cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ascarid Infections on the Susceptibility of Chickens to Coccidiosis

Abstract ASCARIASIS and coccidiosis are two diseases which occur frequently in poultry. The seriousness of coccidiosis in chickens has been indicated by Tyzzer (1929), Mayhew (1933) and Waxler (1941). Concerning ascariasis Ackert (1930) and Todd (1946) showed that in chickens the incidence of the large roundworm may be from 43 to 49 percent. Although ascariasis may produce typical symptoms (Ackert and Herrick, 1928), it has been shown that chickens may tolerate an average infection of 17.9 worms without significant effects provided the chickens received the proper diet (Wisseman, 1944). Since both diseases are cosmopolitan and outbreaks of either often result from improper management, an investigation was undertaken to note if growing chickens infected with ascarids were predisposed to coccidiosis. METHODS The chicks used in this investigation were Rhode Island Reds purchased from a commercial hatchery. At the age of one week the chicks were banded and separated by weight into eight . . .
The Ralph Voorhees Portrait

To us of the Rutgers community, the name Voorhees has become inseparably identified with the spirit and the service of our library, and with the vigorous growth it has experienced since the turn of the century. It was in 1903 that the late Ralph Voorhees presented the library building to the college. When twenty years later the original structure became overcrowded, his widow, Elizabeth Rodman Voorhees provided the funds for the needed addition. We have again been reminded of the benefactions of this devoted couple by the presentation, on November 13 last, of a portrait of Ralph Voorhees, the gift of members of the Voorhees family and of the Class of 1888.
EEG delta power during sleep in young and old rats

Delta EEG power density, which has been viewed as a measure of intensity of NREM sleep, declines across the lifetime in humans, cats, and hamsters, but data in rats have been unclear. It is also uncertain whether older rats differ from younger animals in the degree of change in delta power during recovery sleep following short-term sleep deprivation. We have examined delta power density in NREM sleep under baseline conditions and following 48 h of sleep deprivation in young (3 months), middle-aged (12 months), and older (24 months) rats. The presence or absence of age effects was highly dependent on the method of normalizing the data. When expressed as a fraction of total NREM EEG power, there was no age effect on baseline delta power density, or on the change from baseline to recovery conditions. When expressed as a multiple of delta power in REM under the same condition, the younger rats had higher delta power density than the middle-aged and older rats. For all the ages combined, there was an increase in delta power density in the recovery condition. When examined by age, the younger rats (which started from a higher level of delta power density than the other groups) did not have an increase in delta during recovery; the middle-aged rats tended to, and the older rats (which started from lower baseline levels) significantly increased delta power density in the recovery condition. This suggests that the lower delta power seen during baseline in older rats is not due to decreased ability to generate delta activity.
Data Mining Based Full Ceramic Bearing Fault Diagnostic System Using AE Sensors

Full ceramic bearings are considered the first step toward full ceramic, oil-free engines in the future. No research on full ceramic bearing fault diagnostics using acoustic emission (AE) sensors has been reported. Unlike their steel counterparts, signal processing methods to extract effective AE fault characteristic features and fault diagnostic systems for full ceramic bearings have not been developed. In this paper, a data mining based full ceramic bearing diagnostic system using AE based condition indicators (CIs) is presented. The system utilizes a new signal processing method based on Hilbert Huang transform to extract AE fault features for the computation of CIs. These CIs are used to build a data mining based fault classifier using a k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Seeded fault tests on full ceramic bearing outer race, inner race, balls, and cage are conducted on a bearing diagnostic test rig and AE burst data are collected. The effectiveness of the developed fault diagnostic system is validated using real full ceramic bearing seeded fault test data.
A similarity-based range-frequency model for two-category rating data

This research examines whether an extension of range-frequency theory (Parducci, 1965) could successfully predict context effects on discrimination between stimuli for two-category rating data. The new model proposes that similarity comparisons between stimulus values and rating category prototypes take place on an implicit range—frequency scale, and thus it entails effects of context on both mean ratings and discrimination indices. Predictions of the similarity-based range—frequency model were tested in an experiment in which the frequency distribution was manipulated by varying the range and relative frequencies of squares, with participants rating square sizes on a two-category scale. The model provided a parsimonious account of how discriminability of common stimuli increases with a decrease in stimulus range or an increase in the density of stimuli within a subrange.
The effect of mediation on the perceived firmness of the opponent

Several writers (e.g., Douglas, 1962; Jackson, 1952; Peters, 1952; Stevens, 1963) suggest that when negotiations between parties to a dispute have broken down, a mediator can contribute to the achievement of a peaceful settlement. Even though it is frequently argued that the need for mediation is increasing because of the growth in number and seriousness of social conflicts, evidence concerning the contribution of the mediator has remained anecdotal and controversial. The study reported here was an experimental analysis of the effect of mediation on social perception in the negotiation situation, specifically its effect on the perceived resistance to yielding of the opposing negotiator. No attempt was made, however, to discover whether mediation produces more effective or morefrequent settlements. Since mediation functions only within the context of negotiation, it is necessary first to present this context in a systematic manner. Suppose individuals A and B each desire goods and/or services controlled by the other, and suppose there are no established rates or terms of exchange; then terms must be achieved before each party can consummate his desire. Consummation requires agreement on qualitative, quantitative, and
Melting of pseudopotential sodium from molecular dynamics

For a pseudopotential model of metallic sodium, the Gibbs free energy of the fluid phase was calculated by a combination of molecular dynamics and the high-temperature free-energy expansion. From these calculations, together with previous molecular-dynamics results for crystalline sodium, the melting transition was determined as a function of pressure, up to 16 kbar. The pressure-temperature phase line is in good agreement with experiment, and so are the changes associated with melting at zero pressure, namely the heat of fusion, the entropy of fusion, and the relative volume change. The dynamic melting process, previously observed in molecular-dynamics simulations of sodium, is also in good agreement with the present equilibrium calculations.
Determination of iodide formed from inorganic iodine in aqueous solution

Abstract The analysis of the conversion of iodine (I2) into-iodide (I− in borate buffer (0.23 M, pH 8) was examined using a a variety of methods. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with an ion-pairing mobile phase employing either electrochemical (EC) or ultraviolet (UV) detection was employed and the results were compared with those obtained either electrochemically using an iodide-selective electrode or spectroscopically by measuring the absorbance increase at 226 nm due to I−. The results were examined in the light of the two-step model of rapid I2 hydrolysis to yield equal amounts of I− and hypoiodous acid (HOI), followed by a slow disproportion of HOI to I− and iodate (IO−3), giving a final ratio of I− to IO−3 of 5 : 1. Independent of the method of analysis, the final yield of I− was 84 ± 5% of the initial amount of I2 on a gram-atom basis, consistent with the expected stoichiometry. HOI and IO−3 were determined spectroscopically by measuring their conversion to triiodide (I−3) at the appropriate pH in the presence of excess of I−. The time-dependent yields of HOI and IO−3 were followed and the results were consistent with the two-step model except for the fact that the yield of IO−3 at completion was 11 ± 2% instead of the predicted 17%. At reaction times less than completion, the yield of I− varied, depending on the method of measurement. Only absorbance measurements gave an accurate or true picture of the I− concentration at a given point in time. LC-UV or LC-EC showed no change in I− with time, always giving the maximum, consistent with the mobile phase acting as a catalyst. In contrast, the I− electrode gave I− values too low (initially by a factor of 2) when HOI was present, presumably owing to the interaction of HOI with the ion electrode. The sensitivity of the LC-EC measurement was 5 × 10−8 M, which, taken together with the selectivity and reproducibility of the method, makes LC-EC suitably reliable for conducting these types of measurements.
Bethe-Peierls approximation for the disordered Ising model

We study the Ising model for an alloy with an arbitrary number of components. We develop an approximation which reduces to that of Bethe and Peierls when the concentration of one of the components is unity. We investigate within this approximation the dependence of the various thermodynamic quantities, in particularTc, on the composition of the alloy and the magnetic properties of its constituents. Comparison with the only exact calculation available, that of F. T. Leeet al., for a linear chain, shows extremely satisfactory agreement.
Electrophysiological evidence for afferent nerve fibers in human ventral roots.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that ventral roots in humans contain afferent nerve fibers. We made direct electrophysiological recordings of compound nerve action potentials in dorsal and ventral roots in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy. We stimulated the saphenous or sural nerves, which are pure sensory nerves, with electrical stimuli while systematically recording from ventral and dorsal roots from L3 to S2. In addition to the dorsal root nerve action potentials which we expected, we found smaller compound nerve action potentials, which were clearly afferent, in the ventral roots. This confirms the limited amount of experimental evidence that ventral roots do contain some afferent nerve fibers. The functional significance of these observations is not yet clear.
Characterization of Rat Uterine Matrilysin and Its cDNA RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN PUMP-1 AND ACTIVATION OF PROCOLLAGENASES

A small uterine metalloproteinase of the rat has been shown by amino acid and cDNA sequencing to be orthologous to human pump-1. Both proteinases are now designated as matrilysin or matrix metalloproteinase 7. The properties of purified uterine metalloproteinase and recombinant pump-1 were compared. Their specificities on substrates (gelatins, fibronectin, transferrin, elastin, Azocoll, and (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-(3,[2, 4-dinitrophenyl]-L-2, 3-diaminopropionyl)-Ala-Arg-NH2) are similar and distinct from those of the stromelysins and gelatinases. The two matrilysins have similar sensitivity to hydroxamate and pseudopeptide inhibitors. Rat matrilysin selectively cleaves the α2(I) chain of rat gelatin, producing major cuts at Gly713-↓-Ile713, Gly775-↓-Leu776, and Gly809-↓-Ile810. Rat matrilysin produces maximum activation of latent human interstitial collagenase 1 (pro-matrix metalloproteinase 1) when added in the presence of 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) by cleaving the Gln80-↓-Phe81 bond. Rat and human matrilysin do not directly activate latent rat collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) and do not enhance its activation when added together with APMA. Autoactivation of collagenase 3 in the presence of APMA results in cleavage at Val81-↓-Tyr82 corresponding to the Gln80-↓-Phe81 cleavage in collagenase 1. Thus collagenase 3 is capable of maximal autoactivation, whereas collagenase 1 is dependent upon another matrix metalloproteinase in order to be activated to its full potential.
Polarization measurements with an imaging gamma-ray telescope

The proposed Tracking and Imaging Gamma-Ray Experiment (TIGRE), operating in the 0.3–100 MeV energy interval, will be an efficient polarimeter with a modulation factor of ∼50% at 0.5 MeV. The polarization detection parameters of TIGRE were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation modified to include the polarization dependence of the Klein-Nishina formula. Using Compton scattering of low energy photons and approximately 3π acceptance angle after scattering, TIGRE will be able to measure strong sources with 20% fractional polarization at 3 σ significance in a typical balloon-borne exposure and ≤5% during a 4-week satellite observation.
Plasma corticosterone and thyroxine concentrations during chronic ingestion of crude oil in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

Abstract 1. 1. Blood samples were collected from mallard ducks after 6, 12, and 18 weeks of dietary exposure to mash containing 0.015%, 0.150%, and 1.500% crude oil. 2. 2. Plasma corticosterone concentrations in ducks fed mash containing 0.150% or 1.500% Alaskan Prudhoe Bay crude oil were uniformly depressed when compared to values in untreated control birds. 3. 3. Plasma thyroxine concentration was not altered in ducks chronically exposed to crude oil. 4. 4. The observed alteration in corticosterone concentration could reduce tolerance to temperature and dietary fluctuations in the environment.
Atmospheric Science: Winds of change

Computer models and some theories suggest that global warming causes tropical Pacific trade winds to weaken, even as western tropical Pacific rainfall increases. A new observational study indicates otherwise.
Numerical study of three-dimensional Kolmogorov flow at high Reynolds numbers

High-resolution numerical simulations (with up to 2563 modes) are performed for three-dimensional flow driven by the large-scale constant force fy = F cos(x) in a periodic box of size L = 2π (Kolmogorov flow). High Reynolds number is attained by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with hyperviscosity (-1)h+1Δh (h = 8). It is shown that the mean velocity profile of Kolmogorov flow is nearly independent of Reynolds number and has the ‘laminar’ form vy = V cos(x) with a nearly constant eddy viscosity. Nevertheless, the flow is highly turbulent and intermittent even at large scales. The turbulent intensities, energy dissipation rate and various terms in the energy balance equation have the simple coordinate dependence a + b cos(2x) (with a, b constants). This makes Kolmogorov flow a good model to explore the applicability of turbulence transport approximations in open time-dependent flows. It turns out that the standard expression for effective (eddy) viscosity used in K-[Escr ] transport models overpredicts the effective viscosity in regions of high shear rate and should be modified to account for the non-equilibrium character of the flow. Also at large scales the flow is anisotropic but for large Reynolds number the flow is isotropic at small scales. The important problem of local isotropy is systematically studied by measuring longitudinal and transverse components of the energy spectra and crosscorrelation spectra of velocities and velocity-pressure-gradient spectra. Cross-spectra which should vanish in the case of isotropic turbulence decay only algebraically but somewhat faster than corresponding isotropic correlations. It is verified that the pressure plays a crucial role in making the flow locally isotropic. It is demonstrated that anisotropic large-scale flow may be considered locally isotropic at scales which are approximately ten times smaller than the scale of the flow.
The histologic similarity between craniopharyngioma and odontogenic lesions: A reappraisal

The histologic similarities between the craniopharyngioma and the ameloblastoma are well recognized and supported by their common embryologic origin from oral ectoderm. Differences in these lesions include a greater tendency for craniopharyngiomas to be cystic and form ghost cells and calcifications. The keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst (KCOC), a lesion that features proliferating ameloblastic epithelium, ghost keratin, calcification, and cyst formation, may more precisely mimic the craniopharyngioma. The histologic features of twenty-seven craniopharyngiomas were studied. Twenty cases resembled KCOC microscopically. Two examples duplicated the histologic features of infiltrative ameloblastoma, while five showed characteristics of both lesions. This study shows that the range of histologic features in craniopharyngioma includes and spans both odontogenic lesions but more often simulates KCOC. The results suggest that the KCOC and the ameloblastoma may be closely related developmentally.
Dispersant-Related Oil Spill Response Communication Tools: Toward an Enhanced Approach to Conveying Complex Topics in an Approachable Manner

ABSTRACT During the response to the Macondo Well release in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, it became evident fairly quickly that there was a potential disconnect between existing scientifically-based ...
Blood analyte sensing using fluorescent dye-loaded red blood cells

Measurement of blood analytes provides crucial information about a patient’s health. Some such analytes, such as glucose in the case of diabetes, require long-term or near-continuous monitoring for proper disease management. However, current monitoring techniques are far from ideal: multiple-per-day finger stick tests are inconvenient and painful for the patient; implantable sensors have short functional life spans (i.e., 3-7 days). Due to analyte transporters on red blood cell (RBC) membranes that equilibrate intracellular and extracellular analyte levels, RBCs serve as an attractive alternative for encapsulating analyte sensors. Once reintroduced to the blood stream, the functionalized RBCs may continue to live for the remainder of their life span (120 days for humans). They are biodegradable and biocompatible, thereby eliminating the immune system response common for many implanted devices. The proposed sensing system utilizes the ability of the RBCs to swell in response to a decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular solution. Just before lysis, they develop small pores on the scale of tens of nanometers. While at low temperature, analyte-sensitive dyes in the extracellular solution diffuse into the perforated RBCs and become entrapped upon restoration of temperature and osmolarity. Since the fluorescent signal from the entrapped dye reports on changes in the analyte level of the extracellular solution via the RBC transporters, interactions between the RBCs and the dye are critical to the efficacy of this technique. In this work, we study the use of a near infrared pH sensitive dye encapsulated within RBCs and assess the ability to measure dye fluorescence in vivo .
Textures and magmatic evolution of intermediate-composition dome complexes: Evidence from the northern Tatoosh complex, southern Washington Cascades

Abstract The emplacement history of a magma, whether it becomes a pluton, dome, or lava, results from its path-dependent cooling during transport. Transport is coupled to the cooling rate through the production of solids (crystals) which greatly affects magma viscosity. Thus, the temperature/H 2 O history of a magma, measured by its near-surface phase diagram, may strongly influence the style of emplacement or eruption. This idea has been tested against textural and stratigraphical data collected from the Tatoosh igneous complex. Mount Rainier National Park, WA. Detailed mapping suggests a system evolving from extrusive lavas, through dome-building plugs and flows to a shallow sill-like pluton. Explosive volcanism preceded emplacement of the pluton. Chemical and mineralogical data point to a magma that equilibrated at about 2 kbar pressure with a low (about 1.5 wt.%) water content, 10–15 vol.% crystallinity (plag. mag. opx. cpx Fol. hrn). Continued crystallization built up a volatile-rich (about 4.5% H 2 O) cap, which eventually erupted as a low-energy, “over-spilling cloud” pyroclastic flow. Maximum crystallinity in these rocks was about 27% in rocks containing a cryptocrystalline groundmass. Textural distinction can be drawn between dome-filling, cryptocrystalline, subvolcanic plugs and dome-centered, granophyric, shallow plutons. In all cases, water acts to buffer the mass of groundmass crystallinity, and this effect increases with increasing initial water content. Low water contents allow the melt to reach more easily the conditions necessary to produce granophyric and granitic textures. High water contents give rise to coarsening of pre-existing phenocrysts and cryptocrystalline groundmass as temperature is controlled by a dynamic, water-buffered liquidus. A simple mass balance model of these ideas suggests that faster cooling is favored by melts deficient in water. High crystallinities of dome rocks (> 25%) are probably attained through explosive, in situ degassing and textural coarsening of magma that was emplaced at a much lower crystallinities.
Enthalpy recovery, creep and creep–recovery measurements during physical aging of amorphous selenium

The physical aging behavior of amorphous selenium has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and conventional and interrupted creep experiments. As a result of physical aging, enthalpy decreases and the creep and recovery curves shift to longer times. The times required to reach equilibrium for enthalpy recovery and creep appear to have different temperature dependences resulting in enthalpy reaching equilibrium before creep at aging temperatures a few degrees below the nominal glass temperature. In the nominal glass transformation range, however, the times required to reach equilibrium are approximately the same. A general picture of aging behavior has emerged from our data on selenium coupled with past work on polyetherimide and polystyrene.
Consuming the authentic Gettysburg: how a tourist landscape becomes an authentic experience.

While authenticity pervades everyday consumption in museums, restaurants, theme parks, gift shops, and heritage attractions, among other commercial milieus, academic work on the concept of authenticity remains vague both in terms of its definition and its marketing relevance. In this study, we unpack the concept of authenticity in a Civil War battlefield and we provide insight as to its theoretical relevance for consumption. Our findings elucidate the distinction between authenticity as a product feature and authenticity as an experience. We show that consumer perceptions of a site's authenticity are articulated in five distinct ways: object related, factual, locational, personage, and contextual. We also point out the contribution of each notion of perceived authenticity in sparking consumer imagination and connecting them with the Civil War narrative. We suggest avenues that marketing managers can use to stage authenticity in a commercial environments at both substantive communicative levels. Our study reveals consumers as active agents who participate in the marketplace construction of authenticity in multiple ways. It is also shown that authenticity partakes in the construction of a national imaginary as a negotiated, collective act. We also provide insight as to the distinction between “authentic” and “inauthentic” commercial sites and the way in which even fictitious sites can be perceived as authentic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of dynamic load balancing algorithms for unstructured mesh calculations

If a finite element mesh has a sufficiently regular structure, it is easy to decide in advance how to distribute the mesh among the processors of a distributed-memory parallel processor , but if the mesh is unstructured, the problem becomes much more difficult. The distribution should be made so that each processor has approximately equal work to do, and such that communication overhead is minimized. If the mesh is solution-adaptive, i.e. the mesh and hence the load balancing problem change discretely during execution of the code, then it is most efficient to decide the optimal mesh distribution in parallel. In this paper three parallel algorithms, Orthogonal Recursive Bisection (ORB), Eigenvector Recursive Bisection (ERB) and a simple parallelization of Simulated Annealing (SA) have been implemented for load balancing a dynamic unstructured triangular mesh on 16 processors of an NCUBE machine. The test problem is a solution-adaptive Laplace solver , with an initial mesh of 280 elements, refined in seven stages to 5772 elements. We present execution times for the solver resulting from the mesh distributions using the three algorithms, as well as results on imbalance, communication traf fic and element migration.
Myocyte contractile function is intact in the post-infarct remodeled rat heart despite molecular alterations

Objective: To investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying global and regional LV dysfunction in the post-infarct (MI) remodeled rat hearts. Methods: LV remodeling and function were quantified by echocardiography, morphometry, in vivo hemodynamics, and isolated perfused heart studies in 6 weeks post-MI and sham-operated rats. LV myocytes from sham and MI hearts were used for morphometric and functional studies. Myocyte contractile function and intracellular calcium kinetics were measured at different stimulation frequencies (0.2–2 Hz), temperatures (30 and 37°C), and external viscous load (1, 15, 200 and 300 centipoise). Myocyte apoptosis was measured by DNA laddering; BCL-2, BAX, Na+–Ca2+ exchanger, and SERCA-2 proteins by western blot; and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), SERCA-2 mRNA by RT-PCR. Results: MI hearts were remodeled (Echo LV diameter 7.3±0.38 vs. 5.9±0.16 mm, P <0.03), and showed global (Echo % fractional shortening 30±2.4 vs. 58±3, P <0.001), and regional contractile dysfunction of non-infarcted myocardium (Echo % systolic posterior wall thickening 36±2 vs. 57±1.7, P <0.001). In vivo hemodynamic and isolated heart function studies confirmed depressed LV systolic and diastolic function and increased volumes. Whereas, myocytes isolated from infarcted hearts were remodeled (40% longer and 10% wider), their contractile function and calcium kinetics under basal conditions and at high stimulation frequency, temperature and viscous load were similar to sham myocytes. The mRNA for BNP was increased whereas that for SERCA-2 decreased, but the SERCA-2 protein was normal. Despite myocyte hypertrophy, ventricular septal thickness was reduced in infarcted hearts (2.2±0.1 vs. 2.6±0.07 mm, P <0.01), and showed increased apoptosis. Conclusions: Myocytes from remote non-infarcted myocardium of the remodeled hearts have normal contractile function, despite structural remodeling and altered gene expression. Non-myocyte factors may be more important in genesis of contractile dysfunction in the remodeled heart, for up to 6 weeks after MI.
Invasive Infection Due to Candida krusei in Immunocompromised Patients Not Treated with Fluconazole

Candida krusei is a cause of invasive candidiasis (IC), with numerous cases reported among leukemia patients after bone marrow transplantation and treatment with fluconazole. The relation between fluconazole therapy and IC remains controversial. In a retrospective review covering 5 years, we identified 203 cases of IC, 71 (35%) of which were due to non-albicans species. Eight cases were caused by C. krusei: four of the patients involved had leukemia, two had breast cancer, one had end-stage liver disease, and one had undergone abdominal trauma. None of these patients received fluconazole. Surveillance cultures detected colonization with C. krusei before the onset of symptoms in seven cases. The median time from colonization to IC diagnosis was 10 days. Of six patients with neutropenia, five were neutropenic at IC diagnosis. Concomitant infections were common; four patients had both bacteremia and invasive aspergillosis. C. krusei was considered the immediate cause of five of the seven deaths among this group of patients. These eight cases extend the range of immunocompromised conditions in which IC caused by C. krusei develops in the absence of fluconazole therapy.
Spectroscopic studies of Pb(II)-sulfate interactions at the goethite-water interface

We used a combination of in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy to conduct molecular scale studies on Pb(II)-sulfate interactions at the solid-water interface of goethite at pH 4.5, 5.0, and 6.0. Both the ATR-FTIR studies (probing sorbed SO4 in a flow cell setup as a function of the Pb concentration) and the EXAFS studies (probing sorbed Pb at high levels of co-adsorbing SO4) indicated the formation Pb-SO4 ternary complexes at the goethite surface. Based on the combined information from the IR and XAFS studies, possible Pb-SO4 ternary complex configurations were presented and discussed by comparison to a set of reference sulfate FTIR spectra. In addition to forming ternary complexes with SO4, adsorption of Pb also promoted SO4 sorption to the goethite surface by changing the surface charge, leading to additional formation of inner- and outer-sphere SO4 sorption complexes not coordinated by Pb. The relative impacts of these mechanisms (i.e., ternary complex formation versus electrostatic effects) appeared to be a function of pH and the level of Pb addition. Formation of ternary complexes was promoted (relative to the importance of electrostatic effects) at low pH values and high Pb concentrations, whereas electrostatic effects were more pronounced at high pH values and low Pb concentrations. In addition, it was found that part of the SO4 initially sorbed at the goethite surface as inner-sphere complexes without being coordinated by Pb was transformed into SO4-Pb ternary complexes as the Pb concentration was increased, an effect most pronounced at low pH. This study shows that co-adsorption of SO4 and Pb may lead to changes in both the extent and mechanisms of the adsorption of these contaminants to the goethite surface relative to binary Pb/goethite and SO4/goethite systems. The presence of co-adsorbing metals or anions may therefore significantly impact the behavior of contaminants in environmental settings.
Commentary on "Elements of psychotherapy in Navaho religion": Lost horizons.

(2011). Commentary on “Elements of Psychotherapy in Navaho Religion”: Lost Horizons. Psychiatry: Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 310-314.
Efficacy and effectiveness of anti-HBV therapy with early withdrawal of HBIG prophylaxis to prevent HBV recurrence following liver transplantation.

Introduction: The traditional regimen for prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplantation is to use hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) along with oral antiviral therapy; however, it is unclear when it is safe to discontinue HBIG after certain time point and to maintain patients with only oral antiviral therapy. Several studies have suggested that maintenance with oral anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapy following short-term or no HBIG following the immediate post-transplantation period may also be safe and effective in prevention of HBV recurrence.Areas covered: We reviewed relevant literature to determine the effectiveness of early withdrawal of HBIG after liver transplantation and its effect on prevention of HBV recurrence. We used PubMed to search for any studies that used HBIG-free or short-term HBIG protocols with continued anti-HBV therapy. Short-term is defined as 12 months or less, and it is an evolving concept as new data on shorter and shorter duration becomes available. Additi...
The ALIVE system: full-body interaction with autonomous agents

The cumbersome nature of wired interfaces and the limited nature of the interaction with graphical objects has so far limited the range of application of virtual environments. We discuss the design and implementation of a novel system, called ALIVE, which allows wireless full-body interaction between a human participant and a rich graphical world inhabited by autonomous agents. Based on results obtained with real users, the paper argues that this kind of system can provide more complex and very different experiences than traditional virtual reality systems. The ALIVE system significantly broadens the range of potential applications of virtual reality systems; in particular the paper discusses novel applications in the area of training and teaching, entertainment and last but not least, digital assistants or interface agents. >
Further results on control of the compass gait biped

This paper continues our investigations into the passivity-based control of the compass gait biped. It was shown in [Spong, M.W., 1999] for the compass gait biped, and in [Spong, M.W., and Bullo, F., 2002] for the general case, that a passive limit cycle for a given constant slope can be made slope invariant via potential energy shaping control. In this paper we consider the application of total energy shaping to this problem. Using a control law that shapes the total energy of the biped we are able to influence both the exponential rate of convergence to the limit cycle and its basin of attraction. This increases robustness and variation in the ground slope. As illustrations we show stable walking gaits both in the presence of external disturbances and on varying slopes that do not exist without the total energy shaping control.
Multiple amino acid sequence alignment nitrogenase component 1: insights into phylogenetics and structure-function relationships.

Amino acid residues critical for a protein's structure-function are retained by natural selection and these residues are identified by the level of variance in co-aligned homologous protein sequences. The relevant residues in the nitrogen fixation Component 1 α- and β-subunits were identified by the alignment of 95 protein sequences. Proteins were included from species encompassing multiple microbial phyla and diverse ecological niches as well as the nitrogen fixation genotypes, anf, nif, and vnf, which encode proteins associated with cofactors differing at one metal site. After adjusting for differences in sequence length, insertions, and deletions, the remaining >85% of the sequence co-aligned the subunits from the three genotypes. Six Groups, designated Anf, Vnf , and Nif I-IV, were assigned based upon genetic origin, sequence adjustments, and conserved residues. Both subunits subdivided into the same groups. Invariant and single variant residues were identified and were defined as “core” for nitrogenase function. Three species in Group Nif-III, Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii, and Thermodesulfatator indicus, were found to have a seleno-cysteine that replaces one cysteinyl ligand of the 8Fe:7S, P-cluster. Subsets of invariant residues, limited to individual groups, were identified; these unique residues help identify the gene of origin (anf, nif, or vnf) yet should not be considered diagnostic of the metal content of associated cofactors. Fourteen of the 19 residues that compose the cofactor pocket are invariant or single variant; the other five residues are highly variable but do not correlate with the putative metal content of the cofactor. The variable residues are clustered on one side of the cofactor, away from other functional centers in the three dimensional structure. Many of the invariant and single variant residues were not previously recognized as potentially critical and their identification provides the bases for new analyses of the three-dimensional structure and for mutagenesis studies.
Chaotic advection by laminar flow in a twisted pipe

The appearance of chaotic particle trajectories in steady, laminar, incompressible flow through a twisted pipe of circular cross-section is demonstrated using standard dynamical systems diagnostics and a model flow based on Dean's perturbation solutions. A study is performed to determine the parameters that control fluid stirring in this mixing device that has no moving parts. Insight into the chaotic dynamics are provided by a simple one-dimensional map of the pipe boundary onto itself. The results of numerical experiments illustrating the stretching of material lines, stirring of blobs of material, and the three-dimensional trajectories of fluid particles are presented. Finally, enhanced longitudinal particle dispersal due to the coupling between chaos in the transverse direction and the non-uniform longitudinal transport of particles is shown.
Radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance microscopy.

Given the several orders of magnitude fewer spins per voxel for MR microscopy than for conventional MRI, efficient coil design is important to obtain sufficient signal-to-noise within reasonable data acquisition times. As MR microscopy is typically performed using very high magnetic fields, coil design must also incorporate the effects of increased component losses and skin-depth-dependent resistance, as well as radiation losses and phase effects for coils when conductor dimensions constitute a substantial fraction of the electromagnetic wavelength. For samples much less than 1 mm in size, wire solenoids or microfabricated planar coils are used. For samples with diameters of several millimeters, saddle, birdcage, Alderman–Grant or millipede coils become the preferred choice. Recent advances in multiple-coil probes and phased arrays have been used to reduce data acquisition time and/or increase sample throughput, and small superconducting coils have shown significant improvements in signal-to-noise over equivalently sized room-temperature coils. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical breakdown phenomena involving material interfaces

Summary form only given. Material interfaces often reveal complicated and interesting phenomena and physics during electrical breakdown. In this talk, the physics at interfaces in two specific applications will be discussed. One involves the insulator-electrode interface of photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) devices. Another is the air-dielectric interface found in many electrical breakdown phenomena, such as lightning arresters. In this case, the role of high dielectric permittivity in initiating breakdown will be a focus. The physics to be described will be examined in a series of transport calculations in which avalanche breakdown of solids and gases is included. These continuum calculations produce information such as the time-resolved electron, hole and ion densities following switch triggering by an overvoltage or radiation. The results will be used to examine the initial breakdown phenomena, such as thermionic and field emission at the interface, during the start of breakdown caused by an overvoltage. In addition, phenomena, such as Auger recombination, that are involved in charge collection and electrode will be included in these calculations. Finally, thermal breakdown along an air-insulator interface will be described in relation to experiments that reveal breakdown that "hugs" such an interface. These illustrative calculations will be compared with data.
PAK4 Kinase Is Essential for Embryonic Viability and for Proper Neuronal Development

The serine/threonine kinase PAK4 is a target for the Rho GTPase Cdc42 and has been shown to regulate cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization in mammalian cells. To examine the physiological and developmental functions of PAK4, we have disrupted the PAK4 gene in mice. The absence of PAK4 led to lethality by embryonic day 11.5, a result most likely due to a defect in the fetal heart. Striking abnormalities were also evident in the nervous systems of PAK4-deficient embryos. These embryos had dramatic defects in neuronal development and axonal outgrowth. In particular, spinal cord motor neurons and interneurons failed to differentiate and migrate to their proper positions. This is probably related to the role for PAK4 in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization and cell and/or extracellular matrix adhesion. PAK4-null embryos also had defects in proper folding of the caudal portion of the neural tube, suggesting an important role for PAK4 in neural tube development.
Platelets and atherosclerosis

. Despite the broad array of mechanisms designed to protect the endothelial lining of every blood vessel in the body and maintain the fluid state of blood, injury does occur. Chronic and recurrent damage result in development of lesions characteristic of atherosclerosis. The loss of vascular integrity associated with the pathological process of atherogenesis triggers the haemostatic mechanism. As a result, fibrin and platelets become a part of atherosclerotic lesions and play a role in their progression. Growth of the plaques and destruction of normal endothelium triggers further involvement of platelets leading to occlusion of arteries in the heart and brain, resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke. Understanding the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and limiting its contribution may reduce morbidity and mortality of this dread disease.
The Patient‐Centered Medical Home: A Future Standard for American Health Care?

The patient-centered medical home has been promoted as a way of organizing health service delivery to reduce costs while offering superior health outcomes and coordination of care. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 promotes the patient-centered medical home as a tool to reshape the delivery of health care in the United States. Preliminary findings from demonstration projects indicate positive overall results in terms of access, quality of care, and cost containment, and the model should continue to be reviewed for potential national adoption. However, there is significant variation in individual medical home setups, reimbursement arrangements, and evaluation methods, making the model difficult to assess, compare, and implement. When developing and evaluating this model, policy makers need to provide continuous support for practice transformation, adopt consistent outcome measures, and have realistic expectations about the timeline for such transformation.
dropping remarks and the Barbadian audience1

Dropping remarks is an organized and typically clever routine used by Barbadians to goad an opponent during an intermediate stage of dispute. In a prevalent form the speaker makes a comment ostensibly for one hearer, though the intention is to demean an overhearer who recognizes the speaker's intention to insult. This paper focuses on the deliberate creation and propagation of interpersonal strife through the manipulation of these transparently ambiguous messages. The strategy of dropping remarks, as well as the strategic response to these remarks, is investigated, and implications are drawn for the cultural analysis of speech events in general.
Near infrared spectroscopy monitoring during pediatric aortic coarctation repair.

Summary Background: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures regional tissue oxygenation continuously and noninvasively and may allow assessment of changes in regional perfusion in real time. Methods: We used NIRS monitoring to track real-time changes in regional oxygenation (rSO2) above and below the aortic cross-clamp in patients undergoing aortic coarctation repair and routinely stored these data in an operative electronic data base. This allowed us to analyze the changes in rSO2 during aortic coarctation repair for three pediatric age groups (neonates, infants 1 year).Two site [cerebral (rSO2-C) and somatic thoracodorsal (rSO2-S)] rSO2 monitoring was performed in patients undergoing aortic coarctation repair. Data for rSO2 were analyzed across sites and age groups before, during and after cross-clamp. Results: Twenty-six patients were available for analysis (11 neonates, 5 infants and 10 children). The regional oxygenation below the cross clamp (rSO2-S) declined significantly in all three age groups, but the decrease in neonates and infants <1 year of age was significantly greater than in the older children. Conclusions: Monitoring rSO2-S provides real-time trend information of regional oxygenation below the aortic cross-clamp. The decline in rSO2-S during aortic cross-clamp was rapid and large in most neonates and young infants 1 year, possibly because they had time to develop a more adequate collateral circulation around incomplete aortic obstruction.
Dynamics of DNA-programmable nanoparticle crystallization: gelation, nucleation and topological defects

DNA programmed nanoparticle self-assembly is emerging as a powerful technique to engineer novel materials. In this paper, we present a comprehensive characterization of the dynamics of DNA mediated nanoparticle superlattice self-assembly from numerical simulations. We show that crystallization is consistent with classical nucleation theory, where the supercooled phase is a gel and the internal energy of the system remains constant during crystallization. After crystallization occurs, equilibrium is reached only after substitutionals, the most common topological defects, are annihilated in a process that involves vacancies or interstitials. Implications for existing and future experiments, as well as for engineering high quality, even single crystal, superlattices are also discussed.
Trench Power JFET with Integrated Junction Barrier Schottky Diode

A novel trench power JFET with integrated junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diode is proposed. A unit JFET cell pitch of 1.1 mum can be obtained. The specific on-resistance of the device is reduced to 14.4 mOmegamiddotmm2 which is close to state-of-art of power MOSFET. The integrated JBS diode shows 35% and 30% reduction on forward voltage drop and reverse recovery charge respectively compared with its p-n counterpart from the same integration technology