cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POLLINATOR CONSTANCY AS A PRE‐POLLINATION ISOLATING MECHANISM BETWEEN SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF CERCIDIUM

About 200 years ago it was recognized that floral color attracted bees and other insects (Sprengel, 1793). Recently, visible (to man) floral colors have also been implicated in a pre-pollination isolating mechanism (Levin and Kerster, 1967; Levin and Schaal, 1970). The attraction of bees to flowers is governed by more than the colors visible to the human eye (Daumer, 1958). Bees, unlike man and other vertebrates, are capable of discriminating ultraviolet (UV) light (Daumer, 1956; Atrum and von Zwehl, 1964). Although many workers have attempted to correlate UV floral patterns with the ultravioletsensory system of some insects, with the exception of Daumer (1958) and Jones and Buchmann (1974), few quantitative analyses of the biological and evolutionary significance have been published. Nearly 100 yr ago Herman Muller (1873) emphasized floral odor as an important insect attractant to blossoms. Since then many authors have stressed the importance of scent as an attraction stimulus for the more specialized vectors (examples include: Bateman, 1951; Lex, 1954; Kugler, 1955; Kullenberg, 1956, 1961; Manning, 1956, 1957; Aufsess, 1960; Dodson, et al., 1969). The major orientation cues utilized by bees when near the goal, in this case the food provided by the flowers, then appears to be floral color and odor. (For a review of the various points of view regarding the importance of each, see von Frisch, 1967; Dodson, et al., 1969; Wenner, 1974.) Since many species have distinct UV floral patterns (Daumer, 1958; Kevan, 1972; Guldberg and Atsatt, 1975) it seemed that such differences might be an effective prepollination mechanism isolating congeneric species. In the case of closely related, simultaneously flowering, sympatric species, pollinator fidelity to floral color (UV or otherwise) may be enough to maintain species integrity. Straw (1956) and Grant (1963) argued along similar lines. The present investigation was undertaken to determine if ultraviolet floral pattern differences beween Cercidium floridum, the Blue Palo Verde, and C. microphyllum, the Foothill or Small-leaved Palo Verde act as an effective pre-pollination isolating mechanism between these sympatric, caesalpinaceous legumes.
Identification of the source of reagent variability in the xanthydrol/urea method

Contamination of food and food packaging material by rodent urine is evidence of insanitary conditions. Urea from rodent urine is used as a chemical indicator of contamination. The limit of detection of the xanthydrol/urea AOAC Method 959.14 by formation of dixanthylurea crystals is 4 micrograms urea isolated from urine on packaging material. Six different lots of xanthydrol from 5 different manufacturers were compared. Differences in urea detection sensitivity of the xanthydrol of up to 1000-fold were observed. Melting points showed further evidence of variability and impurities in xanthydrol lots. A liquid chromatographic method was developed to separate and identify the impurities. Confirmation of analytes was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Ocular Adnexal Lymphoproliferative Disease

Ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease (OALD) represents a variably defined amalgam of pathology that affects the tissues surrounding the eye: the orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. It occurs with such regular frequency in the general population that it is a relatively routine diagnosis for the orbital specialist. In this chapter, we will concentrate on orbital presentations, which constitute 50–60% of all OALD. Other ocular adnexal sites are covered in detail in Chap. 25. Recent advances in clinical, histopathologic, and cytogenetic diagnosis have greatly improved the understanding and, hopefully, the management and prognosis of OALD.
A web-based and mobile patient-centered “microblog” messaging platform to improve care team communication in acute care

Communication in acute care settings is fragmented and occurs asynchronously via a variety of electronic modalities. Providers are often not on the same page with regard to the plan of care. We designed and developed a secure, patient-centered "microblog" messaging platform that identifies care team members by synchronizing with the electronic health record, and directs providers to a single forum where they can communicate about the plan of care. The system was used for 35% of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit over a 6-month period. Major themes in messages included care coordination (49%), clinical summarization (29%), and care team collaboration (27%). Message transparency and persistence were seen as useful features by 83% and 62% of respondents, respectively. Availability of alternative messaging tools and variable use by non-unit providers were seen as main barriers to adoption by 83% and 62% of respondents, respectively. This approach has much potential to improve communication across settings once barriers are addressed.
Abstract A03: A role for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in breast cancer growth and metastasis

The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been well-characterized as a mediator of numerous inflammatory disease processes. We have previously demonstrated that expression of MIF in the primary tumor promotes growth and metastasis in the 4T1 murine model of breast cancer. MIF is overexpressed in many cancer types, including breast cancer, and the degree of MIF expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness. We therefore sought to understand the link between primary tumor expression of MIF and increased tumor growth and metastasis. As a cytokine, we hypothesized that MIF would function by controlling some aspect of the interaction between tumor and host immune system. This was supported by our observation that MIF expression was no longer required for growth and metastasis in an immunodeficient SCID/bg host. Using flow cytometry, we discovered that MIF expression in the primary tumor decreased the abundance of intra-tumoral CD8+ T cells, as well as inhibited those cells9 ability to produce the cytokine IFNgamma. We also found that depletion of T cells from MIF KD tumor bearing mice restored tumor growth to the level of WT tumors, while this depletion had no effect on the growth of WT tumors. This suggests that T cells are playing an important role in the control of tumor growth seen in MIF KD tumors. Previous work in the lab has also shown that MIF expression in the primary tumor increased the abundance of an immunosuppressive cell subset known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesize that this population of cells is responsible for the reduced T cell infiltration and activity seen MIF-expressing tumors, and we aim to determine the mechanisms by which MIF promotes MDSC accumulation and/or function, and how the MDSCs are inhibiting T cell activity in the tumor. Citation Format: Kristen N. Balogh, Janet V. Cross. A role for Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in breast cancer growth and metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A03.
Gamma-ray puzzle in Cygnus X: Implications for high-energy neutrinos

The Cygnus X region contains giant molecular cloud complexes and populous associates of massive young stars. The discovery of spatially extended, hard $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission in Cygnus X by both Milagro and Fermi indicates that Cygnus X is also a potential source of high-energy Galactic neutrinos. Here, we adapt our single-zone model for cosmic ray interactions in the central molecular zones of starburst galaxies for use in Cygnus X. We calculate the potential neutrino flux corresponding to the hard $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission from the ``Cygnus Cocoon'' and to the soft, diffuse interstellar $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission. We check our results by comparing the corresponding $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission against the Fermi interstellar emission model and Milagro, ARGO-YBJ, and HAWC observations. In comparing our results against a recent IceCube analysis and the current sensitivity limits, we find that neutrino emission from the Cocoon has a large enough flux that it could plausibly be detected, provided hadronic interactions are occurring at sufficiently high energies. High-energy neutrinos from Cygnus X would provide direct evidence for the presence of as yet unidentified PeV energy accelerators in the Galactic disk.
Entanglement measurement-device-independent Quantum Key Distribution

We propose a measurement-device-independent Quantum Key Distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol using weak coherent states and entanglement from weak coherent pulses. To overcome the side channel attacks, the sender and the receiver use decoy states to verify the security of the quantum channel. Then, they use uncorrelated entangled pairs to establish a correlated entanglement between them. The protocol establishes entangled communication channel between the sender and the receiver without performing the quantum distillation protocol. The protocol provides protection against side channel attacks such as photon-number-splitting (PNS). During the communication process, each party chooses to prepare a decoy state or a signal state. Then, they send their signals to a third party who performs Bell state measurement and then announces the measurement result. Using the information from the third party, who also could be an attacker, the sender and the receiver analyze the communication channel for any abnormalities. After verifying the security of the communication channel, the sender and the receiver establish the entanglement together for sharing secret keys.
Co-development of fraction magnitude knowledge and mathematics achievement from fourth through sixth grade

Abstract Fraction magnitude understanding is linked to student achievement in mathematics, but the direction of the relation is not clear. To assess whether fraction magnitude knowledge and mathematics achievement develop in a bidirectional fashion, participants (N = 536) completed a standardized mathematics achievement test and two measures of fraction magnitude understanding—fraction comparisons and fraction number line estimation (FNLE)—twice yearly in 4th–6th grades. Cross-lagged panel models revealed significant autoregressive paths for both achievement and magnitude knowledge, indicating longitudinal stability after accounting for correlational and cross-lagged associations. Mathematics achievement consistently predicted later FNLE and fraction comparison performance. FNLE and fraction comparisons predicted mathematics achievement at all time points, although this relation diminished over time. Findings suggest that fraction magnitude knowledge and broader mathematics achievement mutually support one another. FNLE predicted subsequent mathematics achievement more strongly than did fraction comparisons, possibly because the FNLE task is a more specific measure of fraction magnitude understanding.
Antisense suppression of the nonsense mediated decay factor Upf3b as a potential treatment for diseases caused by nonsense mutations.

About 11% of all human genetic diseases are caused by nonsense mutations that generate premature translation termination codons (PTCs) in messenger RNAs (mRNA). PTCs not only lead to the production of truncated proteins, but also often result in decreased mRNA abundance due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Although pharmacological inhibition of NMD could be an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of diseases caused by nonsense mutations, NMD also regulates the expression of 10–20% of the normal transcriptome. Here, we investigate whether NMD can be inhibited to stabilize mutant mRNAs, which may subsequently produce functional proteins, without having a major impact on the normal transcriptome. We develop antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to systematically deplete each component in the NMD pathway. We find that ASO-mediated depletion of each NMD factor elicits different magnitudes of NMD inhibition in vitro and are differentially tolerated in normal mice. Among all of the NMD factors, Upf3b depletion is well tolerated, consistent with previous reports that UPF3B is not essential for development and regulates only a subset of the endogenous NMD substrates. While minimally impacting the normal transcriptome, Upf3b-ASO treatment significantly stabilizes the PTC-containing dystrophin mRNA in mdx mice and coagulation factor IX mRNA in a hemophilia mouse model. Furthermore, when combined with reagents promoting translational read-through, Upf3b-ASO treatment leads to the production of functional factor IX protein in hemophilia mice. These data demonstrate that ASO-mediated reduction of the NMD factor Upf3b could be an effective and safe approach for the treatment of diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
Implementing a Sustainability and Resilience Plan: Initiatives and Programs

This chapter describes the implementation of a sustainability and resilience plan once it is established, detailing prospective programs and initiatives to achieve sustainable and resilient outcomes in communities. Furthermore, the chapter of the book defines the sustainability- and resilience-related activities, initiatives, and outcomes, the championing and implementation of the plan. Moreover, an extensive review of the implementation of resilient and sustainable energy practices, initiatives, and projects is provided. The four distinct areas of Quadruple Bottom Line (QBL) and corresponding implementation strategies are featured as social, economic, environmental, and governance functions of resilient and sustainable community planning. Contemporary cities, townships, villages, and counties implement comprehensive, quantifiable resilience and sustainability projects and initiatives with an ultimate goal of cost and carbon reduction.
Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers in Heart Failure

Following the initial discovery of a natriuretic and diuretic peptide factor present in atrial myocardial tissue homogenates, subsequent elucidation of the natriuretic peptide (NP) family has led to substantial advances in the understanding of the autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine regulation of the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, with the development of assays for the measurement of the NPs, these important biomarkers have gone from being regarded as biological mediators of the cardiovascular system to now represent important clinical tools for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with heart failure and may have potential as a therapeutic target in this setting as well. An historical perspective on the NPs from bench to bedside translation will be discussed.
A gyroscope deviometer for measurement of strabismus

We describe a hand-held gyroscope deviometer that an examiner can use to measure strabismic deviations without prisms. The deviometer is ideally suited for use with small children who will not allow prisms to be held near their eyes, and adults with poor fixation in one eye. The device consists of a fixation light attached to a gimbal-mounted single-axis gyroscope. The gyroscope provides the necessary reference for horizontal deviations. Gravity provides the reference for vertical deviations. As the patient observes his or her reflection with the fixing eye in a plane mirror at the end of the room, the examiner positions the corneal light reflex in the pupil of the deviating eye and presses a rocker switch to the "reset" position, zeroing the deviometer. The examiner then aims the deviometer fixation light at a reflection of itself in a plane mirror located on the wall behind the subject and presses the rocker switch to the "read" position. Horizontal and vertical deviations are displayed to the nearest degree. The accuracy of the device is dependent upon the examiner's ability to position the corneal light reflex correctly in the pupil of the deviating eye.
Human Sound Localization Depends on Sound Intensity: Implications for Sensory Coding

A fundamental question of human perception is how we perceive target locations in space. Through our eyes and skin, the activation patterns of sensory organs provide rich spatial cues. However, for other sensory dimensions, including sound localization and visual depth perception, spatial locations must be computed by the brain. For instance, interaural time differences (ITDs) of the sounds reaching the ears allow listeners to localize sound in the horizontal plane. Our experiments tested two prevalent theories on how ITDs affect human sound localization: 1) the labelled-line model, encoding space through tuned representations of spatial location; versus 2) the hemispheric-difference model, representing space through spike-rate distances relative to a perceptual anchor. Unlike the labelled-line model, the hemispheric-difference model predicts that with decreasing intensity, sound localization should collapse toward midline reference, and this is what we observed behaviorally. These findings cast doubt on models of human sound localization that rely on a spatially tuned map. Moreover, analogous experimental results in vision indicate that perceived depth depends upon the contrast of the target. Based on our findings, we propose that the brain uses a canonical computation of location across sensory modalities: perceived location is encoded through population spike rate relative to baseline.
Comparison of gold, platinum and sulfide ion selective electrodes as sensors for Eh measurement in sulfide solutions

A comparison of gold, platinum and sulfide ion selective electrodes was made for determination of Eh in solutions containing hydrosulfide ions as a model system. The comparison was made in terms of the accuracy of the measured response, response time, pH dependence, and reproducibility of measurement. The sensitivity of each electrode towards changes in hydrosulfide ion concentration was measured in terms of the change in measured Eh per decade change in concentration. On the basis of a detailed investigation of the electrode processes occurring at the surface of gold and platinum electrodes, it was postulated that within the pH range investigated these electrodes respond to changes in the hydrosulfide ion concentration in solution. In comparison, the sulfide ion selective electrode is known to respond to changes in the sulfide ion activity in solution. Although the potentials measured with gold and platinum electrodes were mixed potentials, pretreatment procedures can be used to obtain a signal suitable for process control. For control of hydrosulfide ions in flotation pulps, the use of a gold electrode pretreated at 1.0 V with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode is recommended.
Net Interactions That Push Cholesterol Away from Unsaturated Phospholipids Are Driven by Enthalpy.

The exchangeable unsaturated phospholipids c1-Phos and c3-Phos, which bear one and three permanent kinks, respectively, in their acyl chains, are mimics of the biologically important, low-melting phosphatidylcholines (PCs) having one and three cis double bonds in their sn-2 chains (i.e., 16:0,18:1 PC and 16:0,18:3 PC, respectively). The net interaction of an exchangeable form of cholesterol (Chol) with c1-Phos and with c3-Phos has been investigated using the nearest-neighbor recognition method. These interactions were found to be unfavorable in both cases having a positive free energy, ω, for replacing like by unlike nearest-neighbor contacts. The values for this free energy (or interaction parameter) were 165 cal/mol between Chol and c1-Phos and 395 cal/mol between Chol and c3-Phos. We now report the temperature dependence of these interactions in liquid-disordered bilayers. Their experimentally determined temperature dependencies, in combination with Monte Carlo simulations, revealed that the interactio...
Low Concordance of Patient-Reported Outcomes With Clinical and Clinical Trial Documentation

PurposeHealth care research increasingly relies on assessment of data extracted from electronic medical records (EMRs). Clinical trial adverse event (AE) logs and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are sources of data often available in the context of specific research projects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of data concordance from these sources.Patients and MethodsPatients enrolled in clinical trials or receiving standard treatment for lung cancer (n = 62) completed validated questionnaires on physical and psychological symptoms at up to three assessment points. Temporally matched documentation was extracted from EMR notes and, for clinical trial participants (n = 41), AE logs. Evaluated data included symptom assessment, vital signs, medication logs, and laboratory values. Agreement (positive, negative) and Cohen’s κ coefficients were calculated to assess concordance of symptoms among sources, with PROs considered the gold standard.ResultsPatient-reported weight loss correlated signific...
Motor Adaptation to Weight Shifting Assistance Transfers to Overground Walking in People with Spinal Cord Injury.

Background Locomotor training has been used to improve walking function in people with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI), but functional gains are relatively small for some patients, which may be due to the lack of weight shifting training. Objective To determine whether applying a pelvis assistance force in the coronal plane during walking would improve weight shifting and stepping in people with iSCI. Design Repeated measures study. Setting Rehabilitation hospital. Participants Seventeen people with iSCI. Interventions A controlled assistance force was bilaterally applied to the pelvis in the medial-lateral direction to facilitate weight shifting, which gradually increased during the course of treadmill walking. Main outcome measures Weight shifting, step length, margin of stability, and muscle activities of the weaker leg were used to quantify gait performance. The spatial-temporal gait parameters during overground walking were collected pre, post, and 10 minutes after treadmill training. Results During treadmill walking, participants significantly improved weight shifting (ie, center of mass [CoM] lateral distance reduced from 0.16 ± 0.06 m to 0.12 ± 0.07 m, P = .012), and increased step length (from 0.35 ± 0.08 m to 0.37 ± 0.09 m, P = .037) on the stronger side when the force was applied, which were partially retained (ie, CoM distance was 0.14 ± 0.06, P = .019, and step length was 0.37 ± 0.09 m, P = .005) during the late postadaptation period when the force was removed. In addition, weight shifting and step length on the weaker side during overground walking also improved (support base reduced from 0.13 ± 0.06 m to 0.12 ± 0.06 m, P = .042, and step length increased from 0.48 ± 0.12 m to 0.51 ± 0.09 m, P = .045) after treadmill training. Conclusions Applying pelvis assistance during treadmill walking may facilitate weight shifting and improve step length in people with SCI, which may partially transfer to overground walking. Level of evidence III.
University-provided transit and crime in an urban neighborhood

This paper uniquely examines the influence of a new university bus service on urban crime. It concentrates on the interaction between the new bus service and a long-standing safe ride program. The new bus service is associated with a decline in safe rides, and such substitution raises the well-known concern that a fixed transit route may concentrate victims and criminals increasing crime along the new bus routes. Despite this concern, a series of difference-in-difference estimates demonstrate that the bus service reduces crime in the entire university neighborhood and that this reduction is actually largest along the new bus routes.
Acquired von Willebrand's Syndrome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A boy is described with clinical and laboratory manifestations which were indistinguishable from von Willebrand’s disease. However, the relatively recent onset of symptoms, the negative family history, and the normal coagulation studies in both parents and six siblings led to the belief that the bleeding syndrome was acquired rather than inherited. The patient subsequently developed systemic lupus erythematosus following a smallpox vaccination. The findings of von Willebrand’s syndrome disappeared following corticosteroid therapy and did not return after cessation of therapy.
A subglacial hydrologic drainage hypothesis for silt sorting and deposition during retreat in Pine Island Bay

Late Holocene sediment deposits in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica, are hypothesized to be linked to intensive meltwater drainage during the retreat of the paleo-Pine Island Ice Stream after the Last Glacial Maximum. The uppermost sediment units show an abrupt transition from ice-proximal debris to a draped silt during the late Holocene, which is interpreted to coincide with rapid deglaciation. The small scale and fine sorting of the upper unit could be attributed to origins in subglacial meltwater; however the thickness and deposition rate for this unit imply punctuated- rather than continuous-deposition. This, combined with the deposit's location seaward of large, bedrock basins, has led to the interpretation of this unit as the result of subglacial lake outbursts in these basins. However, the fine-scale sorting of the silt unit is problematic for this energetic interpretation, which should mobilize and deposit a wider range of sediment sizes. To resolve this discrepancy, we present an alternative mechanism in which the silt was sorted by a distributed subglacial water system, stored in bedrock basins far inland of the grounding line, and subsequently eroded at higher flow speeds during retreat. We demonstrate that this mechanism is physically plausible given the subglacial conditions during the late Holocene. We hypothesize that similar silt units observed elsewhere in Antarctica downstream of bedrock basins could be the result of the same mechanism.
Abstract IA12: Preventing melanoma progression through a genomic approach

The InterMEL Program Project has been designed to fill a gap in our knowledge about the biology and clinical course of Stage II and Stage III melanoma. This program, Integration of Clinical and Molecular Biomarkers for Melanoma Survival, is work from a consortium of 12 institutions, using primary melanomas, and differs from the TCGA, which was 80% metastatic melanoma. We are attempting to use genomics (next-gen sequencing, methylation analyses, miRNA, and expression analyses) to form an integrated signature for survival among those diagnosed with Stages II and III melanoma. Such a signature could assist clinicians in determining whether to treat the patient, prior to metastases, with newer therapies or to less aggressively follow those patients unlikely to die of their disease. To do this, we are evaluating 1,000 tumors—500 from those who died from melanoma within 5 years, and 500 from those who lived more than 5 years without progression. Expert pathologists review each lesion for eligibility and classification of clinical characteristics. These tumors have not been treated with immunotherapy or targeted therapies. Full clinical information is available for each tumor, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, anatomic site, histologic subtype, AJCC8 stage, sentinel lymph node status, Breslow thickness, ulceration, mitotic index, TILs, regression, satellites, tumor purity, date of progression (if progressed), vital status, follow-up time to death or last contact. To date, we have clinical and pathologic data on more than 500 of the 1,000 tumors and genomic data on more than 100 of these. We find better survival among those with higher mutation burden, poorer survival among those with a CIMP methylation phenotype, and a number of miRNAs associated with survival. Citation Format: Marianne Berwick, InterMEL. Preventing melanoma progression through a genomic approach [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA12.
MGC 2214+3550: A New Binary Quasar

We report the discovery of a binary quasar, MGC 2214+3550A,B, whose components have similar optical spectra at a redshift of z=0.88. The quasars are separated on the sky by 30 and have a magnitude difference of ΔmI=0.5 mag. The VLA radio map at 3.6 cm shows a single 47 mJy radio source with a core-jet morphology that is coincident with the brighter optical quasar A. Gravitational lensing is ruled out by the lack of radio emission from quasar B and the lack of any visible galaxies to act as the lens. We conclude that MGC 2214+3550A and B are physically associated. With a projected separation of 12.7 h−1 kpc (Ω0=1), MGC 2214+3550A,B is one of the smallest z>0.5 binary quasars.
p-120 Catenin is a Useful Diagnostic Biomarker for Distinguishing Plasmacytoid and Sarcomatoid Variants From Conventional Urothelial Carcinoma.

Context.— Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PC-UC) is an aggressive variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC), characterized by loss of E-cadherin (E-Cad)-mediated intercellular adhesion. Loss of E-Cad by immunohistochemistry can help diagnosis PC-UC; however, sensitivity is limited. Expression of other cadherin-catenin adhesion complex members, that is, p-120 catenin (p-120) and β-catenin (B-Cat), which are diagnostically useful for lobular breast carcinoma, remains unknown in UC. Objective.— To determine the utility of p-120 and B-Cat in conventional and variant UC. Design.— E-cadherin, B-Cat, and p-120 immunohistochemistry was performed in 25 conventional UCs and 33 variant UCs, including 22 PC-UCs, 6 sarcomatoid UCs (SUCs), and 5 micropapillary UCs. Membranous staining for all biomarkers was considered normal; however, any cytoplasmic staining or an absence of staining was considered diagnostically abnormal. Next-generation sequencing was performed on 8 PC-UC cases. Results.— E-cadherin, B-Cat, and p-120 showed membranous staining in all conventional and micropapillary UCs. In contrast, most PC-UCs were negative for E-Cad (17 of 22; 77%) with an additional 2 of 22 cases (9%) showing cytoplasmic with partial membranous staining. p-120 catenin demonstrated cytoplasmic or negative staining in 21 of 22 cases (95%). Most SUCs showed an absence of E-Cad (5 of 6; 83%) and cytoplasmic or negative p-120 in 5 of 6 cases (83%). Staining for B-Cat was also abnormal in a subset of PC-UCs and SUCs. Five PC-UC cases that harbored CDH1 gene variants were p-120 cytoplasmic positive. Conclusions.— p-120 catenin is a useful adjunct biomarker to E-Cad in the clinically important distinction of PC-UC and SUC from conventional UC. In particular, the combination of cytoplasmic p-120 and loss of E-Cad is strongly supportive of PC-UC and SUC.
The short-term efficacy and safety of fractional CO2 laser therapy for vulvovaginal symptoms in menopause, breast cancer, and lichen sclerosus.

Objective: To review the short-term effects and safety of vulvovaginal fractional microablative CO2 laser therapy on atrophy symptoms using validated questionnaires pre- and posttreatment. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review from January, 2016 to December, 2019 on 139 women with vulvovaginal atrophy symptoms, who completed three treatments about 6 weeks apart. All were >18 years old and nonpregnant. As is the practice in our clinic for all women receiving treatment, they were surveyed prior to the 1st and 3rd treatments with validated questionnaires, Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire (VSQ), as well as a visual analog scale (VAS). Paired t test was completed on the pre- and post FSFI and VAS scores. Pre- and postproportions of the VSQ were evaluated by the Fisher's exact test. Means were presented for each study variable. Multivariable regression analysis was completed on continuous and binomial variables for scores predictors. Results: Mean age was 62 years with a mean follow-up of 13.8 weeks. Concomitant topical estrogen was reported in 53% (n = 74). Breast cancer diagnosis was documented in 27% (n = 38), and lichen sclerosus in 22% (n = 31). All FSFI scores improved (pre: 12.7, post: 19.0, P < 0.001). The VSQ showed 18 of 21 questions significantly improved (P < 0.05). The VAS showed significant improvement in painful intercourse (pre: 6.6, post: 2.4, P < 0.001), and vulvar dryness (pre: 4.6, post: 1.5, P < 0.001). Posttreatments, 17 additional women became sexually active. No major adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Fractional CO2 laser may be effective and safe for the treatment vulvovaginal atrophy. Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A700.
Site Selection Bias in Program Evaluation

"Site selection bias" can occur when the probability that a program is adopted or evaluated is correlated with its impacts. I test for site selection bias in the context of the Opower energy conservation programs, using 111 randomized control trials involving 8.6 million households across the U.S. Predictions based on rich microdata from the first ten replications substantially overstate efficacy in the next 101 sites. Several mechanisms caused this positive selection. For example, utilities in more environmentalist areas are more likely to adopt the program, and their customers are more responsive to the treatment. Also, because utilities initially target treatment at higher-usage consumer subpopulations, efficacy drops as the program is later expanded. The results illustrate how program evaluations can still give systematically biased out-of-sample predictions, even after many replications.
Bridging Two Worlds: Application of Organizational Theory to Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Background This review summarizes applications of organizational theory and management research to cardiac surgery as it relates to patient outcomes and the adoption of new technology. Methods A total of 17 papers published in top organizational theory and management journals from 2000-2020 that examined the cardiac surgery care setting were included. Findings were classified according to two major outcomes of interest: patient care and new technology adoption patterns. Findings were further stratified based on whether predictors of these outcomes were individual-, team-, or organizational-level factors. Results A growing number of studies in the organizational theory and management literature has been using the cardiovascular care setting as a research context. Applying the various theoretical lens of organizational theory, these studies have studied how individual-, team-, and organizational-level factors influence 1) patient care outcomes such as patient mortality rates, readmission rates, post-surgery complication rates, surgery duration, and length-of-stay and 2) the adoption of new technologies or the abandonment of old technologies. Examples of these factors include task specialization, multi-siting, attribution, team familiarity dispersion, distribution of failure, workload, responsibility complementarity, expertise, team learning processes, technology status, organizational missions, and organizational status. Conclusions Well-established and studied principles from the fields of organizational theory and management research can provide unique and valuable insights into how care processes, individual attributes, systems-related factors, and the interplay between such factors affect cardiac surgical patient outcomes and clinical care. Expanding collaboration between these fields and clinicians in cardiac surgery seems prudent.
Overview of Randomness Test on Cryptographic Algorithms

Randomness is an important research topic in the field of information security, especially in cryptography. Randomness test techniques are used to examine the quality of random numbers so that they meet the requirements of the application. The randomness of cryptographic algorithms is one of the key concerns in the algorithm design. People have put forward different standards and test requirements for the randomness of cryptographic algorithms, as well as developed corresponding randomness test kits. This paper analyzes the randomness test technologies of cryptographic algorithms and the general randomness test methods, and compares them on this basis. At the end, the actual application scenarios to apply these randomness test methods are discussed.
Motif magnetism and quantum many-body scars

We generally expect quantum systems to thermalize and satisfy the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), which states that finite-energy-density eigenstates are thermal. However, some systems, such as many-body localized systems and systems with quantum many-body scars, violate ETH and have high-energy athermal eigenstates. In systems with scars, most eigenstates thermalize, but a few atypical scar states do not. Scar states can give rise to a periodic revival when time-evolving particular initial product states, which can be detected experimentally. Recently, a family of spin Hamiltonians was found with magnetically ordered three-colored eigenstates that are quantum many-body scars [Lee et al., Phys. Rev. B 101, 241111(R) (2020)]. These models can be realized in any lattice that can be tiled by triangles, such as the triangular or kagome lattices, and have been shown to have close connections to the physics of quantum spin liquids in the Heisenberg kagome antiferromagnet. In this paper, we introduce a generalized family of $n$-colored Hamiltonians with ``spiral colored'' eigenstates made from $n$-spin motifs such as polygons or polyhedra. We show how these models can be realized in many different lattice geometries and provide numerical evidence that they can exhibit quantum many-body scars with periodic revivals that can be observed by time-evolving simple product states. The simple structure of these Hamiltonians makes them promising candidates for future experimental studies of quantum many-body scars.
Fundamentals of Infinite Dimensional Representation Theory

Borel Spaces and Selection Theorems. Preliminaries of C* Algebras. Type One von Neumann Algebras. Groups and Group Actions. Induced Actions and Representations. Dual Topologies. Left Hilbert Algebras. The Fourier-Stieltjes Algebra.
Chapter 33 – Aggression, Affiliation, and Parenting

This chapter summarizes how and why humans evolved the seemingly oppositional traits of coalitional aggression and extensive parental care. Coalitions are one of the most striking aspects of human behavior. All societies recognize alliances among communities, usually based on kinship. Intergroup competition is ubiquitous, often deadly and fueled by revenge, and critical to general human welfare. Children in all cultures develop friendship cliques and engage in group-against-group team play. Parenting is also a fundamental component of human sociality. The extent and duration of offspring care is extraordinary—and unique in the huge informational transfer via language and culture. The emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of human family relationships are biologically embedded in neurological and physiological mechanisms. Analysis of affiliative and stress hormonal axes can provide clues into the emotional and cognitive systems that underpin these core aspects of human sociality.
Micro–enterprise development in Third World countries

The art and science of micro–enterprise development in developing countries need to be more than experimental or trial and error. This paper supposes that there are some factors in micro–enterprise development which can be enhanced through a more complete awareness of its dynamics and high learning processes. As the more elusive factors are identified and examined, the educational process can be applied to addressing and implementing change for local and regional private sector development. In other words, how micro–enterprises utilize their internal resources will determine their success in their economic marketplaces. The extent to which the cultural context of the environment and the level of economic pragmatism are addressed will determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the effort to promote social and economic development.
Coding of time-varying signals in spike trains of linear and half-wave rectifying neurons.

The encoding of time-varying stimuli in linear and half-wave rectifying neurons is studied. The information carried in single spike trains is assessed by reconstructing part of the stimulus using mean square estimation methods. For the class of models considered here, the mean square error in the reconstructions and estimates of the rate of information transmission are computed analytically. The optimal encoding of stimuli having statistical properties of natural images predicts a change in the temporal filtering characteristics with mean firing rate. This change relates to those observed experimentally at the early stages of visual processing. The transmission of information by model neurons is shown to be fundamentally limited to a maximum of 1.13 bit/spike and it is conjectured that nonlinear processing is necessary to explain higher rates which have been observed experimentally in certain preparations. In spite of the fact that single neurons might not transmit information efficiently, a substantial part of a time-varying stimulus can be recovered from single spike trains. In particular, our results demonstrate that a small number of ‘noisy’ neurons can carry precise temporal information in their spike trains.
How I treat T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults

T-cell immunophenotype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an uncommon aggressive leukemia that can present with leukemic and/or lymphomatous manifestations. Molecular studies are enhancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of T-ALL, and the discovery of activating mutations of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 in a majority of patients has been a seminal observation. The use of pediatric intensive combination chemotherapy regimens in adolescents and young adults has significantly improved the outcome of patients with T-ALL. The use of nelarabine for relapsed and refractory T-ALL results in responses in a substantial minority of patients. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) still plays a key role in patients with high-risk or relapsed/refractory disease. γ-Secretase inhibitors hold promise for the treatment of patients with NOTCH1 mutations, and the results of clinical trials with these agents are eagerly awaited. It is recommended that younger patients receive a pediatric-intensive regimen. Older and unfit patients can receive suitable multiagent chemotherapy and be allocated to HCT based on their response, risk factors, and comorbidities. Although advances in the treatment of T-ALL have lagged behind those of B-cell ALL, it is hoped that the molecular revolution will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of this aggressive lymphoid malignancy.
The Taurine and Hypotaurine Content of Human Semen

Taurine and hypotaurine levels were measured in human sperm and seminal fluid. Sperm taurine ranged from 17 nmol/mg DNA to 348 nmol/mg DNA, and hypotaurine from 0 nmol/mg DNA to 251 nmol/mg DNA. Seminal fluid contained 319 mumol/L to 1590 mumol/L of taurine, but no detectable hypotaurine. The coefficient of variation in multiple ejaculates from a single man for these components ranged from 12% for hypotaurine to 24% for seminal fluid taurine, indicating a relative constancy in their concentrations. Sperm hypotaurine content was significantly correlated with sperm morphology, sperm relative forward progression, the percentage of motile sperm, and the total number of sperm in the ejaculate. By contrast, sperm taurine content was negatively correlated with these parameters. The mean hypotaurine content of sperm from 8 fertile men was 149 +/- 92 nmol/mg DNA, four times higher than that of sperm from 9 infertile men, which was 35 +/- 19 nmol/mg DNA (P = 0.011). In contrast, the mean sperm taurine content of the fertile men was lower than that of the infertile men (83 +/- 33 nmol/mg DNA versus 168 +/- 119 nmol/mg DNA, respectively; P = 0.07). Seminal fluid taurine concentrations, however, were similar for both groups. Hypotaurine, an antioxidant, may play an important role in protecting sperm from reactive oxygen species. Higher concentrations of taurine in the sperm of infertile men suggest that accelerated oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine may accompany the observed decline in other sperm parameters.
Potassium channels: Dendritic shock absorbers

Neurons receive sensory information through branched projections called dendrites which were thought, for many years, to be just passive cables. But a new study shows that dendrites contain potassium channels. Moreover, the authors believe that these channels are involved in dendritic excitability and that they may mediate the sophisticated computations that are required for learning.
Spiral to flat fracture transition for notched rods under torsional loading

The transition of the fracture surface in notched and unnotched PMMA rods under torsional loading is investigated experimentally. The experiments show that for crack initiation from a notch, resulting in dynamic fracture propagation, as the notch depth increases, the surface transitions from a spiral fracture to a nominally flat, but faceted surface. The facets coarsen and merge as the crack grows toward the center of the rod. The resulting fracture surfaces as well as the multiple internal micro-cracks are visualized using micro CT scanning.
Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery vasodilatation using high-frequency ultrasound

Flow-mediated brachial artery vasoactivity has been recently proposed as a noninvasive means for assessing endothelial function. To better characterize this technique, we measured brachial artery diameter and flow using 7.5-MHz ultrasound following 1, 3, and 5 min of upper arm blood pressure cuff occlusion in 19 normal volunteers and 13 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Although similar flow increases were observed with each protocol, statistically significant vasodilatation (12.6 +/- 5.7%) was observed in the normals only after 5 min of occlusion. With the use of this protocol, postocclusion blood flow increased 528 +/- 271 and 481 +/- 247% in the normals and CAD patients, respectively (P = NS). More vasodilatation was observed in the normals compared with the CAD patients (11.3 +/- 5.4 vs. 1.6 +/- 5.2%, P < 0.001). Interestingly, vasodilatation persisted for 20 min despite return of blood flow to baseline in 2 min. With the use of lower arm occlusion, arterial diameter was found to decrease 4.4 +/- 3.9% in response to a 85 +/- 7% decrease in flow. We conclude that 1) longer brachial artery occlusion results in more vasodilatation despite similar hyperemic responses, 2) vasodilatation persists substantially beyond hyperemia, and 3) CAD patients have impaired flow-mediated vasodilatation using this noninvasive technique.