cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing the Mother Immortal: Cixous and Dupré

Karen McPherson offers a reading of the intersections of aging and the mother–daughter relationship in Helene Cixous’s Eve s’evade: La ruine et la vie and Louise Dupre’s L’album multicolore. In these two authors’ autobiographical accounts of their elderly mothers’ final years, the stages of a life overlap and circle back over one another. A daughter’s experience of the impending loss of the mother resonates with her own aging and gives her a new perspective both on that relationship and on her own life and mortality. The death of the mother may be a defining moment, but the relationship with the elderly mother over time is a defining stage, raising questions about identity and relationship that persist and evolve over the course of women’s lives.
The “Mere Presence” Hypothesis: Investigating the Nonverbal Effects of Cell-Phone Presence on Conversation Satisfaction

Prior research has supported the mere presence hypothesis, which suggests that cell phones act as an environmental nuisance that negatively impact the quality of face-to-face interactions. This study conducted an experiment to determine whether cell-phone presence negatively influences conversation satisfaction. Specifically, network member dyads (N = 46) engaged in unstructured conversations where one partner’s cell phone was either absent or present. The results revealed that, whereas the mere presence of a cell phone did not influence conversation satisfaction, individuals’ recollection of whether or not a cell phone was present did significantly negatively impact their pre- to posttest reports of conversation satisfaction. Implications of these findings for research on the mere presence hypothesis as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Harmonizing European Tort Law and the Comparative Method: Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Comparative Perspective

This is a book review of Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Comparative Perspective, edited by Professor Helmut Koziol. This book is the second of two volumes on “basic questions of tort law.” In the first volume, Professor Helmut Koziol examined German, Austrian, and Swiss tort law. In this volume Professor Koziol has assembled essays by distinguished scholars from several European legal systems as well as the United States and Japan, each of whom follows the structure of Koziol’s earlier book and explains how those basic questions are handled in their own systems.This review focuses on Professor Koziol’s ultimate aim of harmonization, and on the contribution of these essays to that project. Harmonization of tort law across the member states is not just a matter of working out answers to such questions as the content of the liability rule or whether non-pecuniary harm should be recoverable. Harmonization raises an issue of European Union federalism. That question is not explicitly addressed in either volume, yet the value of the project, and prospects for its success, turn on the answer to it. I argue that Professor Koziol has not made a convincing case for EU displacement of member state tort law.
Placement of Synchrophasors Using Linear Programming and Zero-Injection Constraints

This chapter presents a linear-programming-based optimal solution for an Optimal Placement Problem (OPP) of Synchrophasors or Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). With the increasing use of Synchrophasors for smart-grid monitoring and control, the problem with PMU placement has become a major concern due to its large installation costs. This chapter utilizes an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) approach to find optimal solutions. We show that the performance of our LP constraints and the formulation makes the ILP approach very attractive for smaller utilities that have limited budgets. This is shown using with and without zero-injection cases in programmed AMPL language using CPLEX solver. We also propose an Optimal Redundancy Criterion (ORC) which assists utilities with providing redundant observability for critical buses in the system. Our approach yields full and redundant observabilities within a few milliseconds for different cases, such as IEEE 300 test systems and an Indian power grid.
Surgery for Brain Metastases

It is estimated that 170,000 new cases of metastatic brain tumor are diagnosed in the United States each year [1]. As our population ages and oncologists are better able to achieve control of systemic disease, it is likely that the incidence of intracranial metastatatic disease will continue to increase. Brain metastases are thought to account for 20% of all cancer-related deaths each year [2]. Some tumor types are much more likely to result in metastatic spread to the brain; common primary sources include lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and renal cell cancer, which together account for nearly three-fourths of all brain metastases [3].
Fulleretic Materials: Buckyball- and Buckybowl-Based Crystalline Frameworks

Merging the intrinsic properties of fullerene (buckyball) and corannulene (buckybowl) derivatives with the inherent properties of crystalline metal- and covalent-organic frameworks (MOFs and COFs), including their modularity, porosity, versatility, high surface area, and structural tunability, opens a pathway to unlock a novel class of fulleretic materials. Despite the great interest in MOFs and COFs, as well as fullerene derivatives, this perspective is the first overview focusing solely on crystalline fullerene- and corannulene-containing frameworks, highlighting their potential contributions in the fields of optoelectronic devices, electrodes, and photosensitizers. We revealed a dual role of fullerene- and corannulene-containing building blocks showing their versatility to act as either a framework linker or a guest inside the pores. This perspective encompasses a rising new field in which fulleretic crystalline frameworks are not only structural and synthetic masterpieces but also valuable potential m...
Folding Large Proteins by Ultra-Deep Learning

Ab initio protein folding is one of the most challenging problems in computational biology. The popular fragment assembly method mainly can only fold some small proteins. Recently contact-assisted folding has made some progress, but it requires accurate contact prediction, which by existing methods can only be achieved on some proteins with a very large number (>500 or 1000) of sequence homologs. To deal with proteins without so many sequence homologs, we have developed a novel deep learning model for contact prediction by concatenating two deep residual neural networks (ResNet), which performed the best in 2015 computer vision challenges. The first ResNet conducts convolutional transformation of 1-dimensional features and the second conducts convolutional transformation of 2-dimensional information including output of the first one. Experimental results suggest that our deep learning method greatly outperforms existing contact prediction methods and doubles the accuracy of pure co-evolution methods on proteins without many sequence homologs. Our method is ranked 1st in terms of the total F1 score in the latest CASP competition (i.e., CASP12), although back then (May-July 2016) our method was not fully implemented. Our predicted contacts also lead to much more accurate contact-assisted folding. Blindly tested in the weekly benchmark CAMEO (which can be interpreted as fully-automated CASP) since October 2016, our fully-automated web server implementing this method successfully folded many large hard targets (up to 600 residues) without good templates and many sequence homologs. Our large-scale benchmark indicates that ab initio folding (based upon predicted contacts) now can correctly fold more than 2/3 of randomly-chosen proteins. We have also applied this method to membrane protein contact prediction, which produces very good results in terms of both contact prediction accuracy and folding. An important finding is that even trained by only non-membrane proteins, our deep model works very well on membrane protein contact prediction and folding. This is because our deep model learns to predict contacts by making use of contact occurrence patterns (which are shared between membrane and non-membrane proteins) instead of sequence similarity. This method can also be extended to protein-protein interaction prediction, protein complex prediction and protein docking. Our web server implementing this method is publicly available at http://raptorx.uchicago.edu/ContactMap/ . For technical and result details, please see our papers [1-2].
Determining detection limits of aqueous anions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Pulsed amperometric detection is a relatively new method for detection of ions and especially non-electrolytes such as carbohydrates in aqueous solutions. Pulsed amperometric detection relies on a redox reaction while electrochemical impedance simply measures the real and capacitive resistant of the solution. There is a correlation between the real impedance of a solution and the ionic strength of the solution. This work explores measuring real impedance of pure water as a function of temperature from 25.0 to 60.0 °C to determine the relationship between impedance and temperature. Maintaining temperature at 25.0 °C, solutions of sodium chloride, potassium carbonate, sodium sulfate acetate and bicarbonate have been measured using impedance spectroscopy. Regression analysis shows that measuring anions using impedance spectroscopy and simple stainless steel cylinders that detection limits at the parts per trillion (ppt) level are possible. There was no statistical difference when comparing impedance values of the same concentration of acetate and chloride in solution, showing real impedance is not dependent on ion size. However, ions with higher charge do result in lower impedance measurements. This work establishes the use of simple, small, robust stainless steel cylinders and impedance measurements following separation for the identification and quantification of ions in solution.
Impact of Smoking Ban on Passive Smoke Exposure in Pregnant Non-Smokers in the Southeastern United States

Prenatal passive smoke exposure raises risk for negative birth outcomes. Legislation regulating public smoking has been shown to impact exposure levels, though fewer studies involving pregnant women have been conducted within the U.S. where bans are inconsistent across regions. This study examined the effect of a ban enacted in the southeastern U.S. on pregnant women's cotinine levels. Additional analyses compared self-reported exposure to cotinine and identified characteristics associated with passive exposure. Pregnant women (N = 851) were recruited prospectively between 2005 and 2011 in North Carolina. Sociodemographic and health data were collected via surveys; maternal blood samples were assayed for cotinine. Among non-active smokers who provided self-report data regarding passive exposure (N = 503), 20% were inconsistent with corresponding cotinine. Among all non-smokers (N = 668), being unmarried, African American, and less educated were each associated with greater passive exposure. Controlling for covariates, mean cotinine was higher prior to the ban compared to after, F(1, 640) = 24.65, p < 0.001. Results suggest that banning smoking in public spaces may reduce passive smoke exposure for non-smoking pregnant women. These data are some of the first to examine the impact of legislation on passive smoke exposure in pregnant women within the U.S. using a biomarker and can inform policy in regions lacking comprehensive smoke-free legislation.
Clinical applications of optical and optoacoustic imaging techniques in the breast

Exploitation of the optical properties of tissue to characterize biologic composition has created an era of continuous growth over the past decades for optical imaging. These changes enable the identification of functional abnormalities in conjunction with structural changes of biologic tissue. There is currently a wide array of technologies and applications in development and clinical use. The range of different optical hardware choices has led to systems that utilize optical tissue contrast to address specific clinical needs.
Emotional State and Motivation Interactions: Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Incentive Contrast and Free Choice Paradigms

Abstract How motivation and the emotional state interact with each other remains a puzzle, but new insights into the intensity and timing of the emotional state via measuring rat ultrasonic vocalizations can provide important answers. To explore this issue, we have examined how ultrasonic calls could be important in the evaluation of incentive contrast effects (responses to change of incentive value) on appetitive behavior. Appetitive 50-kHz ultrasonic calls reflect incentive contrast but only when the outcome shifts were well predicted by visual cues. We found 50-kHz calls decreased during an operant task using mixed rewards with an incentive value downshift. However, 50-kHz calls did not show increases consistent with positive contrast. New data obtained from a paradigm that allows an exploration for diverse components of motivated choice are also presented. Fifty-kHz calls showed clear relationships to reward discrimination, preference, and relative reward valuation, but these effects were inconsistently linked to behavioral choice. Overall, these relationships between motivation and emotional state were strong but inconsistent, suggesting contexts when emotional state and motivation can converge or diverge from one another.
Fundamentals of Multivariate Analysis Part II. Inference About Two Treatments

This second part of a continuing series discusses multivariate tests for hypotheses which specify equality of the vectors of means associated with two treatments. In accord with previous practice, a review of appropriate univariate procedures is given...
Creating a "piratical state organization for benevolence," the Commission for Relief in Belgium: 1914-1915

On October 22, 1914 a temporary institution named the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) was created by a group of diplomats, industrialists, businessmen, and volunteers under the direction of American engineer-financier Herbert C. Hoover with the goal of providing emergency food relief in Belgium. Within twelve months the scope of the CRB expanded from providing relief to the communes surrounding Brussels to an effort geared towards making Belgium self-sufficient by the harvest of 1915 before becoming the permanent, on-going, official charitable organization supporting Belgium. In the course of development the Commission evolved into a worldwide charitable organization network with diplomatic and political powers reserved primarily for sovereign states. Described as “A Piratical State Organization for Benevolence” the CRB combined seemingly disparate elements of private charity and philanthropy with principles of American big business and engineering into an organization with a single purpose of Belgian relief. In 1914 and 1915 the CRB set up an infrastructure of relief under the Provisioning and Benevolence Departments that systematically accumulated, coordinated, and distributed charity in the form of money and material from around the world through volunteer organizations, cooperation with large freight companies and food producers in the United States, and shipping interests in Europe to deliver products to the Belgian communes. Working in conjunction with the Comite National the Commission scientifically determined the actual needs of the civil population and set up a network of warehouses, soup kitchens and canteens to deliver prespecified rations on a daily basis. Active at every step of the provisioning process the delegates, representatives, and volunteers of the CRB stood constantly vigil to make sure that its promises were maintained Whether it was coordinating the collection of wheat and cornmeal in America,
Concordance of assessments of clients' mental and behavioral health with in vivo assessment of work performance.

BACKGROUND Assessing functioning and disability among individuals with mental and behavioral health disorders has historically relied on deriving accurate psychiatric diagnoses and assessing symptoms. However, growing empirical evidence suggests that this approach is inadequate to determine real world performance, particularly with respect to work. OBJECTIVE We examined a performance-based approach to the assessment of work functioning and its relationship to mental and behavioral health status. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at two mental health programs. Trained employment providers conducted performance-based assessments of work function and ratings of mental and behavioral health while study participants self-reported their mental/behavioral health functioning. We hypothesized that participant and provider ratings of mental/behavioral health would be moderately correlated with performance-based assessments of work function. RESULTS We found no significant correlation between participants' self-report of their mental and behavioral health and performance-based assessments of work. Employment providers' ratings of participants' mental/behavioral health were moderately correlated with performance-based measures of work. Finally, we found low concordance between employment providers and study participants' with respect to ratings of their mental/behavioral health. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypotheses, ratings of mental/behavioral health were only moderately correlated with performance-based measures of work. Results confirm earlier research suggesting that it is difficult to predict work performance from participants' self-reports of their mental/behavioral health alone. Performance-based assessments of work capacity as well as ratings of mental and behavioral health may both be needed for a more complete and complimentary picture of the ability of individuals with mental and behavioral health disorders to function in the work place.
Probing the hras-1Y i-motif with small molecules.

Non-B DNA structures represent intriguing and challenging targets for small molecules. For example, the promoter of the HRAS oncogene contains multiple G-quadruplex and i-motif structures, atypical globular folds that serve as molecular switches for gene expression. Of the two, i-motif structures are far less studied. Here, we report the first example of small organic compounds that directly interact with the hras-1Y i-motif. We use a small molecule microarray screen to identify drug-like small molecules that bind to the hras-1Y i-motif but not to several other DNA or RNA secondary structures. Two different lead compounds, 1 and 2, were discovered to have 7.4 ± 5.3 μM and 5.9 ± 3.7 μM binding affinity by surface plasmon resonance and similar affinity by fluorescence titration. A structure–activity relationship (SAR) was developed and two improved analogues of 2 demonstrated submicromolar binding affinities. Both compounds display pH-dependent binding, indicating that they interact with the DNA only when the i-motif is properly folded. Chemical shift perturbation shows that 1 alters the structure of the i-motif, while 2 has no effect on the i-motif conformation, indicating different modes of interaction.
Jitter and Eye Estimation in SerDes Channels Using Modified Polynomial Chaos Surrogate Models

Estimation of data-dependent jitter and the resulting eye diagram in modern SerDes channels using state-of-the-art conventional simulation techniques are either computationally expensive or have limits in their application. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach based on uncertainty quantification, where a surrogate model using the Polynomial Chaos (PC) theory is developed and used to predict jitter, eye height, and eye width including the statistical variation. The accuracy and efficiency of this approach is demonstrated using a high-speed SerDes channel topology and specialized SerDes simulation tool, which shows about 100X speedup in channel simulation costs for this example.
Horizontal transfer of prokaryotic cytolethal distending toxin B genes to eukaryotes

Abstract Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are tripartite eukaryotic genotoxins encoded in diverse bacterial and phage genomes. The cdtB subunit is a DNAse that causes eukaryotic cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and in one context, is associated with resistance against parasitoid wasp infections. Here we report the discovery of functional cdtB copies in the nuclear genomes of insect species from two distantly related insect orders, including fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Insect cdtB copies are most closely related to bacteriophage copies, were horizontally transferred to insect genomes > 40 million years ago and encode a protein that retains ancestral DNase activity. This phage-derived toxin has been domesticated by diverse insects and we hypothesize that it is used as a defensive weapon against parasitoid wasps. One Sentence Summary We report horizontal transfer of the gene cytolethal distending toxin B, which encodes a DNase, into eukaryotic genomes from bacteriophage. Significance Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are secreted by diverse pathogenic bacterial species to kill animal cells. The cdtB subunit enters cell nuclei, damaging the DNA and leading to mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In the pea aphid, a bacterial endosymbiont provides protection against wasp attack, possibly via cdtB. We discovered that this same endosymbiont-encoded lineage of cdtB was transferred to the genomes of Diptera and Hemiptera species and retains ancestral DNase activity. This is the first report of cdtB outside of bacteria or phages. A toxin that first evolved to kill eukaryotic cells has been co-opted by insects, potentially to their benefit.
A global examination on the differential impacts of roadsides on native vs. exotic and weedy plant species

Abstract Roads cause multiple ecological impacts by altering biotic and abiotic conditions that affect ecosystem structure and functioning from local to regional scales. Roadside plant assemblages are driven by the interplay between propagule arrival and seedling establishment, which are highly influenced by roadside characteristics, landscape configuration and road management and maintenance practices. Multiple plant species with different growth forms use roadsides as temporary or permanent habitats and/or dispersal corridors. Over the past seven decades, numerous studies have documented how roadsides affect the distribution and dispersal of plant species; however, a comprehensive review of those is lacking in the literature. Here, we addressed this issue and found 1,098 studies that met all the study eligibility criteria. Over half of the studies reported the effects of roadsides on the distribution and dispersal of exotic/weed species only, of which all but one indicated a positive effect, and around three quarters of the studies that considered native species showed a positive effect of roadsides on such species. Only 10 studies corroborated the use of roadsides as linear corridors by some native species to expand their distributional ranges. Generally, roadsides had the most positive effects for native species in landscapes that are greatly impacted by intensive agriculture, urbanization and forest management, while negative effects were concentrated in areas that have not been highly altered by humans. Furthermore, studies regarding exotic/weed species were concentrated within a few regions of the world. We conclude that roadsides are key to maintain native biodiversity, especially in highly modified anthropogenic landscapes, but also serve as landscape corridors for exotic species.
Characterization of the Distribution of Spin–Lattice Relaxation Rates of Lipid Spin Labels in Fiber Cell Plasma Membranes of Eye Lenses with a Stretched Exponential Function

The stretched exponential function (SEF) was used to analyze and interpret saturation recovery (SR) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data obtained from spin-labeled porcine eye-lens membranes. This function has two fitting parameters: the characteristic spin–lattice relaxation rate (T1str−1) and the stretching parameter (β), which ranges between zero and one. When β =1, the function is a single exponential. It is assumed that the SEF arises from a distribution of single exponential functions, each described by a T1 value. Because T 1 −1 s are determined primarily by the rotational diffusion of spin labels, they are a measure of membrane fluidity. Since β describes the distribution of T 1 −1 s, it can be interpreted as a measure of membrane heterogeneity. The SEF was used to analyze SR data obtained from intact cortical and nuclear fiber cell plasma membranes extracted from the eye lenses of 2-year-old animals and spin labeled with phospholipid and cholesterol analogs. The lipid environment sensed by these probe molecules was found to be less fluid and more heterogeneous in nuclear membranes than in cortical membranes. Parameters T 1str −1 and β were also used for a multivariate K-means cluster analysis of stretched exponential data. This analysis indicates that SEF data can be assigned accurately to clusters in nuclear or cortical membranes. In future work, the SEF will be applied to analyze data from human eye lenses of donors with differing health histories.
Problems of Practice: A Document Analysis of Education Doctorate Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to learn how education doctorate students create the problems of practice researched in their dissertations, and the potential impact of their research on their local contexts to enhance the generation of knowledge. Three research questions guided this study: 1) How do education doctorate students derive their problems of practice?, 2) What is the nature of the problems of practice that the students have studied?, and 3) What are the reported impacts the study of problems of practice has on doctoral students’ local contexts? To answer these questions, the researchers conducted a document analysis of 19 dissertations. Student dissertations included a diverse set of problems of practice largely determined by their professional roles. The findings indicate a need for further refinement of the concept of a problem of practice and how the education doctorate program and their candidates employ the concept of a problem of practice in their dissertations and how this impacts local contexts. Furthermore, the nature of their problems of practice researched through the dissertation contributed to the perceived impact on the local context of the author.
Effects of subspecialty signout and group consensus on the diagnosis of microscopic colitis.

Microscopic colitis (MC) includes lymphocytic colitis (LC) and collagenous colitis (CC). Microscopic changes are required to establish these diagnoses. While criteria exist, interobserver variability has been reported previously. This has not been evaluated in the context of subspecialty signout (SSSO) or a consensus conference. We identified 133 colon biopsies diagnosed as LC, CC, MC, or normal but with mild changes insufficient for MC. All predated the introduction of SSSO at our institution. They were independently reviewed by three gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists. Cases lacking independent consensus were reviewed by the same pathologists in consensus conference to establish a final diagnosis. Individual diagnoses were compared with the consensus diagnoses, and consensus diagnoses were compared with original diagnoses made by GI and non-GI pathologists. Consensus diagnoses were normal (n = 34), LC (n = 57), and CC (n = 42). “Normal” was the diagnosis most commonly agreed upon independently (27/34 cases, P = 0.0073 versus LC, P = 0.0172 versus CC). The reviewing pathologists independently agreed with 80%, 80%, and 94% of consensus diagnoses (κ = 0.70, 0.69, and 0.91). The group consensus agreed with the diagnoses in 49 of 58 (84%) cases originally signed out by non-GI pathologists (κ = 0.77) and in 44 of 57 (77%) cases originally signed out by GI pathologists (κ = 0.63). Good interobserver agreement exists for MC, though whether GI subspecialty training improves agreement remains unclear. Group consensus may aid in diagnosis of difficult/borderline MC cases.
Vocab Learn: A Text Mining System to Assist Vocabulary Learning.

We present a text mining system called Vocab Learn to assist users to learn new words with respect to a knowledge base, where a knowledge base is a collection of written materials. Vocab Learn extracts words, excluding stop words, from a knowledge base and recommends new words to a user according to their importance and frequency. To enforce learning and assess how well a word is learned, Vocab Learn generates, for each word recommended, a number of semantically close words using word embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013a), and a number of words with look-alike spellings/strokes but with different meanings using Minimum Edit Distance (Levenshtein, 1966). Moreover, to help learn how to use a new word, Vocab Learn links each word to its dictionary definitions and provides sample sentences extracted from the knowledge base that includes the word. We carry out experiments to compare word-ranking algorithms of TFIDF (Salton and McGill, 1986), TextRank (Mihalcea and Tarau, 2004), and RAKE (Rose et al., 2010) over the dataset of Inspec abstracts in Computer Science and Information Technology Journals with a set of keywords labeled by human editors. We show that TextRank would be the best choice for ranking words for this dataset. We also show that Vocab Learn generates reasonable words with similar meanings and words with similar spellings but with different meanings.
Development and validation of a HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of paclitaxel and sulforaphane in lipid based self-microemulsifying formulation.

Paclitaxel (PTX) and sulforaphane (SFN) are known anticancer molecules. Their activity was found to be potentiated when tested concurrently. Only recently, however, a novel SFN enabled PTX self-microemulsifying formulation (SMEDDS) was developed for their simultaneous delivery. This necessitated the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of PTX and SFN. In this study, a simple and sensitive isocratic high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) analytical method was developed and validated per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines to satisfy this objective. Its application was demonstrated when quantifying the amount of PTX and SFN released from the SMEDDS in various dissolution media. The separation of the analytes was performed with the aid of a reversed phase C18 column at ambient temperature using a 60:40 mixture of acetonitrile and KH2PO4 buffer (pH 5.0) as the mobile phase. PTX and SFN peaks were detected at 202 nm with high resolution without interference from excipients. This method showed linearity within 2.5-100 μg/mL range with r2 > 0.999. The limit of detection and lower limit of quantitation were 0.1638 and 0.4964 μg/mL for PTX and 0.4419 and 1.3389 μg/mL for SFN, respectively. A total of 98-101% of the injected samples was recovered with RSD of 0.06-0.68% indicating the suitability of the method for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of the molecules in dissolution media.
Simulation Modeling and AC System Fault Control Strategy for the Multi-terminal Hybrid HVDC System based on RTDS

A multi-terminal hybrid HVDC transmission system, with LCC station in the rectifier and MMC station in the inverter, integrates the advantages of LCC and MMC technology, and it overcomes the commutation failure problem in the inverter. The application includes power supply to weak AC system, passive load, islands and so on. It shows widely application prospect in the field of large capacity, high voltage and long distance HVDC transmission in the future. In this paper, firstly, the mathematical model for a multi-terminal hybrid HVDC transmission system is studied deeply, and its real time simulation system is established in RTDS. Then, a DC voltage margin control strategy for LCC in rectifier, and a transient AC voltage regulation strategy for MMC in inverter is put forward for dealing the AC system fault. The simulation results in RTDS show the control strategy is effective, and the DC voltage and transmission power recovery quickly after AC system series fault. The proposed control strategy is significant for the safety and reliability for the multi-terminal hybrid HVDC.
Auditory implicit learning in machines versus humans

We investigated the difference in performance on an implicit learning task between humans and machines in the auditory domain. Implicit learning is the process of ingesting information, such as patterns of everyday life, without being actively aware of doing so and without formal instruction. In pattern and anomaly detection, it is desirable to learn the patterns of everyday life in order to detect irregularities. In addition, we also considered how affect or emotion-like aspects interacts with this process. In our experiments, we created a synthetic pattern for both positive and negative sounds using a Markov grammar, which we then asked a machine-learning algorithm or humans to process. Results indicated that the generated pattern is a trivial task for even a simple RNN. For a similar but more complex task, humans performed significantly better under the condition of positive affect inducing sounds than they performed with negative sounds. Possibilities for the outcomes are discussed, along with other potential methods to compare human and machine implicit learning performance.
Developments in the Theories of Vibrational Raman Intensities

The theory of light scattering from an individual particle involving the “summation-over-states” problem of second-order perturbation theory, was offered first in 1925 by Kramers and Heisenberg1 by analogy to the classical theory of dispersion. The same expression was verified later by Dirac2 based on the radiation-field theory. And from this expression Van Vleck3 derived the basic selection rules for the vibrational Raman effects in molecules. For the nonresonance case, special simplifications are possible. When the frequency of the incident light is far from the resonance region, and the initial and final states of the molecule are both in the ground electronic state, it was shown by Placzek4 that the intensity of molecular Raman scattering arises from the dependence of the ground-state polarizability on nuclear vibrations. This so-called polarizability theory of Placzek has led to the bond polarizability theory commonly used by chemists to analyze vibrational Raman spectra in terms of ground-state properties of the molecules. (The bond polarizability theory is reviewed in the first volume of this book.) The object of the present chapter is to review the recent developments of Raman intensity theories, beginning, more or less, at the stage subsequent to the material treated in the first volume and continuing to the most recent work which has appeared in the literature (1960–1968).
DEM simulation of particle segregation in filling of vibratory dies

Abstract The homogeneity of the metal powder in the dies is a primary factor affecting the quality of the product obtained by powder metallurgy manufacturing routes. Hence, a desirable goal during die filling is to achieve a homogeneous distribution of particles. However, the presence of particles of different shapes and sizes in metallic powders may give rise to inhomogeneous distribution leading to the segregation of particles. In addition to segregation, the presence of cavities or gaps in the dies with sharp features can affect the quality of final products. In this work, discrete element simulations are carried out to study the die filling of an axisymmetric die with internal stepped features which led to the formation of gaps in the die as it is filled with particles. The die is subjected to vertical vibratory motion and the effect of vibration parameters on the size segregation of particles and the compaction characteristics of the metallic powder are studied. At higher amplitudes, a cluster of coarse particles was observed at the center near the base of the die. At higher vibrational frequencies out of phase, flows were observed in the stepped regions of the die which led to the formation of surface waves.
Uncovering phase transformation, morphological evolution, and nanoscale color heterogeneity in tungsten oxide electrochromic materials

Controlling the electrochemical interfacial processes that govern the durability of electrochromic devices represents a key challenge in developing sustainable and cost-effective smart windows. Here, we revisit the classical tungsten trioxide (WO3) materials as a platform to uncover the previously unknown interrelationship between phase transformation, morphological evolution, and nanoscale color heterogeneity in these materials. Through synchrotron/electron spectroscopic and imaging analyses, we report that the WO3–electrolyte interface is influenced by the tungsten dissolution and redeposition during the electrochemical cycling. The tungsten redeposition provokes the in situ crystal growth, which ultimately leads to the phase transformation from the semicrystalline WO3 to a nanoflake-shaped, proton-trapped tungsten trioxide dihydrate (HxWO3·2H2O). The multidimensional quantification of the electronic structure reveals that the tungsten reduction caused by the proton trapping is heterogeneous at the nanometric scale and is responsible for the nanoscale color heterogeneity. The interplay between phase transformation, morphological evolution, and nanoscale color heterogeneity results in degraded optical modulation, switching kinetics, coulombic efficiency, and bleached-state transparency. Our results highlight that the high interfacial reactivity near the electrode surface may be the underlying mechanism for undesired bulk structural changes of electrochromic materials, and calls for fundamental studies in probing and controlling the electrode–electrolyte interfacial processes in electrochromic devices.
Feasibility of a Weight Management Program Tailored for Overweight Men with Localized Prostate Cancer–A Pilot Study

Overweight men with prostate cancer are more likely to suffer from recurrence and death following prostatectomy compared with healthy weight men. This study tested the feasibility of delivering a c...
La Depresión como enfermedad: en defensa del modelo biomédico en psiquiatría

Defining what is meant by "mental illness" has three dimensions: (i) the ontological dimension, which attempts to answer the question of what is a mental illness in itself, (ii) the scientific dimension, which attempts to identify its causes, and (iii) the practical dimension, which will seek a treatment. This article uses depression to examine how various conceptual alternatives in contemporary literature attempted to tackle the problem of what is a mental illness. After evaluating the scope of their proposals in the three dimensions mentioned above, it is concluded that the biomedical model could become a good candidate for developing a useful framework for understanding, having a scientific explanation and treating depression.
Genomic imprinting and cancer.

Fifteen years have gone by since the initial demonstrations of mammalian genomic imprinting (Barton et al. 1984; McGrath andSolter 1984; Surani et al. 1984), 7 years since the identification of specific imprinted genes in mice (DeChiara et al. 1991; Barlow et al. 1991; Bartolomei et al. 1991) and 6 years since the demonstration of conservation of imprinting in humans (Zhang and Tycko 1992; Giannoukakis et al. 1993; Ohlsson et al. 1993; Rainier et al. 1993; Zhang et al. 1993). During this time our understanding of the importance of this phenomenon for human diseases has advanced in some areas but remained incomplete in others. In this chapter we review data bearing on the role of genomic imprinting and imprinted genes in human cancer. We highlight the possible relationship of the regionality of imprinting and the role of imprinted genes in controlling fetal growth to the involvement of imprinting in human neoplasia. We describe data linking three imprinted genes on chromosome 11p15.5, H19, IGF2, and p57KIP2, to the pathogenesis of Wilms’ tumor (WT) and other neoplasms, as well as to the fetal overgrowth associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome(BWS). We discuss evidence for epimutations at the H19 locus, causing H19 silencing and biallelic activation of IGF2, as site-specific molecular lesions with a crucial permissive role in Wilms’ tumorigenesis. We also discuss the possible roles of imprinted genes in other pediatric tumors, in other proliferative and tumor syndromes, and in high grade adult malignancies. Lastly, we consider the feasibility of designing rational anticancer therapy targeting imprinted genes.
Introduction of Chief Justice Rehnquist, Dedication of the Robert H. Jackson Center, May 16, 2003

These remarks introduced Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, principal speaker at the 2003 dedication of the Robert H. Jackson Center in Jamestown, New York. Fifty years earlier, Rehnquist was one of Justice Jackson’s law clerks at the Supreme Court of the United States.This introduction covers Chief Justice Rehnquist’s biography and the process by which Justice Jackson came to meet and hire Mr. Rehnquist. Starting in 1948, Jackson visited northern California every summer. In 1951, he visited his former law clerk Phil C. Neal at Stanford Law School, where Neal was a professor. At Neal’s initiative, Jackson interviewed Stanford law student William Rehnquist and soon hired him as a law clerk.
The resistance of (Fe, Ni)3V long-range-ordered alloys to neutron and ion irradiation☆

A series of (Fe, Ni)/sub 3/V long-range-ordered alloys were irradiated with neutrons in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR) and with 4 MeV Ni ions at temperatures above 250/sup 0/C. The displacement damage levels for the two irradiations were 3.8 and 70 dpa, and the helium levels were 29 and 560 at. ppM, respectively. Irradiation in ORR generally increased the yield strength and lowered the ductility of an LRO alloy, but produced relatively little swelling. The LRO alloys retained their long-range order after ion irradiation below the critical ordering temperature, T/sub c/, and exhibited low swelling. Above T/sub c/ the alloys were disordered and showed greater swelling. Adjustment of alloy composition to prevent sigma phase formation reduced swelling.
Automating the design of computer systems: the MICON project

Addressing the issues of engineering design in computer architecture, this book describes the design and implementation of MICON, a system for automating the synthesis of small computers.
Acceptability of Low Levels of Genotoxic Impurities in New Drug Substances

The Safety Working Party (SWP) of the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) published a draft “Position paper on the limits for genotoxic impurities” in December 2002. Genotoxic impurities was a topic selected for the joint Drug Information Association (DIA)/European Medicines Agency (EMEA) meeting that was organised in London on October 27–28, 2003, to facilitate the exchange of opinion and perspective between industry and regulatory scientists. Scientific and regulatory updates were presented and discussed in the light of case studies, which are described in this article. The four cases span a range of different scenarios that can be encountered in development: (i) candidate for life-threatening indication – an alkylating reagent used in synthesis is an impurity in the active substance; (ii) late-stage candidate for non-life-threatening chronic indication – a route change leads to a new intermediate becoming a potential impurity – as it is an isolated intermediate, worker safety data is generated and needs to be risk managed; (iii) late-stage candidate for non-life-threatening chronic indication – a mutagenic and structural-alerting starting material – the commercial route confers excellent purging; and (iv) early-stage candidate for non-life-threatening chronic indication – considers strategic approaches for impurities with structural-alerting functionality under different scenarios (dependent upon toxicological data available, daily dosing regimen, route of delivery etc.). The outcomes of the discussions of the cases at the DIA/EMEA Workshop are presented in a separate article in this issue of the journal.
Milton and Usury

AbstractLike his father before him, John Milton was a lifelong professional usurer. At a time when that profession was held in general contempt, this fact must have impinged upon his life in many and various ways. It seems clear, for example, that Milton's fraught first marriage was the fruit of usury. This essay traces the profound influence of the usury debate throughout Milton's work. While he sometimes echoes the popular denunciation of usurers as living from “the sweat of other men,” Milton also defends usury in certain circumstances. He does not view usury as a narrowly economic phenomenon, but explores its impact on politics, aesthetics, theology and sexuality. Despite his complex and nuanced treatment of the subject, Milton ultimately portrays usury as Satanic. It involves the attribution of autonomous reproductive power to financial signs, and thus stands convicted of the same epistemological error as liturgical idolatry. Through close readings of several of Milton's poems, this essay demontrates...
Specific Roles of NMDA and AMPA Receptors in Direction-Selective and Spatial Phase-Selective Responses in Visual Cortex

Cells in the superficial layers of primary visual cortex (area 17) are distinguished by feedforward input from thalamic-recipient layers and by massive recurrent excitatory connections between neighboring cells. The connections use glutamate as transmitter, and the postsynaptic cells contain both NMDA and AMPA receptors. The possible role of these receptor types in generating emergent responses of neurons in the superficial cortical layers is unknown. Here, we show that NMDA and AMPA receptors are both involved in the generation of direction-selective responses in layer 2/3 cells of area 17 in cats. NMDA receptors contribute prominently to responses in the preferred direction, and their contribution to responses in the nonpreferred direction is reduced significantly by GABAergic inhibition. AMPA receptors decrease spatial phase-selective simple cell responses and generate phase-invariant complex cell responses.
Molecular characterization of a second abortive phage resistance gene present in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ME2.

Abstract The fifth phage resistance factor from the prototype phage-insensitive strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ME2 has been characterized and sequenced. The genetic determinant for Prf (phage resistance five) was subcloned from the conjugative plasmid pTN20, which also encodes a restriction and modification system. Typical of other abortive resistance mechanisms, Prf reduces the efficiency of plaquing to 10(-2) to 10(-3) and decreases the plaque size and burst size of the small isometric-headed phage p2 in L. lactis subsp. lactis LM0230. However, normal-size plaques occurred at a frequency of 10(-4) and contained mutant phages that were resistant to Prf, even after repeated propagation through a sensitive host. Prf does not prevent phage adsorption or promote restriction and modification activities, but 90% of Prf+ cells infected with phage p2 die. Thus, phage infections in Prf+ cells are aborted. Prf is effective in both L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains against several small isometric-headed phages but not against prolate-headed phages. The Prf determinant was localized by Tn5 mutagenesis and subcloning. DNA sequencing identified a 1,056-nucleotide structural gene designated abiC. Prf+ expression was obtained when abiC was subcloned into the lactococcal expression vector pMG36e. abiC is distinct from two other lactococcal abortive phage resistance genes, abiA (Hsp+, from L. lactis subsp. lactis ME2) and abi416 (Abi+, from L. lactis subsp. lactis IL416). Unlike abiA, the action of abiC does not appear to affect DNA replication. Thus, abiC represents a second abortive system found in ME2 that acts at a different point of the phage lytic cycle.