cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Recommendations From an Expert Panel.

Purpose: In December 2013, the US Preventive Services Task Force issued a final B-level recommendation indicating that individuals between the ages of 55 and 80 years who have a 30‐ pack-year smoking history and have smoked within the past 15 years should receive annual low-dose computed tomography (CT) lung cancer screening. We convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to create practical guidance for efficiently implementing effective CT lung cancer screening programs. Methods: The lung cancer screening panel included 12 members, representing a broad range of stakeholders. The panel discussed clinical and system issues related to the implementation of CT lung cancer screening and developed recommendations for implementing CT lung cancer screening programs. Results: The panel identified five main goals that must be achieved to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of implementing CT lung cancer screening: one, accurately identify individuals eligible for screening; two, provide access to screening at qualified facilities for eligible individuals; three, ensure appropriate follow-up for positive and negative screening results; four, promote continuous quality improvement of screening programs and downstream care; and five, provide smoking cessation support for all current smokers. The panel proposed a series of stakeholder-specific recommendations for achieving these goals.
From artificial hair cell sensor to artificial lateral line system: Development and application

We report the development and application of an artificial hair cell (AHC) flow sensor inspired by biological systems. With optimized design and fabrication process, the AHC is characterized in terms of sensitivity, calibration, and robustness. Especially, an AHC can discern variations of water flow down to 0.1 mm/s and survive 55deg deflections. The sensor has been applied to flow field measurements, matching perfectly with analytical and previous experimental results. By employing arrays of such AHC sensors, an artificial lateral line is constructed for biomimetic studies on localizing and tracking hydrodynamic events.
Service address routing: a network-embedded resource management layer for cluster computing

Service address routing is introduced as a novel and powerful paradigm for the integration of resource management functions into the interconnection fabric of cluster computers. SAR provides a ''location independent'' mechanism for the distribution of computations (services) among the computational resources of the cluster. The intelligence to allocate services and, later on, invoke their instantiation is embedded into intelligent switching devices [Isaac D. Scherson, C.-K. Chien, Least common ancestor networks, VLSI Design 2(4) (1995) 353-364]. Invocation of services is effected transparently to requesting nodes by these network-embedded management functions. Thus, applications can benefit from the inherent parallelism of the cluster while being totally unaware of the specific ''location'' where required services are rendered. The performance of SAR's service discovery mechanism in hierarchical Least Common Ancestor Networks is studied by means of simulating two different system configurations: level-global knowledge and Level Caches. It is shown that searches using Level Caches work better than level-global knowledge for a typical scientific computing workload.
Effect of insecticides on clomazone absorption, translocation, and metabolism in cotton

Abstract Disulfoton and phorate applied in the seed furrow greatly reduce clomazone phytotoxicity to cotton in the field, whereas aldicarb does not. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of aldicarb, disulfoton, and phorate on 14C-clomazone absorption, translocation, and metabolism by cotton grown in a sandy loam soil. Clomazone at 0.87 μg g−1 of soil alone or in combination with aldicarb at 0.6 μg g−1 of soil reduced cotton root and shoot growth 26 to 33%. Root and shoot growth were not reduced by clomazone plus disulfoton or phorate at 0.6 μg g−1 of soil. Protection of cotton against injury by clomazone was not explained by reduced absorption or translocation of clomazone or a metabolite to the shoot. Clomazone metabolism was reduced by disulfoton and phorate, thus indicating a clomazone metabolite may be more toxic to cotton. Nomenclature: Aldicarb; clomazone; disulfoton; phorate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘McNair 235’.
A simplified method for endotracheal intubation in the rat

Endotracheal intubation in small laboratory animals is often necessary for survival experiments. Methods of airway control have included tracheostomy, blind intubation, and intubation under direct vision. Most of these methods are unsatisfactory and associated with high failure and complication rate. We developed an easy method of endotracheal intubation in the rat that requires simple material that is easily available to any research facility. The animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, the tongue was pulled out, and an otoscope was introduced into the oropharynx. By direct vision, a guide wire was inserted into the trachea and a 16-gauge intravenous catheter was glided over the wire. The first group of 70 rats underwent left thoracotomy with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation at our laboratory as part of a study on isolated lung perfusion. The second group of five rats was anesthetized with pentobarbital, and a left carotid catheter and an endotracheal tube were inserted. Animals were ventilated with 100% O2. Arterial blood gases were sampled before intubation, 30 min after ventilation, and 60 min after extubation. In the first group, 94.3% (66 of 70) of the animals survived surgery and mortality was not directly related to the intubation and/or ventilation. All five animals of the second group survived the procedure to be extubated. Arterial PO2 before intubation, 30 min after intubation and ventilation, and 60 min after extubation was 77.1 +/- 8.5, 465.0 +/- 55.6, and 98.9 +/- 12.8 Torr, respectively. PCO2 at the same time points was 42.5 +/- 10.1, 35.1 +/- 6.3, and 32.7 +/- 6.5 Torr, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lemons from Lemonade: The Courts Fumble the FATP Privilege

In 1998, Congress enacted Internal Revenue Code section 7525 to statutorily extend to specified non-lawyers some of the benefits of the attorney-client privilege. However, courts interpreting section 7525 have misunderstood some of the underlying principles of attorney-client privilege, and have curtailed dramatically the scope of protection available. The article explains the judicial misapplication of section 7525, and offers suggestions for future courts faced with resolving section 7525 disputes.
Predicting Parent–Child Aggression Risk: Cognitive Factors and Their Interaction With Anger:

Several cognitive elements have previously been proposed to elevate risk for physical child abuse. To predict parent-child aggression risk, the current study evaluated the role of approval of parent-child aggression, perceptions of children as poorly behaved, and discipline attributions. Several dimensions of attributions specifically tied to parents' discipline practices were targeted. In addition, anger experienced during discipline episodes was considered a potential moderator of these cognitive processes. Using a largely multiple-indicator approach, a sample of 110 mothers reported on these cognitive and affective aspects that may occur when disciplining their children as well as responding to measures of parent-child aggression risk. Findings suggest that greater approval of parent-child aggression, negative perceptions of their child's behavior, and discipline attributions independently predicted parent-child aggression risk, with anger significantly interacting with mothers' perception of their child as more poorly behaved to exacerbate their parent-child aggression risk. Of the discipline attribution dimensions evaluated, mothers' sense of external locus of control and believing their child deserved their discipline were related to increase parent-child aggression risk. Future work is encouraged to comprehensively evaluate how cognitive and affective components contribute and interact to increase risk for parent-child aggression.
Stable Expression of Human HSP70 Gene in Rodent Cells Confers Thermal Resistance

When exposed to a non lethal heat shock, a variety of organisms and cell lines acquire a transient resistance to one or more subsequent exposures at elevated temperatures (Gener and Schneider, 1975; Henle and Leeper, 1976). This phenomenon has been termed thermotolerance (Henle and Dethlefsen, 1978). The mechanism for thermotolerance is not well understood. In mammalian systems, several studies suggest that heat shock proteins (HSPs) may be involved in the development of thermotolerance (Lindquist and Craig, 1988; Landry etal., 1982; Li and Werb, 1982; Subjeck etal., 1982). HSP70, a major heat shock protein, is synthesized by cells of many organisms in response to thermal or other environmental stresses (Lindquist and Craig, 1988; Landry etal., 1982; Li and Werb, 1982; Subjeck etal., 1982; Li, 1985;Lasglo and Li, 1985; Hahn and Li, 1990). It has been hypothesized that the transient induction of HSP70 may enable cells to recover from previous thermal stress, and/or to provide cells a transient degree of protection to subsequent heat challenge. A corollary of this hypothesis is that the overexpression of HSP70 in cells confers permanent heat resistance. We have initiated direct tests of the hypothesis that HSP70 protects cells from thermal stress by microinjecting human HSP70 into CHO cells or introducing a cloned human HSP70 gene into rat fibroblasts, and then evaluating the effect of human HSP70 gene expression on transient thermotolerance and permanent thermal resistance.
Transient optical diffraction of GaN/aqueous interfaces: Interfacial carrier mobility dependence on surface reactivity

Abstract While charge transport and surface reactivity have thus far been treated as independent phenomena, the interfacial carrier mobility could be highly dependent on reaction intermediates that carry localized charge and can hop from site to site along the surface. Here, we demonstrate the use of surface sensitive transient optical grating spectroscopy to measure this lateral, interfacial carrier diffusivity at surfaces with different reactivity. We find that for n-GaN, for which substantial charge transfer occurs during equilibration with the water oxidation reaction, the interfacial hole diffusivity increases from air by a factor greater than two under 0.1 M HBr and 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolytes.
Strength Loss in Recycled Fibers and Methods of Restoration

The reduced interfiber bonding capability and reduced conformability of recycled fibers compared to virgin wood pulp fibers is caused by the drying phase of the first papermaking cycle. Changes in the fiber result in stiffness. This effect is more pronounced in chemical pulps than in high lignin content mechanical pulps. This chapter describes methods for restoring some or all the interfiber bonding. In an attempt to develop a “dry” newspaper recycling process, the water-intensive repulping and paper-forming steps were replaced with dry-fiberizing, air-forming, gas-phase ozone and ammonia treatments, and pressdrying. The tensile strength of the dry-recycled paper approached that of the original newsprint.
Natural Analogs and Performance Assessment for Geologic Disposal of Nuclear Waste

The use of natural analog studies in performance assessments has been widely discussed and debated, but its accomplishment has been limited. Given recognized uncertainties and challenges, scientific contributions to performance assessments and support for the validity of performance assessment models are valuable from all possible sources, including natural analog studies. The conceptual basis for geologic disposal of nuclear waste and for performance assessments relies on scientific expertise based largely on studies of natural systems analogous to possible repository systems, i.e., natural analogs. Natural analog studies offer contributions to model validation based both on inductive and deductive reasoning. The utility of analog studies as a deductive tool in performance assessment is enhanced by specificity of the analog system to the repository system. As geologic sites are selected and repository designs detailed, the use of analog data in supporting deductive performance assessments should increase. Consideration of Yucca Mountain for the proposed US high level nuclear waste repository affords site specificity conducive to applications of natural analog data in performance assessment. The primary use of Penia Blanca natural analog data in recent Yucca Mountain performance assessments stems from observations of mineral products formed by alteration of natural uraninite, an analog of spent fuel. Alternate performance assessment source term models based on the Penia Blanca oxidation rate model and the schoepite solubility model yield lower, yet comparable estimated doses than the base case model in the NRC performance assessment for Yucca Mountain.
Physicians caring for physicians: the perspective of the primary care physician.

Objectives How physicians provide longitudinal primary care to physician-patients (ie, physicians as patients) has not been well studied. The potential challenges of providing care to physician-patients include maintaining professional boundaries and adhering to practice guidelines. The objective was to explore the differences in identifying how physicians perceive caring for physicians-patients in the longitudinal setting versus caring for other patients in the general population. Methods The study consisted of focus groups, followed by quantitative survey. Participants were primary care physicians (internal medicine and family medicine) at an academic multispecialty group practice. Thematic analysis of focus groups informed the development of the survey. Results In focus groups, participants identified several benefits, challenges, and differences in caring for physician-patients versus the general population. When these findings were explored further by quantitative survey, participants noted differences in care regarding chart documentation protocols, communication of results, and accommodation of schedules. They agreed that there were benefits to providing care to physician-patients, such as believing their work was valued and discussing complex issues with greater ease. There also were challenges, including anxiety or self-doubt. Participants also agreed on the following strategies when caring for this population: make recommendations based on evidence-based medicine, follow routine assessment and examination protocols, follow routine scheduling and communication protocols, recommend the same follow-up visit schedule, and define boundaries of the relationship. Conclusions Physicians perceive caring for physician-patients as different and rewarding, although some find that it provokes anxiety. Many are willing to make concessions regarding scheduling and testing. With increasing experience, the anxiety decreased as did the need to follow protocols and maintain boundaries. Further investigation is needed to determine the impact of physician experience and training on the quality of care for physician-patients.
Simplifying long short-term memory acoustic models for fast training and decoding

On acoustic modeling, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units have recently been shown to outperform deep neural networks (DNNs) models. This paper focuses on resolving two challenges faced by LSTM models: high model complexity and poor decoding efficiency. Motivated by our analysis of the gates activation and function, we present two LSTM simplifications: deriving input gates from forget gates, and removing recurrent inputs from output gates. To accelerate decoding of LSTMs, we propose to apply frame skipping during training, and frame skipping and posterior copying (FSPC) during decoding. In the experiments, model simplifications reduce the size of LSTM models by 26%, resulting in a simpler model structure. Meanwhile, the application of FSPC speeds up model computation by 2 times during LSTM decoding. All these improvements are achieved at the cost of 1% WER degradation.
Effects of vehicle supplementation on total estradiol absorption from a transdermal estradiol delivery system.

Objective To evaluate the effects of vehicle supplementation on serum estradiol (E 2 ) delivery pharmacokinetics from the Ciba-Geigy (Summit, NJ) 0.1-mg Estraderm Patch. Design Postmenopausal women were randomized to a 28-day crossover treatment protocol separated by a 14-day wash out period. Setting Normal human volunteers were studied in an academic research environment. Patients, Participants The subject pool included eight healthy postmenopausal women between 32 and 60 years of age. Interventions In treatment A, a 0.1-mg Estraderm Patch was worn for 7 days; in treatment B, an identical patch was worn into which 0.6mL of ethanol was injected on day 3 of use. Main Outcome Measures Serum E 2 levels were measured in both groups. Results Although E 2 absorption showed characteristic interpatient variability, addition of ethanol significantly extended the mean time for serum E 2 levels to return to baseline, without increasing peak absorption. The mean extension was 50 hours. Conclusion The addition of ethanol to the Estraderm Patch increased the duration of elevated serum E 2 levels measured in menopausal women, thus potentially increasing the effective life span of the transdermal therapeutic system.
Developmental bias for number words in the intraparietal sulcus.

Children and adults show behavioral evidence of psychological overlap between their early, non-symbolic numerical concepts and their later-developing symbolic numerical concepts. An open question is to what extent the common cognitive signatures observed between different numerical notations are coupled with physical overlap in neural processes. We show that from 8 years of age, regions of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) that exhibit a numerical ratio effect during non-symbolic numerical judgments also show a semantic distance effect for symbolic number words. In both children and adults, the IPS showed a semantic distance effect during magnitude judgments of number words (i.e. larger/smaller number) but not for magnitude judgments of object words (i.e. larger/smaller object size). The results provide novel evidence of conceptual overlap between neural representations of symbolic and non-symbolic numerical values that cannot be explained by a general process, and present the first demonstration of an early-developing dissociation between number words and object words in the human brain.
Blackfish and Public Outcry: A Unique Political and Legal Opportunity for Fundamental Change to the Legal Protection of Marine Mammals in the United States

Since 2010, stories involving cetaceans, including Tilikum, Lolita, and eighteen unnamed beluga whales in Russia, have raised public awareness in the United States of their fate. Americans are learning that cetaceans are incredibly complex, intelligent, and social creatures, with severely inadequate legal protections under U.S. law and that maintaining them in captivity does great harm to them. This situation provides an opportunity to change the legal paradigm for these animals. This chapter first presents an overview of current U.S. laws designed to protect cetaceans in the wild and in captivity and explain why these laws are inadequate. The chapter then discusses why the recent conflation of events concerning these famous cetaceans may provide the best vehicle for changing the legal paradigm for animals. Finally, the chapter analyzes a variety of legal approaches available to provide greater protections for cetaceans in the U.S. and argues that because the traditional utilitarian approach cannot properly protect cetaceans in the wild or captivity the time may be ripe for a deontological approach.
Self-emulsification of surfactant-oil mixtures produced by diffusion and chemical reaction.

Drops having diameters of order 100 microm and containing various combinations of oils, surfactants, and in some cases alcohols were injected into water or aqueous salt or buffer solutions. The resulting dynamic behavior was observed by videomicroscopy. Spontaneous emulsification yielding oil droplets a few microns in diameter was seen in a variety of systems when diffusion and/or chemical reaction caused inversion of the drop from an oil-continuous to a water-continuous phase, leading to local supersaturation in oil. Surfactants used included nonionic (C12E6), anionic (Aerosol-OT), and zwitterionic (tetradecyldimethylamine oxide). In some experiments inversion occurred because a lipophilic surfactant was converted to a hydrophilic surfactant, e.g., a double-chain phospholipid to two single-chain surfactants.
“The Unholy Land”: The Trenches of Samaria and Jordan

In early 1918, the men of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force [EEF] were still moving forward after taking Jerusalem, but their war was set to change utterly one last time. Though politicians in London began the year by pushing them to continue their advance, necessity on the Western Front overwhelmed the British Army and brought the entire theater to a halt. For the men of the EEF, the year that followed was one of bewildering complexity, one that juxtaposed comfort and hardship, defeat and victory, stagnation and rapid movement, Christian conquest and religious diversity.
SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES IN DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA AFTER EXPOSURE TO TRIMETHYL PSORALEN AND UV LIGHT

ABSTRACT Exposure in vitro of cultivated peripheral leukocytes to trimethylpsoralen and UV light (365nm) under conditions that are known to produce DNA cross-links caused a greater increase in the number of sister chromatid exchanges in cells from two patients with dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) than in normal cells. Absence of this enhancing phenomenon in an unaffected sibling of one patient as well as its presence to a partial degree in an obligate carrier suggest that the observation may be etiologically significant. The data suggest that DKC is associated with a heritable defect in the repair of DNA cross-links.
The Molecular Complexity of DR7-Associated Ia Molecules

Recent serologic and cellular studies have demonstrated considerable heterogeneity of DR7-associated la antigens. Two serologically defined DR7 haplotypes have been identified: the standard DR7, DQw2, DRw53 haplotype and the alternative DR7, DQw3, DRw53 haplotype. DQw3 (equivalent to Te22 and DC4) is classically associated only with DR4 and DR5, while all DR7-positive cells were formerly said to be DQw2-positive. DQw2 and Te24 appear to be equivalent to DC3 [1], while DRw53 is equivalent to BR4 [1]. Four Disassociated HLA-D specificities have recently been identified using HTCs: Dw7 “short” (Dw7S), Dw7 “long” (Dw7L), Dw11 “short” (Dw11S), and Dw11 “long” (Dw11L) [2]. Interestingly, the Dw7S, Dw7L, and Dw11S haplotypes bear DQw2, while the Dw11L haplotype includes DQw3, but not DQw2. These relationships are summarized in Table 1. In the studies described here, the la molecular basis for serologically and cellularly defined differences among DR7 cells has been investigated using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis.
Processing temporal presuppositions: an event-related potential study

ABSTRACTThe ability to efficiently process presuppositions, which contain information that the speaker believes to be in the background to the conversation, is essential for effective communication. To get a deeper understanding of the nature and the time-course of temporal presupposition processing, we examined event-related potential evoked by the word again in two types of sentence contexts. The word again was presented in contexts that supported a presupposition (e.g. Jake had tipped a maid at the hotel once before. Today he tipped a maid at the hotel again … ) or violated it (e.g. Jake had never tipped a maid at the hotel before. Today he tipped a maid at the hotel again … ). The presupposition violation was associated with increased amplitudes of the P3b/P600 but not the N400 component. We argue for the centrality of the P3b/P600 component for presupposition processing. These findings demonstrate rapid integration of lexical presuppositions with contextual knowledge.
PROPER: Development of an Early Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Readmission Risk Prediction Tool

Objective:No risk prediction model is currently available to measure patient’s probability for readmission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This retrospective case–control study was des...
Supervised classification of civil air patrol (CAP)

The mitigation and response to floods rely on accurate and timely flood assessment. Remote sensing technologies have become the de facto approach for observing the Earth and its environment. However, satellite remote sensing data are not always available, and it is crucial to develop new techniques to complement them with additional sources. This research proposes a new methodology based on machine learning algorithms to automatically identify water pixels in Civil Air Patrol (CAP) aerial imagery. Specifically, a wavelet transformation is paired with multiple classifiers to build models that discriminate water and non-water pixels. The learned classification models are first tested against a set of control cases and then used to automatically classify each image separately. Lastly, for each pixel in an image, a measure of uncertainty is computed as a proportion of the number of models that classify the pixel as water. The proposed methodology is tested on imagery collected during the 2013 Colorado flood.
Coherent multiheterodyne spectroscopy using optical frequency comb generators

Reported here are recent advances in multiheterodyne spectroscopy using phase modulator comb generators. We demonstrate the coherent acquisition of dual-comb interferograms for ≥ 2 h without mode-locked lasers or sophisticated signal processing.
Free-form processing of near-net shapes using directed light fabrication

Directed light fabrication (DLF) is a rapid fabrication process that fuses gas delivered metal powders within a focal zone of a laser beam to produce fully dense, near-net shape, three-dimensional metal components from a computer generated solid model. Computer controls dictate the metal deposition pathways, and no preforms or molds are required to generate complex sample geometries with accurate and precise tolerances. The DLF technique offers unique advantages over conventional thermomechanical processes or thermal spray processes in that many labor and equipment intensive steps can be avoided to produce components with fully dense microstructures. Moreover, owing to the flexibility in power distributions of lasers, a variety of materials have been processed, ranging from aluminum alloys to tungsten, and including intermetallics such as Mo{sub 5}Si{sub 3}. Since DLF processing offers unique capabilities and advantages for the rapid fabrication of complex metal components, an examination of the microstructural development has been performed in order to define and optimize the processed materials. Solidification studies of DLF processing have demonstrated that a continuous liquid/solid interface is maintained while achieving high constant cooling rates that can be varied between 10 to 10{sup 5} K s{sup {minus}1} and solidification growth rates ranging up to the 10{sup {minus}2} m s{sup {minus}1}.
Exploring Explanation Effects on Consumers’ Trust in Online Recommender Agents

This paper explores how explanations within an online recommender agent (RA) affect consumers’ trust in the RA and their willingness to adopt its recommendations. The paper proposes a theoretical r...
Imaging performance analysis of a foldable large aperture 2-D ICE array

Image quality of volumetric intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) catheters is severely limited, especially in the elevation direction, restricted by the catheter diameter. A natural idea is to design a foldable transducer with multiple panes which can be expanded in the heart mechanically to form a large and symmetric 2-D aperture 2–3 times the size of the catheter diameter. Here, the imaging performance of such an array is investigated and predicted to provide resolution comparable to that of transesophageal echography, imaging depth up to 12 cm in the cardiac environment, and robust performance in the presence of potential orientation misalignment of the panes while keeping total channel count within limitations imposed by a 10F catheter.
Minimally invasive servicing design

Minimally invasive surgical techniques have proven themselves for 40 years. Semiconductor metrology equipment manufacturers are advised to adopt these techniques in order to allow maximum productivity from their equipment.
Noise considerations for tumor response monitoring with FDG PET

1784 Objectives In tumor response monitoring studies with FDG PET, SUVmax has become the de facto standard for characterizing the most metabolically active part of a tumor. Despite a number of advantages, concerns about the influence of image noise on single pixel SUVmax have prompted use of a slightly modified metric, SUVpeak. In this study we measure aspects of bias and variability associated with these parameters using real patient data to provide a realistic noise context. Methods List-mode 3D PET data were acquired for 15 minutes over a single bed position in 20 FDG oncology patients. For each patient, data were sorted so as to form two sets of images (OSEM, 2i, 21s, 3mm Gaussian): 5 statistically independent images of different durations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 minutes) and an additional, summed 15 minute image; and 5 respiratory gated images such that each image had statistical quality comparable to a 3 min/bed position scan. Tumor SUVmax (4.7 × 4.7 × 3.3 mm) and SUVpeak (1 mL sphere positioned so as to maximize the mean) were analyzed in terms of bias and variability. Bias was measured as a function of scan duration. Variability due to statistical noise (independent of physiological variables) was measured using 2 comparable images from the respiratory gated sequence. Results Relative to the respective parameter in the low noise 15 minute images, SUVmax and SUVpeak had average positive biases of 5, 4, 12, 18, 30 % and 4, 1, 5, 8, 11 % for the 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 minute images. Corresponding SDs were 9, 6, 8, 14, 26 % for SUVmax and 8, 3, 7, 12, 16 % for SUVpeak, reflecting the observation that bias in individual patient images could be substantially higher than the average. Bland-Altman analysis of variability resulted in 95 % confidence intervals of ± 1.36 g/mL for SUVmax and ± 0.87 g/mL for SUVpeak. Conclusions Image statistical noise resulted in substantial bias and variability with SUVmax. Greater volume averaging with SUVpeak meant that it was less susceptible to these effects and may be preferable for assessing the most metabolically active region of tumor
Antenna Diagnosis by Microwave Holographic Metrology

Reflector antenna performance can be improved by identifying the location and the amount of the surface distortions and then by correcting them. Similarly, the performance of array antennas can be improved by determining the location of the defective radiating elements in the array. For example, Fig. 1 shows how the surface distortion can deteriorate the gain performance of large antennas used for Deep Space exploration, which may result in the loss of valuable science data. A review of mechanical and optical surface measurement techniques for radio telescopes may be found in [1]. Many of these methods can become time-consuming, especially when repeated measurements are required. Recently, considerable attention has been given to using alternative approaches either based on the photogrammetric concept [2] or based on microwave holographic techniques [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], which have proven to be convenient and quick with acceptable accuracy. Strictly speaking the word “holography” means “total recording” and should not be confused with the more common term in laser holography.
Covenants of care

Abstract This article explores community covenants of care that benefit older residents in the all-black towns of Oklahoma. Community covenants of care are informal agreements by community residents that favor support of people residing in the community. The covenants are expressions of the social histories of the towns themselves and are intertwined with other social–historical themes, including positive racial identity and racial self-determination, expectations of limited external support, community self-reliance, and special status afforded to elders. There are numerous expressions of community covenants of care within the all-black towns. Although the manifestations of positive community covenants may require considerable time and effort to identify in poor rural minority communities, such as the all-black towns, the experience can lead to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences of older residents and their community roles.
A Typology of Spatial Econometric Models

A large number of model specifications for spatial processes have been suggested in the literature and empirically implemented. This great variety may seem unwieldy, and give the impression that every particular model necessitates its own methodological framework. Fortunately, some structure can be imposed, guided by the principle that econometric techniques can be applied in essentially the same manner to models grouped in terms of salient characteristics.
Peripheral Vestibular System Histopathologic Changes following Head Injury without Temporal Bone Fracture.

ObjectiveVestibular symptoms such as dizziness and vertigo are common after head injury and may be due to trauma to the peripheral vestibular system. The pathophysiology of peripheral vestibular sy...
A ‘bad fit’ for ‘our’ kids: politics, identity, race and power in parental discourse on educational programming & child well-being

Issues of race and class have long been at the center of discourses involving the American public education system. Although contemporary discourse regarding issues of race and power in American sc...
When the Earth Shakes: A Status Report on Dissertation Research Regarding Mexican Volcanoes

Situated above multiple tectonic plates, central Mexico and highland Guatemala often experience strong earthquakes and volcanic activity. During the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, this unpredictable topography shaped the human interactions with the natural environment. While indigenous populations in these regions were familiar with this terrain, Spanish colonists struggled to make sense of this volcanic topography upon their arrival. This field report provides an overview of 4 months of dissertation research completed during fall 2017 in Mexico City, Puebla, and Tetela del Volcan. This research occurred in the aftermath of a 7.1 earthquake, measured on the Moment Magnitude scale, that struck central Mexico 2 weeks after my arrival. This essay discusses the realities of living in post-earthquake Mexico and the archival research undertaken in each city. Preliminary findings reveal that knowledge concerning the volcanic topography influenced the outcome of property conflicts in favor of indigenous litigants. Research for this project will continue throughout 2018 in Spain and Guatemala.
A Realist View of the Quantum World

A realist view of the quantum world is given along the lines of Werner Heisenberg’s Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and set in contrast to that associated with John von Neumann by Henry Stapp. This view is distinguished by, among other elements: (i) the notion of quantum potentia and its actualization which results in classical recorded values of measured quantities, (ii) the grounding of the existence and chancy character of individual measurement events in the plenitude principle as applied to the set of eigenvalues of observables on the space of quantum states, and (iii) the identification of the individuals of the theory by a straightforward individuation principle.
Patient-Clinician Decision Making for Stable Angina: The Role of Health Literacy.

Background: Stable angina patients have difficulty understanding the tradeoffs between treatment alternatives. In this analysis, we assessed treatment planning conversations for stable angina to determine whether inadequate health literacy acts as a barrier to communication that may partially explain this difficulty. Methods: We conducted a descriptive analysis of patient questionnaire data from the PCI Choice Trial. The main outcomes were the responses to the Decisional Conflict Scale and the proportion of correct responses to knowledge questions about stable angina. We also conducted a qualitative analysis on recordings of patient-clinician discussions about treatment planning. The recordings were coded with the OPTION12 instrument for shared decision-making. Two analysts independently assessed the number and types of patient questions and expressions of preferences. Results: Patient engagement did not differ by health literacy level and was generally low for all patients with respect to OPTION12 scores and the number of questions related to clinical aspects of treatment. Patients with inadequate health literacy had significantly higher decisional conflict. However, the proportion of knowledge questions answered correctly did not differ significantly by health literacy level. Conclusions: Patients with inadequate health literacy had greater decisional conflict but no difference in knowledge compared to patients with adequate health literacy. Inadequate health literacy may act as a barrier to communication, but gaps were found in patient engagement and knowledge for patients of all health literacy levels. The recorded patient-clinician encounters and the health literacy measure were valuable resources for conducting research on care delivery.
An Economic Analysis of Cloud-Assisted Routing for Wider Area SDN

With the rapid growth of the Internet traffic and the intensity of online transactions taking place, it is expected that the current routing needs careful modifications and smart innovations to ensure effective and reliable end-to-end packet delivery. This involves new feature developments for handling traffic with reduced latency to tackle routing scalability issues in a more secure way and to offer new services at cheaper cost. Considering the fact that prices of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) or TCAM (Ternary Content-Addressable Memory) in legacy routers are not necessarily decreasing at a desired pace, cloud computing can be a great solution to manage the increasing computation and memory complexity of routing functions in a centralized manner with optimized expenses. Such cloud integration to routing is becoming plausible as cloud providers now offer various pricing schemes and provide large-scale computing infrastructure to meet the users’ choice. Focusing on the attributes associated with existing routing cost models and by exploring a hybrid approach to SDN, we compare recent trends in cloud pricing (for both storage and service) to evaluate whether it would be economically beneficial to integrate cloud services with legacy routing for improved cost-efficiency.
The Future of Xenotransplantation.

Xenotransplantation (heterotransplantation) exemplifies how history repeats itself. Attempts at whole organ transplantation were made between 1906 and 1923 using pig, sheep, goat, and subhuman primate kidney donors.1 The first of these efforts were in France and Germany,2,3 and in some cases, the blood vessels coming to and leaving these organs were sewn to recipient blood vessels in much the same way as today. None of the kidneys functioned for long, if at all, and the human recipients died anywhere from a few hours to 9 days later.
The Economics Profession’s Responses to The General Theory of Second Best: Descriptions and Critiques

This chapter argues that the economics profession has not responded appropriately to The General Theory of Second Best (Lipsey and Lancaster in Rev Econ Stud 24:11–32, 1956). Section 2.1 explains the deficiencies both of two influential arguments for the economic efficiency of ignoring Second Best and of the arguments for the economic efficiency of 6 decision-rules that are alleged to respond appropriately to Second Best. Section 2.1 also argues that—although many articles that do respond to Second Best establish relationships that can inform the protocol for economic-efficiency analysis that is economically efficient—taken as a whole, this valuable literature is deficient in that it (1) ignores most of the categories of economic inefficiency whose magnitudes choices can affect and most of the Pareto imperfections that affect these categories of economic inefficiency and (2) largely ignores the inaccuracy and allocative cost of relevant theoretical and empirical research. Section 2.2 criticizes in broad terms various subsets of the applied-Welfare-Economics literature. Section 2.3 explains that (with only a few limited exceptions) the substantial number of theoretical-and-applied-Welfare-Economics textbooks that I and others have examined either totally ignores Second Best or references and then largely disregards it. Section 2.4 delineates and criticizes 7 additional arguments that economists have claimed justify their and our profession’s ignoring Second Best. Section 2.5 recounts a number of instances in which economists responded not only incorrectly but in doubtful good faith to Second-Best-Theory talks I gave. Finally, Sect. 2.6 delineates 6 reasons that may account for the economics profession’s failure to respond appropriately to Second Best.
The Pursuit of Happiness: Establishing Hardware Root-of-Trust for Cyber Security

Design, fabrication, assembly, test, and debug of integrated circuits and systems have become distributed across the globe, raising major concerns about their security and trustworthiness. Such systems are prevalent is many critical-mission infrastructures, in which they require long and secure operation life. In this talk, we will provide a detailed overview of the challenges in today's global electronics supply chain, then discuss the need for establishing hardware root of trust (HROT) within cyber domain. Notably, we will present innovative methods to demonstrate authentication and trust verification for Integrated circuits and systems.
eBook surveillance and the threat to freedom of association

Abstract eBook reader surveillance can have a strong negative effect on freedom of association and freedom of expression. In this paper we consider the potential for Kindle surveillance through a review of two of Amazon’s patents. We then consider the impact of reader surveillance on freedom of association through a study of US and European law. Particular emphasis is placed on the chilling effect of loss of anonymity in a group setting.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Uranyl‐Aryl “Ate” Complexes

Reaction of [UO2 Cl2 (THF)3 ] with 3 equivalents of LiC6 Cl5 in Et2 O resulted in the formation of first uranyl aryl complex [Li(Et2 O)2 (THF)][UO2 (C6 Cl5 )3 ] ([Li][1]) in good yields. Subsequent dissolution of [Li][1] in THF resulted in conversion into [Li(THF)4 ][UO2 (C6 Cl5 )3 (THF)] ([Li][2]), also in good yields. DFT calculations reveal that the U-C bonds in [Li][1] and [Li][2] exhibit appreciable covalency. Additionally, the 13 C NMR chemical shifts for their Cipso environments are strongly affected by spin-orbit coupling-a consequence of 5f orbital participation in the U-C bonds.
Abstract SP069: Strategies to reduce cardiac toxicity

Approximately 60-70% of breast cancer (BC) patients receive radiation therapy (RT) as part of their care. Breast or chest wall RT improves locoregional control for BC and also improves BC survival in select populations. However, RT to the cardiac silhouette can be cardiotoxic and radiation induced cardiac toxicity (RIC) affects many breast cancer survivors. The likelihood of RIC is radiation dose dependent and can manifest in multiple forms including cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and/or pericarditis. The risk of cardiovascular disease among patients receiving RT for breast cancer increases linearly with mean heart dose exposure, with no minimum safe threshold. Prior studies have shown an increased risk of both major coronary events and heart failure within 5 years of RT among women with breast cancer, though the latency can be pronounced (10-20 years from exposure) and is further influenced by patient age at treatment as well as pre-existing cardiac risk factors. Therefore, the purpose of this talk is to: 1) discuss the nature and timing of RIC, including those patients most at risk of developing RIC, 2) review national and international cardiology-based guidelines for patient management after chest radiotherapy and 3) detail advances in cardiac sparing radiation techniques intended to reduce the risk of RIC. Ongoing research regarding novel detection and prevention strategies will be highlighted. Citation Format: R Jimenez. Strategies to reduce cardiac toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr SP069.
Implicit Laplacian of Enhanced Edge (ILEE): An unguided algorithm for accurate and automated quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal images

Abstract The eukaryotic cytoskeleton plays essential roles in cell signaling, trafficking, and motion. Recent work towards defining the temporal and spatial dynamics of cytoskeletal organization, including as a function of cell status, has utilized quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal fluorescence images as a standard approach to define cytoskeletal function. However, due to the uneven spatial distribution of the cytoskeleton, including varied shape and unstable binding efficiency to staining markers, these approaches may not segment cytoskeletal fractions accurately. Additionally, quantitative approaches currently suffer from human bias as well as information loss caused by z-axis projection of raw images. To overcome these obstacles, we developed Implicit Laplacian of Enhanced Edge (ILEE), a cytoskeletal component segmentation algorithm, which uses an 2D/3D-compatible, unguided local thresholding approach, therefore providing less biased and stable results. Empowered by ILEE, we constructed a Python based library for automated quantitative analysis of cytoskeleton images, which computes cytoskeletal indices that covers density, bundling, severing, branching, and directionality. Comparing to various classic approaches, ILEE library generates descriptive data with higher accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. In addition to the analysis described herein, we have developed an open-access ILEE library for community use.
Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Bridging Science and Practice

Thoroughly updated and revised, the ninth edition of this bestselling textbook introduces students to clinical psychology as a bridge between science and practice. Extensive revisions since the previous edition have resulted in the most accessible, up-to-date and thematically integrated edition of Introduction to Clinical Psychology yet, while maintaining the authority and accessibility students and instructors have come to rely on. Updates include: three new co-authors who are internationally recognized scholar-practitioners; illustrations of how psychologists use evidence-based practices to help clients; the fictional 'Jackson family' case studies, providing vivid examples of a family confronting numerous mental health challenges; 'Thinking Scientifically' sections in each chapter, which break down how students can think critically with conflicting findings and use them to draw conclusions; 'In Review' tables at the end of each major section prompting students to review the material and test their comprehension; and an expanded image program, printed in color for the first time.