cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Assimilation for Estimating the Terrestrial Water Budget Using a Constrained Ensemble Kalman Filter

Abstract A procedure is developed to incorporate equality constraints in Kalman filters, including the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), and is referred to as the constrained ensemble Kalman filter (CEnKF). The constraint is carried out as a two-step filtering approach, with the first step being the standard (ensemble) Kalman filter. The second step is the constraint step carried out by another Kalman filter that optimally redistributes any imbalance from the first step. The CEnKF is implemented over a 75 000 km2 domain in the southern Great Plains region of the United States, using the terrestrial water balance as the constraint. The observations, consisting of gridded fields of the upper two soil moisture layers from the Oklahoma Mesonet system, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud and Radiation Testbed (ARM-CART) energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) latent heat estimates, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow from unregulated basins, are assimilated into the Variable Infiltration Capacity (...
An inhibitor of eIF2 activity in the sRNA pool of eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic protein synthesis is a multi-step and highly controlled process that includes an early initiation complex containing eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), GTP, and methionine-charged initiator methionyl-tRNA (met-tRNAi). During studies to reconstruct formation of the ternary complex containing these molecules, we detected a potent inhibitor in low molecular mass RNA (sRNA) preparations of eukaryotic tRNA. The ternary complex inhibitor (TCI) was retained in the total sRNA pool after met-tRNAi was charged by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, co-eluted with sRNA by size exclusion chromatography, but resolved from met-tRNAi by ion exchange chromatography. The adverse effect of TCI was not overcome by high GTP or magnesium omission and was independent of GTP regeneration. Rather, TCI suppressed the rate of ternary complex formation, and disrupted protein synthesis and the accumulation of heavy polymeric ribosomes in reticulocyte lysates in vitro. Lastly, a component or components in ribosome depleted cell lysate significantly reversed TCI activity. Since assembly of the met-tRNAi/eIF2/GTP ternary complex is integral to protein synthesis, awareness of TCI is important to avoid confusion in studies of translation initiation. A clear definition of TCI may also allow a better appreciation of physiologic or pathologic situations, factors, and events that control protein synthesis in vivo.
A comparison of volumetric and circumferential measures of penile erection.

Objective measurements of sexual arousal in men most commonly involve monitoring changes in penile size. Although changes in circumference are most often used, volumetric changes have been reported to be more sensitive and thus more effective. Six men volunteered to observe an erotic videotape while circumferential and volumetric changes of their penises were recorded. The two measures were significantly correlated (r =.68) but the volumetric device was more difficult to use, displayed considerably more artifacts, and was not more sensitive than a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge.
Effects of Agriculture on Ground-Water Quality in Five Regions of the United States

Water-quality conditions in surficial unconsolidated aquifers were assessed in five agricultural regions in the United States. The assessment covers the Delmarva Peninsula, and parts of Long Island, Connecticut, Kansas, and Nebraska, and is based on water-quality and ancillary data collected during the 1980s. Concentrations of nitrate in ground water in these areas have increased because of applications of commercial fertilizers and manure. Nitrate concentrations exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 12 to 46 percent of the wells sampled in the agricultural regions. Concentrations of nitrate are elevated within the upper 100 to 200 feet of the surficial aquifers. Permeable and sandy deposits that generally underlie the agricultural areas provide favorable conditions for vertical leaching of nitrate to relatively deep parts of the aquifers. The persistence of nitrate at such depths is attributed to aerobic conditions along ground-water-flow paths. Concentrations of nitrate are greatest in areas that are heavily irrigated or areas that are underlain by well-drained sediments; more fertilizer is typically applied on land with well-drained sediments than on poorly drained sediments because well-drained sediments have a low organic-matter content and low moisture capacity. Concentrations of other inorganic constituents related to agriculture, such as potassium and chloride from potash fertilizers, and calcium and magnesium from liming, also are significantly elevated in ground water beneath the agricultural areas. These constituents together impart a distinctive agricultural-chemical trademark to the ground water, different from natural water.
Achieving Acoustical and Structural Requirements for Gas Turbine Packages While Reducing Costs, Pressure Losses, and Weight

The Norwegian Offshore Market has shown itself to be a market leader in introducing new requirements and technological innovations in the gas turbine packages used on new installations.This paper will review the changes that Altair Norge A/S has been a party to in the areas of “acoustics”, “reduction in pressure losses”, “reductions in weight”,” and an overall effort to reduce the “costs”.The systems effected by the above changes are Inlets, Ventilation, Enclosures, and Exhausts. The time span of this review is from 1981 to the present; with the emphasis on the last 5 years.It will be shown how the requirements generated by the authorities to protect the employees offshore generate benefits technologically.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
The Quantitative Study of Communicative Success: Politeness and Accidents in Aviation Discourse.

Sociolinguistics has never been a closed or autonomous discipline, but rather has considered relations between linguistic variables and so-called real-world variables, such as age, sex, and social class. Developments in discourse analysis now permit the analysis of the effectiveness of utterances in their real-world context. This study of communicative success uses as its data transcripts of eight aviation accidents, as well as transcripts of fourteen flight simulator sessions. The linguistic variable considered is mitigation; the real-world variables are success or failure of the individual communication, and peer judgments of the overall effectiveness of the simulator crews. To quantify the use of mitigation, a four-degree scale was established by using the judgments of several linguistic analysts and was validated against the judgments of members of the aviation community. Using this scale, a number of hypotheses were confirmed: (1) Utterances going up the chain of command are more mitigated than those going down, showing that mitigation is sensitive to social rank. (2) Utterances introducing a new topic are more likely to fail if they are mitigated than if they are direct. (3) Suggestions by a crew member to the captain are more likely to fail if they are mitigated than if they are direct. These results show a strong effect of mitigation on several measures of communicative success. This study shows that a quantitative study of communicative success is possible and suggests the necessity for further studies of this type as a necessary direction for discourse analysis. (Pragmatics, discourse analysis, communicative effectiveness, politeness, mitigation, perlocutionary force, man-machine interface)
Do Lawyers Impair Economic Growth

The large U.S. legal profession hurts economic productivity in the United States and our economic competitiveness abroad according to a common claim A number of studies support that claim, but they suffer from serious flaws. I reexamine the hypothesis that large lawyer populations impair economic growth and suggest that it lacks theoretical and empirical support. The hypothesis depends on false assumptions about the organizational capability and interest of the legal profession; the empirical research in sup port of the hypothesis depends on flawed lawyer data, unusual combinations of high lawyer populations and low economic growth in one or two countries, and the unjustified use of lawyer population figures from the 1980s in analyses of economic growth prior to that period. I present the results of research on lawyer populations and economic growth among the US. states and in a sample of countries, correcting for the worst flaws of past research The results do not support the claim that large lawyer populations impair aggregate economic growth The analysis is not intended as the final answer on this important question but rather as an encouragement for a more sophisticated understanding of the role of lawyers in late modern economies.
Cross-Linked Fibrin in the Nasal Fluid of Patients with the Common Cold

To determine whether adherent material found on the walls of the paranasal sinuses during common colds might be fibrin clot, we examined the nasal fluid (a surrogate for sinus secretion) of 11 young adults with experimentally induced rhinovirus colds and that of 4 control subjects for the presence of fibrin. The mean concentration (+/- the standard error) of insoluble fibrin (measured as D-dimer) in subjects with rhinovirus colds increased from a baseline level of 0.8+/-0.4 microgram/mL to a peak of 2.4+/-0.7 microgram/mL (P=.0008) on day 4 after inoculation of the virus, but the fibrin concentration remained at baseline levels in the 4 uninfected control subjects.
Interactions with the Outside: Exploring Non-Profit Resource Mobilization for Hispanic Immigrants in the Washington D.C. Metro Area

This research looks at the interaction between a non-profit that serves lowincome immigrants, the community, current immigration policy, and the immigrant population to understand the impact of this system on the growing Hispanic immigrant population in the DC metropolitan area. Over a period of 3 months the external and internal dynamics of the non-profit were observed through participant observation and through qualitative interviews. From this, the effectiveness of the current resource framework is assessed and the underlying processes involved in resource mobilization are analyzed. Drawing elements from the social movements framework, the major resources utilized and the processes of mobilization will be examined within the non-profit context. These resources and strategies propose a model of resource mobilization within the non-profit where cultural and human resources are emphasized to offset fundamental changes in how material resources are utilized, while socio-organizational and human resources are used to offset the impact of unfavorable policy towards immigrants. The implications of this system for the Hispanic immigrant population are discussed along with areas for future research.
Sources of error in spectrophotometric measurement of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum.

We examined the measurement of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities with a short-interval enzyme-activity analyzer. Double-beam spectrophotometry was used to elucidate the source of errors in such measurements. For both enzymes the principal error sources are: ( a ) the presence of endogenous substrate for lactate dehydrogenase, and ( b ) reaction of 2-oxoglutarate with serum glutamate dehydrogenase and ammonium ions added to the reaction mixture in admixture with the secondary enzymes of the coupled reactions. In the case of serum aspartate aminotransferase, a less important source of error is the reaction of serum alanine aminotransferase with endogenous substrate. Use of 2-oxoglutarate as a reaction initiator in conventional methods causes errors. Suitable blank reagent mixtures are described that permit accurate, rapid measurement of these activities by double-beam spectrophotometry in a short-interval enzyme-activity analyzer.
An Enzymatic Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Xanthine and Hypoxanthine

A method for determining the total content of the oxypurines xanthine and hypoxanthine in urine is described which is technically simplified and has greater specificity than existing methods. This method is highly specific, reproducible, and accurate. It also allows an estimation of the present xanthine and hypoxanthine in the urine without performing any additional measurements. When applied to plasma, special concentrating procedures are required and the method is therefore less precise.
Crime in the News: How Crimes, Offenders and Victims are Portrayed in the Media

This study examines the representation of crime stories in the news. Using 71 matched pairs, we examine the constructed elements in the reporting of crime stories between newspapers and local television to document similarities and differences across the mediums. Although considerable work has been devoted to discerning differences in reporting across types of media, little research has investigated how the same crime story “gets told” in one medium compared to another. With matched-pairs of stories, we are able to do this. In this study, we also use content analysis to examine a subset of cases that focus on juveniles to ascertain how atypical victims and offenders are portrayed in the media. Although youth are much less likely to commit crime and to be victimized compared to adults, their stories are disproportionately “the stuff of news.” Collectively, the findings indicate that news reporting follows the law of opposites—the characteristics of crime, criminals, and victims represented in the media are in most respects the polar opposite of the pattern suggested by official crime statistics. This was especially the case in news reports involving juvenile victims and offenders.
Experimental verification of sea-bed shear modulus profile inversions using surface gravity (water) wave-induced sea-bed motion

SUMMARY A previously developed theory (Yamamoto & Torii 1986) enables sea-bed shear modulus profiles to be extracted by inverting measurements of sea-bed motion and water wave-induced pressures. Based on this theory, a new instrumentation system, known as a bottom shear modulus profiler (BSMP), has been developed and tested. Some modifications to the original theory and extensive experimental data reduction techniques are developed to deal with real ocean situations. Actual experimental results are given, along with quantitative measures of uncertainty and resolution. Comparisons between BSMP inversion results, in situ sediment strength tests, and laboratory analysis of core samples show that this method can predict accurately the magnitude and depth structure of the sediment shear modulus. Theoretical assumptions of small amplitude, elastic sediment behaviour are justified by examining sea-bed displacement time-series, dynamic phase spectra, and sea-bed shear strain profiles.
Characterization of suppressor T cells induced with the thymus-independent antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone coupled to syngeneic cells.

Abstract CAF 1 mice injected iv with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coupled to syngeneic spleen cells (PVP-SC) and challenged several days later with 0.25 μg PVP produced fewer PVP-specific IgM plague-forming cells (PFC) than mice injected with Mock-SC. Both 10,000 and 360,000 MW PVP could induce unresponsiveness after coupling to SC. The unresponsiveness induced by PVP-SC was shown to be mediated, at least in part, by antigen-specific suppressor T cells (T S ). The PVP-specific T S were I-J positive and belonged to the Lyt 1 + 2 + subset of T cells. The T s precursors were sensitive to 20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (Cy) and to antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Kinetics studies suggested that unresponsiveness induced by PVP-SC may be of two types since unresponsiveness in the intact animal appeared earlier and did not last as long as detectable T S activity.
On conceptual database modelling

This research was supported, in part, by the Joint Services Electronics Program through the Air Force Office of Scientific research under contract F44620-76-C-0061.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERAL ALGEBRAIC MODELING SYSTEM IN A STRATEGIC PLANNING ENVIRONMENT

This article, On the Development of a General Algebraic Modeling System in a Strategic Planning Environment, was reprinted with permission from the 1982 volume of Mathematical Programming Study. It highlights and explains modeling activities at the World Bank. The Bank represents a strategic planning environment in which mathematical models have a potentially important role to play. Barriers to the effectiveness of models include extensive resource requirements, low reliability, and communication problems. In response, this paper examines requirements for successful modeling applications. It describes the resulting development of a General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), which employs a rigorous algebraic representation of data and equations, coupled with relational database-type facilities. The paper analyzes the data structure of this system in some detail, and draws comparisons to other modeling systems designed for large-scale linear programming problems. Selected aspects of the language are presented. The paper concludes with a case study of investment planning in the Egyptian Fertilizer Sector. In the case study, the model was used as a moderator, and was continuously modified as the planning process took place. GAMS was used as the basic modeling tool.
Electrocorticography-based brain computer Interface-the seattle experience

Electrocorticography (ECoG) has been demonstrated to be an effective modality as a platform for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Through our experience with ten subjects, we further demonstrate evidence to support the power and flexibility of this signal for BCI usage. In a subset of four patients, closed-loop BCI experiments were attempted with the patient receiving online feedback that consisted of one-dimensional cursor movement controlled by ECoG features that had shown correlation with various real and imagined motor and speech tasks. All four achieved control, with final target accuracies between 73%-100%. We assess the methods for achieving control and the manner in which enhancing online control can be accomplished by rescreening during online tasks. Additionally, we assess the relevant issues of the current experimental paradigm in light of their clinical constraints.
Hebrews 12.5–13, the Wilderness Period, and Israel's Discipline

Since the author of Hebrews locates his readers in Israel's wilderness period in Heb 3.1–4.11 and 11.8–39, the discussion of παιδɛία in 12.5–13 should be interpreted in light of early Jewish conceptions of Israel's time in the wilderness. Confirmation that this is the correct context in which to understand 12.5–13 will be found in Deuteronomy, Wisdom, Philo, and Josephus, all of whom, like Hebrews, consider endurance of the disciplinary period of the wilderness necessary in order to inherit the promised rest. For this reason, Hebrews warns of Esau, the paradigmatic example of the undisciplined person who forfeits his inheritance.
Currents on homogeneous dielectric bodies: solution using sinusoidal basis functions

A previous analysis using sinusoidal basis functions performed on coated and uncoated conducting bodies is extended to the case of a homogeneous dielectric body of revolution illuminated by an EM wave. This method is demonstrated for the representative case of an incident plane wave impinging upon a dielectric sphere. The currents obtained are contrasted with those of the Harrington and Mautz dielectric moment method formulation and Mie series results. The sphere currents show good agreement with the moment method (both formulations) and the Mie series. In addition, the use of the sinusoids leads to a reduction in the matrix size in excess of 95% percent. The trade-off associated with this gain is that there is an increase in the fill time. >
HIV-related wasting in HIV-infected drug users in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background. A decrease in the rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection–related wasting has been reported in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We investigated this concern in a hard-to-reach population of HIV-infected drug users in Miami, Florida.Methods. After informed consent was obtained, 119 HIV-infected drug users were administered questionnaires involving demographic, medical history, and food-security information. Blood samples were drawn for immunological and viral studies. HIV-related wasting over a period of ⩾6 months was defined as a body mass index of <18.5 kg/m 2 , unintentional weight loss of ⩾10% over 6 months, or a weight of <90% of the ideal body weight.Results. The prevalence of HIV-related wasting was 17.6%. A significantly higher proportion of those who experienced wasting (81%) reported that there were periods during the previous month when they went for ⩾1 day without eating (i.e., food insecurity), compared with those who did not experience wasting (57%). Although a greater percentage of patients who experienced wasting were receiving HAART, their HIV RNA levels were more than twice as high (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 166,689 ± 238,002 copies/mL; median log HIV RNA level ± SD, 10.2 ± 2.7 log 10 copies/mL) as those for the group that did not experience wasting (mean ± SD, 72,156 ± 149,080; median log HIV RNA level ± SD, 9.2 ± 2.3 log 10 copies/mL). Participants who experienced wasting were more likely to be heavy alcohol drinkers and users of cocaine. In multivariate analysis that included age, sex, food security, alcohol use, cocaine use, viral load, and receipt of antiretroviral therapy, the only significant predictors of wasting were ⩾1 day without eating during the previous month (odds ratio [OR], 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–3.26; P = .01) and viral load (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.00–2.69; P = .05).Conclusions. HIV-related wasting continues to be common among HIV-infected drug users, even among HAART recipients. Food insecurity and viral load were the only independent predictors of wasting. The social and economic conditions affecting the lifestyle of HIV-infected drug users constitute a challenge for prevention and treatment of wasting.
Regulation of Hepatic Phase II Metabolism in Pregnant Mice

Phase II enzymes, including Ugts, Sults, and Gsts, are critical for the disposition and detoxification of endo- and xenobiotics. In this study, the mRNA and protein expression of major phase II enzymes, as well as key regulatory transcription factors, were quantified in livers of time-matched pregnant and virgin control C57BL/6 mice on gestation days (GD) 7, 11, 14, 17, and postnatal days (PND) 1, 15, and 30. Compared with virgin controls, the mRNA expression of Ugt1a1, 1a6, 1a9, 2a3, 2b1, 2b34, and 2b35 decreased 40 to 80% in pregnant dams. Protein expression of Ugt1a6 also decreased and corresponded with reduced in vitro glucuronidation of bisphenol A in S9 fractions from livers of pregnant mice. Similar to Ugts levels, Gsta1 and a4 mRNAs were reduced in pregnant dams in mid to late gestation; however no change in protein expression was observed. Conversely, Sult1a1, 2a1/2, and 3a1 mRNAs increased 100 to 500% at various time points in pregnant and lactating mice and corresponded with enhanced in vitro sulfation of acetaminophen in liver S9 fractions. Coinciding with maximal decreases in Ugts as well as increases in Sults, the expression of transcription factors CAR, PPARα, and PXR and their target genes were downregulated, whereas ERα mRNA was upregulated. Collectively, these data demonstrate altered regulation of hepatic phase II metabolism in mice during pregnancy and suggest that CAR, PPARα, PXR, and ERα signaling pathways may be candidate signaling pathways responsible for these changes.
Preoperative hyponatremia predicts outcomes after cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective To study the effect of preoperative hyponatremia (Na Methods From 2002 to 2008, 4370 patients had cardiac surgery at our institution (CABG in 2238, valve in 597, CABG valve in 537, other in 998). The institution electronic medical records, STS database, and Social Security death index data were analyzed. The association of hyponatremia with mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and complications was analyzed using regression analysis. Results Prevalence of hyponatremia was 21%. Patients with preoperative hyponatremia had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (39% ± 17% versus 46% ± 14%, P Conclusions Preoperative hyponatremia is common, especially in high-risk patients. It is an independent risk factor for mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and complications after cardiac surgery.
Children's understanding of imagery in picture books

This discussion focuses on beginning readers’ perceptions and observations of picture book images they encounter in both school and home literacy environments. The data gathered from the subjects were organized in order to describe how visual literacy develops simultaneously with conventional literacy. Beginning with what research tells us about what strategic readers do in order to comprehend print, the current study seeks to understand if similar competencies are used when beginning readers view or “read” pictures in children’s books.
Sylf, seasons, structure and genre in The Seafarer

In ‘Second Thoughts on the Interpretation of The Seafarer’, John C. Pope gracefully retracted his earlier suggestion that The Seafarer and The Wanderer contain ‘dramatic voices’ and, in the process of retraction, generously acknowledged my own challenge to his two-speaker theory. In this later essay Professor Pope makes a number of illuminating comments about problems in The Seafarer: I feel especially enlightened by his evidence and argument that the phrase gifre ond graedig (62a) is apt for the bird-soul (the hyge-anfloga) of the speaker contemplating what is spiritually good, conveying ‘precisely the overwhelming desire, comparable to the fierce greediness of a bird of prey but purified by its object, that the seafarer feels for what he is about to name as “Dryhtnes dreamas”, “the joys of the Lord”’.
Potential Pest Mite Species Collected on Ornamental Plants from Central America at Port of Entry to the United States

Twenty-four plant shipments arriving via air cargo from Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica to Miami International airport in Florida, were sampled on February 6-7, 2003. Random samples of rooted plants or cuttings were washed in 80% ethanol to collect the mite species present. Altogether 81 mites in 11 families were identified in 12 plant shipments (i.e., 50% of the 24 shipments sampled were found to contain mites). Plant mite pests included Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), Fungitarsonemus sp., Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), Tarsonemus sp., Tarsonemus confusus Ewing, Tetranychus urticae Koch, Tetranychus sp., and Rhizoglyphus sp. (Acaridae). These mites, recovered from a variety of ornamental plant genera, are potentially serious pests. Of special importance is B. phoenicis because it is a known vector of citrus leprosis and several related viruses of ornamental plants that occur in Central and South America. A dilemma exists because many of these diseases, including citrus leprosis, do not occur in the United States, but potential vectors are already present. Relevant needs include (a) a special sampling program for mites on live plant materials received at ports of entry, (b) new legislation that requires imported plant propagules to be free of pest species of mites, and (c) mandatory risk mitigation in nurseries abroad where shipments originate and pre-clearance at the port of export.
PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN MEDIAN PROJECTS

Transportation projects that affect property access tend to be controversial. This is true whether the impacts are temporary, such as access impacts during construction, or permanent, such as the construction of a raised median. With median projects, typical public concerns relate to economic impacts on businesses, access for delivery vehicles, safety of U-turns, circuity of access, and neighborhood accessibility. Such concerns can escalate into active opposition where citizens are not kept adequately informed of project design decisions, or feel they have been excluded from the decision-making process. Agencies experienced with median projects find that techniques such as one on one briefings and open house meetings are more effective for addressing public concerns and less contentious than public hearings. This paper reviews the experiences of the Florida Department of Transportation in carrying out its statewide median program and provides strategies that other agencies may consider for involving the public in median projects.
Youth internalizing symptoms, sleep-related problems, and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors: A moderated mediation analysis

Abstract Purpose Internalizing symptoms increase the risk for disordered eating; however, the mechanism through which this relationship occurs remains unclear. Sleep-related problems may be a potential link as they are associated with both emotional functioning and disordered eating. The present study aims to evaluate the mediating roles of two sleep-related problems (sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness) in the relationship between youth internalizing symptoms and disordered eating, and to explore if age moderates these relations. Methods Participants were 225 youth (8–17 years) attending a primary care appointment. Youth and legal guardians completed questionnaires about youth disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, internalizing symptoms, sleep disturbance, and daytime sleepiness. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were utilized. Results The mediation model revealed both youth sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness independently mediated the association between internalizing symptoms and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, and explained 18% of the variance in disordered eating. The moderated mediation model including youth age accounted for 21% of the variance in disordered eating; youth age significantly interacted with sleep disturbance, but not with daytime sleepiness, to predict disordered eating. Sleep disturbance only mediated the relationship between internalizing symptoms and disordered eating in youth 12 years old and younger, while daytime sleepiness was a significant mediator regardless of age. Conclusion As sleep-related problems are frequently improved with the adoption of health behaviors conducive to good sleep, these results may suggest a relatively modifiable and cost-effective target to reduce youth risk for disordered eating.
Chapter 19 – Autoimmune myelopathies

Autoimmune myelopathies are a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated spinal cord disorders with a broad differential diagnosis. They encompass myelopathies with an immune attack on the spinal cord (e.g., aquaporin-4-IgG (AQP4-IgG) seropositive neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and its spectrum disorders (NMOSD)), myelopathies occurring with systemic autoimmune disorders (which may also be due to coexisting NMO/NMOSD), paraneoplastic autoimmune myelopathies, postinfectious autoimmune myelopathies (e.g., acute disseminated encephalomyelitis), and myelopathies thought to be immune-related (e.g., multiple sclerosis and spinal cord sarcoidosis). Spine magnetic resonance imaging is extremely useful in the evaluation of autoimmune myelopathies as the location of signal change, length of the lesion, gadolinium enhancement pattern, and evolution over time narrow the differential diagnosis considerably. The recent discovery of multiple novel neural-specific autoantibodies accompanying autoimmune myelopathies has improved their classification. These autoantibodies may be pathogenic (e.g., AQP4-IgG) or nonpathogenic and more reflective of a cytotoxic T-cell-mediated autoimmune response (collapsin response mediator protein-5(CRMP5)-IgG). The presence of an autoantibody may help guide cancer search, assist treatment decisions, and predict outcome/relapse. With paraneoplastic myelopathies the initial goal is detection and treatment of the underlying cancer. The aim of immunotherapy in all autoimmune myelopathies is to maximize reversibility, maintain benefits (while preventing relapse), and minimize side effects.
Amnesiac Memory: Hiroshima in Japanese Film

Nowhere does historical memory have more relevance to the present than in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Writers as diverse as French philosopher Jean Baudrillard and Japanese Nobel laureate Kenzaburō Ōe have commented that the dates of August 6 and 9, 1945, forever altered our understanding of what it means to be human. Humanity can now envisage its own, permanent obliteration along with that of most life forms on the planet. Even if all nuclear weapons were to be abolished, they cannot be un-invented—the contemporary, and perhaps last, phase of humanity is a nuclear one.1
Coordinated and Iterative Enzyme Catalysis in Fungal Polyketide Biosynthesis

Fungal polyketides are natural products with great chemical diversity that exhibit a wide range of biological activity. This chemical diversity often stems from specialized enzymes encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for natural product biosynthesis. Fungal polyketide synthases (PKS) are megasynthases that produce the carbon scaffold for the molecules. Subsequent downstream tailoring enzymes such as oxygenases will then further modify the organic framework. In fungi, many of these enzymes have been found to work iteratively—catalyzing multiple similar reactions on different sites of the substrate. This Perspective will analyze several examples of fungal polyketides that are assembled from a scaffold-building iterative PKS and an accompanying, complexity-generating iterative tailoring oxygenase. In these examples, the PKS product is designed for downstream iterative oxygenations to elegantly generate additional complexity. Together, these iterative enzymes efficiently orchestrate the biosy...
Evaluating IPMN and pancreatic carcinoma utilizing quantitative histopathology

National Cancer Institute (Arizona Cancer Center) [CA023074]; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD [T35HL007479]; National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA [NSF DMS-1309507, NSF DMS-1418172]; Graduate Medical Education Office at the University of Arizona; Jim Click Family Foundation, Tucson, AZ; J. Russell Skelton Family, Phoenix, AZ
Public Understanding of Science and K-12 STEM Education Outcomes: Effects of Idaho Parents’ Orientation Toward Science on Students’ Attitudes Toward Science:

Over the past few decades, public anxiety about how people interact with science has spawned cycles of discourse across a wide range of media, public and private initiatives, and substantial research endeavors. National and international STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) education initiatives and research have addressed how students interact with science and pursue careers in STEM fields. Researchers concerned with adult interaction with science have focused on factors that influence how citizens gather and interpret scientific knowledge and form positions on scientific issues, applications, and/or policy in a politicized democratic milieu. Building from research on how the public interacts with science in and outside of formal education, this study focuses on attitudes toward science among students in 4th, 7th, and 10th grades and their parents. Little research to date has paired the STEM experiences of adults with their children. We find that the extent to which parents are positively or...
Preexisting domain motions underlie protonation-dependent structural transitions of the P-type Ca2+-ATPase

We have performed microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine the mechanism for protonation-dependent structural transitions of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), one of the most prominent members of the large P-type ATPase superfamily that transports ions across biological membranes. The release of two H+ from the transport sites activates SERCA by inducing a structural transition between low (E2) and high (E1) Ca2+-affinity states (E2-to-E1 transition), but the structural mechanism by which transport site deprotonation facilitates this transition is unknown. We performed microsecond all-atom MD simulations to determine the effects of transport site protonation on the structural dynamics of the E2 state in solution. We found that the protonated E2 state has structural characteristics that are similar to those observed in crystal structures of E2. Upon deprotonation, a single Na+ ion rapidly (<10 ns) binds to the transmembrane transport sites and induces a kink in M5, disrupts the M3-M5 interface, and increases the mobility of the M3/A-M3 linker. Principal component analysis showed that counter-rotation of the cytosolic N-A domains about the membrane normal axis, which is the primary motion driving the E2-to-E1 transition, is present in both protonated and deprotonated E2 states; however, protonation-dependent structural changes in the transmembrane domain control the hierarchical organization and amplitude of this motion. We propose that preexisting rigid-body domain motions underlie structural transitions of SERCA, where the functionally important directionality is preserved while transport site protonation controls the dominance and amplitude of motion to shift the equilibrium between the E1 and E2 states. We conclude that ligand-induced modulation of preexisting domain motions is likely a common theme in structural transitions of the P-type ATPase superfamily.
Correlation between follicular fluid levels of sRAGE and vitamin D in women with PCOS

The pro-inflammatory advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their anti-inflammatory soluble receptors, sRAGE, play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. There is a correlation between vitamin D (vit D) and sRAGE in the serum, whereby vit D replacement increases serum sRAGE levels in women with PCOS, thus incurring a protective anti-inflammatory role. This study aims to compare levels of sRAGE, N-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML; one of the AGEs), and 25-hydroxy-vit D in the follicular fluid (FF) of women with or without PCOS, and to evaluate the correlation between sRAGE and 25-hydroxy-vit D in the FF. Women with (n = 12) or without (n = 13) PCOS who underwent IVF were prospectively enrolled. Women with PCOS had significantly higher anti-Mullerian hormone levels, higher number of total retrieved and mature oocytes, and higher number of day 3 and day 5 embryos formed. Compared to women without PCOS, women with PCOS had significantly lower FF sRAGE levels. In women with PCOS, in women without PCOS, and in all participants together, there was a significant positive correlation between sRAGE and 25-hydroxy-vit D. sRAGE positively correlated with CML in women without PCOS but not in women with PCOS. In women with PCOS, the low ovarian levels of the anti-inflammatory sRAGE suggest that sRAGE could represent a biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for ovarian dysfunction in PCOS. Whether there is a direct causal relationship between sRAGE and vit D in the ovaries remains to be determined.
Different Mixed Astrocyte Populations Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells Have Variable Neuronal Growth Support Capacities.

Central nervous system injury often leads to functional impairment due, in part, to the formation of an inhibitory glial scar following injury that contributes to poor regeneration. Astrocytes are the major cellular components of the glial scar, which has led to the belief that they are primarily inhibitory following injury. Recent work has challenged this by demonstrating that some astrocytes are required for spinal cord regeneration and astrocytic roles in recovery depend on their phenotype. In this work, two mixed populations containing primarily either fibrous or protoplasmic astrocytes were derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Motoneuron and V2a interneuron growth on live cultures, freeze-lysed cultures, or decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) from astrocytes were assessed. Both neuronal populations were found to extend significantly longer neurites on protoplasmic-derived substrates than fibrous-derived substrates. Interestingly, neurons extended longer neurites on protoplasmic-deri...
Towards Discovery and Targeted Peptide Biomarker Detection Using nanoESI-TIMS-TOF MS.

In the present work, the potential of trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled to TOF mass spectrometry (TIMS-TOF MS) for discovery and targeted monitoring of peptide biomarkers from human-in-mouse xenograft tumor tissue was evaluated. In particular, a TIMS-MS workflow was developed for the detection and quantification of peptide biomarkers using internal heavy analogs, taking advantage of the high mobility resolution (R = 150–250) prior to mass analysis. Five peptide biomarkers were separated, identified, and quantified using offline nanoESI-TIMS-CID-TOF MS; the results were in good agreement with measurements using a traditional LC-ESI-MS/MS proteomics workflow. The TIMS-TOF MS analysis permitted peptide biomarker detection based on accurate mobility, mass measurements, and high sequence coverage for concentrations in the 10–200 nM range, while simultaneously achieving discovery measurements of not initially targeted peptides as markers from the same proteins and, eventually, other proteins.
Learning from Lonely Hearts: Using Advice Columns in User Centered Design Education

Public advice columns have provided information, satisfied reader curiosity, and ignited discussion since the late 1600s. The role of the advice columnist can be understood as a form of cultural intermediary who identifies and assesses individual problems of potential relevance to wider audiences. Online columnists are now joined in this analysis of the human condition by communities of contributors who offer supporting or alternative judgments and directives for action. We examine the potential of these online advice columns as a material resource for assisting novice designers in identifying and understanding authentic human problems from multiple perspectives. We present insights from a small pilot study where university students used this design method as a framing mechanism for proposing socio-technical interventions. We conclude with consideration of the value, optimal usage, and limitations of adopting this approach in generating design ideas and training novice designers.
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid as a predictor of poor outcomes in gastroschisis.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine if meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) was associated with neonatal outcomes in gastroschisis. Study design A retrospective chart review of gastroschisis patients from 2000 to 2014 at a single, tertiary institution was performed. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher exact test, Welch's t-test, logistic regression and/or linear regression with significance at p Results Sixty-four of 135 (47.4%) gastroschisis patients had MSAF. On univariate analysis, patients with MSAF were more likely to require staged closure (30 (46.9%) vs. 18(25.4%), p = 0.012), had more ventilator days (8.9 ± 11.1 vs. 5.3 ± 6.3, p = 0.021) and longer times to commence enteral feeds (24.9 ± 21.7 vs. 18.5 ± 14.5, p = 0.045). However, multi-variate regression analysis controlling for the type of closure, showed that delayed closure, but not MSAF, was associated with worse outcomes. Conclusions In gastroschisis patients, MSAF is associated with delayed closure but is not associated with outcomes independent of closure type. This association may be because of the matting of the bowel or increased intestinal damage. The MSAF status will aid in setting expectations for parents during their initial NICU stay and further investigation is warranted. Type of study: Clinical Research Paper Level of evidence: III
The Impasse of the Liberal Argument: Speculation on American Politics in the Late 1960s

Arguments for liberal policies, strong during the early and middle 1960s, had reached an impasse by the end of the decade. They had developed an ad hominem character, leading to conclusions that their proponents could not accept. This progression is illustrated with respect to civil rights, the welfare state, and foreign policy. In each case, the liberal was stymied between the argument of the radical and that of the conservative. An approach to overcoming the impasse is sketched briefly, and a coda brings the article up to date in 2013.
Mathematical Models of Leukopoiesis and Leukemia

In this chapter, some quantitative models of populations of normal and abnormal blood-related cells are presented. The steady state behavior of neutrophils (certain white blood cells) and their precursors is modeled via difference equations. Next, the time-dependent behavior of some blood-related cell populations are considered, Rubinow’s partial differential equation is used to describe normal neutrophil production. Under the assumption that a neoplastic neutrophil precursor is subject to abnormal control conditions, Rubinow’s model predicts the occurence of acute myeloblastic leukemia. The neutrophil model can also be used to simulate chemotherapy for acute myeloblastic leukemia. The resulting simulation suggests improvements in the drug protocol. Next a model of chronic granulocytic leukemia and a discrete model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are discussed. Finally, a comprehensive computer model for granulopoiesis and its application to cancer chemotherapy is presented.
Two-Player, Zero-Sum Differential Games and Viscosity Solutions

In this chapter I describe some of the recent advances made in the theory of two-person, zero-sum deterministic and stochastic differential games using the theory of viscosity solutions of first-and second-order fully nonlinear elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations.
AAV-Mediated TAZ Gene Replacement Restores Mitochondrial and Cardioskeletal Function in Barth Syndrome.

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare mitochondrial disease that affects heart and skeletal muscle and has no curative treatment. It is caused by recessive mutations in the X-linked gene TAZ, which encod...
Ecological energetics of the seaweed zone in a marine bay on the Atlantic coast of Canada. I. Zonation and biomass of seaweeds

An intertidal and underwater survey of the zonation of seaweed in St. Margaret's Bay, NovaScotia, Canada showed 8 major zones as one proceeded away from shore: (1) Fucus and Ascophyllum; (2) Chorda with filamentous browns; (3) Chondrus crispus; (4) Zostera marina; (5) Laminaria digitata with L. longicrusis; (6) Laminaria longicruris; (7) L. longicruris with Agarum cribrosum; (8) Agarum cribrosum with Ptilota serrata. Zostera occurred at the same level as O. crispus but replaced it in sheltered water. Ascophyllum was more abundant in sheltered water. L. digitata was confined to the more exposed, steeper shore. The average horizontal extent of the seaweed zone was 369 m, and the greatest depth of significant amounts of seaweed 20 to 30 m. Laminaria longicruris contributed 36% of the total biomass, and Laminaria spp. and Agarum together constituted 83%, while intertidal seaweeds contributed less than 10% of the biomass. The estimated average total biomass per m of shore line was 1,481 kg fresh weight, 326 kg dry weight, 98 kg carbon, or 980x103 kcal. When averaged over the whole area of the bay, the corresponding figures were 1.38 kg/m2 fresh weight, 0.30 kg/m2 dry weight, 91 g/m2 carbon or 912 kcal/m2. Dry matter of Laminaria was 15 to 27% of fresh weight in blades, 10 to 12% in stipes. The dry matter content of blades was least in spring and highest in autumn, but carbon content and calorific value of dry matter showed little difference with species or season.