cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding behavioral responses of fish to pheromones in natural freshwater environments

There is an abundance of experimental studies and reviews that describe odorant-mediated behaviors of fish in laboratory microcosms, but research in natural field conditions has received considerably less attention. Fish pheromone studies in laboratory settings can be highly productive and allow for controlled experimental designs; however, laboratory tanks and flumes often cannot replicate all the physical, physiological and social contexts associated with natural environments. Field experiments can be a critical step in affirming and enhancing understanding of laboratory discoveries and often implicate the ecological significance of pheromones employed by fishes. When findings from laboratory experiments have been further tested in field environments, often different and sometimes contradictory conclusions are found. Examples include studies of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) mating pheromones and fish alarm substances. Here, we review field research conducted on fish pheromones and alarm substances, highlighting the following topics: (1) contradictory results obtained in laboratory and field experiments, (2) how environmental context and physiological status influences behavior, (3) challenges and constraints of aquatic field research and (4) innovative techniques and experimental designs that advance understanding of fish chemical ecology through field research.
1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Phenylacetic Acid Derivatives

Abstract The aromatic 13C substituent constant for the -CH2COOCH3 group is obtained by selectively irradiating phenylacetic acid methyl ester. The value so obtained is used for refining the literature values of the -OH and -OCH3 substituent constants and for assigning all the aromatic lines in six derivative isomers. For meta and para isomers, calculated and experimental values for all the aromatic 13C resonances are within 0.2 ppm. For purposes of evaluating a rapid qualitative analytical method for the biologically important phenylacetic acid derivatives, the 1H resonances are obtained and assigned, and the benzylic methylene chemical shifts are shown to be specifically diagnostic of aromatic isomerism for these derivatives.
A Need for Glycine in Crystalline Amino Acid Diets

Abstract In a recent report Klain et al. (1960) were unable to show any improvement in weight gain or feed utilization by the addition of glycine to a 20 percent protein chick diet devoid of glycine and serine. It would appear from their report that glycine could be synthesized at a rate commensurate with the needs of the chick on the amino acid diet used. The results reported herein indicate that supplemental glycine will improve the performance of chicks fed a crystalline amino acid diet capable of sustaining a more rapid rate of growth than Klain's diet. Male chicks originating from the mating of New Hampshire males to Columbian females were used in this study. Five chicks, carefully selected for uniformity of weight at nine days, were fed the experimental diets for a period of five days. The chicks were housed individually in electrically heated wire cages equipped with Pyrex dishes …
PRIMED: PRIMEr Database for Deleting and Tagging All Fission and Budding Yeast Genes Developed Using the Open-Source Genome Retrieval Script (GRS)

The fission (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and budding (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) yeasts have served as excellent models for many seminal discoveries in eukaryotic biology. In these organisms, genes are deleted or tagged easily by transforming cells with PCR-generated DNA inserts, flanked by short (50-100bp) regions of gene homology. These PCR reactions use especially designed long primers, which, in addition to the priming sites, carry homology for gene targeting. Primer design follows a fixed method but is tedious and time-consuming especially when done for a large number of genes. To automate this process, we developed the Python-based Genome Retrieval Script (GRS), an easily customizable open-source script for genome analysis. Using GRS, we created PRIMED, the complete PRIMEr D atabase for deleting and C-terminal tagging genes in the main S. pombe and five of the most commonly used S. cerevisiae strains. Because of the importance of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in many biological processes, we also included the deletion primer set for these features in each genome. PRIMED are accurate and comprehensive and are provided as downloadable Excel files, removing the need for future primer design, especially for large-scale functional analyses. Furthermore, the open-source GRS can be used broadly to retrieve genome information from custom or other annotated genomes, thus providing a suitable platform for building other genomic tools by the yeast or other research communities.
Common Hepatic Lipase Gene Promoter Variant Determines Clinical Response to Intensive Lipid-Lowering Treatment

Background—The common −514 C→T polymorphism in the promoter region of the hepatic lipase (HL) gene affects HL activity. The C allele is associated with higher HL activity, more dense and atherogenic LDL, and lower HDL2 cholesterol. Intensive lipid-lowering therapy lowers HL activity, increases LDL and HDL buoyancy, and promotes coronary artery disease (CAD) regression. We tested the hypothesis that subjects with the CC genotype and a more atherogenic lipid profile experience the greatest CAD regression from these favorable effects. Methods and Results—Forty-nine middle-aged men with dyslipidemia and established CAD who were undergoing intensive lipid-lowering therapy were studied. Change in coronary stenosis was assessed by quantitative angiography, HL polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction amplification, HL activity by 14C-labeled substrate, and LDL buoyancy by density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The response to lipid-lowering therapy was significantly different among subjects with different HL prom...
Off-label: Just what the doctor ordered

You decide to give an old reliable therapy, intravenous Mucomyst®, to an acetaminophen overdose patient rather than splurge on the new approved FDA formulation of the same drug, Acetadote®. You administer octreotide, a medication approved for treating adverse effects of certain endocrine tumors, to a sulfonylurea overdose patient with recurrent hypoglycemia. You start an insulin infusion in a hypotensive verapamil overdose when norepinephrine infusion fails. In all three cases you are using drugs for indications not originally approved by the FDA. In other words, you are prescribing medications off-label. Is this bad medical practice? No, not necessarily. In fact you may be doing the right thing, as the standard of care changes for serious
Epistemological undercurrents in scientists' reporting of research to teachers

Our investigation focused upon how scientists, from both a practical and epistemological perspective, communicated the nature and relevance of their research to classroom teachers. Six scientists were observed during presentations of “cutting-edge” research at a conference for science teachers. Following the conference, these scientists were interviewed to discern how each perceived the nature of science, technology, and society in relation to his particular research. Data were analyzed to determine the congruence and/or dissimilarity in how scientists described their research to teachers and how they viewed their research epistemologically. We found that a wide array of scientific methodologies and research protocols were presented and that all the scientists expressed links between their research and science–technology–society (STS) issues. When describing their research during interviews, the scientists from traditional content disciplines reflected a strong commitment to empiricism and experimental design, whereas engineers from applied sciences were more focused on problem-solving. Implicit in the data was a commitment to objectivity and the tacit assumption that science may be free of values and ethical assumptions. More dialogue is recommended between the scientific community, science educators, and historians/philosophers of science about the nature of science, STS, and curriculum issues. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed84:469–485, 2000.
Using an Ocean Model to Examine ENSO Dynamics

Abstract An equatorial ocean model with the Kelvin and first six Rossby waves and n vertical modes is developed to simulate the equatorial sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) and, more importantly, zonal movement of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool associated with an ENSO episode. When forced by observed wind stress, the model reproduces well the SSTAs in both the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. The two gravest baroclinic modes are needed to model the equatorial thermocline depth, zonal current, and SSTAs. The SSTA near the equatorial South American coast is mostly due to upwelling and that in the eastern Pacific from about 150°–100°W is mainly due to both zonal advection and upwelling. The SSTA in the equatorial Pacific near the edge of the warm pool (160°E–160°W) mostly results from the advection of mean SST by the anomalous zonal current and Newtonian damping. Model calculations show that the growing ENSO disturbance, which propagates eastward from the western equatorial Pacific d...
Selection of the Dominant Follicle in Cattle: Role of Estradiol

Involvement of estradiol in the deviation in growth rates between the two largest follicles of a wave was studied in 39 heifers. In experiment 1, the largest follicle remained intact in a control group and was ablated in five estradiol-treated groups when the largest follicle reached 8.5 mm or larger (expected beginning of deviation; Hour 0). The ablation groups were given a single injection of 0, 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg of estradiol. Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein every hour at Hours 0 to 16. By Hour 8, FSH concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the ablation group that received 0 mg of estradiol than in the controls. Among the estradiol groups, that receiving 0.02 mg had the lowest detectable increase in estradiol. In this group, FSH concentrations were not suppressed below the control concentrations, but the increase in FSH concentrations following ablation of the largest follicle was delayed for 2 or 3 h. This delay in the increase of FSH concentrations corresponded to the hours that estradiol was maximal. In experiment 2, blood samples were taken every 4 h from the caudal vena cava cranial to the junction with the ovarian veins in heifers with the largest follicle intact (controls) or ablated at 8.5 mm or larger (Hour 0). Averaged over Hours 4 to 48, estradiol concentrations were higher (P < 0.04) in the controls than in the ablation group. During Hours 0 to 12, estradiol concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in the controls, whereas FSH concentrations decreased (P < 0.05). In the ablation group, estradiol concentrations were lower than in the controls by Hour 4, and FSH concentrations increased (P < 0.05) between Hours 4 and 12. These results support the hypothesis that the largest follicle releases increased estradiol into the blood at the beginning of follicular deviation, and that the released estradiol is involved in the continuing depression of FSH concentrations to below the requirement of the smaller follicles.
Ten Year Experience with Extended Criteria Cardiac Transplantation

Background—Extended criteria cardiac transplant (ECCT) programs expand the transplant pool by matching donors and recipients typically excluded from the transplant process because of age or comorbidity. There is a paucity of data examining long-term outcomes with this strategy. Methods and Results—Between January 2000 and December 2009, adult patients undergoing isolated heart transplant were prospectively classified as ECCT based on prespecified criteria. Baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared between ECCT and standard criteria cardiac transplant recipients. Two Cox proportional hazards models were developed. The first to identify clinical variables contributing to survival between the 2 groups, and the second to determine the additional risk associated with assignment to ECCT. Among the 454 patients who underwent heart transplant, 84 (18.5%) were ECCT. Compared with the patients who underwent standard criteria cardiac transplant, ECCT patients were older (median, 66.6 years versus 53.2 year...
Palliative Care in the Patient-Centered Medical Home

There are few published data on the delivery of palliative care services in the outpatient setting and virtually none on either the integration of palliative care into primary care practice or its applicability to innovative models of health care delivery, such as the patient-centered medical home and accountable care organizations. In this article, new topics for health services delivery research are suggested. Because of the lack of data, the article draws on information collected from inpatient palliative care delivery and includes anecdotal experiences from the outpatient pain medicine and palliative care clinic of an academic department of family medicine.
Non-Newtonian flow characteristics in a steady two-dimensional flow

The two-dimensional steady flow of a non-Newtonian fluid (a dilute polymer solution) is examined. The flow domain is composed of a parallel-walled inflow region, a contraction region in which the walls are rectangular hyperbolae, and a parallel-walled outflow region. The problem is formulated in terms of the vorticity, stream function and appropriate rheological equation of state, i.e. an Oldroyd-type constitutive equation (with no shear-thinning) for the total shear and normal-stress components. Computational results from the numerical solution of the equations are presented. In particular, the molecular extension and pressure distribution along the centre-line are presented as well as contour plots of the different flow variables. The alignment of the molecules with the principal axes of strain rate is shown by a qualitative comparison of the streamwise normal-stress contours with contours of the eigenvalues of the strain-rate matrix.
Spacer Gate Lithography for Reduced Variability Due to Line Edge Roughness

The effect of gate line edge roughness (LER) on bulk-Si MOSFET performance is studied using 3-D device simulations. The benefit of using a spacer (sidewall transfer) gate lithography process to mitigate the effect of LER is assessed, with consideration of source/drain placement and spacer width variation. The simulation results indicate that spacer gate lithography can dramatically reduce LER-induced variation in transistor performance and that variability can be well suppressed with gate-length scaling even if LER does not scale.
Reduced models of doubly fed induction generator system for wind turbine simulations

This article compares three reduced models with a detailed model of a doubly fed induction generator system for wind turbine applications. The comparisons are based on simulations only. The main idea is to provide reduced generator models which are appropriate to simulate normal wind turbine operation in aeroelastic wind turbine models, e.g. for control system design or structural design of the wind turbine. The electrical behaviour such as grid influence will therefore not be considered. The work presented in this article shows that with an ideal, undisturbed grid the dynamics of the doubly fed induction generator system is very well represented by the dynamics due to the generator inertia and the generator control system, whereas the electromagnetic characteristics of the generator can be represented by the steady state relations. The parameters for the proposed models are derived from parameters typically available from the generator data sheet and from the controller settings. Thus the models are simple to apply in any case where the generator data sheet is available. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is still underestimated in the Chinese population.

Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has been shown to be steadily rising in the Western world [1], similar trend in China has not been well documented. A recent report from Beijing, China [2] showed a similarly high prevalence in a large professional population (15.1% in men and 10.2% in women). But the prevalence in that report was underestimated, because it was based on criteria proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Programs Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and the World Health Organization (WHO), both of which have high cutoff points if applied to the Chinese population [3]. The latest report by He et al. [4] aimed to correct this underestimation by using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria presented in Berlin in April 2005 [5]. According to He et al. [4], the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in elderly Chinese was 30.5% (17.6% in men and 39.2 in women) by the NCEP-ATPIII criteria. Using the new IDF definition, He et al. [4] found a significantly increased prevalence of 46.3% (34.8% in men and 54.1% in women). Unfortunately, the new IDF definition of metabolic syndrome using the cutoff value for waist circumference of 90 cm in men and 80 cm in women still underestimates the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Chinese population. The appropriate cutoff points for the Chinese adults should be 85 cm in men and 80 cm in women, based on database of 13732 individuals from the risk factor survey in 1998 (the 9th Five Year National Project on trends and prediction of cardiovascular disease) [6]. Bulging waistline is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than body mass index (BMI) for the Chinese population [7–9]. Furthermore, the report by He et al. [4] used the cutoff blood pressure readings of 140/90 mm Hg in accordance
Cyanobacterial–bacterial mat consortia: examining the functional unit of microbial survival and growth in extreme environments

Cyanobacterial-bacterial consortial associations are taxonomically complex, metabolically interactive, self-sustaining prokaryotic communities representing pioneer and often the only biota inhabiting extreme aquatic and terrestrial environments. Laminated mats and aggregates exemplify such communities. The fossil record indicates that these associations represent the earliest extant inhabitants and modifiers (i.e. anoxic to oxic conditions) of the Earth's biosphere. Present-day consortia flourish in physically and chemically stressed environments, including nutrient-deplete, hypersaline, calcified, desiccated and high-irradiance ecosystems ranging from the tropics to polar regions. Consortial members exhibit extensive metabolic diversification, but have remained structurally simple. Structural simplicity, while advantageous in countering environmental extremes, presents a 'packaging problem' with regard to compartmentalizing potentially cross-inhibitory aerobic versus anaerobic growth processes. To circumvent these metabolic constraints, phototrophic cyanobacteria and microheterotrophs orient along microscale chemical (i.e. O2, pH, Eh) gradients to meet and optimize the biogeochemical processes (C, N, S cycling) essential for survival, growth and the maintenance of genetic diversity, needed to sustain life. Microscale ecophysiological, analytical, molecular (immunological and nucleic acid) techniques have helped to develop a mechanistic basis for understanding consortial growth and survival under extreme environmental conditions on Earth. Consortia are ideal model systems for developing a process-based understanding of the structural and functional requirements for life in extreme environments representative of the Earth's earliest biosphere and possibly other planets.
The Myth of Chancellor von Schleicher's Querfront Strategy

In the multitudinous accounts of Adolf Hitler's rise to power, one interpretation dominates with regard to the political strategy of his predecessor as Reich chancellor, General Kurt von Schleicher. Beginning with the pioneering books of the journalist Konrad Heiden in the 1930s and continuing through countless versions down to the most recent scholarly works, Schleicher has, with rare exceptions, been depicted as having sought to thwart Hitler by bringing behind his own cabinet a political bloc extending from a left wing split away from the Nazi Party to trade union elements of the republican Social Democratic Party. Sometimes described as a Gewerkschaftsachse, this putative goal on the part of Schleicher has now usually come to be referred to as his Querfront strategy. Long regarded by most historians as axiomatic, that version of the chancellor's intentions has seldom been subjected to critical analysis. It is, however, fundamentally erroneous and serves to obscure his actually very different aims.
The Social Aspects of Fishing Effort Technology and Community in Norway's Blue Whiting Fisheries

While economic literature inspired by the “tragedy of the commons” has emphasised people’s tendency to increase fishing effort beyond desirable levels, sociologists and anthropologists who have studied the social aspects of fishing have often emphasised the capacity of these factors to restrict fishing effort. The article addresses the influence of social norms and communication on fishing effort in an empirical study of the Atlantic blue whiting fishery. The data were generated at a time when this fishery had yet to see efficient quota regulations, and had been subject to a rapid growth in fishing effort, making it the largest fishery in the Atlantic. The article argues that social norms and communication patterns in the fishing fleet create a synergic effect of co-operation and competition on fishing effort. The article questions the view that social norms and communication necessarily represent a solution to the tragedy of the commons.
1,1′‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

[12150-46-8] C34H28FeP2 (MW 554.39) InChI = 1S/2C17H14P.Fe/c2*1-3-9-15(10-4-1)18(17-13-7-8-14-17)16-11-5-2-6-12-16;/h2*1-14H; InChIKey = HPXNTHKXCYMIJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chelating ligand capable of supporting hydroformylations,2 cross coupling,7 allylation,20 carbonylative coupling,23 and other catalytic processes employing Group 9 and 10 transition metals) Alternate Name: dppf. Physical Data: mp 183–184 °C dec. Solubility: very sol CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and alcohol; sol pentane; insol H2O. Form Supplied in: white solid, <97% purity, widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent is stable to air, unaffected by H2O and can be stored for long periods of time. The toxic properties are not known.
Column Design Simplified

General approach for analysis of columns within elastic range is developed; application to practical design problems is simplified to great extent by introduction of four-quadrant graph; graph may be used for column design with different degrees of imperfections, different end conditions, and with materials having different yielding stresses.
Abstract W P346: Sex Differences in Outcome in the SPS3 Clinical Trial

Background: Few clinical stroke studies examine the effect of biologic sex on outcome. The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) study examined the effect of aspirin (asa) vs aspirin + clopidogrel (a+c) and higher (130-149 mmHg) vs lower (<130 mmHg) blood pressure goals in secondary stroke prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess sex differences in the primary and secondary outcomes in SPS3. Methods: Analyses included all participants randomized into the SPS3 clinical trial. Primary and secondary outcomes were assessed for differences within and between the female and male groups by both antiplatelet and blood pressure goal intervention. An interaction effect was assessed for both interventions to examine the effect of sex on outcome. Results: Of the males (n=1902) and females (n=1118) enrolled, significant differences in baseline demographics were: age, baseline SBP, race, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, HbA1c, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol (analyses were adjusted)....
The effect of magnetic field on positron range and spatial resolution in an integrated whole-body time-of-flight PET/MRI system

Simultaneous imaging systems combining positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been actively investigated. A PET/MR imaging system (GE Healthcare) comprised of a time-of-flight (TOF) PET system utilizing silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and 3-tesla (3T) MRI was recently installed at our institution. The small-ring (60 cm diameter) TOF PET subsystem of this PET/MRI system can generate images with higher spatial resolution compared with conventional PET systems. We have examined theoretically and experimentally the effect of uniform magnetic fields on the spatial resolution for high-energy positron emitters. Positron emitters including 18F, 124I, and 68Ga were simulated in water using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit in the presence of a uniform magnetic field (0, 3, and 7 Tesla). The positron annihilation position was tracked to determine the 3D spatial distribution of the 511-keV gammy ray emission. The full-width at tenth maximum (FWTM) of the positron point spread function (PSF) was determined. Experimentally, 18F and 68Ga line source phantoms in air and water were imaged with an investigational PET/MRI system and a PET/CT system to investigate the effect of magnetic field on the spatial resolution of PET. The full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the line spread function (LSF) from the line source was determined as the system spatial resolution. Simulations and experimental results show that the in-plane spatial resolution was slightly improved at field strength as low as 3 Tesla, especially when resolving signal from high-energy positron emitters in the air-tissue boundary.
Newly described Gomphonema and Gomphosphenia from Rocky Mountain Front Range streams, Colorado, USA, with additional discussion of rarely reported taxa

A new species of Gomphonema, G. capsulare, and a new species of Gomphosphenia, G. praegnans, are described from samples collected from two streams in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Gomphonema capsulare is small with linear valve margins and its stigma lies very close to the centre of the valve. Gomphosphenia praegnans is very small with widely lanceolate-clavate valves readily distinguishing it from other described Gomphosphenia species. In addition to the two new species, two other species in the same genera were also identified from these samples, Gomphonema exilissimum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot & E. Reichardt in Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin and Gomphosphenia americana Kociolek & E.W. Thomas in Kociolek et al. This paper provides the first images and morphological description of a population of G. exilissimum from North America. Gomphonema exilissimum is morphologically similar to G. parvulum (Kutzing) Kutzing but has a different ecological niche. Documentation of G. americana in this pape...
Altitude Effects on an Uncompensated Rate-of-Climb Meter

The response of an uncompensated climb indicator to a sudden change in rate of climb and the accuracy of the indicated vertical speed during steady flight are treated as functions of altitude. Results of theory, laboratory tests, and flight tests are shown by non-dimensional curves. Agreement of the results is satisfactory. The observed flight responses of a climb indicator after sudden changes from level flight to actual climbs of 750, 1050, and 2150 ft. per min. are shown by curves of indicated and of actual rates of climb against time. Expressed in terms of non-dimensional quantities, these three curves are identical within the accuracy of flight tests. The only compensation in this instrument is that which counteracts the effect of temperature on the properties of the materials in the pressure gage. The air chamber is thermally insulated. The capillary is a glass tube that is not compensated in any way.
Tracking Single Quantum Dots in Three Dimensions: Following Cell Receptor Traffic and Membrane Topology

We have designed a fluorescence microscope that uses a unique spatial filter geometry and active feedback to follow the three dimensional motion of individual quantum dots at biologically relevant transport rates (microns/second).
Partial Purification of Urinary Erythropoietin.

SummaryUrinary erythropoietic factor has been partially purified by adsorption on kaolin followed by serial elution with ammonium acetate buffers of increasing pH and then with 1 M NH4OH. Using this procedure, a 39% yield with a 230 fold purification of the active factor has been obtained. The purified preparation of the active factor produces metachromasia with toluidine blue, has an absorption peak at 280 mμ, and migrates very slowly on paper strips in an electrophoretic apparatus. The similarity and differences between urinary and plasma erythropoietin are discussed.
Institutional Theory and the Natural Environment: Building Research Through Tensions and Paradoxes

The focus of institutional theory is directed towards an understanding of situations where context is strong and binding, yet subtly experienced; where agency is often diffuse, embodied in an arrangement or system of actors rather than in an individual; and where action and inaction both matter, if in often unpredictable ways. One area in which these phenomena are notably pronounced is research in the area of the interaction between institutional systems and the workings of the natural environment; the ways in which human societies both understand their interface with that environment, and the ways in which the actions of one impact the other. In this chapter, we offer an overview of that domain of research, tracing the evolution of efforts at combining the two since its beginnings in the early 1990s. We use prior reviews, a literature search, and our knowledge of the field to consider past and current work in Institutional Theory and the Natural Environment (ITNE). We structure that inquiry around the notion that fruitful research has come from tensions – indeed, at times, paradoxes - that exist from trying to combine institutional theory with natural environment studies. Below we discuss the tensions and paradoxes inherent in ITNE work and then examine how that work has been propelled forward by these tensions; all at the ontological, epistemological, and normative levels. With that as a basis for examining past and present studies, we then turn to a new future challenge for ITNE: combining institutional complexity research with environmental and geophysical studies in the era of the Anthropocene.
STUDY ON DIFFUSION BEHAVIOR OF Nb/Ti

In order to simplify the preparation process of NbTi superconducting wire, the diffusion behavion of Nb/Ti composite sample, which are heat-treated under temperatures between 600℃ and 900℃ for 3～9hours are investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in this paper. The results indicate that the thicker diffusion layer of single β phase with high Ti content can be obtained in the sample with heat-treatment at 800℃ for 5 hours. The more higher diffusion temperature and more longer sintering time only leady to the increase in the thickness of the layer of α+β phase layer, while the superconducting properties of NbTi may be deteriorated.
Experimental Study on Influencing Factors of Surface Quality in Micro-grinding Plastic Materials

TC4 titanium alloy and H62 brass,as two kinds of typical plastic materials,were studied in micro-scale grinding experiment. The surface micro-morphology was investigated by using microscope with super depth of field and three-dimensional profiler. The surface formation mechanism in micro-grinding and the effect of minimum chip thickness were analyzed theoretically. Based on the characteristics of micro-grinding,both single factor and orthogonal tests were carried out with different processing parameters. The effects of grinding parameters,such as grinding speed,grinding depth and feed speed,were investigated on the micro-grinding surface quality of the plastic materials. The effects of head diameters,grit of micro-grinding rod and grinding modes on the specimen's surface quality were also studied. The result shows that the surface roughness of ground workpiece decreases firstly and then increases with increasing the grinding depth,and the processing quality of side grinding is better than that of the groove grinding.
Malignant tumor mortality and reduction of life span in Zhenhai District of Ningbo during 2007～2009

Objective To explore the mortality of malignant tumor and reduction of life span in Zhenhai district by analyzing the data.Methods The malignant tumor report cards from the Information Management System of Chronic Diseases of Zhejiang Province in 2009 were analyzed and compared with the data of the previous two years.Results Lung cancer,liver cancer and breast cancer were the major types whose mortalities increased quickly.YPLL was higher and the life expectancy was steady.Conclusion Malignant tumors are the main causes of death in Zhenhai district.It is urgent that malignant tumors be prevented and controlled.
‘I had not Thought Death had Undone so Many’: Modernism and the Ghost

This chapter focuses on the intersection of the ghost story and modernism. There are two related parts to this encounter: the ghost story becomes something slightly different, under the influence of modernism; and within modernist texts, outside of the ghost story, the figure of the ghost takes on new functions.
Anxiety and Inhibition in Interpersonal Relations

Although the characteristics that describe the “well-adjusted” individual are always open to debate, few would argue that the ability to interact with others in a confident, skilled, and open manner is not among them. People who are not able to interact comfortably are at a distinct disadvantage as they go through life, being less likely to have rewarding interpersonal relationships and being plagued by anxiety and insecurity in their dealings with others.
Cost Utility Analysis of Topical Steroids Compared With Dietary Elimination for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background & Aims Topical corticosteroids or dietary elimination are recommended as first-line therapies for eosinophilic esophagitis, but data to directly compare these therapies are scant. We performed a cost utility comparison of topical corticosteroids and the 6-food elimination diet (SFED) in treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis, from the payer perspective. Methods We used a modified Markov model based on current clinical guidelines, in which transition between states depended on histologic response simulated at the individual cohort-member level. Simulation parameters were defined by systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the base-case estimates and bounds of uncertainty for sensitivity analysis. Meta-regression models included adjustment for differences in study and cohort characteristics. Results In the base-case scenario, topical fluticasone was about as effective as SFED but more expensive at a 5-year time horizon ($9261.58 vs $5719.72 per person). SFED was more effective and less expensive than topical fluticasone and topical budesonide in the base-case scenario. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed little uncertainty in relative treatment effectiveness. There was somewhat greater uncertainty in the relative cost of treatments; most simulations found SFED to be less expensive. Conclusions In a cost utility analysis comparing topical corticosteroids and SFED for first-line treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis, the therapies were similar in effectiveness. SFED was on average less expensive, and more cost effective in most simulations, than topical budesonide and topical fluticasone, from a payer perspective and not accounting for patient-level costs or quality of life.
URBAN TRAFFIC NETWORK FLOW MODELS

Addressed in this paper are the development and comparative assessment of macroscopic network-level traffic flow models, which describe the behavior and interrelation between traffic variables defined at the network level. These variables include average speed, concentration, flow, the fraction of vehicles stopped in the network, and the two-fluid running time variables. Three alternative sets of interrelated models, each with a different starting postulate, are presented and tested in terms of their performance against a series of microscopic simulation runs corresponding to different concentration levels. In each model system, a different functional form is postulated for either the speed-concentration relation or the fraction of vehicles stopped versus concentration relation. The functional form for the other relation is then derived from the postulated model by invoking the two-fluid theory of town traffic. The models are calibrated and tested using the simulation results. The analysis indicates that the network-level traffic variables are interrelated in a manner similar to that captured by the traffic models established for individual road sections. In particular, a well-known linear speed-concentration model as well as a nonlinear alternative are found to be generally applicable at the network level.
Rac2 in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) with a focus on neutrophils

iv CHAPTER 1. General Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2. Literature Review 5 CHAPTER 3. Rac2 expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) 25 CHAPTER 4. Rac2 function in the adult zebrafish neutrophil 45 CHAPTER 5. The effect of Rac2 inhibition and gene knockdown during infectious disease on the mortality of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos infected via immersion 61 CHAPTER 6. General Conclusions 75
Welcome to the era of cognitive health

Cognitive systems that understand, reason and learn, in conjunction with transformative care management solutions, use better, more insightful knowledge to create and sustain health habits for long lasting impact to an individual’s overall health. With cognitive computing, we are now able to see health and social data that was previously hidden, and do more than we ever thought possible. IBM Watson Health is pioneering a new partnership between humanity and technology with the goal of transforming global health. Massive data sets from multiple programs and organizations, including social determinants of health, can be appropriately combined with sophisticated analytics, natural language processing, and machine learning to help human experts synthesize findings and improve their decision-making. Join IBM Watson Health to learn how cognitive capabilities can enable integrated care, help organizations rethink their operating models and change the way they collaborate and partner across the public and private sectors. Individualized care plans that address the whole person and, by extension, the whole population, help deliver better outcomes at lower cost.
Epidemiology of Youth Boys' and Girls' Lacrosse Injuries in the 2015 to 2016 Seasons.

Purpose Examinations of injury among younger populations of lacrosse players that are beginning their development is limited. This study describes the epidemiology of youth boys' and girls' lacrosse injuries during the 2015 to 2016 seasons. Methods Surveillance data originated from a convenience sample of 10 leagues in five states with 1090 boy lacrosse players and 408 girl lacrosse players from the U9-U15 divisions. Athletic trainers reported injury and exposure data at games and practices. Time loss (TL) injuries were defined as resulting in ≥24 h of participation restriction time. Injury counts and rates per 1000 athlete games/practices were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared rates by sex and age division. Results Overall, 241 and 59 injuries were reported in boys' and girls' youth lacrosse, respectively, of which 17.0% and 18.6% were TL. Compared with girls, boys had a higher overall injury rate (12.7 vs 8.7/1000 athlete games/practices; IRR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). U13/U15 boys had a higher TL injury rate than U9/U11 boys (2.6 vs 1.0/1000 athlete game/practices; IRR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.1). Most injuries were diagnosed as contusions (boys, 53.7%; girls, 47.2%) and resulted from stick contact (boys, 34.1%; girls, 30.6%) and ball contact (boys, 17.1%; girls, 25.0%). Among girls, ball contact contributed to 75.0% (n = 9) of all head/face injuries. Among the 14 concussions reported in boys, player contact was the most common injury mechanism (50.0%, n = 7), followed by stick contact (35.7%, n = 5). Conclusions Boys' lacrosse has a higher injury incidence than girls' lacrosse, reflecting the contact nature of the boys' game. The high incidence of stick- and ball-related injuries suggests the need for youth-specific rules to better protect youth players.
Metabolic syndrome severity is significantly associated with future coronary heart disease in Type 2 diabetes.

The severity of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is significantly associated with future coronary heart disease (CHD) among individuals without baseline Type 2 diabetes. However, the validity of assessing MetS severity among individuals with diabetes is unknown. To assess for differences in MetS severity by timing of Type 2 diabetes diagnosis and to assess for associations between MetS severity and future CHD among individuals with diabetes. We analyzed data from participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, including 1419 with- and 7241 without diabetes, followed during 4 visits and adjudicated CHD diagnoses over a 20-year period. We used Cox-regression techniques to assess hazard ratios (HR) of CHD based on a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific MetS-severity Z-score (standard MetS score) and a similar MetS-severity score formulated without incorporating glucose as a component of MetS (no-glucose MetS score). For both the standard- and no-glucose MetS-severity scores, scores were highest in the baseline-diabetes group, lowest in the never-diabetes group and intermediate in the incident-diabetes groups. Among participants with diabetes, increasing MetS-severity score at baseline was associated with incident CHD, using both the standard MetS score (HR 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21, 1.39) and the no-glucose score (HR 1.42, CI 1.24, 1.62) (both p < 0.001). For the baseline-diabetes group, this relationship remained significant when Visit 2 Hemoglobin-A1c was included in the model, both for the standard MetS score (HR 1.21, CI 1.09, 1.34; p < 0.001) and the no-glucose score (HR 1.25, CI 1.04, 1.51; p = 0.02). MetS severity appears to provide an estimate of metabolic disarray in the setting of diabetes and is predictive of future CHD events beyond HbA1c. Identifying MetS severity among individuals with diabetes may help in identifying those at higher risk, who could then receive further preventative treatment.
Probing nanoscale variations in strain and band structure of Mo S 2 on Au nanopyramids using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

We report tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced photoluminescence studies of monolayer and bilayer $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ in which we characterize photoluminescence and first- and second-order Raman spectra in monolayer, bilayer, and inhomogeneously strained $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. From the transition of unstrained $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ from monolayer to bilayer, we determine a spatial resolution of approximately 100 nm through the peak positions of the first-order Raman modes. The strain dependence of the second-order Raman modes reveals changes in the electronic band structure in strained $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ that are directly observed through changes in the Raman peak positions and peak area ratios, which are corroborated through density functional theory calculations.
Pediatric and adolescent injury in skiing.

This review examines risks that accompany child and adolescent participation in downhill skiing. Falls and non-collision events were the most common mechanism of injury, but significant data implic...
Rearrangement and Prékopa–Leindler Type Inequalities

We investigate the interactions of functional rearrangements with Prekopa–Leindler type inequalities. It is shown that certain set theoretic rearrangement inequalities can be lifted to functional analogs, thus demonstrating that several important integral inequalities tighten on functional rearrangement about “isoperimetric” sets with respect to a relevant measure. Applications to the Borell–Brascamp–Lieb, Borell–Ehrhard, and the recent polar Prekopa–Leindler inequalities are demonstrated. It is also proven that an integrated form of the Gaussian log-Sobolev inequality sharpens on rearrangement.
Fractions: in Search of Meaning

of the National Assessment of Educational Progress indicate that "although most students could perform simple whole-number calculations, many evidenced little knowledge of the most fundamental concepts of fractions, decimals, orpercents" (Carpenter etal. 1988, 40). This statement proved quite accurate during a project to compile a videotape to help preservice teachers learn how elementary school students think about fractions. Students who had completed the fifth grade struggled and often failed to give appropriate pictorial representations of such "simple" situations as one-third of a pie and one-fourth of a set of eight marbles. (For convenience, the word fraction is used to mean a fractional number.)
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ceramic Materials

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of ceramic materials such as pyrolytic carbon, silicon carbide, boron nitride, and silicon nitride is finding increased application. Factors involved in the control of uniformity and morphology of vapor-deposited structures, as well as the use of plasma and laser technology in extending the scope of CVD, are discussed.
Still Partners? Examining the Consequences of Post-Dissolution Parenting

Parents who divorce or separate are strongly encouraged to co-parent their children. Through co-parenting relationships, whether voluntary or court-ordered, divorced and separated individuals remain closely enmeshed in each others' lives. The co-parenting approach to post-dissolution parenting conflicts with the dominant model for post-dissolution economic issues: the clean break model. Judges are encouraged to completely untangle all financial entanglements upon divorce or separation. Under the clean break model, divorced and separated parents are supposed to gain economic autonomy. This Article explores a context in which the tension between these two models is most acute: relocation disputes. Custody relocation doctrine limits the geographic mobility of parents who are sole custodians or majority-time residential parents (hereinafter custodial parents), a restriction not placed on non-custodial parents or parents with significantly less residential time (hereinafter non-custodial parents). This Article includes a review of 612 judicial decisions concerning relocation disputes that appeared on Westlaw over a five year period in order to investigate these effects. Judicial denials of permission to relocate impose great personal and economic cost on parents whose relocation plans are thwarted, undermining their economic autonomy. As this Article demonstrates, parents seek relocation for a variety of reasons, including remarriage, employment or education opportunities. Their inability to relocate could significantly diminish their lifetime earnings, perhaps making the difference between economic security and impoverishment. Despite the lost opportunity costs borne by custodial parents, no economic remedy is available to a parent denied the right to move. The economic burden of relocation denials falls mostly heavily on women; those who are often already most apt to experience economic disadvantage following a divorce as well. To date, the substantial relocation scholarship has left untouched an important question: when a court denies permission to relocate, who should bear the economic burden of that denial? This Article argues that where court intervention in post-dissolution co-parenting creates significant economic costs to one of the parents, courts should have the authority to share that cost between both parents through an income sharing approach.
Absolute Continuous Spectrum of One-Dimensional Schrödinger Operators

We give sufficient conditions on the asymptotic behavior of the potential function q(t) for t going to one of the infinity for the spectrum of to be purely absolutely continuous in some subsets of .