cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of Heat Shock Factor by Alkylating Agents Is Triggered by Glutathione Depletion and Oxidation of Protein Thiols

Transcriptional activation of heat shock protein genes is a common response to proteotoxic stress. Many drugs and chemicals that form reactive electrophiles modify protein structure by binding covalently to nucleophilic functional groups. Although many of these agents also activate transcription of the inducible member of the hsp70 gene family, it is not clear if covalent modification of cellular proteins per se is sufficient. Iodoacetamide (IDAM) is a prototypical alkylating toxicant that induces hsp70 transcription. However, IDAM-induced cell death is indirectly linked to protein alkylation through depletion of glutathione, induction of oxidative stress, and increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we determined if any of these secondary cytotoxic events might lead to activation of hsp70 transcription. IDAM treatment increased hsp70 transcription by activating heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF1). The addition of antioxidants and iron or calcium chelators prevented cell death but did not prevent hsp70 transcription or HSF1 activation. However, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide blocked activation of hsp70 by low concentrations of IDAM. Furthermore, the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) after IDAM removal blocked hsp70 transcription and HSF1 activation without altering IDAM binding. DTT had no effect on activation of HSF1 by hyperthermia. After IDAM treatment, cellular nonprotein and protein thiols had decreased to less than 20 and 70%, respectively, of the value in control cells. DTT treatment in situ prevented the loss of cellular protein thiols and blocked the formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates. Thus, alkylation of proteins is insufficient to activate hsp70 transcription and DNA binding of HSF1. However, cellular thiol-disulfide redox status and formation of disulfide linked aggregates of cellular proteins are linked to HSF1 activation and hsp70 transcriptional activation.
Acute effects of thyrotropin on thyroid hormone biosynthesis in the rat.

Incorporation of radioiodine into intrathyroidal iodoamino acids was studied in Purina-fed rats at intervals ranging from 15 min to 12 hr after TSH administration. As has previously been reported, there is a latent period of several hours before TSH stimulates thyroidal radioiodine uptake. An initial decrease in 3-hr thyroidal 131I uptake was found when TSH was injected 2 hr before radioiodine. Progressive increases in uptake were seen when TSH was given 4, 8 and 24 hr before radioiodine, but these were significantly different from non-TSH treated controls only at 8 and 24 hr. In contrast to the lack of an early effect on 131I uptake, TSH administered immediately before 131I- strikingly altered the composition of radioiodinated substances within the thyroid gland within 30 min. There was a marked stimulation of T4* synthesis and a corresponding decrease in DIT* synthesis. A lesser increase in T3* and a questionable reduction in MIT* formation were also found. Stimulation of labeled iodothyronine synthesis...
Relationship between Origin Climate, Perceived Responsibility, and Grades:

This study examined relationships proposed by DeCharms' (1976) model of educational motivation. Specific behaviors of teachers are thought to induce a sense of personal causation in pupils, enhance...
Investigations of the optical properties of thin, highly absorbing films under attenuated total reflection conditions: Leaky waveguide mode distortions.

Abstract Spectra of thin highly absorbing Nafion films doped with Ru(bpy)32+ on SF11 glass substrates were studied by internal reflection spectroscopy using a single reflection configuration. For the system under study, two modes of light interaction with the film are available: attenuation due to evanescent wave penetration and light propagation within the absorbing film. Unlike evanescent wave spectroscopy, light propagation within the film causes distortions in the measured spectra due to leaky waveguide propagation modes. Upon light propagation in a film doped with Ru(bpy)32+ spectral shifts up to 50 nm to longer wavelengths can occur and additional absorbance peaks can appear in the spectra. These film-based distortions depend on the complex refractive index, the thickness of the film and the angle of incidence. These effects become significant for an extinction coefficient above 0.01 and a film thickness above 200 nm. It is shown that spectral distortions can lead to quite complex dynamics in the internal reflection spectra upon analyte preconcentration in the film. Ru(bpy)32+ partitioning into the Nafion film causes significant refractive index changes that in turn alter leaky waveguide mode conditions in the film and, can even lead to a reduction of measured absorbance despite the increase in the extinction coefficient of the film.
Setting priorities for research on pollution reduction functions of agricultural buffers

The success of buffer installation initiatives and programs to reduce nonpoint source pollution of streams on agricultural lands will depend the ability of local planners to locate and design buffers for specific circumstances with substantial and predictable results. Current predictive capabilities are inadequate, and major sources of uncertainty remain. An assessment of these uncertainties cautions that there is greater risk of overestimating buffer impact than underestimating it. Priorities for future research are proposed that will lead more quickly to major advances in predictive capabilities. Highest priority is given for work on the surface runoff filtration function, which is almost universally important to the amount of pollution reduction expected from buffer installation and for which there remain major sources of uncertainty for predicting level of impact. Foremost uncertainties surround the extent and consequences of runoff flow concentration and pollutant accumulation. Other buffer functions, including filtration of groundwater nitrate and stabilization of channel erosion sources of sediments, may be important in some regions. However, uncertainty surrounds our ability to identify and quantify the extent of site conditions where buffer installation can substantially reduce stream pollution in these ways. Deficiencies in predictive models reflect gaps in experimental information as well as technology to account for spatial heterogeneity of pollutant sources, pathways, and buffer capabilities across watersheds. Since completion of a comprehensive watershed-scale buffer model is probably far off, immediate needs call for simpler techniques to gage the probable impacts of buffer installation at local scales.
Vitamin B12 and nucleic acid production in Euglena

Abstract 1. 1. Vitamin B 12 -deficient Euglena had a 12% decrease in total nucleic acid, calculated both on a dry-weight and a cell-N basis. 2. 2. No alteration of RNA/DNA ratios was observed in B 12 -deficient cells. 3. 3. Perchloric acid extraction of nucleic acids was applicable to Euglena .
Effec tiveness of solids removal from liquid swine and dairy manures using biomaterial fi ltration

Recently, the livestock industry in the United States has been under scrutiny of environmental policymakers and the general public in regards to the industry's impact on the environment. This has forced the livestock industry to be more conscious in the handling, treatment, and disposal of manures produced by confinement animals. The management of animal waste typically involves several steps, but due to low production profit margins and the demand for technological simplicity, animal manures tend to have less treatment than human wastes. Liquidsolid separation using biomaterials, like com stover, offers a possible cheap and technologically simple alternative for waste processing, in some cases. Separation allows for the recovery of one or both components (liquid or solid fraction) as a useful by-product or to enhance the overall waste treatment process. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the effect of biomaterial filtration on dairy and swine manure using two readily available biomaterials (com stover and wood shavings). The effects of filter density and influent manure total solids (TS) mass were also investigated. Filter performance primarily depended on manure type and to lesser extent on influent TS concentration and filter media density. TS mass removal ranged from 53 to 80% and from 35 to 56% for dairy and swine manures, respectively. Biomaterials, like com stover, offer some promise as filter materials for liquid-solid separation of animal manures.
CD4 T-cell epitopes of human α B-crystallin

Of potential importance to multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendroglial alpha B-crystallin is expressed and associated with the myelin sheath at the earliest stage of MS lesion development. We selected T-cell lines specific for human alpha B-crystallin from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HLA-DR2 homozygous MS patients and found that the alpha B-crystallin-specific T-cells were CD4+ and restricted by DRB1*1501, and expressed Th1 cytokines. The CD4 T-cell epitopes of human alpha B-crystallin were determined by proliferation of alpha B-crystallin-specific T-cell lines to 17 20-mer synthetic overlapping peptides spanning the entire molecule of human alpha B-crystallin. It was found that the HLA-DR2 donor-derived alpha B-crystallin-specific T-cell lines proliferated to alpha B-crystallin peptides 21-40, 41-60, and to a lesser extent, 131-150. These T-cell proliferation responses were associated with intracellular expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The amino acid sequences of these peptides were compatible with predicted HLA-DR2-restricted binding motifs. PBMC of an early active MS patient proliferated to the epitope-containing peptides significantly better than did those of later stage MS patients or healthy controls. Taken together, these findings suggest that autoreactive alpha B-crystallin-specific Th1 cells may have the potential to contribute to MS pathogenesis.
Similar consumption and responding across single and multiple sources of drug.

Two experiments were conducted to assess whether total response output and total consumption would be similar when drugs are available from single and multiple sources of reinforcement, as predicted by behavioral economics. In Experiment 1, cigarette-deprived smokers were exposed to a concurrent-chains schedule in which equal fixed-ratio schedules served as the initial links, and different reinforcer magnitudes (i.e., number of cigarette puffs) were arranged across alternatives. After the session, obtained unit price was calculated and imposed in the next session when a different number of puffs was available according to a single fixed-ratio schedule. Thus, the unit price at which cigarette puffs could be earned was yoked within subjects across the single and concurrent-chains schedules. When plotted as a function of unit price, similar consumption and response rates were usually obtained across these schedules. Experiment 2 addressed a weakness of Experiment 1, namely, that responding was allocated exclusively to the larger reinforcer magnitude in concurrent-chains conditions, and therefore this schedule may have functioned as a single schedule. In Experiment 2, subjects were instructed to alternate responding between the two alternative schedules. Instructions produced approximately equal response allocation between the two alternatives. Again, similar consumption and response rates were observed across the single and instructed concurrent-chains schedules. These findings are discussed in the context of direct effects and behavioral economics perspectives of drug self-administration.
Allocation of Investment in Work and Family Roles: Alternative Theories and Implications for Research

The process of people's investment in work and family roles is poorly understood. Traditionally, investment in such roles has been considered the product of utilitarian motives. An alternative perspective, derived from social identity theory, suggests that identity salience determines this investment. Proponents of the two approaches differ in describing sources of work-family conflict and methods of achieving work-family balance. Despite the competing predictions of the two approaches future research on the moderating effects of gender, life stage, and culture may prove fruitful for researchers who wish to elaborate upon an integrated model.
Full weight-bearing hindlimb standing following stand training in the adult spinal cat.

De Leon, R. D., J. A. Hodgson, R. R. Roy, and V. R. Edgerton. Full weight-bearing hindlimb standing following stand training in the adult spinal cat. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 83–91, 1998. Behavioral an...
Sex Hormones and Their Receptors Regulate Liver Energy Homeostasis

The liver is one of the most essential organs involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Hepatic steatosis, a major manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is associated with imbalance between lipid formation and breakdown, glucose production and catabolism, and cholesterol synthesis and secretion. Epidemiological studies show sex difference in the prevalence in fatty liver disease and suggest that sex hormones may play vital roles in regulating hepatic steatosis. In this review, we summarize current literature and discuss the role of estrogens and androgens and the mechanisms through which estrogen receptors and androgen receptors regulate lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver. In females, estradiol regulates liver metabolism via estrogen receptors by decreasing lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid uptake, while enhancing lipolysis, cholesterol secretion, and glucose catabolism. In males, testosterone works via androgen receptors to increase insulin receptor expression and glycogen synthesis, decrease glucose uptake and lipogenesis, and promote cholesterol storage in the liver. These recent integrated concepts suggest that sex hormone receptors could be potential promising targets for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.
Native predator eats invasive toxic prey: Evidence for increased incidence of consumption rather than aversion-learning

Contemporary adaptation of native prey species to invasive predators has been relatively well documented, but that of native predators to invasive prey has received less attention. Because the level of impact an invasive species will have on its predators versus its prey will determine changes in community trophic structure, it is important to understand how native predators respond to novel prey. Here we examine the response of native fence lizards to the invasion of red imported fire ants, a novel toxic prey. Examining invaded and uninvaded lizard populations, we tested whether or not aversion-learning occurs in juvenile fence lizards over successive feedings (within lifetime), how previous fire ant exposure may affect avoidance behavior (over generations), and whether population differences are consistent when prey choice exists. We also examine rates of phenotypic diver- gence in traits associated with the native species as both predator and prey. Aversion-learning did not occur in either population. Instead, the incidence of fire ant consumption increased over both successive feed- ings and generations. Lizards from the fire ant invaded population had a higher propensity to eat fire ants than fire ant-naive lizards, even when given a choice between prey items. We found greater phenotypic divergence in traits associated with the native species as predator on, versus as prey to, fire ants. Although the strategy of eating these novel toxic prey can impose survival costs in the short term, over the longer-term, eating fire ants may cost little or even benefit survivors.
Difficult Removal of Retrievable IVC Filters: A Description of the “Double-Wire Restraining” Technique

We describe our experience with the use of the "double-wire restraining" technique to assist in the removal of two retrievable inferior vena cava filters: one had been misplaced in the right brachiocephalic vein with apex perforation of the vessel wall, and the second filter had migrated cephalad to straddle across both renal veins. The "double-wire restraining" technique consists of two stiff-shaft Glidewires (Terumo, Somerset, NJ) placed through the same introducer sheath and positioned on opposite sides of the filter. Both wires restrain the filter at the tip of the sheath as the sheath is advanced, thus allowing the operator to reposition the filter. This report details how this technique was used to realign two malpositioned filters and reposition the filter apices from their extravascular location, thus exposing them for ensnarement.
Properties and implementation of the exponential class of time-frequency representations

The exponential class (EC) quadratic time-frequency representations (QTFRs) are well-suited for analyzing signals passing through exponentially dispersive systems. We consider some important properties of EC QTFRs: a time-frequency concentration property along given group delay curves resulting in a localized-kernel subclass, and a time-shift covariance property resulting in the intersection of the EC with Cohen's (1966) class. We investigate several aspects of EC analysis important for practical applications. We study the time-frequency geometry of the exponential Wigner distribution, the central EC QTFR, and we investigate how to attenuate interference terms by means of smoothing. We also propose the implementation of EC QTFRs by warping affine class QTFRs, and we demonstrate the importance of the EC via simulation results.
JFK in life and death: What's still left to say?

Christopher A. Preble, John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004). Pp. xi + 244, notes, bibliography, index. $32.00. ISBN 0-87580-332-6. Sheldon M. S...
Multipoint linkage disequilibrium mapping approach: incorporating evidence of linkage and linkage disequilibrium from unlinked region.

Gene mapping for complex diseases is still a challenge in genetic studies. For family-based studies, the single-locus methods for detecting linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) one at a time may not capture the assumed interaction between multiple causal genes efficiently. We propose a multipoint LD approach for assessing the evidence of linkage and LD in a targeted chromosomal region by incorporating evidence from an unlinked region using the case-parent trio design. The paternal and maternal preferential transmission statistics defined in Liang et al. ([2001] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:937–950) are the primary statistics for this approach. Our generalized estimating equation (GEE) method builds on a model using the expected preferential transmission statistic from the targeted region conditional on this same statistic from the unlinked region. The major assumption is that there is no more than one trait locus in both the targeted region and unlinked region. The map position of an unobserved trait locus and its confidence interval can be calculated. Finally, we apply this approach to the African-American families drawn from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Previous analysis using this GEE approach developed by Liang et al. ([2001] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:937–950) suggested strong evidence of linkage and LD on chromosome 11, but only marginal evidence on chromosome 8. While conditioning on marker D11S937 on chromosome 11, a separate trait locus on chromosome 8 was estimated at , with a 95% confidence interval of (8.75, 14.59), and the test statistic shows significant evidence of linkage and LD (P-value=0.0198) in this region of chromosome 8. Genet Epidemiol 25:1–13, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CD14 Deficiency Impacts Glucose Homeostasis in Mice through Altered Adrenal Tone

The toll-like receptors comprise one of the most conserved components of the innate immune system, signaling the presence of molecules of microbial origin. It has been proposed that signaling through TLR4, which requires CD14 to recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), may generate low-grade inflammation and thereby affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. To examine the long-term influence of partial innate immune signaling disruption on glucose homeostasis, we analyzed knockout mice deficient in CD14 backcrossed into the diabetes-prone C57BL6 background at 6 or 12 months of age. CD14-ko mice, fed either normal or high-fat diets, displayed significant glucose intolerance compared to wild type controls. They also displayed elevated norepinephrine urinary excretion and increased adrenal medullary volume, as well as an enhanced norepinephrine secretory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. These results point out a previously unappreciated crosstalk between innate immune- and sympathoadrenal- systems, which exerts a major long-term effect on glucose homeostasis.
Optimum power scheduling for CDMA access channels

We consider the system access problem for CDMA networks where the access channels are nonorthogonal to the traffic channels. In such systems, the accessing user can degrade the performance of existing users by introducing extra interference. We study how the transmit power should be varied with each successive access attempt so that the linear combination of average power expended and the average delay experienced by the accessing user is minimized. The harm caused by the accessing user to the existing communication links is also considered. We find that for all cost functions we consider, the absence of an access deadline implies that each access attempt should be made at some constant power. With an imposed access deadline we find that the optimum sequence of transmit powers can be determined recursively.
Storage Disorders in Hematology

Gaucher disease is characterized by the accumulation of glycosphingolipids (glycosylceramide) in lysosomes due to a defect in acid-β-glucosidase. The gene for acid-β-glucosidase is located on the long arm of chromosome 1. More than 200 mutations of the gene are known to date. Gaucher disease is inherited in an autosomal-recessive pattern. Three types of Gaucher disease have been described based on clinical characteristics. Type 1 is the most common variant and will be described in detail in this chapter. Type 1 Gaucher disease results in hepatosple-nomegaly, cytopenias, and progressive bone disease and has a highly variable clinical course. Type 2 Gaucher disease is rare and leads to death early in life as a result of severe CNS disease. Type 3 Gaucher disease also is rare, has a variable course, and combines CNS disease with visceral manifestations. The incidence of Gaucher disease varies between 1:40,000 in Western countries and 1:2000 in Israel.
Behavioral Parent Training for Families of Developmentally Disabled Children

Because of the family’s integral role in the care and treatment of developmentally disabled children, strengthening the family has become an important part of habilitation (Simeonsson & Simeonsson, 1981). Behavioral parent training is one major strategy for strengthening the family by modifying problematic child behaviors, teaching basic skills, and enhancing family coping and interaction patterns (Altman & Mira, 1983; Baker, 1976; Budd & Fabry, 1986; O’Dell, 1985). The pressing needs of handicapped children often call for several types of family services, such as counseling and support, respite care, educational intervention for the child, and training in behavior management. Thus, as Kaiser and Fox (1986) commented, it is not a question of choosing behavioral parent training over other possible interventions but rather of placing parent training in the context of family needs and maximizing its effectiveness in meeting those needs.
Thin Film on LTCC for Connectivity and Conductivity.

The topic of this paper is the development and characterization of multilayer thin films on low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) for the purpose of attaining robust connectivity and improved conductivity, aimed at the RF single digit GHz frequency range. The aspect of connectivity primarily covers both standard SnPb eutectic solder as well as Au wire/wedge connections to the same thin film materials. This multipurpose film ages well, as do solder joints—even after rework. In circuit development, this allows the reappropriation of solder pads for wire bond purposes and vice versa, greatly enhancing the flexibility of the substrates. The useful lifetime of such substrates has been extended significantly by this work. The photolithographically-defined circuits further enable smaller features and tolerances and better geometric uniformity. Vias received special attention due mainly to topography encountered at via boundaries and at the top of vias. Preparation and pattern generation for the thin film traces...
Power System Simulation Using the Multistage Adomian Decomposition Method

This paper proposes a new approach for power system transient stability simulation, which is based on a semi-analytical solution (SAS) of power system differential-algebraic equations. In this paper, an SAS is derived using the Adomian decomposition method as a closed-form explicit function of symbolic variables such as time, the initial state, and other variables on system conditions and; hence, it can directly give a power system's dynamic trajectory being accurate for a certain time window. Unlike a traditional numerical integration based simulation approach, the proposed new approach offline derives an SAS and online evaluates the SAS by plugging in values of symbolic variables for a series of time windows making up the desired simulation period. This paper further studies the maximum length of the time window for an SAS being accurate and proposes a divergence indicator for simulation using adaptive time windows. Implementation of this new approach on parallel computers is also studied. The new approach is validated through contingency simulation of the IEEE 10-generator 39-bus system with detailed generator models.
The Logic of International Interaction

The growth of interaction and complexity represents a long-term trend in the international system and is a potent source of system consequences. As the amount of interaction increases, so does the number of difficult system problems, the number of requisites that must be satisfied if the system is to keep functioning, and, therefore, the fragility of the system itself. As interaction and complexity increase, so, too, does the production of inadvertent consequences, which result from both purposeful actions and apurposive processes. The production of inadvertent consequences on the present scale makes management and guidance of the international system increasingly difficult, and the system may therefore be said to be moving into an entropic or disorder crisis. The analysis points toward improving management capacity to the extent possible and toward slowing the rate of growth of interaction.
Knowledge of human papillomavirus and anal cancer among men who have sex with men attending a New York City sexually transmitted diseases clinic.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and anal cancer (AC) yet little is known regarding MSM knowledge and risk perception for these outcomes. We surveyed 116 MSM attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic and found that over a quarter (27%) did not know HPV is transmitted via anal sex and most (77%) were unaware of the link with AC. Many MSM (60%) perceived risk for HPV; far fewer (35%) perceived risk for AC. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, having friends or acquaintances with HPV or genital warts was associated with knowledge of anal HPV transmission (odds ratio [OR] = 4.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 13.4) and AC risk-perception (OR = 6.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 16.7); reporting a regular source of care was associated with awareness of a link between HPV and AC (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.1, 9.1); and MSM and women versus MSM, had less perceived risk for HPV (OR = 0.05; CI = 0.01, 0.29). Nearly all expressed hypothetical acceptance of HPV vaccine. ...
Attitudinal Differences Among Work Shifts: What do They Reflect?

The issue of how attitudinal differences among work shifts should be interpreted is important from both pragmatic and research points of view. Managers would find it helpful to know whether negativ...
TNF Regulates Essential Alternative Complement Pathway Components and Impairs Activation of Protein C in Human Glomerular Endothelial Cells

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy with severe renal injury secondary to an overactive alternative complement pathway (AP). aHUS episodes are often initiated or recur during inflammation. We investigated gene expression of the surface complement regulatory proteins (CD55, CD59, CD46, and CD141 [thrombomodulin]) and AP components in human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs) and in HUVECs, a frequently used investigational model of endothelial cells. Surface complement regulatory proteins were also quantified by flow cytometry. All experiments were done with and without exposure to IL-1β or TNF. Without cytokine stimulation, we found that GMVECs had greater AP activation than did HUVECs. With TNF stimulation, THBD gene expression and corresponding CD141 surface presence in HUVECs and GMVECs were reduced, and gene expression of complement components C3 ( C3 ) and factor B ( CFB ) was increased. Consequently, AP activation, measured by Ba production, was increased, and conversion of protein C (PC) to activated PC by CD141-bound thrombin was decreased, in GMVECs and HUVECs exposed to TNF. IL-1β had similar, albeit lesser, effects on HUVEC gene expression, and it only slightly affected GMVEC gene expression. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of the expression/display of AP components and surface regulatory proteins in GMVECs with and without cytokine stimulation. In aHUS patients with an underlying overactive AP, additional stimulation of the AP and inhibition of activated PC–mediated anticoagulation in GMVECs by the inflammatory cytokine TNF are likely to provoke episodes of renal failure.
Linguistic input overrides conceptual biases: When goals don't matter.

Previous research has suggested the presence of a cognitive goal bias, which favors the linguistic and non-linguistic (mnemonic) encoding of goals of motion over sources. The present corpus-based study tests the limits of the goal bias by comparing the path-encoding tendencies of English come and go in young children’s and adults’ naturalistic speech. Both verbs can occur with source and goal adjuncts; however, they differ in their presuppositional structure, such that come presupposes a goal while go presupposes a source. This difference in presupposition might lead adult speakers to inhibit goal-encoding for come via the Gricean maxim of quantity. As input, this might lead young children to acquire different path structures for go and come, even before they have mastered conversational-pragmatic abilities. Descriptive statistics replicate earlier findings of a general goal bias for both verbs. However, the results of more detailed regression analyses suggest that go exhibits a stronger goal bias than come for children and adults. Moreover, children from ages 23 persist in inhibiting goal mentioning for come at rates similar to adult usage. This effect holds even while goal expressions for go are becoming more complex. These findings suggest that statistical patterns in the input can override non-linguistic biases, even during early lexical acquisition.
Implications of Public Policy on Marketing Activities in Sub-Sahara African Region

This study attempts to evaluate the role of marketing in the development process of LDCs, especially the Sub Sahara African Region. Using Nigeria, the largest economy in the region as an example, the study examines how government policy affects marketing activities and efficiency in the region.
Tumor-associated GM-CSF overexpression induces immunoinhibitory molecules via STAT3 in myeloid-suppressor cells infiltrating liver metastases

Assumptions that liver immune cells and immunosuppressive pathways are similar to their counterparts in other spaces have led to gaps in our understanding of intrahepatic neoplasm aggressiveness. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are potent inhibitors of antitumor immunity and pose a major obstacle to solid tumor treatment. Liver MDSCs (L-MDSCs) associated with liver metastases (LM) are particularly problematic by contributing to intrahepatic immunosuppression that promotes tumor progression. L-MDSCs have been reported to expand in response to granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and suppress antitumor immunity in LM. To extend these findings, we examined mechanisms of intrahepatic immunosuppression exploited by L-MDSCs. We found that the majority of L-MDSCs co-expressed GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSF-R), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), while demonstrating high levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) activation. GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells induced STAT3 phosphorylation in L-MDSCs in addition to expression of IDO and PD-L1. GM-CSF or GM-CSF-R blockade markedly reduced L-MDSC IDO and PD-L1 expression, implicating tumor-derived GM-CSF in supporting L-MDSC-immunoinhibitory molecule expression. Small-molecule inhibitors of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and STAT3 also dramatically diminished IDO and PD-L1 expression in L-MDSCs. We determined that STAT3 exerts transcriptional control over L-MDSC IDO and PD-L1 expression by binding to the IDO1 and PD-L1 promoters. Our data suggest that the GM-CSF/JAK2/STAT3 axis in L-MDSCs drives immunosuppression in a model of LM and blockade of this pathway may enable rescue of intrahepatic antitumor immunity.
The management of tuberculosis during pregnancy.

Tuberculosis represents another disorder lying at the interface of medical specialties and requiring the coordinated efforts of a team approach. Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy during pregnancy are discussed, as is the infant born to a woman with active tuberculosis.
Bone anchor fixation method of an incarcerated Petit hernia in an elderly lady: Optimal management of a rare case

Background: The first reported lumbar hernia was in 1731. Since then, only about 300 cases have been reported in the literature. Approximately 20% of lumbar hernias are congenital and the remainder are acquired. They commonly occur in males, more frequently on the left side, and the majority are reported in the sixth-to-seventh decade of life. Based on the anatomical defect, lumbar hernias are classified into two types: superior (Grynfeltt-Lesshaft) and Inferior (Petit). Petit hernias are less common and their proximity to bone can make them more difficult to repair. Several methods for optimal repair have been proposed. Since 2004, only 7 reports advocated surgical management using the bone anchor fixation method. Case description: A 79-year-old obese female presented to the outpatient clinic with a 1-year history of moderate right lumbar pain. Examination revealed a tender bulge in the posterior lumbar region. CT of the abdomen & pelvis revealed a 6.6 cm × 7.4 cm defect in the right posterolateral abdomen incorporating parts of the right ascending colon. She was diagnosed with right-sided Petit lumbar hernia and underwent an open hernia repair with iliac crest anchor fixation and mesh implantation. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged in a stable condition. Conclusions: Lumbar hernias represent a rare clinical phenomenon, especially in females. A protruding mass in the lumbar region with localized abdominal pain and radiographic evidence of posterior abdominal wall defect should raise suspicion for a lumbar hernia. Predisposing factors such as old age, obesity and conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure increase the risk of lumbar hernia. There is a current dilemma centered on the optimal type of surgical approach and repair technique. In our case, an open repair using the bone anchor fixation technique led to excellent results.
Predictive Modeling of a Paradigm Mechanical Cooling Tower Model: II. Optimal Best-Estimate Results with Reduced Predicted Uncertainties

This work uses the adjoint sensitivity model of the counter-flow cooling tower derived in the accompanying PART I to obtain the expressions and relative numerical rankings of the sensitivities, to all model parameters, of the following model responses: (i) outlet air temperature; (ii) outlet water temperature; (iii) outlet water mass flow rate; and (iv) air outlet relative humidity. These sensitivities are subsequently used within the “predictive modeling for coupled multi-physics systems” (PM_CMPS) methodology to obtain explicit formulas for the predicted optimal nominal values for the model responses and parameters, along with reduced predicted standard deviations for the predicted model parameters and responses. These explicit formulas embody the assimilation of experimental data and the “calibration” of the model’s parameters. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the PM_CMPS methodology reduces the predicted standard deviations to values that are smaller than either the computed or the experimentally measured ones, even for responses (e.g., the outlet water flow rate) for which no measurements are available. These improvements stem from the global characteristics of the PM_CMPS methodology, which combines all of the available information simultaneously in phase-space, as opposed to combining it sequentially, as in current data assimilation procedures.
ADHD Comorbidity, Gender, and Symptom Profiles

The results of the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) have been reexamined from several standpoints.
Iridium Schottky contact on In0.52Al0.48As

The Schottky barrier properties of Ir on In0.52Al0.48As have been measured after annealing up to 500°C. The barrier height increases to 818 meV for samples annealed at 475°C, while that of Pt quickly saturates at 800 meV beyond 200°C. The result indicates a potential for Ir as a stable gate metallisation for InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs.
Killers creating new life: caspases drive apoptosis-induced proliferation in tissue repair and disease.

Killers creating new life: caspases drive apoptosis-induced proliferation in tissue repair and disease
Developing and rewarding teachers as educators and scholars: remarkable progress and daunting challenges.

Context This article describes the scholarly work that has addressed the fifth recommendation of the 1988 World Conference on Medical Education: ‘Train teachers as educators, not content experts alone, and reward excellence in this field as fully as excellence in biomedical research or clinical practice’. Progress Over the past 30 years, scholars have defined the preparation needed for teaching and other educator roles, and created faculty development delivery systems to train teachers as educators. To reward the excellence of educators, scholars have expanded definitions of scholarship, defined educator roles and criteria for judging excellence, and developed educator portfolios to make achievements visible for peer review. Despite these efforts, the scholarship of discovery continues to be more highly prized and rewarded than the scholarship of teaching. These values are deeply embedded in university culture and policies. Challenges To remedy the structural inequalities between researchers and educators, a holistic approach to rewarding the broad range of educational roles and educational scholarship is needed. This requires strong advocacy to create changes in academic rewards and support policies, provide a clear career trajectory for educators using learning analytics, expand programmes for faculty development, support health professions education scholarship units and academies of medical educators, and create mechanisms to ensure high standards for all educators.
Fine-grained 3D reconfigurable computing fabric with RRAM

Non-volatile 3D FPGA research to date utilizes layer-by-layer stacking of 2D CMOS / RRAM circuits. On the other hand, vertically-composed 3D FPGA that integrates CMOS and RRAM circuits has eluded us, owing to the difficult requirement of highly customized regional doping and material insertion in 3D to build and route complementary p- and n-type transistors as well as resistive switches. In the layer-by-layer non-volatile 3D FPGA, the connectivity between the monolithically stacked RRAMs and underlying CMOS circuits is likely to be limited and lead to large parasitic RCs. In this paper, we propose a fine-grained 3D reconfigurable computing fabric concept. It implements CMOS / RRAM hybrid circuits within the pre-doped vertical nanowire template. Transistors and resistive switches can be integrated with fine granularity, which reduces the routing overhead between RRAM and CMOS circuits and increases the density. We estimate the density benefit of the proposed fabric to be 27X relative to the monolithic 3D FPGA with stacked RRAMs. Estimated Elmore delays are improved by 5.4X and 2.2X for configuration and normal operation, respectively.
Measurements of Vulnerability to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACTDomestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is one type of human trafficking, in which a minor American citizen or resident alien is commercially sexually exploited within United States borders. ...
Determinants of the use of specialist mental health services by nursing home residents.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. This study examines the effects of resident and facility characteristics on the probability of nursing home residents receiving treatment by mental health professionals. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING. The study uses data from the Institutional Population Component of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey, a secondary data source containing data on 3,350 nursing home residents living in 810 nursing homes as of January 1, 1987. STUDY DESIGN. Andersen's health services use model (1968) is used to estimate a multivariate logistic equation for the effects of independent variables on the probability that a resident has received services from mental health professionals. Important variables include resident race, sex, and age; presence of several behaviors and reported mental illnesses; and facility ownership, facility size, and facility certification. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS. Data on 188 residents were excluded from the sample because information was missing on several important variables. For some additional variables residents who had missing information were coded as negative responses. This left 3,162 observations for analysis in the logistic regressions. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Older residents and residents with more ADL limitations are much less likely than other residents to have received treatment from a mental health professional. Residents with reported depression, schizophrenia, or psychoses, and residents who are agitated or hallucinating are more likely to have received treatment. Residents in government nursing homes, homes run by chains, and homes with low levels of certification are less likely to have received treatment. CONCLUSIONS. Few residents receive treatment from mental health professionals despite need. Older, physically disabled residents need special attention. Care in certain types of facilities requires further study. New regulations mandating treatment for mentally ill residents will demand increased attention from nursing home administrators and mental health professionals.
Decreased Skeletal Muscle Volume Is a Predictive Factor for Poorer Survival in Patients Undergoing Surgical Resection for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of decreased skeletal muscle (SM) volume on survival outcomes in patients undergoing surgical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
Curriculum Design and Planning: Using Postmodern Curricular Approaches

This paper offers a model for educators aiming to engage postmodern research and theory as sources of theoretical guidance for curriculum development. Rooted in the literature, this design illustrates the foundational elements of curriculum planning including the classroom environment, student learning assessment, and communication with stakeholders. This plan includes detailed aspects such as goals, content, learning opportunities, modes of presentation, and overall course evaluation procedures. This curriculum has a transformative and webbed approach to integrated, interdisciplinary curriculum design organized around the guiding question “how have campuses normalized violence in everyday life?” The authors provide examples of teaching that is oriented towards making the familiar strange, facilitating discovery, including autobiographies, and developing experiential opportunities through multi-modal approaches to teaching and learning. Further, the curriculum aims to increase perspectives integrated into the hermeneutic circle of interpretation and includes proactive, critical conversations that challenge the status quo and affirm marginalized voices.
Guidelines for point-of-care testing. Improving patient outcomes.

Abstract Whole-blood biosensors and point-of-care testing created a unique paradigm in medical diagnostics in the 1980s, when liver and heart transplant centers, as well as operating rooms and other critical care areas implemented whole-blood analysis to provide rapid test results in 2 to 5 minutes. Rising expectations, patient-focused hospitals, and managed care intensify the need for immediate decisions at the point of care. The guidelines promote consensus priorities, multidisciplinary teamwork, fiscal coordination, and collaborative practice during this phase of rapid change. Four primary principles and accompanying guideline objectives are optimization (patient outcomes, medical linkages, integrated diagnostic synthesis, therapeutic turnaround time, test clusters, and critical limits), hybridization (strategic modalities, economic effectiveness, and testing --> monitoring), quality (quality improvement, clinical performance, risk reduction and academics and accreditation), and consistency (results communication and error minimization, and reference intervals and standardization). Whole-blood analysis and point-of-care testing help facilitate temporal optimization, optimize diagnostic-therapeutic processes, and improve patient outcomes in critical care.
Tumor microenvironment in cancer progression and metastasis

Tumors are unorganized organs that contain many different cell types that communicate with cancer cells. The central goal of our laboratory is to evaluate the role of these non-cancer cells in canc...
Aldosterone (Aldo) Interacts with PKA, MAPKs and PLC Pathway to Sensitize Angiotensin (ANG) II-Induced Hypertension

Previous studies using an Induction-Delay-Expression (I-D-E) experimental design have demonstrated that one-week Aldo pre-treatment can sensitize the brain to produce an enhanced hypertensive response to subsequent ANGII. The amplified pressor effects are associated with elevated mRNA expression of RAAS components in the lamina terminalis (LT). The present study was to determine the signaling mechanisms involved in the sensitizing effects of Aldo on the brain. During I Aldo (750 ng/h) or saline was delivered sc for 1 wk. The rats then rested for 1 wk (D). Then the tissues along LT were collected at the end of D for determining activation of PKA, MAPKs or PLC pathway. The week of Aldo treatment during I had no effect on BP during I and D. However, Aldo treatment during I induced a significant increase in phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB, 1.5 fold), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK, 1.8 fold), or phospholipase C (PLC, 1.8 fold) in the LT. Moreover, Aldo infusion resulted ...