cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Caveolin 3 Protein with the Potassium Inward Rectifier Channel Kir2.1 PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY RELATED TO LONG QT SYNDROME 9 (LQT9)

Mutations in CAV3 cause LQT syndrome 9 (LQT9). A previously reported LQT9 patient had prominent U waves on ECG, a feature that has been correlated with Kir2.1 loss of function. Our objective was to determine whether caveolin 3 (Cav3) associates with Kir2.1 and whether LQT9-associated CAV3 mutations affect the biophysical properties of Kir2.1. Kir2.1 current (IK1) density was measured using the whole-cell voltage clamp technique. WT-Cav3 did not affect IK1. However, F97C-Cav3 and T78M-Cav3 decreased IK1 density significantly by ∼60%, and P104L-Cav3 decreased IK1 density significantly by ∼30% at −60 mV. Immunostained rat heart cryosections and HEK293 cells cotransfected with Kir2.1 and WT-Cav3 both demonstrated colocalization of Kir2.1 and WT-Cav3 by confocal imaging. Cav3 coimmunoprecipitated with Kir2.1 in human ventricular myocytes and in heterologous expression systems. Additionally, FRET efficiency was highly specific, with a molecular distance of 5.6 ± 0.4 nm, indicating close protein location. Colocalization experiments found that Cav3 and Kir2.1 accumulated in the Golgi compartment. On-cell Western blot analysis showed decreased Kir2.1 cell surface expression by 60% when expressed with F97C-Cav3 and by 20% when expressed with P104L-Cav3 compared with WT-Cav3. This is the first report of an association between Cav3 and Kir2.1. The Cav3 mutations F97C-Cav3, P104L-Cav3, and T78M-Cav3 decreased IK1 density significantly. This effect was related to a reduced cell surface expression of Kir2.1. Kir2.1 loss of function is additive to the increase described previously in late INa, prolonging repolarization and leading to arrhythmia generation in Cav3-mediated LQT9. Background: Regulation of Kir2.1 by WT caveolin 3 and LQT9-causing mutants of caveolin3 is unknown. Results: WT caveolin 3 and mutants of caveolin 3 associate with Kir2.1. Caveolin 3 mutants reduce Kir2.1 current density. Surface expression of Kir2.1 is decreased by caveolin 3 mutations. Conclusion: Caveolin 3 mutations affect Kir2.1 current density by decreasing cell surface expression of Kir2.1. Significance: Kir2.1 loss of function may contribute to the mechanism of arrhythmia generation in caveolin 3-mediated LQT9.
A modern theory of paraplegia in the treatment of aneurysms of the thoracoabdominal aorta: An analysis of technique specific observed/expected ratios for paralysis

Objective To demonstrate that a modern theory of paraplegia prevention in thoracoabdominal aortic (TAAA) surgery is primarily non-anatomic and derives from experimentally validated interventions that prolong the ischemic tolerance, reduce reperfusion injury, and enhance the collateral perfusion of the spinal cord with or without assisted circulation. Methods Using an accurate predictive model (r 2 > 0.95) for paraplegia risk we studied the effects of protective strategies in 82 clinical series reporting more than 15,000 patients treated from 1985 to 2008. The observed/expected (O/E) ratios were calculated for each series and the results were grouped by technique. The effect of interventions such as spinal fluid drainage (SFD), systemic hypothermia, epidural cooling, and naloxone on O/E ratios were studied. We analyzed changes in O/E ratios from Era 1 (1985 to 1997) to Era 2 (1997 to 2008) and within treatment techniques over time. Results The mean O/E ratio for paraplegia for all patients declined from 1.13 in Era 1 to 0.26 in Era 2. Adding SFD to patients treated with assisted circulation (AC) decreased the O/E ratio from 1.03 to 0.24 ( P P = .0013). O/E for hypothermic arrest (HA) declined from 0.42 to 0.14 with SFD. The addition of SFD to AC, XCL, and HA accounted for most of the decline in O/E between Eras. Other factors which played a less defined but important role in the decline in O/E ratios were attention to higher mean arterial pressures (MAPs), more hypothermia, and neurochemical protection. Conclusion Paraplegia causation is anatomic but paraplegia prevention is physiologic (non-anatomic). We demonstrate that by using hypothermia, SFD, and increasing MAP, clinicians had similar improvements in paraplegia, reducing O/E deficit ratios from 1.03 to as low as 0.16, with or without intercostal reimplantation, and whether or not assisted circulation was used. Understanding the fundamental principles of paraplegia prevention and how to apply protective strategies leads to a reduction in paralysis in clinical series with or without the use of assisted circulation. This modern theory of paraplegia has significant implications for the rapidly advancing field of TAAA repair with branched endografts where the same principles apply.
English as lingua franca and English in Europe

ABSTRACT: One of the objectives of English as Lingua Franca (ELF) researchers is an account of the unique features of English that they have found in the speech of European users of English. These features, it is argued, describe a variety of English which they label “English as Lingua Franca”. The choice of this particular term is problematic because, as a construct, “lingua franca” generally refers to an overarching function of language, not to any specific set of idiosyncratic forms themselves. However, ELF researchers do not make this distinction. This has resulted in considerable attention being given to a confusing use of linguistic terminology and to the assumptions and theoretical underpinnings guiding ELF research. This paper extends this discussion to an examination of the relationship of ELF studies to English in Europe and the adequacy of “lingua franca” to represent the sociolinguistic realities of world Englishes. It first looks at work written by prominent ELF researchers to determine what they mean by “lingua franca”, outlines the distinction between form and function with illustrations of the role and status of English in Europe, and discusses how the architect's principle that “form follows function” is relevant to an understanding of the notion “lingua franca”.
Effectiveness and Tolerability of Every-other-Day Rosuvastatin Dosing in Patients with Prior Statin Intolerance

Background:Statins are generally well tolerated, but some patients discontinue therapy secondary to adverse effects. Dosing a statin (rosuvastatin) every other day (EOD) may provide significant lipoprotein changes while avoiding common adverse effects in this statin-intolerant population.Objective:To determine the effect and tolerance of EOD rosuvastatin in patients previously intolerant to statin therapy.Methods:We performed a retrospective analysis of patients treated with EOD rosuvastatin at 2 lipid specialty clinics: the University of Kansas Lipid, Atherosclerosis, and LDL-Apheresis Center and the Hartford Hospital Cholesterol Management Center. Approximately 2600 charts were reviewed to identify patients receiving rosuvastatin EOD who previously had experienced statin intolerance. Fifty-one patients were eligible for the analysis, which evaluated changes in the lipid profile, the number achieving their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals, and the percent tolerating rosuvastatin EOD. Lab...
Adult Root Fracture

In addition to adult root fractures caused by traumatogenic occlusion or iatrogenic procedures, a new type of fracture deserves attention.
Tradition and Modernity in 20th Century Chinese Poetry

Scholars of Chinese literature note that China’s tumultuous literary history in the 20th century centered around the uncomfortable tensions between tradition and modernity. In this corpus study, we develop and automatically extract three features to show that the classical character of Chinese poetry decreased across the century. We also find that Taiwan poets constitute a surprising exception to the trend, demonstrating an unusually strong connection to classical diction in their work as late as the ’50s and ’60s.
Highly Transparent and Conductive CdO Thin Films as Anodes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

In this paper, CdO thin films are used for the first time as transparent anodes for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Highly conductive and transparent CdO thin films have been grown on glass and on single-crystal MgO(100) by low pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at 400°C, and were implemented in small-molecule OLED fabrication. Device response and applications potential have been investigated and compared with those of commercial ITO-based control devices. It is found that as-deposited CdO thin films are capable of injecting holes into such devices, rendering them promising anode materials for OLEDs. A maximum luminance of 32,000 cd/m2 and an external forward quantum efficiency of 1.4 %, with a turn-on voltage of 3.2 V are achieved on MgO(100)/CdO-based devices.
Statistics ofRILM: Répertoire International de Littéerature Musicale

Commonly referred to asRILM Abstracts of Music Literature orRILM, theRILM database is published in printed, online, and CD-ROM formats. This international musicological bibliography of scholarly writings in 202 languages on music and related disciplines is classified by topic and includes original-language titles; title translations in English; full bibliographic information; abstracts in English; author, journal, and subject indexes; and a thesaurus.
Size-based chromatography of signaling clusters in a living cell membrane.

Here we introduce a form of chromatography that can be imposed on the membrane of a living cell. A cell–cell signaling interaction is reconstituted in a hybrid live cell-supported membrane junction. The chromatographic material consists of a hexagonally ordered array of gold nanoparticles (nanodot array), which is fabricated onto the underlying substrate. While individual membrane components move freely throughout the array, the movement of larger assemblies is impeded if they exceed the physical dimensions of the array. This tactile approach to probing membrane structures in living cells reveals organizational aspects of the membrane environment unobservable by other techniques.
Effect of Nephrectomy and of Adrenergic Receptor Blockers on the Cardiorenal Actions of Endothelin

The cardiorenal actions of endothelin-1 (ET-1) were evaluated in rats following nephrectomy, in rats during alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine, and in rats during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Female rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and, following surgery, were allowed 60 min to stabilize before 3 x 20 min-control clearances were collected. ET-1 was then infused at a rate of 100 ng kg-1 min-1 for 30 min, the infusion was stopped, and three additional clearances were collected. Four groups of rats were studied: in Group 1 (n = 10), ET-1 was infused; in Group 2 (n = 5), a bilateral nephrectomy was performed 120 min before infusing ET-1; in Group 3 (n = 5), ET-1 was infused into rats treated with phentolamine (0.015 mg kg-1 min-1); and in Group 4 (n = 5), ET-1 was infused into rats treated with propranolol (0.015 mg kg-1 min-1). At 30 min during infusion of ET-1 into Group 1 rats, mean arterial blood pressure had increased (P less than 0.01) by 27 +/- 2% (SE) and the glomerular filtration rate had decreased (P less than 0.01) by 71 +/- 6% of baseline values. Nephrectomy potentiated and prolonged the ET-1-induced systemic vasoconstriction. Phentolamine had no effect on the cardiorenal actions of ET-1 whereas propranolol enhanced ET-1-induced changes in mean arterial blood pressure; mean arterial blood pressure increased 38 +/- 2% at 30 min during ET-1 + propranolol infusion (P less than 0.01 versus value with ET-1 alone). These data indicate that the kidney affects ET-1-induced systemic vasoconstriction and that beta-adrenergic (but not alpha-adrenergic) receptors are activated during infusion of ET-1 with a resultant attenuation of ET-1-induced changes in systemic blood pressure.
Countermeasures for Libraries Adapting the Changes under the Influence of Big Data

As a newly developed information technology,big data exerts great influence on public information database,library,in all aspects,including the emphasis of service and the need of users,the scale and style of data,data collection mode and method,the capacity of storage,the pattern of organization,the mode and content of information service and so on. The paper systematically analyzes the specific impact which big data brings to libraries and explores relative countermeasures,which are objective requirements for the library to advance with the time and develop scientifically in the big data trend.
Design and Realization of the P2P Instant Messenger System Based on JXTA

After investigating the JXTA platform,the system model of P2P instant messenger based on JXTA platform was established,which could realize the search for the equivalence of the sending and receiving of message.Owing to the resource searching mode on the basis of set point,the communicating choke point of central server is resolved effectively,and the problem that the over loaded partial nodes in compete distributed network is avoided.
Urinary Flow Velocity as an Index of Male Voiding Function

Urinary velocity and urinary peak flow rate developed by 463 male patients were measured before and after treatment for prostatic obstruction, stricture or prostatitis and compared to 121 documented normal males. It was shown that peak flow rate does discriminate partially between the normal and non-normal populations, but that many subjects who presented with ostensibly normal flow rates were actually obstructed when measured by peak urinary velocity. Velocity is shown to be a valuable secondary measurement in the clinic, and the flow velocity vs. flow rate diagram is demonstrated to be a good tool for classifying patients urodynamically.
Alkylidene Dihydropyridines As Synthetic Intermediates: Model Studies toward the Synthesis of the Bis(piperidine) Alkaloid Xestoproxamine C

Results of model studies demonstrating a stereoselective synthetic route to tricyclic analogues of the bis(piperidine) alkaloid xestoproxamine C are presented. Dearomatization of a tricyclic pyridine derivative to afford an alkylidene dihydropyridine (anhydrobase) intermediate followed by catalytic heterogeneous hydrogenation was used to install the correct relative stereochemistry about the bis(piperidine) ring system. Other key features of these model studies include development of an efficient ring-closing metathesis procedure to prepare macrocyclic derivatives of 3,4-disusbstituted pyridines, intramolecular cyclizations of alkylidene dihydropyridines to establish pyridine-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines, successful homologation of pyridine-4-carboxaldehydes using formaldehyde dimethyl thioacetal monoxide (FAMSO), and application of B-alkyl Suzuki coupling to assemble substituted pyridines.
A finite element approach to self-consistent field theory calculations of multiblock polymers

Self-consistent field theory (SCFT) has proven to be a powerful tool for modeling equilibrium microstructures of soft materials, particularly for multiblock polymers. A very successful approach to numerically solving the SCFT set of equations is based on using a spectral approach. While widely successful, this approach has limitations especially in the context of current technologically relevant applications. These limitations include non-trivial approaches for modeling complex geometries, difficulties in extending to non-periodic domains, as well as non-trivial extensions for spatial adaptivity. As a viable alternative to spectral schemes, we develop a finite element formulation of the SCFT paradigm for calculating equilibrium polymer morphologies. We discuss the formulation and address implementation challenges that ensure accuracy and efficiency. We explore higher order chain contour steppers that are efficiently implemented with Richardson Extrapolation. This approach is highly scalable and suitable for systems with arbitrary shapes. We show spatial and temporal convergence and illustrate scaling on up to 2048 cores. Finally, we illustrate confinement effects for selected complex geometries. This has implications for materials design for nanoscale applications where dimensions are such that equilibrium morphologies dramatically differ from the bulk phases.
Post-ERCP Pancreatitis Prevention

Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is one of the most feared complications of ERCP. Despite being mild in most cases, severe cases of PEP can lead to significant morbidity and even mortality. Many studies have looked at identifying high-risk features related to both the patient and the ERCP procedure itself that may impact on rates of PEP. Strategies that have been demonstrated to decrease the incidence and severity of PEP include aggressive hydration, prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting, and administration of rectal indomethacin. Although these measures have improved clinical outcomes, the best method of preventing PEP is to properly select patients for ERCP by having a solid indication so that unnecessary procedures can be avoided.
Successful Thrombectomy for an Idiopathic Floating Ascending Aortic Thrombus.

A mobile thrombus in an otherwise normal ascending aorta is rare, but it should be thoroughly searched for in patients with unexplained cerebral or peripheral embolism. We report the case of a 49-year-old man admitted for right lower quadrant abdominal pain secondary to embolic renal infarction. Echocardiography and computed tomography of the chest revealed a 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm hypermobile mass at the distal ascending aorta, which was otherwise normal. No hypercoagulable condition could be identified. The mass was successfully removed with the patient under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and was confirmed to be a thrombus. The cause of this thrombus remains unknown.
Two-plasmon decay instability in inhomogeneous plasmas at oblique laser incidence

The two-plasmon decay (TPD) instability has been studied in the region near the quarter-critical density in the plasmas of the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion for a wide range of laser angles of incidence. The TPD equations for the oblique laser incidence in the inhomogeneous plasmas have been analyzed theoretically. The range of wave vectors for the instability growth has been identified. The theoretical growth rates and thresholds have been compared with the results of the fluid-type simulations, and a good agreement has been found.
Characterization of the negative carbon isotope shift in segment C2, its global implications as a harbinger of OAE1a

Lower Cretaceous C-isotope records show intermittent negative/positive spikes, and consistent patterns of coeval chemostratigraphic curves thus document shifts that signal simultaneous responses of temporal changes in the global carbon reservoir. The standard pattern registered by the δ 13Corg and δ 13Ccarb in Lower Aptian sediments includes distinct isotope segments C1 to C8 (Menegatti et al., 1998). In the El Pui section, Organya Basin, Spain, C-isotope segment C2 is the longest interval preceding segments C3–C6 associated with oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE 1a), and reveals a distinct negative shift of ~1.8‰ to ~2.23‰ defining the C-isotope pattern within that interval. Total inorganic carbon (TIC), total organic carbon (TOC), δ 13Corg, microfacies, n-alkanes show no difference before, during, or after the negative inflection. The biomarkers indicate that organic matter (OM) mainly originates from algal/microbial sources because short-chain length homologues (≤nC19) dominate. nC20 through nC25 indicate some contribution from aquatic vegetation, but little from higher plants (>nC25), as also suggested by the terrestrial/aquatic ratio of n-alkanes or (TAR) = [(nC27+nC29+nC31)/(nC15+nC17+nC19)] (averages 0.085). We suggest that conjoint pulses of contemporaneous LIPs (Ontong Java) and massive explosive volcanism in northeast Asia, the Songliao Basin (SB-V), best conform to plausible causes of the negative intra-C2 carbon isotopic excursion (CIE) at that time. Because of its apparent common occurrence the intra-C2 inflection could be a useful marker harbinger to the more pronounced CIE C3, the hallmark of OAE1a.
Discussion of “the evolution of 10-K textual disclosure: Evidence from Latent Dirichlet Allocation”

Abstract Dyer et al. (2017) examines trends in 10-K textual disclosure from 1996–2013. Using a set of variables from prior textual research, they show a decrease in characteristics generally considered desirable and an increase in attributes considered undesirable. The trend is driven by disclosures to comply with new regulatory reporting standards. The study takes a high-level approach allowing an overview perspective. However, that approach also means readers should take caution in reaching strong conclusions on any one finding. In this discussion I point out a few areas where I believe readers should be particularly aware of limitations this approach imposes.
Integrated case-control and somatic-germline interaction analyses of melanoma susceptibility genes.

Abstract While a number of genes have been implicated in melanoma susceptibility, the role of protein-coding variation in melanoma development and progression remains underexplored. To better characterize the role of germline coding variation in melanoma, we conducted a whole-exome case-control and somatic-germline interaction study involving 322 skin cutaneous melanoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 3607 controls of European ancestry. We controlled for cross-platform technological stratification using XPAT and conducted gene-based association tests using VAAST 2. Four established melanoma susceptibility genes achieved nominal statistical significance, MC1R (p = .0014), MITF (p = .0165) BRCA2 (p = .0206), and MTAP (p = .0393). We also observed a suggestive association for FANCA (p = .002), a gene previously implicated in melanoma survival. The association signal for BRCA2 was driven primarily by likely gene disrupting (LGD) variants, with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 5.62 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.03–30.1). In contrast, the association signals for MC1R and MITF were driven primarily by predicted pathogenic missense variants, with estimated ORs of 1.4 to 3.0 for MC1R and 4.1 for MITF. MTAP exhibited an excess of both LGD and predicted damaging missense variants among cases, with ORs of 5.62 and 3.72, respectively, although neither category was significant. For individuals with known or predicted damaging variants, age of disease onset was significantly lower for two of the four genes, MC1R (p = .005) and MTAP (p = .035). In an analysis of germline carrier status and overlapping copy number alterations, we observed no evidence to support a two-hit model of carcinogenesis in any of the four genes. Although MC1R carriers were represented proportionally among the four molecular tumor subtypes, these individuals accounted for 69% of ultraviolet (UV) radiation mutational signatures among triple-wild type tumors (p = .040), highlighting the increased sensitivity to UV exposure among individuals with loss-of-function variants in MC1R.
Cardiac and Respiratory Responses to Exercise in Health and Disease

Appropriate interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise tests depends on an understanding of exercise physiology. The focus of this chapter is the expected physiologic responses to exercise in normal individuals and how the physiologic responses deviate from the expected patterns in various disease states. We begin by describing a key parameter that is used to assess overall exercise capacity, maximum oxygen consumption, and discuss its relationship to maximum cardiac function. We then review the expected physiologic responses to exercise in normal individuals and, finally, examine the pattern of physiologic responses expected in disorders causing exercise limitation.
8.2 – The Stomach

The function of the stomach to store food, grind it, and release it slowly into the stomach is reviewed. The functional regions of the stomach—fundus, body, and antrum—are discussed. Receptive relaxation and gastric accommodation of the fundus are described, and the mechanisms that bring these about. The cardiac pacemaker is described. Gastric motility is discussed along with gastric emptying and the enterogastric inhibitory reflex and the function of GI hormones cholecystokinin and secretin. The migrating motility complex or migrating myoelectric complex during the interdigestive period is described. Stomach secretions are considered, beginning with a description of the secretory glands and cells. Secretion of mucus by neck cells, pepsinogen by chief cells, and HCl and intrinsic factor by parietal cells is discussed. The mechanism of acid secretion is covered and its regulation by nerves, hormones, and paracrine substances such as histamine.
Discharge against medical advice: sociodemographic, clinical and financial perspectives.

Discharge against medical advice (DAMA) presents healthcare providers with clinical, ethical and legal challenges. Patient factors - demographic, social and clinical - may determine the possibility of a hospitalisation ending against medical advice. All cases of DAMA from St Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, were identified from the computerised medical system. Patient factors including demographic, social and clinical variables relating to these discharges were analysed. Readmission data and cost of hospitalisation were also assessed. DAMA represented 1% of all discharges. The average length of stay was 2.3 days, at a cost of $3716.00. The average length of stay of 30-day readmission was 4.7 days, making the cumulative cost of hospitalisation $10,761.56, 56% higher than expected. African Americans, males, lack of medical insurance and substance abuse were strongly associated with DAMA (p<0.01). Careful and proactive management strategies could mitigate the potential clinical, legal and economic implications of DAMA.
Structure of the Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 effector in complex with (GlcNAc)6 reveals the ligand-binding mechanism and uncouples its intrinsic function from recognition by the Cf-4 resistance protein

Effectors are microbial-derived secreted proteins with an essential function in modulating host immunity during infections. CfAvr4, an effector protein from the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and the founding member of a fungal effector family, promotes parasitism through binding fungal chitin and protecting it from chitinases. Binding of Avr4 to chitin is mediated by a carbohydrate-binding module of family 14 (CBM14), an abundant CBM across all domains of life. To date, the structural basis of chitin-binding by Avr4 effector proteins and of recognition by the cognate Cf-4 plant immune receptor are still poorly understood. Using X-ray crystallography, we solved the crystal structure of CfAvr4 in complex with chitohexaose [(GlcNAc)6] at 1.95A resolution. This is the first co-crystal structure of a CBM14 protein together with its ligand that further reveals the molecular mechanism of (GlcNAc)6 binding by Avr4 effector proteins and CBM14 family members in general. The structure showed that two molecules of CfAvr4 interact through the ligand and form a three-dimensional molecular sandwich that encapsulates two (GlcNAc)6 molecules within the dimeric assembly. Contrary to previous assumptions made with other CBM14 members, the chitohexaose-binding domain (ChBD) extends to the entire length of CfAvr4 with the reducing end of (GlcNAc)6 positioned near the N-terminus and the non-reducing end at the C-terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues interacting with (GlcNAc)6 enabled the elucidation of the precise topography and amino acid composition of Avr4's ChBD and further showed that these residues do not individually mediate the recognition of CfAvr4 by the Cf-4 immune receptor. Instead, the studies highlighted the dependency of Cf-4-mediated recognition on CfAvr4's stability and resistance against proteolysis in the leaf apoplast, and provided the evidence for structurally separating intrinsic function from immune receptor recognition in this effector family.
Strong RLT1 bounds from decomposable Lagrangean relaxation for some quadratic 0–1 optimization problems with linear constraints

The Reformulation Linearization Technique (RLT) of Sherali and Adams (Manag Sci 32(10):1274–1290, 1986; SIAM J Discrete Math 3(3):411–430, 1990), when applied to a pure 0–1 quadratic optimization problem with linear constraints (P), constructs a hierarchy of LP (i.e., continuous and linear) models of increasing sizes. These provide monotonically improving continuous bounds on the optimal value of (P) as the level, i.e., the stage in the process, increases. When the level reaches the dimension of the original solution space, the last model provides an LP bound equal to the IP optimum. In practice, unfortunately, the problem size increases so rapidly that for large instances, even computing bounds for RLT models of level k (called RLTk) for small k may be challenging. Their size and their complexity increase drastically with k. To our knowledge, only results for bounds of levels 1, 2, and 3 have been reported in the literature. We are proposing, for certain quadratic problem types, a way of producing stronger bounds than continuous RLT1 bounds in a fraction of the time it would take to compute continuous RLT2 bounds. The approach consists in applying a specific decomposable Lagrangean relaxation to a specially constructed RLT1-type linear 0–1 model. If the overall Lagrangean problem does not have the integrality property, and if it can be solved as a 0–1 rather than a continuous problem, one may be able to obtain 0–1 RLT1 bounds of roughly the same quality as standard continuous RLT2 bounds, but in a fraction of the time and with much smaller storage requirements. If one actually decomposes the Lagrangean relaxation model, this two-step procedure, reformulation plus decomposed Lagrangean relaxation, will produce linear 0–1 Lagrangean subproblems with a dimension no larger than that of the original model. We first present numerical results for the Crossdock Door Assignment Problem, a special case of the Generalized Quadratic Assignment Problem. These show that just solving one Lagrangean relaxation problem in 0–1 variables produces a bound close to or better than the standard continuous RLT2 bound (when available) but much faster, especially for larger instances, even if one does not actually decompose the Lagrangean problem. We then present numerical results for the 0–1 quadratic knapsack problem, for which no RLT2 bounds are available to our knowledge, but we show that solving an initial Lagrangean relaxation of a specific 0–1 RLT1 decomposable model drastically improves the quality of the bounds. In both cases, solving the fully decomposed rather than the decomposable Lagrangean problem to optimality will make it feasible to compute such bounds for instances much too large for computing the standard continuous RLT2 bounds.
"Virtual ability simulation" to boost rehabilitation exercise performance and confidence for people with disability

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a concept called virtual ability simulation (VAS) for people with disability in a virtual reality (VR) environment. In a VAS people with disabilities perform tasks that are made easier in the virtual environment (VE) compared to the real world. We hypothesized that putting people with disabilities in a VAS will increase confidence and enable more efficient task completion than without a VAS. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a within-subjects experiment in which participants performed a virtual task called "kick the ball" in two different conditions: a no gain condition (i.e., same difficulty as in the real world) and a rotational gain condition (i.e., physically easier than the real world but visually the same). The results from our study suggest that VAS increased participants' confidence which in turn enables them to perceive the difficulty of the same task easier.
Stabilization of a Swept-Wing Boundary Layer by Discrete Roughness Elements at High Reynolds Numbers

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to study potential stabilizing ef- fect of spanwise periodic discrete roughness elements (DREs) on cross ow instabilities in a spatially developing three-dimensional boundary layer over an in nite-swept natural- laminar- ow wing at a freestream Mach number of 0:75 and a chord Reynolds number of approximately 25 million. In the DNS, both the spanwise periodic DREs and distributed roughness in the leading-edge region are implemented to simulate a typical experimen- tal scenario in which multiple steady cross ow modes including the most unstable mode (i.e., the \target" mode) emerge because of the presence of naturally distributed surface roughness in the leading edge region and spanwise periodic control cylinders of subcritical wavelength are used to force small-wavelength disturbances (i.e., the control mode) for damping the target mode. The DNS results show that the e ectiveness of DRE control is sensitive to roughness diameter, height, and chordwise placement. For the DRE parame- ters considered in this study, the stabilizing e ect on the target mode is small within the computational domain that ended at about 35% of the chord.
The Yorkville Emergency Alliance: One Community's Response to the Federal Budget Reductions

A case study of one community's response to the Reagan budget cutbacks reveals the strengths and weaknesses of local voluntary initiatives for funding social services and replacing federal funds. The development and growth of the Yorkville Emergency Alliance is described as a private initiative of citizens living in a wealthy area of New York City. In about one and a half years, this group of residents raised over a quarter of a million dollars to attempt to replace federal funding reductions for the social services. If one had to characterize the last five years in the history of Social Welfare in this country in only three words, they would be "federal budget reductions." For example, in 1982, the federal budget for the next year called for a 46 percent reduction in training and employment programs, a 19 percent reduction in food stamps, 18 percent reductions in AFDC and social services block grants, a 10 percent reduction in Medicaid, and a nine percent reduction in child nutrition programs. Reductions in basic entitlement programs plus the continued effects of the recession on the poor, made the need for food, shelter, and emergency financial assistance very visible social problems. Both the extreme changes in the federal budget and the need to focus on the immediate needs of the poor were instigators to a new spirit of community action which was identified as developing in this country in
Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy in Older Adults: Addressing Common Clinical Questions.

Objectives To review the literature and summarize the evidence for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) use in older adults (aged >75 years), highlighting patient selection, day-to-day life with an LVAD, age-specific complications, and end-of-life considerations. Design Contemporary review of current literature on LVAD therapy in older adults. Results There is a paucity of data on LVAD use and outcomes in adults older than 75 years and even less commonly are such devices implanted in those older than 80 years. Candidates and recipients of this age often have multiple chronic conditions and extracardiac impairments, which can negatively affect their short-term outcomes and daily experience following LVAD implantation. Therefore, selection prior to implant should incorporate end-organ function, nutritional status, measures of frailty, neurocognitive status, and social support, among others, to determine the patient population most likely to benefit from such therapy. Conclusion When LVAD therapy is utilized in an older adult, the needs for multidisciplinary team management and expertise in palliative care are essential. More age-specific outcome data are required to help inform providers, patients, and caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2410-2419, 2019.
Exposure of the V1 Segment of the Vertebral Artery: Stepwise Cadaveric Surgical Simulation.

Background Surgical exposure of the V1 segment of the vertebral artery (V1-VA) at the lower neck may be necessary to address intravascular (atherosclerotic) and extravascular (external compression by neoplastic or degenerative) pathologies. The adjacent anatomy at the lower cervical region is complex and relatively unfamiliar to neurosurgeons compared to that of upper cervical levels. High-quality cadaveric images simulating the surgical approach to V1-VA are important for learning the relevant anatomy. Objective To provide a brief stepwise depiction of the exposure of the V1-VA using a cadaveric surgical simulation. Methods A cadaveric surgical simulation was performed on the left side to expose the V1-VA using the retrojugular and interjugular carotid approaches. The important adjacent anatomic structures en route to the V1-VA were identified. Results A stepwise photographic demonstration of the surgical exposure of the V1-VA is provided. Conclusion Exposure of the V1-VA can be challenging and requires a clear anatomic understanding of the relevant anatomy. The present work attempts to facilitate this objective.
Targeting potassium channels and autophagy to defeat chemoresistance.

Both autophagy and hERG1 potassium channels have been shown to promote tumor progression and resistance to treatment. Our findings indicate that the antibiotic clarithromycin can target hERG1 and m...
On point in primary CNS lymphoma

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive brain tumor that represents a significant challenge both to elucidate its biological pathogenesis as well as to develop definitive precision medicines with minimal collateral toxicity. We highlight the key issues in diagnosis and treatment and focus on emerging technologies, current options among consolidation strategies, and biological agents. We anticipate that further development of molecular diagnostics and molecular imaging approaches that elucidate minimal residual disease in brain parenchyma, leptomeninges, intraocular compartments and even bone marrow will greatly impact the delivery and timing of cytotoxic and biological therapies. Implementation of these approaches is likely essential to clarify ongoing discrepancies in the interpretation of clinical trial results that currently are based on relatively unrefined definitions of response. While the results of early phase investigations involving ibrutinib and the IMiD agents, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, as well as avadomide, strongly support the hypothesis that the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway, involving MYD88 and CD79B and NF-kB activation, is critical to the pathogenesis of PCNSL, much work is needed to elucidate mechanisms of resistance. Similarly, development of strategies to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms that are upregulated in the tumor microenvironment is a high priority. Finally, ongoing evidence supports the hypothesis that the blood-brain barrier represents a significant impediment to efficient brain tumor penetration of novel therapeutic agents and innovative strategies of drug delivery remain essential to further improve outcomes.
Phonetic effects of onset complexity on the English syllable

Although onsets do not arbitrate stress placement in English categorically, results from Kelly (2004) and Ryan (2014) suggest that English stress assignment is nevertheless sensitive to onset complexity. Phonetic work on languages in which onsets participate in categorical weight criteria shows that onsets contribute to stress assignment through their phonetic impact on the nucleus, primarily through their effect on nucleus energy (Gordon, 2005). Onsets in English probabilistically participate in weight-based processes, and here it is predicted that they impact the phonetic realization of the syllable similar to the way that onsets do in languages with categorical onset weight criteria. To test this prediction, speakers in this study produced monosyllabic English words varying in onset complexity, and measures of duration, intensity, and f0 were collected. Results of the current study are consistent with the predictions of Gordon’s perceptual account of categorical weight, showing that integrated intensity of the rime is incapable of driving onset weight behavior in English. Furthermore, results indicate that onsets impact the shape of the intensity envelope in a manner consistent with explanations for gradient onset weight that appeal to onset influence on the perceptual center (Ryan, 2014). Together, these results show that cues to gradient weight act independently of primary cues to categorical weight to probabilistically impact weight sensitive stress assignment in English.
Perioperative and Postoperative Factors Influence Quadriceps Atrophy and Strength After ACL Reconstruction: A Systematic Review:

Background:Quadriceps dysfunction after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is common and may affect return to sport due to resulting muscle atrophy and muscle weakness.Purpose:To syste...
Digital failure: Unbecoming the “good” data subject through entropic, fugitive, and queer data:

This paper explores the political potential of digital failure as a refusal to work in service of today’s dataveillance society. Moving beyond criticisms of flawed digital systems, this paper trace...
Renal Ischemia and Approach to the Renal Hilum in Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Tips and Tricks

This chapter covers tips and tricks for approaching the renal hilum and for minimizing the impact of warm ischemia during robotic partial nephrectomy. Surgeons performing robotic partial nephrectomy should have experience with laparoscopic vascular dissection, management of vascular complications, actively guiding a bedside assistant, and open partial nephrectomy. Novice robotic surgeons should begin with anterior or lower pole exophytic tumors and then gradually progress to more complex tumors. Routine hilar dissection and clamping are recommended earlier in the learning curve even for tumors that appear superficial. Adequate mobilization of the bowel to provide an unobstructed view of the hilum and lateral aspect of the ipsilateral great vessel and retracting the lower pole of the kidney to stretch the hilar vessels during dissection are key initial maneuvers. Only minimal renal artery and vein dissection is needed to allow placement and full engagement of the body of the bulldog clamp across the vessels. Additional steps taken in case there is bleeding despite clamping and bleeding after unclamping, use of hemostatic agents and sealers (and their differences), use of Doppler and near-infrared imaging, and various practical strategies to reduce ischemia time are discussed.
The Highs and Lows of Ventilator Alarms in the ICU

Background: Ventilator alarms are a critical built-in safety feature designed to detect changes that may require immediate attention to the patient and/or ventilator. Alarms are capable of identifying faulty equipment, leakage, patient disconnection, and alerting a trained clinician when important changes such as compliance or airway resistance occur. The goal of this study was to evaluate the selection of ventilator alarm settings, determine agreement to current recommendations, and measure percent discrepancy between patients recorded values and the alarm limits selected. Methods: This was a retrospective review of electronic medical records (EMR) of subjects admitted to the adult medical ICU and placed on a mechanical ventilator during the month of April 2021 at a level-1 trauma center in San Antonio, TX. Patient recorded values and alarm parameter selection were obtained for each patient meeting criteria. The measured values recorded were peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), respiratory rate (RR), and exhaled minute ventilation (MV). The alarm settings selected for analysis were high peak inspiratory pressure (HI PIP), high respiratory rate (HI RR), and high and low minute volume (HI MV, LOW MV). Descriptive statistics (mean, SD, IQR) were used to report data. IRB approved this study. Results: Data was collected from 50 subjects. The mean recorded measured values were: RR 19.54 (± 4.63), PIP 22.70 (± 6.45), MV 9.18 (± 2.00). Discrepancies between recorded patient parameter and alarm limits ranged ranging from 63% to 114%. The mean percentage change between measured PIP and the high-pressure alarm was 93.52 ± 55.26%; range (14.29%–280.43%); IQR 25-75 (52.59%–117.80%); while between measured total respiratory rate and the high-rate alarm was 110.82 ± 43.67%; range (33.33%–233.33%); IQR 25-75 (81.81%–143.75%). The difference between mean measured minute ventilation and low minute ventilation alarm was 63.18 ± 8.59 %; range (36.51%–79.45%); IQR 25-75 (57.14%–69.62%), and between measured minute ventilation and high minute ventilation alarm was 113.92 ± 40.56%; range (23.29%–198.51%); IQR 25-75 (85.83%–145.61%) (Table 1). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that ventilator alarm limits in the adult medical ICU were not selected in accordance with current recommendations and appear to be poorly individualized. There is a clear need to review the practice of ventilator alarm selection in the ICU and to evaluate the potential impact of alarm selection on clinical outcomes.
Soft matter: Shape control at the nanoscale despite amorphousness

Nanoscale engineering of shapes is a complex process. Can shapes of the soft nanoparticles be controlled by mechanical force or other means? While shape-controlled metal nanostructures are being developed, little success is realized in the case of shape-controlled polymer nanoparticles.
'The Guiding Hand of Counsel' and the ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases

More than seventy years ago, the United States Supreme Court found itself reviewing what was then the most sensational criminal case in recent years. Nine poor, young African Americans were facing death sentences after being convicted of raping two white women in Alabama. The question was simple: were the defendants entitled to effective assistance of counsel in a death penalty trial as part of their constitutional right to due process? On November 7, 1932, Mr. Justice George Sutherland announced the Court’s decision. He first famously declared that defendants in capital cases have the right to the “guiding hand of counsel at every step in the proceedings against [them].” Poor defendants had the right to have counsel appointed if necessary. While the Court was still years away from acknowledging that the right to counsel was essential in all felony cases, the words of this conservative justice marked a significant
Strategies for the Characterization of Carbohydrates from Glycoproteins by Mass Spectrometry

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews strategies for the characterization of carbohydrates from glycoproteins by mass spectrometry. The detection, identification, and sequencing of carbohydrates attached to glycoproteins is a complicated process requiring a combination of several chromatographic and mass spectral analyses. The convenience and sensitivity of combining microbore HPLC with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry makes LC/ESIMS the method of choice for analyzing glycoproteins and glycopeptides in laboratory. The availability of specific enzymes like PNGase F, neuraminidase, and O-glycosidase allows extensive analyses on oligosaccharides attached to glycopeptides while retaining the attachment site information. By combining the use of glycosidases with LC/ESI/CID/MS and selected ion monitoring of carbohydrate-specific fragment ions, a wealth of information about the sequence and attachment sites of oligosaccharides from glycoproteins can be attained. Sequence information, including some linkage data, can then be obtained by sequential treatment of glycopeptides with linkage-specific exoglycosidases such as pgalactosidase, β- N -acetylglucosaminidase, and α-mannosidase.