cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Once-Daily Etravirine Have a Role in the Management of HIV-1 Infection?

When individualizing therapy for HIV-positive patients and for those in whom the ‘preferred regimens’ of the US Department of Health and Human Services HIV treatment guidelines are not appropriate, a once-daily non-nucleoside with a fixed-dose combination of two nucleosides may be considered in patients who are adherence challenged, intolerant to other regimens but with no viral resistance, or in those in whom the pill burden or actual pill size was too great to accept. Despite having a 30- to 40-h elimination half-life, etravirine was never considered for once-daily dosing during development due to an unacceptably high pill burden in phase II trials. However, a recently published study, SENSE, enrolled 157 HIV-positive patients in a multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial that investigated 400 mg etravirine once daily with two nucleosides versus a comparator arm that included efavirenz and two nucleosides. The primary objective was to assess neuropsychiatric tolerability over the 48-week study period, with comparative efficacy as a secondary objective. Using the intent-to-treat time to loss of virologic response (ITT-TLOVR) analysis at 48 weeks, 76 % of patients receiving etravirine had an undetectable viral load of <50 copies/mL compared with 74 % of patients receiving efavirenz. This translates to a suppression rate difference of 1.6 % favouring etravirine (95 % CI −12.0–15.2) and met the non-inferiority criteria of a delta of −12 %. Baseline viral load was not observed to impact clinical response rates. Pharmacokinetically and clinically, studies indicate the efficacy and safety of utilizing once-daily etravirine in the treatment-naive population. While it is not appropriate for all patients, once-daily etravirine is best utilized for patients in whom caloric requirements, pill burden, pill size, potential adverse reactions, concomitant medications/drug interactions, psychosocial factors and patient preference preclude the use of a ‘preferred’ regimen. Etravirine dissolution in water allows for the flexibility of once-daily dosing with one fixed-dose combination tablet followed by an etravirine/water ‘chaser’.
Temperature-responsive semipermeable capsules composed of colloidal microgel spheres.

We present semipermeable, hollow capsules (colloidosomes) that expand and contract upon heating and cooling. The capsules are composed of micrometer-sized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylic acid microgel particles, which exhibit a reversible size transition near 34 °C. The microgel particles assemble on the surfaces of water droplets in oil. Addition of the diblock copolymer poly(butadiene-b-N-methyl 4-vinyl pyridinium iodide) to the oil results in soft, elastic membranes of microgel particles that remain intact after the droplet interfaces are dissolved. Under heating, the capsules contract reversibly by 13% or irreversibly by 40% in radius. These stimulus-responsive colloidosomes might be useful for controlled release or as microscopic actuators.
Zinc Protoporphyrin Regulates Cyclin D1 Expression Independent of Heme Oxygenase Inhibition

Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), an endogenous heme analogue that inhibits heme oxygenase (HO) activity, represses tumor growth. It can also translocate into the nucleus and up-regulate heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that tumor cell proliferation was inhibited by ZnPP, whereas tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), another equally potent HO-1 inhibitor, had no effect. Microarray analysis on 128 tumorigenesis related genes showed that ZnPP suppressed genes involved in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Among these genes, CYCLIN D1 (CCND1) was specifically inhibited as were its mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, ZnPP inhibited CCND1 promoter activity through an Sp1 and Egr1 overlapping binding site (S/E). We confirmed that ZnPP modulated the S/E site, at least partially by associating with Sp1 and Egr1 proteins rather than direct binding to DNA targets. Furthermore, administration of ZnPP significantly inhibited cyclin D1 expression and progression of a B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 tumor in mice by preferentially targeting tumor cells. These observations show HO independent effects of ZnPP on cyclin D1 expression and tumorigenesis.
Erratum to “Antagonism of activin by inhibin and inhibin receptors: a functional role for betaglycan-glycan”

Activin and inhibin research has provided important insight into reproductive physiology as well as many areas involving regulation of cell growth, differentiation and function. Progress in understanding the roles of these hormones in various cell and tissue types has been complimented by novel discoveries at the molecular level that have shed light on ligand/receptor interactions, signaling mechanisms and regulation. While the receptors and signaling pathway for activin are now well characterized, the molecular basis for inhibin action has remained relatively unclear. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding inhibin’s mode of action focusing on our recent identification of betaglycan as an inhibin co-receptor capable of mediating inhibin action. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Vacuole Size Control: Regulation of PtdIns(3,5)P2 Levels by the Vacuole-associated Vac14-Fig4 Complex, a PtdIns(3,5)P2-specific Phosphatase

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) is synthesized by a single phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase, Fab1. Cells deficient in P...
MR Imaging to Assess Immediate Response to Irreversible Electroporation for Targeted Ablation of Liver Tissues: Preclinical Feasibility Studies in a Rodent Model

MR imaging permits immediate depiction of ablated tissue zones for intraprocedural monitoring during irreversible electroporation ablation procedures.
Operando and In situ X‐ray Spectroscopies of Degradation in La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ Thin Film Cathodes in Fuel Cells

Information from ex situ characterization can fall short in describing complex materials systems simultaneously exposed to multiple external stimuli. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to probe the local atomistic and electronic structure of specific elements in a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O(3-δ) (LSCF) thin film cathode exposed to air contaminated with H2O and CO2 under operating conditions. While impedance spectroscopy showed that the polarization resistance of the LSCF cathode increased upon exposure to both contaminants at 750 °C, XAS near-edge and extended fine structure showed that the degree of oxidation for Fe and Co decreases with increasing temperature. Synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tracked the formation and removal of a carbonate species, a Co phase, and different oxygen moieties as functions of temperature and gas. The combined information provides insight into the fundamental mechanism by which H2O and CO2 cause degradation in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells.
Limitations of Cyclosporin A Inhibition of the Permeability Transition in CNS Mitochondria

Activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition may contribute to excitotoxic neuronal death ([Ankarcrona et al., 1996][1];[Dubinsky and Levi, 1998][2]). However, cyclosporin A (CsA), a potent inhibitor of the permeability transition in liver mitochondria, only protects against neuronal injury by limited doses of glutamate and selected ischemic paradigms. The lack of consistent CsA inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition was analyzed with the use of isolated brain mitochondria. Changes in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane were evaluated by monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), using the distribution of tetraphenylphosphonium, and by monitoring mitochondrial swelling, using light absorbance measurements. Metabolic impairments, large Ca2+ loads, omission of external Mg2+, or low doses of palmitic acid or the protonophore FCCP exacerbated Ca2+-induced sustained depolarizations and swelling and eliminated CsA inhibition. BSA restored CsA inhibition in mitochondria challenged with 50 μm Ca2+ , but not with 100 μm Ca2+. CsA failed to prevent Ca2+-induced depolarization or to repolarize mitochondria when mitochondria were depolarized excessively. Similarly, CsA failed to prevent mitochondrial swelling or PEG-induced shrinkage after swelling when the Ca2+ challenge produced a strong, sustained depolarization. Thus in brain mitochondria CsA may be effective only as an inhibitor of the permeability transition and the Ca2+-activated low permeability state under conditions of partial depolarization. In contrast, ADP plus oligomycin inhibited both permeabilities under all of the conditions that were tested. In situ , the neuroprotective action of CsA may be limited to glutamate challenges sufficiently toxic to induce the permeability transition but not so severe that mitochondrial depolarization exceeds threshold. [1]: #ref-4 [2]: #ref-25
Mitigating Soft Compatibilism

Let compatibilism name the thesis that determinism is compatible with free action and moral responsibility. 1 Compatibilists are united by their belief that determinism does not preclude moral responsibility or free action. They are divided, however, on whether the truth of determinism is nevertheless somehow relevant to moral responsibility. Two main positions on the issue have emerged. There are those who say that the truth of determinism is relevant because it is required for moral responsibility, and those who deny this and who insist instead that the truth of determinism is entirely irrelevant to the issue of responsibility. Most compatibilists fall into one or the other of these two camps. But a third position is available that, with one exception to be discussed towards the end of the paper, has yet to be seriously explored by compatibilists and their opponents, according to which determinism mitigates (without necessarily eliminating) responsibility. 2 My principal aim in what follows is to explicate this novel brand of compatibilism and to highlight the unique resources it possesses for dealing with a popular and forceful style of argument against compatibilism. I also discuss one of the most pressing challenges facing a compatibilist view of this sort, and offer some
Teaching computation to undergraduate scientists

This paper describes the motivation and design of an introductory computational course for natural, physical, and social scientists.
Story Spoilers Don’t Spoil Stories

>> Stories are a universal element of human culture, the backbone of the billion-dollar entertainment industry, and the medium through which religion and societal values are transmitted. The enjoyment of fiction through books, television, and movies may depend, in part, on the psychological experience of suspense. Spoilers give away endings before stories begin, and may thereby diminish suspense and impair enjoyment; indeed, as the term suggests, readers go to considerable lengths to avoid prematurely discovering endings. Transportation, a distinct form of story engagement associated with vivid imagery and enhanced enjoyment (Green, Brock, & Kaufman, 2004), is highly associated with suspense via close attention to the unfolding plot and interest in how it will be resolved (Tal-Or & Cohen, 2010). However, people’s ability to reread stories with undiminished pleasure, and to read stories in which the genre strongly implies the ending, suggests that suspense regarding the outcome may not be critical to enjoyment and may even impair pleasure by distracting attention from a story’s relevant details and aesthetic qualities. In complex stories, developments hazy in their implications on first read are readily understood when the narrative is revisited, and nervous stirrings of uncertainty may become warm anticipation of coming events once the story is laid bare. Reading a story with foreknowledge of its outcome may be analogous to perceptual fluency, in which perceived objects are processed with ease, an experience that is associated with aesthetic pleasure (Reber, Schwarz, & Winkielman, 2004), positive affect (Winkielman & Cacioppo, 2001), and story engagement (Vaughn, Childs, Maschinski, Nino, & Ellsworth, 2010). Schema discrepancy theory suggests that increased predictability can result in increased positivity of affective response, although this effect is dependent on initial level of uncertainty (MacDowell & Mandler, 1989). Thus, despite intuitive beliefs about the effects of spoilers, there are plausible theoretical reasons to think they may not ruin the pleasure of reading a story. Their actual effect remains unknown. We conducted three experiments, each with stories from a different, distinct genre, to test the effects of spoilers on enjoyment.
Outcome study in amblyopia: Treatment and practice pattern variations

This study retrospectively evaluates the results of amblyopia therapy and suggests hypotheses for future study. We address the various methods of treatment and evaluate the results from the most common therapy techniques. Practice pattern variations were analyzed in addition to the analysis of overall results. For ophthalmologists, there is a need to determine whether actual medical practice approaches the established standard of care, if it exists at all. How often are medical procedures, thought to be appropriate, based on anecdotal observation (case reports) rather than hard data (clinical trials)? The 3 types of vision loss evaluated were strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation amblyopia. The methods of treatment studied were full-time patching part-time occlusion, penalization, and occlusion of the contact lens. Nine centers, thought to have private as well as indigent patients, were recruited to participate in this study. The centers responded by filling out an extensive questionnaire and sending the information through the World Wide Web for inclusion in a spreadsheet. This information was then collated, and various statistical programs tabulated the results. Although trends, as a consequence of therapy, are suggested from our retrospective analysis, concrete results can only arise from a randomized prospective study. The study included 279 patients. There were a similar number of male and female patients. Only 77% of the patients without fusion before treatment had either single binocular vision or peripheral fusion at the conclusion of therapy. The log improvement of vision was significant in each group. Factors that potentially influenced the results were severity of distance acuity in the amblyopic eye before treatment, duration of treatment, and length of daily patching. The paper suggests that worse vision, not better vision, at the beginning, predicts better outcome in terms of improvement of visual acuity. For example, visual acuity less than 20/70 at the initiation of treatment led to better visual results of geometric log improvement. Surprisingly, among the 9 centers studied, there was a statistically significant difference in many of the areas related to practice patterns. Patient compliance, which directly affects outcome, was highly variable and is a factor that may be readily influenced by the treating physician.
Tracking rates of ecotone migration due to salt-water encroachment using fossil mollusks in coastal South Florida

We determined the rate of migration of coastal vegetation zones in response to salt-water encroachment through paleoecological analysis of mollusks in 36 sediment cores taken along transects perpendicular to the coast in a 5.5 km2 band of coastal wetlands in southeast Florida. Five vegetation zones, separated by distinct ecotones, included freshwater swamp forest, freshwater marsh, and dwarf, transitional and fringing mangrove forest. Vegetation composition, soil depth and organic matter content, porewater salinity and the contemporary mollusk community were determined at 226 sites to establish the salinity preferences of the mollusk fauna. Calibration models allowed accurate inference of salinity and vegetation type from fossil mollusk assemblages in chronologically calibrated sediments. Most sediments were shallow (20–130 cm) permitting coarse-scale temporal inferences for three zones: an upper peat layer (zone 1) representing the last 30–70 years, a mixed peat-marl layer (zone 2) representing the previous ca. 150–250 years and a basal section (zone 3) of ranging from 310 to 2990 YBP. Modern peat accretion rates averaged 3.1 mm yr−1 while subsurface marl accreted more slowly at 0.8 mm yr−1. Salinity and vegetation type for zone 1 show a steep gradient with freshwater communities being confined west of a north–south drainage canal constructed in 1960. Inferences for zone 2 (pre-drainage) suggest that freshwater marshes and associated forest units covered 90% of the area, with mangrove forests only present along the peripheral coastline. During the entire pre-drainage history, salinity in the entire area was maintained below a mean of 2 ppt and only small pockets of mangroves were present; currently, salinity averages 13.2 ppt and mangroves occupy 95% of the wetland. Over 3 km2 of freshwater wetland vegetation type have been lost from this basin due to salt-water encroachment, estimated from the mollusk-inferred migration rate of freshwater vegetation of 3.1 m yr−1 for the last 70 years (compared to 0.14 m yr−1 for the pre-drainage period). This rapid rate of encroachment is driven by sea-level rise and freshwater diversion. Plans for rehydrating these basins with freshwater will require high-magnitude re-diversion to counteract locally high rates of sea-level rise.
Carl Ludwig Schleich, a Scientist as a Pseudoscientist: A Psychological Explanation

The aim of this article is to propose the psychological processes that contributed to the transformation of a scientist into a pseudoscientist. The case of Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859–1922) is prese...
Late myocardial remodeling in cardiac allografts: challenges and opportunities.

ment of late myocardial fibrosis related to cardiac allograft vasculopathy. The present study provides the framework for further investigation into the pathogenesis of allograft remodeling. Specifically, additional mediators of matrix deposition and cardiac remodeling should be investigated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) may play a significant role in remodeling in heart failure. 4 Further evaluation is needed using immunohistochemical and molecular assessments of MMP expression from sequential endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Similarly, activation of the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to be important in adverse myocardial modeling in heart failure. 5 Conversely, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to attenuate cyclosporine-mediated myocardial fibrosis. 6 Thus, further investigation into the role of the renin-angiotensin system is warranted, even though the present study did not show a relationship between ACE inhibition and the development of allograft fibrosis.
Power-delay tradeoff over wireless networks

When transmitting stochastic traffic flows over wireless networks, there exists an inherent tradeoff between average transmit power and corresponding queuing-delay bound. In this paper, we investigate such a trade-off and show how average power increases as delay-bound requirement becomes stringent. Specifically, we propose the resource allocation schemes to minimize the power consumption subject to a delay quality-of-service (QoS) constraint, where the delay constraint is in terms of queue-length decaying rate when an arrival traffic is transmitted through the wireless networks. We focus on orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) communications under three different network infrastructures, namely, point-to-point link, multihop amplify-and-forward (AF) network, and multiuser cellular network. We derive the optimal resource allocation policies for each scenario, and compare their performances with other existing resource-allocation policies. The obtained simulation and numerical results show that using our proposed optimal resource-allocation policies, significant power saving can be achieved. Furthermore, our OFDM-based communications systems can significantly save the power consumption, especially under stringent delay constraint.
Guar Meal Diets as an Alternative Approach to Inducing Molt and Improving Salmonella Enteritidis Resistance in Late-Phase Laying Hens

Induced molting of laying hens is a practice used by commercial egg producers to increase the productive lifetime of their flock. However, the conventional method of inducing molt, which involves removal of feed, water, or both as well as a reduction in photoperiod to less than a natural day has drawn criticism due to animal welfare and food safety concerns. The objective of this study was to explore the efficacy of diets containing high levels of guar meal (GM) in inducing molt and reducing susceptibility to Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in late-phase laying hens. Late-phase (68 wk old) Lohmann laying hens were either full-fed standard laying hen diets (nonmolted control), induced to molt by feed withdrawal, or full-fed standard laying hen diets containing 20% GM with or without 250 units/kg of mannanase Hemicell supplementation. On the fourth day of treatment, all hens were orally challenged with SE (1.65 x 10(7) cfu). Hens were killed and evaluated for Salmonella colonization and differences in organ weights 5 d postinoculation. Salmonella Enteritidis present in crop, liver, ovary, and cecal contents were significantly reduced by feeding GM with enzyme supplementation compared with feed withdrawal hens. No significant differences were observed in reproductive tract weights of molted groups, although a difference in liver weight was detected. Results indicate that feeding diets containing 20% GM are as effective as complete feed withdrawal with respect to inducing molt with the added benefit of improved resistance to Salmonella Enteritidis colonization and translocation.
NCAR’s Experimental Real-Time Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction System

AbstractThis expository paper documents an experimental, real-time, 10-member, 3-km, convection-allowing ensemble prediction system (EPS) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in spring 2015. The EPS is particularly unique in that continuously cycling, limited-area, mesoscale ensemble Kalman filter analyses provide diverse initial conditions. In addition to describing the EPS configurations, initial forecast assessments are presented that suggest the EPS can provide valuable severe weather guidance and skillful predictions of precipitation. The EPS output is available to operational forecasters, many of whom have incorporated the products into their toolboxes. Given such rapid embrace of an experimental system by the operational community, acceleration of convection-allowing EPS development is encouraged.
Going with your gut: How William James' theory of emotions brings insights to risk perception and decision making research

Abstract The basic premise of William James' theory of emotions – that bodily changes lead to emotional feelings – ignited debate about the relative importance of bodily processes and cognitive appraisals in determining emotions. Similarly, theories of risk perception have been expanding to include emotional and physiological processes along with cognitive processes. Taking a closer look at The Principles of Psychology, this article examines how James' propositions support and extend current research on risk perception and decision making. Specifically, James (1) described emotional feelings and their related cognitions in ways similar to current dual processing models; (2) defended the proposition that emotions and their expressions serve useful and adaptive functions; (3) suggested that anticipating an emotion can trigger that emotion due to associations learned from past experiences; and (4) highlighted individual differences in emotional experiences that map on well with individual differences in risk-related decision making.
In Search of a Better Bean: A Simple Activity to Introduce Plant Biology

Measuring plant stem growth over time is a simple activity commonly used to introduce concepts in growth and development in plant biology (Reid & Pu, 2007). This Quick Fix updates the activity and incorporates a real-world application: students consider possible effects of soil substrate and sunlight conditions on plant growth without needing access to costly supplies. Although written for undergraduates, the activity could be adapted for secondary students.
Simple Model for Earthquake Response Studies of Torsionally Coupled Buildings

Simple models defined only in terms of overall system properties are developed to approximate the response of one-story buildings. A system with several resisting elements may be idealized as a single element system with the following properties: several parameters in the linearly elastic range of behavior are the same as for the multi-element system; and a single yield surface, circular in the normalized coordiante system, with yield shear and torque defined in terms of the corresponding properties of the multi-element system. The response of a single-element system defined in this manner is approximately representative of the inelastic response of a large class of multi-element systems. Consequently, the variety of building properties and plan layouts encountered in practice, which are too numerous for explicit consideration in studies of earthquake response ot torsionally coupled buildings, can be effectively handled by a single element model.
Ultrasonic Localization of “Missing I.U.C.D.’s”

The use of different intrauterine contraceptive devices (I.U.C.D.) has increased markedly in the past few years. To be effective, the I.U.C.D. must remain in the uterine cavity. Unfortunately, the devices are subject to both spontaneous expulsion and uterine perforation. It has been customary, therefore, to advise women to check for the presence of either a tail or string of their I.U.C.D.’s. The disappearance of these indicators can be due to (1) expulsion, (2) perforation of the uterus, (3) string cut too short, (4) retraction of string due to either rotation of the device or enlargement of the uterine cavity secondary to pregnancy or other uterine pathology.
Presuming Women: Revisiting the Presumption of Legitimacy in the Same-Sex Couples Era

One of family law's most venerable doctrines, the presumption of legitimacy, has reached a critical crossroads. On the one hand, this doctrine, which recognizes a woman's husband as the father of her children, has been eroding in recent years, thanks to both the decreasing disadvantages of illegitimacy and the increasing ability to determine genetic paternity. On the other hand, this doctrine is getting a "second wind" as one of the traditional (and gendered) benefits of marriage that some states newly have made available to same-sex couples. Using a functional test, which many scholars and law-reform efforts advocate, this analysis considers the extent to which the presumption, as a default rule of parentage, makes sense today for families - whether formed by traditional different-sex couples, gay male couples, or lesbian couples. The analysis concludes that a modernized version of the presumption is worth preserving for traditional couples and worth extending to lesbian couples. This extension to lesbian couples is consistent with the outcomes (but not the reasoning) of a handful of very recent judicial decisions. The analysis fails, however, to reach a similar conclusion concerning an extension of a modernized presumption to gay male couples. The extension to lesbian couples turns out to hold promise for resolving some of the new difficulties encountered by the presumption in traditional settings, with the advent of sophisticated genetic testing. The failure to extend the presumption to gay male couples raises important questions not only about the increasingly apparent split between some feminist theorists and gay rights advocates, despite their shared opposition to gender stereotypes, but also about the value to be accorded to gender neutrality, the role to be given to functional analysis, and the room to be left for officially privileged relationships in contemporary family law.
Quasi-optimality of event-based encoders

We present an event-triggered controller for stabilizing a continuous-time linear time-invariant system subject to communication constraints. We model the communication constraints as a noiseless finite-capacity communication channel between the process sensors and the controller/actuator. An encoder converts the process state into symbols to send across the channel to the controller/actuator, which converts the symbols into a state estimate to be used in a simple emulation-based state-feedback control law. We derive a sufficient condition for this scheme to stabilize the process. The condition depends on the encoder's average bit-rate, its average consumption of communication resources, and the eigenvalues of the process. The proposed encoding scheme is order-optimal in the sense that its stability condition is within a constant factor of the optimal bound from previous work.
La deconstrucció del principi kantià de raó suficient

The paper proposes the Kantian treatment of the principle of sufficient reason in the K.r.V as a certain contribution of this text to the precedent German philosophy, chiefly to the Leibnizian-Wolfian tradition, even to the former Kant’s writings, especially the Nova Dilucidatio. In the first Kritik, the principle of sufficient reason is focused from the transcendental method, starting from the position of the causality principle in the second Analogy of experience. The author keeps close to the process of the Kantian «deconstruction of the principle of sufficient reason» according to a double way: the circumstanced analysis conducted by Kant in respect of the concept of reason and therefore of the concept of the principle of reason in the nova Dilucidatio, and, on the other hand, the redefinition of all the species of the ratio involved, in the critical period, by the only possible proof of the principle of sufficient reason, namely the proof of the causality principle in the second Analogy of experience.
Effect of 6-mercaptopurine on homograft reaction in rats.

Conclusion and SummaryThere was an apparent, brief prolongation of the mean skin homograft survival in 241 rats which were given 6-MP. However, neither long term administration nor high doses of this drug consistently prolonged survival time. A few of the treated animals in the higher dosage groups had unusually long graft survivals which accounted for the over-all increase of mean graft survival. Most of the animals in all groups sloughed off their grafts at or near the expected time.
OPENING,SHARING AND COMMUNICATING experience of designing campus building in present days

Modern educational conception pays more attention to develop the integrated abilities of college students.According to lay emphasis on the communicative space of campus building,we can make learning behavior appeared in any open space in campus.In this paper,based on the experience of designing campus buildings,the author summarized the form of open space and the main idea of designing in campus.
Developing role delineation in graduate nursing education

While the majority of nurses are involved in bedside care, health care developments spur the advancement of the profession through role specialization for experts in education, advanced practice and administration. Education and practice are closely aligned to speed the response to shifts in the environment and innovations throughout the discipline. Role development in graduate education delineates areas of professional involvement. Educators need competence in educational theories and delivery methods, clinicians need essential skills for evidence based practice to improve outcomes, and administrators must know how to manage the environment as well as the point of care for the system to have positive outcomes. This paper describes an approach to role delineation in masters' education as one way to advance the profession and address increasing concerns about health care delivery.
Influence of enteral feedings on phenytoin sodium absorption from capsules.

The influence of enteral feedings (with Ensure) on the absorption of phenytoin sodium from capsules was studied. Six healthy adult volunteers were given a single dose of phenytoin capsules 400 mg p...
A Sociometric Study of Motivated and Non-Motivated Bowling Groups

Abstract An analysis of the changes in social adjustment, by means of the Cowell Personal Distance Ballot, of motivated and non-motivated groups in a seven-week bowling class is presented. The results appear to indicate that, while both groups became more socially adjusted as a result of group participation and acquaintance, the motivated group became better adjusted than the non-motivated. A comparison of social adjustment ratings between good and poor bowlers showed the good bowlers to be the better-accepted members of the group.
Pyridoxine-Dependent Seizures and MRI Changes

Longitudinal brain MRI findings in two patients presenting with neonatal, pyridoxine-dependent seizures and followed for 5 to 9 years are reported from the University of California, Davis, CA.
Pavian: Interactive analysis of metagenomics data for microbiomics and pathogen identification

Pavian is a web application for exploring metagenomics classification results, with a special focus on infectious disease diagnosis. Pinpointing pathogens in metagenomics classification results is often complicated by host and laboratory contaminants as well as many non-pathogenic microbiota. With Pavian, researchers can analyze, display and transform results from the Kraken, Centrifuge and MetaPhlAn using interactive tables and plots. Pavian further provides an alignment viewer for validation of matches to a particular genome.
Mining social media for weather posts: A user-centered design strategy for dynamic decision-making environments

This brief paper argues for the use of participatory design methodologies in distributed work contexts. Using the example of weather forecasting, the author discusses how traditional participatory design cannot be applied in distributed contexts because of the dynamic nature of institutionalized systems. The paper then outlines the proposed study to investigate whether social media can act as a site for collaboration, a site that can bridge the gap between the distributed work happening within institutionalized systems and the public, both of which are participants in knowledge work.
War, Trade, and Mercantilism: Reconciling Adam Smith's Three Theories of the British Empire

Adam Smith proposed two contradictory theories of the British Empire in the "Wealth of Nations" and hinted at a third. The first view holds that the empire was created for merchants eager to establish monopolies on the colonial trade. Smith concludes that "Great Britain derives nothing but loss" from the colonies. In the second view, Smith celebrates the European discovery of the new world, opening up non-incremental increases in division of labor, specialization and exchange. The empire thus fostered the economic growth of both sides of the British Atlantic, net of the costs of monopoly. Smith's third argument is the least developed. It holds that many mercantile restrictions had a direct purpose in improving Britain's security given its more than century-long military conflict with France. How do we reconcile the incompatibility of Smith's three views of the British Empire? Smith provides too little guidance. I argue that, to understand the British Empire, we must view it from the perspective of a long-term military rivalry with France. Many of the navigation regulations were designed to advantage Britain vis-a-vis France. Smith argues, for example, that the harm to France from prohibiting trade in military stores more than compensated for the loss in wealth due to the restrictions. I demonstrate the logic of these claims using tools from modern political science.
Analysis and cloning of CP 1102 gene isolated from a medicinal plant

Calotropis procera is a common medicinal plant with various properties related with its latex which functions as a rich source of biologically active compounds. Latex is chemically diverse and the chemical and biochemical differences are considerable for different plant fluids. This plant can produce large quantity of latex. The study was performed to clone the CP1102 terminator region of gene in general expression vector PTZ57R/T. The objective was to make a variant of pJITT166 (size ~5.8kb) containing CP1102 terminator sequence to study different expression levels in future. The fragment of 341bp size was isolated. The pDNOR vector containing CP1102 terminator sequence was isolated and amplified by PCR. The forward and reverse primer specific to CP1102 terminator sequence which can amplify this sequence are designed by using bioinformatics tools.
The Effect of Providing Motivational Support in Parsons Puzzle Tutors

In response to student feedback on a tutor on Parsons puzzles on the programming concept of sequence, we incorporated three features meant to improve the motivation of the student solving the puzzles. We compared the performance of students before and after introducing these features. We found that introduction of motivational supports did not affect pre-post improvement, and therefore, the amount of learning. Students who were provided motivational supports spent more time per puzzle than those who were not.
Chalcogenide and pnictide nanocrystals from the silylative deoxygenation of metal oxides

Transition metal chalcogenide and pnictide nanocrystals are of interest for optoelectronic and catalytic applications. Here, we present a generalized route to the synthesis of these materials from the silylative deoxygenation of metal oxides with trimethylsilyl reagents. Specific nanophases produced in this way include Ni3S2, Ni5Se5, Ni2P, Co9S8, Co3Se4, CoP, Co2P, and heterobimetallic (Ni/Co)9S8. The resulting chalcogenide nanocrystals are hollow, likely due to differential rates of ion diffusion during the interfacial phase transformation reaction (Kirkendall-type effect). In contrast, the phosphide nanocrystals are solid, likely because they form at higher reaction temperatures. In all cases, simultaneous partial decomposition of the deoxygenating silyl reagent produces a coating of amorphous silica around the newly formed nanocrystals, which could impact their stability and recyclability.
Brain Networks Related to Beta Oscillatory Activity during Episodic Memory Retrieval.

Evidence from fMRI has consistently located a widespread network of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe regions during episodic retrieval. However, the temporal limitations of the fMRI methodology...
Controlled Fracture and Mode-Mixity Dependence of Nanoscale Interconnects

Mechanical failures of back-end-of-line (BEoL) interconnects represent a critical yield and reliability concern for integrating new materials such as ultralow-permittivity (ultralow-k) dielectrics in advanced integrated circuits and for introducing new packaging technologies. The actual failure mode of the interconnects could vary with the BEoL processes, packaging, and assembly technology, as well as reliability and in-field stressing conditions. In this paper, we present a fundamental study of the crack propagation behavior of BEoL interconnects and its dependence on the mode mixity imposed by the external boundary condition. The effective fracture resistance has been measured for representative structures from upper, middle, and lower level interconnects. Under certain conditions where the failure path is uniform, the intrinsic fracture properties of the interlayer dielectric material and vias can be determined separately that allows a direct assessment of process-induced impacts on the integrated materials and their geometrical scaling properties.
Biomarkers in connective tissue diseases

Autoimmune connective tissue diseases are clinically variable, making biomarkers desirable for assessing future disease risk, supporting early and accurate diagnosis, monitoring disease activity and progression, selecting therapeutics, and assessing treatment response. Because of their correlations with specific clinical characteristics and often with disease progression, autoantibodies and other soluble mediators are considered potential biomarkers. Additional biomarkers might reflect downstream pathologic processes or appear because of ongoing inflammation and damage. Because of overlap between diseases, some biomarkers have limited specificity for a single autoimmune connective tissue disease. This review describes select current biomarkers that aid in the diagnosis and treatment of several major systemic autoimmune connective tissue disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitides. Newly proposed biomarkers that target various stages in disease onset or progression are also discussed. Newer approaches to overcome the diversity observed in patients with these diseases and to facilitate personalized disease monitoring and treatment are also addressed.
On Free Subobjects of Skew Fields

In my talk I am going to discuss several questions, which loosely can be stated as follows: does this or that free object appear in a skew field which satisfies certain conditions? Free objects which I have in mind are: free semigroup, free group and free algebra with two generators. It is not reasonable to consider a bigger number of generators, because as is well known, every free object mentioned contains the corresponding free object on a countable number of generators. On the other hand in the case of one generator every object is commutative, and these questions have been considered. It is well known that every skew field which does not coincide with its center contains a free subgroup with one generator (in its multiplicative group). The question about one-generator sub- algebras constitutes the famous Kurosh problem which is still very far from the solution. However, it seems more appropriate to me to consider noncommutative subobjects in the skew field setting.
Tag-aware dynamic music recommendation

Abstract We present a tag-aware dynamic music recommendation framework that achieves personalized and accurate music recommendations to users. The proposed framework leverages the available semantic labels (in terms of tags) of music tracks to complement a highly sparse user-item interaction matrix, which effectively addresses the data sparsity issue faced by most music recommendation systems. Music tracks are more accurately represented by aggregating the latent factors derived from both the tag space and the user interaction information. The proposed framework further employs a Gaussian state-space model to capture the evolving nature of users’ preferences over time, which helps achieve time-sensitive recommendation of music. A variational approximation is developed to achieve fast inference and learning of model parameters. Experiments conducted using actual music data and comparison with state-of-the-art competitive recommendation algorithms help demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Grow Up: Start Young and Train Harder

Engineering cardiac tissue that accurately recapitulates adult myocardium is critical for advancing disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Ronaldson-Bouchard et al. report a new strategy for generating cardiac tissues from stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes that reach a maturation level closer to human adult cardiac structure and function.
Popper Pitfalls: Experiences Following a Reproducibility Convention

We describe the four publications we have tried to make reproducible and discuss how each paper has changed our workflows, practices, and collaboration policies. The fundamental insight is that paper artifacts must be made reproducible from the start of the project; artifacts are too difficult to make reproducible when the papers are (1) already published and (2) authored by researchers that are not thinking about reproducibility. In this paper, we present the best practices adopted by our research laboratory, which was sculpted by the pitfalls we have identified for the Popper convention. We conclude with a "call-to-arms" for the community focused on enhancing reproducibility initiatives for academic conferences, industry environments, and national laboratories. We hope that our experiences will shape a best practices guide for future reproducible papers.
The role of automatic control in future interplanetary spaceflight

The paper reviews the guidance and automatic control techniques used in previous U.S. and Soviet lunar and planetary exploration spacecraft, and examines the objectives and requirements of potential future interplanetary missions from the viewpoint of their further demands on automatic control technology. These missions include the Venus orbital imaging radar mission, the Pioneer Mars penetrator mission, the Mars surface sample return mission, Pioneer Saturn/Uranus/Titan probe missions, the Mariner Jupiter orbiter with daughter satellite, and comet and asteroid missions.
Trichloroethylene: water contamination and health risk assessment.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is also known as 1,1–2-trichloroethylene, 1, 1-dichloro-2-chloroethylene, acetylene trichloride, and ethylene trichloride (Mycroft and Fan 1985). It has the following chemical and physical properties.
Epistocracy Within Public Reason

Epistocracy—a political system in which formal political power is distributed on the basis of expertise—may produce better outcomes than democracy. Yet, David Estlund contends that epistocracy is incompatible with public reason liberalism. This essay argues that, contrary to Estlund, epistocracy can be justified within public reason, even if, as Estlund argues, reasonable people cannot all agree on just what constitutes political expertise or who the experts are.
Specific sensitivity of CD43 to neutrophil elastase.

CD43 (sialophorin, leukosialin), an O-glycosylated and sialylated membrane protein (surface sialomucin) with antiadhesive properties, is thought to protect circulating leukocytes by preventing cell surface interactions. Although it is resistant to several proteases, the granule enzyme elastase was recently implicated in loss of extracellular CD43 regions from incubated neutrophils. Flow cytometry showed that neutrophil CD43 is cleaved by low levels of neutrophil elastase with half-maximal cleavage at 5 micrograms/mL; pancreatic elastase, in contrast, did not cleave CD43. Related neutrophil granule proteases proteinase-3 and cathepsin-G did not cleave CD43 or required greater than 10-fold higher enzyme levels, respectively. The 115-kD CD43 isoform on T-lymphoid cells, which differs in glycosylation from 135-kD neutrophil CD43, was equally sensitive to neutrophil elastase, suggesting that cleavage susceptibility extends to various leukocytes. Enzymatic removal of sialic acid did not facilitate CD43 cleavage by neutrophil elastase, a feature that distinguishes the action of neutrophil elastase from other proteases. Western blots of elastase- treated neutrophils detected an 83-kD CD43 fragment that, together with the released 52-kD fragment and 40-kD subfragment, accounts for the entire molecule and indicates that CD43 is cleaved at two sites only, releasing the distal approximately 40% of the sialomucin region. The specificity of the CD43 cleaving reaction was shown by the insensitivity of other neutrophil and lymphoid surface proteins to elastase levels that deplete CD43. Exceptions were P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 on neutrophils, also a surface mucin, and CD16 (Fc gamma RIII), which was previously characterized as elastase sensitive. The sensitivity and specificity of CD43 cleavage by neutrophil elastase, the very high levels of elastase in human neutrophils and its ready release by stimulating conditions suggest important physiologic/pathologic roles for this CD43 cleaving reaction.