cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staheli’s slotted acetabular augmentation in the treatment of Perthes disease in children

Objective:To study the indication and the experiences of Staheli’s slotted acetabular augmentation in the treatment of Perthes disease in children. Methods:Twenty-six patients with Perthes disease were treated by Staheli’s slotted acetabular augmentation. The series consisted of 22 boys and 4 girls(right 18 cases,left 8 cases). According to Catterall’s classification,3 cases were graded as group Ⅱ,12 cases were graded as group Ⅲ,11 cases were graded as group Ⅳ. Results:All patients were successfully followed up for a period from 6 months to 3 years(the mean of 2 years and 1 months),and were assessed clinically with Mckay Criteria and radiologically with Willett assessment. The clinical results showed that the overall excellent or good rate was 98.16%. The radiological results showed that epiphyseal heigh,percentage of acetabular cover and center edge angle significantly increased(P 0.001),Sharp angle significantly decreased(P 0.001),the continuity of Shenton’s line and the form of femoral head was obviously improved. Conclusion:Staheli’s slotted acetabular augmentation should be an effective procedure for treating Perthes disease in children.
Beautiful Images and Practical Examples Found in Idaho Microbes.

Author Steve Steubner explores the micobes native to the state of Idaho and their impact on the environment, citizens, and businesses of the state. An excellent resource for K-12 teachers, introductory biology and microbiology instructors, microbe enthusiasts, and denizens of the Pacific Northwest alike.Review of: Idaho Microbes: How Tiny Single-Celled Organisms Can Harm, or Save, our World. Steve Stuebner with Todd Shallat; (2015). Boise State University Press, Boise, ID. 168 pages.
Psychiatric education in the emergency room setting.

Some background concepts regarding the teaching of clinical psychiatry are briefly reviewed, along with current controversies regarding the content and timing of various aspects of residency traini...
Data-Driven Structural Damage Identification Using DIT

Vibration-based damage detection research aims to develop efficient algorithms to identify structural damage from monitoring data. One of the main categories of such algorithms is data-driven techniques which extract features from measured signals, and identify the damage by evaluating the significance of potential changes in these features. This paper presents application of several data-driven damage identification methodologies on a multivariate simulated data set. First, general regression models are applied to data collected through clusters of sensors and damage sensitive features are extracted. For systems with linear topology, it is shown that substructural regression modeling can also be performed on time- and frequency-domain transforms of the measured signals to estimate local stiffness of the structure as damage features. Subsequently, change detection techniques are utilized to statistically determine the significance of changes in the extracted features in order to distinguish between assignable changes as a result of damage and common changes due to environmental factors. Finally, a toolsuite is developed to facilitate application of the developed algorithms and improve the damage identification performance through incorporation of various combinations of regression models, damage features and statistical tests.
Gut Microbiota Imbalance and Base Excision Repair Dynamics in Colon Cancer

Gut microbiota are required for host nutrition, energy balance, and regulating immune homeostasis, however, in some cases, this mutually beneficial relationship becomes twisted (dysbiosis), and the gut flora can incite pathological disorders including colon cancer. Microbial dysbiosis promotes the release of bacterial genotoxins, metabolites, and causes chronic inflammation, which promote oxidative DNA damage. Oxidized DNA base lesions are removed by base excision repair (BER), however, the role of this altered function of BER, as well as microbiota-mediated genomic instability and colon cancer development, is still poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss how dysbiotic microbiota induce DNA damage, its impact on base excision repair capacity, the potential link of host BER gene polymorphism, and the risk of dysbiotic microbiota mediated genomic instability and colon cancer.
What About the International Debt Crisis

Two international debt problems threaten the capitalist world — one is associated with the liabilities of Less Developed Countries (LDCs), especially those of Latin America, and the other involves the obligations of the world’s largest debtor, the United States. These two debt situations are, in one sense, unrelated in that they developed at different times and for different reasons. The Latin American debts of both oil producing and oil consuming LDCs are essentially the result of the oil price explosions of the 1970s; while the United States debt is primarily due to the Reagan recovery from the Great Recession of 1979–82 and the continued role of the US as the engine of growth for the free world. But in a more fundamental sense, these twin debt situations are inextricably tied together in that (a) they threaten the very viability of the international financial community and (b) their resolution will require innovative and unorthodox policies.
The identification of technological variability through experimental replication and empirical multivariate analysis

(1976). The Identification of Technological Variability Through Experimental Replication and Empirical Multivariate Analysis. Lithic Technology: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 24-26.
A biomechanical and physiological study of office seat and tablet device interaction

Twenty subjects performed typing tasks on a desktop computer and touch-screen tablet in two chairs for an hour each, and the effects of chair, device, and their interactions on each dependent measure were recorded. Biomechanical measures of muscle force, spinal load, and posture were examined, while discomfort was measured via heart rate variability (HRV) and subjective reports. HRV was sensitive enough to differentiate between chair and device interactions. Biomechanically, a lack of seat back mobility forced individuals to maintain an upright seating posture with increased extensor muscle forces and increased spinal compression. Effects were exacerbated by forward flexion upon interaction with a tablet device or by slouching. Office chairs should be designed with both the human and workplace task in mind and allow for reclined postures to off-load the spine. The degree of recline should be limited, however, to prevent decreased lumbar lordosis resulting from posterior hip rotation in highly reclined postures.
Technology-Based? Cost Factoring in US Environmental Standards

Environmental controls in the United States are often said to be “technology-based” because the pollution source’s duties are determined by the available technology for controlling that pollution rather than by the social costs and benefits of doing so. Indeed, this is much of what distinguishes US environmental law post-1970 from that which preceded it. But technology-based standards have in fact weighed the costs of controlling pollution in unique, often obscure ways, yielding an analysis that defies standardization and basic notions of transparency. Often lumped under an umbrella heading called “feasibility” analysis and justified on the grounds that it avoids many of the known pitfalls in cost-benefit analysis, the factoring of cost into technology assessments hands our Environmental Protection Agency a uniquely hard problem of prediction: the inducement of innovation. This essay traces the evolution of the practice to the state of the art today, offers several clarifications upon reflection, and suggests that cost estimation in technology-based standard setting is actually more likely to be a useful decision input than the orthodox cost-benefit balancing procedures. Most importantly, it is more likely accurately to assess the possibilities of inducing innovation — accuracy that is increasingly vital to meeting environmental challenges like climate change.
La inexistencia en el proceso civil: un análisis crítico

El presente articulo pretende hacer un estudio critico de la inexistencia como categoria relevante dentro de la ineficacia de los actos procesales. Para esto analiza lo que la doctrina ha dicho tradicionalmente sobre ella, sus caracteristicas y dificultades y la propone como una cuestion que debe ser tratada desde la perspectiva de la nulidad procesal. Termina postulando vias de mejoramiento de la nulidad, en particular una vez concluido el juicio como alternativa a la inexistencia.
#girlgaze: photography, fourth wave feminism, and social media advocacy

AbstractThe Girlgaze website was founded by television personality Amanda de Cadenet in 2016, as a social media project seeking female photographers to fund, promote and exhibit. The project lauds itself for offering girls from around the world an entry into a traditionally male-dominated profession and providing a platform where female artists can share works created through the lens of a ‘girlgaze’. This article positions the Girlgaze project within the discourses of fourth wave feminism and explores how Girlgaze challenges a male-dominated industry. It also raises the questions of whose gaze we are seeing and whose world is being privileged in the production of these virtual image galleries. A closer look at the Girlgaze project, its incentives and structures raises essential questions about self-representation, social media advocacy and photography as a medium to convey any sort of truth about the world.
Global Multiscale Evaluation of Satellite Passive Microwave Retrieval of Precipitation during the TRMM and GPM Eras: Effective Resolution and Regional Diagnostics for Future Algorithm Development

AbstractThe constellation of spaceborne passive microwave (MW) sensors, coordinated under the framework of the Precipitation Measurement Missions international agreement, continuously produces observations of clouds and precipitation all over the globe. The Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) is designed to infer the instantaneous surface precipitation rate from the measured MW radiances. The last version of the algorithm (GPROF-2014)—the product of more than 20 years of algorithmic development, validation, and improvement—is currently used to estimate precipitation rates from the microwave imager GMI on board the GPM core satellite. The previous version of the algorithm (GPROF-2010) was used with the microwave imager TMI on board TRMM. In this paper, TMI-GPROF-2010 estimates and GMI-GPROF-2014 estimates are compared with coincident active measurements from the Precipitation Radar on board TRMM and the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar on board GPM, considered as reference products. The objective is to a...
“My Whole Life is in the USA:” Dominican Deportees’ Experiences of Isolation, Precarity, and Resilience

This chapter analyses the experiences of isolation, precarity, and resilience of Dominican deportees. The context of reception of persons deported from the USA to Latin American and Caribbean countries is highly dependent on the cultural context and laws of each country. However, recent research has shown that deportees suffer isolation and stigmatisation that has clear effects on their social and labour market reintegration. This chapter, drawn from 46 interviews with Dominican deportees, explores how highly stigmatised individuals with minimal job experience find opportunities in the precarious and informal Dominican labour market. The ability of Dominican deportees to re-integrate is in part due to their ability to access the limited labour market opportunities, as well as through remittances from family members in the USA.
Strong attractions and repulsions mediated by monovalent salts.

Controlling interactions between proteins and nanoparticles in electrolyte solutions is crucial for advancing biological sciences and biotechnology. The assembly of charged nanoparticles (NPs) and proteins in aqueous solutions can be directed by modifying the salt concentration. High concentrations of monovalent salt can induce the solubilization or crystallization of NPs and proteins. By using a multiscale coarse-grained molecular dynamics approach, we show that, due to ionic correlations in the electrolyte, NPs pairs at high monovalent salt concentrations interact via remarkably strong long-range attractions or repulsions, which can be split into three regimes depending on the surface charge densities of the NPs. NPs with zero-to-low surface charge densities interact via a long-range attraction that is stronger and has a similar range to the depletion attraction induced by polymers with radius of gyrations comparable to the NP diameter. On the other hand, moderately charged NPs with smooth surfaces as well as DNA-functionalized NPs with no possibility of hybridization between them interact via a strong repulsion of range and strength larger than the repulsion predicted by models that neglect ionic correlations, including the Derjaguin–Landau–Vervey–Overbeek (DLVO) model. Interactions between strongly charged NPs (>2 e/nm 2 ), both types smooth and DNA-functionalized NPs, show an attractive potential well at intermediate-to-high salt concentrations, which demonstrates that electrolytes can induce aggregation of strongly charged NPs. Our work provides an improved understanding of the role of ionic correlations in NP assembly and design rules to utilize the salting-out process to crystallize NPs.
Self-Governance in Science: Community-Based Strategies for Managing Dangerous Knowledge

Commercial and academic communities use private rules to regulate everything from labor conditions to biological weapons. This self-governance is vital in the twenty-first century, where private science and technology networks cross so many borders that traditional regulation and treaty solutions are often impractical. Self-Governance in Science analyzes the history of private regulation, identifies the specific market factors that make private standards stable and enforceable, explains what governments can do to encourage responsible self-regulation, and asks when private power might be legitimate. Unlike previous books which stress sociology or political science perspectives, Maurer emphasizes the economic roots of private power to deliver a coherent and comprehensive account of recent scholarship. Individual chapters present a detailed history of past self-government initiatives, describe the economics and politics of private power, and extract detailed lessons for law, legitimacy theory, and public policy.
Applying Interconnected Game Theory to Analyze Transboundary Waters: A Case Study of the Kura–Araks Basin

The Kura–Araks Basin is facing problems with insufficient water availability for all needs and poor water quality, which results in high rates of waterborne diseases. The riparians of the basin str...
Reducing cancer health disparities among US Latinos: a Freireian approach

The purpose of this paper is to apply Paulo Freire’s writings from Pedagogy of the Oppressed to critique current efforts to reduce cancer health disparities (CHDs) among Latinos in the USA.,Freire’s writings on oppression, critical consciousness, praxis and dialogical education are applied to recent efforts to reduce CHDs among Latinos in the USA through the use of promotores.,Freireian teachings can provide insight on ways to engage Latino communities in culturally sensitive conversations that respect deeply rooted beliefs, and address the political and socioeconomic inequities many continue to face. Programs must revisit Freire’s political and transformative roots to ensure efforts to reduce CHDs also promote health equity and community empowerment.,Public health initiatives should incorporate Freireian principles of dialogical education and critical consciousness in the development of cancer prevention and screening programs tailored to Latinos in the USA to ensure program longevity and success.,Approaching conversations and interactions dialogically can foster critical engagement and empower collective action among Latino communities in efforts to improve their environments and reduce health disparities.,This is a multi-layered analysis of different social and structural factors influencing CHDs among Latinos in the USA, and is coupled with a historical overview of colonialism and oppression in Latin America. It culminates in suggestions on ways to improve future public health efforts that embrace Freireian approaches and promote health equity.
EXPRESSION OF GLYCINE RECEPTORS BY IDENTIFIED ALPHA AND GAMMA MOTONEURONES

The neurotransmitter role of glycine is well established and has recently been reviewed by Aprison (1990). Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian spinal cord, and it exerts its postsynaptic effects via increases in the chloride permeability of the postsynaptic membrane. Glycine receptors, like GABAA receptors, are multimeric ligand-gated chloride channels whose structural and functional properties have been elucidated in great detail in recent years (Betz, 1991). Glycine receptor subunit mRNAs are expressed in widespread areas of the central nervous system (CNS; e.g. Malosio, Marqueze, Kuhse & Betz, 1991; Kirsch, Malosio, Wolters & Betz, 1993a). Advances in understanding of the molecular composition of glycine receptors have also led to the use of monoclonal antibodies against subunits of the glycine receptor complex (Pfeiffer, Simler, Grenningloh & Betz, 1984) to study the general localisation of glycine receptors in the CNS (e.g. Triller, Cluzead, Pfeiffer, Betz & Korn, 1985; Triller, Cluzead & Korn 1987; van den Pol & Gorcs, 1988). One of the antibodies used for such immuno-localisation studies is directed against gephyrin, a 93 kDa glycine receptor-associated, tubulin binding protein which is required for glycine receptor clustering and localisation at synaptic specialisations (Kirsch, Wolters, Triller & Betz, 1993b). In the mammalian ventral horn, gephyrin immunoreactivity has been shown to be localised to the sub-membrane cytoplasm, coincident with immunoreactivity against ligand binding subunits of the glycine receptor, and, importantly, is localised at sites corresponding to synaptic specialisations (see Triller et al., 1985 and unpublished observations from our laboratory). These properties make gephyrin a particularly useful marker for use in probing the organisation and distribution of glycine receptors in identified central neurones, as we will describe in this presentation.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion and Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia, defined as a plasma sodium concentration of less than 135 meq/dl, may be seen in as many as 25% of all hospitalized patients.1 In the cancer patient without overt cardiac or liver failure, hyponatremia may be present as a chronic asymptomatic condition.2–8 However, it is important to note that the level of hyponatremia that can cause signs or symptoms varies with the rate of decline of plasma sodium concentration as well as the age of the patient.
Photochemistry and Photophysics of Coordination Compounds: Osmium

This review provides an overview of research since the year 2000 relating to photochemical and photophysical processes involving complexes of osmium. The review is broken into four focus subjects. The photophysical investigations of Os(II) imine complexes and other classical transition metal complexes is presented, including a brief discussion of theoretical approaches to understanding electronic structure. An overview of light induced energy and electron transfer reactions involving Os complexes is also covered. Photoreactions of organometallic Os complexes are discussed, focusing on mechanistic aspects of metal–metal cleavage in diosmium and triosmium carbonyl complexes. Finally, reports of applications of Os complexes to sensors, dye sensitized solar cells, electroluminescent devices, and biological systems are presented.
Neurochemical Aspects of Blood-Brain-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers

The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier are terms that are deeply entrenched in the literature of neurobiology. The concept of a permeability barrier between the blood and the nervous system evolved from observations of Ehrlich that the brain did not become stained after intravenous injection of aniline dyes (e.g., trypan blue). Goldmann later showed that the brain became stained after injection of trypan blue into the CSF. For many years, the barrier was considered to be an anatomical one that absolutely restricted the passage of certain substances into the brain. When tracer methodology became available, it became clear that most substances were not absolutely restricted from the brain, but rather that their rates of entry or ultimate ability to accumulate were reduced with respect to other organs. In this way, the chemical environment of the brain could be carefully guarded and exquisitely regulated. This chapter provides a brief account of the mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of concentrations of various classes of solutes in the brain and CSF. It seems likely that no fundamental differences exist in the mechanisms of transport at the blood-brain and blood-CSF interfaces. Several monographs expand the subject for interested readers.11,35,48,52,53,81
Undiagnosed and Untreated HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: Results of Three National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Surveys, San Francisco, 2009-2015

We examined three waves of National HIV Behavioral Surveillance surveys of persons who inject drugs (PWID) in San Francisco to assess meeting UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. Diagnosis of PWID living with HIV increased from 64.4% in 2009 to 80.5% in 2015. Antiretroviral treatment among those diagnosed did not improve (63.8% in 2009, 62.9% in 2015). Programs in San Francisco have not achieved the first two UNAIDS targets for PWID by 2015. In a context of a rising opioid epidemic, there is urgent need for increased case finding of PWID living with HIV who are undiagnosed with rapid linkage to treatment.
Electrode Placement Accuracy in Robot-Assisted Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves the implantation of electrodes into specific central brain structures for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Image guidance and robot-assisted techniques have been developed to assist in the accuracy of electrode placement. Traditional DBS is performed with the patient awake and utilizes microelectrode recording for feedback, which yields lengthy operating room times. Asleep DBS procedures use imaging techniques to verify electrode placement. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the validity of an asleep robot-assisted DBS procedure that utilizes intraoperative imaging techniques for precise electrode placement in a large, inclusive cohort. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to plan the surgical procedure for the 128 patients that underwent asleep DBS. During the surgery, robot assistance was used during the implantation of the electrodes. To verify electrode placement, intraoperative CT scans were fused with the preoperative MRIs. The mean radial error of all final electrode placements is 0.85 ± 0.38 mm. MRI-CT fusion error is 0.64 ± 0.40 mm. The average operating room time for bilateral and unilateral implantations are 139.3 ± 34.7 and 115.4 ± 42.1 min, respectively. This study shows the validity of the presented asleep DBS procedure using robot assistance and intraoperative CT verification for accurate electrode placement with shorter operating room times.
Performance Appraisal and Assessment

The training of students and clinicians is enhanced by accurate appraisal and assessment, with improved outcomes not only for the trainee but the trainer and the system in which they work.
Restoration of cellular activity after decapitation.

A new study has demonstrated recovery of brain circulation and some cellular function in a decapitated pig model. Although these results are exciting and thought-provoking, they do not challenge the concept or practical implications of brain death, as no evidence of global electrical activity or functional recovery of the brain was presented.
Mathematical Psychology: History

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by W.K. Estes, volume 14, pp. 9412–9416, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Dialogic Status in Design Education: Authority and Peer Relations in Studio Class Conversations:

In this article, I study role enactment and status relationships in university design studio classrooms. I analyze conversations that take place during discussions of student creative work, and I i...
FORENSIC BOTANY : AN UNDER-UTILIZED RESOURCE

Plants have long been used as both weapons and evidence in criminal investigations. The proceedings of Socrates' trial and subsequent adjudicated suicide by means of Conium brew are in the botanical folklore. In this country, plants as poisoning agents have always been well known, but only since the Lindbergh kidnapping trial have other kinds of botanical evidence gained legal sanction. Botanical resources for forensic evidence remain underutilized because of the lack of botanical knowledge among most people involved in criminal investigations. However, resourceful investigators and scientists with initiative are beginning to change this. Now, evidence from plant systematics, palynology, plant anatomy, plant ecology, and related fields is acceptable. The moving forces behind increasing the uses of non-traditional scientific fields in criminal investigations continue to be innovative criminal investigators and imaginative scientists willing to contribute their talents to forensic efforts.
Domain Name Service

While many people use Name Service and Domain Name Service (DNS) interchangeably, there are major differences between the two. If this were not so, the Internet would be much less stable, more prone to system wide failures, and much less resilient to attack.
Association of persistent wild-type measles virus RNA with long-term humoral immunity in rhesus macaques

Recovery from measles results in life-long protective immunity. To understand induction of long-term immunity, rhesus macaques were studied for 6 months after infection with wild-type measles virus (MeV). Infection caused viremia and rash, with clearance of infectious virus by day 14. MeV RNA persisted in PBMCs for 30-90 days and in lymphoid tissue for 6 months most often in B cells but was rarely detected in BM. Antibody with neutralizing activity and binding specificity for MeV nucleocapsid (N), hemagglutinin (H), and fusion proteins appeared with the rash and avidity matured over 3-4 months. Lymph nodes had increasing numbers of MeV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and germinal centers with late hyalinization. ASCs appeared in circulation with the rash and continued to appear along with peripheral T follicular helper cells for the study duration. ASCs in lymph nodes and PBMCs produced antibody against both H and N, with more H-specific ASCs in BM. During days 14-21, 20- to 100-fold more total ASCs than MeV-specific ASCs appeared in circulation, suggesting mobilization of preexisting ASCs. Therefore, persistence of MeV RNA in lymphoid tissue was accompanied by continued germinal center formation, ASC production, avidity maturation, and accumulation of H-specific ASCs in BM to sustain neutralizing antibody and protective immunity.
The Underprosecution of Labor Trafficking

Most law enforcement efforts concerning human trafficking focus on sex trafficking. Labor trafficking remains a devastating yet under-prosecuted crime. This Article identifies causes of the ongoing failure to prosecute labor trafficking, including phenomena the Article refers to as workplace exceptionalism, the labor trafficking eclipse, and maladaptive law enforcement strategies. The Article considers critiques of a carceral approach and argues for thoughtfully increasing appropriate labor trafficking prosecutions. Informed by insights of survivors, anti-trafficking advocates, prosecutors, and scholars across disciplines, it proposes reforms to strategically increase prosecutions.
Pushing the margins: women of color and intersectionality in LIS: edited by Rose L. Chou and Annie Pho, Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2018

Conversations around equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) have become more prominent in recent years, and are especially relevant at this time. In Pushing the margins, the editors have gathered s...
How Much Cueing Is Needed in Instructional Animations? The Role of Prior Knowledge

This study explored the effects of prior knowledge and cueing on the learning (retention, transfer, and matching) and mental effort of learners who studied an instructional animation with accompanying narration about photosynthesis. A 4 × 2 between-subjects factorial design with four levels of cueing (no cueing, label cueing, picture cueing, and label and picture cueing) and two levels of prior knowledge (low vs. high) was used. A total of 216 undergraduate students from various majors in a large Southwestern university volunteered to participate in this study. The results revealed no significant effect of cueing on learning or mental effort. However, high prior knowledge learners outperformed low prior knowledge learners on a retention test and reported investing more mental effort than low prior knowledge learners. Although it was not significant, high prior knowledge learners had higher transfer and matching scores when no cues were provided.
Fast Protection Levels for Fault Detection With an Application to Advanced RAIM

Fault detection algorithms (such as advanced RAIM) developed for aviation can be applied in situations where the probabilities of fault are arbitrarily high. However, with large probabilities, the user receiver needs to protect against a large number of fault modes (which results from the combination of simultaneous independent faults). In baseline ARAIM algorithms, the user receiver must compute a fault-tolerant position solution for each fault mode (computed using the subset of the available measurements that would not be affected by the fault mode), or at least its error covariance. After showing how to use a solution separation algorithm without computing the fault-tolerant position solutions, we present a technique to obtain upper bounds on the subset error covariance for a given subset size. This upper bound does not require the computation of every subset error covariance and can be computed without additional matrix inversions. We evaluate the potential of this technique by applying it to ARAIM scenarios.
Representation of features as images with neighborhood dependencies for compatibility with convolutional neural networks.

Deep learning with Convolutional Neural Networks has shown great promise in image-based classification and enhancement but is often unsuitable for predictive modeling using features without spatial correlations. We present a feature representation approach termed REFINED (REpresentation of Features as Images with NEighborhood Dependencies) to arrange high-dimensional vectors in a compact image form conducible for CNN-based deep learning. We consider the similarities between features to generate a concise feature map in the form of a two-dimensional image by minimizing the pairwise distance values following a Bayesian Metric Multidimensional Scaling Approach. We hypothesize that this approach enables embedded feature extraction and, integrated with CNN-based deep learning, can boost the predictive accuracy. We illustrate the superior predictive capabilities of the proposed framework as compared to state-of-the-art methodologies in drug sensitivity prediction scenarios using synthetic datasets, drug chemical descriptors as predictors from NCI60, and both transcriptomic information and drug descriptors as predictors from GDSC. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are often unsuitable for predictive modeling involving nonimage based biological features. Here, the authors present a mapping termed REFINED to represent high dimensional vectors as compact images with spatial correlation that makes it compatible with CNN based learning.
Improving dynamic Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change Methods for defect isolation

In this work, we optimize tester-based optical beam induced resistance change to detect defects that cannot be assessed on chip power-up and require test vectors to initialize the chip. Enhancements using a series resistor along the source path as well as a statistical resistance variation mapping approach are discussed. Experimental results will be presented as proof-of-concept.
The science of spin: targeted strategies to manufacture doubt with detrimental effects on environmental and public health

Numerous groups, such as the tobacco industry, have deliberately altered and misrepresented knowable facts and empirical evidence to promote an agenda, often for monetary benefit, with consequences for environmental and public health. Previous research has explored cases individually, but none have conducted an in-depth comparison between cases. The purpose of this study was to compile a comprehensive list of tactics used by disparate groups and provide a framework for identifying further instances of manufactured doubt. We examined scholarly books, peer-reviewed articles, well-researched journalism pieces, and legal evidence related to five disparate industries and organizations selected for their destructive impacts on environmental and public health (tobacco, coal, and sugar industries, manufacturers of the pesticide Atrazine, and the Marshall Institute, an institute focused on climate change research, and other scientists from the era that associated with those in the Institute). These documents provided evidence for a list of tactics used to generate pro-industry spin and manufacture doubt about conferred harm. We then identified trends among sets of strategies that could explain their differential use or efficacy. We recognized 28 unique tactics used to manufacture doubt. Five of these tactics were used by all five organizations, suggesting that they are key features of manufactured doubt. The intended audience influences the strategy used to misinform, and logical fallacies contribute to their efficacy. This list of tactics can be used by others to build a case that an industry or group is deliberately manipulating information associated with their actions or products. Improved scientific and rhetorical literacy could be used to render them less effective, depending on the audience targeted, and ultimately allow for the protection of both environmental health and public health more generally.
Occurrence, Formation, Stability, and Interaction of 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone

4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF), one of the most important volatile compounds from the 3(2H)-furanone family, makes vitally important contributions to aromas related to various foods. ...
Growing beyond growth: Why multiple mindsets matter for consumer behavior

In this commentary, we reflect on several important issues and questions provoked by Murphy and Dweck's target article. First, we define a mindset as a frame of mind that affects the selection, encoding, and retrieval of information as well as the types of evaluations and responses an individual gives. As such, we suggest that while studying fixed versus growth mindsets is important, it is critical to explore and understand how a variety of mindsets affect consumer behavior, including regulatory focus, construal level, implementation versus deliberation, and power. Second, we argue that it is necessary to understand if a hierarchy exists among this variety of mindsets, with some mindsets being more foundational and more important than others. Finally, we raise questions about whether matching effects, where information matches a mindset, always produce more persuasion, or whether cases might exist where mismatches, or complementarity, are better.
Differential Diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

Epileptologists from Children's Hospital, Boston, and UCLA, California, discuss approaches to the differential diagnosis of Lennox Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and identification of a possible underlying etiology.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP PANEL ON LOCATING ICEBERGS AND REMOTE SENSING

The proper application of available techniques of Remote Sensing can provide considerable support to the Iceberg Project. The state-of- the-art is such that no new developments will be necessary; however, in order to validate anticipated results, a modest experimental program must be undertaken. Remote Sensing methods can readily locate best candidate icebergs, and then, from many, select an optimum number at any given time. These methods can also assist in feasibility experiments by tracking and determining the weathering characteristics of test icebergs. Moreover, they can assist in early testing to determine the true magnitude of Coriolis forces, which are vital to assessment of the towing problem. Finally, in an operational sense, Remote Sensing methods can assist by observing sea states, recommending best routes, and determining weathering effects during tow.
On computational complexity of counting fixed points in symmetric boolean graph automata

We study computational complexity of counting the fixed point configurations (FPs) in certain classes of graph automata viewed as discrete dynamical systems. We prove that both exact and approximate counting of FPs in Sequential and Synchronous Dynamical Systems (SDSs and SyDSs, respectively) are computationally intractable, even when each node is required to update according to a symmetric Boolean function. We also show that the problems of counting exactly the garden of Eden configurations (GEs), as well as all transient configurations, are in general intractable, as well. Moreover, exactly enumerating FPs or GEs remains hard even in some severely restricted cases, such as when the nodes of an SDS or SyDS use only two different symmetric Boolean update rules, and every node has a neighborhood size bounded by a small constant.
Ionic Collisions as the Basis for New Types of Mass Spectra

Recently developed techniques for ion structure determination employ ion-molecule reactions in which the ion of interest undergoes a change in charge. These charge permutation reactions can be classified into two categories: (a) charge stripping, in which electrons are removed (stripped) from the high-energy ion, or (b) charge exchange, in which electrons are transferred between the ion and a neutral collision gas. In this chapter we will be concerned with the following four specific charge permutation reactions of polyatomic organic ions.
Percutaneous epiphysiodesis using transphyseal screws for limb-length discrepancies: high variability among growth predictor models

Abstract Purpose Percutaneous epiphysiodesis using transphyseal screws (PETS) was developed as a minimally invasive outpatient procedure to address limb-length discrepancy (LLD) that allowed immediate postoperative weight bearing and was potentially reversible by removing the screws. The aims of our study were to report our results using PETS for LLD and evaluate the accuracy of three growth predictor models. Methods Sixteen patients with an average age of 14 years were treated for LLD using PETS. Thirteen patients had screws inserted in a parallel fashion and 3 had crossed screws. We compared the predicted LLD at skeletal maturity using the three growth predictor methods with the actual LLD at skeletal maturity and preoperative LLD with the final LLD at skeletal maturity. Results The mean LLD at skeletal maturity between the predicted and final measurements was 0.2 cm using the Green−Anderson method, 1.4 cm using the Moseley method, and −0.1 cm using the Paley method. The mean preoperative LLD of 3.1 cm ...
Stabilometer performance of educable mentally retarded children under differential feedback conditions.

Abstract Twelve trials on a stabilometer task were administered to 100 educable mentally retarded children whose IQs ranged from 55 to 80 and whose mean age was 12.6 years. Four groups were trained under different supplementary auditory or visual feedback conditions while a fifth group was trained under control conditions. Using the mean time-in-balance (TIB) as the criterion measure, there were no initial performance differences among groups. Significant TIB performance differences among groups were demonstrated during the supplementary feedback training sessions; the visual/in-balance group demonstrated performance superiority. Final performance measures, obtained after withdrawal from the feedback conditions, were compared among groups; the visual/in-balance group maintained performance superiority over all other study groups. Comparisons within groups, from initial to final performance, indicated that only the control group failed to demonstrate significant performance gains and, therefore, did not ac...
ESTIMATING ACTIVITY AND OSMOTIC COEFFICIENTS IN UO2 (NO3)2 - HNO3 - NaNO3 MIXTURES

ABSTRACT The Pitzer treatment is employed to estimate activity and osmotic coefficients for these aqueous mixtures from literature data. A convenient formalism is presented for the inclusion of electrically neutral species such as undissociated HNO3 in the treatment. The water vapor pressure and the solubility of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate in HNO3 could be fitted reasonably well with parameters derived from solutions of the separate components. Isopiestic data for NaNO3 - UO2 (NO3) 2 mixtures required one mixture parameter. Stoichiometric activity coefficients and water activities are generated for UO2 (NO3)2 - HNO3 mixtures from the derived parameters.
Pores for thought: nuclear pore complex proteins

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are enormous macromolecular structures that mediate the active exchange of proteins and RNPs between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Recent work has resulted in a windfall of identified NPC polypeptides, many with unique sequences. Several of the proteins have been shown to be part of extended cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic NPC filaments. Biochemical, structural and genetic studies on NPC proteins are just beginning to allow an understanding of how they associate into a functional organelle.
Praxis of Empowerment Mística and Mobilization in Brazil’s Landless Rural Workers’ Movement

The mistica of Brazil’s Landless Rural Workers’ Movement developed from Latin American liberation theology and is generally interpreted as love for a cause, solidarity experienced in collectivity, and belief in change. Not only an emotional element, however, it is a praxis of pedagogy and culture developed by the movement to construct its collective identity and preserve its cultural roots against the homogenization of globalization. Art and symbolism are used in practices that not only educate but empower by example and reflect the collective memory of the Landless. The movement incorporates these practices into its struggles, keeping the inspiration alive without institutionalizing the mistica.
The data grid

In an increasing number of scientific disciplines, large data collections are emerging as important community resources. In this paper, we introduce design principles for a data management architecture called the data grid. We describe two basic services that we believe are fundamental to the design of a data grid, namely, storage systems and metadata management. Next, we explain how these services can be used to develop higher-level services for replica management and replica selection. We conclude by describing our initial implementation of data grid functionality.
Changes in quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and addiction severity index (ASI) among participants in opioid substitution treatment (OST) in low and middle income countries: An international systematic review

Abstract Background Opioid substitution treatment (OST) can increase quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) and reduce addiction severity index (ASI) scores among participants over time. OST program participants have noted that improvement in quality of life is one of the most important variables to their reduction in drug use. However, there is little systematic understanding of WHOQOL-BREF and ASI domain changes among OST participants in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Methods Utilizing PRISMA guidelines we conducted a systematic literature search to identify OST program studies documenting changes in WHOQOL-BREF or ASI domains for participants in buprenorphine or methadone programs in LMIC. Standardized mean differences for baseline and follow-up domain scores were compared along with relationships between domain scores, OST dosage, and length of follow-up. Results There were 13 OST program studies with 1801 participants from five countries eligible for inclusion in the review. Overall, statistically significant changes were noted in all four WHOQOL-BREF domain and four of the seven ASI domain scores (drug, psychological, legal, and family) documented in studies. Dosage of pharmacologic medication and length of follow-up did not affect changes in domain scores. Conclusion WHOQOL-BREF and ASI domain scoring is a useful tool in measuring overall quality of life and levels of addiction among OST participants. Coupled with measurements of blood-borne infection, drug use, relapse, and overdose, WHOQOL-BREF and ASI represent equally important tools for evaluating the effects of OST over time and should be further developed as integrated tools in the evaluation of participants in LMIC.
A multivariate method for measurement error correction using pairs of concentration biomarkers.

PURPOSE: Measurement error is a pervasive problem in behavioral epidemiology, and available methods of correction all have generally untenable assumptions. We propose a multivariate method with more realistic assumptions. METHODS: The method uses two concentration biomarkers for each nutritional variable of interest and structural equation modeling. This produces corrected estimates of the effects on an outcome variable of changing the true exposure variables by one standard deviation, a standardized regression calibration. However, hypothesis testing in original units is preserved. The main assumptions are that certain error correlations between dietary estimates and biomarkers or between biomarkers be close to zero. RESULTS: Two illustrative models used simulated data with the covariance structure of a real data set. The corrections produced often were very substantial. A sensitivity analysis allowed error correlations to depart from zero over a modest range. Root mean square biases show the advantage of the corrected approach. Relatively large calibration studies are needed for adequate precision. CONCLUSIONS: As long as concentration biomarkers are selected carefully, error-corrected multivariate hypothesis testing and standardized effect estimation is possible. With the deviations from assumptions that were tested, the corrected method usually produces much less biased results than an uncorrected analysis.
Shigella sonnei oligosaccharide-protein conjugates

Abstract Synthetic oligosaccharides composed of several repeats of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP), bound by their reducing ends to a carrier protein (“sun” type configuration), induced in mice significantly higher antibody levels than conjugates of the native O-SP (“lattice” type configuration). Here we present isolation and characterization of low molecular mass oligosaccharides of Shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharides and their conjugation to several carrier proteins. Conjugates were formed by oxime linkages between the terminal Kdo residues of the reducing ends of the saccharides and aminooxy linkers bound to the protein. IgG antibody levels induced in young outbread mice by these conjugates were significantly higher than those prepared with the full length native O-SP. We propose clinical evaluation of the new S. sonnei conjugates.