cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of simplified methods of analysis for structures with triple friction pendulum isolators

Triple friction pendulum isolators, that exhibit behavior with amplitude-dependent strength and instantaneous stiffness, represent a new development in seismic isolation. The application of simplified methods of analysis for this type of seismically isolated structures requires development of tools of simplified analysis and demonstration of their accuracy. This paper describes these tools and presents validation studies based on a large number of nonlinear response history analysis results. It is shown that simplified methods of analysis systematically provide good and often conservative estimates of isolator displacement demands and good estimates of isolator peak velocities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy density, palatability, and satiety : Implications for weight control

High energy density tends to be associated with high palatability, and vice versa. As a rule, energydense foods are palatable but not satiating, whereas foods with low energy density are more satiating but less palatable. Low-energy-density foods are typically those that contain the most water and the least fat. Reducing energy density while maintaining palatability is a continuing challenge to the food industry.
Laser cooling of magnetically trapped neutral atoms

We demonstrate laser Doppler cooling of magnetically trapped neutral atoms. Following the application of one-dimensional optical molasses to a sample of magnetically trapped Na atoms, a substantial reduction has been observed in the linewidths of both laser absorption and rf resonance spectra, indicating cooling of the sample to ∼2 mK. A simple model of the one-dimensional Doppler cooling process of the atoms in the trap is presented and compared with the experimentally observed results.
Ammonium Toxicity and Potassium Limitation in Yeast

DNA microarray analysis of gene expression in steady-state chemostat cultures limited for potassium revealed a surprising connection between potassium and ammonium: potassium limits growth only when ammonium is the nitrogen source. Under potassium limitation, ammonium appears to be toxic for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This ammonium toxicity, which appears to occur by leakage of ammonium through potassium channels, is recapitulated under high-potassium conditions by over-expression of ammonium transporters. Although ammonium toxicity is well established in metazoans, it has never been reported for yeast. To characterize the response to ammonium toxicity, we examined the filtrates of these cultures for compounds whose excretion might serve to detoxify the ammonium (such as urea in mammals). Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to assay for a wide array of metabolites, we detected excreted amino acids. The amounts of amino acids excreted increased in relation to the severity of growth impairment by ammonium, suggesting that amino acid excretion is used by yeast for ammonium detoxification.
Implementation of the Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment Model: Stage-Wise Strategies for Service Providers

ABSTRACT Since the year 2000, Ohio has seen the development of Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment (IDDT) model teams grow from 9 SAMHSA funded pilot sites, to 35 teams and an adaptation to the model implemented in seven of nine State Hospitals in 2005. The Ohio Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Coordinating Center of Excellence (SAMI CCOE) has played a role in assisting the development of most of these programs and has been applying a “stage wise” approach to technical assistance that has demonstrated successful implementation and maintenance with a number of high fidelity IDDT teams. While the IDDT model itself has been found to be effective in clinical trials, the factors influencing successful implementation of the evidence based practice model in community treatment settings are still being explored. In its role as a provider of technical assistance to those who want to deliver IDDT services, the Ohio SAMI CCOE seeks to advance the science of implementation technology. This article offers an overvie...
Teach For America’s paradoxical diversity initiative: Race, policy, and Black teacher displacement in urban schools

This article examines the paradox of Teach For America’s diversity gains and its support for policies that contribute to Black teacher decline in urban communities. TFA has countered claims that its expansion is connected to teacher displacement, but its two-pronged structure—as an alternative certification program and an influential policy actor via its leadership model for education reform—requires a critical analysis of the impact of its policy commitments on Black teachers. I propose steps to better align TFA’s policy orientations with its diversity values by leveraging TFA’s policy influence to support better working conditions for teachers in urban schools, democratic school turnarounds, and teacher organizing linked to broad social justice movements.
1118PUSE PATTERNS AND COSTS OF ISOLATED LIMB PERFUSION AND INFUSION IN THE TREATMENT OF REGIONALLY METASTATIC MELANOMA: A RETROSPECTIVE DATABASE ANALYSIS

Introduction Isolated limb perfusion and infusion (ILP/ILI) are therapies for regional metastatic melanoma that allow high doses of anticancer drugs to be delivered directly into the circulation of an affected limb, thereby minimizing systemic drug toxicity. This procedure can lead to high response rates and is recommended in patients with Stage III unresectable metastatic melanoma. However, limited information is available on patterns of use and costs. This study examined patterns of ILP/ILI use and associated costs in patients with melanoma in the United States (US).
Effects of Layup and Matrix Toughness on Modeling Notched Carbon Fiber Panels in Out-of-Plane Bending

Predicting the damage progression behavior of fiber composites using finite element methods is an ongoing challenge in design of high performance structures. A common application of fiber composites is out-of-plane bending of a notched composite panel. This loading occurs, for example, in an aircraft fuselage near reinforcing members such as ribs or stringers. The material parameters used by the finite element package Abaqus that dictate damage progression behavior of fiber composites include 6 strength values which control when damage is initiated, and 4 energy parameters that control how damage propagates. The values of the initiation parameters (strengths) are often accurately known, however the values of the propagation parameters (energies) are often not accurately known. The consequences of these inaccuracies are not consistent. Current research indicates that accurate FEA results for out-of-plane bending always require accurate values for the material strengths. However the effect of inaccurate material propagation energy values can vary depending on composite laminate layup. Understanding how these effects vary and which values are important can help a designer select a material and/or determine which propagation energy values need to be accurately determined. This study uses the Abaqus implicit FEA solver to model center notched carbon fiber panels to explore the effect of ply orientation on the sensitivity of maximum load to values of matrix tensile propagation energy and matrix compressive propagation energy. Preliminary studies of this loading scenario showed that these values have significant effects on maximum load only for certain layups. Five different 20 ply layups were chosen for this study with varying number of plies oriented in the 90 degree direction. The 90 degree direction is defined as perpendicular to the bending stresses and parallel to the notch. For each layup, matrix compressive and tensile propagation energies were specified at ±20% from their nominal values to create two-level factorials. Each layup was also run using nominal values as a center point to assess linearity of the effects. Furthermore, damage propagation paths were compared to understand how damage propagation was being affected. This way, nonlinear effects of matrix propagation energy values on maximum load could be separated from any regime changes in damage propagation. The results of this study lend understanding to the finite element analyst on how layup affects the need for high-accuracy values of certain material properties. Accurate FEA results for some layups do not depend on accurate matrix propagation energy values. Having this in mind can save significant resources in the fiber composite design process by eliminating unnecessary destructive tests to determine material property values accurately.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Geographic and Genetic Variation in Time Required for Emergence of Diapausing Heliothis zea1,2,3,4

Under experimental conditions, the mean number of days until emergence of diapausing corn earworm pupae was 36.4 for a North Carolina strain and 45.5 for a Florida strain. Substrains of each geographical strain diverged rapidly under 2-way directional selection for early and late emergence. In the North Carolina strain, heritability for number of days until emergence was estimated at 0.77±0.36 using parent-offspring regression analysis.
Clinical and laboratory analysis of 348 clinically diagnosed cases with hand-foot-mouth diseases in Beijing

Objective:To investigate 348 clinically diagnosed cases with hand-foot-mouth disease in Beijing in 2010 and provide the scientific experimental evidence for prevention and control.Methods: From January to December in 2010,348 throat swab samples from clinicallly diagnosed cases with HFMD were collected for Realtime-PCR detection and statistical analysis.Results: Enterovirus was identified from 285 of 348 samples,including 98 positive for EV71(34.39%),112 positive for CoxA16(39.30%);4 cases were detected as mixed infection of EV71 and CoxA16(1.40%);71 positive for other enteroviruses(24.91%).Epidemiological data showed that incidence season was mainly in March to June,sex ratio of positive samples was 1.52∶ 1 for male and female.Age of onset for HFMD concentrated in children of 1 to 6 years old(92.98%).Conclusion: In 2010,the hand-foot-mouth disease mainly concentrated in March to June.Most cases were one to six years old children.EV71 and CoxA16 were the primary pathogens and CoxA16 is dominant in serum type.The severe patients were likely caused by EV71.
Melanoma-Associated Spongiform Scleropathy in Oculodermal Melanocytosis with Primary Orbital Melanoma.

Purpose: To describe spongiform scleropathy in a patient with oculodermal melanosis and without evidence of uveal melanoma. Methods: &l
Merger of a White Dwarf-Neutron Star Binary to $10^{29}$ Carat Diamonds: Origin of the Pulsar Planets

We show that the merger and tidal disruption of a C/O white dwarf (WD) by a neutron star (NS) binary companion provides a natural formation scenario for the PSR B1257+12 planetary system. Starting with initial conditions for the debris disk produced of the disrupted WD, we model its long term viscous evolution, including for the first time the effects of mass and angular momentum loss during the early radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF) phase and accounting for the unusual C/O composition on the disk opacity. For plausible values of the disk viscosity $\alpha \sim 10^{-3}-10^{-2}$ and the RIAF mass loss efficiency, we find that the disk mass remaining near the planet formation radius at the time of solid condensation is sufficient to explain the pulsar planets. Rapid rocky planet formation via gravitational instability of the solid carbon-dominated disk is facilitated by the suppression of vertical shear instabilities due to the high solid-to-gas ratio. Additional evidence supporting a WD-NS merger scenario includes (1) the low observed occurrence rate of pulsar planets ($\lesssim 1\%$ of NS birth), comparable to the expected WD-NS merger rate; (2) accretion by the NS during the RIAF phase is sufficient to spin PSR B1257+12 up to its observed 6 ms period; (3) similar models of `low angular momentum' disks, such as those produced from supernova fallback, find insufficient mass reaching the planet formation radius. The unusually high space velocity of PSR B1257+12 of $\gtrsim 326\,{\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ suggests a possible connection to the Calcium-rich transients, dim supernovae which occur in the outskirts of their host galaxies and were proposed to result from mergers of WD-NS binaries receiving SN kicks. The C/O disk composition implied by our model likely results in carbon-rich planets with diamond interiors.
Control of the Deep Dorsal Venous Complex in Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

We describe a method to control the deep dorsal venous complex, which has allowed for a considerable decrease in blood loss during radical retropubic prostatectomy. We reviewed 28 consecutive patients treated with this technique with respect to blood loss (982 ml.), operating room time (197 minutes), complications, postoperative hospitalization and transfusion requirements. The results are favorable when compared to previous reports.
Synchronously-pumped microring resonator for efficient optical comb generation

Synchronous pumping of microring resonators is proposed for power-efficient optical comb generation. It is shown that the average power requirement is reduced by the duty cycle of the pulse, when compared with the continuous-wave case.
Plasma Etching of Deep High-Aspect Ratio Features Into Silicon Carbide

This paper reports research performed on developing and optimizing a process recipe for the plasma etching of deep high-aspect ratio features into silicon carbide (SiC) material using an inductively-coupled plasma reactive-ion etch process. We performed a design of experiments (DOE) wherein the etch recipe parameters having the most impact on the etch process were varied over fixed ranges of predetermined values, while the other etch recipe process parameters were unchanged. Subsequently, the etched samples were analyzed so as to quantify the etch outcomes. Using the experimental data collected during the DOE, we then performed multiple regression analysis on this data to determine optimal etch tool parameters in order to achieve desired etch results. We have demonstrated the ability to etch very deep features into silicon carbide of more than 150 microns, having nearly vertical sidewalls and with aspect ratios of over 12 to 1 using the optimized etch process. The ability to fabricate deep high-aspect ratio features into SiC has important implications for a number of micro-electro-mechanical applications, particularly those involving harsh environments. The etch technology developments presented herein are applicable to SiC substrates and material layers in crystalline form, as well as to SiC in polycrystalline or amorphous forms. [2016-0248]
Hindfoot and forefoot kinematic differences among individuals with and without Functional Ankle Instability

HINDFOOT AND FOREFOOT KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT FUNCTIONAL ANKLE INSTABILITY By Cynthia J. Wright, M.Ed. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011. Major Director: Dr. Brent L. Arnold, Associate Professor, Department of Health and Human Performance Introduction: Following lateral ankle sprain, many individuals experience recurrent injury and symptoms of giving-way, known as Functional Ankle Instability (FAI). It has been proposed that altered joint kinematics during activity may contribute to instability in these individuals, however research findings have been inconsistent. Objective: To capture foot and ankle kinematic data during two common tasks (walking gait and jump landing) among three groups: individuals with FAI, healthy controls and copers. Design: 3-group observational cross-sectional study. Participants: Participants included 23 individuals with a history of ≥ 1 ankle sprain and at least 2 episodes of giving-way in the past year (FAI: M±SD; age=23.30±3.84years; height=1.71±0.11m, weight=68.66±14.60kg; Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool [CAIT]=20.52±2.94, episodes of giving-way=5.81±8.42 per month), 23 subjects with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (Controls: age=23.17±4.01years, height=1.72±0.08m, weight=68.78± 13.26kg, CAIT: 28.78±1.78), and 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (Copers: age=23.52±3.68years, height=1.72±0.07m, weight=69.57±13.94kg; CAIT: 27.74 ± 1.69). Interventions: Ten trials of natural walking gait and 10 single leg drop jumps were recorded using a ViconMX motion monitoring system (OMG, Oxford, UK) and two imbedded force plates (Bertec, Columbus, Ohio, USA). Main Outcome Measures: Forefoot and hindfoot sagittal and frontal plane angles were calculated at initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO) of walking gait, and IC and maximal vertical ground reaction force of jump landing. Results: At walking IC, there was a significant group difference in forefoot inversion (F2,66=4.68, p=0.013). Post hoc testing revealed that individuals with FAI were significantly more inverted than controls, but copers were not significantly different from the FAI or control groups. At jump landing IC, there were significant group differences in hindfoot motion (F2,66=6.12, p=0.004). Specifically, individuals with FAI were significantly more dorsiflexed than the control or coper groups. There were no other significant group differences (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Kinematic differences exist between healthy controls, copers and individuals with FAI. Copers and individuals with FAI have both experienced ankle sprain injury, yet copers do not experience subsequent instability. Analysis of coper movement patterns compared to control and FAI groups may provide insight into coping mechanisms.
Spectral analysis assisted photoacoustic imaging for lipid composition differentiation

Recent advances in atherosclerotic plaque detection have shown that not only does lipid core size and depth play important roles in plaque rupture and thrombi formation, but lipid composition, especially cholesterol deposition, is equally important in determining lesion vulnerability. Here, we demonstrate a spectral analysis assisted photoacoustic imaging approach to differentiate and map lipid compositions within an artery wall. The approach is based on the classification of spectral curves obtained from the sliding windows along time-of-flight photoacoustic signals via a numerical k-means clustering method. The evaluation result on a vessel-mimicking phantom containing cholesterol and olive oil shows accuracy and efficiency of this method, suggesting the potential to apply this approach in assessment of atherosclerotic plaques.
Impact of early life adversity and tryptophan depletion on functional connectivity in menopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.

Abstract During the menopause transition, women are at increased risk of subjective symptoms of executive dysfunction. Evidence from animal and human participant studies suggests adverse childhood experiences (ACE) may be a risk factor for executive complaints during this hormonal transition. Preclinical literature indicates early life adversity effects on serotonin function may play a role in this increased susceptibility. However, the mechanisms underlying this increase in vulnerability in human participants remain relatively unknown. Here we examined the impact of ACE and tryptophan depletion (TD), a paradigm used to lower central serotonin levels, on functional network connectivity in discovery and replication datasets. We hypothesized that ACE would be associated with decreased within-network connectivity. We predicted that TD would further lower connectivity in women with high levels of early adversity, but have no effect in women with low levels of early adversity. Forty women underwent two functional imaging sequences at two time points (141 total scans) in a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. The effects of ACE and TD were evaluated using generalized estimating equations (GEE). As predicted, ACE was associated with lower within-network connectivity. While TD had no effect on connectivity in the low ACE group, TD increased connectivity in the high ACE group. The robust effect of ACE remained significant in the replication dataset, though the ACE × TD interaction did not. Together, these results suggest that early life adversity has lasting impacts on large-scale functional networks underlying executive function. Alterations in functional network connectivity may be one mechanism by which early life adversity increases the risk of cognitive disorders during menopause.
HCV eradication induced by direct-acting antiviral agents reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background & Aims It is unclear whether direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment-induced sustained virologic response (SVR) reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with HCV infection. Therefore, in the current study, our aim was to determine the impact of DAA-induced SVR on HCC risk. Methods We identified 62,354 patients who initiated antiviral treatment in the Veterans Affairs (VA) national healthcare system from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2015, including 35,871 (58%) interferon (IFN)-only regimens, 4,535 (7.2%) DAA + IFN regimens, and 21,948 (35%) DAA-only regimens. We retrospectively followed patients until 15 June 2017 to identify incident cases of HCC. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to determine the association between SVR and HCC risk or between type of antiviral regimen (DAA-only vs. DAA + IFN vs. IFN-only) and HCC risk. Results We identified 3,271 incident cases of HCC diagnosed at least 180 days after initiation of antiviral treatment during a mean follow-up of 6.1 years. The incidence of HCC was highest in patients with cirrhosis and treatment failure (3.25 per 100 patient-years), followed by cirrhosis and SVR (1.97), no cirrhosis and treatment failure (0.87), and no cirrhosis and SVR (0.24). SVR was associated with a significantly decreased risk of HCC in multivariable models irrespective of whether the antiviral treatment was DAA-only (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 0.29; 95% CI 0.23–0.37), DAA + IFN (AHR 0.48; 95% CI 0.32–0.73) or IFN-only (AHR 0.32; 95% CI 0.28–0.37). Receipt of a DAA-only or DAA + IFN regimen was not associated with increased HCC risk compared with receipt of an IFN-only regimen. Conclusions DAA-induced SVR is associated with a 71% reduction in HCC risk. Treatment with DAAs is not associated with increased HCC risk compared with treatment with IFN. Lay summary It was unclear whether direct-acting antiviral treatment-induced sustained virologic response reduces the risk of liver cancer in patients with HCV infection. We demonstrated that eradication of HCV infection with direct-acting antiviral agents reduces the risk of liver cancer by 71%.
Importance of weather monitoring for agricultural decision-making - an exploratory behavioral study for Oklahoma Mesonet.

The Oklahoma Mesonet (the statewide environmental and weather monitoring network) has monitored changes in weather patterns since 1994 to provide accurate and timely mesoscale weather information to farmers and other groups. Studies are still scarce that would quantitatively assess farmers' perceptions about the value of the Oklahoma Mesonet contributions to agricultural operations, profitability of land management, and decision making. This paper aims to analyze those questions by means of an exploratory empirical study in Oklahoma for two groups of Mesonet users and non-users.; Results: Familiarity with and application of Mesonet information determines farmers' profitability assessments and decision making. Farmers' perceptions are also influenced by the degree of previous exposure to weather-related losses. The median estimate of the economic value of Mesonet information is $1000 per year. Mesonet users perceive higher profitability from the application of Mesonet data at 7.6/10, whereas Mesonet non-users provided an average assessment of 2.6/10.; Conclusions: Consistent use of Mesonet information results in a higher assessment of the importance of Mesonet. This research provides some initial insights into farmers' perceptions about the value of Oklahoma Mesonet information, which could guide stakeholders in developing measures to better serve farmers with environmental monitoring data for improved farm decisions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Advances from the Office of Naval Research STEM Grand Challenge: expanding the boundaries of intelligent tutoring systems.

This special issue presents evaluations of four intelligent tutoring systems. These systems were funded under the Office of Naval Research’s STEM Grand Challenge for intelligent tutoring systems. The systems each represent aspects of how ITS can address STEM education or how aspects of multiple systems can be integrated to support STEM education. The selected papers also provide empirical evidence for the effectiveness of each system. The current paper provides an overview of the Office of Naval Research STEM Grand Challenge program, the systems funded under the program, and summaries of the articles within this special issue.
Lessons from an Angry Patient.

Lessons from an Angry Patient The patient bore a scowl and a combative attitude from the moment the doctor walked in, having concluded already that she’d get no satisfaction from him. And like most...
A Quantitative Framework for the Analysis of Two-Stage Exams

Two-stage exams have gained traction in education as a means of creating collaborative active-learning experiences in the classroom in a manner that advances learning, positively increases student engagement, and reduces test anxiety. Published analyses have focused almost exclusively on the increase in student scores from the first individual stage to the second collaboration stage and have shown clear positive effects on gains in student scores. Missing from these analyses is a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of individual preparation, the characteristics of questions, and small group composition on the outcomes two-stage exams. I developed a simple quantitative framework that provides a flexible approach for estimating and evaluating the effects of individuals, questions, and groups on student performance. Additionally, the framework yields statistics appropriate for making inferences about productive collaboration, consensus-building, and counter-productive interaction that happens within small groups. Analyses of 12 exams across two courses and 2 years using the quantitative framework revealed considerable variation for all three of these effects within and among exams. Overall, the results highlight the value of quantitative estimation of two-stage exams for gaining perspective on the effects of individuals, questions, and groups on student performance, and facilitates data-driven revision of assessments, curricula, and teaching strategies towards achieving gains in students' collaborative skills.
PEDOT:PSS based solar cells with radical driven benzoquinone passivation

Organic-inorganic hybrid induced junction solar cells were fabricated with radical-driven benzoquinone (BQ) passivation and conductive and transparent polymer poly (3, 4ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as hole-selective contact. A monolayer of benzoquinone not just passivates the surface of silicon but is responsible for band bending. Implementing a back surface field in these cells reduces rear recombination losses to a great extent. Thickness, conductivity and uniformity of the hole-selective PEDOT:PSS layer are crucial to the properties of these carrier selective solar cells. Devices fabricated with BQ passivation and PEDOT:PSS on n-type silicon have demonstrated 11% power conversion efficiency. In the end, degradation mechanism in these cells is discussed. Future work on optimizing these solar cells and other alternatives will be discussed.
A multilevel analysis of factors influencing the inaccuracy of parental reports of adolescent HPV vaccination status.

Abstract Background Parental reports are commonly used for adolescent HPV vaccination status but may be subjected to bias. Guided by the Socioecological Framework, our study explores potential multilevel factors influencing the inaccuracy of parental reports of adolescent HPV vaccination status. Methods Data from parents of 19,683 adolescents with provider-verified data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Correlates included adolescent characteristics, parent/household factors, number of providers seen, state-level median income, and state-level HPV vaccine policy. Outcomes included inaccuracy in reporting: vaccine initiation (≥1 dose), completion (3 doses), and number of doses. Results 24% and 25% of parents reported initiation and completion inaccurately; 28% under-reported and 11% over-reported number of doses. All adolescent characteristics, parent/household factors, and number of healthcare providers seen were associated with the outcomes. Of note, compared to parents of White adolescents, parents of racial/ethnic minority adolescents were more likely to inaccurately report all outcomes (aOR ranges from 1.43 to 1.76 for initiation, 1.45–1.75 for completion, 1.98–2.05 for under-reporting, and 1.17–1.41 for over-reporting). Households with higher maternal education (aOR = 0.70, 0.92, 0.79, and 0.80) and income (aOR = 0.54, 0.62, 0.50, and 0.70) were less likely to inaccurately report initiation, report completion, under-report, and over-report, respectively. Those having seen more providers were less likely to inaccurately report initiation and completion but more likely to over-report number of vaccine doses. Discussion Being parents of females, older adolescents, and racial/ethnic minority adolescents, having lower material education, and poverty status were associated with higher odds of inaccurately reporting HPV vaccination status. These results have implications for estimates drawn from self-reports. Future research can examine sources of inaccuracies (e.g., social desirability or health literacy); they could also explore solutions (e.g., access to vaccine records) that can help parents accurately report vaccination status. State policy does not appear to have an impact on report accuracy.
Abstract 13545: Atlas of Exosomal Microrna Secreted From Human Ipsc-derived Cardiac Cell Types

Exosomes are small particles secreted from cells through an endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-mediated pathway that releases vesicles into the extracellular matrix followin...
Inhibition of peripheral VEGF signaling rapidly reduces leucocyte obstructions in brain capillaries and increases cortical blood flow in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model

Abstract Increased incidence of stalled capillary blood flow caused by adhesion of leucocytes to the brain microvascular endothelium leads to a 17% reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and exacerbates short-term memory loss in multiple mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we report that Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling at the luminal side of the brain microvasculature plays an integral role in the capillary stalling phenomenon of the APP/PS1 mouse model. Administration of the anti-mouse VEGF-A164 antibody, an isoform that inhibits blood brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, reduced the number of stalled capillaries within an hour of injection, leading to an immediate increase in average capillary blood flow but not capillary diameter. VEGF-A inhibition also reduced the overall eNOS protein concentrations, increased occludin levels, and decreased the penetration of circulating Evans Blue dye across the BBB into the brain parenchyma, suggesting increased BBB integrity. Capillaries prone to neutrophil adhesion after anti-VEGF-A treatment also had lower occludin concentrations than flowing capillaries. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that VEGF-A signaling in APP/PS1 mice contributes to aberrant eNOS/occludin- associated BBB permeability, increases the incidence of capillary stalls, and leads to reductions in CBF. Reducing leucocyte adhesion by inhibiting luminal VEGF signaling may provide a novel and well-tolerated strategy for improving brain microvascular blood flow in AD patients.
Deep neural network models to automate incident triage in the radiation oncology incident learning system

Radiotherapy treatment for cancer patients involves a complex workflow involving radiation physicists, therapists, dosimetrists, physicians and nurses. Multiple hand-offs between these care team members often lead to errors varying in severity levels. Such errors are logged in incident reports stored in the Radiation Oncology Incident Learning System. Here, we present an automated incident triage and severity determination pipeline that can predict high and low severity incidents. Incident reports are collected from the US Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) and Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) radiation oncology centers. Natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning (DL) methods, like CNN and BiLSTM, are used to predict severity using the 'Incident Description' information. Other features like 'Incident Type', 'Action taken by reporter' and 'Incident discovered at' are used to infer the best performing model. Random oversampling and minority class oversampling are employed to address large class imbalance ratios in the data. We observed that CNN performs best on both VHA data (0.83 F1-score) and the combined VCU+VHA data (0.83 F1-score) while CNN with minority sampling performs better on VCU data (0.60 F1-score) using the 'Incident Description' feature. Different feature combinations suggest that the two feature model using 'Incident Description' and 'Action taken by reporter' performs better with CNN on both the VHA (0.84 F1-score) and combined VCU+VHA data (0.81 F1-score). Multiple features were considered for the first time where the two feature model using CNNs emerge as the best suited for automating the radiotherapy incident triage and prioritization process.
Electrostatic Potential Field Effects on Amine Macrocyclizations within Yoctoliter Spaces: Supramolecular Electron Withdrawing/Donating Groups.

The central role of Coulombic interactions in enzyme catalysis has inspired multiple approaches to sculpting electrostatic potential fields (EPFs) for controlling chemical reactivity, including ion gradients in water microdroplets, the tips of STMs, and precisely engineered crystals. These are powerful tools because EPFs can affect all reactions, even those whose mechanisms do not involve formal charges. For some time now, supramolecular chemists have become increasingly proficient in using encapsulation to control stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. However, the field has not taken advantage of the broad range of nanocontainers available to systematically explore how EPFs can affect reactions within their inner-spaces. With that idea in mind, previously, we reported on how positively and negatively charged supramolecular capsules can modulate the acidity and reactivity of thiol guests bound within their inner, yoctoliter spaces (Cai, X.; Kataria, R.; Gibb, B. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 8291-8298; Wang, K.; Cai, X.; Yao, W.; Tang, D.; Kataria, R.; Ashbaugh, H. S.; Byers, L. D.; Gibb, B. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2019, 141, 6740-6747). Building on this, we report here on the cyclization of 14-bromotetradecan-1-amine inside these yoctoliter containers. We examine the rate and activation thermodynamics of cyclization (Eyring analysis), both in the absence and presence of exogenous salts whose complementary ion can bind to the outside of the capsule and hence attenuate its EPF. We find the cyclization rates and activation thermodynamics in the two capsules to be similar, but that for either capsule attenuation of the EPF slows the reaction down considerably. We conclude the capsules behave in a manner akin to covalently attached electron donating/withdrawing groups in a substrate, with each capsule enforcing their own deviations from the idealized SN2 mechanism by moving electron density and charge in the activated complex and TS, and that the idealized SN2 mechanism inside the theoretical neutral host is relatively difficult because of the lack of solvation of the TS.
A Quantitative Analysis of a Customized Peer Mentoring Program with STEM Underrepresented Students

This article highlights a customized mentoring program that successfully supported underrepresented students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines at a university in the northeastern part of the United States (U.S.). Because of the national and regional needs to augment underrepresented, minority, first-generation, and low-income STEM college students, this study investigated efforts to expand the number and retain such population in higher education STEM programs through a customized mentoring program based on a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant. In particular, we evaluated the necessity of strong and broad-based mentoring characteristics using assessment tools and surveys. The study was conducted with 34 participants in STEM fields. The participants’ motivation mean scores in STEM was measured at three different points in time (pre-, mid-, and end-year) and compared using descriptive statistics and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results obtained indicated significant improvement in mentoring characteristics such as goal orientation, resource management, and academic performance with mean scores ranging from 4.99 to 5.21. Although additional findings from the repeated measures ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences, however, the marginal mean scores suggest the customized mentoring program had some positive effect and the mentoring practices supported underrepresented groups toward successful navigation of STEM disciplines. We discuss the study limitations, implications, and future research directions.
Insights into Mechanisms Causing the Maternal Age-Induced Decrease in Oocyte Quality

Female fertility declines with age, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we review the recent literature on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the oocytes. Specifically, ROS increase with age, damaging mitochondria and proteins important in oocyte maturation and meiosis. The damages to mitochondria impair ATP production. ATP levels in oocytes have been linked to successful completion of meiosis prior to ovulation and mediating the appropriate response to sperm binding. ROS also damage proteins important in DNA repair. Meiosis-specific homologs of DNA repair proteins have a critical role in recombination and preventing aneuploidy. Therefore, ROS-induced mitochondrial damage has widespread impacts on multiple aspects of oocyte quality. Some treatments are discussed which have shown to be effective in decreasing ROS-induced damage and lowering aneuploidy, providing hope to older women attempting to conceive. However, gaps in knowledge remain and require further investigation before more targeted treatments can be developed.
Evaluation of Sequential Importance Sampling for blind deconvolution via a simulation study

Sequential techniques for the canonical blind deconvolution problem have attracted the attention of computational Bayesians such as Liu and Chen (1995) who applied Sequential Importance Sampling (SIS) to this problem. Subsequently, several extensions have been proposed (e.g. Rejuvenation, Rejection Control, Fixed-Lag Smoothing, Metropolis-Hastings Importance Resampling, etc.) as improvements to SIS, but some of the drawbacks inherent in SIS persist. A comparison of variants of the Viterbi (VA), List Viterbi (LVA), BCJR (for Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv) and SIS algorithms was conducted with inconclusive results. Although SIS can be helpful in certain circumstances, it shows signs of instability, and therefore, may not be useful in practice. In conclusion, one should be cautious in using SIS or Rejuvenation for blind deconvolution problems.
Diphtheria and theories of infectious disease: centennial appreciation of the critical role of diphtheria in the history of medicine.

Exactly 100 years ago, Friedrich Loeffler (1852-1915) published his masterful paper proving that a particular bacillus was the etiologic agent responsible for diphtheria.1 The next year, Joseph O9Dwyer (1841-1898), working at the Foundling Asylum of the Sisters of Charity in New York City (later the New York Foundling Hospital), pioneered intubation. It was the first successful means of treating suffocation, the leading cause of death in patients with diphtheria.2 In the last decades of the 19th century, diphtheria was unusual among infectious diseases because it was becoming more prevalent. William Osler, in Principles and Practice of Medicine (1892),3 wrote: It is a remarkable fact that while contagious diseases have diminished within the past decade, diphtheria, particularly in cities, has increased. Of note to medical personnel, Osler3 warned that "no disease of temperate regions proves more fatal to physicians and nurses [than diphtheria]." So worrisome was diphtheria to pediatricians that Luther Emmett Holt4 devoted the longest chapter in his textbook, The Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (1897) (57 of 1,117 pages) to this leading cause of infant mortality. Nearly 1% of all articles in the world9s medical literature, listed in Index Medicus in 1892, addressed diphtheria, more than 100 times the relative number in 1982. As widespread as diphtheria was in 1894, it has now virtually disappeared, except for isolated outbreaks among the unimmunized. Most pediatricians will never see a case, and even experts in infectious disease can rarely recall more than a handful of cases (Table 1). For most doctors, diphtheria remains only a word affixed to the immunization schedule.
The impact of population heterogeneity on risk estimation in genetic counseling

Background Genetic counseling has been an important tool for evaluating and communicating disease susceptibility for decades, and it has been applied to predict risks for a wide class of hereditary disorders. Most diseases are complex in nature and are affected by multiple genes and environmental conditions; it is highly likely that DNA tests alone do not define all the genetic factors responsible for a disease, so that persons classified into the same risk group by DNA testing actually could have different disease susceptibilities. Ignorance of population heterogeneity may lead to biased risk estimates, whereas additional information on population heterogeneity may improve the precision of such estimates.
Finance Before the Industrial Revolution: An Introduction

This paper examine the sources and uses of finance in the preindustrial economy. It explore the motives of individual savers and the choice of assets available to them. It then discusses the effects of the prohibition of usury on the availability of finance and on its form. It concludes with a description of the extensive system of "informal finance" out of which specialized financial institutions and markets evolved.
Further Evidence Concerning the Configuration of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid During Entry into Bacillus subtilis

Strauss, Norman (State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.). Further evidence concerning the configuration of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid during entry into Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol 91:702–708. 1966.—The appearance of linked, unselected traits with selected markers was followed as a function of time after the exposure of competent cells to transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was found that the per cent cotransfer of a linked, unselected trait with a single selected trait increased sharply soon after the lag period characterizing the appearance of the selected trait. Similar results were obtained when cotransfer of a linked unselected trait with a pair of selected traits was examined. The results are taken as an unequivocal demonstration that the entry of transforming DNA into competent Bacillus subtilis occurs in longitudinal fashion. The nature of the linkage between try2 and his9 was characterized. It was found that, although these two traits had been found to be unlinked on the basis of recombination tests, the saturation curves showed these two traits to be present on the same fragment of DNA.
Diminished DNA repair and elevated mutagenesis in mammalian cells exposed to hypoxia and low pH

The tumor microenvironment is characterized by regions of fluctuating and chronic hypoxia, low pH, and nutrient deprivation. It has been proposed that this unique tissue environment itself may constitute a major cause of the genetic instability seen in cancer. To investigate possible mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment might contribute to genetic instability, we asked whether the conditions found in solid tumors could influence cellular repair of DNA damage. Using an assay for repair based on host cell reactivation of UV-damaged plasmid DNA, cells exposed to hypoxia and low pH were found to have a diminished capacity for DNA repair compared with control cells grown under standard culture conditions. In addition, cells cultured under hypoxia at pH 6.5 immediately after UV irradiation had elevated levels of induced mutagenesis compared with those maintained in standard growth conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that cellular repair functions may be impaired under the conditions of the tumor microenvironment, causing hypermutability to DNA damage. This alteration in repair capacity may constitute an important mechanism underlying the genetic instability of cancer cells in vivo.
Agent-based control for object manipulation with modular self-reconfigurable robots

We demonstrate multiagent control of modular self-reconfigurable (MSR) robots for object manipulation tasks and show how it provides a useful programming abstraction. Such robots consist of many modules that can move relative to each other and change their connectivity, thereby changing the robot's overall shape to suit different tasks. We illustrate this approach through simulation experiments of the TeleCube MSR robot system.
WHAT IS HAPPENED MAY NOT BE WHAT APPEARS TO BE HAPPENING: A CORPUS STUDY OF PASSIVE UNACCUSATIVES IN L2 ENGLISH

Second Language (L2) researchers have been studying ‘passive’ unaccusative errors such as What was happened?, but have not yet reached a consensus about the ultimate cause of this unique interlanguage structure. This article critically reviews five major accounts proposed in the literature, namely:• transfer of a compound tense/aspect structure in the learner's first language (L1);• overgeneralization of adjectival passive formation in English;• nontarget lexical causativization;• identification of the passive morphosyntax with the lack of a logical subject; and• nontarget overt marking of syntactic NP movement.By analysing each account in terms of its ramifications in light of the data already available in the literature and additional data from a large corpus of nonnative English, I demonstrate that the most plausible account of the ‘passive’ unaccusative structure is to regard it as an overt marker of NP movement, an overgeneralization of the passive morphosyntax of the target English.
Technology Trends: Past, Present, and Future

Since the invention of flip chip technology by IBM about 40 years ago, there has been a continuous need for increased I/O density. More recently fine pitch technology is being enabled in Pb-free through Cu pillar and Sn–Ag solders. Stiffer Pb-free interconnection coupled with fragile low-k dielectric materials imposes a significant challenge on first level packaging. In response to increased number of interconnections and higher performance needs, additional technologies are emerging, such as the following: fine pitch flip chip (<60 μm pitch) interconnections, 3D with and without TSV’s, liquid phase connections, and bond-on line. This introductory chapter covers these technologies and sets the stage for current and future flip chip technologies discussed throughout the book.