cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of conformation and phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin

The rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin by myosin light chain kinase and by two myosin light chain phosphatases (gizzard phosphatase IV and aorta phosphatase) are measured in various conditions; the relationship between the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of myosin and the myosin conformation is also studied. The rate of dephosphorylation of myosin was completely inhibited in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2 and ATP at low ionic strength where phosphorylated myosin forms a folded conformation. The inhibition was released when myosin formed either an extended monomer or filaments. The rate of phosphorylation of myosin was also affected by the conformation of myosin. The rate for a folded myosin was slower than those for an extended monomer and filamentous myosin. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of heavy meromyosin, subfragment-1, and the isolated 20,000-dalton light chain are not inhibited at low ionic strength, and the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation was decreased with increasing ionic strength. KCl dependence of the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of myosin was normalized by using KCl dependence of subfragment-1, and it was found that the marked inhibition of the rate of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of myosin is closely related to the change from an extended to a folded conformation of myosin.
On-line identification of driver state for lane-keeping tasks

Online identification of driver state is a desirable element of many proposed active safety systems (e.g. collision detection and avoidance, automated highway and road departure warning systems). Here we consider driver state assessment in the context of a road departure warning and intervention system. A system identification approach, using vehicle lateral position as the input and steering wheel position as the output, is used to develop a model and to continually update its parameters during driving. Driving simulator results indicate that changes in the bandwidth and/or parameters of such a model may be useful indicators of driver fatigue.
Virus infection of cells in mitosis: I. Observations on the recruitment of cells in karyokinesis into giant cells induced by Herpes simplex virus and bearing on the site of virus antigen formation

Abstract Human epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cells infected with Herpes simplex virus formed syncytia which, occasionally, contained nuclei in prophase or mitotic figures resembling chromosomes at metaphase. Syncytia of cultures treated with colchicine did not show a marked increase in the proportion of mitotic figures despite the accumulation in the culture of large numbers of cells arrested in metaphase. Withdrawal of the colchicine from the infected cultures resulted in the formation of macrokaryocytes consisting of a thin rim of cytoplasm and a macrokaryon containing mitotic figures, dispersed chromosomes, and other substances with staining properties of nuclear material. It was concluded that anaphase or telophase are not blocked by virus and that cells are susceptible to recruitment into syncytia in interphase and prophase. Since the resistance to recruitment into giant cells of nuclei arrested in metaphase by colchicine could be reversed by withdrawing the drug without reversal of the inhibition of spindle formation, it was concluded that these two phenomena are functionally independent. Fluorescein antibody staining of syncytia containing nuclei in interphase revealed the early appearance of virus antigen at the nuclear membrane and subsequent accumulation of the antigen in the cytoplasm. In the macrokaryocytes virus antigen was localized around some, but not all, of the mitotic figures inside the macrokaryon. These observations support the view that virus antigen synthesis takes place in structures associated with the nucleus, possibly just before, or at the time that, incomplete virus particles migrate from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Osmoregulation by Vertebrates in Terrestrial Environments

A terrestrial environment for vertebrates leads to both a passive water loss to the air and solute gain through food. Consequently, terrestrial environments would tend to increase the osmotic concentration of vertebrates. Natural selection has led to a variety of behavioural, physiological and anatomical adaptations to both minimize water loss and excrete solutes in order to maintain a constant osmotic concentration in terrestrial environments. Keywords: water turnover; cutaneous resistance; nasal turbinates; kidneys; salt glands; vertebrates
Reductive Pentose Cycle and Formate Assimilation in Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Abstract Rhodopseudomonas palustris assimilated formate autotrophically as carbon dioxide and hydrogen arising from the activity of the formic hydrogenlyase system. Kinetic analyses of cell suspensions pulse-labeled with 14C-formate or 14C-bicarbonate showed similar distributions of incorporated radioactivity. In both cases phosphate esters were the first assimilation products. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, phosphoribose isomerase, and phosphoribulokinase, characteristic enzymes of the reductive pentose cycle, were present in extracts of cells grown on formate.
A Simple and Efficient Process and Communication Abstraction for Network Operating Systems

Process and communication abstractions in current uniprocessor or SMP OSs are poorly suited for processors which may be connected by relatively high-latency, low-bandwidth interconnects. Cooperative Data Sharing (CDS) is a subroutine-level interface designed to target both shared-memory and distributed-memory multiprocessors. CDS1 supports a single simple communication abstraction in which data is not copied unless required by the user program or the target architecture, yet it still supports the use of data forwarding to compensate for high-latency interconnects (when the consuming process is known in advance) and/or remote retrieval of data for demand-driven applications. The ability to write portable heterogeneous programs is also supported, as is communication-initiated subroutine execution. Its utility and small size makes it well suited to partial kernel-level implementation.
Conceptualizing Gender: The Eurocentric Foundations of Feminist Concepts and the Challenge of African Epistemologies

The last five centuries, described as the age of modernity, have been defined by a number of historical processes including the Atlantic Slave Trade and attendant institutions of slavery, and European colonization of Africa Asia and Latin America. The idea of modernity evokes the development of capitalism and industrialization, as well as the establishment of nation states and the growth of regional disparities in the World system. The period has witnessed a host of social and cultural transformations. Significantly, gender and racial categories emerged during this epoch as two fundamental axes along which people were exploited and societies stratified.
Role of cysteine 41 of the A subunit of pertussis toxin.

Abstract The 2 cysteine residues present in the A subunit of pertussis toxin form a disulfide bond in the conformation of the toxin secreted from the bacteria. Previous studies have shown that reduction of this bond is necessary for activation of the enzyme. We have found that reduction of this bond also alters the conformation of the A subunit such that it no longer readily associates with the B oligomer of the toxin, a finding which may have implications concerning the form of the toxin found within the eukaryotic cell. In addition, we have demonstrated that reduction of the disulfide bond of the purified A subunit followed by treatment with sulfhydryl-modifying reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide or 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) results in inhibition of the NAD glycohydrolase activity of the protein. When a tryptic fragment of the A subunit which contains only 1 of the cysteine residues (Cys-41) of the native protein was reacted with N-ethylmaleimide, the NAD glycohydrolase activity of this fragment was substantially reduced. These data indicate that Cys-41 may be in a region of the molecule which is critical for the enzymatic activity of the toxin.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF STRESS, DEPRESSION, AND RAPID ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANTS: REMODELING SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS

Stress and depression are associated with atrophy and loss of neurons in limbic and cortical brain regions that could contribute to the symptoms of depression. Typical monoamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants have only modest efficacy and require long-term treatment, and are only weakly effective in blocking or reversing these structural changes caused by stress. Recent findings demonstrate that ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant actions in difficult to treat depressed patients. In addition, preclinical studies demonstrate that ketamine rapidly increases synaptic connections in the prefrontal cortex by increasing glutamate signaling and activation of pathways that control the synthesis of synaptic proteins. Moreover, ketamine rapidly reverses the synaptic deficits caused by exposure to chronic stress in rodent models. Studies of the signaling mechanisms underlying the actions of ketamine have provided novel approaches and targets for new rapid acting antidepressants with decreased side effects, as well as a better understanding of the neurobiology of stress, depression, and treatment response.
Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review

The results of 46 observational studies were analyzed to assess the strength of the association between depression and parenting behavior and to identify variables that moderated the effects. The association between depression and parenting was manifest most strongly for negative maternal behavior and was evident to a somewhat lesser degree in disengagement from the child. The association between depression and positive maternal behavior was relatively weak, albeit significant. Effects for negative maternal behavior were moderated by timing of the depression: Current depression was associated with the largest effects. However, residual effects of prior depression were apparent for all behaviors. Socioeconomic status, child age, and methodological variables moderated the effects for positive behavior: Effects were strongest for studies of disadvantaged women and mothers of infants. Studies using diagnostic interviews and self-report measures yielded similar effects, suggesting that deficits are not specific to depressive disorder. Research is needed to identify factors that affect the magnitude of parenting deficits among women who are experiencing depression and other psychological difficulties.
Solving the near–far problem in CDMA-based ad hoc networks☆

Abstract In this paper, we propose a distributed CDMA-based medium access protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Our approach accounts for multiple access interference (MAI) at the protocol level, thereby addressing the notorious near–far problem that undermines the throughput performance in MANETs. Collision avoidance information is inserted in the clear-to-send (CTS) packets and broadcasted over an out-of-band control channel. This information is used to dynamically bound the transmission power of possible interfering nodes in the vicinity of a receiver. Data packets are transmitted at a power level such that interference-limited simultaneous transmissions can take place in the vicinity of a receiving terminal without disturbing its reception. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol achieves a significant increase in network throughput relative to the 802.11 approach, at no additional cost in energy consumption. Finally, we show that variable processing gain may be used to increase the capacity of the proposed protocol.
The magnitude and variability of soil-surface CO2 efflux increase with mean annual temperature in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests

Soil-surface CO2 efflux (FS; ‘soil respiration’) accounts for &#8805 50% of the CO2 released annually by the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere, and the magnitude and variability of this flux are likely to be sensitive to climate change. We measured FS in nine permanent plots along a 5.2&#176C mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient (13-18.2&#176C) in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests where substrate type and age, soil type, soil water balance, disturbance history, and canopy vegetation are constant. The objectives of this study were to quantify how the (i) magnitude, (ii) plot-level spatial variability, and (iii) plot-level diel variability of FS vary with MAT. To address the first objective, annual FS budgets were constructed by measuring instantaneous FS monthly in all plots for one year. For the second objective, we compared plot-level mean instantaneous FS in six plots derived from 8 versus 16 measurements, and conducted a power analysis to determine adequate sample sizes. For the third objective, we measured instantaneous FS hourly for 24 h in three plots (cool, intermediate and warm MATs). The magnitude of annual FS and the spatial variability of plot-level instantaneous FS increased linearly with MAT, likely due to concomitant increases in stand productivity. Mean plot-level instantaneous FS from 8 versus 16 measurements per plot yielded statistically similar patterns. The number of samples required to estimate plot-level instantaneous FS within 10% and 20% of the actual mean increased with MAT. In two of three plots examined, diel variability in instantaneous FS was significantly correlated with soil temperature but minimal diel fluctuations in soil temperature (
Oral contraceptive use, caffeine consumption, field-dependence, and the discrimination of colors.

A researcher from the US Army Research Institute in Natick Massachusetts and a student from Wellesley College in Massachusetts examined routine use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and caffeine among 43 female college students and their effect on field dependence and color discrimination. They asked the student to complete a questionnaire about OC and caffeine use and characteristics of their menstrual cycles. They used the 100-Hue test to measure color discrimination and the Gottschaldt Hidden Shapes test to determine filed dependence. Since large within subjects variability from month to month in length of menstrual cycle existed the researchers could not collect phase specific color discrimination data from enough students to make accurate projections. 29 students ranked as field independent and 14 as field dependent. Similarly the distribution of color discrimination scores was skewed toward the higher end of the performance continuum (mean total error score=40.9 compared to 67.8 and 69.5 for 2 earlier studies). Field independent students scored better than field dependent students in discrimination of colors. OC nonusers performed significantly better than OC users in color discrimination in all cases. Yet increased caffeine use among OC users resulted in poorer color discrimination than nonusers. In fact high caffeine consumption among nonusers was significantly associated with better color discrimination than OC users. The researchers could not attribute causation to either OCs or caffeine because of study design limitations.
ON COMPUTING BOND RETURNS: THE EVALUATION OF LOW‐GRADE DEBT

Previous research attributes disparities in the reported performance of junk bonds to differences in bond issues and time periods. The potential effect of apparently subtle differences in methodology is overlooked. We find that the methodologies used in computing performance vary significantly across representative junk bond studies. The differences in methodology can induce dramatic differences in reported performance, even with identical price data. These findings lead to the conjecture that the entire junk bond controversy might never have occurred had bond portfolio returns been computed consistent with the well-established computations of stock returns.
Social economics, justice and the common good

A precise definition of “social economics” has been the subject of much debate for the last 30 years and, as yet, there seems to be no general consensus of opinion. This paper attempts to embrace the apparent pluralism of viewpoints as a temporary instrument to encourage critical debate and dialogue in order to work towards a unified concept of social economics.
Particulate uranium, plutonium and polonium in the biogeochemistries of the coastal zone

ALTHOUGH increasing attention has been paid to the role of inorganic solid phases in the chemistry of seawater, little quantitative data has been available to assess their involvement with living systems. We report here recent observations on the uptake of uranium, plutonium and polonium in coastal waters by organisms and submerged surfaces as traced by their isotopes. We show that the body burdens of these radioelements in some marine organisms are governed measurably by the uptake of their particulate forms. Furthermore, these elements are associated with different particulate phases as deduced from the rates at which they deposit on submerged surfaces.
The effect of a silane coupling agent on the bond strength of bone cement and cobalt-chrome alloy.

Debonding of the cement-implant interface has been hypothesized to be the leading initial indicator of failed total hip prostheses. Many attempts have been made to increase the bond strength of this interface by precoating the implant, increasing the implant's surface roughness, and creating macro-grooves or channels on the implant. However, each of these approaches introduces new complications. This study introduces a unique silane coupling agent used to chemically bond the bone cement to the implant. Cylindrical cobalt-chrome samples were treated with the silane coupling agent, bonded to polymethylmethacrylate, and pushed out to failure. The mean shear strengths were compared to the failure strengths of untreated samples. Half of the specimens were tested immediately following cement curing, and the other half were tested after immersion in saline solution for 60 days. The mean shear strength of the silane-coated samples ranged from 18.2 to 24.1 MPa, and the mean shear strength of the uncoated samples ranged from 7.6 to 15.0 MPa. The increase in strength following silane coating noted in this study may increase the longevity of the implant by decreasing debonding at the interface and, therefore, subsequent failure due to loosening.
Determination of sex chromosomal constitution and chromosomal origin of drumsticks, drumstick-like structures, and other nuclear bodies in human blood cells at interphase by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

The sex chromosomal constitution has been determined in various types of human leukocytes at interphase by use of fluorescence in situ hybridization with X- and/or Y-specific DNA probes. It is found that during aging and differentiation of myelocytes into polymorphs there is no significant change in the relative frequency of various types of male and female cells with a specific type of sex chromosomal constitution. Nonrandom variability of the relative proximity between the X chromosomes within the nuclei is also observed in female cells. Moreover, we are the first to determine that sex-specific “drumsticks” and “sessile nodules” in female polymorphs originate from the X chromosomes and that non-sex-specific “drumstick-like” bodies in male polymorphs are of Y chromosomal origin.
Configuring it out

Methods in Computational Chemistry. Vol. 1, Electron Correlation in Atoms and Molecules. Edited by Stephen Wilson. Plenum: 1987. Pp.363. $78, £43.35.
ESR studies of well-dispersed Ag crystallites on SiO2

ESR was utilized to study Ag on SiO{sub 2} over a dispersion range of 0.04 to 0.32, which gave average Ag crystallites sizes between 4 and 31 nm. For all samples only a single sharp signal was observed at g = 2.0028 {+-} 0.0002 with a peak-to-peak linewidth of 1.5-6.0 G, whether after reduction at 773 K or after adsorption of O{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O or C{sub 2}H{sub 5}Cl. This signal was shown to be associated with conduction electrons existing only in small nanocrystallites (ca. 7 nm or smaller) in which quantum size effects occur to increase the spin relaxation time and provide a CESR signal. The use of {sup 17}O verified the peak was not due to any paramagnetic oxygen species. No correlation between line width or g shift and average crystallite size (below 7 nm) was observed, although a model invoking quantum size effects has predicted one. Adsorption of O{sub 2} or N{sub 2}O at either 300 or 443 K produced identical results-the peak intensity was decreased and no new peaks were detected. Exposure to H{sub 2} at 443 or 300 K provided almost complete or partial restoration of the signal, respectively. Adsorption of C{sub 2}H{sub 5}Cl atmore » 300 K had no effect, but at 523 K adsorption on clean Ag markedly decreased intensity, and adsorption on an oxygen-covered Ag surface further decreased signal strength, thus indicating the strong interaction Cl atoms can achieve when such promoters are used in the partial oxidation of ethylene. 42 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs.« less
Revolutionary Posturing: Iranian Writers and the Iranian Revolution of 1979

During those eventful days of early January 1979, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran had finally announced his intention to leave the country and the revolutionary leader Ayatollah Khomeini had made his return from exile contingent on the shah's departure, a hemistitch by Hafez, the 14th-century Persian poet, suddenly appeared next to an array of revolutionary slogans on display in the streets of Tehran: “Div cho birun ravad fereshteh dar āyad” (When the demon departs, the angel shall arrive). The basic binary oppositions of demon/angel and departure/arrival fit the realities of the situation the country had found itself in; a perfect correspondence had been made between the simple, single idea enshrined in the abstract language of a medieval poetic phrase and the intricate political posturing involved in a modern-day revolution in the making. Furthermore, the stark discourse of antagonism underlying the opposition had become as absolute, as uncompromising as the idea of a total revolution.
Effects of estrogens on serum lipids and apoproteins of the chicken embryo

Abstract 1. 1. Fertile chicken eggs were injected with 0.25 mg estrone at 9, 10, 12, 14 and 17 days of incubation. Serums from the embryos were assayed 4 days later in each case for total lipids, total non-lipid materials, apoprotein A-I (Apo A-I), apoprotein B (Apo B), phosvitin and lipovitellin. 2. 2. Increases in serum total lipids and serum Apo B were seen at all embryonic stages by 4 days following estrone injection, including the earliest time of injection (9 days of incubation). 3. 3. The ratio of Apo B to total serum lipid (as induced by estrogen treatment) increased as a function of increasing developmental stage. 4. 4. Serum Apo A-I decreased slightly, as a result of estrone injection, during later stages of development. 5. 5. Serum phosvitin (a phosphoprotein subcomponent of vitellogenin, a protein which is specifically induced in adult egg-laying vertebrates by estrogens) was detected by double immunodiffusion at the earliest bleeding (13 days of incubation). However, it was not present in amounts detectable by chemical means until 16 days of incubation. 6. 6. Although the responses were highly variable, the amounts of phosvitin appearing in the serum after estrogen treatment increased as a function of developmental stage. 7. 7. Serum lipovitellin (another subcomponent of vitellogenin) was also detected by double immunodiffusion at the earliest bleeding (13 days of incubation). Although quantitative tests were not carried out on this very dense lipoprotein, immunodiffusion lines show substantial increases in thickness at 16 and 18 days of incubation. 8. 8. No changes in weights of livers (and hence, in rates of cell division therein) were detected.
Vibration Signature Analysis and Parameter Extractions on Damages in Gears and Rolling Element Bearings

This paper is to analyze and identify damage in gear teeth and rolling element bearings by establishing pattern feature parameters from vibration signatures. In the present work, different damage scenarios involving different combinations of gear tooth damage, bearing damage are considered. Each of the damage scenarios are studied and compared in the time domain, the frequency domain, and the joint time-frequency domain using the FM0 technique, the Fourier Transform, the Wigner-Ville Transform, and the Continuous Wavelet Transform, respectively. Results obtained from the three different signal domains are analyzed to develop indicative parameters and visual presentations that measure the integrity and wellness of the bearing and gear components. The joint time-frequency domain obtained from the continuous wavelet transform has shown to be a superior technique for providing clear visual examination solution for different types of component damages as well as for feature extractions used for computer-based machine health monitoring solution.
Human platelet phospholipase A2 activity is responsive in vitro to pH and Ca2+ variations which parallel those occurring after platelet activation in vivo

Secretion of human platelet dense granule contents in response to epinephrine and other weak agonists requires the prior liberation of membrane-esterified arachidonic acid by a phospholipase A2 enzyme species whose activity is regulated by Na+/H+ exchange (e.g., Sweatt et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 8660-8673 and Banga et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, (197-9201). Based on our earlier findings in intact platelets, we postulated that the alkalinization of the platelet interior that accompanies accelerated activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter enables the phospholipase A2 enzyme to function at ambient or low concentrations of intraplatelet Ca2+. To test the hypothesis that the Ca2+ dependence of platelet phospholipase A2 activity is influenced by changes in intraplatelet pH that occur following platelet activation, we characterized the Ca2+ dependence of this enzyme as a function of changes in pH (from pH 6.8-8.0), since it is within this range that intraplatelet pH changes occur following platelet activation. Phospholipase A2 enzymatic activity in platelet particulate preparations was detectable in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ (EC50 1-2 microM) and plateaued above 10 microM Ca2+. Enzymatic activity measured at 4.8 microM Ca2+ was increased by raising the pH from 5.5 to 8.0 (EC50 7.4), was optimal at pH 8.0 and declined at more alkaline values. Furthermore, increases in pH from pH 6.8 to pH 8.0 not only increased maximal enzymatic activity but also enabled detection of enzymatic activity at lower Ca2+ concentrations. The interdependent regulation of phospholipase A2 activity by changes in pH and Ca2+ suggests that phospholipase A2 could serve to integrate changes in intracellular pH and available Ca2+ that occur subsequent to activation of human platelets by epinephrine and other weak agonists.
A Framework to Evaluate Omnidirectional Video Coding Schemes

Omnidirectional videos of real world environments viewed on head-mounted displays with real-time head motion tracking can offer immersive visual experiences. For live streaming applications, compression is critical to reduce the bitrate. Omnidirectional videos, which are spherical in nature, are mapped onto one or more planes before encoding to interface with modern video coding standards. In this paper, we consider the problem of evaluating the coding efficiency in the context of viewing with a head-mounted display. We extract viewport based head motion trajectories, and compare the original and coded videos on the viewport. With this approach, we compare different sphere-to-plane mappings. We show that the average viewport quality can be approximated by a weighted spherical PSNR.
Managing the cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint of internet services

The large amount of energy consumed by Internet services represents significant and fast-growing financial and environmental costs. This paper introduces a general, optimization-based framework and several request distribution policies that enable multi-data-center services to manage their brown energy consumption and leverage green energy, while respecting their service-level agreements (SLAs) and minimizing energy cost. Our policies can be used to abide by caps on brown energy consumption that might arise from various scenarios such as government imposed Kyoto-style carbon limits. Extensive simulations and real experiments show that our policies allow a service to trade off consumption and cost. For example, using our policies, a service can reduce brown energy consumption by 24% for only a 10% increase in cost, while still abiding by SLAs.
Coherent-State Multipole Moments: Source of Important Scattering Information

Coherent states are completely parametrized in terms of multipole moments and their time derivatives. For hydrogen atoms excited by electron impact, our calculations show that these parameters provide new information concerning the final-state interactions of the hydrogen atom and the projectile electron. These large final-state-interaction effects make first-order perturbation calculations inappropriate. We present calculations which properly incorporate these dynamical effects. Experiments which determine these parameters are discussed.
Translating it into real life: a qualitative study of the cognitions, barriers and supports for key obesogenic behaviors of parents of preschoolers

Little is known about preschool parents’ cognitions, barriers, supports and modeling of key obesogenic behaviors, including breakfast, fruit and vegetable consumption, sugary beverage intake, feeding practices, portion sizes, active playtime, reduced screen-time, sleep and selection of child-care centers with characteristics that promote healthy behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine these factors via survey and focus groups among 139 parents of 2- to 5-year-old children. Standard content analysis procedures were used to identify trends and themes in the focus group data, and Analysis of Variance was used to test for differences between groups in the survey data. Results showed 80% of parents ate breakfast daily, consumed sugary beverages 2.7 ± 2.5SD days per week, and had at least two different vegetables and fruits an average of 5.2 ± 1.8SD and 4.6 ± 2.0SD days per week. Older parents and those with greater education drank significantly fewer sugary drinks. Parents played actively a mean 4.2 ± 2.2 hours/week with their preschoolers, who watched television a mean 2.4 ± 1.7 hours/day. Many parents reported having a bedtime routine for their preschooler and choosing childcare centers that replaced screen-time with active play and nutrition education. Common barriers to choosing healthful behaviors included lack of time; neighborhood safety; limited knowledge of portion size, cooking methods, and ways to prepare healthy foods or play active indoor games; the perceived cost of healthy options, and family members who were picky eaters. Supports for performing healthful behaviors included planning ahead, introducing new foods and behaviors often and in tandem with existing preferred foods and behaviors, and learning strategies from other parents. Future education programs with preschool parents should emphasize supports and encourage parents to share helpful strategies with each other.
Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analysis of an acyl-enzyme intermediate of alpha-chymotrypsin.

Abstract Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to obtain signal enhancement of the spectrum of the trans-cinnamoyl-α-chymotrypsin acyl-enzyme intermediate. Dilute solutions (as low as 2.5 mg/ml) of enzyme or stabilized acyl-enzyme intermediate were used to form thin films on a germanium crystal surface. The secondary structure of the enzyme thin film was shown to be consistent with the native secondary structure using deconvoluted FTIR data. A novel subtraction technique was used to eliminate interfering spectra of water vapor and protein in critical regions of analysis for esters. This permitted the difference spectra of the one new ester carbonyl bond to be discerned from the 300 or so amide bonds in the protein. The results suggest that the acyl-enzyme exists in two different conformations. This study demonstrates that ir structural information of enzyme-substrate or enzyme-inhibitor complexes can be obtained with dilute protein solutions.
Explicit Control of Implicit Responses: Simple Directives can alter IAT Performance.

Research has begun to reveal the malleability of implicit prejudice. One measure of this construct, the race Implicit Association Test (IAT), represents a widely-used tool to assess individuals’ positive and negative associations with different racial groups. In two studies, we demonstrate the capacity of salient pressures to alter implicit racial responses. In Study 1, an enhancement of promoting pressures through an explicit instruction to stereotype was sufficient to increase pro-White bias on the IAT. In Study 2, an enhancement of inhibiting pressures through a simple instruction to avoid stereotyping was sufficient to reduce pro-White bias. Taken together, the studies suggest that implicit prejudice is amenable to voluntary control through the use of simple, direct means.
Tourism in Society

This essay starts with a discussion of the scope of tourism as a major force in our contemporary global consumer culture. It also contains information on the development of tourism education in universities and problems students studying tourism often face in the workplace. The main function of the essay is to introduce the articles I have solicited from a number of tourism scholars, which reflect various disciplinary approaches to tourism. They deal with the following topics: sociological studies of tourism and modernism, questions about postmodernism and the role of authenticity in tourism, a historical perspective on the growth of the cruise industry, a case study investigating the role of advertising in tourism and an analysis of the functions of stereotypes in tourism. It is hoped that these essays will induce scholars not working in the area to consider investigating tourism in future research.
Complex polarity reversals in a geodynamo model

Abstract Complex polarity reversals in numerical dynamos driven by thermo-chemical convection are analyzed in terms of magnetic field intensity variations, transitional field structure, and other observable characteristics. Our most Earth-like dynamos are characterized by long stable polarity chrons with dipole-dominant magnetic fields punctuated by occasional polarity reversals, and are found within a transition region of parameter space between non-reversing strongly dipolar dynamos and chaotic multi-polar-type dynamos. Dynamos in the transition region have elevated dipole terms, reduced quadrupole terms, magnetic energy that decreases slowly with spherical harmonic degree, and broadband dipole frequency spectra. Their axial dipole intensity histograms are trimodal, with large modes representing the stable polarity states and an intermediate mode representing the transitional multi-polar state. The dipole family intensity exceeds the quadrupole family intensity on the core–mantle boundary during stable polarity times, but during transitions the two families are similar. A complex dynamo model reversal is compared with paleomagnetic reconstructions around the Matuyama–Brunhes polarity transition. Both start with a gradual decrease of the dipole intensity, followed by a precursor reversal and transient polarity recovery, then a rapid dipole collapse and a final reversal that initiates with reverse flux generation in one hemisphere. Virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) from sites near the reverse flux trace complex paths and cross the equator several thousand years before the simpler VGP paths from more distant sites, and magnetic intensity variations during the dynamo model reversal correlate with intensity variations inferred for the Matuyama–Brunhes transition.
Bounds on the subsolidus attenuation for four rock types at simultaneous high temperature and pressure

Abstract No measurements have so far been reported for attenuation in any silicates which are believed to be pertinent to the interpretation of the low velocity zones. However, previously reported small strain creep measurements on four rock types, conducted under pressure in the temperature range 500–1000° C, are here used to set limits on the subsolidus attenuation to be expected under seismic conditions. Among the conclusions that can be so reached are: 1. (1)The commonly used transducer and resonance techniques will not yield significant subsolidus attenuation at any temperature because of their high frequencies. 2. (2)Granite will - and other rock types may - show very large attenuation in the subsolidus range for seismic frequencies. 3. (3)Seismically determined 1/ Q values as high as 0.03–0.10 cannot be confidently ascribed to partial melting.
Main group chemistry: A heavier-element ketone at last

The first heavier main-group-14-element analogue of a ketone, which contains a three-coordinate germanium atom multiply bonded to oxygen, has been prepared and characterized.
Warm Disk Coronae in Classical T Tauri Stars

It is proposed that a warm disk corona is a characteristic feature of the accretion process in a classical T Tauri star, based on analyses of the [O I] λλ6300, 5577 emission and the central absorptions in the Balmer lines of hydrogen. Calculations are presented to determine the physical conditions needed to produce the hydrogen and O I excitation. They indicate that a substantial fraction of the energy released in the accretion of matter through the disk may be dissipated at the disk surface in order to heat the corona.
The nursery needs discoveries.

Neonatologists need to readdress the factors that influenced past discoveries “To cure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always” The care of newborn babies has been enhanced significantly by these objectives, but in recent times the pace of discoveries for curing has slowed considerably. Consider the therapeutic advances over four decades, the two preceding and the two following 1980. The first period was characterised by a significant decline in neonatal morbidity and mortality. It was highlighted by the prevention of haemorrhagic disease, tetanus, rhesus disease, rubella, apnoea of prematurity, hypoglycaemia, and hyaline membrane disease. Further contributions included phototherapy, resuscitation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and continuous positive airways pressure. A golden age of therapy indeed! By contrast the second period looks rather sparse. It heralded the prevention of neural tube defects, but then the pace of discovery slackened. With the exceptions of surfactant and kangaroo care, advances …
Understanding light-induced degradation of c-Si solar cells

We discuss results of our investigations toward understanding bulk and surface components of light-induced degradation (LID) in low-Fe c-Si solar cells. The bulk effects, arising from boron-oxygen defects, are determined by comparing degradation of cell parameters and their thermal recovery, with that of the minority-carrier lifetime (τ) in sister wafers. We found that the recovery of t in wafers takes a much longer annealing time compared to that of the cell. We also show that cells having SiN:H coating experience a surface degradation (ascribed to surface recombination). The surface LID is seen as an increase in the q/2kT component of the dark saturation current (J 02 ). The surface LID does not recover fully upon annealing and is attributed to degradation of the SiN:H-Si interface. This behavior is also exhibited by mc-Si cells that have very low oxygen content and do not show any bulk degradation.
Thermal Conductivity Characterization of Nano-Enhanced Paraffin Wax

Paraffin waxes are commonly used phase change materials for energy storage. However, the low thermal conductivity of the paraffin wax can limit the energy charging and discharging rate. In this research, a new nano-enhanced paraffin wax with dispersed conductive nanoparticles is tested for the thermal conductivity enhancement. A notable increase in the thermal conductivity has been measured from the carbon nanofiber enhanced paraffin wax.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Paper ID HP005 barium titanate-polymer composites produced via directional freezing

In this study we use a freeze casting technique to construct ceramic-polymer composites in which the two phases are arranged in an electrically parallel configuration. By doing so, the composites exhibit dielectric constant (K) up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of composites with ceramic particles randomly dispersed in a polymer matrix. In this technique, an aqueous ceramic slurry was frozen uni-directionally to form ice platelets and ceramic aggregates that were aligned in the temperature gradient direction. Upon freeze drying, the ice platelets sublimed and left the lamellar ceramic structure intact. The green ceramic body is fired to retain the microstructure and then the space between ceramic lamellae was infiltrated with a polymer material. The finished composites exhibit the high dielectric constant of ferroelectric ceramics while maintaining the flexibility and ease of post-processing handling of polymer materials. We also observed graceful failure behavior during dielectric breakdown testing.
Characterizing and Modeling Wind Power Forecast Errors from Operational Systems for Use in Wind Integration Planning Studies

An important consideration in wind power integration studies is the role that wind power forecasting will play in simulated high-penetration system operations. As no wind power forecast is perfect, an understanding of the forecast error distributions that are observed in current system operations is important for modeling the forecast errors that can be expected in future scenarios. In this work, we statistically characterize and model the wind power forecast errors from three different operational forecasting systems at multiple timescales. Comparisons are made with two methods that are commonly used in wind integration studies to represent wind power forecasting: the persistence model, and an assumed normal distribution of forecasting errors. A number of model distributions are fit to the operational system forecast errors and the accuracy of the model fits to extreme events is examined in detail.
Self-help groups: The members' perspectives

The emergence of self-help groups as an important source of help-giving for persons with psychological problems has occurred without a systematic attempt to tap an important source of information about this phenomenon: the members themselves. Eighty members of nine self-help groups were surveyed. The results of this study suggest that self-help groups serve a different population than do professional therapists, that the help-giving processes are mainly supportive in nature, and that an optimistic attitude toward increased collaboration between professional care-givers and self-help groups is justified. Questions for further research are discussed.
Diet and food selection in the endemic Hawaiian amphidromous goby, Sicyopterus stimpsoni (Pisces: Gobiidae)

The ecological role of Sicyopterus stimpsoni as a nearly exclusive algal grazer in Hawaiian streams is established through gut content analysis of 192 fish from Wainiha River on the northern island of Kaua'i. Algae in three phyla (Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Chrysophyta) were found to be the primary components of the fish's diet (94.62% of dry biomass). Aquatic insect immatures (primarily Chironomidae) accounted for most of the remaining food biomass (5.37%). Poorly developed gill rakers and high gut-to-length ratios provide evidence for adaptation to herbivory and morphological separation of S. stimpsoni from sympatric gobiods. Interspecific competition for the green alga, Cladophora sp., is suggested as an important feature of biotic interactions among native stream fishes but is mitigated by interspecific differences in food preference and utilization. A Category V hurricane which devastated the island in September 1992 provided a fortuitous opportunity to study disturbance influences on benthic food resources in the stream. Disturbance regimes influenced food selection of S. stimpsoni by altering the abundance and composition of stream algae. Rapid adjustment of S. stimpsoni to changes occurring in algal resource abundance illustrates its superb adaptation to life in a swift-water environment subjected to periodic flood-induced disturbance.
Linear Conic Programming: A Potential Modeling Tool for Service Systems and Management

Modeling the problems facing for further analysis and decision making is often required by service systems and management. A toolbox with up-to-date methodologies may render us more powerful modeling capabilities for better analysis and sounder decisions. Linear conic programming extends the popularly used linear programming models from linearity to non-linearity and from convexity to non-convexity in polynomial-time computations. In this talk, we present the general model, essential concepts, state-of-the art research and illustrative applications of linear conic programming to general audience with basic understanding of the linear programming methodology.
Simulating the maximum of a random walk

In this paper, we show how to exactly sample from the distribution of the maximum of a random walk with negative drift. We also explore related variance reduction methods.
Separation and identification of anions using porous graphitic carbon and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: Application to inorganic explosives and their post blast residues

Identification of the anions in inorganic explosives and their post-blast residues using ion chromatography (IC) and/or capillary electrophoresis (CE) is well established. However, IC and CE instrumentation are not as common in forensic science laboratories. Furthermore, coupling IC and CE to a mass spectrometer can be challenging as volatile buffers are required or ion suppressors must be used. Porous Graphitic Carbon (PGC) is a relatively new stationary phase type that is available for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). PGC is known for its high retention of polar species and separation of anions using PGC has been demonstrated. In this work, a PGC (2.1 × 100 mm) column was coupled to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) for the analysis and detection of anions. Several parameters of the method were optimized including ion source temperature (550 °C), MS cone voltage (75 V), injection volume (1 μL), solvent composition (1% formic acid in water), and column temperature (80 °C). This resulted in a method that separated 6 anions Cl−, NO3−, ClO3−, HSO4−, ClO4−, and dicyandiamide (DCDA) in less than 5 min. Several low explosive powders were analyzed intact and after burning. Finally, the post-blast residues of two black powder substitutes were extracted from pipe bomb container fragments and analyzed using this technique.