cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pseudodifferential Operators of Type ( ρ , δ )

In order to generalize the parametrix construction of Section 1, Chapter I to certain classes of nonelliptic (yet hypoelliptic) equations, one must enlarge the pool of amplitudes that one is willing to use. Such a construction is carried out in Section 1 of this chapter. In an embryonic form it was first, I believe, attempted in Treves [1]. The classes of symbols best suited for such an extension were introduced and described by Hormander in [3], and given the name S ρ,δ classes. Roughly speaking the properties of pseudodifferential operators of type (1, 0), our “standard” pseudodifferential operators (Chapter I), generalize well to type (ρ, δ) as long as we keep 0 ≤ δ < ½ < ρ, as shown in Section 2.
Development and characteristics of Mechanical Porous Ambient Comet Simulants as comet surface analogs

Abstract Comets are icy remnants of the Solar System formation, and as such contain some of the most primitive volatiles and organic materials. Sampling the surface of a comet is a high priority for the New Frontiers program. Planetary simulants are crucial to the development of adequate in situ instruments and sample acquisition systems. A high-fidelity comet surface simulant has been developed to support hardware design and development for one Comet Surface Sample Return tool, the BiBlade Comet Sampler. Mechanical Porous Ambient Comet Simulants (MPACS) can be manufactured to cover a wide range of desired physical properties, such as density and cone penetration resistance, and exhibit a brittle fracture mode. The structure of the MPACS materials is an aggregated composite structure of weakly-bonded grains of very small size (diameter ≤ 40 μm) that are most relevant to the structure of the surface of a comet nucleus.
Recognition of Gestural Behaviors Expressed by Humanoid Robotic Platforms for Teaching Affect Recognition to Children with Autism - A Healthy Subjects Pilot Study

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impaired social interactions and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Children who are considered to be within the spectrum tend to lack the social interaction, facial processing, and emotion recognition and implementation skills that typically developing children possess. These impairments inhibit positive social interactions, relationship building, and effective communication, which could potentially lead to distress and frustration for the child. This study focuses on developing a system to teach five of the six universal emotions. Therefore, we created an emotional gesture set to be performed on a pair of humanoid robot platforms, the NAO and the Mini Darwin. As a step towards reaching that goal of teaching and assessing children with ASD, we conducted a pilot study with able-bodied adults to validate that the gesture set created was easily recognizable. In this pilot study, we asked 137 able-bodied adult participants to watch the system perform gestures that associated to emotions. Then, we asked them to identify the emotion that the system was attempting to portray. Gestures achieved recognition rates ranging in values, with a maximum rate of 96% for sadness and a minimum rate of 57% for happiness.
NFAT control of immune function: New Frontiers for an Abiding Trooper

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was first described almost three decades ago as a Ca 2+/calcineurin-regulated transcription factor in T cells. Since then, a large body of research uncovered the regulation and physiological function of different NFAT homologues in the immune system and many other tissues. In this review, we will discuss novel roles of NFAT in T cells, focusing mainly on its function in humoral immune responses, immunological tolerance, and the regulation of immune metabolism.
The Mediation of Hair: Ṣūfī, Ḥurūfī, and Poetic Usages in Persian Texts

This essay takes hair’s cultural salience for granted and uses this to explore the interconnectedness of various spheres of social and intellectual life in the Iranian world during the fourteenth c...
Teaching Integrated Social Network Marketing Communication with a Portfolio of Experiential Exercises Methods

Essential to advertisers’ successful use of the new social networks on the Internet is the application of the integrated marketing communication (IMC) concept. This paper provides a portfolio of st...
Does open lung biopsy affect treatment in patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates

The decision to perform open lung biopsy in the evaluation of a diffuse pulmonary infiltrate is based on the probability that this examination will yield specific information that may lead to a change in treatment. The role of this procedure remains controversial and many clinicians are reluctant to allow this invasive procedure without assurances that results will lead to a change in therapy for a significant number. To evaluate the impact of open lung biopsy on diagnosis and treatment of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, we conducted a retrospective review of 61 patients undergoing this procedure at three university-affiliated hospitals during a recent 7-year period. There were 37 men and 24 women; average age was 57 years. Biopsy yielded a specific diagnosis in 21 (34%) patients and a change in therapy in 33 (54%) patients. A complication developed in 11 (18%) patients, directly related to the biopsy procedure in six (10%). Eight patients died. The immune status in 22 (36%) patients was compromised. A specific diagnosis was obtained in 13 (59%) immunocompromised patients and a change in therapy occurred in 17 (77%) of these patients after biopsy. A specific diagnosis was obtained in only eight (21%) of the 39 noncompromised patients and therapy was changed in 16 (41%) patients in this group (p
Translational informatics: an industry perspective

Translational informatics (TI) is extremely important for the pharmaceutical industry, especially as the bar for regulatory approval of new medications is set higher and higher. This paper will explore three specific areas in the drug development lifecycle, from tools developed by precompetitive consortia to standardized clinical data collection to the effective delivery of medications using clinical decision support, in which TI has a major role to play. Advancing TI will require investment in new tools and algorithms, as well as ensuring that translational issues are addressed early in the design process of informatics projects, and also given higher weight in funding or publication decisions. Ultimately, the source of translational tools and differences between academia and industry are secondary, as long as they move towards the shared goal of improving health.
A noninvasive method for the determination of in vivo mitral valve leaflet strains.

Assessment of mitral valve (MV) function is important in many diagnostic, prognostic, and surgical planning applications for treatment of MV disease. Yet, to date, there are no accepted noninvasive methods for determination of MV leaflet deformation, which is a critical metric of MV function. In this study, we present a novel, completely noninvasive computational method to estimate MV leaflet in-plane strains from clinical-quality real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (rt-3DE) images. The images were first segmented to produce meshed medial-surface leaflet geometries of the open and closed states. To establish material point correspondence between the two states, an image-based morphing pipeline was implemented within a finite element (FE) modeling framework in which MV closure was simulated by pressurizing the open-state geometry, and local corrective loads were applied to enforce the actual MV closed shape. This resulted in a complete map of local systolic leaflet membrane strains, obtained from the final FE mesh configuration. To validate the method, we utilized an extant in vitro database of fiducially labeled MVs, imaged in conditions mimicking both the healthy and diseased states. Our method estimated local anisotropic in vivo strains with less than 10% error and proved to be robust to changes in boundary conditions similar to those observed in ischemic MV disease. Next, we applied our methodology to ovine MVs imaged in vivo with rt-3DE and compared our results to previously published findings of in vivo MV strains in the same type of animal as measured using surgically sutured fiducial marker arrays. In regions encompassed by fiducial markers, we found no significant differences in circumferential(P = 0.240) or radial (P = 0.808) strain estimates between the marker-based measurements and our novel noninvasive method. This method can thus be used for model validation as well as for studies of MV disease and repair.
Cardiac Fibrosis in Proteotoxic Cardiac Disease is Dependent Upon Myofibroblast TGF -β Signaling.

Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) is an important cytokine in mediating the cardiac fibrosis that often accompanies pathogenic cardiac remodeling. Cardiomyocyte‐specific expression...
Phase I/II study of vosaroxin and decitabine in older patients (pts) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

7098 Background: Vosaroxin is a first-in-class anticancer quinolone derivative (AQD) that intercalates DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II and has previously demonstrated activity in AML. We conducte...
The Value of Attestation by Public Accountants: Evidence from Loan Pricing

There is little direct empirical evidence on the value of having financial statements examined by independent accountants or on whether the benefits of attestation vary with degree. The purpose of our paper is to provide evidence on both of these issues by examining how interest rates charged on bank loans vary with the amount of attestation purchased by borrowing firms. We use a sample of loans to small, private companies that are not required by regulation to purchase audits. Our paper studies one potential benefit of attestation, that of reduced interest rates on bank loans. We address the following question: Given the loan officer's decision to grant the loan, does the level of attestation affect loan pricing? To answer the question we estimate cross-sectional regressions of loan interest rates. We include dummy variables for the levels of attestation in the regressions as well as variables to control for credit risk and other relevant characteristics of the loan contract. The coefficients of the dummy variables provide estimates of the interest rate differences across attestation levels. We also conduct statistical tests for differences in interest rates across the four levels of attestation. Finally, we investigate how the interest rate savings of audits vary with the size of the firm and the amount of the loan. We find that firms providing audited financial statements pay lower interest rates on their bank loans than those providing reviewed or compiled statements, or those firms compiling their own statements, ceteris paribus. Loan interest rates are not, however, significantly different among firms providing reviewed, compiled, or unattested financial statements. We estimate that the purchase of an audit saves a company with total assets of $1 million approximately 37 basis points annually on the loan rate, compared to the lower levels of attestation. This benefit of the audit decreases with firm size. For example, a company with total assets of $5 million saves only 11 basis points. Audited firms with greater than approximately $10 million of total assets actually pay higher loan rates than unaudited firms, but the larger firms enjoy more external benefits of the audit which are not reflected in the loan rate.
Evaluating the effect of roasting on coffee lipids using a hybrid targeted-untargeted NMR approach in combination with MRI.

Abstract An integrated targeted-untargeted 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis was applied to determine the impact of roasting on coffee lipids. For targeted analysis, both an internal standard (IS) method, as well as the ERETIC2 tool based on PULCON (Pulse Length-based Concentration determination), were used for quantitation. PULCON allows for quantitative analysis without sample contamination with an IS and was found to be in very good agreement with the traditional IS approach as indicated by a systematic Bland-Altman comparison study. For the untargeted analysis, NMR was coupled with multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA), namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). 13 C NMR spectra were acquired using a z-stored spin-echo sequence to achieve higher spectral quality, which is important for both targeted and untargeted analysis. Results showed that roasting has a clear effect on coffee lipids, with diterpenes, oxidation/hydrolysis products and unsaturated fatty acid chains being the most significant markers. In addition, the application of MRI indicated important morphological alterations in bean structure and lipid migration from the endosperm to the surface of the coffee bean.
Toeplitz-Composition $$\hbox {C}^*$$C∗ -Algebras Induced by Linear-Fractional Non-automorphism Self-Maps of the Disk

Let $${\mathcal {M}}$$ be an arbitrary collection of linear-fractional non-automorphism self-maps of the unit disk $$\mathbb {D}$$. We consider the unital $$\hbox {C}^*$$-algebras $$C^*(T_z, \{C_{\varphi } : \varphi \in {\mathcal {M}}\})$$ and $$C^*(\{C_{\varphi } : \varphi \in {\mathcal {M}}\}, {\mathcal {K}})$$ generated by the composition operators induced by the maps in $${\mathcal {M}}$$ and either the unilateral shift $$T_z$$ or the ideal of compact operators $${\mathcal {K}}$$ on the Hardy space $$H^2(\mathbb {D})$$. We describe the structures of these $$\hbox {C}^*$$-algebras, modulo the ideal of compact operators, for all finite collections $${\mathcal {M}}$$ as well as all collections $${\mathcal {M}}$$ that have finite boundary behavior. This work completes a line of research investigating the structures, modulo the ideal of compact operators, of Toeplitz-composition and composition $$\hbox {C}^*$$-algebras induced by linear-fractional non-automorphism self-maps of $$\mathbb {D}$$ that has unfolded over the last decade and half. While all results in this paper are stated for $$H^2(\mathbb {D})$$, the descriptions of the structures of these $$\hbox {C}^*$$-algebras, modulo the ideal of compact operators, also apply to the weighted Bergman spaces $$A^2_{\alpha }(\mathbb {D})$$ for $$\alpha > -1$$.
Multidisciplinary Shared Decision Making in the Management of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast.

Controversy continues regarding the use of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) and hormonal therapy (HT) for patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). A prospective database was queried to identify women 18 years of age or older treated for DCIS from 2002 to 2013. BCT was completed for 300 patients with a median age of 66 years. The median DCIS size was 0.7 cm (range 0.1–6.0 cm). The DCIS grades were high (44 %), intermediate (37 %), and low (19 %). The closest margin was wider than 3 mm in 80 % and wider than 5 mm in 63 % of the cases. Adjuvant RT was administered to 183 patients (61 %), and the RT status of 9 patients (3 %) was unknown. RT was associated with age, DCIS size, comedo necrosis, grade, and treatment in 2002–2007 versus 2008–2013. Adjuvant HT was administered to 86 estrogen receptor-positive patients (39 %), and the HT status of 4 patients (2 %) was unknown. The median follow-up period was 63 months (range 4–151 months). The 5-year overall local recurrence (LR) rate was 4 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.1–7.4 %). The 5-year LR rate was 3.9 % (95 % CI 1.8–8.6 %) for the RT patients and 4.1 % (95 % CI 1.6–10.7 %) for the patients not receiving RT. Of 13 LRs, 10 (77 %) were DCIS, and 3 (23 %) were invasive including one node-positive recurrence. Multidisciplinary and joint decision making in the treatment of DCIS results in a substantial and increasing number of patients forgoing adjuvant RT, adjuvant HT, or both. Reasonable 5-year LR rates suggest that such decision making can appropriately allocate patients to adjuvant therapies.
Opioid prescribing patterns and usage after rhinologic surgery: A systematic review

Abstract Objective Judicious management of analgesics following rhinologic surgery is important for curtailing over-prescription of opioids. Limited data exists defining expected pain levels and appropriate opioid requirements after rhinologic surgery. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library databases were queried, and relevant articles were identified. Results A total of 405 articles were identified, of which 13 met final inclusion criteria. Significant heterogeneity existed regarding type and quantity of opioid medication prescribed. Eight studies utilized a subjective patient-reported pain score as an outcome measure and reported mild to moderate postoperative pain that diminished over the first 3–6 days. Eight studies reported over-prescription of opioid medications with inappropriate storage of excess pills at home. Several factors were associated with an increased opioid requirement, including concurrent septoplasty, younger age, and current smoking status. Conclusion Rhinologic surgery is well tolerated with mild to moderate, short-lived postoperative pain. A limited amount and duration of opioid medications is required for routine management. Patients are frequently prescribed more opioids than is necessary for expected pain level, resulting in the potential for opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion. Current evidence is limited by a predominance of level 4 studies. Larger, higher quality studies with standardized reporting of pain score and opioid prescription quantity are needed.
A systematic approach to debugging

Abstract Before we begin to look at specific problems and the tools used to solve them, this chapter discusses a general strategy for fixing and finding problems. Even the best tools need to be set up properly, and the best tool to start with is the engineer. I provide several examples of correct and incorrect methods of debugging, with a particular focus on students.
Measuring Physical Fitness for Military Cadets Officers

The research objective measures the muscle lower body of level of fitness included in armed forces cadet commissioner in Malaysia. This research uses standing broad jump as test battery to measure muscle lower body fitness and to gauge the sample power of fitness. 212 male respondents (N = 212) comprising of military cadet commissioner of the NDUM were chosen into research. The standing broad jump test was utilized as an instrument for this research. Quantitative research as a quasi-experiment is the technique embraced for this research. The quasi-experiment technique is utilized to gauge and assess the degree of physical fitness of muscle lower body especially for leg power fitness among the military cadet officers. The research plan is a quasi-experiment study with pre- and post-test where data were gotten through down to testing at the outdoor. The information broke down utilizing the SPSS programming adaptation 20.0 to figure standard deviation, mean and paired sample t-test in measure the lower body of physical fitness of the military cadet officers. The result appears that the standard deviation and mean for measure the muscle lower body fitness is (m = 204.01), (SD = 23.197) for pre-test and (m = 222.21) (SD = 20.716) for post-test. The paired-sample t-test for assessing the level of fitness in muscle lower body for pre- and post-test is significantly different (p < 0.05). The ramifications of research the military cadet officers can recognize the degree of physical fitness of their muscle lower body especially for leg power fitness.
Gauge Freedom in Chiral Gauge Theory with Vacuum Overlap

Dynamical nature of the gauge degrees of freedom and its effect to fermion spectrum are studied at $\beta=\infty$ for two- and four-dimensional nonabelian chiral gauge theories in the vacuum overlap formalism. It is argued that the disordered gauge degrees of freedom does not contradict to the chiral spectrum of lattice fermion.
AC Electrothermal Flow-Enhanced, Label-Free Immunosensor for Rapid Electrochemical Sensing

We report a label-free immunosensor employing AC electrothermal flow- (ACEF-) induced mixing for rapid electrochemical measurements of protein biomarkers. Compared with conventional immunoassays that require long (> 1 hr) incubation periods, ACEF-induced mixing significantly reduces the time required for immunocomplex formation while also enhancing the detection sensitivity. Numerical simulations and experimental studies were performed to validate the ACEF mixing approach, and optimize the ACEF operating parameters. Through cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence imaging, we show that ACEF mixing enhances antigen-antibody binding resulting in improved detection sensitivity compared with incubation- based immunocomplex formation. For proof of concept, this immunosensor was used for quantitative measurements of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), a biomarker for malaria infection, in buffer samples, which could be detected from 1 ng/mL - 10,000 ng/mL in < 10 min with excellent specificity.
The efficacy and safety of definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for non-operable esophageal cancer.

Objective To report outcomes and toxicity in patients who received definitive concurrent chemoradiation (DCCRT) for non-operable esophageal cancer (EC) in the modern era, and to identify markers of overall and disease-free survival (OS/DFS). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with unresectable EC who received DCCRT at our institution between 1/2008 and 1/2019. Descriptive statistics were used to report disease-control outcomes and CTCAE v4.0-5.0 toxicities. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression, and stepwise regression were used to identify associations with survival. Results At a median follow-up of 19.5 months, 130 patients with adenocarcinoma (AC) (62%) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (38%) were evaluable (Stage II-III: 92%). Patients received carboplatin/paclitaxel (75%) or fluorouracil-based (25%) concurrent chemotherapy. Median total RT dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 44.7-71.4 Gy) delivered in 28 fractions (24-35). Locoregional and distant recurrence occurred in 30% and 35% of AC, and 24% and 33% of SCC, respectively. Median OS and DFS were 22.9 and 10.7 months in AC, and 25.7 and 20.2 months in SCC, respectively. On stepwise regression, tumor stage, feeding tube during DCCRT, and change in primary tumor PET/CT SUVmax were significantly associated with OS and DFS. Most severe toxicities were acute grade 4 hematologic cytopenia (6%) and radiation dermatitis (1%). Most common acute grade 3 toxicities were hematologic cytopenia (35%), dysphagia (23%), and anorexia (19%). Conclusions Treatment of non-operable EC with DCCRT has acceptable toxicity and can provide multi-year disease control for some patients, even in AC. Continued follow-up and investigation in large studies would be useful.
A co-axial electron gun to generate millimeter-wave RF using the two-stream instability.

A novel source for broadband millimeter-wave RF is being designed at Los Alamos National Laboratory utilizing the two-stream instability. This RF source offers the potential for consistent output power over a large bandwidth on a single device. The source is designed to use two co-axial electron beams coupled into solenoidal magnetic fields. This is accomplished using two cathodes independently modulated nested in each other. The electron beam energy from the innermost cathode will fall in the range between 15 and 20 keV with the beam energy from the outer cathode being 75%–95% of the inner beam energy. In order to efficiently match the beam from the outer cathode into the solenoidal magnetic field, shields are used around the cathodes to shape the electric field in the gun region to extend the electrostatic focal length of the beams for better coupling into the magnetic field. We present the design of electron guns and expected performance using Trak simulations.
Performance Comparison of Layered Composite Bimodal Fiber Mats with Unimodal Fiber Mats

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF LAYERED COMPOSITE BIMODAL FIBER MATS WITH UNIMODAL FIBER MATS By Sukhada Sanjay Kulkarni, B.E A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Director: Dr. Gary. C. Tepper, Professor, Mechanical Engineering This study was conducted to evaluate and compare performance of unimodal and bimodal mats with approximately same mass. 10% and 18% Nylon 4, 6 polymer solution were used for electrospinning the fibers. A negative ion source was used to neutralize the surface charge. The fiber diameters were measured with SEM and were <500 nm thus incorporating the slip effect. Bimodal mats were prepared from different deposition modes. Optimal mode was selected on analyzing the performance factors. The bimodal mats were then compared with unimodal mats. For their performance the fiber mass for these mats was approximately the same. It was observed that the unimodal mats had higher efficiencies and higher pressure drop giving a lower FOM. Bimodal mats showed lower efficiencies and pressure drop compared to unimodal mats. However, the FOM for bimodal mats was approximately 200% higher than unimodal mats
Suppression of TNF-α-Induced Apoptosis by NF-κB

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) signaling gives rise to a number of events, including activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Previous studies of TNF-alpha signaling have suggested that these two events occur independently. The sensitivity and kinetics of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis are shown to be enhanced in a number of cell types expressing a dominant-negative IkappaBalpha (IkappaBalphaM). These findings suggest that a negative feedback mechanism results from TNF-alpha signaling in which NF-kappaB activation suppresses the signals for cell death.
Resting State EEG Serves As A Promising Biomarker Of Cognitive And Language Function In Young Children With ASD. (P7.340)

Objectives: To characterize resting state EEG oscillations in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in order to determine (1) if EEG can differentiate children with ASD from typically developing children and (2) if resting state patterns correlate with cognitive and language abilities within the spectrum. Background: EEG oscillations reflect dynamic postsynaptic cortical activity and serve as a valuable measure of aberrant local and long-range connectivity, both of which are impaired in ASD. Methods: 48 children with ASD and 69 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls ASD (average age 50 months) were studied. EEG was recorded for 2 minutes using a 128-electrode Hydrocel Geodesic Sensor Net System (EGI inc) while children watched a video of bubbles. Segments containing eye movements and EMG were analyzed separately from artifact free segments to determine their impact on the calculation of power. Data were transformed into the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform. Estimates of absolute and relative power were calculated for theta (5-8 hz), alpha (8-13 hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz). Cognitive testing was performed in all participants using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Results: The ASD group was significantly more impaired than TD controls in overall IQ, non-verbal IQ, receptive and expressive language ability. Eye movements and EMG activity significantly affected the calculation of EEG power in all frequency bands. Therefore, segments containing these artifacts were removed prior to analysis. The groups differed significantly in left posterior gamma power (ASD &lt TD), central and posterior alpha power (ASD&ltTD) and frontocentral theta power (ASD&gtTD). In the ASD group, frontal theta power negatively correlated with full scale IQ and expressive language function, with higher theta power associated with cognitive and language impairment. Conclusions: Resting state oscillations serve as a promising predictive biomarker for cognitive and language function in young children with ASD. Disclosure: Dr. McEvoy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jeste has received personal compensation for activities with Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance. Dr. Jeste has received research support from the Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, Child Neurology Foundation, the American Academy of Neurology, and Autism Speaks.
Essay Written At 2 A.m.

As near as I can tell the chief merit of writing while flat on one's back in the dark is that you get to imagine you're a half dead Englishman who has awakened in his or her tomb in London's Highgate Cemetery and you're pulling on the rope that rings the bell outside so that pre sumably a man who is cutting the grass will hear your alarm and come running. I once visited the tomb of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and sure enough there was a bell on the roof.
Characterizing the sediment bed in terms of resistance to motion: Toward an improved model of saltation thresholds for aeolian transport

Abstract Models of aeolian transport thresholds generate a wide range of predictions, and error in threshold modeling leads to uncertainty in predicting aeolian events. This paper proposes a new characterization of the representative grain size for use in prediction of transport thresholds. This characterization is based on the distribution of resistance to motion in the sediment bed. The traditional grain size distribution uses a mean diameter to represent the sediment bed. However, the distribution of inertial forces resisting motion is not linearly proportional to the distribution of grain diameters, so that an arithmetic mean does not adequately represent the distribution of the resisting forces. A simple relation of shear stress to weight force is used to represent the threshold condition. Based on comparison with threshold observations drawn from the literature, the model provides reliable predictions of threshold stress and shear velocity for dry quartz grains over a wide range of grain sizes. Given that the dataset was drawn from studies employing a variety of experimental conditions and techniques, and that these studies spanned a range of nearly eight decades, the model is considered to provide a robust approximation of threshold conditions.
A theory-based controlling UEP method for direct analysis of power system transient stability

A theory-based controlling unstable-equilibrium-point (UEP) method is presented for direct analysis of power system transient stability. The system model is described, and an algorithm for finding the controlling UEP is presented. This method has been tested on a 118-bus power system for which the classical power system model is used. Simulation results so far indicate that the method gives reliable and accurate stability assessments. Its computational efficiency needs further investigation. >
Extended latent class approach to the study of familial/sporadic forms of a disease: its application to the study of the heterogeneity of schizophrenia

When no method exists for detecting genetic forms of a disorder, epidemiologists classify probands according to the presence or absence of an affected relative (familial or sporadic). Not only is this a surrogate measure but if the risk for the disorder is associated with characteristics such as age and gender, then probands with varied distributions of these characteristics among their relatives are subject to misclassification. A latent class approach is presented which explicitly models the relationship between the affected status of the relatives and the unobservable familial/sporadic status of the proband in order to adjust for these characteristics. Lastly, an approach is introduced to correct for attenuation in measures of association between familial/sporadic status and other variables that could result if probands are misclassified. This approach incorporates the latent class probabilities directly into the regression model without classifying probands. These methods are applied to a study of the heterogeneity of schizophrenia.
Mass issues of the compositeness inspiredY boson

The (isoscalar)Y boson, originally introduced on the basis of compositeness andW, Y dominance can also be understood as an extra gauge boson within aU(1)B×SU(2)L×U(1)Y gauge theory broken by an appropriate choice of the Higgs sector. However, imposing only the requirements of unitarity and a massless photon, we are led to degenerate mass terms for the predicted massive neutral vector bosons.
The arteries of the corpus callosum: a microsurgical anatomic study.

OBJECTIVE : The corpus callosum is the major commissural pathway connecting the hemispheres of the human brain. It is particularly important, because various tumors and vascular lesions can be located in and around the corpus callosum, and it is a route through which pass several surgical approaches. Performing accurate surgery in this region and avoiding damage to normal structures require that the neurosurgeon have adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the intricate blood supply to this area. METHODS : In 20 cadaver brains, the arteries of the corpus callosum were examined under the operating microscope, with particular attention to the origin, course, anastomoses, number, and caliber of the arteries. RESULTS : In all specimens, the pericallosal and posterior pericallosal arteries were found to be the main sources of blood supply to the corpus callosum. In 80% of the specimens, the anterior communicating artery gave rise to either a subcallosal artery or a median callosal artery, each of which made a substantial contribution to the blood supply of the corpus callosum. A detailed examination of the anatomic features of all the main arteries of supply revealed anastomoses within the callosal sulcus that formed the pericallosal pial plexus. This network supplied the corpus callosum, the radiation of the corpus callosum, and the cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION : Familiarity with the details of the vascularity of the corpus callosum is crucial when performing surgery in this region. The additional, significant data described expands the knowledge of this anatomy, which can enhance the surgeon's ability to accomplish a more accurate and successful exploration.
Neuropsychological data in nondemented oldest old: The 90+ Study

Although the oldest old are the fastest growing segment of the population, little is known about their cognitive performance. Our aim was to compile a relatively brief test battery that could be completed by a majority of individuals aged 90 or over, compensates for sensory losses, and incorporates previously validated, standardized, and accessible instruments. Means, standard deviations, and percentiles for 10 neuropsychological tests covering multiple cognitive domains are reported for 339 nondemented members of the 90+ Study. Cognitive performance declined with age for two-thirds of the tests. Performance on some tests was also affected by gender, education, and depression scores.
The ion beam materials analysis laboratory at the environmental molecular sciences laboratory

Abstract The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a Department of Energy (DOE) collaborative scientific user facility located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), is completing an accelerator facility dedicated to ion beam modification and analysis of materials. This facility consists of a new 3.4 MV tandem accelerator from National Electrostatic Corporation (NEC), two ion sources including an Alphatross source and a SNICS sputter source, and three beam lines. One of the beam lines (+30° beam line) is dedicated to ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) materials analysis. The end station at this beam line has high-energy ion scattering capabilities including Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), channeling, nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), as well as electron spectroscopies such as low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). This end station is interfaced with the EMSL sample transfer capability which allows a sample to be synthesized, processed, and characterized in different surface science instruments at EMSL without exposing the sample to air. A commercial high vacuum RC43 end station from NEC has capabilities for RBS, NRA, ERDA, particle induced X-ray and gamma emission (PIXE and PIGE), and is located at the end of the −15° beam line. A custom high vacuum end station is connected to the +15° beam line and is dedicated to ion implantation.
Solution structure and functional characterization of human plasminogen kringle 5.

The ligand binding properties of the kringle 5 (K5) domain of human plasminogen have been investigated via intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. The oleic acid (OA) affinity for K5 was quantified, yielding an association constant Ka ∼ 2.08 × 104 mM−1. Simultaneously, it was determined that OA and trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (AMCHA) (Ka ∼ 50 mM−1) compete for binding to K5. The solution structure of K5 in the presence of 11 mM AMCHA was solved via NMR spectroscopy (protein heavy atom RMSD ∼ 0.93 ± 0.12 A). The AMCHA binding site was localized via 1H/15N chemical shift perturbation mapping assisted by in silico docking. We have found that AMCHA binds at the canonical kringle lysine binding site (LBS), structured by the Pro54−Gly60 segment plus the neighboring Phe36, Thr37, Trp62, Leu71, and Tyr72 residues. The segment 30−42, encompassing LBS residues, appears to be endowed with a higher degree of structural flexibility as suggested by the relatively lower value of S2, the generalized order ...
Hemodilution Is Common in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

Background— Anemia frequently occurs in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and is associated with a poor prognosis. A low hematocrit may result from an increased plasma volume (hemodilution) or from reduced red blood cell volume (true anemia). The prevalence and clinical outcome of CHF patients with hemodilution is unknown. Methods and Results— The prevalence of anemia and its effect on outcome was examined in 196 patients with CHF. The prevalence of hemodilution was assessed in a subset of 37 ambulatory anemic patients with I131-tagged albumin to measure red blood cell and plasma volume. Clinical outcome was monitored. Sixty-one percent of the CHF patients were anemic. The prevalence of anemia increased from 33% in patients with New York Heart Association class II heart failure to 68% in class IV CHF patients. Survival was reduced in anemic patients compared with patients with a normal hematocrit (P<0.05). In the subset of 37 anemic patients, 17 patients (46%) had hemodilution and 20 patients (54%) had...
Adjuvante Chemotherapie beim Mamma-Karzinom: Vergleich der CMF- und NOSTE-Therapie

Bei der adjuvanten Chemotherapie von nodal positiven Mammakarzinom-Patientinnen hat sich weitgehend das CMF-Schema etabliert. Da es sich hierbei um eine subjektiv belastende Therapie handelt, wird nach besser vertr~glichen ~iquieffektiven Alternatiyen gesucht. Aufgrund guter Erfahrungen beim metastasierten Mammakarzinom k6nnte hierftir das NOSTE-Schema geeignet sein. Es verwendet das Anthracenedion-Derivat Mitoxantron sowie den Ester yon Chlorambucil und Prednisolon, Prednimustin.
Inverted signature trees and text searching on CD-ROMS

Abstract Although text searching is an operation common to computers, it is beneficial for us to reexamine its mechanisms in the context of new techniques and technologies for storing data. This paper explores the new storage technology of the CD-ROM and introduces a data structure, called the inverted signature tree, for storing data on a CD-ROM for efficient text searching. An inverted signature tree facilitates rapid access to all sentences in a text file that contain specific search words; in addition, the structure maintains all potential search words in alphabetical order to aid in determining the proper form of a search word. The paper also compares inverted signature trees with the use of text signatures and the B+ tree.
Seventeen-year experience with 1,083 heart transplants at a single institution

Abstract Background Heart transplantation is the most accepted treatment for end-stage heart disease. A review of 1,083 consecutive transplants (1984 to 2001) was undertaken. Methods Adult recipients were divided into quartiles. The last 540 transplants were combined. Three eras were created from these, 1984 to 1991, 1991 to 1995, and 1995 to 2001, with three age groups: 0 to 18 years, 19 to 61 years, and 62 to 74 years. All patients have at least 1 year of follow-up time. End points were survival, rejection, and graft coronary artery disease. Results There were 1,012 patients. Donor age, graft ischemic time, and the proportion of elderly recipients and nonstandard donor hearts have increased in the current era. Actuarial 60-month survivals of recipients after 1995 were 80.7% (0 to 18 years); 75.3% (19 to 61 years); and 76.2% (>62 years). The current era children and younger adult groups demonstrated improved results when compared with previous eras ( p = 0.003 and p = 0.05). Rejection episodes equal to or greater than ISHLT grade 3A per person per year improved to 0.15 in the current era ( p 62 years) demonstrated fewer episodes of rejection when compared with other adults (0.13 versus 0.58, p = 0.03). Deaths attributed to graft coronary artery disease decreased from 11% to 5% from era 2 to era 3. Regression analysis revealed a mild effect of donor age on survival and graft coronary artery disease (hazard ratio=1.02, p = 0.001; hazard ratio=1.039, p p = 0.014) and congenital heart disease (hazard ratio=3.41, p = 0.02). Conclusions Improved survival in the current era may be attributed to better organ preservation, improved immunosuppression and control of infection, and less life-threatening graft coronary artery disease.
Inclusion and Democracy. By Iris Marion Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 304p. $29.95.

Engaging her contemporaries in debates over democratic ideals and processes, Iris M. Young offers a collection of seven essays that mitigate arguments on either side of those debates (participation vs. representation, localism vs. state, segregation vs. integration, identity vs. difference) by applying the critical ideal of inclusion. She argues that the normative legitimacy of democratic decisions rests upon the extent to which those affected by decisions are included in or have the opportunity to enter the decision making process. One might think that inclusion solves only one problem, the problem of exclusion, for democracy. However, Young extends the ideal of inclusion across manifold debates in democratic theory and speaks broadly to the less than ideal conditions under which we now practice democracy.
Implementation of a neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin screening programme in rural India

Background: Universal pre-discharge assessment of risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. A common algorithm is universal transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening, followed by confirmatory total serum bilirubin (TSB) testing for results which cause concern. There is a paucity of data on the feasibility of TcB screening in low-income settings.Objectives: To evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of implementing universal TcB screening at a resource-limited hospital in rural India, and to determine if it was associated with increased recognition of high-risk hyperbilirubinaemia.Methods: In December 2012 at Vivekananda Memorial Hospital, Karnataka, India, universal TcB screening at 24–48 hours of life was implemented, with TSB estimated if TcB was >75th percentile for age. The proportion of families that provided consent and the proportion of infants who underwent TcB and TSB testing were calculated. The rates of phototherapy pre- and post-implementatio...
On the role of a cuprous ion intermediate in the galactose oxidase reaction.

Abstract The Cu+2 electron spin resonance spectrum of galactose oxidase (galactose:O2 oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.3.9) indicates that the metal is in a pseudo-square planar environment. The electron g values are: gzz = 2.273, gxx = 2.058 and gyy = 2.048. The copper nuclear hyperfine constants are (in Gauss): Azz = 176.5, Axx = 28.8 and Ayy = 30.1. This spectrum is unaltered in either intensity or g or A values under conditions which cause the inhibition of galactose oxidase by superoxide dismutase. No combination of substrates (galactose and O2) and oxidant traps (superoxide dismutase and catalase) results in the reduction of the cupric ion resonance. Thus, a Cu+1-enzyme does not appear to be a stable intermediate along this enzyme's reaction path.
Research on rapid smoking: interim summary and recommendations.

Abstract The available evidence on rapid smoking is catalogued and evaluated in order to develop recommendations for future research. Compared to the early successful studies, the more recent research has generally produced less impressive levels of abstinence at treatment termination and follow-up. Changes in the “standard format of treatment” are related to observed reductions in treatment effectiveness. Overall, rapid smoking has been shown to be relatively superior to alternate smoking control interventions—sometimes strikingly so. Potential risks to participants are noted in discussion of risk-efficacy considerations. Procedural safeguards and participant screening are described.
Modelling of multilayer films using spectroscopic ellipsometry

A systematic investigation of the ellipsometric parameters of MBE-grown heterostructures of lnxGa1−xAs on GaAs substrate has been completed. The index of refraction n, and extinction coefficient, k, values of the above heterostructure in the wavelength range 500–800 nm, are presented, a region of interest in many applications. A model has been proposed for the multilayered structures, through which the thickness of the oxide layer can be determined and the observed optical characteristics of these heterostructures explained. The validity of the model was established by the excellent agreement between the measured and calculated values of the ellipsometric parameters ψ and Δ.
Analogue circuit design and implementation of an adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network architecture

Abstract An analogue circuit implementation is presented for an adaptive resonance theory neural network architecture, called the augmented ART-1 neural network (AART1-NN). The AART1-NN is a modification of the popular ARTl-NN, developed by Carpenter and Grossberg, and it exhibits the same behaviour as the ARTl-NN. The A ARTl-NN is a real-time model, and has the ability to classify an arbitrary set of binary input patterns into different clusters. The design of the AART1-NN circuit is based on a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations that constitute the AART1-NN model. The circuit is implemented by utilizing analogue electronic components such as operational amplifiers, transistors, capacitors, and resistors. The implemented circuit is verified using the PSpice circuit simulator, running on Sun workstations. Results obtained from the PSpice circuit simulation compare favourably with simulation results produced by solving the differential equations numerically. The prototype system developed here ...
On a formula of Braun and Rebane for variational bounds to overlap

A recent formula of Braun and Rebane for variational bounds to overlap is shown to be closely related to the methods of Rayner and of Weinhold for the same problem, and is extended to give upper and lower bounds to overlap in both ground and excited states.