cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enthalpies of formation at 970 K of compounds in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 from high temperature solution calorimetry

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of petrologically important phases in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO 2 were measured in a melt of composition 2PbO · B2O3 at 970 ± 2K. The substances investigated included synthetic and natural (meteoritic) enstatite (MgSiO3), synthetic aluminous enstatite (MgSiO30.9Al2O30.1), synthetic and natural cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18), synthetic and natural sapphirine (approx. 7MgO·9Al2O3 · 3SiO2), synthetic spinel (MgAl2O4), natural sillimanite (Al2SiO5), synthetic forsterite (Mg2SiO4), synthetic pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12), natural quartz (SiO2), synthetic periclase (MgO) and corundum (Al2O3). Improvement in standardization of the calorimeter solvent made possible greater precision in this study than obtainable in former work in this laboratory on some of the same substances. The enthalpies of formation of enstatite, synthetic cordierite, forsterite and spinel are in reasonable agreement with values previously determined by solution calorimetry. The enthalpy of formation of enstatite is about 0.7 kcal less negative than the value for clinoenstatite resulting from the HF calorimetry of Torgesen and Sahama (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70. 2156–2160, 1948), and is in accord with predictions based on analysis of published pyroxene equilibrium work. Aluminous enstatite with 10 wt.% Al2O3 shows an enthalpy of solution markedly lower than pure MgSiO3: the measurements lead to an estimate of the enthalpy of formation at 970 K for MgAl2SiO6 (Mg-Tschermak) orthopyroxene of + 9.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mole from MgSiO3 and Al2O3. Comparison of the enthalpies of formation of synthetic cordierite and anhydrous natural low-iron cordierite shows that they are energetically quite similar and that the synthetic cordierite is not likely to have large amounts of (Al, Si) tetrahedral disorder. Comparison of the enthalpies of formation of synthetic sapphirine and natural low-iron sapphirine shows, on the other hand, that the former is not a good stability model for the latter. The lower enthalpy of formation of the high-temperature synthetic sample is undoubtedly a consequence of cation disordering. The enthalpy of formation of natural sillimanite is considerably less negative than given by the tables of Robie and Waldbaum (U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1259 1968). The measured enthalpy of formation of synthetic pyrope is consistent with that deduced from published equilibrium diagrams in conjunction with the present measured enthalpy of formation of aluminous enstatite. Calculation of the entropy of synthetic pyrope from the present data yields surprisingly high values and suggests that synthetic pyrope is not a good stability model for natural pyrope-rich garnets. Hence, considerable doubt exists about the direct quantitative application of experimental diagrams involving pyropic garnet to discussions of the garnet stability field in the Earth's outer regions.
The pragmatics of forgiveness: judgments of apologies in the Israeli political arena

Although the theme of forgiveness has been studied extensively in various fields of humanities and social science, it has thus far been neglected by discourse scholars. Drawing on data from the Isr...
Curved-wave-front corrections for photoelectron scattering

We derive new, simplified formulas for the scattering of l=1 spherical waves from central potentials, as a basis for discussing curved-wave-front corrections to single-scattering plane-wave models for angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure and extended x-ray-absorption fine structure. A differential form for the expansion of the screened spherical wave replaces the usual Gaunt-integral form to facilitate the summation over equivalent magnetic sublevels in the scattered wave. Spherical-wave scattering factors are defined and interpreted as corrections to the plane-wave scattering factor. We argue and demonstrate by example that the remarkable success of plane-wave models does not result from reaching the spherical-wave asymptotic limit; instead, successive partial-wave corrections cancel for backscattering at high energy. The new scattering formulas allow curved-wave-front numerical calculations to be performed with little more effort than with plane-wave formulas.
CONFIRMATION OF SH?'ISM IN AMERICA AN ANALYSIS OF SERMONS IN THE DEARBORN MOSQUES

Le sermon est la piece centrale du service religieux d'une mosquee de Dearborn dans le Michigan. Les hommes, les femmes et les enfants sont presents au sermon du dimanche, alors que les prieres du vendredi n'attirent que les hommes. Cet article aborde le sujet de ces sermons ainsi que les differents styles employes. Qu'ils soient delivres en arabe, en anglais, par des laics ou des shaykhs, les sermons contiennent toujours le meme message essentiel: le shiisme est la vraie religion et c'est a travers ses heros que le salut interviendra
The Neutralization Test in Lymphogranuloma Venereum

The neutralization test has proven a highly important aid in the recognition and epidemiological study of numerous virus diseases. In lymphogranuloma venereum as well, this test should be distinctly valuable, especially in those cases where it is not possible or practicable to perform the Frei test or where there is anergy or a doubtful skin reaction. Unfortunately, however, the literature on this subject, as in many of the experimental phases of this disease, is contradictory. Levaditi and his coworkers,1 to whom we owe much of the pioneer work in lymphogranuloma venereum, first reported successful neutralization experiments using the monkey as test animal in 1931. In the following year, they2 obtained positive results with the mouse. Also in 1932, Findlay3 successfully employed this test and by means of it, was able to establish the identity of climatic bubo and lymphogranuloma venereum. Wassin, in 1935, not only obtained positive results by means of the intracerebral neutralization test in mice, but devised a new intradermal test in the guinea pig. Miyagawa6 and his coworkers confirmed these observations. More
Selective word-learning deficits in aphasia.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with focal brain damage can learn anything about a new word, and if so, whether selected aspects of the new word are acquired depending on the nature of the patient's language processing deficit. In the context of drawing pictures with a number of felt pens identical in all respects except color, agrammatic Broca's aphasics and fluent aphasics were exposed to the new word “bice,” an adjective referring to the dark green portion of the color spectrum. Our findings revealed that brain-damaged patients can engage in lexical acquisition, but Broca's aphasics and fluent aphasics apparently learn about different aspects of the new word. Specifically, on successive exposures to “bice,” both Broca's aphasics and fluent aphasics exhibit progressively more accurate hypotheses for identifying a bice-colored object. During subsequent assessments, agrammatic aphasics reveal on a metalinguistic judgment task their significant difficulty appreciating the grammatical form class of “bice”; on an object classification task, fluent aphasics are significantly impaired in their classification of bice-colored objects as “bice.” Taken together, these unique word-learning profiles reinforce earlier observations on the selective nature of language processing deficits after focal left-hemisphere insult, and support the claim that separate language processing devices may be selectively compromised in different groups of aphasics. The relationship between syntactic and lexical semantic processing is discussed.
Photochemical reduction of uranyl nitrate by tri-n-butyl phosphate

Abstract Uranyl nitrate can be photochemically reduced in TBP solutions, with or without the presence of HNO3 and water. Nitrite ion and hydrolysis products of TBP are also produced and at low HNO3 concentration a precipitate containing U(IV) is produced. The reduction takes place more readily with visible light than with UV light. TBP purity has a strong influence on the results. Nitrate reduces photochemically to nitrite in TBP solution.
Pessimism and Optimism as Early Warning Signs for Compromised Health for Caregivers of Patients With Parkinson’s Disease

Background: Although pessimism and optimism are associated with health-related outcomes, the long-term effects of pessimism and optimism in the caregiving process are understudied, and little is known about their role in health changes over time. Objective: To determine whether pessimism and optimism can be used as early warning signs for negative changes in caregiver depressive symptoms and physical health over a 10-year period. Methods: Multilevel modeling was used to examine longitudinal data from 311 spouse caregivers of individuals with Parkinson’s disease, with data points at baseline, Year 2, and Year 10. Measures included the Life Orientation Test, the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale, and the SF-36 Health Survey physical functioning scale. Results: Caregiver pessimism early in the caregiver role was found to be a warning sign for poor current and future caregiver health. High baseline pessimism signaled high levels of baseline depressive symptoms and poor physical health, as well as a faster decline in health over the 10-year study. Optimism played a role in predicting baseline depressive symptoms, although the magnitude of its beneficial contribution was not as great as the deleterious effects of pessimism. Conclusions: Nurses and clinicians have a unique opportunity to detect and intervene with caregivers who show high levels of pessimism early in the caregiving trajectory.
MEASURING RESILIENT MODULUS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

A comparison study from the experimental results of the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) backcalculated modulus values, laboratory-measured resilient modulus values under field and laboratory conditions, and laboratory limerock bearing ratio values for granular materials in flexible pavements is presented. Based on the measured results, a case study was conducted to illustrate the use of laboratory resilient modulus for pavement design through the AASHTO flexible pavement design procedure. The results indicated that the average laboratory resilient moduli at optimum compacted conditions were 1.1 times higher than the average laboratory determined resilient moduli under in situ conditions. The FWD backcalculated moduli were about 1.8 times higher than the laboratory resilient moduli for the granular materials. The laboratory optimum moisture content was comparable to the field-measured in situ moisture content, although the average laboratory-determined maxi mum dry density was slightly higher than the a...
Quantitative non-linear optical imaging in the nano-regime

The development of functional solid state non-linear optical (NLO) systems for device applications is critical to several fields. Optical computing, laser hardening, 3-dimensional data storage and remote sensing are just a few of the areas advanced by the characterization of new NLO systems. One promising venue for the development of these technologies is the nano-/meso-scale self assembly of viable chromophores into tunable aggregates. Here we present a method by which individual aggregates can be quantitatively imaged by two photon fluorescence near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM).
Fiction, Pleasurable Tragedy, and the HOT Theory of Consciousness

Abstract The ‘feeling fiction problem’ asks: is it rational to be moved by what happens to fictional characters? The so-called ‘paradox of tragedy’ is embodied in the question: Why or how is it that we take pleasure in artworks which are clearly designed to cause in us such feelings as sadness and fear? My focus in this paper is to examine these problems from the point of view of the so-called ‘higher-order thought theory of consciousness’ (HOT theory) which says that the best explanation for what makes a mental state conscious is that it is accompanied by a thought that one is in that state. I examine the feeling fiction problem in light of the HOT theory and through a critique of Colin Radford's view. For example, I argue that Radford equivocates in his use of the term ‘aware’ in his response to some of the proposed solutions to the feeling fiction problem. Finally, I show how Susan Feagin's approach to the paradox of tragedy can be analysed and supported by the HOT theory.
Marfan syndrome as a paradigm for transcript-targeted preimplantation diagnosis of heterozygous mutations

Among the many clinical applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is its potential use in preimplantation diagnosis of genetic disorders. Performing PCR on single blastomeres from early cleavage stage (six-to eight-cell) human embryos should, in principle, enable reliable determination of disease status for certain inherited conditions. However, reports of misdiagnoses using this technique have diminished enthusiasm for its widespread clinical use. One principal source of error is the propensity for genome-targeted PCR to exclusively amplify one allele in reactions assaying a single heterozygous diploid cell. Complete reaction failure is also common. Employing the Marfan syndrome (MFS) as a paradigm, we have developed a reliable, reverse transcription-PCR-based method of genotyping single cells that overcomes these obstacles. The technique should facilitate accurate preimplantation diagnosis of MFS and other selected genetic diseases caused by heterozygous or compound-heterozygous mutations.
Sample exchange to compare insulin measurements between the San Antonio Heart Study and the Framingham Offspring Study

Lack of assay standardization has precluded cross-study comparison of insulin levels. We exchanged blood samples between the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies to compare insulin measurements. Two randomly selected specimens were chosen for each non-diabetic man and woman in each of the bottom four quintiles and top two deciles of the originally assayed fasting and 2-hour post-challenge insulin distributions: 48 plasma samples from Framingham, and after further stratification by ethnicity, 96 serum samples from San Antonio. Total immunoreactive insulin was originally measured in both studies; we repeated the identical assay on exchanged samples. Repeat assays were performed a mean (SD) of 7.0 (0.8) years after collection in the Framingham study and 4.6 (1.1) years in the San Antonio study. Repeat insulin levels were highly correlated with original levels for both San Antonio samples repeated in Framingham (Pearson r=0.923) and for Framingham samples repeated in San Antonio (r=0.959). Original and repeat San Antonio serum insulin levels were similar (mean fasting and 2-hour combined original level 154 pmol/l vs. 142 pmol/l on repeat in Framingham). Framingham plasma insulin levels repeated in San Antonio were substantially lower than original levels (120 pmol/l vs. 336 pmol/l), as were an additional 12 samples repeat assayed in Framingham (93 pmol/l vs. 320 pmol/l). Repeat rank ordering in both studies was excellent: over 90% of subjects originally classified as hyperinsulinemic (top tertile of the combined distribution) were again classified as hyperinsulinemic upon repeat assay. We conclude that sample exchange for insulin measurement is simple and feasible. Original and repeat insulin levels are highly correlated; subjects originally classified as hyperinsulinemic remain so classified upon repeat assay. Associated regression curves can be used to calibrate insulin levels to a common reference standard, allowing epidemiology studies to compare levels of insulin and associated risk factors.
Local-scale cross-correlation of seismic noise from the Calico fault experiment

Most studies of seismic noise cross-correlation (NCC) have focused on regional/continental scale imaging using empirical surface-wave Green’s functions extracted from primary (0.05–0.08 Hz) and secondary (0.1–0.16 Hz) microseisms. In this work, we present the NCC results at higher frequencies (>0.5 Hz) from 6 months seismic noise recorded by a local array (~4 km aperture) deployed along the Calico fault in the Mojave Desert, California. Both fast and slow propagating waves are observed from the NCC record-sections. We compare the NCCs from sensor pairs that share a common sensor with the records of a borehole shot located very close to this common sensor. The result shows a good match of the slow surface-wave arrivals, indicating that the NCC method is able to recover unbiased surface-wave Green’s functions at local scales. The strong body-wave NCC component is caused by the P waves generated offshore California. Along a SW–NE profile across the fault, we observe apparent P-wave arrivals and their reflections, which can be explained by a low-velocity-zone (LVZ) along the Calico fault. We calculate the LVZ width to be ~ 2.3 km, and the P-wave velocity reduction within the LVZ to be ~35 %. These estimates are consistent with other evidence for a relatively wide LVZ along the Calico fault.
Occupation Probabilities of Shell-Model Orbits in the Lead Region

The occupation probabilities of shell-model orbits in the lead region are estimated by the addition of random-phase-approximation corrections to nuclear-matter results. The occupation probabilities of single-particle states in shells just below and above the Fermi energy are found to be \ensuremath{\sim} 0.7 and 0.1, respectively. It is shown that these estimates explain the quenching of the single-particle contribution observed in many elastic and inelastic electron-scattering experiments.
Sensor network minimal energy routing with latency guarantees

We consider wireless sensor networks with nodes switching ON (awake) and OFF (sleeping) to preserve energy, and transmitting data over channels with varying quality. The objective is to determine the best path from each node to a single gateway. Performance metrics of interest are: the expected energy consumption and the probability that the latency exceeds a certain threshold. Under Markovian assumptions on the sleeping schedules and the channel conditions, we obtain the expected energy consumption of transmitting a packet on any path to the gateway. We also provide an upper (Chernoff) bound and a tight large deviations asymptotic for the latency probability on each path. To capture the trade-off between energy consumption and latency probability we formulate the problem of choosing a path to minimize a weighted sum of the expected energy consumption and the exponent of the latency probability. We provide two algorithms to solve this problem: a centralized stochastic global optimization algorithm and a distributed algorithm based on simulated annealing. The proposed methodology can also optimize over the fraction of time sensor nodes remain ON (duty cycle).
Endogenous Substrates of the Euglena Chloroplast Chaperonin 60 at Permissive and Bleaching Temperatures

Summary Cultures of Euglena gracilis grown at the moderately elevated temperature of 33 °C experience an irreversible loss of chlorophyll and chloroplast function known as heat-bleaching. Since molecular chaperones play an important role in protein folding, we considered whether or not chloroplast chaperonin 60 (Cpn60) binds to nascent polypeptides and newly imported polypeptides, its likely targets for folding. In this report, we address the effect of growth temperature on the ability of chloroplast Cpn60 to bind endogenous substrate in vivo using pulse-labeling and co-immunoprecipitation with antibody against Cpn60. Four major polypeptides and about a half-dozen minor polypeptides appear to be the targets of the chaperonin complex at the permissive temperature of 23 °C. Among the principal targets are the large subunit of Rubisco (RbcL) and elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu). By contrast, only RbcL co-immunoprecipitates with Cpn60 in stromal extracts from partially bleached Euglena but at a much reduced level. Associations between the chaperonin and its target polypeptides resume in a partially bleached culture when returned to the permissive temperature. These observations suggest that chloroplast chaperonin targets only a small, select group of proteins for folding. In addition, the activity of the chaperonin complex in Euglena is sensitive to even a modest increase in growth temperature.
Correlated one-electron wave functions

A one-electron theory of many-electron systems that explicitly describes electron–electron correlation may be based on the observation that antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) states are completely characterized by the occupation numbers of their first-order reduced density operators (FORDO) and a set of canonical general spin–orbitals (CGSOs), which are in general distinct from the natural general spin–orbitals. Because the FORDO alone does not determine an AGP state, a density matrix functional may be defined. A generalization of the independent-particle Fock operator serves to express the total state energy in terms of ionization energies, kinetic energies, and potential energies of the CGSOs. A one-electron picture of chemical bonding emerges from this theory. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance of polymer-blend interfaces

Abstract Heterogeneous blends of [3,3′- 13 C 2 ]polycarbonate and [uniform-ring- 12 C 6 ]polystyrene were formed by serial film casting. The polystyrene phase of each blend was homogeneously doped with 2% by weight of a bis (diphenylene) phenylalyl free-radical complex with benzene. Proton polarization enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization was generated in the polycarbonate phase by dipolar coupling to electrons in the polystyrene phase under 39 GHz microwave irradiation at the difference of the electron and proton Larmor frequencies. Proton magnetization was then transferred to carbons under matched spin-lock conditions for detection with chemical-shift selectivity by magic-angle spinning 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. The 13 C signal from polycarbonate arises exclusively from chains which are at the polycarbonate-polystyrene interface. Signals from bulk polycarbonate were suppressed by differencing techniques. The dominant mechanism of polarization transfer from the electrons in the polystyrene phase to the protons in the polycarbonate phase is by direct polarization transfer. The interface signal arises from a 60 A region which is 2% of the film thickness. As monitored by dynamic nuclear polarization selected dipolar rotational spin-echo 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, polycarbonate chains have less motion at the interface than in the bulk.
TSL—A Texture Synthesis Language

TheTexture Synthesis Language (TSL) is a new high-level graphics language which provides tools for defining and generating regular and random (irregular) synthetic textures. The textures are used to fill in planar regions or can be mapped onto other surfaces. The building block for generating textures is a texture tile, i.e., a rectangular matrix oftexels (texture elements). The programmer constructs texture tiles utilizing predefined constant tiles, user-defined tiles, and texel-based operations. Tiles can be transformed and combined in various ways, and can then be used to tessellate planar polygons.
Producing PhD Graduates in Australia for the Knowledge Economy

Using survey and interview data on PhD student course experience, career plans and views on university-industry research links, this paper evaluates the success of Australian research-intensive universities in producing PhD graduates for the knowledge economy. Student satisfaction with their course experience is surprisingly low and this appears to be strongly linked with the quality and effectiveness of thesis supervision. Although the PhD degree is meant to provide high level research career training, only slightly more than half the respondents expect to follow research careers. Many PhD students have negative views about academic careers based particularly on their perceptions of the impact of reduced government funding levels on universities and the increased workload pressures on supervisors. On the other hand, a high proportion of students hold positive views about university-industry research links, with students with industry research funding showing higher levels of course satisfaction than othe...
Comparison of the SST-Forced Responses between Coupled and Uncoupled Climate Simulations

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that a reasonable estimate of the SST-forced component of the observed atmospheric circulation is given by an atmospheric GCM (AGCM) forced with the observed SST. However, there are results that find different SST-forced responses from the observed, for example for the ENSO–monsoon relationship, and suggest that these differences are due to lack of coupling to the ocean rather than atmospheric model bias unrelated to coupling. Here, the coupling issue is isolated and examined through perfect model experiments. A coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM (CGCM) simulation and an AGCM simulation forced by the SST from the CGCM are compared to examine whether the SST-forced responses are the same. This question cannot be addressed directly, since the SST‐forced response of the CGCM is a priori unknown. Therefore, two indirect tests are applied, based on the assumption that the noise decorrelation time scale is short compared to a month.The first test is to compare the time-lagged linear reg...
Laboratory Simulations of Hydraulic Fracturing

Two novel distinctly different laboratory apparatus have been developed to allow controlled, precise, repeatable and observable experimental simulations of hydraulic fracturing over a broad range of well-determined dominant parameters and practical geometries. One system avoids specimen preparation (by using predetermined interface separation), while the other most efficiently employs castable blocks with proper scaling of fracture toughness to correctly capture crack turning. These are based on a rigorous analysis of the physics and equations governing the hydrafrac process, which allow the extraction of the role played by each physical variable - so that these can be incorporated correctly in the scaling, e.g., from field operations to lab conditions. The experiments have already verified most of the primary features and results of the analysis: principal achievements include vindication of a characteristic time for the process, containing excess crack-opening pressure, material modulus and fluid rheology; general agreement with numerical results for actual growth rates of various fracture geometries; and verification of even more detailed predictions for evolution of cracks with mutual/tectonic interaction in various structural geometries and stress fields. Being perhaps the first stable, quasi-static and observable simulators, these apparatus promise to have a very broad range of applications in geophysics, resource extraction,more » structural analysis and geotechnical engineering.« less
Impaired thermoregulation in cold-exposed rats with hypothalamic obesity

Abstract Rats with obesity-producing, hypothalamic knife cuts were fed a high fat diet and placed in the cold (2 °C) for six days starting 3, 11, or 24 days after surgery. Between surgery and cold exposure, knife-cut rats consumed 90% to 122% more energy and gained more weight (32 ± 4, 112 ± 5, and 241 ± 9 g) than sham-operated rats (15 ± 2, 34 ± 2, and 58 ± 3 g). When exposed to cold, sham-operated rats increased (22% to 30%) energy intake whereas knife-cut rats decreased (5% to 51%) intake. After 24 hours at 2 °C body temperatures of knife-cut rats were 1.2, 0.7, and 0.7 degrees less than those of control rats; body temperatures continued to decrease to 2.9, 3.0 and 2.5 degrees less than control rats after six days at 2 °C. Fasting for 12 hours at 2 °C caused a further reduction in body temperature to 4.9, 4.8, and 5.9 degrees less than in control rats. Cold exposure increased urinary excretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine (indicators of sympathoadrenal activity) in all rats. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding to brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria (an indicator of the thermogenic capacity of the tissue) was similar in cold-exposed, knife-cut, and sham-operated rats. Cold acclimation before hypothalamic knife-cut surgery prevented the cold-induced decrease in body temperatures of knife-cut rats. Hypothermia in cold-exposed knife-cut rats was not secondary to the gross obesity that developed in these rats nor did it appear to be a result of reduced sympathoadrenal response to cold or limited thermogenic capacity of BAT. The rapid fall in body temperatures of knife-cut rats during fasting suggests that impaired ability to mobilize lipid reserves for thermoregulation contributes to their hypothermia.
Effect of insulin infusion on spillover of meal-derived fatty acids.

Context: Spillover of chylomicron triglyceride fatty acids directly into the circulation as free fatty acids (FFAs) during lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis may contribute to the elevated total FFAs seen in insulin-resistant states. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether spillover is regulated by rates of intracellular lipolysis, we studied overweight and obese nondiabetic subjects (n = 7) on two occasions, during infusion of saline and insulin. Design: During insulin infusion (20 mU · m−2 · min−1), plasma glucose was clamped at the concentration achieved during saline infusion. On both study days, subjects sipped 1–2 oz of a liquid mixed meal every 15 min for 6.5 h to achieve steady-state chylomicron and FFA concentrations. Spillover was measured with infusions of [3H]triolein and [U-13C] oleate. Results: Glucose concentrations were similar during saline compared with insulin (113 ± 2 vs. 113 ± 1 mg/dl, P = NS). Insulin levels during saline and insulin infusion were 18 ± 3 and 44 ± 5 ...
Mayas in the Marketplace: Tourism, Globalization, and Cultural Identity

* Acknowledgments * Introduction: Subjectivity and Fieldwork among Kaqchikel Vendors * Chapter 1. Guatemala as a Living History Museum * Chapter 2. Place and People in a Transnational Borderzone City * Chapter 3. Antigua Tipica Markets and Identity Interaction * Chapter 4. Mercado de Artesania Compania de Jesus and the Politics of Vending * Chapter 5. Gendered Marketplace and Household Reorganization * Chapter 6. The Places Kaqchikel Maya Vendors Call Home * Chapter 7. Home as a Place of Exhibition and Performance in San Antonio Aguas Calientes * Chapter 8. Marketing Maya Culture in Santa Catarina Palopo * Conclusion: Traditions and Commodities * Epilogue * Appendix * Notes * Bibliography * Index
Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Secondary to Iatrogenic Hemorrhage. A Case Report

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common compression neuropathy of the median nerve. Acute carpal tunnel syndrome (aCTS) is rare, associated with a variety of conditions. In this case report we present a patient who developed aCTS and volar forearm compartment syndrome after a radial artery line placement, while receiving intravenous heparin. The patient underwent immediate forearm fasciotomy and surgical release for restoration of nerve function, which resulted in improved hand function and mild residual median nerve neuropathy. There is controversy whether to discontinue or not anticoagulation in a patient with aCTS. In our patient, heparin therapy was restarted on the second postoperative day.
Erectile function following transurethral prostatectomy.

Objective To determine the true incidence and possible aetiology of impotence following transurethral prostatectomy. Patients and methods Over a 9-month-period 268 patients who were about to undergo transurethral prostatectomy were interviewed about their sexual function. Full details of each operation were recorded including size of prostate, operative time, grade of surgeon and the occurrence of capsular perforation. The interviews were repeated by letter or telephone 3 months after operation. Results Of the 268 men interviewed, 246 (91.8%) were suitable for inclusion in the study. Pre-operatively, 137 (55.7%) were fully potent, 43 (17.5%) could achieve a partial erection and 66 (26.8%) were impotent. Of the fully potent patients, 20 (14.6%) became partially potent and four (2.9%) became impotent post-operatively. Of those who were partially potent before operation, 16 (37.2%) became impotent post-operatively. Overall, the risk of impotence was 28.1% if the prostatic capsule was breached at operation but only 10.0% if it was not (P<0.01). Conclusion In fully potent men the risk of impotence after transurethral prostatectomy is fairly low, but it is higher in men who already have a degree of erectile failure. The risk of impotence is related to the incidence of capsular perforation at the time of surgery.
Some comments on re-estalishability

The present note consists of two separate but related parts. In the first, a new graphtheoretic proof is presented that an (ℳ,R)-system must always contain a nonreestablishable component. The second considers some questions concerning the relation between re-establishability and the time-lag structure in (ℳ,R)-systems. It is supposed that the reader is familiar with the terminology of the author's previous work on (ℳ,R)-systems, particularly R. Rosen,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–260, 1958.
Subcutaneous nodular amyloidosis: a case report and review of the literature.

Amyloidosis typically manifests with disseminated infiltration of multiple organ systems. Rarely, amyloidosis may be localized. We report a patient with localized subcutaneous nodular amyloidosis, without systemic amyloid involvement or myeloma, whose presenting symptom was multiple discrete neck nodules. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the amyloid deposits to be derived from lambda light chains. Twenty-four month follow-up showed minimal disease progression. A literature review showed only 5 reported cases of subcutaneous nodular amyloidosis. This is the first description of a patient with subcutaneous nodular amyloidosis derived from lambda light chains. HUM PATHOL 32:346-348.
Estrogen attenuated markers of inflammation and decreased lesion volume in acute spinal cord injury in rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic injury with functional deficits for which the only currently recommended pharmacotherapy is high-dose methylprednisolone, which has limited efficacy. Estrogen is a multi-active steroid that has shown antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects, and estrogen may modulate intracellular Ca(2+) and attenuate apoptosis. For this study, male rats were divided into three groups. Sham group animals received a laminectomy at T12. Injured rats received both laminectomy and 40 g x cm force SCI. Estrogen-group rats received 4 mg/kg 17beta-estradiol (estrogen) at 15 min and 24 hr post-injury, and vehicle-group rats received equal volumes of dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle). Animals were sacrificed at 48 hr post-injury, and 1-cm-long segments of the lesion, rostral penumbra, and caudal penumbra were excised. Inflammation was assessed by examining tissue edema, infiltration of macrophages/microglia, and levels of cytosolic and nuclear NFkappaB and inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaBalpha). Myelin integrity was examined using Luxol fast blue staining. When compared to sham, vehicle-treated animals revealed increased tissue edema, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, decreased cytosolic levels of NFkappaB and IkappaBalpha, increased levels of nuclear NFkappaB, and increased myelin loss. Treatment of SCI rats with estrogen reduced edema and decreased inflammation and myelin loss in the lesion and penumbral areas, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent. Further work needs to be done, however, to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of estrogen.
Yielding and strain hardening of thin metal films on substrates

The author has shown that the very high strengths and high strain hardening rates exhibited by thin metal films on substrates can be understood by considering the effects of confinement on the motion of dislocations. Both the substrate and passivation and the obstacle dislocations already present in the film narrow the channels through which dislocations can move and this leads to very significant strengthening and strain hardening.
Prediction of copolymer composition drift using artificial neural networks: copolymerization of acrylamide with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers

The free radical copolymerization of acrylamide with a quaternary ammonium cationic comonomer, diethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), has been investigated in inverse-emulsion. The copolymer composition was determined from residual monomer concentrations using an h.p.l.c. method. Both reactivity ratios were observed to change with conversion. Furthermore, the reactivity ratio of the cationic monomer was found to be a function of the ionic strength and monomer concentration and, to a limited extent, the polymer concentration and the organic-to-aqueous phase ratio. Therefore, the classical binary ultimate group copolymerization scheme cannot predict copolymer composition drift throughout the reaction. An artificial neural network (ANN) has been built to predict the copolymer composition. ANNs have the ability to map nonlinear relationships without a priori process information. The results show that an ANN can predict the copolymer composition very well as a function of reaction conditions and conversion. It is expected that for any system where the reactivity ratios are conversion dependent that an ANN, such as the one developed herein, will be preferable.
The Raccoon Polyomavirus Genome and Tumor Antigen Transcription Are Stable and Abundant in Neuroglial Tumors

Raccoon polyomavirus (RacPyV) is associated with 100% of neuroglial tumors in free-ranging raccoons. Other tumor-associated polyomaviruses (PyVs), including simian virus 40 (SV40), murine PyV, and Merkel cell PyV, are found integrated in the host genome in neoplastic cells, where they constitutively express splice variants of the tumor antigen (TAg) gene. We have previously reported that RacPyV exists only as an episome (nonintegrated) in neuroglial tumors. Here, we have investigated TAg transcription in primary tumor tissue by transcriptome analysis, and we identified the alternatively spliced TAg transcripts for RacPyV. We also determined that TAg was highly transcribed relative to host cellular genes. We further colocalized TAg DNA and mRNA by in situ hybridization and found that the majority of tumor cells showed positive staining. Lastly, we examined the stability of the viral genome and TAg transcription by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR in cultured tumor cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. When tumor cells were cultured in vitro, TAg transcription increased nearly 2 log-fold over that of parental tumor tissue by passage 17. Both episomal viral genome and TAg transcription were faithfully maintained in culture and in tumors arising from xenotransplantation of cultured cells in mice. This study represents a minimal criterion for RacPyV's association with neuroglial tumors and a novel mechanism of stability for a polyomavirus in cancer. IMPORTANCE The natural cycle of polyomaviruses in mammals is to persist in the host without causing disease, but they can cause cancer in humans or in other animals. Because this is an unpredictable and rare event, the oncogenic potential of polyomavirus is primarily evaluated in laboratory animal models. Recently, raccoon polyomavirus (RacPyV) was identified in neuroglial tumors of free-ranging raccoons. Viral copy number was consistently high in these tumors but was low or undetectable in nontumor tissue or in unaffected raccoons. Unlike other oncogenic polyomaviruses, RacPyV was episomal, not integrated, in these tumors. To determine the stability of the viral genome and sustained transcription of the oncogenic tumor antigen genes, we cultured primary raccoon tumor cells and passaged them in mice, confirming the nonintegrated state of the virus and the maintenance of viral gene transcription throughout. RacPyV provides a naturally occurring and tractable model for a novel mechanism of polyomavirus-mediated oncogenesis.
Analysis of the factors contributing to the one trillion dollars wasted on nuclear power

Abstract The impacts of societal and regulatory impediments on the cost of generating electricity from nuclear power plants are addressed in this study. Economic losses are incurred as the result of 1. (a) interest payments for capital and 2. (b) excessive incremental costs for replacement power (resulting from construction delays or from cancellation of partially or completely built reactors). The total costs for these delays or cancellations are estimated to be approximately $500 billion each for the US and non-US countries (including the Eastern Block).
Simplicity and Complexity in Design for Transportation Systems and Urban Forms

A metaphor of balance simplifies and guides transportation planning in Los Angeles and Sydney. Striving for balance, it calls for more or less of particular types of systems without examining wheth...
Quaternary structure of ATP synthases: Symmetry and asymmetry in the F1 moiety

It has been proposed that during ATP synthesis/hydrolysis F1 ATPases experience a complex pattern of nucleotide binding and release during the catalytic cycle (binding change mechanism). This type of mechanism has implications that can be correlated with the structure of the enzyme. F1-ATPases (stoichiometry α3β3γδe) are essentially a symmetrical trimer of pairs of the major subunits (α and β); the minor subunits (γ, δ and e) are in single copies and interact with the trimer in an asymmetrical fashion. The asymmetry introduced by the minor subunits has important structural and functional consequences: (1) it introduces differences between the potentially equivalent binding and catalytic sites in the major subunits, (2) it restricts the ways in which a binding change mechanism can occur, and (3) it governs the way in which the F1 interacts with the (asymmetrical) F0 sector.
The Case for Doppler Radars Along Our Hurricane Affected Coasts

Abstract Hurricanes cause sporadic devastation along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts despite intensive research and a warning system that integrates satellite surveillance, aircraft re-connaissance, and a network of coastal radars. Part of the devastation must be attributed to inadequate public preparation and response and part to the limits of weather predictability, but part must be attributed to the use of an outmoded radar system. Although there now exist Doppler radars that provide real-time colored displays of the wind structure in storms, the radars that comprise the last line of defense in the national hurricane warning service provide no wind information. To support the contention that the coastal network should consist of Doppler radars, this paper develops a scenario in which a hurricane is approaching Galveston. A Doppler radar is imagined to be located at Galveston. The hurricane is assigned an average wind structure from which the field of wind components directed towards the radar is computed....
Exosome release of β-catenin: a novel mechanism that antagonizes Wnt signaling.

CD82 and CD9 are tetraspanin membrane proteins that can function as suppressors of tumor metastasis. Expression of CD9 and CD82 in transfected cells strongly suppresses β-catenin–mediated Wnt signaling activity and induces a significant decrease in β-catenin protein levels. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is independent of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and of the proteasome- and lysosome-mediated protein degradation pathways. CD82 and CD9 expression induces β-catenin export via exosomes, which is blocked by a sphingomyelinase inhibitor, GW4869. CD82 fails to induce exosome release of β-catenin in cells that express low levels of E-cadherin. Exosome release from dendritic cells generated from CD9 knockout mice is reduced compared with that from wild-type dendritic cells. These results suggest that CD82 and CD9 down-regulate the Wnt signaling pathway through the exosomal discharge of β-catenin. Thus, exosomal packaging and release of cytosolic proteins can modulate the activity of cellular signaling pathways.
Language as commodity: global structures, local marketplaces

Language as commodity: global structures, local marketplaces, by Peter Tan and Rani Rubdy, London and New York, Continuum, 2008, xiv + 228 pp., 75.00/US$150.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-8470-6422-6, 2...
Formal analysis of a triplex sensor voter in an industrial context

For several years, Rockwell Collins has been developing and using a verification framework for MATLAB Simulink © and SCADE SuiteTMmodels that can generate input for different proof engines. Recently, we have used this framework to analyze aerospace domain models containing arithmetic computations. In particular, we investigated the properties of a triplex sensor voter, which is a redundancy management unit implemented using linear arithmetic operations as well as conditional expressions (such as saturation). The objective of this analysis was to analyze functional and non-functional properties, but also to parameterize certain parts of the model based on the analysis results of other parts. In this article, we focus on results about the reachable state space of the voter, which prove the bounded-input bounded-output stability of the system, and the absence of arithmetic overflows. We also consider implementations using floating point arithmetic.
Effects of Increasing Age on Fecundity of Old-Aged Canada Geese (Branta Canadensis)

Abstract. Senescence is a decline in body function with advanced age that manifests itself in birds as a decrease in survival rates or reproduction. Senescence is difficult to study in free-ranging birds because few birds reach old age and few studies last long enough to identify those birds that do. For 21 years, I studied lifelong reproduction among Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) nesting in New Haven County, Connecticut. These data were used to determine the impact of old age on female and male fecundity during the current year and during the remainder of the birds' lives. Old-aged geese were relatively common in this population; 15% of recruited geese lived 10 years, 3% lived 15 years, and one female lived 20 years. Females that nested when they were between 5 and 9 years old had a mean clutch size of 4.5, brood size at hatching of 3.4, and brood size at fledging of 2.9. Females that nested when they were at least 10 years old had a mean clutch size of 4.7, brood size at hatching of 3.4, and brood si...
Fetal Growth in Women Using Low-Dose Aspirin for the Prevention of Preeclampsia: Effect of Maternal Size

We wanted to determine whether low-dose aspirin has an effect on birthweight in a low-risk population and to evaluate the interaction between aspirin and maternal risk factors in relationship to their effect on birthweight. We also wanted to determine the specific fetal ultrasound measurements affected by low-dose aspirin and the gestational age at which this effect becomes apparent.The women studied were derived from a population of 606 nulliparous women who participated in a randomized trial of low dose aspirin to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia. This analysis included only women who remained normotensive and delivered live horn singletons at term. There were 254 women in the group randomized to 60 mg of aspirin daily from 24 weeks onward, and 248 who received a daily placebo.The mean birthweight was 3,353 g in the aspirin versus 3,282 g in the control group, a difference of 71 g (P = 0.08). In a regression analysis controlling for race, height, weight, smoking, and infant sex, the use of aspirin w...