cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine Structure of a New Human Microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem, in Culture

Encephalitozoon hellem is a new human microsporidian isolated from corneal biopsies and conjunctival scrapings of three AIDS patients and cultured in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi display different protein profiles with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and unique antibody binding patterns with murine antisera against Western blots of each organism. Developmental stages of E. hellem in culture are similar to E. cuniculi. Meronts are 1.3-2.7 microns in diameter, develop within a parasitophorous vacuole adjacent to the vacuolar membrane, divide by binary fission, and contain one or two discrete nuclei. Sporonts measure 2 x 3 microns, separate from the vacuolar membrane, and have a thickened outer membrane. Sporoblasts display a tri-layered wall and possess the earliest recognized polar filaments. Mature spores measure 1 x 1.5 microns and are more electron-dense than other stages. Each spore contains a single nucleus, a polar tubule with four to nine coils, thin electron-dense exospore and thick, electron-lucent endospore. Although E. hellem and E. cuniculi differ biochemically and immunologically, their fine structure and development are indistinguishable.
Association of carotenoid pigments with protein components in non-photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract The relationship between carotenoids and other cellular constituents was studied in the phytopathogenic coryneform bacteria Corynebacterium poinsettiae and Corynebacterium michiganense (including colour mutants), and also in two non-pathogenic bacteria: Mycobacterium phlei and Micrococcus agilis . The polyene pigments in these organisms are associated with protein components. The pigment-protein complex is extracted from the ruptured bacterial cells with the usual protein solvents. The complex is relatively stable and, while attached to the protein moiety, the carotenoids do not show reversible cis ⇆ trans isomerization. Analytical ultracentrifugation shows that the ca carotenoids of C. michiganense are associated with particles having a sedimentation constant of about 35 S , and that such particles were not demonstrable in colourless mutants.
The Case of the Switched Embryos

Recent reports of “switched” embryos and gametes place already fragile couples in unfortunate circumstances, raise vexing questions regarding such fundamental concepts as parenthood and reproduction, and cast a shadow on the integrity of the infertility industry.
Deducing topside profiles and total electron content from bottomside ionograms

Abstract A new technique of estimating the ionospheric topside profile from the information contained in the groundbased ionograms is introduced. The electron density profile above the F2 layer peak is approximated by an α-Chapman function with a constant scale height that is derived from the bottomside profile shape near the F2 peak. The scale height is obtained from the bottomside profile by representing the latter in terms of α-Chapman functions with scale heights H(h) that vary as a function of height. The scale height at the layer peak is then used for the topside profile. The total electron content (TEC) is obtained by integrating the electron density from h = 0 to ∞. The ionogram derived TEC values, ITEC, are compared with incoherent scatter radar, Faraday, and TOPEX TEC measurements showing very good agreement at middle latitudes and the magnetic equator.
Incorporation of Detailed Chemical Mechanisms in Reactive Flow Simulations Using Element-Flux Analysis

An on-the-fly mechanism reduction approach for coupling complex chemistry and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is proposed in this paper. The approach consists of element flux analysis and identification of active species and reactions based on flux magnitudes. A reduced mechanism involving the active species and reactions is generated to describe the local chemistry. The approach is applied dynamically in the CFD calculation by generating a locally accurate reduced mechanism for every computational cell and time step, enabling on-the-fly reduction. The emphasis of this work is on the numerical study of stratified homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion with detailed chemistry by using the proposed on-the-fly reduction scheme. A mechanism of n-heptane combustion with 161 species and 1540 reactions is used as the detailed mechanism in the simulation. KIVA-3V and CHEMKIN are used as the computational platforms. On-the-fly reduction predictions of species concentrations, temperature, and ...
Trace metals in rain and snow during 1973 at Chadron, Nebraska

Abstract Rain and snow were collected during 1973 in Chadron, Nebraska, a rural location 480 km north-northeast of Denver, Colorado, and analyzed for Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. Our location with prevailing westerly and southerly winds seemed ideal for establishing baseline concentrations of metals in precipitation before additional coal-fired power plants begin operation in adjacent western states with coal reserves. Samples were analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in samples of rain and snow averaged 8.4 × 10 −11 , 3.5 × 10 −7 , 3.1 × 10 −10 , 4.4 × 10 −9 , 5.2 × 10 −9 , 4.8 × 10 −9 and 1.0 × 10 −8 g cm−3, respectively. A greater concentration of the elements, except Cu, was found in rainwater from convective storm showers as compared to extended rains. Statistical analyses suggest that Al and Mn in precipitation are largely soil derived and that Ag and Cd are more associated with anthropogenic sources. From these results, the deposition of Ag, Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn by precipitation to the earth's surface during 1973 was respectively: 0.34, 1400, 1.2, 18, 21, 19 and 40g hectare−1 y−1.
Analysis of Age Differences in Types of Errors on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices.

This study examined adult age differences on the types of errors made on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM). Data were compiled from three large studies in which participants completed the APM (total sample size=818). To determine the type of errors that participants made, distractors for each problem of the APM were first coded as one of four error types: (a) incomplete correlate (IC), (b) wrong principle (WP), (c) confluence of ideas (CF), or (d) repetition (RP). Scores on each error type were determined for each participant individually and reflected deviation from selecting an error type by chance alone. Analyses compared three age groups (young, middle, and old) and three ability groups (low, medium, and high). Results suggested that adults of all ages made similar types of errors, but that adults of different ability levels made different types of errors. Age and ability differences were also examined on problems by the type of rule(s) required, as classified by Carpenter, Just, and Shell [Psychol. Rev. 97 (1990) 404]. Results suggested that there were some age and ability differences in the number of errors made on problems involving different types of rules.
Relative roles of ion energy, ion flux, and sample temperature in low-energy nitrogen ion implantation of FeCrNi stainless steel

Abstract A matrix of nitrogen ion energies (0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 keV) and ion fluxes (1, 2, and 3 mA/cm2) has been selected to investigate the systematics of ion-beam processing of an austenitic FeCrNi stainless steel (AISI 304) at 400°C for 60 min. In addition, the role of temperature was examined over the range from 280°C to 475°C at fixed processing conditions of 0.7 keV, 2 mA/cm2, and 60 min. Characterization of the composition, structure, magnetic nature, thickness and strength of the nitrogen-containing layers was made by a combination of Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, backscatter Mossbauer spectroscopy, and microhardness measurements. A high N content layer, which is a magnetic, fcc phase, is predominant for all conditions and its thickness increases linearly with either ion energy at fixed ion flux or with ion flux at fixed ion energy. This behavior is consistent with layer growth that is controlled primarily by the N supply rate into the first few atomic layers rather than by thermal diffusion.
Prevention of chronic canine ventricular tachyarrhythmias with bretylium tosylate.

The ability of chronic bretylium tosylate treatment to prevent the induction of ventricular tachycardia was assessed in the conscious dog subjected to serial programmed ventricular stimulation on days 3-6 after acute myocardial infarction. In 34 untreated control dogs, programmed ventricular stimulation produced nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 11 dogs (32%), sustained ventricular tachycardia in 10 (29%), and ventricular fibrillation in 10 (29%) on the third and fourth day after occlusion and reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Bretylium tosylate, 5 mg/kg i.v., was given every 12 hours to a separate group of seven dogs after the induction of ischemic myocardial injury. Programmed ventricular stimulation on the third and fourth days after the induction of myocardial ischemic injury failed to elicit ventricular arrhythmias. Induction of arrhythmias by programmed electrical stimulation could be induced in each of the seven dogs; however, 36 hours after discontinuing bretylium tosylate, two dogs (29%) had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and five (71%) had sustained ventricular tachycardia. When retested at 60 hours after withdrawal of bretylium tosylate, five (71%) had sustained ventricular tachycardia and two (28%) developed ventricular fibrillation. Readministration of bretylium tosylate (5 mg/kg, i.v.) to four of the five surviving dogs prevented the induction of ventricular arrhythmias in response to programmed ventricular stimulation. The results of these investigations suggest that bretylium tosylate may be effective in preventing the onset of reentrant ventricular rhythms after myocardial ischemic damage, and therefore may be of value in preventing sudden coronary death.
52.2: Invited Paper: Color Sequential LCD Based on OCB with an LED Backlight

We have fabricated a 13.3″ XGA (1024 by 768) TFT color sequential liquid crystal display using Optically Compensated Birefringency (OCB), illuminated by an LED backlight. We fabricated the color sequential display using mostly feasible process technology, and examined the performance and potential of a color field sequential scheme. The display was connected to a laptop computer and examined for flicker perception.
Satellite observed dynamics of chlorophyll and suspended sediments in a shallow, high latitude embayment

Abstract A study of the distribution of chlorophyll and suspended sediments in Norton Sound, Alaska, in May and July 1979 and 1980, was made using imagery from both raw and processed data collected by the Nimbus-7 CZCS. False color images generated from the raw data in bands 1,2, and 4 showed the large seasonal changes which take place in the north and easterly movement of suspended sediments from the Yukon River. The atmospherically corrected pigment images suggest that, except in open waters, the outflow from the Yukon and other local rivers strongly influences the nature of the planktonic environment in Norton Sound. Comparison of the patterns shown by the two different kinds of imagery sometimes reveals features which would otherwise have been masked in waters with such a significant sediment load. In general, the distribution and concentration of chlorophyll and suspended sediments in the imagery provided a useful means for determining the relative importance of winds, currents, ice, and river runoff in the biological and physical oceanography of the surface waters of Norton Sound.
Scalar-scalar, scalar-tensor, and tensor-tensor correlators from anisotropic inflation

We compute the phenomenological signatures of a model [Watanabe et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 191302 (2009)] of anisotropic inflation driven by a scalar and a vector field. The action for the vector is U(1) invariant, and the model is free of ghost instabilities. A suitable coupling of the scalar to the kinetic term of the vector allows for a slow roll evolution of the vector vacuum expectation value, and hence for a prolonged anisotropic expansion; this provides a counter example to the cosmic no hair conjecture. We compute the nonvanishing two point correlation functions between physical modes of the system, and express them in terms of power spectra with angular dependence. The anisotropy parameter ${g}_{*}$ for the scalar-scalar spectrum (defined as in the Ackerman et al. [Phys. Rev. D 75, 0835002 (2007)] parametrization) turns out to be negative in the simplest realization of the model, which, therefore, cannot account for the angular dependence emerged in some analyses of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data. A ${g}_{*}$ of order $\ensuremath{-}0.1$ is achieved when the energy of the vector is about 6--7 orders of magnitude smaller than that of the scalar during inflation. For such values of the parameters, the scalar-tensor correlation (which is in principle a distinctive signature of anisotropic spaces) is smaller than the tensor-tensor correlation.
Social Protection in India: A Welfare State Sans Public Goods?

Of the two principal components of social welfare policy—basic public services and social protection—India has focused disproportionately on the latter in the last two decades, expanding existing social protection programs and creating new ones. By contrast, the country’s basic public services, such as primary education, public health, and water and sanitation have languished. What explains this uneven focus? Why has India prioritized social protection over public services? This article considers explanations suggested by the existing literature on welfare states and concludes that they do not account adequately for the Indian case. Instead, it argues, the prioritization of social protection in India results from a combination of political, ideational, and institutional factors rooted in India’s political economy.
Word Processing and the Teaching of Writing

Abstract The teaching of writing has never been more important than in this “age of information.” Teachers of composition realize this and have begun to avail themselves of technological innovations to facilitate the writing process and prepare their students to be effective communicators. One of these innovations is the word processor. This article describes a representative sample of recent research on the uses of word processing in composition instruction and discusses some of the issues surrounding its adoption as a writing tool. Questions for future research developed from the analysis of prior studies are also discussed.
Measurement of the incorporation of orally administered arachidonic acid into tissue lipids

The applicability of a stable isotope method to monitor the mixing of dietary arachidonic acid with endogenous arachidonic acid in tissue lipids was evaluated. Rats were fed octadeuterated arachidonic acid during a 20-day period, and the entry of the dietary acid into lipid esters of various tissues was examined by gas chromatographymass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of their fatty acids. The rats were maintained on a fat-free diet from weaning until 63 days old to enhance the ratio of the dietary acid to endogenous arachidonate. Three separate forms of eicosatetraenoic acid in the tissue lipids could be distinguished by GC-MS: octadeuterated arachidonic acid (recent dietary origin), unlabeled arachidonic acid (maternal origin) and unlabeled, 4,7,10,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (originating from palmitoleic acid).
Automatic detection of boundaries of brain tumor

An important computational step in computer-aided neurosurgery is the extraction of boundaries of lesions in a series of images. Currently in many clinical applications, the boundaries of lesions are traced manually. Manual methods are not only tedious but also subjective, leading to substantial inter- and intraobserver variability. Furthermore, recent studies show that human observation of a lesion is not sufficient to guarantee accurate localization. With clinical images, possible confusion between lesions and coexisting normal structures (like blood vessels) is a serious constraint on an observer's performance. Automatic detection of lesions is a non-trivial problem. Typically the boundaries of lesions in CT images are of single-pixel width, and the gradient at the lesion boundary varies considerably. As many studies show, these characteristics of lesions within CT images, in conjunction with the generally low signal-to-ratio of CT images, render simple boundary detection techniques ineffective. In this paper we characterize the brain lesions in CT images, and describe a knowledge-guided boundary detection algorithm. The algorithm is both data- and goal-driven.
Wavelet Principal Component Analysis and its Application to Hyperspectral Images

We investigate reducing the dimensionality of image sets by using principal component analysis on wavelet coefficients to maximize edge energy in the reduced dimension images. Large image sets, such as those produced with hyperspectral imaging, are often projected into a lower dimensionality space for image processing tasks. Spatial information is important for certain classification and detection tasks, but popular dimensionality reduction techniques do not take spatial information into account. Dimensionality reduction using principal components analysis on wavelet coefficients is investigated. Equivalences and differences to conventional principal components analysis are shown, and an efficient workflow is given. Experiments on AVIRIS images show that the wavelet energy in any given subband of the reduced dimensionality images can be increased with this method.
EmboLess Mechanical Clot Removal Device: Possibility for Improving the Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke Patients

Ischemic stroke affects nearly 690,000 patients a year in the United States and is the leading cause of long-term disability and the third leading cause of death [1, 2]. Acute ischemic stroke occurs when a clot becomes lodged in a cerebral vessel, cutting off blood supply to areas of the brain. There are two treatment options for acute ischemic stroke: tissue plasminogen activator (beneficial within the first 4 hours of stroke onset), and mechanical removal (beneficial from 4 to 8 hours after stroke onset). The two FDA approved clot removal devices (MERCI and Penumbra) for ischemic stroke are capable of achieving revascularization rates between 48% and 80% [3, 4].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Fanning the Flames of a Partisan Divide: Debate Viewing, Vote Choice, and Perceptions of Vote Count Accuracy

Elections should serve to reaffirm a citizenry's belief in the legitimacy of its political processes and outcomes. This study focuses on perceptions of vote count accuracy as a criterion variable. An argument is offered that voters' personal perceptions of postelection vote count accuracy are predicted by vote choice, with those citizens who did not vote for the winning candidate having to deal with the cognitive dissonance created by the election outcome. The model offered in this work focuses on an interaction between partisan strength and debate viewing as predictor of vote choice. In addition, an indirect effect of partisanship on vote choice through debate viewing is explored. Debate viewing is shown to promote partisan voting, and vote choice serves as a strong predictor of perceptions of vote count accuracy. A subset of the 2004 National Annenberg general election panel data (N = 5,660) was used for this secondary analysis.
Dopaminergic-based pharmacotherapies for depression

The serendipitous discovery of the precursors of two of the major contemporary antidepressant families during the late 1950s, iproniazid for the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and imipramine for the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), has guided the subsequent development of antidepressant compounds with predominantly serotonergic, noradrenergic or combined serotonergic and noradrenergic activity. Unfortunately, however, many depressed patients continue to remain symptomatic despite adequate treatment with pharmacologic agents currently available. When one reviews the list of pharmacologic agents currently approved for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), it is apparent that relatively few treatments with dopaminergic activity have been developed to date. Therefore, developing effective antidepressant treatments with pro-dopaminergic properties which also possess a relatively wide safety margin may further improve the standard of care for depression. In the present article we will briefly review studies focusing on the role of dopamine in depression followed by a comprehensive review of pharmacotherapies for depression with pro-dopaminergic activity.
Reliable real-time spike discrimination during microstimulation.

Abstract A fundamental technical hurdle in systems neurophysiology has been to record the activity of individual neurons in situ while using microstimulation to activate inputs or outputs. Stimulation artifact at the recording electrode has largely limited the usefulness of combined stimulating and recording to using single stimulation pulses or to presenting brief trains of pulses to look for transient responses. We have developed an adaptive filter that in real time allows continuous extracellular isolation of individual neural spikes during sustained experimental microstimulation. Using signal detection analysis we now quantifiably demonstrate the reliability of spike recovery from stimulus-corrupted records. Recordings were made from the regular firing of action potentials from the oculomotor or trochlear nuclei of two macaque monkeys while stimulating at a variety of locations. We found that the adaptive filter technique gave a projected error rate of 4 and the detection index, d ′, was significantly better than two other methods tested: a 4-parameter ‘window discriminator’ technique and the sample-and-hold technique. This adaptive technique should generalize to any recording situation where a stereotyped, triggered transient might obscure a neural event and will significantly advance our knowledge in areas of electrophysiology where the experimental design requires prolonged microstimulation.
Effects of delivery rate and non-contingent infusion of cocaine on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys

The goal of this study was to determine whether slowly infused, response-independent cocaine would reduce cocaine self-administration in an animal model of drug abuse. Seven male rhesus monkeys self-administered IV cocaine on a fixed-ratio 30 schedule (5-min time-out). With unit dose (0.056 mg/kg per infusion for one monkey and 0.032 mg/kg per infusion for the rest) and infusion volume (0.5 ml) held constant, the rate of delivery was manipulated (0.125, 0.1875, 0.375, 0.75 and 3 ml/min, with infusions lasting 240, 160, 80, 40, and 10 s, respectively). Response rates increased monotonically as a function of delivery rate. Responding for cocaine at the slowest delivery rate did not differ from saline. The effects of infusing additional cocaine (starting 30 min prior to the session) at this non-reinforcing rate (0.125 ml/min) were then determined. Delivery rate of the self-administered infusion was manipulated as before. Non-contingent cocaine significantly increased responding for cocaine (at the fastest delivery rate) and for saline. While non-contingent cocaine reduced responding for cocaine in two of the seven monkeys, it also significantly reduced responding in three monkeys that responded for food on the same schedule. Plasma levels of cocaine delivered at rates of 0.125 and 3 ml/min were compared in five other monkeys. While a higher peak was reached with the faster infusion, levels did not differ after 5 min. Thus, when an infusion became available (after the 5-min time-out) in the self-administration experiments, plasma levels should not have differed regardless of the delivery rate. These results suggest that a low-dose, slow-delivery treatment with cocaine might prime or reinstate drug seeking rather than decrease it.
Feasibility of Using a Walking Workstation During CT Image Interpretation

Objective Two-thirds of the US population is overweight or obese. Sedentary lifestyles and occupations are one factor in the development of obesity. Methods to help reduce sedentary work environments may help reduce obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a walking workstation during computed tomographic image interpretation. Methods Two radiologists reinterpreted 100 clinical computed tomographic examinations they had previously interpreted, each while walking at 1 mph on a treadmill using an electronic workstation. Ten cases were reviewed per session. The time period between the initial conventional interpretations and the reinterpretations was greater than one year, to reduce recall bias. Discrepant findings were ranked according to a classification system based on clinical importance on a scale ranging from 1 to 6. Discrepant findings classified as greater than or equal to 3 were considered significant. Detection rates for the initial interpretations and reinterpretations were determined for each reviewer and compared using a paired t -test. Results A total of 1,582 findings were reported (825 by reviewer 1 and 757 by reviewer 2). There were 459 findings with clinical importance of 3 or higher. For reviewer 1 (91 cases of at least one important finding), the mean detection rates were 99.0% for the walking technique and 88.9% for the conventional interpretations ( P = .0003). For reviewer 2 (89 cases with at least one important finding) the mean detection rates were 99.1% for the walking technique and 81.3% for the conventional interpretations ( P Conclusion The use of a walking workstation for the interpretation of cross-sectional images is feasible. Further studies are needed to assess the potential impact on diagnostic accuracy.
Q 2 -dependent parametrizations of pion parton distribution functions

Pion distribution functions have been obtained by performing fits to data on $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$ and dimuon production. Simple ${Q}^{2}$-dependent parametrizations of the results are presented. Some of the implications for high-${p}_{T}$ phenomenology are discussed.
Performance measurement and prediction in a distributed telerobotics system

In developing telerobotics systems, it is desirable to be able to predict the effect of adding or replacing system components on the overall system's performance capacities. By appropriately stressing performance dimensions of a system and characterizing its behavior, we can develop a model that will describe the system quantitatively in terms of its total available "performance resources". If the resource availability is greater than or equal to the resource demands for a given task, we can predict successful completion for the task. Using this approach, we can characterize new intelligent components and predict their performance in a given task. Results of a teleoperation experiment are included which yield a system performance capacity envelope for a telerobotics system.
Differential privacy and the risk-utility tradeoff for multi-dimensional contingency tables

The methodology of differential privacy has provided a strong definition of privacy which in some settings, using a mechanism of doubly-exponential noise addition, also allows for extraction of informative statistics from databases. A recent paper extends this approach to the release of a specified set of margins from a multi-way contingency table. Privacy protection in such settings implicitly focuses on small cell counts that might allow for the identification of units that are unique in the database. We explore how well the mechanism works in the context of a series of examples, and the extent to which the proposed differential-privacy mechanism allows for sensible inferences from the released data.
Efficient wideband jammer nulling when using stretch processing

Techniques are described for performing adaptive jammer nulling over extremely wide bandwidths on radar systems which use linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms and stretch processing. It is assumed that the range uncertainty of the target is a small percentage of the equivalent range extent of the uncompressed pulse. The assumption allows the cancellation to take place following stretch processing in either the time domain using a narrowband sliding filter that keeps up with the chirp fate or in the frequency domain. The new approach supports nulling performance over gigahertz of bandwidth comparable to that previously achieved over a few megahertz using approximately the same number of spatial degrees of freedom.
Crack-like imperfections in a spherical shell†

In structures having high strength-to-weight ratios such as those used in aerospace applications, the presence of mechanical imperfections can reduce the capability of the structure to perform as intended. Thus, it becomes essential to account for the localized intensification of the stresses around through or surface cracks, which might trigger fracture under applied loads. This type of study is currently receiving great research emphasis.
A Test of Recent Inferences of Net Polar Ice Mass Balance based on Long-Wavelength Gravity

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of satellite datasets has estimated that the ice sheets of Greenland, West Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula, and East Antarctica experienced a net mass loss of −100 ± 92 Gt yr−1 over the period 1992–2000 and −298 ± 58 Gt yr−1 over the period 2000–11, representing an increase of −198 ± 109 Gt yr−1 between the two epochs. The authors demonstrate that the time rate of change of the degree-four zonal harmonic of Earth's gravitational potential provides an independent check on these mass balances that is less sensitive to uncertainties that have contaminated previous analyses of the degree-2 zonal harmonic [e.g., due to ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), solid Earth body tides, and core–mantle coupling]. For the period 2000–11, the signal implied by the ice sheet mass flux cited above is (3.8 ± 0.6) × 10−11 yr−1, whereas the change in the harmonic across the two epochs is (2.3 ± 1.1) × 10−11 yr−1. In comparison, using satellite laser ranging (SLR) data, the authors ...
Combining Marriage, Motherhood, and Jobs Before World War Ii: Women College Graduates, Classes of 1905-1935

This paper is an analysis of the demographic and labor force behavior of women college graduates in the first four decades of the twentieth century [in the United States]. These womens behavior differed from that of nineteenth-century alumnae in several notable ways. First the later graduates married earlier and more frequently. Second they were markedly more likely to be married and childless. Third significant proportions of these classes worked after marriage--both before and after childbearing. The author develops "an economic model that extends the ideas of Richard A. Easterlin...to understand better these twentieth-century graduates behavior and why it differed from that of both earlier college women and other women in their own birth cohorts." (EXCERPT)
Predictions of Individual Change Recovered With Latent Class or Random Coefficient Growth Models

Popular longitudinal models allow for prediction of growth trajectories in alternative ways. In latent class growth models (LCGMs), person-level covariates predict membership in discrete latent classes that each holistically define an entire trajectory of change (e.g., a high-stable class vs. late-onset class vs. moderate-desisting class). In random coefficient growth models (RCGMs, also known as latent curve models), however, person-level covariates separately predict continuously distributed latent growth factors (e.g., an intercept vs. slope factor). This article first explains how complex and nonlinear interactions between predictors and time are recovered in different ways via LCGM versus RCGM specifications. Then a simulation comparison illustrates that, aside from some modest efficiency differences, such predictor relationships can be recovered approximately equally well by either model—regardless of which model generated the data. Our results also provide an empirical rationale for integrating fin...
Mirror quality and the performance of reflective arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexers

This paper discusses an investigation of the effects of mirror quality on the performance of reflecting arrayed-waveguide-grating multiplexers. Using specially designed external mirrors as external reflectors, the optimum flatness and microroughness of the reflecting surface are determined. The experiments discussed in the paper indicate that a reflecting-surface flatness of /spl lambda//4 is sufficient to obtain high-performance reflective multiplexers. Extrinsic mirror-related phase and intensity errors were found to be negligible for surfaces polished with diamond lapping films with a grain size smaller than 1 /spl mu/m. These experimental results were found to be in excellent agreement with simulations based on mirror-related changes in the waveguide-grating-length increment.
Hydrogen is neuroprotective against surgically induced brain injury

Neurosurgical operations cause unavoidable damage to healthy brain tissues. Direct surgical injury as well as surgically induced oxidative stress contributes to the subsequent formation of brain edema. Therefore, we tested the neuroprotective effects of hydrogen (H2) in an established surgical brain injury (SBI) model in rats. Adult male Sprague - Dawley rats (weight 300-350g) were divided into three groups to serve as sham operated, SBI without treatment, and SBI treated with H2(2.9%). Brain water content, myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and neurological function were measured at 24 hrs after SBI. SBI resulted in localized brain edema (p = < 0.001). Hydrogen (2.9%) administered concurrently with surgery significantly decreased the formation of cerebral edema (p = 0.028) and improved neurobehavioral score (p = 0.022). However, hydrogen treatment failed to reduce oxidative stress (LPO assay) or inflammation (MPO assay) in brain tissues. Hydrogen appears to be promising as an effective, yet inexpensive way to reduce cerebral edema caused by surgical procedures. Hydrogen has the potential to improve clinical outcome, decrease hospital stay, and reduce overall cost to patients and the health care system.
Procedural Justice in Performance Evaluation: The Role of Instrumental and Non-Instrumental Voice in Performance Appraisal Discussions:

This study examined the role of subordinate voice in creating positive attitudes in the performance appraisal context. Two aspects of voice, instrumental and non-instrumental, were assessed. Both aspects of voice were related to satisfaction with the appraisal, while only non-instrumental voice had an impact on attitudes toward the manager. Implications for procedural justice and performance appraisal are discussed.
Herpes simplex and varicella zoster CNS infections: clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes

To describe the clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics, imaging studies and prognostic factors of adverse clinical outcomes (ACO) among adults with herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) CNS infections. Retrospective review of adult patients with positive HSV or VZV polymerase chain reaction on CSF from an observational study of meningitis or encephalitis in Houston, TX (2004–2014), and New Orleans, LA (1999–2008). Ninety-eight adults patients were identified; 25 had encephalitis [20 (20.4 %) HSV, 5 (5.1 %) VZV], and 73 had meningitis [60 (61.1 %) HSV and 13 (13.3 %) VZV]. HSV and VZV had similar presentations except for nausea (P 1 and an encephalitis presentation were independently associated with an ACO. The treatment for HSV meningitis was variable, and all patients had a good clinical outcome. Alpha herpes CNS infections due to HSV and VZV infections have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations. ACO was observed more frequently in those patients with comorbidities and an encephalitis presentation.
Postoperative Care: Anticoagulants, Pain Control, and Nursing Care

In the evening of the first postoperative day, the patient is started on anticoagulants, usually Coumadin at the dose of 10 mg unless the person has demonstrated previously sensitivity to the drug and may, therefore, need smaller amounts. At least 5 mg should be given orally that same evening. Also, the patient is started on oral Plavix (Clopidogrel), 75 mg daily. Lovenox is given subcutaneously at the dose of 40 mg bid for the first 48 h until the INR, which monitors the level of Coumadin reaches therapeutic levels (INR 2–3). The Dextran 40 which was started in surgery should also be continue at a rate of 15 cc per hour during the 48 h required for the Coumadin therapy to take effect [1]. No intravenous heparin is prescribed at any time and the patient is monitored with daily INR thereafter for the following 8–12 weeks (Table 25.1).
When Does Quality Need Institutional Review Board Approval

C onfusion can exist between what is purely a quality improvement (QI) initiative versus when QI crosses over into research. There can be an ethical component to this, because it is essential that the protection of human subjects be maintained. If a QI project is not reviewed by an institutional
Upgrading A Scintillation Camera—A Comparative Study

We upgraded a scintillation camera from a 19PM-tube Pho/Gamma HP to a 37-tube unit Pho/Gamma 37 GP. A variety of commercially available phantoms was carefully imaged before and after upgrading. In order to assure study credibility, the same collimators, photographic systems, window widths, and baseline values were used throughout. Source activities were maintained as closely as possible. All comparative studies were preset to the same number of counts, and the other parameters used to assure study credibility were kept constant. Greatly increased spatial resolution of the upgraded system and consequent improved lesion detectability are demonstrated.
Perceptions of a Culture of Health: Implications for Communications and Programming.

Purpose. This study aims to illustrate the potential utility of open-ended survey data, regarding faculty and staff perceptions of a culture of health (CoH), for targeting communications and progra...
Hybrid Exact-Approximate Analytic Hypersonic Aerodynamic Relations for General Vehicle Shapes

This study investigates the creation of hybrid exact-approximate, analytic hypersonic aerodynamic relations for a wide range of vehicle classes to support conceptual design. This is accomplished by performing exact, analytic integrations of the Newtonian pressure coefficient over the unshadowed surface of the vehicle where possible and analytically approximating the remaining terms. Comparisons with a panel method validate the analytic solutions formed for arbitrary bodies of revolution with profiles described by second-, third-, or fourth-order Bezier curves as well as non-axisymmetric geometries described by constrained second-order Bezier surfaces. The computational and design advantages provided by the analytic relations enable the rapid design of vehicle shape within conceptual studies in manner that is not possible with traditional panel methods.
The Snowflake State: An Investigation into Entitlement as a State Construct

Research on entitlement has identified a number of negative outcomes of an entitled workforce. However, research to date has only considered entitlement from a trait perspective, failing to conside...
Parameter optimization solution of WLAN based on application of scene

This paper summaries the common scenes of WLAN,and gives the corresponding WLAN network characteristics and optimize focuses of various scenes above. It selects the optimum range as radio parameter optimization tips under the corresponding scenario by repeatedly setting,testing,and validating each radio parameters of various WLAN hotspots which have been put into commercial,and puts the various parameters into a set of parameters template of the corresponding scenes. It absolutely can guide the optimizing personnel to carry out the systematic WLAN wireless parameter optimizing work. The set of solutions has been used to the application of scenes. And the tested result that has been proved is effective and promoted among carrieroperator actual optimizing work.
Ab initio study of the initial growth mechanism of silicon nitride on Si ( 100 ) − ( 2 × 1 ) using NH 3

Density functional theory (DFT) is used to examine the reaction mechanisms of nitridation of the $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface by ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}.$ The surface is modeled using the cluster approximation. A detailed reaction mechanism that includes ammonia adsorption and decomposition, insertion of nitrogen into Si-Si bonds, hydrogen diffusion on the surface and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ desorption is investigated. We find that nitrogen-containing species prefers to be on the surface, bonded to the two surface Si atoms. The energy barriers are also calculated. We find that the activation barrier of the nitridation rate-limiting step is 0.43 eV higher than the activation barrier for ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$ desorption. This confirms the experimental observation that a large fraction of ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$ that dissociates upon adsorption recombines and desorbs. We also find the hydrogen desorption barrier from the nitrided silicon surface to be 3.34 eV. As the surface hydrogen concentration decreases, we find that the activation barriers of the nitridation reactions become smaller. Our calculations show that the dissociation barrier decreases from 2.65 to 1.95 eV when two surface hydrogen atoms are removed from the reactive silicon dimer. This result agrees with the experimental findings that further nitride growth does not occur until hydrogen desorption takes place. Therefore, we conclude that the rate-limiting step for the nitridation reaction is the hydrogen desorption. Further dissociation reactions leading to stable species such as bridge-bonded $\mathrm{NH}(b)$ and $\mathrm{N}(b)$ species are also studied. Vibrational frequencies of the surface species are calculated and found to agree with experiments. This confirms our prediction of the nature of the surface species and the reaction mechanisms leading to the initial growth of silicon nitride films on $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1).$
Study of the risk and relatively factors of neonate with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Aim:To prevent,intervene in and cure HIE early by the research of the risk and relatively factors of HIE.Methods:213 HIE cases were selected and 68 non HIE infants were also selected at the same time as the control group.22 risk factors relevent to mothers,tetus,delivery were listed and analyzed by the methods of single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis which was offered in the software of STATISTICA 6.0 and CHINESE MEDICAL CYCLOPADIA.Results:After Single factor analysis,there were 8 factors(including hypertensive of pregnancy,help delivery by fetal head attrahent appliance,prolonged course of birth,fast birth,meconium like amniotic fluid,umbilic abnormity,postnatal 1 min Apgar grade≤7 mark and postnatal 5 min Apgar grade≤7 mark)proved to be risk factors.However,only prolonged course of birth and postnatal 1 min Apgar grade≤7 mark were risk factors after the six factors(hypertensive of pregnancy,help delivery by fetal head attrahent appliance,prolonged course of birth,fast birth,postnatal 1 min Apgar grade≤7 mark and postnatal 5 min Apgar grade≤7 mark)with statistic meaning were put into logistic recursive analysis model.OR were respectively 6.580,110.098;95% CI were respectively 1.789～24.197,0.569～92.938,and postnatal 1 min Apgar grade had significant difference with the HIE come on time and seriousness of the disease( P 0.01).Conclusion:The risk factors proved by Single factor analysis are the risk factors for the happening of neonatal and also the relevent factors of HIE,while the risk factors proved by many factor analysis are the risk factors of HIE,and they have affinity with HIE come on time and seriousness of the disease,so,avoiding the happening of neonatal preventing and treating HIE,and early intervention are the key steps to reduce the rates of motality and disabitity.
Osseous Pathology of the Synovial Intervertebral Articulations in the Equine Thoracolumbar Spine

The objectives were to investigate the location and severity of osseous lesions of the synovial intervertebral articulations (SIAs) in the equine spine from the cervicothoracic junction to the lumbosacral junction. It was hypothesized that lesion number and severity would increase with horse age and height and that severe lesions would be more prevalent caudal to T16. The vertebrae from C7 to S1 were removed from 56 horses by dissection, disarticulation, and boiling out. Each SIA was evaluated for the presence and severity of osseous lesions which were scored using two methods: numerical grading of lesion severity on a scale of 0–3 and using a visual analog scale (VAS). Descriptive statistics were calculated, and the VAS data were analyzed using a split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the effects of horse age, height, and vertebral level. Periarticular osseous lesions were observed at every intervertebral level from C7-T1 to L6-S1 with 91% of horses having at least one lesion of grade 2 or higher. Split-plot ANOVA indicated significant effects of age (P = .014), with older horses having more severe lesions, and vertebral level (P < .0001), with more severe lesions occurring in the cranial thoracic (C7-T1 to T2-T3) and caudal thoracic to lumbosacral (T15-T16 to L6-S1) regions. There was no effect of the horse's height on SIA osseous lesions. Regional differences in severity of osseous lesions of the SIA in the thoracolumbosacral spine are likely related to changes in shape and orientation of the articular surfaces which affect the forces and motion patterns during locomotion.
Fine-scale spatial variation in ice cover and surface temperature trends across the surface of the Laurentian Great Lakes

The effects of climate change on north temperate freshwater ecosystems include increasing water temperatures and decreasing ice cover. Here we compare those trends in the Laurentian Great Lakes at three spatial scales to evaluate how warming varies across the surface of these massive inland water bodies. We compiled seasonal ice cover duration (1973–2013) and lake summer surface water temperatures (LSSWT; 1994–2013), and analyzed spatial patterns and trends at lake-wide, lake sub-basin, and fine spatial scales and compared those to reported lake- and basin-wide trends. At the lake-wide scale we found declining ice duration and warming LSSWT patterns consistent with previous studies. At the lake sub-basin scale, our statistical models identified distinct warming trends within each lake that included significant breakpoints in ice duration for 13 sub-basins, consistent linear declines in 11 sub-basins, and no trends in 4 sub-basins. At the finest scale, we found that the northern- and eastern-most portions of each Great Lake, especially in nearshore areas, have experienced faster rates of LSSWT warming and shortening ice duration than those previously reported from trends at the lake scale. We conclude that lake-level analyses mask significant spatial and temporal variation in warming patterns within the Laurentian Great Lakes. Recognizing spatial variability in rates of change can inform both mechanistic modeling of ecosystem responses and planning for long-term management of these large freshwater ecosystems.