cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Propagation and Resulting Knowledge Enhancement

Once we have transformed data into knowledge, we need to propagate this knowledge—so that other researchers can use and enhance this knowledge. For that, first, we need to motivate people to learn the new knowledge, we need to make sure that the idea is propagated to more and more people. To ensure that, we need to analyze the process of idea propagation; this is done in Sect. 4.1. Once a person is willing to learn the corresponding techniques and ideas, we can start the actual learning. For this learning to be successful, we need to get a good understanding of where the person stands now, what is his/her level of knowledge in the corresponding areas. This assessment problem is analyzed in Sect. 4.2. Once this information is known, we need to actually present this information to the interested folks—and use appropriate feedback to modify (if needed) the speed with which this knowledge is presented. Issues related to the material’s presentation are analyzed in Sects. 4.3 and 4.4. Specifically, in Sect. 4.3, we consider the problem from the global viewpoint: e.g., in what order we should present different parts of the material, and how much flexibility should we give to students. In Sect. 4.4, we consider this problem from the local viewpoint: what is the best way to present different items. Finally, in Sect. 4.5, we analyze the problems related to feedback.
Neurocognitive and Fine Motor Deficits in Asymptomatic Adolescents during the Subacute Period after Concussion.

Abstract Adolescents are at high risk for sustaining concussions. There is considerable controversy regarding the sensitivity of neurocognitive tests to detect and track dysfunction in the aftermath of concussion. Two neurocognitive test batteries were compared during the subacute phase of recovery from concussion to determine sensitivity to concussion. Adolescents (ages 11–17 years) with a concussion diagnosis (eight males, seven females, 9–69 days after injury) were recruited through a concussion clinic and compared with community nonconcussed volunteers (11 males, three females). Adolescents completed the online version of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) on a desktop computer and the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) on a handheld device, as well as the Grooved Pegboard Test, which assessed manual dexterity and motor speed. There were no differences in self-reported symptoms on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale comparing concussed and nonconcussed ...
Parlez-vous français? Language and agricultural aid allocation strategies in northern Mali

Abstract In January 2012, insurgent groups in northern Mali began a violent campaign against the central government. By March 2012, then-President Amadou Toumani Toure (ATT) was ousted in a successful coup. The ongoing unrest has drastically shifted the strategies foreign donors are using to allocate aid, particularly to northern Mali. While bilateral donors have drastically scaled back all programmatic aid, NGOs including Oxfam International and the Red Cross have stepped in to provide humanitarian aid. This shift from programmatic to humanitarian aid has left the agricultural sector particularly vulnerable. Since most of the food grown in Mali is grown in the northern region, such a drastic decrease in agricultural aid will have catastrophic effects in terms of projected food shortages. Furthermore, using evidence from new World Bank survey data gathered in northern Mali in 2015, we find that the agricultural aid being distributed by NGOs is not targeting those most in need. We find that French-speaking villages are more likely to be targeted for aid compared to non-French-speaking villages. We argue that in northern Mali, under the current sociopolitical conditions, speaking French makes these villages more attractive to aid organizations, regardless of their actual need for assistance. This appropriation principle means that aid is not going to the most vulnerable, but to the most politically or socially connected. We also find proof of a second layer of aid misappropriation. While Sonrai and Tamasheq-speaking villages receive less agricultural aid than French-speaking villages, the aid they do receive goes to those households most vulnerable to exogenous shocks. However, in French-speaking villages, the most vulnerable households are not guaranteed to receive agricultural aid. If desperately needed agricultural aid continues to be misappropriated, it could lead countries like Mali to become even more unstable.
The Functional Forms of S (k) and E(k) in He II As Determined by Scattering Experiments

The detailed form of the dispersion relation in He II has recently been the subject of intense interest.1–5 The present discussion* was motivated by the work of Molinari and Regge2 in which they suggested that the dispersion curve in He II might possess a term quadratic in the momentum. Their work was based on theoretical efforts as well as on computer fits to the data of Cowley and Woods1 as shown in Fig. 1. In the work we shall describe here we have carried out fits to the data of Cowley and Woods, but in our case we have restricted attention to the small-angle data (k ≦ 1.0A−1).
A low impact flow control implementation for offload communication interfaces

Message passing paradigms provide for many to one messaging patterns that result in receive side resource exhaustion. Traditionally, MPI implementations layered over the Portals network programming interface provided a large default unexpected receive buffer space, the user was expected to configure the buffer size to the application demand, and the application was aborted when the buffer space was overrun. The Portals 4 design provides a set of primitives for implementing scalable resource exhaustion recovery without negatively impacting normal operation. A resource exhaustion recovery protocol for MPI implementations is presented, as well as performance results for an Open MPI implementation of the protocol.
Preserve Cultured Cell Cytonemes through a Modified Electron Microscopy Fixation

Immunocytochemistry of cultured cells is a common and effective technique for determining compositions and localizations of proteins within cellular structures. However, traditional cultured cell fixation and staining protocols are not effective in preserving cultured cell cytonemes, long specialized filopodia that are dedicated to morphogen transport. As a result, limited mechanistic interrogation has been performed to assess their regulation. We developed a fixation protocol for cultured cells that preserves cytonemes, which allows for immunofluorescent analysis of endogenous and over-expressed proteins localizing to the delicate cellular structures.
Alarm Communication and Display

Publisher Summary This chapter describes alarm communication and display (AC&D) systems, which is the part of a physical protection system (PPS) that transports alarm and assessment information to a central point and presents the information to a human operator. New developments in electronics, computer, and network technology have changed the design of alarm communication and display systems over time. The two critical elements of an AC&D system are the transportation or communication of data and the presentation or display of that data to a human operator in a meaningful manner. The most useful AC&D systems have specific characteristics. Systems have to be designed to withstand the environments in which they are placed. If a component experience wide temperature variations, such as in an exterior environment, the equipment have to be designed to withstand those variations without failing. AC&D systems should also be easy for an operator to use. Hierarchical networks add complexity to an AC&D communications system, which moves alarm data from sensors to a central location. This central location is usually a single computer or is sometimes a collection of computers. The central computer processes the alarm data into useful information. These processing functions make up the information-handling subsystem.
The perceived influence of cost-offset community-supported agriculture on food access among low-income families.

Objective To examine perspectives on food access among low-income families participating in a cost-offset community-supported agriculture (CO-CSA) programme. Design Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK) is a multicentre randomized intervention trial assessing the effect of CO-CSA on dietary intake and quality among children from low-income families. Focus groups were conducted at the end of the first CO-CSA season. Participants were interviewed about programme experiences, framed by five dimensions of food access: availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability and accommodation. Transcribed data were coded on these dimensions plus emergent themes. Setting Nine communities in the US states of New York, North Carolina, Washington and Vermont. Subjects Fifty-three F3HK adults with children. Results CSA models were structured by partner farms. Produce quantity was abundant; however, availability was enhanced for participants who were able to select their own produce items. Flexible CSA pick-up times and locations made produce pick-up more accessible. Despite being affordable to most, payment timing was a barrier for some. Unfamiliar foods and quick spoilage hindered acceptability through challenging meal planning, despite accommodations that included preparation advice. Conclusions Although CO-CSA may facilitate increased access to fruits and vegetables for low-income families, perceptions of positive diet change may be limited by the ability to incorporate share pick-up into regular travel patterns and meal planning. Food waste concerns may be particularly acute for families with constrained resources. Future research should examine whether CO-CSA with flexible logistics and produce self-selection are sustainable for low-income families and CSA farms.
Determination of dioxins and furans in foods and biological tissues: review and update.

Determination of trace residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in various matrixes is carried out by a limited number of laboratories in the United States, Canada, and other countries. Current methods for analysis of foods and biological tissues include a combination of preparation, extraction, cleanup, isolation, determination, and identity confirmation procedures. Soxhlet, liquid/liquid, solid-phase, and column extraction procedures are used as well as treatment with acid or base before solvent extraction. Cleanup and isolation steps include sulfuric acid partitioning; adsorption chromatography on Florisil, silica gel, or alumina; gel permeation chromatography; multi-stage column chromatography on sulfuric acid silica and alkali silica; carbon column chromatography; and liquid chromatography fractionation with size exclusion, normal-phase, and reverse-phase columns. Activated carbon and multistage chromatographic columns are widely used in cleanup schemes. Isomer-specific identification and quantitation of PCDD and PCDF congeners at parts-per-trillion levels or lower are carried out by high resolution (capillary) gas chromatography (HRGC) and multiple ion detection mass spectrometry. In addition to chemical methods, bioassay procedures have been recommended (e.g., use of monoclonal antibodies, for immunoassay determination of PCDDs and PCDFs).
Distance-Decay Models of Residential Search

For the past several years I have been attempting to describe and explain residential mobility and residential search behavior. My objective in this paper is to investigate a series of simple distance-decay models which are designed to predict where a household will look for a new residence within an urban area. The proposed models, although couched in residential search terms, are potentially applicable to other human activities involving the selection of an alternative from a set of spatially distributed possibilities.
Here Begins Chapter Fifteen on Pertinent Geometric Rules And on Problems of Algebra and Almuchabala

This last chapter has three parts: the first of them will be on proportions of three and four quantities to which are reduced many solutions of pertinent geometric problems; the second will be on the solution of certain geometric problems; the third will be on the method of algebra and almuchabala.
One-To-One Initiative Implementation from Insiders’ Perspectives

This study examined how one-to-one initiatives were conducted in rural public K-12 educational settings in a mid-western US state. Research data were gathered from interview responses from 15 school personnel who were either educational technology directors or school principals at 15 rural public K-12 schools. The study found that when schools decided to embrace one-to-one initiatives, decisions were often made by committees with limited membership and cost was frequently and/or primarily the committees’ major consideration. In addition to cost, device management, durability, and ease of use were factors that school committees were interested in, when selecting devices. Two notable discrepancies cited that should be addressed by committees considering implementing one-to-one initiative are: 1. Not preparing teachers and administrators to effectively use those devices prior to the implementation of the initiative. 2. Not evaluating the instructional effectiveness and learning gains after the implementation of the initiative.
Fitting Surface Metrology Data: Is it Alignment, Radius, or Irregularity Error?

Optical surface measurements include alignment error from rigid body position uncertainty. Extracting irregularity from the measurement is straightforward for spheres. We examine challenges when fitting alignment error on aspheres and freeforms.
Non-operative treatment options for knee osteoarthritis.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which a wide range of non-surgical treatment options are available. Although there is plethora of literature investigating their safety and efficacy, for many treatment modalities, a consensus has not yet been reached concerning efficacy. Therefore, it is essential for practitioners to understand the risks and benefits of the available treatments for the successful management of knee OA. This study explored the efficacy of non-surgical treatment options for knee OA including: (I) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); (II) weight loss; (III) intra-articular injections; (IV) physical therapy; and (V) bracing. Methods: A comprehensive literature review of studies between 1995 and 2018 was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and EBSCO Host. Searches were performed using the following terms: total knee arthroplasty (TKA); cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; bracing; physical therapy; weight loss; knee; treatment; therapeutics; OA; intra-articular injection; hyaluronic acid; corticosteroid; and alternatives. The initial search yielded 7,882 reports from which 545 relevant studies were identified. After full-text analysis, 43 studies were included for this analysis. Results: NSAIDs are most effective when used continuously and may be used in conjunction with other forms of treatment for knee OA as they have been shown to provide some pain relief as well as functional improvements. Weight loss is a safe and effective way to improve knee pain, function, and stiffness without adverse effects. However, it can be very challenging for obese patients with knee OA due to their limited mobility and lack of adherence to a low-calorie diet. Intra-articular injections have had mixed results, with findings from recent studies indicating long-term outcomes to be equivocal. Physical therapy leads to significant improvements in pain and function. Decreased compliance with physical therapy is thought to be due to high copayments, pain with activities, lacks of transportation, and high time commitments. Brace modalities have demonstrated significant pain and functional improvements and prolongations of the time to TKA. Additionally, they limit the need for other treatment modalities which are associated with greater risks. Conclusions: NSAIDs, weight loss, intraarticular injections, and physical therapy have all been shown to be effective non-surgical treatment options for knee OA. However, these options have some limitations, and are best when used in conjunction. Bracing for knee OA is a noninvasive, non-pharmacologic option which can significantly reduce pain and improve function with minimal adverse effects. Therefore, a combination of knee braces along with other non-operative modalities should be one mainstay of treatment in conjunction with other treatment modalities to reduce pain, improve function, stiffness, and mobility in knee OA.
Light interactions, use and efficiency in row crop canopies under optimal growth conditions

Abstract Accurate estimates of light (Photosynthetically Active Radiation or PAR) absorption, in addition to other interactions is imperative to quantify growth, productivity, energy and water balance and other physiological and biophysical processes in any vegetative surface. Currently, a comparative assessment of light interaction patterns across row crops is lacking, especially under current levels of productivity achieved in the U.S. High Plains. Here, we continuously measured canopy light balance components at high-frequency (15 min) to characterize transmittance (R), reflectance (R), fraction of intercepted PAR (fIPAR), fraction of absorbed PAR (fAPAR), light extinction coefficients (k), and light use efficiency (LUE) comparatively across maize, soybean, sorghum and winter wheat under optimal growth conditions. While maximum fAPAR was 88-96% of incoming PAR in all crops, mean fAPAR varied from 82% in sorghum to 46% in winter wheat; while k ranged from 0.36 (winter wheat) to 0.48 (sorghum and soybean), and these differences reflect highly crop-specific signatures. Conversion factors among fIPAR and fAPAR and LUE based on either component (LUEi and LUEa) were quantified that were substantially different from the conventionally used values; especially during early and late growth stages. A commonly employed approach of solar-noon light sampling was evaluated, and it was found that early and late stages of crop growth experience greater potential errors (as high as 110%) under this sampling approach, and hence should be avoided. LUEa was the highest for maize (5.3 g MJ−1), followed by sorghum (4.1 g MJ−1), winter wheat (4.0 g MJ−1) and soybean (3.1 g MJ−1). The datasets measured, analyzed and interpreted here present unprecedented quantities of biomass productivity and canopy light use parameters for four major cropping systems, and hence, should be accounted for in crop growth and productivity modeling applications to enhance predictive accuracy and robustness.
Statistical Delay and Error-Rate Bounded QoS Provisioning Over mmWave Cell-Free M-MIMO and FBC-HARQ-IR Based 6G Wireless Networks

As a new and dominating 6G mobile-networks’ service class for time-sensitive traffics, massive ultra-reliable and low latency communications (mURLLC) has received tremendous attention. One of key 6G enabling-techniques for achieving mURLLC lies in how to efficiently support statistical delay and error-rate bounded quality-of-services (QoS) provisioning for real-time data-transmissions over time-varying wireless networks. Towards this end, several emerging wireless techniques, including finite blocklength coding (FBC), hybrid automatic repeat request with incremental redundancy (HARQ-IR) protocol, millimeter wave (mmWave), cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO), etc., have been shown to be 6G promising enablers to significantly improve various QoS performances. However, integrating these techniques with the statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS provisioning theory for mURLLC has imposed many new difficulties not encountered before. To overcome these challenges, in this paper we propose the statistical delay-and-error-rate-bounded QoS provisioning system architecture over mmWave user-centric CF m-MIMO and FBC-HARQ-IR based 6G wireless networks. First, we establish the comprehensive system models by accurately characterizing the integrations of above-described 6G promising techniques with statistical QoS provisioning theory. Then, we integrate FBC with HARQ-IR protocol to derive the channel capacity as a function of error probability. Finally, we obtain the closed-form expressions for effective capacities under our proposed schemes. We also conduct a set of simulations to validate and evaluate our proposed FBC-HARQ-IR based mmWave user-centric CF m-MIMO schemes.
Impact of Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation on the Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases

The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased in recent decades and accounts for the majority of vector-borne disease cases in temperate areas of Europe, North America, and Asia. This emergence has been attributed to multiple and interactive drivers including changes in climate, land use, abundance of key hosts, and people's behaviors affecting the probability of human exposure to infected ticks. In this forum paper, we focus on how land use changes have shaped the eco-epidemiology of Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens, in particular the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the eastern United States. We use this as a model system, addressing other tick-borne disease systems as needed to illustrate patterns or processes. We first examine how land use interacts with abiotic conditions (microclimate) and biotic factors (e.g., host community composition) to influence the enzootic hazard, measured as the density of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.s. We then review the evidence of how specific landscape configuration, in particular forest fragmentation, influences the enzootic hazard and disease risk across spatial scales and urbanization levels. We emphasize the need for a dynamic understanding of landscapes based on tick and pathogen host movement and habitat use in relation to human resource provisioning. We propose a coupled natural-human systems framework for tick-borne diseases that accounts for the multiple interactions, nonlinearities and feedbacks in the system and conclude with a call for standardization of methodology and terminology to help integrate studies conducted at multiple scales.
SABRINA BENDJABALLAH, WOLFGANG U. DRESSLER, OSKAR E. PFEIFFER, MARIA D. VOEIKOVA, eds., MORPHOLOGY 2000.

(2004). SABRINA BENDJABALLAH, WOLFGANG U. DRESSLER, OSKAR E. PFEIFFER, MARIA D. VOEIKOVA, eds., MORPHOLOGY 2000.. WORD: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 487-491.
Becoming indispensable by making what really matters what really matters

In the name of being good service providers, many food animal practitioners focus mainly on the tasks they are asked to perform by a client. Meanwhile, many things occur on cattle operations that can adversely affect animal welfare and productivity, but the producer fails to recognize their importance or the possibility that the veterinarian could help improve them. Such problems can be overlooked by the veterinarian because the veterinarian is not asked to intervene. A pathway to becoming indispensable is to identify and improve such issues, working as a collaborator on the operation rather than simply as a service provider, striving for optimal animal health and productivity. Examples include evaluating and assuring animal welfare, evaluating why cows fail as a means to prevent failure, and educating to improve worker performance. Working on these issues may require using other methods to accomplish the technical tasks and changing the focus of the veterinarian. This presentation will discuss some of the urgent needs for veterinary attention in cattle production and ways to get them done, which in turn make the veterinarian indispensable.
The Macro-Economics of Crypto-Currencies: Balancing Entrepreneurialism and Monetary Policy

Cryptocurrencies provide an important dimension of innovation to the evolution of the exchange medium we call money. There are now over 2,000 such currencies, and their potential and volume is growing. How- ever, they will, collectively and in volume, create real problems for the monetary system of a country. Central banks, which are institutions tasked with providing monetary stability, are more essential than ever. Yet they will see their problems rise while the power of their traditional tools to control money supply and interest rates — such as reserve requirements and the discount rates — is declining. But the new digital technologies — such as distributed ledgers — and new approaches provide regulatory bodies also with new and potentially powerful tools. The task for central banks and policy makers is not to resist private digital currencies as troublesome irritants, but to create approaches to use, regulate, and incent them in shaping the macro-economic path of their economy. In the process, central banks will also issue their own digital currencies, and a small number of those will become global super-currencies.
Cultivating Effective Teacher–Paraprofessional Collaboration in the Self-Contained Classroom:

Teacher–paraprofessional collaboration plays an important part in the daily functioning of self-contained classrooms serving students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Unfortunately, few tra...
Large-scale Silicon Photonics Focal Plane Switch Array for Optical Beam Steering

We report on 128×128-element two-dimensional silicon photonics focal plane switch arrays with microelectromechanical-system optical switches for random-access optical beam steering. A 70°×70° field-of-view and sub-MHz steering speed are experimentally demonstrated.
An Exposition of Talagrand’s Mini-Course on Matching Theorems

Michel Talagrand’s mini-course on Matching Theorems provided a clear, concise, and unified introduction to many of the important matching theorems based on new applications and constructions of majorizing measures. This exposition attempts to record the ideas from those lectures. None of the research presented here is due to the authors. A more general presentation of Talagrand’s ideas appears in Talagrand (1991a).
Quantitative PCR: An Introduction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mullis and coworkers in the mid-1980s described PCR. Its potential utility in monitoring the number of virus genomes present in various acute and chronic infections, in monitoring residual disease after cancer chemotherapy, in measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis after treating cells with various inducers and/or cytokines, and even in measuring microorganisms in water, was immediately obvious, although these goals were originally unattainable. The extraordinary sensitivity of PCR was one of the main problems that made it so challenging to transform from a qualitative to a quantitative technique. Before quantitative PCR became feasible, many problems had to be overcome: older techniques were refined, and new ones invented. By 2009, most major technical problems have been resolved. The techniques have become automated and robust enough that quantitative PCR assays for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C viruses are routine, commercially available laboratory tests performed daily in large clinical laboratories. Even today, when HIV viral load testing is used routinely as a surrogate end point for monitoring HIV antiretroviral therapy, things are not always as straightforward as one could wish. Different assays have different sensitivities and different abilities to detect different strains and subtypes of HIV.
Gamma ray astronomy; E2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E, COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 30th, Hamburg, Germany, July 11-21, 1994

This issue on gamma ray astronomy presents many results from observations made with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) and other spaceborne experiments and includes studies of Seyfert galaxies, X-ray binaries, neutron stars, diffuse cosmic background radiation, pulsars, blazars, gamma ray bursts, the galactic center, and the distribution of Aluminum-26 in the galaxy. The issue begins with a survey of Compton Telescope (COMPTEL) results and concludes with future prospects for the field.
The equations of some dispersionless limit

This short article presents a table of new equations which can be regarded as the generalized equations of the dispersionless limit of several nonlinear equations. From the definition expressed in an algebraic formula, one can get an equation for any positive numbers p and q. The equations were calculated by using the computers and were examined by hand-calculation up to p=10. Relations with some dispersionless hierarchies are mentioned.
Are migratory monarchs really declining in eastern North America? Examining evidence from two fall census programs

Abstract. 1. The status of the eastern North American monarch butterfly population is a highly sensitive issue, given that winter and breeding habitats are being lost at an alarming rate each year, and because of this, most believe the population to be declining, although there has been little empirical data to support this idea. In a recent forum article of this journal, Brower et al. (2011) report a statistically significant decline in winter colony size over a 17-year period and suggest that this is the first sign of impending collapse. 2. I conducted an analysis of numbers of migrating monarchs from two fall monitoring stations in the United States (Cape May, NJ and Peninsula Point, MI), which span 15 and 19 years, respectively, and at both locations there was no significant linear trend in average monarch numbers counted over time, which is in marked contrast to the conclusion drawn by Brower et al. (2011). 3. Although I identify several possible reasons for the discrepancy between the fall census counts and size of the overwintering areas, these differing patterns argue for a more balanced perspective regarding the status of this population, and certainly for considering more than one phase of the life cycle. Even though it is difficult to imagine how monarchs will fare in the future with so many threats to their population, the data presented here suggest that the population remains stable for now, probably because of the high fecundity of the species and its ability to rebound from small winter numbers.
Commercial Sector and Energy Use

Energy use in commercial buildings is complicated to understand, due to the wide range of building uses and ownership, variations in the size and complexity of energy systems, differences in energy system operation and maintenance, and other factors. The world total final (delivered) energy consumption in the commercial sector is projected to grow at the fastest rate of all sectors through the year 2040, averaging 1.8% per yr from 2010 to 2040, with growth driven by the non-OECD countries, especially Asia (3.9% per yr). Commercial sector delivered energy use is expected to grow from 7.6% of the world total of 403 EJ (exaJoule) in 2010 to 8.5% of 609 EJ by 2040. As national economies grow toward more specialized services and enterprise management, the share of national energy use held by the commercial sector also tends to grow relative to other sectors. Saving 20% of worldwide commercial sector primary energy use would amount to 13 EJ per yr, or 2.4% of world total primary energy use. Increased attention to development of energy efficiency delivery programs for existing commercial buildings is needed to help reduce commercial sector energy growth relative to other sectors in the world economy. This article does not cover air emissions from energy use or indoor environmental quality
The Source of Oxygen in the Ether Bond of Glycerolipids 18O STUDIES

Abstract The reaction [see PDF for equation] is catalyzed by microsomal enzymes of preputial gland tumors. The data show that the oxygen of 18O-labeled hexadecanol is incorporated into O-alkyl lipids in vitro and in vivo. The experiment in vivo with Ehrlich ascites cells also revealed that the oxygen of the O-alk-1-enyl bond originates from the fatty alcohol. The most prominent peak showing the presence of 18O in the mass spectra of the acetates of the 18O-hexadecanol (94% 18O) used as the precursor was at m/e 61. [see PDF for equation] The isopropylidene derivatives of the biosynthetic 18O-hexadecylglycerol had a molecular peak at m/e 358 of low intensity, but removal of a methyl group by fragmentation produced resonance-stabilized oxonium ions containing 18O at m/e 343 of high intensity. Except for relative intensities, the hydrogenated 18O-hexadec-1-enylglycerol synthesized in vivo had a mass spectrum identical with that of the 18O-hexadecylglycerol produced in vitro or in vivo. The 18O content of the O-alkylglycerols biosynthesized was 89% (in vitro) and 34% (in vivo) and that of the O-alk-1-enylglycerol was 16% (in vivo).
Doping of gallium arsenide in a low pressure organometallic CVD system: I. Silane

GaAs has been grown by OMCVD process at pressures from 0.046 to 1.0 atm, and at temperatures from 650 to 750°C, using SiH4 as a dopant source. To a first approximation, the doping is proportional to SiH4 pressure, inversely proportional to growth rate, and increases with temperature, in agreement with other published results. A model is proposed in which the rate limiting step for Si incorporation is a thermal decomposition/adsorption reaction. An estimate is made for the first time of this reaction energy. The variation of Si doping with temperature and reactor pressure is explained by the model, considering also the effects of vacancy coverage and variable adsorption energies. In addition, this model explains the variation of doping with arsine pressure, which has not been previously understood.
Extragenic suppressors of nudC3, a mutation that blocks nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans.

Cytoplasmic dynein is a large molecular weight protein complex that functions as a microtubule-dependent, negative, end-directed "motor." Mutations in nudA, which encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein, inhibit nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans. This paper describes the selection and characterization of extragenic suppressors of the nudA1 mutation preparatory to the identification of other proteins that interact directly or indirectly with the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain. To facilitate future cloning of the suppressor genes, we have searched particularly for extragenic suppressor mutations that also convey a selectable phenotype, such as cold or dimethyl sulfoxide sensitivity. Genetic analysis of 16 revertants has defined at least five extragenic suppressors of nudA1 (snaA-E). All the sna mutations except one were recessive in diploids homozygous for nudA1 and heterozygous for sna mutations. To characterize the nuclear migration phenotype in the sna mutants, conidia of one representative of each complementation group were germinated, fixed and nuclei stained. The sna mutants display partial suppression of the nudA1 nuclear migration defect. Although conidiophores were produced in the sna mutants, they failed to develop normally and to produce spores. Examination of the nudA1,sna conidiophores under the microscope showed that nuclear migration into the metulae and phialides was defective.
Simplified Protocol for Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT A variety of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols for the molecular subtyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae have been reported; most are time-consuming and complex. We sought to modify reference PFGE protocols to reduce the time required while creating high-quality gels. Only protocol modifications that resulted in high-quality banding patterns were considered. The following protocol components were modified. Lysis enzymes (lysozyme, mutanolysin, and RNase A) were deleted in a stepwise fashion, and then the lysis buffer was deleted. Lysis and digestion were accomplished in a single step with EDTA and N-lauroyl sarcosine (ES; pH 8.5 to 9.3) incubation at 50°C in the absence of proteinase K. All enzymes except the restriction enzyme were omitted. A minimum incubation time of 6 h was required to achieve high-quality gels. All of the reactions were performed within 9 h, and the total protocol time from lysis to gel completion was reduced from 3 days to only 36 h. Combining lysis and digestion into a single step resulted in a substantial reduction in the time required to perform PFGE for S. pneumoniae. The ES solution may have caused cell lysis by activating N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase, the pneumococcal autolysin.
Sapwood water storage: its contribution to transpiration and effect upon water conductance through the stems of old‐growth Douglas‐fir

Abstract Enough water is stored in the sapwood of large Douglas-fir to significantly contribute to transpiration. Sapwood water content falls through the season, causing the wood's conductivity to fall. This leads to low leafwater potentials, stomatal closure, and reduced photosynthesis by the trees. The amount of water stored in the sapwood of Douglasfir 50-60 m tall, growing in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, was estimated periodically over two seasons from measurements of sapwood relative water content (Rs). The relationship between Rs and volume of water contained in the sapwood was determined in the laboratory, and an equation describing the variation of relative conductivity (K) with Rs was derived from the literature. Stomatal conductance (ks) and leaf water potentials were measured in the field. The relative conductivity of the sapwood was calculated from estimates of the flow rate through the tree and differences in water potential between dawn and the time of comparison. Flow rate was assumed to equal transpiration rate, calculated from the Penman-Monteith equation using measured ks values. A sixfold decrease in K during the summer was attributed to changes in Rs. The maximum observed diurnal variation in K would require a change in RS estimated at 25%. About 270 m3 ha−1 (27 mm) of water were stored in sapwood, and 75% of that was in the stemwood. Withdrawal from this store reached 1.7 mm day−1 on clear days after cloudy or rainy weather. Recharge could be almost as fast (up to 1.6 mm day−1) after rain, but was very slow if the foliage remained wet.
Metalinguistic and pragmatic abilities of participants in adult literacy programs

The relationship between oral and written language skills was explored in this study involving 97 participants enrolled in an adult literacy program. Pragmatic language skills were assessed in videotaped conversational dyads which were later analyzed for level of conversational assertiveness and responsiveness and for the status of basic interactional skills. Those behaviors which were judged as being most likely to detract from communicative effectiveness were body movement, eye gaze, and facial expression. Metalinguistic/semantic language skills were assessed with the Test of Word Knowledge (TOWK) (Wiig & Secord, 1991). A significant relationship was found between total scores on the TOWK and reading levels of subjects as they entered the program. Post-testing was conducted approximately 6 to 8 months after the initial testing. These results were available for 22 of the subjects and indicated that, even for adults, some aspects of oral language improve as reading levels increase.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Rosmariquinone and Several Analogues

Rosmariquinone (1) and six analogues were chemically synthesized using an ultrasound-promoted Diels−Alder cycloaddition in yields of 35−90%. The analogues included substitution of the isopropyl at carbon 13 (C-13) with a hydrogen (5), methyl (6), or tert-butyl (4) substituent. The hydrogen-substituted analogue had the lowest yield at 35%, due in part to the instability of the compound to air, while the highest yields were achieved for the methyl (85%) and tert-butyl (90%) analogues. The 60% yield obtained for the C-14 methyl analogue (7; no C-13 isopropyl) may have been caused by the meta-substituted catechol inhibiting the cycloaddition. The final two analogues were ring A modifications and included the removal of one C-4 methyl (3; 80% yield) or both C-4 methyl (2; 85% yield) groups. The analogues were tested against rosmariquinone in light-sensitized oxidation of stripped soybean oil. Analogues 5 and 6 were significantly (P < 0.05) better antioxidants than rosmariquinone and all other analogues. The an...
The histopathological features of canine keratinizing ameloblastoma

Summary This paper describes the microscopical features of one variant of canine ameloblastoma. It is composed of islands and strands of odontogenic epithelium that have infiltrated through the surrounding stroma. Most of the basal cells are hyperchromatic, cuboidal and perpendicular to the basement membrane (palisading); in some areas their nuclei are located at the distal ends of the cells (reverse polarization) and their cytoplasm is vacuolated. These are the classical characteristics of the basal cell layer of ameloblastomas. The central cells of these tumours are closely-packed, spindle-shaped and exhibit cellular keratinization and calcification as prominent features. Amyloid is present between the neoplastic epithelial cells in some examples.
Sacropelvic resection and intraoperative electron irradiation in the management of recurrent anorectal cancer

PURPOSE: To provide local control and palliation of pain, a multimodality approach, including external beam radiation therapy, surgical resection, and intraoperative electron irradiation (IOERT), has been used for patients with locally advanced anal or recurrent rectal cancers involving the sacrum. METHODS: Sixteen consecutive patients (11 males; 5 females; ages, 44–76) underwent surgical exploration, sacrectomy, and IOERT, between 1990 and 1994. RESULTS: Proximal extent of resection was S2–3 in four patients, S3–4 in five, and S4–5 in five. Two patients had resection of the anterior table of the sacrum. Margins were clear in 11, close in 3, and microscopically involved in 2 patients. Operative times ranged from 6 to 17 (median, 12.5) hours, and blood loss ranged from 300 to 12,600 (median, 3,350) ml. No operative deaths resulted. Major postoperative complications occurred in eight patients (50 percent): posterior wound infections and dehiscence, urinary leak, and ileal fistula. Five (31 percent) and 3 (19 percent) patients developed no or minor complications, respectively. Intensive Care Unit stay was one night for all patients, and overall hospital stay ranged from 11 to 30 (median, 16.5) days. Follow-up was available on all 16 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival was 68 percent at one year and 48 percent at two years. At the time of analysis, 9 of 16 patients were alive. Of the nine alive patients who responded to a questionnaire, eight reported a reduction in pain and improved quality of life postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Sacropelvic resection, in conjunction with IOERT, provides palliation and offers potential for cure in patients with locally advanced or recurrent anorectal cancer.
Long‐term botulinum toxin efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity

To determine the long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin (BTX) treatments, we analyzed longitudinal follow-up data on 45 patients (32 women; mean age, 68.8 years) currently followed in the Baylor College of Medicine Movement Disorders Clinic, who have received BTX treatments continuously for at least 12 years (mean 15.8 +/- 1.5 years). Their mean response rating after the last injection, based one a previously described scale 0-to-4 scale (0 = no effect; 4 = marked improvement) was 3.7 +/- 0.6 and the mean total duration of response was 15.4 +/- 3.4 weeks. Although the latency and total duration of the response to treatment have not changed over time, the peak duration of response (P < 0.005) and dose per visit (P < 0.0001) have increased since the initial visit. Furthermore, global rating (P < 0.02) and peak effect (P < 0.05) have improved. In total, 20 adverse events occurred in 16 of 45 (35.6%) patients after their initial visit and 11 adverse events in 10 of 45 (22.2%) patients at their most recent injection visit. Antibody (Ab) testing was carried out in 22 patients due to nonresponsiveness; blocking Abs were confirmed by the mouse protection assay in 4 of 22 (18%) patients. Of the Ab-negative patients, 16 resumed responsiveness after dose adjustments and 2 persisted as nonrespondents. Except for 1 patient, the 4 Ab-positive and the 2 clinical nonresponders are being treated with BTX-B. This longest reported follow-up of BTX injections confirms the long-term efficacy and safety of this treatment.
Quantitative evaluation of carbonation in concrete using nonlinear ultrasound

A new nonlinear ultrasonic technique for nondestructive evaluation of concrete components is developed and implemented to characterize the effects of carbonation on concrete. The physical principle of this method is the second harmonic generation (SHG) in propagating Rayleigh surface waves which are detected by a non-contact air-coupled transducer. The nonlinearity parameter, as an indicator of material properties, is experimentally obtained from measured Rayleigh wave signals and is used to quantitatively evaluate the progress of carbonation under accelerated conditions. The experimental results show that there is a significant decrease in the measured nonlinearity parameter, most likely originated from the deposit of the carbonation product, CaCO3, in pre-existing voids and microcracks. The sensitivity of the nonlinearity parameter is also verified by comparing with the measured Rayleigh wave velocity. The results in this paper demonstrate that the SHG technique using Rayleigh surface waves can be used to monitor carbonation in concrete.
Biomolecular Databases New Communication Regimes for Biology

During the past two decades, computerized biomolecular databases have rapidly expanded and have been prominently integrated into laboratory work in biological sciences. This article offers an exploratory look at the potential significance of these databases as novel tools for scientific communication. The article develops the concept of a science communication regime—a sociotechnical system that constitutes a particular means of scientific communication, such as the scientific journal. This concept is then used to examine biomolecular databases and their potential implications for scientific institutions and practices. The field of genome research provides empirical examples, and the discussion explores the potential significance of these new forms of electronic communication.
A Retrospective Case Series Comparing the Use of Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft and Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft Combined With Enamel Matrix Derivative for the Treatment of Advanced Osseous Lesions

Background: Combined regeneratbe approaches have been used for treating advanced osseous lesions around teeth. The aim of combining treatments is to enhance both clinical predictability and regeneratbe outcome compared to a monotherapeutic approach. This case series from a prioate practice reports on the clinical efficacy of an enamel matrix derioatioe (EMD) combined with either demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) or freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) in the treatment of adoanced infrabony lesions. The aduanced lesions were veneered by a rapidly formed absorbable polymer barrier of poly (DL-lactide) to enhance graft containment. Methods: A total of 22 consecutiue patients, each contributing one infrabony lesion, are reported. After patients completed presurgical preparation, the infrabony lesions were surgically treated with a combined approach that included root surface treatment with citric acid. The two groups differed in their composite graft; one receiued DFDBA-EMD (n = 10) and the othe...