cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Ethanol Ingestion and Social Interaction with an Intoxicated Peer on the Odor‐Mediated Response to the Drug in Adolescent Rats

Background Using a social transmission of food preference paradigm in rats, we previously demonstrated that ethanol (EtOH) exposure during adolescence, as either an observer (interaction with an intoxicated conspecific) or demonstrator (intragastric infusion with EtOH), altered the reflexive odor-mediated responses to the drug. The 2 modes of exposure were equivalent in the magnitude of their effects. Human adolescents, however, are likely to experience the drug in a social setting as both an EtOH observer and demonstrator. That is, both interacting with an intoxicated peer and experiencing EtOH's postingestive consequences in conjunction with hematogenic olfaction. Therefore, we tested whether combined adolescent exposure as both an observer and demonstrator differed from either form of individual experience. Methods Beginning on postnatal day (P) 29, naive rats received EtOH or water exposures in a social interaction paradigm as either an observer, a demonstrator, or combined experience (where each animal in the interaction was, itself, an observer and demonstrator). Exposures occurred 4 times, once every 48 hours. On P37, the reflexive behavioral response to EtOH odor was tested, using whole-body plethysmography. Results The odor-mediated responses of adolescent EtOH observers, demonstrators, and combined exposure animals all significantly differed from controls. Compared to controls, however, the magnitude of the behavioral effect was greatest in the combined exposure animals. Moreover, combined exposure as both an EtOH observer and demonstrator significantly differed from either form of individual EtOH experience. Conclusions EtOH's component chemosensory qualities are known to be central contributors to its acceptance and increases in the acceptability of EtOH's odor, resulting from a social transmission experience, are predictive of enhanced EtOH avidity in adolescence. Our findings demonstrate that combined exposure as an observer and demonstrator, within a socially relevant framework, may represent a higher risk scenario for increased EtOH avidity in adolescence (and by extension adult persistence) as compared to the individual effects of direct ingestion or social experience with the drug.
Homogenization of the Bilayers of Cu-Al Alloy and Pure Copper to Produce CU-0.3 at.% Al Alloy Films

Preparation of Cu-0.3 at.% Al alloy films by homogenization anneals of metallic bilayers consisting of Cu/Cu-Al on SiO2 is studied to produce advanced copper based metallization for future ICs. The bilayer films were annealed at temperature in the range of 200°C–400°C and the depth profiles were obtained using Rutherford Backscattering technique. It is found that Al diffuses through the undoped copper layer to surface - leading to lower Al concentration in the original Al doped Cu layer and apparently increased concentration of Al in undoped Cu (not detectable by RBS). The resistivity of these annealed films ranged from 2.1 to 2.4 μΩ-cm depending on final Al concentration achieved. Electrical stability of such MOS capacitors was also investigated. All these results will be presented and discussed showing that Al-doped copper layers can be used as diffusion barrier/adhesion promoter between the oxide ILD and copper metal.
DECLINING IMPACT OF ISCHEMIC MITRAL REGURGITATION ON LONG TERM MORTALITY FOLLOWING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is an established complication of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We studied the change in incidence and outcomes of IMR in the past 20 years in a tertiary center. Amongst 3914 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 12
Medicare Letters To Curb Overprescribing Of Controlled Substances Had No Detectable Effect On Providers

Inappropriate prescribing is a rising threat to the health of Medicare beneficiaries and a drain on Medicare's finances. In this study we used a randomized controlled trial approach to evaluate a low-cost, light-touch intervention aimed at reducing the inappropriate provision of Schedule II controlled substances in the Medicare Part D program. Potential overprescribers were sent a letter explaining that their practice patterns were highly unlike those of their peers. Using rich administrative data, we were unable to detect an effect of these letters on prescribing. We describe ongoing efforts to build on this null result with alternative interventions. Learning about the potential of light-touch interventions, both effective and ineffective, will help produce a better toolkit for policy makers to improve the value and safety of health care.
Effectiveness of Insecticides for Protecting Ponderosa Pines from Attack by Red Turpentine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

In a series of experiments conducted from 1979 to 1982, the efficacy of carbaryl (Sevimol 4 and Sevin XLR), chlorpyriphos, fenitrothion, and permethrin was tested for protection of ponderosa pines from attack by the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte. Insecticide-treated trees and untreated controls were baited with western pine beetle, D. brevicomis LeConte, semiochemicals to subject them to attack by D. valens. Only 4% carbaryl (Sevimol4), 2% carbaryl (Sevin XLR), and 4% fenilrothion were effective in protecting trees from D. valens attack.
Closing the Brief Case: A Reactive HIV Rapid Antibody Test in a Pregnant Woman

1. After a positive HIV rapid antibody test, which of the following tests should be ordered next? Answer: c. According to the 2014 CDC recommendations for the diagnostic testing of HIV, patients with positive rapid antibody assay results should be tested by the fourth-generation
Analysis of Waterway Transportation in Southeast Texas Waterway Based on AIS Data

Abstract This paper studied the waterway transportation in Sabine–Neches Waterway (SNWW) using the automatic identification system (AIS) data. The SNWW is the most important waterway in Southeast Texas, which serves as an energy gateway to the U.S. The purpose of this paper is two-folded: one is to investigate the waterway transportation features in the SNWW from a macro level (using aggregate AIS data); and more importantly, this paper aims to investigate the frequency of vessel conflicts, which reflects the risk of vessel collisions in the SNWW. To realize these two purposes, AIS data were firstly cleaned to fit our research requirements, and a practical AIS-based method was proposed to evaluate the frequency of various types of vessel conflicts in the SNWW. This paper identified a series of hot spots in the SNWW that experienced high frequencies of vessel conflicts between big vessels, as well as those carrying hazardous materials. The paper also investigated the impact of time-of-day on the frequency of vessel conflicts at each hot spot. The findings of this paper can help researchers and waterway management agencies better understand the risk of navigation in the SNWW.
Review: Providing genetic-based risk estimates for disease does not affect risk-reducing behaviors in adults

Source Citation Hollands GJ, French DP, Griffin SJ, et al. The impact of communicating genetic risks of disease on risk-reducing health behaviour: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;35...
939 Accidental injury prevention in comprehensive school in Finland

Background All pupils participating in education are entitled to a safe learning environment. The Health Care Act (1326/2010) obliges comprehensive schools to monitor health and safety of school environments and well-being in learning communities every three years. Methods Health and welfare promotion in schools and educational institutions has been monitored by the National Institute for Health and Welfare and the Board of Education since 2006. In 2013 data were collected nationally using a form addressed to headmasters of Finnish comprehensive schools (N = 2734). The response rate was 74% (N = 2022). The topics covered also accidental injuries at school, accidental injury prevention, and safety promotion. Results Inspection of health and safety of school environments and well-being in learning communities provides valuable information about the safety situation in the schools and their surroundings. One in four schools (24%) reported either that they did not know whether an accidental injury risk assessment indoors had been part of the inspection or that these issues had not been considered in the inspection. About three in four schools (76%) had taken into account indoors risk locations for accidental injuries. One in three schools (33%) did not know whether an accidental injury risk assessment outdoors had been included in the most recent inspection or not. Accidental injury risks had been assessed in 68 per cent of the schools, and outdoors safety was found deficient in 28 per cent of the schools. Conclusions Multiprofessional inspection provides valuable information about school indoors and outdoors conditions, school surroundings, and safety at school trips. Most schools had paid attention to accidental injury prevention and safety both indoors and outdoors. However, a significant part of the schools did not monitor the risk of accidental injuries indoors or in the school yard.
Generic 3D Representation via Pose Estimation and Matching

Though a large body of computer vision research has investigated developing generic semantic representations, efforts towards developing a similar representation for 3D has been limited. In this paper, we learn a generic 3D representation through solving a set of foundational proxy 3D tasks: object-centric camera pose estimation and wide baseline feature matching. Our method is based upon the premise that by providing supervision over a set of carefully selected foundational tasks, generalization to novel tasks and abstraction capabilities can be achieved. We empirically show that the internal representation of a multi-task ConvNet trained to solve the above core problems generalizes to novel 3D tasks (e.g., scene layout estimation, object pose estimation, surface normal estimation) without the need for fine-tuning and shows traits of abstraction abilities (e.g., cross modality pose estimation).
Association of indoor tanning frequency with risky sun protection practices and skin cancer screening

Importance Indoor tanning is prevalent among young adults and women and is associated with increased risk of melanoma. Evidence suggests that indoor tanners may be more inclined to adopt poor photoprotective practices that further increase their risk of skin cancer; however, gaps in the literature exist in young adults and by indoor tanning frequency. Objective To examine the association between indoor tanning frequency and behaviors related to skin cancer prevention and to investigate whether these associations vary by age group or sex. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional population-based study of US 2015 National Health Interview Survey data including 10 262 non-Hispanic white adults aged 18 to 60 years without a history of skin cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures Rare/never use of sunscreen, protective clothing, shade; multiple sunburns within the past year; previous full-body skin examination. Results Of the 10 262 individuals in our study population (49% female; median age, 39 y), 787 (7.0%) reported having tanned indoors in the past year. Among individuals aged 18 to 34 years, frequent indoor tanners (≥10 times in the past year) were more likely to report never/rare use of protective clothing (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10-1.49) and shade (aPR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03-1.70), compared with individuals who did not tan indoors. Among women aged 18 to 60 years, those who frequently tanned indoors were more likely to rarely/never use sunscreen (aPR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.11-1.62), protective clothing (aPR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.15-1.42), and shade (aPR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.25-1.90) on a warm sunny day, as well as more likely to report multiple sunburns in the past year (aPR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00-1.45) compared with those who did not tan indoors. Individuals who tanned indoors in the past year were not significantly more likely to have undergone a previous full-body skin examination in any subpopulation examined. Conclusions and Relevance Individuals who tan indoors often exhibited a concurrent tendency to sunburn, avoid sun protection, and avoid skin cancer screening. Thus, the findings highlight that in addition to tanning bed avoidance, it is critical to emphasize sun protection and skin cancer screening in individuals who tan indoors.
Asymmetric paths of public debts and of general government deficits across countries within and outside the European monetary unification and economic policy of debt dissolution

The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of public debts and of government deficits/surplus across European countries within and outside the monetary unification. In particular, this study compares the dynamics of public debts and of general government deficits between European countries within and outside the monetary unification for the preceding and subsequent period the introduction of the Euro currency. Statistical analyses show that the evolution of public debts and government deficits/surplus is significantly different between European countries. Nations within the European monetary unification seem to have, from 2001, deteriorated trends of sovereign debts and government deficits in comparison with countries outside the European monetary unification. This dissimilar evolution of public debts and of government deficits between European countries can be due to manifold factors. These asymmetric paths of public debts and of government deficits across European countries may be one of contributing factors that generates uncertain scenarios and negative socioeconomic effects on patterns of growth of the overall European Union economy. A economic policy of debt dissolution is suggested.
Sagittal balance in degenerative scoliosis

Abstract Degenerative scoliosis is an abnormal three-dimensional curvature of the spine that occurs in adult patients with insufficiency of the ligamentous, muscular, and osseous structures. Imbalance in the sagittal plane has been identified as an important feature predictive of symptoms and disability in degenerative scoliosis. Surgical correction of sagittal deformity is one of the aims of treatment and is associated with improved outcomes. However, deformity correction can be a major procedure which has significant complication rates.
POSTER: Automated Load Balancer Selection Based on Application Characteristics

Many HPC applications require dynamic load balancing to achieve high performance and system utilization. Different applications have different characteristics and hence require different load balancing strategies. Invocation of a suboptimal load balancing strategy can lead to inefficient execution. We propose Meta-Balancer, a framework to automatically decide the best load balancing strategy. It employs randomized decision forests, a machine learning method, to learn a model for choosing the best load balancing strategy for an application represented by a set of features that capture the application characteristics.
Trifluoromethylselenolation and Fluoroalkylselenolation of Alkenes by Electrophilic Addition

Fluoroalkylselenylated compounds are still underused due to a lack of efficient synthetic methods. Herein, we describe an efficient synthesis of α-chloro-β-fluoroalkylselenolated molecules through electrophilic addition of in situ preformed fluoroalkylselenyl chlorides onto alkenes. The obtained compounds constitute valuable building blocks for further applications.
Stability and Reversibility/Irreversibility of Health Conditions

Living systems at all levels operate at far from equilibrium conditions. The human body exhibits exceptional stability and resiliency toward this stability via myriad feedback mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and extracellular matrix levels. Prigogine’s arrow of time refers to the fact that, at least for macroscopic systems that we can observe, there is a broken symmetry in the bidirectional orientation of time such that it only moves to the future. The directional and irreversible shift in a system’s properties occurs at a non-equilibrium critical point around which disturbances create vortices or tori fluctuations in the system. Health and medical interventions serve as modulators to set the boundaries for trajectory change, hence maintaining the Lyapunov exponent λ within reasonable limits and the irreversible arrow of time.
Editorial: Response to the American College of Physicians Osteoporosis Guideline, 2017 Update

The American College of Physicians (ACP) recently updated their clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of low bone density and osteoporosis. These guidelines, aimed at generalists, importantly emphasize the critical nature of osteoporosis and provide a basic framework to guide its management. We support the ACP's effort to improve awareness and treatment of osteoporosis. However, we would like to address some important limitations encompassed by the six ACP recommendations that are particularly relevant to specialists, such as rheumatologists. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Isolation and Culture of Neurons and Astrocytes from the Mouse Brain Cortex

Many experimental animal models of human neurodegenerative diseases have been developed to understand the events leading toward neuronal dysfunction and death. However, definitive comprehension of the molecular and cellular mechanisms in these animal models is problematic because of the complexity of the intact nervous tissue. Primary neuronal cultures prepared from rodent nervous tissues represent a powerful tool not only to study the individual contribution of different cell types (such as neurons or glia) to disease progression, but also to investigate the role of neuron-glia interactions during development and pathogenesis of disease. Here, we describe a method to isolate and culture neurons and astrocytes from the mouse cerebral cortex, and we also present a practical application for transfection and subsequent immunofluorescence.
Analysis of high power microwave windows

Two dimensional finite element analysis with absorbing boundary conditions is use to model a variety of window materials for Vlasov type high power microwave launchers. The results of this analysis are compared with experimental studies and optimal choices are identified.
Trackerless surgical image-guided system design using an interactive extension of 3D Slicer

Conventional optical tracking systems use cameras sensitive to near-infra-red (NIR) light detecting cameras and passively/actively NIR-illuminated markers to localize instrumentation and the patient in the operating room (OR) physical space. This technology is widely-used within the neurosurgical theatre and is a staple in the standard of care in craniotomy planning. To accomplish, planning is largely conducted at the time of the procedure with the patient in a fixed OR head presentation orientation. In the work presented herein, we propose a framework to achieve this in the OR that is free of conventional tracking technology, i.e. a trackerless approach. Briefly, we are investigating a collaborative extension of 3D slicer that combines surgical planning and craniotomy designation in a novel manner. While taking advantage of the well-developed 3D slicer platform, we implement advanced features to aid the neurosurgeon in planning the location of the anticipated craniotomy relative to the preoperatively imaged tumor in a physical-to-virtual setup, and then subsequently aid the true physical procedure by correlating that physical-to-virtual plan with a novel intraoperative MR-to-physical registered field-of-view display. These steps are done such that the craniotomy can be designated without use of a conventional optical tracking technology. To test this novel approach, an experienced neurosurgeon performed experiments on four different mock surgical cases using our module as well as the conventional procedure for comparison. The results suggest that our planning system provides a simple, cost-efficient, and reliable solution for surgical planning and delivery without the use of conventional tracking technologies. We hypothesize that the combination of this early-stage craniotomy planning and delivery approach, and our past developments in cortical surface registration and deformation tracking using stereo-pair data from the surgical microscope may provide a fundamental new realization of an integrated trackerless surgical guidance platform.
Network-Based Social Search

With the wide adoption of social media in recent years, researchers on social information access are gaining more interests on applying various of social interactions (e.g., friendship, bookmarking, tagging) for satisfying people’s information needs. In this chapter, we focus on methods and technologies to boost information retrieval performance based on the idea of representing social information as networks. We study three different types of networks: people-centric networks, document-centric networks and heterogeneous networks combining both. Information from these networks has been utilized to compute vertex similarity (at the individual level), identify network clusters (at the community level) and calculate entire network measurements (at the network level), which are further applied to help search problems not only for seeking documents but also when searching for people. This chapter provides an extensive reviews of existing methods and technologies for performing such two search topics using networks. Through this chapter, our goal is to provide readers with introductory review of the existing work, and provide concrete presentations of relevant technologies for designing and developing network-based social search systems. Finally, we also point out potential remaining challenges on this topic.
The Case of the Reaction-Diffusion Term Satisfying Newton’s Law

We discuss both the approximate and exact null-controllability of the diffusion-reaction equation governed via a coefficient in the reaction term, modeled according to Newton’s Law. Both linear and semilinear versions of this term are considered.
On the Maximum Capacity of Power-Controlled Cellular Networks

We are concerned with limiting the cochannel interference between transmitter-receiver pairs in a cellular network below acceptable levels, while accommodating as many transmissions as possible. The controllable network parameters are the transmission powers of the base stations, and possibly of mobiles too, in the cells. Efficient adaptive control of the powers is utilized to guarantee quality of service above a certain threshold at all times, given the continuously changing traffic of communication requests in the network. The quality criterion used in this study is the carrier to interference ratio (C/I) at the receiver.
Investigating the Relationship between Cost, Reach, and Richness in Distance Education

Is the money allocated to institutional distance education getting the results on the back end in terms of student achievement? A literature review of cost analysis studies on distance education is presented with three themes factored out from those studies: Costs (Institutional and student costs), Reach, and Richness (cost to the student). A synopsis of a study that produced evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of three distance educations strategies ( live , video , and web ) for enhancing the science learning of 94 midwestern elementary school teachers who were participating in a five-year professional development project is referred to throughout this piece. The results of this analysis suggest there is a sliding scale when looking at cost, reach, and richness in distance education. Introduction D'Ignazio (1993) compares distance learning in education with that of the corporate world, “Businesses have been building electronic superhighways while education has been creating electronic dirt roads. And sometimes on a dirt road, it's just as easy to get out and walk.” If we are to convert dirt roads to superhighways, we must continue to ask questions and seek answers through study of both dirt roads and superhighways. For the third time in fifty years distance education has been touted as the elixir that will cure all the ills in education and training. However, what is different is that never before has this much attention, money, publicity, and hope been invested in its practice in business and education (Saba, 2001) . "IT Funding challenges have become the number-one IT-related issue in terms of its strategic importance to the institution, its potential to become even more significant, and its capture of IT leaders' time” (Crawford, 2003) . Higher education institutions are feeling increased pressure to integrate distance courses. The justification for this pressure is primarily due to the possibility of higher student enrollment and the resulting increased revenue for the institution and for the departments from which the teaching originates. As the economy in the United States continues to slump, the demand to increase institutional revenue continues to increase exponentially. Many state governments are making up for their budget deficit by extracting the allocated funding for education. Institutions seeking innovative ways to combat costs are moving to more flexible ways of delivering teaching and learning (Archer, 1999) . Combined with the competition from for-profit institutions, the difficulty to produce quality distance courses with minimal funding, and attracting quality students is almost incomprehensible. There have been numerous cost analysis studies (Alaluusua, 1992; Archer, 1999; Branigan, 2003; Crawford, 2003; Cukier, 1997; Foreman, 2003; Hawkes, 2000; Jones, 2003; Katz, 1999; Marrett,
Fibrosis, a common pathway to organ failure: angiotensin II and tissue repair.

Abstract For heart, kidneys, lungs and liver alike, fibrosis represents a common pathway to their failure. Understanding pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in organ fibrosis are therefore of considerable interest, particularly given the potential for protective pharmacological strategies. Tissue repair involves inflammatory cells, including members of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, integral to initiating the repair process; and myofibroblasts, phenotypically transformed interstitial fibroblasts, responsible for collagen turnover and fibrous tissue formation. Each of these cellular events in the microenvironment of repair are associated with molecular events that lead to the de novo generation of angiotensin II (ANG II). In an autocrine/paracrine manner, this peptide regulates expression of TGF-beta 1 via angiotensin (AT1) receptor-ligand binding. It is this cytokine that contributes to phenotypic conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts (myoFb) and regulates myofibroblast turnover of collagen. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or AT1 receptor antagonism each prevent many of these molecular and cellular responses that eventuate in fibrosis and therefore have been found to be protective interventions.
Comment on Cardiac Arrest Survival in Pediatric and General Emergency Departments.

Pediatric readiness in emergency departments (EDs) has been a major focus over the last decade, but outcome data are lacking to justify the need for dedicated pediatric EDs. Michelson and colleagues1 have made an important contribution to exploring the relationship between patient outcome and emergency care setting. However, we are concerned that there are significant unmeasured confounders in these data that affect the validity of the association between mortality and ED type, thus bringing the study’s results into question. Pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival is known to be significantly affected by prehospital interventions, including bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),2 automated external … E-mail: jessica.j.wall{at}gmail.com
Translating prostate cancer working group (PCWG) criteria into a quantitative progression biomarker in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

5068Background: mCRPC is a bone dominant lethal disease. A validated endpoint in mCRPC trials is bone scan progression, which is semi-quantitative and rely on the appearance of new lesions as propo...
Inclusion and exclusion within a policy of national integration: refugee education in Kenya’s Kakuma Refugee Camp

This article explores the impact of global policy shifts toward ‘national integration’ on schooling for refugee youth in Kenya. Based on interviews and classroom observations in Kakuma Refugee Camp...
Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis (DUSN).

Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) is caused by a subretinal live and mobile nematode. Acute phase: Patients usually present with severe pain, decreased vision, vitritis/papillitis, and tracks of grayish-white lesions—and a live nematode. Late phase: Arterial narrowing, optic atrophy, diffuse disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with severe visual loss
Isocrates’ Panphilosophicus: Reading the Panathenaicus as a Rapprochement with Academic Philosophy

ABSTRACTThe Panathenaicus is often referred to as one of the weakest and most enigmatic of Isocrates’ orations. It has been criticized for lacking innovation, coherence, and rhetorical style. Furth...
9 Demography of the Labor Force

The labor force consists of the economically active portion of the adult population, and it is divided between the employed and the unemployed. Key measures of labor force include the labor force participation rate, the unemployment rate, and the employment-population ratio. Substantive changes in the size, composition, and distribution of the labor force are important in the development of a population’s economy. In particular since the demographic transition there have been significant increases in the number of adult women in the labor force, as well as changes in the timing of their entries and exits from the labor force. Withdrawal from the labor force for purposes of school, family responsibility, illness or disability, retirement and death are important to study and can be modeled to some extent with tables of economically active life. Self-employment and discouraged workers introduce additional difficulties in measurement.
Metabolic requirements of human pro-inflammatory B cells in aging and obesity

The subset of pro-inflammatory B cells, called late memory, tissue-like or double negative (DN), accumulates in the blood of elderly individuals. Here we show that DN B cells do not proliferate and do not make antibodies to influenza antigens, but they secrete antibodies with autoimmune reactivity, in agreement with their membrane phenotype (CD95+CD21-CD11c+) and their spontaneous expression of the transcription factor T-bet. These cells also increase in the blood of individuals with obesity and autoimmune diseases, but causative mechanisms and signaling pathways involved are known only in part. In the present paper we compare frequencies and metabolic requirements of these cells in the blood of healthy individuals of different ages and in the blood and the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of individuals with obesity. Results show that DN B cells from young individuals have minimal metabolic requirements, DN B cells from elderly and obese individuals utilize higher amounts of glucose to perform autoimmune antibody production and enroll in aerobic glycolysis to support their function. DN B cells from the SAT have the highest metabolic requirements as they activate oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation. DN B cells from the SAT also show the highest levels of ROS and the highest levels of phosphorylated AMPK (5’-AMP activated kinase) and Sestrin 1, both able to mitigate stress and cell death. This metabolic advantage drives DN B cell survival and function (secretion of autoimmune antibodies).
Liquid metal-induced corrosion of nickel-titanium alloys by gallium alloys for liquid metal-enabled shape memory applications

Abstract Liquid gallium-indium eutectic has seen an expansion of applicability, such as a multifunctional electro-thermal fluid within a NiTi shape memory alloy actuator. Various NiTi alloys and elemental Ni, Ti, and Cu were exposed to liquid gallium alloys from 220 °C to 950 °C for up to 1200 h. NiTi was additionally thermally cycled through martensite-to-austenite for 270 cycles. SEM and X-ray spectroscopy revealed corrosion morphology and reaction layer chemistry. Each tested NiTi alloy and Ti did not exhibit liquid metal-induced corrosion until a threshold between 400 °C to 600 °C, while Ni and Cu are attacked at temperatures as low as 220 °C.
Wavelet-based characterization of the spatial relationship of nerve and collagen in neuropathic adipose tissue

Obesity and diabetes often lead to peripheral neuropathy. Damage and axonal die-back of the peripheral nervous system constitutes peripheral neuropathy. By 2030, half of the US adult population is projected to be obese, and type 2 diabetes mellitus is most commonly caused by obesity. As incidences of obesity and diabetes increase, the adverse effects of neuropathy will also increase. Neuropathy, previously thought to only affect skin layers of distal extremities, has recently been discovered in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Obese adipose tissue is fibrotic, resulting in excess collagen deposition. Collagen organizes the peripheral nervous system, but its interaction with adipose nerves has not been thoroughly investigated. Using 2-photon microscopy combined with second harmonic generation microscopy, we examined the spatial relationship between collagen and nerve in the adipose microenvironment to gain a better understanding of neuropathy pathways and mechanisms. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient analysis suggests that an obese diet leads to greater colocalization between nerve and collagen in adipose tissue than a lean diet. These findings motivate further investigation as the Pearson Correlation Coefficient is restrictively optimized for structures that are overlapped, whereas nerves may simply be wrapped with or tightly associated with collagen. Here we present an adaptation of the multiscale 2D Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima method to reveal different anisotropic signatures across adiposeresiding nerve and collagen fibers in tissues from mice fed obese and lean diets, respectively. Based on these promising preliminary results, additional development of multiscale wavelet-based techniques will offer insight into neuropathy through thorough investigation of nerve and collagen spatial relationships.
Ecosystem restoration in the Everglades and Great Lakes ecosystems: past, present, and future preventative management

The ecosystem services provided by large, complex freshwater systems have long been subjected to various stresses by humans; drinking water, transport, manufacturing, and even recreation have been ...
Measuring shallow-water bathymetric signal strength in lidar point attribute data using machine learning

The goal of this work was to evaluate if routinely collected but seldom used airborne lidar metadata – ‘point attribute data’ (PAD) – analyzed using machine learning/artificial intelligence can imp...
Electrical properties of 90-nm InAlN/GaN HEMT on silicon substrate

Abstract GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) on silicon substrate have attracted much attention owing to the low-cost and the large area availability of the Si substrate. In this paper, the 90-nm-gate-length InAlN/GaN HEMT on silicon was fabricated and the device electrical properties were studied. The device presents a low drain-induced barrier lowing (DIBL) of 43 mV/V, a parasitic source resistance (RS) of 0.91 Ω⸱mm, and a peak of the intrinsic transconductance (gm0) of 553 mS/mm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest DIBL value among the reported GaN HMET on Si with gate length (Lg ) below 100 nm. The low-filed two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) electron mobility ( μn) was extracted and the dominated polarization Coulomb field scattering contributed to the increased μn with the increased of two-dimensional electron gas electron density (n2D). A current gain cutoff frequency (fT) of 175 GHz was achieved on InAlN/GaN HEMTs with a gate length of 90-nm.
A Shigella type 3 effector protein co-opts host inositol pyrophosphates for activity

Shigella spp. cause diarrhea by invading human intestinal epithelial cells. Effector proteins delivered into target host cells by the Shigella type 3 secretion system modulate host signaling pathways and processes in a manner that promotes infection. The effector OspB activates mTOR, the central cellular regulator of growth and metabolism, and potentiates the inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin. The net effect of OspB on cell monolayers is cell proliferation at infectious foci. To gain insights into the mechanism by which OspB potentiates rapamycin inhibition of mTOR, we employ in silico analyses to identify putative catalytic residues of OspB and show that a conserved cysteine-histidine dyad is required for this activity of OspB. In a screen of an over-expression library in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identify a dependency of OspB activity on inositol pyrophosphates, a class of eukaryotic secondary messengers that are distinct from the inositol phosphates known to act as cofactors for bacterial cysteine proteases. We show that inositol pyrophosphates are required for OspB activity not only in yeast, but also in mammalian cells - the first demonstration of inositol pyrophosphates being required for virulence of a bacterial pathogen in vivo.
Characterizing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the COVID-19 vaccination landscape

It is critical that we maximize vaccination coverage across the United States so that SARS-CoV-2 transmission can be suppressed, and we can sustain the recent reopening of the nation. Maximizing vaccination requires that we track vaccination patterns to measure the progress of the vaccination campaign and target locations that may be undervaccinated. To improve efforts to track and characterize COVID-19 vaccination progress in the United States, we integrate CDC and state-provided vaccination data, identifying and rectifying discrepancies between these data sources. We find that COVID-19 vaccination coverage in the US exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity at the county level and statistically identify spatial clusters of undervaccination, all with foci in the southern US. Vaccination progress at the county level is also variable; many counties stalled in vaccination into June 2021 and few recovered by July, with transmission of the Delta variant rapidly rising. Using a comparison with a mechanistic growth model fitted to our integrated data, we classify vaccination dynamics across time at the county scale. Our findings underline the importance of curating accurate, fine-scale vaccination data and the continued need for widespread vaccination in the US, especially in the wake of the highly transmissible Delta variant.
Isopentenyl Diphosphate Inhibition of Thiamin Diphosphate Enzymes, Especially Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase

Isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate compete with thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) thereby reducing the activity of deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS). Studies of this phenom...
Some Applications of Degrees

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two problems that use hyperarithmetical hierarchy, although the concept of degree does not appear in either problem. The first problem is suggested by a series of theorems of Tarski on undecidable theories. The second problem concerns categoricity. As it is well known, Peano arithmetic is not categorical in the powe— 0 א rthat is, there are nonstandard countable models. Although the theory of degrees of undecidability has progressed considerably in recent years, applications of the theory have been rather rare. Some applications can be found in the present work of Kleene; but these are mostly “inessential” applications—for example, at the expense of more complicated wording, the use of degrees could be replaced by a use of the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Now as Kleene has emphasized, the structure of degrees is essentially a refinement of the structure of the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. Hence “true” applications of degrees can come only when this finer structure is actually needed.
Cueing Transition in Sovereign Debt Contracts: Network Effects, Coordination Games, and Focal Points in the Choice of Mandate Versus Contract

In the face of dramatic recent changes in the norms of sovereign debt restructuring - the substitution of collective action clauses for unanimous action requirements in bond contracts - academics and policymakers alike have raised questions about the underlying dynamics of the drafting and adoption of sovereign debt contracts. How, over less than a year, could the market of sovereign debt issues under New York law have completely abandoned the longstanding constraint of unanimous consent to restructuring, and replaced it with the far more forgiving standard of majority action? I attempt a preliminary response, grounded in the microeconomics of network effects and an analysis of "coordination games," an inadequately explored corner of game theory. Neither network effects nor coordination games has been treated in the sovereign debt literature to date, but collectively, they favor what I term a "cueing theory" of the recent transition in sovereign debt contracts. A cueing perspective, in turn, has important implications for the further development of sovereign debt practice and convention, and suggests that the conventional dichotomy of mandate versus contract in the efficient transformation of such practice and convention may overlook public entities' true role in such development.
Scalable Dynamic Fuzzy Biomolecular Network Models for Large Scale Biology

Fuzzy logic is an effective language for models that interpret large scale, high throughput molecular biology experiments, including genomics, proteomics,metabolomics, and inhibitor screening. Two important principles apply for biological system modeling: (1) In the post-genome era, the development of novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutics requires interpreting the complex results of high-throughput multiplexed experiments, and a framework to efficiently and rapidly design hypothesis-driven experiments. (2) Biomolecular data are typically noisy and semi-quantitative, in particular because of the typical fluorescence output of high throughput experiments. Fuzzy biomolecular network models coupled with hypothesis generation strategies address these needs. In this chapter, we describe an integrated, data-driven method for extracting system models from data and generating hypotheses for experimental design. The method is based on scalable, linear relationships between nodes of a biomolecular network, representing the expression of genes, proteins, and/or metabolites. Data from high-throughput are fuzzified using a universal normalization method. Best-fitting models are generated through an evolutionary algorithm, and disagreements between plausible hypothetical network models are used as the basis for identifying experimental designs. The result is a modeling and simulation framework that can be easily integrated with text-based and graphical biological knowledge contained within existing literature and databases.
The Social Economy of Single Motherhood : Raising Children in Rural America

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The Context of Single Mother's Lives 2. Claiming Reciprocity 3. Accounting for Welfare 4. Building and Rebuilding Family 5. Falling in Love (Again) Conclusion Bibliography
All-cause and cause-specific mortality of immigrants and native born in the United States

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether US-born people and immigrants 25 years or older differ in their risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and whether these differentials, if they exist, vary according to age, sex, and race/ethnicity. METHODS: Using data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (1979-1989), we derived mortality risks of immigrants relative to those of US-born people by using a Cox regression model after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, urban/rural residence, education, occupation, and family income. RESULTS: Immigrant men and women had, respectively, an 18% and 13% lower risk of overall mortality than their US-born counterparts. Reduced mortality risks were especially pronounced for younger and for Black and Hispanic immigrants. Immigrants showed significantly lower risks of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, lung and prostate cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cirrhosis, pneumonia and influenza, unintentional injuries, and suicide but higher risks of mortality from stomach and brain cancer and infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality patterns for immigrants and for US-born people vary considerably, with immigrants experiencing lower mortality from several major causes of death. Future research needs to examine the role of sociocultural and behavioral factors in explaining the mortality advantage of immigrants. Language: en
Assessing Risk and Return: Personalized Medicine Development & New Innovation Paradigm

In making a credible business case for investors and industry stakeholders to view personalized medicine as a viable business model, we not only must create excitement in the promise of personalized medicine, but also must find viable alternatives in addressing the barriers or risks surrounding the biomedical discovery and development models of today. Some of the risks we identify include IP issues, difficulties in validating targets, ability to rapidly achieve proof of concept, navigating the famed "Valley of Death," and inefficiencies in the current clinical development process, as well as the need for new industry business models that predict an attractive return on investment. In this paper; however, we limit our discussion to the potential for personalized medicine to create efficiencies in the preclinical and clinical phases of drug innovation and generate economic returns. We also introduce unique industry collaboration mechanisms with nonprofit disease-focused organizations that serve an important role in de-risking aspects of drug discovery and clinical development in their respective disease sectors, as well as bridging early-stage funding needs. These collaborations and de-risking strategies could provide an important model for the further development and growth of the personalized medicine sector. With respect to definition, we shall use the more general term "stratified medicine," of which personalized medicine is the individualized member of a spectrum that includes empirical medicine, stratified medicine, and personalized medicine. In the latter two, a biomarker is critical in identifying sub-populations or strata of patients that can benefit from a therapeutic intervention that is related to that biomarker, or develops a therapy that specifically benefits an individual who possesses that biomarker. A biomarker also may identify strata of patients that might be susceptible to side effects from a particular therapy.