cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of chronic cocaine administration on brain neurotransmitter receptors

The nonmedical use of cocaine has continued to increase during the past decade, resulting in considerable interest in the clinical and neurobiological implications of this behavior. A better understanding of the complex neurobiological changes associated with chronic cocaine intoxication may assist in the search for improved methods of treatment in the clinic. In this investigation, chronic daily injections of cocaine for 15 days resulted in opposite effects on dopamine receptor number measured with [3H]sulpiride in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats. Binding was increased in the nucleus accumbens but decreased in the striatum. By contrast, benzodiazepine receptors measured with [3H]Ro 15-1788 were increased in the striatum and cerebellum but decreased in the frontal cortex. Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in a decrease in the number of benzodiazepine receptors measured in the striatum and reduced the effects of cocaine on these receptors. These data suggest that while chronic cocaine administration may induce changes in dopaminergic activity and dopaminergic receptors, opposite effects may be observed in benzodiazepine receptor number induced either directly by cocaine or indirectly through changes in dopaminergic neuronal activity. Although the significance of these findings is not clear, the results of this investigation suggest a different noncatecholaminergicavenue for future studies to follow.
Water relations and abscisic acid levels of watermelon as affected by rooting volume restriction

Rooting volume restriction (RVR) reduces shoot growth of plants provided with sufficient water or nutrients. The effects of RVR on water status, abscisic acid (ABA) levels in leaves, roots, or xylem sap from detopped plants of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai 'StarBrite'] seedlings were evaluated with five rooting volumes (18, 26, 36, 46, or 80 cm 3 ). Shoot water potential increased with increasing rooting volume, with no difference between plants from 18 and 26 cm 3 cells or between plants from 36 and 46 cm 3 cells. Stomatal conductance was not consistently affected by RVR; at 10 and 20 DAE, stomatal conductance in plants grown in 36cm 3 cells was higher than that of plants grown in any other cell volume. Severe RVR (18 and/or 26 cm 3 ) tended to produce plants with higher ABA levels in roots (15 DAE only), xylem sap (all dates), and leaves (5 and 10 DAE). Plants grown in 18 and 26 cm 3 cells had higher root ABA levels than those from 46 and 80 cm 3 cells at 15 DAE. Plants grown in 18 cm 3 cells had the highest xylem sap ABA level at all dates, but ABA levels did not differ among plants grown in the other cell volumes. Plants grown in 18 cm 3 cells at 5 DAE and 18 and 26 cm 3 cells at 10 DAE also had higher leaf ABA levels than those from other rooting volumes. The results suggest that ABA may act as a signal for reduced growth of plants under RVR conditions.
Regulation of ovine pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit mRNA by 17 beta-estradiol in cell culture.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) activity for the alpha glycoprotein subunit in ovine pituitary cell cultures was quantified using a wheat germ translation assay. �35 SI Cysteine alpha translation product normally accounted for 0.3-0.9% of total 355-product in translations of total culture RNA. Treatment of cultures with .1 nM 1 713 -estradiol (E2) decreased alpha mRNA activity by 50% and 92% after 1.8 and 8 days, respectively. Alpha mRNA activity decreased by ‘/2 in 51 h, which is about three times slower than the rate of decrease reported for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta mRNA activity in similarly treated cultures (Alexander and Miller, 1982). The effective dose (ED50) for E2 in vitro was 30 pM (8 pg/mI), which is within the physiological range for ewes. These results indicate that E2 can act directly on the ovine pituitary to decrease alpha mRNA activity coordinately with mRNA activity for FSH beta.
SOL and pedestal density profile evolution during DIII-D ELMy and ELM-suppressed H-mode operation

Abstract A fast profile reflectometer has been used to study the detailed characteristics of scrape-off-layer (SOL) and pedestal density profile evolution in DIII-D ELMy H-mode plasmas with high temporal (⩾10 μs) and spatial (∼4 mm) resolution. Results show a significant enhancement in radial particle transport to the outer vessel wall during Type-I ELMs. The radial particle transport time (∼140 μs) becomes comparable to the parallel transport time, as a result of a high radial velocity (∼620 m/s) of SOL profile expansion. The dynamics can vary from ELM-to-ELM. Scalings with pedestal density have been obtained, indicating that ELM is less affected as the pedestal density increases. Finally, during ELM-suppressed H-mode operation with a stochastic magnetic boundary, the radial extent of observed SOL profile modifications do not extend to the vessel wall, and profiles are steeper, substantially different from the SOL changes associated with Type-I ELMs.
Inductive ambiguity and the limits of artificial intelligence

Most artificial intelligence (AI) systems are based fundamentally on deduction. Such systems usually rely on a number of deductive heuristics. We can justify this reliance only when we can assume that the logical lattice of propositions is closed. In particular, this restriction forces us to concede that deductive AI systems cannot be capable of performing activities such as abduction and inductive evaluation, which arc at the heart of scientific activity. To illustrate, we will look at diagnostic practices in medicine and compare the inductive-scientific and deductive-technological processes. Deductive AI systems can help us only with the latter type of analysis. La plupart des systemes d';intelligence artificielle (IA) sont principalement bases sur la deduction. Ces systemes reposent habituellement sur un nombre d';heuristiques ddductives. II est possible de justifier cet etat seulement lorsque nous pouvons presumer que le treillis logique de propositions est ferme Cette restriction nous force a admettre que les systemes d';IA deductifs sont incapables d';effectuer des operations comme l''apagogie et l' evaluation inductive, lesquels sont au coeur de l' activite scientifique. Pour illustrer ce point, nous examinerons les methodes de diagnostic en medecine et comparerons les processus inductifs scientifiques et deductifs technologiques. Les systemes d'IA deductifs ne peuvent nous aider que dans ce dernier type d';analyse.
Technological Advancements in Hazardous Materials Evacuation Planning

The development and implementation of a methodology by which evacuation planners can assess the sufficiency of their current evacuation plan, identify inadequacies, and define and evaluate potential improvement strategies are discussed. Such goals are accomplished through innovative uses of information technology and the development of a modeling environment that builds on previous work by introducing more representative and efficient algorithms. The new evacuation planning methodology is subsequently applied to a fixed facility incident scenario to demonstrate its applicability to present practice. In this context, several important conclusions are reached, illustrating the importance of having this type of decision-support tool available. Advancements made to the state of the art are assessed and further research needs in this critical and emerging field are identified.
Influence of magnetic field alignment and defect concentration on nitrogen-vacancy polarization in diamond

We present a quantitative, systematic study of the polarization of the Zeeman magnetic sublevels of the NV-defect in diamond as a function of magnetic field alignment relative to the NV-defect axis. The orientation dependence of NV-polarization in the lab frame is accounted for by a Wigner rotation of a constant defect frame polarization. We also find that the NV-defect level polarizations vary with the P1 defect concentration, and that the polarization of the m s = 0 state with optical pumping decreases from 46% to 36% in samples as P1 concentrations vary from 20 ppm to 100 ppm, respectively.
Violent parasomnias forensic implications

Abstract Parasomnias are defined as unpleasant or undesirable behavioral or experiential phenomena that occur predominately or exclusively during the sleep period. Most parasomnias represent the simultaneous admixture of wakefulness and sleep. This chapter focuses on the clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the two most common parasomnias: (1) disorders of arousal (confusional arousals, sleepwalking, and sleep terrors), which represent admixtures of wakefulness and nonrapid eye movement sleep; and (2) rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep behavior disorder (RBD), which is a manifestation of admixed wakefulness and REM sleep. Disorders of arousal are very common, perhaps part of the normal human condition, and are not the manifestation of underlying psychiatric disease. RBD is often the harbinger of degenerative neurological conditions, particularly the synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy); it is a frequent accompaniment of narcolepsy with cataplexy, and may be induced by numerous medications, particularly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Parasomnia behaviors underscore the fact that consciousness, being ever so evanescent, exists on a broad spectrum and is not an easily delineated dichotomous state. Such a dynamic understanding of consciousness has significant scientific, legal, and social implications raising interesting and difficult questions regarding awareness, responsibility, culpability, and even what it means to be human. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of the emerging field of Sleep Forensics in the evaluation of violent, injurious, or alleged criminal behaviors resulting from these parasomnias.
Efficacy of Live Attenuated Influenza AIScotland174 (H3N2) Virus Vaccine against Challenge with Influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) Virus

For evaluation of heterologous protection by live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, 42 healthy volunteers with low titers of or no antibody to A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) influenza viruses were given live attenuated A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccine or placebo by the intranasal route with no resultant vaccine-related illness. Seventeen of 21 vaccine recipients and none of 21 placebo recipients developed antibody conversion. Thirty-seven days after administration of vaccine or placebo, all subjects were challenged intranasally with wild-type A/Victoria/3/75 influenza virus. Five placebo recipients and no vaccine recipients developed moderately severe illness, whereas 10 vaccine recipients and three placebo recipients developed no illness (p less than 0.025). Although 16 of 21 vaccine recipients fulfilled criteria of infection with the challenge virus, shedding of virus was significantly less frequent, less prolonged, and of significantly lower magnitude than that in the placebo recipients. Thus, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine showed a significant protective effect against illness following challenge with heterologous wild-type virus. The protective effect and the negligible side effects of this vaccine merit consideration of its use in a large-scale field trial.
A Satisficing Response: How Positive Ratings Lead to Reduced Performance

While many rating systems incentivize firms to improve their performance, I investigate how positive recognition from external stakeholders might lead to reductions in performance, rather than improvement. Drawing upon behavioral and Thompson’s framework of organizational assessment, I argue that positive ratings can lead firms to reduce their subsequent performance by reducing uncertainty regarding standards of acceptable or appropriate conduct. For firms whose prior performance lies above the new standard, such ratings can induce satisficing responses that lead high performing firms to reduce, rather than improve performance. I also propose that the satisficing response is moderated by normative pressures that favor increased or sustained performance as well as the financial condition of the firm. I test my hypotheses in the context of corporate social ratings and corporate philanthropy. My findings suggest that firms recognized for their generosity were, in some instances, more likely to subsequently r...
How high-performance work systems drive health care value: an examination of leading process improvement strategies.

Background As hospitals focus on increasing health care value, process improvement strategies have proliferated, seemingly faster than the evidence base supporting them. Yet, most process improvement strategies are associated with work practices for which solid evidence does exist. Evaluating improvement strategies in the context of evidence-based work practices can provide guidance about which strategies would work best for a given health care organization. Methods We combined a literature review with analysis of key informant interview data collected from 5 case studies of high-performance work practices (HPWPs) in health care organizations. We explored the link between an evidence-based framework for HPWP use and 3 process improvement strategies: Hardwiring Excellence, Lean/Six Sigma, and Baldrige. Results and conclusions We found that each of these process improvement strategies has not only strengths but also important gaps with respect to incorporating HPWPs involving engaging staff, aligning leaders, acquiring and developing talent, and empowering the front line. Given differences among these strategies, our analyses suggest that some may work better than others for individual health care organizations, depending on the organizations' current management systems. In practice, most organizations implementing improvement strategies would benefit from including evidence-based HPWPs to maximize the potential for process improvement strategies to increase value in health care.
MoS2 Field-Effect Transistor for Next-Generation Label-Free Biosensors

Biosensors based on field-effect transistors (FETs) have attracted much attention, as they offer rapid, inexpensive, and label-free detection. While the low sensitivity of FET biosensors based on bulk 3D structures has been overcome by using 1D structures (nanotubes/nanowires), the latter face severe fabrication challenges, impairing their practical applications. In this paper, we introduce and demonstrate FET biosensors based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), which provides extremely high sensitivity and at the same time offers easy patternability and device fabrication, due to its 2D atomically layered structure. A MoS2-based pH sensor achieving sensitivity as high as 713 for a pH change by 1 unit along with efficient operation over a wide pH range (3–9) is demonstrated. Ultrasensitive and specific protein sensing is also achieved with a sensitivity of 196 even at 100 femtomolar concentration. While graphene is also a 2D material, we show here that it cannot compete with a MoS2-based FET biosensor, which ...
FKBP5 genotype interacts with early life trauma to predict heavy drinking in college students.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is debilitating and costly. Identification and better understanding of risk factors influencing the development of AUD remain a research priority. Although early life exposure to trauma increases the risk of adulthood psychiatric disorders, including AUD, many individuals exposed to early life trauma do not develop psychopathology. Underlying genetic factors may contribute to differential sensitivity to trauma experienced in childhood. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is susceptible to long-lasting changes in function following childhood trauma. Functional genetic variation within FKBP5, a gene encoding a modulator of HPA axis function, is associated with the development of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood, particularly among individuals exposed to trauma early in life. In the current study, we examined interactions between self-reported early life trauma, past-year life stress, past-year trauma, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1360780) in FKBP5 on heavy alcohol consumption in a sample of 1,845 college students from two university settings. Although we found no effect of early life trauma on heavy drinking in rs1360780*T-allele carriers, rs1360780*C homozygotes exposed to early life trauma had a lower probability of heavy drinking compared to rs1360780*C homozygotes not exposed to early life trauma (P < 0.01). The absence of an interaction between either current life stress or past-year trauma, and FKBP5 genotype on heavy drinking suggests that there exists a developmental period of susceptibility to stress that is moderated by FKBP5 genotype. These findings implicate interactive effects of early life trauma and FKBP5 genetic variation on heavy drinking. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistical analysis of neuronal population codes for encoding acute pain

To date most pain studies have focused on spinal cord or peripheral pathways. However, a complete understanding of pain mechanisms requires the study of neocortex. Using an animal model of acute pain, we investigate neural codes for pain at both single-cell and population levels. We propose a statistical framework, rooted in state space analysis, for analyzing neural ensembles recorded from the rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during a laser pain stimulation protocol. The state space analysis allows us to uncover a latent state process that drives the observed ensemble spike activity, and to further detect the "neuronal threshold" for pain on a single or multiple-trial basis.
Interventions to help patients reduce or eliminate the use of smokeless tobacco.

Although the studies of behavior interventions were heterogeneous in this Cochrane review, behavior interventions such as mailings, oral or dental screenings, group discussions, workplace interventions, and telephone support showed the best evidence for smokeless tobacco cessation.
Cerebral blood flow modulation insufficiency in brain networks in multiple sclerosis: A hypercapnia MRI study

Cerebrovascular reactivity measures vascular regulation of cerebral blood flow and is responsible for maintaining healthy neurovascular coupling. Multiple sclerosis exhibits progressive neurodegeneration and global cerebrovascular reactivity deficits. This study investigates varied degrees of cerebrovascular reactivity impairment in different brain networks, which may be an underlying cause for functional changes in the brain, affecting long-distance projection integrity and cognitive function; 28 multiple sclerosis and 28 control subjects underwent pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI to measure cerebral blood flow under normocapnia (room air) and hypercapnia (5% carbon dioxide gas mixture) breathing. Cerebrovascular reactivity, measured as normocapnic to hypercapnic cerebral blood flow percent increase normalized by end-tidal carbon dioxide change, was determined from seven functional networks (default mode, frontoparietal, somatomotor, visual, limbic, dorsal, and ventral attention networks). Group analysis showed significantly decreased cerebrovascular reactivity in patients compared to controls within the default mode, frontoparietal, somatomotor, and ventral attention networks after multiple comparison correction. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation of cerebrovascular reactivity with lesion load in the default mode and ventral attention networks and with gray matter atrophy in the default mode network. Functional networks in multiple sclerosis patients exhibit varied amounts of cerebrovascular reactivity deficits. Such blood flow regulation abnormalities may contribute to functional communication disruption in multiple sclerosis.
Surgical revascularization of the myocardium demonstrated by injection of 43K into a peripheral vein.

Patency of venous bypass grafts was determined both by cardiac catheterization and by measurement of myocardial blood distribution. This was done by injecting 43K into a peripheral vein and recording its uptake by the myocardium. The postoperative study demonstrated increased perfusion of the septal and right ventricular myocardium compared to the preoperative condition. This new technique may provide a noninvasive method for evaluation of venous bypass graft surgery.
The Shadow of the Future

In the previous chapters, we have become familiar with the general definitions of reputation and with its role in facilitating the emergence of social order. Here, we will see why reputation is needed and whether social order in the form of cooperation is allowed to emerge in the scenarios depicted by standard game theory.
Effects of electron doping level on minority carrier lifetimes in n-type mid-wave infrared InAs/InAs1−xSbx type-II superlattices

The minority carrier lifetime (τMC) and equilibrium electron concentration (i.e., the doping level, n0) are both important values that directly determine diffusion current in infrared photodetectors utilizing n-type absorbing regions. Here, time-resolved microwave reflectance measurements are used to non-destructively measure both of these values in mid-wave infrared InAs/ InAs1−xSbx type-II superlattices with varying n-type doping levels between 2×1014 cm−3 and 2×1016 cm−3. The measured data are analyzed using carrier recombination theory to determine the doping level ranges where Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH), radiative, and Auger recombination limit τMC. The optimal doping level, which minimizes dark current, is experimentally determined and corresponds to the electron density at which τMC switches from SRH limited to Auger limited behavior. A comparison of two InAs/ InAs1−xSbx photodetectors of different equilibrium electron densities demonstrates a decrease in dark current for a doping level near the opti...
Reducing health disparities for women through use of the medical home model.

Background: Healthcare services can be difficult to access, particularly for low-income or underinsured women. One way of overcoming the barriers to quality, patient-centered care is through the use of the Medical Home Model (MHM). The MHM is a cost-effective approach to care that improves patient outcomes and improves access.Aim: The purpose of this article is to discuss barriers to healthcare, with an emphasis on reducing healthcare disparities for women.Method: Extant, contemporary literature has been reviewed and synthesized to develop this theoretical paper on the benefits of using the MHM to reduce disparities in the provision of healthcare for women.Conclusions: The MHM provides an example of how healthcare can be provided in a more coordinated and effective manner. Extension of this model into the area of women's health may be one way to reduce barriers to quality, accessible care for women.
The Orthodox Paradox: Numbers, Confidence, and Anxiety

The tensions facing the members of a small Orthodox sub-group, the Syrian Jewish “community” of Greater New York are described. The variations in their self-styled Sephardi Orthodoxy and the tensions created by financial challenges and college enrollment to the community’s long-term viability are discussed.
Predicting stable phase monolayer Mo2C (MXene), a superconductor with chemically-tunable critical temperature

Two-dimensional (2D) superconductors have attracted great attention in recent years due to the possibility of new phenomena in lower dimensions. With many bulk transition metal carbides being well-known conventional superconductors, here we perform first-principles calculations to evaluate the possible superconductivity in a 2D monolayer Mo2C. Three candidate structures (monolayer alpha-Mo2C, 1T MXene-Mo2C, and 2H MXene-Mo2C) are considered and the most stable form is found to be 2H MXene-Mo2C. Electronic structure calculations indicate that both unpassivated and passivated 2H forms exhibit metallic properties. We obtain phonon frequencies and electron–phonon couplings using density-functional perturbation theory, and based on the BCS theory and the McMillan equation, estimate the critical temperatures to be in the ∼0–13 K range, depending on the species of surface termination (O, H and OH). The optimal termination group is H, which can increase the electron–phonon coupling and bring the critical temperature to 13 K. This shows a rather high critical temperature, tunable by surface termination, making this 2D carbide an interesting test bed for low-dimensional superconductivity.
Sleep Characteristics and Daytime Cortisol Levels in Older Adults.

Objective Older adults frequently report sleep problems and are at increased risk of cardiometabolic disruption. Experimental sleep restriction of younger adults has suggested that cortisol may be on the pathway between sleep restriction and cardiometabolic disease. We investigated whether the natural variation in sleep among older adults is associated with daytime cortisol level. Methods Salivary cortisol samples and actigraphy sleep data were collected from a random subsample of participants in the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, a nationally representative probability sample of adults aged 62-90 (N = 672). Salivary cortisol was measured with 3 timed samples at the beginning, middle, and end of a 2-hr in-home interview. Sleep characteristics were derived from wrist actigraphy (fragmentation, wake after sleep onset [WASO], and duration) and from survey responses about usual sleep duration and sleep problems. For each individual, a single summary daytime cortisol level was estimated by fitting a marginal longitudinal model for the 3 time-stamped cortisol samples. The resulting estimates were then regressed on each sleep measure, adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and comorbidities. Results From actigraphy, both higher fragmentation score (β = 0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00 to 0.03) and longer WASO (β = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.51) were significantly associated with higher daytime cortisol; sleep duration was not. Self-reported sleep duration and sleep problems were also not associated with cortisol. Conclusion Actigraph measures of sleep disturbance are associated with higher daytime cortisol among older adults. However, cross-sectional data cannot distinguish causal direction or whether cortisol and sleep disruption have a common cause.
A greedy alignment-free distance estimator for phylogenetic inference.

Alignment-free sequence comparison approaches have been garnering increasing interest in various data- and compute-intensive applications such as phylogenetic inference for large-scale sequences. While k-mer based methods are predominantly used in real applications, the average common substring (ACS) approach is emerging as one of the prominent alignment-free approaches. This ACS approach has been further generalized by some recent work, either greedily or exactly, by allowing a bounded number of mismatches in the common substrings. We present ALFRED-G, a greedy alignment-free distance estimator for phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on the concept of the generalized ACS approach. In this algorithm, we have investigated a new heuristic to efficiently compute the lengths of common strings with mismatches allowed, and have further applied this heuristic to phylogeny reconstruction. Performance evaluation using real sequence datasets shows that our heuristic is able to reconstruct comparable, or even more accurate, phylogenetic tree topologies than the kmacs heuristic algorithm at highly competitive speed. ALFRED-G is an alignment-free heuristic for evolutionary distance estimation between two biological sequences. This algorithm is implemented in C++ and has been incorporated into our open-source ALFRED software package ( http://alurulab.cc.gatech.edu/phylo ).
Understanding the medication adherence strategies of older adults with hypertension

Many older adults are living with at least one chronic disease and must adhere to prescribed medication to mitigate and control its impact. Hypertension is one chronic disease that affects a significant portion of the world’s population, especially older adults, and is responsible for a high number of annual deaths. It is asymptomatic, meaning that there are no perceptible symptoms and, as such, older adults may struggle with adhering to their prescribed antihypertensive medications. How one internalizes the disease may influence the degree of success in managing the condition. The current study analyzed archival data from a multifaceted prospective memory intervention for older adults with hypertension who were nonadherent to their medication. We coded their responses to self-management interview questions to identify the common themes regarding the knowledge and sense of control the older adults held relevant to managing their illness. Participants’ responses revealed how they internalized hypertension ...
A Statewide Survey of PPO-Inhibitor Resistance and the Prevalent Target-Site Mechanisms in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Accessions from Arkansas

Palmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in the midsouthern United States, and the evolution of resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors in biotypes already resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors is a major cause of concern to soybean and cotton growers in these states. A late-season weed-escape survey was conducted in the major row crop-producing counties (29 counties) to determine the severity of PPO-inhibitor resistance in Arkansas. A total of 227 Palmer amaranth accessions were sprayed with fomesafen at 395 g ha-1 to identify putative resistant plants. A TaqMan qPCR assay was used to confirm the presence of the ΔG210 codon deletion or the R128G/M (homologous to R98 mutation in common ragweed) target-site resistance mechanisms in the PPX2 gene. Out of the 227 accessions screened, 44 were completely controlled with fomesafen, and 16 had only one or two severely injured plants (≥98% mortality) when compared with the 1986 susceptible check (100% mortality). The remaining 167 accessions were genotypically screened, and 82 (49%) accessions were found to harbor the ΔG210 deletion in the PPX2 gene. The R128G was observed in 47 (28%) out of the 167 accessions screened. The mutation R128M, on the other hand was rare, found in only three accessions. About 13% of the accessions were segregating for both the ΔG210 and R128G mutations. Sixteen percent of the tested accessions had mortality ratings <90% and did not test positive for the ΔG210 or the R128G/M resistance mechanisms, indicating that a novel target or non-target site resistance mechanism is likely. Overall, PPO inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth is widespread in Arkansas, and the ΔG210 resistance mechanism is especially dominant in the northeast corridor, while the R128G mutation is more prevalent in counties near Memphis, TN.Nomenclature: Fomesafen; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Infusing Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Support Groups for Grieving College Students

Approximately 39–49% of college students have experienced grief due to death in the past 24 months. Students’ grief is often complicated due to the nature of their developmental characteristics (e.g., searching for autonomy, identity development, career direction, academic pressure, and formation of intimate relationships). Group mindfulness-based interventions may help alleviate symptoms associated with grief. In this article, we discuss integration of mindfulness-based techniques in a college counseling group to support bereaved college students.
A Feasibility Study to Detect Neonatal Hypoglycemia Using Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Introduction: Infants of diabetic mothers are at high risk of hypoglycemia ( Methods: Infants born at ≥34 weeks gestation to mothers with diabetes had a CGM placed after birth and were remotely monitored by research staff during their hospitalization. Clinical staff and families were blinded to CGM data. For CGM readings Results: Eleven infants were studied. Mothers had an average A1c of 5.6% (range 4.7-6.8%) prior to delivery and 82% required insulin. Hypoglycemia ( 48 HOL. CGM detected hypoglycemia 4 times when the infant was not due for a BG check based on the standard of care. The true positive rate for sensor-detected hypoglycemia was 40% and the false positive rate was 60%. CGM detected 24% of the hypoglycemic events that the usual intermittent pre-prandial BG checks would have missed. Conclusion: We conclude that CGM is safe and may provide added benefit for detecting hypoglycemia when used early after birth. Disclosure L.M. Nally: None. N.W. Bondy: None. J. Doiev: None. B. Buckingham: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., ConvaTec Inc.. Research Support; Self; Medtronic, Insulet Corporation, Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.. Consultant; Self; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Becton, Dickinson and Company. D. Wilson: Research Support; Self; T1D Exchange, Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Dexcom, Inc., National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Insulet Corporation. Advisory Panel; Self; Tolerion.
Failsafe: a floor planner that uses EBG to learn from its failures

Analysis of failed problem solving efforts enables people to guide subsequent problem solving to avoid similar failures. This kind of learning while doing is essential in complex domains. We define Explanation-based Learning from Failure (ELF), a technique for achieving such a capability, and describe its prototype implementation in Failsafe, a Prolog program that learns from failure while solving floor planning problems.
Ocular Neovascularization: The Krill Memorial Lecture

The various vascular systems of the eye can undergo new vessel formation. In this presentation, I discuss new vessel growth in the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve head. No single factor can explain all cases of ocular neovascularization; instead there are multiple factors which can affect the various susceptible vessels. Among the known vasculognic factors are: inflammation and its products, a hypoxic retina diffusable factor, the "tumor angiogenic factor," and possibly an aging factor. The different ocular beds possess differing sensitivity to the various vasculogenic stimuli; the iris and choroid being most sensitive and the retina and ciliary body least sensitive to such stimuli. Retinal neovascularization requires both a biochemical factor and a diseased retinal vascular bed for its induction. Ocular neovascularization is a dynamic process which requires a persisting stimulus or else the new vessels tend to regress. The normal eye seems to possess at least two antivasculogenic agents.
Moving beyond theories of neighborly emulation: Energy policy information channels are plentiful among American states

Abstract The American states are prolific energy policymakers. Over the past two decades, they have adopted a variety of policies aimed at technology innovation and carbon reductions. These policy decisions, however, are not made within a vacuum. States share peer relationships through which they exchange policy relevant information. Research on energy policy has recognized the existence of these networks, but measured them only indirectly, typically with a measure of geographic proximity. This approach likely provides an incomplete picture of the ways in which states share information in this important domain. Based on a pilot survey of expert informants in state energy policy, in this Perspectives article we show that policy information networks extend beyond geographic proximity. Our results reveal that measures used in studies of energy policy diffusion are overly simplistic, underestimate the importance of states sharing information, and fail to capture the actual reasons states look to one another. We argue that it is important to account for these alternative channels in future policy diffusion scholarship.
EFFECTIVE RESOURCE DEPLOYMENT IN DIGITAL MARKETING EDUCATION

This article outlines how resource deployment from the top down can provide support for faculty seeking to implement a marketing curriculum that is focused on teaching digital marketing. Data from ...
A critical look: Challenges in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells into desired cell types and organoids

Too many choices can be problematic. This is certainly the case for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs): they harbor the potential to differentiate into hundreds of cell types; yet it is highly challenging to exclusively differentiate hPSCs into a single desired cell type. This review focuses on unresolved and fundamental questions regarding hPSC differentiation and critiquing the identity and purity of the resultant cell populations. These are timely issues in view of the fact that hPSC-derived cell populations have or are being transplanted into patients in over 30 ongoing clinical trials. While many in vitro differentiation protocols purport to "mimic development," the exact number and identity of intermediate steps that a pluripotent cell takes to differentiate into a given cell type in vivo remains largely unknown. Consequently, most differentiation efforts inevitably generate a heterogeneous cellular population, as revealed by single-cell RNA-sequencing and other analyses. The presence of unwanted cell types in differentiated hPSC populations does not portend well for transplantation therapies. This provides an impetus to precisely control differentiation to desired ends-for instance, by logically blocking the formation of unwanted cell types or by overexpressing lineage-specifying transcription factors-or by harnessing technologies to selectively purify desired cell types. Conversely, approaches to differentiate three-dimensional "organoids" from hPSCs intentionally generate heterogeneous cell populations. While this is intended to mimic the rich cellular diversity of developing tissues, whether all such organoids are spatially organized in a manner akin to native organs (and thus, whether they fully qualify as organoids) remains to be fully resolved. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells > Tissue Renewal > Regeneration: Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Gene Expression > Transcriptional Hierarchies: Cellular Differentiation Early Embryonic Development: Gastrulation and Neurulation.
Special Session: Novel Attacks on Logic-Locking

The outsourcing of the design and manufacturing of integrated circuits (IC) involves various untrusted entities, which can pose many security threats such as overproduction of ICs, sale of out-of-specification/rejected ICs, and piracy of Intellectual Properties (IPs). As a result, various design-for-trust techniques have been developed. Logic locking has recently gained significant interest from the research community due to its capability to provide defense against the threats from untrusted manufacturing. In logic locking, the original circuit is locked using a secret key to make it into a key-dependent circuit. However, various attacks on the extraction of secret keys associated with locking have undermined the security of logic locking techniques. Even after a decade of research, the security of logic locking is still under risk as none of the countermeasures can simultaneously provide resiliency against different attacks, such as tampering, probing, and oracle or oracle-less attacks. This paper presents an overview of novel attacks on logic locking apart from SAT-based analysis. We will present three different techniques to break a secure lock, and they are hardware Trojan based attacks, optical probing based attacks, and the ATPG oriented attacks.
Long-Distance Caregivers: What are Their Experiences with Formal Care Providers?

Extensive literature has documented the experiences of informal caregivers and their interactions with formal care providers, yet this research is almost entirely limited to caregivers who live nea...
Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Derived Exosomes alleviate Pulmonary Hypertension in an Experimental Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) Through the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway.

Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Derived Exosomes Attenuate Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) in an Experimental Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) through the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling Pathway. Background: Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that play a key role in intercellular and inter-organ communications. Here, we test the hypothesis that intra-tracheal administration of exosomes derived from Wharton’s jelly (WJ) or bone marrow (BM) MSCs would attenuate PH and vascular remodeling in an experimental model of severe …
Ten-year weight gain is not associated with multiple cardiometabolic measures in Alaska EARTH study participants.

Abstract Background and aims Alaska Native (AN) traditional lifestyle may be protective against chronic disease risk. Weight gain in adulthood has been linked to increases in chronic disease risk among other populations; yet, its impact among Alaska Native people has never been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate changes in obesity-related metrics over time, and determine associations of changes with cardiometabolic markers of chronic disease risk among AN people. Methods and results Study participants enrolled in the southcentral Alaska Education and Research Towards Health Study in 2004–2006 were invited to participate in a follow-up study conducted 2015–2017. Of the original 1320 participants, 388 completed follow-up health assessments consisting of multiple health surveys, anthropometric measurements, and cardiometabolic measures including blood sugars, blood lipids, and blood pressure. Differences in measurements between visits were determined and associations of weight change with cardiometabolic measures evaluated. Body mass index increased by 3.7 kg/m2 among men and 4.8 kg/m2 among women. Hip circumference (1.1 cm, p Conclusions While weight increase over a 10-year period was not associated with substantive changes in cardiometabolic measures among AN men, there was a decrease in high density lipid cholesterol associated with weight gain among AN women.
Rural Accessibility, Rural Development, and Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

Rural accessibility means more than just reliable roads and cost-effective transportation networks. Rural accessibility is critical for achieving social and economic development in low-income devel...
A School-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Young Children: Are There Effects on Attention and Behavior?

There is a growing body of evidence to support the benefits of physical activity on children’s cognitions and behavior. Although children with ADHD are known to be at risk for deficits in cognitive...
Understanding the Usage of Online Media for Parenting from Infancy to Preschool At Scale

New parents, defined as parents of children between the infant and preschooler stages, are increasingly turning to online media to exchange support and information to help with their life-changing transition. Understanding parents’ discussion online is crucial to the design and development of technologies that can better support their media interaction. This work studies how new parents use online media using a large-scale parenting corpus. To do so, we first employed a card-sorting methodology to identify a set of parenting topics, with which we trained BERT classifiers to automatically identify the topics of Reddit posts. We then investigate at scale what parenting topics were talked about most by new parents, how topics change over the course of their participation, and how interactions with different topics affect members’ engagement in the community. We conclude with implications of our research in designing future research and online parenting communities.
Single-cell ATAC-seq reveals GATA2-dependent priming defect in myeloid and a maturation bottleneck in lymphoid lineages

Germline heterozygous mutations in GATA2 are associated with a syndrome characterized by cytopenias, atypical infections, and increased risk of hematologic malignancies. Here, we generated a zebrafish mutant of gata2b that recapitulated the myelomonocytopenia and B-cell lymphopenia of GATA2 deficiency syndrome. Using single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin with sequencing of marrow cells, we showed that loss of gata2b led to contrasting alterations in chromosome accessibility in early myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, associated with defects in gene expression. Within the myeloid lineage in gata2b mutant zebrafish, we identified an attenuated myeloid differentiation with reduced transcriptional priming and skewing away from the monocytic program. In contrast, in early lymphoid progenitors, gata2b loss led to accumulation of B-lymphoid transcription factor accessibility coupled with increased expression of the B-cell lineage-specification program. However, gata2b mutant zebrafish had incomplete B-cell lymphopoiesis with loss of lineage-specific transcription factor accessibility in differentiating B cells, in the context of aberrantly reduced oxidative metabolic pathways. Our results establish that transcriptional events in early progenitors driven by Gata2 are required to complete normal differentiation.
Electron Microburst Precipitation in Earth’s Magnetosphere

Intense bursts of precipitating electrons called "microbursts" were first detected in the 10-100 keV energy range using balloon-based instrumentation [ Anderson and Milton, 1964 ]. The balloon-borne detectors measure bremsstrahlung x-rays produced by energetic electrons that are scattered into Earth’s atmosphere from the Van Allen radiation belts. Direct low-altitude satellite observations of the precipitating electrons revealed that microbursts can extend up to relativistic energies [e.g, Imhof et al., 1992 , Blake et al., 1996 ] and may be a major loss process for trapped radiation belt electrons [ O’Brien et al., 2004 ].
A Distributed Ledger for Non-attributable Cyber Threat Intelligence Exchange.

Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) sharing provides cybersecurity operations an advantage over adversaries by more quickly characterizing the threat, understanding its tactics, anticipating the objective, and identifying the vulnerability and mitigation. However, organizations struggle with sharing threat intelligence due, in part, to the legal and financial risk of being associated with a potential malware campaign or threat group. An entity wishing to share threat information or obtain information about a specific threat risks being associated as a victim of the threat actors, resulting in costly legal disputes, regulatory investigation, and reputational damage. As a result, the threat intelligence data needed for cybersecurity situational awareness and vulnerability mitigation often lacks volume, quality, and timeliness. We propose a distributed blockchain ledger to facilitate sharing of cybersecurity threat information and provide a mechanism for entities to have non-attributable participation in a threat-sharing community. Learning from Distributed Anonymous Payment (DAP) schemes in cryptocurrency, we use a new token-based authentication scheme for use in a permissioned blockchain. The anonymous token authentication allows a consortium of semi-trusted entities to share the workload of curating CTI for the community’s cooperative benefit.