cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Behavioral Assessment and Analysis

Practitioners and caregivers face the important question of what treatment will be most effective for a particular person’s presenting problem (Sturmey, 2009a). Information from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may be helpful in general terms; however, the relevant question is not whether this treatment works for the average person, but whether it works for this specific person here and now. Group experimental designs arose in the field of agriculture where the average weight of the average corn cob was indeed important to the farmer; however, the outcomes for the hypothetical average person are of little use to specific people if these outcomes do not apply to the person of interest. For example, within a RCT with clinically significant results will be participants whose problem changed to a clinically significant degree, participants whose problem changed to a moderate, but unimportant extent, participants who did not change at all, and participants who become significantly worse because of the treatment. Thus, even if a RCT based on diagnostic categories produced significant results, these results may be of little help in guiding treatment for individual people. Additionally, RCTs tend to focus on symptom reduction, rather than positive changes in the person’s behavior; thus, RCTs may sometimes identify treatments that effectively reduce problematic behavior, but leave the person with few relevant skills and a poor quality of life. Thus, predicting the most effective treatment for an individual’s specific problem is an applied question of paramount importance, but RCTs provide imperfect answers to this question.
School Nurse Perceptions of Student Anxiety

Anxiety disorders are common in youth. Because somatic complaints are a hallmark feature of anxiety, these students frequently visit their school nurse, creating an ideal opportunity for nurses to identify and assist them. In an effort to better understand current practices, we surveyed a large sample ( N = 93) of school nurses. Results indicated that the majority of nurses perceived anxiety as the most prevalent mental health issue in their students. Moreover, the majority of nurses reported that they did not use any formal screening tool or intervention protocol and stated wanting to expand their training in anxiety intervention. These data suggest that school nurses identify anxiety as a top problem but do not receive adequate training to address it. Data from this survey may be used to plan how best to fill gaps in nurse training and practices that can enhance nurses' capacity to optimize outcomes for anxious students.
Fc-Mediated Anomalous Biodistribution of Therapeutic Antibodies in Immunodeficient Mouse Models

A critical benchmark in the development of antibody-based therapeutics is demonstration of efficacy in preclinical mouse models of human disease, many of which rely on immunodeficient mice. However, relatively little is known about how the biology of various immunodeficient strains impacts the in vivo fate of these drugs. Here we used immunoPET radiotracers prepared from humanized, chimeric, and murine mAbs against four therapeutic oncologic targets to interrogate their biodistribution in four different strains of immunodeficient mice bearing lung, prostate, and ovarian cancer xenografts. The immunodeficiency status of the mouse host as well as both the biological origin and glycosylation of the antibody contributed significantly to the anomalous biodistribution of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in an Fc receptor-dependent manner. These findings may have important implications for the preclinical evaluation of Fc-containing therapeutics and highlight a clear need for biodistribution studies in the early stages of antibody drug development.Significance: Fc/FcγR-mediated immunobiology of the experimental host is a key determinant to preclinical in vivo tumor targeting and efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1820-32. ©2018 AACR.
A Review of Identity in Research on Social Justice in Teacher Education: What Role for Intersectionality?

This review examines the past 25 years of empirical research on social justice in teacher education, focusing on the question of how researchers in the field, who demonstrate a long-standing aspirational commitment to preparing new teachers for diversity and equity, address students’ and teacher candidates’ multiple social markers of identity, and in particular the complexity of their identities. Using the framework of intersectionality, we illustrate how teacher education researchers position student and teacher candidate identities and their complexity. Findings indicate that identity is typically addressed in a unidimensional manner, with little acknowledgment of students’ or teacher candidates’ complex, multiple, and intersecting identities. We conclude our analysis by exploring the potential of intersectionality as a framework for identity considerations when preparing equity-minded new teachers who are committed to social justice.
Current trends among Ecuadorian dialects: insight from internet interviews

The dialectal landscape of Spanish found within the boundaries of Ecuador is diverse. However, the descriptive research that has investigated dialectal features that characterize the different dialects found in Ecuador is somewhat outdated considering the dynamic nature of language. This study takes a first step in investigating current dialectal trends across many Ecuadorian Spanish dialects. The speech of subjects in ten video interviews collected from the Internet representing a wide range of Ecudadorian Spanish dialect zones was analyzed. Phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features were observed and compared to dialectal features from different dialectal zones reported in previous research. Differences were found between the older generations and the younger generations across dialects. The older generations tended to display characteristics reported in previous research while the younger speakers showed differences. These differences are taken as evidence of a dialectal convergence processes underway among the different dialects of Ecuadorian Spanish.
The Role of Airway Shunt Elastance on the Compartmentalization of Respiratory System Impedance.

An inverse model consisting of two elastic compartments connected in series and served by two airway conduits has recently been fit to measurements of respiratory impedance in obese subjects. Increases in the resistance of the distal conduit of the model with increasing body mass index have been linked to peripheral airway compression by mass loading of the chest wall. Nevertheless, how the two compartments and conduits of this simple model map onto the vastly more complicated structure of an actual lung remain unclear. To investigate this issue, we developed a multiscale branching airway tree model of the respiratory system that predicts realistic input impedance spectra between 5 and 20 Hz with only four free parameters. We use this model to study how the finite elastances of the conducting airway tree and the proximal upper airways affect impedance between 5 and 20 Hz. We show that progressive constriction of the peripheral airways causes impedance to appear to arise from two compartments connected in series, with the proximal compartment being a reflection of the elastance of upper airway structures proximal to the tracheal entrance and the lower compartment reflecting the pulmonary airways and tissues. We thus conclude that while this simple inverse model allows evaluation of overall respiratory system impedance between 5 and 20 Hz in the presence of upper airway shunting, it does not allow the separate contributions of central versus peripheral pulmonary airways to be resolved.
Electrospun Transdermal Patch for Contraceptive Hormone Delivery

Background A transdermal patch for delivery of Levonorgestrel (LNG) can be used for long-acting contraception. Objective In this study, we designed and characterized a patch made of nonwoven electrospun microfibers comprised of Polycaprolactone (PCL) encapsulating LNG for slow release in a mineral oil matrix. Methods and results Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform, randomly oriented PCL fibers with large interconnected voids filled with mineral oil. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that LNG loaded into PCL fibers had thermal stability up to ~200°C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry suggested that LNG was dispersed in the electrospun fibers without interaction between the LNG and PCL, and without formation of drug crystals. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results further supported the conclusion that there was no chemical drug-polymer interaction in LNGloaded fibers. Effective in vitro flux (i) from patches into mineral oil was 1.9 µgcm-2h-1, (ii) from mineral oil across porcine skin was 4.6 µgcm-2h-1 and (iii) from patches across porcine skin was 1.7 μgcm- 2h-1, indicating that transdermal delivery rate was controlled by a combination of the patch and the skin. Conclusion The LNG-loaded patches demonstrated steady delivery of LNG across skin for up to 5 days in vitro. With additional development, LNG-loaded electrospun PCL patches could be used for long-acting contraception.
An Approach to Designing Next Generation User Interfaces for Public-Safety Organizations

High-speed broadband networks will enable public-safety organizations to handle critical situations that go beyond the common voice communication channel. In this paper, we present a user-centered approach that makes the deployment and adoption of next-generation user interfaces reflect the first responders' needs, requirements, and contexts of use. It is composed of four phases where we elicit requirements, iteratively prototype user interfaces, and evaluate our designs. In this process, public-safety organizations are always engaged, contributing through their feedback and evaluation. We will use immersive Virtual Reality to simulate the user interface designs. Within the virtual environment, it is possible to prototype several concepts before committing to a definitive interface. The solutions proposed will be instrumental for the adoption of next-generation user interfaces by the public safety community.
Regulatory Instability, Business Process Management Technology, and BPM Skill Configurations

This paper investigates how firms configure their business process management efforts in different industries. We generate a business process management (BPM) skills taxonomy through the computational linguistic analysis of job ads from Monster.com. We apply the taxonomy to LinkedIn.com resumes of professionals employed at retailer Walmart, pharmaceutical company Pfizer, and investment bank Goldman Sachs. We find that Walmart and Pfizer distribute change- and operations-related BPM skills among the same roles whereas Goldman Sachs distributes both kinds of skills among more separate roles. This separation reflects a trilateral configuration where line managers and analysts focus on operational BPM tasks related to running processes while change-related tasks are covered by project managers. At Walmart and Pfizer the tasks of the BPM project manager are shared among managers and analysts, reflecting a bilateral configuration. Comparing each firm’s regulatory environments and BPM technology capabilities, we conjecture that the organizational configuration pattern is influenced by a firm’s ability to reliably automate business processes, since this affects how much attention line managers and analysts have to spend on monitoring processes and on reconciling issues and exceptions. This attention could otherwise be spent on regulatory-imposed process change efforts. This configural logic suggests a reconfiguration of BPM professionals towards a bilateral configuration when an organization transforms its business with digital technology, because the focus of such efforts includes process and decision automation.
Hoverboard Safety: Lessons Learned from the First Year of Injuries

Purpose: Hoverboards were recently introduced in the United States consumer market and have rapidly increased in popularity. Concern regarding the safety of hoverboards has largely focused on the risk of fire, drawing media attention and prompting investigation by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). At our institution, we noted an increase in musculoskeletal injuries related to hoverboard use. We sought to analyze hoverboard injuries to characterize the frequency of injury, pattern of musculoskeletal injury, and provide families with safety information. Methods: An IRB approved retrospective review of all patients with …
Efficient Multiscale Optoelectronic Prediction for Conjugated Polymers

Conjugated polymers represent a high-potential material class due to the tunability of their optoelectronic properties via straightforward processing protocols. However, to in silico tailor these o...
Calorie and nutrient trends in large U.S. chain restaurants, 2012-2018

Introduction Large chain restaurants reduced calories in their newly-introduced menu items from 2012 to 2015. The objective of this study was to provide updated calorie trends through 2018 and examine trends in the macronutrient composition of menu items across this time period. Methods and findings Data were obtained from the MenuStat project and include 66 of the 100 largest revenue generating U.S. chain restaurants (N = 28,238 items) that had data available in all years from 2012 to 2018. Generalized linear models were used to examine per-item calorie and nutrient changes (saturated fat, trans fat, unsaturated fat, sugar, non-sugar carbohydrates, protein, sodium) among (1) items on the menu in all years (common items) and (2) newly introduced items (2013–2018). Overall, there were no significant changes in calories or nutrients among common items from 2012 to 2018. Among all newly introduced items, calories (-120 kcals, -25%, p = 0.01; p-for-trend = 0.02), saturated fat (-3.4g, -41%, p<0.01, p-for-trend = 0.06), unsaturated fat (-4.5g, -37%, p = 0.02; p-for-trend = 0.04), non-sugar carbohydrates (-10.3g, -40%, p = 0.02, p-for-trend = 0.69), and protein (-4.3g, -25%, p = 0.04, p-for-trend = 0.02) declined. Conclusion Newly introduced menu items in large chain restaurants have continued to decline in calories through 2018, which may help to reduce calorie intake. Other changes in macronutrient content were sporadic and not clearly toward improved dietary quality.
Comparing mortality risk models in VLBW and preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.

To compare the prognostic accuracy of six neonatal illness severity scores (CRIB, CRIB II, SNAP, SNAP II, SNAP-PE, and SNAP-PE II), birthweight (BW), and gestational age (GA) for predicting pre-discharge mortality among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g) and very preterm infants (<32 weeks’ gestational age). PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were the data sources searched for studies published before January 2019. Data were extracted, pooled, and analyzed using random-effects models and reported as AUC with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Of 1659 screened studies, 24 met inclusion criteria. CRIB was the most discriminate for predicting pre-discharge mortality [AUC 0.88 (0.86–0.90)]. GA was the least discriminate [AUC 0.76 (0.72–0.80)]. Although the original CRIB score was the most accurate predictor of pre-discharge mortality, significant heterogeneity between studies lowers confidence in this pooled estimate. A more precise illness severity score to predict pre-discharge mortality is still needed.
What prompts the adoption of car restriction policies among Chinese cities

Facing rapid motorization, many Chinese municipalities are implementing policies that restrict car ownership or use. However, there is significant variation in terms of which cities adopt these pol...
Liability, culpability, and luck

This paper focuses on the role of culpability in determining the degree of liability to defensive harm, and asks whether there are any restrictions on when culpability is relevant to liability. A natural first suggestion is that it is only relevant (or at least is significantly enhanced) when combined with an actual threat of harm in the situation in which defensive harm becomes salient as a means of protection. The paper begins by considering the question of whether two people are equally liable to defensive harm in a situation if both culpably intend to harm another, but due to circumstances outside the control of the two people only one has a chance of succeeding in causing harm. I argue that there is no difference in liability between the two. I then turn to a kind of slippery slope challenge that accepting this conclusion would lead to a vast over-inclusiveness in those liable to defensive harm, and consider a recent attempt at meeting it that requires that a person’s culpability can only affect liability if it concerns the very situation in which defensive harm is relevant. Finally, I put forward and assess a new way of meeting the challenge that appeals to a particular conception of culpability together with auxiliary theses concerning how culpability can decrease over time, among others.
Race in the Red Stick: The Persistence of Inequality (Lunchtime Panel Discussion)

In July, 2016, Baton Rouge was thrust into the national spotlight by two high-profile events: The murder of Alton Sterling on July 5 at the hands of two white Baton Rouge police officers and the slaughter of three police officers by an assailant bent on avenging the deaths of unarmed black people at the hands of the police. These tragic events highlight the continued salience of the racial divide, not just in Baton Rouge, but in America. These incidents call into question how much "change" has actually occurred as far as blacks are concerned. This discussion focuses on race in Baton Rouge through the prism of the continued struggle of African Americans to achieve full equality in American society. Baton Rouge has the distinction of being the locale for the first bus boycott in the United States. This session focuses on the status of race relations in Louisiana's capital city.
Impact of duloxetine on male fertility: A randomised controlled clinical trial.

This study assessed the impact of duloxetine (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) on semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation and serum hormones. We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of duloxetine 60mg or placebo daily for 6 weeks (5 weeks full dose and 1 week taper). The primary outcome was the proportion of men with abnormal DNA fragmentation during and after duloxetine administration. Secondary outcomes were changes in semen parameters and hormones on treatment (2 and 6 weeks) and after discontinuation (8 and 10 weeks). Sixty-eight healthy males aged 18-65 were included. Duloxetine was not associated with an increase in the proportion of participants with abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling scores (>25%) on treatment (p = 0.09) or after treatment (p = 0.56), nor did median sperm DNA fragmentation increase on treatment. Compared with placebo, there were no changes in bulk semen parameters during treatment. Limited changes in hormonal values were detected. This first published human study of a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor on male fertility revealed no clinically meaningful effects on sperm DNA fragmentation, semen parameters or serum hormones. Duloxetine, and possibly other serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, may be considered for men desiring fertility who require antidepressant treatment.
Creating non-trivial space-time correlation with wavevector-space metasurface

We show that wavevector-space metasurface can be used to achieve non-trivial correlation between the frequency and the momentum of light. As applications we demonstrate squeezing of free space, generation of meron textures, and creation of the three dimensional light bullets.
Seasonality and stable isotopes in planktonic foraminifera off Cape Cod, Massachusetts

[1] Monthly samples of stratified plankton tows taken from the slope waters off Cape Cod nearly 25 years ago are used to describe the seasonal succession of planktonic foraminifera and their oxygen isotope ratios. The 15°C seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) accounts for a diverse mixture of tropical to subpolar species. Summer samples include various Globigerinoides and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, whereas winter and early spring species include Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dextral). Globorotalia inflata lives all year but at varying water depths. Compared with the fauna in 1960–1961 (described by R. Cifelli), our samples seem warmer. Because sea surface salinity varies little during the year, δ18O is mostly a function of SST. Throughout the year, there are always species present with δ18O close to the calculated isotopic equilibrium of carbonate with surface seawater. This raises the possibility that seasonality can be estimated directly from the range of δ18O in a sediment sample provided that the δ18O-salinity relationship is the same as today.
A case for visual models to communicate implicit genre expectations within policy writing instruction

This paper demonstrates a means to model the key features of the public policy genre for learners. Included within this paper is background information regarding a process for developing a reasoning diagram for students created via consultation with technical experts. The paper also explores the value of this modeling for students, technical faculty, and teaching staff.
Transient and load-following characteristics of a fully integrated single-cell thermionic fuel element

Abstract : Practical application of thermionic space nuclear power systems necessitates the investigation of such systems responses to changes in operation and design parameters as well as load-following characteristics. The principle building block in these systems is the thermionic fuel element (TFE). A Thermionic Transient Analysis Model (TITAM) is developed to simulates transient and steady state operations of a fully integrated, single cell TFE. TITAM is used to investigate the responses of the TFE to a step input in reactivity, a change in Cs pressure and/or in the size of the interelectrode gap, a change in the coolant temperature, and a change in load demand. The effects of these parameters on load electric power, emitter temperature, overall conversion efficiency, and load-following characteristics of the TFE are determined. Results show that although nuclear reactors having negative temperature reactivity coefficients are always load-following, TFEs are only partially load-following. However, for a given load electric power need there are several combinations of fission powers and load resistances. Results also show that for TFEs having a large interelectrode gap, it is desirable to conserve Cs by lowering its vapor pressure at the beginning-of-life, since increasing the Cs pressure insignificantly affects the load electric power. However, should fuel swelling, alter operating the reactor for an extended period of time, reduces the width of the interelectrode gap, both the conversion efficiency and the load electric power will decrease. In this case, the load electric power could be restored by increasing the fission power, and only partially by changing the coolant temperature and/or increasing the Cs vapor pressure.
R. Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006)

R. Bruce Merrifield, who developed the method of solid-state synthesis, had a talent for simplicity and practicality and was stoic in the face of adversity.
Computer Modeling of Single-Cell and Multicell Thermionic Fuel Elements

Modeling efforts are undertaken to perform coupled thermal-hydraulic and thermionic analysis for both single-cell and multicell thermionic fuel elements (TFE). The analysis--and the resulting MCTFE computer code (multicell thermionic fuel element)--is a steady-state finite volume model specifically designed to analyze cylindrical TFEs. It employs an interactive successive overrelaxation solution technique to solve for the temperatures throughout the TFE and a coupled thermionic routine to determine the total TFE performance. The calculated results include temperature distributions in all regions of the TFE, axial interelectrode voltages and current densities, and total TFE electrical output parameters including power, current, and voltage. MCTFE-generated results compare experimental data from the single-cell Topaz-II-type TFE and multicell data from the General Atomics 3H5 TFE to benchmark the accuracy of the code methods.
Model-Based Signal Processing for Laser Ultrasonic Signal Enhancement

The use of laser-based ultrasonics in the testing of materials and structures offers various advantages over more traditional ultrasonic methods, but is often less sensitive when applied to real materials. Although high energy laser pulses can generate large ultrasonic displacements, nondestructive evaluation requires that the ablation regime be avoided, thus limiting the amount of optical energy which may be used. For this reason, signal processing of laser generated ultrasonic waveforms detected using laser interferometers may be required to extract the desired information from a nondestructive laser ultrasonic test. A model-based signal processing technique offers a way to enhance the signal-to-noise ratios significantly for ultrasonic waveforms obtained using laser-based systems with the generation of the ultrasound occurring in the nondestructive thermoelastic regime.
Identifying the Theoretical Foundations of Visual Literacy.

(1982). Identifying The Theoretical Foundations of Visual Literacy. Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 37-42.
Etomidate anesthesia increases seizure duration during ECT: A retrospective study

We reviewed charts of 28 consecutive depressed psychiatric inpatients who had received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). As a preliminary investigation, we compared the effects of thiopental and etomidate anesthesia on seizure duration. Etomidate, a nonbarbiturate, has been shown to enhance seizure activity in other contexts. The mean age of our sample was 64 years. Because each patient received both etomidate and thiopental at various sessions during their course of ECT, each patient served as his or her own control. The mean proportion of etomidate sessions per patient was 54%. Mean seizure durations were significantly longer (p < 0.001) for the etomidate sessions as compared with the thiopental sessions. In contrast to some prior reports we found that the use of etomidate anesthesia in our sample of 28 consecutive inpatients enhanced seizure duration in ECT. Although controversial, some have advocated that longer seizure times will enhance effectiveness of ECT. We could not compare the anesthetic agents' clinical efficacy in relieving depression due to the retrospective nature of our study.
Dynamics of absorption of a randomly accelerated particle

Consider a randomly accelerated particle moving on the half-line x>0 with a boundary condition at x = 0 that respects the scale invariance of the equations of motion under x→λ3x, v→λv, t→λ2t. If the boundary condition leads to absorption of the particle at x = 0 and if the probability Q(x,v;t) that the particle has not yet been absorbed at time t decays, for long times, as a power law with exponent , then the power law must have the specific form Q(x,v;t)≈Cx2/3U(-2/3,2/3,v3/9x)t-. This is a consequence of scale invariance and the Fokker-Planck equation. Here C is a constant, and U(a,b,z) is a confluent hypergeometric function. The persistence exponents for several boundary conditions of physical interest follow directly from this result.
Colors on Jupiter

The colors present in the clouds of Jupiter at the time of the Voyager encounters are described as they appear in high resolution images. It is shown that latitude, altitude and dwelltime are all critical factors in determining which colors appear where, although the identities of the responsible chromophores remain unestablished. Simultaneous ground-based 5 micron observations are used to determine the relative altitudes of the cloud systems which are characterized as white clouds, tawny clouds, dark brown cloud belts, and blue-grey hot spots in equatorial regions. Correlations between cloud color and certain latitudes have been maintained for decades, which suggests the importance of the internal energy source.
Anticusp and binary peak structures in the electronic spectra arising from proton- and antiproton-helium collisions.

The spectra of electrons ejected in collisions of protons and antiprotons with helium at impact energies of 100 and 500 keV are reported and compared. These calculations extend recent studies of the electronic spectra by means of the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method to consider more energetic ejected electrons. Specifically, these new calculations exhibit the well-known binary peak, around which protons and antiprotons are shown to yield similar results. On the other hand, as predicted by quantum-mechanical distorted-wave approximations, a clear dip or anticusp is found in the electronic spectra produced by antiproton impact at electron velocities close to the projectile velocity, unlike the enhancement or cusp found for proton impact. Our results are consistent with simple dynamical mechanisms that reflect the two-center nature of the collision.
Extended inflation in closed cosmologies

Abstract We examine the recently proposed extended inflationary scenarios, which are based on Brans-Dicke rather than Einstein gravity. In particular we are interested in the initial conditions required for the universe to enter the inflationary epoque. We show that the evolution depends strongly on the geometry of the spatial hypersurfaces. For a closed universe we derive a new constraint, implying that the inflation scale coincides with the effective Planck scale. Thus there remains a fine tuning problem for such models.
Radiative Transfer in Astronomical Masers. III. Filamentary Masers

The complete solution of a filamentary maser is presented. An integral equation and an iterative procedure are developed to calculate and solve the contribution of rays emanating from the filament sidewall. The solution provides complete expressions for the distributions of intensity and flux across the source as functions of position and direction with regard to the axis. The results are used to find the number distribution of brightness temperature in a large sample of randomly oriented filaments with an arbitrary distribution of lengths. The effects of external radiation on the maser structure and intensity are studied. It is proposed that the two giant bursts of H2O maser emission observed in W49 and Orion resulted from the interaction or two interacting filaments and a foreground slab amplifying a background filament.
Ribosome-granular material complexes in human leukemic lymphoblasts exposed to vinblastine sulfate

Human leukemic lymphoblasts exposed to Velban show prominent proteinaceous crystals and large complexes of ribosomes (which are arranged in clusters and helices) in association with fine granular, electron dense material. This granular material shows relatively greater electron density than the crystals and lacks the prominent linearity of the crystals. In some cross sections tubular profiles are seen interspersed between the granular material and the ribosomes. It is suggested that the ribosomes are involved in the synthesis of the electron-dense material which is subsequently organized into the prominent crystals.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in young children with AIDS.

We present our experience with 54 episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 50 young children with AIDS, all but one representing congenitally acquired infection. Findings at history and physical examination are not helpful in suggesting the diagnosis. The diagnosis is suggested by marked hypoxemia, diffuse disease on chest radiograph, and elevated serum LDH level. Because important aspects of the history may be withheld, a high index of suspicion may be necessary for the correct diagnosis. The mortality rate for ventilated patients was 50%. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:251–253.
On internally 4-connected non-regular binary matroids

We prove that every internally 4-connected non-regular binary matroid other than F7 and F7 has one of the following matroids as a minor: K˜5, K˜5, N10, T12/e and T12/e, As corollaries, we prove a theorem related to Tutte's characterization of graphic matroids and a conjecture by Dharmatilake on excluded minors for the class of binary matroids with branch-width at most 3.
Navigation by vibration: Effects of vibrotactile feedback on a navigation task

Abstract In the background of spatial orientation in a navigation task, this study investigated the effect of frequency, duration and amplitude of vibrotactile feedback when it provided primary information modality. Multiple levels of each parameter were designed for an experiment conducted with 18 participants. Their performance was evaluated via number of errors, task completion time, annoyance level, and user preference. Result showed that medium level of frequency and duration was more preferred and can produce better performance. However, optimal amplitude level varied by individuals and also interacted with frequency. The paper summarized a set of design guidelines, which could be used to the design of future user interface with vibrotactile feedback. The study should provide great empirical data and meaningful insight for the design of vibrotactile feedback for future applications. Relevance to industry The paper evaluated the vibrotactile interfaces and summarized a set of design guidelines, which could help to speed up the commercialization and industrial application of vibrotactile user interface.
Adaptive smoothing for a penalized NPMLE of a non-increasing density

Abstract A penalized version of the well-known non-parametric maximum likelihood estimator of a non-increasing density f has been developed recently. The penalized version depends on a smoothing parameter, as well as the data. Here some adaptive choices of the smoothing parameter are considered. The asymptotically optimal smoothing parameter depends on f through β = − 1 2 f(0) f′(0) . In the adaptive procedures, estimates of β are used to determine the smoothing parameter. Two such procedures are shown to be theoretically correct and practically viable.
Presenting Information in Simulated Real-Time to Support Part-Task Weather Scenarios

Weather-related judgment and decision-making are critical in many domains. Weather assessments typically involve integrating information from multiple sources with varying content, format, and update rate. One way to study weather-related decision-making is to have participants engage in job related tasks using simulated real-time weather scenarios. This paper discusses a part-task scenario support tool that has been developed to facilitate the process of presenting weather information in simulated real-time. The paper also presents an illustrative example where the tool supported a study of weather decision-making by emergency managers.
Covariance mapping in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

A novel method for acquisition and numerical analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectral data is described. The digitized ion current transient from each consecutive laser shot is first acquired and stored independently. Subsequently, statistical correlation parameters between all stored transients are computed. We illustrate the uses of this event-by-event analysis method for studies of sample surface heterogeneity as well as for elucidating the mechanisms of ion formation in MALDI. Other potential applications of the method are also outlined.
Psychodynamic Treatment of a Case of Grief Superimposed on Melancholia

In this case study, a chronically depressed, middle-aged woman is widowed, exacerbating her depression and anxiety. The case is treated from a psychodynamic perspective, with the classical psychoan...
Biochemistry of insect learning: Lessons from bees and flies

Recent advances in the study of learning in insects are examined with an emphasis on two of the most powerful model systems, the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). The honeybee exhibits easily manipulated feeding behavior coupled with extremely high mnemonic fidelity. The size of the honeybee brain has allowed for electrophysiological analysis of the neural correlates of behavior, sometimes with single cell resolution, as well as identification of critical brain regions. Drosophila has proved to be invaluable in the genetic dissection of learning. Through analysis of learning and memory mutants the biochemistry of critical steps has been elucidated and the temporal phases of memory in the fly have been described. Two regions of brain neurophil are essential for olfactory learning in these species: the antennal lobes and the mushroom bodies. In spite of similarities, temporal, and possibly biochemical aspects of learning differ markedly between these organisms.
Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals VI. Structural Parameters of Solid and Liquid Crystal Phases of Anhydrous Short-Chain Sodium Alkanoates

Abstract Unit cell constants were determined from powder X-ray diffraction photographs taken of several anhydrous short-chain sodium alkanoates at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the bilayer spacing in the alkanoates was determined over the range 25-300°C. Overall changes in bilayer spacings between the solid and the neat phase were found to be much smaller than in long-chain alkanoates. A correspondence was noted between the room temperature lateral packing area and the 23Na quadrupole coupling constant in the mesophase. The mcsophase bilayer spacing was consistent with a structural model in which the tilted anion chain rotates on a cone.
Grouping of colloidal metal nanoparticles based on their measurable characteristics: A proposed framework

There is a need to take a broader look of nanotoxicological studies. Eventually, the field will demand some generalizations to be made. To begin to address this issue, we posed the question: Are metal colloids on the nanometer size scale a homogeneous group? In general, most people can agree that the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials can be linked and related to their induced toxicological responses. The focus of this study was to study how a set of selected physicochemical properties of five specific metal-based colloidal materials on the nanometer size scale — silver, copper, nickel, iron, and zinc — could be used as nanodescriptors that facilitate the grouping of these metal-based colloids. These particles represent an important category of nanomaterials that are currently mass produced. Each has been reputed to induce toxicological and/or cytotoxicological effects. Here, we propose an experimental methodology coupled with mathematical modeling that can serve as a prototype for a rigorous framework that aids in the ability to group nanomaterials together and to facilitate the subsequent analyses of trends in data based on quantitative modeling of nanoparticle's structure activity relationships.
Rationale for the rational development of new cardiac imaging agents.

There are several prerequisites for the development of new diagnostic cardiovascular radiopharmaceuticals. Agents which are proposed for clinical use must offer significant advantages in one or more of the following categories: I) Radiopharmacy [dosimetry, dose preparation, dose availability]; II) Imaging characteristics [spatial and temporal resolution, radiotracer biokinetics, patient throughput and acquisition protocols]; and III) Measurement of a previously unmeasurable physiologic or pharmacologic event [metabolic pathways, receptors, neural pathways, preclinical disease]. Technetium-99m-based radiopharmaceuticals are particularly attractive, in view of their excellent characteristics for imaging with the Anger gamma camera. In addition, the increasing use of tomographic imaging and reconstruction techniques has magnified the importance of developing radiotracers with minimal soft tissue attenuation effects. Technetium-99m and positron emitting radioisotopes offer this advantage. A wide choice of biologically and pharmacologically relevant ligands are available for complexing with these radiotracers. The clinical studies are underway in order to validate these new agents, and to determine their value in the modern practice of nuclear medicine. Technetium-99m sestamibi is just one example of a novel radiotracer with improved imaging characteristics that has undergone careful pre-clinical and clinical testing, and which has emerged as a useful diagnostic imaging agent. Future studies should be directed towards the development of tracers with well-defined biokinetic characteristics, which are advantageous for tomographic imaging. The future applications of tracer imaging techniques for the pre-clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular, oncologic and other medical conditions are significant and are expanding. Combined diagnostic and therapeutic approaches may eventually be possible with a single injection of a pharmacologically active radiotracer.
Tannins in Fruit Extracts as Affected by Heat Treatments

Thawed, previously-frozen red currant and red raspberry fruits were heated to 66°C., 88°C., and 98°C. for 1, 20, or 60 minutes after reaching those temperatures. The effect of heating currants with the stems was tested by including stems in a second set of currant samples heated for 20 minutes. Tannins in the drained and pressed juices from currants increased with both time and temperature. The same was true of the drained juice of raspberries. Taste panel scores showed a trend of increased bitterness and astringency with increased tannin content. Heating the currants with stems produced flavors in the juice to which panel members reacted unfavorably.
Double-blind comparison of once daily betaxolol versus propranolol four times daily in stable angina pectoris

Abstract Betaxolol is a new, highly cardioselective, once-a-day β blocker with a long half-life (mean 16 hours). The antianginal efficacy of 2 doses of betaxolol (20 and 40 mg) given once daily was evaluated and compared with propranolol (40 or 80 mg) 4 times daily. Ninety-two patients completed the 10-week double-blind trial. The resting and exercise heart rate, blood pressure and double product were similar for all treatment arms of the study during placebo treatment. Significant decreases in these measures occurred during active drug treatment when compared with placebo. No significant intergroup differences were noted at rest. Maximal exercise heart rate and double product were significantly lower during treatment with betaxolol 40 mg daily than in the propranolol 40 mg 4 times/day treatment group (p
Percutaneous balloon compression for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis. Analysis of the potentially prognostic factors

Background The role of different procedures for the treatment of drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) is under discussion and there are no clear indications in the literature. In particular, the role of percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) has been poorly addressed so far. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports analysing the factors potentially related to the prognosis in these patients. We examined the role of PBC for the treatment of TN in MS patients and investigated the role of some clinical and procedure-related factors in determining the prognosis of these patients. Method We retrospectively reviewed clinical and outcome data of 21 MS patients submitted to PBC (eight of them had already been treated with different procedures). We analysed the impact of the sex, number of affected trigeminal divisions, pre-operative deficit, previous operations, compression time and balloon shape at the operation, on acute pain relief (APR) by the chi-squared statistic and on pain-free survival (PFS) by the Kaplan-Meier method. Findings An excellent (BNI I-II)-good (BNI III) outcome was obtained in all patients with a single or repeated procedure. The presence of a single affected trigeminal division (p00.042), the absence of previous operations (p00.048), the compression time ≤5 min (p00.0067) and the pear-like shape of the balloon at the operation (p<0.05) were associated to higher pain-free survival. Conclusions PBC is a safe and effective technique to treat drug-resistant TN in MS patients. Some clinical and procedure-related factors may play a role in the prognosis of these patients.
A mostly elementary proof of Morrey space estimates for elliptic and parabolic equations with VMO coefficients

Abstract In recent years, there has been considerable interest in extending the well-known Calderon–Zygmund estimates for the Laplacian to more general equations, in particular equations with highest order coefficients lying in the Sarason space VMO . In addition, the analogous estimates with Morrey spaces replacing Lebesgue spaces have been considered. These Morrey space estimates have been proved by refining the proofs for the L p estimates. We shall show that the Morrey space estimates follow from the L p estimates via an elementary argument which is very similar to that used by Campanato.
Health care delivery in the Texas prison system: the role of academic medicine.

Faced with explosive growth in its prison population and a legal mandate to improve medical care for incarcerated offenders, the state of Texas implemented a novel correctional managed health care program in 1994. The organizational structure of the program is based on a series of contractual relationships between the state prison system, 2 of the state's academic medical centers, and a separate governing body composed of 9 appointed members, which include 5 physicians. All medical, dental, and psychiatric care for more than 145 000 offenders, incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, is provided by the University of Texas Medical Branch and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. The health delivery system is composed of several levels of care, including primary ambulatory care clinics in each prison unit, 16 infirmaries at strategic locations throughout the state, several regional medical facilities, and a dedicated prison hospital with a full range of services. Specialized treatment programs have been established at various units for patients with chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, major psychiatric disorders, hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Significant improvements in health outcomes have occurred since the managed care program was established.
Analgesic nephropathy. For this time and for this place.

The medical literature sometimes makes it seem that all pharmacologic triumphs are tragically tainted. It is, therefore, a particular joy to read in this issue of theArchivesan article which subtracts from rather than adds to our fears. The ingestion of substantial quantities of analgesics does not appear to contribute more than a tiny amount, if at all, to end-stage renal disease in the United States. See also p 1687. It may be presumptuous to extend the findings in eastern Pennsylvania in the late 1970s to the whole United States for, say, the next decade, since much of the confusion about analgesic nephropathy arose from extending epidemiologic observations about the social habits of Australian housewives and Swiss factory girls—both given incontinently to consuming phenacetin-containing analgesic mixtures—to the rest of the world, but that earlier extrapolation is not analagous. Murray et al did what none of their predecessors in the