cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerobic cometabolism of 1,4-dioxane by isobutane-utilizing microorganisms including Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain 21198 in aquifer microcosms: Experimental and modeling study.

Abstract Aerobic cometabolism of the emerging contaminant 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D) by isobutane-utilizing microorganisms was assessed in pure culture and aquifer microcosm studies. The bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain ATCC 21198 transformed low, environmentally-relevant concentrations of 1,4-D when grown on isobutane. Microcosms were constructed with aquifer solids from Fort Carson, Colorado, a site contaminated with 1,4-D and trichloroethene (TCE). Multiple additions of isobutane and 1,4-D over 300 days were transformed in microcosms biostimulated with isobutane and microcosms bioaugmented with strain 21198. Results showed that, over time and with sufficient inorganic nutrients, biostimulation of native microorganisms with isobutane was just as effective as bioaugmentation with strain 21198 to achieve 1,4-D transformation in the microcosms. The presence of TCE at 0.2 mg/L did not inhibit 1,4-D transformation, though TCE itself was not readily transformed. An iterative process was used to determine kinetic parameter values to fit Michaelis-Menten/Monod models to experimental data for simultaneous isobutane utilization, biomass growth, and cometabolic transformation of 1,4-D. Parameter optimization resulted in good model fit to the data over multiple transformations of isobutane and 1,4-D in both short- and long-term experiments. Results suggest low concentrations of 1,4-D studied in the microcosms were cometabolically transformed according to a pseudo first-order rate of 0.37 L/mg TSS/day of 21198. Isobutane consumption was modeled with a maximum rate of 2.58 mg/mg TSS/day and a half saturation constant of 0.09 mg/L. 1,4-D transformation was competitively inhibited by the presence of isobutane and transformation rates were significantly reduced when inorganic nutrients were limiting. Simulations of the repeated additions found a first-order microbial endogenous decay coefficient of 0.03 day−1 fit the alternating periods of active transformation and stagnation between isobutane and 1,4-D additions over approximately one year. The model fitting process highlighted the importance of determining kinetic parameters from data representing low concentrations typically found in the environment.
Homeostatic regulation of STING protein at the resting state by stabilizer TOLLIP

STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is an important innate immune protein, but its homeostatic regulation at the resting state is unknown. Here, we identified TOLLIP as a stabilizer of STING through direct interaction to prevent its degradation. Tollip deficiency results in reduced STING protein in nonhematopoietic cells and tissues, and renders STING protein unstable in immune cells, leading to severely dampened STING signaling capacity. The competing degradation mechanism of resting-state STING requires IRE1α and lysosomes. TOLLIP mediates clearance of Huntington's disease-linked polyQ protein aggregates. Ectopically expressed polyQ proteins in vitro or endogenous polyQ proteins in Huntington's disease mouse striatum sequester TOLLIP away from STING, leading to reduced STING protein and dampened immune signaling. Tollip-/- also ameliorates STING-mediated autoimmune disease in Trex1-/- mice. Together, our findings reveal that resting-state STING protein level is strictly regulated by a constant tug-of-war between 'stabilizer' TOLLIP and 'degrader' IRE1α-lysosome that together maintain tissue immune homeostasis.
Feasibility and initial experience with continuous nerve blocks by emergency physicians

Abstract Introduction Peripheral nerve blocks and regional anesthesia are routinely used to alleviate pain in the emergency department. Our objective is to report on the feasibility and initial experience of emergency physicians initiating and managing continuous nerve blocks for trauma patients. Methods This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of a convenience sample of patients 18 years or older presenting with either rib or hip fractures between August 15, 2016 and January 15, 2019. Demographic and clinical data was abstracted using a structured data collection form. Data collected included basic demographics, mechanism of injury, type of regional anesthesia, admission location, respiratory complications, pre- and post-procedure opioid use, efficacy of anesthesia and duration of continuous nerve blockade. All analyses were descriptive in nature, including means, median, and range when appropriate. Results Forty-one patients presented during the study period with rib or hip fractures and received a nerve block catheter and a continuous infusion pump. The mean age of patients was 65.9 years and 26 (63.4%) patients were male. The mean duration of continuous nerve blockade was 3.4 days (range 1–9 days). Hourly opioid use was reduced by 58%. The most common complication was accidental dislodgement of the catheter;, no patient developed a pneumothorax, hemothorax, catheter related infection, or hematoma. Conclusions It is feasible and effective for emergency physicians to initiate and manage continuous nerve blockade for acute hip and rib fractures. Continuous nerve blockade may allow trauma patients to significantly decrease their use of opioids.
Improving Input-Output Linearizing Controllers for Bipedal Robots via Reinforcement Learning

The main drawbacks of input-output linearizing controllers are the need for precise dynamics models and not being able to account for input constraints. Model uncertainty is common in almost every robotic application and input saturation is present in every real world system. In this paper, we address both challenges for the specific case of bipedal robot control by the use of reinforcement learning techniques. Taking the structure of a standard input-output linearizing controller, we use an additive learned term that compensates for model uncertainty. Moreover, by adding constraints to the learning problem we manage to boost the performance of the final controller when input limits are present. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed framework for different levels of uncertainty on the five-link planar walking robot RABBIT.
Randomized controlled trial of a quadratus lumborum block with liposomal bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Perioperative pain management is an important consideration in early recovery and patient satisfaction following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block has been described to reduce pain and opioid usage following several abdominal surgeries. In this prospective single-blind randomized controlled trial, we compared 52 patients who adhered to our institutional donor nephrectomy Early Recovery After Surgery pathway, which includes a laparoscopic-guided transversus abdominus plane block, to 40 patients who additionally received a transmuscular quadratus lumborum block with liposomal bupivacaine. Compared to control patients, those who received the block spent longer in the operating room prior to the surgical start (65.4 vs. 51.6 min, P < .001). Both groups had similar total hospital length of stay (33.3 h vs. 34.4 h, P = .61). Pain scores from postoperative days 0-30, number of patients requiring opioids, postoperative nausea, and pain management satisfaction were similar between both groups. Patients who received the block consumed less opioid on postoperative day 1 compared to controls (P = .006). No complications were attributable to the block. The quadratus lumborum block provides a safe pain management adjunct for some patients, and may reduce opioid use in the early postoperative period when combined with our standard institutional protocol for kidney donors.
Love between women in 1928: why progressivism is not always progress.

Because lesbianism, as described by sexologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was treated overtly in a number of novels of the 1920's, while earlier literature seemed seldom to recognize its existence, it appeared that what had been a taboo subject suddenly “came out of the closet” in a liberal and sophisticated era. In fact, fiction of earlier eras often dealt with love between women in the most romantic and positive terms. The fiction of the 1920s was not more frank about affection between women than its predecessors, but it differed form earlier work by depicting women who loved other women as congenitally abnormal, neurotic, peculiar, or outcast. These changes in the literary view of love between women came about because the spread of sexology “wisdom” created a hitherto seldom acknowledged category of abnormality. Women's increasing economic independence opened the possibility of permanence in such relationships, posing an ostensible threat to heterosexuality. And the new interest in com...
Doebner-von Miller reaction

Doebner–von Miller reaction is a variant of the Skraup quinoline synthesis. Therefore, the mechanism for the Skraup reaction is also operative for the Doebner–von Miller reaction
Location Is Everything: The Use and Marketing of Reference E-Mail.

Reference e-mail continues to be a vital reference service. This article studies the trends in reference e-mail use over an eight year period. Usage statistics are analyzed particularly in light of the marketing of the service via changes in the location of the service on the official university libraries' Web pages. Included are recommendations for others providing reference e-mail service or any service for which one would wish to see usage and marketing trends.
Approaching the genomics of risk-taking behavior.

Individual animals differ in their propensity to engage in dangerous situations, or in their risk-taking behavior. There is a heritable basis to some of this variation, but the environment plays an important role in shaping individuals’ risk-taking propensity as well. This chapter describes some of the challenges in studying the genetic basis of individual differences in risk-taking behavior, arguing new insights will emerge from studies which take a whole-genome approach and which simultaneously consider both genetic and environmental influences on the behavior. The availability of genomic tools for three-spined stickleback, a small fish renowned for its variable behavior, opens up new possibilities for studying the genetic basis of natural, adaptive variation in risk-taking behavior. After introducing the general biology of sticklebacks, the chapter summarizes the existing literature on the genetic and environmental influences on risk-taking behavior, and describes the overall strategy that our group is taking to identify inherited and environmentally responsive genes related to risk-taking behavior in this species. Insights gleaned from such studies will be relevant to our understanding of similar behaviors in other organisms, including ourselves.
Electric cataracts. II. Ultrastructural lens changes.

This is the first reported electron-microscopic evaluation of lens changes in electric cataracts. The anterior subcapsular opacity of these cataracts was composed of elongating and proliferating epithelial cells. Each elongating cell was surrounded by its own capsule. The posterior cortex of the lens was diffusely opaque and fibers in this region contained many small dense circular bodies. The anterior lens changes appear to be due to an electrically induced proliferation and abnormal differentiation of epithelial cells while the posterior changes involve faulty formation of lens fibers.
Early predictors of not returning to work in low-income breast cancer survivors: a 5-year longitudinal study

Low-income women may be especially vulnerable to job loss after a breast cancer diagnosis. The identification of early risk factors for not returning to work in the long term could inform interventions to help survivors avoid this outcome. A consecutive sample of low-income, employed, underinsured/uninsured women treated for stage 0–III breast cancer was surveyed 6, 18, 36, and 60 months after diagnosis. Participants were classified according to the survey in which they first reported return to work. If they were not working in every survey they were classified as not returning to work. Correlates of not returning to work were identified. Of 274 participants, 36 % returned to work by 6 months, an additional 21 % by 18, 10 % by 36, and 5 % by 60 months. 27 % never returned to work. Of those not working at 6 months, 43 % never returned. Independent predictors of never returning to work included lowest annual income (<$10,000), Latina ethnicity, high comorbidity burden, and receipt of chemotherapy. Very poor women who stop working during chemotherapy for breast cancer are at risk of not returning to work months and years following treatment. These findings may have clinical and policy implications. Conversely, radiation therapy, axillary node dissection, age, and job type do not appear to be associated with return to work. Clinicians should discuss work-related concerns with patients and facilitate early return to work when desired by the patient. Additional research is needed to develop interventions to optimize return to work.
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase: full-length pig blastocyst cDNA sequence and regulation by selenium status.

Abstract We have isolated and sequenced an apparent full-length cDNA clone for phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (Genbank accession number L12743) from a pig blastocyst cDNA library. The sequence encodes a polypeptide of 170 amino acids, including a TGA-encoded selenocysteine at residue 46, with a calculated Mr of 19,492 Da. Use of this clone in Northern blot analysis of Se-deficient rat liver revealed that phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase mRNA levels were little affected by Se deficiency, whereas classical glutathione peroxidase mRNA levels were decreased by 90% in the same samples. Lastly, liver phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase mRNA levels were not elevated in female rats, in contrast to classical glutathione peroxidase.
Las Vegas does n-queens

This paper presents two Las Vegas algorithms to generate single solutions to the n-queens problem. One algorithm generates and improves on random permutation vectors until it achieves one that is a successful solution, while the other algorithm randomly positions queens within each row in positions not under attack from above.
Blood pressure and sex differences in preference for stimulation and activity in mice genetically selected for blood pressure extremes

Male and female mice that had been genetically selected for blood pressure extremes were tested for both general activity level and preference for stimulation and novelty. Male and female hypertensive mice appeared to be more active than the hypotensive male and female mice, while male hyper- and hypotensive mice exhibited greater preference for stimulation and novelty. The method of testing appeared to separate the components of general arousal from preference for stimulation and is an alternative to other activity measures. Although animals were genetically selected for blood pressure extremes, no genetic hypotheses per se were tested.
Behavioral effects of flunitrazepam: reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects in rhesus monkeys and prevention of withdrawal signs in pentobarbital-dependent rats.

Abstract Flunitrazepam was evaluated in several procedures that have been used extensively to study the behavioral effects and abuse potential of positive GABAA modulators. One group of monkeys (n=3) responded to receive injections of methohexital or saline (i.v.) while other groups (n=2–4/group) discriminated vehicle from either pentobarbital or triazolam. Other monkeys (n=2) received diazepam daily and discriminated flumazenil from vehicle. Finally, the ability of flunitrazepam to prevent the emergence of withdrawal signs in pentobarbital-treated rats was evaluated. Flunitrazepam maintained i.v. self-administration that was, on average, less than that maintained by methohexital and greater than that maintained by saline. In drug discrimination studies, flunitrazepam substituted for pentobarbital and for triazolam and failed to substitute for flumazenil. In rats (n=3–6/group), signs of withdrawal were not evident when flunitrazepam treatment replaced pentobarbital treatment; withdrawal signs emerged when either pentobarbital or flunitrazepam treatment was terminated. Taken together with data from previous studies, these data suggest that the abuse liability of flunitrazepam is comparable to that of other benzodiazepines.
Methods for extracting place semantics from Flickr tags

We describe an approach for extracting semantics for tags, unstructured text-labels assigned to resources on the Web, based on each tag's usage patterns. In particular, we focus on the problem of extracting place semantics for tags that are assigned to photos on Flickr, a popular-photo sharing Web site that supports location (latitude/longitude) metadata for photos. We propose the adaptation of two baseline methods, inspired by well-known burst-analysis techniques, for the task; we also describe two novel methods, TagMaps and scale-structure identification. We evaluate the methods on a subset of Flickr data. We show that our scale-structure identification method outperforms existing techniques and that a hybrid approach generates further improvements (achieving 85p precision at 81p recall). The approach and methods described in this work can be used in other domains such as geo-annotated Web pages, where text terms can be extracted and associated with usage patterns.
An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Values of Materialism

Abstract Given the increasing importance of international business, marketers with an understanding of the values associated with materialism across cultures would operate with a significant competitive advantage. The current study explores the values affiliated with materialism held by 1,009 respondents in four countries: Australia, France, Mexico and the United States. Results of the analysis indicate differences in the internal and external values associated with high and low-materialist between countries. Implications for marketing strategy are suggested.
Adsorption Layer Effects on Surface Waves at the Polyethyleneoxide (PEO) Solution/Air Interface

We have studied the surface waves which are strongly modified by the presence of the PEO adsorption layers by surface light scattering. We use the surface hydrodynamic theories to analyze our power spectra of surface waves at high bulk PEO concentrations. We find that the values of the surface viscoelastic parameters of the PEO adsorption layers from an aqueous solution are much larger than those of PEO monolayers spread at an air/water interface. This is consistent with the results of previous surface tension and ellipsometry measurements.
Natural course of alcohol use disorders from adolescence to young adulthood.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the course of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and determine the extent to which AUD in adolescence is a risk factor for AUD and other psychopathology in young adulthood. Method Nine hundred forty participants from a large community sample in western Oregon were interviewed twice during adolescence (14–18 years of age the first assessment; between 1987 and 1991) and once at age 24 (1993–1999). Between 1995 and 1998, parents were assessed for lifetime AUD. Participants were classified into nonproblematic use (NON), problem drinker (PROB) (symptoms of AUD but no diagnosis), and AUD groups. Results Adolescent AUD significantly predicted AUD, substance use disorder, depression, and elevated levels of antisocial and borderline personality disorder symptoms by age 24. Compared with the NON group, adolescents in the PROB group were at increased risk for AUD, substance use disorder, depression, and antisocial personality disorder symptoms. However, the PROB group had lower rates of future AUD and antisocial personality disorder symptoms than the adolescent AUD group. Gender interactions were nonsignificant. Daily smoking and conduct/oppositional defiant disorders predicted future AUD, when adolescent AUD and other disorders were controlled. Paternal, but not maternal, AUD was associated with greater risk of future AUD. Conclusions For the majority of adolescents, AUD are not benign conditions that resolve over time. Assessment, treatment, and prevention recommendations are discussed.
A multiscale measure for mixing

Abstract We present a multiscale measure for mixing that is based on the concept of weak convergence and averages the “mixedness” of an advected scalar field at various scales. This new measure, referred to as the Mix-Norm, resolves the inability of the L 2 variance of the scalar density field to capture small-scale variations when advected by chaotic maps or flows. In addition, the Mix-Norm succeeds in capturing the efficiency of a mixing protocol in the context of a particular initial scalar field, wherein Lyapunov-exponent based measures fail to do so. We relate the Mix-Norm to the classical ergodic theoretic notion of mixing and present its formulation in terms of the power spectrum of the scalar field. We demonstrate the utility of the Mix-Norm by showing how it measures the efficiency of mixing due to various discrete dynamical systems and to diffusion. In particular, we show that the Mix-Norm can capture known exponential and algebraic mixing properties of certain maps. We also analyze numerically the behaviour of scalar fields evolved by the Standard Map using the Mix-Norm.
How to compare the surface of Io to laboratory samples

Since one does not know the photometric functions of various parts of Io, one cannot convert the observed geometric albedo of the satellite to a parameter more directly measurable in the laboratory. One must therefore convert laboratory reflectances to geometric albedos before quantitative comparisons between Io's surface and a laboratory sample are made. This procedure involves determining the wavelength dependence of the sample's photometric function. For substances such as sulfur, whose reflectance varies strongly with wavelength, it is incorrect to assume that the photometric function, and hence the ratio (laboratory reflectance/geometric albedo) is independent of wavelength. To illustrate this point, measurements of the color dependence of this ratio for sulfur are presented for the specific case in which the measured laboratory reflectance is the sample's normal reflectance. In general, unless the laboratory reflectance is precisely the geometric albedo, a wavelength-dependent correction factor must be determined before the laboratory sample can be compared quantitatively with Io's surface.
Divergent Cultures? When Public Organizations Perform Well in Developing Countries

Abstract Throughout the developing world, there are organizations that perform relatively well, despite dauntingly unfavorable contexts and despite overall poor public sector performance. This article explores evidence from 29 organizations in six countries to suggest that the concept of organizational culture provides a useful hypothesis to explain why some of them performed relatively well while others did not. Organizational mystique, management style, and performance expectations contributed to positive organizational cultures in better performing organizations while some autonomy in personnel management provided a facilitating context for these characteristics to be developed.
Surgical triumvirate of Theodor Kocher, Harvey Cushing, and William Halsted

It is difficult to evaluate precisely the effects of one individual on an entire discipline such as surgery. Indeed, it is impossible to do so when such a discipline spans so vast a country as the United States of America. Nevertheless, as a mountain peak can be seen from afar, so may one perceive the influence of man of Kocher's stature. His connection with Halsted and especially Cushing provided a direct link between the grandeur of Kocher's achievements and their lineal translation to a generation of evolving American surgeons. Both individuals, by personal example and professional endeavor, transmitted the precepts of Kocher to the nascent surgical fellowship of America. Thus the icon of Swiss surgery, recognized by a Nobel laureate and esteemed by his European colleagues, became a profound influence on American surgery. The triumvirate of Kocher, Cushing, and Halsted may thus be acknowledged as of vital consequence to the establishment of American surgery during the twentieth century.
Pressure dependence of superconductivity in the pseudo-one-dimensional compound Tl2Mo6Se6

Abstract Measurements of the temperature and pressure dependences of the resistivity of the pseudo-one-dimensional ternary compound Tl2Mo6Se6 are presented. We find that the conductivity parallel to the highly conducting c-axis is enhanced by pressure and the superconducting transition temperature Tc is suppressed by pressure at a rate ϑT c ϑP =−7.6×10 −5 kbar−1. These results are discussed in relation to the current models of transport in one-dimensional conductors.
Virtual coupling of pyran protons in the 1H NMR spectra of C- and N-glucoronides: Dependence on substitution and solvent

We have observed that certain C-and N-glucuronides prepared as intermediates for breast cancer preventives demonstrate non-first order 1H NMR spectra that are not the result of impurities or degradation but are instead due to virtual coupling in the pyran proton network. This virtual coupling shows the expected dependence on solvent and field strength and, more importantly, on the nature of the C-1 substitution. Although the hybridization of the atom bonded to C-1 may play a role, it appears that steric and/or electronic factors, which have the effect of increasing Δv/J for H-3 and H-4, are critical for eliminating the spectral complexity. These observations, which appear to be fairly general, suggest that this phenomenon should be considered when addressing the purity of pharmaceutical agents containing these types of structural units.
Intestinal Epithelial Autophagy Is Essential for Host Defense against Invasive Bacteria

The mammalian intestine is colonized with a diverse community of bacteria that perform many beneficial functions but can threaten host health upon tissue invasion. Epithelial cell-intrinsic innate immune responses are essential to limit the invasion of both commensal and pathogenic bacteria and maintain beneficial host-bacterial relationships; however, little is known about the role of various cellular processes, notably autophagy, in controlling bacterial interactions with the intestinal epithelium in vivo. We demonstrate that intestinal epithelial cell autophagy protects against tissue invasion by both opportunistically invasive commensals and the invasive intestinal pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. Autophagy is activated following bacterial invasion of epithelial cells through a process requiring epithelial cell-intrinsic signaling via the innate immune adaptor protein MyD88. Additionally, mice deficient in intestinal epithelial cell autophagy exhibit increased dissemination of invasive bacteria to extraintestinal sites. Thus, autophagy is an important epithelial cell-autonomous mechanism of antibacterial defense that protects against dissemination of intestinal bacteria.
Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of a 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Degradation Pathway in Ralstonia eutropha JMP134

Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 can grow on several chlorinated aromatic pollutants, including 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP). Although a 2,4,6-TCP degradation pathway in JMP134 has been proposed, the enzymes and genes responsible for 2,4,6-TCP degradation have not been characterized. In this study, we found that 2,4,6-TCP degradation by JMP134 was inducible by 2,4,6-TCP and subject to catabolic repression by glutamate. We detected 2,4,6-TCP-degrading activities in JMP134 cell extracts. Our partial purification and initial characterization of the enzyme indicated that a reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)-utilizing monooxygenase converted 2,4,6-TCP to 6-chlorohydroxyquinol (6-CHQ). The finding directed us to PCR amplify a 3.2-kb fragment containing a gene cluster (tcpABC) from JMP134 by using primers designed from conserved regions of FADH2-utilizing monooxygenases and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenases. Sequence analysis indicated that tcpA, tcpB, and tcpC encoded an FADH2-utilizing monooxygenase, a probable flavin reductase, and a 6-CHQ 1,2-dioxygenase, respectively. The three genes were individually inactivated in JMP134. The tcpA mutant failed to degrade 2,4,6-TCP, while both tcpB and tcpC mutants degraded 2,4,6-TCP to an oxidized product of 6-CHQ. Insertional inactivation of tcpB may have led to a polar effect on downstream tcpC, and this probably resulted in the accumulation of the oxidized form of 6-CHQ. For further characterization, TcpA was produced, purified, and shown to transform 2,4,6-TCP to 6-CHQ when FADH2 was supplied by an Escherichia coli flavin reductase. TcpC produced in E. coli oxidized 6-CHQ to 2-chloromaleylacetate. Thus, our data suggest that JMP134 transforms 2,4,6-TCP to 2-chloromaleylacetate by TcpA and TcpC. Sequence analysis suggests that tcpB may function as an FAD reductase, but experimental data did not support this hypothesis. The function of TcpB remains unknown.
Adjustment of speed in repeated shifts of a negative reinforcer

Four rats were trained to press a lever to escape from high-intensity (.5 mA) and low-intensity (.25-mA) electric shock, and then the intensity of the shock was alternated in blocks of 30 trials within sessions. The animals escaped more rapidly from the high-intensity shock than from the low-intensity shock. Performance adjustments following an increase in shock intensity were rapid, while performance adjustments following an intensity decrease were more gradual. The asymptotic performance at constant shock intensity and the asymmetrical adjustment speeds following a shift in intensity were interpreted to be a result of a conflict between effort and reinforcement.
Gender differences in the relationships between mental health symptoms, impairment, and treatment-related behaviors among college students

Abstract This study examined gender differences in factors associated with mental health treatment-related behaviors to gather information on why some individuals are more likely to seek treatment than others. Responses from college students who participated in an online survey indicated that males and females respond differently to self-reported mental health symptom measures. Females indicated greater ranges of symptoms that were not necessarily indicative of a clinically meaningful mental health problem. Clinicians using patient-reported symptom measures should consider gender differences in responses to avoid over or under diagnosing disorders, and use additional diagnostic and evaluative criteria in conjunction with patient-reported symptom measures.
Participation, Power and Racial Representation: Negotiating Nature-Based and Heritage Tourism Development in the Rural South

Nature-based and heritage tourism development provides a potentially valuable tool in the distribution of benefits to rural counties in the southeastern United States. However, tourism planners often fail in their efforts to incorporate culturally diverse populations in planning processes. This study examines African Americans' role in nature-based and heritage tourism planning in Hamilton County, Florida. While public officials have solicited community involvement, African Americans, who comprise over 40% of the county's population, continue to be underrepresented in public planning initiatives. This study uses qualitative ethnographic methods to account for African American residents' opinions regarding participation in county decision making and their role in the emerging nature-based and heritage tourism industry. It highlights issues that can impede efforts at cross-cultural collaboration and points to the need for addressing historic power relations in approaching future collaborative strategies.
The Cdc42p GTPase and Its Regulators Nrf1p and Scd1p Are Involved in Endocytic Trafficking in the Fission YeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe

Nrf1p was first identified in a screen for negative regulators of the Cdc42p GTPase. Overexpression of Nrf1p resulted in dose-dependent lethality, with cells exhibiting an ellipsoidal morphology and abnormal vacuolar phenotypes including an increase in vacuolar fusion. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Cdc42p and GFP-Nrf1p colocalized to vacuolar membranes and GFP-Nrf1p vacuolar localization depended on Scd1p, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe homolog of the Cdc24p guanine nucleotide exchange factor. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was conducted on Nrf1p to determine its functional domains. Mutations in the three putative transmembrane domains resulted in mislocalization of GFP-Nrf1p and an inability to induce lethality, suggesting a loss of function. Mutations in the second extramembranous loop of Nrf1p also resulted in a loss of function and altered the ability of GFP-Nrf1p to localize to vacuolar membranes. Analysis of Deltanrf1 and Deltascd1 mutants revealed defects in endocytosis. In addition, overexpression of constitutively active Cdc42(G12V)p resulted in an increase in endocytosis and an ability to rescue the endocytic defects in Deltanrf1 and Deltascd1 cells. These data are consistent with Nrf1p and Scd1p being necessary for efficient endocytosis, possibly through the regulation of Cdc42p.
Observation of a spin-orbit-induced forbidden x-ray transition in lithiumlike magnesium

High-resolution spectra of delayed x rays emitted by fast foil-excited magnesium ions are found to contain a feature at 1321.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.74 eV. That energy is in good agreement with previously measured photon energies for the spin-forbidden radiative transitions $(1s2{p}^{2})^{4}P^{e}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(1{s}^{2}2p)^{2}P^{o}$ and $(1s2s2p)^{4}P^{o}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(1{s}^{2}2s)^{2}S^{e}$ in the three-electron ion. Time-of-flight decay curves taken at 25- and 50-MeV ion energies yield a 170\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13 ps lifetime, in good agreement with a recently published theoretical value of 169 ps for the $(1s2{p}^{2})^{4}P_{\frac{1}{2}}^{e}$ state. The authors argue that, for the conditions of this experiment, the $4{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}^{e}$ state is produced primarily by a two-step collision process: $2s\ensuremath{-}2p$ outer-shell excitation followed by $1s\ensuremath{-}2p$ inner-shell excitation.
Evidence for Low-Temperature Oxygen Migration from Ceria to Rh

Abstract We have examined the structure and adsorption properties Rh deposited on amorphous ceria films in ultrahigh vacuum. Following adsorption of CO on Rh/ceria, a significant fraction of the CO reacts to CO 2 during temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), even for relatively large Rh particles. The extra oxygen is shown to come from the ceria, since the near-surface region can be depleted by multiple adsorption-desorption cycles and since additional oxygen can be brought out from the bulk ceria by high-temperature annealing. The adsorption of NO on Rh/ceria is also affected in ways that suggest that the oxygen is migrating to the surface of the Rh near room temperature. These results have important implications on the catalytic properties of Rh/ceria catalysts and help to explain the high activity of these catalysts for the water-gas-shift reaction.
Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal interactions in the activation of back muscle EMG in the rat.

The effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and medullary reticular formation (RF) on electromyographic activity in axial muscles medial longissimus (ML) and lateral longissimus (LL) in the rat were studied. Long trains (150–500 ms) at 200–330 Hz and 20–100 μA were sufficient to activate ML and LL at latencies of 20–100 ms from the beginning of the train. Results of stimulation at 200–330 Hz to RF or LVN showed that muscle units were activated at a fixed latency from any effective pulse in the stimulus train. Using high frequency (1 kHz) trains of 3–6 pulses to LVN, EMG activity was detected at minimum latencies of 3.5–6 ms. When conduction times from the medulla to the spinal cord, and the spinal cord to the muscle are subtracted, this latency range is consistent with monosynaptic activation. In many cases, muscle units were recruited in order of size, with both RF and LVN stimulation. Combined stimulation of LVN and RF sites in n. gigantocellularis led to EMG activity in ML and LL at currents which were insufficient to evoke activity when presented singly. When stimulation of one site (300–400 ms train) was just sufficient to evoke a response, a shorter, overlapping train (100–150 ms) to the other site led to a higher rate of muscle activity that continued through the end of the long train, even after the short train had ended. In all cases, the effect of RF facilitating LVN was similar to the effect of LVN facilitating RF. The evidence for convergence between these two systems in the medulla and the spinal cord is discussed.
The Re-Emergence of Aerosol Gene Delivery: A Viable Approach to Lung Cancer Therapy

The long-term survival of lung cancer patients treated with conventional therapies (surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy) remains poor and has changed little in decades. The need for novel approaches remains high and gene therapy holds promise in this area. A number of genes have been shown in vitro, in animal studies and most recently, in human clinical trials, to have antitumor actions. However, a number of problems still exist and success in human patients to date has been marginal. Among the numerous considerations are the efficiency of delivery of the gene to the tumor or, if an indirect effect is the aim, possibly nontumor tissues, the efficiency and persistence of expression of the therapeutic gene, the specificity of the gene action against the tumor, potential toxic or pathogenic consequences of either the genes or the delivery vectors used, convenience of the therapy and how likely the therapy will compliment or complicate other conventional anticancer therapies. After the cloning of the cystic fibrosis gene, there was great interest in the noninvasive delivery of genes directly to the pulmonary surfaces by aerosol. Clearly, this approach could have application to some pulmonary cancers as well and most early efforts focused mainly on the use of nonviral vectors, primarily cationic lipids. Unfortunately, nebulization shear forces and inefficient pulmonary uptake and expression of plasmid DNA-cationic lipid formulations have generally resulted in a lack of therapeutic effect, so much of this work has diminished in recent years. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based formulations have proven stable during nebulization and result in nearly 100% efficient transfection throughout the airways and lung parenchyma. Therapeutic responses have been obtained in several animal lung tumor models when PEI-based formulations of p53 and other antitumor genes were delivered by aerosol. In addition, this mode of delivery seems to be associated with low toxicity and results in little or none of the immunostimulatory response typically associated with the delivery of bacterially produced plasmid DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs, which has presented a challenge to repeated gene therapy via other modes of delivery. Other potential applications of PEI aerosol gene delivery include the treatment of asthma, lung alveolitis and fibrosis and a variety of monogeneic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. In addition, a wide range of conditions treatable via genetic immunization could benefit from this approach to gene delivery as well.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION : V. PROTEOSE INTOXICATION.

A definite intoxication develops as a result of a closed intestinal loop and toxic material accumulates in the closed loops. Much evidence has been submitted to show that this loop poison causes the intoxication observed after producing a closed intestinal loop. Sufficient evidence has been presented to prove that the essential poison is present in these closed intestinal loops, and usually in concentrated form. Chemical study of the contents of closed intestinal loops shows that a single substance or group of substances possesses toxic properties. This resists autolysis and pancreatic and ereptic digestion. It is thrown out of solution by five volumes of alcohol or by half saturation with ammonium sulphate. It is readily soluble in water and is not injured by boiling. It is not removed by dialysis. The method of isolation excludes practically all substances except primary proteoses. The characteristic resistance to digestive enzymes suggests a heteroproteose. Proteose intoxication in dogs gives a picture identical with that described after poisoning with intestinal loop fluid: early salivation and vomiting, followed by diarrhea and prostration, fall in temperature and blood pressure, and finally death in collapse. Autopsy shows essentially a splanchnic paralysis and remarkable engorgement of liver and spleen, but especially of the mucosa of the duodenum and small intestine. The blood shows great concentration due to loss of fluid and may remain incoagulable because of an excess production of antithrombin. Proteoses escaping from the blood are excreted in the urine. This toxic proteose concerned in intestinal obstruction has not yet been isolated in the urine, but may be excreted by the kidneys. This probably explains the clinical improvement and lessened intoxication noted after transfusion. Experimental evidence points to a primary proteose as the essential poison concerned in the intoxication of closed intestinal loops and intestinal obstruction.
Targeted amplification of alternatively spliced transcripts of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chain.

Abstract The RPMI1788 cell line was found to produce soluble form of HLA class I molecules (sHLA) constitutively, due at least in part to an alternative splicing mechanism in which exon 5 of HLA class I heavy chain transcripts is deleted. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of cytoplasmic RNA of RPMI1788 cells using a pair of primers (A,B) complementary to the conserved sequences of HLA class I exon 4 and 6 yielded almost exclusively the full-length class I heavy chain cDNA. In order to amplify the alternatively spliced transcripts, primer C corresponding to the 5′ boundary conserved region of exon 6 juxtaposed with three conserved nucleotides in 3′ boundary region of exon 4 was synthesized. Using the primers A and C the spliced transcripts of RPMI1788 cells can be selectively or preferentially amplified by RT-PCR with three different DNA polymerases. Cloning and sequencing of the resulting cDNA confirmed that the spliced transcript lacks exon 5. The targeted amplification method may be useful and important for studies with respect to the regulation of class I sHLA expression and the mechanism by which alternative splicing of HLA class I heavy chain mRNA is induced.
Safety of adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with aortic stenosis

Background Aortic stenosis (AS) is a relative contraindication to exercise, but the safety of adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in patients with AS is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety of adenosine perfusion CMR in patients with AS. Methods
Using the Wisconsin-Ohio Reference Evaluation Program (WOREP) to Improve Training and Reference Services.

Abstract This article discusses a service quality study conducted in the Pennsylvania State University Libraries. The Wisconsin–Ohio Reference Evaluation Program survey was selected as a valid, standardized instrument. We present our results, highlighting the impact on reference training. A second survey a year later demonstrated that focusing on behavioral aspects of reference can improve service quality ratings.
Earth satellite telemetry coding system

The different bandwidth requirements for the various inputs from the transducers in the earth satellite led to a system which is a combination of time-sharing and frequency-sharing telemetry. To illustrate, a simple three-channel system is first described. This is then extended to cover the 48-channel system.
Microarray analysis of changes in mRNA levels in the rat retina after experimental elevation of intraocular pressure.

PURPOSE. The goal of this study was to identify altered patterns of retinal mRNA expression after experimental elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat glaucoma model. METHODS. Brown Norway rats (N 16) received unilateral episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline to elevate IOP. IOP was monitored daily by handheld tonometer, and retinas were collected 8 days and 5 weeks after surgery. Comparison of mRNA levels between experimental and fellow retinas was made using gene microarrays (rat U34A rat arrays; Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm selected results from array analysis and to compare with alterations after optic nerve transection. RESULTS. IOP elevation for 5 weeks resulted in reproducible changes in levels of 81 mRNAs. Of these, 74 increased, whereas only 7 decreased. The expression levels of 27 of these same messages were changed after 8 days of IOP elevation. In addition, four other genes demonstrated altered expression after the shorter period of elevated IOP exposure. Approximately half of the mRNAs with altered expression were associated with either neuroinflammatory responses or apoptosis. For 25 of the selected functionally relevant messages altered by array analysis, the alterations were confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The levels of 24 of 25 selected messages were also changed after optic nerve transection. CONCLUSIONS. The activation of glia and the complement system after IOP elevation, which is similar to that described in several neurodegenerative diseases and after optic nerve transection, suggests that this rat glaucoma model could be used to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of therapeutic agents that target these processes. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45: 1247‐1258) DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-1123
The Austenite/Ferrite Front Migration Rate during Heating of IF Steel

The austenitization of interstitial free (IF) steel was investigated through real time imaging of evolving surface relief structures through a hot-stage confocal scanning laser microscope. Nucleation was observed at grain edges but site saturation did not occur. As expected the, the migration rate was found to be controlled by an interface reaction and the rate was, within the experimental errors, nearly indistinguishable between IF steels, pure Fe and previously reported rates for pure Fe with activation energies between 174–180 kJ/mol. There was no apparent effect of solute drag caused by the trace solute elements in the IF steel, but the non-metallic oxide and nitride particles present in the IF steel appeared to impede the front migration and caused it to become jagged in appearance.