cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral disease burden and dental services utilization by Latino and African-American seniors in Northern Manhattan.

Although oral diseases are among the most common chronic conditions affecting older adults, utilization of dental services by the elderly, especially minority elderly is low. This pilot study determined whether there are racial/ethnic differences in oral disease burden, perceived oral health-related quality of life, perceived need for dental services and dental services utilization between African-American and Latino seniors in Northern Manhattan. Subjects received an oral examination and a face-to-face survey to assess oral health status, perceived need, perceived oral health-related quality of life, and utilization of dental services. The data suggest that in both populations, oral disease burden is high and utilization of dental services is problematic—34.0% of the subjects were edentulous and average time since last dental visit was 40.1 months. The average DMFT was 23.8; 81.6% of the dental caries experience was accounted for by Missing Teeth, and there were significant differences in total caries experience, and Missing and Filled Teeth between African-American and Latino seniors. Although there were no racial/ethnic differences in the utilization of dental services, dentate individuals were more likely to have had a more recent dental visit (31.0 months) than edentulous individuals (57.7 months). The high proportion of Missing Teeth suggests that interventions aimed at improving the oral health of this population must target individuals at a younger age.
Contemporary Attitudes Toward Computers

AbstractThis paper examines contemporary attitudes toward computers in two samples: university students and nonstudent adults. Changes in attitudes from the beginning of the computer revolution until the present are evaluated by comparing the current attitudes of both samples to those found in a classic attitude study of 25 years ago. The results of our study show that there are substantial differences in attitudes held by students and nonstudent adults with respect to computers and their current and future place in society. It also indicates that attitudes have shifted over the past two decades with more negative feelings being prevalent among the nonstudent adults, or the older persons. This study indicates a need to expand the focus of computer education from programming, mechanics of the machines, and usage skills to include limitations and consideration of the computer’s place and role in society.
Analysis of resolution for an amplitude steered array

In 1976, Hughes and Thompson introduced the amplitude-steered array, which steered the maximum response of the linear array by amplitude weighting the output signals of the elements, thus eliminating the need for time delays or phase-shift networks. Currently that amplitude-steered array concept is being extended to a broadband two-dimensional array which can be used for real-time three-dimensional imaging. In shifting the use of the amplitude-steered array from underwater acoustic communications to imaging, one must consider different issues of the array's performance such as lateral and axial resolution. The authors show that both lateral and axial resolution are limited by the length of the array. The dependence of axial resolution on the length of the array is a unique feature of the amplitude-steered array, leading to an interesting tradeoff between lateral and axial resolution. The authors develop a theoretical basis for the dependence and give simulation results.
Short-Correlation Approximation in Models of Turbulent Diffusion

The problem of stirring a passive scalar by a random velocity field is considered. By the short-correlation approximation one means the assumption that the decorrelation time of the velocity field is infinitely small. There is a widespread misunderstanding that such an approach readily yields the Fokker-Planck equation for the mean field of passive scalar. Indeed, the resulting equation strongly depends on the order of a “hidden” time scale appearing in this problem. This time scale called the turnover time is defined as the ratio of the correlation radius and the mean square velocity fluctuation. We show that the effective diffusivity is different under different assumptions on the order of turnover time. As a consequence we have different physical effects for different forms of the scale separation. Also some new rigorous results related to the regime of superdiffusion are obtained.
State Power, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Post-Genocide Rwanda: An Ethnographic Analysis of the Grassroots Gacaca Courts

This paper analyzes the inner workings of the grassroots gacaca tribunals that were set up to try genocide crimes in Rwanda. My analysis draws on “thick descriptions” of the judicial process from the point of view of the actors deeply embedded in it. From this “inside out” perspective, the paper assesses forms of state control and local struggles for power and influence in the context of which there are various kinds of evasions and maneuverings by social actors. It is within this analytic framework that the paper examines the scope of the independence and impartiality of judges and the extent to which the gacaca process can approximate a fair trial. The bulk of data for this paper are drawn from interviews, trial notes and ethnographic immersion in the life of a community in Kavumu sector of Masaka district in southwest Rwanda. To ensure anonymity, place names have been changed and actors are identified by their roles rather than names. This paper was presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting 2006.
Assuring Design Diversity in N-Version Software: A Design Paradigm for N-Version Programming

The N-Version Programming (NVP) approach achieves fault-tolerant software units, called N-version Software (NVS) units, through the development and use of software diversity. To maximize the effectiveness of the NVP approach, the probability of similar errors that coincide at the NVS decision points should be reduced to the lowest possible value. Design diversity is potentially an effective method to get this result. It has been the major concern of this paper to formulate a set of rigorous guidelines, or a design paradigm for the investigation and implementation of design diversity in building NVS units for practical applications. This effort includes the description of a most recent formulation of the NVP design paradigm, which integrates the knowledge and experience obtained from fault-tolerant system design with software engineering techniques, and the application of this design paradigm to a real-world project for an extensive evaluation. Some limitations of the approach are also presented.
Carbon nanotube-assisted growth of single-/multi-layer SnS2 and SnO2 nanoflakes for high-performance lithium storage

SnS2 nanoparticles and SnS2 nanoflake/CNTs composite are prepared by a low-cost facile hydrothermal method for their use in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. It is found that the presence of multi-walled CNTs during synthesis greatly affects the morphology of as-formed SnS2 nanostructures, and circinal single-layer and multilayer SnS2 nanoflakes enwrapped by CNTs are produced. The composite is further oxidized to porous SnO2 nanoflake/CNTs hybrid by annealing at 500 °C in air. The formation mechanism of SnS2/CNTs and SnO2/CNTs composites is examined. All the three materials are used as the anode in Li-ion batteries. The SnS2/CNTs composite delivers stronger cycling stability than the pure SnS2 anode. In tests the former exhibits excellent capacity retention of 91.5% at 100 mA g−1 over 50 cycles, while the latter displays 66.8%. The rate capability of SnS2/CNTs composite is much better than pure SnS2 as well. Redox reaction characteristics and Li-ion transfer kinetics at the two SnS2 anodes are studied by differential capacity plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is discovered that the SnS2/CNTs composite with larger surface area allows faster Li-ion transfer kinetics, effective cushion of volume changes, and thus gains the improved Li-ion intercalation behaviours. The capacity of the tin-based anode can be further raised by transformation to a SnO2/CNTs hybrid that also delivers excellent rate and cycling performances.
Federal aid and the growth of a subject literature

Since 1966 the federal government has made millions of dollars available for the purchase of instructional materials for use in the nation's elementary and secondary schools. While the federal funds have benefited students and teachers through the establishment of materials collections, relatively little research has been conducted in the use of these materials. The experimental test described in this article shows that productivity in regard to the subject literature supporting the school library media center concept increases or decreases in correspondence with the amount of federal funds made available for each fiscal year. This subject literature represents the state of knowledge (source) in a communication process to the learner (destination). It is suggested that if federal funds were made available for the systematic study of the phenomena of use of learning materials, new knowledge and a more effective communication system would result. Thus, the teacher's knowledge and understanding of the use of instructional materials, which will ultimately determine the use or nonuse of such materials, would increase, and children would benefit.
Bleaching of Chlorophyll by Digitoxin

Summary Digitoxin has been found to bleach chlorophylls a and b when administered in an alcoholic solution to the dry powder of freshly frozen leaves of Digitalis purpurea. The cardenolide causes the formation of a phase separation with distinct color renditions within the final chloroform-ethanol and chloroform-ethyl ether extracts. A detailed analysis of light absorption bands from the green to the red shows almost complete disappearance of the 526 and 661 nm peaks, the latter indicating a probable aggregation of a colloidal chlorophyll-adigitoxin complex by coordination of the Mg atom of chlorophyll with the C23-carbonyl group of digitoxin with absorption in the 670 to 680 nm range and with a free energy of reaction of - 9.4 kcal. Chlorophyll-b reacted with digitoxin by an apparent increase of concentration at a low dose of 10 mg of digitoxin per 25 g of powder and by its destruction at a higher dose of 30 mg with a free energy release of -9.6 kcal as shown by the behavior of its 644 nm absorption peak. The reactions are composed of three concentration dependent phases with distinct halfdose values. Some thoughts are stated about the ability of the plant to control its production of autotoxic secondary plant products, specifically in regard to chlorophyll. Its implications on the status of plant communities are pointed out.
MINI-lovers, maxi-mouths: An investigation of antecedents to eWOM intention among brand community members

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) has received mounting attention as a powerful source of product-related information and as an effective marketing communication strategy; however, little is known about what predicts consumers' engagement in eWOM. This study proposes and empirically examines a model of eWOM intention among online brand community members. Based on a survey of about 170 members of MINI Cooper online brand communities, the findings of this study suggest that brand identification positively influences eWOM intention by way of brand loyalty and community identification. In addition, trust in peer community members was found as a significant mediator of the influence of community identification on eWOM intention. Taken together, both brand- and community-related dimensions are crucial in predicting eWOM intention among brand community members. Managerially, the findings point to the prime role of online brand community members in spreading the positive word for the brand and provide insight to ef...
Critical role for CD8+ T cells in allograft acceptance induced by DST and CD40/CD154 costimulatory blockade

Donor-specific transfusion (DST) and CD40/CD154 costimulation blockade is a powerful immunosuppressive strategy which prolongs survival of many allografts. The efficacy of DST and anti-CD154 mAb for prolongation of hepatocellular allograft survival was only realized in C57BL/6 mice that have both CD4- and CD8-dependent pathways available (median survival time, MST, 82 days). Hepatocyte rejection in CD8 KO mice which is CD4-dependent was not suppressed by DST and anti-CD154 mAb treatment (MST, 7 days); unexpectedly DST abrogated the beneficial effects of anti-CD154 mAb for suppression of hepatocyte rejection (MST, 42 days) and on donor-reactive alloantibody production. Hepatocyte rejection in CD4 KO mice which is CD8-dependent was suppressed by treatment with DST and anti-CD154 mAb therapy (MST, 35 days) but did not differ significantly from immunotherapy with anti-CD154 mAb alone (MST, 32 days). Induction of hepatocellular allograft acceptance by DST and anti-CD154 mAb immunotherapy was dependent on host CD8(+) T cells, as demonstrated by CD8 depletion studies in C57BL/6 mice (MST, 14 days) and CD8 reconstitution of CD8 KO mice (MST, 56 days). These studies demonstrate that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets contribute to induction of hepatocellular allograft acceptance by this immunotherapeutic strategy.
Solid waste and resource recovery-legal aspects

The legal aspects of the Federal Government with respect to solid waste and resource recovery are presented and discussed.
An Interdisciplinary Capstone Experience Involving Engineering and Business Students and a Manufacturing Rotation

The Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) has a rich history of teaching critical and integrative thinking and design skills throughout the curriculum, culminating in a year-long senior capstone design experience. The capstone includes clinical rotations and shadowing in the early stages of the design sequence — participating medical faculty enhance student exposure to biomedical device ideation, which promotes the virtues of team-based experiential learning activities that teach critical thinking and integrate new knowledge with prior learning.© 2013 ASME
Role of dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in energy homeostasis

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) is primarily expressed in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). Although Arc NPY gene expression is responsive to circulating leptin, the regulation of DMH NPY expression is leptin-independent. DMH NPY expression is increased in response to chronic food restriction, but not acute food deprivation. DMH NPY expression is elevated in pair-fed OLETF rats lacking cholecystokinin (CCK)-1 receptors. A role for CCK in controlling DMH NPY expression is demonstrated by the down-regulation of DMH NPY by parenchymal DMH CCK administration in intact rats. Moreover, access to running wheels normalizes body weight and prevents altered DMH NPY expression of OLETF rats. Together, these data suggest that DMH NPY plays an important role in feeding and body weight control.
Solution deposition of amorphous IZO films by ultrasonic spray

The successful development of alternative deposition methods for thin-film transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) has important implications for photovoltaic technologies, such as CIGS. This work examines the use of atmospheric-pressure solution processing as an alternative to conventional vacuum-based sputtering for the deposition of a recent archetype TCO material, amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO), which has demonstrated qualitatively better resistance to degradation compared to conventionally used Al-doped ZnO. Solution processing is industrially attractive due to its ease and potential to lower device manufacturing costs. While sputtered IZO shows the highest conductivity in the indium-rich region (∼70 at% In) where the films are amorphous, current TCOs deposited by solution routes have only focused on crystalline, zinc-rich films (3–5 at% In). In nearly all these cases, acetate precursors are used. Here we report on amorphous, indium-rich IZO films prepared by ultrasonic spray deposition from solutions of a novel indium-zinc formate (IZF) precursor. Films were sprayed onto glass at 100–210°C from an IZF-HNO 3 -methanol solution and annealed under Ar-4%H 2 . Thin films ( 80%) and conductivities of ∼50 S/cm. Electronic carrier concentrations of the films were consistent with sputtered IZO (∼1020/cm3). However, the Hall mobility (∼1 cm2/Vs) is an order of magnitude lower than sputtered IZO. Electron microscopy suggests the low mobility was due to porosity and film layering. X-ray diffraction of the sprayed IZO films showed that the amorphous state was successfully obtained after annealing at 300°C but that phase separation of In 2 O 3 occurred above 400°C.
Counterflow Diffusion Flames of Oxygen and N-Alkane Hydrocarbons (CH4-C16H34) at Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions

This article presents an investigation of counterflow diffusion flames of oxygen and n-alkanes (CH4-C16H34) over the entire thermodynamic fluid regime and a wide range of flow strain rates. The formulation incorporates fundamental thermodynamics and transport theories, along with detailed chemistry. An improved two-point flame-controlling continuation method is employed to capture the complete flame response along the S-curve. Two selected members of the n-alkane family, methane and n-heptane, are studied in detail. The results confirm that the flame thickness () and the global heat-release rate () of oxygen/hydrocarbon systems are closely related to the pressure-weighted strain rate, and . The latter correlation is further modified to account for the pressure effect on peak flame temperature, for the oxygen/methane system, for the oxygen/n-heptane system. The inlet temperature appears to have a negligible effect on flame characteristics. General similarities are developed in the mixture-fraction space in...
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE FROM TORPEDO CALIFORNICA

— Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of acetylcholine in nervous tissue, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the electric organ of the electric fish Torpedo californica using ion-exchange, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The final preparation had been purified 8570-fold to a specific activity of 30μmol ACh formed/min/mg protein. The purified protein has a pH optimum of 6.8 (phosphate buffer), is activated by low concentrations (ca. 10 mm) of ammonium or alkylammonium ions, and is strongly inhibited by a sulfhydryl blocking reagent (DTNB). ChAT has a mol. wt. of 63000 when measured by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or gel filtration. A new method for the rapid assay of ChAT activity is described in which unreacted substrate ([3H]acetyl-CoA) is removed from reaction mixtures by adsorption to charcoal: some advantages of this technique are discussed.
A safe and effective method for converting patients from transdermal to intravenous fentanyl for the treatment of acute cancer-related pain.

BACKGROUND The delayed effects (12–16 hours) of transdermal fentanyl make dose titration difficult during acute exacerbations of cancer pain. Patients at the authors' institution routinely are switched from transdermal to intravenous (IV) fentanyl using a 1:1 (transdermal:IV) conversion during severe episodes of pain. METHODS The authors evaluated nine consecutive hospitalized patients with cancer who had severe pain for up to 6 days following the conversion from transdermal to IV fentanyl. Pain intensity was rated using an 11-point (0–10) verbal numeric rating scale (NRS). All 9 patients initially reported their pain intensity with movement as ≥ 8 during treatment with transdermal fentanyl. Eight patients initially reported their pain at rest as ≥ 8. In each patient, all transdermal patches were removed, and a continuous infusion (CI) delivering IV fentanyl at the same hourly rate was initiated simultaneously. Demand boluses of IV fentanyl equivalent in dosage to 50–100% of the CI rate remained available by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Pain intensity (0–10), sedation (0–3), and hourly fentanyl requirements (micrograms per hour) were assessed and recorded immediately prior to patch removal and at least once daily after the initiation of IV fentanyl. The CI and demand boluses were titrated whenever necessary on the basis of pain intensity and supplemental PCA use. RESULTS All 9 patients reported mild levels (≤ 4) of pain at rest within 5 days. The median time to achieve mild levels of pain at rest was 1.5 days. Six patients achieved mild levels of pain with movement within 3 days. Three patients never achieved mild levels of pain with movement while receiving IV fentanyl. No serious side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS The conversion from transdermal to IV fentanyl can be accomplished safely and effectively using a 1:1 (transdermal:IV) conversion during acute exacerbations of cancer pain. Cancer 2003;97:3121–4. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11457
HuB localizes to polysomes and alters C/EBP-β expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

The RNA binding protein HuB was ectopically expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and localized primarily to the nucleus, as the cells differentiated HuB redistributed to the cytosol and on analysis localized to the dense polysomes. Electron micrographs confirm association of HuB with the ribosomes in the adipocytes consistent with a proposed role in control of translation and mRNA stability. Examination of the expression of C/EBP-β in the cells expressing HuB relative to the parental 3T3-L1 adipocytes demonstrated an alteration in the LAP to LIP ratio. The data support a role for endogenous Hu proteins in the differentiation process, potentially affecting the rate of differentiation by controlling the concentration of the dominant negative transcription inhibitor, LIP.
Monitoring groundwater and well water for crop protection chemicals.

The author of the Marsanto Company discusses the design of monitoring studies, key components of sampling and analysis protocols, and data interpretation
Promise and problems: CASE usage in the US

A mailing to 2740 information system departments (ISDs) in the United States revealed that Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) technology has been very widely purchased but has not yet been placed into everyday use except in rare instances. Four distinctive categories of organizational usage of CASE are proposed, and the count of responding companies in each of these categories is given. Diagramming aids were found to be the most used CASE tools, with reverse engineering tools least used. The authors model innovation as a two-phase process and present factors from the study that are most often found in systems departments that are successful in each of these innovation phases. CASE implementation advice is offered.
Effects of experimental imperfections on a spin counting experiment

Spin counting NMR is an experimental technique that allows a determination of the size and time evolution of networks of dipolar coupled nuclear spins. This work reports on an average Hamiltonian treatment of two spin counting sequences and compares the efficiency of the two cycles in the presence of flip errors, RF inhomogeneity, phase transients, phase errors, and offset interactions commonly present in NMR experiments. Simulations on small quantum systems performed using the two cycles reveal the effects of pulse imperfections on the resulting multiple quantum spectra, in qualitative agreement with the average Hamiltonian calculations. Experimental results on adamantane are presented, demonstrating differences in the two sequences in the presence of pulse errors.
Preoperative assessment of the airway

Summary Failure to secure a patient's airway can cause severe and long-lasting consequences, including death. Indeed, failed airway management is a leading cause of legal claims in the field of anesthesiology. Anticipating and preparing for difficulty in airway management is crucial to avoiding airway catastrophes. Many of the traditional methods for predicting a difficult airway have low sensitivity and specificity, but prediction models and adjuncts to traditional methods of airway evaluation are being researched extensively. This article reviews airway assessment approaches, including the use of newer airway assessment models and imaging, and emphasizes the need for involvement of multiple disciplines to improve airway safety.
Spatial Emission Properties of a Surface-Wave-Sustained Plasma (Surfatron) in Helium

Spatially resolved measurements of plasma-emission sources can greatly aid in their application to atomic-emission spectrometry. In this study, detailed two-dimensional emission profiles of a plasma sustained by electromagnetic surface waves from a surfatron have been measured with an imaging spectrometer. In helium, and under the operating conditions described, the plasma is found to possess a
Differential impact of isolated psychotic symptoms on treatment outcome of major depressive disorder in the STAR*D cohort of Whites, Blacks and Latinos.

Abstract Objective To determine whether isolated psychotic symptoms are more likely to be endorsed by depressed Latinos as opposed to other ethnic–racial groups; whether these symptoms affect Latinos similarly to other ethnic–racial groups in terms of treatment response; and whether they are more likely to be associated with anxiety disorders in depressed Latinos. Methods We analyzed data from STAR⁎D subjects who self identified as White, Black, or Latino. Rates of isolated psychotic symptoms were assessed by the self-rated Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) and compared between ethnic–racial groups. Depressive remission outcomes were compared within each ethnic–racial group between subjects who endorsed psychotic symptoms versus no psychotic symptoms. Associations between isolated psychotic symptoms and anxiety disorders were also examined. Results Among 2597 eligible subjects with at least one post-baseline assessment and available PDSQ data excluding first-rank symptoms, the prevalence of auditory–visual hallucination was 2.5% in Whites (n=49/1928), 11.3% in Blacks (n=45/398) 6.3% in Latinos (n=17/270) (χ2=64.9; df=2; p Limitations The STAR*D study did not include any structured clinician-based assessment of psychotic symptoms. Conclusion Latinos do not appear to have worse outcomes when treated for MDD with auditory–visual hallucinations, differently from Whites and Blacks.
Computer implementation of the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation

Abstract A modified Romberg procedure for evaluating complex integrals is applied to the computation of the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. An iterative procedure proposed by Wassmuth is used to determine the constants of the transformation for flow past a polygonal boundary. The flow in a rectangular cavity and past a rectangular bump are computed.
Isolation and chemical identification of inhibitors of plasma ligand binding.

Isolation and chemical identification of inhibitors of plasma ligand binding. The binding by serum albumin of many drugs and endogenous metabolites is impaired in humans and animals with renal failure. Unknown solute(s) retained in renal failure have been extracted from uremic fluids. When added to normal plasma they induce a similar binding defect. Similar activity can be extracted from normal urine. We have devised a series of extraction and purification techniques that yielded three binding inhibitory ligands from normal human urine in sufficient quantity and of a high degree of purity. Rigorous methods have been applied to determine chemical identity of the ligands. Purification steps consisted of: (a) adsorption at pH 3.0 to polystyrene–divinylbenzene resin (XAD-2); (b) elution from the resin with methanol followed by drying and solution in dilute formic acid; (c) passage through SP-Sephadex to remove cations, especially yellow–brown pigments; (d) adsorption to the anion exchanger QAE-Sephadex, and separation into three zones of inhibitory activity with a formic acid gradient; (e) purification to homogeneity with C-8 or C-18 silica reversed–phase chromatography. Using this isolation procedure, followed by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have shown that the binding inhibitory activity is due not to one ligand, but to a family of aromatic acids. To date hippurate, β-(m-hydroxyphenyl)–hydracrylate and p-hydroxyphenylacetate have been identified as binding inhibitors. Other active ligands remain to be identified.
Truncated icosahedral gravitational wave antenna.

We propose a new type of resonant-mass gravitational wave detector, a truncated icosahedral gravitational wave antenna. It will be omnidirectional, and able to measure the direction and polarization of a detected wave. We solve a model for this system, calculate the strain noise spectrum, and conclude that its angle-averaged energy sensitivity will be 56 times better than the equivalent bar-type antenna with the same noise temperature.
Release of asbestos fibers during casting ring liner manipulation

Civil lawsuits have been filed that allege wrongful deaths of at least one dentist and one dental technician from asbestos exposure. However, no known published scientific studies support such allegations. To assess what potential exposure could occur, air samples were collected while casting rings were lined with asbestos liner. Fibers were collected on filters and counted by use of phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The concentrations of fibers 5 μm long or greater on all filters was less than allowed by federal guidelines. Based on this simulation the potential health risk from using asbestos ring liner seems low.
Information products revisited

An earlier article (International Journal of Information Management, 16 (5) 341-351) reported on initial findings from research on how organisations manage the area of their activities whose function is to give essential information to inner and outer worlds, in the form of 'information products'. The research, carried out over a five-year period, set those activities in a context in which they have not commonly been considered: the organisations which create the information products; and it sought to illuminate them with relevant research and practice from the disciplines concerned with information science and information design. The present article compares the findings reported two years into the research with the situation by the end, three years later; and ends with proposals for practical application of the outcomes to help organisations in managing their information products more strategically and effectively.
Significance and reliability of the House-Brackmann grading system for regional facial nerve function

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading scale in the setting of differential function across its branches. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven physicians with different levels of clinical experience and three upper-level medical students were provided with digital video clips of 11 patients with differential facial nerve functioning, and asked to report facial nerve function as a traditional global score and as a regional score on the basis of the House-Brackmann scale for the forehead, eye, nose, and mouth. Agreements between the traditional global score and the regional scores, as well as inter-rater agreement, were analyzed. RESULTS: In patients with variable facial weakness, a single House-Brackmann score did not fully communicate facial function. The single House-Brackmann score most strongly correlated with the regional scoring of the nose/midface (59%), followed by the mouth (51%), eye (48%), and forehead (35%). Overall inter-reader reliability was relatively strong for the midface (kappa = 0.503) and global scores (kappa = 0.541), followed by the mouth (k = 0.419), the forehead (k = 0.330), and the eye (k = 0.302). There was a marked tendency for reader agreement to increase among those with more clinical experience. CONCLUSION: Regional assessment using the House-Brackmann grading scale more fully communicates facial function and increases in reliability with experience.
Impact of primary prophylaxis on febrile neutropenia within community practices in the US.

AbstractObjective: To determine if granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) primary prophylaxis is associated with a lower risk of febrile neutropenia (FN) than non-primary prophylaxis.Methods: This was a retrospective, cohort study of medical records from a random sample of patients with solid tumours and lymphomas treated in 99 community oncology practices in 2003 (n=5319). Consecutively-sampled patients treated with chemotherapy and either filgrastim (Neupogen), pegfilgrastim (Neulasta) or no G-CSF were included (n=3123). Multivariate logistic regression estimated the odds of FN in patients receiving G-CSF primary prophylaxis (within 3 days of first chemotherapy cycle) compared with non-primary prophylaxis (delayed or no G-CSF).Results: Patients receiving primary prophylaxis were less likely to develop FN than patients receiving non-primary prophylaxis (OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.34–0.71, p<0.001). Chemotherapy characteristics were associated with development of FN including, receipt of at least three chem...
Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32.

Abstract The regulatory element TGACGTCA is found upstream of a number of viral and cellular genes. This element has been demonstrated to mediate cyclic AMP induction of cellular genes and activation of viral genes. A group of closely related cellular genes known as cyclic AMP-response element binding proteins (CREB) or activating transcription factor (ATF) have been found to bind to this motif and mediate activation by cyclic AMP and the adenovirus E1A protein. One of these genes, CREB1 , was previously mapped to human chromosome 2q32.3–q34. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from a panel of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids indicated that the CREB2 gene, another member of this family, also resides on human chromosome 2. In situ hybridization further regionalized this gene to 2q24.1–q32. Thus, the genes for CREB1 and CREB2 that have only limited DNA sequence homology map to a similar region of the long arm of chromosome 2, though whether they are part of a gene cluster is unclear.
Social Integration of Businessmen in Varied Size Communities

This paper discusses tests on three sets of hypotheses dealing with the relationship between selected aspects of the social integration of businessmen and community size. This testing shows that smaller community size is associated with: (1) involvement in the network of voluntary associations in the community-at-large, (2) interest in the opinions of members of these associations and of the community-at-large, (3) feelings of alienation, which are determined in part by the businessmen's inability to adjust themselves to their economic environment. Interpretation of these relationships suggests that, at least concerning the alienation of businessmen, the positive relationship between anomie and size, which Durkheim and others have discussed is now reversed. The hypothesis is offered that this reversal is now extended to the rest of the community. G eneral theories treat size as a condition of action affecting elements and processes of social systems.1 Studies of comnmunities or other types of social systems examine size in relation to (1) the patterns of interaction it helps develop,2 and (2) the person1 Charles Loomis, Social Systemns (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1960). The function of size as a conditioni affecting elements and processes of the social system is explicitly discussed, chap. 1 and P.A. S.M. model in particular; Talcott Parsons, Thte Social SysteCm (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1951), p. 190. Parsons also treats size as a condition of social action, but he does not assign direct causal necessity to it. 2 Scott Greer and Ella Kube, "Urbanism and Social Structure: A Los Angeles Study," in Marvin Sussman (ed.), Comnnutitity Structure and This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Sat, 03 Sep 2016 04:16:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
How Psychometrically Sound Is the Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale for Bone Marrow Tansplant Recipients

This paper explores the psychometrics and clinical utility of the Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS) for bone marrow transplant recipients. On a sample of 345, the TERS exhibits good inter-rater reliability and internal consistency, better than the Psychosocial Levels System (PLS), its precursor, and thus psychometrically justifies the TERS revisions. Addressing a noted gap in the literature, this paper empirically evaluates the TERS weighting system and concludes that it provides no additional predictive utility relative to simply summing unweighted item scores. Finally, this paper's descriptive scale norms for the TERS provide guidance for clinical interpretation of TERS scores.
Approaches to radioiodination of insect neuropeptides

High quality radioiodinated neuropeptides are essential to radioimmunoassays (RIA) and receptor binding assays. Approaches of direct and indirect labeling of neuropeptides with 125Iodine (125I) are compared. An HPLC equipped with an in-line gamma detector and UV absorbance detector was used to evaluate selected labeling methods and products. Treatment of [Y(1)]-adipokinetic hormone-I ([Y(1)]-AKH-I) with chloramine-T caused oxidative damage, whereas enzymatic labeling with lactoperoxidase in the presence of H(2)O(2) produced a good yield of intact, apparently monoiodinated peptide. Labeling of the FMRFamide-related peptide (YGGFMRFa), with chloramine-T apparently formed the methionine sulfoxide, which subsequently could be reduced with dithiothreitol. Products of high specific activity typically are achievable.
The economic consequences of Philip Kitcher

(1996). The economic consequences of Philip Kitcher. Social Epistemology: Vol. 10, Economic Metaphors in Science Studies, pp. 153-169.
Nutritional Composition of Sweet- and Acid-type Dry Wheys. II. Vitamin, Mineral, and Calorie Contents

Abstract Twelve to fifteen commercial samples of sweet- and acid-type dry whey were analyzed each quarter for 12 vitamins and 14 minerals during a year. Mean vitamin contents for sweet- and acid-type per 100g were vitamin A 136 and 107 IU, C 1.41 and .33mg, B 6 .59 and .62mg, B 12 2.4 and 2.5 μ g, tocopherol .063 and .071mg, thiamin .51 and .49mg, riboflavin 2.14 and 1.85mg, pantothenic acid 11.5 and 11.4mg, biotin 43.0 and 35.0 μ g, niacin 1.30 and 1.16mg, folacin .0116 and .0332mg, and choline 104 and 101mg. Storage for 22 mo resulted in an average decrease of 70.9% for vitamin A, 34.8% for B 6 , and 34.3% for biotin. The mineral values for the sweet- and acid-type dry wheys have means per 100g of: calcium 878 and 2,404mg, phosphorus 1,096 and 1,588mg, sodium 1,287 and 1,087mg, potassium 1,855 and 1,915mg, magnesium 178 and 224mg, zinc 2.1 and 8.1mg, iron .9 and 1.3mg. Copper was 2.8 and 5.3ppm, iodine 6.79 and 8.64ppm, lead 1.15 and 1.68ppm, mercury .02 and .03ppm, selenium .064 and .034ppm, cadmium .11 and .14ppm, and arsenic .77 and .59ppm; calories (Kcal/g) were 3.71 and 3.86.
Cosmological Element Production

Two recent observations appear to have provided critical information about the past history of the universe. The thermal character of the microwave background radiation suggests that the universe has expanded from a state of high temperature and density, and places constraints on such a big-bang cosmology. The observations of very weak helium lines in the spectra of certain stars in the halo of our galaxy are possibly due to a low primeval abundance of this element. However, the simplest model of a big-bang cosmology leads to much higher helium abundances, such as are observed in the solar system and in many stars. The production of helium can be reduced either by altering the early expansion rate or by introducing degenerate electron neutrinos. Observations of interstellar and intergalactic deuterium and He^4, and possibly even He^3 and Li^7, are needed to test the various models.
Malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as a bradyarrhythmia in a dog

Objective: To describe a case of atrioventricular block and syncope secondary to systemic hypertension in a dog with malignant pheochromocytoma. Case Summary: A 13-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog presented following an acute onset of collapse. The dog was hypertensive and had paradoxical high-grade second-degree atrioventricular block with concurrent syncope. Initial emergent therapy included a nitroprusside infusion for the systemic hypertension and vagolytic therapy for the bradyarrhythmia. A left adrenal mass was seen on abdominal ultrasound and was further characterized by MRI. Following medical stabilization with phenoxybenzamine and propantheline, a left adrenalectomy was performed. Histological diagnosis was consistent with a malignant pheochromocytoma. Following tumor removal there has been no further hypertension, atrioventricular block or syncope. Unique information provided: This is the first documented case of a malignant pheochromocytoma presenting as syncope secondary to hypertension induced atrioventricular block.
Mass spectral confirmation of chlorinated and brominated diphenylethers in human adipose tissues

Abstract This study has resulted in the detection and confirmation of polyhalogenated diphenylethers (PHDPEs) in human adipose tissues. The PHDPEs are commercially produced as brominated fire retardants and are known contaminants in some other commercial products, e.g., pentachlorophenol. The samples analyzed were selected from composites of the fiscal year 1987 National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (FY87 NHATS) repository. Identification of the PHDPEs was based on comparison of full scan mass spectra of the samples to the available standards, application of SIM techniques to compare theoretical ion ratios to observed ion ratios for characteristic ions, and measurement of fragment losses from the molecular ion clusters. Estimated concentrations were achieved through comparison of responses from the analysis of a PCDPE standard solution, the results of the analysis of two commercial fire retardants and the analysis of a decabromodiphenylether standard. All samples were found to contain detectable levels of the PHDPEs. The response profiles or patterns for both the chlorinated and brominated diphenylethers were consistent across all samples.
A rapid assay for neuraminidase The detection of two differences in activity associated with virus transformation

Neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) activity in fibroblast homogenates was measured by a rapid and simple assay with a synthetic substrate. The activity of neuraminidase in virus transformed hamster fibroblasts was increased over the normal counterpart. In addition, the differential activity seen using the synthetic substrate and fetuin made it possible to detect an enzyme activity hitherto not described. The advantages of this assay for metabolic screening are discussed.
Computer anxiety and social workers: differences by access, use, and training

This study investigated the prevalence of computer anxiety by area of practice, hours of weekly use, access to equipment, and availability of training for social workers (N = 244) in South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina. Measured by the Computer Anxiety Index (CAIN), levels of anxiety were found to be lowest for those who have computers in their work areas, received training, and use computers to accomplish work tasks. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between anxiety levels and high levels of training need as well as the number of hours of weekly use and training received. A significant negative correlation was found between anxiety levels and weekly hours of use.
Sharp Lp–Lq estimates for generalized k-plane transforms

Abstract In this paper, optimal L p – L q estimates are obtained for operators which average functions over polynomial submanifolds, generalizing the k -plane transform. An important advance over previous work (e.g., [P. Gressman, L p -improving properties of X-ray like transforms, Math. Res. Lett. 13 (5) (2006) 787–803]) is that full L p – L q estimates are obtained by methods which have traditionally yielded only restricted weak-type estimates. In the process, one is led to make coercivity estimates for certain functionals on L p for p 1 .
Behavioral implications of branching and tube‐lining in Teredolites

Observations on Teredolites (clavate borings in xylic substrates) produced by wood‐boring bivalves in both Recent and fossil marine woodgrounds warrant comment on two hithertofore unrecognized or neglected morphologic features, both of which have behavioral significance; true branching and calcite linings. Branching, often associated with reduced or terminated diametric growth of tunnels, is recognized as a locally common morphologic variation in T. longis‐simus within Cretaceous to Recent woodgrounds. Like other aspects of axial stenomorphism, this branching records the attempt oftere‐dinid bivalves to maintain endoxylic deposit‐feeding activity in increasingly crowded, fractionated substrates. Calcite tunnel linings, which are characteristic of T. longissimus produced by teredinids, occupy an equivocal position relative to body fossils and ichnofossils. Nonetheless, variations in lining morphology (e.g., tube length, presence or absence of anterior and retrusive caps) are more a reflection of varying be...
Special Issue on Dynamics and Analysis of Large-Scale Structures

With this special issue, the ASCE Engineering Mechanics Institute wishes to recognize the contributions and accomplishments of the late Professor AhmedM. Abdel-Ghaffar to the field of structural and earthquake engineering. It is a tribute to his memory by his students, colleagues, and friends who were fortunate to cross paths with him during his outstanding career. We all share with him the passion and love for long-span bridges and dams and we feel that the best way to commemorate him is through our work. With an undergraduate degree from Cairo University and a Ph.D. from Caltech, Ahmed did seminal work on dynamics and identification of long-span bridges and dams during his academic career at the University of Illinois, Princeton University, and finally at the University of Southern California. He was a pioneer for his time: he was among the first engineers to recognize the importance of monitoring structural vibrations and to use them to learn more about the structural conditions, planting the seeds forwhat would become, in modern times, structural health monitoring. He was among the first to understand the importance of nonlinear dynamics andmechanics when dealing with long, slender structures or with complex materials such as soil. For his students, he was always an example to emulate: his enthusiasm in his work, in both research and teaching, instilled in many of us a passion for academia that has changed our lives. For his colleagues, Ahmed was an unlimited source of ideas, never afraid to try new directions and always ready for new challenges. Ahmed was a scholar in the true sense of the word.
Thinking Globally and Acting Locally: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Modern Wars – A Reply to Jones and Smith

‘It's all very well in practice, but does it work in theory?’ The US Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual (FM 3-24), published on 15 December 2006, has attracted an extraordinary amount...
Improved Light Output from Very Thin Plastic Scintillator

Comparison tests conducted with standard Pilot B scintillator and Pilot B with 10 times the normal concentration of wave shifter show the latter to exhibit an output pulse ~1? times as large when viewed with an RCA C31000D GaP first dynode photomultiplier tube. These results bear out a conclusion reached after analyzing the results of a previous study of plastic s cintillators.