cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

In order to determine the effect of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), it has been administered to patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). Results in patients undergoing antologous or allogeneic BMT indicate that rhGM-CSF is minimally toxic and is associated with reduced morbidity. Trials also indicate that rhGM-CSF may be an acceptable therapy for patients with marrow graft failure since survival appears to improve substantially in patients who received rhGM-CSF compared with historical control patients.
Restructuring of Arithmetic Expressions For Parallel Evaluation

Let E be an arithmetic expression involving n variables, each of which appears just once, and the possible operations of addition, multiplication, and division. Although other cases are considered, when these three operations take unit time the restructuring algorithms presented in this paper yield evaluation times no greater than 2.88 log2n + 1 and 2.08 log2n for general expressions and division-free expressions, respectively. The coefficients are precisely given by 2/log2a a 2.88 and 1/log2b a 2.08, where a and b are the positive real roots of the equations z2 = z + 1 and z4 = 2z + 1, respectively. While these times were known to be of order log2n, the best previously known coefficients were 4 and 2.15 for the two cases. The authors conjecture that the present coefficients are the best possible, since they have exhibited expressions which seem to require these times within an additive constant. The paper also gives upper bounds to the restructuring time of a given expression E and to the number of processors required for its parallel evaluation. It is shown that at most O(n1.44) and O(n1.82) operations are needed for restructuring general expressions and division-free expression, respectively. It is pointed out that, since the order of the compiling time is greater than n log n, the numbers of required processors exhibit the same rate of growth in n as the corresponding compiling times.
Resolving a Large Contingent Fiscal Liability: Eastern Europe Experience

On occasion, a government may find itself confronted with a need to address a large contingent or off balance sheet fiscal liability. Implementing a settlement raises issues of fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic stability. This paper surveys the key design issues, and draws lessons from recent Eastern European experience. It then considers in more detail the particular case of Ukraine, and how it might approach its own large contingent liability-the so-called lost savings-which at end-2007 amounted to as much as 18 percent of GDP.
Thoracic Aorta-Femoral Artery Bypass: Indications, Technique, and Late Results

Abstract Retroperitoneal descending thoracic aorta-femoral artery bypass was performed in 18 patients over an 11-year period. The reconstruction was carried to both femoral arteries in 12 patients; in the other 6, only a single femoral artery was revascularized. The operative indication in Group 1 (3 patients) was infection of a previous aortoiliac reconstruction; in Group 2 (12 patients), occlusion of a previous aortoiliac reconstruction; and in Group 3 (3 patients), aortoiliac occlusive disease in which a direct transabdominal procedure was considered hazardous. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 9 years (mean, 40 months). Cumulative patency rate was 96 ± 3.9% at 1 year and 85 ± 8.1% at 5 years. No alterations of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values were recorded seven days and 6 months after operation. Retroperitoneal thoracic aorta-femoral artery bypass is a useful technique for accomplishing lower limb revascularization in patients in whom exposure or availability of the abdominal aorta poses a specific hazard.
Evaluation of the role of calcium in cytotoxic injury in isolated rat pancreatic acini

The role of extracellular Ca 2+ in pancreatic acinar membrane damage (cellular injury) by nicotine, membrane-active agents (mellitin, snake venom and Ca 2+ ionophore A23187) and secretagogues (CCK-8 and secretin) was investigated. Freshly isolated dispersed pancreatic acini from 18 h fasted adult rats were incubated with one of the aforementioned agents, in the absence and presence of Ca 2+ . Cellular injury was assessed by measuring the release of pulse-labeled 51 Cr and LDH. In addition, release of amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was also determined. In the absence of Ca 2+ nicotine (6 mM) caused a profound release of 51 Cr and LDH as well as amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen from the isolated pancreatic acini. Release of these enzymes and 51 Cr decreased sharply with addition of increasing concentrations (0.25-5 mM) of Ca 2+ . Release of 51 Cr and amylase by snake venom (50 μg/ml) was found to be 100 and 25% higher, respectively,in the absence of Ca than in its presence. On the other hand, the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 (7 μg/ml) was found to be effective in releasing 51 Cr and amylase only in the presence of Ca 2+ . CCK-8, (0.25nM), secretin (1μM) and mellitin (0.5 μg/ml) although significantly stimulated amylase secretion (225–350%) in the presence of Ca 2+ , none of the agents induced 51 Cr release from acini, either in the absence or in the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ . It is concluded that the extracellular Ca 2+ plays no specific role in cytotoxic injury in isolated pancreatic acini.
Comprehending compass directions

Two experiments investigated the processes by which compass directions are comprehended. In both experiments, the task was as follows. A compass direction (e.g., 210 deg) was visually presented. The subject drew a representation of the direction and then pressed a key. Reaction time from onset of the stimulus to the keypress was measured. The results suggested a model of direction comprehension involving two steps: first, computing the nearest cardinal direction to the target direction, and then “rotating” from the cardinal to the target direction. Rotation could be performed equally well clockwise or counterclockwise. Additionally, north-south. tended to be comprehended faster than east-west, confirming past results that have shown an advantage of up-down over left-right in discrimination tasks.
The methoxatin semiquinone: a pulse radiolysis study.

Methoxatin is a novel o -quinone found in bacterial dehydrogenases and mammalian plasma amine oxidase. This is the first report of the redox potential and spectrum of the 1-electron reduced methoxatin semiquinone obtained by the method of pulse radiolysis in aqueous solution.
Do visual field asymmetries intercorrelate

Lateralized word and bargraph recognition tasks were presented to 22 right-handed and 15 left-handed subjects. The correlation between the opposite reaction time assymetries for the tasks was significant, and indicated that individual subjects generally showed strong lateralization for one task and weak lateralization for the other. The results are viewed as inconsistent with models of individual differences in hemispheric function that stress strong hemisphericity, lateralization strength, or independent functions. However, they are consistent with a model stressing weak hemisphericity. Also potentially consistent with the results is the neurodevelopmental theory of Geschwind and Galaburda (Cerebral Lateralization: Biological Mechanisms, Associations and Pathology, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987), if it is assumed that the lateralized functions reflected by the tasks are subserved by homologous anatomical areas. Compared to right-handers, left-handers tended to produce a smaller correlation between the tasks, as well as weaker hand preferences, and smaller and less reliable field asymmetries.
First Union Patterns Around the World: Introduction to the Special Issue

Over the past few decades, the typical ages at which young adults enter a first union have risen in many regions of the world. Demographers have long been interested in marriage patterns, because variations in the timing of marriage and in the percentage ever-married have been key factors in modifying rates of population growth. To this long-standing interest, we must now add new reasons for demographers to pay attention to age at marriage. Most notably, variations can signal profound changes in social relations within the family and in the labor market. This special issue presents six articles drawn from an international seminar on first union patterns around the world, organized by the Panel on Nuptiality of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. The authors present new findings on world trends and on recent developments in Canada, China, India, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the United States.
Effect of Binder Materials on Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Fe78Si9B13 Powder Core

The different binder materials and additive amount affected the magnetic permeability, quality factor and losses of amorphous Fe78Si9B13 powder core are studied. The results show that the category and additive amount of binder have strong effects on the magnetic properties of the powder core, in which 2% of epoxy resin binder addition is the best.
Time-dependent variational principle on the group SO(2 r ): Generalizations of time-dependent Hartree-Fock

Abstract The family of all Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) states for a given set of r isosopin-spin orbitals form a set of coherent states. The set of antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) states for a given set of r isospin-spin orbitals form a set of charge-projected coherent states, with the number of particles n as the “charge” and the HFB coherent state as the generating function. Both these coherent states are associated with the group SO(2r). The approximate time evolution of the system generated by restricting the quantum mechanical evolution to the family of HFB and AGP coherent states is described as a classical dynamics with the energy of the coherent state as hamiltonian function. The phase space is isomorphic to the coset space SO(2r)/U(r). The random phase approximation based on HFB and AGP states is derived by considering the harmonic approximation to the hamiltonian function. This work generalizes the group theoretical approaches to Hartree-Fock, and time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory by the use of non-number-conserving (HFB) and correlated (AGP) states.
Patent foramen ovale: Anatomy versus pathophysiology—which determines stroke risk?

This study investigated anatomic and pathophysiologic variables that may determine which patent foramen ovale (PFO) are associated with cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). Anatomic features of a PFO have been identified as risk factors that predispose certain people to cryptogenic strokes (strokes of unknown cause). However, potential pathophysiologic variables that can determine the pressure gradient between left and right atria, which could influence the right-to-left shunt through a PFO, have not been examined. A retrospective study included 78 consecutive patients in whom PFOs were detected during routine transesophageal echocardiography examination. Group I included 36 patients with CVAs of unknown cause (cryptogenic stroke). Group II included 42 patients without CVAs whose PFOs were incidental findings. Anatomic features measured included separation and overlap between septum primum and septum secundum, interatrial septal motion, and the relative size of the right-to-left shunt with peripheral saline solution contrast injections. Pathophysiologic variables considered were those that could cause elevated left atrial pressure, thereby minimizing the right-to-left shunt.Patients with a clinical neurologic event (group I) had a larger right-to-left shunt volume of contrast bubbles than did patients with asymptomatic PFO (group II; P =.004). The size of the overlap between septum primum and septum secundum was less in patients from group I as compared with patients from group II (7.5 +/- 3.4 mm versus 9.9 +/- 6.0 mm; P =.026). However, other anatomic features of PFO that are determinants of the "opening" were not significantly different between the 2 groups. No statistically significant difference was found in the distance of the separation between septum primum and septum secundum (2.5 +/- 2.0 mm versus 1.9 +/- 1.6 mm; P = not significant). The prevalence of interatrial septal aneurysm was also similar between the 2 groups (28% versus 21%; P = not significant). However, the prevalence of variables that could potentially raise left atrial pressure was greater in patients without CVA as compared with those with a CVA (48% versus 14%; P =.01). In our study, anatomic features alone did not determine interatrial shunt size and pathophysiologic variables that could raise left atrial pressures did differentiate between patients with a PFO with a CVA/transient ischemic attack and those without it. Thus, both anatomic and pathophysiologic mechanisms should be considered in determination of the potential clinical significance of a PFO.
Microbiology: all in the packaging.

Certain bacteria generate highly toxic intermediates as part of their metabolism. Membranes with an unprecedented lipid composition and structure apparently meet the need for containment.
Cost-benefit study of consumer product take-back programs using IBM's WIT reverse logistics optimization tool

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been increased focus by regulators, manufacturers, and consumers on the issue ofproduct end of life management for electronics. This paper presents an overview of a conceptual studydesigned to examine the costs and benefits of several different Product Take Back (PTB) scenarios for usedelectronics equipment. The study utilized a reverse logistics supply chain model to examine the effects ofseveral different factors in PTB programs. The model was done using the IBM supply chain optimizationtool known as WIT (Watson Implosion Technology). Using the WIT tool, we were able to determine atheoretical optimal cost scenario for PTB programs. The study was designed to assist IBM internally indetermining theoretical optimal Product Take Back program models and determining potential incentivesfor increasing participation rates. 1. INTRODUCTION Concern over increasing volumes of computers reaching the end of their useful life has resulted in anincreased focus on solutions for used electronics products by regulators, consumers, and manufacturersthemselves. A key problem in most Product Take Back scenarios is getting products back while they stillhave value, rather than having recently obsoleted equipment relegated to storage until there is no residualvalue and thus making disposal the only economically feasible option. An analysis of consumer equipmentreturned through an IBM sponsored community product take back event held in conjunction with EarthDay 1999 found that over 80% of the CPUs returned were estimated to be more than fifteen years old [1].As the value of returned equipment obviously decreases with time, there is a need to determine whatincentives can be offered to encourage timely returns of used equipment while there is still some economicvalue left in the machines, either through refurbishment and resale, or dismantling for parts. This stream ofreturned products represents a reverse supply chain including returns from end of lease, product trade-ins,product returns, and others from both private consumers and corporate customers.Many of the problems associated with optimizing this reverse supply chain are associated with determiningthe total costs and benefits of different returns scenarios (i.e. refurbishment and resale versus dismantlingfor parts) [2], [3]. In some cases, machine values are estimated on a case-by-case basis with littleconsistency across an organization, and with several independent decisions about what machines to keep
Distribution of radiolabeled multilamellar liposomes injected intralymphatically and subcutaneously.

Abstract The distribution of negatively charged multilamellar vesicles (MLV) composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol administered subcutaneously (s.c.) and intralymphatically (i.l.) was studied in rats and dogs. In rats, the drainage of 99 m Tc-MLV from the s.c. space was slow, with 35% of the activity still remaining at the site of injection after 48 h and minimal systemic distribution (less than 5% at any time point). In the dog, 99 m Tc-MLV and 111 In-MLV injected s.c. on the dorsal surface of a hindpaw were drained both by the lymphatic system and the systemic circulation; at 24 and 72 h, significant activity still remained at the site of injection. Lymphatic uptake was almost limited to the popliteal nodes and.was enhanced by dividing the dose in several s.c. injections. Liver and kidney uptake was also observed, most likely as a result of direct liposome absorption into the systemic circulation. The i.l. administration (via left hindpaw) of 99 m Tc-MLV to a dog resulted in an immediate uptake in the abdominal and mediastinal lymph nodes, and in the liver and spleen. Compared with small unilamellar vesicles, MLV injected s.c. can provide a slower and more prolonged delivery of drugs to the regional lymph nodes.
Politics, interest groups and state funding of public higher education

State support of public higher education has rapidly declined relative to total state spending. Much of this decline in support is due to the rapid growth in spending on such things as Medicaid. However, relative support of public higher education varies significantly between states. This study applies Tandberg’s (2009) fiscal policy framework created to explain state support of public higher education in order to evaluate the relationship between various factors and states’ relative support of higher education. While Tandberg’s fiscal policy framework accounts for traditional economic and demographic factors in explaining state support for higher education, it also draws attention to political influences as well including the impact of state-level interest groups. Using cross-sectional time-series analysis these relationships are explored over a 19-year period. The findings provide evidence of the significant impact of interest groups and politics on state fiscal policy in regard to higher education.
Antibody Synthesis Initiated in vitro by Paired Explants of Spleen and Thymus

Primary in vitro synthesis of antibody has been achieved with a mouse spleen-thymus organ culture system 54 hours after it was incubated for 18 hours with coliphage R17.
Unstructured Adaptive Triangular Mesh Generation Techniques and Finite Volume Schemes for the Air Bearing Problem in Hard Disk Drives

Unstructured adaptive triangular mesh generation techniques and vertex based finite volume schemes that suit slider air bearing simulation of hard disk drives are constructed and implemented. Different refinement and adaptation techniques are used to generate several levels of good quality mesh over sliders with complex rail shapes. At each level, either one geometrical or one physical property of the problem is captured. A group of implicit vertex based finite volume schemes is first constructed. The resulting simultaneous linear algebraic equations are solved iteratively by the Gauss-Seidel method. Unconditional stability of the scheme is achieved. In addition, we present a non-nested full approximation storage (FAS) multi-grid algorithm that can significantly speed up the convergence rate of the implicit finite volume schemes. The steady state flying attitude is obtained by a quasi-Newton iteration method.
Design and build a secure e-voting infrastructure

Our objective is to build a fully functional remote e-voting system that can be used in local, state and federal elections. We have designed a secure online e-voting system that provides confidentiality, anonymity, integrity, authenticity, auditability and verifiability. Confidentiality prevents anyone else from knowing who has voted for whom except the voters themselves. Anonymity is to prevent the tracking of the voters' real identities. Authenticity is to ensure that voters are eligible with unidentifiable-untraceable signatures of the real votes. Integrity is to ensure that no one else is able to change the ballot, and to detect the change if it occurs. Auditability makes the election auditable with or without tracing back the true identity of the voters. Finally, verifiability enables the system to verify and count the votes, and to detect any missing or fraudulent votes.
Estimation of glomerular volume: a comparison of four methods.

Estimation of glomerular volume: A comparison of four methods. Methods for estimating glomerular volume were compared in Zenker-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies from 10 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 6 normal kidney donors. Two methods of measurement of individual glomerular volumes were used: the Cavalieri method (considered the "gold standard") and the maximal profile area (MPA) method. Also studied were the method of Weibel and Gomez and a method based on the disector principle; both estimate mean volume (V G ). MPA and Cavalieri showed strong correlation (r = 0.93; P G . The disector method did not correlate with V G determined by Cavalieri. Weibel-Gomez did correlate with Cavalieri (r = 0.68; P G . At least 15 profiles were needed to provide a dependable estimate of V G by Weibel-Gomez. The Cavalieri, MPA, and Weibel-Gomez methods all can provide reliable estimates of V G , the latter two with appropriate correction factors. The individual glomerular volume methods, while more time consuming, provide information on variation and distribution of the glomerular population and are the methods of choice for studies of glomerular volume.
Morbidity and mortality in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides.

Utilizing cause-of-death information and responses to questionnaires addressed to survivors, mortalities and health impairments in a cohort of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides were compared to occurrences in workers not pesticide exposed, over the period 1971–1977. Seventy-two percent of 2,620 pesticide-exposed workers, and 75 percent of 1,049 “controls”, recruited in 1971–73, were accounted for either by returned questionnaire or mortality. Disease incidence rates were studied in relation to broadly defined occupational subclasses, and to serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OC1) measured at the time of recruitment.
Multichannel photon-pair generation using hydrogenated amorphous silicon waveguides

We demonstrate highly efficient photon-pair generation using an 8 mm long hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) waveguide in far-detuned multiple wavelength channels simultaneously, measuring a coincidence-to-accidental ratio as high as 400. We also characterize the contamination from Raman scattering and show it to be insignificant over a spectrum span of at least 5 THz. Our results highlight a-Si:H as a potential high-performance, CMOS-compatible platform for large-scale quantum applications, particularly those based on the use of multiplexed quantum signals.
The Effect of Miscut Angle and Miscut Direction of Vicinal (001) SrTiO3 Substrates on The Domain Structure of Epitaxial SrRuO3 Thin Films

We have grown epitaxial thin films of isotropie metallic oxide SrRuCO(in3) on both exact and vicinal (001) SrTiO3 substrates with miscut angle (6h) up to 5.0° and miscut direction (pd) up to 37° away from the in-plane [010] axis. The effects of both 6h and pd on the epitaxial growth and domain structure of epitaxial SrRuO(in3) thin films were studied by x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM). On vicinal SrTiO3 substrates with a large miscut angle (6h = 1.7°, 2.0°, 4.1°, and 5.0°) and miscut direction close to the [010] axis, single crystal epitaxial (110)O SrRuO3 thin films were obtained. [The superscript o refers to the Miller indices based on the orthorhombic unit cell.] Decreasing the substrate miscut angle or aligning the miscut direction close to the [110] axis (pd = 45°) resulted in an increase of 90° domains in the plane. The films grown on vicinal substrates displayed a significant improvement in crystalline quality and in-plane epitaxial alignment as compared to the films grown on exact (001) SrTiO3 substrates. AFM revealed that as the miscut angle increased the growth mechanism changed from two dimensional nucleation to step flow growth.
The Tomographic Ionized-Carbon Mapping Experiment (TIME) CII Imaging Spectrometer

The Tomographic Ionized-Carbon Mapping Experiment (TIME) and TIME-Pilot are proposed imaging spectrometers to measure reionization and large scale structure at redshifts 5–9. We seek to exploit the 158 μm restframe emission of [CII], which becomes measurable at 200–300 GHz at reionization redshifts. Here we describe the scientific motivation, give an overview of the proposed instrument, and highlight key technological developments underway to enable these measurements.
Explaining the record US warmth of 2006

[1] This study explores origins for record setting 2006 temperatures over the conterminous United States. The efficacy of two mechanisms is quantified; one associated with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Pacific related to El Nino, and the other associated with increased greenhouse gas concentrations. We use historical records of US temperatures observed during past El Ninos, model simulations subjected to El Nino SST conditions and to projections of the 2006 greenhouse gas concentrations. We use ensemble methods to yield probabilistic estimates of temperature anomalies related to each forcing. Neither historical data nor model simulations reveal a US warm response to El Nino indicating it was not a factor in elevating US temperatures. Instead, over half of the anomalous warmth in 2006 is attributed to greenhouse gas forcing, whose strength now exceeds the standard deviation of natural fluctuations. We conclude that the record warmth was primarily due to human influences.
The exciting oxidation of CO on Pt

Abstract An uncollimated molecular beam (free jet) of CO and O 2 molecules incident on a polycrystalline Pt surface at 775 K in vacuo produces vibrationally hot CO 2 molecules at a density sufficient for infrared emission spectrometry. Analysis of spectra at a resolution of 0.1 cm −1 clearly shows that nascent product molecules have much more internal excitation than would be the case for equilibrium at the surface temperature.
The Coexistence of Acute Rheumatic Fever and Sickle Cell-Hemoglobin C Disease

The clinical and postmortem findings in a case of sickle cell-hemaglobin C disease complicated by acute rheumatic fever with accompanying carditis, and rheumatic pneumonitis are presented and discussed. This is believed to be the first such case reported. The recent literature pertaining to the cardiac manifestations of SS and SC hemoglobinopathies is briefly reviewed. A possible explanation for the failure of the rheumatic process to respond to conventional therapy in our patient is given.
Workplace safety: A call for research

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the increased importance of workplace safety in the field of operations management, and to suggest ways in which this topic can be woven into research agendas. A key tenet is the proposition that the competitive priority construct (quality, cost, delivery and flexibility) may need to be expanded to include social responsibility - with workplace safety as one dimension of this new priority. The cost of workplace injuries in the U.S. is increasing at an alarming rate, and accident occurrences have grown steadily over the last several years. The manufacturing sector is especially vulnerable to safety problems and, thus, is the central focus of this paper. A number of new factors are increasing the importance of related issues for operations managers. Three of these factors - the quality movement, changes in technology and changes in operations practices - are embedded within the operations function. Two others - workforce diversity and organized labor interests - are associated with the human resource function but have links with operations. Political, legal and public forces stem from outside the boundaries of the organization, but still have important influences on operations management. Regardless of the origins of these phenomena, all have direct effects on the management of operations and all have significant implications for research in this field.
Constructing basis functions from directed graphs for value function approximation

Basis functions derived from an undirected graph connecting nearby samples from a Markov decision process (MDP) have proven useful for approximating value functions. The success of this technique is attributed to the smoothness of the basis functions with respect to the state space geometry. This paper explores the properties of bases created from directed graphs which are a more natural fit for expressing state connectivity. Digraphs capture the effect of non-reversible MDPs whose value functions may not be smooth across adjacent states. We provide an analysis using the Dirichlet sum of the directed graph Laplacian to show how the smoothness of the basis functions is affected by the graph's invariant distribution. Experiments in discrete and continuous MDPs with non-reversible actions demonstrate a significant improvement in the policies learned using directed graph bases.
Influence of Particle Solubility on the Delivery of Inhaled Manganese to the Rat Brain: Manganese Sulfate and Manganese Tetroxide Pharmacokinetics Following Repeated (14-Day) Exposure

Abstract Dissolution rate can influence the pulmonary clearance of a metal and thus affect its delivery to the brain and other organs. The goal of this study was to determine the exposure–response relationship for the relatively soluble sulfate (MnSO4) and insoluble tetroxide (Mn3O4) forms of inhaled manganese in adult male CD rats. Rats were exposed 6 h/day for 7 days/week (14 exposures) to either MnSO4 or Mn3O4 at 0, 0.03, 0.3, or 3 mg Mn/m3. End-of-exposure olfactory bulb, striatum, cerebellum, bile, lung, liver, femur, serum, and testes (n = 6 rats/concentration/chemical) manganese concentrations and whole-body 54Mn elimination were then determined. Increased whole-body 54Mn clearance rates were observed in animals from the high-dose (3 mg Mn/m3) MnSO4 and Mn3O4 exposure groups. Elevated manganese concentrations in the lung were observed following MnSO4 and Mn3O4 exposure to ≥0.3 mg Mn/m3. Increased olfactory bulb and femur manganese concentrations were also observed following MnSO4 exposure at ≥0.3 mg Mn/m3. Elevated striatal, testes, liver, and bile manganese concentrations were observed following exposure to MnSO4 at 3 mg Mn/m3. Elevated olfactory bulb, striatal, femur, and bile manganese concentrations were observed following exposure to Mn3O4 at 3 mg Mn/m3. Animals exposed to MnSO4 (3 mg Mn/m3) had lower lung and higher olfactory bulb and striatal manganese concentrations compared with levels achieved following similar Mn3O4 exposures. Our results suggest that inhalation exposure to soluble forms of manganese results in higher brain manganese concentrations than those achieved following exposure to an insoluble form of manganese.
Pricing of New Assets in an Infinite‐Horizon Frictional Economy

This paper studies the pricing of new assets in an infinite-horizon frictional economy. It uses results on state prices to establish conditions under which the valuation structure of the economy (defined as the collection of all state price processes) is unaffected by the introduction of new assets and conditions under which the new assets do not give rise to arbitrage.
Effects of forest fragmentation on behaviour patterns in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus).

We examined behaviour in adult eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) from 1992 to 1995 in a landscape altered by forest clear-cutting in central Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Our objective was to compare behaviour patterns in chipmunk populations occupying mature continuous forest versus mature forested corridors (100 m wide) surrounded by clearcuts. Chipmunks spent a significantly greater proportion of their time pausing in the forested-corridor habitat than in the continuous-forest habitat. In addition, chipmunks spent less time locomoting and foraging in the forested-corridor habitat than in the continuous forest. We attributed differences in behaviour patterns between chipmunks in the two forest types primarily to the influence of forest fragmentation on the risk of predation and to the availability of food resources.
ε-Aminocaproic acid inhibition of fibrinolysis in vitro: should the ‘therapeutic’ concentration be reconsidered?

The therapeutic concentration of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) has been 130 microg/ml or greater for nearly 50 years. We tested the effects on clot growth/disintegration of EACA with a plasmatic model of hyperfibrinolysis in vitro. Human plasma was exposed to 1000 U/ml tissue-type plasminogen activator containing 0, 13, 65 or 130 microg/ml EACA, with clot growth/disintegration kinetics quantified via thrombelastography. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance as appropriate. Exposure of plasma to 1000 U/ml tissue-type plasminogen activator resulted in a brief-lived clot, lasting 2 min. EACA at all concentrations tested significantly increased the rate of clot growth compared with samples with 0 microg/ml EACA. Clot strength was significantly increased by EACA in a concentration-dependent fashion. Similarly, EACA significantly prolonged the time of onset of clot lysis and decreased the rate of lysis. Samples with 130 microg/ml EACA had no sign of lysis present for 30 min. Subtherapeutic to therapeutic concentrations of EACA significantly attenuated or abolished fibrinolysis in the presence of a concentration of tissue-type plasminogen activator more than 2000-fold that encountered systemically during cardiopulmonary bypass. Further clinical investigation is warranted to determine whether smaller concentrations of EACA could provide a reduction in bleeding with a concomitant decrease in thrombotic complications.
Sea-ice characterization measurements needed for testing of microwave remote sensing models

The nature and accuracy of ice-characterization measurements needed to test two microwave backscattering models are clarified by examining the sensitivities of these models to variations in the geophysical parameters they require as input. First, the Bragg, or small perturbation, model for rough surface scattering, which appears appropriate for backscattering from new ice types at L-band, is considered. The sensitivities of this model to variations in the dielectric constant of the ice and to the power spectrum of surface roughness are examined. The dense-medium radiation-transfer model at X-band is considered for backscattering from air bubbles embedded in multilayer ice. The sensitivities of this model to air-bubble size, air-volume fraction, and dielectric loss in the ice are examined. Based on these sensitivities, quantitative characterization guidelines for model testing are discussed. >
A criterion for right continuity of filtrations generated by group-valued additive processes

Abstract Let X ={ X ( t ), t ∈ T } be a stochastic process with independent increments indexed by the multidimensional set of parameters T=(R + ) q , q⩾1 , taking values in a T 0 topological Abelian group G . In this note, we give conditions under which the filtration F t =σ{X(s),s⩽t} , t ∈ T , generated by the process X is right continuous, i.e. F t =⋂ v>t F v for all t ∈ T .
The relations of emotional role taking, affective/moral attributions, and emotional display rule knowledge to low-income school-age children's social competence

Numerous studies have shown that emotional knowledge is positively related to peer competence and prosocial behavior in early childhood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether emotional understanding continues to impact children's social competence once they reach middle childhood. Thirty-nine low-income third and fourth graders were administered three emotional knowledge tasks: (a) emotional role taking, (b) knowledge of affective attributions, and (c) knowledge of emotional display rules. The children also reported on the quality of their peer relations and teachers provided ratings of the children's prosocial behavior. Results revealed that children's attributions of aggression and denial were positively related to their reports of negative peer interactions. Children's prosocial behavior was positively predicted by emotional role-taking ability and knowledge of prosocial display rules. This study identifies the affective variables that are most relevant for the development of healthy peer relationships and responsible prosocial behavior for school-age children. These findings underscore the importance of emotional knowledge for children's social functioning across early and middle childhood.
Development of improved media and culture conditions for clonal growth of normal diploid cells

Multiplication of normal diploid cells in culture is controlled by a complex set of interacting extracellular variables. The amount of serum protein needed for colony formation by such cells is affected directly by many of the other variables, including the nature of the culture surface, the type of trypsinization procedure used, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the culture medium. By a sequential process of adjusting all of these variables to optimum values for cellular multiplication with minimal amounts of serum protein, we have been able to obtain clonal growth of normal human and chicken cells with less than 500 μg per ml dialyzed serum protein. Precise quantitative adjustment of nutrient concentrations is particularly important. The multiplication-promoting functions of serum can be classified operationally as “replaceable” (those that can be replaced by modifying the medium or the culture conditions) and “nonreplaceable” (those that we have not yet been able to replace). Elimination of the requirement for replaceable functions of serum has improved greatly the specificity and sensitivity of the bioassay for the nonreplaceable functions. The nonreplaceable multiplication-promoting activity from fetal bovine serum for human diploid fibroblasts has been separated from fetuin and serum albumin and purified approximately 15-fold.
THE MYSTERIOUS LITTLE FATTY FIN

![Figure][1] Sitting on the back of many fishes, in between the dorsal fin and the tail, is an enigmatic little fatty flap of skin called the adipose fin. It looks a bit like an extra dorsal fin, and though it's present in eight large groups of fishes, no one knows why it's there. It might
The Role of BKCa Channels in Electrical Signal Encoding in the Mammalian Auditory Periphery

Large-conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels (BKCa) are involved in shaping spiking patterns in many neurons. Less is known about their role in mammalian inner hair cells (IHCs), mechanosensory cells with unusually large BKCa currents. These currents may be involved in shaping the receptor potential, implying crucial importance for the properties of afferent auditory signals. We addressed the function of BKCa by recording sound-induced responses of afferent auditory nerve (AN) fibers from mice with a targeted deletion of the pore-forming alpha-subunit of BKCa (BKalpha(-/-)) and comparing these with voltage responses of current-clamped IHCs. BKCa-mediated currents in IHCs were selectively abolished in BKalpha(-/-), whereas cochlear physiology was essentially normal with respect to cochlear sensitivity and frequency tuning.BKalpha(-/-) AN fibers showed deteriorated precision of spike timing, measured as an increased variance of first spike latency in response to tone bursts. This impairment could be explained by a slowed voltage response in the presynaptic IHC resulting from the reduced K+ conductance in the absence of BKCa. Maximum spike rates of AN fibers were reduced nearly twofold in BKalpha(-/-), contrasting with increased voltage responses of IHCs. In addition to presynaptic changes, which may be secondary to a modest depolarization of BKalpha(-/-) IHCs, this reduction in AN rates suggests a role of BKCa in postsynaptic AN neurons, which was supported by increased refractory periods. In summary, our results indicate an essential role of IHC BKCa channels for precise timing of high-frequency cochlear signaling as well as a function of BKCa in the primary afferent neuron.
High-Performance Zeolite NaA Membranes on Polymer−Zeolite Composite Hollow Fiber Supports

We report a new strategy: use of polymer−zeolite composite hollow fibers as supports. Zeolite membranes with high performance (flux = 8.0−9.0 kg m−2 h−1, α >10 000) can be synthesized directly on polymer−zeolite composite hollow fiber supports by a single in situ hydrothermal crystallization. The zeolite crystals imbedded in the polymer hollow fiber serve as seeds for the zeolite membrane growth, and they also “anchor” the zeolite membrane to the support to increase the adhesion of the zeolite membrane. Therefore, a separate and often complex seeding process can be omitted. A very uniform crystal distribution can be obtained easily, so continuous zeolite membranes can be prepared with high reproducibility. These composite hollow fibers can be produced simply by blending zeolite crystals into the polymer feed before the hollow fiber extrusion and thus are expected to be inexpensive.
Exploiting spectral and polarimetric data fusion to enhance target detection performance

A multimodal sensor data fusion experiment was performed by exploiting DIRSIG's synthetic data generation capabilities in an urban target detection scenario. Each material in the synthetic scene was attributed with realistic spectral and polarimetric properties, enabling a radiometrically correct calculation of the sensor-reaching-radiance for a notional hyperspectral, multispectral, or polarimetric sensor. The hyperspectral and multispectral data were separately fused with polarimetric data at both the decision and pixel levels, and the impact was assessed by comparing the area under the ROC curves generated by the fused data to the area under the ROC curve generated by the spectral data alone. The impact of additional polarimetric data was shown to be highly dependent on the sensor's viewing geometry, reiterating the complexities involved in polarimetric imaging applications. Also, the impact of additional polarimetric data was demonstrated to depend on the quality of the spatial-spectral information, illustrating the potential to trade spectral resolution for spatial resolution. Further, the decision level fusion algorithm was shown to outperform the pixel level fusion algorithm for the viewing geometries considered, a difference partially explained by the extremely decorrelated nature of the score metrics used as inputs to the decision fusion algorithm.
On Not Abolishing Faith Schools A Response to Michael Hand and H. Siegel

This article finds Michael’s Hand’s argument for the abolition of faith schools to be deficient because key premises of his argument seem false. I argue that the concept of knowledge that Hand empl...
The German Jew: A synthesis of judaism and western civilization, 1730–1930

(1986). The German Jew: A synthesis of judaism and western civilization, 1730–1930. History of European Ideas: Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 537-538.
Pneumatic plethysmography and 133Xe clearance as an indication of blood flow in ischemic limbs.

Fifty-two patients with arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease had noninvasive quantitation of blood flow by pneumatic plethysmography and 133Xe clearance. Results of these tests were correlated with arteriograms. Segmental obstruction at the aortoiliac area reduced pulse volume to 33% of control and muscle blood flow to 60% of control. Occlusion of the superficial femoral artery alone similarly reduced pulse volume to 36% of control and muscle blood flow to 61% of control. With combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal obstruction, the pulse volume was markedly reduced to only 15% and muscle blood flow to 39% of normal. Pneumatic digital plethysmography and isotope-clearance provide simple, reliable and reproducible means for noninvasive measurement of blood flow, and may obviate some patients from the hospitalization, hazard, and discomfort of arteriography.
Effect of Isolated Vertical Fractures Existing in the Reservoir On Fluid Displacement Response

A report is given of a potentiometric model study which was made of the effect of vertical fractures existing in the matrix of the reservoir on the flooding or cycling performance. Fractures can have unusual flow characteristics. Fluid entering one side of a fracture can emerge on either the same or opposite side of the fracture, depending on the particular streamline. Fracture orientation has a great influence on the sweep efficiency. However, sustained fluid injection may still permit large areas to be swept.
Convective heat transfer with multiflow in an annular pipe of circular cross section

Actual velocity and temperature fields are the basis of the present analysis of convective heat transfer in an annular circular tube that is subjected to a uniform external wall temperature. The Nusselt number for an annular pipe that is maintained under a constant wall temperature is noted to depend not only on the geometric factor but on the two parameters defined as (1) the ratio of fluid thermal conductivity within the inner and outer passages, and (2) the product and the ratio of the Peclet numbers for the flows within the inner and outer passages. 13 references.
The course of fever during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis

We studied 161 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: 55 (34%) were afebrile and 106 (66%) were febrile at presentation. Febrile patients were younger and more symptomatic than afebrile individuals. Fever was also associated with a higher incidence of lymphopenia, hyponatraemia, hypoalbuminaemia and many acid-fast bacilli on sputum smear. Most patients were treated with isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. Of 83 individuals who became afebrile while in hospital, 74 (89%) did so within a week and 77 (93%) in 2 weeks. Prolonged fever was associated with alcoholism, anaemia, hyponatraemia and hypoalbuminaemia. A therapeutic trial of antituberculosis drugs may be more useful than has been previously thought, since in most patients the temperature falls to normal within 2 weeks.
Anomalous Water: Characterization by Physical Methods

Anomalous water samples have been prepared in fused quartz capillaries from pure water in an unsaturated atmosphere. In agreement with observations of other investigators, water prepared in this manner, after concentration, exhibited an increased viscosity, a lowered vapor pressure, a phase separation at low temperatures, an index of refraction of 1.48 or greater, and a depression of the temperature of maximum density. However, electron microprobe examination indicated that a significant weight fraction of these concentrated anomalous water residues consists of sodium, boron, and oxygen. The presence of about 6 percent boron was also confirmed through neutron activation analyses and by mass spectrometric measurements. A parallel is drawn between the similar physical properties of anomalous water and highly concentrated sodium tetraborate solutions. The possibility of polymorphism in liquid water should be accepted only with serious reservations.