cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialysis access venous stenosis: treatment with balloon angioplasty 30-second vs. 1-minute inflation times.

Percutaneous balloon angioplasty is the standard of care in the endovascular treatment of dialysis access venous stenosis. The significance of balloon inflation times in the treatment of these stenoses is not well defined. Our objective was to examine the outcomes of 30-second vs. 1-minute balloon inflation times on primary-assisted patency of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts. Using a prospectively collected vascular access database, we identified a total of 75 patients referred for access dysfunction during a 5-year period. These patients received 223 interventions (178 with 30-second inflations and 45 with 1-minute inflations). We compared primary-assisted patency during the subsequent 9 months across groups defined by inflation times. Demographics and baseline characteristics were similar across groups. Immediate technical success and patency in the first 3 months were similar across groups (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-2.20). After 3 months, however, a 1-minute inflation time was associated with greater incidence of access failure (adjusted HR [aHR] = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.09-2.79). Other predictors of access failure included age over 60 (aHR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04), central location of the lesion (aHR = 2.49; CI: 1.27-4.89), and three or more prior procedures (aHR 2.48; CI: 1.19-5.16). Our data suggest that shorter balloon inflation times may be associated with improved longer term access patency, although the benefit was not observed until after 3 months. Given the increasing demands of maintaining access patency in the era of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative and Fistula First, the role of angioplasty times requires further study.
Surgical treatment of Stages IB and IIA invasive carcinoma of the cervix by radical abdominal hysterectomy

Abstract From 1963 to 1977, 349 radical abdominal hysterectomies with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed for Stage IB (331 patients) and Stage IIA (18 patients) cervical cancer at the New York Medical College, with no operative deaths. Definitive diagnosis was obtained from the biopsy specimen in 281 patients. Twenty-nine patients were pregnant when the diagnosis was established. The average operating time was 4 hours and 48 minutes with an average blood loss of 900 ml. Eleven fistulas were noted: ureterovaginal, 7; vesicovaginal, 3; rectovaginal, 1. Since 1972, there have been no fistulas in 130 radical hysterectomies. Metastatic carcinoma to the regional lymph nodes was discovered in 27 patients for an incidence of 7.7%. Postoperative total pelvic external irradiation was utilized in 40 patients (27 with positive nodes, 10 with microscopic carcinoma in vascular channels, and an additional three patients with an inadequate vaginal extirpation margin). A total of 62% of those patients with poor prognostic criteria receiving postoperative irradiation are alive and well. Two hundred nineteen patients have been followed up for at least 5 years and the survival rate was 90%. Our data support the view that radical abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with Stages IB and IIA cervical cancer in the nonpregnant state, unless there are major medical contraindications.
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of, and trends in, overweight and obesity in the US population using standardized international definitions. DESIGN: Successive cross-sectional nationally representative surveys, including the National Health Examination Survey (NHES I; 1960–62) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I: 1971–1974; NHANES II: 1976–1980; NHANES III: 1988–94). Body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) was calculated from measured weight and height. Overweight and obesity were defined as follows: Overweight (BMI≥25.0); pre-obese (BMI 25.0–29.9), class I obesity (BMI 30.0–34.9), class II obesity (BMI 35.0–39.9), and class III obesity (BMI≥40.0). RESULTS: For men and women aged 20–74 y, the age-adjusted prevalence of BMI 25.0–29.9 showed little or no increase over time (NHES I: 30.5%, NHANES I: 32.0%, NHANES II: 31.5% and NHANES III: 32.0%) but the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) showed a large increase between NHANES II and NHANES III (NHES I: 12.8%; NHANES I, 14.1%; NHANES II, 14.5% and NHANES III, 22.5%). Trends were generally similar for all age, gender and race-ethnic groups. The crude prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI>25.0) for age≥20 y was 59.4% for men, 50.7% for women and 54.9% overall. The prevalence of class III obesity (BMI≥40.0) exceeded 10% for non-Hispanic black women aged 40–59 y. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1976–80 and 1988–94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) increased markedly in the US. These findings are in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world. Use of standardized definitions facilitates international comparisons.
The Race and Class Privilege of Motherhood: TheNew York Times Presentations of Pregnant Drug‐Using Women1

Prior research has examined race and class bias embedded in media presentations of pregnant drug users; however, this past research is limited in identifying biases because it focuses on single substances - primarily crack cocaine. I build on this work by conducting a comparative analysis of more than 15 years worth of New York Times articles on three drugs (crack cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco) used during pregnancy. These three drugs have varying levels of deleterious effects on fetal development and infant health, as well as varying levels of use by poor and minority women. Because of this variation, I am able to assess whether media coverage of pregnant drug-using women is proportional to the documented adverse consequences of specific drugs or, rather, whether media coverage is higher and more negative for poor and minority pregnant women regardless of the degree of adverse health consequences associated with the specific drug used. Through this analysis, I demonstrate that the prevalence and framing of news stories about pregnant drug-using women has little to do with protecting the health of children. Rather, concern for children is a rhetorical tool used to define poor and minority women as bad mothers and blame them for contemporary changes in families.
Visual Lobe and Visual Search Performance

Visual lobe continues to be an important determinant of extended search performance. This study looks at the effect of various methods of training on visual lobe size. Furthermore, it relates changes in visual lobe size to improvements in visual search performance. Subjects were trained using three different methods. In method 1 subjects were trained on a visual lobe improvement task using the actual fault. In method 2 subjects were trained on an irrelevant target using the visual lobe measurement task and in method 3 subjects were provided practice on the extended visual search task. Greatest improvements in lobe size and search performance were observed for method 1.
Moral Competence and Bernard Williams

More than twenty years ago the late Bernard Williams published a paper under the oxymoronic title of 'Moral Luck',' which claimed that chance shapes moral standing, and that moral standing, like social or professional standing, has its winners and losers, successes and failures. Williams' final book, Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy,2 offered as a 'fiction' a sociobiological genealogy of moral standing, and worked to free some of the virtues associated with it-such as integrity, Accuracy, and Sincerity3-from the taint of these presumed primitive origins. Whatever the proceeds of this exercise in saving reductionism from itself, it seemed that 'moral luck'-the earlier category-had come through it essentially undamaged." The category deserves revisiting, if only to find out why Williams and others have found it so persuasive. The reasons will turn out so compelling that a powerful counter-example will be
Central nervous system involvement in adult-onset Gaucher's disease

Neuropathological findings are reported in an adult with Gaucher's disease. In this patient, Gaucher cells with characteristic storage material were found throughout the brain and also in the leptomeninges. They were confined to the perivascular space of small blood vessels and were commonly associated with intense perivascular, glio-mesodermal fibrillary reaction. Neuronal storage was not seen. Glucosylceramidase activities were severely deficient in both brain and liver and glucosylceramide was abnormally increased in the liver of this patient. The significance of the neuropathological changes is briefly discussed.
Pion-Pion Interaction in Pion Production by π + − p Collisions

The reactions pi /sup +/ + p yields pi /sup +/ + pi /sup 0/ + p and pi /sup +/ + p yields pi/sup +/ + pi /sup +/ + n are studied at 910, 1090, and 1260 Mev, in an attempt to detect a pi - pi resonance. For the outgoing pi / sup +/ pi /sup 0/ pair, peaks in the Q-values lead to a di-pion resonance with a mass of 5.0 to 5.5 pion masses and 1= 1 or 2. No resonance is observed in the outgoing pi + pi + (I = 2) pair, leading to the conclusion that the pi pi resonance is a 1 = 1 state. (T.F.H.)
Hierarchical non-linear bond graphs: a unified methodology for modeling complex physical systems

Bonds graphs have been around for a quarter of a century. While originally intended for modeling mechanical systems, they have meanwhile found widespread applications in many areas of physical system modeling. Bond graphs are a very appealing tool for modeling physical systems, because they represent the flow of power through a system. Since energy and mass are the only tradable goods in our physical universe, a bond graph model is more likely to reflect physical reality than a model derived by use of any other modeling methodology. However, bond graphs, like all graphical techniques, become unwieldy when applied to complex sys tems. Also, bond graphs were traditionally used to model predominantly linear systems. This paper introduces new concepts for modeling complex physical systems through hierarchical bond graphs which can include arbitrary non-linearities. It introduces a software tool that can be used to implement these hierarchical non-linear band graphs. Finally, a new application area for bond gr...
Supercomputer environments for science applications

Abstract Current implementations of Roberts' rules for programming for supercomputers are reviewed. The coming Class VII computers will require more powerful software tools to realize their full potential, with more use of knowledge systems, symbolic manipulation, automated programming, parallel processing, parallelized graphics, and an integration of high-performance work stations into the supercomputing environment. The need for these approaches is illustrated with simple examples.
The use of fluorescent antimyosin and DNA labeling for the estimation of the myoblast and myocyte population of primary rat heart cell cultures

Cell division in heart muscle cells progressively ceases during the development of the rat heart, leading to an adult stage with muscle cells incapable of cell division. We have quantitatively determined the number of dividing and nondividing heart muscle cells in cultures derived from different stages of the developing rat heart with the use of 3HTdR continuous labeling and fluorescent antimyosin staining. The cultures were derived from 14 and 17 day postcoital (dPC) rat embryos and from 1 and 4 day postnatal (dPN) rats. The percent nondividing cells increased with development and the age of the postnatal rat. The percent nondividing cells in 14 dPC equalled 21%, 17 dPC equalled 25%, 1 dPN equalled 44%, and 4 dPN equalled 60%. This method for the quantitative determination of dividing and nondividing cells in the developing rat heart provides a model that is useful for the study of the mechanism of the loss of cell division capacity.
Work in progress — Teaching engineering concepts to liberal arts students

Lafayette College, with strong programs in engineering and the liberal arts, requires sophomore students to enroll in a “VaST” (Values and Science/Technology) course. These courses incorporate approaches from the engineering viewpoint and ideas from the social sciences and humanities. As a result of taking a VaST course, students should be better able to see and understand engineering and science as a functioning part of their daily social world. However, in practice, the courses are difficult to develop and populate. This paper describes a course that uses experiential learning to involve liberal arts students in all aspects of the course. The liberal arts students learned basic engineering concepts by using hands-on activities, side-by-side with engineering students.
Auditor Opinion Shopping and the Audit Committee: An Analysis of Suspicious Auditor Switches

This study examines whether audit committee effectiveness characteristics are related to suspicious auditor switching. Using the agency and audit committee literature, we hypothesize that audit committee existence, the proportion of independent directors, member experience in accounting, auditing, and finance, number of committee meetings, and number of committee members should be inversely related to suspicious auditor switching. A sample of 60 matched U.S. firms was evaluated along the hypothesized dimensions after controlling for company size, industry, stock exchange, financial health, and management stock ownership. Collectively, univariate and logistic regression results provide support for our predictions. The findings indicate that suspicious switchers: (1) are less likely to have an audit committee, (2) have a smaller percentage of independent directors on the audit committee, (3) have fewer members with experience in accounting, auditing, or finance, (4) hold fewer audit committee meetings, and (5) have smaller audit committees than nonsuspicious switching companies. Exploratory analyses also reveal that audit committees for companies with suspicious switches had younger members, and fewer members with no stock ownership in the company served.
A tabulated closure for turbulent non-premixed combustion based on the linear eddy model

Abstract A tabulated closure based on conditional statistics from fully-resolved one-dimensional scalar profiles has been formulated for application using the large eddy simulation technique. These scalar profiles are obtained from both experiments (i.e., line imaging of Raman/Rayleigh/CO-LIF) and from the simulations of linear eddy model. Such profiles provide a local description of species and temperature evolution due to the full range of turbulent scales in the predominant direction of scalar transport. Instantaneous realizations of these scalar profiles are processed as a function of pre-determined filter widths in space to obtain the conditional statistics of filtered scalars. Key statistical quantities needed for LES, are then parameterized as a function of a unique filtered state vector. Here, we use the filtered mixture fraction Z ∼ , filtered scalar dissipation rate χ ∼ , and the subgrid Reynolds number ReΔ as the filtered state vector. Conditional PDF’s of temperature P ( T | Z ∼ , χ ∼ , Re Δ ) , species mass fractions P ( Y i | Z ∼ , χ ∼ , Re Δ ) , and relevant thermodynamic and transport properties are tabulated as a function of Z ∼ , χ ∼ , and ReΔ. A thermo-chemical state library is then constructed in a manner directly analogous to the conventional flamelet-library approach. The potentially novel feature of this approach is that the relation between filtered and instantaneous quantities is known directly. This eliminates the need for a posteriori models that link these quantities. An a priori analysis of the proposed model was carried out for non-premixed combustion using measurements obtained from CH4/H2/N2 jet flames at a Reynolds numbers of 15,200. This flame exhibits an interesting range of Damkohler and Schmidt numbers through local extinction, reignition, and differential diffusion. Results show good quantitative agreement with measurements.
The Computational Analysis of English—A Corpus‐Based Approach

specifically on the difficulty of recognizing learning versus language difficulties, that is, how to identify a nonnative-speaking child's need for special education services. They propose a model that administrators can employ that minimizes bias. In a similar vein, the next chapter, by Jeffery Braden and Sandra Fradd, suggests ways that administrators can anticipate difficulties and intervene before such referrals are necessary. William Tikunoff, in the eighth chapter, focuses on instructional leadership. He discusses the characteristics of an effective principal and targets specific areas, such as effective time management. The final chapter, by Beatrice Ward, addresses the greatest resource of any educational institution: the teachers. She describes the clinical approach to teacher development and how it can be implemented. Overall, this book fills a need for basic, factual information about legal requirements, program types, and effective instructional and leadership strategies with respect to the LEP population. Furthermore, it provides guidance on the complex issue of special education for LEP students, particularly the referral process. An additional chapter exploring different models for assessment and program design for these students would have provided depth and balance. Although there is necessarily some overlap between the chapters, it is reinforcing, not repetitive. In addition to being extremely useful to administrators, this book would be of value to school personnel such as psychologists, special education consultants, LEP consultants, instructors-in short, for anyone committed to the design and delivery of effective instructional programs for LEP students.
Increased and decreased eating following THC administration.

Rats deprived of both food and water for 1 day were administered A9-THC 15 min prior to presentation of food and water. Food and water intake were then measured 2 h later. A dose of 1.0 mg/kg of THC increased food intake, whereas a dose of 2.0 mg/kg decreased food intake. Water intake decreased with increasing dose.
A Heat Recovery Study: Application of Intercooler as a Feed-Water Heater of Heat Recovery Steam Generator

This paper evaluates the possibility of combining an intercooled gas turbine power cycle with a steam turbine cycle and the application of the intercooler as a feed-water heater for the heat recovery steam generator. In advance gas turbines the intercooler is used to improve the overall efficiency of the simple cycle but a noticeable amount of heat is wasted to the atmosphere. However, this energy can be recovered by using the proposed method in the current study. Accordingly, a thermodynamic study is done to investigate the improvement in efficiency achieved by feed-water heating. First the effect of intercooler parameters on the outlet condition of the water is studied. The bottoming cycle is then studied in details for the effect of feed-water temperature. An estimate of the energy saving by using the proposed method will be reported. The results show that less heat input will be required for the same amount of steam generation. The current study provides a theoretical support for waste heat recovery from the intercooler.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Changes in JINS

This marks the official beginning of my tenure as Editor-in-Chief of JINS though the transition has been ongoing for more than a year. The change you will notice most is the cover, but I have also instituted a new section, Neurobehavioral Grand Rounds , which is a way to emphasize the importance of case studies by including an introduction by an expert in the field who will put the case in a broader context. Other sections will remain the same except I have changed the name of Research Letters to Rapid Communications , and I want to encourage you to submit such papers that are short, and are put on a fast track for review. Electronic submission and review is still in its infancy, but I am optimistic that it will speed the review process. Speedy publication is in all of our interests, but rapid, high quality reviews are the cornerstone of that speed. Therefore, when JINS asks you to review a manuscript, please agree to do it . We will be relying heavily on your help in order to improve the review lag.
Behavioral Rigidity in Stutterers

Twelve young adult male stutterers were compared with a matched control group in a test developed to assess several dimensions of “behavioral rigidity.” The test yields rigidity scores in three are...
Microstructure and Water Uptake of Phaseolus and Winged Beans

The role of seed microstructure in initial water uptake during the soaking of Phaseolus and winged bean seeds was investigated. Considering their relatively small area, hilum and micropyle seemed to be the most important structural features influencing the initial water uptake. Seed coat played a dominant role only after its initial resistance to water uptake was overcome. Varieties with high initial water uptake also had relatively thin seed coats, a loosely arranged cell structure on the raphe-side of the hilum, a deeply grooved hilar fissure, and a narrow tracheid bar. Water absorption in legumes appeared to be a complex process with the seed coat, hilum and micropyle together constituting an integrated water absorption system.
Global entanglement and quantum criticality in spin chains

The entanglement of quantum $XY$ spin chains of arbitrary length is investigated via a recently developed global measure suitable for generic quantum many-body systems. This entanglement is determined over the phase diagram and found to exhibit rich structure. In particular, the field derivative of the entanglement density becomes singular along the critical line. The form of this singularity is dictated by the universality class controlling the quantum phase transition.
Boolean delay equations, debruijn oscillations and intermittency

Abstract We prove the PLP-tauberian theorem, a generalization of the Hardy-Littlewood tauberian theorem for polynomial log-periodic growth laws. We use this to show that the intermittency present in linear nonresonant boolean delay equations is due to log-periodic DeBruijn oscillations. In another paper we use this fact to construct deterministic white noise. We have also used the PLP-tauberian theorem in models of homogeneous fluid turbulence.
A connectionist model using probability data as weights and parameters

Based on the concept of virtual lateral inhibition [1,2], a two layered connectionist model is developed, and its properties explored. This model is called LIBRA/RX. The flow of acitivation in this model is described by a set of 3N ordinary nonlinear differential equations, where N is the number of nodes on the nets' upper level. The mathematical properties of the equations are explored, and in particular, the dynamics of the net is demonstrated to be convergent in nearly all cases. The model has thus far been employed in the task of pattern recognition, and more recently in control tasks [3]. In the task of pattern recognition, the lower level or input nodes represent the possible features, and the upper level or output nodes represent the possible classes of patterns. This model uses the probabilities of the pattern classes given the features, and the features given the pattern classes as weights. The prior probabilities of the features and pattern classes also appear as parameters-thus, no learning need be involved. Examples of the nets use in classifying patterns are presented and discussed.
Tomato seedling growth in peat and peat-lite blocks amended with hydrophilic polymer

Abstract Blocks were formed from peat or peat‐lite amended with a granulated hydrophilic polymer (Viterra Agri‐gel® , potassium propenoate‐propenamide copolymer) or a binding agent (Natrosol 250 HHR® , hydroxyethyl cellulose). Blocks were subjected to slow‐release (Osmocote®) or solution fertilization and to cyclical or capillary irrigation. Tomato seedling shoot fresh weight was acceptable in peat‐lite blocks irrespective of fertilization or irrigation regime, and in peat blocks irrespective of irrigation regime if provided solution fertilization. Shoot fresh weight increased quadratically with increasing Agri‐gel incorporation rate in peat and peat‐lite blocks receiving solution fertilization, irrespective of irrigation regime. Peat blocks held more water and underwent less expansion with hydra‐tion than peat‐lite blocks. Capillary irrigation resulted in greater block stability than cyclical irrigation. Agri‐gel incorporation in blocks increased block water content and block stability. Natrosol incorpor...
Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance based techniques for bioanalysis

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a powerful and versatile spectroscopic method for biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA) and has been well reviewed in previous years. This updated 2006 review of SPR, SPR spectroscopy, and SPR imaging explores cutting-edge technology with a focus on material, method, and instrument development. A number of recent SPR developments and interesting applications for bioanalysis are provided. Three focus topics are discussed in more detail to exemplify recent progress. They include surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy, nanoscale glassification of SPR substrates, and enzymatic amplification in SPR imaging. Through these examples it is clear to us that the development of SPR-based methods continues to grow, while the applications continue to diversify. Major trends appear to be present in the development of combined techniques, use of new materials, and development of new methodologies. Together, these works constitute a major thrust that could eventually make SPR a common tool for surface interaction analysis and biosensing. The future outlook for SPR and SPR-associated BIA studies, in our opinion, is very bright.
Be 7 solar neutrino line: A reflection of the central temperature distribution of the Sun

A precise test of the theory of stellar evolution can be performed by measuring the average difference in energy between the neutrino line produced by $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ electron capture in the solar interior and the corresponding neutrino line produced in a terrestrial laboratory. This energy shift is calculated to be 1.29 keV (to an accuracy of a few percent) for the dominant ground-state to ground-state transition. The energy shift is approximately equal to the average temperature of the solar core, computed by integrating the temperature over the solar interior with a weighting factor equal to the locally produced $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ neutrino emission. Therefore, a measurement of the energy shift is a measurement of the central temperature distribution of the Sun. The energy profile of the $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ line is derived analytically and is evaluated numerically. The line shape is asymmetric: on the low-energy side, the line shape is Gaussian with a half-width at half-maximum of 0.6 keV and, on the high-energy side, the line shape is exponential with a half-width at half-maximum of 1.1 keV. The effective temperature of the high-energy exponential tail is 15 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ K. The energy profile of the $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ neutrino line should be taken into account in calculations of vacuum neutrino oscillations and of the absorption cross section for $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ solar neutrinos incident on $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ nuclei. The characteristic modulation of the $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ line shape that would be caused by either vacuum neutrino oscillations or by matter-enhanced (MSW) neutrino oscillations is shown to be small. Other frequently discussed weak interaction solutions to the solar neutrino problem are also not expected to change significantly the line profile.
The ABCs of the Ribosome

An ABC protein that binds the ribosomal exit site suggests a new mechanism for direct regulation of translation in response to changing ATP levels in the cell.
Impact of bereavement on progression of AIDS and HIV infection: a review.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease can cause bereavement and grief reactions brought about by the disease process itself and by the losses of loved ones. Objective The goal of this review is to assess the current literature regarding grief, HIV, and immunity. Method The authors reviewed applicable articles retrieved from a MEDLINE literature search with the search terms “bereavement/HIV,” “grief/HIV,” and “immunity/grief/HIV.” Results Data continue to emerge that suggest a profound role for bereavement in mediating HIV illness and the need to deal effectively with bereavement issues. Conclusions Patients who experience maladaptive grief show more rapid loss of CD4 T-cells over time, even when controlling for age, health status, use of antiretrovirals, and illicit drug abuse. This immune dysfunction may be managed by a variety of psychotherapeutic techniques.
Techniques for accurate protein identification in shotgun proteomic studies of human, mouse, bovine, and chicken lenses

Analysis of shotgun proteomics datasets requires techniques to distinguish correct peptide identifications from incorrect identifications, such as linear discriminant functions and target/decoy protein databases. We report an efficient, flexible proteomic analysis workflow pipeline that implements these techniques to control both peptide and protein false discovery rates. We demonstrate its performance by analyzing two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations of lens proteins from human, mouse, bovine, and chicken lenses. We compared the use of International Protein Index databases to UniProt databases and no-enzyme SEQUEST searches to tryptic searches. Sequences present in the International Protein Index databases allowed detection of several novel crystallins. An alternate start codon isoform of βA4 was found in human lens. The minor crystallin γN was detected for the first time in bovine and chicken lenses. Chicken γS was identified and is the first member of the γ-crystallin family observed in avian lenses.
International Technology Transfer: Major Issues and Policy Responses

International Technology Transfer emerged as a separate field of inquiry in the 1970s and has since inspired a large literature. This paper identifies and reviews the major aspects of the field. Policy responses of technology supplying firms and nations and of recipient countries are examined. Directions for further research are indicated.
Differentiation of isomeric C8- and N2-deoxyguanosine adducts of 2-acetylaminofluorene by fast-atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry

Product-ion studies of source-produced ions corresponding to acetylated and nonacetylated N2- and C8-substituted aminofluorene adducts of deoxyguanosine were conducted to identify specific fragmentation pathways differentiating the isomers and to determine the influence of the acetyl group on the fragmentation of the arylamide modified deoxyguanosine adducts. The collision-induced dissociation spectra of the BHZ2+ ion and other significant source-produced ions showed no evidence to suggest that ketene loss (deacetylation) resulted in significant alteration of the structure of the adducts. However, other significant ion formation processes, particularly loss of water from the N2-substituted arylamide did appear to require rearrangement, likely involving bond formation between the carcinogen moiety (acetyl group) and the N1 or N2 position of the guanine base. The combined loss of ketene and water constitute a fragmentation pattern specific for the N2-arylamide, 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-2-acetylaminofluorene.
Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension

Psycholinguists have commonly assumed that as a spoken linguistic message unfolds over time, it is initially structured by a syntactic processing module that is encapsulated from information provided by other perceptual and cognitive systems. To test the effects of relevant visual context on the rapid mental processes that accompany spoken language comprehension, eye movements were recorded with a head-mounted eye-tracking system while subjects followed instructions to manipulate real objects. Visual context influenced spoken word recognition and mediated syntactic processing, even during the earliest moments of language processing.
Oro-nasal fistula secondary to maxillary augmentation

Abstract A case of maxillary ridge augmentation complicated by oronasal fistula is presented. Etiology and treatment as well as future surgical considerations are discussed.
Reducing tube feeds and tongue thrust: combining an oral-motor and behavioral approach to feeding.

OBJECTIVE. A treatment package combining oral�motor and behavioral interventions was implemented for a 6-year-old girl with Down syndrome referred to an intensive day treatment feeding program for gastrostomy tube dependence and food refusal. The participant exhibited a tongue thrust, resulting in the expulsion of all foods presented. METHOD. An oral�motor procedure was used to reduce the tongue thrust and allow the food to be swallowed. This procedure was paired with positive reinforcement and escape prevention to increase oral consumption of liquids and solids. A multiple-probe design was used to evaluate treatment effectiveness. RESULTS. By the end of treatment, tube feedings were eliminated and tongue thrust was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION. This intervention demonstrated the successful combination of oral�motor and behavioral components in the treatment of a severe feeding problem. It could serve as a model for the development of future interventions.
A unified DNA- and dNTP-binding mode for DNA polymerases

Crystal structures of various DNA polymerases show a common structural topology that resembles a right hand and has distinct finger, palm and thumb subdomains. Early models of the klenow fragment (KF) of Escherichia coli polymerase I showed DNA entering a large cleft that faces the palm subdomain where the catalytic site is situated1,2. However, subsequent resolution of the structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, KF and polymerase beta (pol beta) bound to DNA3-5 yielded conflicting data that suggested a different orientation for DNA bound to pol beta compared with DNA bound to other polymerases. The debate, on the correct orientation of the template-primer DNA, that followed failed to reach a consensus. Using an alternative superposition scheme, we now provide convincing evidence for a common DNA-binding mode that is applicable to all polymerases, including pol beta.
Hyperfractionated radiation therapy (72 Gy) for children with brain stem gliomas A childrens cancer group phase I/II trial

Background. Most children with brain stem gliomas (BSG) die within 18 months of diagnosis. Early experience suggested that hyperfractionated radiation therapy (RT) at a dose of 72 Gy, administered in 1-Gy fractions twice daily, possibly improved disease-free survival for children with BSG. Methods. To better characterize the toxicity and possible efficacy of this dose and fractionation of RT, 53 assessable children with diffuse intrinsic or malignant BSG were treated. Survival figures also were combined with outcome in 36 patients treated in a previous pilot study. Results. An objective response to treatment was observed in 28 of 53 (53%) patients; a partial response occurred in 7. No child died of treatment-related brain necrosis, although 7 of 53 did have intralesional cystic/necrotic changes within 6 weeks of completion of RT. The overall survival rate for patients in the study was 38% (± 6.5) at 1 year, 14% (± 5.4) at 2 years, and 8% (± 6.5) at 3 years. Leptomeningeal dissemination was observed in 4 of 48 (8%) children who had relapses. A greater than 2-month duration of symptoms before diagnosis was related to a better prognosis. There was no statistical association between any other clinical parameter, neuroradiographic finding, or pathologic finding and outcome. Combined with that in 35 patients treated in the pilot study, the survival rate in 88 children was 14% (k 5) at 3 years. Conclusions. The radiographic response rate is encouraging; however, it cannot be concluded that hyperfractionated RT, at this dose schedule and total dose, is superior to conventional RT. Cancer 1993; 72:1414-21.
Multiple myeloma presenting with primary meningococcal arthritis

A 64-year-old white man presented with Neisseria meningitidis primary septic arthritis. Further evaluation revealed multiple myeloma. Increased susceptibility to infection occurs early in multiple myeloma; thus, a rare cause of primary septic arthritis, such as N. meningitidis, warrants a full evaluation for immunocompromise.
Chronic Q fever endocarditis with massive splenomegaly in childhood

Two children with congenital heart disease developed persistent fever, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Both were shown to have intracardiac vegetations and evidence of infection with Coxiella burnetti. Thus, the same clinical manifestations of Q fever may develop in both children and adults.
Testing for ordered failure rates under general progressive censoring

For exponentially distributed failure times under general progressive censoring schemes, testing procedures for ordered failure rates are proposed using the likelihood ratio principle. Constrained maximum likelihood estimators of the failure rates are found. The asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are shown to be mixtures of chi-square distributions. When testing the equality of the failure rates, a simulation study shows that the proposed test with restricted alternative has improved power over the usual chi-square statistic with an unrestricted alternative. The proposed methods are illustrated using data of survival times of patients with squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx.
Response of Hejzlar and Todreas to contributors' letters and technical notes

Abstract This letter briefly summarizes the roundtable discussion on critical heat flux (CHF) and highlights key differences of opinion on three CHF issues. The topics discussed are the terminology for expressing thermal margin, usage of direct substitution versus the heat balance method for correlation and data evaluation, and design usage considerations. Additional statistical considerations are also raised.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Polarizable Solute Solvation in Water. 1. Equilibrium Solvent Structure and Solute Rotational Dynamics

Equilibrium solvation for polarizable, polar, and nonpolar solutes in water is studied via molecular dynamics computer simulations. A valence-bond electronic description for the solute is employed ...
B cells are essential for murine mammary tumor virus transmission, but not for presentation of endogenous superantigens

Murine mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) are retroviruses that encode superantigens capable of stimulating T cells via superantigen-reactive T cell receptor V beta chains. MMTVs are transmitted to the suckling offspring through milk. Here we show that B cell-deficient mice foster nursed by virus-secreting mice do not transfer infectious MMTVs to their offspring. No MMTV proviruses could be detected in the spleen and mammary tissue of these mice, and no deletion of MMTV superantigen-reactive T cells occurred. By contrast, T cell deletion and positive selection due to endogenous MMTV superantigens occurred in B cell-deficient mice. We conclude that B cells are essential for the completion of the viral life cycle in vivo, but that endogenous MMTV superantigens can be presented by cell types other than B cells.
Phospholipid vesicle fusion and drug loading: temperature, solute and cholesterol effects, and, a rapid preparation for solute, loaded vesicles

Abstract The fusion of sonicated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles was studied by gel-exclusion chromatography as a function of temperature, permeable and impermeable solute concentration, and cholesterol content of the bilayer membrane. Fusion is faster at lower temperatures: there is no fusion at or above 35.5°C (0.10 M DPPC/0.1 M K 2 SO 4 /0.01 M Hepes buffer (pH 7.4)/0.02% NaN 3 ). There is about 10% fusion after 1 week at 30°C, and about 60% fusion after 2 days at 13–25°C. Between 13 and 8°C, the fusion product changes from 700-A-diameter vesicles to the 950-A vesicles previously reported by Wong et al. (Wong, M., Anthony, F.W., Tillack, T.W. and Thompson, T.E. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 4126–4132). At 1°C, fusion is about 90% complete after 1 day. Membrane-impermeable solutes (NaCl, trehalose and glucose) inhibit fusion in a manner reflecting the total particle concentration. There is no detectable fusion after 3 days (22°C) in either 1.0 M NaCl or 2.0 M sugar, the highest concentrations studied. A suggested explanation is that impermeable solutes osmotically inhibit the influx of solution that accompanies the fusion of vesicles to form a larger vesicle, and, could conceivably thereby inhibit the fusion reaction. By contrast, membrane-permeable solutes (glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and ethanol) dramatically increase the fusion rate. 1.0 M ethanol causes 100% fusion in 15–30 min at 22°C. The simultaneous presence of 0.15 M NaCl entirely negates the fusion-promoting effect of 1.0 M ethanol. 1 mol% cholesterol completely inhibits fusion in 0.1 M KCl (20°C), and greatly slows it down either in 1.0 M ethanol at 20°C or in 0.1 M KCl at 4°C. A suggested mechanism is that cholesterol might concentrate in and stabilize bilayer lattice defect sites that are critical for the fusion reaction. The trapping efficiency of vesicles formed by the fast ethanol fusion conditions in the presence of the water-soluble markers, chromate and arsenazo III, ranged from 9.0 to 12.7% of the marker captured in the vesicles, corresponding to trapped volumes of 1.8 to 2.5 1/mol DPPC. Bromophenol blue gave anomalously high values of 67% and 13 1/mol DPPC, which presumably reflect binding, in addition to encapsulation.
Full Count The Real Cost of Public Funding for Major League Sports Facilities

Governments pay far more to participate in the development of major league sports facilities than is commonly understood due to the routine omission of public subsidies for land and infrastructure,...
A survey of the management of spinal-induced hypotension for scheduled cesarean delivery.

Abstract Background Intravenous fluids and vasopressors are used for managing spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean delivery, but the choice of vasopressor and the type and timing of fluid administration remain controversial. Methods We conducted an electronic survey of all members of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology between February and March 2007 to determine their preferences for preventing and treating spinal-induced hypotension with respect to fluid and vasopressor administration. Results The response rate was 292/746 (39%). Fifty percent worked in academic institutions and 56% had >50% of their clinical responsibility to obstetric anesthesia. For prophylaxis, 35% used fluid preloading, 30% fluid preloading with vasopressors, and 12% fluid co-loading with vasopressors. Of those using vasopressors for prophylaxis, 32% used ephedrine, 26% used phenylephrine, and 33% based their choice on heart rate. For treatment, 32% used ephedrine, 23% used phenylephrine, and 41% used either agent based on heart rate. Anesthesiologists in academic practice were less likely to use fluid preloading only ( P =0.028) and more likely to use fluid co-loading and vasopressors ( P =0.003). They were also more likely to administer phenylephrine for prophylaxis compared with those in private practice ( P =0.042). Conclusion Significant variations in practice exist in the prevention and treatment of spinal-induced hypotension. Fluid preloading and the prophylaxis and treatment of hypotension with ephedrine continue to be common practices.
Lattice wave functionals via Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract A method for determining the ground state wave functional of an euclidean field theory via Monte Carlo simulation is described. Equivalently, the dominant eigenfunction of the transfer matrix is determined. As an illustration of the method, it is applied to a four-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory. The U(1) wave functional shows a sharp change in its behavior near the phase transition between the strong coupling phase, which confines electric charge, and the deconfined weak coupling phase.
Extracting moving regions from spatial data

We provide an algorithm that can construct a valid moving region from snapshots of a region in time. Our algorithm is robust in the sense that given valid input regions, the generated moving region will define a valid region at every instant over the given time period.
Matrix analysis of heat transfer problems

Abstract This paper presents a method of analysis of heat conduction problems in solids based on matrix algebra. Use is made of the analogy that exists between the thermal problem and the flow of electricity in an electrical transmission line. It is shown that the use of matrix algebra greatly facilitates the calculation of transient and periodic heat flow in composite solids.
Variation of discrete spectra

A formula [see (1) below] estimating collectively the variation of eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix under a perturbation is extended to the case of discrete eigenvalues of a selfadjoint operator in Hilbert space, under the assumption that the perturbation is compact. For this purpose, the notion of an extended enumeration of discrete eigenvalues is introduced.
Preliminary characterization of race-specific elicitors fromPeronospora parasitica and their ability to elicit phenolic accumulation inArabidopsis

Intercellular washing fluid (IWF) obtained from the susceptibleArabidopsis accession Ws-eds1 inoculated withPeronospora parasitica isolate Emoy-2, contained an elicitor of necrosis with ecotype specificity towardsArabidopsis accessions with particular resistance genes. This elicitor caused necrosis on the highly resistant accessions La-er, Nd-1 and partly on Col-5, but not on the susceptible accessions Ws-eds1 and Oy-0. In resistant plants, injection of IWF caused hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell collapse which was associated with the accumulation of phenolics and lignin-like material in walls of cells undergoing cell death. The elicitor is sensitive to proteinase K and pronase enzymes, heating and autoclaving but insensitive to periodate oxidation, freezing and thawing, and is not dialyzable. Results suggest that the elicitor is a protein. Fractionation experiments using size-exclusion membranes revealed that elicitor activity has a molecular weight in excess of 100 kDa.
Power analyses for correlations from clustered study designs.

Power analysis constitutes an important component of modern clinical trials and research studies. Although a variety of methods and software packages are available, almost all of them are focused on regression models, with little attention paid to correlation analysis. However, the latter is arguably a simpler and more appropriate approach for modelling concurrent events, especially in psychosocial research. In this paper, we discuss power and sample size estimation for correlation analysis arising from clustered study designs. Our approach is based on the asymptotic distribution of correlated Pearson-type estimates. Although this asymptotic distribution is easy to use in data analysis, the presence of a large number of parameters creates a major problem for power analysis due to the lack of real data to estimate them. By introducing a surrogacy-type assumption, we show that all nuisance parameters can be eliminated, making it possible to perform power analysis based only on the parameters of interest. Simulation results suggest that power and sample size estimates obtained under the proposed approach are robust to this assumption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.