cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormone—receptor interactions in brain: Uptake and binding of thyroid hormone

Abstract (1) The uptake and localization of thyroid hormones in the cerebral cortex and in its subcellular fractions were determined in vivo and in vitro , and specific hormone receptors were sought in nuclei and mitochondria. (2) Our observations indicate that whereas uptake and localization of thyroid hormones is higher in mitochondria and synaptosomal fractions than in nuclear fractions, specific binding is found in the nuclei only. (3) The apparent number of binding sites is high in cerebral cortex and in pituitary compared with liver and hypothalamus, an observation which can be correlated with the action of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortical function and regulation of pituitary—thyroid feedback.
Agrobacterium transformation of eggplant

Summary Leaf sections of in vitro cultured seedlings of Solanum melongena L., eggplant cv. Black Beauty, were inoculated with two disarmed binary strains of Agrobacterium , 715 and pCIB10, and with the cointegrated, disarmed plasmid pMON200. Eggplants resistant to kanamycin were only obtained using the pMON200 plasmid. Three plants, selected randomly among the 28 kanamycin resistant plants, were analysed using slot blot DNA hybridization and found to contain a sequence homologous to that of the NOS-NPT chimeric gene. Conversely, a control plant did not have the NOS-NPT homologous sequence. The 3 transformed plants produced nopaline in the presence of arginine. The kanamycin resistant trait was stable and expressed in 12 of the transformed plants after a 6 month culture period in kanamycin-free medium. Preliminary results also indicated that the resistance to kanamycin was transferred as a dominant Mendelian trait.
Whole brain methionine-enkephalin of ethanol-avoiding and ethanol-preferring c57BL mice.

These experiments systematically investigated ethanol preference in both the C57Bl/6N and C57Bl/6J mice utilizing three-choice 2-bottle preference test. In addition, these sublines were evaluated for whole brain methionineenkephalin levels, which were significantly lower in C57Bl/6J mice (alcohol preferring) compared to C57Bl/6N mice (alcohol non-preferring). This finding supports the involvement of the peptidyl opiates in ethanol seeking behavior.
Exact and approximate methods for a one-dimensional minimax bin-packing problem

One-dimensional bin-packing problems require the assignment of a collection of items to bins with the goal of optimizing some criterion related to the number of bins used or the ‘weights’ of the items assigned to the bins. In many instances, the number of bins is fixed and the goal is to assign the items such that the sums of the item weights for each bin are approximately equal. Among the possible applications of one-dimensional bin-packing in the field of psychology are the assignment of subjects to treatments and the allocation of students to groups. An especially important application in the psychometric literature pertains to splitting of a set of test items to create distinct subtests, each containing the same number of items, such that the maximum sum of item weights across all bins is minimized. In this context, the weights typically correspond to item statistics derived from difficulty and discrimination indices. We present a mixed zero-one integer linear programming (MZOILP) formulation of this one-dimensional minimax bin-packing problem and develop an approximate procedure for its solution that is based on the simulated annealing algorithm. In two comparisons that focused on 34 practically-sized test problems (up to 6000 items and 300 bins), the simulated annealing heuristic generally provided better solutions than were obtained when using a commercial mathematical programming software package to solve the MZOILP formulation directly.
Professionalization and the Professoriate

This paper examines how the professoriate has attempted, with only moderate success, to fashion an identity. Academics define themselves as professionals and, like countless other occupations, have for many years sought to have this characterization publicly recognized in order to attain commensurate power and rewards. They have mostly depended on the professional association, which in turn rests heavily on information, education, and persuasion to further its claim. However, some weaknesses in this approach are evident. The paper concludes with the suggestion that the professoriate's increasing dependence on labor unions to defend its autonomy may not have any significant effect on the structure of institutions of higher learning, but may only erode the core principle of merit.
Some membrane effects of bilirubin

The respiratory lesions induced by bilrirubin do not seem to adequately explain the great toxicity of this bile pigment. Bilirubin is highly lipophilic; thus, it was postulated that bilirubin has a general effect on membrane systems. Experimental evidence to support this hypothesis comes from studies using modified L-929 tissue culture cells, rat liver, bovine heart, and brain of several species. At a bilirubin concentration of 25 μM the plasma membrance of L-929 cells following a lag phase of 60–90 minutes becomes permeable to large dye molecules concurrent with the extrusion of protein molecules. Earlier changes in the plasma membrane can be shown by alterations in Na+ and K+ transport occurring within the first hour of exposure to bilirubin. Mitochondrial membranes are exquisitely sensitive to bilirubin. Low ( 50 μM) concentrations decrease the respiration of liver and heart mitochondria, but brain respiration is always inhibited without this biphasic effect. Bilirubin in micromolar concentrations abolishes respiratory control, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and induces high amplitude irreversible swelling (Km is 2.5 μM for swelling in liver and heart. (Brain is slightly more sensitive (Km is 2 μM). All of these mitchondrial reactions are membrane linked. Electron microscopy confirms the biochemical data of swelling. Lysosomes of rat liver and L-929 cells demonstrate increased permeability within one hour of exposure to bilirubin using acid phosphatase activity as a monitor of membrane fragility. This effect is seen at relatively high bilirubin levels (500 μM) but preliminary evidence suggests concentration of bilirubin by lysosomes.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Opportunities and Challenges of 3D Integration

Interest in 3D integration is being renewed as researchers face challenges from the complexities, and cost, of scaling to 22 nm and beyond. Innovative device structures such as finFET, and extremely thin fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (ETSOI), must be deployed to continue scaling. Even with those structures, however, customary performance gains can no longer be achieved without also incurring an unacceptable increase in power. The cost of technology development in the nanoscale domain can run into the billions because massive lithographic retooling is required to cross the 22-nm barrier. The chip industry, therefore, is actively pursuing 3D integration as a viable alternative to provide density scaling. This special issue presents four articles on topics addressing some of these challenges.
Sleep disordered breathing and the risk of psoriasis among US women

Sleep disordered breathing [snoring and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)] is common in the US and has been associated with negative health outcomes. There has been no long-term prospective study on the association between sleep disordered breathing and psoriasis risk. We prospectively evaluated the association between OSAHS and snoring and incident psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in 71,598 women over an 11-year period (1997-2008) in the Nurses' Health Study. Participants received follow-up questionnaires every 2 years and were asked about snoring, diagnosis of OSAHS, and diagnosis of psoriasis and PsA. We studied individuals who reported data on snoring and OSAHS prior to the diagnosis of psoriasis or PsA. We used Cox proportional hazards to calculate age-adjusted and multivariate risk ratios. Over the follow-up period, there were 524 cases of psoriasis. Women with OSAHS were more likely to have a higher BMI, be hypertensive, have cardiovascular disease, and have type 2 diabetes (p < 0.001 for all). The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of psoriasis among women with OSAHS was 2.19 (95% CI 1.39-3.45), the multivariate RR was 1.93 (95% CI 1.21-3.08). Further adjusting for night shift work, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes, the multivariate RR was 1.91 (95% CI 1.20-3.05). There was no effect modification by BMI (p = 0.52), hypertension (p = 0.34), or snoring (p = 0.91). OSAHS was not associated with an increased risk of PsA. Although women with OSAHS were more likely to be snorers, we did not find a statistically significant relationship between snoring and the risk of confirmed psoriasis. In this study, we found that women with OSAHS had a significantly increased risk of psoriasis.
A CMOS structure using beam-recrystallized polysilicon

A new CMOS structure has been fabricated with the p-channel transistors in a layer of recrystallized polysilicon and the n-channel transistors in adjacent, laterally displaced regions of the underlying single-crystal silicon. The process allows the use of existing circuit layouts with only minor, if any, modification. Moderate quality transistors are fabricated in a layer of recrystallized polysilicon without degrading the characteristics of high-quality transistors simultaneously formed in the substrate. The oscillation period of ring oscillators is close to that calculated, and varies with the transistor dimensions in the expected manner.
Congressional Constitutional Interpretation and the Courts: A Preliminary Inquiry into Legislative Attitudes, 1959–2001

Through theoretically informed inquiry into congressional attitudes toward the Constitution and the courts as well as survey research of two modem Congresses, this study considers the prospects and implications of a more salient legislative role in constitutional affairs. By analyzing survey responses from the 86th (1959–61) and 106th (1999–2001) Congresses, and the political context in which these views were formed, this essay explores the legislature's evolving conception of its role and capacities as a constitutional interpreter. Among other findings, Congress demonstrates a persistent and somewhat surprising interest in asserting an independent, distinctive constitutional voice, although it has somewhat conflicted and underdeveloped views about how to achieve this objective. While this essay points to significant barriers to fostering a coherent and forceful congressional presence in constitutional decision making, it also suggests institutional organizations and strategies that may be promising bases for promoting this goal.
Biogeochemical record of ancient humans

Abstract The geochemical record of humans extends back to their first appearance on the landscape some one million years ago. Biochemical remains from humans, however, can be found in the fossil record for only the last 100 000 years, and even then these remains are only fragmentary. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organic and inorganic fossils of humans are providing a great source of information on ancient human biogeochemistry. Two case studies demonstrating the utility of isotopic analyses for tracing the history of human behavior are presented. In the first, human skeletons from Easter Island were analyzed to determine whether the diet included foods from the marine environment. Isotopic records show that a sizeable influence from marine N can be detected in the ecosystem of this island. In a second study, the duration of nursing by prehistoric people was pinpointed with isotopic analysis. A study of modern humans was compared with analyses of two skeletal populations — Archaic Indians living 5000 years BP and Plains Indians from 1600 AD. Duration of nursing was the same in both populations, even though the Archaic Indians did not practice horticulture, whereas the Plains Indians grew crops. The geochemical record on the population growth of the human species has many implications. Recent developments include the analysis of stable isotopes in individual compounds from human remains. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of amino acids have been used to determine the source of dietary C with a C 4 plant influence on human collagen. Also, the relative distribution of C and N isotopes in amino acids of these humans is compared with those in collagen from modern humans. Human diet and feeding behavior differ from that of almost all other animals (with the exception of primates and possibly cetaceans), because of the human's ability to think and resulting societal pressures. Finally, when human remains are scarce, the search for human activity reverts to materials that serve as proxies for paleostudies. The future of this field lies in expanding tools of biomedicine to the study of ancient DNA. Expansion of isotopic techniques includes the study of lipids in skeletal remains and associated archaeological materials. The challenge will be to broaden the techniques and samples available for analysis to proxy materials not directly associated with skeletal remains so that an even older human record can be read.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for R&D Project Proposal Evaluations

Abstract:R&D project success and value is often difficult to predict at the proposal stage. Evaluation methods and their effectiveness vary considerably and are influenced by specific organizational cultures and managerial skill sets. A two-year field study examined the strength, challenges, and limitations of various R&D project evaluation and selection methods. The results suggest that for many project situations, the decision-making process must go beyond analytical methods. It should include both quantitative and qualitative measures and be linked with the internal and external support groups, as well as be strategically aligned with the enterprise. This article identifies specific managerial actions and organizational conditions for evaluating and selecting R&D proposals, aimed at optimizing future value and chances of success.
Counterrotating Accretion Disks

We consider accretion disks consisting of counterrotating gaseous components with an intervening shear layer. Configurations of this type may arise from the accretion of newly supplied counterrotating gas onto an existing corotating gas disk. For simplicity we consider the case where the gas well above the disk midplane is rotating with angular rate +Ω and that well below has the same properties but is rotating with rate -Ω. Using the Shakura-Sunyaev alpha turbulence model, we find self-similar solutions where a thin (relative to the full disk thickness) equatorial layer accretes very rapidly, essentially at free-fall speed. As a result, the accretion speed is much larger than it would be for an alpha disk rotating in one direction. Counterrotating accretion disks may be a transient stage in the formation of counterrotating galaxies and in the accretion of matter onto compact objects.
The Moment of Inertia and Electric Dipole Moment of CsF from Radiofrequency Spectra

The electric resonance method of molecular beam spectroscopy was used to obtain spectra resulting from induced changes in the space-quantization of the rotational state $J=1$ of CsF in a homogeneous electric field. An analysis of the spectra for several values of the field intensity and for two different vibrational states gave the following molecular constants, ${I}_{e}=(151\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6){10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{e}=(7.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17){10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ e.s.u., ${B}_{e}=(185\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7){10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e}=(1.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19){10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${r}_{e}=(2.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05){10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=(270\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30)$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. ${I}_{e}$ is the moment of inertia, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{e}$ is the electric dipole moment, ${B}_{e}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e}$ are rotational constants, ${r}_{e}$ is the internuclear distance and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}$ is the vibrational constant.
Scents in the marketplace: explaining a fraction of olfaction

Abstract The popular and business press is enamored with the idea that the sense of smell can have strong effects on consumer responses to retail environments. The claims that odors have strong persuasive powers tantalize retailers looking for the competitive edge. Herein, we review the current paradigm of retailing-relevant olfaction research and find that “conventional wisdom” does not allow researchers or retailers to reliably predict olfaction effects. We suggest accessibility and availability theories as a way of explaining the current empirical research and as a method by which we can increase the reliability of capturing olfactory effects. We conclude by identifying fruitful areas of research in this interesting stimuli–that which we smell.
Seeds of professional development in pre-service teachers: a study of their dreams and goals

Abstract What happens to pre-service teachers’ dreams and goals during their professional preparation? What can teacher educators learn from what is uncovered about pre-service teachers’ dreams and goals to improve their practice? To answer these questions, a four-phase qualitative study was conducted. Data on five pre-service teachers were collected over a three-year period. At the end of the data collection, case studies of each of the five pre-service teachers were constructed and a cross-case analysis was performed. Participants in the study prioritized their dreams and goals; they tended to mention goals more frequently than dreams and they revised their dreams and goals through the use of backgrounding, foregrounding, reassessment, and refinement. These activities contributed positively to the development of their professional identify as teachers. The importance of the “affective side of teacher education” is addressed by Professor Geert Kelchtermans in a closing commentary.
THORACOSCOPIC TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC ADRENALECTOMY: THE INITIAL EXPERIENCE

Purpose: We introduce the technique of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic adrenalectomy.Materials and Methods: Initially in 4 human cadavers bilateral thoracoscopic nephrectomy was performed to develop the technique of diaphragmatic incision, retroperitoneal control of renal artery and vein, circumferential mobilization of the kidney and adrenal gland, and suture repair of the diaphragm. Subsequently, 3 select patients underwent thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic adrenalectomy (2 right side and 1 left side). All 3 patients had significant prior abdominal scarring after either partial or total radical nephrectomy, thereby precluding efficient transabdominal laparoscopic access to the adrenal gland. After double lumen endotracheal intubation, a 4 port transthoracic approach without pneumo-insufflation was performed with the patient in the prone position. The diaphragm was incised under real-time laparoscopic ultrasound guidance. The adrenal gland was visualized high in the retroperitoneum, the vasculature contr...
Condition for adiabatic passage in the earth’s-field NMR technique

Abstract The equation of motion d M / d t=γ M × B (t) is solved for the case B (t)= j B p (t)+ k B e . The field Be is a small static field, typically the earth’s field. The field Bp(t) decays exponentially toward zero with time constant T. This decay is produced by an overdamped switching transient that occurs near the end of the rapid cutoff of the coil current used to polarize the sample. It is assumed that Bp is initially large compared to Be, and that magnetization M is initially along the resultant field B. Exact solutions are obtained numerically for several decay time constants of Bp, and the motion of M is depicted graphically. It is found that for adiabatic passage, the final cone angle β of the precession in field Be is related to the decay time constant of Bp by β=2e−(π/2)ωeT. This is confirmed by measurements of the amplitudes of the ensuing free-precession signals for various decay rates of Bp. Near-perfect adiabatic passage (magnetization aligned within 2° of the earth’s field) can be achieved for time constants T⩾2.6/ωe. For the case of sudden passage, an approximate analytic solution is developed by linearizing the equation of motion in the laboratory frame of reference. For the adiabatic case, an approximate analytic solution is obtained by linearizing the equation of motion in a rotating frame of reference that follows the resultant field B = B p + B e .
Retinoic acid causes MEK‐dependent RAF phosphorylation through RARα plus RXR activation in HL‐60 cells

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) is known to cause the myeloid differentiation of HL-60 human myeloblastic leukemia cells in a process requiring MEK-dependent ERK2 activation. This RA-induced ERK2 activation appears after approximately 4 h and persists until the cells are differentiated and G0 arrested (Yen et al, 1998). This motivates the question of whether RA also activated RAF as part of a typical RAF/MEK/MAPK cascade. Retinoic acid is shown here to also increase the phosphorylation of RAF, but in an unusual way. Surprisingly, increased RAF phosphorylation is first detectable after 12 to 24 hours by phosphorylation-induced retardation of polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility. The RA-induced increased RAF phosphorylation is still apparent after 72 hours of treatment when most cells are differentiated and G0 arrested. There is a progressive dose-response relationship with 10 − 8 , 10 − 7 , and 10 − 6 M RA. The RA-induced RAF phosphorylation corresponds to increased in vitro kinase activity. Inhibition of MEK with a PD98059 dose which inhibits ERK2 phosphorylation and subsequent cell differentiation also inhibits RAF phosphorylation. RA-induced MEK-dependent RAF phosphorylation is not due to changes in the amount of cellular MEK. The induced RAF phosphorylation, as well as anteceding ERK2 activation, depends on ligand-induced activation of both an RARα receptor and an RXR receptor. This and the slow kinetics of activation suggest a need for prior RA-induced gene expression. In summary, RA induces a MEK-dependent prolonged RAF activation, whose slow onset occurs after ERK2 activation but still well before cell cycle arrest and cell differentiation. The RA-induced increased RAF phosphorylation thus differs from typical mitogenic growth factor signaling, features that may contribute to cell cycle arrest and differentiation instead of division as the cellular outcome.
Posttensioned FRP Composite Shells for Concrete Confinement

Experiments have shown that externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets for square and rectangular columns are not as effective as they are for circular columns. The results of experiments on shape-modified concrete columns using posttensioned FRP shells are presented. Posttensioning was achieved by radially straining the precured FRP shell outwards to a substantial strain level, using expansive cement concrete, over a period of 60 days . The prefabricated FRP shell was also used as a stay-in-place formwork. The effectiveness of shape modification using posttensioned FRP shells is compared to FRP-confined original square and rectangular columns, as well as shape-modified columns with nonshrink grout and externally bonded FRP jackets. It is shown that shape modification with posttensioning of FRP shells, using expansive cement concrete, can change the confinement from passive to active and improve significantly the axial strength and ultimate compressive axial strain capacity of square and rec...
Output Decline and Recovery in Uzbekistan: Past Performance and Future Prospects

What explains Uzbekistan`s unusually mild "transformational recession" and its moderate recovery during 1996-97? We examine potential biases in output measurement, the role of "special factors"including initial production structure, natural resources, and public investment policiesand sectoral output developments. The main findings are (i) Uzbekistan`s relatively favorable output record is not an artifact of measurement alone; (ii) public investment has had no significant effects on growth; (iii) the mildness of Uzbekistan`s transitional recession can be accounted for by its favorable initial production structure and its self-sufficiency in energy; (iv) unless reforms are significantly accelerated, medium-term growth prospects are mediocre.
The Presence of Isoaspartic Acid in β-Amyloid Plaques Indicates Plaque Age ☆

Abstract Extracellular deposits of fibrillar β-amyloid are a characteristic neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have developed a novel antibody to a hypothesized “older isomer” of the amyloid protein. This antibody, raised against a synthetic β-amyloid peptide containing isoaspartic acid at position 7 (isoaspartic-7-Aβ), reacts with isoaspartic-7-Aβ, a nonenzymatic modification found in long-lived proteins. Plaques stained with this antibody are thioflavine positive and are found throughout the frontal and entorhinal cortices of AD cases. In frontal cortex, isoaspartic-7-Aβ plaques are clustered but have a widespread distribution in all cortical layers. Isoaspartic-7-Aβ is found primarily in the core of individual plaques surrounded by nonisomerized amyloid. Activated microglia are associated with plaques containing isomerized and nonisomerized amyloid. In contrast to AD, isoaspartic-7-Aβ plaques in Down's syndrome (DS) cases are found primarily in the superficial layers of frontal cortex. Using image analysis isoaspartic-7-Aβ deposition was correlated with dementia severity in AD and with age in DS. The results indicate that this antibody against altered aspartyl amyloid could be a useful indicator of the age of amyloid plaques.
Percutaneous coronary revascularization in coronary artery disease: Lessons from a single center experience†

Objectives To determine the role of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and its impact on mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD). Background It's unclear whether PCI provides benefit in patients with CAD outside of acute settings. We sought to determine the role of PCI and its effect on mortality in patients with similar entry criteria to prior RCTs and compare outcomes with medical treatment. Methods Using institutional diagnostic catheterization database of consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography from 1/2004 to 1/2010, we examined records for patients with a positive stress test and >70% coronary stenosis or symptoms of angina and >80% coronary stenosis. We excluded those with acute coronary syndromes, low ejection fraction (EF), history of CABG, and CABG following index catheterization. We stratified patients by treatment and performed unadjusted and propensity matched analyses. The outcome was all-cause mortality obtained from the social security death index. Results We identified 3,375 patients using study inclusion criteria. Mean age was 65 ± 11 years and 69% (n = 2,332) were men. Mean EF was 55% ± 8%. In the unadjusted cohort, 1,265 patients received medical management and 2,110 received PCI. The unadjusted analysis revealed significantly better survival in PCI patients (P < 0.0001) (HR: 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41–0.63). Propensity matching was performed for 1,580 patients and analysis showed better survival among patients receiving PCI (0 = 0.04) (HR: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55–0.98). PCI continued to show better survival after excluding patients with malignancy (P = 0.03) and unstable angina (P = 0.007). Conclusions This single center registry analysis demonstrated better survival in stable CAD patients undergoing PCI compared to medical management alone. These data suggest there may be a benefit of PCI beyond symptom relief. Future randomized trials are needed to further understand the role of PCI in broader patient populations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing metaphors for advanced user interfaces

User interface design includes designing metaphors, the essential terms, concepts, and images representing data, functions, tasks, roles, organizations, and people. Advanced user interfaces require consideration of new metaphors and repurposing of older ones. Awareness of semiotics principles can assist researchers in developing more efficient and effective ways to communicate to more diverse user groups.
Drag enhancement due to macro-chains in uniformly magnetized ferrofluids

Abstract We report on experiments and simulations performed on small non-magnetic glass balls and nearly spherical gas bubbles moving through a uniformly magnetized ferrofluid. Use of the Advanced Photon Source X-ray beamline at Argonne National Laboratory permitted sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to accurately track the dynamics of these 500 μ m diameter spheres simultaneously with an array of magnetic particle macro-chains —agglomerations each of several mm long and 4 – 20 μ m thick. The enhanced drag induced by the macro-chains is substantial: we infer viscosity coefficients up to four times larger than for unmagnetized fluid. We provide direct visualization of a possible mechanism by which macro-chains mechanically impede the transverse motion of spheres, enhancing the drag and effecting an anisotropic viscosity. Direct numerical simulations of spheres falling through magnetic fluid can reproduce the observed dynamics by means of a phenomenological magnetization-dependent viscosity model with one free parameter.
Inverse Iteration: An Alternative Form

Rayleigh quotient inverse iteration (RQI) is examined from the standpoint of incremental vectors. By choosing such a vector orthogonal to the eigenvector iterate at the mth step, @g"m, a system of linear equations is derived; solving the system is shown to be equivalent to RQI. The residual norm converges to zero for Hermitian matrices, and the coefficient matrix does not in general converge to a singular matrix as it does in RQI. Furthermore, the procedure described produces successive vector iterates whose norms do not in general become large (when m->~) as they do with RQI.
Nanoscale uranium-based cage clusters inspired by uranium mineralogy

Taking advantage of the bent uranyl-peroxide-uranyl interaction found in studtite, 26 nanoscale clusters have been synthesized using uranyl hexagonal bipyramids. Sixteen of these clusters are built from uranyl hexagonal bipyramids only. Eight contain pyrophosphate groups that bridge between uranyl polyhedra, and two contain oxalate groups that adopt a similar structural role. These clusters contain from 20 to 60 uranyl polyhedra and have diameters in the range ~1.5 to 3 nm. All spontaneously self-assemble in aqueous solution under ambient conditions.
Assessing Student Outcomes in Communication-Intensive Learning Communities: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Academic Performance and Retention

Learning communities (LCs) have received considerable attention for their potential to increase retention and academic performance among first-year college students, but questions remain as to whether they facilitate student success and why. As operationalized in the current study, improved communication processes and team-based instruction are central LC design features. One and two years after participating in communication-intensive learning communities, students showed modest but statistically significant advantages in GPA, retention, and credit completion. Survey results confirmed that students and faculty assigned to the learning community conditions perceived more opportunities to communicate with colleagues, instructors, and instructional support staff. The results suggest that the learning community design created such communicative advantages as increased opportunities for interaction among faculty, staff, and peers; enhanced feelings of social integration; and increased access to student services.
Quantitation of reversible binding by particle counting: hapten-antibody interaction as a model system.

Abstract With a view toward developing a general method for measuring intrinsic equilibrium constants for the reversible interactions between two ligands, we used an antibody-hapten model system [2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten and anti-DNP antibody] to explore an approach based on particle counting of uniform polystyrene spheres to which the hapten is coupled covalently. This approach was made possible by an optical pulse particle size analyzer that accurately counts individual sphere clusters and quantitates with high precision specific aggregation of spheres crosslinked by antibody. The reduction in crosslinking that results from competition for antibody binding sites between a soluble DNP ligand and immobilized DNP groups on the spheres provides the basis for measuring the intrinsic equilibrium constant for the soluble ligand-antibody interaction. The binding constants measured in this way for several DNP ligands and an anti-DNP antibody (2A1) agreed with the values obtained by conventional methods. The range of intrinsic equilibrium constants that can be determined by particle counting is likely to be exceptionally wide and a value as low as 10(3) liters/mol has been measured. And since all soluble antigens, regardless of their mass, acquire the same ability to scatter light as a result of their immobilization on the much larger uniform spheres (0.36 microns), the approach described here should be applicable to virtually any molecularly dispersed antigen and its monoclonal antibody.
The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear

Across America, middle-class and upper-middle-class gated communities are creating new forms of exclusion and residential segregation, exacerbating social cleavages that already exist (Blakely and Snyder 1997; Higley 1995; Lang and Danielson 1997; Marcuse 1997). While historically secured and gated communities were built in the United States to protect estates and to contain the leisure world of retirees, these urban and suburban developments now target a much broader market, including families with children (Guterson 1992; Lofland 1998). This retreat to secured enclaves with walls, gates, and guards materially and symbolically contradicts American ethos and values, threatens public access to open space, and creates yet another barrier to social interaction, building of social networks, as well as increased tolerance of diverse cultural/ racial/social groups (Davis 1992;Devine 1996;Etzoni 1995; Judd 1995; McKenzie 1994). In this paper, I explore how the discourse of fear of violence and crime and the search for a secure community by those who live in gated communities in the United States legitimates and rationalizes class-based exclusion strategies and residential segregation. I examine whether residents of cities experiencing increasing cultural diversity are fleeing neighborhoods because they have experienced a "loss of place" and therefore feel unsafe and insecure (Altaian and Low 1992). Some people are responding to this loss by choosing to buy into a defensive space, a walled and guarded community that they can call home, [gated communities, United States, urban fear]
An approach to deriving roughness length and zero-plane displacement height from satellite data, prototyped with BOREAS data.

Abstract Global climate models typically use relatively crude estimates of roughness length, often based on constant values for land cover category. However, large variations may exist within any of the vegetation categories. Global large-scale estimates of roughness length, such as required by climate models, cannot rely on field experiments for practical reasons and must, therefore, be derived from satellite observations. This paper develops a satellite retrieval method for the roughness parameters, momentum roughness length, zo, and displacement height, d. The formulas, based on the observational data of Raupach [Raupach, M.R., 1992. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 60, 375–395; Raupach, M.R., 1994. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 71, 211–216] and Lindroth [Lindroth, A., 1993. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 66, 265–272], are applicable to most types of vegetation. Raupach relates the momentum roughness length and zero-plane displacement height to the frontal area index, λ, and to the height of the vegetation, h. The frontal area index is related to the shape of an average tree or plant crown and to the average density of the canopy elements. The crown shape factor includes the aspect (height-to-width) ratio of the crown and the geometric shape of the crown. Lindroth relates the momentum roughness length to the leaf area index (LAI) and to the height of the trees. The functional form of zo/h is peaked in both frontal area index, with the maximum occurring at λ=0.152, and average plant LAI (Lp), with the maximum occurring at Lp=0.878. As λ and Lp increase, d/h also increases and approaches an upper limit asymptotically at high values of λ and Lp. As the vegetation height is difficult to obtain from present satellite data, retrievals are restricted to fractional values (i.e. zo/h and d/h) for global application. This retrieval then requires data for the crown aspect ratio, the canopy density (fractional overstory canopy cover) and the LAI. Data from BOREAS (BOReal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study) are used to illustrate this satellite retrieval method.
Characterization and manufacturability of a 200 Å gate oxide

Abstract This paper reports on work carried out on the optimization of gate oxide quality on a 1.0 μm BiCMOS process. Due to the complexity of the process, the gate oxide defectivity was improved by partitioning the process into key process blocks and examining the contribution of each block to the overall defect level. Case studies from each block are presented which describe the weaknesses identified and the solutions implemented, which have resulted in a robust and manufacturable process. A short loop process monitor is also described.
Approach to the patient with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding occurs is an uncommon but important form of occult gastrointestinal bleeding. By definition, bleeding is recurrent and chronic. The patient population in which this occurs is most often elderly and has comorbid conditions. Therefore, these patients represent a considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The most common cause of bleeding is vascular ectasia, although a number of other lesions can be responsible for bleeding. Thus, familiarity with the various important lesions is required to make a specific diagnosis. The management includes early aggressive endoscopic evaluation (including small bowel investigation), often including capsule endoscopy. In certain clinical circumstances, other diagnostic studies such as angiography, computed tomographic examination, or Meckel's scan is indicated. It is clear that management and care of this challenging group of patients requires a team approach.
Planning and staffing an appropriate outpatient facility.

. Even a thoroughly trained, highly skilled cosmetic surgeon will lead a professional life of frustration without the ancillary staff and facilities appropriate to such a field. Planning and staffing an efficient outpatient facility is as important to the cosmetic surgeon as learning the technical skills of his trade.
Cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter at station Aloha: Insights from 13C NMR spectroscopy coupled with elemental, isotopic and molecular analyses

Abstract Compositions of ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter (UDOM) and ultrafiltered particulate organic matter (UPOM) were characterized in samples collected from a depth profile (20–4000 m) in the North Pacific at Station Aloha. 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses together with δ 13 C values, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and molecular characterizations of UDOM and UPOM indicate different bulk chemical compositions and sources for these two size fractions. Carbohydrates and amino acids are the major biomolecules present in UDOM and UPOM. At all depths, UPOM had higher amino acid and lower carbohydrate contents compared to UDOM. UDOM and UPOM samples showed a decrease in the relative contribution of carbohydrates to the total organic carbon with increasing depth, whereas the contributions of lipids increased. Amino acids did not show any clear depth trends for UDOM, but decreased in UPOM. The compositional trends with depth indicate that selective degradation processes, which preferentially remineralize reactive biomolecules such as carbohydrates, affect UDOM and UPOM compositions in the water column. Molecular analyses of carbohydrates and amino acids characterized ∼9% of the C in UDOM and ∼28% of the C in UPOM. Although a relatively small proportion of the total C was characterizable with molecular analyses, the depth trends and the ratio of amino acids to carbohydrates in UPOM and UDOM were similar to those determined by 13 C NMR. This suggests that the organic matter fraction characterized by molecular analyses is representative of the molecularly uncharacterized fraction of organic matter. It is postulated that the molecularly uncharacterized fraction is encapsulated or shielded by a hydrolysis-resistant matrix or the individual amino acid and sugar units have been altered to form a chemical entity unrecognizable by the molecular analyses.
Seepage and Soil Erosion for a Clay Loam Soil

Seepage on a hillslope produces an area susceptible to surface erosion, especially near the bottom of the slope. A laboratory study was conducted to quantify the effects of seepage on soil erosion for the Glynwood clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalf). A 5-m-long, 1.2-m-wide soil box with adjustable slope gradient and water table control was used. A plate was installed in the soil box to force water seepage. Erosion from simulated rainfall and concentrated flow was studied. For the rainfall experiment, the soil box was set to 10% slope and exposed to a sequence of three multiple-intensity storms, ranging from 25 to 100 mm h -1 , every 2 d. For the concentrated flow experiment, five inflow rates ranging from 3.8 to 30.2 L min -1 were applied to 0.2-m-wide flow channels. Flow experiments were conducted at 5 and 10% slopes and for several different seepage and drainage conditions at the 5% slope. Sediment concentrations under seepage conditions averaged 22% higher than those under free drainage with simulated rainfalls. For concentrated flow conditions, sediment concentrations under seepage were approximately 81% higher at the 10% slope. At the 5% slope, sediment concentrations were six times higher for a surface under 20 cm seepage pressure compared with a surface drained for 7 d. Visually, it was observed that seepage greatly increased soil erosion because of its effects on headcut development. A process-based erosion prediction model, such as WEPP, sbould be expanded to predict seepage conditions and their effects on headcutting.
Frost kill and kenaf fiber quality

Abstract Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) grown in northern Mississippi and elsewhere often is injured by early frost and killed before harvest. Frost kill often is associated with fungal growth or rot, so its effect on fiber quality is a major concern. Fiber processing also affects the quality and chemical composition of fibers. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the effects of frost kill on processing, fiber quality and chemical composition of kenaf fibers. Frost-damaged kenaf with fungal growth was decorticated by hand and divided into six sections (26.88 cm/each) from the base to tip of the stem and then retted chemically or bacterially in the laboratory. Fiber characteristics were compared between the two processes and the six locations on the plant. Ash, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of the resultant fibers were measured. Bacterially retted (BR) fibers were stronger (11.8 g/tex) than the chemically retted fibers (CR), 7.5 g/tex, at all locations. The BR fibers from decorticated green ribbons were stronger than those from frost-killed ribbons. However, no significant differences occurred between the CR fibers from decorticated and frost-killed ribbons. Residual gum content was higher for the BR fibers (23.3%) than for the CR fibers (8.1%). The stretch properties were not affected significantly by the frost kill or fungus. The base of the stem had the weakest fibers in both processes, which may have been due to greater fungal disease. The CR process extracted more fiber than the BR process, with a consistent higher yield of clean fibers. In the BR process, the fiber extracted was higher at the tip than at the base of the stem. This may have been related to the presence of fungus, which inhibits the BR process. Analysis of chemical composition of the processed fibers indicated that CR is efficient in reducing hemicellulose and lignin contents. These results indicate that frost kill may not be the appropriate method for harvesting kenaf for quality fibers. However, fibers extracted by chemical retting were unaffected by the presence of fungus as a result of frost kill.
Identification of the Feline Humoral Immune Response to Bartonella henselae Infection by Protein Microarray

Background: Bartonella henselae is the zoonotic agent of cat scratch disease and causes potentially fatal infections in immunocompromised patients. Understanding the complex interactions between the host’s immune system and bacterial pathogens is central to the field of infectious diseases and to the development of effective diagnostics and vaccines. Methodology: We report the development of a microarray comprised of proteins expressed from 96% (1433/1493) of the predicted ORFs encoded by the genome of the zoonotic pathogen Bartonella henselae. The array was probed with a collection of 62 uninfected, 62 infected, and 8 ‘‘specific-pathogen free’’ nao ¨ve cat sera, to profile the antibody repertoire elicited during natural Bartonella henselae infection. Conclusions: We found that 7.3% of the B. henselae proteins on the microarray were seroreactive and that seroreactivity was not evenly distributed between predicted protein function or subcellular localization. Membrane proteins were significantly most likely to be seroreactive, although only 23% of the membrane proteins were reactive. Conversely, we found that proteins involved in amino acid transport and metabolism were significantly underrepresented and did not contain any seroreactive antigens. Of all seroreactive antigens, 52 were differentially reactive with sera from infected cats, and 53 were equally reactive with sera from infected and uninfected cats. Thirteen of the seroreactive antigens were found to be differentially seroreactive between B. henselae type I and type II. Based on these results, we developed a classifier algorithm that was capable of accurately discerning 93% of the infected animals using the microarray platform. The seroreactivity and diagnostic potential of these antigens was then validated on an immunostrip platform, which correctly identified 98% of the infected cats. Our protein microarray platform provides a high-throughput, comprehensive analysis of the feline humoral immune response to natural infection with the alpha-proteobacterium B. henselae at an antigen-specific, sera-specific, and genome-wide level. Furthermore, these results provide novel insight and utility in diagnostics, vaccine development, and understanding of host-pathogen interaction.