cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and rates of genome expansion and contraction in flowering plants

Plant genomes are exceptional for their great variation in genome size, an outcome derived primarily from their frequent polyploid origins and from the amplification of retrotransposons. Although most studies of plant genome size variation have focused on developmental or physiological effects of nuclear DNA content that might influence plant fitness, more recent studies have begun to investigate possible mechanisms for plant genome expansion and contraction. Analyses of 'relatively neutral' genome components, like transposable elements, have been particularly fruitful, largely due to the enormous growth in genomic sequence information from many different plant species. Current data suggest that unequal recombination can slow the growth in genome size caused by retrotransposon amplification, but that illegitimate recombination and other deletion processes may be primarily responsible for the removal of non-essential DNA from small genome plants.
Functional selectivity of dopamine D1 receptor agonists in regulating the fate of internalized receptors

Recently, we demonstrated that D(1) agonists can cause functionally selective effects when the endpoints of receptor internalization and adenylate cyclase activation are compared. The present study was designed to probe the phenomenon of functional selectivity at the D(1) receptor further by testing the hypothesis that structurally dissimilar agonists with efficacies at these endpoints that equal or exceed those of dopamine would differ in ability to influence receptor fate after internalization, a functional endpoint largely unexplored for the D(1) receptor. We selected two novel agonists of therapeutic interest that meet these criteria (the isochroman A-77636, and the isoquinoline dinapsoline), and compared the fates of the D(1) receptor after internalization in response to these two compounds with that of dopamine. We found that dopamine caused the receptor to be rapidly recycled to the cell surface within 1h of removal. Conversely, A-77636 caused the receptor to be retained intracellularly up to 48 h after agonist removal. Most surprisingly, the D(1) receptor recovered to the cell surface 48 h after removal of dinapsoline. Taken together, these data indicate that these agonists target the D(1) receptor to different intracellular trafficking pathways, demonstrating that the phenomenon of functional selectivity at the D(1) receptor is operative for cellular events that are temporally downstream of immediate receptor activation. We hypothesize that these differential effects result from interactions of the synthetic ligands with aspects of the D(1) receptor that are distal from the ligand binding domain.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXVI. Achievement, Eminence, and Histories of Psychology: The Case of Knight Dunlap:

Knight Dunlap, an important contributor to early twentieth-century American psychology, is largely ignored by contemporary histories of psychology. This article outlines his major achievements and ...
Liposomal, Nanoparticle, and Conjugated Formulations of Anticancer Agents

Major advances in the use of liposomes, conjugates, nanoparticles, and microspheres as vehicles delivering pharmacologic agents and enzymes to sites of disease have occurred in the past 10 years ([1][1]–[3][2]). Pegylated-STEALTH liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil, Caelyx) was the first liposomal
Berger in retrospect: effect of varied weight training programmes on strength

The evidence that multiple sets of exercise are superior to a single set for maximal strength gains, as suggested by Berger in 1962, is reviewed. The validity and practical significance of Berger's strength training study are questioned. Well controlled, methodologically sound studies that minimise confounding variables are required to support the hypothesis that multiple sets of exercise elicit superior gains in strength.
Mortgage Flows and Commercial Property Price Cycles

In this article, Clayton and Peng hypothesize that commercial real estate value appreciation affects commercial mortgage supply, which helps constitute a feedback loop between mortgage supply and real estate values that drives real estate cycles. Clayton and Peng estimate a two-equation reduced form of a structural model of mortgage demand and supply, using quarterly U.S. data from 1978 to 2008. The results indicate that past real estate value appreciation positively affects mortgage fund flows but not mortgage interest rates, which substantiates the effect of real estate value appreciation on the supply of mortgages.
Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Reverse Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Rats by Decreasing Fibrosis and Inflammation

Highlights •The pathogenesis of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unclear. •Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are heart-derived cell products with antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been implicated in HFpEF. •Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a high-salt diet for 6 to7 weeks and randomized to receive intracoronary CDCs or placebo. •Following CDC treatment, diastolic dysfunction resolved in treated rats but not in the placebo group. Treatment with CDCs also lower LV end-diastolic pressure, decrease lung congestion, and enhance survival. •CDC treatment decreased LV fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrates, and reversed many of the transcriptomic changes associated with HFpEF, but had no effect on cardiac hypertrophy. •By selectively reversing inflammation and fibrosis, CDCs may be beneficial in the treatment of HFpEF.
Magnetic field generation in Rayleigh-Taylor unstable inertial confinement fusion plasmas.

Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (RTI) in inertial confinement fusion implosions are expected to generate magnetic fields. A Hall-MHD model is used to study the field generation by 2D single-mode and multimode RTI in a stratified two-fluid plasma. Self-generated magnetic fields are predicted and these fields grow as the RTI progresses via the $\ensuremath{\nabla}{n}_{e}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\nabla}{T}_{e}$ term in the generalized Ohm's law. Scaling studies are performed to determine the growth of the self-generated magnetic field as a function of density, acceleration, Atwood number, and perturbation wavelength.
Coronary Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis in the Rat.

Summary1) Severe coronary arteriosclerosis has been produced in female rats (a) bred repeatedly, (b) subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, and (c) treated with ACTH. The coronary lesions in these animals resemble those seen in man. Morphologically, the coronary arteriopathy is varied, i.e., intimal hyperplasia, deposition of basophilic material in intimal and medial layers (possibly acid mucopolysaccharides), elastosis, and mural swelling leading to complete obliteration of the lumen. Coronary and mural thrombi occur frequently. 2) No fat or salt is added to the diet. Serum cholesterol levels are normal. The possible role of “stress” in induction of this type of coronary artery disease has been discussed.
Flight Display Dynamics Revisited

Good old ideas for pictorial flight displays that were once impractical warrant reconsideration in light of current microcomputing and display technology. Among the ideas are the contact analog, highway in the sky, and flight path predictor concepts. Basic pictorial display principles established in the 1950s and 1960s have been supported by additional experimental findings in the 1970s. These include pictorial realism, magnification, integration, compatible motion, frequency separation, pursuit presentation, quickening, and predicting. An extended analysis of dynamic display variables provides a broadened conceptual foundation for future multifactor experimental optimization of forward-looking pictorial flight displays.
Physiologic implications of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Calcitonin, serotonin, prostaglandins, and an ACTHlike substance may all be secreted by medullary thyroid carcinomas and may account for many of the symptoms and lesions associated with these tumors. There is evidence that they are part of a systemic disorder of neuroectodermal tissue.
Electromechanical Wave Propagation

Several different events connected with the early application of phasor measurements prompted consideration of the propagation of transient events in power systems. The first is typical of what is shown in Fig. 11.1.
Nonmitochondrial Metabolic Cardioskeletal Myopathies

Abstract Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) account for approximately 5% of all pediatric cardiomyopathies. Nineteen percent of childhood cardiomyopathy has been reported to have a metabolic cause, which is even higher in infants under 1 year of age (47%). The co-occurrence of congenital cardiomyopathy and congenital skeletal myopathy is uncommon, suggesting a genetic or metabolic defect if found together. More than 40 different IEM involving cardiomyopathy exist, including energetic diseases with fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial respiratory chain defects, organic acidurias, glycogen storage diseases, lysosomal storage disorders, and congenital disorders of glycosylation. It is important to consider this group of disorders in any child with a cardiomyopathy.
B lymphocytes and cancer: a love-hate relationship.

B cells are abundant in many human tumors. In some tumors B cells may impede antitumor immunity while in others they contribute to the immunological containment of cancer. The divergent roles that B cell play in tumor immunology are discussed in this review.
Convective Thermal Therapy: Durable 2-Year Results of Randomized Controlled and Prospective Crossover Studies for Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Purpose: We report 2-year outcomes of a multicenter randomized controlled trial plus 1-year results of a crossover trial after treatment with convective radiofrequency water vapor thermal energy for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: A total of 197 men at least 50 years old with I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) 13 or greater, maximum flow rate 15 ml per second or less and prostate size 30 to 80 cc were randomized 2:1 to thermal therapy with the Rezūm® System or a control group. Rigid cystoscopy with simulated active treatment sounds served as the control procedure. After unblinding at 3 months control subjects could requalify for crossover study. Convectively delivered radiofrequency thermal energy was delivered into obstructive prostate tissue, including the median lobe as needed. The primary efficacy end point was a change in severity of symptom scores.Results: Convective radiofrequency thermal therapy improved urinary symptoms significant...
A brief overview of machine learning methods for short-term traffic forecasting and future directions

Short-term traffic forecasting is a vital part of intelligent transportation systems. Recently, the combination of unprecedented data availability and the repaid development of machine learning techniques have brought on immense advancement in this field. In this paper, we aim to provide a brief overview of machine learning approaches for short-term traffic forecasting to facilitate research in related fields. We first introduce traffic forecasting and the challenges, and then introduce different approaches for modeling the temporal and/or spatial dependencies. Finally, we discuss several important directions for the future research.
The Remote Field Effect and Its Interpretation

The Remote Field Effect (RFE) and the testing method based on it have attracted considerable attention from the research community. The need to explain the apparent discrepancies between the effect and the known electromagnetic field behavior is the reason for this attention.
Breastfeeding initiation in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background In the United States, breastfeeding initiation (BFI) is reported for 75% of all live births; however, little information is available regarding mothers affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objective To examine feeding practices and factors associated with BFI in women with GDM and their infants. Methods A total of 303 GDM (58 late preterm and 245 term) pregnancies were studied. Infant feeding preference was ascertained on admission to labor and delivery. Variables known to influence BFI including maternal age, smoking, obesity, racial and educational characteristics were assessed. Results On admission 188 women intended to BF, 60 intended to feed formula and 55 were undecided. None of the women who wished to feed formula and 27% of the originally undecided later initiated BF. Regardless of feeding preference 163 (54%) of all mothers initiated BF. Similar BFI rates were found for 176 Class A1 and 127 class A2 women. Logistic regression analysis showed that intention to BF was the most significant predictor of BFI. Factors associated with BFI failure included African American race, lower education, smoking, obesity and admission to NICU. Following delivery 264 (87%) infants received well baby care while 39 (13%) were admitted to the NICU. Among 188 women who intended to BF, BFI involved 81% of 160 infants receiving well baby care and 61% of the 28 admitted to the NICU. Conclusions More than half of women with GDM, who intended to BF, initiated BF. BFI failure remains associated with race, lower education level, smoking, obesity, preference for formula feeding and admission to NICU.
Responses of Torus Semicircularis Cells of the Coqui Treefrog to FM Sinusoids

The Puerto Rican treefrog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a nocturnal, arboreal amphibian which is found in high densities in the Caribbean National Forest. The advertisement call of the male is made up of a sequence of two notes repeated every 3 to 4s: a constant-frequency (CF) “Co-note” of 1.1kHz lasting about 100ms followed by a more intense frequency-modulated (FM) “Qui-note” sweeping upward from 1.8 to 2.1kHz in 170ms (Narins and Capranica, 1976; Narins and Hurley, 1982). Eleutherodactylus portoricensis and E.antillensis are sympatric treefrog species with calls which resemble that of E.coqui in structure, but which differ in their note frequencies, durations and repetition rates. Behavioral studies with E.coqui have shown that the Co-note is used during male-male territorial interactions, whereas the Qui-note is attractive to females (Narins and Capranica, 1976; 1978) and may play a role in the aggressive response given by a male on a nest or retreat site (D. Townsend, pers. comm.). The function of the individual call notes of the advertisement calls of E.portoricensis and E.antillensis is unknown, but preliminary evidence suggests that the call plays a different role in these closely related species (P.M. Narins et al., in prep.).
Complexity and Uncertainty as Drivers for a Ph.D. In Mathematics Education and Science Education

The Science and Mathematics Teaching Center (SMTC) at the University of Wyoming has been collaborating with the College of Education on revising the Ph.D. program for Mathematics Education and the Ph.D. program for Science Education. Currently the only option for graduate students is to pursue a college wide Ph.D. program in Education which requires a significant number of generalized education graduate courses (16–18 hours), advanced research methodology courses (12 hours), and the conventional independent research dissertation hours (16 hours). Upon closer inspection, such a large generalized core of courses leaves far too little room for innovative cognate sequences in mathematics or science content, focused mathe–matics and science education research, or apprenticeship experiences (we define a cognate to be a connected set of two to four courses with a common interrelated theme, for example cognition courses in mathematics and science education). In response, we are striving to create a novel Ph.D. program that integrates concepts of complexity and uncertainty in mathematics and science, integrated science and mathematics cognates, and apprenticeship experiences in content and mathematics and science education.
Optical Emissions from Aurora

The auroral spectrum obtained at medium resolution is shown in Figures 4.1 to 4.7. The atomic lines and molecular bands of the spectrum are indicated on the figures. The relative intensities in the spectra are typical of medium-to-bright aurora (IBC 2–3) at heights near 110 to 120 km, the normal intensity maximum for such aurora. Some variations in relative intensities occur as a result of height effects or changes in atmospheric composition and these will be discussed in Section 4.2.5.
Portland Civic Culture and Civic Opportunity

SEATTLE? SUREi . But Indianapolis? Kansas City? Columbus? Portland on paper has an interesting set of peer cities. Take the nation's second-level metropolitan areas with populations of one to three mil lion. Pick a score of social and economic indicators, such as percentage foreign born, median educational attainment, and industrial distribu tion of workers. Then find the places whose socioeconomic profile resembles Portland. Despite obvious differences in style and tone, Seattle is a close match. Less expected as statistical siblings are cities along the American main street - the old National Road, U.S. 40, and Interstate 70. Start on East Broad Street in Columbus, Ohio, and end on West Colfax Street in Denver. Along the way are Indianapolis and Kansas City Another city with a Portland feel is Cincinnati, a conservative town of river, hills, and neighborhoods. The peripatetic Gen-X spokesman of Monk maga zine recently described Portland as having "coastal intelligence matched with a Midwestern scale and pace."' There is a certain middle westernness to Portland in its moderate scale, slow tempo, informality, and self-satisfaction. Such similarities are reminders of the power of history Most of the early settlers of the Willamette Valley came from the Ohio and Missouri valleys, making Oregon a far finger of the Middle West. Despite the ethnicity of South Portland, most of the city's immigrants came from the littoral of the North Sea rather than from southern or eastern Eu rope. The similarities are also reminders that Portland grew as a par ticular type of city, a regional metropolis in the typology of Otis Duncan. What makes Portland different from such places as Atlanta or Denver is not regional orientation in itself but the extraordinary characteristics of its particular hinterland and history This is precisely the insight that journalist Ernie Pyle reported in 1936:
Inter-annual variability of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton in Valparaíso Bay (~33°S), central Chile

The inter-annual variability of oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton abundance and biomass was studied using 10 years (1986-1996) of in situ observations at a fixed station in Valparaiso Bay (~33oS). The time series analysis revealed that strong S-SW winds drive a quasi-permanent upwelling activity that maintain the nutrients availability in the water column to fuel the phytoplankton in the bay. The most important changes in bio-oceanographic conditions were observed during 1987 El Nino event, which was characterized by higher temperatures but lower values for salinity, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations, together with a decrease of phytoplankton biomass compared to 1988 La Nina event when colder, saltier, and nutrient-rich upwelled water were observed. High Aconcagua River discharges were observed during the El Nino conditions (1987-1988 and 1993), which led to a decrease in surface salinity and a high abundance of dinoflagellates. Two periods with differences in bio-oceanographic conditions were observed; 1988-1992 showed lower temperatures but higher nutrients (nitrate), phytoplankton biomass and abundance of diatoms than 1993-1996 period. Throughout the study period, positive trends in upwelling activity was registered accompanied by a fall in phytoplankton biomass and dinoflagellate abundance. This paper provides new evidences concerning the influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in phytoplankton and oceanographic conditions in the coastal upwelling off central Chile.
Inelastic Deformation of Titanium Matrix Composites Under Multiaxial Loading

A theoretical model capable of predicting the thermomechanical response of continuously reinforced, titanium matrix composite (TMC) laminates, subjected to multiaxial loading has been developed. The model is based on micromechanics and employs classical lamination theory to determine inelastic response. The constitutive relationships for each lamina are determined from a micromechanics analysis that is performed numerically using the finite element method. Matrix viscoplasticity, thermal stresses, and damage to the fiber/ matrix interfacial zone are explicitly included in the model. The representative cell of the micromechanical model is considered to be in a state of generalized plane strain, enabling a quasi two-dimensional analysis to be performed. Constant strain triangular elements are formulated with elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equations. Interfacial debonding is incorporated into the model through interface elements that are based on a constitutive model that includes normal and tangential debonding. Theoretical predictions are compared with the results of an experimental program conducted on SCS-6/Ti-15-3 unidirectional, [0 4 ], and angle-ply, [′45] s , tubular specimens. Multiaxial loading included increments of axial tension, compression, torque, and internal pressure. Loadings were chosen in an effort to distinguish inelastic deformation due to damage from matrix plasticity and separate time-dependent effects from time-independent effects. Results show that fiber/matrix debonding can be a major factor in the effective stress-strain response and that significant room temperature creep can occur at relatively low applied stress levels.
EdgeL^3: Compressing L^3-Net for Mote Scale Urban Noise Monitoring

Urban noise sensing in deeply embedded devices at the edge of the Internet of Things (IoT) is challenging not only because of the lack of sufficiently labeled training data but also because device resources are quite limited. Look, Listen, and Learn (L3), a recently proposed state-of-the-art transfer learning technique, mitigates the first challenge by training self-supervised deep audio embeddings through binary Audio-Visual Correspondence (AVC), and the resulting embeddings can be used to train a variety of downstream audio classification tasks. However, with close to 4.7 million parameters, the multi-layer L3-Net CNN is still prohibitively expensive to be run on small edge devices, such as "motes" that use a single microcontroller and limited memory to achieve long-lived self-powered operation. In this paper, we comprehensively explore the feasibility of compressing the L3-Net for mote-scale inference. We use pruning, ablation, and knowledge distillation techniques to show that the originally proposed L3-Net architecture is substantially overparameterized, not only for AVC but for the target task of sound classification as evaluated on two popular downstream datasets. Our findings demonstrate the value of fine-tuning and knowledge distillation in regaining the performance lost through aggressive compression strategies. Finally, we present EdgeL3, the first L3-Net reference model compressed by 1-2 orders of magnitude for real-time urban noise monitoring on resource-constrained edge devices, that can fit in just 0.4 MB of memory through half-precision floating point representation.
Tangling With Race and Racism in Teacher Education: Designs for Counterstory-Based Parent Teacher Conferences:

Our research is guided by the aim to use counterstories pedagogically in teacher education. We report on counterstory-based parent teacher conference simulations, where composite case narratives su...
Infant formula and toddler milk marketing: opportunities to address harmful practices and improve young children's diets.

Children's diets in their first 1000 days influence dietary preferences, eating habits, and long-term health. Yet the diets of most infants and toddlers in the United States do not conform to recommendations for optimal child nutrition. This narrative review examines whether marketing for infant formula and other commercial baby/toddler foods plays a role. The World Health Organization's International Code of Marketing Breast-milk Substitutes strongly encourages countries and manufacturers to prohibit marketing practices that discourage initiation of, and continued, breastfeeding. However, in the United States, widespread infant formula marketing negatively impacts breastfeeding. Research has also identified questionable marketing of toddler milks (formula/milk-based drinks for children aged 12-36 mo). The United States has relied exclusively on industry self-regulation, but US federal agencies and state and local governments could regulate problematic marketing of infant formula and toddler milks. Health providers and public health organizations should also provide guidance. However, further research is needed to better understand how marketing influences what and how caregivers feed their young children and inform potential interventions and regulatory solutions.
The Chemistry behind the First Experimental Chemical Examples of Turing Patterns

The relatively brief history of nonlinear chemical dynamics has been marked by two surprising gaps of nearly 40 years duration. The first occupies the period between Bray’s discovery [1] of the first homogeneous chemical oscillator and Belousov’s equally accidental finding [2] of the cerium catalyzed bromate oxidation of citric acid. The second is the interval between Turing’s 1952 prediction [3] of diffusion-induced stationary spatial structures in reacting systems and the first experimental evidence of their existence recently provided by De Kepper and collaborators [4]. In both cases, the second discovery generated an explosion of activity and insight, both experimentally and mechanistically.
Colocation Does Not Equal Integration: Identifying and Measuring Best Practices in Primary Care Integration of Children's Oral Health Services in Health Centers.

Abstract Objective Improving oral health of low-income and uninsured young children remains challenging because of reluctance of general dentists to care for very young children or participate in Medicaid, limited involvement of primary care providers in children's oral health, and lack of parental awareness of the importance of early oral health care. These barriers can be addressed in health centers (HCs) that are the premier sources of primary care for low-income and uninsured populations and a significant Medicaid provider. Many HCs provide dental services on-site, but literature indicates that medical and dental services often remain siloed with limited interaction among providers in addressing the oral health needs of young patients including risk assessment, education, and caries prevention. Accordingly, we developed a conceptual framework and measuring tool for medical dental integration and sought to examine utility of this tool in a purposive sample of HCs. Method We developed a conceptual framework for integrated oral health delivery and designed a survey to measure this integration. We surveyed 12 HCs in Los Angeles County participating in a project to improve oral health-care capacity for young children after 2 years of implementation. We included measures of risk assessment, preventive interventions, communication and collaborative practice, and buy-in organized in structure and process domains. Two individuals independently scored the responses, and a third reviewed and finalized. We standardized final scores to range from 0 to 100. Results Overall integration scores ranged from 31% to 73% (mean = 64%). Process scores were higher than structure scores for nearly all HCs. Processes contributing to higher scores included referrals with warm hand-offs, leadership support for medical-dental integration, and involvement in dental quality improvement projects. Structure factors contributing to higher scores included the presence of medical oral health champions, linked electronic health records, and referral protocols. Conclusion We found that high levels of integration could be achieved despite structure and process limitations and sustainable integration depends on leadership and provider commitment and embedding of best practices in daily operations. Further research can illustrate the reliability of our tool and the impact of integration on access.
Older adults’ social network and support and its association with physical activity

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe older adults’ social network and support during a physical activity intervention and its association with physical activity. Mixed methods were used for this secondary analysis of existing data from a physical activity intervention. Seventy-three participants who completed a session by telephone on using support comprised the sample. Participants reported on average approximately eight individuals in their social network. Half reported support for physical activity from a spouse/partner, adult child, or friend. Those who perceived support for self-reported physical activity tended to have greater improvements on average from baseline for mean daily minutes of physical activity than those with no perceived support. Four-fifths developed a plan for a spouse/partner, friend, adult child, or sibling to provide physical activity support. Participants reported that the session was helpful and increased their confidence in using support; over one-quarter intended to use support after the intervention ended.
Donor Substance Abuse is Not Associated with Late High-Grade Primary Graft Dysfunction (PGD) in Lung Transplant

Purpose The donor pool for lung transplantation (LT) may be expanded by procuring from donors with substance abuse (SA) history. Scant data exists on the early course of recipients of these lungs. We assessed the association between donor SA and perioperative outcomes. Methods We reviewed LTs at our center from Jan. 2014-Jan. 2019 and donor data from the United Network for Organ Sharing. SA was defined as reported use of illicit substances (cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids)/tobacco 1+ times/month or positive post-mortem screen, or consumption of 2+ alcoholic drinks/day. The primary outcome was late high-grade PGD due to its risk for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Late high-grade PGD was defined as PGD 2-3 at 48-72 hours. Secondary outcomes were ventilator hours (VH), initial intensive care unit (ICU) hours, initial hospital length of stay (LOS), 30-day mortality, and first year FEV1% predicted trends. Results 350 LT patients were included in this study. 198/350 (57%) patients received SA donor lungs, while 152/350 (43%) patients received non-SA donor lungs. 82/198 (42%) in the SA donor group developed late high-grade PGD vs. 61/152 (42%) in the non-SA donor group. On multivariable logistic regression (Figure 1), late high-grade PGD was not associated with donor SA (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.67-1.85, p=0.687). Bivariate comparison found no association between donor SA and VH, ICU hours, and LOS. 30-day survival was 98.99% (n=196) in the SA donor group vs. 98.68% (n=150) in the non-SA donor group. The log rank test detected no difference in 30-day survival between the groups (p=0.789). An estimating equation model and analysis found no evidence that donor SA had an effect on FEV1% predicted over time (p=0.907). Conclusion Donor SA does not impact risk for late high-grade PGD, perioperative outcomes, 30-day survival, or first-year FEV1% predicted. Lungs from donors with history of SA may be considered for use in transplant to help reduce waitlist mortality.
Uniform Error Bounds for Stochastic Kriging

In this paper, we propose an approach to construct uniform error bounds (or confidence intervals) for stochastic kriging with a prescribed confidence level. The theoretical development sheds some light on the impact of simulation experimental designs and budget allocation schemes as well as their relative importance on the large-sample properties of stochastic kriging. Through numerical evaluations, we demonstrate the superiority of the uniform error bounds to the simultaneous confidence intervals obtained by applying Bonferroni correction under various experimental settings.
Financing Innovative Activity and the Endogeneity of Patenting

Debt financing plays an important role in the funding of innovative firms, and patents have been increasingly used as collateral. We examine financing of innovative firms when future innovations are not verifiable and hence patenting, which creates a verifiable asset, cannot be contracted upon. We show that the endogeneity of the patenting decision creates an upper bound on the long-term payments that can be credibly promised to a lender. This introduces a unique inefficiency, which also affects the terms and feasibility of financing contracts.
Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Enhanced Stress Sensing in Smart Cementitious Composites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) when used as additives in cementitious materials are known to enable the piezo-responses making them smart materials. The piezo-responses can potentially be used to monitor the applied forces, stress, and the resulting performances of the associated materials. An effective and reproducible method for smart cementitious material production needs to ensure uniform dispersion of CNTs within the cementitious base, and that should lead to better sensitivity and consistency in sensing by the smart cementitious materials. This paper presents a surface modification method of CNTs using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to improve the performance of the CNT-modified smart cementitious materials for stress sensing. Compared to the two commonly used CNTs dispersion methods, the direct mixing and the surfactant surface treatment methods of dispersing CNTs, the new CMC surface modification method developed within this study significantly increased the stress detection sensitivity and consistency, and reduced the measurement hysteresis.
What do humble doctors do? A conceptualization of clinician humility from the patient's perspective.

Abstract Objective Humility is a desirable trait for clinicians (e.g., physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants), but it can be difficult to achieve. Although commentary and empirical studies on clinician humility exist, the literature has overlooked what exactly constitutes a humble clinician through the patients’ eyes. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study explored clinician humility from the patient’s perspective. Method Participants (N = 326; 42.1% female; Mage = 40.65, SDage = 11.73) listed humble behaviors that their clinician displayed and evaluated their clinician’s overall humility through an online survey. All participants were from the United States of America. Results Participants rated their clinician favorably on humility, M = 4.06, SD = 0.94 (on a 1–5 scale). Through thematic analyses, we created five themes about clinician humility: approachability, respect for patient, nonverbal communication, patient-focus, and acknowledgement of limitations. Conclusions: The themes coincide with facets of humility within the literature and overlap with important strategies to improve the clinician-patient relationship. Practice Implications Clinician humility may serve as a useful framework to categorize important clinician behaviors in the medical interaction. Instead of attempting to remember a myriad of concepts, one may need to keep in mind a modest unifying notion: “be humble”.
Los embelecos de la gramática: Lengua, literatura, y herejías gramaticales en la obra de Fernando Vallejo

De la importancia de las reflexiones de Vallejo en torno a la gramatica -uno de los discursos predominantes en su obra- se ocupa Maria Ospina en el presente articulo. A partir de una aguda lectura de La Virgen de los sicarios y El cuervo blanco (la biografia de Rufino Jose Cuervo que publico Vallejo en el 2012), Ospina evalua la centralidad de la gramatica para el proyecto literario de Vallejo y su concepcion de rol de la literatura en la Colombia contemporanea. Enfocandose en los cuestionamientos y contradicciones que rodean la apropiacion de la figura decimononica del gramatico por parte de Vallejo, Ospina propone que tanto la novela como la biografia cuestionan la autoridad y el alcance del esfuerzo prescriptivo del saber sobre el cual se construyeron las bases de una sociedad excluyente en Colombia. La labor desestabilizadora de Vallejo, su interes por capturar los giros de la lengua hablada y de desafiar los rigidos limites de la gramatica resultan, segun Ospina, en una defensa de la produccion estetica y literaria como un lugar para la documentacion del “paso del rio cambiante del lenguaje” y la reflexion sobre el devenir historico.
Challenging the tyranny of the five-paragraph essay: teachers and students as semiotic boundary workers in classroom and digital space

This article addresses several challenges faced by educators and students in English classrooms in the US–Mexico borderlands region that will resonate with educators more broadly. I present how Ms Smith, the predominately Latino students in her high school writing class and I moved beyond what Ms Smith called the “tyranny of the five-paragraph essay” used for standardised tests so that students were able to make personally and academically meaningful arguments in their writing. I examine how we collaboratively mobilised interests, motivations and diverse semiotic resources across out-of-school and in-school contexts in the process of developing multimodal and hybrid genres and texts. First, I describe how Ms Smith and I crafted hybrid, digitally mediated classroom spaces and essay assignments informed by students' identity and literacy practices within digital networks. Next, I examine how three Latina students used semiotic resources and issues circulating in the different spaces of their lives to confidently argue their perspectives within the hybrid genres we created. From this collaborative work, I suggest that thinking of students and teachers as “semiotic boundary workers” provides a useful framework for practitioners who want to enable young people to draw on their practices and digital tools and engage their expansive, networked and creative affordances in academic contexts.
Mechanism of Injury-Provoked Poliomyelitis

Skeletal muscle injury is known to predispose its sufferers to neurological complications of concurrent poliovirus infections. This phenomenon, labeled “provocation poliomyelitis,” continues to cause numerous cases of childhood paralysis due to the administration of unnecessary injections to children in areas where poliovirus is endemic. Recently, it has been reported that intramuscular injections may also increase the likelihood of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in recipients of live attenuated poliovirus vaccines. We have studied this important risk factor for paralytic polio in an animal system for poliomyelitis and have determined the pathogenic mechanism linking intramuscular injections and provocation poliomyelitis. Skeletal muscle injury induces retrograde axonal transport of poliovirus and thereby facilitates viral invasion of the central nervous system and the progression of spinal cord damage. The pathogenic mechanism of provocation poliomyelitis may differ from that of polio acquired in the absence of predisposing factors.
Special Operations on Boolean Algebras

We give the basic definitions and facts about several operations on Boolean algebras which were not discussed in the Handbook.
Recovery of mail piece shape from range images using 3-D deformable models

Automatic sorting of all classes of mail must take into account different shapes and sizes of mail pieces. A system for classification of mail pieces according to their shape using range images is proposed. Volumatric models of single mail pieces characterized by position, orientation, size and shape parameters are recovered using least squares minimization of a model fitting function. The models used are superquatrics with global deformations. The recovered parameters can serve for different classification schemes which depend on the particular methods used for the manipulation of the mail stream. A classification scheme that divides mail pieces is presented.
Drosophila melanogaster contains a single calmodulin gene further structure and expression studies

We have previously characterized a calmodulin gene from the organism Drosophila melanogaster . In the higher vertebrates a multi-gene system for encoding calmodulin is present and, in at least one invertebrate species, genes encoding highly related calmodulin isotypes exist. We have therefore searched for additional calmodulin genes within D. melanogaster . Although our searches were sensitive enough to detect a relatively divergent gene encoding a calmodulin family protein, we were unable to detect any additional genes for calmodulin per se . Further studies of the structure and expression of the single calmodulin gene of D. melanogaster have established that the gene contains a tiny additional 5′ exon encoding only 50 residues of the 5′ leader. Sequencing at the 3′ terminus has established that the two transcript size classes derived from the gene are produced as a result of alternative polyadenylation site usage. The relative abundance of the two size classes of mRNAs differs throughout the life cycle, indicating developmental regulation of polyadenylation site usage.
Atmospheric deposition of beryllium 7 in the Chesapeake Bay region

Bulk (combined wet and dry) atmospheric deposition of the cosmogenic isotope 7Be was monitored at Solomons, Maryland (38°19′N, 76°27′W), from March 1986 to November 1987. The observed deposition of 7Be supported an inventory ranging from 2 to 4 dpm (disintegrations per minute)/cm2. The supported inventory and monthly fluxes of 7Be showed maxima in late spring (March–May). The peak in 7Be deposition was very similar in 1986 and 1987 despite 1986 having a very dry spring. It thus appears that given even modest amounts of precipitation, there is strong seasonality in the atmospheric deposition of 7Be near 40°N. The timing and magnitude of the spring peak in 7Be deposition are in close agreement with estimates of the seasonal variation in the injection of stratospheric air into the troposphere, suggesting that on a monthly time scale the bulk deposition of 7Be closely reflects the tropospheric inventory of 7Be.
Hydrodynamic limb vein delivery of a xenogeneic DNA cancer vaccine effectively induces antitumor immunity.

Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are typically poorly immunogenic "self" antigens. An effective strategy to break tolerance and induce antitumor immunity is by genetic vaccination, employing the orthologous TAA-sequence from a different species. We recently developed a clinically relevant approach for intravascular hydrodynamic limb vein (HLV) delivery of nucleic acids to skeletal muscle. Using the human gp100 xenogeneic TAA in the murine B16 melanoma model, we show that genetic vaccination of mice by HLV plasmid DNA delivery was highly effective at breaking tolerance against the homologous murine gp100 (mgp100) TAA and induced prophylactic antitumor protection. HLV vaccination resulted in an anti-hgp100 humoral and cellular response, with 4–5% of CD8 + T cells being gp100 25–33 -epitope-specific. Vaccinated animals demonstrated in vivo cytolytic activity against human and mgp100 25–33 peptide-pulsed targets. Antitumor immunity could be adoptively transferred by splenocytes from human gp100-vaccinated animals. Furthermore, a durable antitumor memory response was established as ∼3% of CD8 + T cells were gp100 25–33 antigen-specific in mice 6 months after vaccination. Following a single HLV human gp100 DNA boost, this level increased to ∼17% and protected animals from subsequent B16 tumor rechallenge. Our results warrant further consideration of HLV as a clinically relevant method for cancer gene therapy.
Treatment of arteriovenous malformations with stereotactic radiosurgery: A review

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular anomalies in which blood is shunted from the arterial to the venous system. In general, the annual risk of hemorrhage from an intracranial AVM is 2–3%. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with an initial hemorrhage are 30% and 10%, respectively. Based on these risks, intervention for unruptured AVMs is commonly recommended. Microneurosurgery is regarded by most physicians to be the treatment of choice for small cortical AVMs in noneloquent areas since resection can result in immediate cure. Stereotactic “radiosurgery” (radiation therapy) is commonly recommended for patients with deep AVMs ≤ 15 cm3 (approximately 3 cm in maximum dimension), where the risks of surgery are excessive. AVMs larger than approximately 15 cm3 may be treated with embolization followed by either microneurosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery. When AVMs have been managed with stereotactic radiosurgery and the size of the lesion is taken into consideration, gamma knives, linear accelerators, and cyclotrons have produced similar angiographic complete obliteration rates. Gamma knives are expensive to purchase and install but are easy to operate. Linear accelerators are the most economical and versatile machines for stereotactic radiosurgery. Although cyclotrons are very expensive to build and operate, they afford maximal sparing of normal tissue when large lesions are irradiated. The complete obliteration rates 1,2, and 3 years following the management of AVMs ≤ 10 cm3 with stereotactic radiosurgery are 40–50%, 70–90%, and 75–95%, respectively. Following the administration of radiosurgery, 2-year angiographic complete obliteration rates are 88% for AVMs <4 cm3, 75% for AVMs 4–10 cm3, 67% for AVMs 11–25 cm3, and 39% for AVMs 26–70 cm3. Much lower (0-45%) long-term complete obliteration rates have been obtained with fractionated photon and neutron beam radiation therapy, apparently due to the administration of inadequate total doses. The crude incidence of complications following the treatment of AVMs with stereotactic radiosurgery is approximately 3%, with no treatment-related mortality. Patients with AVMs in the brain stem, thalamus, or basal ganglia are at higher risk for complications. In the future, authors should consider reporting the number of patients who undergo follow-up MRI or CT scans but not angiography and consider presenting complication rates as a function of time in order to allow one to more accurately assess results. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation of Steam Turbine Nozzle and Blading Efficiency

The paper describes the essential characteristics of the passages forming the fixed and moving elements of multistage high-efficiency turbines, whether impulse or reaction. The problems of nozzle investigations by static and dynamic methods are discussed, and a new nozzle tester is described. Reference is made to the Reynolds number; its physical significance is explained, and experimental results are used to demonstrate its effectiveness as a correlative factor.The significance of the static (nozzle) efficiency and the dynamic (turbine) efficiency is discussed, and the essentially different way in which they are affected by the discharge angle is pointed out.A mathematical expression is derived for the relation between static and dynamic efficiency for 50 per cent reaction blading as a function of the discharge angle. This, in conjunction with the Reynolds number, is used to demonstrate the unity and consistency of static and dynamic test results which at first sight seem to be conflicting or unrelated.