cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of time reduction methods for magnetic resonance elastography of the brain

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) uses a phase-contrast MRI technique to image shear wave propagation in tissue followed by the mathematical inversion of the equations of motion governing tissue mechanics to noninvasively image tissue stiffness. This work investigates the impact of various MR sampling strategies designed to reduce acquisition times on the accuracy of MRE inversions. The results indicate that brain MRE data can be significantly truncated while maintaining a mean global stiffness error less than 10%. The results also indicate that brain MRE data can be collected in as few as eight lines of k-space. This degree of data truncation is possible due to the relatively low spatial frequency content and low amplitude of the shear waves observed during brain MRE exams and will facilitate the design of rapid brain MRE protocols for future clinical investigations.
Dayside auroral particle acceleration mechanisms derived from Dynamics Explorer data

The characteristics of dayside electron acceleration regions, or inverted V's, and the nature of the field-aligned currents flowing in their vicinity are studied by using data from Dynamics Explorer hot-plasma and magnetic-field instruments. It is shown that dayside inverted-V events are common features of the mid-altitude extension of the boundary layer, which lies equatorward of the cusp. Upward-accelerated ionospheric electron beams are found to be carriers of downward region-1 currents even in regions of downward electron acceleration. It is not clear, however, how the upward-accelerated cold electron beams can exist above an apparent upward parallel electric field, since such a potential different would tend to confine the cold ionospheric electrons to low altitudes.
Proper Blood Transfusion Practice

Excerpt To the editor: We are concerned that recommendations in the Brief Report "Anti-A Hemolytic Transfusion with Packed O Cells" (1) in the October 1978 issue do not represent a practical approa...
Evolution of Agricultural Land Leasing Models: A Survey of the Literature

Issues relating to agricultural tenancy have been viewed as important economic questions since the early writings of Smith and Mill. At the close of the twentieth century, interest in these issues remains strong. In developing countries with agrarian economies, this interest is stimulated by the perceived importance of land lease arrangements in either fostering or impeding economic development. In the United States, where the proportion of farmland operated under lease arrangements has increased from 35% in 1950 to 43% in 1992 (USDA 1992), concern focuses on efficiency of resource use and issues such as effects of absentee landownership and tenant farming on the adoption of soil-conserving production practices.
Synthesis of epoxy monomers that undergo synergistic photopolymerization by a radical‐induced cationic mechanism

A series of novel, cycloaliphatic, cationically photopolymerizable epoxide monomers bearing benzyl ether groups were prepared. These monomers display a considerable enhancement in the rate of their cationic ring-opening polymerizations in comparison with monomers that do not contain such groups. In this article, a synergistic free-radical mechanism is proposed that accounts for this effect, and supporting evidence is offered for its verification. During UV irradiation of an onium salt cationic photoinitiator, the aryl radicals that are generated abstract labile benzyl hydrogens present in such monomers to generate the corresponding carbon-centered radicals. Subsequently, these radicals are oxidized to benzyl carbocations by the onium salt via a nonphotochemical chain process. The observed increase in the rate and extent of the cationic ring-opening polymerization of the epoxide monomers is due to the aforementioned mechanism, which effectively increases the number of reactive cationic species present during polymerization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3578–3592, 2001
Functional Properties of Food Proteins Polymerized by Transglutaminase

The following properties of food proteins polymerized by guinea pig liver transglutaminase were investigated: (1) solubility, (2) emulsifying activity and emulsion stability, and (3) unfrozen water content by pulsed NMR. Several food proteins (αsl- and k-caseins, and soybean 7S and 11S globulins) were polymerized by this enzyme. Solubility and emulsifying activity of polymerized αsl-casein were higher than those of the native protein in the range of pH 4~6. Unfrozen water contents of polymerized soybean globulins were much higher than those of the native proteins. These results suggest that transglutaminase treatment may be used for the production of new food protein material with higher hydration ability.
2 Hypothalamic and pituitary function in AIDS

Summary Clinically relevant HP dysfunction occurs infrequently in the course of HIV infection and AIDS, and is usually due to destruction or infiltration of the region by opportunistic infections. However, more subtle defects occur with much greater frequency. Since these impairments, especially in the gonadotrophic and corticotrophic axes, are observed in HIV patients before the development of ARC or AIDS, direct involvement of the hypothalamus or pituitary by the neurotropic HIV virus or by other HIV-mediated factors is possible. Further investigation of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones by provocative means, in addition to assessment of the pulsatile secretion of these hormones, at all stages of HIV infection will be needed to clarify the role of the virus in these individuals.
Longitudinal comparison of visual acuity as measured by the ETDRS chart and by the potential acuity meter in eyes with macular edema, and its relationship with retinal thickness and sensitivity

To evaluate the relationship between visual acuity as measured by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart and by the potential acuity meter (PAM) with retinal thickness and sensitivity measured by a combined microperimetry/optical coherence tomography system (OCT). Forty-four patients with macular edema (ME) were included in a prospective observational study. Visual acuity (VA) was assessed using the ETDRS chart (with best correction) as well as by the PAM. Retinal thickness and sensitivity was measured by an automatic fundus perimetry/tomography system. Best-corrected VA using the ETDRS chart ranged from 20/20 to 20/400 (median: 20/50). VA measured by the PAM without correction ranged from 20/20 to 20/400 (median: 20/40). The mean retinal thickness was 369.57 μm (s.d.: 140.28 μm) on spectral domain-OCT and the mean retinal sensitivity was 8.12 decibels (dB) (s.d.: 5.78 dB). The mean LogMAR value using the ETDRS chart was 0.43, whereas it was 0.38 using the PAM (P-value: 0.009). VA values measured by the PAM were statistically significantly better than those measured by the ETDRS chart in eyes with ME secondary to various retinal vascular and uveitic diseases. VA measured by the PAM may be a more sensitive predictor of macular function than that obtained by ETDRS testing in eyes with ME.
On the Formal Equivalence of Normal Form Theory and the Method of Multiple Time Scales

Multiple time scales technique has long been an important method for the analysis of weakly nonlinear systems. In this technique, a set of multiple time scales is introduced that serve as independent variables. The evolution of state variables at slower time scales is then determined so as to make the expansions for solutions in a perturbation scheme uniform in natural and slower times. Normal form theory has also recently been used to approximate the dynamics of weakly nonlinear systems. This theory provides a way of finding a coordinate system in which the dynamical system takes the "simplest" form. This is achieved by constructing a series of near-identity nonlinear transformations that make the nonlinear terms as simple as possible. The simplest differential equations obtained by the normal form theory are topologically equivalent to the original systems. Both methods can be interpreted as nonlinear perturbations of linear differential equations. In this work, the formal equivalence of these two methods for constructing periodic solutions and amplitude evolution equations is proven for autonomous as well as harmonically excited nonlinear vibratory dynamical systems. The reasons as to why some studies have found the results obtained by the two techniques to be inconsistent are also pointed out.
Excimer-laser-induced fluorescence of rabbit cornea: radiometric measurement through the cornea

The laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of rabbit cornea irradiated at ablative intensities was measured. This system directly measured the radiant exposure of fluorescence transmitted through the cornea when the anterior surface of the cornea was irradiated by an ArF excimer laser. Evidence of changing spectral characteristics as a function of total laser dose suggests photochemical changes in the cornea may be occurring. Results are compared with previous data of laser-induced fluorescence in other models and detection schemes.
Canopy characteristics affect reproductive success of golden‐cheeked warblers

The golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered in 1990 due primarily to habitat loss and fragmentation, is a Neotropical migrant songbird that breeds exclusively in mature juniper-oak (Juniperus-Quercus) woodlands in central Texas, USA. Previous studies suggested suitable breeding habitat consists of >35% canopy closure (with 50-70% cover optimal), and � 10% oak composition. However, little is known about this species' habitat relationships at the southwestern edge of its breeding range. Therefore, within this portion of the species' breeding range, we investigated influences of canopy closure and tree species composition on pairing and reproductive success of golden-cheeked warblers during 2009 and 2010. We used remote sensing and ground sampling to acquire variables to describe habitat characteristics, and we estimated pairing for breeding and reproductive success by golden-cheeked warblers. We found successfully breeding pairs in areas with >20% canopy cover, 35% juniper composition, and only 3% oak composition. A logistic model for pairing success retained juniper, oak, and the interaction between these 2 variables, and the model for reproductive success retained juniper, canopy closure, study area, and the interaction between canopy closure and study area. Our results expand our knowledge of habitat conditions that warblers use for breeding, thus expanding the range of habitat management options available for this species during breeding season. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Performance of LiFePO4 as lithium battery cathode and comparison with manganese and vanadium oxides

Abstract LiFePO4 was synthesized by a high temperature method and high purity was confirmed by both powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. It can deliver 136 Ah/kg, 80% of theoretical capacity at 1 mA/cm2 at high cathode load levels at room temperature; 100% capacity can be obtained by raising the temperature to 60 °C or reducing the discharge rate to 0.1 mA/cm2. The method of carbon addition/coating was not found to be critical, carbon black being as efficient as in situ formed carbon coatings. These materials suffer from a low volumetric energy density, which will seriously impact their possible application. Stabilized layered structures of manganese substituted nickel oxides, such as LiMn0.4Co0.2Ni0.4O2, show a behavior typical of a single phase intercalation reaction, and a reversible capacity of around 180 Ah/kg with an upper voltage cut-off of 4.3 V. Stabilized δ-structures of vanadium pentoxide show capacities approaching 300 Ah/kg, but with a median discharge potential of 2.6 V.
Corrections to, and comments on, "an improved approximation for the Gaussian Q-Function"

In a recent letter, Karagiannidis and Lioumpas (see ibid., vol.11, no.8, p.644-6, Aug. 2007) proposed a new approximation for the Gaussian Q-function. We provide corrections to two equations, corrected entries to a table, and an alternative to a figure in the letter, as well as a few comments.
Electronically switchable extraordinary terahertz transmission through metallic hole arrays fabricated on a semiconductor substrate

We demonstrated electronically switchable extraordinary terahertz transmission through sub-wavelength metallic hole arrays fabricated on doped semiconductor substrates. A reverse voltage bias results in a controllable depletion thus tuning the substrate loss and switching the transmission.
The morphology, microstructure and luminescent properties of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells

The morphology, microstructure and the luminescent properties of CdS and CdTe films were studied. The CdS films were grown by the solution growth method. The CdTe was deposited by either close space sublimation or physical vapor deposition. As-grown CdS films were polycrystalline with a grain size in the 200-600 /spl Aring/ range. Significant grain growth and reduction in defect density were observed in these films after CdCl/sub 2/ heat treatment. The CdTe films exhibited a high density of grain boundaries and structural defects within the grains. Both grain boundaries and intragrain defects are very active recombination sites. CdCl/sub 2/ treatment effected a marked grain growth and reduction in the recombination efficiency of the grain boundaries and intragrain defects. >
Wide-band analysis of reflections from rough surfaces

The reflection of wideband pulse signals from rough surfaces is analyzed. A Kirchoff approximation method is employed to describe scattering from rough surfaces, where the usual plane-wave assumption is relaxed to include spherically diverging waves. The signal intensity detected at a point is expressed as an inverse Fourier transform of the product of the frequency correlation function of the channel and the transmitted pulse power spectrum. Coherent and incoherent components of the received signal are determined. The theory is compared with experimental results obtained from the two rough surfaces using the Polaroid transducer operating in air. Good agreement is obtained over the range of angles of incidence from 0 degrees to 60 degrees . >
Eradicating the mediators of neuronal death with a fine-tooth comb

Ischemic tolerance is an evolutionarily conserved form of cerebral plasticity in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia (called ischemic preconditioning) confers transient tolerance to a subsequent ischemic challenge in the brain. Polycomb group proteins are gene-silencing factors that are abundant and widely distributed during embryogenesis and are essential to epigenetic cellular memory, pluripotency, and stem cell self-renewal. New insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic tolerance is highlighted by the finding that ischemic preconditioning activates polycomb proteins in mature neurons. Polycomb proteins act through epigenetic gene silencing to eradicate potential mediators of neuronal death and promote cellular arrest, enabling mature neurons to survive ischemic stroke.
An equilibrium-dependent retroviral mRNA switch regulates translational recoding

Most retroviruses require translational recoding of a viral messenger RNA stop codon to maintain a precise ratio of structural (Gag) and enzymatic (Pol) proteins during virus assembly. Pol is expressed exclusively as a Gag-Pol fusion either by ribosomal frameshifting or by read-through of the gag stop codon. Both of these mechanisms occur infrequently and only affect 5-10% of translating ribosomes, allowing the virus to maintain the critical Gag to Gag-Pol ratio. Although it is understood that the frequency of the recoding event is regulated by cis RNA motifs, no mechanistic explanation is currently available for how the critical protein ratio is maintained. Here we present the NMR structure of the murine leukaemia virus recoding signal and show that a protonation-dependent switch occurs to induce the active conformation. The equilibrium is such that at physiological pH the active, read-through permissive conformation is populated at approximately 6%: a level that correlates with in vivo protein quantities. The RNA functions by a highly sensitive, chemo-mechanical coupling tuned to ensure an optimal read-through frequency. Similar observations for a frameshifting signal indicate that this novel equilibrium-based mechanism may have a general role in translational recoding.
Detection of GMSK signals in MIMO systems with arrival time differences

Space-time coding (STC) for linear, non-offset modulation is well known. The paper examines the application of STC to Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). GMSK is a desirable modulation in systems employing non-linear power amplifiers due to its constant envelope and spectral efficiency. GMSK can be interpreted as an offset quadrature shift keying (OQPSK) modulation that experiences intersymbol interference (ISI). When the transmit antennas in a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) system are widely spaced, the path lengths from the transmit antennas to the receive antennas can vary sufficiently to cause the received signals to be offset in time. These arrival time differences can cause degradation in MIMO system performance. A method for detecting space-time coded GMSK in the presence of differential delays is presented and its performance is reported.
Alcohol Septal Ablation in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy The Need for a Registry

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease with an autosomal-dominant inheritance.1 2 3 Patients with this illness are prone to sudden death, angina, syncope, and heart failure. A subset of patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy [HOCM]) at rest or HOCM that can be induced with the Valsalva maneuver or with dobutamine, isoproterenol infusion, or amyl nitrite inhalation. Patients with significant obstruction have systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve associated with the outflow obstruction, which leads to mitral regurgitation. In association with the hemodynamic burden caused by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, other abnormalities also contribute to the disabling symptoms. These include impaired left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmias. In some variant patterns, the level of obstruction may be in the mid-left ventricular cavity rather than subaortic. In addition, midventricular obstruction may be associated with subaortic obstruction. With all these abnormalities of ventricular function, the disease is frequently disabling and progressive. Numerous treatment options have been suggested for HOCM.4 5 The primary aim of medical therapy is relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; this is often done using medications such as β-blockers, calcium channel blockers (especially verapamil), and disopyramide. Medical therapy benefits many patients and allows them to lead acceptable, productive lives. Frequently, however, high doses of medication produce side effects that resemble the symptoms of HOCM. In the past, cardiac pacing …
Structural effects of radiation-induced volumetric expansion on unreinforced concrete biological shields

Abstract Limited literature ( Pomaro et al., 2011 , Mirhosseini et al., 2014 , Salomoni et al., 2014 , Andreev and Kapliy, 2014 ) is available on the structural analysis of irradiated concrete biological shield (CBS), although extended operations of nuclear powers plants may lead to critical neutron exposure above 1.0 × 10+19 n cm−2. To the notable exception of Andreev and Kapliy, available structural models do not account for radiation-induced volumetric expansion, although it was found to develop important linear dimensional change of the order of 1%, and, can lead to significant concrete damage ( Le Pape et al., 2015 ). A 1D-cylindrical model of an unreinforced CBS accounting for temperature and irradiation effects is developed. Irradiated concrete properties are characterized probabilistically using the updated database collected by Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( Field et al., 2015 ). The overstressed concrete ratio (OCR) of the CBS, i.e., the proportion of the wall thickness being subject to stresses beyond the resistance of concrete, is derived by deterministic and probabilistic analysis assuming that irradiated concrete behaves as an elastic materials. In the bi-axial compressive zone near the reactor cavity, the OCR is limited to 5.7%, i.e., 8.6 cm ( 3 1 2 in.), whereas, in the tension zone, the OCR extends to 72%, i.e., 1.08 m ( 42 1 2 in.). These results, valid for a maximum neutron fluence on the concrete surface of 3.1 × 10+19 n cm−2 (E > 0.1 MeV) and, obtained after 80 years of operation, give an indication of the potential detrimental effects of prolonged irradiation of concrete in nuclear power plants.
Distributed Construction of Truss Structures

We address the construction of truss structures with standardized parts and simple fasteners using multiple aerial robots. Robotic construction, unlike assembly in industrial settings, often occurs in unstructured environments where it may be difficult to manipulate objects to a high level of precision. This is particularly true with aerial assembly. There are challenges in positioning aerial robots and in deploying complicated manipulators or material handling devices in constrained environments characteristic of partially-built structures.We consider a scaled-down version of the problem with quadrotors, lightweight truss elements, and magnetic fasteners. Specifically, we present a provably-correct distributed construction algorithm that allows multiple robots to assemble structures according to a specified blue print with only local knowledge. In addition, we describe several heuristics for choosing the order in which parts are placed to improve performance measures like completion time. We illustrate the performance of the algorithm and the heuristics with simulations of our multi-quadrotor testbed.
Accounting for the Response-Shift: Pre-Service Teacher-Efficacy Development in Immersive Learning

This article compares the changes in efficacy of pre-service teachers in an immersive learning practicum and in a traditional practicum. It does not assume that pre-service teachers take the same pattern of development as in-service teachers because of the restructuring that must occur in an educational setting. The first study followed the development of 159 preservice teachers and found a significant interaction between the two groups across time in terms of teacher efficacy. The immersive group’s efficacy increased significantly more than the control group. The second study assessed the response-shift of pre-service teachers between their pretests and their retrospective pretests. As hypothesized, the difference between the pretest and the retrospective pretest was greater for the immersive group compared to the control group, indicating the power that immersive experiences has to recalibrate the concept of teacher-efficacy. Implications for pre-service teacher education are discussed.
Abstract 164: The Impact Of Hemodynamic Factors On Stroke Risk In Moyamoya Phenomenon: A Prospective Natural History Study

Background: The natural history of moyamoya phenomenon is not well defined. Hemodynamic factors are likely involved in the risk of future stroke in these patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if severe hemodynamic impairment predicted stroke risk in patients with idiopathic moyamoya phenomenon. Methods: The study was a prospective, blindly-adjudicated, multicenter natural history study performed at five Midwestern sites. Inclusion criteria required unilateral or bilateral moyamoya phenomenon by catheter angiography and presumed idiopathic basal arterial occlusive disease. Baseline demographic and epidemiologic stroke risk factors, presenting symptoms (if any), and imaging findings were recorded on study entry. Baseline measurements of oxygen extraction fraction (OEF)were made using positron emission tomography. Hemodynamic impairment was determined by comparing the ratio of the left or right middle cerebral to cerebellar count-based OEF to normal control subjects. Those with values beyond the 95% confidence limit were considered increased. Subjects were followed for the occurrence of the primary endpoints, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Follow up was done by phone interview at 6 month intervals and in person at one year. Outcome was analyzed on a per-hemisphere basis for patients with bilateral disease. The treated hemisphere was censored at the time of revascularization surgery for patients that underwent surgery. Surgery was allowed based on the discretion of treating physicians. The occurrence of stroke was adjudicated by an investigator blinded to hemodynamic status, based on records and imaging studies available at the time of the event. Results: Fifty subjects were recruited over a 5-year period and followed for a mean of 2.5 years. Mean age was 46 years. Sixteen were male. Forty had bilateral disease. Presenting symptoms were ischemic (39), hemorrhagic (5), seizure (2), headache (3) and none (2). A total of 15 patients (20 hemispheres) were censored, 4 of whom had increased OEF: 5 underwent bilateral and 10 unilateral revascularization procedures. Increased OEF was seen bilaterally in 7 (14%) and unilaterally in 8 patients (16%). Only 1 of the 15 patients with increased OEF suffered an ischemic stroke during follow-up. Two other endpoint events occurred, neither in hemispheres with increased OEF. One patient with bilateral disease and unilateral increased OEF suffered a hemorrhage one year after revascularization of the contralateral hemisphere. One patient with unilateral disease and normal OEF suffered a minor stroke 2 years after study entry. The annual risk for stroke in this cohort was 4.2%. Conclusions: The risk of stroke in this cohort of patients with moyamoya disease was very low relative to prior retrospective case series. Severe hemodynamic impairment was not associated with an increased risk of stroke.
In Vivo Evaluation of a Pyridoxalated-Hemoglobin-Polyoxyethylene Conjugate

A pyridoxalated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) was developed from outdated human red cell hemoglobin through chemical modifications. The PHP has a mean molecular weight of approximately 90,000 daltons, with an acceptable P50 of 22 ± 0.7mmHg. This report describes exchange transfusion studies (ET) to a final hematocrit of 5 ± 2% (n = 5) with PHP in mongrel dogs. Hespan (a plasma expander) was used as a control (n = 6). All the animals with PHP tolerated the procedure well and have survived more than 8 months to date. Five out of the six dogs receiving Hespan died within a week (p = 0.004). Reduction of hematological and coagulation parameters occurred following the ET and returned to the normal range by 4 weeks post ET. Serum electrolytes and renal function parameters (urea, creatinine) remained in the normal range. A transient slight increase in the hepatic enzyme SGOT was observed. At 2 weeks post ET open biopsies of major organs showed vacuolized cells in the liver and kidneys. Normal histol...
Response: Reengaging Environmental Education in the ‘Anthropocene’

At the turn of the 21st century, an historical moment of rapid earth system change and environmental crisis in an era labelled by some scholars as the Anthropocene (the age of humans), the need for environmental education is perhaps greater than ever; but, as I argued 27 years ago, not just any environmental education will do. As the world confronts increasingly complex issues of rising poverty, escalating conflict, and ecological degradation, it matters what we mean by ‘the environment’, and it matters what educational practices we engage. Too often, environmental education has adopted the persistent and problematic ‘human versus nature’ binary in Western thinking, a conceptual legacy that leads to false dichotomies separating problems considered more ‘social’ from those classified as more ‘environmental’. Over the past 3 decades, the field of environmental education has expanded globally, benefitting from the path-breaking analyses of environmental justice studies, feminist political ecology, and the environmental humanities, all transdisciplinary fields that offer environmental education a critical frame for understanding the dynamic ‘social nature’ of human and environment connections and interdependencies. Yet, the current discourse of the Anthropocene reengages these oppressive dichotomies. To rethink and transform this re-splitting trend, I envision the flourishing of a robust, socially critical environmental education grounded in feminist analyses, environmental justice and decolonial theories, and engaged in embodied, lively action research collaborations supporting more sustainable and resilient communities.
Estimation of Absorption Rate Constant (ka) Following Oral Administration by Wagner-Nelson, Loo-Riegelman, and Statistical Moments in the Presence of a Secondary Peak

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Wagner-Nelson, Loo-Reigelman, and statistical moments methods in determining the absorption rate constant(s) in the presence of a secondary peak. These methods were also evaluated when there were two absorption rates without a secondary peak. Different sets of plasma concentration versus time data for a hypothetical drug following one or two compartment models were generated by simulation. The true ka was compared with the ka estimated by Wagner-Nelson, Loo-Riegelman and statistical moments methods. The results of this study indicate that Wagner-Nelson, Loo-Riegelman and statistical moments methods may not be used for the estimation of absorption rate constants in the presence of a secondary peak or when absorption takes place with two absorption rates.
Borohydride, azide, and chloride anions as terminal ligands on Fe/Mo/S clusters. Synthesis, structure and characterization of [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3) MoFe3S4(X)2]2(Bu4N)4 and [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4 (PPr3)(X)]2(Bu4N)2 (X = N3-, BH4-, Cl-) double-fused cubanes. NMR reactivity studies of [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3) MoFe3S4(BH4)2]2(Bu4N)4.

Our explorations of the reactivity of Fe/Mo/S clusters of some relevance to the FeMoco nitrogenase have led to new double-fused cubane clusters with the Mo2Fe6S8 core as derivatives of the known (Cl4-cat)2Mo2Fe6S8(PPr3)6 (I) fused double cubane. The new clusters have been obtained by substitution reactions of the PPr3 ligands with Cl-, BH4-, and N3-. By careful control of the conditions of these reactions, the clusters [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(BH4)2]2(Bu4N)4 (II), [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(PPr3)(BH4)]2(Bu4N)2 (III), [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(N3)2]2(Bu4N)4 (IV), [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4(PPr3)(N3)]2(Bu4N)2 (V), and [(Cl4-cat)(PPr3)MoFe3S4Cl2]2(Et4N)4 (VI) have been obtained and structurally characterized. A study of their electrochemistry shows that the reduction potentials for the derivatives of I are shifted to more positive values than those of I, suggesting a stabilization of the reduced clusters by the anionic ligands BH4- and N3-. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, we have explored the lability of the BH4- ligand i...
Statistical lessons learned for designing cluster randomized pragmatic clinical trials from the NIH Health Care Systems Collaboratory Biostatistics and Design Core.

Background/aims:Pragmatic clinical trials embedded within health care systems provide an important opportunity to evaluate new interventions and treatments. Networks have recently been developed to...
Application of texture analysis on parametric T1 and T2 maps for detection of hepatic fibrosis.

PURPOSE To assess the utility of texture analysis of T1 and T2 maps for the detection of hepatic fibrosis in a murine model of hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, a dietary model of hepatic fibrosis was used and 15 ex vivo murine livers were examined. Images were acquired using a 30 mm bore 11.7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner with a rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement sequence. Texture analysis was then employed, extracting texture features including histogram-based, gray-level co-occurrence matrix-based (GLCM), gray-level run-length-based features (GLRL), gray-level gradient matrix (GLGM), and Laws' features. Areas under the curve (AUCs) were then calculated to determine the ability of texture features to detect hepatic fibrosis. RESULTS Texture analysis of T1 maps identified very good to excellent discriminators of hepatic fibrosis within the histogram and GLGM categories. Histogram feature interquartile range (IQR) achieved an AUC value of 0.90 (P < 0.0001) and GLGM feature variance gradient achieved an AUC of 0.91 (P < 0.0001). Texture analysis of T2 maps identified very good to excellent discriminators of hepatic fibrosis within the histogram, GLCM, GLRL, and GLGM categories. GLGM feature kurtosis was the best discriminator of hepatic fibrosis, achieving an AUC value of 0.90 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the utility of texture analysis for the detection of hepatic fibrosis when applied to T1 and T2 maps in a murine model of hepatic fibrosis and validates the potential use of this technique for the noninvasive, quantitative assessment of hepatic fibrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:250-259.
Radical Reactions of 1,4-Alkadiynes: Metal Coordination as an Effective Tool for Controlling the Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the C–C Bond Formation

A novel method for selective generation of radicals in 1,4-alkadiynes is developed by employing a π-bonded Co2(CO)6 core as a triple-bond immobilizing, cation-stabilizing, and radical-guiding auxiliary group. The isolation of α-alkynyl-cobalt-complexed propargyl cations and their reduction with zinc occurred in a regio- and stereoselective manner, giving rise to tetraethynylethanes with predominant formation of d,l-diastereomers (82–93%). The methodology provides an easy access to tetraethynylethanes and, upon oxidation, to practically important tetraethynylethenes. We also report on the novel phenomenon of “chiralization by metal complexation”, with achiral tetraynes being converted to chiral bis-clusters due to highly regio- and stereoselective complexation of the acetylenic groups.
O20. Full automation of radiation therapy treatment planning

Introduction We are using the Eclipse Application Programming Interface (API) and Mobius 3D QA system, together with in-house code, to develop an automated treatment planning system for cervix, breast (and chest wall), and head/neck cancers. The goal is to develop a system that includes multiple layers of internal QA that can be used by junior staff. Materials and methods Currently, the following preparatory steps have been fully automated: isocenter detection, couch removal, and body segmentation. For head and neck treatments, the normal tissue segmentation has been automated using an in-house algorithm, and the results scored by a radiation oncologist on 118 patients. For 4-field box cervical cancer treatments, two independent approaches have been developed to create the field apertures (jaw and MLC positions): (1) Atlas-based segmentation of bony anatomy on the patient’s CT, then calculation of apertures based on the projection of these bones to each beam’s-eye-view; (2) Deformably register atlas DRRs to the patient’s DRR for each beam, then use the deformation matrix to deform atlas blocks (MLC positions) to the patient’s DRR. These methods were tested on 39 patients, and the results scored by a radiation oncologist. Finished treatment plans (all sites) are automatically sent to Mobius to verify the dose calculation, and all parameters (MU, etc.) compared with population ranges. Results Head/neck auto contouring takes ∼15 minutes. For cord, brainstem, brain, parotid and mandible, auto-contours were scored acceptable, except for situations when the head position was non-standard. Esophagus and cochlea were generally close, but will require margins before use as a planning avoidance structures. For cervical cancer 4-field box treatments, method 1 was scored as acceptable for 96% of beams, with all failures caused by a slight error in the position of the superior border (10–15 mins per patient). Method 2 was scored as acceptable for 79% of beams, so improvements are needed here before it can be used to verify method 1. Completion of a complete cervical cancer plan, including dose calculation in Eclipse and secondary dose calculation in Mobius takes Conclusions We report on preliminary results of an automated treatment planning approach. Normal tissue segmentation for head/neck patients is very successful and has been introduced into use at our clinic. Determination of the jaw/MLC positions for 4-field box treatments of cervical cancer is also successful and has been introduced into use in our clinic.
Distinct Chiral Nematic Self-Assembling Behavior Caused by Different Size-Unified Cellulose Nanocrystals via a Multistage Separation

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are perfect rodlike nanofibers that can self-assemble and form a chiral nematic phase. We found that different self-assembling morphologies could be formed by different size-unified CNCs. This study reported a facile and new approach of fractionating raw (unseparated) CNCs in a wide particle size distribution (9–1700 nm) into a series of narrower size ranges to obtain size-unified CNCs via a well-designed multistage separation process composed of layered filter membranes with different pore size cutoffs followed by a fast pressurized filtration. The smaller size-unified CNCs readily self-assembled into polish chiral nematic phases with larger pitch value as compared to larger size-unified CNCs. Such a distinction among different chiral nematic phases and pitch values as functions of size was addressed by a mathematical evaluation, which suggested that the reduced volume fraction of the anisotropic phase as a function of both increased ionic strength and reduced crystallinity ...
Information Literacy & Privacy/Security

The editor considers the role of information literacy and librarians in promoting privacy and security among information searchers.
Autophagy-Dependent Shuttling of TBC1D5 Controls Plasma Membrane Translocation of GLUT1 and Glucose Uptake

Autophagy traditionally sustains metabolism in stressed cells by promoting intracellular catabolism and nutrient recycling. Here, we demonstrate that in response to stresses requiring increased glycolytic demand, the core autophagy machinery also facilitates glucose uptake and glycolytic flux by promoting cell surface expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1/Slc2a1. During metabolic stress, LC3+ autophagic compartments bind and sequester the RabGAP protein TBC1D5 away from its inhibitory interactions with the retromer complex, thereby enabling retromer recruitment to endosome membranes and GLUT1 plasma membrane translocation. In contrast, TBC1D5 inhibitory interactions with the retromer are maintained in autophagy-deficient cells, leading to GLUT1 mis-sorting into endolysosomal compartments. Furthermore, TBC1D5 depletion in autophagy-deficient cells rescues retromer recruitment to endosomal membranes and GLUT1 surface recycling. Hence, TBC1D5 shuttling to autophagosomes during metabolic stress facilitates retromer-dependent GLUT1 trafficking. Overall, our results illuminate key interconnections between the autophagy and endosomal pathways dictating GLUT1 trafficking and extracellular nutrient uptake.
Occupational Therapy and Pain in the Rehabilitation Patient

Occupational therapy (OT) is the art and science of daily living. “Occupation” refers to any purposeful daily activity for which an individual holds meaning and value. Occupational therapy practitioners work with people of all ages and any diagnostic presentation to promote optimal independence in daily activities and a satisfying quality of life. Many people receiving occupational therapy services have complaints of pain. This chapter is an overview of OT’s unique approach to working with individuals who have acute or chronic pain. It defines occupational therapy, emphasizes holistic, individualized evaluation and treatment, encourages a multidisciplinary team approach, and emphasizes the importance of a working partnership with each client. Areas of evaluation and potential treatment techniques are described, and the chapter concludes with several case studies. The overall theme is to combine direct treatment for pain reduction with skill development in pain management for the most effective impact on daily function.
Controlling the Swing of the Opioid Pendulum.

Controlling the Swing of the Opioid Pendulum The opioid crisis has led some clinicians to discontinue prescribing of opioid analgesics. The fallout is a growing pool of patients forced to navigate their transition off prescribed opioids, often with little assistance, with the potential for disastrous results.
Adipose tissue development in the fetal pig examined using monoclonal antibodies.

Two anti-adipocyte monoclonal antibodies (MAbs: AD-1 and AD-2) have been used to study the development of dorsal s.c. adipose tissue in fetuses from 50 to 110 d of gestation. Immunofluorescent staining of cryostat sections with each antibody revealed antigen-positive cells in fetal s.c. mesenchyme prior to lipid deposition. Lipid droplets as well as AD-1 and AD-2 positive cells were detected within the underlying muscle at 50 d. From 70 to 110 d of development, the AD-1 and AD-2 MAbs each detected all adipocytes examined, as well as capillaries associated with fat cell clusters in s.c. tissues. Reactivity toward both antibodies, as well as lipid deposition, also was detectable in the muscle underlying the s.c. mesenchyme from 70 d onward. Each MAb possessed a distinct pattern of reactivity. The AD-2 MAb stained arrector pili muscles and vessels in the s.c. mesenchyme and vessels in the underlying muscles, whereas the AD-1 did not. No reactivity using either MAb was detectable toward any other cell types within s.c. tissues. These results established the presence of cells expressing surface determinants found on mature adipocytes and associated capillaries prior to adipogenesis. A lineage relationship between adipocytes and capillary endothelial cells is suggested.
USE OF THE MEAN SQUARED ERRORS OF FORECASTS IN TESTING FOR STRUCTURAL SHIFT: A COMPARISON WITH THE CHOW TEST FOR AN UNDERSIZED CASE

The mean squared-errors of forecast (MSEF) is a statistic used to evaluate post-sample prediction performance. The MSEF has been used as a descriptive measure, but its exact distribution can be derived either from a sample theoretical or from a Bayesian perspective if the MSEF is computed from a linear regression model. In this paper, sampling and Bayesian distributions of the MSEF are derived, and it is suggested that the MSEF may be used as a statistic to test for structural shift. The powers of the MSEF are compared with those of the Chow test for a case where the sample size of the second regime is less than the number of the regression coefficients (i.e., the undersized case).
Four Conclusions About Emotional Intelligence.

The debate over emotional intelligence (EI) has been loud and some­ times bitter, and it can be difficult to reconcile competing viewpoints that dominate this debate. On the one end of the continuum, EI enthu­ siasts promote this concept as a broad solution to many of the prob­ lems that beset organizations, schools, and the like. On the other end of this same continuum, there are many authors who dismiss the con­ cept of EI altogether. Arguments between these two camps tend to gen­ erate more heat than light.
Development and Applicability of Online Passivity Enforced Wide-Band Multi-Port Equivalents For Hybrid Transient Simulation

This paper presents a method for developing single and multi-port frequency dependent network equivalent (FDNE) based on a passivity enforced online recursive least squares identification algorithm, which identifies the input admittance matrix in $z$ -domain. Furthermore, with the proposed architecture, a real-time hybrid model of the reduced power system is developed that integrate transient stability analysis and FDNE. Main advantages of the proposed architecture are, it identifies the FDNE even with unknown network parameters in the frequency range of interest, and yet can be implemented directly due to discrete formulation while maintaining desired accuracy, stability, and passivity conditions. The accuracy and characteristics of the proposed method are verified by implementing on two-area, IEEE 39 and 68 bus power system models.
Build and Execution Environment (BEE): an Encapsulated Environment Enabling HPC Applications Running Everywhere

Variations in High Performance Computing (HPC) system software configurations mean that applications are typically configured and built for specific HPC environments. Building applications can require a significant investment of time and effort for application users and requires application users to have additional technical knowledge. Linux container technologies such as Docker and Charliecloud bring great benefits to the application development, build and deployment processes. While cloud platforms already widely support containers, HPC systems still have non-uniform support of container technologies. In this work, we propose a unified runtime framework – Build and Execution Environment (BEE) across both HPC and cloud platforms that allows users to run their containerized HPC applications across all supported platforms without modification. We design four BEE backends for four different classes of HPC or cloud platform so that together they cover the majority of mainstream computing platforms for HPC users. Evaluations show that BEE provides an easy-to-use unified user interface, execution environment, and comparable performance.
Monetary Crisis: A 2013 Update

We are in the middle of possibly the most divisive debate in the economic history of the United States. Does the Federal Reserve's policy of quantitative easing (QE) make sense? Or is it, as one prominent critic has charged, a form of “monetary cocaine”—a dangerous business and consumer addiction to near-zero interest rates? © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined Amylin/GLP-1 pharmacotherapy to promote and sustain long-lasting weight loss

A growing appreciation of the overlapping neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling energy balance has highlighted combination therapies as a promising strategy to enhance sustained weight loss. Here, we investigated whether amylin- and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based combination therapies produce greater food intake- and body weight-suppressive effects compared to monotherapies in both lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. In chow-maintained rats, systemic amylin and GLP-1 combine to reduce meal size. Furthermore, the amylin and GLP-1 analogs salmon calcitonin (sCT) and liraglutide produce synergistic-like reductions in 24 hours energy intake and body weight. The administration of sCT with liraglutide also led to a significant enhancement in cFos-activation in the dorsal-vagal-complex (DVC) compared to mono-therapy, suggesting an activation of distinct, yet overlapping neural substrates in this critical energy balance hub. In DIO animals, long-term daily administration of this combination therapy, specifically in a stepwise manner, results in reduced energy intake and greater body weight loss over time when compared to chronic mono- and combined-treated groups, without affecting GLP-1 receptor, preproglucagon or amylin-receptor gene expression in the DVC.
“Bad at Love”: Halsey’s Bisexual Display

The 25-year old pop artist Halsey has recently made the jump from rising star to the top of the Billboard charts. What sets her apart from many other current muscians is not that she openly identif...