cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation and Integration

Let \(f\in AA(\mathbb X)\) and suppose that its derivative f′ exists and is uniformly continuous on \(\mathbb R\). Then \(f'\in AA(\mathbb X)\).
Lytic therapy and mechanical thrombecomty over tele-stroke, a comprehensive stroke center experience (P1.275)

Objective: Our study aims to provide an update on how our tele stroke program had developed. The rate and safety of intravenous Alteplase administration through Telestroke. Background: Patients in rural communities lack access to acute stroke therapies. Rapid administration of lytic therapy increases the likelihood of favorable functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke. At the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) we have implemented a web-based tele stroke program that allows patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke at a rural hospital to receive expert stroke consultation within minutes. This increases their chances of receiving lytic therapy, and therefore increases the likelihood of good functional outcome Design/Methods: Data for all patients evaluated with the MUSC Telestroke consultation network from 5/2008 through 4/2016 were reviewed. These data included NIHSS, number IV tPA administrations, mechanical thrombectomy, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and functional outcome. Results: 7694 stroke consults were performed May 1, 2008 through April 6, 2016. 3795 (49.2%) patients were diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and of these 1324 (34.8%) received IV tPA. Among patient with AIS, 1282 (33.8%) were transferred to MUSC. Of those 717 (54%) received IV tPA. sICH occurred in 4.6% patients who received IV tPA only and in 5% of patients who received combination of IV tPA and intra-arterial therapies. Data on intra-arterial therapy were collected from 11/2014 until 4/2016 following the publication of the first positive thrombectomy trial. A total of 27 tele stroke transfer patients received a combination of intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis and 29 received thrombectomy only. Of these 21 (37%) patients were discharged home and 28 (50 %) were discharged to rehab. 87% had good functional outcomes. Conclusions: Our study shows that our Tele stroke program had evolved over time to involve more sites throughout the state of South Carolina. Post IV tPA sICH was within the expected range. Disclosure: Dr. Al Kasab has nothing to disclose. Dr. Debenham has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jones has nothing to disclose. Dr. Holmstedt has nothing to disclose.
Student Engagement With Online Course Content at A Two-Year College

This study looks at the effectiveness of online learning at the community college level and at how instructors can design courses to help students succeed and persist. Using a one-credit course tha...
On the design of an on-line FFT network for FPGA's

In this paper a novel implementation is presented for an on-line FFT network, using complex on-line arithmetic, based on adopting a redundant complex number system (RCNS) to represent complex operands as a single number. We present cost comparisons with alternative approaches, to demonstrate a significant improvement in design for FPGA's.
Structure of human skeletal keratosulfate. The linkage region.

Abstract Keratosulfate from old human rib cartilage (KS II) was fractionated into two fractions on Bio-Gel P-6 resin. Glutamic acid or glutamine, serine, proline, and galactosamine were concentrated in the higher molecular weight fraction, whereas aspartic acid or asparagine was concentrated in the retarded peak. During alkaline treatment the higher molecular weight fraction became polydisperse through breaking of bonds involving N-acetylgalactosamine as well as serine and threonine. Studies of the action of alkali on KS II in the presence and absence of borohydride have led to the following conclusions: (a) The predominant O-glycosyl group linked to the hydroxyamino acids appears to be N-acetylgalactosamine. (b) A direct Ehrlich's chromogen is produced during the alkaline elimination, which parallels the decrease in seryl and threonyl groups. (c) When KS II or a product of KS II produced by partial hydrolysis with n acetic acid is treated with alkali in the presence of borohydride at 24°, a new ninhydrin-positive fraction is produced after hydrolysis in HCl. This is presumably derived from a 3-substituted N-acetylgalactosamine. The same fraction appears when N-acetylchondrosine or a tetrasaccharide derived from chondroitin 6-sulfate is treated with alkaline borohydride but not when a tetrasaccharide of hyaluronic acid is thus treated. The unknown derivative of N-acetylgalactosamine apparently is a reduction product of the unsaturated chromogen I postulated by Kuhn. (d) The chromogen produced by alkaline elimination appears to be still attached to a high molecular weight product. Therefore, it must be linked in the original substance via an O-glycosidic bond to the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyamino acids; it is substituted in position 3 and is further linked to position 6 by an alkali-stable bond. The methylpentose of KS II was isolated and characterized as fucose by its methylphenylhydrazone.
Predictors and patterns of fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer survivors.

Objective: This prospective, longitudinal study examined fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) among breast cancer survivors having mammograms. FCR was hypothesized to increase prior to the mammogram, decrease from immediately pre- to immediately post-mammogram with negative results, and then increase following the mammogram. The possible presence of different trajectories of FCR was also examined. Based on the cognitive–behavioral model (CBM) of health anxiety, greater perceived risk of recurrence, worse perceived consequences of recurrence, lower treatment efficacy beliefs, lower coping self-efficacy, and more engagement in reassurance-seeking behaviors were hypothesized to be associated with greater FCR across all study time points. Methods: Following treatment completion for Stage 0–IIIA breast cancer, 161 women completed the following measures: perceived risk and perceived consequences of recurrence, treatment efficacy beliefs, coping self-efficacy, and reassurance-seeking behaviors. Participants reported FCR at 3 time points before and 3 after the mammogram. Growth curve analysis was used to test for changes in FCR over time and growth mixture modeling examined different trajectories in FCR and the ability of the CBM to predict these trajectories. Results: As hypothesized, FCR significantly changed over time; scores increased prior to the mammogram, decreased immediately following receipt of negative mammography results, and increased during the month following the mammogram. Growth mixture models revealed 2 classes, higher-FCR and lower-FCR, which were predicted by the CBM. Conclusions: These study findings support the use of the CBM in predicting which cancer survivors experience greater FCR and indicates that CBM-driven interventions may prove beneficial for reducing distressing FCR.
HdhQ111 Mice Exhibit Tissue Specific Metabolite Profiles that Include Striatal Lipid Accumulation

The HTT CAG expansion mutation causes Huntington’s Disease and is associated with a wide range of cellular consequences, including altered metabolism. The mutant allele is expressed widely, in all tissues, but the striatum and cortex are especially vulnerable to its effects. To more fully understand this tissue-specificity, early in the disease process, we asked whether the metabolic impact of the mutant CAG expanded allele in heterozygous B6.HdhQ111/+ mice would be common across tissues, or whether tissues would have tissue-specific responses and whether such changes may be affected by diet. Specifically, we cross-sectionally examined steady state metabolite concentrations from a range of tissues (plasma, brown adipose tissue, cerebellum, striatum, liver, white adipose tissue), using an established liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry pipeline, from cohorts of 8 month old mutant and wild-type littermate mice that were fed one of two different high-fat diets. The differential response to diet highlighted a proportion of metabolites in all tissues, ranging from 3% (7/219) in the striatum to 12% (25/212) in white adipose tissue. By contrast, the mutant CAG-expanded allele primarily affected brain metabolites, with 14% (30/219) of metabolites significantly altered, compared to wild-type, in striatum and 11% (25/224) in the cerebellum. In general, diet and the CAG-expanded allele both elicited metabolite changes that were predominantly tissue-specific and non-overlapping, with evidence for mutation-by-diet interaction in peripheral tissues most affected by diet. Machine-learning approaches highlighted the accumulation of diverse lipid species as the most genotype-predictive metabolite changes in the striatum. Validation experiments in cell culture demonstrated that lipid accumulation was also a defining feature of mutant HdhQ111 striatal progenitor cells. Thus, metabolite-level responses to the CAG expansion mutation in vivo were tissue specific and most evident in brain, where the striatum featured signature accumulation of a set of lipids including sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol ester and triglyceride species. Importantly, in the presence of the CAG mutation, metabolite changes were unmasked in peripheral tissues by an interaction with dietary fat, implying that the design of studies to discover metabolic changes in HD mutation carriers should include metabolic perturbations.
Plasma Lipids and Gallbladder Disease

The relation between plasma lipids and gallbladder disease was examined by using data collected between 1984 and 1987 from 1,303 Rancho Bernardo, California, women aged 50 years and older. In univariate analyses and after adjustment for age and body mass index, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) were inversely related and triglyceride level was positively related to gallbladder disease. However, using multiple logistic regression, only LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, age, and body mass index were significantly related to a history of gallbladder disease, whereas HDL cholesterol was no longer associated with gallbladder disease. The risk of gallbladder disease increased with greater age, body mass index, and triglyceride level, but decreased with increasing LDL cholesterol level. Total amount of alcohol consumed per week, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and current estrogen use were not significantly associated with gallbladder disease. The relation of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to the risk of gallbladder disease requires further investigation.
THE WORKER, FIRM, AND REGION NEXUS: HOW REAL PEOPLE AND REAL WORK SHPAE THE REGIONAL INNOVATIVE CAPACITY IN THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED INDUSTRY

The author wishes to thank for comments from Ed Feser, Josh Drucker, Karen Chapple, Kieran Donaghy and other friends and colleagues.
Toluene levels in blood and brain of rats during and after respiratory exposure.

Eighty rats were exposed to 575 ppm toluene by inhalation for up to 240 min. Animals in one group were sacrificed during exposure at 15, 30, 60, 120, or 240 min. Following a 240-min exposure, groups of rats were sacrificed at 15, 30, 120, or 240 min. Blood was drawn from the vena cava of sacrificed subjects. Brains were extracted and homogenized. Blood and brain tissue were assayed for toluene by gas chromatography. One-compartment pharmacokinetic models were fitted to predict toluene levels in blood and whole brain as a function of time. Estimated asymptotes were 10.5 ppm (μg/g) for venous blood and 18.0 ppm (μg/g) for brain. Blood and brain toluene levels achieved 95% of estimated asymptotes in 53 and 58 min, respectively. Brain and blood toluene levels did not rise at significantly different rates. Though the difference was small, brain toluene level fell significantly more rapidly than toluene level in blood. In cases where other data were available in the literature on rodents or man, the results reported here agreed well with earlier data.
Influence of Culture on Cancer Pain Management in Hispanic Patients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the influence of culture on cancer pain management in Hispanic (Mexican and Central American) patients. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: This qualitative study is guided by the conceptual framework of the Pain and Quality of Life model and the Biocultural Model of Pain. It was developed as a companion study to a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-funded project to disseminate a pain education program for adult patients with cancer and their family care givers in community home-care agencies. After completing the NCI study, Hispanic subjects were invited to participate in the qualitative companion study. A total of 17 subjects, the majority of whom were women, were interviewed. The Hispanic Pain Experience Questionnaire (HPEQ) was used to elicit answers to open-ended questions regarding the perception and management of cancer pain. RESULTS: Themes that emerged from the questionnaire were Influence of Culture, Expressions of Pain, Managing Pain/Medications, and Use of Nondrug Interventions. Responses suggest that culture, family beliefs, and religion contribute significantly to management and expression of pain by the patient and care giver. In addition, this group showed that pain may be approached with stoicism; therefore, lack of verbal or behavioral expression of pain does not indicate a lack of pain itself. These patients also demonstrated a reliance on folk beliefs and nondrug interventions. The most common reason cited for noncompliance with pharmacologic treatment was an inability to understand instructions. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: When providing care to Hispanic patients, it is imperative to be nonjudgmental, sensitive, and respectful. To improve compliance, the multidisciplinary cancer team should 1) incorporate the patients' folk healthcare practices and beliefs into the plan of care when possible; 2) involve family members and friends in the patient's care, identifying one key family contact; and 3) ensure that instructions for medications are available in Spanish and understood by the patient and care giver. When patients' overall beliefs and values are respected, compliance with pharmacological and other interventions may increase accordingly.
Identification of Transcriptional Targets of the Dual Function Transcription Factor/Phosphatase Eyes Absent

Drosophila eye specification and development relies on a collection of transcription factors termed the retinal determination gene network (RDGN). Two members of this network, Eyes absent (EYA) and Sine oculis (SO), form a transcriptional complex in which EYA provides the transactivation function while SO provides the DNA binding activity. EYA also functions as a protein tyrosine phosphatase, raising the question of whether transcriptional output is dependent or independent of phosphatase activity. To explore this, we used microarrays together with binding site analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, genetics and in vivo expression analysis to identify new EYA-SO targets. In parallel, we examined the expression profiles of tissue expressing phosphatase mutant eya and found that reducing phosphatase activity did not globally impair transcriptional output. Among the targets identified by our analysis was the cell cycle regulatory gene, string (stg), suggesting that EYA and SO may influence cell proliferation through transcriptional regulation of stg. Future investigation into the regulation of stg and other EYA-SO targets identified in this study will help elucidate the transcriptional circuitries whereby output from the RDGN integrates with other signaling inputs to coordinate retinal development.
A 45nm CMOS near-field communication radio with 0.15A/m RX sensitivity and 4mA current consumption in card emulation mode

Near Field Communication (NFC) is an emerging technology that is penetrating the mobile phone market rapidly. Compliance to multiple NFC standards [1-3] requires designs to support wide dynamic range of field (0.15 to 12A/m), multiple data rates (1.65 to 848Kb/s), various modulation transition times (0.01 to 8usec), wide range of modulation indices (8 to 100%) and line coding techniques (Manchester, NRZ, Modified Miller and PPM). Also, support for small antenna size and very low power card emulation (tag) operation results in additional design constraints. The solution described here integrates all the NFC functions on a multi-IP connectivity SOC in 45nm CMOS.
Inhibition of Sperm-Egg Interaction by Specific Antibody

Treatment of hamster ova, in vitro, with ovary specific antibody interferes with sperm-egg interaction by inhibiting sperm attachment to the zona pellucida and subsequent zona penetration. This inhibition results from precipitation of the zona by the specific antibody.
Rape Law Reform at the Millennium: Remarks on Professor Bryden's Non-Millennial Approach

Redefining Rape builds on Professor Bryden’s earlier, book-length article, Rape in the Criminal Justice System. The 1997 piece looked backward. Relying heavily on empirical studies, Bryden and his colleague, Sonja Lengnick, examined “the first wave of rape law reforms”— mainly, evidentiary and procedural, as well as some substantive, measures. They aimed to assess the extent to which these changes, targeted at sexist rules unique to this crime, had realized the goal of improving outcomes in “simple” rape cases (commonly dubbed acquaintance or “date” rapes), which had been dogged by low rates of reporting, prosecution, and conviction. Their conclusions were mixed. As good news, they cited certain indications of modest progress: a decline in the rape rate since the Seventies; a rise in victims’
An example of event-driven asynchronous scheduling with Ada

The TARTAR CGN-36/NTU Baseline Development Program (CGN-36) required a preemptive scheduling mechanism that was both efficient and compatible with an Ada implementation targeted for the m68020 processor. As a result, CGN-36 developed an event-driven asynchronous scheduling package functioning as an extension of the selected vendor's (Systems Designers (SD)) Ada Run-Time Environment (RTE). This paper describes:Introduction. Why a standard Ada (rendezvous) approach would not work1. Synchronous versus Asynchronous trade-offs2. Design of the event-driven scheduler3. Validation issues4. Timing results5. Porting/Reuse issues6. Lessons learned
The atmospheric oxidation of ethyl formate and ethyl acetate over a range of temperatures and oxygen partial pressures

The Cl-atom-initiated oxidation of two esters, ethyl formate [HC(O)OCH2CH3] and ethyl acetate [CH3C(O)OCH2CH3], has been studied at pressures close to 1 atm as a function of temperature (249–325 K) and O2 partial pressure (50–700 Torr), using an environmental chamber technique. In both cases, Cl-atom attack at the CH2 group is most important, leading in part to the formation of radicals of the type RC(O)OCH(O•)CH3 [R = H, CH3]. The atmospheric fate of these radicals involves competition between reaction with O2 to produce an anhydride compound, RC(O)OC(O)CH3, and the so-called α-ester rearrangement that produces an organic acid, RC(O)OH, and an acetyl radical, CH3C(O). For both species studied, the α-ester rearrangement is found to dominate in air at 1 atm and 298 K. Barriers to the rearrangement of 7.7 ± 1.5 and 8.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mole are estimated for CH3C(O)OCH(O•)CH3 and HC(O)OCH(O•)CH3, respectively, leading to increased occurrence of the O2 reaction at reduced temperature. The data are combined with those obtained from similar studies of other simple esters to provide a correlation between the rate of occurrence of the α-ester rearrangement and the structure of the reacting radical. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 397–413, 2010
The Velocity of Longitudinal Waves in Cylindrical Bars

The velocity of longitudinal waves in cylindrical bars may be expressed as the velocity at infinite wave-length times a function of two variables: Poisson's ratio, and the ratio of the diameter of the bar to the wave-length. This function is computed over the domain of the arguments which is of physical interest. Asymptotic values for the velocities at very short wave-lengths are deduced, and the variation of the displacement as a function of the radius is discussed. It is found that a similar analysis can be applied to torsional and flexural waves.
Synthesis and evaluation of aminophosphinic acid derivatives as inhibitors of renal dipeptidase

Abstract Renal dipeptidase (RDP) is an enzyme overexpressed in benign and malignant colorectal tumors. In an effort to identify potent inhibitors of this enzyme, a series of aminophosphinic acid derivatives were synthesized. Compounds 3a and 3c in which the phenyl ring was para substituted with F and Br and olefin with Z geometry, showed better inhibitory activity against RDP enzyme (IC50 = 5–6 nM).
Applications of the theory of interacting continua to the diffusion of a fluid through a non-linear elastic media

The theory of interacting continua is applied to the problem of diffusiion of a fluid through a non-linear elastic layer and a hollow sphere. Using methods which are by now standard in continuum mechanics expressions and restrictions are derived from a thermodynamic standpoint for the partial stresses for the fluid and solid and the diffusive body force. In order to obtain detailed solutions to specific boundary value problems a choice of a particular form for the free energy function for the mixture is made based on statistical theory. To simplify the problem, we assume that the fluid in question is ideal. The difficulties inherent to a clear definition of the boundary conditions for the partial stresses are overcome by the use of the Flory-Huggins equation. Two specific examples are considered. The first is the problem of diffusion through a stretched layer and second is diffusion through a spherical shell. Results of the numerical solution enable the construction of the pressure difference-flux relations, which have been shown to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Different Types of Resistant Starch Elicit Different Glucose Reponses in Humans

The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of resistant starch (RS) elicited different glycemic responses. Eleven healthy subjects consumed solutions containing 30 g of either dextrose (DEX), resistant starch type 2 (RS2), or cross-linked resistant wheat starch type 4 ( RS 4 XL ) on three separate occasions, which were assigned randomly. Finger stick blood samples were collected before and over the following two hours and measured for glucose. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for the glucose response was calculated for all trials. The two types of resistant starch significantly ( P .05 ) decreased iAUC compared with DEX. The response with RS 4 XL was significantly decreased compared with the RS2 trial. These data demonstrate that different types of resistant starch elicit significantly different glycemic responses.
Surgical resection and long-term survival for octogenarians who undergo surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose An increasing proportion of newly diagnosed non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are octogenarians. It has been questioned whether older patients benefit from surgical resection of lung cancer to the same extent as younger patients. Patients and Methods We conducted a single-institution, retrospective analysis of patients newly diagnosed with NSCLC from 2000–2006, who underwent surgical resection of their lung cancer in Hoag Hospital. We compared resection and survival rates for patients who were age 80 years or older to younger cohorts and determined their stage distribution, rates of surgery, and actuarial survival by age-defined cohort. Of 1293 total patients, 17.2% were age 80 years or older; 36.1%, age 70–79 years; 29.2%, age 60–69 years; 12.9%, age 50–59 years; and 4.6%, under age 50. Of these patients, 482 underwent surgical resection. Surgical procedures included 400 lobectomies, 23 pneumonectomies, and 59 wedge resections. Results The proportion of patients who had local disease at diagnosis was higher for octogenarians compared with younger patients (33.6% vs. 26.6%; P = .021), but the resection rate for octogenarians was lower (64% vs. 83%; P = .0003). For patients determined to have local- or regional-stage disease, resection rates were 52% versus 67.9% ( P = .0007). However, survival curves for patients who underwent surgical resection were similar for all five cohorts with 5-year survival rates of 62%, 53%, 63%, 63%, and 79% from oldest to youngest. Conclusion Non–small-cell lung cancer patients
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetylcholinesterase inhibition: Can acetylcholine levels in the brain be improved in alzheimer's disease?

Up to 20% or more of individuals who will be 80 years of age will develop senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). In SDAT patients cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain undergo profound damage, which is reflected in decreased acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetyltransferase activity, acetylcholinesterase activity, and choline uptake in cortical terminals. Physostigmine has been widely used to increase brain acetylcholine concentration by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. The pharmacokinetics of physostigmine and its effects on acetylcholine concentration are not well studied. Our studies of physostigmine pharmacokinetics in dogs, rats, and humans suggest that a “slow-release formulation” may be necessary to achieve increases in acetylcholine concentrations that will have therapeutic effects in SDAT. To investigate one potential “slow release formulation” of physostigmine we have studied direct injection into the lateral ventricles of the brain.
Vernalization of immature embryos of winter wheat genotypes

The effect of direct vernalization of immature embryos on flowering was studied in six winter wheat genotypes. Fourteen-, 17-, and 20-day-old embryos were excised and vernalized for 0–6 weeks on synthetic medium during a conditioning period. Percent germination of embryos was high (overall 96.1%), and free from genotypic effects. Genotypes differed for flowering in response to cold treatment of excised embryos. Embryo vernalization was as effective as or more than conventional vernalization (control, seedling vernalization for 6 weeks). Seventeen-day-old embryos were the most responsive to vernalization. With a 5-week vernalization of 17-day-old embryos, the percentage of plants anthesed was higher than those from 14-and 20-day-old embryos. For 17-day-old embryos vernalized for 5 weeks, the mean number of days from culture to anthesis was less than that of 6 week vernalization, less than that of 14- and 20-day-old embryos, and less than controls.
Neuropsychological predictors of adaptive kitchen behavior in geriatric psychiatry inpatients

This study examined the degree to which demographic variables, psychiatric diagnosis, depression rating, and neuropsychological test performance predict adaptive kitchen behavior in geriatric psychiatry patients and normal elderly volunteers. Amixed group of 27 participants including 8 normal volunteers and 19 geriatric psychiatry inpatients underwent psychiatric evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and a kitchen skills assessment conducted in a natural setting. Both depression and dementia were prevalent among patients. The kitchen skills assessment was abnormal in 69% of patients, compared to none of the normal volunteers. Estimated premorbid IQs, psychiatric diagnosis, and neuropsychological test scores significantly predicted the pass/fail status on the kitchen skills assessment, but there was no effect for age, education, gender, or depression. The discriminant function analysis classified 92% of cases, and the canonical correlation coefficient was .84. Of the neuropsychological tests employed in the study, two tests involving visuospatial processing and attention were retained in the discriminant function analysis. The results are consistent with previous studies that suggest that visuospatial tasks are more predictive of instrumental activities of daily living than are cognitive tasks emphasizing verbal and memory abilities. In addition, we conclude that neuropsychological test data are useful and valid for the purpose of guiding clinical judgments regarding activities of daily living in geriatric psychiatry patients.
The Elusive Total Budget Outlay of the Japanese Government: An Inquiry into the Japanese National Accounts II

Abstract The gross expenditure by the general government sector in the Japanese National Accounts for 1997 was reported to be 180.5 trillion yen. This figure is known to exclude some components of the fiscal activity of the government. Hence, while this figure is well defined, it is incomplete as a measure of the total expenditure of the Japanese government. The Fiscal Statistics issued by the Ministry of Finance, on the other hand, reports that net total outlay of the central government alone for 1997 was 170.0 trillion yen. When the provincial and local governments' outlay is added and adjusted for duplication, the total outlay is estimated at 234 trillion yen. The definition for this figure, however, is quite vague. It is extremely difficult to pin down the total government expenditure from the fiscal records of the government. The measurement of other concepts encounters similar problems. In this paper, we explore reasons why the fiscal records of the Japanese government are so obscure. We also consider what may be done to generate measures of fiscal activities of the Japanese government that are easily interpretable and usable in assessing their macroeconomic impacts. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , June 2002, 16 (2) pp. 177–193. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and NBER. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C82, H10, H50, H60, H70, H80.
Convection-enhanced drug delivery for gliomas

In spite of aggressive multi-modality treatments, patients diagnosed with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma continue to display poor median survival. The success of our current conventional and targeted chemotherapies are largely hindered by systemic- and neurotoxicity, as well as poor central nervous system (CNS) penetration. Interstitial drug administration via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is an alternative that potentially overcomes systemic toxicities and CNS delivery issues by directly bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This novel approach not only allows for directed administration, but also allows for newer, tumor-selective agents, which would normally be excluded from the CNS due to molecular size alone. To date, randomized trials of CED therapy have yet to definitely show survival advantage as compared with today's standard of care, however, early studies appear to have been limited by “first generation” delivery techniques. Taking into consideration lessons learned from early trials along with decades of research, newer CED technologies and therapeutic agents are emerging, which are reviewed herein.
A PstI polymorphism for the human erythrocyte surface protein band 3 (EPB3) demonstrates close linkage of EPB3 to the nerve growth factor receptor

Abstract Erythrocyte surface protein band 3 (EPB3) plays an important role in CO 2 transport in the blood. We have isolated a recombinant λ bacteriophage that contains coding sequence for the human gene. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the human insert contains a portion of exon 13. A 1.1-kb Bam HI fragment revealed a two-allele polymorphism with Pst I. Alleles of 1.4 and 0.9 0.5 kb were present in Caucasoids at frequencies of 0.74 and 0.26, respectively. EPB3 has previously been mapped to 17q21-qter by in situ hybridization, and linkage analysis showed that EPB3 is tightly linked to the gene for the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). The maximum likelihood estimate of recombination (θ) is 0.00, with a lod score of 11.40 and confidence interval of 0.00 to 0.04.
A PROBABILISTIC-PROPOSITIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE O-THEORY INTERSECTION RULE

In a previous paper, O-theory (OT), a hybrid uncertainly theory was proposed for dealing with problems of uncertainty in logical inference. The foundations of one of the concepts introduced, the OT intersection operator, are explored in this paper. The developments rely solely on set-theoretic and probability notions which are the distinguishing features of this operator's role in the theory. The OT intersection rule has as its basis Dempster's rule of combination which ties it closely to Dempster-Shafer theory. In this paper the OT rule will be shown to be based more fundamentally on classical probability theory. To demonstrate this, possibility sets are interpreted in a propositional framework and mass assignments are converted to the probabilistic form originally proposed by Dempster. These changes are used to show that the OT intersection rule can be derived from first principles in a probability theory of propositions. Since this derivation does not require conditional probabilities, it can be used a...
Economics of ion propulsion for large space systems

This study of advanced electrostatic ion thrusters for space propulsion was initiated to determine the suitability of the baseline 30-cm thruster for future missions and to identify other thruster concepts that would better satisfy mission requirements. The general scope of the study was to review mission requirements, select thruster designs to meet these requirements, assess the associated thruster technology requirements, and recommend short- and long-term technology directions that would support future thruster needs. Preliminary design concepts for several advanced thrusters were developed to assess the potential practical difficulties of a new design. This study produced useful general methodologies for assessing both planetary and earth orbit missions. For planetary missions, the assessment is in terms of payload performance as a function of propulsion system technology level. For earth orbit missions, the assessment is made on the basis of cost (cost sensitivity to propulsion system technology level).
Alterations of the sense of self and personality in Parkinson's disease.

Purpose We hypothesized that alterations of subcomponents (‘harm-avoidance’) of personality and the sense of Self in patients with PD would be associated with executive cognitive dysfunction. Methods Thirty-four patients with PD and 17 age-matched controls with chronic disease were assessed with a set of neuropsychologic, personality and mood tests as well as an experimental assessment of the sense of Self. Results On personality and self tests, PD patients evidenced higher harm avoidance, lower novelty seeking scores, and lower recall rates of personally experienced events from childhood than controls and this PD personality profile was associated with poor performance on neuropsychologic tests of executive prefrontal function. PD patients, however, did not differ significantly from controls in their subjectively felt congruence between their present Selves and their hoped-for Selves. Conclusions We suggest that harm-avoidance personality and Self-related changes of PD are due, in part, to a memory disorder associated with frontal dysfunction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cracking of thin bonded films in residual tension

Abstract Solutions are obtained for two elastic plane strain problems relevant to the cracking of a thin film bonded to a dissimilar semi-infinite substrate material. The first problem is that of a crack in the film oriented perpendicular to the film/substrate interface with the crack tip touching the interface. The second problem is that of a crack of the same geometry, but with length less than the film thickness, so that the crack tip is within the film. These problems are used to model several modes of crack extension in thin films bonded to thick substrate materials. Complete results from the solution of each problem are given over the full range of practical elastic mismatches. Dimensionless quantities important in describing the cracking of thin films are introduced and accurate approximate formulas based on the solution results are given for them. Applications are discussed, including criteria for avoiding thin film crack extension and a formula for the curvature change induced by the cracking of a thin film bonded to a substrate of finite thickness. The solution results, approximate formulas and information on their application provide the details necessary for the analysis of practical thin film cracking problems.
A new model of plasma cell proliferation

Many antiapoptotic proteins are expressed in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Among these proteins, the Bcl-2 family member Bcl-xL is frequently overexpressed in MM cell lines and MM patient cells and promotes tumor cell survival. The expression of both Bcl-xL, as well as that of the antiapoptotic Mcl-1
Paleoenvironmental change in wetlands of the Florida Everglades, southeast USA

In this special issue, we report on efforts to reconstruct paleoclimate/paleolimnology of the Florida Everglades, applying a wide range of techniques including sedimentological, micropaleontological and biogeochemical approaches. The papers included here describe results obtained by studies conducted in Everglades National Park and the greater South Florida Everglades by Florida Coastal Everglades Long Term Ecological Research Program (FCE LTER) collaborators. This multi-investigator project contrasts nutrient dynamics in two inland-to-marine transects aligned along separate drainages in southern Florida that differ in their susceptibility to coastal pressures and in volume of freshwater delivery. This effort focuses on the paleoecological aspects of FCE LTER research that address scales of ecosystem transformations driven by climate variability and change and human activities. The central question addressed by this body of work is “How is the shape of the freshwater-to-marine gradient in the Florida coastal Everglades controlled by changes in climate, freshwater inflow (i.e. through human activities), and disturbance (i.e. sea level rise, hurricanes, fire)?”
The surface-renewal theory of interphase transport: a stochastic treatment

Abstract The stagnant-film, boundary-layer, and surface-renewal theories have been regarded as the cornerstone of the science of interphase mass or heat transfer in turbulent environments. The stagnant-film theory has been highly popular and remains so because of its simplicity; however, it is deemed too simplistic and unrealistic. The boundary-layer theory has been derived from a fairly rigorous and self-consistent fluid mechanical theory based on the notion of continuity; nevertheless, this theory is incapable of elucidating random disturbance or chaotic bursting at the interface under turbulent conditions. The surface-renewal theory has been conceived so that the deficiencies of the first two theories can be rectified through incorporation of some statistical components into the description of interphase mass or heat transport. Numerous variants of this theory, giving rise to various mathematical models, have been proposed; still, the acceptance or popularity of the surface-renewal theory appears to lag behind the other two theories. This is probably attributable to the fact that while the mathematical formulation of the theory is abundantly couched in statistical or stochastic parlance, the methodologies and procedures followed are those of continuum mechanics and deterministic mathematics, thereby rendering the model or theory less acceptable. The present work attempts to derive a self-consistent mathematical model of the surface-renewal theory of interphase mass transfer by resorting to the theories and methodologies of stochastic processes based on the Markovian assumption. Specifically, the expression for the contact-time distribution of fluid elements or solid particles participating in the interphase transport has been derived from the stochastic population balance of these elements or particles. Moreover, the expression for the dynamic rate of transfer of molecules or microscopic components across the interface has been derived as the continuous limit of the probability balance equation of the random walks of these entities around the interface. Proper coupling of the two expressions constitutes the desired model. By analogy, this model is applicable to the turbulent interphase heat transport and plausibly to the momentum transport under certain circumstances.
New antiepileptic drug safety information is not transmitted systematically and accepted by U.S. neurologists

Abstract We surveyed U.S. neurologists in order to evaluate their knowledge of, and sources for, recent FDA safety warnings regarding antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and whether they incorporate this information into their practices. Survey respondents (N = 505) were predominantly board-certified American Academy of Neurology members. Approximately 20% of respondent neurologists were not aware of warnings about four drug safety risks: suicidality with newer AEDs, increased birth defect risks from in utero divalproex exposure, impaired cognitive development from in utero divalproex exposure, and the requirement of haplotype screening in patients of Asian descent starting carbamazepine. Most respondents were aware of a recommendation for haplotype screening, yet did not routinely perform the safety screening, and 18 reported patients that had hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine. Respondents learned about drug safety risks from varied sources; only notifications from specialty organizations were associated with accurate knowledge of drug safety warnings. Most surveyed neurologists would prefer implementing “a formal warning process via specialty organizations” with e-mails of updated product insert warnings.
Sorption and Degradation of Pentachlorophenol in Sludge-Amended Soils

Determination des effets de l'addition de boue residuaire sur la sorption et la degradation du pentachlorophenol a des teneurs proches observees dans des sols ayant recus des boues
Prolonged door-to-balloon time: is treatment delayed always treatment denied?

Rapid reperfusion following the onset of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction has been shown to provide life-saving benefit. Both systemic fibrinolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention have been shown to be effective in reducing mortality, and their effectiveness is greater the sooner they are applied. Percutaneous coronary intervention has become the dominant method of reperfusion and may offer benefit over systemic fibrinolysis in some patients. Accordingly, physicians, hospitals, and professional organizations have developed guidelines and algorithms to both speed and standardize care. In addition, the institutional rapidity of therapy—the mean or median door-to-balloon time—is often publically reported providing further impetus to rapid triage and treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, some patients do not receive reperfusion within the time guidelines set out by professional organizations. In many instances, this delay relates to medical issues that exist in addition to the patient's myocardial infarction. These data raise the question of whether the most rapid reperfusion is always superior to more delayed but potentially more comprehensive therapy.
Microchip-based immunomagnetic detection of circulating tumor cells

Screening for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood has been an object of interest for evidence of progressive disease, status of disease activity, recognition of clonal evolution of molecular changes and for possible early diagnosis of cancer. We describe a new method of microchip-based immunomagnetic CTC detection, in which the benefits of both immunomagnetic assay and the microfluidic device are combined. As the blood sample flows through the microchannel closely above arrayed magnets, cancer cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles are separated from blood flow and deposited at the bottom wall of the glass coverslip, which allows direct observation of captured cells with a fluorescence microscope. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchannel fixed on a glass coverslip was used to screen blood samples. The thin, flat dimensions of the microchannel, combined with the sharp magnetic field gradient in the vicinity of arrayed magnets with alternate polarities, lead to an effective capture of labeled cells. Compared to the commercially available CellSearch™ system, fewer (25%) magnetic particles are required to achieve a comparable capture rate, while the screening speed (at an optimal blood flow rate of 10 mL h−1) is more than five times faster than those reported previously with a microchannel-based assay. For the screening experiment, blood drawn from healthy subjects into CellSave™ tubes was spiked with cultured cancer cell lines of COLO205 and SKBR3. The blood was then kept at room temperature for 48 hours before the screening, emulating the actual clinical cases of blood screening. Customized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Veridex Ferrofluid™) conjugated to anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies were introduced into the blood samples to label cancer cells, and the blood was then run through the microchip device to capture the labelled cells. After capture, the cells were stained with fluorescent labelled anti-cytokeratin, DAPI and anti-CD45. Subsequent immunofluorescence images were taken for the captured cells, followed by comprehensive computer aided analysis based on fluorescence intensities and cell morphology. Rare cancer cells (from ∼1000 cells down to ∼5 cells per mL) with very low tumor cell to blood cell ratios (about 1 : 107 to 109, including red blood cells) were successfully detected. Cancer cell capture rates of 90% and 86% were demonstrated for COLO205 and SKBR3 cells, respectively.
Breaking the chain: Confronting issueless college town disturbances and riots

Law enforcement agencies and institutions of higher education have confronted increasing numbers of violent and destructive campus riots and disturbances over the past decade. Problematic is the fact that these riots typically have no underlying cause, other than students' quest for excitement. Responding to gaps in the empirical literature about these events, this study used data from two waves of surveys to systematically examine those involved in a recurring problem event in a college town that was subject to a police crackdown. The analyses drew on survey responses from over eight hundred event participants in 2002 and 2003, and the results revealed that increased enforcement had a significant effect on crowd composition, including the gender and race of participants, repeat visitors, out-of-town participants, and perceptions about the subjects' overall experience. Implications for law enforcement and community strategies to decrease the size and destructiveness of such problem events are outlined.
Outcomes associated with hypogonadism in men with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease is commonly accompanied by disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Such disturbances in men give rise to hypogonadism and low circulating testosterone levels. The deficiency in testosterone can contribute to clinical outcomes such as sexual dysfunction, decreased bone mineralization, malnutrition and decreased muscle mass, and anemia. The administration of androgens to nonuremic hypogonadal men is usually effective in treating such outcomes. By contrast, the response to therapy in uremic men tends to be much less predictable. This variability in response is not surprising, because these same clinical outcomes can be the result of other aspects of the uremic state or the comorbid conditions that are frequently present in men with chronic kidney disease. Although further studies are needed, testosterone therapy may prove most useful as an adjunct to other more general therapies designed to address the uremic state.
Women Remembered: A Guide to Landmarks of Women's History in the United States

"This was obviously a labor of love for the author. Libraries large and small will find it a major ready-reference source on historic women in America." Library Journal