cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of nozzle size scaling in co-flow water cavitation jet peening

Abstract Water Cavitation Peening (WCP) employs cavitation to introduce compressive residual stresses in metals while limiting the surface roughening typical of similar surface enhancement processes such as shot peening and laser shock peening. As shown by a number of authors, cavitation intensity is greatly affected by the jet velocity as well as by the nozzle dimensions and shape. This paper reports on an investigation how nozzle dimensions affect cavitation intensity and peening performance in co-flow WCP of Al 7075-T651. Scalability of the process is investigated by comparing co-flow nozzles of increasing size but the same diameter ratios. The results show a substantial increase in cavitation intensity with nozzle size and a considerable decrease in the processing time required for saturation of the strip curvature and residual stress. The observed trends are explained by means of high-speed video imaging analysis and pitting tests, which show that the increase in cavitation intensity is due to an increase in the amount of cavitation when nozzle dimensions increase, while the pit depths and pit shape factor, which are measures of the strength of the cavitation events occurring at the workpiece surface, are largely unaffected. The process yields compressive residual stresses as high as 400 MPa and as deep as 350 μm below the surface, which are both a significant improvement upon previous results reported for shot peening.
The Genetic and Endocrinological Basis for Sex Differentiation

The reasons why sexual reproduction replaced asexual reproduction during the evolution of higher organisms is a basic problem of biology that has never been resolved (Williams 1975) (1). It is also true that little is known about the molecular biology by which the two sexes develop. It is true, of course, that the chromosomal basis of sex determination has been established for many years and that in higher mammals the heterogametic sex in which the two sex chromosomes are different is male and the homogametic sex is female. Nevertheless, the fact that the ultimate control of sex is chromosomal or genetic does not explain the mechanisms by which sexual differentiation takes place during embryogenesis. If sex is determined at the moment of conception one would logically expect that the two embryos would develop differently from the outset and that male and female embryos would be distinguishable early in development. However, during the initial weeks of gestation sexual differentiation is indifferent. It is not possible during this phase of embryogenesis to distinguish male and female embryos except by performing chromosomal analyses; in other regards embryos of both sexes are identical. However, starting about the ninth week of gestation gonadal differentiation takes place, namely, an indifferent gonad changes into testis or ovary, and then the sexual phenotype becomes clearly differentiated thereafter.
MONCOR--A Program to Compute Concordant and other Monotone Correlations

The new interactive FORTRAN program MONCOR is described. MONCOR computes the concordant monotone correlation, discordant monotone correlation, isoconcordant monotone correlation, isodiscordant monotone correlation and their associated monotone variables. Data input can be finite discrete bivariate probability mass functions or ordinal contingency tables, both of which must be given in matrix form. The well-known British Mobility data are used to illustrate the input and output options available in MONCOR.
Piezoelectric-Based Monitoring of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a very common disease that affects millions of people each year; however, there is not an effective way to monitor it. By creating a device that is strapped to an individual’s leg, RLS can be easily monitored. This device measures the amount of vibration a person gives off while uncontrollably shaking their leg. A piezoelectric cantilever beam was selected to monitor these vibrations and a protective housing was designed to comfortably fit around a human leg. The device was fabricated using 3D printing techniques and was tested by machine to ensure its operation. A variable speed Scotch Yoke apparatus with a displacement of 10 mm which oscillates at different rates was used for testing the device. By wiring the developed sensor, and a reference accelerometer to a Data Acquisition Card, comparisons were made between the true movement and the measured voltage of the sensor. The piezoelectric cantilever beam was then strapped on a volunteer to attempt to replicate the results. The experimental results showed a consistent frequency output with the reference one and can be used as a reference for monitoring restless legs syndrome.
Homo Viator: Knowledge of the Earth and Theory of the World in the Age of the First Transatlantic Voyages

Geography, the writing of the earth and the seas, is also inextricably human geography, a form of relating to our living-on-the-earth in which the physical and the cultural are not so easily disjoined, and where the politics of place plays a determining role. This paper examines how the travelers (explorers mostly) motivated their yearning for unknown lands (terra incognita), acted on that impulse, finally saw, recorded and reported objects and facts about the unknown as primary information that needed to be translated into usable knowledge to be circulated in various communities. This process required not just challenging established modes of knowing, but rethinking how humans theorize about the “world/s” that is/are built upon the earth. It required a paradigm shift that would have epochal consequences. The haunting conclusion is that perhaps humanity is, in some deep ontological sense, characterized by the language devised to explain these contingent encounters of roaming beings.
A Wake-Up Receiver With a Multi-Stage Self-Mixer and With Enhanced Sensitivity When Using an Interferer as Local Oscillator

An ultra-low power wake-up receiver with an energy-detection passive-RF architecture uses a multi-stage self-mixer that has a better conversion gain than the conventional envelope detector. The self-mixer, co-designed with the RF matching network, optimizes the sensitivity and minimizes the power consumption of the receiver. A wake-up receiver prototype in 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS operates at 550 MHz, consumes 220 nW from 0.5 V, and achieves a sensitivity of −56.4 dBm at a 400-kb/s chip rate using an 11-bit wake-up code. When a large interferer is present, the receiver operates in an interferer-enhanced mode, leveraging the interferer as a local oscillator to improve the sensitivity; in the presence of a −43.5-dBm interferer, a −63.6-dBm sensitivity is achieved while consuming 1.1 $\mu \text{W}$ .
Superwetting copper hydroxyl nitrate wicks for the sweating-boosted air cooling on finned tubes

Abstract Air cooling system (ACS) gains more attention because of the global water crisis, however its applications are limited by the inherent low heat transfer coefficient of air. Evaporative heat transfer is promising to address the challenge in ACS. By mimicking the primary mechanism of mammals to effectively dissipate heat during physical exercise, a sweating-boosted air cooling (SBAC) strategy is proposed and experimentally demonstrated on plain walls in our previous study. We have shown that the copper oxide (CuO) wicks played a critical role in the thermal performance of SBAC. In this research, we develop superwetting copper hydroxyl nitrate (Cu-HDS/NO3) wicks to further enhance SBAC on finned copper tubes. Cu-HDS/NO3 crystals are directly synthesized on copper substrates via a three-step wet chemical oxidization process. The time-dependent surface morphology and crystal structures of Cu-HDS/NO3 are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The newly developed wicks are superior in spreading water and thermally stable for SBAC under a wide range of working conditions. The performance of SBAC on a finned copper tube coated with Cu-HDS/NO3 wicks has been experimentally evaluated. The SBAC on as-developed wicks enhances the effective heat transfer coefficient (HTC) by 379.9% and reduces the total thermal resistance by 76.1%. The effects of wall temperature and air velocity on the thermal performance of SBAC are systematically characterized. We have shown that the super wicking capacity well complements the SBAC at low air velocity, hence makes the super wicking Cu-HDS/NO3 more attractive in the practical applications of SBAC. The developed Cu-HDS/NO3 wicks are promising in implementing SBAC strategy over current ACS.
Electronic Commerce Beyond the

The explosion of interest in electronic commerce stemming from commercial use of the Internet triggered high expectations, and accompanying high stock market value for public companies specializing in the delivery of products and services through this channel. However, the boom in the market value of these so-called "dot com" companies appears to be over. This paper examines the factors underlying the fall off in the value of "dot com" companies, focusing on the manner in which fundamental business principles were violated by these firms. In addition, it explores the manner in which business-to-business and business-to-consumer e-commerce can be expected to evolve even though the "dot com" boom is over.
D1-receptor regulation of synaptic potentials in the ventral tegmental area after chronic drug treatment.

Publisher Summary Repeated administration of amphetamine, cocaine, or morphine has been reported to result in sensitization to both reinforcing and locomotor stimulant effects on further exposure to any of the three drugs. The phenomenon of cross-sensitization between psychostimulants and opiates suggests that these drugs produce common neural adaptations, despite having different pharmacological targets. Behavioral sensitization has been found to correspond to a hypersensitive mesolimbic dopamine system. Two general mechanisms of sensitization have been identified using in vivo techniques: an enhanced release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to drug and a sensitized response of NAc neurons to dopamine agonists. D1 -receptor modulation of GABA transmission in slices of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following a treatment regimen designed to elicit behavioral sensitization has been investigated. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) can be metabolized to adenosine that acts at A1 receptors to inhibit transmission in many areas of the central nervous system, including the GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in dopamine cells of the VTA. D1 activation could, therefore, produce an inhibition of transmitter release mediated by adenosine. It has been suggested that adenosine tone is dependent on D1-receptor activation, is elevated in drug-treated animals, and is responsible for the reversal of dopamine's effect. D1 receptors also facilitate GABA release in rat VTA, and that repeated drug administration, through a long-lasting increase in adenosine tone, shifts the balance toward inhibition of GABA release. Increased adenosine inhibition of GABA transmission in the VTA would presumably result in disinhibition of dopamine neurons and enhanced dopamine levels in projection areas such as the NAc. Thus, the D1-receptor-dependent increase in adenosine tone reported in this chapter is likely to contribute to the persistent sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine system observed following repeated administration of psychostimulants or opiates.
Multi-Purposing Domain Adaptation Discriminators for Pseudo Labeling Confidence.

Often domain adaptation is performed using a discriminator (domain classifier) to learn domain-invariant feature representations so that a classifier trained on labeled source data will generalize well to unlabeled target data. A line of research stemming from semi-supervised learning uses pseudo labeling to directly generate "pseudo labels" for the unlabeled target data and trains a classifier on the now-labeled target data, where the samples are selected or weighted based on some measure of confidence. In this paper, we propose multi-purposing the discriminator to not only aid in producing domain-invariant representations but also to provide pseudo labeling confidence.
Reliability of mathematical inference

Of all the demands that mathematics imposes on its practitioners, one of the most fundamental is that proofs ought to be correct. It has been common since the turn of the twentieth century to take correctness to be underwritten by the existence of formal derivations in a suitable axiomatic foundation, but then it is hard to see how this normative standard can be met, given the differences between informal proofs and formal derivations, and given the inherent fragility and complexity of the latter. This essay describes some of the ways that mathematical practice makes it possible to reliably and robustly meet the formal standard, preserving the standard normative account while doing justice to epistemically important features of informal mathematical justification.
Masculinized Male Chest Contouring: Creating the Armor Plate

Male patients are routinely consulted regarding dislike of their chest appearance. To date, majority of patients have desired elimination of their feminine-appearing breast, termed gynecomastia. These patients have associated their overweight body image, with the femininity of their breasts as presented by fullness and roundedness of their breasts and subsequently have desired maximal flattening of their breast. We present a new set of patients who desire a more muscular-appearing chest than a gynecomastia repair that is interposed on a chiseled abdominal contour. In contrast to the former set of patients, these patients desire bulking of their breasts with a bolder-appearing armor plate look. We present an alternative to traditional gynecomastia repair which involves a novel approach to chest contouring creating a flat, yet bold, pentagonal-shaped breast with linear borders utilizing both fat and gland removal as well as strategic fat grafting back into the chest. We present a novel protocol to create an armor plate male chest appearance as an alternative to traditional gynecomastia contouring. All patients treated to date demonstrate a muscular-appearing chest that is harmonious on an interposed masculine-appearing abdomen.
Office-based, Minimal-Incision Modified Fenestration Technique for Symptomatic Hydroceles Under Local Anesthesia

Abstract Objectives To describe a minimal incision modified fenestration technique” (MIMFeT) for symptomatic hydroceles utilizing local anesthesia. Methods A database was maintained for men undergoing in-office MIMFeT for symptomatic hydroceles between June 2015 and August 2018. Following local anesthesia, the hydrocele was sequentially everted through a small upper hemi-scrotal incision, excised, and oversewn without delivering the testicle through the wound. Patient demographics and clinical outcomes were subsequently reviewed. Results A total of 54 men (median age 67) underwent MIMFeT under local anesthesia for symptomatic hydrocele. Median estimated hydrocele size was 250 mL (IQR 150;500). Medical comorbidities included coronary artery disease (12%), hypertension (43%), diabetes (13%), and current antiplatelet or anticoagulant (44%) use. Six patients (11%) were deemed unsafe for monitored or general anesthesia. 48 patients had follow-up data available (median 9-months; IQR 2-18). Mild recurrent scrotal swelling occurred in 4 patients (8%) and 9/48 (18%) experienced postoperative complications including hematoma (n=2), prolonged pain (n=3), wound infection (n=2), and partial incisional separation (n=2). No patient required repeat hydrocelectomy. Conclusions Our early results suggest that the minimal-incision, modified fenestration technique (MIMFET) for management of symptomatic hydroceles can be safely performed in the office-setting under local anesthesia, including in those patients who are determined to be unsafe for monitored and general anesthesia
Is coastal adaptation a public good? The financing implications of good characteristics in coastal adaptation

Sea level rise poses a crisis for coastal communities. Many local governments have identified strategies to prepare for the impacts of sea level rise but often lack funding mechanisms. To date, the...
Postoperative Anemia Predicts Length of Stay for Geriatric Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Lumbar Spine Fusion Surgery.

Introduction:We hypothesize that postoperative anemia will predict length of stay (LOS) for geriatric patients undergoing minimally invasive (MIS) lumbar spine fusions.Materials and Methods:Patient...
13 Reasons Why, Perceived Norms, and Reports of Mental Health-Related Behavior Change among Adolescent and Young Adult Viewers in Four Global Regions:

Media programing addressing controversial topics among youth has grown; however, research has yet to consider the correlates of viewing on a global scale. Using the theory of normative social behav...
Outcome and Risk Factors Associated with Failures of Isolated Bearing Exchange for Osteolysis in Well-Fixed Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background It is often challenging to decide whether to revise only the bearing or femoral acetabular component in the setting of progressive osteolysis without component loosening in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study, we aimed to (1) compare the survivorship of isolated bearing exchange and single/both component revision for patients with periprosthetic osteolysis without component loosening, and (2) identify potential risk factors associated with failures of isolated bearing exchange. Methods A total of 228 consecutive cases of revision THA for progressive osteolysis without component loosening was evaluated in 2 groups: (1) 124 component revision and (2) 104 isolated bearing exchange. The primary outcome was survival, with failure defined as repeat revision or reoperation for any reason. Patient risk factors, such as demographics and medical comorbidities, were also analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in survivorship between the component revision group and the bearing exchange group at 10 years (85% vs 82%; P = .89). There was no progression of osteolysis on radiographs at last follow-up for patients with isolated bearing change. Univariate regression modeling demonstrated that renal disease was associated with failure of isolated bearing exchange after revision THA. Conclusion This study demonstrated that isolated bearing exchange is associated with similar outcomes compared with component revision for aseptic osteolysis without loosening, demonstrating that isolated bearing exchange is a viable option for selected patients with osteolysis in the setting of well-fixed THA components. This provides clinically useful information for surgeons in the surgical treatment of THA patients with wear and osteolysis without component loosening.
Theoretical Analysis of Performance Parameters in Oscillating Plasma Thrusters

Conventional expressions and definitions describing performance of plasma thrusters, including the thrust, specific impulse, and the thruster efficiency, assume a steady-state plasma flow with a co...
Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook: by Mark Bray, Brooklyn and London, Melville House, 2017, 259 pp., $16.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6

The events of January 6, 2021, make this book as relevant to understanding recent militant extremism and violence as if it were published yesterday. This is not because it might lead one to blame A...
AEJMC Advertising Division 2020 Teaching Pre-Conference Review: Embracing Diversity Equity and Inclusion Across the Advertising Curriculum-Learning from the Pros:

The Advertising Division of the Association for Educators in Journalism and Mass Communication held its 23rd annual Teaching Pre-Conference, virtually, on the topic of diversity, equity, and inclus...
Facile transformation of poly(phenyl ether) by C-H borylation: A viable method to new aromatic materials

Abstract C H functionalization is a mild method for the direct transformation of inert C H bonds to the desired product. Herein, the C H borylation reaction is employed to convert poly(phenyl ether) (PPE) to the borylated analog (PPE-Bpin) for further functional group transformation into other products. We explored the conversion of PPE to an adhesive (PPE-ADH) by the combination of a PPE epoxy resin (PPE-ER) and a triamine. The GPC trace shows no noticeable degradation in the polymer’s backbone following the C H borylation and subsequent reactions. The PPE derivatives are all thermally stable with onset of degradation temperatures (Td onset) over 330 °C and degradation temperature (Td) over 400 °C; in comparison, PPE has a Td onset at 344 °C and Td of 388 °C. The white colored adhesive has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 79 °C, with an adhesion energy of 12 kJ/m2 at room temperature due to cohesive fracture.
Isokinetic Strength of the Trunk and Hip in Female Runners

A plethora of research has examined bilateral and reciprocal concentric strength relationships of the thigh musculature in a variety of athletic populations. However, little research has reported strength values of the trunk and hip musculature. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine concentric and eccentric strength of the trunk and hip flexor and extensor muscle groups in female runners. Twenty-one habitual female runners were assessed for trunk and hip strength via isokinetic dynamometry (KinCom, Chattecx Corp.). Strength was reported in newtons (N) and calculated as the average force over the range of motion in which the joint was tested. Eccentric strength at the trunk was greater than concentric strength. Similar results were found at the hip. Reciprocal muscle group ratios revealed that concentric trunk flexion was 52% of extension. Eccentric trunk flexion was 39% of extension. Concentric hip flexion was 98% of extension. Eccentric hip flexion was 103% of extension. The ratios were not significantly different. These findings establish previously unreported isokinetic strength values for the trunk and hip in female runners.
Effect of Q-VD-OPh on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation of sarin-exposed mice (877.6)

Organophosphates (OP) cause CNS hyperstimulation resulting in seizures, convulsions and brain damage. Sarin is a toxic nerve agent used in Syria, the Gulf War and in terrorist attacks in Japan. Exp...
Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis in Hawaii

Timely diagnosis of leptospirosis is important to ensure a favorable clinical outcome. The definitive serologic assay, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), requires paired sera and is not useful for guiding early clinical management. The only screening test approved for use in the United States, the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), has not undergone extensive field evaluation. To assess the performance of the leptospirosis IHA in Hawaii, serum from patients evaluated for leptospirosis between 1992 and 1997 were tested with the IHA at the Hawaii State Laboratories Division and with the MAT at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leptospirosis was considered confirmed by a fourfold rise in MAT titer and/or a positive culture. A total of 92 (41%) of 226 specimens from 114 persons with confirmed leptospirosis were found positive by IHA. Only 18 (15%) of 119 specimens obtained within 14 days of onset were IHA positive, compared to 74 (69%) of 107 specimens collected more than 14 days after onset (P /=200 and obtained from persons with confirmed or probable leptospirosis. Fifty (68%) of 73 specimens with Icterohaemorrhagiae as the presumptive infecting serogroup were found positive by IHA, compared to 44 (47%) of 93 specimens with Australis as the presumptive infecting serogroup (P, 0.01). The IHA test was positive for 3 (1%) of 236 specimens from 154 persons without leptospirosis. The sensitivity of the leptospirosis IHA in Hawaii was substantially below figures reported previously, particularly early in the course of illness, limiting its usefulness for diagnosing acute infection. Since the presumptive infecting serogroup affected IHA results and the prevalence of serovars varies with geography, the performance of the IHA should be assessed locally. More sensitive leptospirosis screening tests are needed in Hawaii.
Time delayed parabolic systems with coupled nonlinear boundary conditions

The aim of this paper is to show the existence and uniqueness of a solution for a system of time-delayed parabolic equations with coupled nonlinear boundary conditions. The time delays are of discrete type which may appear in the reaction function as well as in the boundary function. The approach to the problem is by the method of upper and lower solutions for nonquasimonotone functions.
Analytical applications of electron monochromator-mass spectrometry.

An electron monochromator (EM) produces an electron beam with a narrow energy distribution that can be utilized with mass spectrometry (MS). The history and development of the EM from an initial research design to a commercial model are reviewed along with MS research applications. An EM incorporated with a mass spectrometer showed significant improvement in sensitivity over traditional methods for negative-ion generation and selectivity for compounds with electrophilic character. Sensitivity of EM-MS has been shown to be 25 fg for hexachlorobenzene in positive-ion mode and 10 fg for nitrobenzene in negative-ion mode. Reports regarding the analysis of chlorinated compounds, explosives, pesticides, phthalates, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), antioxidants, and bacterial biomarkers are discussed. Additionally, theoretical methods to predict electron-capture properties are presented. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34: 24–42, 2015.
Genomics in environmental health research--opportunities and challenges.

Abstract Environmental health research impacts both environmental health regulatory policy and the practice of medicine. However, this area of medical research has not garnered public support and attention of medical researchers because of its emphasis on prevention and public health. Also, the pervasiveness of a scientific culture wedded to old problems and outdated technologies and models systems has not been helpful in generating enthusiasm for the field. While the emphasis on prevention is both laudable and appropriate, the adoption of cutting-edge technologies to exploit the new scientific opportunities, made possible by the nation’s investment in genomics, is essential if the discipline expects to be competitive with other highly deserving programs. The new ‘omics’ era of environmental health research, ushered in over the past decade, characterized by the linkage of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics to conventional toxicology and pathology databases, holds great promise for elucidating mechanisms of gene–environment interaction in human health and disease. These combined approaches will allow one to monitor multiple molecular events, pathways and interactive networks simultaneously—a requirement for elucidating toxic mechanisms. But, before embracing the ‘omics’ technologies as the ‘be all-end all;’ they need to be validated for their predictive capacities in large-scale multi-institutional studies, such as those described in this article.
Optimization-based decision support system for crew scheduling in the cruise industry

Crew members on cruise ships are hired in a global labor market, and a major cost for cruise lines is moving crew members from their home cities to the cruise ship's departure port. Complicating the crew scheduling problem is the uncertainty due to no-shows, terminations, and other reasons for crew to terminate their contract prematurely. To address this problem, this paper describes a scheduling system that implements a two-stage planning process that first determines overbooking levels for the number of crew to offer contracts to, and then second, a goal integer programming formulation to minimize the movement cost of assigning crew to ships while maintaining adequate crew levels and a desired crew region composition. We solve actual-sized problems characteristic of the cruise industry in a reasonably short amount of time. Experiments comparing the actual crew movement costs to the system's projected crew movement costs show that the scheduling system can consistently reduce the movement costs in the range of 9-23%, better maintain desired crew levels, and better maintain desired crew region composition.
Spontaneous arteriosclerosis in old, male, virgin Sprague--Dawley rats.

Summary Virgin, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were observed from 3 to 34 months of age. Systolic blood pressure rose progressively with age, reaching abnormally elevated levels in some, becoming abnormally low in others. The old virgin males gained and then lost weight progressively with age, their pituitary and adrenal glands were heavier than young rats, and their thymi were greatly involuted. The old virgin rats manifested fatty infiltration of the liver and islet beta cell degranulation concomitant with hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated circulating corticosterone levels. Spontaneous arteriosclerosis, identical to that found in younger breeder rats was found in these old virgin males. Therefore, the vascular and other degenerative changes found in young breeder rats is considered to be an example of accelerated arterial disease.
A Dynamic Air Permeameter for Coarse-Textured Soil Columns and Cores

The objective of this research was to develop a rapid method to measure the air permeability of multiple layers of a coarse-textured soil column or core. The method required dry air to be pumped through an initially wet soil column, which evaporated the water from the soil within 24 to 48 h. During the drying process, the airflow rate was recorded, and the air pressure was measured at multiple locations along the length of the column. Concurrently, a γ-ray system was employed to collect water content and dry bulk density measurements. The air permeability as a function of water content was then calculated for each measured interval along the length of the soil column. The method was applied to a hand-packed soil sample intended to be as homogenous as possible, and it was shown that small variations in bulk density contributed to measurable variation in the resulting air permeability. A two-layer, hand-packed soil sample was similarly tested, and the method clearly identified the air permeability of both layers. The method was also successfully performed on an intact heterogeneous field sample collected in a brass sampling tube. Measured air permeabilities from the three tests ranged from 9.8 × 10 −13 to 2.1 × 10 −10 m 2 . The method is not appropriate for fine-textured soils or those that shrink significantly when dried.
Gut T1R3 sweet taste receptors do not mediate sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in mice

Most mammals prefer the sweet taste of sugars, which is mediated by the heterodimeric T1R2+T1R3 taste receptor. Sugar appetite is also enhanced by the post-oral reinforcing actions of the nutrient ...
Resolutions of generalized 3-manifolds whose singular sets have general position dimension one

Abstract We show that, modulo the classical Poincare Conjecture, a closed generalized 3-manifold X is the cell-like image of a closed 3-manifold (i.e., is “resolvable”) if it satisfies the following condition: any map of a disk into X can be approximated by one whose image meets the singular set of X in a zero-dimensional set.
Nature as the image of god: reflections on the signs of the sacred

Abstract. This is a brief survey of aspects of the modern scientific view of nature to see if implied therein are signs or traces of the sacred–as early religious apprehension surely supposed. Nature's power and order are discussed as is the strange dialectic of death and life, evident in modern biology as it also is in all early religion.
Minimal positive stencils in meshfree finite difference methods for the Poisson equation

Meshfree finite difference methods for the Poisson equation approximate the Laplace operator on a point cloud. Desirable are positive stencils, i.e. all neighbor entries are of the same sign. Classical least squares approaches yield large stencils that are in general not positive. We present an approach that yields stencils of minimal size, which are positive. We provide conditions on the point cloud geometry, so that positive stencils always exist. The new discretization method is compared to least squares approaches in terms of accuracy and computational performance.
Time of sinistral slip along the polochic fault of Guatemala

Abstract The Polochic fault of Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico was a Neogene transform segment of the North American — Caribbean plate boundary, with a total sinistral slip of 130 km. Principal activity was within the interval from about 10.3 to 6.6 m.y. B.P. or less, a time bracket based upon K-Ar ages from volcanic rock clasts in the Colotenango beds of northwest Guatemala. Earliest possible movement was established from ages of volcanic rock constituents of the older Colotenango conglomerates, deposited by streams that flowed north from a terrane now in Central Guatemala and onto terrane that was subsequently offset along the Polochic fault. It is believed that the Selegua River was connected to the Chixoy River of Central Guatemala. This river system deposited the older part of the Colotenango conglomerate now in western Guatemala about 130 km west of its source area. Two volcanic clasts from the conglomerate yield ages of 12.3 ± 1.0 and 10.3 ±1.0 m.y. The younger age is believed to set the maximum age of sedimentation of this older part of the conglomerate and is probably close in time to initiation of fault activity. Distinctive brown serpentinite clasts in the conglomerate have been shown to be petrographically, mineralogically, and geochemically similar to serpentinite from the presumed source area north of Salama, Guatemala. A youngest age of major offset is established by the younger part of the Colotenango beds, a volcaniclastic deposit which fills much of the ancient Polochic fault-controlled Cuilco River Valley. Our studies of volcanic clasts of the younger Colotenango conglomerate reveal pristine glass, attesting to its relatively young age. K-Ar determination establishes an age of 6.6 ± 0.3 m.y. B.P. for these clasts. The youngest age of movement has not been established with certainty. It lies between the 6.6 m.y. age and the age of the uppermost volcaniclastic valley fill. The synchroneity of spreading in the Cayman Trough (Macdonald and Holcombe, 1978) with transform activity along the Polochic suggests strongly that the two were genetically related. The earliest data in the bracketed time interval correlates with the age of ongoing spreading for the Mid-Cayman Rise. The Mid-Miocene to Pliocene volcanic arc (9–19 m.y. B.P.) of Mexico and its probable continuation in Guatemala (8–19 m.y. B.P.), sinistrally offset across the Polochic, fits well with the chronology discussed above for the Polochic.
Characterization of quinone tautomerase activity in the hemolymph of Sarcophaga bullata larvae

The hemolymph of Sarcophaga bullata larvae was activated with either zymosan or proteolytic enzymes such as chymotrypsin or subtilisin and assayed for phenoloxidase activity by two different assays. While oxygen uptake studies readily attested to the wide specificty of activated phenoloxidase, visible spectral studies failed to confirm the accumulation of quinone products in the case of 4-alkyl substituted catechols such as N-acetyldopamine and N-β-alanyldopamine. Sepharose 6B column chromatography of the activated hemolymph resolved phenoloxidase activity into two fractions, designated as A and B. Peak A possessed typical o-diphenoloxidase (o-diphenol, oxygen oxidoreductase EC 1.10.3.1) activity, while peak B oxidized physiologically important catecholamine derivatives such as N-acetyldopamine, N-acetylnorepinephrine, and N-β-alanyldopamine into N-acetylnorepinephrine, N-acetylarterenone, and N-β-alanylnorepinephrine, respectively, and converted 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol into 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxy-3′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone, respectively. These transformations are consistent with the conversion of phenoloxidase-generated quinones to quinone methides and subsequent non-enzymatic transformations of quinone methides. Accordingly, Peak B contained both o-diphenoloxidase activity and quinone tautomerase activity. Sepharose 6B column chromatography of unactivated hemolymph resulted in the separation of quinone tautomerase from prophenoloxidase. The tautomerase rapidly converted both chemically made and mushroom tyrosinase-generated quinones to quinone methides. Thus the failure to observe the accumulation of quinones with N-acyl derivatives of dopamine and related compounds in the whole hemolymph is due to the rapid conversion of these long lived toxic quinones to short lived quinone methides. The latter, being unstable, undergo rapid non-enzymatic transformations to form side-chain-oxygenated products that are non-toxic. The possible roles of quinone isomerase and its reaction products—quinone methides—as essential components of sclerotization of cuticle and defense reaction of Sarcophaga bullata are discussed.
Basalts from Iceland and Along the Reykjanes Ridge: Sr Isotope Geochemistry

Strontium isotope ratios in basalts demonstrate two distinct mantle sources under Iceland and the Reykjanes Ridge.
Long-ranse outlook for oceanographic telemetering

This paper considers the problems of the oceanographer in obtaining space in the electromagnetic spectrum for long-range radio telemetry. Among possible methods proposed is that of radio interrogation of buoys and the ?squirt? transmission of data in the high-frequency range. Problems of interference with existing missile ranges are discussed. It is suggested that very high frequency and ultrahigh frequency may be used with the assistance of high flying aircraft for the interrogation and acquisition of data from far-flung buoy systems. The system is projected toward the ultimate use with satellites, particularly those of the COURIER type.
Ferromagnetism in Bi- and Te-substituted MnRh

A series of experiments shows that substitution of Bi into antiferromagnetic MnRh causes this alloy to become ferromagnetic. The Curie temperature of (Mn0.8,Bi0.2) Rh is 185°K and the moment is 3.5µB per formula unit. Substitution of Te instead of Bi gives similar results. This effect is consistent with a model of competitive ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange in MnRh-type compounds.
Poverty: fuzzy measurement and crisp ordering

In this paper we make several contributions to the literature of poverty measurement. We first identify a plausible source for the fuzziness in poverty identification which renders a natural and direct estimation of the poverty membership function; we then provide an axiomatic characterization for an important class of fuzzy poverty measures; and we finally derive a set of crisp dominance conditions for fuzzy partial poverty orderings. We also illustrate the results with the US CPS data.
Thyroid Hormone Promotes Remodeling of Coronary Resistance Vessels

Low thyroid hormone (TH) function has been linked to impaired coronary blood flow, reduced density of small arterioles, and heart failure. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanisms by which THs regulate coronary microvascular remodeling. The current study examined the initial cellular events associated with coronary remodeling induced by triiodothyronine (T3) in hypothyroid rats. Rats with established hypothyroidism, eight weeks after surgical thyroidectomy (TX), were treated with T3 for 36 or 72 hours. The early effects of T3 treatment on coronary microvasculature were examined morphometrically. Gene expression changes in the heart were assessed by quantitative PCR Array. Hypothyroidism resulted in arteriolar atrophy in the left ventricle. T3 treatment rapidly induced small arteriolar muscularization and, within 72 hours, restored arteriolar density to control levels. Total length of the capillary network was not affected by TX or T3 treatment. T3 treatment resulted in the coordinate regulation of Angiopoietin 1 and 2 expression. The response of Angiopoietins was consistent with vessel enlargement. In addition to the well known effects of THs on vasoreactivity, these results suggest that THs may affect function of small resistance arteries by phenotypic remodeling of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).
Psychiatric symptoms in children with insomnia referred to a pediatric sleep medicine center.

Abstract Background and purpose : To assess the frequency and nature of clinical and psychiatric symptoms in children referred to a pediatric sleep center for evaluation of insomnia. Patients and methods : A retrospective chart review of all children referred to the pediatric sleep medicine was conducted. Children presenting exclusively with sleep initiation and/or maintenance problems underwent a structured clinical psychiatric interview and their parents completed the behavioral assessment system for children (BASC), pediatric symptom checklist, the clinical attention problem scale and a detailed sleep questionnaire. Results : Twenty-three of 46 children (50%) with persistent insomnia had a professional diagnosis of another psychiatric disorder. In the remaining 50%, although parents denied any previous psychiatric history, 40% displayed psychiatric symptoms as documented by psychometric measures and clinical interview. A significant positive correlation was observed between depressive BASC score and sleep onset latency and an inverse correlation was present with REM sleep latency. Conclusion : The vast majority of children presenting with persistent insomnia exhibit clinical symptoms of an accompanying psychiatric disorder, suggesting that comprehensive psychometric assessments are warranted in this population.
The behaviour of chlorine in Kentucky and Illinois coals during combustion and its effects on ash deposits

Abstract Ash deposition tests were performed in a laboratory-scale, pulverized coal combustor with four different coals. These four coals, Kentucky No. 9, Kentucky No. 11, Illinois No. 5 and Illinois No. 6 had chlorine contents of 0.18, 0.10, 0.42 and 0.36 wt%, respectively. Five repetitive, 1 h firings were performed for each coal at a coal feed rate of 11 kg h −1 . Ash samples were obtained from simulated waterwall and superheater probes, from an exhaust cyclone, and from a water-quenched char sample probe. Chlorine was found to release quickly from the coal to the gas phase. The amount of gas phase chlorine that concentrated on the ash collection surfaces was inversely dependent upon the temperature of the collection surface. The chlorine conversion rate from the char was equal to the carbon conversion rate for levels above 65%. Ash fusion temperature, ash sintering temperature, emittance, thermal conductivity, shear strength and compressive strength measurements, which were performed on samples from the waterwall and superheater probes showed no observable differences among the four coals tested. Obvious corrosion of the stainless steel test surfaces was observed during the combustion tests with the Illinois coals. The l h firings were too short for many of the physical properties of the ash deposits to reflect the influence of metal corrosion. Emittance, ash sintering temperature, compressive strength and shear strength of ash deposits were dependent on sample location.
Bedside Sublingual Video Imaging of Microcirculation in Assessing Bacterial Infection in Cirrhosis

Bacterial infections are common in cirrhosis and can lead to life-threatening complications. Sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging has recently emerged as a noninvasive tool for capturing real-time video images of sublingual microcirculation in critically ill patients with sepsis. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of SDF in determining underlying infection in patients with cirrhosis. Sublingual microcirculation was compared among patients with compensated cirrhosis (Group A, n = 13), cirrhosis without sepsis (Group B, n = 18), cirrhosis with sepsis (Group C, n = 14), and sepsis only (Group D, n = 10). The blood flow was semi-quantitatively evaluated in four equal quadrants in small (10–25 mm); medium (26–50 mm); and large (51–100 mm) sublingual capillaries. The blood flow was described as no flow (0), intermittent flow (1), sluggish flow (2), and continuous flow (3). The overall flow score or microvascular flow index (MFI) was measured for quantitative assessment of microcirculation and predicting power for concurrent infection in cirrhosis. Marked impairment was observed at all levels of microvasculature in Groups B and C when compared with Group A. This effect was restricted to small vessels only when Group B was compared with Group C. MFI < 1.5 was found to have highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) for infection in decompensated cirrhosis. SDF imaging of sublingual microcirculation can be a useful bedside diagnostic tool to assess bacterial infection in cirrhosis.
Effects of fertility and mortality on extinction of family and number of living children.

Abstract A model is developed to study the effects of fertility and mortality on number of living children and on extinction of family. Numerical illustrations are provided by applying the model to three different populations differing in fertility and mortality. It is found that a combination of a high birth rate and a low death rate is required to assure a reasonable probability that the family will not ultimately become extinct. A moderate to high birth rate and a low death rate are necessary to assure that there will be at least one surviving son in the parents’ old age. This finding implies that zero population growth is impossible as long as parents depend on children for old age security. Thus, alternate old age security measures must be adopted by societies attempting to reduce their birth rate to the replacement level.
Isotopic chemistry at Eli Lilly and Company – a look back at the past fifty years

This review will chronicle the genesis and the next fifty years or so of the Isotopic Chemistry effort at Eli Lilly and Company. It all began from a seed planted in Bob McMahon's mind while a post-doctoral fellow at MIT in 1949 and was later cultivated when he joined the Lilly Research Laboratories in 1954. From the humble beginnings of a few part-time radiochemists/part time metabolism scientists (Bob McMahon and Hugh Sullivan), the group has evolved to the eleven dedicated scientists that we have today. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Panic disorder : cognitive-behavioral treatment

The effectiveness of an integrated treatment program utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapies for Panic Disorder was examined. Treatment was comprised of Cognitive Model of Panic-derived procedures, Cognitive Therapy and Applied Relaxation Training. Subjects meeting DSM-III-R criteria for Panic Disorder received thirteen 2.5-hr sessions of outpatient therapy in small groups, over a 12-week period. Subjects were given an extensive rationale of the etiology, development and maintenance of Panic Disorder, within the framework of the Cognitive Model of Panic, and controlled behavioral experiments in panic evocation to internal panicogenic cues, cognitive reappraisal of somatic and ideational cues, breathing retraining, Applied Relaxation Training and Cognitive Therapy to identify and remediate maladaptive beliefs and dysfunctional cognitive schemas. A comprehensive assessment battery was given at pre-mid-post-treatment which included measures of tripartite functioning, global severity, panic, fear, anxiety, depression and psychiatric symptomatology. Analyses indicated statistically significant improvements across all outcome domains. All subjects were free of spontaneous (uncued) panic attacks at post-treatment, and all met operationalized criteria for high endstate functioning. These findings are discussed, with recommendations for future research.