cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrally Selective Mirrors with Combined Optical and Thermal Benefit for Photovoltaic Module Thermal Management

Waste heat generated during daytime operation of a solar module will raise its temperature and reduce cell efficiency. In addition to thermalization and carrier recombination, one major source of excess heat in modules is the parasitic absorption of light with sub-bandgap energy. Parasitic absorption can be prevented if sub-bandgap radiation is reflected away from the module. We report on the design considerations and projected changes to module energy yield for photonic reflectors capable of reflecting a portion of sub-bandgap radiation while maintaining or improving transmission of light with energy greater than the semiconductor bandgap. Using a previously developed, self-consistent opto-electro-thermal finite-element simulation, we calculate the total additional energy generated by a module, including various photonic reflectors, and decompose these benefits into thermal and optical effects. We show that the greatest total energy yield improvement comes from photonic mirrors designed for the outside o...
PHENOMENOLOGICAL PLASTICITY AND DISLOCATION MODELS OF DEFORMATION

Two particular decompositions of the total distortion rate into elastic and inelastic components provide the bases for development of parallel theories of plasticity utilizing the thermodynamic properties of a continuum on one hand and properties of a continuum containing dislocations on the other. The equivalence of the two viewpoints manifests itself through the introduction of a term coupling the elastic distortion rate and the plastic distortion rate. This term arises naturally from the introduction into the Helmholz function of coupling coefficients related to the internal stress field of the current dislocation distribution.
Synthesis of higher sugars as precursors for the synthesis of chiral polyhydroxylated macrocyclic lactones

A general method for the synthesis of higher sugars that can be used as precursors for the synthesis of polyhydroxylated macrocyclic lactones (macrolides) was described. The extension of the carbohydrate chain of a hexopyranose was effected at its C(6) hydroxymethyl carbon by coupling of two carbohydrate precursors via Wittig reaction. In this way 6,7-dideoxy-2,3,4,5,8,9,10-hepta-O-methyl-11-O-triphenylmethyl-D-arabino-D-glucoundecanose diethyl dithioacetal (1) was synthesized as a model compound.
Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Using Child and Adolescent Anxiety Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

This article presents information on child and adolescent psychodynamic psychotherapy (CAPP). Following a definition of anxiety, the authors present study outcomes of nonpsychodynamic treatment approaches, alone and in combination with psychopharmacologic treatment, then explore psychodynamic approaches. A detailed overview of psychodynamic psychotherapy is presented, along with 2 cases illustrating the use of CAPP in young patients with anxiety. Also presented are tables and boxes summarizing CAPP therapeutic processes and strategies as intervention for anxious youth.
Altering Security Dynamics? Climate Change Impacts on Iraq

Since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is little doubt left that anthropogenic climate change occurs (IPCC 2007). Several authors assume that in case of insufficient mitigation, climate change impacts could have severe implications for societies (Adger/Lorenzoni/O’Brien 2009). While AR4 only addressed issues of conflict to a limited extent, the next IPCC report will do so more directly. 2 A large number of approaches and methods have already been developed to seek an understanding of the links between climate change and conflict. Despite offering certain advantages in the understanding of this complex matter, the existing approaches have a variety of limitations. In addition, regional dynamics are often not included to a sufficient degree when sub-national conflict risks are analysed.
Repeated Sprint Performance in Male and Female College Athletes Matched for VO2max Relative to Fat Free Mass.

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in repeated sprint exercise (RSE) performance among male and female athletes matched for VO2max relative to FFM (VO2max FFM). Thirty nine male and female college athletes performed a graded exercise test for VO2max and hydrostatic weighing to determine FFM. From the results, 11 pairs of males and females matched for VO2max FFM (mean ± SD; 58.3 ± 4.3 and 58.9 ± 4.6 ml·kg FFM(-1)·min(-1); men and women, respectively) were identified. On a separate day, matched participants performed a RSE protocol that consisted of five 6-sec cycle sprints with 30-sec recovery periods, followed by 5-min active recovery and a 30-sec all-out sprint. Repeated 6-sec sprint performance did not differ between men and women; both maintained power output (PO) until sprint 4. POFFM (W·kg(-1) FFM) did not differ between men and women during the five sprints. During the 30-sec sprint, men achieved a lower peak POFFM than women (11.7 ± 1.5 vs 13.2 ± 1.2); however, the decline in POFFM over 30 sec was greater in women. VO2 (ml·kg FFM(-1)·min(-1)) was lower in men during recovery (24.4 ± 3.8 vs 28.7 ± 5.7) and at the beginning (29.2 ± 4.0 vs 34.7 ± 4.9) and end (49.4 ± 5.0 vs 52.3 ± 4.0). of the 30-sec sprint. These data indicate that men and women with similar aerobic capacities do not respond differently to short repeated sprints but may differ in their ability to recover and perform sprints of longer duration.
Self-Assessment Test Cataract Surgery

True or False: Modern cataract surgery is minimally invasive. This means that there are virtually no risks to undergoing modern cataract surgery. Answer: False. Although modern cataract surgery has reached a unique level of safety and efficacy, no patient should undergo a procedure without understanding the process of informed consent which includes both the rewards and risks to surgery.
Lasting Legacy: Maternal Perspectives of Perinatal Palliative Care

Abstract Background: Many of the leading causes of infant mortality are diagnosed prenatally, presenting providers with the ability to present perinatal palliative care planning as an option. Objec...
Mechanistic insights of enhanced spin polaron conduction in CuO through atomic doping

The formation of a “spin polaron” stems from strong spin-charge-lattice interactions in magnetic oxides, which leads to a localization of carriers accompanied by local magnetic polarization and lattice distortion. For example, cupric oxide (CuO), which is a promising photocathode material and shares important similarities with high Tc superconductors, conducts holes through spin polaron hopping with flipped spins at Cu atoms where a spin polaron has formed. The formation of these spin polarons results in an activated hopping conduction process where the carriers must not only overcome strong electron−phonon coupling but also strong magnetic coupling. Collectively, these effects cause low carrier conduction in CuO and hinder its applications. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we demonstrate from first-principles calculations how doping can improve hopping conduction through simultaneous improvement of hole concentration and hopping mobility in magnetic oxides such as CuO. Specifically, using Li doping as an example, we show that Li has a low ionization energy that improves hole concentration, and lowers the hopping barrier through both the electron−phonon and magnetic couplings' reduction that improves hopping mobility. Finally, this improved conduction predicted by theory is validated through the synthesis of Li-doped CuO electrodes which show enhanced photocurrent compared to pristine CuO electrodes. We conclude that doping with nonmagnetic shallow impurities is an effective strategy to improve hopping conductivities in magnetic oxides. Calculations reveal the mechanism through which doping increases the electronic conductivity of cupric oxide (CuO). Spin polarons—quasiparticles where lattice distortions couple to spin excitations—have an adverse effect on the electronic transport in CuO, which is a problem for applying this material as the cathode in photoelectrochemical cells or gas sensors. Researchers from the University of California, Santa Cruz and the University of Wisconsin, Madison led by Yuan Ping have analyzed the process through which doping CuO with lithium alleviates this problem. Their calculations reveal that the Li dopants lower the hopping barrier for polaron-mediated transport through reducing both the electron-phonon and magnetic couplings, and the low ionization energy of the Li dopants improves hole concentrations. They also fabricate Li−CuO electrodes and demonstrate that these allow enhanced photocurrent compared to devices made from pristine CuO. This suggests a general strategy for enhancing the conductivity of magnetic oxides.
Malaria rapid diagnostic test and Giemsa – stained peripheral blood smear discrepancies in the diagnosis of Plasmodium ovale infection in New England

Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne parasitic disease and is one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. In this report we discuss a case of a 26-year-old female healthcare worker who presented to the emergency department with signs and symptoms of persistent fevers, chills, headaches, nausea, and malaise. The patient9s history was obtained and several laboratory tests were performed leading to the diagnosis of malaria caused by Plasmodium ovale. The rapid diagnostic test for malaria was negative, and the Giemsa – stained peripheral blood smears were positive for the presence of malarial parasites. Images of the peripheral blood smears were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which confirmed the presence of Plasmodium ovale. We also report 5 other false negative RDTs for P. ovale in our institution in 2016, and the performance of RDTs for all malaria cases during that year. This case demonstrates the importance of obtaining multiple pieces of laboratory data in order to accurately diagnose a patient with malaria, illustrates that evaluation of Giemsa – stained peripheral blood smears is still the gold standard in the laboratory diagnosis of malaria, and emphasizes the importance for clinical laboratory scientists to maintain maximum competency in peripheral blood smear evaluation for bloodborne parasites. ABBREVIATIONS:CBC - Complete blood count, RDT - Rapid Diagnostic Test, RBCs - Red blood cells, CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, AST - Aspartate Aminotransferase, ALT - Alanine Aminotransferase
Depression, Trauma, and Suicide Among Adolescent and Young Adult Males

This chapter examines health disparities in suicide and their associations with depression and trauma among adolescent and young adult males. It addresses the social and developmental contexts related to the mechanisms through which depression and trauma are associated with suicide, with a specific focus on the uniquely challenging issues of suicidal behaviors among young Black males. The chapter seeks to apply the integrated theoretical framework to discuss the relationships among depression, trauma, and suicide among young Black males. The overwhelming burden and chronicity of depression among young Black males and their underutilization of mental health services, in part, explain the marked increase in suicide rates in the population. The Cultural Model of Suicide could add another layer of insight in relation to suicide among young Black males. The chapter illustrates the complex relationships among depression, trauma, and suicide disparities among males, with a special focus on young Black males.
Infrared Observations from an Airborne Platform

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory has now been operational for approximately one year. During that time it has provided ~ 550 hours of observing time at altitudes of 13–14 km to 14 separate research groups. The experiments flown include photometers and spectrometers designed for observations in spectral bands ranging from l-1000μ.
Accelerating Big Data Analytics Using Scale-Up/Out Heterogeneous Clusters

Production data analytic workloads typically consist of a majority of jobs with small input data sizes and a small number of jobs with large input data sizes. Recent works advocate scale- up/scale-out heterogeneous clusters (in short Hybrid clusters) to handle these heterogeneous workloads, since scaleup machines (i.e., adding more resources to a single machine) can process small jobs faster than simply scaling out the cluster with cheap machines. However, there are several challenges for job placement and data placement to implement such a Hybrid cluster. In this paper, we propose a job placement strategy and a data placement strategy to solve the challenges. The job placement strategy places a job to either scale-up or scale-out machines based on the jobâ€™s characteristics, and migrates jobs from scale-up machines to under-utilized scale-out machines to achieve load balance. The data placement strategy allocates data replicas in the two types of machines accordingly to increase the data locality in Hybrid cluster. We implemented a Hybrid cluster on Apache YARN, and evaluated its performance using a Facebook production workload. With our proposed strategies, a Hybrid cluster can reduce the makespan of the workload up to 37% and the median job completion time up to 60%, compared to traditional scale-out clusters with state-of-the-art schedulers.
Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistula: A 21-year experience

Objectives To evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter coronary artery fistula (CAF) closure and to identify anatomic/procedural factors that may impact outcomes. Background Due to the rarity of CAF, reported experience with transcatheter closure remains limited and anatomic and procedural factors that may lead to unsuccessful closure, complications, or recanalization of CAF are unclear. Methods All patients who underwent transcatheter CAF closure at Mayo Clinic from 1997 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. CAF anatomic characteristics, procedural techniques, and clinical/angiographic outcomes were assessed. Results A total of 45 patients underwent transcatheter closure of 56 CAFs. The most commonly used devices were embolization coils in 40 (71.4%) CAFs, vascular occluders in 10 (17.8%), or covered stent in 2 (3.6%). Acute procedural success with no or trivial residual flow occurred in 50 (89.3%) CAFs. Residual flow was small in three (5.4%) and large in three (5.4%). Eight (17.8%) patients had complications, including device migration in three, intracranial hemorrhage from anticoagulation in one, and myocardial infarction (MI) in four. MI was a result of covered stent thrombosis or stagnation of flow after closure of large distal CAF. Twenty-two patients with 27 CAFs had follow-up angiography after successful index procedure at median time of 423 (IQ 97-1348) days. Of these, 23 (85.2%) had no/trace flow and 4 had large flow from recanalization. Conclusions Transcatheter CAF closure is associated with a favorable acute procedural success and complication rate in selected patients. Procedural success and risk for complication are highly dependent on CAF anatomy and closure technique.
Eyes on the Stars: Images of Women Scientists in Popular Magazines.

Studies of U.S. schoolchildren, from the 1950s through the 1980s, show that both boys and girls see the "typical" scientist as male.l Some of these attitudes simply reflect statistical reality-far fewer women than men work as scientists2-but they also indicate continuing, deep-seated cultural bias against science as an activity appropriate for women. It is not just that science is regarded as a masculine occupation. Historical analysis of American popular culture shows that, throughout this century, the mass media have also purveyed a strongly negative image of women scientists, depicting them as both atypical scientists and atypical women. Popularized science-that is, descriptions and discussions of science directed at audiences outside the scientific research community3-contributes to cultural beliefs about women scientists through journalistic practices and through the communication of images. First, the type of person who interprets science (e.g., who writes a magazine article or is interviewed on a radio show) influences an audience's ideas about who "speaks for" science, that is, about what type of person best understands science or best represents the research field discussed. If (as was true in U.S. magazines from 1910 through 1955) fewer women than men acted as the communicators of science, then readers were exposed to subtle messages about women's abilities to comprehend science. Second, popular biographies and other descriptions (or illustrations) of women scientists contribute to beliefs about what "typical" women scientists are like, in personality and character. If there were few such descriptions (as was true in the magazines), then the message given was that, aside from a few superstars, women played an insignificant role in the scientific research process. Although the quantitative data that I will cite in this article come from a content analysis of masscirculation magazines published between 1910 and 1955, comprehensive analysis of other media would, I believe, reveal similar negative images.4
Cognitive Effects of Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Aerobic exercise has shown inconsistent cognitive effects in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. Objective To examine the immediate and longitudinal effects of 6-month cycling on cognition in older adults with AD dementia. Methods This randomized controlled trial randomized 96 participants (64 to cycling and 32 to stretching for six months) and followed them for another six months. The intervention was supervised, moderate-intensity cycling for 20-50 minutes, 3 times a week for six months. The control was light-intensity stretching. Cognition was assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months using the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog). Discrete cognitive domains were measured using the AD Uniform Data Set battery. Results The participants were 77.4±6.8 years old with 15.6±2.9 years of education, and 55% were male. The 6-month change in ADAS-Cog was 1.0±4.6 (cycling) and 0.1±4.1 (stretching), which were both significantly less than the natural 3.2±6.3-point increase observed naturally with disease progression. The 12-month change was 2.4±5.2 (cycling) and 2.2±5.7 (control). ADAS-Cog did not differ between groups at 6 (p = 0.386) and 12 months (p = 0.856). There were no differences in the 12-month rate of change in ADAS-Cog (0.192 versus 0.197, p = 0.967), memory (-0.012 versus -0.019, p = 0.373), executive function (-0.020 versus -0.012, p = 0.383), attention (-0.035 versus -0.033, p = 0.908), or language (-0.028 versus -0.026, p = 0.756). Conclusion Exercise may reduce decline in global cognition in older adults with mild-to-moderate AD dementia. Aerobic exercise did not show superior cognitive effects to stretching in our pilot trial, possibly due to the lack of power.
Keeping casts dry: A comparison of commercially available cast protectors using a mechanized short arm cast model

Abstract Background Upper extremity fractures requiring cast immobilization are exceedingly common, especially in the pediatric population. Studies have shown improved outcomes when patients can participate in water-based activities while casted. However, waterproof cast material is not feasible in all clinical settings and wet cast complications remain a source of morbidity and expense. External cast protectors play an important role in preventing wet casts, but the efficacy of various commercially available brands during relevant water-based activity remains unknown. Purposes To determine if there are differences in the rate and extent of moisture exposure for four commercially available cast protectors using a mechanized cast arm model and human volunteers. Methods A mechanized arm model was developed with four implanted humidity sensors. Cast protectors were applied over the arm, the model was submerged in water, and moved back and forth, simulating cast-wearers’ motion. Data regarding humidity was recorded for successive 10-minute trials. Trials were analyzed using a mixed effects linear model to determine change in humidity over time. The top and bottom performing cast protectors were then applied to four adult volunteers prior to thirty minutes of swimming. Questionnaires regarding comfort and a qualitative assessment of cast wetness using a chemical color indicator were completed. Results 372 instances of sensor data from 96 10-minute trials was collected. The CVS, SealTight and Walgreens brands showed significant increases in humidity beginning at 10, 20 and 20 minutes, respectively. DryPro showed no significant increase in moisture level up to 50 minutes. In successive trials up to 120 minutes, DryPro showed only a 2% increase in moisture. In human subjects testing, 3/4 casts underneath CVS protectors had some degree of wetness-related color change that would require cast change as compared to 0/4 casts underneath DryPro protectors. Conclusions Significant differences exist between commercially available cast protectors. Vacuum-sealed protectors performed best in both mechanical and human subject portions of this study and allowed minimal change in humidity for extended periods of sequential water immersion. Their cost is notably less than management of a wet cast. Lower-performing products may expose cast-wearers to an increased risk of wet cast complications.
Sedation for Interventional Pain Procedures

Many patients undergoing interventional techniques may require mild to moderate sedation, related to the nature of chronic pain and anxiety. Since the patient cannot communicate acute changes in symptoms, deep sedation and/or general anesthesia for most interventional procedures is considered as unsafe, thus resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, and creating compliance issues. For patients undergoing interventional pain procedures, sedation is a critical aspect and requires competence and defined standards of experience and expertise. Along with the monitoring standards established by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), including temperature, blood pressure, EKG, pulse oximetry, and quantitative end tidal CO2, other considerations are warranted by the anesthesiologist for a safe and successful procedure, including perioperative medications and fasting.
The Dual Dependency of Natural-Resource-Rich Labor Markets in Contemporary Society:

This article presents an integrative theoretical framework of subnational natural resource dependence. I argue that rural natural resource dependence represents a special case of the core-periphery...
A single aspiration caffeine gastric analysis in duodenal ulcer and control patients.

In most patients the diagnosis of duodenal ulcer may be definitely established or ruled out by an adequate history and careful radiographic studies. There is, however, a sizable group of patients in whom some or all of the findings are equivocal, and in whom additional diagnostic measures may be useful. Study of the basal or caffeine-induced gastric secretion may offer considerable aid, but these tests have not been used widely. We have attempted to simplify the caffeine test for possible use as a routine procedure. The traditional Ewald meal provides helpful information of several kinds but is of little value in diagnosis. When the convenient single aspiration technique is used, the frequency distribution curves for normal and duodenal ulcer patients are closely similar (1). Using the Rehfuss fractional modification there is less overlapping, but still not enough separation of ulcer from non-ulcer cases to be useful for this purpose (2). Similar overlapping exists for the alcohol (3) and histamine (4, 5) tests. These tests do not afford diagnostic aid in the individual case, except in the relatively few instances of extreme hypersecretion in the range beyond that of non-ulcer subjects, or in the event of achlorhydria after adequate histamine tests. In the latter circumstance benign peptic ulcer can be excluded. A test of basal secretion may give more aid. In the experience of Levin, Kirsner and Palmer (4), only seven per cent of 222 patients with duodenal ulcer had one or more IS-minute periods of anacidity during a one-hour test of unstimulated morning secretion. Furthermore, only one patient in this series had four such periods with absence of acid. Obviously, this test would be of great help in excluding the diagnosis of ulcer, but it is limited by the fact that 55 per cent of normal males and 40 per cent of normal females produced acid in all four periods. In our experience a further limitation is that small volumes of gastric juice are often produced, requiring considerable care and skill in aspiration for accurate results. The test most likely to aid in the diagnosis of individual cases appeared to us to be the caffeine test devised by Roth, Atkinson and Ivy (3), the value of
VHF radar measurements of flow patterns in bays and estuaries

In late April through early May 1994, the University of Miami Ocean Surface Current Radar (OSCR) system was deployed to measure currents over a portion of Biscayne Bay, FL. The purpose of this exploratory deployment of the OSCR system was to evaluate its capability to map currents in an environment having low amplitude Bragg resonant waves and containing numerous shoals and small islands. The results indicate that, with the exception of very shallow shoal regions, high quality vector current maps can be obtained. The validity of these maps is demonstrated by comparisons with known tidal flows in Biscayne Bay.
Thanatos and Civilization: Lacan, Marcuse, and the Death Drive:

During the 1950s and 1960s two thinkers, Herbert Marcuse and Jacques Lacan, were conducting a ‘return to Freud’ for very similar reasons. If the differences between them are often advertised, their...
Challenges in the conduct of emergency research in children: a workshop report.

A workshop on “Emergency Research in Children: Ethical, Regulatory, and Clinical Challenges” was sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of He...
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Cardiac Memory in Patients With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Noninvasive Imaging of Activation and Repolarization Before and After Catheter Ablation”

We thank Berger and colleagues for their queries about our article.1 Three-dimensional CARTO mapping was not performed because it was not clinically indicated in this pediatric study (it prolongs procedure and fluoroscopy time). The objectives of the study were to guide ablation by noninvasively imaging preexcitation sites before the procedure and then, after the procedure, to study changes in epicardial activation and repolarization. ECG imaging (ECGI) was validated …
Solubilization and chemical and immunochemical characterization of sparingly soluble canine gastric mucin

Abstract 1. 1. Sparingly soluble mucin obtained from anacid secretion of canine Heidenhain pouch was solubilized by the use of Na 2 SO 3 . The solubilized mucin was then fractionated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography which yielded high molecular weight glycoproteins in the excluded and serum proteins in the included fractions. Immunoelectrophoresis of the glycoprotein fraction gave a single arc of immunoprecipitate. 2. 2. The isolated glycoprotein fraction was fractionated further into several individual glycoproteins and a protein on a DEAE-cellulose column by stepwise elution with graded concentrations of NaCl. Analysis by immunodiffusion indicated that the two principal glycoproteins which were eluted at 0.2 and 0.3 M NaCl contained antigenic factors in common. Spur formation at the intersections of the arcs of immunoprecipitate of the minor glycoproteins and the principal glycoproteins suggest that the minor glycoproteins contain determinants which are serologically related though not identical to those of the major glycoproteins of the sparingly soluble mucin. The protein isolated from the sparingly soluble mucin failed to give immunoprecipitate when reacted with antiserum to the sparingly soluble mucin. 3. 3. The carbohydrates present in the isolated glycoproteins were N -acetyl glucosamine, N -acetyl galactosamine, galactose, fucose and N -acetyl neuraminic acid. Serine, threonine and proline constituted more than half the amino acid residues of the glycoproteins and alkaline borohydride cleavage study indicated that O -glycosidic linkage exists between N -acetyl hexosamine and serine and threonine of the peptide core of glycoprotein. 4. 4. When the sparingly soluble mucin was alkylated first with N -ethylmaleinide and the solubilized with Na 2 35 SO 3 , the 35 S radioactivity was associated with the isolated glycoproteins suggesting that the insolubility of the sparingly soluble mucin may be due at least in part, to the intermolecular disulfide bonds. From the amount of 35 SO 3 2− taken up by the alkylated glycoproteins, we estimate that a minimum of r μmole of cystine may have been cleaved per 57 mg of protein in the glycoprotein.
Emotion Knowledge and Self-Regulation as Predictors of Preschoolers' Cognitive Ability, Classroom Behavior, and Social Competence.

The development of children’s cognitive and social skills is a topic of considerable importance and interest in education and educational psychology. The current study examines whether emotion know...
Biochemical and cytochemical investigations of (Na+-K+)-ATPase in the crayfish kidney.

Abstract 1. 1. Mean total Mg 2+ -dependent ATPase activity (μM Pi/mg protein per hr) in the crayfish kidney is 14/2–16 for Procambarus blandingi and 23·00 for Procambarus clarkii . The (Na + -K + )-activated fractions of total activity are 68·3 and 70·2 per cent for the respective species. 2. 2. Of the three major regions in the kidney, the nephridial canal possesses the highest level of total Mg 2+ -dependent activity on a tissue wet weight basis, followed by the labyrinth and coelomosac respectively. (Na + -K + )-ATPase is 88·7 per cent of total activity in the nephridial canal, and 51·8 per cent in the labyrinth. 3. 3. Cytochemical data reinforce the above biochemical findings and suggest a sub-cellular distribution of the enzyme system suited for transepithelial fluid transport. 4. 4. These results suggest functional differentiation among kidney tubule segments, and implicate (Na + -K + )-ATPase in fluid reabsorption.
A mutant of Escherichia coli auxotrophic for organic phosphates: Evidence for two defects in inorganic phosphate transport

An inorganic phosphate transport mutant has been isolated as a sn-glycerol-3-phosphate auxotroph and characterized genetically. Two lesions are responsible for the transport defect. One lesion, pst, is located at minute 74 of the E. coli genetic map while the other lesion, pit, is located at minute 68. All “K10” strains that were examined carry the pit lesion. Evidence is presented that the glycerol phosphate and hexose phosphate transport systems. The mapping data indicate that the genetic distance between malA and xyl is greater than that now allowed.
Dual adaptation of apparent concomitant motion contingent on head rotation frequency

Perceived movement of a stationary visual stimulus during head motion was measured before and after adaptation intervals during which participants performed voluntary head oscillations while viewing a moving spot. During these intervals, participants viewed the spot stimulus moving alternately in the same direction as the head was moving during either .25- or 2.0-Hz oscillations, and then in the opposite direction as the head at the other of the two frequencies. Postadaptation measures indicated that the visual stimuli were perceived as stationary only if traveling in the same direction as that viewed during adaptation at the same frequency of head motion. Thus, opposite directions of spot motion were perceived as stationary following adaptation depending on head movement frequency. The results provide an example of the ability to establish dual (or "context-specific") adaptations to altered visual-vestibular feedback.
Running time and program size for self-assembled squares

Recently Rothemund and Winfree [6] have considered the program size complexity of constructing squares by self-assembly. Here, we consider the time complexity of such constructions using a natural generalization of the Tile Assembly Model defined in [6]. In the generalized model, the Rothemund-Winfree construction of n \times n squares requires time T(n log n) and program size T(log n). We present a new construction for assembling n \times n squares which uses optimal time T(n) and program size T(\frac{log n}{log log n}). This program size is also optimal since it matches the bound dictated by Kolmogorov complexity. Our improved time is achieved by demonstrating a set of tiles for parallel self-assembly of binary counters. Our improved program size is achieved by demonstrating that self-assembling systems can compute changes in the base representation of numbers. Self-assembly is emerging as a useful paradigm for computation. In addition the development of a computational theory of self-assembly promises to provide a new conduit by which results and methods of theoretical computer science might be applied to problems of interest in biology and the physical sciences.
Universality of anti-A and anti-B human isolysins.

Many studies of ABO isolysins have indicated that some A, B, and O sera show no isohemolytic activity. The apparent incidence of ABO isolysins in human sera varies widely, from 0.24 of A sera containing anti-B isolysin [8] to more than 90 "6 of 0 and B sera containing anti-A isolysin [4]. Reports of many other wide-ranging values have led to the general assumption that isolysins, in contrast to ABO isoagglutinins, do not follow the rule of Landsteiner. It has been suggested that one important reason for such variable values lies in variable levels of sensitivity of the methods used in the several studies; the possibility exists that a sufficiently sensitive test would show isolysins in all the sera in which Landsteiner's rule would predict them. Thus by increasing the amount of serum per cell up to 200: 1, and using 51Cr release from labelled A cells as a measure of hemolysis, POLLEY et al. [h] concluded that all 0 sera lyse A cells. In this study the spectrum of ABO isolytic activity of human sera was determined by a simple direct test which permits the detection and relative quantification of frank hemolysis.
Revisit of Linear-Quadratic Optimal Control

The classical finite-dimensional linear-quadratic optimal control problem is revisited. A new linear-quadratic control problem with linear state penalty terms but without quadratic state penalty terms, is introduced. An optimal control exists and the closed-form optimal solution is given. It is remarkable that feedback action plays no role and state information does not feature in the optimal control. The optimal cost function, rather than being quadratic, is linear in the initial state.
Regulation of red blood cell production

Erythropoietin, which is produced by peritubular capillary lining cells of the kidney, is critical to the production of red blood cells. Endogenously produced erythropoietin circulates in the plasma to act on specific target cells in the marrow through cell surface receptors. The primary target of erythropoietin action is the erythroid colony-forming cell. In addition to proliferative effects, high circulating erythropoietin levels result in the premature release of marrow reticulocytes and the mobilization of marrow progenitor cells. Production of endogenous erythropoietin increases in response to the stress of anemia or hypoxemia. Iron, an important element in hemoglobin synthesis, is bound to the iron transport protein transferrin, and the complex is internalized, along with the transferrin receptor, by the developing erythroid cell. Within the cell, the iron molecule is subsequently split off and either used for hemoglobin synthesis or stored within the cytoplasm as ferritin. Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin induces changes in iron metabolism, which are reflected by decreases in both the serum iron level and transferrin saturation. These reductions can be marked, even in healthy individuals, and can occur in the presence of normal or even increased iron stores.
Foreign-currency government debt, asset markets, and balance of payments

Abstract Foreign-currency government borrowing has implications for modelling asset markets and the balance of payments. Geographical balance-of-payments flows can be misleading indicators of exchange-rate pressures in a world characterized by foreign-currency govenment debt, because the latter alter the currency composition of global asset supplies in a manner similar to foreign-exchange market intervention. A theoretical ‘currency’ reinterpretation of the balance of payments is proposed, and some estimates of the magnitude OECD foreign-currency government borrowing are offered. However, more comprehensive measures of asset supplies may not by themselves improve the performance of simple portfolio-balance models.
An Extension of Source Valence Research Using Multiple Discriminant Analysis

Summary This study investigated the predictive capability of 14 source valence dimensions to dyadic communication contexts, a nominal level criterion variable. Friend, acquaintance, co-worker, and family contexts were examined. Multiple discrinimant analysis (MDA) models were used to evaluate field research utilizing questionnaire data from 194 Ss. Eleven of the 14 source valence dimensions met previous factor structures and were entered into the MDA equation. Nine of these 11 dimensions were significant predictors of dyadic communication contexts (p < .001).
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS IN TEETH BY X-IRRADIATION.

Several observations of electron magnetic resonance in human teeth in vitro are reported. An initial search in the unirradiated material at room temperature disclosed no paramagnetic resonances in the region 3300-- 10200 gauss. Immediately following the 2.5 days after irradiation electron magnetic resonances spectra were observed at room temperature. The spectra exhibit three salient features: a broad line centered at g = 2.003 and approximately 20 gauss wide between the inflexion points; a Pake shape line the absorption curve maximum of which lies at g = 2.0004; and a weak doublet centered at g = 2.0029 plus or minus 0.0003, corrected for second-order effects, and a splitting of 498 plus or minus 2 gauss. Several conclusive arguments are made for the identification of a doublet in one spectrum as hydrogen atoms. (P.C.H.)
Segmental Dynamics of Interfacial Poly(methyl acrylate)-d3 in Composites by Deuterium NMR Spectroscopy

The interface in composite materials containing an ultrathin layer of poly(methyl acrylate)-d3 (PMA-d3) on silica was studied using deuterium NMR. PMA-d3 was deposited from solution at saturation coverage from toluene onto silica. The samples were dried and composite samples made by hot pressing the PMA-d3/silica samples with hydrogenated polystyrene (PS) and high (HMW) and low (LMW) molecular weight hydrogenated poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) as the overlayer. The interfacial layers of PMA-d3 were studied at the air−polymer−silica and polymer−polymer−silica interfaces using deuterium solid-state quadrupole-echo NMR and the results compared to those for the bulk polymer. It was found that for samples at the air−polymer−silica interface, some of the polymer segments in the surface sample had segmental mobility higher than that of the corresponding bulk PMA-d3 sample at the same temperature. When overcoated with unlabeled polymer, the interfacial polymer at the polymer−polymer−silica interface showed reduced m...
GM-CSF is required for the Pseudomonas exotoxin A-induced proliferation of immature T cells in athymic mice

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that Pseudomonas exotoxin A stimulated the proliferation of immature T lymphocytes within the splenocytes of athymic mice. These studies were performed to determine which lymphokines were involved in the proliferation of the immature T cells. The results of this study indicate that exotoxin A does not induce the production of interleukin-2 or tumor necrosis factor from B cell-depleted splenotypes from athymic mice. However, exotoxin A does induce the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from B cell-depleted splenocytes. Furthermore, the GM-CSF was shown to be produced by a Thy1 + , CD4 − , CD8 − T lymphocyte. The addition of anti-GM-CSF antibody abrogates the exotoxin A-induced proliferation of B cell-depleted splenocytes from athymic mice. Thus, these data indicate that exotoxin A induces the production of GM-CSF from immature T lymphocytes within the splenocytes of athymic mice and the exotoxin A-induced proliferation of these immature T cells is dependent on the presence of GM-CSF.
Long-term neurocognitive outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease during infancy.

Background End-stage renal disease (ESRD) during infancy has been associated with poor short-term neurocognitive outcomes. Limited information exists regarding long-term outcomes.
A theoretical analysis of factors determining V̇O2max at sea level and altitude

When maximal VO2 (VO2 MAX) is limited by O2 supply, it is generally thought that cardiac output (QT) is mostly responsible, but other O2 transport conductances [ventilation (VA); [Hb]; pulmonary (DLO2) and muscle (DMO2) diffusion capacities] may also influence VO2 MAX. A numerical analysis interactively linking the lungs, circulation and muscles was designed to compare the influences of each conductance component on VO2 MAX at three altitudes: PB = 760, 464 and 253 Torr. For any given set of conductances the analysis simultaneously solved six equations for alveolar, arterial, and venous PO2 and PcO2. The equations represent pulmonary mass balance, pulmonary diffusion, and muscle diffusion for both gases. At PB = 760, [Hb], DLO2 and DMO2 were as influential as QT in limiting VO2 MAX. With increasing altitude, the influence of QT and [Hb] fell while that of VA, DLO2 and DMO2 progressively increased until at PB = 253, VO2 MAX was independent of QT and [Hb]. Neither the fall in maximal QT nor rise in [Hb] with chronic hypoxia therefore appear to affect VO2 MAX. However, high values of ventilation, DLO2 and DMO2 appear to be advantageous for exercise at altitude.
Collective excitations in superconductors below T c

Fluctuations of tunneling currents through Josephson junctions are investigated for clean superconductors in the vicinity below T/sub c/. The collective quasiparticle excitations, leading to a maximum in the structure function of the order-parameter phase, also affect the longitudinal dielectric function epsilon. A minimum in Im(1/epsilon) is the counterpart to the phase maximum. It is also present in dirty samples, but disappears in the gapless case. The longitudinal ultrasonic spectrum is discussed for clean and dirty probes. Besides the ordinary sound one finds a second maximum in the spectrum on account of the collective motion of the electrons below T/sub c/.
High-fidelity manipulation of a bose-einstein condensate using an optical standing wave

The use of off-resonant standing light waves to manipulate ultracold atoms is investigated. Previous work has illustrated that Bragg diffraction can provide efficient beam-splitting and reflection operations for atomic wave packets. The performance of these operations is characterized experimentally using Bose-Einstein condensates confined in a weak magnetic trap. Fidelities of 0.99 for beam splitting and 0.98 for reflection are observed, and splitting operations of up to third order are achieved. The dependence of the operations on light intensity and atomic velocity is measured and found to agree well with theoretical estimates.
Treatment with the atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine, prevents the expression of amphetamine-induced place conditioning in the rat.

Abstract Place conditioning (PC) experiments were conducted as a means to further elaborate the treatment potential of the atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine (OLZ), for stimulant abuse. The resulting preference/aversion provides an indirect measure of the incentive salience (i.e., euphoria/dysphoria) produced by a drug. Male Sprague–Dawley rats ( n =48) were conditioned in two unique environments (i.e., vertical vs. horizontal stripped walls, large vs. small grid flooring) using injections (1.0 mg/kg ip) of either amphetamine (AMPH) or saline (SAL). On average, animals displayed a significant preference for the AMPH-paired location after 2.5 weeks of conditioning (five pairings each of AMPH and SAL). Once the preference was established, animals were pretreated (60 min) with a single dose of OLZ (0.0, 0.56, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg sc) given on the test (AMPH-free) day. For the following week's test, animals were injected with SAL (1.0 mg/kg ip) in an attempt to recapture the side preference exhibited before OLZ treatment. OLZ treatment prevented the expression of the AMPH-conditioned preference and reduced locomotor activity. Inhibition of preference resulted from the highest dose of OLZ (1.5 mg/kg), while the inhibition of locomotor activity occurred across all three doses. Additionally, while the effects on preference were no longer apparent by the SAL test the following week (reversible), the activity was still depressed during the SAL tests in animals that had experienced the highest dose of OLZ (1.5 mg/kg). Control experiments, in which OLZ was used as the conditioning drug, suggest that OLZ itself possesses no aversive effects in the PC paradigm, and may even produce a preference for the drug-paired chamber. Because the AMPH preference is dependent on dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), these experiments suggest that OLZ pretreatment interferes with the rewarding, as well as the subjective effects of AMPH.
CONDUCTIVE MEDIUM MODELING WITH AN AUGMENTED GIBC FORMULATION

This paper describes an augmented generalized impedance boundary condition (AGIBC) formulation for accurate and e-cient modeling of conductive media. It is a surface integral equation method, so that it uses a smaller number of unknowns. The underlying GIBC provides a rigorous way to account for the skin efiect. Combining with the novel augmentation technique, the AGIBC formulation works stably in the low-frequency regime. No loop- tree search is required. The formulation also allows for its easy incorporation of fast algorithms to enable the solving of large problems with many unknowns. Numerical examples are presented to validate the formulation.
The Dissociation of H + 2 by Electron Impact

The collision (in Born approximation) of electrons with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$, in which the molecule is raised from the ground state to the lowest lying repulsive state and is therewith dissociated, is discussed as the simplest example of a collision resulting in molecular dissociation. Both the angular distribution of dissociated protons and the excitation of the molecule to a state of definite angular momentum are investigated, and the connection between them is made clear. For the former, rules giving the dominant characteristics of the angular distribution are stated and illustrated by an example; for the latter, a detailed example is given which brings out the scope of the Franck-Condon principle and shows that near the energy of dissociation that gives the Franck-Condon maximum of the scattering amplitude there are also other sizable maxima, i.e., the Franck-Condon principle has a sort of fine structure.