cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Factors and Adjustment to Chronic Pain in Persons With Physical Disabilities: A Systematic Review

Abstract Jensen MP, Moore MR, Bockow TB, Ehde DM, Engel JM. Psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities: a systematic review. Objective To systematically review the research findings regarding the associations between psychosocial factors and adjustment to chronic pain in persons with physical disabilities. Data Sources A key word literature search was conducted using articles listed in PubMed, PsychInfo, and CINAHL up to March 2010, and manual searches were made of all retrieved articles to identify published articles that met the review inclusion criteria. Study Selection To be included in the review, articles needed to (1) be written in English, (2) include adults with a physical disability who report having pain, (3) include at least 1 measure of a psychosocial predictor domain, (4) include at least 1 criterion measure of pain or patient functioning, and (5) report the results of associations between the psychosocial factors and criterion measures used in the study. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Data Extraction Three reviewers tabulated study details and findings. Data Synthesis The disability groups studied included spinal cord injury (SCI), acquired amputation, cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis (MS), and muscular dystrophy (MD). Psychosocial factors were shown to be significantly associated with pain and dysfunction in all disability groups. The psychosocial factors most closely associated with pain and dysfunction across the samples included (1) catastrophizing cognitions; (2) task persistence, guarding, and resting coping responses; and (3) perceived social support and solicitous responding social factors. Pain-related beliefs were more strongly associated with pain and dysfunction in the SCI, CP, MS, and MD groups than in the acquired amputation group. Conclusions The findings support the importance of psychosocial factors as significant predictors of pain and functioning in persons with physical disabilities. Clinical trials to test the efficacy of psychosocial treatments for pain and dysfunction are warranted, as are studies to determine whether psychosocial factors have a causal influence on pain and adjustment in these populations.
Cellular forms of the rat and human ß-amyloid precursor protein (BAPP)☆

Abstract Using synthetic peptide antisera generated against s-amyloid precursor protein (BAAP) sequences we demonstrate that the newly synthesized BAPP appears as a 94 kDa peptide in rat brain RNA cell-free translates or polysome runoffs, while from similar human brain material we see two bands at 94 and 120 kDa. Immunoblots reveal likely post-translational modification of BAPP, and possibly an age-dependent, endogenous proteolysis of the protein in rat brain. On human brain immunoblots an unusual post-translational modification or possibly oligomerization of BAPP is seen, particularly in cortical regions.
Régulation de la plasticité dans le cortex auditif par l’expérience sensorielle

21 NO UV EL LE S M AG AZ IN E 3. Heemers HV, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex. Endocrinol Rev 2007 ; 28 : 778-808. 4. Kaarbo M, Klokk TI, Saatcioglu F. Androgen signaling and its interactions with other signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Bioessays 2007 ; 29 : 1227-38. 5. Grisendi S, Bernardi R, Rossi M, et al. Role of nucleophosmin in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Nature 2005 ; 437 : 147-53. 6. Grisendi S, Mecucci C, Falini B, et al. Nucleophosmin and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2006 ; 6 : 493-505. 7. Leotoing L, Meunier L, Manin M, et al. Influence of nucleophosmin/B23 on DNA binding and transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cell. Oncogene 2008 ; 27 : 2858-67. 8. Swaminathan V, Kishore AH, Febitha KK, et al. Human histone chaperone nucleophosmin enhances acetylation-dependent chromatin transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2005 ; 25 : 7534-45. 9. Fu M, Wang C, Wang J, et al. Androgen receptor acetylation governs trans activation and MEKK1induced apoptosis without affecting in vitro sumoylation and transrepression function. Mol Cell Biol 2002 ; 22 : 3373-88. 10. Jia L, Shen HC, Wantroba M, et al. Locus-wide chromatin remodeling and enhanced androgen receptor-mediated transcription in recurrent prostate tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol 2006 ; 26 : 7331-41. 11. Wissmann M, Yin N, Muller JM, et al. Cooperative demethylation by JMJD2C and LSD1 promotes androgen receptor-dependent gene expression. Nat Cell Biol 2007 ; 9 : 347-53. 12. Metzger E, Yin N, Wissmann M, et al. Phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 11 establishes a novel chromatin mark for transcriptional regulation. Nat Cell Biol 2008 ; 10 : 53-60. 13. Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez JL, et al. De la biologie a la clinique : le deces du au cancer de la prostate peutil maintenant etre une exception ? Med Sci (Paris) 2003 ; 19 : 910-9. 14. Cussenot O, Cancel-Tassin G. Facteurs de risque genetiques pour le cancer de la prostate. Med Sci (Paris) 2004 ; 20 : 562-8. 15. Ray-Gallet D, Gerard A, Polo S, Almouzni G. Variations sur le theme du « code histone ». Med Sci (Paris) 2005 ; 21 : 384-9.
Bubbles: A review of their relationship to the formation of thin films and porous materials

Bubbles arise at the intersection of gases with other phases. Their role in the formation and applications of thin films and porous materials is complex. At times they are to be avoided. In other cases they are essential to the desired properties and outcomes. In many cases their function, form and production are misunderstood or dis- regarded. This review seeks to connect a diverse array of technical and fundamental aspects of bubbles so as to fa- cilitate more control and understanding of their functions and utility.
Autoinhibition and relief mechanism for Polo-like kinase 4

Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is a master regulator of centriole duplication, and its hyperactivity induces centriole amplification. Homodimeric Plk4 has been shown to be ubiquitinated as a result of autophosphorylation, thus promoting its own degradation and preventing centriole amplification. Unlike other Plks, Plk4 contains three rather than two Polo box domains, and the function of its third Polo box (PB3) is unclear. Here, we performed a functional analysis of Plk4's structural domains. Like other Plks, Plk4 possesses a previously unidentified autoinhibitory mechanism mediated by a linker (L1) near the kinase domain. Thus, autoinhibition is a conserved feature of Plks. In the case of Plk4, autoinhibition is relieved after homodimerization and is accomplished by PB3 and by autophosphorylation of L1. In contrast, autophosphorylation of the second linker promotes separation of the Plk4 homodimer. Therefore, autoinhibition delays the multiple consequences of activation until Plk4 dimerizes. These findings reveal a complex mechanism of Plk4 regulation and activation which govern the process of centriole duplication.
The thin blue line meets the bottom line of community policing

Increasingly police departments throughout the United States are in transition between traditional and community-based law enforcement. Community policing is thought to increase effectiveness by engaging members of the community in the coproduction of public safety. At the same time, the nature of police activities naturally encourages the formation of bonds between officers. Although bonds between officers are helpful, organizationally, in many ways, these same bonds can also become barriers between police and the citizens they serve. This “bond-barrier" relationship is popularly referred to as the "thin blue line.” The effectiveness of community policing and the use of public safety dollars depends on changes in internal operations as well as the departmental interface with citizens. This paper uses the input of over 300 law enforcement officers to examine an agency in transition between traditional to community policing including the application of a systems approach to articulate transitional concerns. In addition, this paper develops a Satisfaction-Mission Expectation Classification System and uses it to examine law enforcement officers' perceptions of the organization and its environment.
Pediatric Training and Career Intentions, 2003–2009

OBJECTIVES: To examine trends in pediatric residents’ training and job search experiences from 2003 through 2009. METHODS: Annual national random samples of 500 graduating pediatric residents from 2003 through 2005 and 1000 from 2006 through 2009 were surveyed. Responses were compared across years to identify trends. We examined resident demographics, training, satisfaction, career intentions, and job search experiences. Overall response rate was 61%. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2009, there was an increase in the proportion of female graduating pediatric residents (69%–75%), residents from international medical schools (15%–23%), and levels of educational debt among the subgroup of residents with debt ($139 945 in 2003 to $166 972 in 2009). Residents consistently reported (>90% of residents) that they would choose pediatrics again if they had the choice. By 2009, the majority was very satisfied with the quality of their training in most areas, with ratings improving across years in caring for children with special health care needs, evidence-based medicine, and using information technology in practice. Although primary care remained the most common clinical practice goal, there was a modest decline in interest in primary care practice across survey years, whereas interest in subspecialty practice increased. Residents accepting both general pediatric practice and hospitalist positions reported less difficulty in their job search over time. CONCLUSIONS: Despite continually changing demographics of pediatric training programs, residents overall remain very satisfied with their decision to become pediatricians. Pediatricians continue to face difficult financial challenges associated with rising debt, but they also report increasing job search success. * Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics FT — : full-time PT — : part-time
Entamoeba histolytica: Deletion of the GPI Anchor Signal Sequence on the Gal/GalNAc Lectin Light Subunit Prevents Its Assembly into the Lectin Heterodimer

Adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica require the function of a heterodimeric galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-specific lectin. The lectin heavy subunit (Hgl) contains a carbohydrate recognition domain and mediates inside-out cell signaling via its cytoplasmic tail. The function of the lectin light subunit (Lgl) is unknown. The lectin has a unique mechanism of membrane association: Hgl is transmembrane but Lgl is glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored. The role of the GPI anchor signal sequence in heterodimer assembly was tested. Epitope-tagged Lgl with or without the GPI anchor addition signal was expressed in E. histolytica trophozoites. Tagged Lgl did not assemble with Hgl into a lectin heterodimer in the absence of the GPI addition signal. Consistent with previous results that only the Hgl subunit mediates adherence, the monomeric Lgl without the GPI anchor signal lacked Gal/GalNAc-binding activity.
The survival and growth of larval walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, and trophic dynamics in fertilized ponds

Abstract Two fertilization methods, inorganic fertilizers (IF) versus combined inorganic and organic fertilizers (IOF), were compared in four ponds with two replicates of each treatment at a fish stocking density of 244 000 ha−1. Fish survival and total length averaged 77.9% and 38.9 mm in the IF ponds, and 25% and 49.2 mm in the IOF ponds respectively. No significant differences were found for the abundances of total Zooplankton (P > 0.15) and phytoplankton (P > 0.34) between the two treatments, but the mean dissolved oxygen at the bottom was significantly lower in the IOF ponds (6.8 mg O2I−1) than that in the IF ponds (10.4 mg O2I−1(P
Discrimination of intermittent photic stimulation in normal and brain-damaged cats

Abstract Cats were trained to discriminate between a flickering and a steady light and then were subjected to ablation of varying amounts of the visual cortex. The original learning curves consisted of a period of rapid learning of increased frequency of flicker, then a more or less pronounced plateau followed by a second period of more rapid learning. Following surgery those animals with virtually complete loss of striate cortex were able to relearn the discrimination and attained preoperative levels within 1000 trials. Those with slight remnants of visual cortex retained the discrimination but never (4000 trials) reached preoperative levels while the only animal with considerable visual cortex remaining did regain preoperative performance after prolonged retraining (3500 trials). From these results it was possible to conclude that the plateau may represent the usual critical flicker fusion and that, at least in our experiment, fusion must be a central rather than a retinal event. An “interference hypothesis” is suggested which proposes that remnants of a neural system may be more damaging to performance than complete loss of the system.
The integration of healing touch with conventional care at the Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine.

trauma—but these patients are also in a mental, emotional, and spiritual crisis. Sedatives only provide a temporary solution. When the drugs wear off, anxiety returns or worsens, The holistic or whole-person model is the major conceptual basis of nursing education programs today but is still viewed as an esoteric term in many medical schools and especially by physicians. The word healing as used in a holistic model is often viewed as something soft and not scientifically based in medicine, but healing is innate, a natural process. A wound starts healing from the inside out after the “curing procedure” such as surgery or drug therapy has taken place. This has been known in nursing since Florence Nightingale postulated it over 100 years ago, yet there is still confusion over the difference between healing and curing.
Inclusion of price dependent load models in the optimal power flow

The authors investigate the inclusion of price-dependent loads into the traditional optimal power flow algorithm. The development of the model will be based on the solution of the OPF using an objective function for maximization of social welfare. The paper shows that a traditional OFF algorithm that minimizes supplier costs can be modified to solve the social welfare maximization problem by including price-dependent load models. This modification to the standard OPF is intuitive and very simple. They show this modified OPF formulation facilitates simulation of a spot market for electricity. While the development in the paper accounts for both real and reactive power supply and consumption, the examples in the paper concentrate on real power markets. The algorithm is demonstrated on a range of practical examples, including several small systems, and on a system with over a hundred buses. The impact of such price dependent loads on congestion and bus marginal costs is highlighted.
Why Kidneys Fail: Report from an American Society of Nephrology Advances in Research Conference

A recent American Society of Nephrology Conference, entitled "Why Kidneys Fail: Translating Basic Mechanisms of Disease Pathogenesis into Novel Therapies," explored basic mechanisms and their potential translational implications. In this article, the conference organizers summarize the conference presentations.
Electrostatic electrographic printing

This paper describes the empirically observed characteristics of electrographic printing in which electrostatic charge patterns are deposited onto a dielectric surface via a contacting electrode and subsequently made visible by toning. The process exhibits a threshold effect that may be used in simplifying the addressing circuitry. An equivalent circuit of the electrode and dielectric coated-paper combination that incorporates the threshold effect is presented. Typical printers using this electrographic process are described, and some requirements of the drive circuitry necessary for such printers are discussed.
Regulation of Hip1r by epsin controls the temporal and spatial coupling of actin filaments to clathrin-coated pits

Recently, it has become clear that the actin cytoskeleton is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, clathrin triskelions and adaptor proteins assemble into lattices, forming clathrin-coated pits. These coated pits invaginate and detach from the membrane, a process that requires dynamic actin polymerization. We found an unexpected role for the clathrin adaptor epsin in regulating actin dynamics during this late stage of coated vesicle formation. In Dictyostelium cells, epsin is required for both the membrane recruitment and phosphorylation of the actin- and clathrin-binding protein Hip1r. Epsin-null and Hip1r-null cells exhibit deficiencies in the timing and organization of actin filaments at clathrin-coated pits. Consequently, clathrin structures persist on the membranes of epsin and Hip1r mutants and the internalization of clathrin structures is delayed. We conclude that epsin works with Hip1r to regulate actin dynamics by controlling the spatial and temporal coupling of actin filaments to clathrin-coated pits. Specific residues in the ENTH domain of epsin that are required for the membrane recruitment and phosphorylation of Hip1r are also required for normal actin and clathrin dynamics at the plasma membrane. We propose that epsin promotes the membrane recruitment and phosphorylation of Hip1r, which in turn regulates actin polymerization at clathrin-coated pits.
Deformation and Coble Creep of Nanocrystalline Materials

Modeling of strengthening by nanocrystalline materials need consideration of dislocation interactions and sliding due to Coble creep, both of which may be acting simultaneously. Such a mechanism is considered in this paper. It is shown that a model based on using Coble creep (with a threshold stress) for finer grains and conventional Hall-Petch strengthening for larger grains, appears to be most successful in explaining experimental results provided care is taken to incorporate into the analysis the effect of grain size distribution occurring in most specimens. A generalized expression relating yield stress to grain size is also proposed.
Engineering of functional contractile cardiac tissues cultured in a perfusion system

Overcoming the limitations of diffusional transport in conventional culture systems remains an open issue for successfully generating thick, compact and functional cardiac tissues. Previously, it was shown that perfusion systems enhance the yield and uniformity of cell seeding and cell survival in thick cardiac constructs. The aim of our study was to form highly functional cardiac constructs starting from spatially uniform, high density cell seeded constructs. Disk-shaped elastomeric poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffolds were seeded with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and cultured for eight days with direct perfusion of culture medium or statically in a six-well plate. In the perfusion experimental group, the integrity of some disks was well maintained, whereas in others a central hole was formed, resulting in ring-shaped constructs. This allowed us to also study the effects of construct geometry and of interstitial flow versus channel perfusion. The ring-shaped constructs appeared to have a denser and more uniform deposition of extracellular matrix. In response to electrical stimulation, the fractional area change of the ring-shaped constructs was 7.3 and 2.7 times higher than for disk-shaped tissues cultured in perfusion or statically, respectively. These findings suggest that a combination of many factors, including scaffold elasticity and geometry and the type of perfusion system applied, need to be considered in order to engineer a cardiac construct with high contractile activity.
Down Syndrome with Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder and Beta-Thalassemia Major

Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality and is frequently associated with transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) and leukaemias. The coinheritance of this syndrome with beta-thalassemia major is uncommon. Only two cases of coinheritance of Down syndrome with beta-thalassemia major have been published in literature. We report an infant suffering from Down syndrome who presented with severe anemia which was later attributed to beta-thalassemia major and TMD. The infant improved after blood transfusion and other supportive management. The blasts disappeared from marrow during hospital stay. In areas of high prevalence of beta-thalassemia heterozygotes, the presence of coinheritance of the mentioned condition with another congenital disorder may be common.
Complex effects of flavopiridol on the expression of primary response genes.

Background The Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) is a complex of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) with either cyclins T1, T2 or K. The complex phosphorylates the C-Terminal Domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and negative elongation factors, stimulating productive elongation by RNAPII, which is paused after initiation. P-TEFb is recruited downstream of the promoters of many genes, including primary response genes, upon certain stimuli. Flavopiridol (FVP) is a potent pharmacological inhibitor of CDK9 and has been used extensively in cells as a means to inhibit CDK9 activity. Inhibition of P-TEFb complexes has potential therapeutic applications.
Hospital Guidelines for Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

OBJECTIVE:To describe the development of guidelines for initial use of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and other anticoagulants in acute-care hospitals that are part of a national group purchasing organization (GPO).DATA SOURCES:A systematic literature search (1970–December 2001) was conducted to identify evidence on the efficacy of various anticoagulants for initial therapy in deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and in treatment of acute coronary syndrome. A group consensus method was then used to develop guidelines. Guidelines were reviewed and revised by an internal expert panel as well as an external expert panel. Final guidelines were disseminated to GPO members and assistance was provided with implementation at the local level.RESULTS:The final set of guidelines is described. The guidelines are organized based on recommended therapeutic options for each indication. For each option, consensus opinion is provided on the level of evidence that exists in the literature, comparisons of cos...
The Impact of Resolution on a Numerical Simulation of Barotropic Instability

The barotropic point jet problem is used to study the impact of resolution on a numerical simulation of barotropic instability. This particular problem is studied because of the close relation of the linearized version of the problem to baroclinic instability. This study finds that the channel-averaged wave enstrophy and the fluxes at the jet in the wave‐mean flow equilibrated state are underestimated when the resolution of the model is inadequate to resolve the analytic linear growth rates. Moreover, the resolution of the model is found to impact the wave‐mean flow equilibrated state even when the analytic linear growth rates are resolved. This is due to potential vorticity gradients and fluxes in the equilibrated state being largely independent of resolution, as long as the linear growth rates are adequately resolved. In a coarse-resolution model this results in momentum fluxes and shear at the vertex of the jet that are dependent upon the resolution of the model. The results of this study suggest that resolution will also impact the numerical simulation of baroclinic instability. Two-level models of the atmosphere are commonly used to study the large-scale processes of the midlatitude troposphere. The eddies in the two-level model studies act to bring the model’s mean state to an equilibrium that has meridional temperature gradients that are smaller than the temperature gradients in radiative‐convective equilibrium. These results have been used to support the hypothesis that dynamical heat transports due to baroclinic eddies play a dominant role in determining the temperature structure of the midlatitude troposphere. Stone (1978) proposed that baroclinic eddies that have been destabilized by a surface temperature gradient will act to reduce the temperature gradient in order to stabilize the eddies. By the thermal wind relation, a me
Series-parallel resonant forward inverter as a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) driver

A square wave, produced by two switches that operate complementarily, is applied to a series-parallel resonant forward inverter, which is composed of leakage inductors, a magnetizing inductor, an external series capacitor and the parasitic parallel capacitor, and filtered into a sinusoid waveform to drive a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). The complete operation principle and characteristics of this resonant circuit are discussed in detail in this paper. Complete hardware implementation with the UCC3975 controller and system efficiency are presented too.
Endocannabinoid signaling in microglial cells.

The endocannabinoid signaling system (eCBSS) is composed of cannabinoid (CB) receptors, their endogenous ligands (the endocannabinoids, eCB) and the enzymes that produce and inactivate these ligands. Neurons use this signaling system to communicate with each other and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychotropic ingredient of Cannabis sativa, induces profound behavioral effects by impinging on this communication. Evidence now shows that microglia, the macrophages of the brain, also express a functional eCBSS and that activation of CB receptors expressed by activated microglia controls their immune-related functions. This review summarizes this evidence, discusses how microglia might use the eCBSS to communicate with each other and neighboring cells, and argues that compounds selectively targeting the eCBSS expressed by microglia constitute valuable therapeutics to manage acute and chronic neuroinflammation, without inducing the psychotropic effects and underlying addictive properties commonly associated with THC.
The Maximal Amount of Dietary α-Tocopherol Intake in U.S. Adults (NHANES 2001–2002)

The current study was designed to determine the maximal amount of alpha-tocopherol intake obtained from food in the U.S. diet, and to examine the effect of different food group intakes on this amount. Data from 2138 men and 2213 women aged >18 y were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2002. Linear programming was used to generate diets with maximal alpha-tocopherol intake, with the conditions of meeting the recommended daily allowances or adequate intakes for a set of nutrients, sodium and fat recommendations, and energy limits, and that were compatible with the observed dietary patterns in the population. With food use and energy constraints in models, diets formulated by linear programming provided 19.3-24.9 mg alpha-tocopherol for men and women aged 19-50 or >50 y. These amounts decreased to 15.4-19.9 mg with the addition of the sodium, dietary reference intake, and fat constraints. The relations between maximal alpha-tocopherol intake and food group intakes were influenced by total fat restrictions. Although meeting current recommendations (15 mg/d) appears feasible for individuals, dramatic dietary changes that include greater intakes of nuts and seeds, and fruit and vegetables, are needed. Careful selection of the highest vitamin E source foods within these groups could further increase the likelihood of meeting the current recommended daily allowance.
Weddell seal foraging dives: comparison of free-ranging and isolated-hole paradigms

Weddell seals are polar predators that must partition their time between many behaviours, including hunting prey at depth and breathing at the surface. Although they have been well studied, little is known about how foraging behaviour changes when access to breathing holes is restricted, such as in the isolated-hole paradigm. The current study took advantage of previously gathered data for seals diving at an isolated hole to compare with foraging behaviour of free-ranging seals that had access to multiple holes. We examined dive structure, hunting tactics, and allocation of time, locomotor activity and energy based on three-dimensional dive profiles and video imagery of prey encounters for two free-ranging and six isolated-hole seals. Midsummer foraging dives of free-ranging seals were remarkably similar to those of seals diving at an isolated hole, but there were differences in two behavioural states and the frequency of several behavioural transitions. Results indicate that seals employ an energetically more conservative foraging strategy when access to breathing holes is limited and prey are less abundant. These results highlight the importance of understanding the complex interactions between breathing hole access, prey abundance and other factors that may result in different Weddell seal foraging strategies under changing future conditions.
Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience

Drawing from the foundation of positive psychology and the recently emerging positive organizational behavior, two studies (N = 1,032 and N = 232) test hypotheses on the impact that the selected positive psychological resource capacities of hope, optimism, and resilience have on desired work-related employee outcomes. These outcomes include performance (self-reported in Study 1 and organizational performance appraisals in Study 2), job satisfaction, work happiness, and organizational commitment. The findings generally support that employees’ positive psychological re source capacities relate to, and contribute unique variance to, the outcomes. However, hope, and, to a lesser extent, optimism and resilience, do differentially contribute to the various outcomes. Utility analysis supports the practical implications of the study results.
Articulating Assessments Across Childhood: The Cross-Age Validity of the Desired Results Developmental Profile–Revised

Assessment systems that track children's progress across time need to be sensitive to the variegated nature of development. Although instruments are commonly designed to assess behaviors within a specific age range, some children advance slower or faster than others and, as a result, often show behaviors from a younger or older age group. This situation is particularly common when the assessment is carried out close to the intersection of two age groups (e.g., just before preschoolers enter elementary school). Assessments that measure development across multiple age groups need to be able to capture behaviors across these cross-age transitions to make valid inferences about children. In other words, one needs to evaluate the extent to which constructs are measured reliably and without discontinuities across the whole age range. This article describes a process for establishing validity of cross-age inferences by using a set of age-consecutive developmental assessments. Identifying and validating an alignm...
Topographic organization of a forebrain pathway involved with vocal learning in zebra finches

A serial pathway from a thalamic nucleus (DLM; the medial portion of the dorsolateral nucleus of the anterior thalamus) to a cortical region (lMAN; the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum) to a motor-cortical region (RA; the robust nucleus of the archistriatum) is necessary for vocal production during song learning in juvenile zebra finches but not for the recitation of a song already learned by adults. To obtain new information about the possible function of the DLM-->lMAN-->RA pathway in vocal learning, we used anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing techniques (pressure injections of DiI and DiA) to map the pattern of axonal connections between these brain regions in adult male zebra finches. Results revealed two topographically organized pathways that traverse the songbird forebrain in parallel. An oval-shaped dorsal/lateral portion of DLM projects solely to the central core of lMAN (lMANcore), whereas a crescent-shaped region, including ventral and medial DLM, projects exclusively to a parvicellular shell that encircles lMANcore (lMANshell). In turn, lMANshell neurons project solely to an arc-shaped region of dorsal archistriatum just lateral to RA (Ad; archistriatum, pars dorsalis), whereas lMANcore neurons project exclusively to RA. We also identified crossed and reciprocal pathways between lMANcore/shell and the lateral portion of the ventral archistriatum, which may contribute to interhemispheric coordination of vocal behavior. A robust topographic organization was observed in the axonal projections from dorsal/lateral-DLM-->lMANcore-->RA and from ventral/medial-DLM-->lMANshell-->Ad, raising the question of what is being mapped within these two forebrain pathways. Because RA projection neurons are organized myotopically with respect to the major vocal (syringeal) muscles (D.S. Vicario, 1991, J. Comp. Neurol. 309:486-494), one possibility is that a mapping of vocal/expiratory musculature is preserved "upstream" within these pathways. Similarly, the presence of song-selective auditory neurons in DLM, lMAN, and RA (A.J. Doupe and M. Konishi, 1991, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 18:527) suggests that these pathways might subserve some form of auditory or auditory-motor mapping.
Strangers still? The experience of discrimination among Chinese Americans

This study investigates the perceptions of discrimination within an Asian American community. Over 1,500 Chinese Americans were interviewed regarding experiences with unfair treatment due to their race or ethnicity and their language and or accent. Demographic variables, acculturation level, and amount of contact opportunity were used to predict perceived discrimination using multiple hierarchical logistic analyses. Approximately 21% of Chinese Americans reported being unfairly treated in their lifetime. The specific predictors varied depending on whether the discrimination was due to race and ethnicity, or language and accent. Retention of cultural practices, age of immigration, and contact opportunity were associated with racial discrimination. Only contact opportunity was associated with language and accent discrimination. Implications are discussed with respect to perceptions of similarity, the contact hypothesis, and bicultural adjustment. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Circuit models of PWM half-bridge DC-DC converter

Parasitic resistances of all components and offset voltage sources of power switches are included in a systematic manner in averaged circuit models of multi-switch and/or transformer pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters operating in continuous conduction mode. Equations for equivalent averaged resistances and equivalent averaged voltage sources of parasitic components are derived using the principle of energy conservation. A reflection rule which allows simplification of circuit models is given. The method is exemplified by the modeling of a half-bridge converter. >
The U.S. Geological Survey's gravity program in California

Since the 1963 gravity symposium, the U.S. Geological Survey has entered into a cooperative program with the California Division of Mines and Geology, the Army Map Service, and several universities for the purpose of completing a 5-mgal Bouguer gravity map of the entire State of California at a scale of 1:250,000 by 1970. The areal division of responsibility within the program is shown on a map of California by Chapman (p. 542). It is evident from a plot of existing stations that considerably more data are required in the eastern Mojave Desert located in the southeastern corner of the state, and in the Sierra Nevada north of Lake Tahoe. Additional fill-in work is needed in nearly all parts of the state. The data requirements vary for a 5-mgal contour map depending on the local complexity of the gravity field; but in general, we are obtaining gravity stations at an interval of about 3 km along roads, trails, and rivers, and 5 to 8 km between these access routes by cross-country jeep, horseback, or helicopter if necessary. About 6000 new stations were obtained in California by the Geological Survey during 1968 and we expect to obtain about 3000 more in 1969.
What incentives can teach us about missing data in longitudinal assessment

This chapter explores the use of incentives in reducing missing data in longitudinal research and offers practical suggestions for using incentives in institutional assessment.
Churchill's Intention in 'Great Contemporaries'

Churchill's "Great Contemporaries" was written to afford the statesman an opportunity to reflect on the strengths and limitations of great men of his time, and to afford the reader an opportunity to gain an acquaintance with them through Churchill's brief lives.
Computer control of a slow-AC technique for thermopower measurements

A measurement algorithm and the required instrumentation for computer automation of temperature-dependent thermopower measurements over the range of 4.2 to 350 K are described. The performance of the measurement system is demonstrated by examining typical results obtained on bulk and thin film samples of the thallium-based ceramic superconductor. The quality of the measurement data obtained is improved by increasing the density of the collected data and by improving reproducibility of the results. >
Down But Not Out

Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Two highly homologous β3-containing integrins have been identified: αvβ3 (also known as the vitronectin receptor) and αIIbβ3 (also known as platelet glycoprotein [GP] IIb/IIIa). αvβ3 can be expressed by a variety of cell types including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), leukocytes, platelets, osteoclasts, and mesangial cells, whereas αIIbβ3 is found only on platelets and megakaryocytes. αvβ3 consists of a 125-kDa α subunit and a 105-kDa β subunit and, in addition to vitronectin, binds other extracellular proteins including osteopontin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, proteolysed collagen, DEL1 (developmentally regulated endothelial locus-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, prothrombin, DANCE (developmental arteries and neural crest epidermal growth factor [EGF]-like), and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Similar to αIIbβ3 integrins on platelets, αvβ3 integrins exist in active and inactive conformations, with variable affinity for ligands, depending on the cell type and modulation by signaling events.1 See page 1376 In the normal artery, vascular expression of αvβ3 integrins is generally limited to the luminal endothelial monolayer.2,3 After vascular injury, αvβ3 expression increases markedly, a finding that has been consistent across numerous animal models including baboons, rats, rabbits, mice, and pigs.4 αvβ3 expression is observed rapidly in the media after injury and is found …
Mechanism of Passive Permeation of Ions and Molecules Through Plant Membranes

The Gibbs free energy of ion and molecule transfer ΔG(tr) from the aqueous phase to a hydrophobic part of a biomembrane can be calculated as a sum of all contributions ΔG(tr) = ΔG(el) + ΔG(hph) + ΔG(si), where ΔG(el) is electrostatic contribution, ΔG(hph) is the hydrophobic effect, and ΔG(si) is determined by specific interactions of the transferred particle (ion, dipole) with solvent molecules, such as hydrogen bond formation, donor–acceptor, and ion–dipole interactions. The electrostatic component of the Gibbs energy of ion transfer from medium w into the medium m was found from conventional Born expression corrected for the image energy in a thin membrane. The hydrophobic contribution to the Gibbs free energy of solute resolvation with surface area S can be calculated using the equation, \( \Updelta G_{s} = - N_{A} S\gamma , \) where γ is the surface tension in the cavity formed by the transferred particle in the media and N A is the Avogadro’s number. A significant point is that the free energy of the hydrophobic effect is opposite in sign to the electrostatic effect. As a result, the sum of electrostatic and hydrophobic components of the Gibbs free energy decreases with a solute size, so that ΔG(tr) > 0 only for small ions. The specific energy of ion/dipolar layer interaction depend on the dipolar membrane surface potential ϕ s as ΔG(si) = −zFϕ s, where ze is the charge of ions and F is the Faraday constant. These calculations yielded the permeability of different ions and neutral molecules through plant membranes in good agreement with experimental data.
Association of Body Mass Index and Body Fat Distribution with Risk of Lung Cancer in Older Women

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of cancer at a number of sites. A notable exception appears to be lung cancer, for which several studies suggest a modest inverse association. However, cigarette smoking is directly associated with lung cancer and inversely associated with body mass index. To investigate the hypothesis that body mass index is associated with lung cancer independent of cigarette smoking, the authors analyzed data from a prospective cohort study of 41,837 Iowa women aged 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. In addition, they examined whether central adiposity (high waist/hip ratio) was associated with lung cancer incidence. Through 1992 (6 years of follow-up), 233 cases of lung cancer were identified through the State Health Registry of Iowa. The body mass index at several ages was calculated from self-reports of height at baseline and weights at ages 18, 30, 40, and 50 years and at baseline. Current and former smokers generally had lower mean body mass indices than did nonsmokers at all ages except 18 years. Cases generally had lower body mass indices than did noncases at all ages except 18 and 30 years but, among current smokers, cases had higher mean body mass indices than did noncases at all ages except baseline, although the differences were not statistically significant. An apparent positive association of a high waist/hip ratio with lung cancer in the total cohort was found to be primarily accounted for by a higher waist/hip ratio in current and former smokers. When stratified by smoking status and adjusted for other risk factors, including age and pack-years of smoking, the body mass index at baseline, body mass index at age 50 years, and waist/hip ratio were not associated with lung cancer. The results of multivariate analyses suggest that the inverse association of body mass index with lung cancer can be explained by smoking status and that the positive association of waist/hip ratio with lung cancer can be explained by pack-years of smoking.
Stress‐dependent transport properties of fractured arkosic sandstone

We measure the fluid transport properties of microfractures and macrofractures in low-porosity polyphase sandstone and investigate the controls of in situ stress state on fluid flow conduits in fractured rock. For this study, the permeability and porosity of the Punchbowl Formation sandstone, a hydrothermally altered arkosic sandstone, were measured and mapped in stress space under intact, microfractured, and macrofractured deformation states. In contrast to crystalline and other sedimentary rocks, the distributed intragranular and grain-boundary microfracturing that precedes macroscopic fracture formation has little effect on the fluid transport properties. The permeability and porosity of microfractured and intact sandstone depend strongly on mean stress and are relatively insensitive to differential stress and proximity to the frictional sliding envelope. Porosity variations occur by elastic pore closure with intergranular sliding and pore collapse caused by microfracturing along weakly cemented grain contacts. The macroscopic fractured samples are best described as a two-component system consisting (i) a tabular fracture with a 0.5-mm-thick gouge zone bounded by 1 mm thick zones of concentrated transgranular and intragranular microfractures and (ii) damaged sandstone. Using bulk porosity and permeability measurements and finite element methods models, we show that the tabular fracture is at least two orders of magnitude more permeable than the host rock at mean stresses up to 90 MPa. Further, we show that the tabular fracture zone dilates as the stress state approaches the friction envelope resulting in up to a three order of magnitude increase in fracture permeability. These results indicate that the enhanced and stress-sensitive permeability in fault damage zones and sedimentary basins composed of arkosic sandstones will be controlled by the distribution of macroscopic fractures rather than microfractures.
Polymorphism and foraging behavior in Pogonomyrmex badius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): worker size, foraging distance, and load size associations

The relationship between caste polymorphism and foraging strategy was examined in the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille). Foragers of P. badius were offered two sizes of barley seed (4 or 33 mg) at 1, 2, 5, and 10 m from the nest entrance. No consistently significant correlations were found between forager size and the size of seed collected. Distance of seed from the nest was not associated with worker size or seed selection. In this species, it does not appear that polymorphism can be explained by simple models of foraging optimization through the pairing of worker size and seed size.
Understanding the Leadership Function: Leaders Are Not Necessarily Managers

In an organization hierarchy, managers receive their right to direct from those in higher-level positions. This right to issue directions is called au-thority. Leaders are those who can influence their co-workers. The ability to influence is called effective leadership. Consequently, the functions of leaders and managers are not necessarily the same. Research suggests that the manager who becomes a leader can be tremendously more effective in the workplace.
Modeling of Contact Angle for a Liquid in Contact with a Rough Surface for Various Wetting Regimes

The roughness distribution affects contact angle and surface wetting. Three surface wetting regimes are discussed, which include Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter, and Cassie regimes. In the Wenzel regime, a liquid droplet completely wets the rough surface with a homogeneous interface. In the Cassie-Baxter regime, a heterogeneous or composite interface with air pockets trapped between the asperities is formed. In a Cassie regime, a liquid film impregnates some of the cavities in an area surrounding the droplet as well.
Military coups in the people’s republic of China: Failure, fabrication, or fancy?

The most blatant and dramatic type of political act by soldiers is the coup d’etat. Scholars of civil-military relations often argue that communist states are virtually immune to coups because of effective mechanisms of party control over the army. In the case of the People’s Republic of china (PRC), many scholars contend that there have been no successful military coups, although some assert there has been at least one abortive attempt—by Minister of Defense Lin Biao in 1971. Chinese sources have reported many botched coup plots and some sinologists have accepted there as fact and/or labeled various events in PRC history as military coups.