cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault-tolerant discrete-time linear time-invariant filters

Modular redundancy, the traditional approach to fault tolerance, is prohibitively expensive because of the overhead in replicating the hardware. In this paper we discuss alternative methods for obtaining fault-tolerant architectures for discrete-time (DT) linear time-invariant (LTI) filters. We view such filters as dynamic systems and provide fault tolerance to them by embedding their state into redundant state-spaces of higher dimensions. The embedding for a given filter is achieved systematically in a way that preserves the functionality of the filter, perhaps in some encoded form. The resulting redundant filtering architecture allows us to detect, identify and correct hardware failures by performing simple (linear) checks. As we show through examples, our approach generalizes previous schemes and leads to new, fault-tolerant architectures for DT LTI filtering.
Ultra-compact Grating-based 2×2 Beam Splitter for Miniature Photonic Integrated Circuits

A novel, InGaAsP/InP ultra-compact grating-based beam splitter that has less than 1.8 dB of loss has been fabricated. The beam splitter exhibits 50/50 splitting with a length of less than 25 mum for 1555 nm wavelength.
Implementation and analysis of respondent driven sampling: lessons learned from the field.

Those who engage in illegal or stigmatized behaviors, which put them at risk of HIV infection, are largely concentrated in urban centers. Owing to their illegal and/or stigmatized behaviors, they are difficult to reach with public health surveillance and prevention programs.1 These populations include illicit drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men. Development and implementation of adequate prevention services targeting hidden populations requires data on risk behaviors and disease prevalence from non-biased samples. In the last two decades, a number of sampling methods have been used to collect risk behavior and disease prevalence data from highly at-risk populations and to direct survey participants to prevention services. These include venue-based time–space sampling, targeted sampling, and snowball sampling.
Value of stigmata in decision-making in gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

The stigmata of recent haemorrhage are endoscopically identified features that have a predictive value for the risk of further bleeding and thus help to determine which patients should receive endoscopic therapy. In conjunction with endoscopic features, clinical features related to the magnitude of bleeding and to patient co-morbidity have important independent effects on the risk of further haemorrhage. Stigmata have been best studied in the context of bleeding ulcers, the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Stigmata in ulcers are usually classified as active bleeding (spurting or oozing), a non-bleeding visible vessel, an adherent clot, a flat pigmented spot, or a clean base, in order of decreasing risk of further haemorrhage. Ulcer size and location may also affect the re-bleeding potential. Recent data suggest that both non-pigmented visible vessels and adherent clots have a higher risk of re-bleeding than was previously thought. The wide variation in prevalence and re-bleeding rates reported for various stigmata in the literature probably reflects variations in the definitions of stigmata and of re-bleeding, the vigour with which the ulcer bases are washed, the co-morbidity and ages of the patients, and the severity of bleeding encountered. Inter-observer agreement in the classification of stigmata is relatively poor and limits the utility of endoscopic features alone in making decisions regarding the management of patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. Imaging devices such as Doppler probes are being evaluated to refine the identification of underlying vessels and their re-bleeding potential, but the utility of these is currently uncertain. The findings of low-risk endoscopic stigmata in a haemodynamically and otherwise stable patient can in many cases allow out-patient management.
Action, Organization, and Documentary Film: Beyond a Communications Model of Human Rights Videos

Literature investigating human rights videos has concentrated on their usefulness in creating political pressure through shaming perpetrators of abuses. Analyzing confrontations between police and a social movement in San Salvador Atenco, Mexico, in 2006, I show that the separation between communication and action implicit in this communications model obscures how human rights films form a field of political organization and direct action. In this case, films open a de facto legal space not available through formal institutional channels, and provide a platform through which political actors can transform themselves from bystanders to active participants. I conclude by proposing that the production and distribution of political film in Mexico represent an attempt at social and political change that is more profound than modifications to laws and policies.
Alterations in Somatostatin mRNA Expression in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Alterations in the inhibitory circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in schizophrenia include reduced expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for somatostatin (SST), a neuropeptide present in a subpopulation of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. However, neither the cellular substrate nor the causal mechanisms for decreased SST mRNA levels in schizophrenia are known. We used in situ hybridization to quantify the compartmental, laminar, and cellular levels of SST mRNA expression in the DLPFC of 23 pairs of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and control subjects. We also explored potential causal mechanisms by utilizing similar methods to analyze SST mRNA expression in 2 animal models. The expression of SST mRNA was significantly decreased in layers 2--superficial 6 of subjects with schizophrenia, but not in layer 1, deep 6 or the white matter. At the cellular level, both the density of cortical SST mRNA-positive neurons and the expression of SST mRNA per neuron were reduced in the subjects with schizophrenia. These alterations were not due to potential confounds and appeared to be a downstream consequence of impaired neurotrophin signaling through the trkB receptor. These findings support the hypothesis that a marked reduction in SST mRNA expression in a subset of GABA neurons contributes to DLPFC dysfunction in schizophrenia.
CONTEXTUAL FACTORS IMPACTING BATTERED WOMEN'S INTENTIONS TO REUSE THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM

While a small number of past studies have examined either situational, relational, or systems-level factors that influence battered women's use of either the police, prosecutorial, or court systems, no study to date has examined how these factors each influence women's intentions to reuse these systems. To address this gap, in-person interviews were conducted with 178 women whose assailants had been charged with a domestic violence–related crime against them. Survivors of intimate partner violence were asked about the violence itself, their relationship with the perpetrator (including financial dependence on him), community supports, their expectations, and desires regarding the criminal legal response, and their prior experiences with the police, prosecutors, legal advocates, and the courts. Regression analyses were conducted to examine women's intentions to reuse the criminal legal system in the event of future violence. Consistent with an ecological perspective on behavior (e.g., Bronfenbrenner, 1979), the context of women's lives, the violence they had experienced, and their experiences with the police and the legal system all impacted their intentions. Specifically, women were more likelyto want further involvement with these systems if they were employed, felt supported by their communities, had received information about services from the police, had experienced case outcomes consistent with their desires, and had been treated well by the criminal legal system. Women were less inclined to intend to use the system in the future if they were legally or financially tied to their perpetrators, if they had been assaulted again before the court case was closed, if court proceedings had been cancelled at least once, and if they had been pressured rather than supported by the criminal legal system. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrically injected visible (639-661 nm) vertical cavity surface emitting laser

The first electrically injected visible InAlGaP/AlGaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers are reported. The devices consist of an InAlGaP optical cavity active region surrounded by AlAs/AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors. Pulsed room temperature lasing has been observed at wavelengths from 639 to 661 nm. At 650 nm, thresholds of 30 mA at 2.7 V were measured on test devices with a 20 mu m emission diameter. Peak output power exceeds 3.3 mW.
Social Responsibility and Firm Efficiency in the Business Services Industry

Assumed performance benefits are often used as motives to drive coporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Is improved efficiency among these performance benefits generated by CSR initiatives? This study empirically examines the association between corporate social responsibility and the efficiency dimension of firm performance. The relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance has received increasing and conflicting attention in recent years. Its role in maximizing shareholder wealth is still a subject of continued debate. Turning attention to efficiency examines another dimension of performance. Specifically, we examine the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and efficiency in the business services industry from 2005 to 2007. We measure efficiency using the relative efficiency score calculated by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). CSR is measured using Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini (KLD), Inc. data. Results document evidence to support a positive association between CSR and firm efficiency. Documenting these potential efficiency benefits from CSR has important implications for CSR activities and initiatives particularly in our current turbulent economy. It supports recent work that links CSR with dimensions of improved competitiveness (Vilanova et al., 2009) including efficiency. The documented efficiency benefits of CSR are useful to businesses and support CSR strategies focused on “doing well by doing good”.
THE LACUNAE AND HAVERSIAN CANALS IN TIBIAL CORTICAL BONE FROM ISCHEMIC AND NON-ISCHEMIS LIMBS. A COMPARATIVE MICRORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY.

A microradiographic study of tibial bone from twenty-one ischemic human legs and twelve non-ischemic legs was undertaken to determine the relationship of ischemia to plugged canals and filled lacunae. A statistically significant increase of filled lacunae in the ischemic bone and in the interstitial areas was found, indicating a positive correlation between filling of lacunae and ischemia. No difference between ischemic and control bone was found in respect to percentage of plugged canals. The concept of uninhibited centripetal growth of osteons to form bone-filled canals is presented.
Abstract 2304: The Use of Teleneurology Consult for Stroke Care in a Rural Community Hospital

Background and Issues Management of acute strokes in our rural facility involved the attending physician telephoning for consultation with a neurologist to determine treatment and/or transfer optio...
Development of a Light-Driven Paradigm for Time-Resolved Investigations of Enzyme Mechanism: B12 Dependent Glutamate Mutase

Optical spectroscopies with time-resolution extending over 6 decades in time (10 fs to 10 ns) are used to investigate B12cofactors in solution and bound to the AdoCbl dependent enzyme glutamate mutase.
Variability of Bed Drag on Cohesive Beds under Wave Action

Drag force at the bed acting on water flow is a major control on water circulation and sediment transport. Bed drag has been thoroughly studied in sandy waters, but less so in muddy coastal waters. The variation of bed drag on a muddy shelf is investigated here using field observations of currents, waves, and sediment concentration collected during moderate wind and wave events. To estimate bottom shear stress and the bed drag coefficient, an indirect empirical method of logarithmic fitting to current velocity profiles (log-law), a bottom boundary layer model for combined wave-current flow, and a direct method that uses turbulent fluctuations of velocity are used. The overestimation by the log-law is significantly reduced by taking turbulence suppression due to sediment-induced stratification into account. The best agreement between the model and the direct estimates is obtained by using a hydraulic roughness of 10 - 4 m in the model. Direct estimate of bed drag on the muddy bed is found to have a decreasing trend with increasing current speed, and is estimated to be around 0.0025 in conditions where wave-induced flow is relatively weak. Bed drag shows an increase (up to fourfold) with increasing wave energy. These findings can be used to test the bed drag parameterizations in hydrodynamic and sediment transport models and the skills of these models in predicting flows in muddy environments.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of metronidazole injection solutions by confocal microprobe Raman spectroscopy

Objective To explore the application of Raman spectroscopy in metronidazole injection solution analysis.Methods The variation of metronidazole(MET) injections' Raman spectra was analyzed when the pH varied from 1 to 12,and the related substances(2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) in MET injection were detected.Two quantitative analysis techniques,multivariate partial least squares(PLS) and principal component regression(PCR) were compared in MET sample quantification.The quantification results of commercial MET injection product were compared with pharmacopoeias suggested UV Spectrometry method.Results The pH differences were reflected in Raman spectra.Because of the low concentration of the related substance in Commercial MET injection(1 mg/L),the related substance could not be detected by Raman spectrum.Conclusion Both PLS and PCR could reach satisfactory prediction,and the concentrations found from Raman and UV spectrometry showed no significant differences according to t-test(α=0.05).
A method for quick determination of fluoroacetamide in poisioning sample by GC-MS

Objective:To develop a method for determination of fluoroacetamide by gas chromatography-massspectrometry(GC-MS).Methods:Fluoroacetamide extracted with ethyl acetate was centrifuged and the supernatant was analyzed.Results:Retention time of fluoroacetamide was 12.63 min,calibration curve was linear(correlation coefficient r=1.000) within the range of 0.05~200 μg/ml.The recovery range was 92.5%~99.9%,the relative standard deviation(RSD) of the method 0.94% and the limit of determination(LOD) 0.05 mg/kg.Conclusion:The method is simple,quick and can reduce the interference from solvent and sample matrix.The method can be used to determine the fluoroacetamide in poisoning samples with satisfactory sensitivity,accuracy and precision.
AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: current treatment options, future trends.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common malignancy associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent years have witnessed a decline in the overall incidence of AIDS-related KS, as well as a greater
A Low-Temperature Fabrication Method for WSe2 Films Grown from Nanocrystalline Precursors

WSe2 films have been fabricated using a low-temperature, two-step method involving the reaction of W(CO)6 and elemental selenium in refluxing (110 °C) toluene to form a nanocrystalline precursor consisting of amorphous tungsten and trigonal crystalline selenium. Drop cast or airbrush-deposited films of this precursor were annealed in an argon atmosphere using a two-step temperature ramp (250 °C for 15 min followed by 550 °C for 30 min). Raman and x-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization as well as the measured bandgaps of the resulting films are consistent with (002)-oriented WSe2 and are compared to the characterization of films produced via selenization of sputtered tungsten films in closed quartz tubes at 875 °C.
Study on Interface Characteristics of SrTiO 3 /YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x Bilayers Grown by All-MBE

Interdiffusion of constituents between STO/YBCO bilayers was investigated. Repetition of both ultra-thin oxide films deposition by ozone-assisted MBE and in-situ AES analysis, followed by annealing process, was conducted sequentially without breaking the vacuum. It was revealed that the interdiffusion was strongly dependent on the deposition temperature of upper STO film as follows: Ba atoms diffuse into STO film from YBCO at above 600°C. Activation energy is 2.4 eV. Ti atoms diffuse into YBCO film from STO at above 660°C. Activation energy is 4.4 eV. The ozone-assisted MBE, which can deposit high quality STO films at below 500°C, is appropriate to suppress the formation of the intermediate layer between STO/YBCO bilayers.
Show, Don’t Tell

You’ve probably heard the maxim, show, don’t tell. In telling, it is easier for your critics to pelt you with accusations of bias, particularly when your colorful adjectives read like your personal opinion rather than based in your research.
Changing climate mediates sapsucker (Aves: Sphyrapicus) hybrid zone movement.

Hybrid zones, where two divergent taxa meet and interbreed, offer unique opportunities to investigate how climate contributes to reproductive isolation between closely related taxa and how these taxa may respond to climatic changes. Red-naped (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) and Red-breasted (Sphyrapicus ruber) sapsuckers (Aves: Picidae) hybridize along a narrow contact zone that stretches from northern California to British Columbia. The hybrid zone between these species has been studied extensively for more than 100 years and represents an excellent system for investigations of the evolution of reproductive isolation. Shifts in the proportions of phenotypes at hybrid localities since 1910 that were inferred using specimens from museum collections were confirmed using species distribution models. We predicted the historical, current, and future distributions of parental and hybrid sapsuckers using Random Forests models to quantify how climate change is affecting hybrid zone movement in the Pacific Northwest. We found observed distribution shifts of parental sapsuckers were likely the result of climate change over the past 100 years, with these shifts predicted to continue for both sapsuckers over the next 80 years. We found Red-breasted Sapsuckers are predicted to continue to expand, while Red-naped Sapsuckers are predicted to contract substantially under future climate scenarios. As a result of the predicted changes, the amount of overlap in the distribution of these sapsuckers may decrease. Using hybrid phenotypes, we found the climate niche occupied by the hybrid zone is predicted to disappear under future conditions. The disappearance of this climate niche where the two parental species come into contact and hybridize may lead to a substantial reduction in genetic introgression. Understanding the impacts of global climate change on hybrid zones may help us to better understand how speciation has been shaped by climate in the past, as well as how evolution may respond to climate change in the future.
Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Injury

Publisher Summary This chapter explores mechanisms associated with organophosphates (OP) induced neurotoxicity by probing their effects on oxidative stress and associated dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area. It also investigates different pathways to attenuate biomarkers of oxidative damage associated with anticholinesterase exposure and the extent to which such attenuation is accompanied by rescue from neurodegeneration. Exposure to OP nerve agents induces seizures, rapidly progressing to status epilepticus and profound structural brain damage. The progression of events includes initial high cholinergic activity followed by activation of glutamatergic neurons as a result of release of glutamate. Moreover, glutamate stimulates the continuous release of ACh, contributing to further excitatory stimulation, prolongation of the seizures, and excitotoxic neurodegeneration in vulnerable brain areas. The ensuing neuronal damage is thought to result from intense transient influx of calcium leading to mitochondrial functional impairment, cytochrome c inactivation, depletion of ATP, simultaneous formation of free radical species, and oxidative stress. Among promising candidates as antidotes against CNS intoxication by OP nerve agents, memantine (MEM) has been shown to pose both antiexcitotoxic and antiepileptic properties. Memantine is an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, clinically used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and spasticity, in the absence of serious side effects.
Management of a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma overlying an AV fistula.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) currently affects over 700 000 patients per year in the USA alone, and its incidence continues to rise in recent years. A known risk factor for cSCC is chronic inflammation; a cSCC that develops at a site of chronic inflammation is known as Marjolin’s ulcer. We present the case of a 76-year-old man with end-stage renal disease requiring chronic haemodialysis who developed an invasive cSCC at the cannulation site of an underlying arteriovenous (AV) fistula. In this instance, treatment with standard surgical excision or Mohs surgery would pose unique risks associated with injury to an otherwise functional AV fistula. Thus, the lesion was treated with electron beam radiation therapy, which offers a similar efficacy to surgery while minimising risk to the fistula. This resulted in a successful oncological outcome with no complications.
Urologic self-management through intermittent self-catheterization among individuals with spina bifida: A journey to self-efficacy and autonomy.

PURPOSE To describe the age of independence in intermittent self-catheterization (ISC) in a diverse patient population and identify factors associated with ISC in individuals with spina bifida. METHODS Two hundred patients with myelomeningocele or lipomyelomeningocele, who were ⩾ 3 years of age and utilized catheterization for bladder management were included. Data regarding diagnosis, functional level of lesion, race, ethnicity, presence of shunt, method of catheterization, self-management skills, fine motor skills, and cognitive abilities were collected. RESULTS Fifty-five percent of individuals were able to perform ISC with a mean age of 9.45 years (SD = 2.97) and 22.7% used a surgically created channel. Higher level of lesion and female gender were associated with a lower rate of ISC. Intellectual disability was present in 15% of the individuals able to perform ISC and in 40% of those not able to perform ISC (p= 0.0005). Existent self-efficacy regarding activities of daily living (i.e. dressing, bathing, skin care) were associated with ISC (p< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The average age of ISC emerged as a target for culturally-appropriate educational interventions to stimulate greater early independence. Future research on factors that may foster an 'independent spirit' early in childhood leading to self-management are warranted.
Introduction to Response-Surface Methodology

Until now, we have considered how a dependent variable, yield, or response depends on specific levels of independent variables or factors. The factors could be categorical or numerical; however, we did note that they often differ in how the sum of squares for the factor is more usefully partitioned into orthogonal components. For example, a numerical factor might be broken down into orthogonal polynomials (introduced in Chap. 12). For categorical factors, methods introduced in Chap. 5 are typically employed. In the past two chapters, we have considered linear relationships and fitting optimal straight lines to the data, usually for situations in which the data values are not derived from designed experiments. Now, we consider experimental design techniques that find the optimal combination of factor levels for situations in which the feasible levels of each factor are continuous. (Throughout the text, the dependent variable, Y, has been assumed to be continuous.) The techniques are called response-surface methods or response-surface methodology (RSM).
Enzymatic Control of the Cellular Levels of Platelet-Activating Factor

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) was first coined in 1972 as a term for the soluble substance released after an antigen challenge of rabbit basophils that had been sensitized with specific IgE antibody (Benveniste et al., 1972). The chemical structure of PAF was subsequently elucidated as l-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phos-phocholine (Benveniste et al., 1979; Demopoulos et al., 1979) that also possessed hypotensive activity (Blank et al., 1979). Vast amounts of data in the literature demonstrated that different cell types from various species were able to produce PAF. However, it is apparent that for a given cell type, especially those in blood, a specific stimulus is required to induce PAF (Tables 1 and 2). In addition to being produced by the cell types listed in Tables 1 and 2, PAF was shown to be present in saliva (Cox et al., 1981) and urine (Sanchez-Crespo et al., 1983) from normal humans; human amniotic fluid from women at the onset of labor and in both fetal and newborn urine (Billah and Johnston, 1983); and in blood from humans, rabbits, and rats, but not from anephric patients or nephrectomized rats (Caramelo et al., 1984).
Predictive Biomarkers of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett's Esophagus in World Trade Center Exposed Firefighters: a 15 Year Longitudinal Study.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s Esophagus (BE), which are prevalent in the World Trade Center (WTC) exposed and general populations, negatively impact quality of life and cost of healthcare. GERD, a risk factor of BE, is linked to obstructive airways disease (OAD). We aim to identify serum biomarkers of GERD/BE, and assess the respiratory and clinical phenotype of a longitudinal cohort of never-smoking, male, WTC-exposed rescue workers presenting with pulmonary symptoms. Biomarkers collected soon after WTC-exposure were evaluated in optimized predictive models of GERD/BE. In the WTC-exposed cohort, the prevalence of BE is at least 6 times higher than in the general population. GERD/BE cases had similar lung function, D LCO , bronchodilator response and long-acting β-agonist use compared to controls. In confounder-adjusted regression models, TNF-α ≥ 6 pg/mL predicted both GERD and BE. GERD was also predicted by C-peptide ≥ 360 pg/mL, while BE was predicted by fractalkine ≥ 250 pg/mL and IP-10 ≥ 290 pg/mL. Finally, participants with GERD had significantly increased use of short-acting β-agonist compared to controls. Overall, biomarkers sampled prior to GERD/BE presentation showed strong predictive abilities of disease development. This study frames future investigations to further our understanding of aerodigestive pathology due to particulate matter exposure.
The Medical Management of Sarcomas

Sarcomas can be classified into those usually found in children and adolescents (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma), and the non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) found primarily in adults. Chemotherapy and multidisciplinary care are essential for cure in the first group, while management of the second group is controversial. Evaluation involves imaging of primary and possible metastatic sites, biopsy and diagnosis (often using molecular tools), and marrow evaluation (in Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma). Most children with sarcomas are entered on clinical trials, with chemotherapy to prevent the emergence of metastases. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy has become the standard approach to osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and most rhabdomyosarcomas. Primary tumor treatment is surgical in osteosarcomas, but may include surgery, radiation, or both in rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. About two-thirds of patients with localized tumors are cured with current approaches, but the outlook for patients with metastases is much poorer. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with NRSTS is uncertain, and practice varies widely. Treatment of sarcomas has many acute toxic effects, as well as many late effects including second malignant neoplasms, growth disturbances, reduced fertility, and organ dysfunction.
Minimising reperfusion injury in settings of myocardial ischaemia

The myocardium is a prime target for injury caused by ischaemia and reperfusion during cardiac arrest and resuscitation, leading to functional abnormalities that may adversely affect ultimate outcome. These functional abnormalities are described below and include the development of ischaemic contracture during cardiac resuscitation, the development of reperfusion arrhythmias upon return of spontaneous circulation, and the development of largely reversible global post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Ischaemic contracture is a term used for describing progressive left ventricular wall thickening with reductions in cavity size as a result of ischaemia. Ischaemic contracture occurs during cardiac resuscitation and compromises preload-dependent forward blood flow generation, partly explaining time-dependent reductions in the haemodynamic efficacy of closed-chest resuscitation [1], [2]. We have documented in rat and pig models of ventricular fibrillation (VF) that ischaemic contracture begins shortly after starting the resuscitation efforts, suggesting that reperfusion plays a pivotal role [2]–[4]. In the absence of reperfusion, the time to onset of ischaemic contracture is substantially delayed [5], [6]. These observations indicate that a more proper term for ischaemic contracture developing during resuscitation might be ‘reperfusion contracture.’ In humans, ischaemic (reperfusion) contracture has been described as myocardial ‘firmness’ and was also found to compromise resuscitability [7].
Big Data and Compressive Sensing

Data is growing very fast. Today one can spot business trends, detect environmental changes, predict forthcoming social agendas and combat crime, by analyzing large data sets. However, this so-called ”Big Data” analytics is challenging because they have unprecedentedly large volumes. In this presentation, we describe a new approach based on the recent theory of compressive sensing to address the issue of processing, transporting and storing large data sets of enormous sizes gathered from high-resolution sensors and the Internet.
Implementing the North American Industry Classification System at BLS.

Recent years have brought many changes in the U.S. economy. The rapid development of telecommunications and the Internet are only two examples of an incredible continuing evolution and progressively changing business environment. Correspondingly, economists and statisticians are improving their tools for measuring the economy. One basic tool is the classification of businesses by industry. Since the 1930s, government statistical programs have published industry data based on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. Now, these government programs will provide industry statistics based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).1 The SIC system, originally designed in the 1930s, has been revised and updated periodically to reflect changes in the U.S. economy. The last revision was in 1987 when a number of new industries such as computer and software stores, video tape rental stores, and plastic bottle manufacturers were added.2 However, the SIC system still focuses on the manufacturing sector of the economy, and provides insufficient detail for the now dominant service sector. Newly developed industries in information services, health care delivery, and even high-tech manufacturing cannot be adequately studied under the SIC system because they are not separately identified at the industry level. Thus, a new system has been developed that captures the dynamism of the 21st century economy and changes as industry activity develops. The Office of Management and Budget James A. Walker and John B. Murphy
Environmental indicators to reduce loggerhead turtle bycatch offshore of Southern California

Abstract Extreme climatic events are expected to become more frequent under current conditions of increasing global temperatures and climate variability. A key challenge of fisheries management is understanding and planning for the effect of anomalous oceanic conditions on the distributions of protected species and their interactions with fishing gear. Atypical marine states can cause non-target species to shift outside of their normal distribution patterns, leading to unwanted bycatch events that threaten fisheries sustainability. Environmental indicators can serve as early warning signals that allow for proactive management responses before significant bycatch occurs. Marine heatwaves in the Pacific have caused shifts in the distributions of endangered loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), increasing overlap with California’s Drift Gillnet fishery and thereby the risk of turtle bycatch events. To reduce bycatch, a fishery closure offshore of Southern California – The Loggerhead Conservation Area – Is enacted when an El Nino event has been declared and local sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are warmer than normal. However, this regulation was based on qualitative assessment of bycatch that occurred during past El Nino events, and no explicit threshold for SST anomalies was defined. Additionally, closures enacted under the current regulation rely on structured expert decision-making. Providing a quantitative indicator could help to refine future decisions. We developed and evaluated potential new indicators to guide the Loggerhead Conservation Area closure timing based on thermal indices in three different regions: the equatorial Pacific, regional areas offshore of Southern California, and temperate pelagic areas off the US west coast. Our objectives were to: 1) quantify thermal indicators and their respective thresholds to guide closure timing, and 2) hindcast closure scenarios based on these indicator thresholds to evaluate efficacy in terms of opportunity costs to fishers and ability to avoid turtle interactions. The best indicator in terms of avoiding historical turtle interactions while minimizing opportunity cost to fishers was a six-month average local SST anomaly indicator with closures enacted above a threshold of 0.77 °C. This result can improve upon the current closure guidelines by providing a quantified and spatially-explicit indicator and threshold to supplement the structured decision-making process. Our analysis demonstrates a novel approach to developing fisheries management strategies for species with a paucity of data. Issues with data comprehensiveness are frequently present in fisheries management exercises, and precautionary approaches are needed to allow adherence with legislation while considering the best available science.
Abstract TMP35: Perivascular Astrocytes Alter the Basement Membrane Through TGF-Beta in an Aged Brain Post-Stroke

Individuals over 65 make up the majority of stroke patients in the United States. Post-stroke recovery within the elderly population maybe impeded through enhanced glial scarring and reduced glymph...
Serial immunologic assessment during a randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia

Thirty-one adults who had acute myelogenous leukemia and in whom remission had been induced and consolidated with chemotherapy were randomized to receive one of three maintenance schedules: (A) BCG + chemotherapy [1, 3-bis-(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and cytosine arabinoside]; (B) splenectomy, followed 1 week later with BCG and chemotherapy; or (C) allogeneic leukemic cells, BCG, and chemotherapy. Serial immunologic assessments were performed at the onset of maintenance and every 3 months.
An All-Digital, $V$ MAX -Compliant, and Stable Distributed Charge Injection Scheme for Fast Mitigation of Voltage Droop

Distributed charge injection (CI) scheme featuring distributed $V_{\mathrm{ MAX}}$ -complaint CI clamps, distributed digital droop detectors (DDDs), and distributed droop controllers for fast mitigation of voltage droop is fabricated in 10-nm FinFET CMOS test-chip. A local DDD detects nearby voltage droop in two clock cycles of IP block, and quickly triggers associated CI clamps to inject charge from a high voltage rail (e.g., 1.8 V) to $V_{\mathrm{ CC}}$ for immediate voltage droop mitigation. Local droop controller collectively guarantees stable operation after CI is triggered, by gradually allowing the voltage regulator to take over after the droop subsides. Measured data shows droop reduction by up to 45% for a uniform transient load current transition, and by 38% in a hot-spot load current transition at 1.0 V and 2.0 GHz. The droop reduction is translated to power savings of ~11% over a guard-banded baseline.
Using machine learning to construct nomograms for patients with metastatic colon cancer.

AIM Patients with synchronous colon cancer metastases have highly variable overall survival (OS), making accurate predictive models challenging to build. We aim to use machine learning to more accurately predict OS in these patients and to present this predictive model in the form of nomograms for patients and clinicians. METHODS Using the National Cancer Database (2010-2014), we identified right colon (RC) and left colon (LC) cancer patients with synchronous metastases. Each primary site was split into training and testing datasets. Nomograms predicting 3- year OS were created for each site using Cox proportional hazard regression with lasso regression. Each model was evaluated by both calibration (comparison of predicted vs observed OS) and validation (degree of concordance as measured by the c-index) methodologies. RESULTS A total of 11 018 RC and 8346 LC patients were used to construct and validate the nomograms. After stratifying each model into five risk groups, the predicted OS was within the 95% CI of the observed OS in four out of five risk groups for both the RC and LC models. Externally validated c-indexes at 3 years for the RC and LC models were 0.794 and 0.761, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of machine learning can result in more accurate predictive models for patients with metastatic colon cancer. Nomograms built from these models can assist clinicians and patients in the shared decision-making process of their cancer care.
Multi-level modelling of time-series cross-sectional data reveals the dynamic interaction between ecological threats and democratic development.

What is the relationship between environment and democracy? The framework of cultural evolution suggests that societal development is an adaptation to ecological threats. Pertinent theories assume ...
A Study of Bivariate Generalized Pareto Distribution and its Dependence Structure Among Model Parameters

Several variants of the classical bivariate and multivariate generalized Pareto distributions have been discussed and studied in the literature (see Arnold (1983, Stat. Prob. Lett. 17: 361–368, 1993, 2015), Arnold and Laguna (1977), Ali and Nadarajah (2007), Rootzen and Tajvidi (2006) and the references cited therein). Ali and Nadarajah (2007) studied a truncated version of the most popular long-tailed generalized bivariate Pareto distribution (GBPD, henceforth, in short) involving six parameters. However, not much discussion exists in the current literature on the structural properties as well as on the dependence structure among the parameters in this model. In this paper we re-visit the GBPD and discuss several other new properties. In addition, we study the shape of GBPD for varying choices of the model parameters and subsequently study their interdependence. Also, we provide copula based construction of GBPD and discuss the associated local dependence measures.
Governmental Regulations and Increasing Food and Drug Administration Oversight of Regenerative Medicine Products: What’s New in 2020?

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through rules and regulations. Over the past few years, the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy have garnered significant interest, and this evolving new biology is changing fast and challenging regulatory bodies. The FDA has published a series of guidance documents outlining steps to protect consumers against potentially dangerous and unproven treatments. The agency has offered a grace period for "stem cell clinics" until November 2020 to come into compliance by obtaining Investigational New Drug applications and working to secure premarket approval of their products. With the documentation of hundreds of "stem cell clinics," the FDA needs to enforce the adherence to their outlined standards to protect patients. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of these FDA regulations and some current issues within the industry. The purpose is to educate and inform the musculoskeletal community about the current government regulations of this new expanding biology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, expert opinion.
Seduced into Darkness: Transcending My Psychiatrist’s Sexual Abuse (2020).: by Carrie T. Ishee, Terra Nova Books: Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2020, 307pp $23.95 (PB).

This reviewer is a psychiatrist who has been involved in the evaluation of dozens of men and fewer women who have been identified by their medical, psychological, social work, or nursing boards as ...
Godless Fictions in the Eighteenth Century: A Literary History of Atheism

Although there were no self-avowed British atheists before the 1780s, authors including Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Sarah Fielding, Phebe Gibbes, and William Cowper worried extensively about atheism's dystopian possibilities, and routinely represented atheists as being beyond the pale of human sympathy. Challenging traditional formulations of secularization that equate modernity with unbelief, Reeves reveals how reactions against atheism rather helped sustain various forms of religious belief throughout the Age of Enlightenment. He demonstrates that hostility to unbelief likewise produced various forms of religious ecumenicalism, with authors depicting non-Christian theists from around Britain's emerging empire as sympathetic allies in the fight against irreligion. Godless Fictions in the Eighteenth Century traces a literary history of atheism in eighteenth-century Britain for the first time, revealing a relationship between atheism and secularization far more fraught than has previously been supposed.
G125(P) Passing the baton: improving competence and confidence in handing over

Introduction Clinical handover is crucial for safe, effective care of patients, and an opportunity for staff development and team building. A survey of medical staff in a tertiary children’s hospital revealed that whilst 60% have received structured training or feedback on effective handover at some point in their career, only 41% felt they received adequate training to hand over effectively. Confidence levels were rated on average at 53%, and respondents recognised a need for further training. Aims Improve competence and confidence of paediatric staff in handing over. Methods Two structured, facilitator-led, interactive, group training sessions were developed and offered to paediatric staff utilising ‘Plan, Do, Study, Act’ (PDSA) cycles. Participants covered material on published handover guidelines, completed focused tasks designed to develop key skills which underpin handover (e.g. distilling pertinent information from case notes, prioritising workload), and drew these together to deliver structured written and verbal handovers using a validated tool (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation [SBAR]). Guided discussion and reflection were promoted, and personalised verbal feedback given to participants. Results A total of 28 attendances were recorded across 26 members of staff including junior doctors, advanced nurse practitioners, and physician associates. Anonymous feedback was sought from participants on the quality of training. Following the sessions 94.4% and 100% of attendees, respectively, who responded either agreed or strongly agreed that they felt more confident in the subject of handing over. Participants identified good aspects of training as it being practical, interactive, realistic, not critical, and encouraging. Challenges included having sufficient protected time for staff to attend and tailoring the sessions to the experience and seniority of attendees. Conclusion This project has shown that structured, interactive training sessions have scope to increase the confidence of paediatric medical staff in handing over. Training requires that facilitators and participants have adequate, protected time to attend, and may, therefore, warrant inclusion in regional training days. Staff will be surveyed within six months to assess the longer-term impact of these training sessions on competence.
Vaccinating in the Emergency Department, a Model to Overcome Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy.

Introduction Vaccine hesitancy and delays in vaccine administration time have limited the success of prior influenza vaccination initiatives in the pediatric emergency department (ED). In 2018-2019, season 1, this ED implemented mandatory vaccine screening and offered the vaccine to all eligible patients; however, only 9% of the eligible population received the vaccine. In 2019-2020, season 2, the team sought to improve influenza vaccination rates from 9% to 15% and administer over 2,000 vaccines to eligible ED patients. Methods Key drivers included: identifying vaccine hesitancy, providing counseling, reducing administration delays, and developing reminders for vaccine administration. We tested interventions using plan-do-study-act cycles. We included discharged ED patients, age 6 months-18 years old, emergency severity index score 2-5, and no prior vaccine this season. Process measures included percent of patients screened, eligible, accepting the vaccine, and leaving before vaccination. Outcome measures were the percent of eligible patients vaccinated and the total number of vaccines administered. Vaccination time was the balancing measure. Results We included 57,804 children in this study. Comparing season 1 to 2, screening rates (84%) and eligibility rates (58%) were similar. Vaccine acceptance rates improved from 13% to 22%, the proportion of patients leaving before vaccination decreased from 32% to 17%, and vaccination rates improved from 9% to 20%. Total vaccines administered increased from 1,309 to 3,180, and vaccination time was 5 minutes faster in season 2. Conclusions This ED influenza vaccination process provides a model to overcome vaccine hesitancy and can be adapted and replicated for any vaccine-preventable illness.