cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TIMING, PATTERN, AND EXTENT OF FIRST PREBASIC MOLT OF WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILLS IN ALASKA

Abstract The timing, pattern, and extent of the first prebasic wing molt of White-winged Crossbills (Loxia leucoptera) were determined during a 6-yr banding study in interior Alaska. Hatching-year birds were not caught in substantial numbers until May, and all crossbills molted from juvenal to first basic plumage between September and December. A subsample consisting of 65 males and 55 females in first basic plumage was used to determine the pattern and extent of wing covert molt. On average, birds molted three greater coverts (GC) and retained two juvenal medial coverts (MC) per wing. The number of molted GCs was negatively correlated with that of juvenal MCs. Twenty-three percent of the individuals molted no GC, and no crossbill replaced all these feathers. The pattern and extent of covert molt was similar in males and females and was symmetrical in 69% of the individuals, but differed by one or two feathers in the remaining birds. Males in first basic plumage and with partially red or pink contour feat...
User-centric monitoring of sensitive information access in Android applications

Mobile applications (apps) have access to a large volume of sensitive user information. Current mobile platforms such as Android do not provide a means for the user to quantitatively understand the nature of access to their sensitive data by apps. In this paper, we present our approach to profile app's access to user's data with the ultimate goal of developing a personal privacy threshold for users and privacy index for apps.
Surface complexation of Pb(II) at oxide-water interfaces: II. XAFS and bond-valence determination of mononuclear Pb(II) sorption products and surface functional groups on iron oxides

Abstract Pb(II) sorption on goethite and hematite powders was studied at room temperature as a function of pH (6–8), sorption density (2–10 μmoles/m2), and [Pb]eq (0.2 μM – 1.2 mM) in 0.1 M NaNO3 electrolyte using XAFS spectroscopy. Pb(II) ions were found to be hydrolyzed and adsorbed as mononuclear bidentate complexes to edges of FeO6 octahedra on both goethite and hematite under all conditions. Hydrolysis of Pb(II) appears to be a primary source of proton release associated with surface complexation of Pb(II). A bond-valence model was used to relate the relative stabilities of iron-oxide surface functional groups and Pb(II) adsorption complexes to their structures and compositions. This combined approach suggests that Pb(II) adsorption occurs primarily at unprotonated [ Fe Fe Fe  O 1 2 ] sites and at [ Fe  OH 2 +1 2 ] sites. Several adsorption reactions are proposed. Comparison to EXAFS results from Pb(II) adsorption on aluminum oxides suggests that the edge lengths of surface AlO6 or FeO6 octahedra partially determine the reactivities and densities of available surface sites. The results of this study provide a basis for constructing chemically realistic descriptions of Pb(II) surface complexation reactions on Fe (hydr)oxides.
A micromechanical model for predicting hydride embrittlement in nuclear fuel cladding material

Abstract A major concern about nuclear fuel cladding under waste repository conditions is that the slow cooling rate anticipated in the repository may lead to the formation of excessive radial hydrides, and cause embrittlement of the cladding materials. In this paper, the development of a micromechanical model for predicting hydride-induced embrittlement in nuclear fuel cladding is presented. The important features of the proposed model are: (1) the capability to predict the orientation, morphology, and types of hydrides under the influence of key variables such as cooling rate, internal pressure, and time, and (2) the ability to predict the influence of hydride orientation and morphology on the tensile ductility and fracture toughness of the cladding material. Various model calculations are presented to illustrate the characteristics and utilities of the proposed methodology. A series of experiments was also performed to check assumptions used and to verify some of the model predictions.
Constitutive relation for a particulate medium with the effect of particle rotation

Abstract The constitutive behavior of granular assemblies is investigated taking into account the effect of particle rotation. Continuum fields are assumed by tensorial polynomial expansion for the discrete variables, namely, particle displacements and rotations. The strain measures for the packing are obtained from the particle displacement and rotation. From the principle of virtual work, the stress measures for the packing are expressed in terms of the contact forces, the contact moments and the geometric measures for the packing structure. The derived stress-strain relationship is then evaluated by an example of a randomly packed assembly of circular disks loaded in two different conditions. Deformation of the packing calculated from the constitutive equations is compared with the results obtained from the discrete method of computer simulation to show the applicability of the method.
Predominance of Two Newly Described Capsular Polysaccharide Types among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract A capsular polysaccharide typing schema for Staphylococcus aureus , based upon the preparation of rabbit typing sera with eight prototype strains, has been reported (Karakawa and Vann, 1982). These antisera were used to classify the capsular polysaccharides of 246 S. aureus isolates from patients in a survey of hospitals in several countries and 49 consecutive blood isolates obtained over a 17-month period in a clinical study at the Boston Veterans' Administration Medical Center. Two capsular types, 5 and 8, accounted for about 70% of these isolates; most of the remaining strains could not be typed with the available antisera. The clinical study of bacteremia identified capsular types 5 and 8 among both community-acquired and nosocomial isolates and showed that strains bearing these two types caused the patterns of disease reported for staphylococcal bacteremia. There was an association between the phage type and the capsular type of these bacteremic strains. The capsular types of the “classic” encapsulated strains of S. aureus , M (type 1) and Smith (type 2), were not observed among blood isolates in this study. The observation that most clinical isolates of S. aureus belong to two recently defined capsular types provides a new focus for investigations into the virulence of this common nosocomial pathogen and suggests the potential for protective acquired immunity against staphylococcal bacteremia.
STUDIES OF THE INTERACTION OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN‐II WITH [1‐HEMI‐d‐(3‐13 C)CYSTINE] OXYTOCIN AND [1‐HEMI‐(3‐13 C)CYSTINE] OXYTOCIN

The interactions of [1-hemi-(3-13C)cystine]oxytocin and [1-hemi-D-(3-13C) cystine]oxytocin with bovine neurophysin-II have been studied in aqueous solution under various conditions of pH using carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n.m.r.). We have monitored changes in 13C chemical shifts (δ), spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) and linewidths (πT2*)-1 of the [1-hemi-(3-13C)cystine] oxytocin as a function of the concentration of added neurophysin. [1-Hemi-d-(3-13C)cystine]oxytocin does not interact with neurophysin and shows no changes in the above spectral parameters as a function of increasing protein concentrations. The 13C chemical shifts have been monitored as a function of pH for both 13C-enriched, diastereoisomeric oxytocin analogs in the presence and absence of neurophysin. The midpoints of the pH-titration curves for [1-hemi-(3-13C)cystine]oxytocin and [1-hemi-d-(3-13C) cystine]oxytocin in the absence or presence of neurophysin are 6.2 and 5.5, respectively. T1 values are independent of pH for both peptides in free solution, and the rotational correlation times (tc) obtained for the peptides are of the order of magnitude expected from the Stokes-Einstein relation (5.0 times 10-10 sec rad-1). T1 values decrease and linewidths increase for [1-hemi-(3-13C)cystine]oxytocin in the presence of neurophysin. Fast-exchange on the n.m.r. time scale occurs at low pH. Only broad lines can be detected at neutral pH rendering 13C T1 measurements difficult. It appears that increasing the concentration of neurophysin in the presence of [1-hemi-(3-13C)cystine]oxytocin leads to aggregation of the system as judged by the 13C T1 results and corresponding rotational correlation times. In light of the significant changes in T1 values and small changes in δ values, it would seem that T1 measurements are more accurate monitors of peptide-protein interactions than are 13C chemical shifts when the interaction of the peptide with the protein does not involve any changes in steric constraints of the peptide being monitored.
Infectious keratitis progressing to endophthalmitis: A 15-year study of microbiology, associated factors, and clinical outcomes

Purpose To describe the incidence, microbiology, associated factors, and clinical outcomes of patients with infectious keratitis progressing to endophthalmitis. Design Nonrandomized, retrospective, consecutive case series. Participants All patients treated for culture-proven keratitis and endophthalmitis between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2009, at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Methods Ocular microbiology and medical records were reviewed on all patients with positive corneal and intraocular cultures over the period of the study. Univariate analysis was performed to obtain P values described in the study. Main Outcome Measures Microbial isolates, treatment strategies, and visual acuity (VA) outcomes. Results A total of 9934 corneal cultures were performed for suspected infectious keratitis. Only 49 eyes (0.5%) progressed to culture-proven endophthalmitis. Fungi (n = 26) were the most common responsible organism followed by gram-positive bacteria (n = 13) and gram-negative bacteria (n = 10). Topical steroid use (37/49 [76%]) was the most common associated factor identified in the current study, followed by previous surgery (30/49 [61%]), corneal perforation (17/49 [35%]), dry eye (15/49 [31%]), relative immune compromise (10/49 [20%]), organic matter trauma (9/49 [18%]), and contact lens wear (3/49 [6%]). There were 27 patients in whom a primary infectious keratitis developed into endophthalmitis, and 22 patients in whom an infectious keratitis adjacent to a previous surgical wound progressed into endophthalmitis. Patients in the primary keratitis group were more likely to be male (22/27 [81%] vs 8/22 [36%]; P = 0.001), have history of organic matter trauma (8/27 [30%] vs 1/22 [5%]); P = 0.030), and have fungal etiology (21/27 [78%] vs 5/22 [23%]; P P = 0.024). A VA of ≥20/50 was achieved in 7 of 49 patients (14%), but was Conclusions Progression of infectious keratitis to endophthalmitis is relatively uncommon. The current study suggests that patients at higher risk for progression to endophthalmitis include patients using topical corticosteroids, patients with fungal keratitis, patients with corneal perforation, and patients with infectious keratitis developing adjacent to a previous surgical wound. Patients with sequential keratitis and endophthalmitis have generally poor visual outcomes. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
IMPURITY AND SIN IN 4QD, 1QS, AND 4Q512

Rabbinic tradition... tended by and large to treat ritual impurity as a morally neutral phenomenon.... In this respect the penitential tone of the Qumran blessings after any kind of immersion seems to reflect another facet of the specifically sectarian view on uncleanliness. For if "impurity is inherent in all transgressors of divine law" (IQS V 4), might one not suppose conversely that all who are impure are in need of atonement for their trespasses? The dividing line between uncleanliness and sin at Qumran is thus not sharply drawn....'
Housing for Older Adults: New Lessons From the Past

Despite the fact that it has been nearly 40 years since the first residents moved into the first leisure-oriented retirement communities (LORCs), housing issues remain an important component of gerontological discussions. A part of the reason is that, although much progress has been made, we still do not have a coherent housing policy nor do we even agree that one is necessary. LORCs are among many different housing alternatives that could provide direction in the formulation of such a policy. Using data collected in the late 1970s through the early 1990s, this article explores the les- sons learned.
Assessment of the in‐vivo stereochemical integrity of aprepitant based on the analysis of human plasma samples via high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection

Achiral and chiral liquid chromatographic methods utilizing mass spectrometric detection were developed to investigate the possibility of inversion of configuration at any or all of the chiral centers of the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist, aprepitant (5-[[2(R)-[1(R)-(3,5-bistrifluoromethyl phenyl)ethoxy]-3(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)morpholin-4-yl]methyl]-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazol-3-one), in-vivo, following administration of the compound to man. A structure such as aprepitant, that contains three chiral centers, may exist in eight stereochemical forms or, more specifically, as four diastereoisomeric pairs of enantiomers. The four diastereoisomers were separated from each other using a ProntoSil C18 AQ HPLC column (4.6 x 100 mm, 3 microm particles) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile--water (47:53, v/v%). Detection was via a single quadrupole mass spectrometer that was connected to the HPLC system via an APCI interface. Analysis of post-dose plasma samples under these conditions indicated that only aprepitant and or its enantiomer were present following oral administration of the drug. Aprepitant and its enantiomer were separated using a Chiralcel OD-H HPLC column with a mobile phase composed of hexane-isopropanol (80:20, v/v%); tandem mass spectrometric detection using an APCI interface was employed. Post-dose plasma samples analyzed using the Chiracel column were found to contain only aprepitant. The results of these experiments confirm that the products of inversion of configuration at any or all of the three chiral centers of aprepitant are not detectable in human plasma samples obtained following the administration of the drug.
Morphology of the cochlear nucleus in CBA/J mice with chronic, severe sensorineural cochlear pathology induced during adulthood

Abstract The effects of chronic cochlear impairment on morphological features of the adult cochlear nucleus (CN) were assessed in CBA/J mice in which severe sensorineural damage had been induced by exposure to intense noise. Sections from various CN subdivisions, stained for Nissl substance and fibers, were quantitatively evaluated in four groups of noise-exposed mice that differed with regard to the age at noise exposure (2, 6, or 11 months), age at the time the CN was evaluated (6, 11, or 24 months), and the duration (chronicity) of sensorineural impairment (4, 5, 13, or 18 months). Like-aged, non-exposed CBA mice were used as controls, so the effects of peripheral damage and aging could be compared. Cochlear damage produced significant changes in CN subdivisions thought to receive the heaviest input from cochlear afferents (anteroventral CN, octopus cell area, dorsal CN layer III). These changes included a reduction of neuropil volume, reductions in neuron size, and increases in neuronal packing density that were complementary to reduced volume in these subdivisions. Effects on neuron number were minimal in all subdivisions. Central changes in noise-exposed mice were absent or diminished in DCN layers I and II, which receive relatively less input from primary fibers. The age at onset and chronicity of damage had little to do with the severity of central effects of cochlear damage. The effects of cochlear damage were not additive with age-related changes seen in the old controls.
Dornase Alfa in Premature Infants With Severe Respiratory Distress and Early Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Dornase Alfa in Premature Infants With Severe Respiratory Distress and Early Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Determining probability of mission success when using deep penetration weapons

This paper presents the methodology for a system reliability analysis that can determine the probability of mission success of the destruction of buried concrete targets using deep penetration weapons. The success of the mission depends on various parameters, such as the properties of the target, the velocity and structural strength of the missile, the impact angle, etc., as well as other military scenarios. However, this paper only considers the structural design aspects. In this paper, analytical equations for the depth of penetration and buckling strength of the missile are used to demonstrate an efficient system reliability analysis methodology. These equations are also used to determine the sensitivity of mission success to various parameters. A discussion on the selection of parameters to maximize the mission success is also presented.
Optical Correlation of Images With Signal-Dependent Noise Using Constrained-Modulation Filter Devices

Images with signal-dependent noise present challenges beyond those of images with additive white or colored signal-independent noise in terms of designing the optimal 4-f correlation filter that maximizes correlation-peak signal-to-noise ratio, or combinations of correlation-peak metrics. Determining the proper design becomes more difficult when the filter is to be implemented on a constrained-modulation spatial light modulator device. The design issues involved for updatable optical filters for images with signal-dependent film-grain noise and speckle noise are examined. It is shown that although design of the optimal linear filter in the Fourier domain is impossible for images with signal-dependent noise, proper nonlinear preprocessing of the images allows the application of previously developed design rules for optimal filters to be implemented on constrained-modulation devices. Thus the nonlinear preprocessing becomes necessary for correlation in optical systems with current spatial light modulator technology. These results are illustrated with computer simulations of images with signal-dependent noise correlated with binary-phase-only filters and ternary-phase-amplitude filters.
Copper(II) carbonate complexation in seawater

Abstract Cupric carbonate and cupric bicarbonate complexation constants were determined in natural seawater and in a variety of synthetic media. The formation constants of CuHCO 3 + , CuCO 3 0 and Cu(CO 3 ) 2 2− at 25°C and zero ionic strength are: log β H 0 = 1.8, log β 1 0 = 6.82 and log β 0 2 = 10.6. Formation constants of these species appropriate to 0.7 molar ionic strength and 25°C are log β H ∼- 1, log β 1 = 5.73, log β 2 = 9.3. Our results indicate that the inorganic speciation scheme of Cu(II) in seawater is dominated by CuCO 3 0 and that the ternary species, CuCO 3 OH − , is of substantial importance.
Quantum Insights from Null-Strut Geometrodynamics

We discuss quantum insights due to the null-strut formalism. These insights deal primarily with two topics: the formalism of a theory of canonical simplicial quantum gravity based on the geometrodynamic duality of null-strut calculus, and the natural implementation of spinors and spin networks in null-strut calculus.
Comparison of Three Human Sexuality Teaching Methods Used in University Health Classes

Three teaching methods (lecture, independent study combined with small-group discussion, and audiovisual) were compared for knowledge gain and attitude change. The investigation involved 62 undergraduate university students enrolled in three personal health classes. A pretest, treatment application, and posttest format was employed. An adapted version of the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire was used as the evaluation instrument in all testing sessions. The one-way analysis of covariance was applied to compare both knowledge and attitude results. Application of the Tukey test demonstrated that the lecture method of instruction was significantly more effective in producing sexuality-knowledge gain than was the audiovisual teaching approach. No further comparisons of knowledge gain and no comparison of attitude change yielded significant results.
An Extension of the Analysis of the Spectrum of Neutral Samarium, Sm I

The term $4{f}^{6}(^{7}F)6s7s^{9}F$ has been found, which yields 5.6 volts as the approximate ionizing potential of Sm I. The triad of terms $4{f}^{6}(^{7}F)6s6p^{9}GF{D}^{0}$ have been completely identified. Several new energy states have been located, which account for all previously unidentified low temperature lines. Experimental proof of the existence of more than 910 energy states which are necessary to account for existing data is pointed out. The extreme difficulty of analyzing the remaining data is discussed.
Shared neural substrates controlling hand movements in human motor cortex

Voluntary hand movements in humans involve the primary motor cortex (M1). A functional magnetic resonance imaging method that measures relative cerebral blood flow was used to identify a distributed, overlapping pattern of hand movement representation within the posterior precentral gyrus, which contains M1. The observed pattern resembles those reported in nonhuman primates and differs from a somatotopically organized plan typically used to portray human motor cortex organization. Finger and wrist movements activated a wide expanse of the posterior precentral gyrus, and representations for different finger movements overlapped each other and the wrist representation. Multiple sites of activation occurred in the precentral gyrus for all movements. The overlapping representations may mediate motor and cognitive functions requiring coordinated neural processing for finger and wrist actions rather than discrete control implied by somatotopic maps.
Novel materials and device design by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition for use in IR emitters

The authors have grown AlSb and AlAs/sub x/Sb/sub 1-x/ epitaxial layers by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) using trimethylamine or ethyldimethylamine alane, triethylantimony and arsine. These layers were successfully doped p- or n-type using diethylzinc or tetraethyltin, respectively. The authors have examined the growth of AlAs/sub x/Sb/sub 1-x/ using temperatures of 500 to 600/spl deg/C, pressures of 65 to 630 torr, V/III ratios of 1-17, and growth rates of 0.3 to 2.7 /spl mu/m/hour in a horizontal quartz reactor. The authors have also grown gain-guided, injection lasers using AlAsSb for optical confinement and a strained InAsSb/InAs multiquantum well active region using MOCVD. The semi-metal properties of a p-GaAsSb/n-InAs heterojunction were utilised as a source for injection of electrons into the active region of the laser. In pulsed mode, the laser operated up to 210 K with an emission wavelength of 3.8-3.9 /spl mu/m. The dependence of active region composition on wavelength was determined. The authors also report on the 2-colour emission of a light-emitting diode with two different active regions to demonstrate multistage operation of these devices.
The best method for identifying the jet-initiating parton

Abstract Given a jet of hadrons, it is shown that there is an optimum method (based on multiparticle fragmentation functions) for identifying the initial jet-producing parton. A good approximation to the optimum method is easy to implement in practice by using the recursive cascade model. It gives the most likely identity of the jet-initiating parton and the probability of correct identification.
A Structural Model of Racial Discrimination, Acculturative Stress, and Cultural Resources Among Arab American Adolescents

Despite evidence towards the risk for discrimination and acculturative stress that Arab American adolescents may face, the link between socio-cultural adversities and psychological well-being in this population has not been established. This study examined the role of socio-cultural adversities (discrimination and acculturative stress) and cultural resources (ethnic identity, religious support and religious coping) in terms of their direct impact on psychological distress. Using structural equation modeling, the proposed model was tested with 240 Arab American adolescents. The results indicated a strong positive relationship between socio-cultural adversities and psychological distress. Furthermore, this study supported a promotive model of cultural resources, where a negative association between cultural resources and psychological distress was found. Understanding the manner in which socio-cultural adversities and resources are linked to psychological distress can inform the development of culturally appropriate interventions that can effectively mitigate mental health concerns for understudied and vulnerable populations.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins in rapid axoplasmic transport

Summary Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins has allowed high resolution analysis of the protein species rapidly transported in the frog sciatic nerve. The 7th, 8th and 9th dorsal root ganglia were selectively labeled with [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine in one compartment of a lucite chamber. Transport of TCA-precipitable material was monitored in the spinal roots and sciatic nerve kept in another compartment. Fastest transport rates were 75–90 mm/day at 18 °C. Ligation of the nerve 30 mm distal to the 8th ganglion at the beginning of the experiment resulted in accumulation of label during a 24 h period. This material was subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (pI 5–8; mol.wt. 104–105 daltons) in 3 mm nerve segments. Autoradiographs or fluorographs from segments proximal to the ligature yielded a pattern of about 140 spots. Of these, at least 60 were considered to be independent protein species. Neither actin nor tubulin were present among these rapidly-transported, labeled proteins. No pattern was observed from segments distal to the ligature. Blocking protein synthesis with18 μM anisomycin reduced the accumulation of label proximal to the ligature by 98%. Direct labeling of nerve segments produced patterns significantly different from the pattern of transported proteins.
Volume‐integral‐equation‐based analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from three‐dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric objects

A novel technique for analyzing transient electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional inhomogeneous dielectric targets is proposed. An integral equation for the electric flux density throughout the scatterer is constructed by invoking the electromagnetic volume equivalence principle. This equation is solved using a marching-on-in-time scheme in which the electric flux density is expanded in space by volumetric rooftop basis functions defined on a tetrahedral mesh and in time by piecewise polynomials. The proposed method is validated for representative dielectric structures by comparison via Fourier transformation of scattering data obtained with this method and various frequency domain techniques.
Cognitive Impairment in late-life depression: Clinical correlates and treatment implications

Elderly depressed inpatients with high vs. low scores on a quantitative mental status examination (the Mini-Mental State (MMS)) were compared with regard to demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment and short-term response, and functional status at 2-year follow-up. Low-MMS patients were less well educated and more likely to be delusional, anxious, and globally impaired than high-MMS patients. The two groups responded equally well to treatment, but the low-MMS group required a lengthier hospital stay and greater use of neuroleptic medications. The two groups also had similar long-term outcomes, although greater attrition was observed among cognitively impaired subjects.
The conundrums of understanding genetic risks for autism spectrum disorders

Recent advances in the genetics of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are offering new valuable insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathology. At the same time, the emerging data challenge long-standing diagnostic conventions and the notion of phenotypic specificity. This review addresses the particular issues that attend gene discovery in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and ASDs in particular, summarizes recent findings in human genetics broadly that are driving the reevaluation of the conventional wisdom regarding the allelic architecture of common psychiatric conditions, reviews selected discoveries in ASDs and their relevance to models of pathology, highlights the conceptual and practical issues raised by the observation of a convergence of ASD genetic risks with distinct psychiatric disorders, and considers the important interplay of studies of neurobiology and genetics in clarifying and extending our understanding of social disability syndromes.
Mathematical model of sectoring in 3D space

Abstract This paper describes a mathematical model used to support an in-depth simulation study that investigated a variety of sectoring methodologies intended to increase simulation efficiency in the case of autonomous moving objects in 3D space. The potential physical systems that could be represented in this fashion are airplane traffic flow, combat entities on the ground and in the air, and blood flowing in the body. The mathematical model considers effect of possible collisions between moving objects, as well as the impact of overhead created by sector crossings. Different sectoring methodologies are analyzed, which consider the impact of different sector shapes (cubes or spheres) on the number of possible pairwise comparisons. Certain empirical data generated from the corresponding simulation was used for expected number of collisions and sector crossings. Future research could develop true mathematical formulations for each piece of the mathematical model. The mathematical model provides important information into the movement of objects in 3D space. It gave insight into the potential benefits of using different sectoring methodologies under varying conditions. Additionally, the model provided a new approach that included the effect of sector crossings on number of pairwise comparisons.
Hittite and Hieroglyphic Luvian arha ‘away’: Common Inheritance or Borrowing?

Yakubovich (2010), in arguing convincingly that Hittite borrowed its enclitic reflexive particle from Luvian, emphasizes that this contact-induced change in the pronominal system was due not only to close and prolonged contact between speakers of the two languages, but also to the structural (in this case genetic) similarity of the respective systems (2010: 197ff.). Most discussion by Yakubovich and others has focused on Luvian influence on Hittite, prehistoric and in the Middle and New Hittite period. While a few lexical borrowings from Hittite into Luvian have been acknowledged, the question of Hittite-induced changes in Luvian grammatical morphemes has received little or no attention. I will argue that the likewise very similar systems of “local adverbs” and “preverbs” in the two languages led to a borrowing from Hittite into Luvian in this set of grammatical morphemes. While fine details assure a borrowing in this case, overall facts make borrowing far less likely in a second case to be considered. The very similarity of the respective systems makes it hard to determine whether the latter represents common inheritance or parallel independent developments possibly made more convergent by contact.
Persistent Nonallergic Rhinosinusitis

Nonallergic rhinitis is a complex of syndromes that are united by the absence of atopic, TH2 lymphocyte, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated mechanisms. We propose a classification system based on the presence or absence of inflammatory granulocytes. Eosinophilic nonallergic rhinosinusitis may also be called chronic eosinophilic sinusitis syndromes (CESS) to help classify these disorders in which diverse mechanisms of eosinophil chemoattraction and survival predominate. Allergic fungal sinusitis, eosinophilic nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, and related disorders would fit in this category. Accumulation of neutrophils occurs in chronic infectious rhinosinusitis, foreign body reactions, and immunodeficiencies. More complex and variable combinations of leukocytes are found in Wegner’s granulomatosis and related syndromes, and during the evolution of viral infections. The noninflammatory disorders can be divided by mechanism into hormonal; sympathetic dysfunction (including antihypertensive adrenergic drug therapy); cholinergic rhinitis; and nociceptive syndromes with hyperalgesia and other features (eg, the nonallergic rhinitis of chronic fatigue syndrome). Therapy based on the most likely pathophysiologic mechanism is anticipated to have the most success, but requires acceptance of the wide differential diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis and rejection of the obsolete term of “vasomotor rhinitis.”
Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine effects in mice selectively bred for differences in sensitivity to ethanol.

Abstract The responses of catecholamine systems in long sleep (LS) and short sleep (SS) mice to α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) have been examined. Marked differences were found between LS and SS mice in the dose necessary for maximal brain catecholamine depletion and in the time-course of the catecholamine depletion. Brain catecholamines in the LS mice were depleted by lower doses of AMPT and the levels remained depressed for longer periods of time in this line of mice. These differences may be explained only partially by an increased susceptibility of the LS mice to the hypothermia and toxic effects caused by AMPT administration, as they persist with non-toxic AMPT dosage regimens and under conditions where the degree of hypothermia is comparable in both lines of mice. In addition, there were no differences between the Ki values for the effect of AMPT on the tyrosine hydroxylase from striata of these mouse lines. The primary cause of the heightened response to AMPT in LS mice would appear to be pharmacokinetic in nature, as brain and plasma peak levels of AMPT in LS mice were greater and the levels remained higher for a longer time. The depletion of brain tyrosine by AMPT combined with the lower affinity of the LS striatal tyrosine hydroxylase for the substrate tyrosine may also contribute to the heightened response in LS mice.
Diffusion modeling of the carburization process

Mathematical models have been developed for simulating the carburization process. One model simulates carburization in low alloy steels where temperature, time, surface carbon content, and diffusion coefficient vary during the process. Two step and vacuum carburization are among the treatments considered. The other model simulates the ef-fect of major ternary alloying additions such as Mn, Cr, Ni and Si during carburization. The importance of the off diagonal or cross diffusion coefficientD 12 3 on carbon diffusion is calculated. The Crank-Nicolson finite difference equations are used to provide numeri-cal stability and flexability. Calculated carbon profiles for low alloy steels were com-pared with experimental data available in the literature. Agreement between calculated and measured data was very good. Chromium and silicon have large cross coefficient ef-fects and it is predicted that they have a large influence on the amount of carburization which will occur. Experimental data for carburization treatments of Fe-C-Cr alloys are in excellent agreement with model predictions of major increases in effective surface carbon content and the formation of carbides in austenite at the carburization tempera-ture. These computer models are relatively easy to apply and can be used to design car-burization treatments for specific alloy steels.
13C-enrichment at carbons 8 and 2 of uric acid after 13C-labeled folate dose in man

To evaluate folate-dependent carbon incorporation into the purine ring, we measured {sup 13}C-enrichment independently at C{sub 2} and C{sub 8} of urinary uric acid (the final catabolite of purines) in a healthy male after an independent oral dose of [6RS]-5-[{sup 13}C]-formyltetrahydrofolate ([6RS]-5-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 4}folate) or 10-H{sup 13}CO-7,8-dihydrofolate (10-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 2}folate). The C{sub 2} position was {sup 13}C-enriched more than C{sub 8} after [6RS]-5-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 4}folate, and C{sub 2} was exclusively enriched after 10-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 2}folate. The enrichment of C{sub 2} was greater from [6RS]-5-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 4}folate than 10-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 2}folate using equimolar bioactive doses. Our data suggest that formyl C of [6RS]-10-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 4}folate was not equally utilized by glycinamide ribotide transformylase (enriches C{sub 8}) and aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase (enriches C{sub 2}), and the formyl C of 10-H{sup 13}CO-H{sub 2}folate was exclusively used by AICAR transformylase. 10-HCO-H{sub 2}folate may function in vivo as the predominant substrate for AICAR transformylase in humans.
Currency jumps, cojumps and the role of macro news

Abstract This study investigates the impact of macro news on currency jumps and cojumps. The analysis uses intra-day data, sampled at 5-min frequency, for four currencies for the period 2005–2010. Results indicate that currency jumps are a good proxy for news arrival. We find 9–15% of currency jumps can be directly linked to U.S. announcements. Notably, news can explain 22–56% of the 5-min jump returns, and there is evidence that better-than-expected news about the U.S. economy has a negative impact on currency jumps. Cojump statistics suggest close dependencies among European currencies, especially between the euro and the Swiss franc. We also provide evidence on the uncertainty resolution to news.
Following the Dirty Money: Does Bank Reporting of Suspicious Activity Pose a Threat to Drug Dealers?

This article examines implementation of newregulations designed to suppress, detect, and prosecute money laundering. The new regulations require banks to report suspicions of client money laundering to the federal government. Previously, banks were simply required to report all cash transactions greater than $10,000. This article explores the new regime’s likely efficacy using ordinary least squares regression to test the significance of narcotics trafficking on state-level variation in bank suspicious activity reports, controlling for the general level of crime, economic indicators, population variables, and proximity to drug-smuggling routes. Narcotics trafficking activity and proximity to smuggling routes each predict significant increases in suspicious activity reports, which suggests an identifiable spatial link between narcotics trafficking and dirty money bank accounts. This suggests that following the dirty money trail may present authorities with a means to prosecute money laundering cases agains...
Pathogenesis and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Parental Determinants, Breastfeeding, and Early Childhood Nutrition

Among the factors predisposing to type 2 diabetes in children, adolescents, and young adults, the health and behavior of both the mother and father are critical. Prevention and treatment of parental nutritional disorders (including obesity and malnutrition), promotion of breastfeeding, and avoidance of overfeeding of young children are essential for childhood health and metabolic function. Focusing research and policy on parental influences on childhood health should reduce the risks of obesity and type 2 diabetes in future generations.
Adrenal and hypophyseal influences upon the uptake of radioactive gold (AU198) by the reticulo-endothelial system.

PREVIOUS studies have established a relation between the adrenal cortex and the reticulo-endothelial system. Thus, adrenal insufficiency results in an impaired phagocytic capacity of the macrophagic elements of the spleen toward colloidal thorium dioxide (1, 2, 3). In addition, this diminished activity is prevented by the administration of certain adrenal cortical extracts or cortisone (1, 4, 5). In extending these studies, it was deemed advisable to employ radioactive colloidal gold since it can be used in amounts sufficiently low to preclude any toxic effects; and because of its radio-chemical characteristics, its specific accumulation in the phagocytic elements of the reticulo-endothelial organs can be quantitated readily in these small doses (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Since the entrance of such an agent into the macro- phage occurs normally only through actual ingestion, its use also averts the factor of diffusion, a criticism against the employment of vital dyes for such experiments (16).
Rejoinder to Elizabeth Aaronsohn

In this rejoinder I hope to clarify some of my arguments, answer questions Aaronsohn has posed back to me, and continue the conversation concerning Professor Aaronsohn's book Going against the Grain: Supporting the StudentCentered Teacher. To begin, I wish to thank Professor Aaronsohn for her response to my review. It is exactly this kind of dialogue that can deepen our understanding for supporting beginning teachers in their classrooms. Her discussion of several key issues has provided more insight into the goals and approaches of her research, which was the point of many of my original questions about her work. The main themes that will comprise this rejoinder include: Aaronsohn's wish that I had talked about what was in the book rather than what was left out, clarifying theoretical positions, the importance of social contexts, and, lastly, the gendering of teaching. It is important to reiterate that Professor Aaronsohn and I share similar views for what it means to teach all children in effective and meaningful ways that positively impact the lives of students. However, judging from Aaronsohn's comments, I apparently did not make my understanding and view of Sheila's practice clear enough in my original review. I felt that Sheila's teaching was both innovative and engaging and that Sheila did create a classroom practice that any constructivist educator would consider exceptional. My questions were more concerned with how Sheila arrived at that place and how do we help other student teachers get to that same point. Furthermore, I did not consider her pedagogy to be mere "tricks" or gimmicks that did not positively affect the lives of her students and any implication of this was unintended. Rather, I was more concerned with how Sheila (and Aaronsohn) connected student-centered theory to studentcentered practice and how teacher educators can help new teachers make that connection a reality? To answer this question, I look forward to Aaronsohn's new book The Uncovered Curriculum. Aaronsohn's wish that I included more of what was in the book rather
Genetics of response to slow virus (prion) infection.

INTRODUCTION 115 HOST GENETICS AND THE INFLUENCE OF HOST GENES 117 Genetic Control of Incubation Time ....... .. . ...... . 117 Genetic Control of PrP.. ...... ... .. 121 Familial Transmission of Gss .. . .. . .... .. .. ......... ... ...... . 124 PROPERTIES ATTRIBUTED TO AGENT GENES 125 Host Range 125 Thermal Stability of Prions 126 Variation in the Pathological Lesions ..... 126 Competition between Scrapie Isolates .... ... ..... 128 CONCLUSIONS 128
Performance of single layer multimode microstrip patch antenna with reconfigurable radiation patterns

This paper presented a multimode antenna design on a single substrate layer. It consisted of concentric circular patches generating TM 11 , TM 21 , and TM 31 modes and separated by concentric slots for providing isolation between the modes. The antenna can be used to generate limited beam scan performance, circular polarization, and multiple phase centers giving an option for multifunctional communication applications. The amplitudes and phase at the feed points can be controlled using the signal processing techniques.
Prevention of Rift Valley Fever in Rhesus Monkeys with Interferon-α

Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of recombinant leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-alpha A) and Sendai virus-induced human leukocyte interferon (HuIFN-alpha) administered intramuscularly to Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)-infected rhesus monkeys was studied. Clinical, virologic, immunologic, and hemostatic parameters were monitored. Five daily inoculations of 5 X 10(5) units of either interferon product per kilogram of body weight, initiated 24 hours before or 6 hours after RVFV infection, prevented or greatly suppressed viremia. No clinical signs of disease or laboratory evidence of impaired hemostasis was observed. Serum neutralizing antibody to RVFV was detected within 6 days of virus inoculation. Prophylactic administration of 5 X 10(4) or 5 X 10(3) units of rIFN-alpha A per kilogram also limited viremia, hepatocellular damage, and hemostatic derangement. Untreated, RVFV-infected, control monkeys developed high-titered viremia, clinical disease, and impaired hemostasis. These data suggest that rIFN-alpha A and HuIFN-alpha are effective in protecting RVFV-infected rhesus monkeys from viremia and hepatocellular damage and may be beneficial in human RVF infection.
Capacitive Generation and Detection of Third Sound Resonances in Saturated Superfluid 4He Films

We report on the operation of a third sound resonator for use with saturated superfluid helium films. Measurements of superfluid 4 He third sound velocities as a function of film thickness are described for films ranging in thickness from 26 nm to 85 nm. The film resides on the gold-covered surface of a 38 mm diameter copper disk, which has been machined with a diamond-tipped cutting tool, and has an rms roughness of about 10 nm.
Cultural Resources and Psychological Adjustment of African American Children: Effects of Spirituality and Racial Attribution

This study explored the relationship of a family’s sociocultural resources to adjustment in a sample of low-income African American children from Ohio and Southeastern Michigan. Children of parents attending church at least weekly had fewer problems compared to those whose parents attended less frequently. Furthermore, the use of racial attributions to explain negative life outcomes was related to more frequent behavior problems. These data confirm the importance of religion as a sociocultural resource in African American families, one that potentially contributes to resilience of children at risk for behavioral or emotional maladjustment as a function of growing up in poor families and communities. In contrast, the data point out the complexity in the effects of reliance on racial attributions to explain outcomes. Although many have argued that such attributions may be a protective factor, they did not protect against children’s behavior problems.
MODELING AND TEST OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLERS FOR BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS

Technologies in battery density and motor performance are improving, and new laws are being produced to allow Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in public airspace. As these progress the UAV market will see rapid growth. New applications of UAVs will push the boundaries of what modern electrical propulsion systems can handle. Beyond a basic understanding of function, little is publicly known about the performance of an electronic speed controllers (ESCs). Some manufacturers claim a near constant efficiency with throttle. In this paper, component based analytical model of performance is built for ESCs. A test bed is constructed to measure the intricate power signal out of the speed controller. This lead to the experimental performance measurement to compare with the analytical model.