cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Supermarket Choice Patterns

Brand-loyalty study, analysis of the sequences in which consumers buy product brands, is a recognized research area in consumer behavior [6, 9, 10]. A similar phenomenon, sequences in which consumers choose stores at which they shop, has received less attention. Store-choice patterns are of interest to store owners just as are brand sequences to manufacturers, and much of the analytical apparatus of brand-switching models can be used in store-switching problems. Further, there is evidence of a link between choice and switching of brands and choice and switching of stores [2, 4].
Angiotensin II receptor subtypes : selective antagonists and functional correlates

Angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor heterogeneity is currently defined by the new subtype-selective agents, losartan (AT1) and PD123177 (AT2). Although both subtypes have been cloned and sequenced, only the AT1 receptor has been shown to have an important physiological or pathophysiological role. AT1 and AT2 receptors are found in both normal and failing cardiac tissue. They are found on myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, coronary arterial smooth muscle cells, and peripheral sympathetic nerves. The AT1 receptors mediate virtually all of the effects of Ang II in myocytes even though cardiac tissue may contain over 50% AT2 sites. In endothelial cells, functional responses are predominately AT1. In fibroblasts, preliminary data suggest that AT2 receptors may be involved in collagen synthesis. In isolated tissue, Ang II has a limited positive inotropic effect in atrial, but not in ventricular tissue, which is blocked by losartan. Ang II may also have a tonic effect on coronary artery resistance as angiotensin inhibitors can increase coronary flow. Both ACE (Ang II synthesis) inhibitors and Ang II receptor antagonists produce beneficial effects in experimental models of heart failure, suggesting Ang II is an important mediator of heart failure. Because ACE inhibitors also potentiate bradykinin and are non-specific inhibitors of Ang II synthesis (availability of Ang II to both receptor subtypes) some differences can be anticipated. At the present time, however, the beneficial role of bradykinin is controversial and the predominant functional Ang II receptor in the heart and other tissues is the AT, subtype. Selective AT1 antagonists represent an important new class of potential therapeutic agents not only in hypertension, which is now firmly established, but also in cardiac failure, renal failure, and stroke.
Sexual Duties, Sexual Supererogation

It is commonly agreed that we have many general and specific moral or religious duties to avoid sexual activity (no rape, no pedophilia, no adultery, no bestiality, etc.). It is less acknowledged and infrequently discussed that we might have moral or religious duties to engage in sexual activity – and that engaging in sexual activity in certain circumstances (viz., in relation to the sexually "poor," i.e., the "deprived," "malnourished," or "physically disabled") may be morally or religiously required as a duty commanded by a secular principle or benevolence or by "Love Thy Neighbor." Further, some sexual activities may be morally or religiously supererogatory and praiseworthy, to the extent that they are modeled on the behavior of Luke's Good Samaritan. This essay explore these conceptual and practical possibilities.
Wind-induced vibration analysis and wind induced vibration coefficient for single-layer reticulated dome

Wind histories considering time and spatial correlativity has been simulated by auto regressive simulation method.Then the wind-induced vibration analysis for three kinds of single-layer reticulated domes under horizontal wind loading are conducted.Every kind of reticulated dome considers three kinds of rise-span-ratio respectively,which are 1/8,1/5 and 1/4.By summarizing the responses of nodes and elements,some valuable conclusions have been obtained.Considering nine kinds of load cases,the wind induced vibration coefficients for displacement and internal force are also calculated.
The circuitous path of PARP inhibitor development in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancers account for more than 50% of gynecologic cancer deaths. This is attributable to the late stage of the disease at diagnosis.
An orientation program for new residents in obstetrics and gynecology.

OBJECTIVE To describe a comprehensive orientation program for new medical school graduates beginning residency training in obstetrics and gynecology. METHODS A three-phase orientation program was developed and administered over 5 days before the start of formal residency training. The first phase provided instruction in basic cardiac life support and neonatal resuscitation. In the second phase, a mini-core curriculum was presented through interactive small-group seminars. Seminar topics included prenatal care, fetal heart rate monitoring, labor and vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery, intrapartum and puerperal infection, antibiotic selection, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease. In the final phase of the program, the new graduates participated in five practical exercises designed to teach basic examination and surgical techniques. RESULTS Two groups of five new graduates completed the orientation program. All rated the program as excellent and recommended that it be made a permanent part of the curriculum. The overall cost of the program was less than $300 per trainee. CONCLUSION A comprehensive orientation program emphasizing acquisition of practical clinical and surgical skills was successful in facilitating the transition from medical school to residency training in obstetrics and gynecology.
From Internal to ORSA Models

Pillar 1 of Solvency II framework set out quantitative requirements for calculation of the Best Estimate (BE) of liabilities and the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) (a 99.5 % value-at-risk measure for net assets over one year) using either a standard formula given by the regulators or an internal model developed by the insurance company. Its implementation for a life insurance company leads to complex cash flows projection models that aim to allow an accurate calculation of the BE (the SCR is most often determined using the standard formula). Meanwhile, the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment of Pillar 2 left the insurance company to define an optimal entity-specific solvency constraint on a multi-year time horizon. Its implementation requires in particular to model the distortion of the distribution of the entity’s coverage ratio over the period of the strategic plan. For this, it is needed to use much more aggregated models for the insurance company, not only to take into account computation and time constraints but also to ensure a minimum robustness to projections. Therefore, models adapted to these constraints are developed within a framework of probabilistic approaches and scenario analysis. The insurer is faced with the need to coordinate these aggregated models with the analytical view of Pillar 1. We propose in this chapter to discuss and challenge the way to bring back together models needed for the quantitative requirements of Pillar 1 with quality requirements of global and appropriate risk management system of Pillar 2.
Survival Outcomes in Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (2001-2012)

Background: BPDCN is a rare subtype of aggressive acute leukemia that usually has an indolent clinical presentation such as isolated solitary or multiple cutaneous lesions. Despite initial clinical responses to systemic chemotherapy, BPDCN follows an aggressive course with a reported median OS of approximately 8-14 months based on single-center studies. We aimed to determine the OS of BPDCN and its predictors utilizing a US population-based database. Methods: Using International Classification of Disease for Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) code 9727/3, SEER 18 database was analyzed to identify adult patients with BPDCN diagnosed from 2001-2012. We divided the entire cohort into 3 groups based on time periods of 4 years each (2001-2004, 2005-2008, 2008-2012) to represent early (E), middle (M) and late (L) cohorts. Age, sex, race, marital status, radiation use, and OS were compared across the three time periods. Multivariate analyses of OS were performed using Cox regression to adjust for significant covariates. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 417 patients, the majority were males (67%), patients aged ≤ 60 years (75%) and whites (82%). A higher proportion of patients were diagnosed in the early time period (E=43% vs. M=29% vs. L = 29%). About a sixth of the cohort (17%) received radiation therapy. Median OS was not reached for the cohort. Five-year OS was higher for patients ≤ 60 years, as compared to patients >60 years (70% vs. 50%, p 60 years (hazard ratio, HR 2.05; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.28-3.27, p 60 years, the majority were males (68%), whites (93%), married (74%), and did not receive radiation (92%). On a multivariate analysis after adjusting for age, sex, race, time of diagnosis, and radiation therapy, being single (marital status) was associated with a worse OS (HR2.24; 95% CI 1.05-4.77, p=0.034) among patients >60 years. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the largest and most recent population-based study in BPDCN. Compared to prior single-center studies, our results demonstrate much better OS. Older age and African American ethnicity are determined to be negative prognostic factors for OS. Single older patients are at even a higher risk of mortality. The study findings may help in patient counseling and informed decision-making. Racial disparities in OS require further investigation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Impacts of yield-stress fluid drops on permeable mesh substrates

Abstract Viscoplastic fluids, also known as yield-stress fluids, can stick and accumulate where they impact. Here we experimentally study conditions for open surfaces to be impermeable to impacting yield-stress fluid drops, and the dynamic conditions for these drops to permeate and coat internal aspects of a complex topography. We experimentally study drops of model yield stress fluids (Carbopol microgel particles in water) impacting open solid meshes (rigid surfaces with small, evenly spaced openings). High speed video reveals dynamics across a range of behavior, from 0% to 100% transmittance, by varying drop size, impact velocity, mesh geometry, and rheological material properties. When inertial stresses are sufficiently high compared to the yield stress, a drop can pass through a mesh, breaking into smaller fluid particles with varying shapes, sizes, and velocities in the process. In contrast, when inertial stresses are sufficiently low compared to the yield stress, a drop can stick to the mesh as though it were a solid surface, inhibited from passing through the holes by the yield stress. Layers of multiple meshes are also examined, demonstrating a range of behaviors and the ability to coat internal aspects of complex topography. Dimensional analysis is performed to characterize material transmittance and velocity of transmitted droplets as a function of dimensionless input parameters. Behavior is found to be well governed by the ratio of inertial stress to the sum of yield and viscous stresses.
Ultrafast nonlinear optical response of Fano resonances in GaAs under a high magnetic field

Fano interference results from the coupling between a discrete energy level and a continuum of states whose energies overlap. In the linear absorption spectrum, a Fano resonance manifests itself in an asymmetric line shape with a minimum at the energy where the contributions of the discrete state and the continuum interfere destructively.1
In vitro toxicity of local anaesthetics and corticosteroids on supraspinatus tenocyte viability and metabolism.

Summary Background/Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate supraspinatus tenocyte viability and metabolism in explants exposed to various local anaesthetics and corticosteroids. Our hypothesis was that the tendons exposed to these common injectates would have significantly decreased cell viability and metabolism compared with controls. Methods Supraspinatus tendon explants were obtained from dogs, placed in a culture media, and randomly assigned to one of the following groups: culture media only (control), 1% lidocaine, 0.5% lidocaine, 0.25% bupivacaine, 0.125% bupivacaine, 0.0625% bupivacaine, betamethasone acetate (5 mg), methylprednisolone acetate (40 mg), or triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg). Cell viability was determined on Days 1 and 7 after culture treatment using calcein AM (live cell) and Sytox Blue (dead cell) stains. Tissue metabolism was assessed on Days 1 and 7 using the resazurin blue metabolic assay. Significant differences were evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc analysis. Results Compared with the controls, there were significant decreases in cell viability noted at Days 1 and 7 in tenocytes exposed to 1% lidocaine, betamethasone, and methylprednisolone. Significant decreases in cell metabolism were also noted at Days 1 and 7 in those groups. Treatment with 0.125% bupivacaine, 0.0625% bupivacaine, and triamcinolone demonstrated no decrease in cell viability or metabolism when compared with controls at any time point. Conclusion This data confirms that peritendinous injection of commonly used local anaesthetics and corticosteroids results in significant supraspinatus tenotoxicity in vitro. Further in vivo studies are required before making definitive clinical recommendations.
A model for multiple scatters in fully 3D PET

Scatter correction algorithms based on the forward-calculation of the distribution of single scatters must be combined with an algorithm to estimate multiple scatters in order to accurately estimate the overall scatter distribution. The multiple scatters can be modeled as the convolution of the single-scatter distribution with a one-dimensional Gaussian kernel. The characteristics of this kernel are determined with Monte Carlo simulations. The width of the kernel is assumed to be invariant. Its magnitude varies with transverse projection angle by a factor related to the path length through the object being imaged. Evaluations using several object geometries show that the model yields accurate results. >
Combination Varenicline/Bupropion Treatment Benefits Highly Dependent Smokers in an Adaptive Smoking Cessation Paradigm

Introduction This study replicated and extended results of a previous trial, which found that combination varenicline/bupropion treatment increased smoking abstinence in smokers who were male, highly dependent, and who did not respond to prequit nicotine patch treatment with a >50% reduction in expired-air carbon monoxide in the first week. Methods One hundred and twenty-two male nicotine patch nonresponders and 52 responders were identified. Smokers in each group were randomized to receive 12 weeks of varenicline plus bupropion treatment versus varenicline plus placebo. The primary outcome was continuous smoking abstinence at weeks 8-11 after the target quit date. Results For smokers with a high level of dependence, judged by having a baseline Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score ≥ 6 and cigarette consumption ≥ 20/d, combination varenicline/bupropion treatment increased the abstinence rate relative to varenicline alone: 71.0% versus 43.8% (odds ratio = 3.14; 95% confidence interval = 1.11-8.92, p [one tailed] = .016). In contrast, less dependent smokers did not show a benefit of combination treatment relative to varenicline (abstinence rates of 32.1% vs. 45.6%, respectively); there was a significant interaction of treatment and dependence level. Patch nonresponders tended to benefit the most from combination treatment, which was well tolerated overall. Conclusions Combination varenicline/bupropion treatment proved significantly more efficacious than varenicline alone among highly dependent male smokers. These results, together with prior studies, support an adaptive treatment paradigm that assigns smoking cessation treatment according to baseline smoker characteristics and initial response to nicotine patch treatment. Implications This study replicated, in a prospective manner, an important and surprising retrospective finding from a previous clinical trial, which showed that a specific subpopulation of smokers benefited substantially from receiving a combination treatment of varenicline plus bupropion, relative to varenicline plus placebo. Specifically, male smokers having high baseline nicotine dependence (FTND score ≥ 6 and cigarette consumption ≥ 20/d), showed a marked increase in smoking abstinence rate on combination pharmacotherapy. The present study likewise found an enhancement in end-of-treatment abstinence rate in this subgroup, from 43.8% to 71.0%. The adaptive treatment paradigm, which classifies smokers based on initial dependence level and response to prequit nicotine patch treatment, may be used to identify target populations of smokers whose success can be enhanced by intervening with combination pharmacotherapy before the quit-smoking date. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01806779.
Distant Proximities: Dynamics beyond Globalization

(2004). Distant Proximities: Dynamics beyond Globalization. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 285-287.
Experimental Evaluation of Oxide Nanoparticles as Friction and Wear Improvement Additives in Motor Oil

The effect of two nanoparticle oxides on friction and wear was studied under laboratory test conditions using a reciprocating test machine and two test configurations. The addition of these nanoparticles in base stock oil under certain conditions reduced the coefficient of friction and improved wear, but that depended on the test configuration. Examination of the rubbed surfaces showed the pronounced formation of a tribofilm in some cases, while polishing on the surface was also observed in other cases. Contact configuration is important when oxide nanoparticles are being evaluated and the conclusions about their efficacy can be vastly different.
Cobalt-Catalyzed 1,1-Diboration of Terminal Alkynes: Scope, Mechanism, and Synthetic Applications.

A cobalt-catalyzed method for the 1,1-diboration of terminal alkynes with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2Pin2) is described. The reaction proceeds efficiently at 23 °C with excellent 1,1-selectivity and broad functional group tolerance. With the unsymmetrical diboron reagent PinB–BDan (Dan = naphthalene-1,8-diaminato), stereoselective 1,1-diboration provided products with two boron substituents that exhibit differential reactivity. One example prepared by diboration of 1-octyne was crystallized, and its stereochemistry established by X-ray crystallography. The utility and versatility of the 1,1-diborylalkene products was demonstrated in a number of synthetic applications, including a concise synthesis of the epilepsy medication tiagabine. In addition, a synthesis of 1,1,1-triborylalkanes was accomplished through cobalt-catalyzed hydroboration of 1,1-diborylalkenes with HBPin. Deuterium-labeling and stoichiometric experiments support a mechanism involving selective insertion of an alkynylboronate to a Co–B bond...
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Review of Purely Psychiatric Manifestations (P6.135)

Objective: To present two cases of purely psychiatric presentations of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, and perform a review of published literature on such rare presentations. Background: Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is an immune-mediated syndrome that has increasingly gained attention over the last decade. While the typical presentation of patients with this syndrome consists of prominent psychiatric manifestations, including anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, and anxiety, neurological features are typically present, which include, but are not limited to, memory deficits, seizures, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, and language disorders. Little is reported in the literature with regards to purely psychiatric manifestations of this disease process. Design/Methods: We report 2 cases of purely psychiatric manifestations of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The first is a 29 year old female with a prodromal headache with nausea, whom within weeks developed hallucinations and paranoia. This progressed to religious obsession and bizarre social behavior. She was admitted to a mental health ward 3 months after symptom-onset. She was eventually diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis after 16 months. No neurological signs or symptoms were identified. The second case is of a 39 year old female who presented with 2 years of personality change, anxiety, and paranoia. She received symptomatic treatment for this. Neurological signs and symptoms were again not identified. Results: Our first patient has received treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, and is now receiving pulse therapy with cyclosphosphamide. Our second patient has received treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, and treatment response is currently being monitored. Conclusions: There is little reported in the literature with regards to purely psychiatric manifestations of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Given the absence of neurological symptoms and exam findings, such patients may be mistakenly referred for psychiatric evaluation and treatment in lieu of immune-modulating therapy. Disclosure: Dr. Ali has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rae-Grant has nothing to disclose.
A climate-scale satellite record for carbon monoxide: the MOPITT Version 7 product

Abstract. The MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) satellite instrument has been making observations of atmospheric carbon monoxide since 2000. Recent enhancements to the MOPITT retrieval algorithm have resulted in the release of the version 7 (V7) product. Improvements include (1) representation of growing atmospheric concentrations of N2O, (2) use of meteorological fields from the MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications) reanalysis for the entire MOPITT mission (instead of MERRA), (3) use of the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Collection 6 cloud mask product (instead of Collection 5), (4) a new strategy for radiance-bias correction and (5) an improved method for calibrating MOPITT's near-infrared (NIR) radiances. Statistical comparisons of V7 validation results with corresponding V6 results are presented, using aircraft in situ measurements as the reference. Clear improvements are demonstrated for V7 products with respect to overall retrieval biases, bias variability and bias drift uncertainty.
Presentation and management of arthrofibrosis of the knee: A case report.

ABSTRACTStudy design: Case report. Background: Arthrofibrosis is a debilitating condition that results in pain, decreased range of motion, and decreased function. Although surgical management of arthrofibrosis has been well described in the literature, rehabilitation of the arthrofibrotic knee is less well described. Case description: A 28-year-old female presented with swelling, pain, and decreased strength, range of motion, patellar mobility, and function following an exploratory arthroscopy of her left knee. After failed conservative management, the patient underwent two additional surgeries to remove scar tissue. Following each surgery, the emphasis was on decreasing inflammation and maintaining patellar mobility while increasing joint range of motion and strength. Therapy progression was determined by the presence or absence of inflammatory signs. The second scar tissue removal surgery resulted in a femoral neuropathy that further complicated the rehabilitation process. Outcomes: At 3-year follow-up,...
State reform and respect for the rights of the disabled people: A reflection on the Olmstead decision the case of New York state

AbstractIndividuals with serious mental illness are often forced to live in institutional settings which limit their freedom and rights to become fully integrated into the community. The Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999) decision ruled that states must provide individuals with disabilities the opportunity to live in the most integrated settings based on their needs. Since that time several lawsuits have been filed on behalf of individuals with disabilities against states for failing to comply with the Olmstead decision. New York State is one such state. The purpose of this paper is to describe the lawsuit which was brought against the state of New York by the Department of Justice on behalf of several individuals with severe mental illness who lived in “adult homes.” The lawsuit was filed against New York State in 2013 for failing to fulfill the promise of the Olmstead decision by not providing these individuals access to housing that would allow them to be fully integrated into communities so as to l...
Ultra-low power reflection amplifier using tunnel diode for RFID applications

To increase backscatter efficiency and communication range in RFID systems, we propose an ultra-low power reflection amplifier using a tunnel diode. We measured the input impedance of a tunnel diode and used a compact matching circuit to provide the desired input impedance at 890 MHz for the RFID UHF band. The proposed circuit is designed to be free from oscillations to avoid Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) degradation. This reflection amplifier consumes 0.2 mW DC power at bias voltage of 200 mV, making it an ideal candidate to amplify backscattered electromagnetic field in RFID transceivers. The gain of the proposed reflection amplifier is 17 dB for the incident power of −30 dBm. The fabricated circuit size is 20×25 mm2 (0.06λ 0 × 0.075λ 0 ) on a substrate with e r = 3 and h = 0.762 mm. The measurement and simulation are in a good agreement.
Representative paths analysis

Representative paths analysis generalizes and improves MPI critical path analysis. To improve diagnostic insight, we sample the distribution of program path costs and retain k representative paths. We describe scalable algorithms to collect representative paths and path profiles. To collect full paths efficiently, we introduce path pruning that reduces permanent space requirements from a trace (proportional to ranks and MPI events) to path length (the minimum). To make space requirements independent of ranks and events --- even a small constant in practice --- we profile program paths. Avoiding the limitations of prior path profiling approaches, we dynamically discover tasks and attribute costs in high resolution. We evaluate our algorithms on seven applications scaled up to 7000 MPI ranks. Full program paths use as little as 0.01% the permanent space of current methods; profiles require a nearly constant 100--1000 KB. Execution overhead is under 5% when synchronization intervals are sufficiently large (a few milliseconds).
Obama and Dilma in Love: Race and Gender in the Realm of Political Humor

This chapter investigates how political cartoons and Internet memes represent Obama’s relationship with the first woman president in Brazil, Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), especially focusing on the 2013 U.S. espionage scandal. In many of the cartoons and memes, there is an interesting interplay between race and gender, as Obama appears infatuated by Rousseff. Therefore, the United States’ eavesdropping is not portrayed as a serious diplomatic incident between two nations, but rather as a humorous gender-play in which Obama is sexually obsessed with Dilma and pursues her romantically. This trend celebrates miscegenation, a notion at the very core of Brazilian national identity. Nevertheless, the U.S. president also emerges in several cartoons as an instrument of imperialism and a tyrant who wants to steal Brazil’s secret riches.
A continuous energy-based immersed boundary method for elastic shells

Abstract The immersed boundary method is a mathematical formulation and numerical method for solving fluid–structure interaction problems. For many biological problems, such as models that include the cell membrane, the immersed structure is a two-dimensional infinitely thin elastic shell immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid. When the shell is modeled as a hyperelastic material, forces can be computed by taking the variational derivative of an energy density functional. A new method for computing a continuous force function on the entire surface of the shell is presented here. The new method is compared to a previous formulation where the surface and energy functional are discretized before forces are computed. For the case of Stokes flow, a method for computing quadrature weights is provided to ensure the integral of the elastic spread force density remains zero throughout a dynamic simulation. Tests on the method are conducted and show that it yields more accurate force computations than previous formulations as well as more accurate geometric information such as mean curvature. The method is then applied to a model of a red blood cell in capillary flow and a 3D model of cellular blebbing.
Implementing a massive open online course (MOOC)

Distance education is by no means new. Indeed, long before the Internet came along were universities making educational content available to students off campus via VHS, CD-ROM, and other media. But what is new is the scale on which universities and, in some cases, individual faculty are now operating. Massive open online courses (otherwise known as MOOCs) from non-profits like edX and for-profits like Coursera and Udacity have repeatedly drawn upwards of 100,000 registrants from all over the world. How to teach so many students effectively, though, is non-obvious. How to disseminate content to so many students, particularly large videos, is technically challenging (if not expensive). And how to collect, evaluate, and return work to so many students is a feat unto itself. Even so, we set out in Fall 2012 to tackle each of those challenges and more. We present in this tutorial how to implement (and how not to implement) a MOOC, based on lessons learned while designing and implementing CS50x: Harvard University's Introduction to Computer Science I, edX's largest fall course with 120,000 registered students. We present what we did, how we did it, why we did it, and what we would and wouldn't do again so that others might build upon our own experience. In particular, • we present how to capture and encode content (e.g., faculty on video) using commodity hardware and open-source tools like FFmpeg; • we present how to choose among YouTube, iTunes U, Amazon Web Services, and the like for delivery of content; • we present CS50 Check, an open-source autograding framework that we developed for CS50x (with other courses in mind) that supports behavioral testing of programs written in any interpreted or compiled language; • we present CS50 Run, an open-source, web-based code editor that we developed for CS50x (with other courses in mind) that enables students to write, within a browser, code in any language, execution of which happens server-side; • and we present the pedagogy behind CS50x itself and the accompanying challenges of scale, among them logistics discussions among students, issues of academic dishonesty, and hidden costs in time. In addition, we explore in this tutorial the research potential that MOOCs' scale offers, including opportunities for A/B testing and more. Ultimately, this tutorial's attendees will exit with an understanding of the time, costs, opportunities, and challenges involved in offering a course on scale.
Regulation of Baculovirus Early Gene Expression

Baculovirus multiplication culminates in high-level production of two temporally and morphologically distinct forms of infectious progeny (budded virus and occluded virus) in a process unique among animal viruses. Regulation of the 100 or more open reading frames required to accomplish productive infection is highly complex and involves sequential and coordinated expression of early, late, and very late genes. In the cascade of viral regulatory events, successive stages of virus replication are dependent on proper expression of genes within the preceding stage. Thus, critical to baculovirus replicative success is the appropriate expression and regulation of early genes. The products of early viral genes function to both accelerate replicative events and to prepare the host cell for virus multiplication, which represents an enormous tax on cellular biosynthetic capacity. Specific early genes are also essential for virus-mediated regulation of the host, including the control of larval molting and evasion of host antiviral responses such as apoptosis (see Chapters 10 and 11, this volume). Thus, early baculovirus genes collectively contribute to host range determination.
Health Information Systems: Design Theor, Principles, and Application

Can a system be designed to increase user autonomy? This question, which is especially important in the healthcare industry are addressed in this project. Advancements in medical knowledge have resulted in patients living longer with chronic disease, an increased number of treatment options, and more complex decisions for patients. Patients are increasingly relying on information technology to obtain information regarding their healthcare decisions. As a result they are more informed, more autonomous. Autonomy is the ability to make decisions for oneself without undue influence or duress. Two dimensions of autonomy have been identified as being important to patients; decision-making and information gathering. It is proposed here that patient decision support systems can aid patients in gathering information in order to make informed decisions, resulting in a more autonomous patient. The design science paradigm frames this project. Design principles are developed to address a void in the literature regarding the evolution of information systems in the healthcare industry. The principles embrace the current principles and ethical guidelines in both the medical and computing professions. The instantiation of these design principles results in a patient decision support system for advance directives. The impact of the system on user autonomy will be tested at medium sized hospice in Central Florida. Contributions are made to both theory and practice through the development of a set of design principles and the application that embodies them.
Genetic parameters for stayability, stayability at calving, and stayability at weaning to specified ages for Hereford cows

Genetic parameters for stayability to six ages (ST1, . . ., ST6), for five measures of stayability to calving (SC2, . . ., SC6), and for five measures of stayability to weaning (SW2, . . ., SW6), were estimated using records of 2,019 Hereford cows collected from 1964 to 1979 from a selection experiment with a control line and three lines selected for weaning weight, yearling weight, and an index of yearling weight and muscle score. The model included birth year of the cow as a fixed effect and the cow's sire as a random effect. Analyses were performed with 1) a generalized linear mixed model for binary data using a probit link with a penalized quasi-likelihood function, and 2) with a linear mixed model using REML. Genetic trends were estimated by regressing weighted means of estimated transmitting abilities (ETA) of sires by birth year of their daughters on birth year. Environmental trends were estimated by regressing solutions for year of birth on birth year. Estimates of heritability (SE) for ST were between 0.09 (0.08) and 0.30 (0.14) for threshold model and between 0.05 (0.04) and 0.19 (0.09) for linear model. Estimates of heritability from linear model analyses transformed to an underlying normal scale were between 0.09 and 0.35. Estimates of heritability (SE) for SC were between 0.29 (0.10) and 0.39 (0.11) and between 0.18 (0.09) and 0.25 (0.08) with threshold and linear models. Estimates of heritability transformed to an underlying normal scale were between 0.30 and 0.40. Estimates of heritability (SE) for SW were between 0.21 (0.14) and 0.47 (0.19) and between 0.12 (0.08) and 0.26 (0.12) with threshold and linear models, respectively. Estimates of heritability transformed to an underlying normal scale were between 0.21 and 0.50. Estimates of genetic and environmental trends for all lines were nearly zero for all traits. Correlations between ETA of sires for stayability to specific ages, for stayability to calving, and for stayability to weaning with threshold and linear models ranged from 0.09 to 0.82, from 0.68 to 0.90, and from 0.67 to 0.87, respectively. Selection for stayability would be possible in a breeding program and could be relatively effective as a result of the moderate estimates of heritability, which would allow selection of sires whose daughters are more likely to remain longer in the herd. Selection for weaning and yearling weights resulted in little correlated response for any of the measures of stayability.
Surgical Parameters for Minimally Invasive Trans- Eustachian Tube CSF Leak Repair: A Cadaveric Study and Literature Review

Background Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea from a lateral skull base defect refractory to spontaneous healing and/or conservative management is most commonly managed via open surgery. Approach for repair is dictated by location of the defect, which may require surgical exploration. The final common pathway is the eustachian tube (ET). Endoscopic ET obliteration via endonasal and lateral approaches is under development. Whereas ET anatomy has been studied, surgical landmarks have not been previously described or quantified. We aimed to define surgical parameters of specific utility to endoscopic ET obliteration. Methods A literature review was performed of known ET anatomic parameters. Next, using a combination of endoscopic and open techniques in cadavers, we cannulated the intact ET and dissected its posterior component to define the major curvature position of the ET, defined as the genu, and quantified the relative distances through the ET lumen. The genu was targeted as a major obstacle encountered when cannulating the ET from the nasopharynx. Results Among 10 ETs, we found an average distance of 23 ± 5 mm from the nasopharynx to the ET genu, distance of 24 ± 3 mm from the genu to the anterior aspect of the tympanic membrane and total ET length of 47 ± 4 mm. Conclusions Although membranous and petrous components of the ET are important to its function, the genu may be a more useful surgical landmark. Basic surgical parameters for endoscopic ET obliteration are defined.
Conceptual interdisciplinary model of exposure to environmental changes to address indigenous health and well-being

Abstract Objectives Global environmental changes not only impact the physical environment but the health and well-being of people on earth. Emerging research demonstrates how indigenous peoples' physical and behavioural health is disproportionately affected by changes to their ecosystems in combination with pre-existing social and economic inequities. This article introduces a conceptual model to enhance our understanding of environmental change and its impact on indigenous behavioural health and well-being. Study design Using an indigenous theoretical lens, this article presents a review of existing theoretical frameworks applied to environmental changes and empirical studies with indigenous populations. Methods The conceptual model joins elements from the indigenist stress-coping model from the field of social work with the exposure pathway model from the field of public health. Results The interdisciplinary model joins elements from the indigenist stress-coping model with the exposure pathway model to highlight indigenous-specific sensitivities and cultural buffers that are particular to the impacts of environmental change among indigenous peoples. Conclusions Implications for public health and social work policy, practice and research with indigenous communities are discussed.
Labeling Avoidance in Healthcare Decision-Making: How Stakeholders Make Sense of Concussion Events through Sport Narratives.

This study documents how cultural sport narratives influence athletic team member sensemaking during concussion events. Analysis of macro-level sport culture narratives and interviews (N = 93) with...
Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs

Low-dimensional embeddings of nodes in large graphs have proved extremely useful in a variety of prediction tasks, from content recommendation to identifying protein functions. However, most existing approaches require that all nodes in the graph are present during training of the embeddings; these previous approaches are inherently transductive and do not naturally generalize to unseen nodes. Here we present GraphSAGE, a general, inductive framework that leverages node feature information (e.g., text attributes) to efficiently generate node embeddings. Instead of training individual embeddings for each node, we learn a function that generates embeddings by sampling and aggregating features from a node's local neighborhood. Our algorithm outperforms strong baselines on three inductive node-classification benchmarks: we classify the category of unseen nodes in evolving information graphs based on citation and Reddit post data, and we show that our algorithm generalizes to completely unseen graphs using a multi-graph dataset of protein-protein interactions.
Reduction of erythromycin resistance gene erm(F) and class 1 integron‐integrase genes in wastewater by Bardenpho treatment

Wastewaters routinely contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARG) that are removed to a varying degree during wastewater treatment. This study investigated the removal of the erythromycin ribosome methylase class F (erm(F)) and class 1 integron-integrase (intI1) genes at each stage from two water resource recovery facilities in southern Arizona. Although genes were significantly reduced by Bardenpho treatment, erm(F) and intI1 were still observed in ≥ 9 and 7 out of 12 secondary effluent samples. Primary processes via sedimentation or dissolved air flotation, as well as chlorine disinfection, did not significantly impact erm(F) and intI1 concentrations. Therefore, Bardenpho treatment was critical to reduce erm(F) and intI1. Concentrations of erm(F) and intI1 were compared with each other and other markers for anthropogenic pollution. Results from this study support intI1 as one suitable marker to measure erythromycin resistance genes in wastewater, as intI1 was found at higher concentrations, persisted more throughout treatment, and correlated with erm(F) at nearly every treatment stage. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Bardenpho treatment was the key process responsible for the reduction of intI1 and erm(F) genes during wastewater treatment. Primary treatment and chlorine disinfection did not impact erm(F) and intI1 gene concentrations. The intI1 gene is a suitable marker for measuring erm(F) genes in wastewater.
Virtual Reality-Based Musical Therapy for Mental Health Management

In recent years, anxiety and stress-related disorders have become increasingly common psychological occurrences. With the fast-paced tempo of today's world, people too often neglect their physical and mental health, reducing their quality of life in the process. Therefore, the treatment of these issues effectively and reliably is an urgent matter. As a treatment technique, music was explored as it is known to create a harmonious and peaceful state for the mind and body. This paper proposes a Virtual Reality system, with the goal of reducing anxiety and stress, using music therapy that we have called Virtual Harmony. The system allows a user to listen to music and play different instruments in a 3D environment with real-world panoramic video as background scenes. We later examine whether the system would be beneficial to reduce stress and anxiety. The results show that participants enjoyed the music therapy system, felt more relaxed, and reported a notable reduction in stress.
Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: A Systematic Literature Review

Background Many clinical and demographic factors can influence survival of patients with hematologic malignancies who have intracranial hemorrhages (ICHs). Understanding the influence of these factors on patient survival can guide treatment decisions and may inform prognostic discussions. We conducted a systematic literature review to determine survival of patients with intracranial hemorrhages and concomitant hematologic malignancy. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Ovid, SCOPUS, and Embase databases were queried with the following terms: (“intracranial hemorrhages” OR “brain hemorrhage” OR “cerebral hemorrhage” OR “subdural hematoma” OR “epidural hematoma” OR “intraparenchymal hemorrhage”) AND (“Hematologic Neoplasms” OR “Myeloproliferative Disorders” OR “Myelofibrosis” OR “Essential thrombocythemia” OR “Leukemia”). Abstracts and articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria that were determined a priori. Results Literature review yielded 975 abstracts from which a total of 68 full-text articles were reviewed. Twelve articles capturing 634 unique patients were included in the final qualitative analysis. Median overall survival for all patients ranged from 20 days to 1.5 months while median overall survival for the subset of patients having ICH within 10 days of diagnosis of hematologic malignancy was 5 days. Intraparenchymal hemorrhages, multiple foci of hemorrhage, transfusion-resistant low platelet counts, leukocytosis, low Glasgow Coma Scale scores at presentation, and ICH early in treatment course were associated with worse outcomes. Conclusions Survival for patients with hematologic malignancies and concomitant ICHs remains poor. Early detection, recognition of poor prognostic factors, and correction of hematologic abnormalities essential to prevention and treatment of ICHs in this patient population.
Analysis of Risks and Consequences of Postcatheter Urinary Retention After Primary Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is common. However, risk factors for POUR and its consequences, specifically on postoperative renal function, have not been well defined. Methods We performed a review of prospectively collected data on consecutive adult patients undergoing primary total joint arthroplasty from August 2014 to December 2015. Catheters were placed preoperatively and removed on the first or second postoperative day. The exclusion criterion was traumatic catheter insertion or the presence of fracture or neoplasm. Univariate and multiple logistic regression identified associations with POUR and its invasive therapies. Subgroup analysis of renal function by incidence of preoperative bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and POUR was performed with nonparametric testing. Results A total of 591 operations met inclusion criteria. The incidence of POUR was 6.4% and was directly related to a positive history of BOO (odds ratio [OR]: 4.15) and increased the duration of urinary catheterization (OR: 1.04). These factors, in addition to preoperative incontinence (OR: 8.36, 28.69) and lengthier hospitalizations (OR: 1.37, 1.30), were significantly associated with intermittent straight catheterization and reinsertion of an indwelling catheter to treat POUR. Serum creatinine increased with combined preoperative BOO and POUR (+0.22 mg/dL) but was preserved in others (+0.02-0.04 mg/dL) (P Conclusions Preoperative BOO and longer catheterization increased the risk of POUR and were associated with the use of invasive modalities to treat POUR. POUR was associated with a longer hospitalization and impaired renal function in those with preoperative BOO; therefore, renal function should be monitored closely and nephrotoxic medications used cautiously when using urinary catheters in this patient population. Level of Evidence Retrospective Analysis, Level IV.