cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil maps of Wisconsin

Legacy soil maps are an important input in digital soil mapping. This paper traces how reconnaissance soil maps in Wisconsin evolved between the 1880s and the present with some discussion on future directions. The first soil map in the USA was made in Wisconsin by the geologist T.C. Chamberlin in 1882. The second soil map of Wisconsin was made by A.R. Whitson in 1927, and the third by F.D. Hole in 1976. Soil texture and physiography were the major diagnostic mapping criteria. As more detailed county soil surveys were completed and knowledge of the soils increased, a higher level of detail can be observed on statewide soil maps. The detailed county soil maps were digitized in the 1990s and early 2000s and have been used in a wide range of studies and applications (e.g. agriculture, forestry, landscape architecture, and human health). In the 1990s, soil scientists transitioned from mapping on paper copy aerial photos to digital procedures. This change coincided with the development of digital soil mapping, and the introduction of several new observational techniques (GPR, EMI, and cone penetrometer). These modeling and observational tools continue to be used to evaluate small areas, but have not yet become widely used for current soil mapping activities.
Some Techniques and Uses of 2D-C Habit Classification Software for Snow Particles

Abstract A technique has been designed that uses observable properties of images from a 2D-C optical array probe (size, linearity, area, perimeter, and image density) to classify unsymmetrical ice particles into nine habit classes. Concentrations are calculated by requiring that the center of each accepted particle appear to be within the field of view of the probe. Once the size and habit are estimated, a generic mass and terminal velocity can be assigned to each particle to calculate its contribution to ice water content and to precipitation rate. Examples are given to indicate the value of a habit classifier in analyzing the structure of storms, showers, orographic clouds, and seeded clouds. Though the techniques work well for most natural snowfalls, some examples of imperfections are given to remind the analyst to look at the images and to understand how the classifer will treat them.
Electron transport in the presence of uniform magnetic fields

The model presented describes the transport of relativistic electrons through extended media in the presence of static external magnetic fields of arbitrary spatial orientation. The material geometry must be one-dimensional; however, since the model employs a full three-dimensional description of electron and photon trajectories, one can easily obtain selected two- or three-dimensional outputs from symmetry-breaking source distributions and field orientations. Model versatility is demonstrated through its application to three diverse areas of pulsed-electron-beam research.
Description of One New Species of Chileria and Three New Species of Orthotylus, with Nomenclatural and Distributional Notes on Neotropical Orthotylinae (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylini)

Abstract Based on fieldwork conducted in northwestern Argentina for the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project, and from the study of several specimens of entomological collections from other Neotropical countries—in particular Chile and Argentina—new taxa are described, and additional nomenclatural and distributional notes are provided for some Neotropical Orthotylini taxa. The male genitalia of Biobiocoris setosus Carvalho, 1985 are illustrated, and a diagnosis is proposed for this monotypic genus. New distributional information for B. setosus is provided, which is newly recorded from Argentina. Chileria andina, sp. nov., is described from Argentina. Host-plant data are given for the new species. Conostethus pamparum Berg, 1883 is transferred to Chileria, and Saileria chilena Carvalho and Carpintero, 1991, is proposed as junior synonym of Chileria pamparum, comb. nov. Detailed male genitalia drawings are provided, including genital capsule and phallotheca, for all the known species of Chileria. Based ...
Ozone and density affect the response of biomass and seed yield to elevated CO2 in rice

Tropospheric 03 reduces growth and yield of many crop species, whereas CO 2 ameliorates the negative effects of 03. Thus, in a combined elevated CO 2 and O 3 atmosphere, seed yield is at least restored to that of charcoal-filtered (CF) air at ambient CO 2 . The CO 2 -induced yield increase in CF air is highly variable, suggesting other potential resource limitations. To understand such variability in response, we tested that (1) competition for resources precludes some of the CO 2 enhancement on biomass and yield; and (2) 03 reduces competition in elevated CO 2 . We grew rice (Oryza sativa L.) at five densities in CF and 03-fumigated (+O3) air at ambient (A) and elevated [CO 2 ] (+CO2) in 1997 and 1998. 03 reduced biomass by 25% and seed yield by 13-20% in A, but had little effect in +CO2. A competition model of biomass and yield response to density based on resource availability without competition showed that fewer resources were used for biomass in +O3 than in CF (average 53% vs. 70%) in A, while in +CO2 85% of resources were used for biomass regardless of O 3 suggesting greater depletion of resources. The enhanced biomass response to CO 2 with O 3 is consistent with a 22% greater CO 2 enhancement ratio [mass in +CO2 air/mass in A air; enhancement ratio (ER)] in +O3 than in CF air. For seed yield, few resources were used (average 17% and 25% for CF in 1997 and 1998, respectively), and ER was 13% greater in +O3. With competition the rate of change of individual plant biomass to density was not affected by +CO2 in CF air in 1997 but was increased 19% with more nutrients in 1998, indicating resource limitations with +CO2. The rate of change of individual plant yield to density was reduced with CO 2 in 1997 and unchanged in 1998 showing a different response to resource limitation for reproductive biomass. The resource use in +O3-A suggested that increased density and soil fertility might compensate for pollutant damage. Although ambient [O 3 ] can modulate the response to elevated CO 2 , resource limitation precludes the CO 2 fertilization impact and both factors need consideration for better management and forecasts of future productivity.
Neutralization of antimicrobial chemicals by recovery media

Abstract The ability to neutralize a variety of antimicrobial agents by commercially prepared Dey and Engley (D/E) Neutralizing broth and the solid medium with a 2% agar was tested against the broth and the agar formulations of Letheen (LT) and Standard Methods (SM) medium. Paper disc assay of aqueous solutions of 1:50 phenol, 1:750 benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran®), 1:100 alkalinized glutaraldehyde (Cidex®, 1:128 phenol (Mikro-Bac®), 1:128 quaternary ammonium compound (Mikro-Quat®) and tinctures of 1:1000 mercuric chlorided (Merthiolate®) and 1:50 iodine did not inhibit Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 growth on D/E agar. Except for 1:100 phenol and 1:128 Mikro-Bac on LT, all agents inhibited organism growth on LT and SM agar. In the presence of all test agents all tests grew in D/E broth. Except for 1:100 phenol and 1:128 Mikro-Bac in LT broth, all agents inhibited growth of test organisms in LT and SM broth. The recovery of viable organisms unable to grow in LT broth in the presence of test agents was better with D/E Agar than with LT and SM Agar. Both formulations of D/E medium show promise for studying and evaluating known and unknown compounds, mixtures and formulations of antimicrobial chemicals.
Effects of Incubation Temperature on Growth and Performance of the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

I evaluated the effect of incubation temperature on phenotypes of the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus. I chose this species for study because its large clutch size (30-40 eggs or more) allows replication within clutches both within and among experimental treatments. The major research objectives were (1) to assess the effect of constant low, moderate, and high temperatures on embryonic development, (2) to determine whether the best incubation temperature for embryonic development also produced the "best" hatchlings, and (3) to determine how a change in incubation temperature during mid-development would affect phenotype. To meet these objectives, I established five experimental temperature regimes and determined egg survival and incubation length and measured body size and shape, selected body temperatures, and locomotory performance of lizards at regular intervals from hatching to 90 d, or just before sexual maturity. Incubation temperature affected the length of incubation, egg survival, and body mass, but did not affect sprint speed or selected body temperature although selected body temperature affected growth in mass independently of treatment and clutch. Incubation at moderate temperatures provided the best conditions for both embryonic and post-hatching development. The highest incubation temperatures were disruptive to development; eggs had high mortality, developmental rate was low, and hatchlings grew slowly. Changes in temperature during incubation increased the among-clutch variance in incubation length relative to that of constant temperature treatments.
The insider/outsider dilemma: field experience of a white researcher getting in' a poor black community

"Getting in," the process of gaining, building, and maintaining trust with the group under study, is difficult for any researcher. Differences of ethnicity, age, and class between the researcher, who is considered an Outsider, and the Insiders, members of the group being studied, pose special problems. A 3-year nursing ethnography of a senior citizen center in a poor, inner-city black ghetto is used to analyze the Insider/Outsider dilemma; to highlight the five phases of getting in (impressing, behaving, swapping, belonging, and chillin' out); and to provide strategies to help researchers studying groups different from themselves.
Heterogene Prozessoren für Fahrerassistenzsysteme

Moderne Fahrerassistenzsysteme stellen hohe Anforderungen an die Rechenleistung, jedoch auch zunehmend an die Leistungsaufnahme sowie die funktionale Sicherheit der verwendeten Hardware. Die neue TDA2x-System-on-Chip-Familie von Texas Instruments bietet mit einer heterogenen Systemarchitektur einen Ansatz, um diese unterschiedlichen Anforderungen zu adressieren.
Phagocytosis of group B streptococcus by neutrophils from newborn infants.

Summary: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of severe “stress” on neonatal neutrophil (PMN) phagocytosis, and to compare the ability of neonatal and adult PMNs to ingest [3H]-labeled type Ic group B streptococcus (GBS). Three patient populations were studied: healthy and “stressed” newborn infants and healthy adults. Severe “stress” was defined as an acute, noninfectious respiratory illness, sepsis or severe birth asphyxia; 94% of these infants required assisted ventilation. Radiolabeled GBS was opsonized with 5% adult serum, and incubated with PMN monolayers adherent to glass coverslips. Bacterial uptake was determined at 0, 40, 60, and 80 min and expressed as counts per min/106 PMNs. Neutrophis from healthy and “stressed” newborn infants demonstrated a significant increase in bacterial uptake with time. Adult controls also showed a significant increase in phagocytosis through 60 min, but not during the 60–80 min time period. PMNs from “stressed” and healthy infants demonstrated enhanced bacterial uptake when compared to adults at 40, 60, and 80 min. There were no significant differences in bacterial ingestion between “stressed” and healthy infants. Radiolabeled GBS uptake did not correlate with birth weight, study age, Apgar scores, or peripheral leukocyte count for the “stressed” newborn population. Neutrophils from healthy and “stressed” newborn infants thus demonstrate increased phagocytosis of GBS when compared to healthy adults.
Cerebral Ventricular Enlargement and Dopamine Synthesis Inhibition in Chronic Schizophrenia

To the Editor.— TheArchiveshas published a series of studies by Weinberger et al related to lateral cerebral ventricular enlargement and apparent atrophic brain changes on computerized tomographic (CT) scans in over 50% of patients with chronic schizophrenia. 1-3 In their January 1980Archivesarticle, 3 Weinberger et al report the finding of poor response to neuroleptic treatment in chronic schizophrenic patients with ventricular enlargement compared with a matched control group of chronic schizophrenic patients who have normal ventricular size. Insofar as neuroleptics are dopamine (DA) receptor blockers, the poor response to these drugs in schizophrenic patients with ventricular enlargement suggests that the DA hypothesis may not be applicable to this group of schizophrenic patients. In light of this finding, we have reexamined the results of two earlier studies that failed to show a neuroleptic-potentiating effect in chronic schizophrenia of α-methyl- p -tyrosine (metyrosine), a dopamine synthesis inhibitor. 4.5
The Gothic Voice in Eighteenth-Century Oratory

This essay cites historical and textual evidence of gothic strains in eighteenth‐century rhetorical practice. Edmund Burke's oration on Fox's East India Bill illustrates a number of representative themes, images, and strategies of appeal common to gothicism. The gothic voice is judged to be significant as an instance of the ways in which general aesthetic sensibilities are deployed for rhetorical ends.
Formation of crystalline germanium nanoclusters in a silica xerogel matrix from an organogermanium precursor

Addition of the organogermanium compound, Me3GeS(CH2)3Si(OMe)3, to a modified, conventional sol−gel formulation gives a silica xerogel doped with this molecular species. Subsequent thermal treatment of this molecularly doped xerogel under oxidizing then reducing conditions affords nanoclusters of Ge highly dispersed throughout the bulk of the xerogel matrix. Under appropriate conditions, Ge nanoclusters having an average diameter of ca. 68 A can be formed by this procedure. Characterization of this nanocomposite material by TEM, HRTEM, EDS, XRD, micro-Raman spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and UV−visible spectroscopy indicates that the Ge nanoclusters are highly crystalline and exhibit optical properties consistent with those expected when quantum confinement effects are operative.
Parallel decomposition algorithm using decimation operation for two-dimensional discrete convolution operation

The proposed decomposition algorithm follows the divide-and-conquer approach. Specifically, operands of discrete convolution operation are decomposed into smaller units, computed separately, and then combined for the final result. The decomposition of the operands is based on integer modular arithmetic from Number Theory. Operands are treated as ordered set, and integer modular arithmetic is used to partition these sets into congruent subsets. It is basically a Decimation by p operation, where p is the common factor of the operands' sizes. Since the proposed decomposition algorithm is an isomorphism, the decomposed convolution operation is equivalent to the original one. Processing speed is increased by implementing these decomposed convolution operations in parallel. The proposed algorithm is similar to the well- known Block convolution except that it is more suitable for parallel implementation. Because the decomposed operations are highly regular and independent, it is also suitable for VLSI implementation.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies in section 2B using enzymes and variant red blood cells

Antibodies in Section 2B of the Third International Workshop on Monoclonal Antibodies were tested against human erythrocytes treated with different enzymes and against erythrocytes with well-defined rare phenotypes by immunoblotting and hemagglutination. In some instances, the epitope recognized by the Mab was precisely determined.
Production and biomass of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle and its epiphytes

Annual production and biomass of seagrasses and attached epiphytes was determined for Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle from Papua New Guinea. The leaf growth rate, assessed with the marking technique, resulted in a constant rate during the first two months and was subsequently followed by a decrease in leaf growth of 0.37 mm day−1. The leaf growth increased with 1.8 mm day−1 for an increase of 1°C in water temperature. Production of the leaf blades and basal plant parts, was 17.5 and 5.2 mg ADW shoot−1 day−1, respectively. Total annual mean plant biomass (above- and below-ground), amounted to 600 g ADW m−2, of which the largest part (73%) was contributed by the rhizomes. Flowering occurred all year round. The maximum number of inflorescences (male and female) was observed in June. Successful fruit formation occurred predominantly between April and August. A total of 66 algal epiphytic species was identified on leaves of Enhalus acoroides of which the majority (in number and in abundance) was found in the shallower stations. Annual mean biomass of epiphytes varied from 22 to 78 mg ADW shoot−1. The epiphytes contributed 3–17% to the total annual mean above-ground plant biomass. Annual mean production of epiphytes ranged from 38.5–65 mg ADW m−2 day−1. An estimated 2–9% of the total annual mean above-ground plant production was produced by the epiphytic community.
High-dose, multiple-alkylator chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow reinfusion in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Fifteen patients with Stage IV lung cancer both untreated and previously treated were enrolled into a high-dose chemotherapy program with multiple alkylating agents and autologous bone marrow reinfusion. Eight patients received cyclophosphamide at 7.5 gm/m2 over 3 days with thiotepa escalated from levels of 1.8 mg/kg to 6.0 mg/kg over 3 days. Seven patients received the above dose of cyclophosphamide plus thiotepa at 675 mg/m2 and oral melphalan escalated from levels of 0.75 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg over 3 days. Both regimens are part of larger Phase I-II clinical studies. The median time to recovery of more than 500 granulocytes and more than 50,000 platelets per microliter was 16 and 27 days, respectively. Two patients died as a consequence of severe, overwhelming infections during their period of aplasia. Of the 13 evaluable patients, no patients achieved a complete response and seven patients (47%) obtained a partial response. The median duration of response was 12 weeks. Other nonhematologic toxicities included nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, mucositis, skin rash, hemorrhagic cystitis, and cardiomyopathy. Since there are substantial toxicities associated with high-dose chemotherapy and responses of such brief duration, further investigation with these drug combinations is not warranted.
The potency of fluorinated ether anesthetics correlates with their 19F spin-spin relaxation times in brain tissue.

In this study, four fluorinated ether anesthetics and one non-anesthetic fluorinated alkane were observed in rat brain and adipose tissue using 19 F-NMR spectroscopy. Measurements of 19 F spin-spin relaxation times (T 2 ) of the anesthetics in brain revealed T 2 values (0.5–4.5 msec) that correlated linearly with the anesthetic potency (ED 50 ) of the drugs. The non-anesthetic was present at very low concentrations in brain and had a T 2 value (18.5 msec) far longer than that of any of the anesthetics. All of the drugs were present at high concentration in peripheral adipose tissue. 19 F·T 2 values for these drugs in adipose tissue (200–400 msec) were far larger than the values observed in brain and did not correlate with anesthetic potency. These results indicate that volatile anesthetic molecules have a specific affinity for neural tissue and that immobilization of anesthetic molecules in brain correlates with anesthetic potency. The results with adipose tissue suggest that the interaction of anesthetic with brain tissue cannot be explained by a simple partition of these drugs into lipid.
Development of an Informational Web Site for Recruiting Research Participants: Process, Implementation, and Evaluation

Internet-based research is increasing, yet there is little known about recruitment approaches that target the Internet. Investigators have been slow to discuss how to plan, develop, and enhance recruitment using the Internet when well-concealed or disparate populations, sensitive topics, or qualitative methods are interspersed into the aims of the study. The twofold purpose of this paper is to 1.) highlight the major steps and strategies undertaken to develop and implement an innovative web site for recruiting high-genetic-risk couples who were considering preimplantation genetic diagnosis use, and 2.) present the recruitment results and lessons learned based on enrollment, self-evaluation, and descriptive data. The web site was developed using a five-step process designed by the investigators. A significant step in the process was determining the web site objectives, which were enacted through contextual and design decisions, and also by incorporating a brief video and study logo into the web site. The recruitment results indicate that of the 22 participant couples, ~82% were recruited via the Internet versus traditional recruitment approaches (i.e., clinics, newsletters) and that the majority of couples viewed the web site prior to enrolling in the study. In conclusion, developing a web site using the five-step process can facilitate recruitment.
Properties of transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase from Ehrlich tumor cells

Abstract 1. 1. The properties of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from Ehrlich tumor cells were studied. 2. 2. The enzyme catalyzed the incorporation of only CMP and AMP into tRNA from CTP and ATP, respectively. UTP and GTP were not utilized as substrates. 3. 3. The ratio of CMP incorporation to AMP incorporation under optimal conditions was 6 as opposed to the theoretical ratio of 2. 4. 4. Nearest neighbor studies indicated that there was significant incorporation of CMP next to all four nucleotides although CP and AMP were the major ‘neighbors’. AMP was incorporated principally next to CMP.
Estrogen receptors are present in human granulosa cells

Recent studies failed to detect estrogen receptors in primate follicles. This study was initiated to determine whether estrogen receptor (ER) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is present in human granulosa cells and, further, if functional ER proteins are present. To evaluate the presence of ER, RNA from human granulosa cells obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval for assisted reproduction was extracted, and complementary DNA synthesis was performed by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify basepairs 570-852 in the B- and C- domains of the ER mRNA. Southern blotting was performed and confirmed that the amplified DNA fragment identified in granulosa cells represented ER. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, mRNA for the ER is clearly identified in primary human granulosa cells obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval. To expand these studies and determine whether functional ER were present in human granulosa cells in culture, a sim...
Further studies on the genital pathogenesis of Mycoplasma meleagridis.

Abstract One-day-old turkey poults were infected by various routes to elucidate the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma meleagridis in the target organs considered to be important for congenital transmission. The results indicated that (1) infection of the oviduct may occur early in the life of the turkey by an endogenous route, (2) infection of the intestinal tract does not occur by passage of the organism from the yolk sac through the yolk stalk, and (3) bursal lymphocytes do not play a role in transporting the organism to bursal dependent organs.
Electrochemical reaction engineering in materials processing

Abstract Electrochemical reactions involve heterogeneous charge transfer processes at surfaces. Their association with processing is centered on controlling reactions that produce materials, and on designing materials that resist corrosion. Reaction engineering strategies depend on length scale, and here examples in three categories are provided. These suggest the importance of incorporating understanding of surface films and molecular scale events into mathematical models suitable for use in engineering design and control.
Primary retinal and cortical glial cell cultures: effects of medium and serum on attachment and growth.

Glial cells of the retina are anatomically distinctive and are thought to contribute importantly to retinal electrophysiology. However, no adequate preparation exists for studing them in isolation, in vitro. This report provides guidelines for primary retinal glial cultures (RET) and compares basal tissue culture features with those for neocortical glia (CX) and the well-studied rat glial line, C6. Cell attachment and growth of RET, CX, and C6 are unique. These differences are explored by the use of specific media and sera. RET attachment, unlike that for CX or C6, was far more sensitive to medium than serum. RET cells attached least quickly, CX most quickly; 4 hr after plating 20% of RET remained unattached. RET growth was poor and relatively insensitive to medium. In contrast, growth of CX or C6 was medium dependent. Serum had substantial effects on the growth of all three glial lines. Pig, goat, horse, and dog sera were particularly effective, often comparing favorably to fetal calf serum. Medium or serum optimal for cell attachment, typically, was not optimal for growth and serum effects were more dramatic than those of medium. By all measures, CX and C6, both derived from brain, were more alike than were the two rabbit primaries, CX and RET. The data reveal substantial differences between presumably similar cells and indicate a need for an empirically based choice of both basal-salt media and serum to optimize specific aspects of cell development in culture.
Simulations of the performance of open cycle desiccant systems using solar energy

Abstract A feasibility study of open cycle air conditioning systems that use solid desiccants and solar energy has been performed. The two configurations evaluated are the ventilation mode, in which ambient air is continually introduced into the room, and the recirculation mode, in which room air is recirculated. Seasonal simulations for Miami, Florida, show that the auxiliary energy requirement for the ventilation mode is about one half that for the recirculation mode. The seasonal COP for the system using solar energy as the auxiliary is approximately 0.75. A conventional flat plate solar energy system of moderate size can provide a large fraction of the energy required to meet the sensible and latent loads of a typical house.
REM sleep deprivation diminishes fear in rats.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that REM sleep deprivation decreases fear, the behavior of 44 rats was measured in an open-field test. Prior to this test, the animals were exposed to 4 days to one of four treatments, i.e., either a dry environment control, a wet environment control, a 2-day REM deprivation period, or a 4-day REM deprivation period. During the test both exploration and three parameters of emotionality were recorded. The results offered convincing evidence in support of the hypothesis.
Rhabdomere turnover and rhodopsin cycle: maintenance of retinula cells in Drosophila melanogaster.

Visual receptor maintenance inDrosophila involves turnover of membrane. Coated pits derived from rhabdomere and plasmalemma, coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of about 0.5 μm diameter characterize the early autophagic steps. Smaller electron dense bodies (0.15 μm) merge with MVBs. These are likely to be primary lysosomes as suggested by histochemistry for acid phosphatase in normal flies and an acid phosphatase deficient mutant. Aggregates of extracellular membranes confirm an earlier report that exocytotic shedding may also be employed in the fly with its open rhabdomeres. Microspectrophotometry was used to determine aspects of cycling of visual pigment to begin to correlate with what is known about membrane cycling at the ultrastuctural level. Visual pigment decreases to about half 3 h after dawn then builds back gradually to maximum before dawn. Our fixations of tissue have been at the post-dawn period when autophagy may be high as inferred from visual pigment levels. In attempts to optimize our visualization of the constructive phase of the turnover process, we developed the paradigm of carotenoid ‘replacement therapy’. Carotenoid replaced flies show an increase in visual pigment possibly associated with a streaming of membrane into the rhabdomere. Aged flies, studied to determine how effective maintenance is, have a unique accumulation of extracellular debris, and a small fraction of the receptors eventually degenerate.
Mice, microarrays, and the genetic diversity of the brain

Technological advances in molecular biology and genetics have allowed neuroscientists to reduce the study of the brain to individual proteins or genes of interest. The challenge of making the jump from such detailed molecular study to an integrated understanding of brain structure or function is highlighted by the large number of genes and combinations of genes and the time necessary to study the function of any one gene product individually. These same advances in molecular biology that have propelled our knowledge of neuronal development and functioning over the last decade have also widened an implicit division between molecular and systems neuroscientists. cDNA microarray technology offers the exciting potential to bridge the molecular-systems gap by allowing for a systems-level molecular or “genomic” approach to neurobiology because of its unprecedented capacity to monitor simultaneously widespread changes in gene expression. The parallel monitoring of thousands of genes provides a more global view of the system being studied than classic reductionist techniques and requires sophisticated quantitative analytic and computational approaches that are not currently available at the bench of the typical molecular neurobiology lab. Despite some of the barriers to entry, microarray expression profiling is one of several genetic approaches that will have a broad and lasting impact on our molecular and systems understanding of brain development and functioning.
Effects of log P and phenyl ring conformation on the binding of 5-phenylhydantoins to the voltage-dependent sodium channel.

Binding to the neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channel (NVSC) was evaluated for 12 5-phenylhydantoins which systematically varied either log P and/or 5-phenyl ring orientation. The linear correlation of log P with in vitro sodium channel binding activity (log IC 50 ) for hydantoins 1-12 and diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (r 2 = 0.638) suggested that simple partitioning into the lipid phase is important but not sufficient to account for the effects of hydantoins on the NVSC. Comparisons among different hydantoins with the same log P but different low-energy phenyl ring orientations revealed that, in addition to log P, the correct 5-phenyl orientation is important for efficient binding.
What Can Be Done in Power System Design to Improve Reliability

The available quality and variety of present-day power equipment and the system design technology permit the tailoring of a system to meet the reliability requirements of the user. However, system planning must be reemphasized in power system design which has been of deteriorating reliability and not necessarily the most economical
Studies on the local anesthetic properties of isonipecaine

Abstract Isonipecaine, an isonipecotic acid derivative (1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpiperidine‐4‐car‐boxylic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride), was found to possess considerable local anesthetic properties. In the discussion of the results, the structural relationships of isonipecaine are compared with those of atropine, cocaine, and morphine. Suggestions of a speculative nature are made which deal with its possible use against cardiac arrhythmias, and with possible methods for treating and prebenting isonipecaine toxicity.
Charles Martin Hall: The young man, his mentor, and his metal

How did a semiprecious metal become so ubiquitous? A brief note on Charles Martin Hall's success, recognition, education, experiment and the commercialization of his process.
ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC CELLS IN MOUSE BONE MARROW I. LASTING EFFECTS OF PRIMING ON IMMUNOCYTE PRODUCTION BY TRANSFERRED MARROW

Graded numbers of marrow cells and 5 x 107 thymocytes were mixed in vitro and transplanted into X-irradiated (C3H x C57BL/10)F1 mice. Upon injection of sheep or chicken erythrocytes, splenic plaque-forming cells secreting IgM (direct PFC) or IgG (indirect PFC) hemolytic antibody were enumerated at the time of peak responses. Anti-sheep and anti-chicken primary PFC responses elicited by nonimmune marrow cells differed sharply from each other under the conditions of limiting dilution assays. The frequencies of anti-chicken responses in recipients of different numbers of marrow cells conformed to the predictions of the Poisson model, while the frequencies of anti-sheep responses did not. Hence, the function of certain marrow-derived cells was expressed differentially during the two immune responses, to exclude that the same precursor units generated anti-sheep or anti-chicken PFC. The former precursor cells or units were functionally more heterogeneous than the latter. Immunization of marrow donors against sheep erythrocytes did not alter the population of cells engaged in anti-chicken responses, since limiting dilution assays with immune and nonimmune marrow cells gave identical results. However, anti-sheep immunization altered specifically the cell population engaged in anti-sheep responses, in two ways: (a) potentially immunocompetent marrow cells underwent antigen-dependent differentiation or maturation, to become functionally homogeneous. Consequently, the frequencies of PFC responses in limiting dilution assays conformed to the Poisson model; the changes occurred independently in class-restricted precursors of direct and indirect PFC. (b) marrow cells capable of inhibiting precursors of direct anti-sheep PFC arose in primed mice. The inhibition, which was specific, could have been effected directly by marrow cells or by a diffusable product such as IgG antibody. Results indicated that potentially immunocompetent cells of mouse marrow with distinct functions were antigen specific and antigen sensitive.
Mechanically operated thermal switches for use at ultralow temperatures

Some thermal switch designs are discussed in which a 4He actuated bellows is used to make or break mechanical contact between two sections containing metallic surfaces. Techniques are discussed which permit the switch sections to make thermal contact to liquid 3He by employing a large liquid−solid surface area. Designs are presented for a Pomeranchuk cell and an adiabatic demagnetization cell, which incorporate the bellows−actuated mechanical switch concept.
New design for the Hubble Space Telescope calibration database

ABSTRACT The Hubble Space Telescope Calibration Data Base System collects and organizes data used in calibration of the manyoperating modes of the on-board scientific instruments. During the period from July 1995 to January 1997 the calibrationdata base system underwent a major redesign. The existing system had performed well since 1990 but some shortcomingswere becoming apparent. The advent of two new science instruments, one of which has a very large number of operationalmodes, promised major complications. The new design operates with far fewer database tables yet provides extra functions.The tracking of replacement files has been improved, the maintenance of documentation has been simplified, and the processfor installing data automated and streamlined. Additionally various scripts have been written to perform checks on currentlyinstalled and historic data. This has resulted in a very efficient and reliable installation process which accommodates the newinstruments and supports new data formats. It has also allowed us to detect and correct some discrepancies in the existingdata that arose from occasional errors in the earlier manual procedures.Keywords: Hubble Space Telescope, calibration, database, archive.
Shelf Life Determination of Fresh Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) Stored under Controlled Atmosphere and Ozone.

Fresh blueberries are commonly stored and transported by refrigeration in controlled atmospheres to protect shelf life for long periods of storage. Ozone is an antimicrobial gas that can extend shelf life and protect fruit from microbial contamination. Shelf life of fresh highbush blueberries was determined over 10-day storage in isolated cabinets at 4°C or 12°C under different atmosphere conditions, including air (control); 5% O2 : 15% CO2 : 80% N2 (controlled atmosphere storage (CAS)); and ozone gas (O3) 4 ppm at 4°C or 2.5 ppm at 12°C, at high relative humidity (90–95%). Samples were evaluated for yeast and molds growth, weight loss, and firmness. CAS and O3 did not delay or inhibit yeast and molds growth in blueberries after 10 days at both temperatures. Fruit stored at 4°C showed lower weight loss values compared with 12°C. Blueberries stored under O3 atmosphere showed reduced weight loss at 12°C by day 10 and loss of firmness when compared to the other treatments. Low concentrations of ozone gas together with proper refrigeration temperature can help protect fresh blueberries quality during storage.
Thermoelastic Behavior of PEEK Thermoplastic Composite during Cooling from Forming Temperatures

In the forming of advanced thermoplastic composite structures, the stresses generated during cooling have a profound effect on the distortion and strength of the formed parts. In this paper, the thermoplastic behavior of a PEEK matrix thermoplastic composite during cooling was investigated. A procedure for determining temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficients using off-axis composite specimens was introduced. A simple thermoplastic constitutive model was used to calculate thermal stresses during cooling. Based on this model, an explanation of a strong scissoring effect on the thermal expansion behavior of symmetric [±45]ns laminates and a calculation of warping in a non-symmetric laminate were presented
The Deflection of Light as Observed at Total Solar Eclipses

SUMMARYThe mathematical formula, by which Einstein calculated his predicted deflection of 1″.75 for light rays passing the edge of the sun, is a well known and simple formula of physical optics. In this formula he substituted an hypothetical “retardation” of light in its passage through a gravitational field; and this purely theoretical retardation is the sole new concept involved in the prediction. Not a single one of the fundamental concepts of varying time, of warped or twisted space, of simultaneity, or of the relativity of motion is in any way involved in Einstein’s prediction of, or formulas for the deflection of light. The many and elaborate eclipse expeditions have, therefore, been given a fictitious importance. Their results can neither prove, nor disprove the relativity theory: at the best their results can prove that light is retarded by gravitational action, and is retarded by a certain definite amount.But the actual results of the eclipse expeditions do not even prove this. Not a single expedition, so far reporting, has made use of effective checks or controls for eliminating the effects of temperature upon their instruments, or for determining the possible effects of abnormal atmospheric conditions during the eclipse. And further not a single party has made a systematic study of all the data obtained. In the South American eclipse of 1919 less than 15% of the actual measured data wag used in obtaining the announced results: in the Australian eclipse of 1922 only about 50% of the data was used. All non-radial components of the actual measures were discarded as “accidental errors.” The radial components were then forced into a semblance of “exact accord with the requirements of the Einstein theory” through an assumption written into the methods and formulas of reduction: an assumption for which there is not the slightest observational evidence. In fact the only evidence available—the evidence furnished by independent check fields photographed on the eclipse plates—would seem to show that this basic assumption is utterly wrong.The actual stellar displacements, if real, do not show the slightest resemblance to the predicted Einstein deflections: they do not agree in direction, in size, or in the rate of decrease with distance from the sun.
Effects of cyclophosphamide and diets on sister chromatid exchange frequency of rats.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating drug for human and animal tumors, but is also implicated in producing cancers at high dosages. Sprague-Dawley rats on control and special diets were exposed to CP in vivo to study the effects of CP on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. The various diets differed in their protein contents and the amounts of some essential amino acids. The special diets are considered to be less balanced than the control diet. CP treatment increased the SCE frequency in all diet groups of rats. The higher the CP dosage, the higher the SCE frequency. Those rats on less balanced diets were more susceptible to SCE induction.
Social and Sexual Behavior as Related to Plumage Pattern in the Fayoumi Fowl

Abstract SEVERAL studies have been reported which indicate that there is a genetic basis for differences in behavior in the domestic fowl. For instance, Guhl et al. (1960) selected for high and low levels of aggressiveness over four generations and obtained two lines which showed significant differences in the percentage of encounters won or lost and significant differences in peck order. Tindell and Craig (1960) were able to demonstrate significant differences in aggressiveness among pullets of eight sire families of one strain. The effects of comb type on behavior and juvenile body weight were studied by Siegel and Dudley (1963), who found that in intermingled flocks derived from the same strain, males with pea combs were subordinate to those with single combs. In the present study, Fayoumis differing only by a single gene determining plumage pattern were compared with respect to adult social and sexual behavior. The study was prompted by…
Cytomegalovirus Infection in Sexually Active Adolescents

To determine whether cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in teenage girls is related to sexual activity 254 girls ages 12-18 (mean=15.8) attending a contraceptive counseling clinic were studied. Participants were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrheae and Trichomonas vaginalis and serum antibody to CMV was determined. Demographic and sexual history data were collected by interview. The mean number of lifetime sex partners was 2.2; 173 (68%0 were seropositive. Race >3 years of sexual activity and >2 lifetime sex partners were significant risk factors for CMV infection (odds ratios [OR] 1.8-4.7; p<0.05). Using logistic regression analysis a composite sexual activity variable was the most important risk factor for CMV infection (OR 4.8; P=.003 followed by race (OR 3.4 p=.004) and a sexually transmitted disease composite variable (OR 2.4; p=.016). (authors)
Shaping Shiʿa Identities in Contemporary Indonesia between Local Tradition and Foreign Orthodoxy

This article reflects on the impact of transnational flows of students, pilgrims, and literature from Iran to Indonesia on the shaping of Shiʿa Islam in Indonesia since 1979, with a focus on the post-Suharto era (1998–2012) and the performance of ʿ Āshūrāʾ commemorative rituals. Since the early days of its Islamization, Southeast Asia has featured several literary and ritual practices rooted in a combination of Islamic and local traditions; most notable are those expressing patterns of pre-sectarian devotion towards the ahl al-bayt – drawing a parallel with Marshall Hodgson’s framework of ʿAlid piety (1955). Based on ethnographic and archival research, the author suggests that in the decades following the Iranian revolution some of these practices were abandoned in favour of a paradigm of devotion promoted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The polarization of practices, and the relationship between organizations representative of these two approaches, is illustrated through an analysis of the performative means used to represent the tragedy of Karbala during ʿĀshūrāʾ events in Bandung, Bengkulu (West Sumatra), and Jakarta in 2011. In Bandung the play “Tragedi Karbala” was performed by a Sundanese theatrical group staging a local text; in Bengkulu the traditional Festival Tabot took place following a pattern determined by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture in the early 1970s but now under the sponsorship of the Iranian Embassy; the Jakarta event featured a taʿziya troupe brought from Iran by the Embassy’s cultural office.
The development of drug resistance by tumor cells in vitro is accompanied by the development of sensitivity to selenite

Abstract The effects of selenite on cell viability and proliferation in a line of drug-sensitive human ovarian tumor (A2780) cells were compared with its effects on a melphalan-resistant derivative of these cells (A2780-ME) which had been developed in vitro (Hamilton et al. (1985) Biochemical Pharmacol., 34, 2583–2586). With the A2780-ME cells there was a 50% decrease in the number of viable cells (i.e. which exclude Trypan Blue dye) after exposure to less than 100 μM selenite for 6 h. In contrast, exposure to more than 300 μM selenite was required to achieve the same effect in the parent line. Similarly, exposure to 10 μM selenite resulted in a 50% decrease in A2780-ME cell proliferation, whereas this treatment had only a small inhibitory effect on proliferation of the parent cells. Thus, the development of melphalan resistance in vitro was accompanied by the development of selenite sensitivity. Pre-exposure of the two cell types to buthionine sulfoximine eliminated the difference in their intracellular glutathione levels, as well as most of their differential sensitivity to selenite. Furthermore, the two cell types did not exhibit a difference in sensitivity to selenodiglutathione, the product of the reaction of selenite with glutathione. Thus, the increase in intracellular glutathione, which has been shown to be responsible for the development of drug resistance in these cells is also responsible for the development of selenite sensitivity.
Evaluation of Healing Following Tooth Extraction With Ridge Preservation Using Cortical Versus Cancellous Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft

Background: The objective of this study is to compare histologic and clinical healing following tooth extraction and ridge preservation with either cortical or cancellous freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) in non-molar extraction sockets.Methods: Forty patients requiring implant placement were enrolled, with 20 patients randomly assigned to each group (cortical versus cancellous FDBA). All of the allograft materials were obtained from the same donor to control for variability between donors and processing. Patients returned after 17 to 21 weeks (average: 18.2 weeks), and a 2-mm-diameter core biopsy was obtained before implant placement. Histomorphometric analysis was performed to determine percentage of new bone formation, residual graft material, and non-mineralized connective tissue (CT)/other material. Clinical measurements of ridge dimensions were taken at the time of tooth extraction and again at implant placement.Results: There was no significant difference in new bone formation between the cortical...