cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments and Modeling of a Liquid Droplet Transported by a Gas Stream Impinging on a Heated Surface: Evaporative Regime

Understanding the transport mechanisms involved in a single droplet impinging on a heated surface is imperative to the complete understanding of droplet and spray cooling. Evidence in the literature suggests that gas assisted sprays and mist flows are more efficient than sprays consisting only of liquid droplets. There has been few if any fundamental studies on gas-assisted droplets or spray cooling, in which a carrier gas or vapor stream propels the droplet to the target surface. The current work extends previous studies of a droplet impinging on a heated surface conducted by the same group from the single phase regime into the evaporative regime. For both regimes, understanding the transport physics due to the heat transfer from the heated surface to the droplet and then by convection and evaporation to the airflow is of fundamental importance. High-speed photography was used to capture the spreading process and yielded results that correlated well with previously published isothermal and single-phase results. The heat transfer was measured with a fitting approach by which the instantaneous temperature profile was matched to an analytic solution to determine the instantaneous value of the centerline heat transfer coefficient. A very large increase in the heat dissipation was observed when compared to previously published single-phase results. Heat transfer was optimized at Reynolds numbers that produced an optimally thin liquid film and high heat and mass transfer coefficients on the surface of the film.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Jo Handelsman: Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend

Jo Handelsman is pioneer in the field of functional metagenomics, an author of numerous book and journal publications, a former editor-in-chief of the journal DNA and Cell Biology, and the former Associate Director for Science at the White House during the Obama administration. This chapter, written by her former postdoc Patrick Schloss, covers Dr. Handelsman’s life and career and features personal stories and reflections from the author.
Injection drug users' disclosure of HIV seropositive status to network members.

Disclosing that one is HIV seropositive may reduce the burden of disease by facilitating reduction in risk behaviors and mobilizing network support. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE) analyses were used to examine disclosure of HIV positive serostatus to network members among 161 low-income, current, and former injection-drug users living with HIV/AIDS. About 14% of the respondents reported they had not disclosed their serostatus to any network members, whereas 35% reported that they had disclosed to all network members. Respondents who had known their HIV seropositive status longer, did not currently use illicit drugs, or had more education were more likely to have disclosed their HIV serostatus. Characteristics of network members associated with having been disclosed to included HIV seropositive status, not being a drug partner, residential propinquity, having known the respondent longer, and having discussed drug use with the respondent. The findings suggest that injection-drug users with HIV are more likely to disclose to network members with whom they have strong ties, and that drug-using partners are at high risk for HIV infection because they are less likely to self-disclose their serostatus.
From Yaks to Tourists: Sherpa Livelihood Adaptations in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal

Mountain ecosystems require creative solutions to deal with ecological, political, and economic stressors, such as marginal environmental conditions, conflict, and fragile economies. The livelihoods of mountain peoples thus reflect short and long-term adaptations to cope with uncertainty. In this chapter, I explore Khumbu Sherpa livelihood adaptations in the world’s highest ecosystem. I assess how ecological, political, and economic forces shaped five centuries of human–environment relationships, such as limited arable land, protected area establishment, and an exploding tourism industry. The Sherpa follow the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism and practice specialized herding and farming and the gathering of forest products. They also actively traded with their southern and northern neighbors until the 1960s. At that time, tourism began to influence the social and environmental worlds of Khumbu and the Sherpa; it continues to be a dominant force of change. Specifically, I address the livelihood transition from agropastoralism and trade to tourism, focusing on how tourism influenced Sherpa ecological knowledge and understanding within the protected area of Sagarmatha National Park. I also discuss the development and implementation of local nonbiodegradable litter abatement programs. These programs are examples of emerging adaptations to manage contemporary problems. Sherpa livelihoods are in flux, reflecting the necessities and desires of a people in a fragile mountain ecosystem increasingly linked to the global economy.
A Comparison of FIFE Observation with GEOS Assimilated Data Including a Heterogeneous LSM

Several recent studies have shown that much can be learned by comparing grid-point data from a data assimilation system with in-situ observations from field experiments. While the surface heterogeneity is acknowledged in these studies, they lack quantitative representations of the influence of heterogeneity on the near-surface meteorology and surface hydrologic and energy balance. Here, we use the Betts and Ball FIFE site-averaged data. Standard deviations of the site-average will provide an estimate of the FIFE site heterogeneity. Recently, the Mosaic Land-Surface Model (LSM) has been incorporated into the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Data Assimilation System (DAS). The Mosaic LSM computes the surface energy and hydrologic balance for nine distinct surface types at each grid-point. Each surface type is proportionally weighted to determine the mean grid point properties. Hence, we can compare modeled and observed grid-point variability in addition to the mean properties. Also, assimilated data sets created with and without the LSM are compared. The results indicate the importance of including quantitative estimates of heterogeneity in the analysis of the land surface hydrology and energy balances in assimilation systems.
Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran: a shelter profile study

One in every nine refugees worldwide is from Afghanistan, and Iran is one of main host countries for these refugees. Close to 40 years of hosting Afghan refugees have depleted resources in Iran and resulted in promoting and sometimes forcing repatriation. Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran to Afghanistan has been long facilitated by humanitarian organizations with the premise that it will end prolonged displacement. However, lack of minimum standards of living, among other factors such as private covered living area, can make repatriation far from a durable solution. This study aims to highlight the value of access to shelter as a pull factor in ending forced displacement, by comparing Afghan refugees’ housing situation in Iran with returnees’ access to shelter in Afghanistan. Findings suggest that over 80% of surveyed Afghans in our study had access to private durable covered living space with minimum standards of living in Iran. The documents retrieved in our systematic literature review show that access to similar standards was between 30 and 73% among Afghan returnees. Results of our analysis call for reevaluation of repatriation as a durable solution for Afghan displacement in the absence of decent shelter conditions, and highlight a need for incorporation of shelter assistance programs into repatriation plans.
Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Tracing Among Small-for-Gestational Age Compared With Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Neonates.

OBJECTIVE To compare fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns during the last hour of labor between small-for-gestational-age (SGA; birth weight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; birth weight at the 10-90th percentile) neonates at 36 weeks of gestation or greater. We also compared the rate of cesarean delivery and composite neonatal morbidity among SGA and AGA newborns. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of intrapartum fetal electrocardiographic ST-segment analysis. We excluded women with chorioamnionitis, insufficient duration of FHR tracing in the hour before delivery, and anomalous newborns. Fetal heart rate patterns were categorized by computerized pattern recognition software (PeriCALM Patterns). Composite neonatal morbidity was defined as any of the following: intrapartum fetal death, Apgar score 3 or less at 5 minutes, cord artery pH 7.05 or less, base deficit 12 mmol/L or greater, neonatal seizure, intubation at delivery, neonatal encephalopathy, and neonatal death. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between FHR patterns and SGA adjusted for magnesium sulfate exposure and stage of labor. RESULTS Of the 11,108 women randomized, 85% (n=9,402) met inclusion criteria, of whom 9% were SGA. In the last hour, the likelihood of accelerations was significantly lower among SGA than AGA neonates (72.4% vs 66.8%; P=.001). Variable decelerations lasting greater than 60 seconds, with depth greater than 60 beats per minute (bpm) or nadir less than 60 bpm, were significantly more common with SGA than AGA (all P .05). Cesarean delivery for fetal indications was significantly more common with SGA (7.0%) than AGA (4.0%; P<.001). The composite neonatal morbidity was 1.4% among SGA and 1.0% among AGA (odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 0.74-2.64). CONCLUSION Although the FHR patterns in the last hour of labor differ among SGA and AGA neonates, as does the rate of cesarean delivery, the composite neonatal morbidity was similar.
Distributed or centralized? A novel supply chain configuration of additively manufactured biomedical implants for southeastern US States

Abstract The fabrication of biomedical devices close to hospitals using Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has been garnering a lot of attention due to the many potential benefits it provides. Unlike biomedical devices fabricated via Traditional Manufacturing (TM), usually available from suppliers out of the immediate region, biomedical implants manufactured through AM enables surgeons to receive more customized, sophisticated, and patient-specific parts on-demand with faster response, lower inventory level, and reduced delivery costs. However, the AM deployment approach which determines how close the manufacturing point is to the hospitals has a huge impact on the supply chain, and influences the amount of these benefits reaped by the patient, hospitals, and also the AM providers. The choice of deployment approach (central, distributed, or hybrid) remains an open question requiring careful investigation due to the relatively high AM machine and personnel costs, as well as uncertainties in the future. This study proposes a Continuous Approximation (CA) model that quantifies the supply chain network cost associated with AM-produced biomedical implants. We present an optimization algorithm that calculates the locations of the AM machines and the hospitals that they serve (otherwise known as the AM facility’s influence area), the quantity of raw materials to be kept in inventory at a central raw material warehouse (CRW), and the number of distributed AM facilities to minimize the total network cost and achieve a satisfactory patient satisfaction. We apply the cost model to a real-world case study that focuses on the use of biomedical implants in hospitals in 12 states of southeastern USA. Moreover, to demonstrate the effect of different parameters affecting the optimal decision, a number of different sensitivity analysis have been conducted.
Localized delivery of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells to peripheral nerve allografts promotes regeneration of branched segmental defects.

Abstract Segmental injuries to peripheral nerves (PNs) too often result in lifelong disability or pain syndromes due to a lack of restorative treatment options. For injuries beyond a critical size, a bridging device must be inserted to direct regeneration. PN allografts from immunologically incompatible donors are highly effective bridging devices but are not a regular clinical option because of the expense and health risks of systemic immunosuppression (ISN). We have developed a method to deliver a single administration of ISN localized around a PN allograft that circumvents the risks of systemic ISN. Localized ISN was provided by regulatory T cells (Tregs), a potently immunosuppressive cell type, that was delivered around a PN allograft with a poly(ethylene glycol) norbornene (PEGNB) degradable hydrogel. Tregs are released from the hydrogel over 14 d, infiltrate the graft, suppress the host immune response and facilitate regeneration of the recipient rats equal to the autograft control. Furthermore, this method was effective in a segmental PN defect that included a branch point, for which there currently exist no treatment options. These results show that localized delivery of immunosuppressive cells for PN allografts is an effective new strategy for treating segmental PN defects that can also be used to regenerate complex nerve structures.
Characterizing Shear Wave Contact Transducers by Immersion Scanning

Shear wave ultrasonic transducers for contact mode testing are commercially available. These packaged transducers usually contain a circular piezoelectric element and the mounting is such that the polarization direction of the shear vibration is defined by a line passing through the center of the transducer and the electrical connector. For measure ments in isotropic materials, the polarization direction is not important. For quantitative shear wave measurements in anisotropic materials such as composites1–3, it is important to know the polarization direction of the transducer with a good precision. Unfortunately, commercial shear wave transducers are usually not very accurate in their mounting; it is not uncommon to have +/- 10° of error in their polarization direction and much greater errors have also been encountered.
Enhancement of Hydrogen Desorption from NanocompositePrepared by Ball Milling MgH 2 with In Situ Aerosol SprayingLiBH 4

The prospect of LiBH4 + MgH2 mixtures has been limited by their sluggish kinetics despite their excellent hydrogen storage capacity theoretically. This study demonstrates that ball milling with aerosol spraying (BMAS) established in the previous study can not only tune the thermodynamics but also improve the kinetics for hydrogen release from a LiBH4 + MgH2 mixture. The improved thermodynamics has been evaluated from the viewpoint of the significantly heightened dissociation pressure. Nine different kinetics models have been used to analyze the solid-state dehydrogenation behavior of the BMAS powder with 50% LiBH4 at 265 °C. The kinetics analysis reveals that the rate-limiting step of this BMAS powder is initially controlled by the nucleation/growth process but then is changed to moving-phase boundary control and finally to diffusion control as the number of dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation cycles increases. The change in the dehydrogenation kinetics with increasing cycles has been attributed to the presen...
Asthma Education Simulations Impact on the Educator's Self-Confidence and Self-Perception of Efficiency Regarding the Use of Learning Strategies

Background: Asthma education is the gateway to improve patient adherence to self-management and improve outcomes. Educators should impart knowledge using evidence-based learning strategies that impact behavior and empower self-management. Learning strategies include teach-back method (TBM), teach-to-goal (TTG), and motivational interviewing (MI). Practicing MI within a controlled environment with observation is crucial to ongoing development. Asthma education simulations that focus on learning strategies have not been routinely used during educator training. Methods: This study was not deemed human subject testing by the local IRB. A comprehensive education program for respiratory therapists (RT) educators who provide asthma education was implemented. The program consisted of e-learning, interactive classroom time, and simulated education sessions. Twenty-one RTs provided individual asthma education to a simulated family (SF). Participants observed each other9s interactions via live feed and were provided feedback from a facilitator, peers, and the SF. RTs were given a questionnaire and asked to rate, pre/post simulation, their self-perception of efficiency related to assessing patient adherence to medications, discussing barriers/intervention strategies to adherence, and the use of elements of MI. RTs were also asked to rate their self-confidence in the use of MI pre/post simulations. Results: The mean score for self-perception of efficiency increased from 34. 1 (SD = 6.5) to 41.5 (SD = 7.6) post simulation. The mean score for self-perception of confidence increased from 11.6 (SD = 3.0) to 18.5 (SD = 3.8) post simulation. Conclusions: Simulated asthma education sessions as part of a comprehensive education program appear to increase RT educator9s self-perception of efficiency and self-confidence.
Confined spherically expanding flame method for measuring laminar flame speeds: Revisiting the assumptions and application to C1C4 hydrocarbon flames

Abstract The spherically expanding flame under constant volume method was introduced in 1934 by Lewis and von Elbe as a means to study laminar flame propagation at engine-relevant conditions. Despite its potential, this method has not been utilized extensively due to concerns regarding the underlying assumptions and data uncertainty. In the present study, the intricacies of the experimental approach as well as the models and assumptions involved during data interpretation were reassessed with the aid of direct numerical simulations. Results confirmed that stretch effects are negligible during the compression stage of the experiment for a wide range of Lewis numbers. Additionally, it was shown that the laminar flame speed is sensitive to the flame radius stressing thus the requirement that the modeling of flame radius needs to be done with the highest possible accuracy by accounting properly for product dissociation and thermal radiation from the burned gases. It was also shown, that the equilibrium assumption is valid for modeling the flame radius as a function of pressure and, as expected, the kinetic and transport effects are negligible. Subsequently, laminar flame speeds were measured for methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, n-butane, 1-butene, and isobutene flames for 8–30 atm pressures and 400–520 K unburned mixture temperatures. A hybrid thermodynamic/radiation model was utilized to interpret the experimental observables and derive the laminar flame speed by accounting for spectrally dependent emission from and absorption by the burned gases as well as product dissociation during compression. The data were found to be consistent with measurements obtained in spherically expanding flame experiments under constant pressure conditions and predictions using a number of current kinetic models.
Phase II trial of trifluridine/tipiracil and irinotecan for the treatment of advanced refractory biliary tract cancer.

TPS594Background: Effective treatment options are very limited for patients with advanced refractory biliary tract cancer (BTC). Fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy regimen such as 5-fluorouracil a...
Serum Transaminases at Presentation and Association with Acute Dialysis in Children with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Background To determine whether serum transaminases at presentation predict the need for dialysis in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Methods Single-center, retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with HUS. Data collected included demographics, clinical and laboratory parameters, and need for dialysis. These factors were compared between two groups: “dialysis” versus “no dialysis.” Continuous data were compared using a t test whereas categoric data were compared by the chi-squared test. Multivariate logistic regression was performed on a prior set of variables to determine if serum transaminases independently predict the need for dialysis. Results A total of 70 children were included in the study, of which, 39 (27%) received dialysis. The no-dialysis group had a higher proportion of white patients compared with the dialysis group (74% dialysis versus 94% no dialysis). The only clinical sign at admission associated with dialysis was reduced urine output (56% versus 16%, P Conclusions Serum transaminases at presentation are independently associated with the subsequent need for dialysis in patients with HUS. Our study suggests that when both serum ALT and AST are normal, the likelihood to need dialysis is very low; alternatively, when both serum ALT and AST are more than two times the upper level of normal, the need for dialysis is very high.
A Nash-bargaining model for trading of electricity between aggregations of peers

Abstract In the last several years, the growth in household solar generation and the lack of success of the feed-in-tariff programs have led to the rise of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading schemes among prosumers. However, a change that has started more recently is the growth of smart homes and businesses, of which loads are IoT controlled and are supported by advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). This has created a new opportunity for smart homes and businesses to form aggregations (coalitions) and participate in cooperative load management and energy trading. Unlike energy trading among individual prosumers in most P2P networks, a new trading opportunity that is emerging is between aggregations of peers of smart homes and businesses and electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, we consider one such trading scenario between two aggregations, of which one has smart homes and businesses with load consuming entities (not prosumers), and the other has EVs only. The aggregation with smart homes and businesses derive cost reduction through optimal load scheduling based on load preferences, market-based pricing of electricity, and opportunity to trade (buy) energy from the aggregation with EVs. Whereas the aggregation of EVs optimally schedules charging to meet EV needs and uses stored energy to trade (sell). A generalized Nash bargaining model is developed for obtaining optimal trading strategies in the form of plain or swing option contracts. A sample numerical problem scenario is used to show that suitable contracts can be derived that allow aggregations of peers to mutually benefit from energy trading.It is shown that there exist numerous alternative optimal solutions to the Nash bargaining problem. The solutions comprise different combinations of strike price and option value, for all of which savings to the parties remain constant. For plain option, with a contract quantity of 1 MWh, the total savings generated is equivalent to the average price of 1.62 MWh of electricity. Interactions among contract parameters (such as strike price, option value, and option quantity) and the relative market power of the aggregations are also examined.
Thioredoxin Decreases Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity, But Sensitizes Cancer Cell Apoptosis

Cardiotoxicity is a major limitation for anthracycline chemotherapy although anthracyclines are potent antitumor agents. The precise mechanism underlying clinical heart failure due to anthracycline treatment is not fully understood, but is believed to be due, in part, to lipid peroxidation and the generation of free radicals by anthracycline-iron complexes. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small redox-active antioxidant protein with potent disulfide reductase properties. Here, we present evidence that cancer cells overexpressing Trx undergo enhanced apoptosis in response to daunomycin. In contrast, cells overexpressing redox-inactive mutant Trx were not effectively killed. However, rat embryonic cardiomyocytes (H9c2 cells) overexpressing Trx were protected against daunomycin-mediated apoptosis, but H9c2 cells with decreased levels of active Trx showed enhanced apoptosis in response to daunomycin. We further demonstrate that increased level of Trx is specifically effective in anthracycline toxicity, but not with other topoisomerase II inhibitors such as etoposide. Collectively these data demonstrate that whereas high levels of Trx protect cardiomyocytes against anthracycline toxicity, it potentiates toxicity of anthracyclines in cancer cells.
Characterizing Health Inequities for the U.S. Transgender Hispanic Population Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Purpose: This study aims to describe health inequities experienced by transgender Hispanic (TH) individuals in the United States. Methods: This retrospective case–control study used the Behavioral ...
Zinc supplementation modulates intracellular metal uptake and oxidative stress defense mechanisms in CHO cell cultures

Abstract Trace metal variation in culture media has the potential to affect CHO cell culture performance in an unpredictable manner. Previously, zinc variation in CHO cultures were shown to impact cell growth, viability, specific activity and apoptosis [1]. In mammalian cells, zinc deficiency is frequently tied to oxidative stress. Although recombinantly produced protein drugs are affected by oxidative stress, the relationship between cellular metal uptake and key oxidative stress defense mechanisms remains unclear in CHO cells. Here, we developed a strategy to assess the intracellular zinc and iron content of cultured CHO cells. Next, we supplemented a CHO cell line producing β-glucuronidase (GUS) with 0, 50, 100, or 150 μM zinc sulfate cultured in batch mode in spinner flasks and in fed-batch mode in parallel bioreactors. Zinc supplementation impact on GUS production was marginal (≤ 6%), but, impacted glycan fucosylation by decreasing up to ∼15 % compared to control cultures. Zinc depletion in the supplemented culture medium was as much as ∼20 μM under intense fed-batch cultures in parallel bioreactors. However, in less intense spinner flasks batch cultures zinc depletion was less profound at ∼2−5 μM over the course of the run. Intracellular zinc analysis showed that most zinc consumption occurs primarily during lag phase and minimal consumption thereafter. Harvest day analyses showed a five-fold increase in intracellular iron, higher peroxidase activity and lowered total superoxide dismutase activity in zinc-deficient control cells indicating enhanced oxidative stress defense activity correlated to zinc deficiency. Comparatively smaller impact on CHO culture performance in spinner flask cultures indicated a stronger need for zinc supplementation under intense cell culture conditions.
How sugar-sweetened beverage tax revenues are being used in the United States.

We sought to describe how revenues from sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) excise taxes in 7 U.S. cities are being allocated, who is benefiting from these investments, and whether allocations are consistent with the original intent of tax legislation. We collected information from public documents and key informants about allocations in the most recent fiscal year available (ranging from 2018 to 2021). Across the 7 U.S. cities with taxes, the average annual revenue from SSB taxes totaled $133.9 M. In the fiscal year studied, cities allocated a total of $133.2 M in SSB tax revenues. Human and community capital investments totaled $89.6 M (67% of all allocations) funding early childhood development, community infrastructure improvements, and youth and workforce development. Health-related investments totaled $36.9 M (28% of total allocations), funding access to healthy foods and beverages; support for physical activity opportunities; promotion of overall physical, mental or social health and wellbeing; health and nutrition education; chronic-disease prevention and management; and reducing SSB consumption. In the 3 cities that specified how tax revenues would be spent, allocations were consistent with promised uses of revenues. In addition, 85% of aggregated revenues ($112.9 M) were targeted to support work and programs in impacted communities (communities that experience health inequities, discrimination and exclusion). SSB tax revenues are supporting initiatives to improve community health, develop human and community capital, and advance equity. These investments may yield additional health benefits beyond those resulting from lower SSB consumption. Consistent tracking and public reporting on revenue allocations would increase transparency and accountability.
Prevalence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Middle and High School Band Members: A Preliminary Study.

Objective This study was aimed at determining the risk of developing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in middle school band (MSB) and high school band (HSB) members. Method Between-group comparison of hearing thresholds. Eleven MSB members and 6 MSNB controls, 20 HSB members and 5 HSNB controls. Results Sixty-four percent of school-age band members presented with 15 dB HL or greater notch at 4,000 or 6,000 Hz in at least one ear. The high school students were slightly more likely to present with a notch. Conclusions Results indicate that participation in band even as early as middle school increases the risk of developing NIHL, and that the longer the participation the higher the risk. Steps to insure hearing preservation in school-age band members are recommended.
Sex-specific acute and chronic neurotoxicity of acute diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-intoxication in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats.

Preclinical efforts to improve medical countermeasures against organophosphate (OP) chemical threat agents have largely focused on adult male models. However, age and sex have been shown to influence the neurotoxicity of repeated low-level OP exposure. Therefore, to determine the influence of sex and age on outcomes associated with acute OP intoxication, postnatal day 28 Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were exposed to the OP diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 3.4 mg/kg, s.c.) or an equal volume of vehicle (∼80 µL saline, s.c.) followed by atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime (2-PAM; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). Seizure activity was assessed during the first 4 h post-exposure using behavioral criteria and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. At 1 d post-exposure, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in cortical tissue, and at 1, 7, and 28 d post-exposure, brains were collected for neuropathologic analyses. At 1 month post-DFP, animals were analyzed for motor ability, learning and memory, and hippocampal neurogenesis. Acute DFP intoxication triggered more severe seizure behavior in males than females, which was supported by EEG recordings. DFP caused significant neurodegeneration and persistent microglial activation in numerous brain regions of both sexes, but astrogliosis occurred earlier and was more severe in males compared to females. DFP males and females exhibited pronounced memory deficits relative to sex-matched controls. In contrast, acute DFP intoxication altered hippocampal neurogenesis in males, but not females. These findings demonstrate that acute DFP intoxication triggers seizures in juvenile rats of both sexes, but the seizure severity varies by sex. Some, but not all, chronic neurotoxic outcomes also varied by sex. The spatiotemporal patterns of neurological damage suggest that microglial activation may be a more important factor than astrogliosis or altered neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits in juvenile rats acutely intoxicated with OPs.
Against Accumulation: Class Traitors Challenge Wealth and Worth

Rich people are generally represented, both by academics and in popular culture, as desiring always to maximize and legitimate their wealth and social advantages. But some wealthy and class-privileged people have defined themselves as the beneficiaries of illegitimate systems of accumulation, and have reframed their own self-interest to include racial and economic justice. Participating in a range of organizations, they have begun to talk more openly about their wealth and class power and to take action to change the systems that have enabled their wealth, through policy advocacy, moving money to grassroots movements and solidarity economies, and shifting public narratives. But making these changes is harder than we might imagine. Drawing primarily on 90 interviews with people in the field, this paper addresses the affective, cultural, and strategic dimensions of working against accumulation and toward redistribution. I argue that these actions challenge deeply entrenched cultural common sense about accumulation, as both an indicator of good personhood and a goal of financial activity. This common sense is not only a characteristic of individuals but is also rooted in interpersonal relationships and financial institutions.
Deregulation of the Financial Sector

On May 24, 1984, then-finance Minister Noboru Takeshita and Secretary of the Treasury Donald Regan jointly announced a report prepared by the U.S.—Japan Ad Hoc Group on The Yen/Dollar Exchange Rates, Financial and Capital Market Issues. The group was formed in 1983 and took a year to develop its conclusions and recommendations which called for the internationalization of the yen, the institutional restructuring of the financial markets, and the decontrol of interest rates. This process became known as the deregulation or liberalization of the Japanese financial markets. (For a chronological listing of the financial deregulation measures, see Appendix B.)
Chapter 43 – Malignant Chordoma

Publisher Summary The causes of this rare malignancy are not known. Malignant chordoma is a very rare malignancy, which occurs with equal frequency among men and women in Los Angeles County and in other areas, with no racial/ethnic or consistent social class gradients. The causes of malignant chordoma are not known, and it has occurred with a constant rate over the period, at a level so low that even a single observed case produces a very high relative risk. No systematic pattern of occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation can be proposed.
Chapter 15 The Role of Intracellular pH in Insulin Action and in Diabetes Mellitus

Publisher Summary Diabetes is a major cause of death and is the leading cause of blindness. A major effort is being made to improve better regulation of blood glucose. This chapter discusses an alternative hypothesis that the effects of insulin upon biophysical processes—such as available free energy, electrochemical potential differences, and especially intracellular pH—are more relevant than plasma glucose to the action of insulin and especially to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Insulin, upon ion transport, increases pH i in amphibian tissue. In addition, in frog skeletal muscle and oocytes, insulin stimulates the Na–H exchange system in plasma membrane. The stimulation of glycolysis by insulin is due to activation of phosphofructokinase (PFK) by an increase in pH i consequent to stimulation by insulin of Na–H exchange at the plasma membrane. In frog skeletal muscle, the acute effect of insulin upon glycolysis is mediated by an increase in pH i secondary to activation of Na–H exchange. The rise in pH i resulting from insulin stimulation of Na–H exchange is part of intracellular signal for several effects of this hormone. Although, insulin stimulates both the Na + –K + pump and Na–H exchange independently, the consequences produced by the stimulation of either transport system feeds back on the other. The chapter presents a model of ionic part of mechanism of insulin action. In this model, the entire cell is the transducing system for insulin with the main energy, and information, transduction processes occurring at the plasma membrane. Finally, the clinical implications of the insulin action are described.
Wireless networks laboratory projects

The proliferation of wireless network-based products has ushered a new challenge to information technology educators, i.e., to produce graduates that are adequately trained to meet the demands of this rapidly advancing technology. This paper illustrates an attempt to address this issue and to augment the computing curricula with additional practical exercises. The design and implementation of wireless networks laboratory projects which are described in detail and the experiences that were gained on such experiments are presented.
Intracellular calcium transients evoked by pulsed infrared radiation in neonatal cardiomyocytes

Neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were used to investigate mechanisms underlying transient changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) evoked by pulsed infrared radiation (IR, 1862 nm). Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed IR-evoked [Ca2+]i events with each IR pulse (3-4 ms pulse⁻¹, 9.1-11.6 J cm⁻² pulse⁻¹). IR-evoked [Ca2+]i events were distinct from the relatively large spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients, with IR-evoked events exhibiting smaller amplitudes (0.88 ΔF/F0 vs. 1.99 ΔF/F0) and shorter time constants (τ =0.64 s vs. 1.19 s, respectively). Both IR-evoked [Ca2+]i events and spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients could be entrained by the IR pulse (0.2-1 pulse s⁻¹), provided the IR dose was sufficient and the radiation was applied directly to the cell. Examination of IR-evoked events during peak spontaneous [Ca2+]i periods revealed a rapid drop in [Ca2+]i, often restoring the baseline [Ca2+]i concentration, followed by a transient increase in [Ca2+]i.Cardiomyocytes were challenged with pharmacological agents to examine potential contributors to the IR-evoked [Ca2+]i events. Three compounds proved to be the most potent, reversible inhibitors: (1) CGP-37157 (20 μM, n =12), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (mNCX), (2) Ruthenium Red (40 μM, n =13), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (mCU), and (3) 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (10 μM, n =6), an IP3 channel antagonist. Ryanodine blocked the spontaneous [Ca2+]i transients but did not alter the IR-evoked events in the same cells. This pharmacological array implicates mitochondria as the major intracellular store of Ca2+ involved in IR-evoked responses reported here. Results support the hypothesis that 1862 nm pulsed IR modulates mitochondrial Ca2+ transport primarily through actions on mCU and mNCX.
MULTIPLE EXOSTOSES OF THE JAWS. REPORT OF A CASE.

Abstract A case of multiple exostoses of the jaws in a healthy white man has been presented. In addition to the rare pattern of distribution of the bony lesion, this case was of interest because of the intimate relationship of the bony outgrowths to advanced periodontal disease and the problems thus created in the treatment of the condition. The exostoses existed in conjunction with other minor developmental craniofacial abnormalities.
Demystifying survey research: Practical suggestions for effective question design

Objectives: Recent research has yielded several studies helpful for understanding the use of the survey technique in various library environments. Despite this, there has been limited discussion to guide library practitioners preparing survey questions. The aim of this article is to provide practical suggestions for effective questions when designing written surveys. Methods: Advice and important considerations to help guide the process of developing survey questions are drawn from a review of the literature and personal experience. Results: Basic techniques can be incorporated to improve survey questions, such as choosing appropriate question forms and incorporating the use of scales. Attention should be paid to the flow and ordering of the survey questions. Careful wording choices can also help construct clear, simple questions. Conclusions: A well-designed survey questionnaire can be a valuable source of data. By following some basic guidelines when constructing written survey questions, library and information professionals can have useful data collection instruments at their disposal.
Chapter 10 How to support learning from interaction with simulated characters

Publisher Summary The broad pedagogical approach underlying the educational interactive story systems is what Schank et al. call the Goal-Based Scenario (or GBS). A GBS is a learning environment in which the student's activity revolves around a central goal, or mission, which the system challenges the student to pursue. The systems discussed in this chapter represent an attempt to apply the GBS approach to areas in which the student's mission is carried out largely through interaction with simulated characters generated by the system. While this sub-class involves some particularly challenging design considerations resulting from the complexity of interactive characters relative to other components of GBS task environments, they are based on the same basic pedagogical philosophy as any other GBS. The theory of cognition and learning that underlies GBSs includes, among others, the following tenets that bear on the design considerations that are discussed throughout this chapter: (1) People learn knowledge that they have an opportunity to put to use in an authentic context, (2) People learn when allowed making meaningful mistakes, and (3) People learn from real-world cases, presented in a relevant context.
Picosecond transient reflectivity of photowashed GaAs surfaces

Until quite recently, nearly all investigations supported the existence of pinned surfaces on gallium arsenide crystals. This major technological problem was attributed to surface states, and a variety of models for these states have been proposed.
Metastatic Foci of Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma in a Tubular Adenoma of the Colon

We describe a case of adenomatous polyp of the colon that harbored small foci of signet ring cell carcinoma. The patient was a 64-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease and sepsis who underwent colonoscopy to evaluate the possibility of pseudomembranous colitis. A polyp was found incidentally in the right colon and a biopsy was performed. Histologic examination of the polyp revealed typical features of tubular adenoma without evidence of high-grade dysplasia. However, 2 small foci of signet ring cell carcinoma were identified that infiltrated the lamina propria. In contrast to adenomatous epithelium, the signet ring cells were immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin 7 and negative for cytokeratin 20, suggesting a metastasis rather than a primary tumor. Multiple random biopsies from the right and left colon, as well as the ileum, exhibited no histologic evidence of malignancy. Subsequently, signet ring cell carcinoma with similar morphology and identical immunophenotype was detected in biopsies from the endometrium, an unusual location for primary signet ring cell carcinoma. Preliminary workup excluded the breast as a possible primary site, but further investigation was not possible because of the patient's death with no autopsy granted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma to an adenomatous polyp of the colon. This case illustrates the necessity of submitting all polyps entirely and the importance of examining them carefully.
Mining versus Oil Extraction: Divergent and Differentiated Environmental Subjectivities in “Post‐Neoliberal” Ecuador

Resumen En el Ecuador postneoliberal la ecopolitica esta flanqueada entre la extraccion petrolifera y la mineria, siendo el primer caso un ejemplo del fracaso de las politicas neoliberales, mientras el segundo es reflejo de las promesas populistas. Este articulo analiza como en Intag el activismo antimineria refleja este cambio en las politicas neoliberales desde un estado petrolero a un estado “nuevo y progresivo” que defiende una agenda promineria. En un sentido amplio, este articulo examina, por un lado, la forma en que la contraposicion de estas divisiones ecopoliticas se movilizan en Ecuador con el proposito de producir un nuevo nacionalismo; y, por otro, como las subjetividades medioambientales existentes en distintos sectores se posicionan frente al estado. El analisis se centra en las representaciones y practicas que dan forma a las subjetividades medioambientales de actores que, resistiendo la explotacion de minas de cobre en sus tierras, operan simultaneamente a escala internacional, nacional y local y, por lo tanto, negocian multiples –y en ocasiones contradictorios- significados respecto a los recursos naturales y su uso.
Differential effect of plasma fractions from normal and tumour-bearing rats on nuclear RNA restriction

Differential effect of plasma fractions from normal and tumour-bearing rats on nuclear RNA restriction
Diastolic Heart Failure Versus Diastolic Dysfunction: Difference in Renal Function

Background Despite the common finding of diastolic dysfunction with a preserved ejection fraction on routine echocardiography in elderly patients, it is unknown why some patients with isolated diastolic dysfunction are asymptomatic whereas others develop diastolic heart failure (ie, signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure). Hypothesis We hypothesized that renal insufficiency is more common in those patients with diastolic heart failure than those with diastolic dysfunction; it is intrinsic renal insufficiency that determines whether diastolic dysfunction becomes symptomatic. Methods We reviewed 686 consecutive transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs). Patient age, race, weight, and cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease) were recorded. We used the Framingham Criteria for Congestive Heart Failure to determine the presence of diastolic heart failure by symptoms, exam findings, and radiological studies. Average creatinine clearance (CrCl), calculated by both total body weight and lean body mass, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated for each group. Results Of the 686 TTEs reviewed, 18 patients fulfilled the criteria for diastolic heart failure and 118 patients had asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction. There was no difference in age, race, or gender nor was there any difference in the echocardiographic variables of diastolic function or left ventricular hypertrophy between groups. Multiple regression analysis showed only lower CrCl (44 ± 36 mL/min vs 76 ± 42 mL/min, total body weight, P = 0.0015; and 31 ± 24 mL/min vs 51 ± 27 mL/min, lean body mass, P = 0.0012) and eGFR (44 ± 33 mL/min/M2 vs 69 ± 28 mL/min/M2, P = 0.0003) were associated with diastolic heart failure. There was no significant difference in the presence of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease between groups. Conclusions The results of this study support the hypothesis that patients with normal left ventricular ejection fractions but diastolic dysfunction develop congestive heart failure because of underlying renal insufficiency. A larger, prospective study is needed to confirm this hypothesis. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Stress in Female-Identified Transgender Youth: A Review of the Literature on Effects and Interventions

Female-identified transgender youth (FIT youth) have a male birth sex but identify as female, placing them outside of socially acceptable standards and increasing the challenges of adolescence. They face numerous potential sources of stress and have a higher likelihood of experiencing negative mental health outcomes due to lack of support, lack of perceived safety, and limited access to resources and like peers. Fortunately, there are protective factors and intervention strategies that help buffer against negative mental health outcomes. Intervention is encouraged to build on these factors and is likely to be most effective when applied at the individual, family, and school levels.