cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of space flight factors and gamma radiation on flower production and microspore division and development in tradescantia

Abstract The interaction between 85 Sr gamma radiation (average exposure approximately 220 R) and space flight factors (vibration, acceleration, weightlessness, etc.) on the number of flowers produced and on microspore division and development was studied in Biosatellite II. In the actual flight one package of 32 young Tradescantia clone 02 plants was irradiated during the two-day flight, and another package was used as an unirradiated flight control. Two similar packages, one of which was irradiated, were maintained as non-flight controls in a similar spacecraft at the launch site. Various postflight experiments were conducted in an attempt to attribute the effects observed in the orbited plants to specific flight factors. In these postflight ground tests plants were grown simultaneously in both the flight and non-flight spacecraft under conditions similar to those recorded during the actual flight. In the clinostat and additional vibration experiments individual packages rather than the whole spacecraft were used. After each treatment, open flowers were collected for at least 26 days. Some of the morphological and cytological effects observed in the flight material can be attributed to low gravity (weightlessness) and others to the internal environment of the spacecraft. Those effects attributed to weightlessness include (1) an increase in number of flowers produced in both orbited samples compared with their non-orbited controls and (2) various kinds of mitotic abnormalities associated with altered spindle behavior in microspores. Effects attributed to spacecraft environmental factors such as the increased concentration of ethylene measured in the flight vehicle include (1) an increase in the mortality rate of microspores, (2) an increase in the frequency of developmental abnormalities indicated by a change in the number and shape of the nuclei in young pollen, and (3) an increase in flower bud blasting which led to a change in the pattern of flower production.
Glycosylation-dependent inhibition of cutaneous lymphocyte–associated antigen expression: implications in modulating lymphocyte migration to skin

Constitutive E-selectin expression on dermal microvascular endothelial cells plays a critical role in mediating rolling adhesive interactions of human skin-homing T cells and in pathologic accumulation of lymphocytes in skin. The major E-selectin ligand on human skin-homing T cells is cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), a specialized glycoform of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) defined by monoclonal antibody HECA-452. Since HECA-452 reactivity, and not PSGL-1 polypeptide itself, confers the specificity of human T cells to enter dermal tissue, inhibition of HECA-452 expression is a potential strategy for modulating lymphocyte migration to skin. In this study, we examined the efficacy of several well-characterized metabolic inhibitors of glycosylation and of a novel fluorinated analog of N-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucopyranose [4-F-GlcNAc]) to alter HECA-452 expression on human CLA(+) T cells and prevent cell tethering and rolling on selectins under shear stress. At concentrations that did not affect PSGL-1 expression, we found that swainsonine (inhibitor of complex-type N-glycan synthesis) had no effect on HECA-452 expression or selectin ligand activity, whereas benzyl-O-N-acetylgalactosamide (BAG; inhibitor of O-glycan biosynthesis) ablated HECA-452 expression on PSGL-1 and significantly lowered selectin ligand activity. We found that 4-F-GlcNAc (putative inhibitor of poly-N-acetyllactosamine biosynthesis) was more potent than BAG at lowering HECA-452 expression and selectin binding. In addition, we show that 4-F-GlcNAc was directly incorporated into native CLA expressed on T cells, indicating direct inhibition on poly-N-acetyllactosamine elongation and selectin-binding determinants on PSGL-1 O-glycans. These observations establish a potential treatment approach for targeting pathologic lymphocyte trafficking to skin and indicate that 4-F-GlcNAc may be a promising agent for treatment of dermal tropism associated with malignancies and inflammatory disorders.
Expanding MIRAgel scleral buckle simulating an orbital tumor in four cases.

Purpose: To describe four patients with an enlarging orbital mass from a swollen MIRAgel scleral buckle that simulated an orbital neoplasm. Methods: In a retrospective, single-center case series at the Ocular Oncology Service at Wills Eye Hospital of Thomas Jefferson University, 4 eyes of 4 patients were referred for evaluation and treatment of a suspected orbital tumor. Results: The initial presenting features were orbital mass (case 1), strabismus (case 2), and conjunctival mass with orbital extension (cases 3 and 4). Each patient vaguely recalled previous uncomplicated retinal detachment surgery 12 to 20 years earlier. Confirmation of the buckling implant material was made with the retina surgeon in 3 cases. A nontender, forniceal conjunctival mass, deep to the Tenon fascia and appearing as a translucent firm elevation was seen in all 4 cases. Axial CT (case 1) revealed a circumscribed anterior temporal orbital mass, believed to be a large inclusion cyst, 4 times thicker than the nasal scleral buckle. Ocular ultrasonography depicted an echolucent mass in the episcleral region (cases 3 and 4) that was 2 times thicker than the nasal scleral buckle (case 3). Excision was attempted in case 1, but only piecemeal removal was achieved, leading to extensive postoperative inflammation and decreased vision. The other 3 cases were followed conservatively without excision because they were each recognized to be a swollen MIRAgel implant and not an orbital tumor. Conclusions: MIRAgel scleral buckle material can greatly enlarge over a period of 10 years and simulate an orbital tumor or orbital cyst. Patients often do not recall details of the retinal surgery. Caution is advised regarding excision of this material because it is friable and can lead to extensive postoperative inflammation.
Generalized Viscoelastic 1-DOF Deterministic Nonlinear Oscillators

The theory of deterministic generalized viscoelastic linear and nonlinear 1-D oscillators is formulated and evaluated. Examples of viscoelastic Duffing, Mathieu, Rayleigh, Roberts and van der Pol oscillators and pendulum responses are investigated. Material behavior as well as additional effects of structural damping on oscillator performance are also considered. Computational protocols are developed and their results are discussed to determine the influence of viscoelastic and structural (Coulomb friction) damping on oscillator motion. Illustrative examples show that the inclusion of linear or nonlinear viscoelastic material properties significantly affects oscillator responses as related to amplitudes, phase shifts and energy loses when compared to equivalent elastic ones.
Inositol is the water-soluble product of acetylcholine-stimulated breakdown of phosphatidylinositol in mouse pancreas.

The water-soluble products of acetylcholine-stimulated breakdown of phosphatidylinositol in mouse pancreas were analyzed by two different and independent procedures. There was an increased formation of free inositol throughout the period of phosphatidylinositol breakdown; no evidence was obtained for acetylcholine-stimulated formation of either inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate or inositol 1-phosphate under any of the conditions used. The observations suggest that the acetylcholine-stimulated reaction is phosphatidylinositol → phosphatidic acid + inositol. This might occur by either phospholipase D activity, or through complete or partial reversal of the cytidine nucleotide pathway of phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis.
On Abstract Homomorphisms of Chevalley Groups with Nonreductive Image, I

homomorphisms of chevalley groups 375 defined over the field of constants k0 = x ∈ k δ x = 0 , one can consider a homomorphism ηδ G k → G K K ηδ g = g δ g where the semi-direct product is formed using the action of G on its Lie algebra via the adjoint representation, δ g = g−1 δ g , and δ g is obtained by applying δ to every matrix entry of g; moreover, if δ is nontrivial, ηδ has a Zariski dense, hence nonreductive (as is the unipotent radical of G ), image (for details cf. Section 2). In [T], Tits formulated a general conjecture that, under sufficiently general hypotheses on G and k and without assuming G′ to be reductive, for any abstract homomorphism φ G k → G′ k′ there should exist a commutative finitedimensional k′-algebra A and a ring homomorphism α k → A such that φ can be written as φ = ψ ◦ rA/k′ ◦ α, where α G k → AG A is induced by α (AG is the group obtained by the change of scalars), rA/k′ AG A → RA/k′ AG k′ is the canonical isomorphism (RA/k is the functor of restriction of scalars), and ψ is a rational k′-morphism of RA/k′ AG to G′. In the same paper Tits proved this conjecture for k = k′ = and also announced its truth for G a simple simply connected split k-group if k is not a nonperfect field of characteristic two. However, this result still leaves open the question about an explicit description of abstract homomorphisms as one would like to know precisely which algebras A and which rational homomorphisms ψ can actually arise. Subsequently, abstract homomorphisms with nonreductive images were not analyzed (to the best of our knowledge). The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we show that if G is an absolutely simple simply connected split (in other words, Chevalley) group over a field k of characteristic zero, then any homomorphism of G k such that the Zariski closure of its image has a commutative unipotent radical can be obtained from Borel–Tits’ construction. This result does not depend on Tits’ result [T] and gives an explicit description of such homomorphisms. Second, we describe a generalization of Borle–Tits’ construction which allows one to construct abstract homomorphisms for which the unipotent radical of the Zariski closure of the image has arbitrarily large dimension and nilpotency class. For abstract homomorphisms whose image has a commutative unipotent radical we prove the following. Theorem 3. Let G be a simple simply connected Chevalley group over a field k of characteristic zero. Furthermore, let be a connected algebraic group over an extension K of k and μ G k → K be an abstract homomorphism 376 lifschitz and rapinchuk with Zariski dense in image. Assume that: (1) the unipotent radical V = Ru is commutative, and (2) if G′ = /V , then the composition G k → K → G′ K of μ with the canonical morphism → G′ extends to a rational K-homomorphism λ G → G′.
Mechanical demand and multijoint control during landing depend on orientation of the body segments relative to the reaction force

The purpose of this study was to determine how diverse momentum conditions and anatomical orientation at contact influences mechanical loading and multijoint control of the reaction force during landings. Male collegiate gymnasts (n=6) performed competition style landings (n=3) of drop jumps, front saltos, and back saltos from a platform (0.72 m) onto landing mats (0.12 m). Kinematics (200 fps), reaction forces (800 Hz) and muscle activation patterns (surface EMG, 1600 Hz) of seven lower extremity muscles were collected simultaneously. Between-task differences in segment orientation relative to the reaction force contributed to significant between-task differences in knee and hip net joint moments (NJM) during the impact phase. During the stabilization phase, ankle, knee, and hip NJMs acted to control joint flexion. Between-task differences in muscle activation patterns indicated that gymnasts scaled biarticular muscle activation to accommodate for between-task differences in NJM after contact. Activation of muscles on both sides of the joint suggests that impedance like control was used to stabilize the joints and satisfy the mechanical demand imposed on the lower extremity. Between-subject differences in the set of muscles used to control total body center of mass (TBCM) trajectory and achieve lower extremity NJMs suggests that control of multijoint movements involving impact needs to incorporate mechanical objectives at both the total body and local level. The functional consequences of such a control structure may prove to be an asset to gymnasts, particularly when required to perform a variety of landing tasks under a variety of environmental constraints.
A high-order Cartesian-grid finite-volume method for aeroacoustics simulations

A moving-least-square based finite-volume method is developed to simulate acoustic wave propagation and scattering from complicated solid geometries. This hybrid method solves the linearized perturbed compressible equations as the governing equations of the acoustic field. The solid boundaries are embedded in a uniform Cartesian grid and represented using level set fields. Thus, the current approach avoids unstructured grid generation for the irregular geometries. The desired boundary conditions are imposed sharply on the immersed boundaries using a ghost fluid method. The scope of the implementation of the moving moving-least-square approach in the current solver is threefold: reconstruction of the field variables on cell faces for high-order flux construction, population of the ghost cells based on the desired boundary condition, and filtering the high wave number modes near the immersed boundaries. The computational stencils away from the boundaries are identical; hence, only one moving-least-square shape-function is computed and stored with its underlying grid pattern for all the interior cells. This feature significantly reduces the memory requirement of the acoustic solver compared to similar finite-volume method on irregular unstructured mesh. The acoustic solver is validated against several benchmark problems.
Dynamics of the SAR11 bacterioplankton lineage in relation to environmental conditions in the oligotrophic North Pacific subtropical gyre

A quantitative PCR assay for the SAR11 clade of marine Alphaproteobacteria was applied to nucleic acids extracted from monthly depth profiles sampled over a 3-year period (2004-2007) at the open-ocean Station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment; 22 degrees 45'N, 158 degrees 00'W) in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. This analysis revealed a high contribution (averaging 36% of 16S rRNA gene copies) of SAR11 to the total detected 16S rRNA gene copies over depths ranging from the surface layer to 4000 m, and revealed consistent spatial and temporal variation in the relative abundance of SAR11 16S rRNA gene copies. On average, a higher proportion of SAR11 rRNA gene copies were detected in the photic zone ( 175 m depth; mean = 30%), and in the winter months compared with the summer (mean = 44% versus 33%, integrated over 175 m depth). Partial least square to latent structure projections identified environmental variables that correlate with variation in the absolute abundance of SAR11, and provided tools for developing a predictive model to explain time and depth-dependent variations in SAR11. Moreover, this information was used to hindcast temporal dynamics of the SAR11 clade between 1997 and 2006 using the existing HOT data set, which suggested that interannual variations in upper ocean SAR11 abundances were related to ocean-climate variability such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation.
Conveying more (or less) than we realize: The role of impression-management in feedback-seeking

This paper reports two studies concerning impression management, impression formation, and feedback-seeking. Study 1 demonstrated that people seek less feedback when being observed and respond to situational norms regarding the appropriate frequency of seeking. However, Study 2 showed that when an individual has a superior performance history, seeking enhances observers’ impressions of the seeker’s personal characteristics and performance potential in the organization. The implications of these findings for feedback-seeking and the provision of feedback in organizations are discussed.
Inhibition of Th1 Development Mediated by GATA-3 through an IL-4-Independent Mechanism

Recently, the transcription factor GATA-3 was shown to be selectively expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells and to augment Th2-specific cytokines. Here, we show that loss of GATA-3 expression by developing Th1 cells requires IL-12 signaling through Stat4 and does not simply result from an absence of IL-4. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel role for GATA-3 in directly repressing Th1 development distinct from its positive actions on Th2-specific cytokines. GATA-3 inhibits Th1 cytokines by a cell-intrinsic mechanism that is not dependent on IL-4 and that may involve repression of IL-12 signaling. Thus, GATA-3 expression and IL-12 signaling are mutually antagonistic, which facilitates rapid dominance of one pathway during early Th development, producing a stable divergence in cytokine profiles.
In vitro activity of lomefloxacin (NY-198 or SC 47111), ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin against 100 clinical Legionella strains

Abstract Agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of lomefloxacin (LO), ciprofloxacin (CI), and erythromycin (ER) were determined for 100 clinical isolates of Legionella using buffered charcoal yeast extract medium supplemented with alpha-ketoglutarate (BCYEa). The Legionella strains tested included 84 L. pneumophila, 2 L. micdadei, 6 L. dumoffii, 4 L. longbeachae, and one each of L. bozemanii, L. hackeliae, L. wadsworthii, and L. maceachernii. Geometric mean MICs μg/ml were 0.56 for LO, 0.50 for CI, and 0.25 for ER. Ninety percent MICs were 1.0 for LO and CI, and 0.5 for ER. All Legionella strains except one (L. hackeliae) were inhibited by 1.0 μg/ml of LO or CI; this strain had an Er MIC of 1.0 μg/ml and was inhibited by 2.0 μg/ml of LO or CI . Control strains of Eschershia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also tested on both BCYEa and Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) to determine BCYEa-mediated inhibition of the antimicrobials . All three antimicrobials were inactivated in varying degrees by BCYEa. BCYEa:MHA MICs of the S. aureus control strain were 4:1 for LO and ER, and >4:1 for CI. BCYEa: MHA MICs of the E. coli control strain were 4:1 for LO and CI, and unmeasurable for ER. Both LO and CI have good in vitro activity against legionella , probably greater than that measured in this study because of antimicrobial inactivation by BCYEa. Since LO is concentrated by phagocytic cells, like ER and CI, it is likely that it will be effective in the treatment of Legionnaires' disease.
Formation of surface features on ventifacts: Modeling the role of sand grains rebounding within cavities

Surface textural features – pits, grooves, flutes, and scallops – of sand-blasted ventifacts have been attributed to various erosional mechanisms and to variations in material hardness. This study develops a numerical model of abrasion to examine feature formation by direct grain impacts. We demonstrate that abrasion by a continuous supply of impactors arriving from a single direction, each hitting the surface once, transforms existing cavities into transient features (similar to scallops, flutes, and pits), which shrink and eventually vanish. However, by incorporating additional impacts within the features from rebounding particles, persistent, continuously growing features emerge. We conclude that: (1) rebounding particles concentrate their effect within features, and therefore increase their size; (2) the development of features is sensitive to material type; and (3) the ultimate maximum feature scale is related to the size of the rock, and the size and velocity of impactors. Our model helps organize diverse ventifact field observations into an initial framework of pattern formation and confirms field and laboratory observations that the most common features are linear in wind-parallel directions.
Extraction, separation, and identification of polar oxygen species in jet fuel

Polar species in jet fuel, such as phenols, may be responsible for a number of performance characteristics of the fuel. However, because they are present at trace levels in fuels, the isolation and detection of these species is difficult. This work describes the development of a simple extraction method using methanol to remove polar phenolic components from petroleum-derived fuels. The method uses the affinity for polar components in the fuel, such as phenols, to partition into methanol, facilitating their removal by typical liquid−liquid extraction protocols. The method is amenable to large fuel sample volumes, thus minimizing limitations encountered with trace oxygenate concentrations, and has proven to be efficient for the removal of many oxygen-containing compounds, including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and phenols from fuel matrixes. The method has been successfully applied to a variety of phenols and appears to be less susceptible to the environment around the -OH group than other extraction method...
Reproductive decision-making in the age of AIDS.

The forecast for the HIV epidemic in the United States includes increasing numbers of infected women and children, the latter of whom will be born to infected mothers. As the epidemic progresses, nurses will be more frequently called on to assist women in making difficult reproductive decisions. Using four levels of analysis, this discussion explores current knowledge about reproduction in HIV-infected women and suggests interventions and nursing actions. Beth is a 32-year-old mother with a history of drug use. She was tested for the HIV when she was 8 months pregnant at the urging of her sister. She was surprised when the test was positive and unprepared for the events that followed: abandonment by her obstetrician, delivery at a strange hospital, and isolation on the post-partum unit. Her 5-year-old son is not infected. Carmen, now 17 years old, was infected with HIV through sexual activity at age 14. When she became pregnant at 16, her doctor told her not to have the baby. Despite religious convictions and personal desires, she had an abortion. She says, “That may have been my only chance to have a baby and now it's gone.”
THE FEATURE [ASP] IN ICELANDIC PHONOLOGY*

. This paper argues that the surface distribution of aspirated stops in Icelandic is governed by licensing conditions on the feature [asp(irated)] (cf. Lombardi 1991). On this view, the dialectal difference in the treatment of aspirated stops in Icelandic reflects different licensing conditions on [asp]. Moreover, it is argued that sonorant devoicing and preaspiration are one and the same process, i. e. relinking of unlicensed [asp] to an immediately preceding segment. Hence, the absence of sonorant devoicing in the North Dialect follows from the fact that [asp] is licensed on aspirated stops preceded by sonorants.
The Discovery of Error-prone DNA Polymerase V and Its Unique Regulation by RecA and ATP

My career pathway has taken a circuitous route, beginning with a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from The Johns Hopkins University, followed by five postdoctoral years in biology at Hopkins and culminating in a faculty position in biological sciences at the University of Southern California. My startup package in 1973 consisted of $2,500, not to be spent all at once, plus an ancient Packard scintillation counter that had a series of rapidly flashing light bulbs to indicate a radioactive readout in counts/minute. My research pathway has been similarly circuitous. The discovery of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase V (pol V) began with an attempt to identify the mutagenic DNA polymerase responsible for copying damaged DNA as part of the well known SOS regulon. Although we succeeded in identifying a DNA polymerase, one that was induced as part of the SOS response, we actually rediscovered DNA polymerase II, albeit in a new role. A decade later, we discovered a new polymerase, pol V, whose activity turned out to be regulated by bound molecules of RecA protein and ATP. This Reflections article describes our research trajectory, includes a review of key features of DNA damage-induced SOS mutagenesis leading us to pol V, and reflects on some of the principal researchers who have made indispensable contributions to our efforts.
Fuzzy partition of two-dimensional histogram and its application to thresholding

Abstract This paper proposes a thresholding approach by performing a fuzzy partition on a two-dimensional (2D) histogram of the image. The novel 2D fuzzy partition method and membership assignment are based on fuzzy relationship of two fuzzy sets characterized by a set of the best parameters (a, b, c) , which makes the image have the maximum fuzzy entropy. The threshold is selected as the crossover point of the fuzzy region [a, c] . The preprocessed moment arrays are employed to reduce the computation time of image entropy from O (8 N 2 ) to O (2 N ). The proposed approach has been tested on various images, and the results have demonstrated that the proposed 2D fuzzy approach outperforms the 2D nonfuzzy approach and the one-dimensional (1D) fuzzy partition approach.
Density-density functionals and effective potentials in many-body electronic structure calculations

We demonstrate the existence of different density-density functionals designed to retain selected properties of the many-body ground state in a non-interacting solution starting from the standard density functional theory ground state. We focus on diffusion quantum Monte Carlo applications that require trial wave functions with optimal Fermion nodes. The theory is extensible and can be used to understand current practices in several electronic structure methods within a generalized density functional framework. The theory justifies and stimulates the search of optimal empirical density functionals and effective potentials for accurate calculations of the properties of real materials, but also cautions on the limits of their applicability. The concepts are tested and validated with a near-analytic model.
Pioneers in Pediatric Psychology: Environments Shape Behavior

Since my first immersion in the medical environment in 1975, I have had the opportunity to participate in and develop a number of different environments of care and types of services for children, adolescents, and their families. I am reminded that the famous philosopher Yogi Berra once said “You can observe a lot just by watching.” I continue to be impressed by the unique and ever-changing benefits to children’s health brought about by pediatric psychologists. I want to thank my colleagues for bestowing on me the opportunity to reflect on my personal experiences and the growth of our field. When I arrived at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) to begin my undergraduate education, it was my career goal to become a physicist. However, my path changed very quickly. I was lucky to have had the opportunity to study with a number of outstanding psychologists. I can remember my first course in learning theory taught by David Premack, PHD, of Premack Principle fame. Simply put, the Premack Principle states that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity (Premack, 1959). Even though his original work was done with monkeys, its application to humans was apparent. In another of my classes, we watched the film “Behavior Modification: Teaching Language to Psychotic Children” (Lovaas, 1969). In essence, Dr Ivar Lovaas had applied his own learning research, the Premack Principle, and other findings from the basic research literature to develop a method to teach mute or echolalic autistic children how to speak and use language!
God Talk: Religious Cues and Electoral Support

It was revealed in 2006 that Republican candidates employ a type of religious code in their political speeches. Their intention is to cue the support of religiously conservative voters without alie...
Megavolt Ion Implantation Into Silicon

Formation of buried p-type and n-type layers in silicon by megavolt ion implantation has potential to replace epitaxial growth for buried layer formation. We present arguments for the use of ion implantation for buried layer formation.
A very large Rh-Rh bond shortening on excitation of the [Rh2(1,8-diisocyano-p-menthane)4]2+ ion by time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction.

A very large Rh–Rh contraction of ∼0.85 A occurs on excitation of the [Rh2(1,8-diisocyano-p-menthane)4]2+ ion to its triplet state.
Coronary artery disease in diabetes: which (if any) test is best?

Until randomized trials are done, the optimal testing strategy in patients with diabetes will remain subject to lively inferential debate.
Postictal Depression: Significance for the Treatment of the Neurobehavioral Disorder of Epilepsy

The wide range of depressive and other neurobehavioral disorders of epilepsy can be effectively treated with modest doses of tricyclic antidepressants. Three in a series of 19 patients treated with tricyclics for their neurobehavioral disorders displayed postictal depression, and the observations clarify the relationship of seizure disorder and moods. Postictal and interictal mood changes appear to result from the same process and can be ascribed to the engagement of inhibitory mechanisms. Severity of the postictal depression is explained by the marked enhancement of inhibitory mechanisms on their ictal engagement. The tricyclics exhibit a broad-spectrum effect on the neurobehavioral disorders of epilepsy by a mode of action different from their traditional effect in depressive disorders. They appear to mitigate inhibitory ictal and interictal mechanisms at doses presenting no risk to seizure control.
An overview of the law of juvenile delinquency

The juvenile justice system as we know it today evolved in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a result of reformers' desires to create separate juvenile courts designed to rehabilitate delinquent youths. The first step of the current system is the intake phase where a probation officer decides whether a petition should be filed against the juvenile or whether the juvenile should be diverted to a social service agency. If a petition is filed, the next issue that arises is whether the juvenile will be detained pending the hearing on the petition. In most instances, the minor will be released to the custody of his or her parents unless there is evidence that the juvenile will flee or engage in additional criminal conduct prior to the hearing. The juvenile court, in most states, will also determine whether the juvenile will benefit from the rehabilitative treatment offered by the juvenile court. If not, the matter will be transferred to adult court. If the juvenile court retains jurisdiction, an adjudicatory hearing will be held to determine whether the minor engaged in criminal conduct. After the adjudicatory hearing, those juveniles who are found to be delinquent receive a disposition. A wide range of dispositions are available to juvenile court judges, with the most common being probation. Language: en
The effect of fluid inclusion size on determination of homogenization temperature and density of liquid-rich aqueous inclusions

Homogenization temperature variations of several degrees Celsius or more are often observed within a group of fluid inclusions that appear to have all trapped the same homogeneous fluid at the same time and presumably at the same PTX conditions. For inclusions that homogenize at T≤ ≈230 °C, much of the observed variation can be attributed to the size of the inclusions. Larger inclusions homogenize at higher temperatures compared to smaller inclusions with the same density. The relationship between inclusion size and observed homogenization temperature is predicted by the Young-Laplace equation that relates the stability of a vapor bubble to the surface tension and pressure differential across the vapor-liquid interface. Vapor bubbles instantaneously collapse when the vapor bubble radius becomes less than the critical radius. During heating the critical radius of the vapor bubble is achieved at a lower temperature in the smaller inclusions. The critical vapor bubble radius varies from about 0.01 to ∼3 μm for low-temperature aqueous fluid inclusions. The Gibbs surface free energy associated with the growth and collapse of vapor bubbles in pure H 2 O inclusions with critical radii ranging from 0.01 to 1 μm ranges from about 10 -18 to 10 -13 J/m 2 and increases with both increasing critical vapor bubble radius and homogenization temperature. As a result of surface tension effects, the highest measured homogenization temperature, obtained from the largest inclusion in the group of coeval inclusions, most closely approximate the homogenization temperature that would be expected based on the inclusion density. For inclusions ranging from a few to several tens of micrometers in diameter and having densities such that the homogenization temperatures are approximately <230 °C, homogenization temperatures may vary by about 1-3 °C, depending on the inclusion size.
Transfer of training of a new linguistic contrast in voicing.

The present study examined the plasticity of the human perceptual system by means of laboratory training procedures designed to modify the perception of the voicing dimension in synthetic speech stimuli. Although the results of earlier laboratory training studies have been ambiguous, recently Pisoni, Aslin, Perey, and Hennessy (1982) have succeeded in altering the perception of labial stop consonants from a two-way contrast in voicing to a three-way contrast. The present study extended these initial results by demonstrating that experience gained from discrimination training on one place of articulation (e.g., labial) can be transferred to another place of articulation (e.g., alveolar) without any additional training on the specific test stimuli. Quantitative analyses of the identification functions showed that the new perceptual categories were stable and displayed well-defined labeling boundaries between categories. Taken together with the earlier findings, these results imply a greater degree of plasticity in the adult speech processing system than has generally been acknowledged in past studies.
On descendingly incomplete ultrafilters

Throughout this paper, the letters α, β, κ, λ will denote infinite cardinals. Other Greek letters range over the ordinals.The following definition is taken from Chang [1].
From code comprehension model to tool capabilities

A major portion of the maintenance effort is spent trying to understand existing software. If we can learn more about how programmers understand code successfully, we can build better tools to support this understanding process. An effective maintenance tool must help in code comprehension and support the code understanding process. We present an integrated comprehension model and a technique for developing detailed tool capability requirements. >
An Experimental Analysis of the Relation between Assigned Grades and Instructor Evaluations.

The perceived relation between assigned student grades and instructor evaluations of teaching has been the subject of much debate, though few laboratory studies have been conducted with adequate co...
Cardiac myogenesis: overexpression of XCsx2 or XMEF2A in whole Xenopus embryos induces the precocious expression of XMHCα gene

XCsx2, a homeobox-containing gene, is expressed in cardiac muscle during Xenopus development, while the XMEF2A gene is expressed in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Microinjection of either XCsx2 or XMEF2A mRNA into single blastomeres of two-cell stage Xenopus embryos induced precocious expression of the myosin heavy-chain alpha (XMHCα) gene at the neural plate stage (stage 14). Co-injection of both XCsx2 and XMEF2A mRNAs induced still earlier expression at the late gastrula stage (stage 12). These changes were evident in whole embryos but not in animal pole explants from injected embryos. Overexpression of XCsx2 or XMEF2A also caused an enlarged heart and abnormalities of notochord and tail in Xenopus embryos. These findings suggest that both XCsx2 and XMEF2A transcription factors have an important role in regulating the expression of the XMHCα gene and the morphogenesis of heart tissue in Xenopus development.
Hierarchical Online Problem Classification for IT Support Services

The overwhelming amount of various monitoring and log data generated in multitier IT systems makes problem determination one of the most expensive and labor-intensive tasks in IT Services arena. Particularly the initial step of problem classification is complicated by error propagation making secondary problems surfacing on multiple dependent resources. In this paper, we propose to automate the process of problem classification by leveraging machine learning. The main focus is to categorize the problem a user experiences by recognizing the real root cause specificity leveraging available training data such as monitoring and logs across the systems. We transform the structure of the problem into a hierarchy using an existing taxonomy. We then propose an efficient hierarchical incremental learning algorithm which is capable of adjusting its internal local classifier parameters in realtime. Comparing to the traditional batch learning algorithms, this online solution decreases the computational complexity of the training process by learning from new instances on an incremental fashion. Our approach significantly reduces the memory required to store the training instances. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach by learning hierarchical problem patterns for several issues occurring in distributed web applications. Experimental results show that our approach substantially outperforms previous methods.
Spinal Instrumentation in Patients with Primary Spinal Infections Does Not Lead to Greater Recurrent Infection Rates: An Analysis of 118 Cases

Objective We sought to compare outcomes between patients undergoing decompression only versus decompression and instrumented fusion for primary spinal infections. Methods Records of patients with a diagnosis of primary spinal infection who underwent surgical management at our institution during a 10-year period were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on treatment received (decompression alone vs. decompression and instrumentation). Our primary end points were complication rates, need for reoperation, recurrent infections, and resolution of symptom(s) at last follow-up. Results A total of 118 patients underwent surgical management for primary spinal infections. Thirty-five patients presented with a cervical spine infection, 40 with a thoracic infection, and 43 with a lumbosacral infection. The mean age at presentation was 57.1 ± 13.5 years. Thirty-six patients underwent only decompression, and 82 underwent decompression and instrumented fusion. In the decompression-only group, 8.33% of patients had continued osteomyelitis/discitis compared with 9.76% of patients in the instrumented group ( P = 0.807). Importantly, the reoperation rate was also similar between the decompression-only group (19.44%) and the instrumented group (17.07%; P = 0.756). Similarly, subanalyses based on infection location revealed no significant increase in rates of recurrent infection or reoperation in patients who underwent instrumentation. Conclusion Patients who received just decompression for spinal infection had similar reoperation and continued infection rates as patients who additionally underwent instrumentation, irrespective of infection location within the spine. These findings suggest that instrumentation of the infected spine may be a safe treatment modality and should be considered when the spinal integrity is compromised.
Subsidence due to pumping from layered soil—a perturbation theory

Persistent pumping of groundwater is known to cause subsidence of the ground surface. When the soil is composed of alternating layers of sand and clay, subsidence is, in general, a consequence of pressure change in and deformation of all layers. Even with various simplifications, the mathematical task for the mechanics of a layered soil is complex and, in the past, many idealizations have been introduced in the literature. Among the existing approximations, a well-known approximation by Hantush1 for well-hydraulics in leaky aquifers is intuitively attractive. He used the fact known to be strictly true for simple flows in a soil system with horizontal layers, that the flow must be mainly horizontal in a relatively porous aquifer and mainly vertical in a highly impervious aquitard, and invoked the same approximation for transient flows induced by well-pumping. In this paper we shall apply a perturbation analysis to give a mathematical confirmation of the hydrological approximation and to show its degree of accuracy. In particular, we treat a three-layered system, where the middle layer is a relatively soft aquitard, and the well withdraws water from the artesian aquifer at the bottom. The upper aquifer has a phreatic surface. Physically, we examine the often ignored effects of self-weight which is important for thick aquitards. The perturbation theory is worked out for sufficiently weak pumping rates and small soil deformation. Subsidence in the vertical direction due mainly to the deformation of the soft aquitard is studied. Results show that the common assumption of constant total stress with respect to depth is valid only when the storage coefficient is very small.
Student Discipline Problems and the Transition From Elementary to Middle School

The transition from elementary to middle school is difficult for many students. However, the association between such transitions and changes in the types and frequencies of student discipline problems has not been adequately investigated. Using data from two school years, infractions and dispositions for all 5th-grade students (N = 4,196) from one school district are followed from the final year of elementary school through the first year of middle school. Results show a substantial increase in reported student discipline problems and the use of in-school suspension in middle school. This increase is most dramatic for subjectively defined infractions like "class disturbance" and "failure to follow rules" compared to more concrete, objective infractions. Implications for educators and school administrators are discussed.
Increased uptake of α-hydroxy aldehyde-modified low density lipoprotein by macrophage scavenger receptors

Reactive aldehydes can be formed during the ox- idation of lipids, glucose, and amino acids and during the nonenzymatic glycation of proteins. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) modified with malondialdehyde are taken up by scav- enger receptors on macrophages. In the current studies we determined whether a -hydroxy aldehydes also modify LDL to a form recognized by macrophage scavenger receptors. LDL modified by incubation with glycolaldehyde, glyceral- dehyde, erythrose, arabinose, or glucose ( a -hydroxy alde- hydes that possess two, three, four, five, and six carbon at- oms, respectively) exhibited decreased free amino groups and increased mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis. The lower the molecular weight of the aldehyde used for LDL modification, the more rapid and extensive was the derivati- zation of free amino groups. Approximately 50-75% of free lysine groups in LDL were modified after incubation with glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, or erythrose for 24-48 h. Less extensive reductions in free amino groups were ob- served when LDL was incubated with arabinose or glucose, even at high concentration for up to 5 days. LDL modified with glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde labeled with 125 I was degraded more extensively by human monocyte-derived macrophages than was 125 I-labeled native LDL. Conversely, LDL modified with 125 I-labeled erythrose, arabinose, or glu- cose was degraded less rapidly than 125 I-labeled native LDL. Competition for the degradation of LDL modified with 125 I- labeled glyceraldehyde was nearly complete with acetyl-, gly- colaldehyde-, and glyceraldehyde-modified LDL, fucoidin, and advanced glycation end product-modified bovine serum albumin, and absent with unlabeled native LDL. These results suggest that short-chain a -hydroxy aldehydes react with amino groups on LDL to yield moieties that are impor- tant determinants of recognition by macrophage scavenger receptors. —Kawamura, M., J. W. Heinecke, and A. Chait. Increased uptake of a -hydroxy aldehyde-modified low den- sity lipoprotein by macrophage scavenger receptors. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 1054-1059.
The impact of experienced emotion on evaluative judgments: the effects of age and emotion regulation style.

Adults aged from 24 to 79 were exposed to four commercial advertisements within the context of television programs designed to induce either a positive or negative mood. Although age was associated with memory for the content of the commercials, it did not moderate the impact of mood on evaluations of the advertized products. Instead, participants who reported engaging in expressive suppression as a common emotion regulation strategy were more likely to make evaluations that were biased by moods than those individuals who reported low use of this strategy. The results suggest that the maintenance of emotion regulation ability in later adulthood may help people control certain affective influences on thought.
Effective Teaching: Facilitative vs. Directive Style

Teachers emphasizing the role of facilitator-person produce students with greater interest in psychology.
Technique for reoperative median sternotomy in the presence of a patent left internal mammary artery graft.

Damage to a patent left internal mammary artery (MA) graft during reoperation can be catastrophic. An organized approach to reenter the mediastinum in the presence of a functioning left IMA graft is described. The sternum is opened using an oscillating saw to carefully divide the anterior and posterior tables. The right side is then dissected out first, exposing the aorta and right atrium. After placing pursestring sutures for cannulation, attention is turned to the left side. An IMA retractor is used to elevate the left edge of the sternum in incremental stages. The dissection is begun at the inferior end of the sternum, exposing the distal anastomosis first and then dissecting superiorly anterior to the IMA. A Doppler flow detector probe is used to assist in locating the artery in the adhesions. (J Card Surg 1994;9:123–127)
An improved decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check codes over the binary erasure channel

This paper presents a new improved decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC). The proposed algorithm combines the fact that a considerable fraction of unsatisfied check nodes are of degree two with the concept of guessing bits to perform simple graph-theoretic manipulations on the Tanner graph. The proposed decoding algorithm has a complexity similar to present improved decoding algorithms [H. Pishro-Nik et al., 2004]. Simulations of codes of very short lengths over BEC reveal the superiority of our algorithm over present improved decoding algorithms for a wide range of bit error rates.