cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrofluoric Acid Etching of Silicon Dioxide Sacrificial Layers I . Experimental Observations

The key process in silicon surface micromachining is the selective etching of silicon dioxide sacrificial layers with hydrofluoric acid. This paper discusses experimental sacrificial layer etching results. The etching reaction shifts from kinetic controlled to diffusion controlled as the etch channel dissolves. Test structures consist of several low pressure chemical vapor deposited (LPCVD) phosphosilicate glass (PSG) isolated etch channels having widths ranging from 2 to 50 μm underneath transparent silicon‐rich LPCVD silicon nitride or thin (1500 A) LPCVD polycrystalline silicon structural layers. Etching is monitored at timed intervals through this structural layer. Diffusion‐limitations are observed at long times. After 20 min in concentrated , etch fronts have moved 25% less than the initial etch rate would suggest. In addition, increasing the phosphorus content in PSG thin films, increasing the concentration, and the addition of to solutions increases the initial etch rate of silicon dioxide sacrificial layers. Buffered and surfactant buffered did not enhance the etching of silicon dioxide sacrificial layers. The addition of fluosilicic acid to decreased the initial etch rate of silicon dioxide but did not affect the diffusion rate of in water for low concentrations of . Etch channel width, sacrificial layer thickness, structural material choice and stress condition, and applied stress did not affect the sacrificial layer etch process rate.
(rac)‐4‐[(Phenylmethoxy)methyl]‐2‐oxetanone

(1) (rac)-4-[(Phenylmethoxy)methyl]-2- oxetanone [185614-95-3] C11H12O3 (MW 192.21) InChI = 1S/C11H12O3/c12-11-6-10(14-11)8-13-7-9-4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-5,10H,6-8H2 InChIKey = FFZUPFGJEQVPCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2) (4R)-4-[(Phenylmethoxy)methyl]-2-oxetanone [252873-91-9] C11H12O3 (MW 192.21) InChI = 1S/C11H12O3/c12-11-6-10(14-11)8-13-7-9-4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-5,10H,6-8H2/t10-/m1/s1 InChIKey = FFZUPFGJEQVPCK-SNVBAGLBSA-N (3) (4S)-4-[(Phenylmethoxy)methyl]-2-oxetanone [261159-47-1] C11H12O3 (MW 192.21) InChI = 1S/C11H12O3/c12-11-6-10(14-11)8-13-7-9-4-2-1-3-5-9/h1-5,10H,6-8H2/t10-/m0/s1 InChIKey = FFZUPFGJEQVPCK-JTQLQIEISA-N (electrophile for nucleophilic addition and SN2 reactions) Alternate Name: 4-(benzyloxymethyl)oxetan-2-one. Solubility: sol organics (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, THF, Et2O, iPr2O, toluene, benzene). Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, HPLC. Preparative Methods: tandem Mukaiyama aldol lactonization (TMAL) of 2-(phenylmethoxy) acetaldehyde 4 and thiopyridylsilylketene acetals,1, 2 [2 + 2] cycloadditions of silylketenes and 4,3, 4 acid halide–aldehyde cyclocondensation (AAC) reactions of ketene and 4,5 and selective Cr-mediated epoxide carbonylation reactions.6 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: potentially toxic, handle with care. Use in a fume hood.
Dimer excision and repair replication patch size in recL152 mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract Dimers are excised slowly in a recL152 mutant. This observation is not an artifact of altered DNA degradation because degradation is the same in recL+ and recL strains. The repair patch size was measured by the bromodeoxyuridine-313 nm radiation photolysis technique. In the recL+ strain, the average patch size was found to be about 30 nucleotides in length, but in the recL mutant, it was about 360.
Interfacial toughness of bilayer dental ceramics based on a short-bar, chevron-notch test

Objective The objective of this study was to test the null hypothesis that the interfacial toughness of each of two types of bonded core-veneer bilayer ceramics is not significantly different from the apparent fracture toughness of the control monolithic glass veneer.
Confirmation of a dopamine metabolite in parkinsonian brain tissue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry was used to identify a dopamine metabolite isolated from the substantia nigra of parkinsonian brain tissue. Incubation of dopamine with monoamine oxidase B gave the same product which was identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. The structure of the compound was established by chemical synthesis, metastable ion measurement and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Age dependence of collagen fibril and subfibril diameters revealed by transverse freeze‐fracture and ‐etching technique

SUMMARY Collagenous tissues taken from tail tendons and cornea of freshly killed rats and rabbits, respectively, were fractured transversely and longitudinally at 80 K without any chemical pretreatment. The tissues were subsequently etched at 195 K for 30 min under a vacuum in the 130 μPa range. Carbon-platinum replicas of the tissues were examined by transmission electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that the collagen fibrils are very closely packed and are composed of subfibrils whose size may vary with each tissue. Fibrils and subfibrils grow in diameter during growth and maturation but their size remains unchanged during the ageing process. The subfibril is suggested to be the growing unit in the collagen fibril based on the observation that the ratio of the diameter of fibril to subfibril does not change through growth, maturation and ageing. The ratio is approximately 10 for rat tail tendon and 5 for rabbit cornea and ear cartilage, suggesting the tissues from the two animals contain on the order of 100 and 25 subfibrils per fibril, respectively. It is proposed that the usual chemical fixation and dehydration processes used in conventional electron microscopy cause significant shrinkage in the diameters of subfibrils and fibrils.
GABA mediated inhibition of abdominal postural flexion in lobster.

Abstract Swimmeret mechanostimulation initiates an abdominal extension program which includes flexion inhibition. Agonists and antagonists were used to examine the GABAergic nature of inhibitory responses recorded intracellularly from a flexion producing interneuron (FPI 303) and flexor motor neuron (f3) pair, and extracellularly from the other flexor efferents. The GABA antagonist picrotoxin (PTX) enhanced spontaneous flexion. As PTX levels increased, the swimmeret evoked response shifted from inhibition of flexion (
Children's acquisition of idioms in the English language.

Idiomatic comprehension was studied in four groups of 20 subjects each, ages six, nine, and 12 years, and adult. Each subject was read 10 sentences which could be interpreted literally or idiomatic...
Glucose metabolism in the lactating dairy cow.

Abstract 1. 1. A lactating Jersey dairy cow was injected intravenously with glucose uniformly labeled with 14 C. The rate at which the injected tracer left the blood stream and the amount and speed with which it appeared in the milk and expired air was measured. 2. 2. Our results indicate that in the cow, the metabolic body glucose pool (62 g or less) was about five times as large as the plasma glucose content (12 g). 3. 3. The turnover time for the body glucose pool was less than one hour and the transfer rate of glucose out of this pool greater than 1 g per minute. 4. 4. The lactating cow derived only about 10% of her exhaled CO 2 from pathways involving the oxidation of body glucose to CO 2 . 5. 5. In the energy metabolism of the lactating cow, glucose is relatively less important than it is in the energy metabolism of dogs and rats.
A Note on Computational Rotor Dynamics

Concise equations for improvements in computational efficiency on dynamics of rotor systems are presented. Two coordinate ordering methods are introduced in the element equations of motion. One is in the real domain and the other is in the complex domain. The two coordinate ordering algorithms lead to compact element matrices. A station numbering technique is also proposed for the system equations during the assembly process. The proposed numbering technique can minimize the matrix bandwidth, the memory storage and can increase the computational efficiency. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the benefit of the proposed algorithms.
Evidence supporting the identity of beef heart mitochondrial chloroform-released adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) with coupling factor I.

Abstract Highly purified mitochondrial chloroform-released beef heart ATPase had molecular weight 330 000, five bands (α, β, γ, δ, e) in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and could restore the oxidative-phosphorylation function of A particles. Maximal inhibition (90%) of the enzyme by N , N ′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was achieved at a molar ratio of inhibitor to protein of 30 : 1. Chloroform introduced into an aqueous solution of beef heart coupling factor I protected it from cold inactivation.
Design of Digital Signal Processing Modules with Nanoelectronics

This paper presents a new approach of employing nanowire (NW) crossbars for digital signal processing (DSP) applications. By employing the distributed arithmetic (DA), complicated signal processing tasks can be converted into regular memory operations. Thus, this architecture matches well with the technological characteristics of NW crossbars. A new defect- tolerant technique exploiting the abundant data redundancy inherent in the DA module is proposed to achieve error-resilient signal processing with defect-prone NW crossbars. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Simulation results show that the DA-based nano DSP modules can tolerate excessive defects with minor performance degradation under a range of defect rates and operation conditions.
Host cell DNA synthesis as a possible factor in the enhancement of replication of human adenoviruses in simian cells by SV40

Abstract Temperature-sensitive mutants of SV40, ts-701 and ts-702, have been isolated after treatment of wild-type virus with nitrous acid and nitrosoguanidine, respectively. Although neither mutant produces infectious virus at the nonpermissive temperature, both can induce SV40 T and V antigens, virus DNA synthesis, and the stimulation of host cell DNA synthesis. Both are late mutants and appear to be in the same SV40 complementation group. Both mutants can also complement the replication of human adenovirus type 7 at the elevated temperature, as can another late mutant, pm-301, and an early mutant, tsA7. Therefore, the adenovirus complementation step appears to be prior to SV40 virus DNA synthesis. Since a BSC-1 clone in which SV40 infection stimulates host cell DNA synthesis allows the complementation of adenovirus type 7 by SV40 while parental BSC-1 cells neither support complementation of adenovirus type 7 by SV40 nor are stimulated to replicate their DNA after SV40 infection, the stimulation of host cell DNA synthesis appears to be critical to adenovirus enhancement. This stimulation appears to be specific since stimulation of DNA synthesis after nutrient deprivation does not induce the replication of human adenoviruses in simian cells.
Computational assessment of the influence of vastus medialis obliquus function on patellofemoral pressures: Model evaluation

A study was performed to evaluate a computational model used to characterize the influence of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) function on the patellofemoral pressure distribution. Ten knees were tested in vitro at 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 80 degrees of knee flexion with quadriceps loads applied to represent a normal VMO, and with the VMO force decreased by approximately 50% to represent a weak VMO. The tests were performed with the cartilage intact and with a full thickness cartilage lesion centered on the lateral facet of the patella. The experimental tests were replicated computationally by applying discrete element analysis to a model of each knee constructed from MRI images. Repeated measures statistical comparisons were used to compare computational to experimental data and identify significant (p<0.05) differences due to the lesion and the applied VMO force. Neither the lateral force percentage nor the maximum lateral pressure varied significantly between the computational and experimental data. Creating a lesion significantly increased the maximum lateral pressure for all comparisons, except for the experimental data at 40 degrees. Both computationally and experimentally, decrease in the VMO force increased the lateral force percentage by approximately 10% for all cases, and each increase was statistically significant. The maximum lateral pressure increase was typically less than 10% but was still significant for the majority of comparisons focused on the VMO strength. The results indicate that computational modeling can be used to characterize how varying quadriceps loading influences the patellofemoral force and pressure distributions while varying the condition of cartilage.
The Color of the Sky

The color of the sky in day-time and at twilight is studied by means of spectroscopy, which provides an unambiguous way to understand and quantify why a sky is blue, pink, or red. The colors a daylight sky can take primarily owe to Rayleigh extinction and ozone absorption. Spectra of the sky illuminated by the sun can generally be represented by a generic analytical expression which involves the Rayleigh function , ozone absorption, and, to a lesser extend, aerosol extinction. This study is based on a representative sample of spectra selected from a few hundred observations taken in different places, times, and dates, with a portable fiber spectrometer.
The Effect of Oscillating-energy Manual Therapy on Lateral Epicondylitis: A Randomized, Placebo-control, Double-blinded Study

Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis (LE) are attributed to degenerative changes and inflammatory reactions in the common extensor tendon induced by microscopic tears in the tissue after repetitive or overload functions of the wrist and hand extensor muscles. Conventional treatments, provided on the premise of inflammatory basis of LE, have shown 39-80% failure rate. An alternative approach suggests that symptoms of LE could be due to active tender points developed in the origin of hand and wrist extensor muscles after overuse or repetitive movements. Oscillating-energy Manual Therapy (OEMT), also known as V-spread, is a craniosacral manual technique that has been clinically used for treating tender points over the suture lines in the skull. Considering symptoms of LE may result from active tender points, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of OEMT on pain, grip strength, and functional abilities of subjects with chronic LE. Twenty-three subjects with chronic LE (>3mo) between ages of 24 and 72 years participated in this study. Before their participation, all subjects were screened to rule out cervical and other pathologies that could possibly contribute to their lateral elbow pain. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were randomized into treatment and placebo treatment groups by a second (treating) therapist. Subjects were blinded to their group assignment. Subjects in the treatment group received OEMT for six sessions. During each treatment session, first a tender point was located through palpation. After proper hand placement, the therapist focused the direction of the oscillating energy on the localized tender point. Subjects in the placebo group underwent the same procedure, but the direction of the oscillating energy was directed to an area above or below the tender points, not covering the affected area. Jamar Dynamometer, Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were used to measure grip strength, functional status, and pain intensity and limited activity due to pain, respectively. The screening therapist who was blinded to the subjects' group assignment performed pretest, posttest, and six-month follow-up measurements. Subjects in the treatment group showed both clinically and statistically significant improvement in grip strength (p=0.03), pain intensity (p=0.006), function (p=0.003), and limited activity due to pain (p=0.025) compared with those in the placebo group. Follow-up data, collected after six months, showed no significant difference between posttest and follow-up measurements in functional activity (p=0.35), pain intensity (p=0.72), and activity limitation due to pain (p=0.34). Of all the subjects contacted for follow-up assessment, 91% maintained improved function and 73% remained pain free for at least six months. OEMT seems to be a viable, effective, and efficient alternative treatment for LE.
Does working memory training generalize

Recently, attempts have been made to alter the capacity of working memory (WMC) through extensive practice on adaptive working memory tasks that adjust difficulty in response to user performance. We discuss the design criteria required to claim validity as well as generalizability and how recent studies do or do not satisfy those criteria. It is concluded that, as of yet, the results are inconsistent and this is likely driven by inadequate controls and ineffective measurement of the cognitive abilities of interest.
Isolation and characterization of the phosphoglucose isomerase gene from Escherichia coli

The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) from Escherichia coli is presented. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 549 amino acids. The transcriptional start point of the gene was determined and found to lie within a consensus promoter region. The amino acid sequence derived from the E. coli PGI gene can be aligned without insertions or deletions to the predicted amino acid sequence of a nuclear-encoded chloroplast isozyme of PGI from a higher plant, and the two sequences have a similarity of 87.6%. The amino acid sequence similarity between E. coli and that predicted from cDNA sequences for mouse and pig PGI is approximately 65%.
The Power of Love: The Role of Emotional Attributions and Standards in Heterosexuals' Attitudes toward Lesbian and Gay Couples

Do people attribute emotions differently to members of various social groups? If so, do these differences have any bearing on formal and informal forms of social recognition? Using data from a nationally representative survey experiment, we examine whether American heterosexuals differentially attribute love to lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples. We also examine the relationship between how in love lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples are perceived to be and attitudes toward (1) granting them partnership benefits (formal rights); (2) the acceptability of their public displays of affection (informal privileges); and (3) marriage. Three main findings suggest that heterosexuals differentially attribute love to different types of romantic couples and that these differences are related to willingness to grant social recognition. First, gay couples are viewed as less loving than both heterosexual and lesbian couples; lesbian couples are seen as equally loving as heterosexual couples. Second, perceptions of love are related to willingness to grant social recognition. Third, perceptions of love matter more for gay and, to a lesser extent, lesbian couples than for heterosexual couples regarding informal privileges and marriage. In contrast, love matters equally for same-sex and heterosexual couples regarding formal rights. The results show that gay couples are penalized most in terms of perceptions of love and social recognition, whereas lesbians occupy a liminal space between heterosexual and gay couples. Collectively, these findings suggest that sexual identity and gender shape emotional attributions, which in turn play a key role in explaining inequalities that same-sex couples face.
Gamma-Ray Bursts from High-Velocity Neutron Stars

We investigate the viability of Galactic corona models of gamma-ray bursts by calculating the spatial distribution expected for a population of high-velocity neutron stars born in the Galactic disk and moving in a gravitational potential that includes contributions from the bulge, disk, and dark matter halo of our Galaxy and also from these same components of our neighboring galaxy M31. We consider two classes of models: one in which the bursts radiate isotropically and one in which the bursts are beamed. We place constraints on these models by comparing the expected brightness and angular distributions with the data in the BATSE 3B catalog. We find that if the bursts radiate isotropically, then the Galactic corona model can reproduce the BATSE peak flux and angular distributions for neutron star kick velocities vkick 800 km s-1, source turn-on ages ton 20 Myr, and BATSE sampling distances 130 kpc dmax 350 kpc. If the bursts are instead beamed with an opening half-angle ?b, no turn-on age is required, and the model can reproduce the BATSE data for 15? ?b 20? and 80 kpc dmax 250 kpc.
The Ionization Energy of CF3: When Does Entropy Matter in Gas-Phase Reactions?

A minor controversy has emerged recently over the value of the ionization energy of the trifluoromethyl radical, CF3. Solid evidence appears to support both high values, IEa ≈ 9.05 eV, and low values, IEa ≈ 8.65 eV. Examining the assumptions made in the analysis of the various experimental results shows that the root of the discrepancy is the role of entropy in low-pressure, gas-phase ion chemistry. The proper treatment of entropy has, itself, been a more fundamental controversy for a long time. In the zero-pressure limit, conservation of energy (ΔE) in a molecular collision is the primary consideration, but at the high-pressure limit, the free energy (ΔG) dictates the outcome of a reaction: what pressures qualify as “high”? (Henchman, M.; et al. In Structure/Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Ions; Ausloos, P., Lias, S. G., Eds.; Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1987, pp 381−399). The present paper does not achieve any fundamental resolution of the entropy question. However, it does demonstrate that ...
In vitro evidence for the formation of reactive intermediates of resveratrol in human liver microsomes

Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in a variety of foods and over-the-counter health products. It has gained wide public use due to its potential health properties, and is available over-the-counter at health product stores. Although the safety profile of resveratrol has been minimally investigated in humans, resveratrol has been associated with observations of toxicity in vitro, and has been identified as a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4. In addition, resveratrol has been rationally hypothesized to form reactive quinone methide metabolites, despite experimental evidence supporting this assumption. This work evaluates the potential for resveratrol to form glutathione-trapped reactive intermediates in human liver microsomes utilizing liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, and has resulted in the identification of several in vitro products including two hydroxylated metabolites (piceatannol and metabolite 2), and two pairs of regioisomeric glutathione adducts. The parallel metabolism of resveratrol to piceatannol and metabolite 2 (a putative quinone methide) are demonstrated to result in the formation of two putative quinone methide intermediates resulting in divergent mechanisms for formation of each pair of regioisomeric glutathione adducts.
Computerization of landscape planning

Abstract The thesis of this paper is that computerization will improve landscape planning. It discusses five revolutionary forces which make computerization inevitable and shows how these forces will help in improving various aspects of land use decision making. In the second part of the paper a series of key questions are raised, questions that must be dealt with prior to successful computerization.
A pathway distinct from the mammalian unfolded protein response regulates expression of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in non‐stressed cells

The stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) is the only signaling pathway known to regulate expression of genes encoding the resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperones and folding enzymes, yet these genes are constitutively expressed in all cells. We have examined the expression of ER chaperones in several cell lines that are dependent on a variety of cytokines for growth and survival. When the various cell lines were deprived of essential growth factors, mRNA levels of the ER chaperones BiP and GRP94 decreased dramatically. Re-stimulation of ligand-deprived cells with the appropriate growth factor induced BiP and GRP94 as delayed-early response genes. Cytokine induction of BiP and GRP94 biosynthesis was not preceded by a burst of glycoprotein traffic through the ER nor accompanied by expression of the CHOP transcription factor. The glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin potently induced expression of both ER chaperones and CHOP in ligand-deprived cells, demonstrating that the UPR pathway remains functionally intact in the absence of growth factor-mediated signaling. Therefore, basal expression of ER chaperones is dependent upon and regulated by a mitogenic pathway distinct from the stress-inducible UPR cascade and this probably controls expression of ER chaperones and folding enzymes needed to assist protein biogenesis in the ER of normal, non-stressed cells.
Myoneural junctions in the extraocular muscles of the mouse

The very fast extraocular muscles have both singly and multiply innervated fibers. The former are among the fastest vertebrate muscle fibers on record, whereas the latter are very slow. In this study single and multiple myoneural junctions were first identified in whole eye muscles of the mouse after staining for cholinesterase. Each group was then embedded separately for electron microscopy. Approximately 10% of the fibers were found to be multiply innervated. The multiple endings and the fibers they innervate resemble those of the tonic bundles of the frog. The majority single endplate is very large in surface view, has sparse junctional folds, and innervates a fiber very rich in mitochondria. These observations were contrary to some frequently held views regarding neuromuscular junctions of very fast fibers. A minority single endplate is smaller, has more junctional folds and innervates a large fiber with fewer and smaller mitochondria.
Exploring hybrid photonic networks-on-chip foremerging chip multiprocessors

Increasing application complexity and improvements in process technology have today enabled chip multiprocessors (CMPs) with tens to hundreds of cores on a chip. Networks on Chip (NoCs) have emerged as scalable communication fabrics that can support high bandwidths for these massively parallel systems. However, traditional electrical NoC implementations still need to overcome the challenges of high data transfer latencies and large power consumption. On-chip photonic interconnects have recently been proposed as an alternative to address these challenges, with high performance-per-watt characteristics for intra-chip communication. In this paper, we explore using photonic interconnects on a chip to enhance traditional electrical NoCs. Our proposed hybrid photonic NoC utilizes a photonic ring waveguide to enhance a traditional 2D electrical mesh NoC. Experimental results indicate a strong motivation for considering the proposed hybrid photonic NoC for future CMPs -- as much as a 13× reduction in power consumption and improved throughput and access latencies, compared to traditional electrical 2D mesh and torus NoC architectures.
Comparison of the Effects of Lung Cancer, Benign Lung Disease, and Normal Aging on Pituitary-Gonadal Function in Men

We retrospectively determined serum total testosterone (T), fraction of T bound, free T index, LH, and FSH levels in 122 men with malignant lung disease, 32 men with benign lung disease, and 106 normal men. Men with malignant and, to a lesser extent, benign lung disease had decreased serum total T and free T index values at the 5th percentiles, with elevations of LH and FSH levels at the 95th percentiles. Linear regression analysis showed reductions in total T and free T index and increases in FSH, but not LH, levels with age in each group. Using multivariate analysis, we found stronger independent effects of disease than age on serum total T and fraction of T bound, but a greater influence of age on free T index. Serum LH values differed by diagnosis, whereas FSH differed by age. Relative to values in the normal men, mean serum total T levels were reduced in men with lung cancer; the fraction of T bound was decreased in the men with lung cancer and increased in the men with benign lung disease, the free T index was decreased in the men with both malignant and benign lung disease, and LH was increased in the men with lung cancer. The hormone and hormone binding results were similar in men with different types of lung cancer. Biochemical evidence of primary and secondary (or combined primary and secondary) hypogonadism was present in 50-59% and 28-32%, respectively, of the men with malignant and benign lung disease vs. 10% of the normal men. These data suggest that 1) there is an increased prevalence of both pituitary gonadotropic and testicular dysfunction in men with malignant and, to a lesser extent, benign chronic lung disease, and 2) the effects of illness are independent of, and quantitatively greater than, those due to age.
Virologic and CD4 Response to Treatment with Nelfinavir in Therapy Experienced, Protease Inhibitor Naive HIV-Infected Children: 48 Week Follow-Up

Virologic and CD4 Response to Treatment with Nelfinavir in Therapy Experienced, Protease Inhibitor Naive HIV-Infected Children: 48 Week Follow-Up
Biotin uptake by rabbit corneal epithelial cells: role of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT).

Purpose: The objective of this research was to investigate the presence of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) on rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells (rPCECs)and freshly excised rabbit corneas were used for characterization of biotin uptake and transport, respectively. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to confirm the molecular identity of SMVT. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed to examine the presence of biotin in rabbit tears. Results: Uptake of biotin by rPCECs was found to be time and concentration dependent with Km of 32.52 μ M and Vmax of 10.43 pmol min− 1 mg protein− 1. Biotin was significantly inhibited in the presence of pantothenic acid and lipoic acid. Biotin uptake was found to be energy and Na+ dependent but H+ and Cl− independent. The uptake was inhibited by valeric acid in a concentration-dependent manner but not much affected in the presence...
Flow near the permeable boundary of an aligned fiber preform: An experimental investigation using laser doppler anemometry

The flow of fluid at the interface of an aligned fiber bed and an open flow is the governing phenomenon in a number of processes of industrial importance. Traditionally, this has been modeled by applying Brinkman's modification of Darcy's law to obtain the velocity profile in planar geometries in terms of an additional parameter called “apparent viscosity.” to test this ad hoc approach, a detailed experimental investigation of the flow was conducted using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) in the close vicinity of the permeable boundary of aligned fiber preforms. The performs used in the experiments consisted of cylindrical fibers aligned in one direction. Two cases were investigated. In the first case, the axis of alignment was in the direction of flow and in the second case the axis of alignment was perpendicular to the flow direction. A Hele-Shaw cell is partially filled with a fibrous preform such that an open channel flow is coupled to the Darcy flow inside the fiber bed through the permeable interface of the bed. The unfilled portion of the Hele-Shaw cell acts as an ideal porous medium of known in-plane permeability, which is much higher than the permeability of the fibrous/porous bed. Modeling this flow situation using a Hele-Shaw cell is appropriate because most composite parts are long and wide in comparison with their thickness. When a viscous fluid is injected at a constant flow rate through the above arrangement, a steady state coupled flow is created. This coupling of the open flow and the Darcy flow through the fibrous bed occurs through the boundary layer zone inside the fibrous bed. Using LDA, steady state velocity profiles are accurately measured in the boundary layer zone by traversing the fibrous bed at a suitable location. For aligned fiber beds, the depth of the boundary layer zone inside the bed was found to be of the order of the mold depth, which is much larger as compared to the Brinkman's prediction. This finding indicates the presence of a length scale that is much larger than the known length scale , where K is the permeability of the bed made up of aligned cylindrical fibers. Based on this finding, the depth of the boundary layer thickness is incorporated in the Brinkman's solution through a boundary condition. This results in a model that compares well with the experimental data for the planar geometry and the fibrous beds considered here.
Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidants in lungs of guinea pigs following an allergic pulmonary response.

Oxygen-derived radicals and cytokines are known to play key roles in cellular inflammation accompanying allergic lung disease. Using a well-characterized guinea pig model of pulmonary ovalbumin (OA) hypersensitivity, we studied lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidant reserve in bronchoalveolar lung fluid (BAL) following a severe pulmonary allergic reaction. Since TNF-α is known to be involved in oxygen radical generation, we also examined TNF production in response to antigen challenge. By 24 hr after antigen challenge, the number of eosinophils in BAL was increased 3.5-fold compared with nonsensitized but challenged control animals. Immunohistochemical evaluation of BAL cells, employing a polyclonal antibody to murine TNF-α, demonstrated the presence of TNF in eosinophils. A 2.4-fold higher concentration of lipid peroxidation products was found in BAL fluid of sensitized and challenged vs nonsensitized, challenged guinea pigs (p < 0.05). Endogenous antioxidant levels were lower in the BAL fluid of the sensitized, challenged guinea pigs. The concentration of the major lipid-soluble antioxidant, vitamin E, was 8.7-fold lower than that in nonsensitized controls (p < 0.001) and the endogenous reserve of water-soluble antioxidants (thiols and ascorbic acid) was decreased 4-fold from that of control animals (p < 0.02). These results indicate an antioxidant/prooxidant imbalance associated with an allergic pulmonary episode.
Ruptured human renal allograft Pathogenesis and management

From January, 1963, to January, 1977, 4 cases of acute allograft rupture occurred in 474 renal transplants performed at the Cleveland Clinic, an incidence of 0.8 per cent. Rupture developed between the fifth and sixteenth day after transplantation during a period when the patients required dialysis because of poor allograft function. All patients had surgical exploration and successful repair of the laceration. Biopsies in each case at the site of laceration revealed findings consistent with acute allograft rejection. The rejections were mild in 2 cases, moderate in one, and severe in another. Two kidneys failed to sustain function, and the patients were returned to chronic hemodialysis two to five months later. None required a nephrectomy. The other two kidneys are functioning well, with serum creatinine values of 1.3 and 1.5 mg./100 ml. one year after allograft rupture. Since rupture of a renal allograft does not appear to increase the intensity of rejection nor does it represent a severe type of rejection, transplant nephrectomy can be avoided unless hemorrhage is uncontrollable from the site of laceration.
Lorentz invariant functionals of tensors

Abstract In this work, we find the appropriate form of a scalar valued function L, of an arbitrary number of certain linear differential geometric objects (up to the second order tensors) and their first derivatives so that the functional J[φ Λ ](L;d) = ∫ d L(X, φ Λ , ∂ m φ Λ ) d V(x), formed by integration of the function L over an arbitrary subdomain d of the domain D under consideration, is invariant under infinitesimal Loretnz transformations.
Rapid efflux of lactate from cerebral cortex during K+ -induced spreading cortical depression.

Rapid transport of lactate from activated brain regions to blood, perhaps reflecting enhanced metabolite trafficking, would prevent local trapping of labeled metabolites of [6- 14 C]glucose and cause underestimation of calculated CMR- gle . Because the identities of glucose metabolites lost from activated structures and major routes of their removal are not known, arteriovenous differences across brains of conscious normoxic rats for derivatives of [6- 14 C]glucose were determined under steady-state conditions in blood during K + -induced spreading cortical depression. Lactate was identified as the major labeled product lost from brain. Its entry to blood was detected within 2 minutes after a pulse of [6- 14 C]glucose, and it accounted for 96% of the 14 C lost from brain within approximately 8 minutes. Lactate efflux corresponded to 20% of glucose influx, but accounted for only half the magnitude of underestimation of CMR gle when [ 14 C]glucose is the tracer, suggesting extensive [ 14 C]lactate trafficking within brain. [ 14 C]Lactate spreading within brain is consistent with (1) relatively uniform pattern labeling of K + -treated cerebral cortex by [6- 14 C]glucose contrasting heterogeneous labeling by [ 14 C]deoxyglucose, and (2) transport of 14 C-labeled lactate and inulin up to 1.5 and 2.4 mm, respectively, within 10 minutes. Thus, newly synthesized lactate exported from activated cells rapidly flows to blood and probably other brain structures.
Where the United States spends its spine dollars: expenditures on different ambulatory services for the management of back and neck conditions.

Study Design Serial, cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys of non-institutionalized adults.
Therapeutic Free Association Is a Unique Cognitive, Affective, and Verbal Action Warranting Further Psychoanalytic and Neural Investigation

The research presented in the target article is a valuable first fMRI study of free association, using an externally paced, five-word model. Although Freud’s instructions to patients seemed to be solely cognitive, contiguously connected statements suggested that there are automatically connected feelings and emotional conflicts. The noteworthy complexity of experimental vocal free association (VFA) is demonstrated by very widespread left dorsal, lateral, and inferior prefrontal fMRI signal activations. The investigation focuses on cognitive features only, yet it quotes some of the subject’s five-word groupings of coherent, evocative, emotional themes. No psychological operation can be solely cognitive, since psychologically, during waking life cognition, affect, and some degree of emotional conflict are always present. Correspondingly, cognitive and affective neural operations are always cotemporally functioning and integrated in the whole brain. The research model of free association suggests features of...
Optimal Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Allocation for Diverse Charging Patterns

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEVs) technology has the potential to address economic, environmental, and national security concerns in the United States by reducing operating cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and petroleum consumption. However, the net implications of PHEVs depend critically on the distances they are driven between charges: Urban drivers with short commutes who can charge frequently may benefit economically from PHEVs while also reducing fuel consumption and GHG emissions, but drivers who cannot charge frequently are unlikely to make up the cost of large PHEV battery packs with future fuel cost savings. We construct an optimization model to determine the optimal PHEV design and optimal allocation of PHEVs, hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) and conventional vehicles (CVs) to drivers in order to minimize net cost, fuel consumption, and GHG emissions. We use data from the 2001 National Household Transportation Survey to estimate the distribution of distance driven per day across vehicles. We find that (1) minimum fuel consumption is achieved by assigning large capacity PHEVs to all drivers; (2) minimum cost is achieved by assigning small capacity PHEVs to all drivers; and (3) minimum greenhouse gas emissions is achieved by assigning medium-capacity PHEVs to drivers who can charge frequently and large-capacity PHEVs to drivers who charge less frequently.© 2009 ASME
Constraining the brain: The role of developmental psychology in developmental cognitive neuroscience

Developmental psychology should play an essential constraining role in developmental cognitive neuroscience. Theories of neural development must account explicitly for the early emergence of knowledge and abilities in infants and young children documented in developmental research. Especially in need of explanation at the neural level is the early emergence of meta-representation.
The antagonistic effects of calcium and potassium on the time course of action of carbamylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

The electrogenic action of carbamylcholine on the postjunctional membrane of muscle fibers disappears gradually over a period of several seconds even when this agent is applied by constant perfusion. This waning of drug action, termed “desensitization” by some investigators, occurs also at other cholinergic synapses. It has been found in earlier studies that increased amounts of calcium in the extracellular medium can cause the desensitization process to occur more rapidly and that potassium tends to oppose this action of calcium. In the present investigation, it is found that the relative effects of these ions can be expressed in terms of the quantity (Ca)/(K)1.7. A simple ion-exchange mechanism is proposed in which one calcium ion or two potassium ions are able to combine with an anionic site near the cell surface. A general relation between the time course of conductance changes and the extracellular concentration of the ions is derived which appears to be consistent with the conductance measurements over a period of 60 seconds and in the range of calcium concentrations from 0.05 to 20 millimoles/liter and of potassium from 33 to 165 millimoles/liter. Further experiments are presented which suggest that the time course of conductance changes under these conditions is limited primarily by the rate of increase of the calcium concentration at the exchange site.
Nuclear Division in Pelomyxa illinoisensis Kudo

SYNOPSIS. Pelomyxa illinoisensis exhibits several phenomena of an interesting and uncommon nature, such as the presence of polar granules and the appearance of chromosomes through most of the resting and dividing stages of the nucleus. For these reasons and because of the importance of the nucleus as a stable characteristic in the taxonomy of amoebae, this study of the nucleus and nuclear division was undertaken. Culture methods were the same as those used for P. carolinensis. Best fixatives for nuclei were Carnoy, Flemming, 10% formalin, Duboscq-Brazil, Schaudinn and 2% osmium tetroxide. The body shape of P. illinoisensis in nuclear division is correlated with the stage of nuclear division and resembles the same stages in Amoeba proteus and P. carolinensis, with the exception of a ragged appearance of the cytoplasm of organisms containing prophase nuclei and the halo-like appearance of the pseudopods in those containing metaphase nuclei. The condensation of resting nuclei when subjected to acidified methyl green, reported by Kudo (18), occurred with all fixatives used with the exception of 10% formalin and 2% osmium tetroxide. The metaphase nuclei have a disk of polar granules on either side of the equatorial plate with fibers running from them to the chromosomes. The nature of these granules is unknown. Similarities and differences between P. illinoisensis and P. carolinensis are discussed.
Sequence similarity between the envelope surface unit (SU) glycoproteins of primate and small ruminant lentiviruses

Sequence similarity has been previously described in the transmembrane domain unit of envelope glycoproteins of primate and non-primate lentiviruses but similarity between the surface unit (SU) glycoprotein of these viruses is less clear or absent. Here we describe a consistent and significant sequence-similarity between the ovine/caprine lentivirus surface glycoprotein gp135 and the primate lentivirus gp120 in the region between variable loops V2 and V3. The biological relevance of this sequence similarity was indicated by clustering of conserved motifs in regions of structural importance in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120, conservation of cysteine residue pairs forming disulfide bonds and similar patterns of sequence variation in gp135 and gp120 between strains. The results indicate that SU glycoproteins from primate and small ruminant lentiviruses have structurally related domains.
Nonoperative treatment of the elbowin throwers

Abstract Nonoperative treatment of the injured elbow in throwers presents a unique challenge to the clinician. Rehabilitationplays an active role in the prevention, treatment, and outcome of injuries. The unique anatomy of the elbow, including its high degree of joint congruence and capsular configuration, contribute to the challenge presented to the physician and therapist towards restoration of normal function. Rehabilitation of the injured elbow in throwers should be based on a staged program that is progressive and founded on scientific research and clinical experience. Focus should be directed toward strengthening, endurance, and flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to outline and discuss a conservative approach to the more commonly encountered elbow injuries in the throwing athlete. The injuries discussed in this report will be presented depending on their occurrence within the various compartments of the elbow.
A clinical system for scoring a patient's oral hygiene performance.

A need was recognized for a recording system to evaluate a patient’s oral hygiene performance. In a system developed to satisfy five requirements, plaque retention and bleeding points are used as the criteria for evaluation. Because the performance of the patient can be measured, parameters for an effective level of oral hygiene can be established.
Using Citation Analysis to Explore the Intellectual Base, Knowledge Dissemination, and Research Impact of Interfaces 1970-1992

Many leading OR professionals think that our primary mission should be to apply the mathematical and scientific principles of OR to real-world problems rather than to pursue theoretical research. To encourage the application of OR models, in 1976 the editors of Interfaces shifted the emphasis of the journal from meta research to applications and survey papers. I analyzed the citations and selective references over the last two decades or so of Interfaces to obtain a snapshot of where the field has been and where it is heading. I analyzed 1,294 articles, 2,190 authors, and more than 2,500 references.
Waking up from the nightmare of political accounting

Abstract While Owsen is frustrated by the lack of ethics among managers, the problemas root is the failure to comprehend that the capital market doesn't fall for misleading reports very often. If they could accept this concept, they could at least reduce the cost of capital with full and complete reporting, even if their ethics are irrevocably weak.