cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time dependent springback of a magnesium alloy

A time dependent springback was observed in a Mg-Al-Zn (AZ31) rolled sheet after three-point bending at room temperature (RT). The springback increased nonlinearly with time at RT. After bending, specimens were held in the bent state for up to five months, and the springback dramatically decreased after being held for one month compared with specimens that were not held. The decline in springback increased as the holding time increased. These results indicate that creep and creep recovery occurred at RT. Microstructure examinations revealed that high density \(\{ 10\bar 12\} \) twins in the form of localized twin bands were present in the compression zone of the bent specimens. After the specimens were unloaded, detwinning occurred and continued spontaneously over the five month time period at RT, contributing to the observed time dependent springback.
De novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation: Source of disease, incidence, and impact

New-onset hepatitis B (de novo B) after liver transplantation (OLTX) is an emerging concern. The goals of our study were to determine the incidence and pattern of this infection, to attempt determination of risk factors and the role of immunosuppression, and to review its morbidity/mortality. Over a 10-year period, 1078 OLTX were performed in 956 patients at our institution. Eight hundred twenty-six patients had proven negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) before transplantation. Among these, 14 patients (1.7%), 8 women and 6 men, ages 21-59 years (median, 42 years), developed positive HBsAg after transplantation and were defined as de novo B. In 10 of 14 patients (71%), positive HBsAg was revealed during routine annual visits, whereas 4 patients had titer verification prompted by illness. Blood product use (cryoprecipitate, fresh-frozen plasma, platelets, and packed red blood cells) during the transplant hospitalization was similar between groups. Pretransplant hepatitis C infection was more prevalent among the 14 patients with de-novo B (7 of 14, 50% v 129 of 812, 16%; P < or = 05). Hepatitis B vaccine had been given to 12 patients (86%) (but not given to 2) who developed de novo B. Incidence and severity of rejection were similar in both populations, although de novo B patients had more late rejections. Our use of immunosuppressive protocols was the same in both groups. Mean follow-up of the infected patients is 24 (5-51) months. Twelve of these 14 de novo B patients were not clinically ill, with normal or near-normal transaminase levels. One of 14 has died from complications related to hepatic artery revascularization, and another is well after repeat OLTX for biliary strictures. Half of these de novo B patients remain free from viral antigens in their transplanted liver tissue. The high percentage of positive hepatitis C patients who acquire de novo B may indicate a link between these two viral infections and potential risk factor for de novo B. The origins of this infection are most likely multifactorial, needing further study. De novo B after liver transplantation is preliminarily associated with little clinical morbidity and mortality.
Structural Organization of Bacterial RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme and the RNA Polymerase-Promoter Open Complex

We have used systematic fluorescence resonance energy transfer and distance-constrained docking to define the three-dimensional structures of bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme and the bacterial RNA polymerase-promoter open complex in solution. The structures provide a framework for understanding sigma(70)-(RNA polymerase core), sigma(70)-DNA, and sigma(70)-RNA interactions. The positions of sigma(70) regions 1.2, 2, 3, and 4 are similar in holoenzyme and open complex. In contrast, the position of sigma(70) region 1.1 differs dramatically in holoenzyme and open complex. In holoenzyme, region 1.1 is located within the active-center cleft, apparently serving as a "molecular mimic" of DNA, but, in open complex, region 1.1 is located outside the active center cleft. The approach described here should be applicable to the analysis of other nanometer-scale complexes.
Properties of ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films on ZnO/Al2O3 (0001) epilayers

Abstract Thin films of Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT) were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on ZnO/Al 2 O 3 (0001) layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy, and Pt/SiO 2 /Si substrates. The ZnO epilayers serve as a crystalline oxide template for PZT deposition, and a conducting material that may be used for electrodes in thin film ferroelectric capacitors. The PZT thin films (thickness ∼300 nm) deposited on the ZnO epilayers were determined to be crystalline with preferential (110) orientation based on X-ray diffraction measurements. In comparison, PZT thin films deposited on Pt/SiO 2 /Si possess a random crystalline orientation with reduced crystalline quality. Capacitors fabricated from the PZT thin films deposited on ZnO/Al 2 O 3 demonstrate ferroelectric hysteresis behavior with a remenant polarization of 15 μC/cm 2 and coercive field of 55 kV/cm. The crystalline properties and ferroelectric behavior of the PZT suggest that ZnO/Al 2 O 3 may provide a desirable platform for future ferroelectric devices.
Microvascular Lesions by Estrogen-Induced ID3: Its Implications in Cerebral and Cardiorenal Vascular Disease

Severe symptoms of cerebral and cardiorenal vascular diseases can be triggered when cerebral, coronary, or glomerular arterioles grow inappropriately as a result of abnormal cell proliferation. The risk factor(s) and molecular mechanisms responsible for microvascular lesion formation are largely unknown. Although controversial, both animal and epidemiological studies have shown that estrogen increases the risk of stroke which may be due to microvascular lesions. Since microvascular diseases are characterized by excessive vessel growth, it is plausible that estrogen-induced neovascularization contributes to the growth of microvascular lesions. We present evidence for how ID3 overexpression in endothelial cells contributes to the development of an estrogen-induced neovascular phenotype with an additional focus on Pyk2 kinase. Our data showed that ID3 overexpression increased neovascularization, cell migration, and spheroid growth of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3. ID3-overexpressing cells showed significant estrogen-induced G2/M phase transition. Estrogen treatment increased both ID3 phosphorylation; total protein that was inhibited by tamoxifen, and Pyk2-mediated estrogen-induced ID3 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that Pyk2 signals ID3 expression and ID3 is necessary for estrogen-induced neovascularization in hCMEC/D3 cells. A better understanding of how microvascular lesions depend on ID3 may open new avenues for prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.
An algorithm for inferring master agent rules in an agent based robust Zone 3 relay architecture

In order to prevent cascading events caused by hidden failures in zone 3 relays, agent based relay architectures have been suggested in the recent past. In such architectures each zone 3 relay contains agents that require communication with other agents at various relevant relays in order to distinguish a real zone 3 event from a temporary overload. In the presence of hidden failures such temporary conditions may cause unnecessary trip in a Zone 3 relay aggravating the situation towards cascading failures. In a recently proposed scheme, a local master agent is consulted by all Zone 3 agents before a tripping decision is made. The Master agent maintains a rule base which is updated based on the local topology of the network and real time monitoring of the status of other relays and circuit breakers. In this paper we provide an algorithm that uses local grid topology and relay/breaker status information and creates these rules at the master agent. When queried, the rules allow the master agent to appropriately advise the Zone 3 relays on the local conditions which enables them to make robust decisions.
Chaotic advection in three-dimensional stationary vortex-breakdown bubbles: Šil'nikov's chaos and the devil's staircase

We study the motion of non-diusive, passive particles within steady, threedimensional vortex breakdown bubbles in a closed cylindrical container with a rotating bottom. The velocity elds are obtained by solving numerically the three-dimensional Navier{Stokes equations. We clarify the relationship between the manifold structure of axisymmetric (ideal) vortex breakdown bubbles and those of the three-dimensional real-life (laboratory) flow elds, which exhibit chaotic particle paths. We show that the upstream and downstream xed hyperbolic points in the former are transformed into spiral-out and spiral-in saddles, respectively, in the latter. Material elements passing repeatedly through the two saddle foci undergo intense stretching and folding, leading to the growth of innitely many Smale horseshoes and sensitive dependence on initial conditions via the mechanism discovered by Sil’nikov (1965). Chaotic Sil’nikov orbits spiral upward (from the spiral-in to the spiral-out saddle) around the axis and then downward near the surface, wrapping around the toroidal region in the interior of the bubble. Poincar e maps reveal that the dynamics of this region is rich and consistent with what we would generically anticipate for a mildly perturbed, volume-preserving, three-dimensional dynamical system (MacKay 1994; Mezi c & Wiggins 1994a). Nested KAM-tori, cantori, and periodic islands are found embedded within stochastic regions. We calculate residence times of upstream-originating non-diusive particles and show that when mapped to initial release locations the resulting maps exhibit fractal properties. We argue that there exists a Cantor set of initial conditions that leads to arbitrarily long residence times within the breakdown region. We also show that the emptying of the bubble does not take place in a continuous manner but rather in a sequence of discrete bursting events during which clusters of particles exit the bubble at once. A remarkable nding in this regard is that the rate at which an initial population of particles exits the breakdown region is described by the devil’s staircase distribution, a fractal curve that has been already shown to describe a number of other chaotic physical systems.
Computing with Hybrid CMOS/STO Circuits

Recent research in spin torque nano-oscillators (STNO) have opened the possibility of using electron spin to generate sustained microwave oscillations. Furthermore, the experimental verification of synchronization of STNOs could allow communication and computation with nanoscaled oscillators. In this paper, we propose a hybrid MOSFET/STNO array which can be used for pattern recognition applications. First, we show that an array of electrically coupled STNOs obey the dynamics of Kuramoto's weakly coupled oscillators [1]. This behavior allows us to use the STNO array to implement the oscillatory neurocomputer proposed by Hoppensteadt et. al. [2].We next consider practical STNO device geometries which can be used in a parallel-connected array. We propose using a dual barrier magnetic tunnel junction (DMTJ) to produce strong, harmonic oscillation signals in the absence on an external magnetic field. Finally, we perform HSPICE simulations of a hybrid MOSFET/STNO array to show how it can be used for pattern recognition.
Biologically effective dose values for prostate brachytherapy: effects on PSA failure and posttreatment biopsy results.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of biologically effective dose (BED) values on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure and posttreatment biopsy. Methods and Materials: From 1990 to 2003, 1,377 patients had prostate brachytherapy alone (I-125 or Pd-103) (571), hormonal and brachytherapy (371), and trimodality therapy (hormonal, implant, and external beam) (435). Dose was defined as the D90 (dose delivered to 90% of the gland from the dose-volume histogram). Results: Freedom from PSA failure (FFPF) at 10 years was 87%. The 10-year FFPF for BED 100-120, >120-140, >140-160, 180-200, and >200 were 46%, 68%, 81%, 85.5%, 90%, 90%, and 92%, respectively (p 100-120, >120-140, >140-160, >160-180, >180-200, and >200 were 24% (8/33), 15% (3/20), 6% (2/33), 6% (3/52), 7% (6/82), 1% (1/72), and 3% (4/131), respectively (p < 0.0001). BED was the most significant predictor of biopsy outcome in multivariate analysis (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Biologically effective dose equations provide a method of comparing different isotopes and combined therapies in the brachytherapy management of prostate cancer. Themore » effects of BED on FFPF and posttreatment biopsy demonstrate a strong dose-response relationship.« less
Evaluating the Development of Upper Jurassic Reefs in the Smackover Formation, Eastern Gulf Coast, U.S.A. Through Fuzzy Logic Computer Modeling

ABSTRACT A three-dimensional (3D) numerical stratigraphic model has been built to simulate the development of microbial reefs on a Jurassic carbonate platform using fuzzy logic modeling methods. The flexibility of the model allows for the examination of a large number of variables. The relative importance of local environmental conditions and global changes on the frequency of reef development are examined relative to the temporal and spatial constraints from Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Smackover reef datasets from two Alabama oil fields. The fuzzy model simulates the deposition of reefs and carbonate facies by integrating local and global variables. Local-scale factors include basement relief, sea-level change, climate, latitude, water energy, water depth, background sedimentation rate, and substrate conditions. Regional and global-scale changes include relative sea-level change, climate, and latitude. The model confirms preexisting theories that background sedimentation rate, water energy, substrate, relative sea-level change, and climate influenced the development of Jurassic reefs. Additionally, the model determines the degree of control each variable has on 'IF,' 'WHERE,' and 'WHEN' reefs develop. The variables that control 'IF' reefs develop are the global parameters of climate and amplitude of sea-level change. The model specifies that the variables that influence the lateral distribution of reefs (or 'WHERE' reefs occur) are substrate, water energy, and background sedimentation rate. The model also indicates a strong correlation between 'WHEN' reefs develop and the rate of sea-level rise. In all simulations, reefs initially develop in conjunction with the greatest rate of sea-level rise (i.e., the inflection point on the sea-level curve) and reach peak development before the time of deepest water.
(Almost) half of any circuit's operating points are unstable

This paper presents new results concerning the stability of operating points of dc circuits. The authors define two classes of unstable operating points and develop criteria for identifying the class to which a given operating point belongs. They also show, by employing results from degree theory, that if a circuit possesses n structurally stable operating points (n has been shown previously to be odd), then /spl frac12/(n/spl minus/1) of these operating points must be unstable and hence physically unobservable. A special case of this result proves that any bistable circuit must possess at least three operating points. >
Superlattices: problems and new opportunities, nanosolids

Superlattices were introduced 40 years ago as man-made solids to enrich the class of materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications. The field metamorphosed to quantum wells and quantum dots, with ever decreasing dimensions dictated by the technological advancements in nanometer regime. In recent years, the field has gone beyond semiconductors to metals and organic solids. Superlattice is simply a way of forming a uniform continuum for whatever purpose at hand. There are problems with doping, defect-induced random switching, and I/O involving quantum dots. However, new opportunities in component-based nanostructures may lead the field of endeavor to new heights. The all important translational symmetry of solids is relaxed and local symmetry is needed in nanosolids.
Massive single-dose chemotherapy in pneumonia in children.

SUMMARY An account is given of 195 cases of pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in children from 0 15 years of age, treated in the medical wards of Kronprinsessan Lovisas Barnsjukhus during the period ½ 1941 ½ 1945. In all the cases chemotherapy has been given in the form of a massive single dose. In 48 cases (24 %) the massive dose treatment has been supplemented by continuous chemotherapy. Sulphapyridine, sulphathiazole and sulfadimin have been used. The dosage has been 0.3 g per kg body weight for children under 3 years, and 0.2 g per kg body weight for the others, with 8 g as the maximal dose. There have been few complications, and the toxic side-effects have been extremely slight. 5.6 % fatal cases are recorded of all the cases observed, but if those cases where pneumonia has appeared as a complication of a serious congenital malformation or of a serious primary basic illness, are subtracted, the mortality is 2.1 %. As the massive single-dose treatment is technically easy to carry out, gives the patient more repose than does the continuous treatment during the period when the illness is most severe, lessens to a considerable degree the work of the hospital personnel, gives a result which can be compared favourably with that of continuous chemotherapy, gives rise to few complications and toxic side-effects, this treatment can be recommended for pneumonia in children. Satisfactory results have also been obtained with massive single-dose treatment in eases of capillary bronchitis.
Four-Dimensional Evolving Geometry: Gravitational Waves and Gravitational Collapse

The Minkowski, Schwarzschild, and Kerr metrics introduced in Chapters 6 and 7 represent stationary geometries ones that do not change with time. However, when the distribution of matter that generates the gravitational field changes rapidly with time (such as when two bodies orbit each other or when a large amount of matter collapses to form a black hole), the gravitational field is not stationary. In this case we must solve the time-dependent Einstein field equations (7.21) themselves in order to determine how the metric evolves.
An empirical comparison of combinations of evolutionary algorithms and neural networks for classification problems

There are numerous combinations of neural networks (NNs) and evolutionary algorithms (EAs) used in classification problems. EAs have been used to train the networks, design their architecture, and select feature subsets. However, most of these combinations have been tested on only a few data sets and many comparisons are done inappropriately measuring the performance on training data or without using proper statistical tests to support the conclusions. This paper presents an empirical evaluation of eight combinations of EAs and NNs on 15 public-domain and artificial data sets. Our objective is to identify the methods that consistently produce accurate classifiers that generalize well. In most cases, the combinations of EAs and NNs perform equally well on the data sets we tried and were not more accurate than hand-designed neural networks trained with simple backpropagation.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME OXIDIZING ENZYMES OF THE MC FARLIN CRANBERRY

SUMMARY– Enzyme extracts were prepared from acetone powders with and without phenol-binding agents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and buffered PVP. The acetone-PVP combination was found most effective in reducing the polyphenolic content of the enzyme extract. Highest specific activity was obtained by using a buffered PVP extract. The pH optimum of cranberry peroxidase activity was 6.0. Heat inactivation of cranberry peroxidase was determined to follow first order kinetics. There was 90% destruction at 70, 80, and 90°C requiring 9.40, 1.60, and 0.47 min of heat treatment, respectively. Activation energy for the thermal inactivation of cranberry peroxidase was observed to be 37.2 kcal/mole. Guaicol, o-phenylene diamine (OPDA), and pyrogallol were tested for their sensitivity to cranberry peroxidase with OPDA determined as most sensitive. The pH optimum for catalse activity was found to range from 7.5 to 9.2. Kinetics for the heat inactivation of cranberry catalase was observed not to be of the first order nor zero order. Approximately 50% of the catalase activity was inactivated after heating for 17, 1.8, and 0.6 min at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70°C, respectively. The pH optimum for cranberry polyphenolase activity was determined to be 7.0. Heat inactivation of cranberry poly-phenolase was found to follow first order kinetics. There was 90% destruction at 50, 60, and 70°C requiring 15.85, 7.05, and 1.37 min of heat treatment, respectively. The activation energy for the inactivation of cranberry polyphenolase was observed to be 27.7 kcal/mole.
Speed scaling to manage temperature

We consider speed scaling algorithms to minimize device temperature subject to the constraint that every task finishes by its deadline. We assume that the device cools according to Fourier's law. We show that the optimal offline algorithm proposed in [18] for minimizing total energy (that we call YDS) is an O(1)-approximation with respect to temperature. Tangentially, we observe that the energy optimality of YDS is an elegant consequence of the well known KKT optimality conditions. Two online algorithms, AVR and Optimal Available, were proposed in [18] in the context of energy management. It was shown that these algorithms were O(1)-competitive with respect to energy in [18] and [2]. Here we show these algorithms are not O(1)-competitive with respect to temperature. This demonstratively illustrates the observation from practice that power management techniques that are effective for managing energy may not be effective for managing temperature. We show that the most intuitive temperature management algorithm, running at such a speed so that the temperature is constant, is surprisingly not O(1)-competitive with respect to temperature. In contrast, we show that the online algorithm BKP, proposed in [2], is O(1)-competitive with respect to temperature. This is the first O(1)-competitiveness analysis with respect to temperature for an online algorithm.
Effects of isometric training on skeletal myosin heavy chain expression

This study tested the hypothesis that an isometric resistance-training program induces upregulation of slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression in a fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Thus we studied the...
Use of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Anemia of Progressive Renal Failure

The anemia of progressive renal failure (A/PRF) is now correctable through therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). While the prevalence of this anemia is not as great as in end-stage renal disease, its significance is greater than previously appreciated, since failure to correct this anemia can lead to disability that may not be corrected by dialysis and to unnecessary red cell transfusions. The purpose of this chapter will be to review the clinical manifestations of this anemia, its diagnosis, pathophysiology, therapy, and the beneficial and adverse consequences of rHuEpo therapy.
Pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine in relation to CYP2C19 phenotype and genotype.

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine (FLV) in poor metabolizers (PMs) versus extensive metabolizers (EMs) of cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C 19. Methods: This was a prospective, open-label study conducted atthe Clinical Research Unit School of Pharmacy. Fifty-seven healthy, nonsmoking volunteers aged 21-40 years participated. Subjects abstained from caffeinated products 12 hours prior to and during each testing period. To assess CYP2C19 activity, blood samples were collected from each subject prior to and two hours after a single dose of omeprazole 20 mg. Once PMs were identified, a sample population of EMs were selected for comparison between the two groups regarding FLV disposition. A single 100 mg FLV dose was given to EMs and PMs; blood samples for FLV analysis were obtained prior to drug administration and 0.5, 1, 2, 3 ,4 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours later. A blood sample one day prior to FLV administration was also obtained for CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Results: Four PMs were identified with the omeprazole phenotype probe and had a mean ′ SD hydroxylation index of 1.335 ′ 0.271. Nine EMs were selected based upon a hydroxylation index between 0.100 and 0.400 (mean 0.193 ′ 0.079). FLV pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, elimination half-life, C m a x and T m a x ) did not significantly differ between the two groups. Genotype analysis for CYP2C19 revealed a mutant allele for the *2 which confirmed phenotype detection of PM status. Genotype analysis for CYP2D6*3 and *4 alleles showed that all PMs of CYP2C19 were EMs of CYP2D6. Conclusions: FLV disposition and dosing is unlikely to be affected by CYP2C19 polymorphism.
Gays, lesbians, and the media: a selected bibliography.

The focus of this selected bibliography is on print, aural, and visual resources dealing with gay males, lesbians, and the mass media. Listings were selected on the basis of their perceived value to scholarly researchers and interested members of the more general public. Individual news stories, reviews of specific films or television programs, and coverage of gay males and lesbians in the theatre and arts are not included. While references to popular music were sought, only a few items were located and are included. There were two major obstacles confronted when compiling this bibliography. First, much of the media of the gay and lesbian communities in the United States is not indexed. Second, very few libraries subscribe to many of the more popular and important print resources (e.g., Advocate, Gay Community News) on the topics of focus. Even more inaccessible are regional publications and literature that focus on erotica but often include valuable items on the gay and lesbian communities as well.
Cooperative Combining of Cumulants-Based Modulation Classification in CR Networks

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is a key enabling technology in Cognitive Radio (CR) Networks. The ability of CR transceivers to detect and classify unknown wireless signals has various applications in civilian and military domains. Performance of AMC degrades severely under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and variable channel conditions. Cooperative classification has been presented as a means to overcome the detrimental channel effects by combining the results from physically scattered CR nodes. In this work, Maximum Likelihood (ML) combining of classification features is presented as a data fusion algorithm that provides better classification accuracy compared to hard decision combining algorithms without high network overhead. The performance of a cumulants-based modulation classifier under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is analyzed. The enhancement in classification performance when applying ML combining of more than one classifier is presented. Theoretical analysis as well as various simulations are presented for ML combining of CR nodes with equal SNR. In addition, analysis is extended to the case where CR nodes have different SNRs. Theory and simulations show that applying ML combining will result in a better classification accuracy, even when one of the nodes has a much lower SNR.
Zimmerman Pine Moth Biology and Control

The Zimmerman pine moth complex, chiefly Dioryctria zimmermani (Grote), has produced severe stem and crown injury symptoms on species of Pinus being grown for Christmas and ornamental trees in parts of Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. Studies on biology of the insect showed that the newly hatched larva fed little or not at all before spinning a hibernaculum close to the egg from which it hatched. About May 1, the larvae left their hibernacula and began penetration of and feeding in the inner bark. Insecticides applied under high pressure to foliage once during periods of adult activity and hatching were not successful. By concentrating sprays on the main stem two fall applications of DDT (3 lb./100 gal.) or Guthion® ( O,O -dimethyl 8-(4-oxo-1,2,3, benzotriazin-3-(4 H )-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate) (0.75 lb./100 gal.) 2 weeks apart gave non-economic (50%) control. On the other hand, excellent control was achieved with a number of insecticides applied in mid-April prior to resumption of activity by overwintering larvae. Addition of supplemental wetting agents to the mixtures appeared to facilitate bark crevice penetration and may account for at least part of the Success of spring applications.
A Generalization of the Derivative of a Function

(1935). A Generalization of the Derivative of a Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 414-419.
Schmidly, D. J. 2002. Texas Natural History: A Century of Change. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, xv + 534 pp. ISBN 0-89672-469-7, price (hardcover), $39.95

D. J. Schmidly 2002. Texas Natural History: A Century of Change. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, xv + 534 pp. ISBN 0-89672-469-7, price (hardcover), $39.95. About 3 decades ago, the Texas state tourism bureau promoted the state as a “land of contrasts.” A visitor to Texas could experience a wide range of landscapes, all within the borders of just 1 state. The tourism bureau, however, was not the 1st to recognize the vast ecological diversity of Texas. C. Hart Merriam perceived this richness late in the 19th century and chose Texas as 1 of the states where the United States Bureau of Biological Survey could conduct such a survey (Bailey 1905). The introductory chapter of Schmidly's book is of as much interest to a biological historian as to a mammalogist. This historical account was developed from exhaustive search and study of records housed in the Library of Congress, National Archives, National Museum of Natural History, and Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Chapter 1 begins with a brief account of the formation of the U.S. Biological Survey, focusing on the career of its founder (Merriam) before addressing the Texas survey. From 1889 through 1906, a dozen “survey contributors” invested 2,185 “man days” of field effort; of these, the best known to mammalogists were Vernon Bailey, Ned Hollister, and A. H. Howell. More than 20 black and white photographs show many expedition participants in portrait, field, and museum settings. Additional photographs depict habitat and “typical night's captures” of small mammals. Louis Agassiz Fuertes, famed biological illustrator, produced a portfolio of mammal sketches from Trans-Pecos Texas; several of these are reproduced in Chapter 2. Excerpts from conespondence and field journals offer insight into activities of and field conditions experienced by field investigators. The important role of local naturalists and of farmers, ranchers, and woodsmen in this effort is acknowledged and described. Schmidly briefly describes life zones, biotic provinces, and ecological regions of Texas and plots the localities …
Germline Events In GFI1 In Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Germ line mutations in growth factor independent-1 ( GFI1) have been described in a small subset of patients (pts) with severe congenital neutropenia. Subsequently, the GFI1 36 N polymorphism, present in 3-5% of controls, has been found overrepresented (11%) in pts with primary (p) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), conveying 1.6 fold risk of development of AML. Mutant GFI1 36 S and N variants lack affinity to HOXA9 (overrepresented in corresponding AML cases), shows increased proliferative potential in vitro and accelerates RAS-driven myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) disease in mice. Whole exome next generation (WE NGS) technology facilitates comprehensive screens for the presence of both somatic and germ line genetic alteration. In this study, we used NGS to search for germline variants of the GFI1 gene. We screened 140 pts (mean age 66.8 years, range 44-85) with MDS and related disorders (MDS/MPN and secondary (s) AML) for the presence of GFI1 variants. We found non-synonymous variants in 11 cases (8%), including the previously described pathogenic p.S36N (n=8), p.P107A (n=2), or p.L400F (n=1), while the corresponding frequencies for these alterations were .04 and .001, .002 in the general population. This frequency appears comparable or higher to those previously reported for pAML, but our screen of the TCGA AML cohort, perhaps due to very low coverage for this gene, did not reveal any GFI1 polymorphisms. We next focused on the clinical features of altered GFI1 carriers. A significant proportion of GFI1 cases were younger (age<60 years) 45% (5/11) compared to 19% (p=.05) for wild type (WT) and predominantly male (82% vs. 52%, p=.02). MDS and sAML and MDS/MPN were present in 4, 3 and 4 pts, respectively. Normal cytogenetics at presentation was present in 64% vs. 43% (p=0.22). The availability of the somatic mutational profile allowed us to investigate whether specific genes are more commonly mutated in GFI1 variant cases. Among the 100 most commonly mutated genes, somatic PTPN11 (18% vs. 2%, p=.09), ASXL1 (18% vs. 8% p=0.2), SF3B1 (18% vs. 9%, p=0.3) were the most frequently encountered. Response rate to therapy with hypomethylating agents amongst carriers of GFI1 variants was 50% compared to 35% among WT (p=.32). The mean overall survival of the GFI1 mutants was also higher compared to WT (40 vs. 33.6m). In sum, our results demonstrate that potentially pathogenic GFI1 mutations are present in increased frequency in younger pts with MDS and thus may constitute a new predisposing factor for MDS and related myeloid neoplasms. Disclosures: Makishima: AA & MDS international foundation: Research Funding; Scott Hamilton CARES grant: Research Funding. Maciejewski: NIH: Research Funding; Aplastic anemia&MDS International Foundation: Research Funding.
'The Iron Fist in the Velvet Glove': Complementing Legal Oversight of Corporate Governance with Training in Virtue

The litany of firms engaged in unethical business practices which ultimately triggered the 1999 “Principles of Corporate Governance” by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Sarbanes-Oxley Act (hereon SOX) of 2002 is seemingly endless. While SOX was a reasonable response to unethical corporate practices, it raises the following questions: 1). “How could these unethical practices have been prevented in the first place?” and 2). “Is there a better way to insure corporate governance than simply increasing governmental oversight and punishment for offenders?” An appealing response to these questions is “Yes – by enhancing training in virtue for all members of a corporate enterprise.” That is, while the “iron fist” of legislation such as SOX is important for both detecting (through greater oversight, whistleblower protection, et cetera) and deterring (by both increasing the probability one will be caught and enacting harsher penalties) white-collar crimes is necessary, it is not sufficient. Further change must be initiated from within. Such change, it will be argued, is best actuated through the velvet glove of training in virtue. That is, while the iron fist of laws which align with conduct-based ethical theories dealing with consequences (teleological) and duties (deontological) are critical, they can only take us so far. Virtue-based theories focus on character (Arjoon, 2005; Northouse, 2013) and could be summarized as “Doing the right thing when no one else is looking.” Due to the practical limitations of greater detection/deterrence resulting from limited government resources for increasing oversight as well as the high costs of prosecuting/incarcerating wrongdoers, it is argued hereon that training in virtue has the potential to improve both the effectiveness (through fewer incidents) and efficiency (through lower costs of implementation) of corporate governance.
Institutional Dilemmas: The Difficulty of Making a Turning Point in Residential Drug Treatment

Because high drop-out rates have long plagued drug treatment programs, researchers have spent considerable energy searching for risk factors to predict dropout, with only limited success. In this ethnographic study of a long-term residential treatment program, I argue that failure in residential treatment does not stem from high-risk individual-level characteristics, but from the inherent difficulties of making a turning point in drug treatment. Drug users enter treatment at unstable points in their life course, when they are least equipped to handle stressful experiences. Yet entrance into treatment introduces new stressors, particularly the adaptation to a new, demanding environment. I argue that the very characteristics of residential treatment that enable a drug addict to desist—surveillance, routine activities, rules, and confinement—also make her want to escape. This article elaborates on institutional dilemmas that make treatment difficult and unpredictable, presenting an alternative to the risk fa...
Flow onset of fresh mortars in rheometers: Contribution of paste deflocculation and sand particle migration

Abstract Shear-induced particle migration is widely recognized to be a challenge in characterizing the rheological properties of fresh cement-based mortars. In this study, we aim to quantify shear-induced particle migration by characterizing the stress decay process during constant shear flow with the aid of a modified thixotropy/migration model. It is found that a conventionally used single exponential model is not sufficient to fit the stress decay and describe the destructuration and sand migration of mortar under shear. Instead, a two exponential model is needed to capture the interaction of sand particles and the suspending cement paste phase. Model parameters are used to quantify the effect of sand volume fraction, clay addition, and applied shear rate on the kinetics and intensity of colloidal deflocculation and sand migration. Results provide evidence that the colloidal and granular contributions to the overall stress decay of mortars can be represented by each of the two exponentials.
Centring the periphery: northern Morocco as a hub of transnational anti-colonial activism, 1930–43

During the interwar years, Moroccan anti-colonial activists organized a propaganda campaign abroad to discredit the French and Spanish protectorates that had been established in 1912. Yet it was not the famous nationalist leaders from the country’s major urban centres but a small group from the marginalized northern city of Tetuan that played a pivotal role in the internationalization of the Moroccan question. This article demonstrates that, by analysing the emergence of Morocco’s nationalist movement through a transnational framework, rather than within the confines of the nation-state, we can rearrange the geographical and political hierarchies of local history as previously disregarded individuals and locations suddenly emerge to the forefront of the narrative.
Studies on the Molecular Arrangement in Liquid Crystals by Polarization of Fluorescence

Molecular arrangements in liquid crystals have been studied by the method of fluorescence polarization. Fluorescence molecules with a highly optical anisotropy, dispersed homogeneously in a liquid crystalline material are used as a probe to detect the molecular alignment in the liquid crystal« The angular distribution of the polarized components of the fluorescence gives useful information on the extent as well as the types of molecular orientation. Examples of the application of this method are given for the determination of the molecular arrangement in liquid crystals at the phase transitions from the isotropic liquid state through mesomorphic state to the crystalline state. The results obtained for the nematic state of para-n-octyloxybenzoic acid suggest that the molecules can be regarded as adopting almost perfect parallel alignment over regions much larger than the molecular dimensions. The observed angular distribution patterns of the polarized components of fluorescence can be well explained by assuming a molecular arrangement of uniaxial prolate ellipsoid for the nematic state. Discussion is briefly given to the angular distribution patterns for the smectic and crystalline states.
Assessing Drug Resistance in HIV Infection Using Viral Load Using Segmented Regression

In this chapter, we have assessed the time to development of drug resistance in HIV-infected individuals treated with antiviral drugs by using longitudinal viral load HIV-1 counts. Through log-transformed data of HIV virus counts over time, we have assumed a linear changing-point model and developed procedures to estimate the unknown parameters by using the Bayesian approach. We have applied the method and procedure to the data generated by the ACTG 315 involving treatment by the drug combination (3TC, AZT, and Ritonavir). Our analysis showed that the mean time to the first changing point (i.e., the time the macrophage and long-lived cells began to release HIV particles) was around 15 days whereas the time to development of drug resistance by HIV was around 75 days. The Bayesian HPD intervals for these changing points are given by (8.7, 21.3) and (42, 108), respectively. This analysis indicated that if we use the combination of three drugs involving two NRTI inhibitors (3TC and AZT) and one PI inhibitor (Ritonavir) to treat HIV-infected individuals, in about two and half months, it would be beneficial to change drugs to avoid the problem of drug resistance.
Globalization and Protest: Seattle and Beyond

On 30 November 1999, officials from more than 130 countries assembled in Seattle, Washington for meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The meetings were to set the agenda for future discussions about the rules and procedures that regulate how money and goods move across national borders. In a world marked by increasing economic integration of national economies, most of the trade delegates believed that the less friction presented by international rules and regulations there was, the better. For many, such a perspective was unproblematic commonsense on the morning of 30 November. By the end of the day, however, the streets of Seattle were filled with tear gas and riot police, and images of smashed store windows and bloodied protesters dominated evening news broadcasts. What would normally be a staid meeting of bureaucrats became the subject of the most significant mass protest to hit the streets of an American city since the great anti-Vietnam War protests of the 1960s. The “Battle of Seattle,” as the protest became known, had begun.
Whole genome re-sequencing to identify suppressor mutations of mutant and foreign Escherichia coli FtsZ

FtsZ is an essential protein for bacterial cell division, where it forms the cytoskeletal scaffold and may generate the constriction force. We have found previously that some mutant and foreign FtsZ that do not complement an ftsZ null can function for cell division in E. coli upon acquisition of a suppressor mutation somewhere in the genome. We have now identified, via whole genome re-sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphisms in 11 different suppressor strains. Most of the mutations are in genes of various metabolic pathways, which may modulate cell division indirectly. Mutations in three genes, ispA, accD and nlpI, may be more directly involved in cell division. In addition to the genomic suppressor mutations, we identified intragenic suppressors of three FtsZ point mutants (R174A, E250K and L272V).
Exploring Adaptive Management for Greater Sage Grouse in Northern Montana in the Face of Climate Change

A collaboration has begun in Montana among several state and federal agencies and non-governmental organizations interested in the management of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in a > 5,000,000-ac (> 20,234-ha) landscape including the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge. The first step was conducting personal interviews with field biologists and managers in the general area to assess what management actions they are making. Using this information, we conducted an on-line survey to further identify those actions and how they are made. Finally, almost 40 managers and scientists met to discuss whether an adaptive management approach might be useful to gain an understanding of the interaction among habitats and management actions and how this will be affected by annual weather and climate patterns. A conceptual model of how these factors affect the life cycle of grouse has been drafted, and we are gathering comments on it. The intent is for that to be used as an ecological response model for assessing the effects of possible climate change scenarios. Future work will entail: (1) further delineation of management actions and the social networks associated with them, (2) building and evaluating a working model using rapid prototype methods, (3) conducting futures analyses of associated landscapes, (4) continuing to foster collaborative effort, and (5) working one-onone with managers to evaluate model and adaptive management applicability using such tools as LCMAP (Landscape Conservation Management and Analysis Portal).
Português Língua Segunda: Atitudes e Proficiência Linguísticas dos Aprendentes Jovens em Cabo Verde

Resumo: O objectivo deste estudo e identificar o conjunto de variaveis individuais e sociais que influenciam a proficiencia do Portugues de jovens aprendentes de Cabo Verde e as suas atitudes perante ambas as linguas crioula e portuguesa. Pouca investigacao sociolinguistica tem sido feita em contextos crioulos tendo em especial atencao aprendentes jovens. No caso de Cabo Verde, desde os estudos sociolinguisticos de M. Valkhoff (1975) e P. Thiele (1991) pouco trabalho de investigacao tem sido feito nesta area, para nao mencionar a ausencia de estudos sociolinguisticos sobre aprendentes jovens. Os dados do trabalho de campo levado a cabo com 474 jovens prendentes do portugues lingua segunda (LP ou L2) com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 16 anos, oriundos de todas as ilhas habitadas de Cabo Verde, revelam a importância das variaveis sociais especialmente em relacao as atitudes linguisticas. Palavras-chave: Sociolinguistica, Crioulo, PLS (Portugues Lingua Segunda) Abstract: The aim of the present study is to identify the cluster of both individual and social variables which influence on the proficiency in Portuguese of Capeverdean young learners and on their attitudes to both the creole and the Portuguese languages.Little sociolinguistic research has been carried out on creole contexts taking into special account young learners. In the case of Cape Verde, since M. Valkhoff (1975) and P. Thiele’s (1991) sociolinguistic surveys, no further relevant research has been done on this field, not to mention the absence of sociolinguistic surveys on young learners. Data from my 2004 fieldwork with 474 young learners in the age group of 8-16 years from all inhabited Capeverdean islands reveals the significance of social variables especially in language attitudes. Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Creole, PSL (Portuguese as Second Language)
Mi casa es tu templo: Una visión alternativa de la arquitectura de la Tradición Kotosh

Richard Burger has defined the "Kostosh Religious Tradition" (KRT) as an architectural tradition that assembles a number of presumably religious structures of the Late Preceramic and Forma ti ve Periode of the Central and North Highlands of Peru. The distinctive architectural feature of these KRT "temples" is a chamber with central hearth. Burger suggests that religious rituals staged in these structures provided an arena for social integration and expression of spiritual experience rather than for contestation, manipula­tion, and domination. Based on a comparative analysis of domestic architecture from the Early Formative site of Monte Grande, I propose that many of these presumably ritual structures may originally have been the residences of influential members of the early communities rather than temples. Sorne, particularly the larger ones, may have evolved into temples la ter on. This alterna ti ve interpretation of KRT architecture has profound implications for our understanding of the path to social complexity in the Forma ti ve Central Highlands of Peru.