cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the sensitivity of ephemeral streams to land disturbance activities in arid ecosystems at the watershed scale

Large areas of public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management and located in arid regions of the southwestern United States are being considered for the development of utility-scale solar energy facilities. Land-disturbing activities in these desert, alluvium-filled valleys have the potential to adversely affect the hydrologic and ecologic functions of ephemeral streams. Regulation and management of ephemeral streams typically falls under a spectrum of federal, state, and local programs, but scientifically based guidelines for protecting ephemeral streams with respect to land-development activities are largely nonexistent. This study developed an assessment approach for quantifying the sensitivity to land disturbance of ephemeral stream reaches located in proposed solar energy zones (SEZs). The ephemeral stream assessment approach used publicly-available geospatial data on hydrology, topography, surficial geology, and soil characteristics, as well as high-resolution aerial imagery. These datasets were used to inform a professional judgment-based score index of potential land disturbance impacts on selected critical functions of ephemeral streams, including flow and sediment conveyance, ecological habitat value, and groundwater recharge. The total sensitivity scores (sum of scores for the critical stream functions of flow and sediment conveyance, ecological habitats, and groundwater recharge) were used to identify highly sensitive stream reaches to inform decisions on developable areas in SEZs. Total sensitivity scores typically reflected the scores of the individual stream functions; some exceptions pertain to groundwater recharge and ecological habitats. The primary limitations of this assessment approach were the lack of high-resolution identification of ephemeral stream channels in the existing National Hydrography Dataset, and the lack of mechanistic processes describing potential impacts on ephemeral stream functions at the watershed scale. The primary strength of this assessment approach is that it allows watershed-scale planning for low-impact development in arid ecosystems; the qualitative scoring of potential impacts can also be adjusted to accommodate new geospatial data, and to allow for expert and stakeholder input into decisions regarding the identification and potential avoidance of highly sensitive stream reaches.
Hemodynamic and single nephron function during the maintenance phase of ischemic acute renal failure in the dog

Hemodynamic and single nephron function during the maintenance phase of ischemic acute renal failure in the dog. We studied ischemic acute renal failure in 28 dogs by micropuncture, microsphere, morphologic, and whole kidney hemodynamic techniques, 18 to 24 hours after the renal artery was clamped (clamping time, 60 to 90 min). Before the artery was clamped, renal blood flow (RBF) averaged 3.49 ± (SEM) 0.23ml/min · g and was not significantly different (3.70 ± 0.34ml/min · g) 18 hours after the ischemic episode. RBF autoregulatory capability was, however, significantly reduced. Fractional outer cortical blood flow decreased slightly from 41 ± 2 to 36 ± 3% (P f was below that obtained for control animals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies indicated that the endothelial fenestrations were reduced in number and size. These studies suggest that one major characteristic of ischemic nephropathy in the dog is a derangement in the filtration process. The maintenance of RBF in the postischemic phase may occur by utilization of the autoregulatory reserve of the renal vasculature. Hemodynamique et fonction des nephrons individuels au cours de la phase de maintien de l'insuffisance renale aigue ischemique chez le chien. L'insuffisance renale aigue ischemique a ete etudiee chez 28 chiens par microponctions, microspheres, morphologie et evaluation hemodynamique globale du rein 18 a 24 heures apres que l'artere renale ait ete clampee (temps de clampage, 60 a 90 min). Avant le clampage le debit sanguin renal (RBF) etait en moyenne de 3,49 ± (SEM) 0,23ml/min · g et n'etait pas significativement different (3,70 ± 0,34ml/min · g) 18 heures apres l'episode ischemique. La capacite d'autoregulation de RBF etait, cependant, significativement reduite. Le debit sanguin cortical externe avait un peu diminue, de 41 ± 2 a 36 ± 3% (P f a ete determine par la mesure de la pression de stop-flow, de la pression colloido osmotique, de SNGFR, de PTP et de la fraction de filtration des nephrons individuels. K f etait inferieur a celui des animaux controles. La microscopie electronique a balayage (SEM) a indique que les fenestrations endotheliales etaient reduites en nombre et en taille. Ces resultats suggerent que la caracteristique majeure des nephropathies ischemiques du chien est une alteration du processus de filtration. Le maintien de RBF dans la phase post-ischemique pourrait etre assure par l'utilisation de la reserve d'autoregulation de la vascularisation renale.
The Effect of Calorie Source in a Chick Diet on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Body Composition

Abstract THE addition of fat to broiler diets has resulted in various observations from different laboratories. Siedler and Schweigert (1953), Runnels (1955), Sunde (1954) and Biely and March (1954) have reported that fat favorably influences feed conversion and growth of chicks. Rosenberg et al. (1955) gave an account of the manner in which fat increased the amino acid requirement of the chick, and Combs (1955) reported on the part fat plays in body composition of chicks and tendency of chicks to “overeat.” The question naturally arises as to whether these beneficial effects are due entirely to the energy content of fat or to some other intrinsic value of fat per se. The experiments presented in this paper were designed to shed light on this question. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Two four-week experiments are reported in which three and six replicate groups of 16 battery reared New Hampshire male chicks were used in each …
Prognostic value of quantitative fluorodeoxyglucose measurements in newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of quantitative fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) measurements (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax], metabolic tumor volume [MTV], and total lesion glycolysis [TLG]) in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer (MBC). An IRB-approved retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) from 1/02 to 12/08 within 60 days of diagnosis MBC. Patients with FDG-avid lesions without receiving chemotherapy in the prior 30 days were included. Target lesions in bone, lymph node (LN), liver, and lung were analyzed for SUVmax, MTV, and TLG. Medical records were reviewed for patient characteristics and overall survival (OS). Cox regression was used to test associations between quantitative FDG measurements and OS. A total of 253 patients were identified with disease in bone (n = 150), LN (n = 162), liver (n = 48), and lung (n = 66) at the time of metastatic diagnosis. Higher SUVmax tertile was associated with worse OS in bone metastases (highest vs. lowest tertile hazard ratio [HR] = 3.1, P 0.1). Higher MTV tertile was associated with worse OS in LN (HR = 2.4, P < 0.01) and liver (HR = 3.0, P = 0.02) metastases, but not in bone (P = 0.22) or lung (P = 0.14). Higher TLG tertile was associated with worse OS in bone (HR = 2.2, P = 0.02), LN (HR = 2.3, P < 0.01), and liver (HR = 4.9, P < 0.01) metastases, but not in lung (P = 0.19). We conclude measures of FDG avidity are prognostic biomarkers in newly diagnosed MBC. SUVmax and TLG were both predictors of survival in breast cancer patients with bone metastases. TLG may be a more informative biomarker of OS than SUVmax for patients with LN and liver metastases. Measures of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity are prognostic biomarkers in newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer. Volumetric measurements, such as total lesion glycolysis (TLG), may be more informative biomarkers for survival than the more commonly used standardized uptake value (SUV).
C0-continuous triangular plate element for laminated composite and sandwich plates using the {2, 2} – Refined Zigzag Theory

Abstract Most of the existing plate elements assume constant transverse displacement across the thickness resulting in zero transverse stretch deformation. This study presents a new triangular finite element for modeling thick laminates and sandwich panels based on the {2, 2}-order refined zigzag plate theory. It adopts quadratic through-thickness variation of the in-plane and transverse displacement components. The transverse normal strain is calculated based on the assumption of cubic representation of the transverse normal stress. The zigzag functions are piecewise linear through the thickness. The element consists of 3 corner nodes and 3 mid-side nodes along the edges. Each corner and mid-side node has 11 and 3 degrees of freedom (DOF), respectively. This C 0 continuous element is free of geometric locking, and does not require shear correction factors. It provides robust and accurate prediction of all six stress components (in-plane and transverse normal and shear stresses) in the analysis of highly heterogeneous laminates and sandwich plates.
Estimate of treatment plant effluent impact on chloride concentrations and oyster environment within the murderkill river estuary

Abstract The Murderkill River is a partially tidal body of water with summer-time 50-percentile freshwater flows ranging from 17.9 to 27.6ft3s−1 (0.5 to 0.77m3s−1) at a point coincident with the effluent discharge from the Kent County Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (start-up late 1972). Chloride concentrations were determined over six summers to characterize river conditions prior to start-up of the 10-million gal day−1 (37.850 m3 day−1) (design) plant. Use of a one-dimensional steadystate model for a conservative substance shows that chloride values would be reduced by up to 20% at low water slack (LWS) periods for wastewater flows of 10 million gal day−1 (37,850 m3 day−1). The LWS chloride concentrations in the area of oyster production would be reduced to 3–6 ppt (5.9–10.8 ppt salinity) for wastewater loadings greater than 10 million gal day−1 (37,850 m3 day−1) . It is suggested that chloride additions in the treatment plant effluent be implemented to maintain minimum summertime low-water-slack levels of 5.6 ppt chloride (10 ppt salinity), consistent with a proper environment for oyster development.
LGL: a disease rediscovered.

In this issue of Blood, Jerez et al describe mutations in STAT3 in 2 subtypes of large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGL).1
The isolation of hormone-sensitive rat hepatocytes by a modified enzymatic technique.

Abstract Hepatocytes that are similar to the perfused liver in glucagon sensitivity can be obtained in a high, reproducible yield by modifications of the well-known enzymatic technique for the preparation of isolated liver cells. The major modifications are: (a) a simple, economic, and temperature-controlled apparatus for the recirculating perfusion of the isolated rat liver; (b) the use of substrate-fortified calcium-free Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer; and (c) high perfusion rates, which lead to the isolation of hepatocytes with normal ultrastructure and metabolic activities. From 4 × 10 8 to 5 × 10 8 cells can be routinely isolated from an 8- to 10-g liver independent of the collagenase preparations applied. The rat liver cells are viable (90–95%) by various criteria including electron microscopy and exclusion of 0.2% trypan blue. When studying various incubation techniques, it was observed that the use of gelatin in the medium is preferred as compared to albumin Fraction V or fatty acid-free albumin which tended to inhibit gluconeogenic rates from various substrates in calcium-free medium. Addition of calcium chloride to the incubation medium strikingly improved gluconeogenesis from lactate. Various procedures for calculating the number of cells corresponding to 1 g wet liver tissue are discussed in detail.
Large-signal transient effect in avalanche diodes

A nonlinear transient effect in avalanche diodes is proposed. In this effect, carriers in a bunch sweep across the depletion region, ionizing as they go, and leaving behind an electric field substantially lower than the initial field, and too low to allow further ionization.
Systems Science and Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and New Directions

As a public health problem, childhood obesity operates at multiple levels, ranging from individual health behaviors to school and community characteristics to public policies. Examining obesity, particularly childhood obesity, from any single perspective is likely to fail, and systems science methods offer a possible solution. We systematically reviewed studies that examined the causes and/or consequences of obesity from a systems science perspective. The 21 included studies addressed four general areas of systems science in obesity: (1) translating interventions to a large scale, (2) the effect of obesity on other health or economic outcomes, (3) the effect of geography on obesity, and (4) the effect of social networks on obesity. In general, little research addresses obesity from a true, integrated systems science perspective, and the available research infrequently focuses on children. This shortcoming limits the ability of that research to inform public policy. However, we believe that the largely incremental approaches used in current systems science lay a foundation for future work and present a model demonstrating the system of childhood obesity. Systems science perspective and related methods are particularly promising in understanding the link between childhood obesity and adult outcomes. Systems models emphasize the evolution of agents and their interactions; such evolution is particularly salient in the context of a developing child.
Expression of hepatitis C virus NS5B protein: Characterization of its RNA polymerase activity and RNA binding

The nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered to possess RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and to play an essential role for the viral replication. In this study, we expressed the NS5B protein of 65 kd by a recombinant baculovirus. With the highly purified NS5B protein, we established an in vitro system for RdRp activity by using poly(A) as a template and a 15-mer oligo(U) (oligo(U)15) as a primer. Optimal conditions of temperature and pH for primer-dependent polymerase activity of the NS5B were 32 degrees C and pH 8.0. The addition of 10 mmol of Mg2+ increased the activity. The importance of three motifs conserved in RdRp among other positive-strand RNA viruses was confirmed by introduction of an Ala residue to every amino acid of the motifs by site-directed mutagenesis. All mutants lost RdRp activity, but retained the RNA binding activity, except one mutant at Thr287/Asn291. Deletion mutant analysis indicated that the N-terminal region of NS5B protein was critical for the RNA binding. Inhibition of RdRp activity by (-)beta-L-2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine 5'-triphosphate (3TC; lamivudine triphosphate) and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) was observed after screening of nucleoside analogs and known polymerase inhibitors. These data provide us not only important clues for understanding the mechanism of HCV replication, but also a new target of antiviral therapy.
Implementing Secondary Transition Evidence-Based Practices A Multi-State Survey of Transition Service Providers

Inadequate transition outcomes for youth with disabilities have produced a call for enhanced transition service delivery that includes implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs). However, re...
Temporal analysis of nonresonant two-photon coherent control involving bound and dissociative molecular states

We theoretically study the control of two-photon excitation to bound and dissociative states in a molecule induced by trains of laser pulses, which are equivalent to certain sets of spectral phase modulated pulses. To this end, we solve the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for the interaction of molecular model systems with an external intense laser field. Our numerical results for the temporal evolution of the population in the excited states show that, in the case of an excited dissociative state, control schemes, previously validated for the atomic case, fail due to the coupling of electronic and nuclear motion. In contrast, for excitation to bound states the two-photon excitation probability is controlled via the time delay and the carrier-envelope phase difference between two consecutive pulses in the train.
Gender roles and their displacement in Tuya's Marriage

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on gender roles and their displacement resulting from market-based modernization in Tuya's Marriage. I argue that Wang treats the inversion of gender roles as an unwanted consequence and an irresolvable predicament within Tuya's Marriage in order to criticize the economic exploitation of Inner Mongolian grasslands and the heavy industrialization of adjacent areas. In my analysis, I also relate Tuya's Marriage to Wang's earlier films and several other films with rural female protagonists for comparison and contrast in order to better historicize and analyse the issue of gender roles and their displacement in Tuya's Marriage.
A Graphical Technique for Estimating the Response of a Dual Filtered Optical Remote Probe

A simple graphical technique allows estimating the turbulence profiling characteristics of dual spatially filtered optical remote probes. The graphical construction yields the periods and path positions of those turbulence components which are effective in producing a measurement. Convolving the spectra of the filters yields an estimate of the response magnitude.
Variability in an edaphic indicator in alpine tundra

Abstract Spatial patterns of soil in alpine tundra just above timberline may determine patterns of advance by woody species. Patterns of advance since the Little Ice Age show spatial aggregation. If soil resources have similar patterns of aggregation, they might determine the pattern of vegetation change. Effective soil depth (ESD), which takes into account stoniness, was measured in tundra just above present timberline on regular grids at two scales and across solifluction treads and risers. No non-random spatial pattern was found, nor was there any difference related to relict solifluction patterns. Current patterns of woody vegetation could not have developed in direct response to the pattern of effective soil depth found in tundra. These patterns may develop in response to other soil factors, but may also include positive feedback.
Dynamics ofAnaplasma marginale in splenectomised calves treated with either imidocarb or oxytetracycline

Neither imidocarb dipropionate (at 5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly once or twice at a seven-day interval) nor oxytetracycline hydrochloride (at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly once or twice at a seven-day interval) given to animals in the prepatent period of anaplasmosis, prevented the eventual onset of infection. Both compounds delayed the onset of detectable parasitaemia but this action was more noticeable with oxytetracycline. Oxytetracycline given twice significantly reduced the severity of the primary infection but the secondary infection was more severe. Neither compound showed prophylactic properties even though both are effective in extending the prepatent period and, in the case of oxytetracycline, reducing the severity of infection.
Experiment probes elevated ozone levels over the tropical south Atlantic Ocean

Until late 1992, the atmosphere off the west coast of southern Africa was one of the least studied regions of the planet. From a meteorological point of view, the area is devoid of any interesting weather features, including tropical storm formation and monsoonal circulations. It is dominated by a vast center of subtropical high pressure that inhibits the formation of any convective activity. However, from an atmospheric chemistry point of view, an interesting feature was discovered in 1990 when satellite data revealed a region of enhanced tropospheric ozone off southern Africa's west coast that was at least as large as the smog plumes emanating from North America, Europe, and Asia [Fishman et al., 1990; Figure 1]. While the Northern Hemisphere high tropospheric ozone concentrations were most pronounced in the summer, the feature in the southern subtropics was highest during austral spring.
Extension's Future: Beyond Technology Transfer

Cooperative Extension can no longer be understood primarily in terms of technology transfer approaches. The future Cooperative Extension model incorporates educational, developmental, and problem-solving mandates with technology transfer through “issues programming.” This has important political and substantive implications for Extension. The final section of this article contrasts the issues programming approach to the more traditional technology transfer model and considers the implications of this shift for the future of Cooperative Extension.
Band theory, the K-matrix and overlapping potentials

Abstract Scattering theory is used to generalize the concept of equivalent scattering properties to the case in which the scattering potentials interpenetrate. This generalization provides the basis of a new method of band calculation.
A time-varying identification method for mixed response measurements

The proper orthogonal decomposition is a method that may be applied to linear and nonlinear structures for extracting important information from a measured structural response. This method is often applied for model reduction of linear and nonlinear systems and has been applied recently for time-varying system identification. Although methods have previously been developed to identify time-varying models for simple linear and nonlinear structures using the proper orthogonal decomposition of a measured structural response, the application of these methods has been limited to cases where the excitation is either an initial condition or an applied load but not a combination of the two. This paper presents a method for combining previously published proper orthogonal decomposition-based identification techniques for strictly free or strictly forced systems to identify predictive models for a system when only mixed response data are available, i.e. response data resulting from initial conditions and loads that are applied together. This method extends the applicability of the previous proper orthogonal decomposition-based identification techniques to operational data acquired outside of a controlled laboratory setting. The method is applied to response data generated by finite element models of simple linear time-invariant, time-varying, and nonlinear beams and the strengths and weaknesses of the method are discussed.
The date palm—“Tree of Life”in the subtropical deserts

Dates, staple food in the valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile rivers since the dawn of history, have been established on nearly 6,000 acres in southern California and Arizona.
Spatial-temporal turbulent flow-field and heat transfer behavior in end-wall junctions

Abstract The spatial-temporal velocity and surface heat transfer behavior in a rectangular end-wall junction are examined experimentally for an impinging turbulent boundary layer. The study is done in a water channel on a fast response, constant heat-flux surface using flow visualization, scanned-laser particle image velociemtry (PIV), and thermochromic liquid crystals (LC). Particle image visualizations and PIV-derived vorticity isocontours in the junction region of a rectangular block illustrate that a dominant unsteady horseshoe vortex resides in the junction region, as suggested by previous studies 2 (Devenport and Simpson 1990; Pierce and Shin 1992). The horseshoe vortex moves sporadically within a spatial envelope, due to the interaction with both (1) vortices from the impinging turbulent boundary layer; and (2) intermittent, opposite rotation vortices spawned by eruptive vortex-surface interactions (Walker 1978; Peridier et al. 1991). Companion surface heat transfer studies using thermochromic liquid crystals of both a canonical turbulent boundary layer and the rectangular block junction illustrate the presence of initially discrete spanwise variations in heat transfer on the approach surface caused by the presence of the streamwise, near-wall “streaks” in the impinging turbulent boundary layer; in the junction region, these streaks undergo a rapid metamorphosis into discrete, transverse regions of high heat transfer. These localized regions display significant transient, three-dimensional (3-D) behavior, appearing to be directly associated with vortex-surface interactions by the resident horseshoe vortex. This milieu of turbulent vortex development/interaction results in increases of 62% in spatially averaged Stanton number and increases of over 200% in local Stanton number compared to the canonical turbulent boundary layer.
Mechanisms of MAVS regulation at the mitochondrial membrane.

Mitochondria have emerged as critical platforms for antiviral innate immune signaling. This is due in large part to the mitochondrial localization of the innate immune signaling adaptor MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), which coordinates signals received from two independent cytosolic pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to induce antiviral genes. The existence of a shared adaptor for two central PRRs presents an ideal target by which the host cell can prevent cellular damage induced by uncontrolled inflammation through alteration of MAVS expression and/or signaling. In this review, we focus on the MAVS regulome and review the cellular factors that regulate MAVS by (1) protein–protein interactions, (2) alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, and/or (3) post-translational modifications.
Polymeric nanoparticles with precise ratiometric control over drug loading for combination therapy

We report a novel approach for nanoparticle-based combination chemotherapy by concurrently incorporating two different types of drugs into a single polymeric nanoparticle with ratiometric control over the loading of the two drugs. By adapting metal alkoxide chemistry, we synthesize highly hydrophobic drug–poly-l-lactide (drug–PLA) conjugates, of which the polymer has the same chain length while the drug may differ. These drug–polymer conjugates are then encapsulated into lipid-coated polymeric nanoparticles through a single-step nanoprecipitation method. Using doxorubicin (DOX) and camptothecin (CPT) as two model chemotherapy drugs, various ratios of DOX–PLA and CPT–PLA conjugates are loaded into the nanoparticles with over 90% loading efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles are uniform in size, size distribution and surface charge. The loading yield of DOX and CPT in the particles can be precisely controlled by simply adjusting the DOX–PLA:CPT–PLA molar ratio. Cellular cytotoxicity results show that the ...
The predator odor, TMT, displays a unique, stress-like pattern of dopaminergic and endocrinological activation in the rat

Abstract Predator odors may provide a species relevant aversive stimuli to study the central effects of stress in rats and may have several benefits over currently applied models. Here, we examined one such odor, TMT, isolated from the fox, a predator of the rat, on fear-induced behaviors, serum corticosterone, and central dopamine metabolism. Habituated rats were exposed to TMT, or a control odor, butyric acid, in an open field. For comparison, other rats were subjected to a model of conditioned fear — a traditional fear model. Several similarities between the two stresses were observed including increased serum corticosterone and increased dopamine metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex. Differences were also observed. TMT, but not conditioned fear, activated dopamine metabolism in the amygdala, but not the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Rats exposed to conditioned fear, but not TMT odor, demonstrated altered behaviors associated with fear, including locomotion, grooming and immobility. Finally, rats reexposed to TMT after a 24-h delay did not demonstrate any of the changes observed with acute exposure to TMT. These data indicate acute exposure to a predator odor, TMT, can result in a unique pattern of biochemical activation that is similar, but not identical, to conditioned fear. The differences may indicate unique features of a central ‘fear arousal’ pathway that responds to innate, unlearned stressful stimuli, such as predator odors.
Assessing Fibular Length Using Bimalleolar Angular Measurements

Shortening of the fibula after fracture is common and often difficult to appreciate. Loss of lateral malleolar anatomy causes significant biomechanical changes in the ankle and correlates with poor clinical results. We studied angular measurements of distal fibular length to serve as a guide for assessing fibular reduction after ankle fracture. Mortise view X-rays of 50 normal ankles from 25 healthy volunteers were obtained. The average talocrural angle measured 78.5 degrees. However, individual variation was high with values ranging from 75 to 86 degrees. Comparing contralateral ankles demonstrated an average difference of 1.3 degrees (range 0 to 4 degrees). A new, simpler bimalleolar angle was devised which compares the long axis of the fibula with a line drawn between the tips of the malleoli. The average bimalleolar angle measured 77.8 degrees (range 72 to 86 degrees). The contralateral difference averaged 1.2 degrees (range 0 to 3 degrees). This angle was simpler to use and more reproducible. Angular measurements were tolerant of usual radiographic techniques. Internal or external rotation of the ankle up to 5 degrees caused an insignificant change in the angular measurements. One degree change in the talocrural or bimalleolar angle was found to correspond with a 1 mm change in fibular length for the average ankle, calculated radiographically and confirmed in a cadaver study. Abnormal fibular shortening is detected with an angular difference between injured and contralateral sides of 3.0 degrees using the talocrural angle or 2.5 degrees using the bimalleolar angle (95% confidence limits). Thus, a 2.5 to 3.0 degrees contralateral difference should serve as a minimum value required to direct a change in therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characterization of small crack growth in 12% CrMoV steel under high temperature, low cycle fatigue conditions

Abstract Cylindrical specimens of 12% CrMoV steel were tested under high temperature, low cycle fatigue (HTLCF) conditions to investigate the growth of microcracks which nucleate at the surface. Results are presented which indicate that the microcracks maintain an equilibrium shape under HTLCF conditions, making it possible to estimate crack depth from a measure of the crack lenght along the surface. The individual growth of these microstructurally small cracks was monitored using a surface replication technique during periodic interruptions of the experiments. Crack growth rate data for different microcracks are compared on the basis of the cyclic J-integral ΔJ to examine the use of fracture mechanics for predicting HTLCF microcrack growth. A determination of ΔJ is shown to be successful in characterizing the growth of fatigue microcracks in 12% Cr steel at elevated temperatures despite differences in overall orientation at the surface. Good agreement with fatigue crack growth data for through-cracks in CrMoV steels at high temperatures further demonstrates the usefulness of ΔJ for predicting HTLCF microcrack growth. The results also suggest that large extrapolations of the observed correlation between ΔJ and crack growth rate could result in unacceptable errors owing to the relative contribution of oxidation damage at the crack tip.
A novel telomeric gene conversion in Trypanosoma brucei

Gene conversion is one mechanism of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei. Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes are duplicated by this process to telomeric locations from which they may be expressed. We examined four independent antigenic switches in which the IsTaR 1.1 minichromosomal VSG gene is duplicated to a large chromosome where it is expressed. An unusual feature of three of these telomeric gene conversions is that the distance between the VSG gene and the end of the chromosome is identical for both the basic and duplicated copies following the antigenic switch. This suggests that the gene conversion is initiated 5′ to the VSG gene and extends to the end of the telomere. The data also suggest that events other than simple nucleotide addition account for telomeric growth.
Pushback: the current wave of anti-homosexuality laws and impacts on health

Chris Beyrer discusses the worrying global trend towards the increasing criminalization of homosexuality. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Socioeconomic factors associated with at-home and away-from home catfish consumption in the United States

Per capita seafood consumption, which has been increasing was 15.5 lbs. in 1987 compared to 10.3 lbs. in 1980. This increase occurred during a period of increasing aquaculture production, especially catfish. Per capita catfish consumption increased from .24 lb. in 1983 to .58 lb. in 1988. A nationwide household survey indicates catfish is the fifth most popular seafood item in the United States. A logit analysis was used to identify socioeconomic factors significantly influencing catfish consumption both at home and away from home. Race, religious preference, and household size are significant factors along with perceived regional availability.
[Comment on “Plate tectonics: Scientific revolution or scientific program?” by Jean‐Claude Mareschal] Development of plate tectonics theory: The missing piece

The recent article by Jean-Claude Mareschal (“Plate Tectonics: Scientific Revolution or Scientific Program?” in Eos, May 19, 1987, p. 529) adds to the interesting literature on the evolution of the theory of plate tectonics. It is curious that an aspect of the general theory that seems to be little considered and mentioned by Mareschal or others who write about the history of development of the theory, but that was vitally important in my own acceptance of the theory, was the discovery of subduction and, to a lesser extent, abduction.
Are Long-Term Very Low Doses of Prednisone for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis as Helpful as High Doses Are Harmful?

The elegantly designed and well-executed study by van Everdingen and colleagues in this issue presents a unique opportunity to evaluate benefits and risks of corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid a...
Video personalization in resource-constrained multimedia environments

Multimedia data, especially video data, is being increasingly transmitted to, transmitted from and viewed on mobile devices such as PDA's, laptop PCs, pocket PCs and cell phones. One of the natural limitations of these multimedia-capable, mobile devices is that they are constrained by their battery power capacity, viewing time limit, amount of data received, and in many situations, by available network bandwidth connecting these devices with video servers. The video server is typically also constrained by its computing power and connection bandwidth. In order to provide a resource-constrained mobile client with its desired video content, it is necessary to adapt or personalize the video content while simultaneously satisfying the aforementioned constraints. Also, in order to limit the client-experienced latency, it is necessary to perform client request aggregation on the server end. To this end, a video personalization strategy is proposed to provide mobile, resource-constrained clients with personalized video content that is most relevant to the client's request while simultaneously satisfying multiple client-side system-level resource constraints. A client request aggregation strategy is also proposed to cluster client requests with similar video content preferences and similar client-side resource constraints such that the number of requests the server needs to process and the client-experienced latency are both reduced. The primary contributions of the paper are (1) the formulation and implementation of a Multiple-choice Multi-dimensional Knapsack Problem (MMKP)-based video personalization strategy; and (2) the design and implementation of a multi-stage clustering-based client request aggregation strategy. Experimental results comparing the proposed MMKP-based video personalization strategy to existing 0/1 Knapsack Problem (0/1KP)-based and the Fractional Knapsack Problem (FKP)-based video personalization strategies are presented. It is observed that (1) the proposed MMKP-based personalization strategy includes more relevant video content in response to the client's request compared to the existing 0/1KP-based and FKP-based personalization strategies; and (2) in contrast to the 0/1KP-based and FKP-based personalization strategies which can satisfy only a single client-side constraint at a time, the proposed MMKP-based personalization strategy is shown to be capable of satisfying simultaneously multiple client-side resource constraints. Experimental results comparing the client-experienced latency with and without the proposed client request aggregation strategy are also presented. It is shown that the proposed client request aggregation strategy significantly reduces the mean client-experienced latency without significant reduction in the average relevance value of the video content delivered in response to the client's request.
Partial and Maximal Expiratory Flow- Volume Curves in Normal and Asthmatic Subjects Before and After Inhalation of Metaproterenol*

The effects of deep inspiration upon expiratory flow rates and response to inhaled metaproterenol were studied in normal and asthmatic subjects using partial (PEFV) and maximal (MEFV) expiratory flow volume curves. Routine pulmonary function tests and specific conductance were also measured. Prior to administration of metaproterenol, 18 of 24 normal subjects and 11 of 24 asthmatic subjects (p 0.05) had higher flow rates on MEFV than on PEFV curves. The 11 volume history responsive asthmatic subjects showed better lung function and more density-dependence of expiratory flow than the other 13 asthmatic subjects; furthermore, the effect of lung inflation was significantly larger in the volume history responsive asthmatic subjects than in the volume history responsive normal subjects. Responses to inhaled metaproterenol were much larger on PEFV than MEFV curves; nevertheless, differences between normal and asthmatic subjects in metaproterenol responsiveness were less using PEFV curves. Thus, the use of PEFV curve measurement did not facilitate the detection of individual asthmatic responses to inhaled metaproterenol.
Increased levels of ATP and NADH are associated with increased solvent production in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum

Levels of intracellular NAD, NADH, ADP, and ATP were measured in batch and continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum. ATP levels during glucose-sufficient (non-glucose limited), solvent-producing steady states were five to eight times as high as in glucose-limited (acidogenic) steady state cultures (4.8 μmole/g versus 0.9 μmole/g). NADH was also higher in glucose-sufficient cultures, although the increase was not as pronounced as with ATP. When glucose-limited cultures were sparged with CO, the resulting shift to solvent production was accompanied by three- or four-fold increases in NADH and ATP levels. In batch cultures, NADH and ATP levels were relatively high at all times compared to levels in continuous cultures. Although the levels of these nucleotides showed systematic trends during normal batch fermentations, there was no significant change with the onset of solvent production.
Social, individual and technological issues for groupware calendar systems

Designing and deploying groupware is difficult. Groupware evaluation and design are often approached from a single perspective, with a technologically-, individually-, or socially-centered focus. A study of Groupware Calendar Systems (GCSs) highlights the need for a synthesis of these multiple perspectives to fully understand the adoption challenges these systems face. First, GCSs often replace existing calendar artifacts, which can impact users calendaring habits and in turn influence technology adoption decisions. Second, electronic calendars have the potential to easily share contextualized information publicly over the computer network, creating opportunities for peer judgment about time allocation and raising concerns about privacy regulation. However, this situation may also support coordination by allowing others to make useful inferences about ones schedule. Third, the technology and the social environment are in a reciprocal, co-evolutionary relationship: the use context is affected by the constraints and affordances of the technology, and the technology also co-adapts to the environment in important ways. Finally, GCSs, despite being below the horizon of everyday notice, can affect the nature of temporal coordination beyond the expected meeting scheduling practice.
The Affect Effect of Political Satire: Sarcastic Humor, Negative Emotions, and Political Participation

Building on the Orientation-Stimulus-Orientation-Response (O-S-O-R) framework, the current study proposes a mediation model wherein negative emotions serve as a second O. An online experiment using a representative sample demonstrated that consuming sarcastic political humor can indirectly increase the likelihood of political participation by eliciting negative emotions toward a government policy. In addition, we introduced education as a first O, illustrating that the indirect mobilizing effect of the viewing of sarcastic humor through negative emotions is stronger for political sophisticates. The proposed model suggests avenues for exploring the role of emerging media genres that are presumably less enlightening yet are more emotionally provocative.
International Validation of a Preoperative Nomogram for Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy

PURPOSE: We evaluated the predictive accuracy of a recently published preoperative nomogram for prostate cancer that predicts 5-year freedom from recurrence. We applied this nomogram to patients from seven different institutions spanning three continents. METHODS: Clinical data of 6,754 patients were supplied for validation, and 6,232 complete records were used. Nomogram-predicted probabilities of 60-month freedom from recurrence were compared with actual follow-up in two ways. First, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were determined for the entire data set according to several variables, including the institution where treatment was delivered. Second, nomogram classification–based risk quadrants were compared with actual Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS: The AUC for all institutions combined was 0.75, with individual institution AUCs ranging from 0.67 to 0.83. Nomogram predictions for each risk quadrant were similar to actual freedom from recurrence rates: predicted probabilities...
Arachidonic Acid Alters Tomato HMG Expression and Fruit Growth and Induces 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase-Independent Lycopene Accumulation

Regulation of isoprenoid end-product synthesis required for normal growth and development in plants is not well understood. To investigate the extent to which specific genes for the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) are involved in end-product regulation, we manipulated expression of the HMG1 and HMG2 genes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit using arachidonic acid (AA). In developing young fruit AA blocked fruit growth, inhibited HMG1, and activated HMG2 expression. These results are consistent with other reports indicating that HMG1 expression is closely correlated with growth processes requiring phytosterol production. In mature-green fruit AA strongly induced the expression of HMG2, PSY1 (the gene for phytoene synthase), and lycopene accumulation before the normal onset of carotenoid synthesis and ripening. The induction of lycopene synthesis was not blocked by inhibition of HMGR activity using mevinolin, suggesting that cytoplasmic HMGR is not required for carotenoid synthesis. Our results are consistent with the function of an alternative plastid isoprenoid pathway (the Rohmer pathway) that appears to direct the production of carotenoids during tomato fruit ripening.
A review of catalytically grown carbon nanofibers

Carbon nanofibers (sometimes known as carbon filaments) can be produced in a relative large scale by the catalytic decomposition of certain hydrocarbons on small metal particles. The diameter of the nanofibers is governed by that of the catalyst particles responsible for their growth. By careful manipulation of various parameters it is possible to generate carbon nanofibers in assorted conformations and at the same time also control the degree of their crystalline order. This paper is a review of the recent advances made in the development of these nanostructures, with emphasis both on the fundamental aspects surrounding the growth of the material and a discussion of the key factors which enable one to control their chemical and physical properties. Attention is also given to some of the possible applications of the nanostructures which center around the unique blend of properties exhibited by the material.
Promoting Successful Collaborations Between Domestic Violence and Substance Abuse Treatment Service Sectors: A Review of the Literature

Women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization are more likely to struggle with substance abuse problems than are women who do not experience IPV. Given the connection between IPV victimization and substance abuse, recommended practices urge collaboration between domestic violence service agencies and substance abuse treatment agencies to provide comprehensive services for women with these co-occurring problems. However, domestic violence and substance abuse services have unique histories of development that have led to distinct ways of service delivery. To promote successful collaborations, service providers and researchers are developing strategies to foster relationships across the two service sectors. The authors conducted a review of this emerging body of knowledge with the aim of assembling recommendations for strategies to foster collaboration between domestic violence and substance abuse services. The authors identified 15 documents for review inclusion and our analysis established 5 categories of documents. Findings yield key collaboration strategies and recommended service models. In addition, the review determined the existence of considerable challenges to promoting collaborative relationships between domestic violence and substance abuse treatment service sectors.