cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributional Patterns of Arsenic Concentrations in Contaminant Plumes Offer Clues to the Source of Arsenic in Groundwater at Landfills

The distributional pattern of dissolved arsenic concentrations from landfill plumes can provide clues to the source of arsenic contamination. Under simple idealized conditions, arsenic concentrations along flow paths in aquifers proximal to a landfill will decrease under anthropogenic sources but potentially increase under in situ sources. This paper presents several conceptual distributional patterns of arsenic in groundwater based on the arsenic source under idealized conditions. An example of advanced subsurface mapping of dissolved arsenic with geophysical surveys, chemical monitoring, and redox fingerprinting is presented for a landfill site in New Hampshire with a complex flow pattern. Tools to assist in the mapping of arsenic in groundwater ultimately provide information on the source of contamination. Once an understanding of the arsenic contamination is achieved, appropriate remedial strategies can then be formulated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
A Family Beliefs Framework for Socially and Culturally Specific Preventive Interventions With Refugee Youths and Families

To assist in designing socially and culturally specific preventive interventions for refugee youths and families, this study identified the processes by which refugee families adapt and apply family beliefs concerning youths. A grounded-theory model constructed with ATLAS/ti for Windows and named the family beliefs framework describes (a) family beliefs concerning refugee youths, (b) contextual factors interacting with these family beliefs, (c) adaptation of family beliefs concerning refugee youths, and (d) the interplay of adapting family beliefs and behaviors concerning refugee youths. Preventive interventions for refugee youths and families would be more socially and culturally specific if they addressed the specific processes of adapting family beliefs experienced by refugee youths and their families amid transitions and traumas.
Abnormal Situation Management: A Major US Programme to Improve Management of Abnormal Situations

In 1991, Honeywell established an abnormal situation management (ASM) program involving participation of several petrochemical customers with operations in the continental USA (including companies that are not US-owned). The ASM consortium supports a number of activities and is partially funded by the US government as a research consortium. The consortium has two major activities: assessment audits of operating plants; and the development of a software-based diagnostic system-AEGIS. These two activities are briefly reviewed.
Electoral Accountability and Fiscal Policy in the U.S. States: A Reassessment

Conventional wisdom suggests that voters hold elected officials accountable for higher spending and taxes and poor fiscal management. In addition, we generally expect that executives will bear the brunt of punishment more than legislators for undesirable fiscal outcomes because the responsibility for decision-making is clearer. Surprisingly, there is little recent research on these expectations even though government spending and fiscal management are central concerns among politicians and the electorate at the state and national level. In this paper, we examine whether governors and legislators are held accountable for fiscal outcomes by voters, and whether these relationships depend on party control and different expectations about how each party should manage fiscal policy. These propositions are tested on gubernatorial and legislative elections data from 1990 to 2008. In the conclusion, we discuss whether electoral accountability for budget outcomes is likely to steer policymakers at the state and national level toward a more sustainable fiscal path.
SRIUBC-Core: Multiword Soft Similarity Models for Textual Similarity

In this year’s Semantic Textual Similarity evaluation, we explore the contribution of models that provide soft similarity scores across spans of multiple words, over the previous year’s system. To this end, we explored the use of neural probabilistic language models and a TF-IDF weighted variant of Explicit Semantic Analysis. The neural language model systems used vector representations of individual words, where these vectors were derived by training them against the context of words encountered, and thus reflect the distributional characteristics of their usage. To generate a similarity score between spans, we experimented with using tiled vectors and Restricted Boltzmann Machines to identify similar encodings. We find that these soft similarity methods generally outperformed our previous year’s systems, albeit they did not perform as well in the overall rankings. A simple analysis of the soft similarity resources over two word phrases is provided, and future areas of improvement are described.
Comparing Readmissions and Infectious Complications of Blunt Splenic Injuries Using a Statewide Database

Abstract Background: Although non-operative management of blunt splenic injury (BSI) is increasingly common, the long-term infectious complications after adjunct splenic artery embolization (SAE) are not well described. Methods: Patients aged 18–64 y with BSI were identified in the California State Inpatient Database (2007–2011) and categorized as receiving either non-operative management (NOM) without SAE, NOM with SAE, or operative management (OM). The cumulative incidence of infections (surgical site infections [SSI], pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis) requiring readmission at different times up to one y after injury were calculated. Patient and treatment factors associated with infectious readmissions were determined using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of the 4,360 patients with BSI, 61.6% had NOM without SAE, 5.8% had NOM with SAE, and 32.6% had OM. The cumulative incidences of infectious complications after each of the management modes were 1.27%, 1.59%, and 1.76%,...
Effect of total body irradiation, busulfan-cyclophosphamide, or cyclophosphamide conditioning on inflammatory cytokine release and development of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease in H-2- incompatible transplanted SCID mice

In a previous study, we found that total body irradiation (TBI) was essential to induce acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic H-2-incompatible splenocyte (SP) transplantation in SCID mice. SCID mice (H-2d) conditioned with cyclophosphamide and transplanted intravenously (IV) with 5 x 10(7) C57BL/6 (H-2b) SP developed chronic GVHD within 3 months posttransplant without any evidence of preceding acute GVHD. In this study, SCID mice were conditioned with 4 Gy TBI or non-TBI regimens, either BuCy2 (busulfan 4 mg/kg/d + cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg/d for 2 days) or Cy5 (cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg/d for 5 days), and then transplanted IV with 5 x 10(7) SP. The TBI-conditioned mice were further divided into tree transplant groups: (1) TBI and SP administered the same day (TBI + D0 SP), (2) SP administered 4 days post-TBI (TBI + D4 SP), and (3) SP administered 7 days post-TBI (TBI + D7 SP). The severity of GVHD was compared among these groups by clinical and histologic grading. Twenty-eight of 28 mice treated with TBI + D0 SP died of acute GVHD, with overwhelming diarrhea by day 15 posttransplantation. Sixteen mice treated with either TBI + D4 SP or TBI + D7 SP developed acute GVHD, but none of them died of this disorder during 30 days posttransplantation. The mice conditioned with non-TBI regimens developed chronic GVHD within 3 months without showing any detectable signs of acute GVHD. Serum and in situ colonic cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistology respectively. TBI itself significantly increased both serum and colonic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), and IL-6 when compared with non-TBI regimens and normal controls. TNF-alpha appeared in the serum and colon 4 hours post-TBI and peaked in 24 hours, followed by increasing IL-1 alpha and then IL-6 levels. TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha decreased rapidly within 3 to 5 days post-TBI if no allogeneic cells were transplanted. Histoincompatible transplantation augmented cytokine release, which remained elevated on day 10 in these animals. Mice treated with TBI + D0 SP developed the most severe acute GVHD and had the highest levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6. The BuCy2-conditioned mice had the lowest cytokine levels and developed no acute GVHD. When the mice transplanted with TBI + D0 SP were treated immediately with recombinant soluble human TNF receptor (rhuTNFR:Fc) 100 micrograms/d intraperitoneally and for the subsequent 15 days acute GVHD mortality was significantly reduced from 100% to 50% (P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Elastic and inelastic scattering studies for the systems /sup 12/C+/sup 28/Si and /sup 16/O+/sup 28,29,30/Si

Elastic and inelastic excitation functions for the systems /sup 12/C+ /sup 28/Si and /sup 16/O+/sup 28,29,30/Si have been measured at theta/sub c.m./ = 180/sup 0/ from the Coulomb barrier up to E/sub c.m./ = 45 MeV (/sup 12/C+/sup 28/Si), E/sub c.m./ = 52 MeV (/sup 16/O+/sup 28/Si), and E/sub c.m./ = 32 MeV (/sup 16/O+/sup 29,30/Si). Over the whole energy range they all exhibit pronounced and regular broad oscillations (0.5< or approx. =theta< or approx. =1.5 MeV). Elastic and inelastic angular distributions up to theta/sub c.m./ = 180/sup 0/ were taken at five of the maxima and near a minimum of the excitation function for the system /sup 16/O+/sup 28/Si. All angular distributions are oscillatory and exhibit a strong backward rise. The data are discussed in terms of a coherent superposition of a background and a resonant amplitude and in terms of the interference between the internal and barrier wave reflected by a deep optical potential.
Sample size under the additive hazards model.

Background:The additive hazards model can be easier to interpret and in some cases fits better than the proportional hazards model. However, sample size formulas for clinical trials with time to event outcomes are currently based on either the proportional hazards assumption or an assumption of constant hazards.Aims:The goal is to provide sample size formulas for superiority and non-inferiority trials assuming an additive hazards model but no specific distribution, along with evaluations of the performance of the formulas.Methods:Formulas are presented that determine the required sample size for a given scenario under the additive hazards model. Simulations are conducted to ensure that the formulas attain the desired power. For illustration, the non-inferiority sample size formula is applied to the calculations in the SPORTIF III trial of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.Conclusion:Simulation results show that the sample size calculations lead to the correct power. Sample size is easily calculated...
The Ladies Women in the Modern World

(1930). The Ladies Women in the Modern World. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 242-243.
Survival of porcine embryos after asynchronous transfer (41495).

AbstractForty gilts and sows were used to transfer Day 5 embryos into one uterine horn, while Day 7 embryos were transferred into the other horn, of Day 6 nonpregnant recipients (Day 0 = first day of estrus). The survival of the transferred embryos was determined on Day 11 (Expt 1) and Days 60 to 70 (Expt 2). The percentage of Day 5 and 7 embryos surviving the transfer procedures on Day 11 was not different, 42 ± 10 and 43 ± 12, respectively. However, by midgestation (Day 60) more (P < 0.001) fetuses that developed from Day 7 embryos survived than fetuses that developed from Day 5 embryos, 63 ± 8 and 8 ± 7%, respectively. These experiments indicated that the presence of embryos more advanced in development caused the demise of younger embryos sometime between Days 11 and 60 of gestation.
The Effects of Wet on Growing Heifer Brewers Grain Performance

Abstract Sixty-four crossbred heifers, individually penned and fed, were used in a growing trial to evaluate four levels of wet brewers grain (WBG). A randomized block design was used to evaluate diet dry matter at four levels: 1} 0%, 2} 3%, 3} 12%, and 4} 33% WBG. The remainder of the diet included cornsilage and supplements. Feeding 33% WBG reduced (P
Identification of processing elements and interactors implicate SMN, coilin and the pseudogene-encoded coilp1 in telomerase and box C/D scaRNP biogenesis

Many cellular functions, such as translation, require ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The biogenesis of RNPs is a multi-step process that, depending on the RNP, can take place in many cellular compartments. Here we examine 2 different RNPs: telomerase and small Cajal body-specific RNPs (scaRNPs). Both of these RNPs are enriched in the Cajal body (CB), which is a subnuclear domain that also has high concentrations of another RNP, small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs). SnRNPs are essential components of the spliceosome, and scaRNPs modify the snRNA component of the snRNP. The CB contains many proteins, including WRAP53, SMN and coilin, the CB marker protein. We show here that coilin, SMN and coilp1, a newly identified protein encoded by a pseudogene in human, associate with telomerase RNA and a subset of scaRNAs. We also have identified a processing element within box C/D scaRNA. Our findings thus further strengthen the connection between the CB proteins coilin and SMN in the biogenesis of telomeras e and box C/D scaRNPs, and reveal a new player, coilp1, that likely participates in this process.
Globalization of Remittances in India: Towards a Sociological Perspective

As the scale of migration increases, the corresponding growth in remit- tances is gaining widespread attention (IFAD, 2007, p. 2). The globalization of migration has particularly put the phenomenon of remittances at the centre of social science research. The dominant focus of this research is on the economic dimension. Money is at the core of remittances, making it fundamentally an economic fact. It documents the inflow of remittances at an aggregate level and examines its implications at the macro level. In 2010, with an approximately 12.1 per cent increase in the remittance flows to developing countries despite the economic crisis, the remittance experi- ence goes beyond economic and money per se. Indeed, in recent years there has been exploratory work on the social dimension of remittances, bring- ing the role of the local, defined in various ways, to the centre of research on remittances. As the understanding of the non-economic dimension of remittances and changing nature of the local becomes ever more crucial, it compels a more detailed inquiry into the interrelationship between global remittances and economic, social, and cultural processes at the local level. Taking India as a case study for both its cultural diversity and topping the list of remittance-receiving countries in 2012 with $69 billion,1 this chapter is just such an enquiry.
LINCing the eukaryotic tree of life – towards a broad evolutionary comparison of nucleocytoplasmic bridging complexes

The nuclear envelope is much more than a simple barrier between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Nuclear envelope bridging complexes are protein complexes spanning both the inner and outer nuclear envelope membranes, thus directly connecting the cytoplasm with the nucleoplasm. In metazoans, they are involved in connecting the cytoskeleton with the nucleoskeleton, and act as anchoring platforms at the nuclear envelope for the positioning and moving of both nuclei and chromosomes. Recently, nucleocytoplasmic bridging complexes have also been identified in more evolutionarily diverse organisms, including land plants. Here, I discuss similarities and differences among and between eukaryotic supergroups, specifically of the proteins forming the cytoplasmic surface of these complexes. I am proposing a structure and function for a hypothetical ancestral nucleocytoplasmic bridging complex in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, with the goal to stimulate research in more diverse emerging model organisms.
Informing conservation strategies for the endangered Atlantic sturgeon using acoustic telemetry and multi-state mark–recapture models

Summary Causes of non-intentional mortality may pose conservation challenges for long-lived, migratory species. Recovery attempts for Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus populations in the USA have mainly involved closures of targeted fishing, but bycatch mortality from fisheries targeting other species remains a significant obstacle. Natural and fishing mortality levels are highly uncertain and difficult to separate, but quantifying spatial and temporal patterns of movements and total mortality can directly inform management policies regarding fishing activity that affects sturgeon. Subadult sturgeon were tagged with acoustic transmitters to track their movements with receivers deployed in active fishing areas within the New York Bight. Multi-state mark–recapture models were used to quantify seasonal patterns in survival and migration while accounting for detection probabilities of tagged fish. Movement patterns of sturgeon were highly variable among seasons along the Long Island Coast, with frequent south-westward movements during the increase in sea surface temperature in spring. North-eastward movements were most pronounced during winter, when temperatures were lowest. Sturgeon were less common along coastal Long Island during summer. Larger fish transitioned among strata more frequently, but also had slightly lower survival than smaller fish, which may result from selectivity for larger individuals caught incidentally in bottom trawl or gillnet fisheries. Weekly total mortality rates, including both natural and fishing mortality, averaged 0·24%. Highest weekly survival rates were observed during periods of decreasing sea surface temperature in autumn and winter, while lowest survival was observed during periods of increasing temperature in spring and summer while sturgeon migrated through areas of known bycatch. Policy implications. Movement and survival patterns of Atlantic sturgeon suggest that late spring, coinciding with periods of ocean bycatch in fisheries along the coast of Long Island, is a particularly sensitive period for Atlantic sturgeon. Conservation efforts could target these few weeks using real-time observations from acoustic telemetry and remote sensing technologies to implement in-season fishery closures, thereby reducing incidental mortality of Atlantic sturgeon. Such bycatch management measures would aid in recovery attempts of a long-lived, migratory population with endangered status.
The complement system and dendritic cells combine to influence adaptive immunity. Commentary

Previous studies have found that deficiency of complement component C3 is associated with reduced T cell responses in several disease models including viral infection, autoimmune disease, and transplantation. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) are able to synthesize C3 and this synthesis is required for the capacity of DCs to stimulate alloreactive T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Compared with C3-producing DCs, C3-nonproducing DCs exhibit reduced potency to stimulate an alloreactive T cell response, favor the polarization of CD4+ T cells toward Th2 phenotype, and have regulatory T cell-driving capacity. In addition, priming mice with C3-deficient DCs compared with wild-type DCs led to delayed skin allograft rejection. Our findings that nonproduction of C3 by DCs significantly reduced T cell stimulation and impaired allograft rejection provide a potentially important explanation of how C3-deficient mice develop reduced T cell responses and of how C3-deficient donor kidney is protected from T cell-mediated graft rejection.
An assessment of butyltins and metals in sediment cores from the St. Thomas East End Reserves, USVI.

Tributyltin (TBT) concentrations near a marina complex in Benner Bay on St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, were elevated relative to other areas in a larger study of the southeastern shore of the island. At the request of the USVI Coastal Zone Management Program, sediment cores and surface sediment samples were collected to better define the extent and history of TBT deposition in the vicinity of Benner Bay. The sediment cores were sectioned into 2-cm intervals and dated with 210Pb and 137Cs. The core sections and the surface samples were analyzed for butyltins and 16 elements. Deposition rates varied from 0.07–5.0 mm/year, and were highest in the marina complex. Core ages ranged from 54 to 200 years. The bottoms of the cores contained shell hash, but the top layers all consisted of much finer material. Surface concentrations of TBT exceeded 2000 ng Sn/g (dry weight) at two locations. At a depth of 8 cm TBT exceeded 8800 ng Sn/g in the marina complex sediment. Based on the ratio of tributyltin to total butyltins, it appears that the marina sediments are the source of contamination of the surrounding area. There is evidence that vessels from neighboring islands may also be a source of fresh TBT. Copper concentrations increase over time up to the present. Gradients of virtually all metals and metalloids extended away from the marina complex. NOAA sediment quality guidelines were exceeded for As, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Hg.
Complement Protein C1q Enhances Macrophage Foam Cell Survival and Efferocytosis

In the atherosclerotic lesion, macrophages ingest high levels of damaged modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), generating macrophage foam cells. Foam cells undergo apoptosis and, if not efficiently cleared by efferocytosis, can undergo secondary necrosis, leading to plaque instability and rupture. As a component of the innate immune complement cascade, C1q recognizes and opsonizes modified forms of LDL, such as oxidized or acetylated LDL, and promotes ingestion by macrophages in vitro. C1q was shown to be protective in an atherosclerosis model in vivo. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether ingestion of modified LDL in the presence of C1q alters macrophage foam cell survival or function. In an unbiased transcriptome analysis, C1q was shown to modulate expression of clusters of genes involved in cell death and apoptosis pathways in human monocyte-derived macrophages ingesting modified LDL; this was validated by quantitative PCR in human and murine macrophages. C1q downregulated levels and activity of active caspase-3 and PARP-1 in human and mouse macrophages during ingestion of modified LDL. This led to a measurable increase in survival and decrease in cell death, as measured by alamarBlue and propidium iodide assays, respectively. C1q opsonization also increased phagocytosis and efferocytosis in macrophage foam cells. These data suggest that C1q promotes macrophage survival during ingestion of excess cholesterol, as well as improves foam cell efferocytic function. This may be important in slowing disease progression and provides insight into the protective role of C1q in early atherosclerosis.
High Harmonic Generation in ZnO from a 50 kHz OPA

We generate high-order harmonics in ZnO using a mid-IR OPA with 50 kHz repetition rate. Nonperturbative harmonic spectra beyond the band gap exhibit strong dependence on the crystal orientation with respect to the laser polarization.
With regret: The genre of teachers’ public resignation letters

Abstract In recent years, in blogs and online news sites, a novel genre has emerged. Understanding this genre—the public teacher resignation letter—is the primary investigation explored here. Through examination of 22 viral public resignation letters, and utilizing Genre Theory and moves analysis, research questions included: (1) What are the common features of this genre, as demonstrated in the teacher-writers' moves and submoves? (2) When describing the state of education today, what particular sub-moves do teacher-writers utilize, and to what ends? Findings indicate remarkable similarity between the moves teacher-writers make in their letters, including, for example, building expertise and ethos, explaining the state of education today, and identifying abandonment. Authors also made use of sub-moves like metaphors, emotional appeals, and language of defiance and resistance. Our analysis reveals (1) how the teachers are writing and what work their letters do, (2) what they're writing about and what this reveals about current neoliberal policies, and (3) where we see implications of their writing for various audiences.
Development and Validation of the Female Muscularity Scale

Socially promoted physical appearance ideals for women place increasing importance on muscularity, resulting in growing muscularity concerns among traditional college-age women. To date, however, instruments for assessing the type of muscularity concerns reported by women are lacking. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop such a scale and examine its psychometric properties among a sample of young women. Findings from an exploratory factor analysis (n = 235) and a confirmatory factor analysis (n = 130) revealed a two-factor structure, including a five-item Attitudes subscale (α = .89) and a five-item Behaviors subscale (α = .90), which were moderately correlated, r = .50. In addition, the scale demonstrated good 2-week test-retest reliability (r = .76), and the subscales revealed moderate-to-large associations with body image concerns, drive for thinness, and exercise engagement, indicating concurrent validity. Thus the new Female Muscularity Scale is a useful and promising tool for assessing muscularity concerns among young women, and it may help toward understanding the role of pressures to achieve a toned body in the development of body image, eating, and exercise disorders.
Response by Feldman et al to Letter Regarding Article, “Trends in Recruitment Rates for Acute Stroke Trials, 1990–2014”

We thank Murray and Barrow for their response to our article, Trends in Recruitment Rates for Acute Stroke Trials, 1990–2014.1 We agree that one contributing factor to slow recruitment in acute stroke trials is the enhanced ability of Primary Stroke Centers to manage acute strokes and, in turn, the diminished need to transfer patients to regional academic medical centers where clinical trials are often based. Expanding acute stroke trials to include more Primary Stroke Centers could increase the total number of patients screened by trial investigators and thereby bolster recruitment rates (participants per …
Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension in Adults Aged 60 Years or Older: A Guideline You Can Trust.

A high standard must be met when guidelines recommend lifelong preventive medications, knowing that at best, a small minority of patients will benefit and that all are risking harm.
New adenovirus-based vaccine vectors targeting Pfs25 elicit antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum transmission

An effective malaria transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) would be a major advance in the current efforts to eliminate and, ultimately, eradicate malaria. Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum surface protein, Pfs25, are known to block parasite development in the mosquito vector. However, in initial clinical trials the limited immunogenicity of recombinant Pfs25 protein-in-adjuvant vaccines has been a challenge. Novel human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors were used in heterologous prime boost vaccination strategies to augment the immune response against Pfs25. Specifically, an Ad5 vector that directs expression of full-length, membrane-bound Pfs25 was used as a priming immunization followed by a boost with Ad5 viral particles displaying only the Pfs25 epitope targeted by transmission-blocking antibodies 4B7 and 1D2 (Pfs25 aa 122–134) in hypervariable region 5 of the hexon capsid protein. This heterologous prime-boost vaccine strategy induced antibodies that significantly inhibit P. falciparum transmission to mosquitoes in a standard membrane-feeding assay. Further, immunized mice generated a robust anti-Pfs25 antibody response characterized by higher titer, higher relative avidity and a broader IgG subclass profile than observed with a homologous prime-boost with recombinant Pfs25/alum. The data suggest that focusing the immune response against defined epitopes displayed on the viral capsid is an effective strategy for transmission-blocking vaccine development.
Innovation and entrepreneurship programs in US medical education: a landscape review and thematic analysis.

Background: Training in innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) in medical education has become increasingly prevalent among medical schools to train students in complex problem solving and solution ...
Considering Quality and Diversity: An Analysis of Read-Aloud Recommendations and Rationales from Children’s Literature Experts

We report an analysis of experts’ picturebook recommendations and rationales for read-alouds. Such recommendations are important as experts provide book suggestions to teachers. In this investigati...
Monitoring Hospital-Associated Infections with Control Charts

Hospital-associated infections are a major concern in hospitals due to the potential loss of life and increased treatment costs. Monitoring the incidences of infections is an established part of quality maintenance programs for infectious disease departments in hospitals. However, traditional methods of analysis are often inadequate since the incidences of infections occur at relatively low rates. The g-type control chart is ideal for use since it monitors days between infections. However, users of the control charts find the g-type chart counter-intuitive and would prefer to use a u-chart or even a control chart for individuals. In this paper, we investigate g-type chart alternatives and how these charts may be applied to infection control surveillance data from Seattle Childrens Hospital.
Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

The surgical treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms, particularly basilar apex aneurysms, remains one of the most technically challenging neurosurgical procedures. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, or cardiac standstill, provides a bloodless surgical field in which giant or complex aneurysms of the posterior fossa can be safely collapsed to increase exposure without risking rupture during dissection. Visualization of the perforators is improved as is the ability to dissect them free from the clip. As endovascular techniques have evolved and alternate surgical techniques have been adopted, the indications for cardiac standstill have decreased.
A "Dubious Distinction": New Jersey's Drug-Free School Zones & Disparately Impacted Minority Communities

Richard Nixon fundamentally changed the prison system in America when he launched the “War on Drugs” in 1969, leading to a series of federal laws imposing harsh mandatory sentences on drug offenders. In an attempt to shield children from drugs, New Jersey followed other states in passing a “drug-free school zone” statute. The statute imposed harsh mandatory minimum sentences for all drug offenders arrested within 1,000 feet of schools, regardless of whether children were involved. This law has had a disparate impact on minorities in New Jersey, who disproportionately populate urban communities that happen to be located within all-encompassing drug-free school zones. This Note analyzes the effect of the statutes passed during the War on Drugs, and argues that New Jersey must modify its drug-free school zone statute to create smaller zones, require a nexus to the school, and focus on drug dealers most likely to target children.
Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also referred to as temporal arteritis, is a medium to large-size vessel vasculitis that usually affects the temporal or occipital branches of the external carotid artery, but can also involve the ophthalmic, vertebral, distal subclavian, and axillary arteries, as well as the thoracic aorta.
Wet Nursing in Emergencies

It is often assumed that where infants cannot be breastfed by their own mothers, as is often the case in emergency situations, the second-best option is to use infant formula. However, wet nursing is usually a better option than infant formula. The wet nursing could be spontaneous or it could organized in advance. In many cases, the needs of infants who cannot be breastfed by their own mothers could be met with the help of lactating women in their area. In some cases banked human milk might meet the need, but in emergency situations it is not likely to be readily available when and where it is needed. Plans could be made by women’s groups to offer lactation services in their areas in emergency situations.
Palmetto Postmortem: Examining the Effects of the South Carolina Voter Identification Statute:

In 2011, South Carolina passed a government-issued photo identification (ID) statute. We examine the effects of this law on overall turnout, as well as for minority turnout in particular. A series ...
Cauchy Principal Value Equations on a Finite Interval

The first step in solving an integral equation that involves a Cauchy principal value integral is to express the integral and the unknown density in terms of the associated analytic function. The resulting equation poses a Riemann problem. In the physical contexts where such equations arise, the associated analytic function usually has a physical meaning itself, and often the Riemann problem can be posed without ever writing the integral equation explicitly. The methods that we use to solve the Riemann problem, which we begin to explain in the present chapter, are useful even when the problem has not been posed as an integral equation.
The Women's Movement Knocks on the Door: Theorizing the Strategy, Context and Impact of Frauen Macht Politik (FraP!) on Women's Representation in Swiss Politics

“Get up, stand up and live! That's a movement.” — Elisabeth Joris (Joris 2015b) Are women's parties effective? More than 50 women's parties have emerged since 1990 in countries all over the world, contesting and winning seats in local, national, and regional legislatures. Although women's parties are not infrequent, appear in a variety of contexts, and advance common agendas related to inclusion and equality, we know very little about their experiences or whether they have been able to achieve their goals. In this article, Frauen Macht Politik (FraP!) is examined to consider whether and how women's parties present an avenue for advancing women's movement goals. The evidence shows that forming a party can help the movement to set the public agenda, can increase the attention paid to their issues, and can influence the formal institutions of politics. Many variables neglected elsewhere in the literature shape the ability of niche parties to affect the commitments of more established parties: the nature of the small party; its composition, intent, reach, and resources; its institutional context; and the boundaries of the organization. These features also determine the extent to which women's movements can use a political party to influence the representativeness of a political system.
Quantification of intracellular H2O2: Methods and significance

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule via its reactions with thiol-containing residues of certain proteins within the cell. Knowledge of relevant concentration ranges found within the cell can be informative with respect to likely and unlikely reaction mechanisms. In this chapter, several methods of determining intracellular H2O2 concentrations are presented, and findings in a variety of mammalian systems are discussed.
A little better is still better: using marginal gains to enhance ‘enhanced recovery’ after surgery

In Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine , McCarthy and colleagues share the results of their retrospective cohort study evaluating the effects of implementing additional transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks to a robust enhanced recovery protocol on opioid consumption and other perioperative
Inhomogeneity of Interfacial Electric Fields at Vibrational Probes on Electrode Surfaces.

Electric fields control chemical reactivity in a wide range of systems, including enzymes and electrochemical interfaces. Characterizing the electric fields at electrode–solution interfaces is crit...
THE SPECIFIC SORPTION OF COBALT AND ZINC BY LAYER SILICATES

The sorption of Co and Zn by layer silicates was studied in dilute mineral suspensions containing, in most cases, about 10–6 M Co or Zn. Electrostatic adsorption was eliminated by the presence of 0.1 N CaCl2. Co and Zn were determined by a radioisotopic technique. Detailed studies on montmorillonite and to a lesser extent vermiculite, muscovite and biotite revealed the presence of at least two forms of specifically sorbed Co, one of which was exchangeable by certain ions such as Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn or more Co and the other, occurring in much smaller amounts, was not exchangeable by these cations. The latter form is considered to result from lattice penetration; the former is associated with surface groups. These forms may be separated quantitatively by several desorption procedures including successive extractions with dilute acetic acid. The total amount and relative proportion of these forms of sorbed Co and Zn depend on the pH of the system, time of reaction, mineral species used, and amount of Co or Zn added. Equilibrium is not readily attained but tends to approach a slow steady state after several days. Isotherms indicate a variation in bonding energy with surface coverage. The sorption of Co and Zn from dilute solutions by any mineral is related to its stability. These studies, considered in conjunction with published data, suggest that a common mechanism may be involved in the specific sorption of many heavy metal cations by many minerals.
Laser plume containment during flexible transnasal laryngoscopy.

Objective: To evaluate a negative pressure microenvironment designed to contain laser plume during flexible transnasal laryngoscopy. Methods: The Negative Pressure Face Shield (NPFS) was previously reported as well tolerated with initial use on 30 patients. Diagnostic transnasal laryngoscopy was performed on an additional 108 consecutive patients who were evaluated by questionnaires and sequential pulse oximetry. Further study addressed operative transnasal potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser laryngoscopy with biopsy done on four patients employing the NPFS. Results: The previously described NPFS version 3 (v.3), a transparent acrylic barrier with two anterior instrumentation ports, was modified by repositioning the side suction port closer to the level of the nose and deepening the lateral sides, squaring off the lower projection. A post-procedure questionnaire employing a 5-point Likert scale ranging from no symptoms (rating of 1) to intolerable (rating of 5) identified excellent patient tolerance of the new design (v.4), among 22 patients evaluated and similar in the comparison to the 116 patients using version 3. Among the 138 patients analyzed, only one patient rated the experience as greater than "mild claustrophobia." 100% of patients answered either "none" or "mild" to the pain and shortness of breath questions. The NPFS (v.4) was then successfully used in four patients for laser laryngoscopy with biopsy of laryngeal papilloma (3/4) and hemorrhagic polyp (1/4). Post-procedure questionnaire identified no shortness of breath (4/4), no claustrophobia (4/4), no pain (4/4) and no significant changes in pulse oximetry during use. Conclusion: Extensive experience in performing diagnostic laryngoscopy with the NPFS directed design changes leading to successful use for transnasal flexible laser laryngoscopy with biopsy in a negative pressure microenvironment. Level of Evidence: Level 2b (Cohort Study).
Methodological review of genetic engineering approaches for non-model algae

Abstract Despite the tremendous potential of algae to contribute to a future bioeconomy, there are practical and theoretical limitations to how well naturally sourced species can perform in an outdoor setting. The application of biotechnology to modulate and engineer algae metabolism, with the aim of increasing biomass productivity, directing carbon towards a favorable composition, resilience to pests, or producing novel molecules, offers opportunities to overcome some of the major commercialization barriers. There are numerous rational genetic engineering approaches documented in the literature having variable rates of success yet often lacking a thorough discussion on the potential underlying causes of the unsuccessful attempts. We critically review the documented methodology and approaches of recently reported genetic engineering successes of non-model algae. In particular, we focus on the identification of complications reported in recent literature based on native algae defense and resistance mechanisms relating to genetic engineering. The goal of this work is to provide insights into common mechanisms and suggest approaches that may help to develop successful genetic engineering strategies in non-model algae.
Inside the Mind of a CS Undergraduate TA: A Firsthand Account of Undergraduate Peer Tutoring in Computer Labs

As CS enrollments continue to grow, introductory courses are employing more undergraduate TAs. One of their main roles is performing one-on-one tutoring in the computer lab to help students understand and debug their programming assignments. What goes on in the mind of an undergraduate TA when they are helping students with programming? In this experience report, we present firsthand accounts from an undergraduate TA documenting her 36 hours of in-lab tutoring for a CS2 course, where she engaged in 69 one-on-one help sessions. This report provides a unique perspective from an undergraduate's point-of-view rather than a faculty member's. We summarize her experiences by constructing a four-part model of tutoring interactions: a) The tutor begins the session with an initial state of mind (e.g., their energy/focus level, perceived time pressure). b) They observe the student's outward state upon arrival (e.g., how much they seem to care about learning). c) Using that observation, the tutor infers what might be going on inside the student's mind. d) The combination of what goes on inside the tutor's and student's minds affects tutoring interactions, which progress from diagnosis to planning to an explain-code-react loop to post-resolution activities. We conclude by discussing ways that this model can be used to design scaffolding for training novice TAs and software tools to help TAs scale their efforts to larger classes.
Comparative morphology of freshwater sculpin inhabiting different environmental conditions in the Chesapeake Bay headwaters

We compared body morphology of two freshwater sculpin taxa that inhabit distinct environmental conditions in the Chesapeake Bay watershed of eastern North America: Potomac sculpin (C. girardi, Robins; PS) and checkered sculpin (C. sp. cf. girardi; CS). Both taxa are endemic to the study area, but PS are more broadly distributed than CS which are limited to karst groundwater-dominated streams in the central Potomac River basin. We examined preserved specimens from sites encompassing their geographic range (six sites per taxon) to evaluate taxonomic differences and environmental effects. Pelvic fin ray counts and body shape distinguished the study taxa. Morphological variation exhibited stronger relationships to environmental covariates (site elevation and basin size) in PS than CS as expected. In addition, the frequency of specimens with a united median chin pore increased with site elevation in PS (but not CS), suggesting thermal effects on preoperculomanibular canal development. However, contrary to expectation, PS did not exhibit greater among-population variation in body shape than CS, and this indicates the potential importance of unmeasured environmental differences among karst groundwater-dominated streams in the study area. Our study also indicated the utility of stream-level management units for CS, an undescribed species recognized as “critically imperiled” by state agencies.
Sex and Its Discontents: How Moral Incongruence Connects Same-Sex and Non-Marital Sexual Activity with Unhappiness.

A growing body of research has demonstrated how the link between pornography use and various manifestations of psychological distress and dissatisfaction is explained by moral incongruence—the experience of violating one’s deeply held moral values. The predictive power of moral incongruence, however, has yet to be applied to other sexual activities. Drawing on data from available waves of the General Social Surveys (1988–2018: nmen = 6590, nwomen = 7047; 1989–2018: nmen = 3558, nwomen = 4841), this study extended moral incongruence theory by testing whether engaging in same-sex or non-marital sexual activity when one rejects either as morally wrong is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unhappiness. Analyses demonstrated that American men (but not women) who reported engaging in same-sex sex in the previous year were more likely than other men to say they were unhappy, but only if they viewed homosexuality as “always wrong.” Analyses also showed that American women (not men) who reported higher frequencies of non-marital sex in the previous year were more likely than other women to report being unhappy, but only if they viewed non-marital sex as “always wrong.” Though nuanced by gender, findings affirmed expectations from moral incongruence research: Sexual behavior per se is not associated with unhappiness, but moral inconsistency or conflict regarding one’s sexual behavior is.
A detailed regimen of isotretinoin for the successful treatment of severe keratosis pilaris.

Although isotretinoin is a widely known recommended treatment option for keratosis pilaris, there are currently no studies that describe a detailed regimen or treatment course for KP. Based on previous studies involving other hyperkeratotic disorders, the adolescent patient was started on a dose of .53 mg/kg/day of isotretinoin and received a final cumulative dose of 137.14kg/mg with resolution of her symptoms. As this is a similar regimen to that used for acne, this is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with KP.
Polymerization and Classification

The discussion in previous chapters has provided a glimpse of the relationship between the molecular structure of polymers and their mechanical behavior. In this chapter the intent is to provide more detailed information about the molecular structure of polymers and the relation of such structure to mechanical performance. Typically materials courses taken by engineering students prior to 1980 contained little, if any, information on the structure of polymers that might be useful in the engineering design of polymer based structures. While now most elementary books on materials do include a chapter or two on polymers they are often omitted on the class syllabus due to the pressures of schedules and/or time constraints. As a result, engineering students often do not obtain a knowledge base that allows the safe design of polymeric structures. All too frequently, the engineering design of structural polymers is based upon principles that are best used for metals. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide a framework for understanding the structure of polymers and hence the structure–property relationships that give rise to their unique mechanical behavior with time, temperature and other environmental parameters as discussed in subsequent chapters. Due to the prevalence of polymers in industrial uses, a general understanding of the concepts outlined in this chapter are essential for an engineer to be able to make informed design decisions on polymeric components and, importantly, to be able to discuss on common ground with synthesis people the type of polymer needed to be produced for a given application.