cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acarine attractants: Chemoreception, bioassay, chemistry and control

The Acari are of significant economic importance in crop production and human and animal health. Acaricides are essential for the control of these pests, but at the same time, the number of available pesticides is limited, especially for applications in animal production. The Acari consist of two major groups, the mites that demonstrate a wide variety of life strategies, i.e., herbivory, predation and ectoparasitism, and ticks which have evolved obligatory hematophagy. The major sites of chemoreception in the acarines are the chelicerae, palps and tarsi on the forelegs. A unifying name, the “foretarsal sensory organ” (FSO), is proposed for the first time in this review for the sensory site on the forelegs of all acarines. The FSO has multiple sensory functions including olfaction, gustation, and heat detection. Preliminary transcriptomic data in ticks suggest that chemoreception in the FSO is achieved by a different mechanism from insects. There are a variety of laboratory and field bioassay methods that have been developed for the identification and characterization of attractants but minimal techniques for electrophysiology studies. Over the past three to four decades, significant progress has been made in the chemistry and analysis of function for acarine attractants in mites and ticks. In mites, attractants include aggregation, immature female, female sex and alarm pheromones; in ticks, the attraction–aggregation–attachment, assembly and sex pheromones; in mites and ticks host kairomones and plant allomones; and in mites, fungal allomones. There are still large gaps in our knowledge of chemical communication in the acarines compared to insects, especially relative to acarine pheromones, and more so for mites than ticks. However, the use of lure-and-kill and lure-enhanced biocontrol strategies has been investigated for tick and mite control, respectively, with significant environmental advantages which warrant further study.
Student Debates in Policy Courses: Promoting Policy Practice Skills and Knowledge through Active Learning

This article examines the use of student debates to promote substantive knowledge and policy practice skills. The authors present a pedagogical rationale for student debates, describe the incorporation of debates into a child welfare policy course, and report the results of an evaluation. Students demonstrated significantly greater increases in self-reported knowledge of course topics when they participated in debates than when they observed debates or learned through standard forms of instruction. The majority of students reported satisfaction with the debates, reported that participation improved their policy skills and knowledge, and rated the educational value of debates higher than traditional assignments.
Models of Child Language Development

To those individuals interested in the nature of child language development, the major controversy of the twentieth century involved the class of two distinct schools of thought: behaviorism and nativism. The controversy came to the fore in 1957 with the publication of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior and Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures. Emerging from different philosophical and scientific traditions, Skinner and Chomsky presented highly contrasting points of view. Skinner, on the one hand, came from the empiricist tradition. This tradition stressed the idea that theories could only be derived after documented observation of perceptible events. One did not begin an inquiry with a theory to test. Rather, one carefully observed repeated instances of events and from these data formulated a theory. Thus, knowledge was derived from the information that one could perceive and measure. Coming from this milieu, it is no surprise that Skinner (1957) viewed language as simple, one more form of human behavior, albeit verbal, that one could observe, count, and quantify.
Visualizing Large Data Sets: Spatial and Temporal Soil Moisture Regime Dynamics

Despite constituting a small portion of global water, soil moisture controls regional to continental precipitation patterns, soil biogeochemistry, C and nutrient cycling, watershed rainfall–runoff response, and vegetation patterning. While advanced, spatially and temporally distributed soil moisture measurement and prediction techniques are necessary for improving understanding of vadose zone processes, they generate a wealth of data that are difficult to visualize in a manner that conveys salient features of system dynamics. Specifically, visualizations using soil moisture profiles or time series require subjective selection of times or locations, respectively, and inevitably fail to capture the majority of the data. We developed a method for visualizing the complete soil moisture regime using time series data measured or simulated along a one-dimensional spatial domain, which maintains the spatial relationship of measurement locations and conveys a sense of the variability of soil moisture at each location ordinate without the subjectivity of selecting representative soil moisture profiles for plotting. This technique is capable of conveying relevant features of soil moisture dynamics, such as the influence of soil texture, precipitation, plant water use, and groundwater interactions, by using (i) simulated soil moisture data from an ecohydrological model and (ii) field data collected using an advanced, spatially distributed measurement technique. Visualization techniques such as this one will be useful for developing insight into vadose zone processes and validating sophisticated vadose zone models with field data.
Composite wave springs: Theory and design

Abstract Multi-turn wave springs have the potential to replace conventional coil springs in a variety of applications by providing the same force and deflection characteristics and using only half the space. In this paper, we study the mechanical behavior of a fiber-reinforced composite single turn wave spring as a potential to replace conventional steel based wave springs. Wave springs are more compact than coil springs and are adaptable for manufacturing using composites. The use of composites for the wave spring represents significant challenges in not only understanding the elastic response, but also the failure and fatigue characteristics. In this paper, a wave spring is studied using experimental, analytical and numerical approaches. The analytical approach proposed is based on the theory of circular beams loaded normal to the plane of curvature. The models are extended to orthotropic carbon-epoxy wave springs with arbitrary geometric parameters. Parametric numerical models enable a detailed understanding the effects of geometry on the mechanical behavior of the wave springs. Quasi-static and fatigue experiments are performed on the composite wave springs demonstrating excellent repeatability and a robust fatigue behavior.
OpenStax: Microbiology Provides a Cost-Effective and Accessible Resource for Undergraduate Microbiology Students

This is a review of Openstax: Microbiology, a textbook that has been put together by a collaborative effort between Openstax College and the American Society for Microbiology. The text will be offered in a variety of formats including web-based, PDF, and hardcopy, and is set for publication Spring 2016.Review of: OpenStax: Microbiology. Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, and Anh-Hue Tu; (2016). OpenStax and ASM. 1100 pages. (Note: At time of journal printing, this book was not yet published. Certain publication details may change slightly.)
Strong Field Control of Photochemistry Using Tailored Laser Pulses

The control of chemical reactivity is possible using tailored laser pulses in the strong field regime. We show that intense laser pulses induce sufficient transient shifting, lifetime broadening and multiphoton excitation to allow manipulation of complex organic molecules.
The Philippine Centenary: Urgent Feminist Questions

(1998). The Philippine Centenary: Urgent Feminist Questions. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 27-36.
Understanding protein folding using Markov state models.

Understanding how proteins assemble into their final shapes (or “fold”) has been a grand challenge of computational biology for decades. MSM methods have allowed, for the first time, the direct simulation of how proteins fold on the microsecond to 10’s of millisecond timescale, yielding novel insight into the process.
Compulsory licensing of patents

The compulsory license is a concept that has been an accepted part of American intellectual property ever since the US Copyright Act of 1909. It has been recognized internationally via the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works since 1908. US patent law, however, has not paralleled its intellectual property sister copyright; historically compulsory licenses have not been common in the patent field. But change is occurring due to the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS and Doha Declaration which have brought to the international stage what copyright has accepted for more than a century: the compulsory patent license sanctified in international law. Developed countries – that is, patent-rich countries – have an ethical obligation to help those less fortunate. If not, the compulsory license can now be considered as an essential tool readily available in every poor country’s toolkit to help gain access to otherwise inaccessible but desperately needed patented innovation, especially in the area of public health and the accessibility of pharmaceuticals.
Concordancia entre el diagnóstico clínico y bacteriológico en infecciones vaginal y cervicales

OBJETIVE: To determine the degree of concordance between the clinical diagnosis and bacteriological diagnosis in vaginal and cervical infections. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study, 1,252 women were included in 4 family planning clinics in Lima, Peru. Clinical diagnoses 4 gynecologists with laboratory diagnosis of vaginal and cervical fluid was compared. Prevalence of vaginal and cervical infections, clinical validity and consistency with respect to the bacteriological diagnosis was calculated using kappa index. RESULTS: Prevalence of infection by laboratory diagnosis: Bacterial vaginosis 250 (20%), cervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae 143 (11.4%), candidiasis 60 (4.8%) and trichomoniasis 40 (3.2%). 250 clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was confirmed in 91 (36.4%) (k 0.2), 143 cervicitis clinical diagnoses was confirmed in 20 (13.9%) (k: 0.05), 60 candidiasis was confirmed in 26 (43.3%) (k 0.1) and 40 clinical diagnoses trichomoniasis was confirmed in 8 (20%) (k: O, 05). CONCLUSIONS: No correlation between clinical and bacteriological diagnosis of vaginal and cervical infections, resulting in improper handling was found. It is recommended that simple bacteriological examinations, pH and Amines test and take into account associated epidemiologic factors to improve diagnosis.
Implications for Future American Black Women Leaders and Mentors

American Black women are dedicated to their families and careers. They come from families that are supportive of their success and values education. They endure extensive barriers to their success, and continue to achieve in spite of the odds against them.
Harmony Triggering as a Contrastive Property of Segments

In some languages, segments bearing a potential harmonizing feature trigger harmony while other segments bearing that feature do not. This paper examines such a case in Classical Manchu tongue root harmony, in which some advanced tongue root (ATR) vowels idiosyncratically trigger a process of ATR harmony while others do not. I propose that this pattern and others like it are best accounted for by an analysis in which a segment’s status as a trigger of harmony is encoded within its subsegmental representation, and a phonological grammar shapes a language’s inventory to include both harmony-triggering and non-triggering segments. This analysis is implemented within the Gestural Harmony Model, in which the assumed units of phonological representation are dynamically-defined gestures.
Abstract LB-333: Lymphatic endothelium increases antioxidant capacity of triple-negative breast cancer cells and protects from cell death

Involvement of lymphatic system with cancer and the extent of lymph node metastases are directly correlated with the poor patient outcome. However, it is not understood whether the presence of lymphatic metastases is only indicative of an aggressive cancer or if the lymphatic vessel microenvironment directly contributes to the metastatic progression. We demonstrate that soluble factors produced by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) protect triple negative breast cancer cells from cell death in vitro. Co-culture with LECs or LEC-conditioned medium (LEC-CM) protected cancer cells from death induced by the loss of homotypic cell adhesion, nutrient deprivation, or loss of matrix attachment. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) preceded cell death, and were significantly decreased in tumor cells upon treatment with LEC-CM. Furthermore, LEC-CM protected tumor cells from death induced by exogenous oxidative stress (H2O2), while treatment with the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) recapitulated the cytoprotective effect of LEC-CM. RNA-Seq analysis revealed Nrf2 pathway as the most upregulated stress-pathway induced in tumor cells upon loss of adhesion. Nrf2 and other stress signaling pathways were significantly diminished in the presence of LEC-CM. Pharmacological inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the components of thioredoxin and glutathione scavanging systems increased ROS and cell death in LEC-CM indicating that the maintenance of redox homeostasis and cell viability by LEC-CM is dependent on the PPP pathway and in particular thioredoxin system. Furthermore, LEC-CM preserved integrity and function of mitochondria. These results demonstrate that soluble factors produced by lymphatic endothelium promote survival of triple-negative breast cancer cells under stress by regulating tumor cell redox homeostasis and promoting mitochondrial function. Citation Format: Mirela Berisa, Simona Podgrabinska, Jerry Chipuk, Mihaela Skobe. Lymphatic endothelium increases antioxidant capacity of triple-negative breast cancer cells and protects from cell death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-333. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-333
A Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Form Accurately Transfers Supine MRI-Derived Tumor Localization Information to Guide Breast-Conserving Surgery.

Wire-localized excision of nonpalpable breast cancer is imprecise, resulting in positive margins 25–30% of the time. Patients underwent preoperative supine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A radiologist outlined the tumor edges on consecutive images, creating a three-dimensional (3D) view of its location. Using 3D printing, a bra-like plastic form (the Breast Cancer Locator [BCL]) was fabricated, with features that allowed a surgeon to (1) mark the edges of the tumor on the breast surface; (2) inject blue dye into the breast 1 cm from the tumor edges; and (3) place a wire in the tumor at the time of surgery. Nineteen patients with palpable cancers underwent partial mastectomy after placement of surgical cues using patient-specific BCLs. The cues were in place in 2 cm in 24% of injections. Median distance from the tumor center to the BCL-localized wire and to the clip placed at the time of diagnosis was similar (0.49 vs. 0.73 cm) on specimen mammograms. Information on breast cancer location and shape derived from a supine MRI can be transferred safely and accurately to patients in the operating room using a 3D-printed form.
A discrete scatterer technique for FOPEN radar scattering and imaging characterization

An analytical solver is developed for characterizing the coherent scattering responses of tree scenes. Realistic 3-D tree structures are first constructed using an open-source random tree generation engine. The trees are then parsed into discrete, canonical scatterers, such as cylinders and disks, and a multi-ray approach is applied for the calculation of the aggregate response of the scene, with the transmissivity of each ray determined from a cell-based representation of the computational domain. As each scatterer in the outlined framework is assigned a deterministic position, the spatial distribution of the trees and their canopy structures is fully preserved. A cell-by-cell strategy is also proposed for speeding up the calculations of the responses from small components such as secondary stems and leaves, which are expected to far outnumber those scatterers composing the trunks and primary branches. The accuracy of the analytical solver is assessed by comparing simulation results for a forest stand with solutions from a large-scale, full-wave solver. In addition, as an application of interest, the detection and imaging of a tree-obscured walking human target is demonstrated. The principal aim of this study is to develop an accurate and computationally efficient solver to facilitate electromagnetic simulations of realistic forest scenes for airborne foliage-penetration (FOPEN) radar applications.
Choosing for whom to recommend allogeneic transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in CR1: a continued, complicated conversation

> > > The topic today is how we choose which patients with acute myeloid leukemia will benefit from an allogeneic stem cell transplant in their first complete remission (CR1). It’s impressive to us that this is a question that is still being debated. This issue was addressed in a number of
Youth-friendly services and differentiated models of care are needed to improve outcomes for young people living with HIV.

Purpose of reviewOutcomes among young people living with HIV (YPLWH) remain disturbingly poor. We summarize recent research on youth-friendly services (YFS) and adolescent-specific differentiated care models, which may improve outcomes across the HIV care continuum for this vulnerable population. We
Off-axis creep of a ceramic-matrix/continuous-ceramic-fiber composite: Experimental evaluation

The compression creep of a unidirectionally reinforced, SiC continuous fiber/calcium aluminosilicate (anorthite) glass-ceramic matrix composite was evaluated experimentally. Experiments covered the stress (−σ1) and temperature (T) ranges of 20–40 MPa and 1300–1320°C, respectively. The experiments also emphasized characterization of the rheology as a function of the angle of misorientation (ϕ) between the applied compressive load and the direction of reinforcement. For any given σ, T condition, the highest steady-state strain rate occurred for ϕ ∼ 50° (up to an order of magnitude faster than in the transverse, ϕ = 90°, case); overall composite strain in this case included a substantial contribution from displacement across the fiber-matrix interface. The data reveal that the interfacial rheology responsible for the displacement is distinctly temperature sensitive. Evaluation of the composite flow through its comparison to numerical/rheological models that scrutinize the interfacial effect implies that the interface is characterized by a non-Newtonian viscous rheology; this suggests that the interface response involves specifically the flow of the thin amorphous silica interphase that comprises a portion of the fiber-matrix interface in this material. The overall plastic response of the unidirectionally reinforced material is nevertheless rate-limited by plastic flow of the matrix and can be described by the superposition of three modes of strain, the magnitude of each being dependent specifically on ϕ.
Dynamical Structures for k-Vector Fields

A new class of dynamical structures that generalize electrodynamics is presented. In this construction the 1-jets of solutions are represented by a class ofk-vector fields that extend the notion of a Poisson structure to multivectors of degree greater than two. These objects function as tangent vectors to solutions. Although the dynamical equations are systems of partial differential equations, the formalism is very similar to mechanics.
Nevi on Acral Skin

Melanocytic nevi on the skin of palms and soles, nail matrix or bed, knees and elbows frequently show an upward scatter of melanocytes and have an irregular distribution of junctional melanocytes. These peculiar characteristics may have led to the erroneous idea that nevi on acral skin were pre-malignant and still account for misdiagnosis as melanoma or as melanoma in situ.
CMP of Organosilicate Glasses

The previous chapter outlined experiments that were used to characterize the CMP of low-κ polymer films. In this chapter, we develop a similar understanding for organosilicate (OSG) films, utilizing the low-κ polymer results and the well established understanding of silicon dioxide CMP.
Structural Abnormalities in Deficit and Nondeficit Schizophrenia

Objective: Previous studies have suggested the involvement of the frontal and parietal cortices and thalamus in a neural circuit underlying the production ofprimary enduring negative or deficit symptoms of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine whether structural changes in the proposed circuit are associated with the production ofdeficit symptoms. Method: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the volume ofselected circuit brain regions (i.e., the prefrontal region and caudate) and noncircuit brain regions (i.e., the amygdala/hippocampus complex) in 1 7 deficit and 24 nondeficit schizophrenic outpatients and 30 normal comparison subjects. Results: Right and left total prefrontal volumes discriminated deficit from nondeficit patients, with prefrontal volumes being smaller in nondeficit patients. There were no differences between the two schizophrenic subgroups in left caudate or right and left amygdala/hippocampus complex volumes. The right caudate was larger in deficit patients, but the difference between the two schizophrenic subgroups was not significant. There were no differences between deficit and normal subjects on any prefrontal region measure. Nondeficit patients had smaller total right and left prefrontal volumes than normal subjects. Both schizophrenic subgroups had larger left caudate volumes and smaller right and left amygdala/hippocampus complex volumes than the normal subjects. There was a trend for deficit patients to have larger right caudate volumes. Conclusions: These results suggest that structural changes in the prefrontal region are not responsible for deficit symptoms. The caudate, particularly the right caudate, may be associated with the production ofthese symptoms. (Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:59-65)
Intense Field Dynamics of Diatomic Molecules

Over the last decade studies examining the behavior of isolated atoms in intense radiation fields has resulted in a cumulative literature rich in new phenomena1, unresolved issues, and exciting new predictions2 for future studies. Very recently, similar investigations have begun to examine the general behavior of molecules in intense fields, especially in the studies of photodissociation dynamics. The additional challenge associated with studying molecules in strong fields result from the difficulty of sorting out the general behavior of field-induced effects from the details or specifics of the molecular structure. Previous studies on atoms3 clearly demonstrate the importance of the atomic structure in describing the “non-resonant” ionization dynamics. Consequently, it is not surprising to expect enhanced structural effects in molecules due to the many internal degrees of freedom as compared to atoms. In addition, molecular strong-field studies raise some interesting and unique questions concerning the role and interplay of ionization and dissociation. Furthermore, the time-scales associated with the molecular nuclear motion, i.e. vibrations, are comparable to the duration of current ultra-short laser pulses, thus presenting the ability to freeze-out certain degrees of freedom. The attraction for such molecular studies derives its fundamental interest from the ability to control chemical dynamics by external variation of a laser field. The traditional chemical physics approach of using the laser frequency as the only external field parameter for achieving state-selective chemistry has met with little success. However, recent efforts, such as those represented in this book, have focussed on studying all aspects of the laser field for achieving control. Although premature in realization, an understanding of the influence of intensity, coherence, and pulse duration and shaping in concert with frequency may ultimately lead to our ability or inability to control chemical dynamics.
An Electrical Analogy of Nuclear Reactor Neutron Flux

This paper describes a technique for simulating the neutron diffusion equations by an electrical analogy of a transmission line.The analog may be constructed for single or multienergy groups in one...
Should ACE inhibitors and ARBs be used in combination in children

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in a host of renal and cardiovascular functions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), drugs that disrupt RAAS function, are effective in treating hypertension and offer other renoprotective effects independent of blood pressure (BP) reduction. As our understanding of RAAS physiology and the feedback mechanisms of ACE inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade have improved, questions have been raised as to whether combination ACEI/ARB therapy is warranted in certain patients with incomplete angiotensin blockade on one agent. In this review, we discuss the rationale for combination ACEI/ARB therapy and summarize the results of key adult studies and the limited pediatric literature that have investigated this therapeutic approach. We additionally review novel therapies that have been developed over the past decade as alternative approaches to combination ACEI/ARB therapy, or that may be potentially used in combination with ACEIs or ARBs, in which further adult and pediatric studies are needed.
Can primary tumor markers of cancer-initiating cells predict lymph node positivity in breast cancer patients?

1121 Background: Cancer initiating cells, characterized by ALDH1 positivity and/or colocalization of ALDH1 and CD44, have been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. The prognostic value of these tumor markers with respect to prediction of lymph node (LN) status remains unclear. Methods: Tissue microarrays from a cohort of 223 breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2003 and 2007 were evaluated using the AQUA method for quantitative immunofluorescence for CD44 and ALDH1. These data, along with other clinicopathologic data, were correlated with LN positivity. Results: The median patient age of the cohort was 56 (range; 26-89), with a median tumor size of 1.5 cm. 72 (32.0%) patients were LN positive. The median number of LNs excised was 3 (range; 1-27). Of the LN positive patients, the median number of positive LNs was 1.5 (range; 1-24). Levels of CD44, ALDH1, and ALDH1 colocalizing with CD44 did not correlate with number of positive LNs (Spearman rho coefficients: -0.042, 0....
Numerical analysis of bifacial silicon-based tandem devices: Shifts in the optimum top-cell bandgap with varying albedo

According to detailed-balance analysis, Si-based tandem devices require a top-cell bandgap of 1.70-1.75 eV to be current-matched and deliver high efficiencies in a two-terminal configuration. However, no such top cell – able to deliver the required J sc of approximately 20 mA.cm-2 along with a V oc >1.2 V – has been demonstrated so far. In this work, we present an alternative pathway, using a bifacial c-Si device as the bottom cell. Thanks to the current boost from absorption through the bifacial c-Si cell’s rear surface, a lower bandgap is necessary for the top cell. In particular, we show that, with an albedo in the 20-45 % range, the optimal top-cell bandgap lies in the 1.4-1.55 eV range, corresponding to common high-efficiency absorber materials, including GaAs, CdTe, and perovskites. However, when considering more realistic systems where shading of the area under the modules occurs, the optimal top-cell bandgap shifts back to higher values. Moreover, this optimum varies throughout the day, as the ratio between direct and diffuse light as well as their respective spectral components evolve.
Predictors of Symptomatic Kidney Stone Recurrence After the First and Subsequent Episodes.

Abstract Objective To predict symptomatic recurrence among community stone formers with one or more previous stone episodes. Patients and Methods A random sample of incident symptomatic kidney stone formers in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was followed for all symptomatic stone episodes resulting in clinical care from January 1, 1984, through January 31, 2017. Clinical and radiographic characteristics at each stone episode predictive of subsequent episodes were identified. Results There were 3364 incident kidney stone formers with 4951 episodes. The stone recurrence rates per 100 person-years were 3.4 (95% CI, 3.2-3.7) after the first episode, 7.1 (95% CI, 6.4-7.9) after the second episode, 12.1 (95% CI, 10.3-13.9) after the third episode, and 17.6 (95% CI, 15.1-20.0) after the fourth or higher episode (P Conclusion The revised Recurrence Of Kidney Stone tool predicts the risk of symptomatic recurrence by using readily available clinical characteristics of stone formers.
Cholinergic drugs alter ciliary muscle response and receptor content

Topical echothiophate administration to the cynomolgus monkey eye for 5-6.5 months produced marked subsensitivity of the accommodative response to pilocarpine and a 65% decrease in specific high affinity 3H-QNB binding sites (ostensibly indicating muscarinic receptors) in the ciliary muscle. The decrease in 3H-QNB binding sites was quantitatively similar in surgically untouched, totally iridectomized, and ciliary muscle disinserted eyes. Following a 5-month off treatment recovery period, 3H-QNB binding sites increased to more than twice the number in untreated control eyes. In echothiophate-treated eyes whose contralateral eyes had previously received atropine+echothiophate, 3H-QNB binding sites were three to six times more numerous than in other long-term echothiophate-treated eyes, and one to two times more numerous than in untreated controls. Topical pilocarpine administration for 1 day to 7 months reduced ciliary muscle 3H-QNB binding sites by approximately 25%. Alterations in muscarinic receptors during and following cholinergic drug therapy may in part explain the observed subsensitization and recovery of ciliary muscle physiological responses.
Neurodevelopmental outcome of children with congenital heart disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) constitutes the most common congenital malformation, with moderate or severe CHD occurring in around 6 in 1000 live births. Due to advances in medical care, survival rates have increased significantly. Thus, the majority of children with CHD survive until adolescence and adulthood. Children with CHD requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairments in various domains, including mild impairments in cognitive and neuromotor functions, difficulties with social interaction, inattention, emotional symptoms, and impaired executive function. The prevalence for these impairments ranges from 20% to 60% depending on age and domain ("high prevalence-low severity"). Domains are often affected simultaneously, leading to school problems with the need for learning support and special interventions. The etiology of neurodevelopmental impairments is complex, consisting of a combination of delayed intrauterine brain development and newly occurring perioperative brain injuries. Mechanisms include altered intrauterine hemodynamic flow as well as neonatal hypoxia and reduced cerebral blood flow. The surgical procedure and postoperative phase add to this cascade of factors interfering with normal brain development. Early identification of children at high risk through structured follow-up programs is mandated to provide individually tailored early interventions and counseling to improve developmental health.
Scientific networks, Vesuvius and politics: the case of Teodoro Monticelli in Naples, 1790-1845

Questo articolo indaga le attivita e l’uso di reti di studiosi da parte di Teodoro Monticelli, il geologo, funzionario e segretario dell’Accademia scientifica di Napoli all’inizio del XIX secolo. L’autore pone in evidenza come Monticelli costrui una rete di connessioni con i suoi colleghi studiosi e geologi in tutta la penisola italiana, che, allo stesso tempo, era collegata a una rete internazionale di studiosi, centrata principalmente su Parigi, ma che si estendeva alla Russia e al Nuovo Mondo. Tali reti venivano sostenute attraverso lo scambio di informazioni per corrispondenza e la condivisione di pubblicazioni, e attraverso il dono, il baratto, lo scambio e la vendita di esemplari geologici. Grazie alla mediazione di viaggiatori, alcuni italiani, piu spesso stranieri, ostacoli come le cattive comunicazioni e la censura furono superati: la loro funzione era di trasportare lettere, pubblicazioni ed esemplari geologici tra i diversi centri in cambio di raccomandazioni che consentivono loro accesso a studiosi, collezioni, universita e accademie. In particolare, la rete all’interno della penisola italiana cerco consapevolmente di sviluppare una scienza “italiana”. A Napoli Monticelli uso il fascino scientifico del Vesuvio e il suo speciale ruolo di principale esperto locale per promuovere le riforme all’interno del Regno delle Due Sicilie e per realizzare la sua visione di Napoli come centro di indagine scientifica.
Motor functioning and associated cognitive outcomes in pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

ABSTRACTPediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors are at risk for developing neurocognitive late effects following intensive medical treatment. Motor impairments have been highlighted as a c...
Perinatal maternal antibiotic exposure augments lung injury in offspring in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

During the newborn period, intestinal commensal bacteria influence pulmonary mucosal immunology via the gut-lung axis. Epidemiological studies have linked perinatal antibiotic exposure in human new...
Mechanism of how carbamylation reduces albumin binding to FcRn contributing to increased vascular clearance.

Chronic kidney disease results in high serum urea concentrations leading to excessive protein carbamylation, primarily albumin. This is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortalit...
Interpersonal factors contributing to tension in the Chinese doctor-patient-family relationship: a qualitative study in Hunan Province.

Objective To identify actionable barriers to communication that contribute to tension in the Chinese doctor–patient–family relationship (DPFR) among surgeons, surgical patients and their family members. Design We employed qualitative research methods using in-depth, semistructured interviews in Mandarin and English and conducted preoperatively and postoperatively. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and translated into English. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Setting An urban, tertiary-level teaching hospital in Hunan Province, China. Participants We recruited a purposive sample of 11 inpatients undergoing the same minor surgery, 9 of their family members and 9 surgeons between June and August 2015. Results We identified three emergent themes. First, trust degradation occurred before and during the healthcare experience. Second, the healthcare-seeking experience for patients and family members was marked by unmet expectations for achieving a basic understanding of the illness as well as powerlessness over their situation. Third, societal pressures on doctors contributed to a state of learned helplessness. Conclusions Our findings suggest that tension in the DPFR is associated with interpersonal and structural challenges, with communication playing an important role. Reforms at all levels are needed to promote a more patient-centred experience while ensuring the well-being and security of providers.
Electro-Quasistatic Animal Body Communication for Untethered Rodent Biopotential Recording.

Continuous multi-channel monitoring of biopotential signals is vital in understanding the body as a whole, facilitating accurate models and predictions in neural research. The current state of the art in wireless technologies for untethered biopotential recordings rely on radiative electromagnetic (EM) fields. In such transmissions, only a small fraction of this energy is received since the EM fields are widely radiated resulting in lossy inefficient systems. Using the body as a communication medium (similar to a ’wire’) allows for the containment of the energy within the body, yielding order(s) of magnitude lower energy than radiative EM communication. In this work, we introduce Animal Body Communication (ABC), which utilizes the concept of using the body as a medium into the domain of untethered animal biopotential recording. This work, for the first time, develops the theory and models for animal body communication circuitry and channel loss. Using this theoretical model, a sub-inch $$^3$$ [1″ × 1″ × 0.4″], custom-designed sensor node is built using off the shelf components which is capable of sensing and transmitting biopotential signals, through the body of the rat at significantly lower powers compared to traditional wireless transmissions. In-vivo experimental analysis proves that ABC successfully transmits acquired electrocardiogram (EKG) signals through the body with correlation $$>99\%$$ when compared to traditional wireless communication modalities, with a 50 $$\times$$ reduction in power consumption.
A distributional semantics approach to simultaneous recognition of multiple classes of named entities

Named Entity Recognition and Classification is being studied for last two decades. Since semantic features take huge amount of training time and are slow in inference, the existing tools apply features and rules mainly at the word level or use lexicons. Recent advances in distributional semantics allow us to efficiently create paradigmatic models that encode word order. We used Sahlgren et al's permutation-based variant of the Random Indexing model to create a scalable and efficient system to simultaneously recognize multiple entity classes mentioned in natural language, which is validated on the GENIA corpus which has annotations for 46 biomedical entity classes and supports nested entities. Using distributional semantics features only, it achieves an overall micro-averaged F-measure of 67.3% based on fragment matching with performance ranging from 7.4% for “DNA substructure” to 80.7% for “Bioentity”.
Repertory Grid Methods

Developed within personal construct theory, repertory grid methods represent a diverse set of techniques for studying personal and interpersonal systems of meaning. Because of their flexibility, repertory grids (or repgrids) have been used in approximately 3,500 studies of a broad variety of topics, such as children's understandings of physical science principles, consumer preferences, formal structures of self-reflection within cognitive science, and the mutual validation of belief systems between friends. However, their most consistent area of application has probably been in the clinical domain, where grids have been used to assess the properties of meaning systems of different groups of persons (e.g., those diagnosed as thought disordered or agoraphobic) and how these change over the course of treatment. With the publication of recent manuals on repgrid methods that illustrate their applications in both business and clinical settings, their use might be expected to increase in the years to come. Keywords: personal construct theory; repertory grids; clinical assessment; computer administration; psychotherapy outcome
Pharmacology of structural changes at the GABAA receptor transmitter binding site

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The binding of transmitter to specialized binding pockets leads to rearrangements in the structure of the receptor eventually resulting in channel opening. We used voltage-clamp fluorometry to investigate the pharmacological basis and biophysical processes that underlie structural changes at the transmitter binding site of the rat α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Simultaneous electrophysiological and site-specific fluorescence measurements were conducted on receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and labelled with an environmentally-sensitive fluorophore, Alexa 546 maleimide, at the α1L127C site. KEY RESULTS Receptors activated by GABA demonstrate a concentration-dependent increase in fluorescence intensity, indicating that the environment surrounding the fluorophore becomes less polar upon activation. Qualitatively similar responses were observed with other GABA site ligands such as piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, muscimol, β-alanine and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol. Fluorescence changes were not affected by the direction of current flow. During long applications of GABA significant desensitization developed, which was not accompanied by additional changes in fluorescence. Pentobarbital was an efficacious agonist of the labelled mutant receptor but did not cause changes in fluorescence. Direct activation by etomidate or the steroid allopregnanolone also did not result in fluorescence changes. Functional potentiation of GABA-activated receptors by allopregnanolone or etomidate enhanced both the GABA-elicited functional response and the fluorescence change. In contrast, potentiation by pentobarbital was not accompanied by an enhanced fluorescence response. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The data indicate that there is no direct correlation between current flow or position of the activation gate and the structural changes as detected by Alexa 546-labelled α1L127Cβ2γ2L GABAA receptors. Channel potentiation by pentobarbital qualitatively differs from potentiation by etomidate or allopregnanolone.
Head-disk lubricant transfer and reposition during heat assisted write and read operations

Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) is the most important of the next generation storage technologies that are currently competing to supplant perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR). Recently, HAMR has demonstrated one terabit per square inch (1 Tb/in2) recording density and extensibility of this new technology well beyond this density seems practical [1]. HAMR technology enhances the magnetic writing process by the inclusion of a strong optical field that propagates from the read-write head and instantaneously heats the magnetic recording layer to above its Curie temperature, thus allowing magnetic recording on media with ultrahigh magnetic anisotropy that otherwise could not be written with conventional writers. During HAMR writing, the HAMR media will experience ultra-rapid heating, reaching a peak temperature in excess of 500 C. These conditions will thermally stress the lubricant film on the media which, along with the carbon overcoat, protects the magnetic storage layer from environmental, thermal and tribological degradations. The cumulative effect of these repetitive heating cycles on the redistribution of the lubricant film of the media is a significant concern, due to the need to maintain a functioning lubricant film on the media and the negative effect on the head flyability with lubricant accumulation on its surface. The effect of these high temperature transients on the distribution of lubricant on both the media surface and the head are probed and specific rates of its accumulation and deposition are determined by varying the number of write cycles, laser-on durations, the head flying height (FH), and the peak surface temperature.
The pathologic anatomy of mixed levocardia. A review of thirteen cases of atrial or ventricular inversion with or without corrected transposition.

Abstract 1. 1. The pathologic anatomy of thirteen hearts with mixed levocardia was studied. 2. 2. The nomenclature in mixed levocardia of chambers, valves and coronary arteries is discussed. Atria and valves should be designated according to morphology and position. Ventricles should be designated according to their distal connections, in addition. Coronary arteries should be designated left- and right-sided. 3. 3. The cases of mixed levocardia presented and those reviewed in the literature may be divided into type I, with ventricular inversion; type IA, with complete inverted transposition; type IB, with complete (noninverted) transposition; type II with atrial inversion; and type III, with relatively normally situated but wrongly connected chambers. 4. 4. Type IA hearts have certain common external and internal morphologic characteristics and are associated with a spectrum of complexes consisting of combinations of left A-V valve abnormality—insufficiency, stenosis, or Ebstein's malformation; with ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis or atresia, and coarctation of the aorta. 5. 5. Types IB and III are rare. 6. 6. Type II is one of the types of isolated levocardia with or without splenic abnormalities.
How We Do it

(1951). How We Do it. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 30-38.
Endogenous Dynamic Matching and Fashion

We study bilateral matching under private information about agents' characteristics. Assortative matching is assumed to maximize total welfare and is the only equilibrium outcome in the absence of private information. When an information friction is present, the matching process can be improved if a payoff-irrelevant (sunspot) variable which we term fashion is introduced. Informed agents choose to adopt fashion as a signaling device. If success in matching is observed, other agents can imitate the signal. Thus, for fashion to be useful, it must constantly change. If there are more than two types of agents, both high fashion and low fashion are needed to facilitate efficiency in matching.
The relationship between lysosomal enzyme release and protein phosphorylation in human monocytes stimulated by phorbol esters and opsonized zymosan

Since it was established that phorbol esters bind to and activate protein kinase C, a proposed mechanism of action for these compounds has been the phosphorylation of specific protein substrates (Niedel, J. E., Kuhn, L. J., and Vandenbark, G. R. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 36-40; Castagna, M., Takai, Y., Kaibuchi, K., Sano, K., Kikkawa, U., and Nishizuka, Y. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7847-7851). To better understand this proposed relationship, we investigated the ability of a series of phorbol esters to elicit lysosomal enzyme release (LER) and specific substrate phosphorylation in human monocytes. In this system, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated the secretion of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the ability of a series of phorbol esters to stimulate LER was characterized and found to be in good agreement with the relative order of these compounds to stimulate the phosphorylation of four endogenous protein substrates. Phorbol ester-stimulated protein phosphorylation was examined in intact cell preparations and found to be concentration and structure-dependent. The phosphoproteins (pp) were designated pp28, pp55, pp61, and pp66 corresponding to their molecular masses in kilodaltons. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phorbol ester-mediated effects are the result of protein kinase C activation and subsequent protein phosphorylation. Finally, opsonized zymosan was found to elicit a concentration-dependent stimulation of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase release similar in magnitude and time course to phorbol ester-stimulated LER. Opsonized zymosan also stimulated the phosphorylation of two phosphoproteins (pp61 and pp66) in a concentration-dependent manner. Specific phosphorylation of pp61 and pp66 by both secretagogues, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and opsonized zymosan, suggests these two proteins may be key to the functional response of LER in human monocytes.