cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesion Assessment at First Repeat Caesarean Section With or Without Prior Adhesion Barrier Use

Abstract Objective To determine if placing a carboxymethylcellulose adhesion barrier material at the time of primary Caesarean section (CS) leads to a reduction in adhesive disease, clinical outcomes, and hospital costs encountered at the time of a first repeat CS. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of women at a large community hospital undergoing a first repeat CS with available prior operative records. A rating scale assessing the location and severity of adhesions (range 0 = no adhesions to 3 = dense and/or vascular adhesions requiring electrocautery) at the time of repeat CS was utilized by obstetric residents blinded to previous adhesion barrier use. Results One hundred fourteen women met the criteria for the study and were enrolled; 34 women had been exposed to the carboxymethylcellulose adhesion barrier and 80 had not. Demographics and clinical factors were similar between groups. In women exposed and not exposed to the barrier, there were differences in mean ratings of adhesions between fascia and muscle (1.18 ± 1.00 vs. 1.67 ± 0.83, P = 0.012, Cohen's d = 0.53) and the overall adhesion rate (67.6% vs. 91.3%; P = 0.004); there were also differences in mean ratings of adhesions between the uterus and omentum (0.00 ± 0.00 vs. 0.19 ± 0.53, P = 0.032, Cohen's d = 0.51) and the overall adhesion rate (0% vs. 12.5%; P = 0.032). No differences between the groups in time from incision to delivery, operating time, blood loss, or hospital costs were noted at first repeat CS. Conclusion Use of a carboxymethylcellulose adhesion barrier is associated with a decrease in adhesions noted at the time of repeat CS. The limited clinical benefits observed do not support use of the material for prevention of adhesions after the first CS.
On a Nonlinear Problem in Differential Geometry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a nonlinear problem in differential geometry. Any metric ds 2 on a two-dimensional sphere S 2 determines a Gauss curvature function K satisfying the Gauss–Bonnet formula. This chapter discusses the converse question: to characterize all smooth functions on a two-dimensional sphere which can be obtained in this manner from some riemannian metric. To characterize all Gauss curvature functions belonging to metrics ds 2 which are conformally related to the standard metric ds 0 2 , so that ds 2 = λ ds 0 2 , where λ is a positive function on the sphere. This requires the determination of the single function λ in terms of the given function K .
Mercury Wet Scavenging and Deposition Differences by Precipitation Type

We analyze the effect of precipitation type on mercury wet deposition using a new database of individual rain events spanning the contiguous United States. Measurements from the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) containing single rainfall events were identified and classified into six precipitation types. Mercury concentrations in surface precipitation follow a power law of precipitation depth that is modulated by precipitation system morphology. After controlling for precipitation depth, the highest mercury deposition occurs in supercell thunderstorms, with decreasing deposition in disorganized thunderstorms, quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS), extratropical cyclones, light rain, and land-falling tropical cyclones. Convective morphologies (supercells, disorganized, and QLCS) enhance wet deposition by a factor of at least 1.6 relative to nonconvective morphologies. Mercury wet deposition also varies by geographic region and season. After controlling for other factors, we find that mercury wet deposition is greater over high-elevation sites, seasonally during summer, and in convective precipitation.
Photovoltaic failure and degradation modes

The extensive photovoltaic field reliability literature was analyzed and reviewed. Future work is prioritized based upon information assembled from recent installations, and inconsistencies in degradation mode identification are discussed to help guide future publication on this subject. Reported failure rates of photovoltaic modules fall mostly in the range of other consumer products; however, the long expected useful life of modules may not allow for direct comparison. In general, degradation percentages are reported to decrease appreciably in newer installations that are deployed after the year 2000. However, these trends may be convoluted with varying manufacturing and installation quality world-wide. Modules in hot and humid climates show considerably higher degradation modes than those in desert and moderate climates, which warrants further investigation. Delamination and diode/j-box issues are also more frequent in hot and humid climates than in other climates. The highest concerns of systems installed in the last 10 years appear to be hot spots followed by internal circuitry discoloration. Encapsulant discoloration was the most common degradation mode, particularly in older systems. In newer systems, encapsulant discoloration appears in hotter climates, but to a lesser degree. Thin-film degradation modes are dominated by glass breakage and absorber corrosion, although the breadth of information for thin-film modules is much smaller than for x-Si. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of desensitization therapy prior to lung transplantation

Introduction: Limited data exists on the impact of allosensitization on waitlist time and waitlist mortality in lung transplantation. No published data exists on the impact of desensitzation therapy in lung transplant patients. Aim: Determine the impact of desensitization therapy on wait time and waitlist mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study based on chart review of all patients listed for lung transplant between 1/1/2007 and 12/31/2010 at The Methodist Hospital. Groups were compared by Chi square test. P-values of 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Excluding retransplant listings, 299 patients were listed for lung transplant. 30(10%) had panel reactive antibody (PRA) ≥25%, while 269 (90%) had PRA Conclusion: PRA ≥25% was associated with a longer wait time and higher waitlist mortality. Desensitization therapy did not improve waitlist time or waitlist mortality when compared to allosensitized patients that did not undergo desensitization. Study is limited by being a retrospective, single center study with low numbers of patients.
Strategies to induce broadly protective antibody responses to viral glycoproteins.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Currently, several universal/broadly protective influenza virus vaccine candidates are under development. Many of these vaccines are based on strategies to induce protective antibody responses against the surface glycoproteins of antigenically and genetically diverse influenza viruses. These strategies might also be applicable to surface glycoproteins of a broad range of other important viral pathogens.Areas covered: Common strategies include sequential vaccination with divergent antigens, multivalent approaches, vaccination with glycan-modified antigens, vaccination with minimal antigens and vaccination with antigens that have centralized/optimized sequences. Here we review these strategies and the underlying concepts. Furthermore, challenges, feasibility and applicability to other viral pathogens are discussed.Expert commentary: Several broadly protective/universal influenza virus vaccine strategies will be tested in humans in the coming years. If successful in terms of safety and ...
Susceptibility of Cry1F-maize resistant, heterozygous, and susceptible Spodoptera frugiperda to Bt proteins used in the transgenic cotton

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major target species of Bt maize and Bt cotton in the United States. Field resistance to Cry1F maize in S. frugiperda has occurred in Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the southeast region of the United States. There is a great concern that the Cry1F-maize resistant S. frugiperda may move to the cotton fields and cause control problems to Bt cotton where both crops are planted. In this study, larval mortality and growth inhibition of Cry1F maize-susceptible (SS), -heterozygous (RS), and -resistant (RR) genotypes of S. frugiperda were evaluated using diet-incorporated bioassays with six Bt proteins that have been used in commercialized and future Bt cotton plants: Cry1F, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab2, Cry2Ae, and Vip3A. Compared to the mortality data, the measuring of growth inhibition was more sensitive in determining Bt susceptibility of the insect to all six Bt proteins. Overall, RS had a similar performance as SS for the six Bt proteins with a resistance ratio of 172-fold for Cry1Ac. In contrast, all three insect genotypes were susceptible to Cry2Ab2, Cry2Ae, or Vip3A. The results showed that the Cry1F-maize resistant S. frugiperda was cross-resistant to Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac, but not cross-resistant to Cry2Ab2, Cry2Ae, or Vip3A. The strong cross-resistance among Cry1 proteins suggest that it is necessary to plant pyramided cotton traits that contain at least two active Bt genes for Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda to ensure the continued success of the Bt cotton technology, especially in the areas where Bt resistance has already occurred.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acids and omega-3 fatty acids with or without resistance training on muscle mass in high-fat diet-fed middle-aged mice.

This study investigated the effects of 20 weeks of combined conjugated linoleic acid/omega-3 fatty acid (n-3) administration independently or combined with resistance exercise training (RET) muscle in middle-aged mice consuming a high-fat diet (HFD). Nine-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into four experimental groups (H: high-fat diet, HE: H + RET, HCN: H + CLA/n-3, and HECN: H + CLA/n3 + RET). Body composition and functional capacity were assessed at pre- and post-intervention. Muscle tissues were collected at 14 months of age. ANOVA was used with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Fat mass significantly increased in H (+74%), HE (+142%), and HECN (+43%) but not HCN. Muscle wet weights were significantly lower in H and HCN than HE and HECN. Grip strength substantially declined in H (-15%) and HCN (-17%) while sensorimotor function significantly declined only in H (-11%). HECN exhibited improvement in strength (+22%) and sensorimotor coordination (+17%). Muscle tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression was significantly higher in H than HE (+39%), HCN (+24%), and HECN (+21%). Mean myofiber cross-sectional areas were markedly lower in H and HCN than HE and HECN. H showed significantly lower satellite cell abundance and myonuclei number than all other groups. Our findings suggest that long-term daily CLA/n-3 intake with resistance training improved sensorimotor function, ameliorated fat gain, and prevented loss of myogenic capacity while lowering TNF-α expression under chronic HFD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Raman monitoring and evaluation of the aging effects of rocket propellant stabilizers

Stabilizers are added to nitrate ester-based rocket motor propellants to form a stable product. The products added to stabilize the propellants react with NOx and are gradually exhausted over a period of time. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of Raman spectroscopy technique for nondestructive, inexpensive, and rapid evaluation and monitoring of the depletion of rocket motor propellant stabilizers. Preliminary results show that concentrations as low as 0.1% of both MNA and 2-NDPA dissolved in DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) can easily be detected at 1 second integration time using a 785 nm wavelength Raman system. In addition, MNA concentrations between 0.37% and 0.54% are detected in propellant samples containing energetic constituents using a 60 second integration time.
Choice in a Criminal Lifestyle

addresses the decision-making model that lifestyle theory employs to make sense of criminal decision-making. This chapter therefore elucidates the hedonistic and moral belief systems that lie at the heart of the decision-making process. It then moves into an exegesis of how reactive and proactive criminal thinking shape the criminal decision-making process further. Situational and development factors also contribute to the criminal decision-making process and so assume a prominent position in this chapter as well. A case example is used to illustrate how the decision-making model of criminal lifestyle theory operates.
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Project Management

(1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Project Management. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 84-85.
Chemical manipulation of phase stability and electronic behavior in Cu4−xAgxSe2

Superionic chalcogenides have gained renewed research interest, within the last decade, as emerging thermoelectric materials due to attractive properties, such as glass-like phonon transport coupled with crystal-like carrier transport. Of particular interest has been p-type coinage metal-based materials (Cu2Se, CuAgSe), which have demonstrated figures-of-merit, ZT, exceeding unity through a broad temperature range. However, the lack of n-type counterparts within this class of compounds limits potential module deployment. Here we show that careful stoichiometry control of the Cu4−xAgxSe2 series enables the formation of stable n-type materials throughout the measured temperature range upon substitution of Cu by Ag (1 ≤ x ≤ 3). Thermopower data show that the sample with x = 1 (Cu3AgSe2) undergoes a transition from n- to p-type conducting behavior, whereas samples with x = 2 (CuAgSe) and x = 3 (CuAg3Se2) exhibit n-type character in the whole measured temperature range. The post superionic transition n-type conductivity of CuAgSe is quite surprising and is contrary to the n- to p-type transition previously reported for this composition. Room temperature X-ray diffraction studies indicate the formation of a two-phase mixture for samples with x = 1 (Cu3AgSe2 = α-Cu2Se + α-CuAgSe) and x = 3 (CuAg3Se2 = α-Ag2Se + α-CuAgSe), whereas a single-phase α-CuAgSe is observed for the sample with x = 2. At 523 K, X-ray diffraction patterns show that Cu3AgSe2 (x = 1) and α-CuAgSe (x = 2) transform into single phase structures with the space group Fmm, while the CuAg3Se2 (x = 3) sample remains a two-phase system (CuAg3Se2 = β-Ag2Se + β-CuAgSe) in contrast to previous studies. This structural study is consistent with the observed gradual evolution of the conduction type of Cu4−xAgxSe2 samples between the p-type character of Cu2Se (x = 0) and the n-type semiconducting behavior of Ag2Se (x = 4). This suggests that the conducting behavior in the Cu4−xAgxSe2 is modulated by the Cu : Ag ratio. All Cu4−xAgxSe2 samples exhibit extremely low thermal conductivity after their phase transitions (<0.5 W m−1 K−1), which result in modest ZT values (∼0.45 at 625 K).
Intellectual phenotypes in autism strongly correlate with gene dosage changes and exon locations of truncating mutations

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of related neurodevelopmental diseases displaying significant genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Despite recent progress in understanding ASD genetics, the nature of phenotypic heterogeneity across probands is currently unclear. It is also unknown how autism-associated mutations affect specific disorder phenotypes or whether similar genetic insults lead to similar phenotypic consequences. Likely gene-disrupting (LGD) de novo mutations affecting the same gene often result in substantially different intellectual quotient (IQ) phenotypes. Nevertheless, we find that truncating mutations affecting the same exon frequently lead to strikingly similar intellectual phenotypes in unrelated simplex ASD probands. Analogous patterns are observed for several other important ASD phenotypes. These findings suggest that exons, rather than genes, often represent a unit of effective phenotypic impact for truncating mutations. Our analysis shows that similar phenotypic effects are likely mediated by similar perturbations to the expression of splicing isoforms and corresponding gene dosage changes. For genes with recurrent truncating mutations, predicted changes in expression dosage strongly correlate with relative phenotypic consequences. Further analysis demonstrates that LGD mutations in the same exon often lead to similar perturbations of gene and isoform expression across human tissues. Therefore, analogous phenotypic patterns may be also observed in other developmental disorders triggered by highly penetrant genetic insults.
Various Practical Issues in Matching

Having constructed a matched control group, one must check that it is satisfactory, in the sense of balancing the observed covariates. If some covariates are not balanced, then adjustments are made to bring them into balance. Three adjustments are almost exact matching, exact matching, and the use of small penalties. Exact matching has a special role in extremely large problems, where it can be used to accelerate computation. Matching when some covariates have missing values is discussed.
POLYLITHIUM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: A RESEARCH AREA OF EMERGING SIGNIFICANCE

The discussion presented here highlights recent developments in the synthesis, structural characterization and synthetic applications of polylithium organic compounds. Prior to this, there existed no synthetic, structural, or spectroscopic information on this class of materials. The major achievements include the generation of the first mass spectra and 13C NMR spectra of polylithium compounds, the synthesis of high purity dilithiomethane and dilithiomethane-d2, the synthesis of trilithiomethane, and the first synthetic applications of polylithium compounds. A foundation, from which the full potential of this area may be explored, has been established.
Nondestructive Mapping of Surface Film Parameters with Dynamic Imaging Microellipsometry

Dynamic Imaging Microellipsometry (DIM) is a rapid, high resolution, full-field imaging ellipsometric technique previously described [1, 2]. Development and characterization has advanced through the construction and testing of the semi-automated, second DIM system. Several improvements in the system’s design have been implemented, but the basic approach of combining an optical system derived from conventional ellipsometry with video and image processing has been retained. The first DIM system used a Polarizer, Compensator, Specimen, and Analyzer (PCSA) optical system. The current instrument has undergone modification into a Polarizer, Half waveplate, Specimen, Compensator, and Analyzer (PHSCA) configuration. The polarization rotation is now under direct computer control enabling automated operation that greatly facilitates statistical analysis of the instrument’s response. Finally, high quality metallic and silicon samples have been studied, refining the previous estimates of the systems accuracy, noise and spatial resolution.
Linkage of a gene regulating dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and the ABO blood group locus.

Previous studies have presented evidence suggesting that levels of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity are controlled by a gene linked to the ABO blood group locus. In this study, linkage analyses in four large families of whites and one family of blacks were performed on the untransformed and on the square root--and natural log--transformed DBH activity. In the families of white individuals, the results of both the sib-pair and lod-score linkage analyses strongly indicate that a gene regulating DBH activity is linked to the ABO blood group locus on chromosome 9q (i.e., lod score 5.88 at a recombination fraction of .0). However, the transformation used has a large effect on the maximum lod score and estimated recombination fraction. This putative gene does not appear to be polymorphic in the family of blacks.
The Benefit of Supplemental Nutrition Education for Severely Malnourished Patients Awaiting Liver Transplant.

Introduction:Nutritional interventions improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality in patients with cirrhosis by reducing infection risk, ascites, length of stay in hospital and intensive care un...
Characterizing health researcher barriers to sharing results with study participants.

Introduction Research participants want to receive results from studies in which they participate. However, health researchers rarely share the results of their studies beyond scientific publication. Little is known about the barriers researchers face in returning study results to participants. Methods Using a mixed-methods design, health researchers (N = 414) from more than 40 US universities were asked about barriers to providing results to participants. Respondents were recruited from universities with Clinical and Translational Science Award programs and Prevention Research Centers. Results Respondents reported the percent of their research where they experienced each of the four barriers to disseminating results to participants: logistical/methodological, financial, systems, and regulatory. A fifth barrier, investigator capacity, emerged from data analysis. Training for research faculty and staff, promotion and tenure incentives, and funding agencies supporting dissemination of results to participants were solutions offered to overcoming barriers. Conclusions Study findings add to literature on research dissemination by documenting health researchers' perceived barriers to sharing study results with participants. Implications for policy and practice suggest that additional resources and training could help reduce dissemination barriers and increase the return of results to participants.
Structures of MERS1, the 5' processing enzyme of mitochondrial mRNAs in Trypanosoma brucei.

Most mitochondrial mRNAs are transcribed as polycistronic precursors that are cleaved by endonucleases to produce mature mRNA transcripts. However, recent studies have shown that mitochondrial transcripts in the kinetoplastid protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei, are transcribed individually. Also unlike most mitochondrial mRNAs, the 5' end of these transcripts harbor a triphosphate that is hydrolyzed. This modification is carried out by a putative Nudix hydrolase called MERS1. The Nudix motif in MERS1 is degenerate, lacking a conserved glutamic acid, thus it is unclear how it may bind its substrates and whether it contains a Nudix fold. To obtain insight into this unusual hydrolase, we determined structures of apo, GTP-bound and RNA-bound T. brucei MERS1 to 2.30 A, 2.45 A, and 2.60 A, respectively. The MERS1 structure has a unique fold that indeed contains a Nudix motif. The nucleotide bound structures combined with binding studies reveal that MERS1 shows preference for RNA sequences with a central guanine repeat which it binds in a single-stranded conformation. The apo MERS1 structure indicates that a significant portion of its nucleotide binding site folds upon substrate binding. Finally, a potential interaction region for a binding partner, MERS2, that activates MERS1 was identified. The MERS2-like peptide inserts a glutamate near the missing Nudix acidic residue in the RNA binding pocket, suggesting how the enzyme may be activated. Thus, the combined studies reveal insight into the structure and enzyme properties of MERS1 and its substrate-binding activities.
Proteasome inhibition creates a chromatin landscape favorable to RNA Pol II processivity.

Proteasome activity is required for diverse cellular processes, including transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, inhibiting proteasome activity can lead to an increase in transcriptional output that is correlated with enriched levels of trimethyl H3K4 and phosphorylated forms of RNA polymerase (Pol) II at the promoter and gene body. Here, we perform gene expression analysis and ChIP followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, and we further explore genome-wide effects of proteasome inhibition on the chromatin state and RNA Pol II transcription. Analysis of gene expression programs and chromatin architecture reveals that chemically inhibiting proteasome activity creates a distinct chromatin state, defined by spreading of the H3K4me3 mark into the gene bodies of differentially-expressed genes. The distinct H3K4me3 chromatin profile and hyperacetylated nucleosomes at transcription start sites establish a chromatin landscape that facilitates recruitment of Ser-5- and Ser-2–phosphorylated RNA Pol II. Subsequent transcriptional events result in diverse gene expression changes. Alterations of H3K36me3 levels in the gene body reflect productive RNA Pol II elongation of transcripts of genes that are induced, underscoring the requirement for proteasome activity at multiple phases of the transcriptional cycle. Finally, by integrating genomics data and pathway analysis, we find that the differential effects of proteasome inhibition on the chromatin state modulate genes that are fundamental for cancer cell survival. Together, our results uncover underappreciated downstream effects of proteasome inhibitors that may underlie targeting of distinct chromatin states and key steps of RNA Pol II–mediated transcription in cancer cells.
Imaging Inflammation and Infection in the Gastrointestinal Tract

A variety of seemingly non-specific symptoms manifest within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly in the colon, in response to inflammation, infection, or a combination thereof. Differentiation between symptom sources can often be achieved using various radiologic studies. Although it is not possible to provide a comprehensive survey of imaging gastrointestinal GI tract infections in a single article, the purpose of this review is to survey several topics on imaging of GI tract inflammation and infections. The review discusses such modalities as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, endoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging while looking at up-an-coming technologies that could improve diagnoses and patient comfort. The discussion is accomplished through examining a combination of organ-based and organism-based approaches, with accompanying selected case examples. Specific focus is placed on the bacterial infections caused by Shigella spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and inflammatory conditions of diverticulitis and irritable bowel disease. These infectious and inflammatory diseases and their detection via molecular imaging will be compared including the appropriate differential diagnostic considerations.
Absolute Lymphocyte Count as a Surrogate for Lymphocyte Phenotype Analysis of CD3 Count in Monitoring Thymoglobulin Response Post Heart Transplantation

Purpose Dosing of Anti-thymocyte globulin therapy (ATG), used in the prevention and treatment of rejection, is optimally guided by CD3 levels. The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of using Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) as a substitute for CD3 given its ready availability and low cost. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of heart transplant recipients from 9/2014 to 2/2019 who received ATG and had a CD3 count with corresponding ALC. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between ALC and CD3. Validity tests and the Youden Index were performed to identify an appropriate range for an ALC cutoff that would provide the greatest degree of validity of ALC as an appropriate surrogate for a CD3 cutoff of 100 cells/mm3. Results 332 paired samples were collected. Analysis demonstrated correlation between ALC and CD3 count. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.45 (R-Square 0.23), p less than 0.0001. Validity testing of ALC of 200 cells/mm3 against CD3 counts 100 cells/mm3 showed sensitivity 0.635 (160/252), specificity 0.875 (70/80), positive predictive value (PV) 0.941 (160/170), and negative PV 0.432 (70/162). Based on the Youden index, the zone for the optimal cutoff points ranged from 100 to 200 cells (Figure 1). AUC for the ROC analysis was 0.81 (Figure 2). Conclusion This study suggests that ALC may have validity as a selective substitute for CD3 monitoring in patients receiving ATG. Further studies of this novel approach are warranted.
The Nature of Expertise: Differences Between Marketing Managers and Mba Students

A study of managerial decision-making in new product concept evaluation yielded valuable insight into the relationship between self-assessed expertise and experience and how that relationship differs between managers and MBA students. Results show that the factors that influence a decision maker’s perceptions of his or her own expertise differ between managers and MBA students.
Following in their Footsteps: the Relationship Between Parent STEM Occupation and Student STEM Coursetaking in High School

Encouraging persistence, success, and interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields of study continues to be a point of emphasis across the United States. While there does exist a body of research exploring STEM education and STEM learning, less is understood about the informal factors that may encourage STEM pursuit. In particular, parents can play a critical role in influencing their children to pursue STEM. High school is a key period in the development and promotion of science capital. Therefore, we explore how parent employment in STEM occupations relates to student decisions to participate in both applied and academic STEM coursework in high school. We find that parent STEM occupation does matter, and that the impact is linked to the number of parents in a STEM occupation as well as income level of the family. Our findings provide evidence for the growing theory focusing on the growth of science capital among individuals and how this form of capital may be passed from parent to child. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Intimate violence: anti-Jewish pogroms on the eve of the Holocaust: by Jeffrey S. Kopstein and Jason Wittenberg, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2018, x + 173 pp., US$29.95 (hardback), ISBN 9781501715259

In the past 15 years, there has been a surge in political science research on violence. Although the approaches in this work differ, there seems to have emerged a broad methodological consensus: th...
Prendre un comprimé ou me faire une injection ? Point de vue des patients quant au choix des traitements de fond (DMARD) dans la polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR)

Resume Objectif Evaluer de quelle maniere les patients atteints de polyarthrite rhumatoide (PR) envisagent l’addition d’un traitement de fond (DMARD) par voie orale ou d’un DMARD biologique (bDMARD) par voie injectable en cas de reponse insuffisante au methotrexate. Methodes Selon la technique du groupe nominal (TGN), les patients atteints de PR ont repondu a la question « Quels criteres vous semblent importants lorsque vous choisissez d’ajouter un traitement par voie orale ou par voie injectable en cas d’inefficacite du methotrexate a controler l’activite de la PR ? » Les patients ont formule, discute et vote pour les reponses. Resultats Quarante-sept patients atteints de PR et issus des centres hospitaliers de Birmingham (n = 6 GN ; 21 patients) et de New-York City (n = 4 GN ; 26 patients) ont ete inclus dans l’etude. La population de patients etait composee d’une majorite de femmes (85 %), 70 % de race blanche, d’âge moyen 64,5 ans et avec une duree de la PR > 10-ans dans 58 % des cas. Les traitements DMARD anterieurs/en cours comprenaient du methotrexate seul chez 6 %, d’autres traitements de fonds conventionnels (csDMARD) chez 15 %, une corticotherapie associee aux csDMARD chez 11 % et des biotherapies et/ou inhibiteurs des JAK chez 68 % des participants. Les domaines ont ete votes dans l’ordre suivant : (1) Efficacite/efficience et delai/mode d’action (78/282 votes) ; (2) Effets secondaires/peur des effets secondaires (84/282 votes) ; (3) Cout incluant les frais a la charge des patients, les co-paiements et la responsabilite financiere du patient (54/282 votes) ; (4) Facilite/frequence d’administration (27/282 votes) ; (5) Avis du medecin (20/282 votes) ; (6) Autres traitements/comorbidites/experiences d’autres patients/effets sur les autres patients (3/282 votes) ; (7) Peur des aiguilles (8/282 votes) ; et (8) Nouveaute du traitement (8/282 votes). Conclusions Nous avons identifie le point de vue des patients concernant le choix entre un DMARD par voie orale et un DMARD injectable en cas de PR refractaire au methotrexate. Ces informations peuvent faciliter la prise de decision partagee quant au choix des DMARD dans le traitement de la PR.
Cardiorespiratory Testing of Persons who are Visually Impaired

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of three tests of cardiorespiratory endurance for visually impaired persons. Thirty-seven males and twenty females, ranging in age from 12 to 18...
Anchored PDE4 controls CFTR conductance in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia (1181.3)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that impair its expression or function. PKA phosphorylation is the ma...
An Automatic Control System for a Manufacturing Process in an Explosive Environment

The authors describe a state-of-the-art automatic control system as it is used to control a manufacturing process in an explosive environment. Compact, explosion proof sensing devices and a custom designed interface to a controller input are discussed.
Teaching Note—Infusing Social Justice Into Doctoral Programs of Social Welfare: An Incremental Approach

This article describes an effort to further infuse social justice education into doctoral programs in social welfare. It articulates the rationale and tactical approaches for aligning mission statements with the operational realities of university contexts. Within 1 school of social work, doctoral students with diverse orientations to social justice came together to articulate a vision for social justice education that expanded the educational contract between students and the institution by enhancing their respective opportunities and responsibilities in the areas of scholarship, teaching, and service. This article shares 30 learning objectives emergent from an incremental change process for enhancing social justice education at the doctoral level and reflects on the strengths and limitations of this approach to advancing social justice priorities.
Academic Affiliations of Those Published in Social Work Journals: A Productivity Analysis, 1989-1993.

Abstract The academic affiliations of the authors of all articles published in six social work journals between 1989 and 1993 were reviewed and tabulated to produce a ranking of the colleges and universities whose faculty are making the most substantive contributions to the social work literature. The results of this analysis are compared with the findings of two similar, previously published studies covering the five-year periods of 1979-1983 and 1984-1988.
Quantitation of the enterohepatic circulation of retinol in the rat

Studies were done to determine whether vitamin A is reabsorbed in the enterohepatic circulation in forms that can be reutilized by the body for vision and reproduction. Micelles containing (11,12(n)-/sup 3/H)retinol were administered orally to mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats. Lymph containing (/sup 3/H)retinyl esters and small amounts of (/sup 3/H)retinol and (/sup 3/H)retinaldehyde was collected from these rats and an aliquot was injected into the jugular vein of a second group of mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats. The total radioactivity recovered in 24-h lymph collections from recipient rats was only 1.6% of that injected, and the (/sup 3/H)retinyl esters, (/sup 3/H)retinol and (/sup 3/H)retinaldehyde recovered was only 0.9% of that injected. Thus, the amount of vitamin A recovered in the enterohepatic route in forms that can be reutilized by the body for vision and reproduction appears to be very small. Notable differences were observed in the composition of mesenteric lymph containing newly absorbed vitamin A and mesenteric lymph containing recycled vitamin A. In the former, 87% of the total lymph radioactivity was associated with retinyl esters, 5% with retinol, 3% with retinaldehyde and 5% with unidentified mostly nonpolar compounds. In the latter, only 41% of the total lymph radioactivity was associatedmore » with retinyl esters, 12% with retinol, 3% with retinaldehyde and 44% with unidentified mostly polar compounds.« less
Chung-Kwei: a Pattern-discovery-based System for the Automatic Identification of Unsolicited E-mail Messages (SPAM).

In this paper, we present Chung-Kwei1, a system for the analysis of electronic messages and the automatic identification of unsolicited email messages (=SPAM). The method uses pattern-discovery as its underlying tool and is another instance of a generic approach that has been the basis of previously successful solutions developed by our group to tackle problems in computational biology such as gene finding and protein annotation. ChungKwei can be trained very quickly; as new examples of SPAM become available, the system can re-train itself without interrupting the classification of incoming e-mail. We trained Chung-Kwei on a repository of 87,000 messages, then tested it with a very large collection of 88,000 pieces of SPAM and WHITE email: the current prototype achieved a sensitivity of 96.56% whereas the false positive rate was 0.066%, or one-in-six-thousand. In terms of speed, we are currently capable of classifying 214 messages/second, on a 2.2 GHz Intel-Pentium platform. The Chung-Kwei system is part of SpamGuru, a collaborative antispam filtering solution that is currently under development at IBM Research.
The Immigration Battle in American Courts. By Anna O. Law

The Immigration Battle in American Courts. By Anna O. Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 266 pp. $90.00 cloth. In The Immigration Battle in American Courts, Anna O. Law uses immigration law as a case study to provide a compelling analysis of the different developmental paths of the two highest U.S. federal courtsFthe Courts of Appeals (the Third, Fifth, and Ninth Circuits) and the Supreme Court, for an impressive array of years: 1881 to 2002. Law, interested in institutional changes that occurred in these courts, utilizes a mixed-method analysis that yields three core arguments. First, the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeals operate in different institutional contexts; each court's unique context acts as a filtering mechanism that shapes the judges' perception of what they should be doing and how they should be doing it. Second, the contexts of both courts have slowly changed over time; as such, neither the Supreme Court nor the Courts of Appeals have played a static role in the federal judicial system. Third, the changing institutional settings of the courts have consequences for the courts themselves, for the occupants of those institutions, and in the case of immigration law, for the immigrants who appear before the courts. While the overarching theme of this study is institutional change, the book presents a strong and nuanced analysis of the institutional context for the creation of immigration law. Chapter 2 examines the immigration bureaucracy, from the Board of Immigration Appeals to the federal courts. Law analyzes the anti-immigrant reputation of the Supreme Court, arguing that it has gained this reputation largely because it has ceded power over immigration to Congress and the executive branch. Because the Supreme Court has the power to control its own docket, it is able to decide which immigration cases to review; at the same time, the Courts of Appeals must adjudicate all of the immigration cases that are appealed to them. The number of these cases, as Chapter 3 shows, has increased significantly, and, as Law convincingly argues, ''the confluence of congressional legislation first creating the structures and rules of the federal judicial system, the decision of immigrants to defend challenges to their immigration status, and the rise of immigration enforcement beginning in 1986 had the combined effect of further distancing and distinguishing the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Courts of Appeals in their functions'' (p. 83). Because the Supreme Court grants certiorari to so few cases, the Courts of Appeals have taken on the brunt of immigration cases. Law quantifies this: Between 1881 and 2002, the Supreme Court decided 200 immigration cases, whereas the 11 Courts of Appeals decided 12,371 immigration cases combined (pp. 114, 115). The fact that the Courts of Appeals are more likely to be the last decision making body to address immigration cases suggests, as Law shows in Chapter 4, that these judges' preferred interpretations of statutes will stand (p. …
Effects of engine speed, fueling rate, and combustion phasing on the thermal stratification required to limit HCCI knocking intensity

Thermal stratification has the potential to reduce pressure-rise rates and allow increased power output for HCCI engines. This paper systematically examines how the amount of thermal stratification of the core of the charge has to be adjusted to avoid excessive knock as the engine speed and fueling rate are increased. This is accomplished by a combination of multi-zone chemical-kinetics modeling and engine experiments, using iso-octane as the fuel. The experiments show that, for a low-residual engine configuration, the pressure traces are self-similar during changes to the engine speed when CA50 is maintained by adjusting the intake temperature. Consequently, the absolute pressure-rise rate measured as bar/ms increases proportionally with the engine speed. As a result, the knocking (ringing) intensity increases drastically with engine speed, unless counteracted by some means. This paper describes how adjustments of the thermal width of the in-cylinder charge can be used to limit the ringing intensity to 5 MW/m2 as both engine speed and fueling are increased. If the thermal width can be tailored without constraints, this enables smooth operation even for combinations of high speed, high load, and combustion phasing close to TDC. Since large alterations of the thermal width of the charge are not alwaysmore » possible, combustion retard is considered to reduce the requirement on the thermal stratification. The results show that combustion retard carries significant potential since it amplifies the benefit of a fixed thermal width. Therefore, the thermal stratification required for operation with an acceptable knocking intensity can be decreased substantially by the use of combustion retard. This enables combinations of high engine speed and high fueling rate even for operation with the naturally occurring thermal stratification. However, very precise control of the combustion phasing will likely be required for such operation.« less
Monitoring the progress of anytime problem-solving

Anytime algorithms offer a tradeoff between solution quality and computation time that has proved useful in applying artificial intelligence techniques to time-critical problems. To exploit this tradeoff, a system must be able to determine the best time to stop deliberation and act on the currently available solution. When the rate of improvement of solution quality is uncertain, monitoring the progress of the algorithm can improve the utility of the system. This paper introduces a technique for run-time monitoring of anytime algorithms that is sensitive to the variance of the algorithm's performance, the time-dependent utility of a solution, the ability of the run-time monitor to estimate the quality of the currently available solution, and the cost of monitoring. The paper examines the conditions under which the technique is optimal and demonstrates its applicability.
Progress in light ion fusion

It is shown that advances in ion beam theory, diagnostics, and experiments in the past two years have produced a 5-TW/cm/sup 2/ proton beam. Target experiments using this beam have produced data on total photon energy, proton beam uniformity, and beam-target interaction physics. Experiments are being planned to measure ion beam deposition in heated material quantitatively. In parallel with these target experiments driven by intense proton beams, the author is concentrating on development of a lithium ion beam. Two lithium sources have shown promising results, including production and acceleration of singly ionized lithium and high beam purity. >
Double-Access Sentences Generalized

This paper proposes a theory of tense that accounts for cross-linguistic variation in a natural way. I shall attempt to present an improved version my own proposal made in my earlier work (Ogihara 1996). This paper has two aims. The first is to account for the distribution of absolute and relative tense morphemes (in the sense of Comrie (1985)) in English and Japanese. The second is to account for the semantics of de re attitude reports involving tense morphemes, including doubleaccess sentences, in a general fashion. To be more specific, the hypothesis to be pursued in this paper is that both English and Japanese (and possibly many other natural languages) have absolute and relative tenses in the sense of Comrie (1985).1 In particular, I account for socalled double-access sentences (present-under-past sentences) and other de re attitude reports about temporal entities by the same mechanism. The only difference between English and Japanese that we must assume for tense is that English has a SOT rule (or that it has a zero tense in the sense of Kratzer (1998)) whereas Japanese does not. This point of view is not new. I proposed in Ogihara (1996) that the presence or absence of a SOT rule distinguishes between English and Japanese with respect to tense. However, the proposal defended here removes some of the inadequacies of my earlier proposal. For example, the new proposal allows us to eliminate the stipulation about the English present that it must be used as an absolute present tense. Moreover, it allows us to account for the semantics of double-access sentences in a more natural way. Or put in more general terms, the TEMPORAL DIRECTIONALITY ISOMORPHISM proposed in my earlier work (Ogihara 1989, 1996) is presented in a more formally explicit way. In a series of papers, Abusch (1991, 1994, 1997a, 1997b) developed a theory of tense that is designed to account for tense-related data in English. It is one of the most detailed accounts of the behavior of English tense morphemes, but the details of the proposal are subject to different interpretations. Two slightly different interpretations of Abusch’s proposal were put forward by Heim (1994) and by von Stechow (1995). This paper does not attempt to modify her theory to account for both English and Japanese data. Rather, I shall provide a summary of Abusch’s proposal as interpreted by von Stechow before presenting my own proposal. I hope that this strategy will help the reader compare these two proposals from an objective point of view.
Transcription-Based Therapeutics

Aberrant transcription patterns are associated with most human diseases. Therefore, enormous interest exists in the development of designer molecules that can be used to regulate directly the transcription of predetermined genes for the ultimate treatment of a wide range of disease states. One emerging strategy is to identify molecules that reconstitute one or more functions of the endogenous proteins that upregulate transcription, transcriptional activators. In doing so, they function as either inhibitors or activators of transcription. Using this approach, a variety of protein- and small molecule-based transcriptional regulators have been developed, and at least one has reached clinical trials.
The elastic constants of zinc between 4.2° and 670°K

The five adiabatic elastic constants of single crystals of zinc have been measured from 4.2°K to within 20°K of the melting point, using the ultrasonic-pulse technique. Although the temperature variation is not exactly linear, no very rapid changes occur even as the melting point is approached. The room-temperature values agree well with other data. The 4.2°K values are: C11 = 17.909, C33 = 6.880, C44 = 4.595, 12(C11-C12) == 7.080, C12, = 3.75 and C13 = 5.54 in units of 1011dynescm2.