cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wave Coupling in Terrestrial Planetary Atmospheres

The roles of gravity waves and tides in coupling lower and upper atmosphere regimes, and determining mean thermal and wind stuctures, are compared and contrasted for Earth, Mars and Venus. On Earth, gravity waves close and reverse the mean mesospheric jets and force a circulation in the meridional plane that drives the high-latitude summer mesopause (90 km) to temperatures 130K, much colder than radiative equilibrium values. Migrating and nonmigrating tides combine to dominate the meteorology of the 80-150 km height region. On Mars, nonmigrating tides assume even greater importance due to the extreme topography in the forcing region, and they induce longitudinal variations in density between 100 and 150 km that affect aerobraking operations. Under enhanced dust loading in the Southern Hemisphere, a thermally-direct Hadley cell (augmented by momentum flux divergences due to dissipating thermal tides) provides sufficient subsidence heating to explain the anomalously warm temperatures observed over the winter pole. The dynamical effects of gravity waves in the atmosphere of Mars have yet to be studied in earnest. On Venus, thermal tides play an key role in maintaining superrotation of the atmosphere near the cloud tops (ca. 65km), and deceleration of the circulation at higher levels. Similar to Mars' dusty atmosphere, a thermally direct Hadley cell and momentum flux divergences due to dissipating tides and other waves act in concert to determine the zonal mean wind and temperature distribution of Venus' atmosphere between 65 and 100 km. The specific contributions of gravity waves, Kelvin waves and forced Rossby waves remain to be determined, however.
Xapagy: a cognitive architecture for narrative reasoning

We introduce the Xapagy cognitive architecture: a software system designed to perform narrative reasoning. The architecture has been designed from scratch to model and mimic the activities performed by humans when witnessing, reading, recalling, narrating and talking about stories.
Functional interactions between stress neuromediators and the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system

Abstract: Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is considered a hallmark of the stress response. Coincident with this, peripheral and central noradrenaline systems are activated. By engaging medullary noradrenaline projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, stressors regulate the endocrine limb of the stress response. Engaging noradrenaline projections from the pontine nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), to the forebrain may serve as a behavioral or cognitive limb of the stress response. This chapter will focus on the impact of stress on the LC–noradrenaline system and its forebrain targets. The body of evidence supporting the view that diverse stressors consistently activate this system will be briefly reviewed. Convergent lines of evidence suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a critical substrate of the stress response that regulates activity of the LC–noradrenaline system during stress. This chapter will discuss the impact of CRF and stressors on the LC–noradrenaline system from the level of individual LC neurons to the distributed network of LC projections. The concept that stress regulates activity of the LC–noradrenaline system by integrating the actions of CRF with other neuromodulators will be developed and a circuitry underlying these interactions will be proposed. These findings will be integrated with physiological and behavioral studies that have suggested specific roles for the LC–noradrenaline system in the modulation of arousal and attention into the hypothesis that activation of this system is an important component of a cognitive limb of the stress response. Finally, as the endocrine limb of the stress response exhibits plasticity, which is expressed with manipulations such as chronic stress or adrenalectomy, evidence will be reviewed which suggests that the limb comprising the LC–noradrenaline system exhibits similar plasticity, which may have both adaptive and pathological consequences.
The conversion of methane to benzene over Mo/ZSM-5 zeolites in the absence of an oxidant

Methane may be converted to benzene over a Mo/ZSM-5 zeolite that is in the acidic form. Benzene selectivities of 65% have been achieved at methane conversion levels of ca. 10%. Mo2C is believed to activate CH4. Ethylene which is formed as an intermediate is converted to benzene over the acidic centers in the zeolite. The development of C6H6 selectivity during the first 1 h on stream is attributed to coke-induced constraints in the zeolite which inhibit the formation of polycyclic aromatics, including naphthalene.
Testing a Moderated Mediational Model of Workgroup Incivility: The Roles of Organizational Trust and Group Regard

The purpose of this study was to examine organizational trust as a mediator of the relationship between workgroup incivility and work outcomes, and whether workgroup regard moderates this mediation. Participants included 90 (61% female, 79% White) employees of a property-management company who completed measures of workgroup incivility, group regard, organizational trust, job satisfaction, turnover intention, and job burnout. The results showed that trust mediated the relationship between incivility and all 3 work outcomes, and that regard for the workgroup moderated this process. Employees with lower group regard reported less organizational trust when they experienced incivility within their workgroup; lower trust, in turn, related to lower job satisfaction, especially for those with low group regard. Implications for organizations are discussed. jasp_695 3148..3168 Uncivil behavior has recently become an important area of study for those concerned with interpersonal relationships in organizations, partly because research has shown that incivility is extremely common. For example, Cortina, Magley, Williams, and Langhout (2001) found that 71% of a sample of public-sector employees had experienced incivility in the previous 5 years. Additionally, 79% of a law-enforcement sample (Cortina & Magley, 2009) and 75% of a university employee sample (Cortina, Lonsway, & Magley, 2004) reported that they also had experienced at least one form of incivility in recent years. Andersson and Pearson (1999) defined workplace incivility as “low intensity deviant behavior with an ambiguous intent to harm the targe t... This is characteristically rude and discourteous” (p. 456). Typical examples of uncivil work behaviors include making jokes at someone’s expense, speaking condescendingly to a coworker, and addressing a colleague inappropriately or unprofessionally. An important aspect of incivility is the ambiguous intent to harm others. As such, it may be unclear whether or not the instigator of the behavior meant to hurt the target.
The Economic Consequences of Professional Sports Strikes and Lockouts: Revisited

Abstract: Professional sports franchises have used the lure of economic riches as an incentive for cities to construct new stadiums and arenas at considerable public expense. An analysis of taxable sales in Florida cities demonstrates that none of the 6 new franchises or 8 new stadiums and arenas in the state since 1980 have resulted in a statistically significant increase in taxable sales in the host metropolitan area. In addition, using the numerous work stoppages in professional sports as test cases, again no statistically significant effect on taxable sales is found from the sudden absence of professional sports due to strikes and lockouts.
Cutting Edge: Autoimmune Disease in Day 3 Thymectomized Mice Is Actively Controlled by Endogenous Disease-Specific Regulatory T Cells

Female B6AF1 mice thymectomized on day 3 (d3tx) develop autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) and dacryoadenitis. It has been hypothesized that d3tx breaks tolerance by depleting late ontogeny regulatory T cells (Treg). We now report that Treg greatly expand over effector T cells in d3tx mice and adoptively suppress autoimmune disease in d3tx recipients. In the d3tx donors, Treg from ovarian lymph nodes (LN) preferentially suppress AOD and Treg from lacrimal gland LN preferentially suppress dacryoadenitis, suggesting they are strategically positioned for disease control. Indeed, the autologous disease in d3tx mice is dramatically enhanced by in vivo depletion of endogenous Treg. Moreover, normal 3-day-old mice possess Treg that suppress AOD and autoimmune gastritis as efficiently as adult cells. Thus, d3tx mice possess disease-relevant Treg of presumed neonatal origin. They accumulate in the regional LN and actively inhibit concurrent autoimmune disease; however, they cannot fully prevent autoimmune disease development.
Autonomic Live Adaptation of Virtual Computational Environments in a Multi-Domain Infrastructure

A shared distributed infrastructure is formed by federating computation resources from multiple domains. Such shared infrastructures are increasing in popularity and are providing massive amounts of aggregated computation resources to large numbers of users. Meanwhile, virtualization technologies, at machine and network levels, are maturing and enabling mutually isolated virtual computation environments for executing arbitrary parallel/distributed applications on top of such a shared physical infrastructure. In this paper; we go one step further by supporting autonomic adaptation of virtual computation environments as active, integrated entities. More specifically, driven by both dynamic availability of infrastructure resources and dynamic application resource demand, a virtual computation environment is able to automatically relocate itself across the infrastructure and scale its share of infrastructural resources. Such autonomic adaptation is transparent to both users of virtual environments and administrators of infrastructures, maintaining the look and feel of a stable, dedicated environment for the user As our proof-of-concept, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of a system called VIOLIN, which is composed of a virtual network of virtual machines capable of live migration across a multi-domain physical infrastructure.
Stability regions of nonlinear dynamical systems: a constructive methodology

A constructive methodology for estimating stability regions of general nonlinear dynamical systems is developed. The constructive methodology starts with a given Lyapunov function (either a global or a local Lyapunov function) and yields a sequence of Lyapunov functions which are then used to estimate the stability region. The resulting sequence of estimated stability regions is shown to be a strictly monotonic increasing sequence, and yet each of them remains inside the entire stability region. The significance of this methodology includes: its ability to reduce significantly the conservativeness in estimating the stability regions; its computational efficiency; its adaptability; and its sound theoretical basis. >
Stochastic Threshold Exponential (TE) Model for Hematopoietic Tissue Reconstitution Deficit after Radiation Damage.

Whole-body exposure to large radiation doses can cause severe loss of hematopoietic tissue cells and threaten life if the lost cells are not replaced in a timely manner through natural repopulation (a homeostatic mechanism). Repopulation to the baseline level N0 is called reconstitution and a reconstitution deficit (repopulation shortfall) can occur in a dose-related and organ-specific manner. Scott et al. (2013) previously introduced a deterministic version of a threshold exponential (TE) model of tissue-reconstitution deficit at a given follow-up time that was applied to bone marrow and spleen cellularity (number of constituent cells) data obtained 6 weeks after whole-body gamma-ray exposure of female C.B-17 mice. In this paper a more realistic, stochastic version of the TE model is provided that allows radiation response to vary between different individuals. The Stochastic TE model is applied to post gamma-ray-exposure cellularity data previously reported and also to more limited X-ray cellularity data for whole-body irradiated female C.B-17 mice. Results indicate that the population average threshold for a tissue reconstitution deficit appears to be similar for bone marrow and spleen and for 320-kV-spectrum X-rays and Cs-137 gamma rays. This means that 320-kV spectrum X-rays could successfully be used in conducting such studies.
PLANNERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESS[1]

This paper discusses the foundations of the normative model of strategic management and reports the results of empirical research that examined the validity of the model from the perspective of practising planners. It was concluded, on the basis of the responses, that the normative model of strategic management is an accurate representation of what planners believe to be the steps in the process at both the corporate and business-levels. While the steps were all included, there was significant variation among the relative importance of the various steps.
Inhibition of the skin tumorigenicity of (±)-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene by tannic acid, green tea polyphenols and quercetin in Sencar mice

The effect of pretreatment of skin of Sencar mice with topically applied tannic acid, quercetin and green tea polyphenols (GTP) on the skin tumor initiating activity of (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE-2) has been evaluated. The animals were pretreated with the plant phenols (tannic acid and quercetin (3000 nmol) or GTP 24 mg/mouse) for 7 days after which they received a single topical application of 200 nmol of BPDE-2 as the initiating agent. Beginning 7 days following initiation animals received twice weekly applications of 3.24 nmol of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Tannic acid and GTP afforded significant protection against skin tumor induction. These inhibitory effects were verified both by prolongation of the latency period and subsequent development of tumors. Quercetin, on the other hand, afforded only moderate protection. Each phenolic compound was found to be highly effective in accelerating the disappearance of BPDE-2 from aqueous medium. Our results suggest that tannic acid and GTP have substantial potential for protecting against the skin tumorigenic response to BPDE-2 and the mechanism of inhibition may involve inactivation of the reactive carcinogenic moiety.
Lumpectomy and radiation treatment for invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast

Background Large studies have shown a similar outcome when comparing mastectomy with lumpectomy and external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. However, this has not been studied extensively for invasive lobular carcinoma. We studied the pattern of recurrence and overall survival of patients treated with lumpectomy and radiation for either invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) or combined invasive lobular carcinoma/invasive ductal carcinoma (ILC/IDC) of the breast. Design A retrospective chart review was performed for 111 patients with ILC or ILC/IDC who were diagnosed and/or treated at the university hospital between 1984 and 1994. Results Of the 111 patients, 93 had stage I or II tumors. Thirty-four patients (37%) were treated with lumpectomy and adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy with one (3%) local recurrence and a mean overall survival of 83.6 months. Fifty-nine patients (63%) were treated by modified radical mastectomy with two local recurrences (3%) and a mean overall survival of 71.7 months. Conclusions Patients with ILC or ILC/IDC can be effectively treated with lumpectomy and radiation for stage I and II tumors while maintaining a low risk of local recurrence and equivalent overall survival.
Hydrogen dew point control in renewable energy systems using thermoelectric coolers

This paper describes a system, utilizing the Peltier effect, to reduce and control the dew point of hydrogen gas by water condensation and desublimation using thermoelectric coolers and water cooled heat sinks. The design is compared to a two-tube desiccant-drying system used in some commercial proton exchange membrane electrolyzer systems. The desiccant system in the water electrolyzer consumes roughly 0.2 kg per day of hydrogen product gas (corresponding to 3.4 kWh per kg of hydrogen based on the higher heating value) to maintain the two desiccant beds. Thermodynamic modeling was performed to determine the appropriate sizing for the thermoelectric coolers and water-cooled heat sinks for a 1 Nm3 hr -1 hydrogen flow rate to obtain a theoretical dew point of -35 degC. The potential benefits and energy consumed by the thermoelectric approach (3.05 kWh per kg of hydrogen) is compared to the hydrogen loss of the desiccant system. The thermoelectric cooler-based system has the ability to control the dew point to match the variable flow rate of hydrogen in a renewable electrolysis system.
Oxidation of Aroclor 1248 in Supercritical Water: A Global Kinetic Study

Supercritical water oxidation of extracted contaminants is the second step of a two-stage supercritical fluid technology proposed to remediate soils and sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In connection with the second step, the supercritical water oxidation rate of Aroclor 1248 (A1248), a mixture of ∼76 PCB congeners, is investigated at 25.3 MPa and temperatures of 723, 748, 773, and 823 K. The reactions are conducted in an isothermal, isobaric plug-flow tubular reactor, and GC/ECD, GC/FID, GC/TCD, and GC/MS chromatographic methods are employed for product analysis. Experiments are conducted at a nominal A1248 feed concentration of 5.75 × 10-5 mol/L (reaction conditions) using a methanol solution of 5.245 g/L (5245 ppm) and H2O2 as an initial oxidant (providing ∼20 mol % excess of O2). Molar global conversion of A1248 varies from 36.06% (for residence time equal to 6.29 s at 723 K) to 99.95% (54.4 s at 823 K). The overall conversion follows appar...
Telephone-delivered psychotherapy for rural-dwelling older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry, has a negative impact on the health, well-being, and functioning of older adults. Cognitive behavioral therapy has demonstrated efficacy in reducing anxiety and worry in older adults, but the generalizability of these findings to community-dwelling older adults is unknown. The aim of the current study is to examine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention delivered by telephone in reducing anxiety and worry in rural community-dwelling older adults with GAD.
Approaching Clinical Problems in Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Using the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) Technique

The goals of this article are to review the application of the number needed to treat (NNT) concept to selected clinical problems in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Particular emphasis will be placed on (1) comparison of radiotherapy with other treatment options for early-stage disease, (2) the role of hormone therapy in addition to radiotherapy over a spectrum of disease presentation, and (3) systematic comparison of adjuvant versus salvage radiotherapy in the post-prostatectomy setting. Limitations of NNT calculations based on non-randomized comparisons also are discussed.
Local extinction and ecological re-entry of early Eocene mammals

The use of high-resolution stratigraphical control in studying the species sequencing patterns of early Eocene mammals has recently been demonstrated by Gingerich et al.1–5. These studies have documented the nature of the tempo and mode of evolution and have stimulated the debate between adherents of phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibria6. All studies have been largely verticalist (evolutionary) in outlook, equating change within a single basin of deposition with evolution. However, when I applied these techniques to the early Eocene condylarth, Phenacodus, I found a strong lateral (biogeographical and ecological) component influencing the sequencing of species in a single basin. I report here that Phenacodus species are relatively static in size and morphology throughout the local section studied, and two of these show statistically significant discontinuities in temporal range. The clumped re-entry of these species after local disappearance along with the introduction of other new taxa points to ecological control of vertical events within a local section.
Low-Dimensional Manifolds in Reaction-Diffusion Equations. 2. Numerical Analysis and Method Development †

Calculations are undertaken to study the approach to equilibrium for systems of reaction-diffusion equations on bounded domains. It is demonstrated that a number of systems approach equilibrium along attractive low-dimensional manifolds over significant ranges of parameter space. Numerical methods for generating the manifolds are adapted from methods that were developed for systems of ordinary differential equations. The truncation of the infinite spectrum of the partial differential equations makes it necessary to devise a new version of one of these methods, the well-known algorithm of Maas and Pope.
Multi-agent cytostatic treatment of 'low-grade' gliomas.

The rationale and current supporting evidence for a complementary, multi-agent, low-toxicity, chronic, cytostatic therapeutic approach to treating patients with gliomas is presented in detail. This strategy would involve the simultaneous treatment of patients with DNA/chromosomal stabilizing agent(s), anti-angiogenesis agent(s), and antiinvasion agent(s), with or without the addition of a lowtoxicity antiproliferation agent. Oral agents would be the ideal for this chronic, potentially life-long, therapeutic approach. The most logical target group would be patients with newly diagnosed ‘low-grade’ gliomas rather than those with more malignant (usually recurrent) gliomas.
Recurring Desmoid Tumor of the Foot: A Case Study:

The desmoid tumor is benign, uncommon, and frequently recurs after excision. It can be confusing in terms of diagnosis and treatment due to its ability to achieve large size, causing functional limitation and/or pain. Its overall clinical characteristics can mimic those of its malignant counterparts. Because of its high rate of recurrence, surgical treatment should include a wide excision around the margins.
Inductive Learning of Quantum Behaviors

In this paper studied are new concepts of robotic behaviors - determin- istic and quantum probabilistic. In contrast to classical c ircuits, the quantum circuit can realize both of these behaviors. When applied to a robot, a quantum circuit con- troller realizes what we call quantum robot behaviors. We use automated methods to synthesize quantum behaviors (circuits) from the examples (examples are cares of the quantum truth table). The don't knows (minterms not give n as examples) are then converted not only to deterministic cares as in the classica l learning, but also to output values generated with various probabilities. The Occam Razor principle, fundamental to inductive learning, is satisfied in this approach by seeki ng circuits of reduced com- plexity. This is illustrated by the synthesis of single outp ut quantum circuits, as we extended the logic synthesis approach to Inductive Machine Learning for the case of learning quantum circuits from behavioral examples.
Postmortem activation analysis: Preliminary observations in the preterm infant

Few data exist on the elemental composition of the human body during infancy. The scarcity of the data is due, in part, to the destructive nature of total body analyses normally required for the classical chemical approach. To help determine such data for infants, we have developed a neutron activation facility for nondestructive postmortem analyses. The system consists of a multisource241AmBe irradiator and a multidetector NaI(T1) whole body counter. The total body contents of K, Ca, P, Na and Cl are determined. Postmortem examinations have been performed in twelve infant cadavers. These results are compared with those of the reference fetus.
Gluconeogenesis is associated with high rates of tricarboxylic acid and pyruvate cycling in fasting northern elephant seals

Animals that endure prolonged periods of food deprivation preserve vital organ function by sparing protein from catabolism. Much of this protein sparing is achieved by reducing metabolic rate and s...
SPICE-Compatible Representations of S-Parameter Matrices of Passive Networks with Transport Delay

A SPICE-compatible equivalent circuit representation is proposed for the scattering-parameter matrix representation of passive networks that exhibit transport delay. The methodology exploits the representation of the scattering parameters in terms of a product of rational function of the complex frequency s and the transcendental function exp(-Ts), where T is the known transport delay.
Condensation Heat Transfer of Soliman Flow Pattern in Mini-Channel

The condensation heat transfer for R134a in the two kinds of in-tube three-dimensional (3-D) micro-fin tubes with different geometries is experimentally investigated. Based on the flow pattern observations, the flow patterns in the Soliman flow regime map are divided into two-flow regimes; one with the vapor-shear-dominant annular regime and the other with the gravitational-force-dominant stratified-wavy regime. In the annular regime, the heat transfer coefficients of the two kinds of in-tube 3-D micro-fin tubes decreases as the vapor quality decreases. The regressed condensation heat transfer correlation from the experimental data of the annular flow region is obtained. The dispersibility of the experimental data is inside the limits of ±25%. In the stratified-wavy regime, the average heat transfer coefficient of the two kinds of in-tube 3-D micro fin tubes increases as the mass flux increases and the number of micro fins in the 3-D micro-fin tube is not the controlling factor for performance of a condensation heat transfer. The regressed condensation heat transfer correlation of the stratified-wavy flow regime is experimentally obtained. The dispersibility of the experimental data is inside the limits of ±22%. Combined with the criteria of flow pattern transitions, the correlations can be used for the design of a condenser with 3-D micro fin tubes.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effect of partial outlet obstruction on the myogenic response to field stimulation

Abstract 1. Experimental studies of outlet obstruction have been performed on rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, cats, dogs and pigs. There is evidence that partial outlet obstruction can alter the membrane properties of the bladder smooth muscle and result in progressive denervation. The current studies were designed to evaluate the effects of moderate partial outlet obstruction on the response of isolated strips of rabbit bladder smooth muscle to field stimulation in the absence and presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). 2. The results are as follows: In the absence of TTX, partial outlet obstruction resulted in a significant reduction in the neurogenic response at all frequencies. In the presence of 1 μM TTX, which caused maximal inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters, partial outlet obstruction caused a significant increase in the myogenic response to field stimulation. 3. These studies clearly demonstrate that partial outlet obstruction results both in a significant decrease in the neurogenic response of the obstructed bladder to field stimulation and in a significant increase in the myogenic component.
On the theory of the spin-orbit interaction in the magnetoresistivity effects in ferromagnetic metals☆

Abstract Two physically different models, which have been used to explain magnetoresistance measurements in polycrystalline ferromagnetic metals, are extended to the case of single crystal ferromagnetic metals in an attempt to explain the observed anisotropy in the magnetoresistivity. It is shown in one of these models that the s-d scattering model, as developed by Smit, is inconsistent with the Doring equations unless it is assumed that the first-order spin-orbit interaction vanishes and only the second and higher orders remain. The second model which is considered, approaches the magnetoresistance effect from the viewpoint of the anisotropy in the velocity of the d-shell electrons; it is found that the anisotropy in the resistivity arises from the second-order spin-orbit interaction.
The Development of Aggressive Cancer: A Possible Role for Sphingolipids

While the importance of genomic errors in the origin of malignant tumors has long been recognized, it has been appreciated only recently that these errors function in cancer progression [[1]][[2]][...
Memory T cells persisting within the brain after local infection show functional adaptations to their tissue of residence

The brain is not routinely surveyed by lymphocytes and is defined as an immuno-privileged site. However, viral infection of the brain results in the infiltration and long-term persistence of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells. These cells survive without replenishment from the circulation and are referred to as resident memory T cells (Trm). Brain Trm selectively express the integrin CD103, the expression of which is dependent on antigen recognition within the tissue. After clearance of virus, CD8+ T cells persist in tight clusters, presumably at prior infection hot spots. Antigen persistence is not a prerequisite for T-cell retention, as suggested by the failure to detect viral genomes in the T-cell clusters. Furthermore, we show that an intracranial dendritic cell immunization regimen, which allows the transient introduction of antigen, also results in the generation of memory T cells that persist long term in the brain. Brain Trm die rapidly on isolation from the tissue and fail to undergo recall expansion after adoptive transfer into the bloodstream of antigen-challenged recipients. These ex vivo defects imply a dependency on the local milieu for function and survival. Cumulatively, this work shows that Trm are a specialized population of memory T cells that can be deposited in tissues previously thought to be beyond routine immune surveillance.
Endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular hematoma and third ventriculostomy

Abstract We discuss the surgical procedure and results concerning the endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular hematoma (IVH) and third ventriculostomy in 12 cases suffering from constricting intraventricular hematoma associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Initially, the fiberscope was introduced into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, and the hematoma located therein was evacuated by aspiration using a syringe directly connected to the working channel of the fiberscope. Evacuation of the hematoma was subsequently carried out in the third ventricle, aqueduct and fourth ventricle. After the evacuation of the intraventricular hematoma, a third ventriculostomy was performed to treat acute obstructive hydrocephalus. Finally, the procedure was completed with the evacuation of the hematoma in the lateral ventricle. Septostomy and evacuation in the contra-lateral ventricle was performed as the case warranted. Sufficient evacuation of the hematoma and prevention of subsequent hydrocephalus were noted in all cases, and no major surgically related complications were encountered. We conclude that for patients with intraventricular hematoma, associated with intracerebral hemorrhage, the endoscopic evacuation of the hematoma results in sufficient removal of the same, a reduction of hospitalization time and prevention of subsequent hydrocephalus.
Limitations to the use of tissue-specific gene expression characters in the phylogenetic analyses of non-avian reptiles

Abstract Tissue-specific gene expression characters have only limited value for ascertaining phylogenetic relationships when tested using the known phylogeny of non-avian reptiles. Two different coding methods were employed to test the utility of this data set. In the first coding method, the tissue is treated as the character and the presence/absence of the enzyme activity of a particular locus is the character state. The second method employed the locus as the character and the tissue array as the state. When rooted with a tortoise (Gopherus) as the outgroup, no trees produced the expected result showing the two squamates (Crotalus and Cnemidophorus) as a monophyletic taxon with Sphenodon their sister and with Alligator sister group to the lepidosaur clade. Testing for skewness in the frequency distribution of tree lengths yielded values for the g1 statistic indicating that there was little phylogenetic information to be found in these data. When the tissue distribution characters were plotted on the expected tree, the majority of them proved to be phylogenetically uninformative. Forty-two of them (72%) were interpreted as being autapomorphies or homoplasies. Only 16 of the 58 characters were synapomorphies and, of these, 9 represented the loss of expression in a tissue. With only seven of the characters acting as reliable synapomorphies, tissue-specific gene expression data were of limited value in trying to resolve higher level relationships among non-avian reptiles
Episodes of hypoxemia during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in ventilator-dependent very low birth weight infants.

Distinct patterns of asynchrony, and episodes of hypoxemia, may occur in a spontaneously breathing preterm infant during conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) on traditional time-cycled, pressure-limited ventilators. Synchronized IMV (SIMV) and assist/control ventilation are frequent modes of patient-triggered ventilation used with infant ventilators. The objective of this study was to use computerized pulse oximetry to quantify the occurrence of episodes of hypoxemia (oxygen desaturation) during SIMV vs. IMV, in preterm infants or = 14 days of age. We performed a randomized, crossover study with each infant being randomized to IMV or SIMV (Infant Star ventilator) for initial testing for a 1-hr period. Patients were subsequently tested on the alternate modality after a stabilization period of 10 min at the same ventilator and fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) settings. Pulse oximetry data were obtained with a Nellcor N-200 monitor, a microcomputer, and a software program (SatMaster). An investigator blinded to the randomized assignment evaluated all measurements. Eighteen very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with a birth weight of 777 +/- 39 g (mean +/- SEM) and gestational age 25.1 +/- 0.3 weeks were studied. The average pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SaO2) was higher on SIMV than IMV (P or = 14 days of age) results in better oxygenation and decreased episodes of hypoxemia as compared to IMV.
Inhibition of canonical WNT signaling attenuates human leiomyoma cell growth

Objective To assess the effect of three WNT/β-catenin pathway inhibitors—inhibitor of β-catenin and TCF4 (ICAT), niclosamide, and XAV939—on the proliferation of primary cultures of human uterine leiomyoma cells. Design Prospective study of human leiomyoma cells obtained from myomectomy or hysterectomy. Setting University research laboratory. Patient(s) Women (n = 38) aged 27–53 years undergoing surgery. Intervention(s) Adenoviral ICAT overexpression or treatment with varying concentrations of niclosamide or XAV939. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cell proliferation, cell death, WNT/-catenin target gene expression or reporter gene regulation, β-catenin levels, and cellular localization. Result(s) Inhibitor of β-catenin and TCF4, niclosamide, or XAV939 inhibit WNT/β-catenin pathway activation and exert antiproliferative effects in primary cultures of human leiomyoma cells. Conclusion(s) Three WNT/-catenin pathway inhibitors specifically block human leiomyoma growth and proliferation, suggesting that the canonical WNT pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma. Our findings provide rationale for further preclinical and clinical evaluation of ICAT, niclosamide, and XAV939 as candidate antitumor agents for uterine leiomyoma.
Commissioning of the discrete spot scanning proton beam delivery system at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Proton Therapy Center, Houston.

Purpose: To describe a summary of the clinical commissioning of the discrete spot scanning proton beam at the Proton Therapy Center, Houston (PTC-H). Methods: Discrete spot scanning system is composed of a delivery system (Hitachi ProBeat), an electronic medical record (Mosaiq V 1.5), and a treatment planning system (TPS) (Eclipse V 8.1). Discrete proton pencil beams (spots) are used to deposit dose spot by spot and layer by layer for the proton distal ranges spanning from 4.0 to 30.6 g ∕ cm 2 and over a maximum scan area at the isocenter of 30 × 30 cm 2 . An arbitrarily chosen reference calibration condition has been selected to define the monitor units (MUs). Using radiochromic film and ion chambers, the authors have measured spot positions, the spot sizes in air, depth dose curves, and profiles for proton beams with various energies in water, and studied the linearity of the dose monitors. In addition to dosimetric measurements and TPS modeling, significant efforts were spent in testing information flow and recovery of the delivery system from treatment interruptions. Results: The main dose monitors have been adjusted such that a specific amount of charge is collected in the monitor chamber corresponding to a single MU, following the IAEA TRS 398 protocol under a specific reference condition. The dose monitor calibration method is based on the absolute dose per MU, which is equivalent to the absolute dose per particle, the approach used by other scanning beam institutions. The full width at half maximum for the spot size in air varies from approximately 1.2 cm for 221.8 MeV to 3.4 cm for 72.5 MeV . The measured versus requested 90% depth dose in water agrees to within 1 mm over ranges of 4.0 – 30.6 cm . The beam delivery interlocks perform as expected, guarantying the safe and accurate delivery of the planned dose. Conclusions: The dosimetric parameters of the discrete spot scanning proton beam have been measured as part of the clinical commissioning program, and the machine is found to function in a safe manner, making it suitable for patient treatment.
RbSr geochronologic investigation of precambrian samples from deep geothermal drill holes, Fenton Hill, New Mexico☆

Abstract Analyses of twenty-six gneissic whole rocks from the depth range 732–2588 m in drill hole GT-2 yield a 1.62 ± 0.04 b.y. isochron age with initial 86 Sr / 86 Sr ( R o ) = 0.7067 ± 0.0014; this age is in agreement with radiometric ages reported for rocks elsewhere in north-central New Mexico. A preliminary isochron age of 1.92 ± 0.18 b.y. with R o = 7014 ± 0.0025 from the nearby drill hole GT-1 is defined by eight samples. Because these samples are more representative of mineral systems or granite gneiss -amphibolite mixtures, the age is interpreted as being anomalously old. Samples of non-foliated biotite granodiorite from below 2588 m in GT-2 and from EE-2 yield an 1.50 ± 0.12 b.y. isochron ( R o = 0.7038 ± 0.0016). Hence the biotite granodiorite may either be a sill or an apophysis of a younger pluton. Dikes of fine-grained leucocratic and biotite monzogranites, which intrude the more coarse-grained 1.62-b.y. old gneisses are dated at 1.44 ± 0.03 b.y. ( R o = 0.7040 ± 0.0009). We thus recognize metamorphic activity at 1.62 b.y.; major magmatism at about 1.50 b.y.; and more local dike emplacement at 1.44 b.y. Present elevated in-situ temperatures have not disturbed the RbSr systematics.
Competencies in the 21st century

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that development of competencies needed to be effective managers and leaders requires program design and teaching methods focused on learning. This is the introductory essay to this special issue of JMD.Design/methodology/approach – Competencies are defined and an overview is provided for the eight papers that will follow with original research on competencies, their link to performance in various occupations, and their development.Findings – Emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies predict effectiveness in professional, management and leadership roles in many sectors of society. In addition, these competencies can be developed in adults.Research limitations/implications – As an introductory essay, this lays the foundation for the papers in this issue.Practical implications – Competencies needed to be effective can be developed.Originality/value – Despite widespread application, there are few published studies of the empirical link between co...
Ion-selective microelectrodes suitable for recording rapid changes in extracellular ion concentration

A method for fabricating double-barrel, ion-selective microelectrodes with fine tips (0.5-1.5 microns) and rapid response times is described. When made into K(+)-selective microelectrodes, the electrodes respond to changes in [K+]o with a time constant of 70-95 ms. The electrical response of these electrodes to common-mode voltages can be made to have a time constant of less than 2 ms, which minimizes electrical artifacts from field potentials. The application of these microelectrodes to the measurement of rapid, transient changes in retinal [K+]o is presented.
SHADOW: A synchrotron radiation and X-ray optics simulation tool

Abstract We announce the release of SHADOW 2.0 - the computer ray-tracing program widely used in the synchrotron radiation community. We discuss new physical models and system extensions recently introduced. The physical models added are capillaries and Kumakhov lenses, general compound mirrors, and transmission crystals. We have extended the base of operating systems available to SHADOW users, overhauled the UNIX graphics, and written a MENU mode for UNIX. We also discuss new physical models in progress - a shaped absorber, segmented mirrors, and extensions to higher orders in the polynomial calculations.
Encapsulant materials systems for flip‐chip‐on‐board assemblies: addressing manufacturing issues

Encapsulant materials for flip‐chip‐on‐board (FCOB) were developed to address issues that have been observed during assembly of consumer electronic products on a high volume manufacturing FCOB/SMT line. The viscosity, surface tension, and filler particle sizes of several encapsulants were studied in an attempt to correlate these properties to their recorded underfill times and to observe their flow properties under the gap. Materials characterization studies were performed to determine their glass transition temperatures (Tg), tensile elastic and loss moduli (E′ and E′′), coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), and apparent strengths of adhesion (ASA). In addition, reliability tests were conducted, and several promising materials were identified. The ASA of the encapsulant to the die passivation and the printed circuit board (PCB) is critical to the robustness of the assembly. Studies were conducted to observe the ASA as a function of FCOB assembly conditioning prior to underfilling and the degradation o...
Laparoscopic removal of gonads containing an occult seminoma in a woman with complete androgen resistance

A 20-year-old woman with complete androgen resistance (AR; 46,XY), underwent prophylactic laparoscopic gonadectomy because of the known increased risk of gonadal malignancy. The procedure was performed with electrocoagulation using a four-puncture technique. Pelvic and abdominal inspection revealed no gonadal or metastatic tumor. The testes and attached structures were retracted medially, and the peritoneum and gonadal vessels were incised after electrocoagulation, thereby removing the gonads from the sidewalls. The gonads were individually placed into a specimen retrieval bag and removed through the suprapubic cannula site. Pathologic examination revealed an occult 8-mm seminoma in the let gonad, as well as bilateral Sertoli cell hamartomas, fallopian tube remnants, and smooth muscle tissue (mullerian remnants) adjacent to the gonads. Postoperatively, tumor markers were normal, and abdominal and pelvic computerized tomographic scans and chest radiographs were negative for possible metastatic disease. This case confirms that laparoscopic removal of testes in women with AR is effective, safe, and quick. Because of normal-appearing gonad may contain an occult tumor, we recommend using a retrieval bag, which may prevent dissemination of potentially malignant cells that may occur with unprotected morcellation.
Automated pressure control in pressurized balloon systems

Abstract Efforts of the NASA Long Duration Balloon Vehicle (LDBV) Project to produce a mid-latitude capable, long duration balloon have centered on pressurized systems. Recent flights have shown that large systems, using Overpressurized Zero Pressure (OZP) balloons, have significant performance advantages over their zero pressure brethren. The absence of ducts on these systems requires venting of excess lifting gas through an apex valve. The valve is also used for venting during float to limit pressures in the polyethylene structure. Close pressure control is required on these systems because limit pressures are critical to balloon viability. To limit the amount of human commanding and attention required to operate the LDBV system, automated valving controls are required. A simple, two-state control algorithm was tested successfully during flights 342N and 365N from Lynn Lake, Manitoba. Subsequently, a fully automated ascent and float control was successfully employed on flight 393NT from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. This paper presents the analysis and flight performance of these control algorithms and their software implementation.
Black women: Truly disadvantaged in the transition from employment to retirement income

Abstract We combine labor market and class theory to explain how racial and gender income inequality endures in the transition from employment to retirement. Using data from Health and Retirement Study primary respondents who were not retired in 1992 (wave 1) but were retired in 2000 (wave 5), OLS regression and Heckman’s two step analysis indicate that: (1) black and white women earn less from employment, even after controlling for employment and marital status, educational credentials, and work experience; (2) black and white women are less likely to retire, even after controlling for employment, age, insurance, assets, and spousal employment/retirement status; and (3) after controlling for these gender differences in employment earnings and in retirement decisions, white women actually receive more total (Social Security, pension, and asset) income in retirement than comparable white men. Black men continue to exhibit no significant (net effect) differences (compared to white men), while black women continue to earn the least.
The role of partial crystallinity on hydrogen permeation in Fe―Ni―B―Mo based metallic glass membranes

Abstract A potentially exciting material for membrane separations are metallic glass materials due to their low cost, high elastic toughness and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement as compared to crystalline Pd-based membrane systems. However, at elevated temperatures and extended operation times structural changes including partial crystallinity may appear in these amorphous metallic systems. This study reports on the investigation of time and temperature dependent crystalline phase formation in conjunction with in situ crystallization/hydrogen permeation experiments at elevated temperatures. At temperatures near 400 °C a FeNi crystalline phase appears as 22 vol.% inside the host amorphous matrix and the resulting composite structure remains stable over 3 h at temperature. The hydrogen permeation at 400 °C of the partially crystalline material is similar to the fully amorphous material near 5 × 10 −9 mol H 2 /m s Pa 1/2 , while ambient temperature electrochemical permeation at 25 °C revealed an order of magnitude decrease in the permeation of partially crystalline materials due to differences in the amorphous versus crystalline phase activation energy for hydrogen permeation.