cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) Protein in Intestinal and Hepatic Cholesterol Transport

Increased blood cholesterol is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol homeostasis in the body is controlled mainly by endogenous synthesis, intestinal absorption, and hepatic excretion. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) is a polytopic transmembrane protein localized at the apical membrane of enterocytes and the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. It functions as a sterol transporter to mediate intestinal cholesterol absorption and counter-balances hepatobiliary cholesterol excretion. NPC1L1 is the molecular target of ezetimibe, a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor that is widely used in treating hypercholesterolemia. Recent findings suggest that NPC1L1 deficiency or ezetimibe treatment also prevents diet-induced hepatic steatosis and obesity in addition to reducing blood cholesterol. Future studies should focus on molecular mechanisms underlying NPC1L1-dependent cholesterol transport and elucidation of how a cholesterol transporter modulates the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.
Gut Microbiota of the Tick Vector Ixodes scapularis Modulate Colonization of the Lyme Disease Spirochete

Arthopods such as Ixodes scapularis ticks serve as vectors for many human pathogens. The arthropod gut presents a pivotal microbial entry point and determines pathogen colonization and survival. We show that the gut microbiota of I. scapularis, a major vector of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, influence spirochete colonization of ticks. Perturbing the gut microbiota of larval ticks reduced Borrelia colonization, and dysbiosed larvae displayed decreased expression of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). Diminished STAT expression corresponded to lower expression of peritrophin, a key glycoprotein scaffold of the glycan-rich mucus-like peritrophic matrix (PM) that separates the gut lumen from the epithelium. The integrity of the I. scapularis PM was essential for B. burgdorferi to efficiently colonize the gut epithelium. These data elucidate a functional link between the gut microbiota, STAT-signaling, and pathogen colonization in the context of the gut epithelial barrier of an arthropod vector.
Natural Logicism via the Logic of Orderly Pairing

The aim here is to describe how to complete the constructive logicist program, in the author’s book Anti-Realism and Logic, of deriving all the Peano–Dedekind postulates for arithmetic within a theory of natural numbers that also accounts for their applicability in counting finite collections of objects. The axioms still to be derived are those for addition and multiplication. Frege did not derive them in a fully explicit, conceptually illuminating way. Nor has any neo-Fregean done so. These outstanding axioms need to be derived in a way fully in keeping with the spirit and the letter of Frege’s logicism and his doctrine of definition. To that end this study develops a logic, in the Gentzen-Prawitz style of natural deduction, for the operation of orderly pairing. The logic is an extension of free first-order logic with identity. Orderly pairing is treated as a primitive. No notion of set is presupposed, nor any set-theoretic notion of membership. The formation of ordered pairs, and the two projection operations yielding their left and right coordinates, form a coeval family of logical notions. The challenge is to furnish them with introduction and elimination rules that capture their exact meanings, and no more. Orderly pairing as a logical primitive is then used in order to introduce addition and multiplication in a conceptually satisfying way within a constructive logicist theory of the natural numbers. Because of its reliance, throughout, on sense-constituting rules of natural deduction, the completed account can be described as ‘natural logicism’.
Development of bovine embryos in vitro as affected by energy substrates.

Simple media were developed to study the metabolic requirements of bovine embryos up to Day 7 (Day 0 = day of oocyte aspiration) in vitro. Embryos were derived from oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. At 45 +/- 2 h post insemination, embryos (> or = 2 cells) were randomly allotted to treatments. Examined in experiments 1 and 3 was the effect of pyruvate concentration in the presence of lactate. In the presence of lactate, pyruvate (0.2-5.0 mM) had no effect (p > 0.05) on the percentage of morulae or blastocysts. However, increasing the concentration of hemicalcium L-lactate from 5 mM to 10 mM decreased (p 0.05) on embryo development (experiment 4). However, the interaction of adding calcium and lactate resulted in a decreased (p < 0.05) percentage of morulae. Determined in experiment 6 were the independent effects of pyruvate, lactate, and glucose on embryo development in vitro. As pyruvate or lactate level was increased from 1 to 10 mM, the percentage of blastocysts was decreased (p < 0.05). These experiments indicate that adding pyruvate to a medium containing lactate is not necessary for development of bovine embryos in vitro.
A membrane metalloprotease participates in the sequential degradation of a Caulobacter polarity determinant.

Caulobacter crescentus assembles many of its cellular machines at distinct times and locations during the cell cycle. PodJ provides the spatial cues for the biogenesis of several polar organelles, including the pili, adhesive holdfast and chemotactic apparatus, by recruiting structural and regulatory proteins, such as CpaE and PleC, to a specific cell pole. PodJ is a protein with a single transmembrane domain that exists in two forms, full-length (PodJ L ) and truncated (PodJ S ), each appearing during a specific time period of the cell cycle to control different aspects of polar organelle development. PodJ L is synthesized in the early predivisional cell and is later proteolytically converted to PodJ S . During the swarmer-to-stalked transition, PodJ S must be degraded to preserve asymmetry in the next cell cycle. We found that MmpA facilitates the degradation of PodJ S . MmpA belongs to the site-2 protease (S2P) family of membrane-embedded zinc metalloproteases, which includes SpolVFB and YluC of Bacillus subtilis and YaeL of Escherichia coli. MmpA appears to cleave within or near the transmembrane segment of PodJ S , releasing it into the cytoplasm for complete proteolysis. While PodJ S has a specific temporal and spatial address, MmpA is present throughout the cell cycle; furthermore, periplasmic fusion to mRFP1 suggested that MmpA is uniformly distributed around the cell. We also determined that mmpA and yaeL can complement each other in C. crescentus and E. coli, indicating functional conservation. Thus, the sequential degradation of PodJ appears to involve regulated intramembrane proteolysis (Rip) by MmpA.
Recovering Vote Choice from Partial Incomplete Data

In voting rights cases, judges often infer unobservable individ- ual vote choices from election data aggregated at the precinct level. That is, one must solve an ill-posed inverse problem to obtain the critical information used in these cases. The ill-posed nature of the problem means that tradi- tional frequentist and Bayesian approaches cannot be employed without first imposing a range of assumptions. In order to mitigate the problems result- ing from incorporating potentially inaccurate information in these cases, we propose the use of information theoretic methods as a basis for recovering an estimate of the unobservable individual vote choices. We illustrate the empirical non-parametric likelihood methods with some election data.
Evaluation of uptake and distribution of gold nanoparticles in solid tumors.

Although nanotherapeutics offer a targeted and potentially less toxic alternative to systemic chemotherapy in cancer treatment, nanotherapeutic transport is typically hindered by abnormal characteristics of tumor tissue. Once nanoparticles targeted to tumor cells arrive in the circulation of tumor vasculature, they must extravasate from irregular vessels and diffuse through the tissue to ideally reach all malignant cells in cytotoxic concentrations. The enhanced permeability and retention effect can be leveraged to promote extravasation of appropriately sized particles from tumor vasculature; however, therapeutic success remains elusive partly due to inadequate intra-tumoral transport promoting heterogeneous nanoparticle uptake and distribution. Irregular tumor vasculature not only hinders particle transport but also sustains hypoxic tissue kregions with quiescent cells, which may be unaffected by cycle-dependent chemotherapeutics released from nanoparticles and thus regrow tumor tissue following nanotherapy. Furthermore, a large proportion of systemically injected nanoparticles may become sequestered by the reticulo-endothelial system, resulting in overall diminished efficacy. We review recent work evaluating the uptake and distribution of gold nanoparticles in pre-clinical tumor models, with the goal to help improve nanotherapy outcomes. We also examine the potential role of novel layered gold nanoparticles designed to address some of these critical issues, assessing their uptake and transport in cancerous tissue.
Thought and Word

Our investigation began with an attempt to clarify the internal relationships between thought and word at the most extreme stages of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. In the prehistoric development of thinking and speech, we found no clearly defined relationships or dependencies between the genetic roots of thought and word. Thus, the internal relationships between thought and word with which we are concerned are not primal. They are not something given from the outset as a precondition for further development. On the contrary, these relationships emerge and are formed only with the historical development of human consciousness. They are not the precondition of man’s formation but its product.
Prevalence of probiotic use among inpatients: A descriptive study of 145 U.S. hospitals

Background To inform clinical guidance, public health efforts, and research directions, probiotic use in U.S. health care needs to be better understood. This work aimed to assess the prevalence of inpatient probiotic use in a sample of U.S. hospitals. Methods Probiotic use among patients discharged in 2012 was estimated using the MarketScan Hospital Drug Database. In addition, the annual trend in probiotic use (2006-2012) was assessed among a subset of hospitals. Results Among 145 hospitals with 1,976,167 discharges in 2012, probiotics were used in 51,723 (2.6%) of hospitalizations occurring in 139 (96%) hospitals. Patients receiving probiotics were 9 times more likely to receive antimicrobials ( P Clostridium difficile infection diagnosis ( P Saccharomyces boulardii (32% of patients receiving probiotics), Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (30%), L acidophilus (28%), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (11%). Probiotic use increased from 1.0% of 1,090,373 discharges in 2006 to 2.9% of 1,006,051 discharges in 2012 ( P Conclusions In this sample of U.S. hospitals, a sizable and growing number of inpatients received probiotics as part of their care despite inadequate evidence to support their use in this population. Additional research is needed to guide probiotic use in the hospital setting.
Relating Trends in First-Principles Electronic Structure and Open-Circuit Voltage in Organic Photovoltaics

Using first-principles density functional theory, and accounting for solid-state polarization effects and electron–hole interactions, we calculate excited electronic states at interfaces between C60 and a series of functionalized boron(subphthalocyanine) molecules, a class of donor materials for organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, and correlate energetics with their measured open-circuit voltages (Voc). For isolated donor and acceptor molecules, a staggered (type-II) interface energy alignment is predicted with an energy offset of several tenths of an electron volt, capable of promoting charge separation. The solid-state charge transfer excited state energy, ECT, obtained by including electronic polarization effects and electron–hole interactions, exhibits a near-quantitative linear relationship with Voc. ECT depends sensitively on interface morphology, resulting in a predicted 0.2–0.6 eV spread in energy for the geometries studied here. The agreement between theory and experiment provides insight into po...
Radiography in Forest Entomology

The use of radiography in the study of cryptic insects was investigated for several kinds of forest insect damage. Longwave or “soft” X-rays (5-35 kilovolts) were found most suitable for the detection and study of insects infesting plant material. A portable industrial X-ray unit was used which had an output of up to 35 kilovolts, 10 milliamperes, and variable exposure time. Excellent results were achieved in radiographs of western pine beetle larvae and pupae in ponderosa pine bark; adult gallery construction and larval development of Ips confusus (LeConte) ; red turpentine beetle in situ in sugar pine; buprestids, cerambycids, siricids, and lyctids infesting various thicknesses and kinds of timber; weevils infesting lodgepole pine tips and seed-infesting insects. Less satisfactory was the detection of insects in whole cones, although their galleries could be detected.
POEM: Minimizing Energy Consumption for WiFi Tethering Service

Despite the rapidly increasing number of public WiFi hotspots, their coverage is still limited to indoor and office/business environments. WiFi tethering is thus a useful and economic means of providing on-the-go mobile users’ Internet connection. One of the main problems of WiFi tethering is the excessive power consumption of mobile access points (APs), or tethered smartphones. Since the power-saving mechanism, defined and deployed in the IEEE 802.11 standard, is intended for clients only, the WiFi interface of a mobile AP never enters the sleep mode. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective system, called power-efficient mobile (POEM), which reduces energy consumption of a mobile AP by allowing its WiFi interface to sleep even during data transfer. The POEM exploits the inherent bandwidth asymmetry between the WiFi and the WWAN interfaces of a mobile AP by buffering the data packets received via the WWAN interface at the mobile AP, thereby allowing the WiFi interface to enter the sleep mode. Compared with the other power-saving solutions for WiFi tethering, the POEM is able to handle various types of applications, such as video steaming and file download, designed to support legacy clients (i.e., clients without POEM), and is also efficient in reducing the clients’ energy consumption. We have implemented and conducted an extensive evaluation of the POEM’s effectiveness in an android/linux-based test bed. Our experimental results show that the POEM can allow the WiFi interface of a mobile AP to sleep for up to 90% of the total transfer time without significantly affecting system throughput or end-to-end delay.
Preservation of normal gas exchange with hemodilution in patients with pulmonary hypertension

The relationship between the plasma colloid osmotic pressure/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure difference (PCOP-PCWP) and the development of gas exchange abnormalities was examined prior to, during, and after cardiac operations in 13 patients with pulmonary hypertension owing to mitral and/or aortic valvular disease. Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient [P(A-a)DO2] and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) were used as indices of gas exchange impairment owing to accumulated lung water. During the baseline period, PCOP-PCWP was -8.5 +/- 2.6 mm Hg; P(A-a)DO2, 352.5 +/- 30.1 mm Hg; and Qs/Qt, 17.0% +/- 1.5%. There were no significant correlations between PCOP-PCWP and P(A-a)DO2 or Qs/Qt at any time during the study. Thus PCOP-PCWP does not predict susceptibility to lung water accumulation reliably in patients with pulmonary hypertension, and other protective factors may contribute to unimpaired gas exchange, even in the setting of profound hemodilution and low PCOP.
New therapy for impotence.

SUMMARY In the not too distant past, the physician caring for the impotent patient had few therapeutic options. With the recent advances in penile pharmacotherapy, vascular surgery, and prosthetics, several possibilities for treatment are now available. Before a decision is made, however, numerous factors must be taken into consideration: age, manual dexterity, cause of erectile dysfunction, psychological attitude, and social considerations. Clearly, the choice of therapy for impotence must now be made on an individual basis after a careful diagnostic evaluation and in-depth consultation with the patient. Only then can the treatment that offers the highest likelihood of success, both functional and emotional, be chosen.
DISCRIMINATION OF THE INTEROCEPTIVE STIMULI PRODUCED BY PHENYL-QUINONE. A MEASURE OF THE AFFECTIVE COMPONENT OF PAIN IN THE RAT

Hooded rats were presented with a food reinforced (FRIO) two choice operant task. Injections of the irritant/writhe-inducing agent Phenyl-p-benzoquinone (PBQ) served as a discriminative stimulus for availability of food at one lever, while absence of PBQ signalled availability of reinforcement at the other. Subsequent tests demonstrated that the PBQ discrimination was antagonized in a dose-dependent manner by IP injections of morphine sulphate (ED50 4 mg/kg) and to a less extent by acetysalicylic acid (PO). These results suggest that operant discrimination of aversive stimuli can be used to measure the subjective component of pain in animals, and determine the capacity of drug treatments to alleviate pain.
Submucosal ureteral calculi: a new entity?

Abstract We describe 3 patients with ureteral calculi who failed multiple extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatments and whose stones could not be visualized by ureteroscopy despite radiological confirmation. We contend that these ureteral stones migrated submucosally and are refractory to the aforementioned treatment modalities. Each patient had a common presenting complaint of intermittent flank pain 5 years in duration, leading us to believe that long-standing stone impaction is a prerequisite for this entity. Our experience is reviewed. (J. Urol, 143: 800–801, 1990)
Science and Human Experience: (Mephistopheles Is Alive and Well and Living in the Space Age)

One does not often find written today “The great object of science is to ameliorate the condition of man, by adding to the advantages which he naturally possesses.” Has science failed us? If so, how? This essay is based on a talk given for the Third Tykociner Memorial Lecture at the University of Illinois, Urbana, in 1976. The lecture series, named in honor of Joseph Tykociner, focuses on the relationship between science and art . 1 Professor Tykociner was concerned with what is common to the arts and the sciences as well as the interplay between these very different areas, a subject that has always intrigued me. Whether what is common is more important than what is obviously different will probably be argued about for ever. However, the sharp distinction between the sciences and the arts that has been recently much talked about may not be that well posed. We might as well ask, considering the vastly different techniques employed, whether what the musician, painter, and playwright have in common is more important than where they differ. I believe that there does exist a deep commonality of purpose among the arts and the sciences. But you will have to decide for yourselves whether this is significant enough – considering their many differences – to be worth emphasizing.
A system to measure the pupil response to steady lights in freely behaving mice

Abstract Background Transgenic mice are widely used for the study of basic visual function and retinal disease, including in psychophysical tests. Mice have a robust pupillary light reflex that controls the amount of light that enters the eye, and the attenuating effects of the pupil must be considered during such tests. Measurement of the size of pupils at various luminance levels requires that mice remain stable over prolonged periods of time; however, sedation of mice with anesthesia and/or manual restraint can influence the size of their pupils. New Method We present a system to measure the pupillary light response to steady lights of freely behaving mice using a custom-built, portable device that automatically acquires close-up images of their eyes. The device takes advantage of the intrinsic nature of mice to inspect objects of interest and can be used to measure pupillary responses in optomotor or operant behavior testing chambers. Results The size of the pupils in freely behaving mice decreased gradually with luminance from a maximal area in the dark of 3.8 mm2 down to a minimum 0.14 mm2 at 80 scotopic cd/m2. The data was well fit with a Hill equation with Lo equal to 0.21 cd/m2 and coefficient h = 0.48. Comparison with existing methods These values agree with prior measurements of the pupillary response of unrestrained mice that use more laborious and time consuming approaches. Conclusions Our new method facilitates practical, straightforward and accurate measurements of pupillary responses made under the same experimental conditions as those used during psychophysical testing.
A 915-MHz Laboratory Supply*

AbstractA domestic microwave oven was modified to provide control and monitoring of the power supplied to the cavity.
Pathogenic Strategies of Fungi

Fungi are the most important group of pathogens on plants from an economic point of view. This results in part from the fact that fungi are extremely varied in the ways they attack plants and actively move through host tissues, forcibly breaching barriers by enzymatic and/or physical mechanisms. In addition, fungal pathogens exhibit a complex array of tropic responses which may contribute to complex infection processes and are important in determining host range. Fungal interactions with plants are based on parasitism, a nutritional relationship, but the economic and aesthetic damage which they cause may result from the operation of other factors that constitute pathogenicity. While these two terms are frequently used interchangeably, they are distinct; indeed, it is possible to have pathogenesis without parasitism and vice versa. Although fungal diseases have been studied for over a century, we are only beginning to understand the molecular factors which determine whether a certain fungus is pathogenic on a higher plant. In this paper, I will review some of the progress that has been made, point out deficiencies in our knowledge and speculate on the future, especially on ways in which the powerful machinery of molecular genetics is being brought to bear on fungal pathogens. Because of the survey nature of the paper, references are exemplary only.
Problem Drinking and Depression in Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Health Conditions

Objectives To examine the intersection of depression and alcohol use among older adults with multiple chronic health conditions (MCCs). Design Wave 1 data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (2005–06). Setting Community-based sampling throughout the United States. Participants Individuals aged 57 to 85 who identified as active alcohol consumers (N = 1,643). Measurements Participants reported whether they currently had MCCs, problem drinking (defined as affirming two or more of the four CAGE screening questions), symptoms associated with depression, and other social and health measures. Results Although older adults with MCCs were no more likely to be problem drinkers than those with no MCCs, those with MCCs and depression were nearly five times as likely to experience problem drinking as older adults with MCCs and no depression. Conclusion Older adults with MCCs have differences that have implications for health, including mental health problems. Implementing screening and assessment in medical care settings for problem drinking and improving self-management interventions to include consequences of alcohol use components are critical avenues for reducing healthcare expenditures and improving quality of life of individuals with MCC.
Enrolled 1930–1936

Russell F. Anderson maintained a relationship with the AMS that spanned 45 years although he did not make meteor reports every year.
504. Targeted Genome Engineering of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells To Produce Auto-Regulated Inflammation Resistance for Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine

Chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis are characterized by aberrant and dysregulated responses to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). While exogenous anti-cytokine therapies have been shown to diminish this inflammatory response, they are often used at high, unregulated doses that can induce significant side effects. Here, we propose a novel regenerative medicine approach to treating such chronic inflammatory diseases by generating custom-designed cells that can execute real-time, user-defined responses to environmental cues, including pro-inflammatory cytokines. We designed and deployed gene editing nucleases based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create stem cells with the ability to antagonize TNFα-mediated inflammation in an auto-regulated, feedback-controlled manner for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, the cytokine-responsive Ccl2 gene was reprogrammed by nuclease-mediated integration of the gene encoding soluble TNFα receptor I (sTNFRI), a TNFα antagonist, immediately downstream of the Ccl2 promoter. Using a combination of qRT-PCR and site-specific integration of luciferase reporters, we observed increased transgene transcription in response to endogenous Ccl2 activation by treatment with TNFα. Transgene expression from engineered cells was feedback-controlled with rapid on/off dynamics (Fig 1 A). Importantly, engineered cells showed the ability to mitigate the inflammatory effects of TNFα in an auto-regulated manner within 48 hr of induction (Fig 1 B). Finally, while cartilage produced from control stem cells showed significant tissue degradation in response to TNFα, cartilage derived from engineered stem cells was protected from a 3-day treatment with 20 ng/ml TNFα, as evidenced by qRT-PCR, biochemical, and histological analyses (Fig 1C-G).This work demonstrates the utility of programmable nucleases for the development of “designer” stem cells with properties customized for regenerative medicine. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we engineered pluripotent stem cells with the user-specified trait of pro-inflammatory cytokine resistance. Our results show that genome engineering facilitated the rewiring of endogenous cell circuits in order to define novel input/output relationships between inflammatory mediators and their antagonists, achieving therapeutic benefit coupled to a rapidly responding, auto-regulated system. The customization of intrinsic cellular signaling pathways in therapeutic stem cell populations, as demonstrated in this work, can transform the landscape of regenerative medicine and open innovative possibilities for safer and more effective treatments applicable to a wide variety of diseases. View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Shared Gene Expression Alterations in Nasal and Bronchial Epithelium for Lung Cancer Detection.

Background We previously derived and validated a bronchial epithelial gene expression biomarker to detect lung cancer in current and former smokers. Given that bronchial and nasal epithelial gene expression are similarly altered by cigarette smoke exposure, we sought to determine if cancer-associated gene expression might also be detectable in the more readily accessible nasal epithelium. Methods Nasal epithelial brushings were prospectively collected from current and former smokers undergoing diagnostic evaluation for pulmonary lesions suspicious for lung cancer in the AEGIS-1 (n = 375) and AEGIS-2 (n = 130) clinical trials and gene expression profiled using microarrays. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We identified 535 genes that were differentially expressed in the nasal epithelium of AEGIS-1 patients diagnosed with lung cancer vs those with benign disease after one year of follow-up ( P < .001). Using bronchial gene expression data from the AEGIS-1 patients, we found statistically significant concordant cancer-associated gene expression alterations between the two airway sites ( P < .001). Differentially expressed genes in the nose were enriched for genes associated with the regulation of apoptosis and immune system signaling. A nasal lung cancer classifier derived in the AEGIS-1 cohort that combined clinical factors (age, smoking status, time since quit, mass size) and nasal gene expression (30 genes) had statistically significantly higher area under the curve (0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74 to 0.89, P = .01) and sensitivity (0.91; 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.97, P = .03) than a clinical-factor only model in independent samples from the AEGIS-2 cohort. Conclusions These results support that the airway epithelial field of lung cancer-associated injury in ever smokers extends to the nose and demonstrates the potential of using nasal gene expression as a noninvasive biomarker for lung cancer detection.
Vocational interests by gender and race 10 years after spinal cord injury.

Objective To examine and compare vocational interests as a function of gender and race among 247 participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) approximately 10 years after SCI onset utilizing the 2004 edition of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII). Research method For this cross-sectional analysis nested within a prospective cohort study, data were collected via mail and analyzed at a medical university in the Southeastern United States. Among the 563 adults with traumatic SCI initially enrolled during inpatient rehabilitation at a specialty hospital, 247 met current study eligibility criteria and completed the SII approximately 10 years postinjury. The SII is a 291-item measure of vocational interests. Results Male participants scored highest on the Realistic theme and females scored highest on the Social theme. White participants scored highest on the Realistic theme, whereas Black participants scored highest on the Conventional theme. Differences in vocational interests by gender were seen on two of the six General Occupational Themes (GOT; Realistic and Social) and 12 of the 30 Basic Interest Scales (BIS). Race differences were observed on the Enterprising and Conventional GOT and 11 of 30 BIS. Conclusions For both female and Black participants, interests are more physically compatible with employment post-SCI than male and White participants. Yet, employment rates in White males with SCI are greater than those of female and Black individuals with SCI. These data suggest further research on factors influencing gender and racial disparities in employment among those with SCI is indicated. (PsycINFO Database Record
Polyhydrides of Sc, Zr and Hf and Their Proposed Formation.

Hydrogenation at 500 psi of (PNP)Sc(CH3)2 results in formation of a trinuclear polyhydride complex [(PNP)Sc]3(μ2-H)4(μ3-H)2 (1) in 55 % yield. The solid-state structure shows a non-symmetric trinuclear species resulting from one pincer phosphine arm being demetallated, and where two hydrides bridge all three Sc centers, whereas the other four bridge two. Hydrogenation of (PNP)Zr(CH3)3 at 200 psi results instead in formation of a dinclear polyhydride species [(PNP)Zr(H)]2(μ2-H)4 (2). Conducting the hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure, resulted instead in formation of the bridging methylidene complex [(PNP)Zr(CH3)]2(μ2-H)2(μ2-CH2) (3), which cleanly converted to 2, upon hydrogenation at higher pressure. Both 2 and 3 were also structurally characterized. Hydrogenation of (PNP)Hf(CH3)3 at 200 psi resulted in incomplete hydrogenation with some formation of dinuclear mono- and dimethyl-polyhydride complexes [(PNP)Hf(CH3)]2(μ2-H)4 (4) and [(PNP)Hf(CH3)][(PNP)Hf(H)](μ2-H)4 (5), which were identified by solid-state X-ray structural studies. Based on these results, we propose a pathway for the complete hydrogenation of (PNP)Zr(CH3)3 to 2.
Ecological Factors that Impact Adjustment Processes and Development of Ugandan Adolescent Immigrant Females

Existing literature suggests that acculturation and integration processes for immigrant youth from East Africa are complicated by family values, interaction styles, and social roles that are in conflict with those of the US host culture. The purpose of this study was to explore first-generation female Ugandan immigrant youth perceptions, beliefs and attitudes toward self-development and identify factors among their social contexts that impact their development and adjustment. This study utilized dimensional analysis, an approach to the generation of grounded theory. Data collection included over 100 h of community participatory observation and 28 interviews in total. Participants included 20 English speaking Ugandan females aged 16–25 years who immigrated to the US after age of eight. Participants’ adaptations and adjustments led to an altered developmental path, including their beliefs about gender, ethnic and racial identities, and how they balanced and integrated US culture into their existing understandings and cultural awareness. Conditions that impacted the identity development process include timing of their immigration, the contexts of reception, media, the Ugandan Community, the school social setting, the perceived value of Ugandan cultural maintenance vs. the value of adopting certain American traits, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination vs. new future opportunities. The findings represent an in-depth consideration of the cultural, linguistic, religious, racial, and social attributes of the female Ugandan immigrant youth population and can therefore be seen as an important step in the direction of developing an understanding of the developmental assets and risk/protective factors that characterize this young immigrant population.
Evaluating the Influence of the Presence of a Dog on Bias toward Individuals with Overweight and Obesity

Individuals with overweight and obesity are subject to enormous bias and discrimination across domains. This bias constitutes a considerable public health problem beyond the effects of excess weigh...
The developmental transcriptomes of two sea biscuit species with differing larval types.

Larval developmental patterns are extremely varied both between and within phyla, however the genetic mechanisms leading to this diversification are poorly understood. We assembled and compared the developmental transcriptomes for two sea biscuit species (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) with differing patterns of larval development, to provide a resource for investigating the evolution of alternate life cycles. One species (Clypeaster subdepressus) develops via an obligately feeding larva which metamorphoses 3–4 weeks after fertilization; the other (Clypeaster rosaceus) develops via a rare, intermediate larval type—facultative feeding— and can develop through metamorphosis entirely based on egg provisioning in under one week. Overall, the two transcriptomes are highly similar, containing largely orthologous contigs with similar functional annotation. However, we found distinct differences in gene expression patterns between the two species. Larvae from C. rosaceus, the facultative planktotroph, turned genes on at earlier stages and had less differentiation in gene expression between larval stages, whereas, C. subdepressus showed a higher degree of stage-specific gene expression. This study is the first genetic analysis of a species with facultatively feeding larvae. Our results are consistent with known developmental differences between the larval types and raise the question of whether earlier onset of developmental genes is a key step in the evolution of a reduced larval period. By publishing a transcriptome for this rare, intermediate, larval type, this study adds developmental breadth to the current genetic resources, which will provide a valuable tool for future research on echinoderm development as well as studies on the evolution of development in general.
The synthesis and characterization of α-Re2Cl4(depe)2 and α-W2Cl4(depe)2

Abstract The synthesis of both α-Re2Cl4(depe)2, where depe is the bidentate phosphine 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane, and α-W2Cl4(depe)2 allows the comparison of the crystallographic and spectroscopic properties of these two new compounds. Characterization methods for α-Re2Cl4(depe)2 and α-W2Cl4(depe)2 include 31P1H NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In addition to α-W2Cl4(depe)2, both cationic and anionic tungsten complexes without metal-metal bonding were isolated and structurally characterized. Crystallographic data for α-Re2Cl4(depe)2, α-W2Cl4(depe)2 and [WOCl(depe)2]2[WOCl4(OP(CH2CH3)2CH2)2] are as follows: P21/c (No. 14) with a=10.416(2), b=16.315(3), c=10.176(2) A , β=119.15(1)°, V=1510.2(5) A , Z=2, R1=0.0340 and wR2=0.0875; C2/c (No. 15) with a=18.6359(6), b=10.2959(3), c=16.0190(5) A , β=91.129(1)°. V=3073.0(2) A , Z=2, R1=0.0488 and wR2=0.0948;and P21/n (No. 14) with a=14.563(3), b=14.893(2), c=20.330(4) A , β=93.54(2)°, V=4401(1) A . Z=4, R1=0.0522 and wR2=0.1354, respectively.
ICA Using Overcomplete Representations

In this chapter empirical results are shown for the blind source separation of more sources than mixtures using a framework proposed for learning overcomplete representations recently developed by Lewicki and Sejnowski (1998b).
An Enterprise Modeling Method

The concepts discussed in chapter 1 need clearly an enterprise modeling method to facilitate their implementation in actuality. From the perspective of information integration, the method required can be formulated as one of meta-models dealing with multiple data and knowledge systems. This chapter presents such a method. The examples in chapter 3 also are some modeling cases illustrating the software implemntation of the method. All four types of enterprise metadata discussed in Chapter 1 are supported.
The Pragmatic Value of Legal Fictions

Using a jurisprudence grounded in pragmatist philosophy, this chapter proposes a reconceiving of the concept of legal fictions. By tradition, fictions are treated in legal theory as consciously false assertions. This is unfortunate, for it engulfs law in logical contradiction, marginalizes all fictions as metaphysically suspect regardless of social value, and compromises the integrity of law and judicial decision-making. I argue instead that legal fictions be understood as propositional legal truths—doctrines, rules, principles—asserted in conscious recognition that they are inconsistent in meaning or otherwise in semantic conflict with true propositional claims made outside (or elsewhere within) the law. If the conflict produces no damage outside law or within—i.e. no confusion, incoherence, or functional destabilization—and if the fiction works some efficiency or functional improvement within the system of law, then the fiction has value and utility. But to the extent a legal fiction wreaks intersystemic havoc—generates confusion or incoherence, frustrates ability to function—or does not work some genuine utility within law, it is not useful, but problematic. Harmless and workable legal fictions hold pragmatic value and are law-worthy, while problematic, pernicious fictions should be removed from the law.
Reye's syndrome in the adult: case report and review of the literature

A 22-year-old male presented with a brief history of progressive encephalopathy. One week previously, he had developed an upper respiratory infection that resolved spontaneously and was followed by intractable vomiting. He had taken salicylates for several days during the viral syndrome. The diagnosis of Reye's syndrome was confirmed by hepatic histology. Aggressive conservative management was followed by complete metabolic and neurological recovery. There are fewer than 10 reported cases of Reye's syndrome in adults but this disease may be more common than is generally suspected. The diagnosis should be considered in patients presenting with emesis and obtundation, who have recently had a viral illness and exhibit elevated blood ammonia and transaminases with normal cerebrospinal fluid. Confirmation is achieved by liver biopsy. Therapy is directed toward aggressive reduction of increased intracranial pressure.
Effect of wettability on immiscible viscous fingering in porous media

Abstract When a less viscous fluid displaces an immiscible fluid of higher viscosity in a porous medium, the displacement front may be unstable and lead to viscous fingering. The goal of this paper is to study the effect of wettability on viscous fingering. The injection fluid and the porous media (geological outcrop cores) are varied to achieve injection of strongly wetting, weakly wetting and strongly non-wetting fluids. The effects of permeability and flow velocity are also studied at constant wettability. Unstable displacements are conducted in 2D micromodels to allow visualization of pore-scale mechanisms. Viscous fingering is more severe for strongly non-wetting injection fluid than for strongly or weakly wetting injection fluids. For wetting fluid injection, decreasing permeability leads to more severe fingering and lower recovery. Increasing flow rate leads to lower recovery. Micromodel experiments show that imbibition of the wetting fluid out of the fingers dampens the growth of fingers. The viscous fingering number, N v f = N c μ r 2 ( D 2 K ) can be used to correlate recovery for wetting fluid injection. For strongly non-wetting fluid injection, permeability does not have a significant effect on fingering and recovery. Also, flow rate has the opposite effect compared with wetting fluid injection. N v f = N c − 1 μ r 2 ( D L ) 2 can be used to correlate recovery in the presence of viscous fingering for non-wetting fluid injection. Micromodel experiments suggest that imbibition of the wetting fluid into the fingers is virtually non-existent due to high viscosity of the wetting fluid.
Reprogramming of inflammatory monocytes by autophagy modulator LiCl

Chronic inflammation is an underlying feature of a variety of highly prevalent diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Subclinical endotoxemia has emerged as a common factor correlated with these diseases, potentially contributing to the establishment of chronic inflammation through skewing non-resolving inflammatory monocytes. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the programming of non-resolving inflammatory monocytes may facilitate effective strategies to treat diverse inflammatory diseases. We have observed that subclinical low dose LPS may enable non-resolving inflammatory monocytes through disrupting lysosome fusion and causing accumulation of inflammatory mediators such as p62 and pellino1. Administration of autophagy enhancers such as LiCl can attenuate the effects of low dose LPS, by reducing the levels of pellino1. Together, our data suggest an inhibition of autophagy in response to chronic exposure to subclinical endotoxin. Autophagy is a widely recognized homeostatic cellular process with anti-inflammatory capacity. Further elucidation of the mechanism behind this inhibition may shed light on the link between chronic inflammation and chronic subclinical endotoxin exposure, and provide new avenues for disease treatment.
Printed Lead-Zirconate-Titanate Thin Films for Hard Disk Drive Applications

Lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) has been used as the primary material to drive dual-stage actuators in hard disk drives (HDD). PZT can appear in the form of bulk materials or stand-alone thin films. Bulk PZT is brittle and may pose reliability concerns under strong shock environments. Stand-alone PZT thin films are expensive as a result of its manufacturing process. Seeking novel ways to design and fabricate PZT components for dual-stage actuators remains a challenge to the HDD industry.
Intervention research on therapies that aim to treat depression and cardiovascular disease

Abstract The efficacy of psychological and pharmacotherapy interventions for the treatment of depression in cardiac populations and secondarily, the effect of these treatments on cardiovascular outcomes, has been a major focus in the clinical trials literature. Research provides modest support for psychological interventions for improving depression severity and promoting depression remission in these patients, with support also evident for the use of pharmacotherapy interventions in these populations. Yet, the effects of these interventions on cardiovascular outcomes has at best been inconsistent. The clinical trial literature is limited by trials with small, homogenous samples, short follow-up periods, and low or unknown treatment fidelity. The complexity of depression as a clinical syndrome, along with questions concerning implementation should be included in the design of future clinical trials, whether targeting depression alone, or the medical consequences of depression for patients with cardiovascular disease.
Policy barriers and opportunities for prescribed fire application in the western United States

Prescribed fire is an important management tool on US federal lands that is not being applied at the necessary or desired levels. We investigated the role of policy barriers and opportunities for prescribed fire application on US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands in the western United States. We conducted 54 semi-structured interviews with federal and state land managers and air quality regulators, and with several non-federal partners. We found that lack of adequate capacity and funding were the most commonly cited barriers to increasing application of prescribed fire. Interviewees also emphasised that owing to a lack of incentives and the prevalence of risk aversion at multiple agency levels, active prescribed fire programs depend on the leadership and commitment of individual decision-makers and fire managers. Successful approaches also rely on collaborative forums and positions that allow communication, problem-solving and resource sharing among federal and state partners, and that facilitate dialogue between air-quality and land managers. We did not find that air quality regulation was consistently cited as a major barrier, except in specific locations. Our findings highlight the importance of contextualised investigation into policy barriers and the role of collaborative and multilevel governance approaches for addressing complex land management challenges.
Cloud Water Chemistry Associated with Urban Aerosols: Rapid Hydroxyl Radical Formation, Soluble Metals, Fe(II), Fe(III), and Quinones

Hydroxyl radical (OH) reactions in cloud water play a key role in secondary organic aerosol formation and sulfur oxidation. We collected aerosol samples (PM4) during summer at an urban receptor sit...
Brief communication: Time step dependence (and fixes) in Stokes simulations of calving ice shelves

Abstract. The buoyancy boundary condition applied to floating portions of ice sheets and glaciers in Stokes models requires special consideration when the glacier rapidly departs from hydrostatic equilibrium. This boundary condition can manifest in velocity fields that are unphysically (and strongly) dependent on time step size, thereby contaminating diagnostic stress fields. This can be especially problematic for models of calving glaciers, where rapid changes in geometry cause configurations that suddenly depart from hydrostatic equilibrium and lead to inaccurate estimates of the stress field. Here we show that the unphysical behavior can be cured with minimal computational cost by reintroducing a regularization that corresponds to the acceleration term in the stress balance. This regularization provides consistent velocity solutions for all time step sizes.