cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of gel morphology and properties of a class of metallo- supramolecular polymers by good/poor solvent environments

Through the utilization of a mixed solvent system, consisting of a good solvent (DMSO) with either a nonsolvent (water) or a poor solvent (ethylene glycol), the morphology and properties of a class of stimuli-responsive metallo-supramolecular gels can be systematically tailored. These gels are formed via self-assembly of a ditopic ligand, consisting of a 2,6-bis(1′-methylbenzimidazolyl)-4-oxypyridine moiety attached to either end of a penta(ethylene glycol) core, in the presence of a transition metal ion (ZnII). In each solvent system, a composition window is located in which gels, varying in turbidity from highly opaque (water- or ethylene glycol-rich) to highly transparent (DMSO-rich), are formed. Morphological observations suggest gelation occurs by a common mechanism throughout the composition range, i.e., via the flocculation of semicrystalline colloidal particles. Increase of DMSO content leads to a reduction in the particle size, accompanied by an increase in sol concentration. WAXD and SAXS analys...
Visualization of pool boiling on enhanced surfaces

Abstract This work reports experiments to visualize nucleate boiling on an enhanced tubular surface having sub-surface tunnels and surface pores. The finned copper tube had 1575 fins/m (40 fins/in.) and 0.8 mm fin height. The fins are covered by a thin foil sheet having 0.23 mm pores at 1.5 mm pore pitch along each interfin region. Data are provided for two foil cover sheets, one copper and the other a transparent plastic. The uniqueness of this work is that the visualization method allowed direct observation of the boiling process in the subsurface tunnels. Use of a high speed camera with 30 × magnification allowed detailed observation of the evaporation process in the tunnels and of the vapor bubbles emerging from the pores. The experiments were conducted for saturated and subcooled boiling in the horizontal and vertical orientations. For the vertical tube, the saturated boiling experiments showed that all of the tunnels were vapor filled except for liquid menisci in the corners. This was also true for the horizontal tube at high heat flux. For the horizontal tube at low heat flux, portions of the tunnel length was liquid filled. A large portion (70–90%) of the region was vapor filled except for liquid menisci in the corners, and the remaining part of the region had oscillating menisci. These experiments provide conclusive proof that the heat transfer mechanism in the subsurface tunnels is evaporation on the menisci in the corners.
A Genetic Animal Model of Alcohol Withdrawal

Work with genetic animal models has a long history in alcohol research. No attempt has been made here to acknowledge the contributions of the many other long-standing projects in the area. Rather, I have tried to give a capsule view of one such project, and to indicate some areas of future direction. It seems clear that the expression of molecular biological tools will greatly expand our capabilities in the immediate future. The field is well-situated to take advantage of this situation, as it has achieved much progress during the "dark ages," where the study of genetic influence was inferential: that is, we were limited to studying genes we could not identify. The future will surely lead us to the identification and study of specific genes of importance.
Bacterial secreted proteins are required for the internalization of Campylobacter jejuni into cultured mammalian cells

Presented here is the first evidence that Campylobacter jejuni secrete proteins upon co-cultivation with host cells and in INT 407 cell-conditioned medium. A C. jejuni gene designated ciaB for Campylobacter invasion antigen B was identified, using a differential screening technique, which is required for this secretion process and the efficient entry of this bacterium into a host cell. The C. jejuni ciaB gene encodes a protein of 610 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 73 154 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CiaB protein shares similarity with type III secreted proteins associated with the invasion of host cells from other more extensively characterized bacterial pathogens. In vitro binding and internalization assays revealed that the binding of C. jejuni ciaB null mutants was indistinguishable from that of the parental isolate, whereas a significant reduction was noted in internalization. Confocal microscopic examination of C. jejuni-infected cells revealed that CiaB was translocated into the cytoplasm of the host cells. Culturing C. jejuni with INT 407 cells or in INT 407-conditioned medium resulted in the secretion of at least eight proteins, ranging in size from 12.8 to 108 kDa, into the culture medium. C. jejuni ciaB null mutants were deficient in the secretion of all eight proteins, indicating that CiaB is required for the secretion process. The identification of the C. jejuni ciaB gene represents a significant advance in understanding the molecular mechanism of C. jejuni internalization and the pathogenesis of C. jejuni-mediated enteritis.
Conservative Treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy: Emerging Techniques

Achilles tendinopathy is a painful condition that occurs commonly in both active and inactive individuals. It seems that this condition is painful as a result of ingrowth of neural structures and neovessels leading to poor healing, rather than from inflammatory mediators. Traditional conservative measures are often successful. There is a subset of patients who fail to respond to these measures, however, and this has led to the investigation of newer conservative techniques. This article provides a review of many of the emerging techniques in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy.
Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction and thromboxane release in guinea-pig lung.

1 Exogenous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) infused into the pulmonary artery of isolated and ventilated lungs of guinea-pigs decreased, in a dose-dependent fashion (1.0–10.0 nmol), airway resistance and thromboxane B2 (TXB2, the stable hydrolysis product of TXA2) release in the perfusion medium. Prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis, as reflected by the release of its stable hydrolysis product 6-oxo-PGF1α, was unaffected. Pretreatment with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BWA4c (3.5 × 10−5 m) did not modify the bronchodilatory effect of VIP or its inhibitory action on TXB2 release. 2 Basal release of immunoreactive VIP from perfused lungs decreased from an initial value of 0.96 ± 0.10 ng min−1 (mean ± s.e.mean) in the first 2 min to an average of 0.58 ± 0.10 ng min−1 in the following 15–20 min. 3 Antigen challenge with ovalbumin (0.1%) in sensitized lungs caused an anaphylactic reaction in 45% of tested lungs, concomitant with a 5 fold increase in both VIP and TXB2 release. Tetrodotoxin pretreatment (10−6 m) reduced basal VIP release by > 80% and abolished the VIP increase observed during anaphylaxis, without modifying TXB2 release or the bronchoconstrictor response. 4 Indomethacin (10−6 m) inhibited TXB2 synthesis and release by > 90%, delayed the bronchoconstrictor response and blunted the increased VIP release during lung anaphylaxis, without influencing basal VIP release. 5 The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BWA4c (3.5 × 10−5 m) blunted the increase of TXB2 and VIP release from guinea-pig lung and attenuated the bronchoconstrictor response following ovalbumin challenge. 6 The administration of exogenous VIP as a continuous infusion (10−8 m) attenuated the bronchoconstriction and the release of cyclo-oxygenase metabolites following antigen challenge. 7 Acetylcholine (10−6-10−5 m) infused into the pulmonary artery induced a dose-dependent bronchoconstriction not associated with enhanced VIP or TXB2 release. 8 The TXA2 mimetic U-46619 (0.1–1.0 nmol) caused dose-dependent increases in airway resistance, concomitant with an up to 10 fold increase in VIP release. VIP inhibited arachidonate-induced in vitro aggregation of washed rabbit platelets in a dose-dependent manner over a dose range 10−8-10−6 M. Despite the antiaggregatory effect of VIP, TXB2 and PGE2 synthesis was reduced only to a minor extent, and there was no redirection of arachidonate metabolism from TXA2 to PGE2, indicating that VIP does not act as a TX synthase inhibitor in vitro. 9 We conclude that VIP may play a role in regulating bronchial smooth muscle reactivity in lung anaphylaxis by inhibiting the synthesis and release of TXA2, a potent vasoactive and bronchoconstrictor agent. TXA2, on the other hand, strongly enhances neuronal VIP release.
A procedure for the synthesis of uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine-14C.

Abstract A complete procedure for the synthesis of 1-14C-glucosamine-labeled UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is described. Glucosamine is first phosphorylated with ATP and hexokinase to form glucosamine 6-phosphate. This is N-acetylated with acetic anhydride, and the product is converted to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by incubation with a crude yeast extract. The sugar nucleotide is isolated from the incubation mixture by paper electrophoresis, and purified by paper chromatography.
A one-step method for the isolation and determination of leaf ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase.

Abstract A convenient method is described for the isolation in one step of Rumex leaf ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPCase) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The amount of RuDPCase in a sample of leaf tissue is determined by quantification of the enzyme peak. RuDPCase prepared by this method is shown to be highly pure by criteria including light absorption at 260 and 280 nm, RuDPCase enzyme activity, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.2 and at pH 7.1 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The procedure has been successfully applied to various additional species including bean, maize, and spinach with little or no modification. This method should prove useful for determination of in vivo levels of RuDPCase protein in physiological studies, for measurements of synthesis and breakdown of RuDPCase using radioisotope labeling, and for the preparation of milligram amounts of RuDPCase for further purification and in vitro studies of enzyme structure and function.
A General Multiple Distributed Lag Framework for Estimating the Dynamic Effects of Promotions

Game attendance resulting from ticket sales is the single largest revenue stream for Major League Baseball MLB teams. We propose a general multiple distributed lag framework following the Koyck family of models for estimating MLB attendance drivers and focus specifically on the differential direct and carryover effects of in-game promotions. By setting various model constraints, the proposed framework incorporates different forms of serial correlation and promotion-specific dynamic effects. Using information model-selection heuristics, we select an optimal model of attendance drivers for the Pittsburgh Pirates' 2010--2012 MLB seasons. We demonstrate that our newly proposed model with an unrestricted serial correlation structure performs best. We find that although kids promotions have the highest direct effect on attendance, giveaway and entertainment promotions have substantial carryover effects and the largest total effects. We use our results to optimize the Pirates' promotional schedule and find that a reallocation of resources across promotional categories can increase profits between 39% and 88%. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1856 . This paper was accepted by Eric Bradlow, special issue on business analytics.
On control of the crystal-melt interface shape during growth in a vertical bridgman configuration

Abstract Using a finite-element thermal model of vertical Bridgman growth, the effectiveness of several experimental approaches aimed at compensating for the interface effect are investigated. Growth of Ge and CdTe representing semiconductor materials of high and low thermal conductivity respectively, are used as illustrative cases. Results indicate that attainment of a flat growth interface is not possible except in highly idealized cases. The curvature of the interface can, however, be reversed in certain circumstances.
Alkylacetylglycerophosphocholine stimulates Na+-Ca2+ exchange, protein phosphorylation and polyphosphoinositide turnover in rat ileal plasmalemmal vesicles.

Abstract The novel ether phospholipid, 1- O -alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC), isometrically contracted helically cut rat ileal smooth muscle strips in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Utilizing an enriched plasma membrane vesicular preparation from rat ileal longitudinal smooth muscle, AGEPC specifically stimulated Na + -Ca 2+ exchange in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Concomitant with the AGEPC stimulation of Na + -dependent Ca 2+ influx in plasma membrane vesicles is an enhanced turnover of the polyphosphoinositides, an elevated concentration of phosphatidic acid and also an enhanced phosphorylation of an M r 40 000 plasmalemmal protein. The mechanisms by which AGEPC may regulate ileal plasmalemmal Ca 2+ flux and contractility are considered.
T-tubule Depolarization-induced Local Events in the Ryanodine Receptor, as Monitored with the Fluorescent Conformational Probe Incorporated by Mediation of Peptide A *

There is a considerable controversy about the postulated role of the Thr(671)-Leu(690) (peptide A) region of the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor alpha1 II-III loop. Here we report that peptide A introduced the fluorescence probe methyl coumarin acetamido (MCA) in a well defined region of the ryanodine receptor (RyR), A-site, in a specific manner. Depolarization of the T-tubule moiety of the triad induced a rapid increase of the fluorescence intensity of the MCA attached to the A-site. Other RyR agonists, which activate the RyR without mediation of the DHP receptor (e.g. caffeine, polylysine, and peptide A), induced Ca(2+) release without producing such an MCA fluorescence increase. Both magnitudes of the fluorescence change and Ca(2+) release increased with the increase in the degree of T-tubule depolarization. MCA fluorescence increase at the A-site and subsequent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release were blocked by blocking of the DHP receptor-to-RyR communication. These results may be accounted for by two alternative models as follows. (a) Upon T-tubule depolarization a portion of the DHP receptor comes close to the RyR, forming a hydrophobic interface (within such an interface the A-site is located), or (b) T-tubule depolarization may produce a local conformational change in the A-site-containing region of the RyR that is not necessarily within the DHP receptor/RyR junction.
Safety concerns about laser pointers

In the past two years considerable concerns have been expressed about the safety of Class 3A laser pointers. The concern has been that Class 3A diode–laser pointers have replaced the safer helium–neon (He–Ne) Class 2 laser pointers. Hundreds of thousands of small He–Ne visible‐wavelength lasers have been traditionally used for alignment and pointing, laser demonstrations and laser displays in science, education and industry, but can the diode laser be as safe and effective? Not infrequently, some people associate “lasers” with Buck Rogers and “Star Wars”, and are concerned whether their use in pubic is safe. This safety issue is raised and the risks of viewing small lasers are compared with viewing the sun or bright spotlights. It is shown that He–Ne lasers through Class 3a (up to 5 mW power) are not a significant eye hazard; however, Class 3A diode lasers may not elicit a strong “aversion response” in some individuals, and greater precautions may be necessary than with He–Ne lasers of the same power.
Pressure-Driven Dynamic Simulation for Improving the Performance of a Multistage Compression System during Plant Startup

Multistage compression systems (MSCS) are the most important and valuable facilities in chemical plants, whose failure may cause severe accidents and/or tremendous economic loss. Thus, operation for MSCS needs sufficient care under various situations, especially during plant startup. This paper employs rigorous pressure-driven dynamic simulations to examine and improve operation safety of the cracked gas compression system during an ethylene plant startup. For safety consideration, antisurge process design and control strategies are dynamically evaluated along with startup procedures. Operating point trajectory for each compressor and their potential safety problems are identified. Assisted by the rigorous dynamic simulation, the plant startup procedure is improved with better safety performance.
Neuroradiology workstation reading in an inter-hospital environment: A nineteen month study

Abstract Two workstations (WS) each with two, 2500 line display monitors were installed in the in-patient and the out-patient neuroradiology reading areas for inter-hospital workstation readings. These WSs are part of the display component of a hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Direct digital neuro images from 10 CT and MR scanners located at various buildings from two medical centers are first transmitted to the PACS database and then distributed to these two WSs automatically. This paper attempts to answer two questions. First, do the WSs facilitate neuroradiology operation? Second, does it cost less for preparing WS reading than that for the traditional film reading? Two parameters, the “time required before images become available for reading after the examination” and a “workstation utilization index” were derived as a means for answering these two questions. Nineteen months of clinical data were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the workstation utilization index goes up from 40% in September 1994 when the WS was first introduced to over 80% in March 1996. This upward trend substantiates the hypothesis that these WSs do facilitate the neuroradiology operation. The derived results also exhibit that it costs much less to prepare images for WS reading than for film reading. Other indirect results derived from this study including the WS utilization hours, WS functions used, and the time duration of each WS session are also presented.
Response to Shields: 'MIAME, we have a problem'.

A recent editorial by Robert Shields [1], discussing two articles [2,3] that were published in Trends in Genetics, called into question the validity of results from DNA microarrays. As part of this argument, he cites three papers that were published recently [4–6]. As authors of two of these three papers [5,6], we felt it necessary to respond to what we believe is a misinterpretation of the results we presented and the conclusions that were drawn from our work.
A Lesson Plan for Teaching French Pronunciation

Author's Summary— In teaching French pronunciation, stress and intonation should be emphasized from the start. Sounds should be taught by ear, accompanied by physiological explanations, before the graphic equivalents are seen. An incubation period in which the student hears the language spoken in complete sentences will condition him to the new sounds, to stress and intonation and will build up a passive vocabulary.
An experiment in modeling human visual learning

Abstract This paper describes an experiment that was conducted for the purpose of modeling human learning of visual patterns. A simple visual pattern game, called Merlin, was used as the vehicle for this experiment as it exhibits a feature known as non-serializable subgoals and, as such, is somewhat difficult to master. While subjects played a computerized version of the game, their moves and times between moves were recorded by a computer. Each subject was also asked to keep a written record of the strategies they discovered while playing the game. Finally, after the subjects declared that they had mastered the game, they were interviewed and asked to describe their overall strategies. Programs were then written in Prolog that attempted to model the processes that human subjects used to master the game. The purpose of constructing these “machine learning” programs was to gain insight into the ways that learning (especially visual pattern learning) is actually accomplished by human beings. Four parallels between human learning and machine learning were examined: (1) the use of macro strategies; (2) the simplification of the search space by using rotations and reflections; (3) the recognition of symmetrical board positions; and (4) improvement with practice.
In situ TPR removal: a generic method for fabricating tubular array devices with mechanical and structural soundness, and functional robustness on various substrates

Wire array templates have been utilized for fabricating various three-dimensional tubular structure devices, such as solar cells, batteries and supercapacitors, as well as electronic and photonic devices. It is necessary to remove the templates by using post-treatments such as wet chemical etching, decomposition, or Kirkendall approaches. However, it remains a challenge to ensure tubular structure integrity, mechanical soundness, and chemical purity during the template removal process, which affects the functional robustness of enabled tubular structure array devices. In this work, by utilizing ZnO nanorod array devices as templates and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) as the removal method, nanotube array devices made of various functional oxides have been directly converted with well-retained uniformity, structure and mechanical soundness, and chemical homogeneity on both two-dimensional (2D) planar and three-dimensional (3D) monolith device substrates. The successful examples range from binary metal oxides such as fluorite CeO2 to complex oxides like perovskite La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSCO). This TPR removal method is generic, simple and rationally controllable, and can be easily expanded to the preparation of other oxides and non-oxide tubular structure devices regardless of the interfaced device substrate geometry. As a demonstration, the enabled CeO2 nanotube array devices could function as good high-temperature O2 sensors and active photocatalytic devices with good robustness.
A Vygotskian approach to promote and formatively assess academic concept learning

Promoting students’ conceptual understanding and academic language development is a primary goal of instructors in all subject areas. These goals, however, are sometimes hindered by the way students’ learning is assessed. In many college-level courses, knowledge-level tests that assess concrete thinking associated with superficial approaches to teaching are frequently used. Rubrics used to grade short open-ended responses often have vague criteria subjectively applied to a rating scale. To address these issues, this paper uses a new lens, shaped from the ideas of Vygotsky, a cultural-historical theorist, for understanding the development of academic language use (in Vygotskian terms, thinking that demonstrates conceptual understanding) and its assessment. Vygotsky’s stages of concept learning are applied to form criteria on a short-answer response rubric. Examples of students’ academic language use according to developmental level are provided. Recommendations for the adaptation of this type of classroom ...
The distribution of case recognition behaviour in ten families of caddis larvae (Trichoptera)

Abstract Twenty-four genera representing ten families of case-building caddis larvae were tested for their capacity to recognize and re-enter their cases following eviction from them. Glossosomatidae entered cases readily only under conditions of turbulence, which was the only condition under which they tended to remain in their cases. A small sample of Hydroptilidae showed excellent case recognition. In eight families of tube-case builders, some degree of recognition was present in all, but only the Phryganeidae consistently showed good recognition and rapid entry. Entry by backing occurred in two genera of different families. It is suggested that case recognition is a primitive trait which has been reduced or lost in several species. The trait is probably unnecessary in these species because the larvae rarely leave their cases.
Using risperidone for Alzheimer's dementia-associated psychosis

Background: Alzheimer's dementia (AD) occurs in 6 – 8% of persons older than 65 years. The prevalence increases to 30% among those 85 years or older. Among AD patients, the incidence of psychosis is 30 – 50%. Safe and appropriate use of psychotropic agents is a relevant clinical concern for this population. Objective: This review addresses risks and potential benefits when risperidone is used for treating AD-associated psychosis. Methods: Through literature review and clinical experience, the authors discuss the clinical efficacy, safety, and regulatory issues concerning risperidone treatment for this group of patients. Conclusion: Despite concerns about safety, risperidone remains a popular therapeutic choice for AD patients with psychosis. Subsets of these patients with more severe agitation and aggression may experience greater behavioral benefit.
Infrared spectrum of boron chloride (BCl)

Abstract The spectrum of the Δv = 1 band of BCl was measured between 828 and 870 cm−1 with a tunable diode laser. The absorptions of the v = 1-0, 2-1, 3-2, and 4-3 transitions of BCl were observed in both a microwave discharge and a dc discharge through BCl3. Spectra of 11B35Cl, 11B37Cl, 10B35Cl, and 10B37Cl were observed in natural abundance. A set of eight Dunham coefficients was determined by fitting the data for all observed isotopic species with the appropriate reduced mass factors. A BCl bond distance, re = 0.1715283(31) nm, was determined which agrees with the value derived from the electronic spectrum of BCl. The band center for the v = 1-0 transition of 11B35Cl is ν0 = 829.4087(8) cm−1.
Lame duck theory called into question

Many studies of state politics hold that a governor's success in his or her dealings with the state's legislature is at its height during the executive's initial legislative session and then decreases as the final year approaches. The purpose of this paper is to examine the validity of this generally accepted assumption. This work tests the hypothesis that governors serving out the concluding year of their term are lame ducks. An analysis of the legislative passage and amendment rates of two governors of Virginia, Gerald Baliles (1986–1989) and L. Douglas Wilder (1990–1993), during their first and last years reveals that lame duck theory is suspect. Both of the executives achieved first and last year passage and amendment percentages which were more congruous than one might expect. Other variables besides Governors Baliles' and Wilder's time in office affected their ability to gain the passage of their legislative proposals.
Complete Dipolar Decoupling of13C and Its Use in Two-Dimensional Double-Quantum Solid-State NMR for Determining Polymer Conformations

A multiple-pulse technique for complete dipolar decoupling of directly bonded 13C-labeled sites is described. It achieves significant spectral simplifications in a recently introduced two-dimensional double-quantum solid-state NMR experiment for determining torsion angles. Both homonuclear and heteronuclear dipolar couplings are removed by combining a 13C multiple-pulse sequence with continuous-wave irradiation on the protons. The 13C sequence has a fundamental 10-pulse cycle which is a significantly modified magic-sandwich-echo sequence. The crucial heteronuclear decoupling is achieved by breaking the 360 degrees "inner" pulses in the magic sandwich into 90 degrees pulses and spacing them by 1H 360 degrees pulse lengths. Spectral artifacts typical of multiple-pulse sequences are eliminated by phase shifts between cycles. In contrast to many other multiple-pulse decoupling sequences, the long window in the cycle is the dwell time and can be longer than the inverse dipolar coupling, which makes the sequence practical for direct detection even with long pulse ring-down times. A modification of the sequence to scale the chemical shift and increase the effective spectral width is also presented. The 1D and double-quantum 2D experiments are demonstrated on polyethylene with 4% 13C-13C spin pairs. The potential of this approach for distinguishing segmental conformations is illustrated by spectral simulations of the two-dimensional ridge patterns that correlate double-quantum and single-quantum chemical-shift anisotropies. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
RED BLOOD CELL MALONDIALDEHYDE (RBC-MDA) & PLASMA VITAMIN E (E) LEVELS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS

The RBC-MDA assay is an indirect estimate of antioxidant protection at the membrane level. Weekly E and RBC-MDA levels were run on 85 LBW infants (See table below). Infants received 25 to 50 IU of E qd when oral feeds were begun. Non-iron enriched formulas were used until retinal vasculature was mature. Multivitamins were added when parenteral alimentation (Vit E, 5 IU/500 ml)was stopped. Though 74% of those in the larger BW group had E levels ≥ lmg/dl by age 2 weeks, 84% had excessively high RBC-MDA levels (>2 SD above the adult mean of 102 ± SD 35 nM/gHgb). Only 40% of the smaller infants had E levels ≥1mg/dl. Their spuriously lower % of abnormal RBC-MDA levels reflects a greater admixture of transfused adult RBC,not a state of improved E nutrition. We conclude that many LBW infants on oral E at the recommended dosage will remain E deficient, as defined by peroxidizability of membrane lipids.
Lethal and sublethal effects of short term acute doses of Kuwait Crude Oil and a dispersant Corexit 9527 on bay scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) and two predators at different temperatures

Abstract Investigations of short term acute exposure of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians and two scallop predators, the oyster drill Urosalpinx cinerea and the common starfish Asterias forbesi, to oil, dispersant, and oil-dispersant mixtures (Kuwait Crude Oil and Corexit 9527) suggested that predator and prey have different lethal susceptibilities. Scallops were most sensitive to dispersant and dispersant mixed with oil, starfish were only sensitive to dispersant while the oyster drill seemed unaffected even though all were exposed to dilutions of identically prepared stock solutions. Scallops were least susceptible during winter months and most susceptible at summer temperatures. Treatment had less effect on predators than on scallops at summer temperatures. Sublethal concentrations of dispersant and oil-dispersant mixtures diminished the behavioural ability of scallops to recognise drills and starfish. The degree of effect increased with temperature. Predator detection of prey at the same concentrations was more complex. The feeding response or posturing reflex of starfish was significantly slowed by all treatments. In contrast, drills were unaffected in their recognition of scallop effluent in a choice chamber after treatment.
Mitigation of vortex-induced disturbances for the rapidly deployable stable platform

The rapidly deployable stable platform (RDSP) is a concept vessel that is being developed for missions, such as at-sea cargo transfer, that will benefit from a stable spar-like platform that can transit under its own power at medium speeds (∼5–10 m/s). The stability and transit qualities of the RDSP extend from its two distinct modes of operation. These operating modes are the horizontal transit mode (HTM), where the RDSP is configured like a trimaran and the vertical operating mode (VOM), where the RDSP is configured like a spar buoy. In VOM, the RDSP will use the thrusters that are located on its spar section to manoeuvre at slow speeds, mitigate disturbances and dynamically position itself. When the RDSP is moving through the water in VOM, vortices will oscillate off of its spar section and produce forces that are primarily perpendicular to the direction of oncoming flow. Mitigating these disturbances is the focus of this work and is done using an adaptive control algorithm. This algorithm includes a d...
Human gastric antigens. I. The purification and preliminary characterization of the antigenic, acid-stable carboxyl esterase VI A.

. A gastric antigen with enzymatic activity (VI A) was purified by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography from gastric juice. Rabbits were immunized with the pure antigen and produced highly specific precipitating antibodies. The specific antisera were subsequently used as immunoadsorbents for a one-step purification procedure. The immunoadsorption technique yielded a pure antigen fraction. When gastric mucosa or gastric juice neutralized in vivo were used as starting materials instead of acid gastric juice, two serum proteins, IgG and albumin, were eluted with the antigen. During gel filtration two different molecular forms of the antigen were observed. The antigen obtained for gastric juice had a molecular weight of 140000, whereas the antigen from gastric mucosa had a molecular weight of approximately 70000. The antigen obtained by different purification procedures showed immunological identity. Preliminary characterization studies showed that the antigen is a heat- and acid-stable antigen with the enzymatic activity of a non-specific carboxyl esterase with a pH optimum between pH 6.4 and 6.8.
X-Ray Diffraction in Liquid Normal Paraffins

X-ray diffraction as a function of angle in liquid pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, dodecane, tetradecane and pentadecane.---In the ionization diffraction-angle curve, there was one diffraction peak only, instead of two as found by Stewart, Morrow and Skinner with the primary alcohols and normal fatty acids. The absence in the $n$-paraffins of the second peak, which, in the alcohols and fatty acids, indicated a longitudinal spacing, is explained qualitatively by consideration of the longitudinal molecular forces. These could not produce as uniform a longitudinal arrangement as occurs in the other compounds. The single peak was located at the same angle with each $n$-paraffin, excepting, at first, pentane and decane. Subsequent purification of the pentane produced no alteration in the peak position but when the sample was finally made synthetically, the peak came into coincidence with that of the other seven. The decane is believed to contain isomers. The lateral separation of molecules is approximately 4.6A and is essentially the same as in the liquids previously studied and referred to in this paper. In six of nine cases, the diffraction intensity does not decrease as one approaches 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The significance is not clear though one is reminded of total reflection and also of refraction. If one assumes the C atom to occupy a length in the chain of 1.3A, as found by other observers of x-ray diffraction in solids, and the length of H, 1.0A, and if one assumes the volume occupied by a molecule to be the square of the lateral spacing times the molecular length, then the computed values of densities of the seven normal paraffins are correct to within less than 4 percent or a mean of 2 percent. Two additional but faint peaks in the diffraction intensity curves are found with pentadecane and tetradecane. The corresponding spacings are 2.1A and 1.23A. The nearness of these to the repetitive values of 2.0A and 1.26A which are found in a diamond, is suggestive.
A tetranuclear manganese oxo complex with terminal and bridging trifluoroacetate ligands: synthesis and structure of [Mn4O2(O2CCF3)8(bpy)2]

Abstract Efforts to prepare tetranuclear manganese oxo complexes that model the water oxidizing center in Photosystem II have focused largely on using unsubstituted acetate and benzoate ligands. We report the reaction of Mn(O2CCF3)2, (n-Bu4N)[MnO4], and bipyridine in trifluoroacetic acid yields the compound [Mn4O2(O2CCF3)8(bpy)2]. X-ray crystallographic studies of this complex show a non-planar {Mn4O2}8+ center with an arrangement of bipyridine and bridging trifluoroacetate ligands that is very similar to the acetate complex [Mn4O2(O2CCH3)7(bpy)2]+ [Christou, et al. J. Am Chem. Soc. 11 (1989) 2086]. The structure differs, however, in that the coordination sites occupied previously by a bridging bidentate acetate ligand are occupied by two terminal monodentate trifluoroacetate ligands in a cis arrangement. One of the terminal trifluoroacetate ligands is hydrogen-bonded to a co-crystallized trifluoroacetic acid molecule.
Polymerization Behavior of Hydrophilic-Rich Phase of Dentin Adhesive

The 2-fold objectives of this study were 1) to understand whether model hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-rich phase mimics of dentin adhesive polymerize similarly and 2) to determine which factor, the dimethacrylate component, bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) or photoinitiator concentration, has greater influence on the polymerization of the hydrophilic-rich phase mimic. Current dentin adhesives are sensitive to moisture, as evidenced by nanoleakage in the hybrid layer and phase separation into hydrophobic- and hydrophilic-rich phases. Phase separation leads to limited availability of the cross-linkable dimethacrylate monomer and hydrophobic photoinitiators within the hydrophilic-rich phase. Model hydrophobic-rich phase was prepared as a single-phase solution by adding maximum wt% deuterium oxide (D2O) to HEMA/BisGMA neat resins containing 45 wt% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Mimics of the hydrophilic-rich phase were prepared similarly but using HEMA/BisGMA neat resins containing 95, 99, 99.5, and 100 wt% HEMA. The hydrophilic-rich mimics were prepared with standard or reduced photoinitiator content. The photoinitiator systems were camphorquinone (CQ)/ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDMAB) with or without [3-(3, 4-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]trimethylammonium chloride (QTX). The polymerization kinetics was monitored using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer with a time-resolved collection mode. The hydrophobic-rich phase exhibited a significantly higher polymerization rate compared with the hydrophilic-rich phase. Postpolymerization resulting in the secondary rate maxima was observed for the hydrophilic-rich mimic. The hydrophilic-rich mimics with standard photoinitiator concentration but varying cross-linker (BisGMA) content showed postpolymerization and a substantial degree of conversion. In contrast, the corresponding formulations with reduced photoinitiator concentrations exhibited lower polymerization and inhibition/delay of postpolymerization within 2 h. Under conditions relevant to the wet, oral environment, photoinitiator content plays an important role in the polymerization of the hydrophilic-rich phase mimic. Since the hydrophilic-rich phase is primarily water and monomethacrylate monomer (e.g., HEMA as determined previously), substantial polymerization is important to limit the potential toxic response from HEMA leaching into the surrounding tissues.
Differential Expression of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Determinants by Lymphoblastic Leukemia- Lymphoma Cell Lines

Two T-cell lines (XR11-4T and XR11-5T), established from radiation-induced, murine lymphoblastic lymphomas, were examined for the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigen and tumor induction. These cell lines expressed class I private determinants, H-2.9 and H-2.26, but not the monomorphic determinant defined by monoclonal antibody M1/42. Both cell lines produced tumors in syngeneic and allogeneic hosts. The monomorphic determinant could be demonstrated on both cell lines following growth in allogeneic (BALB/c mice) but not in syngeneic (RFM mice) hosts. The re-expressed determinant present on cells following growth in allogeneic mice was not of host origin. Thus, tumorigenic x irradiation may differentially affect the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex determinants.
The Cultural Roots of Aggressive Behavior in Modern African Politics

The author reviews a large body of theoretical literature. He argues that the structure and the character of modern African politics, the distribution of the economic rewards, the ethnic composition and the emerging class interests are factors which are directly relevant in an explanation of violence in African politics. Notes, tab.
A new approach to the objective evaluation of physical disability.

MUCH has been said in the last decade of the outstanding advances of medicine and surgery, and, as a direct result, of the prolongation of life. Persons with formerly fatal congenital deformities, disease, or injury, were saved. So also were those suffering from acute infections kept alive. Further, the fact that people lived longer meant more people were reaching the age group where the chronic degenerative and disabling conditions were prevalent. Concomitant with these developments was the enormous expansion of industry, spurred by the war and the development of new technological processes. The result of expanded and more complex industrial processes together with the advances in medicine has been a great rise in the number of chronically ill and disabled persons as well as a large addition to this number yearly. Thus, every physician and especially those in contact with industrial medicine, sooner or later must concern himself with disability evaluation. That proper evaluation represents a problem of major proportions is attested to by the fact that the Journal of the American Medical Association has recently begun to publish a series of guides to the determination of medical impairment [l]. Disability is differentiated from impairment by the fact that “disability” includes socio-economic factors in addition to the purely medical. Many types of schedule have been devised to permit evaluation of disability but these have all been based on anatomic loss alone, probably due to the difficulty of measuring socio-economic factors. Although the physician is not responsible for determinations in the socio-economic areas, he is often a member of a team where these considerations are raised. The rising tide of disability has to a great degree been responsible for legislation in the fields of vocational rehabilitation, social security, workmen’s compensation, etc. However, these attempts to handle the problem have only been partially successful because similar cases might be judged totally disabled in one state, partially in another, or not at all, from a vocational point of view, in a third.
Patterns of Neighborhood Transition in a Multiethnic World: U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970--1980

Ethnic diversity within metropolitan neighborhoods increased during the 1970s, and all-white tracts became less common. The simple presence of a minority group did not precipitate turnover, but as the minority proportion rose, the probability of racial and ethnic transition increased. Tracts with multiple groups became much more common during the decade and were especially prone to transition. Distinctively, black neighborhoods displayed a bipolar clustering at both ends of the distribution of minority presence. Multivariate models showed that white loss was increased by the presence of multiple minority groups, by a higher minority proportion, and by location near existing minority areas.
The effects of feeding experience on the response to prey-object extracts in rat snakes

The effect of eating mice over an 8-month period was observed to produce a greater response to mouse body surface extract in young rat snakes (Elaphe). Two measures, attack tongue flick and attack orientation, were employed. This finding was contrasted with earlier results indicating a wide-spectrum undifferentiated response to prey-object extracts at birth.
THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON AZEOTROPES

(1985). THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON AZEOTROPES. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 38, No. 1-2, pp. 9-16.
Defects studies of semiconductor materials

The nature and cause of defects in bulk and epitaxial semiconductor material are determined by combining the information obtained from several different techniques. Etch pit count, X-ray diffraction for measurement of precise cell parameter, X-ray topography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron microprobe analysis (EMA) are used to supplement each other. It is shown that more than one technique is necessary for a complete understanding of the defects. The approach is illustrated by three example: 1) The homogeneity study of GaAs wafers with equivalent doping but prepared under different conditions shows an excellent agreement between the amount of dislocations per sq cm obtained by the etch pit count, X-ray topography, and the degree of inhomogeneity as determined by variation ina 0 measurements. 2) The defects studies of the GaAsP epitaxial layer by X-ray topography, precise cell parameter measurements, SEM, and EMA indicate that the crystallographic defects are induced by misorientation during the growth process and by surface contamination of the substrate. 3) The examination of the surface defects of an etched silicon wafer by optical microscopy and X-ray topography indicates the presence of precipitates. Upon further studies using SEM and EMA it is shown that the defects are not precipitates but hillocks produced by surface contamination prior to the etching process.
Dr. Harrold, et al reply.

To the Editor: We thank Drs. Ravindran and Jadhav for their interest1 in our article describing cost-related medication nonadherence in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis cared for in the United States2. We agree with their … Address correspondence to Dr. L.R. Harrold, Department of Orthopedics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. E-mail: Leslie.Harrold{at}umassmed.edu
Passive remote sensing of slant path transmittance from aircraft

This paper presents a passive method for computation of thermal IR transmittance over slant paths. This double viewing angle technique utilizes data gathered by a radiometer or imager carried by a manned or unmanned aircraft. A sensitivity analysis showed the effect of changes or errors in input parameters on calculated transmittances. The analysis suggested the applicability and limitations of this method. Accuracies attainable through the use of the double viewing angle method appear to be similar to those from more complex techniques for many atmospheric conditions.
Use of Whole Pearl Millet in Broiler Diets

Abstract Previous research indicates that performance and carcass yields of broilers fed diets containing up to 50% ground pearl millet were equivalent or better than those of broilers fed typical cornsoybean diets. As production of new cultivars of pearl millet increases, availability of grain may be limited and seasonal. Therefore, inclusion of lower levels of millet as whole seeds in broiler diets may be more suitable. To determine the feasibility of including whole millet seeds in broiler diets, 3 experiments were conducted. In 2 battery studies broilers were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% whole millet. Disappearance of whole millet was greater than 95% for all treatments as determined by the general absence of millet seed in the excreta. Performance of broilers from 1 to 15 d was unaffected by the inclusion of whole millet in the diets, but gizzard size increased in birds fed diets containing 10% or more pearl millet. In a final experiment the performance and carcass yields of broilers fed diets containing 5 or 10% whole millet from 1 to 42 d of age were equivalent to those fed typical corn-soybean meal diets. These results indicate that whole seeds of millet can be successfully incorporated into broiler diets without compromising bird performance.
Specific Estrogen Receptor Binding and Biological Effects of 16α-Iodoestradiol on Human Breast Cancer Cells

16α-lodoestradiol was evaluated as an estrogen in MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. 16α-[125I]lodoestradiol binds to equivalent numbers of specific estrogen receptors with a comparable binding affinity and similar sucrose density gradient behavior. 16α-lodoestradiol translocates receptor sites to the nucleus and induces a full range of estrogenic effects including thymidine incorporation, cell growth, and progesterone receptor. Because of its high specific activity, this compound may have unique applications on imaging of estrogen receptor-containing cells and specific receptor-mediated cytotoxicity.