cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproducible Color Gamut of Hematoxylin and Eosin Stained Images in Standard Color Spaces.

A whole-slide imaging (WSI) system is a digital color imaging system used in digital pathology with the potential to substitute the conventional light microscope. A WSI system digitalizes a glass slide by converting the optical image to digital data with a scanner and then converting the digital data back to the optical image with a display. During the digital-to-optical or optical-to-digital conversion, a color space is required to define the mapping between the digital domain and the optical domain so that the numerical data of each color pixel can be interpreted meaningfully. Unfortunately, many current WSI products do not specify the designated color space clearly, which leaves the user using the universally default color space, sRGB. sRGB is a legacy color space that has a limited color gamut, which is known to be unable to reproduce all color shades present in histology slides. In this work, experiments were conducted to quantitatively investigate the limitation of the sRGB color space used in WSI systems. Eight hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained tissue samples, including human bladder, brain, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, and uterus, were measured with a multispectral imaging system to obtain the true colors at the pixel level. The measured color truth of each pixel was converted into the standard CIELAB color space to test whether it was within the color gamut of the sRGB color space. Experiment results show that all the eight images have a portion of pixels outside the sRGB color gamut. In the worst-case scenario, the bladder sample, about 35% of the image exceeded the sRGB color gamut. The results suggest that the sRGB color space is inadequate for WSI scanners to encode H and E-stained whole-slide images, and an sRGB display may have insufficient color gamut for displaying H and E-stained histology images.
"The assessment really helps you with the first step in recovery." What do clients think substance use disorder treatment intake assessments should look like?

In general, research has found that patient-centered substance use disorder treatment is positively correlated with improved patient outcomes. However, little research has examined what factors mak...
Development and Validation of Test for "Leaky Gut" Small Intestinal and Colonic Permeability Using Sugars in Healthy Adults.

Background Oral monosaccharides and disaccharides are used to measure in vivo human gut permeability through urinary excretion. Aims The aims were as follows: (1) to obtain normative data on small intestinal and colonic permeability; (2) to assess variance on standard 16 g fiber diet performed twice; (3) to determine whether dietary fiber influences gut permeability measurements; and (4) to present pilot data using 2 selected probes in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Methods Sixty healthy female and male adults, age 18–70 years, participated in 3 randomized studies (2 studies on 16.25 g and 1 study on 32.5 g fiber) in otherwise standardized diets. At each test, the following sugars were ingested: 12C-mannitol, 13C-mannitol, rhamnose (monosaccharides), sucralose, and lactulose (disaccharides). Standardized meals were administered from 24 hours before and during 24 hours post-sugars with 3 urine collections: 0–2, 2–8, and 8–24 hours. Sugars were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Eighteen patients with IBS-D underwent 24-hour excretion studies after oral 13C-mannitol and lactulose. Results Baseline sugars (>3-fold above lower limits of quantitation) were identified in the 3 studies: 12C-mannitol in all participants; sucralose in 4–8, and rhamnose in 1–3. Median excretions/24 h (percentage of administered dose) for 13C-mannitol, rhamnose, lactulose, and sucralose were ∼30%, ∼15%, 0.32%, and 2.3%, respectively. 13C-mannitol and rhamnose reflected mainly small intestinal permeability. Intraindividual saccharide excretions were consistent, with minor differences with 16.25 g vs 32.5 g fiber diets. Median interindividual coefficient of variation was 76.5% (10–90 percentile: 34.6–111.0). There were no significant effects of sex, age, or body mass index on permeability measurements in health. 13C-mannitol measurements are feasible in IBS-D. Conclusions Baseline 12C-mannitol excretion precludes its use; 13C-mannitol is the preferred probe for small intestinal permeability.
Acute Fractures in Sport: Foot

Lower extremity fractures in athletics are common, and can be debilitating. Treatment of these injuries vary based on location, displacement, patient age, and activity level. Given overlap of mechanisms, as well as close proximity of different structures, a high index of suspicion and detailed physical exam must be employed, along with the judicious use of advanced imaging.
Laser nanostructuring by tailored free carrier generation in designer semiconductor metasurfaces

We demonstrate the formation of high aspect ratio nano-trenches in ultrafast laser-illuminated semiconductor meta-atoms enabled by photoinduced free-carrier generation inside localized hot spots.
Kinetic Modeling of Emissive Sheaths in Flowing Plasma

Plasma sheaths control particle and energy transport between the plasma and surface [1] . They can be further complicated when the surface is electron emitting (i.e., thermionic emission). These emissive sheaths are seen in various engineering applications such as RF devices, dusty plasmas, divertors/scrape-off layers, and plasma probes. Recently, emissive sheaths have been hypothesized to promote surface cooling on hypersonic vehicles via thermionically emitted electrons in Hanquist et al. [2] , where a space-charge limiting (SCL) sheath assumption was used to predict the electron current exiting the sheath. However, excessive emission from a surface may lead to the formation of an inverse sheath [3] , which may further reduce the number of electrons escaping the surface. In recent experimental works by Kraus et al. [3] , thermionically emitting filaments (thoriated tungsten) were submersed in Xe plasma flow that produced a space-charge limited (SCL) sheath. We will present a 1D study on sheath formation for an emissive surface that may prevent the emitted electrons from reaching the bulk plasma using the Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method. Prediction of these sheaths is important as they may affect the heat loss and charge flux from the surface [1] .
Coenzyme A and Coenzyme A‐Glutathione Mixed Disulfide Measurements by HPLC

This unit describes a method for measuring coenzyme A and coenzyme A-glutathione mixed disulfide in tissue homogenates obtained from tissues frozen in liquid nitrogen, homogenized in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide, and then acidified. to avoid the oxidation, reduction, and thiol exchange reactions that can occur during tissue processing and isolation of subcellular fractions. This method may provide a way to assess changes in the oxidative state of mitochondria in intact tissues.
TOXICITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPOSITION OF SODIUM-P-N-GLYCOLYLARSANILATE. II. ABSORPTION, EXCRETION, AND METABOLISM IN THE CHICKEN.

Abstract Sodium p-N -glycolylarsanilate administered orally to chickens is excreted to the extent of 95% within 16 hours after the second of two doses given 8 hours apart, and 99% is excreted within 88 hours. The arsenical excreted by these birds appears to be 98.5% unchanged drug and 1.5% arsanilic acid. The arsenic of intramuscularly administered glycolylarsanilate is excreted at almost the same rate, but about 28% is split to arsanilic acid. The only tissue in which glycolylarsanilate accumulates to any extent is liver, and the residue in this tissue is indistinguishable from the unchanged drug. This conclusion is based on a rat excretion experiment. Tissue residues of glycolylarsanilate following a 9-week feeding period at 60 g/ton are only nominal, and, if subject to a 5-day withdrawal period, become virtually zero. There is evidence that chickens receiving arsenite parenterally convert it, as least in part, to an unidentified organic compound. Comparing the excretion data on SNGA presented herein with that of Moody and Williams (1962) , it may be concluded that SNGA administered orally to chickens is excreted more rapidly than arsanilic acid, acetylarsanilic acid, or 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonic acid.
Natural occurrence of induced or artificial flagellar antigens in Salmonella newport.

Douglas, G. W. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), Alma C. McWhorter, and P. R. Edwards. Natural occurrence of induced or artificial flagellar antigens in Salmonella newport . J. Bacteriol. 83: 348–350. 1962.—Two epidemiologically related cultures of Salmonella newport , which possessed naturally occurring artificial or induced antigens in phase 2, were studied. It was demonstrated that similar antigens may be obtained by cultivation of normal S. newport cultures in appropriate antisera. These antigens were assigned the symbols 1,12. The diagnostic problems posed by the natural occurrence of induced antigens are mentioned.
Tracking venous anatomical variation of the upper limb for optimal placement of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients (543.10)

The National Kidney Foundation Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines support placement of arteriovenous (AV) fistulas in hemodialysis patients over grafts. Long-term outcomes of AV...
Processive proofreading is intrinsic to T4 DNA polymerase

DNA replication occurs in vivo with very high processivity, meaning that the replication complex assembles at the origin(s) of replication and then performs template-directed synthesis of DNA over virtually the entire genome without dissociation. Such processivity also characterizes reconstituted replication holoenzyme complexes in vitro. However, the isolated DNA polymerases are much less processive, especially under physiological conditions. In this paper we monitor the degree of processivity displayed by the bacteriophage T4-coded DNA polymerase while in its proofreading mode by asking whether an isolated polymerase can "edit-out" the 3'-terminal nucleotide from the primer (using the 3'----5'-exonuclease activity of the polymerase) and then switch into the synthesis mode without dissociating from the DNA template. This "switch experiment" is accomplished by using mismatched primer/template substrates as an experimental tool to mimic the situation that T4 DNA polymerase encounters after a misincorporation event has occurred. By performing experiments under single-turnover conditions (obtained using a heparin trap), we demonstrate that T4 DNA polymerase, upon encountering a misincorporated base, neither synthesizes the next base nor dissociates into solution. Instead, with a greater than 80% probability, it removes the misincorporated base and then continues synthesis in a fully processive manner. We also show that the removal of a doubly mispaired sequence from the 3'-terminus of the primer, followed by synthesis, is comparably processive. In contrast, the apparent processivity of removing a triply mispaired terminus is much reduced. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the notion that the "editing active site" of the T4 enzyme optimally accommodates only two unpaired nucleotide residues. Our results do not support the idea that the exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase is highly selective for mismatched termini; they suggest instead that the dwell time at a misincorporated base determines overall editing efficiency. The integrated results of this study provide additional insight into the structure of the T4 DNA polymerase, as well as into the interactions between the polymerase and the polymerase accessory proteins that are required to provide the holoenzyme complex with full processivity.
Retiree Health Benefits and Retirement

Employer-provided health benefit coverage for workers who retire before age 65 has fallen over the last decade. We examine a cohort of male workers from the Health and Retirement Survey to examine questions about the dynamics of retiree health benefits and the relationship between retiree health benefits and retirement behavior, which is important for the debate over increasing health coverage for older Americans without reducing work incentives. On dynamics, we find that between 1992 and 1996, 24 percent of full-time workers who had retiree health benefits lost their coverage, while 15 percent of full-time workers who lacked coverage gained it. Also, of the full-time employed men who were covered by retiree health benefits in 1992 and had retired by 1996, 3 percent were uninsured, and 15 percent were covered by health insurance other than employer-provided insurance. On the relationship between retiree health benefits and retirement, we find that workers with retiree benefits were 29 to 55 percent more likely to retire than those without. We also find that workers who are eligible for retiree health benefits tend to take advantage of them when they are relatively young.
Effects of Certain Lateral Dominance Traits, Music Aptitude, and Sex Differences with Instrumental Music Achievement

The effects of music aptitude, sex, handedness, eyedness, and footedness on music achievement and executive skills of elementary instrumental music students was explored. Handedness was defined for...
Inactivation of Listeria innocua in skim milk by pulsed electric fields and nisin.

Abstract Pulsed electric fields (PEF) is an emerging nonthermal processing technology used to inactivate microorganisms in liquid foods such as milk. PEF results in loss of cell membrane functionality that leads to inactivation of the microorganism. There are many processes that aid in the stability and safety of foods. The combination of different preservation factors, such as nisin and PEF, to control microorganisms should be explored. The objective of this research was to study the inactivation of Listeria innocua suspended in skim milk by PEF as well as the sensitization of PEF treated L. innocua to nisin. The selected electric field intensity was 30, 40 and 50 kV/cm and the number of pulses applied was 10.6, 21.3 and 32. The sensitization exhibited by PEF treated L. innocua to nisin was assessed for 10 or 100 IU nisin/ml. A progressive decrease in the population of L. innocua was observed for the selected field intensities, with the greatest reduction being 2 1 2 log cycles (U). The exposure of L. innocua to nisin after PEF had an additive effect on the inactivation of the microorganism as that exhibited by the PEF alone. As the electric field, number of pulses and nisin concentration increased, synergism was observed in the inactivation of L. innocua as a result of exposure to nisin after PEF. The reduction of L. innocua accomplished by exposure to 10 IU nisin/ml after 32 pulsed electric fields was 2, 2.7, and 3.4 U for an electric field intensity of 30, 40, and 50 kV/cm, respectively. Population of L. innocua subjected to 100 IU nisin/ml after PEF was 2.8–3.8 U for the selected electric field intensities and 32 pulses. The designed model for the inactivation of L. innocua as a result of the PEF followed by exposure to nisin proved to be accurate in the prediction of the inactivation of L. innocua in skim milk containing 1.2 or 37 IU nisin/ml. Inactivation of L. innocua in skim milk containing 37 IU nisin/ml resulted in a decrease in population of 3.7 U.
Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet: III. Differences among individuals.

Data from 227 men in 10 sets of controlled dietary experiments in 5 institutions gave the least-squares solution: [see text] with S.E. of slope --±0.44, where X is the serum cholesterol level of an individual, X is the average for all men on the same diet, and Δ is the response to a given dietary change. Equations, a chart and a table are provided for the prediction of the serum cholesterol response when change is made from one diet to another when cholesterol and fatty acid compositions of the diets are known. Comparison of predicted with observed average values in recently published data on samples of free-living people changing diets on prescription designed to lower serum cholesterol gave, predicted versus observed Δ: −30.0 vs. −28.5 and −27.2 vs. -30.1 mg./l00 ml. in men and women in caloric balance. In a sample of men who were also losing weight on a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet a change of −33.5 was predicted versus −39.8 observed.
Macromolecular binding of estradiol by nuclei in a cell-free system.

Abstract Rat uterine cytosol estradiol-binding protein was labeled with radioactive estradiol and then incubated with highly purified nuclei from an estrogen-binding murine tumor. The nuclei were then extracted with 2M NaCl-5 M urea, and macromolecular bound estradiol was separated by gel filtration. Nuclear preparations incubated with estradiol-labeled uterine cytosol showed five to ten times more macromolecular binding than corresponding nuclear preparations incubated with buffer, albumin, heart cytosol or uterine cytosol deficient in biologically active binding protein. The process by which nuclei bind estradiol is temperature dependent. Radioactive estradiol attached to protein can be extracted from the nuclei with solutions of 2 M NaCl-5 M urea. Binding of estradiol to isolated nuclei could be distinguished from the binding of the hormone to isolated microsomes or mitochondria in that only the nuclear binding was markedly reduced by prewarming the particulate fraction. Furthermore, nuclear binding was decreased by incubation with several metabolic inhibitors. Most of the nuclear binding appears to occur with the chromatin fraction from which labeled protein-bound estradiol can be extracted. When the cytosol estradiol-binding protein was partially by gel filtration there was less nuclear binding of estradiol than resulted from using cytosol. The deficiency of the gel filtration preparation was restored by the addition of unfractionated cytosol. Nuclear binding of estradiol seems to depend on some cofactor present in the cytosol. Nuclei from an estrogen-dependent tumor and the uterus had comparable amounts of nuclear binding that was associated with the 5S fraction as determined by ultracentrifugation on sucrose gradients. Nuclei from liver bound 1 3 as much estradiol, which was associated with a 3S macromolecular fraction. The nuclear-binding macromolecule in the liver is different from that in the uterus and the dependent tumor. Prior incubation of nuclei with non-radioactive estradiol, diethylstilbestrol or estriol in uterine cytosol reduced the uptake of the nuclei when subsequently incubated in [ 3 H]estradiol containing cytosol. Incubation in cytosol containing MER-25, an anti-estrogen, resulted in no subsequent reduction of [ 3 H]estradiol uptake.
"Double wire" angio-seal closure technique after balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Objectives: To report the feasibility of a collagen-mediated closure device using a modified Angio-Seal closure technique for access site management following percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV). Background: With the advent of percutaneous aortic valve replacement therapies, there has been a resurgence of interest in BAV procedures. Vascular complications, including bleeding, are a common source of morbidity post procedure as a result of the requirement for large bore femoral artery access. The use of vascular closure devices may reduce bleeding complications. Methods: We describe a new technique for vascular closure in this setting. At the conclusion of the valvuloplasty procedure, two 0.035″ wires are inserted through the femoral artery sheath. A conventional collagen-mediated closure device (8F Angio-Seal) is deployed over the first wire and along side the second wire. If immediate hemostasis is not achieved, a second device is loaded onto the second wire and deployed to achieve hemostasis. Results: Percutaneous BAV was performed in 21 patients. Hemostasis was successfully achieved in all patients with either a single 8F Angio-Seal closure device (18 patients) or after placement of a second device (three patients). Conclusions: The modified “Double Wire” Angio-Seal technique is a feasible method for hemostasis following percutaneous BAV. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Service-Learning Projects in an Undergraduate Gerontology Course: A Six-Stage Model and Application

Service-learning opportunities are prominent on many college campuses. The process of designing and implementing service-learning experiences, especially for students of gerontology, however, has rarely been addressed. The current article briefly reviews the background and utility of service-learning in gerontology courses, describes our service-learning project, outlines a general six-stage model for developing service-learning projects in gerontology courses, and describes our process of integrating the service-learning project into an introductory gerontology course. Finally, we demonstrate that in conjunction with the promotion of evaluative practices, service-learning in the gerontology classroom presents a promising practice for creating healthier communities.
Influenza vaccination among minority populations in the United States.

Abstract Background. A large portion of the elderly population of the United States fails to receive an annual influenza vaccination. Minorities may receive disproportionately fewer vaccinations. The objectives of this study were to (a) estimate the levels of influenza vaccination among noninstitutionalized, U.S. citizens, 65 years and older, (b) examine the immunization levels among minority racial and ethnic groups relative to various majority groupings, and (c) explore potential factors that may contribute to disparities in vaccination levels. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to compare influenza vaccination levels of different racial and ethnic groups among 2,309 persons aged 65 years and older. Results. Whites had 68.0% (±SE 1.5%) current influenza vaccination, Hispanics 61.7% (±SE 4.1%), and blacks 47.3% (±SE 4.3%). Blacks differed significantly compared to whites. Adjustment for potential confounders such as increased health risk, age distribution, perceived health status, family size, poverty level, and the number of ambulatory visits to a health care provider failed to change this difference substantially. Conclusions. In 1996, among elderly noninstitutionalized, U.S. citizens, blacks relative to whites were less likely to have current influenza vaccinations. This relationship remained significant even after adjustments for potential confounding variables.
Interactions of platinum(II)-derivatized triplex-forming oligonucleotides with DNA

Polypyrimidine oligonucleotides can bind to tracts of contiguous purines in double-stranded DNA to form triple-stranded complexes. The stability of the triplex is reduced significantly if the target purine tract is interrupted by a single pyrimidine. Previous studies have shown that incorporation of an N4-aminoalkylcytosine into the triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO), opposite a single CG interruption, facilitates triplex formation. Examination of molecular models suggested that further modification of the amino group of the aminoalkyl arm might enable adduct formation with the N7 of the guanine of the CG interruption. To test this, we prepared 2′-deoxyribo-and 2′-O-methylribo-TFOs that contained cytosine (C), N4-(2-aminoethyl)cytosine (ae-C), or diethylenetriamineplatinum(II) (DPt-C) or cis-aquodiammineplatinum(II) (cPt-C) derivatives of N4-(2-aminoethyl)cytosine, positioned opposite a CG interruption of a polypurine tract found in the pol gene of HIV-1 proviral DNA. Although the C- and ae-C-derivatiz...
Interfacial superconducting state of a band-inverted semiconductor junction

Abstract A semiconductor junction in which the band gap changes sign across the interface (a band-inverted junction) supports interface states which are localized in the direction normal to the interface and lie in the band gap. Consequently, these states give rise to an interface attached two-dimensional electron gas. This gas condences into a superconducting state due to attraction mediated by electron hole excitations in the adjoining semiconductors. For typical lead salt (the IV–VI narrow gap semiconductors) junctions it is estimated that the corresponding critical temperature is Tc ∼ 60 K.
Maxillofacial and axial/appendicular giant cell lesions: unique tumors or variants of the same disease?--A comparison of phenotypic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics.

Purpose The relationship between giant cell lesions (GCLs) of the maxillofacial (MF) skeleton and those of the axial/appendicular (AA) skeleton has been long debated. The present study compared the clinical and radiographic characteristics of subjects with MF and AA GCLs. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients treated for GCLs at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1993 to 2008. The predictor variables included tumor location (MF or AA) and clinical behavior (aggressive or nonaggressive). The outcome variables included demographic, clinical, and radiographic parameters, treatments, and outcomes. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and P ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results The sample included 93 subjects: 45 with MF (38 with aggressive and 7 with nonaggressive) and 48 with AA (30 with aggressive and 18 with nonaggressive). Comparing the patients with MF and AA GCLs, those with MF lesions presented younger (P Conclusions These results suggest that MF and AA GCLs represent a similar, if not the same, disease. Comparing the aggressive and nonaggressive subgroups, more similarities were found than when evaluating without stratification by clinical behavior. The remaining differences could be explained by the likelihood that MF tumors are diagnosed earlier than AA tumors because of facial exposure and dental screening examinations and radiographs.
A nonlinear equivalent circuit model for lithium ion cells

Abstract A nonlinear equivalent circuit model for lithium ion cells is developed where the circuit elements are based on electrochemical processes like charge transfer reaction, and variable resistances that are functions of the state variables. The potential drops are the natural state variables rather than cell state-of-charge (SOC). A commercial pouch cell consisting of composite positive and meso-carbon microbeads (MCMB) negative electrodes is analyzed. The state space model developed consists of the current balance which forms the state variable evolution equation and voltage balance which forms the output equation. The global set of parameters for a two pair resistor–capacitor circuit is calculated by solving the model equations consistently and minimizing the error with HPPC (Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization) pulse voltage at few SOCs. The entire HPPC protocol is predicted by the model accurately within an error of 50 mV. The model is validated using the full depth charge–discharge experiments. The model is used to resolve the overall cell potential into potential drops due to individual processes, yielding insights into controlling mechanisms. The variable resistor formalism enables cell voltage prediction without parameter re-estimation and hence can be developed as an on-board algorithm.
Dilatometry with pressure-transducing instrumentation: determination of the apparent molar volume of NaOH in water at 299.3 K

Abstract The apparent molar volume of NaOH has been determined at 299.3 K by a dilatometric method based on using a differential-capacitance pressure transducer as a null detector in a closed system. Volumes were measured with micrometer-driven microburets. Precision in the measurement of the volume change was ±0.01 mm3. The slope of a plot of apparent molar volume against the square root of concentration was 1.932 cm 3 dm 3 2 mol −3 2 which is in good agreement with the theoretical limiting-law slope for a 1-1 electrolyte. The apparent molar volume at infinite dilution was −(5.42 ± 0.16) cm3 mol−1.
Poly(PS-b-DMA) micelles for reactive oxygen species triggered drug release

A new micelle drug carrier that consists of a diblock polymer of propylene sulfide (PS) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (poly(PS₇₄-b-DMA₃₁₀)) has been synthesized and characterized for site-specific release of hydrophobic drugs to sites of inflammation. Propylene sulfide was first polymerized using a thioacyl group transfer (TAGT) method with the RAFT chain transfer agent (CTA) 4-cyano-4-(ethylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl) pentanoic acid (CEP), and the resultant poly(PS₇₄-CEP) macro-CTA was used to polymerize a second polymer block of DMA using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). The formation of the poly(PS₇₄-b-DMA₃₁₀) diblock polymer was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectra and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Poly(PS₇₄-b-DMA₃₁₀) formed 100 nm micelles in aqueous media as confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Micelles loaded with the model drugs Nile red and DiO were used to demonstrate the ROS-dependent drug release mechanism of these micelles following treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and peroxynitrite. These oxidants were found to oxidize the micelle PPS core, making it more hydrophilic and triggering micelle disassembly and cargo release. Delivery of poly(PS₇₄-b-DMA₃₁₀) micelles dual-loaded with the Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) fluorophore pair DiI and DiO was used to prove that endogenous oxidants generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages significantly increased release of nanocarrier contents relative to macrophages that were not activated. In vitro studies also demonstrated that the poly(PS₇₄-b-DMA₃₁₀) micelles were cytocompatible across a broad range of concentrations. These combined data suggest that the poly(PS₇₄-b-DMA₃₁₀) micelles synthesized using a combination of TAGT and RAFT have significant potential for site-specific drug delivery to tissues with high levels of oxidative stress.
Information concerning the mechanism of electrophoretic DNA separation provided by quantitative video-epifluorescence microscopy.

Changes in conformation, length, and mobility of individual DNA molecules during agarose gel electrophbresis were measured using video micrographs obtained by epifluorescence microscopy. Globular, V-shaped, and linear conformations of DNA are found. The mobility, upon transformation from the globular to the V-shaped conformation, decreases, suggesting a collision with a gel fiber. The duration of interaction between DNA and gel fiber is proportional to the length of DNA. Hypothetically, this proportionality underlies the size separation of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA release from the gel fiber appears to involve the movement of the arms of the V-shaped molecule around the gel fiber. Concomitant with this movement is a length reduction the degree of which is constant for DNA of various lengths in a particular buffer milieu. The luminant densitometric profiles of DNA molecules in the V conformation show maxima at the ends and apex of the V. The unequal distribution of nucleotides along the DNA chain appears to provide the driving force for the molecular movement around the gel fiber.
Quantum/classical mode evolution in free electron laser oscillators

The problem of oscillator evolution and mode competition in free electron lasers is studied. Relativistic quantum field theory is used to calculate electron wave functions, the angular distribution of spontaneous emission, and the transition rates for stimulated emission and absorption in each mode. The photon rate equation for the weak-field regime is presented. This rate equation is applied to oscillator evolution with a conventional undulator, a two-stage optical klystron, and a tapered undulator. The effects of noise are briefly discussed.
Great harms from small benefits grow: how death can be outweighed by headaches

Suppose that a very large number of people, say one billion, will suffer a moderately severe headache for the next twenty-four hours. For these billion people, the next twenty-four hours will be fairly unpleasant, though by no means unbearable. However, there will be no side-effects from these headaches; no drop in productivity in the work-place, no lapses in concentration leading to accidents, no unkind words spoken to loved ones that will later fester. Nonetheless, it is clearly desirable that these billion people avoid the headaches. Even though the headaches are moderate, they are impervious to pain-killing drugs, acupuncture, transcendental meditation, and just about any other remedy. In fact, there is only one way in which the headaches can be avoided. In a remote South American village, a young woman, Agnes, is suffering from a fever. A simple dose of antibiotics will save her life, otherwise she will die. If, and only if, she dies, the billion headaches will be prevented. You just happen to be passing through the village, in full knowledge of the circumstances. Although not a doctor (and therefore not bound by codes of professional ethics, Hippocratic oaths, etc.), you possess the requisite dose of antibiotics, for which you have no other use, and which will become useless, if not used in the next two hours. What ought you to do? Our ordinary moral intuitions tell us that you ought to save Agnes's life, even though this leaves a billion people unprotected from twenty-four hours of moderate headache. We think it is worse that one person die than that a billion suffer moderate headaches. In fact, many, perhaps most, people would agree to an even stronger claim:
The preparation of NbH5(Me2PCH2CH2Me2)2 and NbHL2(Me2PCH2CH2PMe2)2 (L = CO or C2H4)

MMe5(dmpe) (M = Nb or Ta, dmpe = Me2PCH2CH2PMe2) reacts with H2 (500 atm) and dmpe in THF at 60°C to give MH5(dmpe)2− NbH5(dmpe)2 readily reacts with two mol of CO or ethylene (L) to give NbHL2(dmpe)2. The exchange of the hydride ligand with the ethylene protons in NbH(C2H4)2(dmpe)2 is not rapid on the 1H NMR time scale (60 MHz) at 95°C.
Model sclerotization studies. 3. Cuticular enzyme catalyzed oxidation of peptidyl model tyrosine and dopa derivatives.

Incubation of N-acetyltyrosine methyl ester with cuticular enzymes, isolated from the wandering stages of Calliphora sp larvae, resulted in the generation of N-acetyldopa methyl ester when the reaction was carried out in the presence of ascorbate which prevented further oxidation of the o-diphenolic product. Enzymatic oxidation of N-acetyldopa methyl ester ultimately generated dehydro N-acetyldopa methyl ester. The identity of enzymatically produced N-acetyldopa methyl ester and dehydro N-acetyldopa methyl ester has been confirmed by comparison of the ultraviolet and infrared spectral and chromatographic properties with those of authentic samples as well as by nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Since N-acetyldopaquinone methyl ester was also converted to dehydro N-acetyldopa methyl ester and tyrosinase was responsible for the oxidation of N-acetyldopa methyl ester, a scheme for the cuticular phenoloxidase catalyzed conversion of N-acetyltyrosine methyl ester to dehydro N-acetyldopa methyl ester involving the intermediary formation of the quinone and the quinone methide is proposed to account for the observed results. The conversion of N-acetyldopa methyl ester to dehydro derivative remarkably resembles the conversion of the sclerotizing precursor, N-acetyldopamine, to dehydro-N-acetyl-dopamine observed in the insect cuticle. Based on these comparative studies, it is proposed that peptidyl dopa derivatives could also serve as the sclerotizing precursors for the sclerotization of the insect cuticle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Finite Element-Boundary Integral Formulation for Numerical Simulation of Scattering by Discrete Body-of-Revolution Geometries

A hybrid technique is presented that combines the finite element and boundary integral methods for simulating electromagnetic scattering from discrete body-of-revolution (DBOR) geometries. The inherent angular periodicity present in a DBOR is utilized to decompose the system matrix into several smaller modal problems, which can be solved efficiently with sparse direct solvers. The proposed method has been validated numerically and provides an efficient tool for the simulation of the scattering by DBOR geometries in electromagnetics.
Dummy tone insertion for spectral sculpting of the multi-band OFDM UWB system

As the UWB regulations have not been finalized in many parts of the world, spectral flexibility is a key requirement for an UWB system to win in the global marketplace. The unlicensed nature of the UWB spectrum makes it imperative for these devices to have the capability to coexist with existing services. The multi-band OFDM UWB communication system, standardized by ECMA for high-speed WPAN, has the ability to satisfy these requirements. This paper describes a time-domain windowing technique and a dummy tone insertion mechanism that enable spectral sculpting of a multi-band OFDM UWB communication system. The protection offered to radio astronomy bands in Japan is used as an example to illustrate the advantages of these techniques.
A quantitative assessment of CNS sympatho-inhibition produced by psychotropic drugs.

As one index of sympathetic reactivity, electrodermal responses (EDR) were evoked from central (hypothalamic) and peripheral (ulnar nerve) sites in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. When compared with intravenous chlorpromazine (ED50 ∼ 1.0 mg/kg), only thioridazine, trifluoperazine and pimozide were less potent than chlorpromazine in reducing the amplitude of these centrally-evoked sympathetic-cholinergic responses. Perphenazine and methotrimeprazine (a non-neuroleptic phenothiazine) were about twice as potent as chlorpromazine. Haloperidol and triflupromazine were about 5 times as potent and chlorprothixine was more than 10 times as potent. None of these agents reduced the peripherally-evoked electrodermal response, indicating a CNS mode of action. Diazepam was without effect at either site. In addition, pretreatment with yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) did not significantly alter the ED50 for any of the above drugs. These results demonstrate that all of the phenothiazines and non-phenothiazine neuroleptics tested produced a dose-dependent central sympatho-inhibition and that diazepam does not. The results also suggest that there is no significant correlation between central symphatho-inhibition and the antipsychotic potency of these compounds and that their depression of central sympathetic outflow is independent of α-adrenergic mechanisms in the CNS.
Inherited Channelopathies Associated with Epilepsy

Ion channels are critical for neuronal excitability and provide important targets for anticonvulsant drugs. In the past few years, several monogenetic epilepsies have been linked to mutations in genes encoding either voltage-gated or ligand-gated channels. The recognition that certain epilepsy syndromes are “channelopathies” initiates a new era in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of seizure disorders. This review summarizes recent advances related to this exciting area of investigation.
Validation of a Scale to Measure Relaxation in Childbirth Education Classes

: Prenatal neuromuscular dissociation relaxation skill of 31 women was measured both using rater judgment and biofeedback equipment. A correlation of .88 was obtained when the two rating methods were compared. Prenatal relaxation skill achievement was significantly related to mothers’reports of medication used in childbirth. The authors conclude that childbirth educators can be trained to give reliable feedback to clients on achievement of relaxation skill and that achievement of neuromuscular dissociation relaxation skill may be predictive of the use of medication in childbirth.
A non-perturbative analysis of symmetry breaking in two-dimensional φ4 theory using periodic field methods

Abstract We describe the generalization of spherical field theory to other modal expansion methods. The main approach remains the same, to reduce a d -dimensional field theory into a set of coupled one-dimensional systems. The method we discuss here uses an expansion with respect to periodic-box modes. We apply the method to φ 4 theory in two dimensions and compute the critical coupling and critical exponents. We compare with lattice results and predictions via universality and the two-dimensional Ising model.
Deformation of glassy polycarbonate and polystyrene: the influence of chemical structure and local environment

Abstract Understanding the mechanism of deformation is very important in various applications. Although the stress–strain behavior of crystals and glasses are similar, the mechanism of deformation is very different. We used molecular dynamics to study polycarbonate and polystyrene under constant external loads. The results indicate that high atomic/segmental mobility and low local density enable the formation (nucleation) of highly deformed regions that grow to form plastic defects, and the effect of chemical structure was found to dominate the deformation mechanism
The reaction of electrophiles with models of iron–iron hydrogenase: A switch in regioselectivity

Abstract Simple dithiolate-bridged dinuclear iron clusters of the form (μ-S(CH 2 ) x S)[Fe(CO) 2 (PR 3 )] 2 act as models of the active site of the enzyme iron-iron hydrogenase ([FeFe]H 2 ase). These complexes have been shown react with the electrophilic species, H + and Et + ( Et + = CH 3 CH 2 + ) with differing regioselectivity; H + reacts to form a 3c–2e − Fe–H–Fe bond, while Et + reacts to form a new C–S bond. We have used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the reaction of these two electrophilic species using the computational model (μ-SCH 2 CH 2 S)[Fe(CO) 2 (PH 3 )] 2 . In agreement with the experimental results, protonation of the Fe–Fe bond density is found to yield a much more stable complex than protonation of a bridging sulfur atom, while alkylation of a sulfur atom of the bridging thiolate is found to yield a much more stable complex than alkylation of the iron centers. Additional computations show that a mononuclear iron(II) complex with an Fe–E bond (E=H or Et) is significantly more stable than its constitutional isomer with iron(0) and an S–E bond. The instability of a bridging ethyl complex is attributed to the inability of the ethyl group, in contrast to a hydride, to form a stable 3c–2e − bond with the two iron centers.
Replacement of Brook Trout by Brown Trout over 15 Years in a Minnesota Stream: Production and Abundance

Abstract The trout population in Valley Creek, Minnesota, changed over 15 years from virtually 100% brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in 1965 to predominantly brown trout Salmo trutta, with some brook trout and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri remaining. Trout densities were 6,618. hectare-1 in spring 1965 (all brook trout), and 3,430 . hectare-1 in spring 1980 (70% brown, 15% brook, and 15% rainbow trout). Initial standing stock in spring 1965 was 184 kg˙hectare-1(wet weight) of brook trout; in spring 1980, brown trout standing stock was 123 kg˙hectare-1(75%), brook trout 22 kg˙hectare-1˙(13%), and rainbow 19 kg˙hectare-1(12%), for a total of 164 kg˙hectare-1. Annual production in 1965 was 61 kg˙hectare-1 by brook trout (low owing to floods in 1965); annual production in 1979 (spring 1979 to spring 1980) was 132 kg˙hectare-1(70%) by brown, 25 kg˙hectare-1(13%) by brook, and 33 kg˙hectare-1(17%) by rainbow trout, for a total of 190 kg˙hectare-1. Mean annual precipitation, greater fluctuation in annual precip...
Transfusion of Long Stored Whole Blood or Washed Red Blood Cells Incubated with Adenine and Inosine

Full unit autotransfusions of long stored ACD blood, incubated with adenine and inosine at 37 C., were given to healthy young male volunteers. Red cells of blood stored for 35 days showed, after regeneration, a significant increase in ATP and a 24-hour posttransfusion survival of 78.8 per cent (70.9–85.9%); red cells of blood stored for 42 days, thus regenerated, showed a similar increase in ATP and a 24-hour posttransfusion survival of 75.6 per cent (71.5–80.6%). These results were not significantly different from those obtained with 10-ml token autotransfusions of blood similarly treated, the posttransfusion survival of red cells in token transfusions being 78.8 per cent for blood stored 35 days prior to regeneration with adenineinosine and 74 per cent for blood stored for 42 days prior to regeneration. Available data on toxicity of adenine and inosine have been critically reviewed: Chance of direct toxic effects with the small amounts involved may be dismissed when few transfusions are involved; however, uric acid overload must be considered when multiple transfusions are required within a short period of time. A single washing with saline-glucose solution reduces by 90 per cent the concentration of un-metabolized adenine and inosine, and of the product of their metabolism, hypoxanthine. The washing procedure involves a loss of only 0.55 per cent of the total red blood cell population; washing additionally reduces the amount of free hemoglobin. Washing has no effect on the ATP or red blood cell viability, and is recommended when multiple transfusions of cells treated with adenine and inosine are required in a short period of time.
Taking on a researcher's identity: Teacher learning in and through research participation

Abstract In the wake of new educational initiatives for professional development, interest in how, when, and what teachers learn is growing. Traditionally, most research into teacher learning has been located in pre-service and in-service interventions and in studies of classroom practice. Few studies investigate how teachers learn in informal settings, particularly as research participants. Through discourse analysis, this study presents an analysis of one teacher's informal dialogues with a researcher. It describes how, by drawing from different systems of knowing, she positions and identifies herself during retrospective reflection about her current practice and goals for the future. The study demonstrates that in this particular mode of interaction the teacher learned by taking on the identity of a researcher of her own practice. The findings reinforce the importance of an ever-present question for research conducted with teachers: How do research relationships shape the identities teachers construct for themselves.
Non-magnetic left handed nanostructured material

We develop a new approach to build left-handed material (LHM). In contrast to conventional resonance-based LHM designs, our material is non magnetic, and is based on anisotropic dielectric permittivity. We develop theory of its right- and left-handed response, and suggest a number of feasible systems for infrared and optical LHMs.
Qualitative cytochemical localization of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide residues in fixed tissue sections

The senior author had the good fortune to begin his medical education at Western Reserve University during Dr. Hoerr's second year as Payne Professor of Anatomy. Dr. Hoerr's warm friendliness and his broad interests and competence in, and enthusiasm for the growing field of cellular biology served as a source of inspiration. It is an honor to dedicate a new finding in cytochemistry, a field central in his interests, to the memory of Dr. Hoerr.