cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DESIGN AS A SEQUENTIAL DECISION PROCESS: A METHOD FOR REDUCING DESIGN SET SPACE USING MODELS TO BOUND OBJECTIVES

Design is a sequential decision process that increases the detail of modeling and analysis while simultaneously decreasing the space of alternatives considered. In a decision theoretic framework, low-fidelity models help decision-makers identify regions of interest in the tradespace and cull others prior to constructing more computationally expensive models of higher fidelity. The method presented herein demonstrates design as a sequence of finite decision epochs through a search space defined by the extent of the set of designs under consideration, and the level of analytic fidelity subjected to each design. Previous work has shown that multi-fidelity modeling can aid in rapid optimization of the design space when high-fidelity models are coupled with low-fidelity models. This paper offers two contributions to the design community: (1) a model of design as a sequential decision process of refinement using progressively more accurate and expensive models, and (2) a connected approach for how conceptual models couple with detailed models. Formal definitions of the process are provided, and a simple one-dimensional example is presented to demonstrate the use of sequential multi-fidelity modeling in determining an optimal modeling selection policy.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Incidence of Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Prolonged QTc After the Administration of Azithromycin: A Retrospective Study

Background Azithromycin has been associated with abnormalities of cardiac repolarization and development of torsades de pointes. Observational data suggest that the risk of death from cardiovascular causes is increased in patients taking azithromycin. Little is known regarding the risk of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with prolongation of the corrected QT interval who receive azithromycin.
Stratified Turbulence and Mixing Efficiency in a Salt Wedge Estuary

AbstractHigh-resolution observations of velocity, salinity, and turbulence quantities were collected in a salt wedge estuary to quantify the efficiency of stratified mixing in a high-energy environment. During the ebb tide, a midwater column layer of strong shear and stratification developed, exhibiting near-critical gradient Richardson numbers and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates greater than 10−4 m2 s−3, based on inertial subrange spectra. Collocated estimates of scalar variance dissipation from microconductivity sensors were used to estimate buoyancy flux and the flux Richardson number Rif. The majority of the samples were outside the boundary layer, based on the ratio of Ozmidov and boundary length scales, and had a mean Rif = 0.23 ± 0.01 (dissipation flux coefficient Γ = 0.30 ± 0.02) and a median gradient Richardson number Rig = 0.25. The boundary-influenced subset of the data had decreased efficiency, with Rif = 0.17 ± 0.02 (Γ = 0.20 ± 0.03) and median Rig = 0.16. The relationship be...
Wear Improvement in Ti-6Al-4V by Ion Implantation

The friction and wear of Ti-6Al-4V are found to be sharply reduced by carbon implantation followed by heat treatment. Optimum wear resistance is developed at 400° C, at which the microstructure of the implanted layer shows a dense array of TiC precipitates up to 60 nm in size. The implanted layer in this case is worn through in a few thousand cycles of the ball on disc test, but by implanting at two energies to achieve a deeper carbide layer, negligible wear was found even after 20,000 cycles. No wear improvement was found for nitrogen implantation.
Case report: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in hospitalized surgical patient

Hospital surgical services are often reluctant to offer nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to inpatients due to concerns that nicotine leads to vasoconstriction and impaired wound healing. However, multiple potential health benefits result from offering NRT to hospitalized surgical patients who use tobacco products. A 28-year-old female patient, hospitalized following a motor vehicle accident, experienced severe nicotine withdrawal symptoms and a strong desire to smoke. After a Tobacco Treatment Specialist (TTS) consultation, the Physical Medical and Rehabilitation service at the hospital began her on NRT with positive outcomes. The patient experienced decreased cravings and withdrawal symptoms, as well as an increased desire to remain tobacco free after discharge. More surgical patients may have an increased commitment to remain tobacco free after discharge, if their withdrawal symptoms are treated during hospitalization using NRT.
Developing Syntactic Repertoires: Syntheses of Stimulus Classes, Sequences, and Contextual Control

A variety of complex repertoires, (e.g., language, numeric and musical skills) possess orderly syntactic properties, are generalized and productive, and vary with current context. Here, such repertoires and other examples that have been developed experimentally are discussed in terms of a behavior analysis that involves syntheses of serial learning, class formation, and contextual stimulus control.
Efficient wave-based acoustic material design optimization

We present a novel approach for optimizing acoustic parameters using sensitivity analysis for computer-aided design and analysis of architectural models. Our approach builds on recent low-dispersion wave-based acoustic solvers that can accurately compute the pressure field in large models. We present an efficient technique to compute the gradient of the pressure field using automatic differentiation and combine that with a quasi-Newtonian optimization method to automatically compute the optimal material properties. We highlight the performance on many complex CAD models to optimize the strength and clarity acoustic parameters, and thereby improve the acoustic characteristics of large models. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical and accurate approach for acoustic material optimization of large indoor CAD models.
Clustering Single-Cell Expression Data Using Random Forest Graphs

Complex tissues such as brain and bone marrow are made up of multiple cell types. As the study of biological tissue structure progresses, the role of cell-type-specific research becomes increasingly important. Novel sequencing technology such as single-cell cytometry provides researchers access to valuable biological data. Applying machine-learning techniques to these high-throughput datasets provides deep insights into the cellular landscape of the tissue where those cells are a part of. In this paper, we propose the use of random-forest-based single-cell profiling, a new machine-learning-based technique, to profile different cell types of intricate tissues using single-cell cytometry data. Our technique utilizes random forests to capture cell marker dependences and model the cellular populations using the cell network concept. This cellular network helps us discover what cell types are in the tissue. Our experimental results on public-domain datasets indicate promising performance and accuracy of our technique in extracting cell populations of complex tissues.
Management of an absent pulse following arterial catheterization

Arterial cannulation is a common procedure for diagnostic as well as interventional catheterisation. The incidence of arterial damage varies from around 1% to 45 % depending on the size of the patient, size of catheters used, repeat procedures, pre-existing vascular disease and whether the procedure was interventional as opposed to diagnostic (twelve times higher risk with intervention). The absence of a pulse following catheterisation can result from spasm, local thrombus formation, formation of a flap of endothelium, dissection or avulsion of the artery. In order to minimize the risks of arterial damage the following factors may help: a clean puncture, small French catheters, tapered well-fitting introducer sheaths, a short procedure time and administration of heparin (50 to 100 units/kg with further dose/s if the procedure lasts more than 75 minutes).
Culture-related factors affect sunk cost bias.

A B ST R A C T Reasoning and decision-making are fraught with systematic errors in thinking. One key example is sunk cost, a past investment that cannot be recovered, that influences ongoing decisions. A sunk cost bias occurs when previous choices affect present decisions. Sunk cost decision-making has been primarily studied in Western, individualistic cultures although some attention has been focused on comparing its prevalence in collectivist cultures such as Japan and China. We evaluated the influence of individualist and collectivist cultures, perceived control and the role of self. In Study 1 Americans and Indians were primed with cultural values and then presented with sunk cost decision scenarios. Results indicated Americans made more sunk cost decision errors than Indians and personal decisions were associated with more bias than decisions made on behalf of others. Cultural differences on sunk cost bias were consistent with self-justification theory. In Study 2 a new set of sunk cost scenarios varied environmental use and sustainability themes. Results indicated particular situations influenced error, although country of origin and perceived behavioral control were also effective at predicting sunk cost bias. keywords: decision-making, cognitive bias, sunk cost, self-view, India, United States, environment
An improved basis for characterizing the suitability of fly ash as a cement replacement agent

Fly ash is a critical material for partial replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC) in the binder fraction of a concrete mixture. However, significant compositional variability currently limits fly ash use. For example, the performance of OPC-fly ash blends cannot be estimated a priori using current characterization standards (e.g., ASTM C618). In this study, fly ashes spanning a wide compositional range are characterized in terms of glassy and crystalline phases using a combination of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) techniques. The compositional data are distilled to a unitless parameter, the network ratio (Nr), which represents the network behavior of atoms that form alkali/alkaline earth-aluminosilicate glasses that make up fly ashes. Nr is correlated to known composition-dependent features, including the glass transition temperature and amorphous XRD peak (“hump”) position. Analysis of heat release data and compressive strengths are used to evaluate the impact of fly ash compositions on reaction kinetics and on the engineering properties of cement-fly ash blends. It is shown that fly ashes hosting glasses with a high network ratio (i.e., having a less stable glass structure) are more reactive than others. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Common Influences on the Success of Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act

ABSTRACTOver half of the endangered species in the United States depend on private lands for habitat. In 1982, Congress amended the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to address the conservation of endangered species on private lands through the introduction of Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs). HCPs enable landowners to comply with the ESA and can foster creative partnerships between the federal government and local stakeholders. Researchers have investigated the scientifically biological merits of HCPs, but comparatively little attention has been given to social aspects despite an emphasis on stakeholder involvement in HCPs. We explore stakeholder perceptions of HCP development through 19 semi-structured key informant interviews. Findings include the influence of interpersonal themes, shared understanding and capacity on process outcomes, and the importance of the external context in which HCP development occurs. Our research highlights the central role of understanding social dimensions to achieve the desire...
Twilight of the pencil

Mathematica Wolfram Research Inc., PO Box 6059, Champaign, Illinois 61821. $495 (Macintosh PluslSE version); $795 (Macintosh II version). Stop Press: on 15 December a version becomes available for 386-based IBM-PCs; prices from $695 to $1,295. Mathematica: A System of Doing Mathematics by Computer. By Stephen Wolfram Addison-Wesley: 1988. Pp. 749. Hbk$40.95; £36.85; pbk$27.75, £19.95.
Process variation immune and energy aware sense amplifiers for resistive non-volatile memories

Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) has been explored as a post-CMOS technology for embedded and data storage applications seeking non-volatility, near-zero standby energy, and high density. Towards attaining these objectives for practical implementations, various techniques to mitigate the specific reliability challenges associated with STT-MRAM elements are surveyed, classified, and assessed herein. Some solutions to the reliability issues identified are addressed to realize reliable STT-MRAM designs. In an attempt to further improve the process variation immunity of the Sense Amplifiers (SAs), two new SAs are introduced: Energy Aware Sense Amplifier (EASA) and Variation Immune Sense Amplifier (VISA). Results have shown that EASA and VISA achieve superior performance in most cases compared to two of the most common SAs, namely PCSA and SPCSA respectively, while reducing Bit Error Rate (BER) and increasing reliability.
Predicting hazardous events in work zones using naturalistic driving data

In the United States, someone is injured in a work zone every 14 minutes. Work zone crashes are not only a problem for the drivers, they are a serious concern for highway workers who are injured or killed by errant vehicles. Each year, over 20,000 workers are injured in work zones. A number of factors contribute to work zone crashes, including inattention, speeding, and driving under influence, all driver behavior factors. Unfortunately, driver behavior in work zones is not well understood. The naturalistic driving study (NDS) data, collected by the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), offers a rare opportunity for a first-hand view of crashes and near-crashes that occur around work zones and to compare them to non-work zone events. Four machine learning algorithms: Random forest, Deep Neural Network, Multilayer Feedforward Neural Network, and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), were applied to work zone events within NDS data. The Random forest algorithm performed the best in classifying NDS data into crashes, near-crashes, and baseline using pre-event variables. The prediction accuracy for work zone events was 97.7% for three classes: crash, near-crash, and baseline and 88.7% for two classes: crash and near-crash. These accuracies were significantly higher than a Naive predictor's accuracies of 62.6% and 74.2%, respectively. The high accuracies of Random forest models show that these models can be used to predict the occurrence of a safety critical event by only using pre-event variables.
Flipped Voltage Follower Based Low Dropout (LDO) Voltage Regulators: A Tutorial Overview

This tutorial introduces flipped voltage follower (FVF) based low dropout voltage regulators (LDOs) and their recent advances in the literature. Conventional off-chip output capacitor LDOs deploy an off-chip output capacitor in the range of hundreds of nanofarads to tens of microfarads with an inherent equivalent series resistance (ESR) in order to attain stability and low overshoot and undershoot during load transients. Because of the large value of the output capacitor, the bandwidth of the LDO is often limited and the transient response is slow. Advancements in System-on-Chips (SoCs) and bill of materials cost often restrict designers from using off-chip components or too many inputoutput (IO) pins. Thus low value integrated on-chip capacitor LDOs are gaining importance. One of the major requirements of on-chip capacitor LDOs is to achieve high bandwidth. An FVF is an analog voltage buffer circuit with fast local feedback. It is capable of sourcing high currents, which makes it ideal candidate for LDOs. Design details such as pole-zero equations, stability, output resistance and transient response of basic and advanced FVF LDOs are discussed in this tutorial. The designs are analyzed with mathematical analysis and simulation results.
New Curriculum and Courses

The papers presented in this minitrack describe proposed and new academic programs in information systems. The first paper by Terlouw and Leenders describes an integrated environment for the use of information and communication technology at the University of Groningen in The Netherlands. The paper by Gorgone and Gray reports on the latest draft of the IS National Curriculum effort. The purpose of this mini-track is to share the vision and insights, and to discuss how curriculum and courses could be re-engineered to meet the demands of the 21 st Century.
Erratum: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging

A correction was made to Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging. There was an error in the author, Burns Blaxalls', name and the article title. The authors name has been corrected to: Burns C. Blaxall instead of: Burns Blaxall The article title was changed to: Murine Echocardiography and Ultrasound Imaging instead of: Murine echocardiography and ultrasound imaging
The Band Model for d- and f-Metals

The application of band theory to metallic systems with d- and f-orbitals in the valence and conduction bands will be discussed. Because such an application pushes theory and technique to their limits, several important features will be briefly recapitulated. Within the transition metal systems, the elemental systems will be used to discuss the fundamental formalism being applied and the newer directions into more complex systems will be mentioned. Here we focus more on anisotropic properties and Fermi surface properties. Within the f-orbital systems, the focus will be more on Ce and its compounds because of current interest with a relatively brief discussion of the actinides. The point of view advanced, however, has its orgies in actinide research.
CALCIUM AND INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of calcium that involve calmodulin and utilize specific or multifunctional Ca2+calmodulin-dependent protein kinases analogous to the myosin light chain kinase. The Ca2+calmodulin complex can also affect some proteins independently of kinases and Ca2+ can act on some proteins without the mediation of calmodulin. The level of Ca2+ in the cytosol of cells is controlled by processes that transfer Ca2+ across the plasma membrane, and by the uptake or release of Ca2+ by intracellular organelles and membranes. Many hormones that act primarily by altering cyclic AMP can indirectly regulate Ca2+ and thus exert important control through this ion. The interaction of calcium-mediated hormones and neurotransmitters with their specific cell surface receptors activates a specific phospholipase C, which catalyzes the breakdown of membrane PIP2 to a water-soluble product; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which passes into the cytosol; and a lipid product 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), which remains in the membrane. The phosphoinositide mechanism may be important not only in the actions of hormones and neurotransmitters but also in the regulation of growth and development.
Identities and Identity Transformations Among Persons with HIV Disease

Drawing on a pendulum model of identity transformation (i.e. viewing identity as a fluid, dual-directional construct), the processes by which a mostly gay sample of persons with HIV disease develop and adopt HIV-related identities is examined. Through in-depth interviews with 63 persons living with HIV disease in Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana, individual experiences and responses to illness are explored. Recognition of biographical disruptions and critical milestones in identity transformations are discussed and presented as the events that constitute the alteration of identity. Three critical milestones are identified in the transformation process: testing for HIV antibodies, disease validation and diagnosis, and disclosure of HIV positivity. Responses to these milestones—catastrophizing, minimizing and ignoring, and adaptation—are presented as primary constitutive processes that lead individuals through the formulation of an HIV identity. Resulting, transformed identities are those of being HIV Positive, Living with HIV, and as a Person with AIDS. Identities are examined as fluid constructs, drawing upon aspects of both the physiological and social aspects of self.
Drugs Affecting the Enterohepatic Circulation of Cholesterol

In order to evaluate the effect of drugs which affect the enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol, analytical procedures were developed for studying and measuring changes in biliary excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile acids and bile acid conjugates. Analyses by gas phase analytical methods provided characteristic “profiles” for each fraction.
Public stigma for men and women veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder

No investigations have fully evaluated the range of public stigma for United States’ military veterans with combat-related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Previous investigations have also focused exclusively on men and have not included women veterans, who have been increasingly exposed to combat in recent military operations, are at higher risk for developing PTSD compared to men, and who represent the fastest growing segment of the population joining the military. In this investigation, undergraduate participants (N = 262; 44% women; mean age 20 years) completed measures of veteran familiarity and PTSD symptoms, were randomly assigned to watch a video of either a veteran man or woman describing their combat experiences and PTSD symptoms and completed a public stigma questionnaire. Men participants ascribed more responsibility for combat-related PTSD to veterans than women, and the woman veteran was ascribed more responsibility for her PTSD than the man veteran by both women and men participants. The man veteran was appraised as more dangerous and fear provoking than the woman veteran. There was a trend suggesting the man veteran elicited more anger than the woman veteran. Participants reported wanting to segregate and coerce the man veteran into treatment more than the woman veteran. Veteran familiarity was associated with decreased perception of danger, anger and fear, while experiencing PTSD was associated with increased perception of danger, anger, and fear. These findings provide a preliminary assessment of public stigma for veterans with combat-related PTSD and are the first to incorporate women veterans with combat-related PTSD.
Seasonal and plant specific vulnerability of amphibian tadpoles to the invasion of a novel cyanobacteria

Aetokthonos hydrillicola (Ah) is a newly described cyanobacteria that forms dense colonies on aquatic macrophytes, primarily invasive Hydrilla verticillata, and is associated with mortality of freshwater wildlife. Prior research shows that Ah growing on Hydrilla is potently toxic to waterbirds, turtles, and fish, suggesting potentially broad sensitivity among vertebrates. We tested whether amphibian tadpole species were affected by ingestion of Ah-positive Hydrilla, and whether season, host plant, or tadpole age/size affected tadpole vulnerability. For trials involving ranid tadpoles (Bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana; Green frogs, R. clamitans; and Southern leopard frogs, R. sphenocephala), feeding on Ah-positive Hydrilla collected during October–November resulted in the development of lesions within brain tissue and significant mortality. Ranid tadpole sensitivity to Ah toxin did not vary with age or size, but vulnerability from ingestion of Ah-positive Hydrilla varied seasonally and between two syntopic host plants. An unexpected result of our study was the apparent insensitivity of Green treefrog tadpoles (Hyla cinerea) fed toxic, Ah-positive Hydrilla. In conjunction with other studies, our results confirm wide but variable sensitivity among major vertebrate lineages to the Ah toxin. Differential sensitivity among species means that the introduction of Ah could alter interactions and structure within aquatic communities.
Semiparametric inference for a two-stage outcome-dependent sampling design with interval-censored failure time data

We propose a two-stage outcome-dependent sampling design and inference procedure for studies that concern interval-censored failure time outcomes. This design enhances the study efficiency by allowing the selection probabilities of the second-stage sample, for which the expensive exposure variable is ascertained, to depend on the first-stage observed interval-censored failure time outcomes. In particular, the second-stage sample is enriched by selectively including subjects who are known or observed to experience the failure at an early or late time. We develop a sieve semiparametric maximum pseudo likelihood procedure that makes use of all available data from the proposed two-stage design. The resulting regression parameter estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal, and a consistent estimator for its asymptotic variance is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design and inference procedure performs well in practical situations and is more efficient than the existing designs and methods. An application to a phase 3 HIV vaccine trial is provided.
Laparoscopic Approach to Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma is Associated with an Exacerbation of Inadequate Nodal Staging

Laparoscopic approach to liver resection is feasible and safe, though its utilization with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains poorly documented. We sought to evaluate the use laparoscopy for ICC, and to examine adherence to oncologic standards. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients who underwent resection for ICC. Patients were stratified by laparoscopic (LLR) versus open liver resection (OLR). Clinicopathologic parameters and hospital volumes were recorded. In total, 2309 patients with ICC underwent hepatic resection (1997 OLR, 312 LLR) between 2010 and 2015. LLR increased from 12 to 16% during the study period and was utilized more commonly than OLR for wedge and segmental resections (56% vs. 33%, p < 0.001). Nodal evaluation was performed in 58% of all patients with ICC and was significantly more common in patients undergoing OLR (61%, n = 1210) versus LLR (39%, n = 120), p < 0.001. Of the 120 patients undergoing LLR with any nodal evaluation, 31% (n = 37) had a single node evaluated. Patients who underwent LLR were less likely to have ≥ 6 lymph nodes evaluated compared with those who underwent OLR (9% vs. 15%, respectively, p < 0.001). The use of laparoscopy for ICC is associated with an exacerbation of inadequate nodal evaluation compared with open resections.
Improved heat tolerance in creeping bentgrass by γ-aminobutyric acid, proline, and inorganic nitrogen associated with differential regulation of amino acid metabolism

Plant defense against heat stress involves adjustments in amino acid metabolism. The objective of this study was to identify major amino acids and associated metabolic pathways differentially regulated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and proline that may contribute to augmentation of heat tolerance in cool-season grass species. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. cv. ‘Penncross’) was exposed to non-stress (22/18 °C, day/night) or heat stress (35/30 °C, day/night) conditions for 35 d in controlled-environment growth chambers. Non-stressed and heat-stressed plants were foliar-sprayed with water (untreated control), GABA, proline, or ammonium nitrate (N) as a nitrogen source control. Under heat stress, foliar application of GABA, proline, or N significantly increased turf quality and leaf chlorophyll content compared to untreated control plants. N application had nutritional effects, resulting in increases in the content of all amino acids under heat stress. Application of GABA under heat stress significantly increased endogenous content of glutamic acid, GABA, and threonine. Plants treated with proline under heat stress had significantly higher endogenous levels of proline, GABA, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, serine, alanine, threonine, and tryptophan compared to untreated controls. The improved heat tolerance in creeping bentgrass pathway by GABA was mainly associated with regulation of amino acid metabolism in the GABA shunt and oxaloacetate pathways. Proline-enhanced heat tolerance involved the regulation of five metabolic pathways (GABA shunt, oxaloacetate, 3-phosphoglycerate, secondary metabolism, and pyruvate). GABA and proline, as well as their responsive amino acids could be used as biomarkers to improve heat tolerance in cool-season grass species.
Improving Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstructive Care with a Novel Perioperative Checklist

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To appraise the utility of a novel EMR-based checklist for complex head and neck microvascular free-tissue reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN A prospectively collected retrospective matched cohort study from a single tertiary care academic institution. METHODS A retrospective matched cohort study from an academic tertiary care center with 76 total patients analyzed for disease-specific and quality outcomes before and after implementation of an EMR-based checklist tailored to complex head and neck care. The intervention group consisted of 38 consecutive patients undergoing microvascular free tissue reconstruction after implementation of the EMR-based checklist strategy. A historic cohort of 38 patients was derived by matching patients meticulously for disease-specific and surgical characteristics. Primary outcomes included post-operative medical and surgical complications, intensive care requirements, 30-day reoperation rates, hospital length of stay, and completion of preoperative metastatic evaluations. Secondary outcomes included patterns of antibiotic administration, ultimate discharge dispositions, flap survival, and recognition of preoperative hypothyroidism in previously radiated patients. RESULTS Implementation of the perioperative checklist yielded an overall reduction in major medical complications (10.5% vs. 29.0%, P .99), escalations to intensive-care (13.2% vs. 21.1%, P = .36), or flap survival (97.4% vs. 89.5%, P = .17). CONCLUSIONS Use of our EMR-based perioperative checklist reduced major medical complications, post-operative antibiotic administration, hospital length of stay, and improved discharge outcomes for patients undergoing microvascular free-tissue reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2251-E2256, 2021.
Investor Heterogeneity and Market Discipline: Evidence from Mutual Fund Adviser Misconduct

Does investor heterogeneity affect the power of market discipline in mutual fund adviser misconduct? We show a significant difference in flow sensitivity to misconduct disclosures between institutional and retail investors. Market discipline is particularly weak among retail investors with limited attention. The effectiveness of discipline by investors in fact predicts misconduct likelihood. Investors' differential ability to impose market discipline also affects fund management profitability and turnover along with subsequent fund performance. Overall, our study highlights the real effects of investor heterogeneity on market discipline and casts doubt on the safety of retail investments under the current regulatory and market environment.
Materials and Device Engineering for High-Performance Gallium Oxide Devices

Gallium Oxide is an ultra-wide band gap semiconductor that provides key benefits for high-performance power devices, including high electric breakdown field strength, good transport properties, well-controlled doping, and large-area melt-grown native substrates. The unique properties of this material also provide significant opportunities for heterostructure and device engineering. In this paper, we discuss some key advances toward achieving high-performance devices based on Gallium Oxide, and discuss future opportunities and challenges in this exciting area of research.
Genome Wide Association Mapping of Root Traits in the Andean Genepool of Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown With and Without Aluminum Toxicity

Common bean is one of the most important grain legumes for human diets but is produced on marginal lands with unfavorable soil conditions; among which Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a serious and widespread problem. Under low pH, stable forms of Al dissolve into the soil solution and as phytotoxic ions inhibit the growth and function of roots through injury to the root apex. This results in a smaller root system that detrimentally effects yield. The goal of this study was to evaluate 227 genotypes from an Andean diversity panel (ADP) of common bean and determine the level of Al toxicity tolerance and candidate genes for this abiotic stress tolerance through root trait analysis and marker association studies. Plants were grown as seedlings in hydroponic tanks at a pH of 4.5 with a treatment of high Al concentration (50 μM) compared to a control (0 μM). The roots were harvested and scanned to determine average root diameter, root volume, root surface area, number of root links, number of root tips, and total root length. Percent reduction or increase was calculated for each trait by comparing treatments. Genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by testing phenotypic data against single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker genotyping data for the panel. Principal components and a kinship matrix were included in the mixed linear model to correct for population structure. Analyses of variance indicated the presence of significant difference between genotypes. The heritability of traits ranged from 0.67 to 0.92 in Al-treated and reached similar values in non-treated plants. GWAS revealed significant associations between root traits and genetic markers on chromosomes Pv01, Pv04, Pv05, Pv06, and Pv11 with some SNPs contributing to more than one trait. Candidate genes near these loci were analyzed to explain the detected association and included an Al activated malate transporter gene and a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion gene. This study showed that polygenic inheritance was critical to aluminum toxicity tolerance in common beans roots. Candidate genes found suggested that exudation of malate and citrate as organic acids would be important for Al tolerance. Possible cross-talk between mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and resistance to other abiotic stresses are discussed.
Using rumination time to manage health and reproduction in dairy cattle: a review

Early detection of disease is the key to successful management of the dairy cattle which leads to timely treatment and prevention of costs associated with prolonged treatment and reduced milk yield. Electronic systems that allow for monitoring of physiological parameters like rumination, are now commercially available. This review paper discusses different aspects of rumination time that could be used to monitor the health and reproduction of dairy cattle. This review paper explored different areas where rumination time could be utilized in monitoring dairy cattle at calving, during the estrus period, during heat stressed conditions, and to detect diseases and transition cow disorders. In conclusion, rumination time could be used as an indicator of the health status in dairy cattle.
Do-it-yourself radiative cooler as a radiative cooling standard and cooling component for device design

We demonstrate a simple, low-cost design of a selectively emissive radiative cooler using scotch tape and aluminum foil, which can be further augmented by higher quality metal deposition methods. This do-it-yourself radiative cooler achieves solar reflectance, long wavelength infrared emittance, and optical selectivity comparable to state-of-the art designs and is experimentally demonstrated as achieving a 7°C subambient temperature drop at night for the aluminized scotch tape and an average 2°C drop under a solar illumination of 965 W / m2 for the silvered scotch tape. In addition, an 11°C subambient temperature drop at night for the aluminized scotch tape was obtained when a convection shield was used. Detailed optical properties are presented for an ultrawide wavelength range and a ∼2π angle of emittance. Given its ease of fabrication and performance, we propose this set of materials as a control for future radiative cooling experiments and an effective radiative cooling accessory for passive cooling designs.
Stresses on Rapidly Sheared Fluid-Solid Mixtures

Constitutive equations were derived describing the stress in a rapidly sheared mixture of granular cohesionless solids and a Newtonian fluid. These equations are considered to describe the flow of mixtures such as coal and oil in a pipeline or sediment suspended in a river. The stress is found to depend upon the following properties of the solid: diameter and density of the granular material, coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of restitution, and volumetric concentration. The density and viscosity of the interstitial fluid was also found to affect the stress within the granular mixture. The theoretically predicted shear stresses were found to be in good agreement with measured stresses determined from experimental studies where rapid shear flows were produced in mixtures formed from polystyrene spheres in air, polystyrene spheres in water, glass spheres in air and polystyrene spheres in air.
Novel serotonin receptors in Fasciola: characterization by studies on adenylate cyclase activation and [3H]LSD binding

Serotonin (5-HT) receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica have been characterized by adenylate cyclase activation studies and by direct binding studies using [3H]-d-lysergic acid diethylamide ([3H]LSD) as a radioligand. Inhibition of 5-HT stimulation of adenylate cyclase by a series of 5-HT antagonists revealed a potency order of LSD = 2-bromo-LSD greater than methiothepin greater than metergoline = cyproheptadine greater than methysergide greater than spiroperidol. [3H]LSD binding to a cell-free fluke particle preparation was rapid, stereospecific, and proportional to protein concentration. Scatchard analysis indicated multiple binding sites which, when resolved into two components, gave for the high affinity site an apparent dissociation constant of 25 nM and a receptor concentration of 160 fmoles/mg protein. The ability of a series of compounds to compete for [3H]LSD binding sites correlated closely with their ability to inhibit 5-HT stimulation of adenylate cyclase. [3H]LSD binding sites were most concentrated in the anterior region of the fluke which was consistent with the higher levels of 5-HT activated adenylate cyclase found in this region. GTP and 5'-guanylyl imidophosphate, a poorly hydrolyzable GTP analog, decreased the affinity of the agonist 5-HT for the binding sites but had little effect on the affinity of the antagonist 2-bromo-LSD. Calcium at concentrations above 300 microM significantly reduced both [3H]LSD binding and 5-HT activation of adenylate cyclase. The results indicate that [3H]LSD can be used to label the 5-HT receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase activity. The pharmacological specificity and other characteristics of the fluke receptors appear to differ from the properties of reported mammalian 5-HT receptors. As a result, serotonin receptors in the fluke represent sites that may be amenable to selective manipulation by new chemotherapeutic agents useful in the treatment of these parasite infections.
G4 DNA replication: I. Origin of synthesis of the viral and complementary DNA strands

Abstract The break in the complementary DNA strand of early G4 replicative form II DNA (RFII) and in the viral DNA strand of late RFII DNA was located using two single cleavage restriction enzymes (EcoRI and PstI) and by limited nick translation of the break using DNA polymerase I and 32P-labelled deoxyribonucleotides followed by digestion with the restriction enzymes HaeIII and HindII. The break in the complementary DNA strand was unique and in HaeIII Z5 close to the EcoRI cleavage site whereas the break in the viral DNA strand was on the other side of the molecule in HaeIII Z2 approxiately 50% away from the EcoRI cleavage site. Distribution of a short 3H pulse in early G4 replicating intermediates that were synthesising both DNA strands at the same time showed that synthesis of the strands started on opposite sides of the molecule and proceeded in opposite convergent directions, suggesting that initiation of synthesis of the two strands was independent and not unified in a single growing fork.
A revision of the Appalachian millipede genus Brachoria Chamberlin, 1939 (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae: Apheloriini)

The apheloriine millipede genus Brachoria as presented here comprises 34 species distributed throughout the south-eastern US Appalachian Mountains. Members of this genus are blind (like all millipedes in the order Polydesmida), large (4–6 cm in length), and display conspicuous aposematic coloration in yellow, red, orange, and violet. Many Brachoria species participate in Mullerian mimicry rings with co-occurring Apheloriini, in particular with species in the genus Apheloria. Some areas contain five co-mimic species of Apheloriini and a high local density totalling 43 individuals per 50 m2. Since the first revision in 1959, workers have suggested that many more species were awaiting discovery in the Cumberland Mountains. Here I present a taxonomic revision and describe ten new species: Brachoria badbranchensis, Brachoria blackmountainensis, Brachoria campcreekensis, Brachoria cumberlandmountainensis, Brachoria flammipes, Brachoria grapevinensis, Brachoria guntermountainensis, Brachoria hendrixsoni, Brachoria sheari, and Brachoria virginia. Five of these new species occur in the Cumberland Mountain Thrust Block region and five occur elsewhere throughout the Appalachian Highlands in eastern Kentucky, north-eastern Alabama, southern West Virginia, south-western Virginia, and the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee. A molecular phylogeny of Brachoria species is well supported at deeper divergences, corresponds closely with geography, and is used as a phylogenetic basis for the taxonomy presented here. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159, 817–889.
The Effects of Convex Exterior Mirrors on Lane-Changing and Passing Performance of Drivers

DRIVERS CARRIED OUT A LANE-CHANGING AND PASSING MANEUVER USING CONVEX AND PLANE EXTERIOR MIRRORS ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH A PLANE INTERIOR MIRROR. THE DATA SHOWED THAT THE ADDITION OF THE PLANE INTERIOR MIRROR COMPENSATED FOR JUDGMENTAL ERRORS FOUND WHEN CONVEX MIRRORS WERE USED ALONE. WHEN THE SPEED DIFFERENCE WAS 15 MPH BETWEEN THE OVERTAKING CAR AND THE SUBJECT'S CAR, SUBJECTS ACCEPTED GAPS THAT WERE TOO SPORT IRRESPECTIVE OF THE EXTERIOR MIRROR TYPE. THE DATA SUGGESTED THAT EXTERIOR CONVEX MIRRORS OF RADII GREATER THAN 30 INCHES MAY BE USED REASONABLY SAFETY BY DRIVERS AND WOULD HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF PROVIDING A CONSIDERABLY INCREASED FIELD-OF-VIEW COMPARED TO CURRENTLY USED EXTERIOR MIRRORS. /AUTHOR/
Fine-scale population structure in Atlantic salmon from Maine's Penobscot River drainage

We report a survey of microsatellite DNAvariation in Atlantic salmon from theunimpounded lower reaches of Maine's PenobscotRiver. Our analysis indicates that Atlanticsalmon in the Penobscot River are distinct fromother populations that have little or nohistory of human-mediated repopulation,including two of its tributaries, Cove Brookand Kenduskeag Stream, another Maine river, theDucktrap, and Canada's Miramichi and Ganderrivers. Significant heterogeneity was detectedin allele frequency among all threesubpopulations sampled in the Penobscotdrainage. The high resolution of the 12-locussuite was quantified using maximum likelihoodassignment tests, which correctly identifiedthe source of 90.4–96.1% of individuals fromwithin the Penobscot drainage. Currentpopulations are clearly isolated from eachother, however we are unable to determine fromthe present data whether the populations inCove Brook and Kenduskeag Stream are recentlydiverged from populations stocked into thePenobscot River over the last century, or areaboriginal in origin. The degree of populationstructure identified in the Penobscot drainageis noteworthy in light of its lengthy historyof systematic restocking, the geographicproximity of the subpopulations, and the extentof the differentiation. Similar populationstructure on this extremely limited geographicscale could exist among Atlantic salmon runselsewhere in Maine and throughout the species'range and should be taken into account forfuture management decisions.
Bayesian gene set analysis for identifying significant biological pathways

We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model for analyzing gene expression data to identify pathways differentiating between two biological states (e.g., cancer vs. non-cancer and mutant vs. normal). Finding significant pathways can improve our understanding of biological processes. When the biological process of interest is related to a specific disease, eliciting a better understanding of the underlying pathways can lead to designing a more effective treatment. We apply our method to data obtained by interrogating the mutational status of p53 in 50 cancer cell lines (33 mutated and 17 normal). We identify several significant pathways with strong biological connections. We show that our approach provides a natural framework for incorporating prior biological information, and it has the best overall performance in terms of correctly identifying significant pathways compared to several alternative methods.
The Unbearable Trust of the Internet

As a result of the Internet's rapid growth, a number of private sector companies have found themselves thrust from the role of scrappy start-up to prominent global institution in a very short period of time. These new global institutions have had to work to advance accountability and trust without relying entirely on traditional democratic governance mechanisms offered by national organizations. In the past several years, the private, civil and public sectors have worked together to advance an explosion of institutional innovations, each an experiment in building accountability mechanisms and trust for this still-young ecosystem. For the long-term health of the Internet, it is imperative that these experiments continue, and that resources be poured into making the most promising of them a success.
On the shellability of the order complex of the subgroup lattice of a finite group

We show that the order complex of the subgroup lattice of a finite group G is nonpure shellable if and only if G is solvable. A by-product of the proof that nonsolvable groups do not have shellable subgroup lattices is the determination of the homotopy types of the order complexes of the subgroup lattices of many minimal simple groups.
Ultrashort-pulse optical damage

Advances in high peak power short-pulse laser systems are currently limited by laser-induced damage to optical components by the intense short pulses. We have investigated the damage thresholds and mechanisms of pure dielectrics, and gold and multilayer-dielectric mirrors and diffraction gratings, with pulses ranging from 1 ns down to 0.1 ps. Theoretical modeling of the damage process is in quantitative agreement with measurements for both metals and dielectrics. In the dielectrics, we find a change in pulse width scaling of the threshold fluence near 20 ps, below which the excited electrons generated by multiphoton and avalanche ionization have insufficient time to couple their energy to the lattice during the pulse. For the shortest pulses the damage process becomes dominated by multiphoton ionization, leading to a very strong dependence on the electric field strength (extremely localized ablation) and a relative insensitivity to sample defects.