cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reaction of α-, δ-, and acetylated-δ-chymotrypsin with radioactive formaldehyde

Abstract Many investigations into the reaction of proteins and their amino acid constituents with formaldehyde have led to the conclusion that formaldehyde reacts primarily with the free amino group during short-term exposure and mild conditions 1–4 . Recently, Martin and Marini 5 presented spectral and kinetic results for the reaction of α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) with formaldehyde which indicate that formaldehyde also reacts with the imidazole side chains of the enzyme to produce N -hydroxymethyl derivatives. This is particularly interesting in light of the fact that the enzyme remains catalytically active 6 . Titrimetric results of imidazole in the presence of formaldehyde have also been analyzed in terms of N -hydroxymethylation 7,8 . Because of the catalytic role assigned to histidine residues in a number of enzymes, a more definitive identification of the formaldehyde reaction product(s) has been undertaken. NMR techniques 9 have been used to study the formaldehyde reaction product(s) of several imidazole derivatives; however, the studies could only be conducted on model compounds. To extend the results observed in the NMR studies to enzyme systems, the binding of radioactive formaldehyde to the imidazole and amino functions of α-, δ-, and acetylated-δ-chymotrypsin has been observed as a function of pH. Radioactive [ 14 C]formaldehyde was obtained from New England Nuclear Corp. and diluted with 12.4 M formaldehyde to 10 ml to give a final specific activity of 886 disint./min per μmole of formaldehyde. 15 mg of protein were dissolved in 0.3 ml of water and the pH adjusted with HC1 or KOH. The [ 14 C]formaldehyde (0.1 ml) was added and the reaction mixture allowed to sit for 1 min. The protein reacted under acidic conditions was precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid; the protein reacted under basic conditions was precipitated with ice-cold absolute ethanol. The precipitated material was spun down, the supernatant layer decanted, and the precipitate washed by resuspension in absolute ethanol. The material was washed until no radioactivity could be detected in the supernatant layer. Washing with alcohol does not hydrolyze the hydroxymethylated derivatives 2 . After the washing, the precipitate was prepared for scintillation counting by the addition of Nuclear Chicago Solubilizer. The solubilized sample was taken up in 15 ml of scintillation fluid and counted on a Beckman dual channel counter with predetermined isosets for 14 C and 3 H + 14 C and an external standard set on automatic quench correction. Each sample was run in duplicate and a cold formaldehyde sample run simultaneously for protein determinations. This procedure was run on three separate occasions.
Heavy-quarkonium decay into Z+Higgs boson as a scalar/pseudoscalar discriminant.

The heavy-quarkonium decay $^{3}\mathrm{S}_{1}$(QQ\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z+Higgs boson, a feasible process for Higgs-boson searches, is shown to be highly sensitive to the structure of the HQQ\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} vertex. A study of the angular distributions of the Z decay products can distinguish between the scalar or pseudoscalar form of this vertex and provide important information on the electroweak-symmetry-breaking mechanism.
Analysis of Eye Movements during Monocular and Binocular Fixation

Recordings of the horizontal component of movements of the eyes were made during monocular and binocular fixation. The variation in the vergence of the eyes over time was found to be of the same order of magnitude as the variation in position of the individual eyes, even though the lateral positions of the two eyes are somewhat correlated. The drift and tremor of the two eyes are not correlated; the over-all correlation is due to the saccadic movements. Saccades in one eye seem to be always accompanied by simultaneous saccades in the other eye which are almost always in the same direction and about the same in size. The maintenance of binocular fixation does not seem to be dependent on a direct response to or sensing of vergence error. Rather, it appears to be dependent on the saccadic responses of the two eyes to their own fixation errors.
On estimates for short wave stability and long wave instability in three-layer Hele-Shaw flows

Abstract We consider the linear stability of three-layer Hele-Shaw flows with each layer having constant viscosity and viscosity increasing in the direction of a basic uniform flow. While the upper bound results on the growth rate of long waves are well known from our earlier works, lower bound results on the growth rate of short stable waves are not known to date. In this paper, we obtain such a lower bound. In particular, we show the following results: (i) the lower bound for stable short waves is also a lower bound for all stable waves, and the exact dispersion curve for the most stable eigenvalue intersects the dispersion curve based on the lower bound at a wavenumber where the most stable eigenvalue is zero; (ii) the upper bound for unstable long waves is also an upper bound for all unstable waves, and the exact dispersion curve for the most unstable eigenvalue intersects the dispersion curve based on the upper bound at a wavenumber where the most unstable eigenvalue is zero. Numerical results are provided which support these findings.
Nanotechnology strategic plan for the U.S. Air Force

I will review recent advances in DoD nanoscience and technology (NST) at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in the areas of nano-materials, nano-electronics, and nano-energetics. NST will profoundly change all critical aspects of maintaining a technologically superior national defense capability. In this talk, I will focus on programmatic priorities for AFRL basic and applied R&D in the seven selected priority areas that comprise the AFRL Strategic Nanotech Plan. The goal of this plan is to focus, prioritize and guide future AF funding in nanotechnology. The selected topics include: tailorable dielectrics, reconfigurable optical response materials, adaptive structural materials, quantum confined optical sensors and sources, nanotechnology for RF, as well as several cross-cutting topics such as self-assembly, interfaces, and modeling and simulation.
Neurotrophins and Tonsillar Hypertrophy in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Enlarged adenotonsillar tissue (AT) is a major determinant of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity in children; however, mechanisms of AT proliferation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that early exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) may modify AT proliferation through up-regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF)-neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor dependent pathways. AT harvested from 34 children with OSA and 25 children with recurrent tonsillitis (RI) were examined for mRNA expression of multiple growth factors and their receptors. In addition, NK1 receptor expression and location, and substance P tissue concentrations were compared in AT from OSA and RI children. NGF mRNA and its high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (trkA) expression were selectively increased in OSA (p < 0.001). NK1 receptor mRNA and protein expression were also enhanced in OSA (p < 0.01), and substance P concentrations in OSA patients were higher than in RI (p < 0.0001). AT from OSA children exhibit distinct differences in the expression of NGF and trkA receptors, NK1 receptors, and substance P. The homology between these changes and those observed in the lower airways following RSV infection suggests that RSV may have induced neuro-immunomodulatory changes within AT, predisposing them to increased proliferation, and ultimately contribute to emergence of OSA.
Autonomy control software

For a number of years, researchers in AI and robotics have been sharing organisation principles for software development called “architectures” (Arkin, 1998; Hexmoor et al., 1997; Kortenkamp et al., 1998). Most recently, there has been an interest in extending the software architectures originally designed for robotic applications to accommodate autonomous operation beyond robotics (Pell et al., 1998). These architectures attempt to state principles for organising software for intelligent systems that exhibit cognitive functionalities such as natural language understanding, planning and learning, as well as organism-like functionalities to cope in the world such as reflexive and reactive behaviours.
A Photo-Labile Thioether Linkage to Phycoviolobilin Provides the Foundation for the Blue/Green Photocycles in DXCF-Cyanobacteriochromes

The phytochrome superfamily encompasses a diverse collection of photochromic photoreceptors in plants and microorganisms that employ a covalently linked bilin cradled in a cGMP-phosphodiesterase/adenylyl-cyclase/FhlA (GAF) domain to detect light. Whereas most interconvert between red- and far-red-light-absorbing states, cyanobacteria also express variants called cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) that modify bilin absorption to collectively perceive the entire visible spectrum. Here, we present two X-ray crystallographic structures of the GAF domain from the blue/green photochromic CBCR PixJ from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. These structures confirm the hypothesis that CBCRs variably manipulate the chromophore π-conjugation system through isomerization and a second thioether linkage, in this case involving the bilin C10 carbon and Cys494 within a DXCF sequence characteristic of blue/green CBCRs. Biochemical studies support a mechanism for photoconversion whereby the second linkage ruptures on route to the green-light-absorbing state. Collectively, the TePixJ(GAF) models illustrate the remarkable structural and photochemical versatility among phytochromes and CBCRs in driving light perception.
Community College Formula Funding: A Policy Analysis Framework

In 1940 V.0. Key asked the basic budget-design question, "on what basis shall it be decided to allocate X dollars to activity 'A' instead of activity 'B'?" The question makes it clear that budgeting is a "decision-making" system involving a process, and an output of a value choice in the form of a resource allocation. But, what budgeting system will emerge as community colleges enter the late 1980s? The budget processes of our individual states provide different answers on both values and methodology to Key's question. This article does not attempt to answer the question, but does suggest a policy analysis framework that may be useful for both the practitioner and researcher reviewing funding approaches among community college. Policy options are clearly the high-profile factor in most funding debates. Yet, the understanding and clarification of the decision process can be assisted through the use of formative evaluation criteria to evaluate the impacts of the suggested change in allocation technique. The most frequent public higher education financing approach to provide state dollars to public institutions is formula funding. This is especially true at the community college level, where the formula procedure is applied to a little over two-thirds of the states (Wattenbarger and Mercer, 1985). With so many states using some form of formula funding, however, a significant area of analysis is how this allocation process in particular is being modified to address emerging policy options.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile Communications

The field of wireless and mobile communication has a remarkable history that spans over a century of technology innovations from Marconi's first transatlantic transmission in 1899 to the worldwide adoption of cellular mobile services by over four billion people today. Wireless has become one of the most pervasive core technology enablers for a diverse variety of computing and communications applications ranging from third-generation/fourth-generation (3G/4G) cellular devices, broadband access, indoor WiFi networks, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) systems to embedded sensor and radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications. This has led to an accelerating pace of research and development in the wireless area with the promise of significant new breakthroughs over the next decade and beyond. This paper provides a perspective of some of the research frontiers of wireless and mobile communications, identifying early stage key technologies of strategic importance and the new applications that they will enable. Specific new radio technologies discussed include dynamic spectrum access (DSA), white space, cognitive software-defined radio (SDR), antenna beam steering and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), 60-GHz transmission, and cooperative communications. Taken together, these approaches have the potential for dramatically increasing radio link speeds from current megabit per second rates to gigabit per second, while also improving radio system capacity and spectrum efficiency significantly. The paper also introduces a number of emerging wireless/mobile networking concepts including multihoming, ad hoc and multihop mesh, delay-tolerant routing, and mobile content caching, providing a discussion of the protocol capabilities needed to support each of these usage scenarios. In conclusion, the paper briefly discusses the impact of these wireless technologies and networking techniques on the design of emerging audiovisual and multimedia applications as they migrate to mobile Internet platforms.
Regulator of G protein signaling RGS3T is localized to the nucleus and induces apoptosis.

RGS3 belongs to a family of the regulators of G protein signaling (RGS). We previously demonstrated that cytosolic RGS3 translocates to the membrane to inhibit Gq/11signaling (Dulin, N. O., Sorokin, A., Reed, E., Elliott, S., Kehrl, J., and Dunn, M. J. (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 714–723). This study examines the properties of a recently identified truncated variant termed RGS3T. Both RGS3 and RGS3T bound to endogenous Gαq/11 and inhibited endothelin-1-stimulated calcium mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity to a similar extent. However, unlike cytosolically localized RGS3, RGS3T was found predominantly in the nucleus and partially in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, RGS3T, but not RGS3, caused cell rounding and membrane blebbing. Finally, 44% of RGS3T-transfected cells underwent apoptosis after serum withdrawal, which was significantly higher than that of RGS3-transfected cells (7%). Peptide sequence analysis revealed two potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences in RGS3T. Further truncation of the RGS3T N terminus containing putative NLSs resulted in a significant reduction of nuclear versus cytoplasmic staining of the protein. Moreover, this truncated RGS3T no longer induced apoptosis. In summary, RGS3 and its truncated variant RGS3T are similar in their ability to inhibit Gq/11 signaling but are different in their intracellular distribution. These data suggest that, in addition to being a GTPase-activating protein, RGS3T has other distinct functions in the nucleus of the cell.
A New Mechanism for the Conversion of Transition Metal Azides to Imido Complexes

Density functional calculations reveal a new mechanism for the decomposition of rhenium alkyl azide. PhN3 binds to the rhenium center in an η1-diazoamino mode ([Re]—N(Ph)—N≡N) rather than the more common η1-terminal mode ([Re]—N═N═N—Ph). From this new intermediate direct loss of N2 is fast, while the previously postulated cyclic 4-centered intermediate/transition state are very unfavorable in this system.
Politically Motivated Violence: Interdisciplinary Studies

In June 2010, Susan Opotow participated in a symposium she organized for an international conference, Societies in Transition: Balancing Security, Social Justice, and Tradition, in Marrakech, Moroc...
Cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy.

Abstract Experimental and clinical evidence contrary to the theory of injury of the heart accompanying dilatation as a cause of cardiac hypertrophy is cited. Results from repetition and extension of the basic experiments from which the theory was launched fail to support the theory. No instance of cardiac hypertrophy was found in 15 dogs after a constricting tie was removed from the aorta after 5 days. In 10 other dogs with the aortic tie left in place from 11 to 135 days, a significant increase in the heart weight-body weight ratio compared to normal was demonstrated. A significant relation between body weight change and heart weight-body weight ratio was noted in the experimental animals.
The nature of interfirm partnering in supply chain management

Abstract This paper conceptually integrates the antecedents and consequences of strategic and operational partnering. We suggest a continuum exists from strategic to operational partnering depending on the level of antecedents, orientation, and implementation. This paper, thus, expands the theory of partnering by providing an inclusive picture of the “partnering” phenomenon with the environmental pressures, antecedents, orientation, implementation, and consequences of strategic and operational partnering for vertical relationships within retail supply chains.
Preferential interactions of urea with lysozyme and their linkage to protein denaturation.

Abstract The interactions involved in the denaturation of lysozyme in the presence of urea were examined by thermal transition studies and measurements of preferential interactions of urea with the protein at pH 7.0, where it remains native up to 9.3 M urea, and at pH 2.0, where it undergoes a transition between 2.5 and 5.0 M urea. The destabilization of lysozyme by urea was found to follow the linear dependence on urea molar concentration, Mu, ΔGuo=ΔGwo−2.1 Mu, over the combined data, where ΔGuo and ΔGwo are the standard free energy changes of the N⇌D reaction in urea and water, respectively. Combination with the measured preferential binding gave the result that the increment of preferential binding, δΓ23=Γ23D−Γ23N, is also linear in Mu. A temperature dependence study of preferential interactions permitted the evaluation of the transfer enthalpy, Δ H 2, tr o , and entropy, Δ S 2, tr o of lysozyme from water into urea in both the native and denatured states. These values were found to be consistent with the enthalpy and entropy of formation of inter urea hydrogen bonds (Schellman, 1955; Kauzmann, 1959), with estimated values of Δ H 2, tr o =ca. −2.5 kcal mol−1 and Δ S 2, tr o =ca. −7.0 e.u. per site. Analysis of the results led to the conclusion that the stabilization of the denatured form was predominantly by preferential binding to newly exposed peptide groups. Combination with the knowledge that stabilizing osmolytes act by preferential exclusion from peptide groups (Liu and Bolen, 1995) has led to the general conclusion that both the stabilization and destabilization of proteins by co-solvents are controlled predominantly by preferential interactions with peptide groups newly exposed on denaturation.
Modeling of a series of interplanetary disturbance events in September 1978

A series of three interplanetary disturbance events in September 1978 are modeled. Flares responsible for the three shock waves are tentatively identified. It is shown that the computed interplanetary scintillation (IPS) sky maps for flares on September 21 and 23 clearly show that the September 21 flare was responsible for the IPS event and the geomagnetic storms which were observed on September 24-25, although it has been generally believed that a flare on September 23 was their origin. Thus, this is a good example to show the usefulness of IPS observations to identify the responsible solar event and predict the arrival of the shock wave. It is also shown that the IPS event was not caused by a high speed stream from a coronal hole.
Moving pictures and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis show only linear mitochondrial DNA molecules from yeasts with linear-mapping and circular-mapping mitochondrial genomes

The mobility of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and its appearance in moving pictures from fluorescence microscopy were used to investigate the mitochondrial genome structure for five Pichia and Williopsis strains of yeast. An apocytochrome b-gene hybridization probe identified only linear mtDNA molecules for each strain when total cellular DNA was fractionated by PFGE. Most of the mass of DNA isolated from mitochondria for one linear-mapping and one circular-mapping mitochondrial genome was found in linear molecules much larger than the genome size of 50 kb; some molecules were as long as 1500 kb, but only a trace amount of apparently circular mtDNA was found for the strain with the circular-mapping genome. Probes for both the apocytochrome-b and mitochondrial small rRNA subunit genes hybridized strongly to mtDNA of approximately 50-100 kb, but weakly to the larger DNA from mitochondria of these two strains. For the four linear-mapping strains, PFGE revealed two or three distinct bands of linear mtDNA, larger than the genome size, within a smear of approximately 50-100 kb, but a smear without bands was found for the circular-mapping strain.
Optimization of Sensor Locations and Sensitivity Analysis for Engine Health Monitoring Using Minimum Interference Algorithms

The global optimization of sensor locations and a sensitivity analysis based on the minimization of interferences due to wireless communications between sensors is studied. We used a Gram matrix approach for robust determination of sensor locations by minimizing the interferences (maximizing the signal strength) among sensors. Based on the spectral condition on the Frobenius norm the optimal sensor location and the effect of the noise are investigated. We address the problem of optimization and sensitivity analysis in the context of system of systems where each sensor is an independent system having communications capabilities. We particularize our proposed methodology for one engine health monitoring system. The mathematical formalism is verified by simulations.
Potential Energy Surfaces for the Reactions Si + O2

This study investigates the reaction between silicon atom in its ground electronic state and ground-state molecular oxygen. The potential energy surfaces for the two competing reactions Si( 3 P) + O2( 3 “g - ) ) SiO2( 1 “g + )v s Si( 3 P) + O2( 3 “g - ) ) SiO( 1 “g + ) + O( 3 P) are analyzed and compared. The lowest energy potential energy surface (PES) for each multiplicity is investigated within Cs symmetry. The entire potential energy surfaces were described using the multi-configuration self-consistent field (MCSCF) level of theory, augmented by multireference second order perturbation theory (MRMP2). Singles and doubles coupled cluster theory with perturbative triples, CCSD(T), energy calculations were also done at the MCSCF geometries. It is shown that the singlet reaction is thermodynamically favored, that the singlet product, SiO 2 ( 1 “ g + ), is the global minimum, and that both reactions have no net barrier. Extrapolation of the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ reaction enthalpies to the complete basis set (CBS) limit brings the calculations into excellent agreement with experimental data.
Evaluation of ecotourism: a comparative assessment in the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal.

Ecotourism has become an alternative approach for overcoming the problems of traditional tourism with the assumption that there will be minimum negative impacts and maximum benefits for the local people and their environment. This study offers a comparative evaluation of the perceptions of environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts between residents of a traditional tourism area and a recently created ecotourism area, both located within the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal. Data were collected on-site among local residents in both areas. Overall, this study concluded that residents of the ecotourism area perceived fewer negative and positive impacts (environmental, economic, socio-cultural) as a result of tourism than the residents of the traditional tourism area.
Multivariate spatial U-quantiles: A Bahadur–Kiefer representation, a Theil–Sen estimator for multiple regression, and a robust dispersion estimator

Abstract A leading multivariate extension of the univariate quantiles is the so-called “spatial” or “geometric” notion, for which sample versions are highly robust and conveniently satisfy a Bahadur–Kiefer representation. Another extension of univariate quantiles has been to univariate U-quantiles, on the basis of which, for example, the well-known Hodges–Lehmann location estimator has a natural formulation. Generalizing both extensions, we introduce multivariate spatial U-quantiles and develop a corresponding Bahadur–Kiefer representation. New statistics based on spatial U-quantiles are presented for nonparametric estimation of multiple regression coefficients, extending the classical Theil–Sen nonparametric simple linear regression slope estimator, and for robust estimation of multivariate dispersion. Some other applications are mentioned as well.
Seasonal Fluctuations in Testosterone‐Estrogen Ratio in Men From the Southwest United States

Although controversial, seasonal variations in testosterone have been observed in several populations of men throughout the world. This finding might have an impact on screening and treatment of hypogonadism. We examined the circannual patterns of sex hormones in the Southwest United States. A prospectively assembled database of almost 11 000 patients in a men's health practice was used to collect data on testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S). Patient age, address, and date of visit were recorded. Of note, testosterone-estrogen ratio (T/E ratio) and free testosterone were calculated values. The data were grouped by month and by season (3-month intervals beginning with June, July, and August as summer). Analysis of variance was used to compare hormone levels between seasonal and monthly data sets, with P < .05 regarded as statistical significance. Statistically significant differences in estradiol (P = .02), T/E ratio (P < .01), FSH (P = .02), and SHBG (P < .01) were observed between seasons. Peak-to-trough variations were as follows: 6% for estradiol, 16.5% for T/E ratio, 11.0% for FSH, and 11.6% for SHBG. The T/E ratio peaked in the spring and was at its nadir in the fall. No differences in testosterone (P = .21), LH (P = .25), free testosterone (P = .08), and DHEA-S (P = .11) were observed. Statistically significant evidence of variation in estradiol and T/E ratio were identified in the men included in this study. Although this is consistent with seasonal body habitus changes, physical activity levels, and hypothesized hormonal patterns, the variability reported in the literature makes further trials covering a broader geographic region important to confirm the findings.
New approaches to modeling denitrification

Within the past few decades, humans have dramatically altered the earth’s nitrogen (N) cycle. Introduction of reactive nitrogen (N) into the biosphere by humans now exceeds the rate of biological N2-fixation in native terrestrial ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004). This increased reactive N is due primarily to N fertilizer production and fossil fuel combustion used to support the food and energy demands of a rapidly expanding human population. The negative human and environment health effects of this increased N are many (Galloway et al. 2008; Howarth et al. 2005; UNEP and WHRC 2007). Denitrification is the main process that permanently removes fixed N from the environment. Denitrification, the microbial production of N2 from nitrate and nitrite, is a facultative anaerobic process (‘‘classical denitrification’’); therefore, partially to fully saturated soils and aquatic sediments, and low oxygen waters are ideal sites for denitrification. We now know that denitrification occurs in almost all terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and (some) oceanic ecosystems, as well as human engineered systems (Seitzinger et al. 2006). Despite the large number of denitrification studies there are still only a few locations with measurements adequate to quantify denitrification rates, or to understand factors controlling denitrification, at the ecosystem scale. This also has severely limited development and incorporation of denitrification into models which are necessary to scale-up measurements to local ecosystem, regional or global scales. A Denitrification Research Coordination Network (Denitrification RCN) was established in 2005, with the overall goal to develop a coordinated network of denitrification scientists from a wide array of disciplines, from molecular biology to ecosystem science, and from soil science to oceanography. The efforts of the Denitrification RCN are intended to advance quantification of denitrification rates, development of process-based relationships between rates of denitrification and controlling factors, and production of spatially explicit, process-based models that can be used to scale-up site specific measurements to ecosystem, regional and global scales. Specific objectives include facilitating the sharing of recent methodological advances in denitrification measurement and models, stimulating additional methodological P. M. Groffman (&) Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA e-mail: groffmanp@ecostudies.org
Applications and implications of mini-computers

Over the past four or five years the largest growth segment of the computer industry has been minicomputers and it appears that this trend will continue into the foreseeable future.
-70 dB optical carrier suppression by two-beam coupling in photorefractive media

Suppression of an optical carrier from an RF modulated laser beam of wavelength 532 nm is performed using two-beam coupling in photorefractive barium titanate. A theoretical analysis reveals that perfect suppression can be achieved at a specific modulation strength, which depends on the gain and intensity ratio between the two beams. The experiments achieve a maximum of -72.9±2.4 dB carrier suppression at the theoretically ideal modulation strength, and -61.0±2.4 dB for small modulation strengths.
Some Trends in and Problems Presented by the Teaching of Psychology in High Schools

The Education and Training ( E and T) Board of the American Psychological Association has a task committee1 studying the teaching of psychology in high schools. A part of the work done has been a survey of the literature in the field ( 3 ) . As another part of the work of this committee, the writer interviewed 31 teachers of psychology and visited their classes. These teachers were teaching in 28 high schools in 19 cities and towns in eight midwestern states. In addition, some classes were visited in which psychological material was being presented in courses under such titles as: Social Problems, American Problems, and Family Living. Principals and guidance personnel were interviewed in order to learn of their reactions to high school psychology. This program of visitation was made possible through the financial support of the E and T Board. Although recognizing the limitations of the sampling, this paper will present in brief form some of the information gleaned from these visits and from a survey of the literature, and will indicate some of the problems presented for psychologists by the teaching of psychology in high schools. SOME TRENDS IN HIGH SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 1. Student enrollment in classes in psychology seems to have been increasing for the past 20 years, or longer. Although it is principally in the larger schools that psychology is offered as a separate course of study, such courses are often found in surprisingly small high schools. In some schools psychology is limited to one or two classes although there is a tendency for students to request more classes in the subject. Some prlnclpals I lm~t the number of classes so that the course will not become a dumping ground for poor students. 2. Most frequently psychology IS taught in the Social Studies department, but in some high schools it is taught in the Science department, and may even be considered as giving general credit without departmental designation. 3. Teachers differ greatly in their objectives for the course, but tend to stress practical applications, especially along the lines of self-understanding and social adjustment. 4. There is a tendency for teachers to have their major training in social sciences and education rather than in psychology, although some teachers were visited who had master's degrees in psychology. 5. Teachers of psychology are enthusiastic about their work and like the
D0 vertex drift chamber construction and test results

A jet-cell based vertex chamber has been built for the D{O} experiment at Fermilab and operated in a test beam there. Low drift velocity and diffusion properties were achieved using CO{sub 2}(95%)-ethane(5%) at atmospheric pressure. The drift velocity is found to be consistent with (9.74+8.68( E -1.25)) {mu}m/nsec where E is the electric field strength in (kV/cm < E z 1.6 kV/cm.) An intrinsic spatial resolution of 60 {mu}m or better for drift distances greater than 2 mm is measured. The track pair efficiency is estimated to be better than 90% for separations greater than 630 {mu}m. 8 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Deuterium isotope effects on histone synthesis in avian erythroblasts

Abstract The effects of deuterium oxide on lysine- 14 C incorporation by chicken erythroblasts has been investigated. The sensitivity to D 2 O of amino acid incorporation into various histone fractions was: F 2a > F 3 > F 1 > F 2b . In addition to the inhibition of histone synthesis, there appears to be a moderate stimulation of orotate- 14 C uptake into RNA. It is suggested that isotope effects on the control of histone and RNA synthesis may be related to the inhibitory effects of D 2 O on development.
TspO of Rhodobacter sphaeroides A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MODEL FOR THE MAMMALIAN PERIPHERAL BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR

The function and specific structural aspects of the tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TspO) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 were studied using site-directed mutagenesis involving some 17 different amino acids. The choice of these amino acids changes was dictated from an analysis of the TspO family of proteins derived from the data bases. These studies demonstrated the importance of several highly conserved tryptophan residues in the sensory transduction pathway involving TspO through the proposed binding of an intermediate(s) in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. These studies also revealed that the substitution of one or several of the amino acid residues dramatically affected, either directly or indirectly, the levels of TspO in the membranes of R. sphaeroides. Mounting evidence is presented suggesting that TspO normally forms a dimer within the bacterial outer membrane, and the dimer form of TspO may be the active form for TspO function. Because our earlier studies provided us with a functional framework within which to view these amino acid substitutions, we are able to suggest a preliminary model for TspO structure-function. Not only do these studies tell us more about TspO, but they also shed light on the TspO homologue, the drug-binding component of the mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. Mounting evidence draws numerous parallelism between these proteins and supports the significance of using TspO as a model for the structure and function of the mitochondrial protein.
Patrones y flujos de la migración interna en la gran área metropolitana de Costa Rica, en el período 1995-2000

Los mas recientes cambios en los patrones de migracion interna en varios paises de Latinoamerica, apuntan a los crecientes flujos de migracion intrametropolitana desde los centros urbanos hacia la periferia, asociados a procesos de urbanizacion residencial de zonas rurales cercanas a la zona metropolitana. Este articulo analiza este fenomeno para Costa Rica, estimando los patrones de migracion interna dentro del Gran Area Metropolitana (GAM), y tratando de determinar algunos factores de atraccion y expulsion que posiblemente explican estos patrones, utilizando un modelo de Poisson para discriminar entre algunas variables seleccionadas en un modelo de regresion multivariable. Los resultados confirman algunas tendencias observadas para otras areas metropolitanas de America Latina, y da algunas explicaciones al caso especifico de la GAM.
Effect of cardiac drugs on the phosphorylated intermediates of the rat.

SummaryThere was no marked difference in the distribution of the acid-soluble phosphorylated intermediates of glycolysis in the heart muscle of normal and digitoxinpoisoned rats. Small differences in the glycogen values of heart values were noted, but there was an increased amount of liver glycogen in the digitalized animals as compared with the controls as indicated by an average of 2.39% of glycogen in the former and 1.85% in the liver of the latter. Neither was there any difference in the rate of breakdown of glycogen in the excised liver tissue in normal and digitoxin treated rats. Increased glycogenesis occurred in the liver of rats given nontoxic doses of digitoxin while toxic doses of the drug resulted in a decrease in the amount of liver glycogen in rats in which symptoms of over-digitalization were manifested.
Diversification benefits and persistence of US-based global bond funds

Abstract This paper examines diversification benefits and performance persistence of 188 US-based global bond funds that survived and were defunct during the period of 1993–2004. Consistent with managed fund literature, global funds underperform broad-based benchmark indexes; however, the underperformance is less than the funds’ expense ratio. The results using both simple and time-varying frameworks suggest that global funds provide higher total return and comparable risk-adjusted return to domestic bond funds. For US investors specializing in domestic bond funds, global funds can enhance return by 0.5–1% per year without increasing risk. Global funds also provide incremental diversification benefits to equity fund investors. The funds exhibit short-run performance persistence, but this is difficult for investors to exploit, especially in long-run. Global funds show no return seasonality during the sample period. On a risk-adjusted basis, larger and newer funds and funds with long maturity and low expense ratio perform well.
Rollover, drowning, and discontinuous retreat: Distinct modes of barrier response to sea-level rise arising from a simple morphodynamic model

We construct a simple morphodynamic model to investigate the long-term dynamic evolution of a coastal barrier system experiencing sea-level rise. Using a simplified barrier geometry, the model includes a dynamic shoreface profile that can be out of equilibrium and explicitly treats barrier sediment overwash as a flux. With barrier behavior primarily controlled by the maximum potential overwash flux and the rate of shoreface response, the modeled barrier system demonstrates four primary behaviors: height drowning, width drowning, constant landward retreat, and a periodic retreat. Height drowning occurs when overwash fluxes are insufficient to maintain the landward migration rate required to keep pace with sea-level rise. On the other hand, width drowning occurs when the shoreface response rate is insufficient to maintain the barrier geometry during overwash-driven landward migration. During periodic barrier retreat, the barrier experiences oscillating periods of rapid overwash followed by periods of relative stability as the shoreface resteepens. This periodic retreat, which occurs even with a constant sea-level rise rate, arises when overwash rates and shoreface response rates are large and of similar magnitude. We explore the occurrence of these behaviors across a wide range of parameter values and find that in addition to the maximum overwash flux and the shoreface response rate, barrier response can be particularly sensitive to the sea-level rise rate and back-barrier lagoon slope. Overall, our findings contrast with previous research which has primarily associated complex barrier behavior with changes in external forcing such as sea-level rise rate, sediment supply, or back-barrier geometry.
OH Group Dynamics of 1,3-Propanediol on TiO2(110)

Variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and dispersion-corrected density functional theory were employed to study the interaction of 1,3-propanediol with reduced TiO2(110) surfaces. We find that at 300 K, 1,3-propanediol molecules dissociate via O–H bond scission of one of the OH groups on bridge-bonded oxygen (Ob) vacancy (VO) defects forming pairs of monoalkoxide (Ob–(CH2)3–OH) and bridge-bonded bonded hydroxyl (HOb) species. The OH group of the monoalkoxide species is bound to the adjacent 5-coordinated Ti4+ (Ti5c) sites. The Ob–(CH2)3–OH species are observed to rotate around their Ob anchor, switching the position of the OH between the two adjacent Ti5c rows. The rotating species are found to assist cross-Ob row HOb hydrogen transfer. The OH group of the monoalkoxide species is further observed to dissociate forming a bidentate type dioxo (Ob–(CH2)3–OTi5c) species and an additional HOb. The reversible interconversion between the mono and dioxo species illustrates the attainment of a dynamic...
On the rotation period of Neptune

Two plausible values for the rotation period of Neptune have been deduced from photometric light curves at 1.25 and 2.2 microns. They are 0.7572 + or - 0.002 and 0.8160 + or - 0.002 day; additional photometric data will be required to ascertain which period is correct. Evidence is presented for changes in the atmosphere of Neptune with a time scale of several days.
Sharp $p$ -Divisibility of Weights in Abelian Codes Over ${\BBZ}/p^d{\BBZ}$

A theorem of McEliece on the p-divisibility of Hamming weights in cyclic codes over Fp is generalized to Abelian codes over Zopf/p dZopf. This work improves upon results of Helleseth-Kumar-Moreno-Shanbhag, Calderbank-Li-Poonen, Wilson, and Katz. These previous attempts are not sharp in general, i.e., do not report the full extent of the p -divisibility except in special cases, nor do they give accounts of the precise circumstances under which they do provide best possible results. This paper provides sharp results on p-divisibilities of Hamming weights and counts of any particular symbol for an arbitrary Abelian code over Zopf/p dZopf. It also presents sharp results on 2-divisibilities of Lee and Euclidean weights for Abelian codes over Zopf/4Zopf.
Rapid method for preparation of pure veratryl alcohol for the assay of lignin peroxidase

We present a simple method for the rapid preparation of veratryl alcohol by reducing commercially available veratraldehyde with sodium borohydride resulting in high-purity veratryl alcohol. The lag period in the activity of lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium that is associated with use of commercial preparations of the substrate is eliminated with the use of pure veratryl alcohol. The compound affords also estimation of low enzymatic activity.
Electron Density Measurements of High Density Plasmas Using Soft X-Ray Laser Interferometry.

We have developed and used for the first time a soft x-ray interferometer to probe a large laser-produced plasma with micron spatial resolutions. A neonlike yttrium x-ray laser operating at 155 A was combined with a multilayer coated Mach-Zehnder interferometer to obtain electron density profiles in a plasma produced by laser irradiation of a CH target. The measured electron density profile has been compared to hydrodynamic simulations and shows good agreement near the ablation surface but some discrepancy exists at lower densities.
Clinical Application and Technical Considerations for the Use of Contrast Agents in the Echocardiography Laboratory

Contrast imaging represents a new and exciting application to the field of ultrasonography. As with the introduction of new imaging modes (i.e., color flow imaging) or examination (i.e., stress echocardiog-raphy), a learning phase will be necessary. For optimal contrast use, it is important to understand what microbubbles are designed to enhance, how to optimize the imaging system, and how to interpret the resulting images. Types of administration and use of the agents are also important to understand. This article will offer technical tips and helpful hints to shorten the sonographer's learning curve to successfully implement optimal contrast imaging for cardiac applications.
Regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-1 by NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases.

Sirtuins are class III deacetylases that regulate many essential processes, including cellular stress, genome stability, and metabolism. Although these NAD+-dependent deacetylases control adaptive cellular responses, identification of sirtuin-regulated signaling targets remain under-studied. Here, we demonstrate that acetylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) stimulates its kinase activity, and that acetylated MEK1 is under the regulatory control of the sirtuin family members SIRT1 and SIRT2. Treatment of cells with sirtuin inhibitors, or siRNA knockdown of SIRT1 or SIRT2 proteins, increases MEK1 acetylation and subsequent phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Generation of an acetyl-specific MEK1 antibody demonstrates that endogenous acetylated MEK1 is extensively enriched in the nucleus following epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. An acetyl-mimic of MEK1 increases inappropriate growth properties, suggesting that acetylation of MEK1 has oncogenic potential.
Lateral line hair cell maturation is a determinant of aminoglycoside susceptibility in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Developmental differences in hair cell susceptibility to aminoglycoside-induced cell death has been observed in multiple species. Increased sensitivity to aminoglycosides has been temporally correlated with the onset of mechanotransduction-dependent activity. We have used in vivo fluorescent vital dye markers to further investigate the determinants of aminoglycoside induced hair cell death in the lateral line of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Labeling hair cells of the lateral line in vivo with the dyes FM 1-43, To-Pro-3, and Yo-Pro-1 served as reliable indicators of hair cell viability. Results indicate that hair cell maturation is a determinant of developmental differences in susceptibility. The age dependent differences in susceptibility to aminoglycosides are independent of the onset of mechanotransduction-dependent activity as measured by FM 1-43 uptake and independent of hair cell ability to take up fluorescently conjugated aminoglycosides.
Serum levels of unbound free fatty acids. I: Normative data in term newborn infants

Free fatty acids (FFA) play essential roles in maintaining physiologic homeostasis in the newborn infant. Most of the FFA in serum is carried in complex with albumin, but a small fraction remains unbound in the aqueous phase.This study's goal is to report the values of serum levels of unbound free fatty acids (FFAu) in pregnant women and their newborn infants at term gestation.The measurements were made possible by the availability of the fluorescent probe for unbound FFA, acrylodated intestinal fatty acid binding protein (ADIFAB). Twenty-two mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the study. Maternal levels were obtained immediately before delivery, cord levels at the time of delivery, and infant levels after 24 hours of age.The level of FFAu measured in maternal samples was 11.8 +/− 4 nM, in cord samples 9.2 +/− 4 nM, and in infants 13.9 +/− 3 nM. These population averages are considerably greater than those observed in healthy adults (7.5 +/− 2.5 nM). No correlation was found between cord levels and birth...