cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instrument for fluorescence sensing of circulating cells with diffuse light in mice in vivo

Accurate quantification of circulating cell populations in mice is important in many areas of preclinical biomedical research. Normally, this is done either by extraction and analysis of small blood samples or, more recently, by using microscopy-based in vivo fluorescence flow cytometry. We describe a new technological approach to this problem using detection of diffuse fluorescent light from relatively large blood vessels in vivo. The diffuse fluorescence flow cytometer (DFFC) uses a laser to illuminate a mouse limb and an array of optical fibers coupled to a high-sensitivity photomultiplier tube array operating in photon counting mode to detect weak fluorescence signals from cells. We first demonstrate that the DFFC instrument is capable of detecting fluorescent microspheres and Vybrant-DiD-labeled cells in a custom-made optical flow phantom with similar size, optical properties, linear flow rates, and autofluorescence as a mouse limb. We also present preliminary data demonstrating that the DFFC is capable of detecting circulating cells in nude mice in vivo. In principle, this device would allow interrogation of the whole blood volume of a mouse in minutes, with sensitivity improvement by several orders of magnitude compared to current approaches.
Abundance of Seagrass (Zostera marina L.) and Macroalgae in Relation to the Salinity-Temperature Gradient in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA

The relative abundances of the seagrass,Zostera marina L., and associated macroalgae were examined for Yaquina Bay, Oregon, U.S.A., to investigate variability in autotroph abundance along the salinity-temperature gradient and the potential for nuisance algal blooms. Possible explanations for the patterns in autotroph abundances were explored through examination of their correlations with the physicochemical characteristics of the water column. Study sites were established in each of three zones in the estuary defined by temperature and salinity and were sampled monthly June through September 1998 and in July 1999.Z. marina and macroalgal cover andZ. marina shoot density were measured in 0.25-m2 plots at each site. After cover estimates and shoot counts were made, material was harvested for determination ofZ. marina and macroalgal biomass. Water column variables were measured from stations near each study site and composited on a depth-averaged, monthly basis for each zone. BothZ. marina and green macroalgal abundance differed between sites, over the summer in 1998, and between years. Seasonal patterns were most obvious forZ. marina at the site closest to the ocean while the pattern in macroalgal abundance suggested a bloom moving up river as summer progressed. The physicochemical characteristics of the zones differed with the season and could be related to the patterns inZ. marina and macroalgal abundance. In particular, salinity was positively correlated withZ. marina abundance, while abundance of both autotrophs was related to light availability.Z. marina biomass ranged 19–109 g dry weight m−2; green macroalgae biomass ranged 5–234 g dry weight m−2. The biomass of the green macroalgae at several sites and dates equaled or exceed that of theZ. marina suggesting the potential for nuisance algal blooms does exist in Yaquina Bay.
Failure of high dialysis-fluid glucose to prevent the disequilibrium syndrome.

Abstract Rapid removal of urea during dialysis may lower plasma osmolality in relation to the brain and lead to cerebral dysfunction and seizures. These complications can be avoided by using high concentrations of glucose in the dialysis fluid, but this technique failed in a 9-year-old girl who was on chronic haemodialysis. The glucose concentration was raised from 200 to 1600 to 2500 mg. per 100 ml. but at each level the patient's rate of glucose utilisation increased after a time and symptoms returned. Finally, on the seventh dialysis at 2500 mg. per 100 ml., a reactive hypoglycaemia developed and the approach was abandoned. Subsequently the girl has progressed well with a dialysate glucose of only 200 mg. per 100 ml. but with more frequent dialyses and a low-protein diet.
Orientation Dependent Mechanical Breakdown of a Model High Polymer Solid

A theory of mechanical breakdown of a model high polymer solid is given. On the basis of considering a static, a quasistatic, or a dynamic system, the orientation dependent mechanical strength of a linear model polymer solid is analyzed. The maximum breaking strength obtainable is six times that of the unoriented strength and is found to occur in the direction of orientation for a fully oriented static system.
Pelvic inflammatory reactions to Floseal.

A 32-year-old woman underwent an urgent cesarean delivery. During surgery, Floseal (Baxter International, Deerfield, IL) was used to ensure hemostasis after a postpartum hemorrhage with uncontrollable bleeding at the hysterotomy site. After the surgery, the patient had nonremitting pelvic pain and was taken for a laparoscopy at 6 months postpartum. During laparoscopy, extensive, inflammatory deposits of fibrinlike material were noted throughout the pelvis, concentrated at the hysterotomy site (Fig. 1). Pathologic evaluation re-
Engaging the Non-Attending Spouse in Marital Therapy through the Use of Therapist-Initiated Written Communication.

There is currently rather widespread acceptance among clinicians that conjoint marital therapy is the preferred format for treating marital difficulties. However, more often than not, it seems that the marital referral or inquiry for therapy stems from the efforts of one spouse, with the other spouse remaining uninvolved or resistant. Consequently, engaging the non-attending spouse in therapy is an important issue for professionals working with married couples.
Effect of methoxy substituents on the structural and electronic properties of fluorinated cyclobutenes: a study of hexafluorocyclobutene and its vinyl methoxy derivatives by XRD and periodic DFT calculations.

The effect of the methoxy substituent on the structure, crystal packing, and electrostatic properties of hexafluorocyclobutene (C4F6) was investigated in the solid-state with DFT-B3LYP calculations. Full geometry optimizations were done for the parent compound and its two vinyl methoxy derivatives C4F5OCH3 and C4F4(OCH3)2, starting from the structures obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at low temperature. A full topological analysis, followed by the calculation of several electrostatic properties, was performed on the periodic electron density using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules. Eventually, the cohesive energies of the three crystals were estimated. In the cyclobutene plane, the methoxy substitution yields a significant electronic rearrangement involving the π-electrons. The solid-state (periodic) results agree with those obtained by gas-phase calculations on C4F6 and its derivatives at a comparable level of theory. It was found that the substitution of one or two vinylic fluorine at...
APPLICATION OF THE PSEUDOSPECTRAL METHOD TO THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION

The pseudospectral method is used for the first time to solve the thermohydrodynamic lubrication equations for a slider bearing. The orthogonal polynomials used in the series expansions are Lagrangian interpolants derived from a Legendre basis. Exponential convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated and favourable comparisons with previous work are made.
Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia Using the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Raloxifene

Hypothesis The selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene hydrochloride inhibits intimal hyperplasia. Design Controlled laboratory experiment. Setting Experimental animal model. Intervention and Main Outcome Measures Forty-three senile female sheep were randomized to sham operation, ovariectomy, or ovariectomy followed by treatment with 17β-estradiol or raloxifene. Six months after initial operation, we performed necropsy with histological assessment of the aortic bifurcation and bone mineral densitometry and assayed serum lipids. Results After 6 months, serum triglyceride and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were similar among groups and within the reference range. Ovarian ablation alone resulted in intimal hyperplasia, which was attenuated with estradiol and raloxifene therapy. Furthermore, estradiol and raloxifene therapy reversed ovariectomy-induced decreases in bone mineral density measured using spine morphometry. Conclusions Raloxifene attenuates ovariectomy-induced aortic intimal hyperplasia independent of serum lipid levels. These data suggest that raloxifene, in addition to its beneficial influence on bone density, has direct, beneficial cardiovascular effects.
Getting Churched and Being Schooled: Making Meaning of Leadership Practice.

Personal and professional histories can provide insights into educational leadership and administrative practice. Drawing on a life and professional historical narrative of a Black, female principal, this case explores the intersection of race, spirituality, and social justice based on excerpts from a life narrative of a Black, female principal. This case provides opportunities to explore spiritual and religious aspects of educational leadership practice, and also explores issues of church and state while asking the reader to consider their epistemological assumptions relative to sociocultural dynamics of leadership such as race, gender, and social justice.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectra in a Coal-Fired MHD Facility

A study of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been performed in a particle-loaded methane/air flame and in the Diagnostic Instrumentation and Analysis Laboratory/Mississippi State University (DIAL/MSU) test stand to evaluate its application for practical environments. The LIBS spectra collected from different observational directions and spectral regions are compared. The forward LIBS technique has been chosen to characterize the upstream region of a large magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) coal-fired flow facility (CFFF). The relative concentrations of several species are inferred by fitting the observed CFFF LIBS spectra with computer-simulated spectra. This paper reports the first LIBS experiments in a harsh, turbulent, and highly luminous coal-fired MHD combustion environment.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence for autoimmunity against the pancreatic beta cells.

Diabetes mellitus is a frequent transient or rare permanent complication of pregnancy. The role of autoimmune phenomena in this gestational form of diabetes is incompletely understood. We have examined sera from 312 pregnant women who had abnormal glucose tolerance (based on a screening examination during the second trimester) for the presence of islet cell surface antibodies or insulin autoantibodies. Fifty-eight of these women were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining subjects, 144 (57.1%) had gestational diabetes diagnosed by formal glucose tolerance testing and the others (42.9%) were normal. Sixty percent of the women with gestational diabetes eventually required insulin to control their blood glucose during pregnancy. One serum from the non-diabetic women was positive for insulin antibodies (0.9%);8 of the sera from the patients with gestational diabetes were positive (5.6%). Subsequent analysis revealed that all nine of the women whose sera were positive for insulin autoantibodies had been treated with insulin previously. Islet cell surface antibodies were strongly correlated with gestational diabetes. Forty-five of 144 gestational diabetic sera were positive (31.3%) whereas only 9 of 108 suspect control sera (8.3%) and 7 of 60 unknown sera (11.7%) were positive. These data suggest that a high percentage of pregnant women who screen positive for glucose intolerance have serological evidence of an autoimmune response against the pancreatic islets, in spite of the state of relative immune tolerance during pregnancy. These data suggest that autoimmune phenomena may play a role in gestational diabetes and that the presence of islet cell antibodies can predict insulin-requiring gestational diabetes.
The Role of Networks and Planning, in the Improvement of Impaired Waters in Urbanizing Counties within North Carolina

The state of North Carolina continues to grow at a rapid rate. The rise of negatively impacted streams, particularly within urbanizing counties, continues to expand. Considerable effort and public funding are spent through a variety of agencies that attempt to deal with the problem on a collaborative basis through management networks. A study using surveys, a plan quality rating tool and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of impaired (303d) streams was conducted to determine the strength of these networks, the quality of the plans they produce, and finally if those plans lead to improved water quality. Several areas, identified based on the data, suggest improvements in the functioning of networks and planning efforts directed toward water quality improvement.
A duality for permutations

Abstract A notion of local separation of the action of an ordered pair ( P , Q ) of permutations is defined which is analogous to the local separation that a Jordan curve defines on an orientable surface. It is shown that the local separation determined by ( P , Q ) extends to a global separation if and only if an easily computed numerical invariant vanishes. This invariant is a discrete analog of the genus of an orientable surface. Since this invariant is symmetric in P and Q , the pair ( P , Q ) possesses the global separation property if and only if its dual pair ( Q , P ) does so as well. This results in a discrete proof of the well known fact than an orientable 2-cell embedding of a graph is planar if and only if each of its cycles separates the ambient surface.
A two-stranded template-based approach to G.(C-A) triad formation: designing novel structural elements into an existing DNA framework.

Abstract We have designed a DNA sequence, d(G-G-G-T-T-C-A-G-G), which dimerizes to form a 2-fold symmetric G-quadruplex in which G(syn)·G(anti)·G(syn)·G(anti) tetrads are sandwiched between all trans G·(C-A) triads. The NMR-based solution structural analysis was greatly aided by monitoring hydrogen bond alignments across N H···N and N H···O C hydrogen bonds within the triad and tetrad, in a uniformly (13C,15N)-labeled sample of the d(G-G-G-T-T-C-A-G-G) sequence. The solution structure establishes that the guanine base-pairs with the cytosine through Watson-Crick G·C pair formation and with adenine through sheared G·A mismatch formation within the G·(C-A) triad. A model of triad DNA was constructed that contains the experimentally determined G·(C-A) triad alignment as the repeating stacked unit.
A long-term view at clipping versus coiling for ruptured aneurysm.

The results of the long-term follow-up of the ISAT patients are mostly confirmatory [1]. ISAT remains the most influential trial comparing clipping versus coiling of ruptured aneurysms. Only cases that fulfilled the condition of clinical equipoise were enrolled. In other words, only patients who were considered adequate candidates for clipping and for coiling were randomized. The initial report of the results of the study indicated that coiling was associated with a relative reduction in the risk of death and dependency at 1 year of 23.9% compared with clipping (absolute risk reduction 7.4%) [2]. During the first year after treatment, coiled patients had a slightly higher incidence of rebleeding from the treated aneurysm and required re-treatment (typically additional coiling) 6.9 times more often than clipped patients [2, 3]. However, there were concerns about the durability of coiling in patients who are often quite young at the time of their subarachnoid hemorrhage. During a mean follow-up of 9 years (range 6‐14 years), the risk of rebleeding from the treated aneurysm remained low in both groups, although it was higher in the coiling group (the difference was actually significant in the per protocol analysis, which accounted for a patient assigned to the clipping group who requested to be coiled instead and later rebled). It is possible that current risk of aneurysm rebleeding after coiling could be lower than those seen in ISAT because technological improvement now allows higher rates of complete aneurysm obliteration, but this possibility remains to be proven. There were no differences in fatal cases of rebleeding between the two groups. Clipping did not eliminate the risk of late rebleeding from the treated aneurysm. Bleeding could also occur from another previously known but untreated aneurysm or from aneurysms which formed de novo after enrollment in the trial. Table 1 shows the distribution of cases of rebleeding according to bleeding source and treatment arm.
Properties of the C-Terminus of the YVC1P TRP Channel

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels often serve as environmental sensors. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the YVC1p TRP channel releases vacuolar calcium into the cytoplasm in response to hyperosmotic shock. While YVC1p has the 6TM architecture of other TRP channels, it has a comparatively long C-terminal segment that contains both a DDDD motif and a putative coiled-coil domain. The precise mechanism of gating in this channel remains unknown, but the DDDD motif is clearly involved in Ca2+-dependent activation1 and the coiled-coil, positioned at the extreme C-terminus, could also play an important role.In this study we examine the biochemical and functional properties of the Yvc1p C-terminus. We are applying a genetic approach to confirm the cellular location of the C-terminus within the context of full-length protein. Using a panel of constructs with varying length linkers, we are exploring the functional importance of DDDD and coiled-coil motif spacing. Finally, the role of the putative coiled-coil is being examined by establishing the oligomeric state of the isolated C-terminus using gel filtration and site-specific mutagenesis of the predicted coiled-coil interface.1 Su, et. al., (2009) J Membr Biol 227: 141.
Multiscale two-way embedding schemes for free-surface primitive equations in the “Multidisciplinary Simulation, Estimation and Assimilation System”

We derive conservative time-dependent structured discretizations and two-way embedded (nested) schemes for multiscale ocean dynamics governed by primitive equations (PEs) with a nonlinear free surface. Our multiscale goal is to resolve tidal-to-mesoscale processes and interactions over large multiresolution telescoping domains with complex geometries including shallow seas with strong tides, steep shelfbreaks, and deep ocean interactions. We first provide an implicit time-stepping algorithm for the nonlinear free-surface PEs and then derive a consistent time-dependent spatial discretization with a generalized vertical grid. This leads to a novel time-dependent finite volume formulation for structured grids on spherical or Cartesian coordinates, second order in time and space, which preserves mass and tracers in the presence of a time-varying free surface. We then introduce the concept of two-way nesting, implicit in space and time, which exchanges all of the updated fields values across grids, as soon as they become available. A class of such powerful nesting schemes applicable to telescoping grids of PE models with a nonlinear free surface is derived. The schemes mainly differ in the fine-to-coarse scale transfers and in the interpolations and numerical filtering, specifically for the barotropic velocity and surface pressure components of the two-way exchanges. Our scheme comparisons show that for nesting with free surfaces, the most accurate scheme has the strongest implicit couplings among grids. We complete a theoretical truncation error analysis to confirm and mathematically explain findings. Results of our discretizations and two-way nesting are presented in realistic multiscale simulations with data assimilation for the middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak region off the east coast of the USA, the Philippine archipelago, and the Taiwan–Kuroshio region. Multiscale modeling with two-way nesting enables an easy use of different sub-gridscale parameterizations in each nested domain. The new developments drastically enhance the predictive capability and robustness of our predictions, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Without them, our multiscale multiprocess simulations either were not possible or did not match ocean data.
COOPERATIVE BIMETALLIC REACTIVITY

Abstract A number of bimetallic complexes of a macrocyclic binucleating ligand containing both six- and four-coordinate binding sites have been prepared in order to try to reproduce the behavior of certain metalloproteins. It was found that two-metal oxidation is severely impeded in bimetallic systems. It is postulated that the mutual deactivation of metal oxidation is principally the result of unfavorable ligand conformational adjustments which occur after the first metal is oxidized. It is shown that when these conformational restraints are removed, two-metal oxidations are possible.
Quantitative visualization of compressible turbulent shear flows using condensate-enhanced Rayleigh scattering

This paper describes several flow visualization experiments carried out in Mach 3 and Mach 8 turbulent shear flows. The experimental technique was based on laser scattering from particles of H2O or CO2 condensate that form in the wind tunnel nozzle expansion process. The condensate particles vaporize extremely rapidly on entering the relatively hot fluid within a turbulent structure, so that a sharp vaporization interface marks the outer edge of the rotational shear layer fluid. Calculations indicate that the observed thin interface corresponds to a particle size of 10 nm or less, which is consistent with optical measurements, and that particles of this size track the fluid motions well. Further, calculations and experiments show that the freestream concentration of condensate required for flow visualization has only a small effect on the wind tunnel pressure distribution. Statistics based on the image data were compared to corresponding results from probe measurements and agreement was obtained in statistical measures of speed, scale, and orientation of the large-scale structures in the shear layer turbulence. The condensate-enhanced Rayleigh scattering technique is judged to be a useful tool for quantitative studies of shear layer structure, particularly for identifying the instantaneous boundary layer edge and for extracting comparative information on the large-scale structures represented there.
Directional positive feedback and pattern at an alpine tree line

The spatial pattern at alpine tree line may be part of a feedback process in which wind plays a central role. The basic aspects of such a feedback were embedded in a cellular automaton. Spatial metrics of the patterns generated by this simulation and those of observed patterns at a windy tree line site were ordinated using Principal Component Analysis. Only the simulations that included a directionally weighted feed- back fell close to the observed sites in ordination space. MANOVA indicated that the directionally weighted feedback is most important in structuring the tree line pattern, but that random hotspots for establishment and the overall steepness of the environmental gradient from forest to tundra in space also have an effect. The importance of wind in determining feed- back with the spatial pattern of a canopy indicates that non- linear reactions to climatic change are likely.
Local delivery of allogeneic bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for cutaneous wound healing in a porcine model.

Abstract Wound healing remains a major challenge in modern medicine. Bone marrow- (BM) and adipose tissue- (AT) derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are of great interest for tissue reconstruction due to their unique immunological properties and regenerative potential. The purpose of this study was to characterize BM and AT-MSCs and evaluate their effect when administered in a porcine wound model. MSCs were derived from male Gottingen Minipigs and characterized according to established criteria. Allogeneic BM- or AT-MSCs were administered intradermally (1 x 10(6) cells) into partial-thickness wounds created on female animals, and covered with Vaseline® gauze or fibrin in a randomized pattern. Animals were euthanized at 7, 10, 14 and 21 days. Tissues were analyzed visually for healing and by microscopic examination for epidermal development and remodelling. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of male DNA in the specimens. All wounds were healed by 14 days. MSC-injected wounds were associated with improved appearance and faster re-epithelialization compared to saline controls. Evaluation of rete ridge depth and architecture showed that MSC treatment promoted a faster rate of epidermal maturation. Male DNA was detected in all samples at days 7 and 10, suggesting the presence of MSCs. We showed the safety, feasibility and potential efficacy of local injection of allogeneic BM- and AT-MSCs for treatment of wounds in a preclinical model. Our data in this large animal model support the potential use of BM- and AT-MSC for treatment of cutaneous wounds through modulation of healing and epithelialization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley a Sons, Ltd.
Vane Fabrication for the Proof-of-Principle Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Accelerator

The electrodes for the Proof-of-Principle (POP) Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator were machined on a numerically controlled, three-axis, vertical mill. These pole tips, or vanes, were prepared for, and used, in the successful demonstration of RFQ practicality at Los Alamos National Laboratory in February, 1980. The data set that described the vanes contained about 10 million bits of tool position data. The vanes were cut from OFHC copper blanks. The tolerances achieved were approximately ± 0.005 cm. The design and manufacturing procedures are described.
Practical considerations and evidence in James's permission to believe

Philosophers often read ‘The will to believe’ as defending the substitution of non-epistemic reasons for inadequate epistemic reasons. I contend that a more charitable reading of James's argument is to understand him as proposing a contextualist account of the kind of evidence needed for responsible believing. On my reading, James claims that evidential support that might be insufficient in a purely theoretical context may be good enough when there is a pressing need to decide on a course of action.
Sodium bicarbonate use during in-hospital pediatric pulseless cardiac arrest - a report from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines(®)-Resuscitation.

Abstract Background Despite limited recommendations for using sodium bicarbonate (SB) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), we hypothesized that SB continues to be used frequently during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) and that its use varies by hospital-specific, patient-specific, and event-specific characteristics. Methods We analyzed 3719 pediatric ( Results SB was used in 2536 (68%) of 3719 CPR events. Incidence of SB use between 2000 and 2005 vs. 2006 and 2010 was 71.1% vs. 66.2% ( P = 0.002). The primary outcome was survival to discharge. Secondary outcomes included 24-h survival and neurologic outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed the association between SB use and outcomes. SB had increased use an ICU location, metabolic/electrolyte disturbance, prolonged CPR, pVT/VF, and concurrently with other pharmacologic interventions. Adjusting for confounding factors, SB use was associated with decreased 24-h survival (aOR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.99) and decreased survival to discharge (aOR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.97). Inclusion of metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities, hyperkalemia, and toxicologic abnormalities only ( n = 674), SB use was not associated with worse outcomes or unfavorable neurologic outcome. Conclusions SB is used frequently during pediatric pulseless IHCA, yet there is a significant trend toward less routine use over the last decade. Because SB is more likely to be used in an ICU, with prolonged CPR, and concurrently with other pharmacologic interventions; its use during CPR may be associated with poor prognosis due to an association with “last ditch” efforts of resuscitation rather than causation.
Hibernets: Energy-Efficient Sensor Networks Using Analog Signal Processing

Preprocessing of data before transmission is recommended for many sensor network applications to reduce communication and improve energy efficiency. However, constraints on memory, speed, and energy currently limit the processing capabilities within a sensor network. In this paper, we describe how ultra-low-power analog circuitry can be integrated with sensor nodes to create energy-efficient sensor networks. To demonstrate this concept, we present a custom analog front-end which performs spectral analysis at a fraction of the power used by a digital counterpart. Furthermore, we show that the front-end can be combined with existing sensor nodes to 1) selectively wake up the mote based upon spectral content of the signal, thus increasing battery life without missing interesting events, and to 2) achieve low-power signal analysis using an analog spectral decomposition block, freeing up digital computation resources for higher-level analysis. Experiments in the context of vehicle classification show improved performance for our ASP-interfaced mote over an all-digital implementation.
Characteristics and Qualities of the Play Dates of Children With Down Syndrome: Emerging or True Friendships?

Although research on typical development suggests that friendship is a social relationship based on interactions with certain criteria, the qualities, definitions, and characteristics of friendship are not well-understood among children with atypical development. In this study, the interactions of 27 dyads of children in a play-date situation were examined; one dyad member had Down syndrome. The peers brought were more often the same gender, age, and ethnicity. Dyads who were similar in gender, CA, and classroom experiences had better quality interactions. Twenty dyads met strict friendship criteria and, thus, could be classified as friends. These friend dyads were more positive in affect, more often involved in turn-taking, and played at higher levels than did children categorized as simply playmates.
A Methodology for the Determination of Driver Perceptual Latency in Car Following

An experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of the use of motion picture testing in lieu of road testing for experiments concerning visual perceptual latency in car following. A second purpose was the determination of perceptual latencies for accelerations and decelerations at fixed speed and gap. The results show that motion picture testing is statistically acceptable. Details on instrumentation and test procedures are given and a discussion given on the findings that for the test conditions, acceleration detection time is lower than for deceleration.
Optimal Portfolio Selection with Transaction Costs and Finite Horizons

We examine the optimal trading strategy for a CRRA investor who maximizes the expected utility of wealth on a finite date and faces transaction costs. Closed-form solutions are obtained when this date is uncertain. We then show a sequence of analytical solutions converge to the solution to the problem with a deterministic finite horizon. Consistent with the common life-cycle investment advice, the optimal trading strategy is found to be horizon dependent and largely buy and hold. Moreover, it might be optimal for the investor in our model not to buy any stock, even when the risk premium is positive. Further analysis of the optimal policy is also provided. Financial advisers typically recommend that younger investors should allocate a greater share of wealth to stocks than older investors and all investors
New developments in the molecular pathogenesis of head and neck tumors: a review of tumor-specific fusion oncogenes in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and NUT midline carcinoma

Tumor-specific chromosomal rearrangements often produce potent fusion oncogenes, which induce tumorigenesis by 2 alternative mechanisms: deregulation of the cell cycle resulting in gene overexpression or gene fusion resulting in a hybrid, chimeric oncogene. Tumor-specific recurrent chromosomal translocations and novel fusion oncogenes in aggressive head and neck malignancies have diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. Recently, pathognomonic fusion transcripts have been identified in various uncommon, aggressive head and neck malignancies, including mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and NUT midline carcinoma (NMC). The t(11;19)(q12;p13) translocation in MEC results in fusion of the MECT1 gene at 19p13 and the MAML2 gene at 11q21. The MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript, present in more than half of MECs, is associated with lower histologic grades and improved survival, suggesting both diagnostic and prognostic roles in clinical management. The t(6;9)(q22-23;p23-24) translocation in ACC results in fusion of the MYB gene at 6q22-23 and the NFIB gene at 9p23-24. The MYB-NFIB fusion transcript, present in at least one third of salivary ACCs, can be detected by new reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction screening methods, and has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. The t(15;19)(q14;p13.1) translocation in NMC results in fusion of the NUT gene at 15q14 and the BRD4 gene at 19p13.1. This occurs in two thirds of NMC. Because NMC lacks characteristic clinicopathologic features and established therapeutic options, the BRD4-NUT fusion transcript may represent both a diagnostic marker and an optimal target for disease-specific drug therapy. Moreover, immunohistochemical advances have yielded a promising new monoclonal antibody against the NUT antigen, which may improve NMC diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing methods, such as the use of massively parallel and paired-end sequencing in the study of cancer genomes, will likely disclose novel fusion transcripts in more human malignancies. Hopefully, as technological advances unravel the molecular pathogenesis of aggressive carcinomas, diagnostic and therapeutic options will evolve to improve clinical outcomes.
Electrical Activity and Structure of Retinal Cells of the Aplysia Eye: I. Secondary Neurones

1.Intracellular recordings were made from secondary neurones and photo-receptors of the Aplysia eye concurrently with extracellular recordings from the optic nerve. These cells were injected with Lucifer yellow to reveal their structure after they were typed according to electrical activity. Secondary neurones are described in this paper. 2.All secondary neurones injected with Lucifer yellow were in the outer, non-receptor layer of the retina. Each had an axon in the optic nerve, short dendritic processes on the soma, but no distinct photoreceptive apparatus. Dye coupling between secondary neurones and between secondary neurones and photoreceptors was observed. 3.Secondary neurones had pacemaker potentials and action potentials (APs) correlated 1:1 with the optic nerve compound action potentials (CAPs) during spontaneous dark and light evoked activity. It is deduced that the secondary neurones are the output neurones of the circadian clock system of the eye. 4.Secondary neurones appear to be electrically coupled to each other and to some photoreceptors, since blocking chemical synapses with high Mg 2+ saline did not block the spontaneous or light evoked activities, and antidromic activation of the secondary neurones produced a compound input dependent in amplitude on stimulus voltage. 5.Backfilling the optic nerve with cobalt revealed filled secondary neurones, 2 photoreceptor types and a small non-receptor cell type suggesting that most of these retinal cells have axons in the optic nerve.
Social Context in Gene–Environment Interactions: Retrospect and Prospect

While many behavioral scientists believe that gene-environment (GE) interactions play an important and perhaps pervasive role in human development and aging, little attention has been devoted to a fundamental conceptual issue: What is it about social context that could alter gene expression? We draw on existing examples of GE interactions to formulate a typology that identifies a set of generic mechanisms by which E moderates G. Empirical studies suggest four ideal types: Social context can trigger a genetic diathesis, compensate for a genetic diathesis, act as a control to prevent behaviors for which there is a genetic predisposition, and enhance adaptation through proximal processes. This typology highlights several problems, however, with prior empirical research, which may explain, in part, why so few GE interactions have actually been observed. These problems include inattention to the dynamic nature of social experience, the manifold, often-intercorrelated dimensions of social context ("EE interactions"), mediators that link social context and the genotype, and analytic models that examine GE interactions as processes that characterize individual development. In turn, these insights call for the integration of life course sociology and behavioral genetics to foster ways of studying genes, context, and aging.
Designing, implementing, and analyzing a placement test for introductory CS courses

An introductory CS1 course presents problems for educators and students due to students' diverse background in programming knowledge and exposure. Students who enroll in CS1 also have different expectations and motivations. Prompted by the curricular guidelines for undergraduate programs in computer science released in 2001 by the ACM/IEEE, and driven by a departmental project to reinvent the undergraduate computer science and computer engineering curricula at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, we are currently implementing a series of changes which will improve our introductory courses. One key component of our project is an online placement examination tied to the cognitive domain that assesses student knowledge and intellectual skills. Our placement test is also integrated into a comprehensive educational research design containing a pre- and post-test framework for assessing student learning. In this paper, we focus on the design and implementation of our placement exam and present an analysis of the data collected to date.
High frequency stimulation abolishes thalamic network oscillations: an electrophysiological and computational analysis

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of thalamus has been demonstrated to be an effective for treatment of epilepsy. To investigate mechanism of action of thalamic DBS, we examined the effects of high frequency stimulation (HFS) on spindle oscillations in thalamic brain slices from ferrets. We recorded intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological activity in the nucleus Reticularis thalami (nRt) and in thalamocortical relay (TC) neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus, stimulated the slice using a concentric bipolar electrode, and recorded the level of glutamate within the slice. HFS (100 Hz) of TC neurons generated excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs), increased the number of action potentials in both TC and nRt neurons, reduced the input resistance, increased the extracellular glutamate concentration, and abolished spindle wave oscillations. High frequency stimulation of the nRt also suppressed spindle oscillations. In both locations, HFS was associated with significant and persistent elevation in extracellular glutamate levels and suppressed spindle oscillations for many seconds after the cessation of stimulation. We simulated HFS within a computational model of the thalamic network, and HFS also disrupted spindle wave activity, but the suppression of spindle activity was short-lived. Simulated HFS disrupted spindle activity for prolonged periods of time only after glutamate release and glutamate-mediated activation of a hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) were incorporated into the model. Our results suggest that the mechanism of action of thalamic DBS as used in epilepsy may involve the prolonged release of glutamate, which in turn modulates specific ion channels such as Ih, decreases neuronal input resistance, and abolishes thalamic network oscillatory activity.
Effect of diethylcarbamazine on cats given feline leukaemia virus vaccine.

Leukocell (Norden Laboratories, Lincoln, NE, USA), a commercially available retroviral vaccine, is given to protect susceptible cats against feline leukaemia virus. Oral diethylcarbamazine, an immunomodulator used in the treatment of filariasis, when given with 1 ml i.m. Leukocell, increased titres and duration of serum antibodies to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen and transient average monocyte counts in treated/vaccinated cats as compared to cats that received vaccine without diethylcarbamazine. These results may have implications for the development of more effective retroviral vaccination techniques for humans as well as for cats.
Effects of spatially variable resolution on field-scale estimates of tracer concentration from electrical inversions using Archie’s law

Two important mechanisms affect our ability to estimate solute concentrations quantitatively from the inversion of field-scale electrical resistivity tomography ERT data: 1 the spatially variable physical processes that govern the flow of current as well as the variation of physical properties in space and 2 the overparameterization of inverse models, which requires the imposition of a smoothing constraint regularization to facilitate convergence of the inverse solution. Based on analyses of field and synthetic data, we find that the ability of ERT to recover the 3D shape and magnitudes of a migrating conductive target is spatially variable. Additionally, the application of Archie’s law to tomograms from field ERT data produced solute concentrations that are consistently less than 10% of point measurements collected in the field and estimated from transport modeling. Estimates of concentration from ERT using Archie’s law only fit measured solute concentrations if the apparent formation factor is varied with space and time and allowed to take on unreasonably high values. Our analysis suggests that the inability to find a single petrophysical relation in space and time between concentration and electrical resistivity is largely an effect of two properties of ERT surveys: 1 decreased sensitivity of ERT to detect the target plume with increasing distance from the electrodes and 2 the smoothing imprint of regularization used in inversion.
Multi-state Discriminative Video Segment Selection for Complex Event Classification

Recognizing long range complex events composed of a sequence of primitive actions is a challenging task, as videos may not be consistently aligned in time with respect to the primitive actions across video examples. Moreover, there can exist arbitrary long intervals between, and within the execution of primitive actions. We propose a novel multistate segment selection algorithm, which pools features from the discriminative segments of a video. We present an efficient linear programming based solution, and introduce novel linear constraints to enforce temporal ordering between segments from different states. We also propose a regularized version of our algorithm, which automatically determines the optimum number of segments to be selected in each video. Furthermore, we present a new, provably faster \(O(N\log N)\) algorithm for the single state K-segment selection problem. Our results are validated on the Composite Cooking Activity dataset, containing videos of cooking recipes.
Human intestinal water absorption: direct vs. indirect measurements

Distilled water, a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE; 4% sucrose, 2% glucose, 17.2 meq/l NaCl, and 2.8 meq/l KCl) solution, or a 10% glucose solution, all containing the nonabsorbed indicator polyethylene glycol (PEG) and deuterium oxide (D2O, 30 ppm), were infused (15 ml/min) into the duodenojejunum of seven men by using the triple lumen technique. Net water absorption was determined directly from the change in PEG concentration and was calculated from plasma D2O derived from D2O in the perfusion solutions. The protocol included a 45-min equilibration period followed by a 90-min test period. Intestinal samples were drawn at 10-min intervals from 15 to 45 min and at 15-min intervals thereafter. Blood was drawn at 45, 50, 55, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135 min. Intestinal samples were analyzed for D2O, Na+, K+, osmolality, PEG, and glucose; blood was analyzed for D2O. Results (+/- SE; positive values secretion, negative values absorption) showed net fluid absorption from distilled water (-9.40 +/- 1.28 ml.h-1.cm-1) and the CE (-13.30 +/- 1.22 ml.h-1.cm-1) solution, but net secretion (4.40 +/- 1.25 ml.h-1.cm-1) from the 10% glucose solution. All values were significantly (P less than 0.05) different from each other. Perfusing the CE solution caused net Na+ and K+ absorption, whereas perfusing the 10% dextrose solution caused net electrolyte secretion. Rates of D2O accumulation in the plasma were independent of the solutions perfused.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
I. Christianity Versus Science a Conflict of Ideas in Meiji Japan

The opening of Japanese ports to Western trade and thought at the end of the Tokugawa period necessarily involved a readjustment of the official policy toward Christianity. Since the early seventeenth century Christian beliefs and observances had been rigidly proscribed. Now the country was assailed by bands of missionaries, principally American Protestants, persistently evangelistic in purpose. Beyond that, the legal system, literature, and whole culture of the West were so permeated tjy religious elements that many thinking Japanese reluctantly concluded that it was impossible to become modern without becoming Christian. Escape from this dilemma was to be provided, by Western thought itself, through new materialistic philosophies based upon science, and through the historical relativism of the higher Biblical criticism. The battle between science and theology, evolution and revelation, then raging in England and America was fought again in the Japanese press and lecture hall. This controversy involved intimately only a small minority of the Japanese people, principally students and intellectuals, and was definitely secondary to the broader conflict between conservative nationalism and all foreign religion. It was, however, a significant aspect of Japan's response to the West, of her process of acculturation.