cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic modified Sugarbaker technique results in superior recurrence rate

Parastomal hernia (PH) is a frequent complication of stoma formation, occurring in 35–50 % of patients. Recurrence after repair is common, ranging from 24 to 54 % of cases. We hypothesized that repair using a laparoscopic modified Sugarbaker technique (SB) would result in a superior recurrence rate when compared with other repairs. An Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective review of patients who underwent PH repair between 2004 and 2011 was performed. We collected demographics, factors related to ostomy formation, risk factors for hernia, intraoperative and postoperative information, as well as the absence or presence of PH on their last physical examination or imaging study. Forty-nine PH repairs were performed: 33 (67 %) para-ileostomy and 16 (33 %) para-colostomy. Repairs included 14 laparoscopic modified SB, 19 laparoscopic keyhole, 11 ostomy re-sitings, and 5 open primary repairs. There was no statistically significant difference between groups when comparing age, BMI, smoking status, steroid use, ostomy type, location, primary diagnoses, or complication rate. Recurrence rates were 0 % for SB, 58 % for keyhole, 64 % for re-siting, and 20 % for open repair. When SB was compared with all groups, the incidence of recurrence was significantly lower (p < 0.001) but follow-up was as well (7.2 vs 32.7 months). When analysis was restricted to the 28 repairs performed between 2009 and 2011, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographics or follow-up period (7.2 months for SB group versus 11.8 months for all others), but again there was a significant difference in recurrence (0 of 14 for the SB group vs 8 of 14, p < 0.01). In addition, there were no differences in postoperative complication rates among all techniques. The modified SB technique may offer patients a significant decrease in the risk of recurrence compared with other PH repair techniques with no significant increase in postoperative complications.
α-L-iduronidase in lysosomal extracts*

Summary Use of phenyl α-L-iduronide as a test substrate now makes it possible to show occurrence in rat liver lysosomes of an α-L-iduronidase. The enzyme can be shown to be distinct from the well studied β-glucuronidase. With the phenyl glycoside, measurements can be made of this relatively weak mammalian activity, whose occurrence could previously be inferred only indirectly from the slow degradation of dermatan sulfate derivatives by tissue extracts. Trials with appropriate aryl glycosides indicate absence of detectible α-D-glucuronidase, α-D-mannuronidase, α-D-galacturonidase, or β-L-iduronidase activities from lysosomal extracts.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 in Cardiac Protection: A New Therapeutic Target? ☆

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is emerging as a key enzyme involved in cytoprotection in the heart. ALDH2 mediates both the detoxification of reactive aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and the bioactivation of nitroglycerin to nitric oxide. In addition, chronic nitrate treatment results in ALDH2 inhibition and contributes to nitrate tolerance. Our laboratory recently identified ALDH2 to be a key mediator of endogenous cytoprotection. We reported that ALDH2 is phosphorylated and activated by the survival kinase protein kinase C epsilon and found a strong inverse correlation between ALDH2 activity and infarct size. We also identified a small molecule ALDH2 activator which reduces myocardial infarct size induced by ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. In this review, we discuss evidence that ALDH2 is a key mediator of endogenous survival signaling in the heart, suggest possible cardioprotective mechanisms mediated by ALDH2 and discuss potential clinical implications of these findings.
Radiance, soot, and temperature interactions in turbulent alcohol fires

The fires above 0.5 meter pools of isopropanol and ethanol have been studied experimentally to determine the time-averaged composition of radiating gases and soot, the fluctuating temperature distribution functions, and the radiation which leaves the flames. Temperature is determined from a thermocouple rake, permitting correlation of the temperatures at eleven positions along the fire diameter. Digitized time-lapse photographs enhance the understanding of the visible radiation in the fire. In both fires, the peak average temperature is about 1275 K with a standard deviation close to 300 K, and the dominant flickering frequency is near 2 Hz. Significant differences in the fires exist: the thermal output of the isopropanol is 131 kW, double the ethanol fire; the peak radiance from the isopropanol is 17 kW/m2/sr, also double the ethanol value; the maximum local monochromatic soot extinction coefficient in the isopropanol fire is 7.8 m−1, ten times that of ethanol; and the gray absorption coefficients are calculated to differ by a factor of four in the two fires. Two alternative models are proposed for the soot absorption coefficient: steady-state soot kinetics on the fuel rich side of the flame front coupled with frozen chemistry where the fuel concentration is low, and a model which ties the soot level directly to the carbon monoxide concentration.
Profiting from poverty: ethics of microfinance in BOP

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the ethical dilemmas that emerge when offering microfinance services in BOP markets.Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing the ethical lenses of deontology, teleology, virtue ethics and moral relativism, the paper builds on prior research on ethical issues in BOP markets and the ethics of microfinance to highlight the specific stakeholder impacts facing MFIs. Relevant literature and examples from practice are utilized to illustrate the different ethical perspectives.Findings – In general, many of the key dilemmas represent themselves in the extreme poverty segment of the BOP where commercial business models have the least traction.Research limitations/implications – Propositions are developed for the corrective actions in the paper which might allow future research to uncover differences in intervention success in different BOP markets.Practical implications – The discussion of potential interventions for the various stakeholders may ameliorate criticisms of MFIs, su...
Itinerant origin of the ferromagnetic quantum critical point in Fe(Ga,Ge) 3

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of FeGa${}_{3}$ and doped FeGa${}_{3}$ are studied using density functional calculations. An itinerant mechanism for ferromagnetism is found both for $n$-type doping with Ge and also for $p$-type doping. Boltzmann transport calculations of the thermopower are also reported.
Kinetic theory of gas-surface scattering: Energy and angular distributions of the fast part

Abstract A three-dimensional theory for the kinetics of fast inelastic scattered particles is described. By means of an energy dependent mean first passage time a Brownian motion in parallel momentum space is coupled to the perpendicular motion in energy space. Results for the energy and angular distributions are presented and compared with experiments for Ar and Xe from close-packed metal surfaces.
Building community trust through quality assurance of malaria diagnosis and management at a rural clinic in Uganda

theatre capacity and patient flow to better identify areas of improvement and impact intervention to improve infection rates for open fractures through academic partnerships. Structure/Method/Design: The process mapping techniques used followed the framework and principles outlined in Workflow Modeling: Tools for Process Improvement and Application Development (2nd ed.) by Alec Sharp and Patrick McDermott. The steps include defining the scope of the operating theatre, identifying key personnel, and conducting interviews over a 3-week period to develop a process map. The process map was validated by shadowing all key personnel and operating theatre daily workflow and presented to key stakeholders. Results (Scientific Abstract)/Collaborative Partners (Programmatic Abstract): This is a partnership between KATH leadership and IGOT. Summary/Conclusion: A map of the theatre was produced starting with the “decision to operate” and ending with the patient being transported to the wards after surgery. This map identified in a visual way the complexity of workflow necessary to get a patient in and thru the operating theatre. Key areas for streamlining and improving communication were outlined and presented to key stakeholders. The framework used for recommendations suggested seven opportunities that are possible without any additional funds, personnel, or resources. The process map and methodology used is dynamic and if embraced can serve as a practical and simple tool to advocate and facilitate change in the system. Those involved in the process, at any level, can refer to the process map for clarification of workflow, contribute to feedback on improvement and solutions for limitations, as well as identify data collection points. This same approach can be used to advocate for why a solution should be supported using costeffectiveness comparison and outcome measures. By systematically approaching improvements and documenting progress you ensure sustainability in the system. Process mapping can be a valuable tool to apply in a resource-constrained setting to ensure appropriate and sustainable interventions.
Quantity and infectivity of embryo-associated bovine viral diarrhea virus and antiviral influence of a blastocyst impede in vitro infection of uterine tubal cells

Abstract In previous studies, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) remained associated with IVF embryos after viral exposure and washing. However, uterine tubal cells (UTC) were not infected when exposed embryos were washed and individually co-cultured with them. The objective of this study was to evaluate quantity and infectivity of embryo-associated virus and antiviral influence of a blastocyst as possible explanations for failure to infect the UTC in vitro. Morulae and blastocysts were produced in vitro and washed. A portion of the embryos were incubated for 2 h in medium containing 106 to 108 cell culture infective doses (50%, CCID50) of a genotype I, noncytopathic BVDV per milliliter and then washed again. Virus isolation was attempted on sonicated negative (virus unexposed) and positive (virus exposed) control embryo groups after washing. The influence of quantity and infectivity of embryo-associated virus was evaluated by transferring exposed, washed embryo groups (2, 5, and 10 embryos/group) or sonicate fluid of exposed, washed, sonicated embryo groups (2, 5, and 10 embryos/group) to cultures containing bovine UTC in IVC medium that was free of BVDV neutralizing activity. The antiviral influence of an embryo was evaluated by adding 1 to 105 CCID50 of BVDV to UTC in the presence or absence of a single unexposed blastocyst in IVC medium. After 2 d in co-culture, the UTC, IVC medium and washed embryos (when present) were tested separately for the presence of BVDV using virus isolation. Virus was isolated from sonicate fluids of all positive but no negative controls. Virus was not isolated from any UTC following 2 d of culture with virally exposed groups of intact embryos. However, virus was isolated from UTC cultured with sonicate fluids from some groups of 5 (60%) and 10 (40%) embryos. Infective virus also remained associated with some groups of 2 (20%), 5 (40%) and 10 (60%) intact embryos after 48 h of post-exposure culture. Finally, primary cultures of UTC were more susceptible to infection with BVDV in the absence of a blastocyst (P=0.01). Results indicate that insufficient quantity and reduced infectivity of embryo-associated virus as well as an antiviral influence of intact IVF blastocysts may all contribute to failure of embryo-associated virus to infect UTC in vitro.
Cold tolerance in maternal mouthbrooding tilapias: phenotypic variation among species and hybrids.

Abstract Cold tolerance in the tropical-subtropical tilapias (genus Oreochromis ) is a trait of economic importance in temperate climates where growing seasons are 6–8 months long and overwintering of stocks is a necessity. Standardized short- and long-term cold-tolerance tests have been evaluated for quantifying cold tolerance within and among populations. These tests will allow selection of superior individuals and/or families which can subsequently be evaluated for their breeding value. The short-term test can be conducted in 8–12 h compared with conventional and ambient cooling methods which require several days to several weeks. Rank-order of phenotypic means among species was identical for short- and long-term cold-tolerance methods. Irrespective of testing method. O. aureus was most cold tolerant, followed by O. niloticus (Egypt strain), O. mossambicus , and O. hornorum . Cold-tolerance means for hybrid populations were intermediate to the respective parental means, indicating no significant heterosis. Body weight (range=2−90 g), gender, or color phenotype within populations were not significant factors affecting cold tolerance. Genetic and environmental factors influencing the phenotypic expression of cold tolerance are discussed.
Three-dimensional field model and computer modeling of martensitic transformations

A three-dimensional (3D) continuum stochastic field kinetic model of martensitic transformations which explicitly takes into account the transformation-induced elastic strain is developed. The model is able to predict the major structural characteristics of martensite during the entire transformation including nucleation, growth and eventually formation of internally twinned plates which are in thermoelastic equilibrium with the parent phase. No a priori constraints are made on the possible configurations and sequences of structural patterns formed by orientation variants of the martensite. 3D computer simulations are performed for a generic cubic → tetragonal martensitic transformation in a prototype crystal which is elastically isotropic and elastically homogeneous. The simulations predict that (i) nucleation of martensite in a perfect crystal occurs collectively to accommodate the coherency strain, e.g. the critical nuclei are formed by two internally twinned orientation variants; (ii) the ultimate structure consists of plate-like martensite and retaining parent phase. The martensitic plates consist of twin-related platelets of two orientation variants and the habits of the plates meet the invariant plane requirement. These simulation results are in good agreement with experimental observations.
How Perceived Physician Leadership Behavior Affects Physician Satisfaction

OBJECTIVE To determine whether faculty members at an academic medical facility perceive their physician leaders as exhibiting transformational leadership behavior and whether they are most satisfied with leaders perceived to be most frequently exhibiting this behavior. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS The study was conducted within the Department of Medicine at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, from December 1, 2005, through March 21, 2006. A total of 314 physicians within the Department of Medicine were asked to complete a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) consisting of 22 questions regarding their primary physician leader (ie, division or department chair). The MLQ asked how frequently the physician leader exhibited specific behavior comprising 5 transformational leadership attributes (idealized attributes, idealized behavior, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration) and included 2 questions regarding satisfaction with that leader. RESULTS Leaders varied in how frequently their faculty perceived that they exhibited each behavior. Leaders were shown to exhibit the attributes "fairly often," but not "frequently if not always." Each of the leadership attributes highly correlated with each of the 2 satisfaction measures. However, the attributes most strongly correlated with satisfaction were among the least often displayed. CONCLUSION Physicians' satisfaction with their leaders is closely associated with the frequency with which leaders are perceived as exhibiting specific transformational leadership behavior. These results point to 5 specific behaviors that might be targeted to enhance both leadership skills and faculty members' satisfaction with their leaders.
Succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry reveals the location of the putative primary visual and auditory areas within the dorsal ventricular ridge of Sphenodon punctatus.

In turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) is a nuclear cell mass that contains distinct visual and auditory thalamorecipient cell groups. In the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), the DVR is not organized into diverse cell groups but instead possesses a trilaminar cytoarchitecture resembling that characteristic of the telencephalic cortex in reptiles. To determine if visual and auditory fields might also be present in the DVR of Sphenodon punctatus, we used succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) histochemistry, which has been shown to delineate the visual and auditory fields of the DVR in turtles, crocodilians and lizards. We also used acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry to determine the boundary between the DVR and the basal ganglia in Sphenodon. We found an SDH-rich region in the neuropil ventral to the cell plate of the rostrolateral DVR and a slightly less intense SDH-rich zone in the neuropil deep to the cell plate of the ventromedial DVR. These SDH-rich zones appear to be located at the apical dendrites of the neurons of the adjacent cell plate. These SDH-rich zones were clearly located within the DVR and were distinct from the AChE-rich striatal part of the basal ganglia, which occupied the ventrolateral wall of the telencephalon. Based on findings in other reptiles, it seems likely that the SDH-rich zone in rostrolateral DVR represents the zone of termination of nucleus rotundus visual input to the DVR, whereas the zone in ventromedial DVR represents the zone of termination of nucleus reuniens auditory input. Because a trilaminar DVR such as that in Sphenodon might be the primitive DVR condition for reptiles, our results suggest that the cytoarchitecture of the DVR and the synaptic organization of its thalamic sensory input in the common ancestor of living reptiles might have been much like of the dorsal cortex.
The problem of choosing the inference rule to employ

This article is the second of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research focuses on finding criteria or metarules for choosing the inference rule(s) to be employed by the automated reasoning program in use when instructing the program to complete a specific assignment. We include actual experiments that illustrate the difficulty of making an appropriate choice.
Heritable trinucleotide repeats and neurological disorders

In the past 3 years, seven human neurological disorders have been found to be associated with an abnormal number of unstable trinucleotide repeats within exons or non-expressed regions of a gene. These forms of mutations are called dynamic mutations. The expansion in copy number of trinucleotide repeats may represent a large number of hereditary disorders. The correlation between the length of the repeated size and the disease severity and variable onset has provided some genetic explanation for a phenomenon called anticipation. However, there are numerous questions which cannot be explained by anticipation. Many other factors such as genomic imprinting and variable DNA methylation may also contribute to the puzzling features of these phenotypes.
Quality assurance growing pains: a state perspective on implementing an organizational-wide quality system in environmental laboratories.

To implement an effective and efficient quality systemina network of established environmental testing laboratories requires a committed long-term effort that is potentially fraught with multiple obstacles. This presentation discusses one state's ongoing efforts at implementing such a system. First is the need to convince management of the rationale for a quality systems-based approach versus the traditional QA/QC program. Once development of a quality system has been sanctioned, a team-based approach utilizing project planning tools is a goodway to approach the effort. Resources are assigned to the development of key quality system components, and generally a phased-deployment or roll-out works best. Once implementation is underway, assuring operational utilization andcompliance withthe quality system are vital steps in the process. Important to successful implementation is ongoing assessment and refinement of the quality system. Fundamental and key elements of the laboratory quality systemare numerous a...
Influence of an imperfect energy profile on a seeded free electron laser performance

A single-pass high-gain x-ray free electron laser (FEL) calls for a high quality electron bunch. In particular, for a seeded FEL amplifier and for a harmonic generation FEL, the electron bunch initial energy profile uniformity is crucial for generating an FEL with a narrow bandwidth. After the acceleration, compression, and transportation, the electron bunch energy profile entering the undulator can acquire temporal nonuniformity. We study the influence of the electron bunch initial energy profile nonuniformity on the FEL performance. Intrinsically, for a harmonic generation FEL, the harmonic generation FEL in the final radiator starts with an electron bunch having energy modulation acquired in the previous stages, due to the FEL interaction at those FEL wavelengths and their harmonics. The influence of this electron bunch energy nonuniformity on the harmonic generation FEL in the final radiator is then studied.
A 110-Kilodalton Subunit of Translation Initiation Factor eIF3 and an Associated 135-kilodalton Protein Are Encoded by theSaccharomyces cerevisiae TIF32 and TIF31Genes

Translation initiation factor eIF3 is a multisubunit protein complex required for initiation of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. The complex promotes ribosome dissociation, the binding of the initiator methionyl-tRNA to the 40 S ribosomal subunit, and mRNA recruitment to the ribosome. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF3 comprises up to 8 subunits. Using partial peptide sequences generated from proteins in purified eIF3, we cloned the TIF31 and TIF32genes encoding 135- (p135) and 110-kDa (p110) proteins. Deletion/disruption of TIF31 results in no change in growth rate, whereas deletion of TIF32 is lethal. Depletion of p110 causes a severe reduction in cell growth and protein synthesis rates as well as runoff of ribosomes from polysomes, indicative of inhibition of the initiation phase. In addition, p110 depletion leads to p90 co-depletion, whereas other eIF3 subunit levels are not affected. Immunoprecipitation or nickel affinity chromatography from strains expressing (His)6-tagged p110 or p33 results in the co-purification of the well characterized p39 and p90 subunits of eIF3 as well as p110 and p33. This establishes p110 as an authentic subunit of eIF3. In similar experiments, p135 and other eIF3 subunits sometimes, but not always, co-purify, making assignment of p135 as an eIF3 subunit uncertain. Far Western blotting and two-hybrid analyses detect a direct interaction of p110 with p90, p135 with p33, and p33 with eIF4B. Our results, together with those from other laboratories, complete the cloning and characterization of all of the yeast eIF3 subunits.
Epoxybutene–Hemoglobin Adducts in Rats and Mice: Dose Response for Formation and Persistence During and Following Long-Term Low-Level Exposure to Butadiene☆

Measurement of specific adducts to hemoglobin can be used to establish the dosimetry of electrophilic compounds and metabolites in experimental animals and in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose response for adduct formation and persistence in rats and mice during long-term low-level exposure to butadiene by inhalation. Adducts of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene, the primary metabolite of butadiene, with N-terminal valine in hemoglobin were determined in male B6C3F1 mice and male Sprague-Dawley rats following exposure to 0, 2, 10, or 100 ppm of 1,3-butadiene, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from groups of five mice and three rats at the end of each week during the 4 weeks of exposure and weekly for 3 weeks following the end of the 4-week exposure period. The increase and decrease, respectively, of the adduct levels during and following the end of the 4-week exposure followed closely the theoretical curve for adduct accumulation and removal for rats and mice, thereby demonstrating that the adducts are chemically stable in vivo and that the elimination follows the turnover of the red blood cells. The adduct level increased linearly with butadiene exposure concentration in the mice, whereas a deviation from linearity was observed in the rats. For example, after exposure to 100 ppm butadiene, the epoxybutene-hemoglobin adduct levels were about four times higher in mice than in rats; at lower concentrations of butadiene, the species difference was less pronounced. Blood concentrations of epoxybutene, estimated from hemoglobin adduct levels, were in general agreement with reported concentrations in mice and rats exposed by inhalation to 62.5 ppm. These studies show that adducts of epoxybutene with N-terminal valine in hemoglobin can be used to predict blood concentration of epoxybutene in experimental animals.
Solution Sets of Interval-Valued Min-S-Norm Fuzzy Relational Equations

This paper introduces the concepts of tolerable solution set, united solution set, and controllable solution set for interval-valued fuzzy relational equations. Given a continuous s-norm, it is shown that each of the three types of the solution sets of interval-valued fuzzy relational equations with a min-s-norm composition, if nonempty, is composed of one minimum solution and a finite number of maximal solutions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions are given. Computational procedures based on the constructive proofs are proposed to generate the complete solution sets. An example is given to illustrate the proposed procedures.
Protein-carbon nanotube and graphene sensors: Single platform integrated micro clinical lab for monitoring blood analytes

Health care is poised to revolutionize the present century with scalable technology and the collaborative power of the internet. The quest for greater efficiency in the delivery of health care services is eternal for a country that spends far more on health care that outstrips many other segments of the economy. In several countries, healthcare expenditure will grow at a faster pace than their economic growth (20% of GDP by 2014 in US). So there is a need to establish a robust health information system for effective delivery of health services. This should begin with prevention, and continue with an integrated approach to manage chronic illnesses, treat ongoing healthcare needs, and address life-threatening diseases. In order to achieve this, there will be a compelling need to integrate an ever-increasing body of scientific knowledge of both generalized and individualized practice. Nanotechnology affords cost-effective medical devices that can be used for self monitoring. Automated monitoring devices that can effectively track serum lipids, serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in a single platform will make home-monitoring, outpatient and inpatient monitoring easy.
On the accuracy of clinical judgements.

Using only the information provided in MMPI profiles, thirteen clinical psychologists and sixteen trainees in clinical psychology attempted to assess the degree of psychoticism of 861 patients who had been admitted to a hospital or clinic and for whom a diagnosis of ‘psychotic’ or ‘neurotic’ had been made. The clinician-judges were required to distribute their ratings over an eleven-point forced-normal ‘scale’. The correlations of each clinician-judge with every other and with the diagnosis (‘psychotic vs. non-psychotic’) were determined. All correlations were positive. Those among the twenty-nine clinician-judges were of the order of 0·3 to 0·9, most being between 0·6 and 0·85. Most of the correlations of clinician-judges with the diagnosis variable were in the 0·20 to 0·35 range. The first principal component among the correlations accounted for 85 per cent of the total variance. In a rotated, three-factor solution one factor defined the dimension underlying the criterion judgements while the other two represented consistent influences which were largely independent of the final diagnosis. The nature of these influences could not be determined from the data in hand.
On the interspecific comparison of nuclear DNA amounts using the Feulgen and Gallocyanin Chromalum methods

Quantitative determinations of nuclear DNA amounts by both the Feulgen and the Gallocyanin Chromalum methods vary considerably and systematically depending on the interpretation of the measurements. Before such determinations can be interpreted to the limits of accuracy set by the optical methods, the measurements will have to be standardized against determinations obtained by other methods, and the mechanisms underlying the production of stainable groups in the two cytochemical reactions will have to be better understocd.
Engineering a scientific image processing toolbox for the Macintosh II

An image processing toolbox for the Macintosh II computer is described. The design specifications and implementation are discussed in terms of functional and user interface aspects. The system's capabilities and performance are described, and an illustration of the use of the system's tools to accomplish a complex image processing task is presented.
On rotations and translations with application to robot manipulators

Robot motion is described by a set of positions and orientations of the robot's end-effector relative to some base coordinate system. Different methods to describe this motion are available and most of them are presented in this paper. Methods for position vector, free vector, and line vector transformation are presented and compared, and the advantages and disadvantages, the simplicity, and the number of arithmetic operations required of the different methods are addressed. An example of the application of these methods to a six degree-of-freedom robot is given.
Facial Transplantation for Massive Traumatic Injuries

This article describes the challenges of facial reconstruction and the role of facial transplantation in certain facial defects and injuries. This information is of value to surgeons assessing facial injuries with massive soft tissue loss or injury.
Distribution of Larval Yellow Perch (Perca Flavescens) in Nearshore Waters of Southeastern Lake Michigan

Abstract Spatial and temporal distribution of larval yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) in southeastern Lake Michigan was described from samples collected during 1973–1981 with plankton nets and benthic sleds in water 0.5 to 21 m deep. Yellow perch larvae ≤ 7.5 mm total length were numerous from mid-May to early or mid-July. Larvae taken before mid-June hatched from eggs spawned in inland waters, rather than in Lake Michigan. Those larvae appearing early occurred chiefly in shallow water (≤1.5 m), whereas larvae caught later were chiefly distributed in deeper water (≥ 6 m). Larval perch abundance was similar at all bottom depths ≥ 6 m, was low in surface water during the day, and low near bottom at night. At 0.5- and 1.5-m stations, significantly more larvae were caught at night than during the day.
A population and economic overview of Cambria County, Pennsylvania following the 1977 Johnstown Flood

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the extent of monetary damage, the loss of life and the effect on employment caused by 1977 Johnstown Flood and their subsequent effects on population, unemployment rate, poverty rate, per capita income, median household income, and education in Cambria County, Pennsylvania.Design/methodology/approach – Statistics from 1980, 1990 and 2000 were used to create an economic and population overview of Cambria County. Short‐term and long‐term effects of the 1977 flood were examined to uncover possible trends regarding population and economics. Revealed trends might aid communities in recovering following a natural disaster.Findings – There have been continuous decreases in population following the 1977 Johnstown Flood and a drastic increase in the unemployment rate following the flood. These findings suggest that the loss of key employers following a major natural disaster may lead to long‐term losses in the overall population.Research limitations/implications – These data ...
Role of Heavy-Duty Freight Vehicles in Reducing Emissions on Congested Freeways with Elastic Travel Demand Functions

This paper investigates the effect of heavy-duty (HD) vehicles (primarily road freight) on the traffic congestion-emissions relationship. Unlike previous studies, this research explicitly considers the effects of travel demand elasticity by vehicle class on total emissions. Modeling results show that, even as a small share of the traffic volume, HD vehicles can contribute a large share of total pollution emissions, especially for particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. HD vehicle emission rates are more sensitive to congestion than are light-duty (LD) vehicle emission rates, and thus greater emissions benefits may result from mitigating congestion for these vehicles. Potentially lower travel demand elasticity with respect to speed for HD vehicles further indicates vehicle class-specific benefits from congestion mitigation. Differences between LD and HD vehicles suggest greater air quality benefits from vehicle class-targeted congestion mitigation or lane and capacity management strategies. HD vehicle trav...
Cohabitation and Children's Externalizing Behavior in Low‐Income Latino Families

We consider the association of cohabitation experience with externalizing behavior among children of Latina mothers whose ethnic origin is in Mexico, Puerto Rico, or the Dominican Republic. Data were drawn from three waves of the Three-City Study (N = 656 mother-child pairs). Children of Mexican-origin mothers had greater externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence when their mothers were born in the United States or had immigrated as minors. For children of Caribbean-origin mothers, being born to a cohabiting or married mother had a statistically equivalent association with externalizing behavior when mothers were born outside the mainland United States (Dominican and island-born Puerto Rican mothers). Children of mainland-born Puerto Rican mothers had more behavior problems when their mothers cohabited at birth.
Knowledge base for the design of high-performance second-order NLO materials: architecture-relaxation correlations in new crosslinked poled polymer systems

Two complementary approached to the construction of poled, crosslinked second-order polymeric NLO materials are discussed. In the first, poly(p-hydroxystyrene) is functionalized with a nitroaniline chromophore having a protectable hydroxyl group for hydrogen bonding or epoxy crosslinking. Chromophore immobilization is most effective when crosslinks can be made directly at the chromophore substituent and when multifunctional crosslinking agents are employed. The second approach shows that matrices prepared from an aryldiamine chromophore and a bismaleimide co-monomer can achieve T g values approaching + 240$DEGC and exceptional SHG temporal stability.
An Anopheles gambiae cDNA predicts a protein similar to a yeast Suil translation factor

Abstract The nucleotide (nt) sequence of a cDNA cloned from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae was determined. The amino acid (aa) sequence of the deduced protein was 56% identical (60/108 aa) to the recently discovered translation initiation factor Sui1 of yeast, suggesting that the two proteins are homologs and have similar functions. Database searches also revealed strong similarity to other sequences, including the deduced gene products of cDNAs from organisms as diverse as nematodes, humans and plants. The functions of these putative proteins are unknown, but their homology to Suil suggests that they represent an important component of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex.
Retention and selectivity of teicoplanin stationary phases after copper complexation and isotopic exchange.

Teicoplanin is a macrocyclic glycopeptide that is highly effective as a chiral selector for LC enantiomeric separations. Two possible interaction paths were investigated and related to solute retention and selectivity: (1) interactions with the only teicoplanin amine group and (2) role of hydrogen bonding interactions. Mobile phases containing 0.5 and 5 mM copper ions were used to try to block the amine group. In the presence of copper ions, it was found that the teicoplanin stationary phase has a decreased ability to separate most underivatized racemic amino acids. However, it maintained its ability to separate enantiomers that were not α−amino acids. It is established that there is little copper−teicoplanin complex formation. The effect of Cu2+ on the enantioseparation of some α−amino acids appears to be due to the fact that these solutes are good bidentate ligands and form complexes with copper ions in the mobile phase. Isotopic exchange with deuterium oxide was performed using acetonitrile−heavy wate...
Watershed calibration using multistart local optimization and evolutionary optimization with radial basis function approximation

Abstract Calibration of computationally expensive watershed models is more feasible with algorithms that require fewer simulations. This paper compares the performance of seven global optimization algorithms on a 14-parameter and an 8-parameter watershed calibration problem. The optimization algorithms include Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), Differential Evolution (DE), an evolutionary algorithm that uses Radial Basis Function (RBF) approximation (ESGRBF), and four types of local optimization methods coupled with the Multi-Level Single Linkage (MLSL) multistart procedure. The four local optimization algorithms are: Sequential Quadratic Programming, which is a derivative-based method; Unconstrained Optimization by Quadratic Approximation (UOBYQA), which is a derivativefree trust-region method; Pattern Search; and Implicit Filtering. The results indicate that ESGRBF is the most effective algorithm on the two calibration problems, followed by Implicit Filtering coupled with the MLSL multistart approach. He...
Orthopoxvirus DNA: strain differentiation by electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease fragmented virion DNA.

Abstract Procedures were developed for purifying intact intracytoplasmic poxvirus particles from infected cells and for isolating DNA from virions by equilibrium centrifugation in sodium diatrizoate density gradients. The buoyant density of twelve closely related orthopoxviruses purified in these gradients was determined to be 1.25 g/ml, and that of the isolated virion DNAs was 1.1 g/ml. Virion DNA from each of the 12 selected prototype and wild-type viruses was cleaved with three separate site-specific restriction endonucleases, Hin d III, Sal I, and Bam HI, and the fragments (molecular weights 0.5 × 106 to 20 × 106) were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Characteristic DNA fragment migration patterns observed in the gels permitted classification of the viruses. By comparing profiles of Hin d III cleaved DNAs we were able to group the viruses into 4 species: cowpox, vaccinia, monkeypox (2 isolates), and variola (8 isolates). Viruses from variola major infection could be differentiated from viruses from variola minor infection. Isolates within species (strains) were also differentiated, mainly by comparing the gel electrophoresis profiles of Sal I digested DNA from the viruses.
One-hundred days in an activity-centric collaboration environment based on shared objects

This paper describes a new collaboration technology that is carefully poised between informal, ad hoc, easy-to-initiate collaborative tools, vs. more formal, structured, and high-overhead collaborative applications. Our approach focuses on the support of lightweight, informally structured, opportunistic activities featuring heterogeneous threads of shared objects with dynamic membership. We introduce our design concepts, and we provide a detailed first look at data from the first 100 days of usage by 20 researchers and 13 interns, who both confirmed our hypotheses and surprised us by reinventing the technology in several ways.
High dead-space syringes and the risk of HIV and HCV infection among injecting drug users

This study examines the association between using and sharing high dead-space syringes (HDSSs)--which retain over 1000 times more blood after rinsing than low dead-space syringes (LDSSs)--and prevalent HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among injecting drug users (IDUs). A sample of 851 out-of-treatment IDUs was recruited in Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, between 2003 and 2005. Participants were tested for HIV and HCV antibodies. Demographic, drug use, and injection practice data were collected via interviews. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Participants had a mean age of 40 years and 74% are male, 63% are African American, 29% are non-Hispanic white, and 8% are of other race/ethnicity. Overall, 42% of participants had ever used an HDSS and 12% had shared one. HIV prevalence was 5% among IDUs who had never used an HDSS compared with 16% among IDUs who had shared one. The HIV model used a propensity score approach to adjust for differences between IDUs who had used an HDSS and those who had never used one. The HCV models included all potential confounders as covariates. A history of sharing HDSSs was associated with prevalent HIV (odds ratio=2.50; 95% confidence interval=1.01, 6.15). Use and sharing of HDSSs were also associated with increased odds of HCV infection. Prospective studies are needed to determine if sharing HDSSs is associated with increased HIV and HCV incidence among IDUs.
In-Situ Monitoring of the Bulk Density and the Moisture Content of Rapidly Flowing Particulates Using a Microwave Resonance Sensor

The resonant frequency and conductance of an open-reflection microwave resonance sensor overlaid with rapidly stirring microcrystalline cellulose (moisture content range 0%-6.4% and effective bulk density range 0.225-0.375 g cm-3) were recorded noninvasively in the frequency range of 700-740 MHz. With these data, empirical calibration models were developed that allowed simultaneous, accurate predictions of moisture content, and effective bulk density in-situ. Standard errors of calibration were found to be 0.32% for moisture content determination and 0.014 g cm-3 for effective bulk density determination. This paper shows that microwave resonance sensors can be used to monitor the material properties of very rapidly flowing materials that other techniques cannot.
Technical and professional communication programs and the small college setting: Opportunities and challenges

This article argues that the small school context has been a relatively unexamined or under-examined context for technical and professional communication program development. While graduate program development holds a large share of the field's attention in recent national forums, growth in graduate programs is a consequence of demand in the job market among mostly teaching schools. Thus, the field must consider how well we are socializing new Ph.D.s into the values and the real work of institutions where they will find employment. Toward this end, this article articulates three mediating forces of program development in the liberal arts and humanities settings of small schools: 1) interdisciplinarity and flexibility are lived dynamics of small schools; 2) the campus-wide privileging of writing and communication skills presents ongoing opportunities for curricular initiatives and program development; and 3) compression of decision-making structures leads to more involvement of/with administrators and units across campus.
Changes in brain norepinephrine in self-stimulating and ‘aversive’ animals ☆

Abstract Emotionality in animals appears to reduce the concentration of norepinephrine in brain. This conclusion is further supported by studies of intracranial stimulation in rats. Self-stimulation and mechanical stimulation of ‘aversive’ animals and self-stimulators, when accompanied by behavioral evidence of emotionality, all lead to decrements in brain norepinephrine. Intracranial electrical stimulation, unassociated with emotionality, does not alter the levels of the catecholamine.
Ciliary epithelia of the mammalian eye in cultured explants

The ultrastructural characteristics of ciliary epithelium from bovine, pigmented rabbit, and fetal albino rabbit were studied in cultured explants. The tips of ciliary processes were cultured in plastic dishes with Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 5% fetal bovine serum. More than half of the expiants adhered to the plastic culture dish, and epithelial cells spread as monolayers within a few days. Initially the explant contains two layers, the outer (nonpigmented cells) and the inner (pigmented cells). Later the explant exhibits three layers: 1) outermost lightly pigmented flattened cells, 2) an outer layer of nonpigmented cells, and 3) an inner layer of densely pigmented cuboidal cells. The cells of the outermost layer are continuous with the cells of the inner layer. A narrow space lies between the outermost layer and the outer layer. The columnar cells in the outer layer contain well developed organelles but no pigment granules; they possess a basement membrane, lateral interdigitations, and junctional complexes near their apices. Numerous focal junctions and some ciliary channel-like structures were detected between the columnar cells of the outer layer and the cuboidal cells of the inner layer. The cuboidal cells of the inner layer are filled with pigment granules. These observations suggest that the columnar cells of the outer layer are nonpigmented epithelium, the cuboidal cells of the inner layer are pigmented epithelium, and the flatened cells in the outermost layer are derived from pigmented epithelium.
A neural basis for the effect of candidate appearance on election outcomes

Election outcomes correlate with judgments based on a candidate’s visual appearance, suggesting that the attributions viewers make based on appearance, so-called thin-slice judgments, influence voting. Yet, it is not known whether the effect of appearance on voting is more strongly influenced by positive or negative attributions, nor which neural mechanisms subserve this effect. We conducted two independent brain imaging studies to address this question. In Study 1, images of losing candidates elicited greater activation in the insula and ventral anterior cingulate than images of winning candidates. Winning candidates elicited no differential activation at all. This suggests that negative attributions from appearance exert greater influence on voting than do positive. We further tested this hypothesis in Study 2 by asking a separate group of participants to judge which unfamiliar candidate in a pair looked more attractive, competent, deceitful and threatening. When negative attribution processing was enhanced (specifically, under judgment of threat), images of losing candidates again elicited greater activation in the insula and ventral anterior cingulate. Together, these findings support the view that negative attributions play a critical role in mediating the effects of appearance on voter decisions, an effect that may be of special importance when other information is absent.