cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Analysis of Energy Intensity and Its Determinants at the State Level

Aggregate energy intensity in the United States has been declining steadily since the mid-1970s and the first oil shock. Energy intensity can be reduced by improving efficiency in the use of energy or by moving away from energy-intensive activities. At the national level, I show that roughly three-quarters of the improvements in U.S. energy intensity since 1970 results from efficiency improvements. This should reduce concerns that the United States is off-shoring its carbon emissions. A state-level analysis shows that rising per capita income and higher energy prices have played an important part in lowering energy intensity. Price and income predominantly influence intensity through changes in energy efficiency rather than through changes in economic activity. In addition, the empirical analysis suggests that little policy intervention will be needed to achieve the Bush Administration goal of an 18 percent reduction in carbon intensity by the end of this decade.
Understanding the Sources of Friction in U.S.-China Trade Relations: The Exchange Rate Debate Diverts Attention Away from Optimum Adjustment

China has been accused exchange rate manipulation that has caused large U.S. trade deficits, which have reduced U.S. welfare by increasing unemployment and reducing wages. In addition, the strong claims by some observers that the trade imbalances are deeply deleterious to China's welfare almost make it a moral imperative for the United States to use tariffs to force an RMB appreciation for China’s own good. The truth, however, is that: - The claim that a 40 percent appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) against the US$ would reduce the U.S. global trade deficit represents the triumph of hope over experience. When the average Yen-US$ exchange rate fell from 239 in 1985 to 128 in 1988, the U.S. global current account deficit only fell from 2.1 percent to 1.7 percent of GDP because Japanese companies started investing abroad and exported to the U.S. from there. For similar reasons, a large RMB appreciation would not reduce the U.S trade deficits significantly. - The claim that China’s swelling balance of payments surplus had caused the People’s Bank of China (PBC) to lose some control of credit growth is wrong. Chinese banks face credit quotas, and credit growth could not have stayed high in 2003-2007 without continual upward adjustments of the credit quotas by the PBC. The reason is not technical inability to control money growth but the political reality of factional politics. - The alleged negative effects on U.S. labor from the trade imbalances are greatly exaggerated. The average unemployment rate in 1999-06 was 5 percent compared to 6 percent in 1991-98; and the total compensation (including benefits) for blue-collar workers rose in the 1991-06 period. Beside accelerated globalization, accelerated technological innovation was another important trend in this period. The latter produced large productivity gains that enabled labor income to rise despite the greater competition from imports. These two trends caused more frequent job turnovers, which increased worker anxiety, and hence demand for protection. China’s current account surplus exists because its dysfunctional financial system cannot intermediate the growing savings into investments. The private savings rate is high because China does not have the variety of financial institutions that would, one, pool risks by providing medical insurance, pension insurance, and unemployment insurance; and, two, transform savings into education loans, housing loans, and other types of investment loans. The backward financial system in China has made the private savings rate in China 7.0 to 12.2 percentage points higher than in the U.S. The optimum solution to the present trade tensions is a policy package that emphasizes multilateral actions. It is bad economics and bad politics to focus on only one party (China alone must change), on only one instrument (RMB appreciation alone), and on only one policy objective (current account balance).
A versatile technetium imager

The technetium imager is dedicated to the scintigraphic display of low-energy gamma -ray emitters in large organs. It is based on the scanning principle using a focused collimator but, in contrast to traditional scanners, its drive mechanism is incorporated within an enclosed head. Like that of the Anger camera it can be positioned at any desirable angle relative to the patient and in contact with the area to be imaged. A proprietary drive mechanism blends alternative directional lines into a raster totally lacking in line structure. The head of the imager is mounted on a counter-balanced teeter-totter positioning device, which allows fingertip positioning in a vertical direction.
Evolving molecular targets in the treatment of nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases.

Novel treatments for gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are based on molecular targets. Novel pharmacologic and biological agents with greater selectivity and specificity are being developed for a variety of epithelial diseases, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), celiac disease, short bowel syndrome (SBS), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Motility and secretory agents are being developed for gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation, and diarrhea. Here we focus on data from clinical trials involving validated pharmacodynamic or patient response outcomes. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 92 3, 306–320. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.77
Acceleration of reduced Hessian methods for large-scale nonlinear programming

Abstract Process optimization problems are frequently characterized by large models, with many variables and constraints but relatively few degrees of freedom. Reduced Hessian decomposition methods applied to successive quadratic programming (SQP) exploit the low dimensionality of the subspace of the decision variables, and have been very successful for a wide variety of process applications. However, further development is needed for improving the efficient large-scale use of these tools. In this study we develop an improved SQP algorithm decomposition with coordinate bases that includes an inexpensive second-order correction term. The resulting algorithm is 1-step Q -superlinearly convergent. More importantly, though, the resulting algorithm is largely independent of the specific decomposition steps. Thus, the inexpensive factorization of the coordinate decomposition can be applied in a reliable and efficient manner. With this efficient and easy-to-implement NLP strategy, we continue to improve the performance of the optimization algorithm by exploiting the mathematical structure of existing process engineering models. Here we consider the tailoring of a reduced Hessian method for the block tridiagonal structure of the model equations for distillation columns. This approach is applied to the Naphthali—Sandholm algorithm implemented within the UNIDIST and NRDIST programs. Our reduced Hessian SQP strategy is incorporated with only minor changes in the program's interface and data structures. Through this integration, reductions of 20–80% in the total CPU time are obtained compared to general reduced space optimization; an order of magnitude reduction is obtained when compared to conventional sequential strategies. Consequently, this approach shows considerable potential for efficient and reliable large-scale process optimization, particularly when complex Newton-based process models are already available.
Effect of cross‐linking on hydrostatic creep of epoxy

Samples of epoxy having three different degrees of crosslinking were subjected to several constant values of hydrostatic pressure ranging from 1000 psi to 80 ksi. Each period of constant pressure was followed by a period at atmospheric pressure. A continuing decrease in volume (creep), as measured by axial strain at constant pressure, was observed for pressures of 10 ksi and greater. The creep strain was recovered immediately upon pressure removal. Reapplication of pressure after a short period at atmospheric pressure resulted in the same creep behavior as that resulting from the first pressure. The least cross-linked epoxy had the smallest creep rate and the smallest compressibility. These observations are consistent with the view that the leapt cross-linked epoxy would be the most compact and have the least voids at points of cross-linking.
Nonverbal Assessment of Attitudinal Affect with the Smile-Return Technique.

Summary This investigation tested the validity of an unobtrusive measure of attitudinal affect. This method, the “smile-return” technique, requires only that a stimulus person initiate a smile at a potential respondent while simultaneously and symbolically representing the chosen attitudinal referent in some fashion (e.g., through appearance or dress). If the respondent returns the smile, it is assumed that his affective evaluation of that referent is more favorable than if he fails to do so. As evidence of the validity of the technique, the difference in the smile return rates of 100 male and 100 female college students to stimulus persons who wore a campaign button which supported either of two presidential candidates in the 1976 national election was similar to the difference in voter preference for the two candidates as found in opinion surveys of the same population. In a second study, 25 members of a women's studies class showed a higher smile-return rate to a stimulus person who wore a shirt with a...
Endothelial Nuclear Patterns in the Canine Arterial Tree with Particular Reference to Hemodynamic Events

The objective of the study was (1) to measure systematically the orientation, morphology, and population density of endothelial nuclei of the canine thoracic aorta and its major branches and (2) to obtain evidence in a chronic in vivo preparation that altered flow patterns do indeed change patterns of nuclear orientation. For this purpose, a segment of the descending thoracic aorta was removed, opened longitudinally, and reclosed to form a tube with a new longitudinal axis 90° from the original vessel axis. The new segment was then sutured back in place. The animals were killed at suitable postoperative periods. Endothelial nuclear patterns were studied from en face photomicrographs of preparations stained with Evans blue dye. Results indicated: (1) In uniform vessel segments, e.g., middle and lower descending thoracic aorta, the nuclei were oriented parallel to the axis of the blood vessel, and the ratio of major to minor axes of the nucleus was large. The flow in these regions is known to be stable. (2)...
Clutches and Brakes : Design and Selection

FRICTION MATERIALS Friction Code Wear Brake Fade Friction Materials Notation References BAND BRAKES Derivation of Equations Application Lever-Actuated Band Brake: Backstop Design Example: Design of a Backstop Notation Formula Collection References EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY PIVOTED SHOE BRAKES Pivoted External Drum Brakes Pivoted Internal Drum Brakes Design of Dual-Anchor Twin-Shoe Drum Brakes Dual-Anchor Twin-Shoe Drum Brake Design Examples Design of Single-Anchor Twin-Shoe Drum Brakes Single-Anchor Twin-Shoe Drum Brake Design Examples Electric Brakes Notation Formula Collection References LINEARLY ACTING EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DRUM BRAKES Braking Torque and Moments for Centrally Pivoted External Shoes Braking Torque and Moments for Symmetrically Supported Internal Shoes Design Examples Notation Formula Collection DRY AND WET DISK BRAKES AND CLUTCHES Caliper Disk Brakes Ventilated Disk Brakes Annular Contact Disk Brakes and Clutches Design Examples Notation Formula Collection CONE BRAKES AND CLUTCHES Torque and Activation Force Folded Cone Brake Design Examples Notation Formula Collection References MAGNETIC PARTICLE, HYSTERESIS, AND EDDY-CURRENT BRAKES AND CLUTCHES Theoretical Background Magnetic Particle Brakes and Clutches Hysteresis Brakes and Clutches Eddy-Current Brakes and Clutches Notation References ACCELERATION TIME AND HEAT DISSIPATION CALCULATIONS Energy Dissipated in Braking Mechanical Energy of Representative Systems Braking and Clutching Time and Torque Clutch Torque and Acceleration Time Example 1: Grinding Wheel Example 2: Conveyor Brake Example 3: Rotary Kiln Example 4: Crane Example 5: Magnetic Particle or Hysteresis Brake Dynamometer Example 6: Tension Control Example 7: Torque and Speed Control Example 8: Soft Start Notation Formula Collection CENTRIFUGAL, ONE-WAY, AND DETENT CLUTCHES Centrifugal Clutches One-Way Clutch: The Spring Clutch Overrunning Clutches: The Roller Clutch Overrunning Clutches: The Sprag Clutch Torque Limiting Clutch: Tooth and Detent Types Torque Limiting Clutch: Friction Type Notation Formula Collection References FRICTION DRIVES WITH CLUTCH CAPABILITY Belt Drives Friction Wheel Drive Friction Cone Drive Example 1: Belt Drive, Hinged Motor Mount Example 2: Belt Drive, Sliding Motor Mount Example 3: Cone Drive Notation Formula Collection FLUID CLUTCHES AND BRAKES Fluid Couplings as Clutches Fluid Brakes: Retarders Magnetorheological Suspension Clutch and Brake Notation Formula Collection References ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS Tire/Road Friction Coefficient Mechanical Skid Detection Electrical Skid Detection: Sensors Electrical Skid Detection: Control Notation Formula Collection References BRAKE VIBRATION Brief Historical Outline Recent Experimental Data Finite Element Analysis Caliper Brake Noise Reduction References ENGINEERING STANDARDS FOR CLUTCHES AND BRAKES SAE Standards American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Other Standards Organizations BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
Synthesis and thermal conductivity of type II silicon clathrates

Abstract We have synthesized and characterized polycrystalline Na1Si136 and Na8Si136, compounds possessing the type II clathrate hydrate crystal structure. Resistivity measurements from 10 to 300 K indicate very large resistivities in this temperature range, with activated temperature dependences indicative of relatively large band gap semiconductors. The thermal conductivity is very low; two orders-of-magnitude lower than that of diamond-structure silicon at room temperature. The thermal conductivity of Na8Si136 displays a temperature dependence that is atypical of crystalline solids and more indicative of amorphous materials. This work is part of a continuing effort to explore the many different compositions and structure types of clathrates, a class of materials that continues to be of interest for scientific and technological applications.
Step- versus kink-formation energies on Pt(111)

Ab-initio kink-formation energies are about 0.25 and 0.18 eV on the (100)- and (111)-microfacet steps of Pt(111), while the sum of the step-formation energies is 0.75 eV/atom. These results imply a specific ratio of formation energies for the two step types, namely 1.14, in excellent agreement with experiment. If kink-formation costs the same energy on the two step types, an inference recently drawn from scanning probe observations of step wandering, this ratio ought to be 1.
Critical Care of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Approximately 11 000 people suffer traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the United States, each year. TSCI incidences vary from 13.1 to 52.2 per million people and the mortality rates ranged from 3.1 to 17.5 per million people. This review examines the critical care of TSCI. The discussion will focus on primary and secondary mechanisms of injury, spine stabilization and immobilization, surgery, intensive care management, airway and respiratory management, cardiovascular complication management, venous thromboembolism, nutrition and glucose control, infection management, pressure ulcers and early rehabilitation, pharmacologic cord protection, and evolving treatment options including the use of pluripotent stem cells and hypothermia.
Effects of chronic lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle region on baroreceptor reflex function in conscious rats.

This study determined baroreceptor reflex (BR) function in conscious rats which had received sham or electrolytic lesions of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) 54-56 days previously. Resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) values of the AV3V-lesion rats were similar to those of sham-lesion rats (P>0.05 for both comparisons). The sensitivity of the BR-mediated tachycardia in AV3V-lesion was greater than in sham-lesion rats (-9. 92+/-1.00 vs. -4.54+/-0.45 bpm/mmHg, P<0.05). The sensitivity of the BR-mediated bradycardia in AV3V-lesion rats was also greater than in rats with sham lesions (-3.56+/-0.38 vs. -2.06+/-0.42 bpm/mmHg, P<0. 05). The AV3V lesions did not affect other BR parameters. These findings demonstrate that chronic lesions of the AV3V region increase the sensitivity of the baroreceptor HR reflex in conscious rats. Copyright 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Aerodynamic heating of the Grant meteorite

Abstract The “heat-affected zone” near the surface of the Grant meteorite has been examined by metallographic means. This zone, produced by aerodynamic heating during the fall of the meteorite, serves as a record of the thermal gradient which produced it. By comparison of structure and hardness within this zone with artificially heat-treated meteorite specimens, this thermal gradient was reconstructed. Calculations based on the shape of the thermal gradient have permitted estimates to be made of the rate of heat transfer into the meteorite and of the associated rates of ablation.
Mercury in tissues and lice of northern fur seals.

Samples of tissues and sucking lice were collected from fur seals on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Hair and blood samples were taken from cows, newborns, and 2-month-old pups. Mercury was found in all samples analyzed. Hair contained the highest level of mercury as compared to those of the blood, milk and lice. The levels of mercury in the hair, blood and lice of the 2-month-old pups were considerably higher than those of the newborn pups. Presence of mercury in the newborn pups indicates that mercury is able to cross the placental membrane to the fetus. Of particular interest was the correlation between the level of mercury in the blood of the seal and that in the hair and lice. These findings suggest that hair and lice samples should be further tested as a means of monitoring to give an index of the mercury level in this marine animal. 21 references, 1 table.
Act II The Mid-Career Job Change and How to Make it.

The article reviews the book “Act II: The Mid-Career Job Change and How to Make It,” by Nancy C. Baker.
Effectiveness of Bariatric Surgery in Reducing Weight and Body Mass Index Among Hispanic Adolescents

Background Ethnic minority adolescents, Hispanics in particular, are disproportionately affected by extreme obesity and its associated co-morbidities. Bariatric surgery is one of the few effective treatments for morbid obesity, yet little information about weight outcomes after surgery in this demographic are available. We determined the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing weight and body mass index (BMI) in adolescents, a majority of whom were non-Mexican American Hispanic and originated from Central and/or South America and the Caribbean Basin region.
Structures of Ser205 mutant plasmepsin II from Plasmodium falciparum at 1.8 A in complex with the inhibitors rs367 and rs370.

Plasmepsin II is one of the four catalytically active plasmepsins found in the food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum. These enzymes initiate hemoglobin degradation by cleavage at the α-chain between Phe33 and Leu34. The crystal structures of Ser205 mutant plasmepsin II from P. falciparum in complex with two inhibitors have been refined at a resolution of 1.8 A in the space group I222 and to R factors of 19.9 and 19.5%. Each crystal contains one monomer in the asymmetric unit. Both inhibitors have a Phe–Leu core and incorporate tetrahedral transition-state mimetic hydroxypropylamine. The inhibitor rs367 possesses a 2,6-­dimethylphenyloxyacetyl group at the P2 position and 3-­aminobenzamide at the P2′ position, while rs370 has the same P2 group but 4-aminobenzamide in the P2′ position. These complexes reveal key conserved hydrogen bonds between the inhibitor and the binding-cavity residues, notably with the flap residues Val78 and Ser79, the catalytic dyad Asp34 and Asp214 and the residues Ser218 and Gly36 that are in proximity to the catalytic dyad. The structures also show unexpected conformational variability of the binding cavity of plasmepsin II and may reflect the mode of binding of the hemoglobin α-­chain for cleavage.
Surgical referrals as evidence of a de facto podiatric medical specialization

The authors present evidence on the patterns and correlates of surgical referrals to podiatric physicians that suggests a surgical specialty now exists in podiatric medicine. The primary factors on which surgical specialization appears to be based are residency training, hospital medical staff membership, and increased hospital podiatric practice activity. Surgically specialized podiatric physicians tend to be younger, but such specialization is not related to either the gender or race of podiatric physicians.
Maintenance of the relative proportion of oligodendrocytes to axons even in the absence of BAX and BAK

Highly purified oligodendroglial lineage cells from mice lacking functional bax and bak genes were resistant to apoptosis after in-vitro differentiation, indicating an essential role of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the absence of neurons (axons) and other glial cells. These mice therefore provide a valuable tool with which to evaluate the significance of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in regulating the population sizes of oligodendrocytes and oligodendroglial progenitor cells. Quantitative analysis of the optic nerves and the dorsal columns of the spinal cord revealed that the absolute numbers of mature oligodendrocytes immunolabeled for aspartoacylase and adult glial progenitor cells expressing NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan were increased in both white matter tracts of adult bax/bak-deficient mice and, to a lesser extent, bax-deficient mice, except that there was no increase in NG2-positive progenitor cells in the dorsal columns of these strains of mutant mice. These increases in mature oligodendrocytes and progenitor cells in bax/bak-deficient mice were unexpectedly proportional to increases in numbers of axons in these white matter tracts, thus retaining the oligodendroglial lineage to axon ratios of at most 1.3-fold of the physiological numbers. This is in contrast to the prominent expansion in numbers of neural precursor cells in the subventricular zones of these adult mutant mice. Our study indicates that homeostatic control of cell number is different for progenitors of the oligodendroglial and neuronal lineages. Furthermore, regulatory mechanism(s) operating in addition to apoptotic elimination through the intrinsic pathway, appear to prevent the overproduction of highly mitotic oligodendroglial progenitor cells.
Looking through the Lens of Gender: A Postmodern Critique of a Modern Housing Paradigm

The shift from a modern to postmodern paradigm has dramatically impacted the nature and content of academic inquiry and has opened new categories and methods for research. Interior design has been traditionally critiqued on the basis of aesthetics, formal qualities, function, health and safety, and social/behavioral factors. A postmodern critique expands that criteria to include analysis of how designs may be inscribed with particular ideologies and meanings and consideration of how these meanings may empower or disempower certain groups, or philosophies. In a feminist critique, that analysis considers specifically the ideology of gender. This paper will demonstrate the use of the postmodern deconstructive method of “close reading” in a feminist critique of the Case Study program, a paradigm for modern housing in postwar America. A close reading makes the assumption that the text is not neutral and attempts to discover its biases by thoroughly examining how information has been edited, framed, explained, and constructed. Through this method every aspect of the design process as it has been documented will be scrutinized as texts to examine ideas about roles for women that are constructed through this method; it will not only demonstrate how ideological issues, specifically in this case about gender, can be inscribed within our designs for built spaces, but also provide a greater awareness of our ability as designers to perpetuate, create, or eliminate stereotypes.
H I Observations of the Ca II Absorbing Galaxies Mrk 1456 and SDSS J211701.26?002633.7

In an effort to study Damped Ly? (DLA) galaxies at low redshift, we have been using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to identify galaxies projected onto quasi-stellar object (QSO) sight lines and to characterize their optical properties. For low-redshift galaxies, the H I 21 cm emission line can be used as an alternate tool for identifying possible DLA galaxies, since H I-emitting galaxies typically exhibit H I columns that are larger than the classical DLA limit. Here, we report on follow-up H I 21 cm emission-line observations of two DLA candidates that are both low-redshift spiral galaxies, Mrk 1456 and SDSS J211701.26?002633.7. The observations were made using the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) and Arecibo telescope, respectively. Analysis of their H I properties reveal the galaxies to be about one and two M*H I galaxies, respectively, and to have average H I mass, gas richness, and gas-mass fraction for their morphological types. We consider Mrk 1456 and SDSS J211701.26?002633.7 to be candidate DLA systems based upon the strength of the Ca II absorption lines they cause in their QSO's spectra, and impact parameters to the QSO that are smaller than the stellar disk. Compared to the small numbers of other H I detected DLA and candidate DLA galaxies, Mrk 1456 and SDSS J211701.26?002633.7 have high H I masses. Mrk 1456 and SDSS J211701.26?002633.7 have also been found to lie in galaxy groups that are high in H I gas mass compared to the group containing SBS 1543+593, the only DLA galaxy previously known to be situated in a galaxy group. When compared with the expected properties of low-z DLAs from an H I-detected sample of galaxies, Mrk 1456 and SDSS J211701.26?002633.7 fall within the ranges for impact parameter and MB ; and the H I mass distribution for the H I-detected DLAs agrees with that of the expected H I mass distribution for low-z DLAs. Our observations support galaxy-evolution models in which high-mass galaxies make up an increasing contribution to the DLA cross section at lower redshifts. We also report on the 21 cm line emission of Mrk 1457, a Seyfert galaxy observed within the beam of the GBT.
Optical disk implementation of radial basis classifiers

We describe an optical disk based system for handwritten character recognition. The recognition scheme is based on a radial basis function approach to pattern classification. The optical system computes the Euclidean distance between an unknown input and 650 stored patterns at a demonstrated rate of26,000 pattern comparisons per second.
Impact of calcium on transport property of graphene

Abstract We have measured the impact of calcium adsorbates on the transport property of graphene. Although calcium renders conductivity linearly dependent on the carrier density of graphene as predicted, our experimental results diverge from the existing theoretical calculations. Our data expose the inadequacy of any existing theory to describe the minimum conductivity of graphene and indicate that a more complete testing of the impurity scattering calculations will require improving the experimental capabilities by minimizing the contribution from the substrate-bound charged impurities and developing an ability to count the number of adsorbates while measuring transport.
Improving Soybean Performance in the Northern Great Plains through the Use of Cover Crops

Cover crops are capable of providing multiple benefits for improving soil quality and enhancing annual crop growth. Maintaining continuous plant cover on agricultural fields with cover crop is of great interest to improve nutrient cycling, prevent soil degradation, and promote further adoption of no-till farming systems. A field study was conducted in eastern South Dakota, USA, in 2007, 2008, and 2009 to evaluate four cover crop combinations [(1) no cover; (2) buckwheat (BUCK) (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) + slender wheatgrass (Agropyron caninum L.) (SLD WHT); (3) oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) (RAD) + SLD WHT; and (4) purple top turnips (Brassica rapa L.) (TURN + SLD WHT)] sown after oat (Avena sativa L.) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] performance. The impacts of no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were evaluated at two different planting populations. Soybean plant biomass, seed harvest index, yield, total nitrogen (N), oil concentration, and test weight were measured. Cover crops pr...
Deficits in memory strategy use are related to verbal memory impairments in adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

Abstract Objective To assess the nature of learning and verbal memory deficits in adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SzS) (i.e., schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophreniform disorder). Method Sixty patients with SzS (mean age = 16.1 years, S.D. = 2.2) and 60 age- and gender-matched diagnosis-free healthy volunteers were assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Planned analyses were conducted to assess the following aspects of memory: span of apprehension, verbal learning, short-term and long-term memory, rate of forgetting, interference, and organizational strategies. Adolescents with schizophrenia (Sz) were compared to those with schizoaffective disorder (SzA). Second, patients' test profiles were compared to those of controls. Relationships between initial learning and overall verbal learning with organizational strategy were explored. Results Neurocognitive profiles did not significantly differ between Sz and SzA participants. Patients performed significantly worse than healthy comparison subjects on measures of span of apprehension, verbal learning, short- and long-term memory, and organizational strategies after adjusting for differences in premorbid intelligence. No group differences were found in rate of forgetting or susceptibility to proactive or retroactive interference. Conclusions Adolescents with SzS are characterized by significant verbal memory dysfunction similar to what has been observed in adults with first-episode schizophrenia. Deficits in consistency of learning over several trials, as well as a strong relationship between semantic organizational strategies and reduced learning capacity, implicate dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a contributor to verbal memory deficits in adolescents with SzS.
Oral Medication Management among Clients with Type 2 Diabetes: Outcome and Assessment Information Set (Oasis) Impact

This study’s purpose was to determine the impact of OASIS implementation on documented assessments, interventions, and client outcomes for oral medication management. The sample consisted of 100 clients with Type 2 diabetes: 50 clients who received services in 1997 and 50 clients who received services in 2000. Assessments and interventions for oral medication management were more frequently documented in the 2000 cohort versus the 1997 cohort, but there were no differences in clients’ oral medication management outcomes. Study findings supported the potential utility of the Outcome and Assessment Information Set for improving care processes and outcomes yet cautioned that outcome goals need to be individualized.
Mental Representation for Action in the Elderly: Implications for Movement Efficiency and Injury Risk

Recent research findings indicate that with older adulthood, there are functional decrements in spatial cognition and more specially, in the ability to mentally represent and effectively plan motor actions. A typical finding is a significant over- or underestimation of one's actual physical abilities with movement planning-planning that has implications for movement efficiency and physical safety. A practical, daily life example is estimation of reachability--a situation that for the elderly may be linked with fall incidence. A strategy used to mentally represent action is the use of motor imagery--an ability that also declines with advancing older age. This brief review highlights research findings on mental representation and motor imagery in the elderly and addresses the implications for improving movement efficiency and lowering the risk of movement-related injury.
Expanding and Sustaining Integrated Health Care–Community Efforts to Reduce Diabetes Disparities

To reduce racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes care and outcomes, it is critical to integrate health care and community approaches. However, little work describes how to expand and sustain such partnerships and initiatives. We outline our experience creating and growing an initiative to improve diabetes care and outcomes in the predominantly African American South Side of Chicago. Our project involves patient education and activation, a quality improvement collaborative with six clinics, provider education, and community partnerships. We aligned our project with the needs and goals of community residents and organizations, the mission and strategic plan of our academic medical center, various strengths and resources in Chicago, and the changing health care marketplace. We use the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change conceptual model and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to elucidate how we expanded and sustained our project within a shifting environment. We recommend taking action to integrate health care with community projects, being inclusive, building partnerships, working with the media, and understanding vital historical, political, and economic contexts.
Book Reviews: Archaeology

The Leavenworth Site: Archaeology of an Historic Arikara Community. RICHARD A. KRAUSE. Like-a-Fishhook Village and Fort Berthold, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota. HUBERT G. SMITH.
Explaining Welfare Reform: Public Choice and the Labor Market

This paper seeks to identify factors which could plausibly have led to the contractionary welfare reform initiatives begun at the state and federal levels in the U.S. in the 1990s, initiatives concentrated on the AFDC program. A review of aggregate time series evidence, cross-section regression research, and studies of attitudes toward welfare spending and toward welfare recipients suggests a role for three types of factors. First, a major expansion of the U.S. welfare system in the late 1980s in terms of expenditures and caseloads may have led voters to desire to retrench by cutting back on the AFDC program, even though that program was not primarily responsible for the expansion. Second, declines in the relative and absolute levels of household income, wages, and employment rates among the disadvantaged population may have driven up caseloads and costs, increased the social distance of voters from the poor, heightened concern with work incentives, and may have led, more generally, to a decrease in the perceived deservingness of the poor. Third, a surge of births to unmarried mothers in the 1980s is suggested, by cross-sectional and attitudinal evidence, to have led to a reduction in voter support for the AFDC program.
Twisting and Bending: The Functional Role of Salamander Lateral Hypaxial Musculature During Locomotion

The function of the lateral hypaxial muscles during locomotion in tetrapods is controversial. Currently, there are two hypotheses of lateral hypaxial muscle function. The first, supported by electromyographic (EMG) data from a lizard (Iguana iguana) and a salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus), suggests that hypaxial muscles function to bend the body during swimming and to resist long-axis torsion during walking. The second, supported by EMG data from lizards during relatively high-speed locomotion, suggests that these muscles function primarily to bend the body during locomotion, not to resist torsional forces. To determine whether the results from D. ensatus hold for another salamander, we recorded lateral hypaxial muscle EMGs synchronized with body and limb kinematics in the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. In agreement with results from aquatic locomotion in D. ensatus, all four layers of lateral hypaxial musculature were found to show synchronous EMG activity during swimming in A. tigrinum. Our findings for terrestrial locomotion also agree with previous results from D. ensatus and support the torsion resistance hypothesis for terrestrial locomotion. We observed asynchronous EMG bursts of relatively high intensity in the lateral and medial pairs of hypaxial muscles during walking in tiger salamanders (we call these 'alpha-bursts'). We infer from this pattern that the more lateral two layers of oblique hypaxial musculature, Mm. obliquus externus superficialis (OES) and obliquus externus profundus (OEP), are active on the side towards which the trunk is bending, while the more medial two layers, Mm. obliquus internus (OI) and transversus abdominis (TA), are active on the opposite side. This result is consistent with the hypothesis proposed for D. ensatus that the OES and OEP generate torsional moments to counteract ground reaction forces generated by forelimb support, while the OI and TA generate torsional moments to counteract ground reaction forces from hindlimb support. However, unlike the EMG pattern reported for D. ensatus, a second, lower-intensity burst of EMG activity ('beta-burst') was sometimes recorded from the lateral hypaxial muscles in A. tigrinum. As seen in other muscle systems, these beta-bursts of hypaxial muscle coactivation may function to provide fine motor control during locomotion. The presence of asynchronous, relatively high-intensity alpha-bursts indicates that the lateral hypaxial muscles generate torsional moments during terrestrial locomotion, but it is possible that the balance of forces from both alpha- and beta-bursts may allow the lateral hypaxial muscles to contribute to lateral bending of the body as well.
The Arctic Frontal Zone as Seen in the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis

Abstract Calculations of a thermal front parameter using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data over the period 1979–98 reveal a relative maximum in frontal frequencies during summer along northern Eurasia from about 60° to 70°N, best expressed over the eastern half of the continent. A similar relative maximum is found over Alaska, which is present year-round although best expressed in summer. These high-latitude features can be clearly distinguished from the polar frontal zone in the midlatitudes of the Pacific basin and collectively resemble the summertime“Arctic frontal zone” discussed in several early studies. While some separation between high- and midlatitude frontal activity is observed in all seasons, the summer season is distinguished by the development of an attendant mean baroclinic zone aligned roughly along the Arctic Ocean coastline and associated wind maxima in the upper troposphere. The regions of maximum summer frontal frequency correspond to preferred areas of cyclogenesis and to where the summertime...
The Origin of Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Revealed by Entrainment From a Permanent Epicardial Left Ventricular Pacing Lead

Entrainment From Left Ventricular Pacing Lead. Recognizing ventricular tachycardias (VTs) that require epicardial ablation is desirable, but challenging when prior surgery prevents percutaneous epicardial mapping. This patient had cardiomyopathy, prior cardiac surgery, and VT that failed endocardial ablation. Observing that the Bi-V implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), left ventricular (LV) lead was epicardial to the area of infarct scar, it was used to pace during VT. Entrainment with concealed fusion with long stimulus to QRS interval, consistent with an epicardial VT circuit, was observed. Surgical cryoablation targeting the area around the LV lead eliminated VT. Thus pacing maneuvers from permanent epicardial leads can occasionally help identify an epicardial VT origin. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1293-1295, November 2010)
Whose Text? Whose Context?

After a brief account of an old study on sociopolitical vs formalist styles of literary criticism and the lessons it taught about relating cultural objects to context, I turn to more recent work on talk-in-interaction and engage three themes: (1) That the events of conversation have a sense and import to participants which are at least partially displayed in each successive contribution, and which are thereby put to some degree under interactional control. Accordingly, academic accounts of the import of conversational `texts' can be endogenously grounded, and this is a worthy analytic aspiration; (2) The pursuit of this goal mandates relevant senses of context to be consulted for analysis, and these are senses and aspects of context which are demonstrably relevant to the participants in the event being examined, not necessarily ones relevant to the inquirer doing the analysis; and (3) Its technical grounds and mandate aside, this is a useful contraint on analysis in disciplining work to the indigenous pre...
THE NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF CREATINE

Significant progress has been made in identifying neuroprotective agents and their translation to patients with neurological disorders. While the direct causative pathways of neurodegeneration remain unclear, they are under great clinical and experimental investigation. There are a number of interrelated pathogenic mechanisms triggering molecular events that lead to neuronal death. One putative mechanism reported to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases is impaired energy metabolism. If reduced energy stores play a role in neuronal loss, then therapeutic strategies that buffer intracellular energy levels may prevent or impede the neurodegenerative process. Recent studies suggest that impaired energy production promotes neurological disease onset and progression. Sustained ATP levels are critical to cellular homeostasis and may have both direct and indirect influence on pathogenic mechanisms associated with neurological disorders. Creatine is a critical component in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, and its administration has been reported to be neuroprotective in a wide number of both acute and chronic experimental models of neurological disease. In the context of this chapter, we will review the experimental evidence for creatine supplementation as a neurotherapeutic strategy in patients with neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in ischemic stroke, brain and spinal cord trauma, and epilepsy
On Doing the Wrong Things for the Wrong Reasons Two Misguided Organization Studies Practices

Over the years, a number of scholars have questioned the merits of two core organization studies’ practices – null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) and obsession with theory (OWT). I used neo-institutional organization theory to study the history of these two practices. I found that both may owe their core positions, at least as much or more, to their value for gaining legitimacy, as to substantive merit. Consequently, following the perspective of neo-institutional theory, it appears both may lack sufficient technical justification. Such a condition could account for some of our field’s leaders recently expressed concerns about our field’s slow progress.
Effect of channel estimation errors on the performance of MMSE-SIC with equal BER power control in uplink MC-CDMA

The performance of MC-CDMA is limited by multiple access interference (MAI). To mitigate this problem, equal BER power control (PC) was proposed for MMSE-SIC receiver, which provides a powerful solution for MAI suppression (M. Tan and Y. Bar-Ness, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 348-350, 2004), wherein the power distribution on different users was derived under the assumption of perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receiver. In practice, CSI is obtained from channel estimation, in which errors are inevitable. Therefore, the analysis of the robustness of the MMSE-SIC with the equal BER PC to channel estimation errors (CEE) is of great importance. In this paper, a method of second-order approximation is applied to estimate the mean excess MSE (MEMSE) of different users in a given decision order. The accuracy of the approximation is confirmed by simulation results. Furthermore, it is interesting to find out that the MMSE-SIC receiver with the equal BER PC presents significant robustness to CEE.
Personality dimensions and criminal arrest

Previous studies have implicated antisocial personality disorder in criminal behavior, but little is known about the association between "normal" personality dimensions and arrest. We investigated the relationships between these personality dimensions and prior arrest in a sample of adults participating in a longitudinal epidemiological study. Between 1993 and 1999, psychiatrists re-examined subjects who were originally interviewed in Baltimore in 1981 as part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study; the psychiatrists diagnosed axis I and axis II disorders according to DSM-IV criteria. A total of 611 subjects also completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), which assesses five broad factors and 30 facets of normal personality. History of criminal arrest in Maryland in the period 1981 to 1993 was determined from the state criminal justice database. Student's t test and logistic regression were used to evaluate relationships between NEO personality scores and prior arrest. Controlling for demographic characteristics, alcohol or drug use disorders, and DSM-IV personality disorder scores, the odds of prior arrest increased with scores on angry hostility, impulsiveness, and excitement-seeking dimensions. Prior arrest was inversely related to scores on trust, straightforwardness, compliance, modesty, dutifulness, and deliberation dimensions. The results suggest that specific dimensions of normal personality are related to criminal arrest in the community.
Integrated all-silicon thin-film power electronics on flexible sheets for ubiquitous wireless charging stations based on solar-energy harvesting

With the explosion in the number of battery-powered portable devices, ubiquitous powering stations that exploit energy harvesting can provide an extremely compelling means of charging. We present a system on a flexible sheet that, for the first time, integrates the power electronics using the same thin-film amorphous-silicon (a-Si) technology as that used for established flexible photovoltaics. This demonstrates a key step towards future large-area flexible sheets which could cover everyday objects, to convert them into wireless charging stations. In this work, we combine the thin-film circuits with flexible solar cells to provide embedded power inversion, harvester control, and power amplification. This converts DC outputs from the solar modules to AC power for wireless device charging through patterned capacitive antennas. With 0.5–2nF transfer antennas and solar modules of 100cm2, the system provides 47–120µW of power at 11–22% overall power-transfer efficiency under indoor lighting.
Railroad tracks: a potential source of ignition in hazardous ( classified) locations

This article uses a case history to illustrate how railroads are a potential source of ignition in hazardous (classified) locations. It will provide an overview of industry standards, design requirements, and operating procedures to ensure proper isolation, bonding, and grounding of railroad tracks and railcars at loading/unloading facilities.