cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contracting for Property Rights: Contracting for the utilization of oil fields

INTRODUCTION This chapter examines the contracting problems encountered in efforts to unitize the production of crude oil in the United States. Since the first discovery of petroleum in the United States in 1859, oil production has been plagued by serious common pool losses. These losses arise as numerous firms compete for migratory oil lodged in subsurface reservoirs. Under the common law rule of capture, private property rights to oil are assigned only upon extraction. This follows similar practices in allocating property rights to other naturally occurring resources, such as fish, wildlife, and even frontier federal land. For each of the firms on a reservoir, a strategy of dense-well drilling and rapid production allows it to drain oil from its neighbors and to take advantage of the low extraction costs that exist early in field development. In new, flush oil fields, subsurface pressures are sufficient to expel the oil without costly pumping or injection of water or natural gas into the reservoir to drive oil to the surface. Under these conditions, when there are multiple firms on a reservoir, each firm has incentive to drill competitively and drain to increase its share of oil field rents, even though these individual actions lead to aggregate common pool losses. Rents are dissipated as capital costs are driven up with the drilling of excessive numbers of wells (more than geologic conditions require or price and interest rate projections warrant) and with the construction of surface storage, where the oil can be held safe from drainage by other firms.
Development of a Novel Integrated Strengthening and Sensing Methodology for Steel Structures Using CNT-Based Composites

AbstractStrengthening of deteriorating structural members by fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is an increasingly common and validated technique; however, concerns over means to evaluate the long-term durability of these retrofits exist. This paper explores a novel approach to overcome this concern through the use of a novel self-sensing composite material. Specifically, the objective of this paper is to provide a proof of concept for an integrated strengthening and sensing methodology for structural steel members achieved via infusing more-traditional composites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). To assess the strengthening and sensing capabilities of the CNT-based composite, a set of unidirectional tensile tests were conducted. The experimental results show stiffness increases and strain reductions due to the application of the CNT-based sensing composites that were in close agreement with both analytical and finite-element models. The sensing aspect was also validated by a corresponding linear change in resi...
Ontologies for situation-based crime scene identities

Our interests are in establishing the identity of agents in physical and cyber environments and determining how evidence in cases support identity judgments. Current work centers on physical evidence from a crime scene; however, what is presented is a computational framework that expands to the cyber world. Part of the project's foundation is based on Barwise's situation theory because it joins semantics for utterances and accounts of perceptions. Situations both support items of information and carry information about other situations. Specifically, an utterance situation contains information about a described situation. We provide an account of the support for an identity judgment (in an id-situation) that essentially builds cases (aligned to legal cases) called id-cases, because significant cases of identity can lead to various situations that impact the value of evidence. Our framework includes a situation ontology, upon which an id-situation ontology is built. While focusing on physical evidence, we also developed a physical biometrics ontology, which the physical features ontology supports. Additionally, there is a law enforcement ontology and several supporting stubs. We show how a specific case is encoded in RDF in alignment with our ontologies, and complement our id-situation ontology with SWRL rules to infer a culprit in a crime scene.
p16 Loss and E2F/cell cycle deregulation in infant posterior fossa ependymoma.

Background Posterior fossa (PF) ependymomas (EPNs) in infants less than 1 year of age (iEPN-PF) have a poorer clinical outcome than EPNs in older children. While radiation therapy is the standard of care for the latter, it is withheld in infants to avoid neurotoxicity to immature brain. It is unknown whether the adverse outcome in iEPN-PFs is due to treatment differences or aggressive biology. We examined this question using molecular profiling. Methods Six anaplastic iEPN-PFs were subjected to transcriptomic analysis and FISH for p16 loss and gains of 1q, and compared with anaplastic PF EPNs from older children. Results were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results All six iEPN-PFs were grouped within EPN PF subgroup A (PFA). E2F targets and G2M checkpoint were identified as the most enriched gene sets in iEPN-PF, which was validated in a larger independent cohort. Accordingly, MIB-1 IHC demonstrated a higher mitotic rate in iEPN-PFs than noninfant anaplastic EPN PFA. Genetic and protein analyses demonstrated that p16 loss and low p16 protein expression is a hallmark of iEPN-PF, and that none harbored 1q gains. Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed the poorer clinical outcome of the iEPN-PF cohort. Conclusions Biological differences, characterized by loss of p16 expression without gains of 1q in iEPN-PFs, as well as deregulated E2F target gene transcription, are indicative of deregulated p16-CDK4/6-pRB-E2F pathway activity. This may underlie the poor clinical outcome seen in this group of iEPN-PFs, rather than the withholding of radiation therapy. Results suggest a potential actionable therapy for iEPN-PF, namely cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors.
Beyond History: The Ongoing Aspects of Autonomy

Historical accounts of autonomy hold that the autonomy of pro-attitudes depends, at least in part, on the way in which they came about. Understandably, such accounts tend to focus the bulk of their attention on identifying the historical conditions necessary for the development of autonomous pro-attitudes. As Alfred Mele has argued, however, in addition to autonomy with respect to the development of one’s pro-attitudes, full or robust personal autonomy requires as well that one be autonomous with respect to the continued possession of one’s pro-attitudes, and with respect to the influence those pro-attitude have on one’s behavior. These non-historical aspects of personal autonomy have not, though, been adequately addressed by recent historical accounts. This paper aims to draw attention to, and hopefully go some way toward remedying, the need for further illumination of the two ongoing aspects of autonomy. I argue first that in order for a pro-attitude to be autonomously possessed, it is not enough that it developed in an autonomous manner; it must also be maintained in an autonomous manner. I examine two proposed “autonomous-maintenance” conditions, one by Mele, the other by Richard Arneson, and argue that, as those conditions stand, neither is satisfactory. What we need, I argue, is an autonomous-maintenance condition that adjusts and combines the requirements of those two conditions, such as that I go on to offer. According to that condition, the autonomous possession of a pro-attitude requires that the agent remain disposed and able to review the pro-attitude in the light of new and relevant evidence, and that she is capable of shedding the pro-attitude should such review issue in a rational judgment that it is best to do so. I then examine Mele’s discussion of the behavioral aspect of autonomy relative to a pro-attitude. I argue that by requiring that an agent be able to construct and execute a plan for acting on the basis of a pro-attitude that has some objectively determined likelihood of success, Mele’s treatment of the behavioral aspect of autonomy confuses the ability to autonomously pursue one’s ends with the ability to achieve them. The behavioral aspect of autonomy, I argue, ought instead require merely that an agent be able to employ her adequate self-control capacities in determining for herself whether and how to go about acting on her autonomously possessed pro-attitudes.
Hostility and Notice in Prescription Cases

Analysis of the role of hostility and notoriety in adverse possession cases, and the relationship of adverse possession and prescriptive extinction of easements.
An Update on the Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Plastic Surgery: A Review of 26,032 Consecutive Cases

Background:Outpatient surgery offers many advantages, including cost-containment, privacy, and convenience. However, patient safety must take precedence over these benefits. Limited well-designed studies exist in the plastic surgery literature on patient safety in the outpatient setting, particularl
Flash Sintering using Controlled Current Ramp

Abstract In conventional flash sintering, the current rises nonlinearly to a set current limit, accompanied by a spike in the power density. This sudden power spike may cause hot spot formation, in which current preferentially channels through a small area, causing localized melting while other areas remain unsintered. By using a controlled current ramp early on the sudden power spike can be avoided. In addition, by changing the ramp rate material properties such as porosity, grain size and conductivity can be tuned.
Semantics–Pragmatics Boundary

The Gricean distinction between saying and implicating suggests a clear division of labor between semantics and pragmatics. The standard view that a semantic theory delivers truth-conditions for every well-formed sentence of a language has been grafted onto a Gricean view of the semantics-pragmatics divide. Consequently, many believe that truth-conditions can be specified in a way that is essentially free from pragmatic considerations. This view has been challenged by those who argue for pragmatic intrusion into truth-conditional content. Others have argued in favor of preserving a pragmatically untainted conception of semantics, but for a more fine-grained conception of pragmatics. This debate has led to different proposals as to how to draw the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. This philosophical debate has been conducted largely independently of the debate in linguistics about the interfaces between the various subsystems of the language faculty in the mind/brain. However, there are interesting connections between these two debates, and a convergence on the idea of pragmatic intrusion into semantics.
Die Institutionalisierung des Lebenslaufs

Die Anregung oder die Last, die eine Soziologie des Lebenslaufs fur die Sozialforschung bedeutet, last sich leicht benennen: sie weist nach, das das Leben eine zusatzliche Dimension aufweist, namlich die zeitliche. Wer sich mit anderen Fragen beschaftigt, steht einmal mehr vor der Aufgabe, das Erhebungs- und Analyseprogramm entsprechend auszuweiten. Das Lebensalter (bzw. die Stellung im Lebenslauf) drangt sich als eine zusatzliche Varianzdimension auf; sie mus kontrolliert werden, um die eigentlich interessierenden Effekte reiner zu erhalten. Eine direktere Form der Thematisierung von Alter und Lebenslauf besteht darin, Alternsverlaufe selbst als Gegenstand zu behandeln (ahnlich wie in der Entwicklungspsychologie).
Survey Questionnaire on Corporate Environmental Management Practices

Survey questionnaire instrument used in Delmas, M and Toffel, M. 2008. Organizational Responses to Environmental Demands: Opening the Black Box, Strategic Management Journal. 29(10): 1027-1055.
Government Regulation of Food Marketing to Children: The Federal Trade Commission and the Kid-Vid Controversy

In a rulemaking proceeding subsequently called the most radical agency initiative every conceived, in 1978 the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed sweeping regulations to restrict television advertising to children. I was put in charge of developing this rule-making proceeding. The FTC first proposed to ban all television advertising to children who were too young to understand the selling intent of commercials, on the theory that such ads were unfair and deceptive. Second, for older kids, roughly eight to eleven, we proposed to ban all television advertising for highly sugared products, such as candies that caused dental risks, on the theory that, although kids know they’re being advertised to, they lack the ability to understand longterm serious health consequences—they can’t balance the desire for immediate gratification versus the hazards of tooth decay. And third, for older kids—eight to eleven and older—with respect to sugared products like soft drinks that have long-term adverse nutritional consequences but not necessarily tooth decay, we proposed to require either in-ad disclosures warning purchasers’ kids of the nutritional consequences, or full counter-ads—public service announcements opposing consumption of those products paid for by the advertisers of those products. We also made other proposals in the same rule-making proceeding—to limit selling techniques such as host selling, to limit
Forgiveness and Health: Review and Reflections on a Matter of Faith, Feelings, and Physiology

Empirical research on the links between forgiveness and both mental and physical health is burgeoning. This article reviews current research, with reflections on how Christians might engage this li...
Health Care Industry Structure

Chapter 2 takes a structural look at the health care industry circa 1994 and also provides a brief summary of the major events and trends that have led to the current situation.
Copy Number Variants of Undetermined Significance Are Not Associated with Worse Clinical Outcomes in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

Objective To determine the prevalence, spectrum, and prognostic significance of copy number variants of undetermined significance (cnVUS) seen on chromosomal microarray (CMA) in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Study design Neonates with HLHS who presented to Texas Children's Hospital between June 2008 and December 2016 were identified. CMA results were abstracted and compared against copy number variations (CNVs) in ostensibly healthy individuals gathered from the literature. Findings were classified as normal, consistent with a known genetic disorder, or cnVUS. Survival was then compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Secondary outcomes included tracheostomy, feeding tube at discharge, cardiac arrest, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Results Our study cohort comprised 105 neonates with HLHS, including 70 (66.7%) with normal CMA results, 9 (8.6%) with findings consistent with a known genetic disorder, and 26 (24.7%) with a cnVUS. Six of the 26 (23.0%) neonates with a cnVUS had a variant that localized to a specific region of the genome seen in the healthy control population. One-year survival was 84.0% in patients with a cnVUS, 68.3% in those with normal CMA results, and 33.3% in those with a known genetic disorder (P = .003). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes among the groups, although notably ECMO was used in 15.7% of patients with normal CMA and was not used in those with cnVUS and abnormal results (P = .038). Conclusions Among children with HLHS, cnVUSs detected on CMA are common. The cnVUSs do not localize to specific regions of the genome, and are not associated with worse outcomes compared with normal CMA results.
Learning English through Movies: Adult English Language Learners’ Perceptions

The use of media in English teaching and learning has received much attention from educators and second/foreign language educators. The use of media includes the use of movies, music, films, and other types of entertainment-related learning resources. However, little has been done to understand the adult language learners’ perceptions toward the benefits and challenges of using English movies to learn English. This qualitative research study explored English learners’ perceptions regarding the use of movies as English teaching and learning tools. The study focused on what language learners believe are the benefits and challenges of relying on English movies to develop their language competency. The study’s results indicated that language learners believed that movies are authentic sources of language learning and can be used effectively to improve language skills including speaking, listening, reading, vocabulary, and writing. Findings also revealed that according to language learners, movies are beneficial in terms of increasing students’ cultural awareness.
Invisible Memories: Black Feminist Literature and Its Affective Flights

This chapter argues that Black feminist thinkers began developing theories of affect in the late 1960s that foreground racial and gendered configurations as necessarily conditioning human and non-human relationality. Rogers contributes to the development of a genealogy of affect theory that is attentive to these antecedents in Black feminist thought, exposing the under-acknowledged intellectual labor of Black feminists, and expanding the ways in which affect theory typically is situated in intellectual histories as growing out of late 1990s queer theory, on the one hand, and debates around poststructuralism, on the other. The discussion highlights works by Audre Lorde, June Jordan, and Toni Morrison, arguing that they not only offer compelling commentary on the function of affect as political labor, but also are themselves powerfully affecting, producing “affective flights” that structure the different realities in which subjects live.
Multiple Fault Detection in Nano Programmable Logic Arrays

This paper presents a new method for testing on a go-nogo basis nano programmable logic arrays; the basic configuration of an array made of passive and active interconnect resources (lines and switches) on two connected planes (AND and OR) is analyzed under a comprehensive multiple fault model. This model is applicable to production testing at nano manufacturing and considers faults (such as stuck-at and bridging faults) in the passive interconnect line structure as well as programming faults in the active resources (switching or crosspoint faults). The proposed method achieves full coverage in fault detection by configuring the array multiple times using a four-step procedure; as the complexity of testing such chip is largely dependent on the number of configuration rounds (also often referred to as programming phases) that the chip must undergo, then at production the proposed method achieves a substantial reduction in test time compared with previous techniques. Different from previous techniques that have a complexity as function of array size (i.e. quadratic with the dimension of the planes in the array), it is shown that the proposed technique has a complexity linear with the largest dimension of a plane in the nano array. Simulation results are provided to show that 100% detection is achieved and for detection, the average number of configuration rounds is significantly less than the upper bound predicted by the presented theory.
CHAPTER 2A – The Normal Human Ovary Part I: Reproductive and Endocrine Functions

This chapter focuses on the description of ovary, its secretions, and reproductive and endocrine functions. The major functions of the human ovary are the nurture, development, and release of a mature oocyte ready for fertilization thus leading to the achievement of successful propagation of the species. Relevant to these processes, the ovary secretes steroid hormones, which stimulate growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics and are critically involved in an endocrine interchange, which directs orderly, repetitive cyclic ovulations, and finally supports successful uterine implantation and the early phase of pregnancy. It is noted from observations in prolonged physiologic (menopause) and nonphysiologic (gonadal failure) hypofunctional states that the ovarian steroid secretions have important influences on variety of nonreproductive organ systems, which in turn influence the quality of life and life expectancy of women. The advances in ovarian endocrinology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, and transgene and knockout technologies provide new and exciting insight into the life history of a human ovarian follicle, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation and function.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) in the context of aseptic meningitis in a twenty eight year-old postpartum female

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is an uncommon pathology that typically presents with a severe thunderclap headache in middle-aged postpartum females. Our patient was a twenty eight year-old Caucasian female seven months postpartum who presented with a ten day history of severe frontal headaches, myalgia, nausea, and anorexia without fevers. She then developed severe left hemiplegia, dysarthria, and paresthesias. Initial cerebrospinal fluid was significant for lymphocytepredominant pleocytosis, and acyclovir, vancomycin, and doxycycline were started for empiric meningitis. Cultures and marker were pan-negative for viral, bacterial, fungal, and autoimmune etiology. A computed tomography head scan was suggestive of distal right internal carotid artery atherosclerosis and ectasia, highly unusual for a woman of this age with no cardiovascular risk factors. Her hospital course was characterized by insomnia, delirium, worsening overnight headaches, and unusual bradycardic episodes. A computed tomography angiogram confirmed right internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery M1 and M2 segment narrowing, suggestive of RCVS. A follow-up cerebral arteriogram highlighted right middle cerebral artery M1 segment tapering, confirming this diagnosis. We suspect an additional diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, due to her cerebrospinal fluid findings, which likely exacerbated her clinical presentation. Her refractory headaches eventually improved spontaneously. This presentation of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in the context of a late post-partum onset and aseptic meningitis is the first such case to be documented, and we hope to shed some light on this unusual and uncommon disease, as well as some avenues for future research.
ABRUPT ONSET OF CHEST PAIN AND FEVER IN A YOUNG MAN: A CASE REPORT

Pericardial effusions are common and can develop due to myriad conditions. Up to 33% of symptomatic pericardial effusions may be due to underlying malignancy. An 18-year-old male presents complaining of chest pain, orthopnea and subjective fevers. Laboratory results remarkable for elevated Troponin
AORTIC DISTENSIBILITY BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING INVERSELY ASSOCIATES WITH NON-CALCIFIED CORONARY PLAQUE BURDEN BY CORONARY CT ANGIOGRAPHY IN PSORIASIS

Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, contributes to accelerated atherogenesis and increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events. Aortic distensibility (AD) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and non-calcified coronary burden (NCB) measured by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA
Procuring Spontaneous Session-Level Resource Guarantees for Real-Time Applications: An Auction Approach

Real-time multimedia applications, such as interactive gaming, live video streaming, and augmented reality, have strict latency and bitrate requirements. However, unpredictable network conditions, such as congestion and link quality, can severely degrade the quality of experience (QoE). While buffer-based mitigations cannot be applied to real-time applications due to their immediate resource needs, recent innovations in network slicing have demonstrated the feasibility of dedicating specified amounts of network resources to individual sessions in the radio access network. Encouraged by this, we propose to reserve network resources for multimedia sessions in real time according to their declared needs, thereby providing ad hoc session-level performance guarantees . Through Wi-Fi experiments and trace-driven LTE simulations, we show that such session-level resource provisioning is robust to real-time channel fluctuations and congestion externalities over the lifetime of a session. This approach, however, raises challenges: how can the network ensure that users are honest about their resource needs and optimally allocate its limited resources to users under uncertainty in future sessions’ resource needs ? We derive a novel multi-unit combinatorial auction (MUCA) model with a unique structure that can be exploited for fast winner determination, and yet incentivize truthful bidding, properties not simultaneously achieved in a generic MUCA but essential to making real-time session guarantees. Furthermore, since dynamic bidding in real time is challenging for end-users who are budget-constrained, we develop a reinforcement learning-based utility-maximizing strategy to distribute their budget across sessions and show that it yields high user utility.
Drugs in Pregnancy: Pharmacologic and Physiologic Changes That Affect Clinical Care

Pharmacologic interventions play a major role in obstetrical care throughout pregnancy, labor and delivery and the postpartum. Traditionally, obstetrical providers have utilized standard dosing regimens developed for non-obstetrical indications based on pharmacokinetic knowledge from studies in men or non-pregnant women. With the recognition of pregnancy as a special pharmacokinetic population in the late 1990s, investigators have begun to study drug disposition in this unique patient dyad. Many of the basic physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy have significant impact on drug absorption, distribution and clearance. Activity of Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes are differentially altered by pregnancy, resulting in drug concentrations sufficiently different for some medications that efficacy or toxicity is affected. Placental transporters play a major dynamic role in determining fetal drug exposure. In the past two decades, we have begun to expand our understanding of obstetrical pharmacology; however, to truly optimize pharmacologic care of our pregnant patients and their developing fetus, additional research is critically needed.
Successful Use of Intragastric Balloon Therapy as a Bridge to Heart Transplantation

Obesity is an important limiting factor for heart transplantation (HT) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Achieving substantial weight loss is challenging in this population due to activity limitations and fluid retention. Endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) including intragastric balloons (IGB) are effective primary weight loss therapies. IGBs have also been successfully utilized as a bridge therapy prior to liver transplantation and, in one case report, prior to HT. Potential advantages of IGBs in this population include low bleeding risk and less invasiveness as compared to other EBTs and surgery. We report the successful use of IGB as a bridge therapy in two patients with class II obesity and end-stage CHF requiring left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), anticoagulation, antiplatelet, and inotrope therapy.
Abstract PR10: Heterogenous activation of multiple suppressive pathways by scRNAseq may underscore resistance to PD-1 therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a deadly disease that, until recently, was thought to be resistant to checkpoint blockade. A recent clinical trial revealed that the PD-1 inhibitor, pembrolizumab, when given in combination with the androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) drug enzalutamide, achieved an unprecedented 18% complete biochemical response rate in mCRPC patients. Though promising, ~80% of these patients failed to respond and the mechanisms of resistance remain unclear. The immunologic landscape of mCRPC is largely unknown. We hypothesize that mechanisms of resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy may reflect the heterogeneity of immune suppression in this disease. Revealing this heterogeneity is difficult to achieve because access to the metastatic disease is limited to core-needle biopsies of largely bone and lymph node disease. Therefore, to reveal pathways of resistance, we developed a protocol for isolating leukocytes and performing single-cell RNAseq from fresh core-needle biopsies taken from enzalutamide-resistant metastatic lesions prior to and after pembrolizumab treatment. The abundance of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes was on average less than 1% of total cells independent of biopsy location. Using our single-cell RNA sequencing data, we generated a leukocyte gene signature of enzalutamide mCRPC and used this to retrospectively deconvolute bulk RNA sequencing data from a cohort of 16 paired biopsies from enzalutamide-naive and -resistant patients. Computational approaches revealed the diverse leukocyte heterogeneity of mCRPC and multiple suppressive pathways beyond PD-1 within the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, the suppressive pathways were shared between metastatic biopsy locations (i.e., bone vs lymph node). To validate these targets in combination with ADT treatment, we developed orthotopic mouse models of mCRPC in immunocompetent mice. These strategies will identify new opportunities for clinical intervention to enhance antitumor responses in this patient population. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A04. Citation Format: Chaojie Wang, Julie Graff, Zheng Xia, Amy Moran. Heterogenous activation of multiple suppressive pathways by scRNAseq may underscore resistance to PD-1 therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PR10.
Insidious Onset of Serotonin Syndrome in a 6-Year-Old Boy

Serotonin syndrome, characterized by autonomic, neuromuscular, and mental status changes, is an uncommon but well-established risk of psychotropic medications. The presentation can be highly variable, especially when triggered by agents with effects on additional neurotransmitters.1 The presence of a nonspecific prodrome has been reported but poorly characterized and can lead to misattribution of symptoms.2 We describe a case of serotonin syndrome with insidious onset in a boy treated with multiple medications for behavioral dysregulation.
Station-to-User Transfer Learning: Towards Explainable User Clustering Through Latent Trip Signatures Using Tidal-Regularized Non-Negative Matrix Factorization

Urban areas provide us with a treasure trove of available data capturing almost every aspect of a population's life. This work focuses on mobility data and how it will help improve our understanding of urban mobility patterns. Readily available and sizable farecard data captures trips in a public transportation network. However, such data typically lacks temporal signatures and as such the task of inferring trip semantics, station function, and user clustering is quite challenging. While existing approaches either focus on station-level or user-level signals only, we propose a Station-to-User (S2U) transfer learning framework, which augments user-level learning with shared temporal patterns learned from station-level signals. Our framework is based on a novel, so-called "Tidal-Regularized Non-negative Matrix Factorization" method, which incorporates a-priori tidal traffic patterns in generic Non-negative Matrix Factorization. To evaluate our model performance, a user clustering stability test based on the classical Rand Index is introduced as a metric to benchmark different unsupervised learning models. Using this metric, quantitative evaluations on three real-world datasets show that S2U outperforms two baselines methods by 7-21%. We also provide a qualitative analysis of the user clustering and station functions for the Washington D.C. metro and show how S2U can support spatiotemporal urban analytics.
Too Large, Too Small, or Just Right? Assessing the Growth of Voter Registration Rates Since the NVRA

The number of people registered to vote in the United States since the passage of the NVRA in 1993 has risen by 58% in a period in which the voting-age population has risen 28%. As of 2018, only eight percent of the eligible electorate appears unregistered. What accounts for this dramatic rise in the registration rate and the apparent near-disappearance of unregistered voters? As an initial foray at this question, I pursue two methods to help us understand whether official registration statistics are “too large” and by how much efforts to remove deadwood are successful in removing voters who have moved or died. One method is a simple comparison of official voter registration reports with self-reports to the Current Population Survey. The other method compares list maintenance statistics with demographic patterns that should be driving those statistics. Using the first method, it appears that official statistics over-report actual registration rates by about five percentage points. Using the second method, it is clear that shortcomings in removing deadwood from the rolls comes primarily from removing people who move out of jurisdiction, not dead voters. The conclusion touches on the role that the analysis in this paper can play to contribute to the public discourse about voter registration patterns, and the continuing data challenges in gaining a generalized knowledge about those patterns.
Writing, water and woe: the natural environment in Australian Women's Weekly feature articles on flood, 1934-2011

This publication appears in Special Issue 51: Papers from the 2017 AAWP annual conference, edited by Patrick Allington, Piri Eddy and Melanie Pryor.
DUSTY PLASMA EFFECTS IN COMETS: EXPECTATIONS FOR ROSETTA

[1] Despite their small masses, comets have played an extraordinary role in enhancing our understanding of cosmic physics. It was the calculation of comet Halley's orbit and the successful prediction of its return in 1758 that firmly established the correctness of Newton's law of universal gravitation. It was the morphology of the dusty tails of comets that provided the earliest information of the nature of the interaction of solar electromagnetic radiation with dust, and it was the orientation and structure of the plasma tails of comets that led to the discovery of the solar wind. More recently, the role of the changing dusty plasma environments of comets as natural space laboratories for the study of dust-plasma interactions, and their physical and dynamical consequences, has been recognized. The forthcoming Rosetta-Philae rendezvous and lander mission will provide a unique opportunity to revisit the entire range of earlier observations of dusty plasma phenomena in a single comet, as it moves around the Sun. In this topical review, motivated by the Rosetta mission, we discuss the varying modes of interaction of the comet as it approaches the Sun, and the different dusty plasma phenomena that are expected in each case, drawing on the earlier observations, including their interpretations and prevailing open questions.
Monopole non-annihilation at the electroweak scale

Abstract We examine the issue of monopole annihilation at the electroweak scale induced by flux tube confinement, concentrating first on the simplest possibility - one which requires no new physics beyond the standard model. Monopoles existing at the time of the electroweak phase transition may trigger W condensation which can confine magnetic flux into flux tubes. However, we show on very general grounds, using several independent estimates, that such a mechanism is impotent. We then present several general dynamical arguments limiting the possibility of monopole annihilation through any confining phase near the electroweak scale.
XXXIV. Magnetic forces in a rectangular circuit

Abstract The standard force equation, and Ampere's force equation for the magnetic force between current elements, are applied to determine the forces in a rectangular circuit, one side of which is mechanically separable from the other three. In order to explain the observed forces by the use of the standard equation, it is necessary to make the doubtful assumption that a part of the rectangular circuit can lift itself. Ampere's equation gives a reasonably correct value of the forces without the necessity of making this assumption.
Technology Assessment of Laser-Assisted Materials Processing in Space

Lasers are useful for performing operations such as joining, machining, built-up freeform fabrication, shock processing, and surface treatments. These attributes are attractive for the supportability of longer-term missions in space due to the multi-functionality of a single tool and the variety of materials that can be processed. However, current laser technology also has drawbacks for space-based applications, specifically size, power efficiency, lack of robustness, and problems processing highly reflective materials. A review of recent laser developments will be used to show how these issues may be reduced and indicate where further improvement is necessary to realize a laser-based materials processing capability in space. The broad utility of laser beams in synthesizing various classes of engineering materials will be illustrated using state-of-the art processing maps for select lightweight alloys typically found on spacecraft. With the advent of recent breakthroughs in diode-pumped solid-state lasers and fiber optic technologies, the potential to perform multiple processing techniques is increasing significantly. Lasers with suitable wavelengths and beam properties have tremendous potential for supporting future space missions to the moon, Mars and beyond.
Public accounting firms' mix of service revenue and average productivity: Evidence using revenue per partner

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of public accounting firms' mix of service revenue on their average productivity measured by total revenue per partner.Design/methodology/approach – Using data from Public Accounting Report on top public accounting firms by revenue, an OLS regression model is applied by regressing revenue per partner on the percentage of revenue generated from auditing and attest, tax, management consulting, and other services independently.Findings – Results show that the proportion of auditing and attest service revenue is negatively associated with public accounting firms' productivity. However, the proportion of other services revenue, other than tax and management consulting services, is positively associated with productivity. Additional investigation shows that if public accounting firms provide other services in their mix of services, then tax and management consulting services do not contribute to these public accounting firms' productivity.Research lim...
Measurement of magnetic susceptibility and magnetic moment of paramagnetic molecules in solution by high-field Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy

Since the original mention of the ‘H NMR method of susceptibility measurement by Evans in 1959 ( I ) , the magnetic susceptibilities of numerous paramagnetic metal complexes and free radicals in solution have been successfully determined by this technique (2-6). The method and its variation were later described in detail by subsequent workers (2-5, 7-10). The NMR method is simple, quite reliable, and widely used by many as an alternative to Gouy or other standard susceptibility measurement techniques. In this NMR method, two dilute solutions are prepared by using a reference compound in pure solvent. The solution of the paramagnetic species whose susceptibility is to be determined is incorporated in an inner narrow-bore tube while the solvent containing the reference compound is placed in the NMR sample tube or vice versa. The paramagnetic solution also contains the reference compound in an identical amount. The ‘H NMR spectra ofthe reference compound in the two coaxial tubes exhibit chemical-shift differences (paramagnetic shift, Av) which are measured and are then used to calculate the mass susceptibility (xr) of the dissolved paramagnetic molecule from the expression ( I )
Facilitation of survival following lateral hypothalamic damage by prior food and water deprivation

Rats with bilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions lose weight at a slower rate and survive longer if deprived of food and water for 2 days prior to surgery. This effect appears to be a function of the duration of food and water deprivation preceding surgery rather than of the preoperative level of body weight.
Well-posedness issues for models of phase transitions with weak interaction

Gradient flows for simple phase-field models based on a non-local free-energy functional (the one used in Bates et al (1997 Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 138 105-36) and elsewhere) of a scalar state variable are investigated. We also consider such functionals with no spatial interaction terms. It is known that in either case the state function may be discontinuous. We allow the discontinuity to migrate and treat its position as a primary ingredient in the dynamics, along with the state variable. This leads to an alternative type of gradient flow. The latter's initial-value problem suffers from a lack of uniqueness, and there are multiple travelling waves. One manifestation of this is the possibility of the spontaneous appearance of a new phase at a point, with the domain of the new phase then spreading outward. This ill-posedness can be alleviated by the addition, to the free-energy functional, of a term concentrated at the discontinuity. Similarly, so doing makes travelling waves unique.
Microseparation chips for performing multienzymatic dehydrogenase/oxidase assays: simultaneous electrochemical measurement of ethanol and glucose.

This report describes a new “lab-on-a-chip” protocol integrating on-line precolumn biocatalytic reactions of multiple (oxidase and dehydrogenase) enzymes and substrates with effective capillary electrophoresis microseparations and amperometric detection. The operation of the new oxidase/dehydrogenase reaction/separation microchip is illustrated for the simultaneous measurement of glucose and ethanol in connection to the corresponding glucose oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase reactions, respectively. The enzymatic reactions generate hydrogen peroxide and NADH species that are separated (on the basis of their different charges) and detected amperometrically at the end-column thick-film detector. A driving voltage of 2000 V results in peroxide and NADH migration times of 74 and 230 s, respectively. Operating the gold-coated carbon detector at +1.0 V allows simultaneous anodic detection of both reaction products. Factors influencing the reaction, separation, and detection processes are examined and optimized....
Effects of thinning on biomass growth in young Populustremuloides plots

Stem, branch, and leaf biomass and leaf-area index (LAI) were estimated for 4 years of growth in plots of thinned and unthinned 7-year-old Populustremuloides Michx. In 1978, transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was monitored to estimate percent PAR transmitted. Four years after thinning total aboveground biomass and LAI in the thinned plots exceeded prethinning levels, but were still much less than in the unthinned plots. Leaf biomass and LAI in the unthinned plots increased to 3900 kg ha−1 and 5.7, respectively, but were still increasing in the thinned plots. Annual net stem and branch production during the study was relatively constant at about 5300 kg ha−1 year−1 in the unthinned plots, while net production in the thinned plots was still increasing. Transmitted PAR attenuated rapidly to LAI 3.5, approaching asymptote near LAI 5. Results suggest that, in the short term, thinning of young stands will decrease total aboveground biomass, but net annual biomass accumulation may not be great...
Interval between inoculations as a factor in interference between neurotropic viruses.

SummarySt. Louis encephalitis virus, following nasal instillation, did not protect rats from Western equine encephalomyelitis virus inoculated 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours later by the same route. If the equine encephalomyelitis virus was inoculated 48 hours after the St. Louis encephalitis virus, some interference was noted since these animals survived longer than did controls. A high degree of protection against equine encephalomyelitis virus was observed in rats that had had St. Louis encephalitis virus inoculated intranasally 72 and 96 hours before the equine encephalomyelitis virus was inoculated by the same route. Rats inoculated intranasally with St. Louis encephalitis virus are resistant to nasally instilled equine encephalomyelitis virus for as long as 10 days after the former virus is inoculated, but by the 21st day this resistance disappears.
How virtual reality may enhance training in obstetrics and gynecology.

Abstract Objective: Contemporary training in obstetrics and gynecology is aimed at the acquisition of a complex set of skills oriented to both the technical and personal aspects of patient care. The ability to create clinical simulations through virtual reality (VR) may facilitate the accomplishment of these goals. The purpose of this paper is 2-fold: (1) to review the circumstances and equipment in industry, science, and education in which VR has been successfully applied, and (2) to explore the possible role of VR for training in obstetrics and gynecology and to suggest innovative and unique approaches to enhancing this training. Material And Methods: Qualitative assessment of the literature describing successful applications of VR in industry, law enforcement, military, and medicine from 1995 to 2000. Articles were identified through a computer-based search using Medline, Current Contents, and cross referencing bibliographies of articles identified through the search. Results: One hundred and fifty-four articles were reviewed. This review of contemporary literature suggests that VR has been successfully used to simulate person-to-person interactions for training in psychiatry and the social sciences in a variety of circumstances by using real-time simulations of personal interactions, and to launch 3-dimensional trainers for surgical simulation. These successful applications and simulations suggest that this technology may be helpful and should be evaluated as an educational modality in obstetrics and gynecology in two areas: (1) counseling in circumstances ranging from routine preoperative informed consent to intervention in more acute circumstances such as domestic violence or rape, and (2) training in basic and advanced surgical skills for both medical students and residents. Conclusion: Virtual reality is an untested, but potentially useful, modality for training in obstetrics and gynecology. On the basis of successful applications in other nonmedical and medical areas, VR may have a role in teaching essential elements of counseling and surgical skill acquisition. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:S37-40.)
Transmission electron microscopy of mozzarella cheeses made from microfluidized milk.

The nanostructure of Mozzarella cheeses prepared from microfluidized milk was compared with that of control cheeses made from untreated milk. Milk heated to 10 or 54 °C and containing 1.0 or 3.2% fat was homogenized by microfluidization at 34 or 172 MPa prior to cheesemaking. The effects on the casein particles and fat globules in the cheese were determined by transmission electron microscopy after 1 day and 6 weeks of storage at 4 °C. The micrographs showed that electron-dense regions theorized to be casein submicelles rearranged from a homogeneous configuration to a pattern of clusters during the storage period. The nanostructure of the cheeses made from milk processed under the mildest conditions resembled the controls, but otherwise the fat droplets decreased in size and increased in number as the pressure and temperature were increased. The results indicate that both homogenization temperature and pressure affect the nanostructure of Mozzarella cheese. Keywords: Homogenization; microfluidization; mil...
Theoretical and practical complexity of modeling methods

Highlighting the importance of taking into account typical usage when estimating the complexity of a systems development method.