cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The VITROS immunodiagnostics products anti-HIV 1+2 assay: A rapid and reliable method for HIV screening

Background: To ensure increased awareness of HIV status by patients, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued new guidelines that greatly expand screening recommendations. The goal of the present study was to assess the overall reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time (TAT) of the VITROS Anti-HIV 1+2 Assay (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, NY) in a large community hospital setting. The assay was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Methods: We compared our current Abbott HIVAB assay (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) with how the VITROS performed on the random access VITROS ECi/ECiQ System in a head-to-head comparison of 298 patient samples and a retrospective comparison of TAT over an 8-month period of utilization. Results: Our data indicate that the VITROS is as sensitive (100%, n=298) and more specific (98% vs 83%) than the Abbott HIVAB and has a faster average TAT (156 minutes vs 1266 minutes). Conclusions: Use of this rapid and reliable assay will lead to greater awareness of HIV status and, hopefully, a decrease in incidence of HIV disease.
Understanding the Fundamentals of Platelet Granular Storage and Release at Single Cell Level

Platelets are traditionally recognized as critical cells in hemostasis and thrombosis but have also recently been identified to play a significant role in many diseases, including bacterial infections, cancer, and allergic asthma. Platelets store and release important messenger molecules via exocytosis from two populations of granules (α- granules with adhesive protein species and δ- granules with small molecule/ion species). However, very little known about how chemical messengers are stored in these granules and the driving forces for secretion into the blood stream, thus limiting the development of new therapeutic approaches to manage the role of platelets in many physiological events. Carbon-fiber microelectrode amperometry (CFMA) enables both quantal and kinetic analysis of the exocytotic event of single cell with sub-ms time resolution but is limited to measuring electroactive species from δ-granules. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy is a complementary tool that offers an outstanding sensing ability by measuring the extremely small changes in the sensing media. This work aims to overcome the gap in fundamental knowledge about platelet granular storage and secretion by detecting serotonin secretion from δ- granules using CFMA and Platelet factor 4 (PF4) secretion from α- granules using LSPR. These measurements are performed while exposing platelets to different stimulants, including ionomycin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and thrombin. Significant differences are seen in both α- and δ-granule secretion with varied stimulant exposure, and these combined measurements yield biophysical insight into the mechanism behind these secretory behaviors.
The influence of hormones on cell division. I. Time-response of ear, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland and ventral prostate of castrate male mice to a single injection of estradiol benzoate.

Abstract The development of mitotic activity following the administration of a small dose of estradiol benzoate has been followed in the epithelia of ear, seminal vesicle, and coagulating gland of the castrate male mouse. Intrinsic and extrinsic variability have been closely controlled. All tissues respond to estrogen by increased mitotic activity. Seminal vesicle and coagulating gland reach the highest absolute values; ear is intermediate in response; and ventral prostate responds weakly. Ear epidermis responds significantly within 6 hours after hormone administration; seminal vesicle and coagulating gland respond significantly about 24 hours following treatment; and significantly elevated activity is not noted in ventral prostate until 72 hours after hormone treatment. Periodic fluctuations are noted in the mitotic activity curves which suggest the presence of tissue specific rhythms in addition to the previously demonstrated 24-hour mitotic cyle. These results are discussed in terms of the hormonal effects upon the metabolic systems which may be involved in mitotic activity.
Adolescent suicide: A critical review

Abstract Within the framework of the methodological problems that plague research in suicide, a comprehensive review of the empirical research literature on adolescent suicide is presented. Behavioral, familial/parental, cognitive, psychopathological, and demographic characteristics discriminating adolescent suicide attempters from others are reviewed. Suicidal behavior in adolescence is seen as directed primarily toward effecting change in or escape from an interpersonal system. The suicide attempt does appear to be preceded by a variety of cues indicative of conflict. However, research-derived cues, at present, have not discriminated sufficiently the potentially suicidal adolescent from other psychiatric-ally-impaired adolescents, particularly, the nonsuicidal, depressed adolescent.
Characterization of the early stages of thymic NKT cell development

Upon reaching the mature heat stable antigen (HSA)low thymic developmental stage, CD1d-restricted Valpha14-Jalpha18 thymocytes undergo a well-characterized sequence of expansion and differentiation steps that lead to the peripheral interleukin-4/interferon-gamma-producing NKT phenotype. However, their more immature HSAhigh precursors have remained elusive, and it has been difficult to determine unambiguously whether NKT cells originate from a CD4+ CD8+ double-positive (DP) stage, and when the CD4+ and CD4- CD8- double-negative (DN) NKT subsets are formed. Here, we have used a CD1d tetramer-based enrichment strategy to physically identify HSAhigh precursors in thymuses of newborn mice, including an elusive DPlow stage and a CD4+ stage, which were present at a frequency of approximately 10(-6). These HSAhigh DP and CD4+ stages appeared to be nondividing, and already exhibited the same Vbeta8 bias that characterizes mature NKT cells. This implied that the massive expansion of NKT cells is separated temporally from positive selection, but faithfully amplifies the selected TCR repertoire. Furthermore, we found that, unlike the DN gammadelta T cells, the DN NKT cells did not originate from a pTalpha-independent pathway bypassing the DP stage, but instead were produced during a short window of time from the conversion of a fraction of HSAlow NK1.1neg CD4 cells. These findings identify the HSAhigh CD4+ stage as a potential branchpoint between NKT and conventional T lineages and between the CD4 and DN NKT sublineages.
Detection of Gene Orthology Based on Protein-Protein Interaction Networks

Ortholog detection methods present a powerful approach for finding genes that participate in similar biological processes across different organisms, extending our understanding of interactions between genes across different pathways, and understanding the evolution of gene families. We exploit features derived from the alignment of protein-protein interaction networks to reconstruct KEGG orthologs for Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens protein-protein interaction networks extracted from the DIP repository for protein-protein interaction data using the decision tree, Naive-Bayes and Support Vector Machine classification algorithms. The performance of our classifiers in reconstructing KEGG orthologs is compared against a basic reciprocal BLAST hit approach. We provide implementations of the resulting algorithms as part of BiNA, an open source biomolecular network alignment toolkit.
Characterization and modeling of metal-insulator transition (MIT) based tunnel junctions

Continued physical scaling will reduce power dissipation primarily through the reduction in device capacitance; however, a far greater benefit would result if the CMOS FET could be replaced by a fundamentally new device scheme that operates under very low supply voltages. Recently, semiconductor based inter-band tunnel field effect transistors (TFET) have been explored due to their potential to achieve sub k B T/q steep switching swings, enabling low voltage operation [1]. In this work, we explore the abrupt metal to insulator transition (MIT) of vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) based tunnel junction - a first step towards a correlated electron based steep switching TFET. As illustrated in Fig.1 the metal insulator transition MIT in materials with strong electron correlation can be utilized to modulate the tunnelling current by opening an energy gap around the Fermi level in the OFF-state, and a metal-insulator-metal tunnelling current by collapsing the gap in the ON-state.
Primary Leiomyosarcoma of Brain in an Adolescent with Common Variable Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A 14-year-old girl with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome was found to have a low-grade malignant neoplasm arising in the left temporal lobe of the brain. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies established a diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma, despite the rarity of this tumor in children. In situ hybridization with the EBER probe revealed essentially all of the neoplastic cells to be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are known to exhibit an increased incidence of smooth muscle tumors associated with EBV. Similar tumors have been reported in EBV-infected patients undergoing therapeutic immunosuppression. This appears to be the first reported case of childhood leiomyosarcoma where the cause of the underlying immunodeficiency was a genetic rather than acquired disorder. The authors conclude that electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and other ancillary techniques are essential in the evaluation of unusual tumors in immunocompromised children, whether the cause is hereditary or acquired.
TEMPERATURE STRATIFICATION AND FUEL USE DURING WINTER IN THREE PENNSYLVANIA BROILER HOUSES

SUMMARY Providing a comfortable, uniform environment for broilers is one goal of ventilation, but minimizing fuel consumption is often an overriding consideration during cold weather. Three broiler houses in central Pennsylvania were monitored over three complete flock cycles for temperature conditions to document the impact winter ventilation management had on house environment and fuel use. Undesirable temperature stratification resulted in chick-level temperatures that averaged over 3.0 °C (5.4 °F) cooler than target temperatures on the day of chick arrival at the poultry house. Temperatures at the thermostat sensor height of 1.5 m (5 ft) were closer to desirable conditions. Space heaters (furnaces) directed heated air well into the room, but when the ventilation system inlets did not provide adequate mixing of this heated air with cooler outside air, temperature stratification developed. This was particularly a problem at low minimum ventilation rates when timer fans were employed. Timer fans were not necessarily effectively managed in these facilities. Monitoring environmental conditions at bird level is a first step in eliminating cool floor temperatures. A more uniform temperature can be maintained when more effective air mixing discourages temperature stratification development. Partial house brooding was an advantage because approximately one-third less fuel was utilized with an opportunity for tighter environmental control in a smaller space.
Compact 60-GHz bandpass filters and duplexers on liquid crystal polymer technology

Planar and via-less bandpass filters and duplexers, operating in the V-Band, have been designed and measured. Filters with both symmetric and asymmetric characteristics have been developed that are then combined to realize a duplexer. All these filters have been implemented on low cost liquid crystal polymer technology. The filters exhibit a low insertion loss of 2.5 dB and the isolation between the duplexer ports is better than 25 dB. This is the first report of a V-Band duplexer on organic technology, authenticated with measured results.
Smooth Variable Structure Attitude Control of Crew Exploration Vehicles Driven by Nonlinear Actuators

*† ‡ § & Most existing attitude control methods are based on linear actuators. This work investigates the attitude control problem of CEV driven by nonlinear actuators. Nonlinear function inverse approach is often used to address such problem, which demands intensive calculation at each control step, and in general it is nontrivial to find such inverse analytically. In this work we investigate a new method that does not involve nonlinear function inverse. The fundamental idea behind this method is to directly design the control rate, instead of the control action itself, using VSC. This approach avoids using inverse of nonlinear function, thus reducing the computation burden. Furthermore, the chattering problem in most existing VSC control methods is removed because the integration of the control rate smoothens the control action. It is worth mentioning that the proposed method can also be applied to flight vehicle with reaction rocket engines whose propulsion directions are adjustable. The potential advantage of using such adjustable gimbal-like rocket engine is that the number of rocket engines can be significantly reduced for a given flight vehicle, which could make the overall system structurally simpler and operationally more effective.
Live Imaging Mouse Embryonic Development: Seeing Is Believing and Revealing

The use of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins has revolutionized the fields of cell and developmental biology and redefined our understanding of the dynamic morphogenetic processes that work to shape the embryo. Fluorescent proteins are routinely used as vital reporters to label tissues, cells, cellular organelles, or proteins of interest and in doing so provide contrasting agents enabling the acquisition of high-resolution quantitative image data. With the advent of more accessible and sophisticated imaging technologies and abundance of fluorescent proteins with different spectral characteristics, the dynamic processes taking place in situ in living embryos can now be probed. Here, we provide an overview of some recent advances in this rapidly evolving field.
Transnational Labour Regulation: Projection, Scale, and Symbolism

In this chapter, I use the metaphor of maps, emphasizing the structural choices that a cartographer must make in drawing a map, in order to evaluate the new map that Brian Langille has drawn for international labour law. I begin by identifying and discussing the significance of a map’s key structural features. My aim is to show how the selection of each feature depends upon the purpose to which the map is put, which is, in turn, influenced by the location, identity and interests of the person using it. I will use this heuristic to examine Langille’s map for international labour law. His map is designed for the post-Washington Consensus about the relationship between development and human rights, and it may be that a different type of map would prove more useful for other purposes. In order to decide which map to use, we need first to recognize the range of ideological, as well as technical, choices that a cartographer has to make. For this reason, I will contrast Langille’s map of international labour law with a different projection, that of transnational labour law, which continues to place redistribution at the centre.
My Fifty Years Association with Complex I Study

I summarized some key steps in my 50 years association with complex I study. First, discovered the absence of energy-coupling at complex I in domestic yeast. Then, found a close correlation among complex I energy-coupling, rotenone sensitivity and g = 1.94 iron-sulfur cluster. To scrutinize this correlation, I performed EPR at 4.2–40K, and detected signals from previously unknown multiple clusters in complex I of wild yeast and bovine heart in situ. Named them as N1a, N2, N3, N4, N5 and N1b. Discovered and characterized complex I counterpart in Escherichia coli, Thermus thermophilus HB-8, Paracoccus denitrificans in the membrane ­system, and made important foundation for the later structural studies by X-ray crystallographers. Characterized two protein-associated semiquinone species.
EFFECTS OF EPSILON AMINO CAPROIC ACID (EACA) ON SURVIVAL OF FIBRINOGEN I-131 AND ON FIBRINOLYTIC AND COAGULATION FACTORS IN DOGS.

Comment and summaryThe average daily dose of EACA was 9.0 g, a very large amount as compared to the usual human dose of 10 to 20 g per day. In vitro tests (not illustrated) demonstrated that EACA inhibited dog fibrinolysin and SK-activation of profibrinolysin at concentrations of 0.02–0.06%. In the treated dogs the “spontaneous”fibrinolytic activity of the plasma and its euglobulin fraction were significantly lessened. No changes in coagulation factor levels or in survival of fibrinogen I131 were noted.
PATHOGENICITY OF A GIBBERELLIN-PRODUCING AND A NONPRODUCING STRAIN OF FUSARIUM MONILIFORME IN OATS AS DETERMINED BY A COLORIMETRIC ASSAY FOR N-ACETYL GLUCOSAMINE

The growth response of a gibberellin-producing and a nonproducing strain of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. in oats (Avena fatua L.) was determined in the laboratory by a colorimetrie assay for N-acety...
The trifluoromethyl group as a conformational stabilizer and probe: conformational analysis of cinchona alkaloid scaffolds.

The introduction of the CF3 group on the C9 atom in quinidine can significantly increase the conformational interconversion barrier of the cinchona alkaloid scaffold. With this modification the conformational behavior of cinchona alkaloids in various solvents can be conveniently investigated via 19F NMR spectroscopy. Based on the reliable conformational distribution information obtained, the accuracy of both theoretical (PCM) and empirical (Kamlet–Taft) solvation models has been assessed using linear free energy relationship methods. The empirical solvation model was found to provide accurate prediction of solvent effects, while PCM demonstrated a relatively low reliability in the present study. Utilizing similar empirical solvation models along with Karplus-type equations, the conformational behavior of quinidine and 9-epi-quinidine has also been investigated. A model SN2 reaction has been presented to reveal the important role of solvent-induced conformational behavior of cinchona alkaloids in their rea...
Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats: Hold-Down Procedures

For decades, researchers have used animal self-administration models to examine the effects drugs of abuse have on physiology and behavior. Sophisticated self-administration procedures have been developed to model many different aspects of drug addiction. The hold-down procedure provides animals with control over the amount of each injection. Holding the lever down turns the syringe pump on and subsequently releasing the lever turns the pump off. In this way, animals can hold the lever down for any duration of time thereby self-administering any dose on a continuous spectrum. This procedure eliminates some of the ambiguity in translating results from effects only observed at one unit dose and allows examination of which dose the animal "prefers" at different times.
Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World

The rise of mass incarceration in the United States is one of the most critical outcomes of the last half-century. Incarceration Nation offers the most compelling explanation of this outcome to date. This book combines in-depth analysis of Barry Goldwater and Richard Nixon's presidential campaigns with sixty years of data analysis. The result is a sophisticated and highly accessible picture of the rise of mass incarceration. In contrast to conventional wisdom, Peter K. Enns shows that during the 1960s, 70s, 80s, and 90s, politicians responded to an increasingly punitive public by pushing policy in a more punitive direction. The book also argues that media coverage of rising crime rates helped fuel the public's punitiveness. Equally as important, a decline in public punitiveness in recent years offers a critical window into understanding current bipartisan calls for criminal justice reform.
Fracture and aging of dentine

Publisher Summary The greater incidence of tooth fracture in senior patients could simply arise from the prolonged period of oral function or from changes in the structural behaviour of dentine and enamel with aging. From a materials perspective, changes in the mechanical properties of dentine with aging are not unexpected. With the progressive increase in partially and fully dentate seniors, the influence of aging on properties of the human tooth has become of substantial importance in the pursuit of lifelong oral health. Dentine exhibits a relatively complex hierarchical structure and is comprised of both organic and inorganic components. This chapter describes the past and current research efforts addressing aging, structure and knowledge of their effects on the mechanical properties of human dentine. Dentine undergoes a decrease in strength as well as a reduction in the resistance to crack extension under both quasi-static and cyclic loading. Nearly all measures of mechanical behaviour suggest that aging promotes an embrittlement of dentine.
Curriculum Learning in Reinforcement Learning: (Doctoral Consortium)

Transfer learning in reinforcement learning is an area of research that seeks to speed up or improve learning of a complex target task, by leveraging knowledge from one or more source tasks. This thesis will extend the concept of transfer learning to curriculum learning, where the goal is to design a sequence of source tasks for an agent to train on, such that final performance or learning speed is improved. We discuss completed work on this topic, including an approach for modeling transferability between tasks, and methods for semi-automatically generating source tasks tailored to an agent and the characteristics of a target domain. Finally, we also present ideas for future work.
The role of adenosine in the maturation of sleep homeostasis in rats.

Brain mechanisms that regulate the maturation of sleep are understudied. The present study generated first evidence about a potential mechanistic role for adenosine in the maturation of sleep homeo...
The unsettling of shame: Examining There Was This Goat: Investigating the Truth Commission Testimony of Notrose Nobomvu Konile in the light of Elspeth Probyn’s construction of shame

In their book, There Was This Goat, Antjie Krog, Nosisi Mpolweni and Kopano Ratele investigate Mrs Notrose Nobomvu Konile’s testimony at the 1995 South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (...
Ketamine as an Adjunct to Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives This study had five objectives: 1) to measure and compare total opioid use and number of opioid doses in patients treated with opioids versus ketamine in conjunction with opioids; 2) to measure pain scores up to 2 hours after presentation in the ED patient with pain, comparing standard opioid pain control to ketamine in conjunction with opioids; 3) to compare patient satisfaction with pain control using opioids alone versus ketamine in conjunction with opioids; 4) to monitor and compare side effects in patients treated with opioids versus ketamine in conjunction with opioids; and 5) to identify effect variation between different subgroups of patients, with the purpose of focusing future research. We hypothesized that low-dose ketamine, compared to placebo, as an adjunctive treatment to opioids would result in better pain control over 2 hours and greater patient satisfaction with pain control; further, this protocol will result in a lower opioid dosage over 2 hours. Methods This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial at a single academic emergency department evaluating the use of ketamine versus placebo in conjunction with opioids for moderate to severe pain. Subjects with a continued high level of pain after an initial dose of opioid analgesia were randomized to receive either 0.1 mg/kg ketamine or placebo prior to protocol-based dosing of additional opioid analgesia, if required. Over 120 minutes, subjects were assessed for pain level (0–10), satisfaction with pain control (0–4), side effects, sedation level, and need for additional pain medication. Total opioid dose, including the initial dose, was compared between groups. Results Sixty-three subjects were randomized to the placebo group and 53 to the ketamine group. No significant differences were found in demographics between the groups. Patients receiving ketamine reported lower pain scores over 120 minutes than patients receiving placebo (p = 0.015). Total opioid dose was lower in the ketamine group (mean ± SD = 9.95 ± 4.83 mg) compared to placebo (mean ± SD = 12.81 ± 6.81 mg; p = 0.02). Satisfaction did not differ between groups. Fewer patients in the ketamine group required additional opioid doses. More patients reported light-headedness and dizziness in the ketamine group. Conclusions Ketamine, as an adjunct to opioid therapy, was more effective at reducing pain over 120 minutes and resulted in a lower total opioid dose as well as fewer repeat doses of analgesia. More side effects were reported in the ketamine group (51% vs. 19%), but the side effect profile appears tolerable.
Datafied and Divided: Techno‐Dimensions of Inequality in American Cities

This essay interrogates the effects that “big data” have on constructing space and subjects that reproduce inequality in the urban landscape. By comparing two different data–driven projects within ...
MYC-Driven Pathways in Breast Cancer Subtypes

The transcription factor MYC (MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor) is an essential signaling hub in multiple cellular processes that sustain growth of many types of cancers. MYC regulates expression of RNA, both protein and non-coding, that control central metabolic pathways, cell death, proliferation, differentiation, stress pathways, and mechanisms of drug resistance. Activation of MYC has been widely reported in breast cancer progression. Breast cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease and treatment options are primarily guided by histological and biochemical evaluations of the tumors. Based on biochemical markers, three main breast cancer categories are ER+ (estrogen receptor alpha positive), HER2+ (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive), and TNBC (triple-negative breast cancer; estrogen receptor negative, progesterone receptor negative, HER2 negative). MYC is elevated in TNBC compared with other cancer subtypes. Interestingly, MYC-driven pathways are further elevated in aggressive breast cancer cells and tumors that display drug resistant phenotype. Identification of MYC target genes is essential in isolating signaling pathways that drive tumor development. In this review, we address the role of MYC in the three major breast cancer subtypes and highlight the most promising leads to target MYC functions.
Sensitivity of array detector measurements in determining shifts of MLC leaf positions

Using a MatriXX 2D ionization chamber array, we evaluated the detection sensitivity of systematically introduced MLC leaf positioning shifts to test whether the conventional IMRT QA method can be used for quality assurance of an MLC tracking algorithm. Because of finite special resolution, we first tested whether the detection sensitivity was dependent of the locations of leaf shifts and positions of ionization chambers. We then introduced the same systematic leaf shifts in two clinical intensity modulated radiotherapy plans (prostate and head and neck cancer). Our results reported differences between the measured planar doses with and without MLC shifts (errors). Independent of the locations of the leaf position shifts and positions of the detectors, for the simple rectangular fields, the MatriXX was able to detect ±2 mm MLC leaf positioning shifts with Gamma index of 3%/3 mm and ±1 mm MLC leaf position shifts with Gamma index of 2%/2 mm. For the clinical plans, measuring the fields individually, leaf positioning shifts of ±2 mm were detected using Gamma index of 3%/3 mm and a passing rate of 95%. When the fields were measured compositely, the Gamma index exhibited less sensitivity for the detection of leaf positioning shifts than when the fields were measured individually. In conclusion, if more than 2 mm MLC leaf shifts were required, the commercial detector array (MatriXX) is able to detect such MLC positioning shifts, otherwise a more sensitive quality assurance method should be used.
Circuit synthesis utilizing digital variable-precision-integrating and summing elements

Integrated circuit digital building blocks for computer syntheses of electrical transfer and driving point functions
LXIV. On the existence of an electrical æther through space

(1855). LXIV. On the existence of an electrical aether through space. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 9, No. 61, pp. 457-458.
The tragic vision of politics: Carl von Clausewitz

In mathematics, nothing is lost by abstraction, it fully achieves its purpose. But when abstractions must constantly discard the living phenomena in order to reflect the lifeless form … the result is a dry skeleton of dull truths and common places, squeezed into doctrine. It is really astonishing that people waste their time on such conceptualizations … Carl von Clausewitz The French revolution and the Napoleonic wars ushered in the age of nationalism and transformed the capabilities and roles of states. Clausewitz spent a lifetime pondering these changes and their implications for warfare. Almost alone among his contemporaries, Clausewitz understood the destructive nature of modern warfare and the difficulty of limiting and stopping wars once popular passions became engaged. The challenge to nineteenth-century statesmen was to find some way to allow the major European powers to reorganize themselves into a community of nation states without provoking a catastrophic, continental war. On War , Clausewitz's principal work, was intended, in part, to alert contemporaries to this danger, but its author remained deeply pessimistic about its reception and of the ability of leaders to grasp and respond appropriately to the changed nature of warfare. Clausewitz is considered the preeminent theorist of war, and generations of military officers and strategists have studied his magnum opus. On War and the History of the Peloponnesian War are the only works written before the twentieth century that are standard fare on reading lists of staff and war colleges around the world.
Operation of 1.2-kV 4H-SiC Accumulation and Inversion Channel Split-Gate (SG) MOSFETs at Elevated Temperatures

Numerical simulations, with experimental validation, have been used to demonstrate that the 1.2-kV-rated accumulation and inversion mode channel 4H-SiC split-gate MOSFETs (SG-MOSFETs) have superior high-frequency figures-of-merit (HF-FOM) at elevated temperatures up to 150 °C. The measured electrical characteristics are reported for the first time for devices fabricated in a $6^{\prime \prime }$ SiC manufacturing foundry. The accumulation mode SG-MOSFET provides a better on-resistance than that of the inversion mode SG-MOSFET due to a higher channel mobility resulting in $1.2\times $ smaller HF-FOMs at both room temperature and 150 °C. The accumulation mode SG-MOSFET is demonstrated to have $2.4\times $ and $2.1\times $ smaller HF-FOM [ $R_{\text {ON}} \times Q_{\text {gd}}$ ] and HF-FOM [ $R_{\text {ON}} \times Q_{\text {gd}}$ ] at 150 °C, respectively, compared with the typical commercially available MOSFET.
Movie Content Analysis, Indexing and Skimming Via Multimodal Information

A content-based movie analysis, indexing and skimming system is developed in this research. Specifically, it includes the following three major modules: 1) an event detection module, where three types of movie events, namely, two-speaker dialogs, multiple-speaker dialogs, and hybrid events are extracted from the content. Multiple media cues such as audio, speech, visual and face information are integrated to achieve this goal; 2) a speaker identification module, where an adaptive speaker identification scheme is proposed to recognize target movie cast members for content indexing purposes. Both audio and visual sources are exploited in the identification process, where the audio source is analyzed to recognize speakers using a likelihood-based approach, and the visual source is examined to locate talking faces with face detection/recognition and mouth tracking techniques; 3) a movie skimming module, where an event-based skimming system is developed to abstract movie content in the form of a short video clip for content browsing purposes. Extensive experiments on integrating multiple media cues for movie content analysis, indexing and skimming have yielded encouraging results.
A comparison of periodic survey designs employing multi-stage sampling

Sampling designs considered for a national scale environmental monitoring programme are compared. Specifically, design strategies designed to monitor one aspect of this environmental programme, agro-ecosystem health, are assessed. Two types of panel survey designs are evaluated within the framework of two-stage sampling. Comparisons of these designs are discussed with regard to precision, cost, and other issues that need to be considered in planning long-term surveys. To compare precision, the underlying variance of a simple estimator of mean difference is derived for each of the two designs. A variance and cost model accounting for the different rotational sampling schemes across designs are developed. Optimum stage allocation for each design are assessed with the variance-cost models. The best choice of design varied with the conditions underlying the variance model and the degree of other sources of survey error expected in the programme.
True ileal digestibility of calcium in limestone and dicalcium phosphate are additive in diets of broiler chickens

The experiment was conducted to test if the true ileal digestibility (TID) of Ca in limestone and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) are additive in mixed diets for Ross 708 broiler chickens from day 22 to 27 post-hatching. The birds were fed a standard broiler starter diet from day 1 to 22 post-hatching. A total of 504 birds were grouped by BW into 8 blocks of 9 cages with 7 birds per cage and assigned to 9 dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of 3 Ca sources including limestone, DCP, and their mixture at a ratio of 1:1, and 3 dietary Ca concentrations at 3.3, 4.3, and 5.3 g/kg. Potassium phosphate was added to adjust the dietary P concentration and maintain a 1.1:1 total Ca:non-phytate P ratio. The results showed that the Ca intake, ileal Ca digested, and Ca retained linearly increased as the Ca concentration increased (P < 0.001). No Ca concentration effect was observed on apparent ileal digestibility of Ca (P = 0.13). By regressing digested Ca per bird against Ca intake per bird, the TID of Ca was determined at 63.7, 67.1, and 67.8% for limestone, DCP, and their mixture, respectively. The expected TID for Ca in limestone and DCP mixture was predicted to be 65.1% based upon the Ca contribution coefficient calculated to be 0.59 for limestone and 0.41 for DCP. The predicted TID of Ca (65.1%) in the mixture was not different (P = 0.63) from the determined TID of Ca (67.8%). In conclusion, the TID of Ca in limestone and DCP are additive in semi-purified diets for chickens.
The Influence Of Leaders’ Implicit Followership Theories On Employee Outcomes

This paper addressed a new concept called leaders’ implicit followership theories (LIFTs), which can be defined as leaders’ pre-existing beliefs about followers’ personal attributes and characteris...
Influence of Mono- and Di-valent Metal Additives on Morphology and Charge Carrier Dynamics of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite

We have applied steady-state and time resolved photoluminescence (PL) to study the influence of monovalent and divalent metal additives on the electronic structure and charge carrier dynamics in CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite films fabricated on a layer of compact TiO2 deposited onto FTO-coated glass substrate. Monovalent metals Li+, Na+, K+ and Cs+ have a detrimental effect on perovskite crystal grain growth and charge carrier dynamics. In contrast, the divalent additives Zn+, Cd+ and Hg+ facilitate larger grain growth in MAPbI 3 perovskite film. Enlarged grain size, reduced trap state density, and the longest photogenerated carrier life time have been observed for the case of Cd incorporated into MAPbI 3 perovskite films.
Service fundraising and the role of perceived donation efficacy in individual charitable giving

Abstract Perceived donation efficacy (PDE) is the degree to which a donor believes that a charitable gift will make a difference in the cause that he or she is supporting. Extant research leaves important questions to be answered about the kinds of fundraising models that affect PDE, and PDE's subsequent influence on charitable giving. We find that PDE and, in turn, charitable giving can be impacted by a newly proposed fundraising model that substitutes volunteer service for miles walked in the more traditional “walk-a-thon” model. The real-world success of the service fundraising model is first established in a field study with an actual nonprofit organization. Subsequent experiments further suggest that the influence of fundraising models on PDE is broader than simply making more efficient use of donors' dollars. We also offer the first empirical evidence that PDE mediates the relationship between fundraising models and charitable giving.
Abstract P248: Increased Arterial Stiffness Measures in Morbidly Obese Patients After Bariatric Surgery

Introduction: The association between obesity and arterial stiffness is complex and has been reported to be modified by age, with a positive association in older adults and an inverse association i...
Age‐dependent changes in metabolite profile and lipid saturation in dystrophic mice

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked genetic disorder. In DMD, the absence of the dystrophin protein causes decreased sarcolemmal integrity resulting in progressive replacement of muscle with fibrofatty tissue. The effects of lacking dystrophin on muscle and systemic metabolism are still unclear. Therefore, to determine the impact of the absence of dystrophin on metabolism, we investigated the metabolic and lipid profile at two different, well-defined stages of muscle damage and stabilization in mdx mice. We measured NMR-detectable metabolite and lipid profiles in the serum and muscles of mdx mice at 6 and 24 weeks of age. Metabolites were determined in muscle in vivo using 1 H MRI/MRS, in isolated muscles using 1 H-HR-MAS NMR, and in serum using high resolution 1 H/13 C NMR. Dystrophic mice were found to have a unique lipid saturation profile compared with control mice, revealing an age-related metabolic change. In the 6-week-old mdx mice, serum lipids were increased and the degree of lipid saturation changed between 6 and 24 weeks. The serum taurine-creatine ratio increased over the life span of mdx, but not in control mice. Furthermore, the saturation index of lipids increased in the serum but decreased in the tissue over time. Finally, we demonstrated associations between MRI-T2 , a strong indicator of inflammation/edema, with tissue and serum lipid profiles. These results indicate the complex temporal changes of metabolites in the tissue and serum during repetitive bouts of muscle damage and regeneration that occur in dystrophic muscle.
Partial Redundancy Elimination using Lazy Code Motion.

Partial Redundancy Elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. In this project, we implemented a PRE optimization pass in LLVM and measured results on a variety of applications. We chose PRE because it is a powerful technique that subsumes Common Subexpression Elimination (CSE) and Loop Invariant Code Motion (LICM), and hence has the potential to greatly improve performance.
10 Years Later: Changes in Food Access Disparities in New Orleans since Hurricane Katrina.

Inadequate access to healthy food is a problem in many urban neighborhoods, particularly for racial-ethnic minorities and low-income groups who are more likely to reside in food deserts. Although substantial research throughout the country has documented the existence of these disparities, few studies have focused on how this access changes over time or is affected by environmental shocks. This study examined citywide supermarket access in New Orleans as well as racial-ethnic disparities in this access, prior to Hurricane Katrina and at three times afterwards. On-the-ground verification of supermarket locations was conducted in 2004–2005, 2007, 2009, and 2014 and was mapped with secondary demographic data. Census tracts were defined as predominantly African-American neighborhoods if 80 % or more of the population identified as such. HLM Poisson regression analyses were conducted in 2014 to identify the difference in likelihood of finding supermarkets in a neighborhood by race-ethnicity and across all years of interest. Racial-ethnic disparities existed before the storm and worsened after it (IRR = 0.35; 95 % CI = 0.21, 0.60). Improvements in disparities to pre-storm levels were not seen until 2009, 4 years after the storm. By 2014, supermarket access, on average, was not significantly different in African-American neighborhoods than in others (IRR = 0.90; 95 % CI = 0.65, 1.26). The slow recovery of New Orleans’ retail food infrastructure after Hurricane Katrina highlights the need for an increased focus on long-term planning to address disparities, especially those that may be exaggerated by shocks.
Embodying critical literacy in a dual language classroom: critical discourse analysis in a case study

This case study focuses on the diverse discourses Latinx bilingual students bring to class to make sense of power relations in the world. The study implements critical literacy practices such as re...
Flavored E-liquids Increase Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Levels in Airway Epithelia

E-cigarettes are noncombustible, electronic nicotine-delivery devices that aerosolize an e-liquid, i.e., nicotine, in a propylene glycol-vegetable glycerin vehicle that also contains flavors. While...
Keeping it together for the kids: New mothers' descriptions of the impact of intimate partner violence on parenting.

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects 1 in 3 US women with the effects of IPV detectable for several generations. While IPV is known to have significant impacts on maternal-child outcomes, little is known about the mother's perspectives of the interplay between perinatal IPV exposure, parenting styles, and safety strategies. Methods This secondary analysis of semi-structured, longitudinal qualitative interview data explored with pregnant women their histories of IPV, their parenting practices, and safety strategies. Data were derived from a randomized controlled trial, DOVE, with 22 interviews from 11 women collected during pregnancy and 12 or 24 months postpartum. Results Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis resulting in three themes: “broken spirit," "I want better for my kids and me,” and “safety planning as an element of parenting.” Women described at baseline having a "broken spirit” due to their experiences with household and family chaos and childhood abuse. However, when mothers ended the abusive relationship, they described a better life and several strategies to protect themselves and their children. During their final interviews, mothers discussed how their lives improved after ending the relationship as well as safety planning strategies they employed like looking for “red flags” in potential partners, struggles with finding trustworthy childcare, and stockpiling money should they choose to end the relationship. Conclusion These rich data add new information about how mothers of very young children navigate difficult parenting and safety decisions in the context of lifetime traumatic events and provide insights relevant for practice and research with this highly-vulnerable group of IPV survivors.
Oxygen etching of Si( 5 5 12 ) and related surfaces

Abstract We have used scanning tunneling microscopy to study the oxygen etching behavior of the high index Si(5 5 12) surface, as well as nearby metal-induced facet planes formed by Cu and Au. The (5 5 12) surface is tilted 30.5° away from (0 0 1) towards (1 1 1) and forms a single-domain reconstruction composed of row-like structures. Oxygen etching has been observed for sample temperatures above 700 °C and O 2 exposures from 50 to 200 L, where pyramidal islands containing (1 1 3) facets oftentimes occur. As expected, the density of these islands increases at lower temperatures where oxide nucleation is favored. In addition to the clean surface, oxygen etching of metal-adsorbed surfaces that contain (1 1 3) planes has also been investigated. Both Cu and Au are known to cause faceting of the Si(5 5 12) surface: Cu forms sawtooth facets composed of (1 1 3) and (1 1 1) planes, whereas low coverages of Au produce (1 1 3)/(3 3 7) sawtooths. In both cases, oxygen etching at temperatures above 700 °C produces trapezoidal islands that again incorporate (1 1 3) planes. This prevalence of (1 1 3) facets during etching is explained via step pinning at oxide-induced pinning sites.
In sickness and in filth: Developing a disdain for dirty people

Abstract Cleanliness is universally valued, and people who are dirty are routinely marginalized. In this research, we measured the roots of negative attitudes toward physically unclean individuals and examined the differences that exist in these attitudes between childhood and adulthood. We presented 5- to 9-year-old children and adults (total N = 260) with paired photographs of a dirty person and a clean person, and we measured biases with a selective trust task and an explicit evaluation task. In Study 1, where images of adults were evaluated, both children and adults demonstrated clear biases, but adults were more likely to selectively trust the clean informant. Study 2 instead used images of children and included several additional tasks measuring implicit attitudes (e.g., an implicit association task) and overt behaviors (a resource distribution task) and also manipulated the cause of dirtiness to include illness, enjoyment of filth, and accidental spillage. Children and adults again revealed strong biases regardless of the cause of dirtiness, but only children exhibited a bias on the explicit evaluation task. Study 3 replicated these findings in India, a country that has historically endorsed strong purity norms. Overall, this research indicates that dirty people are targets of discrimination from early in development, that this is not merely a Western phenomenon, and that this pervasive bias is most strongly directed at individuals of similar ages.
Ultra-Deepwater Drilling Riser Lifecycle Management System

Abstract Subsea drilling operations are moving into harsher, deeper and less familiar offshore environments. To avoid disruptive events due to uncertainties associated with these environments, a Riser Lifecycle Management System (RLMS) has been developed for near real-time condition monitoring and fatigue estimation of drilling risers. Unlike conventional techniques such as strain gauges for direct strain/stress measurement, the RLMS measures the vibrations using accelerometers at select joints along the drilling riser. It transmits the vibration data via acoustic telemetry in near real-time to a topside data acquisition system on the drilling vessel where fatigue life estimates for all riser joints are made using machine learning techniques. A proof-of-concept of the RLMS system was successfully deployed in the Gulf of Mexico on a semi-submersible drilling rig for a 9-week test.