cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-transcriptional regulation of MEK-1 by polyamines through the RNA-binding protein HuR modulating intestinal epithelial apoptosis.

MEK-1 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinase-1] is an important signal transducing enzyme that is implicated in many aspects of cellular functions. In the present paper, we report that cellular polyamines regulate MEK-1 expression at the post-transcriptional level through the RNA-binding protein HuR (Hu-antigen R) in IECs (intestinal epithelial cells). Decreasing the levels of cellular polyamines by inhibiting ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) stabilized MEK-1 mRNA and promoted its translation through enhancement of the interaction between HuR and the 3′-untranslated region of MEK-1 mRNA, whereas increasing polyamine levels by ectopic ODC overexpression destabilized the MEK-1 transcript and repressed its translation by reducing the abundance of HuR–MEK-1 mRNA complex; neither intervention changed MEK-1 gene transcription via its promoter. HuR silencing rendered the MEK-1 mRNA unstable and inhibited its translation, thus preventing increases in MEK-1 mRNA and protein in polyamine-deficient cells. Conversely, HuR overexpression increased MEK-1 mRNA stability and promoted its translation. Inhibition of MEK-1 expression by MEK-1 silencing or HuR silencing prevented the increased resistance of polyamine-deficient cells to apoptosis. Moreover, HuR overexpression did not protect against apoptosis if MEK-1 expression was silenced. These results indicate that polyamines destabilize the MEK-1 mRNA and repress its translation by inhibiting the association between HuR and the MEK-1 transcript. Our findings indicate that MEK-1 is a key effector of the HuR-elicited anti-apoptotic programme in IECs.
Hydroxyl (OH) production on airless planetary bodies: Evidence from H+/D+ ion-beam experiments

Abstract The hypothesis that bombardment of lunar soil with solar-wind protons might form hydroxyl (OH) and perhaps HOH has been tested by experiments with Apollo 16 (highlands) and Apollo 17 (mare) soils. Pre-dried soils (500 °C) were bombarded with 1.1 keV protons and deuterons and provide unambiguous evidence for the formation of OH or OD in both samples. This hypothesis further predicts the formation of hydroxyl (OH) on other airless planetary/asteroidal bodies, with a sufficient solar-wind flux. Deuteron implantation of unaltered lunar soils and a heat-treated plagioclase specimen cause simultaneous OH depletion and OD formation. Ion bombardment of lunar soils simulates the dynamic process of hydroxyl formation and may also deplete intrinsic OH, thereby effectively contributing to the day/night, diurnal variability of OH reported by Sunshine et al. (2009) . Our results emphasize the need to use lunar soils with space-weathered exteriors in laboratory simulations of the solar wind. Infrared spectra of hydrogen ion-beam implanted soils are similar to spectra obtained at RELAB (Brown Univ.) and to those observed by remote sensing confirming the solar-wind hypothesis.
Institutional flows and equity style diversification

This article examines the composition of style-diversified portfolios and the influence of institutional trading on style performance over the period 1979 to 2004. We employ a methodology to identify possible cointegrating relationships among four equity styles and to determine styles necessary to a well-diversified portfolio. Two seemingly dissimilar styles, large value and small growth, are cointegrated and hence, redundant diversifiers. We show an optimized three-style portfolio that omits one cointegrated style, improves performance and lowers market risk, demonstrating the importance of allocation to style diversification. We also find evidence the trading behaviour of institutional investors explains, in part, the relationship among and between the cointegrated and the independent styles.
The Distribution of Wars over Time

Much of the empirical research on war has been conducted using only one of a number of data sets that have been compiled by leading scholars of international politics. In view of the low correlation among the data sets, however, one must be cautious in choosing between them for whatever task is at hand. The preliminary findings indicate that, regardless of which data set is used, many of the central tests of important hypotheses concerning Kondratieff waves, international trade, and hegemony and war yield much the same results
The first twenty-eight gas-phase proton hydration energies☆

Abstract The successive binding energies Δ E n −1, n ( n =2−28) of protonated water clusters H + (H 2 O) n , produced by fast-atom bombardment of ice, have been determined by collision-induced dissociation in a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. They decrease dramatically initially, and after n =9 increase slowly up to n =28. However, the twenty-first water molecule stands out as bound about 2 kcal/mol more strongly than expected from a simple interpolation, accounting for the well-known “magic” number, n =21. The trend in Δ E n −1, n shows that hydrogen bonding quickly becomes a dominant force after the first nine water molecules surround a proton. The Δ E n −1, n values were used in thermodynamic cycles to show that the “magic” cluster, n =21, already contains 78% of the total aqueous proton hydration energy.
Are Gastric, Jejunal, or Both Forms of Enteral Feeding Gastroprotective during Stress?

Abstract Background. Clinical data suggest enteral nutrition prevents stress ulceration and intragastric nutrients prevent restraint-induced gastric injury. The purpose of these studies was to determine if jejunal nutrients can protect without gastric contact and to determine if gastric pH, motility, or mucosal perfusion is affected. Methods. In Experiment 1, 27 rats were restrained for 2 h at room temperature followed by 2 h in cold (4°C), with intragastric (IG) or intrajejunal (IJ) 2 ml/h infusions of saline or 25% glucose. Gastric lesions, pH, volumes, and glucose concentrations were measured postmortem. In Experiment 2, 23 rats had gastric strain gauges implanted >5 days prior to a 0.5 ml/h IG or IJ infusion during stress. In Experiment 3, 40 rats were anesthetized for laser Doppler measurements of gastric mucosal perfusion and arterial catheter monitoring of systemic hemodynamics. Rats received 0.5-ml boluses of concentrated glucose or saline IG or IJ, and were monitored for 60 min. Results. (1) The 2 ml/h IJ and IG glucose infusions prevented gastric injury, but the elevated gastric glucose concentrations suggested equal gastric contact. (2) The 0.5 ml/h glucose IG and IJ infusions decreased gastric injury without reflux of the IJ glucose into the stomach and suppressed stress-induced hypercontractility, but not acidity. (3) Systemic perfusion pressures were unaffected by enteral glucose. IG glucose had little effect on gastric mucosal perfusion, while IJ glucose decreased gastric perfusion within 5 min. Conclusions. These studies show that large volumes of enteral glucose prevent restraint injury but IJ glucose refluxes into the stomach. The gastroprotective effects of small, nonrefluxing volumes of IJ glucose are associated with suppression of stress-induced gastric hypercontractility, but not with suppressed acidity or enhanced perfusion.
Development of a 1-m-class telescope at TMF to support optical communications demonstrations

With the impetus towards high data rate communications in inter-satellite and space-to-ground links, the small size, low-mass, and low-power consumption of optical communications is seen as a viable alternative to radio frequency links.
Gene expression profiling analysis reveals arsenic-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in p53-proficient and p53-deficient cells through differential gene pathways.

Abstract Arsenic (As) is a well-known environmental toxicant and carcinogen as well as an effective chemotherapeutic agent. The underlying mechanism of this dual capability, however, is not fully understood. Tumor suppressor gene p53, a pivotal cell cycle checkpoint signaling protein, has been hypothesized to play a possible role in mediating As-induced toxicity and therapeutic efficiency. In this study, we found that arsenite (As3+) induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner in both p53+/+ and p53−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). There was, however, a distinction between genotypes in the apoptotic response, with a more prominent induction of caspase-3 in the p53−/− cells than in the p53+/+ cells. To examine this difference further, a systems-based genomic analysis was conducted comparing the critical molecular mechanisms between the p53 genotypes in response to As3+. A significant alteration in the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway was found in both genotypes. In p53+/+ MEFs, As3+ induced p53-dependent gene expression alterations in DNA damage and cell cycle regulation genes. However, in the p53−/− MEFs, As3+ induced a significant up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes (Noxa) and down-regulation of genes in immune modulation. Our findings demonstrate that As-induced cell death occurs through a p53-independent pathway in p53 deficient cells while apoptosis induction occurs through p53-dependent pathway in normal tissue. This difference in the mechanism of apoptotic responses between the genotypes provides important information regarding the apparent dichotomy of arsenic's dual mechanisms, and potentially leads to further advancement of its utility as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Quantitative measures of cooperation for a dyadic physical interaction task

Lack of a comprehensive model for physical collaboration tasks motivated many researchers to focus on a particular aspect of the collaboration. In this work, we introduce a metric that quantifies the cooperative quality of a collaborative task. Based on the proposed model of cooperation, we present a set of five metrics that capture different properties of such tasks. The results of an empirical study with human subjects prove the effectiveness of the proposed model and the metrics.
Objective signs of inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in exodontia

Objective determination of the adequacy of inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia is difficult. A dependable objective test based upon clinical observation of hundreds of patients during extraction of mandibular teeth, is presented. Following routine inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia, time is allowed for subjective signs of "tingling" of the lower lip. Fully aware that the patient may respond to pressure in the absence of pain, the tooth to be extracted is tested. Gradual pressure of increasing intensity is applied with extracting forceps for 3 seconds, then suddenly released, providing a sudden stimulus. If the patient immediately moves or "jumps," this response indicates inadequate anesthesia. If the patient does not respond to the sudden release of pressure, that tooth can be removed painlessly even though the patient may still respond to pressure.
Millimeter Radar Instrumentation

Millimeter wavelength radars are used to study plasma effects associated with ionized flow fields of projectiles launched at hypersonic speeds into a free-flight ballistic range. Two CW Doppler radars, at frequencies of 35 and 70 Gc/s, measure the nose-on backscattering radar cross sections during flight. The design and performance of the two radars are described in detail. A signal simulator provides absolute calibration. The purpose is to measure changes that occur in the radar cross sections of hypersonic projectiles caused by highly ionized flow fields. Under certain conditions the nose-on backscattering radar cross section of a blunt-nosed metal projectile decreases drastically when a thin, shock-produced layer of ionized gas covers the projectile. A theoretical analysis of this effect is given. Comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental data show good correlation.
Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence intensities and rates permit super-resolution imaging of enhanced local fields

Single-molecule fluorescence is a powerful tool for imaging structures below the standard diffraction limit of light. The resolution gain comes from fitting the emission of isolated fluorophores, and localization accuracy improves with number of photons detected. Here, we control single-molecule emission by coupling fluorescence to gold nanoparticle local plasmon resonances. These strongly localized electromagnetic modes are generated by the interaction of light with particles smaller than the incident wavelength. We discuss the effects of this plasmonic mode coupling on the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of dye molecules and quantum dots.
The Potential Antioxidant Capacity and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Monascus-Fermented Soybean Extracts: Evaluation of Monascus-Fermented Soybean Extracts as Multifunctional Food Additives

The potential antioxidant capacity and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSE) were investigated. The average antioxidant capacities of 70% ethanol extracts from soybean after fermenting for 15 d at 30 degrees C were increased by a 5.2 to 7.4-fold (0.26 mM trolox equivalent/g dry weight, 91.7% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging effect at 3 mg/mL) when compared with those of the unfermented soybean extracts (P < 0.01). The potentially significant antioxidant properties of MFSE are associated with its content of bioactive mevinolins (r= 0.85) and isoflavone aglycones (r= 0.98), which were derived from the soybean during Monascus-fermentation. It was also found that the water extract having a molecular mass 1 to 3 kDa showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (65.3%), which was remarkably greater (6.5 times) than the control.
Host-finding behavior ofPatasson lameerei [Hym., Chalcidoidea], a parasitoid ofSitona eggs [Col., Curculionidae]

Patasson lameereiDebauche females showed significant positive responses in olfactometer studies to chewed or damaged alfalfa and red clover plant material and to the feces of adultSitona hispidulus (Fabricius) weevils. No significant responses were obtained for the host eggs or the adult weevils themselves. Intact females produced an average of 12.8 offspring when exposed to 16S. hispidulus eggs for 12 h under light. Intact females under dark conditions and females with antennae removed and under light and dark conditions produced an average of 0.8, 0.4 and 0.0 offspring, respectively. A sequence of host finding byP. lameerei females is suggested.
Vertex: phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska

VERTEX studies were performed in the Gulf of Alaska in order to test the hypothesis that iron deficiency was responsible for the phytoplankton's failure to remove major plant nutrients from these waters. In view of the observed Fe distributions and the results of phytoplankton Fe enrichment experiments, it was concluded that Gulf of Alaska atmospheric Fe input rates are sufficient to support moderately high rates of primary productivity; however, not enough Fe is available to support the high growth rates that would lead to normal major nutrient depletion. Enhanced Fe input does occur along the Alaska continental margin, where normal NO3 surface depletion is observed. Coccolithophorids appear to be best able to cope with low Fe conditions; however, they cannot compete with diatoms when Fe is readily available. Iron may be more important than available N in determining global rates of phytoplankton new production. Offshore Pacific Ocean water, replete with major nutrients, appears to be infertile without supplemental iron from the atmosphere or continental margin.
Darwinian dynamics and evolutionary game theory

Evolutionary games, here modelled by systems of ordinary differential equations, encapsulate Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. An evolutionary game can reach a local minimum, allowing invasion by mutants to drive the system out of its minimum and engender speciation. Games based on optimality considerations do not resist invasion. Nash equilibrium does not resolve to evolutionary stable strategies – mutants can invade existing communities of species.
Light-Dark Cycle Memory in the Mammalian Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The mammalian circadian oscillator, or suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), contains several thousand clock neurons in its ventrolateral division, many of which are spontaneous oscillators with period lengths that range from 22 to 28 h. In complete darkness, this network synchronizes through the exchange of action potentials that release vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, striking a compromise, free-running period close to 24 h long. We entrained Siberian hamsters to various light-dark cycles and then tracked their activity into constant darkness to show that they retain a memory of the previous light-dark cycle before returning to their own free-running period. Employing Leloup-Goldbeter mammalian clock neurons we model the ventrolateral SCN network and show that light acting weakly upon a strongly rhythmic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide oscillation can explain the observed light-dark cycle memory. In addition, light is known to initiate a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade that induces transcription of both per and mkp1 phosphatase. We show that the ensuing phosphatase-kinase interaction can account for the dead zone in the mammalian phase response curve and hypothesize that the SCN behaves like a lock-in amplifier to entrain to the light edges of the circadian day.
Near millimeter wave bandpass filters

The properties of bandpass filters for broadband photometry are reported in the 3-12/cm frequency range. The filters are based on a combination of capacitive grids deposited on thick Mylar substrates and are designed to have very high out-of-band rejection. Low frequencies are blocked by a thick grill that consists of a hexagonal grid of circular holes in a thick metal plate.
Parental Patterns of Affective Style and the Development of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Measures of parental affective style of communication, based on direct family discussions, were obtained for a sample of 52 families of disturbed but nonpsychotic adolescents. When the variations of both parents on the measure for two different measurement contexts were combined, an accurate prediction of subsequent psychiatric status at follow-up occurred. Adolescents with at least one parent who consistently displayed a pathological affective style of communication in both a dyadic and triadic discussion developed schizophrenia-spectrum disorders as young adults. Conversely, adolescents with at least one parent who was consistently benign in affective style had healthier outcomes. Finally, more serious young adult psychopathology was noted where both parents were inconsistent in their affective style from dyadic to triadic interaction. Methodological implications for family interaction research are discussed.
Local and global frames in recent eastern European literatures:Postcommunism, postmodernism, and postcoloniality

My article discusses the applicability of three conceptual categories (postcommunism, postmodernism and postcoloniality) to the post-1989 literary field. I argue that a significant portion of post-1989 literature has challenged not only literary categories, but also traditional definitions of national identity, gender and race, blurring boundaries between high and low culture, politics and literature. While not ignoring points of conflict both inside and between the cultures of post-1989 eastern Europe, the multifaceted landscape of the region, punctuated by multicultural and minority discourses, has often been a fertile ground for an intercultural literature that crosses literary and geocultural boundaries.
Pineal melatonin secretion, but not ocular melatonin secretion, is sufficient to maintain normal immune responses in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Abstract Reports that plasma melatonin is an important immune regulator in avian species have been rather sparse and contradictory. Also, the primary source of immune-modulating melatonin has yet to be determined in birds. In Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ), the pineal gland and eyes contribute roughly two thirds and one third of the melatonin found in the blood, respectively. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate melatonin as an immune modulator in Japanese quail and to determine the primary source of immune-modulating melatonin in this species. Experiment 1 was designed to evaluate the involvement of the pineal gland and the eyes in immunocompetence. Each of three groups of quail was assigned a surgical treatment and the cellular and humoral immune responses were determined 8 weeks following surgery. The surgical treatments were pinealectomy (Px), sham pinealectomy (SH-Px), and ocular enucleation (eye removal (Ex)). Experiment 2 utilized exogenous melatonin as a replacement to reconstitute immune responses in surgically immunocompromised birds. In this experiment, 50.0 μg/ml of melatonin, or diluent only, was provided to Px and SH-Px birds in the drinking water ad libitum. The cellular and humoral immune responses were determined after 8 weeks of melatonin treatment. In both experiments, a cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reaction to phytohemagglutinin was measured to evaluate the cellular immune response. To evaluate the humoral immune response, primary antibody titers were determined 7 days postintravenous injection with a Chukar red blood cell suspension. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed to determine the relative percentage of CD4 + and CD8 + T- and B-lymphocytes in all treatments of Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, both the SH-Px and Ex surgical treatments produced similar cellular and humoral immune responses, and these responses were significantly greater than those in Px-treated birds. Pinealectomy significantly reduced the cellular and humoral immune responses from SH-Px by 25.8% and 41.3%, respectively. In Experiment 2, Px again resulted in depressed cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, Px significantly reduced CD8 + T-lymphocyte numbers compared to SH-Px, while B-lymphocytes remained unchanged. Melatonin administration to Px birds increased the cellular (32.9%) and humoral (30.6%) immune responses to the level of control (SH-Px) birds, although this reconstitution was not due to increased CD8 + T- or B-lymphocytes. From these data, it was clear that removal of the pineal gland, but not the eyes, reduced cellular and humoral immune responses, which were reconstituted to normal levels by exogenous melatonin. These data suggest that immunodepression is only observed in birds with two thirds of the plasma melatonin removed by pinealectomy. Removal of one third of the plasma melatonin (by ocular enucleation) is not sufficient to reduce cellular and humoral responses in the Japanese quail.
Herbage response to spacing of loblolly pine trees in a minimal management silvopasture in southeastern USA

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) silvopastures often are established and maintained on sites of poor soil fertility and minimal fertilizer input. Our objective was to determine whether row spacing affected yield, quality, and botanical composition of minimally managed herbage in loblolly pine early in the tree rotation. Plots were randomly located equidistant from bordering tree rows in each of eight alley width treatments that were 2.4, 3.6, 4.9, 7.3, 9.7, 12.2, 14.6 m wide, and no trees. Row spacing affected the yield, quality, and botanical composition of pasture five to six years in the rotation especially at densities exceeding 840 trees ha−1. Botanical composition shifted from predominantly cool-season to warm-season grasses between annual first- and second-harvests, respectively, which caused seasonal differences in several yield and quality traits. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) production appeared to be unsustainable under minimal management. Herbage yield generally increased, but quality and minerals (crude protein, IVDMD, Ca, and P) tended to decrease with spacing. The 4.9 m row spacing was minimally acceptable for herbage yield and quality. System design should seek to balance tree-crop yield and quality within the context of management constraints and site productivity.
Niche marketing: regulation of the homeostasis of naive CD4+ T cells.

Compared with that of naive CD8+ T cells, the homeostatic population expansion of naive CD4+ T cells in a lymphopenic environment is limited. New data indicate that this difference is caused by high systemic concentrations of IL-7, which inhibit the function of dendritic cells.
A theoretical study of the ionospheric F region equatorial anomaly—II. results in the American and Asian sectors

Abstract When observed noontime values of the maximum electron density, NMAX( F 2), in the ionospheric F 2 region are plotted as a function of magnetic latitude, a curve is produced which has two peaks, one on either side of the dip equator at ±16° dip latitude. This paper theoretically investigates the daily variation of this latitudinal distribution in NMAX( F 2) (the so-called Appleton or equatorial anomaly) and specifically attempts to account for the longitudinal differences observed between the American and Asian sectors. In Part II, models of the neutral atmosphere, production, loss and diffusion rates, neutral wind, and electric field are described and the electron densities obtained by solving the continuity equation utilizing these models are presented. In each sector, the extent to which the equatorial anomaly's daily variation is affected by changes in the geomagnetic field configuration, neutral wind, and E × B drift is examined. It is found that development of the anomaly is most sensitive to the electric field model assumed, and that the observed differences at the magnetic equator between the American and Asian sectors could be accounted for by an upward E × B drift which commences an hour or two earlier in the Asian sector.
Chemical basis for the biological activity of imexon and related cyanoaziridines.

Chemical aspects of mode of action of imexon and related cyanoaziridines were studied. These compounds do not alkylate DNA nor react with the e-amino groups of l-lysine, despite the presence of an ...
Calibration of the fermilab E706 liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter

We report the method used to calibrate the energy response of the E706 Liquid Argon Electromagnetic Calorimeter to photons and electrons. The data used in the study included photons originating from π0 and η decays and electrons coming from photon conversions upstream of the analysis magnet. Electron momenta were independently measured by the tracking system. The process employed resulted in an overall systematic uncertainty in the calorimeter's energy scale of less than 0.5%.
Effects of artificial seawater on morphology and anatomy of taro (Colocasia esculenta var Antiquorum, araceae) tissues in vitro

Abstract Taro tissues were cultured in 50–500 milliosmoles (mOs) artificial seawater (ASW). Only those in 50–350 were stable and survived prolonged culture. Organogenesis of shoots, leaves and leaf-like structures was similar in all ASW concentrations, although more abnormal growth was observed at 300–350 mOs. All cultures had highly organized tissues including procambium or vascular tissue, tannin-containing idioblasts and vacuolate parenchyma cells. Differentiation of a recognizable epidermis with stomata was most pronounced in liquid culture.
Atmospheric Turbulence Simulation Using Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators

Laser systems are finding a home in many military applications - such as Space Situational Awareness, imaging and weapons systems. With an increasing focus on programs that entail atmospheric propagations, there is a need for a cost effective method of performing laboratory proof-of-concept demonstrations. The use of one SLM (single phase screen) to model atmospheric effects has been investigated previously with promising results. However, some effects cannot be captured with a single SLM. This paper focuses on the addition of a second SLM and quantifying the results. Multiple screens will allow the user to independently control the Fried parameter, the isoplanatic angle, and Rytov Variance. The research is comprised of simulation and experiment. The simulation demonstrates the ability to accurately model atmospheric effects with two phase screens. Based on the simulation, a hardware implementation was tested in the lab. The results of this research show promise, however some issues remain. This thesis describes the experimental set-up and results based on measurement of phase and intensity of the propagated field. It was noted that while analytic results are replicated in simulation, similar results in the lab were difficult to achieve.
Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice. The disease encompasses a broad spectrum of pathophysiologies and is associated with three major clinical syndromes: ischemic nephropathy, hypertension, and destabilizing cardiac syndromes. The two most common etiologies are fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic renal artery disease with atherosclerotic disease accounting for the vast majority of cases. Atherosclerotic renovascular disease has considerable overlap with atherosclerotic disease elsewhere and is associated with a poor prognosis. A wide range of diagnostic modalities and treatment approaches for RAS are available to clinicians, and with the advent of endovascular interventions, selecting the best course for a given patient has only grown more challenging. Several clinical trials have demonstrated some benefit with revascularization but not to the extent that many had hoped for or expected. Furthermore, much of the existing data is only marginally useful given significant flaws in study design and inherent bias. There remains a need for further identification of subgroups and appropriate indications in hopes of maximizing outcomes and avoiding unnecessary procedures in patients who would not benefit from treatment. In recent decades, the study of RAS has expanded and evolved rapidly. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the amassed body of literature with a focus on the epidemiology of RAS including prevalence, overlap with other atherosclerotic disease, and prognosis. We will also outline existing diagnostic and treatment approaches available to clinicians as well as summarize the findings of several major clinical trials. Finally, we will offer our perspective on future directions in the field.
Integrated decision making in a flexible assembly system: a new approach for operational control

Abstract The degree to which flexibility in product mix, flexibility in product routeing, and flexibility in buffer sequencing can influence manufacturing system performance is the focus of this paper. Of special interest is the performance of material flow control architectures which integrate these flexible control concepts. The manufacturing context is that of diverse mixed technology circuit boards assembled using a cellular approach. The research methodology is that of simulation using the SIMAN and FORTRAN languages. Results indicate that the incorporation of flexibility concepts into material flow architectures can significantly affect system performance, especially when properly integrated with other operational control mechanisms.
Metathesis in the presence of a transition metal alkyne complex

Abstract A ring closing metathesis approach to medium sized rings is described. The methodology succeeds in the presence of a transition metal alkyne complex.
Manipulation of neonatal androgen: effects on sexual responses and penile development in male rats.

Abstract Male rats castrated at four days of age were given fluoxymesterone (FM) or testosterone (TP) for the next seven days. As adults they were given exogenous testosterone and tested for mating behavior. Most FM animals intromitted frequently but were incapable of ejaculation, whereas all TP animals showed the complete mating sequence. Since phallic development in FM animals was equal to that of TP animals, this behavioral difference was attributed to some difference in development in the central nervous system. After a spinal transection was performed on the same animals, tests for penile reflexes revealed no differences between FM and TP animals, indicating that this differential development was in the brain. In another experiment male rats were castrated at 7 days of age, given exogenous testosterone in adulthood, and tested for mating behavior; about half of these animals were capable of ejaculation. There did not seem to be sufficient differences in phallic development between the ejaculators and nonejaculators to account for the ability or inability to ejaculate. These results and other observations from the two experiments are consistent with the concept that although the neural basis for mounting and intromission behavior in rats may be organized independently of neonatal androgen, the neural substrate controlling ejaculation behavior does require the influence of neonatal gonadal androgen for complete development.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS, ESCHERICHIA COLI AND ENTEROCOCCI AS INDICATORS OF FECAL CONTAMINATION OF GROUND BEEF

This research aimed to compare Clostridium perfringens with Escherichia coli and enterococci as indicators of fecal contamination of raw ground beef. The first experiment evaluated the natural occurrence of C. perfringens, E. coli and enterococci in raw ground beef. The second experiment compared the linear regression curve of C. perfringens, E. coli and enterococci from ground beef intentionally spiked with bovine feces at different levels (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% [w/w]). The biochemical profiles of C. perfringens, E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis from raw ground beef and raw ground beef spiked with feces were also studied. The results of the first experiment showed that the prevalence rates of C. perfringens, E. coli and enterococci in raw ground beef were 45.0, 79.0 and 60.0%, respectively. The results of the second experiment showed that C. perfringens, E. coli and enterococci have a positive correlation with the level of inoculated fecal material. However, the average R2for C. perfringens, E. coli and enterococci models were 0.86, 0.71 and 0.93, respectively. The results also showed that the biochemical profiles of C. perfringens, E. coli and E. faecalis cultures from raw ground beef spiked with feces had high variations, and differ from those for the cultures isolated from raw ground beef. The compiled data indicate that C. perfringens should be considered a viable alternative to current fecal indicators.
A Hot Wire Loop Atomizer for Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Samples containing Ag, Be, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Hg, Mg, Pb, Tl, and Zn are vaporized from a tungsten or platinum loop into an argon stream and excited by radiation from electrodeless discharge tubes to produce atomic fluorescence. The integrated atomic fluorescence signals are independent of loop material and loop temperature, and nearly independent of anion type, sample nature, and argon flow rate. The device may have use for fundamental studies for measurement of quantum yields as well as for applied studies of measuring nanogram to picogram quantities of volatile metals in small amounts of sample (about 2 μl needed for analysis). The loop and sheathing device are described.
Microassembly of MEMS actuators and sensors via micro-masonry

Micro-masonry is a microassembly technique that is based on transfer printing and direct bonding. This paper presents the assembly of MEMS mechanical sensors and actuators based on this micro-masonry technique. Microfabrication processes for retrievable MEMS components (e.g., combs, flexure beams, and metal pads) are developed. As manipulation tools, elastomeric microtipped stamps with switchable dry adhesion are also designed and fabricated to pick up and place those components. After the assembly, the components are permanently bonded together via rapid thermal annealing. The sensing and actuating capabilities of the assembled MEMS devices are characterized.
Stimulation and enrichment of two microbial polychlorinated biphenyl reductive dechlorination activities

Abstract Isolation and characterization of the bacterium or bacterial consortium responsible for microbial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) reductive dechlorination would allow a better understanding of the mechanism of this activity in the environment. Stimulation and enrichment of a PCB dechlorination activity in a culture is necessary for isolation of the microorganisms that cause PCB dechlorination. Two distinct microbial PCB dechlorination activities were independently stimulated in slurries of PCB-contaminated upper Hudson River sediment by adding specific PCB congeners. The addition of 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl stimulated a specific para dechlorination activity on Aroclor 1242 (designated a Process Q). In contrast, 2,3,6-trichlorobiphenyl addition stimulated a specific meta dechlorination activity (designated a Process M). Each dechlorination activity was enriched by transferring 10 percent by volume of the sediment slurry containing the dechlorination activity to an autoclaved medium composed of an anaerobic mineral solution, humic acids, and PCBs. This is the first report of an enrichment culture of the microbial para dechlorination activity (the Process Q). Both microbial PCB dechlorination activities were inhibited by vancomycin (5 ppm) or nisin (500 ppm). These data suggest that a population of gram-positive bacteria is essential for these PCB dechlorination activities.
Nicotine and its withdrawal modify dorsal raphe 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin feeding

Abstract Nicotine (NIC) and its withdrawal modify dorsal raphe (DR) serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission in ways that may contribute to the body weight loss vs. gain associated with cigarette smoking vs. cessation, respectively. Modifications in feeding to DR infusions of the 5-HT-1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), were used to characterize these potential relationships in the DR-5-HT system during NIC administration vs. withdrawal. Two groups of female rats (total N =45) were implanted for 14 days with subcutaneous Alzet minipumps containing NIC (6 mg/kg/day) or saline. Mid-light cycle (1300–1500 h) 8-OH-DPAT feeding tests occurred three times: (1) 2 days after pump implant, (2) 12 days after pump implant, and (3) 2 days after pump removal. Each feeding test consisted of a 1-h measure of pre-feeding, then a 1-h measure of feeding after DR injection of 8-OH-DPAT (0.6 nmol) or 0.4 μl saline. NIC administration produced acute hypophagia, weight loss, and attenuated 8-OH-DPAT-induced feeding. NIC withdrawal produced acute hyperphagia, weight gain, and a transient increase in 8-OH-DPAT feeding. These findings provide behavioral evidence that systemic NIC modifies the DR 5-HT system in ways that may contribute to NIC's ability to alter feeding and body weight.
A simple mechanism for capturing and replaying wireless channels

Physical layer wireless network emulation has the potential to be a powerful experimental tool. An important challenge in physical emulation, and traditional simulation, is to accurately model the wireless channel. In this paper we examine the possibility of using on-card signal strength measurements to capture wireless channel traces. A key advantage of this approach is the simplicity and ubiquity with which these measurements can be obtained since virtually all wireless devices provide the required metrics. We show that for low delay spread environments wireless traces gathered using this method can be replayed in a physical wireless emulator to produce higher layer network behavior that is similar to the behavior that would have occurred in the real world. Thus, wireless channel traces gathered using on-card metrics are an effective means of enabling existing low delay spread wireless testbeds to be emulated.
Economic implications of cotton gin trash and sorghum residues as alternative energy sources.

Abstract This paper analyzes the economic implications of energy production from cotton gin trash and sorghum residues. Using cotton gin trash, on-farm cost of gasification ranged from $7.83 to $3.56 per million Btu, electricity generation, operating year around was about 6.15 cents per kWh. Cost of producing gas, using gin trash or grain sorghum residue, in a farmer cooperative was over $3.75 per million Btu. These costs are not economically attractive at this time. Using gin trash at the gin site, the cost of electricity generation was 5.3 cents per kWh and gas production was $2.75 per million Btu. About 70% of the electricity produced, however, must be sold for approximately 2 cents per kWh resulting in over $250,000 of costs not covered. Although gas production at the gin site is very competitive with the current market price of natural gas, the low Btu gas is not a comparable fuel. The cost of producing pellets from gin trash for energy ranged from $2.20 to $3.89 per million Btu. Gin trash pellets are not competitive with natural gas, but they are a potentially attractive alternative to diesel or fuel oil as a stationary engine fuel source.
THEORETICAL BASIS FOR FALLING-BALL RHEOMETRY IN SUSPENSIONS OF NEUTRALLY BUOYANT SPHERES

Abstract The effective viscosity μ of a dilute suspension of neutrally buoyant, polydisperse, rigid spheres of macroscopic size ( characteristic radius = c ) randomly distributed throughout a Newtonian liquid of viscosity μ 0 is derived theoretically. This result is obtained by two closely related, but nevertheless independent, schemes: (i) from the properties of the fundamental Stokeslet solution viewed at the suspension scale; and (ii) from the settling velocity U of a single, nonneutrally buoyant falling ball ( radius = b ) instantaneously (and quasistatically) settling through the unbounded suspension. To terms of leading order, both yield the classical Einstein result, μ = μ 0 (1 + 1 2 φ) , apparently independently of the ratio of c/b , as well as of the size distribution of the suspended spheres. Also studied are wall effects for the special case where the falling ball is instantaneously situated at the center of a hollow sphere ( radius = r o ) that bounds the suspension externally. For circumstances where b/r o ⪡ 1 and c/r o ⪡ 1 , it is demonstrated that classical falling-ball wall effects for a homogeneous Newtonian fluid of viscosity μ = μ 0 (1 + 1 2 φ) apply equally well to the present suspension case. This example strongly suggests that the apparent viscosity of dilute suspensions can be experimentally measured via falling-ball rheometry using the well-known (circular cylindrical) wall-effect corrections developed for Newtonian liquids. This observation is in agreement with existing experimental data.
Mammographic-Sonographic Correlation

The traditional role for ultrasound in breast imaging has been as an adjunct to mammography, with an emphasis on differentiating cysts from solid masses. The use of breast sonography has expanded over the past decade to include screening for malignancy, characterization of benign and malignant masses, local-regional staging, and monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, ultrasound has realtime capability, making sonography the preferred modality for guiding interventional procedures. 1 When sonography is used to further evaluate mammographic findings, accurate mammographic‐sonographic correlation is required. In this article, we focus on sonographic evaluation of various breast abnormalities, with an emphasis on mammographic‐sonographic correlation.
University teachers’ perceptions and evaluations of ethics instruction in the public relations curriculum☆

Abstract This study examined the present state of teaching ethics in university public relations departments in the U.S. and abroad. The results of this online survey indicated that PR teachers ( N = 249) perceived ethics instruction in PR education to be essential, and they believed in a close tie between general morality and professional ethics. However, the results also showed that the higher the participants’ academic rank, the less favorable attitude they held toward the value of ethics education to students.
Characterization of the near-field and the far-field for a vertically radiating antenna over a ground plane.

In this paper, few topics related to the near-field and far-field behavior of a vertically oriented antenna above a PEC ground plane is discussed. The very near-field is determined by the position where the wave impedance approaches free space impedance, and the phase of the wave impedance approaches zero. As one move further ahead the wave sphericity condition determines the transition from the radiative near-field to the radiating far-field of the antenna. This transition position changes linearly with the height of the transmitter above the ground plane. Thus for a reliable and efficient communication one should take care of this far-field criterion for optimum positioning of the transmitting and receiving antenna.
Benefits of Training Physicians in Advanced Cardiac Life Support

Unexpected cardiopulmonary arrests occur commonly both in the prehospital setting and in the course of hospital care. Survival after prehospital arrest is improved if bystanders and paramedics are trained in basic and advanced cardiac life support. However, within the hospital, the bystanders are the physicians; it is not known if life support training of these hospital-based physician bystanders leads to improved survival. Therefore, we reviewed the outcome of resuscitation attempts in a teaching hospital during two matching six-month periods, before (period 1) and after (period 2) institution of a mandatory course in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) for medical houseofficers. It was concluded that survival after inhospital cardiopulmonary arrest is significantly increased if house officers who staff the Code teams are trained in ACLS.
Carbon Nanotube Based Molecular Electronic Devices

Complex three-point junctions of single-walled carbon nanotubes are proposed as building blocks of nanoscale electronic devices. Both T- and Y-junctions, made up of tubes with differing diameters and chiralities, are studied as prototypes. All the proposed complex junctions have been found to be local minima of the total energy on relaxation with a generalized tight-binding molecular dynamics scheme.
Involvement of Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase in Arachidonic Acid Mobilization in Human Amnionic WISH Cells

Prostaglandins are known to play a central role in the initiation of labor in humans, and amnionic cells constitute a major source of these compounds. Prostaglandin synthesis and release by amnion cells in response to hormones and ligands takes place after a characteristic 4-5 h lag. However, we report herein that free arachidonic acid (AA), the metabolic precursor of prostaglandins, can be induced at much shorter times (1 h) in human amnionic WISH cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) through activation of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha). WISH cells were found to possess both cytosolic group IV phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and Group VI Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). Of these, the cPLA2 was found to be the likely mediator of AA mobilization in PMA-activated WISH cells. PMA also activates phospholipase D (PLD) in these cells and ethanol, a compound that inhibits PLD-mediated phosphatidic acid (PA) formation, blocked AA release. Moreover, prevention of PA dephosphorylation by the PA phosphohydrolase inhibitors propranolol and bromoenol lactone, resulted in inhibition of AA release by PMA-treated WISH cells. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of cPLA2 and attendant AA release by phorbol esters in WISH cells requires prior generation of DAG by phosphatidate phosphohydrolase.
Study of High Field Superconducting Solenoids for Muon Beam Cooling

The final beam cooling stages of a possible Muon Collider may require DC solenoid magnets with magnetic fields of 40-50 T in an aperture of 40-50 mm. In this paper, we study possible solutions towards creating DC fields of that order using available superconductors. Several magnetic and mechanical designs, optimized for the maximum performance are presented and compared in terms of cost and size.