cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ nucleic acid hybridization of cytokines in primary biliary cirrhosis: Predominance of the Th1 subset

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It is generally believed that cellular immune mechanisms, particularly involving T cells, result in this bile duct damage. The relative strength of Th1 and Th2 responses has recently been proposed to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of various autoimmune diseases. In this study, we have attempted to identify the Th subset balance in PBC, by detection of cytokines specific to the two T-cell subsets, i.e., interferon γ (IFN-γ) for Th1 cells and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for Th2 cells. We analyzed IFN-γ and IL-4 messenger RNA (mRNA) positive cells in liver sections from 18 patients with PBC and 35 disease controls including chronic active hepatitis C, extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO), and normal liver, using nonisotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Mononuclear cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-4 mRNA were aggregated in inflamed portal tracts in PBC livers, but were rarely present in extrahepatic biliary obstruction, alcoholic fibrosis, or normal liver sections. The IFN- γ and IL-4 mRNA positive cells in PBC livers were detected in significantly higher numbers than in control livers (P < .01). Moreover, IFN-γ mRNA expression was more commonly detected than IL-4 expression in PBC livers, and the levels of IFN-γ mRNA expression were highly correlated with the degree of portal inflammatory activity. IFN-γ mRNA-positive cells were detected primarily around damaged bile ducts that were surrounded by lymphoid aggregates. The data indicate that Th1 cells are the more prominent T-cell subset in the lymphoid infiltrates in PBC.
Coupled analysis of multi-impact energy harvesting from low-frequency wind induced vibrations

Energy need from off-grid locations has been critical for effective real-time monitoring and control to ensure structural safety and reliability. To harvest energy from ambient environments, the piezoelectric-based energy-harvesting system has been proven very efficient to convert high frequency vibrations into usable electrical energy. However, due to the low frequency nature of the vibrations of civil infrastructures, such as those induced from vehicle impacts, wind, and waves, the application of a traditional piezoelectric-based energy-harvesting system is greatly restrained since the output power drops dramatically with the reduction of vibration frequencies. This paper focuses on the coupled analysis of a proposed piezoelectric multi-impact wind-energy-harvesting device that can effectively up-convert low frequency wind-induced vibrations into high frequency ones. The device consists of an H-shape beam and four bimorph piezoelectric cantilever beams. The H-shape beam, which can be easily triggered to vibrate at a low wind speed, is originated from the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which failed at wind speeds of 18.8 m s−1 in 1940. The multi-impact mechanism between the H-shape beam and the bimorph piezoelectric cantilever beams is incorporated to improve the harvesting performance at lower frequencies. During the multi-impact process, a series of sequential impacts between the H-shape beam and the cantilever beams can trigger high frequency vibrations of the cantilever beams and result in high output power with a considerably high efficiency. In the coupled analysis, the coupled structural, aerodynamic, and electrical equations are solved to obtain the dynamic response and the power output of the proposed harvesting device. A parametric study for several parameters in the coupled analysis framework is carried out including the external resistance, wind speed, and the configuration of the H-shape beam. The average harvested power for the piezoelectric cantilever beam reaches 11.77 mW with a power density of 6.11 mW cm−3 under the wind speed of 10 m s−1, which is sufficient to power small sensors. The average harvested power can further reach up to 45 mW under the wind speed of 14 m s−1.
Alternative parameter estimators based upon grouped data

The problem of estimating population parameters based upon grouped data is considered and several alternative estimation schemes such as the method of scoring, least lines, least squares, minimum chi square, and a method of approximating method of moments and maximum likelihood estimators are considered. These estimators are compared with maximum likelihood and method of moments estimators based upon individual observations using a Monte Carlo study where the parent population is characterized by a gamma distribution. An application of these techniques to fitting a gamma distribution to 1970-74 census income data is considered.
Meta-analysis of animal fat or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer

Background: In the recent World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research report of diet and cancer, it was concluded that there is limited but suggestive evidence that animal fat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Objective: To clarify this potential relation, we conducted metaanalyses across a variety of subgroups, incorporating data from additional studies. Design: Analyses of high compared with low animal fat intakes and categorical dose-response evaluations were conducted. Subgroup analyses, consisting of evaluations by study design, sex, and tumor site were also performed. Results: Six prospective cohort studies with comprehensive dietary assessments, contributing 1070 cases of colorectal cancer and ’1.5 million person-years of follow-up, were identified. The summary relative risk estimate (SRRE) for these studies was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.31; P for heterogeneity ¼ 0.221) on the basis of high compared with low intakes. When data from case-control studies were combined with the cohort data, the resulting SRRE was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.42) with increased variability (P for heterogeneity ¼ 0.015). In our dose-response analysis of the cohort studies, no association between a 20-g/d increment in animal fat intake and colorectal cancer was observed (SRRE: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.09). In a separate analysis of 3 prospective cohort studies that reported data for animal protein or meat protein, no significant association with colorectal cancer was observed (SRRE: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.15). Conclusion: On the basis of the results of this quantitative assessment, the available epidemiologic evidence does not appear to support an independent association between animal fat intake or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1‐8.
Inhibition of Potentially Anti-Apoptotic Proteins by Antisense Protein Kinase C-α (Isis 3521) and Antisense bcl-2 (G3139) Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides: Relationship to the Decreased Viability of T24 Bladder and PC3 Prostate Cancer Cells

Isis 3521 and G3139 are 20- and 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, respectively, targeted to the protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha and bcl-2 mRNAs. Treatment of T24 bladder and PC3 prostate carcinoma cells with full-length and 3'-truncation mutants of Isis 3521 causes down-regulation of PKC-alpha protein and mRNA. However, at the level of a 15-mer and shorter, down-regulation of mRNA expression is no longer observed. Further, no diminution in cellular viability, as measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, in response to increasing concentrations of paclitaxel, can be observed for these shorter oligomers. These observations not only indicate that PKC-alpha protein expression can be down-regulated by both RNase H-dependent and -independent mechanisms but also that down-regulation of PKC-alpha is insufficient by itself to "chemosensitize" cells. G3139, which down-regulates bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression, also down-regulates PKC-alpha protein and mRNA expression but not that of PKC-betaI, -epsilon, or -zeta. However, the down-regulation of PKC-alpha and bcl-2 are not linked. When the carrier Eufectin 5 is employed, only bcl-2 is down-regulated in both T24 and PC3 cells at 50 nM oligonucleotide concentration. At 100 nM, both bcl-2 and PKC-alpha expression are down-regulated, and only at this concentration can "chemosensitization" to paclitaxel and carboplatin be observed. In contrast, the down-regulation of bcl-2 seems to be linked with that of RelA (p65). However, this too is also not sufficient for chemosensitization, even though it leads to the loss of expression of genes under the putative control of nuclear factor-kappaB and to detachment of the cells from plastic surfaces. These results underscore the complexity of the intracellular requirements for the initiation of chemosensitization to anti-neoplastic agents.
Neurological dysfunction in serious delinquents.

Gross neurological dysfunction was uncommon in 71 (40 male, 31 female) incarcerated seriously delinquent adolescents. Neurological soft signs, measured by the Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Signs (PANESS), were found to be correlated with educational attainment and intellectual endowment, and associated with undersocialized conduct disorder. Neurological soft signs were also associated with uncompensated neurophysiological deficits as measured by the Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB), particularly in the areas of attention and language. Neurological soft signs were not found to be related to severity of delinquency or to violent behavior.
The virtual fuzzy state machine approach-a domain-independent fault detection and recovery method for object-based control systems

The current trend of using object based design for real time control systems has the implication that traditional state based fault detection and recovery methods cannot be used directly. This problem is even more difficult for domain independent fault detection and recovery since most such methods are based on a formal analysis of the global state set. The paper presents a domain independent fault isolation, detection and recovery method for object based control systems based on constraints of the object architecture. Variations of the control behavior from normal cases are detected using a fuzzy state machine approach.
The Effects of Stress on the Lives of Emerging Adult College Students: An Exploratory Analysis

This study systematically analyzed the personal reports of 20 emerging adult college students with regard to how stress affects their lives. Qualitative analyses revealed that stress influenced students' lives in both positive and negative ways. Implications of these findings for physical and mental health are discussed. Recommendations for counseling practice are provided.
Costs of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery and readmissions in privately insured US patients

Abstract Background Surgical costs are influenced by perioperative care, readmissions, and further therapies. We aimed to characterize costs in hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery in the United States. Methods The MarketScan database (2008–2010) was used to identify privately insured patients undergoing pancreatectomy (n = 2254) or hepatectomy (n = 1702). Costs associated with the index surgery, readmissions, and total short-term costs were assessed from a third party payer perspective using generalized linear regression models. Results Mean total costs of pancreatectomy and hepatectomy were $107,600 (95% confidence interval [CI], 101,200–114,000) and $81,300 (95% CI, 77,600–85,000), respectively, with corresponding surgical costs of 69.2% and 60.9%. Ninety-day readmission costs were $36,200 (95% CI, 32,000–40,400) and $34,100 (95% CI, 28,100–40,100), respectively. In multivariate analysis, readmissions were associated with an almost two-fold increase in total costs in both pancreatectomy (cost ratio = 1.98; P Conclusions Hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery is associated with significant economic burden in the privately insured population. Substantial costs are incurred beyond the index surgical admission, with readmissions representing a major source of potentially preventable health care spending. Sustained efforts in defining high-risk populations and decreasing the burden of postoperative complications through a combination of prevention and improved outpatient management offer promising strategies to reduce readmissions and control costs.
Socio-Emotionial development during childhood: theories and research trends.

En el articulo se describe cuatro modelos sobre el desarrollo de la competencia social, tambien se discute respecto a la definicion de la capacidad emocional. A pesar del rapido crecimiento de la investigacion sobre capacidad emocional, hay menos consenso en la definicion de competencia emocional, versus competencia social. Sin embargo, la regulacion emocional es un componente clave tanto para la capacidad social como la emocional. Los estudios sobre el papel de la socializacion de la emociones desde la etapa preescolar hasta la adolescencia temprana, revelan que la socializacion emocional parental esta asociada al desarrollo de la capacidad social de los ninos, directamente y a traves de la regulacion de las emociones y el desarrollo de habilidades de proceso cognoscitivo. Entender la capacidad social y emocional, es particularmente importante en poblaciones vulnerables, para orientar la socializacion de las emociones en desarrollo de las intervenciones y para fomentar el desarrollo de estas capacidades. Se discute, lo importante que es particularmente entender, el papel de la socializacion y de la regulacion de las emociones dentro de la familia. ABSTRACT In this paper, four models for the development of social competence are described, and issues regarding the definition of emotional competence are discussed. Although research on emotional competence is growing, there is less consensus on the definition of emotional, versus social, competence. However, emotion regulation is a key component of both social and emotional competence. Studies of the role of emotion socialization spanning preschool through early adolescence, reveal that parental emotion socialization is associated with children’s social competence, both directly and through emotion regulation and cognitive processing skills. Understanding social and emotional competence, particularly among vulnerable populations, is important as we develop interventions that foster competence. We argue that it is particularly important to understand the role of emotion socialization and regulation within the family.
Sec6, Sec8, and Sec15 are components of a multisubunit complex which localizes to small bud tips in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the products of at least 14 genes are involved specifically in vesicular transport from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Two of these genes, SEC8 and SEC15, encode components of a 1-2-million D multi-subunit complex that is found in the cytoplasm and associated with the plasma membrane. In this study, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis is used to alter the COOH-terminal portion of Sec8 with a 6-histidine tag, a 9E10 c-myc epitope, or both, to allow the isolation of the Sec8/15 complex from yeast lysates either by immobilized metal affinity chromatography or by immunoprecipitation. Sec6 cofractionates with Sec8/15 by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and by sucrose velocity centrifugation. Sec6 and Sec15 coimmunoprecipitate from lysates with c-myc-tagged Sec8. These data indicate that the Sec8/15 complex contains Sec6 as a stable component. Additional proteins associated with Sec6/8/15 were identified by immunoprecipitations from radiolabeled lysates. The entire Sec6/8/15 complex contains at least eight polypeptides which range in molecular mass from 70 to 144 kD. Yeast strains containing temperature sensitive mutations in the SEC genes were also transformed with the SEC8-c-myc-6-histidine construct and analyzed by immunoprecipitation. The composition of the Sec6/8/15 complex is disrupted specifically in the sec3-2, sec5-24, and sec10-2 strain backgrounds. The c-myc-Sec8 protein is localized by immunofluorescence to small bud tips indicating that the Sec6/8/15 complex may function at sites of exocytosis.
A reconfigurable fault-tolerant system

The reconfigurability property of a general form of a majority circuit, which is called two-level error making circuit (2-EMC) is used to build a new dynamic fault-tolerant system. An adaptive voting circuit with provision for online fault detection mechanism is investigated. This new form of a dynamic reconfigurable fault-tolerant system facilitates fault detection and testing procedure of the system. If a fault is detected, the system automatically reconfigures itself so that the faulty unit is isolated and removed from the system and the capability of simultaneous masking of E faulty units is reduced to simultaneous masking of E-1 units. The system can mask up to R-K sequential faults, where R is the degree of redundancy, and K is the grouping parameter of the majority voting circuit, 2-EMC. An alarm signal is provided when critical internal faults in the majority voting circuit are detected. The block design concepts are used to formulate, describe, and construct the general form of the system. >
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock reduction: the new paradigm.

Through scientific investigation, substantial understanding has been acquired into the natural history of cardiovascular disease. This is quite apparent in the field of cardiac rhythm disturbances, particularly in the area of ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death. In a little over the past decade, a number of management recommendations have led to reductions in arrhythmic death in those with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, in no small part due to the development of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Since its conception, advancements in ICD technology have allowed for smaller-sized devices capable of transvenous implantation routes, delivering tiered therapies and providing superior diagnostic information, to name a few such enhancements. Accordingly, these developments have been associated with greater acceptance by patients and clinicians alike. Such progress has been accompanied by stronger evidence regarding ICD use. Whereas earliest evidence and practice focused on secondary prevention (ie, in those who survived cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation [VT/VF]), greater attention is now directed toward the prevention of sudden cardiac death through primary preventative ICD implantation, perhaps in recognition of dismal survival rates following cardiac arrest. Several well-cited, randomized trials support this ractice by their demonstration of unequivocal survival benfit with prophylactic ICD implantation in selected individals with LV dysfunction. This transition is a reflection of not only auspicious medical progress but also a greater ideal: scientific curiosity. Consider the aforementioned evolution of ICD indications in a slightly different light: the earliest determinant for appropriate ICD implantation was survival from aborted sudden cardiac death, followed by demonstration of inducibility of clinically significant VT/VF with programmed electrical stimulation, and eventually, the presence of sustained LV dysfunction only. In essence, clinical research
SAAM: an integrated network architecture for integrated services

The current network architecture is based predominantly on stand-alone routers. It is becoming overtaxed with the introduction of integrated services. In this paper, we propose the SAAM (Server and Agent-based Active network Management) architecture that scales well with integrated services. SAAM relieves individual routers from most routing and network management tasks. Instead, it employs a small number of dedicated servers to perform these tasks on behalf of the routers. In particular, these servers maintain a path information base (PIB), with which network functions, such as QoS routing and re-routing of real-time flows, can be efficiently implemented. We describe a scaleable architecture for organizing the servers as well as a concrete design of the PIB. SAAM has the potential for offering a common platform where multiple network functions-such as routing, resource reservation, network management, accounting and security-can be integrated.
The Information Value of Basel III Liquidity Risk Measures

We calculate the approximate measures of the liquidity coverage ratio and the net stable funding ratio of the Basel III liquidity risk framework using the call report data of U.S. banks. We find that the new measures have little predicting power of bank failures when compared with traditional liquidity risk measures. We also find that marketwide liquidity risk was the major predictor of bank failures in 2009 and 2010. Finally, our study sheds light on the assumptions on net cash outflow rates in the Basel III liquidity risk standards.
Topology control for multihop packet radio networks

A distributed topology-control algorithm has been developed for each node in a packet radio network (PRN) to control its transmitting power and logical neighbors for a reliable high-throughput topology. The algorithm first constructs a planar triangulation from locations of all nodes as a starting topology. Then, the minimum angles of all triangles in the planar triangulation are maximized by means of edge switching to improve connectivity and throughput. The resulting triangulation at this stage, the Delaunay triangulation, can be determined locally at each node. The topology is modified by negotiating among neighbors to satisfy a design requirement on the nodal degree parameter. Simulations show that the final topology is degree-bounded, has a rather regular and uniform structure, and has throughput and reliability that are greater than that of a number of alternative topologies. >
Stimulation of TLR9 with CpG ODN enhances apoptosis of glioma and prolongs the survival of mice with experimental brain tumors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize a set of conserved molecular structures, so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which allow them to sense and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we examined the expression of TLRs in both human and murine glioma. We then analyzed the change in TLR expression after treatment with synthetic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODNs), strong activators of both innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, we investigated the in vivo effect of CpG injection into C57BL/6 mice implanted with syngeneic GL261 glioma. Our results indicate that TLR9 is overexpressed in human and murine glioma cell lines and CpG stimulation prolongs the survival of mice with experimental brain tumors. CpGs induce TLR9 down-regulation, followed by apoptosis of GL261 cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Furthermore, the effects of CpG stimulation appear to enhance the antigen presenting capacity of microglia, shift the immune response toward CD8+ T cells, and decrease the number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Taken together, our data support the role of CpG in glioma immunotherapy and provide a rationale for further clinical development of CpG therapy in patients with malignant glioma. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Color and pigment stability of red radish and red-fleshed potato anthocyanins in juice model systems

Color and pigment stability of model juices (pH 3.5) were evaluated during 65 wk of storage at 2°C and 25°C in the dark. Two acylated pelargonidin-based anthocyanins, red-fleshed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and red radishes (Raphanus sativus), and 2 extraction methods, C-18 resin and juice processing, were used and compared to FD&C Red #40. Color (CIELch) and pigment degradation depended on storage temperature, anthocyanin structure and extraction method, with chemically extracted radish anthocyanins showing the best overall stability. At room temperature (25°C), higher stability was obtained with C-18 purified radish anthocyanins (22 wk half-life) and lowest with potatojuice concentrate (10 wk half-life). Refrigeration increased the half-life of pigments to over a year.
A simulation study of the intelligent wireless ad hoc routing (IWAR) protocol

Ad hoc networks are dynamically configurable wireless networks that have no fixed infrastructures and do not require predefined configurations. We introduced a new intelligent routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. The Intelligent Wireless Ad Hoc Routing (IWAR) protocol is an on-demand protocol and self-configuring; it selects optimal routes, provides load balancing, and fault tolerance. IWAR dynamically adjusts its routing traffic based on the network configuration and status.This paper presents the evaluation of the IWAR protocol by simulation. The performance evaluation was conducted with lightly, moderately, and heavily loaded networks. In addition, the study includes the evaluation of IWAR protocol with stable networks and unstable network configurations. The throughputs and delays are used to measure the performance of the IWAR protocol. IWAR showed promising results that would make it a good routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks.
Making Time: Agency and the Construction of Temporal Experience

In this note, I conceptualize four models of causal processes that govern various dimensions of temporal experience. The e rst is classic determinism, while the other three are variations on the theme of self-determination. Efforts at self-determination are dee ned as forms of agency that I call time work. These agentic practices involve attempts to control, manipulate, or customize one’s own temporality or that of others. I draw empirical instances of determinism from 705 e rst-person descriptions of circumstances during which time was perceived to pass slowly. Examples of self-determination come from in-depth interviews with 408 subjects.
Martian albedo feature variations with season: Data of 1971 and 1973

A qualitative and quantitative study of some recent seasonal and secular albedo variations on Mars is presented, based on improved red-filter photographs obtained during the 1971 and 1973 apparitions. The measurement of albedo features showing significant changes and uncommonly bright areas is described in detail. Photographic differential photometry of 21 albedo features in three longitude regions is also discussed. The major findings are: (1) seasonal differences of the mean brightness ratios for most features were consistent with contrast changes shown on photographic maps, (2) seasonal variations of brightness with latitude and region occurred, (3) most albedo features were more variable during southern spring than summer, (4) a general loss of relative contrast was experienced during southern summer, and (5) no systematic dependence on solar phase angle was detected within the range spanned by both sets of photographs. Possible causes of the variations are considered.
Notes from the Library in Volume 4:2

"Phi Beta Kappa Literature in the Library" by Oscar M. Voorhees. "Newspapers Acquired" by Fred E. Merwin. "Books by Lane Cooper" by Donald J. McGinn.
The prehospital and hospital costs of emergency care for frequent ED patients

Abstract Introduction Frequent emergency department (ED) use has been identified as a cause of ED overcrowding and increasing health care costs. Studies have examined the expense of frequent patients (FPs) to hospitals but have not added the cost Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to estimate the total cost of this pattern of care. Methods Data on 2012 ED visits to a rural Level I Trauma Center and public safety net hospital were collected through a deidentified patient database. Transport data and 2012 Medicare Reimbursement Schedules were used to estimate the cost of EMS transport. Health information, outcomes, and costs were compared to find differences between the FP and non-FP group. Results This study identified 1242 FPs who visited the ED 5 or more times in 2012. Frequent patients comprised 3.25% of ED patients but accounted for 17% of ED visits and 13.7% of hospital costs. Frequent patients had higher rates of chronic disease, severity scores, and mortality. Frequent patients arrived more often via ambulance and accounted for 32% of total transports at an estimated cost of $2.5-$3.2 million. Hospital costs attributable to FPs were $29.1 million, bringing the total cost of emergency care to $31.6-$32.3 million, approximately $25,000 per patient. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the inclusion of a prehospital cost estimate adds approximately 10% to the cost of care for the FP population. In addition to improving care for a sick population of patients, programs that reduce frequent EMS and ED use have the potential to produce a favorable cost benefit to communities and health systems.
Wolves and Sheep, Predators and Scavengers, or Why I Left Civil Procedure (Not with a Bang, But a Whimper)

This is a piece written on the retirement of Steve Yeazell, whose distinguished career is almost contemporaneous with my own time in law teaching, though I must admit he is a bit younger than I am. I started teaching Civil Procedure in the fall of 1973 fresh from a federal district court clerkship. I was attracted to the possibilities of using the civil litigation system to provide justice to those who were otherwise without much power in society. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as then interpreted, and as I had seen them work during my clerkship, seemed well designed for such a role. The vision they reflected was essentially that pleadings would be there only to start the action, and give a general version of what I have called elsewhere “episode notice” and “general theory notice,” so that the defendant could have a fair opportunity to begin his (her or its) own investigation of the details of the episode that gave rise to the controversy. Discovery (which as a generalized mechanism was a virtual invention of the 1938 Federal Rules) would then take place under court supervision, so long as the plaintiff had a reasonable and well grounded suspicion that he (she or it) had been harmed by defendant in violation of law. In this way, failure of proof resulting from defense stonewalling (or miscarriage resulting from plaintiff stonewalling) would be avoided, and the specific issue-sharpening function that pleadings had served under the Field codes would be delayed until the end of discovery, as would any issues of summary judgment. This approach essentially exploded any claimed right in defendants to “put the plaintiff to his proof” by analogy to the right to stand silent in criminal proceedings. In addition, the class action device had evolved into a supple instrument to bring to book predatory actors of all sorts who took relatively small amounts from large numbers by various schemes and devices. Not long after I began teaching, the first effective shots of the civil procedure counter-revolution were fired at the 1976 Pound Conference, sponsored by the ABA at the behest of Chief Justice Warren Burger. This paper chronicles my view of the counter-revolution from that point through the decision of the summary judgment trilogy in 1986, and into the early 1990s. The trilogy and its aftermath, and related developments in regard to other topics such as class actions, finally led me to abandon civil procedure as a subject of interest, and to turn my sole attention to other fronts. It is good that others such as Professor Yeazell stayed to fight the rear guard action, or to document the lost battles, or to make the best of a bad situation, but given what has happened to Civil Procedure since I left it, I am generally glad I moved on to new pastures in Evidence and Proof, and in the innocence movement.
THE SILENT VOICES OF THE LAW

This essay examines how women's stories, especially stories of violence, are often excluded by the legal system. For instance, the recent United States Supreme Court decision of United States v. Morrison, effectively silences and suppresses women. The author contrasts this decision with Jane Smiley's novel, A Thousand Acres, a rewriting of the classic tale of King Lear. Smiley follows Shakespeare's general plot, but makes a major plot change by including the father 's incestuous relationship with his two older daughters. Additionally, Smiley changes the point of view from that of the father (in Lear) to that of the older daughters. Smiley's rewriting is an effort to provide a voice for the two older daughters in Lear, a counter-narrative typically suppressed by law. Thus, the novel provides a dramatic example of how lawyers and judges can change shift their thinking in order to hear these often-suppressed stories.
Shark cartilage: the Laetrile of the 1990s

Shark cartilage, like Laetrile, high-dose vitamin C, and coffee enemas, provides patients with emotional support, but does nothing to the cancer.
Evidence for Hydrogen-Hydrogen Interactions During Diffusion in a-Si:H

The effects of H concentration on H transport has been measured by deuteration of H depleted samples which were re-hydrogenated at various concentrations and on samples subjected to various annealing protocols. A remarkable observation is that the trap density appears to increase with H concentration. Extended thermal annealing appears to increase the trap depth but does not markedly alter the number of traps. The results suggest that H introduced from the plasma is less strongly bound than H residing in the film during annealing. Nucleation and growth of H clusters is introduced as a possible model accounting for these transport results.
Assessment on effect of occupational disease hazard control in an expansion project of enterprise circulating fluidized bed boiler

Objective To evaluate the effect of occupational disease hazard control in the expansion project of a enterprise circulating fluidized bed boiler and put forward the suggestions of the reasonable occupational disease prevention and control. Methods Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysiswere carried out to analyze the effect of occupational disease hazard control in the expansion project using methods of occupational health investigation,detection of occupational hazard factors,principle of check list and quantitative classification. Results There were dust,noise and heat stress in the project. The qualified rates of occupational hazardous factors detection results were 100%. Overall layout,production process and equipment layout,occupational disease protective measures,personal protective equipments,occupational health management of the project were in line with national standards. Conclusion The project is ordinary occupational hazard project,and the effect of occupational disease hazard control can meet the requirements of relevant national standards.
Protooncogene expression and the clinical characteristics of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A Leukemia Intergroup pilot study.

Northern blot analysis was used to assess the level of expression of five protooncogenes and histone H3 in the bone marrow cells of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The relationship between the level of gene expression and the clinical characteristics of the disease and response to therapy was studied. The levels of expression of c-mycand c-mybare weakly correlated and are unrelated to French-American-British (FAB) type of ANLL. The levels of expression of c-fms.c-fes, and c-fosare highly correlated with each other and are highest in leukemia with amonocytic component (c-fmsv FAB - .71, c-fesv FAB = .75). High levels of c-mycexpression are associated with a high probability of not responding to remission induction therapy (P - .004). The converse is true for c-fms expression levels. High levels of expression of c-myc or c-mybare associated with short remissions (P = .059 and .065, respectively), perhaps because they are associated with a high capacity for leukemic cell self-renewal and/or an inability of leukemic cells to differentiate in response to chemotherapy. © 1989 by Grune& Stratton, Inc.
PAPILLOMA OF THE LARYNX IN CHILDREN. A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC STUDY.

P APILLOMA is the most common benign laryngeal neoplasm in children. Clinically laryngeal papilloma is a serious problem because of the location, the multiplicity of lesions, the persistent tendency to recurrence, and the resistance to treatment even though histologically it is a simple tumor. In children almost all papillomas are of the multiple recurring type. In the series of Holinger, Johnston and Anison [I], 81 per cent of the papillomas in children were multiple. The sex distribution shows a little tendency to favor male children [2,3]. Bjork and Weber [2] stated that new cases are becoming increasingly rare. They attribute this to improved social and hygienic conditions, although they observed more new cases during the second world war when conditions were at a low point. Cause of the disease is not known, but some evidence strongly suggests viral etiology [2,g or the operation has been done near the end of the time limit. The operator is likely to be misled into attributing a remarkable recovery to the particular method he happened to have used.” On the basis of an erroneous observation that most papihomas disappear or stop growing during puberty [23], hormonal factors were once thought to play a role in the treatment of the disease. Experience has shown this to be false. Electrocautery does not prevent relapses and overenthusiastic use causes excessive
Social Justice for the Advantaged: Freedom from Racial Equality Post-Milliken

Background/ContextIn Milliken v. Bradley (1974), the U.S. Supreme Court deemed unconstitutional a metropolitan-wide desegregation plan in Detroit that sought to achieve racial balance in part by bu...
1.4‒4-µm-tunable quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillator using bulk periodically poled LiNbO 3

Quasi phase matching (QPM) is a technique that can be used to engineer existing optical materials for nonlinear interactions with convenient noncritical operation, increased nonlinear coefficient, and broader spectral coverage in frequency-conversion applications.1 We report a QPM optical parametric oscillator (OPO) made by using bulk periodically polai LiNbO3 (PPLN), that is tunable over 1.4-4.0 μm.
Surgical Management of Head and Neck Emergencies in the Cancer Patient

Emergencies involving the head and neck can arise from cancers involving the upper aerodigestive tract, but also from cancers unrelated to the head and neck as well as their treatments. Patients may present with complications due to the extent of head and neck tumor growth, airway compromise, bleeding, and infections that can develop into life-threatening events. A prepared surgeon can be critical for patient survival, and awareness of potential fatal emergencies is essential to ensure safety and improved outcomes in the cancer patient. In this chapter, we review the most common emergency situations that develop in the upper aerodigestive tract and outline the measures that a surgeon can take to be ready in the event of a head and neck emergency.
User-Generated Accessibility in Virtual World Games

Video games as an entertainment venue and business category continue to grow rapidly. Despite their increasing cultural relevance there is little discussion about the experience of video game players with disabilities, especially in virtual world games. There are, however, examples of games with very successful players with a wide variety of disabilities. One such virtual world video game is Blizzard Entertainment’s World of Warcraft. The user interface design and approach of World of Warcraft serves as an example of one way play can be opened to a wide variety of payer abilities while also enhancing the play of all users. Additionally, the application of the principles of Universal Design for Learning offer a method by which game designers can consider accessibility in the design of user interfaces and by which game researchers can evaluate the accessibility of interfaces.
The Design of Video-Based Professional Development: An Exploratory Experiment Intended to Identify Effective Features:

Although video cases and video clubs have become popular forms of teacher professional development, there have been few systematic investigations of designs for such programs. Programs may vary according to (a) whether teachers watch videos of their own/their peers’ instruction, or whether teachers watch stock video of unknown teachers; and (b) whether discussions are led by trained facilitators or by participants themselves. Using a factorial design, we defined four treatment conditions based on these possibilities, then assigned three groups of teachers to each condition. Teachers watched, scored, and discussed mathematics instruction according to each treatment condition’s protocol. Evidence from groups’ conversations and teachers’ video analyses and lesson reflections suggest that the teacher-led, own-video condition is slightly superior to the other conditions.
The Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network

This chapter explores a socio-technological (S-T) approach to information management within the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON). In S-T systems, information management, relevant organizational policies, and the supporting technologies are integral components of the network fabric. They derive from the needs of the community, articulated through representative governance, and they service the needs of the community by engaging data providers as partners in scientific endeavors. Through a brief history of GLEON, we recount the emergence of the S-T approach as part of GLEON’s philosophy as a learning organization. It is clear that there is still much to be learned about streamlining data curation and publishing, especially from an international network of observatories with diverse data and sensor networks. Grassroots networks such as GLEON often do not have the resources—human, financial, and infrastructure—required for persistent and highly efficient data curation and publishing. However, strategies that address directly the needs of the network community, such as providing credit to data providers, tracking the progress of projects that use the data, and sharing high-value synthesized data sets, quickly gain acceptance and garner commitment by the community. Today, S-T systems require ‘humans in the loop’ for data curation, which, in turn, results in constraints on scalability of these systems. One of the great challenges that lie ahead will be connecting GLEON S-T, which represents a diverse international community, with existing external data curation and archiving services.
Directed γ-C(sp3)–H Alkylation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives through Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis

Visible light photoredox catalysis enables direct γ- C(sp3)–H alkylation of saturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds. Electron-deficient alkenes are used as the coupling partners in this reaction. Distinguished site selectivity is controlled by the predominant 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer of an amidyl radical generated in situ.
Cardiothoracic Geriatric Trauma: Nursing Considerations

Aging is a natural and inevitable part of life. Age-specific changes to the cardiovascular system present a unique challenge for the geriatric population that has traumatic injuries. A decreased compensatory response challenges those not only in the acute phase of injury but also through rehabilitation. This section will review cardiothoracic injuries as it relates to the elderly and correspond with relevant nursing considerations.
Clinical Profile and Therapeutic Response of Scrub Typhus in Children: A Recent Trend from Eastern India.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the clinico-laboratory parameters, complications and therapeutic responses in children with scrub typhus in Eastern India. Materials and methods In this prospective, observational study, all children (age, Results Out of 94 recruited children, 61 had confirmed scrub typhus (mean age = 6.1 years, M:F = 1.1:1) with or without complications and having a considerably higher incidence of neurological presentation (meningoencephalistis n = 21, 34.4%). The most frequent manifestations included vomiting (n = 39, 63.9%), abdominal pain (n = 33, 54.1%), lymphadenopathy (n = 36, 59%), hepatosplenomegaly (n = 32, 52.5%), pedal edema (n = 32, 52.5%) and eschar formation (n = 30, 49.2%). Low hemoglobin levels, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia, increased liver enzymes and increased C-reactive protein were associated with delayed defervescence (>48 h). Conclusion Scrub meningoencephalitis, with a notably higher incidence, showed favorable therapeutic response. Prompt and empiric doxycycline therapy could be lifesaving.
A shadow price guided genetic algorithm for energy aware task scheduling on cloud computers

Minimizing computing energy consumption has many benefits, such as environment protection, cost savings, etc. An important research problem is the energy aware task scheduling for cloud computing. For many diverse computers in a typical cloud computing system, great energy reduction can be achieved by smart optimization methods. The objective of energy aware task scheduling is to efficiently complete all assigned tasks to minimize energy consumption with various constraints. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a popular and effective optimization algorithm. However, it is much slower than other traditional search algorithms such as heuristic algorithm. In this paper, we propose a shadow price guided algorithm (SGA) to improve the performance of energy aware task scheduling. Experiment results have shown that our energy aware task scheduling algorithm using the new SGA is more effective and faster than the standard GA.
Influence of Trauma and Disease

Changes in body composition the result of malnutrition, obesity, and certain endocrine diseases have been discussed in previous chapters. We now proceed to consider the changes that have been observed in other disease states and following physical trauma. In evaluating these data it must be remembered that some of the situations to be discussed involve bed rest, which is known to lead to negative nitrogen balance, and a decreased intake of food, which also is associated with a loss of LBM. It is obviously difficult, and in some situations impossible, to divorce the effects of these two influences from that of the disease process per se.
Teaching Conceptual Design Capture

In this paper, a framework for scholarly teaching is discussed and applied to teaching conceptual modeling in a database design course. The learning objectives are identified and used to select appropriate learning experiences and evaluation mechanisms. Student learning is evaluated via exam questions and a design capture project. A novel contribution of the assignment is that it includes both individual and team work, and the students revise their initial designs with instructor feedback as well as peer interaction. Results of assessment of student learning are given; the performance improvement of students on the assignment after feedback and with a partner is statistically significant. The framework is demonstrated to be useful for faculty to focus on guiding students to achieve competency and develop conceptual modeling knowledge and skills.
Platform Leveraging Strategies and Market Segmentation

As firms begin to adopt product family and product platform principles in the beginning stages of the product development process, an essential component is to have a cohesive market segmentation strategy for the product family. Managing innovation throughout the product family can be achieved by leveraging three elements within the organization: (1) the market applications for the technology, (2) the company’s product platforms, (3) and the common technical and organization building blocks that form the basis of the product platform (Meyer and Lehnerd, 1997). Implementing this strategy can allow the organization to attack different market segments and gain market share while benefiting from the cost advantage of using product families and sharing key common technological modules. This chapter builds upon the product platform planning methods described in Chapter 2 and explores the history of the market segmentation of product platforms. We describe the principles and tools behind market segmentation and include several examples showing how companies have used this process.