cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fields of Toronto

The field used to stay where it was. It was discrete: a village, a town, a time period. It did not move from one place to another, its temporality was fixed between a series of dates, beginnings and endings. It was the place and time an anthropologist went to, took notes, and came home again. The field certainly did not come back – or talk back. It did not yell at you. We were different, the places were different, the cultures different. In my case the field began in southern India – Tamil Nadu and south Tamil Nadu at that. I worked there in the early to mid-1990’s on sociocultural and historical elements of oratory, specifically what we might call the Dravidianist style of political oratory: avarkale, avarkale, avarkale. In further investigations into the history of oratory, the field shifted spatially about one hundred fifty miles southeast to Jaffna and temporally about one hundred fifty years. A few months ago it shifted again ten thousand miles west to a May afternoon in Toronto. I want to discuss the fluidity of the field – spatially, temporally, cognitively and politically – by telling a story about one of the least felicitous papers I ever delivered. The venue was the Toronto Tamil Studies Conference, one of the highest profile academic conferences the Tamil community in Canada had ever mounted. The conference gathered together several dozen scholars, mostly from North America, for three days of intensive discussion about Tamil literature, history, culture and society before a mixed audience of college students, university professors, independent scholars, and members of the general community. Overall it was very successful. My talk was written quite hastily, based on research I had done the previous year in Jaffna, specifically based on a talk I gave in Jaffna almost exactly a year before the Toronto conference. I had spent about four months in Jaffna looking for archival material regarding nineteenth century Tamil sermons. I was particularly interested in what kind of social relations surrounded the delivery of sermons around 1847, the period in which the Champion Reformer of Hinduism, Arumuga Navalar (1821-1879), first (in)famously gave a sermon (piracangam) outside of the Christian context.
A Tale of Two Theories of Well-Known Marks

The well-known marks doctrine presents a conundrum in international trademark law. Although protecting foreign well-known trademarks has been a treaty obligation since 1925, courts around the world, and in the United States and China in particular, do not uniformly apply the doctrine. This lack of uniform protection leads to the question of whether these countries are complying with their international obligations. While brand owners and some commentators would answer this question in the negative, this Article provides a different perspective. This Article offers an alternative approach to answering the compliance question: Before considering the question, one must examine the perspective from which compliance is being assessed. This analysis is important because the perception of compliance depends on the theoretical perspective from which these well-known marks cases are viewed. These theoretical perspectives have thus far been unrecognized, and this Article attempts to bring them to light. In so doing, this Article provides a more nuanced approach to analyze the compliance question, which can ultimately assist in providing better answers.
Spatial mapping of the biologic effectiveness of scanned particle beams: towards biologically optimized particle therapy

The physical properties of particles used in radiation therapy, such as protons, have been well characterized, and their dose distributions are superior to photon-based treatments. However, proton therapy may also have inherent biologic advantages that have not been capitalized on. Unlike photon beams, the linear energy transfer (LET) and hence biologic effectiveness of particle beams varies along the beam path. Selective placement of areas of high effectiveness could enhance tumor cell kill and simultaneously spare normal tissues. However, previous methods for mapping spatial variations in biologic effectiveness are time-consuming and often yield inconsistent results with large uncertainties. Thus the data needed to accurately model relative biological effectiveness to guide novel treatment planning approaches are limited. We used Monte Carlo modeling and high-content automated clonogenic survival assays to spatially map the biologic effectiveness of scanned proton beams with high accuracy and throughput while minimizing biological uncertainties. We found that the relationship between cell kill, dose, and LET, is complex and non-unique. Measured biologic effects were substantially greater than in most previous reports, and non-linear surviving fraction response was observed even for the highest LET values. Extension of this approach could generate data needed to optimize proton therapy plans incorporating variable RBE.
A CONSTANT POWER SHOCK SOURCE AND ELECTRONIC GRID SCRAMBLER WITH AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.

By means of a brief historical resume are considered some of the problems encountered when administering electric shock to laboratory animals during behavioral experiments, principally via use of the grid floor. The complexity of the variable electric shock leads us to suggest that there is no simple quantitative and qualitative characterization of electric shock. An apparatus is described for administering electric current to a grid floor; it incorporates an optimum compromise of theoretical, electrical, and mechanical techniques presently available.
Infinite Series with Binomial Coefficients

(1991). Infinite Series with Binomial Coefficients. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 53-55.
Trade Sanctions as Policy Instruments: A Re-examination

Most studies of trade sanctions examine the success of sanctions at forcing the target country to change its policies. This article analyzes the success of sanctions in terms of a broader set of goals: compliance, subversion, deterrence, international symbolism, and domestic symbolism. I examine 19 sanctions cases using different evaluatory criteria for each goal. Three results emerge from the analysis. First, sanctions generally fail when the goal is compliance, subversion, or deterrence, but they have a great appeal as international and domestic symbols. Second, sanctions often reinforce the target's behavior and forfeit the initiator's future economic leverage over the target. Third, the goals of international and domestic symbolism usually undermine the goals of compliance and subversion.
My Idea Is Best! Ownership Bias and its Influence on Engineering Concept Selection

Concept selection is considered one of the most crucial components of the engineering design process because the direction of the final design is largely determined at this stage. One of the most widely utilized techniques for filtering designs during this process involves informal review meetings where team members identify the designs that most closely satisfy the design goals. While this is often seen as an efficient process, factors such as ownership bias, or an unintentional preference for an individuals’ own ideas, and team member personality attributes may impact an individual’s decision-making process. However, few studies have explored the impact of these factors on concept selection. Therefore, an empirical study was conducted with 37 engineering students in order to investigate the effect of these attributes on the selection or filtering of design concepts in engineering education. The results from this study show that personality impacts the proportion of ideas selected, and that male students tend to select more of their own ideas (ownership bias) than their female counterparts who more often select their team member’s concepts. These results add to our understanding of the factors that impact the team concept selection process and provide empirical evidence of the occurrence of ownership bias in engineering design education.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Implementation of Thermochemistry and Chemical Kinetics in a GPU-based CFD Code

The implementation of multi-species thermochemistry and chemical kinetics in a GPUbased CFD code is described, focusing on issues which are specific to GPUs. The physical model and its numerical formulation are described in detail. Performance results are presented for two multidimensional test cases: non-reacting supersonic flow over a forward-facing step and the reacting flow of a cellular detonation in a low-pressure H2-O2Ar mixture. The performance results are analyzed to determine the performance when simulations are run on GPUs versus CPUs, the scalability of the solver on both types of compute devices, as well as the cost of the thermochemistry model relative to simpler thermodynamic models.
TPD study of the reaction of CH 3 CH 2 SH and (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 S 2 on ZnO(0001) and ZnO

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was used to study the reaction of CH3CH2SH and (CH3CH2)2S2 on the (0001) and surface of ZnO. The interaction of these molecules with ZnO was found to be structure-sensitive. Both the thiol and disulfide adsorbed dissociatively on ZnO(0001) forming adsorbed ethylthiolate intermediates, while only molecularly on ZnO. This result indicates that exposed cation-anion site pairs and exposed cations are the active sites for dissociative adsorption of CH3CH2SH and (CH3CH2)2S2, respectively. Decomposition to produce ethylene and adsorbed sulfur atoms was the only reaction pathway observed for adsorbed ethylthiolates on the (0001) surface. This is in contrast to adsorbed methylthiolates which undergo coupling to produce dimethylsulfide and oxydesulfurization to produce aldehydes and adsorbed carboxylates.
Daily change patterns of indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentration in Central China city residences and protection suggestions

Objective To investigate the indoor and outdoor PM2.5and PM10 daily change patterns during the winter,and provide suggestions and instructions for protection to the public.Methods In winter during severe haze,we monitored the indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5and PM10 in three Central China city residences for five days and drew a daily change curve.Results The curve of daily changes in PM2.5and PM10 concentration showed one high peak and two smaller peaks.The high peak was between 6: 00 and 9: 00 A.M.The two small peaks were between 12: 00 and 2: 00 P.M.and between 5: 00 and 7: 00 P.M.PM2.5and PM10 concentrations exceeded the national ambient air quality standard(second grade) 。The indoor concentration was significantly lower than that of the outdoor concentration(P 0.01).Conclusions During the winter,the elderly and children should reduce outdoor activity time,or choose an appropriate time.People with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases,and outdoor workers should wear appropriate and effective masks during days with severe haze.Residents should actively take measures to improve their indoor air quality.
Epidemiology of hand foot and mouth disease in Beilun district of Ningbo,Zhejiang,2008-2012

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease( HFMD) in Beilun district of Ningbo,Zhejiang province,from 2008 to 2012,and provide scientific evidence for HFMD control and prevention. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the incidence data of HFMD in Beilun during this period collected from national disease reporting information system. Results A total of 4256 HFMD cases,including 35 severe cases and 3 deaths,were reported,the annual average incidence was 99. 57 / lakh,the case fatality was 0. 70‰. The incidence peak of HFMD was during May-July,but the incidence peaks in 2011 and 2012 occurred earlier than before, and the sub peaks occurred during October-December. The cases aged 0-5 years accounted for 96. 08% of the total. The male to female ratio of the cases was 1. 57∶ 1. Most cases were preschool aged children. Among the reported cases,253 were laboratory confirmed,accounting for 5. 94% of the total. Among the laboratory confirmed cases,EV71,Cox A16 and other entericvirus infections accounted for 56. 92%,24. 50% and 18. 58% respectively. The predominant pathogens causing HFMD changed from EV71 to Cox A16 and other entericviruses during 2011-2012. Conclusion The incidence of HFMD was in an upward trend and with obvious seasonality in Beilun during 2008-2012. It is essential to strengthen the etiological surveillance of HFMD and prevention / control in risk groups.
The design and implementation of the ARINC429 communication card based on ISA bus

This paper presents a design method for the ARINC429 communication card based on the ISA bus and makes a detailed analysis and expatiation of the key aspects of the design.The WinDriver software is used to develop the driver program under the Win2000 operating system.The successful application of the card to a certain missile emulation system indicates the feasibility and practicability of the design.
Resident preferences for a curriculum in healthcare transitions for young adults.

OBJECTIVES Numerous national groups recognize that healthcare providers should be trained to care for patients with special healthcare needs who are transitioning from pediatric to adult health care, yet there is little emphasis on this training in most residency programs. The survey discussed here assessed resident preferences for a curriculum that addresses healthcare transitions for young adults. METHODS Trainees in primary care residency programs at three institutions in South Carolina were surveyed. Residents were asked about their preferences for timing and modality of transition education and desire to see patients older/younger than dictated by training. Residents also ranked topics of transition by level of need/interest. Comparison of responses was analyzed via t tests and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS Respondents (n = 84) represented three institutions and eight training programs. Eighty percent of residents prefer that a curriculum be continuous throughout training and include clinical experiences (79%), case discussions (60%), and lectures/didactics (56%). Pediatric residents were more likely than were internal medicine residents to value seeing patients older/younger than their program dictates (84% vs 42%; P < 0.01). Internal medicine residents were more likely than pediatric residents to rank as high need/interest "medical knowledge of pediatric disease persisting into adulthood" (77% vs 47%; P= 0.05) and "caring for adult-aged patients reliant on caregivers" (53% vs 9%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Residents prefer a healthcare transition curriculum that is continuous throughout residency and uses combined modalities for topic presentation. Residents training in different disciplines have varied levels of need/interest for transition-related topics and this should direct the development of healthcare transition curricula.
Paclitaxel, UFT, and calcium folinate in metastatic breast cancer.

This is a phase I dose-escalation study of uracil and tegafur (in a molar ratio of 4:1 [UFT]) administered in combination with calcium folinate and paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer. This trial was initiated to 1)
Role of NO in endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit basilar artery in situ.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of endothelium-derived hyperpoiarizing factor in endothelium-dependent relaxation of the cerebral vasculature by testing the effectiveness of NO synthase inhibitors at inhibiting endothelium-dependent relaxation in the rabbit basilar artery. Acetylcholine (1.0pM) and 0.1/0.2pM sarafotoxin S6c, an endothelinB receptor agonist, relaxed serotonin constricted basilar artery in situ by 100% and 70%, respectively. Nc-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 0.1 mM) and 0.3 mM Nc-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), NO synthase Inhibitors, decreased the 1.0 pM acetylcholine- and 0.1/0.2 pM sarafotoxin S6c-induced relaxations by 75% and 45%, respectively. Unexpectedly, the relaxations were abolished by the combination of L-NMMA plus L-NNA. Furthermore, L-arginine (1.0 mM), but not D-arginine, restored the relaxations. Sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation was also inhibited by L-NMMA plus L-NNA, and the inhibition was reversed by L-arginine. KCI constrict...
Automated measurement of sand dune migration using multi-temporal lidar data and GIS

Remote sensing has been used for coastal and desert sand dune studies over the past four decades, yet few methods have been developed for automated detection and measurement of dune migration directions and migration rates in large dune fields. Using high-resolution, high-accuracy, and multi-temporal light detection and ranging lidar data acquired in the White Sands Dune Field in New Mexico USA on 24 January 2009 and 6 June 2010, an automated method named Pairs of Source and Target Points PSTP was developed in a geographical information system GIS environment for automated detection and measurement of dune migration directions and migration rates. As markers for dune movement, dune slip faces were automatically extracted from lidar-derived digital elevation models DEM, based on the range of the angle of repose, and converted into source lines and target lines through vectorization. Random target points were then generated on target lines and used to search for source points on source lines to form PSTP, thereby obtaining source direction, migration distance, and migration rate for each target point. Continuous raster data sets for dune migration rates were also created through spatial interpolation and point statistics to show dune field scale spatial patterns of dune migration rates. A total of 5936 PSTP were identified, producing dune migration directions and migration rates at 5936 locations in the study area of 9 km × 2.4 km. Histogram analysis revealed that a majority of the 3025 target points with source direction in the range 225°–285° direction of prevailing winds have a migration rate of 4–7 m year−1 and an average migration rate of 5.56 m year−1. The applicability of the PSTP method in special cases, and its potential as a generic method for change detection and measurement, are also discussed. The study obtained important results both in methodology development and in the study area.
Apical termination of root canal procedures—ambiguity or disambiguation?

The issues of working length determination, its apical extent, and the position of the final root canal filling have been controversial, as differing points of view have existed between the biologically based and clinically based endodontic gurus regarding this concept for decades. Coupled with the following issues, it has become somewhat of an empirical bastion for clinicians, especially those in the limelight or who use social media to augment their clinical prowess: (1) the variable anatomy of the root apex; (2) where to terminate canal enlarging and shaping apically; (3) status of the accessory communications apically; (4) size of the apical preparation; (5) ability to debride the apical extent of the root canal and remove both bacteria and biofilm; (6) response of the periapical tissues, when both vital and necrotic, to the intracanal filling materials and techniques that may impinge on these tissues; and (7) long-term outcomes and assessments of the procedures rendered. For purposes of succinctness, the concept of working length, the apical position of instrument termination, and the position of the final filling will be addressed simultaneously in this paper.
Synthesizing Controllers for Nonlinear Hybrid Systems

Motivated by an example from aircraft conflict resolution we seek a methodology for synthesizing controllers for nonlinear hybrid automata. We first show how game theoretic methodologies developed for this purpose for finite automata and continuous systems can be cast in a unified framework. We then present a conceptual algorithm for extending them to the hybrid setting. We conclude with a discussion of computational issues.
Chitosan for DNA and gene therapy

Gene therapy is a prospective treatment modality for a wide spectrum of genetic diseases. Nevertheless, the basic challenge with gene therapy is the design of an appropriate gene delivery vector that is both safe and efficient. Viral vectors offer adequate transfection of genes, but concerns about the safety profile restrict their therapeutic applications. Among nonviral vectors, chitosan and chitosan-based systems have gained increasing interest because of their good safety profile and favorable physicochemical properties as gene carriers. However, weak transfection efficiency and poor cell specificity of chitosan are challenges that currently limit clinical applications. The core objective of this chapter is summarizing the applications of chitosan-based formulations for gene transfer and particularly the influence of various formulation parameters on efficacy, including molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of chitosan, stoichiometry of chitosan/DNA polyplex, pH of the transfection medium, and serum concentration. A special focus is bestowed on diverse structural modifications of chitosan to improve its gene transfer efficacy and cell specificity. Furthermore, we also illustrate the preparation, physicochemical, and in vitro characterization techniques of chitosan/DNA polyplexes in detail.
The Development of a Multimedia Teaching Program for Fiberoptic Intubation

Current training methods in fiberoptic intubation entail a trial and error process in which trainees acquire skills by practicing this technique in mannequins or patients. These training methods are not efficient and may expose patients to unnecessary instrumentation. An interactive software program is described which uses Director, a commercially available multimedia authoring tool, to (1) familiarize trainees with video images of the upper airway, (2) permit operator controlled progress through a normal fiberoptic intubation, (3) simultaneously display (side by side) two-dimensional or three-dimensional computer tomographic images with a fiberscope in place and the corresponding endoscopic video images, and (4) demonstrate some of the obstacles which occur in clinical practice (e.g. "white-out" and saliva). The intent of this package is to simulate fiberoptic intubation techniques as well as help one create a mental image of the path a fiberscope takes within the lumen of the upper airway. The potential for improving operator immersion (virtual reality) by using a more sophisticated input device is discussed.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Fragments Released upon Bacterial Contact with the Human Lung Mucosa Alter the Neutrophil Response to Infection

In 2016 the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that one person dies of tuberculosis every 21 seconds. A host environment that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) finds during its route of infection is the lung mucosa bathing the alveolar space located in the deepest regions of the lungs. We published that human lung mucosa, or alveolar lining fluid (ALF), contains an array of hydrolytic enzymes that can significantly alter the M.tb surface during infection by cleaving off parts of its cell wall. This interaction results in two different outcomes: modifications on the M.tb cell wall surface and release of M.tb cell wall fragments into the environment. Typically, one of the first host immune cells at the site of M.tb infection is the neutrophil. Neutrophils can mount an extracellular and intracellular innate immune response to M.tb during infection. We hypothesized that exposure of neutrophils to ALF-induced M.tb released cell wall fragments would prime neutrophils to control M.tb infection better. Our results show that ALF-fragments activate neutrophils leading to an increased production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative radicals. However, neutrophil exposure to these fragments reduces production of chemoattractants (i.e. Interleukin-8), and degranulation, with the subsequent reduction of myeloperoxidase release; and does not induce cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, these ALF-fragments derived modulations in neutrophil activity do not further, either positively or negatively, contribute to the intracellular control of M.tb growth during infection. However, secreted products from neutrophils primed with ALF-fragments are capable of regulating the activity of resting macrophages. These results indicate that ALF-induced M.tb fragments could further contribute to the control of M.tb growth and local killing by resident neutrophils by switching on the total oxidative response and limiting migration of neutrophils to the infection site.
Reducing Latency by Eliminating Synchrony

Drawing or dragging an object on a mobile device is annoying today because the latency is manifested spatially with an obvious gap between the touch point and the line head or dragged object. This work identifies the multiple synchronization points in the input to display path of modern mobile systems as a major source of latency, contributing about 30 ms to the overall latency. We present Presto, an asynchronous design of the input to display path. By focusing on the main application and relaxing conventional requirements of no frame drop and no tearing effects, Presto is able to eliminate much of the latency due to synchrony. By carefully guarding against consecutive frame drops and limiting the risk of tearing to a small region around the touch point, Presto is able to reduce their visual impact to barely noticeable. Using a prototype based on Android 5, we are able to quantify the effectiveness, overhead and user experience of Presto through both objective measurements and subjective user assessment. We show that Presto is able to reduce the latency of legacy Android applications by close to half; and more importantly, we show this reduction is orthogonal to that by other popular approaches. When combined with touch prediction, Presto is able to reduce the touch latency below 10 ms, a remarkable achievement without any hardware support.
Efficient Computation of Regret-ratio Minimizing Set: A Compact Maxima Representative

Finding the maxima of a database based on a user preference, especially when the ranking function is a linear combination of the attributes, has been the subject of recent research. A critical observation is that the em convex hull is the subset of tuples that can be used to find the maxima of any linear function. However, in real world applications the convex hull can be a significant portion of the database, and thus its performance is greatly reduced. Thus, computing a subset limited to $r$ tuples that minimizes the regret ratio (a measure of the user's dissatisfaction with the result from the limited set versus the one from the entire database) is of interest. In this paper, we make several fundamental theoretical as well as practical advances in developing such a compact set. In the case of two dimensional databases, we develop an optimal linearithmic time algorithm by leveraging the ordering of skyline tuples. In the case of higher dimensions, the problem is known to be NPcomplete. As one of our main results of this paper, we develop an approximation algorithm that runs in linearithmic time and guarantees a regret ratio, within any arbitrarily small user-controllable distance from the optimal regret ratio. The comprehensive set of experiments on both synthetic and publicly available real datasets confirm the efficiency, quality of output, and scalability of our proposed algorithms.
Positive Youth Development and Resilience: Growth Patterns of Social Skills Among Youth Investigated for Maltreatment

Maltreated children are a vulnerable population, yet many of these youth follow positive developmental pathways. The primary aim was to identify social skills growth trajectories among at-risk youth to understand processes underlying resilience. Nationally representative, longitudinal data from 1,179 families investigated for child maltreatment (Mage = 12.75) were obtained from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Four trajectories were identified—stress-resistant, emergent resilience, breakdown, and unresponsive-maladaptive. Protective resources from multiple levels of the youth ecology (individual, family, school, and social service) predicted positive growth social skills trajectories. Resilience process and attendant positive outcomes in multiple domains of functioning were evident among the stress-resistant and emergent resilience trajectories. Results underscore the saliency of social skills development for resilient outcomes in youth.
Effects of a Multicourse, Composite Examination Method on the Performance of PharmD Students in a Basic Pharmacokinetics Course.

Objective. To investigate the effects of multicourse, composite examinations on student performance in a pharmacokinetics course.Methods. A linear, mixed-effects model was used to analyze student performance in identical daily quiz and examination questions in a pharmacokinetics course at two pharmacy schools. The same instructor taught the entire course at both institutions. The only difference between the two courses was the method of administration of examinations between the two school cohorts.Results. Students’ scores on identical daily quizzes that were administered similarly to students in both schools were the same. However, student grades on multicourse examinations were significantly lower than those administered as individual course examinations in the other school group. The effect size was 1.15, indicating a large difference between the two cohorts in terms of their examination scores. The mixed-effects model revealed a negligible difference (0.622%) between the two student cohorts in terms o...
Assessment of gonadal and thyroid histology in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from Barataria Bay Louisiana one year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

We examined gonads and thyroid glands of Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) 1yr after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. F. grandis were trapped from two impacted sites in Barataria Bay (Bayou St. Denis, Bay Jimmy) and an un-impacted site in East Texas (Sabine Pass). The greatest number of F. grandis were collected at Sabine Pass. F. grandis collected at Bayou St. Denis were smaller and had smaller Fulton condition factor scores than fish collected at Sabine Pass. Sex ratios were biased roughly 2:1 in favor of females at Sabine Pass and Bayou St. Denis. Gonad-somatic index (GSI) in males from Sabine Pass was double that of fish from Bay Jimmy while germinal epithelium thickness of the testes was 2.7 fold smaller in males from the impacted site. GSI and oocyte diameters in females from Bayou St. Denis were significantly smaller than females from Bay Jimmy or the reference site. There were no differences in thyroid follicle cell height. While total polyaromatic hydrocarbons at the impacted sites were no different from the reference site, the impacted sites did have greater concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in sediment pore water. The finding of smaller GSI and testicular germinal epithelium in males from an impacted site suggest that exposure to a combination of oil and dispersants may adversely impact testicular function.
NGO Behavior and Development Discourse: Cases From Western India

This paper examines the effects of shifts in “development discourse” on the behavior of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Drawing upon detailed case histories of two well-established NGOs in western India, it is demonstrated that (1) the case NGOs have been profoundly influenced by discourses prevailing during their initial, formative stages; (2) NGO behavior is subject to changes in global development discourses that are transmitted to them via a range of mechanisms including consultants, conditions of funding, and reporting requirements; and (3) these NGOs have been able to challenge and adapt certain discourses to suit their own needs and circumstances, sometimes even sparking wider structural change.
Using parallelization and hardware concurrency to improve the performance of a genetic algorithm: Research Articles

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are powerful tools for solving many problems requiring the search of a solution space having both local and global optima. The main drawback for GAs is the long execution time normally required for convergence to a solution. This paper discusses three different techniques that can be applied to GAs to improve overall execution time. A serial software implementation of a GA designed to solve a task scheduling problem is used as the basis for this research. The execution time of this implementation is then improved by exploiting the natural parallelism present in the algorithm using a multiprocessor. Additional performance improvements are provided by implementing the original serial software GA in dedicated reconfigurable hardware using a pipelined architecture. Finally, an advanced hardware implementation is presented in which both pipelining and duplicated hardware modules are used to provide additional concurrency leading to further performance improvements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep and wakefulness in somnambulism: A spectral analysis study

Abstract Objective: The sleep structure and the dynamics of EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) were investigated in 12 young adults and age- and gender-matched controls. Methods: Polysomnography was performed in subjects with well-docurnented chronic sleepwalking and in matched controls. Blinded visual scoring was performed using the international criteria from the Rechtschaffen and Kales atlas [A manual of standardized technology, techniques and scoring systems for sleep stages of human subjects. Los Angeles: UCLA Brain Information Service, Brain Research Institute, 1968.] and by determining the presence of microarousals as defined in the American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA) atlas [Sleep 15 (1992) 173.]. An evaluation of SWA overnight was performed on total nocturnal sleep to determine if a difference existed between groups of subjects, since sleepwalking usually originates with slow-wave sleep. Investigation of the delta power in successive nonoverlapping 4-second windows in the 32 seconds just prior to EMG activity associated with a confusional arousal was also conducted. One central EEG lead was used for all analyses. Results: Somnambulistic individuals experienced more disturbed sleep than controls during the first NREM–REM sleep cycle. They had a higher number of ASDA arousals and presented lower peak of SWA during the first cycle that led to a lower SWA decline overnight. When the investigation focused on the short segment immediately preceding a confusional arousal, they presented an important increase in the relative power of low delta (0.75–2 Hz) just prior to the confusional arousal. Conclusion: Sleepwalkers undergo disturbed nocturnal sleep at the beginning of the night. The increased power of low delta just prior to the confusional arousal experienced may not be related to Stages 3–4 NREM sleep. We hypothesize that it may be translated as a cortical reaction to brain activation.
Book Review of 'A Confucian Constitutional Order: How China's Ancient Past Can Shape its Political Future' by Jiang Qing, edited by Daniel Bell and Ruiping Fan (Princeton University Press)

In the late 18th century, as the French Revolution burned through the heart of Europe, toppling established political and social orders, the English philosopher Edmund Burke set pen to paper. Earlier a critic of unrestrained royal power, he now mounted a full-blown defense of monarchy, elite rule, state religion and English historical traditions in the face of French Enlightenment values of secularism and popular democracy: “We fear God, we look up with awe to kings; with affection to parliaments; with duty to magistrates; with reverence to priests; and with respect to nobility.” Unsurprisingly, Burke’s thought is the wellspring for several strands of American right-wing thought.Despite the book’s title, Jiang Qing is a staunch Burkean conservative – just a Chinese one. Such political views happen to come across clothed in the language of Confucianism. But Jiang would be almost equally at home with an interesting array of American Tea Partiers, English monarchical revivalists, Saudi fundamentalists and pre-Vatican II Catholic conservatives.
LA CONCEPCIÓN BENEVOLENTE PERO INTERESADA DE LA FILOSOFÍA DE ADAM SMITH

En este ensayo se explora la concepcion que tiene Adam Smith de la filosofia y de la relacion de esta con la vida corriente (politica/religion) y con la filosofia natural (ciencia). Primero se resena la interpretacion naturalista de Smith de la filosofia natural de Newton, contrastandola con las concepciones de Hume y Berkeley. Luego se explica el doble rol que Smith le atribuye a la filosofia: como fuente de consejos para el diseno de un marco institucional equitativo y como instrumento que puede ayudar a prevenir a la ciudadania de las tendencias faccionarias y del fanatismo como consecuencia no deseada de la religion. Finalmente se analiza la respuesta de Smith a Rousseau. Esta procede en dos niveles: el primero concierne al entendimiento correcto del republicanismo moderno y el segundo al entendimiento correcto del punto de vista teorico. Se refuta aqui la difundida vision de Smith como un defensor irrestricto del mercado economico y del mercado de la moral. Se argumenta que Smith aprueba la vida comercial como un "medio" para hacer posible la filosofia y se analiza el debate con Rousseau, en particular el famoso pasaje sobre el "engano" de la naturaleza en La Teoria de los Sentimientos Morales.
Risks of Major Long-Term Side Effects Associated with Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer.

Study objective To examine the risks and compare the occurrences of major long-term side effects (sexual dysfunction, bone fractures, diabetes, cardiovascular morbidity, acute myocardial infarction [MI], and dementia) in patients with prostate cancer who received androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) with those who did not. Design Propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study using Medicare claims data. Data source National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program-Medicare linked database. Patients A total of 201,797 patients 66 years or older who were diagnosed with any stage of prostate cancer between 1992 and 2009; of these, 94,528 patients received ADT; 107,269 patients did not. Measurements and main results We identified receipt of ADT and number of claims for ADT, and ascertained the long-term treatment-related side effects that occurred during 19 years of follow-up, from 1992-2010, from Medicare claims data. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the incidences and hazard ratios (HRs) of newly developed side effects. Among all potential long-term side effects, the risk of bone fractures was highest (HR 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-1.43), followed by diabetes (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.18-1.24), dementia (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.13-1.20), coronary heart disease (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.09-1.14), and acute MI (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08-1.15) in those who received ADT compared with those who did not. The HRs for bone fractures and diabetes increased steadily as the number of ADT doses increased, indicating a linear trend in the dose-response relationship. Compared with patients who received active surveillance, ADT was associated with a 12% increased risk of sexual dysfunction (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.20). The HR for sexual dysfunction increased to 1.68 (95% CI 1.59-1.77) when ADT was combined with radiation therapy and to 3.54 (95% CI 3.26-3.85) when ADT was combined with radiation and surgery. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated that in men with prostate cancer, receipt of ADT was associated with higher risks of bone fractures, diabetes, dementia, coronary heart disease, acute MI, and sexual dysfunction than in those who did not receive ADT.
Nanobank: Audio of Presentation

Nanobank is a public, digital library comprising data on nanoscience articles, U.S. patents, and federal grants, as well as firms engaged in using nanotechnology commercially.
Impact of Frailty on Health-Related Quality of Life from before to 6 Months after Surgery: Findings from the Sustaining Quality of Life of the Aged: Transplant or Mechanical Support (SUSTAIN-IT) Study

Purpose In patients (pts) with advanced HF, frailty is independently associated with adverse outcomes after heart transplantation (HT) and durable mechanical support as destination therapy (DT-MCS). We compared frailty, using the 5-meter gait speed (GS) test, before and 6 months (mos) after surgery in 60-80-year-old pts undergoing HT (with or without MCS) and DT-MCS. Methods A standardized GS test was attempted on all pts at baseline and 6 months post-surgery. The average of 3 measurements was recorded at each time point. HRQOL was assessed by the EQ-5D-3L Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and KCCQ-12 summary score. Statistical analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results We analyzed data on 163 pts from 13 U.S. sites awaiting HT (n= 130; 68 with MCS and 62 without MCS) and DT-MCS (n=33) between 10/1/15-9/15/18, who were able to complete the GS test at baseline and 6 mos. The most common reason for GS test non-completion was too sick. DT MCS pts were on average older (DT = 67.4 ± 5.4 vs HT MCS = 64.8 ± 3.4 vs HT non-MCS = 63.8 ± 2.6 years, p Conclusion Physical frailty is more common in elderly pts who undergo DT-MCS vs pts who receive HT. Findings from our study also suggest that physical frailty is reversible in pts with advanced HF. Improvement in physical frailty after HT and DT-MCS is associated with better HRQOL early after surgery.
(252) The Role of Self-Other Comparisons in Race Differences in Pain Tolerance

Research has found race differences in pain sensitivity and tolerance. Evidence suggests how people compare themselves to similar others influences interpretations of their own health and well-being. We examined participants’ perceptions of their pain sensitivity compared to their perceptions of the pain sensitivity of “typical” members of their race (self-other comparison) and how these self-other comparisons related to race differences in actual pain tolerance. Black and White undergraduates (N=132; 48.5% Black) completed the Race/Ethnicity Expectations of Pain Questionnaire and a cold pressor task. First, we examined participants’ beliefs related to race differences in pain using a paired samples t-test to understand the perceived pain sensitivity of the comparison groups. Then, we examined how participants’ self-other comparison ratings for pain moderated the relationship between race and actual pain tolerance using a robust multiple-group moderation analysis. Results indicated participants rated the “typical” Black person as less pain sensitive than the “typical” White person (t(131)=-6.83, p
Partisan Policymaking in the Extended Party Network: The Case of Cap-and-Trade Regulations:

American political parties frequently advance contradictory arguments in policy debates, but scholars know relatively little about where these arguments originate. Outside research-producing instit...
Determine the cost of denying boarding to passengers: An optimization-based approach

Abstract We present an optimization-based method to evaluate the financial impact of denying boarding to the lowest-fare customers under airline network overbooking. Airlines are demanding quantitative support to evaluate the impact on revenue when facing the decision to deny boarding to customers. Although overbooking is a well-regulated operation for decades, it has drawn considerable criticism due to, at least partially, disagreement regarding compensation. Usually, airlines deny boarding to the lowest-fare customers to assure seat availability for customers in higher-paying booking classes. We model such an assurance by chance-constrained optimization, and we gain managerial implications for overbooking practices, for low-cost airlines in particular. We conclude that low-cost airlines are vulnerable regarding revenue growth under network overbooking in comparison to other airlines. We explore possible revenue-improving suggestions, which will ease the effects of network booking for airlines both analytically and numerically.
Role of Wearable Accelerometer Devices in Delirium Studies: A Systematic Review.

We sought to determine the feasibility of using wearable accelerometer devices for determining delirium effects on patients' physical activity patterns and detecting delirium and delirium subtype. Data sources PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Study selection Screening was performed using predefined search terms to identify original research studies using accelerometer devices for studying physical activity in relation to delirium. Data extraction Key data were extracted from the selected articles. Data synthesis Among the 14 studies identified, there were a total of 315 patients who wore accelerometer devices to record movements related to delirium. Eight studies (57.1%) used accelerometer devices to compare the activity of delirious and nondelirious patients. Delirious patients had lower activity levels, lower restlessness index, higher number of daytime immobility minutes, lower mean activity levels during the day, and higher mean activity levels at night. Delirious patients also had lower actual sleep time, lower sleep efficiency, fewer nighttime minutes resting, fewer minutes resting over 24 hours, and smaller change in activity from day to night. Six studies (42.9%) evaluated the feasibility of using accelerometer devices for detection of delirium and its subtype. Variables including number of postural changes during daytime, frequency of ultrashort, short, and continuous movements were significantly different among the nondelirium and the three delirium subtypes. Conclusions The results from the studies using accelerometer devices in studying delirium demonstrate that accelerometer devices can potentially detect the differences between delirious and nondelirious patients, detect delirium, and determine delirium subtype. We suggest the following directions as the next steps for future studies using accelerometer devices for predicting delirium: benchmark studies with longer data collection, larger and more diverse population size, incorporating related factors (e.g., medications), and evaluating delirium subtype and severity.
Quality and Cost Matter: Students’ Perceptions of Open versus Non-Open Texts through a Single-Blind Review

Although prior research has examined student perceptions of open materials, research investigating students’ perceptions of open versus copyright-restricted textbooks through a direct, experimental approach is lacking. To better understand how students perceive open textbooks outside the context of the classroom, we examined students’ perceptions of unfamiliar open and non-open (copyright-restricted) psychology textbooks. Forty-four introductory psychology students reviewed chapters from two open textbooks and two traditional/copyrightrestricted textbooks and then ranked the textbooks from most to least favourite. Students rated each chapter on several quality measures, including layout structure, visual appeal, ease of reading, and instructional features. Next, bibliographical information and cost were revealed, and students re-ranked the textbooks accordingly. Before knowing the bibliographic information and cost, students were more likely to prefer the two traditional textbooks. There after, they were more likely to select the open texts. Students often referred to textbook price as a determining factor for their change.