cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validating emotional attention regulation as a component of emotional intelligence: A Stroop approach to individual differences in tuning in to and out of nonverbal cues

Emotional intelligence (EI) has captivated researchers and the public alike, but it has been challenging to establish its components as objective abilities. Self-report scales lack divergent validity from personality traits, and few ability tests have objectively correct answers. We adapt the Stroop task to introduce a new facet of EI called emotional attention regulation (EAR), which involves focusing emotion-related attention for the sake of information processing rather than for the sake of regulating one's own internal state. EAR includes 2 distinct components. First, tuning in to nonverbal cues involves identifying nonverbal cues while ignoring alternate content, that is, emotion recognition under conditions of distraction by competing stimuli. Second, tuning out of nonverbal cues involves ignoring nonverbal cues while identifying alternate content, that is, the ability to interrupt emotion recognition when needed to focus attention elsewhere. An auditory test of valence included positive and negative words spoken in positive and negative vocal tones. A visual test of approach-avoidance included green- and red-colored facial expressions depicting happiness and anger. The error rates for incongruent trials met the key criteria for establishing the validity of an EI test, in that the measure demonstrated test-retest reliability, convergent validity with other EI measures, divergent validity from factors such as general processing speed and mostly personality, and predictive validity in this case for well-being. By demonstrating that facets of EI can be validly theorized and empirically assessed, results also speak to the validity of EI more generally. (PsycINFO Database Record
Disparities in substance use disorder treatment use and perceived need by sexual identity and gender among adults in the United States

Abstract Background Substance use disorder (SUD) treatment use is low in the United States. We assessed differences in treatment use and perceived need by sexual identity (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, heterosexual) and gender among adults with a past-year SUD. Methods We pooled data from the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health for adults (18+) who met past-year DSM-IV SUD criteria and self-reported sexual identity (n = 21,926). Weighted multivariable logistic regressions estimated odds of past-year: 1) any SUD treatment; 2) specialty SUD treatment; 3) perceived SUD treatment need by sexual identity, stratified by gender and adjusted for socio-demographics. Results Any past-year SUD treatment use was low among adult men (heterosexual [10.4 %], gay [15.5 %], and bisexual [7.1 %]) and women (heterosexual [9.9 %], gay/lesbian [11.9 %], and bisexual [13.2 %]). Patterns were similar for specialty SUD treatment and perceived treatment need. Adjusted odds of any SUD treatment use were higher among gay men (aOR = 1.65 [95 % Confidence Interval 1.10−2.46]) and bisexual women (aOR = 1.31 [1.01−1.69]) than their heterosexual peers. Compared to their heterosexual counterparts, adjusted odds of perceived SUD treatment need were higher among bisexual women (aOR = 1.65 [1.22−2.25]), gay men (aOR = 1.76 [1.09−2.84]), and bisexual men (aOR = 2.39 [1.35−4.24]). Conclusions Most adults with SUD did not receive treatment. Gay men and bisexual women were more likely to receive treatment and reported higher perceived SUD treatment need than heterosexual peers. Facilitating treatment access and engagement is needed to reduce unmet needs among marginalized people who perceive SUD treatment need.
Multifile Partitioning for Record Linkage and Duplicate Detection

Merging datafiles containing information on overlapping sets of entities is a challenging task in the absence of unique identifiers, and is further complicated when some entities are duplicated in the datafiles. Most approaches to this problem have focused on linking two files assumed to be free of duplicates, or on detecting which records in a single file are duplicates. However, it is common in practice to encounter scenarios that fit somewhere in between or beyond these two settings. We propose a Bayesian approach for the general setting of multifile record linkage and duplicate detection. We use a novel partition representation to propose a structured prior for partitions that can incorporate prior information about the data collection processes of the datafiles in a flexible manner, and extend previous models for comparison data to accommodate the multifile setting. We also introduce a family of loss functions to derive Bayes estimates of partitions that allow uncertain portions of the partitions to be left unresolved. The performance of our proposed methodology is explored through extensive simulations. Code implementing the methodology is available at this https URL .
Learning Continuous Chaotic Attractors with a Reservoir Computer.

Neural systems are well known for their ability to learn and store information as memories. Even more impressive is their ability to abstract these memories to create complex internal representations, enabling advanced functions such as the spatial manipulation of mental representations. While recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are capable of representing complex information, the exact mechanisms of how dynamical neural systems perform abstraction are still not well-understood, thereby hindering the development of more advanced functions. Here, we train a 1000-neuron RNN -- a reservoir computer (RC) -- to abstract a continuous dynamical attractor memory from isolated examples of dynamical attractor memories. Further, we explain the abstraction mechanism with new theory. By training the RC on isolated and shifted examples of either stable limit cycles or chaotic Lorenz attractors, the RC learns a continuum of attractors, as quantified by an extra Lyapunov exponent equal to zero. We propose a theoretical mechanism of this abstraction by combining ideas from differentiable generalized synchronization and feedback dynamics. Our results quantify abstraction in simple neural systems, enabling us to design artificial RNNs for abstraction, and leading us towards a neural basis of abstraction.
Quasielastic Light Scattering from Dilute and Semidilute Polymer Solutions

Application of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) to polymer dynamics dates back to the inception of the technique in the early 1960s. Early work demonstrated that the self-diffusion constant of large molecules could be obtained by application of PCS to dilute solutions. In addition, some early work dealt with the initial concentration dependence of the diffusion constant. Nevertheless, major advances in the understanding of the dynamics of chain molecules has only occurred in the last few years. In this period there has been a dramatic increase in he amount and significance of PCS activity in polymer physics. The purpose of this review is to summarize and hopefully justify this more recent work.
Matching patient records to clinical trials using ontologies

This paper describes a large case study that explores the applicability of ontology reasoning to problems in the medical domain. We investigate whether it is possible to use such reasoning to automate common clinical tasks that are currently labor intensive and error prone, and focus our case study on improving cohort selection for clinical trials. An obstacle to automating such clinical tasks is the need to bridge the semantic gulf between raw patient data, such as laboratory tests or specific medications, and the way a clinician interprets this data. Our key insight is that matching patients to clinical trials can be formulated as a problem of semantic retrieval. We describe the technical challenges to building a realistic case study, which include problems related to scalability, the integration of large ontologies, and dealing with noisy, inconsistent data. Our solution is based on the SNOMED CT ® ontology, and scales to one year of patient records (approx. 240, 000 patients).
Market Share Dispersion Among Leading Firms as a Determinant of Advertising Intensity

Previous advertising intensity models have failed toaddress adequately the rivalry effects of leadingfirms trying to protect and enhance the marketshares of their brands. We argue that the relativedegree of market share parity among leading firms inoligopolies is a crucial determinant of marketadvertising levels. This study presents a modelthat more thoroughly characterizes market structureby including the variance in the market shares ofthe top four firms along with the concentrationratio. This model is then tested using a unique1987 data set of 58 well-defined U.S. food andtobacco manufacturing markets that used private datavendors for branded product market shares and mediaadvertising aimed at household consumers. We findthat industry advertising-to-sales ratios arehighest in those industries with the highestprice-cost margins, highest concentration, and thosewith equally-sized leading firms. Oligopolists seemunable to control advertising expenses asconcentration increases and they likely overinvestin advertising rivalry when they have similar marketshares.
Cool surface waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial

One of the most controversial results of the CLIMAP12 project's reconstruction of past sea surface temperature (SST) is that large areas of the subtropical Pacific Ocean were warmer during the last glacial period than they are today. This finding has important implications because SST patterns at low to subtropical latitudes strongly influence climate, and SST changes are closely linked with climate fluctuations3,4,5. Until now, a lack of well-preserved, high-resolution marine sediment cores from the region has hindered efforts to confirm these unexpectedly high ice-age SST estimates. Here we use both the oxygen-isotope compositions and species assemblages of planktonic foraminifera in a shallow-water core with high deposition rates near Hawaii to estimate glacial SST of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Contrary to the CLIMAP results2, our data indicate that the annual average SST in this region was ∼2 °C cooler during the last glaciation than it is today. These results help to reconcile the marine SST record with inferences drawn from snowline depressions on Hawaii during the last glacial3,6, and should ultimately yield improved estimates of global climate sensitivity by providing important new constraints on climate model simulations of ice-age cycles.
Late gadolinium enhancement of the esophagus is common on cardiac MR several months after pulmonary vein isolation: preliminary observations.

Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as a treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) is commonly performed. This procedure can damage the esophagus. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) offers noninvasive assessment of scar. We sought to examine the prevalence of esophageal hyperenhancement on LGE-CMR prior to and following PVI. Methods: Seventy-four patients underwent LGE-CMR prior to and 1.7 ± 1.9 months post PVI for AF. Transmural esophageal hyperenhancement was visually assessed. The pre- and post PVI esophageal position was measured, relative to the vertebral body. Results: Prior to PVI, 3% (2/74) of patients had esophageal LGE on CMR. At post-PVI follow-up, 30% (23/74) of the studies demonstrated new esophageal hyperenhancement adjacent to an ablation site. Most (74%, 17/27) positive esophageal LGE studies were performed >30 days after PVI, while no (0/9) studies performed >2 months post PVI were positive for esophageal hyperenhancement. The presence of post-procedural esophageal hyperenhancement was not associated with longer ablation time (P = 0.42), use of an irrigated catheter (74% with LGE vs 47% without, P = 0.16), right-sided esophageal location (56% with LGE vs 39% without, P = 0.17), size of left atrium cavity (58 ± 8 mm with LGE vs 61 ± 10 mm without, P = 0.15), or the timing of the LGE-CMR study after PVI (36 ± 10 days with LGE vs 60 ± 66 days without, P = 0.09). Conclusion: Though rare before PVI, new esophageal LGE is seen in almost one-third of patients after PVI. The clinical implications to remain to be explored, but clinicians should be aware of this frequent imaging finding. (PACE 2010; 33:661–666)
Neurogenic nature of so-called inflammatory fibroid polyps of the stomach.

This paper reinterprets the condition previously designated “inflammatory fibroid polyp” of the stomach as the gastric analogue of appendiceal neural hyperplasia (appendiceal neuromas). The histopathologic features of the appendiceal and gastric lesions are analyzed in detail and evidence is presented which indicates their analagous nature. Further evidence in favor of the neural nature of these gastric lesions is proffered by the demonstration within them of abundant neurites. The differences between the gross appearance of the appendiceal and gastric neural proliferations may be explained by their differing sites of origin. The etiology and pathogenesis of gastric neural polyps remains open to question and requires further study of suitable clinical and experimental material.
A method for recording single unit activity from unanesthetized chronic cats.

Abstract Under general anesthesia the cat is held in a stereotaxic instrument and a screwcapped teflon cylinder is placed in a trephine hole over the area from which microelectrode recordings are to be made. Macroelectrode leads are connected to an Amphenol receptacle which is screw-fastened into a head-holding apparatus which is rigidly attached to the stereotaxoc instrument. The receptacle is dental-cemented to the skull of the cat so that when ear, eye and mouth bars are removed, the head of the animal is still rigidly held in the stereotaxic position. During unit recording, the cat is held in a restraining box and the Amphenol plug is again fastened to the head-holding device and stereotaxic frame. The teflon cylinder is uncapped and a microelectrode is stereotaxically lowered into the brain of the cat. Cats adapt to the body and head restraint and single cells have been recorded for several hours.
Characteristics of the serum vitamin B12 binding substances of selected vertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. Serum unsaturated vitamin B 12 binding substance(s) (UBBS) from several animal species were analyzed and found not to be homogenous. 2. 2. The higher vertebrates have a major UBBS peak eluted from the DEAE column later than the UBBS of the reptile and the fishes. Chicken UBBS was characteristically different from the other species. 3. 3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated also the differences of the UBBS between animal species. 4. 4. The association between the high concentration of UBBS and the presence of nucleated red cell was not consistent. 5. 5. No convincing correlation could be found between the UBBS concentration and the metabolic rate of the animals studied.
Failure analysis of resistive switching devices

Cycling failures for resistive switching devices are discussed based on array statistics measured on Cu 2 O metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices. Four types of failures can be identified under rigorous testing conditions. The rate of these failures can be reduced by optimizing operation methods, which has significant impact on cycling endurance and yield. Failures related to data loss may have their origin in material stability.
Influence of blood pressure on atrial fibrillation.

Essential hypertension (HT) is one of the most common cardiovascular problems, and atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly occurring sustained arrhythmia in adult patients. The two frequently...
Disruption of diurnal feeding and weight gain cycles in weanling rats by ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract At the age of 28 days, male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic nuclei, repectively. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Food intake and body weight gains were measured for 13 days at the beginning of the light period (0800–2000 hr) and prior to the start of the dark period (2000-0800 hr). Both types of hypothalamic lesions caused a disruption of the naturally occurring diurnal feeding and weight gaining cycles. In accordance with previous data, the VMN rats remained normophagic and made normal weight gains while DMN animals were hypophagic and gained weight subnormally; linear growth was reduced in both types of lesioned animals, but only the VMN rats became obese. The data suggest the existence in the medial hypothalamus of an area that is involved in feeding and weight gaining cycles. From the standpoint of overall-caloric intake, this area consists of two types of neuronal assemblies that differ fuctionally as profoundly as they are anatomically separate.
Testicular cancer and male infertility.

Purpose of reviewTesticular cancer and infertility affect a similar age group of patients and have common biologic, epidemiologic, and environmental backgrounds. In this review, we provide current literature on links between infertility and testicular cancer, and new developments in the management o
Strength and fracture of two-phase alloys: a comparison of two alloy systems

The functional roles of the hard and soft constituents in the deformation and fracture of two-phase alloys are discussed on the basis of two commercially important alloy systems, namely spheroidized carbon steels and cemented carbides, WC-Co. A modified rule of mixtures provides a structural approach to the yield and flow strength. Consideration of the fracture toughness is attempted by means of a phenomenological modelling of the fracture process on the microscale. While there are large differences in properties between the two alloys, the deformation and fracture processes show broad smilarities which are associated with the features of the interaction between constituents common to both alloys.
The broad spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin inhibits capping of mRNA.

Abstract Ribavirin (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is a broad spectrum antiviral substance active against a wide range of both DNA and RNA viruses. It is, however, virtually inactive against polio virus. Its pharmacological mechanism of action was obscure. A possible common target for a chemotherapeutic agent in both DNA and RNA viruses is the “capping” reaction of mRNAs which inter alia involves the formation of a guanine pyrophosphate structure at the 5′ terminus by mRNA guanylyl transferase. We have observed that Ribavirin triphosphate is a potent competitive inhibitor of the capping guanylation of viral mRNA. This finding could account for the antiviral potency of the drug against both DNA and RNA viruses and its ineffectiveness against a virus in which the mRNAs derived from them are not capped.
Environmental standards as barriers to trade

Abstract This paper examines the case of a good, polluting in consumption, whose pollutive content is restricted by a government with strong environmental policies. When foreign producers are unable to comply with the restrictive environmental standard of such a country, to which they wish to export, they often allege that those standards constitute illegal barriers to free trade. An example of such a good is gasoline, excessively pollutive formulations of which are prohibited from importation into the United States by the 1970 Clean Air Act. Rather than banning them, such imports should be taxed, along with the domestically produced substitute good, according to their respective pollutant contents. This would foster economic efficiency and should be more acceptable to foreign producers than the outright prohibition mandated by the Clean Air Act. The results of this paper reaffirm the argument in a previous article in this journal (Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 29 (1995) 187), though the countries’ roles in the two papers are reversed, that free trade and Pigouvian environmental policies increase international welfare.
Effects of melt temperature and hold pressure on the tensile and fatigue properties of an injection molded talc‐filled polypropylene

This article examines the effects of melt temperature and hold pressure on the static tensile and fatigue behavior of an injection-molded 40 wt% talc-filled polypropylene. Injection molding caused anisotropy in the material. Both yield strength and fatigue strength were higher in the flow direction. The presence of weld line caused a large reduction in yield strength and fatigue strength. For specimens in the flow direction, both yield strength and fatigue strength increased with increasing hold pressure, but they were relatively insensitive to melt temperature. For specimens normal to the flow direction, both yield strength and fatigue strength increased with increasing hold pressure and decreased with increasing melt temperature. For specimens containing a weld line, the yield strength and fatigue strength increased with increasing hold pressure as well as increasing melt temperature. The observed differences in properties are explained in terms of the skin-core morphology, which was influenced by both melt temperature and hold pressure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:755–763, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
The influence of voxel size on atom probe tomography data.

Abstract A methodology for determining the optimal voxel size for phase thresholding in nanostructured materials was developed using an atom simulator and a model system of a fixed two-phase composition and volume fraction. The voxel size range was banded by the atom count within each voxel. Some voxel edge lengths were found to be too large, resulting in an averaging of compositional fluctuations; others were too small with concomitant decreases in the signal-to-noise ratio for phase identification. The simulated methodology was then applied to the more complex experimentally determined data set collected from a (Co 0.95 Fe 0.05 ) 88 Zr 6 Hf 1 B 4 Cu 1 two-phase nanocomposite alloy to validate the approach. In this alloy, Zr and Hf segregated to an intergranular amorphous phase while Fe preferentially segregated to a crystalline phase during the isothermal annealing step that promoted primary crystallization. The atom probe data analysis of the volume fraction was compared to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) dark-field imaging analysis and a lever rule analysis of the volume fraction within the amorphous and crystalline phases of the ribbon.
Tapping tacit knowledge on a digital platform

This article examines the status of exploiting intangible or tacit knowledge by using current digital platform. Based on analysing knowledge generation channels and changes brought about by information and communication technology, it argues that connectivity and written language based the internet have accelerated the process of knowledge transformation in three ways. Firstly, there is a fast conversion of knowledge from tacit to explicit state through easy publishing such as website and weblog. Secondly, there is a large-scale gathering of explicit knowledge through deploying database such as search engine and various portals. Thirdly, there is a wide and cost-effective sharing of both tacit and explicit knowledge through easy accessing such as e-mail and instant messaging. However, to release the power of the current digital platform for exploiting tacit knowledge, several challenges have to be dealt with for reducing the leaking of tacit knowledge and increasing the efficiency of knowledge transformation process.
The Relationship of Upward‐Influencing Behavior with Subordinate‐Impression Management Characteristics1

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of subordinate-impression management disposition, as measured by self-monitoring and other-deception, with the use of hard, soft, and rational upward-influencing behavior in an organizational setting. One hundred and two bank employees confidentially completed the Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS), Other-Deception Questionnaire (ODQ), and Form M of the Profiles of Organizational Influence Strategies. The results provided mixed support for the hypothesis that increasing levels of self-monitoring and other-deception would be linked with rising levels of upward influencing. A significant self-monitoring and other-deception interaction was observed. As hypothesized, increasing levels of both self-monitoring and other-deception were associated with effectiveness in influencing the supervisor. The findings are discussed in terms of the psychological processes involved in influence strategy selection. It is also suggested that the ODQ and SMS may assess impression management motivation and skill, respectively. The implications of the findings are addressed.
On the variation of born repulsive parameter in ionic crystals

Abstract From the observed bulk modulus-volume relationship in ionic solids with the rocksalt structure, an equation is obtained for the variation of the Born repulsive parameter from one crystal to another. This equation is found to be in good agreement with the available data for alkali halides. Furthermore, it is pointed out that using the bulk modulus ratio of two classes of solids, in order to estimate the effective ionic valences, is speculative.
A urokinase-incubation method for predicting the stability of immune globulin

Sixty-nine manufacturing lots of Immune Globulin (Human) were examined ultracentrifugally during the first 5 months of their dating period and found to contain no 3·5 S fragments. One sample from each lot was incubated with urokinase for 4 weeks at 25 °C; a second sample from each was stored at 5 ° C without urokinase. The amount of 3·5 S material determined by ultracentrifugal analysis after incubation with urokinase showed a highly significant (P 5% of the 3·5 S material after the incubation with urokinase showed a high propensity to fragment during the first year at 5 °C (17 of 22), whereas those containing 5% fragmentation during 3 years at 5 °C (29 of 32) than did the latter (three of 37). Determination of proteolytic activity by the fibrin plate method (either with or without urokinase), immunoglobulin G dimer content by ultracentrifugation, or relative α2-macroglobulin content by immunodiffusion were of little value for predicting stability, but measurement of esterolytic activity appeared promising for this purpose. Electrophoresis of non-reduced samples on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded values for the extent of fragmentation that agreed well with those obtained by ultracentrifugation.
A population-based study of risk factors for stroke after carotid endarterectomy using the ACS NSQIP database.

Background The benefit of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is heavily influenced by the risk of perioperative stroke. Our objective was to use the American College of Surgeons’ 2007 and 2008 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to assess the postoperative stroke and death rate after CEA among the more than 180 NSQIP participating hospitals, and to identify the preoperative risk factors. Materials and Methods Univariate analysis included 56 preoperative variables. Outcomes were studied for 30 d. Multivariate logistic regression was used for assessment of risk factors. Results Of 13,316 patients, 7503 (56.5%) were asymptomatic, while 5770 (43.5%) were symptomatic. Combined stroke or death was seen in 262 patients (2.0%). Postoperative stroke occurred in 186 patients (1.4%). One hundred patients (0.8%) died within 30 d. In asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, stroke or death was seen in 1.3% and 2.9% of patients; stroke in 0.9% and 2% of patients; and death in 0.5% and 1.1% of patients, respectively (all P P P Conclusions This prospective database confirms that CEA is currently performed with low peri-procedural stroke rate in participating ACS NSQIP hospitals and provides a contemporary framework for comparison of other treatment modalities to CEA. Identification of the above risk factors may help with risk stratification and patient counseling for CEA.
Interference of Pb with essential brain tissue Cu, Fe, and Zn as main determinant in experimental tetraethyllead encephalopathy

Abstract After exposure of rabbits to tetraethyllead, each analyzed brain area (frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus) contained approximately 33 μg of lead per gram dry weight. At the same time, there was a statistically significant loss in the same brain areas of the essential elements, copper, iron, and zinc. While the molar ratio between gain of lead and decrease of copper revealed an approximate proportionality of 1:1, the ratio between lead and iron was approximately 1:2. The decrease of zinc levels varied in these brain areas and was lowest in the inferior hippocampus. The potentiality of an interference of lead with essential trace metals of the brain, preferentially with the metal group of metalloenzymes, as the primary and dominant mechanism of the toxic action of lead in lead encephalopathy, is discussed.
The Nazis and their Conservative Alliance Partner in 1933: The Seizure of Power in a New Light

Abstract This article concentrates on the uneasy, tension‐ridden relationship between the Nazi Party and its alliance partner, the conservative DNVP (German National Peoples Party), during the Nazi seizure of power from 30 January to 14 July 1933, when Hitler declared the ‘revolution’ ended. While the DNVP and the Nazi Party had much in common, it is the conflict between the two, in particular the substance of Nazi attacks on the DNVP and its organisations, on which this article focuses. By attacking conservatives and their way of life with unrelenting vigour, the Nazis displayed a revolutionary fervour that was especially pronounced during the period of the actual seizure of power. In the same vein, the article investigates the Nazis’ endeavour to destroy traditional social hierarchies (often accompanied by violence), the ‘anti‐bourgeois’ thrust of Nazi propaganda, as well as the mindset that lay behind Nazi attacks on the conservative Burger and his lifestyle. After the elections of 5 March 1933, the ol...
Adaptive-bases algorithm for nonrigid image registration

Nonrigid registration of medical images is an important procedure in many aspects of current biomedical and bioengineering research. For example, it is a necessary step for studying the variation of biological tissue properties, such as shape or diffusion properties across population, compute population averages, or atlas-based segmentation. Recently we have introduced the Adaptive Bases registration algorithm as a general method for performing nonrigid registration of medical images and we have shown it to be faster and more accurate than existing algorithms of the same class. The overall properties of the Adaptive Bases algorithm are reviewed here and the method is validated on applications that include the computation of average images, atlas based segmentation, and motion correction of video images. Results show the Adaptive Bases algorithm to be capable of producing high quality nonrigid matches for the applications above mentioned.
Individual and Longitudinal Differences among High and Low-Achieving, LD, and ADHD L2 Learners.

Abstract High-achieving (HA) and low-achieving (LA), learning disabled (LD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) high school students were followed over two years of L2 study and compared on measures of L1 literacy (reading and writing) in elementary school, L1 cognitive ability, L2 aptitude, oral and written L2 proficiency, and L2 word decoding and spelling, and in L2 grades. Findings revealed significant differences between the HA and LA and the HA and LD groups on all of the L1 and L2 measures. No significant differences were found between the LA and LD groups on any of the L1 and L2 measures, and few differences were found between the HA and ADHD groups. Results replicated studies which have shown that L1 literacy skills are important for L2 learning. New findings showed that students classified as ADHD who have average or better L1 skills do well in L2 courses and that L1 literacy differences between high and low achieving L2 learners emerged early in elementary school, providing support for long-term cross linguistic transfer of L1 to L2 skills.
A Novel Reactor Design Configuration for Contamination Control and Improved Performance in the Polysilicon Doping Process Using POCl3

Conventional reactors have process limitations because of the hazardous nature of process by‐products. Experiments were conducted using a novel design quartz flange and stainless steel clamp exhaust configuration, along with a scavenger insulation block, which eliminated process by‐product buildup inside the reactor tube in the scavenger area. Experiments included variations in doping temperature, process time, , flow rate, and carrier and exhaust gas flow rates. This novele hardware design practically eliminates by‐product condensation and dripping outside the reactor, which reduces cross‐contamination and stainless steel corrosion problems and prevents potential minority carrier lifetime degradation. Equipment downtime is significantly reduced by eliminating autodoping and the need for frequent process tube steam cleans. Run capability is extended because of the new design, which also provides superior exhaust control and safer operation. The design also allows doubling of the number of wafers processed with improved sheet resistance uniformity. Regression equations were obtained for calculating sheet resistance, which can be a viable tool for process engineers. The new reactor configuration provides significant advantages in reduced equipment downtime, increased savings in material, and improved process performance.
Role of Arg-277 in the Binding of Pyridoxal 5‘-Phosphate to Trypanosoma brucei Ornithine Decarboxylase†

The pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (PLP) binding site in Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been studied by site-directed mutagenesis and spectroscopy. The β/α barrel model proposed for the eukaryotic ODC structure predicts that the phosphate group of PLP is stabilized by interactions with a Gly-rich loop (residues 235−237) and by a salt bridge to Arg-277 [Grishin, N. V., Phillips, M. A., & Goldsmith, E. J. (1995) Protein Sci. 4, 1291−1304]. Mutation of Arg-277 to Ala increases the Km for PLP by 270-fold compared to that of wild-type ODC while reducing kcat by only 2-fold at pH 8. PLP binding affinity was measured directly by ultrafiltration; the Kd for PLP is at least 20-fold higher in the mutant enzyme at pH 8. In addition, R277A ODC also has weaker binding affinities for a series of cofactor analogs than the wild-type enzyme. These results demonstrate that Arg-277 is necessary for high-affinity PLP binding by ODC. The 31P NMR spectra of ODC suggest that the phosphate is bound in a strained co...
Accurate Formulation of Faraday, Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) and Kerr Effect of Light in Ferroelectromagnet

The Faraday, magnetic circular dichroism and Kerr effects are three important magneto-optic effects. They are significant in fundamental science and applications. Presently, scientists in this field believe that Faraday and Kerr effects are caused by the difference in real parts of the refractive indices of the magnetic crystal for left-and right-circularly polarized light and that magnetic circular dichroism is caused by the difference in the imaginary parts of the refractive index (absorption) of the magnetic crystal for left-and right-circularly polarized light. However, the derived equations for these effects are approximate only. In our paper we obtain accurate formulations for these effects and find that there are mistakes in the present conclusions with respect to the above-mentioned effects. The precise equations and conclusions from our derivation are presented.
771-4 Enhancement of Delayed Afterdepolarlzatlons (DADs) and Triggered Activity by E-4031 and Dofetilide In a Cardiac Glycoside Model of Cell Ca2+ Overload

Hypothesis Several new class III antiarrhythmic drugs, including E-4031 and Dofetilide. are reported to selectively block the rapidly activating delayed rectifier current (iKR). These drugs increase action potential duration (APD) which should load cells with Ca2+ via the Na-Ca exchange mechanism and Ca2+ channels. Thus DADs, which occur in Ca2+ loaded cells, should be enhanced by these drugs. Methods Action potentials were recorded from sheep Purkinje fibers at pacing cycle lengths (CL) of 990 and 690 ms. Ca2+ overload with DADs were induced by exposing fibers to acetylstrophanthidin (AS, 0.15 μM) for 30 min. Fibers were then exposed to AS-free Tyrode's containing E-4031 (E, 5.0 μM; Group 1, n = 5), or Dofetilide (D, 0.5 μM; Group 2, n = 5), or no drug (Group 3, n = 5) for 30 min. Results 1) Both E and 0 enhanced DAD amplitude. With AS exposure for 30 min. mean DAD amplitude reached 5.6 ± 1.3 and 4.4 ± 0.7 mV for Groups 1–2, respectively (CL 990 ms). After 10 min exposure to E or D, DAD amplitude increased to 6.6 ± 1.3 and 6.5 ± 1.0 mV, respectively (p l 0.05). In Group 3, after switching from AS to no drug for 10 min, DAD amplitude was decreased by 2.2 ± 0.5 mV (p l 0.05). Similar findings were obtained at the 690 ms CL. 2) E and D exerted a biphasic effect on APD, initially shortening it at 10 min of exposure (p l 0.05) before it lengthened. 3) E and D prolonged DAD disappearance time (36.0 ± 2.4, 34.0 ± 8.7, and 16.0 ± 2.4 min in Groups 1–3, respectively). 4) E and D occasionally induced triggered action potentials. Lowering [K]z (5.4 to 4.0 mM) worsened these effects. 5) Without prior AS exposure, E caused only prolongation of APD and occasionally the induction of early afterdepolarizations. Conclusions E and D enhanced DADs and triggered activity. In the presence of AS induced Ca2+ overload, E and D caused shortening of APD. These effects can not be explained solely by selective block of iKR by E and D. Additional drug effects, resembling enhancement of cardiac glycoside toxicity, exist.
‘Before It Is Too Late’: Land Reform in South Vietnam, 1956–1968

Attempts by the U.S. government to enact land redistribution in the Republic of Vietnam began in the mid-1950s. At that time. land reform was a linchpin of U.S. foreign policy in Asia. Wolf Ladejinsky, author of the legislation that had virtually eliminated tenancy in occupied Japan, encountered political controversy in Washington and administrative challenges in Saigon in his attempt to bring about greater equality of land ownership in South Vietnam. This initial attempt to modify land tenure arrangements failed when redistribution stalled, far from complete, during 1961. Although new land reform legislation did not appear until 1970, the 1960s were by no means years of inaction on land reform. Years of behind-the-scenes efforts by American policymakers in Washington and Saigon culminated in the Land-to-the-Tiller Law, an ambitious but doomed attempt to complete the work that Ladejinsky had begun over a decade earlier. Documents from the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, many newly declassified, suggest that bureaucratic intrigue and political infighting within the Johnson administration and Congress both hindered and facilitated the emergence of a new land reform program in war-ravaged South Vietnam.
Our changing ideas about steroid effects on an ever-changing brain

Abstract Steroid hormone actions on gene expression in the brain provide a vast array of examples of environmentally-controlled gene expression. Recent studies of steroid hormone receptors and the effects they mediate have led to new findings which change our notions about the type and speed of plastic changes which the brain is capable of undergoing. We have found that estradiol and progesterone induce dendritic spines and new synapses as well as regulate oxytocin receptors in hypothalamus, whereas adrenal steroids affect neuronal survival and dendrite structure in the hippocampus as well as regulate several neurochemical processes throughout the brain related to the diurnal rhythm and adaptation to stress. Studies of estrogen and progesterone action in the hypothalamus have also shed some light on the nature of developmentally programmed sex differences in the brain. Moreover, recent work indicates that progesterone is a versatile steroid which not only affects gene expression but also produces effects via membrane receptors which alter release of neuroactive substances, chloride flux and the distribution of oxytocin receptors of the hypothalamus.
An Environmental-Friendly Al-Cu Alloy Material for Electric Power Grounding Grid

Galvanized steel, a general grounding material, has a short service life due to high corrosion rate in alkaline soil environment. An Al-4.5Cu-Re alloy was developed to overcome the shortcoming of galvanized steel. The properties of Al-4.5Cu-Re alloy were studied by accelerated corrosion test, grounding resistance test, electrochemical test and comprehensive electrical performance test in alkaline soil. The results show that the Al-Cu alloy with shot blasting and pre-oxidation exhibited low grounding resistance, high corrosion resistance, good comprehensive electrical performance and environment friendly feature. Al-Cu alloy with shot blasting and pre-oxidation can be used as grounding material.
Watching the walk: observing chemo-mechanical coupling in a processive myosin motor.

Molecular motors are cellular nanomachines that convert the energy from nucleotide binding, hydrolysis, and product release into mechanical work. Because molecular motors contribute to fundamental processes in all living organisms, including genome replication, gene transcription, protein synthesis, organelle transport, and cell division, understanding how the chemical (ATP utilization) and mechanical (motility) cycles are linked is of fundamental importance. A recent study reports the direct visualization of simultaneous nucleotide binding and mechanical displacement of a single myosin 5a molecule, a processive molecular motor protein that takes successive ∼36‐nm steps along actin filaments of the cytoskeleton. This new work demonstrates an exciting advance in single‐molecule enzymology and advances our understanding of the link between chemical catalysis and mechanical work in molecular motors, particularly those that operate under internal and external loads.
Continuum source excited atomic fluorescence in the metastable nitrogen plasma

Abstract Source-modulated continuum source excited atomic fluorescence (AFC) detection limits were measured for 13 elements in a metastable nitrogen plasma atom cell which used a carbon furnace for sample introduction. The AFC detection limits were compared to wavelength-modulated atomic emission (AE) detection limits in the same atom cell under the same plasma conditions. AFC detection limits were 5 to 2500 times poorer than the AE detection limits. Increased background noise due to analyte AE was shown to be the primary reason for the poor AFC results.
Mechanisms of chromosomal aberration production. II. Aberrations induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine and visible light.

Abstract We have allowed synchronized V79B Chinese hamster tissue culture cells to incorporate 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) during one DNA synthetic (S) period of the cell cycle and then determined chromosomal aberration yields induced by illumination of the cells with visible light during the succeeding pre- and post-DNA-synthetic (G 1 and G 2 ) phases of the cell cycle. At the level used, BUdR by itself induces no aberrations. Illumination during the G 1 phase following incorporation induces aberrations of the chromatid type, but none of the chromosome type. All types of chromatid aberrations are induced, including isochromatid deletions and exchange types. In contrast, when cells are illuminated during the immediately following G 2 phase, large numbers of achromatic lesions and chromatic deletions are seen at the first post-illumination mitosis, but no isochromatid deletions and few exchange-type aberrations occur. When G 2 -illuminated cells are examined in their second mitosis, however, chromatid aberrations of all types are again seen. These results are interpreted within the “repair” model of chromosomal aberration production by UV light presented earlier 3 . The model assumes that the vertebrate chromosome is mononeme, consisting of but a single DNA double helix during the prereplication G 1 phase. The initial lesions induced by illumination of BUdR-containing DNA are believed to be single-chain breaks, and the observation that G 1 illumination produces only chromatid-type aberrations is taken as additional evidence for the mononeme chromosome. Conversion of single-chain breaks into double chain breaks through the action of a single-strand nuclease is postulated to account for the production of chromatid deletions at the first mitosis of G 2 -illuminated cells. The action of this enzyme, plus a recombinational or post-replication repair mechanism, are postulated to account for the production of isochromatid deletions in G 1 -illuminated cells. A rapid decline in achromatic lesion frequency with increasing time between G 2 illumination and fixation of the cells is considered evidence for rapid rejoining of most of the initial chain breaks.
Saint-Simonism and the Rationalisation of Industry

I. Introduction, 640.—II. Saint-Simon in his relation to the policy of laissez-faire, 642.—Neither Saint-Simon nor the Saint-Simonians were socialists, 648.—III. The philosophy of history, 650.—The principle of productivity and its importance, 651.—IV. The rule of law and the harmony of interests in a society of producers, 657.—V. The Saint-Simonian criticism of competition, 665.—The division between the idle and the producing class, 668.—The rationalisation of economic enterprise, 674.—VI. The position and importance of the banks, 675.—The theory and rational use of credit, 677.—VII. Conclusion, 680.
Influence of the Superficial Tangential Zone for Cartilage Modeled in Finite Deformation and With Tension/Compression Nonlinearity

Creation of replacement tissue to repair articular surface defects remains a challenge. Normal zonal characteristics of articular cartilage throughout its thickness, particularly the superficial tangential zone (STZ), and normal material properties have not been reproduced in vitro in scaffolds nor in vivo in repairing defects. Without sufficient quality, such transplanted scaffolds in vivo may be doomed mechanically from the outset. Removal of the STZ from normal cartilage negatively affects the remaining cartilage’s ability to support axial loads and retain fluids [1–3]. Previous studies have modeled excessive axial deformation of repair cartilage [4–5]. Studies have shown that modeling the STZ of normal cartilage as transversely isotropic provides better agreement with indentation experimental results than isotropic models [6–9]. Others have modeled experimental conditions by incorporating tension and compression nonlinearity [10]. Previous analyses have indicated that strain-dependent permeability within the STZ can positively affect the ability of free-draining normal and repair models to withstand imposed surface loads [11,12]. This finite element study further examined the role of an STZ with strain-dependent permeability on the behavior of normal and repaired articular surfaces under contact loading from rigid permeable and impermeable spheres. Nonlinear geometry permitted finite deformations to occur while the differential stiffness in tension and compression was also represented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Inhibition of Ca2+ influx by surfactant in NR8383 alveolar macrophages.

Objective: Pulmonary surfactants reduce alveolar surface tension and alter inflammatory cell function. We studied the effects of surfactant preparations on Ca2+ influx regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cytokine secretion in the alveolar macrophage (AM) cell line NR8383.