cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The failure of subalternacy: Reciprocity and center-oriented constructions

This chapter discusses the symmetry between the logical coordination and the quantification by explaining why the subaltern implications fail for both of them with symmetric predicates. The four categories that are postulated for the constructions that block subalternacy are: reciprocals, and centrifugal, centripetal, and tandem constructions. It observes a number of predicates that prevent the subaltern implication from universals to particulars and follows up with a neuromimetic analysis of the reciprocals, and a logical analysis of the center-oriented constructions. The failure of the subaltern inference with the single-individual antecedents follows directly from the architecture of the network that resolves the reference of a reciprocal pronoun. In such a network, a single individual does not supply an alternative individual on which to base a reciprocal reading, thus the network fails to satisfy reciprocal processing. Several discoveries highlight that the reflexives and reciprocals share the same spatial representation, and that the center-oriented constructions rely on the semantics of the basic spatial prepositions.
The evolution of anterior coloration in carnivorans

Some carnivorans have striking patches of fur on their faces (spots, bands, eye masks) and blazes on their chests that are primarily visible from a frontal view. We tested five hypotheses to explain the evolution of the complexity and contrast of these color patches. These were: signals of species identity to avoid hybridization, communication between conspecifics, signals used to warn of defensive anal secretions, signals of belligerence or pugnacity, and camouflage-related coloration used to break up the outline and facial features of the predator when approaching prey. Using phylogenetically controlled multifactorial analyses in six different families of carnivorans, examined separately, our analyses uncovered significant positive associations between measures of color pattern complexity and sociality across herpestid faces and canid chests, suggesting use in social communication. Mustelid facial color complexity was associated with ability to direct anal secretions accurately at predators, and facial markings were significantly or marginally associated with pugnacity in mustelids, viverrids, and herpestids. Facial complexity of viverrid and herpestid species was significantly or marginally related to a mammal-based diet. In ursids, facial contrast appeared less variable in species living in greater sympatry with other bears. Facial and chest coloration in Carnivora appears to have evolved under different selection pressures in different families. The reasons that many carnivorans have colorful and memorable faces and chests are not yet understood. Here, we pit five different hypotheses against each other: species recognition, advertising either toxic anal defenses or pugnacity, recognizing group members, and trying to remain concealed when approaching mammalian prey. We find that measures of facial and chest complexity and contrast have evolved for different reasons depending on the carnivoran family. Anterior coloration appears to be involved with social communication in herpestids and canids; facial coloration is associated noxious secretions in mustelids, with pugnacity in mustelids, viverrids and herpestids; with reliance on a mammal-based diet in viverrids and herpestids; and with avoiding hybridization in bear species. There is no overriding evolutionary explanation for varied facial and chest pelage coloration across carnivorans.
Conceptual Design Shop: A Tool for Rapid Airframe Structural Modeling

This paper presents an innovative approach to rapidly generate finite element (FE) models of a complete airframe for a variety of airframe concepts. The current implementation of this software includes all airfoil surfaces and the fuselage, and is limited to FE modeling of low-wing designs with T-tails or twin tails. This tool, called the Conceptual Design Shop (CDS), was developed using the PATRAN command language (PCL) within the PATRAN finite element modeling software. CDS is an attempt to fill a gap in current finite element modeling software to automatically connect wings and tails to the fuselage in airframe models. The CDS software is demonstrated on two airframe designs: a generic transport aircraft and an advanced aircraft design with a boundary-layer ingestion engine.
Re-thinking Anne: representing Japanese culture at a quintessentially Canadian site

The Anne of Green Gables National Heritage Site in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island, Canada, centers around the farmhouse where author, Lucy Maud Montgomery, was raised, and serves as the setting fo...
SIMPLE GROUPS WITH A CYCLIC SYLOW SUBGROUP

Publisher Summary A recent result of S. Smith and A. Tyrer has illustrated that the Abelian Sylow p-subgroup P is cyclic. Leo j. Alex studied groups satisfying the hypotheses presented by S. Smith and A. Tyrer in the case k = 1. As per a theorem presented in the chapter, if G be a finite simple group of order 2a 3b 5e 7dp, satisfying the hypothesis that if P is a Sylow p-subgroup of G, then |N(P) : P| = 2. Then, G is isomorphic to PSL(3,4) or PSL(2,q) with q = 5, 7, 9, 8, 16, 25, 27, or 81. Another theorem presents the assumption that G is a finite simple group of order pm, p a prime, (p,m) = 1, such that G satisfies the hypothesis that if P is a Sylow p-subgroup of G, then |N(P) : P| = 2. If G has a non-identity ordinary irreducible character X, in B0 (P) with x(1) ≤ 25, then G is isomorphic to PSL(2,q) with q = 5, 7, 9, 8, 11, 13, 16, 23, or 25.
Computer Simulation as an Instructional Technology in AutoTutor

We explored the impact on learning of interactive simulations that were coordinated with AutoTutor, a learning environment that helps students by holding a conversation in natural language. We randomly assigned 132 college students to one of three conditions: AutoTutor without simulations, AutoTutor with simulations, and a Monte Carlo AutoTutor that randomly generated dialogue moves. A pretest-posttest design was used to measure learning gains, as measured by objective multiple choice questions. All versions of AutoTutor were successful in promoting learning. The Monte Carlo AutoTutor produced significantly lower gains than the interactive simulation version for higher knowledge learners, and the direction of the three means were in the predicted direction. Improved simulation dialogues, modeling of good simulation manipulation strategies, and faster display of simulations are expected to enhance learning in future versions of AutoTutor.
Analysis of transcription of the murine homeobox gene Hox 1.3

Development in Drosophila is critically dependent on the expression of classes of regulatory genes which establish the polarity of the organism (rev. Niisslein-Volhard et al.), define the segmentation (rev. Scott and Carroll), determine individual segmental characteristics (rev. Gehring), and establish neuronal identities (Doe et al.). These genes were discovered by the effects of mutations which disturbed embryogenesis. Many of the genes which take part in these processes in Drosophila have been characterized at the molecular level and, surprisingly, were found to share a 180 base pair region which is called the homeobox (Gehring). The homeobox encodes a sequence specific DNA binding region, the homeodomain, of these regulatory proteins which presumably modulate the expression of other genes in a coordinated fashion (Gehring; Scott and Carroll). Tremendous excitement was generated by the discovery that the homeobox is highly conserved not only between many developmentally important Drosophila genes, but also among many other organisms including sea urchins (Dolecki et al.), fish (Eiken et al.), frogs (Muller et al.), mice (McGinnis et al., Colberg-Poley et at. 1985a) and humans (Acampora et al.).
Threading the Constitutional Needle with Care: The Commerce Clause Threat to the New Infrastructure of Renewable Power

To date, the federal initiatives for renewable energy primarily focus on tax incentives and credits. State incentives comprise most of the other renewable energy incentives. Chief among these are Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs), feed-in tariffs, net metering, and system benefit charges/trust funds (SBCs). Government lacks the power to do anything it chooses. And this is especially true with the current state policy to build a new power infrastructure. The new energy infrastructure is all about renewable energy. Both SBC and RPS programs raise revenue by a charge reflecting the amount of power produced or transacted, and then distribute that revenue to certain businesses, in several states based on geographic discrimination. The SBC program involves a direct tax or charge, while the RPS program has the government create a virtual attribute that must be purchased by suppliers of power. In-state consumers of power ultimately bear the entire cost of those charges.This article examines RPS and SBC state programs, the two most popular state renewable energy incentives, against the significant caveats of the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. While the mechanism in each program is somewhat different, the legal issues presented are similar. If these programs imposed just a tax — fine. As long as a state taxes only in-state services, a state can use the tax or surcharge revenues to benefit its own citizens. Therefore, it is important that states structure their SBC charges to apply only to the in-state distribution of power over in-state power lines.If this were just a subsidy — fine. However, state renewable energy programs that discriminate against power in interstate commerce bear some resemblance to earlier discriminatory programs that states set up for giving preferences to in-state dairy and other interests. These former state programs were declared by the Supreme Court to violate the U.S. Constitution. Here, similarities, at the very least, put some of these state renewable energy policies in constitutional play.As examined in detail, many of these programs restrict eligibility of out-of-state sited projects from participation. Several states are now being challenged on the legality of their renewable energy policies. And to date, the states have failed in several instances to justify the legality of their discriminatory programs. These challenges have taken on the most sophisticated states, which can muster ample legal defense: New York, California, Massachusetts, Colorado, and New Jersey.However, state RPS and SBC programs also can feature key distinctions that might create a safe harbor from a successful constitutional challenge. It is in these legal interstices that the legal future of American energy policy will be sculpted. This article climbs into the comparative reality of American legal policy and examines these interstices, comprising the American legal foundation for renewable energy policy.
The Negative Effect of the Marriage Penalty Tax on American Society

This study is an extension of prior research that quantifies the magnitude of the marriage penalty tax (MPT) and measures the distributional effects on the U.S. population in general. We use the Internal Revenue Service’s Statistics of Income (SOI) data and the Census Bureau’s year Current Population Survey (CPS) database. Estimates of the MPT are computed based on the effects of the most recent tax act to all taxpayers according to class of income. The study examines distribution of the MPT and projects effects of current tax law affecting MPT, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Enactment of this tax law was partly motivated by President Bush’s assessment that the tax code frequently taxes couples more after marriage and the MPT contradicts not only basic values but any reasonable sense of fairness. However, even after the passage of the act, results of this study indicate that while the marriage penalty tax is reduced, it continues to negatively impact American society. This, in turn, may have important implications for the social welfare of the nation. To make matters worse, current reductions in MPT will ‘sunset’ or expire after 2010, unless Congress votes to extend provisions of JGTRRA (aka Bush Tax Cuts).
Corporate social responsibility engagement of financially distressed firms and their bankruptcy likelihood

Abstract Extant literature suggests that corporate social responsibility (CSR) accrues social capitals that buffers business risk. We extend this literature by documenting that firms with higher prior history of positive CSR engagement are less likely to file for bankruptcy when they are in deep financial distress and are more likely to experience accelerated recovery from distress. Furthermore, we decompose social capitals accrued from prior CSR engagement into moral capital and exchange capital. The results show that moral capital reduces bankruptcy likelihood when the firm grows larger. On the other hand, exchange capital mitigates bankruptcy likelihood when the firm relies on intangible assets to operate and when firms operates in more litigious business environment.
In situ measurement of temperature and reduction of rutile titania using energy dispersive x-ray diffraction

Abstract Using in situ energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDXRD) the average specimen temperature of TiO2 in the steady state of flash is experimentally determined. Comparison of the microstructure for flash sintering and conventional sintering in addition to the temperature determined from calibration of the unit cell expansion indicates that rapid Joule heating during flash sintering causes densification and grain growth comparable with conventional sintering. An average temperature approximation model is proposed to account for greybody radiation and thermal conduction. The inhomogeneity of the grain growth across the sample length is confirmed to correlate with inhomogeneity in temperature distribution and this suggests a current induced Peltier effect in n-type TiO2.
Overview of serpins and their roles in biological systems

Serine protease inhibitors are ubiquitous regulators for a multitude of pathways in humans. The serpins represent an ancient pathway now known to be present in all kingdoms and often regulating central pathways for clotting, immunity, and even cancer in man. Serpins have been present from the time of the dinosaurs and can represent a large proportion of circulating blood proteins. With this introductory chapter, we present an overview of serpins as well as an introduction and overview of the chapters describing the methodology used in the new approaches to understanding their molecular mechanisms of action and their roles in health and disease.
Characterization of CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery in residual oil zones

Abstract Residual oil zones (ROZs) are reservoirs in which oil is swept over geologic time period and exists at residual saturation. The oil in such reservoirs cannot be commercially exploited using conventional oil recovery methods as the oil exists at residual oil saturation. Instead, enhanced oil recovery methods such as CO2 injection are required. Recently, ROZs have been increasingly studied as potential CO2 storage targets. In spite of increased interest in ROZs, there are significant gaps in the knowledge of parameters and processes that impact CO2 storage and oil recovery. In this work, we identify key geologic and operational characteristics that affect CO2 storage capacity and oil recovery potential by performing Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analysis. In addition to CO2 storage capacity, we also characterize the long-term CO2 fate in ROZs. The distinction of CO2 storage in ROZs from conventional oil reservoirs and saline aquifers are also characterized. Furthermore, predictive models based on machine learning techniques are developed to estimate CO2 storage and oil production potentials for ROZs. The applicability of the predictive models is demonstrated for five ROZs in the Permian Basin.
ISLAMICATE CIVILIZATION AND NATIONAL ISLAMS: ISLAM NUSANTARA, WEST JAVA AND SUNDANESE CULTURE

Relationships between Islam and local cultures, post-coloniality, the construction of National Islams and nationalisms are extraordinarily complex. They pose complex academic, theological and political problems. This paper considers examples from the province of West Java in post-colonial Indonesia. It will be concerned with the ways in which elements of local West Javanese/Sundanese culture are rejected by Islamist nationalists but at the same time incorporated into a regional variant of the culture friendly Islam Nusantara formulated by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) in 2015. See Chamami (2015) and Woodward (2018). It also suggests that what Philosopher of Science Karl Popper termed the “situational logic” of Islam Nusantara is based on principles that have driven the construction of what Historian Marshal Hodgson (1974) termed Islamicate Civilizations since they emerged in the sixth century. Thorough consideration of these questions requires an overarching analytic and theoretical framework. Without one, we can produce disconnected, fragmentary analyses with limited practical applications. This paper is an attempt to establish such a framework. Building on Berger’s constructivist approach to the Sociology of Religion, it draws on seemingly divergent themes in the academic discourse about religion/society/state relationships in hope that the resulting synthesis will be of greater analytic utility and practical applicability than the sum of its parts. Empirically it focuses on West Java, Sundanese culture and emergence of alternative National Islams in contemporary Indonesia. It also makes comparative references to neighbouring countries, especially Malaysia. Theoretically, it is transdisciplinary, combining approaches from Cultural Anthropology, History, Political Science and Religious Studies. Given the current state of intra-Islamic political and religious discourse, it also necessarily focuses on debates between Sufi oriented “traditionalists” and Salafi oriented “modernists” that have been a major feature of colonial and post-colonial Muslim discourse for more than a century. It argues that alternative National Islams are shaped by a combination of theological debates and religion/state/society dynamics.
2D Strain FET (2D-SFET)-Based SRAMs—Part II: Back Voltage-Enabled Designs

In Part I of this article, we had discussed the device characteristics of 2D Strain FET (2D-SFET) and 6T-SRAM with 2D-SFET used as a drop-in replacement for 2D-FET. Here (in Part II), we propose 2D-SFET-based 6T-SRAM designs targeted toward improving cell robustness (which is otherwise low in 2D-SFET SRAMs analyzed in Part I). Our 2D-SFET-based 6T-SRAM designs, namely Schmitt Trigger (ST) SRAM, Schmitt Trigger with Data-Driven Access Feedback (ST-DAF) SRAM and Schmitt Trigger with Dual Word-line (ST-DWL) SRAM leverage back voltage ( ${V}_{B}$ )-driven dynamic bandgap change in 2D-SFET to mitigate the design conflicts. We show that in all designs ST action is achieved by dynamically tuning the strength of pull-up 2D-SFETs enabled by ${V}_{B}$ . This along with other optimizations result in up to 33% higher read stability in the proposed designs over 2D-FET-based standard 6T SRAM, while mitigating the design conflicts present in standard 6T SRAMs. Our analysis also highlights the benefits and trade-offs for write and hold operations for each of our designs. All the proposed 2D-SFET ${V}_{B}$ -enabled SRAMs achieve the enhanced functionalities at iso -area compared to 2D-SFET drop-in SRAM in Part I.
Multi-parameter Sub-Hertz Analysis of Viscoelasticity With a Quality Metric for Differentiation of Breast Masses

Abstract We applied sub-Hertz analysis of viscoelasticity (SAVE) to differentiate breast masses in pre-biopsy patients. Tissue response during external ramp-and-hold stress was ultrasonically detected. Displacements were used to acquire tissue viscoelastic parameters. The fast instantaneous response and slow creep-like deformations were modeled as the response of a linear standard solid from which viscoelastic parameters were estimated. These parameters were used in a multi-variable classification framework to differentiate malignant from benign masses identified by pathology. When employing all viscoelasticity parameters, SAVE resulted in 71.43% accuracy in differentiating lesions. When combined with ultrasound features and lesion size, accuracy was 82.24%. Adding a quality metric based on uniaxial motion increased the accuracy to 81.25%. When all three were combined with SAVE, accuracy was 91.3%. These results confirm the utility of SAVE as a robust ultrasound-based diagnostic tool for non-invasive differentiation of breast masses when used as stand-alone biomarkers or in conjunction with ultrasonic features.
Helping Caregivers Manage Stress

This chapter highlights the challenges and stressors associated with child-rearing. This chapter will help early intervention providers recognize the degree to which stress can impair a caregiver’s daily functioning, whether the source of stress is financial, marital, familial, or work-related. Strategies to help caregivers prioritize their responsibilities and manage daily life stressors will be provided.
The International Whaling Commission and the Future of Cetaceans in a Changing World

The article examines the primary threats to cetaceans in the 21st Century. It concludes that environmental change poses a far more dire threat to cetaceans, yet the IWC appears to be ill equipped from a political or resource standpoint to address these issues. The article also provides recommendations on how the IWC might improve its ability to protect cetaceans from threats such as climate change, marine pollution and noise.
Facing Catastrophe: Food, Politics, and the Ecological Crisis: by Carl Boggs, Chicago, Political Animal Press, 2020, 288 pp., $19.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781895131475

The modern ecological crisis has been, and will continue to be, the subject of much political and social debate among concerned citizens, academics, scientists, policy makers, and major political f...
Theme and Variations on a Virtue: Humility as a Multidimensional Construct for Musicians and Music Educators:

Humility is an important social virtue for musicians as they expose their own egos in the pursuit of artistic self-expression. Research findings have confirmed that humility is an important virtue ...
Mechanistic insight in the laser-pulse sputtering of polymers by combined photographiy and gas-dynamic analysis

The gas-dynamic effects which are so prominent in laser-pulse sputtering have three limiting cases. The one limit could be described as an unsteady adiabatic expansion (UAE) due to gas which escapes from a finite reservoir (“outflow” model). The second limit is that the particles are released from target surface, form a Knudsen layer (KI,), and then enter a UAE (“KL-UAE” model). Closely related is the third limiting case, which allows for condensation at the surface (“condensation” model). Explicit photographs suggest that either the KI: UAE or the condensation model is relevant to laser-pulse sputtering of the polymer polymethylmcthacrylate (PMMA).
The role of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cells infiltrate into the synovial membrane where they initiate and maintain activation of macrophages and synovial fibroblasts, transforming them into tissue-destructive effector cells. The diversity of the disease process and the formation of complex lymphoid microstructures indicate that multiple T cell activation pathways are involved. This model is supported by the association of distinct disease patterns with different variants and combinations of HLA class II molecules. T cell pathology in RA, however, is not limited to the joint. Affected patients have major abnormalities in the T cell pool, with a marked contraction in T cell receptor diversity and an outgrowth of large clonal populations. Clonally expanded CD4+ T cells lose expression of the CD28 molecule and gain expression of perforin and granzyme. Consequently, the functional profile of expanded CD4+CD28null T cells is fundamentally changed and is shifted towards tissue-injurious capabilities. CD4+CD28null T cells are particularly important in patients with extra-articular manifestations of RA, where they may have a direct role in vascular injury. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the loss of T cell diversity and the emergence of pro-inflammatory CD4+CD28null T cell clonotypes may have implications for other autoimmune syndromes.
Prostaglandins alter extracellular matrix adjacent to human ciliary muscle cells in vitro

Purpose This study investigates the possibility that prostaglandins (PGs) induce changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) adjacent to ciliary muscle cells. Methods Human ciliary smooth muscle cells were grown to confluence in monolayer cultures and were treated with PGF2alpha, 11-deoxy-PGE1, or PhXA85 (the nonesterified analogue of PhXA41) for 12 to 72 hours. The amount of collagens type I, III, and IV in the cultures was determined, using sandwich enzyme immunoassays. The distributions of these collagens were assessed in the PG-treated cultures by immunocytochemistry. Results Twenty-four-hour treatment with 20 nM PGF2alpha, 11-deoxy-PGE1, or PhXA85 reduced the amount of collagen type I in extracts of the cell layer by 65+/-10%, 56+/-7%, and 46+/-7%, respectively, when compared with levels of those substances in vehicle-treated cultures. In similar fashion, collagen type III in cell layer extracts was reduced by 41+/-5%, 33+/-9%, and 3+/-5%, respectively. When the concentration of PGs was increased to 200 nM, the amount of type III collagen in the cell layer extracts was reduced by 93+/-7%, 99+/-1%, and 99+/-1%, respectively. Changes in type IV collagen in cell layer extracts after treatment with 20 nM PGs were not statistically significant. When the concentration of PGF2alpha, 11-deoxy-PGE1, or PhXA85 was increased to 200 nM, the amount of collagen type IV in the cell layer extract increased by 101+/-16%, 14+/-5%, and 89+/-11%, respectively. There were minimal changes in the staining pattern for collagen type I after 24-hour treatment with 20 nM PGs. When the PG concentration was increased to 200 nM, there were reductions in the density of collagen type I fibrils and clumping of collagen type III immunoreactive elements. The delicate lacework of collagen type IV immunoreactivity was replaced by bundles or clumps of heavy immunoreactive strands, separated by areas without immunoreactivity. These changes were present in cultures exposed to 20 nM PGs and were marked when PG concentration was increased to 200 nM. Conclusion These results indicate that PGs can induce substantial changes in the ECM around ciliary smooth muscle cells in vitro. These data support the possibility that changes in ciliary muscle ECM may contribute to increased uveoscleral outflow facility after topical PG administration.
Abstract 20158: Long-Term Device-Related Adverse Events After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy

Background: Long-term implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) adverse events are poorly documented. In the NCDR ICD Registry™, a nationally representative cohort, we calculated the rate of long-term post-discharge device related adverse events. Methods: We included first-time ICD implants from 2006-2010 that could be matched with Medicare fee-for-service claims data to identify outcomes. We excluded patients if they had a previous ICD or pacemaker, CABG during their procedure, or were not discharged alive. The primary outcome was device reoperation (involving the generator, leads, pocket, or a combination) for device malfunction, infection, other complications (wound disruption, cardiac perforation, etc.), or reoperation for battery end-of-life and/or device upgrade. Analysis was performed using unadjusted cumulative incidence functions taking into consideration the competing risk of death. Results: We identified 185,263 ICD implants of which 114,649 (19.7% single-chamber, 41.3% dual-chamber, 38.8% CRT-D) could be matched to Medicare data (mean age 74.8±6.2 years, 72.5% male).Of these, 83.5% were for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. The median follow up was 2.7 yrs (max follow-up 6 yrs). At least 1 reoperation occurred in 15.5% of patients by 6 yrs and more than 80% of these reoperations occurred after the early (>90 days) post-implantation period (Figure). Reoperation rates for specific complications (per 1000 patient yrs) were device malfunction (14.3), infection (5.1), other device related complications (18.4) and reoperation for generator battery end-of-life and/or device upgrade (12.9). The crude reoperation rate (for any cause) was similar among device types (P=0.19). Conclusion: Patients continue to have adverse outcomes in the years post ICD implantation, predominately from device malfunction. Our next steps are to identify patient, device, and provider factors associated with these long-term adverse events.
Analysis of the dynamic response of four wheel steering vehicles at high speed

In the past few years some motor car manufacturers have displayed a great deal of interest in developing four wheel steering systems for passenger vehicles as a means of enhancing their dynamic characteristics. Papers published to date present theoretical and experimental research into various control strategies used to determine optimal rear wheel, and sometimes front wheel, steering control methods. Most published theoretical analyses utilise a simple two degree of freedom, linear, bicycle type model to analyse steering control strategies. This paper presents the development of a vehicle model used to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a typical passenger car in which the kinematic effects of suspension systems, as well as the effects of lateral weight transfer on tyre properties have been included. Each suspension system is represented as a three dimensional mechanism and spatial kinematics are utilised to simulate suspension motion. A tyre model based on an extended friction ellipse concept and utilising Calspan tyre measurement has been employed to generate tyre forces as functions of normal loads. The vehicle simulation model presented in this paper can predict the dynamic behaviour of various vehicle designs and differing steering control methods in combined steering and braking manoeuvres. Vehicle response is investigated using a ramp steering input and compared for four different steering control strategies.
Development of child-friendly fish dishes to increase young children’s acceptance and consumption of fish (1019.24)

Background: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommend that Americans age two years and older consume seafood, especially fish high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, at least twice a week. Although fish is of particular importance during childhood to support proper brain and eye development, it is under-consumed in the US pediatric population. This study examined if substituting salmon for chicken would increase preschooler’s fish consumption. Methods: Two-to-five years old children (n = 45) were served eight lunches (four pairs of comparable chicken versus salmon dishes) twice, totaling sixteen lunches over a period of three months to test the hypothesis that children will consume fish at least once a week, thus increasing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake. The plate waste method was used to collect intake data and consumption of total energy and DHA intake in the chicken and the fish dishes were compared using contrasts within a mixed effect ANOVA (significance at P < 0.05). Results: Dietary intake estimates showed that there were no significant differences in energy intake when the chicken and fish dishes looked similar (macaroni-and-cheese and wraps), but when the fish dishes looked new (nuggets and dumplings), energy intake on fish days was lower than on the chicken day. DHA intake increased significantly on all days the fish was served. Conclusions: This pilot study indicates that fish intake can meet recommendations if salmon is incorporated into familiar dishes such as salad wraps or macaroni-and-cheese, in the childcare setting. Although fish is more expensive, childcare centers may serve this highly nutritious protein once a week without experiencing undue amounts of food wastes if incorporated into well-accepted main dishes. Further studies in larger and more diverse samples of children, different experimental dishes, and longer exposure periods may elucidate additional venues to increase children’s diet quality by increasing consumption of fatty fish.
Development of Glycinergic Synaptic Transmission to Rat Brain Stem Motoneurons

Singer, Joshua H., Edmund M. Talley, Douglas A. Bayliss, and Albert J. Berger. Development of glycinergic synaptic transmission to rat brain stem motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2608–2620, 1998. ...
The problem of antihypertensive treatment in lithium patients.

Abstract Hypertension is a ubiquitous disease, affecting from 15–20% of any adult population; the psychiatrist is constantly faced with its treatment and consequences. This article hopes to elucidate the complex problems of psychiatric patients requiring simultaneous lithium and antihypertensive drugs.
Non-bonded organo-mineral interactions and sorption of organic compounds on soil surfaces: a model approach

Abstract Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations have been performed on organo-mineral composites that model the sorption of high-molecular-weight humic polymers on mineral surfaces and the sorption of low-molecular-weight organic contaminants on both mineral and organic surfaces in soil. Muscovite mica was chosen as a mineral model; an oxidized topological lignin-carbohydrate complex was chosen as a humic model; benzene, sodium benzoate, atrazine, and DDT represent different classes of contaminants. Sorption energies were estimated based on molecular mechanics calculations. Flexible linear polymers undergo drastic conformational changes when approaching the mineral surface, to ensure a gain in the interaction energy that outweighs a loss in the conformational energy proper. Therefore, the gas-phase conformation composi tion of environmental organic polymers is not directly related to their spatial organization in soil composites. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests high stability of the organic polymer coatings of mineral surfaces in the environment. Low-molecular-weight organic molecules demonstrate much less affinity for the mineral surface, which implies unhindered exchanges between the surface and its near environment. Ionizable compounds, e.g. salts of organic acids, are different, because they can form strong associations with a mineral surface through cation bridges. Sorption energies are compound-specific and depend on the sorbate-sorbent orientation. The calculations suggest some preference for the edges of a model muscovite sheet in comparison with the basal oxygen surface as a sorption site. Coating of mineral surfaces with organic polymers does not hinder the sorption of organic molecules except in the special case of organic ions.
Linear non-isothermal viscoelastic solids

With the use of a suitable representation for the free energy, explicit forms of the constitutive relations, the dissipation function and related thermodynamical restrictions are derived for infinitesimal non-isothermal deformation of linear viscoelastic solids. Some remarks on further restrictions, consistent with the dissipation inequality, are included for isotropic materials.
Influence of dynamic strain aging on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavior of a new single crystal nickel-based superalloy

In recent years, the design requirements of advanced gas turbine engines have led to the development of directionally solidified single crystal nickel-based superalloys. Among these alloys, CMSX-4 is a new second-generation single crystal nickel-based superalloy containing rhenium. This alloy has been developed from the first-generation CMSX alloys. It has superior hot corrosion resistance and higher creep-rupture strength than first-generation single crystal nickel-based superalloys and is an attractive candidate for complex components that require continuous exposure to very high temperatures. Due to its potential applications in turbine blades, rotors and nuclear reactors, etc., the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) and fatigue threshold (FT) data of this material are extremely important for safe life prediction as well as failure safe design at elevated temperatures. Preliminary studies by these authors have indicated that this material is probably undergoing dynamic strain aging (DSA) in the temperature range of 260 to 800 C. However, the effect of DSA on FCGR and FT is not well known or established for single crystal nickel-based superalloys. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of DSA on FCGR and FT of CMSX-4 at the temperature range of 650 and 800 C.
Energy levels of 193Ir

Abstract The gamma radiations from 193 Ir have been investigated using a Ge(Li) detector, scintillation detectors and coincidence techniques. The 193 Os source was obtained by neutron irradiation of enriched 192 Os. Numerous gamma-ray transitions and gamma-gamma coincidences have been observed. The decay scheme for 193 Ir proposed from these data postulates the existence of levels at 73, 139, 180, 280, 358, 362, 461, 558, 559, 657, 713, 799 and 874 keV. Spin and parities have been tentatively assigned to several of the levels of 193 Ir.
Development and targeted use of nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukemia.

The development of imatinib has resulted in sustained hematologic and cytogenetic remissions in all phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Despite the high efficacy, relapses have been observed and are much more prevalent in patients with advanced disease. The most common mechanism of acquired resistance has been traced to Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations. Several strategies have been developed to overcome the problem of imatinib resistance, including imatinib dose escalation, novel targeted agents and combination treatments. A second generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors was developed, which displays increased potency towards Bcr-Abl and is able to target the majority of CML mutant clones. Nilotinib (Tasigna®, AMN107, Novartis) is a close analog of imatinib with approximately 20-fold higher potency for BCR-ABL kinase inhibition. Preclinical and clinical investigations demonstrate that nilotinib effectively overcomes imatinib resistance, and has induced high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CML post imatinib failure, with a good tolerance. Nilotinib has been approved for CML patients in chronic and accelerated phases, post imatinib failure.
A Science of Signs. Aristotelian Meteorology in Reformation Germany

Luther, directly opposing the naturalism of Aristotelian natural philosophy, held that unusual events were often worked directly by either God or the devil, not by natural forces. His ideas were taken up and defended in a more philosophical way by authors like Joachim Camerarius and Caspar Peucer. At the university of Wittenberg, they deeply influenced the teaching of natural philosophy. The field most affected was meteorology (traditionally the explanation of Aristotle's Meteorologia), which obtained a prominent place. Meteorological text-books emphasised the final causes of the phenomena they described; not just their place in the general economy of nature, but also their function in warning and punishing sinners. Moreover, they emphasised that many phenomena people had observed were overstepping their natural limits and as such could not be explained naturally. The text-books, however, did not fully break away from the tradition of commentaries to Aristotle's Meteorologia, which emphasised naturalism. Only topics not discussed in this tradition were unambiguously explained as miraculous.
Shallow groundwater denitrification

Abstract In domestic and irrigation wells in a 324-square kilometer area, nitrate concentrations greater than the maximum contaminant Level (MCL) for potable water almost always were associated with relatively oxidizing groundwater (measured Eh > +0.28 ± 0.02 volts). Removal of nitrate, most probably via bacterial reduction (denitrification), occurred below +0.28 rmv. The observed Eh for this reduction is in reasonable agreement with thermodynamics. In these wells the variability in areal nitrate concentrations is strongly influenced by location with respect to the sharp redox front although there is a significant negative association between nitrite-N concentrations and well depth. This purification process removes an estimated 46 metric tons N/year from the groundwater at this reducing front. On a global scale similar redox fronts could remove thousands of tons of nitrate from groundwater annually. In specially installed nested wells in the vicinity of the redox front, groundwater nitrous oxide (N 2 O) concentrations were highest at or near the water table and decreased with depth indicating that most of the N 2 O loading was derived from nitrification and denitrification processes in the vadose zone and transported via recharge to the water table. The vertical stratification of both nitrate and N 2 O indicates that denitrification was removing both compounds. Nitrous oxide concentrations is shallow groundwater were as much as three orders of magnitude higher than those expected in water at equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Organization Structure and Technology in Manufacturing: System Versus Work Flow Level Perspectives

This paper distinguishes between system level and work flow level measures of organizational technology and structure. Data from 20 manufacturing plants support the hypothesis that system level tec...
Molecular determinants of ligand interaction with the capsaicin receptor

Birds are indifferent to the pain-producing effects of capsaicin. However, avian primary sensory neurons exhibit heat-evoked membrane currents resembling those carried by mammalian capsaicin receptors. We aimed to identify an avian capsaicin receptor homolog, and to map structural determinants for vanilloid sensitivity. We cloned the avian capsaicin receptor ortholog, cVR1 (68% identity to rat VR1), from a chicken DRG library. cVR1 currents responded to noxious heat and acidity, but were insensitive to capsaicin. Structural domains essential for vanilloid interaction were mapped by chimeric analysis, ligand binding assays, mutagenesis and chemical labeling. Vanilloid sensitivity can be conferred to vanilloid-insensitive capsaicin receptor homologs (cVR1, VRL1 and TRPV4) by a domain within the transmembrane moiety of rat VR1. Genetic and chemical modification studies suggest that capsaicin or the endogenous ligand, anandamide, bind to the receptor from the intracellular side of the plasma membrane and interact with residues near the third putative transmembrane region.
Predictors of mucoid Pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis patients.

Rationale Chronic mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the airway in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can determine prognosis. Understanding the risk factors of mucoid P. aeruginosa acquisition may change how we deliver care. This study aims to evaluate whether presence of risk factors reported to predict disease severity including gender, CFTR genotype, bacterial organisms in airway cultures, and serum levels of vitamins A and E, albumin, C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and immunoglobulins increased the risk of mucoid P. aeruginosa acquisition. Methods Primary endpoint was age at first transition from negative to positive culture for mucoid P. aeruginosa. Cox proportional hazards regression with time-dependent covariates examined development of mucoid P. aeruginosa infection and its association with longitudinally measured serum biomarkers, pulmonary function, and culture results for other organisms. Results Median ages at CF diagnosis and at first culture were 0.55 and 5.7 years, respectively. Median number of cultures/patient was 17. Of the 323 subjects, 150 developed mucoid P. aeruginosa during a median 8.1 years' follow-up. In multivariate analysis, gender (relative hazard [RH] 0.55 for male vs. female, P = 0.001), number of DF508 alleles (RH 1.66 for 1 or 2 vs. 0, P = 0.04), FEV1 % (RH 1.16 for 10% decrease, P = 0.008), and most recent Staphylococcus aureus status (RH 0.24 for positive vs. negative, P < 0.0001) remained statistically significant. Conclusion Female gender, number of DF508 alleles, decreased lung function, and lack of S. aureus on recent sputum culture are important risk factors for early detection of mucoid P. aeruginosa. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:463–471. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Calcium exchange in Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cells.

Abstract 1. 1. The mean Ca2+ content of Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cells was 0.131 μmole per 107 cells. 2. 2. Ca2+ addition to the cellular environment was unnecessary for the maintenance of high internal K+ content and low internal Na+ content. The Ca2+ content of the cell was also independent of the external Ca2+ concentration. 3. 3. Low concentrations of HClO4 (1–10%) extracted 30% of the cellular Ca2+ while the remaining 70% was tenaciously bound to the HClO4-insoluble residue. 4. 4. The cell Ca2+ which was extractable with low concentrations of HClO4 exchanged 3 times faster than the Ca2+ which remained bound. 5. 5. The results are interpreted as evidence for Ca2+ compartmentation within the tumor cell.
Relationships of strength to composition and phase constitution for three aged beta titanium alloys

X-ray diffraction techniques were used to study properties of three beta titanium alloys in the alpha aged condition. The alloys studied were Beta 111 (Ti-11.5 Mo-6 Zr-4.5 Sn), Beta C (Ti-3 Al-8 V-6 Cr-4 Mo-4 Zr), and 8-8-2-3 (Ti-8 V-8 Mo-2 Fe-3 Al). The volume percentage of alpha phase present and the lattice parameters of both the alpha and beta structures were determined for different ageing treatments. Ultimate tensile strength is related to both alpha content and beta unit cell size in these alloys. However, at high strength levels, beta unit cell size is a more sensitive indicator of tensile strength than percentage of alpha phase. The effects of precipitation hardening mechanisms and alloy partitioning on strengthening are discussed.