cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Usual Suspects: Strategies and Sequences

The other main purported influence on the politics of presidential nomination—preferred by pundits and professionals over bandwagons, seedbeds, or factions—are the strategies of presidential aspirants and the sequencing of state contests. So this chapter turns to these potential alternative influences, focusing first on the strategic actions of presidential contenders, then on the strategic actions of state political parties. Candidate strategies are more numerous, more varied, and more nimble, while state strategies are more grand, more slow-moving, but with more automatic impact. Yet again, they fail to derail an underlying bandwagon, to alter the occupational seedbeds of the contenders, or to neutralize the factional struggles that ultimately produce two individual nominees.
Sweep and Compressibility Effects on Active Separation Control at High Reynolds Numbers

This paper explores the effects of compressibility, sweep and excitation location on active separation control at high Reynolds numbers. The model, which was tested in a cryogenic pressurized wind tunnel, simulates the upper surface of a 20% thick Glauert Goldschmied type airfoil at zero angle of attack. The flow is fully turbulent since the tunnel sidewall boundary layer flows over the model. Without control, the flow separates at the highly convex area and a large turbulent separation bubble is formed. Periodic excitation is applied to gradually eliminate the separation bubble. Two alternative blowing slot locations as well as the effect of compressibility, sweep and steady suction or blowing were studied. During the test the Reynolds numbers ranged from 2 to 40 million and Mach numbers ranged from 0.2 to 0.7. Sweep angles were 0 and 30 deg. It was found that excitation must be introduced slightly upstream of the separation region regardless of the sweep angle at low Mach number. Introduction of excitation upstream of the shock wave is more effective than at its foot. Compressibility reduces the ability of steady mass transfer and periodic excitation to control the separation bubble but excitation has an effect on the integral parameters, which is similar to that observed in low Mach numbers. The conventional swept flow scaling is valid for fully and even partially attached flow, but different scaling is required for the separated 3D flow. The effectiveness of the active control is not reduced by sweep. Detailed flow field dynamics are described in the accompanying paper.
A wrench in the motor.

Structural biology and resistance analyses reveal the binding mode and the basis for selective inhibition of the ATP synthase rotary motor protein by glycosylated macrolides.
Chapter 16 – Hemochromatosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hemochromatosis. The term hemochromatosis was originally defined as a disease state caused by excess iron storage. Hemosiderosis was a designation that was sometimes applied to states in which iron stores were increased but in which there might or might not be pathologic consequences. Hemochromatosis is a clinical syndrome in which the accumulation of excess amounts of iron produces abnormalities that may include cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and hypogonadism. Although the clinical syndrome is rare, two mutations of the HFE gene are present at polymorphic frequencies in the European population. The detection of these mutations in DNA samples can be readily accomplished by a number of different methods. These are rare in frequency and heterogeneous in the mutations that have been identified. Mutations of these genes may be detected by direct sequencing of amplified DNA and by dHPLC. The genetic basis of some forms of hemochromatosis remains unknown, and the diagnosis cannot be established by molecular analysis in every case. The report of the results of molecular analysis of iron regulatory genes should clearly state not only what was found, but also what was examined.
Medical Wisdom and Doctoring: The Art of 21st Century Practice

Medical Wisdom in the Twenty-First Century.- Caring for the Patient.- Clinical Dialogue and Communication.- The Art of Clinical Diagnosis.- Disease Management and Prevention.- Caring for Dying Patients and Their Families.- Making a Living as a Clinician.- Staying Up To Date.- Mentoring Tomorrow's Physicians.- About Your Family and Community.- Caring for You, the Physician.- Ethics, Credibility, and Trust.- Planning for Tomorrow.- Wise Physicians, Twenty-First Century Challenges, and Doctoring.- Epilogue.
Learning by Doing, Risk Aversion and Use of Risk Management Strategies

Using a national survey, double hurdle models are estimated to examine the impact of farmers’ risk attitude on use of production and marketing contracts. Risk averse farmers are less likely to use contracts but risk attitude does not have any significant impact on the intensity at which contracts are adopted.
New approaches to high-risk cervical cancer: Advanced cervical cancer

Background. The role of chemotherapy in the surgical management of high-risk cervical cancer has not yet been defined. Based on the ability of numerous cytotoxic agents to induce regressions in advanced and recurrent cervical cancer, there is now a trend toward early use of these drugs. The efficacy of cisplatin-containing regimens in particular suggests that new strategies combining chemotherapy and surgery may result in improved survival rates in patients with high-risk cervical cancer. Methods. In this review of the literature, two groups of patients who may benefit from this approach to therapy are discussed
Combining ATR-FTIR and FBRM for feedback on crystal size

Crystallization operations are frequently used in a number of industries, in particular in the production of fine chemicals. However, stochastic and nonlinear crystallization kinetics often makes it difficult to determine appropriate operating procedures for producing the desired products. This has motivated the development of online measurement tools and the pursuit of feedback control strategies that can adapt to the observed kinetics and produce consistent products. One important crystal property that often must be controlled is the crystal size distribution. Although a number of feedback control schemes have been proposed to indirectly control the size of crystals, these strategies suffer from the lack of direct feedback on the crystal size during operations. Here we propose the simultaneous use of focused-beam reflectance measurements (FBRM) and attenuated total-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared absorbance (ATR-FTIR) measurements to obtain an online measure of average crystal size: the mass-per-count. In this paper, we give experimental results that indicate a strong correlation between the proposed mass-per-count measure and the average crystal size. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of this online measure for determining the effects of certain operations on the evolution of average crystal size. Finally, we use this measure to understand the effects of prevailing feedback strategies—known as supersaturation control and direct nucleation control—and, in doing so, elucidate a feedback control strategy that combines these techniques to produce large crystals more efficiently.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Biological systems provide numerous examples of highly controlled biomineralization processes that result in stabilized nanoparticles with superior optical properties, crystallinity, dispersity, and morphology. This is best exemplified by the selective mineralization of ferrihydrite (FeOOH·3H2O) as a labile source of iron within the iron storage protein ferritin. Consequently, these processes have inspired the use of biomolecular templates to mediate and mimic the synthesis of nano-materials with a remarkable degree of success. Biomimetic approaches to nanoparticle synthesis include the use of single amino acids, small synthetic peptides (3–18 residues), phage displayed peptides, combinatorial libraries, native proteins, and plant viruses. In the following, we present these biologically inspired templates and methodologies; in addition to describing nanoparticle characterization, resultant properties, and implications for the nanoscale synthesis of materials. Keywords: biomimetic synthesis; amino acids; histidine-rich peptide epitope; silica precipitating peptides; glutathione; heat shock protein templates; viral templates; combinatorial peptide libraries; phage displayed peptide libraries; bacteriophages; ferritin
Is being a good learner enough? An examination of the interplay between learning goal orientation and impression management tactics on creativity

This study explores how proteges’ learning goal orientation (LGO) and impression management (IM) tactics interact to explain mentors’ provision of mentoring functions and ultimately, proteges’ creativity. Using longitudinal data from 917 mentor–protege dyads participating in an 8-month mentoring program, we found that proteges’ mentor-focused and self-focused IM tactics strengthened the relationship between proteges’ LGO and the extent of mentoring provided by mentors, whereas job-focused IM tactics weakened this relationship. Moreover, these IM tactics moderated the indirect effect of proteges’ LGO on p
Antimicrobial peptide-based array for Escherichia coli and Salmonella screening.

Abstract Numerous bacteria, plants, and higher organisms produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as part of their innate immune system, providing a chemical defense mechanism against microbial invasion. Many AMPs exert their antimicrobial activity by binding to components of the microbe's surface and disrupting the membrane. The goal of this study was to incorporate AMPs into screening assays for detection of pathogenic species. Surface-immobilized AMPs such as polymyxins B and E could be used to detect Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in two assay formats: direct and sandwich. Both types of assay confirmed that the peptides were immobilized in active form and could bind cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell binding to the AMPs was peptide-density dependent. This method for monitoring pathogen binding was extended to include other cationic AMPs such as cecropin A, magainin I and parasin. Detection limits (LODs) for E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium obtained with AMPs during sandwich assays were in the ranges of 5 × 10 4 to 5 × 10 5 and 1 × 10 5 to 5 × 10 6 cells mL −1 , respectively. The different AMPs showed significantly different affinities for the two bacterial species; the potential for classification of pathogens based on different binding patterns to AMPs is discussed.
The villus gradient of brush border membrane calmodulin and the calcium-independent calmodulin-binding protein parallels that of calcium-accumulating ability.

We have recently proposed that calmodulin (CaM) may mediate calcium transport across the intestinal brush border membrane. Since calcium transport across this membrane varies as a function of cellular location on the villus (the highest rates of transport occur across the brush border membrane from cells near the tip), we tested this hypothesis by determining whether CaM and its prinicpal binding protein in the brush border membrane [a 102,000 mol wt (102K) protein] also showed this gradient of activity along the villus. Cells were sequentially eluted from the tip to the base of the villus, brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from the eluted cells, and CaM, CaM binding, and calcium-accumulating ability were determined for each preparation of BBMV. We observed that BBMV prepared from cells originating near the tip of the villus possessed the greatest calcium-accumulating activity, CaM content, and CaM binding by the 102K protein. All three measurements were reduced in parallel in BBMV prepa...
The Influence of Bubbles on the Perception Carbonation Bite

Although many people naively assume that the bite of carbonation is due to tactile stimulation of the oral cavity by bubbles, it has become increasingly clear that carbonation bite comes mainly from formation of carbonic acid in the oral mucosa. In Experiment 1, we asked whether bubbles were in fact required to perceive carbonation bite. Subjects rated oral pungency from several concentrations of carbonated water both at normal atmospheric pressure (at which bubbles could form) and at 2.0 atmospheres pressure (at which bubbles did not form). Ratings of carbonation bite under the two pressure conditions were essentially identical, indicating that bubbles are not required for pungency. In Experiment 2, we created controlled streams of air bubbles around the tongue in mildly pungent CO2 solutions to determine how tactile stimulation from bubbles affects carbonation bite. Since innocuous sensations like light touch and cooling often suppress pain, we predicted that bubbles might reduce rated bite. Contrary to prediction, air bubbles flowing around the tongue significantly enhanced rated bite, without inducing perceived bite in blank (un-carbonated) solutions. Accordingly, though bubbles are clearly not required for carbonation bite, they may well modulate perceived bite. More generally, the results show that innocuous tactile stimulation can enhance chemogenic pain. Possible physiological mechanisms are discussed.
Low temperature behavior of the YBa2Cu3O6+2x phase diagram

Abstract The phase diagram of the Cu-O plane of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+2x is presented with the emphasis on the low temperature behavior. The model is the same as that used by de Fontaine and coworkers; namely the O-O interaction (V 2 ) through Cu is attractive while the nearest-neighbor O-O bond (V 1 ) and the second-neighbor O-O bond (V 3 ) are repulsive. It is shown that the orthorhombic II phase (O II ) with the double periodicity is stable and is surrounded by the orthorhombic I phase (O I ) both for the small and large O densities. The boundaries are at x =0.125 adn 0.375 in low temperatures. The constant μ (chemical potential) curves in the pase diagram for μ = V 2 and μ = V 2 +2 V 3 lie near the O I –O II boundaries in the O I phase sides, and are particularly of importance. Numerical calculations are done using the cluster variation method with the same basic cluster combinations, a square and a cross, as was used by de Fontaine et al. Different from previous papers, however, a special program has been devised to avoid computer underflow even for very low temperatures, and thus we can calculate low temperature phase boundaries.
Experimental manipulation of sponge/bacterial symbiont community composition with antibiotics: sponge cell aggregates as a unique tool to study animal/microorganism symbiosis

Marine sponges can harbor dense and diverse bacterial communities, yet we have a limited understanding of important aspects of this symbiosis. We developed an experimental methodology that permits manipulating the composition of the microbial community. Specifically, we evaluated sponge cell aggregates (SCA) from Clathria prolifera that had been treated with different classes of antibiotics to determine whether this system might offer novel experimental approaches to the study of sponge/bacterial symbioses. Microscopic analysis of the SCA demonstrated that two distinct morphological types of microbiota existed on the external surface vs. the internal regions of the SCA. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated that we were unable to create entirely aposymbiotic SCA but that different classes of antibiotics produced distinctive shifts in the SCA-associated bacterial community. After exposure to antibiotics, some bacterial species were ‘revealed’, thus uncovering novel components of the sponge-associated community. The antibiotic treatments used here had little discernible effect on the formation of SCA or subsequent development of the adult. The experimental approach we describe offers empirical options for studying the role symbionts play in sponge growth and development and for ascertaining relationships among bacterial species in communities residing in sponges.
The influence of ambient atmospheres on the exciton emission of cadmium sulfide

Abstract Recently it has been shown that an intrinsic exciton emission from the surface of CdS is observable at room temperature. The character of this emission as influenced by certain gaseous ambient atmospheres has been studied. A correlation has been made with photo-conductivity and dark conductivity under related conditions. Oxygen has been found to be chemisorbed and water vapor physically adsorbed on the CdS surface, causing a decrease and an increase in the exciton emission intensity, respectively. A simple model of the CdS surface is proposed which accounts for the observed results.
Energetically and pressure driven phase transitions in molecularly thin films of n -alkanes

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on molecularly thin films of n-octane confined between topographically smooth solid surfaces. We focused on determining the effect of increasing solid surface-methylene unit energetic affinity and the effect of increasing pressure (normal load) of the film in inducing liquid-solid phase transitions. Simulations of films wide enough to accomodate three segmental layers showed an abrupt transition in the structural features at a critical value of the characteristic energy that quantified the affinity between solid surfaces and methylene units. This energetically driven transition was evident from the discontinuous increase of intermolecular order, a precipitous extension of the octane molecules and freezing of molecular migration and rotation. Increasing pressure had a similar effect in inducing a liquid-solid phase transition. The characteristics of the transition showed that it is a mild first-order transition from a highly ordered liquid to a poorly organized solid. These findings demonstrate that the solidification of nanoscopically thin films of linear alkanes is a general phenomenon (driven either energetically or by increasing pressure), and does not require the aid of commensurate surface topography. Our findings on relatively wider films (5 segmental diameters wide) show that the interfacial layer undergoes a similar first-order phase transition with increasing solid-methylene unit energetic affinity. This energy threshold is significantly higher than the one observed in thin film simulations.
Energy and the environment Something new under the sun

Abstract The relationship between energy use and climate change is often cast as an entirely new area of analysis, with new and challenging problems. However, many of the key questions are identical to those raised in the 1970s and 1980s about the relationship between energy use, economic growth and environmental impacts. The purpose of this paper is to highlight these fundamental questions once again. Why does energy matter? How much energy conservation is optimal? What is the best set of policies for encouraging conservation of energy? What induces the development of more energy-efficient capital? To answer these questions, we need to gain a better understanding about the factors underlying energy consumption decisions, the potential existence of market imperfections, the divergence of private and social discount rates, and the process of technological innovation that leads to the development of more energy-efficient technologies.
A Heat Balance for the Bering Sea Ice Edge

Abstract Detailed oceanographic, meteorological and sea ice observations were obtained from the Bering Sea marginal ice zone (MIZ) during the February–March 1983 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX West). These data have been used in estimating a mean midwinter upper layer heat balance for the MIZ. During a period when the ice edge was stationary the dominant source term in the heat budget was the advective input from northward flow of relatively warm water beneath the ice edge. The associated mean heat flux per unit length of ice edge was about 22 MW m−1, approximately equal to the heat required to melt the southward-moving ice. Heat was also input by upward diffusion from the warm deeper-water layer that underlay the MIZ. This upward flux was driven primarily by double-diffusive convection and was about 8 MW m−1. Heat loss resulted from sea-air flux, primarily through open leads, of about 13 MW m−1. Estimated errors in the individually computed flux terms varied from 10 to 70 percent; within these limit...
Embryonic loss in mares: Incidence and ultrasonic morphology.

Abstract Pregnancy was determined by ultrasound on Days 11, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 in 154 ponies and 27 horses. In ponies, the embryonic loss rate for Days 11 to 15 ( 28 154 , 18.2%) was greater (P 0 27 ), and the difference between ponies and horses was significant. The loss rates for the seven periods encompassing Days 15 to 50 were not significantly different among periods. Pseudopregnancy occurred more frequently (P 13 415 (3%) examinations during Days 11 to 20 in mares that maintained the embryo and in 21 106 (20%) in mares that lost the embryo. Embryonic vesicles that were lost during Days 11 to 15 usually disappeared without previous indications, except in three mares in which the vesicle was floating in a small collection of fluid. Ultrasonic indications of impending loss at later stages included failure of fixation, an echogenic ring (vesicle) or mass floating in a collection of fluid, an echogenic area in the dead embryo, absence of heart beat, and a gradual decrease in volume of placental fluids with disorganization of the placental membranes. The solid remnants and at least some of the fluids resulting from late embryonic and early fetal death were retained sometimes for weeks or months until the debris was apparently expelled through an open cervix.
Better predicate testing

Mutation testing is widely recognized as being extremely powerful, but is considered difficult to automate enough for practical use. This paper theoretically addresses two possible reasons for this: the generation of redundant mutants and the lack of integration of mutation analysis with other test criteria. By addressing these two issues, this paper brings an important mutation operator, relational-operator-replacement (ROR), closer to practical use. First, we develop fault hierarchies for the six relational operators, each of which generates seven mutants per clause. These hierarchies show that, for any given clause, only three mutants are necessary. This theoretical result can be integrated easily into mutation analysis tools, thereby eliminating generation of 57% of the ROR mutants. Second, we show how to bring the power of the ROR operator to the widely used Multiple Condition-Decision Coverage (MCDC) test criterion. This theoretical result includes an algorithm to transform any MCDC-adequate test set into a test set that also satisfies RORG, a new version of ROR appropriate for the MCDC context. The transformation does not use traditional mutation analysis, so can easily be integrated into existing MCDC tools and processes.
Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part II: Behavior of Drag Coefficient under Tropical Cyclones

Abstract Present parameterizations of air–sea momentum flux at high wind speed, including hurricane wind forcing, are based on extrapolation from field measurements in much weaker wind regimes. They predict monotonic increase of drag coefficient (Cd) with wind speed. Under hurricane wind forcing, the present numerical experiments using a coupled ocean wave and wave boundary layer model show that Cd at extreme wind speeds strongly depends on the wave field. Higher, longer, and more developed waves in the right-front quadrant of the storm produce higher sea drag; lower, shorter, and younger waves in the rear-left quadrant produce lower sea drag. Hurricane intensity, translation speed, as well as the asymmetry of wind forcing are major factors that determine the spatial distribution of Cd. At high winds above 30 m s−1, the present model predicts a significant reduction of Cd and an overall tendency to level off and even decrease with wind speed. This tendency is consistent with recent observational, experime...
Alternating prism exposure causes dual adaptation and generalization to a novel displacement

In two experiments, we examined the hypothesis that repeatedly adapting and readapting to two mutually conflicting sensory environments fosters the development of a separate adaptation to each situation (dual adaptation) as well as an increased ability to adapt to a novel displacement (adaptive generalization). In the preliminary study, subjects alternated between adapting their visuomotor coordination to 30-diopter prismatic displacement and readapting to normal vision. Dual adaptation was observed by the end of 10 alternation cycles. However, an unconfounded test of adaptive generalization was prevented by an unexpected prism-adaptive shift in preexposure baselines for the dual-adapted subjects. In the primary experiment, the subjects adapted and readapted to opposite 15-diopter displacements for a total of 12 cycles. Both dual adaptation and adaptive generalization to a 30-diopter displacement were obtained. These findings may be understood in terms of serial reversal learning and 'learning to learn'.
Histology of the alimentary canal during the metamorphosis of Hyalophora cecropia (L.)

The histology of the alimentary canal is described for the last instar larva, pupa, and adult Hyalophora cecropia (L.). Particular attention is given to the changes occurring in the midgut during the larval-pupal transformation and in the hindgut during the pupal-adult transformation. Descriptions are made as to the nature of the imaginal rings at each end of the midgut and a new structure is described in the larval ileum. The formation of adult rectal pads is followed in detail.
Photochemistry of Bromine-Containing Fluorinated Alkenes: Reactivity toward OH and UV Spectra

The rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with the fluorinated alkenes containing one Br atom (CFBrCF2, CHBrCF2, CH2CBr−CF3, CH2CBr−CF2−CF3, and CH2CH−CF2−CF2Br), as well as CF2CF2, were ...
Thermal rounding of the charge-density-wave depinning transition.

The rounding of the charge-density-wave depinning transition by thermal noise is examined. Hops by localized modes over small barriers trigger ``avalanches,'' resulting in a creep velocity much larger than that expected from comparing thermal energies with typical barriers. For a field equal to the T=0 depinning field, the creep velocity is predicted to have a power-law dependence on the temperature T; numerical computations confirm this result. The predicted order of magnitude of the thermal rounding of the depinning transition is consistent with rounding seen in experiment.
Distribution of Progesterone Receptor, Estradiol Dehydrogenase, and 20α-Dihydroprogesterone Dehydrogenase Activities in Human Endometrial Glands and Stroma: Progestin Induction of Steroid Dehydrogenase Activities in Vitro Is Restricted to the Glandular Epithelium*

Endometrial glands were separated from stromal cells by collagenase digestion of human endometrium, and the distribution of progesterone (P) receptor and the activities of P-regulated enzymes, 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase (E2DH) and 2α-dihydroprogesterone dehydrogenase (20αDH), were determined in these preparations. Concentrations of cytosolic P receptor were estimated by Scatchard plot analysis of specific [3H]P binding in intact proliferative endometrium and in glands and stromal cells isolated from this tissue. Epithelial cells were more than 10-fold enriched in high affinity, P-specific binding sites compared to stromal cells. The binding constants (Kd) for [3H]P binding were essentially similar in undissociated endometrium, glandular epithelium, and stroma, ranging from 1–5 nM. The activities of E2DH and 20αDH were also 3-fold higher in the glandular epithelium than in whole tissue or stroma during both proliferative and secretory stages of the menstrual cycle. In addition, the induction of these enzy...
New Laser Technologies for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of severe visual impairment for adults worldwide. Vision loss from systemic diabetes usually occurs secondary to macular edema or from de novo proliferation from the retinal vasculature. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) established that panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) reduces the risk of severe vision loss from proliferative disease by >50 % and, thus, PRP has become the gold standard in the treatment of proliferative disease. The Early Treatment of DRS expanded the use of laser photocoagulation to clinically significant macular edema. Advances in laser technology have led to the development of semi-automated lasers, including pattern scanning laser (PASCAL®, Topcon) and fully automated lasers, such as the navigating lasers (NAVILAS®, OD/OS), that aim to deliver faster, safer, more accurate, and less painful treatment of diabetic eye disease and other retinal conditions. Sublethal phototherapy with subthreshold diode micropulsed laser treatment for macular edema has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of retinal photocoagulation by demonstrating similar efficacy with less collateral damage. Here, we review the current data on laser treatment of diabetic retinopathy with an emphasis on understanding the new laser photocoagulation technologies for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant diabetic macular edema.
Election Day Routing of Rapid Response Attorneys

Abstract Since the United States presidential election of 2000, political campaigns have deployed volunteer lawyers to provide real-time information and assistance to poll observers. To assist with the routing of these rapid response attorneys (RRAs) among polling locations, we formulate two optimization models to equitably and efficiently allocate volunteer resources. We propose heuristic solution procedures based on simulated and compressed annealing and describe how our efforts to route RRAs in one state benefited election day operations during the 2012 election.
Numerical solution of nonlinear differential equations using computer algebra

This paper describes a numerical method for finding periodic solutions to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The solution is approximated by a trigonometric series. The series is substituted into the differential equation using the FORMAC computer algebra system for the resulting lengthy algebraic manipulations. This lead to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations for the series coefficients. Modern search methods are used to solve for the coefficients. The method is illustrated by application to Duffing’ equation.
Robust recursive estimation for correlated observations

The Kalman filter is probably the most popular recursive estimation method. It is, however, known to be non-robust to spuriously generated observations. Much attention has been focused on finding the so-called robust recursive estimation under the assumption that the observations are independent. In this paper, we show that Lin and Guttman's robust recursive estimation scheme can be easily applied to the correlated observations. Examples when the noise follows an AR(2) process with/without outliers are given for illustration.
Preparing yourself for an international assignment

A s more U.S. companies expand their business overseas, the need to send employees on international assignments will increase. Many companies use overseas assignments as a means to assess which individuals should be promoted to top-level positions. Unfortunately, up to 40 percent of expatriate managers terminate their assignments early, costing their companies between $50,000 and $150,000 and derailing their careers. Moreover, 50 percent of those who do not terminate their assignments early function at a low level of effectiveness. Why do so many expatriates fail? Primarily because they neglect to prepare for such assignments. Despite the high failure rates and associated costs, most companies do not train managers for international assignments. So what can a manager do to prepare for an overseas assignment? This article contains practical suggestions for designing a personal training program.
Escherichia coliNucleoside Diphosphate Kinase Mutants Depend on Translesion DNA Synthesis To Prevent Mutagenesis

ABSTRACT Escherichia colinucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase mutants have an increased frequency of spontaneous mutation, possibly due to uracil misincorporation into DNA. Here we show that NDP kinase mutants are dependent on translesion DNA synthesis, often a mutagenic form of DNA synthesis, to prevent mutagenesis.
The rhetoric of architecture: A semiotic approach

Communication and rhetoric are inherent aspects of architecture. Architecture uses signs to communicate its function and meaning. This communication is rhetorical when it induces its perceiver to use or to understand the architecture—from a hot dog stand to a monument. Movements in architecture, such as the Gothic or the International Style, promote certain values and beliefs, and can be studied as rhetorical movements. Like linguistic communication, architecture consists of codes, meanings, semantic shifts, and syntactic units.
Measuring Distance between Unordered Sets of Different Sizes

We present a distance metric based upon the notion of minimum-cost injective mappings between sets. Our function satisfies metric properties as long as the cost of the minimum mappings is derived from a semimetric, for which the triangle inequality is not necessarily satisfied. We show that the Jaccard distance (alternatively biotope, Tanimoto, or Marczewski-Steinhaus distance) may be considered the special case for finite sets where costs are derived from the discrete metric. Extensions that allow premetrics (not necessarily symmetric), multisets (generalized to include probability distributions), and asymmetric mappings are given that expand the versatility of the metric without sacrificing metric properties. The function has potential applications in pattern recognition, machine learning, and information retrieval.
Fever, dyspnea, and slurred speech following lower extremity trauma.

DR. JOHN MCCARTHY. A 29-year-old man, previously in good health, was admitted to Queen of the Valley Hospital in West Covina, California, after sustaining severe multiple traumatic injuries in a fall from his motorcycle. The significant findings on admission were related to his left lower extremity; there was a gaping laceration of the distal anterior thigh, with complete transverse severance of the quadriceps muscle group and a fractured femur protruding through the wound. Also evident were compound fractures of the tibia and fibula, with gaping lacerations anteriorly and posteriorly. The left foot was cool and pale. An arteriogram revealed partial disruption of the arterial blood supply to the extremity. The patient was given tetanus-diphtheria toxoid, tetanus immune globulin, and 1 g of cefazolin intravenously for wound prophylaxis. Open reduction and internal fixation of the comminuted distal tibia-fibula fractures were performed. Traction pins were placed in the distal femur; the quadriceps muscle was approximated, and the multiple lacerations were irrigated and repaired. Treatment with cefazolin (1 g every 8 hours) was continued postoperatively. The left foot became warmer, and a pulse detectable by Doppler examination was found after surgery. Subsequently, the patient underwent an anterior compartment fasciotomy, and pulses in the left foot continued to improve. On the fifth day of hospitalization, the patient developed a fever up to 102?F that was accompanied by shortness of breath; he denied a history of chest pain, cough, sputum production, or hemoptysis. He complained of difficulty in speaking clearly, weakness of all of his limbs, and increased pain in his left lower extremity. Infectious disease and pulmonary consultations were requested at this time. On examination the patient was found to be a well-devel-
Free markets and foreclosures: An examination of contradictions in neoliberal urbanization in Houston, Texas

Abstract Houston, Texas did not experience significant housing price increases during the national bubble in the early 2000s and its foreclosure rate remained comparatively low when the bubble burst in 2006. Free market advocates have proclaimed Houston a paragon of the “free enterprise” city and point to economic success and a relatively stable housing market as validation of a laissez-faire approach to local development. But this study relocates local practice within the contradictory and uneven processes of neoliberal restructuring in recent decades through examination of broader factors in Houston’s development outcomes which problematize free market rhetoric. Despite neoliberal repudiation of state intervention, for example, “free market” Houston has been heavily reliant on the federally subsidized oil industry and on the local state for protection from market externalities, like housing price instability and foreclosures. This study, thus, assesses the role of the state and other factors in neoliberal urbanization operating beyond and intersecting with idiosyncratic local practice.
Crime is in the Eye of the Beholder: Petr Petrovich Luzhin as a Distorting “Puddle-Mirror” in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment

This study demonstrates how conceptualizations ingrained in our linguistic consciousness help us realize the full semantics that an author com municates to his reader through a “speaking name”; thi...
Evolution of the chalcone synthase gene family in the genus Ipomoea.

Abstract The evolution of the chalcone synthase [CHS; malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltransferase (cyclizing), EC 2.3.1.74] multigene family in the genus Ipomoea is explored. Thirteen CHS genes from seven Ipomoea species (family Convolvulaceae) were sequenced--three from genomic clones and the remainder from PCR amplification with primers designed from the 5' flanking region and the end of the 3' coding region of Ipomoea purpurea Roth. Analysis of the data indicates a duplication of CHS that predates the divergence of the Ipomoea species in this study. The Ipomoea CHS genes are among the most rapidly evolving of the CHS genes sequenced to date. The CHS genes in this study are most closely related to the Petunia CHS-B gene, which is also rapidly evolving and highly divergent from the rest of the Petunia CHS sequences.
Phytophagous insects associated with Pistia stratiotes in Florida.

During July 1985 to June 1986, we surveyed the arthropod fauna associated with Pistia stratiotes L., waterlettuce, in Florida. Plant samples were collected at 61 sites. Samples comprised a minimum of 20 waterlettuce rosettes. Invertebrates were removed from the plant sample using a submergence technique. Eighteen phytophagous species were recovered from P. stratiotes . Six of these species are known waterlettuce feeders. They include the moths Petrophila drumalis (Dyar), Synclita obliteralis (Walker), and Samea multiplicalis Guenee, the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae L., the leafhopper Draeculacephala inscripta Van Duzee, and the weevil Tanysphyrus lemnae (F.). Most of these insects are either stenophagous or polyphagous; none feed exclusively on waterlettuce. The paucity of specialists on waterlettuce in Florida contrasts sharply with the richness of oligophagous species in South America. This suggests that water lettuce is not a native species, despite observations of its occurrence in Florida as early as the mid-1700s.
Isla Vista virus: a genetically novel hantavirus of the California vole Microtus californicus.

Prospect Hill virus (PH) was isolated from a meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in 1982, and much of its genome has been sequenced. Hantaviruses of other New World microtine rodents have not been genetically characterized. We show that another Microtus species (the California vole M. californicus) from the United States is host to a genetically distinct PH-like hantavirus, Isla Vista virus (ILV). The nucleocapsid protein of ILV differs from that of PH by 11.1% and a portion of the G2 glycoprotein differs from that of PH by 19.6%. ILV antibodies were identified in five of 33 specimens of M. californicus collected in 1975 and 1994–1995. Enzymatic amplification studies showed that 1975 and 1994–1995 ILV genomes were highly similar. Secondary infection of Peromyscus californicus was identified in Santa Barbara County, California. A long-standing enzootic of a genetically distinct hantavirus lineage is present in California voles.
GENERATION AND SPECTROSCOPY OF ULTRASOFT X-RAYS BY NON-DISPERSIVE METHODS.

Abstract A number of conventional techniques used to generate soft X-rays can be successfully applied to the ultrasoft region (100 eV to 1000 eV). In this work, fluorescent radiation and selected radioisotope sources were employed and a miniature X-ray tube was designed for generating characteristic X-rays from various targets. A new method has been developed for producing a nearly monochromatic ultrasoft X-ray beam by heavily filtering bremsstrahlung radiation. A proportional counter has been used to measure the ultrasoft X-rays generated by the different methods. When the internal gas multiplication is not excessive, a linear relationship between the photon energy and the mean pulse height is found over the range of measurement, 158 eV to 5890 eV.
Relationship Between Consonant Recognition in Noise and Hearing Threshold

Purpose Although poorer understanding of speech in noise by listeners who are hearing-impaired (HI) is known not to be directly related to audiometric hearing threshold, HT (f), grouping HI listene...
New perspectives on bacterial ferredoxin evolution.

Recent evidence indicates that a gene transposition event occurred during the evolution of the bacterial ferredoxins subsequent to the ancestral intrasequence gene duplication. In light of this new information, the relationships among the bacterial ferredoxins were reexamined and an evolutionary tree consistent with this new understanding was derived. The bacterial ferredoxins can be divided into several groups based on their sequence properties; these include the clostridial-type ferredoxins, theAzotobacter-type ferredoxins, and a group containing the ferredoxins from the anaerobic, green, and purple sulfur bacteria. Based on sequence comparison, it was concluded that the amino-terminal domain of theAzotobacter-type ferredoxins, which contains the novel 3Fe∶3S cluster binding site, is homologous with the carboxyl-terminal domain of the ferredoxins from the anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria. A number of ferredoxin sequences do not fit into any of the groups described above. Based on sequence properties, these sequences can be separated into three groups: a group containingMethanosarcina barkeri ferredoxin andDesulfovibrio desulfuricans ferredoxin II, a group containingDesulfovibrio gigas ferredoxin andClostridium thermoaceticum ferredoxin, and a group containingDesulfovibrio africanus ferredoxin I andBacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxin. The last two groups differ from all of the other bacterial ferredoxins in that they bind only one Fe∶S cluster per polypeptide, whereas the others bind two. Sequence examination indicates that the second binding site has been either partially or completely lost from these ferredoxins.Methanosarcina barkeri ferredoxin andDesulfovibrio desulfuricans ferredoxin II are of interest because, of all the ferredoxins whose sequences are presently known, they show the strongest evidence of internal gene duplication. However, the derived evolutionary tree indicates that they diverged from theAzotobacter-type ferredoxins well after the ancestral internal gene duplication. This apparent discrepancy is explained by postulating a duplication of one halfchain sequence and a deletion of the other halfchain. TheClostridium thermoaceticum andBacillus stearothermophilus groups diverged from this line and subsequently lost one of the Fe∶S binding sites. It has recently become apparent that gene duplication is ubiquitous among the ferredoxins. Several organisms are now known to have a variety of ferredoxins with widely divergent properties. Unfortunately, in only one case are the sequences of more than one ferredoxin from the same organism known. Thus, although the major features of the bacterial ferredoxin tree are now understood, a complete bacterial phylogeny cannot be inferred until more sequence information is available.
Enzymatic Dissociation and Short-Term Culture of Isolated Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells for Studies on the Control of Hormone Secretion

A convenient procedure has been developed for preparing a suspension of isolated rat anterior pituitary cells which retains responsiveness to secretagogues. Rat anterior pituitaries were dispersed with collagenase and hyaluronidase followed by mechanical dispersion by means of a Pasteur pipette. Immediately after dispersion, the cells showed only slight responses to secretagogues, whereas after short-term culture (20–22 h) in the presence of sera, the cells recovered their ability to respond to synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) and synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). During a 3-h incubation, cells prepared from pituitaries of male rats released LH and FSH, or TSH and prolactin (PRL) in amounts directly related to the dose of synthetic LHRH or TRH, respectively. The minimum effective concentrations of hypophysiotropic hormones lay between 1O−10 and 10−9M, although it was observed that cells originating from female rats usually gave quicker and larger responses to LHRH. No significant net inc...
Analysis of the Spectrum of Triply Ionized Manganese (Mn IV)

The fourth spectrum of manganese was investigated from 500 to 2500 A with two-meter normal-incidence vacuum spectrographs. The wavelengths of the spectral lines, excited in both sliding-spark and condensed-spark discharges in helium, were determined with an uncertainty of ±0.006 A. Forty seven new energy levels belonging to sixteen terms were found and the whole term system was recalculated on the basis of the new measurements. Four hundred and twenty eight spectral lines were classified as transitions between levels of the 3d3, 3d34s, and 3d34d configurations and levels of the 3d34p configuration.
Mixture Toxicity of the Antifouling Compound Irgarol to the Marine Phytoplankton Species Dunaliella tertiolecta

This study examined the toxicity of irgarol, individually and in binary mixtures with three other pesticides (the fungicide chlorothalonil, and the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D), to the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Standard 96-h static algal bioassays were used to determine pesticide effects on population growth rate. Irgarol significantly inhibited D. tertiolecta growth rate at concentrations ≥ 0.27 μ g/L. Irgarol was significantly more toxic to D. tertiolecta than the other pesticides tested (irgarol 96 h EC50 = 0.7 μ g/L; chlorothalonil 96 h EC50 = 64 μ g/L; atrazine 96 h EC50 = 69 μ g/L; 2,4-D 96 h EC50 = 45,000 μ g/L). Irgarol in mixture with chlorothalonil exhibited synergistic toxicity to D. tertiolecta, with the mixture being approximately 1.5 times more toxic than the individual compounds. Irgarol and atrazine, both triazine herbicides, were additive in mixture. The toxicity threshold of 2,4-D was much greater than typical environmental levels and would not be expected to...