing rabbits ≤4 days but not in rabbits ≥5 days (Hazinsky, Ped Res 14:643, 1980). To further investigate the central response to naloxone in young animals without confounding blood gas changes, 5 young piglets (<7 days) and 5 older piglets (≥21 days) were anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated (FIO2=1.0). End tidal CO2 was kept. constant by a servo-controller (mean end tidal CO2=31.5mmHg). RO was quantified by moving average of the phrenic neurogram. Breath-by-breath frequency, neural tidal volume, inspiratory rate of rise, TI and TE were calculated by an on-line computer. A baseline period of RO was recorded following which naloxone (.4 mg/kg) was given intravenously. RO 5 minutes after naloxone was compared to baseline. In young piglets RO increased to 192±27% (±SEM) of baseline. RO of older piglets increased to 141±7% of the baseline value. In both young and older piglets the increase in RO was due to increased neural tidal volume (185±21% and 137±5% respectively) which resulted from enhanced inspiratory rate of rise (218±31% and 147±16% respectively). TI was slightly shortened in 8/10 animals. TE remained effectively unchanged. We conclude that 1) naloxone enhances the RO in both younger and older piglets; and 2) the increase in RO is due to increased central respiratory drive.
Ammonium-nitrogen transformation and nitrogen retention in broiler manure supplemented with a soil amendment containing nitrifying bacteria.

The effect of a soil amendment on ammonium nitrogen transformation and nitrogen retention in broiler manure was evaluated. Prior to incubation, broiler manure was mixed with autoclaved soil or non-autoclaved soil in different ratios to make 1 kg mixtures; broiler manure:non-autoclaved soil = 9:1, 5:5, and 1:9 or broiler manure:autoclaved soil = 9:1, 5:5, and 1:9. The non-autoclaved soil treatment reduced either numerically or significantly NH4 +-N concentration compared to the autoclaved soil treatment during the 8-wk incubation. Total-N concentration of the non-autoclaved soil treatments was lower than the autoclaved soil treatments from 4 to 8 wk. The lowest manure to non-autoclaved soil treatment (M:S = 1:9) had considerably more nitrite and nitrate; however, the higher ratio manure to non-autoclaved soil treatments (M:S = 9:1 and 5:5) had slightly higher total nitrite and nitrate levels compared to the same ratio of autoclaved soil treatments. The moisture level of the 9:1, 5:5, and 1:9 M:S treatments...
Prospects of Creating Qubit with Ultracold RbCs Molecules in Lowest Quantum States

We report observation of ultracold ground-state RbCs molecules in a dual MOT and present a photoassociation and optical pumping scheme for efficient generation of ultracold ground-state RbCs in lowest rovibrational states for creation of qubits.
Sensitivity analysis in stochastic flow networks using the Monte Carlo method

Consider a flow network whose nodes do not restrict flow transmission and arcs have random, discrete, and independent capacities. Let s and t be a pair of selected nodes, let δ denote the value of a maximum s—t flow, and let Γ denote a set of s–t cuts. Also, let ℱ denote a set of independent joint capacity distributions with common state space. For fixed l < u, this paper develops methods for approximating the probability that l ≤ Δ < u and the probability that a cut in Γ is minimum given that l ≤ δ < u for each distribution in ℱ. Since these evaluations are NP-hard problems, it shows how information obtained during an iterative procedure for computing the probability that l ≤ δ < u can be used for designing an efficient Monte Carlo sampling plan that performs sampling at few capacity distributions and uses sampling data to estimate the probabilities of interest at each distribution in ℱ. The set of sampling distributions is chosen by solving an uncapacitated facility location problem. The paper also describes techniques for computing confidence intervals and includes an algorithm for implementing the sampling experiment. An example illustrates the efficiency of the proposed method. This method is applicable to the computation of performance measures for networks whose elements have discrete random weights (lengths, gains, etc.) for a set of joint weight distributions with common state space. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hawaii imaging Fabry-Perot interferometers

The optical design and performance of the visible/NIR imaging Fabry-Perot interferometers for the 3.6-m CFHT, the 2.2-m University of Hawaii Telescope, and the 3.9-m UKIRT (all at Mauna Kea) are described. The basic configuration combines a high-finesse etalon of free spectral range about 10 nm with a state-of-the-art CCD image-plane array. The criteria considered in selecting the CCDs and etalons are discussed; the quality of the data obtainable is illustrated with sample data (CFHT 658.3-nm emission line profiles of the central region of NGC 1068 and UKIRT B-gamma profiles of the Galactic center); and the instrument calibration and artefact problems are outlined. It is suggested that, while Fabry-Perot devices offer the best visible-NIR performance at present, Fourier-transform and long-slit spectroscopy show great promise for the future, especially in the IR.
Estimate of the impact of FDG-avidity on the dose required for head and neck radiotherapy local control.

Background and purpose Although FDG-avid tumors are recognized as a potential target for dose escalation, there is no clear basis for selecting a boost dose to counter this apparent radioresistance. Using a novel analysis method, based on the new concept of an outcome-equivalent dose, we estimate the extra dose required to equalize local control between FDG-avid and non-avid head and neck tumors.
Effects of exercise training on brain opioid peptides and serum LH in female rats.

Abstract In order to investigate the effects of long-term exercise training on brain endorphin systems, and the latter's possible effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, female Wistar rats were subjected to daily treadmill running. A sedentary control group was also employed. After 8 weeks of training, and just prior to sacrifice, one-half of each group received a final fatiguing bout of exercise. Thus the final four groups consisted of a trained-fatigued (TF), trained-nonfatigued (TN), control-fatigued (CF), and control-nonfatigued (CN) group. Regional brain levels of beta-endorphin (βE), methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin (LE) were assayed with independent RIAs from the nucleus accumbens, cortex, caudate-putamen, septum, amygdala, anterior and posterior hypothalamus, substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum. Diestrus serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) were also determined. Fatiguing resulted in a decrease in serum LH levels as well as an increase in βE content in the nucleus accumbens, and LE content in the ventral tegmentum. Finally, TF animals exhibited less LE in the amygdala than the TN rats. Taken together, these changes in brain endorphins may indicate an acute, fatigue-running modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on mammalian cells in tissue cultures

Abstract The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), a toxic byproduct of the production of the herbicide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, upon growth has been studied with in vitro cultures of the following mammalian cell types: HeLa; Balb-3T3; SV101, virus (SV40)-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts; human foreskin fibroblasts, and human lymphocytes. In all cases TCDD added in a final theoretical concentration of 10 −6 m to the culture medium prior to the addition of cells resulted in no significant inhibition of growth measured after a period of 4 days. Electron microscopic examination of the TCDD-treated cells did not reveal any changes in morphology as compared to untreated cells. Incubation of human fibroblasts and SV101 cells with 14 C-labeled TCDD showed that incorporation of the TCDD into the cells did occur.
Self-Repairing Packaged Strain Sensor With High Repeatability

We present experimental demonstrations of a self-repairing polymer waveguide strain sensor packaged in a polyimide capillary. The waveguide is fabricated between two multi-mode optical fibers through an ultraviolet curable resin and operates as a strain sensor by interrogation of the infrared power transmission through the waveguide. The packaging improves the performance of the sensor as compared to a previous unpackaged version, by removing previous “no-response” zones. The resulting sensor output is monotonic throughout the measurement range. The hysteresis in the sensor behavior among multiple loading cycles is also significantly reduced. A jump in the sensor output voltage is observed after the sensor self-repair process, which presents challenges for calibration of the sensor.
Construction of time-frequency representations from moments

Given the moments of a time-frequency distribution, one can, in principle, construct the characteristic function from which one then obtains the distribution by Fourier transformation. However, often one can not find a closed form for the characteristic function and hence one can not obtain the distribution in a direct manner. We formulate the problem of constructing time-frequency representations from moments without first constructing the characteristic function. Our method is based on expanding the distribution in terms of a complete set of functions where the expansion coeficients are dependent directly on the moments. We apply the method to a case where the even moments are manifestly positive which is a necessary condition for obtaining a proper time-frequency representation.
Swallowing: neurophysiologic control of the esophageal phase.

The esophageal phase of deglutition exhibits an independent neural control as compared to that for the pharynx and requires an interaction between central and peripheral neurons. Primary and secondary peristalsis depends upon a coordinated, sequentially organized neuronal drive in which both a brainstem pathway and a peripheral interganglionic network complement, duplicate, and supplement their individual control mechanisms. Sensory feedback from the pharynx and esophagus modifies motor neuron output to the esophagus both in direct reflex arcs and through a more complex brainstem interneuronal network. Sensory feedback directly affects ganglionic segmental reflexes that link at a peripheral level to coordinate peristalsis timed with relaxation of the caudal sphincter. The neuronal control of the esophagus requires an integrated central and peripheral output that effectively times the relaxation of the rostral and caudal sphincters with simultaneous sequential activation of the esophageal muscles in an aboral direction of peristalsis.
Spontaneous activity in rat vestibular nuclei in brain slices and effects of acetylcholine agonists and antagonists.

Abstract Extracellular recording was used to investigate spontaneously active neurons in all four major nuclei of the rat vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) in brainstem slices. The density of spontaneously active neurons was highest in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), slightly lower in the superior (SuVN) and spinal (SpVN) nuclei, and lowest in the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN). We compared the effects of acetylcholine agonists and antagonists on spontaneously discharging neurons in MVN, SuVN, and SpVN with those in the nearby dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The proportion of neurons responding to carbachol was greatest in DCN and smallest in SpVN. Unlike in DCN, some neurons in MVN, SuVN, and SpVN showed decreased firing during carbachol or muscarine. Magnitudes of responses to carbachol and muscarine were closely correlated (P
[15O]H2O, [15O]O2 and [15O]CO gas production, monitoring and quality control system

The 15O gas production system selects the gas production mode, monitors gas delivery conditions and performs quality control needed during the production and delivery of continuous flow radioactive gas for equilibrium and bolus PET studies. Target gas switches choose the appropriate valve positioning for [15O]H2O, [15O]O2 or [15O]CO production while flow rate, pressure and radioactivity are constantly monitored. The system also includes an IBM PC interfaced gas chromatograph which provides chemical and radiochemical quality control by on-line, real time, gas sampling of the delivery line.
Analysis and modelling of deformed swept volumes

Abstract The sweep differential equation approach and the boundary-flow method developed for the analysis and representation of swept volumes are extended to include objects experiencing deformation. It is found that the theoretical framework can be generalized quite naturally to deformed swept volumes by the enlargement of the Lie group structure of the sweeps. All the usual results, including the boundary-flow formula, are shown to have extensions for swept volumes with deformation. Several special classes of deformation are identified, and their particular properties are studied insofar as they pertain to swept volumes. A program for obtaining deformed swept volumes of planar polygons is described, and is then applied to several examples to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Vapor phase hydrodeoxygenation of furfural to 2-methylfuran on molybdenum carbide catalysts

Vapor phase hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of furfural over Mo2C catalysts at low temperatures (423 K) and ambient pressure showed high/low selectivity to CO bond/C–C bond cleavage, resulting in selectivity to 2-methylfuran (2MF) and furan of ~50–60% and <1%, respectively. Efficient usage of H2 for deoxygenation, instead of unwanted sequential hydrogenation, was evidenced by the low selectivity to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. The apparent activation energy and H2 order for 2MF production rates were both found to be invariant with furfural conversion caused by catalyst deactivation, suggesting that (1) the measured reaction kinetics are not influenced by the products of furfural HDO and (2) the loss of active sites, presumably by formation of carbonaceous species observed by TEM analysis, is the reason for the observed catalyst deactivation. The observed half order dependence of 2MF production rates on H2 pressure at different furfural pressures (~0.12–0.96 kPa) and the 0–0.3 order dependence in furfural pressure support the idea of two distinct sites required for vapor phase furfural HDO reactions on Mo2C catalysts. The invariance of 2MF production rates normalized by the number of catalytic centers assessed via ex situ CO chemisorption suggests that metal-like sites on Mo2C catalysts are involved in selective HDO reactions.
Cocirculation of Two Distinct Genetic and Antigenic Lineages of Proposed Influenza D Virus in Cattle

ABSTRACT Viruses with approximately 50% homology to human influenza C virus (ICV) have recently been isolated from swine and cattle. The overall low homology to ICV, lack of antibody cross-reactivity to ICV in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion assays, and inability to productively reassort with ICV led to the proposal that these viruses represented a new genus of influenza virus, influenzavirus D (IDV). To further our understanding of the epidemiology of IDV, real-time reverse transcription-PCR was performed on a set of 208 samples from bovines with respiratory disease. Ten samples (4.8%) were positive and six viruses were successfully isolated in vitro . Phylogenetic analysis of full-genome sequences of these six new viruses and four previously reported viruses revealed two distinct cocirculating lineages represented by D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (D/OK) and D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (D/660), which frequently reassorted with one another. Antigenic analysis using the HI assay and lineage-representative D/OK and D/660 antiserum found up to an approximate 10-fold loss in cross-reactivity against heterologous clade antiserum. One isolate, D/bovine/Texas/3-13/2011 (D/3-13), clustered with the D/660 lineage, but also had high HI titers to heterologous (D/OK) clade antiserum. Molecular modeling of the hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein of D/3-13 identified a mutation at position 212 as a possible antigenic determinant responsible for the discrepant HI results. These results suggest that IDV is common in bovines with respiratory disease and that at least two genetic and antigenically distinct clades cocirculate. IMPORTANCE A novel bovine influenza virus was recently identified. Detailed genetic and antigenic studies led to the proposal that this virus represents a new genus of influenza, influenzavirus D (IDV). Here, we show that IDV is common in clinical samples of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), with a prevalence similar to that of other established BRDC etiological agents. These results are in good agreement with the near-ubiquitous seroprevalence of IDV previously found. Phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences found evidence for two distinct cocirculating lineages of IDV which freely reassort. Significant antigenic differences, which generally agreed with the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin esterase phylogeny, were observed between the two lineages. Based on these results, and on the ability of IDV to infect and transmit in multiple mammalian species, additional studies to determine the pathogenic potential of IDV are warranted.
Margin placement of esthetic veneer crowns. Part II: Posterior tooth visibility

The amount of posterior tooth visibility was analyzed in a population of 425 subjects. By scoring photographic data, the percentage of posterior teeth that could have a crown margin placed in their occlusal, middle, and gingival sections without showing were calculated. The results of this study indicate that: 1. For esthetic reasons, posterior margin placement should be handled on an individual basis. 2. The routine placement of either supragingival or subgingival margins for esthetics alone on posterior teeth may be over- or under-treating, respectively, a portion of the population. 3. A substantial percentage of the population studied had posterior gingival sections that were visible. A substantial percentage also had gingival sections that were not visible.
Catching Fireflies: a persuasive augmented reality game for Android phones

This poster explains the development of the unique game Catching Fireflies and how it is an example of persuasive technology used to draw people outdoors. Catching Fireflies is a game for Android operating systems which uses multiple aspects of the phone including the camera, GPS, accelerometers, orientation and proximity sensors, vibration, and camera LEDs, among others.
Protease-activated quantum dot probes

We demonstrate a novel quantum dot based probe with inherent signal amplification upon interaction with a targeted proteolytic enzyme. This probe may be useful for imaging in cancer detection and diagnosis. In this system, quantum dots (QDs) are bound to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via a proteolytically-degradable peptide sequence to non-radiatively suppress luminescence. A 71% reduction in luminescence was achieved with conjugation of AuNPs to QDs. Peptide cleavage results in release of AuNPs and restores radiative QD photoluminescence. Initial studies observed a 52% rise in luminescence over 47 hours of exposure to 0.2 mg/mL collagenase. These probes can be customized for targeted degradation simply by changing the sequence of the peptide linker.
Theorising maybe: A feminist/queer theory convergence

In this article, I examine the seemingly incompatible epistemologies of sex offered by dominance (‘governance’) feminism and queer theory. While these bodies of work, especially when applied to US ...