cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interesting synthesis of thieno[2,3‐d][1,2,3]thiadiazole via decomposition/recyclization of 3‐methoxycarbonyl‐1H‐thieno‐[2,3‐e][1,3,4]thiadiazine 4,4‐dioxide

Attempted hydrolysis of the ester of 3-methoxycarbonyl-1H-thieno[2,3-e][1,3,4]thiadiazine 4,4-dioxide (I) under acidic conditions gave the ring-contracted thieno[2,3-d][1,2,3]thiadiazole (V) instead of the expected carboxylic acid. In addition to a discussion of the reaction, a plausible mechanism is presented.
Gender Inequality and Its Irrationality: Implications from the Analytical Results

In this final chapter, we discuss the implications of the following eight specific problems based on the analytical results of the previous chapters: (1) the proportion of women in managerial positions and indirect discrimination; (2) statistical discrimination, the self-fulfilling prophecy, and the low productivity of female labor; (3) stereotyping women’s occupations; (4) long work hours and opportunities for women; (5) diversity management and policies for the empowerment of women in the workplace; (6) employment status and the wage gap; (7) application of the Act on the Promotion of Success in the Working Careers of Women; and (8) important points when considering gender equality of opportunity.
The impact of pre-transplant donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs) on lung transplant outcome: A single center experience

Introduction: The prevalence and clinical significance of pre-transplant (pre-Txp) donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs) in lung Txp candidates are unclear. This study was performed to determine the outcome of lung Txp in recipients with known pre-Txp DSA. Materials and Methods: In our single-center retrospective cohort study, we evaluated all first lung transplants between 1/1/2007 and 12/31/2016, with outcomes collected through 1/1/2018. Pre-Txp: DSA were identified to HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ antigens using a bead-based multiplex assay. Mean florescence intensity (MFI) was used to grade antibody strength. Lung Txp outcomes were evaluated. Results: Our cohort included 457 lung Txp recipients; 39 in patients with DSA. Out of the 39 with pre-Txp DSA; multiple DSAs was reported in 18 (46%), MFI >3000 in 9 (23%), and DSA class 2 in 22 (56.5%) patients. There was no difference in age at transplant in the DSA positive group compared to the rest of transplanted patients (60 vs 62 years, p=0.81). Female patients were significantly more likely to have pre-Txp DSA (p Conclusion: Pre-Txp DSA was not associated with post-transplant outcomes, regardless of DSA class, MFI strength, or whether antibody directed treatment was used.
Split‐sample comparison of urothelial cells in ThinPrep and cytospin preparations in urinary cytology: Do we need to adjust The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology criteria?

Background The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) defines clear morphologic criteria to classify urinary specimens into 7 diagnostic categories. According to TPS, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio) >0.7 and hyperchromasia must be observed to render a diagnosis of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). TPS was established using only liquid-based preparation techniques, and to the authors' knowledge it is unknown whether TPS can be applied using other preparation methods. Methods In the current prospective study, voided urine samples from patients with HGUC and negative for HGUC (NHGUC) were prepared using both ThinPrep and cytospin methods. ImageJ image processing software was used to measure the N:C ratio and hyperchromasia. For each patient, the N:C ratio and degree of hyperchromasia of urothelial cells present in both cytopreparations were compared. Results A total of 10 HGUC cases and 9 NHGUC cases, represented by a total of 688 cells (mean, 36.7 cells in HGUC cases; and mean, 35.8 cells in NHGUC cases), were evaluated in the current study. An overall comparison of HGUC cells with NHGUC cells demonstrated that HGUC cells had a higher average N:C ratio (0.5465 vs 0.2846) and greater hyperchromasia as measured by the average nuclear pixel gray value (100.8 vs 120.7). The N:C ratio was statistically different in 4 NHGUC cases, demonstrating higher N:C ratios in the ThinPrep preparations. Hyperchromasia was found to be statistically different in 6 cases, 5 of which demonstrated increased hyperchromasia in the ThinPrep specimens. Conclusions The morphologic features of HGUC cells appear to be similar in samples prepared using the ThinPrep and cytospin methods, and therefore TPS criteria may be applied successfully in laboratories that use these methods.
Ergonomic Analysis of An Affordance Tool for Modern Kitchen Knives

The focus of this study was on how different knife characteristics affect the consumer’s ability to slice vegetables. There are many variables to a knife and there are beliefs about what makes a be...
Au-delà de la fuite : l’afroféminisme face à la violence raciale et sexuelle

A travers une analyse de Cru (2014) de Nefertari Belizaire et d’Amour, colere et folie (1968) de Marie Vieux-Chauvet, je mets en evidence que le viol et l’inceste constituent a la fois les consequences et les manifestations concretes de l’imbrication de l’exploitation, de l’alienation et du (neo)colonialisme. Belizaire raconte dans Cru, dans une longue apostrophe adressee a son oncle et tyran, le recit autobiographique des tourments qu’il lui a infliges pendant de nombreuses annees. Nee en Haiti en 1962, l’auteure et actrice est morte le 19 fevrier 2017 au Quebec, ou elle avait vecu la majeure partie de sa vie. C’est en 2014, dans une maison d’edition montrealaise, qu’elle a publie cet ouvrage, son unique oeuvre. La richesse et la precision de son analyse dans ce texte mis en parallele avec celui d’Amour, colere et folie, nous permettent d’etudier les fondements de la violence sexuelle et de la racialisation comme outils de domination.
A Multi-criteria Approach for Fast and Outlier-aware Representative Selection from Manifolds.

The problem of representative selection amounts to sampling few informative exemplars from large datasets. This paper presents MOSAIC, a novel representative selection approach from high-dimensional data that may exhibit non-linear structures. Resting upon a novel quadratic formulation, Our method advances a multi-criteria selection approach that maximizes the global representation power of the sampled subset, ensures diversity, and rejects disruptive information by effectively detecting outliers. Through theoretical analyses we characterize the obtained sketch and reveal that the sampled representatives maximize a well-defined notion of data coverage in a transformed space. In addition, we present a highly scalable randomized implementation of the proposed algorithm shown to bring about substantial speedups. MOSAIC's superiority in achieving the desired characteristics of a representative subset all at once while exhibiting remarkable robustness to various outlier types is demonstrated via extensive experiments conducted on both real and synthetic data with comparisons to state-of-the-art algorithms.
Double Lowering Operators on Polynomials

Recently Sarah Bockting-Conrad introduced the double lowering operator $\psi$ for a tridiagonal pair. Motivated by $\psi$ we consider the following problem about polynomials. Let $\mathbb F$ denote a field. Let $x$ denote an indeterminate, and let $\mathbb F\lbrack x \rbrack$ denote the algebra consisting of the polynomials in $x$ that have all coefficients in $\mathbb F$. Let $N$ denote a positive integer or $\infty$. Let $\lbrace a_i\rbrace_{i=0}^{N-1}$, $\lbrace b_i\rbrace_{i=0}^{N-1}$ denote scalars in $\mathbb F$ such that $\sum_{h=0}^{i-1} a_h \not= \sum_{h=0}^{i-1} b_h$ for $1 \leq i \leq N$. For $0 \leq i \leq N$ define polynomials $\tau_i, \eta_i \in \mathbb F\lbrack x \rbrack$ by $\tau_i = \prod_{h=0}^{i-1} (x-a_h)$ and $\eta_i = \prod_{h=0}^{i-1} (x-b_h)$. Let $V$ denote the subspace of $\mathbb F\lbrack x \rbrack$ spanned by $\lbrace x^i\rbrace_{i=0}^N$. An element $\psi \in {\rm End}(V)$ is called double lowering whenever $\psi \tau_i \in \mathbb F \tau_{i-1}$ and $\psi \eta_i \in \mathbb F \eta_{i-1}$ for $0 \leq i \leq N$, where $\tau_{-1}=0$ and $\eta_{-1}=0$. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on $\lbrace a_i\rbrace_{i=0}^{N-1}$, $\lbrace b_i\rbrace_{i=0}^{N-1}$ for there to exist a nonzero double lowering map. There are four families of solutions, which we describe in detail.
P794 Signs and symptoms associated with single-pathogen nongonococcal urethritis in men

Background Syndromic management remains the standard nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) treatment approach. Whether pathogen-specific signs/symptoms inform treatment decisions remains unclear. We identified men with single- and mixed-pathogen NGU and assessed for the presence of pathogen-specific signs or symptoms to improve syndromic management. Methods As part of an ongoing cohort study (the Idiopathic Urethritis Men’s Project [IUMP]), we recruited men with NGU. NGU was diagnosed by signs and/or symptoms of urethritis, and a urethral Gram stain with ≥5 neutrophils per high-power field without evidence of gram negative intracellular diplococci. Participants underwent a clinical history and physical exam, which documented specific self-reported symptoms and clinician observed signs. Single- and mixed-infections were identified by NAAT testing of first-catch urine for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU); five-pathogen-negative cases were classified as idiopathic urethritis (IU). Results One hundred fifty-five men with NGU are included in this analysis. The median age was 28 (range 18–63), 101 (65%) were African American, and 135 (87%) self-identified as heterosexual. The most commonly reported symptom was urethral discharge (92%), followed by burning/tingling (37%), and dysuria (28%). Over half of these men reported more than one symptom (58%). Single-pathogen NGU was detected in 99 (64%) men, mixed-pathogen in 14 (9%), and IU in 42 (27%). For single pathogen NGU, 53 (34%) had CT, 26 (17%) had MG, 3 (2%) had TV, and 17 (11%) had UU. We compared single-pathogen NGU, mixed-infection and IU for differences in signs or symptoms and found no pathogen-specific differences. Conclusion In men with NGU, no pathogen-specific signs and symptoms were identified that could inform treatment decisions. Pathogen-specific point-of-care tests are needed. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Implementation science made too simple: a teaching tool

The field of implementation science is growing and becoming more complex. When teaching new learners, providing a clear definition of implementation science and a description of “its place” among related fields can be difficult. The author developed a teaching tool using very simple language to help learners grasp key concepts in implementation science. The tool consists of a slide (visual aid) which provides simple and jargon-free definitions of implementation science, implementation strategies, and implementation outcomes, as well as a description of how implementation science relates to “effectiveness” research focusing on clinical/preventive interventions. The tool could be useful to new students in the field, as well as other scholars or stakeholders in need of a brief and plain language introduction to key concepts in implementation science.
Multi RBF-kernel support vector regression for clinical cognitive scores prediction in schizophrenia

This article aims to design a regression model to successfully predict clinical scores based on features provided by multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) images. We propose a multimodal MR predictive analysis pipeline with nonlinear support vector regression (SVR). Firstly, feature selection methods are elaborately chosen according to different feature characteristics for each modality. For features extracted from structural MR images and diffusion MR images, Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination with Correlation Bias Reduction (SVMRFE+CBR) is applied to select predictive features and eliminate the high intra-correlations exist in the original features. For functional features, sparse coding (SC) considers multiple features’ combination for group predictiveness but cost less computation. After feature selection, the single radial bias function (RBF) kernels are calculated based on the modalities’ respectively selected features. A multi-RBF kernel is calculated by weighted-sum of single RBF kernels, and the kernel finally serves for the multimodal SVR model. Our proposed framework is tested on an online schizophrenia (SZ) dataset with 171 subjects from two study cohorts using 10-fold cross-validation (CV). The models are trained by the subjects’ clinicalrelated scores in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to be able to give the estimated scores as precisely as possible. The experimental results show that our proposed model can successfully predict clinical scores. Further comparative test results show that the proposed multimodal model can improve predictiveness compared with single modal ones, and our choice of feature selection methods plays an important role in the good performance.
Additive Manufacturing of Functional Inconel 718 Parts from Recycled Materials

This paper focuses on manufacturing and characterization of geometrically complex functional parts fabricated from recycled Inconel 718, a nickel-based superalloy. A novel gas atomization process was used to produce the feedstock for a powder bed fusion process by recycling and melting used Inconel parts. An analysis of the melt-pool geometry and microstructure was conducted using finite element method to determine the optimal print parameters for an EOS M100 3D printer. Densities and mechanical properties of recycled Inconel 718 were tested for various printing parameters using standard test methods and anisotropic tensile behavior of additively manufactured parts were studied. The experimental data were compared with historical and simulated data and indicated equal or better properties compared to the baseline. Chemical composition, microstructure, and fracture surface of broken samples were also examined. Finally, a simulation of the additive manufacturing process was performed using the mechanical properties results and was used to redesign and build a turbine for an automotive turbocharger. The results of this study indicate that scrap Inconel 718 parts can be used to additively manufacture high-quality functional parts.
Hydrologic and geomechanical characterization of deep sedimentary rocks and basement for safe carbon sequestration in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska

Abstract Understanding the hydrologic and geomechanical properties of sedimentary rocks and the underlying basement is important for the success of fluid extraction and injection operations, including carbon sequestration. This study analyzes the hydrologic and geomechanical properties of the reservoir (Hemlock Formation), overlying confining unit (Tyonek Formation), and underlying confining unit/basement (Talkeetna volcanics and Mesozoic igneous intrusive - diorite). This study shows the potential of fault slip due to carbon sequestration in the Cook Inlet basin of Alaska. We integrate core, well-log, and 3D seismic data to perform hydrologic and geomechanical analysis of the deep sedimentary formations, basement, and simulation of the fault slip potential (FSP). The FSP results show that faults have the potential to slip, depending on several factors, such as the local in-situ stress conditions, pore pressure, and CO2 injection rate. The azimuth of the maximum horizontal stress (σH) with respect to fault orientation is a critical factor for fault stability in the Cook Inlet basin.
ER residential chaperone GRP78 unconventionally relocalizes to the cell surface via endosomal transport

Despite new advances on the functions of ER chaperones at the cell surface, the translocation mechanisms whereby these chaperones can escape from the ER to the cell surface are just emerging. Previously we reported that in many cancer types, upon ER stress, IRE1α binds to and triggers SRC activation resulting in KDEL receptor dispersion from the Golgi and suppression of retrograde transport. In this study, using a combination of molecular, biochemical, and imaging approaches, we discovered that in colon and lung cancer, upon ER stress, ER chaperones, such as GRP78 bypass the Golgi and unconventionally traffic to the cell surface via endosomal transport mediated by Rab GTPases (Rab4, 11 and 15). Such unconventional transport is driven by membrane fusion between ER-derived vesicles and endosomes requiring the v-SNARE BET1 and t-SNARE Syntaxin 13. Furthermore, GRP78 loading into ER-derived vesicles requires the co-chaperone DNAJC3 that is regulated by ER-stress induced PERK-AKT-mTOR signaling.
Correcting Coagulopathy With Fresh Frozen Plasma in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit: How Much Do We Need to Transfuse?

IntroductionThromboelastography (TEG) is an assay that assesses the coagulation status. Patients with prolonged reaction time (R) require fresh frozen plasma (FFP); however, the volume required to ...
Computational methods in social neuroscience: recent advances, new tools and future directions.

Recent years have seen a surge of exciting developments in the computational tools available to social neuroscientists. This paper highlights and synthesizes recent advances that have been enabled by the application of such tools, as well as methodological innovations likely to be of interest and utility to social neuroscientists, but that have been concentrated in other sub-fields. Papers in this special issue are emphasized, many of which contain instructive materials (e.g., tutorials, code) for researchers new to the highlighted methods. These include approaches for modeling social decisions, characterizing multivariate neural response patterns at varying spatial scales, using decoded neurofeedback to draw causal links between specific neural response patterns and psychological and behavioral phenomena, examining time-varying patterns of connectivity between brain regions, and characterizing the social networks in which social thought and behavior unfold in everyday life. By combining computational methods for characterizing participants' rich social environments - at the levels of stimuli, paradigms, and the webs of social relationships that surround people - with those for capturing the psychological processes that undergird social behavior and the wealth of information contained in neuroimaging datasets, social neuroscientists can gain new insights into how people create, understand, and navigate their complex social worlds.
Function of Legionella Effectors

The availability of a variety of genetic tools, a complete genome sequence, and several convenient host systems offers the opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between Legionella and its hosts. Examination of the Legionella genome sequence revealed the existence of a relatively large number of genes that resemble eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic orthologs. Alternative approaches based on genome inspection or the use of clever genetic screens for other phenotypes eventually led to the identification of several effectors. In one case, Legionella effectors that vaguely resemble components of vesicle fusion proteins (e.g. EEA1, interaptin) were shown to play a role in a previously recognized nonlytic release pathway in protozoa that results in packets of bacteria being exocytosed prior to host cell death. Frustrated by the lack of information based on classical genetic approaches, researchers sought to examine the genome for additional clues using more targeted approaches than the original BLAST-based annotation. The majority of leg gene products appear to contain motifs involved in protein:protein interactions such as ankyrin repeats, leucine-rich repeats, or coiled coils. A combination of bioinformatics and novel genetic approaches has resulted in the identification of several interesting translocated effectors. The challenge is now to determine how these effectors alter host cell organelle trafficking.
Origins of Bradyrhizobium nodule symbionts from two legume trees in the Philippines

Aim Geographic affinities were analysed for nodule bacteria (Bradyrhizobium sp. Jordan) associated with two legume trees indigenous to the Philippines: Pterocarpus indicus (Papilionoideae) and Wallaceodendron celebicum (Mimosoideae). Location Nodule bacteria from Luzon, the Philippines, were compared with reference strains from Central America, eastern North America, Japan, Korea, China and Australia. Methods Two PCR assays targetting length polymorphisms in the rRNA region were carried out on 96 Philippine bacterial isolates. A 496-bp portion of the 23S rRNA gene was sequenced in 14 representative isolates. Eight strains were analysed in greater depth by sequencing portions of four other genes (16S rRNA [1410 bp], dnaK [603 bp], nifD [822 bp], recA [512 bp]), and phylogenetic trees were constructed by maximum parsimony, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood methods. Results Most of the Philippine Bradyrhizobium strains showed greater similarity to reference strains from Central America than to strains from other source regions included in the analysis. However, phylogenetic trees for the five genes had significantly conflicting topologies, suggesting that lateral gene transfer events had altered genealogical relationships at different loci. In particular, two Philippine strains resembled Bradyrhizobium strains from Central America or China for 16S rRNA, dnaK and recA sequences, but had nifD sequences that clustered with Australian strains (with bootstrap support values of 90–96%). Main conclusions The Philippines have been colonized by Bradyrhizobium strains from multiple source regions. Subsequent lateral gene transfer has resulted in the evolution of Bradyrhizobium strains that combine DNA segments of different geographic origin.
Neural Control of Muscle Length and Tension

The sections in this article are: 1 Control Theory Concepts 1.1 Systems and Models 1.2 Control Systems 1.3 Feedback, Feedforward, and Adaptive Systems 1.4 Principle of Negative Feedback 1.5 Regulated Variables and Properties 1.6 Control Configurations 1.7 Summary 2 Hypotheses of Motor Servo Function 2.1 Salient Features of the Available Sensors 2.2 Follow-up Servo Hypothesis 2.3 Spindle Receptors as Model-Reference Error Detectors 2.4 Conditional Feedback and Servo Assistance 2.5 β-System and the Possibility for Zero Sensitivity 2.6 Stiffness Regulation 2.7 Summary Model 2.8 Adaptive Models 2.9 Summary 3 Muscle Mechanical Stiffness 3.1 Stiffness Definitions 3.2 Length Dependence 3.3 Recruitment of Motor Units 3.4 Rate Modulation of Motor Units 3.5 Instantaneous Stiffness and Short-Range Elasticity 3.6 Instantaneous Stiffness Beyond the Short-Range Region 3.7 Ramp Responses: Transient Properties and Nonlinearity 3.8 Natural Combinations of Recruitment and Rate Modulation 3.9 Summary 4 Central Pathways 4.1 Primary Ending Projections 4.2 Tendon Organ Projections 4.3 Projections From Secondary Endings and Group II Free Nerve Endings 4.4 Projections From Groups III and IV Free Nerve Endings 4.5 Clasp-Knife Reflex 4.6 Long-Loop Reflexes 4.7 Summary 5 Simplified Animal Models 5.1 Decerebrate Preparation 5.2 Spinal Preparation 5.3 Summary 6 Tonic Stretch Reflex in Functionally Isolated Muscles 6.1 Basic Features of the Stretch Reflex 6.2 Static Force-Length Relations 6.3 Normalized Stiffness 6.4 Mechanically and Neurally Mediated Components 6.5 Actions of Control Signals on the Motor Servo 6.6 Dependence of Incremental Stiffness on Initial Force 6.7 Loop Gain of Force Feedback 6.8 Summary 7 Static Regulatory Characteristics in Intact Subjects 7.1 Skeletal Mechanics and Coordinate Systems 7.2 Steady-State Responses to Changes in Load Force 7.3 Torque-Angle Relations 7.4 Equivalent Stiffness and the Concept of Composite Motor Servos 7.5 Effect of Instructional Set 7.6 Gain Variation vs. Gain Control 7.7 Summary 8 Dynamic Responses to Mechanical Disturbances 8.1 Dynamic Features of Force Development 8.2 Dependence of Transient Responses on Initial Force 8.3 Amplitude Dependence and Linearity 8.4 Asymmetry of Motor Servo Response 8.5 Compensation for Yielding 8.6 Predictive Compensation: Feedforward vs. Nonlinear Feedback Viewpoints 8.7 Vibration and the Stretch Reflex 8.8 Velocity Dependence and Damping 8.9 Summary 9 Implementation of Movement Commands 9.1 α-γ-Relations 9.2 Positional Stiffness Deduced From Spindle Relations 9.3 β-Innervation of Muscle Spindles 9.4 Analytical Approaches to Actions of α-, β-, and γ-Motoneurons 9.5 Equilibrium Point Control 9.6 Stiffness Regulation vs. Stiffness Control 9.7 Perturbations During Movement 9.8 Compliance, Load Compensation, and Biological Design 9.9 Summary
The Craft of Political Research

1 Doing Research 2 Political Theories and Research Topics 3 Importance of Dimensional Thinking 4 Problems of Measurement: Accuracy 5 Problems of Measurement: Precision 6 Causal Thinking and Design of Research 7 Selection of Observations for Study 8 Introduction to Statistics: Measuring Relationships for Interval Data 9 Introduction to Statistics: Further Topics on Measurement of Relationships 10 Introduction to Statistics 11 Where Do Theories Come From?
Recent Contributions to the Macroscopic Analysis of Conducting Electromechanical Solids

The behavior of conducting solids subjected to strong electric fields has been recently investigated analytically by both Haines and Geldmacher [1, 2]. In the present paper the general formulation of the problem is presented and the solutions and results of the two authors are reviewed and discussed.
Statistical Experimental Design Approach for the Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Tantalum Carbide Powders

We report on the preparation of tantalum carbide nanopowders via a modified solvothermal synthesis route by using experimental design principles. The reaction proceeds by self-propagating behavior in a molten metal after thermal-ignition of tantalum chloride, carbon, and a metal reductant. A 4 × 4 × 3 experimental design matrix was performed, without replication, to observe the effects of carbon stoichiometry, reductant stoichiometry, and reductant type on process response variables concerning phase purity, compound stoichiometry, crystallite size, particle size, and surface characteristics. Statistical verifications of the observed effects were performed using a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design matrix with replication. Eleven conditions resulted in phase-pure tantalum carbide, with an additional four nonoxide conditions with low secondary-phase content. The stoichiometry (x in TaCx) ranged from 0.92 to 0.96, the average crystallite size ranged from 24 to 68 nm, the specific surface area ranged from 25 to 66 m2/g, and the average particle size ranged from 93 to 123 nm, indicating a low level of agglomeration.
D(s) meson as a quantitative probe of diffusion and hadronization in nuclear collisions.

The modifications of ${D}_{s}$-meson spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are identified as a quantitative probe of key properties of the hot nuclear medium. The unique valence-quark content of the ${D}_{s}=c\overline{s}$ couples the well-known strangeness enhancement with the collective-flow pattern of primordially produced charm quarks. This idea is illustrated utilizing a consistent strong-coupling treatment with hydrodynamic bulk evolution and nonperturbative $T$-matrix interactions for both heavy-quark diffusion and hadronization in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). A large enhancement of the ${D}_{s}$ nuclear modification factor at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is predicted, with a maximum of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5--1.8$ at transverse momenta around $2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/c$. This is a direct consequence of the strong coupling of the heavy quarks to the QGP and their hadronization via coalescence with strange quarks. We furthermore introduce the effects of diffusion in the hadronic phase and suggest that an increase of the $D$-meson elliptic flow compared to the ${D}_{s}$ can disentangle the transport properties of hadronic and QGP liquids.
Hypervariable region IV of Salmonella gene fliCd encodes a dominant surface epitope and a stabilizing factor for functional flagella.

To identify the major antigenic determinant of native Salmonella flagella of antigenic type d, we constructed a series of mutated fliCd genes with deletions and amino acid alterations in hypervariable region IV and in region of putative epitopes as suggested by epitope mapping with synthetic octameric peptides (T.M. Joys and F. Schodel, Infect. Immun. 59:3330-3332, 1991). The expressed product of most of the mutant genes, with deletions of up to 92 amino acids in region IV, assembled into functional flagella and conferred motility on flagellin-deficient hosts. Serological analysis of these flagella with different anti-d antibodies revealed that the peptide sequence centered at amino acids 229 to 230 of flagellin was a dominant B-cell epitope at the surface of d flagella, because replacement of these two amino acids alone or together with their flanking sequence by a tripeptide specified by a linker sequence eliminated most reactivity with antisera against wild-type d flagella as tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by Western immunoblot. Functional analysis of the mutated flagellin genes with or without an insert suggested that amino acids 180 to 214 in the 5' part of hypervariable region IV (residues 181 to 307 of the total of 505) is important to the function of flagella. The hybrid proteins formed by insertion of peptide sequence pre-S1 12-47 of hepatitis B virus surface antigen into the deleted flagellins assembled into functional flagella, and antibody to the pre-S1 sequence was detected after immunization of mice with the hybrid protein. This suggests that such mutant flagellins containing heterologous epitopes have potential as vaccines.
ERP correlates of dual mechanisms of control in the counting Stroop task

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the neural correlates of proactive and reactive cognitive control within the context of the Dual Mechanisms of Control theory. Individuals performed the counting Stroop task and the proportion of congruent and incongruent trials was varied across blocks. The Stroop effect was smaller in the mostly incongruent block than in the mostly congruent block. The ERP data revealed a double dissociation between the medial frontal negativity (MFN) and the medial posterior negativity (MPN), where the amplitude of the MFN was greater in the mostly incongruent block and the amplitude of the MPN was greater in the mostly congruent block. The ERP data also revealed slow wave activity that distinguished the mostly incongruent and mostly congruent blocks. These findings support the idea that different regions of the cingulate and anterior frontal cortex underpin proactive and reactive control.
Postmodernism and intelligent control

This paper draws parallels between intelligent control and recent trends in intellectual thought. Developments in philosophy, architecture, linguistics, and semiotics are reviewed as representatives of postmodernism and pragmatism, and contrasted with modern, reductive, analytic schools. Intelligent control, a product of the times no less than these other developments, can also be seen as a reaction to conceptual, theory-intensive modern control science. In this regard, several suggestions for research in intelligent control are discussed: targeting large-scale, complex processes; embracing pluralism as a methodology for control applications; packaging new technology to maximize its acceptance by traditional users; adopting a broader notion of communication and signification in control systems; and overcoming the distinctions that are at the core of the postmodern turn.
Inhibition of 2‐methoxyestradiol glucuronidation by probenecid

Objectives 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a metabolite of estradiol, has antitumour activity in vitro. However, potential clinical applicability has been limited by low oral bioavailability. Probenecid was evaluated in vitro as an inhibitor of 2ME2 glucuronidation for purposes of enhancing 2ME2 oral bioavailability. Methods Human liver microsomes were used to determine kinetic parameters for transformation of 2ME2 to its glucuronide metabolites (M1, M2) and inhibition of the reactions by probenecid. Key findings M1 and M2 formation from 2ME2 proceeded with features of substrate inhibition. Probenecid inhibited metabolite formation, with mean inhibition constant (Ki) values of 0.9 and 2.6 mM, respectively. Inhibition was reversible, with mixed competitive–non-competitive characteristics. Conclusion The Ki values for probenecid inhibition of 2ME2 glucuronide formation, when compared to maximum probenecid plasma concentrations anticipated clinically, indicate that probenecid co-administration has the potential to augment systemic plasma levels of 2ME2 after oral dosage in humans.
All-trans-Retinoic Acid Suppresses Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity and Increases Collagen Synthesis in Diabetic Human Skin in Organ Culture

Diabetes increases susceptibility to chronic skin ulceration. The etiology of chronic wound formation in diabetic individuals is multifactoral but may be accelerated by changes in the structure and function of the skin secondary to impaired fibroblast proliferation, decreased collagen synthesis, and increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. This study explored the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) on cellular and biochemical features of diabetic human skin in organ culture. Two-mm skin biopsies from hip or ankle were obtained from diabetic subjects and incubated for 9 days in the absence or presence of 2 μmol/L RA. Hip skin from non-diabetic individuals served as control. Following organ culture incubation, untreated and RA-treated tissue was examined histologically after staining with hematoxylin and eosin. In parallel, organ culture-conditioned medium collected on days 5 and 7 was assayed for levels of active and total MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B). The same organ culture fluids were assayed for the presence of soluble collagen. In comparison with skin from non-diabetic individuals, diabetic skin demonstrated no major differences in overall epidermal thickness or collagen production (both were increased in RA-treated tissue as compared to non-RA-treated tissue). In contrast, levels of MMP-9 (active forms) were elevated in organ culture fluid from diabetic skin as compared to non-diabetic control skin. In the presence of RA, active forms of both MMP-1 and MMP-9 were reduced. Together, these data suggest that RA has the capacity to improve structure and function of diabetic skin, and that a major effect is on reduction of collagen-degrading MMPs.
Evaluation of Voiding Cystourethography Prior to Renal Transplantation in Children and Young Adults † 1831

Evaluation of Voiding Cystourethography Prior to Renal Transplantation in Children and Young Adults † 1831
Steroid metabolism in premature pubarche and virilizing adrenal hyperplasia.

The concentrations of androgenic steroids in the urine and plasma of 7 girls withpremature pubarche were compared with the values found in 16 normal prepubertal children and in 6 children with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. In premature pubarche, excretion of individual 17-ketosteroids was higher than that found in normal children. The plasma concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) sulfate was elevated in 1 patient with premature pubarche, while the mean concentration in 4 other patients was not significantly different from normal. No urinary testosterone was found in normal prepubertal children or children with premature pubarche. These data support the concept that this disorder arises from early adrenal production of androgens.
Electric field effects on piezoelectric and ferroelastic strain in Ba(Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 )O 3 -x(Ba 0.7 Ca 0.3 )TiO 3 piezoceramics

Rietveld analysis of synchrotron diffraction data is used to resolve the macroscopic strain response of tetragonal barium zirconate titanate-barium calcium titanate (BZT-BCT) piezoceramics and determine the underlying strain mechanisms. A lattice strain contribution and a ferroelastic switching contribution are identified and both contribute significantly to the macroscopic strain. A large electrically induced ferroelastic domain texture is observed that undergoes strong relaxation upon removal of the electric field. This suggests that under cyclic conditions each field application leads to a strong ferroelastic domain reorientation that is identified to be responsible for the good piezoelectric performance observed in this class of materials. Moreover, the significance of orientation dependent structural changes is identified, which is crucial to fully understand the macroscopic strain response.
The high fidelity of the cetacean stranding record: insights into measuring diversity by integrating taphonomy and macroecology

Stranded cetaceans have long intrigued naturalists because their causation has escaped singular explanations. Regardless of cause, strandings also represent a sample of the living community, although their fidelity has rarely been quantified. Using commensurate stranding and sighting records compiled from archived datasets representing nearly every major ocean basin, I demonstrated that the cetacean stranding record faithfully reflects patterns of richness and relative abundance in living communities, especially for coastlines greater than 2000 km and latitudinal gradients greater than 4°. Live–dead fidelity metrics from seven different countries indicated that strandings were almost always richer than live surveys; richness also increased with coastline length. Most death assemblages recorded the same ranked relative abundance as living communities, although this correlation decreased in strength and significance at coastline lengths greater than 15 000 km, highlighting the importance of sampling diversity at regional scales. Rarefaction analyses indicated that sampling greater than 10 years generally enhanced the completeness of death assemblages, although protracted temporal sampling did not substitute for sampling over longer coastlines or broader latitudes. Overall, this global live–dead comparison demonstrated that strandings almost always provided better diversity information about extant cetacean communities than live surveys; such archives are therefore relevant for macroecological and palaeobiological studies of cetacean community change through time.
Elevated temperature interfacial behaviour of MMCs: a computational study

Abstract Metallic and intermetallic matrix composites (MMCs and IMCs) are potential candidates for future use in the aerospace industry because of their high strength-to-weight ratio even at elevated temperatures. The thermomechanical behaviour of the fibre—matrix interface plays an important role in the successful application of this class of composites. The push-out test is emerging as an important experimental tool for characterizing the interfacial behaviour of MMCs and IMCs. In this study, the single-fibre push-out test is modelled using the finite element method, with the objectives of studying the interface failure process and extracting interfacial properties from the experimental test results. Earlier studies by the authors emphasized the significance of processing-induced residual stresses in titanium-based composites and their effects on push-out test results. In the present work, the developed methodology is used to study the interfacial behaviour during push-out tests at elevated temperatures. An attempt is made to predict interfacial shear strengths at elevated temperatures, by correlating the numerical simulations and the experimental results.
Linking Identity Status to Strength of Sense of Self: Theory and Validation

This study used scores on the Sense of Self Scale (SOSS) to test Marcia's (1966) claim that the achieved identity status is associated with a stronger sense of self than are the three “less mature” identity statuses (diffused, foreclosed, and moratorium). The respondents were 290 undergraduates (74 males, 214 females) who participated in an online survey containing the Sense of Self Scale (SOSS), the Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS), the Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS), and the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status 2 (EOM-EIS II). In multiple regression models, SOSS scores were positively correlated with scores on the achieved identity subscale of the EOM-EIS-II, but were negatively correlated with scores on the diffused, foreclosed, and moratorium subscales. These findings support Marcia's (1966) theoretical view and provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the SOSS and EOM-EIS-II measures.
Winnicott, Tomkins, and the Psychology of Affect

Donald Winnicott’s work is rather well-known to most clinicians, and many of his concepts––e.g., facilitating environment, spontaneous gesture, going-on-being, impingement, annihilation, True and False Self––are utilized clinically and theoretically. Silvan Tomkins and his colleagues provide a profound understanding of the psychology of affect, and their work furnishes a lens through which Winnicott’s ideas can be further appreciated. The author suggests such an integration is crucial not only to deepening our understanding of Winnicott’s concepts, but also to enhancing the clinical dimension of affect theory. This discussion also has important implications for social work with respect to both treatment issues as well as prevention and early intervention programs.
Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics: Applications to Constructionist Research.

Constructionism can be a powerful framework for teaching complex content to novices. At the core of constructionism is the suggestion that by enabling learners to build creative artifacts that require complex content to function, those learners will have opportunities to learn this content in contextualized, personally meaningful ways. In this paper, we investigate the relevance of a set of approaches broadly called “educational data mining” or “learning analytics” (henceforth, EDM) to help provide a basis for quantitative research on constructionist learning which does not abandon the richness seen as essential by many researchers in that paradigm. We suggest that EDM may have the potential to support research that is meaningful and useful both to researchers working actively in the constructionist tradition but also to wider communities. Finally, we explore potential collaborations between researchers in the EDM and constructionist traditions; such collaborations have the potential to enhance the ability of constructionist researchers to make rich inferences about learning and learners, while providing EDM researchers with many interesting new research questions and challenges.
The Interrelationships of Logging, Birds, and Timber Regeneration in the Douglas-Fir Region of Northwestern California

tntensive logging of a virgin stand of Douglasfir (Pscidotsizga mnienziesii) began in 1950 in the inner cast ranges of northwestern California. Most timber is being clear cut in blocks of from 10 to 20 acres. Intervening blocks of roughly equal size are left for a later cutting and meanwhile serve as seed sources for the cutovers. Initial efforts to seed coniferous trees on these blocks by artificial or natural means have been discouraging. Rodents and other seed-eating animals flourishl after logging, and play a major role in retarding or preventing regeneration. The subject of animals as destroyers of conifer seed has been discussed l)y Smith and Aldous (1947), who reviewed the literature and listed all birds and mammals known to eat coniferous seed in the United States. Rodents, particularly mice of the genus Peroniivscits, have long been recognized as the chief consumers. Studies of the local distribution and food of two species of Pcronzysclus on timberland in California have beei7 made by J arneson (1951 and 1952). The responses of small mammal populations to logging of D)ouglas-fir were stuclied by Tevis (1956). Further information on animal factors that hinder reforestation is needed by the forester and an uinderstanding of how logging alters the fauna is of value to the ecologist and land manager. Toward these ends, tEis study of forest birds was made in cooperation \with the California Forest and Range Experiment Station on the Six Rivers National Forest near Salyer in Trinity and Humboldt Counties, California. The purpose of the investigation was to determinee changes in species composition, numbers, food habits, and activities of bird populatio1ls immediately after the forest is logged and during the first few years after logging when regeneration of timber is most en(langered by biological and physical adversity. The effect of environmental changes on populations of forest birds have been studied by Lack (1933, 1939, and 1951) in English pine plantations, and by Odum (1950) in successional stages towarcl climax hardwood and hemlock forest of the Highlands Plateau in North Carolina. Studies by Turcek (1952 and 1956) were concerned with bird populations of spruce and other forest types in Czechoslovakia. STUDY AREAS
Functional characterization of the nucleotide binding domain of the Cryptosporidium parvum CpABC4 transporter: An iron–sulfur cluster transporter homolog

In a previous study, we showed that the Cryptosporidium parvum ATP half-transporter CpABC4 (cgd1_1350) transcript was up-regulated in response to drug treatment with paromomycin and cyclosporine A in an in vitro infection model. CpABC4 may be directly or indirectly involved in the metabolic interactions between host and parasite in response to drug treatment and/or be involved in the intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. In order to characterize the catalytic site of this transporter, an extended region of the nucleotide-binding domain of CpABC4 (H6-1350NBD) was expressed and purified as an N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged protein in E. coli. The presence of a single tryptophan residue enabled the intrinsic fluorescence to be monitored in response to binding of different compounds. A dose-dependent quenching of the domain's intrinsic fluorescence was observed with its natural substrate, ATP and the fluorescent analogue TNP-ATP. A similar effect was observed with progesterone as well as the flavonoids quercetin and silibinin, previously shown to inhibit parasite development in a cell-based assay. The purified domain also exhibited ATPase activity in the nanomolar range, which further confirmed correct folding and activity of the recombinant domain. The H6-1350NBD serves as a tool to test and design stereospecific inhibitors of the catalytic site, as well as other compounds that bind elsewhere in the domain that may indirectly interact with the catalytic site of the NBD of the CpABC4 transporter.
Experimental study of pionic Ca and Ti and examination of the pion-nuclear potential for low-Z nuclei

Abstract We report the measurement of the strong interaction shifts and widths of the 3d → 2p transitions in pionic 40,42,43,44,48 Ca and 46,48,50 Ti. Using these new data in combination with earlier low- Z pionic data (6 ≦ Z ≦ 16), we have studied, in a purely phenomenological way, the pion-nuclear optical potential. Employing nuclear-structure information from Hartree-Fock calculations and measured charge densities, we have fitted the pion-nuclear potential parameters to the pionic atom data. The effect of adding an isovector dependence to the s- and p-wave two-nucleon terms has been investigated. We have also explored the sensitivity of these data to the value of the Lorentz-Lorenz parameter ξ. A small but definite sensitivity to the latter parameter has been observed with the best fit value of ξ being significantly greater than 1. We have used the phenomenological potentials to determine the neutron radii of the Ca and Ti isotopes and, in fact, find reasonable agreement with Hartree-Fock predictions and with the results of other hadronic probes.