cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MSX, 2MASS, and the LMC: A Combined Near and Mid Infrared View

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) has been observed by both the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) in the mid-infrared and the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) in the near-infrared. We have performed a cross-correlation of the 1806 MSX catalog sources and nearly 1.4 million 2MASS catalogued point and extended sources and find 1664 matches. Using the available color information, we identify a number of stellar populations and nebulae, including main sequence stars, giant stars, red supergiants, carbon- and oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, planetary nebulae, H II regions, and other dusty objects likely associated with early-type stars. 731 of these sources have no previous identification. We compile a listing of all objects, which includes photometry and astrometry. The 8.3 micron MSX sensitivity is the limiting factor for object detection: only the brighter red objects, specifically the red supergiants, AGB stars, planetary nebulae and HII regions, are detected in the LMC. The remaining objects are likely in the Galactic foreground. The spatial distribution of the infrared LMC sources may contribute to understanding stellar formation and evolution and the overall galactic evolution. We demonstrate that a combined mid- and near-infrared photometric baseline provides a powerful means of identifying new objects in the LMC for future ground-based and space-based follow-up observations.
Cervical cancer diagnosed in women after age 65: characteristics of cases, treatment, and survival in the United States

Objectives: Given that cervical cancer (CC) incidence rates do not decline in women >65, there is generally limited screening, and these women have a poor prognosis, it is imperative to better understand this patient population. Therefore, we aim to describe the characteristics, treatment, and survival of CC patients with age >65. Methods: SEER-Medicare linked data from 2004-2013 was used to describe 2,274 patients >65 diagnosed with invasive CC. Five-year overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify characteristics associated with treatment and mortality. Results: The median age was 76.1 years, with nearly one-third of cases occurring in women >80 years. Most patients were non-Hispanic White (64.8%), had comorbidity scores 1 (53.9%), and had squamous histology (66.3%). Most women were diagnosed at stage II or higher (62.7%), including nearly one-quarter at Stage IV (23.1%). Nearly 20% of patients weren't treated (18.6%), and lack of treatment was associated with oldest age (>80), comorbidity scores ≥2, and stage IV disease. Five-year OS was 24%. Increasing age and Black race were found to be significantly associated with lower OS survival. Conclusions: Most CC in women >65 are locally advanced or metastatic, with 1-in-5 untreated, and 65 constitute an increasing proportion of the US population and remain at-risk for CC into their 80’s, highlight the need to re-evaluate screening and treatment practices in this population.
Source-sink connectivity: A novel interictal EEG marker for seizure localization

Over 15 million epilepsy patients worldwide have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Successful surgery is a standard of care treatment for DRE but can only be achieved through complete resection or disconnection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ), the brain region(s) where seizures originate. Surgical success rates vary between 20-80% because no clinically validated biological markers of the EZ exist. Localizing the EZ is a costly and time-consuming process beginning with non-invasive neuroimaging and often followed by days to weeks of intracranial EEG (iEEG) monitoring. Clinicians visually inspect iEEG data to identify abnormal activity (e.g., low-voltage high frequency activity) on individual channels occurring immediately before seizures or spikes that occur on interictal iEEG (i.e., between seizures). In the end, the clinical standard mainly relies on a small proportion of the iEEG data captured to assist in EZ localization (minutes of seizure data versus days of recordings), missing opportunities to leverage these largely ignored interictal data to better diagnose and treat patients. Intracranial EEG offers a unique opportunity to observe epileptic cortical network dynamics but waiting for seizures increases patient risks associated with invasive monitoring. In this study, we aim to leverage interictal iEEG data by developing a new network-based interictal iEEG marker of the EZ. We hypothesize that when a patient is not clinically seizing, it is because the EZ is inhibited by other regions. We developed an algorithm that identifies two groups of nodes from the interictal iEEG network: those that are continuously inhibiting a set of neighboring nodes ("sources") and the inhibited nodes themselves ("sinks"). Specifically, patient-specific dynamical network models (DNMs) were estimated from minutes of iEEG and their connectivity properties revealed top sources and sinks in the network, with each node being quantified by source-sink metrics (SSMs). We validated the SSMs in a retrospective analysis of 65 patients by using the SSMs of the annotated EZ to predict surgical outcomes. The SSMs predicted outcomes with an accuracy of 79% compared to an accuracy of 43% for clinicians9 predictions (surgical success rate of this dataset). In failed outcomes, we identified regions of the brain with high SSMs that were untreated. When compared to high frequency oscillations, the most commonly proposed interictal iEEG feature for EZ localization, SSMs outperformed in predictive power (by a factor of 1.2) suggesting SSMs may be an interictal iEEG fingerprint of the EZ.
Anthropometry and Strength Characteristics of Low Coal Miners with Respect to Sex and Age

A battery of general anthropometric measures and selected isometric strength measures have been made on a sample of male and female low coal miners in the United States (low coal refers to coal mines in which the coal seam and, thus, tunnel heights are less than 48 inches).In comparison to selected military and civilian anthropometric surveys, both the male and female low coal miners showed significantly greater body circumferences on similar measures. Analysis of the isometric strength data showed both the male and female low coal miners to have significantly lower back strengths than a reference industrial population. Male miners had significantly greater standing leg strengths than the reference population. These differences can be attributed to the occupational and postural demands present in low coal mining.
Declarative Semantics of Belief Queries in MLS Deductive Databases

A logic based language, called MultiLog, for multi level secure relational databases has recently been proposed. It has been shown that MultiLog is capable of capturing the notion of user belief, of filtering unwanted and “useless” information in its proof theory. Additionally, it can guard against a previously unknown security breach — the so called surprise. stories. In this paper, we outline a possible approach to a declarative characterization of belief queries in MultiLog in a very informal manner. We show that for “simple programs” with belief queries, the semantics is rather straight forward. Semantics for the general Horn programs may be developed based on the understanding of the model theoretic characterization of belief queries developed in this paper.
Myocardial Infarction in a Premenopausal Woman on Leuprolide Therapy

Premenopausal women with chest pain syndrome may have nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries with abnormal coronary flow. Estrogens have cardioprotective effect improving coronary vasodilatation. This case report discusses the consequences of leuprolide use by decreasing estrogen levels which led to acute myocardial infarction.
Minimizing the use of random oracles in authenticated encryption schemes

A cryptographic scheme is “provably secure” if an attack on the scheme implies an attack on the underlying primitives it employs. A cryptographic scheme is “provably secure in the random-oracle model” if it uses a cryptographic hash function F and is provably secure when F is modeled by a public random function. Demonstrating that a crypto graphic scheme is provably secure in the random-oracle model engenders much assurance in the scheme's correctness. But there may remain some lingering fear that the concrete hash function which instantiates the random oracle differs from a random function in some significant way. So it is good to limit reliance on random oracles. Here we describe two encryption schemes which use their random oracles in a rather limited way. The schemes achieve semantic security and plaintext awareness under specified assumptions. One scheme uses the RSA primitive; another uses Diffie-Hellman. In either case messages longer than the modulus length can be safely and directly encrypted without relying on the hash functions modeled as random-oracles to be good for private-key encryption.
Influence of fiber coatings on the oxidation of fiber-reinforced SiC composites

Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the reaction kinetics associated with high-temperature air oxidation of graphite- or BN-coated Nicalon-reinforced SiC composites. For those with graphite interlayers, the shapes of the thermogravimetric curves, and the dependencies of weight changes on interfacial layer thickness and exposure temperature, could be explained on the basis of concurrent reactions associated with oxidation of the graphite and the formation of SiO[sub 2] on the matrix and fibers. The oxidation resistance of SiC with BN-coated Nicalon fibers was significantly better than when graphite coatings were used. Flexure tests of Nicalon/graphite/SiC previously oxidized in air at 950[degree]C revealed that degradation of fracture resistance can be detected after very short exposure times (less than 1 h). Accordingly, a knowledge of reaction kinetics is important in characterizing environmental effects on fracture and damage and in predicting the rate of properties degradation. 12 refs, 4 figs, 2 tabs.
When carnivores roam: temporal patterns and overlap among Madagascar's native and exotic carnivores

Madagascar's Eupleridae carnivores are perhaps the least studied and most threatened family of Carnivora. Investigating potential direct and indirect competition among these native species and sympatric exotic carnivores is necessary to better direct conservation actions. From 2008 to 2013, we photographically surveyed a diverse rainforest landscape, comparing six native and three exotic carnivores' activity patterns throughout the diel cycle. We used hierarchical Bayesian Poisson analysis to describe the activity patterns of Madagascar's carnivore community, assessed effects of season and site on temporal activity patterns, and estimated coefficients of overlap between carnivore pairings to assess effects of body size and ecological niche on temporal overlap among native and exotic carnivores. We observed changes in temporal activity patterns across seasons particularly during the austral summer (hot–dry season) for four native and two exotic carnivores, including evidence of fossa Cryptoprocta ferox altering their temporal activity during their mating season (hot–dry season). We found evidence of high overlap between natives and exotics indicating the potential for increased interactions and competition. The greatest overlap in temporal activity occurred between both ring-tail Galidia elegans and brown-tail vontsira Salanoia concolor and exotic dogs Canis familiaris. Cr. ferox, falanouc Eupleres goudotii and spotted fanaloka Fossa fossana also overlapped in activity with the nocturnal, exotic Indian civet Viverricula indica. Cr. ferox avoided humans and Ca. familiaris across all seasons. Unexpectedly, carnivore body size and ecological niche were not important predictors of temporal overlap. Previous research has shown these native and exotic carnivores overlap spatially and these new findings of temporal overlap among native and exotic carnivores add urgency to the need to manage exotic carnivores across Madagascar.
Enhancer of seizure: a new genetic locus in Drosophila melanogaster defined by interactions with temperature-sensitive paralytic mutations.

Mutations in the enhancer of seizure ( e ( sei )) locus have been isolated on the basis of their ability to cause temperature-induced paralysis of alleles at the seizure ( sei ) locus at temperatures at which these mutations ordinarily do not paralyze. This enhancer is specific to the seizure locus and is without effect on other temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants including para, nap, tip-E and shi . This suggests that the enhancer responds specifically to the mechanism of paralysis mediated by the seizure mutations. The e ( sei ) is a recessive mutation which maps to 39.0 on the left arm of chromosome 3 . Deficiency mapping has placed it at 69A4-B5 on the salivary gland polytene chromosome map. When a new enhancer allele was isolated following P-M hybrid dysgenesis, there was a concomitant P -element insertion at 69B. In the absence of seizure mutations, the enhancer mutation causes non-temperature dependent hyperactivity when agitated and interferes with the climbing response. Electrophysiological studies examined the effects of increasing temperature on electrical activity in the adult giant fiber/flight muscle system. Neuronal hyperactivity was seen in both e ( sei ) and sei single mutant homozygotes, but not in wild type. The hyperactivity was more severe in the sei ; e ( sei ) double mutants. The correlation between the physiological effects and the mutant behavior suggests that both sei and e ( sei ) cause membrane excitability defects. Since previous work has shown that seizure mutants affect [3H]saxitoxin binding to the voltage-sensitive sodium channel, e ( sei ) may code for a gene product which interacts with this channel.
Groups with isomorphic homology groups and non-cancellation in homotopy theory

When Mislin [4] invented the notion of genus for (isomorphism classes of) finitely generated nilpotent groups, it was immediately recognized that this constituted a source of examples of groups with isomorphic homology groups. We say that the (isomorphism classes of) groups A4 and N are in the same genus if, for every prime p, the p-localizations Mp and Np are isomorphic. But then H,M, H,N are finitely generated abelian groups in the same genus, and hence isomorphic. It was noted in [3,4] that G(N), the genus of N, is particularly easy to calculate if the commutator subgroup of N is finite, since G(N) then may be given the structure of a finite abelian group which is a quotient of some group (Z/e) */{ -t I}, where e is an integer easily calculable from N. In [ 1,2] the calculation was carried out for certain specific groups. Thus, let n be a positive integer, let u be prime to n and let t be the order of u module n. We consider the group
Librarians and Undergraduate Thesis Support: An Annotated Bibliography

This article surveys the available literature to explore the assistance librarians can provide to undergraduate thesis writers. The article begins with a discussion of undergraduate thesis requirements, then presents an annotated bibliography of scholarship on librarians'; work with thesis writers, and concludes with issues to consider for librarians planning to provide instruction and support to undergraduate thesis writers.
N-terminal amino acids of Brazil nut 7S protein

N-terminal analysis of Brazil nut (Bertholettia excelsa) 7S protein was carried out using the dansyl chloride method and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) for analysis of the dansyl-amino acids. Lysine, arginine and proline were identified as the N-terminal amino acids of the 7S protein. Subunits of the 7S protein, isolated by preparative SDS-PAGE, were also analyzed. The results are discussed in terms of the subunit composition of the protein.
Statistical software packages for PCs — A market survey

The increase of statistical software applications for PCs is caused by decreasing hardware costs and dramatically enhanced PC performance. Whereas in the past the domain of statistical computing has been reserved to mainframe solutions, a great number of new software packages for PCs have come out in the last five years. Therefore, the producers of established mainframe software were also forced to offer PC-based solutions. By limiting a market analysis to products with a medium set of well known statistical methods, the immense number of available products is reduced to about fifty systems. We ordered an evaluation copy of these systems to test the numerical quality, the system speed, and the performance of several procedures. Seventeen packages were made available for an extensive examination. This paper will (1) discuss the problems and the solutions of obtaining a complete and correct datamatrix that describes the entire market and (2) present the results of a comparative market analysis.
Critical Decisions in Software Development: Updating the State of the Practice

This article focuses on how to choose the "right" software development process, how to structure global software design chains, how to manage the interaction of project structure and software design, and how to balance innovation and efficiency in a software business.
Fluorescence probes as monitors of surface membrane fluidity gradients in murine fibroblasts.

Fluorescence probe molecules were utilized in conjunction with quenching agents to investigate the possibility that mammalian cell surface membranes may display vertical asymmetry of physico-chemical properties. Two different approaches indicated that the outer monolayer of a murine fibroblast surface membrane was more fluid than the inner monolayer, First, a fluorescent glucosamine derivative of trans-parinaric acid did not penetrate intact LM cells (a strain of transformed murine fibroblasts) or phagosomes derived from these cells. This probe molecule was easily accessible to nonpenetrating quenching agents such as trinitrophenyl-glycine, indicating that it resided in the exposed membrane monolayer. The fluorescence polarization, P, of glucosamine trans-parinarate in intact LM cells was 0.218 ± 0.009 while in phagocytosed latex bead membranes the polarization was 0.248 0.006. Second, trans-parinaric acid, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, and N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine were used as fluorescent membrane probes in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Their fluorescence in the plasma membrane was quenched by either covalently linking trinitrophenyl groups to exposed NH2 constituents on the membrane surface or by adding the water-soluble non-penetrating quenching agent, trinitrophenyl-glycine. Trinitrophenyl-amino groups have an absorption maximum at 415 nm and can therefore chemically quench the fluorescence of trans-parinarate, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine which have fluorescence emission maxima near 415 nm. With both methods, when only the outer monolayer amino groups were trinitrophenylated, the absorption-corrected fluorescence emission and the relative fluorescence efficiency of trans-parinarate in the plasma membrane were decreased by 45 ± 5% and 44 ± 6% respectively. Neither quenching method altered the fluorescence lifetime of trans-parinarate. In contrast, when both sides of the plasma membrane had covalently linked trinitrophenyl groups, these parameters were diminished by 90–95%. Similar results were obtained with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. Polarization measurements of trans-parinarate indicated that the inside monolayer of the membrane was more rigid (P= 0.364 ± 0.005) than the whole membrane (P= 0.323 ± 0.005). Similar results were obtained with 1,6-diphenyl-l,3,5-hexatriene. However, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine which resides near the polar interface of the bilayer showed no difference in polarization upon quenching by either method. Thus, results obtained with glucosamine trans-parinarate in the absence of quenching agents or with trans-parinarate and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in the presence of quenching agents indicated that a vertical asymmetry or gradient of certain physicochemical parameters may exist in LM cell plasma membranes. Preliminary data indicated that this asymmetry could be altered by lipid polar head group manipulation.
Autoionization states of Li, Be + , B 2 + , and C 3 +

The positions and widths of the first few $^{2}S$, $^{2}P^{0}$, and $^{2}D$ autoionization states of Li, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ are calculated. The results are compared with the experimental values where available.
8th International HUGO-Mutation Database Initiative Meeting, April 9, 2000, Vancouver, Canada.

The 8th International HUGO-Mutation Database Initiative Meeting was held on April 9, 2000, in Vancouver, Canada. Meeting highlights are here described. The discussion predominantly revolved around the concept of a central mutation database, which would serve as a repository of gene sequence variants for the community. Specifications for such a central database were prepared and presented by a working group including bioinformatics experts, LSDB operators, central database operators, and an industry representative. Refinement of the specifications and consideration of the implementation of such a database was conducted through a consortium of public and private collaborators and funding. Members were urged to generate broad community support for the project.
Red vs. green: regional variation of anarchist ideology in the United States

Anarchism is a philosophy opposed to hierarchy and authority, and is used as a critical lens to analyze the whole of human society. As with members of all social groupings, anarchists differ from each other in many ways, one of which is their political ideology. At least two visibly distinct ideological variants of anarchism are distinguishable in the US—a red anarchism that emphasizes economic concerns and a green anarchism that focuses upon the environment. American anarchists have long assumed, based upon anecdotal evidence, that there are differences in ideological variant identification between those on the two US coasts. Using survey data, two distinct measures of ideology were formed and respondents were classified into four separate US regions. Although the majority of anarchists do not specify a particular orientation, Northeasterners were associated with red anarchism, while Westerners were associated with green anarchism. These differences may be created and/or reinforced by structural or organ...
Current status of nosocomial infection control in extended care facilities

The 1980s saw the birth and growth of the distinct field of infection control in the extended care facility (ECF). Major advances in the field during the last decade have been surveys documenting the magnitude of the problem of ECF nosocomial infections, descriptive studies of ECF nosocomial infections, descriptive studies of ECF epidemics, development of ECF infection control programs, and recognition of the unique problems of the ECF infection control program. As the field matures, areas that should receive additional attention during the upcoming decade include: analysis of the risk factors and consequences of ECF nosocomial infections; analysis of resident and institutional variables that predict nosocomial infection; and studies on the efficacy of both infection control programs and specific infection control measures. ECF infection control programs have benefited a great deal from hospital infection control, but ECF infection control problems are quite different and demand unique solutions.
The more electric aircraft—assessing the benefits:

AbstractThe concept of the more electric aircraft (MEA), where electrical power is used for at least some of the on-board functions at present powered by hydraulics and pneumatics, has many claimed benefits and is far from new. However, almost all larger aircraft retain hydraulics and pneumatics.Over recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the MEA concept, with developments in relevant technologies and their adoption in other areas of engineering. In support of UK efforts on this and related concepts, the College of Aeronautics has been performing studies since the mid 1980s to assess the benefits of changes. This paper describes the background to these studies and the relationships between them as well as some of their findings, concluding that it is important that such assessment work should be continued in the future.
Earth as Mother, Earth as Other in Novels by Silko and Hogan

Abstract Larry McMurtry's epic novel of the American West Lonesome Dove pits a ragtag, horse-rustling, Montana-bound outfit of former Texas Rangers against evil incarnate in a renegade Comanche named Blue Duck. The characters act out a life-or-death struggle against the backdrop of a relentlessly harsh, indifferent landscape.
Intrinsic electrophilicity of the 4-methylsulfonyl-2-pyridone scaffold in glucokinase activators: Role of glutathione-S-transferases and in vivo quantitation of a glutathione conjugate in rats

Previous studies on the in vitro metabolism of 4-alkylsulfonyl-2-pyridone-based glucokinase activators revealed a facile, non-enzymatic displacement of the 4-alkylsulfonyl group by glutathione. In the present studies, a role for glutathione-S-transferases (GST) as catalysts in the desulfonylation reaction was demonstrated using a combination of human liver microsomes, human liver cytosol and human GSTs. The identification of a glutathione conjugate in circulation following intravenous administration of a candidate 4-methylsulfonyl-2-pyridone to rats confirmed the relevance of the in vitro findings.
Developing mechanisms of temperamental effortful control

Studies of temperament from early childhood to adulthood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectivity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behavior disorders. In this study, the development of attentional mechanisms underlying effortful control was investigated in 2- to 3-year-old children, as indexed by their performance in a) making anticipatory eye movements to ambiguous locations and b) resolving conflict between location and identity in a spatial conflict task. The ability to make anticipatory eye movements to ambiguous locations within a sequence was clearly present at 24 months. By 30 months, children could also successfully perform a spatial conflict task that introduced conflict between identity and location, and at that age, children's success on ambiguous anticipatory eye movements was related to lower interference from conflict in the spatial conflict task. Children's performance on the eye-movement task was correlated with performance and reaction time on spatial tasks, and both were related to aspects of effortful control and negative affect as measured in children's parent-reported temperament.
The reactions 11B(p, 3He)9Be and 11B(p, t)9B: Is there strong isospin mixing in mass 9?

Abstract The reactions 11B(p, 3He)9Be and 11B(p, t)9B have been studied at 45 MeV proton energy. New T = 1 2 states have been observed at 15.96±0.04 MeV in 9Be and at 15.29±0.04 MeV and 15.58±0.04 MeV in9B; and in addition there is a possible state or states at ≈ 15.13 MeV in 9Be. The results were compared to DWBA calculations with (1p) shell wave functions and there is reasonable agreement for the ground states, lowest 5 2 − excited states and the lowest 3 2 − (T = 3 2 ) analogue states. Several candidates are proposed for a 3 2 − (T = 1 2 ) state near the analogue state. The results are discussed in terms of isospin mixing in the analogue states, prompted by previously observed deviations of their masses from the quadratic multiplet mass equation. All the experimental evidence indicates that isospin mixing of more than a few percent is extremely unlikely.
Principal components analysis in estimation and control of paper machines

In paper machines the control objective is to maintain the paper properties (e.g. basis weight, thickness, moisture) as uniform as possible. This requires estimation of these properties from noisy data available from on-line sensors. In this work we use a particular principal components analysis technique, known as the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion which does data compression and filtering. Spatiotemporally varying disturbance profiles are modeled by projecting the data on a lower dimensional subspace spanned by empirical orthogonal functions calculated from the data. The time series of the temporal modes or the coefficients for the KL expansion are modeled by an autoregressive model, and the resulting KL expansion is cast into a state-space form suitable for Model Predictive Control (MPC). We show with an example how a disturbance profile can be identified and controlled.
Sharper analysis of packet routing on a butterfly

We present an algorithm that does packet routing on an N-node butterfly in time O(log N) with small constants. The algorithm is based on Ranade's probabilistic PRAM emulation. We simplify the algorithm by focusing on packet routing and prove bounds on its performance for the cases of permutation routing and uniform, random traffic. The main results are upper bounds on the probability that the routing time exceeds t for a fixed queue size. The simplifications made to Ranade's original algorithm and a more careful analysis enabled us to achieve better constants, which, to the best of our knowledge, are the best to date. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure and magnetism in the chloro-bridged copper(II) complex Di-μ-chloro-bis[chlorobis(4-methyloxazole)copper(II)

Abstract The dimeric complex bis[dichlorobis(4-methyloxazole)copper(II)], [Cu(4-Meox) 2 Cl 2 ] 2 or [CuC 4 H 5 NO) 2 Cl 2 ] 2 has been synthesized and its structure has been determined from three-dimensional counter X-ray data. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /n with two dimeric formula units in a cell of dimensions a= 8.177(2), b = 12.866(5), c = 11.063(6) A,β = 98.31(3)°. The structure has been refined by least-squares techniques to a value of the conventional R-factor (on F) of 0.033 based on 2071 independent data. The geometry at each copper center is severely distorted tetragonal pyramidal, the basal ligands being two trans nitrogen atoms from the 4-Meox ligands and two trans chloride ligands while the apical site is occupied by an inversion-related chloride ion. Thus, the dimeric entity is of the axial-equatorial type in which the inversion-related bridging chloride ligands are each axial to one copper and equatorial to the other. The CuCu separation in the dimer is 3.507(1) A and the bridging CuClCu′ angle (φ) is 89.46(2)°. The magnetic susceptibility of the complex exhibits a maximum near 2 K, and the data have been fitted to the magnetization expression yielding g = 2.118 and a singlet-triplet separation of 2.6 cm −1 with the singlet as the ground state.
Whining, griping, and complaining: Positivity in the negativity

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the positive psychology movement. The emphasis of positive psychology is on human virtue rather than on human vice, on human strength rather than human frailty. In an effort to focus on what is good about human nature, however, the positive psychology movement has neglected to examine the redeeming features of seemingly aversive behaviors. Thus, the purpose of the present article is to broaden the scope of positive psychology by examining, in addition to its negative facets, the positive features of one particular aversive behavior, complaining. After defining complaining, we address the personal, relational, interpersonal, and material benefits of complaining to show that there is, indeed, positivity in the negativity.
Efficient Parallel Implementation of Hybrid Optimization Approaches for Solving Groundwater Inverse Problems

Inverse problems that are constrained by large-scale partial differential equation (PDE) systems demand very large computational resources. Solutions to these problems generally require the solution of a large number of complex PDE systems. Three-dimensional groundwater inverse problems fall under this category. In this paper, we describe the implementation of a parallel simulation-optimization framework for solving PDE-based inverse problems and demonstrate it for the solution of groundwater contaminant source release history reconstruction problems that are of practical importance. The optimization component employs several optimization algorithms, including genetic algorithms (GAs) and several local search (LS) approaches that can be used in a hybrid mode. This hybrid GA-LS optimizer is used to drive a parallel finite-element (FEM) groundwater forward transport simulator. Parallelism is exploited within the transport simulator (fine grained parallelism) as well as the optimizer (coarse grained parallelism) through the exclusive use of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) communication library. Algorithmic and parallel performance results are presented for an IBM SP3 supercomputer. Simulation and performance results presented in this paper illustrate that an effective combination of efficient optimization algorithms and parallel computing can enable solution to three-dimensional groundwater inverse problems of a size and complexity not attempted before.
Hiking Guides to the Rocky Mountains

Within the past 20 years hiking and backpacking have enjoyed rapid growth among Americans as favorite outdoor activities. From 1965 to 1977 the number of hikers almost tripled, from 9.9 million to 28.1 million, while national forest visitor days among hikers and mountaineers increased from 4 million in 1966 to 11 million in 1979. Accompanying this growth in interest has been a boom in books about the sport. These include both “how‐to‐do‐it” volumes and guides to specific geographical areas. Each year brings another spate of books, yet to this compiler's knowledge no bibliography of hiking guides to the Rocky Mountains, one of North America's premier outdoor regions, has yet been attempted. This bibliography is an effort to correct that situation.
Direct upper-state pumping of the 2.8 mu m, Er/sup 3+/:YLF laser

Direct resonant pumping of the /sup 4/I/sub 11/2/ upper state of the 2.8- mu m Er/sup 3+/:YLF laser at 0.97 mu m is shown to be more efficient than other pumping schemes which have been used for this transition. Upper-state pumping avoids nonradiative losses arising from phonon and self-quenching decays inherent in other pumping schemes. Efficient performance of the 2.8- mu m laser is maintained on condition that extremely shallow pump absorption is avoided. Reduced efficiency for shallow pump absorption is attributed to upconversion loss arising from high pumping rates. >
Quantitative sensory testing in pain states

The diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain presents a constant challenge for practicing physicians.There are numerous disorders of the peripheral and central nervous system that lead to chronic pain states.The pathophysiology of nerve injury in chronic pain states is highly complex and therefore leads to unpredictable response to treatment modalities. Standard diagnostic tools are often inadequate or equivocal in these conditions. Physical examination on the other hand is prone to examiner bias. Quantitative sensory testing of the nociceptive system consists of psychophysical methods used to measure intensity of stimuli needed to produce specific sensory perceptions. Measurements of subjective thresholds to thermal, mechanical, and electrical stimulation reflect the state of the peripheral and central nervous system responsible for pain processing.As opposed to standard diagnostic tools, quantitative sensory testing enables us to test specific components of the nociceptive system (such as unmyelinated C-fibers). In the clinical setting, quantitative sensory testing is becoming a clinical standard for evaluation of certain chronic pain conditions. Further clinical trials might enable us to use quantitative sensory testing as guidance for tailoring a therapeutic approach.
Workplace Characteristics and Health Care Cost Containment Practices

Working from an institutional perspective, this study tested hypotheses about the relationships between workplace characteristics and health care cost containment practices. The analyses show that urban location of the workplace, number of employees, and education level of the workforce are related to three different cost containment strategies: the management of utilization with traditional indemnity insurance plans; offering of alternative health insurance plans (HMOs); and employee development relative to health care consumption. Workplaces with greater proportions of black or female employees were less likely and those with older workers were more likely to engage in employee development practices. The race, gender, and age variables were not significantly related to the other strategies. Unionization was not significantly related to any of the three strategies in the multivariate model. These findings are proposed to have implications for human resource management, as well as for health care policy a...
Evaluating Multimembership Classifiers: A Methodology and Application to the MEDAS Diagnostic System

Performance evaluation measures for multimembership classifiers are presented and applied in a retrospective study on the diagnostic performance of the MEDAS (Medical Emergency Decision Assistance System) system. Admission and discharge diagnoses for 122 patients with one or more of 26 distinct disorders in five major disorder categories were gathered. The average number of disorders per patient was 2 with 36 (29.5 percent) patients having 3 or more disorders simultaneously. The features (symptoms, signs, and laboratory data) available at admission were entered into a multimembership Bayesian pattern recognition algorithm which permits for diagnosis of multiple disorders. When the top five computer-ranked diagnoses were considered, all of the correct diagnoses for 86.1 percent of the patients were displayed by the fifth position. In 71.6 percent of these cases, no false diagnosis preceded any correct diagnosis. In ten cases a discharge diagnosis which was suggested by the available findings was omitted by the admitting physician. In six of these ten cases, the overlooked diagnoses appeared at the computer ranked list above all false diagnoses. Considering the urgency of diagnosis in the Emergency Department, the high uncertainty involved due to the limited availability of data, and the high frequency with which multiple disorders coexist, this limited study encourages our confidence in the MEDAS knowledge base and algorithm as a useful diagnostic support tool.
Preliminary analysis of a downsized advanced gas-turbine engine in a subcompact car

A study was conducted to see if relative fuel economy advantages exist for a ceramic turbine engine when it is downsized for a small car. A 75-kW (100-hp) single-shaft engine currently under development was analytically downsized to 37 kW (50 hp) and analyzed with a metal-belt continuously variable transmission in a synthesized car. With gasoline, a 25-percent advantage was calculated over that of a current spark-ignition engine, scaled to the same power, using the same transmission and car. With diesel fuel, a 21-percent advantage was calculated over that of a similar diesel-engine vehicle.
Ability of paramedics to use the Combitube™ in prehospital cardiac arrest

Study objective: To evaluate the ability of paramedics in a nonurban emergency medical services system to use the Combitube™, a combined endotracheal and esophageal obturator airway adjunct, in prehospital cardiac arrest patients. Design: A prospective, controlled study to evaluate the difficulty and complications of insertion, recognition of esophageal versus tracheal placement, skill proficiency, and retention. The ability to use the device in cases of failed endotracheal intubation also was scrutinized. Setting: Evaluation of the paramedic's ability to use the Combitube™ was performed in a prehospital environment. A follow-up study to determine retention of insertion skill was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. Interventions: Fifty-two cases of paramedic prehospital Combitube™ insertion were examined, and 11 paramedics were evaluated for skill retention. Measurements and main results: Combitube™ insertion was attempted on 52 prehospital patients in cardiac arrest, and 69% were intubated successfully. Paramedics recognized esophageal versus tracheal placement in 100% of the cases. The Combitube™ was inserted successfully into 64% of the patients who could not be endotracheally intubated by the conventional visualized method. The Combitube™ was inserted successfully 71% of the time when used as a first-line airway adjunct. A follow-up study on 11 randomly selected paramedics involved in the field study was conducted 15 months later. Nine of 11 paramedics demonstrated inadequate skill retention in the follow-up study. Conclusion: Although visualized endotracheal intubation remains the preferred method of airway control, the Combitube™ may be an effective prehospital airway device as both a backup to the endotracheal tube and a primary airway. Although the Combitube™ does not require visualization with a laryngoscope, comprehensive training and continuing education are key factors affecting skill retention.
Carbon isotopes and light element abundances in carbonaceous chondrites

Abstract Stepped combustions of whole-rock samples of Orgueil (CI), Murchison, Cold Bokkeveld and Murray (CM), Renazzo (CR), Allende and Mokoia (C3V) carbonaceous chondrites were carried out between 200 and 1200°C. At each step, CO2 was collected for carbon isotope measurement, and SO2 and H2O yields were measured. Nitrogen was combined for several steps. All samples released most of their carbon between 200 and 400°C, due to combustion of the organic matter. Bulk carbon concentration and isotopic composition of each meteorite are therefore closely similar to those of this predominant reservoir. Between 400 and 700°C, carbonates decomposed in all meteorites but the C3Vs. Carbon isotopes in these carbonates matched previously published values. In Renazzo, the carbonates have aδ13C close to +42‰/PDB, similar to those of CM meteorites. Above 700°C, all meteorites but the C3Vs show one or two occurrences of very13C-rich carbon. Carbon concentration decreases from 350 to 30 ppb/°C as temperature increases. Between 700 and 885°C,δ13C reaches +240.4‰ in Orgueil, +73.9‰ in Murchison, +130.9‰ in Cold Bokkeveld, and +125.5‰ in Murray, and then decreases. Between 950 and 1060°C,δ13C reaches +177.8‰ in Renazzo, +335.1‰ in Cold Bokkeveld, and +384.6‰ in Murchison. Finally, Murray yielded 3 ppm of carbon with aδ13C of +1164‰ in the 1125–1210°C combustion step. A qualitative inverse correlation among the C2 meteorites between the carbon concentration andδ13C above 700°C suggests that these distinct heavy carbon releases could be actually due to a single heavy carbon component.
Effects of an Electromagnetic Field on the Mechanical Response of Composites

The existing experimental evidence suggests that exposure of a composite material to an electromagnetic field leads to changes in the material's strength and resistance to delamination. In this work, the mechanical response of transversely isotropic graphite/epoxy composite plates in the presence of an electromagnetic field is studied. The interacting effects of the in-plane steady and slowly varying electric current, external magnetic field, and mechanical load as well as the effects of mechanical and electrical anisotropies are investigated. It is shown that an electromagnetic field may significantly enhance or reduce the deformed state of the composite plate depending on the direction of its application and its intensity.
Structure of avian tumor virus DNA intermediates.

Abstract The mechanism of conversion of virion RNA to doublestranded DNA, in avian sarcoma virus-infected duck cells, has been investigated. The evidence presented here indicates a covalent linkage between the genomic RNA and the newly synthesized is primed by the 35S virion RNA. Some data identifying the virus specific hybrid and linear double-stranded DNA molecules, which are probably intermediates, leading to the formation of supercoiled duplex viral DNA, has also been presented.
Influencing medical student education via a voluntary shadowing program for trauma and acute care surgery.

Decreasing application into trauma surgery may be attributed to decreased exposure during medical school. We instituted a voluntary trauma call program for students to provide exposure to the field. After 3 years, participants completed a survey to gauge their experience. Of 126 students who participated, 68 completed the survey (54%). Interest in trauma surgery among students not previously planning on a career in surgery (n = 48) improved after the experience (4.4-5.3 of 10 points; P
TABLEAUX: A general theorem prover for modal logics

We present a general theorem proving system for propositional modal logics, called TABLEAUX. The main feature of the system is its generality, since it provides an unified environment for various kinds of modal operators and for a wide class of modal logics, including usual temporal, epistemic or dynamic logics. We survey the modal languages covered by TABLEAUX, which range from the basic one L(□, ◊) through a complex multimodal language including several families of operators with their transitive-closure and converse. The decision procedure we use is basically a semantic tableaux method, but with slight modifications compared to the traditional one. We emphasize the advantages of such semantical proof methods for modal logics, since we believe that the models construction they provide represents perhaps the most attractive feature of these logics for possible applications in computer science and AI. The system has been implemented in Prolog, and appears to be of reasonable efficiency for most current examples. Experimental results are given in the paper, with two lists of test examples.
Toward real-time endoscopically-guided robotic navigation based on a 3D virtual surgical field model

The challenge is to accurately guide the surgical tool within the three-dimensional (3D) surgical field for robotically-assisted operations such as tumor margin removal from a debulked brain tumor cavity. The proposed technique is 3D image-guided surgical navigation based on matching intraoperative video frames to a 3D virtual model of the surgical field. A small laser-scanning endoscopic camera was attached to a mock minimally-invasive surgical tool that was manipulated toward a region of interest (residual tumor) within a phantom of a debulked brain tumor. Video frames from the endoscope provided features that were matched to the 3D virtual model, which were reconstructed earlier by raster scanning over the surgical field. Camera pose (position and orientation) is recovered by implementing a constrained bundle adjustment algorithm. Navigational error during the approach to fluorescence target (residual tumor) is determined by comparing the calculated camera pose to the measured camera pose using a micro-positioning stage. From these preliminary results, computation efficiency of the algorithm in MATLAB code is near real-time (2.5 sec for each estimation of pose), which can be improved by implementation in C++. Error analysis produced 3-mm distance error and 2.5 degree of orientation error on average. The sources of these errors come from 1) inaccuracy of the 3D virtual model, generated on a calibrated RAVEN robotic platform with stereo tracking; 2) inaccuracy of endoscope intrinsic parameters, such as focal length; and 3) any endoscopic image distortion from scanning irregularities. This work demonstrates feasibility of micro-camera 3D guidance of a robotic surgical tool.
Mutiple forms of histidine-pyruvate transaminase in rat liver

Abstract Two forms of l -histidine-pyruvate transaminase are present in rat liver. One is associated with the mitochondria and the other is in the soluble cytoplasm of the cells. The enzymes differ in Km values for histidine and pyruvate, in pH optima and in heat lability.