cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A highly integrated transceiver module for 5.8 GHz OFDM communication system using multi-layer packaging technology

A highly integrated transceiver module for 5.8 GHz OFDM communication system is presented. The antenna and filter are directly fabricated on the module using multi-layer packaging technology in order to reduce size and interconnection losses. A cavity backed patch antenna with a vertical feed and an embedded 3D filter have been designed and integrated on the package using a low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) process. RF functional blocks including PA, LNA, mixers and VCO are developed using GaAs-based MMICs and are attached on the surface of the LTCC board. RF blocks are vertically stacked and connected through via structures. The specifications of the functional blocks have been determined and verified through system simulations based on the IEEE 802.11a standard. The total size of the module is 14/spl times/19/spl times/2 mm/sup 3/. Measurement and simulation results of the components and the module are also presented.
Utilization of machine‐learning algorithms for wind turbine site suitability modeling in Iowa, USA

Because of the current shift away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources, it is necessary to plan for the installation of new infrastructure to meet the demand for clean energy. Traditional methods for determining wind turbine site suitability suffer from the selection of arbitrary criteria and model parameters by experts, which may lead to a degree of uncertainty in the models produced. An alternative empirically based methodology for building a wind turbine siting model for the state of Iowa is presented in the study. We employ ‘ecological niche’ principles traditionally utilized to model species allocation to develop a new multicriteria, spatially explicit framework for wind turbine placement. Using information on suitability conditions at existing turbine locations, we incorporate seven variables (wind speed, elevation, slope, land cover, distance of infrastructure and settlements, and population density) into two machine-learning algorithms [maximum entropy method (Maxent) and Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Prediction (GARP)] to model suitable areas for installation of wind turbines. The performance of this method is tested at the statewide level and a six-county region in western Iowa. Maxent and GARP identified areas in the Northwest and North Central regions of Iowa as the optimum location for new wind turbines. Information on variable contributions from Maxent illuminates the relative importance of environmental variables and its scale-dependent nature. It also allows validating existing assumptions about the relationship between variables and wind turbine suitability. The resultant models demonstrate high levels of accuracy and suggest that the presented approach is a possible methodology for developing wind turbine siting applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P53 conformational switching for selectivity may reveal a general solution for specific DNA binding

DNA-binding proteins are integral members of the cell community, having indispensable roles in critical DNA processes such as gene expression regulation, replication, transcription, and genomic maintenance. Yet, how these critical proteins efficiently recognize their target binding sites in the vast excess of DNAwithin the genome has been perplexing. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Petty et al (2011) provide insights into this enigma by combining structure, fluorescence anisotropy, and mutational analysis of the sequence-specific DNA-binding protein p53 to reveal a basis for discriminating between specific and non-specific DNA targets: a DNA-binding-mediated conformational switch regulates DNA off-rates independent of affinities. Besides explaining the prevalence of conformational switches in sequence-specific protein‐DNA interactions, these findings could also be broadly relevant for specific DNA binding including such processes as DNA repair.
Scale dependence in the effects of leaf ecophysiological traits on photosynthesis: Bayesian parameterization of photosynthesis models

Summary � Relationships between leaf traits and carbon assimilation rates are commonly used to predict primary productivity at scales from the leaf to the globe. We addressed how the shape and magnitude of these relationships vary across temporal, spatial and taxonomic scales to improve estimates of carbon dynamics. � Photosynthetic CO2 and light response curves, leaf nitrogen (N), chlorophyll (Chl) concentration and specific leaf area (SLA) of 25 grassland species were measured. In addition, C3 and C4 photosynthesis models were parameterized using a novel hierarchical Bayesian approach to quantify the effects of leaf traits on photosynthetic capacity and parameters at different scales. � The effects of plant physiological traits on photosynthetic capacity and parameters varied among species, plant functional types and taxonomic scales. Relationships in the grassland biome were significantly different from the global average. Within-species variability in photosynthetic parameters through the growing season could be attributed to the seasonal changes of leaf traits, especially leaf N and Chl, but these responses followed qualitatively different relationships from the across-species relationship. � The results suggest that one broad-scale relationship is not sufficient to characterize ecosystem condition and change at multiple scales. Applying trait relationships without articulating the scales may cause substantial carbon flux estimation errors.
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of threaded fastener loosening due to dynamic shear load

Abstract The two most widespread causes of failure of threaded fasteners subjected to dynamic loads are fatigue and vibration induced loosening. This paper presents results of a study on failure of threaded fasteners by vibration induced loosening caused due to dynamic shear loads. Previous experimental work has revealed that fastener loosening occurs as a result of complete or localized slip at the thread and head contact surfaces. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model is used to study details of four different loosening processes that are characterized by either complete or localized slip at the head and thread contacts. The FE model is found to be capable of adequately modeling factors that influence slip and predicting the different loosening processes. Primary factors that influence slip at fastener contacts are discussed. The results show that loosening can occur at relatively low shear loads due to the process of localized slip.
The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition

Objective. To demonstrate the feasibility of high-intensity progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with healthy control subjects. Methods. Eight subjects with RA, 8 healthy young subjects, and 8 healthy elderly subjects underwent 12 weeks of high-intensity progressive resistance training, while 6 elderly subjects performed warm-up exercises only. Fitness, body composition, energy expenditure, function, disease activity, pain, and fatigue were measured at baseline and followup. Results. All 3 training groups demonstrated similar improvements in strength compared with the change among control subjects (RA group 57% [P < 0.0005], young exercise group 44% [P < 0.01], elderly exercise group 36% [P < 0.05]). Subjects with RA had no change in the number of painful or swollen joints but had significant reductions in self-reported pain score (21% [P < 0.05]) and fatigue score (38% [P = 0.06]), improved 50-foot walking times (mean ± SD 10.4 ± 2.2 seconds versus 8.3 ± 1.5 seconds [P < 0.005]), and improved balance and gait scores (48.9 ± 3.8 versus 50.4 ± 2.0 [P = 0.07]). Conclusion. High-intensity strength training is feasible and safe in selected patients with well-controlled RA and leads to significant improvements in strength, pain, and fatigue without exacerbating disease activity or joint pain.
Preparation and characterization of liposomes containing a lipophilic cisplatin derivative for clinical use.

Cis-bis-neodecanoato-trans-R,R-1,2 diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) (NDDP) is a lipophilic cisplatin derivative that has been formulated entrapped in multilamellar liposomes composed of dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DMPG). A phase I clinical study with liposome-entrapped NDDP (L-NDDP) administered i.v. every 4 weeks has been recently completed. L-NDDP was synthesized, manufactured, and reconstituted for clinical use in our laboratories. L-NDDP was prepared as a lyophilized powder containing the NDDP and the phospholipids (NDDP-lipid weight ratio 1:15; DMPC-DMPG molar ratio 7:3). The liposome suspension was obtained on the day of use just before administration to the patients by adding normal saline (final concentration 1 mg NDDP/ml) and shaking in a water-bath shaker at room temperature according to an established protocol. A total of 54 batches of lyophilized L-NDDP were prepared. Physical appearance, phospholipid content and integrity, and elemental platinum content were determined in all batches and found to be reproducible. All batches contained 90 per cent, and the proportion of liposomes measuring > 5 microns was < 20 per cent. Our results show that reproducible batches of liposomal preparations of new compounds can be prepared in the laboratory facilities of academic institutions, thus allowing for early clinical trials with novel therapeutic agents.
Voluntary science in nineteenth century Cambridge University to the 1850's.

In recent years, historians have come to question earlier Whig interpretations that there was little science or science teaching done at Cambridge University prior to the appointment of Cambridge University Parliamentary Commissions in the 1850's. However, there has been no comprehensive survey of scientific activity at Cambridge in the first half of the nineteenth century. This essay, based upon research which penetrates beneath pedagogical tracts and Whig criticisms (both nineteenth and twentieth century varieties) reveals that Cambridge science professors researched, lectured, gave experimental demonstrations and provided other educational opportunities. Furthermore, it shows that serious attempts to provide research and teaching facilities met with some success and might have met with more if not for the intervention of specific historical incidents compounded by financial problems and the consequences of the upgrading of the core of the Cambridge curriculum. Before the sciences became alternative routes to a Bachelor of Arts Degree and before the appointment of the first University Parliamentary Commissions, Cambridge dons laid the foundations for science at Cambridge in the second half of the century.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity Is Required at Early Times for Accurate Processing and Accumulation of the Human Cytomegalovirus UL122-123 and UL37 Immediate-Early Transcripts and at Later Times for Virus Production

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection leads to dysregulation of multiple cell cycle-regulatory proteins. In this study, we examined the effects of inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) activity on viral replication. With the drug Roscovitine, a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9, we have shown that during the first 6 h of infection, cyclin-dependent kinase-dependent events occurred that included the regulated processing and accumulation of the immediate-early (IE) UL122-123 transcripts and UL36-37 transcripts. Altered processing of UL122-123 led to a loss of IE1-72 and an increase in IE2-86. The ratio of spliced to unspliced UL37 transcripts also changed. These effects did not require de novo protein synthesis or degradation of proteins by the proteasome. Addition of Roscovitine at the beginning of the infection was also associated with inhibition of expression of selected viral early gene products, viral DNA replication, and late viral gene expression. When Roscovitine was added after the first 6 h of infection, the effects on IE gene expression were no longer observed and viral replication proceeded through the late phase, but viral titers were reduced. The reduction in viral titer was observed even when Roscovitine was first added at 48 h postinfection, indicating that cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required at both IE and late times. Flavopiridol, another specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, had similar effects on IE and early gene expression. These results underscore the importance of accurate RNA processing and reiterate the significant role of cell cycle-regulatory factors in HCMV infection.
Response to Role of Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Renal Myogenic Response

Loutzenhiser and Aaronson1 argue that a lack of effect of amiloride and benzamil at 1 μmol/L suggests that “[epithelial sodium channels] ENaC plays little if any role in myogenic signaling” in the afferent arteriole. They are correct. However, we do not hypothesize that the classical “ENaC channel” (formed by αβγENaC) is acting as a vascular mechanosensor.1 We hypothesize the proteins that form ENaC channels (ie, βENaC and γENaC) in epithelial cells associate with related acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) proteins to form a mechanosensor,2 a very important distinction. We have use the Caenorhabditis elegans mechanosensor as a model for a mammalian …
Performance comparison of SGI Altix 4700 and SGI Altix 3700 Bx2

Suitability of the next generation of high-performance computing systems for petascale simulations will depend on a balance between factors such as processor performance, memory performance, local and global network performance, and Input/Output (HO) performance. As the supercomputing industry develops new technologies for these subsystems, achieving system balance becomes challenging. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a newly introduced dual-core-based SGI Altix 4700 system and we compare its performance with that of a single-core-based SGI Altix 3700 Bx2 system. We used the High-Performance Computing Challenge (HPCC) benchmarks and five real-world applications, three from computational fluid dynamics, one from climate modeling and one from nanotechnology. Our study shows that the SGI Altix 4700 performs slightly better than the SGI Altix 3700 Bx2 up to 128 processors, while the performance of the systems is almost the same beyond 128 processors, when the communication time dominates the compute time.
Modeling gross primary production of irrigated and rain-fed maize using MODIS imagery and CO2 flux tower data

Abstract Information on gross primary production (GPP) of maize croplands is needed for assessing and monitoring maize crop conditions and the carbon cycle. A number of studies have used the eddy covariance technique to measure net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between maize cropland fields and the atmosphere and partitioned NEE data to estimate seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of GPP in maize fields having various crop rotation systems and different water management practices. How to scale up in situ observations from flux tower sites to regional and global scales is a challenging task. In this study, the Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM) and satellite images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to estimate seasonal dynamics and interannual variation of GPP during 2001–2005 at five maize cropland sites located in Nebraska and Minnesota of the U.S.A. These sites have different crop rotation systems (continuously maize vs. maize and soybean rotated annually) and different water management practices (irrigation vs. rain-fed). The VPM is based on the concept of light absorption by chlorophyll and is driven by the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and the Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and air temperature. The seasonal dynamics of GPP predicted by the VPM agreed well with GPP estimates from eddy covariance flux tower data over the period of 2001–2005. These simulation results clearly demonstrate the potential of the VPM to scale-up GPP estimation of maize cropland, which is relevant to food, biofuel, and feedstock production, as well as food and energy security.
A reversible component of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in apoptosis can be rescued by exogenous cytochrome c

Multiple apoptotic pathways release cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space, resulting in the activation of downstream caspases. In vivo activation of Fas (CD95) resulted in increased permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane and depletion of cytochrome c stores. Serial measurements of oxygen consumption, NADH redox state and membrane potential revealed a loss of respiratory state transitions. This tBID-induced respiratory failure did not require any caspase activity. At early time points, re-addition of exogenous cytochrome c markedly restored respiratory functions. Over time, however, mitochondria showed increasing irreversible respiratory dysfunction as well as diminished calcium buffering. Electron microscopy and tomographic reconstruction revealed asymmetric mitochondria with blebs of herniated matrix, distended inner membrane and partial loss of cristae structure. Thus, apoptogenic redistribution of cytochrome c is responsible for a distinct program of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, in addition to the activation of downstream caspases.
Time scaling of trajectories for cooperative multi-robot systems

The application of the time scaling method is extended to the multiple redundant robots in cooperative manipulation. The modification of the algorithm previously developed by the authors (Proc. 1990 IEEE Conf., Robotics and Automatio p.506-511, 1990) allows the use of the time scaling method without using the inverse of the Jacobian matrix. The trajectory scaling scheme described requires the use of linear programming techniques and is designed to accommodate the internal force constraints and payload distribution strategies. As the multirobot system is usually redundantly actuated, the actuator torques may be found from the quadratic minimization which has the effect of lowering energy consumption for the described trajectory. How to find the time scaling constant when the load is variable is described. >
Symmetric Galerkin boundary formulations employing curved elements

Accounts of the symmetric Galerkin approach to boundary element analysis (BEA) have recently been published. This paper attempts to add to the understanding of this method by addressing a series of fundamental issues associated with its potential computational efficiency. A new symmetric Galerkin theoretical formulation for both the (harmonic) heat conduction and the (biharmonic) elasticity problem that employs regularized singular and hypersingular boundary integral equations (BIEs) is presented. The novel use of regularized BIEs in the Galerkin context is shown to allow straightforward incorporation of curved, isoparametric elements. A symmetric reusable intrinsic sample point (RISP) numerical integration algorithm is shown to produce a Galerkin (i.e., double) integration strategy that is competitive with its counterpart (i.e., singular) integration procedure in the collocation BEA approach when the time saved in the symmetric equation solution phase is also taken into account. This new formulation is shown to be capable of employing hypersingular BIEs while obviating the requirement of C 1 continuity, a fact that allows the employment of the popular continuous element technology. The behavior of the symmetric Galerkin BEA method with regard to both direct and iterative equation solution operations is also addressed. A series of example problems are presented to quantify the performance of this symmetric approach, relative to the more conventional unsymmetric BEA, in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. It is concluded that appropriate implementations of the symmetric Galerkin approach to BEA indeed have the potential to be competitive with, if not superior to, collocation-based BEA, for large-scale problems.
Effects of Antibody Binding on Structural Transitions of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Patch-clamping and photoaffinity-labeling techniques were used to study the effects of binding of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on the function of Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The rat anti-Torpedo nAChR mAbs examined here are known to inhibit ligand binding to either the high-affinity (mAb 247) or both the high- and low-affinity binding sites (mAb 370 and mAb 387) [Mihovilovic, M. & Richman, D. P. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 15051-15059; Mihovilovic, M., & Richman, D. P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4978-4986]. Single-channel analysis shows that mAb 247 and the Fab fragment of mAb 247 inhibit the opening of the nAChR ion channel, although they have no effects on the structural transition from the resting to desensitized state as monitored by the extent of decreased labeling by the photoreactive probe 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m- [125I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([125I]-TID). In the presence of mAb 387, the nAChR single-channel amplitude was decreased by 20%, whereas Fab 387 completely inhibited channel opening. [125I-TID]-labeling studies suggest that the mAb 387-nAChR and Fab 387-nAChR complexes are able to undergo the transition between resting and desensitized states. This result confirms that the nAChR can assume a desensitized state without prior channel opening. In addition, mAb 35 and mAb 132, which recognize the main immunogenic region (MIR) of the nAChR, and mAb 370 do not alter either single-channel behavior or labeling patterns. Combining the results from characterization with respect to their epitopes and their effects on agonist (carbamylcholine) and antagonist [alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) and curare] binding, these results indicate that mAbs could be used to map functional and structural domains.
Statins and nitric oxide donors affect thrombospondin 1-induced chemotaxis.

Background: Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and intimal hyperplasia. Statins and nitric oxide (NO) donors decrease intimal hyperplasia. We previously showed that statins (long-term exposure) and NO donors inhibit TSP-1-induced VSMC chemotaxis. Hypotheses: (1) Pretreatment with short-term statin will inhibit TSP-1induced VSMC chemotaxis and (2) NO donors will enhance statin inhibition of TSP-1-induced or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC chemotaxis. Methods: We examined these treatment effects on TSP-1-induced VSMC chemotaxis: (1) long-term (20 hours) versus short-term (20 minutes) pravastatin, (2) diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA/NO) or S-nitroso-Nacetylpenicillamine (SNAP) in combination with pravastatin, and (3) comparison of TSP-1 to PDGF as a chemoattractant. Results: Pravastatin (long term or short term) inhibited TSP-1-induced chemotaxis. Diethylenetriamine NONOate and SNAP impeded statin inhibition of TSP-1-induced chemotaxis. Platelet-derived growth factor and TSP-1 had opposite effects on DETA/NOpravastatin treatment. Conclusion: Short-term statin pretreatment inhibited TSP-1-induced VSMC chemotaxis, suggesting a pleiotropic effect. High-dose NO reversed statin inhibition of TSP-1-induced chemotaxis, suggesting NO and statin combination therapies warrant further study.
Urinary cadmium and age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose To evaluate the association between urinary and blood cadmium (Cd) levels with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Prospective case-control study. Methods In 53 participants older than 60 years with AMD in both eyes and in 53 age-matched (± 3 years) controls without AMD, Cd levels were measured in blood and urine specimens (with and without creatinine adjustment) by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Data on age, gender, smoking status, and family history were obtained. By using color stereoscopic fundus photographs, the degree of AMD was graded using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study's 4-stage AMD severity scale. The inclusion criterion for AMD cases was a photographic severity level of two to four in both eyes. Median blood and urine Cd and median urine Cd/creatinine concentrations in cases and controls were compared by using the rank-sum test, stratifying for smoking status. Results Current and former smokers with AMD had median urine Cd/creatinine levels (1.18 μg/g; range, 0.84 to 1.44 μg/g) that were 97% higher than smokers without AMD (0.60 μg/g; range, 0.49 to 0.90 μg/g; P = .02), 111% higher than never smokers with AMD (0.56 μg/g; range, 0.40 to 0.80 μg/g; P P P ≥ .06). Conclusions A higher urinary Cd level, which reflects the total body burden of Cd, was associated with AMD in smokers. Accumulated Cd exposure may be important in the development of smoking-related AMD.
Nash networks with heterogeneous links

Abstract A non-cooperative model of network formation is developed. Link formation is one-sided. Information flow is two-way. The model builds on the work of Bala and Goyal who permit links to fail with a certain common probability. In our model the probability of failure can be different for different links. The set of networks which are Nash for suitably chosen model parameters consists of all essential networks. We specifically investigate Nash networks that are connected, super-connected, or stars. Efficiency, Pareto-optimality, and existence issues are discussed through examples. Three alternative model specifications are explored to address potential shortcomings.
Dynamic rate shaping of compressed digital video

We discuss new theoretical and experimental results on the dynamic rate shaping (DRS) approach for transcoding compressed video bitstreams (MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, as well as JPEG). We analyze the behavior of DRS assuming a first order autoregressive source. We propose a set of low complexity algorithms for both constrained and unconstrained DRS and substantiate the almost-optimal experimental performance of the memoryless algorithm by assuming a first order autoregressive source. By deriving the statistical and rate-distortion characteristics of different components of the interframe rate shaping problem, we offer an explanation as to why the set of optimal breakpoint values for any frame is somewhat invariant to the accumulated motion compensated shaping error from past frames. We also present an extensive experimental study on the various DRS algorithms (causally optimal, memoryless, and rate-based) both in their constrained and generalized forms. The study proves the computational viability of the DRS approach to transcoding and identifies a range of rate shaping ratios for which it is better than requantization, both complexity-wise as well as in performance. This result is significant in that it opens up the way to construct much simpler memoryless algorithms that give minimal penalty in achieved quality, not just for this but possibly other types of algorithms. This is also the very first use of matrix perturbation theory for tracking the spectral behavior of the autocorrelation matrix of the source signal and the motion residual it yields.
Enhancing faculty participation and interest in quality improvement in academic centers.

Continuous quality improvement (CQI) is necessary in maintaining and improving the quality of medical care delivered. However, quality assurance (QA) in the past was performed superficially to meet require ments of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations and other regulatory agencies. Academic faculty participation in QA activ ity was also limited. Faculty often assume that mean ingful quality process demands excessive efforts and time unrewarded with career advancement, promo tion, or monetary compensation. In addition, unstruc tured QA leads to duplication of data and loss of educational opportunity.We reorganized the QA process in internal medicine using the CQI concept to: (a) improve academic fac ulty participation, (b) incorporate educational con cepts, (c) stimulate interest in outcome research and CQI, and (d) integrate cost containment.A reorganized CQI format has stimulated enthu siastic participation of faculty and residents, and has generated conferences and grand ro...
Senspectra: a computationally augmented physical modeling toolkit for sensing and visualization of structural strain

We present Senspectra, a computationally augmented physical modeling toolkit designed for sensing and visualization of structural strain. Senspectra seeks to explore a new direction in computational materiality, incorporating the material quality of malleable elements of an interface into its digital control structure. The system functions as a decentralized sensor network consisting of nodes, embedded with computational capabilities and a full spectrum LED, and flexible joints. Each joint functions as an omnidirectional bend sensing mechanism to sense and communicate mechanical strain between neighboring nodes. Using Senspectra, a user incrementally assembles and refines a physical 3D model of discrete elements with a real-time visualization of structural strain. While the Senspectra infrastructure provides a flexible modular sensor network platform, its primary application derives from the need to couple physical modeling techniques utilized in architecture and design disciplines with systems for structural engineering analysis. This offers direct manipulation augmented with visual feedback for an intuitive approach to physical real-time finite element analysis, particularly for organic forms.
Purification of a set of cellular polypeptides that bind to the purine-rich cis-regulatory element of herpes simplex virus immediate early genes.

Expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSVl) immediate early (IE) genes is activated by a polypeptide component of the mature virion termed viral protein 16 (VP16). Stimulation of IE expression by VP16 operates via two cis-regulatory sequences: TAATGARAT, and the purine-rich hexanucleotide sequence GCGGAA. VP16 does not bind directly to either of the IE cis-regulatory sequences. Rather, these elements appear to represent binding sites for host cell proteins. Herein, we report the purification of a host cell factor that binds to the GCGGAA motif. We show further that this factor is capable of binding in vitro to an oligomerized form of the hexanucleotide sequence GAAACG, which is common to a variety of virus- and interferon-inducible genes. The GAAACG repeats of interferon- and virus-inducible genes, and the GA-rich repeats of HSVl IE genes confer similar functional properties when appended to the promoter of a heterologous gene. These observations raise the possibility that HSVl may activate its IE genes in a manner that exploits one of the components used by mammalian cells to combat virus infection.
Midlatitude Static Stability in Simple and Comprehensive General Circulation Models

Abstract The static stability of the extratropical troposphere is examined in two atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) over idealized boundary conditions, with emphasis on the role of moisture in determining the midlatitude stability. The determination of the static stability is compared within two models: an idealized moist model with simplified representations of radiative transfer and other physical processes, and a comprehensive GCM with full physics. The GCMs are run over a zonally symmetric, fixed sea surface temperature (SST) aquaplanet surface, with a multitude of SST distributions to study the response of the extratropical static stability over a wide parameter range. In both models, the dry static stability averaged over the midlatitudes increases both with increases in the meridional temperature gradients, and with increases in the mean SST. These changes in static stability are compared with both moist theories and dry theories. Dry baroclinic eddy theories are invalid for the entire ...
Blends of linear and branched polyethylenes

We employ rheological measurements of polyethylene blends in the melt and solid state, together with thermal analysis, to infer phase behavior. Partial-miscibility in the melt is characterized by use of the double-reptation model to define the complex modulus of the continuous phase for input into the emulsion model for the blend; this approach introduces a new fitting parameter, the fraction of the minor component contained in the continuous phase. The results on binary systems suggest the use of HDPE as a compatibilizer for LLDPE/LDPE blends, apparently creating a fully miscible ternary system.
Influence of contextual fear on sleep in mice: a strain comparison.

Study Objectives: This study assessed the influence of contextual fear on sleep in inbred and hybrid mouse strains. Design: Uninterrupted baseline recordings of sleep were obtained for 3 days in 3 mouse strains. After baseline sleep recording sessions, fear-conditioned mice were presented 15 shock presentations on 4 consecutive days. Control mice were subjected to the same procedures except that they never received shock. Sleep was examined after shock training and after exposure to the shock context alone. Settings: N/A Participants: The subjects were mice of 2 inbred (C57BL16J [B6], N=15; BALB/cJ [C], N=19) strains and 1 hybrid (CB6F1/J [CB6: C x B6], N=17) strain. Interventions: Electroencephalograms (EEG) and activity were recorded by telemetry, and behavioral states were visually scored based on EEG and motor activity records. Measurements and Results: Shock training selectively reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in mice compared to time-matched baseline recordings. The reduction of REM sleep was significantly greater in the reactive C and the F1 hybrid strain compared to the less reactive B6 strain. Posttraining exposure to the context alone reduced REM sleep in much the same manner as exposure to the footshock, with the CB6 hybrid mice exhibiting greater alterations in sleep and a greater reduction of REM sleep. In contrast, mice that did not receive shock training showed increased REM sleep after being returned to the chamber. Conclusion: Aversive events and the fearful contexts that become associated with them can alter sleep in much the same way. Sleep disruptions after an aversive event or its reminders vary with genetic background.
Climate Change as Seen Through a Political Theory Lens

Political theory and global climate change / edited by Steve Vanderheiden. - Cambridge : MIT Press, c2008. - xxiv, 228 p. - ISBN 978-0-262-22084-2; 978-0-262-72052-6 (pbk) A unique compilation of a...
Fabrication: a tangible link between computer science and creativity

In this paper, we describe our CS0 course, 3D Modeling and Fabrication, that includes a service-learning CNC milling project as a high tech hook to interest students, both our own and middle school students, in computer science and engineering. Among the CS0 learning outcomes achieved through the design and fabrication projects are computer literacy, writing-across-the curriculum, and development of problem-solving skills such as quantitative reasoning and critical thinking.This course is situated in the Integrated Liberal Studies program at University of North Carolina at Asheville. It can be offered as part of any general education program to fulfill a computer literacy or writing-across-the-curriculum requirement. Taking an idea and nurturing it from a concept to a model, to a series of working drawings, and then to a three-dimensional prototype is exciting and fun, and leaves a tangible reminder of the creativity inherent in computer science.
Response of removable epoxy foam exposed to fire using an element death model.

Response of removable epoxy foam (REF) to high heat fluxes is described using a decomposition chemistry model [1] in conjunction with a finite element heat conduction code [2] that supports chemical kinetics and dynamic radiation enclosures. The chemistry model [1] describes the temporal transformation of virgin foam into carbonaceous residue by considering breakdown of the foam polymer structure, desorption of gases not associated with the foam polymer, mass transport of decomposition products from the reaction site to the bulk gas, and phase equilibrium. The finite element foam response model considers the spatial behavior of the foam by using measured and predicted thermophysical properties in combination with the decomposition chemistry model. Foam elements are removed from the computational domain when the condensed mass fractions of the foam elements are close to zero. Element removal, referred to as element death, creates a space within the metal confinement causing radiation to be the dominant mode of heat transfer between the surface of the remaining foam elements and the interior walls of the confining metal skin. Predictions were compared to front locations extrapolated from radiographs of foam cylinders enclosed in metal containers that were heated with quartz lamps [3,4]. The effects of the maximum temperature of the metal container, density of the foam, the foam orientation, venting of the decomposition products, pressurization of the metal container, and the presence or absence of embedded components are discussed.
Superconducting Properties of Rh 9 In 4 S 4 Single Crystals

The synthesis and crystallographic, thermodynamic, and transport properties of single crystalline ${\mathrm{Rh}}_{9}{\mathrm{In}}_{4}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ were studied. The resistivity, magnetization, and specific heat measurements all clearly indicate bulk superconductivity with a critical temperature, ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}2.25$ K. The Sommerfeld coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and the Debye temperature $({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\text{D}})$ were found to be 34 mJ ${\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1} {\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ and 217 K, respectively. The observed specific heat jump, $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}C/\ensuremath{\gamma}{T}_{c}=1.66$, is larger than the expected BCS weak coupling value of 1.43. Ginzburg-Landau (GL) ratio of the low-temperature GL-penetration depth, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\text{GL}}\ensuremath{\approx}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}5750$ \AA{}, to the GL-coherence length, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\text{GL}}\ensuremath{\approx}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}94$ \AA{}, is large: $\ensuremath{\kappa} \ensuremath{\sim}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}60$. Furthermore, we observed a peak effect in the resistivity measurement as a function of both temperature and magnetic field.
Tandem differential mobility spectrometry in purified air for high-speed selective vapor detection.

A tandem ion mobility instrument based on differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) was used to demonstrate selectivity in response through differences in field dependence of mobility for ions in purified air at ambient pressure. The concept of chemical selectivity solely from characteristic dispersion curves or from field dependence of ion mobility was experimentally demonstrated in three steps with mixtures of increasing complexity. In a mixture of four alcohols with carbon numbers four and below, distinct pairs of separation voltage and compensation voltage, applied to the first and second DMS stages, permitted isolation of ions from individual substances without detectable levels of other substances. In a three-component mixture of a ketone, alcohol, and organophosphorus compound, the same level of ion isolation was observed using specific and characteristic separation and compensation voltages on each DMS stage. In the last experiment, the isolation of product ions of individual substances from a mixt...
Frequency and Energy Difference Detection of Dolphin Biosonar Signals Using a Decomposition Algorithm

A set of dolphin echolocation signals previously collected from an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin in Kaneohe Bay, Hawai’i are decomposed using a matching pursuit algorithm to further investigate the role of four types of echolocation signals outlined elsewhere [1]. The method decomposes the echolocation signals into optimal linear expansions of waveforms, which are Gabor functions defined in a dictionary. The method allows for study of the changes in frequency content within a dolphin’s functional bandwidth during discrimination tasks. We investigate the role of the functional bandwidth in terms of the signal energy levels and echolocations task performance. Furthermore, ROC analysis is applied to the relative energies of the matched waveforms to determine probability of discrimination. The results suggest that dolphins may discriminate by inspection of the relevant frequency differences between targets. In addition, the results from the ROC analysis provides insight into the role of the different classes of dolphin signals and of the importance of modification of the outgoing echolocation clicks, which may be fundamental to a dolphin’s ability to identify and discriminate targets.
Abstract 1265: Sustained PI3-kinase signaling is mediated by ICOS, not CD28, for anti-tumor T-cell responses elicited by anti-CTLA-4.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The generation of anti-tumor T-cell responses requires at least two distinct signals consisting of T-cell receptor signaling and CD28-costimulation to mediate PI3-kinase signaling. In previous studies, we reported that cancer patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 had a significant increase in T-cells expressing inducible costimulator (ICOS). Here, we observed that PI3-kinase signaling was significantly increased in ICOShi as compared to ICOSlow CD28+ T-cells from anti-CTLA-4 treated patients. Our data also indicate that after T-cell activation, ICOS-mediated PI3-kinase signaling plays an important role in downstream T-cell responses such as expression of the T-bet transcription factor and anti-tumor Th1 cytokine production. An ICOS-specific siRNA transfected into activated human T-cells leads to diminished PI3K-signaling and T-bet expression, which controls production of anti-tumor Th1 cytokines. Furthermore, T-cells from ICOS-deficient mice have impaired PI3-kinase signaling after in vitro activation. Our data also demonstrate that T-cells from ICOS-deficient mice have impaired PI3-kinase signaling in vivo, which correlates with impaired tumor rejection after treatment with anti-CTLA-4. These data offer strong evidence to support that CD28-mediated PI3-kinase signaling is limited and ICOS provides a critical third signal to enable sustained PI3-kinase signaling for optimal anti-tumor T-cell responses in the setting of anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Citation Format: Hong Chen, Tihui Fu, Dimitra Tsavachidou, Sijin Wen, Derek Ng Tang, Qiuming He, Jing Jing Sun, Padmanee Sharma. Sustained PI3-kinase signaling is mediated by ICOS, not CD28, for anti-tumor T-cell responses elicited by anti-CTLA-4. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1265. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1265
Isoreticular Investigation into the Formation of Four New Zinc Alkylbisphosphonate Families

Through the systematic investigation of zinc alkylbisphosphonates, four new structural families have been obtained. These families are named zinc alkyl-tunnel, -gate, -cation, and -sheet (ZAT, ZAG, ZAC, and ZAS) for convenience and have been synthesized and further extended through isoreticular design utilizing alkylbis(phosphonic acid) ligands of the formula H2O3PCnH2nPO3H2 (n = 3–6) (H4Ln). Both even- and odd-length chains were utilized to help determine the effect of chain conformation on structure formation. The investigation lead to two known compounds (ZAG-4, and ZAS-3) and nine new compounds, two of which contain large 1-D channels. The crystal structures of all compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Of the nine new compounds, only seven of them fall into the new families. In three of the four families, the structure is controlled by alkyl-chain length and conformation (i.e., odd vs even), and in the fourth, a conformational distortion allows both odd and even lengths to for...
Semantic satiation as a function of type of associate

This study investigated the relative strength of verbal association in common verbal associates, semantic space verbal associates, and non-associates. Repetition-satiation inhibition procedures were used in the test period. It was found that common associates and semantic space associates show equivalent inhibition effects and both showed significantly less inhibition than non-associates. Interference in the form of noise during repetition did not significantly affect the course of inhibition.
Phylogeny and morphology of dematiaceous freshwater microfungi from Perú

A survey of freshwater ascomycetes conducted along an elevational gradient in Peru in the Districts of Cusco, Junin, and Madre de Dios yielded specimens of Cancellidium applanatum, Cordana abramovii, Sporoschisma juvenile, S. uniseptatum, and S. saccardoi. With the exception of S. saccardoi, these are new records for Peru. Molecular data was generated for three previously unsequenced species: Cancellidium applanatum, Cordana abramovii and Sporoschisma saccardoi. These taxa are reported herein from the neotropics with an accompanying phylogeny based on partial 28S nuclear ribosomal large-subunit sequence data. The sexual morph of S. saccardoi has previously been linked to Melanochaeta hemipsila through cultural studies. Molecular data from ascospores and conidia of M. hemipsila and S. saccardoi, respectively were used to demonstrate a genetic connection of the sexual and asexual morphs of these fungi for the first time, resulting in the new combination Sporoschisma hemipsila being made.
Energy-efficient wireless sensor network mac protocol

With the progression of computer networks extending boundaries and joining distant locations, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) emerge as the new frontier in developing opportunities to collect and process data from remote locations. WSNs rely on hardware simplicity to make sensor field deployments both affordable and long-lasting without maintenance support. WSN designers strive to extend network lifetimes while meeting application-specific throughput and latency requirements. Effective power management places sensor nodes into one of the available energy-saving modes based upon the sleep period duration and the current state of the radio. This research investigates energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols designed to extend both the lifetime and range of wireless sensor networks. These networks are deployed in remote locations with limited processor capabilities, memory capacities, and battery supplies. The purpose of this research is to develop a new medium access control protocol which performs both cluster management and inter-network gateway functions in an energy-efficient manner. This new protocol, Gateway MAC (GMAC), improves on existing sensor MAC protocols by not only creating additional opportunities to place the sensor platforms into lower power-saving modes, but also by establishing a traffic rhythm which extends the sleep duration to minimize power mode transition costs. Additionally, this research develops a radio power management (RPM) algorithm to provide a new mechanism for all WSN MAC protocols to optimize sleep transition decisions based upon the power and response characteristics of the sensor platform's transceiver. Finally, to extend access to sensor data in remote locations, this research also validates an innovative wireless distribution system which integrates wireless sensor networks, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), and the Internet. This research makes two significant contributions to the state-of-the-art wireless sensor networks. First, GMAC's centralized network management function offers significant energy savings and network lifetime extensions over existing wireless sensor network protocols. The second contribution is the introduction of a wireless sensor radio power management algorithm designed to exploit additional power-saving opportunities introduced with the newest generation of faster sensor platform transceivers.