cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supersaturation and hydride formation in the dilute phase of Pd–H and Pd–Mn–H alloys

Abstract Annealed Pd exhibits supersaturation of the dilute phase before the hydride phase forms and this is characterized here by measurements of both |Δ H H | and equilibrium p H 2 . Dilute phase |Δ H H | and p H 2 values were determined for annealed Pd for both absorption and desorption of H 2 and the |Δ H H | were the same for both and the dilute phase H 2 isotherms were also the same, i.e., absorption/desorption was reversible. Pd, which has a high dislocation density, however, does not exhibit supersaturation, and its |Δ H H | values are a continuous function of H/Pd in contrast to annealed Pd where there is a discontinuity at the phase boundary. In addition, absorption/desorption of H 2 is irreversible for this “cycled” Pd. The same phenomena were examined for several substitutional fcc Pd–Mn alloys; supersaturation was also observed for the three alloys: X Mn = 0.01, 0.05 and 0.075.
The heats of formation of NO3− and NO3− association complexes with HNO3 and HBr

The equilibrium constant for the reaction has been determined between 331 and 480°K using a variable-temperature flowing afterglow. These data give ΔH°(1) = -1.03 ± 0.21 kcal/mol and ΔS°(1) = —4.6 ± 1.0 cal/mol°K. When combined with the known thermochemical values for HBr, Br−, and HNO3, this yields ΔH(NO3−) = -74.81 ± 0.54 kcal/mol and S(NO3−) = 59.4 cal/mol·°K. In addition ΔHn-1,n and ΔSn-1,nfor the gas-phase reactions were determined for n = 2 and 3. The implications of these measurements to gas-phase negative ion chemistry are discussed.
High-efficiency hydrogenated amorphous/crystalline Si heterojunction solar cells

The heterojunction crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell is one of the most promising cell structures for high-performance and low-cost solar electricity generation. Efficiencies of more than 22% and the highest open-circuit voltage (0.739 V) for c-Si solar cells have been achieved by the Sanyo group with this structure. A thin intrinsic layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon combined with doped layers effectively passivates the c-Si surface, reducing surface defects, but also allows carriers to pass through the passivating layer without significant loss. It is this feature that makes a-Si:H uniquely different than other dielectric passivation layers, such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The heterojunction structure uses wider bandgap materials to contact c-Si, preventing carriers from moving onto the wrong side of the junction and then recombining. In this paper, we will review c-Si solar cells with hydrogenated amorphous silicon emitters and back contacts.
The effect of temperature on Mg2+− and (Na+ + K+)-ATPases

1. 1. As the incubation temperature is increased from 38 to 80°, the ATPase activity of native and/or ouabain-treated microsomes of turtle bladder epithelial cells increases, reaches maximal levels, and decreases. 2. 2. The maximal activity occurs at 60–63° in native or ouabain-treated microsomes incubated in the presence of Mg2+ alone, Mg2+ + Na+ Mg2+ + K+. The maximal activity occurs at 50° in native microsomes incubated in the presence of Mg2+ + Na+ + K+; and at 58° in ouabain-treated microsomes in the presence of Mg2− + Na+ + K+. 3. 3. The addition of ouabain stimulates ATPase activity at temperatures above 38° in the presence of Mg2+, or in the presence of Mg2+ + Na+, or in the presence of Mg2+ + K+, but not in the presence of all three. This stimulatory action of ouabain is elicited in aging diluted suspensions, not in freshly extracted, concentrated suspensions of microsomes. 4. 4. Between 38 and 50°, the addition of ouabain partially inhibits the ATPase activity in the presence ofMg2+ + Na + + K+ (presumably by suppression of the Na+ + K+ increment of the total activity). Between 55 and 80°, oubain has no apparent effect on ATPase activity in the presence of Mg2+ + Na+ + K+. 5. 5. The addition of either Na+ or K+ decreases the Mg2+-dependent activity of the native and ouabain-treated microsomes at temperatures above 38°. This inhibition is independent of the age or degree of dilution of the microsomal suspension. A qualitatively similar inhibition after the simultaneous addition of Na+ and K+ is elicited above 55°. 6. 6. From 38 to 50°, the simultaneous addition of Na+ and K+ doubles the Mg2+- dependent activity in native microsomes. 7. 7. ATPase activity in the presence of Mg2+ alone was significantly greater than that in the presence of Mg2+ + Na+ + K+ + ouabain over a wide range of temperatures. 8. 8. The free energy of activation, E∗, and the free energy, δF∗, of the ATPase-catalyzed hydrolysis were estimated. 9. 9. An attempt was made to correlate the effects of Na+, K+, and ouabain on some of the properties of ATPase with hydrogen bonding.
Formation of cross‐cultural relationships of Taiwanese international students in the United States

The formation of cross-cultural relationships has been shown to be an important predictor of international students' adjustment in the United States. However, few empirical studies have identified the factors that contribute to the formation of such relationships. This longitudinal study empirically examined social network composition of 155 Taiwanese graduate students at approximately 1 year (14 months) after they arrived in the United States, as predicted by prearrival, and 2 and 9 months postarrival data. A multidimensional model of social network composition, including personality, knowledge, attitude, skill, and environmental context, guided the study. Using a regression model, the probability of forming friendship with Americans at 14 months postarrival was positively associated with the following factors: their personality (i.e., extraversion), knowledge of the United States, attitude about forming friendship with Americans (positive association) and Taiwanese (negative association), their communication skills (facility understanding English), and their social environmental context (limited availability of Chinese students on their campus). Implications of the study findings are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1286 DIABETIC EMBRYOPATHY: CORRECTED BY ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) AND INFLUENCED BY H-2 HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

1286 DIABETIC EMBRYOPATHY: CORRECTED BY ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) AND INFLUENCED BY H-2 HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
Psychosocial pathways to childhood obesity: A pilot study involving a high risk preschool sample

Abstract This pilot study adopts a systems theory perspective to explore associations between parent and child factors and children's body mass index (BMI). Forty mothers and their preschool-aged children (3–6 years) who were eligible for Head Start were recruited. Measures included demographic risk, maternal depression, negative parenting, children's impulsivity, children's approach to eating, and BMI. Structural Equation Modeling supported a mediating model such that mothers who reported greater demographic risk and more depressive symptoms showed higher rates of negative parenting. In turn, more negative parenting predicted higher child impulsivity ratings, which were related to higher food approach scores. Finally, children who scored higher in food approach had higher BMIs. Tests of sub-models excluding any of the mediating variables indicated a significantly worse fit to the data in each case. Results have implications for family-wide intervention strategies to help lower the risk for early-onset obesity in high-risk children.
Hydration Studies of Maltodextrins by Proton, Deuterium and Oxygen-17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Comparative studies of the hydration of maltodextrins were undertaken by proton, deuterium and oxygen-17 NMR. The 1H and 2H-NMR transverse relaxation rates of hydrated maltodextrins were sensitive to both chemical exchange with the solvent and hydrogen bonding involving hydroxyl groups. The short average correlation time of water “bound” to maltodextrins (∼ 47 ps) derived from our 17O-NMR data shows that water is highly mobile and that maltodextrins–at high moisture contents–contribute little to the stability of food products. The onset of aggregation is monitored by all three nuclei. The mechanism of this aggregation process involves hydrogen bonding in un-heated polysaccharide mixtures and waxy maize starch samples, and is markedly affected by heating to 60°C.
Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes in Murine Collagen–Induced Arthritis: A Model for Human Rheumatoid Arthritis

Collagen-induced arthritis is an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis that shares a number of clinical, hematologic, serologic, and radiographic features with human disease. Predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis has been associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, HLA-DRB*0401/DQB1*0302 and resistance to DRB1*0402 and DQ6 genes. Animal models allow one to study the genetics and immunologic processes of individual genes involved in the complex human diseases. To study the interactions between class II molecules and to define their role in arthritis, the authors generated HLA-DR and -DQ transgenic mice. HLA transgenes are expressed on cell surface and can positively select CD4 cells. A peripheral tolerance is maintained to the transgenes even though an efficient T cell response to immunodominant antigens similar to human T cells is observed. Using HLA-DQ/DR double transgenic mice, the studies show that complementation between DQ and DR molecules contributes to predisposition to and severity of, or protection from, arthritis. Thus, these mice provide a powerful tool to understand the role of HLA molecules in the predisposition to and immunotherapy for human disease.
Nitrofurantoin: the return of an old friend in the wake of growing resistance

OBJECTIVE To re-evaluate the first- and second-line therapies for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI), as although fluoroquinolones are commonly used for this purpose, its level of use is thought to be inappropriately excessive and will eventually have a detrimental impact; thus we hypothesise that nitrofurantoin might be the best choice for this indication, due to its low frequency of use and its high susceptibility rate in common UTI pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analysed antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary isolates from 2003 to 2007, taken from a community-based institutional hospital in Brooklyn, NY, USA. RESULTS In all, 10 417 cultures grew Escherichia coli from 2003 to 2007. Overall, from 2003 to 2007, 95.6% of E. coli urine isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, with an average 2.3% resistance rate. By contrast, E. coli uropathogens had a mean 75.6% and 75.9% susceptibility and 24.2% and 24% resistance rate to both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, respectively. Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; ‘TMP/SMX’) had a mean 29% resistance rate to E. coli over the same 5-year period. CONCLUSIONS We consider that nitrofurantoin is a good fluoroquinolone-sparing alternative to co-trimoxazole; this study shows that nitrofurantoin is bactericidal to a mean of 95% of E. coli UTIs. Nitrofurantoin also has a resistance rate of 2.3%, by contrast to the quinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin), with resistant rates of ≈24%, and Co-trimoxazole, with a resistant rate of 29%. Nitrofurantoin is an acceptable treatment for uncomplicated UTIs and should now be considered the first-line treatment. A reconsideration of UTI treatment guidelines might now be appropriate.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in ground beef

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes , due to its association with animals and animal products and its proven pathogenicity, is an organism of potential importance to the meat industry. The survival of L. monocytogenes in ground beef held at 4°C for 2 weeks was investigated. The ground beef was inoculated with L. monocytogenes type 1 or type 4 at a level of 5 × 10 5 to 7× 10 6 CFU/g and then packaged in either oxygen-permeable or oxygen-impermeable bags. Packages were sampled at random at 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 14 days post-inoculation, and assayed for L. monocytogenes counts and pH. The number of L. monocytogenes in ground beef remained constant throughout the sampling period, and survival was not affected by package permeability to oxygen. Listeriae were not isolated from the control ground beef. The pH of the meat increased slightly during storage, but was always in the in the range pH 5.6 to 5.9. It appears that L. monocytogenes in ground beef can survive without any substantial increase or decrease in viable cell population during refrigerated storage for 14 days.
Calpain inhibitors reduce retinal hypoxia in ischemic retinopathy by improving neovascular architecture and functional perfusion.

Abstract In ischemic retinopathies, underlying hypoxia drives abnormal neovascularization that damages retina and causes blindness. The abnormal neovasculature is tortuous and leaky and fails to alleviate hypoxia, resulting in more pathological neovascularization and retinal damage. With an established model of ischemic retinopathy we found that calpain inhibitors, when administered in moderation, reduced architectural abnormalities, reduced vascular leakage, and most importantly reduced retinal hypoxia. Mechanistically, these calpain inhibitors improved stability and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in retinal endothelial cells undergoing capillary morphogenesis in vitro , and they similarly improved organization of actin cables within new blood vessels in vivo . Hypoxia induced calpain activity in retinal endothelial cells and severely disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, whereas calpain inhibitors preserved actin cables under hypoxic conditions. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that hyper-activation of calpains by hypoxia contributes to disruption of the retinal endothelial cell cytoskeleton, resulting in formation of neovessels that are defective both architecturally and functionally. Modest suppression of calpain activity with calpain inhibitors restores cytoskeletal architecture and promotes formation of a functional neovasculature, thereby reducing underlying hypoxia. In sharp contrast to “anti-angiogenesis” strategies that cannot restore normoxia and may aggravate hypoxia, the therapeutic strategy described here does not inhibit neovascularization. Instead, by improving the function of neovascularization to reduce underlying hypoxia, moderate calpain inhibition offers a method for alleviating retinal ischemia, thereby suggesting a new treatment paradigm based on improvement rather than inhibition of new blood vessel growth.
Quantification of EUV resist outgassing

Outgassing from EUV photoresists under EUV irradiation must be minimal in order to prevent contamination of EUV optics. A better understanding of both the level of outgassing of current EUV resists, and the effect of outgassing on EUV optics is needed to set outgassing targets and to assess the risk of resist outgassing in EUV tools. In this paper, we document a technique for quantifying the EUV resist outgassing using both internal and external standards to baseline the GC/MS. In a comparison of internal and external standard, the two techniques give consistent baseline results. Quantification of the outgassing of a number of experimental EUV photoresists shows outgassing levels of 1E+10 - 1E+15 molecules/cm2 at the relevant lithographic dose. Protecting groups and PAG fragments are identified as the main outgassing components. The use of high activation energy resists, and non-ionic PAGs are identified as possible methods to reduce the outgassing levels of EUV photoresists.
Worlds within worlds : structures of life in sixteenth-century London

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements Note on conventions 1. Introduction 2. The nature and extent of citizenship 3. The growth of population 4. Demographic growth and Tudor London's economy 5. The standard of living 6. The substructure of society 7. Structural inequality 8. Patterns of mobility 9. Social stability in sixteenth-century London Appendices Bibliography Index.
Fiction is Truth, and sometimes Truth is Fiction

“Fiction is about everything human and we are made out of dust, and if you scorn getting yourself dusty, then you shouldn't write fiction. It isn't grand enough for you.” (O'Connor 1961, 68) “For t...
Sub-micron whiskers by vapor deposition

Abstract Crystal whiskers of chromium, nickel, iron, copper and gold, with diameters of less than 10−3 mm and lengths up to 0.3 mm, were grown by deposition from the vapor phase. The growth behavior for these metals was consistent with the mechanism proposed by Sears, to account for the growth of mercury, cadmium, zinc and silver whiskers by vapor deposition. However, the growth of whiskers was prevented when the partial pressure of oxygen in the growth zone was greater than the dissociation pressure of the metal oxide. This accounts for the lower limit of metal-vapor pressures encountered in the growth experiments with oxide forming metals and is substantiated by the non-existence of this limit in experiments carried out with gold. The technique used in this investigation provides a means of obtaining the required low-oxygen partial pressures, establishing small temperature differences primarily by radiation, and permits a direct measurement of the evaporation and growth substrate temperatures during an experiment. Several experiments were carried out on the α-γ transition of the vapor grown iron whiskers. It was found that they did not deform by kinking, except in special cases, as has been observed for halide-grown iron whiskers when they were heated or cooled through the transition temperature of pure iron. The only explanation that will satisfy all of the observations is that α-iron, in the form of small whiskers, can be super-heated several hundred degrees for several hours.
Using Random Walks to Generate Associations between Objects

Measuring similarities between objects based on their attributes has been an important problem in many disciplines. Object-attribute associations can be depicted as links on a bipartite graph. A similarity measure can be thought as a unipartite projection of this bipartite graph. The most widely used bipartite projection techniques make assumptions that are not often fulfilled in real life systems, or have the focus on the bipartite connections more than on the unipartite connections. Here, we define a new similarity measure that utilizes a practical procedure to extract unipartite graphs without making a priori assumptions about underlying distributions. Our similarity measure captures the relatedness between two objects via the likelihood of a random walker passing through these nodes sequentially on the bipartite graph. An important aspect of the method is that it is robust to heterogeneous bipartite structures and it controls for the transitivity similarity, avoiding the creation of unrealistic homogeneous degree distributions in the resulting unipartite graphs. We test this method using real world examples and compare the obtained results with alternative similarity measures, by validating the actual and orthogonal relations between the entities.
Surface Current and Charge Density Induced on Aircraft

The usefulness of the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) in computing the surface current and charge density induced on aircraft is illustrated. This is a high-frequency solution for an arbitrary incident plane wave and fuselage observation points. A pattem is presented for an arbitrary incident plane wave as well as a series of frequency and time domain plots for roil plane incidence. A 3-dimensional pattem is presented for plane wave incidence (as a function of incidence angle) as well as examples of roll plane results in both the frequency and time domain.
The stopper circuit: A controllable threshold circuit for all-magnetic logic

A group of all-magnetic logic circuits, which have been realized by interconnecting simple toroids, is described. These circuits employ what may be described as dynamic threshold control to select signal paths. Application of this technique results in a significant increase in power gain, which is directly translated into increased operating range. The scheme, classified as a 4-phase nonresistance scheme, is capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 kHz. The use of toroids rather than mulipath structures has resulted in increased flexibility in design, since the toroids can be selected specifically to match the requirements of each portion of the circuit. Minor loop characteristics of the cores are described in which an enhancement effect has been observed in certain materials. This enhancement is used to compensate for the softening of the threshold that typically occurs in partially set cores. Low-impedance coupling between the several cores that comprise each circuit (as well as between circuits) is emphasized. These circuits are capable of performing the basic logic functions required for general logic and also are capable of nondestructive readout. Operating data on experimental circuits connected to form a 14-stage ring counter is included.
Influence of process parameters on physicomechanical properties of petroleum coke

A study of the reactor temperature field in a delayed coking unit at the refinery yielded data on the rate of cooling, as great as 10 C/min at certain points. In the zones of the coke mass directly adjoining the channels, even higher cooling rates are realized. The authors investigated the distribution of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the coke, the values of which were measured because of the established fact of simultaneous deformation of the coke cake with the reactor shell as a result of the difference in CTE between the coke and the metal of the vessel. The cokes used in these studies were obtained in a laboratory reactor in a test unit. The first stage of reversible crystallization takes place in the pitch phase; in the second, chemical bonds are formed, and the petroleum coke is formed directly.
Emerging problems of antimicrobial resistance

The incidence of organisms resistant to various antimicrobial agents has risen over the last several years, resulting in an increase in morbidity and mortality and overall treatment costs. The emergence of virtually untreatable infections has focused the medical community's attention on this issue. This paper reviews common pathogens (both nosocomial and community-acquired infections) that have become resistant to antimicrobial drugs. Approaches that may prevent or retard the development of resistance among these organisms are discussed.
Mass dependence of finite size effects on the hadron spectrum

Abstract We extend our earlier work on finite size effects with two flavors of dynamical quarks by studying a new quark mass over a wider range of lattice volumes than previously studied. This allows us to study how the finite volume effects change as the quark mass is decreased and to more directly compare with weaker coupling results.
Risk Factors, Risk Prediction, and the Apolipoprotein B–Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio

van der Steeg and colleagues show that the apolipoprotein B–apolipoprotein A-I ratio does not improve overall prediction of coronary artery disease in a general population. In fact, newer risk fact...
Interference and propagation formulas and tables used in the federal communications commission spectrum management task force land mobile frequency assignment model

The computerized frequency assignment program developed by the FCC Spectrum Management Task Force utilizes monitoring van [1] measured occupancy data and models for propagation, interference, and noise. The propagation model was constructed by the Technical Division of the FCC Office of the Chief Engineer from measured FM and television data [2] and National Bureau of Standards measurements in the UHF/VHF range [3]. The co-channel interference model uses commonly accepted signal ratios between desired and interfering signals. The adjacent channel interference model is based on performance characteristics furnished by the major land mobile (LM) equipment manufacturers. The receiver and transmitter intermodulation interference models and the noise model were taken from the Report of the Advisory Committee for the Land Mobile Services [4]. None of the models is considered immutable. All will be continuously updated.
The origin and continuation of a western boundary current.

The origin of a western boundary current as a jet is accounted for by a transfer of potential energy to kinetic energy, and poleward changes along the western boundary are directly correlated to variation in Coriolis parameter.
Service-Centric Provisioning in WDM Backbone Networks for the Future Internet

A service level agreement (SLA) is a formal contract between the service provider (SP) and the customer. Among various specifications, the SLA states an availability requirement and a penalty the SP pays if this requirement is violated. Traditional approaches to protection use a fixed deployment of backup resources, or do not consider the status of a service. As more heterogeneous applications use optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) backbone network services of the future internet, these service-agnostic approaches are unable to accommodate the differentiated availability requirements. This results in substantial revenue loss either by refusing requests, or by accepting them and then violating their SLAs. In this paper, we propose and investigate the characteristics of a centralized control and management framework for service-aware, admission, and re-provisioning (SAR) in WDM backbone networks of the future internet. Our framework aggressively admits service requests, and dynamically reprovisions existing services by exploiting knowledge of their status. We first propose a GMPLS-based architecture and a revenue model for our analysis. Then we introduce a priority index, called urgency level (UL). An UL is assigned to an existing service indicating its status and relative importance, technically and economically. We reprovision resources by shifting them from low-UL services to provide backups for higher-UL services, which are more at risk of violating their SLAs or which have higher penalties. Our framework increases the revenue for the SP by creating more sales revenue and reducing potential penalties. Numerical results show improved performance in terms of 1) lower resource overbuild; 2) lower bandwidth blocking ratio; 3) higher SLA satisfaction ratio; 4) more balanced SLA violations; and 5) higher overall net revenue. Our framework is also shown to be effective for a range of failure models and penalty strategies.
Isolation and Characterization of ARA160 as the First Androgen Receptor N-terminal-associated Coactivator in Human Prostate Cells

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily that may require coactivators for proper or maximal transactivation. Using a purified AR N-terminal peptide as a probe to screen the human testis expression library, we identified an androgen-enhanced AR N-terminal-associated protein ARA160, which consists of 1,093 amino acids with an apparent molecular mass of 160 kDa. Sequence comparison in GenBank(TM) reveals that ARA160 shares an identical sequence with a HIV-1 TATA element modulatory factor, TMF. The far-Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that the AR can interact directly with ARA160/TMF. Affinity gel pull-down and mammalian two-hybrid assays further suggest androgen can enhance significantly the interaction between AR and ARA160. Transient transfection assays demonstrated that ARA160 might function as a coactivator for AR-mediated transactivation in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Our data further suggest that this AR N-terminal coactivator can function cooperatively with AR C-terminal coactivator, ARA70, in PC-3 cells. Together, our data demonstrate that ARA160 might represent the first identified androgen-enhanced N-terminal coactivator for the AR.
Intracellular trafficking of adenovirus: many means to many ends

The intracellular trafficking of adenovirus capsids has been described mainly through observations of trafficking by capsids from subgroup C adenoviruses in transformed cell lines. The basic elements of the trafficking pathway include high affinity binding of the adenovirus capsid to receptors at the cell surface, internalization by endocytosis, lysis of the endosomal membrane resulting in escape to the cytosol, trafficking along microtubules, binding to the nuclear envelope, and insertion of the viral genome through the nuclear pore. The net effect of this basic pathway is to deliver the adenovirus genome to the nucleus in a highly efficient manner with greater than 80% of the genome reaching the nucleus in approximately 1 h. However, exceptions to this trafficking pattern have been noted, including: (1) variations based on adenovirus serotype; (2) variations based on target cell type; and (3) variations based on cell physiology. This review summarizes the classical adenovirus infection pathway along with the exceptions to that trafficking pathway, providing an overview of intracellular trafficking of adenovirus.
Experimental and Simulation Results for the Impact of a Rotating Flexible Link with a Granular Material

In this paper, a rotating flexible link impacting a granular media is studied. The influences of initial impact velocity and impact angle are examined. The resistance forces are expressed as the sum of a dynamic frictional force (velocity-dependent) and a static resistance force (depth dependent). The penetrating angle increases with initial impact velocity as expected. However, the stopping time decreases with initial impact velocity for all initial impact angles for the considered system.
Behavioral Functions of the Septum: A Re-Analysis

Behavioral investigations of the functions of the septum have a very brief but stormy history. Prior to the early 1960’s, there was only a gentle interest in the septum as a possible relay station along the circuit which Papez (107) had postulated as a substrate for “emotions” or “affect.” The few experimental investigations which were reported in the 1950’s generally agreed with such an interpretation in showing “rage,” increased startle reactions (9, 10), and faster acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) (75) in rats with septal lesions. It was only after McCleary (91) followed up some of the implications of earlier electrophysiological (64) and behavioral (111) observations which suggested that the septal area might exercise important general inhibitory influences on autonomic functions as well as behavior, and demonstrated apparent inhibitory effects on passive avoidance behavior which were not readily compatible with the classic picture, that psychologists became seriously concerned about the septum. In the few years which have elapsed since then, a staggering number of reports of experimental work on the septum as well as a flood of theoretical interpretations of these data have been published. Just about every behavior and/or psychological function which has been investigated to date has been shown to be affected in some way by septal lesions, and attempts to account for these diverse effects in terms of meaningful neural dysfunctions have become increasingly convoluted and improbable. It is not possible to review this literature in any depth in the context of the present discussion, but I shall briefly summarize some of the major empirical observations and proposed interpretations before discussing some of our own attempts to understand this obviously very complex problem.
The Contribution of the World Health Organization to a New Public Health and Health Promotion

The author traces the development of the concept of health promotion from 1980s policies of the World Health Organization. Two approaches that signify the modernization of public health are outlined in detail: the European Health for All targets and the settings approach. Both aim to reorient health policy priorities from a risk factor approach to strategies that address the determinants of health and empower people to participate in improving the health of their communities. These approaches combine classic public health dictums with “new” strategies, some setting explicit goals to integrate public health with general welfare policy. Health for All, health promotion, and population health have contributed to this reorientation in thinking and strategy, but the focus of health policy remains expenditure rather than investment.
MIMO capacity with channel uncertainty: does feedback help?

We investigate ergodic capacities and optimal transmitter strategies in Rayleigh fading multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels with spatial correlation, when there exist channel uncertainties arising from the combined effect of channel estimation error and limited feedback. We consider both covariance feedback and instantaneous feedback, and formulate optimization problems that determine the capacities and optimal transmitter designs for both cases. In the high SNR regime, the optimal solutions have simple closed form formulas that involve inverting the channel covariance and waterfilling over instantaneous channel gains. Numerical results show that instantaneous feedback gives large capacity gain at low SNR and is also helpful at high SNR. Covariance feedback, on the other hand, seems to give little gain at mid SNR, but is almost as good as instantaneous feedback at high SNR under a reasonable channel estimation quality.
Thinking Globally, Eating Locally: Website Linking and the Performance of Solidarity in Global and Local Food Movements

It has become trite to observe that the Internet is allowing communities to spring up across distances that previously prohibited the timely sharing of experiences and strategies of advocacy. New communication technologies may aid the practice of frame alignment that social movements have always engaged in, but they may also highlight the dilemma between local and global forms of action. For example, food scandals continue to provoke varied and sustained public outcry, but are solutions to food provision problems conceived similarly at the local and the global level? Under the assumption that message makers use new media to perform and represent ideological sympathy explicitly, this paper looks at organizations facilitating the consumption of local food, compares their linking practices with those of organizations that actively oppose globalized agriculture, and describes the way local/global distinctions are implied, or performed, on the World Wide Web. It identifies a disparity between global rhetoric a...
A Delay-Duhem model for jump-resonance hysteresis

In this paper we present a Duhem hysteretic model that models jump resonance hysteresis in Dufflng's oscillator. In order to obtain the Duhem model, we use a nonlinear oscillator that can output a harmonic signal of specified frequency and amplitude. We also use a sliding time averaging system that captures the mean square value of a variable-period signal. The presented Duhem model represents the excitation frequency versus response amplitude hysteresis of Dufflng's oscillator in the sense of a persistent input-output loop under asymptotically slow periodic excitation. We also show that the jump resonance hysteresis is rate dependent.
Active cooling substrates for thermal management of microelectronics

Heat removal in printed wiring boards (PWB) is primarily accomplished through conduction. This work presents a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device comprised of an active cooling substrate (ACS) designed and fabricated to add fluidic cooling functionality to the PWB. Thermal management is enhanced through the additional heat convection mode. Synthetic jet technology makes the compact, but easily integrated, MEMS cooling device possible. The fluid control unit, a synthetic jet, has been implemented in an epoxy-glass printed wiring board by multilayer lamination. An air reservoir is drilled through the core of printed wiring board. A flexible polymeric diaphragm and a low profile electromagnetic driver create an active pumping system to produce vibrating air jets downstream of microfluidic channels which transports heat generated by hot microelectronic components. Test heater chips have been directly die attached to the substrate. The integrated packaging system has been characterized mechanically, electrically, and thermally. Peak jet velocities of 14 m/s and average jet velocities of approximately 3 m/s have been achieved at actuator powers of 60 mW. This integrated active cooling substrate has the potential for broad applications in thermal management at the system packaging level.
Nonlinear large amplitude vibration of composite helicopter blade atlarge static deflection

The nonlinear, large amplitude nonrotating free vibration of composite helicopter blades under large static deflection is investigated analytically and experimentally. A new model capable of handling large amplitudes as well as large deflections was developed based on the use of Euler angles and a harmonic balance, finite difference solution of the basic large deflection equations. The behavior of the first and second bending, the first fore-and-aft, and the first torsional modes of [0/90]3s and [45/0]$ graphite/epoxy flat beams were explored analytically as tip static deflection and tip amplitudes vary* Free vibration tests of several different lay-ups of composite blades show good agreement between theory and experiment. It is found that both large static deflection and large amplitudes can affect the fore-and-aft and torsional modes significantly, but bending modes are not influenced much by the geometrical nonlinearities.
Entropy and nucleosynthesis

Abstract The connection between entropy and nucleosynthesis is discussed. It is shown that the entropy per baryon is one of three parameters that characterize the end products of any type of nucleosynthesis process. The other two parameters are the neutron richness and the dynamical timescale. Several examples are given to illustrate how entropy provides a unifying concept for understanding nucleosynthesis.
Design and evaluation of an integrated planar localization method for desktop robotics

Localization and measurement of displacement are critical aspects to the operation and control of mobile robots. The motion of desktop robots, a class of mobile robots designed for use on a table, can be considered a special case of the general localization problem since the vehicle is primarily operated over a flat surface. Using the assumption that the motion of a desktop robot is essentially planar, this paper presents a novel method that senses the motion of two points to obtain both the position and orientation of the robot in two-dimensional space. The paper details how this method can be implemented using low-cost, off-the-shelf sensor hardware components and demonstrates its application in the Desktop-Bot, a compact desktop robot. Experimental testing validated features of this planar localization such as: estimation with minimal mean error (or drift), no external sensing hardware apparatus (i.e., on-board sensing), fast-update rates (/spl sim/50 Hz) and robustness to external occlusion.
Design considerations for ultrasonic power transmission to millimeter-sized implantable microelectronics devices

This paper presents the design considerations to improve the power transfer efficiency (PTE) of ultrasonic power transmission links for wireless powering of millimeter (mm)-sized implantable microelectronic devices (IMDs). We have shown by the ultrasound theory that the diameter of the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) ultrasonic transducers, operation frequency, and powering distance have significant effect on the sound beam profile and, therefore, PTE of the link. The proposed design guideline, which has been verified by measurement results, suggests that the Rx diameter should be maximized to the extent that the application allows, and then the Tx diameter and operation frequency should be carefully chosen such that the IMD locates inside the focal zone of the Tx transducer for a given powering distance. The PTEs of ultrasonic and optimized inductive links with 2 mm Rx have also been compared that suggests the use of ultrasound when the powering distance is larger than 45 mm.
Incest: the unknowable trauma

There are incest victims for whom the trauma is unknowable. It is held sequestered in their minds and not available to consciousness. The price to the victim is a group of recognizable signs, symptoms, behaviors, and deficits, some of which threaten the professionalism of the physician/patient relationship. They are described in detail here so that they can be recognized and the correct diagnosis can be made. Language: en
Method for estimating muscle forces during simulated space intravehicular and extravehicular lifting tasks

During long space exploration missions, astronauts experience reductions in bone mass, density, and strength, and muscle mass and strength as a response to weightlessness and reduced gravity environments. The muscle and bone strength required to successfully and safely perform critical mission tasks during spaceflight must be quantified so exercise and other countermeasures can be designed accordingly. This paper has developed a method incorporating a biomechanical model and, kinematic and kinetic data, that is capable of estimating joint forces during experimental lifting tasks under defined gravity environments. A musculoskeletal model was used to predict net joint moments and muscular forces from kinematic marker data and kinetic force plate data obtained during an experimental squat lifting task simulating EVA/IVA activities. Kinematic data was collected from time histories of retro-reflective marker coordinates using a video motion capture system. A full body model utilizing the ground reaction forces and kinematic measurements computed the moments and related muscle forces at the L5S1 joint. Computations were repeated for gravity levels of Earth (1g), and scaled representative to gravitational environments of Mars (3/8g) and Earth's Moon (1/6g). This study proposes a method to quantify the musculoskeletal strength required of astronauts performing a squat lifting task in multiple gravitational environments. These results demonstrate the capability to estimate net joint moments developed under weightlessness conditions, which along with muscle forces, allows for the development of spaceflight countermeasures designed to preserve astronaut musculoskeletal health. Nomenclature EVA/IVA = extra vehicular activity/ intra vehicular activity BMext = moment due to external force, Nm Mc = mass of the object under representative gravitational field, kg g = acceleration due to gravity under representative gravitational field, N/m MUB = mass of upper body, kg MAload = moment arm due to loads, m MAubcom = moment arm due to the upper body, m BMmuscle = moment due to muscles, Nm Ferec.sp. = force developed due to erector spinae, N MAi = moment arm due to muscles, m Ferec.sp.right = force developed due to erector spinae right, N Ferec.sp.left = force developed due to erector spinae left, N Fi = force developed due to i muscle 1, Graduate Student, School of Dynamic Systems, 598 Rhodes Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221, AIAA Non-Member. Graduate Student, School of Aerospace Systems, 745 Baldwin Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221, AIAA Non-Member. Asst Professor, School of Aerospace Systems, 724 Rhodes Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, AIAA Member. Associate Professor, Environmental Health, G07C Wherry Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, AIAA Non-Member.
Toxicity of Abamectin to Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The toxicity of abamectin to Liriamyza trifalii (Burgess) was determined with a leaf-dip technique using infested cowpea leaves. The LC50, and LC90 for the larval stage were 0.377 and 1.473 ppm, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 for the larval and pupal stages combined were 0.202 and 0.724 ppm, respectively. The relationship of concentration (x) to percentage of aberrant puparial forms ( y ) was linear through 0.65 ppm ( y = 96.34x + 5.55, R 2 = 0.90). Very few (0.5%) adults emerged from the aberrant puparial forms.
Looking for logic: The zoning—land use mismatch

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the disconnect between a parcel's actual land use and its corresponding zoning designation, focusing in particular on how single-family residential parcels are zoned. Using a unique set of detailed parcel information, we quantify the extent to which single-family land use is zoned as multi-family in the city of Phoenix, AZ. We carry out local spatial autocorrelation analysis, spatial regression, and regression models for proportions to analyze the pattern and associated explanatory factors for the fraction of single-family land use acreage by census tract that was zoned as multi-family. We find that the basic driver of mis-matched parcels at the tract scale is socio-economic, not physical or planning goal oriented.
Computerized Representations of 3D Structure: How Spatial Comprehension and Patterns of Interactivity Differ among Learners.

A number of educational fields are introducing computer visualizations into their curricula, yet our understanding of the cognitive phenomena underlying learning from these materials is relatively limited. We examined how learners used an interactive 3D computer visualization to comprehend spatial relations in a virtual anatomy-like structure. Our goal was to examine the relationships between a number of variables, including individual differences among learners (such as spatial abilities), and features of the computer visualization (such as the nature of the interface). We present two experiments in which we investigated spatial comprehension and patterns of interactions among individuals.
Transport of tetraethylammonium by rabbit renal brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles.

Brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles (BBMV and BLMV, respectively) from rabbit renal cortex were used to study transport of the organic cation, tetraethylammonium (TEA). Outwardly directed proton gradients stimulated uptake of TEA into BBMV and supported concentrative accumulation. Furthermore, an inwardly directed H+ gradient accelerated TEA efflux from BBMV. These data suggest that TEA transport in BBMV involved exchange with H+. The Jmax and Kt for TEA transport into BBMV under pH equilibrium conditions (pH 7.5) were 2.1 nmol.mg-1.min-1 and 0.15 mM, respectively. Under pH gradient conditions (6.0in:7.5out), Jmax increased by 270% with no effect on Kt. Uptake of TEA into BBMV was stimulated by an inside-positive electrical potential difference (PD), although exchange of TEA for H+ appeared to be one for one. In BLMV, H+ gradients had little effect on TEA uptake and were incapable of supporting concentrative transport. The Jmax and Kt for TEA transport in BLMV were 0.33 nmol.mg-1.min-1 and 0.37 mM, respectively. Inside-negative PDs stimulated this uptake, suggesting that it involved an electrically conductive pathway. TEA transport in BBMV and BLMV was inhibited by amiloride and cimetidine, although p-aminohippuric acid was without effect. Thus, secretion of TEA involves carrier-mediated transport steps at both the luminal and peritubular membranes, although an active step is not evident in isolated BLMV.
ON MIXED-DISCRETE NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Modified genetic algorithms are developed and presented in this paper. Principles of genetics and natural selection are adapted into the search procedure for mixed-discrete nonlinear optimization problems. Such classes of global optimization algorithms are based on a randomized selection of design space that yields an improvement in the objective function. An implementation of the approach to a series of test problems in engineering design optimization with diversity of variable representations and demonstrated nonconvexities are discussed, and the results are compared with other algorithms. Results show that genetic algorithms are able consistently to provide efficient, fine quality solutions that are robust to genetic parameters and provide a significant capability for mixed-discrete constrained nonlinear optimization problems