cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond discounting: possible experimental models of impulse control

Animal studies of impulsivity have typically used one of three models: a delay of reward procedure, a differential reinforcement for low rate responding (DRL) procedure, or an autoshaping procedure. In each of these paradigms, we argue, measurement of impulsivity is implicitly or explicitly equated with the effect delay has on the value of reward. The steepness by which delay diminishes value (the temporal discount function) is treated as an index of impulsivity. In order to provide a better analog of human impulsivity, this model needs to be expanded to include the converse of impulsivity - self-control. Through mechanisms such as committing to long range interests before the onset of temptation, or through bundling individual choices into classes of choices that are made at once, human decision-making can often look far less myopic than single trial experiments predict. For people, impulsive behavior may be more often the result of the breakdown of self-control mechanisms than of steep discount functions. Existing animal models of self-control are discussed, and future directions are suggested for psychopharmacological research.
Contact spectroscopy for determination of stratigraphy of snow optical grain size

We present a technique for in situ measurement of the vertical and spatial stratigraphic distribution of snow optical grain size with a coupled contact illumination probe and field spectroradiometer. Accurate measurements of optical-equivalent grain size are critical for modeling radiative properties of snow such as spectral albedo and microwave emission. Measurements of the spectral reflectance of the snow-pit surface are made at 2 cm intervals in the vertical plane under constant illumination and view geometries. We invert the integral of the continuum normalization of the ice absorption feature with maximum at 1.03 mm wavelength for optical-equivalent grain size using the validated model of Nolin and Dozier (2000) that has accuracy of � 10-50 mm across the grain-size range 50-900 mm. Results are presented for an alpine site in southwest Colorado, USA, across the ablation season and for a Greenland ice-sheet site at the onset of snowmelt. These results suggest that traditional measurements of grain size using a hand lens are nearly accurate only for rounded grains (R 2 ¼ 0.41, rmse ¼ 160 mm); for polycrystals and faceted grains the hand-lens approach is very inaccurate (R 2 ¼ 0.03 and 0.24, rmse ¼ 1206 and 1010 mm, respectively). We demonstrate an order-of- magnitude improvement in modeling of shortwave spectral albedo and net shortwave flux with contact spectroscopy measurements of grain-size stratigraphy over those from a hand lens.
Unsteady Turbulent Boundary Layers and Separation

The time dependent turbulent boundary-layer equations are integrated numerically with a two-layer eddy viscosity model (Cebeci-Smith formulation), for transient or oscillatory outer flows. Comparisons with previous theoretical results indicate that the present method is at least as good as the others. Extensive comparisons with experimental data also are attempted for the first time. It appears that in a certain range of frequencies the agreement is satisfactory. Further, some characteristic quantities, like the mean velocity profile or the wall shear phase angle, are predicted accurately but other properties, like the averaged fluctuations of the velocity, indicate some discrepancies. The present method also is capable of integrating past the point of zero skin friction and into regions of partially reversed flow. The phenomenon of separation in unsteady flow also is investigated.
Gravitational Stabilization of an RNA/Protein Droplet Emulsion by a Nuclear Actin Network

Actin plays a structural role in the cytoplasm. However, actin takes on new functions and structures in the nucleus that are poorly understood. The nuclei of the large oocytes of the frog X. laevis specifically import actin to reach high concentrations; however, it remains unclear what, if any, structural role this actin plays. Here, we use microrheological and confocal imaging techniques to probe the local architecture and mechanics of the nucleus. Our data show that actin forms a weak network that spatially organizes the nucleus by kinetically stabilizing embedded liquid-like RNA/protein bodies which are important for cell growth. In actin-disrupted nuclei, this RNA/protein droplet emulsion is destabilized, and undergoes rapid gravitational sedimentation and fusion. This suggests that gravitational stabilization of subcellular structures is an important mechanical requirement in large cells.
Separation of fast and slow variables for a linear system with time-dependent coefficients

Abstract A systematic perturbation theory, introduced by Geigenmuller, Titulaer and Felderhof, for separating fast and slow motions of a set of first order linear differential equations is generalized to the case when the coefficients in the equation system vary slowly in time. The conditions under which this system has a reduced causal description are given. The general technique is used to derive the Smoluchowski equation and its initial data from the initial value problem for the Kramers-Chandrasekhar equation in the case when the external force is time dependent.
Developmentally arrested oviduct: A structural and functional defect in mice following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol

To determine the effects of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the developing oviduct, timed pregnant CD-1 mice were treated with DES (10-100 micrograms/kg subcutaneous) on days 9-16 of gestation. Prenatal DES-exposed and age-matched control mice were sacrificed from day 16 of gestation to 15 weeks of age and oviductal development was compared. Following prenatal exposure to DES (100 micrograms/kg), the oviduct at all ages examined was uncoiled and shorter, closely adherent to and wrapped around the ovary in an anatomical configuration similar to the fetal mouse. In addition, the demarcation between the oviduct and uterus was not readily apparent. Histological changes in the DES (100 micrograms/kg) oviduct as compared with control at 10-15 weeks of age included a proliferation of columnar epithelium lining the lumen with gland formation extending into the underlying stroma, absence of or a reduced amount of fimbrial tissue, increased thickness of the muscular wall, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Also, as a functional test of uterotubal junction integrity, Coomassie Blue dye was injected into the uterus. The control uterotubal junction confined the fluid to the uterus. In 80% and 100% of the animals exposed prenatally to DES (10 and 100 micrograms/kg, respectively), independent of the extent of the gross abnormality, the dye readily flowed into the oviduct and filled the ovarian bursa. We conclude that prenatal DES exposure can alter fetal development of the mouse oviduct, resulting in an apparent developmental arrest and functional disruption of the integrity of the uterotubal junction. The fetal like configuration of the ovary, oviduct, and uterus suggests the term developmentally arrested oviduct (DAO).
Greenness versus safety in vehicle footprint selection

The purpose of this paper is to extend the economic literature regarding the questions of (1) how consumers choose the size of their vehicles; (2) how privately optimal choices of vehicle size may diverge from socially optimal choices; and (3) how privately optimal choices can be better coordinated to achieve social efficiency. The consumer’s private decision of vehicle size is complicated by two social factors. First, larger vehicles may impose safety hazards to drivers of smaller vehicles. Second, smaller vehicles yield environmental benefits enjoyed by all drivers. White in (J Law Econ 47:333–355, 2004) analyses private versus social choice in the presence of the first factor (safety). We extend White’s model so as to take the second factor (greenness) into account, enabling us to better understand how consumers weigh the tradeoff between greenness and safety as vehicle size increases. We explore possible economic policy levers (taxes and tradable permits) that can reward individual selection of smaller vehicles and therefore help mitigate the so-called “arms race” in vehicle sizes.
The Stereospecific Tert-Butyllithium Reduction of Triene Sulfoxides: Improved Levels of Deuterium Incorporation

Abstract Treatment of triene sulfoxides with t-BuLi and methanol-O-d1 in D2O-wet ether leads to trienes with practical levels (96%) of deuterium incorporation. Alternatively, successive treatment of triene sulfoxides dwith CH3Li and then t-BuLi followed by methanol-O-d1 quench affords similar levels of label incorporation.
Percutaneous myocardial biopsy

Abstract A percutaneous technique for obtaining cardiac tissue with both Franklin-Vim-Silverman and Menghini needles is described. Seventy-one biopsies were attempted in 20 dogs, with cardiac tissue satisfactory for histologic analysis being obtained in 43 instances (60.5 per cent). Although the yield of specimens was higher with the FVS needle, the general impression toward the end of the study was that the Menghini needle was a more facile device in terms of ease of handling and less trauma to the subject. Cardiac tissue was obtained in 18 of 20 animals; all specimens consisted of myocardium, 4 of pericardium, and 1 of endocardium. All but 2 of 20 dogs were sacrificed 14 days after biopsy. No accumulation of pericardial fluid, significant scarring, or damage to the coronary arteries was demonstrated. The conclusion is that cardiac tissue suitable for histologic analysis can be safely obtained from the free wall of the left ventricle, at least in dogs, utilizing a percutaneous needle biopsy technique, even though several attempts may be necessary.
Association between diabetes, family history of diabetes, and risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis

Previous studies have shown familial aggregation of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease (NAFLD). Therefore, we aimed to examine whether family history of diabetes-mellitus (DM) is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. This is a cross-sectional analysis in participants of the NAFLD Database Study and PIVENS Trial who had available data on family history of DM. 1069 patients (63% women) with mean age of 49.6 (± 11.8) years and BMI of 34.2 (± 6.4) kg/m2, were included. 30% had DM and 56% had family history of DM. Both personal history of DM and family history of DM were significantly associated with NASH with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.93 (95% CI, 1.37–2.73; p-value <0.001) and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.11–1.97; P=0.01), and any fibrosis with an OR of 3.31 (95% CI, 2.26–4.85; p-value <0.001) and 1.66 (95% CI, 1.25–2.20; P<0.001), respectively. When the models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, and metabolic traits, the association between diabetes and family history of DM, with NASH showed an increased adjusted-OR of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.13–2.72, p-value <0.001) and 1.34 (95% CI, 0.99–1.81; P=0.06), respectively, and with any fibrosis with an significant adjusted-OR of 2.57 (95% CI, 1.61–4.11; p-value < 0.0001) and 1.38 (95% CI, 1.02–1.87; P=0.04), respectively. After excluding patients with personal history of diabetes, family history of DM was significantly associated with presence of NASH and any fibrosis with adjusted OR of 1.51 (95% CI, 1.01–2.25; P=0.04), and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.01–2.20; P=0.04), respectively. Conclusions: Diabetes is strongly associated with risk of NASH, fibrosis and advanced fibrosis. Family history of diabetes especially among non-diabetics is associated with NASH and fibrosis in NAFLD.
Projecting the number of new AIDS cases in the United States.

Abstract This paper reviews the two leading methods used to project the number of AIDS cases: back calculation and extrapolation. These methods are assessed in light of key features of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and of data on the epidemic; they are also assessed in terms of the quality of the projections they yield. Our analysis shows that both methods have tended to overproject, often by sizable amounts, the number of AIDS cases in the United States, especially among homosexual/bisexual males and users of blood and blood products. Our results provide no evidence that the use of AZT and other prophylaxis accounts for these projection errors. Rather, the overprojections appear to be mainly the result of a considerable reduction in the rate of new HIV infection among the gay community starting in 1983–1985. A new method for projecting AIDS cases is proposed that exploits knowledge about the process generating AIDS cases and that incorporates readily available information about rates of new HIV infection. This method is far less sensitive to estimates of the incubation distribution than the method of back calculation and is shown, for the two transmission categories studied, to generate far more accurate AIDS case projections through 1990 than those based on the method of extrapolation. Relative to the method of extrapolation, this method projects 22000 fewer new AIDS cases for 1995 (a 36% difference). This method also projects that intravenous drug users will replace homosexual/bisexual men as the dominant transmission category for AIDS.
Three unpublished letters to Charles Darwin: the solution to a ‘geometrico-geological’ problem

Summary While Charles Darwin wrote his Observations on South America, he often sought the advice and help of other scientists in solving specific problems. Three letters that the Cambridge geologist and mathematician William Hopkins wrote to Darwin exemplify such aid. In these letters Hopkins was able to show Darwin how he could calculate the position of the sedimentary beds on the Chonos Archipelago, which Darwin had visited. In his first letter Hopkins sent a solution, part of which eluded Darwin. Darwin's letters to Hopkins have not yet been found, but two additional letters gave Darwin the solution he was looking for.
Neuroscience: Circuits drive cell diversity.

Neurons of the same type can show functional differences. It turns out that this diversity is in part the result of the cells' adaptation to their specific neural networks. See Letter p.375 The brain's complexity depends largely on the variety of its neuronal cell types, but what further functional heterogeneity exists within each class of neurons is still poorly documented. Focusing on the olfactory system, Troy Margrie and colleagues now report that mitral cells belonging to the same glomerulus — and therefore receiving input from one common odorant receptor — express similar levels of the HCN2 ion channel subunit, and thus present similar neuronal excitability. Mitral cells engaged in brain circuits linked to other glomeruli express different biophysical profiles, suggesting that intrinsic diversity among neurons of a given morphological class may reflect functional adaptations of local circuits to the subtly distinct information they process.
Co-Movements of U.S. and Latin American Equity Markets in Bull and Bear Markets

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the co-movements of the U.S., Argentine, Brazilian, Chilean, and Mexican equity markets during the October 12, 1998-March 24, 2000 bull market and the March 24, 2000-September 10, 2001 bear market. We find that these five markets are more closely correlated and, therefore, there is less diversification benefit to global investors during the bear market than during the bull market. Our findings, using rolling correlation analysis, indicate that the most volatile U.S. correlation coefficient is with Chile, both in the bull market and in the bear market. The U.S. correlation coefficient with Mexico is more stable (i.e., more predictable) during the bull market than during the bear market. However, the U.S. correlation coefficients with Argentina and Chile are less stable (i.e., less predictable) during the bull market than during the bear market. The degree of stability (i.e., predictability) of the U.S.-Brazilian correlation coefficient is about the same, both in the bull ma...
An energy criterion for determiningd orbital contribution to adsorbate bonding to a transition metal: CO/Fe12

A new criterion is presented for determining the contribution of a particular class or group of orbitals to a chemical bond. The new criterion is the diatomic energy contribution of particular orbitals to a bond. In neglect to differential overlap methods the total energy may be decomposed entirely into monoatomic and diatomic terms. The contribution of the electrons ind orbitals to the diatomic energy terms, which are responsible for holding a molecule together, have been calculated for an Fe-Fe bond of Fe12 and for the Fe-C bond of CO absorbed at an on-top site of an Fe12 cluster. This direct measure of thed electron contribution to the total energy indicates that thed orbitals are responsible for only a small contribution to the Fe-Fe binding energy and to the binding energy for absorbed CO. This occurs, despite there being larged orbital attractive diatomic energy terms, because a careful analysis indicates repulsive terms balance the attractive terms.
Effects of two-quantum processes on vibrational energy transfer in atom-diatom collinear collisions

Abstract An approximate approach is developed to study the interference of one- and two-quantum processes in collinear collisions of an atom and a harmonic oscillator. In deriving an explicit expression for vibrational transition probabilities, one-quantum processes are treated rigorously, while the contributions of two-quantum processes are solved in first order. The interference is found to be strong in the collision systems such as H 2 + He, especially at high collision energies. In the collisions of a light atom with a heavy diatom, the interference is found to be not important even at such high energies.
Effects of neurotransmitters upon the discharge of secretory product from the cutaneous glands of the red-spotted newt.

The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic agonists and antagonists on discharge of secretory product by the granular and mucous glands were examined in the red-spotted newt, Notopthalmus viridescens viridescens. Observations were made also on the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, the grass frog, Rana pipiens, and the crested newt, Triturus cristatus. In contrast to the granular glands of the South African clawed toad and the grass frog, which were stimulated by α-adrenergic agents, those of the red-spotted newt discharge in response to acetylcholine, either in vitro when added to the Holtfreter's solution in which explants were incubated, or in vivo when injected subcutaneously. Granular glands of the crested newt were also discharged in response to subcutaneous injection of acetylcholine. Stimulation of the granular glands by acetylcholine was blocked by atopine but not by tubocurarie, indicating that the cholinergic receptors are muscarinic rather than nicotinic. The mucous glands of the red-spotted newt, on the other hand, did not discharge in response to either acetylcholine or to adrenergic agents.
CAUSES OF INJURY TO PLANTS RESULTING FROM FLOODING OF THE SOIL.

This study was made in an effort to learn why saturating the soil with water causes almost immediate injury or death of many species of plants. While it has been shown that the deficient aeration accompanying flooding injures or kills the root systems, this fact does not explain why the shoots are injured so quickly. Injury is usually attributed to desiccation, caused by decreased water absorption through the injured roots; but this explanation seems inadequate. Plants can live for some days after the root systems are killed if the soil is kept saturated (11), and cut shoots can be preserved in good condition for many days in containers of water if the water is changed occasionally. Most species of plants can be grown fairly satisfactorily in shallow tanks of nutrient solution without forced aeration; but if the same species are grown in soil which is later flooded, the shoots are quickly injured. The injury of shoots cannot be caused entirely by injury to the roots as absorbing systems, because reduced absorption of water or of minerals cannot explain all of the symptoms observed in the shoots of flooded plants. Although wilting of leaves is often observed after flooding, this is not the only nor even the most characteristic symptom of injury. Among the conspicuous symptoms of flooding injury is yellowing and death of the leaves, beginning with the lower ones and progressing up the stem. This chlorosis superficially somewhat resembles nitrogen deficiency, but often develops within four to six days after flooding, much too soon to be caused by nitrogen deficiency. The middle leaves of tomato show epinastic curvature within twenty-four to forty-eight hours after the soil is flooded; and lumps of callus tissue develop along the stem, particularly at the water level. In many species adventitious roots develop at the soil surface or just below the water surface where the water level is above the soil surface.
Crowns Cemented on Crown Preparations Lacking Geometric Resistance Form. Part II: Effect of Cement

PURPOSE This study evaluated the effect of different cements on resistance to dislodgment of crowns cemented on preparations lacking geometric resistance form. MATERIALS AND METHODS A preparation that offered no geometric resistance form, with 20 degrees total occlusal convergence (TOC), 0.9 mm wide shoulder finish line, and a 2.5 mm axial wall height was created on an ivorine tooth using a milling machine. Ten metal test specimen die replicas and 10 standardized metal crowns with recipient sites for the application of external forces through a universal testing machine were fabricated. The crowns were cemented on the dies under 5 and 10 kg external loads, the marginal openings measured, loaded to dislodgment, and cleaned of cement. The process was repeated using zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE), zinc phosphate (ZPh), resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin (CR) cements. RESULTS Marginal openings under 5 kg cementation loads were 74.63 (+/-15.04) for ZOE, 75.98 (+/-18.20) microm for ZPh, 98.58 (+/-22.62) microm for RMGI, and 105.82 (+/-20.07) microm for CR cements respectively; under 10 kg cementation loads they were 57.62 (+/-15.86) microm, 59.55 (+/-15.41) microm, 95.00 (+/-19.52) microm, 101.30 (+/-12.52) microm respectively. Oblique dislodgment forces, measured with a Universal testing machine, were 40.18 (+/- 6.76) N for ZOE, 215.65 (+/-45.79) N for ZPh, 165.43 (+/-19.53) N for RMGI, and 181.54 (+/-30.75) N for CR respectively when crowns were cemented under 5 kg loads. The corresponding values for 10 kg loads were 38.62 (+/-4.19), 274.86 (+/-54.22), 139.70 (+/-21.71), and 160.40 (+/-21.21) respectively. Only zinc phosphate cement produced statistically enhanced resistance when crowns were cemented under 10 kg force (p value = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of the present study only crowns cemented with zinc phosphate displayed increased resistance to dislodgment on preparations lacking resistance form.
Threshold for Single Excimer Laser Pulse Backside Removal of Thin Metal Films from Optical Quartz

The minimum energy in a 248 nm, 25 ns long excimer laser pulse required to remove thin Au and Cr films from optical quartz has been measured. Heating of the films by the laser has been modelled with a finite element calculation. Assuming that at threshold, all of the laser energy contributes to film removal, the calculations show that the gold films are removed when the heated gold surface reaches the atmospheric boiling point, and that temperatures well in excess of the atmospheric boiling point are required to remove the Cr films, with the required temperatures increasing with film thickness.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF AN ADAPTIVE GROUND CONTACT MODEL

Ground reaction forces are the driving element of human gait. They are — in the form of forceplate measures — included in virtually all inverse dynamic analyses. While it is possible to base forward dynamic analyses on such measurements, it is preferable to model the foot-floor interactions such that simulations can be performed independent of experimental data. Such a representation then facilitates the use of simulations to predict how movement would change in response to an impairment or intervention.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The sulfur controller-2 negative regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa encodes a protein with beta-transducin repeats.

Abstract The sulfur regulatory system of Neurospora crassa is composed of a set of structural genes involved in sulfur catabolism controlled by a genetically defined set of trans-acting regulatory genes. These sulfur regulatory genes include cys-3+, which encodes a basic region-leucine zipper transcriptional activator, and the negative regulatory gene scon-2+. We report here that the scon-2+ gene encodes a polypeptide of 650 amino acids belonging to the expanding beta-transducin family of eukaryotic regulatory proteins. Specifically, SCON2 protein contains six repeated G beta-homologous domains spanning the C-terminal half of the protein. SCON2 represents the initial filamentous fungal protein identified in the beta-transducin group. Additionally, SCON2 exhibits a specific amino-terminal domain that potentially defines another subfamily of beta-transducin homologs. Expression of the scon-2+ gene has been examined using RNA hybridization and gel mobility-shift analysis. The dependence of scon-2+ expression on CYS3 function and the binding of CYS3 to the scon-2+ promoter indicate the presence of an important control loop within the N. crassa sulfur regulatory circuit involving CYS3 activation of scon-2+ expression. On the basis of the presence of beta-transducin repeats, the crucial role of SCON2 in the signal-response pathway triggered by sulfur limitation may be mediated by protein-protein interactions.
PPPS-2013: Performance comparison of high energy capacitor technologies part 1: Discrete foil electrodes

High energy (>5kJ) capacitors based on a number of different dielectric and electrode technologies are available for use in pulse power systems. Discrete foil electrode capacitors are appropriate for higher voltage, lower capacitance, and faster discharge. Discrete foil capacitors offer the highest peak power and average power capabilities and elements can be connected in series to achieve extremely high voltages, up to a few megavolts. Both metallic and insulating plastic cases can be combined with different dielectric/electrode winding types to provide optimized capacitors. This work will compare the capabilities of different capacitor technologies for a wide range of operating conditions and provide guidance in selection of high energy capacitors for future applications.
Ethical issues and children with chronic kidney disease

Abstract Ethical decision making is as important as clinical management, especially as in developed countries we can now offer dialysis support to children of all ages with future kidney transplantation in mind. However, more children are being referred for treatment with major co-morbidities and the treatment, especially in infants, imposes a high burden of care and costs on the family. Withholding or withdrawing dialysis treatment may be appropriate options and this article illustrates some of the ethical dilemmas that may arise. Acting in the greater best interests of the child and consensus building are emphasised.
Formation and storage of amines in endocrine cells of gastric mucosa.

This communication summarizes current concepts on amine mechanisms in two endocrine cell systems present in the gastric mucosa of the ten mammalian species studied. One of the cell systems consists of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing enterochromaffin cells, which are agyrophilic as well as argentaffin. The other system of cells, which have been referred to as “enterochromaffin-like” because of their morphological resemblance with the enterochromaffin cells, are also argyrophilic but not argentaffin. The enterochromaffin-like cells are devoid of histochemically detectable monoamines but can be made to produce and store dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine after administration of the immediate natural precursors. There is a considerable species variation regarding the number and distribution and the cytochemical properties of the two cell systems in the gastric mucosa. In the rat and mouse the enterochromaffin-like cells are the main storage site for gastric histamine. In all other species studied, gastric histamine is contained in mast cells exclusively. The enterochromaffin and enterochromaffin-like cells appear to be the main stores for the non-specific aromaticl-amino acid decarboxylase of gastric mucosa. Histidine decarboxylase has been demonstrated only in those enterochromaffin-like cells which contain histamine.
Modelling magnetic circular dichroism with application to imidazoles

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism of imidazole and its derivatives are calculated using the π-electron approximation, where the resonance integral is computed by using the formula plus higher order terms. The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra for the molecules are also presented. As a complementary procedure to the π-electron calculation, Michl's perimeter model [1] for predicting the signs of the MCD is employed.
Quantitative evaluation of the corneal epithelial barrier : effect of artificial tears and preservatives

The effect of artificial tear solutions on the corneal epithelial barrier was evaluated by measuring corneal uptake of 5, 6 carboxyfluorescein (CF) after exposure of rabbit corneas to various formulations in a conjunctival cup. Four tear solutions containing 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a formulation containing 0.001% Polyquad, a contact lens re-wetting solution containing 0.004% thimerosal, and each of the above preservatives in balanced salt solution (BSS) were evaluated. Four non-preserved solutions were also tested. After treatment with the solutions corneas were exposed to the CF, removed from the eyes and dialyzed in balanced salt solution. The CF concentration in the dialysate was measured by fluorometry. Solutions containing 0.01% BAC caused a 9.24 to 99.28 fold increase in CF uptake as compared to control. Solutions preserved with Polyquad or thimerosal caused only a 0 to 4 fold increase in CF uptake while non-preserved solutions caused no change compared to control. Corneas prepared for transmission electron microscopy using fixative containing ruthenium red exhibited damage which correlated well with CF uptake; the ruthenium red penetrated the epithelium to the basal cell layer after corneal exposure to solutions containing BAC while only superficial cell layers were stained after exposure to the other test solutions. The method used in this study allows statistical comparison of artificial tear formulations. The data show that patients with severe dry-eye who use artificial tears frequently should avoid tear solutions containing BAC and that non-preserved solutions are preferable for treatment of these patients.
Ethical Values and Involuntary Commitment: A Decision-Making Model for Consulting Clinicians

Crisis clinicians are often called upon to consult with physicians in emergency departments on cases in which patients are experiencing psychological crises. The determination of whether the patient is a danger to oneself or others is the criterion by which patients are either admitted for treatment voluntarily, involuntarily, or discharged. When the circumstances of the case indicate that voluntary treatment is not acceptable to the patient, the physician and clinician are left in a dilemma that is shaped by ethical, theoretical, and clinical factors that are unique to the medical and psychological professions. A decision-making model is proposed in which an attempt is made to aid the clinician in making sound ethical and clinical decisions relative to the involuntary commitment of the client.
Assessing scour model performance with experimental data

Equations by Soulsby and Whitehouse have been applied to predicting mine burial by scour in tidal estuaries. The main equation, which has the functional form of [1-exp(-t/T)], computes the depth of the scour pit with time under steady state conditions. This theory may be applied to changing conditions by using the RMS values of the frictional stress at the bed and assuming a quasi-steady state of the RMS values over a small time period. From 1999-2002, the Naval Research Laboratory conducted scour burial experiments using instrumented mines that measure mine motion (heading, roll, and pitch) and percent burial (surface area covered with sediment). Using oceanographic and sediment data obtained during these experiments, this study examines how well the predictions match the mine burial measurements.
Synthesis of a dextrophane prototype: a novel cavity molecule

Abstract 4-Azido-4-deoxy-D-glucose 1 was converted in four steps into the macrocyclic dextrophane 4 (8% overall yield).
Energy gain of, and Re-radiated Power from, Initially Stationary Electrons Struck by a Sub-Joule Ultrashort Laser Pulse: an Exact Simulation

An initially stationary electron can gain up to 0.23GeV energy, and re-radiate up to a total of 7 attojoules, when struck by a 0.6 Joule optical pulse that is an exact solution of Maxwell’s equations.
The Ab‐Initio hybrid crystal orbital/molecular cluster approach to study the electronic structure of molecular crystals and reactions in the solid environment

The hybrid method having features of ab-initio crystal orbital and ab-initio molecular cluster methods is proposed. In the approach presented the molecular crystal is treated as an infinite chain in a direction z, while two other directions are simulated by finite interactions of the molecular type. The new approach is especially useful for an investigation of anisotropic crystals. Test calculations for the carbon dioxide crystal are presented. The method was also employed for the investigation of a dissociation pathway of CN bond in nitromethane in nitromethane crystal.
What Change in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Should Define Neurologic Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background Neurologic deterioration (ND) occurs in one-third of patients with stroke. However, the true incidence of ND and risk for adverse outcomes remains unknown because no standardized definition of ND exists. Our study compared the prognostic value of a range of definitions for ND in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods All patients who presented to our center with AIS within 48 hours of symptom onset between July 2008 and June 2010 were retrospectively identified. Patient demographics, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, etiologies of ND, and outcome measures were compared between patients according to a range of ND definitions using receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results Three hundred forty-seven patients were included. The 2 definitions of ND with the highest sensitivity and specificity for several outcome measures were tested against each other: an increase in the NIHSS score by ≥2 or ≥4 points in a 24-hour period. More than one third (36.9%) of patients experienced ≥2-point ND versus 17.3% with ≥4-point ND. Patients who experienced ND by either definition had prolonged hospitalization ( P 2; P P P Conclusions A ≥2-point ND is a sensitive indicator of poor outcome and in-hospital mortality. An accepted definition of ND is needed to systematically study and compare results across trials for ND in patients with stroke.
Super-selective intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

To determine the safety and tolerability of super-selective intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with intra-arterial nicardipine in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients were treated in a prospective protocol at two teaching medical centers. Emergent cerebral angiography was performed if there was either clinical, ultrasound, and/or computed tomographic (CT) perfusion deficits suggestive of cerebral vasospasm. Intra-arterial magnesium sulfate (0.25–1 g) was administered via a microcatheter in the affected vessels in combination with nicardipine (2.5–20.0 mg). Mean arterial pressures (MAP) and intracranial pressures (ICP) were monitored during the infusion. Immediate and sustained angiographic and clinical improvement was determined from post-treatment angiograms and clinical follow-up. Angiographic and clinical outcomes were compared to two published case series that has used nicardipine alone. A total of 58 vessels were treated in 14 patients (mean age 42 years; 11 women) with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. The treatment was either intra-arterial nicardipine and magnesium sulfate alone or in conjunction with primary angioplasty. Forty vessels (69%) had immediate angiographic improvement with intra-arterial nicardipine and magnesium sulfate alone and 18 vessels (31%) required concomitant balloon angioplasty with complete reversal of the vasospasm. Retreatment was required in 13 vessels (22%) and the median time for retreatment was 2 days (range 1–13 days). Nicardipine treatment resulted in the reduction of MAP (12.3 mmHg, standard error [SE] 1.34, P-value <0.0001) without any significant change in ICP. Magnesium sulfate infusion was not associated with change in MAP or ICP. Among 31 procedures, immediate neurological improvement was observed in 22 (71%) procedures. In 12 (86%) patients, there were no infarctions in the follow-up CT scan acquired between 24 and 48 h. No statistical significant difference was observed in angiographic and clinical outcome of patients treated with the combination therapy in comparison with historical controls treated with nicardipine alone. Administration of intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine was well tolerated in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm without a significant change in MAP and ICP. The efficacy of this combination therapy should be evaluated in a larger, controlled setting.
Amores intertextuales y parodias posmodernistas: Vicente Molina Foix y la poesía

Taking as a point of departure the two poetry books, Los espias del realista y Vanas penas de amor, that Vicente Molina Foix published in 1990 and 1998, respectively, this essay analyzes the role of the ironic glance the poetic speaker casts on the literary, artistic and cultural models firmly rooted in the analytical-referential system of tradition. A careful reading of specific poems from both collections reveals Molina Foix’s use of parodic and inter-textual strategies to debunk the monumentality of such discourses, not so much to ridicule or do away with them, but to show their incongruence in the modern context and at the level of the individual person.
High-Frequency Coaxial-Line Calculations

Coaxial cables insulated with solid dielectric are used for transmitting electric energy over wide ranges of frequency. During the development of such cables it was important to be able to predict the characteristics of finished cable by calculations based upon the known dimensions and physical properties of the conductors and the insulation. Many comparatively simple formulas were known to be valid at high frequency, but their applicability at lower frequencies was questioned. In the first part of this paper we have presented: 1. The general relations which hold under all conditions of operation. 2. The conditions under which ``skin-effect'' tables offer a convenient method for obtaining values of resistance and inductance, as well as the conditions under which relatively simple equations for these quantities are sufficiently accurate. 3. The conditions under which the complete expression for attenuation may be considerably simplified to the form generally used in high frequency practice. In the second part of the paper we have presented formulas and graphs for the ratio of terminal voltages as a function of the phase angle of the line for several types of load for both dissipationless and dissipative lines. These relations are helpful in understanding observed voltage variations with frequency caused by reflections, particularly on short lengths of line. In the third part of the paper a derivation is indicated leading to a general equation for the efficiency of transmission.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation differentially affects speed and direction judgments.

This study was conducted to determine wheth- er humans' judgments about the speed and direction of moving stimuli was differentially affected by transcrani- al magnetic stimulation (TMS). Subjects viewed two successively presented moving stimuli that differed from each other both in speed and direction of motion. Single- pulse TMS was applied either medially (approximately 2 cm above the inion) or laterally (approximately 5 cm lateral to and 4 cm above the inion), while subjects judged the speed and direction differences. The physical stimulation (visual and TMS) was identical on the two tasks, as was discriminability ( d') when TMS was not ap- plied. We found significant criterion ( β) shifts on the speed discrimination task at both stimulation sites. Spe- cifically, on TMS trials the proportion of "slower" judg- ments increased significantly, consistent with subjective reports that stimuli often appeared to slow when TMS was applied. The subjective reports indicated no corre- sponding change in perceived direction. We also found that speed discriminability was impaired significantly more than direction discriminability, but only when TMS was applied medially. Indeed, after controlling for TMS- related changes in reaction time, speed discriminability was impaired significantly, while direction discriminabil- ity remained largely intact. This dissociation suggests that the sensory response constraining speed discrimina- tion is at least partially independent from the sensory re- sponse constraining direction discrimination. Combined with previous psychophysical data, the present data sug- gest a double dissociation between speed and direction discrimination in humans.
A Diplexer Using Hybrid Junctions

A diplexer is a filter which connects a transmitter and a receiver to a common antenna so that both the transmitter and the receiver may be operated simultaneously when their frequencies are not identical. The diplexer described in this report uses hybrid junctions, is easily tuned, and can be designed in a simple, straight-forward manner. Its maximum power-handling capacity is the same as that of the connecting transmission line, and its insertion loss is unusually low. An analysis of this filter and a long-stub filter is presented, in addition to the design procedure for, and the experimental results obtained with, a specific model.
Exploration Study of Multifunctional Metallic Nanocomposite Utilizing Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Micro/Nano Devices

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are excellent multifunctional materials in terms of mechanical robustness, thermal, and electrical conductivities. These multifunctional properties, as well as the small size of the structures, make CNTs ideal building blocks in developing nanocomposites. However, the matrix materials and the fabrication processes are critical in achieving the expected multifunctional properties of a CNT-reinforced nanocomposite. This paper has proved that electrochemical co-deposition of a metallic nanocomposite is a good approach for achieving good interfacial bonding between CNTs and a metallic matrix. Good interfacial bonding between a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and a copper matrix has been verified by enhanced fracture toughness (increased stickiness) and a shift in the Raman scattering spectra. For the Cu/SWCNT nanocomposite, the radial breath mode (RBM) has disappeared and the tangential or G-band has shifted and widened, which is an indication of better energy transport.
On the timescales characterizing groundwater discharge at springs

In some regions, measurements made at springs can be used to study regional hydrogeologic processes, and determine hydraulic and transport properties of aquifers. Here, input‐output models, spectral analysis, and time series analysis are used to identify three different timescales characterizing discharge at springs. First, the “hydraulic time scale” depends on the transmissivity of the aquifer and relates long term changes in discharge to long term changes in recharge. The hydraulic time scale will describe, for example, the secular decrease in discharge during a period of drought. A second hydraulic time scale, referred to as the “time lag”, measures the time lag between groundwater recharge (in the studied examples, recharge is snowmelt during the springtime) and the time of peak discharge at the spring. Finally, the “age” or mean residence time of groundwater represents the transport time of tracers and the volume of water in the aquifers. As examples, large discharge springs (typically several m 3 /s) in the Oregon and California Cascades are studied. These springs are associated with volcanic-hosted fracture
What's up with bat?

Even in cold climates, humans maintain a constant body temperature by producing heat internally through increased metabolism and shivering. In small mammals such as rats and mice, brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to nonshivering thermogenesis through uncoupling of respiration from adenosine 5
Epidemiology of Seafood-Associated Infections in the United States

Summary: Seafood is part of a healthful diet, but seafood consumption is not risk-free. Seafood is responsible for an important proportion of food-borne illnesses and outbreaks in the United States. Seafood-associated infections are caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites; this diverse group of pathogens results in a wide variety of clinical syndromes, each with its own epidemiology. Some seafood commodities are inherently more risky than others, owing to many factors, including the nature of the environment from which they come, their mode of feeding, the season during which they are harvested, and how they are prepared and served. Prevention of seafood-associated infections requires an understanding not only of the etiologic agents and seafood commodities associated with illness but also of the mechanisms of contamination that are amenable to control. Defining these problem areas, which relies on surveillance of seafood-associated infections through outbreak and case reporting, can lead to targeted research and help to guide control efforts. Coordinated efforts are necessary to further reduce the risk of seafood-associated illnesses. Continued surveillance will be important to assess the effectiveness of current and future prevention strategies.
Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation for Estimation of River Depths

AbstractA method is presented for estimating bathymetry in a river, based on observations of depth-averaged velocity during steady flow. The estimator minimizes a cost function that combines known information in the form of a prior estimate and measured data (including measurement noise). State augmentation is used to relate the measured variable (velocity) to the unknown parameter (bathymetry). Specifically, the unknown consists of deviations in depth about a known along-channel mean. Verification of the method is performed using a simple 1D channel geometry as well as for two real-world reaches. In all cases, the verification is based on nominal river depths of 3–10 m, channel widths of 50–100 m, and Froude numbers much less than one. Further tests are performed to assess the usefulness of various observation types and sampling schemes for this type of estimation.