cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on development of a vaginal preparation providing both prophylaxis against venereal disease other genital infections and contraception. III. In vitro effect of vaginal contraceptive and selected vaginal preparations of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis.

41 preparations (jellies creams foams etc.) were tested each in several dilutions with physiological saline for effect on inhibition of growth of C. albicans and T. vaginalis. 21 contraceptives and 20 noncontraceptives were employed. In both types of cultures 1 method used to study growth involved mixing of preparation and organisms and intervals of 1 5 or 10 minutes before inoculation of the medium while the other method involved inoculation after the prepartion was added to the medium. These method types are referred to in the study as time exposure and dilution. Evaluation was 48 hours after start of incubation. The contraceptives effective (no growth) at some concentration from 10%-50% against C. albicans by the time-exposure method were the same contraceptives effective by the dilution method. They were Certane vaginal jelly Lorophyn jelly Contra foam Lorophyn suppositories Koromex A vaginal jelly and Lanesta gel. Certane vaginal jelly was effective after exposure (interval after mixing and before inoculation) for 1 minute. Among the noncontraceptive preparations 10 were effective by the time-exposure method and an additional 4 were effective by the dilution method. In an associated test C. albicans was uninhibited by exposure up to 10 minutes in a pH of 2.2-10 thus casting out the possibility that the preparations are effective through pH. By the time exposure method all contraceptives were effective against T. vaginalis most at a 1% concentration. All except 2 noncontraceptives were effective by both methods. The use of some of these preparations contraceptive and noncontraceptive might reduce the females risk of contracting either infection during intercourse.
US Internal Immigration Enforcement: Not a Model But an Alarum

Despite, or because of geopolitical and demographic realities, nativism in the US and the EU has been one response to irregular immigration during difficult current economic cycles. Hastily-created and under-enforced restrictions in immigration laws only nominally reduce unauthorized immigration but also cause measurable negative effects. Enforcement is discriminatory and penalties are harsh. Securitization leaves unaddressed critical labor shortages in host countries. Finally, immigrants abide in an underground and unregulated economy that creates a competitive disadvantage for law-abiding market players and deprives employed immigrants of basic legal protections.
Linking Resource Decisions to Planning.

This chapter explores the relationship between strategic planning and budgeting. It describes how community college leaders can use strategic and foundational plans (academic, facilities, technology, and financial) to drive budgets and resource allocations in support of institutional goals and objectives. Finally, it identifies challenges of doing so and the usefulness of budget decision packages as a way of determining the link between resource allocation decisions and the achievement of planning goals.
Assessing the Relationship between Presidential Rhetorical Simplicity and Unilateral Action

Research from Shogan (2007) and Lim (2008) on the executive branch proposes that the American presidency has adopted an anti-intellectual approach to leadership, such that there is a concerted rejection of thoughtful political discourse from the president. This has been reflected by what appears to be a relative decline in both the linguistic and substantive complexity of presidential rhetoric. Shogan’s (2007) work, while focused on examining whether Republicans are more apt to employ anti-intellectual leadership than Democrats, raises an additional topic worthy of empirical examination: the potential relationship between anti-intellectual leadership and unilateral action from the president. If anti-intellectual leadership is a defiant form of leadership that opts to publicly demonstrate the rejection of external expertise, the usage of anti-intellectual rhetoric from the president might be able to predict the usage of unilateral action. On the other hand, anti-intellectual rhetoric might be used as a straightforward and quick means to explain unilateral action, such that change in the level of unilateral action can predict the usage of simplistic rhetoric. Unfortunately, no one has yet to empirically test whether rhetorical simplicity predicts unilateral action, unilateral action predicts rhetorical simplicity, or there is a multi-directional relationship present. This project makes an initial attempt to remedy this gap in the literature. The project contrasts the monthly average simplicity level of the presidential weekly public address with the monthly number of executive orders emanating from the executive branch, using information spanning between February 1993 and May 2015. The initial findings from the vector autoregression and moving average representation analyses suggest that prior change in rhetorical simplicity predicts the usage of executive orders, and that an increase in rhetorical simplicity helps produce an increase in the number of executive orders offered by the president.
Biochemical characterization of Kupffer and parenchymal cells isolated from rat liver.

Abstract The ability to isolate Kupffer and parenchymal cells permitted chemical characterization of these two distinct cell types. The activities of such enzymes as acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, glucose-6-phosphatase and glutamic dehydrogenase as well as DNA, RNA and protein content was measured in parenchymal and Kupffer cells isolated from normal rat liver. In addition, these same determinations were also made on Kupffer cells obtained from rats treated with glucan to induce macrophage stimulation or methyl palmitate to induce macrophage depression. Parenchymal cells contain more DNA, RNA and protein than normal Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells isolated from glucan pretreated rats have less nucleic acid and protein per 10 6 cells than normal Kupffer cells; methyl palmitate Kupffer cells have more protein and RNA but the same DNA content per 10 6 cells as normal Kupffer cells. Parenchymal cells have higher enzyme activities per 10 6 cells and DNA than Kupffer cells obtained from normal, RE stimulated or depressed animals. The specific activity (units/mg protein) of all enzymes measured was nearly identical in all cell suspensions and homogenates.
Effects of Large-Scale Surface Topography on Ground Motions, as Demonstrated by a Study of the San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles, California

We investigate the effects of large-scale surface topography on ground motions generated by nearby faulting. We show a specific example studying the effect of the San Gabriel Mountains, which are bounded by the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault on the north and by the Los Angeles Basin on the south. By si- mulating a Mw 7.5 earthquake on the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault, we show that the San Gabriel Mountains act as a natural seismic insulator for metropo- litan Los Angeles. The topography of the mountains scatters the surface waves gen- erated by the rupture on the San Andreas fault, leading to less-efficient excitation of basin-edge generated waves and natural resonances within the Los Angeles Basin. The effect of the mountains reduces the peak amplitude of ground velocity for some regions in the basin by as much as 50% in the frequency band up to 0.5 Hz. These results suggest that, depending on the relative location of faulting and the nearby large-scale topography, the topography can shield some areas from ground shaking.
Distinguishing conjunctive and disjunctive reducibilities by sparse sets

Abstract Various polynomial-time truth-table reducibilities are compared by their ability of using sparse oracles to answer queries. The reducibilities studied here include conjunctive reducibility, bounded conjunctive reducibility, disjunctive reducibility, bounded disjunctive reducibility, truth-table reducibility, and bounded truth-table reducibility. For any two reducibilities ≤ r P and ≤ s P , we compare the class of sets ≤ r P -reducible to sparse sets with the class of sets ≤ s P -reducible to sparse sets. For most pairs of reducibilities ≤ r P and ≤ s P , it is shown that the two associated reduction classes are incomparable, unless a trivial inclusive relation holds.
Nanotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease characterized by progressive bone and cartilage destruction, resulting in severe functional limitations, shortened lifespan, and increased mortality rates. Recent advances and new treatment approaches have significantly delayed disease progression and improved the quality of life for many patients. Yet few patients attain or can be maintained in disease remission without continuous immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, a sizable portion of patients also fails to respond or eventually develops tolerance to current therapies. Thus there is a continued need for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of RA. Unlike conventional drugs, nanosystems are designed to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the site of inflammation, therefore avoiding potential systemic and off-target unwanted effects. They allow investigators to consider or reconsider therapeutic agents that were previously deemed too toxic to deliver through a systemic route. This article reviews recent nanotechnology-based strategies that are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
Instilling Stewardship to Address the Integrity/Efficiency Dilemma:

One of the most perplexing problems facing modern governments is how to balance the pursuit of integrity with that of efficiency. The pursuit of integrity has resulted in a massive body of rules and oversight structures that can paralyze management and harm efficiency. Most administrative prescriptions do not deal with the root of this problem—the insistence that integrity be assured by managerial strategies rather than administrative moral agencies. This article argues that by instilling a culture of stewardship, so that integrity flows from people, public agencies could ease heavy-handed corruption controls and pursue efficiency relatively unhindered. A case study of the Edmonton Public Schools is offered to illustrate how stewardship could harmonize the pursuit of integrity and efficiency.
Oxygen reduction on Ru-oxide pyrochlores bonded to a proton-exchange membrane

Oxygen reduction at a gas-fed, porous, ruthenium-pyrochlore electrode attached to a Dow Developmental Fuel Cell Membrane was measured in solutions of various pH. Electrode assemblies containing high surface area Pb2Ru2−xPbxO7−y or Bi2Ru2−xBixO7−y with different amounts of Teflon content with/without the incorporation of Dow gel in the active part of the electrode with/without a CO2-treated Vulcan XC-72 carbon substrate were tested. The oxide pyrochlores were found to be chemically stable and to show their lowest overpotential if separated from a 2.5 M H2SO4 proton reservoir by the membrane. Interesting oxygen reduction activity at room temperature was obtained with the Pb2Ru1.74Pb0.26O7−y electrode bonded with 22% by weight Teflon and incorporating 5% by weight Dow gel. The performance of the oxides against B-site Pb concentration and a measurement of the surface charge on the particles indicate that, in this configuration, the active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction are OH− species at the O-site positions of the A2B2O6′O1−y pyrochlores, especially the bridging oxygen with one Ru and one Pb near neighbour, i.e. Pb−Ob−Ru. Evidence that oxide particles precipitated on CO2-treated carbon transfer electrons to the substrate is also presented.
Expression of ADAMTS1 during murine development.

Abstract ADAMTS1/METH1 belongs to the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats) family of proteins that currently comprises 18 members. Targeted inactivation of the ADAMTS1 gene results in morphological defects in the kidney, adrenal gland, and adipose tissue in addition to growth retardation and infertility in females. To gain further insight on the biology of ADAMTS1, we examined its expression pattern in the developing mouse from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E18. Expression analysis by RNase protection assays revealed detectable levels of ADAMTS1 transcripts in E10–E18 yolk sac, placenta, brain, heart, lung, limb bud, liver, spleen, and kidney, with much lower levels in the adult. Using in situ hybridization, we have localized ADAMTS1 transcripts predominantly to the epithelium of the developing lung, pancreas, kidney and to a subset of neurons in a temporally restricted manner. Expression was also detected in the tunica media of the aorta, pulmonary, and hepatic vessels.
Nurse Staffing Levels and Teamwork: A Cross‐Sectional Study of Patient Care Units in Acute Care Hospitals

Purpose: To determine if nurse staffing predicts teamwork. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive design with a sample of nursing staff (N= 2,545) on 52 patient care units in four hospitals was utilized. Methods: The Nursing Teamwork Survey was utilized to collect data on the level of perceived nursing teamwork on each of the study units. In addition, nursing staffing data were collected for each study unit. Findings: Higher levels of nurse staffing were related to better teamwork. Specifically, the greater the hours per patient day, the higher the level of overall teamwork on the unit (β= 0.417, p= .033). Also the greater the skill mix, the higher the level of overall teamwork on the unit (β= 0.436, p= .009). Conclusions: Adequate levels of staffing are needed to ensure nursing teamwork. Clinical Relevance: The ability to provide quality and safe care is associated with teamwork, which in turn requires adequate staffing.
Validation of Los Angeles County Department of Public Health Respiratory Syndrome using Electronic Health Records

In Los Angeles County, emergency department data is collected from hospitals and classified into syndromes based on chief complaints. To validate this respiratory syndromic surveillance categorization, chief complaint data were compared to discharge diagnoses extracted from electronic health records from one hospital emergency department in Los Angeles County during one week in January 2013. The agreement between syndrome classification and discharge diagnosis for respiratory reports is high (k=0.75), though over 25% of diagnosis data were missing. Further validation of additional syndromes is needed. Electronic health records are valuable sources of data and can enhance the validity of syndromic surveillance systems.
The progress towards the transparent ceramics fabrication

ABSTRACT We discuss major factors responsible for obtaining transparent Nd 3+ :YAG ceramic, a prospective material for laser applications. The relationship between the properties of starting nanopowders and the transmittance of specimens sintered at the different ramp-soak conditions was established by means of spectroscopic, structural, and electronic microscopy studies. It was found, that samples transmittance (in some cases) depends on the duration of the holding time at the sintering stage. This result is promising for obtaining laser quality materials. It also contributes to basic understanding of the processes underlying fabrication of transparent laser ceramic. Keywords: Transparent laser ceramics, Nd:YAG nanopar ticles, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy INTRODUCTION Ceramic technology demonstrates great capabilities of fabricati on of active gain media for hi gh power solid state laser applications, which has a potential to complement a conventional crystal growth 1 . The recent progress in synthesis of nanostructured materials helped to significantly expand the class of novel ceramic lasers
Comparison of rapid in situ, regular in situ, and ex vivo flushing on hepatic function.

: The efficacy of three flushing techniques on subsequent liver function was assessed using the in vivo isolated liver perfusion model (ILPM). Livers from brain-dead mongrel dogs were flushed with cold Euro-Collins as follows: Group I, rapid in situ flushing (10 min); Group II, regular in situ flushing (45 min); Group HI, ex vivo flushing (10 min). All livers were then heterotopically transplanted into recipients, using the ILPM, by anastomosis of the portal vein, vena cava, and hepatic artery to the recipient's portal vein, iliac vein, and iliac artery. Reperfusion followed for 30 min. Laboratory samples collected at 0, 5, 15, and 30 min showed that hepatic function was not altered by ex vivo flushing and was only slightly altered by rapid in situ flushing. Regular in situ flushing proved to be damaging to livers. Histological analysis confirmed these findings. Therefore, either rapid in situ or ex vivo flushing can be safely used by the transplant specialist.
SOME EFFECTS OF SNAKE VENOMS ON MITOCHONDRIA.

Abstract Enhydrina schistosa venom caused marked swelling of rat liver mitochondria as shown by a seven fold decrease in light scattering ability after incubation with 39 μg venom per ml for 1 hr at 25°. Some release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the solution and an 80 per cent decrease in oxygen uptake accompanied the swelling. A comparison of the actions of Naja naja , Bungarus fasciatus , Crotalus horridus and Bitis lachesis venoms with the actions of E. schistosa venom showed that all the venoms except C. horridus caused mito-chondrial swelling. All inhibited succinate oxidation by mitochondria. Added magnesium ions (0.001 M) protected against the swelling action of B. lachesis venom. The approximate intramuscular lethal dosage of E. schistosa venom for rats appears to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mg per kg body weight.
Calcium-dependent binding of sorcin to the N-terminal domain of synexin (annexin VII).

The annexins are characterized by their ability to bind phospholipid membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Sequence variability between the N-terminal domains of the family members may contribute to the specific cellular function of each annexin. To identify proteins that interact with the N-terminal domain of synexin (annexin VII), a fusion protein was constructed composed of glutathioneS-transferase fused to amino acids 1–145 of human synexin. Affinity chromatography using this construct identified sorcin as a Ca2+-dependent synexin-binding protein. Overlay assays confirmed the interaction. The glutathioneS-transferase construct associates with recombinant sorcin over the range of pCa2+ = 4.7–3.1 with no binding observed at pCa2+ = 5.4. Overlay assays using deletion constructs of the synexin N-terminal domain mapped the sorcin binding site to the N-terminal 31 amino acids of the synexin protein. Additionally, synexin forms a complex with sorcin and recruits this protein to chromaffin granule membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Sorcin is able to inhibit synexin-mediated chromaffin granule aggregation in a manner saturable with increasing sorcin concentrations, but does not influence the Ca2+ sensitivity of synexin-mediated granule aggregation. Therefore, the interaction between sorcin and synexin may serve to regulate the functions of these proteins on membrane surfaces in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
SERUM OPACITY FACTOR IS A MAJOR FIBRONECTIN-BINDING PROTEIN AND A VIRULENCE DETERMINANT OF M TYPE 2 STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES

Serum opacity factor (SOF) is a fibronectin-binding protein of group A streptococci that opacifies mammalian sera and is expressed by some strains that cause impetigo, pharyngitis and acute glomerulonephritis. Although SOF is expressed by approximately 35% of known serotypes, its role in the pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections has not been previously investigated. The sof genes from M types 2, 28 and 49 Streptococcus pyogenes were cloned, sequenced, and their deduced amino acid sequences were compared. The gene for FnBA, a fibronectin-binding protein from Streptococcus dysgalactiae, was also cloned and found to express an opacity factor. The leader sequences, the fibronectin-binding domains, and the membrane anchor regions of these proteins were highly conserved. Short spans of conserved sequences were interspersed throughout the remaining parts of the proteins. The sof2 gene was insertionally inactivated in an M type 2 S. pyogenes strain, T2MR. The resultant SOF-negative mutant (YL3) did not express SOF or opacify serum, and exhibited a 71% reduction in binding fibronectin. Complementation of the SOF-negative defect with sof28 in the recombinant strain YL3(pNZ28) fully restored fibronectin-binding activity and the ability to opacify serum. To determine whether sof plays a role in virulence, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with these strains. None of the 10 mice infected with YL3(pNZ28) survived and only 1 out of 15 mice challenged with T2MR survived, whereas 12 out of 15 mice infected with YL3 survived. These data clearly indicate that SOF is a virulence factor, and they provide the first direct evidence that a fibronectin-binding protein contributes to the pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections in vivo.
Polarization diversity for indoor wireless communications

As the demand for high wireless data rates in indoor environments grows, we must find new ways to increase the performance of wireless links in muliti-path fading. One common way to do this is to add diversity in the form of spatial or temporal diversity through the application of space-time block codes (STBCs). Recently, a method for combining STBCs with polarization diversity has been presented that allows for modeling the changes in polarization with quaternion numbers, introducing space-time-polarization block codes (STPBCs). This presentation shows some results from an initial investigation into the quality of cross polarized channels as compared to spatially separated channels to determine the feasibility of using STPBCs to enhance wireless data rates. It also presents a comparison of ergodic capacity of cross polarized channels and spatially separated transmits with polarized receive channels to compare the usefulness of hybrid spatial/polarization diversity schemes.
Role of the registered nurse in primary health care: Meeting health care needs in the 21st century

There is widespread interest in the redesign of primary health care practice models to increase access to quality health care. Registered nurses (RNs) are well positioned to assume direct care and leadership roles based on their understanding of patient, family, and system priorities. This project identified 16 exemplar primary health care practices that used RNs to the full extent of their scope of practice in team-based care. Interviews were conducted with practice representatives. RN activities were performed within three general contexts: episodic and preventive care, chronic disease management, and practice operations. RNs performed nine general functions in these contexts including telephone triage, assessment and documentation of health status, chronic illness case management, hospital transition management, delegated care for episodic illness, health coaching, medication reconciliation, staff supervision, and quality improvement leadership. These functions improved quality and efficiency and decreased cost. Implications for policy, practice, and RN education are considered.
Use of reverse osmosis membranes to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from semiconductor wastewater

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related substances are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, and thus of substantial environmental concern. PFOS is an essential photolithographic chemical in the semiconductor industry with no substitutes yet identified. The industry seeks effective treatment technologies. The feasibility of using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for treating semiconductor wastewater containing PFOS has been investigated. Commercial RO membranes were characterized in terms of permeability, salt rejection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and membrane surface zeta potential (streaming potential measurements). Filtration tests were performed to determine the membrane flux and PFOS rejection. Over a wide range of feed concentrations (0.5 − 1500 ppm), the RO membranes generally rejected 99% or more of the PFOS. Rejection was better for tighter membranes, but was not affected by membrane zeta potential. Flux decreased with increasing PFOS concentr...
Raman spectrum of metallic layered compound NbSe2

Abstract Raman spectrum of layer-type compound NbSe 2 has been obtained at liquid nitrogen temperature. The frequencies of the Raman active modes E 2 2g , A 1g and E 1 2g are measured to be 29.6 cm −1 , 230.9 cm −1 and 238.3 cm −1 respectively. The observed second order Raman spectrum of NbSe 2 is very different from the corresponding spectrum of MoS 2 . These results show that the force constants of NbSe 2 are less anisotropic than those of MoS 2 .
Influence of Incubation Time and Culturing Conditions on Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity of Streptococcus lactis

Abstract Effects of incubation temperatures of 21 and 32°C, incubation time, and pH control at 6.0 on alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.1., alcohol: nicotinanide dinucleotide alcohol dehydrogenase oxidoreductase) activity were evaluated for batch cultures of Streptococcus lactis 60 and C2 in Elliker broth. Without pH control, alcohol dehydrogenase was maximal in both strains after 6h incubation and declined with increasing incubation of stationary phase cells. Increasing growth temperature increased optical density and plate count data at 6h incubation for both strains. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity of 6h cells of Streptococcus lactis 60 was higher with 32°C than with 21°C incubation. For Streptococcus lactis C2, increasing incubation temperature resulted in lower detectable alcohol dehydrogenase activity at 6h incubation. Controlling growth pH at 6.0 increased growth and increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity of Streptococcus lactis grown with pH control did not decline as dramatically during increased incubation time as that of Streptococcus lactis grown without pH control.
Tissue-specific biomass recalcitrance in corn stover pretreated with liquid hot-water: SEM imaging (Part 2).

In the first part of our work, we combined compositional analysis, pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for fractionated pith, rind, and leaf tissues from a hybrid stay-green corn, in order to identify the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls. Hydrolysis experiments coupled with chemical analysis of the different fractions of corn stover showed significant differences in cell wall structure before and after liquid hot water pretreatment. The extent of enzyme hydrolysis followed the sequence rind < leaves < pith with 90% conversion of cellulose to glucose in 24 h in the best cases. Since similar lignin contents remained after liquid hot water pretreatment of leaves, rind, and pith, our results indicated that the amount of lignin alone is not sufficient to explain the different enzymatic hydrolysis characteristics of the fractions. While the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls is measured as described in part I, the SEM images presented in this part II of our work show that sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn fractions correlate with changes in plant cell wall structure both before and after liquid hot water pretreatment.
Periodically correlated processes and their stationary dilations

An explicit form for a stationary dilation for periodically correlated random processes is obtained. This is then used to give spectral conditions for a periodically correlated process to be non-deterministic, purely deterministic, minimal, and to have a positive angle between its past and future.
Relativistic Xα scattered-wave calculations for C2 and I2☆☆☆

Abstract A scattered-wave method based on the one-electron Dirac equation and the muffin-tin potential approximation has been successfully applied to the simple molecules C 2 and I 2 . For C 2 , the relativistic calculations yield the expected limiting-case results, while the results for I 2 compare very well with the experimental ionization potentials and excitation spectra.
RNA and DNA metabolism in human tissue culture cells studied with tritiated cytidine.

Abstract The autoradiographic technique combined with biochemical methods was employed to study aspects of RNA and DNA metabolism in human tissue culture cells, incubated with tritiated cytidine. 1. 1. Tritiated cytidine was incorporated within minutes into all intact nuclei of HeLa S3 cells and Osgood leukemic cells. The label subsequently increased over the nucleoli and over the cytoplasm. 2. 2. This sequence of labeling was defined and quantitatively observed in turnover studies, in which the cultures were incubated with the labeled nucleoside for a short time only followed by growth in carrier cytidine supplemented medium. While nuclear label decreased, cytoplasmic label became visible and most nucleoli temporarily accumulated label with a maximum at 1 hour after cessation of incubation with tritiated cytidine. Desoxycytidine as carrier in the new medium failed to prevent further uptake of tritiated cytidine, which was apparently not removed by washing of the cultures. It is concluded, therefore, that the cytidine incorporation depends on enzyme systems different from that of desoxycytidine. Preparatory steps for autoradiography of the cells extracted an appreciable amount of activity, which declined after cessation of the incubation with tritiated cytidine. Some label was probably also extracted from the chromatin portion of the nucleus. RNA synthesis stops while the cell is in mitosis as evidenced by the lack of incorporation of tritiated cytidine into dividing cells. Evidence is presented indicating that the tissue culture cells synthesize RNA, also during DNA synthesis period. 3. 3. Tritiated cytidine is incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis. Compounds not previously incorporated into DNA during short term incubation with tritiated cytidine were found to be utilized at a later time for DNA synthesis. 4. 4. The majority of the incorporated cytidine is recovered in the RNA. The label in the acid soluble pool declines steadily with time after cessation of incorporation of the labeled cytidine, while the non acid soluble RNA label remains constant. 5. 5. It is confirmed for HeLa cells that cytidine is in part converted to thymidine for DNA synthesis and uridine for RNA synthesis. The experimental results lend support to the hypothesis that RNA synthesis begins in the chromatin portion of the nucleus. The fate of the incorporated cytidine apparently is decided in the nucleus, where it is first linked specifically and from where it progresses to the building blocks of nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA or DNA.
Stability analyses of long liquid bridges in the presence of gravity and flow

The stability of liquid bridges under terrestrial conditions can be enhanced when a recirculating flow is introduced inside the bridge. The Plateau–Rayleigh (PR) limit sets the stability limit of a liquid bridge in the absence of gravity and flow. The PR limit corresponds to a cylindrical bridge of length L equal to its circumference, L = 2π R . At lengths exceeding this first onset point, antisymmetric disturbances grow and result in disconnection. In recent experiments involving flow in the bridge, stable lengths greater than the PR limit were obtained by suppressing the antisymmetric disturbances. The observed lengths are close to the second bifurcation or onset point, where centro–symmetric disturbances become unstable. The second onset point occurs at L ≈ 8.987 R . In this paper, the problem is modelled using the lubrication approximation and a rectilinear flow within the bridge with zero flow rate across the cross–section is assumed. The bifurcation analysis indicates that while gravity or flow acting alone is destabilizing, a combination of the two can increase the region of stability. Local bifurcation analysis using the Liapunov–Schmidt approach is complemented by global computations of the nonlinear model equations using pseudoarclength continuation with the AUTO software. Symmetries affect the stability of the bridge solutions in a key way. Singularity theory provides a framework for the unfolding of the two bifurcations (antisymmetric and centro–symmetric branches). A detailed analysis of the governing equation obtains the coefficients in the unfolding. A surprising result is that there is a maximal influence that flow can have on the centro–symmetric disturbances. That is, as flow is increased, imperfection increases up to a certain value, beyond which the imperfection diminishes with increasing flow rate. Singularity theory provides a framework for understanding this and other reports of stabilization of the PR instability.
Creative farmers of the northeast: a new view of Indian maize horticulture

Native American maize horticulture in New England has long been studied but often has not been viewed as part of an ongoing process of domestication. This process can be viewed as consisting of the four basic activities of perception of differences, selection for improved varieties, maintenance of genotypes, and dispersal of improved varieties. Information on maize horticulture from Native American informants and the ethnohistoric and archaeological records of the region has been analyzed for placement within these domestication activities. In New England, there is evidence that native peoples actively sought to improve maize and its production to suit their needs during the Contact and Early Historic periods. Native horticulturists developed maize varieties adapted to the New England climate and their maize technology allowed the long-term use of the same locations. Information from the sources of this study has been viewed in light of various theoretical models regarding the domestication of corn.
Generalization of Okubo's formula to four-dimensional unitary groups

Okubo's formula for the matrix elements of a mixed tensor is generalized from the group U(3) to the group U(4). Application of this new formula to study the structure of the mass-splitting operator in U(4) is given.
A Quantum Chemical Study on the Interaction of BF3 and Hydroxyl Groups with Two Model Perfluoroethers

A quantum chemical computational study was performed on the interaction of BF3 (a strong Lewis acid) and various OH groups, with perfluorodimethylether (PDME) and perfluorodiethylether (PDEE). The focus of this study was to gain insight on the decomposition of model perfluoro ethers on dehydroxylated alumina surfaces in order to understand the decomposition of perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) liquid lubricants under tribological conditions. The results indicated that surface Lewis acid sites were not responsible for perfluoroether decomposition and that surface OH groups could be involved. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the STLE/ASME Tribology Conference in Kissimmee, Florida, October 8–11, 1995
A radiation power calorimeter and a radiation force meter for small ultrasonic beams

This paper is concerned with techniques for the measurement of power output of medical ultrasonic applicators in the range of 0·02 to 2 W.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of experimental spinal cord injury: in vivo serial studies

The progression of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) was followed with in vivo dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and neurobehavioral studies on postinjury days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Gadopentate dimeglumine (Gd) was administered IV and postcontrast, T(1)-weighted, axial images were acquired repetitively for up to 60 min. Images were analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the intensity enhancement. A statistical decision mechanism was developed to objectively detect the enhancement. Strong and rapid enhancement was observed at the epicenter of injury, indicating a significant compromise in blood spinal cord barrier. The enhanced regions in each slice were combined to estimate the area and volume of the lesion. On the day of injury, around 85% of the total cord area at the epicenter showed enhancement within the first 15 min of Gd administration. At the same time, the enhanced volumes attained nearly 40% of the total cord volume and extended axially over 8 mm along the cord. These quantities decreased steadily with time, with a concomitant improvement in the motor functions. The volume of enhancement correlated highly with the neurobehavioral tests (r = -0.87). DCE-MRIs revealed small hyperintense regions distributed inside white matter about two weeks postinjury. Based on histology, these enhancements appear to represent new vessels with "leaky endothelium." Magn Reson Med 45:614-622, 2001.
"New beginnings": a case study in gay men's changing perceptions of quality of life during the course of HIV infection.

This article reports results of an ethnographic study that sought to understand how a cohort of gay men living with HIV infection evaluated and worked to preserve or improve the quality of their lives. Themes of life story narratives are identified, each with an associated stylistic self-orientation to living with HIV infection. Changes in thematic content of a selected participant's life story narratives are discussed, demonstrating how events of his daily life are integrated into the narratives. Resultant concurrent shifting of themes and stylistic orientations is linked to his perception of improved quality of life.
Drugs prevention: watershed or threshold?:

This article questions the structure and purpose of some trends in UK drug education, critically examining concepts of 'informed choice' and 'harm- reduction' when used as the overall principles that determine the shape of prevention programmes. The author seeks to recommend a broader understanding of drug-related harm, particularly in relation to deprivation, and to define the potential role of drug prevention within broader social policy in relation to drugs. The consequences of this role for the conduct of health promotion in relation to drugs are considered, examinging the implications for the moral and attitudinal framework that underscores practice and how this affects practitioners.
The effect of changes in afterload on systolic bulging.

It has been previously shown that after acute coronary occlusion, the extent of systolic bulging is dependent on preload and the function of the remote nonischemic myocardium is influenced by the motion of the ischemic myocardium as well as by the loading conditions. To examine the isolated effects of changing afterload on the movement of acutely ischemic and nonischemic myocardium, seven open-chest, anesthetized dogs were paced from the left atrium at a rate of 100 beats/min after crushing of the sinus node. The pulmonary artery was perfused artificially and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was carefully controlled with a right heart bypass system. Twenty minutes after occlusion of the left anterior descending artery, the peak left ventricular pressure (LVP) was adjusted to three levels (70, 90, and 110 mm Hg) by blood withdrawal or aortic constriction, while the LVEDP was kept constant (8.3 +/- 2.3 mm Hg). Segment length in the ischemic (IZ) and nonischemic zones (NZ) were measured with sonomicrometers and total, isovolumetric, and ejection systolic shortening (% delta L) were calculated. Changes in left ventricular minor-axis diameter were measured with diameter crystals. Increasing the peak LVP increased the LVP both at aortic valve opening and closing. To keep the LVEDP constant as peak LVP was increased, the cardiac output had to be decreased (p less than .0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Limited utilization of serologic testing in patients undergoing duodenal biopsy for celiac disease

Clinical algorithms for the workup of celiac disease often recommend the use of serologic assays for initial screening, followed by duodenal biopsy for histologic confirmation. However, the majority of duodenal biopsies submitted to pathology for “rule out celiac” are negative. The objective of this study was to determine the underlying causes for this low diagnostic yield. We performed a retrospective review of pathology reports from 1432 consecutive duodenal biopsies submitted for pathologic assessment to “rule out celiac” and correlated biopsy results with results for concurrent serologic testing for celiac autoantibodies. The majority of patients had no record of serologic testing prior to biopsy, and evidence of positive serology results was found in only 5% of patients. Most duodenal biopsies were submitted as part of a multi-site GI sampling strategy that included biopsies from other locations. In this context, serologic results correlated with the likelihood of significant duodenal and non-duodenal findings, and were also helpful in evaluating patients with indeterminate duodenal histology. The presence of a positive screening test for celiac autoantibodies does not appear to be a major driver in the decision to submit duodenal biopsies for evaluation of celiac disease, which accounts for the low incidence of findings in these samples. In patients where celiac serology testing was performed, the results were a good predictor of the likelihood of findings on biopsy.
Curious new statistical prediction of quantum mechanics.

Whether quantum mechanical systems, within the interval between two measurements, can be assigned definite, simultaneous values of noncommuting observables has been the subject of a very old dispute. A certain widely held assumption about such systems has been crucial to that dispute. That assumption turns out to be wrong: A previously unknown prediction of quantum mechanics, which fails to satisfy that assumption, is described here, and the consequences of that failure are considered.
CORONARY-PRONE BEHAVIOR, LOCUS OF CONTROL, AND ANXIETY

216 college students were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Bortner Type A/B Scale for coronary-prone behavior, and the Rotter internal-external Locus of Control Inventory. The results indicated that the mean anxiety score for the Type A-external group was significantly higher than those of the other three groups. This finding supports the bio-behavioral theory that high-risk coronary-prone individuals are more likely to possess a Type A, high external control, and high anxiety score profile. A mathematical analysis of responses to the items on the Bonner scale produced three interpretable factors, aggression, speed, and impatience, all of which have some clinical validity in other studies.
Thiazol Derivatives of Sulfanilamide and Experimental Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal and Pneumococcal Infections in Mice

ConclusionsThe chemotherapeutic effects of 3 thiazol derivatives of sulfanilamide under conditions of experimental streptococcal or pneumococcal infections are definitely superior to those of the parent substance and compare very favorably with those of sulfapyridine. On the basis of the superior margin of safety of sulfathiazol and particularly sulfamethylthiazol, as compared with sulfanilamide and sulfapyridine, these new compounds appear quite promising.
Iterative weighted finite transductions

We investigate 2-tape weighted finite automata called weighted finite transducers (WFT) and their applications to image processing. We show that probabilistic mutually recursive function systems (PMRFS) can be simulated by iterative weighted fimite transductions. We conjecture that iterative WFT are stronger than PMRFS and give examples of WFT that support this conjecture. We also show that the family of images defined by iterative WFT is closed under continuous invertible WFT relations which include invertible affine transformations as a special case. We give examples of iterative WFT which can compute mathematical functions given by a Taylor series with "regular" coefficients which cannot be computed by WFA. We discuss the implementation of an efficient image manipulation system which includes the implementation of efficient algorithms for the application of a WFT to an image in either pixel or WFA representation and for composition of WFT. The system also includes the Culik-Kari recursive WFA inference algorithm as a conversion from pixel representation to WFA representation.
Moving Targets: Security and Rapid-Release in Firefox

Software engineering practices strongly affect the security of the code produced. The increasingly popular Rapid Release Cycle (RRC) development methodology and easy network software distribution have enabled rapid feature introduction. RRC's defining characteristic of frequent software revisions would seem to conflict with traditional software engineering wisdom regarding code maturity, reliability and reuse, as well as security. Our investigation of the consequences of rapid release comprises a quantitative, data-driven study of the impact of rapid-release methodology on the security of the Mozilla Firefox browser. We correlate reported vulnerabilities in multiple rapid release versions of Firefox code against those in corresponding extended release versions of the same system; using a common software base with different release cycles eliminates many causes other than RRC for the observables. Surprisingly, the resulting data show that Firefox RRC does not result in higher vulnerability rates and, further, that it is exactly the unfamiliar, newly released software (the "moving targets") that requires time to exploit. These provocative results suggest that a rethinking of the consequences of software engineering practices for security may be warranted.
Mechanisms of Creep Deformation in Pure Sn Solder Joints

The work reported here concerns the creep of pure Sn solder joints with Cu metallization (Cu||Sn||Cu). Steady-state creep tests in shear are combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis of the evolution of the microstructure during creep to clarify the deformation mechanism and the nature of the microstructural evolution. The creep behavior of the joint changes significantly with temperature. At low temperature (65°C), two distinct creep mechanisms are observed. Low-stress creep is apparently dominated by grain boundary sliding, as evidenced by the low stress exponent (n ≈ 4), low activation energy (Q ≈ 42 kJ/mole), and significant grain rotation during creep. High-stress creep is dominated by bulk deformation processes, evidenced by a high stress exponent (n ≈ 9), an activation energy like that for bulk diffusion (Q ≈ 70 kJ/mole), and a relatively fixed microstructure. At high temperature all aspects of its behavior are consistent with deformation by bulk creep mechanisms; the stress exponent and activation energy are high (n ≈ 5 to 7, Q ≈ 96 kJ/mole), and despite significant grain coarsening, the microstructure retains (and strengthens) a fixed [001] texture. The results suggest that a “segmented” constitutive equation of Dorn type is most suitable for the low-temperature behavior, while a “hyperbolic” constitutive equation may be preferable at high temperature.
Water-soluble nanorods self-assembled via pristine C60 and porphyrin moieties

A novel water-soluble nanorod is discussed, which is prepared via the self-assembly of pristine C60 and a double-sided porphyrin projecting four β-cyclodextrins from each face.