cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis of an adaptive, global strategy for detecting and mitigating distributed DoS attacks in grid environments

Basic protection schemes against denial-of-service (DoS) are based on a perimeter-based model, where attacks are dealt with after they occur. This is quite often too late to prevent damage or loss of resources and service. The focus of this paper is to investigate a distributed defense method that can neutralize the attack before it reaches the potential target in mass. In order to effectively implement this method, this paper proposes a progressive, globally deploy able sentinel scheme for data sampling, packet inspection, and DoS attack detection and recovery. A simulation framework is developed to study the performance of the proposed scheme. The results show a significant improvement in how the network deals with DoS attacks, in comparison to local DoS detection and prevention schemes.
Effect of methanobactin on the activity and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the membrane-associated methane monooxygenase in Methylococcus capsulatus Bath.

Improvements in the purification of methanobactin (mb) from either Methylosinus trichosporium OB3bT or Methylococcus capsulatus Bath resulted in preparations that stimulated methane-oxidation activity in both whole-cell and cell-free fractions of Methylococcus capsulatus Bath expressing the membrane-associated methane monooxygenase (pMMO). By using washed membrane factions with pMMO activities in the 290 nmol propylene oxidized min−1 (mg protein)−1 range, activities approaching 400 nmol propylene oxidized min−1 (mg protein)−1 were commonly observed following addition of copper-containing mb (Cu–mb), which represented 50–75 % of the total whole-cell activity. The stimulation of methane-oxidation activity by Cu–mb was similar to or greater than that observed with equimolar concentrations of Cu(II), without the inhibitory effects observed with high copper concentrations. Stimulation of pMMO activity was not observed with copper-free mb, nor was it observed when the copper-to-mb ratio was <0·5 Cu atoms per mb. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of mb differed depending on the copper-to-mb ratio. At copper-to-mb ratios of <0·4 Cu(II) per mb, Cu(II) addition to mb showed an initial coordination by both sulfur and nitrogen, followed by reduction to Cu(I) in <2 min. At Cu(II)-to-mb ratios between 0·4 and 0·9 Cu(II) per mb, the intensity of the Cu(II) signal in EPR spectra was more representative of the Cu(II) added and indicated more nitrogen coordination. The EPR spectral properties of mb and pMMO were also examined in the washed membrane fraction following the addition of Cu(II), mb and Cu–mb in the presence or absence of reductants (NADH or duroquinol) and substrates (CH4 and/or O2). The results indicated that Cu–mb increased electron flow to the pMMO, increased the free radical formed following the addition of O2 and decreased the residual free radical following the addition of O2 plus CH4. The increase in pMMO activity and EPR spectral changes to the pMMO following Cu–mb addition represent the first positive evidence of interactions between the pMMO and Cu–mb.
Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media

Maxwell's equations are replaced by a set of finite difference equations. It is shown that if one chooses the field points appropriately, the set of finite difference equations is applicable for a boundary condition involving perfectly conducting surfaces. An example is given of the scattering of an electromagnetic pulse by a perfectly conducting cylinder.
Algal products as naturally occurring modulators for the multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter

Abstract Extracts of various algae show modulating activity of the multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter in the mussel Mytilus californianus. Mytilus californianus is a filter feeder that removes seaweed particulates, phytoplankton and their byproducts from the water. The gills of Mytilus californianus express high MDR titer and activity possibly to provide protection from natural toxins in the diet. To test this hypothesis, extracts of various seaweeds and phytoplankton found in and around the mussel habitat were examined for presence of MDR substrates by competition assays with a fluorescent MDR substrate, rhodamine B. In mussel gills, accumulation of rhodamine was increased while dye efflux was slowed in the presence of algal extracts. Methanol extracts of the seaweeds Macrocystis pyrifera, Egregia menziesii and Phyllospadix scouleri showed modulating activity. Likewise, ethanol extracts of the neurotoxin-producing phytoplankton Alexandrium catanella and Pseudonitzchia australis showed modulating activity. These data suggest that the mussel diet contains compounds that may be MDR substrates, thus providing evidence that MDR may have evolved in response to dietary pressures. These findings also suggest that marine algae may contain compounds that are substrates for the MDR transporter in marine bivalves.
Drosophila sticky/citron kinase Is a Regulator of Cell-Cycle Progression, Genetically Interacts With Argonaute 1 and Modulates Epigenetic Gene Silencing

The sticky/citron kinase protein is a conserved regulator of cell-cycle progression from invertebrates to humans. While this kinase is essential for completion of cytokinesis, sticky/citron kinase phenotypes disrupting neurogenesis and cell differentiation suggest additional non-cell-cycle functions. However, it is not known whether these phenotypes are an indirect consequence of sticky mutant cell-cycle defects or whether they define a novel function for this kinase. We have isolated a temperature-sensitive allele of the Drosophila sticky gene and we show that sticky/citron kinase is required for histone H3-K9 methylation, HP1 localization, and heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing. sticky genetically interacts with Argonaute 1 and sticky mutants exhibit context-dependent Su(var) and E(var) activity. These observations indicate that sticky/citron kinase functions to regulate both actin-myosin-mediated cytokinesis and epigenetic gene silencing, possibly linking cell-cycle progression to heterochromatin assembly and inheritance of gene expression states.
Platelets, Frozen Plasma, and Cryoprecipitate: What is the Clinical Evidence for Their Use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit?

Transfusion of blood components such as platelets, frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate is a common practice in the neonatal intensive care unit. Although it is intuitive that these components would be transfused in the context of bleeding, their use in neonatology has often been on a prophylactic basis. Due to a lack of consensus guidelines regarding indications for transfusion, however, the neonatologist is left to his/her opinion as to when to transfuse. This article seeks to review the available evidence regarding the use of platelets, frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate in neonates, as well as the risks associated with the administration of these products.
Mapping change in large networks

Change is a fundamental ingredient of interaction patterns in biology, technology, the economy, and science itself: Interactions within and between organisms change; transportation patterns by air, land, and sea all change; the global financial flow changes; and the frontiers of scientific research change. Networks and clustering methods have become important tools to comprehend instances of these large-scale structures, but without methods to distinguish between real trends and noisy data, these approaches are not useful for studying how networks change. Only if we can assign significance to the partitioning of single networks can we distinguish meaningful structural changes from random fluctuations. Here we show that bootstrap resampling accompanied by significance clustering provides a solution to this problem. To connect changing structures with the changing function of networks, we highlight and summarize the significant structural changes with alluvial diagrams and realize de Solla Price's vision of mapping change in science: studying the citation pattern between about 7000 scientific journals over the past decade, we find that neuroscience has transformed from an interdisciplinary specialty to a mature and stand-alone discipline.
The Influence of Stimulus Deviance on Electrophysiologic and Behavioral Responses to Novel Events

This study investigated the role of stimulus deviance in determining electrophysiologic and behavioral responses to "novelty." Stimulus deviance was defined in terms of differences either from the immediately preceding context or from long-term experience. Subjects participated in a visual event-related potential (ERP) experiment, in which they controlled the duration of stimulus viewing with a button press, which served as a measure of exploratory behavior. Each of the three experimental conditions included a frequent repetitive background stimulus and infrequent stimuli that deviated from the background stimulus. In one condition, both background and deviant stimuli were simple, easily recognizable geometric figures. In another condition, both background and deviant stimuli were unusual/unfamiliar figures, and in a third condition, the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure, and the deviant stimuli were simple, geometric shapes. Deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing durations than the repetitive background stimulus, even when the deviant stimuli were simple, familiar shapes and the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure. Compared to simple, familiar deviant stimuli, unusual deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing times. Within subjects, the deviant stimuli that evoked the largest N2-P3 responses also elicited the longest viewing durations. We conclude that deviance from both immediate context and long-term prior experience contribute to the response to novelty, with the combination generating the largest N2-P3 amplitude and the most sustained attention. The amplitude of the N2-P3 may reflect how much "uncertainty" is evoked by a novel visual stimulus and signal the need for further exploration and cognitive processing.
EXPRESSION OF TRK RECEPTORS IN THE DEVELOPING MOUSE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION : IN VIVO EVIDENCE FOR NT-3 ACTIVATION OF TRKA AND TRKB IN ADDITION TO TRKC

Animals lacking neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are born with deficits in almost all sensory ganglia. Among these, the trigeminal ganglion is missing 70% of the normal number of neurons, a deficit which develops during the major period of neurogenesis between embryonic stages (E) 10.5 and E13.5. In order to identify the mechanisms for this deficit, we used antisera specific for TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC to characterize and compare the expression patterns of each Trk receptor in trigeminal ganglia of wild type and NT-3 mutants between E10.5 and E15.5. Strikingly, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC proteins appear to be exclusively associated with neurons, not precursors. While some neurons show limited co-expression of Trk receptors at E11.5, by E13. 5 each neuron expresses only one Trk receptor. Neuronal birth dating and cell counts show that in wild-type animals all TrkB- and TrkC-expressing neurons are generated before E11.5, while the majority of TrkA-expressing neurons are generated between E11.5 and E13.5. In mice lacking NT-3, the initial formation of the ganglion, as assessed at E10.5, is similar to that in wild-type animals. At E11.5, however, the number of TrkC-expressing neurons is dramatically reduced and the number of TrkC-immunopositive apoptotic profiles is markedly elevated. By E13.5, TrkC-expressing neurons are virtually eliminated. At E11.5, compared to wild type, the number of TrkB-expressing neurons is also reduced and the number of TrkB immunoreactive apoptotic profiles is increased. TrkA neurons are also reduced in the NT-3 mutants, but the major deficit develops between E12.5 and E13.5 when elevated numbers of TrkA-immunoreactive apoptotic profiles are detected. Normal numbers of TrkA- and TrkB-expressing neurons are seen in a TrkC-deficient mutant. Therefore, our data provide evidence that NT-3 supports the survival of TrkA-, TrkB- and TrkC-expressing neurons in the trigeminal ganglion by activating directly each of these receptors in vivo.
Neurally Inspired Plasticity in Oculomotor Processes

We have constructed a two axis camera positioning system which is roughly analogous to a single human eye. This Artificial-Eye (A-eye) combines the signals generated by two rate gyroscopes with motion information extracted from visual analysis to stabilize its camera. This stabilization process is similar to the vestibulo-ocular response (VOR); like the VOR, A-eye learns a system model that can be incrementally modified to adapt to changes in its structure, performance and environment. A-eye is an example of a robust sensory system that performs computations that can be of significant use to the designers of mobile robots.
The Trapped Medial Meniscus Tear: An Examination Maneuver Helps Predict Arthroscopic Findings

Background:Numerous clinical examination maneuvers have been developed to identify meniscus tears of the knee. While meniscus injuries vary significantly in type and severity, no maneuvers have bee...
Identifying Feature Sequences from Process Data in Problem-Solving Items with N -Grams

This article draws on process data from a computer-based large-scale program, the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), to address how sequences of actions recorded in problem-solving tasks are related to task performance and how feature sequences are identified for different groups. The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to explore and detect action sequence patterns of features that are associated with success or failure on a problem-solving item, and second, to mutually validate the results derived from two feature selection models. Motivated by the methodologies of natural language processing and text mining, we utilized n-gram model and two feature selection methods, chi-square statistic (CHI), and weighted log likelihood ratio test (WLLR), in analyzing the process data at a variety of aggregate levels. It was found that action sequence patterns significantly differed by performance groups and were consistent across countries. The two feature selection approaches resulted in a high agreement of feature identification.
Meanings of Measured Values.

測定値は、研究の種類、目的によって異なる意味あいを持つ。本稿では、測定の意味を、研究方法、分析の仕方といった様々な角度から考察する。また、測定の意味を考える際に避けて通れない技術との関連について述べ、理学療法の技術としての問題点を明らかにする。
The Influence of Civilization on the Insect Fauna in Regions of Industrial Activity

That the centers of industrial activity have had a profound influence upon the insect fauna of North America is rather well known to all entomologistS. Almost every human endeavor has, in some form or another, had either a direct or an indirect bearing upon insect life. Man has been so busy upsetting the balance of nature that he has not taken time to reflect upon the various ways in which he has disturbed the biological equilibrium which is supposed to have existed upon the American Continent before civilized man first set foot upon its grounds. It is only possible to speculate or generalize upon the existing status of insect life in this or any other civilized country before the various types of industries and industrial centers came into being.
Trade, Circulation, and Flow in the Indian Ocean World

Preceded by an introduction from the editor, and historian of Indian Ocean studies, Michael Pearson, the majority of the eight inter-disciplinary essays in this volume are revised versions of contr...
Investigation on Health Literacy of Occupational Population in Huairou District of Beijing

[Objective]To understand the health literacy levels of occupational population in Huairou district of Beijing,explore the influencing factors of health literacy,and provide the basis for making health policies and intervention strategies.[Methods]551 residents at the age of 15-69 years old,who had been in the office of the company more than 3 months and had been lived in Beijing more than half a year,were selected as investigation object by multistage cluster random sampling method,and the questionnaire survey was conducted.The survey contents included basic knowledge and concepts,healthy lifestyles and behavior,and basic skills.[Results]The overall level of health literacy among occupational population in this district was 6.4%.The percentage of people who knew the basic knowledge and concepts,healthy lifestyles and behavior,and basic skills was 18.0%,5.6% and 13.4%,respectively.The percentage of people who had the literacy related to five kinds of health problems in descending order were as follows:scientific health viewpoint of 45.2%,literacy for safety and first aid of 25.2%,infectious disease prevention and literacy of 18.9%,basic health literacy of 3.4%,and literacy for chronic disease prevention of 2.0%.The level of health literacy among people in wholesale and retail trade was 0.4%.The level of health literacy in under 20 years old group and over 40 years-old group was 0.5% and 0 respectively.The correct rate of six questions was less than 20%.[Conclusion]The health literacy level among occupational population in this district is very low.The health promotion and health education should be promoted vigorously,the ideas and methods for improving the health literacy level among occupational population should be developed,and participation of occupational population will be helpful to improve the health literacy,so as to improve the national health literacy level.
Motor control primitives arising from a learned dynamical systems model of speech articulation

We present a method to derive a small number of speech motor control “primitives” that can produce linguisticallyinterpretable articulatory movements. We envision that such a dictionary of primitives can be useful for speech motor control, particularly in finding a low-dimensional subspace for such control. First, we use the iterative Linear Quadratic Gaussian with Learned Dynamics (iLQG-LD) algorithm to derive (for a set of utterances) a set of stochastically optimal control inputs to a learned dynamical systems model of the vocal tract that produces desired movement sequences. Second, we use a convolutive Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with sparseness constraints (cNMFsc) algorithm to find a small dictionary of control input primitives that can be used to reproduce the aforementioned optimal control inputs that produce the observed articulatory movements. The method performs favorably on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations conducted on synthetic data produced by an articulatory synthesizer. Such a primitivesbased framework could help inform theories of speech motor control and coordination. Index Terms: speech motor control, motor primitives, synergies, dynamical systems, iLQG, NMF.
Version traveler: fast and memory-efficient version switching in graph processing systems

Multi-version graph processing, where each version corresponds to a snapshot of an evolving graph, is a common scenario in large-scale graph processing. Straightforward application of existing graph processing systems often yields suboptimal performance due to high version-switching cost. We present Version Traveler (VT), a graph processing system featuring fast and memory-efficient version switching. VT achieves fast version switching by (i) representing differences among versions as deltas and (ii) constructing the next version by integrating the in-memory graph representation of the current version with the delta(s) relating the two versions. Furthermore, VT maintains high computation performance and memory compactness. Our evaluation using multi-version processing workloads with realistic datasets shows that VT outperforms PowerGraph-- running 23x faster with a 15% memory overhead. VT is also superior to four multi-version processing systems, achieving up to 90% improvement when jointly considering processing time and resource consumption.
Infrared Laser Photodesorption Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Molecules

Vibrational lifetimes in both gaseous and condensed phases can be quite long and in some cases photochemical reactions can take place due to vibrational excitation by infrared radiation. On metal and semiconductor surfaces, vibrational decay rates are generally expected to be very fast because of the existence of efficient energy decay channels: electron-hole pairs, mechanical couplings and phonons. Even so, there is substantial experimental evidence to show that a number of interesting surface chemical processes can still be initiated by IR lasers [1]. One of such IR-stimulated processes involves the excitation of an internal vibrational mode of adsorbed molecules followed by the desorption of the species into the gas phase, i.e., IR photodesorption. The phenomenon has been investigated experimentally in a variety of adsorbate-surface systems [1–3] and attracted considerable theoretical attention [4–7]. Pulsed CO2 lasers were extensively used in these prior studies. In order to better understand the molecular desorption dynamics, we have extended our investigation to include relatively simple molecules such as NH3 and ND3 adsorbed on both metal and dielectric surfaces excited with a tunable IR laser.
The Constitution as Interpretant Sign

Because of the wealth of his contributions to American law and to the shaping of the United States Constitution, and because of his principal role in interpreting Peirce’s pragmatism and semiotic theory and method into what has developed as the most revolutionary movement in modern law, namely, legal realism and its congeners, the thought of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes should be examined more closely than is possible within the scope of this book. The writings about Holmes, from the viewpoints of jurisprudence, social philosophy, and legal philosophy, are voluminous, raising questions far beyond those addressed in this introduction to legal semiotics; they warrant a separate study on Holmes, which is in preparation.
Declines in traditional marine food intake and vitamin D levels from the 1960s to present in young Alaska Native women

Objective To measure the trends in traditional marine food intake and serum vitamin D levels in Alaska Native women of childbearing age (20–29 years old) from the 1960s to the present. Design We measured a biomarker of traditional food intake, the δ15N value, and vitamin D level, as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) concentration, in 100 serum samples from 20–29-year-old women archived in the Alaska Area Specimen Bank, selecting twenty-five per decade from the 1960s to the 1990s. We compared these with measurements of red-blood-cell δ15N values and serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations from 20–29-year-old women from the same region collected during the 2000s and 2010s in a Center for Alaska Native Health Research study. Setting The Yukon Kuskokwim Delta region of south-west Alaska. Subjects Alaska Native women (n 319) aged 20–29 years at the time of specimen collection. Results Intake of traditional marine foods, as measured by serum δ15N values, decreased significantly each decade from the 1960s through the 1990s, then remained constant from the 1990s through the present (F 5,306=77·4, P<0·0001). Serum vitamin D concentrations also decreased from the 1960s to the present (F 4,162=26·1, P<0·0001). Conclusions Consumption of traditional marine foods by young Alaska Native women dropped significantly between the 1960s and the 1990s and was associated with a significant decline in serum vitamin D concentrations. Studies are needed to evaluate the promotion of traditional marine foods and routine vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy for this population.
On the Norms of Visual Argument: A Case for Normative Non-revisionism

Visual arguments can seem to require unique, autonomous evaluative norms, since their content seems irreducible to, and incommensurable with, that of verbal arguments. Yet, assertions of the ineffability of the visual, or of visual-verbal incommensurability, seem to preclude counting putatively irreducible visual content as functioning argumentatively. By distinguishing two notions of content, informational and argumentative, I contend that arguments differing in informational content can have equivalent argumentative content, allowing the same argumentative norms to be rightly applied in their evaluation.
Approximation of diagnostic importance factors using Markov models for diagnostic test sequencing

In this paper we generate diagnostic decision trees for systems that are modeled by dynamic fault trees in order to perform reliability analysis. We base the proposed testing sequence within the diagnostic decision trees on diagnostic importance factors. We derive an approximate diagnostic importance factor measure for components from the Markov chain solution of the dynamic fault tree.
Management of Pediatric Infections

Abusido reported a case of 13 year old boy who emigrated from certain other country to Riyadh with Dengue fever. Author suggested that the health professional’s awareness about the tropical and endemic diseases will help to diagnose and improve different disease conditions in children [3]. Gamboa briefly discussed about the measures to be followed in Bolivia to stop the wide spread measles cases [5].
A SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE CATALASE PROCEDURE FOR ABNORMAL MILK1

Summary A simple, quantitative catalase test for detecting abnormal milk has been described. This procedure utilizes a 10 ml. B-D Yale glass syringe with a 23 ga 1/2 inch Luer-Lok needle. The needle tip is plugged by inserting into a No. 00 rubber stopper. Five ml. of milk and 0.5 ml. of 3% H2O2 solution are measured into the syringe barrel. The plunger is inserted, syringe inverted, and stopper loosened to allow the discharge of all entrapped air from the syringe. The syringe is then re-closed, set upright, and incubated at 72 F for 3 hours. The volume of O2 released is measured as ml. O2 (directly on the scale) and converted to % O2 by multiplying the reading by 20. This test provides a simple, efficient, and reproducible procedure for reporting catalase activity on the basis of percent oxygen evolved during a standardized test period. A comparison of the Clemson and Wisconsin Catalase test procedures indicated consistently lower values for the latter. Possible reasons for this variation are mentioned.
Do Barriers to Crime Prevention Moderate the Effects of Situational Crime Prevention Policies on Violent Crime in High Schools

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how barriers to school-based crime prevention programming moderate the effects of situational crime prevention (SCP) policies on levels of violent crime in U.S. public high schools. Using data from the 2008 School Survey on Crime and Safety, we estimate a series of negative binomial regression models with interactions to investigate whether the effects of SCP policies on violent crime vary by the presence of school-based barriers to crime prevention, such as poor teacher training, inadequate funds, and lack of parental support. Our results indicate that the effect of certain SCP policies operate differently depending on the presence or absence of specific limiting factors. Policy implications of this research suggest that schools can aid in preventing violent crime by addressing obstacles to the effective implementation of school crime prevention efforts.
The interactive influence of star scientists and CEO inventors on firm innovation

In this paper, we explore the effects of star scientists and chief executive officer (CEO) inventors on firms’ innovation productivity and direction. Star scientists serve as an important source of...
Ultraprecise Three-Axis Visual Motion Tracking of Microscopic Objects

Real-time image processing algorithms and associated mathematical formulas that render ultraprecise three-axis visual motion tracking are presented. The principle of three-axis motion tracking is based on lateral sampled white light interferometry (LSWLI) and real-time unbiased image registration. Two distinct regions of interest (ROIs), i.e., in-plane ROI and out-of-plane ROI, in a single 2-D image, taken at a single time instant, are processed in real time. Real-time continuous image registration (CIR) is realized and applied to 2-D shadow projection image content of the object to locate the object’s in-plane position, whereas adaptive 1-D CIR (A1-CIR) is proposed and applied to an LSWLI fringe pattern on the object to determine its out-of-plane position. Processing of images is synchronized with real-time image acquisition to realize three-axis motion tracking. Computer simulations are used to demonstrate bias caused by image registration and to examine its effect on measurement precision. The ability of the proposed approach to eliminate measurement bias is validated. Experimental results are presented and used to examine measurement resolution for positioning and to illustrate measurement precision for long-range motion tracking.
Sparsity and Noise: Where Knowledge Graph Embeddings Fall Short

Knowledge graph (KG) embedding techniques use structured relationships between entities to learn low-dimensional representations of entities and relations. One prominent goal of these approaches is to improve the quality of knowledge graphs by removing errors and adding missing facts. Surprisingly, most embedding techniques have been evaluated on benchmark datasets consisting of dense and reliable subsets of human-curated KGs, which tend to be fairly complete and have few errors. In this paper, we consider the problem of applying embedding techniques to KGs extracted from text, which are often incomplete and contain errors. We compare the sparsity and unreliability of different KGs and perform empirical experiments demonstrating how embedding approaches degrade as sparsity and unreliability increase.
Trends in Logic: Relations with Computer Science

It is suggested that computer science has borrowed much from logic and has repaid the debt, providing many new and interesting problems. The “culture” of computer science is contrasted with that of mathematical logic. The P = NP problem is discussed in this connection.
Laparoscopic Malabsorption Procedures: Postoperative Management and Nutritional Evaluation

Minimally invasive malabsorptive procedures such as the biliopancreatic diversion, developed by Scopinaro et al. (1), and duodenal switch, popularized by Marceau et al. (2) and Hess (3), are effective surgical procedures to produce permanent weight loss. However, they are technically more complex with morbidity and mortality that may exceed those seen with laparoscopic adjustable gastric band or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (4). In addition, malabsorptive procedures carry a higher risk of nutritional abnormalities such as protein and vitamin deficiencies. Because of higher risks associated with malabsorptive procedures, the postoperative management and nutritional assessment in these patients is a lifelong commitment for both patient and surgeon.
Perspective from grad school: Dreaming of a future in chemistry

When I began studying chemistry at East Los Angeles College, I never imagined I would pursue a doctoral degree. Being an undocumented, first-generation Latino college student from a poor, working-class immigrant family, I faced many barriers throughout life and my undergraduate education that made me feel many of my goals were simply out of reach. But I never let those barriers deter me. I vividly remember the day former U.S. president Barack Obama announced the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program: I felt a flame of hope being ignited. With DACA, I applied and was admitted to the Ph.D. program in chemistry at the University of Rochester. Soon after starting my graduate career, I faced a whole new set of challenges. I was hit hard with impostor syndrome, especially after publishing my first paper and being awarded graduate fellowships. As the only DACA recipient in the entire graduate studies
Barriers to guideline mandated renin–angiotensin inhibitor use: focus on hyperkalaemia

Hyperkalaemia in patients with chronic disease states can be caused by both abnormalities of potassium homeostasis as well as extrinsic factors such as medication use and potassium intake. In patients with heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and in those who use renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi), there is particularly increased risk of chronic or recurrent hyperkalaemia. Hyperkalaemia is often a reason for the suboptimal dosing or complete discontinuation of RAASi. This review presents current options for the management of hyperkalaemia in patients with chronic disease states. It also explores barriers to guideline-mediated RAASi prescribing patterns in these high-risk patients and highlights the unmet need for agents that adequately manage hyperkalaemia in patients with chronic diseases on concomitant RAASi therapy.
A dependent frequency–severity approach to modeling longitudinal insurance claims

Abstract In nonlife insurance, frequency and severity are two essential building blocks in the actuarial modeling of insurance claims. In this paper, we propose a dependent modeling framework to jointly examine the two components in a longitudinal context where the quantity of interest is the predictive distribution. The proposed model accommodates the temporal correlation in both the frequency and the severity, as well as the association between the frequency and severity using a novel copula regression. The resulting predictive claims distribution allows to incorporate the claim history on both the frequency and severity into ratemaking and other prediction applications. In this application, we examine the insurance claim frequencies and severities for specific peril types from a government property insurance portfolio, namely lightning and vehicle claims, which tend to be frequent in terms of their count. We discover that the frequencies and severities of these frequent peril types tend to have a high serial correlation over time. Using dependence modeling in a longitudinal setting, we demonstrate how the prediction of these frequent claims can be improved.
Evolutionary stakeholder theory and public utility regulation

Public utility regulation is one example of how stakeholder theory has actually evolved in practice. Through trial and error, court cases, statutory law and economic realities, stakeholder theory has its origins almost a century before R Edward Freeman published his seminal work Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. This wealth of historical data is largely overlooked by the stakeholder literature. We will show in this article how the specific history of public utility regulation provides at least one answer to how stakeholder theory can be formulated, used, and applied. This process of determining and protecting stakeholder interests is significantly different from rationalist trends in stakeholder theory.1 Rather than first trying to determine the requirements of stakeholder theory in conjunction with an ideal ethical theory, the account given here is of an evolutionary stakeholder theory where rules arise out of the ongoing search for cooperative solutions among all stakeholders.
The vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy of pristane and phytane by correlation gas chromatography

Abstract The vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy of pristane and phytane, two compounds of interest to paleobotanists investigating the antiquity of life, have been evaluated and compared to existing values by correlation gas chromatography. Vapor pressures have been evaluated from T = (298.15–550) K for both pristane and phytane. Both sets of values were fit to a second order polynomial. Comparison with existing literature values for pristane over the temperature range T = (315–452) K are generally in agreement as is the vaporization enthalpy evaluated at the mean experimental temperature reported in the literature, T = 383.4 K. Similar experimental properties for phytane are not available. Comparison of vapor pressures and vaporization enthalpy of a structurally similar isomer of phytane, however, are quite good.
Precipitants, Nonlinearities, and Structural Change

“Streetcar’’ interpretations of world politics emphasize the significance of contingent catalysts vis-a-vis structural variables and multiple, nonlinear chains of causation, among other things. Ultimately, though, it is difficult to evaluate the significance of catalysts in the absence of systematic data on war precipitants that would allow one to compare the effects of catalysts and other factors. More concrete but under conceptualized is the explanatory payoff associated with examining nonlinear interactions among multiple rivalries in bringing about wars that spread more widely than anticipated. World War I is a good case in point. A very large number of interstate rivalries contributed in various ways and over a number of years to the outbreak of a world war that no one sought precisely in the way in which it emerged. Focusing on the structure of their interactions also facilitates the synthesis of a number of alternative interpretations of why World War I began. Examining the effects of interconnected and “ripe’’ rivalry fields in other major power war contexts should prove to be equally beneficial.
Examining Practices of Retaining Black Female Faculty and Staff in Independent Schools

K12 Independent schools have historically struggled with attracting and retaining faculty of color within their communities. This paper aims to explore the experiences of faculty of color, specific...
Are CLO Collateral and Tranche Ratings Disconnected

Between March and August 2020, S&P and Moody's downgraded approximately 25% of collateral feeding into CLOs and only 2% of tranche values, with rating actions concentrating in junior tranches. This paper examines explanations for this potential rating disconnect. We find no evidence that: rating agency model-implied risk disproportionately affect junior tranches, collateral downgrades were too severe, CLOs accumulated pre-COVID protective cushions, or value-creation through active management. Instead, we find evidence consistent with both non-model considerations by rating agencies and strategic CLO manager trading. The end result is that CLOs are considerably riskier than their current ratings suggest.
Joint Deep Learning Framework for Image Registration and Segmentation of Late Gadolinium Enhanced MRI and Cine Cardiac MRI

Late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, the current benchmark for assessment of myocardium viability, enables the identification and quantification of the compromised myocardial tissue regions, as they appear hyper-enhanced compared to the surrounding, healthy myocardium. However, in LGE CMR images, the reduced contrast between the left ventricle (LV) myocardium and LV blood-pool hampers the accurate delineation of the LV myocardium. On the other hand, the balanced-Steady State Free Precession (bSSFP) cine CMR imaging provides high resolution images ideal for accurate segmentation of the cardiac chambers. In the interest of generating patient-specific hybrid 3D and 4D anatomical models of the heart, to identify and quantify the compromised myocardial tissue regions for revascularization therapy planning, in our previous work, we presented a spatial transformer network (STN) based convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for registration of LGE and bSSFP cine CMR image datasets made available through the 2019 Multi-Sequence Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Segmentation Challenge (MS-CMRSeg). We performed a supervised registration by leveraging the region of interest (RoI) information using the manual annotations of the LV blood-pool, LV myocardium and right ventricle (RV) blood-pool provided for both the LGE and the bSSFP cine CMR images. In order to reduce the reliance on the number of manual annotations for training such network, we propose a joint deep learning framework consisting of three branches: a STN based RoI guided CNN for registration of LGE and bSSFP cine CMR images, an U-Net model for segmentation of bSSFP cine CMR images, and an U-Net model for segmentation of LGE CMR images. This results in learning of a joint multi-scale feature encoder by optimizing all three branches of the network architecture simultaneously. Our experiments show that the registration results obtained by training 25 of the available 45 image datasets in a joint deep learning framework is comparable to the registration results obtained by stand-alone STN based CNN model by training 35 of the available 45 image datasets and also shows significant improvement in registration performance when compared to the results achieved by the stand-alone STN based CNN model by training 25 of the available 45 image datasets.
The Injury Rate in National Football League Players Increased Following Cancellation of Preseason Games Because of COVID-19

Purpose To investigate the injury rate in National Football League (NFL) athletes during the first 4 weeks of the 2020 NFL season. Methods This study was a retrospective review of all NFL players who were placed on the injury report during the preseason and the first 4 weeks of the regular season from the 2016-2017 through the 2020-2021 NFL regular seasons. Players’ dates of injury were cross-referenced with an absence of statistics from the respective games for which they were ruled out so as to ensure accuracy. Injury rates were calculated per 1,000 athletic exposures. Relative risk with 95% confidence intervals compared injury rates between the 2 cohorts. Results Over the course of the study period of 4 NFL seasons, 3,025 injuries were reported. Of the 3,025 injuries reported, 582 (19%) occurred during weeks 1-4 of the 2020-2021 regular season, whereas 1,292 (53%) occurred during preseason weeks 1-4, and 1,151 (38%) occurred during regular-season weeks 1-4 of NFL seasons 2016-2017, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. There was a significant increase in the injury rate during weeks 1-4 of the 2020-2021 regular season for all comparisons with the injury rate both during the preseasons and the regular seasons of 3 recent past NFL seasons. Conclusions The rate of injury in NFL players during weeks 1-4 of the 2020-2021 regular seasons was significantly higher than during 3 recent past NFL preseasons and regular seasons. Level of Evidence Level IV, diagnostic case series.
Parenting through grief: A cross-sectional study of recently bereaved adults with minor children.

Background:Grieving adults raising parentally-bereaved minor children experience persistently elevated symptoms of depression and grief. However, the factors associated with their mental health out...
Retrospective Comparative Analysis of Fluoroscopic-Guided Lumbar Puncture in the Routine Prone Versus Lateral Decubitus Position.

Objective We sought to investigate patient outcomes such as success rate, fluoroscopy time, and radiation dose for fluoroscopic-guided lumbar puncture procedures performed in the prone position versus the lateral decubitus (LD) position. Methods Retrospective chart analysis was performed at a single institution from 2013 to 2019. Cases were separated by performance in the prone or lateral decubitus positions. Data collected include patient characteristics, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose (DAP), puncture level, indication, opening pressure, and success rate. Exclusion criteria include trainee participation and procedures where positioning was unspecified. Mean fluoroscopy time, DAP, and procedure success rate were calculated and compared between groups. Results Mean fluoroscopy time (min) was 0.97 and 1.07 in the LD and prone groups respectively (p = 0.21). Mean DAP (mGy) was 43.18 and 42.06 in the LD and prone groups respectively (p = 0.38). Success rate was 98.3% and 89.1% in the LD and prone groups respectively (p = 0.04). Room time (minutes) was 64.46 and 77.77 in the LD and prone groups respectively (p = 0.04). Conclusion Our study found no statistically significant difference in terms of fluoroscopic time or radiation dose when comparing fluoroscopic-guided lumbar punctures in the prone versus lateral decubitus positions. Further analysis did show a statistically significant increased success rate and a shorter room time for the lateral decubitus position.
Cutting Edge: WIP, a Binding Partner for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Cooperates with Vav in the Regulation of T Cell Activation

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-interacting protein (WIP), specifically binds to a region of WASp that is frequently mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Due to the similar phenotypes of WASp- and Vav-deficient T cells, and the putative importance of the WIP/WASp complex in mediating normal signals from the TCR, we investigated the role of WIP in regulating NF-AT/AP-1-mediated gene transcription. We show that WIP has the ability to enhance Vav-mediated activation of NF-AT/AP-1 gene transcription. In addition, we provide evidence that the interaction of WIP with WASp is necessary, but not sufficient for the ability of WIP to regulate NF-AT/AP-1 activity. Finally, we have identified a region in WIP required for its regulation of NF-AT/AP-1 activity. Our data suggests that the WIP-WASp interaction is important for NF-AT/AP-1-mediated gene transcription, and that defects seen in the activation of T cells from WAS patients may be due to the inability of these cells to form a functional WIP/WASp-signaling complex.
Secure Conjunctive Keyword Search over Encrypted Data

We study the setting in which a user stores encrypted documents (e.g. e-mails) on an untrusted server. In order to retrieve documents satisfying a certain search criterion, the user gives the server a capability that allows the server to identify exactly those documents. Work in this area has largely focused on search criteria consisting of a single keyword. If the user is actually interested in documents containing each of several keywords (conjunctive keyword search) the user must either give the server capabilities for each of the keywords individually and rely on an intersection calculation (by either the server or the user) to determine the correct set of documents, or alternatively, the user may store additional information on the server to facilitate such searches. Neither solution is desirable; the former enables the server to learn which documents match each individual keyword of the conjunctive search and the latter results in exponential storage if the user allows for searches on every set of keywords.
GLiMR: a gis-based method for the geometric morphometric analysis of artifacts

AbstractArchaeology's participation in the digital renaissance of the twenty-first century requires adequate operationalization of technological methods, such as three-dimensional scanning. Here, we describe and demonstrate a geographic information systems-based lithic morphometric research (GLiMR) software approach. GLiMR accurately and rapidly handles a sequence of ArcGIS procedures to extract geometric morphometric data from 2D and 3D scan files that are impractical to record by hand, opening new doors to the analysis of lithic artifacts. GLiMR generates three main types of geometric properties: shape data, topographic data, and domain aggregate data. These data can be extracted in ways that support other analyses of artifact form, including generalized Procrustes analysis, principal components analysis, and cluster analyses. We illustrate the use of GLiMR by presenting a basic case study that compares the geometric morphometry of Western Stemmed Tradition projectile points found in two cache features ...