cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transferability model for brittle fracture including constraint and ductile tearing effects: a probabilistic approach

This study describes a computational framework to quantify the influence of constraint loss and ductile tearing on the cleavage fracture process, as reflected by the pronounced effects on macroscopic toughness (J c , δc). Our approach adopts the Weibull stress σw as a suitable near-tip parameter to describe the coupling of remote loading with a micromechanics model incorporating the statistics of microcracks (weakest link philosophy). Unstable crack propagation (cleavage) occurs at a critical value of σw which may be attained prior to, or following, some amount of stable, ductile crack extension. A central feature of our framework focuses on the realistic numerical modeling of ductile crack growth using the computational cell methodology to define the evolution of near-tip stress fields during crack extension. Under increased remote loading (J), development of the Weibull stress reflects the potentially strong variations of near-tip stress fields due to the interacting effects of constraint loss and ductile crack extension. Computational results are discussed for well-contained plasticity, where the near-tip fields for a stationary and a growing crack are generated with a modified boundary layer (MBL) formulation (in the form of different levels of applied T-stress). These analyses demonstrate clearly the dependence of σw on crack-tip stress triaxiality and crack growth. The paper concludes with an application of the micromechanics model to predict the measured geometry and ductile tearing effects on the cleavage fracture toughness J c of an HSLA steel. Here, we employ the concept of the Dodds-Anderson scaling model, but replace their original local criterion based on the equivalence of near-tip stressed volumes by attainment of a critical value of the Weibull stress. For this application, the proposed approach successfully predicts the combined effects of loss of constraint and crack growth on measured J c -values.
The effect of potato virus X on the nitrogenous constituents of potatoes

Infection with potato virus X (PVX) increased the total nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen contents of Katahdin tubers. Protein nitrogen remained unchanged, but a 22% increase in free amino acid content accompanied infection. No differences were observed in the number or composition of protein fractions in infected tubers.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: AUA Guideline Amendment

Purpose: The purpose of this amendment is to provide an updated clinical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome based upon data received since the publication of original guideline in 2011.Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review using the MEDLINE® database (search dates 1/1/83-7/22/09) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed publications relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of IC/BPS. This initial review yielded an evidence base of 86 treatment articles after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. The AUA update literature review process, in which an additional systematic review is conducted periodically to maintain guideline currency with newly published relevant literature, was conducted in July 2013. This review identified an additional 31 articles, which were added to the evidence base of this Guideline.Results: Newly incorporated literature describing the treatment of IC/BPS was integrated into the Guideline with additional trea...
Sensitive period for a multimodal response in human visual motion area MT/MST.

Summary The middle temporal complex (MT/MST) is a brain region specialized for the perception of motion in the visual modality [1–4]. However, this specialization is modified by visual experience: after long-standing blindness, MT/MST responds to sound [5]. Recent evidence also suggests that the auditory response of MT/MST is selective for motion [6, 7]. The developmental time course of this plasticity is not known. To test for a sensitive period in MT/MST development, we used fMRI to compare MT/MST function in congenitally blind, late-blind, and sighted adults. MT/MST responded to sound in congenitally blind adults, but not in late-blind or sighted adults, and not in an individual who lost his vision between ages of 2 and 3 years. All blind adults had reduced functional connectivity between MT/MST and other visual regions. Functional connectivity was increased between MT/MST and lateral prefrontal areas in congenitally blind relative to sighted and late-blind adults. These data suggest that early blindness affects the function of feedback projections from prefrontal cortex to MT/MST. We conclude that there is a sensitive period for visual specialization in MT/MST. During typical development, early visual experience either maintains or creates a vision-dominated response. Once established, this response profile is not altered by long-standing blindness.
Distributional patterns of mesophilous and thermophilous microfungi in two Bahamian soils.

This study focuses on the characteristics displayed by mesophilous and thermophilous microfungal populations occurring in two tropical monodominant plant communities, a Cocos nucifera grove and a Casuarina equisetifolia forest, that provide distinctly different edaphic conditions. The mesophilous population sampled at 25°C by the dilution plate method and the thermophilous population that developed on soil plates incubated at 45°C consisted of 1693 isolates representing 60 species and 29 genera and 8887 isolates representing 20 species and 10 genera, respectively. The mesophilous propagules averaged 9,990 per gram dry soil in the coconut grove that lacks a litter layer, is low in moisture and organic matter and is subjected to high solar irradiation. The population was characterized by the prevalence of aspergilli and dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and the near absence of mucoraceous isolates. Ascomycetes were common. The only widespread taxa were the three species, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Species diversity was high and 73% of the isolates were cellulolytic. In the casuarina forest, adequate moisture and organic matter and a protecting litter layer provide a mesic environment. The mean number of mesophilous fungi per gram dry soil was 32,800. This figure is considerably lower than ones reported for mesic temperate communities and may be due to more rapid propagule removal through accelerated microfaunal and microbial activity. An abundance of mucoraceous and moniliaceous isolates and penicillia, and the rarity of aspergilli, dematiaceous-sphaeropsidaceous forms and ascomycetes characterize the population. The infrequency of aspergilli is thought to be due to their poor competitive ability. Eight species, Absidia cylindrospora, Penicillium notatum, Pestalotia cocculi?, Cylindrocarpon heteronema, Gliocladium roseum, Trichoderma viride, Paecilomyces marquandii, and Penicillium funiculosum were widespread in the area. Species diversity equaled that observed in mesic temperate communities. Less than one third of the isolates were cellulolytic. Phytopathogens were common, a feature characteristic of tropical populations. Thermophilous fungi averaged 33 per gram dry soil in the casuarina forest and increased to 943 per gram in the insolated soil of the coconut grove. Thermotolerant forms (94% of the isolates) were abundant and were principally species of Aspergillus and Chaetomium. Thermophilic fungi were rare and of the six species isolated only Chaetomiun britannicum was widespread. Four species, Ch. osmaniae, Ch. medusarum, Ch. sulphureum, and Thielavia arenaria, appear to be new records for western hemisphere soils.
3He-4He mixture films in Anopore membranes

We report recent heat capacity and phase shift measurements on a4He and a3He-4He mixture film adsorbed in Anopore membranes We discuss the effects of a 1.1%3He concentration at a heat capacity signature found for a pure4He film.
Upper Lobe Cystic Lesions and Cough in a Young Woman

(Chest 1992; 102:261-62) A 27-year-old white woman was referred for evaluation of a chronic cough productive of a greenish and foul-tasting sputum that was occasionally blood streaked. She recalled no prodromal symptoms. She denied weight loss, fevers, or chills. The patient did not smoke and had flO noxious occupational exposures. She had no pets or livestock. She was an urban dweller without outdoor interests or activities. She had not traveled recently. She had had only the usual childhood illnesses. She had no risk factors for infection with human imunodeficiency virus (HIV). There was no family history of pulmonary disease. The patient was thin but in fl() acute distress. She was afebrile, and her vital signs were stable. Breath sounds were diminished in the tipper lung fields. The remainder of the physical examination findings were unremarkable. The patient’s white blood cell count and differential were normal. Her biochemical profile was unremarkable. Her a1-antitrypsin level was normal. Fungal serologic findings by immunodiffusion and complement fixation were within normal limits. Her PPD test
Effect of repeated burning on plant and soil carbon and nitrogen in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) dominated ecosystems

Fire has profound effects on ecosystem properties, but few studies have addressed the effect of repeated burns on soil nutrients, and none have been conducted in cold desert ecosystems where invasion by exotic annual grasses is resulting in greater fire frequency. In a 5 year study, we examined effects of repeated burning, litter removal, and post-fire seeding on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in soils, litter, and vegetation in a cheatgrass-dominated Wyoming big sagebrush ecological type. We developed a multivariate model to identify potential mechanisms influencing treatment effects and examine the influence of environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature. We found that repeated burning had strong negative effects on litter C and N contents, but did not reduce soil nutrients or vegetation C and N contents, likely due to cool fire temperatures. There were few effects of litter removal or post-fire seeding. Instead, precipitation and temperature interacted with burning and had the strongest influences on soil N and vegetation C and N contents over time. Management strategies aimed at decreasing litter and seed banks and increasing competitive interactions may be more effective at reducing cheatgrass success than approaches for reducing soil nutrients.
Finite element modelling of crack propagation in elastic-plastic media

Materials which are cyclically stressed by sliding indenters often undergo fatigue wear, as surface breaking vertical cracks and subsurface horizontal cracks propagate causing eventual loss of material. In this study, the authors model crack propagation in an elastic-plastic material using finite element techniques, and consider the influence of friction, elasticity, plasticity and degree of penetration on the J-integral at the tip of a vertical crack. Crack propagation directions are estimated using J-integral maxima as the determining variable. It is found that the J-integral values, as a measure of strain energy release rate, can be used to estimate the crack propagation angle. Its main advantage lies in the fact that it considers both modes (I, II) of crack propagation. Using the J-integral values, one finds that, in the absence of friction between the indenter and the material, the vertical crack is equally prone to propagation at both 45 and 135° angles. However, one notices that the vertical crack favours the direction opposite to the direction of rolling for non-zero values of friction, i.e. 135°. The effects of both the crack depth and the crack tip plasticity are also investigated. It is found that any experimental findings suggestive of crack orientations closer to the horizontal in the direction opposite to the sliding direction are probably a result of shallow vertical asperities or higher crack tip plasticity.
Trends in Agriculture in the LEASEQ Watersheds, 1975–1995

County-level agricultural statistics were aggregated at the watershed level to provide estimates of trends in land use and agricultural management in the Maumee and Sandusky River watersheds during the period 1975-1995. Average farm size increased by 40% or more, but the number of farms decreased by nearly 40%; the total land area in agriculture also decreased, but only by about 7%. Conservation tillage increased from virtually nothing to nearly 50% of cropland in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; most of the change is due to adoption of no-till soybean. The Conservation Reserve Program has enrolled more than 75 000 hectares, but this represents less than 5% of total farmland. The great majority of land classified as highly erodible has been placed under treatment during the study period. Cropland in soybean has increased; land in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and hay has decreased. Cropland in corn has decreased in the Maumee watershed and increased slightly in the Sandusky watershed. Average per-hectare yields of corn, soybean, wheat, and hay have increased by 10 to 40%. Fertilizer phosphorus sales increased until about 1980 and have declined significantly since then; fertilizer nitrogen follows a similar but less pronounced pattern. The decreases are more substantial in the Maumee watershed than in the Sandusky. Manure use for fertilizer has also declined significantly.
Comparison of computational studies of internal stabilization of 1‐butadienyllithiums and representative 1‐chloro‐1‐lithio‐2‐phenylalkenes

Comparison of molecular orbital calculations of 1-butadienyllithiums and representative 1-chloro-1-lithio-2-phenylalkenes, carried out by using MNDO and AM1, reveals that the major stabilizing interaction with lithium in these systems is predicted to be agostic bonding between lithium and hydrogen. MNDO and AM1 calculations for 1-chloro-1-lithio-2-phenylethenes give evidence for agostic bonding between lithium and the ortho H, such as compressed pertinent bond angles and increased pertinent bond lengths. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:263–269, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10027
93rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, San Francisco, CA, USA, 6-10 April 2002.

The 93rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) was held in the vast underground complex of the Moscone Convention Center in downtown San Francisco, through mostly beautiful early summer weather during 6–10 April 2002. This diverse meeting, attended by more than 14,000 people, was dedicated to all methods of cancer research, from basic cell biology to advanced clinical trials. The meeting was presented in a multitude of formats: interactive 'meet the expert' sessions (at 07:00 a.m.!), plenary lectures, symposia, minisymposia, poster sessions, educational workshops, and panel discussions. Despite the scope of the meeting, many of the presentations had an intimate feel. This was in part because of the quantity and quality of not-yet-published data that was presented, and in part because of the atmosphere of discussion, even in the largest lecture halls. The present report will cover many of the topics that were presented. Because of the scope of the conference, however, the summaries that follow are only a representative sampling.
Biogeographic Shifts in a Transgressive Succession: The Cambrian (Furongian, Jiangshanian; Latest Steptoean–Earliest Sunwaptan) Agnostoid Arthropods Kormagnostella Romanenko and Biciragnostus Ergaliev in North America

The first records of the upper Cambrian agnostoid genera Kormagnostella, E. Romanenko, in Romanenko and Romanenko, 1967, and Biciragnostus F. Ergaliev, in Eraliev and Ergaliev, 2001, in Laurentian North America are from a narrow stratigraphic interval in the Steptoean–Sunwaptan boundary interval (Furongian, Jiangshanian) of Nevada and Utah. In Nevada, both genera occur in a condensed bioclastic lag below a major flooding surface, and Kormagnostella also appears in a transgressive interval in Utah. Immigration of these genera is associated with sea level rise, and also with faunal turnover. Biciragnostus is confined to the latest Elvinia Zone, immediately below the onset of a trilobite and agnostoid extinction event at the base of the Irvingella major Zone (basal Sunwaptan). Kormagnostella is present in the latest Elvinia Zone, and has its highest occurrence in the I. major Zone. Stratigraphic data from the Karatau-Naryn Terrane, Kazakhstan indicate that both genera disappear near the local extinction of Irvingella, suggesting that faunal turnover in that region may have been broadly correlative with the more profound extinction in Laurentia. New species are Kormagnostella advena, K. insolita and Biciragnostus viator.
Long-Term Modulation of A-Type K+ Conductances in Hippocampal CA1 Interneurons in Rats After Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure During Adolescence or Adulthood

Background Chronic alcohol use, especially exposure to alcohol during adolescence or young adulthood, is closely associated with cognitive deficits that may persist into adulthood. Therefore, it is essential to identify possible neuronal mechanisms underlying the observed deficits in learning and memory. Hippocampal interneurons play a pivotal role in regulating hippocampus-dependent learning and memory by exerting strong inhibition on excitatory pyramidal cells. The function of these interneurons is regulated not only by synaptic inputs from other types of neurons but is also precisely governed by their own intrinsic membrane ionic conductances. The voltage-gated A-type potassium current (IA) regulates the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons, and disruption of IA is responsible for many neuropathological processes including learning and memory deficits. Thus, it represents a previously unexplored cellular mechanism whereby chronic ethanol (EtOH) may alter hippocampal memory-related functioning. Methods Using whole-cell electrophysiological recording methods, we investigated the enduring effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure during adolescence or adulthood on IA in rat CA1 interneurons. Results We found that the mean peak amplitude of IA was significantly reduced after CIE in either adolescence or adulthood, but IA density was attenuated after CIE in adolescence but not after CIE in adulthood. In addition, the voltage-dependent steady-state activation and inactivation of IA were altered in interneurons after CIE. Conclusions These findings suggest that CIE can cause long-term changes in IA channels in interneurons and thus may alter their inhibitory influences on memory-related local hippocampal circuits, which could be, in turn, responsible for learning and memory impairments observed after chronic EtOH exposure.
RNase L Interacts with Filamin A To Regulate Actin Dynamics and Barrier Function for Viral Entry

ABSTRACT The actin cytoskeleton and its network of associated proteins constitute a physical barrier that viruses must circumvent to gain entry into cells for productive infection. The mechanisms by which the physical signals of infection are sensed by the host to activate an innate immune response are not well understood. The antiviral endoribonuclease RNase L is ubiquitously expressed in a latent form and activated upon binding 2-5A, a unique oligoadenylate produced during viral infections. We provide evidence that RNase L in its inactive form interacts with the actin-binding protein Filamin A to modulate the actin cytoskeleton and inhibit virus entry. Cells lacking either RNase L or Filamin A displayed increased virus entry which was exacerbated in cells lacking both proteins. RNase L deletion mutants that reduced Filamin A interaction displayed a compromised ability to restrict virus entry, supporting the idea of an important role for the RNase L-Filamin A complex in barrier function. Remarkably, both the wild type and a catalytically inactive RNase L mutant were competent to reduce virus entry when transfected into RNase L-deficient cells, indicating that this novel function of RNase L is independent of its enzymatic activity. Virus infection and RNase L activation disrupt its association with Filamin A and release RNase L to mediate its canonical nuclease-dependent antiviral activities. The dual functions of RNase L as a constitutive component of the actin cytoskeleton and as an induced mediator of antiviral signaling and effector functions provide insights into its mechanisms of antiviral activity and opportunities for the development of novel antiviral agents. IMPORTANCE Cells constantly face and sample pathogens on their outer surface. The actin cytoskeleton and interacting proteins associate with the cell membrane and constitute a barrier to infection. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton allows viruses to enter the cell and induces innate immune responses to clear infections. The molecular mechanisms that link virus-induced physical perturbations to host defense pathways remain unclear. Our studies identified a novel interaction between the antiviral endoribonuclease RNase L and the actin-binding protein Filamin A that enhances host defense by preventing viral entry into naive cells. This role for RNase L is independent of its enzymatic function. Virus infection alters actin dynamics, disrupts the RNase L-Filamin A complex, and releases RNase L to mediate antiviral signaling and effector functions via its established nucleolytic activities. These dual roles for RNase L provide an efficient strategy to protect cells from infection and rapidly respond upon pathogen exposure.
Predicting consumer choices for farmed and wild salmon

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to determine whether consumers prefer their salmon farm‐raised or wild‐harvested given a side‐by‐side choice. In addition, consumers’ preferences for seafood safety inspection are investigated. The methodology applied is conjoint analysis, paired with information on consumers’ perceptions of farmed finfish and seafood safety, using data from a consumer survey of households in the North‐eastern and mid‐Atlantic regions of the US. The results suggest that consumers’ choice for retail purchases of salmon tend to be fanned and federally inspected product.
Experiencing Work: Values, Attitudes, and Moods

This paper describes a model (the VAM model) which integrates three of the most significant dimensions of the work experience, work values, attitudes, and moods, into one overarching framework. The VAM model proposes that a rich and more complete understanding of the experience of work necessitates the simultaneous consideration of work values, attitudes, and moods. After describing how work values, attitudes, and moods, each capture key aspects of experiencing work, we discuss three important dimensions along which they vary: time, dynamism, and focus. These dimensions underscore the need for the simultaneous consideration of values, attitudes, and moods for a fuller understanding of the work experience. We then describe how work values, attitudes, and moods have the potential to influence each other. Finally, we discuss the implications of the VAM model for understanding important organizational outcomes including extra-role behavior, job performance, social loafing, absenteeism, and turnover.
IGF-I Specifically Enhances Axon Outgrowth of Corticospinal Motor Neurons

Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) are among the most complex CNS neurons; they control voluntary motor function and are prototypical projection neurons. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both spinal motor neurons and CSMN degenerate; their damage contributes centrally to the loss of motor function in spinal cord injury. Direct investigation of CSMN is severely limited by inaccessibility in the heterogeneous cortex. Here, using new CSMN purification and culture approaches, and in vivo analyses, we report that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) specifically enhances the extent and rate of murine CSMN axon outgrowth, mediated via the IGF-I receptor and downstream signaling pathways; this is distinct from IGF-I support of neuronal survival. In contrast, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances branching and arborization, but not axon outgrowth. These experiments define specific controls over directed differentiation of CSMN, indicate a distinct role of IGF-I in CSMN axon outgrowth during development, and might enable control over CSMN derived from neural precursors.
Real-time fault detection and accommodation for COTS resolver position sensors

Resolver sensors are utilized as absolute position transducers to control the position and speed of actuators in many flight critical applications where robustness, accuracy and ability to operate in extreme environmental conditions are required. To ensure these requirements, several designs for self-diagnosing sensors were proposed in the past. However, such designs require additional instrumentation leading to further development and certification costs. To mitigate such costs, a methodology was sought to achieve similar self-diagnosis capabilities that can be retrofitted to already existing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) resolver sensors. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes a new approach for real-time tracking of resolver faults with the ability to perform real-time fault detection. However, the additional benefit of this approach is the ability to accommodate faults in real-time once a fault is detected. The primary fault studied in this paper is resolver channel mismatch. A formulation based on the physical operating principles for a resolver sensor is provided. Diagnostic measures are identified for use in statistical-based fault-detection routines. Then, estimates for the resolver mismatch are tracked using a time-varying Kalman filter. Fault accommodation is achieved by applying the tracked estimates to adjust for the resolver mismatch. Finally, the fault detection and accommodation routines are evaluated in Simulink for an electro-mechanical actuator (EMA).
Photonic crystals: six connected dielectric networks with simple cubic symmetry

Periodic dielectric structures possessing large photonic band gaps have been based primarily on face-centered-cubic diamond symmetry. However, photonic crystals with large photonic band gaps are also found when neighboring lattice sites in the simple cubic lattice are connected to create a connected node dielectric network. Because of the inherent simplicity of this geometry, photonic crystals based on simple cubic symmetry can be more easily and economically produced. In this review, we show graphically and quantitatively the similarities among five photonic crystals having simple cubic lattice symmetry. Structural and photonic properties of this family of crystals are compared to reveal common characteristics. We provide three-dimensional (3-D) graphics to enable the reader to visualize the relationships amongst the various structures. We provide maps of the complete photonic band gaps as a function of the dielectric volume fraction for each structure to help researchers interested in the fabrication of the structures. We also discuss the basic origin of the 3-D complete photonic band gap for the simple cubic morphology in terms of dielectric modulations along principal directions. After reviewing the set of experimentally realized simple cubic structures, we feature the promising champion single P structure accessible through 3-D interference lithography.
Implications of heavy tails on simulation-based ordinal optimization

We consider the problem of selecting the best system using simulation-based ordinal optimization. This problem has been studied mostly in the context of light-tailed distributions, where both Gaussian-based heuristics and asymptotically optimal procedures have been proposed. The latter rely on detailed knowledge of the underlying distributions and give rise to an exponential decay of the probability of selecting the incorrect system. However, their implementation tends to be computationally intensive. In contrast, in the presence of heavy tails the probability of selecting the incorrect system only decays polynomially, but this is achieved using simple allocation schemes that rely on little information of the underlying distributions. These observations are illustrated via several numerical experiments and are seen to be consistent with asymptotic theory.
Host Responses to Cryptosporidium Infection

Cryptosporidium is a clinically and economically important infection whose pathogenic effect begins with colonization of the intestinal epithelium. Despite intensive efforts, a consistently effective therapy for the infection has yet to be identified. Morbidity and mortality results from ongoing loss of absorptive epithelium, which leads to villous atrophy and malabsorption and release of inflammatory mediators that stimulate electrolyte secretion and diarrhea. With further clarification of the mechanisms underlying enterocyte malfunction in Cryptosporidium infection, it should be possible to design rational nutritional and pharmacologic therapies to enhance nutrient and water absorption, promote the clearance of infected enterocytes, and restore normal villus architecture and mucosal barrier function.
Computation of thermal stresses in quasistatic non‐stationary thermoelasticity using boundary elements

In this paper we present the boundary integral formulation for the solution of quasi-static problems of two-dimensional uncoupled thermoelasticity. A detailed scheme for the numerical solution of the boundary integral equations and computation of internal stresses by regularized integral representation is developed in time formulation. The method is tested in a numerical example.
Single-step procedure for labeling DNA strand breaks with fluorescein- or Bodipy-conjugated deoxynucleotides: Detection of apoptosis and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation

The methods of in situ labeling of DNA strand breaks have been used to identify apoptotic cells and/or DNA replicating cells. While discrimination of apoptotic cells is based on the inherent presence of numerous DNA strand breaks in their chromatin, DNA proliferating cells can be discriminated by the selective DNA strand break induction by photolysis (SBIP) methodology at the sites that contain incorporated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) or iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd). In both instances, DNA strand breaks are labeled with biotin- or digoxygenin-conjugated deoxynucleotides, preferably in the reaction catalyzed by exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase; fluorescein tagged avidin (streptavidin) or digoxygenin antibody is used in the second step of the reaction. In the present study, DNA strand break labeling was simplified by using directly labeled deoxynucleotides, in a single-step reaction. Cell fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry as well as by a microscope-based laser scanning multiparameter cytometer. Apoptotic cells in HL-60 cultures treated with camptothecin or in primary cultures of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells treated with prednisolone were easily identified utilizing BODIPY-conjugated dUTP (B-dUTP). Apoptotic cells were also recognized using fluorescein-conjugated dUTP or dATP, although the discrimination was more pronounced with B-dUTP. The single-step procedure, requiring fewer centrifugation steps, resulted in less cell loss compared to the two-step cell labeling technique.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in rheumatoid arthritis

Bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has three distinct phenotypes: marginal erosions in the affected joints, periarticular osteoporosis, and generalized osteoporosis [1].
High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue as a part of combined modality therapy in stage IIIB inflammatory breast cancer

10694 Background: Despite the improvements related to introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with inflammatory breast cancer remains poor. The purpose of this study was...
Challenges of Reporting on Corrections: An Exploratory Study Derived from Interviews with American Reporters Who Cover Jails and Prisons

This article briefly reviews the scholarly research on the news media’s portrayal of corrections and the challenges reporters face in covering this part of the criminal justice system. It then presents results from interviews conducted with the handful of American print media reporters who specialize in or have focused a significant part of their careers on covering corrections.
Utility of Tumor Markers in Testicular Tumors and Prostate Cancer

Tumor markers play an important role in the management of patients with testicular and prostate cancer. Their use in the management of testicular cancer is particularly essential. In the past decade, the cure rate for testicular cancer has increased from approximately 60% to well over 90% in all but the most advanced cases. Three developments have contributed to this achievement: (1) more effective anti-tumor drug regimens, (2) better operative techniques, and (3) the clinical implementation of the discovery that testicular cancer cells produce the tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This article reviews the significance of AFP and hCG as tumor markers for testicular cancer and reviews prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) as a tumor marker for cancer of the prostate.
Local sweating in man induced by intradermal epinephrine.

SummaryIntradermal injection of epinephrine caused local sweating in 21 of 30 subjects. The response was not altered by atropine or TEA but was diminished by procaine; dibenamine inhibited it. The physiological significance of this phenomenon remains to be elucidated.
The Effect of Distractive Function on Volitional Preemptive Abdominal Contraction During a Loaded Forward Reach in Normal Subjects.

Abstract Background Volitional preemptive abdominal contraction (VPAC) is used to protect the spine and prevent injury. No published studies to data have examined the effect of distraction on VPAC use during function. Objective To examine the effect of an auditory distraction ("Stroop task") on healthy subjects' ability to sustain VPAC by use of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver during loaded forward reach. Design Within-subjects, repeated-measure cohort design. Setting Clinical laboratory setting. Participants Convenience sample of 42 healthy individuals (ages 20-57 years). Methods Transversus abdominis (TrA) thickness was measured with M-mode ultrasound imaging. Each subject performed Stroop versus no Stroop during 4 conditions: (1) without VPAC, quiet standing; (2) with VPAC, quiet standing; (3) without VPAC, forward reach; and (4) with VPAC, forward reach. An investigator blinded to the conditions measured the first 10 subjects to establish intratester reliability of probe/transducer placement and TrA measurement. Data Reduction TrA thickness (mm) change represented VPAC performance. A single investigator measured onscreen TrA thickness twice at each second from second-6 through -10 on a recorded ultrasound imaging sequence. Results A 2 (Stroop) × 4 (Activity) repeated-measures analysis of variance found no significant Stroop × Activity interaction [F(3, 93) = 0.345, P = .793] and no main effect for Stroop [F (1,31) = 1.324, P = .259] but found a significant main effect for activity [F (3,93) = 17.729, P P = .051). The interclass correlation coefficient (3,2) for probe/transducer placement reliability was 0.87, 0.91, 0.92, and 0.93 for conditions 1-4, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient (3,2) for TrA measurement reliability was 0.96, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.99 for conditions 1-4, respectively. Conclusion A distracting executive function (Stroop task) did not produce a significant negative impact on normal individuals' ability to sustain a VPAC during quiet standing or loaded forward reach activities. Level of Evidence II
Glucosamine and leukemia.

SummaryHighly purified glucosamine at dose levels as high as 20 g per day for several days did not influence the course of one patient with acute lymphocytic, one with acute histiomonocytic, one with chronic myelocytic and 2 with chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
Perception and Action

This chapter introduces a formalism for describing the interaction between a situated robot and its environment In addition to defining that interaction and, most importantly, perception and action formally, we discuss similarities and differences between this formal model and other models prevalent in the robotics, motion-planning and finite automaton communities.
Tuning the catalytic CO hydrogenation to straight- and long-chain aldehydes/alcohols and olefins/paraffins

The catalytic CO hydrogenation is one of the most versatile large-scale chemical syntheses leading to variable chemical feedstock. While traditionally mainly methanol and long-chain hydrocarbons are produced by CO hydrogenation, here we show that the same reaction can be tuned to produce long-chain n-aldehydes, 1-alcohols and olefins, as well as n-paraffins over potassium-promoted CoMn catalysts. The sum selectivity of aldehydes and alcohols is usually >50 wt% whereof up to ∼97% can be n-aldehydes. While the product slate contains ∼60% n-aldehydes at /pCO=0.5, a 65/35% slate of paraffins/alcohols is obtained at a ratio of 9. A linear Anderson–Schulz–Flory behaviour, independent of the /pCO ratio, is found for the sum of C4+ products. We advocate a synergistic interaction between a Mn5O8 oxide and a bulk Co2C phase, promoted by the presence of potassium, to be responsible for the unique product spectra in our studies. The catalytic CO hydrogenation traditionally produces mainly methanol and long-chain hydrocarbons. Here, the authors show that the same reaction can be tuned to produce long-chain n-aldehydes, 1-alcohols and olefins, as well as n-paraffins over potassium-promoted CoMn catalysts.
1,1-Dichloroethylene

1,1-Dichloroethylene (DCE), also known as vinylidene chloride, DC, 1,1-DCE, and 1,1-dichloroethene, has been used as a chemical intermediate and in the manufacture of poly vinylidene copolymers. Polymers of DCE and vinyl chloride are used as food wrap (CEH 1983). DCE is a synthetic chemical with no known natural sources (USEPA 1983). Approximately 200 million lb (0.908 million kg) of DCE were produced in 1980 (USITC 1982). Its structure and properties are shown in Table 1.
Genomics of Speciation in Temperate and Boreal Angiosperm Trees

Understanding how species form and persist has been a central objective of evolutionary biology since the time of Darwin. Species emerge where two or more populations develop reproductive barriers yielding phenotypic and genetic divergence. This definition has led some to question the reality of species boundaries in plants. In contrast to animals, in which behavioral traits may allow sympatric groups to establish and maintain reproductive isolation (RI), plants do not benefit from mate selection in quite the same way. As a result, the definition of plant species has long confounded evolutionary biologists, as have the ecological and genetic processes that underlie their formation. Temperate and boreal angiosperm trees make an interesting case study in this regard, where a lack of RI often leads to difficulties in defining closely related species. With widespread and overlapping distributions, many tree species must resist gene flow from congeners, often in the absence of pre- and post-zygotic barriers, in order to maintain adaptations to their particular niche. While high rates of intraspecific gene flow likely promote species cohesion, angiosperm trees also show extensive interspecific hybridization in contact zones. In this chapter we highlight recent work to understand the pattern and process of speciation in angiosperm trees, and how contemporary sequencing technologies are providing insights into the genomic mechanisms that underlie genomic porosity on the one hand, and isolation on the other.
Gadolinium solubility in peralkaline borosilicate glasses

Lanthanide-containing glasses, commonly used for optical and laser applications, are also important in the vitrification of actinide-bearing radioactive wastes. In order to study the effect of glass composition on the solubility of gadolinium, 25 peralkaline (Na/Al >1) borosilicate glasses were studied. Above Gd solubility, liquid-liquid phase separation was found in the glasses with Na/B less than 0.5; and in the glasses with Na/B more than 0.5, crystallization was found. For the samples from which liquid-liquid phase separation was observed, Gd solubility was mostly decided by the concentration of excess Na (e.g. Na-Al). Increasing excess Na will increase Gd solubility. For the samples from which crystallization was observed, Gd solubility was decided by the concentration of B, Si, and Al. Increasing B and Si will increase Gd solubility, but increasing Al will decrease Gd solubility. The solution mechanism of Gd in peralkaline borosilicate glasses is also discussed.
A Problem-solving Component for Junior High School Mathematics

The problem-solving atmosphere was established before students entered the classroom. I drew posters that represented Poly a' s (1957) fourstage problem-solving process (understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back). I prepared a "problem-solving strategies" bulletin board to be filled in throughout the year, and I posted problems throughout the room. To smooth the transition from textbook exercises and word problems to nonroutine problems, I created several worksheets of routine problems (see sheet 1). These problems had no special emphasis; they required the use of addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. They were used as part of the arithmetic review during the first weeks of school. This format
Hurdles to commercial translation of next generation active food packaging technologies

Multiple hurdles to commercial translation of next generation active food packaging technologies have been responsible for few successes among a sea of potentially promising innovations over the past 30 years. The development process involves numerous critical points originating at the basic research level, continuing through the raw material, package, and food manufacturing supply chains, and ending with consumer retail acceptance and purchase, which may fail to advance active packages into commercial markets. Complex regulatory and environmental sustainability concerns present a distinct global challenge to new technology transfer that will continue to directly impact economic growth and limit growth potential of next generation active food technologies. Understanding the identified challenges of active packaging technology commercial translation within the defined areas of academic research, manufacturing, regulatory (safety and environmental), and consumer acceptance will lead to systems based solutions for increasing availability of these technologies within a global marketplace.
White Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Black Woman at Risk for Sexual Assault: Associations With Attitudes About Sexism and Racial Injustice

ABSTRACTWomen of color are affected by both sexism and racism. We examined White women’s attitudes about sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism) and racial injustice (White empathic responses to racism) as correlates of their responses to a Black woman at risk for an alcohol-related sexual assault. White undergraduate women (N = 172) reported on their attitudes and then completed measures of blame and willingness to intervene in response to a scenario in which a woman named “LaToya” is at risk. All 3 types of attitudes were directly related to victim blame, whereas only hostile sexism was directly, negatively related to willingness to intervene. White empathic responses to racism moderated the associations between benevolent sexism and both victim blame and willingness to intervene. Results suggest that among White female bystanders, both hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes were related to increased blame and reduced willingness to intervene to help Black women at risk. The adverse effects of benevolen...
Issue Accountability in U.S. House Elections

This paper analyzes the positions Members of Congress take on important aspects of public policy, voters’ preferences on those issues, and individual-level voting behavior in congressional elections. Minimal evidence of issue accountability is found, and its form is different from that reported in previous research. The central implication is that representatives appear to have a good deal of discretion to take positions—at least with respect to voters—without paying an electoral penalty. The “electoral blind spot” (Bawn et al. Perspect Polit 10(3):571–597, 2012) in congressional elections may be substantial.
ABCs of the degenerative spine

Degenerative changes in the spine have high medical and socioeconomic significance. Imaging of the degenerative spine is a frequent challenge in radiology. The pathogenesis of this degenerative process represents a biomechanically related continuum of alterations, which can be identified with different imaging modalities. The aim of this article is to review radiological findings involving the intervertebral discs, end plates, bone marrow changes, facet joints and the spinal canal in relation to the pathogenesis of degenerative changes in the spine. Findings are described in association with the clinical symptoms they may cause, with a brief review of the possible treatment options. The article provides an illustrated review on the topic for radiology residents. • The adjacent vertebrae, intervertebral disc, ligaments and facet joints constitute a spinal unit. • Degenerative change is a response to insults, such as mechanical or metabolic injury. • Spine degeneration is a biomechanically related continuum of alterations evolving over time.
Predicting Postprobationary Job Performance of Police Officers Using CPI and MMPI–2–RF Test Data Obtained During Preemployment Psychological Screening

We examined associations between prehire California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and prorated Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scores (calculated from MMPI profiles) and supervisor ratings for a sample of 143 male police officers. Substantive scale scores in this sample were meaningfully lower than those obtained by the tests' normative samples in the case of the MMPI-2-RF and meaningfully higher in the case of the CPI (indicating less psychological dysfunction). Test scores from both instruments showed substantial range restriction, consistent with those produced by members of the police candidate comparison groups (Corey & Ben-Porath, 2014 ; Roberts & Johnson, 2001 ). After applying a statistical correction for range restriction, we found a number of meaningful associations between both CPI and MMPI-2-RF substantive scale scores and supervisor ratings. For the MMPI-2-RF, findings for scales from the emotional dysfunction and interpersonal functioning domains of the test were particularly strong. For the CPI, findings for scales indicating conformity with social norms, integrity, and tolerance were strong, as were the findings for an index indicating risk of termination. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that MMPI-2-RF and CPI scores complement each other, accounting for incremental variance in the prediction of job-related variables over and above each other. Implications of these findings for assessment science and practice are discussed.