cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time city-scale ridesharing via linear assignment problems

Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel, computational efficient, dynamic ridesharing algorithm. The beneficial computational properties of the algorithm arise from casting the ridesharing problem as a linear assignment problem between fleet vehicles and customer trip requests within a federated optimization architecture. The resulting algorithm is up to four times faster than the state-of-the-art, even if it is implemented on a less dedicated hardware, and achieves similar service quality. Current literature showcases the ability of state-of-the-art ridesharing algorithms to tackle very large fleets and customer requests in almost near real-time, but the benefits of ridesharing seem limited to centralized systems. Our algorithm suggests that this does not need to be the case. The algorithm that we propose is fully distributable among multiple ridesharing companies. By leveraging two datasets, the New York city taxi dataset and the Melbourne Metropolitan Area dataset, we show that with our algorithm, real-time ridesharing offers clear benefits with respect to more traditional taxi fleets in terms of level of service, even if one considers partial adoption of the system. In fact, e.g., the quality of the solutions obtained in the state-of-the-art works that tackle the whole customer set of the New York city taxi dataset is achieved, even if one considers only a proportion of the fleet size and customer requests. This could make real-time urban-scale ridesharing very attractive to small enterprises and city authorities alike. However, in some cases, e.g., in multi-company scenarios where companies have predefined market shares, we show that the number of vehicles needed to achieve a comparable performance to the monopolistic setting increases, and this raises concerns on the possible negative effects of multi-company ridesharing.
ON SURGICAL FAILURES: Onward to objective evaluation of our less proud moments

In recent years a spate of popular writing has focused on the merits of failure (1-6). In various forms, failure is approached from the perspectives of parents (let your children fail!), leaders (allow your employees to fail!), and self-help (let yourself fail and learn from it!). One of my favorite coffee brands states plainly on its container that “things that matter in life” include “never being afraid to fail”. Failure is chic, failure is trending! Twenty years ago, my university commencement speaker orated the experiential virtues of failure as being essential to our growth as individuals and as a society. ‘So, get out there and fail!’ he concluded with gusto. He was not a physician—he taught history.
Intermediate Marketing Outcome Measures and Metrics

Financial metrics are not the only measures of marketing outcomes. There are many measures of marketing outcomes in use today. This chapter explores some common measures of intermediate marketing outcomes used to assess the performance of marketing and the effects of marketing actions. It also places these measures within a conceptual framework that identifies how various measures may, or may not, be useful and when they may be helpful.
Classification of Graphical User Interfaces Through Gaze-Based Features

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) represent a key part for building interactive applications, and they act as a direct interface between users and software. The complexity of the GUIs increases in relation to the number of users interacting with software and performing multiple complex tasks, resulting in software that are mazes of functionalities. The impact of such a GUI system is adverse on the software quality and may result in non-robust software. To measure software quality, one has to measure attributes such as usability, efficiency, and learnability. There is no general approach for measuring software validity subjectively in a non-invasive way, i.e., without directly asking the users to evaluate directly the software through predefined use cases or through questionnaires. In this paper, we investigate this issue by detecting the presence of potential errors in GUIs by using the users gaze information collected during user interactions. Users gaze is analyzed to generate thirteen unique features based on statistical moments based on the time spent on each control, gaze path, and transitions between controls on the different GUI components present on the screen. The performance is evaluated with five state of the art classifiers. The results support the conclusion that incongruent GUI states can be reliably detected at the single trial level through gaze-based features with an accuracy of 76% (one-versus-rest classification) and 73.66 (one-versus-one classification) using a Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier. These results suggest the possibility of co-development approaches between early stage users and developers through eyetracking.
Acoustic Modeling and Prediction of Ultra-High Speed Switched Reluctance Machines Based on Finite Element Analysis

High-speed switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have been a timely topic recently due to its intrinsically simple and robust geometry. However, for ultra-high speed SRMs over 100,000 rpm, the acoustic noise is a very significant issue in many applications. Estimating the acoustic output of ultra-high speed SRMs accurately is obviously very important in any effort to reduce the noise level. In this paper, a multi-physics acoustic modeling and prediction of ultra-high speed SRMs is presented based on finite element analysis (FEA). First, a 3D electromagnetic FEA is conducted to calculate the radial force on the stator teeth, which is the origin of the noise. Then, a modal analysis and a harmonic response analysis are shown in the frequency domain to estimate he natural frequencies and the vibration of the whole motor with the case and support included, using the calculated radial force as the input excitation. After that, an acoustic response analysis is done to estimate the sound pressure level (SPL) using the superposition of the surface vibration information from the harmonic response analysis. Finally, to verify the proposed model, experiments are done to measure and compare the SPL of a 4/2 ultra-high speed SRM at 100,000 rpm. The results show that the Aweighted SPL of the motor is as high as 115 dB at 10 mm away from the motor, which matches the simulation result (113 dB) quite well.
CHINA'S POPULATION BOMB

The ascent to power by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949 was a period of great turmoil and confusion. Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Party and the head of government emerged as a powerful and willful dictator, and intellectually the chief strategist in determining China's future and what it would become. In the midst of this turmoil, Mao knew that one thing was certain: the population of the country would rise, and the increase would be large enough and swift enough that it would overwhelm the economy and the government. The national economy, even before WW II had left China deeply in poverty, underdeveloped, illiterate, and without direction or hope. All of this was made worse by the Japanese invasion and later the internal civil war. When the Communists won, few could conceive of them leading China to any bright new future.
The Association Between Iron Over Load and Tanner Stage Retardation in the Females with B-Thalassemia Major

Despite optimal therapy of patients with B- major thalassemia included repeated transfusion of blood program and iron chelation agents helped by increasing survival of these patients but remained a major problem in adolescents of these patients such as growth failure and hypogonadism. This study was aimed to determine the relationship between iron overload and tanner stage retardation among female patients with B- major thalassemia in Thalassemia Hospital in Diwaniyah Governorate. The current study occurred on all female patients diagnosed β-thalassemia major depends on the blood tests, with their age range from 13years to 16 years who registered in Thalassemia unit in Al- Diwaniyah Governorate, Republic of Iraq. In the physical examination, the patients were assessed for weight, height, Tanner stages, and body mass index(BMI), which recorded. S. Ferritin value was used to assess the iron load, and pelvic ultrasound was checked to assess the size of the uterus and both ovaries. The results of the currents study revealed that the total numbers of B- thalassemia major female patients are 31 patients, aged 13-16 years. Age of patients at which diagnosed of B- major thalassemia range from 0.17 to 5 year. The frequency of Blood transfusion (time/Year) ranges from 6 to 33 times/Year. The level of serum ferritin of the patients was ranged from 913-12000 ng/ml with. Tanner stage I was predominant, accounting for 87%, whereas stage II and III accounted for 10% and 3%, respectively. There was a significant negative relation between times transfusion of blood and Tanner. There was a significant correlation between Uterus size, ovarian size, and Tanner stage. Because of inflammation falsely increase serum ferritin or due to the relation between body iron in the body and level of serum ferritin is not always within the linear range, especially in the condition of inflammation or tissue damage. So that level of serum ferritin is not an adequate measure of iron stores in patients with major thalassemia. Therefore, we needed another indicator to measure iron stores in patients with thalassemia major such as liver iron concentration.
9 – Basement membranes

Publisher Summary Basement membranes are a specialized form of connective tissue. They form extracellular matrices and are distributed in almost all organs of the body. The nature of basement membranes has been the subject of several investigations, which include studies dealing with the morphology, chemistry, immunology, biosynthesis, and function of these substances. Basement membranes are found adjacent to the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels and capillaries, the epithelial layers of skin, viscera and glands, the specialized tissues of the eye, that is, the lens capsule epithelium, Bowman's epithelium of the cornea, the endothelium of Descemet's membrane, and the embryonic layers of the parietal and visceral yolk sac. The functions of basement membranes are: support and selective filtration. Basement membranes are not related structurally, chemically, or immunologically to the limiting plasma membranes of cells or to the membranes of intracellular organelles.
A Programmable Toolkit to Dynamically Signal Cells using Peptide Strand Displacement

Abstract The native extracellular matrix communicates and interacts with cells by dynamically displaying signals to control their behavior. Mimicking this dynamic environment in vitro is essential in order to unravel how cell-matrix interactions guide cell fate. Here, we present a synthetic platform for the temporal display of cell adhesive signals using coiled-coil peptides. By designing an integrin-engaging coiled-coil pair to have a toehold (unpaired domain), we were able to use a peptide strand displacement reaction to remove the cell cue from the surface. This allowed us to test how the on-demand display of RGDS ligands at variable duration and periodicity of ligand exposure influence cell spreading degree and kinetics. Transient display of αVβ3 selective ligands instructed fibroblast cells to reversibly spread and contract in response to changes in ligand exposure over multiple cycles, exhibiting a universal kinetic response. Also, cells that were triggered to spread and contract repeatedly exhibited greater enrichment of integrins in focal adhesions versus cells cultured on persistent RGDS-displaying surfaces. This dynamic platform will allow us to uncover the molecular code by which cells sense and respond to changes in their environment and will provide insights into ways to program cellular behavior.
Agile Curriculum Development: Computational Modeling COVID-19

Computational modeling provides an excellent vehicle for raising scientific awareness of emergent and topical phenomena such as COVID-19. Now more than ever, it is crucial to provide students with factual information about how diseases spread and how their own actions can impact that spread. In order to both encourage computational thinking skills and build scientific knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have created a series of programming activities through which students construct their own computational models based on the emerging scientific consensus around COVID-19. Students are able to model everyday situations such as being in a crowded area or going to stores while unknowingly infected, and immediately see the consequences of those actions. By including accurate scientific variables such as the reproductive number of the virus, incubation period, and period of communicability, students are able to create their own epi-curves that demonstrate the severity of the disease and provide students with visual representation of how quickly COVID-19 spreads. We also use the scientific model and associated modeling activities to reinforce best practices at home and in the community. Finally, this curriculum development effort demonstrates how block-based computational modeling activities lend themselves to agile curricular re-design around emerging and topics of local interest
Operator ordering and Feynman rules in gauge theories

The ordering of operators in the Yang-Mills Hamiltonian is determined for the ${V}_{0}=0$ gauge and for a general noncovariant gauge $\ensuremath{\chi}({V}_{i})=0$, with $\ensuremath{\chi}$ a linear function of the spatial components of the gauge field ${V}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. We show that a Cartesian ordering of the ${V}_{0}=0$ gauge Hamiltonian defines a quantum theory equivalent to that of the usual, covariant-gauge Feynman rules. However, a straightforward change of variables reduces this ${V}_{0}=0$ gauge Hamiltonian to a $\ensuremath{\chi}({V}_{i})=0$ gauge Hamiltonian with an unconventional operator ordering. The resulting Hamiltonian theory, when translated into Feynman graphs, is shown to imply new nonlocal interactions, even in the familiar Coulomb gauge.
Interaction of Commonly Used Oral Molecular Excipients with P-glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a critical role in drug oral bioavailability, and modulation of this transporter can alter the safety and/or efficacy profile of substrate drugs. Individual oral molecular excipients that inhibit P-gp function have been considered a mechanism for improving drug absorption, but a systematic evaluation of the interaction of excipients with P-gp is critical for informed selection of optimal formulations of proprietary and generic drug products. A library of 123 oral molecular excipients was screened for their ability to inhibit P-gp in two orthogonal cell-based assays. β-Cyclodextrin and light green SF yellowish were identified as modest inhibitors of P-gp with IC50 values of 168 μM (95% CI, 118-251 μM) and 204 μM (95% CI, 5.9-1745 μM), respectively. The lack of effect of most of the tested excipients on P-gp transport provides a wide selection of excipients for inclusion in oral formulations with minimal risk of influencing the oral bioavailability of P-gp substrates.
Ophthalmic disorders in a referral population of seven breeds of brachycephalic dogs: 970 cases (2008–2017)

Objective To evaluate the frequency of ophthalmic disorders in 7 brachycephalic dog breeds referred to an academic veterinary ophthalmology service. Animals 970 client-owned dogs of 7 brachycephalic breeds that were evaluated by the ophthalmology service in a veterinary teaching hospital from January 2008 through December 2017. Procedures Medical records of 7 brachycephalic breeds (ie, Boston Terriers, English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, Lhasa Apsos, Pekingese, Pugs, and Shih Tzus) were reviewed to collect data regarding patient signalment, ophthalmic diagnoses, affected eyes, and number and dates of visits. Results Median age at the first examination was 7 years (range, 23 days to 22 years). The number of dogs seen for a first examination increased with age. Corneal ulcers, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal pigmentation, immature cataracts, and uveitis were each diagnosed in ≥ 100 dogs and represented 40.4% (1,161/2,873) of all diagnoses. On the basis of anatomic location, 66.3% (1,905/2,873) of all disorders were located in either the cornea (1,014/2,873 [35.2%]) or adnexa (891/2,873 [31%]). There was a significant difference in breed proportion in the study population; of the 7 breeds studied, Shih Tzus (34.3% [333/970]), Pugs (20.8% [202/970]), and Boston Terriers (16.6% [161/970]) were the most prevalent breeds. The frequency of some diseases within the referral population was associated with breed. Conclusions and clinical relevance Findings suggested that the most prevalent disorders for the brachycephalic breeds in this ophthalmic referral population were corneal ulcers, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal pigmentation, immature cataracts, and uveitis. Although all dogs shared brachycephalic features, the frequency of specific ophthalmic diseases varied between breeds.
From clone to mutant gene.

This chapter reviews several methods for isolating mutations in cloned Drosophila genes and provide protocols for generating P-element-induced mutations at targeted loci. In these protocols, local transposition of P-elements is used to increase the probability of insertion into the site of interest. The chapter also describes flanking sequence rescue screens to identify lines bearing insertions into the gene of interest from collections of P-element transposants. Several properties of P-elements make them attractive as mutagenic agents for targeted genetic screens. Recombinant P-element derivatives whose mobility is controlled by mating to a source of transposase and whose transposition is selectable by phenotype are widely available, making the generation of single or multiple hit transposants straightforward. Because the P-element transpositions tag the inserted site with a known DNA sequence, insertions into the target region can be detected at the DNA level without a prediction of phenotype. P-element insertions isolated in or near a gene of interest can be used as substrates to generate new alleles at very high efficiencies.
Philosophizing the social brain

Abstract Introduction to themed issue on philosophical approaches to social neuroscience.
Growth of testes and testicular morphology after eight generations of selection for increased predicted weight of testes at 150 days of age in boars.

Weights of testes and epididymides, body weight, and morphometric measurements of testicular tissue of 75 boars of a line selected for eight generations for predicted weight of testes at 150 d of age and 75 boars of a randomly selected control line were used to evaluate the effects of selection on testicular development at 70, 100, 130, 160, and 450 d of age (n = 15 boars per line per age). Body weights for boars of the select and control line did not differ ( P <.05) and the shape of the body growth curve was similar for both lines. Boars of the select line had larger testes than control boars at each age ( P <.05), but there was a significant line x age interaction. The percentage increase of the select line mean over the control mean for weight of testes was 37% at 70 d, a maximum of 120% at 100 d, and 25% at 450 d. The percentage of the testes made up of seminiferous tubules differed between lines (P <.01). Lines had similar means of approximately 28% at 70 d and 71% at 450 d, but the mean for the select line was larger between 100 and 160 d of age ; the greatest difference was 11.6% (control = 43.7, select = 55.3%) at 100 d. After 70 d of age, select-line boars had a greater percentage of seminiferous tubules with lumens that contained elongated spermatids (P <.10). The proportion of the testes occupied by Leydig cells was greatest at 70 d, declined sharply between 70 and 130 d with a sharper decline in select-line boars, and then declined more gradually from 130 to 450 d of age. We conclude that selection for weight of testes at 150 d resulted in lower age at puberty for boars of the select line.
Tubulointerstitial nephropathy associated with arteriohepatic dysplasia

Abstract An infant with a variant of arteriohepatic dysplasia (characteristic sfacies, valvular and peripheral pulmonic stenosis, hypercholesterolemia, intrahepatic cholestasis) and a severe tubulointerstitial nephropathy is described. Liver biopsy at 2 mo and at 10 mo of age revealed marked hepatocellular cholestasis and a slight decrease in the number of interlobular bile ducts per portal triad. Severe fibrosis was noted at 10 mo. Renal findings included tubular atrophy, microcystic tubular dilatation, and interstitial fibrosis. Death at 10 mo was associated with renal failure and pneumonia. The case suggests an additional association between renal cystic disease and abnormalities of the biliary tree.
Cylindrical and conical flow regimes of three-dimensional shock/boundary-layer interactions

Etude parametrique des interactions couche limite turbulente onde de choc tridimensionnelle. On montre l'existence de deux regimes d'ecoulement caracteristique: cylindrique et conique
The Concert of Humans and Nightingales: Why Interspecies Music Works

Of all the days to schedule a midnight concert live with nightingales in the Treptower Park in Berlin, why did we have to choose May 9? This could very well be the only night when the park was going to be full of people. This night and this night alone was the 69 anniversary of the end of World War II. Victory Day, a big holiday in Germany although not in the United States. I can see why. We bundle all our war holidays together into Memorial Day and Veterans Day at opposite times of the year to cover all our bases. Too many wars to remember, such bittersweet memories they are. But Germany has many holidays, too many to keep track of. And the end of World War II is of course of far greater significance to Germany than it could ever be to the United States.
A half-micron manufacturable high performance CMOS technology applicable for multiple power supply applications

A half-micron, manufacturable, high-performance CMOS technology that facilitates the transition from 5 V to 3.3 V product design by offering a common technology base with similar performance for applications at either power supply is described. Process integration and device design requirements that meet the following objectives are described: (1) a common process and device design base for VLSI (very-large-scale integration) circuit designs with 3.3 V and 5 V power supply applications without loss of performance at 3.3 V; (2) a performance improvement of 1.5* to 2* over preceding generations of CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology; (3) manufacturability; and (4) improved reliability of devices and gate dielectric. The common process base features improved process margin and key parameter control coupled with improved device design and selective scaling to yield 0.5- mu m- and 0.7- mu m-channel-length devices at 3.3 V and 5 V, respectively. Process variation from the common base is limited only to changes in oxide thickness and polysilicon gate width to meet dual power supply design compatibility. As examples a high-performance SRAM (static random-access memory) with sub-10-ns access and logic with sub-250-ps gate delay ( >
Allelic Variation Within the Putative Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk Gene Homeobox A1 and Cerebellar Maturation in Typically Developing Children and Adolescents

LAY ABSTRACT—Autism is known to be highly heritable, and has been associated with abnormalities in the development of several brain structures, including the cerebellum. Previous research has hinted that a gene controlling the development of posterior brain regions such as the cerebellum, may influence risk for autism. This gene is called Homeobox Domain A1 (HOXA1), and the variant within HOXA1 that has been most studied in relation to autism (A218G) falls within a gene region that is important for HOXA1 protein functioning. Although we know that autism appear to influence the dynamics of brain development, and that cerebellar anatomy continues to change over the lifespan – we do not know if A218G genotype influences cerebellar development over time. We studied this issue in typically developing controls who had a total of 296 repeat structural brain scans taken between ages 5 and 23 years of age. The volume of multiple cerebellar components was measures by hand in each scan, and we related developmental changes in these volumes to A218G genotype. We found that, in a part of the cerebellum implicated in autism, A218G genotype modified the rate of cerebellar growth. This suggests for the first time that the putative ASD risk gene HOXA1 has the capacity to modify the longitudinal development of cerebellar systems implicated in ASD neurobiology. SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT—Homeobox-A-1 (HOXA1) has been proposed as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as it regulates embryological patterning of hind-brain structures implicated in autism neurobiology. In line with this notion, a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism within a highly conserved domain of HOXA1 - A218G (rs10951154) has been linked to both ASD risk, and cross-sectional differences in superior posterior lobar cerebellar anatomy in late adulthood. Despite evidence for early onset and developmentally dynamic cerebellar involvement in ASD, little is known of the relationship between A218G genotype and maturation of the cerebellum over early development. We addressed this issue using 296 longitudinally acquired structural magnetic resonance imaging brain scans from 116 healthy individuals between 5 and 23 years of age. Mixed models were used to compare the relationship between age and semi-automated measures of cerebellar volume in A-homozygotes (AA) and carriers of the G allele (Gcar). Total cerebellar volume increased between ages 5 and 23 years in both groups. However, this was accelerated in the Gcar relative to the AA group (Genotype-byage interaction term, p=0.03), and driven by genotype-dependent differences in the rate of bilateral
Adapting the SPEC 2000 benchmark suite for simulation-based computer architecture research

The large input datasets in the SPEC 2000 benchmark suite result in unreasonably long simulation times when using detailed execution-driven simulators for evaluating future computer architectures ideas. To address this problem, we have an ongoing project to reduce the execution times of the SPEC 2000 benchmarks in a quantitatively defensible way. Upon completion of this work 1, we will have smaller input datasets for several SPEC2000 benchmarks. The programs using our reduced input datasets will produce execution profiles that accurately reflect the program behavior of the full reference dataset, as measured using standard statistical tests. In the process of reducing and verifying the SPEC2000 Benchmark datasets, we also obtain instuction mix, memory behavior, and instructions per cycle characterization information about each benchmark program.
Semen characteristics after overnight shipping: preservation of sperm concentrations, HspA2 ratios, CK activity, cytoplasmic retention, chromatin maturity, DNA integrity, and sperm shape.

ABSTRACT: We tested several approaches that can be used topreserve sperm attributes and the objective biochemical markers ofsperm maturity and function for assessment in a remote centralizedlaboratory after overnight shipping of semen samples. Addition ofphenyl-methyl-sulfonyl-ﬂuoride (PMSF) to a ﬁnal concentration of 20mg/mL semen at 48C has preserved sperm concentrations andHspA2 isoform ratios, even at room temperature, simulating a ship-ping delay in moderate ambient temperatures. Regarding the attri-butes of individual spermatozoa, the patterns of CK-immunocyto-chemistry (demonstrates cytoplasmic retention in diminished-matu-rity spermatozoa); aniline blue staining pattern (tests chromatin ma-turity); sperm shape assessed by both Kruger strict morphology andcomputer assisted morphometry; and sperm DNA integrity, as testedby DNA nick translation, all remained unchanged. Thus, the PMSF-48C conditions preserved sperm concentrations and the cytoplasmicand nuclear biomarkers of sperm cellular maturity and function fornext-day analysis. This shipping method will facilitate the early de-tection of subtle changes in semen quality that can affect spermfunction, even when there has been no decline in sperm concentra-tions to signal possible toxic effects. Furthermore, sample preser-vation will enable investigators to evaluate semen for toxicologystudies and for diagnosis of male infertility from remote locations.Home collection of semen should enhance study participation, andsemen assessment in centralized laboratories will address concernsregarding interlaboratory variations and quality control.Key words: Reproductive toxicity, male infertility, cytoplasmic andnuclear biomarkers.J Androl 2004;25:593–604
Regional grey matter shrinks in hypertensive individuals despite successful lowering of blood pressure

The aim of the study was to determine whether the reduction in brain grey matter volume associated with hypertension persisted or was remediated among hypertensive patients newly treated over the course of a year. A total of 41 hypertensive patients were assessed over the course of a 1-year successful anti-hypertensive treatment. Brain areas identified previously in cross-sectional studies differing in volume between hypertensive and normotensive individuals were examined with a semi-automated measurement technique (automated labelling pathway). Volumes of grey matter regions were computed at baseline after a year of treatment and compared with archival data from normotensive individuals. Reductions in regional grey matter volume over the follow-up period were observed despite successful treatment of blood pressure (BP). The comparison group of older, but normotensive, individuals showed no significant changes over a year in the regions tested in the treated hypertensive group. These novel results suggest that essential hypertension is associated with regional grey matter shrinkage, and successful reduction of BP may not completely counter that trend.
The ratio of physical particles per infectious unit observed for poliomyelitis viruses.

Abstract A procedure is described for the preparation of freshly harvested infectious tissue culture fluid for quantitative electron microscopy. The yield of characteristic physical particles per monkey kidney epithelial cell varied between 50,000 and 300,000. The average number of physical particles equivalent to one infectious or plaque-forming unit (PFU) was found to be 36 for Mahoney virus. A limited number of experiments on MEF-1 and Saukett viruses indicated particle to PFU ratios of the same order of magnitude for these strains also. Possible reasons for a failure to achieve the ideal ratio of one particle to one PFU have been discussed.
Synthesis, Structure, and Dynamics of Molybdenum Imido Alkyne Complexes

The monomeric alkyne complexes (η2-alkyne)Mo(NPh)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4) (3) have been synthesized by the displacement of isobutylene from (η2-isobutylene)Mo(NPh)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4) (2). The alkyne fragment in these complexes is oriented perpendicular to the MoN bond of the cis imido ligand, as confirmed by an X-ray structural analysis of 3e. The deshielded nature of the chemical shifts of the α-carbons and terminal protons of the alkyne fragments in these complexes strongly suggests the participation of the alkyne π⊥ electrons in the Mo−alkyne interaction. The alkyne fragment in 3 rotates freely about the Mo−alkyne bond, resulting in the fluxional behavior of these complexes at room temperature. An activation barrier of 13.2 kcal/mol for the alkyne rotation was measured using VT NMR spectroscopy. Computational studies using a two-layer ONIOM model, and the B3LYP hybrid functional, provided insight into the Mo−alkyne bonding. The transition state for alkyne rotation has been calculated and is characterized by a p...
Phenomena involved in the ‘texturization’ of vegetable proteins and various technological processes used

Various fundamental aspects of vegetable protein texturization are discussed with particular reference to thermal coagulation, denaturation, and orientation phenomena. Some nine different classes or types of processes, which are used for texturization, are briefly described and discussed with detailed emphasis on the underlying fundamental mechanisms or phenomena involved. The texturization of mixtures containing both plant and animal protein is briefly discussed. Lastly, prospects for vegetable protein texturization in the future are considered.
Market responses to hurricanes

Abstract This paper uses one of the strongest hurricanes to hit the US, Andrew in 1992, to define a quasi-random experiment that permits estimation of the responses of housing values to information about new hurricanes. Lee County, Florida did not experience damage from Andrew. The storm was a “near-miss.” We hypothesize that Andrew conveyed risk information to homeowners in the county. A difference-in-differences (DND) framework identifies the effect of this information on property values in areas likely to experience significant storm damage. The DND findings indicate at least a 19 percent decline in property values.
Is the future of meat palatable? Perceptions of in vitro meat as evidenced by online news comments.

Objective To understand current public perceptions of in vitro meat (IVM) in light of its potential to be a more environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional meat. Design A qualitative content analysis of the comments made on online news articles highlighting the development of IVM and the world’s first IVM hamburger in August 2013. Setting News article comment sections across seven US-based online news sources (The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Cable News Network and National Public Radio). Subjects Four hundred and sixty-two commenters who made eight hundred and fourteen publicly available online comments addressing IVM. Results Key themes in commenter perceptions of IVM included environmental and public health benefits, but also negative themes such as IVM’s status as an unnatural and unappealing food. Overall, the tone of comments was more negative than positive. Conclusions Findings suggest that while the environmental and public health motivations for developing and in turn consuming IVM resonate with some segments of the population, others find that reasoning both uncompelling and problematic. Concerns about IVM as an unnatural and risky product also appear to be a significant barrier to public acceptance of IVM. Supporters of IVM may wish to begin to develop a regulatory strategy for IVM to build public trust and explore messaging strategies that cast IVM as a new technology with benefits to individuals rather than primarily a solution to global challenges. Those in the public health nutrition field can make an important contribution to the emerging public discussion about IVM.
Metallographic Investigation on the Effect of Cryogenic Temperature on Steel Weldments

Materials are subjected to low temperatures either intentionally as in the case of cryogenic fuels or non-intentionally as in the case of aerospace environment and are observed to undergo changes in their properties. Microstructural changes are the premier indications of changes in the properties of materials. This paper investigates the effect of cryogenic temperature on the microstructure of low alloy steel weldments. The weldments were subjected to liquid nitrogen temperature of 77K and the microstructures were analyzed using optical microscope and transmission electron Microscope. A distinct change in the microstructure was observed which would reason out the changes in the mechanical properties of weldments.
Composition controlled synthesis of Bi rich Bi1−xSbx alloy nanocrystals by a low temperature polyol process

Bi1−xSbxnanocrystals were prepared by a low temperature polyol synthesis process using PVP as a complexing agent as well as a capping agent in controlling crystal growth. This method allows for the preparation of phase pure, highly crystalline nanocrystals of 30–40 nm in diameter in large yield. The structural properties of the nanocrystals were investigated by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Differential thermal analysis of the Bi1−xSbx compositions revealed a single endothermic peak at a lower melting point than that of the bulk. A formation mechanism for the Bi1−xSbx alloy nanocrystals is proposed. The results are discussed in terms of understanding the structural properties of these nanocrystals and introducing a new approach for the bottom-up synthesis of these thermoelectric materials with nano-scale domains.
Displacement Measurement Errors from Moving Platforms

Abstract Errors in eddy correlation measurements from moving platforms (aircraft, ships, buoys, blimps, tethered balloons, and kites) include contamination of the measured fluctuations by superficial fluctuations associated with vertical movement of the platform in the presence of mean vertical gradients. Such errors occur even with perfect removal of the motion of the platform. These errors are investigated here from eddy correlation data collected from the LongEZ research aircraft and the air–sea interaction spar (ASIS) buoy during the Shoaling Waves Experiment (SHOWEX).
The tiger formation: Paleogene fluvial sediments deposited adjacent to a deforming Cordilleran metamorphic core complex, northeastern Washington

Abstract The Eocene to Oligocene(?) Tiger Formation and associated upper-plate rocks of northeastern Washington are juxtaposed along low-angle fault zones with structurally lower, or “lower-plate”, rocks of the Spokane dome, a metamorphic core complex. Strata of the Tiger Formation that were derived solely from upper-plate rock are termed intraplate strata and those that include clasts of lower-plate rock are termed extraplate strata. The Cliff Ridge and Ione regions are situated on opposite sides of an arch of typical lower-plate rock. The Tiger Formation here consists of predominantly conglomeratic intraplate strata that were deposited by braided streams on both valley fills and alluvial fans. These strata were derived from a tectonically active source terrane where lower-plate rock now exists. Intraplate strata of the Cusick region consist of conglomeratic, sandstone, and siltstone facies. Alluvial fans and a sandy braided-alluvial plain graded downstream to a floodplain-dominated environment. Intraplate strata exposed in the Cliff Ridge, Ione and Cusick regions record deposition in response to differential uplift of the core complex in the subsurface. Extraplate conglomeratic strata deposited in alluvial-fan and braided alluvial-plain environments conformably and unconformably overlie the intraplate sandstone and siltstone facies of the Cusick region. These extraplate conglomerates were derived from the area now occupied solely by the core complex and record the erosion of intraplate Tiger strata and other upper-plate rocks, exposure of the fault zone at the paleosurface, and erosion of the core complex. The Tiger Formation provides valuable insight to the spatial and temporal distribution of deformation that accompanies the development of a Cordilleran metamorphic core complex.
Electromyographic observations in the human larynx

As can be seen, much work must yet be done with the electromyograph on the laryngeal muscles in order to obtain more information about their behaviour in health and disease.
Skipping across the waterfront

Hormones and Human Behaviour. By Bernard T. Donovan. Cambridge University Press:1985. Pp.223. 25, 39.50.
Evaluating efficiency of alkaline treatment for waste bagasse

Cellulose, lignin, raw bagasse fiber, and extracted bagasse fibers chemically processed with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution and treatment time were measured by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The thermal characteristics of these fibers were determined by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) profiles and analyzed based on the onset degradation temperature, peak rate of thermal decomposition, and residual weight. According to the observations from the experimental data from TGA and DTG profiles and literature reports, it was found that higher content of cellulose and lower content of lignin would result in higher onset degradation temperature, higher peak rate of decomposition, and lower residual weight. Statistical analysis of the onset decomposition temperatures, peak rate of weight loss, and residual weights of different extracted bagasse fibers showed that most of their values were significantly different. The three‐dimensional surface plots of onset decomp...
Provocations of European Ethnology

AT A SPECIAL WORKSHOP held in the fall of 1994, we gathered to discuss the rapid growth of interest in European ethnography and ethnology, especially since the foundation of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe in 1986, and its implications for the larger development of anthropological theory. 1 After the deliberations, each of us developed the position paper originally formulated for that initial encounter. The texts that follow are the result. They claim neither thematic nor theoretical unity, but they do suggest that the refocusing of anthropological interest on one of the discipline's cultural contexts of emergence, coupled with the geopolitical shifts of the past decade, may have contributed to a reconsideration of the role of social and cultural anthropology in the formulation of a social theory. In one sense the "anthropologizing" of Europe was a necessary methodological counterpart to the dethronement of Europe as the fount of all wisdom. But what, for those who still (or for the first time) claim it as their identity and home, is Europe? We offer these brief ruminations
Iodine: an environmental trigger of thyroiditis.

Like most autoimmune diseases of humans, chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis results from the combination of a genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger. A body of clinical and epidemiologic evidence points to excessive ingestion of iodine as an environmental agent. In genetically determined thyroiditis in animals, iodine enrichment has been shown to increase the incidence and severity of disease. Its mechanism of action is still uncertain. Using a new animal model of autoimmune thyroiditis, the NOD.H2(h4) mouse, we have been able to show that iodine enhances disease in a dose-dependent manner. Immunochemical studies suggest that iodine incorporation in the thyroglobulin may augment the antigenicity of this molecule by increasing the affinity of its determinants for the T-cell receptor or the MHC-presenting molecule either altering antigen processing or by affecting antigen presentation.
Discovery and Characterization of a New Cell-Penetrating Protein

We describe a new cell-penetrating protein, B1, capable of delivering conjugated proteins and nucleic acids into mammalian cells. B1 is a 244-amino-acid product of a single-base frameshift in the gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). The molecule has a net positive charge of 43 and a very high charge-to-mass ratio of 1.5. eGFP-fused B1 potently penetrates both adherent and suspension cells with >80% of cells taking up the protein when exposed to concentrations as low as 1 μM. The protein was found to cluster in the paranuclear region of TZM-bl cells. Most importantly, we show that B1 not only facilitates cellular uptake but allows biomolecular cargo to reach sites of biological relevance. For example, baby hamster kidney cells underwent DNA recombination when exposed to B1-tagged Cre recombinase at protein concentrations as low as 2.5 μM, indicating potent nuclear delivery of functional protein cargos. Additionally, B1 delivers noncovalently conjugated RNA and DNA across the cell membrane to cytosolic and nuclear sites accessible to the cellular translation and transcription machinery, as gauged by detection of encoded reporter functions, with efficiency comparable to commercially available cationic lipid reagents. B1 appears to utilize cell-surface glycans and multiple competing endocytic pathways to enter and traffic through cells. These studies provide both a new tool for intracellular delivery of biomolecules and insights that could aid in the design of more effective cell penetrating proteins.
A technique for chronic submucosal administration in the dog

Abstract A method which allows the ad libitum local administration of agents to any layer of the gastrointestinal wall, in the unanesthetized dog, is described. Particular emphasis is placed on the administration of agents to the submucosa of the colon.
Socofrance, S. A.: An American and French Negotiation Simulation:

In this negotiation simulation, students assume roles on a French or an American management team or as observers/evaluators. The two management teams negotiate the introduction of a new product into the European market. This simulation reveals the cross-cultural issues in French-American negotiations and related international negotiations. It demonstrates such negotiation concepts as integrative versus distributive bargaining, relative power of the negotiating parties, cultural noise in negotiations, bargaining skills, and shortversus long-term relationships of the negotiating parties.
Three-dimensional dental imaging by spiral CT

Three-dimensional image acquisition, display, and analysis of dental structures was performed and validated using spiral computed tomography (SCT) with metal artifact suppression. Isolated extracted teeth, a dry mandible, cadaver mandible, and cadaver head were scanned and reconstructed using a spiral CT scanner (Siemens Somatom PLUS-S) with 1 mm detector collimation, 1-mm table feed, and 0.1 - 1 mm reconstruction interval using specially developed software. Algorithms for metal artifact reduction including extended attenuation range and interpolation of missing projections were applied. Volumetric rendering of voxel sum images was performed to synthesize images comparable to conventional intraoral dental radiographs. Direct comparison of voxel-based synthetic and digitized film images was made. Several isolated, extracted teeth were sectioned with a diamond saw and submitted for histomorphometric analysis to aid in direct comparison with CT slice images obtained by multiplanar reconstruction. Metal artifact reduction was successful in markedly reducing the streaks and star patterns that usually accompany metallic restorations and intraoral appliances. Individual teeth were comparable to CT slice images. Voxel sum images were comparable to dental radiographs; however, for the SCT images, the spatial resolution was higher within the plane of section than it was orthogonal to the plane of section. Serial examinations were obtained by SCT, registered by surface matching, and interval change measured by 3D subtraction. Simulated lesions and restorations were introduced and quantitatively evaluated pre- and post-interventionally to assess imaging method performance.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.