cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Pahokee Peat humic acid and buffer identity on goethite aggregation and reactivity

Natural organic matter (NOM) has been shown to strongly influence both reactions occurring at the solid–liquid interface and particle aggregation. Ferrous iron bound to iron oxides, such as goethite, can serve as a reductant towards environmental contaminants. Little is known, however, about how NOM affects reactivity and aggregation of iron oxide nanoparticles in aqueous conditions. Here, the rate of 4-chloronitrobenzene (4-ClNB) reduction is used to assess the reactivity of Fe(II) on goethite, and this reactivity is tracked as a function of increasing NOM concentration, using either 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) or bicarbonate buffer at pH 7. Pahokee Peat humic acid (PPHA), extracted from an agricultural peat soil, was selected to simulate the NOM present in groundwater. Generally speaking, the 4-ClNB degradation rate decreases with increasing PPHA concentration. Characterization of the goethite nanoparticles after repeated cycles of 4-ClNB degradation demonstrated that oxidative crystal growth occurred mainly along the goethite c-axis, reaction rates progressively slowed with each cycle, and no new phases precipitated. Finally, bicarbonate buffer, a model for groundwater, dramatically affects both aggregation and reaction rates, with reaction rates an order of magnitude slower and aggregates substantially larger than observed in suspensions prepared using MOPS.
Multisource data and knowledge fusion for intelligent SAR sea ice classification

The authors describe the fusion of various data and knowledge sources for intelligent SAR sea ice classification, thereby addressing the weaknesses of each information source while improving the overall reasoning power of the classifier. They equip their ice classification system, ARKTOS, with the capability of analyzing and classifying images unsupervised by emulating how a human geophysicist or photo-interpreter classifies SAR images. To imitate human visual inspection of raw images, they have designed and implemented a data mining application that first categorizes pixels into regions, and then extracts for each region a complex feature set of more than 30 attributes. In addition, they have incorporated other sea ice data and knowledge products such as ice concentration maps, operational ice charts, and land masks. Finally, they solicited human sea ice expertise as classification rules through interviews, and collaborative refinements during the early-stage evaluations. Using a Dempster-Shafer belief system, they are able to perform multisource data and knowledge fusion in ARKTOS' rule-based classification. ARKTOS has been installed at the National Ice Center and Canadian Ice Service.
Differential transmural constrictor response to norepinephrine in rabbit carotid artery.

Abstract 1. 1. The constrictor response of isolated, perfused rabbit carotid artery to intra- (IN) and extra-(EX) luminal norepinephrine (NE, 5 × 10 −3 to 10 −1 mM) stimulation was studied. 2. 2. Maximal resistance to perfusion ( R ) was calculated and found to be equal for both IN and EX NE stimulation. 3. 3. However, ED 50 for EX NE was increased compared to that for IN NE. 4. 4. In order to analyze the phasic components of the response to NE, the change in R during the first 30 sec of the NE response (initial ΔR ) and the ΔR occurring during the remainder of the NE response ( ΔR + 30) were determined and values for IN and EX NE were compared. 5. 5. The initial ΔR was greater for IN NE while ΔR + 30 was greater for EX NE. 6. 6. The IN NE response and the EX NE response were additive, but both completely blocked by phentolamine administered to either the luminal or adventitial side of the vessel. 7. 7. These data suggest that smooth muscle at the luminal and adventitial sides of rabbit carotid artery have different sensitivities to NE and respond to NE with different phasic characteristics.
Milk phospholipid's protective effects against UV damage in skin equivalent models

Exposure of skin tissue to UV radiation has been shown to cause DNA photodamage. If this damaged DNA is allowed to replicate, carcinogenesis may occur. DNA damage is prevented from being passed on to daughter cells by upregulation of the protein p21. p21 halts the cells cycle allowing the cell to undergo apoptosis, or repair its DNA before replication. Previous work suggested that milk phospholipids may possess protective properties against UV damage. In this study, we observed cell morphology, cell apoptosis, and p21 expression in tissue engineered epidermis through the use of Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, confocal microscopy, and western blot respectively. Tissues were divided into four treatment groups including: a control group with no UV and no milk phospholipid treatment, a group exposed to UV alone, a group incubated with milk phospholipids alone, and a group treated with milk phospholipids and UV. All groups were incubated for twenty-four hours after treatment. Tissues were then fixed, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Performing western blots resulted in visible p21 bands for the UV group only, implying that in every other group, p21 expression was lesser. Numbers of apoptotic cells were determined by observing the tissues treated with Hoechst dye under a confocal microscope, and counting the number of apoptotic and total cells to obtain a percentage of apoptotic cells. We found a decrease in apoptotic cells in tissues treated with milk phospholipids and UV compared to tissues exposed to UV alone. Collectively, these results suggest that milk phospholipids protect cell DNA from damage incurred from UV light.
Dead people and living spirits: lessons from developmental psychology on what is intuitive

Purzycki and Willard argue that inconsistencies in how researchers use the terms “intuitive” and “counterintuitive” pose a significant challenge to minimally counterintuitive (MCI) theory. In claim...
Modification of electric organ activity of the transparent knifefish by benzocaine

Abstract 1. 1. Para-ethylaminobenzoate (benzocaine) reduced the rate of electric organ discharge in the transparent knifefish, Eigenmannia virescens , without altering the amplitude of individual pulses. 2. 2. A high concentration of benzocaine, 0·2 m M , always depressed the discharge frequency by about 50 per cent initially, and then suddenly and abruptly abolished the remaining level of electromotor activity completely. 3. 3. Following the total cessation of electric organ activity, and after the removal of benzocaine, recovery of the frequency of firing was rapid but was accompanied by a brief period during which the amplitudes of individual pulses were severely distorted.
The Minimal Period Problem for Nonconvex Even Second Order Hamiltonian Systems

Abstract In this paper, we study the minimal period problem for even autonomous second order Hamiltonian systems defined on R Nwithout any convexity assumption. By using the variational methods, we obtain estimates on the minimal period of the corresponding nonconstant periodic solution of the superquadratic and asymptotically linear Hamiltonian systems.
Pharmacological Analysis of Human D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptor Missense Variants

Drugs targeting dopamine receptors have been the focus of much research over the past 30 years, in large part because of their role in treating multiple pathological conditions including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Tourette’s syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia. Missense mutations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can alter basal and/or ligand-induced signaling, which in turn can affect individuals’ susceptibility to disease and/or response to therapeutics. To date, five coding variants in the human D1 receptor (hD1R; T37P, T37R, R50S, S199A, and A229T) and three in the human D2 receptor (hD2R; P310S, S311C, and T351A) have been reported in the NCBI single nucleotide polymorphism database. We utilized site-directed mutagenesis to generate cDNAs encoding these receptor isoforms. After expression in either HEK293 or neuronal GT1 cells, basal and ligand-induced signaling of each of these receptors was determined and compared to wild type. In addition, we investigated expression levels of each recombinant receptor and the effect of inverse agonist administration. Our data demonstrate that naturally occurring amino acid substitutions in the hD1R can lead to alterations in expression levels as well as in basal and ligand-induced signaling. The potency and efficacy of dopamine, synthetic agonists (i.e., fenoldopam, SKF-38393, SKF-82958, and SCH23390), and inverse agonists [i.e., flupenthixol and (+)butaclamol] were reduced at selected hD1R variants. Furthermore, inverse agonist induced effects on expression levels were sensitive to selected amino acid substitutions. In contrast to the hD1R variants, hD2R polymorphisms did not affect ligand function or receptor expression. The observation that the hD1R mutations induce significant alterations in pharmacologic properties may have implications both for disease susceptibility and/or therapeutic response to dopaminergic ligands.
Extensions of Liouville theorems

Abstract The method of deriving Liouville's theorem for subharmonic functions in the plane from the corresponding Hadamard three-circles theorem is extended to a more general and abstract setting. Two extensions of Liouville's theorem for vector-valued holomorphic functions of several complex variables are also mentioned.
Development and Implementation of a Systems-based Practice Project Requirement for Radiology Residents

Rationale and Objectives Radiology residents must now participate in a learning activity that involves identification and analysis of system errors and implementation of potential solutions. Evidence of participation must be documented in the resident's learning portfolio. Materials and Methods An activity based on adult learning principles was designed for residents to increase their knowledge of health care systems and problems; gain experience in writing a proposal, conducting an investigation, and reporting results; organize and present information in a supportive environment; and document participation in their portfolio. Postgraduate year 2 residents identify a systems problem. A written proposal is required and must include a “plan” that includes a hypothesis, a methods section that explains what they will “do” as an intervention, a “study” that involves collection and analysis of relevant data, and a systems change or “act.” Proposals approved by the program director are presented to the radiology department. Residents complete projects, evaluate their effectiveness, and present their results by spring of postgraduate year 3. Results Goals, objectives, and guidelines were written. Assessment tools were identified. From 2006 to 2008, nine projects were proposed and conducted by 12 residents. Local and national systems issues were selected, and interventions involved residents, faculty, and medical students. A timeline was imposed to promote sustained effort. Conclusion Opportunities of daily work can be used to teach and learn systems-based practice concepts. Residents can use the scientific method to test effects of change on health care systems. Relevant and practical projects enable residents to learn while improving their clinical and learning environments.
Occlusion of Coronary Arteries after Vein Bypass

The coronary arteries of 100 patients were radiographically visualized by selective injection of contrast material. Findings in the three main arteries (left anterior descending, right, and circumflex arteries) were analyzed before and after aortocoronary-saphenous vein graft surgery. Proximal coronary artery stenosis progressed to complete occlusion in almost half the patients on whose stenotic arteries a graft had been placed. The incidence was higher than that observed in nongrafted arteries during the "natural" course of the disease. The frequency of occlusion in grafted coronary arteries was higher in severely stenotic than in moderately stenotic arteries. The fact that the occlusion occurred more often with a patent graft than with a closed graft suggests a hemodynamic component in its pathogenesis. The study indicates that in many patients the prognosis must remain linked to patency of the bypass graft.
Improvement in Operational Efficiency Due to ERP Systems Implementation: Truth or Myth?

ERP systems are expected to provide many benefits, including improved business efficiency. However, they are also blamed for several business problems and failures. Past studies have analyzed investments in ERP systems based on net income, return on investment, new present value or change in market value of a firm. We argue that an analysis of more direct measures-intangible or tangible-would enhance confidence in the efficacy of ERP systems. We investigate the impact of ERP systems implementation on operational efficiency of medium sized firms in the pharmaceutical and chemicals industry. Our analysis of the data indicates that for a majority of the firms improvement of operational performance expected due to ERP systems did not materialize.
Training the next generation of school professionals to be prevention scientists: The Missouri Prevention Center model

Empirically supported school-based programs have been shown to reduce the present and future risk for various emotional disturbances. Unfortunately, few of these programs have been successfully transported or maintained outside the context of controlled research studies. Central to attaining this goal is the pressing need to train the next generation of school psychology faculty leaders, versed in evidence-based practices (EBPs), who can train school personnel to deliver existing EBPs, design and develop innovative new practices, and conduct rigorous research to evaluate the effectiveness of these practices. In part to address this critical need, we developed the Missouri Prevention Center (MPC). In this article we describe the training, service, and research activities associated with MPC. The Center works toward supporting a high-quality training program for school psychologists who will lead the nation, state, and individual school districts in overcoming barriers to using EBPs in schools. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell Death from Antibiotics Without the Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species

Recent observations have suggested that classic antibiotics kill bacteria by stimulating the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). If true, this notion might guide new strategies to improve antibiotic efficacy. In this study, the model was directly tested. Contrary to the hypothesis, antibiotic treatment did not accelerate the formation of hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli and did not elevate intracellular free iron, an essential reactant for the production of lethal damage. Lethality persisted in the absence of oxygen, and DNA repair mutants were not hypersensitive, undermining the idea that toxicity arose from oxidative DNA lesions. We conclude that these antibiotic exposures did not produce ROS and that lethality more likely resulted from the direct inhibition of cell-wall assembly, protein synthesis, and DNA replication.
Is propranolol of benefit in pediatric burn patients

Severe burn injuries result in metabolic and physiological derangements that persist throughout the acute and rehabilitative stages.1-3 This hypermetabolic response is driven by supraphysiologic elevations in stress hormones, catecholamines, and inflammatory mediators.2, 3 Increased peripheral lipolysis,4 increased muscle wasting,5 elevated resting energy expenditure,6 and suppressed immune function7 characterize the post burn hypermetabolic response. Although the initial catecholamine-induced response is protective and supportive of survival,8 the prolonged stress response can be detrimental and either impedes recovery or leads to organ failure and death.5 In addition to increasing skeletal muscle catabolism, elevated catecholamine levels also cause elevations in peripheral lipolysis, resting energy expenditure, and cardiac stress in severely burned patients.9 The actions of catecholamines on the cardiovascular system are largely mediated by the alpha- (α-) and beta- (β-) adrenergic receptors. To mitigate the effects of chronically elevated catecholamine levels on the hypermetabolic response following burn injury, blockade of the β-1 and β-2 adrenoreceptors has been achieved with the non-selective β1,2-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol.9-17 Despite the notion that blocking the stress response would negatively impact hemodynamic and metabolic responsiveness,9, 10 studies have demonstrated that blockade of catecholamine signaling improves pediatric burn patient outcomes. 9-19 Reductions in cardiac work and cardiac stress are accompanied by decreased lipolysis, catabolism, and hepatic steatosis, with concurrent increases in skeletal muscle protein anabolism. Few adverse events have been associated with propranolol use.13-15 Propranolol administration to massively burned patients may be a standard of care for the pharmacological amelioration of the hypermetabolic response in the not-so-distant future.
Hexokinase and glucokinase activities in bile duct epithelial cells and hepatic cells from normal rat and human livers

Abstract In the livers of normal rats and man, bile duct epithelial cells from interlobular portal tracts and hepatic cells from midzonal areas of lobules have been microdissected and separated. These cells were assayed for hexokinase and glucokinase activities. The results indicate that hepatic parenchymal cells have hexokinase and glucokinase activities, while bile duct epithelial cells have little or no glucokinase activity but hexokinase activity greater than that in parenchymal cells.
Induction of apoptosis of lung and esophageal cancer cells treated with the combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor (trichostatin A) and protein kinase C inhibitor (calphostin C).

Objective Histone deacetylase inhibitors mediate a potent growth-inhibitory effect in cancer cells through induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, these agents significantly induce transcriptional activation of nuclear factor κB, as well as p21 regulated by protein kinase C, and are thought to negatively influence the ability of histone deacetylase inhibitor to effectively mediate apoptosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of calphostin C (a protein kinase C inhibitor) on trichostatin A (a histone deacetylase inhibitor)–mediated upregulation of nuclear factor κB and p21 promotor transcriptional activity, as well as induction of apoptosis in lung and esophageal cancer cells. Methods Cultured lung and esophageal cancer cells were treated with calphostin C and trichostatin A. Nuclear factor κB transcriptional activity was quantitated by using the nuclear factor κB–luciferase assay. Transcription of p21 gene and p21 protein levels was evaluated by using the p21 promoter–luciferase assay and the p21 enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. Apoptosis was evaluated by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling–based ApoBrdU assay. Levels of expression of nuclear factor κB–dependent antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins were evaluated by means of Western blotting. Results Exposure of lung or esophageal cancer cells to trichostatin A resulted in a dose- and cell-dependent 2-fold to greater than 20-fold increase of nuclear factor κB and p21 transcriptional activity. Treatment with trichostatin A and calphostin C led to a 50% to 90% decrease of trichostatin A– mediated upregulation of nuclear factor κB and p21 activation. Inhibition of nuclear factor κB activity resulted in significant reduction (30% to >99%) of trichostatin A– mediated activation of not only nuclear factor κB transcription but also p21 promotor activity. Importantly, 90% to 96% of thoracic cancer cells under-went apoptosis after exposure to the combination of trichostatin A plus calphostin C. Conclusion Inhibition of protein kinase C abrogates trichostatin A–mediated upregulation of nuclear factor κB transcriptional activity and p21 expression that is associated with profound induction of apoptosis in lung or esophageal cancer cells. Protein kinase C might be a novel target for enhancing the efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitor in cancer therapy.
Leveraging DiaGrid hub for interactively generating and running parallel programs

Interactive Parallelization Tool (IPT) is a semi-automatic tool that can be used by domain experts and students for transforming certain classes of existing applications into multiple parallel variants. An end-user of IPT provides existing application and high-level specifications for parallelization as input. On the basis of the specifications provided by the end-user, IPT carries out the code changes in the given existing application to generate parallel variants that can be run on different High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms. The parallel programming paradigms that are currently supported by IPT are MPI, OpenMP, and CUDA. The supported base languages are C and C++. Though IPT is still under active development, it has been recently made available on a web-enabled platform, named DiaGrid Hub, with the support from the XSEDE Extended Collaborative Support Service (ECSS). While the main goal of IPT is to make parallel programming easy for its end-users, the main goal of DiaGrid Hub is to enable the research community with instant access to HPC and High Throughput Computing platforms through a user-friendly web-interface. By deploying IPT on DiaGrid Hub, our goal is to enable the end-users to generate parallel versions of their existing applications without having to install IPT locally. They can also immediately compile and run the generated applications on Purdue and XSEDE resources that are available through DiaGrid Hub. Hence, the collaborative project that is reported in this paper lowers the entry-barriers to parallel programming and the usage of the national CyberInfrastructure (CI). In this paper, we present our ongoing work on deploying IPT over DiaGrid and testing the usability of IPT through a web-interface.
Cathedral Cliffs Formation, the Early Acid Breccia Unit of Northwestern Wyoming

The name Cathedral Cliffs Formation is proposed for the rocks in the Clarks Fork area of northwestern Wyoming that have long been known by the informal designation “early acid breccia.” In the Clarks Fork area the Cathedral Cliffs Formation is composed of tuffs, with lesser amounts of volcanic sedimentary rocks and breccias. Its thickness ranges from less than 100 feet to about 1500 feet but more commonly is 500–900 feet. The formation is tentatively considered to be late early Eocene or early middle Eocene. It is underlain by rocks ranging from Precambrian to early Eocene(?) and is overlain unconformably by the early basic breccia of middle Eocene age. Low-angle detachment faulting, which involved the Cathedral Cliffs Formation but not the overlying early basic breccia, has made recognition and correlation of the formation difficult. Blocks and masses of Madison Limestone of Mississippian age were emplaced locally on its upper surface by the Reef Creek detachment fault. The Cathedral Cliffs Formation and the Paleozoic carbonate rocks beneath it, as well as the Reef Creek fault masses on its surface, were then transported southeastward by the Heart Mountain detachment fault. As movement on the Heart Mountain detachment proceeded, the large fault mass broke up into smaller blocks, which separated as movement continued. Consequently the Cathedral Cliffs Formation was distributed in a pattern which gives the appearance of isolated occurrences and erosional remnants. The detached blocks of the Reef Creek fault on the upper surface of the Cathedral Cliffs also were scattered more widely than by their original movement on the Reef Creek fault. Soon after the fault-transported segments of the Cathedral Cliffs Formation ceased moving they were buried beneath the early basic breccia. The unconformity between the early acid breccia and the early basic breccia is thus substantiated in the Clarks Fork area; in the time interval represented, the Reef Creek and Heart Mountain fault masses were emplaced. The Cathedral Cliffs Formation is correlated with the early acid breccia in northern Yellowstone National Park and the upper part of the Reese Formation as mapped by Calvert west of Gardiner, Montana. The volcanic-source area probably is not in the central Yellowstone Park region, but somewhere to the north.
Dispersion of Spinning Missiles due to Lift Nonaveraging

A new source of cross-range dispersion is identified for spinning missiles during untrimmed flight. The dispersion is caused from wind-fixed moment disturbances that produce coupled perturbations in angle of attack and lift vector precession rate, in contrast to body-fixed moment-induced dispersion of a rolling, trimmed missile in which lift and roll variations generally are uncoupled. Small wind-oriented moments can affect the precession rate adversely and cause lift nonaveraging. The dispersion, in some cases, depends strongly on the initial motion conditions. Since roll rate has little influence on the lift vector precession rate, roll control is ineffective for limiting this type of dispersion, and effective control must provide some means of maintaining a steady, nonzero precession rate.
Deep Imaging Surveys of Star-forming Clouds. III. Herbig-Haro Objects in the Perseus Molecular Cloud

We present a catalog of 72 new Herbig-Haro (HH) objects discovered in the Perseus molecular cloud. There are 69 previously cataloged HH objects in this region, and the new discoveries bring the total number of known HH objects in Perseus to 141. Individual outflows often contain several distinct HH objects. These observations demonstrate that the Perseus molecular cloud is one of the most active star-forming regions in the solar vicinity. We explore different methods for probing the momentum injection rate of outflows and examine whether outflows can drive turbulence within the molecular cloud. On the scale of the entire Perseus cloud, the shocks produced by outflows from young stars may not inject momentum at a sufficient rate to counter the rate at which momentum decays. However, intense outflow activity within individual cloud cores with high star formation rates, such as NGC 1333, may be sufficient to locally support or even disrupt the core.
Sulfated extracellular matrix production in the embryonic heart and adjacent tissues

The incorporation of S35-sulfate into tissues and extracellular matrix of chick embryos ranging in age from stage 8 (4 somites) to stage 12 (16 somites) was examined. 0.05 mc S35 were added to embryos grown in vitro and after appropriate incubation periods the embryos were fixed and embedded in plastic. Radio-autographs of 1 μ plastic sections of embryos between stages 8 and 9 (4 to 9 somites) showed heavy S35 incorporation by all tissues, especially the notochord, neural fold and precardia. Between stages 10 (10 somites) and 12 (16 somites) the incorporation of S35 decreases in all tissues examined except the myocardium. These results show that the production of sulfated extracellular matrix is not restricted to chondrogenic tissues in very young embryos, but that this function becomes selectively repressed as the embryo matures. This suggests that S35 incorporation during cartilage production by chondrogenic tissues (such as notochord) in older embryos involves the re-expression of an earlier embryonic trait, rather than the acquisition of a wholly new capability. The myocardium, on the other hand, continues to secrete a sulfated matrix even after the cells contain well developed myofibrils and become functional myocytes. Embryonic cardiac muscle is therefore a secretory as well as contractile tissue and the two “specialized” functions are not mutually exclusive.
Context-aware collaborative filtering system: predicting the user's preferences in ubiquitous computing

In this paper I propose a context-aware collaborative filtering system that can predict a user's preference in different context situations based on past user-experiences. The system uses what other like-minded users have done in similar context to predict a user's preference towards an item in the current context.
Continuation of care following an initial primary care visit with a mental health diagnosis: differences by receipt of VHA Primary Care-Mental Health Integration services

Abstract Objective For patients with an initial primary care (PC) encounter in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) that included a mental health diagnosis, we evaluate whether same-day receipt of Primary Care–Mental Health Integration (PC-MHI) services is associated with the likelihood of receiving a subsequent mental-health-related encounter in the following 90 days. Method Using VHA administrative data, we identified 9046 patients who received VHA care for the first time in fiscal year 2009, received a PC encounter that included a mental health diagnosis on the first day of their VHA services and initiated care at a VHA facility that provided PC-MHI services. Using multivariable generalized estimating equations logistic regression, we examined whether receipt of same-day PC-MHI was associated with receipt of a subsequent encounter with a mental health diagnosis within 90 days. Analyses adjusted for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veteran status, demographic characteristics, service-connected disability, psychiatric and non-psychiatric diagnoses, and psychotropic medication initiation on the index day of service use. Results Receipt of same-day PC-MHI services was positively associated with having a mental-health-related encounter in the following 90 days (adjusted odds ratio=2.05; 95% confidence interval=1.66–2.54). Conclusions PC-MHI services may enhance mental health continuation of care among PC patients with mental health conditions who initiate VHA services.
Infrared intensities and bond moments in phosgene and thiophosgene

Abstract Infrared intensities have been measured by the Wilson-Wells' pressure-broadening technique for the ν1, ν2, and ν4 bands of COCl2 and CSCl2. Bond moments and effective charges have been calculated from these intensities with the aid of the usual bond moment assumptions and an additional relation derived from equating the vector sum of the bond moments to the permanent electric dipole moment of the molecule. The values of the bond moments and effective charges calculated for these molecules are: COCl2 μCO=3.91 Debyes(C+→O−) μ′CO= 4.08 Debyes/A μCCl=2.91 Debyes(C+→Cl−) μ′CCl= −8.10 Debyes/A CSCl2 μCS=0.697 Debyes (C+→S−) μCS=3.54 Debyes/A μCCl=0.393 Debyes (C+→Cl−) μCCl=−4.21 Debyes/A These values were chosen from the possible solutions of the bond moment equations with the aid of an analysis of the other molecular parameters known for these two molecules. This analysis also serves to help test the applicability of the bond moment assumptions to these molecules.
Interrelation between the charge isoforms of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase.

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) isolated from a variety of tissues has been separated, using DEAE ion-exchange chromatography, into multiple peaks of activity that appear to be related to control of this enzyme stability. Reports of these charge isoforms in current literature are generally unclear as to whether these represent a covalent post-translational modification or merely an alteration in structural conformation or association. In this study we investigated the relationship of this form separation to the degree of enzyme polymerization, interaction with other proteins and buffer components, and the multiple isoelectric forms of this enzyme noted in denaturing concentrations of urea. High-performance chromatography techniques were used to demonstrate that two of the major enzyme forms, ODC I and II, are really monomers of the enzyme, while minor peaks of activity frequently observed to elute after ODC II contain various dimeric enzyme states. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (0.05 m m ) added to isolated enzyme preparations composed of I and II monomers induced the formation of I and II dimers as well as a mixed I–II dimer. All three dimer forms were observed to be natural components of freshly isolated crude cell homogenates. The charge distinction between the monomer forms I and II was found to be maintained during ion-exchange chromatography in the presence of 8 m urea, and the enzyme isoforms demonstrated distinct bands on isoelectric focusing gels run in the presence of 9 m urea. Thus, although some of the multiple ornithine decarboxylase forms identified by ion-exchange chromatography of crude mammalian cell homogenates are related to enzyme conformation, the two major forms are distinctly charged protein states that can be visualized using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of highly purified samples.
Effect of CMOS Miniaturization on Cosmic-Ray-Induced Error Rate

As device feature size is scaled down for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) applications, consideration must be given to potential increased vulnerabiliity to single particle induced upset (memory soft error or processor logic error) from the natural radiation environment. This paper describes a detailed computer aided modeling study to predict the effect of scaling on the single event upset rate in CMOS memory cells in the galactic cosmic ray environment typical of high altitude satellite orbits.
Characteristics of an amidase isolated from a soil bacterium

Abstract Amidase was extracted from a bacterium isolated from soil, and its properties were compared with those of amidase in soil. Amidase activity of the bacterial protein was lower than that of soil amidase, respectively, in its optimal pH (7.0 vs 8.5), optimal temperature (50 vs 60°C), K m constant calculated by the Lineweaver-Burk plot (5.6 vs 17.9 mm), activation energy (18.9 vs 43.3 kJmol − ) and Q 10 (av. = 1.28 vs 1.75). Bacterial amidase was stable at temperatures ranging from 10 to 50°C and denatured at 55°C. Toluene inhibited both bacterial and soil amidase. When the inhibitions by 21 trace elements were compared by using 2 μmol 0.1 mg −1 protein, the most effective inhibitors of bacterial amidase (> 25% inhibition) were: Ag(I), Cd(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Al(III) and Se(IV). The effect of 16 pesticides on bacterial amidase varied considerably. By using 2 μg of active ingredient of pesticide 0.1 mg −1 protein, the inhibition of bacterial amidase ranged from 7 to 49% with Dinitroamine and Butylate, respectively. The results show that soil constituents have a considerable influence on the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme.
Extrusion die design for flow balance using FE and optimization methods

An approximate model has been developed to improve our understanding of flow control at the exit of an extrusion die. This paper deals with the design of traditional die flow correctors used in flat-faced aluminum extrusion dies. The numerical model uses the finite-element method combined with techniques of mathematical programming. Analytical sensitivities have been developed from the discretized finite-element equations in order to compute the necessary derivatives during optimization. The model includes thermal effects, and the extruded material is assumed to be strain-rate and temperature dependent.
Nutrient absorption efficiencies of the lizard, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Sauria: Teiidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Nutrient absorption efficiencies of Cnemidophorus sexlinealus fed domestic crickets (Acheta dornest ica) were calculated by extracting proteins, carbohydrates and lipids from food and feces. 2. 2. Lipids were absorbed at 88.5% efficiency, soluble carbohydrates at 84.2% and soluble protein at 83.1%. 3. 3. The average energy absorbed from each cricket (kcal/prey) was 0.30 for protein, 0.208 for lipid and 0.012 for carbohydrate. 4. 5. Including non-available energy, such as that contained in structural carbohydrates and proteins as measured by bomb calorimetry, in estimating prey profitability overestimates the value of prey. Hence, calculations of available nutrients produce more accurate estimates of prey value.
Efficient grazing and utilization of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. by larvae of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria

Efficient grazing by marine bivalve larvae has been thought to be limited to particles larger than 4 μm in diameter, thereby eliminating photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic picoplankton as contributers to larval diets. Documentation of ingestion, carbon retention and growth of laboratory-reared larvae of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria L. on Synechococcus sp. (WH7803), a small unicellular cyanobacterium 1 μm in diameter, was facilitated using 14C-labelled cells in pulse/chase experiments and growth of larvae on diets of cell mixtures of both Synechococcus sp. and the haptophyte Isochrysis aff. galbana (TISO). Clearance rates on Synechococcus sp. ranged between 2 and 23 μl larva-1 h-1 depending on ambient cell concentration and larval age. Retention efficiency of cell carbon after gut evacuation was about 55% for both prey species. Growth rates of larvae fed on monocultures of Synechococcus sp. at typical summer concentrations in coastal waters (1×105 cells ml-1, ∼29 μg C l-1) was two-fold lower than on monocultures of Isochrysis galbana at 1×104 cells ml-1 (∼120 μg C l-1). Larval growth was inhibited and atrophy of the digestive gland was observed when Synechococcus sp. was offered at concentrations at or exceeding 8.6×105 cells ml-1. Larval growth was enhanced, however, in the presence of Synechococcus sp. (5×104 cells ml-1) when Isochrysis galbana was limiting. During the diurnal study of Synechococcus sp. population dynamics conducted by Waterbury et al. (1986) in Vinyard Sound, Massachusetts, the abundance of bivalve larvae was sufficient to account for 12 to 24% of the calculated grazing activity on Synechococcus sp. When nanoplankton are scarce, invertebrate larvae may exert considerable grazing pressure on Synechococcus sp. and derive benefit from ingestion of these cyanobacteria.
Saphenous vein graft aneurysm with graft-enteric fistula after renal artery bypass

A 65-year-old female presented with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage thirty years following an aorta-to-right renal artery bypass constructed with saphenous vein. Upper endoscopy demonstrated a duodenal ulcer, and a CAT scan demonstrated aneurysmal degeneration of her renal artery bypass with duodenal impingement. Laparotomy demonstrated erosion of the aneurysm through the posterior wall of the duodenum; extra-anatomic renovascular reconstruction and primary duodenal repair was performed. Although aneurysmal degeneration of intraabdominal saphenous vein grafts is well described and rupture likewise reported, this report represents the first description of an intraabdominal autogenous vein graft aneurysm presenting with gastrointestinal erosion and fistula.
The Influence of Surface Structure on the Interaction of Water with TiO2 (100)

The influence of surface structure on the interaction of water with TiO{sub 2}(100) (rutile) was investigated. Two unique surface structures of the (100) crystal face can be prepared by oxidation (the bulk-terminated surface) and by vacuum reduction (the (110)- microfaceted surface). Thermal desorption profiles, which measure of the strength of the adsorbate-surface interaction, indicate that submonolayer coverages of water are more stable on the bulk-terminated surface than on the (110)-microfaceted surface. Also, subtle differences exist in the way water interacts with 2-coordinate O{sup 2{minus}} sites on these two surfaces. The implications of these results for chemistry on microcrystallines particle are considered.
The Paradoxical Effects of Interleukin 10 in the Immunoregulation of Autoimmune Diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a chronic autoimmune disease and spontaneously develops in NOD mice and humans. The role of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of disease is not understood. IL-10 has presented a particularly paradoxical role. Transgenic (Tg) BALB/c mice expressing IL-10 in the pancreas exhibited periinsulitis but not insulitis and diabetes. However, backcrossing of these Tg mice with NOD mice accelerated the onset of diabetes, indicating a pathogenic role for IL-10 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes since it is able to replace the genetic susceptibility information on the NOD genome. Conversely, administration of IL-10 to adult NOD delayed the onset of and decreased the incidence of diabetes suggesting a potential therapeutic role for IL-10 in autoimmune diabetes. Overall, the findings indicated a paradoxical role for IL-10 in the immunoregulation of autoimmune diabetes.
Comparison of Turbulence Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate Estimates from Two Ocean Microstructure Profilers

Abstract Almost 1000 microstructure profiles from two separate groups on two separate ships using different instrumentation, signal processing, and calibration procedures were compared for a 3.5-day time period at 0°, 140°W and within 11 km of each other. Systematic bias in the estimates of ϵ is less than a factor of 2, which is within estimates of the cumulative uncertainties in the measurement of ϵ. Although there is no evidence for strong gradients in mean currents, water properties, or surface meteorology, occasional hourly averages of ϵ differ by several factors of 10. Both groups observed periods where ϵ estimates exceeded those of the other group by large factors. The authors believe that the primary reason for these large differences is natural variability, which appears to be greater in the meridional direction than in the zonal direction.
Eosinophilic esophagitis: it's not just kid's stuff.

Increasing evidence suggests that the esophagus serves as both a conduit for food and a participant in immune responses.1-6 This complex structure possesses innate elements of defense and orchestrates the migration of inflammatory cells, such as lymphocytes and eosinophils, into the squamous epithelium. In that regard, recent clinical experiences have identified an emerging entity termed eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). Although it is thought to occur primarily in children, a significant body of evidence suggests EE affects adults as well. Diagnostic clues are often detected in the gross appearance of the esophageal mucosa, thus emphasizing the important role of GI endoscopists in recognizing this disease. To complete this review of EE, the MEDLINE database was searched for articles containing the words “eosinophilic esophagitis,” “allergic esophagitis,” “ringed,” or “corrugated esophagus.” This search yielded 83 articles dating back to 1978. Review articles, articles lacking any details of the esophageal histology, and those reporting eosinophilic esophagitis in association with eosinophilic gastroenteritis were excluded. Twenty-nine articles and 3 abstracts detailing the experiences of gastroenterologists, pathologists, allergists, and radiologists with 186 patients with EE (35% adults) were examined and form the basis for the clinical details of this article.4,7-37 In addition, 5 investigations examined the immunopathology and pathogenesis of this condition.4,10,38-40 More than two thirds of the articles were published during the last 5 years.
Synthesis of Photoacid Generator-Containing Patternable Diblock Copolymers by Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Transfer Polymerization

Novel well-defined, patternable diblock copolymers containing photoacid-generating sulfonium and acid-sensitive ester units in one of the blocks were synthesized by reversible addition−fragmentation transfer polymerization, and their self-assembling as well as lithographic properties were investigated.
Thecal designs in isorophinid edrioasteroids

A study of functional morphology in the edrioasteroid suborder Isorophina reveals three major thecal designs: domal, pyrgate, and clavate. Pyrgate forms are characterized by specialized morphologic features that facilitate extension of the theca well above the substrate and contraction of the theca to a low, streamlined, domal profile. Domal forms have a low, domal thecal profile capable of little shape change. Clavate forms are characterized by modifications to the pyrgate theca to facilitate higher-level suspension feeding. Pyrgate species are generalized edrioasteroids that inhabited a variety of nearshore open-marine environments. Domal species are small specialized edrioasteroids that inhabited shallow-marine to intertidal environments. Clavate species inhabited offshore, open-marine environments. The size reduction of the peripheral rim and the modifications to the pedunculate zone are adaptations allowing clavate edrioasteroids to compete for small attachment sites while maintaining the ability to extend the theca for higher-level suspension feeding and respiration. A phylogenetic analysis of well-known isorophinid edrioasteroids to determine the relationships between the three designs indicates that domal species are a monophyletic group within the Isorophinidae, clavate species are a monophyletic group within the Agelacrinitidae, and isorophinid pyrgate species are a paraphyletic group ancestral to both domal and clavate forms. □Edrioasteroidea, Echinodermata, functional morphology, phylogeny.
Electromechanical Lag of the Left Ventricle

The left ventricular electromechanical interval (EMI) was measured in 50 normal subjects using both the apex upstroke (ACGu) and mitral component of the first heart sound (IM) as endpoints, and was compared with the kinetocardiographic endpoint (“Initial Ventricular Movement”). ACGu yielded the shortest EMI, for which our value is: EMI=q—ACGu=22 ± 9·8 msec. q—ACGu is the logical electromechanical interval, because ACGu is the earliest clinically detectable mechanical activity, preceding the LV pressure upstroke and occurring only slightly later than changes experimentally registered by intramyocardial sensors.
Affinity chromatography of carbohydrate-specific immunoglobulins: coupling of oligosaccharides to sepharose.

Abstract A simple method has been developed for the coupling of oligosaccharides to Sepharose. The sugars are reacted with β-(p-aminophenyl)-ethylamine to form N-alkylglycosides which are then reduced with sodium borohydride to stable secondary amines. The derivatives are then coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose through their arylamino groups. Yields are essentially quantitative based on starting oligosaccharides. An affinity column containing lacto- N -difucohexaose I coupled to Sepharose by this method was used for the purification of an antibody directed against this oligosaccharide. The antibody is absorbed by the gel and is specifically eluted by the free sugar.
Bio-Normative Geopolitics: The US and the Darfur Crisis in Sudan

Building on the work of Giorgio Agamben and Michel Foucault, this paper explores the critical intersection between biopolitics and geopolitics. More specifically, an analysis is performed on the discourse that has been produced by the US executive with regard to the ongoing Darfur crisis. I interpret this discourse as part of a bio-normative geopolitical calculation aimed at maintaining the US claim on the valuation of global life without, however, committing many resources to actually protecting and securing this life within a meaningful political community. This investigation points particularly to the challenge that foreign humanitarian crises pose to the legitimacy of the United States' global hegemonic ambitions. I argue that the United States has responded to this challenge by presenting itself as a global moral hegemon whose role is primarily to judge rather than act with regard to the protection of foreign human life. As the named “genocide” in Darfur continues, the United States is also forcing a...